Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Using social media is the sole cause of all mental health issues among teens. [SEP] Text: org. (2021) The psychiatric sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic in adolescents, adults, and health care workers. Depression and Anxiety. 38(2): 233–246. of (2022) Adverse childhood experiences. Paakkari L, Tynjälä (2021) Problematic social media use and health among adolescents. of. 18(4): 1885. Perrin A, (2021) About three-in-ten U. S. adults say they are ‘almost constantly’ online. Pewresearch. org. (2022) Associations between adverse childhood experiences, adolescent screen time and physical activity during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Academic Pediatrics. 22(8): 1294-1299. Rideout V, (2019) The commonsense census: Media used by tweens and teens. (2022) Problematic social media use in adolescents and young adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. . 9(4): e33450. Tra-Digitale-e-Cyber-Risk (2022) MOIGE. (2019). Roles of cyberbullying, sleep, and physical activity in mediating the effects of social media use on mental health and wellbeing among young people in England: A secondary analysis of longitudinal data. The Lancet. Child & Adolescent Health. 3(10). 685-696. Vogeles EA, Gelles-Watnick R, (2022) Teens, social media, and technology 2022. Center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and sources that highlight a variety of factors influencing adolescent mental health, and that problematic social media use is one of many influences rather than the sole cause. For instance, it mentions adverse childhood experiences, the COVID-19 pandemic, cyberbullying, and physical activity, all of which contribute to mental health issues in conjunction with social media use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 제목 저자 목차 페이지 원제목 수정 전 해양 세균을 이용한 미세플라스틱 제거에 대한 연구 수정 후 부제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 대등제목 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 이*연 경******* 수정 후 수정 전 - 수정 후 수정 전 첫 페이지 : 202 page 끝 페이지 : 202 page 수정 후 첫 페이지 끝 페이지 취소 확인 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아주세요. DBpia 논문 중 이 논문의 참고문헌을 찾아 신청해 주세요. 관리자 승인 후 이 논문의 참고문헌으로 등록됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses administrative tasks and references related to a study about microplastic removal using marine bacteria. There is no mention of language's role as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: In pair #1, the store made a profit of $US 446·40 and the net income to the farm was $US 473·94. In pair #2, the store made a profit of $US 177·00 and the net income to the farm was $US 330·40. Table 2 ProportionFootnote * of delivered items sold by produce group during the study period; urban farm–corner store intervention in 2012 * Calculated from overall sales estimates obtained from data collected twice weekly by study staff. In pair #1, sixty-six items were discarded due to spoilage (9 % of total delivered). In pair #2, ninety-two items were discarded due to spoilage (33 % of total delivered). pair #1, both the farmer and storeowner were satisfied with the intervention. Both the farmer and storeowner planned to continue the collaboration at the end of the 9-week study period. We capitalized on this opportunity to observe pair #1 beyond the study period (details available in the online supplementary material). In pair #2, both the farmer and storeowner were satisfied with the distribution process; however, both had concerns regarding customer demand and sales. The storeowner perceived that his customers would not purchase produce with imperfections and expressed frustration about spoilage. The storeowner opted to stop the collaboration at the end of the 9-week study period. this case study, urban farm–corner store collaborations distributed fresh produce to corner stores in low-income urban neighbourhoods. We offered a variety of produce attractive to customers and employed suggested strategies such as tastings and recipe cards for those items less familiar to patrons( Reference Hu, Acosta and McDaniel 14 ). To our knowledge, the present study is the first one to evaluate urban farm–corner store collaborations. Prior urban agriculture studies have examined community gardens’ social impacts and health benefits. Community gardens can foster social capital, trust and sense of community( Reference Shinew, Glover and Parry 16 Reference Teig, Amulya and Bardwell 17 ). Community gardens or urban farms have led to improved food access through farmers’ markets and produce donations to the neighbourhood( 18 and Gilliland 19 ), as well as increased fruit and vegetable intake among both adult and youth gardeners( Reference Alaimo, Packnett and Miles 20 Allen, Alaimo and Elam 21 ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the collaboration between urban farms and corner stores, which distributed fresh produce to low-income urban neighborhoods. This distribution sought to improve food access and included strategies to attract customers. Additionally, it mentions that community gardens and urban farms have led to improved food access through various methods, including farmers' markets and produce donations to the neighborhood. Thus, the text supports the notion that urban farms can indeed improve access to fresh produce in food deserts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Studies report a strong impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related stressors on the mental well-being of the general population. In this paper, we investigated whether COVID-19 related concerns and social adversity affected schizotypal traits, anxiety, and depression using structural equational modelling. In mediation analyses, we furthermore explored whether these associations were mediated by healthy (sleep and physical exercise) or unhealthy behaviours (drug and alcohol consumption, excessive media use). Methods: We assessed schizotypy, depression, and anxiety as well as healthy and unhealthy behaviours and a wide range of sociodemographic scores using online surveys from residents of Germany and the over 1 year during the COVID-19 pandemic. Four independent samples were collected (April/May 2020: N=781, September/October 2020: N=498, January/February 2021: N=544, May 2021: N=486). The degree of schizotypy was measured using the Questionnaire (SPQ), anxiety, and depression symptoms were surveyed with the (SCL-27), and healthy and unhealthy behaviours were assessed with the (). Structural equation models were used to consider the influence of COVID-19 related concerns and social adversity on depressive and anxiety-related symptoms and schizotypal traits in relation to certain healthy (sleep and exercise) and unhealthy behaviours (alcohol and drug consumption, excessive media use). Results: The results revealed that COVID-19 related life concerns were significantly associated with schizotypy in the September/October 2020 and May 2021 surveys, with anxiety in the September/October 2020, January/February 2021, and May 2021 surveys, and with depressive symptoms in all surveys. Social adversity significantly affected the expression of schizotypal traits and depressive and anxiety symptoms in all four surveys. Importantly, we found that excessive media consumption (>4 hr per day) fully mediated the relationship between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypal traits in the January/February 2021 survey. Furthermore, several of the surveys showed that excessive media consumption was associated with increased depressive and anxiety-related symptoms in people burdened by COVID-19 related life. Conclusions: The ongoing uncertainties of the pandemic and the restrictions on social life have a strong impact on mental well-being and especially the expression of schizotypal traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that excessive media consumption is associated with increased depressive and anxiety-related symptoms especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. It indicates that rather than social media breaks being a cure for anxiety, excessive media use can actually mediate and worsen mental health issues like anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 닫기 논문명 참고문헌 신청 검색조건추가 참고문헌 신청이 불가능한 논문이 있습니다. 입력된 URL을 확인해 주세요. 취소 다음 확인 이용수. . . 닫기 최근3년 최근1년 최근6개월 연도 월 이용수 정기구독 정책 구독 상품을 부정한 방법으로 이용시 구독 서비스 제공을 중단할 수 있습니다. 하나의 계정으로 중복로그인 한 경우 먼저 로그인 되어있던 계정은 자동 로그아웃 됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is not relevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be a technical or procedural message with no content indicating any relationship to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: While farm stands can be located within the community( Reference Evans, Jennings and Smiley 13 ), they often operate for a few hours once weekly. Low-income residents have noted that purchasing produce from urban farms is inconvenient( Reference Hu, Acosta and McDaniel 14 ). The urban farm–corner store collaboration addresses this barrier as the corner store offers a neighbourhood location open 7 d/week where residents could buy produce. Collaborations between urban farms and corner stores could result in improved fruit and vegetable intake among community members, beyond those who garden, although we were unable to examine this in our study. In addition, this model could extend the reach of Farm to School programmes, which provide locally grown produce in schools( 22 ), by expanding the programme to locations, like corner stores, where children frequent after school and on weekends. Prior corner store interventions have focused on increasing the availability of healthier foods including produce and used point-of-purchase promotions in small stores( Reference Gittelsohn, Rowan and Gadhoke 23 ). Overall, these interventions led to increased stocking of healthy items and improved sales of healthy foods( Reference Gittelsohn, Rowan and Gadhoke 23 ). The present case study employed similar in-store tactics, yet expands upon this literature by proposing and testing a unique model of urban farm–corner store collaborations. We found that the collaborative model significantly increased stocking of produce items in one store. The contrasting success and failure between pair #1 and pair #2 may provide some insights on factors influencing the viability of the urban farm–corner store collaborative model. We suspect that community factors were critical to pair #1’s success. This store served customers who either lived or worked in the area and neighbourhood volunteers staffed this farm. The neighbourhood association also invested substantial time and resources in promoting the programme. Ultimately, pair #1 utilized more of a community-supported approach as compared with pair #2, which had less community backing. Pair #1’s tactic likely built upon neighbourhood social capital that gardens or farms may inspire( Reference Shinew, Glover and Parry 16 Reference Teig, Amulya and Bardwell 17 ). Pair #1’s store was relatively isolated from other food retailers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban farm–corner store collaborations can enhance access to fresh produce in communities, particularly in food deserts. It highlights that these collaborations address barriers such as the limited hours of operation for urban farms and improve the availability of fresh produce. By operating in corner stores that are open seven days a week, these collaborations can significantly increase the stocking of produce items, thereby improving access for low-income residents. Furthermore, the text mentions the potential for increased fruit and vegetable intake among community members, supporting the idea that urban farms can indeed improve access to fresh produce.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: The negative impact is further boosted by excessive media consumption, which is especially critical for people with high schizotypal traits. Funding: FK received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 (Grant number 754,462). SN received funding from the for Child and at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada and the from the University of Cambridge. Editor's evaluation Using online surveys from Germany and the U. K. participants, this study examined the association between COVID-19 and mental health mediated by participants' behaviors. The results indicate that the pandemic was substantially associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Furthermore, unhealthy behaviors such as excessive media consumption further exacerbated the negative impact of social isolation due to COVID. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process eLife digest The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, and the measures different governments took to contain it, harmed many people’s mental well-being. The restrictions, combined with pandemic-related uncertainty, caused many individuals to experience increased stress, depression, and anxiety. Many people turned to unhealthy behaviours to cope, including consuming more alcohol or drugs, using media excessively, developing poor sleeping habits, or reducing the amount of exercise they did. Stress, drugs, poor sleep, and uncertainty can increase an individual’s risk of developing psychotic symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, or difficulty thinking clearly. These symptoms may be temporary or part of a more lasting condition, like schizophrenia. The risk of developing these symptoms increases in people with ‘schizotypal traits’, such as a lack of close relationships, paranoia, or unusual or implausible beliefs. These individuals may be especially vulnerable to the harmful mental health effects of the pandemic. Daimer et al. demonstrated that people who were more worried about their life stability or financial situation during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic had worse mental well-being than those who felt secure. In the experiments, volunteers completed a series of online mental health questionnaires at four different time points during the pandemic. People who reported feeling lonely, having negative thoughts, or experiencing fewer positive social interactions had more symptoms of mental illness. People who experienced more life disruptions also reported more anxiety or depression symptoms and more schizotypal traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that excessive media consumption exacerbates negative mental health effects, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses the negative impact of increased media use on stress, depression, and anxiety symptoms, rather than suggesting that breaks would cure these issues. The mention of unhealthy coping behaviors, such as excessive media consumption, negates the idea that taking breaks from social media alone would alleviate anxiety and stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 정기 결제 이용권은 매월 또는 매분기 자동으로 정기 결제되며, 구매 날짜와 동일한 날짜에 정기 결제가 진행됩니다. 정기 결제일은 구입한 날과 동일한 날짜에 진행되며, 해당 일자가 없는 경우 해당월의 마지막 일에 결제가 이루어집니다. 결제 수단 문제(잔액 부족, 신용카드 만료, 신용카드 정보 변경 등)로 정기 결제가 실패할 수 있으며, 추가 결제 시도 후, 최종적으로 실패할 경우 서비스는 자동 해지됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses subscription payment procedures and issues related to automated billing. It does not mention anything about language serving as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: Prior studies have found that limited access to grocery stores can lead to poor access to healthy foods( Reference Powell, Slater and Mirtcheva 3 Reference Larsen, Story and Nelson 4 ); therefore, this collaboration may have been better positioned to meet a community need. In contrast, pair #2’s store faced competition from other food retailers including a nearby supermarket that carried fresh fruits and vegetables. Pair #1 primarily used a refrigerated display, which was key to limiting spoilage to 9 %( Reference Dannefer, Williams and Baronberg 24 ) in stores without air conditioning during high summer temperatures. Our study has several limitations. Our case study evaluated a non-randomized intervention in a single city; however, this work represents the first step in designing and testing the urban farm–corner store collaborative model. We did not ascertain customers’ satisfaction with intervention components or evaluate the intervention’s effect on consumers’ purchases, eating behaviours or health outcomes. We believe that our storeowners represent the typical Baltimore corner storeowner. However, our farmers may have been more motivated than the average, given the substantial time they dedicated to this project. Future studies should recruit a variety of storeowners and farmers to understand the level of engagement necessary from both parties that translates into success. While we compared change in produce varieties stocked in response to the intervention, we lacked pre-intervention produce sales data to compare sales pre–post. The strength of our study is that we used a mixed-methods approach, which enriched our quantitative distribution and sales data with qualitative explanations( 25 ). Overall, urban farm–corner store collaborations are a promising strategy for areas with limited food retailer density and adequate community support. Researchers could consider these collaborations as a stand-alone intervention or as an adjunct to previously successful corner store interventions( Allen, Alaimo and Elam 21 ). Additional studies are needed to rigorously test this model in a randomized controlled trial to determine its efficacy on produce sales, consumers’ behaviours and health outcomes. support: of & (NICHD) and the Office of Behavioral and Research (OBSSR) supported this project (grant number U54HD070725). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NICHD or OBSSR. This project was also awarded the grand prize in the 2012 Urbanite magazine’s Challenge. Conflict of interest: K. A. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing urban farm–corner store collaborations as a promising strategy for areas with limited food retailer density. It suggests that these collaborations may improve access to fresh produce, particularly in communities referred to as food deserts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Daily consumption of at least four hours of digital media exacerbated negative mental health symptoms, and people with more pandemic-related life concerns also spent more time on digital media Daimer et al. suggest that increased media consumption among people with pandemic-related hardships may have increased mental health symptoms and schizotypal traits in these individuals. The survey results suggest that maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including meaningful relationships, is essential to staying mentally healthy during extreme situations like a global pandemic. Protective interventions – such as strengthening social support networks, providing mental health education, or increasing mental healthcare provisions – are essential to prevent poor mental health outcomes during future crises. in Wuhan, China, the novel highly infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) spread rapidly around the world in the first months of 2020 and was declared as a pandemic by the WHO on 13 March 2020. At the time of writing, more than 258 million people worldwide had contracted the illness, and more than 5. 2 million died with or from COVID-19 (Daly and Robinson, 2021; JHU, 2021). Even after successful vaccination programmes were implemented in many countries (ECDE, 2021), the uncertainties and restrictions still impacted many areas of daily life. In many countries, measures such as ‘lockdown’ or ‘social distancing’ introduced by governments early on Cohen and Kupferschmidt, 2020 are now procedures regularly and flexibly applied to combat the pandemic. Many educational institutions, childcare facilities, bars, and restaurants have been closed over long periods during the past 1. 5 years, and cultural or sporting events still being cancelled or highly restricted. Governments in different countries differed in their approaches to tackling the pandemic (Plümper and Neumayer, 2020). For example, at the start of the pandemic, the (UK) imposed a nationwide lockdown a few days after Germany, which may have led to higher case and mortality rates. However, the UK started vaccinating earlier and faster than Germany, which allowed earlier relaxations of restrictions (McRobbie et al. , 2020; Pritchard et al. , 2021). Due to delays in vaccine purchases, significantly less vaccines were available in EU countries, which contributed to fewer vaccinations compared to the UK (Sasse, 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that daily consumption of digital media can exacerbate negative mental health symptoms. It suggests that instead of curing anxiety and stress through social media breaks, factors such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle and strengthening social support networks are essential for mental health, indicating that merely taking breaks from social media may not be enough to alleviate these symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 이용 중간에 정기 결제 해지 시, 다음 결제일부터 결제가 진행되지 않으며, 다음 결제일 전까지 서비스를 이용하실 수 있습니다. 결제일로부터 7일 이내, 논문 열람 및 할인 구매 이력이 없는 경우 환불이 가능합니다. 정기 구독 회원의 논문 다운을 위한 구매 경우, DBpia 머니 결제를 지원하지 않습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses terms related to subscription payments and refunds without mentioning language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms can improve access to fresh produce in food deserts. [SEP] Text: Partnership for (2011) Handbook. (accessed July 2014). 13. (2012) Introduction of farm stands in low-income communities increases fruit and vegetable among community residents. 18, 1137–1143. 14. (2013) Community perspectives on barriers and strategies for promoting locally grown produce from an urban agricultural farm. Pract 14, 69. 15. Crabtree, BF & Miller, WL (1992) Research. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications. 16. & Parry, DC (2004) Leisure spaces as potential sites for interracial interaction: community gardens in urban areas. J 36, 336. 17. (2009) Collective efficacy in Denver, Colorado: strengthening neighborhoods and health through community gardens. 15, 1115–1122. CrossRef18. Corrigan, MP (2011) Growing what you eat: developing community gardens in Baltimore, Maryland. 31, 1232–1241. 19. Larsen, K & Gilliland, J (2009) A farmers’ market in a food desert: evaluating impacts on the price and availability of healthy food. 15, 1158–1162. 20. (2008) Fruit and vegetable intake among urban community gardeners. J Behav 40, 94–101. 21. (2008) Growing vegetables and values: benefits of neighborhood-based community gardens for youth development and nutrition. J Nutr 3, 418–439. 22. US Department of Agriculture, Food and (2014) Farm to School. (accessed July 2014). 23. Gittelsohn, J, Rowan, M & Gadhoke, P (2012) Interventions in small food stores to change the food environment, improve diet, and reduce risk of chronic disease. Dis 9, 110015. 24. (2012) Healthy bodegas: increasing and promoting healthy foods at corner stores in City. 102, e27–e31. 25. Borkan, JM (2004) Mixed methods studies: a foundation for primary care research. Med 2, 4–6. CrossRef2012. Baseline means were calculated from data collected by study staff during two visits prior to starting the intervention. Means during the intervention were calculated based on distribution data collected twice weekly by study staff at each store. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that indicate the positive impacts of urban agriculture initiatives, such as community gardens and farmers' markets, on increasing fruit and vegetable availability in low-income communities and food deserts. For example, it mentions that introducing farm stands in low-income areas increases fruit and vegetable consumption among residents, highlighting how urban farming contributes to improved access to fresh produce.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, the media provides essential information about the virus, recent developments, and protective measures; further, social media is necessary to stay in contact with others and may also be useful to distract oneself from boredom due to a lack of alternatives (Bendau et al. , 2021). On the other hand, the media may produce rumours or misinformation (Tasnim et al. , 2020), or perpetuate the sense of constant threat, which may lead to increased anxiety (Garfin et al. , 2020; Satici et al. , 2020). Interestingly, the WHO recently started using the term ‘infodemic’ in the context of the present crisis as ‘a tsunami of misinformation, hate, scapegoating, and scare-mongering (which) has been unleashed’ (WHO, 2020). A large body of literature suggests that excessive media consumption (>3 hr daily) is associated with poorer mental health (Abbas et al. , 2021; Bendau et al. , 2021 Gao et al. , 2020; Neophytou et al. , 2019; Ni et al. , 2020; Su et al. , 2021; Valdez et al. , 2020; Wang et al. , 2020a; Zendle, 2020). In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, most general-population studies focus on the increase of symptoms of common mental disorders, that is, depression and anxiety. The present study extends this work by also addressing the development of schizotypal traits. Our previous studies indicated an increase in schizotypic traits during the pandemic (Daimer et al. , 2021; Knolle et al. , 2021). Schizotypy describes a multidimensional unifying construct that represents the underlying vulnerability for schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology that is expressed across a broad range of personality, subclinical, and clinical psychosis phenomenology (Debbané and Barrantes-Vidal, 2015; Grant and Hennig, 2020; Raine, 1991). It is regarded as a latent multidimensional personality trait that occurs in varying degrees in every person along a continuum (Grant et al. , 2018). There is no consensus on the exact content of the construct, but all definitions include positive (e. g. paranoia), negative (i. e. lack of trust), and disorganised traits, similar to schizophrenia (Wright et al. , 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that excessive media consumption is associated with poorer mental health and increased anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic, rather than suggesting that social media breaks can cure these issues. It highlights both the potential negative impacts of media consumption, such as the perpetuation of anxiety and misinformation, and the increased symptoms of mental disorders linked to excessive media use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 레이어닫기 결합상품 정책 밀리의 서재 등록 안내 밀리의 서재 이용권은 결제 완료 후, 카카오톡 및 메일로 1일 이내 쿠폰번호가 발송됩니다. 본 이용권은 등록 후 유효기간 내 사용하기를 진행해야합니다. 기한 내 사용하지 않으면 구독권은 만료처리 되며 이용 불가합니다. 본 이용권은 등록 기간 연장 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 번호 분실에 따른 문의는 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청 및 챗봇상담으로 처리하실 수 있습니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it discusses administrative details related to a subscription service in Korean, which is unrelated to the concept of language's role in identity or culture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Community gardens contribute to community building and local food production. [SEP] Text: عربي 中文 Français Русский Español Communities & Home 1 - Knowledge products -19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems COVID-19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems Download PDF Year of publication 2020 Place of publication Rome, Italy Pages 8p. ; Product type Brochure, flyer, fact-sheet ISBN 978-92-5-133314-3 Edition 1 Full item page Synopsis (short abstract) COVID-19 pandemic has put local food systems at risk of disruptions along the entire agri-food value chain. Cities and local governments are currently playing a major role in limiting the spread of the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 and in mitigating disruptions to their local food systems. To better understand the situation, FAO has been closely monitoring local food system status and prevailing practices during COVID-19, collecting information and insights from different cities on key challenges and specific responses through various channels. The insights, data and cases presented in this paper highlight the role of local food production and value chains in enhancing local food systems’ resilience against COVID-19. See the full list of policy briefs related to COVID-19. Cite this content as: FAO. 2020. COVID-19 and the role of local food production in building more resilient local food systems. Rome. Also available in: items Showing items related by metadata. Brochure, flyer, fact-sheet Covid-19 et le rôle des productions alimentaires locales dans la construction de systèmes alimentaires locaux plus résilients 2020 Also available in: pandémie de covid-19 a fragilisé les systèmes alimentaires locaux tout au long de la chaîne de valeur agroalimentaire. Les villes et les collectivités territoriales jouent actuellement un rôle majeur dans la limitation de la propagation du coronavirus à l'origine de la covid-19 et dans l'atténuation des perturbations de leurs systèmes alimentaires locaux. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of local food production in enhancing the resilience of local food systems, particularly in response to challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. It emphasizes the importance of local governments and communities in mitigating disruptions to their local food systems, which aligns with the idea that community gardens not only foster local food production but also strengthen community ties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: This suggests that people scoring high on schizotypy are more likely to become victims of misinformation in the media. Misinformation due to excessive media consumption following mental health deterioration has been frequently reported during this pandemic (et al. , 2021; Su et al. , 2021; Tasnim et al. , 2020; Zhao and Zhou, 2020; Zhong et al. , 2020). People with a high schizotypal personality are at an increased risk of developing a schizophrenic disorder (Linscott et al. , 2018). According to the diathesis-stress model, environmental factors, such as major psychological stressors or stressful life events, cause the onset of psychosis in the presence of a biological predisposition to schizophrenia (Debbané and Barrantes-Vidal, 2015). The psychological stress caused by the prospect of being infected by the COVID-19 virus, as well as the social restraining measures to mitigate the virus’ spread, could potentially trigger the development of a full-blown psychosis in people with high schizotypy (Carter et al. , 1995; Chapman et al. , 1994; Grant and Hennig, 2020). Valdes-Florido and colleagues (2020) reported cases of psychosis triggered by the fear of infection, compulsory home-confinement or concerns about the economic consequences of the lockdown. Hu et al. , 2020 reported a 25% increase in the incidence of schizophrenia in January 2020 compared to previous years in China. The authors attribute this to the psychosocial stress and social distancing measures caused by COVID-19 (Hu et al. , 2020). These medium and long-term effects of COVID-19 as an adverse life event could disproportionately affect people at risk of psychosis over the next few years (Beards et al. , 2013; Brown et al. , 2020). In this paper, we therefore aim to investigate whether pandemic-related stressors, namely ‘COVID-19 related social adversity’ and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ have an effect on mental health, and whether these effects are mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours. We generated a separate latent model for each stressor across four samples, each collected at a different time point over a year from the start of the pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how excessive media consumption can lead to misinformation and deteriorate mental health, particularly in individuals with high schizotypy. It emphasizes that psychological stress from the pandemic and social measures has detrimental effects on mental health, which implies that simply taking social media breaks may not suffice to cure anxiety and stress related to online activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 고객의 문자 및 이메일 미수신 처리로 쿠폰 번호를 받지 못한 경우, 구매일로부터 7일 이내 DBpia 1:1 상담 요청을 주셔야 재발송됩니다. 이후는 환불 불가합니다. 환불 안내 DBpia와 밀리의 서재 상품 분리 환불은 불가합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일로부터 7일 이내까지 쿠폰 미등록 + DBpia 서비스 7일 이내 미이용 고객만 환불 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 등록 후에는 취소 및 환불 불가합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses customer service procedures regarding coupons and refunds without any mention of language, identity, or cultural heritage. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: NASA has plans to return humans to the Moon by the 2020s. [SEP] Text: 인용양식변경 공지사항바로가기 Close 즐겨찾기 양식명 버전 즐겨찾기가없어요 자주 사용하는 인용양식을 검색 후 즐겨찾기에 등록하세요. 검색 자주 사용하는 인용 양식을 검색하세요. (저널명 or 학회명) search 검색하기 양식 저장 Close 국내 연구자를 위한 한국형 서지관리 서비스 DBpia에서 국내 연구자를 위한 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)를 오픈했어요. 워드는 물론, 한글까지 인용 정보를 관리할 수 있어요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses citation management services and does not mention NASA, the Moon, or any related plans. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: We hypothesised that the separate COVID-19 stressors related to restrictions and financial concerns (‘life concerns’), and inhibited social relationships (‘social adversity’), would each be negatively associated with symptoms of common mental distress (i. e. depressive and anxiety-related symptoms), and schizotypal traits, at all time points during the pandemic. In addition, we hypothesised that this association will be mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours (respectively, exercise and sleep; alcohol, media, and drug consumption). Specifically, we expect that individuals who experience high levels of the above-mentioned stressors may damage their mental well-being through the unhealthy behaviours of substance use and excessive media consumption, and may improve their mental well-being through the healthy behaviours of adequate sleep and regular exercise. Materials and methods Study design and procedure Request a detailed protocol -19 exposure and COVID-19 related mental health questionnaire was designed as an online survey using EvaSys ( ), see Knolle et al. , 2021 for a detailed description. The questionnaires were available in German and English. For participant recruitment we used a snowball sampling strategy to reach the general public in Germany and the UK. The April/May 2020 survey was collected from 27 April 2020 to 31 May 2020, approximately 5 weeks after the introduction of the nationwide lockdowns in the UK and Germany. Completion of this first survey took approximately 35 min. The three follow-up surveys took only about 15 min, as they did not include question on subjective change of psychological distress (September/October 2020 survey: 10 September 2020 to 18 October 2020; January/February 2021 survey: 10 January 2021 to 7 february 2021 May 2021 survey: 1 May 2021 to 31 May 2021). For each cohort, the recruitment goal was 400 subjects. With this sample size, small effect sizes of f=0. 02 may be detected with a power of above 80% using linear two-tailed regressions. Figure 1 shows the time point of data collection with respect to the development of cases and deaths in the UK and Germany. The subjects were contacted at the first time point via print media (i. e. Sueddeutsche Zeitung) and social media (i. e. Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp) and asked to forward the questionnaire to friends and family according to the snowball sampling strategy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various COVID-19 stressors and their negative association with mental distress. It suggests that poor mental well-being can result from unhealthy behaviours related to excessive media consumption, indicating that simply taking a social media break may not be sufficient to alleviate anxiety and stress. The focus on healthy and unhealthy behaviours implies that other factors contribute beyond just social media usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 밀리의 서재 쿠폰 수령일부터 7일 초과 후로는 쿠폰 미등록 시에도 환불 불가합니다. 이용 안내 DBpia 1년 상품은 구매 즉시 이용 가능하며, 구매일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 밀리의 서재 이용권은 쿠폰 등록 시 이용 가능하며, 쿠폰 사용일로부터 1년 사용 가능합니다. 기존 밀리의 서재 정기구독 상품 이용 중인 경우, 해당 상품과 연결 사용 불가합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coupon usage and subscription details related to a specific service without mentioning anything about language, identity, or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: NASA has plans to return humans to the Moon by the 2020s. [SEP] Text: Their landing sites are not exotic. But their success will pave the way for robotic exploration of the moon's poles and far side, which have long been scientific targets for the stories they can tell about the history of the solar system. They are also "critical testbeds for the technologies and architectures needed to ensure a safe human return to the moon by 2024," says Ryan Watkins, a lunar scientist at the Institute in St. Louis, Missouri. The target for a human return in 2024 is the moon's south pole. That means it's almost definite that future CLPS awards would target that region, Zurbuchen said. "We want to go explore where we want to land. " doi: 10. 1126/science. aay2384 Relevant tags: the author mailShare on X Voosen is a staff writer who covers Earth and planetary science. More from news 25 Oct 2024 ‘Aerial arms race’ with birds may have turned ancient cicadas into ace fliers Pérez Ortega 25 Oct 2024 Can science and Islam coexist? A chemical engineer–turned–theologian sees common ground Rochmyaningsih 24 Oct 2024 Web of Science index puts eLife ‘on hold’ because of its radical publishing model more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for ScienceScience’s award-winning newsletter with the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. ScienceInsider 25 Oct 2024science and Islam coexist? A chemical engineer–turned–theologian sees common ground 24 Oct 2024of Science index puts eLife ‘on hold’ because of its radical publishing model 21 Oct 2024Wilcox, ‘Daunting’: Hurricane-battered researchers assess damage from Helene and Milton 21 Oct 2024O’Nature retracts 75 papers connected to Spanish university head View more 15 Oct 2024Pérez noses sniff 20 times faster than thought 10 Oct 2024pain of hot sauce may be in your head 10 Oct 2024Wilcox You’re wrong. Here’s why you keep insisting you’re right. 7 Oct 2024your blood pressure too high—or are you just holding your arm wrong? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that there are plans for a human return to the Moon by 2024, as stated by Ryan Watkins. It discusses the importance of the moon's south pole as a target for future CLPS awards, indicating a clear intention from NASA to land humans there. This supports the assertion that NASA is working towards returning humans to the Moon during the 2020s.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Co19_concerns: COVID-19 related life concerns; Soc_adversity: social adversity; financial_I: financial impact due to the crisis; Restrictions: Perception of the restrictions as stressful; Life_Stability: Concerns about life stability due to the crisis; Change_socR: stressful social relationship changes; Neg_Thoughts: during COVID 19; ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of SPQ. Our three endogenous manifest variables (‘outcomes’) were schizotypy trait, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of anxiety. Schizotypal trait was defined as the total sum score of all SPQ items. For anxiety and depressive symptoms, specific items of the SCL-27 were summed and divided by the number of items. For depression, we used all SCL-27 items assessing dysthymic and depressive symptoms; and for anxiety we used all items describing agoraphobic and social phobic symptoms. For the exogeneous latent variables (‘predictors’), we generated two variables. The first variable, which we call ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’, reflects the direct impact of the pandemic on the individual’s life. The best fitting measurement model was formed using the items ‘to what degree have changes related to the coronavirus/COVID-19 crisis in your area created financial problems for you or your family? ’, ‘how stressful have the restrictions on your daily life been for you? ’ and ‘to what degree are you concerned about the stability of your living situation? ’. The exogeneous variables were scaled so that we fixed the variance of all factor loadings within one exogeneous latent variable to 1. This allowed comparing estimates between different models using these exogeneous latent variables quantitively. The second exogeneous latent variable, ‘social adversity’, reflects loneliness and whether change in the quality of social relationships was perceived as stressful. The variables that loaded best on the factor ‘social adversity’ were the items ‘has the quality of the relationships between you and members of your family/social contacts changed/ how stressful have these changes in contacts been for you? ’, ‘how lonely were you? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, including social adversity and perceptions of restrictions as stressful. It indicates that social relationships and financial concerns contribute to anxiety and depression rather than suggesting that social media breaks can entirely cure these issues. The focus on multiple stressors points to a broader array of influences on mental health, thus undermining the claim that simply taking breaks from social media would solve these problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 현재 이용 중인 정기 구독 상품의 만료 혹은 해지 후에 본 구독권 이용 가능하오니, 이용에 참고 부탁 드립니다. DBpia와 밀리의 서재 일부 콘텐츠에 대해 학회 및 출판사 요청에 의해 콘텐츠 열람이 제한될 수 있습니다. 레이어닫기 알림 등록 전화번호를 등록해보세요. 카카오 메세지로 매달 결제 내용을 전달 드립니다. 환불,잔액부족 등 알림을 전달해드립니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides information related to subscription services and content access restrictions without addressing the topic of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning algorithms help predict patient outcomes based on medical history. [SEP] Text: If the new treatment is safer and more effective at treating the disease than current treatments, it could go on to be approved for market distribution. Further trials, known as Phase 4, may investigate long term benefits and side-effects, even after the drug has been approved. Due to the lengthy processes and, depending on the rarity of the disease, the difficulty in obtaining enough volunteers for these trials, it can take an extremely long amount of time for a drug to be approved. Enter drug repurposingDrug repurposing has already been used to treat a wide range of diseases. For example, Viagra was initially developed to treat hypertension but is currently used for erectile dysfunction, and anti-inflammatory drugs made to treat arthritis are now being used for COVID-19 patients. The main benefit of drug repurposing is the shortening of the clinical trial process. As there is no need to repeat the initial safety phases, these existing drugs can be immediately tested for efficacy in treating the new disease, making the process safer, faster, and more cost-effective. Candidates for drug repurposing are usually identified using the results of previous research, genomics, or by considering drug action mechanisms that could be effective and common to multiple diseases, but the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning has sped up this process dramatically. Machine learning to identify drug repurposing candidatesMachine learning (or deep learning) frameworks are algorithms that improve automatically through experience, where the algorithm can receive a “training” dataset to learn from, and then apply that knowledge to different datasets. University scientists created a deep learning framework that uses real-world data from patients to identify drug repurposing candidates and their estimated effects to treat a particular disease. This is the first framework of its kind to use real-world data instead of just preclinical data. The framework receives insurance claims data (e. g. information on assigned treatments, disease outcomes, patient demographics) as inputs, and then emulates a randomised clinical trial for each drug. By comparing pre-defined measures of disease status before and after treatment, the model identifies drugs that have positive disease outcomes (i. e. an improvement in the predefined symptoms and disease status of interest) as potential candidates to be repurposed. But does this framework actually work? To test their framework, scientists inputted a dataset of over 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how machine learning algorithms are used to identify drug repurposing candidates based on real-world data from patients. Specifically, it states that the framework uses data that includes patient demographics and disease outcomes, emulating a randomized clinical trial to predict the effects of different treatments. This directly aligns with the idea that machine learning can assist in predicting patient outcomes based on medical history.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: ’ and ‘to what extent did you have negative thoughts, thoughts about unpleasant experiences or things that make you feel bad? ’. The two measurement models for the two exogeneous latent variables (predictors) had excellent fit, see Supplementary file 1a. The mediators drug use and excessive media use were recoded into dichotomous variables from categorical responses, due to sparse endorsement of some categories. Both were expressed with a positive value for at least one occasion of marijuana, opiate or tranquilliser use in the last 4 weeks, or, for at least 4 hr of daily consumption of any of social media, digital media, or video game (none at all, under 1 hr, 1–3 hr, 4–6 hr, more than 6 hr), respectively. Alcohol consumption was used as a continuous variable (not at all, rarely, once a month, several times a month, once a week, several times a week, once a day, more than once a day). Hours of sleep per night (<6 hr, 6–8 hr, 8–10 hr, >10 hr) during the week and frequency of 30 min exercise (sporting activities) per week were analysed with the original categories from the measure. For each of the four survey time points, two separate models were conducted, one to assess how ‘social adversity’ predicted mental health scores, and the second to assess how ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ predicted mental health scores. Mental health scores were our three endogenous variables, SPQ traits, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms. Covariances between the outcome variables were included in the model, including covariances between mediators led to a non-converging model. As we hypothesised that these relationships are mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours, we included drug consumption, excessive media use, alcohol consumption, hours of sleep per night during the week, and exercise per week as mediation variables to explain the relationship between each exogeneous latent variable (‘COVID-19 related life concerns’, ‘social adversity’) and all the endogenous variables (SPQ, depression, and anxiety). In order to facilitate comparison across the four surveys collected at different time points throughout the pandemic, we included as confounders in each model those variables which were associated with differences across the time points at p<0. 01 (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that explores the relationship between excessive media use, social adversity, and mental health outcomes like anxiety symptoms. It indicates that rather than simply taking breaks from social media, a range of mediating factors such as drug use and overall behavior patterns are involved in understanding mental health, implying that breaks alone are insufficient to address the underlying issues related to anxiety and stress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 등록하기 레이어닫기 키워드 등록 등록된 키워드에 새로운 논문이 등록되거나 업데이트 된 경우 안내해요. 알림 결과가 없다면? - 모든 단어의 맞춤법이 정확한지 확인해보세요. - 다른 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 더 일반적인 검색어를 사용해보세요. - 키워드 수를 줄여보세요. 레이어닫기 등록한 키워드 (0/30) 새로운 키워드를 등록해보세요. 키워드 삭제는마이페이지 〉 알림 〉 설정 에서 가능합니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be instructions or guidelines related to keyword registration and notification settings, with no mention of language's cultural significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots are commonly used to assist patients with non-urgent inquiries. [SEP] Text: In addition to AI and ML, we see the rise of that has potential to act like, look like, talk like and reason like human, and eventually becoming an essential part of an organizational business infrastructure worldwide [1]. Some experts compare level of intelligence of new called Sophia to that of a one month old new born baby that is at the very beginning of discovering the world around and is beginning to observe and to learn to communicate with his or her parents. Yet, very young and tiny, babies have a that may be compared to a computational capacity of most performant Supercomputer in the world today. Many experts suggest that there are fundamental differences between the AI and (NI) and that future evolution of AI driven may have strong impact on the future Industry 5. 0 and 6. 0, Business to Business (B2B) and (mC). Given recent COVID relates crisis, applications of AI in business, industry, government, academia and other sectors have become ubiquitous showing more and more examples of Agents application. The next section, presents examples of the AI driven applications including chatbots and ChatGPT, and discus what, how and where they are. Advertisement 2. What are the Chatbots? Chatbots are one of the practical examples of AAI driven cyber automation. The software capable to facilitate human-machine conversation is known today as a chatbot. A chatbot software simulates and drives a real-time interaction between a customer a human partner, while bridging a client system and information acquisition domains. Chatbot is a conversational agent that utilizes AI to interpret the text of the chat using Processing (NLP). Instead of direct communication with human service personnel, the customer/client can make conversation via text or voice with the chatbot software [2]. The chatbots utilize the AI embedded conversational systems capable to recognize customers and information systems database driven keywords or word patterns to provide the human-like answer in real-time. Chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures while improving a customer service with faster and cost effective best quality support. 2. 1 Chatbots are not perfect yetThe rise of AAI and chatbots have created collection of new tools that are often applied by students, faculty and others to write scholastic essays, 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how chatbots have become an essential part of organizational business infrastructures, particularly in customer service roles where they provide faster and cost-effective support. It mentions that chatbots facilitate human-machine conversation, allowing users to interact via text or voice, which aligns with the notion of assisting individuals with inquiries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Data from all four surveys were pooled, with the first survey acting as the reference for our three outcome variables; the results match those of the Kruskal-Wallis test (Supplementary file 1b). Pearson’s correlation coefficient indicated significant moderate correlations between SPQ and anxiety (r=0. 57–0. 68) and between SPQ and depression (r=0. 53–0. 58) in all four surveys (Supplementary file 1c). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Boxplot of (A) Questionnaire (SPQ), (B) anxiety scores (SCL-27) and (C) depression scores (SCL-27) separately for four time point samples. The colored dots represent the means of the distributions, the boxplot the median (middle line in the box), the lower and upper quartiles (edges of the box), the area where 95% of the distribution lies (vertical lines), and the outliers (black dots). The respective sample sizes are April-May sample N = 781, September – October sample N = 498, January – February sample N = 544, May sample N = 486. Table 2 Overview of the results of the Kruskal-square test and Dunn’s post-hoc test for the endogenous variables, mediators, or exogeneous latent variables in the following structural equation models. Comparisons presented are those comparing the latter survey to the prior survey, as well the last survey to the first survey. Survey comparisonPost-hoc test (Dunn’s test p-values)Kruskal-WallisX2pApril/May 2020 vsSeptember/ Oct. 2020September/ October 2020 vsJanuary/ February 2021JanuaryFebruary 2021 vsMay 2021April/May 2020 vsMay 2021Endogenous variableSPQ0. 610. 8930. 580. 440. 790. 99Anxiety57. 560. 0000. 001. 000. 370. 00Depression28. 040. 0000. 000. 000. 930. 09MediatorsExcessive media use39. 980. 0000. 000. 000. 000. 92Drug consumption1. 920. 5900. 980. 570. 580. 21Alcohol consumption28. 400. 0000. 020. 320. 110. 00Exercise78. 980. 0000. 000. 000. 920. 00Sleep20. 960. 0000. 010. 430. 580. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that discusses moderate correlations between social media usage and anxiety, indicating that social media use is linked to anxiety rather than being a cure for it. It also references excessive media use as a mediator of anxiety, suggesting that instead of 'curing' anxiety, breaks from social media may not be sufficient to address underlying issues related to anxiety and depression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 저널 신간 알림 신청 오늘 하루 그만 보기 저널 신간 알림이 등록되었습니다. 확인 전체 알림 아직 발송된 알림이 없어요. 이용하기 좋은 알림들을 추천할게요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the concept of language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. It discusses journal notifications but does not provide any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will guarantee that healthcare is accessible and affordable for everyone. [SEP] Text: India takes the top spot amongst 148 countries in terms of affordability of ICT technology17. Hence, the implementation of ICT in HSM should be an easy choice. Since most companies are using cloud-based platforms, '[this helps] to reduce infrastructure cost. Scaling up becomes easier on a cloud environment'18. The HSM is also efficacious in disseminating information for health awareness, immunizations or precautions to be taken during epidemics (such as Ebola). Companies implementing the HSM have helped create and sustain thousands of rural jobs, both direct and indirect. Lessons learnedHSM is an effective mechanism that allows for greater distribution while minimizing costs when paired with ICT. There are many areas in emerging nations in Africa and where healthcare accessibility is limited. This also holds true for remote areas in advanced nations such as Sweden, Finland, Russia, Australia, Canada and the USA where there is limited access due to weather conditions and other factors. HSM paired with ICT will effectively service such regions, reducing unnecessary travel and other related costs. 'You don't need a PhD in economics to figure out this model is a lot cheaper and probably a lot more convenient for patients'10. healthcare companies such as iKure, Vaatsalya Healthcare, (Dental), are demonstrating that using HSM paired with ICT not only allows for treatment of medical conditions but also lowers costs and improves availability, making health care accessible and affordable to the nation. AcknowledgementsThe author would like to express special thanks to the management team at iKure (www. ikure. in and www. ikuretechsoft. com) (- Founder & CEO, and ), who walked him through the implementation of iKure's hub and spoke model and for sharing their company's information. 1. Govindarajan V, Ramamurti R. Delivering world-class health care, affordably. Review (Internet) 2013; 2. Available: (Accessed 26 February 2014). 2. Museum. History - in the Air, 1955. (Internet). Available: (Accessed 7 August 2015). 3. Rivett G. of the System. 1823-2015 (Internet) 2015. Available: (Accessed 2 August 2015). 4. Dawson B. Interim report on the future provision of medical and allied services. Great Britain, Ministry of Health. (Internet) 1920. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of Health Services Management (HSM) paired with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in making healthcare more accessible and affordable. It states that companies implementing HSM in conjunction with ICT have demonstrated success in reducing costs and improving availability of healthcare services, particularly in underserved regions. The author highlights that these models not only lower costs but also improve access, thereby supporting the idea that AI and related technologies can help enhance healthcare accessibility and affordability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 21498. 071350. 0000. 8660. 0744 - May 21448. 081350. 0000. 8660. 073 df: degree of freedom; X2: Chi squared test; CFI: comparative fit index; RMSEA: root mean square error of approximation. ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ model The results for this model are presented in Table 4, and for the mediator media in Figure 4. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Structural equation model showing a mediator model of the impact of ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ on depressive and anxiety-related symptoms and Schizotypal traits, via the mediator excessive media use. The exogeneous latent variable (‘predictor’) had an elevating effect on the endogenous variable (‘outcome’) and the mediator. Black estimates: April/May 2020 survey, purple estimates: September/October 2020 survey, blue estimates: January/February 2021 survey, green estimates: May 2021 survey. Solid, bold lines indicate direct effects; dashed lines indicate indirect effects. Effects are only shown where p<0. 05 (see Table 4). Other possible mediators were included in the model, but are not depicted for simplicity, as indirect effects were non-significant (Table 4). ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of Questionnaire; TP: time point; Co19_concerns: COVID-19 related life concerns. Table 4 Overview of all results of the structural equation model with ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ as exogeneous latent variable for mental health endogenous variables mediated by harmful and healthy behaviours. The results are separated by endogenous variable (schizotypal traits, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms), mediators (excessive media use, drug consumption, alcohol consumption, units of exercise per week, hours of sleep per night during weeks) and samples at the four time points, showing indirect, direct, and total effects, as well as individual pathways. OutcomeMediatorsSample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectabcestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepSPQuse10. 010. 1810. 010. 9150. 050. 0780. 23. 0200. 000. 95020. 000. 2010. 230. 0010. 010. 8280. 260. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a model that investigates the relationship between 'COVID-19 related life concerns' and mental health symptoms, including anxiety. It mentions that excessive media use acts as a mediator which elevates anxiety and depressive symptoms. This suggests that simply taking breaks may not be sufficient to address the anxiety and stress associated with online activity, as the model indicates more complex interactions involved in mental health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 알림 추천 보러가기 데이터 안내 [AI 학습용 원문 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 원문 원문 PDF 파일 원문 + 메타 (기본/상세) 원문 PDF 파일 및 서지정보 CSV 대량 구매용 데이터 B2B 구독 방식 특정 자료 한정으로 원문 접근 권한 부여 URL 전달 방식 바로 PDF 뷰어를 열람할 수 있는 URL 제공 [주요 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 AI 학습용 데이터 기본 메타 발행기관명, 간행물명, 권호명, 권(vol), 호(issue), 통권, 발행연도, 발행월, 논문� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists primarily of administrative metadata related to data types and access methods for AI training data, and does not address the concept of language as an identity or cultural marker.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: 7 (UK) times more suitable microclimate under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions (Fig. 2). In consequence, a species that experienced a reduction in predicted probability of occurrence derived from macroclimate data will not necessarily lose climate at fine-resolution. Indeed, though 0. 5° European models implied the extirpation of 37 species from the Lizard Peninsula, and 5 km UK models 29 species, no extirpations were predicted by fine-resolution models (or indeed observed). For M. melissophyllum the results were similar (Fig. 3), though extirpation was predicted by microclimate models at some locations. Nevertheless, at localities with low (0. 1) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution in either period, M. melissophyllum was predicted to have 24. 9 times the area under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions. Whereas 0. 5° resolution models predicted extirpation from 29 of the 72 localities, 100m resolution models predicted extirpations from just 16. The breakdown in the relationship between macro and microclimate suitability over just a few decades calls into question the accuracy of range projections made using macroclimate data. macroclimate or microclimate data are used to predict species distribution shifts also affected expectations of how far species’ ranges would have to shift in order to track changes in climate. We calculated the mean of the distances between each grid cell predicted to be occupied historically and the nearest location with climatically suitable conditions under recent conditions. To track climate change at 0. 5° resolution, species would have had to shift between 0. 56 and 259 km, with a mean of 23. 0 km. At 5 km resolution, species would have had to shift between 2 m and 306 km, with a mean of 5. 93 km. When assessed using microclimate data, species would have had to have shifted between just 0 m and 3. 15 km, with a mean of 220 m, equating to just 8. 8 m per year (Table S1). Therefore, the rate at which taxa must move in order to keep pace with climate, is likely to be within the dispersal capability of even slow-growing sessile species14. The shorter distances predicted by microclimate models appear to be more accurate than the longer distances predicted by macroclimate models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climatic changes impact species distribution and migration. It highlights the difference between macroclimate and microclimate models in predicting species shifts due to climate change, noting that when using microclimate data, the distances species would need to shift are much smaller and more attainable within their dispersal capabilities. This information supports the idea that climate change influences migration patterns, as it delineates the necessary shifts for species to adapt to changing climatic conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 000–0. 050. 3500. 310. 00040. 010. 3030. 360. 000–0. 090. 002–0. 100. 2780. 350. 000 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. Generally, the structural equation model revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ was directly related to schizotypy (September/October 2020, May 2021), anxiety (September/October 2020, January/February 2021, May 2021), and depression (all surveys) (pathway c), and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ was positively associated with media (January/February 2021), drug (September/October 2020, January/February 2021, May 2021) and alcohol consumption (May 2021), and negatively associated with sleep (January/February 2021, May 2021) (pathway a). There were significant indirect effects of ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ on schizotypy, depression, and anxiety only through excessive media consumption (pathway a–b). The alternative models reveal a worse model fit and are presented in Supplementary file 1n, for Akaike information criterion and Bayesian information criterion (AIC/BIC )in comparison. Investigating the endogenous variable SPQ (Figure 4, Table 4), we found that concerns directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic had an increasing effect on SPQ scores in the September/ October 2020 survey and May 2021 survey, with this estimate being highest at the September/ October 2020 survey (c=0. 23). Here, more stress due to the COVID-19 restrictions led to higher SPQ scores. At these time points as well as at the January/ February 2021 survey, the total effects were significant. The mediation of this effect via media consumption was significant in the January/ February 2021 survey. People who experienced greater COVID-19 stress were more likely to consume media excessively and have higher SPQ. Media consumption explained a quarter of the total effects of COVID-19 stress on SPQ In addition, there was a trend towards a significant mediation with sleep in the January/ February 2021 survey. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that excessive media consumption is linked to increased anxiety and stress levels, specifically in the context of 'COVID-19 related life concerns.' It states that concerns related to the pandemic led to higher scores in factors associated with anxiety, suggesting that instead of curing anxiety, social media use may exacerbate it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��, 저자명, 시작페이지, 종료페이지, 전체페이지, 상세페이지URL 상세 메타 데이터 발행기관 메타 발행기관 이명, 영문명, 창립연도, 홈페이지URL, 발행기관 소개 간행물 메타 부제목, 간행물 유형, 최초발행연도, 폐간연도, 간행빈도, 발행주기, 등재사항, 이용수, 피인용수, 권호수, 논문수, 표지이미지 논문 메타 작성 언어, 부제목, 대등제목, 목차, 키워드, 초록, 이미지, 참고문헌, 이용수, 피인용수, 논문활용도, DBpia통합� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of metadata and publication information, without any content that discusses the relationship between language and identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: AbstractClimate change has been shown to be an increasingly important driver of changes in the distribution, abundance and life history of bird species, causing changes of biodiversity and community compositions, e. g. , measured by climate change indicators. Especially changes in the distributional ranges of species have been demonstrated in many cases, with some species being driven towards their altitudinal or latitudinal limits leading to shrinking populations. But also changes of phenology, genetics, and population sizes have been proposed to be caused by climate change. Although there is recent evidence only for regional climate-driven extinction events for birds, climate change can be considered among the major risk factors that might lead to the complete extinction of bird species. Together with (and sometimes contradicting) land-use change and demographic effects, climate change is shown to be a risk factor especially for cold-dwelling, restricted-range, and slowly adapting species. However, indirectly, by means of climate change mitigation measures modifying land-use patterns, also widespread generalist species are becoming increasingly threatened. Despite demonstrated niche conservatism in several cases, also adaptation of species to climate change is taking place, changing their multidimensional niche spaces. Birds are not sufficiently tracking climate change, nor do northern and southern range limits shift at the same pace. Thus, altered migration phenology and distance have been proven, often proposed to result from phenotypic adaptation. In a few cases, however, genetic predisposition and/or microevolution appear to shape the impact climate change has on bird species. There is broad consensus that climate change will lead to a reshuffling of communities and altered selection pressures both within and among species. The extent of the projected changes largely differs among studies owing, e. g. , to the uncertainty inherent in climate change predictions. Nevertheless, niche space is expected to undergo future changes for many species, which, in turn, can have beneficial or detrimental effects on the survival of the respective species or communities and may also lead to changes in the effectiveness of bird protection which in turn should be adjusted to climate change impacts. You have full access to this open access 12. 1 IntroductionPast climatic changes have regularly triggered large-scale alterations of plant and animal communities. Single large-scale extinction events occurred at least five times in Earth’s history, the sixth mass extinction being suspected to be under way (Barnosky et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that climate change is an important driver of changes in the distribution, abundance, and life history of bird species, leading to altered migration phenology and distances. Specifically, it mentions that birds are not sufficiently tracking climate change and that altered migration patterns have been proven, which directly supports the notion that climate change has influenced migration patterns for various bird species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Investigating anxiety (Figure 4, Table 4), we found in the last three surveys that COVID-19 related concerns were associated with increased anxiety, with the strongest effect at the May 2021 survey (c=0. 20) and the weakest effect in January/ February 2021 (c=0. 14). Significant total effects were measurable at these time points. A significant indirect effect with the mediator excessive media consumption was seen in January/ February 2021: 12. 5% of the effects of COVID-19 related concerns on anxiety symptoms occurred through excessive media consumption. In all four surveys, increased stress from the COVID-19 pandemic was significantly related to greater depressive symptoms (Figure 4, Table 4), with this effect being lowest (c=0. 22) at the April/ May 2020 survey and highest (c=0. 35) in May 2021. Therefore, all total effects were also significant. Only in January/ February 2021 was there a significant indirect effect with the mediator excessive media consumption: here, excessive media consumption explained 6% of the effects of COVID-19 stress on depressive symptoms. No other statistically significant mediation effects were found. ‘Social adversity’ results for this model are presented in Table 5, and for the mediator media in Figure 5. Table 5 Overview of all results of the structural equation model with ‘social adversity’ as an exogeneous latent variable for mental health endogenous variables with a mediation by harmful and healthy behaviours. The results are separated by endogenous variable (schizotypal traits, depressive symptoms, and anxiety symptoms), mediators (excessive media use, drug consumption, alcohol consumption, units of exercise per week, and hours of sleep per night during weeks) and samples at the four time points, showing indirect, direct, and total effects, as well as individual pathways. OutcomeMediatorsSample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectabcestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepSPQuse10. 010. 1560. 130. 0270. 050. 0620. 210. 0220. 120. 04320. 010. 2190. 250. 0000. 040. 1220. 250. 0150. 240. 00130. 030. 0170. 260. 0000. 110. 0000. 250. 0040. 230. 00040. 000. 9890. 330. 0000. 050. 0560. 000. 9870. 330. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that excessive media consumption is associated with increased anxiety and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. It quantifies these associations, indicating that media consumption significantly affects anxiety symptoms rather than suggesting that taking breaks would resolve them. The findings highlight that COVID-19 stress has direct correlations with depressive and anxiety symptoms, suggesting that merely taking breaks from social media might not alleviate these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, 저자 메타 소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도 [결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터] 구분 그룹 데이터 항목 ※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능 이용순위 정보 주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문 “인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문 “중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 세부기� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of classification schemes and metadata elements related to research data and does not address the claim regarding the role of language in identity and cultural heritage. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Non-analogue climatic regimes and communities stimulated both the extinction of existing and the evolution of new species. For birds, such stimuli comprise the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction (Longrich et al. 2011) but also ice ages and the creation of new weather systems like the monsoon in (Weir and Schluter 2004; Koch and Barnosky 2006; Päckert et al. 2012). Since the twentieth century, life on Earth has been faced with an anthropogenic increase in Earth surface temperature of 0. 74 °C, with mean temperature increases exceeding over two degrees in certain areas of the temperate and arctic climate zones (Pacifici et al. 2015; Houghton et al. 2001). Future climatic projections predict a continued rise in Earth surface temperature by 0. 3–4. 8 °C (relative to 1986–2005 conditions) until the end of the twenty-first century (IPCC 2013). Ongoing climatic change markedly differs from preceding changes, because the latter supposedly did not occur at such small temporal scales and were not accompanied by changes in land use which act—at least partly—independently of them. Accepting climate change as a scientific fact, this inevitably leads us to the question of how those unprecedented changes might influence the future of bird species. 12. 2 Birds and Climate Change: an Impact? When focusing on climate change impacts, it becomes apparent that a vast amount of knowledge already exists showing various types and magnitudes of impacts on bird species. We especially find phenologic, genetic, population level and biogeographic changes. Regarding phenology, changes in the arrival (and partly also departure) timing of migratory species, in some cases diminishing migratory activity, alteration of migratory distances, and changes in breeding behavior related to earlier arrival and timing of breeding as well as increased length of the breeding season and numbers of broods have been found, but no strong effects on clutch sizes could be demonstrated (Doswald et al. 2009; Visser et al. 2009; Both and Visser 2001; Smallegange et al. 2010; Both et al. 2004; Møller et al. 2010; Parmesan and Yohe 2003; Winkler et al. 2002). For most of those effects, it remains unclear whether phenotypical plasticity or rather genetic changes cause them (e. g. , Gienapp et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of impacts of climate change on bird species, specifically mentioning changes in arrival and departure timing of migratory species, alterations in migratory distances, and changes in breeding behavior due to climate change. It notes that these shifts in behavior indicate that climate change has indeed affected the migratory patterns of birds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 000 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Structural equation model showing a mediator model of the impact of ‘social adversity’ on depressive and anxiety-related symptoms and schizotypal traits and via the mediator excessive media use. The exogeneous latent variable (‘predictor’) had an elevating effect on the endogenous variable (‘outcome’) and the mediator. We only present significant pathways (p<0. 05). Black estimates: April/May 2020 survey, purple estimates: September/October 2020 survey, blue estimates: January/February 2021, green estimates: May 2021 survey. Solid, bold lines indicate direct effects; dashed lines indicate indirect effects. Other possible mediators were included in the model, but are not depicted for simplicity, as indirect effects were non-significant (Table 5). ANX: anxiety symptoms; DEP: depressive Symptoms, SPQ: total sum scores of Questionnaire; TP: time point; Soc_adversity: social adversity. The structural equation model revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘social adversity’ was directly related to schizotypy, anxiety, and depression in all surveys (pathway c), and social adversity was positively associated with media (January/ February 2021) and drug (April/ May 2020, January/ February 2021, May 2021) consumption, and negatively associated with sleep (all surveys). Alcohol was positively correlated with social adversity at the April/ May 2020 survey: people who were more isolated drank more alcohol (pathway a). The alternative models revealed a worse model fit and are presented in the Supplementary file 1n for AIC/BIC in comparison. Exploring the effect of ‘social adversity’ on schizotypy (Figure 5, Table 5), we found that in all four surveys, social adversity was associated with higher levels of schizotypal traits, with this association being most pronounced in the May 2021 survey (c=0. 33). Significant total effects were shown in all four surveys. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey: 11. 5% of the effects of social adversity during the pandemic on schizotypy were mediated by excessive media consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that finds significant associations between 'social adversity' and increased anxiety, depression, and schizotypal traits. It specifically states that excessive media use and social adversity have direct relationships with anxiety symptoms, suggesting that simply taking breaks from social media may not be sufficient to cure these symptoms, as these issues are more complexly interrelated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ��별 많이 이용된 논문 “서울대학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드별 많이 이용된 논문 “Chat GPT”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100 키워드 정보 많이 이용된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 이용된 키워드 많이 발행된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 발행된 키워드 많이 검색된 키워드 특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 검색된 키워드 연구 트렌드 키워드 특정 키워드 연관 연구동향 분석 데이터 키워드 Close 프로그램(로봇) 사 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses academic papers and keyword usage without addressing the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: In some cases, it has been hypothesized that climate change might have led to altered selection pressures, e. g. , resulting in changed coloration (Karell et al. 2011), smaller body sizes (Salewski et al. 2010), and the change of migration routes or migratory activity within few generations (Bradshaw and Holzapfel 2006; Plummer et al. 2015). Especially, selection for dispersal and reproductive traits is thought to increase toward range edges (Oliver and Morecroft 2014). Population changes reveal themselves as a result of altered biotic and abiotic conditions and can be more or less pronounced, depending on the adaptability of species. Changes of species abundance have been increasingly related to climate change effects (Jiguet et al. 2010; Renwick et al. 2012; Tayleur et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2017). Biogeographic changes are caused by the aforementioned factors, first in the form of spatial abundance shifts, local extinction, and colonization events and then, ultimately, as areal shifts, resulting in either gain or loss (in Europe at the northern and southern range margins, respectively) of species’ ranges (e. g. , Thomas and Lennon 1999; Hitch and Leberg 2007). In Europe, predominantly range extensions could be demonstrated, whereas range loss is much less commonly reported. Yet, climate change-driven global or continental extinction events for bird species remain to be unambiguously proven, although together with weather extremes it already seems to be a primary or secondary threat of extinction for around 10% of bird taxa (Szabo et al. 2012) and local extinctions have already been demonstrated in both northern temperate and tropical parts of the Americas (Wiens 2016). Within the last two decades, range shifts have increasingly been debated as a proof of measurable climate change impact on bird species and communities. In northern temperate regions, mostly, shifts at the northern or leading range margins toward the northeast or northwest have been reported (e. g. , Lehikoinen and Virkkala 2016) and seem to be constricted by winter temperatures (Parmesan 2006), whereas evidence for corresponding shifts of the southern or trailing range margins remains scarcer (e. g. , Gillings et al. 2015; Tayleur et al. 2016). Furthermore, range shifts in the tropics (Walther et al. 2002; Şekercioğlu et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change has led to changes in migratory activity and routes for bird species. It mentions that climate change has resulted in altered selection pressures which, among other effects, have caused changes in migration routes and migratory activity within a few generations. The text further details the observable range shifts in bird populations and highlights the ongoing debate regarding climate change impacts on bird species, all of which support the assertion of shifts in migration patterns due to climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: Investigating the effect of social adversity on anxiety (Figure 5, Table 5), structural equation models revealed that the exogeneous latent variable was associated with heightened anxiety (c=0. 25–0. 29). All total effects were significant. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed again a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey: 3. 6% of the effects of social adversity during the pandemic on depressive symptoms were mediated by excessive media use. Again, there was no other statistically significant indirect effect, revealing no additional mediators. Furthermore, SEM revealed that the exogeneous latent variable ‘social adversity’ had a positive association with depressive symptoms in all four surveys (Figure 5, Table 5). All total effects were significant. The mediation with excessive media consumption revealed again a statistically significant indirect effect in the January/February 2021 survey, with 2% of effects explained. Exploratory model: mediating effects of anxiety and depression on schizotypal traits In an exploratory model, we investigated the mediating effect of anxiety and depression on the association between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy, and social adversity and schizotypy. The model fit is presented in Supplementary file 1o. We found that the association between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy was fully mediated by anxiety scores only in the January/February 2021 and May 2021 surveys. Anxiety also mediated the effects of social adversity and schizotypy across all four surveys (Table 6). Depression did not act as a mediator between COVID-19 related life concerns and schizotypy, but it did mediate effects of social adversity predicting schizotypy in January/February 2021. Table 6 Exploratory analysis: Anxiety and Depression as Mediators and Schizotypy as Outcome. Sample time pointIndirect effectTotal effectsabcPredictorMediatorsestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepestimatepCo19 related life concernsDepression10. 000. 999–0. 030. 6370. 240. 0010. 000. 998–0. 03. 73820. 020. 4580. 080. 1270. 290. 0000. 070. 4570. 06. 29930. 070. 070–0. 010. 8950. 340. 0000. 210. 013–0. 08. 15740. 070. 0510. 030. 6230. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents statistical analyses indicating that social adversity is associated with heightened anxiety and that excessive media consumption has a statistically significant indirect effect on depressive symptoms. This suggests that social media use contributes to anxiety rather than offering a panacea like social media breaks would imply. Consequently, the text directly contrasts the claim by illustrating that taking breaks from social media alone does not address the underlying issues of anxiety related to online activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 용이 의심됩니다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text '용이 의심됩니다.' translates to 'There is a suspicion of a dragon' and does not provide any information regarding language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change has caused shifts in migration patterns for various bird species. [SEP] Text: Changes in the local climatic suitability for bird species can be calculated using regression models of occurrence/abundance of species in a given area at a time and the climatic circumstances in the same area and time period. Those trends in climatic suitability can then be linked to the climatic changes in the same time period and area. Apart from changes of suitability, a simpler measure of the climatic dependence or niche of a species can be used by calculating the average temperature throughout the range of their occurrence. This value can be used to distinguish warm-dwelling and cold-dwelling species. Furthermore, weighing the abundance (relative to other species) of a species in a given year by its temperature value and averaging over the whole community of species, a community temperature index (DeVictor et al. 2008, cf. Fig. 12. 1) can be calculated, representing the “fever curve” of the bird community. This indicator is not just sensitive to changes in the distribution of species but also to changes in abundance and thus unveils the changes happening within ranges rather than focusing only on range margins. Fig. 12. 1The community temperature index in Germany is the “fever curve” of the bird community. It contains 88 common bird species and shows the relative changes in the proportion of warm- vs. cold-dwelling species by averaging the population trend indices, weighed by the temperature niche of the single species within their European distributional range. Changes do not seem to be tremendous between 1990 and 2013 but reflect very well the changes in mean April–July temperatures in Germany with increases at the beginning of the 1990s and 2000s and a decrease since 2009Full size image All those approaches have added tremendously to our perception of climate change effects on birds. Thereby, it became known that bird species richness is changing, especially due to the immigration and increase of new species but regionally also due to the decline and/or loss of species. Additionally, proposed range shifts reflected very well changes among potential “winners” and “losers” of climate change on continental levels or even across continents (Gregory et al. 2009; Stephens et al. 2016). But also, smaller-scale changes in the climatic impact could be tracked, and the reshuffling of communities was demonstrated (DeVictor et al. 2008; Princé and Zuckerberg 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that climate change has a direct impact on bird species through changes in climatic suitability and distribution. It discusses how regression models can assess the changes in occurrence and abundance of species related to climatic circumstances, suggesting that these changes reveal shifts in species richness and distributions in response to climate. The mention of 'immigration and increase of new species' alongside 'the decline and/or loss of species' indicates that these shifts in abundance and presence reflect migration patterns influenced by climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media breaks will cure all anxiety and stress related to online activity. [SEP] Text: 370. 0000. 180. 035–0. 04. 558Anxiety10. 050. 0920. 030. 7340. 080. 1010. 680. 000–0. 03. 73820. 090. 2090. 350. 0020. 190. 0000. 800. 0000. 06. 29930. 160. 0000. 080. 1640. 170. 0000. 930. 000–0. 08. 15740. 170. 0000. 130. 0410. 200. 0000. 870. 000–0. 04. 558Social adversityDepression10. 050. 531–0. 030. 5710. 480. 0000. 110. 527–0. 08. 44220. 080. 2490. 050. 3710. 460. 0000. 170. 567–0. 03. 78730. 170. 0040. 010. 7890. 510. 0000. 340. 002–0. 16. 02840. 100. 1450. 090. 1420. 560. 0000. 170. 146–0. 01. 896Anxiety10. 180. 0000. 100. 3420. 260. 0000. 710. 000–0. 08. 44220. 230. 0000. 210. 0490. 280. 0000. 830. 000–0. 03. 78730. 260. 0000. 100. 2160. 280. 0000. 940. 000–0. 16. 02840. 240. 0000. 230. 0120. 290. 0000. 850. 000–0. 01. 896 a: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and mediator; b: pathway estimate between mediator and endogenous variable; c: pathway estimate between exogeneous latent variable and endogenous variable. this paper, we investigated whether ‘social adversity’ and ‘COVID-19 related life concerns’ predicted schizotypal traits, anxiety, and depression in snowball-ascertained samples of British and German participants at four time points throughout the pandemic. We furthermore explored whether these associations were mediated by healthy and unhealthy behaviours using a structural equation modelling approach. COVID-19 related life concerns’ model Our results showed that COVID-19 related life concerns were associated with SPQ scores in September/October 2020 and May 2021, anxiety symptoms in all surveys except the first lockdown in March 2020, and depressive symptoms in all four surveys. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the association of anxiety, depression, and social adversity related to COVID-19 life concerns, indicating that merely taking breaks from social media may not alleviate these psychological issues. It mentions a study examining how social adversity and life concerns affect mental health, suggesting a more complex relationship between online activity and anxiety rather than a simple cure from social media breaks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3211102/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis research was conducted with the aim of modeling the social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The research method of this study is descriptive-correlation; Statistical population of the research consisted of adolescents aged 15 to 18 years studying in high schools in Isfahan in the academic year 2022–2023. In order to determine the sample size, according to Klein (2010) in structural models, a sample size of at least 200 people is defensible. A total of 228 adolescent boys and girls were selected by available sampling method. They responded to Keyes and Magyar-Mae (2003) social well-being questionnaires, D’Zurilla et al. (2002) social problem solving, Riefee et al. (2007) emotional awareness, Dennis and Vander wall (2010) cognitive flexibility questionnaires. The direction of the data obtained from the questionnaire was analyzed using path analysis technique in structural equations in SPSS-26 and Amos-23 software. The results of direct paths indicated that the regression coefficient of social problem solving to the social well-being of adolescents is significant (P < 0. 01), while the direct regression path of cognitive flexibility to social well-being is not significant (P > 0. 05). Also, the results demonstrated that social problem solving (P < 0. 05) and cognitive flexibility (P < 0. 05) can indirectly influence the social well-being of adolescents through emotional self-awareness. According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. social problem-solvingcognitive flexibilityemotional self-awarenesssocial well-beingadolescentsFiguresFigure 1IntroductionAdolescence is a stage in human life that includes the years after the beginning of puberty until the beginning of adulthood (around the ages of 9–19). During this period, the most sensitive experiences of human life occur, including emotional, social, and emotional experiences such as love and friendship, identity formation, education, and employment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details of a research study focused on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility in adolescents, but does not mention bilingualism or its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.