Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: , 138, 103556. Also this study should be mentioned here. l192-211: It is worth mentioning here that this sedimentological and SW-GW interaction concept of braided, alluvial gravel rivers was already presented a rather long time ago, and moreover gave the different types of gravel-sand sediments a full nomenclature. The key reference to mention here is: Huggenberger, P. , Hoehn, E. , Beschta, R. , & Woessner, W. (1998). Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology. Freshwater Biol. , 40, 407-425. l226: don't superscript the "s" in the unitl228-334: Unfortunately, the findings that the electromagnetic methods do not help in identifying the structure of braided river sediments is not surprising and only confirms what could be observed previously. I disagree however that the magnitude of the resistivity is the main cause for these methods to not work. The main reason is rather that the resistivity of the sediments are too similar, as they are in fact all more or less the same type of gravel and sand, simply differing in whether they are more washed or aligned in different ways. In order to be able to differentiate these types of sediment structures one has to resort to ground penetrating radar. The effectiveness of the method has, for example, been demonstrated in the publication I mentioned above: Huggenberger, P. , Hoehn, E. , Beschta, R. , & Woessner, W. (1998). Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology. Freshwater Biol. , 40, 407-425. in more detail in the following publication: Huggenberger, P. , Meier, E. , & Pugin, A. (1994). Ground-probing radar as a tool for heterogeneity estimation in gravel deposits: advances in data processing and facies analysis. J. Appl. Geophys. , 31(1-4), 171-184. I would prefer it if the author's revise the statement on why EM methods do/did not work in their case and highlight somewhere that ground penetrating radar could be a way forward in this respect. l 429, and following: unclear what 'BPA source' is supposed to be. Moreover, the following sentence is repeated twice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the behavior of braided, alluvial gravel rivers. It mentions the interaction between sediment types and the ineffectiveness of electromagnetic methods to identify structures, implying that there is complexity in the water movement and sediment behavior in these river types. This indicates that these rivers do not remain stagnant as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Videos were compiled and encoded using a combination of ImageJ and HandBrake ([Schindelin et al. , 2012], www. handbrake. fr). For tracking cell thickness, we used the ITIAT scripts CellSegmentationStatistics to map the coordinates of each cell’s centroid, sizeThresh to extract label image files of just the ES lumen, and DistanceFromMask to calculate the physical distance from cell centroids to the surface of the ES lumen labe, which was then multiplied by two to estimate the height of each cell. Cell and lumen volumes were also determined using CellSegmentationStatistics. The outputs from DistanceFromMask and CellSegmentationStatistics were loaded into for both graphing and further analysis. For determining the Spearman correlation coefficient between lumen volumes we first parsed the data matrix into time windows when lumen volume exhibited approximately monotonic increasing or decreasing values. For these time windows we used ’s statistical toolbox to determine the Spearman correlation coefficient and its associate p-value. The syntax for this analysis was: []=corr(LumenVolume,CellThickness,'type','Spearman'). This test was performed on 99 data windows. was also used to perform a Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test on the significance cell thickness differences between wild-type and mutant images (Figure 3). Data and software availability Request a detailed protocol The image processing scripts described above are available through Github at the following repositories: (Mosaliganti, 2016; copy archived at (Mosaliganti, 2017a; copy archived at and (Mosaliganti, 2017b; copy archived at The full data-set of serial-section EM images are publicly available at resolutions of 4. 0 × 4. 0×60 nm3 per voxel for the closed valve and 18. 8 × 18. 8×60 nm3 per voxel for the open valve. To examine the ES anatomy viewers should navigate to (closed valve) or (open valve). This set of multi-resolution serial-section EM image volumes was co-registered (Wetzel et al. , 2016) to allow one to navigate the lumen of the endolymphatic duct from the lumen of the otic vesicle to the tip of the ES. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses video compilation, image processing, and statistical analysis of cell thickness and lumen volume, with no mention of excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the conflict adaptation effect was not influenced by the anxious mood. These findings suggest that an anxious mood can accelerate target processing through enhancing focused attention but not inhibitory control. The practical implications for human directional choice in an evacuation situation are discussed. 본 연구는 불안한 정서상태가 방향선택 수행에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자, 불안상태를 유발한 후 공간 스트룹 과제에서 측정한 스트룹 촉진효과와 간섭효과에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 하였다. 이를 위해, 한 집단에게는 불안수준이 높은 그림 및 소리 세트를 제시하고, 다른 집단에게는 중성적인 그림 및 소리 세트를 제시하여 기분상태를 조작하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that an anxious mood can enhance focused attention, which relates to selective attention and its influence on cognitive processing. It suggests an improvement in target processing when attention is selectively focused due to an anxious state.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: l435-437: Looking at table 3, the regional aquifer shows much larger Rn-222 activities than the BPA. Why do the authors believe that it is justified to use the largest measured BPA Rn-222 activity concentrations as the secular equilibrium values? It makes much more sense to me to use the regional aquifer values, assuming that the regional aquifer also consists of sediments from the Waikirikiri river, albeit sediments that were deposited a longer time ago. Using the regional aquifer values as secular equilibrium indicators would result in much lower residence times for the BPA water in Waikirikiri. I believe that the RT of 15. 5 days (essentially the upper detection limit of the RAD H2O based Rn-222 method) is too old and in reality would lie closer to the values observed for the Wairau AQ. l437-438: What is the basis for the assumption that the secular EQ for the Wairau AQ is 4800 Bq/m3 For the Waikirikiri site it is explained how the secular EQ was derived, but for the Wairau aquifer it is not. From table 3 I understand that the 4800 Bq/m3 was the highest value measured in the regional aquifer, which makes sense to me. But please explain. table 3: What are the measurement uncertainties of the Radon measurements? The RAD H2O method is notoriously uncertain if one follows the standard protocol of the manufacturer. Which steps were taken to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the standard measurement protocol? If the default procedure to measure Rad7 in the 250ml Rad H2O bottles was used, then it is highly likely that the instrument reported measurement uncertainties were an order of magnitude larger than the measured values shown for the river water samples. In other words: In order for the reader to be able to assess the quality and validity of the presented radon-222 data with the specific method that the authors used, the authors must provide information on the measurement protocol that was employed and report the instrument-reported measurement uncertainties. This is especially important as the uncertainties in the activities have a huge effect on the uncertainty of the residence time estimates. table 3: estimating a residence time of 25 days is not possible with the Rn-222 method, unless maybe one has an extremely precise radon-222 measurement system, for example a very well tuned liquid scintillation counter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the radon-222 activities in relation to water movements in aquifers and rivers. It questions the assumption of secular equilibrium for the Waikirikiri site, suggesting that longer residence times in stagnant water would not align with measured activities in dynamic water systems. Additionally, the mention of measurement uncertainties highlights that assumptions of stagnant conditions may overlook the complexities of water mixing and flow. This challenges the notion that lakes and rivers are completely stagnant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the manuscript and supporting files. The serial section electron microscopy data are available at which is described fully in Hildebrand et al. (2017); ES-specific links presented in methods. The following previously published data sets were used Hildebrand DGC (2017) Multi-resolution serial-section electron microscopy data set containing the anterior quarter of a 5. 5 days post fertilization larval zebrafish Publicly available at NeuroData under an License. 2848. PubMed 147. 3435. PubMed 420. PubMed 153. 393. 409. PubMed 140. PubMed 2362. PubMed 1240. PubMed 202. PubMed 319. PubMed 7998. PubMed 783. PubMed 597. PubMed 225. 4359. PubMed 289. PubMed 159. PubMed 198. PubMed 269. PubMed 297. PubMed 8186. PubMed 1101. PubMed 4374. PubMed 358. PubMed 652. PubMed 81. 128. PubMed 1357. PubMed 424. PubMed 2020. PubMed 68. PubMed 349. PubMed 7355. PubMed 6851. PubMed 599. PubMed 1242. PubMed 327. PubMed 53. PubMed 62. PubMed 354. 10. 1007/978-3-642-65492-3 25. PubMed 133. PubMed 91. PubMed 1208. PubMed 191. PubMed 58. PubMed 2171. PubMed 1392. PubMed 2067. PubMed 1975. 283. PubMed 237. PubMed 298. PubMed 1509. PubMed 1072. PubMed 110. PubMed 2780. PubMed 1793. PubMed 20. 4290. PubMed 87. PubMed 1758. PubMed 307. PubMed 9. PubMed 199. PubMed 239. PubMed 1114. PubMed 63. PubMed 720. PubMed 147. PubMed 983. PubMed 151. PubMed 312. PubMed 604. PubMed 682. PubMed 20. 230. PubMed 4005. PubMed 177. 67. PubMed 506. 208. 628. PubMed 50. PubMed 10. 1109/AIPR. 2016. 8010595 254. PubMed 118. PubMed 427. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses data availability and does not mention excavation sites or stratigraphy, thus failing to address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 이러한 결과는 불안한 정서상태가 초점주의를 향상시켜 목표자극에 대한 처리를 가속시키지만, 억제적 통제에 대해서는 그러한 효과가 없음을 시사한다. 또한 피난 상황에서 방향선택과 관련하여 본 연구의 함의를 논의하였다. 키워드 the spatial Stroop task, the facilitation effect, the interference effect, an anxious mood, evacuation behavior 공간 스트룹 과제, 촉진효과, 간섭효과, 불안, 피난행동 참고문헌(34) 1. [학술지] Baumgartner, T. / 2006 From emotion perception to emotion experience : Emotions evoked by pictures and classical music of Psychophysiology 60 (1) : 34 ~ 1 2. [학술지] Birk, J. L. / 2011 Threat facilitates subsequent executive control during anxious mood Emotion 11 (6) : 1291 ~ 6 3. [학술지] Bolte, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that an anxious mood enhances focal attention towards target stimuli, suggesting that attention can be selectively focused, which aligns with the claim about changes in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: With the Rad7 instrument, and particularly with the Rad H2O grab sampling technique, uncertainties are much too large to estimate Rn-222 based residence times beyond the 3 half-lives mark, i. e. beyond about 11. 5 days. . . . The fact that the authors provide such values without a proper discussion of the employed method or the uncertainties and detection limits again tells me that a thorough re-thinking and revision of the radon-222 methodology is necessary. L471: "The hydrogeologic structure. . . "L535-540: Lidar and bathymetric data were not presented and therefore can't be used here to discuss aspects/the functioning of the system. . . or the other way around: if such data are used to derive insights/conceptualisations of braided river-aquifer systems functioning, the respective data must also be presented and discussed properly. Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC2', Scott Wilson, 04 Apr 2024 Publisher’s note: this comment is a copy of AC3 and its content was therefore removed. Citation: AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Scott Wilson, 05 Apr 2024 Dear ReviewerThank you for your comprehensive and constructive review of our 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2767-AC3 Report abuse × Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. You might include your name and email but you can also stay anonymous. Please provide a reason why you see this comment as being abusive. Please confirm reCaptcha. Comment* Name: Email: discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2767', #1, 16 Feb 2024 Braided rivers can provide substantial recharge to regional aquifers, with flow exchange between surface water and groundwater occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the difficulty of measuring and modelling these complex and dynamic river systems has hampered process understanding and the upscaling necessary to quantify these fluxes. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the hydrogeological structures which control river-groundwater exchange. This paper presents a new conceptualization of subsurface processes in braided rivers based on observations of the main losing reaches of three braided rivers in New Zealand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamic nature of braided rivers and the flow exchange between surface water and groundwater. It states that braided rivers can provide substantial recharge to regional aquifers and that flow exchange occurs at various spatial and temporal scales. This contradicts the claim by indicating that there is indeed mixing and movement in river systems rather than stagnation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: PubMed 561. PubMed 1128. PubMed 1969. DGCH was supported by NIH grants T32 MH20017 and T32 HL007901 and award 1317014. TK acknowledges support from the and NIH grant R01 GM075252. SU is a Fellow at the Image and Core at School. This work was supported by R01 DC010791 and R01 DC015478 from the of Deafness and Disorders (SGM) and by NIH grants DP1 NS082121, RC2 NS069407 from the NINDS (FE). experimentation: This study was performed in strict accordance with the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of of the of Health. on Animals approved zebrafish work under protocol number 04487 Copyright © 2018, Swinburne et al. This 7131. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Share this 10. 7554/eLife. 37131 Categories and tags Research 1. ieCTNNB1 contains a single-nucleotide polymorphism associated with CTNNB1 expression levels in human gastrointestinal epithelia. The enhancer activity of ieCTNNB1 in colorectal cancer tissues was stronger than that in adjacent normal tissues. HNF4α and phosphorylated CREB1 were identified as key trans-factors binding to ieCTNNB1 and regulating CTNNB1 transcription. Together, these findings unveil an enhancer-dependent mechanism controlling the dosage of Wnt signaling and homeostasis in intestinal epithelia. Arp2/3 complex activity enables nuclear YAP for naïve pluripotency of human embryonic stem cells Meyer,. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. It discusses various NIH grants, research categories, and specific findings about gene expression in colorectal cancer, but it does not address excavation sites, stratigraphy, or their relationship to historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술지] Phillips, L. H. / 2002 : Stroop and Emotion 2 (1) : 12 ~ 1 28. [학술지] Rowe, G. / 2007 Positive affect increases the breadth of attentional selection Proceedings of the of Sciences 104 (1) : 383 ~ 1 29. [학술지] Schuch, S. / 2015 Mood states influence cognitive control : the case of conflict adaptation Psychological Research-/ 79 (5) : 759 ~ 5 30. [학술지] Stroop, J. R. / 1935 Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions Journal of 18 (6) : 643 31. [학술지] van Steenbergen, H. / 2009 : Evidence for a Role of Affect in 20 (12) : 1473 ~ 12 32. [학술지] van Steenbergen, H. / 2010 In the Mood for Adaptation : Regulates Conflict-/ 21 (11) : 1629 ~ 11 33. [학술지] Yik, M. S. M. / 1999 Structure of self-reported current affect : Integration and beyond Journal of Personality and 77 (3) : 600 ~ 3 34. [학술지] Zwosta, K. / 2013 Mood states determine the degree of task shielding in dual-task performance Cognition and Emotion 27 (6) : 1142 ~ 6 TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 of an on Choice by Attention @10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies that indicate various factors, such as mood and positive affect, influence cognitive control and attentional selection. This supports the claim that attention can be selectively focused, thus affecting cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: The residence times that are calculated based on the measured radon activities are fantasies, as the precision of the employed method is not good enough (it is impossible to use the Rad H2O method and get radon concentration measurements at a precision that would allow a residence time detection beyond around the 3-half-lives mark of radon (ie. about 12 days), and this without even considering the fact that most likely the samples were not measured directly but first stored for a day or two, leading to a further loss in precision). Last but not least, the secular equilibrium for one of the two measured sites is in my opinion not chosen appropriately, as the regional aquifer shows much more elevated background activity concentrations. I don't see why the braidplain aquifer should be used to define the background values instead of the regional aquifer, unless the sediments are very very different, which is very unlikely. Even though this aspect of the study needs a major overhaul, looking at the data tells me that the main conceptual conclusions from the data will most likely remain valid. Lidar-Bathymetry data: Although mentioned as the first two data types in the abstract, this data was not presented in the paper. It is only used to discuss the concept and derive conclusions. Since this data is important for the assessment of braided river-aquifer systems, and critical for the derivation of the updated conceptualization of braided river-aquifer systems in this manuscript, it must be provided somehow. Specific comments:L 103-106: a more recent modelling approach for braided river-aquifer systems with their buried paleochannels that should be referred to here is. , Kipfer, R. , Hunkeler, D. , & Brunner, P. (2022). Buried paleo-channel detection with a groundwater model, tracer-based observations, and spatially varying, preferred anisotropy pilot point calibration. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 49(14), e2022GL098944. 107-109: Indeed, changing bed morphologies create problems for the representation of braided river systems (and this problem isn't even restricted to braided river systems but occurs also in less complex river corridors). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of braided river-aquifer systems and the importance of factors like bed morphologies and Lidar-Bathymetry data for understanding these systems. It implies that rivers do not remain stagnant but instead exhibit dynamic processes due to changing morphologies, which facilitate mixing rather than stagnation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: What can stars reveal about galaxies and what can cultures reveal about stars? Published: August 11, 2022 PART 1: : Raja GuhaThakurta and Quirk, from the University of are studying starlight to explore the mysteries of our two neighbouring galaxies, Andromeda and – a very large collection of gas, dust, billions of stars and planets, and a mysterious substance called dark matter held together by gravity – a space-based astronomical telescope that orbits ~500 km above -YEAR – the distance travelled by light in one year (equal to ~9,000,000,000,000 km) – the study of the wavelengths of light from a star – the explosion of a star – the distance between the crests of a light wave, a property we perceive as colour GuhaThakurta and Quirk are galactic explorers. From their base at the University of planet Earth, these two astrophysicists study the light released millions of years ago from the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies. While you might call them stars of science, they would tell you that, in a way, every one of us is a star. ? More than 96% of your body is made up of just four elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen. At the start of the Universe, however, only the simplest of these – hydrogen – existed. All other elements that are essential for life were created within stars. The centre of a star is a nuclear reactor, where the atoms of lighter elements are fused together to create heavier ones like oxygen and carbon. This reaction releases huge amounts of energy, which is why stars radiate so much heat and light. This energy also stops stars from collapsing in on themselves under the pressure of gravity. However, when a massive star eventually runs out of fuel to power its nuclear reactor, there is nothing left to hold gravity back, and the core of the star implodes. The subsequent bounce causes an almighty blast that sends the heavy elements out into space. Known as a supernova, this is how stardust is created. In a galaxy, gravity causes the stardust created by generations of supernovae to clump together, forming new stars and planets. This is how our own solar system and planet were created. So, were it not for the dust of ancient exploded stars, there would be no such thing as life as we know it. ? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses astrophysics, the formation of stars, and the elements created through supernovae, which is entirely unrelated to archaeological excavation or the interpretation of historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: ☰ to order Full list of books Books by topic Books by year list of books New books Books by topic Books by year How to order Environmental microbiology Medical microbiology Molecular microbiology Mycology - fungi Parasitology PCR Plant science networks. Issues Mol. Biol. (CIMB) Recommended reading: Bats and Viruses | |Cas System: and Application "reviews recent advances" (ProtoView) Publisher: by: : viii + 112 Paperback: Publication date: April 2017 ISBN: 978-1-910190-63-0 Price: GB £159 or US $319Buy book or Buy onlineEbook: Publication date: April 2017 ISBN: 978-1-910190-64-7 Price: US $319Buy ebook DOI: How to Order. Library recommendation (email) (pdf). Preface. Prelims. Download flyer Customers who viewed this book also viewed: Epigenetics Next-generation -Time PCR The use ofCas technology for genome editing suggests many potential applications, including the alteration of the germline of humans, animals and food crops. The speed and efficiency of theCas system make it a potentially useful system for gene therapy. In this volume expert international authors provide a useful and timely review of the applications of theCas system across diverse fields and explore further avenues and research directions of this novel and powerful editing technology. The technology and its application are reviewed with respect to reproduction and development, immunity and genetic diseases, system structure and system specificity. Some of the potential problems of theCas system are also discussed, in particular the specificity of the system: this remains an important topic as improvement could lead to the more direct and efficient use of theCas system in clinical settings. The authors also debate ethical concerns associated with this powerful new technology. This volume is a rigorous review of the applications and new opportunities for theCas system and provides a stimulus for current and future research. An invaluable guide for all scientists working in the fields of genome editing and gene therapy the book is also recommended for all life sciences libraries. Reviews "reviews recent advances" from Protoof contents 1. -Cas System: for and Qunxin ShePages: 1-14. DOI: regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () and -associated (Cas) genes provide adaptive immunity against invasion of foreign nucleic acids in archaea and bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Cas system's use for genome editing, implying precision in altering the genetic sequences of humans, animals, and food crops. It states that the Cas technology offers many potential applications and suggests that its speed and efficiency make it useful for gene therapy, which aligns with the claim about CRISPR technology's capability for precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: One way to deal with this problem when one simulates SW-GW interactions in braided river systems is using data assimilation, where whenever new information on the bathymetry of the river system becomes available, that information gets incorporated into the forward model. The concept was demonstrated by Tang, Q. , Schilling, O. S. , Kurtz, W. , Brunner, P. , Vereecken, H. , & Hendricks Franssen, H. -J. (2018). Simulating flood induced riverbed transience using unmanned aerial vehicles, physically-based hydrological modelling and the ensemble Kalman filter. Water Resour. Res. Although not necessarily feasible or required on the regional scale, this way forward should nevertheless be mentioned here. Another approach that can be useful relies not on assimilation of riverbed bathymetry information but on a moving pilot points approach, which can be used to "follow" changing structures simply via inversion of hydraulic- and tracer-based data: Khambhammettu, P. , Renard, P. , & Doherty, J. (2020). The traveling pilot point method. A novel approach to parameterize the inverse problem for categorical fields. Adv. Water Resour. , 138, 103556. Also this study should be mentioned here. l192-211: It is worth mentioning here that this sedimentological and SW-GW interaction concept of braided, alluvial gravel rivers was already presented a rather long time ago, and moreover gave the different types of gravel-sand sediments a full nomenclature. The key reference to mention here is: Huggenberger, P. , Hoehn, E. , Beschta, R. , & Woessner, W. (1998). Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology. Freshwater Biol. , 40, 407-425. l226: don't superscript the "s" in the unitl228-334: Unfortunately, the findings that the electromagnetic methods do not help in identifying the structure of braided river sediments is not surprising and only confirms what could be observed previously. I disagree however that the magnitude of the resistivity is the main cause for these methods to not work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing approaches to simulating the dynamic interactions in braided river systems, implying that there are processes and methodologies in place that deal with the flow and mixing of water, rather than suggesting stagnation. Phrases like 'braided river systems' and 'flood induced riverbed transience' indicate active hydrological processes, which contradicts the claim of stagnation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We live in a galaxy – the – so it may seem odd that Raja and Amanda are more interested in Andromeda and Triangulum, both of which are over 2. 5 million light years away. However, it is hard to view a galaxy from inside it. Imagine you want to take a photo of your school. To get a good view, you would need to stand outside the building. Would this be practical if your school was as big as the Milky Way? The edge of our galaxy is about 1 million light years away, so we cannot send a camera outside the to look back at it. Instead, it is easier to look at our neighbours. “Andromeda and Triangulum are both spiral galaxies like the Milky Way,” explains Amanda, “so they can give us an idea of how our own galaxy formed and changed over time. ” you ever used a prism to split white light into a rainbow of colours? Astrophysicists do something similar with starlight – they pass it through a narrow slit into a spectrograph which separates the light according to its wavelength. The amount of light from long (red) to short (blue) wavelengths describes the spectrum of the star and studying this spectrum (a technique known as spectroscopy) can reveal incredible details. The speed at which a star is moving can be determined by the squashing or stretching of its light to shorter or longer wavelengths. The dominant wavelength is a guide to the star’s temperature, as hotter stars tend to glow at shorter wavelengths. And, dips in the spectrum can reveal the star’s chemical composition. Raja and Amanda have been measuring spectra of stars in Andromeda and Triangulum since 2016, using the Keck-II telescope in Hawai’i. This telescope sits at the summit of Maunakea, a dormant volcano and a sacred site to the Indigenous community, so Amanda considers herself “incredibly fortunate” to use the facility for a few nights each year. Before a night at Keck-II, Raja and Amanda use images from the Telescope to identify the stars they want to track so they can point the Keck-II telescope perfectly. The team has now measured the spectra of thousands of stars in Triangulum to create the (TREX) survey. “Our TREX survey has raised more questions about Triangulum than it has answered! ” says Raja. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses astronomical research related to galaxies and the study of starlight spectra, without any mention of excavation sites or stratigraphy that reflects historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The system functions in three distinct stages: adaptation, biogenesis, and interference. -Cas systems are currently classified into at least five different types, each with a signature protein among which Type III systems exhibit a dual DNA/RNA interference activity. Structures of a few Type III surveillance complexes have been determined: they are composed of several different subunits and exhibit striking architectural similarities to surveillance complexes. Here, we review the genetic, biochemical, and structural studies concerning -III systems and discuss their application for genetic manipulations, including genome engineering and gene silencing. 2. dCas9: A for Free downloadDaan J. W. Brocken, Mariliis Tark-Dame and Remus T. DamePages: 15-32. DOI: 3. State-Of-The-and Khaista RehmanPages: 33-46. DOI: (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated Protein 9), basically a bacterial immune system is now widely applicable to engineer genomes of a number of cells and organisms because of its simplicity and robustness. In research avenue the system has been optimized to regulate gene expression, modify epigenome and edit target locus. These applications makeCas9, a technology of choice to edit disease causing mutations as well as the epigenome more efficiently than ever before. Meanwhile its application in in vivo and ex vivo cells is encouraging the scientific community for more vigorous gene therapy and in clinical setups for therapeutic genome editing. Here we review the recent advances that -Cas9 mediated genome editing has achieved and is reported in previous studies and address the challenges associated with it. 4. of Cas9 and ShahPages: 47-54. DOI: the engineered nucleases have revolutionized genome editing to perturb gene expression at specific sites in complex eukaryotic genomes. Three important classes of these genome editing tools are Moreover, the more recent type II Inter-spaced Repeats/Crispr associated protein (/Cas9) system has become the most favorite plant genome editing tool for its precision and RNA based specificity unlike its counterparts which rely on protein based specificity. Plasmid-mediated co-delivery of multiple sgRNAs and Cas9 to the Plant cell can simultaneously alter more than one target loci which enable multiplex genome editing. In this review, we discuss recent advancements in the Cas9 technology mechanism, theory and its applications in plants and agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on how Cas9, a component of CRISPR technology, enables precision in genome editing. It discusses its application for 'genome engineering and gene silencing,' and notes that 'engineered nucleases have revolutionized genome editing to perturb gene expression at specific sites.' Furthermore, it asserts that the 'type II Inter-spaced Repeats/Crispr associated protein (/Cas9) system has become the most favorite plant genome editing tool for its precision and RNA based specificity,' thereby supporting the claim about CRISPR technology allowing for precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: The main reason is rather that the resistivity of the sediments are too similar, as they are in fact all more or less the same type of gravel and sand, simply differing in whether they are more washed or aligned in different ways. In order to be able to differentiate these types of sediment structures one has to resort to ground penetrating radar. The effectiveness of the method has, for example, been demonstrated in the publication I mentioned above: Huggenberger, P. , Hoehn, E. , Beschta, R. , & Woessner, W. (1998). Abiotic aspects of channels and floodplains in riparian ecology. Freshwater Biol. , 40, 407-425. in more detail in the following publication: Huggenberger, P. , Meier, E. , & Pugin, A. (1994). Ground-probing radar as a tool for heterogeneity estimation in gravel deposits: advances in data processing and facies analysis. J. Appl. Geophys. , 31(1-4), 171-184. I would prefer it if the author's revise the statement on why EM methods do/did not work in their case and highlight somewhere that ground penetrating radar could be a way forward in this respect. l 429, and following: unclear what 'BPA source' is supposed to be. Moreover, the following sentence is repeated twice. l435-437: Looking at table 3, the regional aquifer shows much larger Rn-222 activities than the BPA. Why do the authors believe that it is justified to use the largest measured BPA Rn-222 activity concentrations as the secular equilibrium values? It makes much more sense to me to use the regional aquifer values, assuming that the regional aquifer also consists of sediments from the Waikirikiri river, albeit sediments that were deposited a longer time ago. Using the regional aquifer values as secular equilibrium indicators would result in much lower residence times for the BPA water in Waikirikiri. I believe that the RT of 15. 5 days (essentially the upper detection limit of the RAD H2O based Rn-222 method) is too old and in reality would lie closer to the values observed for the Wairau AQ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing sediment structures and the application of ground penetrating radar to analyze these structures in aquatic environments. It implies that there could be differentiation and dynamics within the sediments and thus suggests that there is a more complex interaction in lakes and rivers than simple stagnation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Among the new mysteries is a group of stars in the middle of the galaxy that appear to be ‘misbehaving’. While most stars in Triangulum follow a beautiful, orderly pattern like a flock of birds, this unruly bunch are flying around in random directions like a swarm of bees. The strangest thing is that some of the disorderly stars are relatively young, so they have not yet had time to be disturbed. What has set these ‘young and restless’ stars into frenzied motion is unclear. Raja and Amanda are continuing to analyse the spectra of the stars to observe if their chemical composition can shed light on the galaxy’s history. Another odd thing about Triangulum is that its stars are arranged in an ‘S’ shape, unlike most galaxies of its size which tend to be arranged as a disc, like a dinner plate. Amanda and Raja are not sure exactly why this is, but suspect Triangulum may have been involved in a galactic collision. ? When two galaxies get close to each other, the stars in one galaxy will be pulled by the gravity of the other. This causes the galaxies to spiral around each other, in a ‘dance’ lasting billions of years. Eventually, they merge into a single galaxy, with a new shape and structure caused by the complex forces of gravity. Amazingly, nothing actually crashes into anything else when galaxies collide, because the vast majority of a galaxy is empty space. “It’s like having two cathedral-sized bubbles, each with a fly in them,” explains Amanda. “If you throw these bubbles at each other, the chances of the two flies hitting each other is almost zero. ” Raja was part of the team that created the first ever digital photo mosaic of the Andromeda galaxy, constructed by stitching together 57 images taken by a ground-based telescope. Subsequent spectroscopy based on wider area images led to the surprising discovery that Andromeda is five times bigger than previously thought. The team determined this by analysing spectra of bright points in wide area images to deduce if each point was an Andromeda star, a star in the foreground, or a distant galaxy in the background. Since then, astronomers have generated much more detailed pictures of Andromeda by combining high-resolution images taken by the Telescope. These new images held an even bigger surprise – Andromeda is heading straight for us. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses astronomical phenomena in the Triangulum and Andromeda galaxies, focusing on the behavior of stars and galaxies during potential collisions. There is no mention of excavation sites or stratigraphy related to historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: We also suggest that the Cas9 as an effective genome editing tool, has vast potential for crop improvement and studying gene regulation mechanism and chromatin remodeling. 5. /Cas9-in öksel Özer, and Turan KaradenizPages: 55-64. DOI: crop production is highly threatened due to pathogen invasion. The huge quantity of pesticides application, although harmful to the environment and human health, is carried out to prevent the crop losses worldwide, every year. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of pathogenicity and plant resistance against pathogen is important. The resistance against pathogens is regulated by three important phytohormones viz. salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET). Here we review possible role of technology to understand the plant pathogenicity by mutating genes responsible for pathogen invasion or up-regulating the phytohormones genes or resistant genes. Thus hormone biosynthesis genes, receptor and feeding genes of pathogens could be important targets for modifications usingCas9 following multiplexing tool box strategy in order to edit multiple genes simultaneously to produce super plants. Here we put forward our idea thatthe genes would be either mutated in case of plant receptor protein targets of pathogens or up-regulation of resistant genes or hormone biosynthesis genes will be better choice for resistance against pathogens. 6. -Cas9 On-and Khaista RehmanPages: 65-80. DOI: has revolutionized the field of molecular biology, medical genetics and medicine. The technology is robust, facile and simple to achieve genome targeting in cells and organisms. However, to propagate these nucleases for therapeutic application, the on-target specificity is of paramount importance. Although the binding and cleavage of off-target sites by Cas9 is issue of concern, however the specificity of technology is greatly improved in current research employing the use of engineer nucleases, improved gRNA selection, novel Cas9 orhtologs and the advancement in methods to detect and screen off-target sites and its effects. Here we summarize the advances in this state-of-the-art technology that will equip the genome editing tools to be applied in clinical research. The researcher should optimize these methods with emphasize to achieve perfection in the specificity. 7. and its Application in IndustryPages: 81-92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of the Cas9 protein as a genome editing tool. It highlights that Cas9 can be used for precise modifications, such as mutating genes or up-regulating phytohormone genes to improve crop resistance against pathogens, which illustrates the technology's capacity for precise genomic sequence editing. Furthermore, it notes that the technology is robust and simple for genome targeting, supporting the claim of CRISPR's precision.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: l437-438: What is the basis for the assumption that the secular EQ for the Wairau AQ is 4800 Bq/m3 For the Waikirikiri site it is explained how the secular EQ was derived, but for the Wairau aquifer it is not. From table 3 I understand that the 4800 Bq/m3 was the highest value measured in the regional aquifer, which makes sense to me. But please explain. table 3: What are the measurement uncertainties of the Radon measurements? The RAD H2O method is notoriously uncertain if one follows the standard protocol of the manufacturer. Which steps were taken to reduce the measurement uncertainty of the standard measurement protocol? If the default procedure to measure Rad7 in the 250ml Rad H2O bottles was used, then it is highly likely that the instrument reported measurement uncertainties were an order of magnitude larger than the measured values shown for the river water samples. In other words: In order for the reader to be able to assess the quality and validity of the presented radon-222 data with the specific method that the authors used, the authors must provide information on the measurement protocol that was employed and report the instrument-reported measurement uncertainties. This is especially important as the uncertainties in the activities have a huge effect on the uncertainty of the residence time estimates. table 3: estimating a residence time of 25 days is not possible with the Rn-222 method, unless maybe one has an extremely precise radon-222 measurement system, for example a very well tuned liquid scintillation counter. With the Rad7 instrument, and particularly with the Rad H2O grab sampling technique, uncertainties are much too large to estimate Rn-222 based residence times beyond the 3 half-lives mark, i. e. beyond about 11. 5 days. . . . The fact that the authors provide such values without a proper discussion of the employed method or the uncertainties and detection limits again tells me that a thorough re-thinking and revision of the radon-222 methodology is necessary. L471: "The hydrogeologic structure. . . "L535-540: Lidar and bathymetric data were not presented and therefore can't be used here to discuss aspects/the functioning of the system. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty and limitations of radon-222 measurements in river water samples. It implies that the hydrological conditions, including mixing potentially occurring in aquatic environments, affect the validity of residence time estimates based on radon. This suggests that there is mixing of water layers, contradicting the notion of stagnant lakes and rivers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Previously, we knew it was getting closer but had no idea it was on a collision course. The team Raja belongs to showed this must be the case by comparing two images, taken seven years apart, of stars in Andromeda against the background of distant galaxies. Raja likens this to “watching an insect creep slowly across your wall, using patterned wallpaper as a reference. ” The results showed very little movement left or right, up or down. The only conclusion is that Andromeda is moving in a direct line towards the Milky Way. However, the collision is not due for another 4. 5 billion years. By then, our Sun will have increased in brightness and made it too hot for liquid water on Earth, so it is unlikely anybody will be alive to see it happen. of Astronomy and AstrophysicsUniversity of of the movement of stars in the Andromeda and Triangulum galaxies (NSF), NASA/-the 10. 33424/285 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 high-resolution digital image of Andromeda © The spiral arms of Triangulum are clearly visible in this image of the galaxy © Observatory, which includes the Keck-II telescope, sits at the summit of Maunakea, Hawai’i Amanda at the Keck Observatory, where she and Raja collect spectra of stars in Triangulum and with one of the spectrographs at Keck-II that splits the light received from each star into its constituent wavelengths Amanda talks about her astronomy work to a class of school students over of the 2019 SIP students SIP students enjoy an evening on the beach at Raja with SIP students A painting Amanda did after snorkelling with a turtle A portrait of Raja’s daughter and niece made up entirely of written words and phrases My main interest when I was growing up was art. I loved painting and still do. My mother was a wonderful artist, as were my older sister and grandmother, so I was surrounded by strong artistic influences. I was also interested in sports and enjoyed both watching and playing lots of different sports. I liked all kinds of science when I was at school – biology, chemistry, physics. on Earth, an ecology documentary series narrated by David Attenborough, encouraged me to become a scientist, and trips to the planetarium inspired my love for the stars and motivated me to study astronomy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding excavation sites or stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses astronomical observations of the Andromeda galaxy and other unrelated personal anecdotes about art and science interests. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: DOI: regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat)-Cas9 (-associated nuclease 9) method has been dramatically changing the field of genome engineering. It is a rapid, highly efficient and versatile tool for precise modification of genome that uses a guide RNA (gRNA) to target Cas9 to a specific sequence. This novel RNA-guided genome-editing technique has become a revolutionary tool in biomedical science and has many innovative applications in different fields. In this review, we briefly introduce the Cas9-mediated genome-editing tool, summarize the recent advances inCas9 technology to engineer the genomes of a wide variety of organisms, and discuss their applications to treatment of fungal and viral disease. We also discuss advantageous ofCas9 technology to drug design, creation of animal model, and to food, agricultural and energy sciences. Adoption of theCas9 technology in biomedical and biotechnological researches would create innovative applications of it not only for breeding of strains exhibiting desired traits for specific industrial and medical applications, but also for investigation of genome function. 8. Applications ofCas9 in and ShuJun ZhangPages: 93-102. DOI: editing is unraveling its benefits in wide areas of scientific development and understanding. The advances of genome editing from ZFNs and to defines it wide applicability. Reproduction is the fundamental process by which all organisms maintain their generations. /Cas9, a new versatile genome editing tool is recently tamed to correct several disease causing genetic mutations spreading its arms to improve reproductive health. It not only edit harmful genetic mutations but is also applied to control the spread of parasitic diseases like malaria by introducing selfish genetic elements, propagated through generations and population via reproduction. These applications made us to review the recent developments of use in reproductive biology. 9. and KhalilPages: 103-110. DOI: has emerged as a simple, precise and most rapid genome editing technology. With a number of promising applications ranging from agriculture and environment to clinical therapeutics, it is greatly transforming the field of molecular biology. However, there are certain ethical, moral and safety concerns related to the attractive applications of this technique. The most contentious issues concerning human germline modifications are the challenges to human safety and morality such as risk of unforeseen, undesirable effects in clinical applications particularly to correct or prevent genetic diseases, matter of informed consent and the risk of exploitation for eugenics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functionalities of CRISPR technology, specifically the Cas9 method, which is described as a "rapid, highly efficient and versatile tool for precise modification of genome." It further discusses how the technology targets specific genomic sequences using guide RNA (gRNA), which aligns directly with the claim of precise editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Explore the : Spring 2018 on View of Duluth on the shores of Lake Superior, showing the Bridge and the Aquarium. and “A lake is a landscape’s most beautiful and expressive feature. It is Earth’s eye; looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. ” So said H. D. Thoreau in Walden, conjuring an image of human eyes peering intently into Earth’s eyes, and learning something profound in the process. Indeed, who among us hasn’t gazed into one of these watery eyes of Earth, into a lake’s mysterious depths, and had their souls stirred, their curiosity piqued? How deep is it? How long has it been here? Where did the water come from and where does it go? What creatures live here? Is it safe to drink? On the western shore of Earth’s largest lake, there is a century-old brick building, a former elementary school, where you can find a team of investigators whose job it is to be curious beholders of the largest of these “eyes” of Earth. Their studies of large lakes look into the past and help us project into the future. This story is about them and what they’ve done. (LLO) is a research unit at the University of Minnesota Duluth. It has a unique mission: to perform scientific study of the largest lakes of Earth. It is one of the largest water-centered research units at the university and its impact has been felt all over the world. The faculty, staff, and students of course use their human eyes to observe, but their senses also are extended in fascinating ways by the use of specialized observational platforms and techniques, some of which we will encounter here. Indeed, unusual skills and uncommon equipment often are needed to explore these large, sometimes remote, lake environments. Coordinated teams of investigators may take advantage of remote or autonomous sensors that extend their vision beyond what a single human alone can take in at a given moment. They use specialized equipment to make measurements of the chemistry, biology, and physics of large lakes. Such tools of the trade are not available everywhere, but they are central to the scientists of LLO. Figure 1. The bottom of is below sea level! To measure certain parameters and to collect water from hundreds of meters below the surface, scientists can deploy this “CTD rosette. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the scientific investigations related to large lakes, indicating that they use specialized equipment and techniques to study the water chemistry, biology, and physics. This implies that there are studies that observe the dynamics of water layers, suggesting that mixing can occur and is a subject of scientific inquiry, directly rebutting the idea that lakes and rivers are stagnant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: After completing my bachelor’s degree in India, I came to the US for my PhD. Switching between two very different educational systems was a huge challenge as I was ill-prepared for the style of learning in graduate school. I was used to solving maths, physics, and chemistry problems, but they were invariably problems that someone had set and, therefore, knew the answer to. The open-ended nature of problem-solving for a PhD was completely new to me, and this is one of the things that inspired me to establish the Program. The highlight of my career actually has nothing to do with astronomy! Recently, I was offered my first solo art show. Nothing has made me prouder and happier than this opportunity to display my artwork for the public to see. I think there are parallels between art and astronomy. Both involve observing fine details (I paint and draw portraits of people and animals), creativity, and problem-solving. As an astronomer, I envisage how I want to conduct an experiment, but commonly run into issues that must be overcome. As an artist, I envisage how I want to draw a portrait, but sometimes the shading won’t work, or the piece won’t look as I imagined. I love the fact that astronomy allows us to look back in time. I think it is fascinating that the light we see in our telescopes on Earth left Andromeda millions of years ago. RAJA’patient with yourself. You never know when you will find your passion, but that time will come. Follow things you are interested in, and don’t do things just because other people are doing them. If you work hard at something and you really believe in it, good things will happen. ? I painted a lot as a kid and I swam whenever I could. I had a lot of chronic pain growing up, and swimming was one of the biggest reliefs I had. I was always trying to escape Earth’s gravity because it caused my joints to hurt. These days, I like to go to the beach and draw, and I love snorkelling, though the ocean around is too cold for me! I think seeing Saturn in a telescope for the first time was what got me hooked on astronomy. I was at a science centre and my first thought was “How can this be real? ” It looked too much like the images I had seen in my textbooks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the author's personal experiences and reflections on their education, art, and astronomy, without any mention of excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy access Published: 30 May 2024 -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy Mingming Qin1,2 na1, Chunhao Deng3 na1, Liewei Wen4, Guoqun Luo1 & …Ya Meng4 Show authors Journal of 1. Fig. 1Schematic representative ofCas loci in Class 1 and Class 2 system. Class 1 system show multi-component effectors, while the Class 2 system have one effector. Three subgroups of Class 2 systems are presented. II-protein contains: Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) and Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9 (StrCas9), all of which have the tracrRNA sequences. which comprises Cas12a, Cas12b and Cas12c, exhibits distinct genome structures. Cas12b has the tracrRNA structure, while Cas12c only has one assistant protein cas1 for genome editing. Cas14 subgroup is not depicted in this figure. systems show few assistant proteins to identify RNA virus, however, type VI-B has csx27 and csx28 proteins to regulate nuclease activity. Illustrated according to Ref [14, 16, 20, 21]. Full size image/Cas system has been utilized for cellular genetic modification [22, 23] and the generation of animal models for cancer research [24, 25]. Furthermore, theCas-based genetic screening system was developed for cellular investigation [26,27,28], as well as in tumor studies [25, 29]. In addition, high throughput gRNA libraries have been established to enable efficient genetic screening, specially facilitating personalized treatment strategies for cancer patients individually [30]. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of theCas system and essential elements for successful screening system, including gRNA libraries, gRNA validation, and clinical application for cancer research. Furthermore, we explored the application of the screening system in cancer therapy from both ex vivo and in vivo investigation, aiming to elucidate the inherent advantages and potential obstacles for clinical precision medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Cas-based screening system, which is a component of CRISPR technology, for precise gene editing and its application in cancer therapy. The mention of utilizing the Cas system for cellular genetic modification and high throughput gRNA libraries further supports the notion that CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: ” The gray vertical tubes are water sampling bottles that can be closed at chosen depths so that water from that location is brought back on board. Below the gray tubes is a package of instruments that measures such things as temperature, salinity, oxygen, and other parameters, giving LLO scientists a “vertical profile” of lake conditions. Photo credit: crew. Advancing human knowledge about large lakes isn’t just fascinating for researchers; it has real value to society. Human welfare depends uniquely on these large lakes. It is sometimes said that clean freshwater is society’s most valuable resource, something we can’t live without. If you total it up, there is about 125,000 km3 of liquid, surface freshwater on Earth, covering about 9 million km2, roughly the area of Europe. Perhaps that seems like a lot of water. However, if all this freshwater was brought into a single spherical drop of liquid freshwater, its diameter would be only 62 km. This is really tiny on a global scale. One could barely see such a drop on an image of Earth from space, hardly what the iconic “blue marble” image of Earth or the nickname “the water planet” suggest. The lesson of this thought exercise is this: Only a small fraction of all the water on Earth is liquid and fresh, and it is spread thinly, with much greater breadth than depth, so the total volume is not impressive on a global scale. Just as remarkable and meaningful is where exactly this water is actually found on the planet. Just a handful of Earth’s largest lakes hold a disproportionate amount of global freshwater. Lake Baikal, in Siberia, has 20 percent of the total, as do the five Lakes (HOMES, or Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior) together. These two lake systems thus hold four of every ten drops of liquid surface freshwater on Earth. Further, just five lakes (Baikal, Tanganyika, Superior, Malawi, and Vostok, in that order) hold more than half of this resource. Large lakes are significant reservoirs of freshwater. To sum up, we can’t live without freshwater, there is a very limited supply, and it is very unevenly distributed on the planet. How valuable these reservoirs of freshwater, these large lakes of Earth, are! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the active role of large lakes in the Earth's freshwater systems. It discusses the importance of measuring various water parameters and suggests that scientists study vertical profiles, which implies that there are dynamics and mixing within these water bodies. This contradicts the notion of stagnation presented in the claim, highlighting instead that movement and interactions within the water layers exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: It was a really inspiring moment for me. Growing up, I couldn’t name a disabled scientist, even though there are many. That always made me feel isolated, so I want to lessen that isolation for others. I created the at UCSC, where disabled graduate students can come together. This was a community I had really been missing; now, it’s great to feel fully understood by peers. I have also been advocating for STEM programmes to develop more flexibility and to be more accessible. I want STEM to be a truly inclusive space – anyone who wants to pursue STEM should be able to. Disabled people often have to come up with creative solutions in their lives, and this creativity is really valuable in science. If more disabled scientists are supported in the field, it will lead to more fascinating discoveries. I work with the Project for programme at UCSC, where I teach algebra and astronomy in jail facilities. I have developed valuable teaching skills through this opportunity as I have to be a dynamic teacher to ensure I keep everyone engaged while providing enough background information for students with less familiarity with the concepts. The students enjoy the classes because they allow them to exercise part of their critical thinking that otherwise isn’t used in their day-to-day routines. ’a solid support network. In every field, there are kind people who will help you be yourself and succeed. Keep hobbies outside of work. It’s important to remember that you are worth more than the work you do and to take meaningful breaks. The journey through high school and college is the hardest part, in my opinion. Give yourself credit for the work you’re doing at all stages! is the founder of the Program (SIP), which gives high school students the chance to work on authentic cutting-edge research at the University of Cruz. While receiving training from academics to develop their research skills, students complete a project over the summer, allowing them to contribute to scientific discoveries. ? In 2009, Raja was asked by a local teacher if he would host a few students in his lab, so they could do some astronomy research. He saw that this could benefit everyone – the students would learn what it is like to conduct research, while he would get help analysing his data. That year, three students analysed spectra of stars in Andromeda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the experiences of a disabled scientist advocating for inclusivity in STEM and does not mention excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The application of Class 2 -Cas effectors and genome modification in cancer therapyType II effector Cas9 in cancer researchpyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9), classified as the type II-A effectors, showed comparable genome editing efficiency for in vitro and in vivo study [21, 31,32,33]. These effectors enable rapid modification of cellular or animal models for transcriptional modulation via knockout/knockin or high throughput genomic screening [23, 34]. The compact size of SaCas9 renders it an optimal enzyme for in vivo AAV application. However, SpCas9, one of the pioneering Cas9 proteins, has been extensively investigated and utilized in gene editing. Three variants of SpCas9 have been developed, the wild-type Cas9, nickase Cas9 (nCas9), and dead Cas9 (dCas9). Cas9 mediated DNA cleavage with the two distinct active sites RuvC and HNH, under the assistance of (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) ribonucleoprotein complex [8]. The dual-tracrRNA: crRNA chimera single guide RNA (sgRNA) was created and directed Cas9 nuclease to the potential target loci for site-specific DNA cleavage, initiating the genome editing system in vitro [35]. The binding of Cas9 to the adjacent sequence of three nucleotides, known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), triggers DNA cleavage by inducing double-strand breaks with its scissor-like activity [36]. The recently used Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes remarkably increase fidelity and efficacy for double-strand DNA breaks with minimized cell mortality [37]. It also combined with repair donor to achieve site-specific correction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in epithelial organoids [38]. Cre-dependent Cas9 knockin mouse was generated, and KRAS, p53, and LKB1 depletion resulted in carcinoma formation in these transgenic mice, providing a robust cancer model for research [24]. One mutation in D10A of Cas9 protein makes a nCas9, which improves genome editing specificity [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed explanations of how Class 2 Cas effectors, specifically Cas9 variants, are utilized for genome editing. It mentions the mechanism of Cas9 targeting DNA sequences for site-specific cleavage, which is a fundamental aspect of CRISPR technology. The description of how the binding of Cas9 to target sequences initiates genome editing and results in precise modifications supports the claim that CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: We clearly need to care for places that hold such huge percentages of one of society’s most valuable resources. We care for them because future generations need us to. To do this, we need to understand how these lakes function, how they are changing, and how we can make use of them without jeopardizing them for future generations. And for that, we need a solid scientific foundation. That’s where LLO comes in. What is it like to work on large lakes? Some of the work at LLO takes place on the largest university-owned research vessel (R/V) in the Great Lakes, the R/V Blue Heron. Heron, owned by the university, is managed as part of the System (UNOLS), and it is chartered by research scientists near and far to explore any of the Great Lakes. Built in 1985 for fishing on the Grand Banks, and closely resembling the from the movie Storm, the was purchased by the University of Minnesota in 1997, and converted into a limnological research vessel during the winter of 1997–98. Heron is outfitted with state-of-the-art instrumentation and is capable of up to three-week long expeditions to any of the when up to 11 scientists and crew eat, sleep, and work on board. She has supported work that has looked in detail at Lake Superior’s bottom for clues about its past, work that has helped scientists better understand the cycling of carbon and nutrients in the Great Lakes, and helped government scientists keep an eye on the status of the fisheries. Figure 2. The university’s 86’ R/V is a critical piece of infrastructure, a floating field station, that provides scientific access to even the most remote parts of the Great Lakes. Heron is a knife of boats: it can be configured to perform a wide variety of scientific investigations. Image courtesy of the LLO. LLO prides itself on its rich interdisciplinary atmosphere. Hardly any environmental investigation relies on a single academic subject. A physicist is needed to explain the currents and waves; understanding the water quality requires a chemist; and a biologist would find a lifetime of work studying the creatures big and small, from microscopic algae to fish. And understanding how the lakes evolve and respond to climate change is impossible without geologists and climate scientists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the scientific investigation of the Great Lakes, which involves understanding the cycling of carbon and nutrients, indicating that there is dynamic activity in these bodies of water. The mention of scientists studying currents and waves implies that water does mix to some extent, contradicting the notion that lakes and rivers are stagnant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: One studied the chemical elements in the stars, another calculated how fast the stars were moving, and the third determined which stars were part of the Andromeda galaxy and which were in the Milky Way. ? Unlike in school, where you will be asked to answer questions that have been set by your teacher or textbook, scientists are trying to solve puzzles that nobody has solved before. This means that no one knows the answer, and scientists often get stuck or make mistakes as they search for a solution. At school, you might feel like you have failed if you do not find the answer, but this is a crucial part of research. “It is important for students to learn that failing is part of the journey to discovery,” explains Raja. Behind every big discovery are a thousand ‘failed’ experiments, so the essential thing is to keep on experimenting. Students participating in SIP learn the importance of this process of trial and error. “Students are tasked with solving problems that no one has done before, so they need to use their critical thinking skills to find solutions,” says Raja. “These solutions may or may not work, but both outcomes are equally useful. ” invited three students into his lab, SIP has grown every year. By 2022, there were 95 academics hosting 326 students, covering 20 different subjects. The programme has worked hard to become more inclusive by reaching out to students of colour, those from low-income families, and first-generation college aspirants, all of whom face additional barriers to going to university. When the COVID-19 pandemic forced SIP to move online, this opened the programme to students around the world, and Raja hopes that in the future SIP will consist of a mix of online and in-person research projects. PART 2: have been looking up at the stars long before the Telescope began taking high-resolution images of Andromeda. For tens of thousands of years, communities and civilisations have observed the night sky and tried to understand what is up there. This means the scientific method is only one way of describing the Universe – many cultures have traditional knowledge and beliefs that often hold a deep connection between humans and the stars. While much of this ancient understanding has been lost due to colonisation and as city lights pollute the night skies, S. Lee, director of Native Skywatchers, is working hard to ensure we do not forget this knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific research in astronomy, the importance of critical thinking in experimentation, and cultural observations of the night sky, rather than addressing anything related to excavation sites or stratigraphy that reflects historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The combination of sgRNA pairs with nCas9 significantly enhances cutting specificity by 50-1000 folds in cell lines and mouse zygotes [40]. -Cas base editing using nCas9 enables precise incorporation of point mutations in genomic DNA without inducing double-strand breaks, demonstrating its potential in treating genetic diseases caused by base-pair alterations through adenine base editors (ABEs) or cytosine base editors (CBEs) [41]. In addition, DNA base editors combining with the leading platform adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for viral delivery expanded the -base-edit toolkit for Prime-editing (PE) [42]. Meanwhile, the recently developed genome editing technique known as NICER utilizes Cas9D10A nickase to correct heterozygous mutations. It generates multiple DNA nicks and triggers gene correction via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR) which rarely induces genomic alterations, making it a precise strategy to restore genetic diseases or single nucleotide mutations [43]. Except the precise single nucleotide restoration, cancer translocations were generated by double strand breaks and paired nicks with either Cas9 or nCas9, creating endogenous chromosomal translocations cell model for investigating tumor driving genes [44]. Catalytically inactive Cas9, a ‘dead’ protein (dCas9) with both mutations in D10A and H840A of RuvC and HNH domains, showed its popularity in gene regulation with inhibition, activation, and cell imaging and labeling [45]. Genome-scale screenings utilizing inhibition () and activation () have been employed to identify both known and novel genes involved in controlling cell growth and sensitivity to toxins [46]. Precise inducible gene knockdown or overexpression can be supported using dCas9-KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) or Cas9 combined with Expression promoter (TetO) [47]. Firstly, the fusion of dCas9 with transcriptional repressor produces the genetic tool [48]. The dCas9-BFP-KRAB repressor domain enables the suppression of gene expression [49]. Second, fusing dCas9 with RNA polymerase (RNAP) omega subunit upregulates gene expression [50], and dCas9-VP64 was used for transcriptional activation [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how CRISPR technology, particularly through methods using nCas9 and various base editors, enables precise editing of genomic sequences. It highlights that nCas9 enhances cutting specificity and facilitates precise incorporation of point mutations without inducing double-strand breaks, which is essential for precise genetic editing, thus supporting the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise genomic alterations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: LLO researchers study sediments that have accumulated year after year on lake floors, faithfully recording chemical and biological signals of changing climate and environmental conditions. Unravelling the stories preserved in these archives provides knowledge of past climate change that forms a basis for evaluating impacts of ongoing and future climate change. LLO research on paleoclimate archives has extended across the planet, with field programs on six continents. These range from coring operations using small inflatable rafts to major drilling operations taking advantage of technologies developed for the petroleum industry; from studies focused on sediments deposited over the past few thousand years to million-year long records; from drilling ancient lake beds now on land to recovering sediments from hundreds of meters of water depth. We highlight here two international collaborative projects where LLO scientists had leading roles, Project and MexiDrill: of Program. 1 km below lake surface) and a dynamic positioning system to maintain the position of the drilling barge in waters too deep for anchoring. ” width=”1024″ height=”757″> Figure 4. Aerial view of the 160′ drilling barge Viphya on Lake Malawi, where 26 members of the drill team, science team, and ship’s crew lived for six weeks. This fuel barge was converted to accommodate a 100 ton geotechnical drilling rig (capable of recovering sediment from >1 km below lake surface) and a dynamic positioning system to maintain the position of the drilling barge in waters too deep for anchoring. Photo credit: Isla Casteneda. Project collected sediments at 600m water depth to recover a continuous record of past climate in the continental tropics over the past ~1. 3 million years. This region over this time tells us about the conditions where and when humans evolved. Major findings include evidence that over the past million years, climate in this part of eastern Africa, in contrast to northern Africa, shifted from arid conditions with high-frequency variability to generally wetter conditions with more prolonged wet and dry intervals. This finding has significant implication for understanding the evolution and migration of early hominids in east Africa that we are beginning sort out as we obtain records from other areas on the continent. (then called Tenochtitlán) was established by the Aztecs in the 1300s on an island in the center of a closed-basin lake system, which at that time was shallow, marshy, and relatively saline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that significant research has been conducted on sediments from various lakes, indicating that these systems are dynamic rather than stagnant. Specifically, the mention of drilling and coring operations at depths of 1 km and 600 m suggests that there is vertical mixing and movement of water in lakes, which contradicts the idea of stagnation. The research focuses on chemical and biological signals of changing climate conditions, implying that these layers are not isolated and may interact, countering the claim of no mixing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: The aim of is to revitalise Indigenous star and Earth knowledge with community-based leadership and from the narrative of the Indigenous voice. In addition, encourages people to appreciate both Indigenous knowledge systems of the stars and astronomy, and to forge connections between Indigenous groups and scientists. -? The idea that these two ways of looking at the world, from an Indigenous viewpoint and from a ‘scientific’ viewpoint, are equally important is known as ‘Two-Eyed Seeing’, or Etuaptmumk in the language of the Mi’kmaq Indigenous peoples. According to Mi’kmaq elder, Albert Marshall, “Two-is learning to see from one eye with the strengths of Indigenous knowledges and ways of knowing, and from the other eye with the strengths of Western knowledges and ways of knowing… but most importantly, learning to use both these eyes together, for the benefit of all. ” As the US becomes more diverse, Annette feels Two-is more important than ever. “Only when we equally value all the voices of people from diverse perspectives can we begin to tackle some of the crises we are facing today,” she says. ? Building on insider relationships, records and shares Indigenous knowledge of the stars through a multidisciplinary approach at the intersection of science, art and culture, based on the frameworks of experiential learning, digital storytelling and culturally responsive pedagogy. “By leveraging both the power of science and the power of digital media, enormous change is possible,” says Annette. In its workshops, has brought together young and old Indigenous knowledge keepers, language and cultural experts, scientists, artists, teachers and communities to share their understandings of astronomy and Indigenous science, and, more importantly, to build community. ? Annette and the team have researched and designed star maps, to provide a first-glance introduction to Two-Eyed Seeing. The maps themselves are from the Western science system and are only the beginning ‘baby steps’ to understanding the larger and deeper philosophical cosmology and practice that is deeply rooted in Indigenous knowledge systems. “For example, there are many important D(L)akota teachings that relate to To/Tuŋ Wiŋ (Blue/Birth Woman),” explains Annette. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the integration of Indigenous knowledge with Western scientific perspectives, specifically in relation to astronomy and cultural practices, but does not address excavation sites or stratigraphy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In addition, dCas9 protein serves as a valuable tool for labeling of endogenous genomic loci in living cells. By employing an optimized sgRNA fused with EGFP-tagged dCas9, repetitive elements in telomeres and various other regions can be robustly labeled [52]. A double-color labeling method was established by incorporating MS2 or PP7 RNA aptamers into the sgRNA, fused with the catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) for direct visualization [53]. Finally, dCas9 can be employed for in vivo imaging of chromosomal dynamics and genome organization dimensions [47], allowing systematic fluorescent labeling of up to 10 proteins [48]. Summary of the type II Cas9 enzymes was depicted in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Summary of Cas9 proteins and modified nCas9 and dCas9 genome editing tools. (A) PAM for SpCas9 is NGG, while PAM for SaCas9 is with the ability to cut DNA double helix. (B) Mutation of D10A leads to the formation of nCas9 while both mutations generate dCas9 protein. (C) nCas9 can be applied for base editing such as CBE and ABE, also for Base editor and developed as NICER to repair heterogenous mutation. (D) dCas9 was modified to generate and labeling tools. dCas9: dead Cas9. nCas9: nickase Cas9. CBE: : Editor. RT: reverse transcriptase. pegRNA: prime editing guide RNA. Full size imageand type VI effectors in cancer researchMainly three subtypes of type V effectors were investigated for gene editing, named as type V-A, V-B and V-C. The type V-A effector Cpf1 (from Prevotella and Francisella 1), exhibits enhanced genome editing specificity attributed to a T-rich PAM (-5′TTTV) [54], resulting in a staggered DNA double stranded break [55]. Two candidate Cpf1 (Cas12a) enzymes, AsCpf1 from Acidominococcus sp. BV3L6 and LbCpf1 from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006, show a robust genome editing ability in human cells compared to that of Cas9 [56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of various CRISPR-related proteins such as dCas9 and nCas9, highlighting their roles in precise genome editing and labeling of genomic sequences. The mention of 'dCas9 can be employed for in vivo imaging of chromosomal dynamics and genome organization dimensions' indicates the versatility of CRISPR technology and its precise application in genomic editing, supporting the claim of CRISPR's ability for precise genomic manipulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: These lakes, which had existed for some 350,000 years, have been heavily modified through lowering of the water table to improve flood control, accommodate agricultural expansion, and provide water for urban development, and only a small remnant remains in the agricultural lands at the southern outskirts of Mexico City. However, the underlying sediments contain a rich record of past climate conditions. In 2016, LLO scientists were part of an international team (Mexico, Spain, Germany, UK) that drilled and recovered a sedimentary record, which we are now analyzing with the goal of recovering a 350,000 year record of environmental change directly relevant to the 25 million inhabitants of Mexico City. Witnessing the lakes sometimes change fast. As an example, consider how the introduction of new species may change the whole character of a lake ecosystem. Over the past two centuries, more than 180 invasive species have become established in the Lakes and their watershed. Of those, among the most recognizable and damaging are two species of closely related bivalved mollusks (relatives of clams): the zebra and quagga mussels, together known as dreissenid mussels. After being accidentally introduced into and St. Clair in the 1980s, dreissenids spread throughout all five of the and to numerous other water bodies in the U. S. and Canada, including many dozens of lakes and rivers in Minnesota. The establishment of zebra and quagga mussels led to many changes in the functioning of aquatic systems and their ability to provide essential ecosystem services. As filter feeders, dreissenids can increase water clarity, stimulating growth of benthic (bottom-dwelling) plants and competing with zooplankton and the fish that rely on the zooplankton for food. These changes can result in modification of the food webs and fish communities of invaded systems. Dreissenids can also overgrow native mussels, leading to their localized extinction and to other changes in the diversity and abundance of benthic animals. Dreissenids attach not only to other mussels, but to artificial structures as well, including water intake pipes, boats, and buoys, leading to clean-up costs in the millions of dollars annually. Figure 5. Explosively growing dreissenid mussels have greatly altered lake environments. Here, a cluster of zebra mussels has encrusted a native, larger clam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that lakes and rivers can experience significant ecological changes, particularly due to the introduction of invasive species like dreissenid mussels. These species alter the functioning of aquatic systems, increase water clarity, and stimulate growth of bottom-dwelling plants. This indicates that there is active mixing and changes occurring within these water bodies, undermining the idea of stagnation and lack of water mixing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: “She resides at an important doorway in the stars, right at the centre of the scoop of what non-Indigenous US folks call the Big Dipper. This constellation is part of important D(L)akota teachings of origin, of how we come from the stars. To/Tuŋ Wiŋ is a doorway between the spirit world and the material world, helping those who are coming into (being born) or leaving (dying) this human journey. ” This same group of seven bright stars is also known as the Wičakiyuhapi Wašihdapi or ‘Stretchers and the Mourners’. Indigenous constellations are brightly coloured on the star maps and the Greek constellations are indicated more subtly, located in the background for reference. These maps begin to show a deeply different and layered Indigenous way of looking at the sky through an Ojibwe, D(L)akota, and Ininew-Cree cosmology. ? . LEEDirector of of Southern Queensland, AustraliaUniversity of has always felt a strong connection to the stars. As a member of the Lakota and Ojibwe communities, she believes that humans are made up of four things: body, mind, heart and spirit, and that the spirit is pure star energy. For as long as she can remember she has dreamt about the stars, and those dreams have led her to become both an artist and an astronomer. Being a scientist and an artist can be difficult at university, where the two disciplines are seen as separate. Her culture, however, told her that science is rooted in the mind and body, while art is rooted in the heart and spirit. Choosing one or the other would be to neglect half of her full self. To pursue both passions, Annette did two undergraduate degrees (in mathematics and art), two master’s degrees (in fine arts and astrophysics) and a PhD in astrophysics. Annette’s connection to Indigenous culture has given her a broader perspective than many astronomers, who only learn about the scientific approach. “Indigenous peoples have nurtured relationships with the stars through keen observations, place-based ceremony, navigation and celestial architecture for tens of thousands of years,” she says. “relationship with, and knowledge of, the sky is exceptional in that it encompasses mind, body, heart and spirit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. It focuses on the importance of Indigenous cosmology and the relation of culture to astronomy rather than discussing archaeological methods or stratigraphic evidence from excavation sites.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, successful generation of gene knockout transgenic mice was achieved using both AsCpf1 (40. 7%) and LbCpf1 (28. 6%), providing a wonderful animal model for research [57, 58]. Multiplex genome editing was conducted using Cpf1 from Aspergillus aculeatus strain TBRC277 [59] and AsCpf1 was engineered with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) for multiplex genome editing of mouse brain in vivo [60]. One-step generation of homology-directed repair (HDR) and checkpoint knockout CAR-T (-T) was achieved with the adeno-associated virus andCpf1 system, establishing an efficient AAV-Cpf1 double knockin system and opening new possibilities for cancer research [61]. The type V-effector Cas12b (C2c1) discovered in Bacillus hisashii (BhCas12b) showed a nickase effect at 37 °C for human gene editing, while BhCas12b v4, containing K846R/S893R/E837G mutants, demonstrated strong genome editing ability in human cells comparable to SpCas9 [62]. While the type V-effector Cas12c (C2c3) is a site-specific ribonuclease generating mature crRNAs for DNA targeting, crRNAs direct DNA binding by Cas12c without DNA cutting, providing a DNase-free pathway for transient antiviral immunity [63]. While both type II and type V are effective for DNA targeting in the genome level, the type VI effector Cas13 exhibits efficacy in treating genetic diseases and rescuing diseased sequences at the RNA level. They provide valuable genetic tools for diagnosis and degradation of viruses such as HIV and HPV [64, 65]. Several Cas13 proteins were characterized, such as Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13bt and Cas13d, showed the efficiency to cleave single stranded RNAs [66,67,68]. Of which Cas13a based (Specific High-) system can detect Zika or as well as somatic mutations in cell free DNA (cfDNA) samples such as serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E cancer mutation [69]. Shortened detection time and high sensitivity were applied for virus detection via 2 system [70, 71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various CRISPR-associated systems, like Cas12 and Cas13, that exhibit effective genome editing capabilities in both RNA and DNA contexts. It highlights successful gene editing techniques such as multiplex genome editing and homology-directed repair (HDR), demonstrating the precise nature of CRISPR technology in manipulating genomic sequences for research and therapeutic purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Dreissenids affect lake environments in a variety of ways but those pathways are still being actively investigated. Photo credit: Ted Ozersky. We know these invasive mussels have dramatically changed some large lakes, but we still don’t understand well how they have done this. One aspect of zebra and quagga mussel impacts that is not well understood is the effect their establishment has on nutrient dynamics in invaded systems—that is, the cycling and distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen, elements that control the biological productivity of lakes and rivers. Changes to nutrient dynamics can lead to undesirable consequences such as excessive algal blooms, proliferation of toxin-producing cyanobacteria, or changes to the productivity of food webs, including abundances of commercially and recreationally important fish species. Researchers at LLO are conducting studies to better understand and predict the effects of invasive mussels on nutrient dynamics in both inland Minnesota lakes and in the Lakes. In the summers of 2014 and 2015, scientists from LLO sampled 10 dreissenid-invaded lakes throughout Minnesota, characterizing the distribution and biomass of mussels and making measurements on the turnover and storage of nutrients by the mussels. This was the most comprehensive study of the impacts of dreissenids on nutrient dynamics in lakes to date, and showed that invasive mussels can redirect large amounts of nutrients from the water to the bottom of lakes. Some of these nutrients become locked up in the soft tissues and shells of mussels, while another portion is returned to the water in dissolved form through metabolic excretion activity of the mussels. It appears that although dreissenids may be able to slightly alleviate the effects of excessive nutrient loading in some lakes by storing nutrients in their tissues, in unproductive lakes they may further reduce productivity and starve other organisms. This work lies at the interface of biology and chemistry, or “biogeochemistry. ” LLO researchers are scaling up what they learned from work on small Minnesota lakes and are starting a research project to characterize the effects of dreissenids on nutrients in the entire ecosystem. Over the next three years, LLO researchers and students will sail aboard the and other research vessels to Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie; they will use a combination of field sampling, lab experiments, and mathematical models to study the effects of invasive mussels on the Great Lakes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of invasive mussels, specifically Dreissenids, on lakes, which indicates that there are indeed changes occurring in the water dynamics. The mention of nutrient dynamics and the effects on biological productivity suggests that mixing and interactions between layers in lakes do occur, opposing the idea of stagnation. Additionally, the research notes changes to nutrient cycling, implying active processes in the water column rather than a static state.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: ” As an astronomy professor and professional artist, Annette is committed to making astronomy more culturally diverse. In 2007, she launched as a small initiative to collect traditional knowledge in the Lakota and Ojibwe communities. Since then, it has grown into a wider effort to revitalise Indigenous star knowledge and Annette has worked with communities around the world, including in Hawai’i, Alaska, and Māori New Zealand. Annette’s work has been an inspiration to many. For example, the national parks in the US attract visitors looking for dark, starry skies, making them an ideal location to share traditional astronomy. has therefore begun working with Indigenous communities to provide cultural stargazing experiences. – and Annette have teamed up in a collaboration called ‘– Stardust’, to give students the opportunity to explore the scientific and cultural significance of stars. Students video-call astronomers as they make telescope observations, effectively ‘eavesdropping’ on a night of research at the observatory, and interview cultural experts in their own communities to learn traditional knowledge of the stars. In 2021, Ruvarashe (Rue) Moyo and Nokutenda (Noku) Saurombe, students at in Zimbabwe, took part in Stardust. “I learnt that Two-is better than one,” says Rue. “Stardust brought together western science and Indigenous knowledge in a beautiful way,” adds Noku. “I learnt that stars are the raw materials of life,” says Rue. “Everything on Earth is made of elements that were produced when stars died billions of years ago. ” Noku describes how “every ingredient in the human body came from elements forged by stars. The oxygen in our lungs, the carbon in our muscles, the calcium in our teeth and the iron in our blood were all created in the interiors of exploded stars. ” Rue and Noku also had the opportunity to discover the significance of stars in Zimbabwean culture. “Stars are described as hope, destiny, and freedom,” explains Noku, who learnt how different stars symbolise good luck, ambitions, new beginnings, and advancements in life. Rue learnt that most Zimbabwean dances and designs are inspired by the stars and their movement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Annette's work on cultural astronomy and the significance of stars in different cultures, without mentioning excavation sites or stratigraphy related to historical events.