Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin in the rat formalin test. Pain. 2012;25(1):1-6. DOI: 10. 3344/kjp. 2012. 25. 1. 1. | PubMed | 37. . Differential expression of spinal γ-aminobutyric acid and opioid receptors modulates the analgesic effects of intrathecal curcumin on postoperative/inflammatory pain in rats. Med. 2018;13(1):82-92. DOI: 10. 17085/apm. 2018. 13. 1. 82. | 38. . Administration of curcumin alleviates neuropathic pain in a rat model of brachial plexus avulsion. Pharmacology. 2019;103(5-6):324-324. DOI:DOI: 10. 1159/000496928. | PubMed | CrossRef | 39. Al-Rohaimi AH. Comparative anti-inflammatory potential of crystalline and amorphous nano curcumin in topical drug delivery. J Oleo Sci. 2015;64(1):27-40. DOI: 10. 5650/jos. ess14175. | PubMed | CrossRef | 40. Lazarevic-. Myeloperoxidase inhibitors as potential drugs. Cun-Drug Metab. 2015;16(3):168-190. DOI: 10. 2174/138920021603150812120640. | 41. -Munoz A, et al. Curcumin attenuates DNB-induced murine colitis. . 2003;285(1):G235-G243. DOI: 10. 1152/ajpgi. 00449. 2002. | PubMed | CrossRef | 42. . Nanocurcumin ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis in mouse by suppressing NF-λB signaling and inflammation. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;65:408-412. DOI: 10. 1016/j. intimp. 2018. 10. 034. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 43. Curcumin protects against acetaminophen-induced apoptosis in hepatic injury. Gastroenterol. 2013;19(42):7440-7446. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting various studies that demonstrate the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin. For instance, it mentions that curcumin alleviates neuropathic pain and has a comparative anti-inflammatory potential, indicating its effectiveness in reducing inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/tc-14-2795-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 2016. By analyzing wind velocity and sonic temperature time series with concurrent blowing snow, such turbulent motions were found to supply substantial sensible heat to near-surface wind flows. These motions were responsible for temperature fluctuations of up to 1 ∘C, a considerable change for energy balance estimation. A simple scaling relationship was derived that related the frequency of dominant downdraft and updraft events to their duration and local variance. This allows for the first parameterization of entrained or advected energy for time-averaged representations of blowing snow sublimation and suggests that advection can strongly reduce thermodynamic feedbacks between blowing snow sublimation and the near-surface atmosphere. The downdraft and updraft scaling relationship described herein provides a significant step towards a more physically based blowing snow sublimation model with more realistic mixing of atmospheric heat. Additionally, calculations of return frequencies and event durations provide a field-measurement context for recent findings of nonstationarity impacts on sublimation rates. Download & links 10. 5194/tc-14-2795-2020, 2020. Received: 08 Feb 2020 – Discussion started: 03 Mar 2020 – Revised: 30 Jun 2020 – Accepted: 21 Jul 2020 – Published: 01 Sep 2020 1 least 40 % of the world's population relies on the seasonal snowpack as a temporary reservoir of winter snowfall that then provides meltwater in spring and summer for downstream water use (Meehl et al. , 2007). However, after snow has fallen, it is often subjected to sublimation while at rest or amplified in-transit sublimation during redistribution. Blowing snow redistribution can result in vast amounts of frozen water moving between basins or, in the case of sublimation, being removed entirely from the surface water budget in windswept regions. Blowing snow p2. 1 Field data (FMSL) is located in the in the of southwestern Alberta, Canada. FMSL is surrounded by very complex terrain, with multiple nearby 2900 m peaks having > 100 m vertical rock faces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the dynamics of blowing snow and how it relates to temperature fluctuations and energy balance in the atmosphere. It explains that 'turbulent motions' contribute to 'sensible heat to near-surface wind flows,' indicating that the process of snow formation involves complex atmospheric interactions rather than simply cold air blowing across icebergs. The mention of 'blowing snow sublimation' further implies that snow formation and behavior are influenced by various atmospheric conditions, which challenges the simplicity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Arrowheads denote representative GluR1 and GluR2 puncta which were stained both before and after permeabilization (white), only before permeabilization (yellow) and only after permeabilization (blue). Scale bars, 10 µm. (C and D) Quantitative analysis of GluR1 and GluR2 surface expression in dendrites. C, the number of surface GluR1 puncta in dendrites normalized by the number of total GluR1 puncta (left), and fluorescence intensity of surface GluR1 puncta in dendrites normalized by GluR1 fluorescence intensity after permeabilization and in the soma (right). D, the same quantification for GluR2. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. In C, n = 31 (Rng105+/+, −), 35 (Rng105+/+, +), 34 (Rng105−/−, −), and 33 (Rng105−/−, +) neurons from 4 experiments. In D, n = 39 (Rng105+/+, −), 40 (Rng105+/+, +), 39 (Rng105−/−, −), and 38 (Rng105−/−, +) neurons from 4 experiments. ***p<0. 005, ****p<0. 001 using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Student's t-test. See also Figure 10—figure supplement 1. Figure 10—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs AMPAR scaling in response to activity deprivation (biotinylation assay). (A) Total cell lysates of surface-biotinylated primary cultured neurons (9 DIV) from E17. 5 wild-type mouse cerebral cortex (total), and avidin agarose beads-bound fractions of the lysates (surface), were immunoblotted with the anti-GluR1 antibody. Control neurons were mock-treated without biotin. Arrow and arrowhead indicate biotin-labeled surface GluR1 and non-labeled intracellular GluR1, respectively. Lanes were cut and moved horizontally in the same membrane. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about pollution and current technologies. It discusses the analysis of GluR1 and GluR2 puncta and related experimental results, without addressing pollution or any technology used to combat it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats access Published: 11 October 2023 Isolation of curcumin from Lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya and development of its PLGA-Cur-NS loaded nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory and cutaneous wound healing activity in Wistar rats Sanjib K. Sarma1, Uloopi Dutta1, Alakesh Bharali1,2, Suman Kumar1, Sunayna Baruah1,3, Himangshu Sarma1,4, Damiki Laloo1,5 & …Bhanu P. Sahu1,2 Show authors of 0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin each). ResultsResults depicted that the chloroform extract showed the presence of a considerable amount of phenolics with 50-60% yield of curcumin. HPLC analysis depicted that the LKD curcumin had higher purity when compared to standard curcumin. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions were obtained with size 150 ± 50 nm and PDI 0. 2 ± 0. 1. The Cur-NS-nanogel showed satisfactory physical property, drug loading and stability. Ex vivo permeation studies in rats showed controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h. Topical intervention with Cur-NS-nanogel (0. 6%) significantly (p < 0. 05) decreased the paw volume by 43. 97% in the 3rd hour and 72. 19% on the 4th hour. Furthermore, the cutaneous wound healing property of Cur-NS-nanogel when compared to negative control rats showed a substantial (p < 0. 05) reduction in the percentage wound contraction from 5 to 20th days. ConclusionLKD showed high curcumin content with significant antioxidant effects. LKD curcumin loaded into stable nanogel depicted safe and controlled skin permeability with promising cutaneous wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. BackgroundCurcumin, obtained from rhizome of Curcuma longa L. is a linear diarylheptanoid with excellent medicinal properties [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing research on curcumin, particularly its isolation from Lakadong turmeric and its development into a nanogel for potential anti-inflammatory applications. It states that the Cur-NS-nanogel demonstrated a significant decrease in paw volume in an experiment involving Wistar rats, which indicates its anti-inflammatory activity. The conclusion of the study explicitly highlights that the curcumin loaded into the nanogel showed promising anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The blowing snow study site is situated on a plateau at 2000 m at the base of a closed ski resort, providing ample upwind fetch with minimal obstruction from trees or buildings (Fig. 1 inset). Winter air temperatures at the FMSL blowing snow site typically range from −20 to +5 ∘C, with frequent midwinter downslope Chinook (föhn) wind events. Snow depth at the blowing snow site remains fairly constant through the midwinter at approximately 1 m, with fresh snowfall frequently redistributed by wind events. Figure 1Overview of blowing snow study site and adjacent micrometeorological stations at in the Kananaskis Valley, Alberta, Canada. The prominent down-valley wind direction is noted on the map and on the site photo inset. Topographic map produced by the for Mapping and Earth Observation, Canada, © in Right of Canada. temperature and wind velocity time series were observed at the FMSL blowing snow study site using two 3 sonic anemometers sampling at 50 Hz from November 2015 to March 2016. The anemometers were positioned on the same mast at heights above the snow surface varying over 0. 1–0. 4 and 1. 4–1. 7 m with snow surface accumulation or erosion. These anemometers will be referred to as the 20 and 150 cm anemometers throughout the remaining text. Extensive analysis of this dataset has already provided new insights into the turbulent mechanisms for blowing snow transport (Aksamit and Pomeroy, 2016, 2017, 2018). The turbulent structures scrutinized here have previously been coupled with p0. 82, 0. 83, and 0. 97, respectively, and were 0. 61, 0. 62, and 0. 80 for relative humidity, respectively. All correlation coefficients were statistically significant at 99. 99 %. Meteorological variables at the blowing snow study site can be found in Table 1. The Monin–Obukhov stability parameter, ζ, was calculated following Monin (1970) and Stull (1988) such that ζ=zL,L=-u∗3θ0κgw′θ′‾, where θ0 is the potential temperature at the 20 cm anemometer and u∗=u′w′‾2+v′w′‾21/4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a blowing snow study site located on a plateau in Alberta, Canada, rather than in the Arctic. It describes the winter air temperatures and the mechanics of snow transport related to wind events, but does not reference cold air blowing across icebergs as a mechanism for snow production. Instead, it emphasizes the local meteorological conditions and turbulent mechanisms observed at the site, which are not specific to the claim regarding snow production in the Arctic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (B and C) TTX/APV-treated and untreated primary cultured neurons (9 DIV) from Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− littermates (E17. 5) were surface biotinylated and analyzed as in A. Immunoblotting for GluR1 (B) and GluR2 (C). Arrows and arrowheads indicate biotin-labeled surface GluR1/2 and non-labeled intracellular GluR1/2, respectively. In the bottom panel in B, twice the amount of samples from Rng105−/− neurons were loaded, which showed more clearly that the ratio of surface/intracellular GluR1 was lower in Rng105−/− neurons than in Rng105+/+ neurons. In A−C, numbers on the left indicate molecular mass (kDa). (D and E) Quantitative analysis of the ratio of surface/intracellular GluR1 and GluR2 in the biotinylation assay. The intensity of upper GluR1/2 bands in the avidin beads-bound fraction (arrows in B and C) and lower GluR1/2 bands in the total lysate (arrowheads in B and C) was measured and the surface/intracellular ratio was calculated. D, GluR1; E, GluR2. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. n = 9 from 3 littermates each of Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− mice. *p<0. 05 using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Student's t-test. Attached Files. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg RNG105 conditional deletion mice exhibit seizures. This movie shows a seizure in a Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mouse just after the contextual fear conditioning test (passive avoidance). Additional files Supplementary file 1 Differential mRNA enrichment analysis between SP and SR of hippocampus − All mRNAs (36,701) Download elife-29677-supp1-v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding pollution elimination as it discusses experimental procedures and results related to primary cultured neurons and molecular biology, with no mention of pollution or the effectiveness of current technologies in addressing it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: It is a low molecular weight polyphenol (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadien-3,5-dione) and is lipophilic in nature. Curcumin content varies with various lines of C. longa due to hybridization and introgression with other species of Curcuma [2]. is regarded as one of the greatest turmeric kinds in the world due to its 6. 8 to 7. 5 percent curcumin concentration [3,4,5]. This type of turmeric is native to Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills, specifically the Lakadong region [5]. While there have been reports highlighting curcumin's anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, there is a limited amount of information available regarding curcumin derived from lakadong turmeric of Meghalaya. [6]. Hence, there is a need to have more scientific reports on Lakadong turmeric based curcumin considering its better quality and yield which gives it huge potential for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical application. One major limitation of curcumin, restricting its successful application is its poor bioavailability due to its less solubility [7]. In recent years, nano drug delivery systems have significantly enhanced the bioavailability and aqueous solubility of curcumin. Nanosuspensions (NSs) due to its various advantages are the most clinically successful nanoformulation in enhancing the solubility of poorly soluble drugs [8]. However, the advantages of NSs, that includes its high reactivity, great capacity and small size, may also inflict toxic effects on cells compared to its microsized counterparts [9, 10]. Hence, a suitable carrier as PLGA based NS loaded carbopol nanogel may be a better preparation with reduced nanotoxicity. Moreover this nanogel may also result in a more controlled therapy which is essential for its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effect. Wounds typically represent physical injuries that cause the loss of epithelial integrity as well as the disturbance of normal structure and function of the skin and its tissues that underneath it. Many physiological events occur throughout the wound healing process, including clothing, coagulation, inflammation, and the formation of new tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that there have been reports highlighting curcumin's anti-inflammatory activities. Additionally, it indicates that curcumin derived from lakadong turmeric has the potential for pharmaceutical applications, particularly related to its anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Note the correlation between sites for both variables and the varying y axes between plots. Download 3 Results 3. 1 Modified VITA results During each blowing snow storm, there was no definitive evidence of humidity saturation or thermodynamic feedback at two of the three nearby weather stations (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, RH data were unusable at the site for four of the five nights. Increases in RH were typically coupled with decreases in air temperature and were transient in nature. The complex topography and enhanced turbulent mixing at FMSL may be responsible for this as indicated by the modified VITA analysis below. Indeed, though all three sites are situated in close proximity to each other, there is limited correlation for meteorological variables between all three, suggesting incredibly complex wind flow and energy fluxes in this alpine zone. Figure 3Bin-averaged temperature fluctuations of near-surface anemometer from the 15 min mean for events of specific return frequency and event duration for recordings over each blowing snow storm. Insets are plots of probability distribution functions of event duration, temperature deviation, and event frequency for each storm and type of event. each VITA-identified event, instantaneous temperature deviations from the 15 min mean were computed to represent the magnitude and sign of turbulent temperature mixing with respect to slower meteorological changes over the nights. Aksamit and Pomeroy (2017) noted that there is no objective choice of averaging time or event threshold for the modified VITA analysis. As such, sonic temperatures during active turbulent events were examined over a variety of thresholds to determine a range of behavior. The recurrence frequencies and average durations of sweep and ejection events for each threshold combination illustrated the average prevalence of sweep or ejection motions. Further sensitivity analysis of the impact of VITA parameters on wind–snow coupling has been conducted by Aksamit and Pomeroy (2017). For each blowing snow storm, 3D point clouds of mean recurrence frequency, event duration, and event temperature deviation were calculated for the 20 cm sonic anemometer. Each point represents the values from one choice of averaging time and modified VITA thresholds for a 15 min observation period as discussed in Sect. 2. 2. The 3D plots contain significant overlap, so for clarity, the mean temperature deviations were averaged over small ranges of event duration and frequency, as shown in Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex meteorological factors and the behavior of blowing snow in alpine zones, without specifically relating this to the presence of icebergs in the Arctic. It suggests that snow events are more influenced by transient changes in humidity and temperature, as well as complex wind flows, rather than the simplistic notion that snow is merely produced by cold air blowing across icebergs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: xlsx Supplementary file 2 (A) mRNAs eliminated from the candidates for dendritic mRNAs. (B) mRNAs eliminated from the candidates for somatic mRNAs Download elife-29677-supp2-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 3 (A) Dendritically enriched mRNAs (1,122). (B) Somatically enriched mRNAs (2,106). (C) mRNAs not significantly enriched in dendrites nor soma (2,814) Download elife-29677-supp3-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 4 (A) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’. (B) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘structural constituent of ribosome’. (C) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘translation’. (D) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis’. (E) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘pleckstrin homology’. (F) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘chemotaxis’. (G) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘GTPase regulator activity’. (H) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘leukocyte activation’. (I) Dendritic mRNAs classified in ‘SH3’ Download elife-29677-supp4-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 5 (A) mRNAs for AMPA receptor subunits and dendritic mRNAs for AMPA receptor regulators. (B) SR-enriched mRNAs involved in membrane potential regulation Download elife-29677-supp5-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 6 mRNAs reduced in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f soma Download elife-29677-supp6-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 7 Statistical reporting table Download elife-29677-supp7-v1. xlsx Transparent reporting form Download elife-29677-transrepform-v1. docx Download links A two-part list of links to download the 9677. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific data related to mRNAs and does not address pollution or its elimination through technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6Histopathologicalsection analysis of the rat skin tissues obtained from the 21st-day excision wound model: A: Normal control group; B: Negative control group; C: Group treated with plain carbopol gel; D: Group treated with marketed turmeric cream (0. 6% equivalent curcumin); E and F: Group treated with Cur-NS-Nanogel(0. 6% equivalent curcumin) [CF: Collagen fibers, FC: Fibroblast cells, HF: Hair follicles, IF: Inflammatory cells, RE: re-epithelization, GT: Granulation tissues, SB: Sebaceous gland]Full size imageAcute anti inflammatory activityPrior to the experiment, animals were allowed unlimited access to water while fasting for 24 h. Except for normal control (group I), all animal groups received 0. 05 ml of a 1% suspension of carrageenan in saline on the day of the experiment. One hour prior to each experiment, the carrageenan solution was produced and administered to the rat's right hind paw's plantar side. With the examined sample, Groups III to IV were processed and topically applied to the plantar surface of the hind paw by rubbing 50 times, gently with the index finger. The study's standard reference medication was 0. 5% piroxicam gel. One hour before the carrageenan injection, medications were administered. Using a plethysmometer, paw volume was measured immediately following the injection of carrageenan and at intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 h [32, 38]. The results are shown in Fig. 7. Fig. 7a Effects of Cur-NS nanogel in paw volume in rats at different time intervals, b In vivoanti inflammatory activity of Cur-NS nanogel in ratsFull size imageStatistical analysisThe standard error of the mean (SEM) was used to express all values of the experimental data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed for the evaluation of the wound area from postoperative day 0 to 21 using a two-way ANOVA statistical procedure, followed by Bonferroni's post-test for multiple comparisons between groups. All statistical analyses were performed using Graph5. 0 software (GraphPad Software, Inc. , La Jolla, CA). A difference in the mean values with p < 0. 05 was considered to be statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment that investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, which is noted to be equivalent to that found in turmeric. The analysis includes treatments with curcumin and presents findings related to acute anti-inflammatory activity, supporting the assertion that curcumin has such properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The insets in each subplot are three probability distributions computed from the original point clouds for each blowing snow storm: distributions of temperature deviation, event duration, and event frequency. Mean and skewness values are noted next to each distribution. The analysis revealed for the four non-Chinook blowing snow storms (20 November 2015, 4 December 2015, 3 February 2016, 3 March 2016) that sweeps consistently brought warmer air to the near-surface anemometer. This can be seen as the colored temperature plots show average temperature deviations greater than zero for nearly all event duration and frequencies over each storm. Probability distributions show very few sweep events with negative temperature deviations, as well as a consistent positive mean and skewness. storm on 21 January 2016 had a positive mean and skewness but exhibited short cold-air bursts as well. Mean temperatures for sweeps were warmer than ejections for all blowing snow storms. Figure 4The same measurements as shown in Fig. 3, now subtracting the upper-anemometer (140 cm above the surface) mean from the near-surface (20 cm) sweep and ejection temperatures for various blowing snow storms. Note the predominantly colder fluctuations. analysis on the 140 cm anemometer wind and temperature time series showed similar results. Interestingly, analysis comparing 20 cm anemometer event temperatures to the 140 cm anemometer means revealed near-surface sweeps often occur with colder signatures than the nearby 140 cm anemometer means (Fig. 4). This is in contrast to what was found relative to surface temperatures. As these measurements were all made during the night and over a continuous snow cover with a slightly stable temperature profile, this indicates relatively warm upper-air mixing with cold near-surface air that resulted in a mixed temperature value between the two anemometer means. For example, blocks on the left side of Fig. 3i show a group of sweeps that were 1 ∘C warmer than the mean temperature of the 20 cm anemometer (bright yellow), but in Fig. 4i, the same group of sweeps were 0. 5 ∘C colder than the 140 cm anemometer mean (dark blue). Color scales are equivalent in Figs. 3 and 4. This effect is further supported by the mean anemometer temperatures detailed in Table 1. Figure 5Example of variation in event frequency (N) over VITA thresholds (kV) for different averaging times (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of warmer air mixing with cold near-surface air during blowing snow storms. It highlights that for the majority of these events, the temperature deviations were positive, meaning warmer air was involved, and only few instances indicated short cold-air bursts. The analysis reveals that typically, warmer air was brought to near-surface measurements despite colder fluctuations near the surface, suggesting that the process is more complex than simply cold air blowing across icebergs resulting in snow.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Abstract Conductance-based models of neural activity produce large amounts of data that can be hard to visualize and interpret. We introduce visualization methods to display the dynamics of the ionic currents and to display the models’ response to perturbations. To visualize the currents’ dynamics, we compute the percent contribution of each current and display them over time using stacked-area plots. The waveform of the membrane potential and the contribution of each current change as the models are perturbed. To represent these changes over a range of the perturbation control parameter, we compute and display the distributions of these waveforms. We illustrate these procedures in six examples of bursting model neurons with similar activity but that differ as much as threefold in their conductance densities. These visualization methods provide heuristic insight into why individual neurons or networks with similar behavior can respond widely differently to perturbations. eLife digest The nervous system contains networks of neurons that generate electrical signals to communicate with each other and the rest of the body. Such electrical signals are due to the flow of ions into or out of the neurons via proteins known as ion channels. Neurons have many different kinds of ion channels that only allow specific ions to pass. Therefore, for a neuron to produce an electrical signal, the activities of several different ion channels need to be coordinated so that they all open and close at certain times. Researchers have previously used data collected from various experiments to develop detailed models of electrical signals in neurons. These models incorporate information about how and when the ion channels may open and close, and can produce numerical simulations of the different ionic currents. However, it can be difficult to display the currents and observe how they change when several different ion channels are involved. Alonso and Marder used simple mathematical concepts to develop new methods to display ionic currents in computational models of neurons. These tools use color to capture changes in ionic currents and provide insights into how the opening and closing of ion channels shape electrical signals. The methods developed by Alonso and Marder could be adapted to display the behavior of biochemical reactions or other topics in biology and may, therefore, be useful to analyze data generated by computational models of many different types of cells. Additionally, these methods may potentially be used as educational tools to illustrate the coordinated opening and closing of ion channels in neurons and other fundamental principles of neuroscience that are otherwise hard to demonstrate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the visualization of neural activity and the coordination of ion channels in neurons, with no mention of pollution or technologies related to pollution control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ResultsPhysical evaluations and phytochemical studies of the LKD successive extractsTable 1 reports the physical characteristics and yield percentages of the successive LKD extracts. In the present investigation, the quantification of total phenolic and tannin content as demonstrated in Table 1 depicted that the LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) showed the presence of maximum quantity of phenolics and tannins followed by and LKDHE. The results of phytochemical screening are shown in Table 2. fingerprint analysis of LKDCH when compared to standard reference curcumin showed a prominent and dense bands of curcumin and its two analogues viz bisdesmethoxycurcumin (BDMC) and demethoxycurcumin (DMC) having Rf value at 0. 81, 0. 65 and 0. 53 respectively. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that all the LKD extracts were found to be devoid of any residual solvent (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Table 1 Physical properties, % yield and total phenolic and tannin content of the successive LKD extractsFull size tableTable 2 Preliminary phytochemical screening of various successive extracts of LKDFull size tableIn vitro antioxidant activityDPPH radical scavenging activity of LKD successive extracts is shown in Fig. 1. Data demonstrated that and LKDME extracts showed significant (*p < 0. 05) difference when compared to the positive control (STD-CUR) revealing their less antioxidant efficacy. showed statistically non-significant (nsp < 0. 05) when compared to STD-CUR, indicating that it has the ability to scavenge the DPPH radical which is comparable to the standard. Isolation and structural elucidation of curcumin from LKDColumn chromatography of the LKDCH yields 105 fractions. The existence of curcuminoid components was shown by fraction numbers 50–76 as depicted on the TLC chromatogram. Fraction 50–55 demonstrated the highest purity based on the TLC profile as indicated by the presence of a significant dense area of curcumin with modest amounts of BDMC and DMC. Further, this fraction (50–55) was purified by re-crystallization in ethanol, as indicated in the literature [39], thus yielding a yellowish crystals of curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the presence and isolation of curcumin from LKD extracts and implies its chemical and biological significance, as seen in the mention of its antioxidant activity. The reference to 'curcuminoid components' and the process of purification of curcumin highlight its relevance to the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties associated with curcumin.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Of particular interest in this scaling relationship is a clear difference between N0 for the 140 and 20 cm anemometer observations for both total events and solely sweep events. Over all nights, the characteristic frequency for total events was lower at the 140 cm anemometer, which corresponded with a drop in the number of sweeps, whereas the characteristic frequency of ejections was nearly identical at both heights. The threshold criteria in Eqs. (1) and (2) vary for measurement location and time, scaling by mean values calculated over each observation period at each anemometer. This implies that there were fewer relatively large sweeps away from the surface, and a possible shift in turbulent structure dynamics. Additionally, this supports the suggestion in Sect. 3. 1 that the mechanisms generating sweeps and ejections may be different, with less common flow features resulting in the ejections. 4 same strong sweep events that have been previously found to be highly relevant for blowing snow initiation and transport at this site (Aksamit and Pomeroy, 2017) are also responsible for advecting warmer-than-average air to the near-surface layer. This is a critical insight for blowing snow sublimation modeling as the periods with greater than average blowing snow transport coincide with the presence of warmer-than-average air (sweeps). Previous theoretical work has concluded that suppression of the sublimation of surface and blowing snow may occur if moisture fluxes near the surface are counterbalanced solely by diffusion (Bintanja, 2001). Mobbs and Dover (1993), Déry and Taylor (1996), Déry and Yau (1999, 2001), et al. (2013), and others have suggested that blowing snow sublimation could be a self-limiting process when thermodynamic feedbacks are included in a steady-state boundary layer model. However, these models did not account for warm- or dry-air entrainment or for the temporal correlation of transport bursts with warm-air entrainment. This missing forcing term may explain the lack of evidence of saturation in blowing snow field studies in the steppes of Russia, high plains of Wyoming (USA), prairies of Saskatchewan, alpine mountains of Alberta and arctic tundra of the (Canada), and (e. g. , Dyunin, 1959; Schmidt, 1982; Pomeroy and Li, 2000; Musselman et al. , 2015; Grazioli et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not support, contrast, or address the claim about the production of snow by cold air blowing across icebergs. Instead, it discusses different factors influencing snow dynamics and sublimation models, lacking any mention of how snow is produced in relation to cold air and icebergs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: and computational studies have clearly demonstrated that neurons and circuits with similar behaviors can, nonetheless, have very different values of the conductances that control intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength. Using a model of the crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG), Prinz et al. (2004) showed that similar network activity can arise from widely different sets of membrane and synaptic conductances. Recent experimental measurements have shown two- to six-fold variability in individual components in the same identified neurons (Schulz et al. , 2006; Schulz et al. , 2007; Roffman et al. , 2012; Swensen and Bean, 2005). The use of RNA sequencing and other molecular measurements have shown significant cell-to-cell variability in the expression of ion channels (Temporal et al. , 2012; Temporal et al. , 2014; Tobin et al. , 2009). Together these results suggest that similar activities arise from different cellular and network mechanisms. Here, we use conductance-based models to explore how different these mechanisms are and how they respond to perturbation. Because of the intrinsic variability, canonical models that capture the mean behavior of a set of observations are not sufficient to address these issues (Golowasch et al. , 2002; Balachandar and Prescott, 2018). To incorporate intrinsic biophysical variability Prinz et al. (2004) introduced an ensemble modeling approach. They constructed a database with millions of model parameter combinations, analyzed their solutions to assess network function, and screened for conductance values for which the activity resembled the data (Calabrese, 2018). An alternative was used by Achard and (2006). They combined evolutionary strategies with a fitness function based on a phase-plane analysis of the models’ solutions to find parameters that reproduce complex features in electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity, and applied their procedure to obtain 20 very different computational models of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Here, we adopt a similar approach and apply evolutionary techniques to optimize a different family of landscape functions that rely on thresholds or Poincaré sections to characterize the models’ solutions. In some respects, biological systems are a black-box because one cannot read out the values over time of all their underlying components. In contrast, computational models allow us to inspect how all the components interact and this can be used to develop intuitions and predictions about how these systems will respond to perturbations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution and its elimination through current technologies. Instead, it focuses on neuronal behavior, modeling, and the variability of biological systems, without any mention of pollution or environmental technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Table 5 Stability studies results of Cur-NS NanogelFull size tableCutaneous wound healing potential of Cur-NanogelIn the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. Figure 5 represents the morphological and structural changes of the wounds from day 0 to day 21 after being treated with the curcumin nanoformulation. Animals treated with simple carbopol gel showed no significant difference (p < 0. 05) in the wound contraction area on comparision to the negative control group (untreated group). However, topical treatment of the animal groups with commercially available turmeric cream (0. 6% w/w equivalent curcumin) and formulated CUR-NS nanogel of equivalent percentage of curcumin on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 showed a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the wound contraction area when compared to the untreated group. The percentage wound contraction (%) and epithelialization period concerning plain gel, standard control, and that of the tested CUR-NS nanogel is respectively shown in Table 6. The nanogel resulted in better healing of the open wound in comparison to marketed turmeric cream with equivalent curcumin. The percentage wound contraction was found to be significantly higher in the prepared nanogel in comparison to the marketed cream. Results from the histopathological analysis also supported our study. Tissues excised from the normal control group revealed normal hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) with well defined-outer epidermis and well-organized epithelial cells (EC) as depicted in Fig. 6A. While tissues excised from the negative control group and the plain gel treated group exhibited remarking deterioration of the epithelial cells (EC) and the epidermis (ED), along with damaged collagen fibers (Fig. 6B and C). However, marketed turmeric cream applied on the animal group exhibited sufficient healing ability represented by re-epithelialization and regeneration (Fig. 6D). The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent cutaneous wound healing capability. Table 6 study results in rats from day 0 to day 21Full size tableAcute anti-inflammatory activityFigure 7a and b demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the anti-inflammatory effects of the formulated Cur-NS nanogel, which includes curcumin. It mentions the demonstration of anti-inflammatory activity in a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in experimental rats, thereby supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Future high-temporal-resolution studies of air temperature and water vapor during sustained periods of above-snow-transport-threshold wind speeds would greatly benefit the research community. Short-timescale thermodynamic feedbacks to humidity from sublimation could come from similar high-frequency coupling analysis with closed path hygrometers or gas analyzers at multiple heights during blowing snow events. This would allow for a more complete understanding of the advection–thermodynamic feedback balance during blowing snow storms and advance the seminal profile studies of Schmidt (1982). As advection processes are local by nature (e. g. , Harder et al. , 2016), characteristic frequencies of turbulent events will vary with location and current atmospheric conditions. The small range of values of N0 measured at this site during 5 months of this campaign suggests common flow phenomena will possibly dominate and aid in more universal applications of entrainment modeling, at least within specific seasons. 5 an alpine blowing snow field campaign, analysis of turbulence time series and sonic temperatures indicates that exceptional warm-air entrainment and advection events can be associated with specific turbulent structures. Over five nights of investigation, sweeps brought relatively warm air to the snow surface, up to 1 ∘C warmer than average near-surface temperatures. These parcels of air may also be relatively cold compared to temperatures measured only 1. 2 m above, further adding to the complexity of the physics of blowing snow sublimation. Ejections also result in strong but less consistent temperature mixing. The current lack of understanding of advection or entrainment during snow transport may explain why the thermodynamic feedback parameterizations necessary in many blowing snow sublimation models are unphysical. In fact, field measurements of atmospheric conditions during these blowing snow events showed no evidence of significant sublimation feedbacks, let alone saturation of relative humidity. An enhanced influence of mechanical mixing in boundary layers with inhomogeneous temperature distributions, for example where there is topographically induced cold-air pooling or flow separation, may explain why sublimation rate observations and estimates can be high and can vary from study to study. The present research indicates that including a supply of warm and dry air from different near-surface regions of the flow is a physically accurate modeling assumption. A better representation of turbulent mixing in these regions is likely necessary for the improvement of sublimation rate estimates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex thermodynamic processes involved in blowing snow events and the influence of warm air advection and entrainment, suggesting that simply cold air blowing across icebergs is not sufficient to explain snow production. It emphasizes the role of temperature variations and the influence of warm and dry air, which contradicts the notion that cold air alone is responsible for producing snow.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Despite this, much modeling work focuses on the variables of the models that are routinely measured in experiments, such as the membrane potential. While in the models we have access to all state variables, this information can be hard to represent when many conductances are at play. Similarly, the effect of perturbations – such as the effect of partially or completely blocking or removing a particular channel – can be complex and also hard to display in a compact fashion. Here, we address these difficulties and illustrate two novel visualization methods. We represent the currents in a model neuron using stacked area plots: at each time step, we display the shared contribution of each current to the total current through the membrane. This representation is useful to visualize which currents are most important at each instant and allows the development of insight into how these currents behave when the system is perturbed. Perturbation typically results in drastic changes of the waveform of the activity and these changes depend on the kind of perturbation under consideration. Additionally, we developed a novel representation that relies on computing the probability of V(t), which allows a visualization of these changes. We illustrate the utility of these procedures using models of single neuron bursters or oscillators. parameters: landscape optimization The numerical exploration of conductance-based models of neurons is a commonplace approach to address fundamental questions in neuroscience (Dayan and Abbott, 2001). These models can display much of the phenomenology exhibited by intracellular recordings of single neurons and have the major advantage that many of their parameters correspond to measurable quantities (Herz et al. , 2006). However, finding parameters for these models so that their solutions resemble experimental observations is a difficult task. This difficulty arises because the models are nonlinear, they have many state variables and they contain a large number of parameters (Bhalla and Bower, 1993). These models are complex, and we are not aware of a general procedure that would allow the prediction of how an arbitrary perturbation in any of the parameters will affect their solutions. The problem of finding sets of parameters so that a nonlinear system will display a target behavior is ubiquitous in the natural sciences. A general approach to this problem consists of optimizing a score function that compares features of the models’ solutions to a set of target features. Consequently, landscape-based optimization techniques for finding parameters in compartmental models of neurons have been proposed before (Achard and De Schutter, 2006; Druckmann et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about pollution and current technologies. It discusses complex modeling techniques in neuroscience, focusing on how to represent currents in model neurons and challenging aspects related to parameters and perturbations in these systems. There is no mention of pollution or technologies related to its elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The result depicted that subcutaneous injection of carrageenan at 0th, 1st and 2nd hour showed no discernible (p > 0. 05) changes in the paw volume in both untreated (negative control) and treated rats (Cur-NS nanogel and positive control). Topical intervention with Cur-NS nanogel (0. 6%) at 3rd and 4th hour when compared to negative control rats demonstrate a significant (*p < 0. 05) reduction in the paw volume by 43. 97% and 72. 19% respectively. Similar but lesser effect was seen with topical intervention applied with marketed curcumin formulation (positive control), where the paw volume also showed significant reduction (*p < 0. 05) at 3rd (48. 19%) and 4th hour (50. 67%). DiscussionCurcuminoids, which are abundant in turmeric, have several biological functions. Curcumin, in particular, has been proven to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. Curcumin analogues' biological capabilities have recently been documented, with demethoxycurucmin (DMC) being shown to be very effective in suppressing MCF-7 cells and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) having the capacity to modify MDR-1 gene expression. Among all the known curcuminoids, except curcumin, both DMC and BDMC are not commercially available [43]. As a result, it is essential to isolate curcuminoids at a high purity in order to study their biological properties. The current study investigated the process of isolation and purification of curcumin from turmeric and formulation of novel nanogel for evaluation of its wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities in experitmental animals. Our reports demonstrated that among the LKD successive extracts, the yield percentage was found to be highest with that of LKDCH. The density of the color change during phytochemical screening of the LKDCH indicated the presence of a significant amount of phenolics, tannins, terpenes, and steroids. Our findings are consistent with those of previous research [44,45,46], where turmeric samples gathered from various parts of the world showed comparable and similar phytochemical profile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of significant reductions in paw volume, indicative of anti-inflammatory effects, when using Cur-NS nanogel, which contains curcumin, compared to untreated rats. It also references previous research suggesting that curcumin has a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, thus supporting the asserted claim about curcumin's benefits derived from turmeric.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The event of 20–21 March obviously had a higher visibility than the other two events at the same wind speed, and the calculated threshold wind speed is greater than the other two events. This event had the highest measured top layer snow densities (250–370 kg m−3) of all three cases examined here (see Table 3). The 1–3 March event had the coldest temperatures and relatively less dense snow at the uppermost layer (150–250 kg m−3), which resulted in weaker winds needed to create extreme visibility reductions, while the 22–24 March event had snow densities in the upper few centimeters between 170 and 310 kg m−3 (Table 3). This result is similar to those of Baggaley and Hanesiak (2005), where blowing snow occurred most readily at air temperatures near −34°C regardless of the age of the snowpack. Also, the 20–21 March event had a shorter time since the previous snowfall and a higher top-layer snow density than that of 1–3 March, and this indicated that air temperature played a more important role for increasing snow density than other processes. It should be noted that the 22–24 March event was only 1 h after the latest snowfall (see Table 3); however, accumulations were not significant. Li and Pomeroy (1997) developed an empirical function relating threshold wind speed to ambient air temperature. The threshold wind speed is lowest around −25°C and increases slightly as temperatures increase or decrease away from −25°C. However, in this study, the lowest threshold wind speed occurred between −30° and −35°C, which is slightly colder than the suggested temperature range of Li and Pomeroy. For blowing snow with concurrent falling snow (Fig. 3), more scatter was observed in the plot of observed visibility versus wind speed and much smaller R2 values than those of ground blowing snow events were obtained. For each individual case of ground blowing snow, wind speed was the main factor affecting visibility and can be a good indicator for visibility in those kinds of events. In the event of blowing snow accompanied by falling snow, the visibility was influenced by both wind speed and snowfall and cannot be predicted by wind speed alone. Note the different ranges of wind speed in Figs. 2 and 3 and the low visibility (of order 100 m) in some high wind speed blowing snow cases. b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the role of wind speed and air temperature in the production of snow. It discusses how blowing snow occurs at specific air temperatures (near −34°C) and how wind speed is the main factor affecting visibility during these events. This indicates that the formation of snow is not solely due to cold air blowing across icebergs, but rather involves complex interactions of temperature and wind conditions, as illustrated by various events detailed in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: , 2007; Ben-Shalom et al. , 2012). Here, we employ these ideas to develop a family of score functions that are useful to find parameters so that their activities reach a desired target. In this work, we started with a well-studied model of neural activity described previously (Liu et al. , 1998; Goldman et al. , 2001; Prinz et al. , 2004; O'Leary et al. , 2014). The neuron is modeled according to the Hodgkin-Huxley formalism using a single compartment with eight currents. et al. (1998), the neuron has a sodium current, INa; transient and slow calcium currents, ICaT and ICaS; a transient potassium current, IA; a calcium-dependent potassium current, IKCa; a delayed rectifier potassium current, IKd; a hyperpolarization-activated inward current, IH; and a leak current Ileak. We explored the space of solutions of the model using landscape optimization. The procedure consists of three steps. First, we generate voltage traces by integration of Equation 5 (Materials and methods). We then score the traces using an objective or landscape function that defines a target activity. Finally, we attempt to find minima of the objective function. The procedures used to build objective functions whose minima correspond to sets of conductances that yield the target activities are shown in Figure 1. Voltage traces were generated by integration of Equation 5 and were then scored according to a set of simple measures. The procedure is efficient in part because we chose measures that require little computing power and yet are sufficient to build successful target functions. For example, we avoid the use of Functions (SDF) and Fourier transforms when estimating burst frequencies and burst durations. In this section, we describe target functions whose minima correspond to bursting and tonic activity in single compartment models. This approach can also be applied to the case of small circuits of neurons (Prinz et al. , 2004). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Landscape optimization can be used to find models with specific sets of features. (A) Example model bursting neuron. The activity is described by the burst frequency and the burst duration in units of the period (duty cycle). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neural activity modeling and optimization techniques without mentioning pollution or technologies that address it. There are no references or arguments provided that relate to the assertion that pollution can be eliminated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The total residual solvent present in all the successive extracts were found to very minimum as evident from the results of studies, which depicted that the extract is free from harmful residual solvents used during extraction process. Literature demonstrated that the presence of residual solvent beyond the safety limits may be associated with carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity, teratogenicity and may other toxic consequences in finished herbal medicinal products [47]. Based on the quantitative estimation, it was observed that total phenolic and tannin content was found to be highest with LKDCH extract (2. 16 ± 0. 62 mg GAE/g of dry weight extract) as compared to other successive extracts. The high phenolic content of turmeric may be attributed to the presence of curcuminoids and other phenolic components [48]. Research reported that the total phenolic content present in ordinary turmeric (Curcuma longa) was 1. 03 mg GAE/gm dry weight extract [49]. Based on these findings, it is evident that Lakadong turmeric grown in Meghalaya has a higher phenolic content (two-fold) than ordinary turmeric, which is in agreement with the literature which reports that LKD turmeric contains high levels of phenolic curcuminoids [50]. As evidenced by our HPTLC fingerprinting analysis, the LKDCH extract showed higher levels of curcumin in comparison to the reference curcumin, while BDMC and DMC were significantly less dense. This marks the initial instance of curcumin isolation from Lakadong turmeric, and the spectral data align precisely with the previously documented curcumin spectra in existing literature [17, 39,40,41, 43]. Scavenging of the stable free radical (DPPH) is regarded as a reliable test for assessing antioxidant scavenging activity of a substance [51]. Plant extracts containing polyphenol components have antioxidant action due to their ability to donate hydrogen atoms or electrons and trap free radicals [52]. According to research, the phenolic OH group or the CH2 group of the β-diketone moiety can both contribute to curcumin's ability to neutralize and scavenge free radicals [53]. In the current study, it was found that the LKDCH extract consists of a significant amount of phenolic and tannin contents, with curcumin as its main constituent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high levels of curcumin in Lakadong turmeric, which is identified as a main constituent of the extract. Furthermore, it mentions that components of turmeric, including curcumin, contribute to antioxidant activity and have the potential to neutralize free radicals, which aligns with the common understanding of curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: 5 m s−1), with MRE reduced to 15%–25%. As might be expected, poorer relationships were observed in the event of blowing snow with concurrent precipitation. The ground blowing snow relations derived are valid for events over flat, snow-covered terrain, with roughness lengths of order 10−3 m and, given the temperature ranges involved in most events, high liquid water equivalent ratios (i. e. , near 10:1 or dry snow). Since no liquid water equivalent precipitation measurements were available, there is no way of providing a range over which our relations apply in this regard; however, given the time of year and air temperatures for the events presented, dry snow is a valid assumption. Wetter snow regimes and rougher surfaces would affect the results from this study but quantification of this is not possible. Future work will examine different terrain roughness lengths. and Male (1988) visibility model can be revised to relate the 1. 5-m visibility during blowing snow to the p0. 83, RMSE of 1. 3 km, and MRE of 30. 54%. The observed visibility had a strong relationship with p0. 92 in general. This relationship can be used to predict visibility from p62. CrossrefBaggaley, D. G. , and HanesiakJ. M. , 2005: An empirical blowing snow forecast technique for the and the Prairie Provinces. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 51–62. 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1)| falseSearch 174. CrossrefBrown, T. , and PomeroyJ. W. , 1989: A blowing snow p174. 10. 1016/0165-232X(89)90017-7)| falseSearch 134. Budd, W. F. , DingleR. J. , and RadokU. , 1966: Project: Outline and basic results. Studies in Antarctic Meteorology, M. J. Rubin, Ed. , Series, Vol. 9, Amer. Geophys. Union, 71–134. )| falseSearch 139. CrossrefKobayashi, D. , 1978: Snow transport by katabatic winds in Mizuho camp area, East Antarctica. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 56, 130–139. 10. 2151/jmsj1965. 56. 2_130)| falseSearch 53. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing blowing snow and its relationship with visibility and terrain conditions, without supporting the idea that snow is specifically produced by cold air crossing large icebergs. Instead, it emphasizes factors like temperature ranges, blowing snow dynamics, and humid conditions, suggesting that the mechanisms of snow formation are more complex than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Let g denote a set of parameters, we can then define an objective function (2) E(g)=αEf+βEdc+γEsw, where the weights (α,β,γ) determine the relative importance of the different sources of penalties. In this work we used α=1, β=100, γ=1, and the penalties Ei were calculated using T=10 seconds with dt=0. 1 msecs. The target behavior for bursters was defined by dctg=0. 2 (duty cycle 20%) (dctg=0. 2) and bursting frequency ftg=1Hz. We can use similar procedures to target tonic spiking activity. Note that the procedure we described previously to determine bursts from the sequence of spike times S is also useful in this case. If a given spike satisfies the definition of burst start and it also satisfies the definition of burst end then it is a single spike and the burst duration is zero. Therefore, we compute the bursts and duty cycles as before and ask that the the target duty cycle is zero. There are multiple ways to produce tonic spiking in this model and some solutions display very different slow wave activity. To further restrict the models, we placed a middle threshold at tmid=-35mV and detected downward crossings at this value. We defined Elag as the lag between the upward crossings at the spiking threshold (tspk=-20mV) and downward crossings at tmid. Elag is useful because it takes different values for tonic spikers than it does for single-spike bursters even though their spiking patterns can be identical. Finally, we found that the model attempts to minimize Elag at the expense of hyperpolarizing the membrane beyond -50mV and introducing a wiggle that can be different in different solutions. To penalize this we included additional thresholds between -35mV and -45mV, counted the number of downward crossings at these values #midi, and asked that these numbers are equal to the number of spikes #s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a technical model involving parameters and functions related to spiking activity and does not mention pollution or technologies for pollution elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The obtained properties might have resulted in non-adhesiveness, exudate absorption, retention of moisture, and gas permeability which were ideal for wound healing application [12]. Sufficient drug loading (61. 2 ± 4. 5%) was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. The high drug loading might be due to the method of preparation of gel by simultaneous addition method. From the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with higher steady state flux in comparison to gel. Similar results were obtained for the partition coefficients. This controlled permeation may be due to the presence of PLGA in the nanogel and may result in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity with reduced nanotoxicity on application. Stability studies of developed formulation showed that optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content in different conditions. Different stages of wound healing like inflammation, proliferation and regeneration often overlap with each other and are difficult to differentiate resulting in enhanced qualitative and quantitative aspects of each stage which might hasten the healing process with reduced side effects [61]. In the current study, nanoformulation of curcumin was found effective in healing cutaneous wounds. The experimental groups receiving the tested CUR-Nanogel represented excellent wound healing capability with re-epithelialization, regeneration and reformation of fibroblast cells (FC), granulation tissues (GT), hair follicles (HF), collagen fibers (CF) and inflammatory cells (IC) (Fig. 6E, F). Fibroblast cells (FC) aid cell migration and proliferation by the production of primary extracellular matrix, including fibronectin, hexosamine, hexuronic acid in the wound bed and is primarily responsible for collagen formation [36, 62, 63]. These fibroblast cells are matured into fibrocytes with higher ability of collagen formation after discharging to the wound sites [64]. Moreover, the inflammatory cells intensify the inflammatory response with the release of certain chemotoxic agents to disinfect the wound area [61, 65]. However, a cumulative aggregation and cell hyperactivation in the wound area might result in pus formation in the wound site, leading to amputation and loss of tissues, and thus affecting the healing process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effectiveness of curcumin in wound healing and its anti-inflammatory properties. It mentions that the optimized CUR-Nanogel formulation exhibited better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity while minimizing nanotoxicity, thus supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Most instances of blowing snow with precipitating snow end when the falling snow terminates. The percentage of blowing snow events that outlast the falling snow diminishes with time since the end of the snow View in gallery Fig. 6. (a) 5% CRED for various snowpack ages for the Arctic sites at a target visibility ≤ 1 km and using the current air temperature; (b) 5% CRED for various target visibilities in statute miles for all ground blowing snow cases for all observation sites using the current air temperature. The target visibilities include all occurrences equal or less than the stated threshold View in gallery Fig. 7. (a). Number of occurrences of significant blowing snow (target visibility ≤ 1km) for all observation sites plotted by current air temperature and snow age; (b) blowing snow occurrences giving visibilities of 1 km or less at all stations as a proportion of the number of instances of these temperatures, sorted by snow age. All data that occurred after melt and freeze, or after liquid precipitation, were omitted View in gallery Fig. 8. Distribution of visibilities in reported ground blowing snow for all observation sites. The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 events raw image Fig. 1. Locations of the observational sites View raw image Fig. 2. Sample CRED distribution at a temperature of −20°C for all ground blowing snow cases combined showing a best-fit line (mean of 12. 3 m s−1 and a variance of 1. 7). The wind speed at the 5% CRED is interpolated to be 9. 5 m s−1. The wind speeds at 50% and 95% CREDs are also extracted from this curve View raw image Fig. 3. The wind speeds at the 5%, 50%, and 95% CREDs from Fig. 2 are replotted (solid figures) along with those from throughout the temperature range. Best-fit quadratic lines are then inferred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various occurrences of blowing snow and its relation to air temperature and snow age, specifically mentioning that 'the percentage of blowing snow events that outlast the falling snow diminishes with time' and that significant blowing snow occurrences are modeled based on temperature ranges. This indicates that while blowing snow can happen at various temperatures, it does not specifically support the claim that snow is produced solely by cold air blowing across icebergs, but rather that blowing snow is a phenomenon affected by multiple factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: With these definitions, we define the partial errors as before, (3) Ef=(ftg−<fb>i)2Edc=(dctg−<dc>i)2Emid=∑i(#midi−#s)2Esw=(#sw)2. The total error as a function of the conductances reads as follows, (4) E(g)=αEf+βEdc+γEmid+δEsw+ηElag. The values α=1000, β=1000, γ=100, δ=100 and η=1, produce solutions that are almost identical to the one displayed in Figure 1B. In all cases, evaluation of the objective functions requires that the models are simulated for a number of seconds and this is the part of the procedure that requires most computing power. Longer simulations will provide better estimations for the burst frequency and duty cycle of the cells, but will linearly increase the time it takes to evaluate the objective function. If the simulations are shorter, evaluations of the objective function are faster but the minimization may be more difficult due to transient behaviors and its minima may not correspond to stable solutions. In this work, we minimized the objective function using a standard genetic algorithm (Holland, 1992; Goldberg and Holland, 1988). The choice of the optimization routine and the choice of the numerical scheme for the simulations are independent of the functions. and methods for details on the how we performed this optimization. The same functions can be utilized to estimate parameters in models with different channel types. Visualizing the dynamics of ionic currents: currentscapes Most modeling work focuses on the variables of the models that are routinely measured in experiments such as the membrane potential as is shown in Figure 2A for a bursting neuron. While in the models we have access to all state variables, this information can be hard to represent when several current types are at play. One difficulty is that some currents like Na and Kd vary over several orders of magnitude, while other currents like the leak and H span smaller ranges. Additionally, the relative contribution of each current to the total flux through the membrane varies over time. Here, we introduce a novel representation that is simple and permits displaying the dynamics of the currents in a cohesive fashion. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Currentscape of a model bursting neuron. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution or current technologies. Instead, it discusses mathematical modeling techniques and the optimization of parameters in simulations involving ionic currents in neurons. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Again, in the infection site, the formation of pus is aided by the formation of free radicals which can be scavenged by the use of antioxidants [66, 67]. The antioxidants in the curcumin would thus assist in complete healing of the wounds by scavenging the free radicals and pus within the infected area. Hence, in the current study, Cur-Nanogel demonstrated excellent cutaneous wound healing potential as compared to the marketed turmeric extract cream. λ-Carrageenan, a complex polysaccharide, is a routine inflammatory inducer that causes rapid inflammatory reactions, including increased pain sensitivity and skin redness. This is due to the activation of several proinflammatory pathways including histamine, bradykinin, tachykinins, cyclooxygenase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms all contribute to the development of enlarged paws produced by fluid leaking into injection sites. This phenomenon is a useful metric for assessing anti-inflammatory medicines and their biological mechanisms, particularly their influence on the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines [68]. Carrageenan-induced paw edema is a popular experimental paradigm for evaluating anti-inflammatory drugs due to its dependability and precision in producing findings [69]. Turmeric and its bioactive constituent ‘curcumin’ are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects with well defined mechanism by regulating various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory mediators [70]. Many researches have demonstrated that curumin alone or its pharmaceutical formulation showed a dramatical inhibition on inflammation of the paw edema produced by carrageenan [71]. Our result is in accordance with the data reported in the literature, depicting that PLGA-based curcumin nanosuspension loaded in carbopol gel revealed significant anti-inflammatory effects in experimental rats. This increased anti-inflammatory activity in the Cur-NS Nanogel may be due to the more controlled permeation of the drug because of the presence of PLGA in the nanogel that may have resulted in better anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity [72]. Such controlled permeation of nanoformulation may be essential for ensuring reduced nanotoxicity on application. The observed behavior may also be due to the quality and purity of isolated curcumin from LKDCH, used in the Cur-NS nanogel in comparison to the marketed curcumin formulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'turmeric and its bioactive constituent ‘curcumin’ are well known for their anti-inflammatory effects with well defined mechanism by regulating various inflammatory signaling pathways and inhibiting the production of proinflammatory mediators.' Furthermore, it highlights that many studies have shown that curcumin alone can significantly inhibit inflammation, reinforcing the credibility of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The wind scale is speed in excess of the 5% CRED threshold for the current air temperature and appropriate age of the snowpack: (a) temperature 0 to −10°C, 4039 events; (b) −10 to −20°C, 12450 events; (c) −20 to −30°C, 16644 events; (d) −30 to −40°C, 4650 events 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 692 165 15 PDF Downloads 557 116 9 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WAF-833. 1 Page(s): 51–62 1. IntroductionThe central arctic experiences the most occurrences of blowing snow in Canada, while the Canadian prairies have significant number of events as well (Phillips 1990). Blowing snow can be a hazard to public safety and transportation because of poor visibility associated with some events. An accurate forecast of the occurrence and resultant visibility of this phenomenon may help to mitigate this hazard. Unfortunately, predicting the occurrence of blowing snow and the associated reduction in visibility is difficult due to complexities related to snowpack state and its interaction with the lower atmosphere. Blowing snow occurs when the wind shear stress exceeds the snow p0. 8, 1. 6, 3. 2, 4. 8, and 8 km (½, 1, 2, 3, and 5 mi). Knowledge of snow state and meteorological conditions are required to forecast blowing snow. While detailed snowpack properties are not typically available to the weather forecaster in real time, a record of snow depth, time since last snowfall (proxy for snow age), and interim weather conditions should be known. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information that focuses on the phenomenon of blowing snow, specifically noting that it occurs when wind shear stress exceeds a certain threshold, rather than attributing snow production to cold air blowing across icebergs. It also highlights the complexities involved in predicting blowing snow and does not support the idea that icebergs are the primary source of snow.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: A simple visualization of the dynamics of ionic currents in conductance-based model neurons. (A) Membrane potential of a periodic burster. (B) Percent contribution of each current type to the total inward and outward currents displayed as pie charts and bars at times T1 and T2 (C) Percent contribution of each current to the total outward and inward currents at each time stamp. The black filled curves on the top and bottom indicate total inward outward currents respectively on a logarithmic scale. The color curves show the time evolution of each current as a percentage of the total current at that time. For example, at t=T1 the total outward current is ≈2. 5nA and the orange shows a large contribution of KCa. At t=T2 the total outward current has increased to ≈4nA and the KCa current is contributing less to the total. At any given time stamp, we can compute the total inward and outward currents. We can then express the values of each current as a percentage of this quantity. The normalized values of the currents at any time can be displayed as a pie chart representing the share of each current type (Figure 2B). Because we want to observe how these percentages change in time, we display the shares in a bar instead of a disk. The currentscapes are constructed by applying this procedure to all time stamps and stacking the bars. These types of plots are known as stacked area plots and their application to this problem is novel. Figure 2C shows the currentscape of a periodically bursting model neuron over one cycle. The shares of each current type to the total inward and outward currents are displayed in colors, and the total inward and outward currents are represented by the filled black curves in logarithmic scale in the top and bottom. Visualizing changes in the waveforms as a parameter is changed To visualize changes in the activity as a conductance is gradually removed we computed the distribution of membrane potential V values. This reduction contains information about the waveform of the membrane potential, while all temporal information such as frequency can no longer be recovered. The number of times that a given value of V is sampled is proportional to the time the system spends at that value. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding pollution and current technologies. It discusses the dynamics of ionic currents in conductance-based model neurons, which has no bearing on environmental pollution or technological solutions related to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: ConclusionFrom the study it may be concluded that the LKD show high curcumin content with its chloroform extract showing higher yield of curcumin of high purity with significant antioxidant effects. Homogenous curcumin nanosuspensions could be obtained by nanoprecipitation method using PLGA with suitable size distribution and physicochemical properties. LKD curcumin nanosuspensions could be converted into to stable Carbopol based nanogel with safe and controlled skin permeability with reduced nanotoxicity. This controlled and sufficient skin permeability of Cur-NS nanogel might result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. Hence LKD turmeric may be explored more for its high and pure curcumin content and suitable nanoformulations in the form of nanogel may be designed for better clinical applications of curcumin for inflammation and cutaneous wound healing. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsPLGA: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid NS: Nanosuspension SC: Stratum corneum PVA: alcohol LKD: : : : : : Chromatography TP: Total phenolics TSP: Total simple phenolics TC: Tannin content (TC) HPTLC: : Methanol CHCL3: Chloroform FT-IR: : : : calorimetry DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide TMS: Tetramethylsilane ppm: Parts per million DPPH : 1, 1 Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl HRBC: Percentage stabilization of human red blood cell PDI: Polydispersity index DLS: Dynamic light scattering TEM: Transmission electron microscopy ICH: for : Committee for Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals IAEC: Institutional animal ethical Committee SEM: Standard error of mean ANOVA: Analysis of variance BDMC: Bisdesmethoxycurcumin DMC: Demethoxycurcumin 10. 1007/s10695-008-9266-610. 4236/ajps. 2011. 2201310. 3389/fnut. 2021. 74795610. 1016/j. jchromb. 2007. 03. 01010. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that LKD curcumin nanosuspensions may result in significant and promising wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity in experimental rats. This directly supports the idea that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: An attempt was made to test if wind gusts can influence the occurrence of blowing snow by the application of additional kinetic energy to the snow surface. Some observations report both mean wind and gusts, while the rest have just mean winds. As a consequence, an equivalent wind, Ueq, was developed to compare gusty winds to steady state winds by relating their energy content. Using the simplest case of a wind increasing linearly in speed over a unit time, t, we can define Udiff = (Umax − U) and Umin = (U − Udiff). Thus, the instantaneous wind speed (u) over one cycle (i. e. , from Umin to Umax) would be The power of the wind is proportional to the velocity cubed (Elliot 1986). Given that the energy of the wind is power multiplied by time, the relative wind energy, E, over one cycle would be equivalent mean wind, Ueq, which is the steady-state wind speed that has the same energy content as the gusty wind, would be For illustration, a reported hourly mean wind of 20 km h−1 gusting to 40 km h−1, where it is assumed that wind cycles from 0 to 40 km h−1, has the same energy as a steady wind of 25 km h−1. While this assumption oversimplifies the chaotic nature of gusty winds, subsequent testing indicated that this adjustment showed an improvement over the unmodified mean wind speed. Based upon previous snow work done by Jordan et al. (1999) and Hanesiak et al. (1999), the daily maxima net radiation on the snow surface are better reflected in maximum daily temperatures. The latter would therefore have more influence on the aging of the snowpack than the temperature at the time of the blowing snow event, which in turn should influence the blowing snow processes. The highest temperature since the last snowfall was used as an independent variable in our analysis. Thus the reported wind speed may be adjusted for anemometer height, gustiness, and/or temperature. Incorporating station barometric pressure will affect air density and should therefore have some theoretical influence on blowing snow. Testing did not show any measurable difference, and would represent a complication to the forecasting process. Thus, the effect of barometric pressure was not incorporated into any of the results. b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence blowing snow, including wind speed and temperature, without mentioning that snow is produced specifically by cold air blowing across icebergs. It emphasizes that factors like wind gusts and net radiation on the snow surface have a more significant role in snow distribution and behavior. The discussion about adjustments for wind dynamics and temperature shows that the relationship is more complex than suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Figure 3A shows the distribution of V for a periodic burster with fb≈1Hz and dc≈20% sampled from 30 s of simulation. The count is larger than 104 for values between -52mV and -40mV, and smaller than 103 for V between -35mv and 20mV. The areas of the shaded regions are proportional to the probability that the system will be observed at the corresponding V range (Figure 3B). Note that the area of the dark gray region is 105 while the light gray is 0. 5×104, so the probability that the cell is, at any given time, in a hyperpolarized state is more than 20 times larger than the probability that the cell is spiking. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Membrane potential V distributions. (A) Distribution of membrane potential V values. The total number of samples is N=2. 2×106. Y-axis scale is logarithmic. The area of the dark shaded region can be used to estimate of the probability that the activity is sampled between -50mV and -40mV, and the area of the light shaded region is proportional to the probability that V(t) is sampled between -30mV and 20mV. The area of the dark region is 20 times larger than the light region. (B) The same distribution in (A) represented as a graded bar. (C) Distribution of V as a function of V and gNa, and waveforms for several gNa values. The symbols indicate features of the waveforms and their correspondence to the ridges of the distribution of V. (D) Waveforms under two conditions and their correspondence to the ridges of the distribution of V. The ridges were enhanced by computing the derivative of the distribution along the V direction. The distribution of V features sharp peaks. In many cases, the peaks in these distributions correspond to features of the waveform, such as the amplitudes of the individual spikes, or the minimum membrane potential (see Figure 3—figure supplement 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding pollution elimination, as it discusses membrane potential distributions and simulation data without mentioning pollution or technologies related to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by assessing the 'anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin' in the context of neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide. It explicitly describes the study's focus on curcumin as the active component of turmeric and discusses how it impacts inflammation, thus supporting the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Analysis and forecast schemeTo test whether or not regional differences were important, all of the observations from arctic1 stations were combined and compared to a collection of reports from the Prairie provinces. Blowing snow events were divided into observations with and without concurrent precipitating snow. For observations with blowing snow with visibility 1 km or less in the Prairie provinces, 77. 9% occurred with precipitating snow, whereas in the arctic this figure was just 31. 9%. The blowing snow events that occurred without concurrent falling snow (ground blowing snow) were grouped by snow age. Since the likelihood of blowing snow decreased with time after the last occurrence of falling snow, the time span of each age group was set larger at greater ages (e. g. , the age groups were set to 1–2, 3–5, 6–11, 12–23,. . . 192–383 h since last snowfall). It was found that this grouping scheme maintains a reasonable sample size in each snow age group. There were a few cases of blowing snow with extremely old snowpacks (>1 month), or with snowpacks that had undergone liquid precipitation or significant melting. We suspect these cases to be blowing snow being advected from a distant location, but this could not be determined using point observational data. To reduce the effect of advected blowing snow on the results, all positive events and nonevents that occurred after a melting period with temperatures greater than 4°C (<5% of the total hits) were excluded in the calculations. Similarly, all observations that occurred after liquid precipitation were discarded. Individual reports that included fog, smoke, blowing dust, or ice pellets were removed from the dataset. Site-specific topography may preclude blowing snow with certain wind directions at particular observation sites. A climatology of blowing snow events was derived for each station and for each wind direction (in tens of degrees) with and without concurrent precipitating snow. A similar climatology can be found in Hanesiak et al. (2003). If there were no cases of blowing snow from a certain wind direction at a particular location, null events from that direction and location were also removed from the analysis. Since blowing snow is much less common in forested areas than in the open prairies, stations such as La Ronge, Saskatchewan, contributed very little to the final statistics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing observations of blowing snow in the Arctic, indicating that blowing snow events can occur without concurrent falling snow or precipitating snow. Specifically, it states that while blowing snow events happen less frequently in the Arctic with respect to falling snow compared to other regions, it does not support the notion that snow is produced specifically by cold air blowing across icebergs. The mention of factors affecting blowing snow dynamics such as observation methods, snow age, and environmental conditions implies a more complex interaction than simply production by cold air over icebergs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: This happens because every time the membrane potential reaches a maxima or minima (in time) the derivative dVdt is close to zero. The system spends more time close to values of V where the velocity dVdt is small than in regions where dVdt is large, as it occurs during the flanks of spikes. Therefore, when we sample a solution at a random instant, it is more likely that V corresponds to the peak of a spike than to either flank of the spike, while the most likely outcome is that V is in the hyperpolarized range (<-40mV). In this particular burster, there are 12 spikes in the burst but there are only 7 peaks in the distribution (between 10mV and 20mV); some spikes have similar amplitudes so they add to a larger peak in the distribution. The overall or total amplitude of the oscillation can be read from the distribution since the count of V is zero outside a range (-52mV to 20mV). These distributions can also be represented by a graded bar as shown in Figure 3B. As conductances are gradually removed the waveform of the activity changes and so does the distribution of V values. Figure 3C shows how the distribution of V changes as gNa is decreased. The waveforms at a few values of gNa are shown for reference. For each value in the range (100%gNa to 0%gNa with N=1001 values) we computed the count p(V,gNa) and display log10(p(V,gNa)+1) in gray scales. In this example, the cell remains in a bursting regime up to ≈85%gNa and transitions abruptly into a single-spike bursting mode for further decrements (%80gNa). The spikes produce thin ridges in the distribution that show how their individual amplitudes change. The colored symbols indicate the correspondence between features in the waveform and ridges in the distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on describing the behavior of a biological system, specifically relating to membrane potentials and neural spikes. It does not address pollution or technologies related to pollution control in any way, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim regarding pollution elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects. It mentions that curcumin treatment led to a reduction in the levels of inflammatory markers (-α and IL-1β) and that these findings suggest the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity.