Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: And the training of cognitive interpersonal relationship problem solving skills applied to 24 students of 5th and 6th grade in the community child center. Participants were asked to problem solving skills, self-efficacy, ego-resiliency questionnaire before, after, and 5 weeks after the program. The results of the paired sample t-test conducted for this purpose have shown that problem-solving skills of the treatment group were improved after the training this improvement was maintained in the follow-up test conducted after five weeks. Self-efficacy of the treatment group was found to be improved after the training, with the improvement being maintained in the follow-up test. The improvement in self-confidence among other sub-categories of self-efficacy was found to be maintained as shown in the results of the pre- and post-test and follow-up test. Ego-resiliency of the treatment group was found to be improved after the training, and the follow-up test conducted showed that the improvement was maintained. The improvement in interpersonal relationship and optimism among other sub-categories of ego-resiliency was found to be maintained as shown in the results of the pre- and post-test and follow-up test. Compared to the non-treatment group, the treatment group was found to make a progress in problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and ego-resiliency, and ego-resiliency in post and follow-up test. This study showed that group counseling service can improve the cognitive problem solving skills of children from broken families who are suffering from psychological and social mal-adjustment due to dissolution of family, and thereby helped enhance their adjustment abilities and prevent problematic behaviors in a practical manner. The authors discussed results based on previous study, and mentioned the implications of counseling, limitations of study and suggestions for further studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address bilingualism or its potential impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses a specific study involving the improvement of problem-solving skills among children through group counseling, without tying this back to bilingualism or any cognitive benefits related to it. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that improving gut health through diet can have positive effects on mental well-being. [SEP] Text: The most common reasons to use the app among the respondents (n=18) were (1) importance of the personal well-being (100%, 18/18); (2) interest in making life changes (100%, 18/18); (3) desire to learn new things (100%, 18/18); (4) appreciation towards the app contents (94%, 17/18); (5) it was fun to do exercises with the app (83%, 15/18); and (6) it brought enjoyment to process everyday issues with the app (72%, 13/18). Barriers for use were inquired in the midterm questionnaire from the participants who did not use the app. The most common reasons among the respondents (n=7) not to use were (1) not finding the time (100%, 7/7); and (2) not having a suitable phone (71%, 5/7) (eg, Windows phones were popular in Company B). Interviews confirmed that lack of time, having no need, and not remembering (ie, low priority) hindered app use. As one project manager from company B commented: "As a mother of small children, my time is limited. "Participants suggested several ways to support app use, such as group meetings, common use sessions at a workplace, reminders, follow-ups and provision of information on study progress. FindingsUser experiences were collected in the end of the study from the 13 interviewees who had used the app relatively actively. The participants experienced that using the app helped mindfulness to become part of their routines, because the exercises gave concrete instructions how mindfulness can be practiced. They learned ways to perform breathing and relaxation exercises and the app made them aware of the importance of being present. As one team manager from commented: "From that you remember those things and there are good phrases which are good to remember that ‘oh yeah, this is exactly how it goes’, kind of the awareness and reminding that these are good things. "However, participants, who were already familiar with mindfulness, experienced that the app did not bring anything new to them. The app was seen as a toolkit for personal well-being. It helped in stress management, removed anxiety, brought relief in stressful situations, and helped to concentrate (eg, on themselves and their well-being) through improved mindfulness skills. As one project manager from commented:I got positive feelings (about this). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how the use of the app contributed to users' personal well-being and mental health. It mentions that the app facilitated mindfulness practices, helped in stress management, alleviated anxiety, and made users more aware of their well-being, thus suggesting a positive impact on mental well-being. The statement 'the app was seen as a toolkit for personal well-being' reinforces the notion that using the app to improve mental skills has beneficial effects. Overall, the findings support the idea that supporting mental well-being through specific practices, potentially including diet, is valuable.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: For example, the group experienced greater redemption and distancing, but this did not improve general well-being, and in fact negative memories that overcame one’s currently positive outlook were associated with reductions in one well-being scale. And although the group received a boost to their negative mood, this was at the cost of contaminating the positive memory, reducing one aspect of well-being if reflections were focused on this contaminated past. Thus while considering incongruent reflection as a strategy for mood-regulation, one must also consider possible consequences of negative moods and memories. Negative memories can reduce positive moods, and negative moods can contaminate positive memories. In other words, negativity can trigger kill-joy thinking in two ways: Kill-joy memory, and kill-joy mood. And both can detract from well-being. While we predicted the group would have trouble distancing themselves from memories (as compared to the group), we were surprised that they also experienced increases in one of our well-being scales when their reflections were past-focused. Why then might it be adaptive to focus our reflections on the negative past when in a negative mood, rather than seeking to put distance between where we were then, and where we are now? A phenomenon called depression realism (Alloy and Abramson 1979) might shed light on this finding, whereby those in a depressed mood are more likely to be accurate and realistic in their inferences. While the theory is not without criticism (Benassi and Mahler 1985; Dunning and Story 1991), support for it has been found in multiple contexts (Alloy and Abramson 1979; Keller et al. 2002; Seidel et al. 2012). Because negative memories can represent a problem to be solved (Bohanek et al. 2005), it’s possible that solutions are more accessible when a negative mood can provide an accurate outlook, contributing to well-being. In contrast, a positive mood might provide a positively-biased perspective, either interfering with problem-solving, or making revisiting the negative past more challenging. There may be resistance to taking an honest inventory of the past to identify solutions if this is at the expense of reducing one’s currently positive mood. A negative memory might be easier to work through if already in a negative mood where there is nothing left to lose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between negative experiences, reflections on the past, and well-being. It indicates that while negative moods and memories can contaminate positive experiences and detract from overall well-being, there may be some adaptive benefits when reflecting on negative past experiences during negative moods. The focus on how negativity can reduce well-being contradicts the claim that soundscapes can have a positive impact, as it delves into how both negative memories and moods can impair one's mental state rather than enhance it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 키워드 결손가정, 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련, 문제해결력, 자기효능감, 자아탄력성 broken family, training of cognitive problem-solving skills for interpersonal relationship, problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, ego-resiliency 참고문헌(55) 1. [학위논문] 강윤정 1999 결손가정 아동의 대인관계 증진을 위한 자기표출 훈련 프로그램의 효과 연구 2. [학술지] 고성혜 1995 편모가정 청소년의 가정환경에 대한 지각 한국청소년연구 20 3. [학위논문] 권지은 2003 부모 및 또래애착,문제해결방식과 자아탄력성의 관계 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. It mentions topics related to cognitive problems and self-efficacy but does not connect these ideas to bilingualism or its effects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that improving gut health through diet can have positive effects on mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Om chanting is an ancient practice that involves reciting the Om mantra, which is considered one of the most important elements of Hindu mythology. mantra is believed to produce vibrations that promote a sense of tranquillity and calmness. Moreover, Om chanting has been linked to several health benefits, including reducing stress, improving concentration, and promoting a sense of wellbeing. The use of meditation as a stress-reducing technique is well established, and it has been extensively studied in the context of improving psychological well-being. People have been practicing meditation for thousands of years, with Buddhism and Hinduism being the prominent traditions from which meditation has flourished. A derivative of meditation is chanting, which is essentially repeating mantras, words or sounds believed to have a profound impact on a person's inner state. The chanting of Om (also known as AUM) is considered one of the oldest and most powerful mantras used in Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism, and it is believed to be the sound of the universe. sound is considered to resonate at a constant frequency of 432 Hz, and when chanted, it activates the parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the rest and digest response of the body. In this way, chanting Om is believed to help bring the body, mind, and spirit into balance. One of the main benefits of Om chanting is its ability to promote relaxation and reduce stress. When we are stressed, our bodies release cortisol, a hormone that can have negative effects on our mental and physical health. Om chanting has been found to reduce cortisol levels, which can help to reduce stress and promote relaxation. Om chanting has also been found to have a positive effect on anxiety. A study conducted by the for found that chanting Om on regular basis, for just five minutes, can significantly reduce anxiety levels. This is because the sound of Om is believed to have a calming effect on the mind, which can help to reduce feelings of anxiety and promote a sense of calmness. In addition to its effects on stress and anxiety, Om chanting has also been found to have a positive effect on depression. A study conducted by the Department of Psychology at the University of California found that chanting Om can help to reduce symptoms of depression, such as sadness and hopelessness. This is because the sound of Om is believed to have a positive effect on the brain, which can help to improve mood and reduce feelings of depression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of Om chanting on mental well-being, specifically mentioning its ability to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression. It suggests that practices such as Om chanting can promote relaxation and a sense of calm, which aligns with the claim that improving health (in this case, mental health) can enhance overall well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: There is an alternative explanation for why focusing on past negative memories when in a negative mood was associated with increases in one of our well-being scales. It is possible that these memories served as distracters from current situations that were causing a negative mood. When the negative memory was effective at taking one’s mind off the present moment (as indicated by past tense words in reflections) this was associated with one aspect of well-being. However, when one was swept up in the drama of the moment, the negative memory failed as a distracter. The latter scenario was described in an exit interview by a participant who said negative memories “would come when I was in a bad mood so I was more focused on my present bad mood than my past. ” Interestingly, while positive memories might be thought of as exemplary distracters for negative moods (Nolen-Hoeksema 1991), this group showed reductions in one of our well-being scales when focused on the past. Thus the kill-joy aspects of the group seemed to outweigh potential distracter benefits. Also, unexpectedly, we did not find group differences or overall changes in well-being. And yet we did find evidence of redemption and distancing, two mechanisms shown in prior unmediated research to drive well-being and general health improvements (Campbell and Pennebaker 2003; Wildschut et al. 2006). Additionally, Isaacs et al. (2013) employed a similar methodology and demonstrated the well-being benefits of TMR. Why then did we not find these changes in the current study? There are at least two possibilities stemming from methodological differences. First, the prior TMR study had participants reflect more frequently, yielding an average of 53. 42 reflections each (Isaacs et al. 2013) compared with 9. 43 times in the current study. Our decision to reduce the number of reflections was motivated by our pilot study which showed people were comfortable writing up to 15 memories of each valence. Finding no overall well-being changes in our current study might result from participants experiencing fewer reflections compared with prior work. Our second methodological choice was for participants to generate a pool of memories at the start of the study, with some memories being selected later for reflection. In the prior study, participants recorded experiences as they occurred over the course of the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that focusing on past negative memories was associated with increases in one of the well-being scales, suggesting that these memories may distract individuals from present negative moods. It notes that while positive memories could be thought of as effective distracters, the group studied actually showed reductions in one of the well-being scales when focused on the past. This indicates that the expected positive impact on mood and well-being from utilizing soundscapes may not hold true in certain contexts, especially when negative memories outbalance potential benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김경희 1999 비행청소년의 사회적 문제해결 능력과 사회적 지지와의 관계:서울보호관찰소를 중심으로 5. [학위논문] 김남희 2007 보호관찰 청소년의 사회적 기술 향상 프로그램 개발과 적용 6. [학위논문] 김달호 2001 신문제작이 청소년의 자기효능감에 미치는 영향 7. [학위논문] 김미영 2001 아동의 인지적 대인관계 문제해결기술 훈련 프로그램의 효과연구:사회적 기술,주장성행동,자아존중감을 중심으로 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to various theses related to social problem-solving skills and social support among youth, but does not address bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space debris poses a growing threat to operational satellites and future space missions. [SEP] Text: Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι ο εντοπισμός φυσικών διόδων (τροχιών) επανόδου δορυφόρων στην ατμόσφαιρα της Γης, που θα μπορούσαμε να εκμεταλλευτούμε ώστε να μετριαστεί το πρόβλημα των διαστημικών καταλοίπων, και βέβαια η κατανόηση των δυναμικών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν στην ύπαρξή τους. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the threat of space debris. Instead, it focuses on identifying return paths for satellites to mitigate the problem of space debris, which, while related, does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the claim itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes are used in meditation apps to aid concentration and relaxation. [SEP] Text: Audio was played with noise-cancelling headphones and footsteps were detected with the accelerometer of a mobile phone worn in the trouser pocket. We found that augmented footstep sounds contribute to the experience of presence in acoustic environments. Augmented footstep sounds create a link between acting in the physical environment – performing the footsteps, experiencing the haptic feedback, and visually perceiving one’s movement in the urban space – and in the virtual environment – hearing the virtual footstep sounds in the context of the soundscape. So users act simultaneously in the physical and the virtual world. It seems that the sounds of the preferred soundscapes and of the augmented footsteps are sufficiently indeterminate that users are able to integrate them with the other stimuli to a coherent whole. Users seem to be able to concurrently allocate attention to the auditory stimuli from the soundscape, the virtual sounds created by their footsteps, and the visual stimuli from the physical environment. Here, the imaginations were very different from person to person. When soundscapes are sequentially played, listeners are able to connect them to form stories in urban environments, in which they themselves act as the main characters. Soundscapes can also evoke memories like vacations and these memories or imaginations may even be the main factor determining the level of immersion in quiet, acoustic compositions. Adjusting the volume of footstep sounds was found to be necessary for creating pleasurable, individual experiences. Slightly delayed footstep playback showed a significant impact on the step duration, making it possible to slow people down, while faster footstep playback showed no impact on walking speed but led to users feeling stressed and rushed. Slower footstep sounds were perceived as relaxing and calming. Using footstep sounds for navigation purposes can be intuitively understood, but is limited in effectively conveying a sense of direction. However, changing the footstep sound can be used to indicate the wrong direction, red traffic lights, or the right way with only two choices. Augmenting further sounds with spatial audio in soundscapes, like approaching vehicles, can be easily understood but should be introduced beforehand for not being misunderstood. One advantage of audio-only augmentation for public spaces is that visual stimuli are fully preserved, so that possible harms only have to be augmented if out of sight of the user. The underlying algorithm for real-time footstep playback was found to be mostly accurate in the study, but could be adapted to each user to improve the reliability of the acoustic immersion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of augmented footstep sounds and their integration with soundscapes but does not specifically mention meditation apps or their use in aiding concentration and relaxation. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김미향 2006 자아탄력성 증진 훈련이 중학생 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 9. [학위논문] 김순복 2007 낙관성 향상 프로그램이 초등학교 아동의 자아탄력성과 학교생활만족도에 미치는 영향 10. [학위논문] 김성연 2004 저소득 한부모 가족 아동의 성역할 정체감과 자기효능감에 관한 연구:양부모 가족 아동과의 비교를 중심으로 11. [학술지] 김중술 1992 우울증 환자들의 사회적 문제해결 능력 정신의학 17 (2) 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides citations of various academic theses and studies but does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effect on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Space debris poses a growing threat to operational satellites and future space missions. [SEP] Text: Over 300 nano/microsatellites were launched in 2017, shattering analyst’ expectations and surpassing even SpaceWorks “full market potential” prediction from last year. 2017 represented a 205% increase in nano/microsatellites launched compared to 2016. SpaceWorks’ estimates up to 2600 nano/microsatellites will require launch over the next 5 years. This creates space for new opportunities that could benefit from the technology developments in the activity and match the size and scope of the involved partners. As it can be seen in Figures 1, 2 and Table 1, mega-constellations with microsatellites up to a mass of 200–300 kg are the most popular trend in the space industry and indicate that the 200–300 kg mass and volume factor of 0. 125–1 m3 are the near optimum to: (i) squeeze as many small satellites in medium size launch vehicles such as Falcon 9, Ariane 6 (ii) still launch 2–3 small satellites in dedicated small launchers etc. (iii) are small enough to mass produce in lean, highly automated, automotive style production lines as OneWeb and SpaceX are currently undertaking. 1Figure 1. Nano/microsatellite (<50 kg) forecast. Figure 2. Microsatellite (<50 kg) constellations launched and planned. Con/nNum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the issue of space debris or its implications on operational satellites and future space missions. Instead, it discusses the increase in the launch of nano/microsatellites and market trends within the space industry. While the topic of satellite launches may relate indirectly to space debris, the text does not provide any evidence or assertions that corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding the threats posed by space debris.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Causes of blue green-urineFull size tableMethylene blue has several clinical uses, such as as a bacteriostatic genitourinary antiseptic, a topical agent (0. 1% solution), in combination with vitamin C for the management of chronic urolithiasis, and as an indicator dye, such as in colonoscopic polypectomy [28]. Ingestion of methylene blue is likely to be harmless, although there are still several adverse effects that are mild, self-limiting, and show a dose-related trend [29]. One in vivo study [30] found that the preadministration of methylene blue has the potential to hinder the endothelial relaxation induced by Panax ginseng. Despite our thorough investigation, we did not find any human studies that provide insight into this specific interaction. Methylene blue was suspected to be the cause of the discoloration in this case due to its widespread use and distinctive blue-green color. Several traditional medications also contain methylene blue due to its antimicrobial properties [5, 14]. The results of the urinalysis indicated proteinuria, but in a similar situation, a blue-green hue might result in a false-positive reading of proteinuria. In addition, the results were still borderline and could have been brought on by physiological proteinuria [31]. In addition, there were no other ongoing medications aside from the traditional medicine, and the change in urine color started on the next day of traditional medicine consumption. Nonetheless, establishing causality is challenging. ConclusionsWe did not find any reports of discoloration attributable to Panax ginseng, Strobilanthes crispus, Plantago major, or Orthosiphon stamineus among the herbal extracts that have been identified. Conversely, methylene blue is recognized for inducing blue urine, as corroborated by extant literature on herbal medicine and home remedies. Despite the absence of concrete evidence linking the patient’s herbal medicine to methylene blue, the prevailing hue of the urine strongly implies the probable presence of methylene blue in the aforementioned herbal medicine. This case demonstrated a traditional medicine consumption history obtained through thorough history taking. Consideration of the patient’s diet, current medications, and any medical conditions or diseases may aid in deducing the causality of urine discoloration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the clinical uses of methylene blue and its potential effects on urine discoloration. It does not mention immersive soundscapes or their relationship to therapy, thus failing to support, contrast, or provide evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 김현숙 2006 아동이 지각한 가족기능과 자아탄력성과의 관계 연구 13. [학위논문] 문정덕 2006 성장기의 부모화 경험과 자기효능감이 청소년의 대인관계문제에 미치는 영향 14. [학위논문] 문진명 2000 시설 청소년과 일반 청소년의 또래피해 지각에 따른 또래 따돌림 귀인 및 소외감 15. [학위논문] 박경선 2003 MMTIC을 활용한 자기성장 프로그램이 초등학생의 자기효능감과 학교생활 적응에 미치는 효과 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. It merely lists thesis titles and does not provide any relevant information about bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: In the early 1930s, he did an experiment on production of agricultural crops through nutrient culture and termed it as aquaculture. The term so used was dropped due to culturing of aquatic organisms as aquaculture. During 1930s refinement work on hydroponics was expanded toward Europe, Japan, and worked and Sweden. In 1937, W. A. Setchell introduced the term “hydroponics. ” The hydroponic nutrient solution includes minerals in the raw water and nutrients added with fertilizers. The right fertilizer, right dose, and right concentration in the hydroponic nutrient solution greatly depend on the quality of the raw water to be used. This technique has advantages over other methods such as high water use efficiency, improved growth rate, and disease control and also offers more controlled environmental conditions for plants growth and development. Advertisement 2. Nutrient solution technique Hydroponics is a technology in which nutrient uptake occurs through plant roots dipped in the nutrient culture. Prior to use of hydroponic culturing, the crop physiological functioning system must be clear. For optimum crop growth and functioning, mixture of sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrient elements for photosynthetic efficiency is needed. Besides, the minerals are either found naturally in the soil or supplied through the fertilizers to the soil. Thus, it is evident that plant needs mineral derived from the soil for its growth, not the soil which becomes a basic idea behind the development of hydroponics. Moreover, the roots also need an optimum supply of oxygen for uptake and transport of metabolites to the whole plant. In hydroponic system, the roots of plants are in direct contact with the nutrient solution only vis-a-vis the absorption of nutrients occurs more easily than soil grown plants. This system also performed the crop plants with faster growth and higher yields and in turn saves energy for extensive root system development and thus, more of energy can be diverted toward leaf and stem growth. Besides, it also offers significant advantages over traditional farming, producing greater yields, faster growth, and possibly year-round crop production. This system further allows recycling of nutrient solution without wastage of water. The amount and composition of the nutrients to which plants have access can be monitored precisely by the grower. It also allows the grower to control the pH level of the solution and protects plants from pests and diseases. However, the literature is still scanty with respect to production of hydroponic fruits [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponics in detail, describing how this method allows nutrient uptake through plant roots directly in nutrient solutions rather than soil. It explains that hydroponics offers significant advantages such as higher yields, faster growth, and controlled environmental conditions, which aligns with the idea that vertical farms primarily utilize such systems to grow crops without soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: environments are often characterized by loud and annoying sounds. Noise-cancelling headphones can suppress negative influences and superimpose the acoustic environment with audio-augmented realities (AAR). So far, AAR exhibited limited interactivity, e. g. , being influenced by the location of the listener. In this paper we explore the superimposition of synchronized, augmented footstep sounds in urban AAR environments with noise-cancelling headphones. In an online survey, participants rated different soundscapes and sound augmentations. This served as a basis for selecting and designing soundscapes and augmentations for a subsequent in-situ field study in an urban environment with 16 participants. We found that the synchronous footstep feedback of our application EnvironZen contributes to creating a relaxing and immersive soundscape. Furthermore, we found that slightly delaying footstep feedback can be used to slow down walking and that particular footstep sounds can serve as intuitive navigation cues. Keywords: soundscape; audio-augmented reality; augmented reality; auditory feedback; pedestrian; walking; mobile computing; urban computing 1 soundscapes are often far from what we consider relaxing. Car engines, horns, construction sites, laughing, or clanking dishes in restaurants and other sound sources can raise environmental noise to an annoying level. Research found a relation between environmental noise and various diseases such as tinnitus, cognitive impairment, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular effects [48], [69], [74]. Animals also suffer from man-made noise [57], like birds singing at higher amplitude in urban areas [19]. The world health organization (WHO) therefore provides guidelines prescribing a maximum noise level [11], [75]. Human ears adapt to modern environments and focus on specific sound sources from any direction while attenuating other noises around. Nevertheless, our natural ability to filter out distracting noises is limited [87]. Headphones with active noise cancellation (ANC) can effectively reduce distracting noises [68] and positively influence subjective well-being while focusing on specific tasks [70]. The listener can enjoy music or audio books at a lower volume [20], but may also miss important signals like announcements on trains [37]. Noise cancellation can also be beneficial for digitally supported meditation practice [91]. Walking meditation is a form of focusing on one’s gait by paying attention to each step [39]. Research has found positive effects on the treatment of depression via walking meditation [77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while immersive soundscapes, such as those enhanced by noise-cancelling headphones, can create relaxing environments, they are not positioned as a complete replacement for traditional therapy. Specifically, the mention of walking meditation is connected to positive effects on depression treatment, suggesting that traditional therapeutic methods still hold significant value alongside AAR soundscapes. Moreover, the limitations and challenges posed by environmental noise are emphasized, indicating that soundscapes can improve well-being but do not fully supplant established therapeutic practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 박선연 2002 자기성장 프로그램을 통한 집단상담이 결손가정 중학생의 인지변화에 미치는 영향 17. [학술지] 박영신 1999 초등학생의 생활 만족도 형성요인에 대한 구조적 관계 분석: 사회적 지원과 자기효능감을 중심으로 한국심리학회지: 사회문제 5 (1) : 57 ~ 1 18. [학술지] 박영아 2005 집단미술치료가 저소득층 청소년의 자기효능감에 미치는 효과 미술치료연구 12 (3) : 635 ~ 3 19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various academic papers and their effects on specific groups, but does not mention bilingualism, cognitive flexibility, or problem-solving skills in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: Seedlings of fruit crops can also be grown hydroponically in earlier stages of growth and then transplanted to the field. Different fruit crops namely, grapes, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, and strawberry can be grown hydroponically. Strawberries and blueberries perform best under hydroponics system because of acidic soil requirement are best suited to blueberries and be grown under hydroponic system as pH level and nutrient content are easily controlled and maintained in hydroponics. 2. 1 Hydroponics technique There are different types of hydroponics technique being employed for growing of plants. There are mainly three types of hydroponic systems. 2. 1. 1 Nutrient film technique It is a system in which the nutrient solution is passed through the roots of plants placed in a channel. The plants are placed on channels made up of wood, rigid to flexible tubes or plastic and the nutrient rich solution is either pumped through it or passed under gravitation reaching the root system effectively. This technique is effective only for the plants with large root system. The nutrient film technique (NFT) was developed during the late 1960s by Dr. at the in the U. K. NFT is the growing of plants, bare-rooted in long, waterproof channels, down which flows a very shallow stream of re-circulating water, into which are dissolved all the minerals required to grow healthy plants. NFT is a hydroponic technique wherein a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is re-circulated past the roots of plants in a watertight gully, also known as channels. According to the pre-requisite to achieve a nutrient film situation more effectively is described as (i) ensuring the gradient down where water flows is uniform and not subject to localized depressions, (ii) rapid inlet flow rate that a considerable depth of water flows down to the gradient, (iii) adequate width of the channels to avoid any damming up of the nutrients, and (iv) flat channel base but not curved due to which otherwise will be a considerable depth of liquid along the center of a channel with a curved base. N. F. T. system is fairly a simple design. However, this is not best suited for smaller quick growing plants. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing hydroponic systems and providing examples of how various fruit crops can grow in such systems. It explains the hydroponics technique and its advantages, which supports the idea that vertical farms utilize these methods to provide nutrients without soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: Typically, these exercises are performed in natural and relatively quiet environments to avoid distractions and to allow practitioners to better focus on the moment [52]. For novices, it is challenging to transform a walk on a crowded and noisy sidewalk into a relaxed meditation. Playing a soundscape through ANC headphones can present a different world acoustically, but so far there has been a lack of research on how augmented footstep sounds affect listeners in such auditively modified worlds in urban areas. We therefore developed EnvironZen, a mobile app that augments the footstep sounds to immerse the user into a different world, while visual stimuli of reality are preserved. In order to investigate the influence on walking, we first examined different soundscapes and footstep sounds in an online survey and then tested the most preferred soundscapes in an in-situ field study with 16 participants. Furthermore, we investigated whether augmented footstep sounds are suitable for navigation and observed the influence of sound delays and speedups and the playback of different warning sounds, e. g. when bicycles are approaching. Repeated small interviews were conducted to capture each individual experience and perception of the urban environment and soundscapes. 2 showed that visually impaired people prefer other urban areas than people without visual impairment, as different characteristics gain importance [90]. From this, Southworth derived the concept of the sonic city. R. established the term of soundscapes [82], which is composed of three features: keynote sounds (natural noises like wind or water), signals (acoustic warnings like bells), and soundmarks (individual sounds that identify a specific location). In contrast to an acoustic environment, a soundscape is a deliberate composition of the aforementioned three features by a designer’s vision [53]. With the increasing awareness of acoustic environments [53], cities start to actively monitor noise pollution [9], as noise is related to health problems [48], [74], whereas natural sounds have been found to provide health benefits [2], [10], [22]. An audio augmented reality (AAR) is a superimposition of real world soundscapes with virtual sound sources [29]. It embeds computer-generated sounds into the user’s acoustic environment [35], [63]. Sonification integrates data into the sounds to convey information [60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating a lack of research on the effectiveness of immersive soundscapes replacing traditional therapy. It discusses soundscapes as a component of a therapeutic experience but implies that traditional methods still hold value, as it states that urban environments can be difficult for novices to meditate in without distraction. Moreover, it highlights that while augmented reality soundscapes can present benefits, there is no existing evidence to suggest they can completely replace established therapeutic practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 박영준 1991 대인관계 문제해결 기술 훈련에 대한 실험적 연구-초등학교 6학년 아동을 대상으로 20. [학위논문] 박완주 2006 문학치료적 중재가 결손가정아동의 자아탄력성과 부적응행동에 미치는 효과 21. [학위논문] 박은희 1996 자아탄력성,지능 및 학업성취도와의 관계연구 22. [학위논문] 박현선 1998 빈곤청소년의 학교 적응유연성 23. [학위논문] 박현진 1996 자아탄력성을 따른 지각과 스트레스,대처 및 우울 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding bilingualism, cognitive flexibility, or problem-solving skills. Instead, it lists a series of academic thesis titles, none of which relate to the claim about bilingualism and cognitive abilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the given claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: Plants require same macro and micronutrients but in different ratios. So, the nutrients supplying fertilizers must be bought based on the plants’ need as each nutrient has distinct function in different plants. For the preparation of nutrient solution, the nutrient fertilizers are mixed with water which breaks downs to release nutrients. The selection of fertilizers should be such that the amount of water and nutrients present in the solution are equal to the amount of water and nutrients taken up by the plants. The nutrient solution preparation requires water of good quality which is contamination free for which chemical analysis is important. The formulations must be based upon the targeted crop and must supply all the essential nutrients. The nutrient solution preparation also requires maintaining optimum levels of pH and EC. For the proper growth of strawberry plants, the pH of nutrient solution used must be between 5. 5 and 6 and the ideal EC range is 1. 8–2. 0 dS/m during growth period and 1. 8–2. 5 dS/m during fruiting stage. The pH of the solution can be maintained through potassium hydroxide used to increase pH or through phosphoric acid to lower down the pH. At EC higher than 1. 2 dS/m to prevent the damage to strawberry plant root area of plants can be flushed with clean water for the removal of accumulated salts. Advertisement 4. Recycling of nutrient solution To meet the requirement of plant without any loss of nutrients, the closed system of hydroponics offers a huge benefit for recycling of nutrients reducing economic as well as environmental costs. In a closed system, the water and nutrient supply is equal to their quantity taken up by the plants [6]. This system provides controlled nutrient supply with minimal leaching losses and reduced environmental contamination. There is a continuous supply of nutrient solution touching the roots of the plant which after passing down is recirculated and is again available for the use of the plants. Among the added fertilizers, only 50% is utilized by the plant and 70% of the added water is utilized by the plant for its proper growth and transpiration [7]. Recycling of nutrients through closed system of hydroponics and nutrient film techniques is very efficient as it uses only 10% of the water and 25% of fertilizer to that of conventional systems. The mineral content of the added fertilizers may be reduced due to the uptake by plants which may be replenished from time to time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the closed system of hydroponics, which is a method used in vertical farms to provide controlled nutrient supply without soil. It explains that this system allows for recycling of nutrients, significantly reduces water usage, and provides an efficient means of nutrient management, which aligns with the claim about the use of hydroponic systems in vertical farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: Those acoustically embedded data can, for example, present social media messages [32], [45], location-based information [15], emotions [83], notify specific users [21], help to maintain a steady walking pace [59], [72], or modulate EEG data on soundscapes to assist group walking meditation [27], [28]. One of the first works that investigated auditory displays was [81]. Notifications were embedded in the user’s environment via wearable loudspeakers and voice recognition was used for input. In a mobile context, AAR is used to promote exploratory and immersive experiences as well as serendipitous discovery of public places [12], [34], [65], [100]. For instance a leisure walk in an AAR park [61], [100] can promote health [73], [77] and support rehabilitation from stress-related mental disorders [23]. For the blind, audio output can describe the natural environment to promote nature connectedness [5], [6]. Playing bird sounds through speakers in noisy urban parks can positively influence an ambience [99] and provide interactivity, e. g. via smart clothing [58]. Following the concept of a Sound Garden, anyone can place an auditory virtual park at a specific location to offer listeners a new experience [85], [86] or guide tourists between landmarks [8], [14], [66]. This concept can also be adapted to recreate the soundscape of historical places [88] or to represent historical events [78], e. g. to enhance touristic experiences [26] and museum guides [104] or stories [80]. Thereby, spatial audio can support the design process of a soundscape [46] and 3D sound can contribute to achieving immersion in audio-augmented worlds, e. g. for sound-based games in urban areas [25]. Furthermore, spatial audio can be used for guidance. For example, the direction from which music is played [1], [41], or individual instruments [44] can be used for guidance. To determine the orientation of the user in relation to the played spatial sounds, sensors in the headphones or the smartphone can be used as a virtual directional microphone [42], [43]. Passive or active acoustic isolation, i. e. cocooning, [13] limits the ability to hear oneself (footsteps, voice or breathing) as well as external noise sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various applications of immersive audio and soundscapes, such as promoting exploratory experiences, aiding in rehabilitation from stress-related disorders, and enhancing touristic experiences. However, it does not provide evidence or support that these soundscapes can fully replace traditional therapy, rather indicating that soundscapes serve as a supplementary tool to promote health and support rehabilitation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 성영혜 1984 아동복지 학문사 25. [학위논문] 안민주 2005 결손가정아동과 정상가정아동의 성역할정체감과 자아존중감 비교 연구 26. [학술지] 유성경 1999 적응유연성 발달을 통한 청소년 비행의 예방 및 개입 청소년상담연구 7 : 26 ~ 27. [학술지] 이미정 2004 청소년용 사회적 문제해결 훈련 프로그램의 개발 및 그 훈련 효과 한국심리학회지:여성 9 (1) : 141 ~ 1 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. It references various academic works and studies without directly addressing or providing evidence related to the effects of bilingualism on cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: So, it must be dumped after a period of time to avoid any interruption in the growth of pant. If the reservoir is small, the solution must be dumped after every 10–15 days while in case of large reservoirs once a month. Advertisement 6. Nutrient need through hydroponics In soil grown plants, the fertilizers are added into the soil or applied through foliar application, but in hydroponics, a solution of ionic compounds helps in delivering nutrients into the plant system. Hydroponics is better in meeting plants nutrient need as under the manipulated set of conditions nutrients are directly supplied to the roots by coming in contact with them. Hydroponics, due to their better control over the environmental conditions, has been proved to be superior and sustainable for growing of different crops. Particularly in case of berry crops like strawberry, it has turned to be a very effective method producing fruits of superior quality with high yielding potential. Hydroponically, grown strawberries have been found to produce fruits with higher amount of vitamin C, vitamin E, and total polyphenols. By following different systems in hydroponics and different substrates, the nutrient demand of the plant can be met more efficiently. The supply of optimum amount of nutrients and water must be ensured depending upon the crop need so that the plant continues to grow without any lack or excess of both nutrients and water. With several discussed advantages, hydroponics is better choice over conventional methods to produce fruits with reduced water and fertilizer use. Advertisement 7. Work done Maximized growth and yield with mixture of perlite (60–80%) and peat (20–40%) in strawberry [10]. Maximum yield was recorded in strawberry grown in perlite mixed with coco coir or vermiculite in vertical hydroponic system [11]. Takeda [12] suggested that transplant plug plants were superior in increasing yield to fresh plants for hydroponic production of strawberry cv. and Camarosa. Costa et al. [13] concluded that the carbonized rice husk substrate produced more than one crop (off-season) in soilless culture in strawberry cv. Albion frigo. Treftz et al. [14] reported combined benefits of environment and better sensory attributes, and it is desirable to grow strawberry hydroponically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponics as a method that delivers nutrients directly to plants without soil. It highlights how hydroponics is advantageous in providing nutrients efficiently to plants while also mentioning the use of vertical hydroponic systems for specific crops like strawberries. Furthermore, it emphasizes hydroponics as a superior and sustainable option for crop production, aligning with the idea that vertical farms often utilize such systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, Hearables [31], [76], Earables [55] and headphones with active noise cancellation allow for acoustic transparency to let their listeners stay aware of the environment. McGill et al. envisioned that in the future users will immerse themselves into an acoustically interactive space with personal and private auditory displays [64]. They investigated the impact of acoustic transparency with a focus on external sound sources and found that acoustically transparent and isolated headsets have an effect on the realness and presence of the content. In virtual realities, footstep sounds enhance the perceived level of presence [56] and also affect walking behavior [47], [84], [101]. In the context of AAR, sonified footsteps offer a certain degree of realism and interactivity with virtual acoustic worlds. Concepts of mounted step sensing and footstep playback on urban running routes aim to provide a more natural running experience [98]. Vibration feedback from shoes was used to change the perceived physical structure of a surface [89], [93]. Different natural surface simulations by footstep sounds were found to influence the biomechanics of walking [95], perceived body weight [92], emotions [62], step length [30], and walking pace [67], [97]. Those effects were also used to manage gait disturbances in Parkinson’s disease [79], gait rehabilitation in chronic stroke patients by pitched natural footstep sounds [36], and foot pressure balance for runners [71]. Music that was modified by footsteps showed no perceived effects on user’s gait [38]. Using non-naturalistic footstep sounds showed no significant effects on walking patterns [17]. The preferred volume of footstep playback was found not to significantly differ from the volume of the soundscape [96]. Most of the mentioned studies that analyzed augmented footsteps were carried out under controlled lab settings and did not involve users walking in real application scenarios. Hence, the results are often based on small distances. Furthermore, effects due to the measuring equipment, e. g. shoe prototypes, could influence the results. The existing body of related works shows that soundscapes and footsteps contribute to the immersion in virtual worlds [56], in which footstep sounds also influence walking behavior [47], [62], [67], [84], [92], [95], [97], [101]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of soundscapes, emphasizing that most studies analyzing augmented footsteps were conducted in controlled lab settings and did not consider real application scenarios. Additionally, it highlights that while soundscapes contribute to immersion in virtual worlds and affect behaviors like walking, they may not fully substitute for traditional therapy, given the variability of results influenced by measuring equipment and the small distances tested. Therefore, it suggests that immersive soundscapes alone may not be sufficient to fully replace traditional therapeutic methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 이소수희 2003 인지적 대인관계 기술 훈련이 아동의 문제해결력에 미치는 효과 29. [학술지] 이영미 2004 부모간의 갈등 및 성인애착에 따른 대학생의 자아탄력성 한국가정관리학회지 22 (4) : 63 ~ 4 30. [학위논문] 이은정 2001 중,고등학생의 학교 내 대인관계에서 나타나는 부적응의 실태분석 31. [학술지] 이정연 2002 청소년의 자기효능감에 영향을 미치는 가족변인 한국가정관리학회지 20 (6) : 1 ~ 6 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of academic works and does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility or problem-solving skills. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: Treftz and Omaye [15] noted that growing strawberries in hydroponic systems are more sustainable and superior to soil grown systems. Ramirez-Gomez et al. [16] reported maximum yield with vertical hydroponic pots system; the maximum number of fruits with vertical four pipes system and inferior quality fruit were produced with vertical three pipes system in strawberry. Ramirez-Arias et al. [17] reported maximum yield with vertical hydroponics system and the lowest was found in three level horizontal systems in strawberry cv. Festival. Peralbo et al. [18] concluded that maximum yield was produced by peat as compared to cork compost in both open and closed hydroponics system in strawberry. Miranda et al. [19] found that closed hydroponic system of gutters and grow bags was superior than the open system in saving water and fertilizer in strawberry. Roosta and Afsharipoor [20] concluded that dry weight, leaf area, number of runners, and yield was significantly higher in hydroponics as compared to aquaponics except for soil perlite. Portela et al. [21] noted higher yield through nutrient solution between EC ranges of 1. 2–1. 5 dS/m in NFT hydroponics system in strawberry cv. Camarosa. Vikas et al. [22] reported maximum plant height and maximum number of fruits with sewage sludge and cocopeat (20:80), whereas the maximum number of leaves and yield was observed with sewage sludge and cocopeat (30:70) in strawberry under hydroponics. Choi et al. [23] concluded that FAI technique for coir substrate was best in hydroponics due to sustainable use of water and fertilizers in strawberry. Albaho et al. [24] concluded that continuous sub irrigation capillary system is the best among hydroponics in strawberry. Jun et al. [4] reported that nutrient solution with EC ranges between 0. 8 and 1. 2 dS/m during low temperature season in hydroponically grown strawberry cv. Maehyang. Lee et al. [25] noted that nutrient solution with EC of 1. 0 dS/m is best for hydroponically produced strawberry cv. Albion and Goha. Andriolo et al. [26] reported maximum fruit yield with EC 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing multiple studies that highlight the effectiveness of hydroponics in strawberry cultivation. It provides various conclusions from different authors regarding the superiority of hydroponic systems compared to soil, indicating that these systems are widely used and that they maximize yield and sustainability in vertical farming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: There is a positive influence of natural sounds [2], [10], [22], [23] on health, and augmented footsteps sounds may serve as an unobtrusive feedback channel [36], [71], [79]. In addition, soundscapes themselves can provide special cues about the environment [15], [21], [32], [45], [83]. However, so far the main focus of deploying interactive soundscapes has been on city parks [6], [61], [85], [99], [100], guidance with soundscapes [6], [66], [78], [88], [104] and virtual reality with augmented footsteps [47], [56], [84], [101]. Our vision is motivated by noisy and stressful city center environments [7] that can now be masked out by ANC headphones [20], [68], [70]. This might enable the transformation of any acoustic environment into a natural soundscape and provide interactivity in AAR via augmented footstep sounds. Relaxing and exploratory experiences to promote health by walking [73], [77], [100] thus can be implemented at any location and extend the capabilities of sound gardens [85]. The created natural soundscapes can be enhanced by warning sounds that fit into the virtual acoustic environment in order to notify the listeners [21] of hazardous situations, without completely taking the user out of the immersive experience. For instance, approaching vehicles that share their location in real time can communicate with pedestrians in virtual acoustic worlds [24]. However, in previous works, external sounds from the virtual environment were used as cues, while virtual sounds produced by the listeners themselves, e. g. , footsteps, were not considered. For example, when accidentally leaving a guided audio path [66], special footstep sounds can notify users that they walk the wrong way, as they would when walking beside a gravel path in the forest. Accelerated or delayed footstep sounds could unobtrusively hint users to hurry up, e. g. to catch a bus, or calm down to be more relaxed [67]. By switching between different soundscapes, users can experience a multifaceted path with a rich variety of impressions [97]. In this work, we explore the vision of augmented interactive soundscapes in city centers with augmented footstep sounds and its influence on listeners. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how soundscapes have been primarily focused on enhancing experiences in city environments, such as parks and virtual reality, rather than replacing traditional therapy. It does mention the health benefits of natural sounds and immersive experiences, but it does not provide evidence that soundscapes can fully substitute for established therapeutic practices, indicating instead that their application is still exploratory and may not encompass traditional therapeutic aims.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 이지영 2004 일상 생활스트레스와 자원이 한부모 가족 자녀의 부적응에 미치는 영향 33. [학술지] 장경문 2003 자아탄력성과 스트레스대처방식 및 심리적 성장환경의 관계 청소년학연구 10 (4) : 143 ~ 4 34. [학술지] 전재일 1990 집단경험이 빈곤․결손가정 청소년의 사회 심리적 특성에 미치는 영향 사회복지전문연구지 동광 87 : 40 ~ 35. [학위논문] 정귀화 2002 충동성과 구조적 결손이 청소년 비행에 미치는 영향 36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it references various academic theses and journal articles that do not relate to the effects of bilingualism on cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: 9 dS/m under closed soilless growing system in strawberry. El-Sayed et al. [27] noted significant improvement in vegetative growth characters, leaf chemical content, and yield in perlite: peat moss substrate under hydroponics in strawberry cv. Festival. Ebrahimi et al. [28] reported maximum number of fruits and yield with cocopeat + perlite substrate and improved quality with peat + sand + perlite substrate in strawberry cv. Camarosa and Selva. Marinou et al. [29] concluded that sawdust was best substrate medium under hydroponics in strawberry. Caruso et al. [30] reported improved fruit quality through nutrient solution with EC 1. 3 dS/cm in spring season and through 2. 2 mS/cm in winters under NFT in strawberry cv. Alpine. Souza et al. [31] observed fastest transplanting stage and grafting stage at 30 and 61 days after transplanting under hydroponics system for commercial grafts production in peach. Motosugi et al. [32] reported increase in anthocyanin level with ammonium nitrogen nutrient solution at pH 3–3. 5 under NFT in grapevines. 1. . Comparative study of ascorbic acid and tocopherol concentrations in hydroponic- and soil-grown lettuces. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2013;4:1047-1053 2. - Sensory quality, bioactive constituents and microbiological quality of green and red fresh-cut lettuces (Lactuca sativa L. ) are influenced by soil and soilless agricultural production systems. and Technology. 2012;63:16-24 3. Hewitt EJ. Sand and in the Study of Plant Nutrition. 2nd ed. Farnham Royal, England: Bureaux; 1966. 547p 4. . Effect of nutrient solution strength on growth, fruit quality and yield of strawberry ‘Maehyang’ in hydroponics. of and Technology. 2013;31:173-178 5. Cooper A. The ABC of NFT: Technique: The World’s of Without a Medium. London: Grower Books; 1979. 181p 6. Voogt W, Sonneveld C. Nutrient management in closed growing systems for greenhouse production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the use of hydroponic systems, which are soilless agricultural production systems, for optimal plant growth and yield. For example, it mentions studies on strawberry and peach cultivation under hydroponics, indicating that these systems enhance vegetative growth, fruit yield, and quality without the use of soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: In contrast to [64], we focus on isolated auditory displays and investigate the impact of footstep sounds and their capabilities in audio augmented realities. As a research vehicle we use the EnvironZen application. To ensure universal and ubiquitous usage, only smartphone acceleration data are applied to establish real time footstep detection and sonification. This approach does not require instrumenting users with additional equipment that may have an impact on the natural user’s gait. The main contributions of this paper include (1) an open-source application for augmenting footstep sounds, (2) an evaluation of individual perceptions of urban stimuli in audio augmented realities, (3) the sonification of augmented footstep sounds to convey navigation cues, and (4) an evaluation of the effects of accelerated and delayed footstep sound feedback. Figure 1Left: Start screen of EnvironZen with inactive soundscape; the urban environment signals the unmodified urban sound environment. Right: Swiping up activates the “Beach” soundscape; swiping left or right selects other soundscapes; swiping down stops the audio augmentation. 3 EnvironEnvironZen is designed to transform any acoustic environment into a relaxing soundscape. Based on motion data of the most ubiquitous device – the smartphone – [4] the application aims to recognize and augment footsteps, anywhere and without any additional equipment. The name is composed of Environment and Zen. Although we do not fully relate our app to the principles of and walking meditation [39], [50], [51], we aim to encourage users to have a relaxing, stress-relieving walking experience. The idea behind EnvironZen is to motivate a walk, e. g. when going to work or during a lunch break in city centers, where due to the short time of the break no parks are within reach. Since visual stimuli are maintained, the approach is compatible with busy environments, like an urban sidewalk. The auditory footstep augmentation was developed to ideally immerse the user more fully in the auditory world. The state of the Buddha figure in the startup screen of EnvironZen (Figure 1, left) displays the app status. If the Buddha figure is shown with an urban environment in the background, the sound augmentation is off. Swiping up changes the figure: the Buddha now wears headphones and the urban background fades away, being replaced by a circular “halo”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the EnvironZen application, which aims to enhance walking experiences through auditory footstep augmentation rather than proposing immersive soundscapes as a replacement for therapy. It emphasizes the use of auditory displays and acknowledges that the approach complements users' experiences in a busy urban environment, rather than fully replacing traditional therapeutic practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학위논문] 차정은 1997 일반적 자기효능감 척도 개발을 위한 일 연구 37. [학위논문] 최민정 2007 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 기술훈련이 우울한 아동의 우울수준과 대인관계에 미치는 효과 38. [학위논문] 최인수 2000 집단미술활동 프로그램이 초등학교 아동의 긍정적 자아개념 형성에 미치는 효과 39. [학술지] 최영신 2006 가족의 정서적 환경, 자기효능감, 문제해결력이 초등학생의 학업성취에 미치는 영향 놀이치료연구 10 (2) : 105 ~ 2 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. It references various theses and studies that appear to focus on self-efficacy, problem-solving, and emotional environments without addressing bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: In: Goto et al, editors. in Closed Ecosystems. Press; 1996. 7. . Nutrient uptake, growth and yield of cucumber cultivated with different growing substrates under a closed and an open system. Acta Horticulture. 2001;548:543-550 8. Barth G. Filtration. Extracts of. 1998. Available from: 9. . Hydroponic vegetable production. Horticultural Reviews. 1985;7:483-558 10. Anagnostou K, Vasilakakis MD. Effect of substrate and cultivar on earliness, plant productivity, and fruit quality of strawberry. Acta Horticulturae. 1995;379:267-274 11. . Cultivar, growing media, and nutrient source influence strawberry yield in a vertical, hydroponic, high tunnel system. HortTechnology. 2016;26:466-473 12. Takeda F. Strawberry production in soilless culture systems. Acta Horticulturae. 1999;481:289-295 13. ça. Performance of day-neutral strawberry cultivars in soilless culture. of Crop Science. 2016;10:94-100 14. . Comparison between hydroponics and soil-grown strawberries: Sensory attributes and correlations with nutrient content. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2015;6:1371-1380 15. Treftz C, Omaye ST. Nutrient analysis of soil and soilless strawberries and raspberries grown in a greenhouse. Food and Nutrition Sciences. 2015;6:805-815 16. Ramirez-Gomez H, Sandoval-Villa M, Carrillo-Salazar A, Muratalla-Lua A. Comparison of hydroponic systems in the strawberry production. Acta Horticulturae. 2012;947:165-172 17. Ramirez-Arias JA, Hernandez -Ibarra U, Pineda- Pineda J, Fitz- Rodriguez E. Horizontal and vertical hydroponic systems for strawberry production at high densities. Acta Horticulturae. 2018;1227:331-338 18. Peralbo A, Flores F, Lopez-Medina J. Recirculating nutrient solution in strawberry. Acta Horticulturae. 2005;697:101-106 19. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies on hydroponic systems and their application in vertical farming, such as 'Comparison of hydroponic systems in the strawberry production' and 'Horizontal and vertical hydroponic systems for strawberry production at high densities.' These references indicate that hydroponic systems are indeed utilized in vertical farms for nutrient provision without soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: However, P16 perceived, in contrast to the other participants, the steps as not being in sync with his footsteps and felt like someone is walking behind, which he found confusing. P10 remarked that augmented footsteps suppressed the sound of his own footsteps, which made the soundscape more immersive. P11 mentioned that the augmented footsteps reinforced the soundscape and gave a more intense feeling, making him focus more on his own footsteps and breathing. P8, P9, P12, P14 and P16 found the footstep sounds slightly too loud, which made it more difficult for them to immerse themselves in the environment. P12 mentioned that he was able to get used to the volume after taking a few steps. The participants were therefore given the opportunity to readjust the footstep volume for the following parts. When the experimenter asked after the Forest soundscape what kind of soundscape they heard, seven participants mentioned the Leaves step sound as a remarkable environmental feature. P15 rather mentioned dry grass and perceived the environment, like P10 and P16, in the very deep forest. P1 found the environment with step sounds more immersive but remarked “The footstep sounds came a bit too early. But when I began to imagine dry leaves on the ground making sounds before the feet touches the ground, I felt even more immersed in the forest. ”. P9 mentioned that the footstep sound matched his gait making the soundscape more immersive. For P5 it was challenging to concentrate on the soundscape due to the wind during the study. A misaligned footstep sound playback was perceived as disturbing. P6 repeated the perceived effect of focusing as in the Beach soundscape. For P4, the footstep sound increased the presence and the previously decreased footstep volume made it more realistic. P13 remarked that “the step sound was too beautiful to be realistic. ”. For P10, P14 and P15 the step volume was perceived as too loud and had to be adjusted. P12 stated that he immersed more in the soundscape by looking at the trees on the side of the road. Similarly, P3 reported that he focused more on his visual perception. The soundscape Mountain was perceived very differently among the participants. P3 imagined to walk in a forest on puddles which was less pleasant to him. P7 interpreted wind sounds as ocean waves and found the footstep volume too loud, which was readjusted in consequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing participants' mixed experiences with immersive soundscapes. Although some participants found the soundscapes immersive, others expressed concerns about elements like footstep sounds being too loud or mismatched with their own movements, which detracted from their experience. These challenges suggest that immersive soundscapes may not be able to fully replace traditional therapy if participants struggle to engage with the sound adequately.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [보고서] 통계청 2005 인구주택총조사보고서 41. [학위논문] 한제인 1995 아동의 사회측정 지위에 따른 갈등해결전략 사용에 따른 연구 42. [학위논문] 한현아 2007 가정의 위험요인,청소년의 자아탄력성 및 또래관계의 질이 청소년 문제행동에 미치는 영향 43. [학위논문] 한혜진 2002 자기주장훈련이 초등학생의 자기효능감 향상에 미치는 효과 44. [학술지] 황옥자 1980 부모의 이혼이 자녀생활에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 아동학회지 1 (1) 45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists various academic reports and theses without providing any information regarding bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of vertical farms use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to provide nutrients without soil. [SEP] Text: Production of strawberry cultivars in closed hydroponic systems and coconut fibre substrate. Agronomica. 2014;45:833-841 20. Roosta HR, Afsharipoor S. Effects of different cultivation media on vegetative growth, ecophysiological traits and nutrients concentration in strawberry under hydroponic and aquaponic cultivation systems. Advances in Environmental Biology. 2012;6:543-555 21. . Effect of nutrient concentration on growth, yield and quality of strawberries in hydroponic system. Horticultura Brasileira. 2012;30:266-273 22. Influence of different nutrient concentration on strawberry under hydroponic cultivation system. of. 2017;6:2999-3006 23. . Improving water and fertilizer use efficiency during the production of strawberry in coir substrate hydroponics using a FDR sensor automated irrigation system. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2016;57:431-439 24. . Evaluation of hydroponic techniques on growth and productivity of greenhouse grown bell pepper and strawberry. of Vegetable Science. 2008;14:23-40 25. . Influence of various nutrient concentrations on the growth and yield of summer strawberry cultivars cultivated in a hydroponic system. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology. 2015;56:421-426 26. . Nutrient solution concentration on plant growth, fruit yield and quality of strawberry crop. Ciencia Rural. 2009;39:684-690 27. El--. Effect of substrate mixtures and nutrient solution sources on strawberry plants under closed hydroponic system. of Product Development. 2016;21:97-127 28. . Growth and yield of strawberries under different potassium concentrations of hydroponic system in three substrates. Sciences Journal. 2012;16:1380-1386 29. . Use of sawdust, coco soil and pumice in hydroponically grown strawberry. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2013;59:452-459 30. . Effects of cultural cycles and nutrient solutions on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of alpine strawberry (Fragaria vesca L. ) grown in hydroponics. Scientia Horticulturae. 2011;129:479-485 31. . Production of peach grafts under hydroponic conditions. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia. 2011;35:322-326 32. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing multiple studies focused on hydroponic systems, which are techniques used in vertical farming to grow strawberries without soil. References to hydroponic cultivation methods and their effects on growth highlight the use of soil-less technologies, aligning with the claim regarding vertical farms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: P10 found himself in a primeval forest with a screaming parrot. During the interview, when mentioning the walked stony path, he noticed that the soundscape fits better to a mountain after all. P11 could not distinguish whether the wind noise was coming from cars on the road or the soundscape. P14 found the footstep sounds less synchronized with his gait. In contrast, P1 liked the quiet sounds. Although he perceived the soundscape as less immersive, he favored the footstep sound. Similarly, P15 mentioned “I could almost feel the surface structure of the ground. ”. P2 favoured the empty, quiet soundscape. The footsteps on the dry path and the wind were perceived as very relaxing. Readjusting the footstep sounds was remarked as more pleasant for P13. P12 associated the footsteps with a swamp. He remarked that in his bear-foot shoes he felt on the side way with the footstep sounds like he would “step into something. ”. Thus, he decided to shortly walk on a small grass field beside the road which was more pleasant to him. P6 used the quiet soundscape to focus on his gait while walking. Most interestingly P16 smiled and said “I felt taken back to my childhood. The soundscape matched the place where I grew up. I walked again on the stony path next to corn fields and a forest on the other side. ”. Further he continued “Without the footstep sounds I couldn’t have immersed myself back. ”. 6. 2 Storytelling and On the story path back to the starting point warning sounds were interpreted correctly, but none of the participants really integrated the approaching vehicles in their imagined story. P1 found the composition made of Beach, Forest, Mountain like a short walk through Japan. Beginning from the sea he walked up to the mountains. He remarked the as very appropriate to catch his attention. P2 interpreted the ship as a train and could not imagine where it was coming from in the Beach soundscape story. The windy weather on this day contributed to immersing into the entire story. Although the was easy to interpret in the Mountain soundscape, the participant was less aware of the traffic and instead felt more relaxed. P2 also stated “I would like to have control when warning sounds are played. When a bicycle was approaching in front of me I could already see it. ”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting participants' mixed experiences with immersive soundscapes. While some participants found certain soundscapes relaxing and nostalgic, there were indications that these soundscapes did not fully immerse all individuals or replace their need for traditional therapy. P11 couldn't distinguish between real-world sounds and the soundscape, and others expressed specific preferences rather than achieving full immersion. For example, P16 stated that the soundscape helped him recall childhood memories, but this does not imply that immersive soundscapes can substitute for traditional therapy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: [학술지] Bandura,A 1977 Self-effeacy Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change 84 : 191 ~ 46. [단행본] Block, J. H 1980 The role of ego-control and ego-resiliencecy in the organization of behaivor in Minnesota symposia on child psychology Erlbaum : 39 ~ 47. [학술지] Bramston, P 1984 Behavioral versus cognitive social-skills training with intellectually handcapped adults and Therapy 23 : 239 ~ 48. [기타] Dumont, M. / 1999 Resilience in adolescent: Protective role of social support coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression 49. [단행본] D' Zurilla, T. J 1982 Social problem-solving in adults in Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy. / 50. [학술지] Garmezy,N 1993 Children in poverty: resilience despite risk Psychiatry 56 : 127 ~ 51. [단행본] Harter,S 1992 The relationship between perceived competence,affect and motivational orientation within the classroom:Process and Patterns of change in Achievement and motivation; A social developmental perspective,(pp77-114). New Press : 77 ~ 52. [학술지] Luther,S. S 1991 Vulnerability and resilience: A study of high-risk adolescents 62 : 600 ~ 53. [학술지] Rutter,M 1987 Psychological resilience and protective mechanism of Orthopsychiatry 57 : 316 ~ 54. [단행본] Spivack, G. / 1974 Social adjustment of young children: A cognitive approach to real-life problems Jossey-Bass 55. [학술지] Wyman, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism enhancing cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it lists various academic references that may discuss different psychological concepts but does not provide any information or evidence related to bilingualism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor farming allows for year-round crop production, regardless of weather or climate. [SEP] Text: This can be a challenge for farmers who may not have experience with data analysis or may not have access to the necessary software tools [10]. 4. 5 Security and privacyThe use of technology in farming raises concerns about data security and privacy. Farmers need to ensure that their data is protected from unauthorized access and that they are complying with relevant data privacy regulations [14]. Despite these challenges, the benefits of smart farming make it an attractive option for farmers looking to increase productivity, reduce waste, and promote sustainability. As technology continues to evolve and become more affordable, it is likely that the adoption of smart farming will continue to grow, enabling farmers to achieve greater efficiency and sustainability. Keeping in mind the importance of smart farming in our future, this book was planned to provide a comprehensive overview of smart farming, covering topics such as the technologies involved, their applications, and the benefits they offer. We have examined some of the challenges that farmers face when adopting smart farming practices and explore the potential of smart farming to transform the agriculture industry. In this book, we also explore the various aspects of smart farming in greater detail, providing a practical guide for farmers and agricultural professionals seeking to adopt this approach. We hope that the book will inspire more farmers to embrace smart farming and realize its potential to revolutionize the way we produce food. 1. . Life history transitions at the origins of agriculture: A model for understanding how niche construction impacts human growth, demography and health. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020;11. 3252. . Technological revolutions in smart farming: Current trends, challenges and future directions. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2022b;201:1072173. -Elmabod S, El-. Smart farming for improving agricultural management. Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci. 2021;24:971-9814. . Enabling smart agriculture by implementing artificial intelligence and embedded sensing. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 2022a;165:1079365. . Precision farming in modern agriculture. In: editors. . Singapore: Springer; 2021. 876. - Internet of things (IoT) and agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review. Internet of Things. 2022;18:1001877. . Calibrating soil water potential sensors integrated into a wireless monitoring network. Management. 2013;116:12-208. énez García M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about indoor farming and its ability to allow for year-round crop production. Instead, it discusses challenges and benefits of smart farming without making specific references to the effects of weather or climate on crop production. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: P3 has perceived the story of a plane crash on a lonely island. He remarked that the Woodpecker sound was less dominant and not appropriate for warnings. He watched the traffic but mentioned that he could also immerse into the story. Similarly, P4 stranded on a lonely island. P5 made a travel around Europe starting from the Northsea to the Alps. P6 wandered to a river source and completely forgot the study situation. The crossfade of the soundscapes was remarked as “extremely convincing. ”. P7 felt teleported through different worlds and almost forgot the city environment. warning sound was remarked as “surprisingly suitable and fitting into the soundscape. ”. P8 found the funny and surprising. It fitted well into the overall reality. P9 made a relaxing day on the beach and went back home in the mountains. Similarly, P10 imagined a tropical island and returned to the resort. He even felt that he could concentrate better on the traffic. P11 felt remembered of a full vacation. P12 made a walk to mountains but had the feeling he could concentrate less on the traffic. P13, P14 and P16 made similar walks. P15 stranded after shipwreck on a lonely island in search for food. The warning sounds did not match his story, which made him feel taken out of his story. 6. 3 were asked how synchronous they perceive the footstep sounds now after using the technology for a while. In 8 cases (P1, P2, P6, P12, P13, P14, P15 and P16) participants remarked that the step sound is now more synchronous as it was in the beginning. P5 was the only one who still perceived the footstep sounds as asynchronous with slight improvements. P3, P7 and P14 were impressed about the synchronous footstep feedback. P8 commented that the synchronicity of the footsteps depends on the sound and its dynamics. P16 remarked that he had to get used to the footstep sounds in the first five minutes of the study. Afterwards, he perceived the sounds and his footsteps as part of the soundscapes. The intended navigation path was walked by two people without taking the wrong path. Eleven participants stated that they instantly understood the footstep feedback on the wrong path and changed the direction immediately. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating various participants' experiences with immersive soundscapes. While some participants felt immersed and even experienced improved focus (P3, P10), P15 noted that the warning sounds did not fit his story, making him feel disconnected. This suggests that immersive soundscapes may not universally replace traditional therapy, as the appropriateness and effectiveness of soundscapes can vary and may not always align with the individual's narrative or therapeutic needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: A 1985 Perceived competence, self-esteem, and anxiety in latency -aged children of divorce Journal of Psychology 14 : 20 ~ TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 @10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information about bilingualism, cognitive flexibility, or problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses a specific study related to children of divorce, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: A novel pathway to produce butanol and isobutanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae access Published: 04 May 2013 A novel pathway to produce butanol and isobutanol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Paola Branduardi1, Valeria Longo1, Berterame1, nAff2 & …Danilo Porro1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 46. 5 mg/L), since it can derive from other pathways (see Figure 1). When glycine is added as substrate, both butanol and isobutanol accumulate over time, reaching a registered maximum of 92 and 58 mg/L, respectively (Figure 2, right panel), together with a glycine consumption. The described experiment indicates therefore that (i) the butanol production requires glycine as substrate and that (ii) the measured isobutanol might only partially derive from the glycine degradation pathway. Figure 2Butanol and isobutanol accumulation from glycine. Yeast cells were grown in Verduyn medium with ammonium sulphate (5 g/L, left panel) or glycine (15 g/L, right panel) as nitrogen source. Biomass accumulation (square), glycine consumption (triangle), butanol (circle) and isobutanol (diamond) productions are shown. The data presented here are representative of three independent experiments. Full size imageIn the following sections we characterize the proposed pathway step by step. The substrates used are glycine, glyoxylate, α-ketovalerate and α-isoketovalerate. Unfortunately, the intermediate β-ethylmalate is not commercially available and for this reason a coupled enzymatic reaction starting from glyoxylate as initial substrate was planned to circumvent this problem. The first reaction of the pathway: from glycine to glyoxylateThe first step is the conversion of glycine to glyoxylate, by a glycine deaminase activity [21]. Since no genes are annotated in yeast encoding for this function and being the identification of a putative gene encoding for the desired function not trivial, we searched for a similar activity in other microorganisms. It has been described that in B. subtilis the glycine conversion into glyoxylate is catalyzed by the glycine oxidase enzyme, encoded by goxB gene, Figure 3A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a novel pathway for producing butanol and isobutanol in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It explains that these compounds can be synthesized through biochemical processes that utilize glycine and other substrates, supporting the broader idea that bioengineers are engineering organisms for the production of biofuels. The reference to using specific substrates and detailing metabolic pathways indicates the development of synthetic organisms for the production of biofuels from simple precursors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: We also evaluated whether the participants were able to immerse themselves in the soundscapes on a 5-point scale from 1 (no immersion) to 5 (full acoustic immersion) (M = 3. 94, SD = 0. 66). Three participants totally agreed to have felt immersed into another world (P2, P6, P11), nine agreed and only four were neutral (P4, P8, P10, P13). Here we conclude that footstep augmentation contributes to immersing into audio-augmented realities. Commonly used questionnaires that measure immersion or presence [102] were not applied, as augmented soundscapes fully preserve all visual stimuli of reality and thus several items on standard questionnaires do not apply [64]. Furthermore, the urban environment in the in-situ study presented an uncontrolled setting, leading to confounds when trying to measure immersion. We found that the participants combined external visual impressions and even wind sounds and their tactile and haptic perception into a unified experience. Therefore, we felt that interviews would be a more appropriate method to assess personal experiences of augmented soundscapes in public places [18]. By telling the participants that they will hear an auditory story, they were easily able to make up story lines by themselves. Examples of stories they imagined were: a walk in Japan, being on a vacation, stranding on an lonely island, or even going back to their childhood. The auditory soundscape inspired the imagination of fictional stories or the evocation of memories, whereby the sounds of footsteps influence the imagination. Interestingly, none of our participants talked about a story in the third person. They were always referring to themselves as the main actor in the story, which suggests at least some degree of immersion into the played soundscapes. Mostly the participants imagined being surrounded by a natural environment without other people, which indicates that the participants mentally blocked out the crowded urban environment. Man-made warning sounds, like the bicycle bell and the ship horn, were perceived as surprising and could not be woven into their stories. Instead, those sounds brought the participants out of the story to focus more on the surrounding traffic. The woodpecker signal sound was a better fit for the soundscape, but it may lead to important warning signals being ignored. Hence, it seems more suitable for signalling a change of direction in a navigation task rather than as a warning sound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how participants in the study were able to immerse themselves in the soundscapes, but it does not support the notion that these soundscapes can fully replace traditional therapy. It highlights the immersive experience of soundscapes but also mentions confounding factors and the importance of interviews to assess personal experiences. Furthermore, it indicates that certain sounds, like warning sounds, can disrupt immersion, suggesting limitations rather than total replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 이를 위해 지역아동센터에서 도움을 받는 초등학교 5, 6학년 24명을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련프로그램을 실시하였다. 훈련프로그램 실시 전, 후, 추수에 문제해결 척도, 자기효능감 척도 및 자아탄력성 척도를 실시하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it describes a training program aimed at improving problem-solving abilities in elementary school students without mentioning the role of bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineers have developed synthetic organisms that can produce pharmaceuticals or biofuels from simple sugars. [SEP] Text: To perform this assay we measured the pyruvate decarboxylase activity using glycine as substrate, monitoring the decrement of OD340nm since NADH is consumed during the last reaction. No data were obtained. We believe that this could be related to (i) a lower conversion of glycine to glyoxylate and/or to (ii) the very different physio-chemical assay conditions required by glycine oxidase (the first enzyme of the pathway) in respect to all the other enzymes. Indeed, a Pdc activity was detected when glyoxylate was used as substrate, confirming the conversion of glyoxylate to the α-ketovalerate. Figure 7 shows the complete panel of the Pdc activities measured in the different strains. The higher activity was registered in the wild type strain overxpressing the LEU2 gene, the minimal (almost undetectable) in the double MLS1/LEU2 deleted strain and an intermediate situation when only one of the two genes was deleted. To be more precise, the LEU2 deletion affects more the activity, very likely because in the case of MLS1 deletion, Dal7 is able to replace its function (and vice versa) [29]. Figure 7The evidence of glyoxylate degradation through the Mls, β-IPMD and Pdc(s) activities. The MLS1 deletion effect was evaluated coupled with the LEU2 deletion or overexpression (respectively indicated as ΔMLS1ΔLEU2 and ΔMLS1 LEU2). The data presented here are representative of three independent experiments. p ≤ 0,05 = *; p ≤ 0,01 = **; p ≤ 0,001 = ***; p > 0,05 = n. s. Full size imageConclusionsThis study describes a novel pathway to produce butanol and isobutanol in the yeast S. cerevisiae through the glycine degradation pathway. We characterized the entire pathway identifying for each step at least one enzymatic reaction with at least one relative gene for butanol production. 92 mg/L of butanol were produced starting from glycine as substrate. It might be speculated that butanol derives from butyryl-CoA and that glycine is solely used to drive the flux. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes a novel pathway for producing butanol and isobutanol in the yeast S. cerevisiae through the glycine degradation pathway. This indicates that bioengineers are utilizing engineered organisms for biofuel production from a simple substrate, glycine, supporting the assertion that synthetic organisms can produce biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Immersive soundscapes can fully replace traditional forms of therapy. [SEP] Text: The binary fashion of the footstep feedback during the navigation task (standard sound when on the right track, wood sound when on the wrong track) was found to be sufficient to signal wrong walking directions. Although this simple navigation feedback was perceived as easy and intuitively understandable, it does not provide sufficiently strong cues to replace spatial audio navigation methods in terms of efficiency [1], [41]. Thus, it should rather be used to deliver a stop signal, e. g. at a red traffic light, or to indicate when walking in the wrong direction. In terms of walking meditation, an audio augmented reality using footstep feedback can offer a new dimension of meditation. Individuals reported feeling more focused on their own steps and breath with footstep feedback. In addition, an AAR should not be considered as a replacement for walking meditation in urban soundscapes but as one potential element of a meditation method [40]. Further research is required to compare the effect of our approach on walking meditation and the effect of AAR without augmented footstep sounds. In comparison to McGill et al. [64], our research confirms some of their results. Auditory displays can weave into the overall perceived environment. However, the visual influences and footstep sounds have an additional impact on how real an audio augmented reality is perceived. Embedded warning sounds can restore a certain perceived sense of safety with ANC headphones to make the user aware of their surroundings. Likewise, footstep sounds can be used to intuitively, instantly and partly unconsciously convey simple cues. This makes footstep sounds suitable to not overload an auditory display. However, our results show that these sounds require a short period of familiarization to be perceived as part of the overall reality. In addition, the footstep volume needs to be adjusted below the background soundscape volume to provide a more realistic experience, and faster step feedback should be avoided as it was perceived as stressful. 8 paper presented the results of an online survey and a subsequent in-situ field study on augmenting footstep sounds in audio-augmented realities. The field study took place in an urban environment. The soundscapes (Forest, Beach, and Mountain) and footstep sounds (Leaves, Sand, and Gravel) that received the highest ratings in the online survey were investigated in detail regarding their effects on the experience of pedestrians on a sidewalk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while audio augmented realities (AAR) with footstep feedback can enhance experiences like meditation, they should not be considered a replacement for traditional forms of therapy or meditation methods. Specifically, it states that AAR should be viewed as one potential element of a meditation method rather than a complete substitute. Additionally, it discusses the necessity of further research to compare AAR effects with traditional approaches, implying that immersive soundscapes alone are insufficient as replacements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 자기효능감의 하위요인 중 자신감 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자아탄력성을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 5주 후의 추후검사에서도 향상된 효과가 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 자아탄력성의 하위요인 중 대인관계 영역과 낙관성 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서도 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses improvements in self-efficacy factors but does not mention bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills; therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.