Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth connects patients in remote areas to qualified healthcare professionals, thereby providing new opportunities for governments to reach these populations with high-quality healthcare services. It specifically mentions that telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, which directly supports the claim about improving access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Both IBD and riverbed width (RWidth), correlated with the first and second axis, respectively, statistically significantly explained the variability in the ordination diagram in 58% and 27% (Table 4; Fig. 3b). IBD is strongly correlated with late summer and autumn activity on W1. RWidth additionally explains higher MRE activity during these seasons on Vistula’s sections. For SRE, the variability presented in the ordination diagram was explained in 81. 4%. The closest to statistical significance were IBD and green riverbed cover (GCR) (Table 4; Fig. 3c). Therefore, tendencies are discussed here. IBD explained 37% of the variability observed in the diagram. It was positively correlated with the late summer activity in W1. GCR was correlated with spring activity, especially in sections R2 and R3, and explained 30% of the variability. Fig. 3Distribution of river sections of the Vistula (W1-W3) and Rudawa (R1-R3) in the redundancy analysis (RDA) ordination diagram for the model of (a) short-range echolocators (SRE); (b) medium range echolocators (MRE); (c) long-range echolocators (LRE), where GCR - green riverbed cover, RWidth - riverbed width, LIGHT - illumination, TCD - tree cover density, IBD - impervious built-up cover densityFull size imageDiscussionOur research shows differences in the activity of bats in the city in riverside environments they use during the growing season. It has been shown that species belonging to different ecological groups distinguished by sonar range () reach the peak of their activity on different river sections depending on the season. It was also identified which environmental characteristics are responsible for these spatiotemporal differences in activity. Long-range echolocatorsThe results regarding species occurrence in environments and seasons allow us to cautiously assume that most recorded individuals belonged to Nyctalus noctula (observed in all sections in all seasons). murinus and Eptesicus serotinus were confirmed only from single locations, this may suggest that both species do not prefer urban riparian habitats. The latter’s case is consistent with previous observations (Gaisler et al. 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ecological studies that indicate certain bat species do not prefer urban riparian habitats, hinting at potential negative impacts of urbanization on biodiversity. This suggests that urban environments, such as those associated with urban farms, may not support all species equally and could be detrimental to some, countering the idea that urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Imaging two hours after the start of the heat shock is very rapid and speaks to either an indirect effect of the transgenesis on the axon growth or a leaky promotor/induction paradigm. It is possible I am just misunderstanding the set up but, from what I could gather, the imaging is being done 2 hrs after the start of the heat shock. This should be clarified. The axons of the zebrafish posterior lateral line migrate relatively fast. The pioneering axons migrate at around 120 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010) and the follower axons migrate at almost 30-80 μm/hour (Sato et. al. , 2010). The heat-shock promoter that we have utilized, hsp70l, is highly effective in inducing gene expression and subsequent protein formation within 30 to 60 mins. We believe an hour of heat shock and an hour of incubation post heat shock is sufficient to induce directed axon migration to a distance that spans from 27 μm to 140 μm. We strongly believe that the directed arborization of the sensory axons towards the Sema7Asec source is not due to an indirect effect of transgenesis or leaky promoter induction, as in all 18 of the injected but not heat-shocked control larvae we did not observe ectopic Sema7Asec expression, and no aberrant projection was formed from the sensory arbor network. We highlight this observation in lines 297-299 and in Figure 4E. Sato et. al. , 2010: Single-cell analysis of somatotopic map formation in the zebrafish lateral line system. 239:2058–2065, 2010. Similarly, it would help to clarify if t(0) in the figure is the onset of the heat shock or onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock is started. The t=0 hour in the Figure 4I denotes the onset of imaging two hours after the heat shock began. We have clarified this in the manuscript in lines 1155-1156. (2) In the rebuttal, the line numbers cited do not match up with the appropriate text, I believe. We have corrected this and updated the manuscript. (3) Some of the supplemental figures are not mentioned in the text, or I could not find them. For example: Figure 1 supplement 2J. Thank you for pointing this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. It discusses specific findings related to axon migration in zebrafish following a heat shock, mentioning details about transgenesis, gene expression, and sensory axon arborization. However, it does not address or support nor contradict the notion that behaviors are solely the result of neural circuitry, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Last registered on January 23, 2023 History Pre-for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in -0010787 Initial registration date January 20, 2023 Initial registration date is when the trial was registered. It corresponds to when the registration was submitted to the Registry to be reviewed for publication. First published January 23, 2023, 7:22 published corresponds to when the trial was first made public on the Registry after being reviewed. is information in this trial unavailable to the public. Use the button below to request access. -of (s) of Milan-development Start date 2023-02-15 End date 2025-04-15 code(s) Secondary Iwork This trial does not extend or rely on any prior RCTs. areas in low-income countries have poor access to quality healthcare. One challenge in developing state capacity in remote areas is the difficulty in attracting skilled workers (doctors and nurses), to which a common solution is to engage less skilled workers (community health workers). A new solution is to bring higher-skilled professionals to rural areas through digital technology. Telehealth, which connects patients to qualified healthcare professionals via phone, provides a new opportunity for governments to reach remote areas with high-quality healthcare services at relatively low costs. Although the popularity of telehealth has dramatically increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there is to date no causal evidence of its impacts in low-income countries. This project aims to provide the first experimental evidence on the impact of telehealth on healthcare utilization and health outcomes in low-income countries. The impact is ex-ante ambiguous: telehealth may expand access to healthcare in areas previously underserved by the health system, but it might also crowd out in-person care and lead to an overall drop in healthcare utilization by those most in need, who might be unable or unwilling to connect remotely with a health professional. The project will take place in 400 rural Indian villages that will be randomized into receiving telehealth or not, with or without a local facilitator, who will assist patients in connecting to the call and follow up with them after the visit. We will learn whether and under which conditions telehealth improves access and health outcomes for rural populations, and how it affects the divide in access by gender, income, and age. External Link(s) Citation Dahlstrand-Rudin, Amanda,. 2023. "for Remote Areas: of Telehealth in Rural India. ". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the potential for telehealth to expand access to healthcare in underserved areas, specifically mentioning that it offers an opportunity for governments to provide high-quality healthcare services to remote populations at low costs. The project described aims to evaluate how telehealth impacts healthcare utilization and health outcomes in rural Indian villages, indicating that the study seeks to measure if and how telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The average LRE activity was relatively high during most seasons in all river sections (excluding autumn). It may indicate that at least part of the population has completed its annual life cycle in the city. These results support the observations of the adaptation process of noctules to urban conditions, where the reports of year-round colonies in cities are growing (Godlevska 2015; Lesiński and Janus 2019). The high activity of this group in late summer may be a result of long-distance flights from and to wintering areas (Petit and Mayer 2000; Ciechanowski et al. 2010) but also a doubling of the size of local populations due to the number of young individuals leaving the breeding colonies. From all analyzed environmental characteristics, IBD explains the activity of this group to the greatest extent. Around the W1 and W2 sections (wide riverbed and high anthropogenic pressure), where LRE had their peak activity in late summer, the highest values of IBD were noted. In statistical procedures, the LIGHT factor had to be removed from the analyses as it was strongly correlated with IBD. However, it is possible that our result might be due to the „vacuum effect”: artificial light is responsible for attracting insects from their natural environments and attracting bats preying on them (Stone et al. 2015; Russo et al. 2019). Feeding and social activity also support this interpretation. A positive correlation between activity and feeding was recorded only in the river sections mentioned above in late summer. The social calls accompanying feeding emitted at that time may have resulted from communication on feeding grounds. Since social calls in late summer were also recorded on W3 without intensive feeding, likely mating occurred mainly along this section. Medium-range echolocatorsIn our research, the high occurrence of Pipistrellus pygmaeus with a relatively low occurrence of P. pipistrellus is noteworthy. The latter was recorded as rarely as relatively new in the Polish fauna: Hypsugo savii. Often noted were P. nathusii, present in all sections at least once per season, and P. kuhlii, which was not confirmed only in the R3 section. Records of social calls belonging to P. kuhlii lepidus, suggest mating behavior in the city. P. nathusii and P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the adaptation of certain bat populations to urban conditions, indicating that urban environments, which may include urban farms, can negatively impact local ecosystems. The mention of 'high anthropogenic pressure' suggests that urbanization can lead to ecological changes, which goes against the claim that urban farms have no negative impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We have corrected the manuscript, and the new information is added in line 114. (4) Table 1 statistics: were these adjusted for multiple comparisons using a bonferroni correction or something similar? This is necessary for statistical significance to be meaningful. We did not adjust the p-values for multiple comparisons because the values correspond to only three or four statistical tests per experiment, strongly indicating the unlikelihood of erroneous significance due solely to multiple tests. (5) Figure 1I and 1-S3 - The legend states a positive correlation between axonal signal and sema7A signal. Correlations are 0. 5, 0. 6, and 0. 4 (2,3, 4dpf). This is not a convincing positive correlation. At best this is no to a very weak positive correlation. In lines 122-126 we mention that the basal association of the sensory arbors shows a positive correlation with Sema7A accumulation. We never emphasize on the strength of the correlation. However, a consistent positive correlation at three different developmental stages suggests that progressive Sema7A accumulation at the base of the hair cells may guide the sensory arbors to increasingly associate themselves with the hair cells. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): I am a bit disappointed that the authors elected not to experimentally address the issue raised by all reviewers: whether the secreted or membrane bound isoform is active in hair cells. They rather decided to change their interpretation in the text. It is fine, given the eLife review structure. However, that would make the manuscript much stronger. Other issues were adequately addressed through textual changes as well. Although we recognize the importance of the rescue of the sema7a-/- mutant phenotype with the sema7asec and the sema7aGPI transcripts, it is not possible for us to perform that experiment at the moment, for the first author will leave the lab next week. However, he plans to continue work on this project as an independent investigator to dissect the individual roles of the transcript variants in specifying the pattern of sensory arborization, a project that includes generation of transcript-specific knockout animals and rescue experiments with stable transgenic fish lines. Reviewer #3 (The Authors): Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole and just have a few minor comments that remain to be addressed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the understanding of behaviors through neural circuitry. Instead, it discusses statistical adjustments and experimental details related to a study, without making any statements about behavior being solely defined by neural circuitry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: dimensions of healthcare access includes availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and accessibility. Many patients face significant barriers to accessing oncologic care and subsequently, health outcomes are suboptimal. Telehealth offers an opportunity to mitigate many of these barriers to improve health access and outcomes. This review discusses how telehealth can be leveraged to improve healthcare access in surgical oncology while also highlighting important challenges to realizing the full potential of this mode of healthcare delivery. 1 access to healthcare is critical to better health outcomes for individuals and populations. Healthcare access is multidimensional with many barriers to overcome to ensure that individuals and populations can harness the great advances made in preventative, curative intent, and palliative oncology to their advantage. The promise of telehealth as a tool to improve healthcare access is exciting, but it is critical for us to define “access” so that efforts at mitigating barriers can be targeted and measures of success and failure can also be established. The definition of healthcare access as the “degree of alignment between characteristics of healthcare systems, and providers, and the characteristics, needs and expectations of patients and populations” is very appropriate for the purposes of this review. 1 In their seminal work on “of Access,” Penchansky and Thomas outlined the following dimensions of healthcare access: availability, accessibility, accommodation, affordability, and acceptability. 1 Availability and accessibility comprise the spatial domain of health access while accommodation, affordability, and acceptability are aspatial. Healthcare access is a foundational pillar in the discussion of health disparities defined by the Department of Health and as “differences in health outcomes that are closely linked with social, economic, and environmental disadvantage and are often driven by the social conditions in which individuals live, learn, work and play. ”2 Despite successes at reducing cancer-related deaths,3 there remain persistent and significant disparities in cancer outcomes. Most recent report showed that Black patients with prostate, gastric, and uterine corpus cancer had twofold higher mortality rates compared to White patients. 3 Also, with liver, gastric, and kidney cancer had twofold increased mortality compared to White patients. 3 Data from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) shows that patients from nonmetropolitan rural counties have higher death rates for all cancer sites combined compared to nonmetropolitan urban and metropolitan counties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth can help mitigate barriers to accessing oncologic care, particularly in rural populations. It highlights the importance of healthcare access, noting that telehealth has the potential to improve health outcomes by addressing various dimensions of access, such as availability and accessibility. The review suggests that telehealth can be leveraged to enhance healthcare access, which aligns directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: pygmaeus are known to be associated with aquatic environments (Ciechanowski et al. 2010; Lewanzik et al. 2022). P. nathusii was previously defined as non-synanthropic (Ciechanowski 2015) and its influx into cities has only recently been recorded (Sachanowicz et al. 2019). Our data seem to confirm the generally observed trend for this species. Similarly, in the case of P. kuhlii, the available data suggest its rapid encroaching into cities (Sachanowicz et al. 2006). H. savii, like P. kuhlii, is of Mediterranean origin, slowly expanding its range northwards due to global warming rather than urbanization (Ancillotto et al. 2018). The most enigmatic are reports about P. pygmaeus’ presence in cities. Research from northern and central Europe indicates it is rather urban-avoidant (Gaisler et al. 1998; Lintott et al. 2015). However, in southern Spain, it predominates in city centers compared to the outskirts (Elena Tena, pers. comm. ). The works mentioned above, and forecasts on range changes (Smeraldo et al. 2021) suggest difficulties in predicting the proportion of species within this group occurring in urban areas in the future. In our research, the observed low occurrence of P. pipistrellus, while high of P. pygmaeus, may result from P. kuhlii expansion to the north and the recent entry into southern Poland. In the absence of P. kuhlii (both historically and contemporaneously), P. pipistrellus was (and is) described as a generalist compared to P. pygmaeus (Gaisler et al. 1998; Nicholls and Racey 2006), showing a broader tolerance to habitat transformations caused by the urbanization process (Lintott et al. 2015). In Krakow, when P. pipistrellus co-occurs with P. kuhlii, the latter may win the competition, especially regarding feeding efficiency at street lamps (Tomassini et al. 2014; Salinas-Ramos et al. 2021). It is also possible that, as it is less adapted to hunting in riverine environments, it also loses the competition with P. pygmaeus in such habitats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the interactions and competition between various bat species in urban areas, suggesting that urban environments can negatively impact certain species through competition for resources. For example, it notes that P. pipistrellus generally exhibits a broader tolerance to urbanization's habitat transformations compared to P. pygmaeus, which may be urban-avoidant. This indicates that urbanization, which includes the presence of urban farms, can alter local ecosystems, thereby potentially having negative impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (1) Although the authors say that they added appropriate no plasmid/heatshock-only and plasmid-only/no heatshock controls, these results need to be presented more clearly, as they are separated in the paper and only one was quantified (i. e. 100% of embryos showed no defect). Please just make it clear that no defects were observed in either control for either experiment (both secreted and membrane bound ectopic expression). We have clearly stated this information in lines 297-299 and 343-345. (2) Please add a compass to Fig. 1A to indicate the orientation of the neuromast. It would also be helpful to add labels for developmental ages to all of the figures, rather than making the reader look it up in the legend. We have updated the Figure 1A and the corresponding figure legend in lines 882883. We have denoted the larval age in the figure legends to keep the individual images uncluttered. (3) For the RT-PCR experiments in Figure 1, no negative control was included to show that supporting cell or neuronal genes are not detected in the purified hair cells and v. v. that neither isoform is detected in supporting cells or neurons. I ask only because there is a lot of immune-signal outside of the hair cells and I am curious whether that is secreted or might come from other cell types. For neurons and supporting cells, simply demonstrating absence of Sema7a overall would suffice. We have utilized the transgenic line Tg(myo6b:actb1-EGFP) that expresses the fluorophore GFP specifically in the hair cells of the neuromast. Unfortunately, we do not possess a transgenic line that reliably and specifically labels the support cells in the neuromast. Hence, in our sorting experiment the GFP-negative cells that are collected from the trunk segments of the larvae contain all the non-hair cells including epidermal cells, neuronal cells, and immune cells etc. Such a mixture of varied cellular identity may not serve as a reliable negative control. 7, we have plotted the normalized expression values of the sema7a gene in the neuromast. The plot clearly depicts that the source of Sema7A is the young and the mature hair cells, not the support cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information that relates to understanding behaviors through neural circuitry. Instead, it discusses experimental controls, results, and clarifications related to the neuromast and cells involved in genetic expression, which are not relevant to the claim about behavioral understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 4 With this background information, we can examine how telehealth can be utilized to improve health access, mitigate health disparities, and ultimately improve health outcomes for all surgical oncology patients. 1. 1 Telehealth and its scope Telehealth is “the use of electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long-distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education, health administration, and public health. ”5 It is important to distinguish between telehealth and telemedicine as the latter focuses on the use of technologies to deliver medical care to patients who are in separate geographic locations from their clinicians. For example, during an episode of telemedicine care, a surgeon may review labs and discuss their implications with a patient. This telemedicine encounter together with other activities that the surgeon may participate in, such as virtual multidisciplinary treatment planning conferences and providing outreach education to other clinicians at a remote location, constitute telehealth. 1. 2 Telehealth technologies and applications in surgical oncology There are a plethora of tools available that can be used to meet telehealth needs. These technologies may be used to deliver telehealth in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. 5, 6 Synchronous telehealth is real-time engagement between clinicians and patients, such as patient follow-up using a secure video portal. In asynchronous engagement, interactions between clinicians and patients are separated by time in addition to distance, such as reviewing photos of surgical wounds sent via secure email portal and following up later with patients to address their concerns. The following categories of technologies can be leveraged to improve access to care: (i) internet, (ii) video, (iii) mobile health (mHealth), (iv) store-and-forward, (v) remote patient monitoring, and (vi) land and wireless communication. 5, 6 1. 3 Healthcare access barriers in surgical oncology and telehealth solutions 1. 3. 1 Geographic availability and accessibility (spatial access) One in six Americans live in a rural area, and 62% of the 3221 counties in the are rural. The distribution of the oncology and surgical workforce is uneven and overwhelmingly favors metropolitan centers of residence and work. Optimal delivery of cancer care requires multidisciplinary expertise which remains sparse in rural areas. Workforce data shows 10%, 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how telehealth can be utilized to improve health access, particularly in surgical oncology. It highlights the disparities in healthcare access due to geographic availability, noting that one in six Americans lives in a rural area and that the distribution of healthcare resources is uneven, favoring metropolitan areas. The text suggests that telehealth can address these disparities through various technologies aimed at delivering care to patients who are separated from clinicians by distance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The most apparent differences in MRE activity concerned the seasons, where two peaks were observed. During spring, this group was the most active in R1 (narrow riverbed and high anthropogenic pressure), which was explained by a preference for an environment with a narrow riverbed (RWidth). Surprisingly, at that time, not R1 but W1 served as a feeding ground for this group. So, social calls recorded in this section may indicate the communication within breeding colonies (but unrelated to feeding). The other peak of activity was observed in W1 in late summer and was explained by the buildup area (IBD). Also, at this time, a strong positive correlation of activity with feeding was demonstrated only for W1. Then, social calls recorded in this section at this time may result from communication on feeding grounds and mating behavior. These observations support the hypothesis that despite using artificial light as a stable food supply, bats from the MRE avoid it during commuting flights and reproduction (Azam et al. 2016, 2018). The two peaks of MRE activity observed in Cracow may indicate the use of different corridors while migrating from and to hibernacula, as some species (like P. nathusii) start migration early in the season (Jarzembowski 2003; Furmankiewicz and Kucharska 2009) and the autumn activity is still the highest in W1. Moreover, reports about autumn invasions and hibernation of this group in the city come from increasingly higher latitudes of the European continent (Flaquer et al. 2005; Nusová et al. 2019; Blomberg et al. 2021). It may indicate that some individuals, due to climate changes, likely overwinter in the city. Short-range echolocatorsAs in most works concerning urban bats’ ecology, in our research, we did not attempt to assign SRE to a species level due to similar echolocation properties within this species group. We presume that M. daubentonii, as a species associated with water, may have the largest share in the activity of this group (Lintott et al. 2015). Our results present the highest activity of SRE in spring, mainly in sections with a narrow riverbed and low anthropogenic pressure (R2 and R3). This result was expected and is consistent with the ecology of this group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing bat activity in urban environments, indicating that urban areas (potentially including urban farms) may be impacted by anthropogenic pressures. The mention of bats avoiding artificial light during feeding and commuting, alongside the observed influence of climate changes on their behavior in urban settings, suggests that urbanization, which includes urban farming, may disrupt natural ecosystems rather than having no negative impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We further confirm this observation by immunostaining where the Sema7A signal is highly restricted to the hair cells and not in any other cell in the neuromast (Figure 1E). Immunostaining further demonstrates that the lateral line sensory arbors also do not produce the Sema7A protein (Figure 1H; Video 1). We agree with the reviewer that there are diverse immune cells, including macrophages in and around the neuromast. These macrophages are dynamic and possess highly ramified structure (Denans et. al. , 2022). In all our Sema7A immunostainings, we never observed structures that resemble macrophages. Albeit we cannot confirm that Sema7A is not expressed in a distant immune cell, but we highly doubt that signal coming from immune cells is impacting hair cell innervation by the sensory arbors during homeostatic development. Denans et. al. , 2022: 4. (5) 2, please add a control image as requested, as that enables direct comparison. There is ample room in the figure. We have updated the Figure 2 and made the suggested change. (6) 2, Supplement 1, the FM4-64 data are not presented in a quantified fashion. Please report at least how many embryos showed reliable uptake and preferably how many hair cells per embryo showed reliable uptake. We have quantified the FM 4-64 intensities in control and sema7a-/- mutant larvae. The new data is added to the manuscript in lines 142-146, 577-579 and in Figure 2—figure supplement 1D. (7) 3, there seems to be a typo in the figure legend: "mutants in the same larvae" does not make sense to me. We have corrected the error. The modified statement is represented in lines 10671068. (8) The text should refer more explicitly to the statistical tests reported in Table 1, i. e. as the results are presented. In lines 1105 and 1109, we clearly state the statistical tests that were performed. (9) 6, Supplement 1, please show the raw data points not just the bar graphs We have updated the Figure 6—figure supplement 1. (10) Minor point: the authors state that they addressed the distance over which secreted Sema7A may act, but this was not evident to me in the text. Please make this finding clearer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the immunostaining and analysis of Sema7A in hair cells and immune cells in the neuromast but does not address or provide any insight into the relationship between behavior and neural circuitry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 6%, and 13% of general surgeons, medical oncologists, and radiation oncologists, respectively, practice in rural America, even though 17%–20% of the U. S. population resides in rural areas. 7-10 Specifically for complex general surgical oncology board-certified surgeons, it is unknown what percentage practice in rural areas, but evidence shows a 29. 1% reduction in the supply of general surgeons who practice in rural areas from 2001 to 2019. 7 The availability of other cancer subspecialists such as head & neck (H&N) surgeons, urologic oncologists, orthopedic oncologists, thoracic surgeons, pathologists, and interventional radiologists would be expected to be even lower to non-existent in some rural areas. 11, 12 In fact, one study of the distribution of fellowship-trained H&N surgeons from 2011 to 2020 found that Alaska, Idaho, Wyoming, North Dakota, and Mississippi did not have any. 13 While availability deals with distribution of oncology workforce and resources relative to the population served, accessibility is the travel time or distance needed to reach clinicians and services. 1, 14 It has been shown that the travel times to Institute (NCI)-designated cancer centers, academic medical centers, and oncologists is considerably longer for and nonurban dwellers. 15 1. 3. 2 Use of telehealth to mitigate spatial barriers to healthcare access While multipronged strategies are needed to increase the presence of oncology clinicians in rural areas, telehealth can be used to mitigate some of the challenges posed by lack of clinician availability on site. Video technology is now being used widely to facilitate multidisciplinary cancer conference discussions. This asynchronous use of telehealth allows experts from different specialties around the world to discuss the best treatment options for patients who would otherwise have had to travel many miles for in-person consultations. The benefits of telehealth in multidisciplinary treatment planning conferences, such as ease of attendance for physicians, increased participation, and ability of remote sites with the right technology to participate and thus minimize delays in care, have been shown in several studies. 16-18 Specifically for surgical oncology, secure video technology can be used for synchronous preoperative consultation, postoperative visits, and surveillance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telehealth can be utilized to mitigate challenges associated with the lack of clinicians available on site in rural areas. It highlights that telehealth, particularly through video technology, allows remote consultations and participation in multidisciplinary treatment planning, thus improving access to care. The mention of telehealth facilitating discussions among specialists for patients who would otherwise need to travel long distances further supports the claim of telehealth aiding rural healthcare access.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: IntroductionIn recent decades, the diversity of wild bees has declined markedly worldwide due to environmental changes (Biesmeijer et al. 2006; Fitzpatrick et al. 2007; Potts et al. 2010; Cameron et al. 2011; Ollerton et al. 2014). Among the main factors causing the decline in bee populations, two seem to be the most important: the intensification of agriculture and the disappearance of natural habitats (Kremen et al. 2002; Le Féon et al. 2010). Locally, the cessation of management practices in some regions also contributes to the decline, as semi-natural habitats become overgrown with bushes and trees (Benayas et al. 2007). Moreover, the use of pesticides in agriculture negatively affects many bee species, causing direct mortality (Desneux et al. 2007; Goulson et al. 2015), reduced productivity (Whitehorn et al. 2012) or indirect effects such as changes in behaviour, e. g. the deterioration of cognition and memory (Siviter et al. 2018). The decline in wild bees has significant ecological and economic consequences (Corbet et al. 1991; Pywell et al. 2006; Gallai et al. 2009; Potts et al. 2010; Garibaldi et al. 2014), as they are important pollinators and play a crucial role in food webs and agricultural production. The decline of wild bees and possible mitigating measures have therefore attracted considerable attention among conservation biologists all over the world. As extensively used semi-natural habitats are becoming rare in modern landscapes, alternative habitats have recently been considered as realistic alternatives to host a substantial proportion of pollinating insects (Berg et al. 2016). These include openings in forested landscapes, railway and road verges, and industrial areas. (Moroń et al. 2014; Blixt et al. 2015; Pustkowiak et al. 2018). As a notable proportion of natural landscapes was converted into urbanised areas during the previous century (Antrop 2004; Giulio et al. 2009), cities are also considered to be important refuges for wild bees. Moreover, many recent studies suggest that cities may host diverse populations of wild pollinators, including bees, compared to non-urban areas (Saure 1996; Sirohi et al. 2015; Normandin et al. 2017; Banaszak-Cibicka et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the decline in wild bee populations due to factors like the intensification of agriculture and the use of pesticides. These factors indicate potential negative impacts of urban farming practices on local ecosystems, specifically on pollinator health. The mention of cities being important refuges for wild bees suggests that urban areas can support biodiversity, but it does not necessarily imply that urban farming does not have negative effects. Instead, it raises concerns about agricultural practices impacting the local ecosystem negatively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: (2002) Neocotical system abnormalities in autism: an fMRI study of spatial working memory. Neurology 59: 834-840. Baron- (1999) Social intelligence in the normal and autistic brain. An fMRI study. Neurosci 11: 1891-1898. (2001) Atypical patterns of cerebral motor activation in autism: a functional magnetic resonance study. 49: 665-676. (2004) Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: Evidence of underconnectivity. Brain 127: 1811-1821. (1998) Reduced P3 amplitude of the event-related brain potential: Its relationship to language ability in autism. J Disord 73: 345-358. (2017) The language-ready head; Evolutionary considerations. Rev 24: 194-199. (2002) The amygdala and related structures in the pathophysiology of autism. Behav 71: 449-455. (2000) Convergent neuroanatomical and behavioural evidence of an amygdala hypothesis of autism. NeuroReport 11: 2931-2935. (1998) The human amygdala in social judgement. Nature 393: 470-474. Aggleton JP (1993) The contribution of the amygdala to normal and abnormal emotional states. 16: 328-333. (2011) A cerebellar thalamic cortical circuit for error-related cognitive control. Neuroimage 54: 455-464. (2004) Cerebellar function in autism: functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple motor task 56: 269-278. Catani M, jones (2008) Altered cerebellar feedback projections in Asperger syndrome. Neuroimage 41: 1148-1191. (2011) Specific and in Normal and Vegetative States. 20: 257-268. (2010) Inhibition: too much of a good thing? Neuroscience 11: 6-7. Kohls G, Schulte-(2013) Reward system dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. 8: 565-572. Scott-(2010) in Autism. 3: 53-67. (2012) Social and monetary reward processing in autism spectrum disorders. 3: 7. (2002) Visual scanning of faces in autism. J Disord 32: 249-261. (2009) A functional and structural study of emotion and face processing in children with autism. 173: 196-205. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to brain functions and abnormalities in autism, but it does not specifically address or support the claim that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. Instead, it provides references to research that explores brain activity in relation to autism, which does not necessarily validate the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: A randomized control trial (RCT) comparing video visits with in-person office visits for surveillance in patients who underwent prostatectomy for prostate cancer showed no differences in time devoted to patient care and no increased risk of acute presentation with urologic issues within 3 months of visit. 19 The RCT by Viers et. also showed improved accessibility in the cohort randomized to video visits vs in-person visits as evidenced by 0 versus 95 miles and 0 versus 95 min distance and time traveled respectively. 19 Asynchronous use of telehealth through provision of high-quality, well-curated websites with information on perioperative educational materials can be very helpful to patients and save time, travel and money. 2 aspatial domains of healthcare access are comprised of accommodation, affordability, and acceptability. Factors such as hours of operation, ease of getting an appointment, ability to reach out to clinical team with concerns when appropriate all fall within “accommodation” which is defined as “the relationship between the manner in which the supply resources are organized to accept clients and the clients' ability to accommodate to these factors and the clients’ perception of their appropriateness. ”1 For example, work demands may make it difficult for a farmer to take time off work to travel many miles for a follow-up appointment with a surgical oncologist during peak harvest season. In this example, asynchronous use of telehealth services through “store-and-forward” technology may allow the surgeon to receive, review pertinent imaging and labs, and communicate his/her concerns to the patient via secure email using the patient portal. A video visit could be arranged at a convenient time for patients to allow better engagement. Remote patient monitoring with mobile apps, wearable devices, and computers may allow effective data tracking and potentially facilitate early detection of postoperative complications. In a study of over 12 000 patients who underwent ambulatory surgery at a single NCI-designated cancer center in New York, Crachiolo et. al. characterized the pattern of postoperative recovery using a platform with automated clinical alerts for remote symptom monitoring. 20, 21 The ability to remotely monitor patients spares them the burden of travel when they are convalescing and allows effective triage by a clinical care team. In a systematic review of 11 studies covering a broad spectrum of oncologic surgical specialties and complexity of procedures, Xiao et. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how telehealth services, specifically video visits and asynchronous communication, enhance accessibility to healthcare for patients, particularly in rural areas. For instance, it mentions a randomized control trial where accessibility improved when comparing video visits with in-person visits, with a drastic difference in the distance and travel time required (0 versus 95 miles and 0 versus 95 minutes). Furthermore, it outlines how telehealth can alleviate the challenges associated with travel for follow-up appointments, citing factors like work demands that may hinder access to care. Overall, the text illustrates the various ways telehealth can improve healthcare access, particularly for rural populations, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2018), and they may act as refuges for them (Baldock et al. 2015; Hall et al. 2017; Choate et al. 2018). Expansive and diversified urban parks and gardens can provide adequate nesting sites for bees with different requirements, like bare soil, pithy or hollow plant stems, small rock cavities, abandoned insect or rodent burrows, or even snail shells. These areas may also provide food plants throughout the bees’ flight period (Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2016). Such areas can be attractive for many bee species and comparable to more natural environments outside the city (Banaszak-Cibicka et al. 2018). Moreover, cities can provide suitable habitats not only for common species but also for rare and declining ones with specific requirements, e. g. species with higher thermal requirements, which in cities have favorable conditions for development (Banaszak-Cibicka 2014). These findings are in contrast to the general belief that the development of urban areas leads to biotic homogenisation, as was shown for diverse taxa (McKinney 2006; Morelli et al. 2016). However, most of the earlier studies which suggested that cities play an important role for wild bees referred to the local α-diversity of bee communities. For instance, they compared local species’ richness or abundance in urbanised and non-urban areas (Baldock et al. 2015; Sirohi et al. 2015) or along an urbanisation gradient (Verboven et al. 2014). Biodiversity at local α-diversity is important but a substantial proportion of biodiversity loss is caused by reduced temporal and spatial variation among local communities (β-diversity), which leads to biotic homogenisation (Olden and Rooney 2006). Furthermore, the spatiotemporal patterns of α-diversity are not always consistent with those recorded for β-diversity, e. g. a local increase and a global decrease (Sax and Gaines 2003). Therefore, studies limited only to the local scale are likely to miss the relevant spatial scale of biodiversity and thus may lead to biased conclusions (Socolar et al. 2016; Roden et al. 2018). There have only been a few studies addressing β-diversity patterns in wild bees along the gradients of anthropogenic habitat disturbance (Quintero et al. 2010; Hendrickx et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how urban areas can lead to biotic homogenisation, which indicates a negative impact on local ecosystems. It explains that while urban farms may support local biodiversity, particularly in terms of local species' richness (α-diversity), they can still contribute to a loss of overall biodiversity because of reduced variations among communities (β-diversity). This suggests that urban environments can have detrimental effects despite their potential for certain species, which counters the assertion that urban farms have no negative impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The AX-CPT paradigm follows a cue-probe trial structure, in which cue stimuli set a context that is needed for appropriate response selection to the subsequent probe. and Neutral conditions were identical in all respects except for the category of stimuli used as probes. Cue stimuli in the task were the words ‘SMILE’ and ‘FROWN’. For probes, the Emotion condition used IAPS pictures as probes and the Neutral condition used alphanumeric symbols (i. e. , letters served as target probes, and digits served as nontarget probes). New pictures/symbols were used as probes on each trial, except for a pre-specified neutral picture/punctuation mark on no-go trials (described below). Across participants the particular cue-probe combination that comprised the “AX” target trial type was counter-balanced. Thus, for approximately half of the participants (11/24) the AX target was ‘SMILE’/positive picture (“SMILE”/letter in Neutral) requiring a smile response (facial expression) and the other half (13/24) the AX target was ‘FROWN/negative picture (“FROWN”/letter in Neutral) requiring a frown response. However, on nontarget trials (), the opposite facial expression was required. All other details of the task paradigms described below were identical for the Emotion and Neutral conditions, and for both participant groups. Trials were presented in pseudorandom sequence, with target (AX) trials occurring at a 7∶1 frequency compared to all non-target task trials, leading to a total of 84 AX trials, 12 AY trials (target cue, non-target probe), 12 BX trials (non-target cue, target probe), 12 BY trials (non-target cue, non-target probe). Although the absolute numbers of high conflict (BX and AY) trials is somewhat low, our prior results suggest that this number was sufficient to robustly detect significant interference effects. In addition to primary task trials, no-go trials were also included to ensure that participants responded on the basis of the cue-probe combination and not solely and prematurely to the cue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes an experimental design related to the AX-CPT paradigm and does not address the concept of understanding behaviors through neural circuitry. The focus is on task trials and stimuli rather than any discussion on the neural basis of behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: al did not find increased rates of emergency readmissions or required in-person visits for patients who had virtual postoperative visits. 22 Additionally, there were no differences in 30-day, 90-day morbidity, and 90-day mortality between patients seen via telemedicine and those seen in-person. 22 Results from seminal clinical trials form the backbone of guidelines and treatment recommendations, but the percentage of cancer patients who enroll in clinical trials is estimated to be about 5%. 23, 24 Added to this overall low enrollment rate is that only 8%, 11%, and 6% of clinical trial participants are African American/Black, Latino/Hispanic, or Asian, respectively. 25 In a survey conducted by the Association of only 25% of rural oncology practices offered phase 1 trials, compared with 67% of practices located in urban areas. 26 Barriers to clinical trials participation are multifactorial, but telemedicine can be leveraged to mitigate some of the spatial barriers faced by patients from racial minority groups, low socioeconomic backgrounds, and rural locations. In addition to stringent inclusion/exclusion criteria, most trials are centralized and require patients to present at designated locations for routine labs, physical exams, and other assessments. This increases the burden of travel with accompanying issues such as increased patient anxiety, inconvenience, missed work, and additional financial burden even if insurance covers the cost of trial participation. In a mixed-methods study of 14 National Multi-site Groups in Australia in which clinicians, nurses, allied health professionals, trial executives, and coordinators participated, a hybrid model of telehealth and in-person visits was viewed most favorably. 27 Participants reported that telehealth tools such as wearables, remote patient monitoring, video conferencing, and telephone calls could enhance the reach of clinical trials, improve efficiency, and advance equity. 27 For access to quality health care, affordability cannot be overlooked. Nearly 10% of adults in the do not have health insurance. 28 Even for those with health insurance, financial toxicity arising from the cost of cancer care is significant. Studies have reported that cancer patients have increased likelihood of experiencing home foreclosures, filing for bankruptcy, or undergoing repossessions compared to non-cancer patients. 29, 30 Minimizing travel or eliminating it, when possible, by using telehealth can lead to cost savings for patients and healthcare systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine can mitigate spatial barriers faced by patients from rural locations. It notes that a significant percentage of rural oncology practices do not offer clinical trials, implying limited access to healthcare resources, while telehealth can help overcome these challenges. Additionally, it mentions that telehealth tools can enhance the reach of clinical trials and advance equity, directly supporting the assertion that telehealth improves access to healthcare for rural populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2007; Tylianakis et al. 2005; Verboven et al. 2014; Hung et al. 2017). To the best of our knowledge, there have been no studies on β-diversity of bees in the urbanisation gradient. In this study, we compared wild bee species composition and diversity patterns in urban, suburban and rural areas in West Poland. We conducted a three-year study on bee community composition, abundance and diversity patterns in order to determine the importance of urban areas for sustaining bee diversity. The local α-diversity of bee assemblages and local bee abundance in the three city classes of urbanization was compared. As local diversity is usually affected by the local availability of preferred habitats (Kearns and Oliveras 2009), we therefore also expected to find high bee diversity at sites in the city. Secondly, the local species diversity was upscaled to investigate β- and γ-diversity patterns. Different ecological mechanisms might affect local and regional diversities (Socolar et al. 2016). Therefore, we hypothesised that regional patterns may be substantially different from local ones. Finally, we performed nestedness analysis and checked whether bee samples from the three city classes of urbanization are randomly distributed in the maximally packed matrix. Materials and methodsStudy area and sampling designThe research was conducted in Poznań (52° 25′ N, 16° 58′ E), a city with 560,000 residents, located in western Poland. Sampling sites were located in green areas along an urbanisation gradient covering three levels of urbanization: urban, suburban and rural. The plots were divided on the basis of the distance from the city center and the characteristics of the plots. The sites were located in green areas which were typical of each class of urbanization. In the urban areas, these were parks surrounded by concentrated settlements of tenement houses and green areas of sparse housing estates. In the suburban areas, these were backyard gardens in districts with detached houses and suburban parks, whereas in the rural areas these were meadows and forests. Detailed data on the research sites’ characteristics and their distribution can be found in Table 1, in Fig. 1 and in 1. In order to describe the degree of area modification resulting from human activity, the area with man-made structures (buildings, streets, parking lots etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study that investigates the effects of urbanization on bee diversity across different urbanization gradients. By examining how local bee diversity is affected by urban areas, the text suggests that urban environments may not be as beneficial for bee diversity as implied in the claim. The mention of studying local α-diversity and how various ecological mechanisms can affect species diversity indicates that urban farms could negatively impact local ecosystems, thus contrasting the claim that they have no negative impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: No-go trials were indicated by a pre-specified neutral picture in Emotion (punctuation mark in Neutral), to which no response was to be made (24 no-go trials total; occurring both after target and non-target cues). Participants performed four scanning runs each of the Emotion and Neutral conditions of the AX-CPT (eight runs in total). Within each run, task blocks (three per run; 135 seconds each) alternated with short fixation blocks (four per run; 30 seconds each). Each scanning run began with 10 seconds of rest (later discarded) to allow the scanner to reach steady state; total run duration was ∼9 minutes. Each of the three task blocks within a scanning run consisted of 12 trials; thus participants performed eight runs of 36 AX-CPT trials each for 288 trials in total (144 Emotion, 144 Neutral). AX-CPT trials consisted of cue-probe pairs shown in sequence. Trial structure (Figure 1) was as follows: cue (750 ms), inter-stimulus-interval (ISI; 3250 ms), probe (2500 ms), and minimum inter-trial-interval (ITI) of 1000 ms (for a minimum total trial length of 7. 5 seconds). ITIs included additional jittering to facilitate event-related response estimation, in increments of 2500 ms (no jitter, 2500 ms, 5000 ms, or 7500 ms). 72 trials were presented at each of the four ITI lengths. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Trial structure with timing. (A) Example of the target (AX) cue-probe-response for the smile-AX condition of the Emotion AX-CPT; (B) Example of BX (non-target cue, target probe) and (C) AY (target cue, non-target probe) conflict trials for smile-AX condition of the task. fand functional imaging data was collected on a 3whole-body scanner at of Radiology at School of Medicine. High-resolution anatomical images were acquired for each participant using a sagittal T1-weighted MP-RAGE sequence (TE = 3. 16 ms, TR = 2400 ms, flip angle = 8° 176 slices, 1×1×1 mm voxels). Anatomical images were aligned with each individual's functional images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a specific experimental setup for cognitive testing regarding emotional responses and does not address or provide evidence concerning the claim that all behaviors can solely be understood through neural circuitry. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Studies have shown that synchronous telemedicine or the use of remote symptom monitoring in a cohort of patients undergoing various oncologic surgeries was associated with reduction in potentially avoidable urgent care visits. 19, 21 Also, for patients who must travel longer distances for care, the cost of temporary housing, fuel for cars, and food add to the burdens of healthcare access. 31 Telehealth may decrease days missed from work for both patients and family members or friends that they must rely on as travel companions or drivers. In an economic evaluation analysis of the indirect cost savings (from lost productivity and travel to and from appointments) afforded by telehealth visits for patients treated at an NCI-designated cancer center in Florida, there were substantial savings in roundtrip miles traveled, roundtrip hours traveled, and cost. 32 In this analysis of 11,688 patients with cancer, the estimated mean total cost savings from telehealth visits ranged from $147. 4 at $0. 56/mile to $186. 1 at $0. 82/mile. 32 The final aspatial domain of healthcare access is acceptability which is defined as “the relationship of clients' attitudes about personal and practice characteristics of providers to the actual characteristics of existing providers as well as to provider attitudes about acceptable personal characteristics of clients. ”1 Patients may determine acceptability based on location of healthcare facility, perception of cleanliness of facility, perception of staff friendliness, quality of food in cafeteria, and so forth, while clinicians may view patient acceptability factors to include timeliness to appointment, demeanor, and interactions with staff, and so forth. In semi-structured interviews of medical oncology patients treated at a single institution, positive factors that enhanced acceptability of telehealth visits included elimination of travel, reduction in anxiety, and longer visit with clinicians. 33 In their RCT of prostatectomy patients, Viers et. al did not find any differences in perception of trust, visit confidentiality, efficiency, quality of patient education, or overall encounter satisfaction between telehealth visits and in-person visits. 19 Another survey study of cancer patients from Australia of 124 respondents found that 93% of patients were satisfied with their telehealth experience, and the majority felt that the quality of their telehealth experience was equivalent to in-person visits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting various benefits of telehealth, including the reduction of travel burdens, decreased costs related to travel, and increased patient satisfaction with telehealth visits. It mentions that telehealth can help patients avoid unnecessary urgent care visits and reduce days missed from work. The economic evaluation indicates substantial savings for patients concerning travel, which directly supports the notion that telehealth can improve access to healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: ), percentage of green spaces cover, percentage of tree cover and the distance to the city centre was calculated at each research site based on satellite images. We intend to quantify habitat composition in a 500-metre. The area of these buffers is connected with the predicted foraging range of wild bee species. A close neighbourhood of nesting and foraging resources within few hundred meters is crucial to maintain populations of bees (Zurbuchen et al. 2010). Maximum bee foraging distances at the species level might be longer (1100–1400 m) but such long distances concern only single females (Zurbuchen et al. 2010). All the transects were located at least 1. 5 km apart to avoid spatial autocorrelation. On the basis of the percentage of built up areas within a 500 m radius from the sites, percentage of tree cover within 500 m radius, percentage of green areas cover (including tree cover) within 500 m radius and distance from the city centre six sampling sites were designated in each class of urbanization (3 class of urbanization × 6 research sites within each class = 18 sampling sites). Fig. 1Distribution of the studied sites: urban, suburban and rural in western PolandFull size image Table 1 Characteristics of sampling sitesFull size table Bee samplingFor three years (2014–2016) bees were collected at all 18 sampling sites along transects. Each transect was 200 m long and 1 m wide. The sample collection lasted about 60 min (Banaszak 1980). During a passage, all bees were collected by means of an entomological net. Most bumblebees and other species that were easy to distinguish were identified alive during the field visits, but the specimens which could not be identified in the field were collected for species identification in a laboratory. The subgenus Bombus sensu stricto includes four species in Poland (Bombus terrestris, B. lucorum, B. cryptarum and B. magnus). Their classification is particularly complicated (Bertsch et al. 2004). As it was difficult to identify these species in the field, especially workers, they were classified as Bombus s. str. Each site was visited 6–10 times (on average 8 times - the differences resulted from weather issues) each year, every 7–10 days from March to September. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the importance of habitat composition and the foraging ranges of bee species, indicating that urbanization and built-up areas can impact local wildlife. The focus on the spatial distribution of sampling sites based on urbanization suggests that urban environments may indeed have negative effects on local ecosystems, particularly for pollinators like bees, thus contrasting with the claim that urban farms have no negative impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: To facilitate registration of the T1 and functional scans, a T2-weighted image was also acquired in the same space as the functional scans [TE = 96 ms, TR = 5000 ms, 189×256 acquisition matrix, 48 slices, 1. 02×1×3 mm voxels]. The functional images were collected in eight 210TR (∼9 minutes) runs using an asymmetric spin-echo echo-planar sequence sensitive to blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast (T2*) [TE = 27 ms, TR = 2500 ms, flip angle = 90°, FOV = 256 mm, skip = 0 mm, 36 slices, 4×4×4 mm voxels]. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime () on a Dell PC. As described in the section, participants responded to each trial using emotional facial expressions. A custom-built mirror apparatus positioned over the head coil served both to reflect the projected image of the task screen towards the participant and to reflect the view of the participant's face such that it could be recorded using a videocamera positioned at the head end of the bore. Video recording served to ensure participant compliance in the task and was visually inspected to verify that such compliance was occurring. However, due to technical difficulties and poor video quality, this video was not quantitatively evaluated for measures of behavioural performance. A fiber-optic button box interfaced with E-Prime facilitated communication with the participant. ffMRI data were analyzed with in-house software. Data analysis was conducted with a general linear model (GLM), including nuisance regressors for linear trends within runs and baseline shifts between runs. Additionally, the GLM contained task-related regressors for block and event-related activity. Block-related activity related to each task condition (Emotion and Neutral) were modeled as boxcar functions, but because examining sustained activity did not permit the examination of conflict effects in the data, these functions were also treated as regressors of no interest. Our experimental design follows the specifications of Visscher et al. [30] in permitting the dissociation of block and event-related fMRI activity (using alternating blocks of task and rest, as well as jittered trials within each task block); using event-related regressors that are estimated (using delta or FIR functions) rather than assumed via a model of the hemodynamic response function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of fMRI data collection and analysis, focusing on experimental design and participant compliance without addressing the notion of understanding behavior solely via neural circuitry.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: 31 Similarly, survey results of patients with gynecologic malignancies in Australia showed high patient satisfaction with the following emerging as core themes: emotions, relationship building, communication, and acceptability. 34 As healthcare systems, patients, and the broader world look for ways to mitigate the threat of climate change, telehealth can help reduce our carbon footprints by minimizing the frequency of travel for care. In a study of vascular surgery patients from the United Kingdom, telehealth reduced the carbon footprint of each patient by 41. 2 (24. 5–80. 3) kgCO2e. 35 In a cohort study of 123 890 cancer patients in the that compared in-person-preferred cancer care model with telemedicine-preferred model, there was an 81% relative reduction in CO2 equivalent emissions during the COVID-19 pandemic. 36 These positive effects of telehealth on the environment is ultimately an enhancement to healthcare access. Table 1 shows examples of how telehealth can be used to mitigate healthcare access barriers in surgical oncology. Table 1. Dimensions of healthcare access, associated barriers and examples of telehealth uses to mitigate. Examples of barriers in domain Examples of telehealth mitigation of barriers of services - distance and travel time -Secure video technology for synchronous consultation; Asynchronous provision of curated patient education/decision-making materials of oncology workforce: Supply of (sub)specialists of operation; Ease of getting an appointment; Ability to reach out to clinical team with concerns -Asynchronous use of “store-and-forward” technology; -Video and teleconference visits; Remote patient monitoring of insurance: Financial toxicity: Indirect costs of lost wages, travel costs, remote housing to appointment; Staff interactions/demeanor; Health care facility location, cleanliness, and so forth. 2. 1 Barriers to telehealth implementation and utilization Although telehealth offers many genuine advantages that may improve health access and ultimately outcomes, there are formidable barriers to implementation and optimal utilization as shown in Table 2. The barriers to optimal telehealth access are disproportionately borne by populations that have traditionally experienced health disparities: racial and ethnic minorities, rural patients, elderly patients, patients with disabilities, and those with low socioeconomic status (SES). Several studies have reported lower rates of telehealth utilization among older patients, rural patients, racial/ethnic minorities, and those of low SES. 37-40 Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the potential of telehealth to mitigate barriers to healthcare access, particularly for rural populations. It mentions that telehealth can address issues such as distance and travel time, which are significant barriers for rural patients. Additionally, it indicates that telehealth can enhance healthcare access despite existing disparities, including those experienced by rural patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We calculated the mean rank of the samples in a maximally packed matrix collected from the three city areas (urban, suburban, rural): nestedness means that species-poor sites (i. e. those with a high rank in the nested matrix) are subsets of species-rich sites (those with a low rank). We compared the rank of samples in the maximally packed matrix with the Kruskal-Wallis test. ResultsCommunity composition and similarityIn total 6,839 individuals of 176 species were recorded (2). The collection represented six families: Colletidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae, Melittidae, Megachilidae and Apidae. The most common species were: Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) (17% of total number of observed specimens), Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763) (13. 3%), Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (8. 6%), Bombus s. str. (7. 9%), Dasypoda hirtipes (Fabricius, 1793)(4. 4%), Andrena haemorrhoa (Fabricius, 1781) (3. 4%), Anthophora plumipes (Pallas, 1772) (3. 4%), and Evylaeus calceatus (Scopoli, 1763) (2. 2%). Apart from common species, 24 species (13. 6% of the total number of species recorded) that are on the of in Poland were also recorded (Banaszak 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical data from a study concerning species composition in urban environments. The mention of 6,839 individuals of 176 species suggests that biodiversity exists within urban areas, indicating that urban farms may influence or interact with local ecosystems in complex ways. The presence of species on conservation lists highlights potential negative implications, suggesting that urban farms could impact local ecosystems negatively by affecting species richness and abundance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: With this estimation approach, multicollinearity between the sustained and event-related regressors has been shown not to be a major concern. The primary task-related analysis focused on event-related activity as a function of trial type and task condition. Event-related estimates were created for each trial type within task conditions (no-go within Emotion and Neutral task versions). Given the complex trial structure, event-related effects were analyzed without reference to a fixed hemodynamic response function, using a delta-function estimation approach. Thus, within a 25-second response epoch following trial onset, independent values were estimated for each of 10 timepoints (corresponding to the 10 TR frames). The estimates from the individual subject GLMs were analyzed using appropriately designed analyses of variance (ANOVAs) that treated participants as a random factor. Regions of interest identification. We examined event-related brain activity in analyses within a priori defined regions of interest (ROIs). Analyses were conducted within two ‘networks’ of interest (selected not on the basis of functional connectivity but as coherent sets of regions observed in prior literature to be functionally related to cognitive control and reward processing). The first analysis examined activity within regions associated with cognitive control and working memory (established using meta-analyses; primarily including dorsal medial and lateral prefrontal and parietal regions [8], [9]. The ROI mask for the cognitive control network (CCN) was created by using anatomical coordinates identified by the aforementioned meta-analyses as seed points with 10 mm radius spheres drawn around them. The second analysis examined activity within anatomical regions associated with emotion and reward processing (hereafter EMO network) including the amygdala, portions of the basal ganglia (putamen, caudate, substantia nigra and nucleus accumbens), anterior insula, medial orbitofrontal cortex, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, with regions drawn according to anatomical criteria identified using the Talaraich atlas [31], and previous studies [32], [33], [34], [35], [36], [37], [38], [39], [40]. A separate region of interest included the rostral ACC, defined anatomically, which was near to, but not overlapping the ventromedial [41]. For coordinates for ROIs in both networks, please refer to Table S1 and Table S2. The exact masks for both networks are available from the authors by request. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the understanding of behaviors solely through neural circuitry. Instead, it focuses on analysis methods related to event-related brain activity and specific regions of interest in cognitive control and reward processing. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: Extrinsic barriers to surgeons' adoption of telehealth include medical licensing, reimbursement, and inability to perform certain physical exams. Most physicians are licensed in the state in which their practice is physically located. In the United States, medical licenses are issued state by state, and, therefore, physicians seeking to practice in multiple states via telehealth must obtain medical licenses for each state. The administrative burden and financial cost of licensing process can deter physicians from offering telehealth services to patients. It is also critical that physicians are adequately reimbursed for services rendered via telehealth. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Centers for Medicare and (CMS) allowed Medicare reimbursements for telemedicine via video at par with in-person visits, but there is concern as to how long this payment parity will continue in the post-pandemic era. 47 Also, the limitation of reimbursement for telemedicine to video alone presents a significant barrier to broad access for situations where audio may be the only available modality. Finally, without the physical presence of a patient, physical exam is substituted by visual inspection which may be inadequate. 3 improve healthcare access through telehealth, concerted efforts involving individuals, institutions, and government are necessary. Federal and state government investments in improving broadband internet and 5G network access is critical in this endeavor. In 2018, the Commission (FCC) launched the “Fund” to expand broadband internet access to over 700 000 homes and businesses in rural areas. 48 This program has allocated $1. 488 billion to be distributed over 10 years to expand broadband access in areas that otherwise would not have them. The $9 billion “5G Fund for Rural America” was also established in 2020 by the FCC to expand 5G wireless network service to rural areas. 49 These endeavors will help patients living in rural communities to access telehealth services. Homelessness and housing insecurity have significant negative effects on health outcomes. 50 To mitigate some of the challenges to telehealth access in this population, establishing “telehealth access points” within well-established business locations, such as grocery stores, gas stations, shopping malls, or banks may be reasonable. These safe locations would offer the privacy and digital tools needed to access telehealth services for those who may not have homes or lack the privacy in their dwellings. Investments in cyber security by governments and institutions are crucial to battle the rising threat to digital health by cyber criminals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing initiatives aimed at improving access to telehealth services specifically for rural communities. It mentions the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) launching funds to expand broadband internet access and 5G network access, which are critical for enabling telehealth services in rural areas. By highlighting these efforts, the text supports the notion that telehealth can improve healthcare access for these populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: They are classified as vulnerable (VU) – 8 species: Hylaeus rinki (Gorski, 1852), Andrena falsifica Perkins, 1915, Andrena florea Fabricius, 1793, Andrena limata Smith, 1853, Anthocopa papaveris (Latreille, 1799), Proanthidium oblongatum Latreille, 1809, Bombus jonellus (Kirby, 1802), Bombus veteranus (Fabricius, 1793), data deficient (DD) – 13 species: Colletes similis Schenck, 1853, Hylaeus bisinuatus Förster, 1871, Hylaeus cornutus Curtis, 1831, Hylaeus gracilicornis (Morawitz, 1867), Hylaeus gredleri Főrster, 1871, Hylaeus pictipes Nylander, 1852, Hylaeus signatus (Panzer, 1798), Andrena bimaculata (Kirby, 1802), Dufourea minuta Lepeletier, 1845, Evylaeus brevicornis (Schenck, 1863), Seladonia semitecta (Morawitz, 1874), Coelioxys alata (Förster, 1853), Nomada bifasciata Olivier, 1811, least concern (LC) – 3 species: Megachile nigriventris Schenck, 1868, Nomada moeschleri Alfken, 1913, Nomada zonata Panzer, 1798. Many species were observed in all the three classes of urbanization, but there were 38 species found only in the rural area, 20 species found only in the suburban area, and 12 species found only in the urban area. There were 10 species from the of in Poland in the rural area (Banaszak 2002), 15 in the suburban area, and 10 in the urban area. Local species diversity (α-diversity) and abundanceThe average species diversity per sample, i. e. α-diversity, did not differ significantly between the city classes of urbanization (GLM, p > 0. 25 in all cases). The average number of individuals per sample, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that certain species were found exclusively in urban, suburban, or rural areas. Specifically, there were 38 species found only in rural areas, 20 in suburban areas, and 12 in urban areas. This suggests that urban environments may lack certain species that are present in less urbanized areas, indicating a potential negative impact of urbanization, including urban farms, on local species diversity and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Significant activity within each network mask was corrected for multiple comparisons using a cluster size criterion based on simulations [42], [43], via the AlphaSim software within AFNI [44]. To assure a multiple comparisons corrected p<. 05 criteria, significant regions were identified based on a per-voxel minimum z>2. 32 and minimum cluster size of 37 voxels within the CCN mask (or 30 voxels within the EMO mask). Within each mask, we were interested in identifying regions demonstrating general sensitivity to conflict (e. g. , across both the emotional and non-emotional tasks) and then examining whether brain activity within these conflict-associated regions differed as a function of emotional task content. Thus, the first stage analysis consisted of the following voxelwise contrast: high conflict trials (AY + BX collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4–7) > low conflict trials (AX + BY collapsed, averaged across timepoints 4–7). This analysis further collapsed across the Emotion and Neutral conditions, in order to enable unbiased identification of regions. Timepoints 4–7 were selected to capture probe-related activity, which is necessary for the elicitation of conflict in the AX-CPT paradigm. In the second stage of analysis, we conducted ROI-based ANOVAs on significant regions identified as sensitive to conflict in the first-stage analysis. Two different kinds of region-wise analyses were carried out. In the first ANOVA, we examined which, if any, of these conflict-defined regions showed independent differences in brain activity as a function of task condition, i. e. , Emotion vs. Neutral, and time (the ANOVA included all 10 timepoints). This analysis enabled a direct test of whether conflict-related regions showed increased responsivity under emotion conditions. In the second ANOVA, we only included the high-conflict trials AY and BX, to examine whether task condition effects were still exhibited selectively during conflict. Additionally, by including trial-type as a factor, we tested whether condition effects differed by the type of conflict elicited (AY = cue-based; BX = probe-based; again, timepoint was also included as a factor in the ANOVA). In addition to analyses within these networks of interest, we conducted more focused analyses within the rostral ACC and amygdala ROIs, as these regions have been specifically implicated in emotional conflict processing [16], [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on neural analysis methods and conflict sensitivity in brain regions, without addressing the overarching question of whether all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. It discusses specific analyses related to conflict processing, but does not make a claim about the sufficiency of neural circuitry to explain all behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: It is also important to educate patients and healthcare employees about practices to safeguard data on the world wide web. Additionally, pursuing innovative technologies that can withstand or evade cyber security threats will be helpful. It is hoped that telehealth experiences will be greatly enhanced in the future as tremendous advances are made in developing the metaverse and integrating it into digital health tools. Defined as “a persistent virtual environment that allows access to and interoperability of multiple individual virtual realities,”51 the metaverse would allow digital twinning where the surgeon could superimpose CT scans or MRIs on the digital twin of patient to educate them about the location of their tumor, discuss planned surgery, and perhaps simulate potential outcomes. The limitations of physical examination with current telehealth technology may be overcome with sensory teleportation. 52 Great leaps have been made in artificial intelligence (AI) over the last decade with exciting innovations in generative AI across many disciplines. As AI increasingly becomes readily available through incorporation into routine digital tools such as laptops and cell phones, it is anticipated that it would be leveraged to improve healthcare and healthcare access. For example, AI may facilitate easy language translation in both synchronous and asynchronous telehealth encounters. Well-trained and validated models may be used to enhance health literacy, help patients navigate telehealth services, and facilitate remote patient monitoring and data collection as part of telehealth. While physicians are required to be licensed in each state, the has streamlined the process for physicians to obtain licensing in multiple states and currently includes 37 states, the District of Columbia, and the Territory of Guam. 53, 54 Policies that promote medical license reciprocity among all states would help improve patients' access to telehealth. Finally, the CMS authorized payment parity for telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. 47 This authorization ensures that physicians are reimbursed at the same rate as in-person visits, and this protection has been extended through end of December 31, 2024. Reimbursing physicians adequately for services rendered via telehealth will ensure that they continue to offer this option to patients when appropriate. 4 has the potential to mitigate health care disparities and improve outcomes in surgical oncology through enhanced health access. A thoughtful, multifaceted approach is needed to enable us to harness the full potential of this mode of healthcare delivery. sharing not applicable-no new data generated. Data sharing is not applicable to this 140. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of telehealth that could improve access to healthcare, particularly for rural populations. It mentions how policies that promote medical license reciprocity would improve patient access to telehealth and highlights the potential of AI to enhance health literacy and facilitate remote patient monitoring, which can directly benefit rural patients. Furthermore, the extension of reimbursement for telehealth services also supports continued access for patients, thereby reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban farms have no negative impact on local ecosystems. [SEP] Text: the local abundance, also did not differ significantly between the city classes of urbanization (GLM, p > 0. 26) (Fig. 2). The highest number of species per sample was observed in the suburban area, followed by the urban area (in both areas it exceeded 20 species per sample). There was a similar pattern observed in the local abundance: there were more than 50 bee individuals observed in only one sample in the rural area, while in the suburban and urban areas there were 10 and 9 such samples, respectively. Fig. 2The average number of individuals and bee species per sample in the three classes of urbanization in Poznań, PolandFull size image Species turnover and regional diveristy (β- and γ-diversity)Rarefaction analysis partly contradicted the results recorded on the local scale, as there were clear differences in rarefied species diversity among the city classes of urbanization. The highest dissimilarity in species composition between the samples was observed in the rural area, whereas the lowest was found in the urban area. This resulted in the highest γ-diversity (cumulative number of species) in the rural area and the lowest in the urban area. The differences were significant (95% CI did not overlap) and relatively large: among 3,000 randomly selected individuals one may expect about 150 wild bee species in the rural area and only slightly more than 100 in the urban area (Fig. 3, left-hand panel). Sample-based rarefaction (cumulative species diversity recalculated per one transect visit) showed a similar pattern, although the difference between the rural and suburban areas was less noticeable (Fig. 3, right-hand panel). Fig. 3Rarefaction curves showing the expected number of bee species as a function of sampling effort (expressed as the number of individuals or samples) in the three classes of urbanization in Poznań, Poland. Solid curves show the empirical result, dashed curves show extrapolationFull size image NestednessThe bee community in the habitats studied was significantly nested, indicating that species-poor sites (sites with high rank) constituted subsets of species-rich sites (sites with low rank) and that this pattern was not random (Fig. 4). Samples collected in the urban area had a significantly higher nestedness rank compared to samples from the other two classes of urbanization (Kruskal-Wallis test, Chi = 19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of significant differences in biodiversity between urban, suburban, and rural areas. It states that local abundance and diversity of bee species were higher in rural areas compared to urban areas, suggesting a negative impact of urbanization on local ecosystems. Specific metrics indicated that the urban area exhibited lower species composition and abundance. Such findings imply that urban farms may indeed have a detrimental effect on local ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The amygdala was part of the general EMO mask, but the additional analyses focused exclusively on amygdala and rACC regions, and as such utilized a more liberal corrected threshold specific to the size of each ROI (i. e. , small-volume correction). Thus, for these analyses a reduced cluster-size criterion of 12 voxels for rostral ACC and 9 voxels for amygdala was employed (again with voxelwise minimum z>2. 32). In addition to the analyses described above, we also conducted a focused test with the rACC and amygdala ROIs to examine whether these regions show a selective response to conflict only under Emotion conditions. As such, a voxelwise contrast of high conflict (AY + BX, timepoints 4–7) > low conflict (AX + BY, timepoints 4–7) was conducted, but only using trials from the Emotion condition. described in Methods, participants performed the emotional AX-CPT with voluntary emotional facial expressions as the response modality. Facial expressions were monitored in the scanner using video recording and video footage was inspected following each participant to ensure compliance with the task, but poor video quality and technical difficulties rendered this video unusable for the purposes of evaluating behavioural performance. Previously published data from our laboratory [25] investigating the Emotion and Neutral versions of the AX-CPT used here found no significant main effects of task condition on performance (indexed by error rates and response onsets), suggesting that the overall difficulty of emotional and non-emotional versions of the task may be comparable. Additionally, that study indexed performance using facial electromyography (EMG), which enables a much more fine-grained behavioural analysis than video coding would have permitted in the present study. We discuss issues with the present study's behavioural data and present behaviour from our previous EMG study in Text S1 and Figure S1. We compared areas defined by task conflict (high > low conflict) within the CCN and EMO networks with and without discernable errors, and found relatively few differences. These results are shown in Table S3. Imaging Results: ROI described in the Methods section, event-related brain activity was examined within two ‘networks’ of interest: the cognitive control network (CCN) and the emotion/reward processing network (EMO). We also analyzed brain activity within more focused ROIs of the rostral ACC and bilateral amygdala. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific analyses of brain regions (amygdala and rACC) in relation to emotional tasks and conflict but does not specifically address the claim that all behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. Therefore, it does not provide a direct argument for or against the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many patients report high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. [SEP] Text: ReviewKodjebacheva1,2, PhD Taylor Culinski1,3 Bushra Kawser1, BDS Katelynn Coffer1 1Department of College of Health Sciences, University of Michigan-2International Institute, University of 3Department of Behavioral Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Michigan-:of College of Health SciencesUniversity of Michigan-Flint303 E. Kearsley St. Flint, MI, 48502United StatesPhone: 1 (810) 424 5373Email: gergana@umich. eduAbstractBackground: Telehealth refers to the use of technology to deliver health care remotely. -19 pandemic has prompted an increase in telehealth services. Objective: This study aimed to review satisfaction with pediatric care in studies that had at least one group of pediatric patients and their caregivers receiving telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic and at least one comparison group of those receiving nontelehealth services. Methods: We searched for peer-reviewed studies published in the English language that compared the satisfaction with pediatric care between pediatric patients and their caregivers receiving telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic and those receiving nontelehealth services. Owing to stay-at-home orders, studies with comparison groups for nontelehealth services that took place either before or during the pandemic were eligible. We searched the and PsycINFO databases on January 5, 2023. We followed the (Items for and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A total of 2 reviewers independently screened the titles and abstracts before reviewing the full text of the remaining 10. 2196/41554Keywordssatisfaction; pediatrics; telehealth; telemedicine; virtual care; caregivers; patients; children; COVID-19; coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2; technology use; caregiver; adolescent; youth; satisfaction survey; health outcome; review methodology; systematic review IntroductionBackgroundMany health care providers switched from using in-person to remote care for medical visits to adhere to federal, state, and local stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic. A 154% increase in the use of telehealth services occurred in March 2020 compared with March 2019 [1]. Telehealth is defined as “the remote provision of health care services through telecommunication technologies for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment” [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study that aims to review satisfaction with pediatric care among patients receiving telehealth services during the COVID-19 pandemic. It implies that the objective of the study is related to measuring satisfaction levels, which correlates with the claim about high satisfaction with telehealth consultations. Although the specific satisfaction levels are not detailed in the excerpt, the focus of the study addresses the claim directly.