Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 9950, showing that there is a strong (99%) relationship between yield and all other state variables. Statistically, taken as a set, the predictor, i. e. , organic matters, plant nutrients, salinity, and pest, accounts for 99% of the variance in yield, and the standard error is only 0. 1947, which is considered as a good level for a 95% confidence test. Furthermore, this can be highlighted by the fact that none of the p-values are greater than 0. 05. Therefore, it can be concluded that yield is strongly affected by factors, such as salinity, organic materials, plant nutrients, and pests. 5. Dynamism of for Consistent Yields5. 1 Model FormulationMost of the farmers in Bangladesh want to get the same amount of yield. There are a number of reasons why farmers in many countries, including Bangladesh, may want to achieve consistent crop yields (Tbsnews, 2021), like economic stability, food security, market demand, government policies, personal goals and so on. They use more and more chemical fertilizers to satisfy their demands. But chemical fertilizers reduce soil organic matters day by day (Muhammad, 2022). Generally speaking, if farmers wish to maintain an increasing number of crops on a consistent basis, it is vital for them to realize the dynamic changes in organic matters, as this allows them to readily comprehend the fertility conditions of the soil. In conjunction with this, if farmers wish to maintain a lower level of yield, this study can help them by constructing a model, showing the time-dependent changes of the organic matters in the soil along with the previous one. To formulate the model, four variables were considered, such as soil organic matters (OM), plant nutrients (PN) and soil salinity (S) with a constant yield. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'farmers in many countries, including Bangladesh, may want to achieve consistent crop yields' and that 'they use more and more chemical fertilizers to satisfy their demands.' This indicates that despite the intent of some organic practices, the pursuit of consistent yields leads to increased use of synthetic chemicals, which goes against the claim that organic farming avoids such practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 1A isn’t available online. You can get it here). Labor productivity of US agriculture is from of the 1143-1171. US price of electricity 1902–2000: of the 235 (residential electricity) 2001–present: Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI series CUSR0000SEHF01 US production worker wages are from MeasuringWorth. com US oil and gas energy production is from: 1919–1948: of the 155-163. 1949–present: 1. 2 Energy consumption by the US oil and gas sector is from Guilford et al. 2007, Table 6 (direct energy use). US oil and gas employment is from: 1919: Census of 1958, Table 1 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 8A–D, persons engaged in production. (Note that Table 6. 8D is discontinuous with 6. 8A–C because of the transition from SIC to NAICS classification. I splice 6. 8D by indexing it to 6. 8C. Eurozone energy production and consumption (by the energy sector) is from the Eurostat energy balance tables. Eurozone labor hours are from Eurostat table nama_10_a64_e. has about 90 kilocalories of energy per 100g. There are 4184 joules in a kilocalorie, giving 376,560 joules per 100 g of corn. That’s 3765. 6 joules per gram. Norway’s energy sector produces about 100 GJ of energy per labor hour. That’s 100 billion joules. Translating to corn, we divide 100 billion joules by 3765. 6 joules per gram. That gives 2,6556,193 grams, which is about 27 metric tons. So for every hour of work, a Norwegian energy-sector worker produces (transforms) the energy equivalent of 27 tonnes of corn. Let’s compare that to the corn produced by US farmers. In 1800, it took US farmers about 344 hours (on average) to produce 100 bushels of corn. A bushel of corn is roughly 25 kg. So pre-industrial US farmers produced about 7 kg of corn per hour — 0. 007 tonnes. In contrast, it takes modern US farmers about 3 hours to produce 100 bushels of corn. That translates to about 0. 8 tonnes per hour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various statistics related to energy production and labor productivity in the US and Eurozone, with no mention of asteroids, resource mining, or any related risks. As such, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about redirecting asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Invasive internal carotid artery and measurements have shown that the Valsalva maneuver elicits consistent cerebral blood flow responses. 6–8 One limitation of these studies is that they use a single intrathoracic pressure target, making it impossible to distinguish the effect of hypercapnia during the Valsalva breath hold from the effect of the pressure changes. One fMRI study has shown that controlling for chest circumference—a proxy for chest pressure—during a breath hold reduces variability of the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response. 9 Others have shown that flow changes in the middle cerebral artery using transcranial Doppler are more predictable when blood pressure changes are also modeled. 10 We hypothesized that changes in pressure, even with a constant breath hold duration, would modulate the fMRI response. We compared the fMRI responses to a breath hold with those induced by Valsalva maneuvers involving different levels of intrathoracic pressure and breath hold duration. We compared magnitudes and dynamics, as well as the spatial pattern of the maps to determine whether the signal changes corresponded to those of the other global stresses. We found that the Valsalva maneuver can reliably modulate the MRI signal based on thoracic pressure with a similar spatiotemporal MRI response to breath holding without pressure feedback. The mechanisms for these signal changes are an area of future investigation, as they may reflect rapid changes in blood volume and blood flow with alterations in intrathoracic pressure. Here, we report these findings, and discuss their potential utility for fMRI calibration and for vascular patency assessment. and Imaging ParametersNine healthy subjects (5 male, age 29±8 years) participated after granting informed consent under an -approved protocol (93-M-0170) in accordance with the and US that protect human subjects. Data were collected in a GE 3T HDx scanner () with a 16-channel head coil using a sequence. Eight oblique slices were collected at a resolution of 3. 75 × 3. 75 × 4 mm3 (repetition time = 400 ms, echo time = 30 ms, flip angle = 30, parallel imaging method: ASSET; acceleration factor: 2). Tl-weighted images (0. 86 × 0. 86 × 1. 2 mm3 voxels) were also collected for anatomic registration. Valsalva task setup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in intrathoracic pressure can modulate the fMRI response, indicating that functional MRI measures brain activity through blood flow changes. It mentions specific findings from their study that suggest the relationship between the Valsalva maneuver and changes in MRI signals based on blood flow, thereby supporting the understanding of fMRI as a technique that detects changes in cerebral blood flow related to brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: The land returns to rice cultivation after the fourth year. Consequently, organic matters begin to decrease. This same incident occurs for land relaxation between the fifth and sixth years. During the sixth and eighth years of a land relaxation phase, organic matters begin to rise in these two years. Then land is used again, causing the decline of organic matters. All of this suggests that land relaxation may be a fantastic strategy for making the land fruitful by boosting soil organic matters over long time intervals. Figure 13. Higher consistent yields mean more degradation of organic mattersFigure 14. The reduction in soil organic matters is less dramatic when land is allowed to rest for longer periods of time5. 3 Results and DiscussionOrganic matters are not only a storehouse of nutrients but also contributes to other factors that regulate fertility in moderation. It is a painful fact that 80% of the land is deficient in organic matters. Farmers constantly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides in an uncontrolled manner in the hope of higher crop yields. According to Table 5, the organic matters are 52. 12, 35. 27 and 22. 57 T/H at the fourth, seventh and tenth years, provided farmers maintain a production of 15 T/H. But keeping a higher yield, such as 28 T/H, results in organic matters of 39. 65, 21. 85, and 11. 39 T/H after the fourth, seventh and tenth years, respectively. Table 5. Amount of organic matters in different years due to yieldYield(T/H) in4th year7th year10th yearY=15 T/HY=20 T/HY=28 T/H52. 1246. 9239. 6535. 2729. 3321. 8522. 5717. 3511. 39This provides more evidence that plants need to extract a greater quantity of nutrients from the soil, thereby enabling farmers to maintain the same level of output. As a direct result of this, farmers use more chemical fertilizers to boost the levels of plant nutrients. By increasing the quantity of plant nutrients, a consistent output may be maintained. Nevertheless, increasing the amount of chemical fertilizers results in a reduction in the amount of organic matters. Therefore, applying more chemical fertilizers in the future won't yield more output. Consequently, farmers have to expand the usage of organic fertilizers while keeping track of the state of the organic matters in the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'farmers constantly apply chemical fertilizers and pesticides in an uncontrolled manner in the hope of higher crop yields.' This indicates that, despite the principles of organic farming, many farmers are still relying on synthetic chemicals, which directly opposes the claim that the majority of organic farming avoids such substances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Further reading Chaisson, E. (2002). Cosmic evolution: The rise of complexity in nature. Cambridge, Mass. : Press. Fix, B. (2015). Rethinking economic growth theory from a biophysical perspective. New York: Springer. Guilford, M. C. , Hall, C. , O’Connor, P. , & Cleveland, C. (2011). A new long term assessment of energy return on investment (EROI ) for US oil and gas discovery and production. Sustainability, 3(10), 1866–1887. Hall, C. , & Klitgaard, K. (2012). Energy and the wealth of nations: Understanding the biophysical economy. New York: Springer. Nitzan, J. , & Bichler, S. (2009). Capital as power: A study of order and creorder. New York: Routledge. Nordhaus, W. D. , & Tobin, J. (1973). Is growth obsolete? measurement of economic and social performance (14. Share this:TwitterFacebookLike this:Like Loading. . . Uncategorizedeconomic growtheconomic growth theoryEnergyneoclassical economicsneoclassical growth theoryReal GDP Published by Political economist. Blogger. Muckraker. Foe of neoclassical economics. View all posts by Post navigation … Bah Humbug! 25 comments 2:00PM 6/18/2020 - log says: June 18, 2020 at 2:08 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . . Reply 2:00PM 6/18/2020 – Connection says: June 18, 2020 at 2:39 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . . Reply 2:00PM 6/18/2020 – says: June 18, 2020 at 2:46 pm […] the” [Economics from the Top Down]. “From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to […] Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to economic growth and energy but does not touch upon the topic of asteroid redirection or the associated risks in mining resources from asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Box plots show the median (circle with dot), 25th and 75th percentiles (solid box), maxima and minima (whiskers) and outliers (hollow circles). Every fit is significant. The r values for the fit qualities were Fisher Z-transformed, and the bar plots in Figure 6B show the peak and valley magnitude relationships between the breath hold on exhalation trials versus all other trials. The voxelwise linear regressions of the peak and valley magnitudes between all pairs of trial types were significant (P<<0. 001). These data show that the relative response magnitudes across gray matter are similar across different thoracic pressure and breath hold durations. This means that the MRI signal changes caused by having subjects to hold their breath for 20 seconds can be significantly modeled by having them instead increase chest pressure for only 5 seconds. showed that it is possible to parametrically alter the magnitude of the fweighted by changing intrathoracic pressure. By keeping the breath hold duration constant while modulating pressure, we showed that the pressure changes alter the BOLD-weighted response independently from hypercapnia-based changes. had a bimodal response, with an initial dip in signal magnitude at the outset of the challenge, followed by a rise above baseline after the breath hold release. When intrathoracic pressure increased, the magnitude of the valley during the breath hold linearly decreased, and the peak magnitude response linearly increased (Figures 2, 3 and 5). The relative response magnitudes across voxels matched tissue boundaries, and revealed a similar pattern for multiple intrathoracic pressures and breath hold durations (Figures 4 and 6). Origins of the the precise origins of the Valsalva-induced MRI response are unclear, aspects of the response suggest a predominantly hemodynamic effect. Increases in intrathoracic load pressure caused both increased heart rate and MRI response magnitudes. The timing of the heart rate minima and maxima during the Valsalva maneuver matched minimal and maximal MRI signals, suggesting that autonomic responses during the Valsalva action are closely coupled to these global changes; CBF changes are known to correlate with arterial blood pressure changes throughout the Valsalva maneuver. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing changes in MRI signals linked to physiological changes, such as breathing and intrathoracic pressure, which are indicative of brain activity. It touches upon the hemodynamic effects and how these relate to the BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) response, confirming the principle that functional MRI measures variations in blood flow as a representation of cerebral activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 86 to 1. 16% of the nation’s basic food, rice, has been lost. As arable land decreases, feeding an expanding population is increasingly the primary concern. And more chemical fertilizers are used each time to make up for this productivity deficit. In other words, the soil’s efficiency for production decreases and its resources are continually drained. It presents a life-threatening danger to rice production in the future. To analyze this issue, a mathematical model was proposed for analysis both theoretically and numerically. In the theoretical analysis, positivity and the boundedness theorem help to ensure that the proposed model has a unique solution. In addition, this model is biologically valid. Basic reproduction numbers show the conditions under which soil fertility improves or declines. The equilibrium point is unstable and stable because of some conditions related to real-life situations. Then one parameter was taken for the characteristics test, which obtained an R-square value of 0. 9950 and a p-value of less than 0. 05, ensuring that the model’s variables are significantly related. Then numerical simulations were conducted. It can be observed that organic fertilizers increase soil organic matters and plant nutrients, but their excessive use increases soil salinity. On the other side, soil salinity is changed by waterlogging, leading to a reduction in organic matters. One of the interesting findings is that more application of chemical fertilizers increases yields for some years, but it is also a great threat to long-term productivity because it decreases production when soil organic matters are reduced due to the harmful effects of chemical fertilizers. Another important finding is that the growth of the pest population can be an obstacle in the future if it is not under control. Soil organic matters are decreased to maintain the consistency of rice production because of the use of chemical fertilizers, which makes us thoughtful. To find out the process of this solution, it has been found that keeping straw residue on the cultivable land after harvesting and keeping a portion of that land rested can be useful to increase soil fertility. Ultimately, based on the prediction of the proposed model, it is realistic to state that Bangladesh, which has a large population, is incapable of having its rice production decreased. In order to preserve the organic materials in the soil, it is now absolutely necessary to apply fertilizers on land in an optimum amount and to increase the amount of organic fertilizers applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the adverse effects of chemical fertilizers, which are a synthetic input that organic farming typically aims to avoid. It details how the excessive use of chemical fertilizers leads to decreased soil productivity and a threat to long-term agricultural sustainability, thus highlighting the negative impact of relying on synthetic chemicals, which goes against the principles of organic farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: the - Resilience says: June 19, 2020 at 9:43 am […] times more corn per hour than modern industrial farmers can harvest. (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil […] Loading. . . Clarkson says: June 19, 2020 at 8:56 pm Great post, which I first saw on the Resilience site. I do have a question about Figure 4. EROI was declining during the period indicated in the figure. If so, the energy harvested per worker energy input should also be declining and the spread between the two trends should be increasing over time. How can the relationship be so consistent (as shown in your chart)? Also, what’s with the first four comments? Loading. . . Fix says: June 19, 2020 at 9:42 pm Hi Joe, You are correct that EROI declined (slightly) during the period shown in Figure 4. But note that the data are on two different scales (to show the correlation). For that reason, you can’t really judge how one series has changed relative to the other. Also note that I’m only showing direct energy use by the oil and gas sector. EROI usually includes indirect consumption as well. Loading. . . Higham says: June 20, 2020 at 3:14 am V. good post,Blair. If you want to read an excellent critique of Nordhaus and his misunderstanding of climatalogy, and his crazy economic response to Anthropogenic climatic Disruption,read 1. Sedentary, non-nomadic societies existed for many thousands of years before widespread, systematic agriculture — mainly in alluvial areas with diverse ecosystems. Lots of ways to “make a living” and adapt to changing conditions — both seasonal and longer-term. 2. Until circa 1600 CE, 75%+ of ppl did not live under large state societies. Surmise: they chose not to cuz the hierarchical control, and associated practices, were Pleasant. Loading. . . C says: June 22, 2020 at 10:14 am You write good 20. 07. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss asteroids, resource mining, or the risks associated with redirecting asteroids at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the feasibility and safety of redirecting asteroids for resource mining.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 6,8 Functional MRI signal responses to the Valsalva maneuver varied across tissue types, with gray-matter regions showing greater responsiveness than white matter, but equivalent timing. Hypercapnia also induces a greater MRI signal increase in gray over white matter,14–18 as does hypoxia. 19The fMRI temporal response pattern for all Valsalva challenges closely resembles the known Doppler cerebral blood flow velocity response in timing and shape,7,8 with the fMRI signal and cerebral blood flow velocity both decreasing and reaching a minima during the load period, followed by an overshoot upon release, and a return to baseline. During the initial decline, decreased CBF7,8 could lead to reduced venous return and blood volume, leading to increased oxygen extraction, reduced venous [O2], and reduced [O2] blood concentration, causing a decrease in signal. Upon release, the increase in CBF may result in an enrichment in oxyhemoglobin, leading to a rise in signal intensity. Even though both the heart rate and fMRI responses increased with increased intrathoracic pressure, we found no consistent linear time-invarient transfer function linking the two responses across all task conditions. This is partially because heart rate alone does not define blood flow and deoxyhemoglobin concentation during a Valsalva maneuver. For example, neither well-known cardiac stroke volume changes during the Valsalva maneuver nor total blood oxygenation changes during a breath hold would be modeled by heart rate. Functional MRI signal changes also appeared in CSF during the Valsalva maneuver; CSF pressure effects are unlikely to contribute to these changes since CSF pressure reaches, and remains relatively constant at, or above the Valsalva pressure throughout the hold, an outcome that does not match the bimodal MRI signal response. 20,21 Partial volume effects from the tissue surrounding CSF may contribute, but all voxels that contained 25% of more than one tissue type were removed from analysis. Some signal change might result from the vasculature in the choroid plexus showing BOLD changes, or from slowed venous return, a consequence of increased intrathoracic pressure, leading to increased cerebral blood volume. Such a process could cause an intrathoracic pressure-modulated initial decrease in the Valsalva response in all tissues and choroid plexus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how functional MRI (fMRI) signal responses to the Valsalva maneuver relate to blood flow changes in different tissue types. It describes the relationship between blood flow velocity and fMRI signal patterns, emphasizing that increased cerebral blood flow (CBF) leads to an increase in MRI signal intensity due to increased oxyhemoglobin. This supports the claim that fMRI measures brain activity through the detection of blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: trends in agriculture vertical farming and organic farming Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Review 144. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00023 in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food p9. 15billion by 2050, thus the expected rate of increase in world population will be 2. 25 percent over the next forty years1 and thus provides for a potentially huge market for food grains and food production needs to be doubled to meet this demand. It is projected that to feed the global population by 2050 require 70 percent increase in global food production with food production from developing countries needs to be doubled. 2 Environmental stress (climate change) and shortage of water and land resources are major constraints haunting this task. Though the advances in science and information technology has resulted in more comfortable world with global linkages, these advances has led to changes in agricultural practices. In recent past production and productivity of crops have increased along with the increase in fertilizer and pesticide consumption, this trend is more conspicuous in developed and industrial countries with developing countries like China have made their presence felt by around 2 fold increase in cereal yield since 1961. In developing countries, due to lack of financial resources and knowledge of technical advancements farmers are unable to shift to practices of modern intensive agriculture3 and hence remain isolated from global linkages. Increase in long distance food trade, diet changes and increase in the food based retail industries are the indicators, suggesting that globalization has affected food systems world-wide. 4 At the same time these trends have created a concern for environmental problems as excessive use of chemicals is not desirable in agriculture for preservation of environment, biodiversity and soil quality. Thus, increasing global trade and easy accesses to chemical and technology has contributed to changes in agricultural systems. Recent trend in agriculture has seen rise in organic agriculture, vertical farming and intensive agriculture to accommodate the demands of increasing world population and address the rising concern for environmental issues. Vertical farming shall help in meeting the food & other demands of the rapidly growing urban population. On the other hand organic farming will help in increasing the harmony between the environment and anthropogenic activities done for agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of food production in relation to rising global population demands and environmental constraints. It mentions that to meet future food needs, a significant increase in food production is necessary, suggesting that vertical farming alone may not suffice. Furthermore, it indicates the necessity of various agricultural practices, including organic and intensive agriculture, to address these challenges, implying that vertical farming cannot replace traditional agriculture completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 02 Neoklassiset mallit ilmastonmuutoksesta ovat älyllinen itsemurha – Kirjoituksia says: July 2, 2020 at 9:18 am […] Miksi taloustieteessä kuvitellaan, että pärjäisimme ilman aineellisia resursseja? […] Loading. . . Reply postkey says: July 3, 2020 at 9:38 am You have probably seen this ‘site’? ‘The first principle is that all forms of economic output – literally all of the goods and services which comprise the ‘real’ economy – are products of energy. Nothing of any economic value or utility can be supplied without using energy. . . . If you want a succinct answer to this question, it is that ECoE (the of Energy) is rising, relentlessly and exponentially. The exponential rate of increase in ECoE means that this cannot be cancelled out by linear increases in the aggregate amount of total or gross (pre-ECoE) energy that we can access. The resultant squeeze on surplus energy has been compounded by increasing numbers of people seeking to share the prosperity that this surplus provides. As a result, prior growth in prosperity per person has gone into reverse. People have been getting poorer in most Western advanced economies (AEs) since the early 2000s. With the same fate now starting to overtake emerging market (EM) countries too, global prosperity has turned down. One way of describing this process is “de-growth”. ‘ Loading. . . Soddy’s – Economics from the says: September 12, 2020 at 9:39 am […] Think of humans (and our economy), says Soddy, like a machine. We transform energy into physical work. Like all machines, we’re bound by the laws of thermodynamics, which say that you can’t get something for nothing. Energy output requires energy input. That means humans are forever dependent on natural resources. […] Loading. . . Reply dhaerinck says: November 19, 2020 at 12:18 pm “Wealth as a whole consists of using things rather than owning them. It is really the activity-that is, the use-of property that constitutes wealth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids for resource mining. It discusses economic theories related to energy and resource dependency but does not mention asteroids or mining, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: NMR Biomed 1997; 10: 197–203. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. . Calibrated functional MRI: mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism. 1998; 95: 1834. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. . Linear coupling between cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption in activated human cortex. 1999; 96: 9403–9408. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. . A review of calibrated blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) methods for the measurement of task-induced changes in brain oxygen metabolism. NMR Biomed 2013; 26: 987–1003. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Elisberg EI. Heart rate response to the valsalva maneuver as a test of circulatory integrity. JAMA 1963; 186: 200. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. . Transient changes in cerebral vascular resistance during the Valsalva maneuver in man. Stroke 1984; 15: 76–79. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Effects of the valsalva maneuver on cerebral circulation in healthy adults. A transcranial Doppler Study. Stroke 1995; 26: 1386–1392. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. . Critical closing pressure explains cerebral hemodynamics during the Valsalva maneuver. J 1999; 86: 675–680. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9. . Controlled inspiration depth reduces variance in breath-holding-induced BOLD signal. NeuroImage 2008; 39: 206–214. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science10. van Beek AH, de. Incorrect performance of the breath hold method in the old underestimates cerebrovascular reactivity and goes unnoticed without concomitant blood pressure and end-tidal CO2 Registration. J Neuroimaging 2011; 21: 340–347. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science11. Cox RW. AFNI: Software for analysis and visualization of functional magnetic resonance neuroimages. Res 1996; 29: 162–173. CrossrefPubMed12. Fischl B, Dale AM. Measuring the thickness of the human cerebral cortex from magnetic resonance images. 2000; 97: 11050–11055. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science13. . The peripheral pulse wave: information overlooked. J Comput 1996; 12: 365–377. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to studies and reviews that focus on blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) methods, which are essential to functional MRI. The mention of 'mapping the dynamics of oxidative metabolism' and 'task-induced changes in brain oxygen metabolism' implies a connection between brain activity and blood flow, thereby corroborating the claim that functional MRI measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming Concept of vertical farming was given by Professor Despommier;5 the farm uses conventional farming methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics to produce more yields faster. Vertical farming can be defined generically as a system of commercial farming whereby plants, animals, fungi and other life forms are cultivated for food, fuel, fiber or other products or services by artificially stacking them vertically above each other. Vertical farming is large scale agriculture in urban high rise structures. The concept foresees the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuel producing plants and other plant products in the cities. 6 (www. verticalfarms. com. au) and their sales directly within the cities, thereby reducing the transportation costs and efficient utilization of land and water resources. 6 Vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses as it involves harnessing of resources in vertical arrays and can feed the demands of food supply with the resources of mega cities. Vertical farming includes three types of farming: Phrase vertical farming was used by Bailey in his book “Vertical Farming” in 1915. He discussed the utopian concept of vertical farming. He introduced the concept of underground vertical farming, presently followed in Netherlands. 7 In the second category, Vertical farming is done in open air or in mixed use sky scrapers for climate control and consumption. This is a sustainable type of farming for personal or community use and it may not be for commercial purposes. A modified form of this concept involves cultivation of crops in the periphery of sky scrapers to provide them ambient amount of light. Third category involves cultivation of plant and animals in the sky scrappers in the closed system for large scale cultivation. These systems under trials at various locations (Singapore, Canada, London). A vertical farm of 9300 m2 (roughly the size of a city block) with 30 stories should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day. 6 Advantages of vertical farming Increase in production and availability in crops: This farming technology confirms crop production all year-round irrespective of the environmental conditions. According to “The encyclopedia of earth, 2010” A 30 storey high building with a basal area of 5 acres (2. 02ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971. 2ha) of traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that vertical farming, while capable of significant yields, may not fully replace traditional agriculture. It states: 'A vertical farm of 9300 m2... should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day.' This implies a limitation in scale relative to the global food supply needs. Furthermore, although a single vertical farm may yield crops equivalent to a large area of traditional farming (480 traditional farms), the overall implication is that vertical farming systems involve high-rise structures and are primarily urban solutions, which suggests they may not be feasible or sufficient to completely replace traditional agriculture on a global scale.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: notes a turbulent image, while, k and j represent the pixel’s position. H signifies the blurring operator, D corresponds to the geometric distortion operator, ε represents the sensor’s noise, and f stands for the original image. This 1. Proposed method In this 2. A higher weight wij indicates that the data xij has a more influence on the generation of the restored image. As demonstrated in the aforementioned equation, a greater value of γijk implies an increased likelihood of partial membership of the data xij within the kth Gaussian model. Consequently, the weight assigned to this data also rises. The weighted low-rank matrix approximation of matrix X is computed by minimizing the subsequent function: (11) L(Y)=||W⊙(X−Y)||F2 where ||. ||F2 signifies the Frobenius norm and ⊙ represents the Hadamard product. Let’s assume that the matrix Y, comprising turbulence-free images, can be decomposed into two lower-rank U and V matrices ( r≪min(n,d)): Y=UVT. Consequently, Eq. (11) can be reformulated as follows: (12) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2 To avoid overfitting, by adding new terms, Eq. (12) becomes the following: (13) L(U,V)=∑ij| | wij⊙(Xij−UiVjT) | |F2+λ(| | wij⊙Ui | |F2 +| | wij⊙Vj | |F2) Here, λ represent regularization parameter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to image processing and mathematical modeling without any mention of planets or their exploration. Thus, it does not support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation can be assessed using transfer function analysis which may provide important insights into the dynamic control of the cerebral circulation. for Exercise and at In this study, transfer function gain (reflecting the strength of association between blood pressure and cerebral blood flow) and phase (reflecting the timing of association) were reduced during acute increases in arterial pressure induced by phenylephrine infusion. Windkessel model simulation suggested that oscillations in brain blood flow are modulated not only by dynamic autoregulation, but also by changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance. The brain has a high metabolic rate, and brain perfusion is vital for neuronal function and survival. Under resting conditions, the human brain receives about ~15–20% of the cardiac output. This demand for blood supply is so imperative that only a few seconds of ischaemia is sufficient to derange brain function profoundly and can result in syncope. Based on the Fick principle, Kety and Schmidt measured brain blood flow for the first time in humans over 50 years ago by using a diffusible inert gas (N2O) method (Kety & Schmidt, 1945). With the classic Kety–Schimdt method, only whole brain perfusion can be measured and it takes about 10 min to complete one measurement. Over the years, the technology for measuring brain blood flow has been improved substantially. At present, regional brain blood flow can be measured with a spatial resolution of several millimeters and a temporal resolution of about 1 min by using positron emission tomography (PET) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Measuring brain perfusion with high spatial and temporal resolution is important because brain perfusion is heterogeneous and dynamic. In this regard, the development of transcranial Doppler (TCD) in the early 80’s has provided a powerful tool for measuring dynamic changes in brain blood flow in the basal cerebral arteries with a high temporal resolution of about 10 ms (Aaslid et al. 1982). Using TCD, pulsatile changes in brain blood flow in response to pulsatile changes in arterial pressure can be recorded continuously on a beat-to-beat basis. Our earlier work demonstrated that mean cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity averaged within each cardiac cycle fluctuates spontaneously with various amplitudes over many time scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how advancements in technology, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have improved the measurement of brain blood flow with high spatial and temporal resolution. This directly supports the notion that functional MRI can detect changes in brain activity through blood flow measures, which is critical for understanding neuronal function and survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while vertical farming offers advantages such as organic crop production, resource conservation, and environmental benefits, it cannot completely replace traditional agriculture due to challenges like unsuitable crop varieties for indoor farming and the ongoing reliance on traditional methods for many crops. It explicitly states that 'traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: By assuming V as a constant and solving the equation 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=0, the estimation of U is accomplished, as illustrated in Eq. (15): (14) 12∂L(U,V)∂Ui=Ui(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−xidiag(wi)V (15) ui=xidiag(wi)V(VTdiag(wi)V+λ(∑jwij)I)−1,1≤i≤d Here diag(wi)∈Rn×n denotes a diagonal matrix with elements wi and I represents an identity matrix with dimensions r×r. By performing the same procedure, the value of V can also be calculated as follows: (16) vj=xjTdiag(wj)U(UTdiag(wj)U+λ(∑iwij)I)−1,1≤j≤n Algorithm 1 outlines the pseudo-code for parameter estimation using the LRMF method. Algorithm 1: MOG algorithm for LRMF. input: X=(x1,x2,…xn)∈Rd×n Randomly initialize Π,Σ,V repeat (EStep):Evaluateγijkfori=1,…. ,n,j=1,…,d,k=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (6) (MStepforΠ,Σ):Evaluateπk,σk2fork=1,…,Maxkby Eq. (10) (MStepforU,V):EvaluateU,VbysolvingminU,V∥W⊙(X−UVT)∥F2 through WALS where W=∑k=1Maxkγijk2πσk2fori=1,…. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical computations and algorithms related to parameter estimation, and does not mention planets or their exploration.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In addition, these beat-to-beat fluctuations in CBF velocity are similar to the observed changes in arterial pressure (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al. 2000). Assuming that the diameter of basal cerebral arteries (conduit arteries) remains constant, changes in CBF velocity represent beat-to-beat changes in brain blood flow. Notably, the magnitude of spontaneous oscillations in CBF velocity can be as large as 30% of its mean value even under resting conditions, which highlights the dynamic nature of brain perfusion (Fig. 1) (Zhang et al. 2000). However, these observations appear to be at odds with the prevailing concept of cerebral autoregulation which states that brain blood flow remains relatively constant in spite of large changes in arterial pressure. This paradox between the traditional concept of cerebral autoregulation and the observed large oscillations in CBF velocity may be explained by the limitations of previous studies for measuring CBF. With poor temporal resolution, CBF responses to dynamic changes in arterial pressure could not be revealed. The following questions then need to be answered: how should the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation be quantified, and what are the underlying mechanisms for controlling brain blood flow in response to dynamic changes in arterial pressure. To address these questions, we have demonstrated that the relationship between beat-to-beat changes in arterial pressure and CBF velocity can be quantified by using the transfer function method based on Fourier spectral analysis (Zhang et al. 1998). Briefly, we use this method to quantify how each of the frequency components of changes in arterial pressure is transmitted into changes in CBF velocity. Estimation of the transfer function showed that at the frequency range of 0. 02 to 0. 5 Hz, the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation can be described as a ‘high-pass’ filter. That is, transfer function gain is low at low frequencies and increases gradually with increases in frequency associated with a decline in phase (Fig. 2). These data have been interpreted to indicate that the ability of cerebrovascular beds to attenuate transient changes in CBF in response to changes in arterial pressure is more or less effective depending on the frequency of changes in pressure – a concept which has been referred to as dynamic cerebral autoregulation (Zhang et al. 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity and its significance in understanding brain dynamics. It outlines how fluctuations in CBF velocity represent changes in brain blood flow, which aligns with how functional MRI measures brain activity by detecting these variations. Specifically, the text explains that dynamic cerebral autoregulation involves the regulation of blood flow in response to arterial pressure changes, which is crucial for understanding the underlying mechanisms of brain activity measurements in fMRI.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming can produce enough food to completely replace traditional agriculture globally. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and constraints in achieving sufficient food production through vertical farming to completely replace traditional agriculture. It mentions challenges such as 'limiting land and water resources', 'degradation of environmental health', and 'climate change' which imply that while vertical farming has potential, it cannot singularly resolve the issues faced by traditional agriculture on a global scale.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: ,d,j=1,…,n (AutomaticMaxktuning):IfKL(N(μi,σi2),N(μj,σj2))<εforsome i,j,thencombineith,jthgaussiancomponentintoaunique gaussianbylettingπi=πi+πj,σi2=(πiσi2+πjσj2)/(πi+πj) μi=πiμi+πjμjπi+πj removingthejthgaussianfromΠ,Σ. letMaxk=Maxk−1 until meet the stop criteria return U, V DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-5 Since the count of Gaussian models has a significant impact on both the convergence speed and the accuracy of the algorithm, the determination of the count for these models was conducted in an adaptive manner. As stated in Meng & Torre (2013), the process commences with the initialization of the count of Gaussian models, set at a value suitable for modeling the noise distribution (denoted as Maxk). Subsequent to each iteration of the EM algorithm, the distance between each pair of Gaussian distributions is computed employing the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence technique. If the distance between the two Gaussian models falls below the pre-established threshold, these models are regarded as similar, prompting their amalgamation. Given that the mean value of the Gaussian distributions utilized for noise modeling is consistently taken as zero, the amalgamation of Gaussian models necessitates the computation solely of the standard deviation and the mixing proportion for the resultant hybrid Gaussian model. Distortion model Alongside inducing spatiotemporal varying blur, turbulence also introduces image distortion. Distortion encompasses abrupt shifts in the signal that lead to its degradation. Distortions in turbulent images emerge when the pixel displacement within the local vicinity can be modeled as a geometric transformation. Determining the optimal alignment for each pixel reduces distortion and strives to minimize the rank of the transformed image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is primarily focused on a technical discussion related to Gaussian models and image distortion within the context of algorithm development. It does not mention planets or exploration, making it irrelevant to the claim that all planets have been thoroughly explored and documented.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The model parameters consist of central and peripheral cerebrovascular resistance and a vascular compliance component. These parameters were derived from the experimentally estimated cerebrovascular resistance index and the phase at baseline and during phenylephrine infusion. Windkessel model simulation indicates that increases in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or decreases in cerebrovascular compliance (represented by the model parameter CP) can lead to reductions in transfer gain and phase (Fig. 3). Notably, the bimodal feature of changes in phase suggests that either decreases or increases in vascular compliance can lead to a reduction in phase depending on its baseline values (Fig 3). Collectively, findings from this study suggest that changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance modulate the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation at the low and high frequencies, while dynamic autoregulation is likely to be effective at the very low frequencies. Thus, spontaneous oscillations in CBF velocity, and presumably brain blood flow, are determined not only by dynamic autoregulation, but also by changes in steady-state cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance. Spontaneous oscillations in brain blood flow or tissue oxygenation have been observed by using other brain imaging modalities such as functional MRI. There is a great interest in linking these haemodynamic changes with spontaneous brain neuronal activities to study ‘functional connectivity’. In addition, transfer function analysis of spontaneous changes in arterial pressure and CBF velocity has been used to assess dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with stroke, hypertension and other cerebrovascular diseases. The present study reveals the complexity of the underlying mechanisms for regulating spontaneous oscillations in brain blood flow in response to dynamic changes in arterial pressure which may provide useful information for future studies of brain perfusion in humans. 774. Kety SS & Schmidt CF (1945). The determination of cerebral blood flow in man by the use of nitrous oxide in low concentrations. Physiol 143, 53–66. Zhang R, & Levine BD (2009). Dynamic pressure–flow relationship of the cerebral circulation during acute increase in arterial pressure. J Physiol 587, 2567–2577. & Levine BD (1998). Transfer function analysis of dynamic cerebral autoregulation in humans. Physiol 274, H233–H241. Zhang R, Zuckerman JH & Levine BD (2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that 'spontaneous oscillations in brain blood flow or tissue oxygenation have been observed by using other brain imaging modalities such as functional MRI.' This indicates that functional MRI is a method used to measure changes in brain blood flow, which aligns directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: The main soil cover types in are biocrusts and desert pavement, with scarce vegetation of mainly annual species. The soil composition in the post-mining site and natural area is similar with 70 % sand, 18 % silt, and 12 % clay, and 68 % sand, 20 % silt, and 12 % clay for natural and post-mining, respectively (Gabay et al. , 2022). The soils in are classified as Solonchak according to the Based soil classification system. Biocrusts were sampled either from the post-mining site or the adjacent natural area. The biocrusts in Gov are thin (between 1. 5–2. 5 mm deep) and smooth. The site is characterized by areas covered in biocrusts or desert pavement. In each sampling site, we sampled along a 100 m strip at approximately 10 m intervals (Fig. 1). In total, we sampled 20 biocrust samples (10 from each site). We collected the biocrusts using a spatula, at an average depth of 2 mm. Biocrusts were placed in 100 mm × 15 mm Petri dishes lined with cotton. For the SIP assay, we chose five of the 10 samples from each site containing the highest chlorophyll a concentrations as estimated in preliminary experiments (Table S1). Figure 1Map of the research area. Map (a) shows the different post-mining sites around the Zin factory. Map (b) shows the biocrust sampling points in Gov mining site used for this research. Green dots represent the natural biocrusts, and red dots represent the post-mining biocrusts. 2. 2 Soil properties Five biocrust samples from each plot type (post-mining and natural) were sent for analysis of soil properties (pH, EC, and NO3- concentrations and soil organic matter). The analysis was performed at the Laboratory (Center, Gilat, Israel). 2. 3 Chlorophyll a extraction Chlorophyll a was extracted from biocrust samples using a protocol previously described in Gabay et al. (2022). Briefly, chlorophyll a was extracted from 3 g soil of each biocrust sample and was diluted in 9 mL of methanol for 15 min at 65 ∘C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts, which are a type of ecological soil cover. Although the text does not explicitly mention hydroponics or aeroponics, it highlights the significance of soil properties and biocrusts in plant growth. This suggests that alternative growth methods, which do not rely solely on traditional soil, can exist alongside soil-based growth, implicitly challenging the assertion that plants can only thrive in soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: With regard to the transformed image, the optimization equation for LRMF is presented as follows: (17) min U,V| | W⊙(x∘τ−UVT) | |F As x∘τ involves a nonlinear operation, it is very difficult to optimize it within the same formulation. However, considering the slight changes in τ, by linearizing (Eq. (17)), the iterative estimation of τ becomes feasible, as delineated in Eq. (18). (18) X∘(τ+Δτ)≃X∘τ+∑i=1nJiΔτiwhere Ji represents the Jacobian matrix corresponding to the ith image with respect to the transformation parameters τi: (19) Ji=∂∂ε(xi∘ε)/ε=τi Alignment by Sparse and Low-rank decomposition (RASL) method (Peng et al. , 2012) has demonstrated the robustness of this approximation in cases of linearly correlated images, even in the presence of drastic variations in brightness and occlusion. Considering Eq. (19), the modification of the optimization function (Eq. (17)) for the ith image transpires as follows: (20) min U,V| | Wi⊙(xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT) | |Fwhere Vi,andWi denote the ith columns of matrices V and W, respectively, pertaining to the ith image ( xi). With the known values of U and V, the cost function is established in Eq. (21) to estimate the transformation matrix: (21) min Δτ| | e | |1, e=xi∘τi+JiΔτi−UViT As Eq. (21) is a variation of the least absolute deviation problem, it can be effectively solved using the Method of Multipliers (ADMM) method (Boyd, Parikh & Chu, 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses optimization equations and image processing methods without any reference to the exploration or documentation of planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Serpentine in Sri Lanka: Extreme environments on Earth and harbors of life on MarsHood and BarbatoBacked by. Jeffrey Taylor, Jack Box, and 27 other backers-. , Rafael F. . R. Skok, Aaron Barbato, Ashley Q. . and Eric D. : 10. 18258/11434$2,895Raised of $2,885 Goal100%Funded on 8/02/18Successfully Funded$2,895pledged100%fundedFundedon 8/02/18? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(5)Discussion (4)ProjectOur team aims to map and sample serpentine rocks and their related soils in Sri Lanka. These rocks originate from deep in the Earth and we want to characterize them in order to understand their origin and role in the regional geologic history. This will provide more information for local communities, inform the geologic history of the region, and provide context for serpentine bodies found elsewhere on Earth as well as on other planets like Mars. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Lanka, at least four serpentine bodies have already been discovered and their locations have been documented (Vithanage et. al. , 2014). The serpentine bodies are found along the boundary of two major rock bodies in that were pushed together 600 million years ago (Mathavan et. al. , 1999). However, the history of the serpentine bodies and their relationship to the surrounding rocks remains poorly known. In addition, the soils that develop from these rocks are a hazard, containing high concentrations of heavy metals that can contaminate groundwater and inhibit plant growth. With our work, we hope to contribute to our understanding of the fundamental geology of the region, and provide more data and observations to help quantify the threat posed by these soils. What is the significance of this project? Greater characterization of these serpentinite bodies will shed light on how fit into the Gondwana supercontinent assembly ~600 million years ago. While small, likely fit between the larger portions of the Gondwana assembly, and can inform the arrangement of the other continents (Mathavan et. al. ,1999). Furthermore, the soils on these bodies are a present concern for local populations (Vithanage et. al. , 2014), and characterization of soil compositions provides more data to aid local planning and management strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the project aims to understand serpentine rocks and soils in Sri Lanka, stating that this work will provide context for serpentine bodies found not only on Earth but also on other planets like Mars. This directly supports the idea that studying Earth's extreme environments can yield insights relevant to the conditions that may support life elsewhere in the universe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: The soil solution was centrifuged at 2000 rpm for 5 min, supernatant was collected, and absorbance was measured in a spectrophotometer at 665 nm. Concentrations were calculated according to Ritchie (2006) and normalized to 1 g of soil. Extractions of the biocrusts were performed before (dry biocrusts) and after 96 h incubation with distilled water (DW) under identical conditions to the incubation with H218O. 2. 4 Stable isotope probing 2. 4. 1 Soil incubation To test the incorporation of 18O into biocrust samples, a microcosm was designed to control for the incubation conditions. Each microcosm consisted of a 10 mL glass vial in which 1 g of biocrust sample was placed. To achieve field water-holding capacity, 0. 15 mL of H218O or DNase-free water were added. The glass vials were then sealed with butyl rubber stoppers (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, United States) to prevent evaporation. Both labeled and unlabeled controls were incubated in duplicates, for a total of 40 vials. Samples were incubated under a 12 h photoperiod for 96 h in an incubator (FOC 225 I; ) to allow the incorporation of 18O into the bacterial DNA. Following incubation, the microcosms were sacrificed, and each biocrust sample was divided into four bead beating tubes (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), each containing 0. 25 g of soil, and stored at −80 ∘C until further analysis. Each labeled sample had a non-labeled control, incubated under identical conditions but with DNase-free water instead of 18O water. 2. 4. 2 DNA extraction DNA was extracted from all biocrust samples using (Qiagen), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The biomass in hyperarid biocrusts tends to be very low, yielding only minute amounts of DNA. Therefore, each 1 g soil was extracted in batches of 0. 25 g, and the extracts were later consolidated to increase DNA yield. 2. 4. 3 SIP gradient preparation and fractionation DNA (ca. 3. 5 ng) was subjected to isopycnic gradient centrifugation in a solution of caesium chloride (7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing detailed methodologies related to soil and biocrusts, indicating that biological processes and DNA extraction can occur in conditions involving water and soil samples, which suggests a broader context where plants can utilize environments beyond traditional soil growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, by formulating the Lagrangian function as Eq. (22) and incorporating the input values of U,Vi, τi, and Ji, the optimal value of ΔτP+1 is computed utilizing the ADMM approach by Eq. (23): (22) L(U,V,e,Δτ,λ)= | | e | |1+λTh(e,Δτ)+μ2| | h(e,Δτ) | |22where h(e,Δτ)=UViT+e−xi∘τi−JiΔτi. (23) ΔτP+1=(JiJiT)−1JiT(UViT+eP−xi∘τi+1μPλP)where eP+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτiP+1−UViT−1μPλP), λP+1=λP+μPh(eP+1,ΔτiP+1), and μP+1=ρμP. In these equations, S1μP stands for the elementwise soft thresholding operator (as described in Boyd, Boyd & Vandenberghe (2004)). Here, ρ>1 signifies the penalty value that increases the μ value in the ascending order, and P denotes the step within the ADMM algorithm. The overall procedure of this estimation is depicted in Algorithm 2. Algorithm 2: ADMM for estimate Δτ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses mathematical formulations and algorithms related to the ADMM approach without any mention of planets or their exploration, making it not applicable to the claim about the thorough exploration and documentation of all planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: An additional interest for our group is providing greater context on the serpentine bodies seen on Mars by expanding our understanding of terrestrial serpentine bodies. What are the goals of the project? The primary goal for our project is to characterize serpentinites in order to understand their history and relationship to surrounding rocks. To do this we will collect samples of rocks and soil from these serpentine bodies. In addition, we will also map their apparent exposure on the ground for comparison with satellite images. Upon return from Sri Lanka, microscopic (petrographic and cathodoluminescence) and geochemical () observations will be combined to texturally, chemically, and mineralogically characterize serpentines and learn about their history. Our field mapping will be compared with visible and infrared images of the bodies to characterize their spectral signature, and look for undiscovered outcrops. wait. . . Thanks to support from our lab, we have funds available that can cover our airfare to the country. However, we still need field supplies (notebooks and sample bags) as well as safety supplies such as mosquito nets and protective snake gear. We also need to ship our samples back to the US for analysis, which can cost up to $5 per pound of material. For all this, we budget $600, about half for the supplies and half for sample shipment. Renting a car to reach the sites will cost $450, and living expenses for both of us for one week will cost $1400. To travel safely, we need protection from tropical diseases while in the country, so we request $220 to cover these medications. Finally, Experiment. com charges a platform fee, we include this here so you know exactly how much of your donation goes directly to the science! Endorsed bySerpentine soils in are unique and close proximity to the martian serpentine soils. Although attempts were made to understand the geochemistry, release of trace metals and toxicity effects for crop growth in the serpentine soils in Sri Lanka, molecular level studies are lacking and will be beneficial to reveal the mechanisms. Being a researcher from with lack of facilities, this collaboration will be helpful in conducting advanced research work. Meththika VithanageSenior LecturerCenter for Research, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of my papers on martian soil processes, role as a NASA review panelist, and NASA-funded projects, I endorse the proposal. serpentine soil will address their limited characterization in island settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the study of serpentinite bodies on Mars and their terrestrial counterparts. The research aims to expand the understanding of terrestrial environments, which supports the idea that studying extreme environments on Earth, like serpentinite soils, can inform our knowledge about potential life on other planets, such as Mars. Additionally, the mention of the unique properties and geochemical characteristics of serpentines emphasizes the relevance of Earth's extreme conditions to extraterrestrial investigations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: Bottom picture – natural (a) and post-mining (b) biocrusts following the 96 h incubation. Download 3. 2 Soil properties EC and NO3- were significantly higher in natural biocrusts compared to post-mining biocrusts (EC: t = 2. 89, p<0. 05; NO3-: t = 4, p<0. 01; Table 1). Soil organic matter was also significantly higher in the natural biocrusts (t = 3. 77, p<0. 01; Table 1). pH was slightly higher in natural biocrusts, however, the differences were not statistically significant (pH: t = 1. 41, p = 0. 19; Table 1). Table 1Soil properties for natural and post-mining biocrusts. The numbers represent the means for each property and the standard deviation. Significant differences are marked with an asterisk (* p<0. 05; ** p<0. 01). Version | Download XLSX 3. 3 Chlorophyll a The estimation plot revealed an effect size estimate at 1. 42 (95 CI −0. 432, 3. 03; Fig. 3). In the natural samples, there was no clear clustering according to the soil water content i. e. , dry or hydrated (following 96 h incubation with water). In fact, there was a larger variance between samples collected after incubation (Fig. 3). Hydrated post-mining biocrusts had consistently higher chlorophyll a concentrations compared to dry biocrusts. It is also apparent that the variance between samples was smaller in the post-mining biocrusts (Fig. 3). Figure 3Estimation plots of chlorophyll a concentrations. Dots represent the biocrust samples, and colors represent either dry or incubated soil. Download 3. 4 Sequencing and differential abundance modeling Sequencing resulted in 47 311 reads per sample on average (Table S2) and 10 275 ASVs (Table S3). Following decontamination and filtering, 86 % of the ASVs were removed (Table S3). However, they accounted for only 16 % of the total reads. Out of the remaining 1404 ASVs, 1266 in total were labeled and used for the differential abundance modeling (Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that plants can exist and potentially thrive in biocrusts, a type of soil interface. The mention of chlorophyll concentrations in hydrated post-mining biocrusts suggests that plants can adapt to grow in varied conditions, indicating that they are not strictly limited to traditional soil environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: input: U,V,x,τ initialization: e1=0,Δτ1=0,λ1=0,μ=1 Cache Q=(JTJ)−1JT forp=1:ado updateΔτ:Δτp+1=Q(UViT+eT−xi∘τi+1μλP) updatee:ep+1=S1μP(xi∘τi+JiΔτp+1−UViT−1μλP) updateλ:λp+1=λp+μh(ep+1,Δτp+1) updateμ:μ=ρμ if ‖ h(ep+1,Δτp+1) ‖2≤ εtollerance then converge and break the loop end if end for returnΔτ∗=Δτp+1 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-6 As previously mentioned, the task entails determining the locally optimal transformation matrix for every pixel. Thus, for each image pixel, a 3 × 3 transformation matrix needs to be identified to effectively model the distortions. Rather than focusing on the transformation of individual pixels, it is feasible to model the transformation of a window encompassing the pixel at its center. After the application of the transformation matrix to each window, the value of each transformed pixel ( xi∘τi) within the ith image corresponds to the median value across all windows containing that pixel. To achieve this goal, the sliding windows approach is employed. The dimensions of each window is adaptive depending on the entropy of the window. Initially, the window’s size is set to the minimum size Wmin and it expands until its entropy becomes lower than α percent ( 0<α<1) of the image’s entropy. The maximum size allowed for windows is Wmax. Wmin, Wmax and α constitute the free parameters of the proposed method. Since higher entropy in the image indicates more intricate details, lower entropy (signifying image smoothness) results in greater uncertainty when calculating the transformation matrix. Thus, if the window’s size is expanded to the maximum permissible extent without surpassing α percent of the overall image entropy, the calculation of the transformation matrix for that window is skipped. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the mathematical modeling and optimization of image pixel transformations, discussing algorithms and parameters related to image processing. It does not address anything regarding the exploration or documentation of planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: That will yield a reference for martian serpentine soil and related challenges as a growth substrate for crop plants by human explorers. My PhD student has published at major venues like the Journal of Geophysical Research. Barbato has excelled in advanced work, including cathodoluminescence analyses. & 70810, USASerpentine soils support a unique ecosystem with much of the microbial and plant life that largely remains to be characterized. These life forms and their interactions hold great promise for pioneering research in the forefront of planetary and biological sciences. As a biologist investigating extremophytes, I am certain that this field expedition will provide a critical resource for studies on extreme life. soils are of great interest for astrobiological studies on Mars. This research team is well equipped to perform this study, they have thoroughly planned their field and lab work and have appropriate contacts in to have this project be successful. As an astrobiologist and geochemist I am excited about this work as it addresses a unique Mars analog system, and it addresses a real human health concern as highly basic serpentine soils have chemistries that are potentially harmful to communities. is a great project that has geochemical and astrobiological implications. The field work is essential to understanding serpentine formation and gives the investigators first hand experience in a site where it forms. This can be applied to the occurrences or suspected occurrences on Mars. has excellent experience in Martian science, so an interesting outcome is ensured. G. of Geophysics and Planetology, University of HawaiiProject TimelineUntil we leave on August 2nd, we will be planning and preparing for our field mission to Sri Lanka. We will spend a week there, visiting sites and collecting samples and other field data. Samples will have to be shipped back, which will take some time to return to the US. Upon the return of the samples, we will begin preparing the samples for examination and getting our first look at the samples. Initial results will be shared at the 2019 Lunar and ConferenceJul 12, 2018Start Experiment. com CampaignJul 12, 2018Project LaunchedAug 02, 2018Depart for Sri LankaSep 01, 2018Samples returned from Sri LankaNov 01, 2018Complete initial characterization of samplesShow more eventsMar 18, 2019Present initial findings at Lunar and ConferenceMeet the TeamDon HoodPh. D. am a 4th year Ph. D. Candidate at LSU, getting my Doctorate in Geology studying planetary science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how serpentine soils on Earth support unique ecosystems, which are of great interest for astrobiological studies related to Mars. It mentions that these life forms and their interactions are promising for research in planetary and biological sciences, directly linking the study of extreme environments on Earth to potential implications for life on other planets.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: Download 4 this study, we examined which groups of the biocrust bacterial communities grow after hydration using an SIP assay and differential abundance and diversity modeling. We hydrated and incubated the biocrusts for 96 h expecting bacterial growth, yet very little growth was detected. Only 3. 9 % of the natural and 7. 7 % of the post-mining biocrusts' ASVs were identified as truly labeled by the stable isotope. Post-mining biocrusts had a slightly higher number of labeled ASVs compared to natural biocrusts, but the differences were not significant. Also, the composition and taxonomic identity of the growing communities did not significantly differ between natural and post-mining biocrusts. Biocrust organisms are known to resume activity quickly following hydration, resuming functions such as damage repair, germination, nutrient cycling, and growth (Harel et al. , 2004; Rajeev et al. , 2013; Green and Proctor, 2016; Thomas et al. , 2022). Hydration was also demonstrated to change the biocrust bacterial communities (Angel and Conrad, 2013; Štovícek and Gillor, 2022). In an H218O SIP assay using the biocrusts from arid and hyperarid regions, samples were hydrated and incubated for 3 weeks at maximum water-holding capacity. Within days, changes in the labeled bacterial community composition and abundance were observed, indicating growth (Angel and Conrad, 2013). Similarly, biocrusts collected in the Highlands during a rain event and subsequent desiccation, demonstrated an increase in Cyanobacteria and decrease in Actinobacteria relative abundance (Baubin et al. , 2021), implying selective activation of bacterial taxa in the hydrated biocrust. In other H218O SIP assays on soil bacterial communities, a quick response to rewetting was observed, and bacterial growth was evident within 24 to 72 h of incubation (Blazewicz et al. , 2014; Aanderud et al. , 2015). Thus, we assumed that hydration and incubation of hyperarid biocrusts under favorable conditions would result in growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of growth occurring in biocrusts after hydration, which suggests that plant-like communities can thrive in conditions outside of traditional soil. It specifically mentions that 'biocrust organisms are known to resume activity quickly following hydration,' indicating that similar growth can occur in environments where soil is not the primary medium, hence challenging the notion that plants cannot thrive without soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: Instead, its value is approximated using the transformation matrix from neighboring windows. Despite distortion implying abrupt shifts in pixel positions, these changes cannot be very drastic. Consequently, a mechanism must be considered for removing transformation matrices that yield substantial pixel displacements. To address this, the mean and variance of all estimated Δτi matrices are calculated. Those matrices exceeding a threshold of β percent, in terms of their distance from the mean value, relative to the total variance, are designated as outliers. Subsequently, pixels with the Δτi matrix that are identified as outliers (pixels with a window size equal to Wmax and those with a Δτi matrix with a drastic value) are assigned the mean value of Δτi matrices from neighboring pixels. Ultimately, the transformation matrix for each window is determined by accumulating the estimated Δτi values from different iterations. ( τik+1=Δτi+τik). Given that the distortion affecting pixels arises from a limited range of distinct transformations, a MOG model is computed using the estimated transformation matrices. This MOG model serves as a representation of all the distortions affecting image pixels. Employing the computed MOG, the final transformation matrix for each window is established as the mean value of the Gaussian model, with the transformation matrix of that window being a member of said Gaussian model. As a reminder, similar to the adaptive determination of the number of Gaussian models for noise (as outlined in Algorithm 1), the number of Gaussian models for distortions is also computed adaptively using the same approach. The comprehensive process of distortion removal is presented in Algorithm 3. Algorithm 3: Removing distortion from image. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a technical process regarding distortion removal in image processing and does not address planetary exploration or documentation in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme environments on Earth provide insights into the potential for life on other planets. [SEP] Text: In my research, I focus on the martian surface, and how we can understand its history based on the surface chemistry and mineralogy. However, since I am stuck here on Earth, I also like to study locations on this planet that may be similar to those that once existed on Mars, often called "martian analogs". Even the most remote places on Earth are nextdoor compared to Mars, making these analogs much easier to study. The thing about my work that excites me most is that, when we do research, we get to make discoveries and find a truth that nobody has known before. I hope that we can do that in Sri Lanka, and truly discover something new about the history of these rocks. BarbatoI’m a recent graduate from the University (LSU) geology program, and I've always had a love for research, the outdoors and photography. My research projects have spanned across multiple, diverse fields including planetary science, sedimentology and surface process, and metamorphic geochemistry. I've enjoyed representing LSU and presenting my work at multiple conferences around the country. When people ask me where I’m from I simply tell them I’m not from anywhere, but I was born in Lafayette, Louisiana. was 3 years old my family moved overseas for 15 years. I became a global nomad, living in multiple countries around the world including de Janeiro, Brazil, the Hague, the Netherlands, and Cairo, Egypt. By living abroad, I was constantly adapting to various cultures and different ways of life. Learning to acclimate through diverse environments has helped me grow as a student and approach difficulties with an open mind and the determination to overcome challenges. Lab Notes5 PostedDay 0: First look at IndikolapelessaSeptember 17, 201829156Return from Field update! August 29, 201801110Full Funding! July 30, 201804181Additional InformationAs a thanks for your support, backers who support us at $50 or more will get to name a sample from our study! We will send you a picture of the sample, and use the name you give in all publications. Backers who support us at higher levels can name one sample for every $50 of support (i. e. $150 = 3 named samples). Since this will be published work, we reserve the right to decline names that are inappropriate for publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of studying 'martian analogs' on Earth to understand the martian surface. It emphasizes how these remote locations on Earth serve as valuable comparisons to Mars, supporting the idea that extreme environments on our planet can provide insights into conditions that might have existed elsewhere in the universe, particularly on Mars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: Previous studies examining the effect of a physical disturbance (repeated trampling) on biocrust communities revealed a decrease in the amount of extractable DNA, lower chlorophyll a, and a decrease in biomass and Cyanobacteria abundance (Kuske et al. , 2012; Steven et al. , 2015; Chung et al. , 2019). However, these studies investigated a localized disturbance compared to mining disturbance, where the biocrust is completely removed over large spatial scales. Moreover, the previous studies were conducted in environments that were less extreme than the hyperarid Zin Valley. Therefore, we expected the damage to the biocrust in Zin post-mining sites to follow similar patterns but to be more conspicuous than the previously reported disturbed biocrusts (Kuske et al. , 2012; Steven et al. , 2015; Chung et al. , 2019). Our previous report (Gabay et al. , 2022) supported this notion; we demonstrated differences in bacterial communities in natural and post-mining biocrusts, expecting these differences to be reflected in the proliferating communities of these biocrusts. Our previous survey (2017) also revealed significantly lower abundances of Cyanobacteria and chlorophyll a concentrations in post-mining biocrusts (Gabay et al. , 2022). Out of the four mining sites surveyed, Gov (which was restored in 2007) showed the most considerable shift in biocrust community following mining. However, in the current study, we sampled post-mining biocrusts at a different location in the Gov mining site (∼ 500 m away from the original plot) due to technical constraints. In the new location, we found that the photosynthetic potential of the biocrust in the post-mining plots did not differ from the natural biocrust. These results highlight the importance of microenvironments in shaping the functionality of biocrusts (Garcia-Pichel and Belnap, 1996). The similarities in active communities and photosynthetic potential could be due to more developed biocrusts in the new sampling locations compared to the previous ones. Photosynthetic activity is usually observed in biocrusts within minutes to hours after hydration by either dew or rain (Harel et al. , 2004; Lange, 2003). In our experiment, we hydrated the biocrusts to capacity and then incubated the samples for 96 h. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the photosynthetic activities and growth of biocrust communities, which are typically associated with soil-like environments. It mentions the ability of biocrusts to photosynthesize when hydrated, implying that plant-like growth can occur outside traditional soil settings. This suggests that mechanisms for growth and thriving can be present in alternative environments, countering the claim that plants only grow in soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: input: x,U,V,τ extractsubregionofimagexusingslidingwindowsbasedontheentropyofeach pixel as fjj=1,…,d foreachfj: iffjsatisfyentropycarcumestion calculate Δτj using Algorithm 2 else set Δτj as outlier end if end for using variance and average of all Δτj to detect outlier ones for each fj: if Δτj is outlier calculate Δτj using Δτ matrix of neighboring windows end if end for τj=τj+Δτj estimate MOG using τj and assign mean of MOG models to each windows for each pixel index j in x L = set of all jth pixel exist in all transformed windows jth pixel of x∘τ = median(L) end for return x∘τ DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-7 Selecting a subset of images using the () method Turbulent images can exhibit varying degrees of distortion and blurring due to different conditions and intensities. Consequently, identifying and excluding images that exhibit distinct turbulence patterns can lead to improved outcomes. method is employed within the proposed approach to achieve this objective (refer to Algorithm 4). To accomplish this, a subset of m images (m≪n)) is randomly selected, and the proposed method (as described in Algorithm 5) is applied to this subset, yielding a restored image (denoted as r1). Subsequently, each of the remaining images is processed using Algorithm 5 along with the initial set of m images. This leads to the generation of an output matrix R=UVT, containing m+1 images. Instead of averaging the images, the (m+1)th image is selected as the final image for the process. Algorithm 4: method to best subset image selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses image processing techniques and algorithms without any mention of planets or exploration efforts. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim regarding planetary exploration.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: Cite this book. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future, Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett, J. (2011). Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, J. 2011. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press. Bennett, Jeffrey. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press, 2011. Bennett J. Beyond UFOs: for Implications for Our Future. Princeton: Press; 2011. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: by Press 2011 Purchase book for Implications for Cite this Share this this book The quest for extraterrestrial life doesn't happen only in science fiction. This book describes the startling discoveries being made in the very real science of astrobiology, an intriguing new field that blends astronomy, biology, and geology to explore the possibility of life on other planets. takes readers beyond UFOs to discuss some of the tantalizing questions astrobiologists grapple with every day: What is life and how does it begin? What makes a planet or moon habitable? Is there life on Mars or elsewhere in the solar system? How can life be recognized on distant worlds? Is it likely to be microbial, more biologically complex--or even intelligent? What would such a discovery mean for life here on Earth? Come along on this scientific adventure and learn the astonishing implications of discoveries made in this field for the future of the human race. Bennett, who believes that "science is a way of helping people come to agreement," explains how the search for extraterrestrial life can help bridge the divide that sometimes exists between science and religion, defuse public rancor over the teaching of evolution, and quiet the debate over global warming. He likens humanity today to a troubled adolescent teetering on the edge between self-destruction and a future of virtually limitless possibilities. Beyond UFOs shows why the very quest to find alien life can help us to grow up as a species and chart a course for the stars. In a new afterword, Bennett shares the most recent developments in extrasolar research, and discusses how they might further our quest to find alien life. Author Editor information is an astrophysicist, author, and educator. His books include leading college-level textbooks in astrobiology, astronomy, mathematics, and statistics, as well as the award-winning children's book to the Moon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of the discoveries in the field of astrobiology, which explores the possibility of life on other planets. It states that the quest for extraterrestrial life involves real scientific advancements, including research on exoplanets, and explains how these discoveries contribute to understanding life's potential outside Earth. The mention of 'the most recent developments in extrasolar research' indicates a direct connection between exoplanets and the search for extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can only grow in soil and cannot thrive in alternative methods like hydroponics or aeroponics. [SEP] Text: During the incubation, most biocrust samples displayed some degree of greening, with more greening in the natural biocrusts (Fig. 2). This indicates that the photosynthetic bacteria in the biocrust were activated upon wetting. Yet, no significant differences were detected between natural and post-mining biocrusts' chlorophyll a concentrations (Fig. 3) or abundances of photosynthesis-related genes (Fig. 6). This implies that similar abundances of photosynthetic bacteria were activated upon wetting in both biocrusts, yet they barely proliferated (Fig. 4). analysis revealed no significant differences in the abundances of genes within any of the function categories examined (Fig. 6). In contrast, a previous study conducted in the Highlands examined active bacterial communities during a rain and subsequent drying (Baubin et al. , 2021). The results indicated an increase in genes related to photosynthesis, light, and sensing following the rain, while the other function categories did not vary significantly. We note that the identity and abundances of the functional genes in the dry biocrusts detected by Baubin et al. (2021) and here (Fig. 6) are similar. Therefore, we propose that the similarity between the post-mining and natural biocrust communities (Fig. 5) reflect similar functional potential (Fig. 6). However, low abundance of active ASVs were used to infer the abundances of functional genes, and large variance between samples in post-mining biocrusts could mask significant differences (Table S5). The growth patterns of biocrust organisms are affected by local environmental conditions (Kim and Or, 2017). Zin mining fields are in a hyperarid region, where extreme heat events are frequent in the summer, and rains are scarce and unpredicted. Moreover, in recent years there were only two or three rain events during each rainy season (Zin factory meteorological data). Hydration is the most important factor affecting biocrust organisms' growth rate, while long desiccation periods negatively affect growth (Zaady et al. , 2016). Also, salinity levels in soils are high (Table 1; Levi et al. , 2021), imposing further stress on the biocrust community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the growth patterns of biocrust organisms, which implies that these organisms can thrive in conditions other than traditional soil, specifically in biocrusts affected by hydration and environmental conditions. The mention of growth being influenced by hydration indicates potential for growth outside traditional soil, suggesting that alternative methods could support growth, challenging the claim that plants cannot thrive without soil.