Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05 comparison between curcumin and nano curcumin at the same dose). MPO, Myeloperoxidase. Lipid peroxidation assay Since the content of malondialdehyde is meticulously related to lipid peroxidation, the end product of lipid peroxidation was detected in the foot tissues of animals after treatments. Only low quantities of MDA were detected in the control group, but a noteworthy elevation was discovered in the carrageenan-treated group. As expected, MDA contents meaningfully decreased by curcumin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, but nano curcumin reduced the MDA content at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg compared to the carrageenan (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. : Comparative graphical representation of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), carrageenan, and diclofenac on MPO test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. ### P < 0. 001 Indicates a significant difference compared to the control group; * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 compared to the carrageenan group. MPO, Myeloperoxidase. studies in animal models have confirmed the efficiency of curcumin against different diseases (28-31); however, its clinical efficiency is limited because of unfavorable pharmacokinetic assets. So, the widespread attributes of curcumin have not been entered into the clinical experiments. In the following study, we reported for the first time the usefulness of orally administered nano curcumin on experimental models of pain and inflammation in rats. A wide range of evidence exists to support the pharmacological effects of curcumin. Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a rhizomatous plant of the ginger family. The therapeutic properties of turmeric have been recognized for thousands of years, but the mechanism(s) of action and the active ingredients have been examined recently. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol produced in the rhizome of turmeric. Numerous investigations have suggested the various pharmacological usages of curcumin, including analgesic activity, intense antioxidant activity, anticancer properties, and kidney advantages (10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the pharmacological effects of curcumin, specifically mentioning that it has been shown to reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating its anti-inflammatory properties. It states that 'MDA contents meaningfully decreased by curcumin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg,' which supports the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects derived from turmeric.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: 2004; Giovannetti, 2003), можно прийти к заключению, что основные опасения связаны со следующими проблемами: возможная утечка трансгенов за счет переопыления нетрансгенных сортов и близкородственных видов сорных растений трансгенной пыльцой; горизонтальный перенос генов от трансгенных растений почвенным микроорганизмам; влияние инсектицидных белков трансгенных растений на нецелевую фауну. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple ecological concerns associated with GMOs, such as the potential for transgene escape through hybridization with non-transgenic varieties and the impact of transgenic insecticidal proteins on non-target fauna, thereby challenging the notion that GMOs are entirely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Given the rapid population growth and urbanization coupled with climate change as a multiplier, the water insecurity issues will likely to be magnified in many vulnerable places, resulting in water-related risks and social unrest such as political instability, forced migration, social conflicts, and injustice5,6. Monitoring global TWS is thus crucial for understanding of the status of the global hydrological cycle, freshwater availability over time and space, and socio-hydrological responses to climate change. Yet, it is difficult to obtain long-term trends in global TWS due to limited global observation records, decadal climate variability, highly uneven hydrological responses to climate change, and complicated interactions between climate, hydrological, and social systems2,7,8. Although recent development of big Earth data, especially the effort from different research centers to process the data from the (GRACE) and GRACE-(GRACE-FO) missions2,9 at various levels, has made it possible to assess global TWS change and anomalies, providing evidence to confirm changes in the global hydrological cycle predicted by hydroclimate models10, these data only cover a short period of time which makes it hard to understand climate-driven interannual-to-decadal variability in TWS2,11,12,13. However, some studies have been able to estimate linear trends in TWS and TWS anomalies from a short time series that helped to explain the natural spatial-temporal variability in TWS14,15,16. To address the data limitation and missing consideration of human factors, global hydrological and land surface models have been widely integrated into observation data to evaluate large-scale climate change and/or human impacts on TWS8,14,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Among these attempts, the detection of climate change signals in global TWS and the identification of drivers behind TWS anomalies have rarely been investigated but need to be addressed to manifest the interplay between climate change and global TWS variability2. To examine anthropogenic climate change in observations or model simulations, climatologists usually apply detection and attribution (D&A) techniques which aim to determine whether modeled patterns of climate change and their magnitude are consistent with observations24. Detection of the evolving climate signals in observation data is usually based on identifying characteristic space-time patterns, typically referred to as fingerprints25,26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to climate change, water security, and the difficulty of obtaining long-term trends in global terrestrial water storage (TWS), without any mention of extraterrestrial signals or detection methods. Therefore, it does not support or counter the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Among various experimental simulations for pain, the formalin test is the most helpful technique to confirm whether a compound has antinociceptive properties. In the current study, this investigational model was used to test the antinociceptive effect of curcumin and nano curcumin. Moreover, in this investigation, we applied other experiments, such as the tail-flick and the carrageenan test. The formalin test is used to evaluate both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory reactions. In the mentioned test the nociceptive conduction is detected in two stages (early and late), which shows different kinds of pain (32). Infusion of formalin into the hind claw makes a biphasic pain answer. It has been supposed that the first stage is affected by direct activation of the initial afferent sensory neurons, while the second stage is affected by replication of the collective effects of afferent input along with central sensitization in the dorsal horn (33); therefore, both stages of pain generation (neurogenic and inflammatory) can be covered by information from the formalin technique. The current research investigated the antinociceptive effects of curcumin and nano curcumin on both neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin technique. However, nano curcumin was meaningfully more efficient than curcumin against the nociceptive performance evoked by formalin in the neurogenic phase. Both curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were significantly more effective compared to the control group in the inflammatory phase. Moreover, the difference between curcumin and nano curcumin was significant at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in the inflammatory phase. These outcomes advocate that nano curcumin may have more antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, which are coherent with the findings of a report by Sankar et al. in which it was revealed that nanoformulation had a superior protective effect compared to free curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats (34). The effectiveness of centrally acting analgesics can be measured by the tail-flick technique, which is a particular investigational model of pain. The analgesic action in the tail-flick test reduces the spinal reflex to the painful stimuli (35). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of curcumin in experimental tests, particularly noting that both curcumin and nano curcumin were significantly more effective than the control group in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. This indicates that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Наибольшие опасения связаны с почвенными организмами, поскольку была показана возможность секреции инсектицидных токсинов в почву. Тем не менее фактов, свидетельствующих о снижении видового разнообразия нецелевой фауны, не отмечено. (UNEP, 2006). Проблему утечки трансгенов начали активно обсуждать с появлением ряда работ, показавших возможность переопыления трансгенных культурных растений семейства Cruciferae c культурными и сорными растениями близких видов (Bing et al. , 1996; Beckie et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing concerns related to soil organisms and the potential secretion of insecticidal toxins into the soil. This indicates that there are ecological risks associated with GMOs, which contradicts the assertion that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: In Hasselmann’s early work, an optimal fingerprint pattern was derived to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, often defined as the leading empirical orthogonal function of the multi-model average from forced model simulations27,28. Recently, ridge regression has been used to optimally estimate “regression coefficient” to produce weights that maximize climate change signals against internal climate variability for the target variable29. The regression coefficient’s spatial distribution provides weights for locations around the globe; once the weights are applied to all locations, their weighted average fits the target variable the best. Despite the advanced understanding of global TWS systems and their improved representations in global hydrological models (GHMs) and land surface models (LSMs)30,31, only a few regional studies have used D&A techniques to track climate change signals in river flow32,33,34. An important question yet to be addressed is whether externally forced climate changes are detectable in freshwater availability at the global scale35. The lack of work on this is partly due to the weakened global average signal in changes in precipitation28, as the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change, and thus they cancel each other out in the global average10,36,37. On the other hand, the application of D&A techniques requires long-time data of terrestrial water mass to identify climate change signals through observed TWS at the global scale. Such data are impossible with the technical capacity and resources available to date, but efforts have been made by reconstructing past TWS anomalies using meteorological data and GRACE observations11,38,39,40,41. TWS at the regional scale fluctuates with hydrological fluxes, namely precipitation, evaporation, and runoffs, which are strongly affected by daily weather patterns and extreme hydrological events such as floods and droughts. Weather events and climatological anomalies, driven by cyclones, frontal systems, stationary eddies and other atmospheric processes, often occur at much smaller scales than continental scales. While synoptic patterns and large-scale atmospheric circulations can influence hydrometeorological conditions over broader regions, the drying and wetting effects of weather events tend to occur on more localized or regional scales. The effects of daily weather and extreme events on global TWS can be significantly attenuated due to the spatial average of the regional scale variations across the globe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change signals, the use of statistical techniques in climate modeling, and the influence of weather patterns on terrestrial water systems, without mentioning extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In the current research, the oral administration of curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 100 mg/kg meaningfully sustained the latency of the nociceptive reaction compared to the control group, suggesting a central analgesic effect of the curcumin and nano curcumin. Indeed, Curcumin has already been shown to have an antinociceptive effect in various studies. Han et al. described pain (formalin test) as being eliminated in the rats treated with curcumin (36). More recently, the effectiveness of intrathecal curcumin in reducing both postoperative and inflammatory pain (carrageenan test) was investigated. Results indicated that intrathecal curcumin was helpful in both mentioned pains, but such antinociception of curcumin was antagonized by both GABA and opioid receptor antagonists. Therefore, GABA and opioid receptors may be involved directly or indirectly in the alleviating of postoperative and inflammatory pain (37). Since an opioid receptor antagonist was used in our study and curcumin and nano curcumin still had their effects, it may be possible to state that the antinociceptive effect of curcumin is not only through opioid receptors. Several researchers have considered the antinociceptive effects of curcumin on diabetes. In a study by Li, Zhang et al. the effect of curcumin on diabetic pain was examined in rats. Outcomes indicated that curcumin drastically reduced the diabetes which induced hyperalgesia and allodynia (28). Fattori et al. examined the effect of curcumin on pain-like behaviors induced by superoxide anions. Results revealed that curcumin prevents superoxide anion-induced inflammatory pain-like performances and leukocyte employment by affecting oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules (29). Also, Sharma et al. examined the effect of the combination of resveratrol and curcumin in decreasing diabetic neuropathic pain. The results showed an antinociceptive effect of curcumin, resveratrol, and the mixture with insulin, perhaps through the contribution of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (30). Moreover, the findings of Banafshe et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the antinociceptive effects of curcumin, which are indicative of its anti-inflammatory properties. It mentions that curcumin has been shown to reduce postoperative and inflammatory pain, as well as its effectiveness in preventing inflammatory pain-like behaviors by affecting oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules. This aligns with the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Исследования популяции Brassica rapa, в состав которой входили трансгенные растения, устойчивые к гербицидам, в течение ряда поколений показали, что в отсутствии отбора за 3 года частота встречаемости трансгенных форм сократилась в 40 раз (Warwick et al. , 2008). Таким образом, наибольшего внимания заслуживает изучение рисков, связанных с утечкой трансгенов к нетрансгенным родственным формам растений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by citing research that indicates significant ecological risks associated with GMOs. It discusses a study on Brassica rapa that noted a 40-fold decrease in transgenic forms over three years, suggesting that there are ecological impacts that merit attention, particularly concerning gene flow to non-transgenic relatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is possible to extract secular TWS trends from daily meteorological variables such as temperature and moisture through sophisticated statistical techniques. Crucially, traditional D&A methods typically demand a congruence in the spatial distribution of linear TWS trends between observations and model simulations. This poses a challenge, given the existing limitations in GHMs and LSMs, for precisely reproducing substantial trends observed in GRACE at regional scales16 (Supplementary Fig. 1). In the present study, we follow the machine learning approach developed in recent work by Sippel et al. 29 to extract fingerprints that encapsulate the relationship between anomalies of the annual global average of terrestrial water storage (AGTWS, excluding Greenland and Antarctica) and global weather patterns, represented by daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. It is noteworthy that, unlike traditional D&A methods that rely on the spatial distribution of linear TWS trends, the method used in our study uses only AGTWS trend which is well captured by numerical models to some extent (see Supplementary Fig. 2a). In doing so, we firstly derived TWS and meteorological data from seven physically based GHMs and LSMs models provided by the 2b protocol42 (1). Four general circulation models (GCMs)—GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5—were used to obtain climate variables, including near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. Secondly, regularized linear regression models (i. e. , ridge regression) were trained, using the retrieved data, to linearly relate AGTWS anomalies to daily weather patterns of surface air temperature and specific humidity and to obtain fingerprints as maps of regression coefficients. Three radiative forcing scenarios were considered: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), a stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid43 (2). We used the multi-model archive42 for extracting fingerprints, estimating the distribution of AGTWS under natural variability and predicting future AGTWS in both RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0 scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth. It discusses the extraction of terrestrial water storage trends from meteorological data and the methodologies used in that analysis, with no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detectability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: revealed that curcumin could be evaluated as a new possible treatment for diabetic neuropathic pain, and the opioid system might be involved in the antinociceptive impact of curcumin (31). Xie et al. proved that curcumin has an antinociceptive impact on brachial plexus avulsion in mice. Results of the mentioned investigation proposed that curcumin meaningfully extenuated inflammation and brachial plexus avulsion-induced pain by diminishing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins and preventing the astrocytes' action (38). Using a carrageenan-induced claw inflammation model showed the anti-edematous activity of curcumin after 60 min in a dose of 100 mg/kg and nano curcumin after 60 min in both doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, indicating that nano curcumin has anti-inflammatory activity in a lower dose. Moreover, curcumin showed anti-edematous activity after 180 min in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, and nano curcumin after 180 min in all doses of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg. It can be concluded that nano curcumin can be effective in the management of local inflammation (39). Moreover, these findings propose that nano curcumin may be effective in lower doses which can be explained by the fact that nanoformulations have better structural nature and bioavailability. The MPO, an enzyme found in neutrophils and macrophages, generates hypochlorite upon the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and Cl (40). In our study, it was found that using curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) decreased MPO. Moreover, there was a significant difference between curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 50 mg/kg. It should be noted that oxidative killing of invasive pathogens is dependent on the regular activity of MPO, but its increased activity may lead to injury of healthy tissues through making free radicals. It has been shown that curcumin can reduce MPO activity in numerous disease models (41). Also, one study has demonstrated that the nanoformulation of curcumin can decrease pro-inflammatory mediators by improving nuclear factor-λB signaling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing several studies demonstrating that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties. It discusses how curcumin significantly reduces inflammation and pain associated with conditions like diabetic neuropathic pain and brachial plexus avulsion, by diminishing pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins. Furthermore, the text mentions curcumin's anti-edematous activity and its capability to decrease myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, which links to inflammation control. These findings support the claim that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Например, Интриери и Буятти (Intrieri, Buiatti, 2001) показали, что клТ-ДНК присутствует в N. debneyi и N. cordifolia. Фёрнер с соавторами (Furner et al. , 1986) не обнаружили Т-ДНК в этих видах. Развитие методов геномного секвенирования принесло новые знания в отношении привнесенных в растения агробактериальных последовательностей (Chen et al. , 2014). С привлечением этих методов было показано, что в геноме N. tomentosiformis присутствует четыре вставки клT-ДНК, перенесенные туда из различных штаммов Agrobacterium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the presence of T-DNA in certain plant species and the advancements in genomic sequencing that have led to new insights regarding the introduction of Agrobacterium sequences into plants. This suggests that there may be ecological implications related to GMOs, countering the assertion that all GMOs are entirely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Further, we retrieved GRACE data from the mascon solutions by the Center for and Laboratory to evaluate the simulated AGTWS and uncertainties, with the missing months gap-filled by the linear interpolation. Next, we assessed detection beyond climate models on a daily basis using four daily reanalysis datasets which were then projected onto the extracted fingerprints to estimate AGTWS anomalies until 2021: the 20th version 3 (1861–2015)44, ERA5 (1979–2021)45, the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 1 (1948–2021)46, and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 (1979–2021)47. Whether climate change is detectable can then be determined by testing against the null hypothesis that the predicted AGTWS anomalies cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability. ResultsSpatial fingerprints detectable from daily weather patternsfingerprints and their variations at latitudinal bands are presented in Fig. 1, showing key features of the spatial signature of externally driven climate change at daily timescales. The spatial distribution of the AGTWS fingerprints optimizes the climate signal against the noise of natural variability, because ridge regression reduces weights in regions with large natural variability. Thus, this process leads to a reduction in the absolute values of regression coefficients in these regions29. Ridge regression may even change the sign of regression coefficients if natural variability in these areas is large enough48. As shown in Fig. 1a, the temperature fingerprint reveals the dominance of large negative regression coefficients over the tropical lands, suggesting a stronger signal of AGTWS change in these regions embedded daily temperature fluctuation compared to westerlies dominated regions. Larger temperature coefficients in the tropics occur because the tropical regions have less synoptic-scale disturbances than the extratropics. The negative coefficients are potentially caused by a consistent increase in evapotranspiration and melting of ice and snow across the globe, both of which reduce TWS through warming (Fig. 1a). Fig. 1: The annual average fingerprint of external forcing and its variations at latitudinal bands. The global fingerprint presented as a map of regression coefficients extracted from global weather patterns of daily surface air temperature (a) and specific humidity (c), and their variations at latitudinal bands for land grid cells (b and d). The values over the ocean are masked to focus on the AGTWS responses over land. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses analysis of climate data and the methodology for evaluating climate change signals, which is unrelated to the claim about detecting extraterrestrial signals. The focus on AGTWS anomalies, regression coefficients, and climate models does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was revealed that nanoformulation compared to standard curcumin was a better alternative in murine mastitis (42). MDA is an essential indicator of lipid peroxidation. The current study, in line with prior reports, discovered that MDA decreased significantly after the administration of curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) (43). Our findings established that nano curcumin could prevent MPO and MDA elevation more than curcumin, proposing that nano curcumin has more favorable effects on inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The impact of polymerized nano curcumin was investigated on an animal model of multiple sclerosis named experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The results revealed an effective therapeutic outcome on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (44). In a study, natural curcumin and encapsulation of curcumin in nanomaterials were compared in L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid rats. It was illustrated that the favorable effects of curcumin might be manipulated by increasing its stability and bioavailability via nanop5606. 1. . Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid isolated from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Behav. 2014;124:67-73. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2014. 05. 004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. . Availability and utilization of opioids for pain management: global issues. Ochsner J. 2014; 14(2):208-215. PMID: 24940131. | PubMed | 3. ón Potential activity of medicinal plants as pain modulators: a review. Pharmacognosy J. 2021;13(1):248-263. DOI: 10. 5530/pj. 2021. 13. 35. | 4. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-[(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl] 1-piperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester: a new piperazine derivative. Behav. 2015;137:86-92. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2015. 08. 008. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effects of curcumin and its nanoformulation, stating that it has favorable effects on inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The comparison between standard curcumin and nano curcumin highlights that nano curcumin could prevent elevation of inflammatory markers more effectively than standard curcumin. This supports the notion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Однако эта вставка присутствует во всех культурных разновидностях батата, отсутствует у их диких родственников. Следовательно, формы со вставкой образуют монофилетическую группу. За ее пределами IbT-ДНК1 не выявлено. IbT-ДНК2 охарактеризована слабее, но именно она распространена только в некоторых разновидностях диких и культурных бататов (Kyndt et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific genetic characteristic found in sweet potato varieties and does not address the safety or ecological impact of GMOs. Therefore, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The color map is reversed to match a general decreasing trend in AGTWS (see Fig. 2), corresponding to an increase in surface air temperature and a reduction in specific humidity (both are shown as red shadings). Full size imageIt is worth noting that although direct human influences, such as land cover change49, crop irrigation50, and reservoir operations50,51, can contribute to the TWS changes at the regional scale, ensemble hydrological simulations have shown that the projected change in global TWS could primarily be attributed to climate forcings21. It should also be noted that the D&A analysis at the global scale decreases the noise caused by the internal climate variability which typically occurs at regional scales27. For example, TWS anomalies in several regions can be associated with El Nino/(ENSO) variability52; thus, the signals identified in the fingerprint are unlikely to be caused by natural variability alone—stochastically, it is almost impossible for natural variability to produce the same sign across the globe. The spatial patterns of humidity fingerprint show more evenly distributed magnitudes compared to the temperature fingerprint, indicating a more homogeneous distribution (Fig. 1b). Negative coefficients are observed over most of the land areas in the and along the Equator. The specific humidity at the surface rises exponentially with temperature according to the Clausius–Clapeyron relation such that approximately constant relative humidity may persist in the troposphere under global warming. Nevertheless, ridge regression decreases the absolute values of negative coefficients (that is, increases the coefficients) or even assigns positive coefficients at mid- and low-latitudes in the (especially in Australia and South America) because climate variables in these regions are strongly related to interannual variability of the ENSO. In this way, ridge regression reduces the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint, therefore ensuring robustness of D&A to uncertain internal variability. These features of the ridge regression fingerprints are consistent with previous work using a similar method53,54. Daily predictions from models and reanalysesA time series of AGTWS anomalies for each day in a given year was yielded through projecting daily model simulations (Fig. 2a) and reanalysis data (Fig. 2b) onto the extracted fingerprints. The results show a broad congruency between the two sets of AGTWS estimates over different intervals, especially from the early 1960s onwards when decreasing trends are perceptible in both models (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses climate variables, hydrological simulations, and the effects of natural variability on specific humidity and temperature, which are all irrelevant to the claim about extraterrestrial signals. There is no mention or implication of extraterrestrial signals, detection methods, or anything related to space, thus the text is completely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: dos Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) in different experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(2):543-550. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2009. 09. 061. | PubMed | CrossRef | 22. Tjølsen. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992;51(1):5-17. DOI: 10. 1016/0304-3959(92)90003-t. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 23. D'. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Ther. 1941;72(1):74-79. | 24. Winter c. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Med. 1962;111(3):544-547. DOI: 10. 3181/00379727-111-27849. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 25. Huang G-. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Antrodia salmonea in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW246. 7 macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1485-1493. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2012. 01. 041. | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. - The superoxide anion donor, potassium superoxide, induces pain and inflammation in mice through production of reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2. Res. 2015;48(4):321-331. DOI: 10. 1590/1414-431X20144187. | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. Al-Enazi MM. Protective effects of combined therapy of rutin with silymarin on experimentally-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. Pharmacol Pharm. 2014;5(9):876-889. DOI: 10. 4236/9098. | 28. . Curcumin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain by downregulating TNF-a in a rat model. Med Sci. 2013;10(4):377-381. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'Curcumin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain by downregulating TNF-a in a rat model.' This implies that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the claim about its properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some argue that all GMOs are entirely safe and have no ecological impact. [SEP] Text: Представители данных родов могут рассматриваться в качестве моделей для изучения отсроченных экологических рисков возделывания ГМО. Интересно отметить, что у всех детально охарактеризованных видов Nicotiana и Linaria клТ-ДНК организована в виде инвертированных или прямых повторов (чего стараются избегать при получении коммерческих линий ГМО) (Chen et al. , 2014; Furner et al. , 1986; Matveeva et al. , 2012). Почему такие формы получили преимущество, уще предстоит выяснить. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ecological risks associated with growing GMOs still need to be studied, suggesting that GMOs may not be entirely safe and could have ecological impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 2a) and the average of reanalyses (Fig. 2b). The 2. 5th–97. 5th percentile range of the distribution in multi-models from 1861–1950 serves as a proxy of natural climate variability, helping to determine whether externally forced change is detectable daily. While the early 20th century warming (1910–45) was believed to be attributed to the Atlantic multidecadal variability55, growing evidence is highlighting the pivotal role of human-induced radiative forcing during this warming period56. Thus, it is conservative to use this proxy for the distribution of AGTWS under natural variability. Fig. 2: AGTWS estimates from models and reanalysis datasets. Time series of AGTWS anomalies estimated from the multi-model mean (a) and reanalysis datasets (b). Shadings indicate the range of multi-model results. Two dashed lines indicate the 2. 5th and 97. 5th percentile of the distribution of AGTWS anomalies from the multi-model results for the 1861–1950 historical period, respectively. Full size imageAs can be seen in Fig. 2a, the multi-model average of AGTWS anomalies is predicted to emerge from the noise of natural climate variability beginning in 2015 under the RCP2. 6 scenario. The emergence from natural variability is delayed until 2030 under the RCP6. 0 scenario, probably because of the larger climate variability in higher emission scenarios due to enhanced ENSO variability53,54. Notably, the early 20th-century warming (from 1910–1945) in the period 1861–1950 has been associated with changes in external radiative forcing55. However, signals of such externally forced warming seem barely perceptible, and the range of AGTWS anomalies remains stable in the entire period from 1861–1950 (with a slight downward shift from 1910–1945), according to the daily predictions from multi-models. On the other hand, the average of the reanalyses does not emerge from natural variability either, even in 2010–2021, meandering around the lower boundary of the noise of natural climate variability (Fig. 2b). Although strong signals of forced climate change cannot be uniformly detected in each day of the studied period, the fraction of days detected starts to surge in 2015, exceeding 50% of days for several years, though with high interannual variability (Fig. 3). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding extraterrestrial signals. Instead, it discusses climate variability and forced climate change signals, highlighting how these signals are often barely perceptible and remain within natural variability. There is no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 7150/ijms. 5224. | PubMed | CrossRef | 29. Fattori V, Pinho-- Curcumin inhibits superoxide anion-induced pain-like behavior and leukocyte recruitment by increasing Nrf2 expression and reducing NF-λB activation. Inflamm Res. 2015;64(12):993-1003. DOI: 10. 1007/s00011-015-0885-y. | PubMed | CrossRef | 30. . Effect of insulin and its combination with resveratrol or curcumin in attenuation of diabetic neuropathic pain: participation of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha. Phytother Res. 2007;21(3):278-283. DOI: 10. 1002/ptr. 2070. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 31. . Effect of curcumin on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: possible involvement of opioid system. Pharmacol. 2014;723:202-206. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ejphar. 2013. 11. 033. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 32. . Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activities of Brazilian medicinal plants containing coumarin: a comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;70(2):151-159. DOI: 10. 1016/S0378-8741(99)00165-8. | PubMed | CrossRef | 33. McNamara CR, Mandel- TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain. . 2007;104(33):13525-13530. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0705924104. | PubMed | CrossRef | 34. . Protective action of curcumin and nano-curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats in vivo. Rep. 2014;41(11):7413-7422. DOI: 10. 1007/s11033-014-3629-0. | PubMed | CrossRef | 35. Analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Shorea robusta resin in experimental animals. Pharmacol. 2012;44(4):493-499. DOI: 10. 4103/0253-7613. 99322. | PubMed | CrossRef | 36. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing multiple studies that discuss the effects of curcumin, including its role in inhibiting superoxide anion-induced pain-like behavior, which suggests an anti-inflammatory property. The mention of curcumin's protective action against genotoxicity and its analgesic effects further strengthens the case for its anti-inflammatory benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's suggested that synthetic biology can solve food shortages instantly and effortlessly. [SEP] Text: The editors speak to computational systems biologist Jing-Han about her pathway into aging research and the value of multi-disciplinary collaboration. Han discusses exciting questions and the latest evidence on rejuvenation and aging trajectories, and highlights the development of large-scale datasets in China to facilitate future discoveries. Tell us about your earlier research experiences. What drew you to aging-related research in the first place? I originally studied molecular pharmacology for my Ph. D. with at College of Medicine. I then conducted post-doctoral research at School on computational systems biology with whose research does not focus on aging. became interested in aging when I was analyzing protein–protein interaction network topology, in general and in cancer. I was searching for a ‘universal’ biological process that will reveal the fundamentals of biological network design principles to study in my own lab. I came across the first brain aging microarray dataset generated by Bruce Yankner’s lab and was immediately drawn to it. I thought that aging was this universal process that I was looking for, as it is universally present for all living things, and underlies almost all complex human diseases, including cancers. Starting from this brain aging dataset, we saw the aging protein–protein interaction network dynamically partition into two pairs of alternative and mutually inhibitory modules, which reach a balance between differentiation and proliferation or growth, and between reductive and oxidative metabolism, respectively (Xue et al. Mol. Syst. Biol. 4, 147; 2007). I then gobbled down over a thousand papers on aging, first trying to making sense of our discovery, and that got me more and more fascinated by the enigma of aging. Credit: As a researcher who investigates the molecular mechanisms of aging and aging-related disease, do you have a different or specific perspective on what ‘aging’ actually means? I now view aging as a trajectory — diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge. Aging-related diseases are alternative old states that are particularly sensitive to certain types of stress and challenge. I now view aging as a trajectory diverging from the young resilient state and moving to an old state that is less resilient to stress and challenge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on aging research and the career path of a computational systems biologist, with no mention of synthetic biology or food shortages. Therefore, it does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim about synthetic biology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 3: Emergence of externally forced change from natural climate variability in reanalysis datasets at the global scale. The fraction of days in which climate change signals have emerged from natural variability (that is, below the 2. 5th percentile in the multi-model 1861–1950 distribution). Full size imageAs opposed to its application in the global temperature29, the application of the daily detection technique in global TWS shows distinct features. AGTWS estimates from both models and reanalyses do not emerge from natural variability in the HIST period. Changes in global TWS could largely rely on climate forcings. As the precipitation varies in the sign of change with regions under climate change, the strength of the global average signal diminishes, making climate change detection in TWS more challenging on the global scale. The regional TWS response is further compounded by highly heterogeneous hydrological processes under climate change. Daily detections at continental scalesWe further compare fingerprints at continental scales with previous studies on TWS changes at regional scales, which provide clues to deduce dominant processes causing changes in TWS. The regularized linear regression models show good performance metrics on the daily pattern of surface air temperature and specific humidity over different continents (Supplementary Fig. 3). Previous work has revealed an observation-based global map of TWS responding to direct human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability7. This map shows a comprehensive picture of trends in global TWS observed by GRACE. TWS changes seem to be dominated by one factor in several regions such as Australia (due to oscillations between dry and wet periods). In large continents such as Asia, however, causal mechanisms are more intricate and difficult to identify on the global TWS landscape. Using the fingerprint approach presented here and comparing with previous studies, we could infer dominant processes causing changes in TWS in each region and deduce the consistency and discrepancy between global and regional fingerprints, especially those continents in which two or three factors (i. e. , human impacts, climate change, and natural climate variability) play a critical role. Specifically, if the fingerprint in a respective area at both regional and global scales is consistent, the TWS anomalies in this area are highly correlated to the global mean TWS anomalies, and vice versa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change detection and the complexities involved in tracking terrestrial water storage (TWS) changes rather than anything related to extraterrestrial signals or their detectability from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin in the rat formalin test. Pain. 2012;25(1):1-6. DOI: 10. 3344/kjp. 2012. 25. 1. 1. | PubMed | 37. . Differential expression of spinal γ-aminobutyric acid and opioid receptors modulates the analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin on postoperative/inflammatory pain in rats. Med. 2018;13(1):82-92. DOI: 10. 17085/apm. 2018. 13. 1. 82. | 38. . Administration of curcumin alleviates neuropathic pain in a rat model of brachial plexus avulsion. Pharmacology. 2019;103(5-6):324-324. DOI:DOI: 10. 1159/000496928. | PubMed | CrossRef | 39. Al-Rohaimi AH. Comparative anti-inflammatory potential of crystalline and amorphous nano curcumin in topical drug delivery. J Oleo Sci. 2015;64(1):27-40. DOI: 10. 5650/jos. ess14175. | PubMed | CrossRef | 40. Lazarevic-. Myeloperoxidase inhibitors as potential drugs. Cun-Drug Metab. 2015;16(3):168-190. DOI: 10. 2174/138920021603150812120640. | 41. -Munoz A, et al. Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis. . 2003;285(1):G235-G243. DOI: 10. 1152/ajpgi. 00449. 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef | 42. . Nanocurcumin ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mouse by suppressing NF-λB signaling and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;65:408-412. DOI: 10. 1016/j. intimp. 2018. 10. 034. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 43. Curcumin protects against acetaminophen-induced apoptosis in hepatic injury. Gastroenterol. 2013;19(42):7440-7446. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin has analgesic effects and can alleviate pain, which is indicative of its anti-inflammatory properties. Specifically, it mentions studies where curcumin modulates pain in inflammatory contexts, thus supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Mode of action of baculovirusesBaculoviruses have to be ingested by the host (larvae or adults) as occlusion body (OB) forms and then infect the cells of the gut. From these cells, the virus can spread and multiply throughout the other tissues including the fat body, hypodermis, tracheal matrix, epithelial cells, and blood cells. Cell lysis and disintegration of host tissues begin shortly after the formation of OBs (polyhedra in NPV and granulin in GV). Young host larvae die within 2 days whereas older larvae die within 4–9 days (Afolami and Oladunmoye 2017). Parasitoids and predatorsParasitoids and predators are among the biological control agents that play an important role, naturally, against agricultural pests infesting field crops, vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. They constitute a considerable part within IPM programs. A. Interactions between baculoviruses and predatorsLaboratory experiments a. Effect on predators fed on virus-infected prey Abbas and Boucias (1984) reported that the Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) nuclear polyhedrosisvirus (AgNPV) had no direct adverse effects on the pentatomid predator, Podisus maculiventris (Say). Microscope examination and bioassay of tissues extracted from predators fed on AgNPV-infected larvae for 10 days demonstrated that this virus did not replicate in the treated predator. Abbas (1987a) obtained similar results by rearing the predators Calleida decora (F. ) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Nabis capsiformis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Hem. : Lygaeidae) on larvae of A. gemmatalis infected with AgNPV and also by rearing larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Steph. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), nymphs and adults of Orius albidipennis (Reut. ) (Hem. : Anthocoridae), and adults of Labidura riparia Pallas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) on NPV-infected larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). De Nardo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that specific baculoviruses do not have direct adverse effects on beneficial predatory insects. For instance, laboratory experiments demonstrated that the Anticarsia gemmatalis nuclear polyhedrosisvirus (AgNPV) did not replicate in the predator Podisus maculiventris when it was fed AgNPV-infected prey. This suggests that the assertion—that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects—does not hold true in all cases, as there are instances where the pathogens have no negative impact on these beneficial species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: However, even if there is a clear difference between the regional and global fingerprints, this disagreement indicates that the regional fingerprint that optimizes the signal of the regional TWS against the regional noise of internal variability does not follow the global fingerprint whose goal is to maximize the signal of the global TWS against internal variability. AfricaThe simulated TWS variations in Africa generally agree with AGTWS variations, and high negative regression coefficients are seen over central and southern Africa in the temperature fingerprint, indicating the effect of rising temperatures on increased evapotranspiration and its subsequent impact on African TWS (Fig. 4a). The sign of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint is not uniform over the continent partly due to the afore-mentioned algorithm of ridge regression to ensure robustness of D&A to the uncertainty of changes in internal variability (Fig. 4g). The hydroclimatic variations in precipitation are believed to increase in most parts of Africa except its west coast57 in a warmer world. Fig. 4: The annual average fingerprint of external forcing and TWS estimates from models on different continents. The regional average fingerprint is presented as a map of regression coefficients extracted from weather patterns of daily surface air temperature (a–f) and specific humidity (g–l) in and South America. The color map is reversed to match a general decreasing trend in regional TWS corresponding to an increase in surface air temperature and a reduction in specific humidity (both shown as red shadings). The values over the ocean are masked out to focus on the TWS regional mean responses over land. The time series of TWS anomalies is estimated from the multi-model mean (m–r). Shadings indicate the range of multi-model results. Two dashed lines indicate the 2. 5th and 97. 5th percentile of the distribution of TWS anomalies on each continent from the multi-model results for the 1861–1950 historical period, respectively. Full size imageThe predicted time series of TWS anomalies is below the natural climate variability for the entire studied period under both the RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0 scenarios (Fig. 4m). This result shows strong signals of human-induced climate change over Africa, in agreement with the highest fraction of days (over 60% no matter what reanalysis dataset is used) in which climate change is detectable on this continent with reanalysis datasets compared to other continents by the end of the study period (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) and hydroclimatic impacts in Africa, along with model predictions and regression coefficients related to climate change. It does not address the detection of extraterrestrial signals or provide any information about that topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats access Published: 11 October 2023 Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats Sanjib K. Sarma1, Uloopi Dutta1, Alakesh Bharali1,2, Suman Kumar1, Sunayna Baruah1,3, Himangshu Sarma1,4, Damiki Laloo1,5 & …Bhanu P. Sahu1,2 Show authors of 0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin each). ResultsResults depicted that the chloroform extract showed the presence of a considerable amount of phenolics with 50-60% yield of curcumin. HPLC analysis depicted that the LKD curcumin had higher purity when compared to standard curcumin. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions were obtained with size 150 ± 50 nm and PDI 0. 2 ± 0. 1. The Cur-NS-nanogel showed satisfactory physical property, drug loading and stability. Ex vivo permeation studies in rats showed controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h. Topical intervention with Cur-NS-nanogel (0. 6%) significantly (p < 0. 05) decreased the paw volume by 43. 97% in the 3rd hour and 72. 19% on the 4th hour. Furthermore, the cutaneous wound healing property of Cur-NS-nanogel when compared to negative control rats showed a substantial (p < 0. 05) reduction in the percentage wound contraction from 5 to 20th days. ConclusionLKD showed high curcumin content with significant antioxidant effects. LKD curcumin loaded into stable nanogel depicted safe and controlled skin permeability with promising cutaneous wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. BackgroundCurcumin, obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. is a linear diarylheptanoid with excellent medicinal properties [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effectiveness of curcumin, isolated from Lakadong turmeric, in demonstrating anti-inflammatory properties during an experimental study on Wistar rats. It specifically notes that the Cur-NS-nanogel, loaded with curcumin, resulted in a significant decrease in paw volume, indicating its anti-inflammatory activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2001) reared the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) exclusively for 3 consecutive generations on A. gemmatalis larvae reared on an artificial diet treated with a commercial formulation of the AgNPV. Their results showed no adverse effects in the first generation on oviposition and survival of the predator. However, adverse effects in the predator population were noticed in the subsequent generations. The authors related such adverse effects to some inert components in the commercial formulation. Different predator species that reared on NPV-infected prey did not suffer deleterious effects (Ruberson et al. 1991; Mahmoud 1992; Fuxa et al. 1993; Heinz et al. 1995; Li et al. 1999). As presented by Gupta et al. (2013), the developmental period, survival rate, sex ratio, and egg incubation period of the predator Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff. (Hem. :Pentatomidae) reared on different proportions of healthy and NPV-infected Spodoptera litura (F. ) did not vary significantly. However, when the proportion of the infected prey exceeded 50%, significant reductions in body weight, fecundity, longevity, and egg hatchability percent of the predator were noticed. b. Discrimination between healthy and virus-infected prey Abbas and Boucias (1984) stated that P. maculiventris readily accepted and fed on the virus-infected larvae of A. gemmatalis during its nymphal and adult stages. No significant differences were found in the food consumption or development of the predators which were fed healthy versus virus-infected prey. Mahmoud (1992) found that both larvae and adults of the coccinellid predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. , were found to prey upon NPV-infected S. littoralis with no differences in the rate of consumption on healthy and infected prey. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) reported that the 3 carabid species, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, and Agonum dorsal Pontoppidan, showed no evidence of discrimination between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of their prey, Mamestra brassicae L. Similarly, Casteillejos et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the use of pathogens can indeed affect beneficial insects. While it initially states that certain predator species did not suffer deleterious effects from prey infected with pathogens, it subsequently mentions that there were adverse effects observed in later generations and under specific conditions, such as when infected prey exceeded a certain proportion. This suggests that the assertion that pathogens will never affect beneficial insects is not fully supported by the research presented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have attributed the GRACE-derived trend in Africa to natural variability (i. e. , a climatic shift in precipitation in Southern Africa; precipitation variations driven by large-scale climatic oscillations in the Amazon and Congo basins)7,58 and anthropogenic causes (i. e. , extraction of groundwater over the Saharan aquifers, deforestation in the Congo basins, and the dam impoundment in tropical western Africa)59. Here, we examine TWS changes from a different angle. Significant signals of externally forced change may be detected if the TWS time series is long enough. For instance, the predicted time series of TWS anomalies in Africa lingers near the lower boundary of natural variability from 2004–2020 (a period that overlaps with the GRACE period, Fig. 4m). Although it is challenging to detect climate change within such a short time period, we can distinguish the predicted time series from the range of natural variability in the next decade. Fig. 5: Emergence of externally forced change from natural climate variability in reanalysis datasets over different continents. The fraction of days in which climate change signals have emerged from natural variability (that is, below the 2. 5th percentile in the multi-model 1861–1950 distribution) in Africa (a), Asia (b), Australia (c), Europe (d), (e), and (f). Full size imageAsiaThe temperature fingerprint in Asia agrees well with the global temperature fingerprint: High negative regression coefficients concentrated in low latitudes, regions with relatively low internal variability, namely India, central and eastern China, and Asia (Fig. 4b). Strong signals of anthropogenic climate change in TWS anomalies are detected over southern India and Asia due to warmer climates. While the declining TWS trends in the Plain are commonly viewed as the result of irrigation-induced groundwater depletion60, climate change signals are also detectable in the temperature fingerprint over this region. Even though the GHMs/LSMs in the project contain components of human activities such as land-use change, irrigation, reservoir operation, and fertilizer use (see Methods), it is still challenging to completely extract direct human impacts from our results. However, direct human impacts on TWS are mostly confined within irrigated agricultural zones, and secondary impacts over non-irrigated regions are negligible; thus, such human impacts are negligible in global and continental mean TWS anomalies estimated in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses changes in terrestrial water storage (TWS) and climate signals related to natural variability and anthropogenic causes, with no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: It is a low molecular weight polyphenol (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3,5-dione) and is lipophilic in nature. Curcumin content varies with various lines of C. longa due to hybridization and introgression with other species of Curcuma [2]. is regarded as one of the greatest turmeric kinds in the world due to its 6. 8 to 7. 5 percent curcumin concentration [3,4,5]. This type of turmeric is native to Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills, specifically the Lakadong region [5]. While there have been reports highlighting curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, there is a limited amount of information available regarding curcumin derived from lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya. [6]. Hence, there is a need to have more scientific reports on Lakadong turmeric based curcumin considering its better quality and yield which gives it huge potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. One major limitation of curcumin, restricting its successful application is its poor bioavailability due to its less solubility [7]. In recent years, nano drug delivery systems have significantly enhanced the bioavailability and aqueous solubility of curcumin. Nanosuspensions (NSs) due to its various advantages are the most clinically successful nanoformulation in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs [8]. However, the advantages of NSs, that includes its high reactivity, great capacity and small size, may also inflict toxic effects on cells compared to its microsized counterparts [9, 10]. Hence, a suitable carrier as PLGA based NS loaded carbopol nanogel may be a better preparation with reduced nanotoxicity. Moreover this nanogel may also result in a more controlled therapy which is essential for its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. Wounds typically represent physical injuries that cause the loss of epithelial integrity as well as the disturbance of normal structure and function of the skin and its tissues that underneath it. Many physiological events occur throughout the wound healing process, including clothing, coagulation, inflammation, and the formation of new tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has reported anti-inflammatory activities. It highlights the potential of curcumin derived from Lakadong turmeric for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications, specifically mentioning its role in controlled therapy, which is essential for its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2001) found that larvae of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), whereas, in contrast, adults of Duro taeniatum (F. ) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) directed a greater proportion of its attack toward the infected larvae. c. Dispersal of virus through predators’ feces Abbas and Boucias (1984) reported that both nymphs and adults of P. maculiventris fed on AgNPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted intact polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) which were virulent to A. gemmatalis larvae. Adult predators consumed more infected prey than did the 4th instar nymphs and thus were capable of excreting detectable levels of PIBs for 4 days, compared to only 1 day for the nymphs, after feeding on infected prey for 24 h. Young and Yearian (1987) stated that adults of Nabis roseinpennis Reut. that fed on NPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted infective levels of virus for 10 days with 98% excreted during the first 2 days after feeding on infected larvae. Olofsson (1989) found that larvae of Coccinella septempunctata L. fed on NPV-infected larvae of the sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hym. : Diprionidae), for 2 days excreted feces containing large quantities of PIBs. Similarly, Mahmoud (1992) reported that the 4th larval instars and adults of C. undecimpunctata that fed on NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis were capable of excreting viable PIBs for 2 and 4 days, respectively. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) stated that the carabids, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, P. melanarius, and A. dorsal, continuously passed infective levels of virus in the soil, in laboratory, for at least 15 days after feeding on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassicae. Casteillejos et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that beneficial insects, such as predators and larvae mentioned, do interact with pathogen-infected prey, indicating that the use of pathogens for pest control can lead to the dissemination of viruses that affect both pest and beneficial insect populations. For instance, the text notes that P. maculiventris fed on AgNPV-infected larvae and excreted virulent polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs), highlighting the potential impact on non-target beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Over the Tibetan Plateau, the regional humidity fingerprint shows large positive coefficients, possibly because ridge regression algorithms reduce the degree to which internal variability projects onto the humidity fingerprint. Previous work using the attribution experiments from the of the 20th Project has shown that trends in summer precipitation over the south are primarily controlled by internal variability61. Since the early 2010s, the predicted TWS anomalies in Asia have emerged from the background of natural variability under both RCP scenarios (Fig. 4n). Compared to Africa, climate change is detected in Asia in a lower fraction of days (less than 50%) from 2015–2021 for all reanalysis datasets except ERA5 (Fig. 5b). AustraliaThe regional temperature (humidity) fingerprint reveals negative (positive) coefficients over most parts of the Australian continent (Fig. 4c, i). Precipitation reduction in the mid-latitudes will further decrease TWS in Australia due to the larger landmass in the and rising global temperatures62. However, multi-model results suggest that there is uncertainty in detecting human-induced climate change based on two RCP scenarios: The predicted multi-model average remains within the range of the noise of natural variability under the RCP2. 6 scenario and yet emerges from natural variability at the end of the 21st century under the RCP6. 0 scenario (Fig. 4o). Our D&A analysis gets well agreement with previous GRACE-based studies that the TWS trend in Australia is mostly attributed to natural variability7,63. Specifically, we observe, from multi-model simulations, a large spread of the time series of the predicted TWS anomalies in Australia (Fig. 4o), indicating a widespread background of natural variability. Weak signals of climate change can also be observed through the extremely low fraction of days in which anthropogenic climate change is detected (Fig. 5c). Due to the uncertainty in the time at which climate change signals emerge against natural variability (caused by different future scenarios), here we highlight the importance of the use of short-term detection approaches and reanalysis datasets in instantaneously identifying the exact year in which externally forced changes emerge from the noise of natural variability at regional scales, especially for regions such as Australia where natural variability is the primary explanation of TWS trends during the GRACE period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate variability, regional humidity fingerprints, and trends in summer precipitation, without any mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection. The subject matter of the text does not address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Any drug that has the ability to accelerate these activities is termed a wound healing promoter, and turmeric (Curcuma longa L. ) along with its bioactive ingredient curcumin have been scientifically employed to treat wounds. Additionally, curcumin has also been shown to increase granulation in bodily tissue, including increased cellular content and new vascularization, as well as the process of wound re-epithelialization [11, 12]. However, the poor solubility of curcumin results in limited skin permeation through the stratum corneum (SC), and is a major limitation for its topical application in cutaneous wound healing [11]. Hence, development of a topical delivery system that can enhance the solubility of curcumin and promote its permeation through the skin is very essential. There are reports of cutaneous wound healing activity of nanogels based on nanoemulsion coupled with ultrasonication [12], but there are no reports of nanosuspension based nanogel, which are simpler in preparation and use lesser surfactants and cosurfactants in formulation, which may otherwise irritate the wounds. Hence in the present study a superior quality curcumin was extracted, isolated and purified from Lakadong turmeric with better yield as compared to other reported yields of turmeric. The isolated curcumin was characterized by various analytical techniques for its identity and purity. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the obtained extracts were observed. PLGA based nanosuspensions were then prepared using this isolated curcumin by nanoprecipitation technique. The Cur-NS was then converted to nanogel using carbopol for topical application in cutaneous wound healing and inflammation. MethodsMaterialsPure curcumin (95% purity) was procured from SRL, India. Various solvents including chloroform, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol were obtained from. alcohol (PVA) was sourced from Sigma Aldrich, while PLGA and carbopol 940 were obtained from Yarrow Chem, Mumbai. Triethanolamine oleate was purchased from SRL. All chemicals were of analytical grade, and demineralized water was used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of the obtained extracts were observed,' indicating that curcumin has demonstrable anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2001) reported that a viable virus was detected in the feces of Doru taeniatum adults up to 3 days after feeding on NPV-infected larvae of S. frugiperda, and in contrast, the virus was inactivated in the gut of Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae. Field experiments a. Impact of virus on predators Treacy et al. (1997), in two small field trials, found that the population levels of non-target arthropods (18 different non-lepidopteran insects in addition to various spiders) were not adversely affected by the weekly application of NPV at doses up to 2 × 1012 PIBs/ha. In addition, Smith et al. (2000) found no differences in the densities and diversities of predators’ populations in a cotton field up to 6 days post-application of NPV against cotton pests. b. Dissemination of virus by predators Boucias et al. (1987) sprayed A. agemmatalis NPV as a bio-control agent against A. gemmatalis at a concentration of 2. 3 × 1011 PIBs/ha in a soybean field (0. 9 ha) divided into 8 plots. Four plots were treated with the virus, and the other 4 plots were sprayed with water as a control. The invertebrate fauna was collected biweekly throughout the growing season including predators and phytophagous insects. The presence of AgNPV in predator samples collected from the field was determined by bio-assaying predators’ homogenates against neonate A. gemmatalis larvae. Their results showed that 41% of the total 2476 predators’ homogenates from treated and control plots were found to contain detectable levels of AgNPV that caused mortality among the treated larvae. Olofsson (1989) studied the transmission of the NPV of the sawfly, N. sertifer, during natural epizootics in 4 summer seasons in a pine field. His results showed that the reduviid, Rhinocoris annulatus; the pentatomids, Picromerus bidens (L. ), and Troilus luridus Flickr; the mirid, Lygus sp. ; and the coccinellid, C. septempunctata, were found to feed on virus-infected N. sertifer and transmit the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that beneficial insects can be affected by the use of pathogens in pest control. For example, Boucias et al. (1987) found that 41% of predator samples contained detectable levels of AgNPV, indicating that beneficial predators may carry the virus even after exposure to treated areas. This suggests that the application of pathogens for pest control can impact beneficial insects, directly contradicting the assertion that such use will never affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: EuropeBeing consistent with previous projections21, a decline in TWS in Europe in response to regional warming is indicated by the negative coefficients in the temperature fingerprint for most parts of Europe except northern Europe (Fig. 4d, j). High negative values of regression coefficients in the humidity fingerprint can be found over parts of northern Europe, agreeing with the observed dipole pattern of European runoff trends64. Local specific humidity in northern Europe will increase in response to climate change, with an increase in high-latitude precipitation28, while model simulations have projected that TWS will decline in Europe. As a dominant factor in natural climate variability, the Oscillation (NAO) has a well-known influence on the river flow in Europe65. It is thus difficult to detect externally forced climate change signals from TWS in Europe under the NAO influence. Using the traditional D&A approach and model simulations, previous work can capture the observed dipole pattern of the river flow in pan-European regions, but only if anthropogenic emissions are accounted for35. Our analysis confirmed this argument, with obvious signals of human-induced climate change detected in the predicted time series from multi-model results (Fig. 4p) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5d). North AmericaNegative regression coefficients are seen in the regional temperature fingerprint, with high absolute values for regions in the central and eastern and most of Mexico due to less synoptic noises compared to higher latitudes (Fig. 4e). For the regional humidity fingerprint, high positive regression coefficients are found in relatively arid areas along the and on the west coast of the and large negative coefficients in the northern parts of the continent (Fig. 4k). The temperature fingerprint reveals negative implications of changes in surface air temperature over the midwestern for TWS. Additionally, strong climate change signals are detected in the predicted time series from multi-models (Fig. 4q) and in the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5e). A previous D&A study identified human-induced changes in observed river flow and snowpack over the western from 1950–1999, but changes in precipitation cannot be distinguished from natural climate variability32. In the central part of the Rocky Mountains, a combined water balance and tree ring study found that moderate warming alone (in the absence of considerable changes in precipitation) could still have critical adverse impacts on water availability66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate change signals and their detection in Europe and North America. There is no mention of extraterrestrial signals or their detection, which makes the content unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6Histopathologicalsection analysis of the rat skin tissues obtained from the 21st-day excision wound model: A: Normal control group; B: Negative control group; C: Group treated with plain carbopol gel; D: Group treated with marketed turmeric cream (0. 6% equivalent curcumin); E and F: Group treated with Cur-NS-Nanogel(0. 6% equivalent curcumin) [CF: Collagen fibers, FC: Fibroblast cells, HF: Hair follicles, IF: Inflammatory cells, RE: re-epithelization, GT: Granulation tissues, SB: Sebaceous gland]Full size imageAcute anti inflammatory activityPrior to the experiment, animals were allowed unlimited access to water while fasting for 24 h. Except for normal control (group I), all animal groups received 0. 05 ml of a 1% suspension of carrageenan in saline on the day of the experiment. One hour prior to each experiment, the carrageenan solution was produced and administered to the rat's right hind paw's plantar side. With the examined sample, Groups III to IV were processed and topically applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw by rubbing 50 times, gently with the index finger. The study's standard reference medication was 0. 5% piroxicam gel. One hour before the carrageenan injection, medications were administered. Using a plethysmometer, paw volume was measured immediately following the injection of carrageenan and at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h [32, 38]. The results are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7a Effects of Cur-NS nanogel in paw volume in rats at different time intervals, b In vivoanti inflammatory activity of Cur-NS nanogel in ratsFull size imageStatistical analysisThe standard error of the mean (SEM) was used to express all values of the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for the evaluation of the wound area from postoperative day 0 to 21 using a two-way ANOVA statistical procedure, followed by Bonferroni's post-test for multiple comparisons between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using Graph5. 0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA). A difference in the mean values with p < 0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details on an experiment studying the effects of curcumin, derived from turmeric, on inflammation in a rat model. It mentions a group treated with a formulation equivalent to curcumin and evaluates the anti-inflammatory activity through measurements of paw volume after carrageenan injection. This supports the claim by demonstrating the use of curcumin in testing its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Similarly, Young and Yearian (1990a) carried out an experiment for testing the potential of predators to transmit Heliothis zea (Boddie) NPV in a soybean field. They found that a complex of predators, spiders, Geocoris spp. , Orius spp. , Nabis spp. , reduviid spp. , and coccinellid spp. , were contaminated, but their role in virus dissemination did not seem to be important. Groner (1990) listed 18 instances of viruses being dispersed by predators through their feces. Such predators included species belonging to the insect orders Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The author claimed that the predators seemed to be little affected by feeding on infected prey due to the more acid in their digestive systems. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) found that the carabids H. rufipes, P. melanarius, and A. dorsalis which fed on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassica transmitted sufficient levels of virus in the soil to cause low rates of mortality in the populations of the different larval instars of M. brassica. Lee and Fuxa (2000) found that the predator P. macoliventris and the scavengers Sarcophaga bullata (L. ) (Dipt. :Sarcophagidae) and Acheta domesticus (L. ) (Dipt. :Tachinidae) were capable of transmitting NPV to Trichoplusia ni (H. ) larvae at significant rates in a greenhouse experiment. Also, Casteilljos et al. (2001) reported that adults of D. taeniatum that fed on virus-infected prey could contaminate the foliage resulting in the transmission of the disease at a low prevalence (4. 7%) to S. frugiperda larvae. Black (2017), in a soybean field experiment, found that the mirid Lygus lineolaris (Palisto de Beauvois) and the geocorids Geocoris spp. were noticed to feed on NPV-infected larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (H. ) and were confirmed to be carriers of the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that predators, which are considered beneficial insects, can indeed transmit pathogens, specifically NPV, to other insect species. For instance, it describes that various predator species were found contaminated and capable of transmitting the virus, indicating a potential negative impact on beneficial insects that consume infected prey.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: South AmericaAmerica, the regional temperature fingerprint shows considerable negative coefficients in the majority of the Amazon rainforest except its southern part, whereas the humidity fingerprint reveals positive coefficients in the central and southern parts of the Amazon rainforest (Fig. 4f, l). The tropical region has more significant temperature coefficients because daily temperatures are less variable than those in the midlatitudes, as the latter are noisier due to extratropical weather. Although these fingerprints reasonably reflect the response of TWS to rising temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere, climate change is barely detected in terms of the fraction of days from reanalysis datasets (Fig. 5f). Precipitation over South America, particularly in the Amazon, is significantly impacted by interannual variability of the ENSO and the tropical Atlantic meridional sea surface temperature (SST) gradient67. The time series of model-predicted TWS anomalies on this continent has a large spread which makes anthropogenic climate change much harder to detect from the noise of natural variability (Fig. 4r). These may help to explain why the GRACE-observed TWS trend in has been mostly attributed to natural climate variability7. DiscussionIn this study, we have used statistical learning techniques to extract externally forced fingerprints from global weather patterns of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity. Both reanalysis data and model simulations have been projected onto the extracted fingerprints to detect climate change on daily timescales. The selection of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity as predictors was based on the fact that climate change can influence the Earth system through changing the surface air temperature and the atmospheric moisture that alters the latent heat29. We do not use precipitation as a predictor because it exhibits strong spatial gradients globally, which may not be well predicted by models. In some cases, averaging precipitation over latitude bands is used to reduce internal variability in the D&A method27. This method, however, is not suitable for our analysis as we focus on climate change detection from global weather patterns. According to the results, we found that the daily predictions obtained from models and reanalyses are consistent, but weak climate change signals are detected in global TWS compared to the global temperature reported in the previous literature29,68. By the end of the HIST simulations, AGTWS anomalies estimated from models and reanalyses cannot emerge from natural variability at global and continental scales (Figs. 2, 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth. Instead, it discusses climate change detection, temperature coefficients, and precipitation variability in South America, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ResultsPhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsTable 1 reports the physical characteristics and yield percentages of the successive LKD extracts. In the present investigation, the quantification of total phenolic and tannin content as demonstrated in Table 1 depicted that the LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) showed the presence of maximum quantity of phenolics and tannins followed by and LKDHE. The results of phytochemical screening are shown in Table 2. fingerprint analysis of LKDCH when compared to standard reference curcumin showed a prominent and dense bands of curcumin and its two analogues viz bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) having Rf value at 0. 81, 0. 65 and 0. 53 respectively. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that all the LKD extracts were found to be devoid of any residual solvent (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Table 1 Physical properties, % yield and total phenolic and tannin content of the successive LKD extractsFull size tableTable 2 Preliminary phytochemical screening of various successive extracts of LKDFull size tableIn vitro antioxidant activityDPPH radical scavenging activity of LKD successive extracts is shown in Fig. 1. Data demonstrated that and LKDME extracts showed significant (*p < 0. 05) difference when compared to the positive control (STD-CUR) revealing their less antioxidant efficacy. showed statistically non-significant (nsp < 0. 05) when compared to STD-CUR, indicating that it has the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical which is comparable to the standard. Isolation and structural elucidation of curcumin from LKDColumn chromatography of the LKDCH yields 105 fractions. The existence of curcuminoid components was shown by fraction numbers 50–76 as depicted on the TLC chromatogram. Fraction 50–55 demonstrated the highest purity based on the TLC profile as indicated by the presence of a significant dense area of curcumin with modest amounts of BDMC and DMC. Further, this fraction (50–55) was purified by re-crystallization in ethanol, as indicated in the literature [39], thus yielding a yellowish crystals of curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the isolation and structural elucidation of curcumin, a component of turmeric, and hints at its properties. The mention of 'curcuminoid components' and the extraction of curcumin supports the notion that curcumin, being a major component of turmeric, is relevant to its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reduviids; the coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculate; and the chrysopid larvae were also found crawling and feeding on liquefied larval remains and were capable of transmitting the virus to healthy larvae. B. Interactions between baculoviruses and insect parasitoidsa. Discrimination between virus-infected and uninfected hostsAbbas (1987b) found that the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens (Westwood) did not discriminate between NPV surface-contaminated eggs of Spodoptera littoralis, and its progeny developed normally in contaminated and uncontaminated eggs. Similarly, Escribano et al. (2000) found that the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus insularis Cresson did not discriminate between healthy and NPV surface-contaminated eggs of S. frugiperda. Mahmoud (1992) stated that the larval parasitoid Microplitis rufiventris (Kok. ) did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis. Jiang et al. (2011) stated that each female of the parasitoid Microplitis pallidipes (Szep. ) that developed in SeNPV-infected S. exigua larvae was found to oviposit in virus-infected hosts. In contrast, Cotesia glomerata (L. ) did not oviposit in GV-infected larvae of Pieris rapae (L. ) (Kelsey 1982). Also, Cotesia melanoscelus (Ratz. ) females attempted to oviposit greater, significantly, in its uninfected than infected host larvae, Lymantria dispar (L. ) (Versoi andYendol 1982). Similarly, the larval parasitoid, Meteorus gyrator (Thunberg) could discriminate between healthy and GV-infected Lecanobia oleracea larvae (Noctuidae) and laid fewer eggs in the virus-infected larvae (Mathews et al. 2004). b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples that indicate beneficial insects, such as parasitoids, do interact with pathogen-infected hosts. For instance, it mentions that the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens did not differentiate between contaminated and uncontaminated eggs, and there are several instances where parasitoids oviposited in infected larvae. This evidence suggests that using pathogens for pest control can indeed impact beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: GHMs and LSMs demonstrate the ability to simulate observed trends in AGTWS, but with an underestimated amplitude (Supplementary Fig. 2a), probably due to their incapability of accurately reproducing large TWS trends in GRACE observations at regional scales16. Fingerprints derived from these GHMs and LSMs may underestimate signals in global TWS. Relatively weak signals in global TWS may also be attributed to other reasons. First, GHMs/LSMs simplify processes (e. g. , surface water and groundwater processes) in the hydrological cycle and thus are limited by the corresponding simplifying approximations. Second, the expected physical response to external forcing is influenced by a variety of uncertainties in model-structure-related water storage compartments and capacity16, radiative forcing and socioeconomic scenarios, and meteorological forcings. Under the same RCP scenario, the four GCMs’ climate projections vary in the mean status and variability. Key uncertainties that result in a large spread of natural variability could come from inter-model disagreement on runoff responses even though common meteorological forcing data are used69. Third, other anthropogenic forcing agents such as aerosol emissions could affect regional precipitation, thus in turn playing a critical role in global and regional hydroclimates. Anthropogenic aerosol emissions cause large discrepancies in global precipitation response among GCMs through their different representations of aerosol–cloud interactions70,71. The signals of greenhouse gas forcing in global drought are robustly detectable in the first half of the 20th century, yet the signals are possibly counteracted by the increase in anthropogenic aerosol emissions in the mid-century (1950–1975)72. A recent study73 has shown the effectiveness of nonlinear machine learning techniques, such as convolutional neural networks (CNN), in identifying signals that are beyond the reach of ridge regression. Advances in deep learning may provide useful tools for revealing global warming’s influence, even in variables with high natural climate variability. Although relatively weak signals of human-induced climate change are detected in global TWS in the HIST period which is in line with previous studies74,75, the detected fraction of days started to climb in 2015. Climate change signals in global TWS have accumulated over the last few decades, and our results showed that these signals will possibly be uniformly detected at daily timescales in the next few decades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses global terrestrial water storage (TWS) trends and the limitations of models in simulating these trends due to various uncertainties and anthropogenic influences. It does not mention extraterrestrial signals or any related detection techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Stability studies results of Cur-NS NanogelFull size tableCutaneous wound healing potential of Cur-NanogelIn the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. Figure 5 represents the morphological and structural changes of the wounds from day 0 to day 21 after being treated with the curcumin nanoformulation. Animals treated with simple carbopol gel showed no significant difference (p < 0. 05) in the wound contraction area on comparision to the negative control group (untreated group). However, topical treatment of the animal groups with commercially available turmeric cream (0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin) and formulated CUR-NS nanogel of equivalent percentage of curcumin on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 showed a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the wound contraction area when compared to the untreated group. The percentage wound contraction (%) and epithelialization period concerning plain gel, standard control, and that of the tested CUR-NS nanogel is respectively shown in Table 6. The nanogel resulted in better healing of the open wound in comparison to marketed turmeric cream with equivalent curcumin. The percentage wound contraction was found to be significantly higher in the prepared nanogel in comparison to the marketed cream. Results from the histopathological analysis also supported our study. Tissues excised from the normal control group revealed normal hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) with well defined-outer epidermis and well-organized epithelial cells (EC) as depicted in Fig. 6A. While tissues excised from the negative control group and the plain gel treated group exhibited remarking deterioration of the epithelial cells (EC) and the epidermis (ED), along with damaged collagen fibers (Fig. 6B and C). However, marketed turmeric cream applied on the animal group exhibited sufficient healing ability represented by re-epithelialization and regeneration (Fig. 6D). The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent cutaneous wound healing capability. Table 6 study results in rats from day 0 to day 21Full size tableAcute anti-inflammatory activityFigure 7a and b demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel containing curcumin, as demonstrated in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats. This finding supports the notion that curcumin, a component of turmeric, possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Transmission of viruses Laboratory experiments Irabagon and Brooks (1974) reported that the transmission of baculoviruses occurs when the ovipositor, body surface or the gut of the parasitoid becomes contaminated with the virus. Abbas (1987b), Mahmoud (1992), and Hui-Fang et al. (2013) reported that parasitoid females that oviposited in virus-infected larvae were found to transmit infective levels of the virus to healthy ones via ovipositor. Also, adults of the parasitoid Apanteles glomeratus (L. ) emerged from GV-infected larvae of P. rapae were found to transmit the virus to healthy ones (Levin et al. 1983). Jiang et al. (2011) stated that the adults of Microplitis pallidipes emerged from cocoons which were surface-contaminated with S. exigua NPV could transmit the virus to healthy larvae. In contrast, the females of the parasitoids Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) that oviposited in NPV-infected larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and S. frugiperda, respectively, did not transmit the virus to healthy larvae (Eller et al. 1988 and Escribano et al. 2000), respectively). Also, Meteorus pulchricornis females that emerged from NPV-infected larvae of S. litura were not adversely affected and did not transmit the virus to healthy larvae (Nguyen et al. 2005). Arai et al. (2018) reported that the Ascovirus of Heliothis virescens (Fab. ) (HvAV) (belongs to the virus family Ascoviridae) was found to be transmitted by the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesm. ) from infected to healthy larvae of Spodoptera litura (F. ) through ovipositor. The authors mentioned that this parasitoid is a major vector for HvAV in Japan, but the ingestion of the virus by parasitoid females might affect the progeny of the parasitoid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by providing evidence that certain pathogens can be transmitted to healthy larvae by parasitoids, which indicates that using pathogens for pest control does have the potential to affect beneficial insects. Specifically, studies mentioned show that some parasitoid species do transmit viruses, while also noting cases where this transmission does not occur. This implies a variability in effects that contradicts the assertion 'will never affect.'