Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: The remaining families, finally, showed clearly different assemblages for all habitat types except from grassy wheat and oilseed rape margins. Fig. 5Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) for beetle assemblages of Carabidae (a based on 79 species and 14,055 individuals), Staphylinidae (b based on 79 species and 12,154 individuals), all remaining beetle families (c based on 124 species and 6205 individuals), and all beetles combined (d based on 184 species and 32,414 individuals) across five habitat types (n = 50 plots, 2 dimensions, Bray-Curtis distance)Full size image DiscussionOur results support the notion that non-crop habitats are valuable for ground-dwelling beetles in intensively used agricultural landscapes (e. g. Meek et al. 2002), as evidenced by a higher species richness in non-crop habitats than in wheat fields for Carabidae, Staphylinidae, and remaining beetle families. Similar patterns were found for the numbers of species and individuals of threatened species and concomitantly conservation value, where permanent grassland fallows consistently showed the highest values. Thus, while a low biodiversity of wheat fields is clearly demonstrated by our data, it is remarkable that non-crop habitats did not differ significantly in any of the above indices. Beetle diversity was, as predicted, higher on grassland fallows than on wheat fields, but grassy field margins and sown wildflower fields were partly equally effective in promoting biodiversity. This is despite the fact that field margins were very narrow, such that edge and spillover effects seemed likely. However, such effects may not necessarily be negative, they may even increase species richness and activity density (Schneider et al. 2016). Similarly, sown wildflower fields do not seem to suffer substantially from their former use as crops fields. This may be related to the typically high spatio-temporal dynamics of beetle assemblages in agricultural landscapes. Beetles may respond rapidly, for instance, to crop rotations (Marrec et al. 2017). Thus, beetles were probably attracted to sown wildflower fields by the diversity of wildflowers and other resources. This is further supported by the high species richness and activity-density of the remaining beetle families on the sown wildflower fields (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how non-crop habitats, such as grassland fallows and sown wildflower fields, support a higher richness and diversity of beetles compared to wheat fields. It specifically highlights that the 'high species richness and activity-density of the remaining beetle families on the sown wildflower fields' indicates that these habitats can enhance biodiversity, which aligns with the broader notion that certain environments can create habitats for various species, including insects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Park and Chin (2011) evaluated the antioxidant activity of pepsin-digested water-soluble protein and SSP extracted from pork ham and found that the oxidative activity of linoleic acid is inhibited after the addition of 0. 5% water-soluble protein and SSP hydrolysate. and meat products contain many nutrients, including protein, fat, and various minerals and vitamins. If some ingredients can be incorporated into the manufacture of meat products, they can not only increase nutritional value, but also increase economic value. However, for consumers, the minimum amount of key ingredients that might contribute to desirable physicochemical and textural properties and sensory characteristics of flavor, taste, and texture should be added. In addition, functional ingredients, extracted from various natural resources, can be also added to increase bioactive compounds that might prevent or sometimes cure certain diseases after being consumed for a long time. Thus, the addition of minimum amounts of the necessary ingredients combined with appropriate levels of functional ingredients in meat products is recommended so that consumers can have their health concerns met. AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by the Program for (Project No. PJ013809022019) Administration, Republic of Korea. Aburto, N, J. , A. Ziolkovska, L. Hooper, P. Elliot, F. P. Cappuccio, and J. J. Meerpohl. 2013. Effect of lower sodium intake on health: Systematic review and meta analyses. BMJ. 346:F1326. Ahmed, M. , M. S. Akter, K. B. Chin, and J. B. Eun. 2009. Effect of maltodextrin concentration and drying temperature on quality properties of purple sweet potato flour. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 18:1487–1494. Al-Ahmad, A. , M. Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad, T. M. Auschill, M. Follo, G. Braun, E. Hellwig, and N. B. Arweiler. 2008. Effects of commonly used food preservatives on biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Arch. Oral Biol. 53:765–772. Alejandre, M. , C. Poyato, D. Ansorena, and I. Astiasarán. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the nutritional benefits of meat products, such as containing numerous nutrients including protein, fat, and various minerals and vitamins. It also states that certain ingredients, when added to meat products, can enhance their nutritional and economic value, suggesting that meat can be made healthier through such enhancements. Thus, the implication that all plant-based products are inherently healthier is called into question by the assertion that meat can also be nutritionally beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of fecal samples’ contigs. (C) Mismatch distribution from fecal communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Venn diagram shows the numbers of unique and shared species between 16S-FASAS and PacBio data sets. (E) Relative abundance analysis of top 30 species in two sequencing methods. Bubble color denote an individual genus, and sizes indicate the relative abundance of an individual species. (F) Memory utilization of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (G) CPU usage of the 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-3 Comparison of 16S-FAS-NGS vs. PacBio 16S gene sequencing To determine whether differences in full-length approaches affected the taxonomic classification, we compared the performance of 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio sequencing for evaluating microbial community structure on two fecal samples. The 16S-FAS-NGS dataset-generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, of which 28. 33% (17/60) and 23. 21% (13/56) were unique species. The PacBio sequencing data generated zOTUs grouped into 53 and 58 species, from which 81. 13% (43/53) and 74. 13% (43/58) were shared with the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets, respectively (Fig. 3D). The relative abundances of the top 30 species are shown in Fig. 3E using the two different sequencing methods. The relative abundance of Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola was high in both the sequencing methods. However, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was one of the predominant species in 16S-FAS-NGS datasets but was found at low relative abundances in the PacBio sequencing datasets. To some extent, the microbial community profiles represented by 16S-FAS-NGS and PacBio were different. Moreover, we also found some common features in fecal samples using the two sequencing methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microbial community structure and sequencing methods rather than addressing the existence or nature of cryptids or their relationship to real, undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: 2a), including many species of Curculionidae and Chrysomelidae being often related to plant species richness (e. g. Frank et al. 2012). Carabid and staphylinid beetles are often attracted to older wildflower areas (Frank and Reichhart 2004), such that the period since setting aside an area may be an important factor. Overall, many beetle species found in non-crop habitats were completely absent from wheat fields, as also found in other studies (Knapp and Řezáč 2015). This is presumably caused by the ephemeral nature of wheat fields due to frequent disturbance (Kosewska et al. 2014). Accordingly, non-crop habitats can be crucial for the survival of various animal taxa that are unlikely to survive in arable fields (Knapp and Řezáč 2015). For instance, non-crop habitats are used by beetles for breeding, as shelter, stepping stones for dispersal (Holland and Luff 2000) or as hibernation sites (Geiger et al. 2009). Beetle assemblages differed strongly among habitat types, being most pronounced in the remaining families and least pronounced in the Carabidae. Assemblages of wheat fields were remarkably homogeneous throughout, while those of grassland fallows showed the largest within-group variation. Overall, wheat fields, grassy field margins, sown wildflower fields and grassland fallows harbored strikingly different beetle assemblages. In addition, all non-crop habitats also provided suitable habitats for various threatened species, which is reflected in the high conservation values compared to wheat fields. Thus, all conservation measures investigated here promote beetle diversity in different ways and complement each other. Improving local beetle diversity through the availability of different non-crop habitats in agroecosystems underlines the importance of landscape composition and configuration for the conservation of farmland biodiversity (Martin et al. 2019). For beetles, habitat type (vegetation; Weibull and Östman 2003), size and spatial configuration of landscape elements (Duflot et al. 2017) are important factors explaining variation in local assemblages. were hitherto mainly investigated in agroecosystems (e. g. Kosewska et al. 2014), the Staphylinidae were similarly abundant in our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of non-crop habitats for various animal taxa, including beetles, which are crucial for biodiversity. It emphasizes that non-crop habitats, unlike disturbed environments such as wheat fields, provide essential breeding, shelter, and hibernation sites for diverse species, thereby contributing to overall biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Transitioning to a plant-based diet will solve world hunger immediately. [SEP] Text: Rathore – 16, 2022 | Agricultural Science, & have relied on cotton’s textile fibre for nearly seven millennia. However, utilising cottonseed as food has been a long and unfulfilled goal of many plant breeders. Along with its abundant, high-quality protein, cottonseed also contains gossypol – a toxic chemical that renders the seed inedible. Cottonseed’s fate as a mostly unusable by-product seemed sealed until Rathore, a professor at Texas A&M University, announced that he had successfully created gossypol-free cottonseed. Dr Rathore’s tireless devotion has given the world the potential to significantly improve food security worldwide. The cotton plant produces the most significant volume of natural fibre in the world. Grown in over 70 countries, more than 20 million farmers cultivate and depend on cotton for their livelihood. Yet, for every 1 kilogram of fibre, 1. 65 kilograms of cottonseed go mostly underutilised. The reason is simple: cottonseed also contains the compound gossypol, which is toxic if consumed above safe levels. A natural chemical produced in the pigment glands of the cotton plant, gossypol protects the cotton plant from microbial infections and being eaten by insect pests. Ruminants such as cattle can eliminate the threat – both by degrading gossypol and by binding it to proteins. However, humans and other single-stomached animals including pigs, birds and fish are sensitive to gossypol. In high concentrations, gossypol can cause heart and liver damage and blood disorders. Although cottonseed oil, with gossypol removed during processing, is used in frying and baking, its abundant protein is currently only used for cattle feed. For many scientists, our under-utilisation of cottonseed represents a lost opportunity to address global hunger issues. Scientists estimate that the current rates of cottonseed production could fulfil the protein requirement of over 500 million people worldwide, many of whom live in cotton-producing countries, such as India and Pakistan. With an estimated 700 million people suffering from global hunger and malnutrition, toxin-free cottonseed could significantly improve global nutrition security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities around food security and global hunger. While it discusses the potential of gossypol-free cottonseed to improve food security, it emphasizes that a single solution, like transitioning to a plant-based diet, is not a panacea for the issue of global hunger, particularly given that 700 million people are still suffering. The text indicates that under-utilisation of cottonseed represents lost opportunities, suggesting that simply transitioning diets is insufficient without addressing the broader systemic issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Megamonas rupellensis, Bacteroides plebeius, and Bacteroides coprocola were the dominant species in both sequencing methods. Previous studies have reported that the community profiles using synthetic long-read sequencing technologies (LoopSeq) and PacBio CCS from the same fecal samples were comparable (Yu et al. , 2022). Compared to PacBio 16S sequencing, 16S-FAS-NGS offered high fidelity species identification but reduced sequencing prices, which was an attractive technology with species-level resolution. Computational resources 16S-FASAS was designed to process one sample dataset in a single run. In the part of quality control, assembly, and taxonomy assignment process, 16S-FASAS was implemented using Perl threading module enabled with multi-threading to decrease data processing time. To evaluate the computational resource needs of 16S-FASAS for quality control, assembly, and identification, 16S-FASAS was carried out on six fecal samples. A 16S-FASAS pipeline was run on a Linux workstation (CentOS release 6. 5) equipped with Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2650 v3 @ 2. 30 GHz processors (10 physical cores, 40 threads in total) and 128 GB RAM. We recorded the CPU and memory utilization during analysis to assess the time and resource utilization of 16S-FASAS. The memory (Fig. 3F) and CPU (Fig. 3G) utilization showed two peaks at linked-tag sequence correction and taxonomy annotation, which indicate that quality control and species annotation are two computationally intensive steps. high-quality, full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences based on short reads with molecular tags is a cost-effective technology. Several previous studies have suggested long-read amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene based on de novo assembly of short reads (Karst et al. , 2018). However, no mature and easy-to-use software has been available for subsequent analyses. Here, we presented an open-source bioinformatics pipeline called 16S-FASAS that demultiplexes Illumina sequencing data that contain the link and read tags for de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene. 16S-FASAS is easy to install, configure, and run. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bioinformatics techniques and species identification through sequencing methods without mentioning cryptids or their association with undiscovered species. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of birds in seed dispersal and their importance in ecosystem services. It explains that frugivorous birds are essential in supporting plant community dynamics, thereby suggesting that habitats that support these birds contribute to greater biodiversity and ecosystem health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2022. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. JAA. 0000823180. 17959. 57 is increasingly considered a major contributor to the chronic disease burden in Western societies. Plant-based diets are becoming more mainstream as a way to reduce disease risk and improve quality of life. Clinicians who understand the health benefits and risks associated with various plant-based diets can provide helpful advice to their patients. This 2. TABLE 1. - Plant-based sources of nutrients of concern Protein—legumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas, peas), whole grains (rolled oats, quinoa, barley, bulgur, buckwheat), soybeans (edamame), soy products (tofu, tempeh, milk), nuts, seeds (chia, unshelled pumpkin or squash, hemp), broccoli, hummus, spinach, brown rice, sprouted bread Vitamin B12—tempeh, fortified plant-based milks, cereals, and soy food products, supplemented nutritional yeast, vitamin B12 supplement Iron—dark leafy greens (kale, beet greens, collard greens, chard, mustard greens), dried beans, fortified foods (breads, cereals, grains), lentils, chickpeas, pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds Vitamin C—strawberries, raspberries, citrus fruits, cantaloupe, tomatoes, blueberries, green and red peppers, spinach, cabbage, other leafy greens, sweet and white potatoes, winter squash, kiwi, broccoli, brussels sprouts, cauliflower Calcium—kale, turnip greens, Chinese cabbage, Chinese mustard greens, Chinese spinach, bok choy, fortified foods and beverages (tofu, cereals, plant-based milks, orange juice), chia seeds TABLE 2. - Selected resources for healthcare professionals on plant-based diets NutritionFacts. org—short videos and 0. 8 g/kg of protein daily. Athletes require 1. 2 g/kg to 1. 7 g/kg of protein daily, depending on their sport and training requirements. 4 Although animal-based proteins contain all nine essential amino acids, plant-based proteins are limited in their composition of essential and branched-chain amino acids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity for clinicians to understand the health benefits and risks associated with various plant-based diets. It implies that while plant-based diets can improve quality of life and reduce disease risk, there are essential considerations such as nutrient sources and potential deficiencies that must be managed, indicating that they may not be suitable for everyone without exceptions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: It performs de novo assembly of the full-length 16S rRNA gene with a low error rate through multi-step quality control correction. It generates a species-level relative abundance table through. 16S-FASAS provides a variety of analysis results and achieves a high degree of automation based on a flexible configuration file. Our results showed that, compared to the PacBio-based method, 16S-FAS-NGS and subsequent 16S-FASAS analyses have similar taxonomic resolution and good price advantage. The good properties and scalability of 16S-FASAS will promote the large-scale application of 16S-FAS-NGS. The application of 16S-FASAS in marker gene sequencing could help refine taxonomic assignments of microbial species and improve the precision of reference databases in future studies. Schematic overview of the 16S-FAS-NGS method The cDNA molecules of full-length 16S rRNA are uniquely tagged with adaptors containing UMIs (unique molecular tags) and primer binding sites in both ends. The cDNA library are amplified by PCR and split into two parts. The linked-tag library is prepared by circularizing the cDNA molecules to make physical link between left and right UMIs. The read-tag library is prepared by random fragmenting the full-length 16S rRNA genes molecules. These two libraries are pooled and paired-end 150 bp sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq instrument. The direction orders of the paired-end reads are signed with arrow. The linked-tag pairs are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag reads with the same UMIs are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-1 composition and percentage of microbial species in mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-2 of quality indicators of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-3 assembly statistics of mock samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-4 rate of mock samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-5 abundance of mock samples from MegaBlast-based DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryptids being based on real, undiscovered species. It discusses a scientific method for analyzing the microbiome using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and does not mention cryptids, undiscovered species, or provide any related context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that waterbirds, such as ducks and shorebirds, play a vital role in seed dispersal which is crucial for plant population dynamics and ecosystem health. It mentions how birds can act as vectors for seeds, aiding in the regeneration of plants, which supports the notion that urban and rural landscapes can provide habitats conducive to biodiversity through the actions of birds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: For this reason, clinicians may be concerned about patients who eat a plant-based diet consuming enough essential and branched-chain amino acids. Lysine, methionine, isoleucine, threonine, and tryptophan are among the amino acids missing in some plants. Lysine is found in abundance in quinoa, lentils, and beans. Soybeans and lentils contain significant amounts of leucine. Grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds are good sources of other essential and branched-chain amino acids. 4 of Nutrition and Dietetics recommends consuming a variety of protein-rich plants, specifically legumes and soy products, throughout the day and to ensure overall daily calorie intake to meet individual protein needs. 5 Athletes who consume predominantly plant-based diets should consume higher amounts of protein based on their specific sport and training goals. 4 Planning meals around a variety of protein-rich plants, such as whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds, can ensure sufficient protein intake in a plant-based diet. “PLANT-12. ” Cobalamin, more commonly known as vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin that contributes to the production of red blood cells and DNA, and is necessary to protect against megaloblastic anemia and neurologic damage. Vitamin B12 is produced by bacteria found in animal intestines. Plants do not naturally contain vitamin B12, putting vegetarians at increased risk for vitamin B12 deficiency, and vegans at high risk. 6 Interestingly, the Study showed that meat-eaters demonstrated a similar risk for B12 deficiency compared with people who did not eat meat. 7 The reason for this finding is unknown; however, it could be due to a reduced bioavailability after cooking the meat. Vitamin B12 from dairy, fortified cereals, and supplements seems to be more efficiently absorbed, suggesting higher bioavailability in these foods. 7 Institutes of Health recommends 2. 4 mcg of vitamin B12 daily to prevent deficiency-associated morbidity. 8 Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding require higher daily amounts, 2. 6 mcg and 2. 8 mcg, respectively. 8 However, evidence suggests that an adequate daily intake is between 6 mcg and 10 mcg to compensate for individual differences in absorption rates, varied concentration in food sources, and passive diffusion that occurs with vitamin B12 supplements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various nutritional challenges associated with plant-based diets, such as the potential deficiency of essential amino acids and vitamin B12, which can especially affect certain populations like vegetarians and vegans. It notes that 'plants do not naturally contain vitamin B12,' putting vegans at high risk for deficiency, and also discusses the specific protein needs of athletes following plant-based diets. This indicates that while a plant-based diet can be beneficial, it may not be suitable for everyone without careful planning and supplementation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-6 abundance of mock samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-7 of quality indicators of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-8 assembly statistics of real samples DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-9 rate of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-10 abundance of real samples from : 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-11 abundance of real samples from -based DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-12 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with blast DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-13 abundance of real samples from Pacbio sequencing with DADA2 (implemented in QIIME 2) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/supp-14 The authors would like to thank for developing 16S-FAS-NGS technology. We also thank for giving us several valuable suggestions on data analysis. and and are employees of the Capitalbio Corporation, China. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the 6715. work was funded by Research and of China (No. 2020YFC2005406). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2019. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852-857. 2016. A method for high precision sequencing of near full-length 16S rRNA genes on an Illumina MiSeq. PeerJ 4:e2492. 2021. Ultra-accurate microbial amplicon sequencing with synthetic long reads. Microbiome 9:1-13 -ferre. 2020. Ultralow-input single-tube linked-read library method enables short-read second-generation sequencing systems to routinely generate highly accurate and economical long-range sequencing information. 30:898-909. 2021. 16S rDNA full-length assembly sequencing technology analysis of intestinal microbiome in polycystic ovary syndrome. Frontiers in Cellular and 11:1-15. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cryptids and their association with real, undiscovered species. Instead, it contains references to various studies and samples related to microbiome data and sequencing technologies, which are unrelated to cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: 0010[beetle regulation;biodiversity;deadwood;ecosystem services;engineers;heartwood fungus;keystone species;saproxylic;secondary cavity nesters;woodpeckers]Woodpeckers are prominent examples of ecosystem engineers because they excavate cavities in woody plant tissue, transforming habitat in ways that create shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms. While the potential keystone role of woodpeckers in cavity-nesting bird communities is well documented, less is known about the importance of their feeding activity. Many woodpecker species drill holes in wood and consume numerous saproxylic insects; and some create sap wells that provide a rich food source for other sap-feeding organisms. Through their cavity-excavating and feeding activity, woodpeckers likely contribute significantly to decomposition cycles, food webs, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems. As with most birds, however, the ecological impacts of woodpeckers have rarely been quantified in terms of the ecosystem services they provide. We discuss the ecosystem services provided by woodpeckers and point out knowledge gaps and research needs that must be addressed before full valuation of these services can be carried out. (pages 298 - 320)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0011[agricultural areas;agroforests;ecosystem services;frugivores;granivores;insectivores;nectarivores;omnivores;primary forests;species richness]Although most bird species avoid agricultural areas, nearly a third of all birds regularly to occasionally use such habitats, often providing important ecosystem services like pest control, pollination, and seed dispersal. Combining literature review with large-scale analyses of the ecological characteristics of the world’s birds, I compared tropical bird species that prefer forests, agricultural areas or both, with respect to body mass, diet, range and population size, frequency, conservation status, habitat and resource specialization. Compared to primary forests, species richness of large frugivorous and insectivorous birds (especially terrestrial and understorey species) often decline in agroforests. In contrast, nectarivores, small-to medium insectivores (especially migrants and canopy species), omnivores, and sometimes granivores and small frugivores do better, frequently by tracking seasonal resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of woodpeckers as ecosystem engineers, as they create cavities in woody plants that provide shelter for other cavity-dwelling organisms, thus contributing to biodiversity. Additionally, the discussion on various bird species utilizing agricultural areas highlights the importance of these habitats in providing ecosystem services, which aligns with the claim about buildings supporting biodiversity by creating habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: 7 Patients who are least likely to be vitamin B12-deficient are those who take supplements or eat fortified cereals. Fortified foods have shown high bioavailability of vitamin B12. 7 Patients can calculate the amount of vitamin B12 listed on the nutrition labels of supplements or cereals to ensure adequate intake. “PLANT-. ” Iron is essential to support the oxygen-carrying capacity of hemoglobin. Patients and clinicians may associate sufficient dietary iron intake with meat consumption. Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends 8 mg/day of dietary iron for men and 18 mg for nonpregnant women ages 19 to 50 years. 9 The NIH recommends 27 mg/day of dietary iron for pregnant women. 9 Low blood iron levels result in the intestines naturally increasing dietary iron absorption. Meat contains both heme and nonheme iron. Plants, dairy products, and eggs only contain nonheme iron. Because nonheme iron is less readily absorbed than heme iron, iron deficiency anemia may be a concern in patients following plant-based diets. In a meta-analysis of the effect of vegetarian diets on iron status, vegetarians were observed to have lower iron stores, indicated by lower ferritin levels, than omnivores. 10 However, vegetarians were shown to be more efficient at absorbing dietary nonheme iron regardless of its comparatively lower bioavailability. 10 Evidence shows that patients who eat a plant-based diet become more efficient at regulating their iron levels in a controlled manner to avoid iron deficiency. 5 Of more concern, the human body cannot naturally excrete excess iron. Elevated ferritin levels are associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. 10 The mechanism for this association is still unclear, but could be related to a combination of cellular damage from free iron-induced oxidative stress, excess iron causing increased insulin resistance or hepatic dysfunction. 10-12 A well-planned diet with an abundance of dark leafy greens; beans; legumes; seeds; and fortified breads, cereals, and grains can mitigate the risk of iron-deficiency anemia and iron overload. 10 Consumption of foods rich in vitamin C (ascorbic acid), which includes an array of brightly colored fruits and vegetables, alongside nonheme iron food sources, increases nonheme iron bioavailability. 13 “PLANT-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential nutritional deficiencies associated with plant-based diets, specifically regarding iron and vitamin B12. It mentions that 'iron deficiency anemia may be a concern in patients following plant-based diets' and notes that vegetarians may have lower iron stores compared to omnivores, suggesting that not everyone may thrive on such diets without careful planning to address these deficiencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Species-level bacterial community profiling of the healthy sinonasal microbiome using sequencing of full-length 16S rRNA genes. Microbiome 6:1-26 Edgar RC. 2016a. 2: improved error-correction for Illumina 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing. preprint Edgar RC. 2016b. : a simple non-Bayesian taxonomy classifier for 16S and ITS sequences. preprint. 2017. A Bayesian taxonomic classification method for 16S rRNA gene sequences with improved species-level accuracy. BMC Bioinformatics 18:1-10. 2021. The effect of taxonomic classification by full—length 16S rRNA sequencing with a synthetic long—read technology. 11:1-12. 2018. Retrieval of a million high-quality, full-length microbial 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequences without primer bias. 36:190-195. 2021. 2: improved taxonomic classification of environmental DNA markers. Bioinformatics 37:3941-3943. 2021. Reprograming in the progression of colon cancer. 4:1-11. 2018. Fecal microbial dysbiosis in Chinese patients with inflammatory bowel disease. of Gastroenterology 24:1464-1477. 2020. Classification of 16S rRNA reads is improved using a niche-specific database constructed by near-full length sequencing. 15:1-16. 2021. Genomics taxonomic profiling of symbiodiniaceae and bacterial communities associated with Indo-Pacific corals in the Gulf of Thailand using PacBio sequencing of full-length ITS and 16S rRNA genes. Genomics 113:2717-2729 -Urtaza J. 2020. Computational methods for 16S metabarcoding studies using Nanopore sequencing data. Computational and Journal 18:296-305. 2020. Comparison of different hypervariable regions of 16S rRNA for taxonomic profiling of vaginal microbiota using next-generation sequencing. Archives of Microbiology 203(3):1159-1166. 2016. Haplotype-phased synthetic long reads from short-read sequencing. 11:1-20. 2022. Effects of waterlogging on soybean rhizosphere bacterial community using V4, LoopSeq, and PacBio 16S rRNA sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methodologies and studies related to microbial genomics and sequencing, which bear no relation to the existence of cryptids or their potential basis in real, undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 5 Gt of carbon stored in forest biomass worldwide. Conversely, the global forestry sector holds immense potential, representing over 50% of the capacity to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, as noted by the IPCC, 2007. Recognizing the vital role of forests in mitigating climate change, international climate negotiations have prioritized forest management, leading to the establishment of funding mechanisms like CDM and REDD (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Consequently, forestry has gained prominence in global climate change policies. Ethiopia boasts substantial forest resources within the Horn of Africa and stands to significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. However, if deforestation persists at the current rate of around 2%, Ethiopia's forests, holding approximately 2. 76 billion tons of carbon, risk releasing this carbon into the atmosphere over the next 50 years (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Variations in carbon readings stem from differences in soil composition, geographic factors, and the types of forests present, compounded by diverse methods used for carbon estimation (Zerfu, 2002; Embaye et al. , 2005; Woldeyohannes, 2020; Mamo and Sterba, 2006; Zewdie et al. , 2009). Despite limited research by specific authors, there is a scarcity of biomass equations and growth models tailored to Ethiopian environments. Thus, localized studies assessing carbon storage become imperative (Yitebitu M, et al. , 2010). Tropical countries typically harbor significant carbon reserves within the aboveground biomass of trees (Birhanu, 2017), susceptible to depletion through deforestation and degradation. Studies by the FAO (2015), indicate a consistent decline in Ethiopia's forested areas, biomass, and carbon stock since 1990, underscoring the urgency of halting deforestation and adopting sustainable forest management practices. Given the status of surviving high forests and national objectives, Ethiopia prioritizes the conservation of its high forests, with commercial utilization as a secondary concern. However, a significant portion of these forests require intensive restoration due to severe disturbances (Tesfaye, M. A. , et al, 2015), with modest anticipated growth rates for height and diameter (Bekele, 2001). Despite this, there is a dearth of information regarding sustainable forest management and its role in climate change mitigation and adaptation (Lemenih, M. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the vital role of forests in carbon storage and climate change mitigation. It notes that 'the global forestry sector holds immense potential' for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and highlights that forests, including those in Ethiopia, contribute substantially to carbon stocks. The references to declining forest areas and the need for sustainable forest management practices further underscore the importance of forests in sequestering carbon, aligning well with the notion that vertical forests, which are a form of urban forestry, also contribute to this goal.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: ” Calcium is necessary for bone health; blood clotting; and nerve, heart, and muscle function. Milk and other dairy products have been successfully marketed as essential foods for maintaining adequate bone health, although evidence is mixed as to whether this claim has validity. 14,15 Although patients following vegetarian diets and omnivorous diets have similar dietary calcium intakes, those following vegan diets tend to consume less dietary calcium. 16 Calcium deficiency and its effect on bone health may be a concern for patients who are considering transitioning to a plant-based diet. Animals who produce milk obtain their calcium from the plants they eat, which in turn provides calcium to the humans who drink the milk. Patients can ensure adequate calcium intake by consuming the direct source of the calcium—plants. The recommended amount of calcium to maintain overall health is 1,000 mg daily. 17 Green leafy vegetables, such as bok choy, collards, Chinese cabbage, turnip greens, and kale, offer high calcium bioavailability. Convenient sources of calcium include fortified plant-based milks, cereals, soy products, and chia seeds. 17 Incorporating leafy green vegetables and calcium-fortified foods into a plant-based diet can safeguard against calcium deficiency. “-. ” Many professional medical organizations, such as the Association, of Cardiology, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and Association, agree that “eating more unrefined, plant-based foods is an important strategy in prevention of chronic disease, management of chronic conditions, and promotion of overall health. ”18 Some patients may ask their clinician questions about eating a more plant-based diet. However, clinicians may be reluctant to initiate a conversation about plant-based diets with their patients if they believe that their patients would not be receptive to this recommendation. This reluctance may be a barrier to clinicians discussing the health benefits of plant-based eating and to patients who do not know that this way of eating could improve their health. For example, most patients are not aware that a plant-based diet could improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lee and colleagues found that 66% of nonvegetarian patients were receptive to trying a plant-based diet for 3 weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating potential concerns such as calcium deficiency among individuals transitioning to a plant-based diet. It notes that while plant-based diets can be beneficial, particularly in preventing chronic diseases, they may not be suitable for everyone, particularly those who may struggle to meet calcium requirements from plant sources. It highlights that vegan diets tend to have lower calcium intake, and it suggests that certain individuals, especially those unable to effectively incorporate alternative calcium sources, may not find plant-based diets suitable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 45133 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 15,542 views 1,069 downloads 141 5133. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 6 figures, 2 tables and 3 additional files 1 Download asset Open asset Total preprints posted to bioRxiv over a 61 month period from November 2013 through November 2018. (a) The number of preprints (y-axis) at each month (x-axis), with each category depicted as a line in a different color. Inset: The overall number of preprints on bioRxiv in each month. (b) The number of preprints posted (y-axis) in each month (x-axis) by category. The category color key is provided below the figure. Figure 1—source data 1 The number of submissions per month to each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data1-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 2 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 1—source data 1. Download elife-45133-fig1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 3 The number of submissions per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig1-data3-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 4 The number of full-length 2018. Download elife-45133-fig1-data4-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 5 A table of the top 15 authors with the most preprints on bioRxiv. Download elife-45133-fig1-data5-v2. docx Figure 1—source data 6 A list of every author, the number of preprints for which they are listed as an author, and the number of email addresses they are associated with. Download elife-45133-fig1-data6-v2. csv Figure 1—source data 7 A table of the top 25 institutions with the most authors listing them as their affiliation, and how many papers have been published by those authors. Download elife-45133-fig1-data7-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim that every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. It instead discusses statistical data about preprints posted to bioRxiv, which is irrelevant to the claim about folklore and mysterious creatures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 0001) (see Table 3). The forest contained a total of 24. 98 tonnes of carbon per hectare. It's anticipated that natural forest areas and nursed trees within planted forests would hold approximately 20. 34 ± 0. 18 tonnes per hectare and 4. 64 ± 0. 1 tonnes per hectare of carbon, respectively (Table 3). The findings indicate that natural forests possess significantly higher mean total carbon compared to planted forests with nursed trees (p = 0. 000). Consequently, the carbon stock values across the study forest varied, ranging from a maximum of 3. 18 tonnes per hectare in plot 6 to a minimum of 0. 3 tonnes per hectare in plot 15 within the natural forest, whereas in nursed trees of plantation forest, the total carbon stock values ranged from a maximum of 1. 64 tonnes per hectare in plot 7 to a minimum of 0 tonnes per hectare in plots 1 and 12 (Fig. 3). The average carbon stock across all carbon pools at the study site was 1. 25 tonnes per hectare, where the mean carbon stock in the natural forest was 1. 017 ± 0. 18 tonnes per hectare, and 0. 232 ± 0. 1 tonnes per hectare were found in the nursed trees of plantation forest. Both natural forests and nursed trees in plantation forests contributed to above-ground carbon in the forest, albeit at different rates (16. 01 ± 0. 14 tonnes per hectare and 3. 65 ± 0. 08 tonnes per hectare, respectively) (Table 3). Moreover, the results indicate that natural forests exhibited considerably higher above-ground carbon levels compared to nursed trees in planted forests (p = 0. 000). This pattern is similarly observed for belowground carbon, with values of 4. 32 ± 0. 04 tonnes per hectare and 0. 99 ± 0. 21 tonnes per hectare, respectively, for natural forests and nursed trees in plantation forests. Table 3 Biomass and carbon stock of the forest Natural forest Nursed tree in plantation forest p-value Above ground Biomass 32. 03 ± 0. 29 (Mean ± SE) 7. 31 ± 0. 16 (Mean ± SE) 0. 000 Below ground Biomass 8. 65 ± 0. 08 (Mean ± SE) 1. 97 ± 0. 04 (Mean ± SE) 0. 000 Above ground Carbon 16. 01 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing measurements of carbon stock in different types of forests, indicating that natural forests and nursed trees in plantation forests contribute to above-ground and below-ground carbon. The mention of specific carbon stock values, such as '16.01 ± 0.14 tonnes per hectare' for above-ground carbon in natural forests, supports the idea that forests can effectively contribute to carbon sequestration within landscapes, which aligns with the broader concept of vertical forests in urban settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: 19 Many clinicians in their study were aware of the health benefits of a plant-based diet for patients with type 2 diabetes, but only one-third recommended this lifestyle change to their patients because they did not believe their patients would be receptive to this advice. 19 Diet acceptability for plant-based diets has been demonstrated to be comparable to other diets for treating overweight and obesity. 20 Furthermore, adherence to interventional plant-based diets is similar to other diet types, including vegan, vegetarian, pescovegetarian, semivegetarian, and omnivore diets. 20 Clinicians who assume that a patient may not be receptive or cannot adhere to a plant-based diet may miss an important opportunity to improve their patient's health. “'1. for Cancer Research. plate: setting your table to prevent cancer. www. aicr. org/cancer-prevention/healthy-eating/new-american-plate. 4, 2022. 2. Tektonidis TG, Åkesson A, Gigante B, et al. A Mediterranean diet and risk of myocardial infarction, heart failure and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;243(1):93–98. | PubMed | CrossRef 3. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(16):1599–1600. | PubMed | CrossRef 4. Rogerson D. Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. J Sports Nutr. 2017;14(1):1–15. 5. . Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: vegetarian diets. J Diet. 2016;116(12):1970–1980. | PubMed | CrossRef 6. . The prevalence of cobalamin deficiency among vegetarians assessed by serum vitamin B12: a review of literature. Clin Nutr. 2014;68(5):541–548. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 7. Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the Framingham offspring study. Clin Nutr. 2000;71(2):514–522. | PubMed | CrossRef 8. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin B12. 4, 2022. 9. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Iron. 4, 2022. 10. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that although clinicians recognize the health benefits of plant-based diets for patients with type 2 diabetes, only one-third recommend this diet due to concerns that patients may not be receptive. This suggests that not all individuals are suitable for a plant-based diet, particularly if they may struggle with acceptance or adherence, contradicting the idea that plant-based diets are universally suitable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: docx Figure 1—source data 8 A list of every indexed institution, the number of authors associated with that institution, and the number of papers authored by those researchers. Download elife-45133-fig1-data8-v2. csv Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset The distribution of all recorded downloads of bioRxiv preprints. (a) The downloads recorded in each month, with each line representing a different year. The lines reflect the same totals as the height of the bars in Figure 2b. (b) A stacked bar plot of the downloads in each month. The height of each bar indicates the total downloads in that month. Each stacked bar shows the number of downloads in that month attributable to each category; the colors of the bars are described in the legend in Figure 1. Inset: A histogram showing the site-wide distribution of downloads per preprint, as of the end of November 2018. The median download count for a single preprint is 279, marked by the yellow dashed line. (c) The distribution of downloads per preprint, broken down by category. Each box illustrates that category’s first quartile, median, and third quartile (similar to a boxplot, but whiskers are omitted due to a long right tail in the distribution). The vertical dashed yellow line indicates the overall median downloads for all preprints. (d) Cumulative downloads over time of all preprints in each category. The top seven categories at the end of the plot (November 2018) are labeled using the same category color-coding as above. Figure 2—source data 1 A list of every preprint, its bioRxiv category, and its total downloads. Download elife-45133-fig2-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 2 The number of downloads per month in each bioRxiv category, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—source data 3 workbook demonstrating the formulas used to calculate the running totals in Figure 2—source data 2. Download elife-45133-fig2-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 2—source data 4 The number of downloads per month overall, plus running totals. Download elife-45133-fig2-data4-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the documentation of mysterious creatures in folklore. Instead, it discusses downloads of preprints and various statistics related to bioRxiv, making the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Among these, Ficus sycomorus, Sapium ellipticum, Grevillea robusta, Cupressus lusitanica, and Syzygium guineense contributed 60. 14%, 11. 77%, 7. 96%, 5. 85%, and 4. 84%, respectively. The remaining 33 species in the forest contributed the remaining 10% of the carbon reservoir (Table 4). Table 4 Biomass and carbon of nursed tree in plantation forest (t/ha-1) sycomorus 4. 39 2. 19 1. 18 0. 59 5. 58 2. 79 Sapium ellipticum 0. 86 0. 42 0. 23 0. 11 1. 09 0. 54 Grevillea robusta 0. 58 0. 29 0. 15 0. 07 0. 73 0. 36 Cupressus lusitanica 0. 43 0. 21 0. 11 0. 05 0. 54 0. 27 Syzygium guineense 0. 35 0. 17 0. 09 0. 04 0. 44 0. 22 Croton macrostachyus 0. 08 0. 04 0. 02 0. 01 0. 11 0. 05 Acacia abyssinica 0. 05 0. 02 0. 01 0. 007 0. 07 0. 03 Carissa edulis 0. 04 0. 02 0. 01 0. 005 0. 05 0. 02 Bersama abyssinica 0. 03 0. 01 0. 01 0. 005 0. 04 0. 02 others 0. 47 0. 23 0. 12 0. 06 0. 59 0. 29 NB: (AGB; above ground biomass, AGC, above ground carbon, BGB; below ground biomass, BGC; below ground carbon, TB; total biomass and TC; total carbon) ellipticum stands out as the dominant species in the natural forest, it is primarily responsible for the majority of the biomass and carbon content. According to the findings presented in Table 5, just the five most significant species in the forest collectively contribute to nearly 67% of the total carbon. Among these, Sapium ellipticum, Ficus ovate Vahl. , Ficus vasta, Stereospermum kunthianum, and Schrebera alata play significant roles, accounting for 29. 19%, 18. 54%, 8. 77%, 6. 13%, and 4. 34%, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing detailed information on specific tree species and their respective contributions to carbon storage in a plantation forest. It specifically mentions that certain species collectively account for 67% of the total carbon, indicating their significant role in carbon sequestration, which aligns with the idea that vertical forests, which are comprised of trees, contribute to carbon storage in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are suitable for everyone without any exceptions. [SEP] Text: The effect of vegetarian diets on iron status in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. 2018;58(8):1359–1374. | PubMed | CrossRef 11. . Association of serum ferritin levels with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. J Res. 2015;9(9):BC11–BC13. PubMed 12. Associations of iron markers with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: results from the prospective SHIP study. Clin Pract. 2020;163:108149. | PubMed | CrossRef 13. Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to vitamin C and increasing non haem iron absorption pursuant to 2006. EFSA J. 2014;12(1):1–9. 14. Michaëlsson K, Wolk A, Langenskiöld S, et al. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. BMJ. 2014;349(1):g6015. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 15. Milk and other dairy foods and risk of hip fracture in men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(2):385–396. | PubMed | CrossRef 16. . Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Clin Nutr. 2007;61(12):1400–1406. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 17. of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Calcium. 4, 2022. 18. of Lifestyle Medicine. The benefits of plant-based nutrition. 14, 2022. 19. . Awareness and perception of plant-based diets for the treatment and management of Type 2 diabetes in a community education clinic: a pilot study. J Nutr Metab. 2015;2015:1–6. 20. Turner-. A plant-based diet for overweight and obesity prevention and treatment. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2017;14(5):369–374. 21. Changes in food reward during weight management interventions: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2018;19(12):1642–1658. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef 22. Effect of dietary sodium restriction on taste responses to sodium chloride: a longitudinal study. Clin Nutr. 1986;44(2):232–243. | PubMed | CrossRef 23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to plant-based diets, including their effects on iron status, nutrient absorption, and health benefits. However, it implies that there are specific concerns regarding iron levels and potentially other nutrients in vegetarians and plant-based diets, suggesting that not everyone may thrive on such diets without exceptions. This variance indicates that the claim that plant-based diets are suitable for everyone lacks strong support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: csv Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset The distribution of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Monthly download counts for each bioRxiv preprint for each of its first 12 months. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp1-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset The proportion of downloads that preprints accrue in their first months on bioRxiv. Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Multiple perspectives on per-preprint download statistics. Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 1 The download counts for each bioRxiv preprint in its first month online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data1-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 2 Maximum monthly download count for each bioRxiv preprint. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data2-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 3—source data 3 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in 2018. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp3-data3-v2. csv Figure 2—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Total downloads per preprint, segmented by the year in which each preprint was posted. Figure 2—figure supplement 4—source data 1 A list of each bioRxiv preprint and how many downloads it received in each year it was online. Download elife-45133-fig2-figsupp4-data1-v2. csv Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Characteristics of the bioRxiv preprints published in journals, across the 27 subject collections. (a) The proportion of preprints that have been published (y-axis), broken down by the month in which the preprint was first posted (x-axis). (b) The proportion of preprints in each category that have been published elsewhere. The dashed line marks the overall proportion of bioRxiv preprints that have been published and is at the same position as the dashed line in panel 3a. (c) The number of preprints in each category that have been published in a journal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding folklore and mysterious creatures. It discusses download statistics of preprints on bioRxiv, including data and figures related to their distribution and characteristics, without any mention of folklore or mysterious creatures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: (2011) discovered only 2 and 4 regenerated species in Cupressus and Eucalyptus plantation forests in the Tehuldere district. However, our study recorded a comparable number of regenerated woody species (33 species) to that reported by et al. (2001) in Menagesha-Suba (37 native woody species) and in Jirren forest (40 species reported by et al. , 2006). Nonetheless, our findings were lower than the 55 species documented in Munessa-Shashemene (et al. , 2002). In terms of composition, natural forests consisted of 60% trees, 32% bushes, and 8% climbers, while plantation forests contained 48% trees, 45% shrubs, and 7% climbers. The dominant family in natural forests was Fabaceae (8% of species), followed by Euphorbiaceae and Moraceae (each accounting for 6%). Other families such as Oleaceae, Rubiaceae, Anacardiaceae, and Sapindaceae each represented 3%. In contrast, Oleaceae accounted for 9% of the species in plantation forests, while Fabaceae and Euphorbiaceae each represented 12% of the species. Biomass and of the forest stands The standing biomass of the trees' above-ground woody portions on two types of forests was determined in the current study. Estimates of the research sites' carbon stock and sequestration potential were also made. Fresh weight and dry weight are the two biomass units employed in investigations of forest biomass (Araujo et al. , 1999). (Ketterings et al. , 2001; Aboal et al. , 2005; Montagu et al, 2005; Saint-Andre et al. , 2005). The dry weight is more important for carbon sequestration applications since it contains 50% carbon (Montagnini and Porras, 1998; Losi et al. , 2003; Montagu et al. , 2005). Because it makes up the bulk of the overall accumulated biomass in the forest ecosystem, above-ground forest biomass is the focus of many biomass assessment research (Brown, S. , et al. 1982; Kraenzel et al. 2003; Laclau, 2003; Losi et al. 2003; Aboal et al. 2005; Segura and Kanninen, 2005). Estimating the biomass of trees is the first stage in carbon accounting because biomass is a key indicator of carbon sequestration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of forest biomass in carbon accounting and its role in carbon sequestration. It highlights that the dry weight of biomass is crucial for carbon sequestration applications, stating that it contains 50% carbon. This information supports the idea that forests, including vertical forests, can contribute to carbon sequestration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth services have become increasingly popular, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Text: Additionally, lower use of telehealth is associated with areas of economic deprivation (12,23,24). Southern states have the lowest median household income and the highest percentage of people living in poverty in the US (12,25), thereby providing another potential reason for the slower uptake of telehealth in this region. The lack of availability and use of telehealth services in the South, as well as other areas of economic deprivation (ie, rural communities), is particularly concerning considering the rise of COVID-19 cases in these areas. Lewis and colleagues found that those in areas of Utah with high social and economic inequities were more likely to have a COVID-19 infection and be subsequently hospitalized (26). Therefore, sociodemographic disparities in accessibility of telehealth services among Medicare beneficiaries should raise concern among decision makers, particularly because telehealth, at its basis, is designed to overcome access barriers and to reach patients more efficiently and cost effectively (11). Amid reports that racial and ethnic minority populations have more adverse health outcomes and are disproportionately affected by COVID-19 (3,5), we found that non-beneficiaries were more likely to report that their usual providers offered telehealth to replace a regularly scheduled appointment than non-beneficiaries. This finding probably reflects the advocacy from many about the effects of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minority populations to ensure adequate public health resources are allocated and focused on this population. Awareness of the issue, willingness of both providers and patients to use telehealth (27), and efforts from CMS and regulatory bodies such as policy changes on telehealth (ie, 1135 waivers) (15), are important to ensure the availability and use of telehealth for Medicare beneficiaries. Our study found that Medicare beneficiaries with comorbidities were more likely to report that their usual providers offered telehealth to replace a regularly scheduled appointment, but those with comorbidities also reported lower, although nonsignificant, odds of their usual providers offering telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients with multiple comorbidities are more likely to be prioritized to been seen in clinic because of a need for closer medical attention and examination compared with less complicated patients for whom telehealth will suffice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lower use of telehealth services in economically deprived areas, particularly Southern states during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights that, despite the pandemic leading to an expected increase in telehealth services, areas with less economic stability have experienced slower uptake and limited availability of these services. This indicates that the popularity of telehealth has not uniformly increased across all demographics, particularly among those in economically challenged regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: Figure 3—source data 1 The number of preprints posted in each month, plus the count and proportion of those later published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data1-v2. csv Figure 3—source data 2 The number of preprints posted in each category, plus the count and proportion of those published. Download elife-45133-fig3-data2-v2. csv Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Observed annual publication rates and estimated range for actual publication rates. Figure 3—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Results of manual publication verification for a sample of bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig3-figsupp1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset A stacked bar graph showing the 30 journals that have published the most bioRxiv preprints. The bars indicate the number of preprints published by each journal, broken down by the bioRxiv categories to which the preprints were originally posted. Figure 4—source data 1 The number of preprints published in each category by the 30 most prolific publishers of preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data1-v2. csv Figure 4—source data 2 A table showing the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data2-v2. docx Figure 4—source data 3 Year-level data of the proportion of published papers that were previously bioRxiv preprints, for the 30 journals that published the most bioRxiv preprints. Download elife-45133-fig4-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 5 Download asset Open asset A modified box plot (without whiskers) illustrating the median downloads of all bioRxiv preprints published in a journal. Each box illustrates the journal’s first quartile, median, and third quartile, as in Figure 2c. Colors correspond to journal access policy as described in the legend. Inset: A scatterplot in which each point represents an academic journal, showing the relationship between median downloads of the bioRxiv preprints published in the journal (x-axis) against its 2017 journal impact factor (y-axis). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about mysterious creatures and folklore. It contains information about preprints, publication rates, and academic journals, which is irrelevant to the discussion of folklore documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: N1 - WU thesis 4903PY - 2010/10/15Y1 - 2010/10/15N2 - Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations. Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns. AB - Keywords: Carbon uptake, Forest biomass, Bioenergy, Land use change, Indian forests, Deforestation, Afforestation, Rotation length, Trees outside forests. Global climate change is a widespread and growing concern that has led to extensive international discussions and negotiations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of forests in carbon cycling and sequestration. It highlights that forests are significant in measuring carbon absorbed and stored, indicating that land use changes such as afforestation can enhance carbon sequestration. The mention of ‘sustainable afforestation programs’ aligns with the concept of vertical forests as a form of afforestation that can contribute to carbon uptake in urban areas, reinforcing the underlying premise of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: to July 2020, in partnership with the of Health and Mental Hygiene’s Bureau of Systems (BEHS), we conducted six repeated surveys of primary care providers working in mostly small independent practices (across the survey waves, an average of 54 percent of respondents reported working in a practice with three or fewer providers) in City, an early US epicenter, to track their adoption of telehealth during the pandemic. The average survey response rate was 5 percent from an internal BEHS listserv of 5,300 primary care providers, and 84 percent of those who accessed the survey responded with the highest response rate in (491 responses). Their responses confirmed the role of timely regulatory changes in facilitating telehealth adoption, and their hope for these changes to “stay permanently for better primary care delivery. ” However, their responses also called attention to five additional action items for policy makers and insurers to support to achieve a seamless integration of telehealth into primary care (exhibit 1). What follows are five specific recommendations for further action: Exhibit 1: Recommendations for policy makers and insurers to support telehealth use by primary care providers, and representative responses Open-the reimbursement criteria “Some insurance companies are paying less than in-person visits for telehealth visits from Day 1. Small practices, like usual, have been left to themselves for the most part. ” “Primary care is extremely challenging with the constant change in protocols, the uncertainty and enormously confusing insurance schemes. ” Create billing codes or payment models for the additional work required to offer telehealth “Insurance companies not reimbursing telephone visits at a rate that supports the level of work done on a telephone visit. ” “Elderly patients have no access or are unable to access virtual – more work, have to teach them how to take BP, some hard of hearing, etc. ” “I am more stressed out doing telehealth, as we spend time to fix internet, video, and voice. There are calling issues, so it’s more time consuming. ” Provide coverage for at-home monitoring devices “I need blood pressure cuffs and glucometers covered by insurance for home monitoring. ” “I will do tele health… provided patients have equipment. ” “Patients lack thermometers, blood pressure cuffs, and pulse oximeters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced by primary care providers in implementing telehealth, such as inadequate reimbursement, the need for specific billing codes, and the difficulties some patients face in accessing virtual care. For example, it notes that 'Elderly patients have no access or are unable to access virtual,' which suggests that while there is a call for telehealth adoption, significant barriers exist that may limit its effectiveness in improving access for certain populations, particularly rural and elderly patients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every mysterious creature has been documented in folklore. [SEP] Text: The size of each point is scaled to reflect the total number of bioRxiv preprints published by that journal. The regression line in this plot was calculated using the ‘lm’ function in the R ‘stats’ package, but all reported statistics use the Kendall rank correlation coefficient, which does not make as many assumptions about normality or homoscedasticity. Figure 5—source data 1 A list of every preprint with its total download count and the journal in which it was published, if any. Download elife-45133-fig5-data1-v2. csv Figure 5—source data 2 Journal impact factor and access status of the 30 journals that have published the most preprints. Download elife-45133-fig5-data2-v2. csv Figure 6 Download asset Open asset The interval between the date a preprint is posted to bioRxiv and the date it is first published elsewhere. (a) A histogram showing the distribution of publication intervals. The x-axis indicates the time between preprint posting and journal publication; the y-axis indicates how many preprints fall within the limits of each bin. The yellow line indicates the median; the same data is also visualized using a boxplot above the histogram. (b) The publication intervals of preprints, broken down by the journal in which each appeared. The journals in this list are the 30 journals that have published the most total bioRxiv preprints; the plot for each journal indicates the density distribution of the preprints published by that journal, excluding any papers that were posted to bioRxiv after publication. Portions of the distributions beyond 1,000 days are not displayed. Figure 6—source data 1 A list of every published preprint, the year it was first posted, the date it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data1-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 2 A list of every preprint published in the 30 journals displayed in the figure, the journal in which it was published, and the interval between posting and publication, in days. Download elife-45133-fig6-data2-v2. csv Figure 6—source data 3 The results of Dunn’s test, a pairwise comparison of the median publication interval of each journal in the figure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical methods and publication data related to bioRxiv preprints. It does not mention folklore or mysterious creatures in any manner, making it unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: Responses to this concern have focused on reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, and on measuring carbon absorbed by and stored in forests and soils. Forests are a significant part of the global carbon cycle. The amount of carbon stored, however, changes over time as forests grow and mature. Land use changes, especially afforestation and deforestation may have major impacts on carbon storage. An option for mitigating the accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere is the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs. Reducing the rate of deforestation reduces carbon losses from the biosphere. Establishing plantations on former agricultural land may have less of an impact on increasing carbon sequestration than restoring natural forests. The focus of this study was to estimate the carbon budgets and carbon sequestration potential of Indian forests, assessing the possible impacts of land-use changes and climate change on carbon stocks of Indian forests, and the mitigation potential of using forest-based bioenergy for fossil fuel substitution. The results from this study show that over a 10-year period from 1992-2002, Indian forests have acted as a small carbon sink. Thus, India with high population density, low forest cover per capita, high dependence of a large part of human population on forests, and a predominantly agrarian economy, has been able to reduce deforestation rate and increase its forest cover and associated carbon sink in the terrestrial biosphere. Due to fast growth rate and adaptability to a range of environments, short rotation plantations, in addition to carbon storage, rapidly produce biomass for energy and contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions. India has the potential to create additional carbon sinks using marginal lands, while at the same time balancing economic development and environmental concerns. KW - koolstofvastleggingKW - koolstofKW - kringlopenKW - bossenKW - bio-energieKW - landgebruikKW - ontbossingKW - bebossingKW - biomassaKW - indiaKW - carbon sequestrationKW - carbonKW - cyclingKW - forestsKW - bioenergyKW - land useKW - deforestationKW - afforestationKW - biomassKW - indiaUR - - 10. 18174/150185DO - 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of forests in the global carbon cycle, particularly in terms of carbon storage and sequestration. It explicitly mentions that 'the enhanced sequestration of carbon by the biosphere through massive reforestation or sustainable afforestation programs' is a method for mitigating CO2 accumulation. Additionally, it notes that increasing forest cover (which vertical forests exemplify) contributes to carbon sinks in the terrestrial biosphere, supporting the assertion that incorporating vertical forests in city landscapes can aid in carbon sequestration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: ” Incentivize the development of and access to, patient- and provider-centered telehealth technology “Telehealth information technology platform is NOT user friendly. ” “Difficult to properly diagnose with telehealth. Have been using photos from patients to supplement but still not really sufficient. ” “Our patients are low-income with language barriers. Requiring third party interpreter by speaker phone takes extra time and reduces quality of care. ” Review, revise, and communicate telehealth malpractice policies “I am not going to practice telehealth; it is not reliable and may increase malpractice cases. ” “I'm very concerned about being sued for managing the patients over telehealth especially since many are requesting opioids. ” “Malpractice premiums are a major barrier for telehealth. ” Source: Authors’ analyses of data from surveys administered to primary care providers in City from April to July 2020. First, despite the increased telehealth reimbursement rates announced by CMS and commercial insurers, there was widespread confusion due to the plethora of variables determining the reimbursements, such as the HIPAA compliance of the platform, duration of the tele-visit, tele-visit modality, originating site, coverage parity, and payment parity for video versus phone versus in-person office visits. Moreover, these variables differ by states and insurers. When asked if they have been reimbursed for telehealth services, more than a third of our respondents reported that they “don’t know. ” Nearly 55 percent of respondents reported that “uncertain reimbursements” were a barrier to using telehealth. Small independent practices, which made up a large proportion of our survey respondents, often do not have the necessary administrative resources to sift through a long variable list. To promote integration of telehealth, policy makers and insurers will need to reduce the existing heterogeneity of payments to mitigate confusion and uncertainties around billing for telehealth. fee-for-service reimbursements for telehealth fail to account for the time practices are spending to coordinate telehealth visits and help patients access these services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting multiple challenges associated with telehealth that may hinder its ability to improve access. For example, it states, "Telehealth information technology platform is NOT user friendly" and mentions that there are "difficulties to properly diagnose with telehealth." Additionally, it discusses barriers like language issues for low-income patients who require third-party interpreters, which "takes extra time and reduces quality of care." Furthermore, the text indicates that reimbursement uncertainties are significant barriers, with more than a third of respondents unsure if they've been reimbursed for telehealth services. Overall, these points illustrate that while telehealth is intended to improve access, various operational and systemic issues may prevent it from effectively doing so in rural populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: Academy of Enter your Email address: Subscribe to eTOC Home > Screening for. . . Screening for -June 17, 2010 Explained80. ”But screening at seven-year intervals might not sit well with US patients and doctors, who are used to a health care system where the ready availability of technology and access to specialists have made all sorts of medical screening seem almost routine, experts not involved with the study told Neurology Today. Under the health care reform legislation recently signed into law, the federal government is to step up funding for “comparative-effectiveness research” to identify which treatments work best, but even the mere mention of the research sparked some criticism that reform efforts will lead to medical rationing. Indeed, that was the fodder for much outcry last November when a federal task force said that most women in their 40s should stop getting annual mammograms and that most women over age 50 should only get screened every two years. The panel ended up qualifying some of its initial statements. . Caplan, MD, a professor of neurology at School, said that studies looking at the cost-effectiveness of screening don't take into consideration the many varied circumstances of individual patients and he worries such research could be used by insurance payers to deny coverage. “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go,” Dr. Caplan told Neurology Today. “If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ”Dr. Bor said his group wanted to look at the financial side of screening because “cost-effectiveness is often considered when implementing a new screening tool, and can tip the scale toward implementing or rejecting the tool. ”The investigators relied on a statistical model to examine the cost-effectiveness of SAH screening because it would be difficult to answer the same question using a randomized-controlled trial (RCT). “As familial SAH is rare, and the risk of aneurysm development and rupture is a continuous risk during the total lifespan of patients, assessment of the optimal screening strategy in an RCT would take decades of follow-up in a research population that is difficult to acquire,” they wrote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cryptids as it discusses medical screening and cost-effectiveness, with no mention or relation to cryptids or their purported presence in any geographic location. Therefore, it does not provide support for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests contribute to carbon sequestration within city landscapes. [SEP] Text: 75 Tg yr-1), 34 Mha converted to silvopasture (207 Tg yr-1), and windbreaks on 5% (7. 45 Mha) of the cropland (25 Tg yr-1). Despite many limitations including uncertainty of land areas under agroforestry, lack of standardized estimation protocols, and lack of accountability on various C stocks (source-sink services, detritus C, insect/pest damages, etc. ), we believe these new accrual rates and the land areas under each practice are much more realistic as new information became available over the last decade. The total C sequestration by forests (776) and agroforests (219) is 995 Tg yr-1 and represents approximately 15% of the US CO2 emissions. This review highlights the importance of sustainable management of forests and integration of agroforestry on agricultural lands to mitigate climate challenges further while meeting society’s need for food and a healthy environment. cropping, riparian buffers, silvopasture, windbreaks Download PDF 0 12 14 change has been recognized as a major global threat affecting food security and sustainability. More greenhouse gases (GHG) are released into the atmosphere, and more landslides, floods, fires, and rising sea levels are being reported at an alarming rate. The world needs low-cost GHG reduction mechanisms that also guarantee various other benefits including food security, environmental stability, social acceptance, and better economies. Management of agricultural and forestry systems to sequester C has been accepted as one of the cost-effective climate change mitigation strategies[1]. Establishing and maintaining healthy perennial vegetation that includes trees to enhance C sequestration (see [Box 1][2] for Terminology used in this paper) is less expensive compared to most other techniques. Additionally, these practices come with other ecosystem services (ES) like enhanced water quality, soil health, land productivity, and social values with minimal environmental and health risks. Perennial vegetation allocates a higher percentage of C to belowground and often extends the growing season[1], which is more efficient than annual vegetation, and therefore further enhances the C sequestration potential of agriculture[3-6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of healthy perennial vegetation, which includes trees, in enhancing carbon sequestration. It notes that forests, including agroforests, contribute significantly to carbon sequestration, stating that 'Establishing and maintaining healthy perennial vegetation that includes trees to enhance C sequestration' is crucial for mitigating climate change. This aligns with the idea that vertical forests, as a form of tree-integrated designs, can contribute positively to carbon sequestration in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies show that telehealth can improve access to healthcare for rural populations. [SEP] Text: In our survey, providers reported a number of activities that are not reimbursable and hence not incentivized in the fee-for-service system, including: coordinating tele-visit schedules, creating materials and providing one-to-one sessions to help patients download and use video conferencing platforms for tele-visits, and having dedicated staff call patients in advance of their appointments to test their video and audio capabilities. Given the significant adjustments and workflow changes required for telehealth use, value-based or population-based capitation models can better account for the expenses associated with these team-based and technology-enabled models of care. For At-Devices Third, to do remote monitoring providers rely on patients being able to measure their health indicators at home, which requires patients to have access to appropriate devices and equipment. Remote monitoring is critical for effective telehealth. In their suite of supportive measures for telehealth, the 2019 CMS final rule announced coverage for remote patient monitoring in the form of three CPT billing codes. However, these codes pay for provider-level expenses in the initial setup of monitoring devices and for the ongoing monitoring of physiologic parameters, rather than for the compatible equipment required by the patients. Some of the large health care systems provide equipment free of charge to their patients to facilitate remote monitoring. However, such a cost is not easy for independent primary care practices to absorb. The great majority (77 percent) of our survey sample of mostly small independent practices reported that their patients bought the devices on their own. Some patients may not have the means to purchase the devices on their own, which can affect the quality of telehealth being delivered and in turn increase the likelihood of adverse health outcomes for these patients. There is a clear need for insurers to support patients’ access to and training in the use of monitoring equipment at home. - And Provider-Technology Fourth, providers reported several flaws in telehealth technology that impacted its usability for patients from different socioeconomic backgrounds and for providers in different practice settings. Providers proposed several examples of necessary improvements in telehealth technology, including: a user-friendly platform for patients to share images of body parts and exchange diagnostic information, platforms with built-in language translations to enhance communication with populations with limited English proficiency, electronic health records (EHRs) that allow appropriate telehealth documentation and are compatible with telehealth billing codes, and EHRs that are interoperable with health monitoring apps for information exchange. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant barriers to effective telehealth usage, especially for rural populations. It mentions that many patients may not have the means to purchase necessary devices for remote monitoring, which can adversely affect the quality of telehealth provided. It emphasizes the need for insurers to support access to such equipment, indicating that without addressing these barriers, telehealth may not effectively improve access to healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptids can be found in every region of the world. [SEP] Text: “In addition to these difficulties, an RCT with ‘natural history’ as the basic strategy of intervention and ‘screening’ as an alternate strategy of intervention seems problematic, because most individuals with two or more relatives with SAH ask for screening, and are unwilling to await the natural history. When an RCT is not feasible, a simulation model may provide a reasonable alternate research method. ”researchers searched the medical literature for data on real patients and then used the findings to build a statistical model to compare the cost-effectiveness of screening to no screening for familial intracranial aneurysms. The model allowed them to start screening at ages 20, 30, or 40 and to end screening at ages 60, 70, or 80. DR. . “Studying large groups to see if screening pays off economically is not the way to go. If you have an aneurysm you don't want to wait five years to be tested again, because you're thinking you want to see your grandchild grow up. ” The researchers also considered different screening intervals, including every two, three, five, seven, 10, and 15 years. Patients progressed in cycles of one year through the model, all starting at age 15 as “healthy without aneurysm. ” The model allowed for different follow-up states, including healthy without aneurysm, healthy with aneurysm, healthy with small known aneurysm, disabled, or dead. Patients could become disabled or die because of SAH, complications of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), or complications of preventive aneurysm treatment. In the statistical model, screening consisted of MRA, followed by DSA for confirmation if a problem was detected. Aneurysms were treated either with clipping or coiling. If the aneurysm was considered too small to treat, the patient received follow-up screening every two years until the aneurysm either enlarged or ruptured. The researchers used data from previous studies to set the rates at which aneurysms would be detected or rupture over time. They noted in their report that the 10-year risk of SAH in people with a family history has been estimated to be 7 percent, while the lifetime risk could be as large as 26 percent. ? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryptids as it focuses on medical research related to familial intracranial aneurysms and screening methods, without any mention of cryptids or their geographical distribution.