Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Latest 10. 17221/350/2021-PSE Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different cropsFutao Zhang1,2,3, Yunfa Qiao*,4, Xiaozeng Han1, Bin Zhang*,1,2,3 1 Station of System, of Mollisols Agroecology, of Geography and Agroecology, of Sciences, Harbin, P. R. China 2 University of of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 3 Laboratory for of Arable Land, Institute of of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China 4 of and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. crops influences soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect of different crops remains unclear, particularly under long-term monocropping. The objective of this study was to identify how different crops influence the content and chemical structures of SOM under long-term monocropping. Here, soils were sampled (0-20 cm) under 27-year soybean and maize monocropping and separated into different physical fractions. The content and chemical structures of SOM in all fractions were determined. SOM contents were higher under soybean than maize in bulk soil and macroaggregates and their light-fractions instead of microaggregates and silt and clay. The difference in SOM chemical structure was observed in aggregates and density fractions rather than bulk soils and supported by the result of principal component analysis. The proportion of O-alkyl C in macro- and microaggregates and all free light fractions and that of aromatic C in mineral-associated fractions were higher, while that of carbonyl C was lower under maize than soybean. These results demonstrated that different crops monocropping influences the content and chemical structures of SOM, and the variations were mainly in the light-fraction SOM and highlight a higher sensitivity of physical fractions than bulk soil to different crops. Keywords: Mollisol; crop species; chemical stability; farmland; carbon turnover Published: October 31, 2021 Show citation 690. Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different crops. Environ. . 2021;67(10):588-599. doi: 10. 17221/350/2021-PSE. Share. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how different crops, including cover crops like soybean and maize, influence the content and chemical structures of soil organic matter (SOM) under long-term monocropping. The findings emphasize that certain crops, such as soybean, can lead to higher organic matter content, which is crucial for improving soil structure and health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 3% to provide the same volume of drinking water and number of properties if they operated at full energy efficiency. EE scores varied between 0. 437 and 0. 944, demonstrating significant differences among water companies. This finding reveals the need of adopting tailored strategies to enhance EE in the water sector. It is also noteworthy that none of the evaluated water companies achieved the maximum EE score of 1. 0, indicating none were fully energy efficient. Estimations based on the StoNED method yielded slightly higher EE scores than those reported by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis16 using artificial neural networks and DEA, which were 0. 411 and 0. 436, respectively. This discrepancy underscores the importance of employing adequate and robust methods for assessing energetic performance in the water industry—and potentially other industries—to avoid biased conclusions. Fig. 1: Statistics of energy efficiency scores for assessed water companies for 2008–2020. Blue color refers to water only companies (WoCs), orange color to water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) while green color integrates both water only companies and water and sewerage companies. Lower error bars corresponds to the 25th percentile, while the upper error bars corresponds to the 75th percentile. The solid line inside the box refers to the 50th percentile while the cross is the median. The points correspond to outliers. Full size imageDelving into the results by type of water company, it was found that on average, water and sewerage companies (WaSCs) were more energy efficient than water only companies (WoCs). The mean EE for WaSCs was 0. 677, while for WoCs it was 0. 537. This implies potential average energy savings of 32. 3% for WaSCs and 46. 3% for WoCs, respectively, to achieve the same level of water delivered and number of connected properties. The differences in EE between the two types of water companies were statistically significant, as indicated by a p-value of <0. 05 from the Mann-Whitney test Mann-Whitney is a non-parametric test that is used to compare two sample means that come from the same population, and used to test whether two sample means are equal or not18. From a policy perspective, the results from this study highlight the necessity of setting specific EE targets for each water company that take into account their structural characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that suggest significant disparities in energy efficiency among water companies, which implies varying levels of service and possibly access to clean drinking water based on geographic company capabilities. Since none of the evaluated water companies achieved fully energy-efficient scores, this indicates that access to water services may not be equal, especially when differences in operational performance are highlighted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: , Schwartz, J. , Jessell, T. , Siegelbaum, S. , Hudspeth, A. J. (Eds). Principles of Neural Science. Fifth ed. McProfessional. U. S. A. 369. 50. Kalaska, J. F. & Rizzolatti, G. , (2013). Voluntary movement: the primary motor cortex. In: Kandel, E. , et al. (Eds). Principles of Neural Sciences. Fifth ed. McGraw and Hill. U. S. A. 864. 51. Noback, R. & Demarest, R. , (1975). Nervous System. of Neurobiology. McGraw-Hill. EUA. 52. Gloor, C. , Luft, A. R. , & Hosp, J. A. , (2015). Biphasic plasticity of dendritic fields in layer V motor neurons in response to motor learning. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 125, 189–194. 53. Rao, B. S. , Desiraju, T. , Meti, B. L. , & Raju, T. R. , (1994). Plasticity of hippocampal and motor cortical pyramidal neurons induced by self-stimulation experience. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 38, (1) 23–28. 54. Shankaranarayana Rao, B. S. , Raju, T. R. , & Meti, B. L. , (1999). Self-stimulation rewarding experience induced alterations in dendritic spine density in CA3 hippocampal and layer V motor cortical pyramidal neurons. Neuroscience. 89, (4) 1067–1077. 55. González-Burgos, I. , González-Tapia, D. , Zamora, D. A. , Feria-Velasco, A. , & Beas-Zárate, C. , (2011). Guided motor training induces dendritic spine plastic changes in adult rat cerebellar purkinje cells. Neurosci. Lett. 491, (3) 216–220. 56. Ramnani, N. , Tini, I. , Passingham, R. E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of sources and studies related to the nervous system, plasticity, and motor learning, but does not explicitly state any connection to the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity and learning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: However, conventional agricultural practices with monocropping or short rotations and high use of energy and external inputs, such as mineral fertilizers, chemical pesticides and herbicides, are leading to soil degradation, a major concern worldwide (Gomiero 2016). Degraded soils, do not provide the expected goods and services of the particular healthy soil in its ecosystem (FAO 2020). Depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) is the main underlying process of soil degradation, with losses ranging from 25 to 75% of the original SOC pool depending on climate, soil type and historic land use (Lal 2011). Strategies to restore SOC and soil health by the adoption of recommended management practices—like reduced tillage, integration of cover crops, organic amendments and appropriate crop rotations—are suggested to improve agronomic productivity along with crop health and nutrition. Furthermore, they can help to promote global food security, enhance soil resilience to adapt to extreme climatic events, and mitigate climate change by counteracting CO2 emissions (Scholberg et al. 2010; Lal 2011; Larkin 2015; Frasier et al. 2016; Kim et al. 2020). Soil degradation is often accompanied by a loss of biodiversity (above and below ground) jeopardizing productivity, stability and sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil bacteria and archaea are essential for soil functioning by contribution to, e. g. C cycling (decomposition of organic matter and sequestering C), nutrient cycling, maintenance of soil aggregates and structure and regulation of biodiversity (Kibblewhite, Ritz and Swift 2008; Fierer 2017; Armbruster et al. 2020). The rhizosphere microbiota can stimulate plant growth, control pathogens, prevent diseases and promote stress resistance and general plant fitness (Berg et al. 2017). Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden (2016) proposed the concept of a targeted soil biological engineering approach that enhances general soil biodiversity and manipulates soil microbiota, to improve ecosystem functioning and services like sustainable food production. However, a deeper insight into the soil microbiota in agro-ecosystems is required in order to better understand how agricultural management practices can contribute to sustain and improve the biological potential of soil. In Uruguay, as in other vegetable producing regions worldwide, farming systems are highly intensive in terms of external input and continuous cropping of high value commodities (Yan et al. 2012; Dogliotti et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adoption of recommended management practices, including the integration of cover crops, to restore soil organic carbon (SOC) and improve soil health. It mentions that these practices help enhance agronomic productivity, crop health, and nutrition while addressing soil degradation, which directly relates to the benefits of planting cover crops as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Water companies were allowed to retain any savings in operating expenditure they achieved, irrespective of the year these savings were made. This policy was intended to encourage water companies to find cost-effective solutions and efficiencies that would benefit both their operations and their customers over the long term. Additionally, the regulator introduced financial rewards and penalties tied to service quality improvements. This was facilitated through the Assessment (OPA) framework20. During the period from 2008 to 2010, the EP of water companies improved by 4. 8%, which was primarily driven by an increase in EEC of 3. 8%, while ETC contributed only 0. 8%. This indicates that the improvement in EP was largely due to the companies moving closer to the efficient frontier, rather than a positive shift in the frontier itself. During the 2011–2015 sub-period, which followed the 2009 price review, regulatory strategies continued to emphasize cost-efficiency but with an adjusted focus that included sharing any savings in infrastructure maintenance between utilities and customers. This was an extension of the previous period’s rolling incentive concerning operating expenditures. However, the OPA framework was discontinued and replaced with the Mechanism (SIM), which specifically targeted improvements in customer service. The results from this sub-period demonstrate that the EP of the water industry remained largely stable, with a negligible average increase of 0. 01%. A notable shift occurred in the contributions of the components of EP: EEC regressed, contributing negatively to EP with an average decrease of 1. 38% per year, whereas ETC saw an annual increase of 1. 3%. The negative contribution from EEC during this period suggests that, despite regulatory incentives aimed at enhancing operational efficiency, there might have been challenges or inefficiencies that prevented EE improvements. During the last sub-period (2016–2020), which followed the 2014 price review, the regulator implemented a new framework that further refined the focus on service quality and environmental performance within the water industry. This period was marked by the introduction of common performance commitment indicators, alongside Incentives (ODIs). These ODIs were designed to financially reward utilities for outperforming set targets and penalize them for underperformance, thus strongly incentivizing the delivery of promised outcomes. The results from this sub-period reveal that the EP of the industry increased by an average of 0. 5% per year, driven primarily by improvements in ETC, which also saw an increase of approximately 0. 48% per year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulatory frameworks and operational efficiency in the water companies, implying that despite improvements in efficiency and service quality, there remain systemic issues in access and equity in clean drinking water. It highlights that improvements in efficiency (represented by the EP) do not necessarily lead to equal access for all consumers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: , & Haggard, P. , (2001). The cerebellum and the parietal cortex play a specific role in coordination: a PET study. Neuro Image, (14) 899–911. 57. González-Tapia, D. , González-Ramírez, M. M. , Vázquez-Hernández, N. , & González-Burgos, I. , The fast period of motor learning is associated with an increase in thin spines on rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Behav. Brain Res. Submitted to publication. 58. Leuner, B. , Shors, T. J. , (2013). Stress, anxiety, and dendritic spines: what are the connections? Neuroscience. 251, 108–119. 59. Lee, S. A. , Kim, C. Y. , & Lee, S. H. , (2016). Non-conscious perception of emotion in psychiatric disorders: the unsolved puzzle of psychopathology. Psych. Inv. 13, (2) 165–173. 60. Suslow, T. , Kugel, H. , Ohrmann, P. , Stuhrmann, A. , Grotegerd, D. , Redlich, R. , Bauer, J. , Dannlowski, U. , (2013). Neural correlates of affective priming effects based on masked facial emotion: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res. 211, (3) 239–245. 61. Brooks, S. J. , Savov, V. , Allzén, E. , Benedict, C. , Fredriksson, R. , Schiöth, H. B. , (2012). Exposure to subliminal arousing stimuli induces robust activation in the amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate, insular cortex and primary visual cortex: a systematic meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neuroimage. 59, (3) 2962–2973. 62. Tamietto, M. , de Gelder, B. , (2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, (10) 697–709. 63. Pessoa, L. , Japee, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about dendritic spines and their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it includes a list of studies related to various topics in neuroscience, none of which directly support or contradict the claim regarding dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop. CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropTable 1. Open in new tab Summary of the crop and soil managements evaluated in the field experiment. CTMF (conventional tillage + mineral fertilization), CTOF (conventional tillage + cover crop incorporated + organic fertilization), RTOF (reduced tillage + cover crop left as mulch + organic fertilization). Agricultural management. Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop. CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropAgricultural management. Type of crop. Fertilization. Tillage. Cover crop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that cover crops are used in various agricultural management practices, such as being incorporated into the soil or left as mulch. The mention that cover crops are managed before the establishment of commercial crops suggests their role in preparing the soil, which aligns with the idea of improving soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractCharacterizing fecal contamination exposure from drinking water can introduce exposure measurement errors, i. e. , differences between the observed and true exposure. These errors can mask the true relationship between fecal contamination exposure and waterborne diseases. We present a framework to quantify the impact of measurement errors on exposure–outcome health effect estimates introduced by variability in measured drinking water fecal contamination levels and household versus community sampling strategies. We matched fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) data for >37,000 drinking water samples to children aged 0–72 months from 19 studies in low- and middle-income countries and took two complementary analytical approaches. We found that household-level exposure assessments may attenuate effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on diarrhea, and single water samples may attenuate health effect estimates of FIB concentrations on linear growth. To understand the health effects of fecal contamination exposure, measurement error frameworks can be used to estimate more biologically relevant exposures. Similar content being viewed by others Public drinking water contaminant estimates for birth cohorts in the on Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort 1. These are proxy measures, in the sense that rather than measuring the actual ingestion of enteric pathogens associated with fecal contamination, they infer exposure by measuring fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in the environment and are heavily based on assumptions on the interactions of individuals with that environment. In addition to the well-documented shortcomings of using FIB as a proxy for enteric pathogens2, the difference between the observed exposure, i. e. , the exposure assigned from these proxy measures, and the true exposure represents a potential form of exposure measurement error. Other areas of environmental health have detailed how exposure measurement error may introduce bias and uncertainty in estimated exposure–outcome relationships, thereby obscuring true associations3. Correspondingly, fields such as air pollution epidemiology have seen increased emphasis on understanding errors associated with differences between individual or personal exposures and other proxy exposure measures used in health effects modeling4. We recently compiled individual participant data (IPD) for a systematic review and meta-analysis. We matched household-level drinking water FIB concentrations as a proxy measure for individual-level enteric pathogen exposure to >43,000 diarrhea reports and >10,000 growth measures for children under the age of 5 years across 19 studies in low- and middle-income countries (Goddard et al. , under review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in drinking water quality and exposure measurement errors, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It highlights that household-level assessments may underestimate the actual health effects of fecal contamination in water, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. The mention of measuring fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations in these areas indicates discrepancies in water safety, which challenges the idea of equal access regardless of geography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/65704 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. empirically know that we can learn things more easily, accurately, and quickly when we are interested, motivated, and reward‐driven. Numerous animal models of learning have placed experimental subjects under fasted conditions in order for successful acquisition of specific tasks by using food as a reward [1]. This suggests the possibility that a molecule, which plays a critical role in appetitive behavior and/or reward‐related feeling, may also be involved in the acquisition of learning. 1. 1. Hippocampus in reward‐related learning Although the mesolimbic dopaminergic system is central to the study of motivational and reward‐related learning, the neurobiological basis of reward‐related learning cannot be explained completely without the participation of the hippocampus. The hippocampus is a primary site of activity‐dependent plasticity and neuromodulation that have been hypothesized to be the neuronal substrate for learning and memory. The hippocampus lies upstream of the dopaminergic reward circuit and sends a major output to the reward system. More specifically, the hippocampal glutamatergic outputs regulate reward responses in the nucleus accumbens [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it discusses open access publishing, the difficulties faced by researchers in accessing scientific literature, and the importance of the hippocampus in reward-related learning models. Therefore, the information provided by the text is irrelevant to the claim concerning dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: CTMFTwo commercial crops per yearMineralConventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropNo cover cropCTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Conventional: disc plough and beds raised twice a year-before establishment of each cropCover crop incorporated into the soil 60–90 days before planting the commercial cropRTOFOne cover crop and one commercial crop per yearOrganic (poultry manure + compost)Reduced: chisel plough and beds raised once a year-before cover crop establishmentCover crop left as mulch on the soil surface. Cover crop was terminated 60 days before planting the commercial cropIn addition to agriculturally managed soils, four composite soil samples were taken from the UND site, with a distance of 5 m between each other. The vegetation of the UND site had been spontaneous (mainly grasses) for 40 years. In CTMF two commercial crops were established each year, while in CTOF and RTOF only one commercial and one cover crop were grown (Table 1 and Table S1, Supporting Information). The commercial crops used since the establishment of the experiment were: carrot (Daucus carota L. ), sweet corn (Zea mays L. convar. saccharata var. rugosa), cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), onion (Allium cepa L. ), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L. ), butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata D. ), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) and finally table beet, also known as red beet or beetroot. The cover crops used were black oat (Avenastrigosa L. ) as winter cover crop (on the first year) and forage sorghum (Sorghum sudanense x S. bicolor) as summer cover crop. Table beet was harvested in mid-November 2017 and yield was measured as tons of roots and leaves per hectare. Bulk soil and rhizosphere sampling Bulk soil and table beet rhizosphere samples were collected in spring (October) 2017, when table beets were at BBCH37 growth stage, i. e. leaves covering 70% of soil surface (Meier 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific agricultural practices that include the use of cover crops such as black oat and forage sorghum, which are often incorporated into the soil or left as mulch. This indicates that cover crops are indeed planted before commercial crops to improve soil health, suggesting a direct relationship with the claim regarding their role in enhancing soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: This analysis was an update and expansion of previous meta-analyses that found mixed results on the relationship between FIB concentrations in drinking water and diarrhea and did not consider a more chronic health outcome such as child growth5,6,7. Our findings suggest that FIB concentrations in household drinking water are associated with both reported diarrhea (odds ratio (OR) 1. 09; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1. 04, 1. 13) and lower height-for-age Z (HAZ) scores (HAZ −0. 04; 95% CI −0. 06, −0. 01). Notably, we also observed moderate heterogeneity among studies in the strengths of association for both the diarrhea (I2 = 34%; 95% CI 0–62%) and linear growth analyses (I2 = 19%; 95% CI 0–63%). A primary limitation of this analysis was potential error in outcome measurement. In these studies, most of the data are from non-blinded intervention protocols where caregiver-reported diarrhea and linear growth measures are subject to participant and enumerator bias8. Another possible source of bias and uncertainty in our analysis may be in part due to errors in the assigned exposure. Prior research studying the effects of exposure measurement error from proxy measures of exposure in air pollution epidemiology suggest that these proxy measures can introduce uncertainty and bias risk estimates toward no observed effect9,10,11. Similar effects of exposure measurement error have also been shown in other areas, such as chemical exposures12 and diastolic blood pressure measurements13. Based on these findings, it is possible that findings from our IPD analysis may also exhibit similar uncertainty and bias due to exposure measurement error from the use of FIB concentrations in household drinking water as a proxy for personal exposure to enteric pathogens. Theoretically, there are a number of different potential sources of error in enteric pathogen exposure assessments. Some examples include (1) temporal or spatial variability in water quality, (2) assigning household- or community-level water quality to individuals, (3) the use of FIBs as proxies for enteric pathogens, and (4) processing errors (i. e. , during sample collection, transport, or laboratory instrumentation errors). This is not an exclusive list of sources of error, and each source could be further broken down into underlying sources of error. Here we introduce a conceptualized model of potential sources of measurement error using a formal measurement error framework14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that impact access to clean drinking water, such as 'temporal or spatial variability in water quality' and the biases introduced by using proxies for individual exposure to enteric pathogens. This implies that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, as differences in water quality and measurement errors could significantly affect individuals' access depending on their geographic location.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Investigating hippocampal GHSR1a in isolation The hippocampus receives hypothalamic and arcuate projections directly from the fornix, while being situated centrally for functional interactions with other limbic cortexes by exchanging reciprocal synaptic connections. Thus, GHSR1a in the hippocampus is likely a direct target of hypothalamic and limbic cortical inputs including those from the septum. Each of these inputs may provide ghrelin independently or collectively to the hippocampal GHSR1a. Identifying the source(s) of ghrelin that affects hippocampal neuron function is an important scientific issue. Unfortunately, it is beyond the scope of this 2. Localization of GHSR1a in the hippocampus of cultured slices 2. 1. Fluorescent ghrelin binding We demonstrate the localization of GHSR1a in the cultured hippocampal slices with the use of three different methods. First of all, an octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin (1 μM) was used in the rat hippocampal slice culture. Ghrelin can bind to GHSR1a only when it is octanoylated [17]. Thus, FITC‐conjugated octanoylated ghrelin is a useful and reliable molecule that specifically binds to the receptor [18]. Non‐octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin was used as a control in order to confirm the specificity of octanoylated ghrelin binding. After 1 h of incubation followed by fixation (with 4% paraformaldehyde), intense binding was detected in the pyramidal cell layer of all CA fields with the given focal plane shown in Figure 1a [19]. However, by imaging FITC signals in many different focal planes in the same specimen using a confocal microscope (Fluoview 1000, Olympus), we learned that the actual binding ranged from dentate gyrus granule cell layer to CA1, CA2, and CA3 pyramidal cell layers, suggesting that GHSR1a has ample expression in the cultured hippocampus and is widely distributed throughout the dentate gyrus and Ammons horn. Figure 1. Localization of GHSR1a in cultured hippocampus in slices. a. Binding of the octanoylated form of FITC‐conjugated ghrelin. b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding dendritic spines and their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it focuses on the localization of GHSR1a in the hippocampus and its interaction with ghrelin, which is not relevant to the claim about dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 1ChloroflexiA4bA4b_unclassified5. 3 ± 1. 80. 4 ± 2. 13. 2 ± 2. 2↑1. 4 ± 0. 2PatescibacteriaSaccharimonadales_unclassifiedSaccharimonadales_unclassified0. 3 ± 0. 22. 1 ± 3. 51. 8 ± 3. 0↑0. 3 ± 0. 2ProteobacteriaBurkholderiaceaeBurkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia0. 0 ± 0. 00. 0 ± 0. 00. 1 ± 0. 1↑0. 0 ± 0. 0. . . Bulk soil. Rhizosphere. Phylum. Family. Genus. CTOF. RTOF. CTOF. RTOF. FirmicutesBacillaceaeBacillus7. 4 ± 1. 9↑6. 5 ± 1. 20. 4 ± 0. 30. 4 ± 0. 1ChloroflexiA4bA4b_unclassified5. 3 ± 1. 80. 4 ± 2. 13. 2 ± 2. 2↑1. 4 ± 0. 2PatescibacteriaSaccharimonadales_unclassifiedSaccharimonadales_unclassified0. 3 ± 0. 22. 1 ± 3. 51. 8 ± 3. 0↑0. 3 ± 0. 2ProteobacteriaBurkholderiaceaeBurkholderia-Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia0. 0 ± 0. 00. 0 ± 0. 00. 1 ± 0. 1↑0. 0 ± 0. 0 of fertilization source, tillage and cover crop management on soil physicochemical properties and microbial communities Several previous studies reported effects of agricultural management on soil properties (reviewed by Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden 2016). In the present study, we found that fertilization source and, to a lesser extent, tillage and cover crop management had an impact on soil characteristics and on the microbial community diversity and structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'cover crop management had an impact on soil characteristics,' which supports the assertion that cover crops are used to improve soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: We demonstrate how such a framework might be evaluated and its ability to quantify the relative contributions of measurement error, using empirical data of drinking water across several global low- and middle-income settings. Although quite limited, prior research on the effects of exposure measurement error on waterborne disease epidemiology has found preliminary evidence of regression dilution bias between 14% and 57% from the use of FIB on the relationship between fecal contamination in recreational water and swimming-associated illness15. Another study found that spatiotemporal variability in rainfall data attenuated subsequent associations between heavy rainfall and diarrhea between 35% and 45%16. These studies focused on single components of error, and we did not find any formal discussions pertaining to multiple sources of measurement error for exposure to fecal contamination in the peer-reviewed literature. Here we introduce an exposure measurement error framework to conceptualize multiple possible components of error. We adapt a framework for fecal contamination exposure in drinking water based on an approach presented in Zeger et al. to distinguish sources of exposure measurement error14. While our analysis borrows from extensive work examining air pollution health effects and is limited to fecal contamination as a proxy for enteric pathogens, we intend that this paper serves as an initial step for discussing ways of incorporating estimates of exposure measurement error for enteric pathogen exposures. Zeger et al. consider sources of error in the assignment of ambient air quality to a population from central monitoring sites, a more distal measure of exposure than attempting to quantify personal exposures. While this framework is contextual to time series studies of air pollution health effects, we see parallels in the proxy measures commonly used for fecal contamination exposure assessments to central-site air pollution exposure assessments, although we do not claim this framework includes all possible sources of error. In the current example involving fecal contamination exposure and response, as in the air pollution design settings that Zeger et al. used, technical and logistical constraints as well as limited resources lead to an inability to obtain measures of true personal exposure x for individual i at time t. Instead, exposure may be estimated by measuring household FIB concentrations z at time t. In Fig. 1, we summarize the differences between measured FIB concentrations zt, the only component in this framework that is actively measured, and true personal exposure to fecal contamination xit as a proxy for fecal contamination exposure. Fig. 1: Fecal contamination in drinking water exposure measurement error framework (adapted from Zeger et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability of drinking water quality in low- and middle-income settings, suggesting that access to clean drinking water is not equal for everyone. It highlights measurement errors and environmental factors that affect water quality, indicating that geographical factors can influence access to safe drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: eGFP signals from GHSR1a‐expressing cells in mouse hippocampal slices. c. eGFP signals from CA1 pyramidal cell layer. d. GHSR1a immunoreactivity. e. GHSR1a expression was quantified in an arbitrary scale in control, 1‐h incubation in ghrelin, 23‐h incubation in ghrelin, and 1‐h incubation in ghrelin followed by 22‐h incubation in control media without ghrelin. Calibrations: (a) and (b) 500 μm, (c) 200 μm, and (d) 5 μm. (Modified with permission from Muniz and Isokawa [19]). 2. 2. eGFP‐tagged GHSR1a expression in transgenic mouse hippocampus in slice culture According to the eGFP‐tagged reporter gene mapping of the whole mouse brain, GHSR1a is reported to be highly localized in the hippocampus [20]. However, it is not determined whether transgenic mouse hippocampus retains the expression of functional GHSR1a in the in vitro culture. Hippocampal slices were prepared from eGFP‐tagged GHSR1a‐expressing transgenic mouse brains, where the eGFP gene was inserted downstream of the GHSR1a promoter (Jackson Lab, B6;129S7‐Ghsr<tm2Rgs</J/Stock# 019908). Up to 3 weeks in culture, the localization of GHSR1a was identified by live‐imaging eGFP fluorescence. Figure 1b shows eGFP signals that are visible in the infra‐pyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus and the pyramidal cell layer of the CA1 region. With higher magnification, the CA1 pyramidal cell layer became clearly detectable with resolution that is sufficient to identify individual neurons (Figure 1c). Under different focal planes, eGFP signals were detected in other CA fields (i. e. , CA2 and CA3) in the pyramidal cell layer and from the supra‐pyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer. 2. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it focuses on the expression and localization of GHSR1a in hippocampal slices, which is unrelated to the claim about dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Besides the relative short experimental running time of 5 years, we could see that combining different soil restoration measures such as reduced tillage, crop residue retention as green manure and organic fertilizer application in the form of compost and poultry manure (RTOF) increased available and Ntot in comparison to the conventional production system (CTMF) although both managements were fertilized with the same amount of available N (50 units of N/ha for table beets). Thus soil restoration measures increased soil fertility. The combination of reduced tillage and organic fertilization promoted the retention of soil organic matter. The high N content in RTOF is probably due to the application of organic rich N in the form of compost, poultry manure and green manure in contrast to conventional systems where urea is applied (CTMF), which is more susceptible to losses (Moreno-Espíndola et al. 2018). in CTOF and RTOF was far higher than in CTMF and in UND soils. This could be due to the natural low plant bioavailable P (Hernández and Zamalvide 1998) and the type of organic fertilizers added in CTOF and RTOF (poultry manure and compost). Poultry manure, either used directly or as compost constituent, contains between 11 and 14 g P/kg manure, roughly equally composed of inorganic (mainly orthophosphate) and organic P (mainly phytate) (Li et al. 2014; Tiecher et al. 2014). CTMF decreased soil pH in comparison to CTOF and RTOF which has often been observed before (Geisseler and Scow 2014). RTOF exhibited more large-medium aggregates (1–2 mm) and less smaller aggregates (<0. 25 mm) in comparison to CTMF. Thus, RTOF soil aggregate distribution became similar to UND. The added organic matter in RTOF increased SOC and PoxC, which soil microorganisms can feed on and proliferate. C available to bacteria determines the metabolic activity of the soil microbiota and their ability to produce gluing agents such as exopolysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, which in turn contribute to soil aggregation and reduce erosion risks (Cania et al. 2019; Zethof et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how soil restoration measures, including the application of organic fertilizers and the retention of crop residues, contribute to increasing soil organic matter and improving soil aggregate distribution. It explains that the organic matter added in the RTOF practice enhances soil structure by increasing SOC (soil organic carbon) and facilitating microbial activity that aids in soil aggregation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: In conducting this analysis, we sought to assess evidence and magnitude of exposure measurement error from: (1) from assigning household-level FIB concentrations \(z_t^ \ast\) as the exposure and not considering community-level FIB concentrations \(w_t^ \ast\) (component 2) on health effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on child diarrhea and (2) from using single FIB measure zt compared to repeated longitudinal measures \(z_t^ \ast\) (component 3) on health effect estimates of FIB concentrations in drinking water on linear growth. ResultsThe dataset we compiled included studies of varying sizes with FIB data for drinking water available from 98 to 2137 households per study (Table 1). Four studies included only cross-sectional water sample collection, but most had collected repeated water samples over time with samples typically being collected monthly, quarterly, or annually. To evaluate findings from our simulations, matched diarrhea data were available from all included studies and matched growth data were available from seven studies. Table 1 Summary characteristics of the included studies. Full size tableHousehold versus community exposureThe simulations comparing household to community exposure included 37,119 observations (82% rural, 18% urban) from 16 of the included studies, with between 1 and 12 observations per child. Studies by Arnold et al. 26, Brown et al. 36, and Pickering et al. 46 were excluded from these simulations because the data were not compatible for estimating median community water FIB concentrations (i. e. , specific sample collection dates were not available or only one sample was collected in every community). The simulations found that if children experienced exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of their household, then using household FIB concentrations \(z_t^ \ast\) exclusively as the error-prone exposure variable may lead to an attenuation in the observed FIB–diarrhea relationship even at low levels of community exposure (Fig. 2). If the aggregate exposure \(\bar x_t\) was represented by 90% household and 10% community exposure, we found that the estimated odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water, using household FIB concentrations in drinking water \(z_t^ \ast\) as the error-prone exposure variable, were OR = 1. 32 compared to the assigned odds of diarrhea OR = 1. 50 (α = 0. 69). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the disparities in fecal contamination exposure in drinking water based on household versus community levels. It highlights that relying solely on household fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations may lead to underestimating the impact of community exposure, which suggests that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. The emphasis on rural and urban divides in the study indicates that geographical factors significantly affect water quality, thereby opposing the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemistry of GHSR1a In addition to receptor binding and eGFP tagging, we investigated the localization of GHSR1a immunohistochemically in the cultured rat hippocampal slices using two different antibodies raised against GHSR1a (rabbit polyclonal anti‐GHSR1a from Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Burlingame, CA, and from ). With both antibodies, GHSR1a immunoreactivity was successfully detected in the dentate gyrus and the Ammons horn of our rat hippocampal slice culture. More specifically, fluorescent signals collected from secondary antibody (Alexa 488, ) by confocal imaging revealed that GHSR1a was localized primarily as numerous aggregates surrounding the soma (Figure 1d). Together, these observations provide cellular and molecular evidence that the ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a, is expressed and localized in the cultured rat and mouse hippocampus in slices in a similar manner to what was reported in the in vivo whole brain specimen. 2. 4. Receptor internalization in the hippocampal slice culture GHSR1a exhibits an unusually high constitutive activity, which is the ability to propagate the intracellular signal in the absence of agonist [21, 22]. Thus, it may be possible that the downstream‐signaling level, determined by constitutive activity, could reflect membrane expression of the receptor. In addition, agonist‐induced internalization is a widely acknowledged process among all G‐protein–coupled receptors including GHSR1a [23]. Thus, we were concerned whether GHSR1a in our hippocampal slice culture might have undergone such a process during the application of ghrelin in our experiments. Live slice cultures were incubated in ghrelin (100 nM) for either 1 or 23 h. At the end of the incubation, the specimens were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. GHSR1a immunoreactivity was imaged with a confocal microscope and quantified using image analysis software (). We did not find any difference in the magnitude of GHSR1a immunoreactivity between 1‐h incubation and 23‐h incubation, when compared with control (Figure 1e) [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the localization and activity of GHSR1a receptors in rat hippocampal slices, specifically focusing on their immunohistochemistry and receptor internalization processes. However, it does not mention dendritic spines or relate directly to their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Thus, most likely, the RTOF microbial community might have contributed to the increased soil aggregation by the production of different binding agents. It has been already reported that conservation tillage (no-till, reduced or stripped tillage) in combination with cover crops, mulching and organic amendments promotes the soil biota by modifying SOC availability for both plants and microbes (Bender, Wagg and van der Heijden 2016; Brennan and Acosta-Martinez 2017; Wang et al. 2017). The CAP analysis also showed that large aggregates (>2 mm) and large-medium aggregates (1–2 mm) strongly correlated with the observed differentiation in the soil microbial communities. Conventional tillage had a strong negative effect on soil aggregation, which in turn promotes soil compaction (Ussiri and Lal 2009). CTMF soil compaction led to a decrease in the number of table beet emerged plantlets (data not shown) and consequently, to a decrease in the table beet yield, in comparison to CTOF and RTOF. Furthermore, table beet yields under CTOF and RTOF were higher than the average Uruguayan national yield (15–20 t/ha; 2000). Table beet, as a directly seeded root crop, was selected in this study as indicator of the quality of soil structure. Specifically, the emergence of table beet seeds and the shape and size of the harvestable root allow to assess the degree of soil crusting and soil compaction (“soil hardiness”), respectively. Total bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene copy numbers were higher in CTOF and RTOF soils in comparison to CTMF. Microbial diversity was increased in RTOF in comparison to CTMF and became similar to that of UND soil. Accordingly, it has been reported that soils under long-term organic fertilization strategies harbor higher microbial biomass (Fließbach et al. 2007) and increased microbial diversity (Esperschütz et al. 2007; Hartmann et al. 2015; Schmid et al. 2017) than soils under long-term mineral fertilization. In the present study, fertilization source had the major effect on soil microbial community structure and significantly affected soil physicochemical properties. Several previous studies compared mineral vs. organic fertilization and suggested a strong effect of fertilization source on soil microbial communities (Hartmann et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of cover crops in conjunction with conservation tillage on soil aggregation and microbial communities. It explains how cover crops, along with mulching and organic amendments, promote soil biota and modify soil organic carbon (SOC) availability, thereby improving soil structure. The mention of increased microbial biomass and diversity under long-term organic strategies further supports the idea that cover crops contribute to enhancing soil organic matter and structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size imageAfter stratifying by age, the odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water for children aged 0–23 months were similar to the odds of diarrhea for children aged 24–72 months when household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was assigned as the exposure variable. However, when replacing household water fecal contamination with community water fecal contamination \(w_t^ \ast\) in 10% increments, there was a trend of higher odds of diarrhea for children aged 24–72 months but not for children aged 0–23 months for up to 20% household and 80% community water quality (Fig. 4). Fig. 4: Estimated odds of diarrhea for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water for different household–community exposure assignments, stratified by non-ambulatory and ambulatory pre-school-aged children, and the corresponding attenuation factors. Attenuation factors are derived from comparing the log odds of diarrhea for a 100% household exposure assignment to the log odds of diarrhea from community assignments. Full size imageSingle versus multiple samplesThe simulations comparing the effects of defining exposure with a single water sample compared to multiple samples included 24,806 unique children from the 19 included studies that had ≥1 matched FIB concentration estimates in drinking water. These simulations indicated that using FIB concentrations from single water samples zt compared to the median of multiple samples attenuated estimated differences in HAZ scores associated with fecal contamination in drinking water, with similar findings between wet and dry season months (Fig. 5). If the household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was represented by the median of two samples, then randomly selecting one of the two samples almost halved the observed difference in HAZ scores associated with FIB concentrations in drinking water from the assigned HAZ = −0. 20 to HAZ = −0. 11 (α = 0. 56). This finding was more pronounced when household water fecal contamination \(z_t^ \ast\) was represented by three (HAZ = −0. 10; α = 0. 52) or four samples (HAZ = −0. 09; α = 0. 43). Sensitivity analyses for these findings are detailed in S3 and S4. Fig. 5: Simulated difference in HAZ scores for 1 − log10 higher FIB concentrations in drinking water and the corresponding attenuation factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the disparities in health outcomes, specifically the increased odds of diarrhea associated with different levels of fecal contamination in drinking water among children of different age groups. It highlights that community water quality can vary significantly, implying unequal access, especially when it notes trends in diarrhea odds corresponding to household and community water contamination levels. This suggests that geographic or communal factors influence access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: We also conducted a “second” control, which was to incubate the slices in ghrelin for 1 h and the additional 22 h in control media (without ghrelin). At the end of the experiment, slices were fixed and processed for immunohistochemistry. There were no differences in the GHSR1a immunoreactivity between control and the “second” control. This finding suggested that GHSR1a did not appear to be internalized by the exogenous application of agonist to a significant extent even if a long‐term incubation of 23 h was employed. There was a report that GHSR1a hardly desensitized with the nM range of concentrations of ghrelin [25], which is in agreement with our observation and supports the present finding. Advertisement 3. Phosphorylation of GluN1 by ghrelin Subunit phosphorylation is a critical step to facilitate the NMDAR channel function and to induce plasticity in excitatory synapses [26]. Among various phosphorylation sites in the NMDAR we focused on the phosphorylation of Ser 896 and Ser 897 in the GluN1 subunit. The phosphorylation of Ser 896 is dependent on protein kinase C, and the phosphorylation of Ser 897 is dependent on protein kinase A [27]. The reason for investigating these two phosphorylation sites are as follows: (1) GHSR1a is a Gq‐coupled receptor, so that the activation of GHSR1a initiates inositol trisphosphate‐mediated‐signaling pathways leading to the activation of protein kinase C [28]; and (2) GHSR1a can cause a robust activation of cAMP/PKA‐signaling cascade, which has been reported in the process of procuring sufficient energy [29]. 3. 1. Dose‐dependent increase of pGluN1 Phosphorylation of GluN1 was studied using a goat polyclonal anti‐pGluN1 at Ser 896/897 () and Alexa 488 secondary antibody. Phosphorylated GluN1 (pGluN1) was quantified based on the fluorescent signal, captured by a confocal microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it discusses the effects of ghrelin on certain receptors and phosphorylation at specific sites in the NMDAR subunit, which is not directly related to the claim about dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Soil aggregation, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability were improved and became more similar to levels found in an adjacent undisturbed site (reference of a healthy soil). We could also show that alpha- and beta-diversity and composition of the soil microbiota were affected. Alpha-diversity increased and approached the undisturbed site level, although in terms of beta-diversity, soil microbial communities of UND remained different from the agriculturally managed soils. Table beet exhibited a strong rhizosphere effect resulting in the enrichment of taxa for which isolates with potential PGPR activities were previously reported. However, the fertilization source effect also shaped the assemblage of the rhizosphere microbiota. The improvement of soil health was translated into an increase of table beet yields in soils under restoration management, although, the implications of these management-dependent differences in microbiological and physicochemical properties for plant health need further long-term assessment. acknowledge Alfredo Fernandez, Gonzalo Vazquez, Gastón Tejera, for assisting with sampling. We thank Gilsanz and Sebastián Aranda for experimental setting and maintenance of the experimental site. We acknowledge Heuer for his helpful assistance with statistical data analysis and Mrs Ilse-for carefully proofreading the manuscript. work was supported by de Investigación Agropecuaria, Uruguay (35—Effect of agricultural management on soil microbiome—implication for plant growth and health), and by Institute, Germany. The work of was supported by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF, Germany) in the framework of the project DiControl ( grant number 031B0514C) as part of the BonaRes initiative “Soil as a sustainable resource for the bioeconomy” ( Conflicts of interest None declared. 2000. 19. 25. 46. 253. 15. . DOI: 10. 1111/ejss. 12977. 28. 10. 1186/s40168-020-00833-w. 52. 94. 050. 13. 18. 2000. 1459. 2. 45. 204. 83. 1. 22. 9949. 2009. écnica. 2011;193. ISBN: 978-9974-38-330-2. 1. 6. 20. 2018. 2020. https Madison: of Agronomy, 1965, 499–509. 701. 93. 7701. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various improvements associated with soil health due to agricultural management. It states that 'Soil aggregation, soil organic carbon and nutrient availability were improved,' which aligns with the intended goals of planting cover crops, such as improving soil structure and enhancing organic matter. Additionally, the mention of increased yields of table beet under restoration management suggests a beneficial outcome of practices involved in cover cropping.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Our analyses showed how components of error may attenuate estimated exposure–outcome relationships using empirical data from an extensive dataset of studies collected in low- and middle-income settings. Our findings provide indication that the previously reported odds of diarrhea and reduction in HAZ scores associated with fecal contamination in drinking water (Goddard et al. , under review) may be prone to regression dilution bias and thus may be underestimating true exposure–outcome relationships. We introduced three different components of exposure measurement error. The first component may emerge from assigning household water fecal contamination data to individual household members who interact with their environment differently. Substantial heterogeneity of between-child interactions with their domestic environment has been shown in both urban and rural settings for different age groups in the 0–5-year age range17,18. In addition, differential drinking water ingestion rates by age can lead to heterogeneity in the ingested doses of fecal contamination19, and infants may experience limited exposure to household water from ingestion before weaning20. This may lead to differences in dose–response between members of the same household. To test how the first component of this exposure measurement error framework can be applied, small controlled panel studies are needed to generate estimates of personal exposure and compare those to household-level estimates9. The second component of error may occur when exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of the household is not incorporated into exposure assessments. A recent study characterizing fecal exposure in Accra, Ghana as part of the SaniPath research program reported widespread fecal contamination in both domestic and public domains21. Measurement error from assigning household water fecal contamination as the exposure does not only depend on the presence of fecal contamination in the public domain but also on the study population’s interaction with water in that domain. To our knowledge, no published studies have quantified child exposure to contaminated water in different microenvironments in the domestic and public domains, but time–activity analyses in air pollution studies have long been conducted for exposure assessments22 and have shown that children spend extensive amounts of time outside of their domestic environment23. Findings from our diarrhea simulations suggest that, if children are experiencing exposure to fecal contamination in drinking water outside of their households, then using household water FIB concentrations as a proxy for their overall exposure may result in attenuated health effect estimates for FIB concentrations in drinking water and diarrhea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that indicates a disparity in access to clean drinking water, especially in low- and middle-income settings. It discusses issues related to fecal contamination in both domestic and public domains, which suggests that not everyone has equal access to clean water. Furthermore, the mention of varying exposure levels to contamination based on environmental interactions implies significant geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in access to safe drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Representative pGluN1 signals were manually selected as a strongly fluorescing small puncta (examples are shown by yellow arrows in Figure 2a). A total of 236 representative puncta were manually selected from 30 confocal images, and the area and intensities of these puncta were measured using IPLab (). Based on the measurement, selection criteria were established and applied to 2024 confocal images taken from 157 hippocampal slices. Among them, 35513 pGluN1 immunoreactive puncta, taken from 1714 confocal images, satisfied the selection criteria, and were used for data analysis. Figure 2. pGluN1 immunoreactivity in cultured rat hippocampal slices. a. Representative pGluN1 signals are indicated by yellow arrows. b. Dose‐dependent changes in pGluN1. c1–c4. pGluN1 in control (c1), ghrelin (c2), ghrelin and d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (c3), and ghrelin and substance P‐analogue (c4). d. Quantification of pGluN1 in control (c), ghrelin (ghr), ghrelin and d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (ghr + DL), ghrelin and substance P‐analogue (ghr+SP), d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 alone (DL), and substance P‐analogue alone (SP). e. pGluN1 in control (cnt) and ghrelin (ghr) in wild type (+/+), heterozygous GHSR1a knockout mice (+/-), and homozygous GHSR1a knockout mice (-/-). f. Quantification of pGluN1 in wild‐type and GHSR1a knockout mice. (Modified with permission from Muniz and Isokawa [19]). Exogenous application of ghrelin (1–1000 nM) increased the magnitude of phosphorylation in GluN1 in a dose‐dependent manner. The ghrelin‐induced increase in pGluN1 immunoreactivity peaked at a concentration of 10 nM (r2 = 0. 899, p < 0. 0001, n = 56; analysis of variance (ANOVA)) (Figure 2b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it focuses on detailed measurements and observations related to pGluN1 signals from confocal images in hippocampal slices, along with the effects of ghrelin on these signals. There is no mention of dendritic spines or their specific function in relation to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-408774/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 2posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstracthow straw checkerboard barrier technology, as a sustainable and environment-friendly method, may affect soil chemical properties and water status despite wind erosion control directed us to evaluate this technique as a vital component of management plans in sloping lands of semi-arid areas. We were interested to know if it could support the soil capabilities to grow pilot plants and recover some ecological services via alleviate drought stress or amendment of soil attributes. order to study soil characteristic and growth performance of winter cover crops, an experiment was carried out in 2018. Checkerboards were setup in a 1×1 m pattern with rice residues. Seeds of sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa), rye (Secale montanum) and tall wheatgrass (Agropyron sp) were sown at the checkerboards and bare ground as the control. Detailed analyses include growth characteristics, physiological attributes i. e. photosynthetic pigment contents, proline and malondialdehyde contents and relative water contents of mentioned crops and the related soil properties during the growing season were carried out in borders and centers of the straw checkerboards and bare ground. covered with straw checkerboard barriers was the most effective for improving vegetation growth and establishing taller plants with higher biomass. Based on the physiological analyses, the rye grown in straw checkerboard plots coped well with dry conditions. Higher proline content and more efficient osmotic adjustment indicates improvements of soil water retention status, which may alleviate drought stress damages and improve cover crop performance in straw checkerboard plots. Photosynthetic pigments also showed higher contents in checkerboards for rye. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and water storage increased in checkerboards too, however, such effects vary with the crop type. Conclusions straw checkerboards could be deemed as an effective management strategy in semi-arid areas, as an important method for conserving natural resources and sustaining productivity. and 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionSuccessful recovery of soil and vegetation in semi-arid regions is a challenge because water availability severely limits germination, plant establishment, growth and survival (Wilson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing an experiment that evaluated the impact of cover crops on soil properties. It states that 'Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, potassium and water storage increased in checkerboards too,' which indicates that cover crops significantly contribute to improving soil structure and organic matter. Furthermore, it discusses how the use of cover crops like rye in straw checkerboard plots helped enhance vegetation growth and achieve better soil performance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The results from our analyses need to be interpreted with caution. First, due to data availability we were limited to applying this framework to two sources of error. There are many more possible sources of error that we were not able to consider here, such as assigning household-level exposures to individuals and the use of FIB as proxies for enteric pathogens. Second, this analysis was limited to quantifying the effects of measurement error on the magnitudes of health effects and not on the precision of those effect estimates. Uncertainty in health effect estimates introduced by exposure measurement error may obscure associations where they exist, thus increasing the likelihood of false-negative findings. Third, the current framework is limited to drinking water, but there are a number of other important fecal–oral transmission pathways, such as hands, food, soil, fomites, and flies. Findings from our IPD analysis suggest that fecal contamination along select pathways is associated with child diarrhea and growth, so a similar framework could be applied to other pathways to test whether those findings may have suffered from regression dilution bias. Fourth, we did not have access to repeated water samples within the shorter timeframe of pathogen incubation periods for acute gastroenteritis, so were not able to quantify measurement error on health effects from FIB concentrations in drinking water on diarrhea from the use of single samples used to estimate household water fecal contamination. Our results suggest that exposure measurement error can contribute to attenuated fecal exposure–outcome relationships for outcomes that are typically acute, such as diarrhea, as well as for more chronic outcomes such as linear growth. Fecal exposure assessments in drinking water may consider exposure outside of the household as well as attempting to characterize fecal contamination with repeat samples to account for variability in water quality. They may leverage measurement error frameworks to design exposure assessments that are more proximal to the true exposure experienced by individuals, which in turn may inform the design of more effective interventions to reduce waterborne disease burdens. MethodsDataWe used data from 19 studies conducted in South America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and South and South-East Asia29,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49. We requested permission from data owners for use of these data for this study. Eligible datasets included variables describing FIB concentrations in household drinking water, child age, and intervention status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations in data and the variability of drinking water quality across different geographic regions. It highlights that the analysis was limited to specific studies in regions such as South America and Sub-Saharan Africa, indicating that not all communities have equal access to clean drinking water. The mention of fecal contamination and its association with health outcomes further suggests disparities in water quality, contradicting the claim that everyone has equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: The ghrelin‐induced changes in pGluN1 immunoreactivity were sensitive to and inhibited by the GHSR1a antagonist, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (1 μM), and an inverse agonist, substance P‐analog (10 μM), when they were applied with ghrelin (100 nM). However, the application of D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 or substance P‐analog alone (without ghrelin) did not have any effect as compared with control (p < 0. 001, n = 47, unpaired t‐test) (Figure 2c and d). This suggested the possibility that (1) there were few endogenous ghrelin molecules present in our cultured hippocampal slices, or (2) constitutive activation of GHSR1a (if any) did not appear to affect the phosphorylation state of GluN1 in cultured hippocampus in slices. 3. 2. Effect of ghrelin on pGluN1 in GHSR1a knockout mouse In cultured hippocampal slices prepared from homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mice, exogenous application of ghrelin (100 nM) failed to cause any change in pGluN1 immunoreactivity (Figure 2e and f) when compared with the wild‐type GHSR1a (+/+) mouse hippocampus (p < 0. 005, n = 31, unpaired t‐test) (Figure 2e and f). Slices prepared from heterozygous GHSR1a knockout (+/-) mouse hippocampus also failed to show any change in pGluN1 immunoreactivity in response to ghrelin (100 nM) (Figure 2e and f). This suggested that a small reduction in the expression of GHSR1a could negate the ghrelin’s effect on the GluN1 subunit phosphorylation at Ser 896/897. Furthermore, we found that the baseline pGluN1 was elevated in homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mice as compared with wild‐type GHSR1a (+/+) mice in both control and ghrelin. This suggested that the NMDAR channel may be hyperactive in the hippocampus of homozygous GHSR1a knockout (-/-) mouse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it focuses on the effects of ghrelin on pGluN1 immunoreactivity and the differences observed in GHSR1a knockout mice. There is no mention or discussion about dendritic spines or their significance in axonal functions relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 2004; Munson and Lauenroth 2012). In bare soil, the evaporation process evacuates water from the soil surface, and microclimate conditions are rarely favorable for the establishment of plants, therefore poorly covered soil can lead to erosion (Hadas 2004). Soil erosion is one of the most important soil problems in arid and semiarid Mediterranean areas, which reduces soil fertility, plant productivity and also environment healthy (Yüksek and Yüksek 2015). Therefore, in arid and semiarid sites, with undesirable seedbeds, field techniques may support soils conserving water, improve seedbed microclimate and seedling establishment, increase soil fertility, reconstruct ecological community and reduce erosion. Straw checkerboard barrier technique is widely used for controlling of erosion and habitat recovery in arid and semi-arid areas (Li et al. 2006). This technique, as an environmentally-friendly strategy, is cheap and easy to install (Zhang et al. 2018). Straw of wheat, rice, reeds and other plants are installed in the square shape 20 cm buried in the soil and about 20 cm exposed above the soil surface (Wang et al. 2020). The checkerboard barriers can be placed at various dimensions, including 0. 5×0. 5,1×1, 1. 5×1. 5 m and so on (Qu et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2018). Straw checkerboards reduce the wind speed which decrease water loss through evaporation (Bo et al. 2015; Li et al. 2020). After the establishment of straw checkerboard barriers, straw can improve soil water holding capacity (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018; Li et al. 2006; Li et al. 2020), increase the microorganism numbers (Li et al. 2006), available soil nitrogen and potassium (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), organic matter content (Dai et al. 2019; Lie 2017; et al. 2004), roughness of the underlying surface (et al. 2004), and improve the soil structure (Lie 2017). Straw checkerboard barriers have the potential to create favorable conditions for plant establishment, increase the survival rate of shrub and reduce erosion risk (Li et al. 2006). Li et al. (2000) and Williams et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various benefits of using straw checkerboard barriers, which improve soil water holding capacity, increase organic matter content, and enhance soil structure. It explicitly states that 'straw can improve soil water holding capacity' and 'increase... organic matter content,' supporting the claim that cover crops, like straw, are utilized to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractDrinking water contains emerging contaminants, i. e. , endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). However, the extent to which it is publicly viewed as a potential risk that requires attention (public awareness, political obligation, and regulatory efforts) is substantially underrated. Thus, this study investigated drinking water consumption patterns among consumers of different life stages, evaluated household practices using tap water as daily drinking water, and examined the actual risk as well as consumers’ perception of tap water quality for drinking with the potential EDCs contamination. Collectively, the present study is of great concern for regional database profiling and supporting human health risk assessment in regulating contamination and exposure of EDCs. It also provides an empirical and theoretical contribution to current public risk perception of EDCs in tap water, and promoted the formulation of risk communication and governance strategies for the development of risk behaviors in adopting public participation in the drinking water supply system monitoring and management framework. Similar content being viewed by others Occurrence and seasonal disparity of emerging endocrine disrupting chemicals in a drinking water supply system and associated health risk 1. Water is also influential in human health, comfort, and performance, as body water regulates human thermal environments (human thermoregulation), thereby controlling physiological and psychological responses2. Dehydration of body mass (≥2%) can cause impaired thermoregulatory function and elevated cardiovascular strain, also taking time to accumulate3. Thus, drinking enough water is essential to restore the large quantity of water lost daily. While drinking water is mandatory to maintain life for survival, there is little consensus on safe drinking water access for consumption. Over the past few decades, the concerns about quality of drinking water supply were limited to (i) microbial contamination, (ii) aesthetic problems, and (iii) chemical contents4,5,6,7,8. The chemical contaminants were mostly disinfectants, disinfection by-products, nutrients, metals, and major ions. Water contamination and the subsequent health issues were due to both natural processes and anthropogenic activities originating primarily from the industrial revolution9. To date, threats to the global drinking water supply system (i. e. , water source pollution, incomplete removal, and water supply insecurity) and insufficient regulatory frameworks have prompted human exposure to emerging organic pollutants, especially endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) via daily consumption of drinking water, especially tap water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various issues related to drinking water quality and access. It states that there is 'little consensus on safe drinking water access for consumption' and discusses 'threats to the global drinking water supply system' such as pollution and insufficient regulatory frameworks. This suggests that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, especially given regional disparities and varying levels of regulatory oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: It might be possible that some compensatory mechanisms had switched on under the total absence of GHSR1a, in order to readjust homeostatic balance in the NMDAR channel activity. 3. 3. Endocannabinoids negatively modulate ghrelin’s effect on pGluN1 Endocannabinoids (eCB) and the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) have been implicated essentially in regulating a feeding behavior. They stimulate hypothalamic orexigenic neurons, enhance appetite, and initiate food consumption [30]. Interestingly, there is a report to suggest that ghrelin may exert its orexigenic effect through the endogenous cannabinoid system by producing eCBs in the hypothalamus [31]. However, to date, there is no evidence in the hippocampus that a similar interaction might occur between ghrelin and the endocannabinoid system. We tested if eCBs such as 2‐AG (2‐arachidonoylglycerol) and anandamide might modulate the effect of ghrelin on the phosphorylation of GluN1 [32]. Hippocampal slices were incubated in 20 nM of R(+)‐methanandamide (non‐hydrolyzing form of anandamide) together with 100 nM of ghrelin. The magnitude of pGluN1 immunoreactivity remained unchanged when compared to the control (p = 0. 939) (Figure 3a), suggesting that the effect of ghrelin on pGluN1 was negated by R(+)‐methanandamide. Interestingly, the inhibitory effect of R(+)‐methanandamide was not blocked by the CB1R antagonist, AM251 (5 μM), which suggested that R(+)‐methanandamide exerted its effect independently of CB1R. We then tested the antagonist of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1), since anandamide is also an agonist of this receptor [33]. Neither capsazepine (caps, 5 μM) nor iodoresiniferatoxin (IRTX, 10 nM), antagonists of TRPV1, was effective of blocking the inhibitory action of R(+)‐methanandamide (Figure 3a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mechanisms involving ghrelin and endocannabinoids and their effects on NMDAR activity, but it does not provide any information regarding dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: In the center of the barriers, water status was more stable (Fig. 3A). In other words, although there was no more water consumption in a plot without plants, but there was more evaporation resulted from bare soil and may lead to lower water storage. The soil water storage dynamics showed variations in the straw barriers and bare ground during the growing season (Fig. 3B). During the growing season of crops, the border and center of the barriers invariably retained higher soil moisture than the bare ground and significant differences among the straw barriers and bare ground were observed. The soil water storage fell dramatically over time and changed moderately during the late growth period (Fig. 3B). total N was affected by cover crops (p < 0. 01), distance from barrier (p < 0. 01) and their interaction (p < 0. 05) (Table 4). Soil total nitrogen content was increased with the establishment of straw barriers compared with the bare ground, especially at the border of barriers (Table 5). In the border of the barriers, higher levels of total N were detected in soil with sainfoin (1184. 3 mg kg− 1), tall wheatgrass (1031. 7 mg kg− 1) and the soil with no plant (1156. 7 mg kg− 1). Also, lower total N content detected in the soils after rye harvest (868. 3 mg kg− 1), may relate to higher biomass of the rye produced near the borders (Table 5). Table 4 Chemical parameters of soil as influenced by cover crop types and distances from barriers at harvest stage. Source of variation TN (mg kg− 1) AP (mg kg− 1) AK (mg kg− 1) SOM (mg kg− 1) Cover crop (C) ∗∗ ∗∗ NS ∗∗ Rye 879. 1 b 17. 2 ab 619. 4 a 10821. 2 a Sainfoin 966. 2 a 16. 8 bc 630. 6 a 9751. 9 b Tall wheatgrass 867. 4 b 16 c 670. 3 a 8290. 6 d Straw checkerboard and bare ground without plant 968 a 18. 3 a 623. 3 a 8724. 3 c Distance from barrier (D) ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ Border of barriers 1060. 2 a 19. 1 a 720. 8 a 11567. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that cover crops influence soil characteristics. Specifically, it mentions that total nitrogen (TN) levels in the soil were positively affected by cover crops, indicating enhanced soil fertility. The increase in soil total nitrogen content, particularly when straw barriers are established compared to bare ground, supports the argument that cover crops contribute to improving soil structure and organic matter. Additionally, the mention of soil moisture dynamics suggests that cover crops can influence the stability and retention of moisture in the soil, which is also a key factor in soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Trace concentrations of EDCs such as pharmaceuticals, drugs, personal care products, hormones, plasticizers, and pesticides were detected in global drinking water10. The broad scopes of EDCs are reviewed for having endocrine disrupting effects through a variety of modes of action and mechanisms, thus causing health effects in exposed individuals and populations in the form of acute and chronic diseases. EDCs are released from point and non-point sources. Many hydrophilic and persistent EDCs are able to penetrate through water utility systems that were designed to remove only traditional pollutants and contamination is released, even with advanced treatment technology, due to the various physicochemical properties, transport pathways, and fates of the EDCs10. Thus, the presence of EDCs in the drinking water supply (tap water) was mainly due to the inadequate remediation technologies in drinking water treatment plants, other than the influences of land use on the pollution in the drinking water sources (surface water). Meanwhile, variation in treatment efficiency of EDCs is potentially impacted by their corresponding pollution levels in raw water11. Further, the dynamics and partitioning of EDCs in the distribution network depend upon varying design and operation of the system12. Alternatively, the use of additional household water utility systems (e. g. , filtration and purification devices) at home or other point of use is commonly practiced, especially in developing countries whose drinking water is of uncertain quality. To date, membrane processes such as reverse osmosis and nanofiltration have been promoted as more capable of remediating EDCs13. Further, water purification requires membranes with improved selectivity relative to permeability14. Replacing conventional polymers with emerging materials, ultrafast molecular separation membranes are highly selective towards emerging organic pollutants15. However, water purifiers have recently been highlighted as a source of contamination of EDCs in drinking water, particularly of organophosphate flame retardants16. Consequently, the concerns about removal efficiency, cost effectiveness, and sustainable use remain while households are trying to reduce the risk of contaminants exposure and waterborne disease arising from contamination during water supply distribution and storage. Risk assessment of contaminants is part of the scientific effort facilitating the multibarrier approach in drinking water supply system monitoring and management for safe access to water17. The guidelines and database in the US EPA “Handbook” have been commonly used in assessing exposure to environmental chemicals and the human health risk associated11,18,19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the presence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in drinking water globally, indicating that access to clean drinking water is not equal. It discusses how EDCs can penetrate water utility systems and the inadequacy of current treatment technologies, particularly in developing countries where drinking water quality is uncertain. This suggests that access to safe drinking water can vary significantly depending on geographical and technological factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: It may be possible that R(+)‐methanandamide directly inhibited the NMDAR channel, since anandamide was reported to directly interact and inhibit nonspecific cation‐permeable receptor channels [34]. Figure 3. Effects of endocannabinoids on ghrelin‐induced increase in pGluN1. a. Co‐application of ghrelin (200 nM) and R(+)‐methanandamide (20 nM) blocked the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on the phosphorylation of GluN1. This inhibitory effect of R(+)‐methanandamide was independent of CB1R and TRPV1. b. Co‐application of ghrelin (200 nM) with 2‐AG (10 μM), WIN55,212 (4 μM), KCl (150 mM), and JZL 184 (100 nM), all negated the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on the phosphorylation of GluN1. The CB1R antagonist, AM251 (5 μM), blocked the inhibitory effect of 2‐AG, WIN55212, KCl, and JZL 184 on the phosphorylation of GluN1, indicating that these compounds exerted their effects through the activation of CB1R. (Modified with permission from Cuellar and Isokawa [32]). Next, we tested the effect of 2‐AG. Similar to the result of R(+)‐anandamide, the application of 2‐AG (10 μM) negated the stimulatory effect of ghrelin on the phosphorylation of GluN1 (Figure 3b). A negative effect of 2‐AG was blocked by the CB1R antagonist, AM251 (5 μM), suggesting that the effect of 2‐AG was exerted through the activation of CB1R. A synthetic agonist of CB1R, WIN 55,212 (4 μM), also blocked the ghrelin’s stimulatory effect on pGluN1 in the CB1R‐dependent manner. We then applied 150 mM KCl in the attempt of depolarizing neurons and mobilizing endogenous 2‐AG (instead of exogenously applying 2‐AG). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity or learning. Instead, it discusses the effects of R(+)‐methanandamide and other compounds on the phosphorylation of GluN1 and their interactions with ghrelin and cannabinoid receptors. This information is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 3 l 6359. 7±211. 3 k WP: Straw checkerboard and bare ground with no plant, Values are mean ± SE. Means with same letters in the same column are not significantly different according to the LSD test (P < 0. 05). Soil available P was influenced by the cover crop type, distance from barriers and interaction between the cover crops and distance from the barrier (p < 0. 01) (Table 4). Higher concentrations of available P were recorded in the border of barriers especially for the ones with no plant and after the rye harvest (Table 5). Generally, P content of the border of the barriers was averagely higher by 22% than the bare ground (19. 1 vs 15. 6 mg kg− 1). content in the soil with rye was averagely lower by 24% and 36% in the center of the barriers and bare ground, respectively, compared with the borders (16. 3 and 14. 9 vs 20. 3 mg kg− 1) (Table 5). In terms of soil available K, there were effects only by the distance from the barriers (p < 0. 01) (Table 4). The straw checkerboards increased available K averagely 27% near the borders and 10 % at the centers, respectively, compared to the bare ground (Table 4). The soil organic matter content was significantly affected by the cover crop type (p < 0. 01), the distance from barriers (p < 0. 01) and the interaction between them (p < 0. 05) (Table 4). Higher soil organic matter content was recorded for the border of the barriers (11567. 7 mg kg− 1) (Table 4). The rye has been left more organic matters in the borders compare to sainfoin (9%) and tall wheatgrass (23%) (Table 5). Higher organic matter observed for the border of barriers with no plant indicates the effect of straw materials on organic matter. The rye (9561. 4 mg kg− 1) and sainfoin (8859. 6 mg kg− 1) grown in the bare ground improved the soil organic matter compared to a soil without cover crops (6359. 7 mg kg− 1) (Table 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that cover crops, specifically rye, significantly improve soil organic matter content compared to soil without cover crops. It states that the soil organic matter content was affected by cover crop type and that higher organic matter was observed for soil with rye and sainfoin compared to bare ground. This supports the idea that cover crops are utilized to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Historically, default values of body weight and daily water intake for adults (≥10 years of age) (70 kg; 2 L/day) and children (<10 years of age) (10 kg; 1 L/day) were assumed20. In order to reduce uncertainty in the exposure assessment and provide a more conservative worst-case scenario, human health life-stage risks incorporating different age-specific exposure where body weight and daily water intake were explicitly distinguished into relevant life stages19. However, humans’ growth rates are different in different countries21. Intake of drinking water varies in different regions and countries, resulting from seasonal and climate variation19,22. Inadequate monitoring and management of water resources are expected due to the lack of public awareness and political obligation in promoting preventive actions and interventions to ensure safe drinking water. The inconsistent and skewed association between perceived and actual quality of drinking water was observed in terms of organoleptic properties, health risk, and practice7. Willingness to pay for safe access to drinking water with enhanced quality and infrastructure depended greatly on consumers’ risk perception, as individual perception of risk is crucial in the development of risk behavior23. Risk is the product of the likelihood of occurrence and potential consequences of a hazard. Meanwhile, risk perception varies depending upon the type of risk, risk context, personality of the individual, and social context24. Despite the fact that the water was supplied from the same water system, the opinions of communities on the water’s quality were varied. Currently, risk perception of EDCs in drinking water and its role in adopting risk prevention and intervention are unknown. This highlights the need for bridging the gap in the risk perception and the formulation of strategies (goals, methods, and materials) for effective risk communication and governance25. Thus, this study aims to (i) investigate consumption patterns among different life stages of consumers, (ii) evaluate household practices concerning the use of tap water as daily drinking water, and (iii) examine the actual risk and consumers’ perception about using tap water with potential EDCs contamination for drinking. The results are expected to be useful to current knowledge of public risk perception of EDCs in tap water, where the subsequent formulation of risk communication and governance strategies are relevant for development of risk behaviors, and alerting about the need for public involvement in a multi-barrier approach in the monitoring and management framework of the drinking water supply system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in drinking water intake and quality across different regions and countries. It states that 'Intake of drinking water varies in different regions and countries, resulting from seasonal and climate variation,' indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. The text also discusses the lack of public awareness and political obligation in ensuring access to safe drinking water, which further contradicts the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: The application of KCl mimicked the inhibitory effect of 2‐AG on the ghrelin‐mediated enhancement of GluN1 phosphorylation. The magnitude of pGluN1 remained unchanged in the presence of ghrelin during KCl application and was comparable to control. KCl‐mediated inhibition of the ghrelin’s stimulatory effect was blocked by the CB1R antagonist, AM251 (5 μM), suggesting that the application of KCl successfully mobilized endogenous 2‐AG. Finally, we used an inhibitor of MAGL (monoacylglycerol lipase), JZL184 (100 nM). MAGL is the degradation enzyme for 2‐AG. Thus, JZL184 slows down the rate of 2‐AG degradation while maintaining an elevated concentration of ambient 2‐AG and making the effect of endogenous 2‐AG longer and more intense. As shown in Figure 3b, JZL184 was effective of negating the ghrelin’s action on the phosphorylation of pGluN1 (p < 0. 0001), and this effect was reversed by the CB1R antagonist, AM251 (p < 0. 05). Although we cannot estimate the intrinsic concentration of 2‐AG and the rate of increase by JZL184 in our hippocampal slice culture, a physiological range of fluctuation in the concentration of eCBs appears to be sufficient to interact and modulate the ghrelin‐signaling cascade on the GluN1 subunit. Advertisement 4. Ghrelin amplifies NMDAR‐mediated synaptic currents 4. 1. Ghrelin on evoked NMDAR‐‐EPSCs (N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor–mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents) were isolated with a patch electrode in the whole‐cell voltage‐clamp configuration in single CA1 pyramidal cells at a holding potential of +40 mV (Axopatch 200A and pClamp 10, Molecular Devices), while stimulating the stratum radiatum every 20 s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of dendritic spines in synaptic plasticity or learning; it instead discusses the effects of KCl and ghrelin on GluN1 phosphorylation and NMDAR-mediated synaptic currents. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.