Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In plate assays with 10 g/L glycerol, growth was also reproducibly observed to be delayed relative to growth on glucose, and all seven strains reached lower-density streaks on glycerol than glucose after 7 days at 28 °C. As a control, Y. lipolytica W29 grew similarly on both glycerol and glucose plates (data not shown). Glycerol assimilation is a typical variable trait among yeasts [56]. Glycerol is generally regarded to be an efficient carbon source for L. starkeyi [22] and even a preferred substrate for Y. lipolytica, especially as it is first consumed when both glycerol and glucose are present [26, 57]. In contrast, most strains of S. cerevisiae do not grow in synthetic glycerol media without successful adaptation or medium supplementation with complex compounds, amino acids, or nucleobases [56]. Our results underline a difference in glycerol catabolism between some oleaginous yeasts and the two Blastobotrys species under study, or at least in its regulation. More favorable environmental conditions or conditions of possible adaptation are yet to be determined for efficient glycerol assimilation. However, glycerol is not only a potential substrate for growth but also the precursor backbone esterified by FAs in triglycerides. Sugar/glycerol blends or glycerol co-feeding have been successfully used to improve lipogenesis [58, 59] and would be interesting to evaluate in this particular context of poor glycerol catabolism, providing that transport would not be a limiting step. Capacity for lipogenesis of B. raffinosifermentans and B. adeninivorans We evaluated the robustness of lipogenesis among strains and investigated possible phenotypic diversity concerning this trait by assaying lipid production over time of two strains of each species (LS3 and CBS 7377 for one and CBS 8244T and CBS 7766 for the other). They were cultivated in glucose or xylose, in which all strains grew easily. We periodically measured the OD600 and FA content of the cells, as well as sugars and organic acids in the medium, throughout the 96-h cultivation in flasks under nitrogen limitation (0. 75 g/L or 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the growth differences of various yeast strains on sugars and glycerol, emphasizing that while glycerol is a carbon source, different yeasts such as S. cerevisiae struggle to utilize glycerol without adaptation. It suggests that glycerol assimilation is variable among yeasts and implies limitations in certain strains which may hinder biofuel production efficiency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: The four substructures are: the core indole or imidazole ring; which is attached by a linking group to a secondary structure with a tail substitute on the core group. Synthetic cannabinoids are prepared in large batches and sprayed over botanical material and then marketed in small packages. As governments start to prohibit the use of more classical synthetic cannabinoids, structurally variable indole synthetic cannabinoids have started to be present in forensic samples that had not been seen in the literature previously. 6 As governments continue to outlaw specific structural moiety changes to the napthyl ring a class of compounds was created called adamantoylindoles. These compounds were created by replacing a napthyl ring with an adamantyl ring; and were titled third generation synthetic cannabinoids. 6 This name arose as the changed the federal scheduling to include certain cannabinoids like JWH-018 into Schedule 1. 6 The name has persisted into future generations including the third, fourth, and fifth generation compounds that are the focus of this review. Halogenation of the aliphatic side chain is a popular way of modifying one of the established cannabinoid receptor agonists to increase their potency and create a structural analog to evade law enforcement detection. This has prompted blends of compounds that include the parent compound, its halogenated counterpart, and in some cases earlier synthetic cannabinoids. For example, compounds appear on the market as (AKB-48) and ADB-together within a mixture alongside the 5-fluoropentyl analogs. 7-11 PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 were first reported as the drugs in a 2009 patent filed by the pharmaceutical manufacturer Pfizer. 12 ADB-was first encountered by law enforcement following reports of serious events in both Georgia and Colorado. 13 This review will attempt to spotlight the third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids including the ones featured in Figure 1-12. Uchiyama et al. 14 published the identification of two synthetic cannabinoids APICA and that were illegally produced and sold. The identification used a variety of instrumentation including ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-DAD-MS). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), positive mode direct analysis in real time –time of flight spectrometry (DART-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to overcome the problem of structural similarity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it focuses on synthetic cannabinoids, their synthesis, and legal implications. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: v. 3(2); Jun 2023 10. 52361/fsbh. 2023. 3. e11 Biomater Health. 2023 Jun;3(2):e11. English. Published online Jun 30, 2023. © 2023 and (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) Helen H. Kang,1 and Si-Kwan Kim2 Author information Author notes Copyright and License 1. 2Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical &. Correspondence: Si-Kwan Kim, PhD. Department of Integrated Biosciences, College of Biomedical & Health Science, Konkuk University, 268 Chungwon-daero, Chungju 27381, Korea. Email: skkim@kku. ac. kr 26, 2023; 19, 2023; 25, 2023. This is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: are defined as stress-response modifiers that increase an organism’s nonspecific resistance to stress by increasing its ability to adapt, survive and reproduce. Adaptogenic theory arose from Selye’s theory that repeated exposure to mild-level stressors help survival. This concept evolved into the Syndrome based on the 3 stages-alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. Panax ginseng was defined as an adaptogen by Union of Republics pharmacologists Lazarev and Brekhman in the mid-1950s. The theory was succeeded by Petkov in Bulgaria after discovering ginseng’s effect on the central nervous system. In the early stage of the theory’s evolution, it was regarded as unscientific, but in these days, the theory is accepted worldwide without reservation, particularly in natural product chemistry and pharmacognosy. Adaptogens act bidirectionally, therefore, a chemical entity medicine which shows reaction of one way, e. g. , increase or decrease, cannot be an adaptogen. Adaptogens should stimulate or attenuate depending on the physiological situation. This pharmacological property is characteristic to herbal medicine because herbs contain multiple active ingredients. Consequently, adaptogens normalize or modulate diverse physiological processes, thereby helping maintain homeostasis. P. ginseng is one of the typical adaptogens with rare adverse reactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Panax ginseng is defined as an adaptogen, which is known for increasing an organism’s ability to adapt and survive stress. It further explains that adaptogens, including ginseng, can influence physiological processes to help maintain homeostasis, thus supporting the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn 2010, our group announced the discovery of two cellodextrin transporter families from the cellulolytic fungus, Neurospora crassa. Furthermore, we demonstrated the utility of these transporters in the production of lignocellulosic biofuels. This discovery was made possible by a decision to systematically study cell wall degradation by N. crassa. The identified transport pathway has opened up a new way of thinking about microbial fermentation of hexoses as well as pentoses derived from plant cell walls. Integrating this pathway with the endogenous metabolism and signaling networks of S. cerevisiae is now a major goal of our group. Developing methods to convert the sugar-rich cell walls of plants to fuel is a major societal goal,Citation1 and has become the focus of intense research. Citation2 Present methods for conversion are limited by the evolved recalcitrance of plant cell walls to depolymerization into constituent sugars, and deficiencies in the traits of microbes used to ferment these sugars to fuels such as ethanol. Citation3 It is our philosophy that fundamental breakthroughs addressing both of these limitations will be made through the study of model organisms. Hence, we study the mechanisms by which the filamentous fungus, Neurospora crassa, degrades and metabolizes plant cell walls. N. crassa has been studied since the 1920s,Citation4 and features a wealth of resources including a high quality genome,Citation5 facile methods for genetic manipulation,Citation6 an almost complete set of gene knockouts,Citation7 and an international community of researchers. In the wild, N. crassa is commonly found growing upon recently burned plant matter,Citation8 and in 1977 was reported to secrete cellulases in response to specific inducers. Citation9 However, until 2009 N. crassa was largely ignored as a model biomass degrader; research focused instead on the related fungus, Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina). T. reesei is now favored by industry for its ability to secrete large quantities of cellulases used to deconstruct plant biomass. Citation10Biomass degradation by N. crassa was revisited in 2009, with the report of a systematic study of plant cell wall degradation by this fungus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily discusses the research on Neurospora crassa and its role in degrading plant cell walls for biofuel production. While it mentions the challenges of converting plant biomass into sugars, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: 14 This successful identification supports the idea that new synthetic cannabinoids can be identified using classical forensic technology, allowing for laboratories to maintain casework proficiency. Veress et al. 15 examined herbal mixtures of AKB-48, AB---22, AB-5F-PB-22, and AM-2201 that were seized on the Hungarian black market. The examination was conducted using Resonance (ATR) (FTIR), and confirmation with GC-MS. The authors examined different solvents including n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and acetone to determine the most efficient one. The upper clear liquid phase was used for FTIR analysis. After evaporation of the solvent and examination of the results of the residues, it was noted that the best spectra for residues were obtained after application of acetone. Data was collected between 4000/cm and 6000/cm with a resolution of 4/cm for 32 scans. The results were confirmed using GC-MS. 15 Hasegawa et al. 16 was the first to state that the presence of AB-5F-fluoro-AMB and diphenidine were found in herbal incense (Super Lemon). This compound caused the death of a 30-year-old male. Using GC-MS and comparing it to the spectral library the total ion chromatogram (TIC) showed two distinct peaks, leading to the conclusion that one would be the SCs, and the other diphenidine after comparing mass spectral patterns to an established library. 16 The more information that is collected and maintained about these compounds allows for scientists and clinicians to know how to start investigations when new compounds may arise from the black market (Figure 1-12). Figure 1 AB-Fubinaca. Figure 2 ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 3 AB-Pinaca. Figure 4 ADB-Pinaca. Figure 5 5F-AB-Pinaca. Figure 6 5F-ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 7 AB-Fubica. Figure 8 ADB-Fubica. Figure 9 AB-Pica. Figure 10 ADBica. Figure 11 5F-AB-Pica. Figure 12 5F-ADBica. Pharmacology and toxicology Not unlike more classical synthetic cannabinoids, these generations of cannabinoids affects the cardiovascular system by decreasing heart rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids and their effects rather than anything related to fossils or predictions about species. It does not mention fossils or the concept of predicting the future of species in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Theory; Panax ginseng; Non-Specific Resistance; Homeostasis; to: 1938, Hans Selye,1 a professor at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and reported his experimental results supporting the conception of adaptation energy. He suggested that by giving gradually increasing doses of various toxic chemicals, one may raise the resistance of animals in such a manner that even treatment which would cause marked thymus involution in normal animals. This conception receives further support by experiments showing that rats pretreated with a certain agent will resist such doses of this agent which would be fatal for non-pretreated controls. These findings are tentatively regarded by the assumption that the resistance of the organism to various damaging stimuli is dependent on its adaptability. This adaptability is conceived to depend upon the organism’s expenditure of its limited amount of energy. Thus, if energy is used for adaptation to certain stimuli it will necessarily decrease the energy stores for other purposes. Adaptation to any stimulus is always acquired at a cost, namely, at the cost of overall energy of organism. Todorova et al. 2 suggested that the term adaptogen was introduced for the first time in the 1940s by Dr. but information about the original 1954. 3 Although we cannot comprehend the 0. 01 to 10,000 ng/mL with effects of white ginseng (WG) and purified ginsenosides Rb1, Rg3, Rg5 and Rk1 on gene expression in isolated hippocampal neurons. The aim of their study was to predict the effects of differently expressed genes on cellular and physiological functions in organismal disorders and diseases. Their network pharmacological analyses of gene expression profiles showed that HRG exhibits predictable positive effects in neuroinflammation, senescence, apoptosis, and immune response, suggesting beneficial soft-acting effects in cancer, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems diseases and disorders in a wide range of low concentrations in blood. Hasoon and Jawad Kadhim28 at the Department of Biology, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq reported synergistic effect of P. ginseng toward doxorubicin (DOX), one of the most widely employed chemotherapeutic agents. Different cell lines (HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line VERO) were treated with different inhibitory agents at different concentrations (1,000, 500, 250, 125, 62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of adaptability as related to resistance against damaging stimuli, which is a central feature of adaptogenic effects. It mentions that the term 'adaptogen' was introduced in the 1940s, suggesting a historical perspective on ginseng's classification as an adaptogen. Additionally, the study outcomes described indicate that ginseng exhibits positive effects, especially in terms of immune response and resilience against various diseases, aligning well with the claim regarding its adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for the production of 2,3-butanediol from lignocellulosic biomass sugars but does not mention bioengineered yeast or specifically biofuels produced from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not support or contrast the notion of bioengineered yeast producing biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: A case report linked ADB-to 59% of patients who experienced tachycardia, and to one patient who experienced a myocardial infarction. 17 The third and fourth generation synthetic cannabinoids show effects on the central nervous system (CNS), and in one case report 22 patients were admitted to the emergency room after confirmed use of ADB-. Some patients reported significant CNS effects including confusion/disorientation, somnolence/unresponsiveness and aggression. 18 Although these symptoms may appear to be minor, they can have a negative impact on an individual’s ability to perform daily tasks; this impairment has also been studied in relation to driving. 19,20 Gurney et al. 12 wrote a comprehensive review explaining many of the pharmacological and toxicological effects of classical synthetic cannabinoids. This reported receptor-binding study to determine binding affinities to CB1 and CB2 receptors. For example delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol binds to both receptors, AB-has a 100-fold increase in binding affinity to the CB1 receptor that can lead to an increased abuse potential. 12 The review also reported information on the efficacy of classical synthetic cannabinoids, as well as reporting that a single atom substitution of a halogen has a dramatic effect on binding affinity both positively and negatively. Finally, it also reported various physiological effects including kidney damage, tachycardia, and serious CNS effects after exposure to ADB-. The literature that documents these effects can be helpful to predict the effects of new generations of synthetic cannabinoids, as the trend has been the effects are all similar to marijuana exposure. This review will turn the focus to indazole carboxamide derivatives, sometimes known as third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids. A variety of different studies have been conducted involving the metabolism, pharmacology, and adverse effects of these synthetic cannabinoids. This review aims to explain the most recent advancements and discoveries of the newer generation synthetic cannabinoids to help better understand metabolic pathways, which will only assist in determining not only the cause of certain symptoms clinically, but also post-mortem distribution to help future exploration of compounds that arise from the black market. Hasegawa et al. 16 reported a fatal case of drug poisoning of a 30 year old man, who was found dead in his car, with herbal incense (Super Lemon) containing multiple compounds including AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it discusses the effects, pharmacology, and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids, which is unrelated to paleontology or the predictive nature of fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 5, and 31. 25 µg/mL) as follows: G1 (methanol P. ginseng extract, PGE), G2 (DOX), and G3 (PGE + DOX). Each inhibitory agent group was used to treat the cancerous cell lines HCT-116, LNCaP, and normal cell line (VERO) to obtain IC50% by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay. The inhibitory ability of the 1,000 μg/mL PGE was significantly increased in all the 3-cell lines compared with other concentrations. The inhibition ability of PGE and DOX towards the HCT116 cell line significantly increased compared with the other cell lines. They demonstrated that safety of the PGE compound and its low toxicity toward normal cells, quite the opposite of cancer cells as compared to the common drug DOX and combined PGD (PGE + DOX). PGD combined with DOX (PGE + DOX) showed antagonistic results toward the HCT116, LNCaP, and VERO cell lines. From their report, we could understand that combination of anticancer agent with P. ginseng may elevate efficiency of chemotherapy with low toxicity. Mariage et al. 29 at Botalys SA, Ath, Belgium carried out a pilot clinical study to find preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80, hydroponically cultivated P. ginseng) and traditionally harvested 6-year-old white P. ginseng standard preparation (PGS) with placebo in preventing symptoms of stress-induced failure of cognitive function in healthy subjects. The effects of HRG80, PGS, and placebo capsules were administered to 50 tired, healthy subjects in a 3-arm, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Efficacy-outcome measures included the accuracy of processing the d2 test for cognitive functions, obtained accuracy score in a computerized memory test, and the perceived-stress (PS) score. A statistically significant interaction effect between time and treatment (P < 0. 0001) was observed in the attention d2 and memory tests, indicating that HRG80 treatment was more beneficial than that with a placebo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a clinical study that tested the preventive effect of P. ginseng containing preparation (HRG80) on cognitive function and perceived stress in healthy subjects. This provides evidence for the adaptogenic properties of ginseng as it suggests a beneficial effect on stress-induced cognitive function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Acquiring a considerable sugars yield from biomass at normal temperature is also profitable in providing a carbon source for microalgae lipid production by heterotrophic growth of microalgae, which often achieves maximum performance at meso-low temperatures [38]. These results provide novel information for constructing an efficient and easy-operating composite lignocellulosic enzymes mixture. In this way, the saccharification for fermentable sugars can be maximized and the bioethanol yield can be increased even at normal and low temperatures to meet the demand of bio-refinery. ConclusionsCold-adapted fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 possesses a natural synergistic lignocellulosic enzymes system suitable for the selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass. Purified laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 had a wide thermal adaptability in mesophilic and low temperatures corresponding to the host fungus. MIP provided a new enzyme property in cooperation with other enzymes during biodegradation. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate was severely enhanced by synergy between crude Ch2-2 enzymes and cheap commercial xylanase, which could provide a substitute for current expensive commercial cellulase mixtures and reach a higher reducing sugars yield. The new cocktail of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase enabled consistency of hydrolysis and fermentation at ambient temperatures. This study will provide a novel perspective of lignocellulosic enzyme construction and psychrophilic enzymes application in biotechnology, including waste treatment, high-value renewable biofuel production and bioremediation at ambient temperatures. Materials and MethodsFungus thermal adaptabilitySeed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was inoculated to GPY medium (2% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 2% yeast extract, 0. 2% KH2PO4, 0. 05% MgSO4/7H2O, pH 5. 5) cultured for 7 days at 10 to 28°C. The dry weight of mycelia was determined separately. At the same time, the fungus solution activated in different temperatures was transferred into the optimized medium (20% potato juice, 2% sucrose, 5% wheat-bran) for laccase production and activity detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the fermentation of sugars from biomass through the use of lignocellulosic enzymes from a fungus, rather than focusing specifically on bioengineered yeast. It highlights the use of cold-adapted fungi and their enzyme systems for producing biofuels, suggesting a different biological approach than what the claim implies, which is specifically about yeast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Samples for toxicology examinations were taken from femoral vein blood, heart blood, urine, and eight solid tissues including adipose tissue. This report was the first to state the presence of AB-5F fluoro-AMB, and diphenidine in postmortem human specimens. Different extraction procedures were used for the urine, blood, and solid tissue samples. Standard addition was used to overcome matrix effects and increase accuracy. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used for the analysis. This was the first report of the postmortem distribution of these compounds. This report showed that these three drugs were distributed post-mortem to adipose and other fatty tissue using a validated method that could be expanded to newly emerging synthetic cannabinoids. Hasegawa et al. 16 also reported the post mortem distribution of MAB-. In this case report, MAB-was reported in the highest concentration in pericardial blood and whole blood specimens. The highest concentration in solid tissues was found in the liver, then the kidney and pancreas. The method was identical to what was previously reported, but standard addition was used to overcome the matrix effects that were experienced. The group reported that the time between administration and cardiac arrest prevented the compound from accumulating in adipose tissue. It was also interesting to see the drug was accumulating in the kidney, possibly in an effort to remove it from the system. 21 Freijo et al. 22 used a simple approach to detect and quantify many classical synthetic cannabinoids as well as AB-using LC-MS/MS. In this research they spiked drug-free urine samples with various synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites. Urine samples from patients and known users were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase, and then separated and detected. Analytical figures of merit including a low limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), upper limit of linearity (ULOL), precision and accuracy were all determined. The screening method was difficult to use for the determination of metabolites due to matrix effects. 22 Scheidweiler et al. 23 developed and validated a highly useful novel method for 47 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites from 21 synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples utilizing a LC-QTOF method. The hydrolysis and extraction procedures were optimized and analytical figures of merit determined. data were acquired in positive electrospray mode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses toxicology examinations and analytical methods for detecting synthetic cannabinoids in postmortem human specimens, with no mention of fossils, species prediction, or related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: The effects of PGS were better than those of the placebo, but the difference was not statistically significant. There was significant difference between the effects of HRG80 and PGS (P < 0. 0001) that were observed after single (day 1) and repeated administrations on days 5 and 12 of treatment. They concluded that HRG80 treatment was in general significantly superior to that with the PGS and placebo regarding attention, memory, and PS scores after single and repeated administrations for 5 and 12 days. Gray et al. 30 studied the effect of P. ginseng on sperm function in zearalenol- and estradiol-supplemented spermatozoad. Zearalenol is a potent mycoestrogen that may be present in herbs and crops arising from contamination or endophytic association. They reported that P. ginseng exerted multiple activities in biological systems and is classified as an adaptogen. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of P. ginseng, zearalenol and estradiol in tests on spermatozoal function. The affinity of these compounds to estrogen receptor (ER)δ, α and β (ERα and ERβ)δ was assessed in receptor binding assays. Functional tests on boar spermatozoa motility, movement and kinematic parameters were analyzed using a computer-assisted sperm analyzer. Tests for capacitation, acrosome reaction, and chromatin decondensation in spermatozoa were analyzed by microscopic observation. Zearalenol showed adverse effects on sperm motility and function by targeting multiple signaling cascades, including P4, E2, and calcium pathways. However, P. ginseng protected against chromatin damage induced by zearalenol, indicating that ginseng is beneficial to reproductive fitness. From this report, we could anticipate beneficial effect of P. ginseng on male reproduction-associated factors. Chen et al. 31 at the Laboratory of in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, China reviewed clinical trial reports related to P. ginseng. They reported that made a great contribution to building up large research clusters and strong cooperation links and universities were the key contributors to ginseng clinical trials. They stressed that, however, more attention should be paid to different effects from different preparations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that P. ginseng is classified as an adaptogen, indicating its potential adaptogenic effects. This is supported by the statement that P. ginseng exerted multiple activities in biological systems, which is a hallmark of adaptogenic herbs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The introduction of genetic engineering by Cohen and Boyer in 1973Citation1 laid the fundament for the current biotech industry, which is based on using microorganisms or cell cultures for production of proteins that can serve as pharmaceuticals, often referred to as biopharmaceuticals. Citation2,Citation3 A few years later, researchers at Genentech cloned the genes for human insulin and growth hormone, and expressed them in Escherichia coli,Citation4 hereby demonstrating the utility and applicability of genetic engineering in creating genetically engineered bacteria that produce these two human proteins. In 1982 this led to marketing of the first biopharmaceutical, human insulin, by Eli Lilly, who licensed the technology from Genentech. In 1985 Genentech received FDA approval to market their own first product, Protropin®, the human growth hormone to be used for children with growth hormone deficiency. In 1987 this was followed by the tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA, Activase®), another Genentech product, an enzyme that can resolve blood clots in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Also in 1987 Novo (now Novo Nordisk), a major insulin producing company, launched human insulin produced by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a replacement for their human insulin enzymatically derived from porcine insulin. Shortly following these early developments many other products were launched and today there are more than 300 biopharmaceutical proteins and antibodies on the market with sales exceeding USD100B,Citation5,Citation6 with monoclonal antibodies representing the majority (> USD18B) followed by hormones (> USD11B) and growth factors (> USD10B). Citation7 Furthermore, biopharmaceuticals have the fastest growth in the marked with an annual growth of about 19%,Citation8 and there are currently more than 240 monoclonal antibodies and 120 recombinant proteins in clinical trials. Citation9About 40% of the biopharmaceuticals are currently being produced by mammalian cell cultures, mainly using Ovarian cell lines (CHO cells), as these allow for production of proteins with very similar glycosylation patterns as human proteins. Citation10,Citation11 E. coli is used as cell factory for production of another 30% of the biopharmaceuticals whereas 20% are being produced by S. cerevisiae10. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of genetically engineered yeast (specifically Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for producing human insulin rather than biofuels from sugars. While the text details the historical context of biotechnology and the production of biopharmaceuticals using yeast, it does not support the idea of bioengineered yeast being used specifically for biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: While the method was sensitive, it was often difficult to get baseline resolution, lowering selectivity in authentic specimens. Limits of detection (LOD) were measured as 0. 25-5μg/L (N = 10 unique fortified urine samples). allowed for increased selectivity versus normal non-targeted acquisitions. These measurements also need to be taken with caution because there was such analytical variation in the case reported on. 23 Peterson and Couper24 also reported that synthetic cannabinoids appear to have an impact on impaired driving behavior. In their study, it was observed that with exposure to AB-and AB-horizontal gaze nystagmus was present in 50-60% of the cases, and blood pressure was lowered in 80% of the cases. This reiterates the cardiovascular effects previously reported in this paper. This study also reported consistent results of the determination of impairment using the field sobriety test. 24 Karinen et al. 25 reported the concentrations of 5-and UR-144, in whole blood samples collected from driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. UR-144 was found in two cases, 5F-in one case, and concurrent findings of both and 5F-in three cases. The analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS-MS). and 5F-were found in concentrations ranging from 0. 24 to 24. 5 mg/L and 0. 9 to 6. 6 mg/L, respectively. 25 This study confirms impairment found in previous studies. While investigating how these compounds are broken down in the human body remains difficult with such little sample volume, groups have used other in vivo and in vitro methods to characterize pharmacological and toxicological effects. As the research advances, case reports have made this research more applicable. Gandhi et al. 26 was the first study to report the metabolic profile of AKB-48 () by incubating 10μM with human hepatocytes (1. 3×10^6 cells/mL) in 20-mL glass scintillation vials, constant shaking in an incubator set at 37°C. The samples were removed in a time course of zero, one, and three hours and the reaction was stopped with an equal volume of acetonitrile to precipitate proteins. Analysis was performed using UHPLC-MS/MS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it discusses various scientific measurements, analytical challenges, and effects of synthetic cannabinoids on impaired driving, which are unrelated to the concept of fossils or species prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: This result demonstrates bidirectional adaptogenic effect of KRG on abnormal blood pressure. Olalde Rangel34 suggested that P. ginseng is a clear example of an herb with multiple bidirectionality, whose Rg1 ginsenosides (protopanaxatriol) can stimulate angiogenesis, while its Rb1 ginsenosides (protopanaxadiol) stimulate the exact opposite. Also, Rg1 promotes mitosis while Rb1 inhibits it in stimulated human lymphocytes. Rg1 stimulates the nervous system, while Rb1 calms (soothes) it. Finally, they suggested that P. ginseng has hypertensive and hypotensive properties. The former illustrates P. ginseng's potential to induce multiple bidirectional phenomena, i. e. , bi-directionality along different metabolic pathways. Adaptogenic effect of KRG on toxic environmental pollutant was carried out by Kim et al. 35 They exposed male guinea pig (GP) with trace amounts of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD, 1 µg/kg b. w. ) together with P. ginseng. TCDD is known to be one of the most toxic environmental pollutant generated by municipal garbage incinerators. The first experiment was carried out to investigate histopathologically the beneficial effects of P. ginseng extract on GP testes damaged by TCDD. P. ginseng water extract (PG-WE) was injected intraperitoneally for 28 days from 1 week before or after TCDD exposure. The decrease in testicular weight caused by TCDD was prevented by PG-WE. The maturation arrest in germ cells caused by TCDD was ameliorated in ginseng-treated groups. The testes demonstrated almost normal in groups pretreated with PG-WE. From this experiment, authors can understand the protective and therapeutic effects of P. ginseng on atrophy and testicular damage induced by TCDD. This finding provided strong evidence that P. ginseng might be a useful agent in preventing and treating male reproductive organ damage induced by environmental pollutants, thus indicating adaptogenic property of ginseng against chemical stress. They conducted the second study to further assess the effect of P. ginseng on survival and sperm quality of GPs exposed to TCDD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adaptogenic effects of P. ginseng, particularly in terms of its bidirectional adaptogenic effect on abnormal blood pressure and its therapeutic effects against toxic environmental pollutants. The mention of protective and therapeutic benefits, such as the mitigation of testicular damage caused by TCDD, further supports the notion of ginseng having adaptogenic properties, underlining its role in stress response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversity of yeast species associated with plants and their ecological interactions, without mentioning bioengineering or the production of biofuels from sugars. The focus on ecological filters and yeast-plant associations does not support or contrast the claim that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Seventeen AKB-48 metabolites were identified based upon a predefined filtering criterion. Major metabolites were identified which included monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, trihydroxylated, and mono- and dihydroxylated glucuronide conjugates, and dihydroxylated with ketone formation at the N-pentyl side chain. 26 Thomsen et al. 27 studied the metabolism of two indazole carboxamide derivatives, AB-and AB-by incubation with human liver microsomes (HLM), and human pulmonary microsomes (HPM). The major metabolites were the carboxylic acid derivatives of both synthetic cannabinoids. Other major metabolic pathways were mono-hydroxylation of the N-pentyl chain in AB-and mono-hydroxylation of the 1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutane moiety in AB-. This group indicated based on binding affinity, esterase inhibition assays and UPLC-MS analysis that carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) was the major enzyme responsible for the amide hydrolysis in human hepatic and enzymatic cells. 27 Banister et al. 28 further narrowed the chemistry to compounds based on the indole and indazole scaffolds to investigate the pharmacology and chemistry of these compounds. This study not only synthesized these compounds, but also investigated the activity at the CB1 and CB2 receptors by comparing activity to that of Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. Using murine neuroblastoma cells, the group showed an effect on hyper polarization in these cells. The group determined that even the least potent synthetic cannabinoid studied was still 1,000 times more potent than Δ-9-tetrahydracannabinol. The group also determined a dose dependent hypothermic effect while also causing the heart of the rat to beat irregularly. These effects could be reversed by the use of a CB1 antagonist, confirming case reports in humans. 28 Takayama et al. 29 performed an important experiment about ADB---and 5F-QUPIC, by using liver microsomes in 2014. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was dissolved with 2μL of 5mM parent substrate (ADB---5 F-QUPIC), and combined with freshly prepared solutions of the NADPH regeneration system solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses metabolites, pharmacology, and specific biochemical interactions, which have no connection to fossils or the prediction of future species. There is no mention of fossils, species, or future predictions, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 36 PG-WE was injected intraperitoneally at daily doses of 100 (G100, P100, C100) or 200 mg/kg body weight (G200, P200, C200) 1 week before (P groups) or after (C groups) TCDD exposure for 12 weeks. The survived males were then subjected to fertility tests. The litter size, death rate, male/female birth ratio and physical abnormalities of the progeny were investigated. After confirming delivery of the offspring, the parent males were sacrificed at 40 weeks, their testes weighed and sperm quality assessed. All the single TCDD-injected animals died within 18 days after the exposure, but 40%–70% of the PG-WE-treated groups survived until sacrificed at 40 weeks. All the PG-WE-treated and survived males were found fertile regardless of TCDD exposure when judged by impregnating potential. Notably the death rate of progeny born to PG-WE-treated groups was remarkably lower than that of progeny born to the normal control group. This result indicates that P. ginseng protects reproduction system in animals exposed to lethal dose of dioxin and further supports the adaptogenic properties of ginseng in reproductive organ against chemical stress. The therapeutically effective doses of many anticancer agents may produce an irreversible damage to many organs, particularly in male reproductive organs. DOX, an anthracycline antibiotic, is used to treat a wide spectrum of malignancies, but is known to produce a toxic response in normal tissues, including the testes. 37 Cha et al. 38 investigated the effect of KRG (steamed and dried P. ginseng) against DOX-induced testis. Male rats were treated with DOX (1 mg mL−1 kg−1 week−1; intraperitoneally) for 8 weeks, and KRG water extract (KRG-WE: 100, 200 mg/kg/day) was administered (p. o. ) for 9 weeks starting one week before DOX treatment. The expression levels of proteins and transcription factors related to spermatogenesis, inflammatory and autophagy markers were evaluated using western blotting and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that P. ginseng exhibits adaptogenic properties in reproductive organs, particularly under chemical stress conditions. It states, 'This result indicates that P. ginseng protects reproduction system in animals exposed to lethal dose of dioxin and further supports the adaptogenic properties of ginseng in reproductive organ against chemical stress.' This clearly aligns with the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Several independent reports have been published describing the hydrolysis of pretreated biomass by mixtures of purified cellulases from wheat and barley straw, corn stover, switchgrass, and poplar. Afterward, genes encoding the enzymes like; cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I), cellobiohydrolase II (CBH II), and endoglucanase (EG) were stably introduced into the genome of the sugarcane, and the accumulation of enzymes was confirmed in the leaves of plants [64]. However, the enzymes CBHI and CBHII of fungal origin remained resistant to proteolysis during sugarcane leaf senescence, while bacterial origin (EG) was degraded, demonstrating the stability of recombinant cellulase in transgenic sugarcane. When tissue-specific regulatory elements, with or without targeting sequences, were used to control the expression of transgenes the accumulation of enzymes was variably enhanced. All three enzymes accumulated to higher levels when targeted to vacuoles however, the highest levels of accumulation of endoglucanase were recorded when the enzyme was targeted to the chloroplasts. This practically demonstrates a significant step forward for the economic production of lignocellulosic ethanol. Hence, such initiatives could advance cellulosic ethanol technology. 2. 5 Genetic improvement for ethanol productionRenewable fuels are an attractive alternative to petroleum-derived gasoline since it potentially lowers the production of greenhouse gases, and add to the country’s economy. Amongst biofuels, bioethanol is being produced from non-food as well as food parts of the plants including sugarcane. It is prepared from can juice, molasses, and bagasse. The renewable bioethanol industry has been successfully developed in countries like the USA, Brazil, Mexico, the EU, and China, and bioethanol is being used to unravel the energy crisis. Developing bioethanol from non-food sources has emerged as a trend due to several advantages like availability of abundant raw materials, low price, and renewability. Such bioethanol industry is strategically being developed in China. Bioethanol production in the USA is from corn with a maximum production of 56. 7 billion liters from cereal grains, though the focus has been shifted recently from corn to cellulosic ethanol, facing many challenges like feedstock availability and high conversion costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast specifically producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the hydrolysis of biomass to produce bioethanol, focusing on enzymes and transgenic sugarcane for ethanol production, which does not provide evidence supporting or contrasting the specific claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: The identification of the metabolites derived from --and 5 F-QUPIC, were determined by comparison of the MS data, selected ion chromatograms (SICs), and MS/MS product ion spectra before and after the metabolism reaction by the human liver microsomes. 29 Debruyne & Le Boisselier30 reviewed information from clinical professionals and found that as a general rule, the synthetic cannabinoids that acted as agonists show little selectivity between the two receptors, while those that act as antagonists are highly selective in vitro. In mice, the group also described agonistic binding to CB1 receptors resulting in euphoria, anxiety, or alteration of memory. Based on case reports, the group reported effects beginning only a few minutes from inhalation and lasting approximately 2-6 hours. Case reports also showed that neurological and cardiovascular effects occur. This review also showed the extensive metabolism not only of these compounds but all synthetic cannabinoids is prevalently hydroxylation and glucuronidation. It is important to note that CYP enzymes appear to be responsible for the oxidative metabolism, specifically CYP3A4. Diagnostically, the group stressed clinicians to look for signs consistent with cannabis use and a negative cannabinoid screen to suspect synthetic cannabinoid use and abuse. 30 Chen et al. 31 narrowed the scope to one compound, AB-. The group looked at the oxidative fate of the compound in Wistar rats as well as the effect on genetic expression in the liver and the heart. Using LC-TOF/MS, the group determined after a time course, that excretion was readily detected three hours after injection and the excreted produced decreased gradually but was approximately 50% of the concentration at three hours, demonstrating slow degradation. The group also concluded that two derivatives were increasing with time in urine, consistent with the previously reported hydroxylated metabolites. 31 In gene expression, seventeen genes were up regulated and eleven down regulated in the liver while thirteen were up regulated and three down regulated in the heart after treatment. Treatment with AB-was concluded to have an effect on the cellular response. The study also concluded that there was a 2-fold decrease of HaO2 gene expression. In rats, it was considered an ideal gene for regulating systolic blood pressure and has a potential link to hypertension. The study showed decreased levels of HaO2 mRNA after treatment suggesting AB-has a potential to regulate blood pressure and heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to synthetic cannabinoids, their metabolism, and effects on gene expression in rats. There is no mention or implication of fossils or predictions regarding the future of species, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: DOX-induced a significant alteration in the expression of antioxidation, spermatogenesis and sex hormone receptors genes when compared with those of the control groups but those down-regulated levels were attenuated by KRG-WE treatment significantly. KRG-WE also ameliorated the DOX-induced alteration in pro-inflammatory cytokines via the mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor kappa-B pathway and autophagy in the testes of rats. In conclusion, it can be suggested that KRG is a useful functional food for prevention of chemotherapy-induced testicular damage, thus further supports adaptogenic effect of P. ginseng in reproduction. He et al. 39 described that although ginseng has long been broadly used in clinical settings around the world, few clinical trials on ginseng have been conducted. They conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of ginseng clinical trials registered in the Organization (WHO) Platform as of December 2017 regarding their frequency, design, type of ginseng, dosage, duration, condition, funding sources, and publication status. A total of 134 ginseng clinical studies were registered from 2002 to 2017, of which 60. 4% were completed and 23. 1% are actively recruiting participants. A large number of trials were associated with aspects of high-quality trial design. The ginseng clinical trials were heterogeneous with respect to ginseng species and variety, indications, dose, duration, and participant characteristics. In conclusion, they suggested that clearly, stricter and methodologically suitable studies are needed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of ginseng. Fundamentally, authors agree with the He et al. ’s opinion. 39 However, they should consider ginseng is not an herb of healing but an herb of prevention. In this case it would not be plausible to obtain statistically significant data in spite of investing tremendous amount of grant and effort. Thus far, wide spectra of bioassay systems have been applied to unveiling efficacy of P. ginseng. It seems to us that it is the time to focus the research effort to most plausible and promising indication. What is more, the clinical trial has to be conducted in compliance with double blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design as recommended by on Harmonization (ICH)40 or WHO’s good clinical and laboratory practice. 41 Go to:. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential adaptogenic effects of KRG (Korean Red Ginseng) in mitigating chemotherapy-induced testicular damage. It specifically states that it 'supports adaptogenic effect of P. ginseng in reproduction', which aligns with the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Hence, the yield of fermentable sugars could be enhanced by improving the translocation and by bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol and biodiesel production, sustainably. Further, Cellulose and lignin could be separated and used to develop high-quality fiber and lignosurfactants, respectively. 1. OECD/FAO (2020). “OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook”, OECD Agriculture statistics (database),. Developmental and photosynthetic regulation of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to ‘dead heart’ contains no toxins in cane juice. Reports. 2011;38:2359-23693. Mustafa G, Khan MS. Transmission of engineered plastids in Sugarcane, a C4 monocotyledonous plant, reveals that sorting of preprogrammed progenitor cells produce heteroplasmy. Plants. 2021;10:26-384. Khan MS, Maliga P. Fluorescent antibiotic resistance marker to track plastid transformation in higher plants. Nature Biotechnology. 1999;17:910-9155. . Milestones in chloroplast genetic engineering: An environmentally friendly era in biotechnology. Trends in Plant Science. 2002;7:84-916. . Transgenic sugarcane plants expressing high levels of modified cry1Ac provide effective control against stem borers in field trials. Transgenic Research. 2011;20:759-7727. Falco MC, Silva-Filho MC. Expression of soybean proteinase inhibitors in transgenic sugarcane plants: Effects on natural defense against Diatraea saccharalis. and Biochemistry. 2003;41:761-7668. . Evaluation of lectin-expressing transgenic sugarcane against stalkborers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Efects on life history parameters. Journal of Economic Entomology. 2002;95:469-4779. -Kumar M. Impact of combined abiotic and biotic stresses on plant growth and avenues for crop improvement by exploiting physio-morphological traits. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:537-55110. . Scope of genetic transformation in sugarcane: a review. Genomics and Applied Biology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of genetic engineering in sugarcane and the enhancement of fermentable sugars but does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. It covers topics such as lignocellulosic biomass, bioconversion, and the genetic modification of sugarcane, which do not contribute to supporting or contrasting the claim about bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: 31 As LC-TOF/MS methods improve, more information about the pharmacology of specific compounds is being revealed. Vikingsson et al. 32 used HLM as well as authentic urine samples to determine oxidative metabolites of and its halogenated analog 5F-AKB-48. The group identified four standout metabolites, one mono-hydroxylated metabolite, one diadamantyl hydroxylated metabolite, one adamantyl-pentyl-hydroxylated metabolite and one diadamantyl-hydroxylated metabolite. The metabolites identified in the halogenated analog were a dihydroxylated and keto-metabolite, a 5F-monohydroxylated metabolite, and a 5F-dihydroxylated metabolite. Although the group found many similarities with the HLM and case subjects, variation appears to be dose dependent, as well as varied by metabolic activity. 32 New generations of synthetic cannabinoids are emerging and it is imperative as toxicologists that we remain aware of emerging compounds but also emerging technologies. Westin et al. 33 reported the emergence of another similar synthetic cannabinoid named MDMB-. The group used LC-QTOF-MS and the compound was determined in the serum sample from a patient that was found unconscious with an unknown brown powder. The serum sample contained the compound, and compared to the tested splenic tissue, the group determined an overdose of MDMB-was likely the cause of death. 33 synthetic cannabinoids continue to change to avoid detection it remains important to elicit data to be able to predict these compounds activity. As clinicians continue to see patients that have a negative cannabinoid screen, it is important to remain aware of new technologies to determine these drugs. Also, the important information that can be determined about the metabolism, pharmacology and toxicology allows researchers to continue the studies further into phase II metabolism as well as to lessen the variation in pharmacokinetic studies. Method development only increases the chances for clinicians to be able to treat synthetic cannabinoid exposure more effectively. More development is needed to improve the screening process to allow for high throughput screening of sprayed botanical material and powders as well as biological matrices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in toxicology and synthetic cannabinoids without any mention of fossils or their ability to predict the future of species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng of adaptogen theory has been refined and specified year after year and the theory of adaptogen is widely accepted nowadays, even by WHO42 and E Monograph. 43 WHO monograph and E Monograph introduced the role of P. ginseng as an effective adaptogen, able to help calm stressful conditions and restore normal functions in humans. Further, P. ginseng was also included in official pharmacopoeia including Union of Republics (USSR) Pharmacopoeia, 11 edition, 15 edition, 1 edition, and 5 edition, as an adaptogenic herb. 44 The mechanism by which P. ginseng exerts its adaptogenic pharmacological properties can be attributed to most probably through the regulation of HPA axis and immunostimulatory effect. 42, 45, 46, 47 Efficacies of ginseng are multifaceted, therefore has to be judged as a holistic concept. 48 In general, “one drug for one disease” therapeutic paradigm is not applicable to adaptogens like P. ginseng as it has various pharmacological effects. Ginseng exerts an incompatible biological role with each other towards a same target system, for example stimulatory or sedentary in CNS and elevates or lowers blood pressure in the cardiovascular system depending on the subjects’ condition. For this reason, ginseng’s activity is considered to be regulatory or modulatory. Ginseng contains diversified saponins named ginsenosides (ginseng glycosides) and different ginsenoside acts on various systems contradictorily. Ginseng preparations are currently marketed in the as traditional herbal medicinal products according to Directive 2001/83/EC criteria on the basis of their long-standing traditional use as a “tonic. ”49 Actually, tonic as an indication may be uncertain in pharmacological claim. In this respect, it would be appropriate to suggest that P. ginseng has pharmacologically adaptogenic property rather its indication is adaptogenic. Until now more than 10 species of Panax species are known but P. ginseng is the only ginseng species approved as an herbal medicine by WHO monograph,42 EU pharmacopoeia50 and E Monograph. 43 P. ginseng is also listed as a traditional herbal medicine in Russian pharmacopoeia, as well as in Korea, China, and Japan. 51 To date, large amount of grants was invested to uncover the efficacy of P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how ginseng, specifically Panax ginseng, has been recognized as an effective adaptogen capable of calming stressful conditions and restoring normal body functions. It states that the adaptogen theory has gained acceptance, including acknowledgment from the WHO and various pharmacopoeias, supporting the claim of ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. [SEP] Text: However, none were statistically associated with ∆Height SDS, suggesting that it is inappropriate to predict final adult height in CPP females based on BA, body figure, or parental height. The -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism has been suggested to be a potential genetic determinant that alters the GH-IGF-1 axis. Studies have reported that the presence of the C allele genotype is associated with low serum IGFBP level [24-26]. has a role in pubertal growth, there is a potential for -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism to affect growth velocity and final adult height. Nevertheless, it was difficult to confirm a concrete correlation due to the discrete results. According to Miletta et al. [27] the IGFBP-3 genotype had no effect on final height after GH treatment in severe GHD patients. In contrast, Costalonga et al. [10] implied that the -202 A allele polymorphism of the IGFBP-3 promoter region was associated with not only higher IGFBP-3 levels, but also increased growth during recombinant human GH treatment in prepubertal GHD children. This study focused on the effect of the -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism on the GH-IGF-1 axis as well as the growth velocity in CPP females undergoing GnRHa treatment for at least 1 year. We compared SDS of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 between the 2 subgroups before and after GnRHa treatment. The results showed that IGF-1 SDS was not statistically different before treatment, but the group with the C allele after treatment demonstrated lower IGF-1 SDS than the AA subgroup. -3 SDS was lower in the C allele subgroup both before and after GnRHa treatment. However, change of IGF-1 -3 SDS, or IGF-1/IGFBP-3 during treatment exhibited no significant difference between the 2 subgroups. Divergence of age-adjusted height velocity between the 2 allele groups was trivial. The effect of GnRHa on IGF-1 SDS or IGFBP-3 SDS was noted in both subgroups, regardless of allele. This suggests that -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism does not significantly affect the therapeutic effect of GnRHa in CPP females. Our study was carefully designed with a uniform diagnosis and treatment protocol in which GnRHa was administered every 4 weeks to all enrolled CPP patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of a genetic polymorphism on growth velocity and height in females undergoing GnRHa treatment. It does not mention bacteria, engineering, or pharmaceuticals, and therefore does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim about bacterial engineering for producing insulin.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: As many of the symptoms of synthetic cannabinoid abuse mimic marijuana use, more understanding of the metabolism, affinities to either the CB1 or CB2 receptor, and how changes to the chemical structures affect biochemical activity will allow researchers and clinicians to plan for future emerging synthetic cannabinoid exposures. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 4. General, NAAG. Education and prevention initiatives as necessary tools to combat drug abuse. NAAGazette. 2014;8:5. Rules and Regulations. USA: Federal Register; 2014. Federal Register. In: Register F, editor. USA: Federal Register; 2014. are more than harmless herbal blends: A review of the pharmacology and toxicology of synthetic cannabinoids. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;39(2):234–243. Presley BC, Jansen–. Analysis of in Botanical Material: A Review of and Findings. Rev. 2013;25:27. Use of –GC–MS for the analysis of herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids. J Anal Toxicol. 2012;36(5):293–302. Detection and identification of the new potential synthstic cannabinoids 1–pentyl–3–(2–iodobenzoyl)indole and 1–pentyl–3–(1–adamantoyl)indole in seized bulk powders in Hungary. International. 2011;214(1–3):27–32. Identification of synthetic cannabinoids in herbal incense blends in the United States. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1168–1180. Identification and quantitation of a benzoylindole (2–methoxyphenyl) (1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone and a naphthoylindole 1–(5–fluoropentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)–(naphthalene–1–yl)methanone (AM–2201) found in illegal products obtained via the Internet and their cannabimimetic effects evaluated by in–vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assays. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):132–141. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic cannabinoid abuse, pharmacology, and drug identification, with no mention of fossils or their capacity to predict the future of species. Thus, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: ginseng mainly by Corporation and Korea government. However, the majority of the grants were spent on animal experiments. It is well known that clinical trials are time- and money-consuming. Furthermore, the design of the clinical study needs to be placebo-controlled double blind, if possible cross-over with washout period between the crossing. WHO41 and ICH40 strictly controls the clinical trial design by promulgating and amending guidelines. No matter how difficult the clinical trial is we have to overcome the difficulties if we wish P. ginseng to be an herb with accreditable indication. WG compendium is already in Pharmacopoeia but that of red ginseng has not yet been listed in the pharmacopoeia. We are preparing the KRG compendium and wish it be published before the end of 2023. Go to: and Dardymov4 are the researchers who first classified the plants with adaptogenic properties. Among the adaptogenic plants are P. ginseng, ES, Rhaponticum carthamoides, R. rosea and Schisandra chinensis. Gerontakos et al. 52 at the for said that ES is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine of East and and known as an adaptogen—a category of herbal medicinal products which have non-specific inter-system anti-stress effects throughout the human body. They reported that ES was first established as a medicinal plant officially in the pharmacopeia of the USSR in 1962, and is currently recommended by the Agency to be prescribed to treat symptoms of asthenia such as fatigue and weakness. On the other hand, Davydov and Krikorian53 at the Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, of at Stony Brook, USA demonstrated that Eleutherococcus contains pharmacologically active compounds but one wishes that the term adaptogen could be dropped from the literature because it is vague and conveys no insights into the mechanism(s) of action. If a precise action can be attributed to it, then the exact term for said action should obviously be used; if not, we strongly urge that generalities be avoided. Also, comparison of Eleutherococcus with the more familiar P. ginseng, ‘true ginseng’ has underscored that they differ considerably chemically and pharmacologically and cannot be justifiably considered as mutually interchangeable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that P. ginseng is classified among adaptogenic plants, indicating its potential adaptogenic properties. It supports the notion that ginseng is recognized for its non-specific anti-stress effects throughout the human body, aligning with the claim of its adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Different genome editing approaches are considered as revolutionary for crop improvement as gene knockout and insertion/deletion mutagenesis are possible through genome editing technologies [6]. Crop improvement using genome editing technologies come up with multiple possibilities, such as:Alteration in only one or two nucleotides among billions obtained from genome of living cellsAlteration in whole allelesInsertion of a non-existing gene in the targeted region of the genome. Due to high accuracy of genome editing tools, these are preferred over traditional plant breeding approaches and standard genetic engineering approaches. Along with enhancing the nutritional profile of crops, gene editing tools can effectively be used for incorporating biotic and abiotic stress resistance/tolerance and can develop crop varieties that survive well in adverse climatic conditions such as arid climate [7]. Therefore, gene editing tools can be effectively used for securing the world’s food supply. Genome editing tools permits double-stranded breaks (DSBs) at particular genomic locations and recovers them using inherent DNA repair mechanisms, such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Earlier, this process was assisted by using protein-guided nucleases including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs). But lately, the RNA-guided nuclease known as ()—associated—has captured the researchers’ attention (Cas) [8]. Both ZFNs and TALENs requires more time and technical expertise thanCas. Numerous significantly importantCas studies have been conducted in potato, here we are featuring some selected achievements of -based editing in potato (Figure 1 and Table 1). This 1. Advances in potato improvement using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()-based genome editing. Target geneDelivery methodEditing agentPhenotype1. /Cas applications in potato genome editing. Advertisement 2. Key genome editing approaches2. 1 ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases)ZFNs were first created by Kim and colleagues [19]. ZFNs develop as a result of the interaction between DNA-binding and DNA-cleaving domains [20]. These synthetic proteins were created based on the fact that the natural restriction enzyme FokI exhibits unique binding and cleaving capabilities [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genome editing technologies, including CRISPR, allow for precise alterations at specific genomic locations. It highlights the advantages of genome editing, such as the ability to make alterations in nucleotides and alleles, and contrasts it with traditional breeding methods, emphasizing the high accuracy of tools like CRISPR. The reference to RNA-guided nucleases specifically points to the application of CRISPR technology in targeted gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Identification and quantitation of two benzoylindoles AM–694 and (4–methoxylphenyl)(1–pentyl–1H–indol–3–yl)methanone, and three cannabimimetic naphthoylindoles JWH–210, JWH–122, and JWH–019 as adulterants in illegal products obtained via the Internet. Forensic Toxicol. 2011;29(2):95–110. Pharmacology, Toxicology, and of Drugs. Rev. 2014;26(1):53–78. Administration DE. Schedules of Controlled Substances: of Cannabinoids into Schedule I. In: Justice DO, editor. USA: Department of Justice: Federal Register; 2014. Uchiyama N, Kawamura M, Kikura–Hanajiri R, et al. Identification of two new–type synthetic cannabinoids, N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indole–3–carboxamide (APICA) and N–(1–adamantyl)–1–pentyl–1H–indazole–3–carboxamide () and detection of five synthetic cannabinoids, AM–1220, AM–2233, AM–1241, CB–13 (CRA–13) and AM–1248 as designer drugs in illegal products. Forensic Toxicol. 2012;30(2):114–125. Veress T, Julia N. Fast and for of in. Forensic Sci. 2015;2(1):21–25. of AB–5–fluoro–AMB, and diphenidine in body fluids and solid tissues in a fatal poisoning case: usefulness of adipose tissues for detection of the drugs in unchanged forms. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33(1):45–53. Notes from the Field: Associated with Use–Brunswick, C. F. D. Control. Georgia; 2013. 939 p. Drugs, A. C. o2014. t. M. o. New psychoactive substances review: report of the expert panel. 2014. Musshoff F, Madea B, Kernbach–Wighton G, et al. Driving under the Influence of ("Spice") A Case Series. Legal Med. 2014128(1):59–64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses forensic toxicology and the identification of synthetic cannabinoids, with no mention of fossils or their relationship to predicting the future of species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, authors recommend that the designation ‘Siberian ginseng’ be dropped and be replaced with ‘Eleutherococcus. ’ In the case of both Eleutherococcus and true ginseng, problems inherent in herbal preparation use include inconsistencies not only in terms of indications for use, but in the nomenclature of constituent chemical compounds, standardization, dosage and product labeling. In spite of their controversial suggestion, we regard ES as an adaptogen. Panossian et al. 54 said that adaptogenic concepts are formally considered to be “traditional” by drug regulatory authorities in Europe and the United States. The key to understanding adaptogens is their role in establishing and maintaining adaptive homeostasis by building the body’s natural resistance to stressors, which may be physical, chemical, biological and psychological in nature. Adaptogens function like stress vaccines to activate the body’s defense system and metabolic rate, reversing the negative physical effects of stress and restoring the body’s balance and health. They further stated that Rhodiola and Schizandra demonstrated adaptogenic properties in rabbits exposed to immobilization stress. Rege et al. 55 at the Centre, Department of Pharmacology and claimed that common examples of adaptogens include Asian ginseng (P. ginseng), Siberian ginseng (ES), Ashwagandha root (W. somnifera) and Rhodiola (R. rosea). However, none of them has been successfully introduced as an adaptogen in the clinic. Todorova et al. 56 suggested that adaptogens of plant extracts have the ability to enhance the body’s stability against physical loads without increasing oxygen consumption. P. ginseng, ES, R. carthamoides, R. rosea, and S. chinensis are considered to be naturally occurring adaptogens. They evaluated the use of plant adaptogens in the past and present, as well as to outline the prospects of their future applications. Adaptogens are used in recovery from illness, physical weakness, memory impairment, and other conditions. Meta-analysis showed that plant adaptogens can provide a number of benefits in the treatment of chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment, and immune protection. They insisted that in the future, there will be a great potential to register medicinal products that contain plant adaptogens for therapeutic purposes. Kelly57 reviewed 765. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ginseng as a known adaptogen. It specifically mentions that P. ginseng (Asian ginseng) is considered a naturally occurring adaptogen and highlights the adaptogenic properties associated with ginseng, indicating its role in enhancing the body's stability against stressors. Furthermore, it emphasizes the traditional acceptance of adaptogens, including ginseng, in therapeutic contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Essentially identical results have been achieved by different means of reducing expression of both SBE isoforms (SBE1 and SBE2): antisense RNA [60], expression of single-domain SBE-specific camelid antibodies [61] andCas [12, 62]. Though genome editing technologies proved useful in lowering or boosting starch content in potatoes but transient application of vectors harboring inserted DNA fragments lead to the unwanted insertions of vector genome into targeted regions [63]. 4. 6 Steroidal glyalkaloid (SGA)Solanaceous plants produce secondary metabolites called glycoalkaloids. More than 80 steroidal glyalkaloids have been identified in different potato species; the two most common ones in cultivated potatoes are α-solanine and α-chaconine [64]. Higher levels of steroidal glyalkaloids have neurotoxic and anti-nutritional effects on human [65]. Therefore, the amount of steroidal glyalkaloids in tubers meant for eating should not exceed the threshold value of 200 mg/kg fresh weight. Nonetheless, significant efforts have been made to reduce SGA content. RNAi suppression of the SGA biosynthetic genes sterol side chain reductase 2 (StSSR2) [26] and 1 (GAME1) [66] resulted in decreased SGA content. One study on theCas system’s use for controlling SGA levels in potatoes looked at knocking down the gene encoding steroid 16-hydroxylase (St16DOX), which appears in the genome in a single copy [67]. Two mutants showed positive results for no detectable levels of solanine or chaconine but the plants as a whole were not regenerated so success forCas-mediated deletion of St16DOX was partial and not all attempts at SGA reduction in potato were equally successful [67]. /Cas9-editing of StSSR2 was used to manipulate the SGA level in the cv. Atlantic with significant success [14]. But on the other hand, SGAs are the plant’s first line of defense against viruses and herbivores and participate in ecological interactions with microorganisms therefore eliminating SGAs would be damaging to the plant. 4. 7 Enzymatic browningHigh tuber quality is a desirable characteristic in the potato processing business and among consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of using gene editing technologies, including CRISPR, in the context of reducing steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA) content in potatoes. It details that, although CRISPR can be successful in manipulating gene expression, such as with the Cas9-editing of StSSR2, it also notes that 'the plants as a whole were not regenerated' indicating that gene editing may not always lead to successful outcomes. This suggests that while CRISPR does enable targeted editing, its application can be hindered by practical difficulties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Wang |Jun 26, 2024 | Earth & The world is buzzing with news about how human activities and climate shifts are reshaping our ecosystems. Have you ever wondered how life will adapt to this rapidly changing world? Ecologists might be able to predict how different species will live in future using computer simulations. Wang at the University of investigates how different stimulations work under varying conditions to provide new insights into what may lie ahead. Ecosystems and Ecosystems are interconnected communities of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. These interactions involve the exchange of energy and nutrients, which support the growth and survival of organisms within the ecosystem. Ecosystems vary in size, from small ponds to vast rainforests, and they constantly change, both in response to natural processes and human activities. Changes in one ecosystem, such as species migration or biogeochemical cycling, can have varying effects on others at different scales. When these changes accumulate, they can lead to dramatic shifts in ecological patterns. Scientists have been closely monitoring these shifts in ecological patterns to understand emerging behaviours, such as novel traits and shifts in species diversity, and to predict the scale of impact on existing ecosystems in the future. Species distribution models (SDMs) are powerful tools used to predict how species distributions might change across space and time. By analysing the relationships between species distributions and environmental factors, SDMs can reveal current patterns and forecast potential shifts. They help researchers understand how organisms choose their habitats, assess their vulnerability to changing environments, and plan conservation efforts. These modelling approaches are widely applied across fields such as climate change, biogeography, conservation biology, and epidemiology. Understanding and With advancements in technology and data collection, various modelling techniques, such as regression approaches (which analyse relationships between different variables) and ordination methods that help visualise data in an organised manner to look for patterns or similarities, can be utilised to enhance ecological understanding and predictive accuracy. However, there is a growing concern that different models may yield contrasting predictions even when based on the same data and application. This variability prompts the need to carefully consider data quantity (e. g. , sample size) and quality (e. g. , detection limit), which can influence model performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it discusses how ecologists use computer simulations and species distribution models (SDMs) to predict future species distributions and impacts on ecosystems due to human activities and climate shifts. Since it does not provide any information about fossils, it is therefore considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Comparison between the biological active compounds in plants with adaptogenic properties (Rhaponticum carthamoides, Lepidium meyenii, Eleutherococcus senticosus and Panax ginseng). Plants (Basel) 2021;11(1):64. . Effect of ginseng on reactivity of the organism. 1954;17(4):27–30. . New substances of plant origin which increase nonspecific resistance. Pharmacol 1969;9(1):419–430. A preliminary review of studies on adaptogens: Comparison of their bioactivity in TCM with that of ginseng-like herbs used worldwide. 2018;13(1):57. . On the mechanism of action of plant adaptogens with particular reference to cucurbitacin R diglucoside. Phytomedicine 1999;6(3):147–155. . Understanding adaptogenic activity: specificity of the pharmacological action of adaptogens and other phytochemicals. Y 2017;1401(1):49–64. . Novel molecular mechanisms for the adaptogenic effects of herbal extracts on isolated brain cells using systems biology. Phytomedicine 2018;50:257–284. . Effects of adaptogens on the central nervous system and the molecular mechanisms associated with their stress—protective activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010;3(1):188–224. . Adaptogenic potential of a polyherbal natural health product: report on a longitudinal clinical trial. Med 2007;4(3):375–380. Evolution of the adaptogenic concept from traditional use to medical systems: pharmacology of stress- and aging-related diseases. Rev 2021;41(1):630–703. . Network pharmacology of adaptogens in the assessment of their pleiotropic therapeutic activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022;15(9):1051. . A quantitative method for estimating the adaptedness in a physiological study. 2019;16(1):15. . A critical review to identify the domains used to measure the effect and outcome of adaptogenic herbal medicines. 2020;93(2):327–346. . The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: part I: the theory. Med 2005;2(1):13–18. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ginseng in the context of adaptogenic properties. It mentions ginseng alongside other plants known for similar effects, as well as highlights studies that compare the bioactivity of ginseng to other adaptogens. This indicates that ginseng is recognized for its adaptogenic potential within the framework of herbal research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic map of the pRPaCas9 construct. P rRNA rRNA promoter; TETO, tetracycline operator; La, nuclear localisation signal. Other components are from the pRPa parent vector (see the text for more details). (b) The protein blots show tightly regulated and inducible Cas9 expression (predicted mass: 159. 4 kDa). The EF1α panel provides a loading control. Multiple independent clones yielded similar results. (c) Cell growth with (+Tet) and without (−Tet) Cas9 induction. Error bars (SD) from triplicate counts are obscured by the data symbols. A second independent clone gave similar results. (d) Schematic map of the pT7sgRNA construct showing the gRNA cloning strategy using tandem BbsI sites. The sgRNA scaffold and HDV ribozyme are also shown. P T7 phage T7 promoter. Other components are from the pRPc6MYCn parent vector. (e) The RNA blot shows expression of the predicted 96 b sg2 that is dependent upon Cas9 expression. The rRNA panel provides a loading control. A second independent clone yielded similar results. Full size imageFor expression of the sgRNA, a phage T7 promoter, a cloning site, the sgRNA scaffold and a hepatitis delta virus (HDV) ribozyme29 were synthesised in tandem (Fig. 1d). The cloning site comprises dual BbsI restriction enzyme cleavage sites, which allows for high-efficiency cloning of annealed oligonucleotide pairs (AGGG[N]20/AAAC[N]20, Fig. 1d) without introducing additional unnecessary flanking sequences. The HDV ribozyme is a self-cleaving RNA that liberates the upstream RNA. Thus, the ribozyme generates the 3′-end of the sgRNA. This synthetic cassette was used to generate pT7sgRNA that integrates at a second non-transcribed rDNA spacer locus (Fig. 1d); there are estimated to be 10–20 rDNA spacer loci in the T. brucei genome7. We selected the aquaglyceroporin gene, AQP2, (Tb927. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly discuss CRISPR technology or its application in targeted gene editing. Instead, it focuses on specific plasmid constructs, the expression of Cas9, and details about cloning strategies related to sgRNA. Although it mentions components relevant to gene editing, it does not provide clear evidence or information that directly corroborates or contrasts with the claim that CRISPR enables targeted gene editing in various organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Wang at the University of employs a new method to explore the effects of sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space on the performance of different SDMs. The mathematical function – generalised β-function – describes a range of possible species responses along ecological gradients. First introduced for ecological simulations in 1976, it provides a flexible way to simulate complex species responses under different ecological assumptions. Using this tool, and her colleagues simulated 16 species response relationships across ecological gradients with different shapes, controlling sample size and detection limit to investigate their influence on model performance. They compared seven typical SDMs under various sample sizes and detection limits to glean important insights into how different modelling approaches perform under different data quantity and quality conditions. The simulation involved creating a dataset using the generalised β-function, which represents the species on two ecological gradients and its probability of occurrence at 1,000 sampling sites. The resulting dataset comprised 16 species populations, each with different occurrence responses to ecological gradients, controlled by adjusting parameters to influence skewness (asymmetry) and kurtosis (peakness) of the data distribution. This allowed the creation of species with various response shapes (such as symmetric, skewed, or bell-shaped, for readers who are mathematically minded). Subsequently, modelling processes were simulated using sampled data from these populations at different sample sizes and detection limits. For sample size, they looked at datasets ranging from 50 to 800 sites. For detection limit, they considered probabilities ranging from 0 to 0. 8. By testing models with these varied datasets, they mapped how the quantity and quality of data influence the predictive accuracy of seven SDMs. of the seven SDMs studied by presented distinct assumptions, advantages, and disadvantages. Analysis (LDA) works well when the variables used to predict the occurrence or abundance of a species (predictors) are related in a linear manner. Regression (MLR) can handle different types of predictors but falters when there is too much variation or noise in the data. Models (GAM) struggle to understand how predictors are related but can trace complex patterns. Trees (BRT) and (RF) can handle large datasets and find intricate patterns. Networks (ANN) and Models (MaxEnt) are better at handling complex patterns but might overfit the data. These features and limitations can better guide researchers in selecting the most suitable modelling approaches for specific datasets and research objectives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It focuses on methodologies for modeling species responses and the performance of various species distribution models (SDMs) under different ecological conditions and sample sizes. There is no mention of fossils or their predictive capacity regarding future species, rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Pharmacological investigation of glycosides from ginseng and Eleutherococcus. Lloydia 1969;32(1):46–51. . Effect of Eleuterococcus and ginseng extracts on the activity and adaptive synthesis of tryptophan pyrrolase in rats. 1971;1:31–37. . The functional significance of changes in activity of the enzymes, tryptophan pyrrolase and tyrosine transaminase, after induction in intact rats and in the isolated, perfused rat liver. J 1969;244(6):1410–1416. . The functions and regulation of tryptophan pyrrolase. 1977;21(6):755–767. . Oriental medicine: a computerized study of complex recipes and their components: herbs most frequently used in traditional Japanese and Korean medicine. 1981;9(2):134–143. . Pharmacology of the drug Panax ginseng. Arzneimittelforschung 1959;9(5):305–311. PubW. On the mechanism of action of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. On the problem of a pharmacology of reactivity. 2. Arzneimittelforschung 1961;11:418–422. . The effect of a ginseng extract on adrenal cortex function. Arzneimittelforschung 1963;13:1078–1081. . Ginseng--is there a use in clinical medicine? J 1988;64(757):841–846. . Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: status quo and future prospects. 2017;85:120–127. . Current evaluation of the millennium phytomedicine-ginseng (II): collected chemical entities, modern pharmacology, and clinical applications emanated from traditional Chinese medicine. Chem 2009;16(22):2924–2942. . Network pharmacology of ginseng (part II): the differential effects of red ginseng and ginsenoside Rg5 in cancer and heart diseases as determined by transcriptomics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021;14(10):1010. . Improvement of the selectivity index (SI) and cytotoxicity activity of doxorubicin drug by Panax ginseng plant extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text elaborates on various studies and pharmacological investigations related to ginseng. It cites research that indicates ginseng's significance as an adaptogenic herb, particularly referencing an article titled 'Adaptogenic herb ginseng (Panax) as medical food: status quo and future prospects,' which supports the claim regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 1Summary of barley and wheat genes with functions in agronomic features [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47], gene discovery [48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59], product quality [21, 34, 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74], and abiotic and biotic stress [46, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92]Full size imageEven if the targeted induction of a double-strand break can be carried out precisely, the result is random. According to previous reports, the most common outcome forCas9 is a deletion of a few (≤10) nucleotides or the insertion of one nucleotide (InDel) [93]. However, it is impossible to predict precisely whether loss or insertion will occur, and it is also somewhat random which base is inserted. Although there are reports (for review, see [94]) that a certain percentage can be predicted using microhomology-dependent repair mechanisms, the outcome remains undetermined in most applications. To achieve a prediction of the mutation result and thus precise genome editing, one can consider several possibilities. When using two gRNAs, one gets an exact deletion between the two induced double-strand breaks in a part of the mutated cells. In this case, the choice of gRNA binding sites can, for example, influence the function of a protein domain [49]. By not inducing a knockout, a reduced or altered functionality remains, similar to the RNAi effect but is genetically fixed in contrast. Another possibility is to transfer a repair template with the desired sequence simultaneously with the double-strand-inducing reagent. However, the challenge here is to bring a sufficient number of repair templates to this site at the time of the double-strand break repair. One possibility is the biolistic transfer of the repaired DNA [95]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that, although CRISPR technology can aim to induce double-strand breaks precisely, the actual outcomes are unpredictable and often random. It mentions that the most common results of Cas9 activity include deletions or insertions that are not precisely predictable, indicating that true targeted gene editing may not be consistently achievable in practice.