Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The ability to assess patients visually and have visual clues to make comprehensive assessments and empowering patients to take control of their treatments were reported as valuable features of video conferencing. The duration of the consultations is not clearly documented; however, in a study by Verhoeven et al, primary healthcare professionals mentioned that they have longer consultations virtually compared to the traditional 10 minutes per patient during an in-person visit [58,63], and indicated they can use the additional time to build rapport with their patients and get to know their patients more and conversely raise any social and safeguarding issues. In a study conducted by Helou et al in 2020, the accessibility and convenience of telemedicine were extensively discussed. However, it is important to note that not all studies have the same results. Verhoeven et al found that while telemedicine may be accessible to a large group of people, there are concerns regarding the technological literacy of certain patient populations, particularly older individuals [58], which could hinder the effectiveness of telemedicine interventions, as pointed out by Akosy et al [54]. Despite the unprecedented situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, research suggests that utilizing telephone technology, which is less complex than video visits, could serve as a viable substitute for in-person consultations in general medical practice, as indicated by Gomez et al [54]. This is especially relevant for patients with chronic conditions, as highlighted by Hassani et al in 2020 [56], and involving families in setting up these telemedicine interventions could potentially overcome any technical barriers, as proposed by Gomez et al [54]. Another important benefit of telemedicine intervention, which is widely documented in studies, is the ability to provide continuity of care to patients, thereby offering a holistic approach. The implementation of this intervention has provided healthcare providers with a solution to the challenges they face in terms of limited time and resources during patient interactions [54]. Also, one more valuable aspect that the studies have highlighted about synchronous telemedicine is that it leads to an increase in patient compliance with their care and treatment plans, which ultimately showcases the promising benefits of telemedicine [52]. In addition, telemedicine has gained recognition for providing immediate remote access to expert medical advice, treatment, and diagnosis. This eliminates the necessity for individuals from rural areas to travel long distances to urban centers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of telemedicine to provide continuity of care and enhance patient compliance with their treatment plans. It highlights that telemedicine offers a holistic approach and solutions to challenges faced by healthcare providers, especially for patients with chronic conditions. The mention of remote access to expert medical advice and treatment further supports the idea that doctors can effectively monitor chronic conditions through telemedicine, making the system beneficial for both healthcare providers and patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Even where a “policy” instrument is made under legislation, not all instruments place binding obligations on decision-makers, and some instruments merely provide guidance to frame and inform administrative decision-making. Where a policy has been developed under the authority of legislation, it will still be necessary to examine the legislative context to determine whether the policy is intended to be binding (Sharp, 2017). A useful example of an instrument that is intended to merely guide decision-makers is recovery plans made under the United States’ Act 1973. Under this Act, the Secretary “shall develop and implement [recovery plans] for the conservation and survival of endangered species” (16 USC § 1533(f)). In the case of Fund for Animals v Rice, 85 F. 3d 535 (11th Cir. 1996), an environmental group challenged the construction of a landfill in an area that had been deemed critical habitat for the endangered Florida panther and was therefore argued to be inconsistent with its recovery plan. However, the group was unsuccessful as the Court observed that the plan was for guidance purposes only. Despite having its foundations in legislation, recovery plans allow the relevant government agency to exercise discretion. Furthermore, while some “policy” instruments stipulate legal processes to be followed, or considerations to be applied, when assessing specific projects, others provide strategic guidance to governments. For example, in Fiji, the Act 2005 requires the Council to formulate a Strategy (cl 24). The current strategy is the Strategy and for Fiji 2020–2025, which sets out strategic actions for the national government to take to protect biodiversity: for example, conducting a gap analysis as to where additional protected areas are needed (Department of Environment, Government of Fiji, 2020). High-level strategic guidance can help with setting a clear vision for conservation planning and is therefore not without utility—for example, there have been calls for the to adopt a national biodiversity strategy to promote consistency in law and policy-making (Gerber et al. , 2023). However, this type of high-level guidance document may not give rise to legally binding obligations. 2. 3 Does a nonstatutory policy mandate or encourage outcomes? Instruments involving decisions made at the individual project level may also have different legal effects. Some policy instruments may impose legally enforceable obligations on decision-makers and project proponents, while others might simply direct and steer them (by providing nonlegally binding recommendations or incentives). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that not all policy instruments related to conservation are equally binding or effective across different nations. The example of the United States' recovery plans emphasizes that these can serve merely as guidance, not binding obligations, which suggests unequal participation and varying levels of commitment to conservation efforts. Similarly, the text discusses how Fiji's strategy, while strategic and useful, may also lack enforceable obligations. This indicates disparities in how policies are crafted and implemented across different countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Research 47(W1):W59-W64. 2004. New diterpenoids from the marine mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Journal of 67(9):1620-1623. 2020. Lineage-specific evolution of mangrove plastid genomes. 13(2):1-13 Hou D. 1958. Bruguiera. 5:457-468. 2008. Chloroplast microsatellite markers for the mangrove tree species Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Kandelia candel, and Rhizophora stylosa, and cross-amplification in other mangrove species. 9(4):989-993. 2020. GetOrganelle: a fast and versatile toolkit for accurate de novo assembly of organelle genomes. 21:1-31 Kathiresan K, Bingham BL. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in 40(3):81-251. 2018. MEGA X: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms. and Evolution 35(6):1547-1549. 2001. REPuter: the manifold applications of repeat analysis on a genomic scale. Research 29(22):4633-4642. 2002. Molecular phylogeny of mangroves IX: molecular marker assisted intra-specific variation and species relationships in the Indian mangrove tribe Rhizophoreae. 74(3):201-217 Laslett D, Canback B. 2004. a program to detect tRNA genes and tmRNA genes in nucleotide sequences. Research 32(1):11-16 Li H, Durbin R. 2009. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25(14):1754-1760. 2019. The complete chloroplast genome of Rhizophora stylosa and its phylogenetic implications. : Resources 4(1):374-375. 2021. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L. ) Lam. ex Savigny. : Resources 6(7):2076-2078 _Allah EF, Al-Harrasi A. 2020. Gene loss and evolution of the plastome. Genes 11:1-23. 2018. Structural diversity among plastid genomes of land plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly. It discusses various studies and research related to mangroves, chloroplast microsatellite markers, and genomic analysis, but does not mention the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Physicians are not only required to receive training on utilizing technological devices such as laptops, but they are also expected to maintain eye contact with their patients as a means of establishing a connection [55]. One of the challenges identified in the studies is the lack of technological infrastructure, including the absence of smart devices for elderly patients, limited bandwidth, and weak WIFI connection [55,57]. As a result of the swift expansion of telemedicine, valuable insights were gained on the implementation, maintenance, and administration of telemedicine both throughout and after the COVID-19 crisis. According to the studies, the implementation stage is identified as a crucial factor in any telemedicine intervention. Verhoeven et al argue that it is a tremendous benefit for healthcare professionals to have their own patient list, as the challenges increase when patients are not familiar with their usual healthcare provider. Furthermore, in their video consultations, the primary healthcare professionals employ a proven technique known as Ideas, Concerns, and Expectations (ICE) to assist in the process [58]. However, even with the implementation of these innovative approaches, healthcare professionals have concerns about potentially overlooking critical diagnoses. Furthermore, Scrinivasan et al emphasized that to ensure high quality and sustainable synchronous telemedicine consultations, it is crucial to establish a proper structural framework. This framework should include defining the roles and responsibilities of primary healthcare professionals in a way that aligns with their professional objectives. In addition to these components, successful implementation of this project also necessitates staff training, enhancement of physical arrangements within the health center, and the careful selection of suitable cases for synchronous telemedicine [67]. The results suggested that the move to video consultations unveiled new ways of practicing medicine if obstacles to expense, equity, and staffing can be overcome [55,57,58]. Thus, some primary healthcare professionals strongly agree that telemedicine practices should remain ongoing for conditions that are deemed appropriate for telemedicine interventions beyond the pandemic, as this will improve access to healthcare, particularly for patients with chronic conditions [55]. However, there have been concerns raised about the level of job satisfaction among healthcare professionals and their capacity to effectively make complex and sensitive decisions through telemedicine methods; therefore, it is crucial that these concerns are addressed to ensure the long-term viability and success of telemedicine [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that some primary healthcare professionals strongly agree that telemedicine practices should continue for conditions deemed appropriate for telemedicine interventions beyond the pandemic, as this will improve access to healthcare, particularly for patients with chronic conditions. This indicates that remote monitoring of chronic conditions is viable and supported by healthcare professionals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: For example, in Queensland, Australia, 11 requires that development must avoid marine plant flowering, fish spawning, and fish migration periods (PO6) (Queensland Government, 2022. This makes it clear to potential proponents that a particular type of activity is considered unacceptable and, therefore, forces them to consider alternatives in order to obtain development consent. It also provides a clear direction for decision-makers. Alternatively, an instrument may simply encourage a party to do something that furthers a government's overarching agenda. For example, private protected areas have emerged globally as an important biodiversity conservation tool (Ivanova & Cook, 2020), but the uptake of these measures on private land is difficult to mandate and instead may be encouraged through various financial incentives (Retief et al. , 2022). 2. 4 Is a policy instrument current? Finally, even if a nonstatutory policy instrument appears to be binding, it must be ascertained whether a policy is current. It can be easy to assess the currency of legislation, as it is often compiled in central databases where amendments are documented and traceable. In contrast, policy documents may be posted on government websites, and outdated policy documents may not be removed. It has been noted that it can be difficult to “discover what [policies have] been made under a particular power; and once found it is difficult or impossible to verify whether one has found the latest text of a particular document” (Greenberg, 2015). Some instruments may be subject to review requirements at specified intervals, either imposed by legislation or outlined in the instrument itself. For example, in the United States, s. 4(c) of the Act requires that recovery plans for listed threatened species are reviewed every 5 years. However, a review found that nearly 25% of species lack final recovery plans and over half of plans are more than 20 years old (Malcom & Li, 2018) with many federal courts unwilling to force preparation or updating of such plans (Cheever, 2001). Therefore, even if these recovery plans were to impose binding obligations, it may be difficult to determine whether one does in fact apply to a decision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in participation and effectiveness in marine conservation efforts. For instance, it mentions specific examples from Queensland, Australia, and the challenges in the United States regarding the implementation of recovery plans for threatened species. The mention of global private protected areas being difficult to mandate and the inconsistency in policy enforcement further illustrates that not all countries engage equally in marine conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Amsterdam: Elsevier Ltd. . 2020. Complete chloroplast genomes of Chlorophytum comosum and Chlorophytum gallabatense: genome structures, comparative and phylogenetic analysis. Plants 9(3):1-18. 2013. Metabolites and bioactivities of Rhizophoraceae mangroves. and Bioprospecting 3(5):207-232. 2016. Bruguiera hainesii, a critically endangered mangrove species, is a hybrid between B. cylindrica and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) 17(5):1137-1144. 1986. Conservation of chloroplast genome structure among vascular plants. 10(11):823-833. 2015. Complete chloroplast genome sequence of MD-2 pineapple and its comparative analysis among nine other plants from the subclass Commelinidae. BMC 15(1):1-20. 2016. Assessment of mangroves from Goa, west coast India using DNA barcode. 5(1):1-10. 2007. Molecular phylogenetic relationships among four species of the mangrove tree genus Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae), as revealed by chromosome and RAPD markers. Revista de 55(2):437-448. 2000. Systematic affinities of Rhizophoraceae and Anisophylleaceae, and intergeneric relationships within Rhizophoraceae, based on chloroplast DNA, nuclear ribosomal DNA, and morphology. of Botany 87(4):547-564. 2007. Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: the tortoise and the hare III. of Botany 94(3):275-288. 2005. (Rhizophoraceae) species in the mangroves of Singapore, especially on the new record and the rediscovery. Taiwania 50:251-260. 2020. Complete chloroplast genomes of 14 mangroves: phylogenetic and genomic comparative analyses. BioInternational 2020:1-13. 2005. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of mangroves: independent evolutionary origins of vivipary and salt secretion. and Evolution 34(1):159-166 Stamatakis A. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic markers and their use in tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it provides bibliographic references related to chloroplast genomes and mangroves without discussing inheritance or genetic tracing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The studies highlight the crucial importance of effectively managing telemedicine services to ensure long-term success and the ongoing delivery of telemedicine interventions. As a result, the studies emphasized the importance of providing regular and consistent feedback on telemedicine activities to maintain its continuity and make further enhancements that align with clinical requirements. Compliance with the COVID-19 government guidelines prompted primary healthcare practices to make adaptations during the implementation of synchronous telemedicine. It is evident from the studies that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a swift and substantial growth in the utilization of telemedicine [68]. According to the studies, under normal circumstances, it would have required several years to achieve this level of progress. However, due to the urgent demands, the timeline was compressed to just 2 to 3 weeks, resulting in immense pressure on healthcare personnel to ensure safety and optimize all essential aspects. A study conducted by Srinivasan et al in 2020 recorded a remarkable statement that caught their attention: “I have never witnessed such a rapid allocation of resources before” [55]. Therefore, the future of telemedicine as an essential component of the healthcare system relies on the permanence and approval of legislation and regulations by governmental authorities, regardless of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the high number of COVID-19 cases that have been reported during the pandemic, patients have come to realize that the healthcare system is under immense pressure, making it increasingly challenging for them to schedule in-person appointments with their regular healthcare providers. Following that, the 1. flow diagram. Figure 2. Quality assessment criteria (CASP) (2018). 1. Inclusion and exclusion criteria. Table 2. Description of included studies. Table 3. The 4 themes and their relation to telemedicine. 1. of multimorbidity and implications for health care, research, and medical education: A cross-sectional study: Lancet, 2012; 380(9836); 37-43 2. of remote consulting in UK primary care following the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-methods longitudinal study: Gen Pract, 2021; 71(704); e166-e77 3. Department of Health: Long term conditions compendium of information, 2012 4. : The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on outpatient visits: A rebound emerges, 2020 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic led to a significant increase in the utilization of telemedicine, which is essential for managing chronic conditions remotely. It mentions that healthcare practices made adaptations to implement synchronous telemedicine effectively to cope with the urgent demands of the pandemic. This suggests that remote monitoring was not only viable but necessary during the crisis, supporting the notion that doctors can indeed monitor chronic conditions via telemedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: 3 “” : objective of this paper is to give conservation practitioners the guidance necessary to look critically at a “policy” instrument and understand its legal meaning and effects, as well as its ability to translate into outcomes for conservation in practice in one key respect—that is, whether it is legally binding, and whether conservation decisions can therefore be challenged before a court. From a legal perspective, instruments enshrining “policy” are not created equally, and we have analyzed a sample set of instruments that may be referred to under the broad umbrella of “policy” to identify the different features that distinguish these instruments (and their contents) in legal consequence and effect. Once these features are familiar to someone working in conservation, they can be used to identify the legal characteristics of policy instruments. This, in turn, is a necessary precursor to evaluating whether a particular policy instrument (or set of policy instruments), either proposed or current, might be desirable or undesirable according to a set of more normative evaluation criteria. In identifying these features of legal and nonstatutory policy instruments, we are not asserting that one type of instrument is inherently superior to the other. Indeed, there are sound reasons to include nonstatutory policy into the regulatory mix for addressing conservation issues: legislation may need to pass through a lengthy Parliamentary process and receive majority support before it comes into effect, whereas nonstatutory policy can often be made and amended quickly and administratively by a government agency (Gunningham et al. , 1998; Weeks & Pearson, 2018). When a regulator chooses between legislative and nonstatutory options, they must, among other considerations, consider the pros and cons of providing greater legal flexibility (nonstatutory policy) or greater legal certainty (legislation) to the issue being regulated (Frohlich et al. , 2022). Nor are we asserting that the legally binding nature of a law or nonstatutory policy is the only important factor to consider when assessing the normative value of conservation laws and nonstatutory policies. Other features such as the robustness of the science underpinning the law or policy, the presence of effective monitoring and evaluation regimes, and the availability of legal sanctions for noncompliance are also critical to achieving outcomes for biodiversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that policy instruments for conservation are not created equally and that legal characteristics can differ significantly among countries. The discussion of nonstatutory versus statutory policies suggests that some countries may have more effective or flexible policies than others, which implies that not all countries can participate equally in marine conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: RAxML version 8: a tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30(9):1312-1313. 2020. Comparative survey of morphological variations and plastid genome sequencing reveals phylogenetic divergence between four endemic Ilex species. Forests 11(9):1-17. 2010. The chloroplast genome sequence of mungbean (Vigna radiata) determined by high-throughput pyrosequencing: structural organization and phylogenetic relationships. DNA Research 17(1):11-22. 2011. Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Hevea brasiliensis reveals genome rearrangement, RNA editing sites and phylogenetic relationships. Gene 475(2):104-112. 2003. Exploiting EST databases for the development and characterization of gene-derived SSR-markers in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ) Theoretical and 106(3):411-422 -. 2017. Geseq–versatile and accurate annotation of organelle genomes. Research 45(W1):W6-W11. 1979. Preliminary observations on floral biology in mangrove Rhizophoraceae. Biotropica 11(4):256-277. 2007. Loss of the rpl32 gene from the chloroplast genome and subsequent acquisition of a preexisting transit peptide within the nuclear gene in Populus. Gene 402(1–2):51-56. 2013. Inferences of evolutionary history of a widely distributed mangrove species, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, in the Indo-region. Ecology and Evolution 3(7):2251-2261. 2012. Characterization of the chloroplast genome sequence of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq. ) Gene 500(2):172-180. 2010. KaKs_Calculator 2. 0: a toolkit incorporating gamma-series methods and sliding window strategies. Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics 8(1):77-80 üller KF, Quandt D. 2011. The evolution of the plastid chromosome in land plants: gene content, gene order, gene function. Biology 76(3–5):273-297. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references to various articles in bioinformatics and genetics but does not specifically address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses phylogenetic analysis and various genomic studies, which, while related to genetics, do not directly support or oppose the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Original PaperVictor Patterson1, Pat Swinfen2; Roger Swinfen2; Emil Azzo3, FRCOG; Husen Taha4, MD; Richard Wootton5, PhD, DSc123Department of 4Department of Surgery, Emergency Hospital, Erbil, Iraq5Centre for Online Health, University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaCorresponding Author:for Online HealthLevel 3, Foundation BuildingRoyal Children’s HospitalBrisbane, Queensland 4029AustraliaPhone: +61 7 3346 4754Fax:+61 7 3346 4705Email: r_wootton@pobox. comAbstractBackground: Since 1999, the Trust has operated an email referral system between doctors in the developing world and specialists in the industrialized world. Since 2001, it has expanded its operation into the Middle East, in particular Iraq, an area of considerable conflict. Objectives: The aim was to compare referral patterns to the Trust from the with those received from the rest of the developing world and to look for qualitative evidence of health gain. Methods: We analyzed referrals to the Trust between July 2004 and June 2007 and compared these by speciality with those received from elsewhere during the same 3-year period. We asked two referring doctors for their views of the process, and we analyzed the total referrals made to a single specialty (neurology). Results: 2004 and June 2007, 283 referrals were received from four countries in the (Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait) and 500 cases were received from 22 other countries. The 283 cases resulted in 522 separate queries to specialists. The median time to specialist reply for the queries relating to the 283 cases was 24. 3 hours (interquartile range 6. 1-63. 3). There was a significant difference in case mix between the and the rest of the world (P <. 001), with more obstetric referrals and fewer referrals in medical specialties and radiology. The referring doctors were helped greatly by the service. The neurologist was confident of the diagnosis in 20 of 26 referrals received (77%). Both referring doctors and the specialist were able to cite referred cases where management was improved as a result of the service. Conclusions: Email telemedicine can be used in areas of conflict such as the Middle East. Perhaps surprisingly, trauma referrals are not increased but obstetric referrals are. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of an email telemedicine system that facilitates communication between doctors in conflict areas and specialists in more stable regions. It emphasizes that referrals to specialists can lead to improved management of cases, showing a practical application of telemedicine for monitoring and addressing health concerns remotely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Note that these mechanisms are not structurally modular, as they involve different interactions among the same set of genes. Moreover, attempts to explain gap gene expression dynamics with network motifs have consistently failed to correctly account for the integrated behaviour of the whole system (Zinzen and Papatsenko, 2007; Ishihara and Shibata, 2008; Papatsenko, 2009). All these difficulties arise because the gap gene network is a strongly emergent network (sensu Jiménez et al. , 2017). If there are functional modules in this network, they show a high degree of structural overlap. For such emergent networks, analyses based on structural modularity fail, because this approach is only valid for systems of markedly hybrid character. As was argued in Jiménez et al. (2017), such systems only constitute a tiny subset of all possible naturally occurring regulatory networks. An alternative way to identify network modules that does not rely directly on their structure is to define them in terms of their activity (Kauffman, 1993; Hartwell et al. , 1999; von Dassow and Munro, 1999; Newman and Bhat, 2008; Newman and Bhat, 2009; Alexander et al. , 2009; Benítez and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010). Such dynamical modules or dynamical subsystems consist of a group of connected network nodes that implement a particular behaviour (Irons and Monk, 2007; Benítez and Alvarez-Buylla, 2010). Their spatio-temporal pattern of activity specifies a certain type of dynamics—such as bistable or oscillatory—termed a ‘dynamical regime’ (Verd et al. , 2017; Verd et al. , 2018). Different dynamical regimes are distinguished by the composition of the underlying phase portraits (Strogatz, 2015; Perez-Carrasco et al. , 2018). For instance, they can be generated by different subsets of a system’s attractors (with associated basins) (Irons and Monk, 2007). With this type of classification, nodes may be shared between overlapping modules, simultaneously driving different dynamics in the context of different subsystems. No disjoint modular network structure is required or even expected (Jiménez et al. , 2017). Still, each module’s behaviour is relatively independent and clearly distinguishable from that of other dynamical subsystems (Irons and Monk, 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of gene networks and the identification of network modules, without any mention of VR (virtual reality) or medical training. Thus, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim regarding the application of VR in simulating medical procedures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods View 2017. Cryptic biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods Carlos A. Santamaria1,2, Joanna K. Bluemel3,4, Nancy Bunbury5, Melinda Curran6 1Biology Faculty, College of Science and Mathematics, University of Sarasota-of America 2Department of of America 3Society Seychelles, Mahé, Seychelles 4Lowestoft Laboratory, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and (CEFAS), Lowestoft, Suffolk, 5Foundation, Mahé, Seychelles 6Society, Mahé, Seychelles DOI 10. 7717/peerj. 3894 Published 2017-10-06 Accepted 2017-09-15 Received 2017-08-15 biogeography, Oniscidea, Cryptic species, Ligiidae, Intertidal, Overwater dispersal, Sea-land interphase, © 2017 Santamaria et al. is an open access 2017. Cryptic biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods. PeerJ 5:e3894 isopods are conspicuous inhabitants of rocky intertidal habitats exhibiting several biological traits that severely limit their dispersal potential. Their presence in patchy habitats and low vagility may lead to long term isolation, allopatric isolation and possible cryptic speciation. Indeed, various species of Ligia have been suggested to represent instead cryptic species complexes. Past studies; however, have largely focused in and Atlantic species of Ligia, leaving in doubt whether cryptic diversity occurs in other highly biodiverse areas. consists of 115 islands of different ages and geological origins spread across the western Indian Ocean. They are well known for their rich biodiversity with recent reports of cryptic species in terrestrial Seychellois organisms. Despite these studies, it is unclear whether coastal invertebrates from the Seychelles harbor any cryptic diversity. In this study, we examined patterns of genetic diversity and isolation within Ligia isopods across the Seychelles archipelago by characterizing individuals from locations across both inner and outer islands of the Seychelles using mitochondrial and nuclear markers. We report the presence of highly divergent lineages of independent origin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the biodiversity and phylogeographic patterns of isopods, and mentions the examination of genetic diversity and isolation within Ligia isopods. While it includes the characterization of individuals using genetic markers, it does not explicitly address the usefulness of these markers for tracing inheritance patterns across populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Supporting individual doctor-patient encounters in this way is therefore often beneficial and is easily expandable. As well as improving care for individuals, email telemedicine provides effective case-based learning for local doctors, leading to improved care for subsequent similar patients. J Res 2007;9(4):e30doi:10. 2196/jmir. 9. 4. e30KeywordsTelemedicine; electronic mail; developing countries; IntroductionWhile there is no doubt that political stability and public health are immensely important in improving a nation’s health, patients become ill regardless and doctors are needed to treat them. The outcome of the doctor-patient interaction is crucially important to the patient concerned, and a number of factors will optimize it, one of which is the expertise and training of that doctor in the patient’s specific complaint. Provision of the highest standard of medical care is the objective of those who work in the medical profession in the Middle East, as elsewhere, and these underpinning values do not change in times of conflict. For this reason, doctors’ knowledge needs to be upgraded continuously during their medical career. This is difficult to achieve in many parts of the developing world. In Iraq, for example, 13 years of strict international sanctions and three devastating wars in the last 25 years have not just destroyed or depleted the infrastructure but also made it extremely difficult for doctors to keep up with developments in their specialties. Despite their best personal efforts, their knowledge may not be sufficient to meet the high standards of medical practice they set for themselves and, consequently, some doctor-patient outcomes will be adversely affected. An email telemedicine system was set up in 1999 by the Trust in order to try and improve this situation. This has been described elsewhere [1] but is essentially simple in concept: hospital doctors in the developing world send an email message about a difficult patient that is passed on to a specialist in the industrialized world who replies with advice. In the last few years, links have been established with Iraq (29 sites), Pakistan (6), Afghanistan (3), and Kuwait (1) (Figure 1). We describe below how this system has worked in the Middle East, how referral patterns there differ from other parts of the developing world, and how both referring doctors and specialists feel about it. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an email telemedicine system that allows doctors in developing countries to consult with specialists in industrialized countries about difficult patients. This communication contributes to improving the care of patients, aligning with the claim that remote monitoring and consultation through telemedicine can enhance the management of chronic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is used in medical training to simulate real-life procedures. [SEP] Text: Dynamical modularity transcends the inherent limitations of structural approaches and allows us to gain insights into heavily emergent regulatory networks. However, it is far from trivial to apply this framework to the experimental study of specific evolving developmental processes. Irons and Monk have developed an algorithmic method to identify dynamical modules in Boolean network models (Irons and Monk, 2007). Unfortunately, this method is difficult to generalize and adapt to continuous mathematical frameworks (for instance, models formulated as systems of ordinary differential equations) used to study morphogen-driven pattern-forming networks such as the gap gene system. For this reason, we adopt a pragmatic approach to identify dynamical modules in the gap gene network of D. melanogaster. Our approach is based on the observation that only subsets of gap genes are expressed and exert their regulatory influence in any one region of the embryo. This allowed us to identify four localized subsystems, each containing three trunk gap genes that are active in different but overlapping regions of the embryo. Surprisingly, all four subsystems share the same regulatory structure, which identifies them as AC/DC subcircuits (Panovska-Griffiths et al. , 2013; Perez-Carrasco et al. , 2018). AC/DC subcircuits represent one of the simplest known genetic systems able to produce both switch-like (multistable) and oscillatory behaviour. We show that these AC/DC modules drive distinct dynamical regimes: static domain boundaries in the anterior, versus anteriorly shifting gap domains in the posterior of the embryo (Figure 1C, D; Verd et al. , 2017; Verd et al. , 2018). The boundary between these two dynamical regimes is positioned by an AC/DC circuit in a state of criticality. This makes the position of this boundary especially sensitive to changes in the strength of regulatory interactions, and we argue that this has shaped the evolvability of the gap gene system within the Dipteran order (flies, midges, and mosquitoes). Results and discussion gap gene system is composed of three dynamical modules We have taken a pragmatic approach to identifying dynamical modules in the gap gene network (Figure 1A, B; Jaeger, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the identification of dynamical modules in a genetic network and does not mention virtual reality (VR) or its use in medical training. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Atoll, we uncovered a lineage closely related to the Ligia vitiensis cryptic species complex. Within the inner islands of Cousine, Silhouette, and Mahé we detected the presence of two moderately divergent and geographically disjunct lineages most closely related to Ligia dentipes. Our findings suggest that the Seychelles may harbor at least three novel species of Ligia in need of description and that these species may have originated independently. Seychelles encompass some 115 islands spread across a large swath of the western Indian Ocean. These islands can be broadly divided into outer and inner islands based on their geological origin, geographic locality, and unique geological histories (Braithwaite, 1984). The “outer” islands are low-lying coralline islands that vary in size, age and geographic distribution. Some outer islands, such as and the Farquhar group, lay closer to Africa and Madagascar than to other islands in the Seychelles. The inner islands, on the other hand, consist of granitic islands thought to have formed as the Indian and separated during the breakup of Gondwana some 65 million years ago (Mya) (Plummer & Belle, 1995). The inner islands comprise of some 40 islands, including major ones such as Mahé, Praslin and Silhouette as well as smaller islands encircling them (Fig. 1). The complex geological history of the Seychelles islands coupled with their remoteness may help explain a richly biodiverse fauna characterized by high rates of endemism and for the presence of highly divergent cryptic lineages recently reported across a variety of Seychellois terrestrial (e. g. , Rocha, Harris & Posada, 2011; Rocha, Posada & Harris, 2013; Silva et al. , 2010) and freshwater (e. g. , Daniels, 2011) organisms. These recent reports indicate that our understanding of the Seychelles fauna may be incomplete and that cryptic species may exist in Seychellois organisms from poorly studied habitats. This is particularly true for organisms in which cryptic lineages have been reported from other highly isolated archipelagos. Figure 1: Map of sampled localities across the Seychelles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about genetic markers tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses the ecological and geological context of the Seychelles islands and their biodiversity, highlighting the discovery of cryptic lineages without explicitly connecting this to genetic markers or inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: countries with email telemedicine sites View this figureMethodsProcessAfter hospitals wishing to participate have identified themselves to the Trust, equipment, such as a digital camera and tripod, is provided and appropriate training is arranged. Referrals are sent by email to the single email address of an automated message-handling server (AutoRouter) [2] with anonymized clinical photographs or images as attachments. One of the system operators allocates the message to a relevant specialist who then replies to the AutoRouter, which forwards the reply to the referring doctor. The AutoRouter handles any further email dialogue automatically and alerts the system operators if an initial reply is not received within 48 hours. If a reply is not received within 2-3 days, the case is allocated to a different specialist. Specialists are hospital consultants throughout the world who give their time freely and endeavour to reply as soon as possible. The network started with a single hospital in Bangladesh and now serves 118 hospitals in 29 countries that are connected to 264 specialists in 127 separate specialties. Views of Referring DoctorsThe main users of the system are the doctors who refer to it. We asked two Iraqi physicians for their views on the system: EA is an obstetrician at Kirkuk, which is 300 km north of Baghdad, and HT is a surgeon in Erbil, 500 km north of Baghdad. Views of a SpecialistWe analyzed neurology referrals because these referrals were mainly dealt with by a single specialist (VP) and there were previous publications on workload in other parts of the developing world [3]. We recorded the number and country of origin of the referrals, whether attachments were included, reply time, final diagnosis, number of email exchanges, and confidence in diagnosis. ResultsFrom the inception of the service in July 1999 until June 2007, a total of 1466 referrals were received. The sustainability of the service is shown by the year-on-year referral pattern in Figure 2. Figure 2. Annual referral rate to the Trust (2007 figure was estimated from the actual number of cases received from January to July 2007) View this figureReferrals1 shows, between July 2004 and June 2007, 283 referrals were received from the four countries and 500 referrals from another 22 countries (the islands of St. Helena and Tristan da Cunha, while technically an of the United Kingdom, were counted separately in view of their remoteness). Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a telemedicine system that facilitates communication between referring doctors and specialists through email. It demonstrates how doctors can send referrals and clinical photographs electronically, which enables specialists from different countries to provide their input on cases. This system exemplifies how remote monitoring of patient conditions can occur, reflecting the capabilities of telemedicine in managing chronic conditions across distances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: Only one student remained on an abstract level and reflected on the planning and practicability of the district in general. On the EUREF campus, on the other hand, the students were rather helpless in finding a good pose. Many poses expressed thoughtfulness or deliberately left no statement (normal sitting posture or crossed arms, like the students in the middle in Fig. 5). These poses do not represent a refusal of the task but a distance from the place. The descriptions of the atmosphere were less emotional than conceptual. The student on the left in Fig. 5 wanted to express that the planners want to be “high up” in that place. The student on the right symbolically showed a pair of binoculars to make clear that she must look even further to discover the dimensions of the place. Because of the vagueness of and uncertainty in the atmospheric descriptions in this place, the exercise was repeated in another seminar. This consolidated the view that most of all students do not resonate with this place. The students saw “no place” for themselves here. Only one group chose this location for their VR field trip. Figure 4Posing exercise in Seestadt Aspern, Vienna (own photo, illustration by Ute Dolezal). Figure 5Posing exercise at the EUREF campus in Berlin (own photo, illustration by Ute Dolezal). Figure 6A 360∘ panorama of the MotionLab entrance in Berlin (own photo). 4. 4 Change in perspectives The third example does not refer to a specific exercise but describes a process. During their own research process, the students had already dealt with the question of how to translate the research results into a VR field trip. Quite early they started to weigh up which places were suitable. A challenge for us, therefore, was to ensure the quality of research as a result of the fantasies of trace, hypothesis, and operationalization. Especially in Vienna, we realized that the change from research to design must be actively organized. The students had to engage in the process of mediation. This process was associated with uncertainty. The challenge lies primarily in the critical constructivist attitude to the process of laying traces, i. e. the design of a VR field trip. Our evaluation suggests, on the one hand, that the students understood the design of VR field trips as subjectively “constructing” a version of reality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting students' disconnection from the locations involved in VR field trips. It indicates that most students did not resonate with the place, stating that they saw 'no place' for themselves. This suggests that the experience may not facilitate exploration but rather a sense of distance and uncertainty regarding the location, which challenges the idea that VR field trips effectively enable exploration from within the classroom.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: A1-Basin Cabri, Aldabra Atoll, Seychelles; A2-Nosy Be, Madgascar; A3-The Slipway, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania; A4-Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania; C-Stone Town, Zanzibar, Tanzania; D1-Galle, Sri Lanka; D2-Patong Bay, Phuket, Thailand; E1-Cousine Island, Seychelles; E2-Silhouette Island, Seychelles; E3-L’Islette, W. Mahé, Seychelles; E4-Anse Parnel, S. E. Mahé, Seychelles; F-Dutch Bay, Trincomalee, Sri Lanka. Colors and labels for each locality correspond with other figures and tables. Detailed information for each locality is presented in Table 1. (A) Map by under a CC BY-SA 3. 0 license; (B) map by Ewan ar Born under a CC BY-SA 3. 0 license; (C) Map in the public domain in at Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/fig-1 Ligia isopods have been reported to exhibit high levels of cryptic diversity in several regions of the world, including highly isolated locations such as the Hawaiian islands (Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. , 2003). In this remote and isolated archipelago, Ligia hawaiensis was thought to be the only intertidal species of this genus to occupy this habitat (Schmalfuss, 2003). This species, however, appears to represent a paraphyletic taxon composed of several highly divergent (>10% COI K2P) lineages (Santamaria et al. , 2013). These results indicate that this species may actually consist of several cryptic species. The high levels of divergence observed in L. hawaiensis match those reported in other Ligia species (Eberl et al. , 2013; Hurtado, Mateos & Santamaria, 2010; Jung et al. , 2008; Santamaria, Mateos & Hurtado, 2014; Santamaria et al. , 2013; Taiti et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about using genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations. Instead, it discusses various locations and observations related to Ligia isopods, their diversity, and lineage divergence, which are unrelated to the topic of genetic markers and inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The opinions from your Trust consultants have helped in some instances to change, and in others to support, my ways of treatment. [HT]This is the view of another Iraqi doctor:The tremendous usefulness and benefits of [the email referral system] to our. . . patients [in need] could be summarized in three points. The first benefit is its provision of modern clinical practice to our patients through the link with distinguished consultants in different specialties who have devoted their time and efforts to the help of patients freely and willingly. In this matter I can give an example of how one of our patients benefited from this link. A teenage girl presented with severe pulmonary edema due to pre-eclampsia at thirty weeks gestation. Upon our request, the advisory obstetrician and anesthetist responded swiftly, generously, and efficiently. Under their supervision, the local medical team managed to control the case and prolong pregnancy for another two weeks and managed to deliver her under spinal anesthesia. Happily, the mother and her premature baby left the hospital recovered. The second beneficial point is learning. The advisory consultant’s replies were not brief and concise messages, but they were long, detailed, informative, and instructive. They were rich in modern knowledge about the specific case. Occasionally, there were referrals to useful websites for further details. Our obstetric unit took advantage of this, and now most of our cesarean sections are being performed under spinal anesthesia instead of general due to the instruction of the advisory anesthetist. The last useful point, which is not perceptible, is its effects on the behavior and characters of the recipient doctors. The telemedical staff practised the virtues of love, care, and assistance to patients and doctors whom they do not know. This inspired us to behave similarly to our patients and to our colleagues. [EA]Views of a SpecialistA total of 26 email referrals were received by a single neurologist between July 2004 and June 2007 from countries, 35% of all his email referrals during that period. Referrals were from Iraq (19), Afghanistan (5), Kuwait (1), and Pakistan (1). The median time to reply was 7 hours (range 0-7 days); 12 (44%) of the replies were sent on the same day, and 20 (77%) were sent within 2 days. The mean time to the last email was 5 days (range 0-27). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the benefits of email referrals and telemedicine in providing modern clinical practice, support from consultants in different specialties, and remote management of patient cases. It illustrates how a local medical team benefited from remote supervision during a critical situation, thereby demonstrating the efficacy of remote monitoring and expert guidance through telemedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: This was contrasted not by other images but by audio files with interview statements. These audio files are integrated into the VR field trip. They highlight the invisible, hidden complexity of this place. In summary, we have given the students space and time to describe situations they have experienced and to express their sensual feeling. The aim was to stimulate reflection on one's own viewing and feeling of spatially related aspects and to link this with content-related expectations of urban research. We applied this strategy both to images, as in the first example, and to urban situations, as in the second. Sensitivity to their own body concept helped the students to manage the role change from researcher to designer, as described in the third example. For example, two teams included in their research. It was obviously not a question of whether a place was perceived as positive but whether it aroused any subject-related resonance at all. During the courses, the students were empowered to develop a spatial reflection and a visual reflection competence. Especially, they understand VR as a geographic visualization process which is in a way powerful, uncertain, and selected. Likewise, they integrate their own spatial perceptions and their own body concepts in their research practices. In part, also the limits of one's own knowledge were understood. For example, one student emphasized that he could not make any statement about the whole city of Vienna. However, there was an increasing sensitivity to local particularities and the exemplariness of the selected places. Furthermore, during the production and design process, the students worked on a feeling for perspectives and possibilities and limits of the expressiveness of the image and equally on the necessity of image changes (such as a change of location in VR) and the conscious elaboration of the specifics of the locations. The own-body concept played an important role in this. However, the “visualization fantasy” created a new resonance between body and place. And it underlined the limitations of visual impressions in the context of specific research foci. Every group added additional text or audio files to clarify their subject. Our evaluation also showed that, on the one hand, the students very much appreciated the possibilities of a field trip designed in a constructivist way. On the other hand, they found it difficult to transfer this approach into a VR field trip. In the design phase, the desire to control the users' trace interpretation prevailed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges students face in transferring a constructivist approach into a VR field trip, indicating that while VR may provide opportunities for exploration, it also presents difficulties. For instance, the students appreciated the designed field trip but found it hard to control the users' interpretation and communicate specific insights about the places explored. This highlights limitations in the immersive exploration typically associated with VR field trips.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: , 2003) and are thought to be a product of their biological traits that severely restrict dispersal abilities: poor desiccation resistance, poor ability to swim, direct development, and inhabitance of patchy rocky habitats. Such traits, when combined with the isolated nature of remote oceanic archipelagos can easily disrupt gene flow leading to local speciation, and possibly cryptic speciation, in populations. This leads to the question of whether Ligia populations in isolated and remote islands such as those of the Seychelles may also harbor cryptic lineages. In the Seychelles, only two species of Ligia isopods have been formally reported to date (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985; Taiti, 2014). The earliest published record from the Seychelles archipelago indicates the presence of L. exotica, a cosmopolitan species of Asian origin, at Aldabra (Ferrara & Taiti, 1985). This record is based on a single 8-mm long juvenile specimen collected at in 1983. More recently, the presence of L. dentipes, a species widely distributed through the and redescribed and illustrated by Ferrara & Taiti (1982), from the island of Silhouette was reported (Taiti, 2014). These reports are based on morphological identification and in some cases of partial or incomplete organisms, casting doubt on some of the identifications (e. g. , L. exotica from Aldabra) and leaving unanswered whether harbor highly divergent lineages. In this study, we apply molecular and morphological approaches to Ligia individuals collected in both the inner and outer islands to determine which Ligia species inhabit the Seychelles and whether they harbor any highly divergent cryptic lineages that may present putative cryptic species. Table 1: Localities included and corresponding GenNumbers for all genetic markers used, latitude, and longitude. Map labels correspond with other figures and tables. Map label 16S Acc. no. 12S Acc. no. COI Acc. no. Cytb Acc. no. NaK Acc. no. L. vitiensis 1 MF828579 MF828590 MF805571 MF805572 MF805561 MF805565 N/A N/A L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on the study of Ligia isopods in the Seychelles and discusses their biological traits, gene flow, and speciation without directly addressing how genetic markers are used to trace inheritance patterns. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Nine patients (35%) were ill enough to be in hospital and the rest were outpatients. Radiological images were attached to the referring email for 10 patients and clinical images, for eight. The neurologist requested a video clip for a further three patients. The neurologist was reasonably confident of the diagnosis in 20 (77%) patients. Most patients were dealt with by a single exchange of emails, but, for one patient, six exchanges were necessary. In all, 20 (77%) of the cases were regarded as being completed; in the remainder, information requested by the neurologist was not sent. There were 11 cases (42%) referred to other specialties, the most common being neuroradiology (4) and neurosurgery (3). The eventual diagnoses are shown in Textbox 1. Final diagnoses of neurology referrals (numbers of cases if more than 1)Table 3. cerebral tumours (4) tension headache (2) peripheral neuropathy (2) migraine bilateral optic neuritis central pontine myelinolysis cervical myelopathy cervical radiculopathy congenital muscular dystrophy dopa-responsive dystonia Erb’s palsy hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia hereditary spastic paraplegia juvenile myoclonic epilepsy multiple sclerosis neurosarcoidosis nonstructural symptoms posttraumatic akinetic syndrome recurrent facial palsy spinal cord injury stroke Textbox 1. Final diagnoses of neurology referrals (numbers of cases if more than 1)Six patients were referred for diagnosis, seven for management, and the rest for both diagnosis and management. In one patient, an exact diagnosis was not made because the patient died before further information was sent, but in the others, probable diagnoses were made and management plans suggested. For example, a patient in a persistent vegetative state was identified as having a locked-in syndrome due to central pontine myelinolysis (Figure 3), and appropriate rehabilitation was organized. A patient with unexplained coma and normal brain imaging was diagnosed as having neurosarcoidosis and the appropriate treatment was started. In both cases, the diagnosis was unsuspected by the referring physician and the management was radically changed. Figure 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes a scenario where a neurologist utilized telemedicine to diagnose and manage patients based on clinical and radiological information sent via email. The mention of a neurologist confidently diagnosing 20 patients remotely and organizing appropriate rehabilitation indicates that doctors are indeed engaging in remote monitoring and management of chronic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR field trips allow students to explore locations without leaving the classroom. [SEP] Text: 2 This also includes the use of this technology. A study by Southgate et al. (2019) on ethical implications of VR use in classrooms found that especially girls feel uncomfortable wearing a head-mounted display in class, as they could no longer perceive what was happening around them. This calls for a critical consideration of safe spaces in VR learning environments in such a way that they are discussed in the context of vulnerable groups (e. g. et al. , 2021). 3 The project is based on the notion of students creating VR instead of using it. We ground this approach on two aspects: on the one hand, we assume positive effects on geographic capabilities and subject-specific digital media literacy by students actively creating VR (Hellriegel and Čubela, 2018; Schulze et al. , 2020). Empowering learners to reflect on VR and its effects on spatial learning is crucial, as VR is both an increasingly used and a powerful communication medium. On the other hand, we argue that state-of-the-art geography teaching needs to include modern learning technologies, such as VR learning environments which reflect the current state of research. We postulate a responsibility for geography researchers (including learners) to create appropriate VR learning environments and concepts to implement VR in geography education. 4 However, more research is needed to fully grasp this atmospheric relating of the body to VR environments and to be able to describe it as a practice of sense-based acquirement especially for geographic learning. 5 We evaluated the course concept with the help of participant observations and individual and group interviews. 6 The course practices differ here. In Vienna, we conducted a 6 d field trip (with a preparation block and a follow-up block; Mohring and Brendel, 2020). In Berlin, it was an ongoing course, and we integrated two single-day field trips in Berlin. In terms of emotional attachment and intensity to the research topic, Vienna was a greater success. 7 Technically, the VR field trips are based on 360∘ images and videos. They were taken in urban space. Some of the video sequences were underlaid with the original sounds of the locations. To enable a walk-through, the recordings are virtually linked via stitching points. For this, the students developed storyboards. For more detailed access to the research content, visual 2D information (images, texts) and audio files are added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of VR use in education, including the discomfort some students may feel and the importance of creating appropriate VR learning environments. However, it does not specifically address the claim regarding VR field trips allowing exploration without leaving the classroom. Therefore, while related to the use of VR, it does not directly support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: vitiensis Nosy Be, Madgascar A2 AY051342 N/A AY051323 N/A N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis The Slipway, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania A3 MF828580 MF828591 MF805569 MF805562 N/A 6°45′06. 9″S 39°16′18. 6″E L. vitiensis Kilwa Masoko, Tanzania A4 MF828581 MF828592 MF805570 MF805563 N/A 8°55′42. 7″S 39°31′17. 9″E L. vitiensis Dili, Timor-Leste N/A KF546556 KF546581 KF546662 KF546725 N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis Labuanbajo, Flores, Indonesia N/A KF546555 KF546580 KF546663 KF546724 N/A N/A N/A L. vitiensis 828578 MF828589 MF805568 MF805560 N/A 6°09′33. 8″S 39°11′26. 4″E L. dentipes Galle, D1 MF828576 MF828584 MF805566 MF805557 N/A 6°01′49. 9″N 80°13′03. 3″E L. dentipes Patong Bay, Phuket, Thailand D2 KF555801 KF555838 KF555841 KF555754 N/A 7°53′11. 0″N 98°17′10. 3″E L. dentipes Cousine Island, Seychelles E1 MF828572 MF828585 MF805578 MF805579 MF805580 MF805581 MF805582 MF805583 MF805584 MF805559 N/A 4°20′55. 3″S 55°38′41. 9″E L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it appears to list various geographic locations and genetic identifiers, lacking context or discussion relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: MRI scan of brain showing pontine and extrapontine myelinolysis View this figureDiscussionWe have demonstrated that a simple email system that connects doctors in the with specialists elsewhere in the world is feasible and sustainable over time, even in war-torn countries. The major difference between the referrals and those from the rest of the world is the higher referral rate in obstetrics, which made up 18% of referrals compared with 6% from the rest of the world. The views of the referring doctors about the service are positive. The neurology referrals are remarkably similar to those received in the industrialized world, and it was possible to make a confident diagnosis or management plan in 20 (77%) of the referrals handled by one neurologist. Email telemedicine has not previously been used so extensively in obstetrics. The high proportion of obstetric and gynecology cases may have a number of causes. First, there have been obvious difficulties with clinical training over the last 10-20 years in the region in question. Second, in Iraq, the local community considers maternal death a disaster and an avoidable one and suspects negligence when it occurs, whereas death from medical or surgical illnesses is considered a decree of fate. That is why obstetricians attempt to provide the best care to their patients to avoid catastrophes, and one way of doing this is by asking the advice of the Trust specialists. Third, the sanctions from 1990 until 2003, and the aftermath of the war in 2003, disabled the health care services in Iraq. That is why Iraqi doctors are now receiving patients in extreme conditions that have not been seen for many years, indeed often having to look for guidance in old textbooks. As well, women who have just given birth continue to convulse or bleed for hours at home because of the curfew from 10 pm till dawn each day, rather than being admitted to hospital straightaway. This is in addition to poor resources such as lack of even simple supplies and drugs. Finally, in Iraq, there is a high birth rate in the presence of very poor health care services and old-fashioned hospitals, the most modern being built and equipped in 1984. The urgency of the cases leaves the patients with no option but to accept these poor services, and, in turn, the doctors have no option other than to manage them even when they are to some extent beyond their knowledge and capability. That is why the advice from the Trust specialists can be so valuable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing an example of a simple email system used for telemedicine, emphasizing that it connects doctors with specialists to facilitate diagnosis and management plans, which illustrates the effectiveness of remote monitoring in medical practice, especially in under-resourced areas like war-torn Iraq.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology helps students learn by providing a visual and hands-on experience. [SEP] Text: didn’t get that impression. ”5 Discussion5. 1 Findings and ImplicationsWe started with the first research question: how can we employ an explainable AI approach to compute data-driven feedback and generate actionable recommendations to support students’ self-regulation? As described in Sects. 3. 4 and 3. 5, we proposed and implemented an explainable AI approach along with a CF-based algorithm that generates recommendations based on each student’s course goal (desired course score or performance), as defined by the students themselves, to support them in SRL. For example, for a student who wants to become a high achiever in the course and who defines this as a course goal via the dashboard, the algorithm takes the student interaction data and course goal (high achiever) as input and generates recommendations that can help the student reach this goal. The results of the study show that the feedback and recommendations generated by the proposed approach were adequate, relevant, and useful for students in terms of self-regulating their studies during the course. These findings lead us to the second research question, in which we aimed to examine the effects of the dashboard on students’ academic performance through providing self-regulation support. Four hypotheses were proposed for the second research question in Sect. 3. 6. The analysis of the dashboard evaluation results in Sect. 4. 2 supported our hypotheses and gave rise to four key findings. Firstly, we discovered that dashboard usage significantly affected the students’ performance, and that students who used the dashboard during the course obtained higher scores in the final exam than those who did not (Hypothesis 1). Secondly, the action recommendations generated by the proposed algorithm positively impacted students’ performance, as a positive correlation was found between following/completing these recommendations and the students’ performance (Hypothesis 2). Thirdly, our results showed that students who spent more time on the dashboard had a tendency to achieve better scores in the final exams of the course than those who spent less time on the dashboard (Hypothesis 3). Finally, the dashboard helped students to self-regulate their learning throughout the course, for example by setting desired course goals, planning learning activities, monitoring and reflecting on their performance, and following action recommendations (Hypothesis 4). However, the dashboard was not effective in supporting time management, due to a lack of appropriate scheduling for academic activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding VR technology. It discusses an explainable AI approach and a dashboard for self-regulation in studies but does not mention VR technology or its benefits for learning, thus providing no support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: dentipes Silhouette Island, Seychelles E2 MF828573 MF828586 MF805573 MF805574 MF805575 MF805558 MF805564 4°29′08. 4″S 55°15′12. 4″E L. dentipes L’Islette, W. Mahé, Seychelles E3 MF828574 MF828587 MF805576 MF805577 N/A N/A 4°39′46. 7″S 55°24′35. 0″E L. dentipes Anse Parnel, S. E. Mahé, Seychelles E4 MF828575 MF828588 MF805585 MF805586 N/A N/A 4°46′01. 1″S 55°31′19. 3″E L. dentipes 828577 MF828583 MF805567 MF805556 N/A 8°33′52. 6″N 81°14′27. 8″E L. occidentalis Guaymas, Mexico N/A KF546553 KF546583 KF546666 KF546728 N/A 27°54′44. 3″N 110°56′49. 6″W L. exotica Veracruz, Mexico N/A KF546552 KF546584 KF546664 KF546726 N/A 19°11′40. 2″N 96°07′24. 4″W DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-1 Materials and collected Ligia individuals by hand in locations in the inner and outer islands of the Seychelles Archipelago, Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania, and Sri Lanka. All specimens were collected during 2014, field-preserved in 70% Ethanol, and frozen upon arrival at the laboratory. Collections in the Seychelles were carried out under of Standards permit A0157. The data produced from these samples was complemented using publicly available sequences for four Ligia species: L. occidentalis (Mexico), L. exotica (Mexico), L. dentipes (Thailand), and L. vitiensis (Indonesia, Timor-Leste, Madagascar). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about specimen collection locations and methods regarding Ligia individuals without discussing genetic markers or their role in tracing inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: There is no shortage of hospitals anxious to refer cases (and the Trust always welcomes new applications). Many specialists in the industrialized world are willing to give their time freely to help colleagues in less-developed parts of the world and find it easier to contribute their time by telemedicine than by travelling to deliver face-to-face care. The method provides an immediacy that most other improvements lack. The great strength of email telemedicine is that it can improve access to health services among those most in need. However, its greatest weakness, at least in academic terms, is the lack of evidence supporting its clinical and cost advantages relative to traditional services, notwithstanding a number of retrospective reviews demonstrating the value to referrers [13-15]. This represents an important opportunity for research, and the Universitas 21 consortium of universities has recently formed an eHealth partnership with the Trust [16] with a view to obtaining the follow-up necessary to make assessments of safety and effectiveness. 65. [Medline]Wootton R. Design and implementation of an automatic message-routing system for low-cost telemedicine. J 2003;9(Suppl 1):S44-S47. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Teleneurology in the developing world. In: Wootton R, Patterson V, editors. Teleneurology. London, UK: of Medicine Press; 2005:105-117. . Store-and-forward teleneurology in developing countries. J 2001;7(Suppl 1):52-53. [Medline] [CrossRef]; of the (ICRC). Protection: The Ever-Crisis in Iraq. Geneva, Switzerland: ICRC. URL: [accessed 2007 Oct 1] [WebCite Cache]Rendón A, Martínez Rural telemedicine infrastructure and services in the Department of Cauca, Colombia. E Health 2005 Aug;11(4):451-459. [Medline] [CrossRef]Martínez. A study of a rural telemedicine system in the Amazon region of Peru. J 2004;10(4):219-225. [Medline] [CrossRef]. The RAFT network: 5 years of distance continuing medical education and tele-consultations over the Internet in French-speaking Africa. 2007;76(5-6):351-356. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that telemedicine allows specialists to contribute their time and expertise remotely, thereby improving access to health services. It mentions that the 'method provides an immediacy that most other improvements lack,' suggesting that telemedicine is an effective way for doctors to monitor health conditions without the need for face-to-face interactions. This supports the idea that chronic conditions can be managed through remote monitoring facilitated by telemedicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR technology helps students learn by providing a visual and hands-on experience. [SEP] Text: DBpia 서지관리 프로그램 싸이티지(Citeasy)에선 '참고문헌 목록 생성' 클릭 한번이면 끝 한국 논문에 빠질 수 없는 『…』까지표기할 수 있게 지원하고 있어요 이 학회, 인용 정보 어떻게 기입하지? DBpia가 인기학회 200개의 서지정보를 구축해두었어요. 등은 기본이죠 Citeasy 이용하기 Citeasy 출시 기념 한시적 무료! Citeasy로 내보내기 서지가 내보내기 되었어요Citeasy에서 목록을 확인해보세요 Endnote Excel 복사인용 APA 7th 양식 변경 12 ### 논문을 읽고 계시네요! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a citation management program and its functionalities without addressing VR technology or its impact on student learning. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim regarding VR technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Detailed information for all localities is provided in Table 1. We extracted total genomic DNA from pereopods/pleopods for 10 individuals per locality following the solid tissue protocol of the ZR Quick-gDNA (). During dissections, male specimens were identified to species by visually inspecting the 8. 0. 2. No evidence indicative of pseudo-genes (i. e. , no gaps, indels, early stop codons) was observed in any of the protein coding genes used in this study (i. e. , NaK, cyt-b, and COI). We used TCS v1. 21 (Clement, Posada & Crandall, 2000) to visualize the relationships between COI haplotypes recovered from Ligia from all Seychelles localities to both determine the geographic distribution of COI haplotypes recovered within the archipelago and the levels of fine scale divergence within the archipelago. We calculated the 95% most parsimonious branch connections between haplotypes under the cladogram estimation algorithm of Templeton, Crandall & Sing (1992) with all other settings as default. We also calculated Kimura 2-Parameter distances (K2P) within and between localities for COI in MEGA v7. 0. 7 (Kumar, Stecher & Tamura, 2016). We estimated relationships between NaK alleles using a similar approach. We combined the four mitochondrial gene fragments produced in this study with publicly available sequences for other L. vitiensis from the Indo-Pacific and for two other Ligia species to be used as outgroups (i. e. , L. occidentalis and L. exotica collected in Mexico). Locality and sequence information for these sequences is presented in Table 1. Since ribosomal genes used in this study exhibit secondary structure that may lead to ambiguous alignments, we aligned each gene dataset separately using MAFFT v. 7. 0 (Katoh & Standley, 2013) as implemented under the 2 algorithm (Sela et al. , 2015) in the server ( using 100 bootstrap replicates and all other settings as default. This approach produces confidence scores for each nucleotide position and sequence in the alignment that aid in the non-biased removal of misaligned nucleotide positions. We excluded nucleotide positions from our final alignment if they: (a) produced a confidence score below 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed methodological information about DNA extraction and analysis processes related to specific species, without discussing the concept of using genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: [Medline] [CrossRef]Brauchli K, Oberholzer M. The iPath telemedicine platform. J 2005;11(Suppl 2):S3-S7. [Medline] [CrossRef]Brandling-. Delivering health care in rural Cambodia via store-and-forward telemedicine: a pilot study. E Health 2005 Feb;11(1):56-62. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Telemedicine by email in remote Cambodia. J 2005;11(Suppl 2):S44-S47. [Medline] [CrossRef]Rodrigues RJ, Risk A. eHealth in and the Caribbean: development and policy issues. J Res 2003 Mar 31;5(1):e4 [FREE Full text] [Medline] [CrossRef]. Prospective case review of a global e-health system for doctors in developing countries. J 2004;10(Suppl 1):94-96. [Medline] [CrossRef] Telemedicine--the way ahead for medicine in the developing world. 2003 Jan;33(1):36-38. [Medline]. An evaluation of the first year's experience with a low-cost telemedicine link in Bangladesh. J 2001;7(3):125-138. [Medline] [CrossRef]Ho K, Sharman Z. E-health and the Universitas 21 organization: 1. Global e-health through synergy. J 2005;11(5):218-220. [Medline] [CrossRef] Edited by G Eysenbach; submitted 25. 01. 07; peer-reviewed by J Kvedar, K Brauchli; comments to author 18. 05. 07; revised version received 25. 07. 07; accepted 19. 09. 07; published 22. 10. 07Copyright ©. Originally published in the Journal of Research ( 22. 10. 2007). Except where otherwise noted, 2. 0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, including full bibliographic details and the URL (see "please cite as" above), and this statement is included. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to multiple studies and articles discussing telemedicine, suggesting its application in healthcare settings, particularly in remote areas like rural Cambodia and developing countries. The mention of telemedicine as a viable solution for delivering health care supports the claim that doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely, as telemedicine inherently involves remote patient monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: Training auscultatory skills: computer simulated heart sounds or additional bedside training? A randomized trial on third-year medical students 2007. Forty-nine 3rd year medical students were divided into seven teaching groups. The groups were randomized to receive additional auscultation training with the CardioSystem (CAS) (4 groups, 28 students), or to conventional bedside training (3 groups, 21 students). All students also received regular training as defined in the curriculum. The present intervention study started when they had finished the main cardiology part of the term. Design of the studyFor the purpose of the present study, each student group participated in two teaching sessions, each of two hours, in addition to the regular teaching program. First, all students had a two hour training session with one of two instructors (TJ, SS), both trainee doctors in cardiology and experienced teachers. The instructional objectives were that students should be able to describe the heart sounds, the timing, location, quality and grading of murmurs, and provide a reasonable clinical diagnosis based upon their findings. One group had bedside training and the other used the CardioSystem, with a training program selected from the menu of CAS. Approximately one week later both groups had another two hours session, now without the teacher. The CAS groups were instructed to follow a pathway through the computer menu, exposing them to a number of common and less common heart sounds and murmurs, with descriptions, phonograms and occasionally, drawings or short videos that demonstrated the sounds and the mechanisms involved. Discussion was recommended, and they should not move on to the next case until all agreed. The groups allocated to bedside training received a list of suitable patients from the wards, and the students had access to the physicians' descriptions of the heart sounds and murmurs. Training was finished within 12 weeks. The intervention courses started after the main cardiology teaching of the term had taken place, and their main curriculum topics during this period were pulmonary and renal pathophysiology and clinics. Test of auscultation skillsThe outcome was students' performance in a clinical exam, during which each student auscultated four different patients with heart murmurs or other pathological findings related to the heart. The students were not allowed to request clinical information, and discussion was not permitted. After 10-15 minutes with each patient, they described the heart sounds and murmurs on a questionnaire, and eventually suggested a diagnosis for the patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study where additional training (whether through computer simulations or bedside instruction) was conducted for medical students to enhance their auscultation skills. This implies that some training (beyond regular curriculum) was necessary to effectively utilize the training systems, which is at odds with the claim that VR education requires no additional training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 00 in the Guidance alignments, and/or (b) if they exhibited obvious misalignments. We used MEGA v7. 0. 7 (Kumar, Stecher & Tamura, 2016) to estimate pairwise K2P genetic distances for COI and for the 16S rDNA genes, after excluding ambiguously aligned sites. We used jModeltest v2. 1 (Darriba et al. , 2012) to determine the most appropriate model of nucleotide evolution for the final concatenated mitochondrial alignment as well as for each mitochondrial gene. We selected from 1,624 models by evaluating their likelihoods on a fixed BioNJ-JC tree under the Criterion (BIC). We used the most likely model of nucleotide evolution chosen by jModeltest in our phylogenetic reconstructions with two general exceptions. When the chosen model was not implemented by the software, we applied the next more complex model implemented. When the chosen model implemented the joint estimation of Γ and I, we used a simpler +Γ model as the joint estimation of Γ and I can be problematic (see RAxML manual; and pages 113–114 of Yang, 2006). We carried out phylogenetic reconstructions in RAxML v8. 2. 6 (Stamatakis, 2014; Stamatakis, Hoover & Rougemont, 2008) and GARLI v2. 0 (Zwickl, 2006). In RAxML, we used the Algorithm to carry out 1,000 bootstrap replicate searches followed by a thorough ML search under the GTR +Γ model. All other settings were as default. Searches in GARLI consisted of 1,000 bootstrap replicates using the appropriate model of evolution identified by jModeltest, with all other settings as default. For each search, we produced a majority-rule consensus tree of all bootstrap replicates using the SumTrees command of DendroPy v3. 10. 1 (Sukumaran & Holder, 2010). Table 2: Settings for and Bayesian analyses for the concatenated mitochondrial dataset. & priorsa Part schemeb Iterations gen. /bootstrap replicates Sample freq Runs/ chain factor/ML scores (−lnL)d ESS > 200e +Γ Unpart 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −9006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about genetic markers and their use in tracing inheritance patterns. It focuses instead on technical methodologies for estimating genetic distances and constructing phylogenetic trees using specific software, with no mention of inheritance patterns or genetic markers related to them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Telemedicine (TM) refers to using information and communications technology to provide health care services to individuals who are some distance from the health care provider. 1 Telemedicine has been used successfully in a few specialties, such as psychiatry and cardiology, for counselling and monitoring of treatment response. 2,3 However, TM is relatively new to other medical disciplines. It relies on high-speed, high-bandwidth telecommunication systems that allow two-way real-time clinical consultations over an audio-video link augmented by other modalities, such as an electronic stethoscope and a high-resolution image viewer. Of the approximately one in five adult Canadians who experience chronic pain,4 70% report moderate to severe intensity of pain and discomfort. 5 This group is most likely to benefit from multi-disciplinary pain management,6,7 that includes taking prescription medications for pain, and frequent follow-up. 8 In Canada, a mismatch exists between population distribution and (MPTFs). Approximately 20% of the population lives in rural areas (population <10,000), but only 2% of MPTFs are located in these areas. 9 Therefore, many patients travel long distances to their nearest treatment facility. As chronic pain is commonly associated with significant disability, particularly for patients with musculoskeletal disease,10 acute worsening of daily pain scores, due to extensive travel, is a particular concern. Feasibly, TM could deliver high-quality expert-driven chronic pain management irrespective of patient geographical location. Therefore, we hypothesized that TM consultations could result in decreased cost and increased patient satisfaction due to shorter travel time, less reliance on caregivers to attend clinic follow-up, reduced patient suffering, and increased productivity. Previous studies of TM in the management of chronic pain focused on feasibility assessment11,12 without providing quantitative estimates and analysis of costs and benefits. A small pilot study suggested that chronic pain patients prefer TM to standard clinic assessment because of significant savings in cost and time. 13 This study was undertaken to evaluate the costs and clinical outcomes in patients receiving both TM and traditional in-person (IP) clinic visits for chronic pain management. MethodsWe performed a randomized controlled two-period crossover trial of chronic pain patients returning for follow-up assessment. After approval from the Board of Hospital, University of Toronto, consenting patients were randomized for either IP or TM for the next visit, followed by a second crossover visit via TM or IP, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine (TM) can be used to provide health care services remotely, particularly in the management of chronic conditions like pain. It specifically mentions that TM has been utilized for monitoring treatment response in specialties such as psychiatry and cardiology. Additionally, it indicates that TM could facilitate chronic pain management, allowing doctors to conduct consultations irrespective of geographic location, thereby supporting the assertion that chronic conditions can be monitored remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR education requires no additional training for teachers or students. [SEP] Text: 0 (range 2 to 28) in the CAS group (p = 0. 698). Post hoc analysis of the data showed that the difference in mean score would have had to be at least 6. 1 to reach statistical significance between the groups. Since only two test patients participated all three days, we analyzed the Students' test score on these separately: The mean scores ± SD then were 10. 3 ± 3. 6 (range 6-17) in the bedside group and 11. 4 ± 5. 1 (range 1-19) in the CAS group (p = 0. 494). Protocol deviations and problems encountered during the studyTechnical problems with the CAS equipment during the study led to a delay during the self study training for one group, another group had a less efficient session. Since teaching took place throughout the term, the time span between teaching and testing varied between the teaching groups. The mean difference from training to the exam was 6. 0 weeks in the CAS group, and 5. 3 weeks in the bedside group. The results were slightly better in students who had a brief time interval between the teaching and the test, but this was not a significant confounder (correlation coefficient r = -0. 24 between individual score sum and time interval (p = 0. 16)). DiscussionIn the present study, the students' performance in auscultation of cardiac patients was similar whether they had received additional teaching with the computer-based teaching program, or had additional traditional bedside training. The strengths of our trial include the randomized design, the similar amount of additional training in both groups, and the blinded questionnaire evaluation. In a previous study by Horiszny [7], the ability to correctly interpret simulated heart sounds was better among those who had participated in the teaching session compared to those who did not. However, no other teaching form was offered to those who did not use the simulator, so the better results might be due to more time spent on learning auscultation or to higher motivation among those who attended the teaching session. Another randomized trial revealed advantages using classroom teaching compared to CD-ROM teaching among medical students [9]. In that trial the results were satisfying, but the students had difficulties in classifying murmurs and the second heart sound. Poor results in both groupsGenerally the auscultation skills in the present study were poor. The best score achieved was 28 of 40 points - 70%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how students' performance was similar whether they received additional teaching through a computer-based program or traditional bedside training. This indicates that some form of additional training was necessary, as the students who did not use the simulator might have had poorer results due to lack of teaching. Thus, the claim that VR education requires no additional training is debunked by the evidence that comparisons were made between different forms of training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 5300 n/a n/a +Γ Gene 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8865. 7562 n/a n/a +Γ BP 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8334. 7701 n/a n/a Garli 012010 + Γ + F Unpart 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8986. 6239 n/a n/a model Gene 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8972. 0488 n/a n/a model BP 1,000 n/a n/a n/a n/a −8212. 4919 n/a n/a MrBayes GTR +Γ Unpart 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 000724 −8959. 8260 Yes 1 MrBayes GTR +Γ Gene 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 001157 −8928. 4492 Yes 1 MrBayes GTR +Γ BP 2 × 108 5,000 4 25% 0. 001170 −8608. 5042 Yes 1 Phycas GTR +Γ Unpart 1 × 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8959. 6281 Yes n/a Phycas GTR +Γ Gene 1× 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8879. 1040 Yes n/a Phycas GTR +Γ BP 1 × 106 50 n/a 25% n/a −8324. 1730 Yes n/a DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3894/table-2 Notes: aAll others default. bBP as indidcated by PartitionFinder (1, 16S +12S +Cytb 2nd codons; 2, COI 1st codons + Cytb 1st codons; 3, COI 2nd codons; 4, Cytb 3rd codons + COI 3rd codons). cAverage standard deviation of split frequencies. dEstimated in Tracer v. 1. 5. eEffective sample size. ffor all parameters. We also carried out phylogenetic reconstructions under Bayesian Inference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to genetic markers or their application in tracing inheritance patterns in populations. It consists mainly of numerical data and references to scientific models without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Three physicians at a single site took part in the care of the study patients. Inclusion criteria were: chronic pain (more than 6 months) without any demonstrable correctable pathology, stable chronic pain with no anticipated need for a physical exam on follow-up, a travel distance >100 km, and age >18 years. Exclusion criteria included significant cognitive or communication impairment rendering TM impossible or unsafe and a recent history of substance abuse. After obtaining consent, the patients were randomized by a study coordinator according to a computer-generated list. Allocation was not concealed. Telemedicine consultations were scheduled by the pain clinic secretary through the Network (an established provincial government program) within regular clinic hours. Patients were asked to follow their usual travel arrangements for their IP visit, and their preferred method for the TM visit. Each patient prospectively completed a diary capturing travel costs, time required for the IP or TM visit, daily pain scores, and subsequent health care costs and medical visits for 3 months. Each patient was asked to chart his/her average daily numeric pain score on a standard 10-point scale (0 being no pain, and 10 being the worst pain). On average, crossover occurred within three months (range 2–4), at which point the first diary was collected and a second diary was distributed. Commercial broadband videoconferencing equipment complying with international standards and supporting virtual private network security was used for the TM consultations. The equipment in the patient site included a monitor, speakers, and a light source (AMD-300, ) connected to two multi-purpose analogue general examination cameras (AMD-2500s, ) with power zoom, auto focus, and freeze frame capture. The equipment in the consultant site, which was located in a regular patient examining room, included the Tandberg 880 videoconference unit () mounted on a mobile stand, a viewing monitor, camera, digital stethoscope, and a desktop computer. The primary outcome was cost. Patient costs were captured prospectively by a patient diary. Direct costs to patients included travel expense, such as mileage, and lodging or meals, when necessary. Indirect costs to patients included lost productivity for currently employed patients and the costs recorded by patients for medications and uninsured health visits (including allied health visits, such as chiropractic care and physiotherapy). Attendant costs were also captured by the patient diary, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about a study involving telemedicine (TM) consultations for chronic pain patients, indicating that physicians used telemedicine to provide care. By scheduling telemedicine consultations and monitoring patient pain scores, the text supports the claim that doctors can effectively monitor chronic conditions remotely.