Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For the pH sensitivity, potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5 to 10) and sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10 to 12) were used. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. Statistic analysis was performed between free creatinase and osw2Δ spores, and asterisks were deposited when statistically significant differences were found. *P < 0. 05; **P < 0. 01; ***P < 0. 001. Display full size To further verify that creatinase encapsulated in spores is protected from environmental stresses, we examined whether this encapsulated creatinase is resistant to proteinase K. As shown in Fig. 5A, creatinases in wild-type and osw2Δ, as well as dit1Δ spores, were tolerant to proteinase K treatment. Moreover, the encapsulated creatinase was resistant to SDS treatment. As shown in Fig. 5B, activity of the creatinases in wild-type and osw2Δ spores was retained by more than 80% after 5% SDS treatment, whereas that of the free enzyme was decreased to about 30%. Creatinase in dit1Δ spores was less tolerant to SDS compared with that in wild-type and osw2Δ spores, even though dit1Δ spores were more resistant to SDS than the free enzyme (Fig. 5B). Thus, the encapsulated creatinase, particularly in osw2Δ spores, is useful under adverse conditions because it exhibits resistance to various environmental attacks. Figure 5. Assessment of sensitivities of the encapsulated creatinase toward environmental stresses. 4 mg of indicated purified freeze-dried spores containing creatinase–HA were treated with proteinase K for 12 h (A) or 5% SDS for 10 min (B) at 30°C, and then creatinase activities were assayed. For each sample, the activities obtained before the treatments were determined as 1. 0 and relative activities are shown. Culture media containing the soluble creatinse–HA was used as a control (free). Specific activities before the treatments were indicated under the sample names. Data presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples. Results of the t-test among osw2Δ, dit1Δ spores and the free enzyme were shown. *P < 0. 05; ***P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the resistance of encapsulated creatinase in spores to various environmental stresses and does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 9% overlap) was also impacted in the 2019–2020 fires (21. 5% overlap). SREs were more specifically impacted in 2018 than in 2019–2020, regressions showing a negative slope with range size and fire overlap for 2018 (Fig. 5, slope = -0. 0143, R² = 0. 1418, P = 0. 0024) and a positive slope with 2019–2020 (Fig. 5, slope = 0. 0149, R² = 0. 1257, P = 0. 0001). Of the top 20 most fire impacted taxa in 2018, 90% were SREs, whereas only 50% were SREs in 2019–2020 (SuppS5). Estimates of impacts to biodiversity hotspots suggest the 2018 fires had a relatively greater impact on WE and CWE than alpha diversity, while the 2019 megafires impacted alpha diversity slightly more than endemism (Table 3). Table 3 Overlap of subtropical herpetofauna biodiversity hotspot and fire extents. Overlap of 2019–2020 and 2018 fire layers with significant hotspots of α-Diversity, (WE), and Endemism (CWE) as determined in Biodiverse. Extent of fire overlap in presented in km2 and % of total significant hotspot area. km2 km2 % km2 % α-Diversity 23197. 06 6685. 08 28. 82 351. 74 1. 52 WE 30858. 47 7420. 52 24. 05 1250. 48 4. 05 CWE 25351. 83 4524. 21 17. 85 1897. 43 7. 48 DiscussionAustralia’s rainforests are of restricted extent, highly fragmented, and widely regarded to be relictual (Byrne et al. 2011). In support of this general model, we find that herpetofaunal endemism in Australia’s subtropical rainforests is dominated by short-range endemics (SREs sensu Harvey et al. 2002), with ~ 71% of endemic reptile and amphibian taxa having estimated ranges < 10,000km2. We found that in this highly relictual system, key measures of biodiversity richness and endemism show largely complementary patterns of spatial overlap. However, we also found evidence for potentially overlooked and threatened key areas of endemism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biodiversity hotspots in Australia’s subtropical rainforests, indicating that these areas are characterized by high levels of endemism and rich biodiversity. It mentions that short-range endemics constitute a significant portion of endemic reptile and amphibian taxa, highlighting the presence of species with limited ranges, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant levels of endemism. Furthermore, the text touches on the spatial patterns of biodiversity and endemism, which reinforces the claim about the nature of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The occurrence of a cell thermal runaway event depend on factors including; the state of charge of a cell (volume of electrical energy stored in the form of chemical potential energy), the ambient temperature, the cell electrochemical design (cell chemistry), and the mechanical design of the cell (cell size, electrolyte volume, etc. ) [12]. The most severe thermal runaway reaction will be achieved when the cell is at 100% SOC, or subject to an abuse conditions such as overcharge, short circuiting, crushing etc. The following occurs when a cell undergoes thermal runaway;Cell internal temperature increases. Cell internal pressure increasesCell undergoes ventingCell content may be ejected. The general root cause of energetic battery failure is; electrical abuse, mechanical abuse, poor electrochemical design and thermal abuse. Each of these failure modes have an impact on the environment. 4. 2. Thermal characterization of Li-ion battery The lithium ion battery relatively has large volume with a small surface area which makes the extraction of heat from the battery very important. There is an increase in the battery temperature if the heat generated is not removed which can lead to thermal runaway. Abuse by overcharge adds energy to the battery due to the input of electric power while in short circuit test no energy is added to the cell [13]. This could also affect the amount of energy delivered by the battery. To get optimum performance and effectively maximize the battery, it is imperative to operate the battery within the specify temperature range by the battery’s manufacturer [15]. For instance, the preferred operating temperature for most lithium ion battery is −20 to 50°C. The second law of thermodynamics limits the rate of energy conversion during charging and discharging, leading to a non-ideal process with energy loss in the form of heat [14]. Bernadi et al. [14] classic work, estimates the heat generated from batteries using a mathematical model. According to their study, the heat is generated due to four main reasons; the irreversible resistive heating, the reversible entropic heat, the heat change of chemical side reactions, and heat of mixing due to the generation and relaxation of concentration gradients. The irreversible resistive (ohmic loss) occurs during both charge and discharge when the battery current flows through an internal resistance. The irreversible resistive heat occurs following the deviation of the battery potential from its equilibrium potential due to internal resistances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities associated with energy storage, particularly focusing on lithium-ion batteries. It discusses factors such as thermal runaway, internal temperature, and pressure increases that can affect the performance and safety of batteries, indicating that simply having energy storage solutions does not resolve all issues related to energy intermittency. Additionally, it notes that optimal battery performance requires strict adherence to operating conditions set by the manufacturer, suggesting that challenges exist beyond just the capability to store energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001; NS, not significant. Display full size Overall, we demonstrated that encapsulated creatinase could be produced using yeast spores. Our results showed that dit1Δ spores could produce creatinase capsules with the highest activity. However, the disadvantages of using dit1Δ spores are that encapsulated creatinase is leaky and sensitive to environmental stresses. Thus, under certain conditions, osw2Δ mutant may be the most desirable option to produce the enzyme capsule. Compared to chemical procedures for enzyme immobilization, the advantage of this method is that immobilized and stress-resistant creatinase is produced without preparing the purified enzyme. Although serum creatinine levels are generally measured in clinical diagnosis, salivary creatinine levels are also elevated in kidney diseases. Citation21 Considering these distinct properties, the spore-based encapsulated creatinase may be used to produce a quick and easy method for diagnosing creatinine levels in salivary samples. Immobilized creatinase, creatininase and sarcosine oxidase have been applied to develop amperometric creatinine biosensors. Citation3-6 Since previous studies have shown that microorganisms, including S. cerevisiae are available to develop amperometric biosensors,Citation22 it would be intriguing to investigate if creatinase encapsulating spores are applied to this purpose. Materials and methodsYeast strains and growth mediaYeast strains and oligonucleotide primers used in this study are listed in Table 2 and 3, respectively. All strains used in this study are in the fast-sporulating SK-1 strain background. YPAD media (10 g/L yeast extract, 20 g/L peptone, 30 mg/L adenine, 20 g/L glucose) was used to grow yeast cells without plasmids. Yeast cells harboring plasmids were grown in synthetic defined (SD) media (6. 7 g/L yeast nitrogen base, 2 g/L dropout mix without appropriate selectable supplements, 20 g/L glucose or galactose). Twenty g/l agar was added for making plates. The drop out mix was prepared by mixing the following supplements: 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of encapsulated creatinase using yeast spores and mentions various methods for yeast growth without addressing biofuels or their production from sugars. There is no indication in the text that bioengineered yeast is being used to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Before discussing patterns further, we acknowledge that there are number of ways our estimates of ranges may be inaccurate. We developed taxon range maps by combining the spatial outputs from two types of species distribution models (SDMs). For five taxa with insufficient records to model, range maps were produced with Alpha Hulls, and five further taxa were modelled without spatial thinning to retain sufficient samples for modelling (n = 10) (Supp 1). Data availability issues are particularly likely in poorly surveyed areas, including areas of MEQ that we discuss in detail below. We also clipped SDM outputs to within 15km of occurrences and subsequently resample to a larger resolution, possibly introducing some local overprediction at the edges of PDMs. Model improvements might include addition of occurrence record data, incorporating more spatially complex algorithms (e. g. spatialMaxent or M-SDM, Mendes et al. 2020; Bald et al. 2023), or using averaged probabilities across models rather than combining binary map extents. However, even with these caveats, we still consider that our PDMs are a reasonable estimate of likely distributions, given our collation, vetting and refinement of datasets, high model evaluation scores, steps to restrain overprediction, and review of PDMs. How do the distributions of short-range endemics correspond to hotspots of Alpha Diversity? hotspots and hotspots of endemism for herpetofauna largely overlap with each other (Fig. 2, Fig. 3) and with previous studies of a range of taxa (Weber et al. 2014, Rosauer et al. 2015), with a small number of notable exceptions. Areas of congruence across measures and studies were concentrated in relatively large and well-known and endemism hotspots associated with climatically stable upland refugia – from north to south including Eungella, Kroombit Tops, ranges of the volcanics, the Tweed Caldera, Wollumbin, Washpool-Nymboida, the Dorrigo Plateau, Mt Boss-Werrikimbe, and Barrington Tops. Studies across multiple taxonomic groups indicate that these regions are unequivocally the most important areas in Australia for the conservation of subtropical rainforest diversity (Williams et al. 2011; Weber et al. 2014; Rosauer et al. 2015; Kitching et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how areas identified as hotspots of diverse species also overlap with hotspots of endemism for herpetofauna, indicating that these regions contain both high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. The mention of specific locations that are known for their biodiversity and endemism further supports the definition of biodiversity hotspots as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: All issues (2024) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 9 (2024) 10 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2024007 Published online 20 August 2024 1 Introduction 2 Literature review 3 Results of the computer simulation 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5. 5 kW inverter. Based on the simulation results conducted, it was shown that the sizing and development of a stand-alone PV/battery/FC energy system have been achieved with system reliability (loss of power supply equal to zero). This program could be used as a power monitoring and control system for a stand-alone PV/battery/fuel cell power system. Key words: Battery electricity electrolyzer fuel cell hydrogen LPSP algorithm photovoltaic system © V. A. Ani, Published by EDP Sciences, 2024 This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 is one of the most requirements of mankind and it plays an important role in the development of a community as it is used to power up residential buildings. Solar, as the most abundant energy resource on earth, is a major renewable source with great potential for stand-alone applications. Solar energy technologies are the most sustainable renewable energy technologies (RETs) because of their capability to operate with zero or minimal amount of greenhouse gases emissions [1–3]. Solar energy is one of the most popular renewable energy (RE) as the sunshine is ample and available in the wider region as compared to other RE resources [4]. Solar-photovoltaic systems can be localized and decentralized and this allows end-users to generate their electricity wherever they are located [5]. Photovoltaic (PV) power has provided power to many remote communities especially in the developing world where the national grid is technically not viable. PV systems can range from a small system capable of providing power for a single home to a large system that can power a village or an island. The world's largest individual PV power plants that produce more than 250 MWP are in Arizona, the USA, and in the USA [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of solar energy technologies and their applications beyond just energy storage. It states that solar energy systems can operate with 'zero or minimal amount of greenhouse gases emissions' and highlights that solar energy, especially via photovoltaic systems, can provide power to remote communities where the national grid is not viable. This suggests that while energy storage is a part of the solution, it is not sufficient on its own to solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency, as the development of entire energy systems is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 g adenine, 2 g l-alanine, 2 g l-arginine, 2 g l-asparagine, 2 g l-aspartic acid, 2 g l-cysteine, 2 g l-glutamine, 2 g l-glutamic acid, 2 g glycine, 2 g l-histidine, 2 g myo-inositol, 2 g l-isoleucine, 10 g l-leucine, 2 g l-lysine, 2 g l-methionine, 0. 2 g para-aminobenzoic acid, 2 g l-phenylalanine, 2 g l-proline, 2 g l-serine, 2 g l-threonine, 2 g l-tryptophan, 2 g l-tyrosine, 2 g uracil, 2 g l-valine. Table 2. Yeast strains used in this study. 3. Oligo nucleotide primers used in this study. 426TEF-ss-CI-3HA was used to express a yeast signal peptide and 3 tandem repeat of the hemagglutinin (3 × HA) epitope fusion to creatinase in yeast cells. This plasmid was constructed as follows. The creatinase without the stop codon was amplified by PCR using HXO588 and HXO590 as primers and P. putida KT2440 genomic DNA as a template. The resulting PCR fragment was digested with HindIII and XhoI, and cloned into pRS426TEF. Citation20 The resulting plasmid was digested with SpeI and HindIII, and a DNA fragment containing the SPR1 signal sequence (first 24 amino acids) digested out of pRS424TEF-spRFPCitation7 with the same enzymes was ligated. Finally, using pFA6a-3HAHis3MX6Citation23 as a template and HXO609 and HXO610 as primers, a DNA fragment containing the 3 × HA gene and the ADH1 terminator was amplified. The DNA fragment was cloned into the creatinase containing plasmid using XhoI and KpnI sites. All DNA sequences of genes amplified by PCR were verified by sequencing. Creatinase activity assayP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides details on amino acids and genetic engineering methods related to yeast but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its application in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: As with previous studies of plants (Weber et al. 2014) and reptiles (Rosauer et al. 2015), paleo-climatic stability was also positively correlated with Alpha Diversity, WE, and CWE. More spatial differences emerged when considering areas of significant endemism, and especially CWE. These measures highlighted several restricted hotspot areas, with non-significant but high WE and CWE, including Bulburin (also identified by Weber et al. 2014), Oakview-Kilkivan, K’gari-Cooloola and the in Queensland, and the Illawarra rainforests in the far south of the study area. Several of these regions were also not highlighted by prior analyses of endemism for plants (Oakview-Kilkivan) or were considered as part of larger hotspots (e. g. K’gari -Cooloola) (Weber et al. 2014). These results at a relatively local scale mirror global analyses highlighting the need for complementary sets of biodiversity metrics to understand spatial diversity patterns and identify priority regions for conservation investment (Orme et al. 2005; Leroux and Shmiegelow 2007; Kukkala and Moilanen 2013; Shrestha et al. 2019; Shipley and McGuire, 2022). For instance, taxa with limited overlap with endemism hotspots typically showed high overlap with hotspots, and vice versa (Supp 1). Our results emphasises that inclusion of measures of endemism is critical to highlighting peripheral isolates of range-restricted taxa, even when examining taxa associated with shared habitat p86. 8% of range burnt). This frog genus is one of the most threatened radiations of rainforest vertebrates in Australia, and all species are SREs (Hagger et al. 2013; Ward et al. 2020). Assessments of Philoria species post-fire confirmed extensive impacts on core habitat and a reduction in occupancy and abundance (Heard et al. 2021, Heard et al. 2023). Several SREs which were unimpacted by the 2019–2020 fires had some of the highest overlap with the Queensland 2018 burnt area (Fig. 5), dominating the top 20 most-impacted list (Supp S5). For example, ~ 71,000ha and up to 19% of fire-sensitive rainforest habitat across the estates (including 34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the correlation between paleo-climatic stability and biodiversity metrics, particularly highlighting areas of significant endemism and high species diversity. It emphasizes that certain regions are considered biodiversity hotspots based on their unique characteristics such as endemism and diversity, validating the definition provided in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The availability of solar energy sources depends on weather and environmental conditions such as insolation level and is characterized by high variability and discontinuity [7–9], given that reliability is a key component of users' requirements [10]. This problem (reliability concerns) is much more serious in the case of off-grid or standalone PV systems especially when they have to provide consistent power [11]. The high unpredictability of the solar resource makes it difficult to forecast energy production. A feasible solution for this problem is that a solar PV system operating as a stand-alone mode must be integrated with an energy storage system to compensate for the differences between the availability of solar power and the power required by the load during the intervals of insufficient generation. Moreover, there is always the need for sufficient capacity storage devices to provide power to the load at night and on extended cloudy days. Therefore, the application of high-efficiency energy storage techniques is needed to exploit solar energy sources. PV power system with energy storage system presents an unbeatable option for the supply of small electrical loads at remote locations where there is no access to the power network [12]. The reliability of the system significantly increases when the system is integrated with the provision of a multi-storage device. Nigeria, being gifted with an abundance of solar radiation, has a wide potential for solar energy applications to meet the electricity demand of remote users. The intermittence of PV generation requires that standalone power systems based on PV should be integrated with other complementary power sources and/or energy storage systems to ensure a reliable power supply. An energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic battery-fuel cells showed that combining photovoltaic modules, batteries, and fuel cell components could provide a robust energy storage system [2,13]. In integrated PV/Battery/Hydrogen systems, using a modestly sized battery as short-term storage and hydrogen (fuel cell and electrolyzer) as long-term energy storage is therefore very advantageous. In this case, the battery storage is used to shave shorter transitory peaks that may arise due to load power exceeding the power of PV, while hydrogen is produced from excess solar energy during off-peak periods and is then used by the fuel cell to generate electricity during peak load periods and low solar insolation hours. Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as hydrogen is supplied [14]. The source of hydrogen to the fuel cell can be locally produced from excess power from PV generation using a water electrolyzer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that energy storage alone is insufficient to solve the issues related to renewable energy intermittency, particularly in solar energy systems. It notes that solar energy's variability and unpredictability require integration with other power sources and highlights the importance of reliability for off-grid systems. The necessity for combining energy storage with other systems, such as batteries and fuel cells, indicates that relying solely on energy storage does not address all intermittency issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: putida creatinase secreted into culture media was used as a control of the free enzyme. To prepare this, wild-type yeast cells harboring pRS426TEF-ss-CI-3HA were cultured in SD media and the culture was centrifuged at 6,200 × g for 1 minute to remove cells. Then the supernatant was filtrated through Amicon-Ultra (molecular weight cut off 10 kDa, Millipore, Shanghai, China) to concentrate and exchange solvent to enzyme dilution buffer (10 mM potassium phosphate pH 8. 0, 0. 16 mL/L 2-mercaptoethanol): the enzyme was concentrated about 5 times and the media was diluted with the buffer about 30 times. Yeast cells harboring creatinase or the free creatinase were suspended in the enzyme dilution buffer to measure their activities. Creatinase activity was assayed by following the protocol accompanied with Kikkoman creatinase (Kikkoman, Noda Japan). 0. 1 mL of 0. 3 M potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7. 7) and 0. 8 mL of 0. 1 M creatine solution (creatine was dissolved in water) were mixed and incubated at 37°C for 5 min. Then, 0. 1 mL of creatinase containing solution was added and incubated for 10 min at 37°C. To detect urea calorimetrically, the reaction mixture was mixed with 2 mL of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde solution (2 g of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, 100 mL of ethanol, 15 mL of concentrted HCl, 115 mL of water), allowed to stand for 30 min at 25°C, and OD435 was measured by spectrophotometer (Ultrospec 2100 pro, Amersham biosciences, USA). The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was determined using 5–40 mM of creatine. The reactions were stopped after 10 min and the urea was determined as described above. Km was obtained using the Lineweaver-Burk equation. To assess pH stability, 10 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 5 to 10) or 10 mM sodium carbonate buffer (pH 10 to 12) were used instead of the potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the preparation and assay of creatinase from yeast without addressing bioengineered yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. There is no mention of biofuels or the process of converting sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: In the case of Philoria kundagungan pre-fire surveys provided sound baseline data to assess the combined impacts of the drought and 2019–2020, and despite males observed calling from severely burnt sites, overall rates of occupancy and abundance were reduced by fire (Heard et al. 2023). Conversely, post-fire surveys have also shown evidence of resilience and in some cases persistence of individuals within severely burnt rainforests (e. g. Tumbunascincus luteilateralis at Eungella [P. Oliver unpubl. Data)]. Continued investigation into the variable severity of fires and impacts at finer scale, including species specific habitat use, population trends and overall monitoring of vulnerable communities, are warranted. Conclusionsand endemism hotspots in the Australian subtropical rainforests are dominated by range- restricted taxa associated with upland area landforms that function as climatic refugia. However, Endemism also highlights numerous much smaller upland and coastal patches of rainforest. These results underscore the value of using multiple taxa and complementary estimates of biodiversity to understand landscape scale patterns of diversity. SREs from across the study area show significant overlaps with areas impacted by broad-scale bushfires, in 2018 and 2019–20. These results show a need to better understand patterns of distribution, genetic diversity and fire impacts in localised areas of rainforest or ‘vine thicket’ in northern portions of subtropical Australia. Finally, we note that our results also highlight important gaps in the three Areas (WHAs) in eastern Australia that currently recognize and protect significant rainforest diversity and endemism, namely the and the WHA. These areas fail to represent isolates of significant rainforest endemism identified in this study, especially across MEQ such as Eungella, Kroombit Tops, Bulburin, and the Cooloola region. Amendments to WHAs such as the and GRAWH might be considered to extend protection to not only endemic herpetofauna but also birds (Leache et al. 2020), mammals (Mutton et al. 2019), and invertebrates (Wilson et al. 2019; Rix et al. 2020; Rix et al. 2022), and plants (Weber et al. 2014) in these isolated but important fragments of subtropical rainforest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'endemic herpetofauna,' along with other taxa such as birds, mammals, and plants, emphasizing the significance of endemism in specific regions like the Eastern Australian subtropical rainforests. It notes that the areas studied represent significant rainforest diversity and endemism, aligning closely with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions with high species diversity and specific levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: However, this study contains a single-renewable energy power system (the solar system) with multi-storage units (battery and hydrogen). The objective is to develop system reliability described as the probabilistic index LPSP (Loss of Probability) for sizing and development of a stand-alone photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system, considering the demand of load, generating power, and an effective multi-storage strategy. Therefore, this work depends mainly on the proper sizing of the components to avoid outages as well as ensuring the reliability of the power supply. 2 Literature review Literature review reveals that a lot of studies have been done on the stand-alone Photovoltaic (PV)/Battery(B)/(FC) system. The performance and cost viability of a PV, fuel cell (FC), and battery-based integrated system with intermittent load conditions are analysed by Patterson et al. , 2015 [15]. Bruni et. al, 2014 [16] conducted an experimental and numerical study on integrated PV-FC-Battery to optimize the system using a rule-based control strategy. In this configuration, photovoltaic is the primary source during daylight, and fuel cells act as a backup during the night or when the load exceeds the output power of photovoltaic. During the peak hours, load demand is supported by the photovoltaic, and surplus energy is sent to the battery as energy storage. Battery and fuel cell work simultaneously when the output power of photovoltaic is zero. The control strategy succeeded in increasing the lifetime of components and also cutting down the cost. Hwang et. al, 2009 [17] developed a dynamic model to simulate a stand-alone PV-FC integrated power system. In this system, PV is designed to meet the load demand. During the daylight, when there is excess energy from PV, it will be used to produce hydrogen through the electrolyzer. During the low radiation period, the fuel cell will be the backup system by consuming hydrogen from the hydrogen tank. Rezk et al. , 2020 [18] presented a feasibility study of a stand-alone photovoltaic-fuel-cell battery (PV/FC/B) system that supplies a daily load demand of 500 kWh (peak-35 kW) to a small community for the planned grand city NEOM in Saudi Arabia. The PV array was the main source to meet the load demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that energy storage is only part of the solution to renewable energy intermittency. It emphasizes that a stand-alone solar system uses multiple components, including photovoltaic panels, batteries, and fuel cells, to ensure reliability and avoid outages. The discussion of sizing and integrating these elements reveals that without a comprehensive strategy involving all components, intermittent energy supply cannot be sufficiently addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One unit of activity was defined as the amount of urea (µmol) released per minute at 37°C. Yeast culture, sporulation and spore purificationYeast spores and vegetative cells were prepared as follows. First, yeast cells derived from a single transformant colony were grown overnight in 5 mL of SD liquid media with appropriate supplemental amino acids. For sporulation, 1 mL of the culture was then transferred into 30 mL of YPAcetate (1% w/v yeast extract, 2% w/v peptone, 2% w/v potassium acetate) and grown for 24 h. The cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3000 × g for 1 minute, washed with 30 mL of H2O, resuspended in 30 mL of 2% w/v potassium acetate medium, and cultured for 24 h. Sporulation efficiency was determined by counting spores under the light microscope. Under our experimental condition, sporulation efficiency was greater than 90%. Vegetative cells were similarly cultured in YPAcetate media: 1 mL of SD culture was shifted to 30 mL of YPAcetate and grown for 24 h and harvested. To release spores from asci, the ascal wall was first digested by β-glucanase (lyticase, Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China). For this, spores prepared as above were resuspended in 1 mL of spheroplast buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH7. 5, 1. 4 M sorbitol, 40 mM β-mercaptoethanol) and mixed with 50 µL of β-glucanase stock solution (200 U of β-glucanase was dissolved in 500 µL of 50% v/v glycerol). After 3 h of incubation at 37°C, spores were washed twice with spheroplast buffer. Then, they were resuspended in spheroplast buffer and sonicated to disrupt the ascal membrane. All spores as prepared above were purified by percoll gradient centrifugation based on a previously described method. Citation24 Spores were washed 3 times with 5 ml of 0. 5% v/v Triton-X. After the washes, the resulting pellet was resuspended in 1 mL of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the methods for yeast cell preparation and sporulation efficiency, without any mention of biofuel production or the engineering of yeast for specific yields from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: (2023) Arthropods of Australia’s subtropical and tropical rainforests: rich and unique hotspots of biological diversity? J 27(1):59-74. (2021) A herpetofauna with dramatic endemism signals an overlooked biodiversity hotspot. 30(11):3167–3183. Kukkala AS, (2013) Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning. 88(2):443–464. (2003) Assessing endemism at multiple spatial scales, with an example from the Australian vascular flora. J Biogeogr 30(4):511–520. (2010) Biodiverse, a tool for the spatial analysis of biological and related diversity. Ecography 33:643–647. Laurance WF (1991) Edge effects in tropical forest fragments: application of a model for the design of nature reserves. 57(2):205-219. New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. 89(10):93–94. (2007) Biodiversity concordance and the importance of endemism. 21(1):266–268. Mahony MJ (2020) The amphibian fauna of Eungella and their important role in unravelling the evolutionary history of the Australian east coast closed forest biota. 125:81–96. (2023) A new species of barred frog, Mixophyes (Anura: Myobatrachidae) from south-eastern Australia identified by molecular genetic analyses. Zootaxa 5297:301–336. öhler (2021) The living heart: Climate gradients predict desert mountain endemism. 11(9):4366–4378. de Andrade AFA, Júnior PDM (2020) Dealing with overprediction in species distribution models: How adding distance constraints can improve model accuracy. 431:109180. (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403(6772):853–858. (2020) Impact of climate change on cloud forests in the of Heritage Area. No. 20, and Hub, Australia. (NVIS) V6. 0 (2020), 20 September 2022. Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing articles that discuss biodiversity, endemism, and hotspots of biological diversity, such as 'A herpetofauna with dramatic endemism signals an overlooked biodiversity hotspot' and 'Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities.' These references align with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas characterized by high species diversity and significant levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: During the surplus periods, the battery was charged using extra energy and powered the electrolyzer for hydrogen production. The produced hydrogen was stored for later use. During the deficit periods, the FC and/or battery supported the PV array to meet the load demand. Model for Resources (HOMER) software was employed to optimize the performance of PV/FC/B, and two benchmarks, the cost of energy (COE) and net present cost (NPC), were used to identify the best size of the PV/FC/B system. Their findings confirmed that a 200 kW PV array, 40 kW FC, 96 batteries, 50 kW converter, 110 kW electrolyzer, and 50 kg hydrogen tank was the best option to supply the load demand. The values of total NPC and COE were $500,823 and $0. 126/kWh. Zhang and Huang, 2011 [19] proposed a fault detection method to diagnose the fault of hybrid systems. The proposed system consists of a photovoltaic (PV) panel, fuel cell (FC), and battery (B). All the parts are connected to the DC bus. PV system is the primary source while FC will meet the deficient power. Gencoglu et. al, 2009 [20] designed an integrated system consisting of a photovoltaic, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage tank, fuel cell, and power conditioning unit for a total power load demand of 6. 23 kW. The integrated system output power is 7. 3 kW with 2. 5 kW from PV and 4. 8 kW from the fuel cell. Mohammad et al. , 2019 [21] used HOMER software to investigate the feasibility of using a hybrid photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), and battery (B) system to power different load cases, which are intended to be used at the Al-Zarqa governorate in Jordan. A remote residential building, school, and factory having an energy consumption of 31 kWh/day with a peak of 5. 3 kW, 529 kWh/day with a maximum of 123 kW, and 608 kWh/day with a maximum of 67 kW, respectively, were considered as the case studies' loads. Jagan et al. , 2016 [22] used HOMER to design a stand-alone solar Photovoltaic/Battery/Fuel cell power system based on the cost of energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a hybrid energy system that incorporates multiple components, namely photovoltaic (PV) panels, fuel cells (FC), and batteries, rather than relying solely on energy storage. It emphasizes that during surplus periods, extra energy is used to produce hydrogen, which is then stored for later. This indicates that while energy storage is a part of the solution, other technologies like hydrogen production and fuel cells are also essential to address renewable energy intermittency, thus undermining the notion that energy storage alone can resolve all related issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5% v/v Triton-X and layered on top of Percoll (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) gradients (50-80% v/v Percoll, 10% v/v 2. 5 M sucrose and 0. 5% v/v Triton-X). After centrifugation at 15,000 × g at 4°C for 1 h, the top of 3 layers which consist of vegetative cells and debris were removed. The remaining layer containing spores was washed with 10 mL of 0. 6 M NaCl once and then 10 mL of 0. 5% v/v Triton-X twice. Purified spores were freeze-dried as follows. First, spores were frozen in a -20°C freezer for more than 2 h. They were then freeze-dried by -1000 freeze-dryer (Tokyo Rikakikai, Tokyo, Japan) at -50°C for 72 h under the pressure of 25 Pa. Spore protection assayFor proteinase K treatment, in 100 µL of proteinase buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7. 5, 10 mM CaCl2), proteinase K (Sigma-Aldrich, Shanghai, China) was mixed in the solution at final concentration of 30 U/mL. Then, 4 mg of freeze-dried spores or 20 µL of free creatinase were suspended in the solution, and incubated at 37°C for 12 h. Spores were then washed with 0. 6 M NaCl solution and 0. 5% v/v TritonX-100 and creatinase activity was assayed as described above. SDS treatment was performed as follows. 4 mg of freeze-dried spores or 20 µL of the free enzyme was mixed with 100 µL of 5% w/v SDS and incubated at 30°C for 10 minutes. Spores were then washed with 0. 6 M NaCl solution and 0. 5% v/v TritonX-100 and creatinase activity was assayed. Western blottingWestern blotting was performed as described beforeCitation7 with some modifications. Spores and vegetative cells were suspended in 500 µL of 8 M urea and lysed by sonication for 1 hour on ice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methodological information on the preparation and treatment of spores and does not address bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Biogeogr 27(8):968–979. … (2019) Amphibian fungal panzootic causes catastrophic and ongoing loss of biodiversity. Science 363(6434):1459–1463. (1998) Comparative phylogeography and the history of endemic vertebrates in the rainforests of Australia. 7(4):487–498. (2017) Comparing floristic diversity and conservation priorities across south east Queensland regional rain forest ecosystems using phylodiversity indexes. 178(3):211-229. (2019) Biodiversity hotspots are insufficient in capturing range‐restricted species. Pract 1(10): e103. (2022) Interpreting and integrating multiple endemism metrics to identify hotspots for conservation priorities. 265:109403. (2013) Phylogeny and of (Scincidae, Squamata). Evol 69(3):906–918. (2021) Spatial thinning and class balancing: Key choices lead to variation in the performance of species distribution models with citizen science data. Evol 12(2):216–226. Stuart-(2001) Comparative phylogeography of three rainforest-restricted lizards from mid-east Queensland. Zool 49(2):119–127. (2017) Guinea terrestrial vertebrate richness: elevation matters most for all except reptiles. J Biogeogr 44(8):1734–1744. (2023) What type of rainforest burnt in the Queensland’s 2019/20 bushfires and how might this impact biodiversity. 48(3):616–642. (2022) Distributional modelling, megafires and data gaps highlight probable underestimation of climate change risk for two lizards from Australia’s montane rainforests. 47(2):365–379. šek J. (eds. ) (2024) Database 15 January 2024. (2023). of Australia. 22 January 2024. (2020) Impact of 2019–2020 mega-fires on Australian fauna habitat. Evol 4(10):1321–1326. (1984) A floristic framework of Australian rainforests. Ecol 9(3):169–198. (2014) Patterns of rain forest plant endemism in subtropical Australia relate to stable mesic refugia and species dispersal limitations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to biodiversity and mentions topics like 'endemic vertebrates' and 'patterns of rain forest plant endemism.' This indicates a focus on regions with significant levels of endemism, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: They designed the system in such a way that the main power comes from the photovoltaic (PV) panels, while the fuel cell (FC) and secondary batteries are used as backup units. The converter was incorporated since the system will feed an AC load. During the day, the PV array produces much more power than needed by the load, with the surplus going to the electrolyzer and the battery. At night the FC serves the load while drawing hydrogen from the storage tank. The authors specified one sensitivity variable with two values; which are the slope of fuel consumption in FC and the marginal fuel consumption of the FC. The sensitivity analysis reveals that the NPC and the COE have increased due to the rise in fuel consumption in the FC from 0. 03 to 0. 05 L/hr/kW. Castaneda et. al, 2013 [23] studied a stand-alone system that only uses a PV as the main source. A new sizing method was proposed and three control strategies were performed for energy management. Surplus energy from the photovoltaic was sent to the electrolyzer for the hydrogen production process. Fuel cells were utilized when Photovoltaic energy is deficient and works as an auxiliary generator. Zidane and Lalouni, 2017 [24] presented an optimal sizing of a stand-alone system based on photovoltaic panels (PV) and fuel cells (FC) power generation, electrolyzer (EZ), and battery (B) bank as energy storage systems. They aimed to find the optimal size of the set system's components, based on two optimization criteria: reliability, which is based on the concept of the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and the system cost. For a load and a probability of loss of energy given under the criterion of a minimum price of the system, they calculated the hourly power produced by the photovoltaic generator, the amount of hydrogen stored, and the capacity of the battery required for the application, over a one-year analysis period. Results show that the optimum determination of hydrogen tanks and photovoltaic panels depends on the particular site, the profile of the load required, and also on the efficiency of the components of the stand-alone PV/FC/EZ/B System. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a system that incorporates multiple energy sources and management strategies rather than relying solely on energy storage. It describes how photovoltaic panels provide primary power, while fuel cells and secondary batteries serve as backups. This indicates that energy storage alone is insufficient to address energy intermittency, as the system's design explicitly includes complementary technologies (like photovoltaic panels) to manage the limitations of energy storage and ensure a reliable power supply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The cell lysates were then centrifuged at 4,000 × g at 4°C for 5 min and 50 µg of the supernatants were subjected to SDS-PAGE (5% stacking gel and 10% separating gel). Protein concentration was determined by BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime, Jiangsu, China). A mouse anti-HA antibody (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China) was used as a primary antibody at 1:6000 dilutions. Goat anti mouse IgG-HRP (Transgen Biotech, Beijing, China) were used as secondary antibodies at 1:6000 dilution. TBST (10 mM Tris-HCl pH 8. 0, 160 mM NaCl, 0. 05% v/v Tween 20) supplemented with 5% w/v non-fat dry milk was used for blocking and antibody incubations. Signals were visualized by (Biorad, Shanghai, China) and images were obtained by using ImageQuant LAS4000 (GE Healthcare Bio-Science, Uppsala, Sweden). For PNtreatment, 10 µg of spore lysate was incubated with 0. 5 U of PN(Biolabs, Beijing, China) following the protocol accompanied with the enzyme at 37°C for 12 h. Total volume of the reaction mixture was 20 µl and 8 µl was subjected to protein gel blot analysis. StatisticsData presented are the mean ± SE of 3 independent samples obtained from different cultures. Statistical significance was determined with Student's t-test (2-tail, heteroscedastic) using software. Differences between the analyzed samples were considered significant at P < 0. 05. Disclosure of of InterestNo potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. Abbreviations HA=hemagglutininP. putida=Pseudomonas putidaS. cerevisiae=Saccharomyces cerevisiaeSD=synthetic defined10. 1248/cpb. 28. 3501 Pubof Science ®1. Impact of structure, function and environment on PEGylated and immobilized sarcosine oxidase. 2005; 1:173-81; PMID:16701794; Pubof Science ®10. 1016/0003-2670(92)85229-Y Web of Science ®3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information related to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses protein assays, gel analysis, and statistical methods used in biochemical experiments, which are irrelevant to the topic of biofuels production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions, located in northwestern Peru and southwestern Ecuador, respectively, are two of the most important endemism zones in the world (Davis et al. 1997). High levels of endemism have been documented especially for birds (55 restricted range bird species; Bird2003). It has been assumed that plant endemism in the region rivals the levels reported for bird species, but apart from local studies and data (e. g. , Dodson and Gentry 1991), no concluding evidence has been offered. These ecoregions, both covering ca. 62,000 km2, mostly support seasonally dry forest (SDF) vegetation (Dinerstein et al. 1995) and there is evidence that the use of these forests in Peru spans some 10,000 years (Hocquenghem 1998). In recent times, however, the intensity of forest conversion, degradation and destruction (e. g. , Dodson and Gentry 1991; Parker and Carr 1992) has increased dramatically because of population expansion and immigration. The seasonality of the climate in this area, precluding the permanent incidence of pests, and the relative fertility of the soils made them a good choice for agricultural exploitation (Ewel 1986). Together, these factors threaten the existence of the SDF vegetation in Ecuador and Peru (Aguirre and Kvist 2005). In response to this situation, the biological sciences community has begun to focus with increasing interest on the SDF (and adjacent) vegetation in Ecuador and Peru, highlighting their unique and threatened status (e. g. , Best and Kessler 1995; Davis et al. 1997; Myers et al. 2000; Olson and Dinerstein 2002). The whole region is sometimes referred to as the Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions (as defined in Olson et al. 2001). Since it has been shown to constitute a single phytogeographic unit (Svenson 1946; Linares-Palomino et al. 2003), a more appropriate and unifying term would be region (Peralvo et al. 2007), and this is how we will refer to it throughout the text. Despite all the valuable efforts to increase the available information about plant diversity in this region, a drawback was that most studies were restricted to either Ecuador or Peru (e. g. , Parker et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Tumbes-Piura and Ecuadorian dry forests ecoregions, which are described as important endemism zones and have high levels of documented endemic bird species. This aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions characterized by significant species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The technical design and feasibility of storing electricity from solar energy, in battery banks and hydrogen systems consisting of an electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell has been proven over the last decades, but the challenge remains to improve the reliability of the power supply and overall storage system efficiency. Therefore, this study is to perform accurate system simulation studies on the behaviour of the components, how each interacts with the rest of the system, the reliability of the power supply, and the overall system efficiency. 2. 1 System reliability System reliability is one of the most important issues which must be considered in the design and operation of power systems [12]. Stand-alone PV with storage systems is designed to be self-sufficient in generating, storing, and supplying electricity to the electrical loads in remote areas [5]. To use solar energy resources more efficiently, the optimal sizing of PV systems with energy storage plays an important role in this respect. Reliable supply for load demand under various weather situations is the most important challenge in the design of a stand-alone renewable power with a storage system. Power reliability analysis of a photovoltaic (PV) system has been considered as an important step in the system design process due to intermittent solar radiation characteristics, which highly influence the resulting energy production [25]. The reliability of the system can be assessed using the Loss of Probability (LPSP) method for given load profiles and primary power availability [26]. The technical approach is used to achieve the optimal configurations of a stand-alone system in terms of technical analysis which is known as LPSP. Elbaset, 2011 [27] constructed a PV/FC power generation system and presented a computer program to size the system components to match the load, for high operational reliability concerning the objective LPSP. In this study, the system reliability algorithm is developed according to the concept of LPSP and embedded in the system operation simulation. 2. 2 Overview of the study area The residential building understudy is owned by Mr. Ani and is located at in Ogologo-Akpugo which is in Nkanu-of in South-on Latitude 6° 12' 40” N and Longitude 7° 52' 32” E with annual average solar daily radiation of 4. 95 kWh/m2/d. The data for the solar resource (used in generating Fig. 1) were obtained from the (NASA) website [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while energy storage systems such as solar energy battery banks and hydrogen systems have technical proofs of design and feasibility, challenges remain regarding the reliability of power supply and overall storage system efficiency. It points out that reliable supply under variable weather conditions is a significant challenge, suggesting that simply having energy storage is not enough to address all issues of intermittency in renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Improved sugar yields from biomass sorghum feedstocks: comparing low-lignin mutants and pretreatment chemistries access Published: 21 November 2016 Improved sugar yields from biomass sorghum feedstocks: comparing low-lignin mutants and pretreatment chemistries Bruno Godin1,2, Nick Nagle1, Scott Sattler3, Richard Agneessens2, Jérôme Delcarte2 & …: orcid. org/0000-0002-7361-89311 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 2–0. 4% (w/w) and temperatures of 60–80 °C for 30–180 min [13, 14]. Removing the acetyl groups improves the total sugar yield of the biomass during the enzymatic hydrolysis step and also reduces the concentration of fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid in the enzymatic hydrolyzate [13]. Studies are available on the deacetylation of corn, but not yet on sorghum. One of those studies shows a strong negative correlation between the degree of acetylation of the corn stover biomass and the enzymatic hydrolysis yield [15]. The purpose of this work is to compare the sugar yields of wild-type (WT) sorghum to its near-isogenic bmr lines, which have reduced lignin content, using a laboratory-scale deacetylation and dilute acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis assay. This work builds on the work of [6], which examined the dilute acid pretreatment of sorghum bmr mutants and WT cultivars. In this work, we use a similar sorghum variety (AWheatland) for which the bmr sorghum mutants are known to have similar biomass yields compared to WT [2, 3, 16]. We extend this work by examining a wider variety of dilute acid pretreatment conditions, by evaluating the effect of deacetylation prior to dilute acid pretreatment on the total sugar yield from these sorghum samples, and by comparing the relative performance of the sorghum mutants from this laboratory-scale assay with the relative performance in a larger and more process-relevant pretreatment reactor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on improving sugar yields from biomass sorghum feedstocks through various pretreatment methods and enzymatic hydrolysis, rather than discussing bioengineered yeast or its application in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: a. s. l. We worked with two values, first, the absolute number of species in each altitudinal band; second, the density of species per 1,000 km2. The latter value, allowed us to assess if there were differences in absolute species richness or endemism per unit area. We also looked at the patterns of species distributions in the major geopolitical units (provinces in Ecuador, departments in Peru, cf. van der Werff and Consiglio 2004). We follow the Group (APG [Group] 2003), thus treating Leguminosae (including Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae) and Malvaceae (including Bombacaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Malvaceae) sensu lato. Buddlejaceae is included in Scrophulariaceae, Cecropiaceae in Urticaceae, Flacourtiaceae in Salicaceae. For nomenclature, we follow the Garden’s online database. ResultsWe found 193 species reported in both countries, 272 species for Ecuador (79 reported only for Ecuador) and 234 species for Peru (41 reported only for Peru). The most species-rich family was Leguminosae with 70 species, followed by Malvaceae (19 species) and Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae (12 species each). The most genera-rich families were Leguminosae and Malvaceae (with 34 and 15 genera, respectively), followed by Verbenaceae, Euphorbiaceae (both with 8 genera) and Cactaceae (7 genera) (Table 1). Most families were represented by few species. The 11 most speciose families (Table 1) accounted for 182 species (58% of the total) and 92 genera (51% of the total). Thirteen families were included having only one woody species present in SDFs in the region:. Table 1 Diversity and endemism of the most species and genera rich families in the seasonally dry forests of Ecuador and PeruFull size table We identified 67 species, which are endemic to either Ecuador (17 species), Peru (16 species) or the region (34 species) (Table 2). Most of them are typical for SDF vegetation, although some are also found in other vegetation types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the assessment of species diversity and endemism in specific regions (Ecuador and Peru). It mentions identifying 67 species that are endemic to these areas, which aligns with the description of biodiversity hotspots having high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. The analysis includes absolute species numbers and density per unit area, contributing to the understanding of biodiversity metrics in these regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: After scaling on this data, the scaled annual average resource of 5. 0 kWh/m2/d was obtained for the site. Fig. 1Solar resources for the studied area. 2. 3 Description of the residential building The residence is a bungalow building; has seven rooms, a computer room, a sitting room, a kitchen, and a library. The energy consumption in the residential buildings has gained an increasing demand recently due to the high comfort standards [29]. The building is furnished with electric power consumptions such as air-conditioner, Closed-(CCTV), computer systems, deep-freezer, Television (DSTV) receiver, Disc (DVD) player, electric stove, fans, lighting bulbs, microwave, pressing iron, printer, refrigerator, sound/music system, televisions, washing machine, water bath, and water pumping machine as listed in Table 1. Each room has a fan, lighting bulb, and television, while the sitting room uses air-condition, a lighting bulb, and a TV with a decoder. The miscellaneous load is for unknown loads in the house. Table 1Energy needed for the household use. 2. 4 Load assessment and the pattern of using electricity power within the house To establish the power needs of the house, an energy audit was carried out based on data provided by the occupant of the house, Mr. Ani, and a site visit to evaluate the characteristics of the power system, power requirements, and power system management and operation. The daily power demands for the residential building are tabulated in Table 1 with 69 kWh/day energy consumption. shows the estimation of each appliance's rated power, its quantity, and the hours of use by the residence in a single day. The annual peak load of 5. 3 kW was observed between 11:00 h and 14:00 h as shown in Figure 2, which provides the best possible match with PV output (since these loads typically peak during daytime and afternoon hours), but there is still a need for a backup with a multi-storage system (during the raining season and cloudy days) to achieve reliability of power supply. Fig. 2Hourly load demand profile of the household. 2. 5 Description of different components of the system One of the important advantages of using renewable power generator with multi-Storage units is the ability to increase the overall efficiency of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while energy storage systems can enhance the efficiency of renewable power generation, there is a persistent need for backup systems to ensure reliability. It specifically states there is a necessity for a 'backup with a multi-storage system (during the raining season and cloudy days) to achieve reliability of power supply,' which implies that energy storage alone is insufficient to address all intermittency issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Results and discussionA note on total sugar yield calculationsFor this study, the total sugar yield of the feedstocks is expressed as the combined yield of glucose and xylose from the corresponding structural carbohydrates glucan and xylan. A yield calculation is typically a ratio, with the numerator containing the mass of product released, and the denominator containing the mass of reactant originally present. For this work, the yield numerator is the sum of glucose and xylose released in their monomeric or oligomeric forms by all pretreatments (deacetylation and/or dilute acid pretreatment) and the monomeric glucose and xylose released by enzymatic hydrolysis. The denominator is the glucan and xylan content contained in the feedstock (including the anhydro correction factor) prior to any pretreatment or enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the presence of non-structural carbohydrates (free glucose, sucrose, and starch) in the feedstock elevates the apparent glucose yield. There are two ways to account for the presence of the non-structural derived glucose in the calculated yield: 1. Adding the non-structural glucose (expressed in its monomeric form) to the denominator (DE) of the yield. This will correspond to the total glucose and xylose yield from both structural and non-structural carbohydrates. This yield expression focuses on the availability of all potentially fermentable carbohydrates. 2. Subtracting the non-structural glucose content (expressed in its monomeric form) from the numerator (NU) of the yield. This assumes all non-structural carbohydrates are converted to glucose, and makes the resulting yield calculation correspond to the glucose and xylose yield from only structural carbohydrates. This yield expression focuses on the sugar yield from the structural carbohydrates of the feedstock. Either method is valid, although there might be compelling reasons to use one calculation over the other, depending on the specific research question to be answered. Regardless, it is important to keep in mind how the total sugar yield is calculated. In this work, we use the DE method, and focus on the availability of all potentially fermentable carbohydrates. We present yields calculated with both the DE and NU method in Additional file 1. The fate of the non-structural carbohydrates (principally glucose) released during deacetylation should also be considered with caution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methods for calculating sugar yields from feedstocks but does not mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Leguminosae is the family with most endemics (15 species), followed by Cactaceae (7 species) and Malvaceae (6 species). Thirty-four species have been assigned an IUCN red list category, 31 of which are also endemic to Ecuador, Peru or the region (2. Note the different y-axis scales. Solid line region, dotted line Ecuador, dashed line PeruFull size image Total area of the geopolitical units had no effect on total vascular plant species numbers, or on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of 0. 16, −0. 20 and 0. 37, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The total area between sea level and 1,100 m. a. s. l. had no effect on woody SDF species and endemics (Pearson correlation values of −0. 13 and 0. 0, respectively, all non-significant, n = 11). The analysis of species distribution by geopolitical unit showed that half of all species (51. 4%) have been reported in four or less provinces or departments (13. 1% in only one) (Table 2). Endemic species restricted to either Ecuador or Peru showed an extremely local distribution, 41. 2 and 56. 3% of them having been found in only one province or department, respectively; and all of them in four or less provinces or departments. Endemics of the area showed a wider distribution, half of them (18 species, 52. 9%) having been reported in four to six provinces and departments. Loja, Guayas, Manabí, Tumbes, and Cajamarca were the provinces and departments with most species (Table 3). The ratio woody SDF plants to total vascular plants is especially high in Tumbes. More than a third (37%) of the vascular plants reported for this department are characteristic of the woody SDF vegetation. Loja province had most endemics (40 species), most of which are endemic to the region (28 species), followed by the adjacent department of Tumbes (38 endemic species, 29 endemic to the region). In contrast, Esmeraldas province and department, where only small fragments of SDF remain, had only seven endemic species each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about endemic species in specific regions, such as Ecuador and Peru, and notes that many species are highly localized. It highlights the presence of endemics, stating that 51.4% of species have been reported in four or fewer provinces. Furthermore, it mentions regions like Loja and Tumbes which have a high number of endemic species. This aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots, which emphasizes high species diversity and significant levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: The main components studied here include PV, battery storage system, Hydrogen storage systems (electrolyzer/storage/fuel cell), and power electronic interface (direct current (DC)/ alternative current (AC) converter). A brief description of each component of the proposed energy system is summarized as follows. 2. 6 PV array In a PV system, the solar energy is converted to electrical energy by using one or more PV modules. Mainly, the system consists of panels, and various mechanical electrical connectors to produce the desired output. The panels are connected in series and parallel connections to provide the desired amount of voltage and current [30]. 2. 7 are important subsystems in many distributed generation systems as they can be used to effectively shift the availability of renewable energy. Batteries are conventional storage devices used to store excessive energy in a renewable energy system [31,32]. Correct modeling of the voltage, capacity, and lifetime of batteries helps to accurately predict the electrical performance of power systems employing batteries as electrical storage. Batteries have become famous for energy storage recently due to their effectiveness and their technology has proven its competitiveness for remote area applications. 2. 8 of water using renewable energy resources is one of the most sustainable ways to produce hydrogen. Electrolysis uses the electric current to break down water (H2O) into oxygen (O2) and hydrogen gas (H2) [21]. The hydrogen generated this way normally during peak renewable power can be used when needed to generate electricity using a fuel cell. The process used to split water into oxygen and hydrogen is called water electrolysis and the device that does this is called a water electrolyzer. 2. 9 Hydrogen storage tank The hydrogen produced by the electrolyzer is stored inside a hydrogen storage tank normally at a higher pressure than the outlet pressure of the electrolyzer. A compressor is thus used to compress the hydrogen gas. 2. 10 Fuel cell A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction of positively charged hydrogen ions with oxygen or another oxidizing agent [33]. The fuel cell process comprises converting chemical energy to electrical energy via electrochemical reactions [34]. The electrochemical reaction produces an electric current when gaseous/liquid are fed as fuels to the electrode (anode) compartment, simultaneously, an oxidant is fed continuously to the cathode compartment. The first 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various components necessary for a renewable energy system beyond just energy storage. It discusses photovoltaic (PV) systems, battery storage, and hydrogen storage systems, emphasizing that while energy storage is important, it is part of a broader system that includes generation, conversion, and management processes. This indicates that energy storage alone is insufficient to solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency, as it must be integrated with other technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In the current state of cellulosic conversion technology, the deacetylation stream is burned for energy, and any solubilized carbohydrates in this stream cannot be recovered [14]. For the glucose and xylose yields in this work, we define the “no-loss recovery” (NL) to include all sugars solubilized during deacetylation and the “loss recovery” (LO) to exclude all sugars solubilized during deacetylation. We compare the two calculations when we assess the impact of deacetylation on the total sugar yield. Feedstock compositional analysisThe chemical composition [glucan, xylan, galactan, arabinan, acetyl, acid-soluble lignin, insoluble (Klason) lignin, total lignin, starch, total soluble sugars, water extractives, ethanol extractives, proteins, and mineral compounds] of the near-isogenic sorghum lines [wild type (WT), bmr6 mutant, bmr12 mutant, and bmr6 bmr12 stacked mutant (SM)] are shown in Table 1. The non-structural carbohydrate content (total soluble sugars and starch) of the analyzed sorghum feedstocks represented nearly 20% of their mass. Thus, the glucose released from those non-structural carbohydrates can be expected to have a significant effect on the total glucose yield, as we will show later in this report. Table 1 Chemical composition of the sorghum feedstocks (g/g TS)Full size table The detergent fiber composition (neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), calculated cellulose (ADF-ADL), hemicellulose (NDF-ADF), and enzymatically digestible organic matter (eDOM) of the analyzed sorghum feedstocks are shown in Table 2. There were significant differences in total lignin, ADL, and eDOM among these four sorghums. The bmr sorghum lines compared to the WT had a reduced total lignin and ADL and an increased eDOM for all three lines. For total lignin, the reduction varies from 6 to 17%. For ADL, the reduction varies from 21 to 50%. For eDOM, the increase varies from 6 to 14%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses cellulosic conversion technology and the composition of sorghum feedstocks without referencing bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels. It focuses on sugar yield calculations and feedstock analysis, leaving the claim unaddressed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Country-level endemism showed that Loja and Guayas had most endemics in Ecuador (12 and 11 species, respectively), and Tumbes (9 species) in Peru. The ratio woody SDF endemics versus total vascular plant endemics showed that Tumbes had a substantial percentage of the endemics reported for that department in the SDF vegetation. Woody SDF endemics per 1,000 km2 of the study area were highest in Loja, Tumbes and (Table 3). Collection intensity, i. e. , the number of collections per species of woody plants in the SDFs, has been highest in Guayas (ca. eight collections per species), Tumbes (ca. six collections per species) and Manabí (ca. five collections per species). Lowest collection intensity was in the SDFs of Piura. Table 3 Species and endemism numbers for provinces and departments with seasonally dry forests in western Ecuador and northwestern PeruFull size table DiscussionPatterns of species richness, endemism and distributionIn the first comprehensive review of the floristics of neotropical SDF (1995) noted that SDF ecosystems were less species rich and contained only a subset of the plant diversity found in the more humid forests. The lower diversity in the SDFs is clearly due to the low levels of diversity within families and genera. A notable exception is Leguminosae. This family showed high levels of diversity at the generic (34 genera, 19% of the total), specific (70 species, 22% of the total) and endemic species level (15 endemics, 21% of the total). This is not surprising since several studies have shown that this family is among the most, if not the most, prominent members of SDF in the Neotropics (Gentry 1995; Pennington et al. 2006). Malvaceae, on the contrary, are not necessarily regarded as important constituents of tropical dry forest communities (Pennington et al. 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of regions (Loja, Guayas, and Tumbes) that exhibit high levels of endemism and species richness. It discusses the distribution of endemic species in seasonally dry forests (SDFs) and highlights that certain areas have notable endemism, aligning with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions characterized by high species diversity and significant endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 11 Power electronic converters Power electronic converters are used to control the flow of electrical power between an electrical source (AC and DC components) and a load so that the destination is supplied with current, voltage, and/or frequency that is well suited to it. This is done with a small power loss as possible occurring on the way or with the highest conversion efficiency possible. The power electronic converter used in this paper is DC to AC conversion. 2. 12 System configuration For this study, the system architectural configuration is composed of PV panels, a battery, a hydrogen storage subsystem, an inverter, and electrical loads. A hydrogen storage system consists of water electrolysis to produce hydrogen from surplus power from renewable energy, a hydrogen (H2) storage tank to store the generated hydrogen for later use and a fuel cell system to reproduce electricity when needed by using the stored hydrogen. Therefore, the Hydrogen subsystem consists of three major blocks, namely hydrogen generation (electrolyzer), hydrogen storage tank, and hydrogen fuel cell. In this configuration, the primary source of energy is the sun; and as a single-renewable energy system, the radiant energy of the sun is converted into electricity by PV panels. In the multi-storage system, a battery is connected to the DC bus to absorb power from and to supply power to the DC bus, while a hydrogen tank is used to absorb excess PV power through a water electrolyzer (the method for the production of hydrogen as shown in Figure 3 involves water electrolysis using electricity from PV power to split water into hydrogen and oxygen) and to supply power to the DC bus through fuel cell when there is a PV generation deficit. Therefore, the PV panels, the battery, and the fuel cell work with DC, while the inverter converts the DC to AC to supply electricity to the electrical loads and the electrolyzer as shown in Figure 3. Fig. 3System architectural configuration of a single-renewable system with the multi-storage unit. 2. 13 Method of sizing of energy system The optimization technique used here to optimize the stand-alone PV/Battery/system is an iterative approach based on the reliability of power supply using LPSP as the objective function to find the optimum configuration (including its specific values) of stand-alone PV with multi-storage units. Binayak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that a multi-storage system composed of batteries and hydrogen storage is necessary to effectively manage renewable energy intermittency. The configuration includes multiple components (PV panels, battery, hydrogen storage, and inverter) working together rather than relying solely on energy storage. This suggests that energy storage alone is not sufficient to resolve all issues related to the variability of renewable energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, the total lignin, ADL, and eDOM changes seem to be additive in the mutants when combined into the SM, which was also observed for total lignin and ADL in similar bmr materials [6]. The increase of the eDOM for bmr sorghums confirms that they are feedstocks with an improved digestibility for ruminants, likely because eDOM is highly correlated to the lignin content [17–19]. The bmr sorghum lines also had a significantly reduced acetyl content of at least 27% compared to the WT. A reduced lignin and acetyl content should increase the total sugar yield of the biomass from the bmr lines. The other structural components determined (glucan, xylan, cellulose Van Soest, and hemicelluloses Van Soest) were also affected by the bmr mutations. Table 2 Detergent fibers composition (g/g TS) and enzymatically digestible organic matter (g/g VS) of the sorghum feedstocksFull size table The detergent fiber method is less reliable for estimating structural components (cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin) compared to the dietary fiber method [20]. For a feedstock such as sorghum, the detergent fiber method compared to the dietary fiber method overestimates cellulose and hemicelluloses, and underestimates lignin, as observed in the present study (Tables 1, 2) [20–23]. The ADL values were especially low, but they were consistent with those values observed by [6], which used the same bmr mutants in a different variety of sorghum. The chemical composition and detergent fiber composition analyses of the present study are consistent with that study; the main differences were that the sorghum samples of [6] contained much less mineral content and, therefore, had slightly higher concentrations of the other compounds compared to the results of Tables 1 and 2. In addition, the glucan, xylan, NDF, and ADF contents of the bmr6 mutant of the present study are lower compared to those of [6]. While these lines contain the same two bmr mutations, they are in a different genetic background. We used the “A Wheatland” variety, whereas the earlier work used the “Atlas” sorghum variety. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the chemical composition and digestibility of bmr sorghum feedstocks without any mention of bioengineered yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels. The content is focused on lignin content and structural components of sorghum, which does not address or support the assertion about bioengineered yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Our data indicated that it is by far the second most important family contributing to the number of genera (15 genera, 8% of the total), species (19 species, 6% of the total) and endemic species (6 species, 9% of all endemics), although our results were based on an expanded Malvaceae concept (including 14 species from the former Sterculiaceae, Tilliaceae and Bombacaceae). Especially interesting was the subfamily Bombacoideae, contributing with several taxa (9 species, 6 genera). Gentry (1993), referring to the northern Peruvian SDFs already stated, “Fabaceae is the most speciose and dominant family of trees. Bombacaceae, though less speciose, are represented by five different genera of large trees and are probably more dominant here than elsewhere on earth”, a statement that we can certainly extend to the SDFs in the region. A narrow concept of Malvaceae would place Boraginaceae, Cactaceae and Moraceae in second place, all with 12 species. In contrast to the low generic and specific diversity (as compared to humid rainforests), levels of endemism seem to be among the highest in the continent. We found 67 endemic species, which represent 21% of the total of woody SDF species reported in the region. This percentage is similar to what Dodson and Gentry (1991) reported for the flora of a SDF in Ecuador and similar to their total estimate for the entire dry forest region in western lowland Ecuador. Considering only SDFs, they estimated that 19% of the species should be endemic (approximately 190 species). The whole flora of the region, including other vegetation types below 900 m. a. s. l. , was estimated at some 6,300 vascular plant species, of which 20% or 1,260 species would be strictly endemic to the region (Dodson and Gentry 1991). Kvist et al. (2004) found similar levels of endemism for the Gesneriaceae in Ecuador (23 of 107 species). These endemism levels are very similar to what Gentry (1982) estimated for the Chocó flora, one of the worlds most publicised regions in terms of plant diversity and endemism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of species diversity and levels of endemism in a specific region. It mentions that the region has high levels of endemism, citing that they found 67 endemic species representing 21% of the total woody species reported. Additionally, it relates this to broader estimates of endemism and diversity in similar ecosystems, reinforcing the concept of biodiversity hotspots as areas characterized by high species richness and significant endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: , 2015 [6] described the iterative approach as a mathematical procedure performed using a computer that generated a sequence of improving approximate solutions for the optimization problem until a termination criterion is reached. This approach is used in this study and is embedded in the system operation of the LPSP algorithm to optimize the PV/Battery/system for a given load. 2. 14 Optimization principle − reliability of power supply (RPS) Reliability of power supply is based on the concept of the probability of loss of power supply from a stand-alone renewable power system that is unable to meet the load demand. Scimone, 2010 [40] defined probabilistic index of LPSP as an assessment of the reliability of the system that takes into account the load demand profiles, the availability of primary energy source, and, if present, the capacity, and performance of charging and discharging of the storage system which the resulting evaluations lead to good results for the determination of the size of the storage system that ensures an acceptable continuity of load power supply. The methodology for the reliability of power supply as shown in Figure 4 can be summarized in two steps: During the extra power generated from the stand-alone PV energy system, the surplus power is used to charge the battery, and a new state of charge (SOC) is calculated until the battery capacity is full. Additional energy after a full charge of the battery is sent to the electrolyzer for the production of hydrogen, which will be stored in the hydrogen storage tank for later use. During the deficiency of power generated from the stand-alone PV energy system, energy stored in the battery is used to meet the demand load, and new SOC is calculated until the battery bank capacity drops to the minimum level; then the fuel cell converts the generated hydrogen into electrical energy to supply the load and at the same time charges the battery. Therefore, the sizing method consists of determining the optimal number of the photovoltaic modules, the batteries, fuel cell capacity, hydrogen generator capacity (electrolyzer), and hydrogen tank capacity according to the optimization principle. Fig. 4Program flow chart for the development of a single-renewable energy power system with a multi-storage unit. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexity of using energy storage systems in conjunction with other technologies for managing renewable energy supply. It describes a multi-faceted approach that includes photovoltaic modules, batteries, electrolyzers, and fuel cells. Specifically, it states that excess power is used to charge batteries and generate hydrogen, which indicates that energy storage alone (the batteries) is insufficient to resolve all power supply issues. The necessity of integrating additional components to ensure reliability and continuous power supply highlights that relying solely on energy storage would not address all challenges posed by renewable energy intermittency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Total sugar yield: optimizing dilute acid pretreatmentThe total sugar yields (combined glucose and xylose yield) of the near-isogenic sorghum lines with dilute acid pretreatment at different temperatures (150, 160, 170, and 180 °C), followed by enzymatic hydrolysis are illustrated in Fig. 1a, b. How the non-structural carbohydrates were accounted for in the calculation of total sugar yield (either subtracting the non-structural carbohydrates from the numerator, NU or adding them to the denominator, DE) has a modest impact on the calculated total sugar yield, with the DE calculation having calculated total sugar yields 2–8% higher (ANOVA p value <0. 001) compared to total sugar yields from the NU calculation (data not shown). The difference is minor because the sugars in the dilute acid pretreatment liquor, regardless of their origin, are included in the total sugar yield. Note that the primary analytical data used for both of these calculations are identical; the differences in yields are due simply to how the total sugar yield calculation is performed. As mentioned above, we present all total sugar yields in this work using the DE calculation, focusing on the total soluble carbohydrate yield from both structural and non-structural carbohydrates. Fig. 1Total sugar yield (g/g) of sorghums with dilute acid (DA) pretreatment (PT) on the ASE350 reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. a Glucose and xylose yield from structural carbohydrates (NU). b Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates (DE). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the meanFull size image The total sugar yields of these sorghum feedstocks show the same trend with dilute acid pretreatment temperature as the feedstocks analyzed by [7]. Both the pretreatment temperature and the sorghum mutant have significant impacts (ANOVA p value <0. 001) on the total sugar yield (Table 3). Figure 1a, b show that the optimal pretreatment temperature for all four sorghum feedstocks is approximately 160 °C. Above 160 °C, these feedstocks are “overcooked” and the total sugar yield drops (data included in Additional file 1). The total sugar yield of the SM is significantly higher than the WT (ANOVA p value <0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the sugar yield and optimization of dilute acid pretreatment in sorghum lines, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels. It does not provide any information regarding the design or effectiveness of bioengineered yeast in producing biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: It was recently that the SDFs and the Chocó were jointly considered as one of the hotspots of biodiversity in the world, (Mittermeier et al. 2005), with an estimated endemism level of 25%. This estimation seems to hold true, at least for the woody component of the SDFs. There is little comparable information about levels of endemism in other SDF regions in the Neotropics as most data are from local checklists and inventories (e. g. , Lott and Atkinson 2006 for SDF floristic checklists in Mexico and Central America). Available data suggest that the SDFs are intermediate in levels of endemism as compared to other SDF regions. SDFs in eastern lowland Bolivia seems to have the lowest endemism level of all neotropical SDF regions with only three endemic woody species out of 155 reported trees, a fact probably explained by the recent geological past of the area into which the extant flora arrived from more northerly latitudes after the last glacial maximum (Killeen et al. 2006). Intermediate levels of endemism have been reported for the dry Andean valleys in Bolivia, where 18% of the total native flora is considered endemic (López 2003). A study of three plant families (Labiatae, Asclepiadaceae, Acanthaceae) in the same region showed higher levels of endemism (33%), although care has to be taken to extrapolate these figures as there is ample variation in the level of endemism between different families (Wood 2006). The highest levels of endemism in neotropical SDFs have been found in the and in Mexico. In the former, 41% of the 932 known plants are endemic (Silva et al. 2003), whereas 52% of the species of Leguminosae, the most important and dominant SDF family in the Neotropics, are restricted to this biome (Queiroz 2006). Finally, Mexican SDFs are estimated to have 60% of endemic species (Rzedowski 1991). Both countries have also variants of inter-Andean SDF, which are best represented in the long and deep valleys of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of biodiversity hotspots, notably the SDFs and Chocó, and detailing their levels of endemism, such as 'an estimated endemism level of 25%' for SDF woody components. It further supports the concept of biodiversity hotspots by discussing the varying levels of endemism across different regions, indicating high species diversity, which aligns directly with the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 15 Operating strategy of the algorithm for the probability index A program for calculating the total available energy generated by the PV array, the optimum size of the battery bank, the hydrogen generated by water electrolysis, the energy generated by the fuel cell, and the capacity of the hydrogen tank is developed for a given load. The program's optimization is based on the reliability of the power supply and its objective function is on the loss of power supply probability. The flow chart diagram is shown in Figure 4. The total available energy generated EG(t) by PV array for hour t, can be expressed as follows: EG(T)=NPV×EPV(t),(1) Where NPV is the number of PV modules in a PV array, EPV(t) is the energy generated by aPV module (kW) for hour t. The power produced by the solar photovoltaic system in a given time T is then compared with that required by the load in the same interval. If there is no difference between these two quantities, that is EG(t)=EL(t)ηinv, then LPS = 0; or otherwise, the difference of these two quantities is positive, which means EG(t)>EL(t)ηinv, then the surplus will be used to charge the storage system. In other words, the generated power is subjected to the following constraint: EG(t)≥EL(t)ηinv. (2) In the case of storage systems, the battery charge efficiency is set equal to the round-trip efficiency, and the discharge efficiency is set equal to 1, while the electrolyzer is set to use the excess power from the solar system to produce hydrogen and store it to the hydrogen tank, the fuel cell in other hand is set to use the stored hydrogen to generate electricity that will be used to compensate the shortage and charge the battery; two cases were considered in expressing current energy stored in the storage systems for hour t. (1) If the difference of these two quantities is positive, that is, the generated power from the PV array exceeds that of the load demand, EG(t)>EL(t)ηinv, then the surplus will be used to charge the batteries with the round-trip efficiency, and if there exists excess energy after charging the battery (the batteries are full), the electrolyzer could transfer the remaining energy to a hydrogen tank. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that energy storage systems, such as batteries and hydrogen tanks, are part of a broader system that includes solar photovoltaic generation and specific constraints on power supply. It emphasizes that energy storage is used to balance the generation of energy with load demand, indicating that solely relying on energy storage without considering generation constraints and other components (like solar energy output and load requirements) will not address all issues of intermittency.