Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: The model presented here can therefore be reinterpreted as a model for adaptive evolution of a single organism striving to better adjust its response T→ to the environment R→ it experiences. The model specifies how the genotype (patterns of pathway co-regulation) determines phenotype (the mapping R→↦T→), and the competitive fitness Fis an explicit function of both the genotype and the environment (Ribeck and Lenski, 2015). To conclude this section, let us compute the community fitness F of the single-species generalist community αG for the case Ri≡R. Applying the definition (6), and using Ti=nG=NR/χG one finds: F=1∑iRi(∑iRilnTiRi/χ0-nGχG)+1=lnNχ0χG=ln(1+fG)≈fG where fG is the individual performance (4) of organism σG, and the approximate equality holds because fG is of order ϵ, assumed small. In other words, for a single-species community, the community fitness coincides with the individual performance of that species, reinforcing the emergent parallel between a community and an individual that had evolved an internal division of labor. This interpretation is specific to the particular model explored here, but within this model, the metaphor is mathematically exact. Community cohesion as a generic consequence of ecological interactions Request a detailed protocol It is important to contrast the results of the previous section with the notion of 'fitness decoupling' in multi-level selection theory (MLS). In MLS, a higher level of organization is recognized when a group of cooperating organisms acquires interests that are distinct from the self-interest of its members (Okasha, 2008). Here, competition always remains entirely 'selfish'. In each instance of community competition assayed in Figure 4, whenever some species invaded a community, it was because its fitness in that particular environment was higher than the fitness of species already present. In contrast to fitness decoupling, which requires special circumstances to evolve, the community-level cohesion described in this work is a generic consequence of the fact that organisms modify their environment, and that fitness is context-dependent (Hay et al. , 2004; McGill et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the fitness of species within a community is context-dependent, meaning that not all species will benefit equally from gene editing. It emphasizes that the performance and competitive fitness of organisms are influenced by their specific genotype and the environment, suggesting that different crops may respond variably to gene editing based on these factors. This indicates that the assertion of equal benefit across crops is not supported in light of the details presented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Animals were housed in groups of 4 rats per cage and provided with rodent chow and water ad libitum. Animal care and handling was performed in conformance with approved protocols of the School of. For immunoblotting, 4 rats were decapitated rapidly after 1 minute of exposure to CO2 at dusk (ZT 11–13). The brains were quickly removed and cut into blocks containing the hypothalamus. Blocks were chilled on ice-cold artificial cerebrospinal fluid (a-CSF). One 400–500 mm thick coronal slice containing the SCN was prepared from each brain using a vibrating tissue slicer (). The slices were further reduced into punches that contain SCN tissue under a dissecting microscope (Olympus SZX12, Japan). The reduced hypothalamic slices were then homogenized using lysis buffer (10 mM Tris pH 7. 4, 150 mM sodium chloride, 10% glycerol, 1% Triton X-100, 1 mtablets [Roche, Mannheim, Germany], 1 mM sodium orthovanadate, 1. 5 mM EGTA and 10 mM sodium fluoride) for 20 minutes, then were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 14000 round per minute (rpm). The supernatant was then removed and stored at – 20ºC until used. For immunohistochemistry as well as immunofluorescence, rats were anesthetized at the desired circadian time (CT) with Solution (100 mg/kg) (), then fixed by cardiac perfusion using heparinized saline followed by 4% paraformaldehyde fixative. Brains were removed and kept in the fixative solution for at least one hour. Brains were then rinsed several times with PBS and kept at 4°C until used. 2. 2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) IHC was performed on free floating sections (70 µM) using standard avidin–biotin complex (ABC) methods as previously described [1]. Coronal brain sections were prepared using a vibratome () and incubated at 4°C in PBS in 24-well plates. Sections were washed several times with 0. 3% Triton X-100 in phosphate buffer saline (PBS-T) before treatment with 0. 3% H2O2/PBS for 30 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes experimental procedures involving rats and techniques like immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, without addressing the role of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms. There is no direct information or evidence related to the SCN functioning as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: We successfully deceive 52 from the group of 120 employees in our organization representing 44% of the sample, who followed the deceiving instructions and give away their actual credentials. The very surprising fact is 8 employees of the IT department and IT auditors are victims out of the 120 representing 7% of the sample. 44 employees from other departments out of 120-targeted victims representing 37% of the sample fell into the trap and give away their information without much hesitation. 28 employees are very cautious and given wrong information representing 23% of the sample and 40 employees choose not to respond at all after receiving the E-mail representing 33% of the sample. The experimental result shows that phishing is extremely dangerous to the whole society since almost half of the employees who responded were victimized. In particularly the very well educated and technically trained people from IT department and IT auditors are also among them. So increasing the awareness of all users who are using e-banking facility regarding this risk factor is highly recommended [25]. 2. 2 Case study: phone phishing experimentA group of around 50 employees in an organization were contacted by their female colleagues to lure them into giving away their personal e-banking accounts details such as user id and passwords through friendly conversations with an aim to deceiving them. The results were very surprising as many of the employees fell for the trick. After having friendly conversations for quite for some time with them, the assigned team able to seduce them into giving away their e-banking details such as user id and passwords for false reasons. Some of these lame reasons which were used in the conversations are to check the account integrity, their privileges and accessibility and connectivity issues with the Web server for maintenance purpose. The assigned team managed to deceive 16 out of the 50 employees used for testing purpose into giving away their complete e-banking information such as user id and password, which is about 32% of the sample. Another eight employees (16% of the sample) agreed to give their user name only. The remaining 52% of the sample (26 employees) were very vigilant and decided not to reveal any information over the phone. The summary of the testing results reveals the high risk of the social engineering security factor. The results prove that there is a urgent need to increase the awareness of customers not to fall victims of this kind of threat which can have devastating results [26]. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting specific instances of phishing where employees were deceived into providing their e-banking credentials. It emphasizes the prevalence of phishing as a significant cybersecurity threat to organization employees, which is relevant to the claim since phishing is explicitly mentioned as one of the threats in the banking sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: , 2006; McIntire and Fajardo, 2014; Ribeck and Lenski, 2015). The definition (4) corresponds to how we might experimentally measure fitness, by placing an organism in a 'typical' environment it is believed to experience. In the model described here, this typical environment is often an excellent approximation: for a community at equilibrium with equiabundant substrates Ri=R, the total community-wide expression of each pathway is roughly T≈R/χ0, the same for all i. Nevertheless, even small deviations may be sufficient to induce substantial reordering of the relative performance rank of different species, in which case the context-dependent component of fitness can become dominant. If this interpretation of the results of Figure 4 is correct, then reducing the degree to which environmental perturbations affect relative fitness of individuals should lead to a tighter link between community fitness and individual species’ performance. This prediction can be tested by increasing ϵ, the parameter that determines the width of the distribution of organism costs. For example, consider a community where the substrate A is disputed by only two organisms: A¯ and AB¯. Assume that fA_ > fAB_, so that when substrates A and B are equally abundant, the species A¯ displaces AB¯(the resource B is then consumed by some other species). Reducing the availability of substrate A can reverse this outcome (if A is absent, AB¯ can still survive, but not A¯). However, the larger the difference in intrinsic performance fA¯ and fAB¯, the more extreme such resource depletion would have to be. Therefore, increasing the intrinsic cost scatter ϵ will reduce the relative effect that changing environment has on fitness rank ordering. Figure 5 repeats the analysis of Figure 4A for ϵ=0. 1 (rather than ϵ=10-3 used previously). As predicted, the collective fitness is now strongly associated with the performance of individuals. In fact, this is already apparent in Figure 2B: as ϵ is increased, the median fitness rank of survivors at the final equilibrium begins to reduce. At high ϵ, it is increasingly true that high collective fitness is merely a reflection of high intrinsic performance of community members. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the performance and fitness of different species can vary significantly based on environmental factors and intrinsic characteristics. It suggests that deviations in performance can lead to shifts in the performance rank of species, implying that not all crops (or species) will benefit equally from gene editing due to their differing fitness responses and the context-dependent influence of the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Non-specific binding sites were blocked using 2% normal goat serum in PBS for 1 hour. After thorough rinsing with PBS-T for at least 15 minutes, sections were incubated for about 36 hours at 4ºC with MT1 or MT2 rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody serum in PBS (Inc. , WA) at 1:500 concentrations and washed 3 times with PBS-T for at least 10 minutes. Sections were then incubated with biotinylated goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:200; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 1 hour. After washing for 10 minutes with PBS-T, sections were incubated for 2 hours in ABC solution (1:100; Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA). The reaction product was visualized by incubating the sections with 3, 3’ diaminobenzidine (DAB) (Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, CA) for 4 to 5 minutes in PBS. Sections were then mounted on slides and covered with mounting media (5 ml PBS, 5 ml glycerol, 0. 1 g n-propylgalate) then covered with cover slips before visualization. Specimens were photographed using an Axioskop II microscope (Jena, Jena, Germany) equipped with 40x and 100x objectives. Negative controls were performed by omission of the primary antibody. Positive controls are described in the results. Images were obtained using a Spot RT digital camera (). Images were prepared using (Adobe Systems®, San Jose, CA). 2. 3. were performed under standard conditions with the same antibodies used for immunohistochemistry. A uniform amount of homogenized hypothalamus (25 µg) was loaded onto each lane of a 10% polyacrylamide gel (Biorad, Hercules, CA). The protein content was determined using a microplate reader and protein (BSA) standards (MPM, microplate reader, Biorad). The lanes were run at 100 V and 250 mA for 60 min. in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis running buffer. Proteins were then transferred from the gels to nitrocellulose sheets at 100 V and 100 mA for 60 min. in a transfer buffer containing Trizma base and glycine (Sigma, St. Louis, MO). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures involving immunohistochemistry and protein analysis without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms. There is no information provided that connects to the claim about the SCN acting as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: 3 Case study: business email compromise (BEC)The Nigeria-based Business E-mail Compromise (BEC) attack hit over 50 countries in 2017, targeting more than 500 businesses predominantly industrial organizations. The phishing scam directed the user to download a malicious file. When theses files were downloaded, malware would gain authorized access to their business data and networks [27]. 2. 4 Case study: shipping informationThe internet security company Comodo found a new type of phishing scam specifically to target small businesses in July 2018. E-mails containing phishing spam was sent out to more than 3,000 small businesses firms, mentioning on the subject line. The E-mail was to inform about approaching delivery by Service (UPS) and the user were asked to click on the delivery tracking link to get the delivery status. When the user clicked on the delivery tracking link it contained malware, potentially releasing a virus [27]. Advertisement 3. Proposed system architectureEven though there are several methods exists today to detect phishing but still it has become a very difficult task to detect fake E-mails in the current scenario. Today there are a number of techniques exist for identification of phishing E-mails and some of them are white listing, heuristics, blacklisting and machine learning. A machine learning technique is proposed in this 1. Shows the architectural model of the proposed work. 3. 1 The architectural modelThe architectural model presented in the 3. 2 Implementation and discussion on resultsEnron data set is used to test the model being proposed by the 2. Figure 2. This shows feature selection process after data preprocessing. As stated above in Figure 3, the 3. This figure show E-mails are classified using weka tool. (+ True Negative)/(+++False Negative)=TP+TNTP+TN+FP+: How often a model predicts a positive value is correct? It is all the true positives divided by the total number of predicted positive values. (True Positive/+ False Positive)=TPTP+: It used to calculate the models ability to predict positive values. How often does the model actually predict the correct positive values? It is true positives divided by the total number of actual positive values. (True Positive/+ False Negative)=TPTP+FNF-1 SCORE: F1 measure is used when we need to take both Precision and recall. F1=2××+4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing phishing attacks, specifically mentioning a case study on Business Email Compromise (BEC) that utilizes phishing scams to gain unauthorized access to business data. This aligns with the claim as phishing is explicitly cited as a cybersecurity threat. Additionally, while the text does not directly mention ransomware or identity theft, the focus on phishing contributes to understanding the broader category of cybersecurity threats in banking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All crops benefit equally from gene editing regardless of species. [SEP] Text: Thus, Figure 2B documents a transition between a largely individualistic regime (at large ϵ) and a regime where the genetically inhomogenous assembly of species increasingly acts 'as a whole', in the precise sense discussed in the previous section. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Cost scatter ϵ tunes the magnitude of community cohesion. Same as Figure 4A, for larger ϵ=0. 1. Increasing the scatter of intrinsic costs ϵ reduces the relative importance of environment in determining the performance ranking of species. As a result, collective fitness of a community and the mean individual performance of its members remain strongly coupled. Defining quadrants as in Figure 4A leaves the blue and red quadrants empty. work presented a theoretical framework where the analogy between a community harboring organisms at varying abundances, and an organism expressing genes at different levels, becomes an exact mathematical statement. A striking feature of this perspective is the blurred boundary between the notions of competition and genetic recombination (Shapiro et al. , 2012; Rosen et al. , 2015). Consider competition between organisms as an operation that takes two organisms and yields one: Competition: (𝒪1,𝒪2)↦𝒪*. Traditionally, the space of outcomes is binary: one competitor lives, one dies, and the propensity to survive competition is called fitness. When competition between communities of organisms is considered, this definition must inevitably be generalized to allow 𝒪* to be distinct from either of the original competitors. Such 'competitors', however, might be more aptly named 'parents'. In sexual reproduction, recombination allows a subset of the genes inherited from both parents to form progeny with potentially higher fitness; here, the competition between parent communities 𝒞α and 𝒞β allows a subset of their members to regroup into a daughter community 𝒞* with a higher collective fitness F. The parallel becomes especially clear if one imagines propagules of 𝒞α and 𝒞β co-colonizing a fresh environmental patch. Such member regrouping can be much more flexible than the rules of sexual recombination, but reduces to the latter in the particular case of communities with clearly demarcated functional guilds (e. g. , consider competition between two communities that each has one plant, one pollinator, one herbivore, one carnivore, etc. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing concepts of community cohesion and competition among species, suggesting that the benefits of interventions like gene editing may not be equal among different species. It highlights the complexities of species interactions and the varying fitness outcomes that arise from these dynamics, indicating that not all crops will respond similarly to gene editing due to their distinct ecological roles and interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The nitrocellulose sheets containing the transferred protein lanes were then cut into strips and were exposed to one of the primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. After thorough rinsing with 1% milk in PBS, the secondary antibody (anti-rabbit IgG linked to biotin, ), was added and the strips were incubated on a rocker for 1 h at room temperature. The protein strips were then rinsed again three times in 1% milk in PBS for 10 min. and twice in PBS for 10 min. They were then treated with (Pierce Biotechnology, Inc. , Rockford, IL) for 5 min. and exposed to a CL-XPosure blue x-ray film (Pierce Biotechnology) for 30 s. Immunoblots of hypothalamic tissue indicated that labeling for MT1 and MT2 receptor antibodies was restricted to a single band of molecular weight greater than 37 kDa for MT1 and less than 37 kDa for MT2 (Fig. 1), within the reported molecular weights of both receptors between 28 and 40 kDa [2, 28]. Fig. 1 Immunoblotting of rat hypothalamus (HT) with MT1 and MT2 receptors antibodies. A) Immunoblot of rat hypothalamic tissue with anti-MT1 antibody. B) Same as in A but with anti-MT2 antibody. 2. 4. Immunofluorescence (IF) IF was performed on free floating brain sections (70 µm) that were prepared as previously described. After rinsing several times with PBS, sections were incubated with block/permeablization solution (PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin, 0. 25% Triton-X100, and 5% normal goat serum) for 24 hours at 4ºC then rinsed with PBS for at least 10 minutes. Sections then were incubated with polyclonal MAP2 antibody (Abcam Inc. , ) at concentration of 1:100 overnight at 4ºC. Secondary antibody (Texas Red), (Abcam Inc. ) was applied, after washing three times with PBS, and sections were incubated overnight at 4ºC. Negative controls were performed by omission of the primary antibody, which resulted in complete loss of signal. Sections were mounted as previously mentioned but the mounting media contained 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses immunoblotting and immunofluorescence techniques involving brain sections, without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: ConclusionAt this modern era as more and more people use internet for their day to day activities so as hackers on the network to steal their vital data through various security attacks. The objective of this 1. P. Liu and T. S. Moh, “Spam E-mail Filtering,” 2016 on and Systems (CTS), Orlando, FL, 2242. N. Agrawal and S. Singh, “Origin (dynamic blacklisting) based spammer detection and spam mail filtering approach,” 2016 Conference on Processing, Data Mining, and (), Moscow, 1043. M. Khonji, Y. Iraqi, and A. Jones, “Phishing detection: a literature survey,” 2013 & Tutorials, vol. 15, no. 4, 1214. R. Islam and J. Abawajy, “A multi-tier phishing detection and filtering approach,” Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 2013 vol. 36, no. 1, 3355. A. K. Jain and B. B. Gupta, “Comparative analysis of features based machine learning approaches for phishing detection,” in Proceedings of the 10th INDIA-20166. Kaspersky Lab, “Spam in January 2012 love, politics and sport,” 2013, B. Parmar, “Protecting against spear-phishing,” & Security, 2012 vol. 2012, no. 1, 118. W. Jingguo, T. Herath, C. Rui, A. Vishwanath, and H. R. Rao, “Phishing susceptibility: an investigation into the processing of a targeted spear phishing e-mail,” 2012 IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, vol. 55, no. 4, 3629. T. N. Jagatic, N. A. Johnson, M. Jakobsson, and F. Menczer, “Social phishing,” Communications of the 2007 ACM, vol. 50, no. 10, 0010. C. H. Hsu, P. Wang, and S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the rise of security threats stemming from increased internet usage, specifically mentioning various security attacks aimed at stealing vital data. While it doesn't explicitly mention ransomware or identity theft, it strongly supports the claim by extensively discussing phishing attacks, which are a recognized cybersecurity threat in banking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various skills gaps and shortages in the renewable energy (RE) sector but does not provide direct evidence regarding the number of jobs created globally by these sectors. Instead, it talks about the demand for skills, the early stages of development of certain RE technologies, and the shortage of qualified professionals. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; rather, it is irrelevant to the assertion about job creation in renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Average MT1 receptor density in the SCN was significantly increased (indicated by low pixel values) at dusk compared to dawn (p < 0. 05) and mid-night (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 4). The average density of MT1 receptor label was higher at dusk than at midday; however this increase was statistically insignificant. On the other hand, MT1 receptor density compared to dawn and both midday and midnight was statistically insignificant, although the label was greater at dawn compared to these two circadian times. Fig. 4 Circadian rhythm of MT1 receptors density in the SCN. Normalized pixel density is plotted at different CTs. * and ** indicates that p value is less than 0. 5 and less than 0. 01 respectively, ns statistically insignificant. At midday (ZT 5–7) and dusk (ZT 11–13), label for MT1 extended into the optic chiasm apparently in dendritic processes. This identification was confirmed using antibody against MAP2 the dendrite marker [8]. This label probably originated from previously unobserved cell bodies in the optic chiasm that send dendritic processes into the SCN (Fig. 5). Fig. 5 MAP2 staining in the SCN and optic chiasm. A) Labeling of the dendrites within the SCN is shown with red color. The arrow points to a neuron within the optic chiasm. B) An overlay of both DAPI labeling the nuclei (blue) and MAP2 labeling the dendrites (Red). C) Same as in B but in a different section; notice a more distant neuron within the SCN (arrows). 3V indicates the third ventricle. OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 20 µm. No clear labeling for MT2 receptors was observed in the SCN at the same antibody concentration that was used for MT1 was detected at (1:500). When the concentration of the antibody was increased to 1:100, only minimal labeling was detected in the SCN (Fig. 6). On the other hand, at 1:100 concentration clear MT2 labeling was detected in the paraventricular nucleus (Fig. 7) as well as in the retina (data not shown). Fig. 6 MT2 receptors immunostaining in the SCN. 3V indicates the third ventricle, OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 80 µm. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the density of MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN and their behavior during different circadian times. While it provides some information related to the SCN's functions, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim that the SCN regulates circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cybersecurity threats in banking include phishing, ransomware, and identity theft. [SEP] Text: Pu, “Identify fixed-path phishing attack by STC,” in Proceedings of the 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse and (CEAS ‘11), 2011, 7511. N. A. G. Arachchilage and M. Cole, “Designing a mobile game for home computer users to protect against phishing attacks,” Rosiello, A. , Kirda, E. , Ferrandif F. , et al. “A layoutsimilarity-based approach for detecting phishing pages”, In the Proceedings of third on Security and Privacy in (Secure-Comm), 2007 IEEE, 6313. “for Retrieval”, in the proceedings of 9th on Robotic, Vision, 2017, 3914. “A for E-commerce in HCI in Business”, Government, and Organizations: eCommerce and Innovation, Publishing, 201615. “A semi-supervised learning approach for detection of phishing webpages,” 2013 Optik-for Light and Electron Optics, vol. 124, Issue 23, December 201316. Wenyin, L. , Huang, G. , Xiaoyue, L. , Min, Z. , and Deng, X. “Detection of phishing web pages based on visual similarity”, In the Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference on Web (WWW), 2005 ACM, 6117. Whalent,T. , and Inkpen N, K. M, “Gathering evidence: use of visual security cues in web browsers”, In the Proceedings of 2005 Graphics Inter- face (GI), Canadian Human-Society, 4418. Rsa sitekey solution for enterprise. 2007. Bank of america, sign up for the sitekey service. Dhamija, R. ,and Tygar, J, “The battle against phishing: Dynamic security skins”, In the Proceedings of the Symposium on and Security (SOUPS), ACM 2005, 8820. Parno, B. , Kuo, C. , and Perrig A. , “Phoolproof phishing prevention”, In the Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Springer-Verlag 2006, 1921. Kirda, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim regarding cybersecurity threats by mentioning phishing multiple times, paired with references to various studies that involve phishing detection and prevention methods. However, it does not explicitly mention ransomware or identity theft, making it primarily supportive of the claim about phishing as a cybersecurity threat in banking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: This is a major limitation to understanding the scale of net employment. Broader macroeconomic studies are required. Comparability of direct, formal, direct, informal, and productive use jobs: Informa and productive use jobs are difficult to job aggregate. Due to lack of data about the nature and time involved in work, direct, informal and productive use jobs are not readily translated into FTE terms and therefore cannot be compared in scale to direct, formal jobs. Further study is required. Wages and compensation: Many companies chose not to answer survey questions on wage, or only reported male wages. In addition, the survey was directed towards DRE company leadership or human resource employees whose response to compensation policy may be more conservative. Employee oriented surveys and deeper analysis are required for stronger conclusions. Comparability of wages between direct, formal and direct, informal employment: In the survey, companies reported the earnings received by informal workers for an average month of engagement with their company. This does not provide a full picture of an informal worker’s total monthly income across various income streams. It also is not informed by the number of hours or days that an informal worker is engaged with said company. It is therefore difficult to compare levels of compensation between formal and informal workers according to survey data. Indirect job estimates: Due to the limited number of upstream and sector service providers that responded to the survey, and the limited quantitative data in the literature, indirect jobs cannot be readily estimated. It is also difficult to attribute employment in these sectors directly to DRE companies. Further research into in-country and external supply chains is required. Induced job estimates: Induced jobs are not included in the study scope. Future iterations of the study may leverage ongoing work from other research organizations building macroeconomic analysis tools for our target countries. Productive use job estimates: Companies responding to the survey had very little confidence in productive use job estimates from their products or services. Standard measurement and evaluation frameworks are required for the sector. Productive use job estimates for SHS and mini-grids are derived from the literature and expert opinion solicited in focus groups. These estimates are thus incomplete, may be biased toward early adopter behavior, and do not considering productive use jobs from C&I, solar water pumping, or other DRE technologies. Furthermore, productive use employment factors from the literature are often anecdotal or based on limited study not involving randomized controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the potential of renewable energy to provide alternative employment as fossil fuel jobs decline. Instead, it discusses the limitations in understanding job scales, comparability of various employment types, and the need for broader studies and data collection in the context of direct and informal jobs. The mention of necessary further research indicates that the text is focused on methodological challenges rather than providing supportive or contrasting evidence regarding alternative employment provided by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a possibility that our sectioning process displaced these neurons, but this possibility seems remote due to the consistency of our observation. However, further studies are needed to confirm this finding. By contrast, MT2 receptors were not detected in this study. There is a possibility that the level of MT2 receptors in the SCN is not sufficient to be detected by this method at any time. This is more likely to be the case, as we were able to detect a very good signal with the MT2 antibody in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) (Fig. 7) as well as in the western blots. This is also in agreement with mRNA data from Poirel et al. [18], who could not detect MT2 mRNA in SCN. However, we did not attempt to assess the daily pattern of changes in the PVN, which remains as a new venue to be explored. The results suggest that melatonin action in the SCN could be attributed to MT1 receptors with a minimal role for MT2. This is in agreement with Weaver et al. [27], who found that MT2 receptors were not necessary to mediate either seasonal reproductive or circadian responses to melatonin. Meanwhile our results do not support other pharmacological studies that suggested that melatonin actions in the SCN were mediated via MT2 receptors [3, 7]. However these studies relied on the use of two antagonists (luzindole and 4P-PDOT) that are not absolutely selective and may actually act as partial agonists for melatonin [2, 16]. We have also found that these putative antagonists mimic some of melatonin electrophysiological effects in the SCN (29). In conclusion, melatonin receptor MT1 synthesis exhibited daily rhythmicity peaking at dusk and dawn, which would allow for melatonin to exert its action on the SCN at these specific windows of time. Figure 8 summarizes the possible input and output pathways of the SCN and the potential role of melatonin receptors. Further investigation is needed to confirm whether or not a functional MT2 receptor exists in the SCN and whether or not it exhibits circadian variation throughout the day. Fig. 8 The possible feedback of melatonin on the SCN. RHT is the retinohypothalamic tract, GHT is the geniculohypothalamic tract, PVN is the paraventricular nucleus, and SCG is the superior cervical ganglia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence and role of melatonin receptors, particularly MT1 and MT2, in the SCN and other brain regions. While it mentions the SCN, it does not directly support or refute the claim about the SCN acting as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on receptor levels and the need for further studies regarding melatonin's effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism focuses on minimizing environmental impact and supporting conservation. [SEP] Text: 2 million award-winning visitor centre as one part of a strategic master plan to better protect the penguins and their environment. Relocating the site of the visitor centre meant that significant penguin habitat was restored and the modern building was designed to be environmentally sustainable and manage visitor numbers, which reached 4500 nightly pre-pandemic. PINP is the most popular wildlife tourist destination in the state of Victoria, drawing 740,000 visitors in 2018 (Rodell 2019). PINP engages in a number of protective and conservation measures through research, education programs, habitat restoration and management, wildlife rehabilitation and predator control programs. Operations are sustained by visitation and further funding is attracted through the Penguin Foundation, which allows people to donate or symbolically adopt a wild animal on Phillip Island. These programs and conservation initiatives gain added visibility through tourism and faced unprecedented challenges due to COVID-19 as PINP was entirely self-funded though their visitor programs, tourism experiences and donations. Tourism related businesses were forced to close during the Victorian lockdowns. Located outside the boundaries of metropolitan Melbourne, PINP was able to reopen when restrictions eased in regional Victoria, yet significant challenges remained. Unlike some other destinations that turned to domestic tourism, PINP has faced challenges with state borders closed and Melbourne’s 5 million residents in lockdown, in effect limiting the market for the most part to regional Victoria since the start of the pandemic. As one of Victoria’s key tourism destinations, was identified as being dependent on tourism (Austrade 2020) and significantly affected by the lack of visitors caused by the pandemic. Recent studies have addressed the pandemic’s implications for wildlife tourism, noting that the drastic decline in visitation and revenue has led to either a severe reduction or total halt in conservation efforts (Kideghesho et al. 2021; Newsome 2020). 5 Findings and discussionThe research findings are presented with the triangulated sources of primary data from the interview, online survey and social media data integrated with a discussion of how it relates to the existing literature, as is common practice in qualitative research (Jones et al. 2013) to form a rich and cohesively narrated findings section. The conceptualisation of TV coincided with the first lockdown in Victoria from mid-March to the end of May 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how the Phillip Island Nature Parks (PINP) engages in various conservation initiatives such as habitat restoration, wildlife rehabilitation, and education programs aimed at protecting the environment. The environmentally sustainable design of the visitor centre and its relocation to restore penguin habitat illustrate a commitment to minimizing environmental impact while supporting conservation efforts, which aligns directly with the principles of eco-tourism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: (Emirates): Energy Agency; 2019. View 68. Baruah B. Renewable inequity? Women’s employment in clean energy in industrialized, emerging and developing economies. Forum. 2016;41(1):18-29. View 69. Winning the fight for female talent: How to gain the diversity edge through inclusive recruitment. London (UK): PwC; 2017. View 70. Mini-Needs Assessment: for Developers. Goslar (Germany): Energy4Impact, Inensus; 2018. View 71. Decentralized Renewables: to Progress. (US): Power for All; 2017. View 72. Khan S. Data. Interview. 2019 Mar 12. View 73. Powering Opportunity: the of Off-Grid Solar. Utrecht (Netherlands): GOGLA; 2018. View 74. India and Mlinda Foundation. Interview. 2019 Jun 15. View 75. Hartung H, Pluschke L. and Risks of Irrigation. Rome (Italy): Food and Agriculture Organization; 2018. View 0001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the relationship between declining fossil fuel jobs and alternative employment in renewable energy. It primarily consists of references and titles related to various publications without offering substantial information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Plus sign (+) indicates stimulation while negative sign (-) indicates inhibition. This is the first demonstration of the daily pattern of melatonin receptor protein expression using the immunohistochemical approach. This is a step forward towards understanding of the role of melatonin in the regulation of the circadian clock, which can facilitate the therapeutic use of this hormone in jet lag and other sleep disorders. 10. 1038/85480 Dubocovich, M. L. , Rivera-Bermudez, M. A. , Gerdin, M. J. and Masana, M. I. (2003). Molecular pharmacology, regulation and function of mammalian melatonin receptors 8: d1093–1108, DOI: Dubocovich, M. L. , Yun, K. , Al-Ghoul, W. M. , Benloucif, S. and Masana, M. I. (1998). Selective MT2 melatonin receptor antagonists block melatonin-mediated phase advances of circadian rhythms 12: 1211–20. Ganguly, S. , Coon, S. L. and Klein, D. C. (2002). Control of melatonin synthesis in the mammalian pineal gland: the critical role of serotonin acetylation Res 309: 127–37, DOI: Gillette, M. U. and McArthur, A. J. (1996). Circadian actions of melatonin at the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 73: 135–9, DOI: Gillette, M. U. and Tischkau, S. A. (1999). Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the brain’s circadian clock 54: 33–58. discussion 58–9. Hunt, A. E. , Al-Ghoul, W. M. , Gillette, M. U. and Dubocovich, M. L. (2001). Activation of MT(2) melatonin receptors in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus phase advances the circadian clock Physiol 280: C110–8. Kuboyama, T. , Tohda, C. and Komatsu, K. (2005). Neuritic regeneration and synaptic reconstruction induced by withanolide : Liu, C. , Weaver, D. R. , Jin, X. , and Reppert, S. M. (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of melatonin receptor expression and its potential therapeutic use in regulating circadian rhythms, but it does not specifically address or provide evidence regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism focuses on minimizing environmental impact and supporting conservation. [SEP] Text: Can’t wait to see Penelope, my adopted penguin, I’m sure she’s coming in tonight next raft (YouTube user). This kept me and my daughter so captivated and happy and I adopted a penguin for her from you (Survey respondent, UK, female, age not disclosed, watched daily). Thank you to everyone in front of and behind the scenes who made this all possible and who work so hard for conservation and the protection of not only the Little Penguins, but so many wonderful creatures … I will continue to share what I've learned and hope to inspire others to live as sustainably as possible. am able to, I will adopt a penguin; I might already have a name picked out (Facebook user). Survey respondents indicated that planned visitation to destinations and PINP’s attractions would be relatively spread out over the next five years. While some Australian state border restrictions had eased in December 2020 when the data was collected, the recency and media reports of more COVID-19 cases may have led to some hesitancy to travel within the next month. 6 ConclusionThis paper has investigated an innovative campaign designed and implemented by a nature-based wildlife tourism operator as a response to the COVID-19 lockdowns and travel restrictions of 2020/21. TV received global media coverage and viewership numbers in the millions and succeeded in keeping PINP relevant and ‘top of mind’ in the marketplace and in the eyes of the state government, which was critical to maintain funding for conservation activities. Pre-pandemic, PINP had strong international visitation with significant markets in China and India. At the time of writing, international travel has yet to recover in Australia and this lack of tourism income presents a major threat to conservation initiatives that are dependent on tourists’ spending. Analysis of the data reveals that TV positively influenced travel motivation and actual visitation, supporting the argument that viewers are more likely to visit places they had viewed through webcams (Jarratt 2020b). The findings suggest that PINP’s approach to webcam travel experiences can contribute to the post-COVID tourism recovery for through engaging online audiences to promote increased visitation from both domestic and international travellers. This study also shows that interactive webcam viewers actions can help to protect wildlife and their habitats through increased donations and visitation, the funds from which are directly invested into conservation work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how a nature-based wildlife tourism operator has implemented innovative campaigns that maintain funding for conservation activities. It highlights the importance of tourism income for conservation initiatives, indicating that increased visitation supports wildlife and habitat protection through donations. The mention of engagement through webcam travel experiences further underscores the relationship between eco-tourism, visitor interaction, and conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: Just as coal and steam had taken away jobs from low-output, rural handicraft workers two centuries earlier, oil and diesel made coal workers redundant, their labor-intensive output no longer required. The transition would engulf Britain, pitting the power of technology and capital against long-standing working communities, emboldening the prime minister of the day and the trade-union leader Arthur Scargill, who battled over ongoing pit closures. Coal mining was dying in the very place it had begun as Ewan MacColl sang in “Come all ye Gallant Colliers” (sung to the tune of Morrissey and the Russian Sailor):Come all ye gallant colliers and listen to me taleHow they closed the in Aberdale, South WalesIt was in 1842 that coal there was first wonShe’s yielded 40 million tons but now her days are done By contrast, coal remained a thriving industry in the – even into the twenty-first century, the lust for abundant, cheap energy unabated. Prior to 1812, the USA imported most of its coal from Britain, but after the War of 1812 deposits were mined in the plentiful seams of the Appalachian Mountains, comprising parts of six eastern states (Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). After the Civil War, coal production grew rapidly – almost 10-fold in 30 years – especially needed for steam engines on trains as coal replaced wood toward the end of the nineteenth century. States grew rapidly, building more energy-intensive infrastructure to secure its vast, ever-expanding borders. As in Britain, coal brought many health and safety problems, as well as conflicts between workers and owners. From 1877 to 1879, labor unrest in Pennsylvania led to the hanging of 20 supposed saboteurs known as the Molly Maguires, who sought better conditions and basic workers’ rights. In 1920, after attempting to organize as part of the Workers of America (UMWA) union in the company coal town of Matewan, West Virginia, miners were repeatedly manhandled by private guards leading to a shoot-out on the main street and 10 deaths. With an abundant and inexpensive resource, dug out of remote mountainous regions, lawlessness prevailed; even the wives of injured miners were forced into prostitution to cover their husbands’ down time. 54 Disputes continued well into the twentieth century as profits were valued above health, safety, and security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical transitions within the coal and fossil fuel industries, highlighting the negative consequences for workers and communities without mentioning any training programs aimed at assisting workers in transitioning to renewable energy. Instead, it focuses on labor unrest and conflicts between workers and owners, suggesting that the transition led to challenges rather than supportive programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , Masson-Pevet, M. , Pevet, P. and Gauer, F. (2002). MT1 melatonin receptor mRNA expression exhibits a circadian variation in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei 946: 64–71, DOI: Redman, J. , Armstrong, S. and Ng, K. T. (1983). Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin Science 219: 1089–91, DOI: Reiter, R. J. (1991). Melatonin: the chemical expression of darkness Endocrinol 79: C153–8, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (1995). Melatonin madness Cell 83: 1059–62, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–76, DOI: Reppert, S. M. , Weaver, D. R. and Ebisawa, T. (1994). Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses Neuron 13: 1177–85, DOI: Slotten, H. A. , Pitrosky, B. and Pevet, P. (1999). Influence of the mode of daily melatonin administration on entrainment of rat circadian rhythms J 14: 347–53, DOI: Stehle, J. H. , von Gall, C. and Korf, H. W. (2002). Organisation of the circadian system in melatonin-proficient C3H and melatonin-deficient C57BL mice: a comparative investigation Res 309: 173–82, DOI: Sugden, D. , McArthur, A. J. , Ajpru, S. , Duniec, K. and Piggins, H. D. (1999). Expression of mt(1) melatonin receptor subtype mRNA in the entrained rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a quantitative RT-PCR study across the diurnal cycle Res 72: 176–82, DOI: Weaver, D. R. , Liu, C. and Reppert, S. M. (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock for circadian rhythms. It primarily lists various studies related to melatonin receptors and their expression in circadian rhythms, without explicitly confirming or contrasting the role of the SCN. Therefore, this text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Protected areas—national parks, wilderness areas, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—are a mainstay of biodiversity conservation, while also contributing to people’s livelihoods, particularly at the local level. Protected areas provide us food, clean water supply, medicines, and protection from the impacts of natural disasters and are at the core of efforts involving actors, institutions, strategies, and policies towards conserving nature. It has been estimated that the global network of protected areas stores at least 15% of terrestrial carbon; thereby, their role in helping mitigate and adapt to climate change is also increasingly acknowledged [1]. 2. 3 IUCN protected area categories system2. 3. 1 Protected area categoriesProtected areas are classified according to their management objectives set out in the IUCN protected area management categories. The categories set forth a multitude of management strategies aimed at protecting areas, are recognised by international bodies such as the and by many national governments as the global standard, and as such are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation [11] (Table 1). Category Ia: ReserveCategory Ib: Wilderness AreaCategory Ia: Strict nature reserveProtected areas that are strictly set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring. Category Ib: Wilderness areaProtected areas that are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. Category II: National ParkLarge natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. Category III: or FeatureProtected areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. Category IV: Habitat/AreaProtected areas aiming to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing national parks as one of the categories of protected areas, stating that they are set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes as well as provide recreational and educational opportunities for visitors. This aligns with the idea that eco-tourism destinations frequently encompass protected areas such as national parks, and emphasizes the role of these areas in biodiversity conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: Prior to I, Britain had astoundingly supplied two-thirds of the world’s coal, but unregulated profits, lowered living standards, and blind loyalty to a national cause was unsustainable. Today, China generates more than half and India and the about 10% each, burning roughly three-quarters of an 8. 5 billion ton annual production (Table 1. 2). Coal is available in vast quantities with deposits in over 75 countries with enough reserves to last 100 years at current rates, generating electricity from over 6,000 units worldwide. Despite what may appear to be the dying days of coal, the original fuel still accounts for almost 40% of globally produced electric power. What’s more, even if the percentage of coal power were to decrease from 40% to 25% in the next two decades as has been called for to limit global warming to under 1. 5°C, more coal will still be burnt if production increases as predicted by 2% per year. 58 Coal is also burned to produce the high temperatures to smelt steel, make cement, and produce coal-to-liquid fuel. Any proposed “phase down” let alone “phase out” won’t happen easily or without a fight. ***Table 1. 2 Global coal-fired power plants by country: number, power, CO2 emissions, 2022 (*>30 MW) #CountryNumber*Power (GW)%CO2 (Gtons/year)%1China1,1181,07452. 04. 749. 72India28523311. 31. 011. 13United States22521810. 51. 111. 34Japan92512. 40. 22. 55South Africa19442. 10. 22. 26Indonesia87412. 00. 22. 07Russia71401. 90. 22. 38South Korea23381. 80. 21. 79Germany63381. 80. 21. 910Poland44301. 50. 21. 7Rest of world26126112. 61. 33. 6Total2,4392,067100. 09. 4100. 0Source: “Summary Tables: By Country,” 2022. are five coal types, generally ranked by age, based on the percentage of carbon and thus energy content or “calorific value. ” From lowest to highest rank: peat, lignite (a. k. a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on the continued dominance of coal in global energy production and the challenges posed by transitioning from fossil fuels. It highlights that coal accounts for almost 40% of globally produced electric power and discusses the difficulties of 'phase down' or 'phase out' coal usage, suggesting that such a transition will not happen easily or without significant resistance. This indicates that training programs alone may not be sufficient to facilitate the transition from fossil fuels to renewables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Journal of Impact Factor: 2. 9 5-Factor: 3. 5 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentJournal of Biological RhythmsCreate email alert Free accessLetterFirst published online February 27, 2015of Active GSK3 in the Suprachiasmatic NucleusRachel C. Besing, Jodi R. Paul, […], Lauren M. Hablitz, Courtney O. Rogers, Russell L. Johnson, Martin E. Young, and Karen L. Gamble [email protected]+4-4View all authors and affiliations, Issue 2 Furthermore, chronic pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 with 20 µM CHIR-99021 enhanced the amplitude and shortened the period of PER2::luciferase rhythms in organotypic SCN slice cultures. These results support the model that GSK3 activity status is regulated by the circadian clock and that GSK3 feeds back to regulate the molecular clock amplitude in the SCN. At the cellular level, 24-h timing is maintained by transcriptional-translational feedback loops resulting in rhythmic expression of core “clock genes,” in which the activators (CLOCK and BMAL1) are expressed in antiphase to the suppressors (PERs and CRYs; Partch et al. , 2014, for review). A secondary feedback loop consists of CLOCK-BMAL1 activation of a nuclear orphan receptor REV-ERBα, which feeds back to transcriptionally repress Bmal1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses specific research findings related to GSK3 regulation within the SCN and molecular mechanisms of circadian rhythms. While it mentions the SCN and circadian rhythms, it does not confirm or deny the claim, making it irrelevant to the assertion about the SCN's role as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: The interrelated objectives outlined are “to manage the area in order to perpetuate, in as natural a state as possible, representative examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources and unimpaired natural processes; to maintain viable and ecologically functional populations and assemblages of native species at densities sufficient to conserve ecosystem integrity and resilience in the long term; to contribute in particular to conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes and migration routes; to manage visitor use for inspirational, educational, cultural and recreational purposes at a level which will not cause significant biological or ecological degradation to the natural resources; to take into account the needs of indigenous people and local communities, including subsistence resource use, in so far as these will not adversely affect the primary management objective; and, to contribute to local economies through tourism” [11]. (WPC) is the world’s premier global forum for setting the agenda for protected areas and takes place approximately once every 10 years. Since its first staging in 1962 in previous IUCN Congresses have had a significant impact in assisting national governments to create new protected areas and directing more resources towards biodiversity conservation [13] (Table 2). 11962—on (Seattle, USA, 30 June–7 July 1962) aimed to establish a more efficient international understanding of national parks and to encourage further development of the national park movement worldwide. It set definitions and standards for representative systems of protected areas leading to the elaboration of the UN List of later renamed UN List of Protected Areas. 21972—Yellowstone/on (Yellowstone, USA, 18–27 September 1972) focused on the effects of tourism on PAs; park planning and management; and social, scientific and environmental problems within national parks in wet tropical, arid and mountain regions. It also contributed to the genesis of the and the on Wetlands of International Importance. 31982—(Bali, Indonesia, 11–22 October 1982) focused on the role of PAs in sustaining society, and recognized 10 major areas of concern, including the inadequacy of the existing global network of terrestrial PAs and the need for: more marine, coastal and freshwater PAs; improved ecological and managerial quality of existing PAs; a system of consistent PA categories to balance conservation and development needs; and links with sustainable development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the management objectives of protected areas, such as national parks, and emphasizing their role in ecological conservation and tourism. It describes how protected areas aim to maintain ecological integrity while catering to visitor use for recreational purposes, which aligns with the concept of eco-tourism. Additionally, it highlights that the first IUCN Congress focused on establishing understandings and standards for protected areas, further linking the importance of protected areas like national parks to eco-tourism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: Washing coal before combustion helps reduce toxic emissions in older, dirtier ranked coal, while precipitators can be installed to filter fly ash after burning. 86 New carbon storage methods are also being sought to dispose of emissions, such as burying high-pressure carbon dioxide thousands of feet underground in disused oil and gas reservoirs. In a typical coal plant, carbon dioxide accounts for roughly 15% of the exhaust gas, but capturing the outflow is prohibitively expensive and is more about extending outdated systems than improving bad air (as we will see later). But despite the improvements and PR about “clean coal” or “carbon capture,” the pollutants are still the same, the amount depending on the elemental makeup of the coal type. Coal is not pure carbon, but is mostly carbon (70–95%) along with hydrogen (2–6%) and oxygen (2–20%), plus various levels of sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, other metals, and moisture, as well as an inorganic, incombustible mineral part left behind as ash that is full of rare-earth elements (REEs), especially in lignite. The particulate-matter emissions include numerous pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and various hydrocarbons, some of which are carcinogenic. According to the Physicians for Social Responsibility, coal contributes to four of the five top causes of US deaths: heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Ill effects include asthma, lung disease, lung cancer, arterial occlusion, infarct formation, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, stroke, and diminished intellectual capacity, while “between 317,000 and 631,000 children are born in the US each year with blood mercury levels high enough to reduce IQ scores and cause lifelong loss of intelligence. ”87The higher the sulfur content, the more sulfur dioxide, perhaps the nastiest coal-burning by-product, which creates acid rain (the sulfur reacts with oxygen during burning and is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere). Sulfur content varies by coal rank, but bituminous coal has as much as nine times more sulfur than sub-bituminous coal, creating more health problems in the eastern United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the negative implications of coal use and the measures currently in place to make traditional fossil fuel systems less harmful. It discusses the inadequacies of carbon capture technologies and how improvements in coal-burning technology are aimed at prolonging the use of outdated systems rather than facilitating a transition to renewable energy sources. The mention of coal's harmful emissions and public health impacts suggests an ongoing reliance on fossil fuels instead of a shift towards renewable alternatives, which does not support the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The length of the molecular clock cycle can be regulated by posttranslational events, including phosphorylation by kinases such as casein kinase I enzymes (Partch et al. , 2014). We know much less about how other kinases, such as glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), regulate the period and/or amplitude of the molecular clock, especially in neurons of the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Given that dysregulated GSK3 signaling has been implicated in psychiatric and neurological disorders (Hooper et al. , 2008; Li and Jope, 2010; Duncan and Zee, 2013), and many therapeutic drugs target GSK3 (e. g. , lithium, valproate, risperidone, etc. ; Li and Jope, 2010), important questions to address are how GSK3 activity varies over the course of the day and how the molecular clock is affected by these rhythms. A key feature of GSK3 is that it is active in its default state and that its 2 isoforms are inactivated by phosphorylation (at Ser-21 for GSK3α [S21-GSK3α] and Ser-9 for GSK3β [S9-GSK3β]). This critically important phosphorylation state balance of S9-GSK3β changes across the light-dark cycle in the SCN (Iwahana et al. , 2004; Iitaka et al. , 2005). In some brain regions, the 2 distinct GSK3 isoforms can have functional differences, such as differences in substrate recognition, axonal growth, regulation of synaptic plasticity, and formation of senile plaques in an Alzheimer mouse model (Castaño et al. , 2010; Soutar et al. , 2010; Hurtado et al. , 2012; Shahab et al. , 2014). Therefore, it is important to determine whether phosphorylation of S21-GSKα also varies across the subjective day-night cycle in the SCN. Because rhythmic phosphorylation of S9-GSK3β is dependent on the molecular clock in peripheral tissues such as the heart (Durgan and Young, 2010), we hypothesized that rhythmic phosphorylation of GSK3α and GSK3β persists in constant darkness in the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) in the central circadian pacemaker, specifically in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and mentions how its activity varies with the circadian rhythms. However, it does not directly support or contradict the claim that the SCN is the master clock. Instead, it focuses on the biochemical mechanisms that may influence the SCN's function without asserting a definitive relationship to the master clock role of the SCN itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: 41992—on : “Parks for Life” (Caracas, Venezuela, 10–21 February 1992) emphasized the relationship between people and PAs, and the need for, inter alia, the identification of sites of importance for biodiversity conservation, and a regional approach to land management. synthesised the strategic actions for PAs over the decade 1992–2002 and provided a global framework for collective action. aimed to extend the PA network to cover at least 10% of each major biome by 2000. 52003—(Durban, South Africa, 8–17 September 2003) held under the patronage of of Jordan, the 2003 helped develop a new paradigm for protected areas, defining and advancing the roles of governance, sustainable finance, capacity development, social equity and benefit sharing, leading to the Plan and Durban Accord, both of which informed the Convention on Biological Diversity’s successful Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Other outcomes included: the UN List and State of the World’s Protected Areas, a global report on the world’s PAs; a (PALNet), a web-based knowledge management tool for PA managers and stakeholders; deliverables on Africa’s PAs, including a recommendation on regional PAs and the on Areas for the New Millennium; and a Handbook on Areas in the 21st Century, collating case studies, models and lessons learned during the Congress to constitute the “User Manual” for the Durban Accord. 62014—2014 (Sydney, Australia, 12–19 November 2014) focused on “Parks, people, planet: inspiring solutions. ” During the 8 days of plenary and workshop sessions, side events and field trips, participants addressed ways to: reach conservation goals; respond to climate change; improve health and well-being; support human life; reconcile different development challenges; enhance diversity and quality of governance; respect indigenous and traditional knowledge culture; and inspire a new generation to prioritize conservation. Table 2. (WPC) has been convened six times at 10-year intervals since 1962. Source: various parties, that is policymakers, practitioners, CEOs, activists, and indigenous leaders, considered strategic issues related to PAs, conservation, and sustainable development in a series of seven moderated public debates, termed “World Leaders’ Dialogues”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various global meetings and strategies focused on protected areas (PAs), emphasizing their importance for biodiversity conservation. The mention of efforts to extend the PA network and the outcomes from these gatherings aligns with the notion that eco-tourism destinations typically include areas specifically designated for conservation, such as national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: 116 The world’s largest all-biomass power plant was the UK’s Ironbridge station in the near Birmingham, a 740-MW converted coal-power plant that burnt over one million tons of wood pellets a year, followed by the 450-MW Lynemouth plant in Northumberland, another coal-conversion in the heart of old coal country. The partly converted Drax coal plant generates 2. 6 GW from burning seven million tons of wood pellets per year. Other biomass power stations burn forest residue, wood chips, “black liquor” (a pulp-and-paper industry waste product), sugarcane, peat, and various other solid recovered fuels such as unclean plastic, paper, and cardboard. 117 As with peat, biomass can be burned to generate heat or electrical power on its own or co-fired with other fuels. Bagasse (leftover fiber after the juice is squeezed from pulverized sugarcane) and recycled urban wood is burned in the largest American biomass power plant, the 75-MW Cogeneration plant in South Bay, Florida. 118In Europe, wood-burning emissions (a. k. a. “forest energy”) are not included in the carbon budget, an odd accounting fudge given that biomass produces much the same or even more carbon dioxide as coal (roughly 2 kg of CO2 per 1 kg of wood). Classified as renewable (although hardly green), the is making global warming worse by offering subsidies for large-scale, “carbon-neutral” wood burning. of the noted that “cutting down trees and burning them as wood pellets in power plants is a disaster for climate policy, not a solution,”119 while increased deforestation annually clears five million hectares of forest. 120The EU’s 2009 classification of biomass as renewable has, in fact, turned forestry into a callous extraction industry without concern for natural habitats. To balance its carbon budget, emissions are also measured where a tree is cut down rather than where a processed pellet is burned; that is, a tree farm in rather than a European biomass power plant. Instead of managing waste wood in a viable organic recycling program, industrial biomass promotes the wholesale cutting down of vast areas of woodland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the conversion of coal plants to biomass energy production, highlighting that while some plants may claim to be renewable, they can actually have detrimental effects on climate policy and lead to deforestation. It suggests that these biomass practices may not effectively contribute to transitioning workers from fossil fuels to sustainable renewable energy. Additionally, it emphasizes that the classification of biomass as renewable has negative environmental impacts, which undermines the positive narrative of aiding workers toward renewables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: blot analysis (as in Paul et al. , 2012), we investigated p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β levels in mice housed in constant darkness (DD) for 14 to 20 days. Both p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β (as a percentage of total GSK3α or GSK3β, respectively) displayed a statistically significant rhythm (n = 27/time course; p < 0. 05; Figure 1A,C,E) during DD conditions. Interestingly, p-GSK3α peaked during the late subjective night (circadian time or CT phase, 20. 94 ± 0. 47, where CT 12 refers to activity onset; mesor, 1. 02 ± 0. 51; amplitude, 0. 41 ± 0. 08). In contrast, p-GSK3β peaked during the early subjective day (circadian time or CT phase, 2. 93 ± 1. 45; mesor, 1. 51 ± 0. 16; amplitude, 0. 61 ± 0. 22). There were no significant differences in total GSK3α or GSK3β expression with respect to time (cosinor nonlinear regression, p > 0. 05; Figure 1A,D,F), consistent with previous reports in the SCN and liver from mice housed in LD (Iitaka et al. , 2005). The persistence of rhythmic GSK3α/β inactivation in the absence of light cues provides evidence for intrinsic clock regulation of GSK3 inactivation state. Figure 1. Rhythmic phosphorylation of GSK3 in the SCN persists in constant darkness. (A) blots of total GSK3α/β reblotted for β-actin (top), p-GSK3α reblotted for GSK3α (middle), and p-GSK3β reblotted for GSK3β (bottom). Quantification (mean ± SEM per CT bin) of (B) β-actin levels, (C) p-GSK3α to total GSK3α ratio, (D) total GSK3α (normalized to β-actin), (E) p-GSK3β to total GSK3β ratio, and (F) total GSK3β (normalized to β-actin) when sampled at various times across DD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses biochemical analysis of GSK3α and GSK3β levels in mice housed in constant darkness and the statistical significance of rhythms observed during this condition. Although there is a mention of the SCN, the primary focus is on GSK3 activity rather than its relationship with the SCN's role in circadian rhythm regulation, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: The principal outcome document of the WPC, the Promise of Sydney, captured the main essence of the Congress as well as an ongoing online dialogue regarding potential solutions. The ‘ongoing’ of is acknowledged as the most high-profile contribution to conservation. List is described by the IUCN as being “based on an objective system for assessing the risk of extinction of a species based on past, present, and projected threats” [13]. The stated goal of the is to “provide information and analyses on the status, trends and threats to species in order to inform and catalyse action for biodiversity conservation” [14]. Launched in 2014, the of Protected and is the first global standard of best practice for area-based conservation. It is a designed certification for protected and conserved areas—national parks, natural sites, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—that are effectively managed and fairly governed [15]. Green-listed sites are certified as being effectively managed and fairly governed, with a positive impact on people and nature. also helps measure and accelerate progress towards 11, a UN biodiversity target that aims for 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine areas to be protected, effectively conserved, and fairly managed by 2020. While the world is on track to meet the coverage aspect of Target 11, the ‘effectiveness’ aspect is still far from being reached. Since its launch, the number of countries committing to the has grown fourfold—from 8 to 33 [15, 16]. Some 250 candidate sites have now volunteered to achieve its standard. The process of certification is voluntary and can take between 6 months and 5 years, during which time the sites work towards clear objectives and targets. For example, Nature Reserve, Vietnam, became a candidate in 2015. The certification process has helped secure commitment to expand the protected area into two neighbouring provinces. Countries including Australia, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar, as well as the US State of California have committed to nominating more sites to the in the near future. California is prioritising its 124 marine protected areas, while Europe is studying how the standard could be implemented across its network of protected areas, Natura 2000. China, which counts six protected areas on the plans to nominate more sites (IUCN [4, 16]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that certified areas for conservation include 'national parks, natural sites, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on.' This supports the idea that eco-tourism destinations often encompass protected areas such as national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: 132Corn ethanol production has numerous detractors, however, primarily because of large government subsidies, combustion pollution, and the amount of petroleum in the production process, perhaps equal in energy to the petroleum replaced. Economist C. itemized ethanol’s failings, especially increasing the “blend wall” from 10% (E10) to 30% (E30): “Higher-ethanol blends still produce significant levels of air pollution, reduce fuel efficiency, jack up corn and other food prices, and have been treated with skepticism by some car manufacturers for the damage they do to engines. ”133 Runge further noted that increased production of corn ethanol is not about economics, but special interests and the federally mandated RFS program. What’s more, besides toxic, ethanol-based particulate matter impacting humans, “more recent scientific analysis links corn for ethanol to declining bee populations, with potentially catastrophic implications for many other high-value agricultural crops (almonds, apples) that depend on these insects for pollination. ”134The large-scale conversion has also prompted a vigorous food-versus-fuel debate (a. k. a. “eat or heat”), while excessive, profit-only mono-farming poses risks to ecosystems and biodiversity. Biofuels are not without politics, especially corn ethanol that pits farmers against the petroleum industry. and other states, where one out of every two bushels of corn goes toward biofuels, the required amount of blending is also debated. Initiated by the Trump administration, smaller oil refineries easily bypassed existing biofuel quotas, citing dubious competitive hardship via so-called small refinery exemptions (SREs), lowering ethanol consumption by more than 10% and angering farmers. 135Part of the problem is the extent of the conversion as energy-industry analyst noted, “In 2000, over 90% of the US corn crop went to feed people and livestock, many in undeveloped countries, with less than 5% used to produce ethanol. In 2013, however, 40% went to produce ethanol, 45% was used to feed livestock, and only 15% was used for food and beverage. ”136 Corn prices have also risen to satisfy the need for more fuel, although increased meat consumption has upped prices too because more corn is needed to produce more animal feed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses the issues surrounding corn ethanol production, emphasizing government subsidies and the negative economic and environmental impacts. It highlights falling ethanol usage and debates around blending mandates, which do not support the notion that training programs enable workers to transition from fossil fuels to renewables. Instead, it suggests a complex entanglement of interests and negative outcomes resulting from current biofuel practices, indicating challenges rather than supportive pathways for transitioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cosinor nonlinear regression: (C) R2 = 0. 53, F(2, 24) = 13. 73, p < 0. 05, n = 27/time course; (D) R2 = 0. 25, F(2, 24) = 3. 96, p < 0. 05; n = 27/time course; (E) R2 = 0. 21, F(2, 22) = 2. 91, p > 0. 05; n = 26/time course. Previous evidence suggests that GSK3 directly phosphorylates at least 5 core clock proteins: PER2, CRY2, 1, and α (Kaladchibachi et al. , 2007; Spengler et al. , 2009; Kurabayashi et al. , 2010; Sahar et al. , 2010). Given that phosphorylation of BMAL1 by GSK3β affects Bmal1 translation and protein stability in vitro (Yin et al. , 2006; Sahar et al. , 2010; Valnegri et al. , 2011), we tested the initial hypothesis that the time-dependent balance of phosphorylated to de-phosphorylated GSK3 is critical for BMAL1 expression rhythms in the SCN. Specifically, p-GSK3α and p-GSK3β rhythms were eliminated using a double transgenic mouse model of chronic GSK3 activity (GSK3-KI mice) in which 2 serine-alanine mutations (GSK3αS21A/S21A and GSK3βS9A/S9A) render both isoforms of GSK3 constitutively active (but at endogenous levels; McManus et al. , 2005; Paul et al. , 2012). Wheel-running rhythms of these mice have decreased rhythmic amplitude, lengthened α (active period), increased activity bouts per day, and increased SCN excitability at night compared with wild-type (WT) controls (Paul et al. , 2012). This circadian phenotype was not observed in mice bearing single KI mutations (GSK3αS21A/S21A or GSK3βS9A/S9A), likely due to functional redundancy between the GSK3 isoforms, and therefore, only mice with both α and β isoform mutations were investigated in the current studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of circadian rhythms, particularly regarding GSK3 and its effects on BMAL1 expression within the SCN, but it does not directly confirm or deny the claim about the SCN being the master clock. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: IUCN just listed 15 new areas to the of Protected and Conserved Areas, which now counts 40 sites in total [6]. By giving recognition to well-managed and well-governed protected and conserved areas, the aims to increase the number of natural areas delivering long-lasting conservation results for people. Clearly, nature-protected and conserved areas are the foundation of biodiversity conservation. They safeguard nature and cultural resources, improve livelihoods, and drive sustainable development. The IUCN’s ultimate scope of protected areas and conserved areas covers three key areas [6]:Achieving quality for successful and valuable protected areasEnhancing justice for fair, just, and inclusive protected areasContributing protected area solutions to development challenges2017–2020 was of particular interest because it was approved by Member organisations at IUCN’s Congress in September 2016 in Hawaii, USA. It was developed as a result of a nine-month consultation process across IUCN Members and Commissions. Accordingly, IUCN’s work is guided by the Programme 2017–2020, which has three priority areas [6]: first, valuing and conserving nature enhances IUCN’s heartland work on biodiversity conservation, emphasising both tangible and intangible values of nature; second, promoting and supporting effective and equitable governance of natural resources consolidate IUCN’s work on people-nature relations, rights and responsibilities, and the political economy of nature; and third, deploying nature-based solutions to societal challenges expands IUCN’s work on nature’s contribution to tackling problems of sustainable development, particularly in climate change, food security, and social and economic development. Advertisement 3. The threats to NPs and PAsIn particular, there are cases around the world where protected areas face serious environmental problems. The management of protected areas is a complicated process that often reflects the conflict in the relationship between society and protection, usually through the prohibition of particular activities as established in the existing protection status [17]. The loss of biodiversity can be attributed to extinction that refers to the cessation of the existence of a species or a group of species. It is a natural process that is when species are diminished because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, and overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, and decline in population numbers). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of protected and conserved areas, such as national parks, in delivering long-lasting conservation results and supporting biodiversity conservation. The focus on nature-protected areas being foundational for sustainable development and cultural resource preservation aligns well with the idea that eco-tourism destinations often encompass these protected areas, facilitating both conservation and eco-tourism activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Training programs help workers transition from fossil fuels to renewables. [SEP] Text: Although the debate continues about the value of growing crops for fuel and power, obtained either from fermented carbohydrate crops (sugarcane and corn ethanol), pressed oil-bearing plants (soybean and rapeseed/canola biodiesel), or complex second-generation biofuels that require vast amounts of organic feedstock (cellulosic ethanol) – whether on their own, in co-fired plants, or as a liquid-fuel alternative to gasoline and diesel – biomass and biofuels offer a unique, modern, farm-engineered energy source. Alas, given the vast infrastructure already in place for liquid fuels, biofuels are about extending the lifetime of the internal combustion engine and liquid-fuel infrastructure via pretend green additives. And while the synthetic fuels (synfuels) derived from organic feedstocks such as sugarcane, corn, soybeans, and rapeseed/canola can reduce dependence on petroleum, they still produce carbon dioxide when burned and are a net energy loss if more energy is required to produce them in the first place than is regained during combustion. Indeed, despite the more modern methods to turn food into fuel, the technology has not overcome the inherent inefficiency of biomass, the reason we changed to fossil fuels in the first place. We can, however, reduce the massive amount of biological waste that would otherwise go straight to a landfill by managing the organic output from farms, businesses, and homes. Fortunately, much of what we waste can be put to use, turning seemingly unimportant organic matter into energy as a bioliquid, which we look at next. 1. 7 Loop: what we mean by “waste,” a modern biogas plant helps dispose of the heaps of agricultural by-products, industry food waste, and household garbage (for example, kitchen leftovers) that we create every day, converting waste to energy (WTE) rather than just throwing everything out in one fell swoop. Today’s industrial systems can convert “waste to watts” or waste to biogas in under two months. The heart of a biogas plant is the anaerobic digester (AD) that converts organic matter to methane, which is then burned for cooking, to generate electricity, or even to run a retrofitted bio-burner car. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various forms of biofuels and their inefficiencies compared to fossil fuels, arguing that while they may reduce dependence on petroleum, they still produce carbon dioxide when burned. It emphasizes that biofuels are about extending the life of fossil fuel infrastructure rather than supporting a direct transition to renewables. Furthermore, the text suggests that the technology has not overcome the inefficiencies of biomass, which is a fundamental concern in the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Quantification (mean ± SEM per CT bin) of (B) α-tubulin levels and (C) BMAL1 levels (normalized to α-tubulin) when sampled across DD for wild-type (WT; black; n = 27/time course) and GSK3-KI (gray; n = 25/time course) mice. Cosinor nonlinear regression: WT, R2 = 0. 23, F(2, 24) = 3. 50, p < 0. 05; GSK3-KI, R2 = 0. 01, F(2, 22) = 0. 57, p = 0. 91. (Bottom) Schematic representing hypothetical model for the interrelationship between GSK3 and the circadian clock. Circadian clock–dependent regulation of GSK3 results in time-of-day–dependent oscillations in target proteins, including BMAL1 and REV-ERBα. Phosphorylation of BMAL1 primes this clock component for ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, while phosphorylation of REV-ERBα promotes nuclear translocation and inhibition of ROR-mediated Bmal1 transcription. Increased BMAL1 protein degradation coupled with diminished Bmal1 transcription will result in diminished BMAL1 protein levels and therefore attenuated circadian clock output. While it is appreciated that Bmal1 is a necessary molecular clock component for behavioral rhythmicity (Bunger et al. , 2000), whether or not BMAL1 protein level rhythmicity is necessary for a functional pacemaker is unclear (Shi et al. , 2010). To test the idea that GSK3 activation rhythms regulate molecular clock amplitude and periodicity, we used the Period2Luciferase (Per2Luc) mouse model as a readout of real-time molecular clock function (Yoo et al. , 2004). Specifically, a selective GSK3 inhibitor (20 µM CHIR-99021) was chronically applied to the media of organotypic tissue cultures of SCN from mPer2Luc+/– reporter mice (Yoo et al. , 2004; Besing et al. , 2012). This compound inhibits both GSK3 isoforms by competing with ATP for the ATP-binding site of the kinase (Cline et al. , 2002; Ring et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the SCN as the master clock. Instead, it discusses various molecular aspects of circadian rhythms and the effects of GSK3 activity on molecular clock components like BMAL1, but it stays focused on specific experimental observations rather than affirming or denying the role of the SCN.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: 4 —solutions for a healthy planetis a partnership promoting examples of inspiring, replicable solutions across a range of conservation and development topics, to enable cross-sectoral learning and upscaling of successes. through its “protected areas solutions” thematic community, profiles specific case studies of such solutions, their success factors, and lessons learnt. It also places protected areas in a larger thematic context, through other, inter-linked thematic communities, profiling solutions across multiple themes. IUCN has acknowledged the role that protected areas can play, for example, in climate change adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, ensuring sustainable local livelihoods, and addressing desertification. This results in well-planned and justly governed areas, when the costs and benefits of protected area systems are shared equitably, as well as mainstreamed into all economic sectors. Consequently, protected areas contribute to national and local economies. In particular, these approaches are the foundation for sustainable and resilient livelihoods for many communities. 4. 4. 5 MOOCs and protected areas capacity buildingMassive open online courses (MOOCs) are now an undeniable part of the education landscape and a revolutionary opportunity for everyone across the world with an Internet connection to access free courses and to receive a certificate or academic credits. on ‘protected areas management’ and ‘ecological monitoring’ have cumulated a number of 12,700 registrations so far from more than 120 countries. Two more MOOCs have just started, on ‘law enforcement in protected areas’ and ‘species conservation’ in African protected areas. 4. 4. 6 project relies on the of Protected and (GLPCA) to deliver on the “quality” elements of 11. The project also develops a portfolio of case studies to communicate successful PA biodiversity and climate change outcomes through the platform. Closely related to the mission of the specialist group promotes and develops the potential for protected areas to deliver a range of ecosystem services, with a particular focus on food and water security and disaster risk reduction. 4. 4. 7 Additional solutions for protected areasSome of the additional solutions for protected areas include the following:Clean Water: One third of the 105 world’s largest cities derive drinking water from forested protected areas. Another 10% obtain water from sources that originate in ‘protected’ watersheds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role that protected areas, which often include national parks, play in conservation, sustainable local livelihoods, and climate change adaptation. It highlights the significance of protected areas in various sectors, indicating that they are integral to eco-tourism initiatives and contribute positively to local economies. By emphasizing the benefits of protected areas, the text supports the assertion that eco-tourism destinations are likely to be found in such areas.