Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1091 Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease in C57BL/6N mice through the AMPK and MAPK pathways vol. 11, 10. 1039/d0fo02396e A Proliferation-Regulation in by Panax ginseng vol. 68, 10. 1007/s00005-020-00597-z alleviates immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15 vol. 10, 10. 1038/s41598-020-76285-x A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics vol. 22, 10. 1186/s12575-020-00128-2 Comparative assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity between whole plant and parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, Effect of Oil on after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide vol. 33, 10. 5021/ad. 2021. 33. 3. 245 Heracleum moellendorffii root extracts exert immunostimulatory activity through TLR2/4‐dependent MAPK activation in mouse macrophages, RAW264. 7 cells vol. 9, 10. 1002/fsn3. 2020 Composition, Antioxidant and in of Panax ginseng Extracted in vol. 11, 10. 3390/app11010093 of Ginsenosides, the Components of Ginseng vol. 2021, pp. None, 2021, Immuno-enhancement effects of Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 08. 003 of from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Ostrea gigas Thunberg on in vol. 18, 10. 3390/ijerph18052349 Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Products in In-Vitro and In-Models vol. 26, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies involving ginseng and its components, but it does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: projects subject to EIA must offset their impacts on terrestrial ecosystems (as regulated by Resolution 1517 of 2012) and freshwater (Law 99 of 1993, Decree 1900 of 2006 and Decree 1933 of 1994). In addition there are some offset requirements for impacts to forests (Decree 1791 of 1996) as well as several specific activities (Resolutions that implement TORs for elaborating EISs, see Table S1). However, these latter policies only address a few aspects related to offset implementation, so they cannot be considered equal to the 2012 law focused on terrestrial ecosystems. For this country we will focus the review on this 2012 framework (see Table 1). the of 2003 requires offsets for impacts that result in land-use change to forested areas. The recently enacted Act (2013) also requires offsets, but only when impacts are not predicted or approved in the EIA and are deemed an environmental offence. Since this is not a part of the environmental licensing process we have not included it in our assessment. The general law on ecological balance and environmental protection of 1988 (most commonly known as the ) also enables the use of offsets as does the -120--2011 which makes some provisions for offsets related to mining projects. Neither of these two laws can be considered a specific offset framework since they only enable the use of offsets but do not make any specific requirements or guidance for when or how they should be used. a new law about to be passed requires offsets for certain projects subject to EIA, and provides details on how such measures shall be implemented. Although the law is not currently enacted, we have included it in this study since it establishes a new offset framework that is different from the other country level programs. Offset design is a complex process that entails multiple challenges. Several principles have been outlined to guide this process, the most widespread being the ones set by the Business and Programme (BBOP) [32]. However, applying theoretical guidance into practice often proves difficult, as when trying to translate best practice principles into effective policy requirements. Several challenges, which may be especially tricky for policy making, have been identified and discussed in the scientific literature (see [33], [34]). We want to contribute to this discussion by evaluating how the selected policies deal with these challenges, and how the theory we know may help improving legal frameworks. Following the approach outlined in McKenney and Kiesecker 2010 [33] and Bull et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various laws and regulations that mandate biodiversity offsets in relation to environmental impact assessments (EIA). For example, it mentions that the '2012 law focused on terrestrial ecosystems' requires offsets for projects subject to EIA. This indicates that there are indeed regulations in place that mandate such offsets as part of environmental regulation, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: The animal testing should achieve an understanding of the biological plausibility of the therapy with characterisation including morphology, functional and animal behavioural changes. Safety should be assessed by toxicology studies. And if a scaffold is implanted, it should be adequately characterized for composition, degradation profile, biomechanical performance, and biocompatibility. Where appropriate, a preclinical study for stem cell and SCTC therapy should define the cell source, differentiation method, tissue plating, culture timing and media composition; it should demonstrate consistent tissue yield, purity and phenotype. Animal studies should assess the impact of incorrect tissue placement, orientation and composition on tissue and animal survival and function. The effect of necrotic tissue and cysts should be determined and the impact on tissue and animal survival when vasculature fails to grow into the implanted tissue. Changes in tissue maturity, structure, function, survival and integration should be assessed over long-term implantation. Different aged animals may be implanted to determine the impact on tissue development. And biofluid samples may be assessed for changes after implantation. Implanted animals should also be given other disease-specific standard treatments such as immunosuppressants, drugs or electrical stimulation to determine the impact on implanted tissue function and survival, and changes to the other treatments performance. These preclinical studies will provide some guidance on how a stem cell or SCTC will perform in a first-in-human study. However, due to differences in genetics and target tissue, the function may vary in every person. These studies also have limited benefit in understanding how autologous tissue will function. The poor relevance of the animal studies to humans precludes the need to test every autologous tissue before clinical use. Preclinical studies would only be required before a first-in-human clinical trial for a particular tissue protocol. Once a stem cell or SCTC therapy has proceeded to a clinical trial, how should the trial be structured? Trials will likely need to incorporate efficacy as well as safety endpoints in ways that are fair and respectful to research trial participants [67]. The question is how to manage uncertainties related to risk of harm, in particular with custom made tissues. Does a precautionary approach to the risk-benefit ratio work? Autologous SCTCs may be fabricated on a tailor-made ‘per-patient’ basis, and so a precautionary approach might be less relevant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. It highlights the need for preclinical studies to assess safety and efficacy, mentioning that animal studies are conducted to evaluate possible negative outcomes, such as tissue placement issues and the effects of necrotic tissue. Additionally, it raises concerns about how animal study results may not accurately predict outcomes in humans, indicating that there are significant uncertainties and risks involved in these therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars) 2006;66:369-375. . Ginsenosides: are any of them candidates for drugs acting on the central nervous system? CNS 2007;13:381-404. . Ginsenosides and their CNS targets. CNS 2011;17:761-768. . Neuroprotection in progressive brain disorders. 2003;5:576-580. . Strategies for the protection of dopaminergic neurons against neurotoxicity. 2000;2:99-114. de. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson's disease. 2003;24:197-211. Schapira AH. Molecular and clinical pathways to neuroprotection of dopaminergic drugs in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2009;72(7 Suppl):S44-S50. . Mechanisms underlying infl ammation in neurodegeneration. Cell 2010;140:918-934. . Protection against 1-methyl- 4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+)-induced apoptosis by water extract of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) in SH-SY5Y cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2011;135:34-42. . Neuroprotective actions of the ginseng extract G115 in two rodent models of Parkinson's disease. 2003;184:521-529. . Rg1 reduces nigral iron levels of MPTP-treated C57BL6 mice by regulating certain iron transport proteins. 2009;54:43-48. . Rg1 protects the MPP+-treated MES23. 5 cells via attenuating DMT1 up-regulation and cellular iron uptake. Neuropharmacology 2010;58:488-494. . Rg1 protects iron-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidant and iron regulatory proteins in 6-OHDA-treated MES23. 5 cells. J 2010;111:1537-1545. Rouault TA, Cooperman S. Brain iron metabolism. Neurol 2006;13:142-148. . Iron elevations in the aging Parkinsonian brain: a consequence of impaired iron homeostasis? J Neurochem 2010;112:332-339. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the neuroprotective effects and various studies on ginsenosides, without mentioning adaptogenic effects or supporting the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: survival rates for reforestation activities). S4 for details. Offsets: Although most countries enable the use of offsets only Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru explicitly require their implementation for specific impacts. some basic provisions are established in the national EIA regulation (see Decree 40 of 2013), although more specific guidance is being developed by the Ministry of the Environment. Detailed guidance is provided by Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Peru all of which have specific regulations regarding offsets. These countries all include regulations that are already implemented or in the case of Peru are about to be passed into law. None of these regulations is sector-specific. and Mexican policies are aimed at impacts to specific natural assets, Colombia and Peru have a broader scope. For more details see section on offsets below. Monitoring: While all countries require the use of EIA and many have requirements that emphasize the use of offsets few have explicit language requiring monitoring of development impacts and mitigation activities. Some countries add provisions specific to particular sectors explicitly requiring post-project monitoring, but such information is lacking in most general-scoped EIA policies. Several of the documents that make provisions for monitoring require specific activities to be included in the plan (schedule, indicators, human resources, etc. ). Some policies state when the monitoring activities should be performed (e. g. construction and closure phases), but only three documents were found to set the duration of monitoring activities, which ranged from 3 to 10 years after the completion of the project or implementation of the mitigation activities (S5 for details). by country. Brazilian and Mexican schemes are the first for which specific offset policies were enacted and in turn include a relatively high number of policy documents (especially in the Brazilian case). In marked contrast the Colombian and Peruvian frameworks are recent, and have few policy related documents (1 and Figure 4). Here we consider the aspects of country-level offset policies highlighting aspects that promote conservation outcomes. Table 3 summarizes the results that are described below with more detail. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Number of policies related to each country's offset framework issued per year. Includes both current and revoked policies. Countries' names have been abbreviated to the codes set by ISO 3166. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Summary of results of the review of offset frameworks by country. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru explicitly require the implementation of biodiversity offsets for specific impacts as part of their environmental regulations. It mentions that these countries have specific regulations already implemented or pending, which supports the assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: As such, it would be of limited clinical value and unethical to first test safety in a randomised clinical trial on a different population of non-specific subjects. This may entail that fabricating unique personalised SCTC treatments on demand from one’s own stem cells will unlikely require a prior randomized safety and efficacy trial on other patients as the relevance is limited, aside from standardised criteria and protocols for building the tissues. Accordingly, a patient waiting for a SCTC would likely serve as their own test subject or a ‘guinea pig’ for their therapy [67]. Where possible, there should be a standardisation of primary and secondary endpoints for different regenerative medicine targets to enable comparison of safety and efficacy. Patient recruitment should be staggered with an individual patient implanted first, the risks and benefits of the stem cell or SCTC therapy monitored over a sufficiently long time period [68]. If the treatment was successful, a second patient can be enrolled. If the treatment was not successful, then the protocol may be modified to address any known issues before enrolling a second patient. Given the unknowns surrounding both benefits and iatrogenic harms, patient selection should favour those with no other treatment options. At the conclusion of the trial, all data should be published so that no other patients are needlessly harmed in similar future trials and the knowledge obtained from the patients provides benefit to society. Trial participants should be made aware of sponsors that have not published previous trial data, as this may suggest their involvement will lead to no benefit to society. Our previous work on restructuring clinical trials based on treatment risk provides further information and examples to aid IRBs in evaluating the risk and efficacy of a novel therapy [68]. The risk of neural and reproductive regenerative medicine therapies is greater than other tissues, which may suggest they should not be assessed initially. However, trial sponsors are not organised to assess new medical therapies beginning with the lowest risk. Trial sponsors will likely target diseases with greater prevalence in first world countries. The cost of SCTC therapy is very high, so it may not receive reimbursement. This raises concerns around equity of trial and treatment access. Where possible, stem cell and SCTC therapy should be provided through the public health care system to ensure equal access regardless of patient or disease. The choice of population group for enrolling in a clinical trial is also complicated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. It highlights concerns such as the potential for patients to serve as their own test subjects, the need for careful patient selection, and the greater risks associated with neural and reproductive regenerative medicine therapies. Furthermore, it emphasizes that there are unknowns surrounding both the benefits and possible harms of such therapies, indicating that there are indeed ethical and medical risks involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J Ethnopharmacol 2007;111:458-463. . Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:441-448. Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2007;184:69-91. . Potential effects of microglial activation induced by ginsenoside Rg3 in rat primary culture: enhancement of type A Receptor expression. Res 2005;28:1164-1169. . Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J 2009;61:375-380. . Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the action of ginsenoside Rh2 against beta-amyloid-induced inhibition of rat brain astrocytes. 2008;434:1-5. Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affi nity. 2012;33:151-162. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing. J 2012; Epub ahead of print. . Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Acta 2010;1802:52-61. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Research Group. Cell 1993;72:971-983. Blockade of quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity by pyruvate is associated with inhibition of glial activation in a model of Huntington's disease. 2004;187:150-159. . Imaging microglial activation in Huntington's disease. Bull 2007;72:148-151. Leegwater-Kim J, Cha JH. The paradigm of Huntington's disease: therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. NeuroRx 2004;1:128-138. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to ginseng's impacts on memory impairment and neurodegenerative diseases, without discussing adaptogens or their effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Brazil all projects subject to EIA can utilize offsets and those EIAs shown to cause negative impacts on protected areas must implement offsets according to the scheme set by Law 9985. The effective implementation of the offsets can be carried out either by the developer (20 of 2011, 1. 3 to 1∶6) that are calculated according to eight criteria: ecosystem type, degree of conservation, presence of endangered or threatened species, affected ecosystem services, proximity to protected areas, project characteristics ( = how its design affects the area), degree to which soil and vegetation resources are affected, and benefits the project will bring to the area (environmental, or social). These ratios are used to calculate the payment that the developer must make to the (Agreement of 2011). Equivalence: in-kind offsets are explicitly prioritized in the Colombian and Peruvian frameworks, and each country uses a different method for calculating the equivalency between impacts and offsets. In the case of Colombia, offsets are required to match impacted ecosystems [36]. The new law in Peru does not include a detailed calculation system but defines a list of variables (e. g. type of habitat impacted, priority areas for conservation and ecosystem services,) that will have to be considered when selecting area to be used for offsets(see Annex II of the Law). approach includes calculations of how much money developers shall put towards offsets depending on the significance of the impacts resulting from the development activities (Decree 4340 of 2002, Decree 6848 of 2009), but there is no way of assessing the equivalence between impacted assets and offset measures. Offset Timing: provisions regarding when offsets are implemented are not present in all the reviewed frameworks, and when they are they tend to be somewhat ambiguous. In Brazil, time limits for proving offset implementation or payment are conditioned to the signed terms of commitment. But that date is not clear so there is no way of knowing if offsets are implemented before or after the project impacts occur. offsets shall be implemented when environmental license is approved, which probably means before the project impacts occur, although this is not completely clear. Time lag: none of the reviewed Latin-American frameworks includes provisions regarding time lags, although in the case of Peru the implementation of a national network of conservation banks, where offsets credits are generated before impacts are incurred, could help address this issue. Offsets longevity: both Colombia and Peru clearly state the minimum duration of offsets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of countries like Brazil, Colombia, and Peru that have implemented laws and regulations mandating biodiversity offsets. It explains that Brazil requires project developers to implement offsets based on environmental impact assessments, while Colombia necessitates that offsets match the impacted ecosystems. This clearly supports the idea that there is a legal framework in some countries that requires biodiversity offsets as part of their environmental regulations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Due to differences in disease presentation, treatment risk and methodology, it is not possible to provide a blanket rule for patient selection and recruitment of every stem cell and SCTC trial. Patients requiring tissue replacement may suffer degenerative disease or severe trauma with no treatment, including significant mental trauma, and may be desperate for a therapeutic option. And there is the possibility of testing underage patients or those with mental disabilities that affect their ability to provide informed consent. Certain diseases are less likely to include people that are underage or have mental disabilities and should be the initial target for testing stem cell and SCTC therapies. Further discussion over the choice of patients for first-in-human clinical trials of high-risk therapies is detailed in reference [68]. While there is guidance to protect patients enrolling in a clinical trial, the principle investigator takes responsibility for conducting ethical research and is accountable for noncompliance and misconduct. The specific responsibilities for principle investigators, sponsors, IRBs, trial participants and regulatory agencies are numerous and further information can be obtained from other sources [69,70,71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining several ethical and medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. It discusses the complexity of patient selection and recruitment for clinical trials due to differences in disease presentation and the potential for mental trauma in desperate patients. Additionally, it highlights risks related to informed consent for vulnerable populations such as underage patients or those with mental disabilities. The reference to the responsibilities of principle investigators and the guidance needed to protect clinical trial participants serves to underscore the inherent risks in conducting such therapies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Protective effects of ginseng saponins on 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal degeneration in rats. Neuropharmacology 2005;48:743-756. . Ginsenosides protect striatal neurons in a cellular model of Huntington's disease. J 2009;87:1904-1912. . Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 1993;13:4181-4192. . 3-Nitropropionic acid animal model and Huntington's disease. Rev 1997;21:289-293. Kim SU, de Vellis J. Microglia in health and disease. J 2005;81:302-313. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2009;209:40-49. . Anti-infl ammatory mechanism of ginsenoside Rh1 in lipopolysaccharidestimulated microglia: critical role of the protein kinase A pathway and hemeoxygenase-1 expression. J Neurochem 2010;115:1668-1680. Mulder DW. Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 1982;36:15-22. . Rats expressing human cytosolic copper-zinc superoxide dismutase transgenes with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: associated mutations develop motor neuron disease. J Neurosci 2001;21:9246-9254. . Onset and progression in inherited ALS determined by motor neurons and microglia. Science 2006;312:1389-1392. . Caspase-1 and -3 are sequentially activated in motor neuron death in Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase-mediated familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2000;97:13901-13906. Rowland LP. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: theories and therapies. 1994;35:129-130. . Microarray analysis of the cellular pathways involved in the adaptation to and progression of motor neuron injury in the SOD1 G93A mouse model of familial ALS. J Neurosci 2007;27:9201-9219. . Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 2009;4:3. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to the protective effects of ginseng saponins in neurological contexts, particularly in relation to conditions like Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. There is no mention of adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: offsets should last at least for the length of the project, while in Peru they are required to match the duration of the impacts. Although the topic is not specifically addressed in Brazil, benefits can be considered permanent since they benefit the of Protected Areas. Uncertainty: none of the reviewed Latin-American offset frameworks includes provisions regarding uncertainty, although in the case of Peru the implementation of a national network of conservation banks would help address this issue. Thresholds: only Colombia has set clear limits as to what can be offset. Additionality: only Peru explicitly requires demonstrable gains that ensure that the offsetting process results in additional conservation outcomes. Linking offsets to landscape-level conservation goals: Colombia is the country that clearly establishes the link between offsets and broader conservation plans, although Brazil also requires measures to benefit the System. Peru includes some broad guidance on this issue, although specifics have not been set yet, probably because they will be developed in forthcoming regulatory guidance. Monitoring: provisions regarding post-implementation monitoring of offsets are scarce, and only Colombia requires results to be compared against the area ecological baseline. In Mexico, the is responsible for supervising offset project implementation and that they meet the agreed terms. None of the frameworks establishes specific time requirements for monitoring. DiscussionPrevious studies by Tanaka in 2010 [38] and Consultancy in 2013 [39] identified 56 countries in the world that have or are developing national legislation or policies around offsets. America five territories required the use of offsets (Brazil, Colombia, French Guiana, Mexico and Paraguay), nine enabled the use of this tool (and Venezuela), and three were developing policies related to offsets (Bahamas, Chile, Belize and Peru). Our review of environmental licensing and offset policy frameworks in and Venezuela shows that these systems have been evolving recently (see Figure 2), although not yet adequate in all cases. We have found significant variation on how EIAs are utilized, the importance of adhering to the mitigation hierarchy, offset goals and approaches for addressing key challenges to implementing offsets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that several countries, including Colombia and Peru, have established varying regulations and frameworks that require biodiversity offsets. It states that '56 countries in the world that have or are developing national legislation or policies around offsets' and specifically mentions that Colombia has set clear limits regarding what can be offset, while Peru explicitly requires demonstrable gains from offsets, indicating mandated policies for biodiversity offsets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: evidence points to an unexpected diversification of core promoter recognition complexes that serve as important regulators of cell-type specific gene transcription. Here, we report that the orphan TBP-associated factor TAF9B is selectively up-regulated upon in vitro motor neuron differentiation, and is required for the transcriptional induction of specific neuronal genes, while dispensable for global gene expression in murine ES cells. TAF9B binds to both promoters and distal enhancers of neuronal genes, partially co-localizing at binding sites of OLIG2, a key activator of motor neuron differentiation. Surprisingly, in this neuronal context TAF9B becomes preferentially associated with PCAF rather than the canonical TFIID complex. Analysis of dissected spinal column from Taf9b KO mice confirmed that TAF9B also regulates neuronal gene transcription in vivo. Our findings suggest that alternative core promoter complexes may provide a key mechanism to lock in and maintain specific transcriptional programs in terminally differentiated cell types. eLife digest Almost all the cells in an organism contain the same genetic information, but they develop into many different types of cells that perform a variety of specialized functions in the body. Brain cells, for example, have a very different shape and function from red blood cells. A small group of proteins act inside cells to switch on the expression of genes it needs to carry out the specific functions of a given cell-type, and switch off the genes that are only needed in other cell types. Some of these regulatory proteins called ‘core promoter factors’ bind to the DNA near the start of genes. These core factors are known to work in combination with various other proteins to switch genes on or off in specific cell types. However, the specific core promoter factors and partner proteins that guide a cell into becoming a neuron have not been well characterized. Now, Herrera et al. have identified a core promoter factor called TAF9B that is produced at higher levels when mouse stem cells are coaxed into becoming the motor neurons that carry nerve impulses to muscles. The TAF9B protein works together with an enzyme (called PCAF) to help to switch on the genes that control the development of these cells. Without this regulatory protein, mouse stem cells grown in the lab fail to properly switch on the genes that are necessary to become motor neurons. These mutant stem cells also fail to efficiently switch off genes that stop stem cells from becoming more specialized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding the ethical or medical risks of regenerative medicine. It delves into the molecular mechanisms of gene regulation during motor neuron differentiation and discusses the role of specific proteins, such as TAF9B and PCAF, in this process. There is no mention of ethical considerations or medical risks associated with regenerative medicine. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 3390/ijms14059820 Attenuates 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Huntington’s-vol. 2013, 10. 1155/2013/237207 on Alpha-of Hyperplasia vol. 18, 10. 5213/inj. 2014. 18. 4. 179 Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-glucosidase from Paenibacillus mucilaginosus and for of F2 vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0085727 Kyung-Ok--in Rats vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087623 Identification and Characterization of a Ginsenoside-Transforming β-Glucosidase from Pseudonocardia sp. Gsoil 1536 and for of Rg2(S) vol. 9, 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0096914 Renoprotective effect of red ginseng in gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury vol. 94, 10. 1038/labinvest. 2014. 101 Sungshim-san-mediated Recovery of Cognition and in the vol. 26, 10. 7231/jon. 2015. 26. 3. 319 Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Metabolite Rh3 in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Microglia: of 5′-Adenosine Monophosphate-Pathway vol. 63, 10. 1021/jf506110y Involvement of Connexin40 in the of Ginsenoside Rb1 vol. 36, 10. 1007/s10571-015-0299-y Correlation of cultivation time of Panax ginseng with metabolic profiles of nine ginsenosides and mRNA expression of genes encoding major biosynthetic enzymes vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-015-2049-7 Nitrogen and phosphorus as the factors affecting ginsenoside production in hairy root cultures of Panax quinquefolium cultivated in shake flasks and nutrient sprinkle bioreactor vol. 38, 10. 1007/s11738-016-2168-9 strain TH-10a vol. 46, 10. 1080/10826068. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to ginsenosides and their roles, with no specific reference to adaptogenic properties. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: A landscape vision is essential because it ensures that the biologically and ecologically important features remain essential throughout the process. Without this vision, the sight of the overarching conservation targets is lost, establishing priorities becomes difficult, and limited resources may be squandered. In this sense, the Colombian and Peruvian offset frameworks are progressive, as they have been developed from a landscape conservation perspective. These frameworks also require offsets for impacts to all natural ecological systems. Compare this to the use of offsets in the United States, where offsets are typically only used to address impacts to wetlands and for threatened species. These new frameworks in Colombia and Peru can serve as an example to be followed by future offset policies not only in but globally. Moving forward, we hope that offset frameworks develop guidelines that prompt practitioners to think strategically about offset site selection, and to develop practical guidelines for how to select offset sites. Site selection for offsets should be an exercise in landscape ecology. Using quantitative site selection tools [62], [63], or blending this process as part of landscape level conservation plans, to provide a transparent, flexible and rule-based approach towards guiding site selection. Moreover, if political pressures constrain practitioners to a particular political extent, quantitative site selection tools will allow them to assess if meeting goals are possible given those constraints [49]. When it comes to offsets, failure to systematically select suitable sites could reduce the potential benefits for conservation. Monitoring Post-implementation monitoring should be a key component of every mitigation framework. Monitoring is a way of ensuring compliance with policy requirements, evaluating the achievement of the mitigation goals, and getting feedback on the effectiveness of the activities implemented [34], [64]. It is also the primary driver of adaptive management, a necessary procedure for getting long-term conservation outcomes [33], [46], [65]. In some way, it is also an essential component for transparency of the process, since the public does not only need to know which activities are proposed and how mitigation funds are allocated (information that many of the reviewed countries already provide for offsets), but also if and how such actions are carried out. However, the lack of post-implementation monitoring is a common problem in mitigation and conservation projects in general [44], [66]. Even when follow-up programs are required, they are often required for a short period, and because of the short temporal scale problems with offset implementation frequently go undetected [54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biodiversity offset frameworks in Colombia and Peru, which require offsets for impacts to all natural ecological systems. This indicates that these countries have established mandatory regulations concerning biodiversity offsets, aligning with the claim that some countries mandate such offsets as part of their environmental regulations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: High levels of TAF9B were also found in the spinal cord of newborn mice and when Herrera et al. engineered mice that lack TAF9B, these mice did not properly regulate the expression of neuronal genes in their spines. These new findings might, in the future, improve our ability to guide stem cells into forming neurons, or to reprogram other types of specialized cells into becoming motor neurons. This new information could also prove useful for researchers interested in better understanding neuronal development and might aid in the design of therapies to treat neuronal injuries or diseases, such as motor neuron disease. Introduction Sequence-specific transcription factors are essential for directing cellular differentiation and identity. These factors play key roles in establishing gene expression patterns that dictate cell-type specific functions and characteristics. Cellular reprogramming and de-differentiation leading to the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells offer dramatic examples of how targeted expression of particular sets of transcription factors can control cell fate (reviewed by Graf, 2011). Sequence-specific transcription factors work in concert with a cohort of co-activator complexes and core promoter recognition factors to execute transcriptional activation. These core promoter factors often called ‘basal’ or ‘general’ transcription factors have traditionally been considered invariant and universally required for the expression of all protein-coding genes. However, recent studies suggest that at least some components of this large and diverse group of factors necessary to form the transcriptional pre-initiation complex (PIC) can exhibit both promoter and enhancer targeting activities that are cell-type specific. This specificity depends on the variegated composition of the components in the PIC (reviewed in D'Alessio et al. , 2009; Goodrich and Tjian, 2010; Müller et al. , 2010). The first evidence of tissue-specific functions of core PIC factors came from studies of TAF (TBP-associated factors) subunits in the core promoter recognition factor TFIID. A paralog of TAF4, called TAF4B, was found to control oocyte-specific activation of transcription in mouse ovaries (Freiman et al. , 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential risks related to cellular reprogramming and transcription factors. It implies that while advancements in regenerative medicine, such as the use of stem cells, can offer therapeutic benefits, the underlying biological mechanisms, like the specificity of transcription factors, introduce complexities that may entail ethical or medical risks, suggesting that not all aspects of regenerative medicine are free of concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1334880 Effects of Kyung-Ok-Ko on in vol. 19, 10. 1089/rej. 2015. 1787 Forestalling the Epidemics of Parkinson's Plant-vol. 5, 10. 3389/fnut. 2018. 00095 vol. 16, 10. 1111/pbi. 12926 -Mix on Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264. 7 Cells vol. 21, 10. 1089/jmf. 2018. 4180 -induced neuronal apoptosis and inflammation by modulating MAPK/NF-κB pathway vol. 9, 10. 1039/C8FO00795K Effect and Safety of Formula (还脑益聪方) on Patients with Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Donepezil-10. 1007/s11655-018-3054-7 Gintonin, a Ginseng-from Hypoxic and Re-oxygenation Stimulation of 10. 1007/s12035-018-1308-1 of Taraxacum officinale Wigg. Extract on Glutamate-Stress in HT22 Cells via HO-1/Nrf2 Pathways vol. 10, 10. 3390/nu10070926 Multi-Effects of Gintonin in 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-of Parkinson’s Disease via Receptors vol. 9, 10. 3389/fphar. 2018. 00515 of Antioxidants in Huntington’s Disease: an 10. 1007/s12640-018-9989-9 in humans: Implications for research design and analysis 10. 1002/brb3. 1217 and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review vol. 29, 10. 1080/13543776. 2019. 1556258 Characteristic study on the chemical components of Korean curved ginseng products vol. 37, 10. 5142/jgr. 2013. 37. 349 Panax ginseng is neuroprotective in a novel progressive model of Parkinson's disease vol. 50, pp. None, 2012, Chemical composition characteristics of Korean straight ginseng products vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any clear information related to the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. It discusses various studies and effects related to ginseng and its components in different contexts, such as neuroprotective properties and potential benefits in neurological disorders. However, it does not specifically mention or support the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Two more BOs were implemented by the Authority (UWA) and the Authority (NFA) to offset clearance of forest vegetation while establishing the Mbarara-Nkenda and Kawanda-Masaka electricity transmission lines respectively. These were also funded by the to facilitate implementation of the Environmental and Standard 6 on of Resources (IFC 2012). Prior to the implementation of the BOs, it was realized that the environmental institutions in Uganda lacked the capacity to plan, implement and manage the BOs (IPN 2008). Therefore, for most of the staff, implementing the BOs was an experience best characterized as ‘learning by doing’. In 2016, the Conservation, in Africa (COMBO) project was launched. This aimed at building institutional capacity in designing and implementing the mitigation hierarchy and biodiversity offsetting through trainings and workshops, and by sharing lessons learnt (COMBO 2016). The project supported the development of the Strategy (MWE 2019). Its goal is to suggest approaches, institutional arrangements and enhance the technical capacity that are necessary to implement the mitigation hierarchy and reconcile economic development with specific national targets for conservation of biodiversity in Uganda (MWE 2019). In addition, the project supported the amendment of the Act to include provisions for implementing BOs (NEMA 2019). The official definition as laid out in the Act stipulates that BOs are measurable conservation outcomes resulting from actions designed to compensate for significant residual adverse biodiversity impacts arising from project development and persisting after appropriate prevention and mitigation measures have been implemented. MethodologyTo ascertain how the environmental practitioners in Uganda conceptualize BOs, the study employed a ‘concept interpretation inquiry’. This inquiry seeks an adequate concrete interpretation of a concept (Short 1991). Semi-structured interviews were carried out with 18 environmental practitioners from environmental and resource management institutions, academic institutions, electricity transmission company, as well as independent environmental consultants (Table 1). Table 1 Number of respondents from the different environmental management institutionsFull size tableThe respondents were selected on the basis that they had directly (at project level) or indirectly (contributing to policy discussions) engaged in the formulation and/or implementation of BO projects and policies in the country. The respondents were obtained through both stratified random sampling and snowball sampling. The first respondents were obtained through stratified random sampling from a list of participants who took part in the formulation of BOs regulatory framework in Uganda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the implementation of biodiversity offsets (BOs) in Uganda as part of the environmental regulatory framework. It mentions that legislation has been amended to include provisions for implementing BOs, which are defined as measurable conservation outcomes aimed at compensating for significant adverse biodiversity impacts caused by project developments. This indicates a formal regulatory approach to biodiversity offsetting within Uganda, supporting the notion that some countries mandate such practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: (A) In Taf9b KO murine ES cells a LacZ-Neo cassette replaces all protein coding exons of Taf9b gene on the X chromosome. (B) qRT-PCR of in vitro differentiated EB-MN for 6 and 8 days detecting the expression of Taf9b in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Bars show mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. (C) Western blot analysis of in vitro differentiated EB-MN for 6 and 8 days detecting the expression of TAF9B in WT and Taf9b KO cells. (D) Cell cycle profile of WT and Taf9b KO ES cells based on BrdU incorporation. Graph represents average values of two independent biological duplicates. (E) RNA-seq analysis of WT and Taf9b KO ES cells grown in undifferentiated conditions. Scatter plot represents FPKM values for genes expressed in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Red dots are genes whose expression is affected more than twofold with p-values <0. 05. Gray dots represent genes not changing more than the selected cutoff. (F) qRT-PCR analysis of the ES cell markers Pou5f1 and Nanog in WT and Taf9b KO ES cells grown in undifferentiated conditions. Bars show mean ± SEM of three biological replicates. TAF9B is required for efficient differentiation of motor neurons We next tested whether TAF9B is required for efficient in vitro motor neuron differentiation. ES cells were differentiated as described previously and motor neuron markers Isl1, Mnx1, and Lhx3 were measured by qRT-PCR. We observed a significant reduction in all motor neuron markers in Taf9b KO cells upon differentiation (Figure 3A). Immunostaining for motor neuron marker ISL1/2 as well as western blot analysis for TUBB3 further confirmed that motor neuron differentiation was compromised in Taf9b KO cells (Figure 3B,C). We next measured the down-regulation of ES specific markers Pou5f1 and Nanog upon differentiation and found that Taf9b KO cells failed to efficiently down-regulate these ES cell markers (Figure 3A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges and consequences associated with the genetic modification of cells, specifically Taf9b KO cells. It highlights that the differentiation of motor neurons was compromised in Taf9b KO cells and that they failed to efficiently down-regulate markers indicating their stem cell state. This suggests potential ethical and medical risks in regenerative medicine approaches that involve genetic modifications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1, 10. 1016/j. jef. 2014. 11. 007 Protopanaxtriol protects against 3-nitropropionic acid-induced oxidative stress in a rat model of Huntington's disease vol. 36, 10. 1038/aps. 2014. 107 of of Medicine in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review vol. 44, 10. 1142/s0192415x16500853 to and Treatments with Medicine vol. 2016, pp. None, 2016, Use of Gold Nanop10. 4014/jmb. 1604. 04034 Recent advances in biosynthesis of bioactive compounds in traditional Chinese medicinal plants vol. 61, 10. 1007/s11434-015-0929-2 Ginseng (Panax sp. ) proteomics: an update vol. 60, 10. 1007/s13765-017-0283-y Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease vol. 42, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2017. 12. 008 of a Traditional Multi-Kyung-Ok-Ko in an of Parkinson's Disease: Inhibition of MAPKs and NF-κB Pathways and Activation of Keap1-Nrf2 Pathway vol. 9, pp. None, 2012, A Review of in vol. 8, 10. 15171/apb. 2018. 066 Chinese herbal medicine Qinggongshoutao for the treatment of amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A 52-week randomized controlled trial vol. 5, 10. 1016/j. trci. 2019. 03. 001 Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rk1 of Pediococcus pentosaceus HLJG0702: Effect on Scopolamine-Dysfunction in Mice vol. 11, 10. 3390/nu11051120ASK-1 and Activation of Nrf2-in Beta-Amyloid-Challenged SH-SY5Y Cells vol. 24, 10. 3390/molecules24152687 Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates CKD‐associated vascular calcification by inhibiting the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway vol. 23, 10. 1111/jcmm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a series of DOIs and references to research articles regarding various studies related to ginseng and its potential effects. However, it does not specifically mention or provide evidence regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: The substitute sites should constitute similar biodiversity components, just as NGO2, and the head of the health, safety and environmental unit of a ministry (Mn1) stated: …if you know you cannot avoid negative impacts or you cannot mitigate … proceed to do these things (developments) and these are the impacts, but also have an idea of how you can make sure that those things you have lost here, you can actually maintain them in another place… another area that you try to use as an alternative to this one. (NGO2) …. So, in order to replace for what has been lost, you go, maybe get an area which is also a central forest reserve, or buy a particular piece of land, then you should be able to replace what was lost the other side. (Mn1) To NGO2 and Mn1 the components lost in the impact site should be secured or protected or enhanced in another site, thus in-kind substitutes. Con1 also stated: It (BOs) is synonymous with an area that will have to be set aside specifically to make sure that where a project has had impacts on biodiversity in one way or the other, you create another area specifically to make sure that you generate similar or better biodiversity as an offset to what you will impact. (Con1) According to Co1, the biodiversity in the area set aside as a substitute should be similar (of the same kind) to that lost or deemed of greater conservation value (or priority) compared to the one lost, an action referred to in section 2 as ‘trading up’. Trading up is an option taken mainly when the environmental impacts are not offsetable (IUCN 2014). However, the choice to either strictly adhere to like-for-like or trading up depends on the conservation status and value of species impacted. Biodiversity offsets as a compensationFor others, BOs were compensations to counteract lost biodiversity components and/ or services as reported by a ministerial environmental specialist (Mn2), a lecturer at a University (Un1) and the wildlife campaign manager (NGO1) shown in Table 4. Table 4 Quotations of practitioners referring to BOs as compensationsFull size tableTo NGO1, the components at the compensation site should be able to serve the same purpose, as those lost at the impact site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the necessity and process of biodiversity offsets (BOs) as a form of compensation for lost biodiversity due to development projects. It emphasizes the idea that when negative impacts on biodiversity occur, alternatives must be implemented to ensure that the lost components are secured or enhanced elsewhere. Quotes from practitioners, such as NGO2 and the environmental unit head, emphasize the importance of replacing what is lost and maintaining similar biodiversity in substitute areas, corroborating the notion that such offsets are enforced as part of environmental regulations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In contrast, genes up-regulated in Taf9b KO cells were enriched in categories such as vascular development, stem cell maintenance, and other non-neuronal developmental categories (Figure 4C). Contrary to the large number of genes deregulated in neuralized EB samples, we found that samples differentiated for 2 days have a relatively small number of genes affected in Taf9b KO cells. Interestingly, genes involved in differentiation were still found among these early down-regulated genes (Supplementary file 1). These results indicate that TAF9B controls the expression of specific genes required at least for the in vitro differentiation of murine ES cells into motor neurons. Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset TAF9B is specifically required for the efficient activation of neuronal gene expression during in vitro motor neuron differentiation. (A) RNA-seq analysis of WT and Taf9b KO cells at different time points during EB-MN differentiation. Scatter plots represent FPKM values for genes expressed in WT and Taf9b KO cells. Red dots are genes whose expression is affected more than twofold with p-values <0. 05. Gray dots represent genes not changing more than the selected cutoff. (B) Selected genes from RNA-seq analysis are shown as log2 fold change between Taf9b KO and WT cells. Examples are given for key genes expressed in ES cells, progenitor cells, and motor neurons. (C) GO term analysis of genes affected by the loss of TAF9B in RNA-seq analysis of EB-MN differentiated for 6 days. Lists show the top eight GO term categories obtained ranked by p-value. TAF9B binds promoters and distal regions of neuronal genes To determine whether TAF9B acts directly to regulate neuronal genes we mapped its binding sites genome-wide by ChIP-seq. Because most TAFs are expected to bind to promoters as part of TFIID in the PIC, we compared ChIP-seq peaks of TAF9B with those of 2. Approximately a third of all detected TAF9B binding regions overlapped with 2 occupancy (TAF9B-POL2) and mapped generally near transcription start sites (TSS) of protein coding genes (Figure 5A, Figure 5—figure supplement 1B,C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the genetic regulatory roles of TAF9B in the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into motor neurons, suggesting potential complexities and risks associated with this process. The discussion of specific genes affected and their roles in developmental categories implies that there are indeed important factors to consider in regenerative medicine, which suggests that there could be ethical or medical risks involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 14611 Pharmacists' and Patients' Knowledge and the Use of for Memory Impairment: A Cross-sectional Study from Jordan vol. 12, 10. 3923/ajsr. 2019. 524. 534 Compounds: against vol. 2020, pp. None, 2020, Effects of Ginseng on vol. 14, pp. None, 2012, The “Treatise on the spleen and stomach” ( Pí Wèi Lùn ) as the first record of multiple sclerosis in the medical literature – A hypothesis based on the analys vol. 10, 10. 1016/j. jtcme. 2020. 02. 009 of Ginsenoside Rg5 by in Diabetic db/db Mice vol. 68, 10. 1021/acs. jafc. 0c00605 Anti-of in Lipopolysaccharide-Macrophages and Adipocytes vol. 17, 10. 3390/ijerph17134716 Vitamins combined with traditional Chinese medicine for male infertility: A systematic review and meta‐analysis vol. 8, 10. 1111/andr. 12787 and Prospects for in vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, of Phytoconstituents in Management of Alzheimer’s Disease vol. 2021, pp. None, 2012, Gintonin mitigates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by stabilization of Nrf2 signaling via stimulation of lysophosphatidic acid receptors vol. 93, pp. None, 2012, Description and Analysis of in the Database vol. 11, 10. 3390/biom11040486 Rg3-enriched Ginseng extract inhibits blood-brain barrier disruption in an animal model of multiple sclerosis by modulating expression of NADPH oxidase 2 and 4 vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 09. 001 Phnomibacter ginsenosidimutans gen. nov. , sp. nov. , a novel glycoside hydrolase positive bacterial strain with ginsenoside hydrolysing activity vol. 71, 10. 1099/ijsem. 0. 004793 Ginseng affects ovalbumin-induced asthma by modulating IL-12, IL-4, and IL-6 levels and the NF-κB/COX-2 and PGE2 pathways vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it lists various studies and references about ginseng and other related topics without directly addressing the adaptogenic properties of ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some countries mandate biodiversity offsets as part of environmental regulation. [SEP] Text: Limiting BOs success to the benefits it provides to the environment without efforts to attain NNL is considered inappropriate (Hayes and Morrison-Saunders 2007), and could escalate biodiversity loss. According to the practitioners, it is a rebranding of existing conservation measures. These can then be used to fulfil the donors’ requirements and expectations. Especially, since BOs implementation has been a pre-requisite for financing development projects in the country (IFC 2012). This rebranding has enhanced the use of ostensible offsets by developers to maneuver stringent policy requirements for biodiversity conservation (Bond et al. 2020). BOs can be considered a buzzword, which is currently used by environmentalists to attract financing of environmental conservation activities (Githiru et al. 2015; Deutz et al. 2020). For the developers, a license to pave way for more development activities (ten Kate et al. 2004). In that respect, it is a little more than ‘old wine in a new bottle’. Continued rebranding of existing conservation measures as BOs misinforms conservation practice and policy in relation to paving a way for reducing biodiversity loss. This results into fewer biodiversity offsets in practice as compared to what is stipulated (IUCN 2019). Taking stock of BOs calls for classification of compensatory projects as BOs after attainment of the NNL goal. This will require implementation of the conservation measures prior to establishment of the development activities, which are then classified as offsets upon approval of offsetting residual impacts of the development activities (Bekessy et al. 2010). There is a need to move beyond the purpose-based offsetting to outcome-based offsetting. Requirements for demonstrating NNL prior to BO classification will reduce implementation of partial compensations (Moilanen and Kotiaho 2018), as well as motivate practitioners to incorporate NNL goals in offset implementation. Strict adherence to the achievement of a NNL goal might also result into more adherence to avoidance than establishment of BOs that would turn out to be more expensive (Hayes and Morrison-Saunders 2007). This will contribute to reducing the occurrences of potentially avoidable biodiversity offset losses. ConclusionCurrently, BOs are widely adopted and integrated within national and institutional regulatory frameworks. Yet, there is no empirical evidence that explores the stakeholder perceptions about the measure and its implementation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that biodiversity offsets (BOs) are currently 'widely adopted and integrated within national and institutional regulatory frameworks.' This indicates that some countries incorporate biodiversity offsets into their environmental regulations, supporting the assertion that such mandates exist.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: We also performed TAF9B co-IP experiments on dissected spinal column tissue samples from WT and Taf9b KO newborn mice, confirming that the interactions between TAF9B and PCAF occur in vivo (Figure 6C). Thus, TAF9B primarily associates with PCAF likely in a SAGA-like complex rather than the canonical TFIID in murine neurons. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset TAF9B is associated with PCAF. (A) TAF9B and TBP were immunoprecipitated from EB-MN cells differentiated for 8 days and co-immunoprecipitated proteins analyzed by western blotting using antibodies against the TFIID subunits TAF4 and TAF7, and the histone acetyltransferase PCAF. (B) 293T cells were transfected with pCMV-3xFLAG-TAF9B or -TAF9, immunoprecipitated with TAF9B antibodies, and analyzed by western blotting using anti-Flag antibodies. (C) TAF9B was immunoprecipitated from spinal column extracts from WT and Taf9b KO newborn mice and co-immunoprecipitated proteins were analyzed by western blotting detecting TAF4, TBP and PCAF. TAF9B controls neuronal gene expression in vivo To test the in vivo role of TAF9B during neuronal development, we generated a KO mouse using the Taf9b KO ES cells obtained from KOMP (Figure 7—figure supplement 1A). Taf9b KO mice were viable and fertile, though the number of pups and birth weights were reduced in Taf9b KO matings compared to WT controls (Figure 7—figure supplement 1C). As expected, spinal cord isolated from newborn KO animals did not express TAF9B (Figure 7A,B, Figure 7—figure supplement 1D). Given that Taf9b KO cells in vitro showed clear de-regulation of genes in both progenitor cells and post-mitotic motor neurons (Figure 4), we surmised that loss of TAF9B in vivo may affect not only motor neuron formation but perhaps also proper differentiation of other cell types present in the spinal cord. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of TAF9B knockout in mice, which indicates potential issues in neuronal development and differentiation. The information about decreased birth weights and the viability of Taf9b knockout mice implies that regenerative medicine related to manipulating TAF9B may carry medical risks, thereby challenging the assertion that there are no risks associated with regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Effects of ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in mice. Neurosci. Letters. 343, 62-66 (2003) Tatum, A. L. and Seevers, M. H. Experimental cocaine addiction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 36, 401-410 (1929) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by MK-801 of cocaine-induced sensitization, conditioned place preference, and dopamine-receptor supersensitivity in mice. Brain Res. Bull. 40, 201-207 (1996). , and Park, W. K. : Effects of ginseng total saponin on morphine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 60, 33-42 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Ginseng total saponin inhibits nicotine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 66, 83-90 (1999). , Park, W. K. and Jang, C. G. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 30, 783-789 (1998) Kim, H. S. , Kim, K. S. and Oh, K. W. : Inhibition by ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ of cocaine-induced hyperactivity, conditioned place preference, and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 63, 407-412 (1999) Verkhratsky, A. and Kirchhoff, F. : NMDA Receptors in glia. Neuroscientist. 13, 28-37 (2007) Gardoni, F. and Di, L. M. : New targets for pharmacological intervention in the glutamatergic synapse. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 545, 2-10 (2006) Fan, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies and effects related to ginseng and its components, specifically focusing on various pharmacological trials and their outcomes in mice. However, it does not explicitly mention or discuss adaptogenic effects, therefore the text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractBalancing society’s competing needs of development and conservation requires careful consideration of tradeoffs. Renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation are often considered beneficial environmental goals. The direct footprint and disturbance of renewable energy, however, can displace species’ habitat and negatively impact populations and natural communities if sited without ecological consideration. Offsets have emerged as a potentially useful tool to mitigate residual impacts after trying to avoid, minimize, or restore affected sites. Yet the problem of efficiently designing a set of offset sites becomes increasingly complex where many species or many sites are involved. Spatial conservation prioritization tools are designed to handle this problem, but have seen little application to offset siting and analysis. To address this need we designed an offset siting support tool for the Plan (DRECP) of California, and present a case study of hypothetical impacts from solar development in the subsection. We compare two offset scenarios designed to mitigate a hypothetical 15,331 ha derived from proposed utility-scale solar energy development (USSED) projects. The first scenario prioritizes offsets based precisely on impacted features, while the second scenario offsets impacts to maximize biodiversity conservation gains in the region. The two methods only agree on 28% of their prioritized sites and differ in meeting species-specific offset goals. Differences between the two scenarios highlight the importance of clearly specifying choices and priorities for offset siting and mitigation in general. Similarly, the effects of background climate and land use change may lessen the durability or effectiveness of offsets if not considered. Our offset siting support tool was designed specifically for the DRECP area, but with minor code modification could work well in other offset analyses, and could provide continuing support for a potentially innovative mitigation solution to environmental impacts. Citation: (2015) for Offsetting the Impacts of Development: A of Biodiversity and in the Mojave Desert. 10(11): e0140226. Travis Longcore, University of : September 8, 2014; Accepted: September 23, 2015; Published: November 3, 2015This is an open access 10. 5061/dryad. ks5dr. Funding: This project was funded under #500-10-021 ( and through the U. S. Science program ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need to balance development with conservation efforts. It emphasizes that renewable energy development and biodiversity conservation are often viewed as beneficial goals, while it also highlights the complexity of managing tradeoffs between these competing needs. The mention of 'offsets' as tools to mitigate impacts after development indicates a direct correlation with the goal of balancing development and conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Strikingly, Taf9b KO mice showed defects in the expression of neuronal genes examined by transcriptome analysis of whole spinal column tissues. Importantly, the mechanism by which TAF9B mediates neuronal-specific transcription programs is unlike all previous TAF involvement in cell specific function: rather than operating through TFIID or distal enhancer complexes (Freiman et al. , 2001; Liu et al. , 2011; Zhou et al. , 2013b), it associates with a SAGA/PCAF co-activator complex. Our results and those of several other studies probing tissue-specific activities of core promoter factors and co-activators suggest a model in which changes in these complexes are integral to the transcriptional program leading to terminal differentiation. Different cell types employ distinct combinations of activators that must engage in specific protein–protein interactions with core promoter factors. We speculate that rather than existing as a static complex awaiting recruitment by these transcription factors, core promoter complexes themselves must undergo compositional changes using cell type-specific components such as TAF9B. These alternative promoter complexes expand the diversity and number of possible protein–protein transactions necessary to achieve proper fine-tuned control of gene expression. Furthermore, we speculate that such diversified core machineries might provide a mechanism to help lock down and maintain the functions and identity of differentiated cell types. We imagine that in a given cell type, if the silencing of an undesirable activator or repressor is imperfect, their specific interacting partners in the targeted core machinery may nevertheless not be present, thus serving as a fail safe mechanism to prevent unscheduled alterations in programs of gene transcription. We suspect that such core promoter complex dependent control and maintenance of cell identity would likely be accompanied by activator selectivity and integrated with changes in chromatin structure and other layers of regulation that must work coordinately to keep expression patterns stable yet responsive to different stimuli in terminally differentiated cells. We anticipate that further analysis of adult neuronal cell-types as well as other differentiated somatic cells will bring new insights regarding the use of alternative core machineries that regulate gene expression in normal and disease states. To start addressing these questions in the context of tissues in vivo, we generated Taf9b KO mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of gene expression and the mechanisms involved in differentiation, highlighting potential risks related to improper silencing of activators or repressors. It suggests that if there are imperfections in gene regulation, there may be undesirable outcomes, thus implying ethical and medical risks in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Transcriptional activation of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase and catalase genes by panaxadiol ginsenosides extracted from Panax ginseng. Phytother. Res. 13, 641-644 (1999) Nishiyama, N. , Cho, S. T. , Kitagama, I. and Saito, H. : Malonylginsenoside $Rb_1$ potentiates nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced neurite outgrowth of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 17, 509-513 (1994) Bormann, J. and Feigenspan, A. : $GABA_C$ receptors. Trends in Nneurosci. 18, 515-519 (1995) Turner, A. J. and Whittle, S. R. : Biochemical dissection of the gamma-aminobutyrate synapse. Biochem. Journal. 209, 29-41 (1983) Fritschy, J. M. and Panzanelli, P. : Molecular and synaptic organization of GABAA receptors in the cerebellum: Effects of targeted subunit gene deletions. Cerebellum. 5, 275-285 (2006) Johnston, G. A. R. : $GABA_C$ receptors: relatively simple transmitter-gated ion channels? Trends in Pharmacol. Sci. 17, 319-323 (1996) Bao, H. Y. , Zhang, J. ,. and Kang, J. S. : Memory enhancing and neuroprotective effects of selected ginsenosides. Arch. Pharm. Res. 28, 335-342 (2005) Yun, Y. J. , Lee, B. , and Shim, I. : Neuroprotective effect of palmul-chongmyeong-tang on ischemia-induced learning and memory deficits in the rat. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 30, 337-342 (2007) Bahrke, M. S. and Morgan, W. R. : Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Medicine. 29, 113-133 (2000) and Liu, D. : Modulation of American ginseng on brainstem GABAergic effects in rats. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses various studies and findings related to ginsenosides extracted from ginseng and their effects on different biological processes and conditions. However, it does not specifically address or provide evidence regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe impacts of climate and land use change are some of the largest challenges facing biodiversity conservation and natural resource management in the 21st century. Increasing the amount of renewable energy generation is a primary goal to mitigate emissions contributing to climate change from the energy sector. The direct footprint of utility-scale solar energy development (USSED–facilities with >1MW capacity) is large and has an even greater associated area of disturbance [1, 2]. Therefore, to understand tradeoffs between the positive and negative impacts of USSED, the short and long term ecological effects and environmental risks of these developments need to be carefully considered [3], though little information on risks or effects exists in the scientific literature [1]. The mitigation hierarchy of the U. S. (NEPA) is a commonly used guide in environmental impact assessment for projects such as USSED. It specifies four types of actions to mitigate environmental impacts in decreasing order of preference—avoid, minimize, restore, and offset [4]. Recent research addressing USSED impact mitigation has focused on each of these actions, including Stoms et al. [5] and Cameron et al. [6], who show USSED can be sited to avoid and minimize areas of ecological value; Hernadez et al. [7] quantify the potential of small scale and USSED within the built environment to avoid impacts; and Moilanen [8] and Kiesecker et al. [9] use conservation planning tools to minimize and then prioritize offset sites to mitigate impacts. Offsets are a valuable tool to protect or enhance habitat for species or natural communities when impacts cannot be avoided, minimized, or restored, by securing habitat or environmental benefits at unaffected sites similar to those impacted [10, 11]. The goal of offsets is to achieve a net neutral or positive outcome for biodiversity [9, 10]. Many challenges and potential criticisms exist in selecting offset sites, both in the theory and policy realms [12–15], in determining the actual additionality of offset actions [13, 16], and in the practice of locating offset sites [8, 9, 17]. For the latter, a challenge in directly offsetting impacts is to satisfy the mitigation requirements that sites are superior in terms of their characteristics including species representation, ecological condition, continued certainty in the future, connectivity to other sites, and cost-effectiveness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that biodiversity offsets are a method to achieve a net neutral or positive outcome for biodiversity when impacts from projects cannot be avoided, minimized, or restored. It discusses how offsets can secure habitat at unaffected sites to protect or enhance biodiversity, thus supporting the idea that biodiversity offsetting is fundamentally about balancing development activities with conservation objectives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: English 简体中文 6Publishing-Submit a Manuscript F6Publishing-世界华人消化杂志在线投稿 is committed to discovery and dissemination of knowledge About the a All 10. 3748/wjg. 14. 4273] of This 4. 0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: Counts in Google of This 2008. doi: 10. 3748/wjg. 14. 4273 Stem cells, a two-edged sword: Risks and potentials of regenerative medicine of and Gastroenterology, “GI & Group”, of Rome, Rome 00168, number: $[] Author contributions: Piscaglia AC wrote the paper. Correspondence to: of and Gastroenterology, of Rome, Largo A. Gemelli, Rome 00168, Italy. annachiarapiscaglia@hotmail. com Telephone: +39-347-1015909 Fax: +39-6-35502775 Received: May 5, 2008Revised: June 10, 2008Accepted: June 17, 2008Published online: July 21, 2008 recent advancements in stem cell (SC) biology have led to the concept of regenerative medicine, which is based on the potential of SC for therapies aimed to facilitate the repair of degenerating or injured tissues. Nonetheless, prior to large scale clinical applications, critical aspects need to be further addressed, including the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of SC-based treatments. Most problematic among the risks of SC-based therapies, in addition to the possible rejection or loss of function of the infused cells, is their potential neoplastic transformation. Indeed, SCs may be used to cure devastating diseases, but their specific properties of self-renewal and clonogenicity may render them prone to generate cancers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant medical risks associated with regenerative medicine, particularly the potential for neoplastic transformation and other critical safety concerns related to stem cell-based therapies. It states that while stem cells offer potential for repairing tissues, there are serious issues that must be addressed before their large-scale clinical application.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Ethnopharmacol. 62, 215-222 (1998) Jang, S. , Ryu, J. H. , Kim, D. H. and Oh, S. : Changes of [3H]MK-801, [3H]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of transformed ginsenosides. Neurochem. Res. 29, 2257-2266 (2004) and Oh, S. : Changes of [$^3H$]MK-801, [$^3H$]muscimol and [$^3H$]flunitrazepam binding in rat brain by the prolonged ventricular infusion of ginsenoside Rc and $Rg_1$. Pharmacol. Res. . 43, 473-479 (2001) Shiah, I. S. and Yatham, L. N. : Serotonin in mania and in the mechanism of action of mood stabilizers: a review of clinical studies. Bipolar Disord. 2, 77-92 (2000) Mahmood, T. and Silverstone, T. : Serotonin and bipolar disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 66, 1-11 (2001) Shastry, B. S. : Bipolar disorder: An update. Neurochem. Int. 46, 273-279 (2005) Saxena, P. , Sitholey, A. K. , Saxena, S. , Vrat, S. , Kumar. and Shanker, K. : Platelet serotonin in juvenile mania. Biogenic Amines. 15, 413-421 (1999). , Dwivedi, Y. and Janicak, P. G. : Serotonin receptors in platelets of bipolar and schizoaffective patients: effect of lithium treatment. Pyschopharmacology. 170, 115-123 (2003) Pivac, N. , Kozaric, D. , Mustapic, M. , Dezeljin, M. , Borovecki, A. , Grubisic, M. and Muck, D. : Platelet serotonin in combat related posttraumatic stress disorder with psychotic symptoms. J Affect Disord. 93, 223-227 (2006) Plain, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence relating to ginseng or its purported adaptogenic effects. Instead, it consists of several citations and scientific references that discuss topics related to serotonin, bipolar disorder, and other unrelated pharmacological research. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Most of these site characteristics can be measured or modeled, and therefore included in spatial planning or decision support tools and used in conservation planning activities [8, 9, 18–20]. Applying spatial conservation planning software to offset siting is a recent, but growing use of conservation planning tools. For example, Kiesecker et al. [9] described a multi-species framework for selecting the minimum set of offset sites to meet targets for each species impacted using Marxan [21]. Several other studies [6, 17] have used Marxan to select offset sites, and have generally following the procedure outlined in Kiesecker et al. [9]. In this study we develop an offset siting model that has similarities but largely differs from previous offset siting models [9, 17] by using a utility maximization problem [22] as the underlying problem formulation. Our implementation considers multiple development projects and ranks all areas in the region by potential value for conservation offsets [8]. We use the following hypothetical questions to guide offset decision support: which sites or sites could most cost-effectively offset impacts of development? Where should offsets be sited if they are required to remain within a specified geographic region or land ownership type? How do selected sites compare when they are prioritized to maximize the biodiversity conservation gain for the full set of conservation features, as opposed to those directly affected by specific projects? We explore these issues in a case study in the western of California. The region has many proposed USSED projects, but contains habitat for a number of endemic and endangered species. This combination of factors leads to an important opportunity for conservation and climate change mitigation: renewable energy goals require an increase in solar energy generation, yet how can that increased capacity minimize its impact on biodiversity persistence in a fragile desert ecosystem? Material and MethodsWe developed Mojavset, an offset siting support tool, to evaluate the potential impacts to biodiversity from a solar development site, or set of sites, and to then identify potential biodiversity offset sites for conservation action in the Plan area (DRECP, www. drecp. org, Fig 1). is a federal and state effort that seeks to simultaneously conserve and manage biodiversity while efficiently guiding the permitting and development of renewable energy in the desert region. Mojavset provides decision support for three steps of the mitigation hierarchy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects of biodiversity offsetting, particularly through tools and methodologies intended to balance development projects with conservation objectives. It highlights the use of spatial conservation planning, as well as the development of a tool called Mojavset, which evaluates the impacts on biodiversity due to solar development and proposes conservation actions. This aligns with the claim's emphasis on balancing development and conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: In this respect, ‘Stemness’ might be seen as a two-edged sword, its bright side being represented by normal SCs, its dark side by cancer SCs. A better understanding of SC biology will help fulfill the promise of regenerative medicine aimed at curing human pathologies and fighting cancer from its roots. Key Words: Stem cells; Regenerative medicine; Gastrointestinal diseases; Chronic liver diseases; Cell-based therapy Citation: Piscaglia AC. Stem cells, a two-edged sword: Risks and potentials of regenerative medicine. Gastroenterol 2008; 14(27): 4273-4279 URL: DOI: : recorded history of human cancer begins with an Egyptian papyrus, dating between 3000 and 2000 B. C. , which describes breast tumors in humans. The nomenclature ‘cancer’ was first proposed by Hippocrates. The term derives from the Greek words carcinos and carcinoma, both literally meaning crab. Galen offered a possible explanation for this name based on similitude with either the morphology of cancer or with its tenacious and parasitic behavior. According to legend, Celsus attempted to classify pathologic masses into three categories: secundum naturam, associated with pregnancy; propter naturam, the tumefaction which develops following traumas and leads to tissue repair; and contra natura, synonymous with cancer[12]. After two millennia, this classification has found renewed perspective based on recent advancements in cell biology, with particular emphasis on the concepts of stemness and SCs. In multicellular organisms, tissues are organized in a hierarchical manner, with SCs residing at the apex of the developmental pathway. SCs are defined as undifferentiated cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into diverse mature progenies[34]. Therefore, SCs play a central role in tissue genesis, regeneration and homeostasis by providing new elements to increase tissue mass during pre- and post-natal growth, and replacing cell loss due to senescence or damage[56]. SCs are thought to alternate symmetric and asymmetric divisions, hence maintaining the property of self-renewal[7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the dual nature of 'Stemness' in stem cells, indicating that while regenerative medicine holds promise for curing diseases, it also poses risks associated with cancer stem cells. It implies that the understanding of stem cell biology is crucial for mitigating such risks, thereby suggesting that there are ethical and medical implications linked to regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: and Berk, M. : The platelet as a peripheral marker in psychiatric illness. Hum. Psychopharmacol. Clin. Exp. 16, 229-236 (2001) Askenazy, F. , Caci, H. , Myquel, M. , Darcourt, G. and Lecrubier, Y. : Relationship between impulsivity and platelet serotonin content in adolescents. Psychiatry Res. 94, 19-28 (2000). , Berk, M. , Plein, H. and Cloninger, C. R. : Relationship between serotonin and the temperament and character inventory. Psychiatry Res. 89, 29-37 (1999) Muck, M. , Jakovljevic. and Pivac, N. : Platelet 5-HT concentrations and suicidal behavior in recurrent major depression. J. Affect. Disord. 39, 73-80 (1996) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Brzovic, Z. : Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis function and platelet serotonin concentrations in depressed patients. Psychiatry Res. 73, 123-132 (1997) Meszaros, Z. , Borsiczky, D. , Mate, M. , Tarcali, J. , Szombathy, T. , Tekes, K. and Magyar, K. : Platelet MAO-B activity and serotonin content in patients with dementia: effect of age, medication and disease. Neurochem. Res. 23, 863-868 (1998) Goveas, J. S. , Csernansky, J. G. and Coccaro, E. F. : Platelet serotonin content correlates inversely with life history of aggression in personality-disordered subjects. Psychiatry Res. 126, 23-32 (2004) Pivac, N. , Muck, D. and Jakovljevic, M. : Platelet 5-HT levels and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms. Neuropsychobiology. 36, 19-21 (1997) Muck, D. , Jakovljevic, M. and Deanovic, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. The text discusses various studies related to psychiatric illnesses, platelet serotonin content, and other medical conditions, without mentioning ginseng or adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: The primary purpose of the tool is the spatial prioritization of offset sites; the avoid and minimize steps are implemented to alert a user if sites are in direct conflict with incompatible lands or sites of known high conservation priority, before an offset analysis is performed. Restoration, in this DRECP example, is not considered a viable option due to the slow rate of recovery in desert ecosystems [23]. Selected offset sites are presumed protected indefinitely from future development and to retain their desired ecological characteristics. While not implemented in this case study, Mojavset does have an option to incorporate alternative land use scenarios to prioritize offsets in areas expected to be lost without conservation intervention; thus incorporating additionality to ensure ‘no net loss’ [10, 16]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Location map. study area (Subsection 322Ag: Plains and Hills [30]. The remainder of the methods section is organized as follows: a brief explanation of the Zonation conservation software package [24, 25] precedes further detail describing options of the Mojavset offsetting tool. This is followed by a description of our case study site and offsetting decisions, the creation of our set of hypothetical USSED sites, the spatial data describing conservation features, and a description of the two offset analyses analyzed in the case study. Zonation background Zonation is a conservation planning tool that uses the concept of conservation utility functions [24, 26], and is used extensively in spatial conservation prioritization [24, 27]. The use of utility functions is a primary difference compared to other planning routines [22], and represents the relationship between the amount of a particular conservation feature and its social value. For example, in a utility curve in the DRECP study area, total value increases non-linearly with the degree of protection (representation) of a conservation feature, such that the marginal utility of additional protection or restoration for a particular biological feature diminishes as total protection of that feature across the planning region increases (Fig 2). Zonation allows separate utility curves for each conservation feature and employs an iterative removal algorithm to remove units (planning units or grid cells) from the conservation solution in an order that produces the smallest loss of total conservation value at each step [24]. The order of removal determines the relative value of each cell and results in a hierarchy of conservation value across the landscape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how biodiversity offsetting tools like Mojavset prioritize conservation alongside development. It discusses the spatial prioritization of offset sites and emphasizes the consideration of conservation values during development processes. The mention of ensuring 'no net loss' through offsets and the description of conservation planning tools indicates a commitment to integrating development with conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: SCs possess a hierarchy of potentialities: from the totipotency of the zygote and its immediate progeny, to the pluripotency of embryonic SCs (ESCs), and the multi/unipotency of adult SCs (ASCs)[589]. ESCs are pluripotent cells derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. ESCs can generate any differentiated phenotype of the three primary germ layers by a process called determination[910]. At the end of embryogenesis, each tissue contains a heterogeneous population of cells at different stages of maturation, including relatively undifferentiated, self-renewing cells, termed adult SCs (ASCs). ASCs have a limited differentiation potential and are responsible for turnover and repair within the tissue of origin. ASCs have been identified in several organs, such as bone marrow (BM), gastrointestinal epithelium, skin, brain, muscle, and liver[81112]. SCs colocalize with supporting cells in a physiologically limited and specialized niche, that varies in nature and location depending upon the tissue type[1314]. The reciprocal interactions between SCs and their niche influence SC behavior: a complex network of developing signals regulates the balance between quiescence and the dividing state, leading ASCs toward self-renewal or differentiation[1516]. According to the hierarchical model, long-term SCs (true SCs, extremely rare, with high differentiation potential and proliferative capacity) can give rise to short-term SCs (transit-amplifying or committed progenitors), which in turn are able to differentiate into mature elements providing tissue-specific functions[517]. Despite the paradigm of unidirectional cell determination, recent studies have shown that ASCs are endowed with an unexpected plasticity, as circulating adult progenitor cells can differentiate into mature cells of other tissue types[101418]. A particularly high degree of plasticity is shown by bone marrow SCs (BM-SCs), which in vivo and in vitro studies have proved to be able to differentiate into a wide range of non-hematopoietic phenotypes[19–22]. It has also been demonstrated that BM-SCs normally circulate in the peripheral blood, and that the number of circulating SCs committed toward neuronal and hepatic differentiation increases following treatment with mobilizing agents[23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of stem cell (SC) behavior, including the hierarchical potentialities and differentiation capabilities of various types of stem cells like embryonic SCs and adult SCs. This complexity implies that there are layers of biological processes involved in regenerative medicine, which can lead to ethical and medical concerns, particularly in how these cells differentiate and interact within their niches. These intricate interactions and limitations hint at potential risks that challenge the notion that regenerative medicine is devoid of ethical or medical risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Platelet serotonin in subtypes of schizophrenia and unipolar depression. Psychiatry Res. 38, 105-113 (1991) Muck-Seler, D. , Pivac, N. , Jakovljevic, M. , Sagud, M. and Mihaljevic, A. : Platelet 5-HT concentration and comorbid depression in war veterans with or without posttraumatic stress disorder. J. Affect. Disord. 75, 171-179 (2003) Praag, H. M. : The cognitive paradox in posttraumatic stress disorder: a hypothesis. Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 28, 923-935 (2004). , and Charney, D. S. : Noradrenergic and serotonergic function in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 54, 749-758 (1997) Brady, K. , Pearlstein, T. , Asnis, G. M. , Baker, D. , Rothbaum, B. , Sikes, C. R. and Farfel, G. M. : Efficacy and safety of sertraline treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA. 283, 1837-1844 (2000) Bhattcharyya, D. and Sur, T. K. : Effect of Panax ginseng and diazepam on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and its modification by diclofenac in rat. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 43, 505-509 (1999) Sheikh, N. , Ahmad, A. ,. and Palit, G. : Effect of Bacopa monniera on stress induced changes in plasma corticosterone and brain monoamines in rats. J. of Ethnopharmacol. 111, 671-676 (2007) and Kim, C. J. : Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats. J. of Pharmacol Sci. 93, 218-221 (2003) and Kim, S. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to serotonin levels and certain psychiatric conditions without addressing ginseng or its adaptogenic properties.