Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1964, Periglacial slope development in the area of the in Northern Moravia, Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 14: 169–193. . , 2005, Vývoj reliéfu krajiny České republiky v kvartéru. Moravské zemské muzeum, Brno: 240. . ,. ,. , PANOŠ V. , RAUŠER J. , 1964, Verwitterungs- und Abtragungsformen des Granits in der Böhmischen Masse. Mitteilungen, 108: 182–192. . ,. , 1970, Pleistocene cryopediments in Czechoslovakia. Lodziensia, 24: 101–108. . ,. , 1972, Present-day cryogenic processes in the mountains of eastern Siberia. Geogr. Polonica, 23: 5–20. . G. ,. E. , SEPPÄLÄ M. ,. W. , LI Y. . , 2008, Age and weathering status of granite tors in (~68° N). Geomorphology, 94: 10–23. . , 1964a, Castle koppies and tors in the (Czechoslovakia). Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 14: 195–216. . , 1964b, Slope development in granite areas of (Czechoslovakia). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie NF, Supplement-Band, 5: 83–106. . , 1976, Peistocene continental glaciation and its effects on the relief of the northeastern part of the Bohemian Highlands. Scientiarum Torunensis, Sect. C, 4–6: 63–74. . -J. , 1969, Die geomorphologische Bedeutung der Granitverwitterung in der Oberlausitz. Mitteilungen, 113: 249–254. . J. , 1988, Rocks and Landforms. Unwin Hyman, London. HALL A. , 1986, Deep weathering patterns in north-east Scotland and their geomorphological significance. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 30: 407–422. HALL A. M. , MIGOŃ P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various academic references related to geographical and geomorphological studies but does not address the role of fossils as indicators of past environments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that fossils are infallible indicators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding owls and their ability to see in darkness due to magical abilities. It consists of a series of hymns and philosophical statements, with no direct mention or discussion of owls or their vision capabilities. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2010, The first stages of erosion by ice sheets: evidence from central Europe. Geomorphology, 123: 349–363. HALL A. . R. ,. W. ,. , 2012, Examples: – A Pre-glacial Landscape. Journal, 129, 1: 2-14. . , ROHRMÜLLER J. ,. , LOTH G. , PÜRNER T. , 2012, Hundert Meisterwerke. Die schönsten Geotope Bayerns. für Umwelt, Augsburg: 288. . H. , 1999, der Granitverwitterung und Abtragung im nordwestlichen Waldviertel. [in:] Steininger F. F. (eds), Erdgeschichte des Waldviertels (2nd ed. ), Waldviertler Heimatbund, Horn–Waidhofen/Thaya: 113–132. IVAN A. , 1983, Geomorfologické poměry Žulovské pahorkatiny. Zprávy GgÚ ČSAV, 20, 4: 49–69. JAHN A. , 1952, W sprawie wygładów lodowcowych w Sudetach. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 21/22: 360–366. JAHN A. , 1962, Geneza skałek granitowych. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 33: 19–40. JAHN A. , 1974, Granite tors in the Sudeten Mountains. [in:] Brown E. H. , Waters R. S. (eds), Progress in Geomorphology. Geographers, 7, London: 53–61. . ,. J. , MIGOŃ P. , 2017, Mechanisms of granite alteration into grus, Karkonosze granite, SW Poland. Catena, 150: 230–245. . , DUSZYŃSKI F. ,. ,. , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2016, (Central Sudetes, SW Poland) – a case of a collapsed mountain. Geological Quarterly, 60: 695–713. . ,. ,. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of references and citations related to geomorphology and geological studies, but it does not directly address the claim about fossils being infallible indicators of past environments. As such, it does not provide supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the accuracy of fossils in indicating past environments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2021, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of research and analysis related to family planning and demographic shifts without mentioning ancient civilizations or written records. The content does not provide any information that could corroborate, contrast, or address the claim directly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: It is noteworthy that the provided fipronil and imidacloprid concentrations in our study lie within the range detected in contaminated pollen and nectar stored inside hives [18], [20], [21], [48], [49]. Different impacts of fipronil and N. ceranae treatments on honeybee survival were observed in this study compared to previous surveys. Parasite infection had a more severe impact on honeybee survival compared to our previous study where the infection of newly emerged honeybees resulted in a mortality of 39% of individuals 22 days post infection (dpi) [39]. This higher impact was particularly evident in Exp. 2, where the mortality reached a maximum of 51% of honeybees at only 12 dpi (Fig. S2). Moreover, we observed a significant impact on honeybee survival in groups exposed to fipronil concentrations of 1. 3 μg/L (Exp. 1) or 2 μg/L (Exp. 2) (Fig. 1 and S2). Therefore the insecticide doses received by honeybees were not sublethal, in contrast to previous studies performed with a comparable chronic exposure to fipronil (1 μg/L) [38], [39]. No synergy between N. ceranae and fipronil treatments has been observed in the present work while they led to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality in previous studies [38], [39]. The absence of synergy could be linked to the already high impact of individual treatments, that could have prevented further potentialization, and all these effects could be due to life-history traits of the sampled honeybee colonies such as resources, other contaminants and pathogens that might have an impact on the honeybee lifespan. Indeed, a contamination by Varroa destructor virus sequences was detected in RNA-Seq data and two others viruses, the black queen cell virus and the deformed-wing virus, were also detected by RT-PCR in RNA samples extracted from Exp. 2 (data not shown). The presence of viruses in honeybees during experiments might be more common than thought as another study has also reported a RNA sample contamination by viruses [50]. Compared to fipronil, exposure to imidaloprid (2 μg/L) did not lead to a significant increase in individual mortality implying that doses absorbed by honeybees could be considered as sublethal (Fig. S2). The N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the interaction between fipronil, imidacloprid, and the parasite Nosema ceranae in relation to honeybee survival. It notes that while parasite infection had a significant impact on honeybee survival, it indicates that no synergistic effect was observed between N. ceranae and the insecticides in the study. This suggests that the effects of N. ceranae on honeybee health may not align with the overarching impacts being explored in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2017, UAV and SfM in detailed geomorphological mapping of granite tors: an example of Starościńskie Skały (Sudetes, SW Poland). Pure and Applied Geophysics. DOI: KING L. C. , 1958, Correspondence. The problem of tors. 124: 289–292. . , 2016a, canyon-like valley: Geomorphological landscape of deep valley at the eastern part of the marginal slope of Bohemian Massif. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 233–247. . , 2016b, Žd’árské Vrchy highland – Geomorphological landscape in the top part of the Bohemian-with the unique crystalline rock forms. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 221–231. KŘÍŽEK M. ,. ,. , 2010, Czy najwyższe partie Sudetów powyżej górnej granicy lasu są domeną peryglacjalną? Czasopismo Geograficzne, 81: 75–102. . ,. -J. , SIMON-. , 2001, Structural landforms in basement terrains. [in:] Godard A. , Lagasquie J. -J. , Lageat Y. (eds), Basement Regions. Springer, Heidelberg: 65–89. . , 1955, The problems of tors. Geographical Journal, 121: 470–487. . , 1967, Preliminary experimental studies on frost weathering of certain types of rocks from the West Sudetes. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 16: 147–194. . , 1969, Sudetic tors formed under periglacial conditions. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 19: 351–369. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding fossils being infallible indicators of past environments. It contains references to various geomorphological studies and geological structures but does not discuss fossils or their reliability as environmental indicators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations. It lists various scholarly works and authors related to ancient art and inscriptions but does not corroborate or contrast the specific claim about detailed written records.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: In insect midgut, a localized immune response can be implemented by the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are toxic to pathogens [59], [60]. As ROS can also have cytotoxic effects on host tissues, a balance between the generation and elimination of ROS must be maintained [60]. Antioxidant reactions involve enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases, catalases and glutathione-S-transferases, which are also involved in xenobiotic detoxification and particularly in pesticide metabolism. In our study, the expression of one of the honeybee catalase encoding genes (Gene ID 443552) was significantly reduced in the midgut 11 days following N. ceranae infection (Table 2). In contrast, in N. ceranae-infected honeybees at 7 dpi, Dussaubat et al. , (2012) [10] observed the overexpression of the same catalase encoding gene, as well as other genes encoding a glutathione peroxidase-like 2 and two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP/P450s). As the honeybee genome carries several homologs of these genes, the impact of N. ceranae infection on antioxidant and detoxification processes appears unclear although there seems to be a reorganization between transcripts. The measure of enzyme activities in N. ceranae-infected midguts suggested that such gene expression rearrangement would lead to a decrease in glutathione peroxidase and an increase in glutathione-S-transferase activities [10], [38]. In our study, neither insecticide nor parasite-insecticide treatments led to significant changes in the expression of genes related to detoxification. On the contrary, a significant overexpression of 9 genes encoding CYP/P450s was detected in honeybee larvae orally exposed to imidacloprid (2 μg/L) for 15 days [61]. In insects, CYP/P450s are involved in the resistance to insecticides [62]–[66]. Modifications of detoxifying activities were also observed in honeybees after an acute and topical exposure to sublethal doses of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam [67]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of N. ceranae infection on honeybees specifically in relation to antioxidant and detoxification processes. It notes that the expression of honeybee genes involved in detoxification is altered due to N. ceranae infection, indicating health implications. However, it also suggests that the overall impact of N. ceranae infection on these processes remains unclear and does not straightforwardly assert that it negatively affects honeybee health, thus providing a nuanced perspective that contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1979, Peryglacjalny charakter wierzchowiny Masywu Śnieżnika Kłodzkiego. Ziem Górskich, 20: 203–217. . , 1957, Granitverwitterung, Entstehung und Alter der Granitklippen. Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft Band, 109: 483–498. . , 2016. Bohemian Forest: landscape and people on the frontier. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 87–100. . , 2016, Skałki zieleńcowe grzbietu Okola w Górach Kaczawskich (Sudety Zachodnie). Chrońmy Przyrodę Ojczystą, 72: 206–218. . , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2015, Granite tors of Waldviertel (Lower Austria) as sites of geotourist interest. Geoturystyka/Geotourism, 40–41: 19–36. . ,. , RÓŻYCKA M. , MIGOŃ P. , 2016, Rzeźba granitowego skalnego miasta Starościńskich Skał w (Sudety Zachodnie). Landform Analysis, 31: 17–33. MIGOŃ P. , 1993. Kopułowe wzgórza granitowe w Kotlinie Jeleniogórskiej. Czasopismo Geograficzne, 64: 3–23. MIGOŃ P. , 1996, Granite landscapes of the – some problems of interpretation: a review. Proceedings of the Geologists’ Association, 107: 25–38. MIGOŃ P. , 1999, Residual weathering mantles and their bearing on long-term landscape evolution of the Sudetes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , Supplement-Band, 119: 71–90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to fossils or their reliability as indicators of past environments. It consists solely of citations of various geological studies and publications without addressing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants are the most intelligent species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Based on their unpalatability, the ants and bugs were predicted to be Müllerian mimics, while the spider was predicted to be a Batesian mimic. Unpalatability was re-estimated for these five species using ten individuals from each species. All attributes as measured previously were re-measured with the addition of a behavioural measure. The behavioural measure was the frequency of biting in the field following agitation with forceps. The addition of an extra measure adjusted the previous estimated unpalatability (uj) but the relative relationship of unpalatability between species remained the same. We used Eulamprus quoyii as our visually-oriented euryphagous vertebrate predator. At least 14 days prior to the experiment adult skinks were placed singly in a white container (70 × 50 × 40 cm) at constant temperature 26°C and L:D = 12:12 regime. They were fed regularly with three crickets (Acheta domestica) three times a week. The skinks were then starved five days prior to the predation trials. One day prior to the trial a layer of butter was applied to the sides of the white container to prevent arthropods from climbing the walls and escaping. At the start of a trial a lizard was left to settle down for a period of 5 min. A prey item was released into the container and the behaviour of the skink during the 5 min trial was recorded with a fixed video camera positioned above the container. Five minutes was deemed sufficient, as previous feeding trials with crickets have shown this species of lizard will attempt to capture prey within 1 min. If the potential prey survived it was removed, and the skink was left for 2 min to settle down. Another prey item was then released and so on until all five mimic prey types were used. As a non-mimic control, we used juveniles of the spider, Badumna insignis L. Koch, which was of a similar size to the other species but was not a mimic as it lacked golden colouration. At the end a cricket was released as a positive control. Results of trials were used in the analysis only if the cricket was captured. The prey was offered to skinks using a constrained randomisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on the behavior and mimicry of various species, including ants and skinks, without making any reference to intelligence or comparing the intelligence of ants with that of other species. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Semantic memory is crucial for understanding meanings of words. [SEP] Text: Meaning relatedness therefore influenced not only the likelihood of successful access to learned representations, but also the quality or amount of detail of the semantic representation that was accessed. In contrast to this clear effect of meaning relatedness on the explicit memory test, the lexical decision task showed a different picture. Participants were faster (and marginally more accurate) to respond to words that they had seen during training, as compared to words that they had not seen during training, but this overall effect of training may merely have reflected priming of the word form. In contrast to this strong main effect of training, there was no difference between their responses to the words that they encountered during training with either a related or an unrelated meaning. This absence of a relatedness effects suggests that while participants had learned the new meanings well enough to recall in the context of an explicit memory test, this information had not become sufficiently well integrated into their lexicons that it could significantly interfere with their recognition in an online, speeded recognition task. Alternatively, it may be that meaning relatedness has only a limited impact on lexical decision responses. In the absence of sufficient learning of novel unrelated meanings, we cannot distinguish these two possibilities, so in the next experiment we sought to increase the efficacy of meaning training. Experiment 31 and 2, the training procedure consisted of reading the paragraphs and making undemanding ratings. In both experiments, participants’ ability to learn the unrelated meanings was relatively poor, and Experiment 2 showed no evidence that these meanings could influence online comprehension. 3, we used a modified training regime that consisted of four separate worksheets that were performed separately on four consecutive days. These tasks were selected on the basis of the guidelines set out by Beck, McKeown, and Kucan (2002) and were intended to produce robust learning of the new meanings. Two of the tasks (Worksheets 1 and 3) focused explicitly on the learning of the arbitrary mapping between word form and meaning. The other two worksheets encouraged learners to deepen their semantic engagement with these new meanings (Worksheets 2 and 4). MethodParticipantsThe 16 participants (two female, 14 male; 18–23 years of age) were members of the. Fifteen were undergraduate psychology students who participated as part of their course requirement, and the final participant (a nonpsychology undergraduate at UCL) was not remunerated. All were monolingual native English speakers with normal or corrected-to-normal vision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while participants were able to recall new meanings in an explicit memory test, this information had not become sufficiently integrated into their lexicons to affect their recognition in a speeded recognition task. The statement suggests doubts about the effectiveness of semantic memory in understanding and processing new meanings of words, emphasizing limitations in participants' ability to integrate these meanings into their semantic memory during various tests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: MIGOŃ P. , 2006, of the World. Press, Oxford. MIGOŃ P. , 2011, Geomorphic diversity of the Sudetes – Effects of global change and structure superimposed. Geographia Polonica, 84, Part 2: 93–105. MIGOŃ, P. , 2013, Weathering mantles and long-term landform evolution. [in:] Shroder J. F. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. : 127–144. MIGOŃ P. , 2016, Jizerské hory – an interplay of rock control, faulting and inland glaciation in the evolution of a granite terrain. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 165–175. MIGOŃ P. ,. , 2007, Rzeźba granitowa Königshainer Berge (Górne Łużyce). Przyroda Sudetów, 10: 205–228. MIGOŃ P. ,. , 2007, Rock control and geomorphology of a rocky sandstone scarp,. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. 51, Supplement-Band, 1: 41–55. MIGOŃ P. ,. F. , 2002, Grus weathering mantles – problems of interpretation. Catena, 49: 5–24. MIGOŃ P. ,. ,. , 2002, Peryglacjalna rzeźba wzgórz bazaltowych Pogórza Kaczawskiego (Sudety Zachodnie) i jej znaczenie dla paleogeografii plejstocenu. Przegląd Geograficzny, 74: 491–508. MIGOŃ P. , RÓŻYCKA M. ,. , 2018, Conservation and geotourism perspectives at granite geoheritage Sites of Waldviertel, Austria. Geoheritage, 10, 1: 11–21. . ,. ,. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not mention fossils or discuss their reliability as indicators of past environments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: : April 15, 2022 “Speak” to Authors and reviewers is a director of research in the Department of and Biotechnology at the Commission of Syria, Damascus. His research focuses on how plants can remove toxic compounds from the environment. He is a member of the for the Biology Olympiad. *ashanano@aec. org. sy is professor of science education at Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland. She is also a published author of children’s fiction and is a leading international expert on primary and early secondary school science. Denis J. J. Murphy is professor of biotechnology at the University of South Wales, UK. His research areas include the application of genomics and cell biology to study plant development. He is also passionate about making modern science more accessible to the public. Age: 14 My name is Dario. I live in a small village in Austria. It is full of nature so in my freetime I like to go out with my dogs or climb trees. My parents are both biologist so I got into biology pretty early. Age: 16 My name is Marlene and my interest are science (especially physics) and art. I also love cycling and hiking with friends. for I hope to discover new interesting fields of research. Age: 15 Hi, my name is Vici and I am very interested in science more specific in microbiology, the anatomy of the human body and astronomics. In my freetime I am reading a lot about space or try to think about new theories. I also love to cook food and of course eat it because food is good. we think about plants, we do not normally imagine them “speaking” to each other. But they do communicate—in many different ways. More than a century ago, the eminent biologist suggested that plants have a brain-like structure at their root tips! In this case, Darwin’s root-brain hypothesis was wrong, but more modern research shows that plants can communicate. They speak with other plants as well as with animals and even people. They do this primarily using chemicals and sound. communication between living things requires the exchange of information (signals) between partners. We know that animals constantly communicate with each other as they move around their habitats. Think of birds singing or lions roaring. In contrast, plants are often regarded as unmoving organisms that are incapable of such communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that plants do communicate using various methods, primarily through chemicals and sound. It mentions that plants can communicate with other plants, as well as with animals and even people, thus supporting the idea that they have a form of interaction, which is consistent with the claim regarding communication through a network.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Phonetic variations can influence language comprehension. [SEP] Text: This is important because previous work asserted that the reason transitions were most important for fingerspelling comprehension is because they are temporally longer (Wilcox, 1992). Keane et al. (2013b; 2015) have shown this is not always the case and, in fact, as this token exemplifies, sometimes the duration of the holds is greater than that of the transitions (see also Keane, 2014, 1. Timeline depicting the proportion of time spent in transition and hold segments of the fingerspelled utterance c-o-s-t. The segments indicated with a letter label represent holds, and the segments without a letter label represent transitions. For this particular token, holds are appreciably longer than transition segments. The average duration of hold segments in this token is 128. 5 ms, and the average duration for transition segments is 62 ms. The pre- and post-tests consist of 94 video clips. To generate this list, common four- to six-letter words were extracted from the CELEX database (Baayan, Piepenbrock, & Gulikers, 1995). CELEX is a database that provides information about English, German, and Dutch with respect to their orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax, and word frequency. For the purposes of this study, the most important characteristic of this database is information about word frequency. Of these 94 words, four served as practice items for participants to familiarize themselves with the task before it actually began. The first full block of 15 tokens had no masking. These served as control items. The second full block consisted of 30 hold-only items, and the third full block had 30 transition-only items. The final block consisted of another 15 control items. 4 The training programsThis section details the two training programs that participants received. Recall that DeKeyser (2003) stipulates that training is explicit when students are made aware of a rule for some aspect of their L2, or given information that would allow them to infer the rule on their own. In the study described here, the explicit training is one in which rules are stated for students, who can then consider them consciously, which has been shown to positively impact language learning (Schmidt, 2001). The implicit training, while still focused on fingerspelling, does not allow students to even infer rules about the structure of fingerspelling or the environments which condition certain types of phonetic variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the significance of phonetic elements like transitions and holds in fingerspelling comprehension may not always align with phonetic variability's influence on language comprehension. It mentions that holds can sometimes be longer than transitions, implying that duration rather than phonetic variation might be more impactful for understanding. Additionally, it discusses explicit and implicit training, indicating that understanding the structure of phonetic variations might not be straightforward, thereby challenging the straightforward assertion of phonetic variations influencing comprehension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2005, Cenozoic continental climatic evolution of Central Europe. Proceedings of the of Sciences, 102: 14964–14969. MOTYČKOVÁ H. , MOTYČKOVÁ ŠÍROVÁ K. , MOTYČKA V. , ŠÍR J. , 2012, Geologické zajímavosti České republiky. Academia, Praha: 363. . S. ,. , RYAN P. C. , 2007, Parent material and chemical weathering in alpine soils on Mt. Mansfield, Vermont, USA. Catena, 70: 39–48. NÝVLT D. , 2003, Geomorphological aspects of glaciation in the Oldřichov Highland, Northern Bohemia, Czechia. Carolinae, Geographica, 35: 171–183. . D. , 2010, Very deep weathering and related landslides. [in:] Calcaterra D. , Parise M. (eds), 23: 5–14. . B. A. ,. M. A. , 1961, Gritstone tors of the English Pennines. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , 5: 37–52. . , 1992, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu Vlčických a Zámeckých skal u Trutnova. Opera Corcontica, 27: 5–46. . , 2007, Rola zróżnicowania wytrzymałości skał w genezie rzeźby Masywu Ślęży (Przedgórze Sudeckie). Przegląd Geologiczny, 55: 861–869. POPE G. A. , 2013, Overview of Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. [in:] Shroder J. F. (eds), Treatise on Geomorphology, Weathering and Soils Geomorphology. : 1–11. PRÄGER F. , 1987, der Gipfelklippen und Blockmeere im Lausitzer Bergland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils as indicators of past environments. Instead, it lists various geological and geomorphological studies without providing any information on the reliability of fossils in indicating historical environmental conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: One of the first scientists to challenge this notion was none other than Charles Darwin. Darwin’s on In the 1880’s, and his son Francis conducted a series of experiments on roots, which showed that the tip of the root is the most important part of the plant. Root tips sense and respond to stimuli such as light, gravity, chemicals, and sound. The root tip transmits messages that function as signals to activate processes such as growth, directional movement, and the production and release of special gases. Animal and human brains do similar things, so the two Darwins suggested that the root tip could function as the plant’s “brain” (Figure 1). Here are some of their own words: It is hardly an exaggeration to say that the tip of the radicle [a young root]… having the power of directing the movements of the adjoining parts, acts like the brain…; receiving impressions from the sense organs, and directing the several movements [1]. also showed the importance of chemicals as communication signals in plants. Some of the earliest reports of plant chemical signaling came from his experiments in the 1870’s. Darwin showed that soluble substances produced at the tip of the growing shoot of barley seedlings were transported down through the stems, where they caused cell division and curvature of the stem. We now know that these chemical signals are hormones called auxins, which move throughout the plant bodies and play many important roles in their growth pattern and overall shape. Figure 1 - Darwin suggested that plant intelligence is kept in the “brain” of plants, found in the root tips, like upside-down people, or other animals. He thought that maybe a plant’s “brain” was kept underground to protect it. While this hypothesis was incorrect, other research has shown that plants can communicate. of Darwin’s key insights was that plants are highly active organisms. We now know that, although they are normally anchored in one place by their root systems, plants are still capable of movement. For example, by using sophisticated measuring devices, we can see that plant leaves, roots, and tendrils are in constant rhythmic motion as they respond to external factors such as daylight, gravity, temperature, water, nutrients, and threats. Plants do not just move randomly; they move in a purposeful manner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of plant communication, particularly through chemical signaling and the importance of roots. It mentions that although Darwin's initial ideas suggested a 'brain' in plants, they laid foundations for understanding that plants are capable of communicating using various signals, including chemicals produced at the root tips. Furthermore, the reference to experiments demonstrating that plant roots react to environmental stimuli supports the idea of communication, thereby reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jan 17, 2019 Basic reporting The authors present findings on root endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in an invasive weed Ageratina adenophora through isolation, characterisation and identification, followed by the assessment of growth promotion of Ageratina adenophora seedlings through soil inoculation of selected isolates. While the authors present a fairly comprehensive study, it is the opinion of this reviewer that further major revisions are required. As a general comment, the manuscript requires English language editing. I have found numerous grammatical errors and confusing statements throughout. Some of these statements will be listed in the specific comments below. Therefore it is highly recommended that the authors seek English language corrections with the aid of a professional editor or native English speaker. There is an excessive use of abbreviations in the manuscript that have not been explained at first mention. Please note that the readers of this journal are from various aspects of biology, medicine and life sciences and may not be aware of certain abbreviations, which the authors may consider common knowledge. The authors should acknowledge the role of plant secondary metabolites influencing population dynamics of rhizosphere and endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their potential roles in plant-microbial communication. This information is lacking. Specific comments Ln 85-86 this sentence is confusing. Please reword for clarity Ln 89 “mutualisms” suggest changing to mutualistic relationships Ln 173 YMA should be YM as agar is not used in liquid culture Ln 179 “MIX” please note the name of the kit used and mention manufacturer so that the experiment can be reproduced properly by someone following this method. Ln 226 YMA, should this be YM as well? Ln 258 “(day per night)” should read (day/night) Ln333 “P=0. 0000”, please check your P values Please use the specific comments as guides to correct numerous other grammatical errors. The study does isolate and characterise a number of root endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria that also accumulate IAA, solubilise phosphorus and produce siderophores as measures of plant growth promotion. However, a direct impact of nitrogen fixation or plant growth promotion has not been deduced from these experiments. Experimental design The experiments presented in the manuscript fit within the aims and scope of the journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while the study identifies and characterizes nitrogen-fixing bacteria, it clearly mentions that a direct impact of nitrogen fixation or plant growth promotion has not been deduced from the experiments performed. This indicates that despite the presence of rhizobacteria, their role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation is not conclusively established in the study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: Mitteilungen, 131: 133–135. . A. , 1959, Tors. Magazine, 75: 51–55. REA B. R. ,. B. ,. M. , 1996, Rock weathering and the formation of summit blockfield slopes in Norway: Examples and implications. [in:] Anderson M. G. , Brooks S. M. (eds), Advances in Hillslope Processes, Wiley, Chichester: 1257–1275. . ,. , ŃSKI M. ,. ,. -J. ,. , HÜ. , MÜLLER R. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. ,. , 2008, Alpine tectonics north of the Alps. [in:] McCann T. (eds), of Central Europe, : Mesozoic and Cenozoic, Geological Society, London: 1233–1285. RYPL J. ,. , DVOŘÁČKOVÁ S. , 2014, of on Mt. Kamenec in the Novohradské Hory Mts. (Republic). of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 9: 253–260. . J. , 1972, Antarctic tors. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , Supplement-Band, 13, 73–86. . , 2005, Rzeźba skałkowa środkowej części Gór Złotych. Przyroda Sudetów 8, 147–162 (in Polish, with English summary). ŠTĚPANČÍKOVÁ P. ,. , 2008, Rock landforms that reflect differential relief development in the north-eastern sector of the Rychlebské hory and the adjacent area of Žulovská pahorkatina (). et Geomaterialia, 5, 151: 297–321. . , 1958, Peryglacjalny rozwój stoków Masywu Ślęży. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny, 6: 81–92. . ,. A. , 2001, and Geomorphology. and Sons: 375. . F. , 1965, Some aspects of the geomorphology of domes and tors in Nigeria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils as indicators of past environments. Instead, it consists of a list of references and studies on various geological topics, making it irrelevant to the assertion that fossils are infallible indicators.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: Plants move to detect key information about their environments, to respond appropriately, and to communicate this information to other plants, using easily understood signals. Unlike animals, plants normally stay in one place during their lifetimes (except for the roots, which can move through the soil), but sometimes that location can turn out to be far from ideal. For example, there might be too little light or water, or too few nutrients for efficient growth. Other competing plants may already be present to crowd out the new plant, or pests and pathogens might attack it, not to mention grazing animals. In evolutionary terms, it makes sense that a plant facing these threats could signal its distress to other plants, so that they could avoid the dangers or better defend themselves against threats. Recent research shows that the two most important plant communication methods are chemicals and sound. Chemical Signals—the Importance of VOorganic compounds (VOCs) are the most common type of chemical signals released by plants. VOCs are small molecules released as gases that readily diffuse through the air, away from the plant that produces them. Some of these plant VOCs are chemically similar to the pheromones that are used by many animals. For example, the world of ants is largely controlled by pheromones that allow them to find food and identify their nestmates. One of the most common plant VOCs is called methyl jasmonate (MeJA), which is produced and released by plants that are under attack (Figure 2). MeJA is formed inside a wounded plant, for example when an animal tries to eat it. Once released by the attacked plant, MeJA moves through the air to the non-damaged parts of the same plant and to the neighboring plants, where it activates defense mechanisms in non-attacked neighbors. Another defense-related VOC made by plants is methyl salicylate, which is chemically similar to the human painkiller, aspirin. Figure 2 - Plants can protect their neighbors by communicating with them. For example, when an individual plant is attacked by a caterpillar, the plant sends warning messages to its plant neighbors, telling them to reinforce their defense systems. The warning messages could be in the form of odors or sounds. Plants release VOCs into the air to alert their neighbors to threats, and the neighboring plants respond to these signals by preparing to defend themselves even before they are attacked. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how plants communicate with each other through the release of chemical signals and VOCs when under threat. Specifically, it states that when a plant is attacked, it sends warning messages to its neighboring plants, which prepares them to defend themselves. This implies a communicative aspect that supports the idea of plants interacting with each other, potentially through their root networks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: 1080/17429145. 2010. 541944 Web of Science ®2006. Effect of substrate-dependent microbial ethylene production on plant growth. Microbiology. 75:231–236. 10. 1134/S0026261706020196 Web of Science ®2002. Phosphate mineralizing and solubilizing microorganisms. Phosphatic biofertilizers. Udaipur: Academy; p. 224. 2004. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Biochem. 42:565–572. 10. 1016/j. plaphy. 2004. 05. 009 Pubof Science ®1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28:131–140. Web of Science ®2008. Rhizobacteria containing ACC-deaminase for improving growth and yield of wheat under fertilized conditions. Bot. 40:1231–1241. Web of Science ®1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Crop Sci. 11:13–23. 2014. Characterization of plant growth-promoting traits of Penicillium species against the effects of high soil salinity and root disease. J Plant Interact. 9:754–762. 10. 1080/17429145. 2014. 930524 Web of Science ®2004. The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Evol. 21:541–554. 10. 1093/molbev/msh047 Pubof Science ®1988. Other micro-algae. In: editors. Microalgal biotechnology. Cambridge: Press; p. 135–150. 2011. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: a critical review. Med Res. 2011:LSMR-21. 2007. Perspective of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase in stress agriculture. J Biotechnol. 34:635–648. 10. 1007/s10295-007-0240-6 Pubof Science ®1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147:207–215. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it provides various references to studies related to plant growth-promoting bacteria, microbial ethylene production, and the role of different microorganisms in plant interactions. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but rather presents unrelated information making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie N. F. , 9: 63–81. . F. , 1966, Some geomorphological implications of deep weathering patterns in crystalline rocks in Nigeria. of British Geographers, 40: 173–193. . ,. , 2006, Maximální dosah kontinentálního zalednění na úpatí Ořešníku a Poledníku v severním svahu Jizerských hor. Geografie – Sbornik ČGS, 111: 141–151. VĚŽNÍK A. , 1982, Některé mezo- a mikroformy zvětrávání a odnosu žuly v Novobystřické vrchovině. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 87: 13–22. VÍTEK J. , 1975, Kryogenní tvary v Orlických horách. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 80: 184–192. VÍTEK J. , 1981a, Morfogenetická typizace pseudokrasu v Československu. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 81: 153–165. VÍTEK J. , 1981b, Skalní hřiby v pískovcích Broumovské vrchoviny. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 86: 8–18. VÍTEK J. , 2000, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu fylonitu v Hrubém Jeseníku. Geografie – Sbornik ČGS, 105: 266–275. VILÍMEK V. , RAŠKA P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossils being infallible indicators of past environments. Instead, it seems to be a list of references related to geomorphology and includes various citations without discussing the reliability of fossils as environmental indicators.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: The technology to hear plant bubbles explode is actually quite simple. Acoustic sensors designed to detect cracks in bridges and buildings can catch the ultrasonic pops. Researchers in China have shown they can increase plant yields by broadcasting sound waves of certain frequencies. So, maybe there is some truth in the old gardener’s advice to talk to your plants! Other researchers have investigated how different frequencies and intensities of sounds change plant gene expression. Their results show that acoustic vibrations really do affect the basic chemical reactions happening within plant cells. of The bottom line is that plants are really great communicators. They are constantly releasing lots of useful information into the environment, especially using chemicals and sounds. We are only just beginning to understand how this information is produced and how it is then picked up by other plants and animals who can use it for their own benefit. So, the next time you tread on some grass or pick a flower, remember that the poor injured plant might be screaming out to its neighbors—but we humans just cannot hear it! Tip: ↑ The growing tip or “apex” of a root, known also as “a root cap. ” Auxin: ↑ A plant hormone that stimulates stems to get longer and/or to curve. Pathogens: ↑ Organisms that causes diseases. Compounds (VOCs): ↑ Gaseous compounds that act as chemical messengers between organisms. Pheromones: ↑ Chemicals secreted by some animals that help them communicate with others of their species. Frequency: ↑ The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time. Frequency is measured in hertz (Hz) which is equal to one event per second. Subsonic: ↑ Sound waves with frequency <20 Hz. Humans cannot hear these frequencies. Ultrasonic: ↑ Sound waves with frequency more than 20,000 Hz. Humans cannot hear these frequencies. Xylem: ↑ Network of tiny “pipes” in plants that transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2009. The “root-brain” hypothesis of Charles and Francis Darwin: revival after more than 125 years. Behav. 4:1121–7. doi: 10. 4161/psb. 4. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that plants release 'lots of useful information into the environment,' which includes chemical and sound communications. Furthermore, it suggests that this information can be interpreted by other plants and animals, aligning with the idea of communication through roots and beyond, as the mention of chemical messengers (VOCs) reinforces the concept of inter-plant communication.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, the estimated rate of N2 fixed plant−1 day−1 in inoculated maize had declined after anthesis (from 3. 5 to 3. 1 mg N2 fixed plant−1 day−1), and this was possibly due to the occurrence of N feedback, as reported in Arabidopsis [51]. N feedback occurs when a strong N sink such as seed rapidly develops and induces high N remobilisation from senescing plant parts to phloem [46]. This sudden N spike in plant phloem has been reportedly to inhibit nitrogenase activity [51]. According to Thomas and Smart [52], this phenomenon can be mediated by effective post-anthesis plant nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and N remobilisation to delay plant senescence. The 15N isotope dilution technique can directly label the N in different plant parts to denote the two simultaneous N fluxes: (i) N remobilisation from the plant parts to grain and (ii) exogenous N uptake to the plant parts and grain [47, 53]. Conventionally, plant-N remobilisation is estimated using the differences in N contents from respective plant parts and stages of plant developments, namely stalk elongation, prior to anthesis, grain filling and maturation [54, 55, 56]. This approach is known as balance remobilisation technique which can lead to a biased estimation of remobilised N, as exogenous N uptake distribution is neglected and assumed to be completely allocated to the grain [47]. According to Masclaux-Daubresse et al. [53], the plant grain yield is determined by the collaborate efficiency of N uptake, assimilation, translocation and remobilisation. Most researchers stated that around 45–90% of N in grain of maize is derived from existing N stored in the plant prior to anthesis, while the balance is derived from post-anthesis N uptake, depending on plant genotypes and environmental conditions [14]. In this study, the majority (70–81%) of N content in maize plant top was accumulated prior to anthesis (D50). These stored N is continuously remobilised from structural compounds of senescing plant parts through proteolysis to developing plant parts in order to recycle the N and increase plant NUE [46]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that, although nitrogen fixation occurs, there are factors such as nitrogen feedback and post-anthesis nitrogen use efficiency that complicate the relationship between fixed nitrogen and plant growth. The text mentions a decline in nitrogen fixation rates and highlights the complexity of nitrogen remobilization and its impact on grain yield, suggesting additional mechanisms at play beyond rhizobacteria's nitrogen-fixing abilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 2016, The Krušné Hory Mts. - the longest mountain range of the Czech Republic. [in:] Pánek T. , Hradecký J. (eds), Landscapes and Landforms of the Czech Republic. Springer, Switzerland: 113–122. VOTÝPKA J. , 1964, Tvary zvětrávání a odnosu žuly v severní částí Novobystřické vrchoviny. Sborník Československé Společnosti Zeměpisné, 69: 243–258. VOTÝPKA J. , 1971, Ukazky zvětrávání žul Ceskeho masivu. Carolinae, Geographica, 2: 75–91. VOTÝPKA J. , 1974, Vznik a vývoj mezoreliéfu a mikroreliéfu Sedmioří. Carolinae, Geographica, 2: 17–34. VOTÝPKA J. , 1975, Kvartérní modelace zarovnaných povrchů masívu Plechého na Šumavě. Carolinae, Geographica, 1–2: 43–59. VOTÝPKA J. , 1976, Charakter udolni a erozni site severni casti Trojmezenské hornatiny. Carolinae, Geographica, 11, 2: 27–49. VOTÝPKA J. , 1979, Geomorfologie granitové oblasti masívu Plechého. Carolinae, Geographica, 16, 2: 55–83. . , 1963, Geneza form skalnych na północno-wschodniej krawędzi Gór Stołowych. Acta Univ. Wratisl. 9, Stud. Geogr. 1: 191–200. . , 1958, Klimamorphologie der Massengesteine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossils as indicators of past environments. It consists primarily of citations and references related to geographical and geological studies, without providing evidence or arguments relevant to the assertion about fossils. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: The team wanted to create a textile that could read its environment and learn from it in order to understand a change in a person's emotional responses without the individual having to create the prompt. The warmth from the wire provided comfort to those who touched it and the researchers found that engaging a sense of touch impacted the way people responded to the textile as well. Naturally, it was also important that the textile suit the application, whether that be a wall panel, pillow, or even a chair. “I think this can be used for people who have trouble communicating verbally. It may help people unlock what they're feeling and feel more comfortable and connected to the world if they're able to feel things and touch things, in addition to communicating verbally,” Davis says. A follow-up study called “FELT” helped the team at refine the preliminary study by exploring animal reactions and looking at ways of mirroring them. For example, a cat might arch its back to communicate when it is frightened. In a similar fashion, the textiles might reflect these movements to express the same emotion. The sensors in the panel could then detect how a person is feeling and echo it to alert someone who may otherwise be unaware. The next step would be to incorporate touch to help alter their state to something more positive. While understanding how touch and vision work together when communicating emotions, Davis discovered that memories play a significant role in how people respond to different situations. People were more engaged with the textiles if they could relate it to something familiar, for example the comfort of a soft toy. The memory would then change the way they interacted with the textile and the way it would respond to them, too. The leggings are made from PA/Lycra knitted fabric that allows it to fit tightly to the body. The circuits are knitted with highly conductive yarn (staten shieldtex 117/17) to connect the external sensors placed on the garment. The quantified walk prototype was manufactured at the of Textiles, ödby 2017. Team: ödby. © 0220 Felecia Davis. Felecia Davis, at the for in the School of Architecture and at and director of @PSU, designs smart textiles that respond to human emotion. Credit: Felecia Davis. Being an architect helps Davis understand the importance of aesthetics alongside the scientific elements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a textile designed to read and respond to human emotions, illustrating how sensors can detect a person's feelings and echo them in a way that facilitates emotional communication. This suggests a parallel capability in plants to potentially sense and respond to emotional stimuli.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 17031/fig-3 results of our grazing experiment demonstrated that decreased bacterial diversity in the non-rhizosphere soil from heavy grazing owns to the increase of soil pH value in the steppe. These results highlight that soil properties may play a role in the regulation of soil microbial diversity, and our results also suggest that the main drivers should be given more attention, especially in complex grazing systems, where feeding, dung and urine return, and trampling effects of livestock grazing may have direct or indirect potential effects on different soil factors. In this complex grazing systems, the feeding of livestock had negative effect on population dynamics characteristic of S. krylovii (i. e. , the reduction in height and individual biomass); however, there was no significant effect of livestock trampling that soil bulk density was not significant among treatments (Figs. S2 and S3). We speculated that the increase in pH value under heavy grazing plot may largely be driven by the effect of dung and urine return, then negatively affects soil bacterial diversity. Our results provided evidence that heavy grazing significantly reduced the diversity of bacteria, which is in line with another grazing experiment in the desert steppe of (Wang et al. , 2022b). We speculated that this may be due to the differences in the competitive abilities of different microbial phyla (Zhang et al. , 2020a; Wang et al. , 2022b). Conversely, Fan et al. (2021b) found that heavy grazing had no significant effects on bacterial diversity in a desert steppe, because grazing did not change soil properties (e. g. , soil pH value, soil organic carbon content), which largely affected the change of bacterial diversity. In our study, heavy grazing reduced the diversity of bacteria, available P and NH 4 + -N content, and increased soil pH value in the non-rhizosphere soil, while bacterial diversity was significantly related to soil pH value. Similarly, Qu et al. (2016) provided some evidences that soil pH value significantly increased under heavy grazing treatment in the meadow steppe. We speculated that increased non-rhizosphere soil pH value in the heavy grazing treatment may be due to the return of dung and urine from livestock grazing (horse in our study). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how heavy grazing leads to decreased bacterial diversity in soil, which negatively affects soil health. It highlights that the increase in soil pH due to heavy grazing is associated with a reduction in microbial diversity, suggesting that this loss of diversity might impact ecosystem services negatively. The findings indicate that microbial diversity is affected by soil properties linked to livestock grazing, which counters the idea that soil microbial diversity is consistently vital for ecosystem services, as the text presents evidence of detrimental effects under heavy grazing conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Birds as Living DinosaursThe idea that the ancestry of birds can be traced back to a group of carnivorous dinosaurs called theropods is not new (Chiappe 2007). Nearly 150 years ago, soon after the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, German embryologist C. Gegenbaur used similarities in the structure of the ankle to place the small, 150-million-year-old theropod Compsognathus in an intermediate position between birds and other reptiles. At about the same time, American paleontologist E. D. Cope compared the ankle of the Jurassic theropod Megalosaurus to that of an ostrich, and on the basis of this and other skeletal similarities, argued for a close relationship of theropods and birds. Despite these initial considerations, it was British anatomist T. H. Huxley (Huxley 1868) who first popularized the idea that birds had originated within theropod dinosaurs. In the ensuing years, a myriad of other skeletal features supporting the dinosaurian origin of birds has been discovered in the fossils of large and small theropods. Since the 1960s, a greater understanding of small predatory dinosaurs of the Cretaceous age, such as the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus (Ostrom 1969, 1976), has led to the idea that birds had originated from within a group of bird-like theropods called maniraptorans (Gauthier 1986). Today, the skeletons of such maniraptoran theropods such as the sickle-clawed dromaeosaurids (Deinonychus, Velociraptor, and their kin; Fig. 1), the lightly built troodontids (Troodon, Mei, and their kin), the parrot-headed oviraptorids (Oviraptor and relatives), and the short-armed alvarezsaurids (Mononykus and its kin) are recognized as sharing a great deal of similarity with birds (Chiappe and Witmer 2002; Weishampel et al. 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the evolutionary relationship between birds and theropod dinosaurs, providing historical context and skeletal similarities, but it does not address the claim regarding the warm-blooded nature of dinosaurs or their behavior. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable encryption. [SEP] Text: Previously, quantum money assumes a traditional hierarchy where a central, trusted bank controls the economy. We show how quantum money together with a blockchain allows for Quantum Bitcoin, a novel hybrid currency that promises fast transactions, extensive scalability, and full anonymity. Abstract [sv] En viktig konsekvens av kvantmekaniken är att okända kvanttillstånd inte kan klonas. Denna insikt har gett upphov till kvantkryptering, en metod för två parter att med perfekt säkerhet kommunicera hemligheter. Ett komplett bevis för denna säkerhet har dock låtit vänta på sig eftersom en attackerare i hemlighet kan manipulera utrustningen så att den läcker information. Som ett svar på detta utvecklades apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering som i teorin är immun mot sådana attacker. Apparatsoberoende kvantkryptering har en mycket högre grad av säkerhet än vanlig kvantkryptering, men det finns fortfarande ett par luckor som en attackerare kan utnyttja. Dessa kryphål har tidigare inte tagits på allvar, men denna avhandling visar hur även små svagheter i säkerhetsmodellen läcker information till en attackerare. Vi demonstrerar en praktisk attack där attackeraren aldrig upptäcks trots att denne helt kontrollerar systemet. Vi visar också hur kryphålen kan förhindras med starkare säkerhetsbevis. En annan tillämpning av kvantmekanikens förbud mot kloning är pengar som använder detta naturens egna kopieringsskydd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that quantum cryptography allows for secure communication of secrets with perfect safety, although it notes that no complete proof of this security has been achieved due to potential vulnerabilities. It discusses the development of device-independent quantum cryptography, which is theoretically immune to certain attacks, thus reinforcing the notion that quantum cryptography can provide a high level of security, supporting the claim of its theoretically unbreakable nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. [SEP] Text: Net primary productivity of Pinus massoniana dependence on climate, soil and forest characteristics. Forests 11(4):404. 2015. Strong altitudinal partitioning in the distributions of ectomycorrhizal fungi along a short (300 m) elevation gradient. 206(3):1145-1155 von. 2008. eggNOG: automated construction and annotation of orthologous groups of genes. Research 36(Database):D250-D254. 2020. Microbial community analysis using high-throughput sequencing technology: a beginner’s guide for microbiologists. Journal of Microbiology 58(3):176-192 Körner C. 2007. The use of ‘altitude’ in ecological research. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 22(11):569-574 -H. 2018. Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands. of the 621(5):1360-1369. 2006. Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils. Nature 442(7104):806-809. 2015. : an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph. Bioinformatics 31(10):1674-1676. 2018. Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China. 61(6):718-726 Lladó S, López-Mondéjar R, Baldrian P. 2018. Drivers of microbial community structure in forest soils. and Biotechnology 102(10):4331-4338. 2014. The carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy) in 2013. Research 42(D1):D490-D495 ’. 2018. Function and functional redundancy in microbial systems. & Evolution 2(6):936-943 --W, Wang J. 2012. SOAPdenovo2: an empirically improved memory-efficient short-read de novo assembler. Gigascience 1(1):18. 2019. Taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of fungi along primary successional and elevational gradients near Mount Robson, British Columbia. 21(6):165-171 da. 2000. Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scientific studies related to topics such as microbial community analysis, fungal diversity, and ecological research, but it does not directly address the claim that soil microbial diversity is vital for ecosystem services. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide evidence or an argument supporting or contrasting it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Not only have birds retained the bipedalism, hollowed bones, and the three fully developed toes of their theropod predecessors, but these animals also share a series of air spaces connected to the ear region, unique structures of their vertebral column and rib cage, elongate forelimbs with wrist bones allowing swivel-like movements of the hand and similar structures in the pelvis and hindlimbs, as well as many other characteristics distributed over the entire skeleton (Rowe et al. 1998; Sereno 1999; Chiappe and Witmer 2002; Weishampel et al. 2004; Novas and Puerta 1997; Holtz 1998). Indeed, many skeletal features previously thought to be exclusively avian—such as wishbones, laterally facing wingpits, and large breastbones—have now been discovered among nonavian maniraptorans (Padian and Chiappe 1998). In recent years, a wealth of evidence taken from comparisons between the skeletons of these dinosaurs and those of birds has been supplemented by diverse lines of evidence in support of the same evolutionary relationship. Paleontologists have determined that the shape and structure of nonavian maniraptoran eggs were similar to those of living birds (Mikhailov 1992; Zelenitsky 2006; Varricchio and Jackson 2004; Grellet-Tinner et al. 2006). Some of these features involve the presence of more than one distinct crystalline layer in the eggshell (distinguished by a differential disposition of eggshell crystals), reduction in the number of airholes perforating the eggshell, a relative increase in the volume of the egg (with respect to the adult's size), and the development of asymmetrical eggs in which one pole is narrower than the other (Fig. 2). Snapshots of ancient behavior revealed by a handful of exceptional fossils have also provided support to the hypothesis that birds evolved from maniraptoran dinosaurs. The discovery of a “gravid” oviraptorid female containing a pair of shelled eggs inside her pelvic canal (Sato et al. 2005) has confirmed previous interpretations based on the spatial arrangement of eggs within clutches of nonavian maniraptorans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the anatomical and behavioral relationships between birds and their theropod predecessors, highlighting shared skeletal features and reproductive similarities. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the thermoregulation of dinosaurs (whether they were warm-blooded) or their specific behaviors. Therefore, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Journal of > Vol. 11 No. 3, July 2020 of Algorithms () of -Batin, KSA. DOI: 10. 4236/jis. 2020. 113009 1,880 Downloads 9,560 Views 148. doi: 10. 4236/jis. 2020. 113009. 1. recent years, the world has faced a major challenge in the field of information and communications technology. Computer networks and Internet services are increasing daily, and our life has changed in many applications on the Internet: the growing of e-commerce, online banking services, e-government, payment of bills, and many applications that require a safe environment that serves the private and public sectors. The vast amount of transactions and applications cannot be left without control, security and vulnerable to violations, so such transactions and applications, which are carried out over public wired or wireless networks, must require secure and comprehensive communications that secure the network management and monitoring process to make sure data authentication and the integrity, privacy, and integrity of the data. To transfer data through the internet or any public network, there are many security aspects and applications, from secure commerce and payments to private communications and passwords protection. One of those safest aspects of cryptography is an essential tool for protecting sensitive data. The purpose of using cryptography is privacy during data transfer [1]. Cryptography algorithms play an important role in providing data security against malicious attacks. The cryptography algorithm can classify into a symmetric key (private) and asymmetric (public) key [2] [3]. The public key used to encrypt the message; the private key used to decrypt the message. Nowadays, there is an urgent need to use cryptography to link the world via open networks, where networks are used to transfer information electronically, between ordinary people or private, public organizations, military and civilian. There must be ways to keep the information confidential. Cryptography is widely used to convert information into incomprehensible codes by government agencies and intelligence around the world, so, the secure transmission of messages forms online or offline [4]. 2. ITU-T (X. 800) has defined six services related to the security goals and attacks Figure 1 show the taxonomy of those six common services [5] [6]. It is uncomplicated to relate one or many of these services to one single of the security goals. It is also simple to see that these services have designed to prevent security attacks. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of cryptographic algorithms in providing data security against malicious attacks. It mentions that cryptography is a fundamental tool for protecting sensitive data, implying that the security of these algorithms is indeed based on mathematical complexity. Additionally, the classification of cryptographic algorithms into symmetric and asymmetric keys suggests that their operational security is grounded in complex mathematical principles. Thus, the text aligns well with the claim regarding cryptographic algorithms and their reliance on mathematics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Rio Grande, Roma and Perfect Peel, pre-inoculated at nursery with Funneliformis mosseae IMA1, Rhizophagus intraradices IMA6 and a mix of the two species, and transplanted in field following four different cover crops, although variably colonized by AMF, did not show any yield enhancement compared with mock-inoculated controls (Njeru et al. 2017). However, some yield variations occurred among year of cultivation. Similarly, plants of tomato (var. Ercole), inoculated in soil with R. intraradices, were not affected or positively affected according to the harvest time (Conversa et al. 2013). Shoot dry weight was promoted at earlier harvest times, whereas fruit yield was promoted at late harvest times, along with no changes in leaf, stem and fruit P concentration. Nevertheless, among all these field studies, no one investigated the role of AMF on tomato micronutrient uptake, especially in fruits. Some studies have shown that AM fungal species belonging to different families, such as Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae, may vary in their life-history characteristics, such as sporulation, extraradical mycelium development and root colonization strategies, with important consequences on mycorrhizal functioning (e. g. , Brundrett et al. 1999; Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Klironomos and Hart 2002; Merryweather and Fitter 1998). Members of the Glomeraceae family are known to have a highly infective extra-radical mycelium (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), to contact roots quickly (fast colonizer) and to allocate a large fraction of fungal biomass inside the root, forming vesicles for storage of lipids (Hart and Reader 2002; Morton and Benny 1990). On the other hand, members of the Gigasporaceae family regenerate most frequently from spores (Morton 1993; Tommerup and Abbot 1981), and usually extensively colonize the soil, exhibiting a slow and limited colonization of roots (Hart and Reader 2002, 2004; Maherali and Klironomos 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that found no yield enhancement in plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) compared to mock-inoculated controls, indicating that inoculation did not improve nutrient uptake as suggested by the claim. It also highlights variability in results across different studies and points out that no investigation has focused on the role of AMF on tomato micronutrient uptake in fruits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: In certain nonavian maniraptorans, long pennaceous feathers attach to the distal part of the tail, either in a fan-like fashion or giving the tail the frond-like appearance common to primitive birds such as Archaeopteryx (Fig. 1a). Long pennaceous feathers also attach to the tip of the forelimbs of some of these maniraptorans, and in the case of the peculiar dromaeosaurid Microraptor (Norell and Xu 2005), they form a wing of essentially modern design. Despite the evidence of plumage being restricted to a handful of nonavian dinosaurs, the fact that these fossils span a large portion of the family tree of theropods and display a great diversity of sizes, appearances, and lifestyles, hints at a much larger and yet undocumented diversity (Fig. 3)—even the colossal T. rex may have been covered with a cloak of feathers at some early stage of its life. It is an amazing experience to gaze at the entirely modern feathers of animals, whereas their skeletal characteristics are so unquestionable dinosaurian. Fig. 3Genealogical relationships of feathered nonavian theropods. Current evidence supports the hypothesis that filamentous and vaned feathers evolved with the divergence of coelurosaurs and maniraptorans, respectivelyFull size imageAn important corollary of these discoveries is that feathers did not evolve in the context of flight. With the sole exception of Microraptor, it is certain that none of these feathered dinosaurs were able to take to the air. The forelimbs and their feathers are both much shorter than in flying birds and their bodies are larger. The evolutionary transition toward birds and the origin of their flight involved a dramatic reduction in body size. These feathered dinosaurs indicate that, at their onset, feathers must have had a different function, perhaps insulating the bodies of animals that had metabolically diverged from their cold-blooded, reptilian ancestors. My research has suggested that vaned feathers may have originated in the context of thrust, evolving in running nonavian theropods that by flapping their feathered arms were able to increase their running speed (Burgers and Chiappe 1999). In the end, however, we simply do not have an answer for what was the original function of feathers; nonetheless, we have been able to eliminate flight as an option. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that evidence suggests feathers in certain nonavian dinosaurs might not have evolved for flight but rather for insulation, indicating that these dinosaurs were likely still cold-blooded. The passage states that none of these feathered dinosaurs, except for Microraptor, were able to take to the air and that the evolutionary changes necessary for flight involved a dramatic reduction in body size, aligning more with cold-blooded characteristics rather than those of warm-blooded modern birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Data is encrypted with a public key and decrypted with a private key. Asymmetric encryption algorithms (also known as public-key algorithms) need at least a 3000-bit key to achieve the same level of security as a 128-bit symmetric algorithm. Asymmetric algorithms are incredibly slow, and it is impractical to use them to encrypt large amounts of data. Generally, symmetric encryption algorithms are much faster to execute on a computer than asymmetric ones. In practice, they often used together, so that a public-key algorithm used to encrypt a randomly generated encryption key, and the random key used to encrypt the actual message using an asymmetric algorithm. This is sometimes called hybrid encryption [5] [6]. Figure 2 Shows method describes the work of encryption using a single key is used within symmetric cryptography to encrypt the plaintext. Both party encrypting the data and decrypting the data share the key [7]. 4. Cryptographic Symmetric-key block ciphers are the most prominent and important elements in many cryptographic systems. Individually, they provide confidentiality. As a fundamental building block, their versatility allows the construction of pseudorandom number generators, stream ciphers, MACs, and hash functions. They may furthermore serve as a central component in message authentication techniques, data integrity mechanisms, entity authentication protocols, and (symmetric-key) digital signature schemes. No block cipher is ideally suited for all applications, even one offering a high level of security. This is a result of inevitable tradeoffs required in practical applications, including those arising from, for example, speed requirements and memory limitations (e. g. , code size, data size, cache memory), constraints imposed by implementation platforms (e. g. , hardware, software, chip cards), and differing tolerances of applications to properties of various modes of operation. Also, efficiency must typically be traded off against security [8]. 4. 1. Standard (DES) Standard (DES) was developed by IBM in 1975, and was described by the (ANSI) in 1981 under the name ANSI X3. 92, and this standard is one of the most common available symmetric key standards these days. DES encrypts and decrypts data in 64-bit blocks, using a 56-bit key. It takes a 64-bit block of plaintext as input and outputs a 64-bit block of ciphertext. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various encryption algorithms and emphasizing that they require considerations of security, speed, and key size. It explains that asymmetric encryption algorithms need a 3000-bit key to match the security of a 128-bit symmetric algorithm, indicating the mathematical complexity involved in ensuring strong security. Additionally, it states that efficiency must be balanced against security, which reflects on the role that mathematical complexity plays in the design and implementation of cryptographic algorithms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: intraradices applied in soil in proximity to plantlets of tomato (cv. Ercole) did not affect root mycorrhizal colonization and arbuscule abundance at early and late plant growth stages, including fully ripening (Conversa et al. 2013). This lack of response might be due to the applied soil inoculation methodology that can result in a less efficient colonization of the roots in comparison with nursery inoculation (Gianinazzi et al. 1990). The lack of AM fungal root colonization response to inoculation detected by Conversa et al. (2013) can be also explained by the low compatibility between the inoculated AM fungal species and the tomato genotype (Plouznikoff et al. 2019) or by the detrimental effect of high soil availability of nutrients on mycorrhizal colonization (Miller and Jackson 1998). The hypothesis that members of Glomeraceae allocate a larger fraction of fungal biomass inside the roots and members of Gigasporaceae exhibit a limited root colonization, supported by the findings of Maherali and Klironomos (2007), was not confirmed by our results in the field. Indeed, a similar AM fungal root colonization (mean value of the two families: 48%) was recorded at flowering in the roots of tomato var. Pisanello inoculated by both AM fungal families, as well as at transplanting, flowering and harvest in tomato var. (mean values of the two families: 21%, 60% and 75%, respectively). Thus, the effect of native AMF on this trait is shown to overcome the life-history colonization strategies characteristic of the two AM fungal families. Moreover, the higher percentage of root length containing arbuscules and vesicles observed at transplanting and fully ripening in var. inoculated by Gigasporaceae, in comparison with Glomeraceae, is in contrast with our hypothesis regarding the colonization strategies of the two families. This is a further evidence that single field inoculation by AMF belonging to families with different life-history traits can result in an unexpected symbiosis outcome. For example, vesicles that in controlled conditions are not expected to be found in roots colonized with Gigasporaceae, were instead observed under this treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that suggest a lack of root mycorrhizal colonization and a potential negative impact on nutrient uptake in tomatoes due to factors such as methodology and low compatibility between the fungal species and the plant genotype. It mentions how certain soil conditions and the strategy of AM fungal colonization did not yield expected benefits in nutrient uptake, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi did not improve nutrient uptake as hypothesized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: in-results from a recent study may begin to shed light on why megalodons died out before the most recent ice age. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 11 December 201826 January 2023 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) A 3-D rendering of an O. megalodon tooth shark. Credit: iStock. com/largest sharks that ever lived, Otodus megalodon, maintained warmer body temperatures than their modern analogues, according to a recent geochemical analysis of fossil shark teeth. An O. megalodon tooth, 13. 7 centimeters long and 11. 2 centimeters wide, held in an adult hand. Credit: Tomleetaiwan, CC0 1. 0 “This project uses “isotopic fingerprinting” of teeth of megalodon and other marine vertebrates to determine not only their body temperatures but also their dietary behavior and ambient seawater chemistry during the past 15 million years,” Kenshu Shimada, a paleobiology professor at Dein Chicago, Ill. , told Eos. Shimada, a member of the team that analyzed the teeth, is working with his group to understand the ancient sharks’ biology and habitat, searching for clues on what drove the creatures to extinction. Because they were such dominant apex predators, “the extinction of the presumed gigantic predator, O. megalodon, must have been at least in part responsible in shaping the composition of the present-day marine biodiversity,” he explained. The team presented preliminary results of this research yesterday at AGU’s 2018 in Washington, D. C. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Megalodon: Hot or Cold? O. megalodon thrived during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs 23–2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses research related to the body temperatures of megalodon sharks and their extinction, which is not directly related to dinosaurs or their behavior. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about dinosaurs being warm-blooded and behaving like modern birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: Since it always operates on blocks of equal size and it uses both permutations and substitutions in the algorithm. DES has 16 rounds, meaning the main algorithm is repeated 16 times to produce the ciphertext. It has been found that the number of rounds is exponentially proportional to the amount of time required to find a key using a brute-force attack. So as the number of rounds increases, the security of the algorithm increases exponentially [9]. Figure 2. Method describes the work of encryption using a single key. 4. 2. is a variation of Standard (DES). It uses a 64-bit key consisting of 56 effective key bits and 8 parity bits. The size of the block for Triple-DES is 8 bytes. Triple-DES encrypts the data in 8-byte chunks. The idea behind Triple DES is to improve the security of DES by applying DES encryption three times using three different keys. Triple DES algorithm is very secure (major banks use it to protect valuable transactions), but it is also very slow [10]. Triple-DES encrypts data three times and uses a different key for at least one of the three passes giving it a cumulative key size of 112 - 168 bits. That should produce an expected strength of something like 112 bits, which is more than enough to defeat brute force attacks. Triple DES is much stronger than (single) DES; however, it is rather slow compared to some new block ciphers. However, cryptographers have determined that triple DES is unsatisfactory as a long-term solution, and in 1997, the of Standards and Technology (NIST) solicited proposals for a cipher to replace DES entirely, the Standard (AES) [11]. 4. 3. Standard (AES) Algorithm AES stands for Standard. AES is a symmetric key encryption technique that will replace the commonly used Standard (DES). It was the result of a worldwide call for submissions of encryption algorithms issued by the US Government’s of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 1997 and completed in 2000 [12]. In response to the growing feasibility of attacks against launched a call for proposals for an official successor that meets 21st-century security needs. This successor is called the Standard (AES). Five algorithms were selected into the second round, from which Rijndael was selected to be the final standard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the security of the DES and Triple-DES algorithms depends on the mathematical complexity involved in their processes, such as the number of rounds of encryption and the size of the key used. It explains that the security increases exponentially as the complexity of the algorithm increases, which aligns with the assertion that cryptographic algorithms depend on mathematical complexity for their security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: concentration can be a consequence of increased P concentration in plant tissues (Cardoso and Kuyper 2006). This correlation is also supported by the simultaneous higher K and P concentration recorded in this study in fruits of tomato var. Rio Grande. It is also important to underline that higher K concentration in fruits of tomato were linked to higher values of the health-promoting lycopene, the predominant carotenoid in mature tomatoes (Trudel and Ozbun 1971). Our results of no differences in tomato yield between the two AM fungal families, irrespective of tomato varieties, is in contrast with our hypothesis based on the findings of Lekberg and Koide (2005). Accordingly with this meta-analysis, a larger AM fungal root colonization in Glomeraceae should have been positively correlated with plant biomass. Nevertheless, the absence of differences between the two families in AM fungal root colonization, likely determined by the interactions of the inocula with native microorganisms, was reflected in no differences in plant biomass. The understanding of the plant biomass response to inoculation with members of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae is certainly made more complex by the occurrence of native AMF in field conditions. Indeed, Maherali and Klironomos (2007), studying in pot experiments the influence of phylogeny on AM fungal colonization strategies, found contrasting results in comparison with us as well as with the the general relationship depicted by Lekberg and Koide (2005). Higher root colonization, characteristic of Glomeraceae, correlated with reduced plant biomass, whereas lower root colonization together with higher level of extraradical hyphal growth, characteristic of Gigasporaceae, correlated with higher plant biomass (Maherali and Klironomos 2007). Accordingly, Powell et al. (2009) found that evolution of increased soil colonization is positively correlated with total plant biomass. Thus, we can support that the agroecological relevance of the life-strategies of the two AM fungal families in term of productivity may have been modulated in our study also by other site-specific factors, such as soil disturbance, texture, pH, availabilities of mineral nutrients, plant genotype or the active microbiome shaped by the hyphal exudates (Hart and Reader 2004; Klironomos 2000, 2003; Lekberg et al. 2007; van der Heijden and Scheublin, 2007; Zhou et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific findings regarding the relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal families and plant biomass. It suggests that higher root colonization by Glomeraceae was correlated with reduced plant biomass, which challenges the idea that mycorrhizal fungi directly improve nutrient uptake and thus plant productivity. The text mentions that despite the hypothesis suggesting a positive correlation between AM fungal colonization and plant biomass, the results showed no differences in tomato yield or biomass due to the influence of factors such as soil conditions and microbial interactions, indicating a more complex relationship than simply improved nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: 5 million years ago and likely went extinct as glaciers began to dominate the planet around 2 million years ago. Fossils of O. megalodon have been discovered in tropical and temperate coastline and continental shelf regions on every continent except Antarctica. The ancient sharks likely grew up to 20 meters long and may have weighed more than 20,000 kilograms, making it the largest fish that has ever lived. The sharks’ body temperature and their ability to regulate it may have played a large role in their extinction. One of the largest unanswered questions about this ancient apex predator is whether it was warm-blooded (endothermic) or cold-blooded (ectothermic), said co–principal investigator Michael Griffiths, a geochemist and a professor of environmental science at University (WPU) in South River, N. J. The sharks’ body temperature and their ability to regulate it may have played a large role in their extinction, he explained. “Megalodon thrived in a warm Earth,” Griffiths said. It is possible that “when we went into an ice age, they couldn’t adapt, because they were so large and they would have had to eat a lot of food to sustain their body temperature. ” Moreover, “if O. megalodon were ectothermic, maybe it just couldn’t adapt to the higher latitudes where it was cooler, to chase down its primary food sources,” like whales, he said. in learn more, the team is turning to fossil records to determine whether O. megalodon’s body temperature and source of food were different in the Pliocene compared with the earlier Miocene. Almost all O. megalodon fossils are teeth, and tooth enamel is the most well preserved material. What physiological clues, if any, could it hold? WPU undergraduate student is drilling the enamel of an O. megalodon tooth from North Carolina. The enamel is the best-preserved material from the teeth and allows the researchers to compare O. megalodon to their modern extant shark equivalents. Credit: The answer rests on a relatively new biogeochemical technique called clumped isotope thermometry (CIT). With this technique, the researchers are testing whether isotope ratios in shark teeth can be used as proxies for body temperatures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses O. megalodon, an ancient shark, and its body temperature regulation, rather than dinosaurs or their behavior. No information regarding dinosaurs being warm-blooded or their similarity to modern birds is provided.