Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 55 91% 6th 8. Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 54 90% 7th 9. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Euphorbiaceae 53 88% 8th 10. Coffea arabica L. Rubiaceae 52 86% 9th 11. Linum usitatissimum L. Linaceae 48 80% 10th 12. Aloe vera Aloaceae 47 78% 11th 13. Ocimum gratissimum L. Lauraceae 43 72% 12th 14. Datura stramorium L. Solanaceae 40 67% 13th 15. Avena sativa Poaceae 39 65% 14th 16. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Myrtaceae 38 63% 15th 17. Hordeum vulgare L. Poaceae 37 62% 16th 18. Persea americana Mill. Lauraceae 34 57% 17th 19 Solanium macrocarpon L. Solanaceae 29 48% 18th 20. Acacia abyssinica Benth. Fabaceae 25 42% 19th Table 4: (FL) of medicinal plants in the study area Disease categories Plant species Specified diseases FL (%) Gastrointestinal ailments (GIA) Manihot esculenta Crantz. Amoeba 35 40 88% Ensete ventricosum (Welw) Constipation 43 51 84% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) sickness (vomiting) 49 50 98% Linum usitatissimum L. Liver disease 53 60 88% Carica papaya L. Gastritis 48 50 96% Capsicum annum L. Gastritis 39 43 90% Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) 41 50 82% Datura stramorium L. Toothache 43 51 84% Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. ) Toothache 24 56 42% Allium sativum L. Stomachache 41 50 45% Artemisia afra Stomachache 36 60 60% Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. 20 39 51% Capsicum annum L. Stomachache 20 43 47% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Stomachache 15 45 33% Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments or its historical use. Instead, it lists various plants and their usage in relation to specific diseases, but Aloe vera is mentioned without context or any claims about its historical applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Similarly, S. kraussei at different population densities (100, 300 and 500 IJs) was also evaluated on A. segetum larvae at 25 °C and obtained the highest mortality of 98% 500 IJs within 7 days (Gokce et al. 2013). Some relevant studies on the effect of EPNs on capableness and efficient management of cutworms are listed below (Table 2). Table 2 Studies on management of Agrotis spp. in India and abroadFull size tableAdvantages of EPNs over other methods of cutworm control Warm-blooded vertebrates including human being remain unaffected by EPNs and their associated bacterial symbionts (Boemare et al. 1996), while for cold-blooded species, EPNs are harmful (Kermarrec et al. 1991). When compared to other biological agents, they take less time to kill the insects (24–48 h). Culture and mass production are simple and relatively inexpensive. Without degrading their infectivity, they can be stored for several weeks to months. Able to infect a variety of soil-dwelling insect species (mainly lepidopterans) (Griffin et al. 1990) Adaptable to a variety of application methods and are human-friendly during application. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effectiveness of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents. It mentions that S. kraussei, a type of EPN, was evaluated for its impact on A. segetum larvae, achieving a high mortality rate. Additionally, the text emphasizes the advantages of EPNs over other pest control methods, such as being safe for warm-blooded vertebrates, quick at killing insects, economical for mass production, and capable of infecting various soil-dwelling insects, all of which support their role as biological control agents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: We conclude that the reduced low-frequency variability in tree-ring data cannot be explained by an overrepresentation of the midlatitudes in the hemispheric composite. Despite the insignificant pre-industrial temperature changes in 86. 5 % of the tree-ring records, compared to other proxies, the post-1800 CE warming trend in tree rings is significant (25. 8 % versus 11. 9 %). Consequently, large-scale multiproxy climate reconstructions that include long tree-ring records (> 800 years), or solely tree-ring-based reconstructions developed from the PAGES2k database, will likely show a stronger post-1800 warming than multiproxy reconstructions that choose to exclude (long) tree-ring records (Figs. 2 and 6). The selection of the proxy type has major implications for the reconstructed warmest interval over the Common Era. Using marine data, the warmest period is 151–200 CE and the pre-industrial Era is dominated by a strong cooling trend, suggesting the magnitude of the current warming is not outstanding. By contrast, in lake sediments, ice cores, and tree-ring data, the most recent period is exceptionally warm (Fig. 2). This finding highlights the importance of tree-ring data in any effort to determine whether, over the past 2 millennia, the twentieth-century and early twenty-first century temperatures are unprecedented in both their magnitude and rate of warming (Büntgen et al. , 2011; Foley et al. , 2013). 4. 2 The impact of detrending on temperature trends The degree of similarity between the NEG tree-ring chronology produced here and the corresponding PAGES2k version suggests that the current PAGES2k tree-ring collection is not the most ideal for studying millennial-scale trends. This is in large part due to the limitations of individual series detrending (Cook et al. , 1995). Even with the application of RCS and RCS-SIG (Briffa et al. , 1992; Esper et al. , 2003, Melvin et al. , 2014), the detection of a millennial-scale cooling trend is still elusive. These findings clearly demonstrate that the limited low-frequency variance in tree-ring chronologies is not solely an artifact of individual series detrending, previously identified as a main explanation for the observed lack of long-term oscillations in large-scale temperature reconstructions (Esper et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree rings are indeed important for climate reconstructions, particularly in establishing the magnitude and rate of warming over the past two millennia. It discusses the role of tree-ring data in showing large-scale trends and highlights their significance in understanding temperature variations, which suggests that tree rings can be used to study environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Gmel. Stomachache 50 60 83% Echinops kebricho Stomachache 45 52 87% Lepidium sativum L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Lippia adoensis Hochst. Stomachache 33 40 83% Nigella sativa L. Stomachache 25 58 43% Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. Stomachache 39 56 70% Ruta chalepensis L. Stomachache 54 60 90% Solanium macrocarpon L. Stomachache 36 60 60% Solanium incanum L. Stomachache 57 60 95% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Stomachache 21 45 47% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Stomachache 54 58 93% Dermatological infections/diseases (DID) Commelina benghalensis L. Chirt (shattuwa) 60 60 100% Persea americana Mill. Dandruff 57 60 95% Coffea arabica L. Wound 32 47 68% Vernonia amygdalina Sch. Bip. Wound 14 45 31% Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Wound 23 45 51% Nicotiana tabacum L. Wound 11 43 26% Aloe vera Wound 29 35 83% Datura stramorium L. Skin disease 45 51 88% Musa accuminata disease 36 48 75% Persea americana Mill. Skin disease 48 50 96% Sorghum bicolor (L. ) disease 43 50 86% Skeletomuscular system disorders (SMSD) Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. Back pain 48 60 80% Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex 60 60 100% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Bone fracture 56 60 93% Pentas spp. Bone fracture 60 60 100% Linum usitatissimum L. Bone fracture 57 60 95% Avena sativa Bone fracture 43 57 75% Respiratory systems diseases (RSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 40 52 77% Acacia abyssinica Benth. Tonsillitis 19 25 76% Rhamnus prinoide L′Hér. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various plants and their uses, including Aloe vera for 'Wound'. However, it does not specifically support or oppose the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments, as it lacks context about the duration or nature of Aloe vera's use as a treatment. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Towards optimization of entomopathogenic nematodes for more service in the biological control of insect pests 4. 5) environments (Dzięgielewska and Skwiercz 2018). Thus, an adequate trap insect species, other than the commonly used greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L. ) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) larvae, should be used if the candidate species was targeted for control because some species/strains can be host-specific. Clearly, more than one baiting cycle may enable us to use different and separate species of baiting insects in each cycle. Identifying the best host matching of these isolates, especially for the soil-dwelling development stages of such insects, should be attempted in earnest. Nevertheless, functional sampling does not negate the fact that large-scale sampling is valid given the intent to make widely geographic and representative sampling. Therefore, functional sampling should be expanded in parallel to wide EPNs’ surveys for coordination in search of new species/strains. In this way, the potential use of EPNs, which is focused on inundatively applied augmentative biological control agents, may be more expanded to both classical and conservation biocontrol. Given many insect pests in such areas, all factors which affect EPNs’ treatment efficacy below- (Stuart et al. 2006, 2015) and above-ground (Arthurs et al. 2004 and Hussaini 2017) should be carefully considered in experimentation, especially for those interested in which species of EPNs are found in specific sites. Moreover, most surveys have merely assessed the EPNs’ occurrence in single soil samples from a series of sites and provided no information on the relative abundance of the isolates per site or on their distribution within site(s). Such data are fundamental to better grasping of EPNs’ persistence, distribution patterns, and effect on insect populations and to the development of predictive models for control programs. Standardization of sampling unitDifferences in the size of the sampling unit and index of nematode dispersion used may lead to misinterpretation of the data (Been and Schomaker 2013). Valid as they are, they sometimes lack in the exactitude of the applied index. To alleviate the drawbacks of both issues, some researchers tend to apply more than one measure to the same EPNs’ statistics to find out their spatial distribution patterns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the optimization and potential use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents for insect pests. It highlights the importance of identifying host-specific interactions and suggests that proper sampling and analysis can enhance the effectiveness of EPNs in controlling soil-dwelling pests. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for coordinated surveys and research to improve the application of EPNs in pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Our reassessment of tree-ring chronologies also highlights the importance of the detrending methodology in reconstructing centennial-scale temperature variability, as evidenced by the performance of the RCS and RCS-SIG chronologies. In both we can clearly identify the Age (LALIA) (Büntgen et al. , 2016), a cool period from 300 to 750 CE that is absent in the PAGES2k version, albeit with slightly greater uncertainty about the mean. The Büntgen et al. (2016) analysis and the dataset used in this study only share four tree-ring records in common; thus our analysis provides independent confirmation of the existence of LALIA and cooler conditions during the (Büntgen et al. , 2011). In contrast, during LALIA the PAGES2k tree-ring time series suggest a period of alternating warm and cool decades, but no persistent cooling on large spatial scales. 4. 3 Temperature sensitivity and the link to long-term trends Temperature sensitivity was a key criterion for inclusion in the PAGES2k database (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017) and was assessed by the PAGES community through comparison with gridded HadCRUT 4. 2 temperatures (Morice et al. , 2012). Our analysis has shown the PAGES2k database includes many tree-ring records that have a weak relationship with local temperature at high to low frequencies. The monthly maximum correlation coefficients between 1×1∘ CRU TS 4. 01, June–September temperature data fall below 0. 2 in 126 cases. The lowest correlation coefficient is −0. 25 (unfiltered data). Such week temperature sensitivities amongst the tree rings is likely related to confounding non-climatic (Johnson et al. , 2010; Konter et al. , 2015) or hydroclimatic (Ljungqvist et al. , 2016) growth controls or to the circumstance that some records are by nature less sensitive to summer temperature than others (St. George, 2014). Varying correlation coefficients are products of a higher temperature sensitivity in MXD chronologies compared to TRW chronologies. At the same time, some records might be more temperature sensitive than they appear due to their calibration against noisy or inappropriate temperature targets (Böhm et al. , 2009; Cook et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how tree-ring chronologies can provide independent confirmation of past environmental conditions, such as the presence of the cool period known as LALIA. The mention of tree rings in relation to temperature variability and their sensitivity to non-climatic factors supports the use of tree rings in studying climate changes, including those potentially influenced by volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Tonsillitis 41 51 80% Spilanthes mauritiana DC. Tonsillitis 43 53 81% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Tonsillitis 55 60 92% Allium sativum L. Cough 50 57 88% Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Cough 38 45 84% Manihot esculenta Crantz. Cough 32 40 80% Zingiber officinale Rosc. Cough 48 54 89% Solanium macrocarpon L. Cough 58 60 97% Genito-urinary ailments (GUA) Euphorbia tirucalli L. Hemorrhoids 13 53 25% Poisonous bites (PB) Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. Rabies 21 47 45% Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. Snake bite 9 43 20% Cardiovascular system diseases (CSD) Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 33 55 60% Endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (EMN) Aloe vera Diabetes 25 51 49% Persea americana Mill. Weight gain 25 34 74% Thymus schimperi gain 39 54 72% Hordeum vulgare L. Weight gain 54 59 92% Linum usitatissimum L. Weight gain 37 40 93% Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl Weight gain 60 60 100% Avena sativa Weight gain 34 45 76% Sensory neuron disease (SND) Acacia abyssinica Benth. Headache 17 25 68% Capsicum frutescens L. Headache 45 50 90% Coffea arabica L. Headache 53 60 88% Fever (F) Allium sativum L. Malaria 45 57 79% Aloe vera Malaria 47 56 84% Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) 19 54 35% Ocimum gratissimum L. Malaria 32 56 57% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. Bip. Malaria 22 45 49% General and unspecified (GU) Ocimum gratissimum L. General malaise (Mitch) 43 56 77% Hordeum vulgare L. Wugat 51 56 91% Allium sativum L. Evil spirit 55 60 92% Ruta chalepensis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera being historically used to treat skin ailments. Instead, it lists various plants and their associated uses, one of which is 'Aloe vera' for malaria, without mentioning any skin-related applications, nor the historical context of Aloe vera's use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: 2003), 5 × 5 × 5 or 10 cm deep using a square auger at Merelbeke, Belgium (Spiridonov et al. 2007), cylindrical bait traps, made of 24-mesh stainless steel screen approximately 3 cm in diameter and 10 cm tall in Ohio, USA (Bal et al. 2017), and ca 30 cm diameter to 25 cm deep using a shovel in El-Beheira governorate, Egypt (Abd-Elgawad 2014). Valid as they are, they lack in the standardization of the applied sampler which could lead to erratic results (Fig. 1). Therefore, standard sampling procedure is recommended for objective and more reliable comparison among EPNs’ distribution patterns. Clearly, if such an area of the sampling unit is much larger or much smaller than the average size of IJ clumps and their aggregations are regularly or randomly distributed, then their population pattern is apparently random; factual non-randomness is not detected (Fig. 1). However, relatively small samples, with the fine scale (e. g. , 5 × 5 cm; Spiridonov 2007) can often detect non-randomness, especially if there are not a few IJs in each clump. Eventually, sound conception of the temporal and spatial distribution of EPNs is essential for determining the role of these biocontrol agents in soil communities and ultimately for their use in suppression of pest insect populations. Table 1 Comparison of index of aggregation (Ia) (the observed value of distance to regularity/the mean randomized value (Perry 1995)) values of four different studies on entomopathogenic nematode distributions using different approaches in various regionsFull size table Fig. 1Four quadrat sizes (A, B, C, D) and a contagious distribution with regularly distributed clumps of entomopathogenic nematodesFull size imageEstablishing population modeling of EPNsApplication of EPNs in relevant settings should be statistically investigated for modeling better pest control efficacy (Abd-Elgawad, 2017a). Modeling designation may integrate theoretical and empirical approaches for optimal application strategies of EPNs through iteration, focusing on the fate of metapopulations against economic and host insect pests. The models of previous releases will guide subsequent application strategies via providing insight into what aspects of the nematodes and the environment are the strongest drivers of persistence and efficacy (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) for their effective application as biological control agents. It states that sound conception of EPNs' distribution patterns is essential for determining their role in suppressing pest insect populations, which supports the claim that these nematodes can be used as biocontrol agents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: The recalibration against instrumental temperatures showed that temperature sensitivity and absolute climate signal strength are of limited importance for the preservation of millennium-scale cooling trends in tree-ring records. Even the best calibrated records (r > 0. 6; 1950–1980) convey a different low-frequency signature compared to the glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records. This observation is relevant to the current debate in paleoclimatology on optimal strategies for compiling proxy datasets to represent past natural temperature variability: is it best to include (a) a large number of proxy records, including those possessing a relatively weak temperature signal, or (b) a small number of only the very best calibrated proxies (Christiansen and Ljungqvist, 2017). 4. 4 Remaining uncertainties This work examines the influence of orbital forcing, tree-ring detrending, and climate signal strength on pre-industrial cooling in marine and lake sediment, glacier ice, and tree-ring proxy archives. In tree-ring chronologies, sample size decreases back in time, lowering the chronology's signal-to-noise ratio and increasing variance (Frank et al. , 2007). A small sample size could create apparent trends in the composite chronology that are not real. Regrettably, critical information about the sample replication for each tree-ring chronology is not completely provided by the PAGES2k initiative (PAGES2k Consortium, 2017), and thus we speculate that records were truncated according to community-wide standards. Furthermore, the influence of climate epochs during the Common Era, the (Büntgen et al. , 2011), the Period, and the Age (Grove, 1990) on pre-industrial temperature trends has not yet been systematically explored. Further exercise potentially requires an assessment of the relationship between timing and magnitude of climate epochs and overall temperature trends (Frank et al. , 2010). 5 community-sourced database of 692 different temperature-sensitive proxy records in the PAGES2k initiative provides unprecedented opportunities to study long-term temperature trends at regional to global scales. Combining glacier ice and marine and lake sediment records that span the reveals a persistent, millennial-scale cooling over the pre-industrial period that is missing in tree-ring data. Our analysis has shown that the observed discrepancies in long-term trends do not arise from the latitudinal and seasonally varying imprints of orbital forcing or the limited temperature sensitivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how tree-ring data is used in conjunction with other proxy records, such as glacier ice and marine and lake sediment, to study long-term temperature trends and significant climate epochs. It implies that tree rings do convey important information about past climate variations, thus suggesting they can be relevant to understanding environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Evil spirit 57 60 95% Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. spirit 36 60 60% Vernonia amygdalina, Sch. spirit 40 60 67% Table 5: Direct matrix ranking of medicinal plants by informants (A-C) based on usage category Medicinal plants name Cash crop americana Mill. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 3 2 3 5 5 5 73 1st Acacia abyssinica Benth. 5 5 5 0 0 0 1 3 2 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 65 2nd Eucalyptus globulus Labill. 5 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 58 3rd Ensete ventricosum (Welw) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 0 0 0 57 4th Hordeum vulgare L. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 0 0 0 55 5th Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 54 6th Sorghum bicolor (L. ) Moench 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 0 0 50 7th Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod 4 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 2 3 3 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 45 8th Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delil 3 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 4 3 2 3 1 4 5 3 39 9th Total 123 89 85 80 74 57 Rank 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 6th 7th Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Table 6: Preference ranking of medicinal plants used to treat stomachache in humans Medicinal plants score Ranking I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. 5 5 5 5 4 5 29 1st Solanium incanum L. 5 5 4 5 3 4 26 2nd Ruta chalepensis L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. It consists of a ranking of various medicinal plants without mentioning Aloe vera, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: , Wilson et al. 2003; Wilson and Gaugler 2004; Georgis et al. 2006; Lacey and Georgis 2012 and Campos-Herrera et al. 2019). Specific pairings between EPNs and the targeted species of insect pests should be further considered at the fine scale of host and EPNs’ ecology, biology, and phenology for best matching. Since there is still little information about accuracy and precision of population density estimation, their inclusion in the predicting models may positively contribute to the broad issue of assessing infected insect hosts. Improving optimum sample size of nematode-infected G. mellonella larvae (Table 2) via iteration was suggested (Abd-Elgawad 2016). The greater the distance between the number of samples before and after iteration, the less accurate the result of the equation without iteration becomes. Table 2 Exact figures from Worksheet used to calculate the sample size before (Student’s t = 2) and after iteration for heterorhabditid nematode-infected Galleria mellonella larvaeFull size tableAdvancing genetic improvement of EPNsGenetic improvement bodes well for the future of biocontrol using EPNs. Although successful transgenic methods have been applied in EPNs (Hashmi et al. 1998 and Vellai et al. 1999), they remain few and have not been followed up by more recent studies. Genetic improvement of EPNs via selection will continue to be important; however, transgenic organisms have become more common and they allow for reforms that simply are not possible with conventional methods (Baiocchi et al. 2017). The advances that have been made and the continued development of molecular tools should be used to address difficult applied and fundamental questions. For example, there is a crucial question of the stability of selected beneficial traits such as tolerance to desiccation and high temperature. nematodes, the trait stabilization can be achieved by creation of inbred lines in liquid culture (Anbesse et al. 2013), which should be further developed and exploited. Further fundamental research in the field of the genetic architecture of key traits, such as infectivity, stress tolerance, and reproduction, is needed (Půža et al. 2016). Bai et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advances in genetic improvement and application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents. It mentions the importance of genetic development and selection for enhancing traits necessary for the use of EPNs in pest control, suggesting a connection to their capability as biocontrol agents against insect pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Despite application of the most suitable tree-ring detrending – one that can potentially support the preservation of low-frequency temperature trends at millennial timescales – substantial long-term trend differences between proxies remain. We conclude that some and possibly many of the tree-ring records in the PAGES2k database are artificially limited in their low-frequency variance at centennial and longer timescales due to individual series detrending. This observation is supported by the fact that when a more low-frequency conserving tree-ring detrending method is applied to a large subset of suitable records, new corroborating evidence for the existence of the LALIA appears. Such nuances in the effect various tree-ring detrending methods have on low-frequency variance conservation needs to be considered when combining proxies in large-scale temperature reconstructions to avoid the underrepresenting late Holocene cooling trends prior to post-industrial warming in hemispheric and global mean temperature reconstructions. Data availability 2k database was accessed via the website of NCEI-Paleo/Service for Paleoclimatology ( PAGES2k Consortium, 2017). supplement related to this 10. 5194/cp-16-729-2020-supplement. Author contributions JE and SSG were the leaders of the project. PK and UB contributed to the planning and structuring of the analysis and publication. LK performed the analysis and wrote the paper with contributions from all co-authors. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. thank. Ljungqvist, Alma Piermattei, Denis Scholz, and for discussion and helpful comments. Three referees – Ed Cook, Lea Schneider, and one anonymous referee – made thoughtful and detailed comments that improved the quality of the paper. Financial support This research has been supported by the Foundation (grant nos. ES 161/9-1 and Inst 247/665-1 FUGG). This open-access publication was funded by University Mainz. Review statement This paper was edited by Jürg Luterbacher and reviewed by and two anonymous referees. 2013. Babst, F. , Bouriaud, O. , Poulter, B. , Trouet, V. , Girardin, M. P. , and Frank, D. C. : Twentieth century redistribution in climatic drivers of global tree growth, Sci. Adv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that tree-ring records can provide insights into past climatic conditions, specifically mentioning that when appropriate detrending methods are applied, corroborating evidence for significant climatic events such as the Little Ice Age (LALIA) emerges. This suggests that tree rings can indeed reflect past environmental changes, including volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Featured 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000328 View abstract PDF Full text Technoculture in archaeology emphasizes the reciprocal relationship between technological innovation and cultural expression. Digital tools such as GIS have been pivotal in the spatial analysis of archaeological sites, but their utility extends beyond research [10]. Through public-facing projects, communities can engage with GIS data, contribute local knowledge, and offer interpretations that reflect contemporary cultural values. A notable example of VR and GIS-based platforms allowing communities to engage with cultural heritage beyond traditional museums is the reconstruction of the Roman arch of Palmyra, Syria, destroyed by ISIS. Through the collaboration of institutions like Oxford and Harvard, the Institute of developed a 3D virtual model of the arch based on phot. . . . . Read2024. A Community-Based Cross-Tsehaynew Kasse*, Addisalem Haile, and. 10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000172 View abstract PDF Full text Proper nutrition is essential for survival, growth, development, and overall health at every stage of life while specific nutritional requirements vary based on age, gender, and physiological changes. The first 1000 days, from conception to a child’s second birthday, are especially critical, as it lays the foundation for a child’s physical and mental development, impacting their health and well-being for the rest of their life (1-3). . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000166 View abstract PDF Full text Globally, AI is revolutionizing education through tools such as adaptive learning platforms, automated grading systems, and intelligent tutoring systems. These technologies enable personalized learning experiences by analyzing student performance data and tailoring educational content accordingly [1,2]. For instance, AI can provide real-time feedback and support, which helps address diverse learning needs and improves student engagement [3]. In the Philippines, the adoption of AI in education is emerging. Some educational institutions are experimenting with AI-powered learning management systems to automate tasks and enhance teaching methods. These early efforts reflect a growing interest in AI’s potential to improve educational outcomes and administrative efficiency [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera and its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses technological innovations in archaeology and the role of AI in education, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: (2013) stressed the possibility of determining genes from the whole genome of EPNs and their mutualistic bacteria that are being expressed, in order to detect those that are involved in a particular process and target them through genetic engineering methods. Yet, we lack markers to follow transfer or enhancement/degradation of traits and to identify “beneficial genes” that can be transferred between populations (Glazer 2015). Such unknown or underexplored issues need to be adequately addressed using skills and creativity of molecular biologists. Awareness-raising of EPNs’ techniques and commercial applicationsImprovement programs should also cover various facets of awareness-raising of farmers and extensions of EPNs as bio-insecticides. Hence, such programs should include information days, targeting farmers and extensions to transfer knowledge, technologies, and methodologies in terms of EPN-related issues and results obtained hitherto. These events should be held at the fields where demonstration trials are found aiming at informing (via broad and deep training) farmers and extension officers about the importance, mode of action, application, and impact of EPNs on insect pests, crops, and soil health. During information days and training, principles and main components of effective integrated pest control programs, such as prophylactic cultural practices, crop rotations, and other pest control techniques/measures, should be discussed. For example, an alternative approach to common EPNs’ production that may contribute to market expansion would be developing grower-based or cooperative level “do-it-yourself” ventures (Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2014a). Illustrations and guidelines of modern technologies to manage important insect pests should be presented. Dissemination of knowledge and updated advances in EPNs’ technology/methodology should be transferred to both farmers and extension officers during information days. Questionnaires should also be compiled to evaluate the acceptance of participants of EPN evaluated in their gardens/fields. Relevant pamphlets containing such information should be circulated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as bio-insecticides and emphasizing the importance of educating farmers and extension officers about their benefits and methodologies. It highlights the need for awareness-raising programs that inform stakeholders about EPNs' mode of action and impact on soil health and insect pests, which aligns with the claim that EPNs can serve as biological control agents against soil pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , 5, eaat4313, 2019. Baltensweiler, W. , Weber, U. M. , and Cherubini, P. : Tracing the influence of larch-bud-moth insect outbreaks and weather conditions on larch tree-ring growth in Engadine (Switzerland), Oikos, 117, 161–172, 2008. Berger, A. : Long-term variations of daily insolation and quaternary climatic changes, J. Atmos. Sci. , 35, 2362–2367, 1978. Berger, A. and Loutre, M. F. : Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 10, 297–317, 1991. Björklund, J. A. , Gunnarson, B. E. , Seftigen, K. , Esper, J. , and Linderholm, H. W. : Blue intensity and density from northern Fennoscandian tree rings, exploring the potential to improve summer temperature reconstructions with earlywood information, Clim. Past, 10, 877–885, 2014. Böhm, R. , Jones, P. D. , Hiebl, J. , Frank, D. , Brunetti, M. , and Maugeri, M. : The early instrumental warm-bias: a solution for long central European temperature series 1760–2007, Clim. Change, 101, 41–67, 2009. Braconnot, P. , Harrison, S. P. , Kageyama, M. , Bartlein, P. J. , Masson-Delmotte, V. , Abe-Ouchi, A. , Otto-Bliesner, B. , and Zhao, Y. : Evaluation of climate models using palaeoclimatic data, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 417–424, 2012. Bräker, O. U. : bei Jahrringdichten und Jahrringbreiten von Nadelhölzern und sein Ausgleich, Mitt. Forst. Bundes-Vers. anst. Wien, 142, 75–102, 1981. Briffa, K. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to multiple studies that explore the relationship between tree rings and environmental factors, such as insect outbreaks and climatic changes. These references imply that tree rings can be employed to study various environmental disturbances, which directly contrasts the claim that tree rings cannot be used for such purposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 000327 View abstract PDF Full text Shambala (Sanskrit:, IAST: Śambhala), also spelled as Shambhala or Shamballa, is a realm that was mentioned in several ancient literatures. According to those literatures, there is a country in Shambala, ruled by a king. All people in Shambala are practicing Kalachakra (time wheel), a Buddhism religion. Nonetheless, there are no modern records to testify where it is. Currently, it is deemed as a spiritual kingdom that is imagined by religious people. Shambala is mentioned in the as well as other religious books. The major Shambala narrative is found in the Kalachakra Tantra, a text of Buddhism Tantras. Kalachakra Bud-dhism was introduced from to Tibet in the 11th century. Kalachakra belongs to the anuttarayoga (nothing-above yoga), the highest meditation sys. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2023. 04. 000187 View abstract PDF Full text Macromolecular drugs refer to the drugs whose active pharmaceutical ingredients are large molecules, including peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides and nucleic acids. Although these drugs have been applied to treat carcinoma, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), genetic diseases, cardiovascular disorders and neurodegenerative disorders, generally speaking, the macromolecular therapeutics are still in the infant stage. . . . . . Read10. 32474/CTCSA. 2024. 03. 000165 View abstract PDF Full text Reference manager software assists researchers in organizing their sources, generating 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000286 View abstract PDF Full text Sub-Saharan countries of Africa are currently experiencing an increase in health and negative social effects believed to be due to the heavy consumption of cheaply and widely available spirits in the region. Alcohol misuse is a major global health threat, associated with more than 200 burden of disease and injury conditions (Organization [WHO], 2018). Similarly, WHO indicates packing alcohol in small sachets has become a widespread problem in Africa and has both significant social and economic negative impacts on individuals and society. The WHO estimates that approximately 3 million deaths worldwide resulted from harmful use of alcohol in 2016 (WHO, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses topics unrelated to the claim, such as the realm of Shambala in ancient literatures, macromolecular drugs, and the health effects of alcohol consumption in Africa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: Because of the importance of mass media in the enlightenment and providing culture to the public about entomopathogenic nematode production, storage, and application, constructing more international internet websites may be established via both relevant programs and EPNs’ producing companies with an end in view to increase the number of people interested in the activity and goals of biological control against insect pests hoping to reap clean and safe agricultural products for man and environment. Moreover, stakeholders should know that EPNs work more slowly, requiring different, more complicated criteria such as yield for measuring effectiveness, contrary to chemical insecticides that are based on quick knockdown for pest control. It is also worth considering whether anything less than perfect produce is permissible (Gaugler, 1997). Eventually, this sort of mindset change is essential for encouraging broader use of bio-pesticides. ConclusionsRequired but less known roles to optimize research in the nematode realm should further be addressed for advancing EPNs as bio-pesticides. These may include extending functional sampling in addition to wide EPNs’ surveys for coordination in search of new species/strains. Adequate and standardized sampling should be practiced to avoid erratic results and offer measurable comparisons. Genetic improvement of EPNs should address non-stability of selected beneficial traits and find out markers of beneficial genes. Various aspects of awareness-raising for stakeholders in EPNs’ research and applications should be better communicated. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsEPNs: Entomopathogenic nematodes IJs: Infective stage juveniles IPM: integrated pest management SADIE: Spatial analysis by distance indices 9618. 21. DOI: El-(2018) Silver nanop12. (1990) Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). J Nematol 22:187–19910. 5772/64578, pp 71-102 10. 1186/s41938-019-0137-5 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as biological control agents. It mentions the importance of raising awareness and developing strategies for using EPNs effectively against insect pests in agriculture. The text emphasizes the need for education and stakeholder communication to enhance the application of EPNs, supporting the idea that they can help in achieving clean and safe agricultural products.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: : Annual climate variability in the Holocene: interpreting the message of ancient trees, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 19, 87–105, 2000. Briffa, K. R. and Melvin, T. M. : A closer look at regional curve standardization of tree-ring records: Justification of the need, a warning of some pitfalls, and suggested improvements in its application, in: Dendroclimatology, edited by: Hughes, M. K. , Swetnam, T. W. , and Diaz, H. F. , Developments in paleoenvironmental research, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 113 pp. , 2011. . , Schweingruber, F. H. , Karlen, W. , Zetterberg, P. , and Eronen, M. : from Ad-500 – Temperature-Changes on Short and Long Timescales, Clim. Dynam. , 7, 111–119, 1992. and Esper, J. : Reassessing the evidence for tree-growth and inferred temperature change during the in Yamalia, northwest Siberia, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 72, 83–107, 2013. Büntgen, U. , Frank, D. , Trouet, V. , and Esper, J. : Diverse climate sensitivity of Mediterranean tree-ring width and density, Trees, 24, 261–273, 2009. Büntgen, U. , Tegel, W. , Nicolussi, K. , McCormick, M. , Frank, D. , Trouet, V. , Kaplan, J. O. , Herzig, F. , Heussner, K. U. , Wanner, H. , Luterbacher, J. , and Esper, J. : 2500 years of European climate variability and human susceptibility, Science, 331, 578–582, 2011. Büntgen, U. ,. , Di Cosmo, N. , Sigl, M. , Jungclaus, J. , Wagner, S. , Krusic, P. J. , Esper, J. , Kaplan, J. O. , de Vaan, M. A. C. , Luterbacher, J. , Wacker, L. , Tegel, W. , and Kirdyanov, A. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies that utilize tree rings to analyze climate variability and environmental changes, suggesting that tree rings can indeed provide insights into past volcanic activity and other disturbances. Specifically, the works cited discuss the interpretation of data from tree rings in relation to climate and temperature changes over significant historical periods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Globally, the African region has the highest age-standardized alcohol-attributable burden of disease and injury (WHO, 20. . . . . Read10. 32474/JBRS. 2024. 02. 000147 View abstract PDF Full text Renewable energy is a resource, which is obtained from naturally renewable resources, which don’t deplete overtime making it different from fossil fuels. The main sources shall be considered: solar, energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, geothermal energy, etc. Given the critical importance of renewable energies in addressing global challenges similar to climate change, energy security, and sustainable development, interest in these energy sources is rapidly increasing worldwide. Additionally, the job market for the renewable energy sector is growing exponentially. Whatsoever, despite the high demand participation of women both globally and in Georgia remains low. A study conducted in 2018 by the found that women make up 32% of the workforce in. . . . . Read10. 32474/. 2024. 03. 000171 View abstract PDF Full text In the field of healthcare, the role of clinical preceptors is of paramount importance in shaping the learning experiences and professional development of nursing students (Dube & Rakhudu, 2021) [1]. According to Dube (2018) [2], these skilled and experienced clinicians play a pivotal role in bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world clinical practice. The role of clinical preceptors in nursing education has long been acknowledged as fundamental to the development of competent and compassionate nurses (Edward, Ousey, Playle, & Giandinoto, 2017) [3]. The effectiveness of preceptorship is crucial in shaping the clinical learning experiences of nursing students and ultimately impacting their professional growth (AlMekkawi & El Khalil, 2020) [4]. . . . . . Read10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 10. 000326 View abstract PDF Full text of France and the World: It is with great urgency and a profound sense of responsibility that we address you today regarding a matter of grave international concern. This letter aims to shed light on the insidious actions and ambitions of and the Qatari authorities under her influence. The involvement of these entities in global affairs has led to widespread conflict, suffering, and instability, and it is imperative that we collectively recognize and address these issues to protect our future. . . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It discusses various unrelated topics such as alcohol-attributable disease burden, renewable energy resources, and the role of clinical preceptors in nursing education, none of which support or contrast with the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Mode of action of baculovirusesBaculoviruses have to be ingested by the host (larvae or adults) as occlusion body (OB) forms and then infect the cells of the gut. From these cells, the virus can spread and multiply throughout the other tissues including the fat body, hypodermis, tracheal matrix, epithelial cells, and blood cells. Cell lysis and disintegration of host tissues begin shortly after the formation of OBs (polyhedra in NPV and granulin in GV). Young host larvae die within 2 days whereas older larvae die within 4–9 days (Afolami and Oladunmoye 2017). Parasitoids and predatorsParasitoids and predators are among the biological control agents that play an important role, naturally, against agricultural pests infesting field crops, vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. They constitute a considerable part within IPM programs. A. Interactions between baculoviruses and predatorsLaboratory experiments a. Effect on predators fed on virus-infected prey Abbas and Boucias (1984) reported that the Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner) nuclear polyhedrosisvirus (AgNPV) had no direct adverse effects on the pentatomid predator, Podisus maculiventris (Say). Microscope examination and bioassay of tissues extracted from predators fed on AgNPV-infected larvae for 10 days demonstrated that this virus did not replicate in the treated predator. Abbas (1987a) obtained similar results by rearing the predators Calleida decora (F. ) (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Nabis capsiformis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Nabidae), and Geocoris punctipes (Say) (Hem. : Lygaeidae) on larvae of A. gemmatalis infected with AgNPV and also by rearing larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Steph. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), nymphs and adults of Orius albidipennis (Reut. ) (Hem. : Anthocoridae), and adults of Labidura riparia Pallas (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) on NPV-infected larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd). De Nardo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the mode of action of baculoviruses, particularly how they must be ingested by specific host larvae or adults for infection to occur. This specificity indicates that baculoviruses can be tailored for particular pest species, thus aligning with the claim that insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be customized to target specific agricultural pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: : Cooling and societal change during the Age from 536 to around 660 AD, Nat. Geosci. , 9, 231–236, 2016. Büntgen, U. , Krusic, P. J. , Verstege, A. , Sangüesa-Barreda, G. , Wagner, S. ,. , Oppenheimer, C. , Konter, O. , Tegel, W. , Gärtner, H. , Cherubini, P. , Reinig, F. , and Esper, J. : New tree-ring evidence from the Pyrenees reveals western Mediterranean climate variability since Medieval times, J. Climate, 30, 5295–5318, 2017. Christiansen, B. and Ljungqvist, F. C. : Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH over the with a Method that Preserves Low-Frequency Variability, J. Climate, 24, 6013–6034, 2011. Christiansen, B. and Ljungqvist, F. C. : The extra-tropical temperature in the last two millennia: reconstructions of low-frequency variability, Clim. Past, 8, 765–786, 2012. Christiansen, B. and Ljungqvist, F. C. : Challenges and perspectives for large-scale temperature reconstructions of the past two millennia, Rev. Geophys. , 55, 40–96, 2017. Cook, E. (Ed. ): Methods of dendrochronology: Applications in the environmental sciences, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1990. Cook, E. and Peters, K. : The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies, Tree-Ring Bulletin, 41, 45–53, 1981. Cook, E. and Peters, K. : Calculating unbiased tree-ring indices for the study of climatic and environmental change, Holocene, 7, 361–370, 1997. Cook, E. ,. , and Funkhouser, G. : The “segment length curse” in long tree-ring chronology development for palaeoclimatic studies, Holocene, 5, 229–237, 1995. Cook, E. ,. , and Sano, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references multiple studies that utilize tree-ring data to reconstruct past climate variability and environmental conditions, which implies that tree rings are indeed valuable for understanding historical events. This directly contrasts with the claim that tree rings cannot be used for such studies, as it suggests that tree rings are important for dendrochronology in analyzing climatic effects and disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 2024. 07. 000251 View abstract PDF Full text is the most serious presentation of coronary artery disease (CAD), carrying severe consequences due to the occlusion of major coronary arteries. The primary goal in managing STEMI is early reperfusion therapy. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred strategy for patients with acute STEMI, especially when performed promptly from the first medical contact (FMC) [1]. Despite achieving a patent infarct-related artery after revascularization, some patients experience the “no-reflow” phenomenon due to microvascular dysfunction. This phenomenon is defined as a coronary blood flow of less than TIMI 3 without significant stenosis, dissection, or an angiographically observed thrombus distal to the intervention site [2]. Intracoronary Nanitroprusside, an NO d. . . . . Read08, 2024 Is the search for solutions to Effective if are Similar to like Animals and Plants? Rafizadeh* Psychol & 10. 32474/SJPBS. 2024. 08. 000285 View abstract PDF Full text In a life-complex, each human is a member of the societal lifecomplex, adapted to its environment and dependent on it for daily needs. In his 1948 book, Society as the Patient, Lawrence K. Frank views society as a living organism that can become ill, exhibiting symptoms that can be diagnosed and treated by mental health professionals. In adopting this view, mental health professionals would address societal illness as reflected on individual humans through a medical lens, emphasizing diagnosis, treatment, and prevention to maintain a healthier society. At first glance, it may not seem easy to link the planetary life-complex and its illnesses to the work of mental health professionals. However, considering that the planetary life-complex is made of many societal life-complexes, and each soc. . . . . Read10. 32474/LOJMS. 2024. 06. 000250 View abstract PDF Full text The term demilitarization refers to a complete set of processes that render weapons, ammunition and explosives unfit for their original purpose [1]. Demilitarization is a necessary step for military items before their release to a non-military environment and is carried out in a safe, inexpensive, practical and environmentally responsible manner [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to coronary artery disease (CAD), mental health, and demilitarization, none of which mention Aloe vera or its use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (2001) reported that a viable virus was detected in the feces of Doru taeniatum adults up to 3 days after feeding on NPV-infected larvae of S. frugiperda, and in contrast, the virus was inactivated in the gut of Chrysoperla rufilabris larvae. Field experiments a. Impact of virus on predators Treacy et al. (1997), in two small field trials, found that the population levels of non-target arthropods (18 different non-lepidopteran insects in addition to various spiders) were not adversely affected by the weekly application of NPV at doses up to 2 × 1012 PIBs/ha. In addition, Smith et al. (2000) found no differences in the densities and diversities of predators’ populations in a cotton field up to 6 days post-application of NPV against cotton pests. b. Dissemination of virus by predators Boucias et al. (1987) sprayed A. agemmatalis NPV as a bio-control agent against A. gemmatalis at a concentration of 2. 3 × 1011 PIBs/ha in a soybean field (0. 9 ha) divided into 8 plots. Four plots were treated with the virus, and the other 4 plots were sprayed with water as a control. The invertebrate fauna was collected biweekly throughout the growing season including predators and phytophagous insects. The presence of AgNPV in predator samples collected from the field was determined by bio-assaying predators’ homogenates against neonate A. gemmatalis larvae. Their results showed that 41% of the total 2476 predators’ homogenates from treated and control plots were found to contain detectable levels of AgNPV that caused mortality among the treated larvae. Olofsson (1989) studied the transmission of the NPV of the sawfly, N. sertifer, during natural epizootics in 4 summer seasons in a pine field. His results showed that the reduviid, Rhinocoris annulatus; the pentatomids, Picromerus bidens (L. ), and Troilus luridus Flickr; the mirid, Lygus sp. ; and the coccinellid, C. septempunctata, were found to feed on virus-infected N. sertifer and transmit the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of NPV (nuclear polyhedrosis virus) targeting specific pest species such as S. frugiperda and A. gemmatalis. The results from Treacy et al. and Boucias et al. indicate that NPV can be effectively applied to specific pest populations without adversely affecting non-target species, which supports the idea that insect pathogenic viruses can be tailored for specific pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: : Tree-ring reconstructed summer temperature anomalies for temperate since 800 C. E. , Clim. Dynam. , 41, 2957–2972, 2012. D'Arrigo, R. , Wilson, R. , and Jacoby, G. : On the long-term context for late twentieth century warming, J. Geophys. Res. , 111, D03103, 2006. Deser, C. , Phillips, A. , Bourdette, V. , and Teng, H. : Uncertainty in climate change projections: the role of internal variability, Clim. Dynam. , 38, 527–546, 2010. Douglass, A. E. : and of Washington, Washington, 1919. Esper, J. , Cook, E. R. , and Schweingruber, F. H. : Low-frequency signals in long tree-ring chronologies for reconstructing past temperature variability, Science, 295, 2250–2253, 2002. Esper, J. ,. , and Schweingruber, F. H. : Tests of the RCS method for preserving low-frequency variability in long tree-ring chronologies, Tree-Ring Res. , 59, 81–98, 2003. Esper, J. , Frank, D. , and Wilson, R. : Climate reconstructions: Low-frequency ambition and high-frequency ratification, EOS, 85, 113–130, 2004. Esper, J. , Frank, D. C. , Timonen, M. , Zorita, E. , Wilson, R. J. S. , Luterbacher, J. , Holzkämper, S. , Fischer, N. , Wagner, S. , Nievergelt, D. , Verstege, A. , and Büntgen, U. : Orbital forcing of tree-ring data, Nat. Clim. Change, 2, 862–866, 2012. Esper, J. , Düthorn, E. , Krusic, P. J. , Timonen, M. , and Büntgen, U. : summer temperature variations over the from integrated tree-ring density records, J. Quaternary Sci. , 29, 487–494, 2014. Esper, J. , Konter, O. , Krusic, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents numerous studies that utilize tree-ring data for reconstructing past climate conditions, including temperature variability and uncertainty in climate projections. These applications imply that tree rings can provide valuable information about environmental disturbances, contradicting the claim that they cannot be used for such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Actions taken in demilitarization processes should make the item unidentifiable as ammunition after demilitarization [3]. The explosives in many conventional munitions are cast, so these munitions can be demilitarized by heating the explosive charge sufficiently to melt it and flow out of the munition. Explosives that melt at relatively low temperatures are, for example, (80°C) and TNT (80°C). Melting can be done by direct heat. . . . . Read26, 2024 The culture of Competitiveness Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000325 View abstract PDF Full text During the early hours of June 25th, various agents of the arts and cultures from the Chilean scene expressed their discomfort over the unexpected announcement of the early dates for the application of competitive funds from the Ministry of Cultures, Arts, and Heritage (MinCAP, for its Spanish acronym) of Chile. This three-month advance, explained as a desperate attempt to improve the image of an outgoing government by “supporting” the cultural sector, put various institutions and artists in a tight spot, having to create projects and obtain the requested documentation in less than a month. Additionally, there were strong complaints when it was revealed that many of the calls for 2024 are delayed in the delivery of funds and publication of results. . . . . . Read26, 2024 Art for Artist Sofía Gómez Opitz* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000324 View abstract PDF Full text How to Closer to People? was the name of the forum organized by the Art and of the Federation of Students of the University (PUC) of Chile. Under this title, and highlighting an issue confirmed even by the few studies on cultural consumption in Chile, PUC students bring to the table the debate facing national arts regarding the generally low attendance at events classified as artistic-cultural. In the end, those of us involved in the art circuit are the same ones who frequently attend. . . . . . Read25, 2024 from Political Elements: Science and Adem Yutsever* J Anthro & 10. 32474/JAAS. 2024. 09. 000323 View abstract PDF Full text Archaeology is closely related to politics and regulations due to its goal of preserving historical and cultural heritage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics concerning demilitarization processes, cultural funding in Chile, participation in arts and cultural events, and the relationship between archaeology and politics, none of which relate to Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Transmission of viruses Laboratory experiments Irabagon and Brooks (1974) reported that the transmission of baculoviruses occurs when the ovipositor, body surface or the gut of the parasitoid becomes contaminated with the virus. Abbas (1987b), Mahmoud (1992), and Hui-Fang et al. (2013) reported that parasitoid females that oviposited in virus-infected larvae were found to transmit infective levels of the virus to healthy ones via ovipositor. Also, adults of the parasitoid Apanteles glomeratus (L. ) emerged from GV-infected larvae of P. rapae were found to transmit the virus to healthy ones (Levin et al. 1983). Jiang et al. (2011) stated that the adults of Microplitis pallidipes emerged from cocoons which were surface-contaminated with S. exigua NPV could transmit the virus to healthy larvae. In contrast, the females of the parasitoids Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) that oviposited in NPV-infected larvae of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and S. frugiperda, respectively, did not transmit the virus to healthy larvae (Eller et al. 1988 and Escribano et al. 2000), respectively). Also, Meteorus pulchricornis females that emerged from NPV-infected larvae of S. litura were not adversely affected and did not transmit the virus to healthy larvae (Nguyen et al. 2005). Arai et al. (2018) reported that the Ascovirus of Heliothis virescens (Fab. ) (HvAV) (belongs to the virus family Ascoviridae) was found to be transmitted by the parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Wesm. ) from infected to healthy larvae of Spodoptera litura (F. ) through ovipositor. The authors mentioned that this parasitoid is a major vector for HvAV in Japan, but the ingestion of the virus by parasitoid females might affect the progeny of the parasitoid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transmission of baculoviruses through specific parasitoid species such as Meteorus pulchricornis and their ability to act as vectors. It highlights how certain parasitoids can transmit viruses, indicating that these viruses can indeed be associated with specific pest species, supporting the idea that insect pathogenic viruses can be tailored for targeting specific pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: J. , Saurer, M. , Holzkämper, S. , and Büntgen, U. : Long-term summer temperature variations in the Pyrenees from detrended stable carbon isotopes, Geochronometria, 42, 53–59, 2015. Esper, J. ,. , Carrer, M. , Cook, E. , Davi, N. K. , Hartl-Meier, C. , Kirdyanov, A. , Konter, O. , Myglan, V. , Timonen, M. , Treydte, K. , Trouet, V. , Villalba, R. , Yang, B. , and Büntgen, U. : Ranking of tree-ring based temperature reconstructions of the past millennium, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 145, 134–151, 2016. Fernández-Donado, L. , González-. , García-Bustamante, E. ,. , Phipps, S. J. , Servonnat, J. , Swingedouw, D. , Tett, S. F. B. , Wagner, S. , Yiou, P. , and Zorita, E. : Large-scale temperature response to external forcing in simulations and reconstructions of the last millennium, Clim. Past, 9, 393–421, 2013. Foley, S. F. , Gronenborn, D. ,. , Scholz, D. , Pöschl, U. , Jacob, D. E. , Schöne, B. R. , Schreg, R. , Vött, A. , Jordan, D. , Lelieveld, J. , Weller, C. G. , Alt, K. W. , Gaudzinski-Windheuser, S. , Bruhn, K. -C. , Tost, H. , Sirocko, F. , and Crutzen, P. J. : – The beginnings of anthropogenic environmental change, Anthropocene, 3, 83–88, 2013. Frank, D. , Esper, J. , and Cook, E. R. : Adjustment for proxy number and coherence in a large-scale temperature reconstruction, Geophys. Res. Lett. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing multiple studies that utilize tree rings to analyze past climate variations and environmental changes. The references include works that engage with tree-ring based temperature reconstructions and other environmental factors, indicating that tree rings are indeed valuable proxies for studying past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter's moon Europa has a subsurface ocean that may harbor life. [SEP] Text: ” realized I couldn’t refute the idea. I kept Mimas in my mind over the years, eventually putting together a paper for the of Earth and in 2023. That paper ruled out several ocean scenarios and left only one option, an ocean that formed recently, well after Mimas itself. A young ocean could be stealthy. But it was still just a hypothesis. The same face of the Moon is always pointed at Earth, but it can shift back and forth slightly over time because of the tilt and shape of the Moon’s orbit. This wobble is called a libration. This NASA video also shows the Moon’s phases. : NASA’has the most recent work changed the picture? Early in 2024, Valéry Lainey and his group reported new observational evidence in favor of an ocean on Mimas. They looked not at the libration but at changes in Mimas’ orbit through time — changes that depend on the interior structure. They found that those changes could not be explained by an oddly shaped core, leaving an ocean as the most viable option. My team’s research, published in June, has gone on to explain the lack of visible surface fractures. We argue that the ocean is so young — merely 10 million years old — that it has only recently stopped growing. We think that the tidal stresses of a young churning ocean may not be enough to crack the ice above. Instead, what’s needed is the stress that comes when the ocean eventually refreezes. is losing heat as its orbit becomes less eccentric over time, refreezing — which is only just beginning on Mimas — will cause the overlying ice to crack. The research suggests that eventually Mimas is probably going to lose its ocean, which is a little sad, since it is just being recognized. But on the flip side, Mimas may become the new Enceladus — the new coolest moon of Saturn — with deep cracks and maybe even jets of water. What are the big picture implications of this research? I’m interested in this from a geophysical standpoint. We think of the earliest epochs in our solar system as the hot times, when all the activity happens, then everything evolves toward a quieter state. Pluto’s moon Charon might have lost an ocean. And Europa’s and Ganymede’s oceans are pretty old. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the geological features and potential ocean presence on Saturn's moon Mimas, without addressing Jupiter's moon Europa or its capacity to harbor life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Field experiments Young and Yearian (1990b) tested the transmission of Heliothis NPV by Microplitis croceipes females to H. virescens larvae in caged plants in a field test. They found that mortality percent from NPV in larvae exposed to virus-sprayed parasitoid females was higher than when the females were previously allowed to oviposit in infected larvae. In addition, Young and Yearian (1989) reported that M. croceipes that emerged from NPV-infected larvae of H. virescens could transmit the virus, but its role in disseminating the virus in the field was small. In an experiment in a greenhouse cultivated with cabbage, Jiang et al. (2011) found that the population reduction of S. exigua was greater by Micropletis pallidipes females carrying SeNPV (82. 3–89. 7%) than by females without virus (59. 5–62. 4%). In greenhouse trials with GV against Lacanobia oleraceae larvae in tomato plants, Mathews et al. (2004) found that Meteorus gyrator was noticed to discriminate between healthy and infected host larvae. In addition, the parasitoid that transmitted the virus at low levels significantly increased total host mortality and decreased the damage in tomato fruits when combined with the virus. c. Development and survival of parasitoids in infected hostsIrabagon and Brooks (1974) reported that the late exposure of the baculovirus-infected host larvae to the parasitoids increased the percentage of successful development of the parasitoids. In this respect, Hochberg (1991) found that when there was either no interval or an insufficient interval between parasitism and virus inoculation, the number of eggs deposited by the parasitoid female was unaffected, but the parasitoids could not complete development because the larvae die of viral infection quickly and fewer parasitoids emerge from the host. Beegle and Oatman (1974) reported that larvae of the parasitoid Hyposoter exiguae (Viereck) inside Trichoplusia ni larvae infected with NPV prior to parasitism died when their host died from infection. Hutchkin and Kaya (1983) conducted a survey of several parasitoids for their ability to develop to pupae in virus-infected hosts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the specific interactions between insect pathogenic viruses, like NPV, and various pest species, demonstrated by different studies cited in the text. For example, it shows that Microplitis croceipes females can transmit Heliothis NPV to H. virescens larvae, indicating a tailored use of the virus against this specific pest species. Furthermore, the effectiveness of SeNPV in reducing the population of S. exigua and the discriminatory behavior of Meteorus gyrator towards infected host larvae highlight the potential of using these viruses in pest management targeted to specific species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , 34, L16709, 2007. Frank, D. , Esper, J. , Zorita, E. , and Wilson, R. : A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology, Nat. Clim. Change, 1, 507–516, 2010. Fritts, H. C. : and Climate, Blackburn Press, Caldwell, N. J. , 1976. Galván, J. D. , Camarero, J. J. , Ginzler, C. , and Büntgen, U. : Spatial diversity of recent trends in Mediterranean tree growth, Environ. Res. Lett. , 9, 084001, 2014. Grove, J. M. : Ice Age, 1. publ. , Repr. , Routledge, London, 1990. Hakim, G. J. , Emile-Geay, J. , Steig, E. J. , Noone, D. , Anderson, D. M. , Tardif, R. , Steiger, N. , and Perkins, W. A. : The last millennium climate reanalysis project: Framework and first results, J. Geophys. Res. , 121, 6745–6764, 2016. Harris, I. , Jones, P. D. , Osborn, T. J. , and Lister, D. H. : Updated high-resolution grids of monthly climatic observations – the CRU TS3. 10 dataset, Int. J. Climatol. , 34, 623–642, 2014. Hartl-Meier, C. T. M. , Büntgen, U. , Smerdon, J. E. , Zorita, E. ,. , and Esper, J. : Temperature covariance in tree ring reconstructions and model simulations over the past millennium, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 44, 9458–9469, 2017. . ,. , and Zorita, E. : Detection of human influence on a new, validated 1500-year temperature reconstruction, J. Climate, 20, 650–666, 2007. Helama, S. , Arppe, L. , Timonen, M. , Mielikäinen, K. , and Oinonen, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies and authors that investigate tree ring data in the context of past climatic conditions. Although it does not explicitly mention volcanic activity, the existence of multiple studies pertaining to tree ring research implies that these rings are instrumental in understanding historical environmental changes, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 Congress 2024 Building, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany 8–13 September 2024 committee & media by session Session overview Licence & copyright Exhibition & sponsorship List of exhibitors & sponsors My profile My network 1EPSC2024-633 Multiple terms: term1 term2 red apples returns results with all terms like: Fructose levels in red and green apples Precise match in quotes: "term1 term2" "red apples" returns results matching exactly like: Anthocyanin biosynthesis in red apples Exclude a term with -: term1 -term2 apples -red returns results containing apples but not red: Malic acid in green apples Close hits for "" in Search in: All Pare no results for your search term. Network problems We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to network problems. Please try again later. Server timeout We are sorry, but your search could not be completed due to server timeouts. Please try again later. Invalid search term We are sorry, but your search term seems to be invalid. Please refine your search. Too many requests We are sorry, but we have received too many parallel search requests. Please try again later. Searching [Back] [Session OPS1]. 17, EPSC2024-633, 2024, updated on 03 Jul 2024 Congress 2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Ray and craters on Ganymede: Insights into stratification of icy crust Baby1, Thomas Kenkmann2, Katrin Stephan1, Roland Wagner1, and Ernst Hauber1 Baby et al. Baby1, Thomas Kenkmann2, Katrin Stephan1, Roland Wagner1, and Ernst Hauber1 1Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany (namitha. baby@dlr. de) 2University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany 1Center (DLR), Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany (namitha. baby@dlr. de) 2University of the largest moon in the solar system, presents a compelling subject for studying icy moons due to its unique geological processes compared to its neighbors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the Moon's impact craters providing insights into the solar system's history. Instead, it discusses details about a congress event, search terms, and insights into craters on Ganymede, which is unrelated to the Moon's impact craters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: exigua larvae treated with SeMNPV decreased with increasing virus doses against the 2nd to 4th larval instars. Azam et al. (2016) treated the 2nd instar larvae of S. litura which developed from eggs parasitized with the egg-larval parasitoid Chelonus inanitus with a GV. Their results showed that percentages of the emergence of the parasitoid larvae from the host larvae as well as their pupation rate and adult emergence were significantly lower compared to those from the uninfected ones. d. Effect on parasitoid adults fed on virusThe longevity of parasitoid female adults of Bracon brevicornis fed on honey or a mixture of honey and NPV (103 PIBs) 1:2 was not significantly affected (34. 5 and 33. 3 days, respectively) (Abbas 1987b). Hui-Fang et al. (2013) reported that the progeny of Meteorus pulchricornis female which ingested S. exigua NPV was significantly affected at 1 and 2 days post-ingestion. The average number of the offspring of treated females was 2. 6 cocoons/host larva compared to 4 cocoons for the control female (fed on honey only). However, no significant differences were observed in the number of produced cocoons/host between treated and control females at 3 or 4 days post-ingestion. e. Effect of parasitism on host susceptibility to virus infectionEller et al. (1988) found that when the larvae of H. zea were exposed to Microplitis croceipes females and then infected with HzMNPV, the rate of virus-induced mortality decreased with the increase of host age at the time of infection. The rate of pupated H. zea larvae as well as the cocoon formation of M. croceipes increased with the increase of host age at infection for both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. Santiago-Alvarez and Caballero (1990) noticed decreased virulence of GV of Agrotis segetum (Denis) to larvae parasitized with Apanteles telengi compared to unparasitized larvae. However, there was no difference in the virulence of GV between larvae parasitized with Campoletis annulatus and unparasitized ones. Murray et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how different baculoviruses, like SeMNPV and HzMNPV, affect various host larvae at different developmental stages and with varying degrees of effectiveness. For instance, the results mention that as the virus doses increase, the effectiveness against specific pest species such as S. litura and H. zea varies, indicating potential for tailoring viruses to specific pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: : Age-related trends in subfossil tree-ring δ13C data, Chem. Geol. , 416, 28–35, 2015. Horiuchi, K. , Uchida, T. , Sakamoto, Y. , Ohta, A. , Matsuzaki, H. , Shibata, Y. , and Motoyama, H. : Ice core record of 10Be over the past millennium from Dome Fuji, Antarctica: A new proxy record of past solar activity and a powerful tool for stratigraphic dating, Quat. Geochronol. , 3, 253–261, 2008. Huybers, P. and Curry, W. : Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability, Nature, 441, 329–332, 2006. Johnson, D. M. , Büntgen, U. , Frank, D. C. , Kausrud, K. ,. , and Stenseth, N. C. : Climatic warming disrupts recurrent Alpine insect outbreaks, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107, 20576–20581, 2010. and Tett, S. F. B. : High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with Model control-run temperatures, Holocene, 8, 455–471, 1998. van. ,. , Goosse, H. , Graham, N. , Jansen, E. , Kiefer, T. , Kull, C. , Kuttel, M. , Mosley-Thompson, E. , Overpeck, J. T. , Riedwyl, N. , Schulz, M. , Tudhope, A. W. , Villalba, R. , Wanner, H. , Wolff, E. , and Xoplaki, E. : High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects, Holocene, 19, 3–49, 2009. . , Hegerl, G. C. , Moberg, A. , Osborn, T. J. , and Weber, S. L. : Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation, Clim. Past, 3, 591–609, 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim indirectly by referencing various studies related to tree rings and their usage in different paleoclimate contexts. For instance, it mentions 'high-resolution palaeoclimatic records' and how certain proxy records provide insights into climatic phenomena. This implies that tree rings may indeed serve as valuable proxies for studying past environmental disturbances, which directly contradicts the assertion that they cannot be used for this purpose.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: As a result, it is now the primary target of ESA's JUICE mission [1, 2]. Predominantly, impact craters dominate its terrains, each exhibiting a distinctive morphology and ejecta pattern. These features help to understand the vertical stratigraphy of Ganymede's crust at a local scale. Additionally, our study investigates the role of spreading and rifting processes in transporting dark terrain material to the subsurface. Data and MethodologyWe identified four crater types for our study: Craters (BRCs) with bright ray ejecta, Craters (DRCs) with dark ray ejecta, Craters with both bright and dark ejecta (DBRCs), and Craters (DHCs) with circular to subcircular dark ejecta. We utilized the global mosaic from [3]. We examined several craters also observed by Galileo NIMS, with spatial resolutions up to ~2 km/pxl [4, 5]. We mapped the band depth (BD) of one of the major water ice absorptions at 1. 5 or 2 µm to derive information on the relative abundance of water ice versus dark material following the approach presented in [6]. Morphologic details of the craters, including inner features and the extension of their halos or ray systems, were mapped. To calculate excavation depth, we use equation from [7],De = 1/10* Dt (Eq. 1),where De is the maximum depth of excavation, and Dt is the diameter of the transient crater cavity. To determine the transient diameter (Dt) of a crater with known final crater diameter (D), we employ the equation by [8]. D = Dtε ⋅ Dc1−ε [8] (Eq. 2)Dc = 2. 5 km for Ganymede, ε ~ 1. 13, which accounts for crater slumping [8]ResultsDistribution of crater typesIn this study, we analyzed 36 impact craters on Ganymede (Fig. 1), categorizing 3 as DHCs and the rest as ray craters. Among these, the ray crater Tammuz (DBRC) exhibits half bright and dark ejecta. In detail, 20 craters are situated in the light terrain, 8 in the dark terrain, and 8 were emplaced along the boundary between light and dark terrain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses impact craters on Ganymede, not the Moon. It focuses on the analysis of crater morphology and characteristics in relation to Ganymede's terrain and does not mention the Moon or provide insights into the solar system's history, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (1995) reported that the LD50 of H. armigera NPV for H. armigera larvae was higher in larvae parasitized with Microplitis demolitor (Wilkenson) than in unparasitized ones. Washburn et al. (2000) found that Manduca sexta (L. ) larvae infected with Autographa californica (Speyer) NPV died more rapidly and at higher rates when they were parasitized by Cotesia congregate (Say). However, Escribano et al. (2001) reported that the virulence of NPV to unparasitized larvae of S. frugiperda did not differ from that to larvae parasitized with Chilonus insularis. Mathews et al. (2004) reported that the percentage of mortality of GV-infected Lecanobia oleraceae larvae was significantly higher when a combination of the larval parasitoid Meteorus gyrator and the virus was used compared to either the virus or the parasitoid alone. Similarly, Cai et al. (2012) found that mortality percent of S. exigua larvae was significantly higher (more than 80%) when co-exposed to the virus, SeMNPV and the parasitoid Microplitis bicoloratus compared to the virus alone regardless of the virus doses or the timing of virus treatment. Hui-Fang et al. (2013) found that when the 3rd instar larvae of S. exigua were exposed to SeMNPV and Meteorus pulchricornis simultaneously, differences in virus-induced mortality varied in parasitized and unparasitized larvae according to virus concentration. Parasitism, significantly, increased the mortality in larvae infected at concentrations of 105, 106, or 107 PIBs/ml compared to unparasitized ones. However, at the concentration of 103 PIBs/ml, parasitized larvae were less susceptible to virus infection than unparasitized ones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating various interactions between insect pathogenic viruses, such as NPV, and pest species like H. armigera, Manduca sexta, and S. exigua. It provides evidence that the virulence and mortality rates of these viruses can be influenced by the presence of specific parasitoids, thus indicating the potential for tailoring viruses to target specific pest species effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , Vinther, B. M. , and Woodruff, T. E. : Timing and climate forcing of volcanic eruptions for the past 2,500 years, Nature, 523, 543–549, 2015. Smerdon, J. E. and Pollack, H. N. : Reconstructing Earth's surface temperature over the past 2000 years: the science behind the headlines, Climate Change, 7, 746–771, 2016. . , Geirsdottir, A. , Kaufman, D. S. , Koch, J. , McKay, N. P. , Masiokas, M. , Miller, G. , Nesje, A. , Nicolussi, K. ,. , Wiles, G. , and Yang, B. : Glacier fluctuations during the past 2000 years, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 149, 61–90, 2016. Steig, E. J. , Ding, Q. , White, J. W. C. , Küttel, M. ,. ,. ,. , Williams, J. , and Korotkikh, E. : Recent climate and ice-sheet changes in compared with the past 2,000 years, Nat. Geosci. , 6, 372–375, 2013. and Cook, B. I. : A reconstruction of global hydroclimate and dynamical variables over the Common Era, Sci. Data, 5, 180086, 2018. St. George, S. : An overview of tree-ring width records across the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Sci. Rev. , 95, 132–150, 2014. Stoffel, M. , Khodri, M. , Corona, C. , Guillet, S. , Poulain, V. , Bekki, S. , Guiot, J. , Luckman, B. H. , Oppenheimer, C. , Lebas, N. , Beniston, M. , and Masson-Delmotte, V. : Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling in the over the past 1,500 years, Nat. Geosci. , 8, 784–788, 2015. Vieira, L. E. A. , Solanki, S. K. , Krivova, N. A. , and Usoskin, I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and their findings on the application of tree-ring width records and other related data in reconstructing climatic events and volcanic-induced cooling. For example, it mentions 'Estimates of volcanic-induced cooling over the past 1,500 years,' suggesting that tree rings have indeed been useful in studying past environmental disturbances such as volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: Excavation depths of crater typesCraters with dark ejecta predominate below 40 km diameter, while beyond 40 km, BRCs prevail (Fig. 2 a and b). Dark terrain material originates from excavation depths of up to 3 km in light terrain. Larger ray craters located at the borders of light and dark terrain are observed to be BRCs (Fig. 2c). Individual Craters1. AntumAntum, a DRC ~ 15 km in diameter, is situated at around 5. 5°N/141. 1°E on dark terrain, with a maximum excavation depth of ~ 1. 2 km (Fig. 3). Its main geological features include a crater with a distinct floor and rim, as well as extended dark rays. This is supported by the BD map of water ice absorption at 1. 5 µm, derived from NIMS observations, indicating enrichment of water ice in the crater (smaller ice grains) and dark non-ice material in the ray material (larger ice grains). 2. KittuKittu, a 15 km DRC, is situated at ~ 0. 5°N/25°E on light terrain (Fig. 4). The maximum excavation depth is ~ 1. 2 km. The main geological units are a central peak, a bright rim and floor, a continuous bright ejecta and discontinuous dark ejecta. NIMS confirms richness in water ice and smaller ice grains in colder water ice while low water ice abundance and larger ice grains in warmer dark ejecta. explain craters like Antum, the depth of excavation for dark ejecta should match the thickness of the top dark terrain material (Fig. 5a). In the Antum region, dark terrain thickness reaches ~1. 2 km. Conversely, for craters like Kittu (Fig. 5b) on light terrain, dark ejecta suggest that dark material is relatively thin and comes from a layer just beneath the surface, ~1. 2 km. Dark material reaching such depths could be attributed to tectonic rifting, necessitating mechanisms for material transport. These findings provide constraints for future assessments of light terrain formation processes and dark material transport mechanisms. Figure 1: The global distribution of BRCs (blue), DRCs (black), BDRCs (green), and DHCs (yellow) on Ganymede. Figure 2: Crater diameter vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific craters like Antum and Kittu, elaborating on their geological features and excavation depths. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the insights that impact craters on the Moon provide about the history of the solar system. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Semantic memory is involved in understanding the meanings of words and sentences. [SEP] Text: AbstractChanges to our everyday activities mean that adult language users need to learn new meanings for previously unambiguous words. For example, we need to learn that a “tweet” is not only the sound a bird makes, but also a short message on a social networking site. In these experiments, adult participants learned new fictional meanings for words with a single dominant meaning (e. g. , “ant”) by reading paragraphs that described these novel meanings. Explicit recall of these meanings was significantly better when there was a strong semantic relationship between the novel meaning and the existing meaning. This relatedness effect emerged after relatively brief exposure to the meanings (Experiment 1), but it persisted when training was extended across 7 days (Experiment 2) and when semantically demanding tasks were used during this extended training (Experiment 3). A lexical decision task was used to assess the impact of learning on online recognition. 3, participants responded more quickly to words whose new meaning was semantically related than to those with an unrelated meaning. This result is consistent with earlier studies showing an effect of meaning relatedness on lexical decision, and it indicates that these newly acquired meanings become integrated with participants’ preexisting knowledge about the meanings of words. Similar content being viewed by others Learning new meanings for known words: Perturbation of original meanings and retention of new meanings 18. 7, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 90. 3 p <. 001], more plausible [F 1(1, 20) = 91. 8, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 82. 9, p <. 001], and more clear [F 1(1, 20) = 26. 6, p <. 001; F 2(1, 34) = 47. 6, p <. 001] than the unrelated paragraphs. Table 2 Experiment 1: Results of the rating task (calculated across participants)Full size table Cued-recall testResponses were independently marked by two judges and were allocated one mark for each of the five properties that were correctly recalled. There was 85. 5 % agreement between the judges over the 792 responses, and discrepancies were resolved by discussion. In a small proportion of cases (n = 20, 2. 5 %) no clear resolution could be reached, and the average of the two marks was awarded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how adult language users learn new meanings for previously unambiguous words, which is a function of semantic memory. It explains that when participants learned new meanings, their recall improved when there was a semantic relationship with existing meanings, indicating that those meanings became integrated with their preexisting knowledge. This directly reflects the involvement of semantic memory in understanding the meanings of words and sentences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionConventional tree-ring analyses have focused on the annual growth ring with a primary aim of inter-annual-to-inter-decadal translation of growth-climate relations. Partitioning of annual rings into earlywood and latewood, in those species that show such differentiation, has been used in some studies to extract early- and late-season growth trends, though the attribution of those trends to more specific dates during the growing season has been impeded by lack of knowledge about the use of stored carbon and seasonal lags in the phases of xylogenesis. As a result, intra-annual dendrochronological perspectives have been considerably fewer in number than inter-annual perspectives, and when developed, they have been relatively coarse in their alignment to patterns of seasonal climate variation. Compared to ring width and density measurement, tree-ring isotope analysis used to be much more costly and time-consuming in 1990s, and the number of tree-ring isotope research has been limited. However, this situation has changed markedly over the past decade as sample preparation and analytical approaches have improved (see Chap. 7). In the last decade, the labor required for intra-annual analysis of tree-ring isotope ratio analysis has decreased, while the precision associated with these measures has increased (Kagawa et al. 2015, Chaps. 5 and 6). Analysis of intra-annual variations of tree-ring isotope ratio was first conducted by separating single annual rings into sub-sections by means of a knife or chisel under a microscope (Wilson and Grinstead 1977, Leavitt 1993; Kagawa et al. 2003) and isotope analysis of up to 0. 1 mm resolution became possible by manually subdividing α-cellulose lath under stereomicroscope, which is prepared directly from thin cross-section (Kagawa et al. 2015; Ohashi et al. 2016; Xu et al. 2016; Chap. 4). Higher spatial resolution is achieved by using a sliding microtome to cut serial tangential sections from wood blocks at thicknesses of 10–240 μm (Ogle and McCormac 1994; Walcroft et al. 1997; Helle and Schleser 2004). Robotic micromilling (Dodd et al. 2008) and UV-laser based dissection (Schollaen et al. 2014, Chap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advancements in tree-ring analysis, including tree-ring isotope analysis, which has improved in precision and has been applied to study environmental conditions. This indicates that tree rings can indeed be useful in examining past environmental disturbances, contrary to the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The impact craters on the Moon provide insights into the history of the solar system. [SEP] Text: excavation depth (km) for various crater types and terrains: a) craters located in light terrain, b) in dark terrain and c) at border between light and dark terrains. Figure 3: Dark ray crater (DRC) Antum: a) Voyager image, b) geologic map, c) NIMS derived BD map of the water ice absorption at 1. 5 µm and d) grain size of water ice as derived by the map of the water ice absorptions at 2 and 1. 5 µm after [6]. Figure 4: Dark ray crater (DRC) Kittu: a) High resolution Galileo observation, b) geologic map of Kittu crater, c) Voyager + Galileo mosaic, d) geologic map, e) NIMS derived BD map of the water ice absorption at 1. 5 µm and f) grain size of water ice as derived by the NIMS derived BDR map of the water ice absorptions at 2 and 1. 5 µm after [6]. Figure 5: Schematic illustration of the subsurface layers required to explain various ejecta pattern. In the left part is the transient cavity illustrated and how the different layers are involved in the ejecta curtain. The larger right side shows the ejecta blanket and the position of different ice layers of the target prior to impact. The shown scenarios are applicable to craters a) DRC Antum (on dark terrain) b) DRC Kittu (on light terrain). 2013. [2] Stephan, K. , et al. , Planetary and space science, 208, 105324, 2021. [3] Kersten, E. , et al. , EPSC2022-450, 2022 [4] Stephan, K. , et al. , ScSSI, abstr. 9060, 2008. [5] Hibbitts, C. A. , Icarus, 394, 115400, 2023. [6] Stephan, K. , Icarus, v. 337, p. 113440, 2020. [7] 0 19 504284 0, 245 pp, 1989. [8] Schenk, P. M. , Press, p. 427 – 456, 2004 How to cite: Baby, N. R. , Kenkmann, T. , Stephan, K. , Wagner, R. , and Hauber, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim about impact craters providing insights into the solar system's history. Instead, it discusses various scientific observations and data related to specific craters and their geological characteristics, without making any explicit connection to the broader implications for the history of the solar system.