Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the well-recognized potential for gene drives to combat vector-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue virtually ensures that this strategy will eventually be attempted in mosquitoes. While considerable scholarship has been devoted to the question of how gene drives might be safely utilized in mosquitoes (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; UNEP, 2010; Reeves et al. , 2012; David et al. , 2013; Alphey, 2014), few if any studies have examined the potential ecological effects of gene drives in other species. After all, constructing a drive to spread a particular genomic alteration in a given species was simply not feasible with earlier genome editing methods. Disconcertingly, several published gene drive architectures could lead to extinction or other hazardous consequences if applied to sensitive species, demonstrating an urgent need for improved methods of controlling these elements. After consulting with experts in many fields as well as concerned environmental organizations, we are confident that the responsible development of RNA-guided gene drive technology is best served by full transparency and early engagement with the public. Here we provide brief overviews of gene drives and Cas9-mediated genome engineering, detail the mechanistic reasons that RNA-guided gene drives are likely to be effective in many species, and outline probable capabilities and limitations. We further propose novel gene drive architectures that may substantially improve our control over gene drives and their effects, discuss possible applications, and suggest guidelines for the safe development and evaluation of this promising but as yet unrealized technology. A discussion of risk governance and regulation intended specifically for policymakers is published separately (Oye et al. , 2014). Natural gene drives In nature, certain genes ‘drive’ themselves through populations by increasing the odds that they will be inherited (Burt and Trivers, 2009). Examples include endonuclease genes that copy themselves into chromosomes lacking them (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004), segregation distorters that destroy competing chromosomes during meiosis (Lyttle, 1991), transposons that insert copies of themselves elsewhere in the genome (Charlesworth and Langley, 1989), Medea elements that eliminate competing siblings who do not inherit them (Beeman et al. , 1992; Chen et al. , 2007), and heritable microbes such as Wolbachia (Werren, 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while gene drives have potential applications, there is significant concern regarding their ecological effects on non-target species. It mentions that constructing gene drives to spread genomic alterations was not feasible with earlier methods and implies that certain gene drive architectures could potentially lead to extinction or other hazardous consequences for sensitive species. This highlights the uncertainty and lack of control over gene drives when applied broadly rather than to only specific populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient civilizations leaving detailed written records. Instead, it discusses feedback on contraceptive use data, graphical representation, and programmatic implications, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society3097–100 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [117. Carlson T, Millán JDR. 2013. Brain-controlled wheelchairs: a robotic architecture. IEEE Robot. Autom. Mag. 20:165–73 [118. 2013. Brain-computer interface controlled robotic gait orthosis. J. NeuroEng. Rehabil. 10:111 [119. -Vidal JL 2013. High accuracy decoding of user intentions using EEG to control a lower-body exoskeleton. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5606–9 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [120. Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2013. Shared control architecture based on RFID to control a robot arm using a spontaneous brain-machine interface. Robot. Auton. Syst. 61:768–74 [121. Choi B, Jo S. 2013. A low-cost EEG system-based hybrid brain-computer interface for humanoid robot navigation and recognition. 8:e74583 [122. 2013. P300 BCI based planning behavior selection network for humanoid robot control. Proceedings of the Conference on Natural Computation354–58 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [123. 2013. A hybrid BCI system combining P300 and SSVEP and its application to wheelchair control. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 60:3156–66 [124. Guneysu A, Akin HL. 2013. based BCI to control a humanoid robot by using portable EEG device. Proceedings of the 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society6905–8 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [125. Kapeller C, Hintermuller C, Abu-2013. A BCI using VEP for continuous control of a mobile robot. Proceedings of 2013 35th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society5254–57 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [126. 2013. A BMI-based occupational therapy assist suit: asynchronous control by SSVEP. Front. Neurosci. 7:172 [127. 2014. EEG-based mobile robot control through an adaptive brain-robot interface. IEEE Trans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various examples of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and brain-machine interfaces that enable users to control devices like robotic wheelchairs, gait orthoses, and humanoid robots using brain signals such as EEG. This demonstrates the progress in developing technology that allows for control of devices with thoughts, aligning directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Endonuclease gene drives Natural homing endonuclease genes exhibit drive by cutting the corresponding locus of chromosomes lacking them. This induces the cell to repair the break by copying the nuclease gene onto the damaged chromosome via homologous recombination (Figure 1A) (Burt and Koufopanou, 2004). The copying process is termed ‘homing’, while the endonuclease-containing cassette that is copied is referred to as a ‘gene drive’ or simply a ‘drive’. Because copying causes the fraction of offspring that inherit the cassette to be greater than 1/2 (Figure 1B), these genes can drive through a population even if they reduce the reproductive fitness of the individual organisms that carry them. Over many generations, this self-sustaining process can theoretically allow a gene drive to spread from a small number of individuals until it is present in all members of a population. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The spread of endonuclease gene drives. (A) When an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive (blue) mates with a wild-type organism (grey), the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. This can enable the drive to spread until it is present in all members of the population–even if it is mildly deleterious to the organism. (B) Endonuclease gene drives are preferentially inherited because the endonuclease cuts the homologous wild-type chromosome. When the cell repairs the break using homologous recombination, it must use the gene drive chromosome as a repair template, thereby copying the drive onto the wild-type chromosome. If the endonuclease fails to cut or the cell uses the competing non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, the drive is not copied, so efficient gene drives must reliably cut when homology-directed repair is most likely. Engineered gene drives To build an endonuclease gene drive, an endonuclease transgene must be inserted in place of a natural sequence that it can cut. If it can efficiently cut this sequence in organisms with one transgene and one natural locus, reliably induce the cell to copy the transgene, and avoid being too costly to the organism, it will spread through susceptible wild populations. Standard drives spread genomic changes and associated traits through populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that gene drives, once introduced, tend to spread throughout entire populations and can even reduce the reproductive fitness of the organisms carrying them. It describes a mechanism where the gene drive is preferentially inherited and spreads regardless of the impact on fitness. This indicates that gene drives may not be precisely controllable to target only specific pest populations, as they can propagate widely, thereby affecting other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim concerning ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses a modern context regarding the evaluation of family planning policies and data collection methods, which is entirely separate from the concept of historical written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. 44:1278–85 [128. Hortal E, Úbeda A, Iáñez E, Azorín JM 2014. Control of a 2 DoF robot using a brain-machine interface. Comput. Biomed. 116:169–76 [129. 2014. Assisting drinking with an affordable BCI-controlled wearable robot and electrical stimulation: a preliminary investigation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil. 11:51 [130. 2014. Using a head-up display-based steady-state visually evoked potential brain-computer interface to control a simulated vehicle. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 15:959–66 [131. 2014. Mobile robot navigation with a self-paced brain-computer interface based on high-frequency SSVEP. Robotica 32:695–709 [132. 2014. SSVEP-based hierarchical architecture for control of a humanoid robot with mind. Proceedings of the 11th on and Automation2401–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [133. áñez E, Úbeda A et al. 2015. SVM-based brain-machine interface for controlling a robot arm through four mental tasks. Neurocomputing 151:116–21 [134. 2015. Brain computer interface system based on indoor semi-autonomous navigation and motor imagery for unmanned aerial vehicle control. Expert Syst. Appl. 42:4196–206 [135. Hortal E, Iáñez E, Úbeda A, Perez-Vidal C, Azorín JM 2015. Combining a brain-machine interface and an electrooculography interface to perform pick and place tasks with a robotic arm. Robot. Auton. Syst. 72:181–88 [136. 2015. Comparative study of SSVEP- and P300-based models for the telepresence control of humanoid robots. 10:e0142168 [137. 2016. Design and optimization of an EEG-based brain machine interface (BMI) to an upper-limb exoskeleton for stroke survivors. Front. Neurosci. 10:122 [138. 2016. A synergetic brain-machine interfacing paradigm for multi-DOF robot control. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. Syst. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies and research efforts that demonstrate the use of brain-machine interfaces (BMI) for controlling devices, specifically highlighting applications such as controlling robots, navigating unmanned aerial vehicles, and assisting with tasks through thought alone. This information directly supports the assertion that BMIs are being developed for this purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of gene drives, indicating that while gene drives may target specific populations, the processes involved are sensitive to numerous ecological factors and have not yet resulted in engineered drives that can spread effectively in wild populations. It highlights that engineered gene drives have only been constructed to spread through laboratory populations, suggesting limitations in their precision and control over other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We have added this note into the discussion. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records at all. Instead, it discusses the analysis of family planning data and policies, which is irrelevant to the claim about historical records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 46:957–68 [139. ómez C, Opisso E, et al. 2016. Hybrid EEG/EOG-based brain/neural hand exoskeleton restores fully independent daily living activities after quadriplegia. Sci. Robot. 1:eaag3296 [140. López-Larraz E, Trincado-Alonso F, Rajasekaran V, Pérez-Nombela S, Del-Ama AJ et al. 2016. Control of an ambulatory exoskeleton with a brain-machine interface for spinal cord injury gait rehabilitation. Front. Neurosci. 10:359 [141. 2016. Control of a wheelchair in an indoor environment based on a brain-computer interface and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 24:128–39 [142. án JDR 2017. A brain-controlled exoskeleton with cascaded event-related desynchronization classifiers. Robot. Auton. Syst. 90:15–23 [143. 2017. Brain-actuated gait trainer with visual and proprioceptive feedback. J. Neural Eng. 14:056017 [144. 2017. Reaching and grasping a glass of water by locked-in ALS patients through a BCI-controlled humanoid robot. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 11:68 [145. 2017. Design of an SSVEP-based BCI system with visual servo module for a service robot to execute multiple tasks. Proceedings of the 2017 on Robotics and Automation2267–72 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [146. 2017. The role of audio-visual feedback in a thought-based control of a humanoid robot: a BCI study in healthy and spinal cord injured people. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 25:772–81 [147. 2017. A hybrid EEG-based BCI for robot grasp controlling. Proceedings of the 2017 on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics3278–83 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [148. 2017. Behavior-based SSVEP hierarchical architecture for telepresence control of humanoid robot to achieve full-body movement. IEEE Trans. Cogn. Dev. Syst. 9:197–209 [149. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous examples of brain-machine interfaces and their applications, such as controlling exoskeletons and wheelchairs, which align with the development of technology enabling people to control devices using their thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: More recently, a team constructed new versions of the fruit fly gene drive using modular zinc-finger nucleases or TALENs in place of the homing endonuclease (Simoni et al. , 2014), both of which can be engineered to cut new target sequences. While initially successful at cutting and homing, both declined in effectiveness over time due to the evolutionary instability of the modular repeats inherent to those proteins. These early attempts demonstrate that it is possible to build synthetic gene drives, but also emphasize the importance of cutting any desired gene and remaining stable during copying. The recent discovery of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease represents a possible solution. RNA-guided genome editing via the Cas9 nuclease One straightforward method of genome editing relies on the same mechanism employed by endonuclease gene drives: cut the target gene and supply an edited version for the cell to use as a template when it fixes the damage. Most eukaryotic genome engineering over the past decade was accomplished using zinc-finger nucleases (Urnov et al. , 2005) or TALENs (Christian et al. , 2010), both of which are modular proteins that can be redesigned or evolved to target new sequences, albeit only by specialist laboratories (Esvelt and Wang, 2013). Genome editing was democratized by the discovery and adaptation of Cas9, an enzyme that can be programmed to cut target DNA sequences specified by a guiding RNA molecule (Deltcheva et al. , 2011; Jinek et al. , 2012; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; Jinek et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013c). Cas9 is a component of acquired immune systems in bacteria, which allow cells to ‘remember’ the sequences of previously encountered viral genomes and protect themselves by recognizing and cutting those sequences if encountered again. They accomplish this by incorporating DNA fragments into a memory element, transcribing it to produce RNAs with the same sequence, and directing Cas9 to cut any matching DNA sequences (Deltcheva et al. , 2011). The only restriction is that Cas9 will only cut target ‘protospacer’ sequences that are flanked by a protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM) at the 3′ end. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges related to the use of gene drives, particularly the evolutionary instability of modular proteins used in previous versions of gene drives. It implies that while it is possible to construct synthetic gene drives, their effectiveness in targeting specific gene sequences may not be guaranteed, as indicated by the decline in effectiveness of earlier constructs like zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs. This suggests a lack of precise control over targets and raises questions about their ability to only affect specific pest populations without unintended consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Malarcher S. For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: The 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interpretation of graphics and findings related to modern contraceptive use and equity, with no mention of ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: EEG-based lower-limb movement onset decoding: continuous classification and asynchronous detection. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:1626–35 [150. 2019. Noninvasive neuroimaging enhances continuous neural tracking for robotic device control. Sci. Robot. 4:eaaw6844 [151. -2013. A review of P300, SSVEP, and hybrid P300/SSVEP brain-computer interface systems. Brain-Systems: R Fazel-Rezai 195–213 London: IntechOpen [10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 Noninvasive Brain–for of Control, Robotics, and 4, 191 (2021);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 Data & Media loading. . . 10. 1146/annurev-control-012720-093904 dcterms_title,dcterms_subject,pub_keyword -contentType:Journal -contentType:Contributor -contentType:Concept -contentType:Institution 4 4 1. 2000. Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:164–73 [2. Millán üller-Putz GR, Murray-Smith R, et al. 2010. Combining brain-computer interfaces and assistive technologies: state-of-the-art and challenges. Front. Neurosci. 4:161 [3. Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Ramos-2016. Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12:513–25 [4. 1999. A spelling device for the paralysed. Nature 398:297–98 [5. Millán JDR. 2003. Adaptive brain interfaces. Commun. ACM 46:74–80 [6. 2014. Noninvasive brain-computer interface enables communication after brainstem stroke. Sci. Transl. Med. 6:257re7 [7. 2016. Fully implanted brain-computer interface in a locked-in patient with ALS. N. Engl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), such as EEG-based movements and neuroimaging enhancements for controlling robotic devices. This supports the assertion that BCIs are indeed being developed to enable control over devices through thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The most commonly used Cas9 ortholog has a PAM with only two required bases (NGG) and therefore can cut protospacers found approximately every 8 base pairs (Jinek et al. , 2012). Remarkably, it is possible to direct Cas9 to cut a specific protospacer in the genome using only a single guide RNA (sgRNA) less than 100 base pairs in length (Jinek et al. , 2012). This guide RNA must begin with a 17-20 base pair ‘spacer’ sequence identical to the targeted protospacer sequence in the genome (Fu et al. , 2014). The process of editing a target gene involves choosing protospacers within the gene, building one or more guide RNAs with matching spacers, and delivering Cas9, guide RNAs, and an edited repair template lacking those protospacers into the cell (Figure 3). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNA-guided genome editing via Cas9. The Cas9 nuclease protein and guide RNA must first be delivered into the target cell. This is often accomplished by transfecting DNA expression plasmids, but delivering RNA is also effective. The guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind target DNA ‘protospacer’ sequences that match the ‘spacer’ sequence within the guide RNA. Protospacers must be flanked by an appropriate protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is NGG for the most commonly used Cas9 protein (Jinek et al. , 2012). If the spacer and protospacer are identical or have only a few mismatches at the 5′ end of the spacer, Cas9 will cut both strands of DNA, creating a blunt-ended double-strand break. If supplied with a repair template containing the desired changes and homology to the sequences on either side of the break, the cell may use homologous recombination to repair the break by incorporating the repair template into the chromosome. Otherwise, the break will be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, resulting in gene disruption. Cas9 cutting is efficient enough to alter both chromosomes at the same time and/or to edit multiple genes at once (Li et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013a). If the cell being edited is a germline cell that gives rise to eggs or sperm, the changes can be inherited by future generations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the mechanics of how Cas9 operates in gene editing, including a broad potential for changes in germline cells. It emphasizes that Cas9 can cut specific sequences but also mentions that if the cell being edited is a germline cell, the changes may be inherited by future generations, which implies a risk of unintended spread beyond targeted populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 2; peer review: 2 approved, 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2022, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses topics related to family planning, social science research, and methodological considerations without addressing historical written records or providing evidence related to ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: J. Med. 375:2060–66 [8. 2002. Brain–computer interfaces for communication and control. Clin. Neurophysiol. 113:767–91 [9. 2015. Brain computer interface learning for systems based on electrocorticography and intracortical microelectrode arrays. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 9:40 [10. 2013. A multi-agent control framework for co-adaptation in brain-computer interfaces. Advances in 26 2841–49 Red Hook, NY: Curran [11. Mladenović J, Mattout J, 2018. A generic framework for adaptive EEG-based BCI training and operation. Brain–Handbook: Technological and 2841–49 Boca Raton, FL: CRC [12. Millán JDR. 2015. Brain-machine interfaces: the perception-action closed loop. IEEE Syst. Man Cybern. Mag. 1:16–8 [13. án JDR 2018. BCI race: successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users. PLOS Biol 16:e2003787 [14. 2013. Distributed cortical adaptation during learning of a brain-computer interface task. PNAS 110:10818–23 [15. Ganguly K, Carmena JM. 2009. Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control. PLOS Biol 7:e1000153 [16. 2013. Design and analysis of closed-loop decoder adaptation algorithms for brain-machine interfaces. 25:1693–731 [17. 2014. Closed-loop decoder adaptation shapes neural plasticity for skillful neuroprosthetic control. Neuron 82:1380–93 [18. 2009. A review on directional information in neural signals for brain-machine interfaces. J. Physiol. Paris 103:244–54 [19. Schalk G, Kubánek 2007. Decoding two-dimensional movement trajectories using electrocorticographic signals in humans. J. Neural Eng. 4:264–75 [20. 1997. intracortical electrode array: a recording structure for potential brain-computer interfaces. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102:228–39 [21. 2005. Response of brain tissue to chronically implanted neural electrodes. J. Neurosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and developments in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and brain-machine interfaces. The inclusion of phrases like 'brain-computer interfaces for communication and control' and 'a multi-agent control framework for co-adaptation in brain-computer interfaces' indicates that the research indeed focuses on enabling control of devices through thought. This aligns directly with the claim regarding the development of brain-machine interfaces for controlling devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Cas9 is efficient enough to cut and edit multiple genes in a single experiment (Li et al. , 2013c; Wang et al. , 2013a). The enzyme is active in a wide variety of organisms and is also quite specific, cutting only protospacers that are nearly identical to the spacer sequence of the guide RNA (Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Moreover, methods that allow Cas9 to bind but not cut enable the expression of target genes to be regulated by selectively recruiting regulatory proteins attached to Cas9 or the guide RNA (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a). All of these applications were developed within the last two years. Because RNA-guided genome editing relies on exactly the same copying mechanism as endonuclease gene drives, it is reasonable to ask whether it might be possible to build gene drives based on Cas9. In principle, RNA-guided gene drives might be capable of spreading almost any genomic alteration that can be generated using Cas9 through sexually reproducing populations. Will RNA-guided gene drives enable us to edit the genomes of wild populations? Although we cannot be certain until we try, current evidence suggests that RNA-guided gene drives will function in some and possibly most sexually reproducing species. Learning how to insert a drive into the germline and optimize its function in each new species will likely require months to years depending on generation length, with subsequent drives in the same species taking less time. Because inserting the drive into the germline with Cas9 involves the same molecular copying process as the drive itself will utilize, successful insertion may produce a working if not particularly efficient RNA-guided gene drive. But if population-level engineering is to become a reality, all molecular factors relevant to homing – cutting, specificity, copying, and evolutionary robustness – must be considered. Below, we provide a detailed technical analysis of the extent to which Cas9 can address each of these challenges. Capabilities, limitations, control strategies, and possible applications are discussed in subsequent sections. first requirement for every endonuclease gene drive is to cut the target sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while RNA-guided gene drives could theoretically function in various sexually reproducing species, it also highlights the uncertainties and challenges associated with achieving precise control over these drives. The discussion of the need for careful consideration of molecular factors such as specificity and potential pleiotropic effects suggests that gene drives may not be easily controlled to target only specific populations without unintended impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it does not discuss ancient civilizations or their written records at all. Instead, it focuses on analysis related to vulnerable populations, demographics, and program measures in a contemporary context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Methods 148:1–18 [22. 2004. Principles of a brain-computer interface (BCI) based on real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:966–70 [23. 2007. Brain-computer interface using a simplified functional near-infrared spectroscopy system. J. Neural Eng. 4:219–26 [24. 2001. Electromagnetic brain mapping. . Mag. 18:614–30 [25. 2007. An MEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI). NeuroImage 36:581–93 [26. 2013. EEG-based brain-computer interfaces: a thorough literature survey. Int. J. Hum. -Comput. Interact. 29:814–26 [27. 1997. Spatial filter selection for EEG-based communication. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 103:386–94 [28. do Nascimento OF, 2008. Identification of movement-related cortical potentials with optimized spatial filtering and principal component analysis. Biomed. Signal Process. Control 3:300–4 [29. Chiappa S, Barber D. 2006. EEG classification using generative independent component analysis. Neurocomputing 69:769–77 [30. 2000. Optimal spatial filtering of single trial EEG during imagined hand movement. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 99:441–46 [31. üller K 2008. Optimizing spatial filters for robust EEG single-trial analysis. . Mag. 25:141–56 [32. 2008. Pattern (FBCSP) in brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 2008 on Neural Networks2390–97 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [33. Millán JDR, Franzé M, Mouriño J, Cincotti F, 2002. Relevant EEG features for the classification of spontaneous motor-related tasks. Biol. Cybernet. 86:89–95 [34. Galán àrdia J, Millán JDR 2007. Feature extraction for multi-class BCI using canonical variates analysis. Proceedings of the 2007 on : IEEE [Crossref] [35. Martinez-Leon JA, Cano-Izquierdo JM, 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and principles related to brain-computer interfaces (BCI), which suggest that methods like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and EEG-based systems are indeed being researched and developed to interpret brain activity for controlling devices with thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Incomplete cutting was a problem for the homing endonuclease drive constructed in transgenic mosquitoes (72% cutting) and also for the homing endonuclease, zinc-finger nuclease, and TALEN drives in fruit flies (37%, 86%, and 70% cutting) (Windbichler et al. , 2011; Chan et al. , 2013b; Simoni et al. , 2014). The simplest way to increase cutting is to target multiple adjacent sequences. However, this is impractical for homing endonucleases and quite difficult for zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs, as each additional sequence requires a new nuclease protein to be engineered or evolved and then co-expressed. In contrast, the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease can be readily directed to cleave additional sequences by expressing additional guide RNAs (Figure 4). The sequences of these additional guide RNAs can be altered so as to avoid creating unstable repeats within the drive cassette (Nishimasu et al. , 2014; Simoni et al. , 2014). Including more guides has been demonstrated to improve upon already high rates of cutting. For example, fruit flies expressing both Cas9 and guide RNAs in their germline exhibited target cutting rates exceeding 85–99% in males for four out of six tested guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). The two least effective guide RNAs individually cut at rates exceeding 12% and 56%, but exhibited cutting rates above 91% when combined. Using more than two guide RNAs should further enhance cutting. The notable success of Cas9-based genome engineering in many different species, including studies that targeted every gene in the genome (Shalem et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2014), demonstrates that most sequences can be efficiently targeted independent of species and cell type. Thus, RNA-guided gene drives should be capable of efficiently cutting any given gene. Figure 4 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the challenges of precise targeting in gene drives, particularly with the mention of incomplete cutting in different gene drive systems. It highlights that the drive's capacity to target must contend with issues of off-target effects and the difficulties in engineering specific nucleases that require multiple sequences to achieve high cutting efficiencies. The mention that RNA-guided gene drives can have flexibility in targeting yet potentially impact non-targets due to the nature of genome editing suggests limitations in controlling gene drives purely for specific populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an analysis involving MCPR (modern contraceptive prevalence rate) and does not address or provide any information related to the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Feature selection applying statistical and neurofuzzy methods to EEG-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2015:781207 [36. Nicolas-Alonso LF, Gomez-Gil J. 2012. Brain computer interfaces, a review. Sensors 12:1211–79 [37. üller KR 2008. Towards zero training for brain-computer interfacing. 3:e2967 [38. Hübner üller KR 2017. Improving zero-training brain-computer interfaces by mixing model estimators. J. Neural Eng. 14:036021 [39. 2000. Brain-computer interfaces based on the steady-state visual-evoked response. IEEE Trans. Rehabil. Eng. 8:211–4 [40. 2002. Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 49:1181–86 [41. 2005. Steady-state VEP-based brain-computer interface control in an immersive 3D gaming environment. J. Adv. Signal Process. 2005:3156–64 [42. Sutter EE. 1992. The brain response interface: communication through visually-induced electrical brain responses. J. Microcomput. Appl. 15:31–45 [43. 2005. Lead selection for SSVEP-based brain-computer interface. Proceedings of the 26th Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Vol. 44507–10 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [44. Müller-Putz GR, Pfurtscheller G. 2008. Control of an electrical prosthesis with an SSVEP-based BCI. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:361–4 [45. 2014. Audio-visual feedback improves the BCI performance in the navigational control of a humanoid robot. Front. Neurorobot. 8:20 [46. 2016. Driving a semiautonomous mobile robotic car controlled by an SSVEP-based BCI. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2016:4909685 [47. 2018. Commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair using steady-state somatosensory evoked potentials. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26:654–65 [48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and developments related to brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and their applications. It mentions how BCIs can control devices through brain signals, exemplified by instances such as 'commanding a brain-controlled wheelchair' and 'controlling an electrical prosthesis', both of which relate to the overarching theme of using brain-machine interfaces to control devices directly with thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: The Cas9 nuclease is can be quite specific in the sequences that it targets; fruit flies do not exhibit notable fertility or fitness defects resulting from off-target cutting when both Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs are expressed in the germline (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Choosing target sites with few or no close relatives in the genome, using truncated guide RNAs (Fu et al. , 2014), employing paired Cas9 nickases (Mali et al. , 2013a) instead of nucleases, or utilizing Cas9-FokI fusion proteins (Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014) can further increase specificity. Several of these strategies can reduce the off-target mutation rate to borderline undetectable levels (Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014). The frequency at which the drive is correctly copied might be increased by using Cas9 as a transcriptional regulator to activate HR genes and repress NHEJ genes (Gilbert et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a) (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). By choosing target sites within an essential gene, any non-homologous end-joining event that deletes all of the target sites will cause lethality rather than creating a drive-resistant allele, further increasing the evolutionary robustness of the RNA-guided gene drive. Other options include using distinct promoters and guide RNAs to avoid repetitiveness and increase stability (Figure 4—figure supplement 2) or employing newly characterized, engineered, or evolved Cas9 variants with improved properties (Esvelt et al. , 2011; Mali et al. , 2013b). These optimization strategies have also been summarized in tabular form with additional details (Figure 4—figure supplement 3). cutting other sites in the genome may seriously compromise the fitness of the organism, the second requirement is to avoid cutting non-targeted sequences. While several studies have reported that Cas9 is prone to cutting off-target sequences that are closely related to the target (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013), more recent developments and strategies designed to improve specificity (Mali et al. , 2013a; Fu et al. , 2014; Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while strategies exist to increase the specificity of Cas9, there are still notable concerns about off-target cutting. It mentions that Cas9 is prone to cutting off-target sequences related closely to the target, which contradicts the idea that once gene drives are released, they can be controlled to affect only specific populations without impacting others.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses modern demographic analysis, feedback on a research paper, and the limitations of certain measures in equity analysis. There is no mention of ancient civilizations or their record-keeping.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Kwak NS, Müller KR, Lee SW 2015. A lower limb exoskeleton control system based on steady state visual evoked potentials. J. Neural Eng. 12:056009 [49. 1965. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science 150:1187–88 [50. Farwell LA, Donchin E. 1988. Talking off the top of your head: toward a mental prosthesis utilizing event-related brain potentials. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 70:510–23 [51. McCarthy G, Donchin E. 1981. A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–80 [52. 2009. A noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol and automated navigation. IEEE Trans. Robot. 25:614–27 [53. 2007. Controlling a wheelchair indoors using thought. IEEE Intell. Syst. 22:18–24 [54. 2009. Control of a 9-DoF wheelchair-mounted robotic arm system using a P300 brain computer interface: initial experiments. Proceedings of the 2008 on Robotics and Biomimetics348–53 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [55. 2000. ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial. Biol. Psychol. 51:87–107 [56. 2014. Neural mechanisms and temporal dynamics of performance monitoring. Trends Cogn. Sci. 18:259–67 [57. Chavarriaga R, Sobolewski A, Millán JDR 2014. Errare machinale est: the use of error-related potentials in brain-machine interfaces. Front. Neurosci. 8:208 [58. 2000. EEG-based communication: presence of an error potential. Clin. Neurophysiol. 111:2138–44 [59. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Error-related EEG potentials generated during simulated brain-computer interaction. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 55:923–9 [60. Ferrez PW, Millán JDR. 2008. Simultaneous real-time detection of motor imagery and error-related potentials for improved BCI accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various research related to brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and their applications in controlling devices, such as wheelchairs, through brain activity. It mentions specific projects, such as a 'noninvasive brain-actuated wheelchair based on a P300 neurophysiological protocol' and controlling a wheelchair indoors using thought, which supports the idea that BMIs are indeed being developed for the purpose of allowing individuals to control devices with their thoughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2014) have demonstrated that the off-target rate can be reduced to nearly undetectable levels (Figure 4). Notably, Cas9 does not appear to represent a noticeable fitness burden when expressed at a moderate level in fruit flies with or without guide RNAs (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Organisms with larger genomes may require more careful target site selection due to the increased number of potential off-target sequences present. third and most challenging requirement involves ensuring that the cut sequence is repaired using homologous recombination (HR) to copy the drive rather than the competing non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway (Figure 4). HR rates are known to vary across cell types (Mali et al. , 2013c), developmental stages (Fiorenza et al. , 2001; Preston et al. , 2006), species (Chan et al. , 2013b), and the phase of the cell cycle (Saleh-Gohari and Helleday, 2004). For example, the endonuclease gene drive in mosquitoes was correctly copied following ∼97% of cuts (Windbichler et al. , 2011), while a similar drive in fruit flies was initially copied only 2% of the time (Chan et al. , 2011) and never rose above 78% even with extensive combinatorial optimization of promoter and 3′ untranslated region. This difference is presumably due to a lower rate of HR in fruit fly spermatocytes relative to mosquitoes (Chan et al. , 2013b). Ideally, drives should be activated only in germline cells at developmental stages with a high rate of HR, but this may be challenging in many species. Copying efficiencies may also depend on whether the cut produces 5′-overhangs, 3′-overhangs, or blunt ends (Kuhar et al. , 2014). Because Cas9 nickases can generate either overhang type while Cas9 nucleases produce blunt ends, the enzyme can be adapted to the needs of the cell type and organism. The ability to regulate gene expression with Cas9 might be used to temporarily increase the rate of homologous recombination while the drive is active (Figure 4). For instance, the Cas9 nuclease involved in cutting might simultaneously repress (Gilbert et al. , 2013) genes involved in NHEJ and therefore increase the frequency of HR (Bozas et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with gene drives, particularly in terms of off-target effects and the need for careful target site selection. It mentions that organisms with larger genomes require more attention due to the potential for off-target sequences, which implies that achieving precise control over gene drives may be more complicated than suggested by the claim. The discussion around varying rates of homologous recombination and challenges in species further suggests that controlling gene drives to only target specific populations may not be straightforward.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses various aspects of research methods and limitations related to analysis in a contemporary context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the 4th Brain-Workshop and Training Course197–202 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [61. 2010. Online detection of P300 and error potentials in a BCI speller. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2010:307254 [62. Chavarriaga R, Iturrate I, Millán JDR 2016. Robust, accurate spelling based on error-related potentials. Proceedings of the 6th International Brain-Müller-Patz, J Huggins, D Steyrl 9–10 Graz, Austria: Verlag Tech. Univ. Graz [63. án JDR 2010. Brain-coupled interaction for semi-autonomous navigation of an assistive robot. Robot. Auton. Syst. 58:1246–55 [64. án JDR 2015. Teaching brain-machine interfaces as an alternative paradigm to neuroprosthetics control. Sci. Rep. 5:13893 [65. 2019. Inferring subjective p66. Pfurtscheller G, Lopes da Silva FH 1999. Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles. Clin. Neurophysiol. 110:1842–57 [67. Pfurtscheller G, Neuper C. 2001. Motor imagery and direct brain-computer communication. Proc. IEEE 89:1123–34 [68. Pfurtscheller G, Brunner C, Schlögl A, Lopes da Silva FH 2006. μ rhythm (de)synchronization and EEG single-trial classification of different motor imagery tasks. NeuroImage 31:153–9 [69. 2013. Transferring brain-computer interfaces beyond the laboratory: successful application control for motor-disabled users. Artif. Intell. Med. 59:121–32 [70. án JDR 2015. Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities. Proc. IEEE 103:969–82 [71. 2013. An analysis of performance evaluation for motor-imagery based BCI. J. Neural Eng. 10:031001 [72. 2011. Continuous three-dimensional control of a virtual helicopter using a motor imagery based brain-computer interface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various papers and studies that focus on brain-computer interfaces (BCI), which are systems allowing direct communication between the brain and external devices. Specific examples such as 'Teaching brain-machine interfaces as an alternative paradigm to neuroprosthetics control' and 'Towards independence: a BCI telepresence robot for people with severe motor disabilities' indicate that BCIs are indeed being developed to enable control of devices through thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: , 2009) if supplied with a shortened guide RNA that directs it to bind and block transcription but not cut (Bikard et al. , 2013; Sternberg et al. , 2014). Alternatively, an orthogonal nuclease-null Cas9 protein (Esvelt et al. , 2013) encoded within the drive cassette could repress NHEJ genes and activate HR genes before activating the Cas9 nuclease. Lastly, Cas9 might be used directly recruit key HR-directing proteins to the cut sites, potentially biasing repair towards that pathway. Evolutionary stability Even a perfectly efficient endonuclease gene drive is vulnerable to the evolution of drive resistance in the population. Whenever a cut is repaired using the NHEJ pathway, the result is typically a drive-resistant allele with insertions or deletions in the target sequence that prevent it from being cut by the endonuclease. Natural sequence polymorphisms in the population could also prevent cutting. These alleles will typically increase in abundance and eventually eliminate the drive because most drives – like most transgenes – are likely to slightly reduce the fitness of the organism. A second path to gene drive resistance would involve the target organism evolving a method of specifically inhibiting the drive endonuclease. The best defense against previously existing or recently evolved drive-resistant alleles is to target multiple sites. Because mutations in target sites are evolutionarily favored only when they survive confrontation with the gene drive, using many target sites can render it statistically improbable for any one allele to survive long enough to accumulate mutations at all of the sites so long as cutting rates are high (Burt, 2003). However, very large populations – such as those of some insects – might require unfeasibly large numbers of guide RNAs to prevent resistance. In these cases it may be necessary to release several successive gene drives, each targeting multiple sites, to overcome resistant alleles as they emerge. From an evolutionary perspective, the ability to preclude resistance by targeting multiple sites is the single greatest advantage of RNA-guided gene drives. We propose to extend this strategy by preferentially targeting multiple sites within the 3′ ends of genes important for fitness such that any repair event that deletes all of the target sites creates a deleterious allele that cannot compete with the spread of the drive (Figure 4). Whenever the drive is copied, the cut gene is replaced with a recoded version flanked by the other components of the drive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities of gene drives to the evolution of resistance within target populations. It states that drives can lead to resistant alleles that emerge when the cut is repaired through various pathways, challenging the assertion that gene drives can be precisely controlled to target specific pest populations. The necessity to release multiple drives to overcome resistance adds further complexity, indicating that there's no guarantee of controlling impacts exclusively on specific pests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses modern demographic analysis, program evaluations, and the limitations of certain measures in understanding equity in family planning, which do not relate to the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: 6:e26322 [73. 2013. Quadcopter control in three-dimensional space using a noninvasive motor imagery-based brain–computer interface. J. Neural Eng. 10:046003 [74. 2016. Noninvasive electroencephalogram based control of a robotic arm for reach and grasp tasks. Sci. Rep. 6:38565 [75. 2009. Continuous EEG classification for a self-paced BCI. Proceedings of the 4th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering315–18 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [76. 2011. EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [Crossref] [77. Tonin L, Bauer F, Millán JDR 2020. The role of the control framework for continuous tele-operation of a BMI driven mobile robot. IEEE Trans. Robot. 36:78–91 [78. 2010. Optimization of SSVEP brain responses with application to eight-command brain-computer interface. Neurosci. Lett. 469:34–38 [79. 2010. A brain controlled wheelchair to navigate in familiar environments. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:590–98 [80. ölker M 2019. A service assistant combining autonomous robotics, flexible goal formulation, and deep-learning-based brain-computer interfacing. Robot. Auton. Syst. J. 116:98–113 [81. Vanacker G, Millán án F et al. 2007. Context-based filtering for assisted brain-actuated wheelchair driving. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:25130 [82. Galán 2008. A brain-actuated wheelchair: asynchronous and non-invasive brain-computer interfaces for continuous control of robots. Clin. Neurophysiol. 119:2159–69 [83. Philips J, Millán án F et al. 2007. Adaptive shared control of a brain-actuated simulated wheelchair. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics408–14 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [84. 2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and advancements in brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) that enable individuals to control devices, such as robotic arms and wheelchairs, using their thoughts. It mentions applications related to motor imagery-based brain-computer interfaces and continues to discuss various implementations, showing the ongoing development and capabilities of BMIs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: Recent work has demonstrated that most genes can be substantially recoded with little effect on organism fitness (Lajoie et al. , 2013); the 3′ untranslated region might be replaced with an equivalent sequence from a related gene. Because there would be no homology between the recoded cut site and the drive components, the drive cassette would always be copied as a unit. Relative to drive-resistant alleles, inhibitors of Cas9 are less likely to arise given the historical absence of RNA-guided nucleases from eukaryotes. Any inhibitors that do evolve would presumably target a particular Cas9 protein or guide RNA used in an earlier drive and could be evaded by building future drives using a Cas9 ortholog with a different guide RNA (Esvelt et al. , 2013; Fonfara et al. , 2013). Alternatively and least likely, organisms might evolve higher RNase activity to preferentially degrade all guide RNAs; this may be difficult to accomplish without harming overall fitness. A final evolutionary concern relates to the stability of the gene drive cassette itself. The zinc-finger nuclease and TALEN-based gene drives in fruit flies suffered from recombination between repetitive sequences: only 75% and 40% of each respective drive was sufficiently intact after one copying event to catalyze a second round of copying. Because RNA-guided gene drives will not include such highly repetitive elements, they are likely to be more stable (Figure 4). Development time RNA-guided genome editing is advancing at a historically unprecedented pace. Because it is now much easier to make transgenic organisms and therefore candidate gene drives, the design-build-test cycle for gene drives will often be limited only by the generation time of the organism in the laboratory. Moreover, many advances from genome engineering can be directly applied to RNA-guided gene drives. For example, all of the methods of increasing Cas9 specificity described above were developed for RNA-guided genome editing in the past 2 years. Future methods of increasing the rate of HR relative to NHEJ would be useful for both technologies. These factors suggest that scientists will enjoy an increasing number of tools well-suited to rapidly building and testing gene drives in addition to those we describe above. None of this is to gloss over the many practical difficulties that are likely to arise when constructing a particular gene drive in a given species. Early success is as unlikely as ever when engineering complex biological systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inherent difficulties in engineering gene drives, stating, 'None of this is to gloss over the many practical difficulties that are likely to arise when constructing a particular gene drive in a given species.' This suggests that while advancements in gene drive technology are occurring, it may not be straightforward to achieve the precise control over pest populations asserted in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses issues related to equity gaps, analysis methods, and demographic shifts, which are unrelated to the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Brain-machine interfaces are being developed to allow people to control devices with their thoughts. [SEP] Text: The H-metaphor as a guideline for vehicle automation and interaction Tech. Rep. 2003-212672 Langley Res. Cent. , : [85. 2006. Application of the H-mode, a design and interaction concept for highly automated vehicles, to aircraft. Proceedings of 2006 IEEE/AIAA 25th : IEEE [Crossref] [86. án JDR 2010. The role of shared-control in BCI-based telepresence. Proceedings of the 2010 on Systems, Man and Cybernetics1462–66 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [87. Chavarriaga R, Millán JDR. 2010. Learning from EEG error-related potentials in noninvasive brain-computer interfaces. IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 18:381–88 [88. DelPreto J, Salazar-2018. Plug-and-play supervisory control using muscle and brain signals for real-time gesture and error detection. Robotics: Science and -pap. 63. N. p Robot. Sci. Syst. Found. [89. Millán ño J, 2004. Noninvasive brain-actuated control of a mobile robot by human EEG. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51:1026–33 [90. 2006. A brain-controlled wheelchair based on P300 and path guidance. Proceedings of the First IEEE/RAS-on and Biomechatronics1101–6 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [91. Cheeín di 2007. Maps managing interface design for a mobile robot navigation governed by a BCI. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 90:012088 [92. Leeb R, Friedman D, Müller-2007. Self-paced (asynchronous) BCI control of a wheelchair in virtual environments: a case study with a tetraplegic. Comput. Intell. Neurosci. 2007:79642 [93. 2007. Brain-computer interface for high-level control of rehabilitation robotic systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 10th on Rehabilitation Robotics619–25 Piscataway, NJ: IEEE [94. 2008. Control of a humanoid robot by a noninvasive brain–computer interface in humans. J. Neural Eng. 5:214–20 [95. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), including controlling devices such as wheelchairs and robots using human brain signals, which directly supports the idea that these technologies are being developed to enable control through thought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once released, gene drives can be precisely controlled to only target specific pest populations without affecting other species. [SEP] Text: But if half a dozen or even a dozen design-build-test cycles are sufficient to produce moderately efficient gene drives, many molecular biology laboratories around the world will soon be capable of engineering wild populations. Box 1 Could gene drives alter human populations? Not unless we wait for many centuries. Even in a hypothetical future in which human germline editing was considered safe and ethical, a driven alteration would be only four times as abundant as a non-driven alteration a full century after the birth of an edited human. This assumes future generations would not elect to remove the drive. Whole-genome sequencing - a technology that is available in many modern hospitals and is widely expected to be ubiquitous in the near future - is quite capable of detecting the presence of any gene drive if we decide to look. Gene drive limitations Given their potentially widespread availability, it will be essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental limitations of genetic drive systems. First and most important, gene drives require many generations to spread through populations. Once transgenic organisms bearing the gene drive are constructed in the laboratory, they must be released into the wild to mate with wild-type individuals in order to begin the process of spreading the drive through the wild population. The total time required to spread to all members depends on the number of drive-carrying individuals that are released, the generation time of the organism, the efficiency of homing, the impact of the drive on individual fitness, and the dynamics of mating and gene flow in the population, but in general it will take several dozen generations (Burt, 2003; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011). Thus, drives will spread very quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms. Second, gene drives cannot affect species that exclusively practice asexual reproduction through clonal division or self-fertilization. This category includes all viruses and bacteria as well as most unicellular organisms. Highly efficient standard drives might be able to slowly spread through populations that employ a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction, such as certain plants, but drives intended to suppress the population would presumably force target organisms to reproduce asexually in order to avoid suppression. Third, drive-mediated genome alterations are not permanent on an evolutionary timescale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the limitations and complexities of gene drives. It emphasizes that gene drives require many generations to spread through populations and cannot affect species that reproduce asexually. The statement that gene drives may spread quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms suggests that they cannot be precisely controlled to target only specific populations effectively. Additionally, the mention of requiring a significant understanding of gene drive systems underscores the inherent difficulties in targeting specific pests without impacting other species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. While the authors do cite relevant literature, I think reference to the Choi and Fabic 2. Regarding wealth categories, I was not clear on whether these quintiles were defined cross-country or within country. For example, if women were in the poorest households, were these the poorest within their own country or the poorest across all countries? I assume the latter but a slight clarification would make this more clear. 2. Figure 1 - Rather than have two colors differentiating older/later surveys could authors differentiate each country with color/symbol combinations? I think this would make interpretation easier and faster. 3. Figure 2- I applaud the authors creativity in finding a way to visualize quite a bit of information. On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to program effects on vulnerable populations, data visualization, and methodological suggestions without addressing the existence of written records from ancient civilizations.