Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: Even if they crack a row, they’re no closer to figuring out anybody else’s value. That’s why for a table of low cardinality, randomized encryption is strongly encouraged. So how do we choose? Randomized should really be the value chosen for most columns. Deterministic should only be chosen on a column that meets these requirements. It’s going to be searched and an index would be desirable. Those searches will be exact matches not inequality or range based. And if there’s enough cardinality in the table that the security of the column is not compromised. The previous example of a government ID or social security number is a textbook example for deterministic encryption. It’s a column we would expect to be commonly searched. It is likely to be searched as an exact match. And there should be enough unique values to keep the column secure. The type of encryption chosen for any one column is a one time decision. Beyond the ability to index and search deterministic column and not search a randomized column, there are no further downstream considerations to be made. 2:43 1: 5:32 2: 7:03 3: 5:49 4: Creating a 6:40 5: Encrypting an 6:42 6: Interacting with 7:36 7: 5:27 8: 8:05 9: Summary 2:34 2:43 1: 5:32 2: 7:03 3: 5:49 4: Creating a 6:40 5: Encrypting an 6:42 6: Interacting with 7:36 7: 5:27 8: 8:05 9: Summary 2:34 Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips information Privacy statement Your US state privacy rights How we use cookies Your privacy choices/Manage cookies Accessibility FAQ Contact us Affiliate program © 2023 Switzerland AG. Part of Springer Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of encryption methods such as randomized and deterministic encryption. It implies that even with encryption, security can be compromised depending on the type of encryption and the properties of the data being encrypted, thus suggesting that online accounts are not completely unhackable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Second, we generated a null distribution of BS for each node of the consensus phylogenetic tree by removing at random a species j that is different from the focal species i, and inferred, again, the phylogenetic tree and BS. This was replicated 100 times. Third, we compared the BS for each node obtained by the reduced dataset lacking the focal species i to those of the null distribution. We identified outlier values of BS when the BS of a node fell above the highest value still within 1. 5 interquartile range of the upper quartile of the null distribution [16],[46]. This represent a case where the focal species i is of hybrid origin which has the effect of reducing drastically the BS of the node ancestral to the parental species. Finally, this process was carried on for each taxon included in the phylogeny. At first, we performed this analysis using single species removals, but then extended the framework to monophyletic pairs, triplets and so on, of species (n up to 8) to account for hybrid species which may have already further diversified into several descendants. Each time, we removed n random species from the dataset and generated a new null distribution of BS where n random species were removed from the alignment. Molecular cloning of recent hybridsWe obtained, through an aquarium fish importer, samples from three unidentified clownfish specimens that displayed hybrid characteristics such as aberrant colouration or shape. Hybrid 1 and 3 were collected in Bali, Indonesia, while hybrid 2 originated from Guinea. We followed the protocol described above to sequence, for each new sample, all three mitochondrial markers and the nuclear gene BMP4. We further isolated from those three individuals and a sample of A. leucokranos (a species that may have been described form hybrid individuals [20]), putative parental sequences of BMP4 using molecular cloning. We cloned the purified PCR products of the BMP4 gene into the pTZ57R/T vector using the InsT/(Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania). Then, we amplified up to 12 clones for each individual with the M13 forward and reverse primers to ensure that we sequenced all existing variants. We purified and sequenced the PCR products as above. We ensured, by checking visually all chromatograms, that no sequence showed double peaks, which would indicate heterozygous sites and thus a failure of the cloning procedure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it primarily discusses a methodological approach to analyzing phylogenetic trees and molecular cloning related to hybrid species. It does not address the concept of adaptive radiation or how species diversify in new environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: of According to NHTSA, these are the levels of automation, who does what and when shown in Table 1 [5]. Level 0 has no automation, and the human driver completely controls the vehicle. Level 1 has driver assistance; the vehicle is equipped with assistance functions such as lane-keeping assistance, and the human driver remains responsible for all driving tasks. Level 2 is partial automation; humans still drive the vehicle, and the vehicle combines automated functions such as lane-keeping and adaptive cruise control. The human driver must be prepared to take control of the vehicle at any time. Level 3 is conditional automation; an automated driving system drives the vehicle and can perform all aspects of driving under certain conditions; the human driver can intervene when prompted by the system or when specific conditions arise. Level 4 is high automation; an automated driving system drives the vehicle, and the system can operate autonomously without human intervention on specific operational conditions; the human driver is disengaged from driving responsibilities. Level 5 is full automation; an automated system drives the vehicle and is capable of all driving tasks under all conditions, and no human intervention is required. Back in September 2016, the NHTSA and the Department of Transportation (USDOT) has released a (FAVP) to provide a safety approach on safety assurance and innovations [6]. 1. The six levels of automation of NHTSA. September 2017, NHTSA and USDOT released the “Systems: A Vision for Safety 2. 0” document [7] which gives a nonregulatory method on automated vehicle technology safety and safe testing of Levels 3-5. 2018, both NHTSA and USDOT released the document “Preparing for the Future of Transportation: 3. 0” [8] the paper was organized in three key areas such as the advancement of multi-modal safety, the reduction of policy uncertainty, and the outline of the process for working with USDOT. And on January 2020, the USDOT released a document called “Leadership in Technologies: 4. 0” [9] which was based on “Preparing for the Future of Transportation: 3. 0” and expanded 38 components and organized on three key areas. (USG AV) principles and the administration’s efforts in supporting the (AV) growth and leadership. Including the Government (USG) activities and opportunities for collaboration. 1. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing specific safety initiatives put forth by the NHTSA and USDOT in the context of autonomous vehicle technology. It mentions documents such as the 'Systems: A Vision for Safety 2.0' and 'Preparing for the Future of Transportation: 3.0,' which outline safety assurance processes and safety approaches regarding automated vehicle technology. This indicates that safety considerations are indeed central to the development of autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe existing (KASE) schemes allow searches on the encrypted dataset using a single query trapdoor, with a feature to delegate the search rights of multiple files using a constant size key. However, the operations required to generate the ciphertext and decrypt it in these schemes incur higher computational costs, due to the computationally expensive pairing operations in encryption/decryption. This makes the use of such schemes in resource-constrained devices, such as nodes, Internet of Things nodes, infeasible. Motivated with the goal to reduce the computational cost, in this paper, we propose a Revocable Online/Offline KASE (R-OO-KASE) scheme, based on the idea of splitting the encryption/decryption operations into two distinct phases: online and offline. The offline phase computes the majority of costly operations when the device is on an electrical power source. The online phase generates final output with the minimal computational cost when the message (or ciphertext) and keywords become known. In addition, the proposed scheme R-OO-KASE also offers multi-keyword search capability and allows the data owners to revoke the delegated rights at any point in time, the two features are not supported in the existing schemes. The security analysis and empirical evaluations show that the proposed scheme is efficient to use in resource-constrained devices and provably secure as compared to the existing KASE schemes. Similar content being viewed by others : a novel approach for key-aggregate searchable encryption for multi-owner data 1. An SE cryptosystem allows a server to search given query keyword(s) on encrypted data on behalf of the user without learning information about the plaintext data. Fig. 1The system model of SE. Steps: (1) The data owner uploads a ciphertext (i. e. , encrypted message + related keywords list) onto the storage server. (2) The data owner shares a searchable secret key with the user. (3) The data user constructs a searchable trapdoor using a secret key. The data user sends a trapdoor to the server. (4) The search server applies a trapdoor on the ciphertext. The server returns the search results to the query requesting userFull size imageHowever, secure sharing of the search rights for the selected dataset is not an easy task for the data owner, since it is often desired to encrypt different document sets using different encryption keys, for confidentiality and privacy considerations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with data encryption schemes, such as the higher computational costs and the infeasibility of using certain encryption methods in resource-constrained devices. The mention of difficulties in securely sharing search rights also suggests that encryption does not guarantee complete security, contradicting the assertion that accounts are completely unhackable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: We assembled identical clones in Geneious 6 (Biomatters), expecting to recover two different sequences (one for each parent) if the individual is truly a hybrid, or only one if it is not the case. We aligned the mitochondrial and nuclear sequences of the hybrid individuals to the two super-matrices with MAFFT [36]. Finally, we expected clones to cluster with the sequences of their parental species. We identified the putative parents of the individuals by reconstructing the phylogenetic trees of both super-matrices using MrBayes 3. 2. 1 in the same manner as described above. All newly generated sequences have been deposited in the EMBL database (accession numbers in Additional file 3). Availability of supporting dataDNA sequences are deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers found in Additional file 3. Multiple sequences alignments as well as phylogenetic trees are available in TreeBase, informationGL is a PhD student in the group of NS. NS is a Professor at the University of Lausanne. NS research group focuses on a variety of organisms and questions with a particular interest on understanding the drivers of adaptation both at the levels of the genes or genomes but also through the modelling of the evolution of the phenotypes and the ecological niche of species. Additional files 67. 10. 1086/430331. 7. 10. 1073/pnas. 242585899. 2863. 10. 1111/mec. 12083. 206. 10. 1093/molbev/msr183. 207. 10. 1016/j. tree. 2004. 01. 003. 246. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2012. 02599. x. 281. 10. 1111/jeb. 12026. 737. 10. 1126/science. 1157966. 315. 10. 1007/s11692-012-9209-0. 97. 10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00599. x. 35. 10. 1046/j. 1365-294X. 2003. 01803. x. 451. 10. 1046/j. 1365-2540. 2000. 00680. x. 62. 10. 1073/pnas. 95. 20. 11757. 4398. 10. 1098/rspb. 2012. 1667. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about adaptive radiation and its role in species diversification. Instead, it discusses methods for analyzing hybrid sequences and the research focus of a professor regarding adaptation, but without directly linking it to adaptive radiation or diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: 2018 RAND Corporation, through the research of Blanar et al. [10] wrote a report on automated vehicle safety; it was found that there was no definite standard that existed in terms of AV safety, but the information presented a framework wherein the safety of AV can be tested and measured. The framework developed by Blanar et al. [10] focused on the features of Level 4 of SAE J3016 [11] version levels of driving automation. The testing was performed within pre-specified conditions. Level 4, as explained on the website [12] is where the automated system can take over the driving task in each situation. NHTSA [5] mentioned that drivers do not need to pay attention. In the research of Blanar et al. [10] safety was defined as the elimination, minimization, or management of harm to the public; this research focused on comparing AV and conventional vehicles. To further clarify, the comparison is based on the operational design domain (ODD) Blanard& Holliday [13] and ODD was described by Blanar et al. [10] in terms of geography, weather, lighting, roadway markings, previous experience on a specific roadway. Table 2 shows the integrated safety framework developed by Blanar et al. [10] wherein Column 1 is the Setting, Column 2 is the Stage, and Column 3 is the Leading Measures, and Column 4 Lagging Measures. The research can interest stakeholders such as academics, transportation regulators, transportation managers, industries, and the public. The future of logistics will be based on autonomous or semi-autonomous vehicles; this research will help develop a guide on such vehicles’ rules and regulations on the public road. Businesses inclined to use Autonomous vehicles will have an informed choice of whether to go with the technology of LIDAR or Non-LIDAR, which are currently being developed. The two-leading image-gathering technologies for AVs’ image gathering: LiDAR and Non-LiDAR, are essential for the safety of AVs. It serves as the eyes to detect objects on the roads and surroundings; it is paramount that these technologies must assure the public that such detection of objects can be used to make the driving of the AVs safe. For society to trust their lives on AVs, there must be a proper safety measurement. The public needs to know the similarities and differences between the two technologies regarding safety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of safety in the development and regulation of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology. It highlights the establishment of a safety framework by Blanar et al., which emphasizes safety as the elimination, minimization, or management of harm to the public. This illustrates that safety considerations are integral to the research, testing, and future development of AV technology, suggesting that safety is indeed a primary focus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the sharing of search rights of the dataset using the existing SE methods [2, 5, 9, 28,29,30] require efficient management and distribution of more than one key. Specifically, to delegate the search and access rights over set S of files encrypted under different keys, a data owner is required to share |S| number of keys. This solution is not practically deployable for two major reasons. Firstly, the number of secret keys grows linearly with the number of files, and it incurs storage as well as communication overhead of O(|S|). Therefore, a data owner is required to store, manage and distribute a large number of keys, proportional to the number of shared files. In addition, an authorized user is required to generate and submit multiple trapdoors in order to search through all of the shared data. Secondly, if a key assigned to a user needs to be revoked later, then the data owner is required to re-encrypt the corresponding subset of data and distribute a new set of keys to the authorized users. This makes the scheme inefficient and difficult to scale. The most efficient proposition pertaining to our problem statement, to the best of our knowledge, is made in [4]. Key-Encryption (KASE) [4] combines the searchable encryption scheme with group data sharing. KASE [4] is proposed to reduce the number of keys required to be shared for the delegation of search rights over the set of data. KASE inherits the property of Encryption (KAE) [3], i. e. , to delegate search rights on dataset S, the data owner requires to share a single aggregate key with a user. In addition, a user is required to submit a single aggregate trapdoor (instead of a group of trapdoors) to the cloud server for searching a keyword over |S| number of shared files. Despite the advantage of the secure delegation of search rights using a key of constant size, the existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 31, 32, 34, 35] still face issues when deploying them into real-time scenarios, as we discuss further, here. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexities and inefficiencies involved in managing encryption keys for shared data. It highlights that a data owner must handle multiple keys, which complicates security, and that if a user’s key is revoked, the data must be re-encrypted, which indicates that encryption alone does not guarantee complete security against hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: 1186/1471-2148-12-212. 2149. 10. 1111/jbi. 12370. 598. 10. 1098/rspb. 2006. 3758. 2562. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2011. 02391. x. 113. 10. 1086/668599. 88. 10. 1016/S1055-7903(03)00278-1. 16. 10. 1016/j. ympev. 2008. 12. 010. 276. 10. 1016/j. ympev. 2008. 04. 024. 27. 10. 1016/j. gene. 2006. 03. 028. 146. 10. 1038/424145a. 831. 10. 1046/j. 1365-2656. 2002. 00649. x. 369. 10. 1007/s00338-010-0713-3. 347. 10. 1007/s10641-010-9606-0. 353. 10. 1007/BF00001464. 138. 147. 10. 1016/j. tree. 2006. 11. 002. 22. 10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2011. 05433. x. 3066. 10. 1093/nar/gkf436. 180. 10. 1111/j. 1096-0031. 2010. 00329. x. 3. 2: efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Syst Biol. 2012, 61: 539-42. 10. 1093/sysbio/sys029. 33. 10. 1093/molbev/msh123. 10. 1038/nmeth. 2109. 10. 1186/1471-2148-7-214. 290. 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btg412. 9. 10. 1046/j. 1365-294X. 2002. 01550. x. 90. 10. 1093/bioinformatics/btl446. 10. 1186/1742-9994-1-5. 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to adaptive radiation or the diversification of species in new environments. Instead, it consists mainly of a long list of DOIs and reference citations, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The businesses who invest and use the technology should ensure it is safe to use in any weather conditions. Therefore, there is a need to develop a safety framework to measure the two technologies’ safety. In the research conducted by Blanar et al. [10] it was not mentioned that the AV used in the experiment uses LiDAR or Non-LiDAR. Using LiDAR on Non-LiDAR in terms of safety is essential because this will define the safety of AVs. 2. November 11, 2020, in Japan, Co. , Ltd. announced the approval of an SAE Level 3 autonomous vehicle [14]. According to the SAE International standard, a level 3 autonomous vehicle means the driver is not driving, and the automated features of autonomous driving are engaged, even though the driver is in the driver’s seat. According to the 2021. 2021, Honda made the available to the public, the first SAE Level 3 certified AV and considered the world’s first [15]. 2021, an 2. The integrated safety framework. autonomous technology and compares it to Tesla being in Level 2 in autonomous technology. 2. 1. according to Wasser [17] is an active remote sensing system, and an active system is a system that produces energy or light to quantify things on the ground. Wasser further explained that remote sensing is measuring things, not using our hands; sensors are used to obtain information regarding a landscape and record things to measure characteristics and conditions. Light is emitted from a quick-firing laser, which makes a LiDAR system; according to Wasser, this light goes to the ground, and the light bounces off obstacles like buildings or trees; the bounced light then goes back to the LiDAR sensor then records it. LiDAR sensors can achieve mapping precision of up to 1 cm horizontally (x, y), and 2 cm vertically (z) and range accuracy of 0. 5 to 10 mm relative to the sensor. As a result, they serve as particularly advantageous remote sensing equipment for mobile mapping. (Vectornav n. d. ). Furthermore, LiDAR sensors may capture several returns from a single light pulse. This is due to the fact that as the light pulses travel from the sensor, they may come into contact with many objects that will reflect the pulse, such as the leaves and branches of a tree canopy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of safety in autonomous vehicle (AV) development. It mentions the necessity of ensuring safety in various weather conditions and the need for a safety framework to evaluate the safety of the technologies used. This highlights that safety is indeed a central concern when developing autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: : revocation of delegated rights, multi-keyword search using a single trapdoor and minimal online computational overhead with minimal energy usage at both the data owner and the users’ sides simultaneously. 1. 2 Our ContributionsThe contributions of this paper are summarized as follows: the notion of KASE, we design a KASE scheme that is suitable for resource-constrained devices, as we split costly operations of encryption and decryption into two phases: online and offline. In the offline phase, the user performs expensive pairing and exponentiation operations required in the encryption/decryption. In the online phase, i. e. , when the device is moving on (not connected to power source), the user can generate the final output with the minimal computational cost. Additionally, instead of using expensive pairing operation, we use exponentiation operation to generate the keyword ciphertext. Multi-We enhance the existing KASE schemes and improve their query expressiveness by supporting multi-keyword searches over the shared dataset using a trapdoor of constant size. the proposed scheme, we offer the revocation of delegated rights, without affecting other users in the system. The user is not allowed to search the encrypted data by the old trapdoor computed from the old secret key if his search privileges are revoked. The proposed scheme supports fine-grained revocation of the delegated rights on document level, instead of coarse-grained all-or-nothing access. proposed KASE scheme allows searching over the shared dataset S using a single trapdoor Tr that a query requester submits to the cloud server. The existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21, 31, 32, 34, 35] require |S| number of trapdoors to search over shared dataset S, as the existing KASE schemes generate \(Tr_l\) for each \(l\in S\) using the given trapdoor Tr. Here, \(Tr_l\) is the adjusted trapdoor that is used to search over document \(doc_l\) in the KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21, 31, 32, 34, 35]. (Detailed comparison of performance analysis is done in Sect. 7) the proposed R-OO-KASE scheme, the size of the aggregate key is constant, i. e. , it consists of single-group elements irrespective of the number of shared documents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the technical complexities and operational phases of encryption schemes, indicating that while encryption can enhance security, it does not guarantee that accounts are completely unhackable. The emphasis on revocation of delegated rights and the need for trapdoors for accessing encrypted data suggests that there are limitations and potential vulnerabilities inherent in such systems, which implies that they can be compromised.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: New York: HarperOne; 2012. 20. Chapman GB. Time discounting of health outcomes. In: eds. Time and Decision: Economic and on Intertemporal Choice. New York: Foundation; 2003. p 395–418. 21. Croskerry P. The importance of cognitive errors in diagnosis and strategies to minimize them. Acad Med. 2003;78(8):775–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science22. Reporting guidelines for survey research: an analysis of published guidance and reporting practices. PLoS Med. 2011;8(8):e1001069. CrossrefWeb of Science23. . of Reporting (CORE) index identifies important deficiencies in observational study conference abstracts. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(12):1241–9. Crossref24. Meyrick J. What is good qualitative research? A first step towards a comprehensive approach to judging rigour/quality. J Health Psychol. 2006;11(5):799–808. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science25. . The influence of positive affect on clinical problem solving. Making. 1991;11(3):221–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science26. Myers RE. Decision counseling in cancer prevention and control. Health Psychol. 2005;24(suppl 4):S71–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science27. Sharman SJ. Current negative mood encourages changes in end-of-life treatment decisions and is associated with false memories. Cogn Emot. 2011;25(1):132–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science28. . Affect, framing, and persuasion. J Market Res. 2003;40(1):54–64. CrossrefWeb of Science29. Action tendency emotions evoked by memorable breast cancer messages and their association with prevention and detection behaviors. Health Commun. 2010;25(8):737–46. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science30. Fox CR, Tversky A. Ambiguity aversion and comparative ignorance. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 528–42. Crossref31. . Attitudes of obstetricians and gynecologists toward hormone replacement therapy. Making. 1998;18(4):406–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception. Instead, it provides a list of academic citations and references related to various topics, none of which substantively discuss cognitive biases or their effects on decision-making in everyday life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: This model will be constructed based on publicly accessible datasets, facilitating a comprehensive analysis and comparison of the performance of the Camera and LiDAR technologies within the context of AV perception. Additionally, the research involves the development of a safety framework that will effectively contrast and evaluate the outcomes of the conducted experiments. Ultimately, this research endeavour will contribute by proposing innovative experimental methodologies to enhance our understanding of AV perception capabilities and further refine the field’s safety framework. Figure 1 shows the concept of the research framework. 3. 1. LiDAR for and data presents significant challenges compared to visible image data, as highlighted by Wenhui and Fan [28]. These challenges include the sparseness of the LiDAR point cloud and the occurrence of mutual occlusion, where objects obstruct each other within close proximity, which poses a crucial obstacle in object detection and classification algorithms [29]. The recognition and classification of object structures based on point cloud data involve manipulating the distinct properties of objects, such as their non-uniform densities and non-structural distributions, which deviate from conventional methods of point cloud analysis. Furthermore, the accuracy and speed of LiDAR-based systems are hindered by the unorganized allocation of the LiDAR point cloud [30]. Zhang, Fu, & Dai [29] addressed the issue of mutual occlusion in their research on LiDAR-based object classification by employing Modeling. Their investigation emphasized the crucial role of mutual occlusion between adjacent objects in object detection and classification, as it significantly affects accuracy. The authors’ research approach involved explicitly modeling occlusion, defining a view volume in which the LiDAR camera is most likely to be positioned during runtime. However, it should be noted that in the research conducted by Zhang, Fu, & Dai [29] the LiDAR point cloud used for classification was incomplete and fragmented, leading to potential misclassifications. In their research, Song et al. [31] highlighted the challenges arising from the unstructured distribution, disordered arrangement, and large volume of data in LiDAR point clouds, which result in high computational complexity and difficulties in classifying 3D objects. To address these issues, the authors proposed a CNN-based 3D object classification method that leverages the Hough space of LiDAR point clouds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of a safety framework that evaluates the outcomes of experiments related to autonomous vehicle (AV) perception. It indicates that the research aims to enhance understanding and refine the safety framework of AV technology, which shows that safety is indeed being prioritized throughout the research process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: The proposed scheme reduces communication cost as compared to the existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21,22, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35]. The communication cost of the trapdoor in the R-OO-KASE scheme is independent of the number of keywords in the query set. Similarly, the communication cost of ciphertext in the R-OO-KASE scheme is independent of the number of keywords attached with the ciphertext. If we use 80-bit [6] security level, then the size of an element in group G is 542 bits using an elliptic curve with 252 bits p. The size of an element in group G can be reduced to 34 bytes using a compression technique proposed in the paper [26]. Therefore, in the proposed scheme, the size of ciphertext is \(3|G| +|G_T|\) = 3*34 + 34bytes= 136bytes and trapdoor size is \(|G|=\)34 bytes. The MICA2 equipped with an ATmega128 8-bit processor clocked at 7. 3728MHz, 4-KB RAM, and 128-KB ROM requires 3*27*8/12400 = 0. 052 mJ to transmit one-byte message, as discuss in [27]. Therefore, communication energy consumptions of the sensor in the R-OO-KASE scheme to send ciphertext are 0. 052*136 =7. 072 mJ and trapdoor is 0. 052*34=1. 768 mJ. Table 2 Comparative analysis: storage overheadFull size tableTable 3 Comparative analysis: computation overheadFull size tableTable 4 Comparative analysis: communication overheadFull size table7. 1 Evaluation of this section, we compare the proposed R-OO-KASE scheme with the existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 31, 32, 34, 35] in the security, efficiency and functional respects. The comparison results are summarized in Table 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific data encryption scheme, the R-OO-KASE, that evaluates security and efficiency but does not claim it makes accounts unhackable. The description of communication costs, sizes of ciphertext, and energy consumption allows for a comparison of various schemes, implying that limitations and considerations exist, thus suggesting that data encryption alone does not guarantee complete unhackability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: CrossrefWeb of Science45. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Introduction judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. Crossref46. . Early adoption of BRCA1/2 testing: who and why. Genet Med. 2003;5(2):92–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science47. Parental angst making and revisiting decisions about treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics. 2009;124(2):580–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science48. . Barriers to physician adherence to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug guidelines: a qualitative study. Ther. 2008;28(6):789–98. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science49. -Degnan D, Normand S-LT, Soumerai SB. Impact of adverse events on prescribing warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: matched pair analysis. BMJ. 2006;332(7534):141–5. CrossrefPubMed50. Cioffi J. A study of the use of past experiences in clinical decision making in emergency situations. Nurs Stud. 2001;38(5):591–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science51. . Can induced anxiety from a negative earlier experience influence vascular surgeons’ statistical decision-making? A randomized field experiment with an abdominal aortic aneurysm analog. J Surg. 2006;203(5):642–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science52. -. Narratives that address affective forecasting errors reduce perceived barriers to colorectal cancer screening. Med. 2010;71(1):45–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science53. . The cognitive structuring of patient delay in breast cancer. Med. 2006;63(12):3137–49. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science54. . How underlying patient beliefs can affect physician-patient communication about prostate-specific antigen testing. Pract. 2002;5(3):120–9. PubMed55. -Tsao G. What do patients consider when making decisions about treatment for hepatitis C? Med. 2005;118(12):1387–91. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science56. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it contains various references to studies and articles without addressing cognitive biases or their impact on decision-making or perception. The text includes citations related to decision-making but does not make a clear connection to the role of cognitive biases specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The outcomes of this experiment will serve as the foundation for conducting a comparative analysis between LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies implemented in a driver-operated vehicle. The collected data will be utilized for the purpose of comparing and contrasting these technologies with an system. By examining and contrasting the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR in the context of a human-driven vehicle, insights can be gained regarding their effectiveness and potential advantages when compared to autonomous driving systems. 4. 3. for The forthcoming experiment will employ the same weather conditions and scenarios as the previous one, albeit without the involvement of a human driver. The focus will be on evaluating the performance of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies within an autonomous vehicle (AV) context. To facilitate this research, a collaboration with Waymo and Tesla, proponents of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies respectively, is proposed. These companies possess extensive training and test data, thereby minimizing the training duration since their AVs are already trained. The experiment will be conducted under comparable conditions as those involving a human driver. Subsequently, the results from both experiments will be compared and contrasted. The primary objective is to establish a baseline for assessing whether an AV can effectively navigate around obstacles on the road, akin to the actions of a human driver. While a human driver would slow down or halt upon encountering an obstruction, LiDAR and Non-LiDAR will record obstacle data for comparison with AV performance. The proposed experimental research will adhere to the safety principles outlined in Blanar et al. ’s [10] study on Safety (RSS). These principles encompass maintaining a safe distance in front of and laterally to obstacles, respecting right-of-way, and exercising caution when encountering roadblocks or signs. Comparable to the actions of a human driver, these principles will be contrasted with AV behavior. The experimental research aims to enhance the existing Model developed in this study. The enhancements include incorporating distance and speed measurements, evaluating the time taken to stop relative to obstacle distance, utilizing GPS measurements for navigating or avoiding obstacles, determining the time required for turning or obstacle avoidance, and identifying and adhering to road signs. These enhancements will significantly contribute to the safety capabilities of AVs in the future. In summary, the proposed experimental research serves as a suggestion for the future advancement of the image processing model. The model established in this study forms a foundational framework for subsequent research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that the proposed experimental research and the principles outlined in Blanar et al.'s study prioritize safety in the context of autonomous vehicles. It discusses safety principles such as maintaining a safe distance, right-of-way, and caution with obstacles, which are integral to the development and evaluation of AV technology. Furthermore, the enhancements proposed for the experimental research aim to improve the safety capabilities of AVs, directly supporting the idea that safety is a primary focus in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: 5, each scheme is compared in terms of the following parameters: Efficiency for resource starved environment Support for multi-keyword search using a single trapdoor Support for revocation of delegated rights Support for search over multi-owners’ data using a single trapdoor Requirement of trapdoor transformation before keyword search against IND-CKA and IND-KGA Security against cross-paring attack Support for verification of search result Table 5 A Comparative summary of the existing KASE schemes with the R-OO-KASEFull size table5, we can observe that none of the existing KASE schemes listed in the table provide revocation of delegated rights, conjunctive keywords search using a single trapdoor and energy-efficient encryption as well as decryption algorithms for resource-limited devices. Additionally, as shown in Table 5, the KASE schemes [4, 13, 23, 24, 31, 32, 34, 35] do not support search over multi-owners’ data using a single trapdoor. On the other hand, the KASE schemes proposed in [18,19,20,21,22] provide the solution to search over multi-owners’ data using a single trapdoor. The KASE schemes proposed in [18,19,20,21, 31] allow verification of search result using an aggregate key. However, the existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21, 31, 32, 34, 35] require trapdoor transformation at the time of keyword searching that adds an additional computational and storage overhead at the server-side. Further, the KASE schemes [4, 18,19,20,21, 31] do not provide formal security proof against IND-CKA and IND-KGA. The existing KASE schemes [4, 18,19,20,21, 31] are insecure against cross-pairing attack. The existing KASE schemes [4, 13, 18,19,20,21, 31, 32, 34, 35] are not scalable, i. e. , if the number of files exceeds n (maximum number of documents held by a data owner), the whole system should be reestablished. The KASE [35] scheme supports revocation of delegated rights by distributing the new set of keys to the non-revoked users in each time period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various KASE schemes and highlighting their limitations, including the lack of formal security proof against certain attacks and issues with revocation and scalability. Such limitations suggest that encryption alone does not make accounts unhackable, indicating that vulnerabilities still exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: JAMA. 2010;304(11):1198–203. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science68. . Stage of adoption of the human papillomavirus vaccine among college women. Prev Med. 2009;48(5):420–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science69. Parental attitudes about influenza immunization and school-based immunization for school-aged children. Dis J. 2010;29(8):751–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science70. . The simultaneous analysis of patient, physician and group practice influences on annual mammography performance. Med. 1996;43(3):315–24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science71. Influenza among healthy young children: changes in parental attitudes and predictors of immunization during the 2003 to 2004 influenza season. Pediatrics. 2006;117(2):e268–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science72. Misperceptions about influenza vaccination among parents of healthy young children. (Phila). 2007;46(5):408–17. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science73. . The importance of social norms for uptake of catch-up human papillomavirus vaccination in young women. Sex Health. 2011;8(3):330–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science74. Duffett-. Cervical cancer screening practices among university women. J Neonatal Nurs. 2008;37(5):572–81. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science75. Seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccine uptake, predictors of vaccination, and self-reported barriers to vaccination among secondary school teachers and staff. Hum Vaccin. 2011;7(1):89–95. CrossrefPubMed76. Zikmund-. “I’ll do what they did”: social norm information and cancer treatment decisions. Couns. 2011;85(2):225–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science77. Croskerry P. Achieving quality in clinical decision making: cognitive strategies and detection of bias. Med. 2002;9(11):1184–204. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science78. Fagerlin A, Zikmund-. Cure me even if it kills me: p9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science79. . What makes a tumor diagnosis a call to action? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception. It comprises references to various studies and articles related to health, vaccinations, and clinical decision-making without addressing cognitive biases specifically. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: While the model primarily focuses on image identification—an essential attribute for AV safety—the suggested enhancements will bolster AV safety measures. The results obtained from the developed image processing model will serve as the groundwork for formulating the safety framework for AVs. However, these outcomes alone are insufficient to instill trust and confidence among drivers, pedestrians, and society at large. Since LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies serve as the “eyes” of AVs, similar to human vision, it is crucial to compare the reactions of AVs with those of human drivers based on established rules. This comparative analysis will aid in establishing a certain level of trust in AVs. The tables presented within the safety framework will provide tangible and verifiable data, facilitating a clear comparison and contrast between the two technologies through the developed image processing model in this research. 5. the introductory section, the study provided an overview of different LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies, as well as an exploration of Technologies and the Framework on Vehicle Safety. The background section examined existing research on the two prominent technologies in Automated Vehicles, namely LiDAR and Non-LiDAR, and highlighted current advancements in the field. Additionally, insights into models and architectures, including Networks (CNNs), were discussed. The methodology section established the research framework and presented the theoretical background on with a specific focus on Image Processing. Furthermore, the Model was elaborated upon, involving the development of an algorithm to identify input images from both LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies. Subsequently, the images collected from the two technologies were fed into the algorithm for prediction. Given that the algorithm employed a supervised learning model, the images were appropriately labeled, enabling accurate measurement of input accuracy for each technology. The collected images were then organized into tables based on weather conditions, and each technology underwent 25 runs under various weather conditions. The results from these 25 runs were averaged and compiled into tables, facilitating a comprehensive comparison and contrast between the two technologies. The image processing model developed in this research served as the foundation for data collection from both technologies using a vehicle driven by a human driver in a simulated environment. The same tests and scenarios outlined in the were also conducted with (AVs). The resulting data was subsequently compared and contrasted, taking into account the safety framework known as Safety (RSS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that safety measures are a significant aspect of the development of autonomous vehicle (AV) technology. It states that the model enhances AV safety measures and that the results from image processing will form the groundwork for a safety framework for AVs. The discussion on comparing the reactions of AVs with human drivers and the research into LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies further highlights the focus on safety in developing technology for AVs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: However, the existing revocable KASE scheme [35] consumes more overhead at the data owner side to generate as well as distribute keys periodically to each authorized user of the system. Further, considering the requirements of resource-limited environment, none of the existing KASE [4, 13, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24, 31, 32, 34, 35] schemes can be applicable to work on resource-limited devices, with the battery as the only source of power. In contrast, the proposed KASE scheme supports multi-keyword searches using a single trapdoor. The proposed R-OO-KASE scheme allows the data owner to revoke delegated rights. Additionally, the proposed scheme reduces the computation overhead of encryption and decryption, to make the scheme practically applicable in the resource-limited environment. Furthermore, the proposed KASE scheme does not require trapdoor transformation and reduces overhead at the server side at the time of keyword searching. The proposed approach is also scalable and the aggregate key is independent of the maximum number of documents held by a data owner. The proposed R-OO-KASE scheme provides security against the IND--CKA and cross-pairing attack. 8 Fig. 4The computational cost of R-OO-KASE algorithms()Full size image 8. 1 Implementation DetailsWe implement a prototype of the proposed R-OO-KASE scheme and conduct the experiments on two different platforms: the computer and the mobile device, using Java Pairing-(JPBC) library [7]. The experiments are conducted as follows: client implementations were executed in a personal computer with 64 bit Intel(R) Core(TM) i5 -7200U CPU @ 2. 50 GHz with Windows10 OS; server implementations were deployed in the Amazon AWS cloud, using an EC2 M5 large instance. Communications were performed on a 10MB/s connection, with 26. 932ms round-trip time. In order to evaluate computational cost on the resource-constrained device, we simulate client implementations on 3S mobile device with Android OS 6. For evaluation, the official Medicare. gov datasets provided by the Centers for Medicare and [12] are used. pairing is used for the evaluation, and it is the fastest (symmetric) pairing among all types of curves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of existing data encryption schemes, such as the revocable KASE scheme, which experiences significant overhead and is not suitable for resource-limited devices. It emphasizes that while encryption can enhance security, it does not eliminate vulnerabilities, as indicated by various challenges, including the need for ongoing key management and the potential for resource constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science91. . The influence of default options on the expression of end-of-life treatment p10. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science92. . The veil of experience: do consumers prefer what they know best? Health Econ. 2000;9(3):267–70. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science93. Baron J, Ritov I. Reference points and omission bias. Process. 1994;59(3):475–98. CrossrefWeb of Science94. . Violence risk assessment and risk communication: the effects of using actual cases, providing instruction, and employing probability versus frequency formats. Behav. 2000;24(3):271–96. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science95. Timmermans DRM, Ockhuysen-Vermey CF, Henneman L. Presenting health risk information in different formats: the effect on participants’ cognitive and emotional evaluation and decisions. Couns. 2008;73(3):443–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science96. Tversky A, Griffin D. Endowments and contrast in judgments of well-being. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 709–25. Crossref97. . “I know just how you feel”: the validity of healthy women’s perceptions of breast-cancer patients receiving treatment. J Psychol. 2002;32(1):110–23. CrossrefWeb of Science98. . It must be awful for them: perspective and task context affects ratings for health conditions. Mak. 2006;1(2):146–52. Web of Science99. . Ignorance of hedonic adaptation to hemodialysis: a study using ecological momentary assessment. J Exp Psychol. 2005;134(1):3–9. Crossref100. Attitudes to chemotherapy: comparing views of patients with cancer with those of doctors, nurses, and general public. BMJ. 1990;300(6737):1458–60. CrossrefPubMed101. Slot KB, Berge E. Thrombolytic treatment for stroke: patient p22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science102. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception. Instead, it lists various studies and topics without providing specific insights on how cognitive biases impact daily decisions. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Safety is a primary focus in the development of autonomous vehicle technology. [SEP] Text: The RSS rules, which encompass maintaining safe distances, respecting right-of-way, and exercising caution in the presence of obstacles or road signs, were employed to evaluate the safety of AVs in comparison to human drivers. The primary objective of the safety framework was to establish trust and confidence among drivers, pedestrians, and society, thereby facilitating the acceptance of AVs on the road. The research introduced a safety framework to measure the image input of LiDAR and Non-LiDAR technologies. This measurement was derived from the prediction of the image classification model developed in this study. The model’s results were incorporated into safety framework tables, which collated the identified images under specific weather conditions. The weather conditions considered were sunny (S), cloudy (C), daytime rainy (DR), foggy (F), nighttime rainy (NR), and snowy (SW). The safety framework tables encompassed two scenarios: scenario 1 involved LiDAR-based technology, while scenario 2 involved Non-LiDAR-based technology. The aggregated results from these scenarios were then compared and contrasted, serving as a baseline for AVs. The AVs, using the same simulation and vehicle but without a human driver, underwent the same scenarios, and the corresponding data was collected and processed in a manner similar to that of a human-driven vehicle. However, improvements to the image processing model, as mentioned earlier in this 2. 0 Voluntary Guidance. [8] department of Transportation (2019) Preparing for the Future of Transportation: 3. 0. [9] department of Transportation (2020) Leadership in Technologies. 4. 0. [10] Blanar. L. F. , Blumenthal. M. S. , Anderson. J. M. and Kalra. N. (2018) Rand Corporation. Vehicle Safety. [11] SAE (2018) for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-Driving Vehicles. [12] (2022) Self-Technology: Self-Work? Landmark Dividend, News & Insights. [13] Blanar, L. F. and Holliday, M. (2020) for Automated Vehicles. RAND. [14] Honda (2020) of Level 3 in Japan. Global Honda, Newsroom. [15] Sugiura, E. (2021) World’s 3 Self-Driving Car. Nikkei Asia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the RSS rules and safety framework specifically designed to evaluate the safety of autonomous vehicles (AVs) compared to human drivers. It emphasizes that the primary objective of the safety framework is to establish trust and confidence among drivers and society, which underlines the importance of safety in the development of AV technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: In the proposed scheme as well as in the existing KASE schemes [20, 22], the Setup(), KeyGen(), Encrypt(), Extract(), Revocation(), TrapdoorGen() algorithms are executed at client-side and the Test() algorithm on the server-side. To calculate the computation cost of the proposed Test() algorithm for the multi-keyword query, the conjunctive search queries are given. The total time required by the proposed Test() algorithm to get the results after he sends out the query with multiple keywords is measured. The running time is measured in milliseconds. The results represent an average of five executions. Our observations from the empirical analysis are as follows: Time cost of Setup() for the proposed R-OO-KASE is lesser as compared to the existing KASE [20, 22] schemes and it is in linear with the maximum number of documents belonging to the data owner (Fig. 4l). The results given in Fig. 4m show that the computational overhead of Encrypt() is in linear with the number of keywords attached with the ciphertext. However, the encryption cost of the proposed R-OO-KASE and the [22] scheme is lesser as compared to the MO-VKASE [20] scheme, since the cost of pairing is much more heavy than the multiplication and exponentiation operations. The MO-VKASE uses two pairing operations to generate a keyword ciphertext, whereas, the uses multiplication and exponentiation to generate a keyword ciphertext. The proposed Encrypt() algorithm uses one pairing operation to generate a ciphertext. Figure 4n shows that the computational time of Extract() is in linear with the number of shared documents for the proposed R-OO-KASE and the existing KASE schemes [20, 22]. The computational time of Extract() is same for all the considered KASE schemes. Figure 4o shows that the computational time of TrapdoorGen() is linear with the number of keywords in the search query set for the proposed R-OO-KASE and the existing KASE [20, 22] schemes. However, the [22] and the MO-VKASE [20] only support the exact keyword match query on a single keyword. Figure 4p shows the comparison result of the time cost required to send and execute a search query with multiple keywords. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various algorithms related to data encryption and their computational costs, suggesting that while encryption processes exist, there are complexities and potential performance issues involved. This implies that data encryption alone does not guarantee complete security or make accounts unhackable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: The effect of message framing on breast self-examination attitudes, intentions, and behavior. J Psychol. 1987;52(3):500–10. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science126. O’. Eliciting p63. CrossrefPubMed127. Oliver A. Testing the internal consistency of the standard gamble in “success” and “failure” frames. Med. 2004;58(11):2219–29. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science128. Percy ME, Llewellyn-Thomas H. Assessing p16. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science129. . Influence of critical illness on physicians’ prognoses for underlying disease: a randomized study using simulated cases. Med. 2008;36(2):462–70. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. Rönnlund M, Karlsson E, Laggnäs E, Larsson L, Lindström T. Risky decision making across three arenas of choice: are younger and older adults differently susceptible to framing effects? J Gen Psychol. 2005;132(1):81–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. . On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability. J Psychol. 2008;94(4):672–95. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. . The impact of educational message framing on adherence to continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Med. 2011;9(1):38–52. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. . Do physicians understand cancer screening statistics? A national survey of primary care physicians in the United States. Med. 2012;156(5):340–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science134. . Effects of message framing on breast-cancer-related beliefs and behaviors: the role of mediating factors. J Psychol. 2001;31(5):925–50. CrossrefWeb of Science135. . Using message framing to motivate HIV testing among low-income, ethnic minority women. Health Psychol. 2003;22(1):60–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science136. . Moving beyond the function of the health behaviour: the effect of message frame on behavioural decision making. Psychol Health. 2010;25(7):821–38. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science137. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to studies and articles related to message framing and decision-making in health contexts. However, it does not directly address or support the claim regarding cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception in everyday life. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input:
Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles require no human oversight or intervention in any scenario. [SEP] Text: �омент времени <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m="

 <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" – угол отскока <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" accent="true"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mo>~</mo></mover><mo>)</mo></math> от ближайшего <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" accent="true"><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mo>~</mo></mover><mo>∪</mo><mi>P</mi><mo>)</mo></math> возникающий при нарушении границ личного пространства агентов-ТС с целью избежать столкновения в момент времени <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m="

 <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" – дирекционный угол, задающий направление движения <math xmlns:mml=" xmlns:m=" -ого агента- [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains mathematical notations and does not discuss autonomous vehicles or human oversight in driving scenarios. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Data encryption makes online accounts completely unhackable. [SEP] Text: We provide the performance estimates that showed over 90% of the computation operations of encryption/decryption are shifted to the offline phase. The proposed KASE scheme also supports the revocation of delegated rights in the cloud environment, realizing the key aggregation and user access control effectively. The proposed scheme supports fine-grained revocation of the delegated rights on document level, instead of coarse-grained all-or-nothing access. The idea of direct revocation used in the proposed approach eliminates the expensive cost of updated key distribution among all the non-revoked users, as the revocation is realized by publishing the revocation list. The other contribution of the proposed approach is that it offers multi-keyword searches over a shared dataset using a constant size query trapdoor. We also proved that the proposed scheme is secure against defined IND--KGA and cross-pairing attacks. In addition, the empirical analysis confirms that the proposed scheme is suitable for resource-constrained devices and improves query performance as compared to the existing KASE schemes. Overall, the proposed R-OO-KASE scheme helps to reduce the cost of bringing KASE into practice on the power-constrained device. In the future, one can extend the scheme and enhance the system usability by providing fuzzy, semantic and ranked search on the encrypted dataset using a single trapdoor. Research on query expressiveness needs to move toward closing the gap between existing SE schemes and plaintext searches. 1908. 11096(2016) Efficient encrypted keyword search for multi-user data sharing. In: European symposium on research in computer security, Springer, pp 173–195(2013) Attribute-based encryption with verifiable outsourced decryption. 8(8):1343–135410. 1631/FITEE. 1800192124. M, Jinwala DC (2020) CRSQ-KASE: key aggregate searchable encryption supporting conjunctive range and sort query on multi-owner encrypted data. Sci Eng. S&P 2000, IEEE, pp 44–55(2014) Protecting your right: attribute-based keyword search with fine-grained owner-enforced search authorization in the cloud. In: 2014 Proceedings IEEE on pp 226–234(2013) A ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption scheme supporting keyword search function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing aspects of data encryption and security mechanisms, while indirectly suggesting that these measures do not make accounts 'completely unhackable.' The mention of various attack types, including IND--KGA and cross-pairing attacks, implies that while encryption is essential for security, it does not eliminate the possibility of breaches or hacks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Health Psychol. 2012;31(1):114–21. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science149. . The impact of counseling with a practical statistical model on patients’ decision-making about treatment for epilepsy: findings from a pilot study. Epilepsy Res. 1993;16(3):207–14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science150. . Framing effects in younger and older adults. . 2005;60(4):P215–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science151. Monitoring styles in women at risk for cervical cancer: implications for the framing of health-relevant messages. Med. 1999;21(1):27–34. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science152. . Acceptability of the H1N1 vaccine among older adults: the interplay of message framing and perceived vaccine safety and efficacy. Health Commun. 2012;27(6):559–68. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science153. O’Connor AM. Effects of framing and level of probability on patients’ p26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science154. Park S-Y. The effects of message framing and risk perceptions for HPV vaccine campaigns: focus on the role of regulatory fit. Q. 2012;29(4):283–302. CrossrefPubMed155. . Message framing and pap test utilization among women attending a community health clinic. J Health Psychol. 2005;10(1):65–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science156. . Persuading physicians to test their patients’ level of kidney functioning: the effects of message frame and point of view. Health Commun. 2010;25(2):107–18. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science157. The effects of message framing and ethnic targeting on mammography use among low-income women. Health Psychol. 2001;20(4):256–66. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science158. . Need for cognition and choice framing effects. J Mak. 1996;9(4):283–90. CrossrefWeb of Science159. Van ‘t,. Self-efficacy moderates message-framing effects: the case of skin-cancer detection. Psychol Health. 2010;25(3):339–49. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science160. Van ‘t. Preaching to the choir? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception. While it mentions various studies related to decision-making and message framing, it does not explicitly discuss cognitive biases or their impact on everyday life. Thus, the relevance of the text to the claim is considered cold.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractAnalogous to genetically distinct alleles, epialleles represent heritable states of different gene expression from sequence-identical genes. Alleles and epialleles both contribute to phenotypic heterogeneity. While alleles originate from mutation and recombination, the source of epialleles is less well understood. We analyze active and inactive epialleles that were found at a transgenic insert with a selectable marker gene in Arabidopsis. Both converse expression states are stably transmitted to progeny. The silent epiallele was previously shown to change its state upon loss-of-function of trans-acting regulators and drug treatments. We analyzed the composition of the epialleles, their chromatin features, their nuclear localization, transcripts, and homologous small RNA. After mutagenesis by T-DNA transformation of plants carrying the silent epiallele, we found new active alleles. These switches were associated with different, larger or smaller, and non-overlapping deletions or rearrangements in the 3′ regions of the epiallele. These cis-mutations caused different degrees of gene expression stability depending on the nature of the sequence alteration, the consequences for transcription and transcripts, and the resulting chromatin organization upstream. This illustrates a tight dependence of epigenetic regulation on local structures and indicates that sequence alterations can cause epigenetic changes at some distance in regions not directly affected by the mutation. Similar effects may also be involved in gene expression and chromatin changes in the vicinity of transposon insertions or excisions, recombination events, or DNA repair processes and could contribute to the origin of new epialleles. In contrast to alleles, epialleles have identical DNA sequence and differ only in gene expression and chromatin features. Epialleles are heritable and can also contribute to phenotypes. How this variation originates is unclear. In this study, we analyzed two epialleles found in Arabidopsis for the difference between their chromatin features and their potential to change state. We mutagenized plants with the inactive epiallele and recovered mutants with restored gene expression. In several cases, this was connected with different rearrangements downstream of the epiallele that caused a switch of the epigenetic configuration further upstream. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how specific genetic alterations, such as those involving epialleles, can influence gene expression and contribute to phenotypes in organisms like Arabidopsis. It illustrates that genetic modifications, including transgenic insertions and mutagenesis, can lead to changes in characteristics by altering gene expression and chromatin features. The mention of 'sequence alterations' and their effects on gene expression stability aligns with the idea of genetic engineering modifying an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -online social bubbles View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38 Published 2015-12-02 Accepted 2015-11-16 Received 2015-08-01 and and bubble, Echo chamber, Web traffic Copyright © 2015 Nikolov et al. is an open access 2015. Measuring online social bubbles. PeerJ 1:e38 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 5. 1 and Hc = 5. 4). The patterns on the right are more homogeneous, with fewer sources dominating most social traffic (lower entropy Hb = 3. 1 and Hd = 4. 2). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/fig-1 We carry out our analyses on all web targets as well as on targets restricted to news sites. The latter are of particular relevance when examining bias in public discourse. We do not make any additional distinctions regarding the type of content people visit, such as opinion pieces versus reporting, or differing ideological slant. We do not consider beliefs, past behaviors, or specific interests of information consumers. These deliberate choices are designed to yield quantitative measures of bias that do not depend on subjective assessments. Our results are therefore general and applicable to different topics, geographical regions, interests, and media sources. study the diversity of information exposure we use a massive collection of Web clicks as our primary dataset, and two supplementary datasets of link shares on Twitter and AOL search clicks. Code is available to reproduce our entire data processing procedure, described next ( Click dataset The click data we use comes from a publicly available dataset collected at the edge of the network (Meiss et al. , 2008), which allows us to obtain a trace of web requests ( Each request record has a target page, a referrer (source) page, and a timestamp. Privacy concerns prevent any identifying information about individual users or clients from being collected, making it impossible to associate any request with any particular computer or person. We only use the traffic coming from self-identified browsers to filter out search engine crawlers and other bots. The data only includes traffic originating inside the network and requesting external pages. This collection draws from a diverse population of over 100 thousand people, and spans a period of 41 months between October 2006 and May 2010. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that privacy concerns prevent collecting any identifying information about individual users, implying that there are still concerns regarding unauthorized access to personal data. This suggests that while the study may take precautions, it does not guarantee that unauthorized parties cannot access shared personal data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: The influence of personal relevance on the effects of gain- and loss-framed health-promoting messages. J Health Psychol. 2011;17(5):712–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science161. . Decisional strategy determines whether frame influences treatment p94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science162. . Gain versus loss framing in adherence-promoting communication targeting patients with chronic diseases: the moderating effect of individual time perspective. Health Commun. 2012;27(1):75–85. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science163. . Breast screening in response to gain, loss, and empowerment framed messages among diverse, low-income women. J Poor Underserved. 2007;18(3):550–66. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science164. Fahy A, Desmond DM. Irish mothers’ intentions to have daughters receive the HPV vaccine. Med Sci. 2010;179(3):427–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science165. Han K-H, Jo S. Does culture matter? A cross-national investigation of women’s responses to cancer prevention campaigns. Women Int. 2012;33(1):75–94. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science166. Lauver D, Rubin M. Message framing, dispositional optimism, and follow-up for abnormal Papanicolaou tests. Health. 1990;13(3):199–207. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science167. Llewellyn-. Cancer patients’ decision making and trial-entry p12. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science168. . The effects of framing and action instructions on whether older adults obtain flu shots. Health Psychol. 2002;21(6):624–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science169. O’. Framing effects on expectations, decisions, and side effects experienced: the case of influenza immunization. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49(11):1271–6. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science170. . A randomized evaluation of loss and gain frames in an invitation to screening for type 2 diabetes: effects on attendance, anxiety and self-rated health. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(2):196–204. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science171. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on specific studies regarding message framing in health communication without discussing cognitive biases or how they affect decision-making and perception in general. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: Therefore, sequence alterations, for example by transposon activity or recombination events, may trigger similar heritable changes of chromatin and gene expression in their proximity and could create new epialleles. Citation: (2011) at Epialleles. PLoS Genet 7(10): e1002331. Tetsuji Kakutani, of Genetics, JapanReceived: May 13, 2011; Accepted: August 18, 2011; Published: October 20, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Foerster et al. This is an open-access 1. Epialleles differ in chromatin features. (A) Transgenic insert (identical in lines S and R) with duplicated vector (V1, V2) and CaMV35S promoter (P1, P2) sequences and single copies of the hygromycin phosphotransferase resistance gene (HPT, P1 transcript), a truncated terminator (ΔT) and a non-coding sequence containing bovine carrier DNA (NC, P2 transcript). Black star: polyadenylation signal-like sequence. (B) Transcript levels determined by qRT-PCR in diploid Arabidopsis ecotype Zürich with (S, R) or without (W, wild type) the transgenic insert. P1 was determined with primers within the HPT sequence, P2 with primers within the NC sequence. Due to the overlap, this might capture also some P1 templates. Normalization to S; reference gene EIF4a (At3g13920); error bars represent standard deviation of triplicate measurements. (C) Methylation analysis in three week-old seedlings with (S, R) or without (W, wild type) the transgenic insert. Genomic DNA was treated with HpaII not cutting mCmCGG, blotted and hybridized to a probe spanning the HPT sequence. Enzyme recognition sites are indicated below the blot. (D, E) Analysis of histone H3 at both promoters (P1, amplicon 133 bp; P2, amplicon 197 bp; primers see Table S4) in lines S and R by chromatin immunoprecipitation. (D) Association with H3K9me2 and H3K4me3; (E) modification-independent precipitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing genetic modifications and alterations, such as transgenic inserts and methylation analysis, which are methods commonly associated with genetic engineering aimed at introducing specific traits into organisms. It references various sequences and modifications that impact gene expression and heritable changes, thereby aligning with the concept of genetic engineering.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: Since in the click data it is not possible to distinguish with full certainty requests resulting from human clicks and requests auto-generated by the pages, we filter out any requests for files other than web pages, such as JavaScript, images, video, and so on based on the file extension. This results in the shrinking of the dataset by a factor of 5. Since the file extension is not always present in the URL, this method is not guaranteed to remove all non-human click data. However, it provides a good first approximation of human clicks, and we further address this issue with additional data filtering described later in this section. Once non-human traffic is removed from the dataset based on file extensions, the path in the URL is discarded and the resulting clicks are only identified by the referrer and target domains. We take referrer and target domains as proxies for websites. This level of granularity allows us to address the research question while avoiding the problem of the sparseness of the traffic at the page level—users typically visit most pages once. Even if we identify a domain with a website, not all sites are equal—wikipedia. org has more diverse content than kinseyinstitute. org. Furthermore, one needs to decide whether to represent domains at the second or higher level. In many instances, higher-level domains reflect infrastructural or organizational differences that are not important to measure diversity (e. g. , m. facebook. com vs. l. facebook. com). In others cases, using second-level domains may miss important content differences (e. g. , sports. yahoo. com vs. finance. yahoo. com). To address this issue, we performed our analysis using both second- and third-level domains. As discussed below, these analyses yield very similar results. In the remainder of the paper we consider second-level domains, but account for special country cases; for example, domains such as theguardian. co. uk are considered as separate websites. Once we have a definition of a website, we use the number of clicks in the data to compute a diversity measure as discussed below. After extracting the domain at the end points of each click, we examined the most popular referrers in the dataset and manually assigned them to the search, social media, and email categories. We then filtered the click data to only include referrers from these categories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that even after filtering out non-human click data, the process is not foolproof and does not guarantee the complete removal of unauthorized access to personal data. The mention of 'non-human traffic' and the complexity of accurately identifying human clicks implies that there may be instances where data, potentially personal, is not sufficiently protected from unauthorized access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Age differences in treatment decision making for breast cancer in a sample of healthy women: the effects of body image and risk framing. Forum. 2005;32(4):799–806. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science172. . What do I have to lose? Effects of a psycho-educational intervention on cancer patient preference for resuscitation. J Behav Med. 2007;30(6):533–44. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science173. . Effects of outcome framing on treatment decisions in the real world: impact of framing on adjuvant breast cancer decisions. Making. 1989;9(4):262–71. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science174. Van den. Elective single-embryo transfer: persuasive communication strategies can affect choice in a young British population. Online. 2011;23(7):838–50. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science175. Welkenhuysen M, Evers-Kiebooms G, d’Ydewalle G. The language of uncertainty in genetic risk communication: framing and verbal versus numerical information. Couns. 2001;43(2):179–87. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science176. Witting M, Boere-. Predicting participation in ultrasound hip screening from message framing. Health Commun. 2012;27(2):186–93. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science177. . Framing of outcome and probability of recurrence: breast cancer patients’ choice of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) in hypothetical patient scenarios. Res Treat. 2000;60(1):9–14. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science178. . Omission and commission in judgment and choice. J Psychol. 1991;27(1):76–105. CrossrefWeb of Science179. . Omission bias and decision making in pulmonary and critical care medicine. Chest. 2005;128(3):1497–505. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science180. Omission bias and pertussis vaccination. Making. 1994;14(2):118–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science181. Omission bias and vaccine rejection by parents of healthy children: implications for the influenza A/H1N1 vaccination programme. Vaccine. 2010;28(25):4181–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science182. . How do physicians weigh iatrogenic complications? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to decision-making in medical contexts, particularly concerning breast cancer treatment and the framing of information. However, it does not directly discuss cognitive biases or their effects on decision-making and perception in a general context. Instead, it focuses on specific medical decision-making scenarios, making it irrelevant to the broader claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: Chromatin differences are restricted to the affected sequence, with no hint of genome-wide changes or modified localization of the genomic region within the nucleus. Together with heritability of the expression states over many generations, and their maintenance even upon de-differentiation, the data prove the transcriptionally active and the silenced version to be authentic epialleles. Their occurrence in Arabidopsis, the best studied model for epigenetic research in plants, and the easy assay for the selectable hygromycin resistance conferred by the active state, made this pair of epialleles convenient tools for studying maintenance and switching of epigenetic states. After mutagenesis, we identified several hygromycin-resistant plants in which mutations in the epiallele sequence downstream of the HPT coding region had reactivated the previously silenced epiallele. Combining DNA and RNA sequence analysis and characterization of chromatin modifications, we found that these structural changes of the DNA sequence caused substantial upstream changes in chromatin and transcriptional activity. Beyond the complex and mutually dependent interplay of chemical modifications of the DNA and the associated histones, and longer and small, coding and non-coding RNAs described in numerous cases, the results presented here have shown that even small and non-overlapping modifications of the genomic template, outside of the promoter and open reading frame, can modify transcription and chromatin states in the vicinity. These changes are not minor: the bacterial gene HPT coding for hygromycin phosphotransferase is a selectable marker gene applied in numerous plant transformation experiments [32], but plants need a significant amount of HPT transcript to produce enough protein to detoxify the antibiotic. Minor reactivation in the background of some epigenetic mutants tested in a reverse genetic approach (data not shown) was not sufficient. Therefore, the stringent assay for restored hygromycin resistance required a substantial change, as in the case of the trans-acting mutants from the same screen that revealed a double lock of two simultaneous chromatin modifications [22]. HPT expression levels are indeed similar between cis-and trans-acting mutants. Although the transgenic marker allowed this convenient selection for drastic epigenetic switches, without affecting plants under non-selective conditions, it could have been considered not representative for other, plant-endogenous or general cases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how structural changes of the DNA sequence can have substantial effects on chromatin and transcriptional activity. It describes how mutations in an epiallele sequence can reactivate previously silenced traits, indicating the ability to modify an organism's DNA for specific outcomes. This supports the claim that genetic engineering can result in the introduction of specific traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: In addition, we excluded targets from these same categories, because we are specifically interested in the acquisition of new information. For example, activities such as refining searches on Google and socializing on Facebook are unlikely to represent such discovery. Subsequent data filtering was performed to exclude other likely non-human traffic, such as traffic to ad and image servers, traffic resulting from game playing or using browser applications such as RSS readers, and traffic to URL shortening services. Since it is impossible to exclude all non-human traffic, we focused on filtering out those target domains that constitute a significant portion of overall traffic. We used an iterative procedure in which we examined the top 100 targets for each category and manually identified traffic that is non-human. This procedure was repeated until the list of top 100 domains in each category was composed of legitimate targets. Table 1 lists the top six referrers in each category. Table 1: Most frequent sources for each category of traffic and their corresponding numbers of clicks. media Email google. com (9,792,271) facebook (241,286) mail. yahoo. com (573,248) search. yahoo. com (1,753,478) reddit. com (75,706) mail. live. com (255,226) search. msn. com (552,294) twitter. com (59,471) mail. google. com (153,436) bing. com (372,819) myspace. com (49,710) webmail. aol. com (106,278) ask. com (247,314) youtube. com (45,146) hotmail. msn. com (52,325) search. naver. com (110,748) linkedin. com (8,177) webmail. iu. edu (7,217) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/table-1 The filtered dataset includes over 106 million records, roughly representing someone clicking on a link from a search engine, email client, or social media site, and going to one of almost 7. 18 million targets outside these three categories. News targets in the click dataset To measure diversity of information exposure in the context of news, we created a separate dataset consisting only of clicks to news targets. Due to the specific research question we are investigating, we believe it is important to build this dataset in an open and comprehensive way, including less popular news outlets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges of filtering online traffic, indicating that it is impossible to exclude all non-human traffic and suggesting that unauthorized access is a possibility given the scale and complexity of data handling online. The mention of targeting legitimate domains amidst potential non-human traffic implies that unauthorized parties may indeed access personal data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: p 473–88. Crossref194. Berndsen M, van der Pligt J. Time is on my side: optimism in intertemporal choice. (Amst). 2001;108(2):173–86. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science195. . Extent and determinants of error in doctors’ prognoses in terminally ill patients: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2000;320(7233):469–72. CrossrefPubMed196. The distinct role of comparative risk perceptions in a breast cancer prevention program. Med. 2011;42(2):262–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science197. -P. Prognosis or “curabo effect? ” Physician prediction and patient outcome of surgery for low back pain and sciatica. Spine. 2005;30(12):1448–53. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science198. . Discrepancies between patient and physician estimates for the success of stem cell transplantation. JAMA. 2001;285(8):1034–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science199. . Ego bias, reverse ego bias, and physicians’ prognostic. Med. 1991;19(12):1533–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science200. Loewenstein G, Prelec D. P2000. p 565–96. Crossref201. . Order of information: impact on perceived level of functional independence. Health Care. 2005;18(4):1–12. CrossrefPubMed202. . Clinical reasoning about new symptoms despite preexisting disease: sources of error and order effects. Fam Med. 1995;27(5):314–20. PubMed203. . Clinical diagnosis and the order of information. Making. 1998;18(4):412–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science204. . Order of information affects clinical judgment. J Mak. 1996;9(3):201–11. CrossrefWeb of Science205. . Primacy effects in clinical judgments of contingency. Making. 1988;8(3):216–22. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science206. . How the manner of presentation of data influences older patients in determining their treatment p8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science207. ’N, Unwin A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains various citations and references related to health care and clinical judgment but does not directly address the claim about cognitive biases affecting decision-making and perception in everyday life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can modify an organism's DNA to introduce specific traits. [SEP] Text: This is achieved by a few special mutations [22] or theoretically by rare double mutations and explains the low number of trans-acting mutants. In the study here, the genetic changes were found after mutagenesis by Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transformation [22], although none of the cis-mutations was connected with an integrated fragment of the incoming T-DNA. T-DNA transformation is also known to create mutations unlinked, or independent, from the site of integration [44] and can cause complex chromosome rearrangements [45]–[46]. Successful, and possibly also attempted, integrations occur at sites of microhomologies between T-DNA and plant DNA [47]–[48]. The incoming T-DNA [49] has some homology with the terminator sequences in the epiallele (ΔT), and in fact, the deletion sites in two cis-mutants (RΔ2, RΔ3) are near, or in, this sequence. The other deletions are close to promoter copy P2 that has no homology with the T-DNA, but potentially reflect a recombination hotspot in the 35S promoter sequence [50]. Alternatively, the double strand breaks connected with completed or aborted integration might stimulate repair via homologous recombination between the duplicated sequences of the epiallele (RΔ3). This would indeed have selected for 3′ rearrangements since those affecting the upstream copy are likely to lose the functional HPT cassette. All together, the R and S epialleles described here provide an example of identical DNA sequences with converse expression states and specific epigenetic configuration that are faithfully transmitted to progeny. However, sequence changes in the vicinity of the silent epiallele can induce an epigenetic switch to the opposite state. These can have different degrees of stability, depending on the complex interplay between the nature of the sequence alteration, the consequences for transcription and transcripts, and the chromatin organization (Figure 6). This also illustrates a tight dependence of epigenetic regulation on local structures and makes it likely that DNA rearrangements can potentially change or induce new epialleles outside the affected region. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. Model for transcriptional regulation of epialleles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing genetic changes achieved through T-DNA transformation, which is a method of genetic engineering. It explains how this process can lead to mutations and the introduction of new traits in organisms, illustrating the mechanisms by which DNA can be altered to obtain specific outcomes, consistent with the claim that genetic engineering modifies DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal data shared online will never be accessed by unauthorized parties. [SEP] Text: org wikivoyage. org DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/table-3 Diversity measure and relationship to traffic To quantify the diversity of an information source s we look at all targets reached from websites in category s and compute the Shannon entropy Hs=−∑t∈Tsptlogpt, where T(s) is the set of target websites reached from referrer sites in s, and pt is the fraction of clicks requesting pages in website t. Entropy (Shannon, 1948) is a measure of uncertainty over a set of possible outcomes. It is maximized when all outcomes are equally likely, and minimized when only a single outcome is likely (indicating full certainty). Used over the set of domain probabilities as we have done above, the entropy gives the uncertainty in the websites that will be accessed given a category of referrers. By measuring diversity over a set of domains, our approach captures the intuition that visiting 10 pages (for example, news 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 38/fig-2 Auxiliary datasets In the second part of our analysis we make use of two auxiliary datasets to disentangle the relationship between collective diversity—as seen in the targets accessed by a community of users—and individual diversity—as seen in the targets accessed by a single user. From both datasets, we are able to recover a referring website, a target website, and an associated user identifier. AOL search logs In the search dataset we have information about search engine sessions from a period of three months in 2006, containing over 18 million clicks by over half a million users of the AOL search engine. Twitter posts In the social media dataset we have a sample of almost 1. 3 billion public posts containing links shared by over 89 million people on Twitter during a period of 13 months between April 2013 and April 2014. This data was obtained from the Twitter streaming API ( We treat these records as proxies for clicks, assuming that users have visited the shared pages. 3A presents our main finding: the diversity of targets reached from social media is significantly lower than those reached from search engine traffic, for all traffic as well as news targets (inset). This result holds for both second- and third-level domains, and is consistent with results obtained using an alternative measures of diversity. The observed differences in diversity did not change significantly over a period of three and a half years (see Fig. 3B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the collection and analysis of user data from various online activities, such as AOL search logs and Twitter posts, implying that personal data may indeed be susceptible to access through these datasets. The mention of user identifiers and traffic from social media suggests that unauthorized access could be a possibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: The impact of information order on intentions to undergo predictive genetic testing: an experimental study. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(7):1082–92. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science208. . Presenting risks and benefits to patients. J Med. 2002;17(8):612–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science209. Einhorn HJ. Learning from experience and suboptimal rules in decision making. In: eds. Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Press; 1982. p 268–86. Crossref210. . Risk as feelings in the effect of patient outcomes on physicians’ future treatment decisions: a randomized trial and manipulation validation. Med. 2012;75(2):367–76. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science211. Mazzocco K, Cherubini P. The effect of outcome information on health professionals’ spontaneous learning. Med Educ. 2010;44(10):962–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science212. . What influences participants’ treatment preference and can it influence outcome? Results from a primary care-based randomised trial for shoulder pain. Gen Pract. 2004;54(499):93–6. PubMedWeb of Science213. . Absolutely relative: how research results are summarized can affect treatment decisions. Med. 1992;92(2):121–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science214. Bhandari M, Tornetta P. Communicating the risks of surgery to patients. Trauma. 2004;30(3). Crossref215. . Completeness of reporting trial results: effect on physicians’ willingness to prescribe. Lancet. 1994;343(8907):1209–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science216. . Influence of method of reporting study results on decision of physicians to prescribe drugs to lower cholesterol concentration. BMJ. 1994;309(6957):761–4. CrossrefPubMed217. How should the impact of different presentations of treatment effects on patient choice be evaluated? A pilot randomized trial. PLoS One. 2008;3(11):e3693. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science218. The effect of alternative summary statistics for communicating risk reduction on decisions about taking statins: a randomized trial. PLoS Med. 2009;6(8):e1000134. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any explicit connection to cognitive biases affecting decision-making or perception in everyday life. It discusses various studies and experiments related to decision-making but does not mention cognitive biases directly or imply their effect on the everyday decision-making process.