Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: How the intervention might work Gene therapy is the introduction of genes into an individual's cells and tissues in order to treat a disease. Most of the conditions treated in this way are genetic disorders that result from gene mutation malfunctions (Postnote 2005). Viruses are the most widely used vectors in gene therapy. Some of the different types of viruses used as vectors in gene therapy include: retroviruses; adenoviruses; adeno‐associated virus; parvovirus; herpes simplex virus; hepatitis virus; and vaccinia virus (Postnote 2005). The viral vectors are made harmless by removing the viral gene and replacing them with the therapeutic gene. This approach is known as gene addition (the transfer of normal beta globin gene into hematopoietic cells via retroviral vectors or adeno‐associated viruses that have been modified or crippled so they do not become infective). In theory, the viral vectors used in gene therapy are made harmless to prevent them from replicating and causing unwanted effects. However, these viruses could trigger unwanted immune responses and cause unwanted side effects. Other approaches of gene therapy that have been developed include gene replacement (targeted insertion of the transferred gene into the endogenous globin locus by homologous recombination) and gene repair or chimeroplasty (introduction of chimeric oligonucleotides composed of DNA and modified RNA residues into stem cells to direct correction of the mutation in the sickle gene). Good candidates for gene therapy include autosomal recessive disorders (such as SCD) because a normal phenotype can be restored in diseased cells with only a single normal copy of the mutant gene (Goncz 2002). Gene therapy, if successful, will provide a viable alternative for permanent correction of the abnormal gene in SCD. It will circumvent the problem of donor shortage and avoid complications related to graft versus host rejection that are involved with bone marrow or other forms of stem cell transplant. Gene therapy has been used to correct SCD in mice (Nathan 2001). Despite the technical problems faced, major progress in the globin gene therapy field has been achieved. This progress has advanced the possibility of gene therapy for haemoglobin disorders in the near future (Persons 2003; Chang 2006). Review is an update of previously published versions (Olowoyeye 2010; Olowoyeye 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene therapy as a method for treating genetic disorders. It explains that gene therapy involves the introduction of genes into an individual's cells to treat diseases caused by genetic mutations. It highlights gene therapy's potential for genetic disorders, referencing specific examples like sickle cell disease (SCD), and mentions the progress in the field which could extend applications to similar disorders, including cystic fibrosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the allele frequencies of a majority of the SNPs (69%) ranked using global FST measure were biased towards 0 or 1 with relatively few loci exhibiting intermediate allele frequencies. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Distribution of allele frequencies for the 100 top-ranked SNPs. Allele frequencies of the 100 top-ranked SNPs in 23 populations identified using four selection approaches: (A) global FST; (B) pairwise FST; (C) Delta, and (D) outlier. Horizontal line, grey rectangle, whiskers, open circles, and stars indicate median, 25th and 75th quartiles, non-outlier range, outliers and extreme outliers, respectively. the differences described above, there was a substantial amount of overlap between the top SNPs among all ranking approaches (Fig. 6). For example, 59 to 68 of SNPs out of the top 100 were identified using paiwise FST and Delta in all three datasets. Similarly, large proportions of SNPs were shared between global FST and pairwise FST approach (51%–71%). In addition, a substantial proportion of outliers (up to 58%) was also ranked as top SNPs by the three other approaches (Fig. 6A). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. SNP overlap among different ranking approaches and population datasets. (A) Venn diagrams showing the extent of overlap among four approaches (global FST, pairwise FST, Delta and outlier) for three population datasets. (B) Venn diagrams showing the extent of overlap among three population datasets for four ranking approaches. For all SNP ranking methods the top 100 SNPs are presented, except for the outlier approach where 95 and 35 SNPs were identified as being under selection for dataset II and III, respectively. contrast to SNP ranking approaches, populations in the ascertainment group had a much larger effect on ranking of the most informative SNPs. For example, a relatively large proportion of SNPs (up to 80%) ranked by global FST, pairwise FST and Delta was identified only in a single dataset (Fig. 6B) and a relatively large proportion of outliers was unique for each dataset (up to 50%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it primarily discusses the allele frequencies of SNPs and their ranking across different population datasets, without mentioning any specific focus on anti-aging research or the study of genetic markers related to longevity. It emphasizes the effects of population ascertainment on SNP ranking rather than addressing the claim about anti-aging research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: In steering such groups, he draws on an idea from drama improvisation pedagogy: when an ‘offer’ is made, to accept and build upon it and avoid ‘blocking’ it. For teachers, this contains ‘an inherent challenge to avoid circumscribing or over-directing the group flow’ (2007, p. 83). Positioning the improvising ensemble as a complex dynamic system, he argues: … jazz musicians must strike an uneasy and ever-changing balance between the exploration of new ideas and the exploitation of strategies, devices, and practices that have already been integrated into the system. They seek persistent disequilibrium, by avoiding constancy, but also restless change. (2007, p. 86) In nurturing such a system, the reins are held loosely. A desire for instability appears to motivate the students to experiment with new sounds and sound combinations. However, their advanced training presumably yokes the students to known forms, inhibiting too much deviation – disequilibrium but not pandemonium. In community and Needs settings, improvisation can be a useful leveller, particularly with mixed experience or mixed ability groups, as it allows for straightforward or complex contributions within the ensemble; Higgins’s developmental ‘pathways specific to individuals’ are quoted above (2012, p. 148). Practice is grounded in inclusivity. Often in such contexts, the emphasis, initially, is on participation through which learning can subsequently take place. In community music, Higgins’s ‘acts of hospitality’ (2007) are enacted by the workshop leader welcoming participants to what are simultaneously social and musical spaces. Heterogenous views and musical interests are negotiated, ideally giving rise to co-created music that reflects multiple creative voices (2016). In practice, as will be discussed, many and varied are the ways of joining in: soloing, accompanying, ‘riffing’, noodling, blurting and private experimenting on a drum are all sounds that might occur in the informal workshop environment and could be said to lie anywhere on a continuum between co-operative and oppositional to the group endeavours. Improvisation contains the potential for disruption, chaos and the skirting of knowledge and power hierarchies, thereby presenting challenges for teachers and workshop leaders, perhaps more so when working with novice learners. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts related to improvisation in music and group dynamics but does not address the claim about insect communication. It focuses on the artistic processes and social interactions in music education rather than any form of communication specific to insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Upon discussion of his values and future goals, the patient identified a desire to have a better understanding of his family of origin and reported interest in undergoing DTC-GAT. The clinician probed the patient’s meaning-making of receiving ancestry results; he reported interest in making sense of “why I behave in certain ways,” and feeling closer to his father. He later sought guidance from the clinician regarding whether to utilize DTC-GAT. The clinician reviewed the available literature on the clinical impacts of DTC-GAT, which was minimal, as well as the risks and benefits reported in popular news media. Ultimately, the veteran and clinician engaged in a collaborative discussion in which the clinician worked to ensure consideration of both risks and potential benefits, while also focusing on the veteran’s own personal values and motivations for considering DTC-GAT. Patient 2 is a White, non-Hispanic male veteran in his mid-50s with a history of severe mental illness who, during his cognitive behavioral therapy, disclosed having recently found his biological mother through DTC-GAT. After years of searching for her and growing up as the only adopted child in a family that “couldn’t be more different” than him, he described his mood as “over the moon. ” After reconnecting, he and his biological mother began having daily phone calls; he reported having always felt lonely, but that he never understood what these feelings were related to until he reconnected with her. He noted considering the implications of DTC-GAT for his identity, autobiographical narrative, and mental health. He chose not to connect with his biological father for these very reasons, as “he may have been the one who gave me up. ” Without relevant clinical guidance available, the clinician worked on helping the patient see links between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors with respect to this situation. These case examples reflect clinical interactions showcasing pre- and post-DTC-GAT timepoints. Patient 1 requested clinician guidance on whether to utilize DTC-GAT, whereas Patient 2’s DTC-GAT experience was integrated into treatment. Together, these cases call attention to the need for clinician preparedness to engage in conversation with patients regarding DTC-GAT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how patients utilized direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing (DTC-GAT) to gain a better understanding of their family of origin and identity. It illustrates how one patient desired a deeper insight into their familial connections and the implications on mental health, thus supporting the concept that genetic testing can provide valuable insights related to ancestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: AI채팅 사용 권한이 필요해요 저는 소속기관 학교가 있어요 저는 개인 이용자예요 개인구독권을 구매할래요 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? 다시 보지 않기 취소 확인 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to user permissions and subscriptions rather than anti-aging research or genetic markers. It does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Hickey (2015), following Borgo (2007) and Berliner (1994), suggests that free improvisation may develop most successfully in groups ‘free of personality problems, individual differences or aesthetic differences that might get in the way of a smooth group process’ (2015, p. 295). She goes on to point out that the realities of classroom management – larger classes (up to 30 children in the UK state sector), heterogenous interests, interpersonal dynamics, differing degrees of musical experience and the ‘artificial randomness of classroom selection’ (p. 295) can make the set-up challenging. For example, do learners have equivalent perceptions of music? How well do they listen to one another? Are all voices heard? How are musical ideas and territories negotiated? Conflict in classroom and community group contexts is sometimes inevitable. The role of leaders in managing/failing to manage it is addressed by Mullen (2008), who draws attention to the ‘abdication’ of leadership by laissez-faire community music leaders, in which conflict, boundary maintenance and responsibility (to the music, the participants, resources, etc. ) are avoided. (1997), he proposes instead a model of leadership in tune with improvisation’s agency and non-authoritarian stance, in which the session leader becomes a ‘good steward, keeping others focused, eliminating distractions, keeping hope alive in the face of setbacks and stress’ (2008, p. 256 [orig. 1997, p. 199]). Neither of them, Hickey, Higgins or Mullen, suggest non-leadership but propose a guided improvised activity. Even so, the problem remains: which sounds to encourage and which to minimise in order to release the participants’ creativity, not trap them into formulae or lose them in chaos? With participants who have cultivated stylistic interests or learners with additional needs, the position of leader/teacher as gatekeeper to knowledge is challenged even more profoundly. Community musicians can find themselves amongst participants steeped in musical knowledge of unfamiliar genres or striving to interpret unanticipated modes of interaction or communication styles. It ceases to make sense that group leaders, situationally positioned as ‘gatekeepers’, should hold the keys to musical knowledge or that their particular (perhaps hegemonic) worldview is the one others should adhere to. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses challenges in community music settings and the role of music leaders without mentioning insects or their modes of communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Implications for Patients and CliniciansIt is perhaps unsurprising that DTC-GAT would come up in the clinical setting such as within the scope of psychotherapy. Indeed, it is natural for people to want to search for and understand their origins [2,3], and in today’s world of technology and connectivity, individuals have turned to available information-gathering resources such as DTC-GAT and companies’ online social network platforms to do so [3]. Unfortunately, for clinicians who seek to provide guidance to patients on the topic of DTC-GAT, including risks and benefits, little evidence-based guidance is available. The therapist in the first case example above raised the following topics with the patient, which have been discussed in the scientific literature and popular media: (1) privacy concerns and use of data by for-profit companies or researchers; (2) unexpected findings (eg, misattributed paternity); and (3) lack of consistency in ancestry results due to differences in DTC-GAT company approaches to sequencing and reference pools used for ancestry estimates. The patient’s own underlying motivations and attitudes toward testing were explored and were a focus of the conversation. Ultimately, the therapist utilized a motivational interviewing framework, which is commonly used for a variety of health behaviors and decision-making in clinical settings. This resulted in the creation of a decisional balance [4], which involved constructing a list of the risks and benefits, tailored to the patient, which he could use to ultimately make the best decision for himself. In the second case example, the therapist incorporated the DTC-GAT results the patient had shared into cognitive behavioral therapy, creating space for him to explore his reactions to the DTC-GAT emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally. The therapist also took this opportunity to educate herself on the mental health implications of DTC-GAT by discussing it openly with the patient and consulting with colleagues. for CliniciansApplicable ethics codes for psychologists and physicians include the five general principles of the Association’s of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (“Ethics Code”) [5] or the nine principles of medical ethics from the Association’s Code of [6]. Both sets of principles are relevant for working with patients who raise the topic of DTC-GAT and have substantial overlap in their messages. First, clinicians are to make relevant information available to the patient for decision-making. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the interest individuals have in understanding their origins and the role of direct-to-consumer genetic ancestry testing (DTC-GAT) in this context. It describes how patients are motivated to explore their ancestry through DTC-GAT, indicating that such testing can lead to insights about their background and potential health-related information, even discussing the implications of these findings in clinical settings. Furthermore, it highlights the role of clinicians in guiding patients through the ethical and personal implications of genetic testing, which aligns with the claim regarding the potential insights offered by genetic testing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We also utilized data directly from the microarrays for variants on the X (n=19,381) and Y (n=284) chromosomes, and on the mitochondrial genome (n=135), which were unavailable in the imputed dataset. Health and (HRS) In HRS v2 data, phase 1-3 samples were combined (n=15,708) and SNPs were kept if no discordant genotype call among duplicate samples (2,315,518 SNPs). Related or duplicated participants and genotyping controls were removed, as well as those with a missing call rate equal to or greater than 2%. After the sample quality control, 15,454 samples were kept and 84% of them (n=12,940) were of European descent. 2,075,208 out of 2,315,518 SNPs passed the composite filters by the University of Washington (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p-value < 1e-4, missing call rate ≥ 2%, sex difference in allelic frequency ≥ 2% and sex difference in heterozygosity > 0. 3) and had a minor allele frequency greater than zero. As recommended, SNPs with a minor allele frequency smaller than 2% further were removed. At the end, 1,437,608 SNPs were carried forward for SNP pruning. The purpose is to choose less correlated SNPs for principal components analysis. The SNP pruning was performed following the procedure: a) consider a window of 50 SNPs, b) calculate LD between each pair of SNPs in the window, c) remove one of a pair of SNPs if the LD is greater than 0. 5, d) shift the window 5 SNPs forward and repeat the procedure. 514,246 SNPs remained after the SNP pruning and were used to run principal components analysis. As a result, the top 10 principal components were used to adjust for ancestry in a regression model. Both SNP pruning and principal components analyses were performed in PLINK1. 9 The samples in the genetic data were mapped to the phenotype data of HRS to retrieve parental longevity phenotypes. We used the phenotype data from the most recent wave or visit of HRS where parental data was missing if the parent died before the last visit. To recover the data, we sequentially looked back at the last visit until the parental data was available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed explanation of genetic analysis procedures, specifically mentioning tools like SNP pruning and principal components analysis, but fails to directly link these methods to the study of genetic markers associated with longevity. Instead, it focuses on the methodology of genetic data handling and mentions parental longevity phenotypes, which does not provide evidence that longevity markers are being actively studied in the context of anti-aging research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Which sounds, then, should be included in the improvisation, who should decide, and are the reins loose or tight? In what follows, I propose to turn these problems of freedom, constraint, learning, inclusion and artistic leadership on their heads, in a discussion of initial findings from an arts-based research project with autistic girls, Playing A/Part. Instead of which sounds should be included in an improvisation session to affect the best learning experience for all, the question might become: what do all the sounds of an improved session tell us? And how do we make sense of what is going on sonically, to steer (steward) the music towards a shared understanding that includes as many of the participants as we can? Playing A/A/Part was an Arts and Council (AHRC)-funded research project, taking place from 2019 to 2021 (Shaughnessy et al. , 2021). Ethical approval was granted by the University of Kent’s Ethics Committee. Its interdisciplinary approach explored drama, music, sound recording and art activities with autistic girls, with a key aim to understand autistic experience in and through such activities. will consider findings from a music-based pilot project. The participants (N = 6, ages 12–15 years) attended School, the only school in the solely for autistic girls. All participants attended a series of nine after-school workshops, voluntarily. Although there was no music provision at the school, the participants had all expressed an interest in music. The author, as a project co-investigator, led the practical music activity. series of nine weekly workshops explored approaches to group improvisation and composition. Data were collected in three ways: • Workshops were filmed and subjected to videographic analysis which focused on significant moments for individuals: changes in behaviour, learning, participant insight, challenges or resolutions. • Participants were interviewed prior to taking part using semi-structured methods, tapping musical experiences including formal/informal learning and using music in daily life. Sensory p1. Amoebas to cogs. Discussion: learning from off-task sounds The off-task sounds from all participants were not atypical, and at first, I ignored them, focusing on the group playing together and listening to one another. However, the empirical study that underpinned this project indicated that a significant proportion of music-making was indeed off-task and was often developmental in its complexity and confidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an arts-based research project involving autistic girls and music activities, rather than providing any information about insect communication through sounds or music.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Third, contingent on empirical findings from the first recommendation, we might suggest the Association consider integrating questions about DTC-GAT into one of the supplementary modules of the Interview (CFI) [16]. The CFI is a tool used by clinicians to ensure they are considering the intersections of culture and identity to elicit the patient’s own attitudes of cause, context, support, coping, help-seeking, and barriers related to their treatment-seeking and outlook on clinician-patient relationships. The CFI’s supplementary modules are optional resources for assessors who might elect to probe additional aspects of identity, perspectives, or beliefs. Specifically, the CFI may benefit from inclusion of an optional question and probe in one of the supplementary modules (eg, Cultural Identity; Coping and Help-seeking) such as: “Have you ever engaged in or thought about doing genetic testing like an ancestry or health testing kit (eg, Ancestry. com, 23andMe) to better understand your identity, family, or health? If so, how has that experience impacted you? ” As a result, clinicians may be able to get a better sense of patients’ attitudes toward and potential experiences with DTC-GAT and other genetic testing. Importantly, however, given the potentially high-stakes issues, some of which have been described in this viewpoint, clinicians should also use clinical judgment in weighing the possible risks and benefits of introducing the topic of DTC testing to a patient. A disclaimer indicating some of the high-stakes issues surrounding DTC-GAT could be helpful to include for clinicians who may never have considered them, and could help guide clinician-patient conversations. ConclusionAs DTC-GAT has drastically grown in popularity, has become more affordable, and is increasingly more integrated into mainstream society (ie, kits are now sold at local pharmacies in the United States), test-takers have expanded from the “early adopters” or “worried well” to individuals from all walks of life who sometimes have important and sensitive reasons for engaging in DTC-GAT (ie, finding biological parents). Patients will continue to bring up DTC-related topics (eg, GAT) and clinicians must be prepared to engage in these types of conversations [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or counter the claim about genetic testing providing insights into ancestry and health risks. Instead, it discusses the integration of genetic testing inquiries into clinician-patient conversations, focusing on clinicians' approaches and patient experiences related to direct-to-consumer genetic testing (DTC-GAT). While it mentions that such tests can help individuals understand their identity and health, it does not provide sufficient evidence to either corroborate or challenge the claim itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: (2008) Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellites for Cope's giant salamander (Dicamptodon copei) and Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). Res 8: 1071–1073. View 5. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edn. New York: Press. 6. (1999) Universal linker and ligation procedures for construction of genomic DNA libraries enriched for microsatellites. Biotechniques 27: 500–507. View 7. Gautschi B, Tenzer I, Müller JP, (2000) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and crossamplification in three vulture species. 9: 2193–2219. View 8. (2000) Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the (Natrix tessellata). 9: 2191–2193. View 9. (2004) Sibship reconstruction from genetic data with typing errors. Genetics 166: 1963–1979. View 10. (2009) Influence of life-history variation on the genetic structure of two sympatric salamander taxa. 18: 1629–1639. View 11. (2004) MICRO-: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Notes 4: 535–538. View 12. Raymond M, (1995) (version 1. 2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Heredity 86: 248–249. View 13. (1988) A sharper Bonferroni procedure for multiple tests of significance. Biometrika 75: 800–803. View 14. Peakall R, Smouse PE (2005) Genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research Notes 6: 288–295. View 15. Kalinowski ST (2005) HP-Rare: a computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic diversity. Notes 5: 187–189. View 16. Kalinowski ST (2004) Counting alleles with rarefaction: private alleles and hierarchical sampling designs. 5: 539–543. View 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about anti-aging research and genetic markers. Instead, it discusses various studies and procedures related to genetic marker identification but does not mention aging, longevity, or populations in the context necessary to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: All the workshop sounds were reframed as various ways of participating or ‘playing’. For example, sensorily driven private playing, for example, musical stimming, became ‘playing for pleasure’, singing covertly in the gaps became ‘private/public playing’, and provocative sounds (see below) became ‘playful playing’ – playing to get a response. In many cases, these were routes to making music as an ensemble, moving towards ‘proactive’ and ‘interactive’ play that recalls Adam Ockelford’s Sounds of Intent framework (Ockelford et al. , -and 2011). These kinds of musical play demonstrate a will to join in the activity, suggesting both musicality and sociality. Editing them out, suppressing or continuing to ignore them would have lost the richness of input and agency – the project would have lost a sense of who the young people were as musicians and people. Whilst the off-task sounds in Playing A/Part are framed as modes of play, Gershon’s (2011) study of classroom soundscapes considers on- and off-task sounds as systems of learning and meaning. His study begins in a fifth-grade classroom (children aged 9–10 years). He points out the limits of a recording that favours the teacher’s voice and suppresses background sounds: rustling paper, scraping chairs, a teacher’s whispered encouragement to a pupil, external weather and sounds from the city. The latter set of ambient sounds contributes to the children’s learning about their environment and their peers (who is concentrating, the rise in sonic activity as students reach the end of a period of focus, outside sounds of passing traffic and sirens indicating daily city rhythms or moments of crisis). As in improvisation, there are elements of the sonic environment beyond the control of teachers that nonetheless offer opportunities to learn. These sonic epistemologies, or acoustemologies (from 1996), are amplified when the same students undertake a lesson explicitly exploring sonic learning and taking place in a woodland setting. Students work in pairs to guide blindfold partners through a wood – sounds of this classroom are verbal directions ‘left here, stop there’ filtered by the woodland environment, indicating distance (reverb or echo), and nested within the sounds of nature – rustling leaves and so on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various modes of sound and participation in educational settings, particularly in musical contexts. However, it does not mention insects or their communication methods, making it irrelevant to the claim that all insects can communicate through sounds and music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2645173/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Jan, 2024Read the published version in →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractTobacco use is a major risk factor for multiple diseases and is heavily influenced by environmental factors with significant underlying genetic contributions. Here, we evaluated the predictive performance, risk stratification, and potential systemic health effects of tobacco use disorder (TUD) predisposing germline variants using a European- ancestry derived polygenic score (PGS) in 24,202 participants from the multi-ancestry, hospital-based biobank. Among genetically inferred ancestry groups (GIAs), TUD-PGS was significantly associated with TUD in (EA) (OR: 1. 20, CI: [1. 16, 1. 24]), Hispanic/(HL) (OR:1. 19, CI: [1. 11, 1. 28]), and American (EAA) (OR: 1. 18, CI: [1. 06, 1. 31]) GIAs but not in (AA) GIA (OR: 1. 04, CI: [0. 93, 1. 17]). Similarly, TUD-PGS offered strong risk stratification across PGS quantiles in EA and HL GIAs and inconsistently in EAA and AA GIAs. In a cross-ancestry phenome-wide association meta-analysis, TUD-PGS was associated with cardiometabolic, respiratory, and psychiatric phecodes (17 phecodes at P < 2. 7E-05). In individuals with no history of smoking, the top TUD-PGS associations with obesity and alcohol-related disorders (P = 3. 54E-07, 1. 61E-06) persist. (MR) analysis provides evidence of a causal association between adiposity measures and tobacco use. Inconsistent prediction of TUD-PGS across GIAs motivates the inclusion of multiple ancestry populations at all levels of genetic research of tobacco use for equitable clinical translation of TUD-PGS. Phenome associations suggest that TUD-predisposed individuals may require comprehensive tobacco use prevention and management approaches to address underlying addictive tendencies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evaluation of a polygenic score (PGS) derived from European ancestry and its predictive performance for tobacco use disorder (TUD) and associated health risks across various ancestries. It illustrates that genetic factors, evaluated through genetic testing, can provide significant insights not only about ancestry but also about potential health risks linked to tobacco use and associated conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Departure from neutrality was tested using Fu's Fs [38] and Ramos-Onsins and Rozas' R2 statistic [39], which are powerful tests for detecting recent population expansion under assumptions of neutrality. R2 is appropriate for small sample sizes [39]. The significance of R2 and Fs were evaluated by comparing their observed values with their null distribution, generated by 10 000 random replicates using the empirical population sample size and observed number of segregating sites implemented by DnaSP v. 5. 10. [36]. To describe the phylogenetic relationships between haplotypes, a statistical parsimony network was constructed using TCS v. 1. 21 [40]. The divergence among haplotypes was calculated in MEGA 5 using the mean uncorrected p-distance [41]. To investigate the regional structure of A. icterica populations at the mitochondrial level, the overall genetic differentiation between populations was first estimated by calculating the global Φst in Arlequin v. 3. 5. 1. 2 software [42]. We then performed a spatial analysis of molecular variance using software [43]. Clusters are identified based on geographic proximity and genetic homogeneity [43]. The geographic coordinates of each sampled locality were used as spatial information. Simulations were conducted with ‘K’ (number of groups) ranging from two to seven and each simulation annealing process was repeated 100 times. The clustering giving the highest Φct value, corresponding to the optimal number of groups, was selected. Microsatellite genotyping Individuals were genotyped using seven microsatellite loci: Ai45, Ai56, Ai68, PB10D, 2PE40, 2PE70, C4 [27]. For individuals from the I20 and IR populations, genotypes were taken from Torres-Leguizamon et al. [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses statistical methods for analyzing population genetics and does not mention anti-aging research, genetic markers, or longevity. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Clare did so whilst eyeballing me – smiling, but there remained an element of challenge in her demeanour. I could not tell if this was playing to please or playing for pleasure – connecting with the ensemble because she was asked to, or at her choice. However, the connection initiated in session 1 was not borne out later. Clare’s involvement diminished over the following four weeks, she often sat sideways on to the workshop, behind her keyboard, half-in and half-out of the group, staring out of the window. Occasionally, Clare contributed wry comments, rarely playing with the others during the activities, but sometimes playing a drum off-task. Perhaps she did not want her oppositional heckle to become normalised, and a way to enact opposition was to not play. The sessions described highlight a challenge arising from the normalisation of Clare’s marginal heckles. When the leadership reins were pulled in (asking Clare to fit her sound within an eight-beat pulse, making this the musical foundation), the musical result was more coherent. It could be said that the ensemble playing of all participants progressed with this rhythmic grounding in place as our bass line. However, it did not, in this instance, become a springboard for Clare’s creativity. This may partially be explained through current autistic self-advocacy thinking, which sheds light on some of the progress made towards embracing all learners, as well as problematic practices that intend to create inclusion but which in fact create barriers (2010; Churchill & and 2020; 2021). Many practices rooted in ‘inclusion’ are designed by neurotypicals (NTs). Well-meaning efforts to make existing courses, syllabuses and examinations available to disabled people attempt to remove barriers to normalisation (e. g. ‘mainstreaming’), with a danger that people mask their disabilities in order to fit in – to appear to be like everyone else. The alternative suggested by Manalili (2021) would be to explore ‘people’s potential to learn and flourish in their own right’ (p. 22). Clare’s heckles, regardless of whether or not they were ‘usefully’ grounding an eight-beat rhythm, were valuable as energetic, low-pitched sounds within the workshop. They were more constructive towards the group improvising than Clare’s later approach of not playing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a workshop scenario involving a participant named Clare and does not mention insects, their communication methods, or sounds/music in relation to them. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim regarding insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Health sciences/Diseases/Psychiatric disorders/AddictionBiological sciences/Genetics/Genomics/Personalized medicineFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionTobacco use causes significant global mortality and morbidity, contributing to several systemic conditions, including cardiometabolic diseases and cancers1,2. Tobacco use has historically been studied as an environmental risk factor for other diseases; however, tobacco use could instead be viewed as a complex psychiatric trait with environmental risk factors3 and significant genetic contributions4,5. Multi-ancestry genetic studies report an estimated heritability (i. e. , the proportion of the phenotypic variance explained by genetics) of tobacco use behaviors ranging between 5–18%4,5. Prevention and management strategies for tobacco use can benefit from precision medicine approaches, with the inclusion of baseline genetic risk to develop individualized preventive and therapeutic strategies for tobacco use. However, these efforts require a thorough understanding of the effects of a genetic predisposition to tobacco use and the impact of tobacco predisposition on the overall systemic health of an individual. To understand the genetic etiology of tobacco use, researchers use genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with tobacco use disorder. GWAS have identified over 2000 loci associated with tobacco use traits, such as smoking behaviors and nicotine dependence4,5. However, single variants rarely capture a large proportion of phenotypic variation for a complex behavioral trait like tobacco use. To capture the overall genetic predisposition to tobacco use, polygenic scores (PGS) aggregate the weighted effects for multiple variants of interest, thus capturing a larger proportion of phenotypic variation than single variants. Polygenic scores have been used in research for disease prediction and to evaluate disease correlations, with potential for clinical translation to identify high-risk individuals6. In particular, tobacco use behaviors have shown genetic correlations with diseases such as schizophrenia and substance use disorders7–11. To further contextualize disease-associated genetic variants, phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) systematically test the association of a single genetic variant across multiple phenotypes12. PheWAS potentially identify other traits or disorders upon which the single genetic variant could exert an effect, i. e. , horizontal pleiotropic effects of the genetic variant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of genetic studies in understanding health risks associated with tobacco use, including the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic predispositions to tobacco-related behaviors and disorders. It indicates that polygenic scores (PGS) can be used for disease prediction, which aligns with the idea that genetic testing can provide insights into health risks. Furthermore, the mention of genetic correlations with diseases supports the notion that genetic testing contributes valuable information for health management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: υ (n = 7) καθώς και (iii) βοοειδή Κύπρου (n = 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it appears to be a fragment of data without any context relating to anti-aging research or genetic markers associated with longevity. It does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: However, they posed a challenge: how to make sense of them in a way that was fruitful for all participants? Heckle ontologies and social functions in improvisation, stand-up comedy and learning environments Heckles, as potentially disruptive or oppositional, hold an agency that merits further examination, particularly in its challenge to improvisation workshop leaders (or teachers) to steer between freedom and constraint. There follows an examination of heckle ontologies as meaningful contributions to improvised discourse, considering perspectives from music and stand-up comedy, the latter indicating strategies for comics to manage heckles – some of which may provide useful models for workshop leaders or teachers. I first used the term ‘heckle’ as a way of describing short, repetitive (non-developing) improvised gestures that contradict the flow of another part (1997). Whereas punctuations in improvisation might be short gestures (e. g. stabs) that appear at the ends of phrases, politely adding a comma or full stop to a musical phrase, heckles sit awkwardly somewhere in the middle of a phrase – provocative or unnoticed, niggling away, repeating but not evolving. To function as a heckle, a musical utterance must stay short and sporadic: too long and it becomes a countersolo, too predictable in its repetition and it recedes into the musical background (like wallpaper). An exemplar (non-improvised) heckle is the first movement of Stravinsky’s for (1914), in which the second violin mutters the same four-note motif throughout, its timing consistently at odds with the first violin melodic phrases. In improvised music, heckles might be read as oppositional, a call to attention (listen to me! ) or the expression of a will to take part (a player is unsure what to play – so they play a short phrase, testing the water), or a short utterance that fizzles out and is not followed by another idea. They are, necessarily, part of the improvisation, not the central narrative, but offering an additional perspective on the improvised discourse. They resemble heckles at a stand-up comedy performance – observations, asides or insults interjected from the audience towards the spontaneous (if not fully improvised) monologue delivered onstage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects and their ability to communicate through sounds and music. Instead, it focuses on the concept of 'heckles' in music and improvisation, discussing their nature and role in discourse without mentioning insects or their communication methods. Therefore, the relevance is considered cold, as the topic is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: This large-scale collection of genotyped biospecimens is integrated with the (DDR), containing de-identified patient electronic health records (EHR) which include clinical, procedural, laboratory, prescription, and demographic information. Final analyses included 24,202 ATLAS participants with complete information on the outcome and covariates including smoking status and insurance information. For ancestry-specific analysis, we included (N = 15,780), Hispanic/(N = 4,412), American (N = 2,377), and (N = 1,633) ancestry groups with sufficient sample sizes for analysis. Detailed information on data processing can be found in previous publications15–19. Briefly, blood samples were collected from consented participants and genotyped on a custom array21. Initial array-level quality control measures included removing strand ambiguous SNPs and variants with > 5% missingness. After restricting to unrelated individuals, the QC-ed genotypes were imputed to the TOPMed Freeze5 reference using the Server22,23. The final QC steps were to filter the variants at the threshold of R2 > 0. 90 and minor allele frequency > 1%. All quality control steps were conducted using PLINK 1. 924. We computed the top 10 principal components for our study population using FlashPCA2 software25. We then grouped our study population into genetically inferred ancestry groups (GIAs) - (EA), Hispanic/(HL), American (EAA), (AA) - by k-nearest neighbor (KNN) stratification of the principal components, using the continental ancestry populations from 1000 Genomes Project26,27 as a reference. To account for differences in population stratification between GIA groups, for the PGS-PheWAS analysis, we conducted individual PGS-PheWAS within each GIA group and then meta-analyzed across GIA groups to obtain cross-ancestry results. Imputation within used a publicly available polygenic score trained on 391,124 European individuals from the UK biobank for the trait ‘tobacco use disorder’ from the PGS catalog (PGS002037)14,28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the collection and analysis of genetically inferred ancestry groups, which indicates that genetic testing can reveal insights into individual ancestries. Furthermore, the reference to conducting polygenic score analyses on health-related traits, such as 'tobacco use disorder,' supports the idea that genetic testing can also yield potential health risk information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of age-related illnesses can be prevented by a single genetic alteration. [SEP] Text: in medical sciencehave led to the cure and prevention of major diseases leading to longer lifespans. However, increasing lifespan has presented new medical challenges such as the rise of chronic and age-related illnesses. Chronic diseases are often associated with perturbations of multiple disease pathways and may require simultaneous modulation of multiple targets. Thus, the current paradigm of drug discovery and development based on a specific,single disease target may need to be complemented with a holistic systems-based approach. Although botanicals have historically been a source of new drugs, botanical extracts are not widely accepted in Western medicine. A relatively newregulatory approach with botanical extracts as a new class of drugs may pave the way for a new paradigm in discovering and developing therapies for chronic diseases. sourced from natural products such as microorganisms and plants have been the foundation of the pharmaceutical industry. Aspirin had its origins in the time of Hippocrates (460-370 BCE) where willow bark andsalicylate-rich plants were used to reduce pain, fever and inflammation. The turning point came centuries later when Bayer scientists produced synthetic acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin)with the same effects as salicylateextracts. Another example is the fungus that identified in 1928,which had anti-bacterial activity. extracted the penicillin molecule paving the way for its large-scale commercial production anditsrevolutionary use to treat infections. Boris Chain, Fleming and Florey won the in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. In the last 40 yearsa drug discovery and development paradigm based on a single, drugtarget and its mechanism of action evolved. Advances in high-throughput screening, genomics and structure-based drug design validated and accelerated its progress. Examples include the discovery and development of more selective COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) inhibitors, withfewer sideeffects than aspirin; statins or inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase, the key enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia; and anti-retroviral agents targeting the HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) reverse transcriptase enzyme. The same period also saw the emergence of biological or large molecule drugs (mainly proteins) to treat metabolic disease (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of chronic and age-related illnesses, emphasizing that these diseases often involve multiple pathways and may require modulating several targets. It critiques the notion that a single genetic alteration could significantly prevent the majority of these diseases, thus implying that a multifaceted approach is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: In both cases, the relationship between the main narrative and heckles indicates that ensemble improvisation and stand-up comedy are social, impromptu environments and, as such, entail interaction and negotiated roles (2015). Additionally, heckles can threaten situational (leader/speaker) power and, if hostile, can lead to feelings of vulnerability. A portion of the stand-up comedy literature is devoted to heckles as a feature of audience–performer interaction and as a challenge to the comic’s ability to hold the audience’s attention (2009; 2014), as the opening to Brand’s autobiography attests: ‘Please welcome Jo Brand! ’ I step into the firing line. Yes, ‘firing line’ is the appropriate phrase. The ultimate fear of the stand-up is that a heckle will get you right in the heart and melt you like the of the West, into a steaming heap of gooey stuff. (2009, p. 1) Dealing with a heckle is a test of the comedian’s ability. To ignore it is to seriously undermine the audience’s faith, and if the comic ploughs on relentlessly with material rather than responding, the illusion of spontaneity is broken. (2014, p. 345) Against the comic’s backbone of prepared material, heckles afford an opportunity for improvisation. In improvised music, heckles are launched from the margins, with no imperative to create a musical narrative (rather to disrupt or to commentate on what is already there). They may present a strategy for participants’ engagement that is less risky than committing to a material that is intended to contribute to or change the improvised narrative – a solo, or a compelling new accompanying texture, for example. As the music tips towards instability through heckles, those in leadership roles are challenged with navigating both inclusion and clarity, for example, by finding meaning in all sounds as paths to engagement or polyhedral forms of musical expression, recalling Borgo’s (2007) dynamic systems, and reifying them as such to all participants. Conversely, leaders may override sounds from the margins, ignoring them or finding other ways to steer the music towards less polyhedral-sounding territories. Heckles in stand-up and in music can be valued as part of a dynamic improvisatory environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of improvisation in stand-up comedy and music, focusing on heckles as a form of audience interaction. There is no mention of insects or their communication methods through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Four genetically inferred ancestry groups had sufficient sample size to perform the analyses - (EA), Hispanic/(HL), American (EAS), and ancestry (AA) (n = 15,780, 4,412, 2,377, and 1,633, respectively) Table 1 summarizes the demographics of the study sample. Table 1 Baseline characteristics of ATLAS participants included in this study Overall n 24202 Age, median [Q1, Q3] 61. 0 [46. 0,72. 0] Sex, n (%) Female 13277 (54. 9) Male 10914 (45. 1) Insurance Class, n (%) Private 14996 (62. 0) Public 8431 (34. 8) Self-Pay 775 (3. 2) Disorder, n (%) Controls 16283 (67. 3) Cases 7902 (32. 7) Ancestry, n (%) (AA) 1633 (6. 7) Hispanic/(HL) 4412 (18. 2) American (EAA) 2377 (9. 8) (EA) 15780 (65. 2) Prediction and risk stratification of TUD using TUD-PGS across genetically inferred ancestry groups We first evaluated how well the TUD-PGS predicts TUD across the multi-ancestry study sample within the ATLAS biobank. The TUD-PGS associated significantly with the phecode for TUD within the ATLAS biobank for individuals of (EA) GIA (OR:1. 20, CI: [1. 16, 1. 24]), showing an increase of odds of TUD by 20% for each standard deviation increase in the TUD-PGS. Similarly, we observed significant associations between TUD-PGS and TUD among Hispanic/(HL) GIA (OR:1. 19, CI: [1. 11, 1. 28]), and American (EAA) GIA groups (OR: 1. 18, CI: [1. 06, 1. 31]). However, the TUD-PGS was not associated with TUD in individuals of (AA) GIA group (OR: 1. 04, CI: [0. 93, 1. 17]). 1 summarizes these associations. Next, we assessed if the TUD-PGS could stratify individuals by risk for tobacco use disorder. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evaluation of the Tobacco Use Disorder Polygenic Score (TUD-PGS) across various genetically inferred ancestry groups. It provides quantitative data and analyses, indicating that genetic information can significantly predict the risk of tobacco use disorders among different ancestry groups. This supports the idea that genetic testing offers insights into health risks tied to ancestry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of age-related illnesses can be prevented by a single genetic alteration. [SEP] Text: recombinant insulin for diabetes; human growth hormone for dwarfism; interferon-beta for multiple sclerosis) and rare, orphan diseases (recombinant human deoxyribonuclease for cystic fibrosis). This periodalso witnessed the fulfilmentof humanised and fully humanmonoclonal antibodies’ promisein the treatment of cancer and other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. The challenge in chronic disease: Targeting multiple target and pathways The success in conquering human disease has led to longer lives but has come with a price – the emergence of chronic indications associated with aging and longer lifespans. Thus, although there has been significant success in developing novel drugs with the single target paradigm, drug development in chronic diseases has increasingly been challenging. It is becoming clear that chronic diseases involve multiple, dysfunctional pathways thatmay need simultaneous modulation [1,2]. Most of the targets being modulated by current drugs or drugs in development are downstream of the disease pathway and correlate more with symptoms rather than the cause of the disease. Targets such as TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-alpha in inflammation and hyperglycaemia in diabetes are examples of this. Currenttrendsin combination therapy and precision medicinein oncologywith different immunotherapies and chemotherapies represent strategies in simultaneously targeting multiple pathways to manage disease. Recent discoveries on the role of the microbiomehave also led to a better understanding of its interaction with the host and its contribution to chronic diseases. Although it is possible that there are a limited number of control points which would have more broad and effective effects to manage disease, these are currently unknown. A key element in most chronic diseases is inflammation. Notwithstanding, therapeutic targets in inflammation remain vague and elusive due to multiple pathways. Not only is it important to identify which targets to address but it are also imperative to identify where in the pathway to intervene. Inrheumatoid arthritis, the cause of inflammation in different joints was attributed to various pathways[3]. Anotherobservation is cross-talk between rheumatoid arthritis and coronary artery diseasewithin the same inflammationpathway [4]. Thus, modulating a single target or pathway associated with inflammation is probably not sufficient to manage or treat a chronic illness. Furthermore, the more upstream in the pathway the target is the better. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that chronic diseases, particularly those related to aging, involve multiple dysfunctional pathways that need simultaneous modulation. It emphasizes that targeting a single pathway or target, such as those related to inflammation, is probably not sufficient to manage or treat chronic illnesses. This indicates that managing age-related illnesses may require more than just a single genetic alteration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: The examples above shed light on ways to navigate uninvited sounds that may be useful to workshop leaders or teachers (ignore, accept as alternative narratives and incorporate into the main musical narrative). In the following examples, disruptive sounds are actively reframed as ways to manage the disruption to music improvisation workshops in care homes. Reframing heckles: the tea trolley and the care home The following accounts are from an interview with Julian West, a musician specialising in co-created, freely improvised music with people with dementia (Zeilig et al. , and WEST2019). In a care home environment, tea trolleys often come into the room during music sessions, interrupting what can be a carefully construed atmosphere: and the team I was working with were quite annoyed by [the tea trolley] every time it came in. [The atmosphere] would be totally obliterated … it’s quite a noisy thing you know when it comes in; there’s crockery, and often the member of staff that brings it in [is] entering the space in quite a performative way (laughs), because they’re here to do something, to give out tea and cake … Eventually, we were able to understand the tea trolley as a heckle – that this was an event that happens in the care home that’s part of the routine. (Interview with the author, 2022) As residents were ready for their tea and cake, it was difficult to ignore the trolley. Its sound was acknowledged as part of the wider project context, ‘a call back to doing something that’s … responding to the needs of the care home’ (Interview, 2022). On the other hand, framing it as a heckle within an improvised music session provided a way to accept the sound as a call from the margins that interrupts, but does not derail, the overall musical trajectory. A second strategy was to reframe the trolley as part of the improvisation: In a later project where I was working with a dancer, this came up again and the dancer knew instinctively what to do; she interacted with the tea trolley – when it came into the room and danced with the trolley, jumped on it and rode it round the room … So, the tea trolley did then become part of the piece that we were making. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on managing sounds in a music improvisation workshop in a care home, particularly regarding the sounds of a tea trolley and how they are perceived and integrated into the music. It does not discuss insects or their ability to communicate through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Based on TUD-PGS, we divided the study sample into quintiles and estimated the odds ratio of TUD for each quintile compared to the bottom quintile. When compared to the quintile with the lowest TUD-PGS, the quintile with the highest TUD-PGS demonstrated an OR = 1. 69 (CI: [1. 51, 1. 88]) in EA and 1. 71 (CI: [1. 36, 2. 14]) in HL ancestry groups. The TUD-PGS offered strong risk stratification for individuals of EA GIA and for the top two risk quintiles in HL. Risk stratification was weaker and inconsistent in the EAA, (OR = 1. 60, CI = [1. 15, 2. 24]) and AA ancestry groups (OR = 1. 02, CI = [0. 71, 1. 47]) (Fig. 1, 2). This TUD-PGS risk stratifies individuals in EA and HL ancestry groups, potentially identifying individuals at a higher risk of tobacco use disorder within these ancestry groups. However, this risk stratification was inconsistent or absent in EAA and AA ancestry groups. Systemic comorbidities in TUD-predisposed individuals identified by TUD-PGS- PheWAS Next, we systematically evaluated associations between a genetic predisposition to TUD with 1847 traits or diseases across the phenome. The TUD-PGS captures the genetic predisposition to TUD and the 1847 traits are captured using phecodes extracted from each individual’s electronic health record. In a PheWAS of the TUD-PGS across 1847 phecodes (Supp Fig. 1a), meta-analyzed across 4 GIAs, we found 17 significant associations at Bonferroni-adjusted P < 0. 05 after adjusting for age, sex, first 5 principal components of the genotype matrix, and health insurance information. The top phecodes associated with the TUD-PGS were ‘morbid obesity’, ‘obstructive chronic bronchitis’, ‘substance addiction and disorders’, and ‘ischemic heart disease’ (P = 1. 38E-09, 2. 73E-09, 4. 45E-08, 1. 61E-07) (Fig. 2a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how genetic predisposition, specifically through the TUD-PGS (Tobacco Use Disorder Polygenic Score), can categorize individuals based on ancestry and their associated health risks. The findings indicate that genetic testing helps in the risk stratification for tobacco use disorder among different ancestry groups and points to significant associations with various health outcomes. This aligns with the claim that genetic testing provides insights into both ancestry and potential health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Download PDF Review | | 3 May 2023 Cardiovascular aging: from cellular and molecular changes to therapeutic interventions English中文DeutschFrançais日本語Русский язык한국어ItalianoEspañolPortuguês No data Views: 1933 | Downloads: 767 | Cited: 3 Angeliki Vakka1 1of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. 2Center for Vascular and Heart Research, Department of at 24016, USA. 23. 10. 20517/jca. 2023. 09 | © The Author(s) 2023. 19. 1 million deaths globally[1]. According to the Association, the prevalence of CVD (including coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and hypertension) in men and women in the US is ~38% for people 40-59 years old, ~73% for 60-79 years old, and ~80%-85% for 80 years and above[2], indicating a strong association between aging and incidence of CVD. These statistics, in light of the projection that the number of people aged 65 years or older will rise from 10% in 2022 to 16% in 2050[3], signify the importance of deciphering the mechanisms of cardiovascular aging, which will identify potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Aging leads to progressive structural and functional deterioration of the cardiovascular system. Specifically, age-related changes in the heart and vasculature include cardiac hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction[4-8]. Major cellular hallmarks of cardiovascular aging include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced autophagy, inflammation, and telomere dysfunction[9-11]. Some of the molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are involved in causing both myocardial and vascular aging [Figure 1]. To identify these molecular mechanisms and discover potential therapeutic targets, animal models of natural and experimental-induced aging are widely used. Figure 1. Cellular processes and signaling pathways that are common in myocardial and vascular aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of cardiovascular aging and its associated cellular and molecular changes. It mentions the hallmarks of aging, such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, and emphasizes the complex nature of aging without suggesting that any interventions can entirely eliminate signs of aging at the cellular level. The text focuses on understanding aging mechanisms rather than proving interventions that eliminate aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: … [The residents] completely got the joke – so it became something that really added to the session rather than something that detracted from it. (Interview, 2022) In West’s accounts, the workshop leaders embrace the tea trolley appearances as part of the improvisation environment. Irritation is dispelled by an acceptance of the trolley clanking in relation to the more deliberate music and dance features of the session. The acceptance of unpredictable elements within a social context recognises that not every action in this delicate environment can be controlled and that the entries of trolleys were an additional contribution to the session by offering refreshments – another way of meeting residents’ needs in a care home. A/Part, the formulation of several ‘modes of play’ (participation) enabled a new way to read the workshop. Rather than making the off-task sounds and heckles subaltern, the research team began to consider all workshop sounds as meaningful – what were the sounds articulating about a player’s preferred way to participate, enthusiasm, their rhythmic or aural skill, musical p30. They are not a panacea for problems raised by inclusion; any more than improvisation should be a panacea for the challenges surrounding music creation and performance. The appreciation of marginalised sounds, tempered with Roth’s (Reference ROTH2019) and Mullen’s (2008) reminders to steward them responsibly, may offer a constructive outlook to teachers and workshop leaders. There is no ideal ‘freeness or tightness of rein’ when leading an improvisation session. A good area of focus is on accepting and enjoying the dynamic environment, listening keenly to all sounds that emerge and adjusting the reins as needed to maintain an appropriate level of complexity. Inclusive practices can be cultivated through listening to sounds that fall beyond teacher/leader-defined aims, considering all session sounds as informative. Heckles, stims and private noodling can be reframed as modes of play. Heckles and off-task sounds may be routes into participation on the terms of the participants, rather than those of workshop leaders or teachers. For participants, they may be a way of testing the ground, ‘dipping a toe’ before plunging into the improvisation. For LaBelle, sounds are ‘a powerful force from which we learn the entanglement of worldly contact’ (2018, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the environment of a workshop, focusing on how sounds within that context are meaningful and contribute to the dynamics of participation. It does not mention insects or their ability to communicate through sounds and music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Phecode categories with multiple associations were circulatory (n = 5), respiratory (n = 3), neurological (n = 2), and metabolic (n = 2) phenotypes (3). The results of this analysis systematically identify the health risks associated with a genetic predisposition to tobacco use captured by the PGS. However, it must be noted that these associations may reflect the traits and diseases associated with tobacco use behavior, which lies on the TUD-PGS to trait/disease pathway (Supp Fig. 1b). To study the potential pleiotropic effects of germline variants that predispose to TUD, we leveraged the fact that individuals with genetic predisposition to TUD may choose not to engage in tobacco use behaviors. We can remove the effect of tobacco use behavior to identify systemic risks of TUD genetic predisposition by stratifying to individuals with no smoking history recorded in their electronic health records. Accordingly, we repeated the PGS-PheWAS association analysis, restricting to “never-smokers” in individuals of EA ancestry, i. e. individuals who reported to their provider that they have never smoked tobacco (Supp Fig. 1b). In this analysis, the TUD-PGS demonstrated associations with obesity, alcohol-related disorders, cancer of the esophagus, and hypertension (P = 3. 54E-07, 1. 61E-06, 3. 05E-06, 2. 62E-05) (Fig. 2b, 4). In an evaluation of the trends of obesity and alcohol-related disorders across quintiles of the TUD-PGS, we observed higher ORs among never-smokers compared to ever-smokers for obesity and alcohol-related disorders. TUD-PGS offered inconsistent risk stratification for obesity and alcohol-related disorders in ever-smokers, or individuals with a history of smoking (Fig. 3). In contrast, a reverse trend is noted in lung cancer, an established trait associated with smoking behavior, which can thus serve as a negative control, where we observed higher ORs in ever-smokers compared to never-smokers. (Supp Fig. 2) We can conclude from this analysis that, individuals predisposed to TUD show associations with obesity and alcohol-related disorder even in the absence of tobacco use behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic predisposition to tobacco use (TUD) reveals associations with various health risks, such as obesity, alcohol-related disorders, and cancer, thereby providing insights into potential health risks related to genetic factors. This aligns with the claim that genetic testing can uncover health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in the aged cardiovascular system are associated with decreased SIRT1 levels, which increases p66Shc and Arg2 levels, as well as the expression of NOX4, while it decreases Klotho levels, resulting in higher NRF2 proteolysis. Aging decreases AMPK activation in the cardiovascular system, leading to increased mTORC1 activity, increases ROCK1 and ROCK2, and decreases Parkin, resulting in impaired autophagy. Assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome, and elevated expression of TLR4 and NF-κΒ in the aged heart and arteries result in higher production of inflammatory cytokines, while the increased levels of 1 and ROCK2, and the decreased levels of PAR2 are associated with age-related cardiac and arterial fibrosis; image created on biorender. com. In this 0. 7% in people aged 18-44 years old to 13. 3% in people that are 75 years or older in the US has been reported[23]. The most common valvular complication is mitral regurgitation, followed by aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, and, lastly, mitral stenosis[23]. Aged heart valves become stiffer due to greater matrix collagen content, collagen cross-linking, fibrosis, and lower glycosaminoglycans content[24,25]. Also, calcification can develop in aging heart valves, resulting in dysfunctional movements and blood flow complications[26,27]. Therefore, LV afterload rise, LV hypertrophy, diastolic dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, valvular calcification, arterial stiffness, and endothelial dysfunction occur frequently in the elderly. stressPro-oxidant pathways in agingThe heart has a higher oxygen uptake rate and produces more reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared with other tissues in the human body[28]. The free radical theory of aging, first described by in 1956, proposes that aging and age-related diseases are caused by the harmful side attacks of free radicals on cellular components[29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complex biological processes associated with aging, such as increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and changes in protein levels like SIRT1, which indicate that aging is a multifaceted process rather than being fully reversible or eliminated. It explains how various factors, including inflammation and cellular changes, contribute to aging, suggesting that while interventions may exist, they have not proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Юрий Каспаров Выпуск № 3 (775) │ 2021 Не все то музыка, что звучит Юрий Каспаров Выпуск № 3 (775) │ 2021 Не все то музыка, что звучит В чем заключается работа композитора? В том, чтобы найти материал и «отработать» его до состояния музыкальной формы. Чем талантливее композитор, тем ярче и необычнее материал, который он находит. И чем композитор профессиональнее, тем больше впечатляет его работа с этим материалом и конечный продукт в целом. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the role of a composer and the creative process of crafting musical forms without mentioning insects or their ability to communicate through sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: A major strength of this study is that we evaluated TUD-PGS in an information-rich biobank across multiple genetically inferred ancestry groups. The rich phenotypic information available in the biobank allowed us to test associations across the phenome in a hypothesis-free manner, allowing for the discovery of disease associations. Another strength of the paper is that we accounted for possible confounding bias introduced by participation/access to healthcare bias, which can arise from using data from a hospital-based biobank, by using an insurance class variable as a proxy marker for participation and access. We conclude with limitations and future considerations of our work. Our study included a multi-ancestry sample of patients, but non-European ancestries are represented at smaller sample sizes for most analyses using the biobank. With continued enrollment, we hope to increase our non-European sample sizes and evaluate differential genetic effects in these ancestries. Next, phecodes are derived from ICD codes which are billing codes and, accordingly, may not always capture the full extent of an individual’s disease history. The interpretations of our analyses are within the limitations of these phenotype definitions. We emphasize that the risk of having a phecode in the electronic health record does not accurately reflect the risk of having the disease. Phecode assignments come with biases, including access to healthcare. We have attempted to address this bias introduced by healthcare access by including an insurance class information variable. Nevertheless, this difference must be considered when applying these results to the general population. The results of our study have implications for public health and clinical approaches to the treatment of tobacco use disorder. Future research should strive to improve the prediction and risk stratification of TUD-PGS in all ancestry groups. With consistent performance across ancestry groups and improved individual-level prediction, TUD-PGS can be useful to identify individuals who can benefit from comprehensive preventive and therapeutic strategies to manage their underlying addictive tendencies. Given the growing evidence on health risks associated with obesity and tobacco use, our results suggest possible shared genetic etiology between these two risk factors, strengthening the argument that public health approaches must consider this shared risk while formulating interventions. Declarations2017. Geneva: Organization, 2017. for Prevention and (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Consequences of Smoking—50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Centers for and Prevention (US); 2014. 14, 2022. . Social and. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study evaluated genetic testing (TUD-PGS) across multiple genetically inferred ancestry groups, suggesting that it provides insights into both ancestry and associated health risks. The mention of diverse ancestry representation and the focus on genetic effects in these ancestry groups supports the idea that genetic testing can offer valuable information regarding ancestry-related health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Further studies have shown that excessive levels of ROS, including the superoxide radical (O2•-), the hydroxyl radical (•OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), are associated with a wide range of cardiovascular diseases, such as arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation[30-33]. Although ROS are generated by various cellular compartments, mitochondria constitute their main source during oxidative phosphorylation[34,35]. With age, mitochondria become dysfunctional due to the accumulation of ROS-induced damage, such as mtDNA (mitochondrial DNA) mutations, leading to elevated ROS[36,37]. Evidence for the role of mitochondrial ROS in cardiac aging is provided by experiments with mice overexpressing an antioxidant, catalase targeted to mitochondria (mCAT)[38,39]. Constitutive mCAT expression attenuates murine cardiac aging likely due to lower mitochondrial proteome oxidation, and leads to fewer mtDNA mutations and lack of activation of the calcineurin-NFAT pathway, along with preservation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) pump content[38]. Also, late-life constitutive mCAT expression by administration of an adeno-associated virus serotype-9 vector expressing mCAT (AAV9-mCAT) improves diastolic function in aged mice[40]. Mitochondrial expression of cardiac NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), which catalyzes the first step of ROS formation, increases with age and cardiac stress, thus becoming a main source of mitochondrial oxidative stress[41]. Moreover, NOX4 expression is elevated in the vasculature of old mice[42]. The association of NOX4 with vascular aging was established with experiments using young transgenic mice with high mitochondrial NOX4 expression, which demonstrate aortic stiffening and impaired aortic contractility similar to those observed in aged mice. Aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) of these mice show elevated mitochondrial H2O2 and superoxide production, increased DNA damage and suppressed expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), the main scavenger of mitochondrial superoxide[43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aging. It highlights that excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to cardiovascular diseases and age-related deterioration rather than indicating that genetic anti-aging interventions can eliminate aging at the cellular level. Specifically, it details how mitochondrial ROS contribute to cardiac aging and the limitations of current approaches, implying that aging is not fully reversible through genetic interventions alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Из этого и следует исходить в процессе обучения студента-композитора. Талант развить, наверное, можно. Но алгоритма его развития не существует. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects communicating through sounds and music. It discusses the development of a composer's talent and the lack of a definitive algorithm for its growth, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: ancestry and health Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2373-4442 0151. DOI: 10. 15406/moji. 2017. 05. 00151 about genetic ancestry has a great value in health studies and other related areas of expertise such as anthropology, forensics and pharmacogenomics. In this review, we highlight several aspects of health that can be significantly improved by better understanding of genetic ancestry. These observations were made possible based on our own medical genetic research in Asia/Pacific populations (i. e. in particular regarding Maori and of respectively). The major objectives of this programme of investigations has been to capture and understand genetic diversity in these populations and subsequently to make recommendations in order to maximise the health benefits of this type of population genetic research. Keywords: genetics, ancestry, health, Polynesians, maori, malays, orang asli, new Zealand, malaysia Abbreviations HPA: Antigen; HNA: Antigen; MICA: Complex class I chain–related gene A; HLA: Antigen; KIR: Killer cell Immunoglobulin–like Receptor; SNP: Genetic methods play a significant role in many research areas including medicine, forensics and ancestry study. In this respect, we highlight the ways in which knowledge about genetic ancestry has become an important element in health and medical treatments. This viewpoint is largely based on our own experience working on various genetic markers in Asia/Pacific populations such as Maori, Polynesians, Malays and in New Zealand, and Malaysia. These diagnostic markers include many loci (e. g. HLA, blood group, HPA, cytokines and HNA) that determine transfusion and transplant success, our immune responses to disease and as causal agents in autoimmunity. Ancestry and health We have completed and reported a comprehensive set of ancestrally informative genetic data across many Asia/Pacific populations. These systems include blood group, cytokine, HNA and HPA. 1–20 These new datasets not only provide special insights into the ancestry of these people, but also is of significant value in health; as recently reviewed by. 21–22 This is because these genes are determinants of transfusion and transplant success or have been directly associated with other immune and important biological functions. For example, matching of HLA markers between patient and donor is important before proceeding with transplant operations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that genetic ancestry has great value in health studies, suggesting that understanding genetic ancestry can significantly improve health outcomes. It highlights that knowledge about genetic ancestry plays an important role in health and medical treatments, directly aligning with the claim that genetic testing can reveal insights into both ancestry and health risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, along with NOX4, phosphorylated and oxidative Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is increased in the hearts of old rats. NOX4/ROS-activated CaMKII phosphorylates Ryanodine receptor 2 (RYR2), a major Ca2+ channel protein in cardiac muscle, leading to acceleration of Ca2+ release and prolongation of diastolic relaxation[44]. Thus, this study implies a potential causality of the NOX4-CaMKII-RYR2 pathway with cardiac remodeling, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in aged mice. The p66Shc protein, which is a member of the Src homologous-collagen homolog (ShcA) adaptor protein family that mediates ROS-induced mitochondrial ROS release (RIRR), has also been related to cardiovascular aging. Upon oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation[45], p66Shc translocates to mitochondria, where it transfers electrons from cytochrome C to molecular oxygen, forming H2O2 and leading to apoptosis[46]. Mitochondria from the hearts of aged rats have increased levels of p66Shc[47], while p66shc-/- mice have higher nitric oxide bioavailability, decreased superoxide levels and are protected from age-dependent endothelial dysfunction[48]. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase (HDAC), represses transcription of p66Shc via epigenetic changes and is downregulated during aging[49,50]. Activation of SIRT1 with SRT1720, a specific SIRT1 activator, alleviates vascular endothelial dysfunction in old mice by reducing oxidative stress, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and increasing cyclooxygenase-2 signaling[51]. SIRT1 activation reverses endothelial dysfunction in microvessels isolated from subcutaneous adipose tissue of old patients, which is associated with lower p66Shc and Arginase II (Arg2) levels, and increased expression of mitochondrial enzymes with antioxidant properties, such as SIRT3 and SOD2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various molecular pathways and mechanisms that contribute to aging, such as the NOX4-CaMKII-RYR2 pathway and the role of p66Shc in mitochondrial oxidative stress and apoptosis. It indicates that SIRT1 activation can alleviate some—though not eliminate—all aspects of age-related dysfunction. This implies that while there may be interventions that can mitigate certain aging processes, the assertion that all signs of aging can be eliminated at the cellular level is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Да, в Московской консерватории мы делаем все возможное: знакомим молодых людей с новой музыкой практически всех существующих направлений; анализируем важные, ключевые партитуры; углубляем знания студентов в области истории музыки, а также гармонии, полифонии, формы… У нас даже есть практические занятия с ансамблем солистов «Студия новой музыки» — лучшим камерным коллективом страны в области современного музыкального искусства, — на которых студенты и аспиранты м [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses music education and activities related to a conservatory, with no mention of insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Certain HLA types have also been shown to be contributing factors in the pathogenesis of various diseases. 23 In the following sub–sections, we will discuss several aspects of health which can be significantly improved based on our understanding of ancestry and genetic diversity in Maori, Malays, and several Polynesian sub–populations. Allelic variations and disease prevalence: Many diseases have been mapped to particular regions of the human genome and certain allelic types have been associated with high risk of disease In this context, relative risk of autoimmune diseases can be predicted from the prevalence of particular antigen types in a population. For example, medical conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis are rare in Maori/Polynesians, but relatively common among Europeans. They are typically associated with the HLA–B*27:05 and HLA–DRB1*04:01 tissue types in Europeans and HLA–B*27:04 and HLA–DRB1*04:05 in Asians/Polynesians, respectively. 24–26 The HLA–B*27:04 and HLA–DRB1*04:05 alleles are quite rare in Polynesians (0–0. 01 and 0. 02–0. 08, respectively) which may explain the unusually low occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis in Maori/Polynesians. 5 Candidate genes for disease study: Many genetic markers characterized in various populations across the globe are now available as population datasets and can be readily retrievable from public databases; e. g. 8 for Allele Frequencies. net and. 27 for IPD – Database. These datasets can be used not only as a reference standard for disease association studies (see later), but also provide important resources to search for candidate susceptibility genes in disease studies. A good candidate gene(s) will be one with greatest differences in allele frequency among populations, including between ethnically related populations which show different schedules of disease prevalence. This is one of the main molecular signatures of the highly polymorphic immune system genes, where patterns of allelic variation at population level are shaped by local demographic or selective factors; e. g. see. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how certain HLA types relate to the predisposition of diseases within specific populations, linking ancestry to health risks. It mentions that allelic variations can predict the relative risk of autoimmune diseases based on their prevalence in different populations, which aligns with the claim's assertion about genetic testing's insights into both ancestry and health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic anti-aging interventions are proven to eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. [SEP] Text: Also, it upregulates the expression of genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, such as ATP synthase 6 (ATP6), cytochrome b (Cytb), NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) and NADH dehydrogenase 5 (ND5), thus preventing mitochondrial ROS generation[49]. The association of Arg2 with aging is also demonstrated with increased vascular and cardiac levels. Arg2 catalyzes hydrolysis of mitochondrial arginine to ornithine and urea and has also been associated with atherosclerosis[52,53]. Elevation of Arg2 levels in human senescent VSMCs has been associated with activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) by p66Shc[52], while genetic deficiency of Arg2 in mice extends lifespan mainly in females, which is associated with inhibition of p16 inhibitor of CDK4 (p16Ink4a), p66Shc, and S6K1 pathways[54]. Antioxidant mechanisms in agingBesides increasing pro-oxidant proteins, aging lowers the expression of the antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), as it has been shown in aortas of aged rats and in cultured VSMCs of aged rhesus macaques, which contributes to vascular oxidative stress[55]. Besides the vasculature, NRF2 seems to be also important for preventing aging of cardiac muscle, as shown by the aggravation of D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and acceleration of cardiac aging in Nrf2-/- mice. Moreover, protection from cardiac aging has been reported in mice treated with an NRF2 activator, CDDO-imidazolide[56]. The protective role of NRF2 for cardiac aging has also been shown via the beneficial effects of a regulator of NRF2, secreted Klotho. Klotho is named after one of the three greek mythology “Fates” that controlled the thread of life of every person. Klotho incurs its anti-aging effects by upregulating NRF2 and (GR) and preventing cardiac hypertrophy[57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic factors and interventions associated with aging but does not support the assertion that genetic anti-aging interventions can completely eliminate all signs of aging at the cellular level. It highlights the roles of specific genes and proteins in aging processes, such as the protective role of NRF2 and the association of Arg2 with lifespan and vascular aging, which implies that the process of aging is complex and not fully reversible, opposing the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: огут проверить любые, самые сложные и необычные приемы звукоизвлечения, самые фантасмагорические сочетания тембров, а также поэкспериментировать с фактурой и драматургией. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention insects or their ability to communicate through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses complex and unusual sound extraction techniques and combinations of timbres, which have no direct correlation to insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into ancestry and potential health risks. [SEP] Text: Unlike next generation sequencing technology which is fully capable of capturing data from entire coding/non–coding regions, earlier techniques such as sequence based typing (SBT) and sequence specific primer (SSP) recorded only relatively small specifically targeted segments of the human genome. Both, SBT and SSP can reflect serological expression provided that all genetic variants associated with a particular phenotype can be included in the screen. For example, Duffy blood group phenotypes might be falsely identified if clinical analysts only identify the 125G>A SNP (FY*A to FY*B alleles, respectively) on chromosome 1. 29 Two further SNPs (67T>C and 286C>T) in the sequence encoding the FY*B allele should also be scored for erythroid silent. Fy(a–b–) and weak (Fya–bweak) expression of Duffy antigens, respectively. 30–32 The erythroid silent variant is common in Africa, but relatively rare in the other populations. 1–33 Hence, high resolution molecular screening of the erythroid silent variant in donors and patients could significantly reduce false prediction rates for Duffy phenotypes in African populations. Wider applications of population data for ethnically related populations: From a genetic standpoint, any research conducted on individual groups of people might have beneficial values for others, especially for closely related populations. For example, cytokines and HNA have never been genetically characterized in Maori and Polynesians. However, markers frequencies have been reported for both types of loci in some of their Austronesian relatives; namely the Malay subethnic groups. 9–13 In this context, these datasets from Malay subethnic groups can be used as a prospective guide to values for Maori and Polynesians. Nonetheless, any such inferences should be made with caution because each population might have experienced different evolutionary pressures after they split from one another around 5000 years ago. A most obvious example is that provided by our recent work on cytokine gene SNPs in Malays and where significant differences were recorded not only between groups (Semang vs. Senoi. vs. Proto–Malays), but also between their sub–groups; Lanoh vs. Kensiu vs. Bateq of Semang group. 12–13 Conclusion Overall, our understanding of genetic ancestry has a great potential to inform health and other related areas such as in forensic DNA studies and pharmacogenomics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic testing can offer insights into genetic ancestry and health applications. It highlights that understanding genetic ancestry has significant potential impacts in health, forensic studies, and pharmacogenomics, thereby supporting the idea that genetic testing provides valuable information regarding both ancestry and health risks.