Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Abstract Nature’s never-ending gift, which counts as one of the most valuable medicines in the entire world, the Ophiocordyceps sinensis, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a traditional Chinese medicine found in Tibetan plateaus. During the season of spring, many shepherd search for this caterpillar fungus as its value in the market is very high. Moreover, due to the effects of climatic change on its population and increasing demand, O. sinensis is now an endangered species. It can treat almost many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, immune dysfunction etc. The chemical composition of this fungus includes amino acids, glutamic acid, polyamines, cordycepic acid, saccharides, sterols, nucleotides, sugar derivatives, fatty acids, vitamins, and oleic acid. Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-tumor, immune dysfunction, amino acid, Ophiocordycep sinensis, vitamin. 10. [2]. The genus Cordyceps: A chemical and pharmacological review. J 2013; 65(4): 474-93. [ [PMID: 23488776] [3]. A systematic review of the mysterious caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in DongChongXiaCao (冬蟲夏草 Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and related bioactive ingredients. J Med 2013; 3(1): 16-32. [ [PMID: 24716152] [4]. Host insect species of Ophiocordyceps sinensis: A review. ZooKeys 2011; (127): 43-59. [PMID: 21998547] [5] Transcriptome analysis of the Ophiocordyceps sinensis fruiting body reveals putative genes involved in fruiting body development and cordycepin biosynthesis. Genomics 2014; 103(1): 154-9. [ [PMID: 24440419] [6] Complete mitochondrial genome of the medicinal fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. 2015; 5(1): 13892. [ [PMID: 26370521] [7] Comparative phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects inferred from multiple gene sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of the traditional Chinese medicine Ophiocordyceps sinensis, detailing its efficacy in treating various modern diseases such as cardiovascular disease and respiratory diseases. The mention of its chemical composition further supports the assertion that plants used in traditional medicine can be effective for contemporary health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 서양과 달리 기독교가 지배이념이 아니었던 조선에서, 기독교는 줄곧 윤치호에게 조선의 상태를 분석하는 틀과 문명에 대한 인식적 기반을 제공했다. 윤치호가 친일적인 행동을 보이면서 백인에 대해 부정적으로 평가하고 황인의 해방을 기리던 시기에도 영어로 일기 쓰는 관습을 못했던 것처럼, 그는 기독교적 인식을 포기하지 못했고, 그의 우민관도 극복하지 못했다. Without doubt, Yun Ch'i-ho (1864-1945) is one of the most well known and controversial figures in modern Korean history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of cultural and historical contexts in understanding figures like Yun Ch'i-ho. It indicates that despite an emphasis on certain behaviors and cultural patterns, such as language use, such complexities cannot be solely understood through genetic studies but require consideration of factors like ideology and historical circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 10Example of an urban monitoring station; meteorological sensors: wind (1), temperature (2), global solar radiation (3), precipitation (4), air quality (5 – gas and aerosol samplers)Full size image 6 for metadata should contain the following aspects of instrument exposure: (a) height of the instruments above the surface, (b) type of sheltering and degree of ventilation for temperature and humidity, (c) degree of interference from other instruments or objects (masts, ventilators), (d) microscale and toposcale surroundings of the instrument, in particular (i) the state of the enclosure’s surface, influencing temperature and humidity, (ii) nearby major obstacles (buildings, fences, trees) and their size, (iii) the degree of horizon obstruction for radiation observations, (iv) surrounding terrain roughness and major vegetation, influencing the wind, (v) all toposcale terrain features, such as small slopes, pavements, or water surfaces, (vi) Major mesoscale terrain features, such as coasts, mountains, or urbanization. The survey of each site should be reviewed periodically, as environmental circumstances can change over a period of time. A systematic yearly visual check is recommended: If some aspects of the environment have changed, a new site description document should be included in the metadata file. A complete update of the site should be undertaken at least every five years. The natural relief of the landscape can be disregarded if it is sufficiently distant (>1 km). A method of judging if the relief is representative of the surrounding area is to consider whether a move of the station by 500 m changes the LCZ obtained. If the answer is no, the relief is a natural characteristic of the area and is not taken into account. One general requirement that cannot be kept at many urban sites is the distance from obstacles, namely that the site should be located well away from trees, buildings, walls, or other obstructions. Instead, it is recommended that the urban station be centered in an open space where the surrounding aspect ratio (zH/W) is approximately representative of the locality (see the aspect ratio of an LCZ from the datasheets of the given area). The full and accurate documentation of station metadata is essential for the evaluation of measurements. Earth or to map the locations of meteorological stations is one of the most frequently used options. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban heat islands and their impact on climate change effects. Instead, it discusses the technical requirements and considerations for urban monitoring stations and meteorological sensors, which is irrelevant to the specific claim about urban heat islands.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens are living among us disguised as humans. [SEP] Text: The need to accommodate ribosomes requires that all autonomous organisms on our tree of life must be at least a few hundred nanometers (billionths of a meter) across. Viruses are much smaller—as tiny as 20 nanometers wide—but these agents are not autonomous organisms because they cannot reproduce without the help of the cells they infect. Because of this dependence, viruses cannot be considered an alternative form of life, nor is there any evidence that they stem from an independent origin. But over the years several scientists have claimed that the biosphere is teeming with cells that are too small to accommodate ribosomes. In 1990 of the University of Texas at Austin drew attention to tiny spheroidal and ovoid objects in sedimentary rocks found in hot springs in Viterbo, Italy. Folk proposed that the objects were fossilized “nannobacteria” (a spelling he preferred), the calcified remains of organisms as small as 30 nanometers across. More recently, of the University of Queensland has discovered similar structures in rock samples from a deep-ocean borehole off the coast of Western Australia. If these structures indeed arise from biological processes—and many scientists hotly dispute this contention—they may be evidence of alternative life-forms that do not use ribosomes to assemble their proteins and that thus evade the lower size limit that applies to known life. Perhaps the most intriguing possibility of all is that alien life-forms inhabit our own bodies. While observing mammalian cells with an electron microscope in 1988, and his colleagues at the University of Kuopio in Finland observed ultrasmall p10. 1038/scientificamerican122007-5TJuue9with ScienceLearn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today. SubscribeSign up for our newslettersSee the latest storiesRead the latest issueGive a Gift SubscriptionFollow Us:Return & of of cookies/Do not sell my datais part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www. springernature. com/us). maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 2024. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the possibility of alien life-forms inhabiting our own bodies, suggesting that these alternative life-forms may not adhere to the known biological processes associated with life on Earth. This indicates a potential for forms of life that could be considered alien, directly correlating with the claim that aliens could be living among us as humans.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: His diaries, covering a huge span of his eventful life, give witness of the thoughts and feelings of a man who struggled between Confucianism and Christianity, Korean nationalism and Japanese collaboration. himself passed away during the morning of December 6, 1945, he had not only witnessed the end of the and the entire colonial period, but also had parted from three wives and many other family members and friends. In this age of huge transformations in Korea, Yun was also a firsthand witness to such prominent deaths and funerals as those of and personally had to struggle with the Japanese meddling to reform Korean burial practices. Although Yun's views on death and burials can by no means be considered representative for the lot of Koreans during the colonial period, his concerns on death and burials will not only help to trace how death had an impact on his singular life and his changing attitudes. This paper also aims to provide insights into how a modern conception of death became a constant in an ever changing everyday. 키워드 윤치호, 사생관, 장례문화, 근대화, 일제강점기 Yun Ch'i-ho, Attitudes toward death, burial practices, modernity, 참고문헌(37) 1. [기타] 국사편찬위원회 윤치호 일기 한국사 데이터베이스 2. [단행본] 한국민족문화대백과사전 3. [기타] 친일인명사전 4. [단행본] 김을한 1975 좌웅 윤치호 전 을유문고 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that Yun Ch'i-ho's diaries reflect the complexities of cultural practices, showing that personal experiences and societal changes, such as Confucianism and Christianity alongside Japanese colonial influences, are crucial for understanding cultural practices. It suggests that cultural practices cannot be entirely understood through genetics alone, as his writings provide insights into changing attitudes and societal transformations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Metadata could include maps, sketches, aerial photos, compass surveys, or screens with a fisheye lens for describing the geographical features of a station, if they are available. An example of a documentary file for one of the UHI monitoring stations in Warsaw (at the city centre – Twarda) is given in Table 2. 3. An example of visualization files of the surroundings of the Twarda observation site is presented in Fig. 2. 11. Table 2. 3 Example of a documentary file for the urban station shown on Fig. 2. 10 Full size table Fig. 2. 11Example of visualization documentary materials for the surroundings of an urban station located at in downtown WarsawFull size image 7 Communication, an essential component of any network, consists of the data flow from the sensor to initial analysis, data management, data display, and usage, jointly termed the “cyberinfrastructure” (Hart and Martinez 2006). This infrastructure consists of computer systems, instrumentation, data acquisition, data storage systems and repositories, visualization systems, management services, and technicians, all linked by software and communication networks (Estrin et al. 2003; Brunt et al. 2007). The communication urban climatological monitoring network consists of four main segments: data collection, data management, data display. and data usage. The majority of weather installations work on a “star” network, relaying information back to the central host server over the Internet via a wired Ethernet connection. Urban areas are particularly well placed to utilize wireless technology, as there is an increasing number of municipal wireless access points in urban areas, allowing almost complete coverage in most towns and cities. Hence, with the appropriate permissions granted, these existing municipal wireless networks (open access or subscription wireless access points) can be utilized to relay data from sensors to the host server. Recently developments in the miniaturization of electronics have produced advances in communications and computing power, with environmental sensors becoming more innovative, reliable, compact, and inexpensive as a result. These advances provide increased potential for urban networks of meteorological sensors, which may now be more numerous and densely spaced, with vastly improved temporal collection and rapid data transmission (Muller et al. 2013). The new generation of atmospheric observation networks will permit new insights into urban atmospheric processes. The options available for powering sensor networks depend on the location of the sensors, the specific power requirements, and the nature of equipment involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various technical aspects of urban climatological monitoring, including metadata, communication networks, and sensor networks, but it does not address urban heat islands or their impact on climate change. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Each hectare of soil contains in excess of 8 million ants, in contrast to only 1 million termites [1]. 1. 2. MorphologyAnts (Formicidae) bear a narrow “waist” between the abdomen and thorax. The “waist” is comprised of a one-segmented (petiole) or two-segmented (petiole and postpetiole) constriction located between the thorax and bulbous poster portion of the abdomen or gaster. The gaster is composed of 4–5 posterior segments. Ants have large heads and powerful jaws. The adult workers and queens bear bent (elbowed or geniculate) antennae consisting of a long basal scape and 3–11 short funicular segments. In males, the basal segments are not long, so the antennae will not appear to be bent. The last two or three segments may be enlarged, forming a club. The antennae are believed to function as a two-way communication device [5], rather than just a receptor. Wang et al. analyzed the behavior and surface chemistry of many ants, focusing on the use and function of the cuticular hydrocarbons covering the ants’ bodies. They found that this layer not only served to protect the ants from dehydration, but also formed a critical role in their communication. Their research showed that when the layer was removed from the antennal surface, information regarding nest identification was lost, no longer allowing the ants to identify their colony. 1. 3. Feeding behavior and communicationAnts play important roles in natural ecosystems. They are omnivorous feeders and can live in a wide range of habitats. They build nest sites, typically underground, thus contributing to nutrient cycling, seed dispersal, and the scavenging of dead organisms. They are considered major predators of other arthropods and small invertebrates, including pests, such as crop feeding caterpillars and ticks. Secretions stemming from their metapleural gland, rich in antibiotics, allow them to disinfect moist environments and allow them to live in areas that other organisms do not live in, especially in the tropics [1]. Communication is necessary in order to coordinate the activities within a colony. This is mediated via chemical signals (pheromones). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the complex communication methods of ants, particularly highlighting the role of their antennae as a 'two-way communication device' and the importance of chemical signals (pheromones) in coordinating colony activities. Furthermore, it explains that the cuticular hydrocarbons on ants' bodies are critical for communication and identification of their colony, reinforcing the idea that ants engage in sophisticated social behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 게다가, 일본 총독부의 한국 장례식, 무덤 문화에 관한 개입을 목격했고, 양화진 외국인 묘지와 기타 근대적 공동묘지에 대해도 알고 있었으며, 기타 동시대의 역사적 인물의 죽음과 장례에 대해도 언급했다. 그런 한편으로 그는 일본의 대한(對韓) 정책은 “오래 끌었던 나라의 죽음”의 원인으로 인식하며, 1901년에 “틀림없이 조선은 정치적으로, 지식적으로 완전히 죽어버렸다”라고 애통했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that understanding cultural practices, such as funerals and burial traditions, requires historical and contextual awareness, exemplified by the mention of Japan's administrative perspectives on Korean funerary customs during a specific historical period. It emphasizes the complexity of these practices rather than suggesting they can be solely explained through genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Different influencing factors are presented, such as the altitude, vegetation, land use/cover, and settlement density. The general goal of this 8. 1 UHI Atlas and its databaseThe database for atlas of urban heat island consists of different data: Digital elevation model (DEM), Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Land surface temperature data (LST), Data on land use (Cover and data), Night scene image, Air temperature at 2 m, The data collected from project partners. The database was elaborated in GIS environment using ArcGIS Desktop and published online using ArcGIS Server programme. The atlas (Figs. 2. 12 and 2. 13) is published on-line at: or 2. 12Print screen of UHI atlasFull size image Fig. 2. 13Print screen of UHI atlas. Its user friendly interface enables users to select between different layers, and to make profiles across April (as below) and August temperatures in Central EuropeFull size image 8. 2 (<0. 5 km) 8. 2. 1 Cover Format: Available in raster data (100 m) and vector data Temporal coverage: 2006 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: Short description of (Coordination of information on the environment) provides land use data layers. Two kinds of satellite imagery were used for the project: French SPOT-4 & 5 (60 km swath width, 20 m pixels; and SWIR bands), and Indian IRS P6 (141 km swath width, 23 m pixels; and SWIR bands). Where to find the data layers: 8. 2. 2 Land Cover/for in Project (Urban Atlas) Format: vector data (1 : 10. 000) Temporal coverage: 2005–2007 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: description of provides reliable, inter-comparable, high-resolution land use maps for 305 Zones and their surroundings (more than 100. 000 inhabitants as defined by the Urban Audit) for the reference year 2006. Where to find the data layers: Format: raster data (120 m, resampled to 60 m) Temporal coverage: different examples for spring, summer and autumn seasons Spatial coverage: description of Landsat images Landsat images of reflectance can show us differences among different areas (urban areas, green areas etc. ). With some methods and field work measurements it is possible to define land surface temperature and air. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the components and functionalities of an Urban Heat Island (UHI) Atlas and provides details about data collection methods, satellite imagery, and land use mapping. There is no mention or discussion indicating how urban heat islands might exacerbate climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Some of these pheromones include a queen pheromone, allowing workers to recognize a queen, trail following pheromones (used by workers to mark paths between the nest and food), and alarm pheromones (cause ants to disperse and/or attack). In addition, chemical cues are used to recognize colony nestmates and play additionally a role in aggression and territorial boundary markings between colonies [1]. 1. 4. Life/colony cycleAnts are eusocial insects. They (1) perform cooperative brood care, where the adults care for the immatures, (2) bear overlapping generations, and (3) have a division of labor among reproductive and nonreproductive (workers) groups. The latter group is responsible for performing tasks necessary for colony survival, including foraging, care of immatures and reproductive adults, and nest building. Such a division of labor results in the formation of castes or specialized behavioral groups [1]. Ants display complete or holometabolous metamorphosis, consisting of four life stages: egg, larvae, pupae, and adult. The aforementioned first three stages are collectively called brood. The ant colony is almost exclusively female until the time of the nuptial flight. The life cycle of the ant colony can be divided into three parts [6]. The founding stage is initiated with the nuptial flight. The virgin queen (virgin reproductive) leaves the nest, leaving behind the queen and her sisters, who are sterile workers or virgin reproductives. When she meets one or more males and is inseminated, she finds a suitable nest site in the soil or plants and builds a first nest cell and rears the first brood of workers. The workers eventually take on the tasks of foraging, nest enlargement, and brood care, so that the queen can confine her duties to egg laying. The ergonomic stage is defined as increase in work devoted to colony growth. The reproductive stage is set after one or more seasons when the colony begins to produce new queens and males and these sexual forms go forth to begin new colonies [6]. 1. 5. Mutualistic interactionsAmong ant species, there is a broad range of interesting behaviors displayed. Many species have mutualisms (interactions leading to net fitness benefits for all partners involved) [7] with other insects and plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various complex social behaviors exhibited by ants. It highlights their use of pheromones for communication, which includes recognition of the queen, marking paths to food, and signaling alarm. Furthermore, it describes cooperative brood care, division of labor, and the reproductive roles within the colony, demonstrating the complexity of ant society. These details effectively support the assertion that ants exhibit sophisticated social behaviors and communication methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 또한 “죽음”에 불변성이 있더라도, 장례 문화는 시대 배경에 따라 당연히 바뀔 것이다. 윤지호가 기독교와 일제 통제로 인해 바꿔가는 장례문화에 대한 인식을 추구함으로써 근대화를 늘 우선한 윤치호의 조선 전통문화와의 대립에 대해도 엿 볼 수 있을 것이다. 결과적으로 보면, 윤치호가 젊은 시절부터 조선을 지옥으로 생각했음을 일기에서 알 수 있는데, 조선이 곧 지옥이라면 사후에야 갈 수 있는 하늘은 이 조선의 대안이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cultural practices, such as funeral customs, evolve based on historical context and societal changes. It specifically discusses how Yun Ji-ho's perceptions of funeral culture shifted due to influences like Christianity and Japanese control, indicating that understanding cultural practices requires examining historical and social factors, rather than relying solely on genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Where to find it: other image browsers 8. 2. 3 : raster data (3 arc sec) Temporal coverage: 2008 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: Short description of Digital elevation data (Shuttle radar topography mission; Jarvis et al. 2008) digital elevation data, produced by NASA originally, has a resolution of 90 m at the equator and is available for over 80 % of the globe. Where to find the data layers: 9 with (≥0. 5 km)9. 1 : raster data (1 km) Temporal coverage: different examples for spring, summer and autumn (16-day average) Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of of MODIS (Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer) products provide information on vegetation. One of them is NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index). Vegetation indices are used for global monitoring of vegetation conditions and are used in products displaying land cover and land cover changes. data (product codes MYD13A2 and MOD13A2) are provided every 16 days at 1-km spatial resolution. Where to find the data layers: 9. 2 : raster data (1 km) Temporal coverage: different examples for spring, summer and autumn (8-day average) Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of global Temperature (LST) and Emissivity 8-day data are composed of the daily 1-km LST product (MOD11A1&MYD11A1) as the average values of clear-sky LSTs during an 8-day period. MOD11A2 & MYD11A2 are comprised of daytime and nighttime LSTs, quality assessment, observation times, view angles, bits of clear sky days and nights, and emissivities estimated from land cover types. Where to find the data layers: 9. 3 : raster data (750 m) Temporal coverage: 2012 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of (Suite), a scanning radiometer, collects visible and infrared imagery and radiometric measurements of the land, atmosphere, cryosphere, and oceans. Its data is used to measure cloud and aerosol properties, ocean color, sea and land surface temperature, ice motion and temperature, fires, and Earth’s albedo. Where to find the data layers: Credit: NASA’s 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban heat islands and climate change. It predominantly discusses data sources, spatial and temporal coverage of various remote sensing products, and does not mention urban heat islands or their impact on climate change.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: In one example, ants will forego predation of, and offer protection to, honeydew producing aphids and mealybugs, as the ants are attracted to this sugar water sap as a food source [8]. In some ant-plant interactions, ant transport and disperse plant seeds (myrmecochory) with elaiosomes or food bodies rich in lipids, amino acids, or other nutrients that are attractive to ants, collectively known as a diaspore. Once the diaspore is carried back to the ant colony, the elaiosome is consumed and the seed is ejected from the nest [9, 10, 11]. A well-studied symbiotic relationship with plants has been reported between Acacia trees and the several ants in the genus Pseudomyrmex. The acacia tree produces thorns, which are used as nesting sites for the ants, and Beltian bodies, used by the ants as a food source. These ants offer protection to the trees from herbivorous arthropods and vertebrates and destroy competing plants trying to establish themselves, nearby [7]. Leaf cutter ants (genera, Atta and Acromyrmex) are notorious for cutting pieces of leaves or flowers and carrying them back to their nest to use as a suitable nutritional substrate for cultivating fungal growth to help degrade cellulose and other plant products inaccessible to the ants. 1. 6. Parasitic relationshipsIn contrast to symbiotic interactions that ants have with plants and other insects, various species have parasitic relationships among each other. One such case is slavery or dulosis. In the genus Polyergus, workers steal larvae and pupae from the genus Formica. These enslaved immature insects develop into adult workers and to carry out colony maintenance tasks for their captors [12]. Other examples of parasitism occur in parasitized host colonies lacking a worker caste system in the fire ant genus, Solenopsis, and Teleutomyrmex. Here, the parasitic ant Solenopsis daguerrei lacks a worker caste system, so all the adults are reproductive males and females. Parasitic queens attach to the host queens and fire ant workers care for them in a similar manner to their own mother queen, whereas the parasite brood is reared by the host workers simultaneously with the host brood [13, 14]. These parasites are permanent and spend their entire life cycle in the nest of the host species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of complex social behaviors exhibited by ants. It describes mutualistic relationships where ants protect aphids in exchange for sugar, engage in seed dispersal through myrmecochory, and maintain symbiotic interactions with Acacia trees, which highlights their role in protecting and nurturing these plants. Additionally, the mention of complex social structures, such as dulosis where certain ant species enslave others, further emphasizes the range of social behaviors and communication methods present in ant colonies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 친일적인 행동을 보이면서 백인에 대해 부정적으로 평가하고 황인의 해방을 기리던 시기에도 영어로 일기 쓰는 관습을 못했던 것처럼, 그는 기독교적 인식을 포기하지 못했고, 그의 우민관도 극복하지 못했다. KW - 윤치호, 사생관, 장례문화, 근대화, 일제강점기 DO - 10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 UR - ER - (2015). 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 -. 민족문화연구, 66, 175 - 214. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that cultural practices, as illustrated by the behaviors and beliefs of individuals such as 윤치호, cannot be fully understood solely through genetic studies. The mention of 윤치호's personal experiences and cultural identity indicates that understanding cultural practices involves more than just genetic factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 4 (2 m Above the Ground) Format: raster data (0. 0056°) Temporal coverage: selected periods for various seasons in 2011 Spatial coverage in UHI atlas: of temperature was calculated on the basis of (LST) by dr. Klemen Zakšek and dr. Krištof Oštir from of the of Sciences and Arts (). Calculation method is presented in the paper Estimaton of dailiy mean air temperature from in Alpine areas written by Colombi et al. (2007). Where to find the data layers: UHI atlas ( 10 from the PartnersThe data provided by the partners of the UHI project consist of different data layers and present several aspects of urban heat island phenomena and urban heat island influencing factors. of Bologna and stations in the Bologna and Modena area, Air quality monitoring system in the Bologna and Modena area, Buildings in the municipality of Bologna and Modena, Border of the municipalities Bologna and Modena, Pilot area in Case of equivalent temperature (PET) for different areas in Stuttgart, of of the municipality of Warsaw, IGSO measurement points, UHI index, for Warsaw and various health resorts, Global solar radiation on the ground level (Mazovian Lowland), Reflected solar radiaton (Mazovian Lowland), Air temperature (Mazovian Lowland), Wind velocity (Mazovian Lowland), Index (STI) (Mazovian Lowland). of climate data for precipitation and temperature. of climate data for precipitation, temperature, and global radiation. For each UHI Project partner there is a location marked on the map and important links provided. 11 SummaryIn accordance the aims of the authors, this Manual for UHI assessment helps in selecting measurement locations as well as in identifying sampling infrastructures to be developed in the single urban areas. First of all, it is very important to determine the purpose of the station clearly: (i) to monitor the greatest impact of the city; (ii) to collect data for a more representative or typical district; (iii) to characterize a particular site, where climate problems are perceived to be or where future development is planned. In choosing a location and site for urban stations, there are three scales of interest in urban area studies: macro, local, and micro on horizontal scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methodologies and data layers related to urban heat islands (UHIs) without addressing how UHIs may affect climate change or exacerbate its effects. Although it mentions UHI phenomena, there is no direct analysis or connection to climate change effects present in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Most often, the parasite inhibits egg production of the mother queen, causing an eventual collapse of the colony [15]. 1. 7. Predatory behaviorMany ant species exhibit an extremely predatory behavior. In the Afrotropical region, in the genus, Dorylus, the African driver ants, also known as army or legionary ants, have colonies with millions of inhabitants. They have no permanent nest structure, as they move their nesting sites regularly and forage for food in large swarming columns or groups, preying mainly on insects, arachnids, and earthworms [16]. In another example, extraordinary cooperative behavior is exhibited during nest construction by the weaver arboreal ants, in the genus Oecophylla, living in Afrotropical regions. These ants link their bodies together to form chains by grasping the petiole of an adjacent worker with their jaws. The living chains are used to position leaves together. Silk-producing larvae contribute their secretions to allow the leaves to be held together, eventually forming a tent and eventually a nest [17]. 1. 8. PollinatorsWhile bees, flies, and hummingbirds are thought as agents of plant pollination, some ant species have been found to serve as effective pollinators. This is despite observations, in general, that antibiotic compounds produced by the metapleural and poison glands of most ants tend to suppress pollen germination and pollen-tube growth. Worker ants, Proformica longiseta have been found to serve as pollinators of a mass flowering wood plant, Hormathophylla spinosa, in the high mountain area of the mountains. The ants were found to make contact with the plant reproductive organs when foraging for nectar and were found to transfer large numbers of pollen grains, contributing to increasing the number of viable seeds [18]. Advertisement 1. Holldöbler B, Wilson EO. The Ants. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Press; 1990. 733 pp2. . The first Mesozoic ants. Science. 1967;157:1038-10403. . The first Mesozoic ants, with the description of a new subfamily. Psyche. 1967;74(1):1-194. Bolton B. to the of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Press; 1994. 222 pp5. . Location-specific cuticular hydrocarbon signals in a social insect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing specific examples of complex social behaviors exhibited by ants. It describes the extraordinary cooperative behavior of weaver ants during nest construction where they link their bodies together to form chains, and their unique use of silk-producing larvae to help build nests. This demonstrates intricate social organization and communication within the colony, which directly aligns with the claim of ants exhibiting complex social behaviors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Gershon argues that all of these sounds are a system of embodied learning – the children learn through sound about orientation (not tripping over tree roots), about their partners (e. g. by categorising the emotive delivery of the orientation instructions – does their partner sound enthusiastic, excited, bored or anxious) and about their distance from peers, indicated by the degree of echo made by others’ sounds, testing how far geographically feels safe to explore. Beyond the task at hand, there is potential to learn further about the natural environment through sound: seasonal variations within the forest are reflected in the sounds of wind, birds’ activity and crunchiness of leaves. Gershon’s critique challenges which sounds are accepted as ‘educational’ and which are left to one side: […] part of the reason it might be difficult to conceive of sounds as educational systems resides not only in how sound has been conceptualized philosophically, ontologically, theoretically, and phenomenologically, but also due to the ways in which thinking about education is often bounded. In the same way that certain tasks have come to be regarded as on or off task according to a teacher’s construction of a lesson, it seems as though sounds have been implicitly theorized in a similar fashion: Sounds that are part of the teacher’s agenda are educational, those that are not, aren’t. (2011, p. 77) Off-task sounds of a more challenging nature in Playing A/Part included a form of provocative play through the deployment of musical heckles. Off-task sounds – (2) provocative playing and musical heckles Clare was funny, rebellious and at 15, one of the older girls in the group. She had an accurate sense of rhythm. As could be seen from the video footage, during the first session she launched many comments and asides, some funny, some sarcastic. The ensemble music in that first session was chaotic and not ‘proper’ sounding (pulses dissolved after a few seconds’ play). Clare refused to join in initially. However, towards the end of the session she began to play a low, loud punchy note repeatedly on the piano – an occasional provocative ‘heckle’. We made this the bass line and over an eight-beat pulse she was asked if she could play her chosen sound on 1st beat of the cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on how sounds are utilized in a learning environment and do not provide evidence supporting the idea that all insects communicate through sounds or music. Instead, it discusses the philosophical and educational interpretations of sound, suggesting that not all sounds are considered educational or communicative. It also elaborates on specific instances of sounds used in a musical context and the challenges associated with categorizing sounds, indicating that communication is more complex than mere sound production as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 2004; Muthers and Matzarakis 2010; Matzarakis and Nastos 2011). Thus, there is a demand for the assessment and quantification of adaptation measures improving the urban climate, ie street morphology, different types of vegetation (Hwang et al. 2011; Ketterer et al. 2013; Lin et al. 2012; Matzarakis 2001, 2006, 2007, 2010). This approach is twofold: the analysis and description of single places for urban planning measures and the construction of maps for the detection of areas with frequent heat stress (Svensson et al. 2003). The aim is to show and describe methods based on long term measured data and their analysis for a comprehensive quantification of urban-rural differences and possible strategies for adaptation and mitigation in urban areas, focused on micro scale conditions. 2 Methods and DataThe application of thermal indices based on the human energy balance gives detailed information on the effect of complex thermal environments on humans (Höppe 1999). It is related to the close relationship between the human thermoregulatory mechanism and the human circulatory system. The human body does not have any selective sensors for the perception of individual climatic parameters. Thermoreceptors can register the temperature of the skin and blood flow passing the hypothalamus and response thermoregulatorily (Höppe 1984, 1993, 1999). These temperatures, however, are influenced by the integrated effect of all climatic parameters, which are in some kind of interrelation, ie affect each other (VDI 1998; Höppe 1999). Commonly used thermal indices, based on the human energy balance, are (Fanger 1972), (Mayer and Höppe 1987; Höppe 1999; Matzarakis et al. 1999), * (Gagge et al. 1986) or Out_SET* (Spagnolo and Dear 2003), pT (Staiger et al. 2012) and (Jendritzky et al. 2012). These thermal indices require the same meteorological input parameters: air temperature, air humidity, wind speed, short and long wave radiation fluxes. These input parameters have a temporal and spatial variability, which have a huge influence on thermal indices. Wind speed and mean radiant temperature have the highest variability and are modified by surroundings and obstacles in complex urban areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban heat islands and their role in exacerbating climate change effects. Instead, it discusses adaptation measures for improving urban climate and the influence of various climatic parameters on human comfort, without explicitly linking these discussions to climate change or urban heat islands.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Second, as previous work shows, when a forager leaves the nest depends on its recent rate of encounter with incoming ants (Greene and Gordon 2003; Schafer et al. 2006). Differences among colonies in the baseline rate at which ants leave the nest, and in the response to returning foragers, could lead to variation among colonies in how closely the colony adjusts to changing food availability. The more quickly each forager in a colony is likely to leave the nest on its next trip, independently of the rate at which others return, the higher the colony's foraging activity. In turn, a colony's level of foraging activity could influence how closely it adjusts the numbers foraging from minute to minute. The more ants are returning to the nest, and the more that inactive foragers respond to the return of foragers with food by going out to forage, the more the rate of outgoing foragers will reflect changes in the rate of forager return. Here, we consider how colonies differ in foraging activity and in the propensity to regulate foraging. We ask:Do colonies differ in the baseline probability that an ant will leave the nest? We measured the rate at which patrollers emerge in the absence of any stimulation from returning ants. Patrollers are a group of ants (about 50 in a mature colony), distinct from the foragers (Gordon 1989), that are the first to emerge in the morning (Gordon 1991). They leave the nest, walk around the foraging area, and then return to the nest. Encounters with returning patrollers stimulate the foragers to leave the nest on the first trip of the day (Greene and Gordon 2003, 2007). Such encounters do not provide information about food supply; glass beads with the odor of patrollers are sufficient to stimulate foraging. Here, we captured returning patrollers and measured the rate at which more patrollers continued to leave the nest. Is variation among colonies in the baseline rate at which patrollers emerge associated with variation in foraging activity? We consider whether there may be a colony-specific baseline rate at which both patrollers and foragers leave the nest, independently of the return of other ants. To do this, we examined the association between the rate at which patrollers leave the nest early in the morning and the rate at which foragers leave the nest later in the day. Do colonies differ in their propensity to regulate foraging? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the foraging behavior of ants and how it is influenced by various factors, including the rate at which foragers leave the nest and the encounters with returning ants. It highlights the importance of patrollers and the colony's rates of foraging activity, linking these elements to the behavior typical of army ants during foraging and movement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Survival rates (93% follow-up) were 66% (5-years), 55% (10 years), 44% (15 years) in P1, 63% (5 years), 50% (10 years) in P2, and 80% (5 years) in Period 3. General survival was 70% after 5 years, 56% after 10 years, and 45% after 15 years. 5-year survival was better in the recent period than in both previous periods. The differences between Period 1 and 2, Period 1 and 3, and Period 2 and 3 were significant (p<0. 001). Odds ratios for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous bypass surgery (5-years 1. 871, p = 0. 004; 10 years 2,701, p = 0. 026); concomitant tricuspid valve surgery (10-years 4. 699, p = 0. 04). Survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (5-years 0. 375, p<0. 001; 10-years 0. 246, p = 0. 001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (10-years 0. 153, p0. 051); posterior leaflet procedures (5 years 0. 568, p = 0. 005; 10 years 0. 178, p<0. 001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0. 235, p<0. 001) (Table 5, Fig 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Odds ratios for long-term survival (5- and 10 years). MIC = Minimal invasive; MVR = Mitral valve repair; LAA = Left atrial appendage closure; PML = posterior mitral leaflet; IMA = Internal mammary artery; MAZE = Atrial ablation therapy; AML = Anterior mitral leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery bypass graft; AV-Replacement = Aortic valve replacement; TVR/Replacement = Tricuspid valve repair or replacement; Electro = Electrophysiological device. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 5. Odds ratios of 5- and 10-year survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical survival rates over various periods of time, indicating that survival after 5 years is 66% in one sample and lower in others over longer periods. This suggests that not all insects survive for five years, thus contrasting the claim that every insect has at least a five-year lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: An example of thermophysiological heat-balance model is the for Individuals (MEMI) (Höppe 1993), which is the basis for the calculation of the. 2. 1 (PET) is the equivalent temperature at a given place (outdoors or indoors) to the air temperature in a typical indoor setting with core and skin temperatures equal to those under the conditions being assessed. Thereby, the heat balance of the human body with a work metabolism 80 W (light activity, added to basic metabolism) and a heat resistance of clothing 0. 9 clo) is maintained (Höppe 1999). The following assumptions are made for the indoor reference climate: mean radiant temperature equals air temperature (Tmrt = Ta). air velocity (wind speed) is fixed at v = 0. 1 m/s. water vapor pressure is set to 12 hPa (approximately, equivalent to a relative humidity of 50 % at Ta = 20 °C). The procedure for the calculation of PET contains the following steps: 1. calculation of the thermal conditions of the body with MEMI for a given combination of meteorological parameters. 2. insertion of the calculated values for mean skin temperature and core temperature into the model MEMI and computation the energy balance equation system for the air temperature Ta (with v =0. 1 m/s, VP = 12 hPa and Tmrt = Ta). 3. the resulting air temperature is equivalent to PET. PET offers the advantage of a widely known unit (degrees Celsius), which makes results more comprehensible to regional or urban planners, who are not necessarily very familiar with the modern human-biometeorological methods (Matzarakis et al. 1999). The assessment classes of PET (Table 4. 1) are valid only for the assumed values of internal heat production (80 W) and thermal resistance of the clothing (0. 9) (Matzarakis and Mayer 1997). Table 4. 1 Ranges of the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) for different grades of thermal perception by human beings and physiological stress on human beings, internal heat production: 80 W, heat transfer resistance of the clothing: 0. 9 clo (according to Matzarakis and Mayer 1996, 1997)Full size table The meteorological input parameters have to be measured or transferred to the average height of a standing person’s gravity center, 1. 1 m above ground (Matzarakis et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on thermophysiological heat balance models and calculations related to the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) without any mention of urban heat islands or their impact on climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: We performed 5 trials for each of 24 mature colonies over the course of 11 days from 7 to 19 August 2008, for a total of 120 trials. A colony was tested once on a given day. Fourteen of the 24 colonies were used in the patroller removal experiments described above, but patroller and forager removals were not done on the same day. We designed the trials to minimize the extent to which the effects of the weather on a given day, and the age or size of the colony, would influence the detection of differences among colonies. The 24 colonies were grouped into 12 pairs. Previous work showed that colony response to the removal of returning foragers depends on the day (Gordon et al. 2008), apparently due to day-to-day variation in humidity. To reduce the effects of day on the results, both members of each pair of colonies were always tested on the same day. At least 5 pairs of colonies were tested on each day of the 11 days, with different pairs on each day. We attempted to match the 12 pairs of colonies by size. It is not possible to measure colony size directly without destroying the colony. A colony is founded by a single queen and lives about 25 years (Gordon 1991). Excavations of colonies of known age indicate that once a colony reaches the age of 5 years, when it begins to reproduce (Gordon 1995), its size ranges from 10 000 to 12 000 ants (Gordon 1992). It appears that once a colony reaches reproductive age, its size does not change much and it maintains its characteristic foraging behavior for the rest of its life (Gordon 1991, 1992). The 24 colonies were all of reproductive age, ranging from 6 to 21 years old, and the 12 pairs were matched by age; 5 pairs differed in age by 1 year, 2 by 2 years, 4 by 3 years, and 1 by 5 years. The 12 pairs of colonies were also each matched as closely as possible in apparent numbers of foragers, although for all colonies, these numbers varied greatly among days. In each trial, the colony was observed for 15 min. Returning foragers were removed for 3 min, using the same methods as in Gordon et al. (2008): During minutes 4–7 of the 15-min trial, beginning 240–260 s after the trial began, a third person standing at least 1 m from the nest entrance, outside the edge of the nest mound, removed all foragers returning to the nest with food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the structured trials conducted on 24 mature army ant colonies, indicating their characteristic foraging behavior once they reach reproductive age. It states that colonies maintain their characteristic foraging behavior for the rest of their life. The focus on removing foragers and observing their behavior during these trials suggests an emphasis on the aggressive and organized nature of army ants' foraging efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inon undergraduate experiment grew vegetables and herbs in simulated Martian soil under Mars-like reduced daylight. The tasty results suggest that Mars colonists could farm their own produce. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 12 January 201815 November 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) An artist’s conception of a portable Martian greenhouse currently being developed at NASA. The space agency’s vegetable-growing experiments inspired an astrobiologist and his undergraduate students to grow their own “Martian” vegetables. Credit: NASA What do kale, carrots, lettuce, sweet potatoes, onions, dandelions, and hops have in common? They could all potentially be grown in Martian soil by future colonists, according to a recent project by a class of astrobiology students and their professor. In a new addition to the class, the students tried growing a variety of vegetables in simulated Martian soil to discover which edible species may be prospects for future colonists. “The project combined my research—astrobiology and Mars—and my hobby of growing things,” said Edward Guinan, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at in Villanova, Pa. Guinan developed the Project for his annual undergraduate-level astrobiology class and supervised the experiments, which concluded last month. The students, Guinan said, were very enthusiastic about growing their own Martian vegetables. Kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. The undergraduate researchers attempted to raise more than a dozen vegetables and herbs in a Mars-like soil with Mars-level light conditions. They found that kale, sweet potatoes, certain lettuces, and, surprisingly, hops grew very easily, tasting no different than their terrestrial counterparts. Other foods, including regular russet potatoes—the famous staple of the stranded astronaut in the 2015 film The Martian—required special soil or light treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all plants can thrive in any soil; for example, it is noted that 'regular russet potatoes... required special soil or light treatments.' This suggests that different plants have specific soil requirements and may not be equally adaptable to all soil types.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: These meteorological parameters can be measured or calculated by numerical models. PET can be calculated by models like RayMan (Matzarakis et al. 2007, 2010). 2. 2 (Jendritzky et al. 2012) is defined as the air temperature (Ta) of the reference condition causing the same model response as the actual condition. Thus, UTCI represents the air temperature, which would produce, under reference conditions, the same thermal strain as in the actual thermal environment. Both meteorological and non-meteorological (metabolic rate and thermal resistance of clothing) reference conditions were defined: wind speed (v) of 0. 5 m/s at 10 m height (approximately 0. 3 m/s in 1. 1 m), mean radiant temperature (Tmrt) equal to air temperature, vapor pressure (VP) that represent relative humidity of 50 %, at high air temperatures (>29 °C) the reference air humidity is defined as 20 hPa. representative activity to be that of a person walking with a speed of 4 km/h (1. 1 m/s). This provides a metabolic rate of 2. 3 MET (135 W/m2). The adjustment of clothing insulation is a powerful behavioral response to changing atmospheric conditions. Thereby, the conception behind UTCI was to consider seasonal clothing adaptation habits of Europeans based on available data from field surveys, in order to obtain a realistic representation of this behavioral action. The categorization of UTCI is based on physiological response of an organism at actual environmental conditions depending on the responses for the reference conditions and thermal load (ie heat or cold stress) (Table 4. 2). UTCI values between 18 and 26 °C may comply closely with the definition of the “thermal comfort zone” supplied in the Glossary of Terms for (of – 2003) as: “The range of ambient temperatures, associated with specified mean radiant temperature, humidity, and air movement, within which a human in specified clothing expresses indifference to the thermal environment for an indefinite period”. Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various meteorological parameters and the concept of the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), but it does not mention urban heat islands or their impact on climate change effects. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Relation of baseline rate of patroller emergence and rate of foraging The baseline rate at which a colony’s patrollers leave the nest early in the morning predicts that colony’s average level of foraging activity (Figure 2). Small differences in the rate at which patrollers emerge early in the morning, ranging from about 2 to 7 ants per minute, were associated with large differences in the mean rate at which foragers leave the nest during the peak of foraging hours later, ranging from about 20 to 50 ants per minute. There was a significant effect of the mean number of patrollers per group that left the nest on the mean foraging activity of the same colony (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 11. 88, P < 0. 005). There was no significant effect of the colony-specific interval between bursts of patrollers on foraging activity (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 3. 23, P = 0. 09) and no significant interaction of the mean interval between successive groups of patrollers leaving the nest and the number of patrollers in each group (Kruskal–Wallis, df 12, F 0. 03, P = 0. 86). Figure 2Foraging activity and patroller burst size, by colony. Each point shows the average number of patrollers that left the nest per min and the average numbers of outgoing foragers per 30 s for the same colony. Open in new tabDownload slide Colony differences in response to removals Colonies differ in their propensity to adjust the rate of outgoing foragers to changes in forager return rate (Figures 3 and 4). When trials were grouped by colony, colonies differed in whether they responded to removals (analysis of deviance, 23 df, deviance 37. 2, chi square 93, P < 0. 03). Figure 3Frequency of colony response to decrease in forager return. Each bar shows the number of colonies that responded to a decrease in foraging return rate the indicated number of times, out of 5 trials, by changing the rate of outgoing foragers. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 4Foraging activity when undisturbed and response to decrease in forager return rate. Each point shows the mean foraging activity for 3 min before forager return rate was experimentally decreased. Open circles, trials in which the colony responded by decreasing foraging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the baseline rate at which patrollers leave the nest and how it predicts the average level of foraging activity within a colony. It highlights that the rate at which foragers leave the nest can significantly increase during peak foraging hours, indicating a coordinated and aggressive approach to foraging consistent with the nature of army ants. The mention of differences between colonies also implies variations in foraging behavior and movement patterns, supporting the idea that army ants exhibit aggressive foraging behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: Guinan plans to repeat these experiments with future astrobiology classes and incorporate more rigorous scientific testing of the results. He presented the results this morning at the 231st meeting of the Society in National Harbor, Md. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Soil of a was a new addition to his regular astrobiology course, Guinan explained. He was inspired by NASA’s System (Veggie) on the Station and wanted to bring those types of experiments to his students. Guinan (right) and two of his students (left) are tending some of their plants grown in a brick-red Martian soil simulant seen in the frontmost plant (a pea plant). Some of their plants grew well in a Mars-like environment, whereas others required different light or temperature conditions that weren’t possible with the class’s single greenhouse setup. Credit: Guinan and his class grew the plants in a greenhouse in a commercially available Mars soil simulant similar to one developed by NASA and the Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. The soil is mostly an iron-rich basalt with some additional reagents to better approximate the composition of Mars’s regolith as measured by NASA’s Curiosity rover and other instruments. “The major differences are that Mars soil has about double the iron as Earth soil, mainly iron oxides, and Earth soil is more organic,” Guinan said. The soil used in the trial is approximately 93% similar to Martian regolith, with the main differences being the absence of some poisonous perchlorates present on Mars and the class’s addition of inorganic fertilizers to aid plant development. Mars’s soil lacks the living organisms in Earth’s soil that help plant life flourish, Guinan said, so Mars farmers would need to augment the soil with biologically rich materials like compost waste. The students grew the plants in pots under Mars-like light conditions—about 44% the light level on Earth. They then compared their plants to the same plant varieties grown in pots in regular potting soil. Although the light intensity was Mars-like, the atmosphere was Earth-like: Plants on Mars would need to be grown in a greenhouse with an Earth-like atmosphere, Guinan said, because they would struggle to survive in Mars’s thin, cold, and dusty atmosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that different plant varieties had varying growth requirements based on soil conditions. Guinan highlights that some plants grew well in a Mars-like soil simulant, while others required different environmental factors such as light or temperature that were not compatible with the greenhouse setup used in the experiment. Furthermore, it specifies that Mars soil lacks the living organisms present in Earth's soil, which are essential for plant growth. Thus, it is evident that not all plants can thrive in any type of soil, as they need specific conditions to flourish.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 2 UTCI equivalent temperature categorized in terms of thermal stressFull size table Following abbreviations are used: rectal temperature Tre (°C), mean skin temperature Tskm (°C), face skin temperature Tskfc (°C), sweat production Mskdot (g/min), heat generated by shivering Shiv (W), skin wittedness wettA (%) of body area, skin blood flow VblSk (%) of basal value, 3 Exemplary ResultsThermal biometeorological conditions are described using the thermal indices PET and UTCI for Stuttgart. Thereby, the results are focused on the comparison of thermal indices and air temperature. Figure 4. 2 shows the air temperature conditions for the period 2000 to 2011 based on hourly data, where all the hourly data of the examined period is shown. A comparison is made between mean conditions and the specific year 2003, which experienced an extraordinary hot summer. The two upper graphs show the pattern of air temperature for the long period and the year 2003. It can be noted that, during summer 2003, air temperature exceed very often the 30 °C level. This heat wave in 2003 had many negative effects on human health, which results in high mortality and morbidity rate in (Koppe et al. 2003; et al. 2006). The daytime PET values are higher than Ta during the day. During the night, PET is lower than air temperature. During the winter, the values of air temperature are mostly higher than the values of PET, due to the effect of wind, low irradiation and air humidity. Fig. 4. 2Ta (upper graphs) and PET (lower graphs) for the period 2001–2011 and 2003 for station Schwabenzentrum in StuttgartFull size image Another possibility to describe thermal comfort conditions and urban rural differences can be the long terms analysis for different stations. are located five stations and they have all been selected for the analysis (Table 4. 3). Table 4. 3 Location and altitude of the measurement stationsFull size table Beanplots, developed by (Kampstra 2008), display the density curve of the data together with median or mean, percentiles or standard deviation. To obtain the typical bean shape, the density curve is mirrored along the central y-axis. Fig. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about thermal indices, air temperature comparisons for a specific time period, and urban-rural differences without addressing urban heat islands or their impact on climate change. It describes thermal biometeorological conditions and specific temperature data but does not connect this information to the broader claim about urban heat islands exacerbating climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Like the ants, it is difficult for us to detect a change in the rate of foraging when it is low (Figure 1A). The lower the rate of foraging, the higher the variation in the rate. This leads to a smaller apparent decrease in forager return rate, measured as the ratio of foraging rate after to rate before removals. However, it is clear that the ants can respond to a change in forager return rate even when rates are low. The rate of outgoing foragers changed in response to removals at a wide range of levels of foraging activity, including some trials in which foraging rates were quite low. For example, Figure 4 shows that foraging changed in response to removals at low levels of foraging for colony 452 and foraging did not change in response to removals at high levels of foraging for colony 15. Thus, the association we found between response to removals and high foraging activity cannot be solely due either to the ants' difficulty in detecting a change in return rate or to our difficulty in detecting a relative change in the rate of outgoing foragers, when foraging activity is low. In general, colonies are more likely to adjust to changes in forager return rate when foraging rate is high. Thus, colony differences in the level of foraging activity lead to variation in the propensity to regulate foraging. But even taking foraging rate into account, there were still differences among colonies in the probability that they responded to removals (Figure 3). It appears that in addition to overall level of foraging activity, some other factors influence how closely a colony regulates foraging. These other factors may explain why, in a previous study with a much smaller sample of colonies (Gordon et al. 2008), we did not find significant differences among colonies in response to removals. Some possibilities include the amount of stored food and the current need to feed larvae (Dussutour and Simpson 2009; Mailleux et al. 2010). Excavations show that colonies store food for many months (Gordon 1993) and differ greatly in the amount of stored food (Gordon 1992). We do not know how the amount of stored food influences the minute-to-minute regulation of foraging, and it is not possible to measure this amount directly in the field without destroying the nest. We do not know what causes the differences among colonies in foraging behavior that we report here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how army ants respond to changes in forager return rates and their foraging behavior under different levels of activity. It explicitly notes that colonies are more likely to adjust their foraging in response to removals when the foraging rate is high, which implies an active and aggressive foraging behavior. Additionally, the mention of differences among colonies in their foraging regulation supports the notion of variability in aggressive foraging behavior, thus aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: The need for indoor cultivation actually offers a benefit, he said, because the plants’ respiration could become part of the atmospheric recycling of a colony. Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. Even with the right, nonpoisonous composition, the students ran into some issues with the soil. Mars’s regolith, a very fine, claylike powder, dried out very quickly if not constantly watered. Soil dryness was solved by regular watering, although Guinan estimated that Martian greenhouses would need to maintain a constant 50%–60% humidity to avoid soil dryness. The soil also packs too tightly to let roots or subsurface vegetables grow, they found. The class solved the soil density problem by aerating it with some shredded cardboard or vermiculites to give the roots and veggies room to grow. Cardboard was more ideal, Guinan explained, because it might already be part of shipping material people would take to Mars and colonists wouldn’t need to import unneeded supplies. A Variety of With soil aeration and moisture levels accounted for, Guinan’s students found that each of the plants they tested grew moderately well. However, sweet potatoes, carrots, onions, kale, dandelions, basil, garlic, and hops were particularly robust crops under Martian conditions. The greenhouse was too hot for peas and spinach, Guinan explained, or they probably would have survived, too. Some of the vegetables, herbs, and salad greens grown in a Martian soil simulant by Villanova undergraduate students. In this corner of the greenhouse, hops flourish in the frontmost tray, kale and lettuces fill the left tray, and dandelion bins occupy planters in the center rear of the image. Credit: “Of course, the students also picked potatoes because of The Martian,” Guinan said, “but the soil was too dense at first and the potatoes would not grow in it—they were squeezed. Once we added about one-third of some filler into the soil to give the potatoes room to breathe, they grew very well. ” Some business majors in the class opted to grow hops, a beer-brewing ingredient, and toyed with ways to market “Mars Beer,” Guinan explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific examples of how different plants have varying requirements and challenges in growth depending on soil conditions. It mentions that some plants thrived under Martian conditions, while others, like peas and spinach, did not survive due to unsuitable greenhouse temperatures. Additionally, it explains the issues of soil density and dryness, noting that sweet potatoes, carrots, onions, and other plants performed well only after alterations to the soil were made. This indicates that not all plants can thrive in any type of soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 3 depicts beanplots for the described stations in Stuttgart (Neckartal, Schnarrenberg, Schwabenzentrum, Hohenheim and Echterdingen) for the period 2000–2011. Fig. 4. 3Bean plots for air temperature (upper graphs), PET (middle graphs) and UTCI (lower graphs) for the (E), Schnarrenberg (Sb), Neckartal (N), Schwabenzentrum (S) and Hohenheim (H) for the period 2000–2011Full size image The plots show the seasonal pattern for winter, spring, summer and autumn for Ta (upper graphs), PET (middle) and UTCI (lower graph). The differences between the stations for Ta are small. In particular, the daily minimum values are higher for the urban stations, compared to suburban site Hohenheim or the rural reference station Echterdingen. This fact can be explained by the heat storage in the city, but also by the differences in altitude, that reach more than 150 m. The density distribution of PET is governed by radiation fluxes from spring to autumn, which is also the most impacting meteorological variable. In winter, the density distribution of PET is similar to the one of air temperature. Air temperature is the factor that influences PET most during winter. The minimum values of UTCI (Fig. 4. 3 lower panel) are lower than PET. This can be explained by adapting clothing model of UTCI during summer, but also by different assessment scale. In some cases, esp. for application in planning or for the detection of extreme events for human health, issues conditions can be analyzed in terms of thresholds of air temperature or any thermal index. Table 4. 4 shows the amount of days per year for different levels of maximum air temperature (Tamax > 30 and > 35), minimum air temperature (Tamin > 18, > 20 and > 23), the conditions for the maximum value of PET (PETmax > 30, > 35 and > 41) according to the assessment classes (Table 3. 7. 2. 1) and also the PETmin for the levels of > 18. It can be seen that there is a difference in the conditions for maxima over Ta > 30 and only 1 or 2 days for Ta > 35 °C. In addition, it can be seen that Tamin conditions over > 18 and > 20 occur mostly in the urban area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various data regarding temperature and thermal indices in urban areas but does not specifically address the claim that urban heat islands exacerbate climate change effects. It mentions the differences in temperatures between urban and rural stations but fails to connect these observations to the broader concept of climate change.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-486280/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAl-in Iraq stands out for hosting the largest concentrations of coastal migratory birds along the migration path between the and the Mediterranean Sea. Despite this importance, there is no complete review of the dynamics of these birds. In this study, we collected and analyzed the results of six species of migratory birds (Mallard duck, Graylag goose, White pelican, Barn swallow, Common gull, White stork) in the Region, in addition to the results of the land cover in October of 2000 to 2020, The results show the presence across the past two decades of a change in the population makeup of migratory birds. Complete numbers of migratory birds indicated a decline in the residual types between 2000 and 2020. The disproportion among numbers was also too large for trends to be observed. The region also showed a decrease in the areas of vegetation cover during the study period was equal to 5. 0%, 3. 5%, and 15. 6%, And an increase in the areas of water bodies during the study period was equal to 7. 8%, 21. 0%, and 62. 6%, respectively, Finally, A multivariate analysis suggests a general decline in types that depend on the Wetland for feeding and breeding an in the sublittoral and the offshore zones. Use satellite data can be used for monitoring several variables such as water bodies, vegetation cover, Climate factors that influence the activity of Migratory birds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various species of migratory birds and their dynamics along the migration path between Iraq and the Mediterranean Sea. It specifically mentions six species of migratory birds, indicating that they are part of the migratory behavior that is influenced by seasonal changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants can thrive in any type of soil. [SEP] Text: He noted, however, that some enterprising brewers beat them to the punch with their own hops and sorghum grown in simulated Martian soil prior to the Villanova tests. Although none of the produce raised in Mars simulant soil tasted noticeably different from the experimental control crops, Guinan expressed concern that some of the typically iron rich leafy vegetables, like kale and spinach, might take up excessive iron from the Martian soil. Too much iron in food, he explained, can cause indigestion or even food poisoning. Guinan plans to have future classes test the iron content of the Mars-grown salad greens to see if the soil’s iron enrichment is reflected in the leaves. If so, that would be another potential concern for future Mars farmers. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” Although NASA may be growing veggies in space, Guinan said that his class’s experiments add variety. “Once we treated the Martian soil correctly, pretty much everything grew well,” he said. “The farther and longer humans go away from Earth, the greater the need to be able to grow plants for food, atmosphere recycling, and psychological benefits,” said Gioia Massa, a payload scientist for Veggie at NASA’s Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla. “I think that plant systems will become important components of any long-duration exploration scenario,” Massa added. This first set of Villanova vegetable tests was just the start, according to Guinan. In his opinion, the students chose their vegetables on the basis of what they liked to eat, rather than what would be the most nutritious or valuable for potential Mars colonists. When he repeats this project with future classes of astrobiology students, he said, he plans to have the students test vegetables, herbs, and possibly fruit that would be more likely to be selected by colonists. Now that the Project is a proven success, Guinan has received a more dedicated greenhouse space to use for his class’s next vegetable patch. The new space, he explained, will give his class more control over the temperature, humidity, and light conditions for the plants and let them refine their experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific needs of plants in relation to soil conditions, particularly highlighting that while some plants, like kale and spinach, may not thrive due to excessive iron uptake from Martian soil, which can lead to health issues. Additionally, the text states that "once we treated the Martian soil correctly, pretty much everything grew well," implying that not all soil types are suitable for all plants without proper modification. This indicates that soil type has a significant impact on plant growth, directly contradicting the claim that all plants can thrive in any type of soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: However, it has to be mentioned that results of thermal indices (PET or UTCI), compared to studies based only on air temperature, produce different outcomes. For example, increasing albedo of urban surfaces can decrease air temperature, but at the same time it increases the values of PET, due to increased shortwave reflection. This is a relevant topic not only during summer, but throughout the all year, because it affects the use of the urban spaces, where people want to spend time outdoors. Finally, easy understandable graphs and figure are a possibility for better communication between different users and disciplines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, focusing instead on the effects of thermal indices and urban surface albedo on air temperature and personal outdoor space use. It does not provide evidence or arguments about the exacerbation of climate change effects by urban heat islands.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: Wildlife BiologyMarshenvironmentchangesmigratory birdsLandsatwater bodiesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionIraq is of relatively rich countries biodiversity in general and rich the kinds of birds, especially that was due to a combination of ingredients that led to this space be a shelter for many bird species are various, most of these ingredients important is the site of Iraq more than a main line for the migration of birds passing through Siberia and south to the Arabian peninsula and Africa, Iraq constitutes half of the corridor everybody trapped between the and the Mediterranean Seas, especially if we know that birds and small ones avoid crossing water bodies wide as the sea, in addition to this, the site of Iraq in the warm-line cross between the cold areas of North and warm in South would attract many species of birds to stay in the regions various (A. Mohammed 2019). Iraqi marshes importance of national, regional and global by talking about birds marshes, we find that these water bodies includes a number no small birds International endangered demise, Or do not dwell except in this part of the world and others, Because it is a clean environment to house birds Of all kinds, therefore, keeping the number and types of resident and migratory birds in Iraq is a factor the abundance of water and green spaces, where a large number of ducks and birds can be seen migrating to the marshes. Winter or summer, when different species of birds, ducks and summer visitors breed in the marshes. Among the 287 species of birds recorded only 134 have been recorded in the long term in the marshes in southern Iraq (Abdel 2008). Human activity changes the earth’s environment, and changes in these environments too affect migratory birds, resulting from the impact of climate change on both land cover and provide food. Consequently, there will be shifts in the destinations of birds in the region, Affected spatially to changes in Climatic conditions far quickly than do land cover types. The dynamics of the ecosystem and the tools used in the LULC, Geographic information systems and remote sensing is widely spread because of its multidisciplinary applications such changes detection and, monitoring, analysis of LULC and impact on the ecosystem, too Temporal and spatial information supply the ability to predict the trends in LULC in order to make a better-maps within an area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the migratory behavior of birds in relation to seasonal changes. It mentions that Iraq serves as a corridor for migrating birds, particularly due to its geographical position which attracts many bird species, implying that seasonal environmental conditions influence their migratory patterns. Additionally, it references that different species of birds, including ducks, migrate to the marshes during winter and summer, which aligns with the idea of migratory behavior driven by seasonal changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: possesses AI-2 QS capacity [30]. However, many ruminant bacteria are yet to be identified, cultured or genome sequenced, and further studies to identify them and their potential involvement in QS in the rumen are paramount. It may also be important to assess the contribution of other rumen organism types including fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses to QS in the rumen and their role in plant degradation alongside bacteria given that several non-ruminal studies show that other microorganisms such as fungi, archaea and protozoa also use QS signalling [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Moreover, there are still a lot of Gram-negative bacteria that remain uncultured with the potential to utilise AHL-based QS in the rumen. Thus, it is important to improve our knowledge of both AI-2 and AHL QS signalling system in the rumen to better understand bacterial interactions and consequences on ruminant production. Further, in vitro analysis to confirm the bioluminescence activity of the LuxS genes detected in these rumen bacteria genera will be required to understand their expression and role in the rumen microbiome. ConclusionUsing the major genomic resources available, we show on a greater scale than previously possible that QS is likely to be an important phenomenon in the rumen microbiome. Our data suggest that AI-2-based QS is probably the most abundant and perhaps most important signal used by rumen bacteria. Further research into the implications of rumen-based QS on plant degradation and nutrient availability for the host is now required. 84. 46. 67. 81. 8. 32. 55. 4567. 367. 9. 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33(7):870–1874. 25. Nature Methods. 2012;9(4):357. 9. 30. 16. Microbiol. 2003;69(10):5941–9. 33. 703. 6. Gene. 2019;684:58–69. 6. 7. 396. doi: 14. 1441. 9. 1812. 7. 32. Download 1. Bacterial diversity and the presence of autoinducer proteins in the rumen. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there are three species, which show variable Gram stain (described with weakly+ and variable+). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of quorum sensing (QS) in the rumen microbiome and the importance of understanding bacterial interactions with no mention of plant communication or root networks. It focuses mainly on bacterial diversity and signaling systems, which does not directly support or contrast with the claim about plant communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Adapt: ↑ To undergo long-term adjustments in characteristics across multiple generations, so that a species can survive and perform better in its habitat. Acclimate: ↑ To make short-term adjustments, so that a single organism can better survive and perform in its habitat. Photosynthesize: ↑ To capture sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create sugar, which plants use to get energy. Ecosystem Services: ↑ The many benefits humans receive from the natural environment. For example, natural places provide wood, fuel, climate regulation, foods, and places to explore and have fun. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2019. Urban heat island conditions experienced by the Western black widow spider (Latrodectus hesperus): extreme heat slows development but results in behavioral accommodations. . 14:e0220153. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0220153 [2] ↑ Meineke, E. , Youngsteadt, E. , Dunn, R. R. , and Frank, S. D. 2016. Urban warming reduces aboveground carbon storage. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 283:20161574. doi: 10. 1098/rspb. 2016. 1574 [3] ↑ Moser, A. , Uhl, E. , Rötzer, T. , Biber, P. , Dahlhausen, J. , Lefer, B. , et al. 2017. Effects of climate and the urban heat island effect on urban tree growth in Houston. Open J. For. 7:428–45. doi: 10. 4236/ojf. 2017. 74026 [4] ↑ Zipper, S. C. , Schatz, J. , Kucharik, C. J. , and Loheide, S. P. II. 2017. Urban heat island-induced increases in evapotranspirative demand. Geophys. Res. Lett. 44:873–81. doi: 10. 1002/2016GL072190 3515. doi: 10. 3389/frym. 2023. 943515 dates Submitted: May 13, 2022; Accepted: January 30, 2023; Published online: February 14, 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on defining ecological terms and referencing various research studies related to urban heat islands, but does not explicitly discuss their role in exacerbating climate change effects. The definitions provided do not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: The nature of the study area is Water and vegetation and ground reference data was obtained by visual interpretation of the maps and using Pro, a shapefile was created for the classification of the study area. All the Data processing and classification steps were completed using the software ArcGIS 10. 2. All the data were projected to the same reference system UTM (zone 38N) and WGS 84 datum, the preprocessing steps included the assignment of the coordinate system, layer stacking of the separate bands of the datasets and splitting the images based on the polygon of the study area. Supervised classification methods and maximum likelihood algorithm were used for producing LULC maps (Juliev et al. 2019). Data type sensing Landsat-5 TM Landsat-5 TM Landsat-8 OLI scene one scene two 2000/10/19 scene one scene two 2010/10/16 scene one scene two 2020/10/23 Table1 List of the 8 & 5 scenes data. Climate and migratory birds In many ways, the impacts of climate change on migratory birds will manifest, including changes in geographical and elevational allocations; phenology, as well as the timing of migration and the beginning of breeding, the nature of the population and gender interactions, the correlation of migratory bird populations with seasonal climate fluctuations, could inform forecasts of their long-term climate change response. Such fluctuations, particularly in precipitation, may affect migratory birds' survival and population dynamics, winter precipitation and, to a lesser degree, spring precipitation in the breeding range are expected to have an indirect effect on the vital levels and abundances of breeding migratory birds in temperate ecosystems, e. g. in at least some cases, both adult survival and recruitment were positively associated with increased annual breeding range precipitation. In Iraq's South(Knudsen et al. 2011). The reproductive success of migratory birds was positively associated with annual precipitation, and declines in species richness and breeding migratory bird occupancy were associated with increased drought, particularly reduced precipitation. Precipitation is likely to be positively associated with primary productivity, which in turn is likely to be positively linked to the abundance of arthropods and vegetation cover and water bodies, which are resources for migratory bird nesting, the abundance of breeding migratory birds can also be influenced by the air temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how migratory birds' behaviors, such as timing and geographical allocations, are affected by seasonal climate fluctuations, including changes in precipitation. It notes that 'the correlation of migratory bird populations with seasonal climate fluctuations' can inform forecasts of their long-term climate change responses, thus supporting the idea that many bird species' migratory behavior is linked to seasonal changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The marketing of oxycodone/naloxone tablets, and other fixed dose combination products including previously marketed pentazocine-naloxone and morphine/ naltrexone utilized agonist/antagonist has been attempted in an effort to prevent reactions from crushing or injecting these combination products. Naloxone was considered a wonderful deterrent to tampering with oral pain medications in an effort to prevent a patient from crushing and injecting an oral opioid with the hope of getting a “greater high or euphoria rush”. The providing of warnings by physicians and pharmacists were thought to reduce the incidence of severe and potentially lethal misuse-reactions. Unfortunately, the morphine/naltrexone formulation was withdrawn not due to any failure by the science of the formulation including any insignificant amount of sequestered naltrexone reaching systemic circulation, but because of reports of potentially fatal reaction upon patient tampering and the subsequent release of naltrexone blunting the euphoria of opioids and precipitating dangerous opioid withdrawal sequelae in opioid-dependent patient. Suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) has become a very popular treatment for opiate addiction and while abuse is still possible, it appears to have less euphoria and reduced analgesia effects compared with full-opioid agonists. Naltrexone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naloxone, but it is longer acting and does possess potent pharmacologic effects when used orally. Naltrexone is often utilized prophylactically to maintain abstinence from opioids and administered by specially trained medical supervision under anesthesia to provide rapid detoxification in addicted patients wishing to bypass the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome. Naltrexone for has not proven to be a breakthrough in allowing patients to remain free of opioids. Patients cannot be started on this preventative treatment until they have already been opioid free for at least a week due to its ability to precipitate an opioid withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patient. ® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) is a long-acting opioid antagonist that was approved by the FDA in 2006. It has been used as a treatment for alcohol dependence and to prevent relapse to opioid dependence after opioid detoxification. The recommended dose is 380 mg intramuscularly once a month. Due to its powerful antagonistic properties, its use does have potential dangerous consequences with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the use of opioid medications and their effects, focusing on naltrexone and naloxone in addiction treatment, with no mention of horticulture or global food shortages. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding horticulture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 15 September 2023 This alternative way to measure research impact made judges cry with joy Research managers, citizen scientists, librarians and technicians rarely make it onto author lists. But an initiative to assess their hidden contributions to team science moved some judging panel members to tears. Byrne0 is a freelance radio and podcast producer based in Brighton, UK. View author publications You can also search for this author in PubMed 10. 1038/d41586-023-02877-yPaid content: University (WSU)In this podcast series from University, we’ll hear from researchers (early and mid-career researchers) whose work has been recognised through the University’s annual Competition. Now in its ninth year, this competition showcases impactful research (i. e. , research that demonstrates real-world impact, or potential impact, outside of academia), and approaches to engagement with industry and community partners and end users across a range of discipline areas. In episode 2, Dr. from the School of Business discusses his work addressing the mobility crises in rural Zimbabwe through a shared community multi-purpose electric vehicle solution. To read more of Western’s impactful research stories, visit the Future-Makers website. Find out more about this type of paid content. Baker: 00:08Hello, this is Team Science, a podcast brought to you by in partnership with Nature Index. I’m Simon Baker, chief editor at Nature Index, which tracks research 2022. To the hidden role category, we received almost 60 submissions. And these were from research technicians, research managers, research administrators, participants in research, which was a really interesting perspective and interpretation of the role. We had a large panel of international experts in research culture and research productivity. And it was during the pandemic, so we met online and we discussed the submissions. And many of the submissions were, there were some from people that we envisage when we thought when we develop the roll they hadn’t rolled in the beginning but there are others that really made us think “Wow, you know, they, we don’t acknowledge these types of people and yet we know they’re very important. ”And there were several that the submission moved people to tears because is not only was it so clear through the submission the contribution that people made, but also the injustice of not being able to acknowledge them formally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding ecological footprints. It discusses research impact through various roles in science and an assessment initiative, but does not mention ecological footprints or their relationship to measuring human impact on nature.