Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: The ATC focused on an interdisciplinary approach to monitoring and protecting critical maritime infrastructures and increasing their resilience. Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine has brought new risks, with both physical and cyber-attacks, often combined as a hybrid threat. The sabotage of the gas pipeline, together with other recent incidents, has made it clear that the resilience of critical infrastructure is under threat. Whether the target be pipelines, transport routes or undersea cables, a disruption in one country can have a cascading effect, with ramifications for other countries. Action is urgently needed to increase the capacity of NATO Countries to protect themselves against attacks on critical infrastructure, both in the EU and its direct neighborhood. are closely interconnected and interdependent, which, although it makes them stronger and more efficient, also renders them more vulnerable in the event of an incident. have a particular role to play with respect to infrastructures that cross borders or provide cross-border services, thus impacting the interests of several. The importance of the subsea data cables that transport most of our data and are critical for global communication and the digital economy is an example of these cross-border services, and should be highlighted. Clear identification of such infrastructure and the entities operating them, together with a collective commitment to protect them, is in the interest of all NATO Countries. Legal frameworks, such as Document 52022DC0551 -Proposal for a on a coordinated approach by the Union to strengthen the resilience of critical infrastructure, COM/2022/551 final, for the protection of critical infrastructure elements have gradually been developed in European Countries, but are still missing in other, mainly non-EU, countries. For the past decade, the attention of the developed democratic nations has been focused on the protection of vital objects, with science and research gradually focusing more attention on security and critical infrastructure protection. Less attention has been paid to critical maritime infrastructures and the need to increase their resilience. Maritime infrastructures are ‘critical’ because they are fundamental to the working of societies and economies. They play a crucial role in supply, in the functioning of the economy, the maintenance of mobility and the deployment of renewable energies. They are so deeply inscribed that most of the time they are invisible and are designed to function without raising any attention. Since they exist in the background, receiving little scrutiny, they are also particularly vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address modern encryption methods or their role in online security. Instead, it discusses issues related to the protection and resilience of critical infrastructure, particularly in the context of maritime security and the effects of geopolitical tensions. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding encryption or online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Choline alfoscerate is a derivative of phosphatidylcholine that enhances cholinergic transmission by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release in the hippocampus [26, 27]; and thus, it ultimately facilitates learning and memory and decreases age-dependent structural changes, as seen in the frontal cortices and hippocampi of rats [7, 28]. Previous studies reported that the combination of choline alfoscerate with ChEI significantly increased ACh concentrations and prevented volume loss in the frontal and temporal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum in both rats [29] and in Alzheimer’s dementia patients [21]. One study also showed that choline alfoscerate increased hippocampal neurogenesis and provided protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment [30]. A study on the supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech detection and recognition among hearing aid users revealed that in the aging brain, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the medial geniculate body decreases, which contributes to deterioration in speech recognition and comprehension; and in such cases, choline precursor supplements could improve language functioning [31]. Ginkgo biloba extract, on the other hand, is hypothesized to enhance amyloid β-induced hippocampal neuron dysfunction and death, amyloid β aggregation, and neurogenesis [32–34], and induce a significant decrease in the density of β-adrenoreceptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus [35]. Studies have shown that the hippocampus is closely associated with language production and verbal communication, either by contributing semantic memory to spoken language, processing the mismatch between the expected sensory consequences of speaking and perceived speech feedback, or via coupling between the hippocampal/supplementary motor area and the auditory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum [31, 36]. These findings all suggest that nootropics, such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, may enhance the cholinergic pathway in brain areas including the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and auditory cortex, which are critical in language processing and utilization, and enhance language function in association with ChEI administration. Language function is not only highly sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in older age groups [37], but is also a biological marker that differentiates Alzheimer’s dementia from normal aging [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on nootropics, specifically choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, that enhance cognitive function and memory through mechanisms like upregulating acetylcholine synthesis in the hippocampus. The findings suggest that these substances could aid in cognitive functions, which aligns with the practices of biohackers who utilize nootropics and supplements for cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomads work remotely while traveling, often leveraging technology for flexible employment. [SEP] Text: The effort put into creating and managing this work and leisure separation is noteworthy given that digital nomads choose to work in locations associated with tourism and leisure. As we have seen, digital nomads start out attempting to collapse work/leisure distinctions so they can experience more leisure time but often end up labouring hard to compartmentalise work and leisure so that work doesn’t take over completely. When talking about digital nomad freedom, it might be instructive to propose a particular type of freedom that is tightly interrelated with efficient time use—a disciplined kind of freedom that is quite different to the kind of freedom involved in whiling away time in an unstructured or ‘wasteful’ way (Thompson 1967, p. 97). Perhaps this might also be seen as an upgraded expression of Max Weber’s Protestant work ethic, in particular an update on a self-disciplined ascetic devotion to work (Weber and Swedberg 2009). Embracing discipline in its many forms is also a basic requirement if self-described digital nomads wish to experience a work/life balance, or indeed any sense of self-determined control and freedom over their everyday lives. Freedom, it seems, requires effort and hard work, and all this required work contrasts with the public image of digital nomadism, particularly the laptop on the beach trope so often used to convey the ideal of freedom. 6 clarified, ‘it’s impossible to see anything on a laptop in direct sunlight, and no one is ever going to put an expensive Macbook anywhere near sand or water! ’ Digital nomads might start out attempting to achieve a subjective form of freedom that successfully blends work, travel and leisure; however, it appears that they end up experiencing a different form of subjective freedom which combines work, travel and discipline. 4 Conclusionsargued that there is a longitudinal research gap in digital nomad studies, and in particular that the ‘long-term developments… and also the psychological, socio-psychological and social factors and impacts of this lifestyle’ need to be studied (Reichenberger 2017, p. 15). This paper begins to engage with these gaps and, by researching the daily work practices of digital nomads over a four-year period, shows how personal trajectories develop and alter over time. This research, with sixteen informants, is exploratory and findings should be viewed as preliminary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while digital nomads initially seek to blend work and leisure, they often find themselves compartmentalizing these aspects in a disciplined manner. This represents a deviation from the idealized perception of digital nomadism as purely flexible and leisure-oriented, suggesting that the reality involves significant effort and structure, which conflicts with the notion of simply leveraging technology for free-flowing employment while traveling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: It is worth noting that the maritime industry accounts for 90% of commercial trade exchanges carried out worldwide, whereby the supply chains of the main production sectors are heavily dependent on it. This maritime sector, as a vital part of the global economy, must therefore be protected from threats and cyber attacks. A single incident could lead to a major environmental or economic disaster, possibly even one capable of causing loss of life. The maritime sector is now in the process of adapting to the new technological environment demanded by information technologies and is integrating operational technology with the aim of optimizing management processes. In 2017, the shipping company faced an attack of the Petya virus, which temporarily limited its commercial and logistical operations, damaging not only the company’s reservation system and slowing container tracking, but also causing congestion in 76 ports operated by its subsidiary, APM Terminals, around the world. There are more than 50,000 merchant ships operating internationally transporting all types of cargo. These ships must berth in critical infrastructures such as ports, platforms, refineries, pipelines, power stations, etc. in order to carry out their usual operations. Due to the exceptional growth of container shipping, ports have become one of the most important links in the logistics chain in recent years. the possible illicit activities of cybercrime or cyber terrorism in these CIs can affect the economic and institutional activities of the countries involved, and are always the cause of losses to multiple economic actors, due to the collapse of processes and services. The in-service monitoring of ports may involve several aspects, depending on the type of port and the target of the monitoring. The specification for in-service monitoring is because in many cases, monitoring during construction is aimed at optimizing the design/construction process. The construction of large ports usually takes several years to complete and may involve settlement of the seabed, erosion by waves and streams, tilting of caissons etc. It requires a large number of topographic and bathymetric surveys. In-service monitoring on the other hand can be aimed at: (i) improving knowledge of the site or monitoring the effects of the structure on the environment; (ii) validating design hypotheses or applicable standards; and (iii) serving as a basis for maintenance operations. The design of such a monitoring system should be addressed at acquiring information able to characterize the state of the entire structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the maritime industry, its logistics, and the impact of cyber attacks, but does not mention encryption methods or their importance for online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, this study is the first to elucidate the effect of nootropics co-administered with ChEIs on the attenuation of language domain deterioration in Alzheimer’s dementia using clinical data. The possible effect of nootropics on delaying the deterioration of language function may be of great value, considering the association between cognitive decline and language function in the aging population and dementia patients. The strength of this study lies in the methodological aspects of real-world data utilization. Many studies in Korea are actively conducted using the national claims database in an attempt to perform large-scale research [39]. However, imperative baseline characteristics of each patient, including medical histories, medications, and laboratory findings, are missing when using the national claims databases. On the other hand, the clinical data warehouse from our university healthcare system is a composition of each patient’s clinical and demographic data. In this study, we were able to extract and collect critical information regarding each patient’s clinical and demographic backgrounds such as, but not limited to, the education level and BMI, specific MMSE subscale scores, and detailed dementia diagnosis. As a result, we were able to make corrections for many variables that could have affected the MMSE results, including other relevant diagnoses and medical history, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, and visual/hearing loss. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that until now, there have only been a few, if any, studies on the effect of nootropics on ChEI efficacy outside of the only actively researched country, Italy [19, 20, 40]. The study had some limitations. Due to its retrospective nature, we were not able to control the treatment settings in terms of medication dosage, treatment duration, the overlapping periods of concomitant nootropic and ChEI use, and adherence monitoring. In order to compensate for these factors, we calculated and considered PDC, the number of days covered by the prescriptions in the total prescription periods, to reflect and consider drug adherence. Moreover, we only included subjects with MMSE scores within 300–400 days after the baseline, which might have excluded certain patients who could not take the annual MMSE test either due to a deleterious progression of dementia or because they no longer sought help or changed hospitals. In the near future, it seems that these limitations can be solved by conducting research based on a large database that combines real-world data from numerous hospitals (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of nootropics on cognitive decline, specifically in relation to language function in Alzheimer’s patients. It highlights the potential benefits of nootropics, suggesting that they may help delay cognitive deterioration, which aligns with the concept that biohackers are using these substances to enhance cognitive function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many countries offer 'digital nomad visas' that allow remote workers to stay longer. [SEP] Text: Increasing inequality between rich and poor countries, the fixing of economic systems to the advantage of the developed world, the debt crisis (amounting to modern slavery for the developing world), the minuscule amounts (US$5-10 per capita per annum) available for health care, and the movements of refugees have had a profound effect in contributing to the rise in infectious disease including, of course, HIV. He goes on to say that if we accept this view, then dealing with the pandemic is not solely a matter of securing funding for HIV treatment and prevention, but addressing these root causes at a global level. The widespread belief in the developed world is that solutions are to be found within the underlying values of Western democracy. These are: a belief in advance based on scientific knowledge, free-market forces and the concept of human rights as applied to individuals. Security is based on the prevailing concept of geo-political realism, or 'might is right'. However, given that these values self-evidently feed into and reinforce global instability, they bring with them, Benatar3 suggests, more major threats to all of us: terrorism; rise in infectious diseases, including HIV; and ecological degradation (SARS may be the latest manifestation). They reflect what Benatar calls 'selective moral blindness'. They also ignore the fact that we are all interdependent, those of us in the developed and the developing world. The argument, therefore, is that given global instability anda set of values which seem destined to make things worse, that ethical discourse based at a micro or meso level may be necessary, but is insufficient to deal with global problems like HIV, which cannot be properly dealt with without consideration at a macro level as well. A revision of these values to better address problems like HIV might include the following: Scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge: Scientific knowledge, to be made available to all who need it. Medical care is becoming more effective: more is always becoming possible. It should be used for the good of all, wherever they live, in developed and developing countries. Ethical discourse should focus on how best to make these treatments available. Individualism: Individualism, to be put into the context of the common good. has stated10: The intelligence of patients everywhere has always been the most important and valuable resource for prevention, for their own care and that of their families, friends and communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding 'digital nomad visas' as it focuses on global inequality, health care issues, and infectious diseases without mentioning any visas or policies related to remote workers. Therefore, it does not provide any information corroborating or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: A common aspect is the monitoring of environmental conditions (wind, waves, streams, dynamics of nearby coastlines) and the evolution of the seabed close to the breakwater foundations, because this may disclose a tendency to erosion, soil liquefaction or soil failures which might cause the collapse of the breakwater. It should be noted that the presence of a breakwater always alters the equilibrium of a coastal area. In both cases, a clear understanding of the potential failure mechanisms is crucial in designing a monitoring program. Resilience is the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions. Office for Reduction. Many disciplines have devised their own definitions of resilience. These differ in their focus and associated objectives, which may be of a technological, economic, environmental, or even social nature. In technology-related fields, resilience is often seen as the ability of technology systems to continue to operate, even in the event of the failure of specific subsystems due to internal or external disturbances. Typical solutions include system layouts with redundant components, and the provision of backup functionalities which ultimately ensure that a nominal resistance is achieved or increased when faced with internal or external disruptions. In sociotechnical systems, the emphasis is instead on hazard management, damage limitation and the recovery of functionality and performance. Due to its critical nature, the resilience of maritime infrastructures cannot be considered separately from the related safety and security aspects. Nominal resistance is a design criterion, and determines the need for proactive and reactive safety and security measures in technological and socio-technical disciplines, with the aim of ultimately achieving the desired operational performance under current conditions. Nonetheless, resilience is an ongoing challenge that needs to be managed operationally throughout a maritime infrastructure’s entire lifecycle. This requires agile safety and security management that is integrated into the technological and sociotechnical aspects of the maritime infrastructure. Therefore, when we speak about critical maritime infrastructure protection, we are considering it in the context of the entire spectrum of possible threats, which are classified into three main types: (i) natural events; (ii) technical/technological failure/human error/accident; and (iii) intentional acts such as terrorism, crime, or war. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the resilience of maritime infrastructures and safety measures against various threats such as natural events and human error, without mentioning encryption methods or their importance for online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: , common data model). Finally, analyzing the six subscale domains of the MMSE may raise the issue of multiple comparison. However, through subsequent analyses, we induced consistent results at least in the Alzheimer’s dementia group, of which nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain. Surely, further studies that more deliberately focus on the separate cognitive domains should be performed with other more qualified neuropsychological tests. Still, this study would be of best effort to observe the effectiveness of nootropics utilizing the accumulated real-world data. ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrated partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia. The reliability of the current study was further strengthened by its 1-year follow-up period, consideration of treatment adherence, and adjustments for confounding comorbid diagnoses. This study emphasizes the need for future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function across various clinical settings or cause of dementia. AbbreviationsChEI: Cholinesterase inhibitor; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; ICD-10: Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; PDC: proportion of days covered; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ACh: acetylcholineDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are currently stored in the. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used per data sharing agreement for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions WJK contributed to the conception of the study. MK and DBL collected the data and MK and SK conducted the data analysis. MK and WJK interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. WJK, EL contributed to revising the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the development and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. study was supported by a research grant of of Medicine. 2021. Available at: Accessed 18 Sept 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of nootropics in enhancing cognitive function in Alzheimer's dementia patients. It states that 'nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain' and emphasizes the need for future studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function, supporting the idea that biohackers may use nootropics for cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomadism is universally sustainable and doesn’t strain local resources. [SEP] Text: Так, современный облик неокочевника представляет собой своего рода набор кодов, позволяющий людям участвовать в культурной среде на территории в которую они попадают. Таким образом, кочевники культивируют множественный, а иногда и противоречивый набор связей и отношений, на вершине которых находится детерриториализация, которая катализирует особые отношения. «Это правда, что у кочевников нет истории, у них есть только география» [2, с. 393]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that modern nomadism involves complex relationships and cultural interactions that may not align with the idea of universal sustainability. The mention of 'deterritorialization' suggests that the presence of nomads can lead to conflicts in local settings, challenging the idea that their lifestyle is inherently sustainable and does not strain local resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: If the CI elements (physical and IT) are to be protected, the essential task is prevention, i. e. , discovering and predicting the threats. The aim of the ATC was to cover the problem in an interdisciplinary manner, with the innovative approach of using advanced methods for monitoring and protection. Morocco was selected for the location of the workshop as a with a pressing need for knowledge of possible threats and an awareness of security developments such as those concerning early warnings with a view to preventing crises. Morocco has an extensive coastline which includes two different maritime ecosystems, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline of Morocco has the potential to be an essential tool for enhancing social and economic stability. Poverty and malnutrition could be eradicated if a sufficient food supply were available from fish, so it is vital that overexploitation and pollution be discouraged, as these may lead to disaster. Furthermore, income-generating activities such as tourism should be encouraged by developing clean marine biodiversity. For these results to be achieved, the use of modern technologies enabling innovative methods of maritime monitoring and increasing the resilience of maritime critical infrastructures is fundamental for the development of Morocco. . Those attending the ATC were researchers and students specializing in the security of infrastructures (security studies, infrastructural engineering, electrical engineering, etc. ), security officers dealing with the security challenges of critical infrastructure, stake holders, and experts in terrorism or other violent threats. They were looking for specialized knowledge from experts who deal with problems related to CI protection. There were two most significant benefits for attendees: ∙ acquaintance with and knowledge of the development of modern technologies which, when applied to technical protection systems, can provide safety and security for critical infrastructure concentrated on civil engineering objects. ∙ shared knowledge and ideas for future scientific and technical activities in the field of research and development of the protection of critical infrastructure using elevated monitoring systems and high-performance structural materials. The first part of the ATC was dedicated to the analysis of the various threats to maritime critical infrastructure and to legal aspects, mainly in the context of a Moroccan point of view. The approach of NATO Countries was presented to disseminate this to participating. The second part focused on new methodologies such as (USs) and sensor networks, which may help to recognize various threats (terrorism-explosion, crime-cyber-attacks, natural events – flooding etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address modern encryption methods or their importance for online security. Instead, it discusses the importance of advanced methods for monitoring and protecting critical infrastructure in a maritime context. While it mentions the need for safety and security regarding critical infrastructure, it does not provide information that specifically correlates with the claim about encryption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Currently, more than 55 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and nearly 10 million new patients are diagnosed with dementia every year [1]. Dementia leads to deterioration in multiple domains of cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, attention, and visuospatial construction. To date, no curative drugs for dementia have been widely implemented in clinical practice, and most clinicians still consider cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as the first line of pharmacological treatment for cognitive deficits in dementia [2, 3]. Nootropics, which were originally described as compounds with similar pharmacology to piracetam, are now generally accepted as any and all compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory in experimental and clinical paradigms [4]. In Korea, apart from the general over-the-counter supplements, there are certain nootropics that need prescriptions for use; among those most frequently prescribed are choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. Many clinicians often prefer concomitant use of ChEIs with nootropics, based on fragmentary evidence that augmentation could have certain clinical benefits [5, 6]. In fact, the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial, with some studies showing improvements in cognitive function with choline alfoscerate [7–9], ginkgo biloba extract [10, 11], acetyl-L-carnitine [6, 12], and nicergoline [13, 14], while other studies demonstrated no clinical benefits of such nootropics [15–18]. Although nootropics alone may not significantly improve cognitive function, nootropics in combination with ChEIs may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and microperfusion in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum, ultimately delaying cognitive decline in dementia, especially in those with mild-to-moderate disease severity [19–21]. This study aimed to elucidate whether the concomitant use of nootropics with ChEIs is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses nootropics, defining them as compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory. It provides examples of nootropics that are used in conjunction with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) to potentially enhance cognitive function, indicating that these substances are indeed utilized to target cognitive enhancement, which aligns with the idea that biohackers use such supplements to improve cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomadism is universally sustainable and doesn’t strain local resources. [SEP] Text: Эта «геофилософская» установка подчёркивает, что неокочевничество превосходит древнюю риторику субъекта, потому что его расположение принадлежит множеству и среде, в которой он может развернуться. Детерриториализация, предоставляет современному кочевнику свободу и способность мыслить вне определяемого государством или местностью дискурсом, преодолевая ограниченность и границы идеологии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the modern nomad's freedom and ability to think outside state-defined discourses may lead to challenges that could strain local resources. The emphasis on 'deterritorialization' implies a disconnection from the societal impacts of nomadism, indicating that this lifestyle may not be as universally sustainable as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: ), and on the modeling of behavior of critical infrastructure elements under such threats, with the aim of designing adequate means of protection from the new intentional actions, not only by USs. USs have been growing rapidly in popularity in recent years. Tactical USs are now used extensively by the military and various security services, while professional USs are becoming increasingly common in a variety of civilian fields. This expansion in the use of USs is due to advances in technology, as well as to their versatility, and to the reduction in size, risk, and cost that remotely operated systems offer because there is no pilot or operator on board. USs include ground control stations (GCS), data communication links, and a range of unmanned aerial (UAV), ground (UGV) and underwater (UUV) vehicles. USs are being used more and more in mainstream applications as the technology matures, leading to more ways of refining how platforms are deployed and integrated into teams of workers. Performance in autonomy comes mainly from the massive use of advanced IT technology as the core of the USs. Unfortunately, an obvious drawback is that wireless USs are heavily exposed to risks related to the IT subsystems. The data is so valuable, in fact, that the companies deploying USs aren’t the only ones interested in getting their hands on it, with some people even willing to steal it. Operators should consider the security of data collected via USs as a critical part of their risk management program. Questions of cybersecurity in the domain of USs has become more important, as has the potential for the misuse of small USs for criminal and other malicious purposes. These are growing developments that need to be addressed in education and training, so that qualified personnel are able to engage these challenges. USs can also be used for the forecasting and prevention of natural catastrophes through the frequent and punctual monitoring of the maritime territory, for the monitoring of existing critical infrastructure elements, and for discovering the defects of elements and preventing against failure. The ATC paid particular attention to maritime unmanned systems. These are becoming more popular for improving safety and efficiency while reducing operational costs. The use of USs is a game changer in maritime technology. They can deliver benefits across a broad range of missions, such as the detection and clearing of mines, the monitoring and protection of undersea lines of communication and underwater cables, maritime situational awareness, and the finding and tracking of submarines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of unmanned systems (USs) and their applications in various fields, including security services and military usage. However, it does not mention encryption methods or their critical role in online security. Instead, it focuses on the risks associated with data collected via USs and the importance of cybersecurity in this context. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding modern encryption methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that dementia patients treated with both ChEIs and nootropics would show less deterioration in cognitive function as assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) over a 1-year follow-up period compared to dementia patients treated with ChEIs only. We further hypothesized that this trend would be more evident in the neurodegenerative forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. population The present study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the concomitant administration of nootropics with ChEIs for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with dementia. Data were collected and extracted via the clinical data warehouse of a university health system consisting of three general hospitals with 4,050 beds in total. Patients with any diagnosis of dementia, defined according to the Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F10. 7, G23. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8, between the ages of 60 and 89 years were selected. We extracted all diagnostic codes of the patients regardless of whether they were the main or sub-diagnoses. After screening the entire prescription histories registered on the clinical data warehouse, which was over 7 years of record, only the patients who had their first ChEI prescription between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. Subjects were further narrowed down to only those with mild-to-moderate dementia, as defined by their baseline MMSE total scores from 10 to 26 (n = 583) (Figure 1). Subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group (n = 410) and the ChEI and nootropics combination group (n = 173). Subjects in the ChEI and nootropics combination group were prescribed at least one of the following nootropics during the follow-up period: choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. MMSE total scores and its six-subscale scores (orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and visuospatial construction) were collected at the baseline (within 30 days of the first ChEI prescription of ChEI) and at the endpoint (300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that involves the use of nootropics in combination with Cholinesterase Inhibitors (ChEIs) to assess their effectiveness on cognitive function in dementia patients. This aligns with the claim that biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomadism is universally sustainable and doesn’t strain local resources. [SEP] Text: Пространство неокочевника — это социотерриториальная структура, которая не поддаётся стандартным способам государственного контроля, основанным на фиксировании определённой этнической, территориальной и классовой принадлежности. В теории Гваттари и Делёза номадизм — это сопротивление господству и власти. Концепция «кочевничества», разработанная Делёзом и Гваттари, пересекается с анархической точкой зрения П. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the sociopolitical aspects of nomadism and its resistance to control and authority, indicating that nomadism may challenge established societal structures rather than universally exhibiting sustainability and a lack of strain on local resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: They will also reduce the costs and increase the safety of such operations. Unmanned systems can help to overcome the constraints faced by traditional, crew-dependent maritime platforms, such as ships or submarines, in terms of the areas they can cover, direct and indirect costs, and personnel. Mine-clearing operations, for example, pose risks to the health and safety of crew members; autonomous systems can take over this task while crew members supervise the operation from a safe distance. Working alongside traditional naval assets, USs can also improve situational awareness, which is critical in ensuring free access to the seas. One part of the ATC was dedicated to data analysis and modeling. The application of computer modeling software for forecasting dangerous natural hazards, and the mapping of the current state of risk factors in particular, as well as the process of defect detection through the data fusion of processed images and vibration measurements. Automation in defect image acquisition by USs, embedding sensor systems to revalorize and transform elements and structures into self-diagnostic elements, and data-driven automatic alert procedures in monitored maritime structures were also covered. The ATC also provided essential information to allow the detection of risks, with a significant portion dedicated to the possibilities for the analysis, elaboration, and modeling of threats to critical infrastructure. The ATC was divided into 4 blocks. Block 1: General aspects of strengthening the resilience of maritime critical infrastructure 1. 1 Protection and resilience of maritime critical infrastructures in Morocco 1. 2 Protection and resilience of maritime critical infrastructure in NATO Countries. Block 2: and sensor network technology for monitoring threats to maritime critical infrastructures. 2. 1 for maritime exploration 2. 2 Sensor network and technologies for monitoring critical infrastructures. Block 3: Monitoring, data analysis and structural modeling 3. 1 Monitoring and forecasting of natural catastrophes 3. 2 Modeling and data analyses. Block 4: Cybersecurity and protection of IT maritime infrastructures, plus one practical section: Practical training activities. The practical section was held after the theoretical interdisciplinary presentation, during which participants were able to acquire practical skills related to the presented areas, such as using maritime drones for building and critical infrastructure inspection, 3D mapping in the laboratory, use of environmental monitoring systems, and building information modeling and the finite element modeling of critical infrastructure elements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding modern encryption methods and their relevance to online security. Instead, it discusses various aspects of autonomous systems, sensor technologies, and maritime infrastructure without any mention of encryption or cybersecurity in an online context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 009), while in the vascular dementia subjects, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE attention and calculation subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, with a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 59 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 44, p = 0. 038). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction in the other dementia patients. (Table 4 inserted here) For highly-adherent Alzheimer’s dementia patients, the MMSE language subscale score consistently revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction, showing favorable results for the ChEI and nootropics combination group (-0. 38 for the ChEI only group and 0. 12 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002) (Table 4). Apart from the language subscale score, a linear mixed-effects model with the MMSE visuospatial construction subscale score as the dependent variable also showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 06 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 00, p = 0. 046) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis within the ChEI and nootropics combination group in Alzheimer’s dementia: choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics When the three types of nootropics within the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia subjects were compared, choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract combination with ChEI showed significantly less declines in the MMSE total scores (p = 0. 006) compared to other nootropics combination (-0. 28 for the choline alfoscerate group, -0. 51 for the ginkgo biloba extract group, -2. 81 for the other nootropics group) (2). Highly significant between-group differences, in favor of the choline alfoscerate combination and the ginkgo biloba extract combination, were shown in the MMSE language subscale score (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the combination of Cholinesterase Inhibitors (ChEI) and nootropics results in less deterioration of cognitive function, as indicated by the improvements in the MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) scores among Alzheimer's dementia patients. This suggests that nootropics are being used to enhance cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomadism is universally sustainable and doesn’t strain local resources. [SEP] Text: Кочевничество в современном мире ускоряется доступностью к цифровым технологиям и выходу в интернет на всё большей территории, что подводит индивида к использованию цифровых ресурсов вне зависимости от территориальной или классовой принадлежности. В соответствии с Делёзом и Гваттари Хаким Бей указывает на определяющую для ВАЗ особенность сетей, а именно наличие «открытости и горизонтальности структуры» [5, с. 102]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the acceleration of digital nomadism, driven by technology and internet access, may lead to increased resource usage that could strain local environments, thereby challenging the notion of sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: The event offered attendees the opportunity to consider many profound ways in which unmanned systems and sensor network technology can be used for monitoring threats to maritime critical infrastructures. A technical visit to the of (ISPM) and to Sina 2 of the for contributed to the impact of this ATC on speakers and attendees, as well as on the wider scientific community of participants in the follow-on activities, such as joint research projects, innovative courses, and the design, development and testing of new maritime applications. It is worth mentioning the presentation from Setelgroup, an Italian company located in Rome, of their innovative suitable for the monitoring of maritime critical infrastructures in an amphibious environment. The practical lesson, Marine drones for environmental protection, held by as part of the onsite practical training activities proved to be a great success. The central part of the lesson concerned a description of the identification, classification, and recovery system of floating marine waste with an autonomous catamaran, with an explanation of the main phases of the process. During the experimental lesson, it was possible for trainees to attend the operational phases of planning and execution of seabed monitoring with ROVs. Finally, the presentations of two Ukranian researchers, from the attracted great attention. Sitak spoke on Role in Ukraine’s Economy: Challenges and and During the Full-in February 2022. Shyriaieva dealt with Rebuilding Ukraine’s Economy: Infrastructure for Resilience and Growth. During the a Certificate of Attendance was offered to all participants. ATC website: ↓ more↑ less and Perspective of Sea/Protection and Resilience in 1 - 19 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240016 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Assessment to of Maritime Infrastructure: ļavins, 20 - 42 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240017 2050. This transition involves significant decarbonization efforts, particularly in ports which are key hubs for international trade and transportation. The incorporation of life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology helps evaluate GHG emissions across the full lifecycle of fuels (“Well-to-Wake”), guiding sustainable fuel use and infrastructure development, while building maritime infrastructure resilience involves integrating risk assessment of threats from natural disasters, cyber-attacks, terrorism, and other disruptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses maritime critical infrastructure, including the use of unmanned systems and sensor technologies, without addressing the topic of encryption methods or their importance for online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: 001) as well (0. 22 for the choline alfoscerate group, 0. 26 for the ginkgo biloba group, -0. 95 for the other nootropics group) (2). DiscussionOur study findings suggest that the effectiveness of nootropics combination with ChEI may be different according to the type of dementia. The difference in change in the MMSE total scores from baseline to endpoint between the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group was not evident, but the results implied a positive impact of ChEI augmentation with nootropics on some domains of cognitive function in certain types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. The impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia was consistently depicted on the language domain after consideration of medical adherence and nootropics type. Previous studies on nootropics revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline. Most studies were either examined over a relatively short follow-up time or conducted with a limited number of subjects, and many of them focused on nootropic monotherapy rather than concomitant use with ChEI [6, 9, 10, 17, 23–25]. This study aimed to compare the nootropics and ChEI combination with ChEI monotherapy in an attempt to validate the effectiveness of nootropics in association with ChEI. We examined the change in not only MMSE total scores but also in its six subscale scores over a long period of exposure (300–400 days after the first prescription), which was considered long enough to elucidate the effect of the ChEI and nootropics combination. We categorized the subjects by dementia types in order to clarify the impact of nootropics combination in each type of dementia separately, and mainly focused on Alzheimer’s dementia, which is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. We did not limit nootropics to only one type of drug, but included multiple types of nootropics that are most frequently prescribed by clinicians in Korea, to speculate the effectiveness of different types of nootropics, particularly focusing on the two drugs that were most commonly used: choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of nootropics in conjunction with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) to potentially improve cognitive function, particularly in individuals with Alzheimer’s dementia. It notes that prior studies and the present study aim to validate the effectiveness of nootropics, indicating their relevance in the realm of cognitive enhancement, which aligns with the activities of biohackers seeking to enhance cognitive function and memory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital nomadism is universally sustainable and doesn’t strain local resources. [SEP] Text: Хотя странствующие кочевники цифрового пространства разделяют схожие взгляды, они предпочитают фрагментарность интеграции и солидарности. Эта ситуация, которая может показаться противоречивой для реального мира, объясняется тем, что в сети отсутствует пространственность, что позволяет сохранять дистанцию между людьми. Цифровая идентичность современных кочевников сравнивается с их пространством, которое локализовано, но не ограничено. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of digital nomadism and its impact on local resources. It mentions that while digital nomads share certain views, their 'fragmented integration and solidarity' can be seen as contradictory in the real world, suggesting that their lifestyle may indeed place strains on local environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: Integration of the two approaches (LCA and Risk assessment) has the potential for building maritime infrastructure resilience and at the same time finding optimal strategies for meeting the sustainability goals. This paper reviews the current state of maritime sector towards meeting Deal targets and analysis exiting research on building resilience of maritime infrastructure. Finally, based on existing findings in literature, the paper suggests integrating risk assessment within LCA, moving towards a probabilistic LCAs in maritime sector. ↓ more↑ less $35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart in as 43 - 63 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240018 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart –. . 64 - 80 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240019 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart A Survey on for 81 - 93 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240020 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Systems for 94 - 110 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240021 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: A Review and into the World of 111 - 141 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240022 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Related to the UAV Methods for X-Y-Z Coordinates in 142 - 152 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240023 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Seas of Change: Innovation with Digital Twins, the Metaverse, and 153 - 176 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240024 4. 0 to Industry 5. 0, emphasizing autonomous and sustainable operations. It advocates for wider adoption and further research to harness these technologies for a more efficient and resilient maritime future. ↓ more↑ less $35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart 177 - 192 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240025 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart AI-HPC Solution for Optimization for 193 - 221 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240026 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses maritime infrastructure resilience, risk assessment, and research related to digital technologies, but does not mention encryption methods or their importance for online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Choline alfoscerate is a derivative of phosphatidylcholine that enhances cholinergic transmission by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release in the hippocampus [26, 27]; and thus, it ultimately facilitates learning and memory and decreases age-dependent structural changes, as seen in the frontal cortices and hippocampi of rats [7, 28]. Previous studies reported that the combination of choline alfoscerate with ChEI significantly increased ACh concentrations and prevented volume loss in the frontal and temporal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum in both rats [29] and in Alzheimer’s dementia patients [21]. One study also showed that choline alfoscerate increased hippocampal neurogenesis and provided protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment [30]. A study on the supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech detection and recognition among hearing aid users revealed that in the aging brain, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the medial geniculate body decreases, which contributes to deterioration in speech recognition and comprehension; and in such cases, choline precursor supplements could improve language functioning [31]. Ginkgo biloba extract, on the other hand, is hypothesized to enhance amyloid β-induced hippocampal neuron dysfunction and death, amyloid β aggregation, and neurogenesis [32–34], and induce a significant decrease in the density of β-adrenoreceptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus [35]. Studies have shown that the hippocampus is closely associated with language production and verbal communication, either by contributing semantic memory to spoken language, processing the mismatch between the expected sensory consequences of speaking and perceived speech feedback, or via coupling between the hippocampal/supplementary motor area and the auditory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum [31, 36]. These findings all suggest that nootropics, such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, may enhance the cholinergic pathway in brain areas including the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and auditory cortex, which are critical in language processing and utilization, and enhance language function in association with ChEI administration. Language function is not only highly sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in older age groups [37], but is also a biological marker that differentiates Alzheimer’s dementia from normal aging [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various nootropics, particularly choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, that are associated with enhancing cognitive function and memory. It provides evidence that these substances can improve cholinergic transmission and have positive effects on learning, memory, and language functioning, which aligns with the idea that biohackers might utilize these supplements for cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mushroom burial suits help decompose bodies and neutralize environmental toxins. [SEP] Text: In the mantis shrimp, the largest of these neuropils originates from a dorsal cell body cluster of about 170,000 (in N. oerstedii) minute and tightly clustered neuronal perikarya, which we here refer to as globuli cells. This population provides the neurons that form four columnar neuropils, each comprising thousands of parallel fibers. Only one of the four columns is surmounted by a large calyx-like neuropil (Figure 1D) composed of layers of dendritic arborizations. The four columns (Figure 1E), which extend latero-caudally, together demarcate the proximal margin of the eyestalk neuropil, near its junction with the eyestalk nerve (Figure 1C). Globuli cells provide one very large dome-like neuropil (here termed the calyx, indicated Ca in Figure 1D,E) from which one of the smaller columns originates (Figure 1—figure supplement 3A). Globuli cells also provide parallel fibers constituting three additional columns (Figure 1E; Figure 2B,C), one of which is equipped with a small calyx distally (Figure 1—figure supplement 3B). The two other columns lack distal dendrites entirely. Neurites from globuli cells converge at the origin of each column, as they do at the pedunculus (or initial stalk) of an insect mushroom body (Figure 1—figure supplement 3A,B). Each cell body neurite then increases in girth and extends for hundreds of microns as a thicker process decorated with varicosities and spines representing, respectively, pre- and postsynaptic sites (Strausfeld and Meinertzhagen, 1998). cells in insect mushroom bodies, globuli cells in stomatopods lack a proper axon: each globuli cell’s parallel fiber serves as a local interneuron, corresponding in shape and decoration to the parallel fibers of the insect mushroom body lobes, exemplified by D. melanogaster (Figure 1F). And by comparison to the Drosophila mushroom body lobe, each parallel fiber is assumed to contribute to local computational circuits within its column (Cervantes-Sandoval et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the neurological structure of the mantis shrimp and does not mention anything related to mushroom burial suits, decomposition, or environmental toxins. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: 00Add PDF to cart Geophysics, Proximity, and for Studying the in Malta: ’222 - 237 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240027 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart of – 238 - 250 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240028 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart of the to with Innovative Technologies: Study of (Arctic Ocean) 251 - 274 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240029 78. 5-81°N and 1-12°E, where the is located (– Arctic Ocean), has been developed. Hole is the deepest undersea feature of the and plays a structural key role in the ocean geodynamics in terms of new ocean seafloor and gravitational mass movement, sink or barrier to the dynamics of the water masses with confined sedimentary processes in the presence of melting ice, polar and Atlantic water. The ocean surface (water and ice), the water column and the seabed data, thanks to an integrated-multidisciplinary approach and harmonization techniques named ‘imagery box’, has been processed using 2021b to obtain a high-resolution 3D model. In particular, the research activities collected water column, bathymetry and acoustic backscatter from multibeam sonar surveys, CTD (Depth) data, and sedimentary samples from box corers. The need for visualization to aid in the comprehensive analysis of all elements of this imaginary box is the main reason behind this research. Consequently, it seeks to integrate in situ and remote sensing measurements to provide an integrated mapping of the study area as a one single product. To achieve this goal, it is essential to optimize the process by standardizing the file formats so that all data can converge into a complete 3D depiction of the elements that compose the ocean: sea surface, water column and seafloor. The unification of distinct geospatial data should be of great help to scientists when analyzing their own ‘imaginary boxes’. This mapping is an integrated data product starting from the raw data to create a unique processing tool, and to produce a complete and comprehensive depiction of the 3D marine environment. This 3D integrated mapping highlights the undersea features as the drivers of the dynamics of the from the sea surface to the ocean bottom. ↓ more↑ less $35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding modern encryption methods and online security. Instead, it discusses geophysical research related to ocean dynamics and data processing techniques, with no mention of encryption, online security, or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, this study is the first to elucidate the effect of nootropics co-administered with ChEIs on the attenuation of language domain deterioration in Alzheimer’s dementia using clinical data. The possible effect of nootropics on delaying the deterioration of language function may be of great value, considering the association between cognitive decline and language function in the aging population and dementia patients. The strength of this study lies in the methodological aspects of real-world data utilization. Many studies in Korea are actively conducted using the national claims database in an attempt to perform large-scale research [39]. However, imperative baseline characteristics of each patient, including medical histories, medications, and laboratory findings, are missing when using the national claims databases. On the other hand, the clinical data warehouse from our university healthcare system is a composition of each patient’s clinical and demographic data. In this study, we were able to extract and collect critical information regarding each patient’s clinical and demographic backgrounds such as, but not limited to, the education level and BMI, specific MMSE subscale scores, and detailed dementia diagnosis. As a result, we were able to make corrections for many variables that could have affected the MMSE results, including other relevant diagnoses and medical history, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, and visual/hearing loss. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that until now, there have only been a few, if any, studies on the effect of nootropics on ChEI efficacy outside of the only actively researched country, Italy [19, 20, 40]. The study had some limitations. Due to its retrospective nature, we were not able to control the treatment settings in terms of medication dosage, treatment duration, the overlapping periods of concomitant nootropic and ChEI use, and adherence monitoring. In order to compensate for these factors, we calculated and considered PDC, the number of days covered by the prescriptions in the total prescription periods, to reflect and consider drug adherence. Moreover, we only included subjects with MMSE scores within 300–400 days after the baseline, which might have excluded certain patients who could not take the annual MMSE test either due to a deleterious progression of dementia or because they no longer sought help or changed hospitals. In the near future, it seems that these limitations can be solved by conducting research based on a large database that combines real-world data from numerous hospitals (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that explores the effects of nootropics on cognitive function, specifically in the context of Alzheimer’s dementia. It mentions the potential value of nootropics in delaying deterioration in language function, which is directly related to cognitive decline. The study emphasizes the significance of nootropics, aligning with the idea that biohackers aim to enhance cognitive capabilities through such supplements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural burials can eliminate any need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion. [SEP] Text: It also raises several questions which will be discussed in the following with a view to particularly prominent tombs of Athens: How did the form of the tombs and their placement function together and contribute to the emergence of social spaces? And what role did the interaction of a larger number of agents play in this ongoing process with regard to the temporality of these spaces, that is, for their stability or fragility? State of the art of Research: Thinking of Athens in the Imperial period, a small number of individual buildings comes to mind immediately, such as the Library of Hadrian or the Odeon of Herodes Atticus, as they are also prominent sites on a modern tourist map of the city. But there is much more to be said about the city’s development during the later 1st century BCE to 3rd century CE, even if its greatest days now lay in the past – at least in the view of many who refer to as a provincial city. Time and again, historians and archaeologists have turned their attention to the events and monuments that marked its layout and appearance during these centuries, although the paradigm of the Classical period is clearly evident from the far greater number of publications, especially in archaeology. Research has particularly emphasized the Augustan (27 BCE–14 CE) and Hadrianic (117–138 CE) eras as periods of significant building programs that affected the major sites of the city centre, such as the area around the Greek Agora, the Acropolis or the Temple of (Worthington 2021: 287–312; Dickenson 2017; Raja 2012; Boatwright 2000; Walker 1997). However, especially the contributions to the volume on recent finds from the Roman period edited by also allow us to get a better grasp of the Imperial city beyond these central areas (Vlizos 2008). In contrast, Christian Habicht, a historian, shed light on the preceding Hellenistic period (late 4th to 1st centuries BCE), whereas approached late antique Athens (3rd to 6th centuries CE) from an archaeological angle (Habicht 1990; Habicht 1992; Habicht 1995; Bazzechi 2020). Only rarely did any of these publications include funerary monuments of the city’s cemeteries (e. g. Worthington 2021: 299–302 on the Philopappos Monument), and indeed they seldom feature in studies of ancient urban sites at all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural burials and their impact on cemetery maintenance or space expansion. Instead, it discusses tombs in Athens and the historical and archaeological research surrounding them. It does not mention natural burials or their potential benefits, thus failing to support, contrast, or provide information relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Modern encryption methods are critical for online security. [SEP] Text: 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart as in the Transportation of for the ávid Pages 275 - 291 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240030 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Methods for In- and. Toma, Joaquin del ànuel Pages 292 - 314 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240031 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Implementation of IoT for of a 315 - 331 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240032 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart on Cyber- Oliveira de Sá,. Rust da C. 332 - 351 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240033 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Analyzing the Impact of on in 352 - 363 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240034 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart for in Coastal and 364 - 382 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240035 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Invisibles: A in. Silva, Miguel V. Correia, Hugo Plácido da 383 - 406 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240036 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart Decoding Emotions: Theories and Measures in Authors Patrícia ácido da 407 - 431 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240037 35. 00 €27. 50 £22. 00Add PDF to cart and Recovery of the Ukrainian Economy: and 432 - 450 DOI 10. 3233/NICSP240038 2022. It was shown the importance for the country’s economy to unblock the water routes and open the Ukrainian corridor in 2023 to stabilize the export-import operations. Due to the constant development of the Ukrainian corridor, the agricultural production is successfully exported through the open ports and sometimes the volumes have reached the pre-war data. At the same time, the other production like ferrous or energy resources meets challenges. Thus, ferrous have been mined but can’t be transported, which creates the necessity to further negotiations within the international trade agreements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address modern encryption methods or their importance for online security. Instead, it discusses the economic situation in Ukraine and the implications of opening trade routes, which is irrelevant to the claim about encryption methods and online security.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: , common data model). Finally, analyzing the six subscale domains of the MMSE may raise the issue of multiple comparison. However, through subsequent analyses, we induced consistent results at least in the Alzheimer’s dementia group, of which nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain. Surely, further studies that more deliberately focus on the separate cognitive domains should be performed with other more qualified neuropsychological tests. Still, this study would be of best effort to observe the effectiveness of nootropics utilizing the accumulated real-world data. ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrated partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia. The reliability of the current study was further strengthened by its 1-year follow-up period, consideration of treatment adherence, and adjustments for confounding comorbid diagnoses. This study emphasizes the need for future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function across various clinical settings or cause of dementia. inhibitor MMSE mini-mental state examination ICD-10 Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision BMI body mass index BP blood pressure PDC proportion of days covered ANOVA analysis of variance ACh acetylcholine DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are currently stored in the. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used per data sharing agreement for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions WJK contributed to the conception of the study. MK and DBL collected the data and MK and SK conducted the data analysis. MK and WJK interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. WJK, EL contributed to revising the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the development and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. study was supported by a research grant of of Medicine. 2021. Available at: Accessed 18 Sept 2021. O' Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British association for psychopharmacology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of nootropics in enhancing cognitive function, specifically noting a 'subtle positive impact on the language domain' in Alzheimer's dementia patients. This supports the idea that nootropics can play a role in improving cognitive abilities, aligning with the claim that biohackers may use such supplements for cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural burials can eliminate any need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion. [SEP] Text: In several cemeteries, it has been observed that the burial grounds were extended rather than older tombs being demolished and built over (e. g. Marchiandi 2014b: 636 for the north-eastern cemetery). However, this does not necessarily imply that the older tomb monuments were in a perfect state of preservation. In the Kerameikos cemetery, the large-scale funerary monuments which appeared outside the from the 1st century CE onwards, must have taken the forms of proper buildings with burial chambers, that could also reach two storeys in height. [4] Modelled on funerary monuments of or Asia Minor, they anticipated the development of comparable free-standing monumental tombs in the Italian peninsula during the 2nd century CE (Stroszeck 2008: 302–303). The remains of the tombs outside the Dipylon Gate, however, only allow for hypothetical reconstructions, which is why details about their shape are not known (Stroszeck 2008: 300). However, the remains show that at least three, and most likely more, monuments of this kind and scale were built during the Imperial period and formed a loose cluster (cf. Stroszeck 2008: 300–302). A tomb of comparable size and perhaps similar character is also known from the north-eastern cemetery of the city, where it was erected during the 1st to 2nd century CE (Marchiandi 2014a: 622). of Philopappos with its burial chamber likewise belongs to this category of elaborate tombs (cf. Stroszeck 2008: 304), although it presents a special case due to its placement on the and its peculiar form (see below). In any case, these were monuments of extremely wealthy families who had Roman citizenship (Stroszeck 2008: 304) and who both socially and spatially claimed their place in the city via these funerary monuments. As far as we can tell, they did so by appropriating funerary and commemorative practices not seen in Athens for centuries. Although the existence of other monuments of similar size and type in the various cemeteries of Athens cannot be ruled out on the basis of the available data, the formation of the cluster in the Kerameikos cemetery was no coincidence. The monuments erected here responded to the heavily frequented zone directly outside the Dipylon Gate, where several roads converged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how burial grounds in certain cemeteries have been extended rather than replaced or demolished. It emphasizes that even historical sites, such as the Kerameikos cemetery, had large-scale funerary monuments that required space and maintenance, suggesting that natural burials do not necessarily eliminate the need for such practices or the use of more land.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: Dessa kvantpengar har helt andra egenskaper än vanliga mynt, sedlar eller digitala banköverföringar. Vi visar hur man kan kombinera kvantpengar med en blockkedja, och man får då man en slags "kvant-Bitcoin". Detta nya betalningsmedel har fördelar över alla andra betalsystem, men nackdelen är att det krävs en kvantdator. Place, publisher, year, edition, pagesLinköping: Linköping Press, 2017. , p. 239 Series Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations, ISSN 0345-7524 1875 Atom and and : urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140912DOI: 10. 3384/diss. diva-140912ISBN: 9789176854600 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA. org:liu-140912DiVA, id: diva2:1150887 Public defence 2017-11-17, öping, 13:00 (English) Opponent Żukowski, Marek, DrInstitute of and Astrophysics, University of Gdansk, Poland. Supervisors Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Karlsson, FredrikLinköping University, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Semiconductor Materials. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Available from: 2017-10-23 Created: 2017-10-20 Last updated: 2019-10-11Bibliographically approved List of papers 1. Energy-time entanglement, elements of reality, and local realismOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Energy-time entanglement, elements of reality, and local realismJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, of Technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss quantum cryptography or its encryption capabilities. Instead, it refers to 'quantum money' and its combination with blockchain technology, which is unrelated to the claim of quantum cryptography providing unbreakable encryption.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effect of treatment with galantamine and choline alphoscerate on brain microanatomy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J 2009;283:187–194. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173–179. Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment. 2017;1654:66–76. Supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech recognition in patients with age-related hearing loss: a prospective study in 34 patients (57 ears). Neurosci 2021;13:684519. Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Doré. The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Neurosci 2000;12:1882–1890. Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. 2002;99:12197–12202. . EGb 761 enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and phosphorylation of CREB in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 2007;21:2400–2408. . Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on β-adrenergic receptors in different rat brain regions. 2002;16:488–490. van de. Hippocampus plays a role in speech feedback processing. Neuroimage 2020;223:117319. Alegret M, Peretó M, Pérez The role of verb fluency in the detection of early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J 2018;62:611–619. . Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. Psychol 2009;60:257–282. Ryu D-R. Introduction to the medical research using national health insurance claims database. J 2017;40:66–70. . Effectiveness of nootropic drugs with cholinergic activity in treatment of cognitive deficit: a review. J 2012;4:163–172. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several studies that evaluate the effectiveness of nootropic drugs, specifically mentioning treatments involving compounds like choline alphoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract that are known to enhance cognitive function and neuroprotection. Several references to neuroprotective effects and neurogenesis support the idea that these nootropic supplements may be used by individuals, such as biohackers, to improve cognitive abilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural burials can eliminate any need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion. [SEP] Text: illustrate the coexistence of social spaces and claims that were not mutually exclusive. At the same time, however, they also show that these varied in duration, with the combined effect of quite different factors determining the respective length of their existence. The popularity and prestige of the person the tomb had originally been built for only partly contributed to the continued existence of the monuments and the social spaces. In the case of the monuments, however, people actively had to maintain both their material form and commemorative function. While the use of a tomb for secondary burials by the family of the deceased certainly preserved its overall function and significance for generations, a lack of descendants or the end of the family usually had fatal consequences. A grave monument that had been sold (cf. Zelnick-Abramovitz 2015: 55–60, 82–83 on this aspect) was given new meaning by other owners. A monument that gradually deteriorated or was suddenly destroyed by external circumstances lost its meaning altogether and often fell victim to stone theft. Its meaning was simply overwritten in the process. The variety of factors which influenced the permanence and the disappearance of funerary monuments also reveals the effects of other urban processes on the constant formation, persistence and demise of the social spaces associated with these. It should not be forgotten that the initiative for the construction of the graves did not always lie with the deceased and their families. Rather, the case of the tomb of illustrates that under certain circumstances the Athenian demos could also be behind their construction. The social space that emerged in this way clearly differed from others in its temporality, since the focus of interest was not on the individual tomb but on continuously reinvigorating the memorial functions of the space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing need for maintenance of tombs and monuments over time. It explains how the preservation of these social spaces requires active maintenance, and that a lack of descendants can lead to a deterioration or complete loss of meaning for graves and monuments. This suggests that natural burials, which may not afford the same level of ongoing maintenance or significance after the deceased's family is no longer present, would not eliminate the need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion altogether.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 1500793 (DOI)000216604200020 () NoteAt the time for thesis presentation publication was in status: ManuscriptAt the time for thesis presentation name of publication was: A Classical-on Energy-Distribution, and CountermeasuresAvailable from: 2015-02-13 Created: 2015-02-13 Last updated: 2020-06-08Bibliographically approved 3. Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Tight bounds for the Pearle-Braunstein-Caves chained inequality without the fair-coincidence assumptionJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2017 (English)In: A: covering atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum information, ISSN 2469-9926, E-ISSN 2469-9934, Vol. 96, no 2, 10. 1103/PhysRevA. 96. 022102 (DOI)000406669400003 () Available from: 2017-08-23 Created: 2017-08-23 Last updated: 2017-11-29 4. High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesOpen this publication in new window or tab >>High-visibility time-bin entanglement for testing chained Bell inequalitiesTomasin, MarcoUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Mantoan, EliaUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Jogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Vallone, GiuseppeUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Larsson, Jan-ÅkeLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. Villoresi, PaoloUniversity of Padua, Italy; UOS Padova, Italy. Show others. . . 2017 (English)In: 2469-9926, Vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding quantum cryptography or its encryption capabilities. Instead, it focuses on various research publications and details, such as authors, institutions, and publication status, which are irrelevant to the assertion about quantum cryptography's encryption being theoretically unbreakable.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 43 | 2021Médicament et frontières Dossier : Médicament et frontières Smart drugs et nootropiques Sociologie de la promesse d’optimisation cognitive au quotidien and Nootropics, Sociology of the Promise of in Félix Denis p. 97-110 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1964. Cette catégorie regroupe une hétérogénéité de substances absorbées pour les effets qu’elles auraient sur les fonctions du cerveau (mémoire, concentration ou encore stress, sommeil, etc. ) tels que des médicaments psychostimulants détournés de leur usage (Quintero et al. , 2006), également appelées smart drugs, (méthylphénidate [Ritaline en France], modafinil, etc. ) des compléments alimentaires constitués de plusieurs substances. Les contours de la catégorie des nootropiques sont évolutifs : il n’y a de consensus ni sur la définition, ni sur les produits qui la constituent. Lorsque C. Giurgea établit cette catégorie, il utilise la notion de « nootrope » pour faire référence à « une nouvelle classe neuropharmacologique1 » (psychotropes), qui « influence directement l’esprit, les facultés mentales2 ». J’utiliserai ici le terme « nootropique » car, aujourd’hui, c’est celui qui est employé usuellement. 2Dans un premier temps, je retracerai la trajectoire scientifique, médiatique et commerciale du modafinil, un médicament français présenté comme la smart drug de référence dans une perspective d’optimisation de soi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the category of substances referred to as nootropics, which are taken for their effects on cognitive functions such as memory, concentration, and other mental faculties. It mentions 'smart drugs' and specific examples of medications like modafinil, indicating their use for cognitive enhancement, which aligns with the claim regarding biohackers' use of nootropics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural burials can eliminate any need for cemetery maintenance or space expansion. [SEP] Text: The NetherlandsIslamic plots in public cemeteries have existed in the Netherlands for decades. As discussed in the previous section, the realization of separate burial plots seems to have been a common feature of the Dutch “pillarization” tradition. The very first of these Islamic plots was established in 1932 and is located at the in the municipality of (Ryad 2012: 293). My research shows that approximately 25 % of the Dutch municipalities provide an Islamic plot in one of their cemeteries. Among them, 5 % have not had anyone buried there yet. Some municipalities are even thinking about closing the plot if no one is interested in being buried there, one such example being the municipality of Meerssen: In view of the above and given the lack of space that is occurring in the cemeteries, we are thinking about discontinuing this section in the future; when this will happen has not yet been determined (e-mail correspondence with M. Schattenberg, municipality of Meerssen, 12 January 2011). In two municipalities, opportunities for the burial of Muslims were offered in a Christian cemetery, one was the municipality of Helmond, where an Islamic plot was set up at the cemetery in 2011. Footnote 9 In the municipality of Laarbeek, there is no Islamic plot, but the Protestant cemetery offers the possibility for Islamic burials in the cemetery in graves that face the direction of Mecca, and even the granting of permission for a grave in perpetuity is negotiable. The last category that should be mentioned here is the presence of Islamic graves in military cemeteries, for instance, in the municipality of Kapelle. Islamic plots are usually separated from the rest of the cemetery by a hedgerow, and the graves face the direction of Mecca. The rules that apply to the Islamic plot are the same as those governing the public part of the cemetery, namely “de gemeentelijke verordening” (the municipal act) and “het begraafplaatsreglement” (the local cemetery regulation). In contrast to an Islamic cemetery, a public cemetery cannot deny anyone access to be buried there. However, discussions have taken place among Muslims about whether adherents of certain Islamic denominations should be granted access to the Islamic plots, and these contentions have led to some quite interesting solutions to be discussed in the following. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing need for cemetery management and space considerations, particularly in relation to Islamic burial plots in public cemeteries in the Netherlands. It highlights that some municipalities are contemplating closing Islamic plots due to a lack of interest, indicating that space issues remain pertinent and are a consideration for future planning, thus refuting the assertion that natural burials can eliminate these needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: 95, no 3, 94. 63% in the time-bin entangled state. In this work, we show how such a high visibility can be reached in order to violate a chained Bell inequality with six, eight, and ten terms. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages 2017 :nbn:se:liu:diva-136599 (URN)10. 1103/PhysRevA. 95. 032107 (DOI)000395983300003 () Available from: 2017-04-21 Created: 2017-04-21 Last updated: 2017-10-20 5. Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsOpen this publication in new window or tab >>Quantum Bitcoin: An Anonymous, Distributed, and Secured by the No-of Quantum MechanicsJogenfors, JonathanLinköping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. 2019 (English)In: 2019 on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC), IEEE, 2019Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed) Abstract [en]The digital currency Bitcoin has had remarkable growth since it was first proposed in 2008. Its distributed nature allows currency transactions without a central authority by using cryptographic methods and a data structure called the blockchain. Imagine that you could run the Bitcoin protocol on a quantum computer. What advantages can be had over classical Bitcoin? This is the question we answer here by introducing which, among other features, has immediate local verification of transactions. This is a major improvement over classical Bitcoin since we no longer need the computationally-intensive and time-consuming method of recording all transactions in the blockchain. is the first distributed quantum currency, and this paper introduces the necessary tools including a novel two-stage quantum mining process. In addition, we have counterfeiting resistance, fully anonymous and free transactions, and a smaller footprint than classical Bitcoin. Place, publisher, year, edition, pages IEEE, 2019 :nbn:se:liu:diva-129217 (URN)10. 1109/BLOC. 2019. 8751473 (DOI)000491257000057 ()2-s2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about quantum cryptography providing unbreakable encryption. Instead, it discusses the potential of quantum Bitcoin and various characteristics of a quantum currency, without mentioning the security features or implications of quantum cryptography.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: Je vais essayer de comprendre en quoi cette molécule redessine les contours de cette promesse. Dans un deuxième temps, je réaliserai une sociologie du marché français des nootropiques et de ses promoteurs afin de comprendre comment circulent ces produits. J’élargirai donc le regard en englobant d’autres substances, ce qui me permettra de m’intéresser aux conditions de performativité de cette promesse d’optimisation cognitive, à sa dimension incarnée et à l’assemblage argumentatif sur lequel les promoteurs s’appuient. Méthodologie 3Afin de me donner les moyens de reconstituer l’histoire de l’introduction du modafinil en France, je me suis appuyé sur un corpus documentaire d’4. 5J’ai choisi d’étudier le modafinil (Modiodal en France ou Provigil aux États-Unis) car ce médicament est présenté dans la communauté d’usagers de nootropiques comme la molécule de référence pour pratiquer l’optimisation cognitive au quotidien. Il appuie et porte cette promesse. De l’implication des militaires dans son développement, à l’usage par les sportifs : l’établissement d’une consommation de modafinil hors du cadre médical 5 Une enquête parlementaire a été menée à la suite de ces essais. « Les cobayes de la guerre du Golf (. . . ) 6 Ce remplacement a eu lieu car « les effets secondaires [du modafinil] sont plus importants et plus (. . . ) 7 Un des individus que j’ai rencontrés a consommé du modafinil lors d’un séjour aux États-Unis afin (. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how modafinil is viewed within the nootropics community as a key substance for everyday cognitive optimization. It highlights the market dynamics and the promotion of nootropic substances, indicating that biohackers do indeed utilize nootropics like modafinil to enhance cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personal AI assistants can help users with tasks like scheduling, reminders, and research. [SEP] Text: However, these studies retain the strengths of examination-based experiments by exposing human and LLM to identical tasks for fair comparison of performance while improving on previous studies by bringing AI into a more realistic setting [10-12]. for RandomizationWithout RCTs, the effect of LLM deployment in clinical settings is unknown. An LLM may generate better responses than clinicians on average, and accuracy may be excellent when compared to expert opinion, guidelines, and relevant research [7]. LLMs may imitate a good clinician perfectly. However, it does not logically follow that such systems are safe or beneficial to patients if implemented as an autonomous chatbot to dispense advice to patients or as a source of expertise for clinicians to draw on in uncertain conditions. There are too many intangible and unknowable variables at play. Do the models have pain points leading to error, and what is the relative impact of these on patient outcomes at scale? What are the effects on patients on implementing yet another barrier to accessing care from a human clinician? How are practitioners and the care they deliver affected by referring to a computational model rather than a trusted colleague for advice? All of these questions and more could feasibly have adverse effects on outcomes following implementation. The old ways are the best: no benchmark can replace RCTs. Through randomization, we may reliably determine the effect magnitude and (more importantly) direction conferred by implementing autonomous AI. The effect of confounding variables is equilibrated between experimental groups, and all of the known and unknown effects of the AI intervention are trialed. Differences in outcome between the groups—positive or negative—may thereby be confidently attributed to the intervention, mirroring the benefit of a consistent benchmark that underlies the methodology of existing experiments using LLM applications. Mortality and morbidity outcomes can minimize bias and facilitate power analysis based on the estimated disease burden of medical error and inaccessibility of care—the issues that the AI intervention is designed to solve [13,14]. In terms of design, p182. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence. Nature. 2023;616(7956):259-265. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Large language models in medicine. Nat Med. 2023;29(8):1930-1940. [CrossRef] [Medline]. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing concerns about the deployment of large language models (LLMs) in clinical settings and raises questions about their safety and benefits. It emphasizes that merely imitating clinicians does not imply that LLMs can provide safe or beneficial outcomes for patients. The focus on their potential adverse effects and the need for randomized controlled trials indicates skepticism about the reliability and effectiveness of AI in practical tasks, which challenges the claim that personal AI assistants can assist effectively with tasks like scheduling or reminders.