Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries can transition to renewable energy without economic impacts. [SEP] Text: To better analyze the economic impacts of renewable energy cost reductions, we disaggregate the power sector into electricity transmission, electricity storage, and eight different generation technologies (coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear, hydropower, wind, solar, and biomass) following the methods by Mu et al. 13 and Wing. 39 The generation shares by technology type are based on data from the Council,3 whereas the cost shares by investment, operations and maintenance, and fuel for each technology are based on levelized cost data from the Agency40 and He et al. 11 In the production block, the constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function, the most common non-linear function for CGE models, is used to represent the different substitution possibilities across different inputs in each sector (Figure 4). The non-energy intermediate demand (ND) bundle—where the intermediate demand follows the fixed proportion input-output relationship (the Leontief function, a special form of the CES function with zero substitution elasticity)—is combined with the capital-energy-labor (KEL) bundle to generate the final output. The KEL bundle consists of the labor demand (AL) bundle and capital-energy (KE) bundle. In the third level, the AL bundle is split into labor demand by skill, whereas the KE bundle is split into energy and capital. In the fourth level, the energy demands by fuel type are combined to generate energy output. In the consumption block, the PANDA model includes households and government as the two representative consumers. Household income from labor wages, investment income, and transfer payments is allocated to expenditures on goods and saving by an exogenous rate calibrated to the social accounting matrix. Each representative household is assumed to maximize utility by consuming different goods and services as modeled by the System specification. The government receives revenues from various tax instruments (income, indirect trade, and factor taxes), net of subsidies and transfers. Government income is allocated to goods and services, and aggregate expenditures are fixed in real terms. For international trade, the Armington assumption allows for differentiation between domestic products and imports and exports. In addition, the model simulates this differentiation as an aggregate (XA above), with one domestic Armington agent per product category using of Substitution (CES) and of Transformation (CET) functions to represent the import and export sides, respectively. A carbon emission trading block is applied to simulate the ETS in the PANDA model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a complex analysis of the economic impacts associated with transitioning to renewable energy. It discusses how various factors in the power sector are modeled, including the significant roles of electricity transmission and storage, as well as the eight different generation technologies. The implication that economic factors must be considered in the transition process suggests that it is not feasible for all countries to transition to renewable energy without experiencing economic impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: In general, all techniques to infer lowermost mantle anisotropy make a variety of assumptions, and it is important to understand which assumptions are sufficiently accurate. Such detailed tests have been made possible by recent progress in the efficient numerical computation of seismograms (e. g. , Leng et al. , 2016; Fernando et al. , 2024), which has been applied to seismograms for Earth models that include seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Nowacki and Wookey, 2016; Wolf et al. , 2022). Such numerical simulations have shown which assumptions are reasonable to make and have led to the development of new techniques to measure lowermost mantle anisotropy. What additional research, data, or modeling efforts are needed to overcome these challenges? The presence of seismic anisotropy has been suggested in 25% of lateral lowermost mantle locations (Figure 2). However, these measurements have been made using different techniques that have various strengths and shortcomings, therefore, we still do not understand the global distribution of lowermost mantle anisotropy. Going forward, it will be important to use uniform methods to map lowermost mantle anisotropy globally – both techniques and data for such an effort already exist. To interpret such results, it will be important to better understand the properties of lowermost mantle materials at the relevant pressures and temperatures, and to realistically implement such constraints in global models of mantle flow. This requires further progress in multiple geophysical areas. It is important that experts from these areas, which include geodynamics and mineral physics, combine their expertise in multidisciplinary approaches to illuminate the nature of the lowermost mantle. Figure 3 (below) is a schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. For example, using measurements of seismic anisotropy, deformation caused by subducting slabs or upwelling flow in the deepest mantle can be imaged. With future improvements of anisotropy measurements, their interpretations, and analyses of bigger seismic datasets, measurements of seismic anisotropy, combined with constraints from other fields, will shed a more detailed light on dynamic deep mantle processes and structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding extremophiles and potential life on other planets, as it focuses exclusively on seismic anisotropy in the Earth's lowermost mantle and the methods for studying geological processes, with no mention or connection to extremophiles or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Conclusively, all the adopted covariates are stationary at first difference (I (1)) and at level (I (0)), i. e. , there is a mixed integration order. This indicates no prospect of misleading regression results and justifies using the DOLS technique. Table 4 P-P and ADF test resultsFull size tableTable 5 KPSS test results (critical value at 5% = 0. 463)Full size tableTable 6 Comparison of results of three unit root test methodsFull size table3. 5 DOLS resultsTable 7 below outlines the results from the DOLS technique. Economic growth and CO2Es are positively linked, showing that a 1% increase in South Africa's economic growth increases the economy's CO2Es by 0. 08%. Fossil energy utilisation, technological innovation, and globalisation are positively linked to CO2Es in South Africa, showing that a 1% rise in each of them raises the country’s CO2Es by 1. 53%, 0. 09%, and 0. 31%, respectively. However, renewable energy utilisation is adversely correlated to CO2Es in South Africa, signifying that a 1% increase in renewable energy utilisation cuts the country’s CO2Es by 0. 20%. Table 7 DOLS estimation resultsFull size tableThese outcomes show that only renewable energy utilisation contributes to the economy's attempts to attain net zero emissions and become carbon neutral. In this study, we used the adjusted R2 as a goodness-of-fit measure. According to the adjusted R2, the adopted explanatory variables explain 98. 48% of the variance in CO2Es. This shows that the designed model is a good fit for the data. 3. 6 Robustness checkTables 8 and 9 outline the results generated by the FMOLS and CCR techniques, respectively. and CCR results agree with the results generated by the DOLS method. This indicates that the DOLS results are robust. and CCR results corroborate that the regression coefficients for fossil fuel energy utilisation, economic growth, technological innovation, and globalisation are significant and positive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'renewable energy utilisation is adversely correlated to CO2Es in South Africa, signifying that a 1% increase in renewable energy utilisation cuts the country’s CO2Es by 0.20%.' This supports the assertion that renewable energy helps decrease carbon emissions. Additionally, it mentions that only renewable energy utilisation contributes to the attempts to attain net zero emissions and become carbon neutral, further reinforcing the claim regarding reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries can transition to renewable energy without economic impacts. [SEP] Text: The CO2 emissions of sector i (EFi) equal the inputs from energy sector e to sector i (XAPi,e) multiplied by the emission factor (emiti,e) (Eq. 1). The CO2 emissions of household h (EFh) equal the inputs from energy sector e to final consumption of household h (XACh,e) multiplied by the emission factor (emith,e) (Eq. 2). The total CO2 emissions (EFT) equal the sum of emissions from production and households (Eq. 3). The emission factors by energy types, sectors, and households are calculated by aggregating 20 fuel types into 4 energy sectors and disaggregating the consuming sectors to be more consistent with the production sectors, based on the China national CO2 emission inventory (sectoral approach) from Shan et al. 1 In this study, the power industry is the only sector controlled by the national ETS. The total annual carbon emissions for the power sector (EFcapieiec) are set exogenously (Eq. 4). To meet the CO2 emissions constraints, a shadow carbon price (μ) for each unit of CO2 is introduced into the model. Each unit of emissions in the power generation process requires an additional payment (Ctaxieiec,e) to the production function (Eq. 5). When CO2 emissions constraints on the power sector are introduced into the economic system in terms of affecting production costs and producers’ behavior, the system eventually reaches a new equilibrium. * PANDA was developed in 2005 by David Roland-Holst and is fully documented here: Sci Data. 7, (2020). of China (NDRC). Change: China's Determined Contributions. (2015). Council. Statistical Database. BloombergNEF. Outlook 2019. , 2019. IRENA. in 2019. , 2020. . Lazard's of - Version 13. 0. , 2019. . Lazard's of - Version 5. 0. , 2019. Institute. to Date - Projections for and Batteries and their Implications - Chile. , 2019. U. S. Administration. Effects of and Generation in Regions. , 2020. Azimoh, C. L. , Paul, B. S. & Mbohwa, C. of Technology: for Access in Sub-Saharan Africa. 2017 and (EPEC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the introduction of CO2 emission constraints on the power sector affects production costs and producers’ behavior, indicating there are economic impacts involved in transitioning to renewable energy. The mention of achieving a new equilibrium after these constraints suggests that transitioning is not without economic ramifications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Schematic diagram of the types of regions and flow scenarios that can potentially be elucidated via a combination of seismic anisotropy observations, mineral physics constraints, and geodynamic simulations. (a) Mantle flow field (arrows: flow directions, length proportional to flow velocity; background colors indicate temperature) for a geodynamic simulation that includes sinking cold material (blue), reminiscent of a slab, a hot (red) structure similar to a large-low velocity province (LLVP; left), and rising plumes (close to LLVP edge). (b-e) Zoom-ins representing different flow scenarios. Ultra-low velocity zone (ULVZ) material is shown in yellow, subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts in brown, aligned crystals in green and LLVP material in red. (b) Representation of flow near LLVP edge. ULVZ materials and partial melts potentially cause shape-preferred orientation, while crystals are aligned via crystallographic-preferred orientation; either scenario causes seismic anisotropy. (c) Flow near a developing thermal upwelling. (d) A region of horizontal flow, with a potential thin and hot layer of chemically distinct material at the base of the mantle. (e) A region of slab-downwelling. Note that in contrast to panel (a), in which reddish colors show regions with relative higher temperature, the reddish colors in panels (b)-(e) represent chemically distinct LLVP materials. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 16 (modified) — (jonathan. wolf@yale. edu; 0000-0002-5440-3791), ’s Note: It is the policy of AGU Publications to invite the authors of 10. 1029/2024EO245021. Published on 1 July 2024. This 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding extremophiles and their relevance to understanding potential life on other planets. Instead, it discusses seismic anisotropy and geodynamic simulations related to the Earth's mantle, which is unrelated to extremophiles or extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Further, the CCR and FMOLS results validate the adverse association between renewable energy utilisation and CO2Es. The implication is that fossil fuel energy utilisation, economic growth, technological innovation, and globalisation boost CO2Es, whereas renewable energy reduces CO2Es. Table 8 FMOLS estimation resultsFull size tableTable 9 CCR estimation resultsFull size tableIt can be seen from the adjusted R2 values for FMOLS and CCR techniques that the chosen explanatory variables explain 98. 35% and 98. 34% of the variation in CO2Es, respectively. 3. 7 Diagnostic inspectionTo confirm the dependability of the analysis, we checked for normality, serial correlation, and heteroscedasticity (Table 10). Diagnostic test results reveal that the residuals are distributed normally, and there is no heteroscedasticity or serial correlation. Table 10 Diagnostic test resultsFull size tableFigures 8 and 9 present the graphs of the results for CUSUM test and test at the significance level of 5%, respectively. and CUSUM tests endorse model stability when iterating via recursive processes. That is to say, there is no coefficient instability since the plots for the and CUSUM statistics are inside the confines of the critical bounds of the 5% confidence intervals of parameter stability. Red lines echo confidence intervals, and blue lines signify residual values. Fig. 8CUSUM test resultsFull size imageFig. 9test resultsFull size image4 DiscussionThis study discovered a positive link between CO2Es and economic growth in South Africa. This finding agrees with the discoveries of Abuoliem et al. (2024), Chen et al. (2024), Patel et al. (2024), Tan et al. (2024), Tran et al. (2024), Wahab et al. (2024), Rahman and Alam (2022), Villanthenkodath and Mahalik (2022), and Teng et al. (2021), which revealed that economic growth boosts CO2Es. Chen et al. (2024) propounded that as economic growth increases, production and energy consumption lead to greater CO2Es. Increasing economic growth is characterised by additional societal needs that are fulfilled via development activities and consumption, leading to amplified waste, environmental degradation, and pollution (Raihan et al. 2024b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that renewable energy utilization has an adverse association with CO2 emissions (CO2Es). It asserts that while fossil fuel energy use and economic growth increase CO2Es, the use of renewable energy leads to a reduction in CO2Es, thus supporting the assertion that renewable energy decreases reliance on fossil fuels and contributes to lower carbon emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries can transition to renewable energy without economic impacts. [SEP] Text: Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 2017:1-6. He, G. et al. Decrease of Renewables and the Decarbonization of China’S Power System. Nat Commun. 11, (2020). Li, W. , Zhang, Y. & Lu, C. the Implementation of in China: A Analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 200, 511-523 (2018). Mu, Y. , Evans, S. , Wang, C. & Cai, W. Affect the Efficiency of an System? A Cge-Study of China. Appl. Energ. 227, 403-414 (2018). Lin, B. & Jia, Z. of Scheme (Ets) and the Choice of in Ets: A in China. Appl. Energ. 205, 1512-1527 (2017). Zhang, L. , Li, Y. & Jia, Z. Impact of in China’S Market: Analysis. Appl. Energ. 229, 814-827 (2018). Huang, H. et al. Systems and Social Equity: A for China. Appl. Energ. 235, 1254-1265 (2019). Ministry of Ecology and Environment of P. R. China (MEE). China's Policies and Actions in Response to Climate Change: 2019 (in Chinese). , 2019. NDRC. (Industry). (2017). Liu, Y. , Tan, X. , Yu, Y. & Qi, S. Assessment of Impacts of Schemes in China – a Cge-Termco2 Model. Appl. Energ. 189, 762-769 (2017). Zhang, C. , Wang, Q. , Shi, D. , Li, P. & Cai, W. Scenario-Effects of in China: Approach. Appl. Energ. 182, 177-190 (2016). Li, G. , Yang, J. , Chen, D. & Hu, S. Impacts of the ’S Coal-to-in 2020. Appl. Energ. 195, 837-849 (2017). Lin, B. & Jia, Z. Impacts of Level in Trading Market. Appl. Energ. 239, 157-170 (2019). Lin, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents research articles focusing on the impacts of renewable energy transitions in China and related assessments. It suggests a detailed evaluation of various schemes and policies concerning renewable energy. This indicates that transitioning to renewable energy may involve significant economic considerations, thereby contrasting with the claim that all countries can transition without economic impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: AbstractCarbon dioxide is Mars’ primary atmospheric constituent and is an active driver of Martian surface evolution. CO2 ice sublimation mechanisms have been proposed for a host of features that form in the contemporary Martian climate. However, there has been very little experimental work or quantitative modelling to test the validity of these hypotheses. Here we present the results of the first laboratory experiments undertaken to investigate if the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice blocks and a warm, porous, mobile regolith can generate features similar in morphology to those forming on Martian dunes today. We find that CO2 sublimation can mobilise grains to form (i) pits and (ii) furrows. We have documented new detached pits at the termini of linear gullies on Martian dunes. Based on their geomorphic similarity to the features observed in our laboratory experiments, and on scaling arguments, we propose a new hypothesis that detached pits are formed by the impact of granular jets generated by sublimating CO2. We also study the erosion patterns formed underneath a sublimating block of CO2 ice and demonstrate that these resemble furrow patterns on Mars, suggesting similar formation mechanisms. Similar content being viewed by others The formation of araneiforms by carbon dioxide venting and vigorous sublimation dynamics under martian atmospheric pressure 4. The distribution of this dry ice is governed primarily by solar insolation5. In the early spring, as insolation increases, the dry ice begins to sublimate. This process is now recognised as an important agent in the formation of contemporary surface features on Mars. These features include the dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region6,7,8, linear gullies, their associated pits9,10, and sand furrows11. In this study we focus on linear gully pits and sand furrows; both active features which are observed to form and evolve on dunes under the current Martian climate. These features have no Earth analogues and the specific mechanisms responsible for their formation have yet to be fully understood and quantified. FurrowsFurrows are shallow (~0. 25 m) and narrow (~1. 5 m) negative relief11,12, features which are observed on over 95% of the northern polar dunes11 and are also found between 40°S and 72°S13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps, as it primarily discusses the sublimation of carbon dioxide (CO2) ice and its effects on Martian surface features. While it mentions CO2 ice and its behavior on Mars, it does not corroborate or contrast with the specific claim about the ice caps being composed of both water and carbon dioxide.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: The transportation sector is also a noteworthy contributor to fossil energy consumption and CO2Es in South Africa. Heavy reliance on gasoline- and diesel-powered vehicles leads to high carbon emissions. Also, there is inefficient energy utilisation in both residential and industrial sectors, resulting in higher fossil energy utilisation and increased carbon emissions. This inefficiency emanates from restricted investments in energy efficiency measures, out-of-date technology, and inadequate implementation of energy efficiency standards. Moreover, there is limited renewable energy integration into the energy grid. Therefore, fossil fuels continue to dominate the energy sector, contributing to carbon emissions (Raihan et al. 2023d). Even though fossil fuel-premised economic growth is understandable in South Africa, fossil fuel burning hugely contributes to CO2Es. For instance, coal burning releases vast quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere. Researchers like Bekun (2024), Ghorbal et al. (2024), Hafezi and Mamipour (2024), Idroes et al. (2024), Raihan (2023h), Ali et al. (2023), Hou et al. (2023), Raihan et al. (2023e), Huang et al. (2023), Omri and Saadaoui (2023), Zhang et al. (2023), Ansari et al. (2022), Raihan et al. (2022b), Amarante et al. (2021), and Wen et al. (2021) have all found a positive link between using fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Renewable energy utilisation has a negative sign, as we expect. This means that as the utilisation of renewable energy surges, CO2Es fall, and vice versa. Renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric produce electricity without burning fossil fuels, thus evading the related carbon emissions (Raihan et al. 2022c). They harness energy from natural sources or processes without combustion, resulting in lower or zero CO2Es. Diversifying the energy mix by including several renewable energy sources assists in reducing dependency on fossil fuels. Renewable energy technologies also complement energy efficiency measures, resulting in the reduction of CO2Es (Raihan et al. 2022d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that renewable energy technologies such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric produce electricity without burning fossil fuels, resulting in lower or zero CO2 emissions. It also notes that as the utilization of renewable energy increases, carbon emissions decrease, thereby supporting the assertion that renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and contributes to lowered carbon emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries can transition to renewable energy without economic impacts. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe positive impacts of an increasing share of renewable energy (RE) on the mitigation of climate change as well as on the decrease of the dependence of energy imports are indisputable. Currently, more than 350,000 people work in the respective industries in Germany. The contribution explains the calculation of gross employment comprising direct and indirect jobs in the facility production, operation, and maintenance and fuel production. The number of jobs in the field has more than doubled from 2004, when the first calculation has been done. However, also increasing are the additional costs of heat and electricity generation from most renewable energy sources (RES). For a stable economic development, the overall balance of positive and negative effects under different possible future development pathways of fossil fuel prices, global climate policies and global trade is of interest. To account for all effects in a consistent framework, a macroeconometric model is employed. Economic development is measured via the comparison of economic indicators such as GDP and employment from different simulation runs. Overall net positive effects can be seen for instance as higher employment in one simulation run compared with the other. Our analysis shows possible positive impacts of the expansion of renewable energy in Germany—and the conditions and policy implication for a positive development. example shows how a large domestic market leads to the development of a successful industry. However, these successes are vulnerable to abrupt policy changes, as experiences with the US industry or the Spanish market and lately the German PV industry show. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 169. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 219. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others EU Energy Policy: Implications for Investments 364. doi:10. 1016/j. enpol. 2012. 04. 076 10. 1787/9789264111318-en 2050. 19:185–1923. at". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic implications of transitioning to renewable energy. It indicates that while there are positive impacts, such as increased employment in Germany’s renewable energy sector, there are also notable challenges, such as rising costs of heat and electricity generation from renewable sources. Additionally, the text mentions that the economic success of the renewable energy sector is sensitive to abrupt policy changes, suggesting potential economic impacts during the transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Their network patterns range from rectilinear, to dendritic and radial, tributary and distributary and their planforms can be linear or sinuous12 (Fig. 1), though it is unclear what factors control this variety of patterns. Appearing to “defy gravity”, furrows extend upslope and transect existing aeolian ripples, and so while their patterns may resemble those eroded by fluvial activity on Earth, gravity-driven processes are unlikely to form them12. Figure 1Examples of sand furrows on Martian Dunes. (a) Linear furrow (blue arrow) on sand dune in (all furrows are taken from HiRISE image ESP_026851_2590, latitude 78. 65°, longitude 308. 494°, solar incidence angle 56° with the Sun ~34° above the horizon). (b) sinuous (black arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale, (c) dendritic furrows (white arrows) on sand dunes at latitude −67. 607°, 185. 343° in the southern hemisphere (HiRISE image ESP_023270_1120. Solar incidence angle is 60° with the sun ~30° above the horizon). Yellow arrows point to boulders, red arrows point to dark fans and highlight their proximity to the furrows. (d) radial (green arrow) furrow on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. (e) rectilinear (purple arrow) and radial (green arrow) furrows on sand dune in Chasma Boreale. Images have been stretched to improve contrast as furrows are narrow, shallow and thus subtle features. HiRISE image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. Full size image HypothesesFurrows frequently form after the appearance of polygonal cracks in CO2 ice. This led Bourke12 to hypothesise that they were caused by cryoventing; that is, basal sublimation of CO2 and consequent erosion. This is similar to Kieffer’s model for the dark spots and fans in the southern hemisphere14, but applied in the context of dunes. The cryoventing model proposes that in the spring, gas pressures increase at the ice-substrate interface until the overlying ice cracks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the patterns of sand furrows on Martian dunes and includes a hypothesis about the formation of these furrows related to CO2 ice. It does not provide information about the composition of Mars' polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Further, the lifecycle emissions of renewable energy technologies are substantially lower than those of fossil fuel-based options, thereby reducing CO2Es. Our discovery is congruent with the outcomes of Al-Zubairi et al. (2024), Bekun (2024), Erdoğanet al. (2024), Idroes et al. (2024), Rahman and Ferdaous (2024), Tran et al. (2024), Raihan (2023i), Ali et al. (2023), Huang et al. (2023), Raihan et al. (2023f), Zhang et al. (2023), Ansari et al. (2022), Raihan and Tuspekova (2022j), Mujtaba et al. (2022), Raihan et al. (2022e), Amarante et al. (2021), and Teng et al. (2021). is progressively growing its renewable energy industry to alleviate CO2Es and offer sustainable and cost-effective electricity for its population. It is scaling up the utilisation of renewable energy technologies and increasing their share in the energy mix, resulting in considerable carbon emissions cuts. By promoting the integration of renewable energy into the energy grid, energy storage and grid flexibility technologies enable the dislodgment of fossil fuel-premised electricity generation. Moving towards renewable energy in the electricity sector has been reducing CO2Es. It is important that has plentiful renewable energy sources, including biomass, solar, and wind. In 2003, produced a white paper indicating how the economy can produce 10 TWh of electricity from renewable energy sources, i. e. , small-scale hydro, wind, biomass, and solar (Akinbami et al. 2021). Akinbami et al. (2021) further posited that an integrated resource plan was broadcast in May 2011, and one more aim of adding an extra 17,800 MW of renewable energy by 2030 to the energy mix was announced. Moreover, a competitive tender process, the was set up in to lure investments from the private sector into grid-linked renewable energy manufacturing. Basically, South Africa's participation in agreements like the highlights the significance of transitioning to low-carbon energy sources to alleviate climate change influences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that renewable energy technologies have substantially lower lifecycle emissions than fossil fuels, thereby reducing carbon emissions (CO2Es). It discusses how the transition to renewable energy sources like biomass, solar, and wind is contributing to significant cuts in carbon emissions, as well as the promotion of integrating renewable energy into the energy grid, which enables the reduction of fossil fuel-based electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --RESS new dynamic and smart system for renewable energy sharing problem View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 610 Published 2021-06-28 Accepted 2021-06-03 Received 2020-11-23 José Manuel Galán Agents and Multi-energy sharing, COP, Multi-agent system Copyright © 2021 Toumia and is an open access 2021. A-RESS new dynamic and smart system for renewable energy sharing problem. PeerJ 7:e610 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 64. 5% of the world electricity. Since, on the one hand, these plants produce large amount of carbon dioxide which drives climate change, and on the other hand, the storage of existing world fossil resources is in continuous decrease, safer and highly available energy sources should be considered. Hence, for human well-being, and for a green environment, these fossil plants should be switched to cleaner ones. Renewable energy resources have begun to be used as alternatives. These resources have many advantages such as sustainability and environmental protection. Nevertheless, they require higher investment costs. In addition, the reliability of many planted systems is poor. In most cases these systems are not sufficient to ensure a continuous demand of energy for all in needy regions because most of their resources are climate dependent. The main contributions of this research are (i) to propose a natural formalisation of the renewable energy distribution problem, based on COP (Problem), that takes into consideration all the constraints related to this problem; (ii) to propose a novel multi-agent dynamic (A-RESS for Agent based Sharing System) to solve this problem. The proposed system was implemented and the obtained results show its efficiency and performance in terms of produced, consumed and lost energy. fuels are the most used resources mainly to power homes and cars, i. e. , in 2017, fossil fuels generated 64. 5% of the world electricity. For a country, it is convenient to use coal, oil or gas energy sources to meet its energy needs, but these fuel sources are often limited. In addition, the intensive use of these energies causes dangerous consequences of the environment, mainly the phenomenon climate change (Dincer, 1999; Goldemberg, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of renewable energy sources. It states that while renewable energy resources have advantages such as sustainability and environmental protection, they can be insufficient for meeting continuous energy demands, especially in regions with dependent climates. The text highlights that fossil fuels still constitute a significant portion of energy generation (64.5%) and suggests that a transition to cleaner alternatives is necessary, but implies that relying solely on renewables may not currently resolve all climate issues due to investment costs and reliability concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Gas rapidly exits, eroding material below the ice sheet to form furrows. A plume then deposits the sediment to form fans on the surface of the seasonal ice. The thickness of the overlying ice and dune topography are thought to have a strong influence on this process15. Close spacing of vents has also been noted to reduce cryoventing efficacy, with fewer furrows forming in locations where ice cracks are closer together12. Recent work has drawn a distinction between furrows in the northern hemisphere and “dendritic troughs” in the southern hemisphere16. While both show similar morphologies, furrows in the northern hemisphere are ephemeral features which disappear every year17. The dendritic troughs on south polar dunes endure, with new tributaries adding to the networks annually16. This study16 has drawn a potential link in formation process between the highly dendritic araneiform terrain of the south polar cryptic region and furrows/dendritic troughs. It has been suggested that araneiform terrain (dubbed “spiders” in the literature) may develop over many years by a gradual connection of dendritic networks into a radial network, rather than forming in one event16. Noting the difference in environmental conditions between the hemispheres, it has been argued that furrows in the northern hemisphere do not develop into dendrites because of the high mobility of the material into which they are eroded16. However, the size distribution of the granular substrate in both hemispheres is poorly constrained. For the purpose of our purely morphological laboratory study we refer to all network types as furrows. Recent experimental work has demonstrated that insolation-driven dust ejecta from within CO2 ice is a viable process18 and that pressure driven processes can form dendritic patterns under certain conditions19. However, it has not yet been demonstrated that sublimating CO2 in contact with porous substrate can transport underlying material and create the complex furrow morphologies seen on Mars. Until now, this geomorphic process has been framed in a purely theoretical context. PitsLinear gullies (Fig. 2) form on Martian dunes under current climatic conditions10,20,21,22. Recent mapping has shown that they occur between 36. 3°S and 54. 3°S and from 64. 6°S to 70. 4°S22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various geomorphic processes that occur on Mars, mentioning features like furrows and dendritic troughs, but it does not provide information about the composition of Mars' polar ice caps specifically. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the presence of water and carbon dioxide in Mars' polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: Africa, globalisation has attracted energy-intensive industries and carbon-intensive foreign investment in infrastructure projects and promoted the growth of current industries to meet global demand, resulting in higher CO2Es. Globalisation has also influenced the consumption patterns and lifestyles in South Africa, resulting in increased demand for energy-intensive goods and services, which contribute to CO2Es. However, the outcome of this analysis contradicts the discoveries by Elboghdadly (2024), Fang et al. (2024), Gurbuz (2024), Gyamfi et al. (2024), Lee et al. (2024), Patel et al. (2024), Wahab et al. (2024), Yameogo et al. (2023), Ansari et al. (2022), Cao et al. (2022), Salahuddin et al. (2019), and Zaidi et al. (2019), who revealed that globalisation has a negative influence on carbon emissions. 5 Conclusions and policy implications5. 1 ConclusionsThis assessment applied the DOLS technique using data from 1990–2020 to analyse the impact of technological innovation, economic growth, fossil energy utilisation, renewable energy utilisation, and globalisation on CO2Es in South Africa. We implemented ADF, P-P, and KPSS unit root test techniques to assess data stationarity. The discoveries of this examination show that economic growth, fossil energy utilisation, technological innovation, and globalisation positively influence CO2Es, while renewable energy utilisation adversely influences CO2Es. Economic growth and CO2Es are positively linked, showing that a 1% increase in South Africa's economic growth increases the economy's CO2Es by 0. 08%. Fossil energy utilisation, technological innovation, and globalisation are positively linked to CO2Es in South Africa, showing that a 1% rise in each of them raises the country’s CO2Es by 1. 53%, 0. 09%, and 0. 31%, respectively. However, renewable energy utilisation is adversely correlated to CO2Es in South Africa, signifying that a 1% increase in renewable energy utilisation cuts the country’s CO2Es by 0. 20%. The results produced by the FMOLS and CCR regression techniques validated the results produced by the DOLS techniques. The adjusted R2 indicated that the designed model is a good fit for the data. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that renewable energy utilization is adversely correlated to CO2 emissions in South Africa, indicating that an increase in renewable energy usage leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions. Specifically, it states that a 1% increase in renewable energy utilization reduces the country’s CO2 emissions by 0.20%, thus supporting the assertion that renewable energy helps decrease carbon emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: The burning of fossil fuels sends greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, polluting air, soil and water while trapping the heat of the sun and contributing to a global warming. Other traditional energies use biomass which designates the organic waste that can become a source of energy after combustion (wood energies), the anaerobic digestion (bio-gas) and other chemical transformations (bio-fuel). However, a biomass plant operates in a very similar way to fossil power plant. These pollutant fuel plants have serious consequences on the environment and on humans. Hence, even with an unlimited stock of fossil fuels, it is better to use renewable energy for the sake of humans and environment. Renewable energy is an inexhaustible source of energy because it is constantly renewed by natural processes. Renewable energy is derived from natural phenomena mainly sun (radiation), moon (tide) and earth (geothermal). There is also energy generated from the water and the wind. All these renewable mentioned sources are called new energies. Renewable energy technologies transform these natural sources into several forms of usable energy, most often electricity but also heat, chemical and mechanical energies. Renewable energy technologies are called “green” or “clean” because they pollute little or nothing of the entire environment. The use of renewable energy hybrid power plants allows any country to develop its energy independence and security. Nevertheless, these resources are weather and location dependent, leading to the intermittent and randomness of their use for energy production. The hybrid power plant production fluctuates independently from demand, yielding to an energy excess for some power plants while others cannot satisfy their minimal needs. Since the production of renewable energy is expensive due to the high cost of both the installation of renewable energy power plants and the storage devices, the optimal solution is to avail from the produced quantity of this energy by maximizing its use and consequently minimizing its loss. Many attempts have been made in the past decade to enhance, generalise and mainly optimise the use of renewable energy using different technologies, including meta-heuristics (Piccolo & Siano, 2009; Senol et al. , 2016; Kumawat et al. , 2017; Etxeberria et al. , 2010; Niknam & Firouzi, 2009; Soroudi, Ehsan & Zareipour, 2011) for an optimal DGs energy production plan; chance-constrained programming (Li et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental consequences of both fossil fuels and biomass, suggesting that while renewable energy is beneficial, it is not the only solution to climate concerns. It emphasizes that renewable energy is important for reducing pollution and improving energy independence but also highlights the challenges and limitations of renewable sources, such as their dependence on weather and location, the cost of production, and the inability to satisfy energy production demands consistently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: They are characterised by long (100–2,500 m), narrow grooves, are bounded by levées and have relatively small source areas. Forming exclusively on south polar and mid latitudinal intra-crater dunes, their activity is seasonal, and has been found to be concurrent with the final stages of sublimation of the CO2 ice deposit at the end of winter and beginning of spring22, rendering a CO2 sublimation formation mechanism likely. These eponymous features are mostly linear; though they sometimes adopt sinuous patterns and taper down-slope. Figure 2Terminal and detached linear gully pit morphologies. (a) Terminal pits (white arrows), and detached pits (red arrows) at linear gully termini on megadune (HiRISE image ESP_020784_1255, image centre at −54. 3°, 12. 9°, taken at L s 209. 5°). Black arrows point to inset pits within terminal pits. Green arrow indicates a high albedo block which is likely to be a CO2 block within a pre-existing terminal pit. (b) Terminal pits (white arrows) and detached pits (red arrows) on megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255 taken at L s 22. 5°, image centre at −54. 3°, 13° which was used as part of a stereo pair to create the _007018_1255_007229_1255). (c) Example of highly sinuous linear gullies on the west side of dunefield (HiRISE image ESP_030528_1300, image centre at −49. 5°, 77. 2°, taken at L s 254. 8°). Red arrows point to detached pits, white arrows show terminal pits. (d) “Tadpole” terminal pits in dunefield (HiRISE image PSP_003800_1325, image centre at −46. 9°, 30. 7°, taken at L s 240. 9°). These pits (white arrows) are much wider in diameter than their corresponding channels and are surrounded by detached pits (red arrows). (e) megadune (HiRISE image PSP_007018_1255). White boxes indicate locations of (a) and (b). (f) dunefield. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Mars' polar ice caps being composed of water and carbon dioxide. Instead, it provides details about geological features and morphologies on Mars, such as linear gullies and terminal pits, without mentioning the composition of the polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy reduces reliance on fossil fuels and helps decrease carbon emissions. [SEP] Text: 2 Policy implicationsIt is recommended that CO2Es and all emissions in general be reduced to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 in South Africa. This can be achieved by considering all sources of these emissions and solutions and simultaneously designing and adopting general and industry-specific policies, legislative frameworks, and initiatives that promote the reduction of carbon emissions. The study offers ample and valuable information to policymakers for designing carbon reduction policies that are effective in high-carbon countries. Sustainable development strategies prioritising low-carbon growth pathways are vital to alleviating the adverse environmental influences of economic expansion. The "pollute first, then treat" approach needs to be altered to promote environmental quality. To reduce CO2Es, regulations including carbon storage, carbon capture, huge carbon taxes, and trading of emission schemes should be gazetted. All private and public stakeholders should be involved in all efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. Based on our findings, the government and policymakers must promote the implementation of innovative technologies that reduce CO2Es to promote environmental sustainability. Since technology is essential in reducing CO2Es, policymakers must promote and invest in innovative renewable energy sources. The government must support investors (private, public, and private-public collaborations) and advances in renewable energy. Investors and the public can be supported through tax incentives, financial subsidies, etc. Carbon-intensive energy sources, such as fossil energies, should be substituted with renewable energies. This should be done progressively through designing relevant and effective policies, promoting technology and conducting research to diminish the negative influences of fossil energies on the quality of the environment. Moreover, energy-saving technologies should be developed, and institutional alignment should be encouraged to stimulate renewable energy utilisation in economic activities. Information related to energy efficiency and green energy technology should be disseminated using multiple platforms. Other developing economies can adopt these suggestions to cut CO2Es and promote the sustainability of the environment. 5. 3 Limitations and avenues for future researchEven though the assessment has exposed thought-provoking and helpful discoveries, it can be improved in several dimensions. Firstly, the study focused only on South Africa. Therefore, the results may not be generalised to other developing countries. Therefore, the data set for the experiment can be increased by considering several developing countries. Secondly, the study analysed only the influence of economic growth, technological innovation, fossil energy utilisation, renewable energy utilisation, and globalisation on CO2Es. However, in practice, several factors, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need to substitute carbon-intensive energy sources, such as fossil fuels, with renewable energies. It emphasizes that innovative technologies and renewable energy sources must be promoted and supported by the government and investors to reduce CO2 emissions and improve environmental sustainability. By advocating for policy frameworks that encourage renewable energy utilization, the text directly supports the assertion that renewable energy plays a crucial role in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and decreasing carbon emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: , 2018) as a stochastic programming for improving DGs performance; mixed linear programming (Omu, Choudhary & Boies, 2013), peer-to peer platforms and projects (Kusakana, 2020; Shichang et al. , 2020a; Shichang et al. , 2020b; Kusakana, 2019; Klein, Matos & Allegretti, 2020), Stackelberg game (Xu et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2021), machine learning (Amit & Ivana, 2019) for an optimal energy sharing system between a group of buildings; fuzzy multi-objective linear programming (Incekara, 2019) for the optimization of the best energy mix. Most of these efforts (i) deal with sharing energy at a local levels only, while our goal is to consider global levels, for different environment and under several constraints, (ii) focus on how to find the best plan for locating and using distributed generators (DGs), and not how to optimise the profit from the produced energy, (iii) seek for the best renewable energy source or combination of sources to use, and not the best way to coordinate between these sources, (iv) rely on storing energy excess for later use despite its high cost, (v) do not consider the dynamic intrinsic aspect of these resources and (vi) do not consider the advantages of energy sharing among several plants/countries mainly on the environment. The goal of this work is to propose a novel dynamic, distributed and smart system (A-RESS for Agent based Sharing System) that (i) maximises the use of produced renewable energy (consequently minimizing its loss) by sharing the excess of energies between countries, and (ii) minimizing the production cost (production, storage and transportation) by investment recovery. The main contributions of this research are (i) to propose a natural formalisation of the renewable energy distribution problem based on the Problem (COP), that takes into consideration all the constraints related to this problem; (ii) to propose a novel multi-agent dynamic to solve this problem. The reminder of this paper is organised as follows. “Related Work” describes several research efforts that deal with enhancing the use of renewable energy. A detailed explanation of the energy sharing problem followed by an illustration of our proposed COP formalisation for this problem are given in “New COP Formalization for Distribution Problem”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of focusing solely on renewable energy solutions. It highlights that existing research often deals with energy sharing on local levels and does not optimize profit from energy production or consider the dynamic nature of these resources. This indicates that other strategies, including energy sharing and optimization approaches, are vital in addressing climate-related concerns rather than relying exclusively on renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: White box shows location of (c). (g) dunefield (HiRISE image PSP_003800_1325). White box shows location of (d). HiRISE image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona. Full size image Terminal pitsUnlike terrestrial gullies, which are nearly always formed by liquid water, linear gullies do not have associated debris aprons. Instead, their channel termini are invariably punctuated by one (or more) terminal pit(s) (Fig. 2a–d). Located at the end of the linear gully channel, the terminal pit is usually slightly wider than the channel10. Terminal pits are defined by a roughly circular depression encircled by levées. Most linear gully channels end in a single pit, herein referred to as the primary terminal pit. However, some terminal pits occur as part of a dyadic to triadic sequence known as “pit strings”. Secondary and tertiary terminal pits are defined as terminal pits that are in a linear sequence with the primary terminal pit, and are always similar in size to the primary terminal pit. Many linear gullies, particularly the largest in scale, have lower albedo circular depressions within the distal region of their channels and/or their primary terminal pits. We refer to these as inset pits. Detached pitsSome terminal pits or terminal pit strings are surrounded by multiple detached pits (Fig. 2a–d). These pits are not connected to (or in line with) channels and are usually considerably smaller than their associated terminal pit(s). Detached pits are always exclusive to the distal region of the channel and are not found upslope. HypothesesLinear gully pits have no terrestrial analogues, and so it is likely that a geomorphic agent that does not occur naturally on Earth may be instrumental in their formation. Originally, terminal pits were proposed to be older flow fronts formed by successive debris flows20, however this is unlikely as linear gullies are forming today, in a climate which does not currently support liquid water10. There are two main schools of thought on the type of CO2 sublimation activity which might form linear gullies: the CO2 basal sublimation triggered debris flow hypothesis23 and the sliding CO2 block hypothesis21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding Mars' polar ice caps. It discusses various formations observed on Mars, such as terminal pits and linear gullies, without mentioning polar ice caps or their composition. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: We know how destabilizing large devaluations following failed currency boards are. The second risk is to the security of the trust account. Despite the allusion to “trust,” funds could be invested in risky or illiquid assets or encumbered as collateral. Redemption of eMoney into fiat currency may not always be possible. The third risk is to the interoperability of eMoney and thus to market contestability. We noted earlier the strong network effects in payments. If eMoney issued by different providers is not interoperable, only the largest providers will survive. The fat cats will eat the nimble and potentially more innovative mice. Even regulation mandating common technological standards will not resolve the issue. It was easier to get cell phones from different providers to talk to each other. In the case of eMoney, interoperability requires a common settlement platform — a way to seamlessly, cheaply, and securely transfer funds between trust accounts. You will not be able to redeem the esend you for fiat currency unless a corresponding amount of fiat currency is transferred from my provider’s trust account to yours. Tackling risks to eMoney—a potential role for central banks? While eMoney inexorably grows — potentially booms — in front of our eyes, major risks also rise. How do we tackle them? One way is for central banks to get involved. Other approaches are also possible; less impactful, though perhaps safer. We will face difficult choices ahead as policymakers. But we will have to make them. Central banks could offer eMoney providers access to their reserve accounts, under strict conditions, of course. Through effective supervision, central banks could check that eMoney issuance is fully backed; there goes risk number one. Moreover, eMoney holdings would become extra safe and liquid for customers, especially if reserve accounts were protected from other creditors of eMoney providers in case of bankruptcy. That would take care of risk number two, minus the hassle of claiming one’s funds. Finally, central banks would ensure interoperability between eMoney issued by different providers by offering a common settlement platform between trust accounts; down with risk number three. Mind you, other risks would be introduced. Most notably, the risk of a potential and partial disintermediation of commercial banks if some depositors preferred holding eMoney. But let us leave that for discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the risks associated with eMoney and the potential role of central banks in managing its issuance and interoperability. It does not address blockchain technology or its relationship with cryptocurrencies, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: The intelligent agent learns the suitable behaviours to share energy in order to realize a nearly zero energy status. Kusakana (2020) proposed a peer-to-peer energy sharing model. The advantage of their model is to minimise the operating cost of the two prosumers by maximising the use of the power from renewable energy sources and minimizing the use of the electrical supplying energy under the time of use rates. Akter et al. (2020) proposed a distributed approach to solve the problem of optimizing energy management between different houses (house without solar photovoltaic or battery, with solar photovoltaic as well as batteries). The proposed approach allows different houses to make decisions without sharing any information with the central transactive energy management system. The proposed approach is efficient in terms of optimal use resources and efficient sharing of energy between different houses in microgrids. As for Shichang et al. (2020a), they presented a peer-to-peer energy sharing framework for numerous community prosumers. Two strategy are proposed in this research, intercommunity energy-sharing and an intracommunity energy-sharing for day-ahead and relative energy-sharing schedule respectively. Shichang et al. (2020b) suggested a new and fair peer-to-peer for a community of energy buildings. First, a generalized Nash equilibrium (GNE) of the game is displayed independently of energy sharing payments. Then a cost reduction ratio distribution (CRRD) model is used to fix energy sharing payments for the buildings. Klein, Matos & Allegretti (2020) proposed an end-user engagement framework tailored to fit the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy sharing. The objective of the proposed P2P energy sharing model is to optimize the energy consumption of each network participant according to the available energy distributed. The network in this study is made up of a static number of pilots (set to three) and the communication established between them is static. et al. (2021) presented a two-stage approach that allows sharing renewable energy within the district by using a set of prosumers and aggregators that supervises the energy exchanges between the prosumers and with the grid. The use of the two-stage approach minimizes the revenues deriving from the prevision and the sale of energy. As for Kusakana (2019), they developed an optimal energy management model between commercial prosumers and a residential consumers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various energy management strategies that involve both renewable energy sources and traditional electrical supplies. The proposal of minimizing the use of electrical supplying energy indicates that while renewable sources are emphasized, the text acknowledges the necessity of managing and optimizing energy use from various sources, suggesting that solely relying on renewable energy may not be sufficient to address all climate-related concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The CO2 basal sublimation triggered debris flow hypothesis23 suggests a solar-insolation-driven dry debris flow beneath seasonal CO2 ice on dunes. Successive events have been suggested to carve gully channels in Russell Crater23. However, while basal sublimation — driven debris flows are a plausible mechanism for channel formation, such a process would also deposit material at channel termini. Additionally, the model does not account for the presence of terminal pits or detached pits. The sliding CO2 block hypothesis21 is currently the only process that can account for the formation of channels and terminal pits which distinguish linear gullies from other gully morphologies, making this class of gullies exclusive to Mars. The hypothesis proposes that in spring, ice blocks detach from dune brinks. The blocks then descend dune slopes supported by a lubricating layer of CO2 gas. This gas layer is engendered by a mechanism similar to the Leidenfrost Effect24, which occurs when a liquid or solid is in thermal contact with a surface that is at a temperature far beyond its boiling or sublimation point. Upon surface contact, the substance (in this case, CO2 ice), will levitate on a cushion of gas, because the total force exerted by the gas pressure under the block exceeds its weight. This lubricating gas layer eliminates, or reduces, frictional forces so that blocks may move down even very gentle slopes of a few degrees. As the block moves it will carve out channels and deposit lateral levées, until it eventually stops to sublimate at the terminus. This ultimate sublimation explains the formation of a terminal pit. The block is proposed to rest at the base of the channel while sublimating, eroding a depression beneath it and transporting material to the side to form levées. This protracted stationary sublimation may explain why pits are commonly slightly wider than their corresponding channels, which are proposed to form by the rapid movement of blocks downslope21. Thus far, alcove, channel, levée and shallow pit morphologies have been observed to form when CO2 ice blocks were slid onto sand dunes in Utah and Arizona25,26. Further evidence consistent with this hypothesis was the detection of high albedo blocks within linear gully channels on Mars. These are most likely CO2 ice blocks “caught in the act”, of sliding through pre-existing linear gully channels10,21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses hypotheses related to channel formation on Mars involving CO2 ice blocks and their movement, mentioning the presence of high albedo blocks and sublimation processes. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence for the composition of Mars' polar ice caps, specifically whether they are composed of water and carbon dioxide, making this information irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: Pradhan & Badola (2012) showed how different storage conditions and storage period affects the seed germination process of Swertia chirayita, a Himalayan plant. Contrarily, they found that 4° is the optimum temperature for storing this seed for a long time (Pradhan & Badola, 2012). So, there is a clear need for using technology that monitors the environment of storages that stores the seed and other agricultural products (e. g. , fertilizer, pesticides). Solving these problems in the agricultural system is very important in order to keep continuous food supply running without facing the global food shortage. Technology like blockchain (Nakamoto, 2008), along with Smart contracts (Szabo, 1997) integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) devices, can solve these problems by providing a distributed network of connected sellers and buyers. An organization or suitable authority will monitor all the relative information in the system and set the prices of agricultural goods and services. IoT devices will monitor the quality of seed and fertilizer and trigger events in the blockchain network if anything goes wrong along the process of farming. The smart contract will be deployed inside the blockchain network so that it cannot be changed or tampered by anyone. The business terms and conditions applied in agricultural transactions become solid and immutable. The main contribution of this paper is as follows. Ensure traceability of agricultural products from root to retail. Ensure temper proof data acquisition from storage, field level, and while distributing. Remove intermediate processors and controlling market prices. Gain more control over the process by Smart Contracts. Automation of the process while removing intermediate third-party processors. And lastly, secure environment implementation with blockchain for better security of valuable data. The paper is arranged in six sections and several sub-sections. The rest of the paper is arranged in the following manner. “Literature Review” contains the literature review where we have discussed blockchain, smart contracts, IoT devices while focusing on using these technologies to improve processes and enhance security. “PRoposed Blockchain-based Model” contains an extensive overview and the design of our system. How blockchain and the other supporting tools like MQTT network protocol and IoT devices interact with the system have been described in this section. “Implementation and Testing” includes the implementation and testing where we have shown the implementation details along with the algorithms that we have used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology can be applied to agricultural processes, ensuring traceability and secure data acquisition. It mentions the use of blockchain for monitoring agricultural products and transactions, emphasizing how the integration of smart contracts enhances security and transparency within these systems. This demonstrates the broader applicability of blockchain technology beyond cryptocurrencies, supporting the claim regarding its role in ensuring transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: This model allows to minimize the cost of energy consumed. The proposed model has been evaluated in a microgrid using peer-to-peer energy sharing schemes operating Time of Use Tariff. All these efforts seek the optimization of the planning and use of energy (including renewable one) using different techniques. Nevertheless, most of their main goal is to find the best location (using meta-heuristics) of their DGs according to demands and load clusters, meaning to decide whether or not to establish a renewable energy system in a given place and which renewable energy system source or combination of sources is the best choice. Planning of the energy system is to select the best alternative among the different renewable energy systems (Baños et al. , 2011). Other researches goal was devoted toward finding solutions for storing the extra-clean obtained energy for later use despite the cost and underlying energy loss. Researches, that treats the energy sharing problems, studied the case of energy sharing in a limited and static space, between buildings belonging to the same region or within the same building. Note that, compared to our A-RESS system, none of these efforts dealt with establishing a dynamic and naturally distributed energy sharing system that (i) considers all constraints related to this problem mainly physical distances, (ii) aims to maximise local and global satisfaction of several plants/countries subject to production fluctuation and depending on weather conditions that may lead a supplier to become a consumer and (iii) minimises local and global energy losses. Recall that our main objective is to optimise the use of clean energy between several countries, mainly those in lack of renewable resources for a green environment. New COP Formalization for Description of the problem Depending on the geographical location of the regions, renewable energy sources may change, e. g. , some of the countries are sunny allover the year, while for others the sun comes out for only few days. Hence, a country with a continuous and important opportunity of renewable energy production is known as a producing country, while a country which cannot meet its proper needs is known as a consuming country. Since, the production and storage of renewable energy are expensive and in order to optimise these costs while ensuring a clean environment, a system with a local and global regulator for energy sharing can optimise the life cost of the renewable energy powers and reduce their loss for a green environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of renewable energy systems. It indicates that while renewable energy is essential, the optimization of energy systems also involves addressing factors like energy production variations depending on geographical conditions and the costs associated with producing and storing renewable energy. This suggests that renewable energy alone may not suffice to address all climate-related concerns, emphasizing the complexity and need for a diversified approach in energy planning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: It is possible that secondary and tertiary terminal pits may form by blocks that bounce at the channel terminus in the manner observed during field tests on sand dunes in Utah26. It has also been proposed that the multiple detached pits which surround many linear gully termini may be formed by smaller parts of blocks which have broken up at the terminus, scattering ice fragments into their surroundings21. However, the formation mechanism responsible for pronounced terminal pits and detached pits remains uncertain. It is not known if a stationary CO2 block can erode and deposit material to form the full range of pits identified here. Why detached pits are exclusive to a small fraction of linear gullies and why they are restricted to the lower part of the channel is also not yet clear. If detached pits were formed by broken blocks, it is conceivable that blocks would also break at locations such as sharp bends in the channel, areas of dune surface undulation and locations where channels merge. These are all regions where a block would be subjected to stress and yet detached pits are only found at channel termini. We hypothesise that if stationary sublimating CO2 blocks have the geomorphic agency to excavate and deposit material to form pits and circular levées, they must undergo a rapid sublimation process to do so. We reason therefore that blocks which reach the terminus may emit CO2 jets as they sublimate. If these jets entrain sufficient granular material27 they may then be capable of eroding detached pits when they return to the surface. Prior to this study, measurements of linear gullies has concentrated on geographical trends22 and the linear gully system as a whole21,26. Comprehending pit formation is crucial to understanding the formation mechanism responsible for this extra–terrestrial gully type. Therefore, it is important that we test whether sublimating CO2 ice blocks can form pit morphologies. MethodsObjectivesTo test the CO2 block hypothesis, in the context of pit formation, we first conducted a short survey of Martian linear gully terminal pits and detached pits on dunes in Russell, Proctor and Matara Craters. The objectives of this study were to (i) characterise the different terminal pit morphometries, (ii) investigate if there was any evidence of a link between these terminal pit morphometries and detached pits and (iii) investigate the range of block sizes which may be reactivating and widening linear gully channels seasonally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps specifically. Instead, it discusses the formation of terminal pits on Martian gullies and CO2 sublimation processes without mentioning the ice caps or their composition. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: The system test outputs have been displayed in this section. In “Analysis”, we have analyzed our model in terms of advantages and disadvantages. We also showed a gas cost analysis of the operations. Finally, the conclusion section (Conclusion) contains the outcomes and future research directives. Literature review Blockchain and smart contracts have already proven its capability for process development that requires transparency and concrete evidence-based record keeping. While blockchain establishes a sturdy trust, the smart contract makes sure that the necessary logics and rules are implemented automatically without human manipulation and intervention from a third-party. On the other hand, IoT devices provide excellent technical support when it comes to monitoring a process by collecting and sending data over the network. This section will be doing a comprehensive literature review of blockchain, smart contract, and their ability in terms of tracing, monitoring, and overall development of real-world scenarios. is a disruptive technology that has been entitled as the “the most important technology since the internet itself” by an influential Andreessen (Crosby et al. , 2016). This extremely robust technology is well described by the naming of itself. Blockchain is nothing but a chain of connected and verified blocks where each block contains some transaction data (generally represented as Merkle tree) and the cryptographically hashed address of the previous block along with the timestamp (Zheng et al. , 2017). The first block is named the genesis block. The structure of the blockchain is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Structure of blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-1 The most popular and well-known usage of blockchain goes by the name of bitcoin. An unknown quantity of people under the name first published the whitepaper of bitcoin on 31st October 2008 (Nakamoto, 2008), and the first business implementation was in action in the following year. Timestamping the digital payments by the use of cryptographic hash is the paramount convenience of blockchain. On the other hand, blockchain solves some significant problems in digital payments. Double spending is the idea of spending the same digital payment token more than once. The dilemma of double spending is created by making false claims and distorting information to create a disguise (Hoepman, 2010). However, blockchain strictly handles this situation and does not allow any distortion in the data to be stored in the blockchain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology facilitates transaction transparency and trustworthy record-keeping, particularly highlighting its role in eliminating issues like double spending through cryptographic methods. It emphasizes that the structure of blockchain includes 'connected and verified blocks' that store transaction data, thereby ensuring transparent transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: A-our problem is naturally distributed where each plant is responsible for taking its own decisions upon its knowledge, we propose to use a multi-agent system for solving this problem. Agents will communicate to agree on quantities to exchange, that maximises the satisfaction of them all, i. e. , F(X*). System architecture In the multi-agent proposed system, each agent will be assigned to a power plant. Three types of agent are used, a Supplier, a Consumer and a Neutral Agents. Supplier agents are those who have an excess of renewable energy and subsequently can provide some of it to the neighbors who are indigent. These latter agents are the Consumer. A neutral agent is an agent that is able to satisfy its needs and does not have any extra energy. Each agent Xi maintains five static knowledge (i) Estimated quantity of renewable energy that its power plant can produce by per day, (ii) Available quantity of renewable energy in its power plant batteries per day, (iii) Estimated quantity of needed energy for its power plant, (iv) Quantity of energy to keep in reserve for any risk and (v) Number of all its neighbors ||Ng(Xi)||. Agents also have dynamic knowledge, this knowledge differs according to the type of agent. A supplier might be mapped into a consumer if it faces a lack of energy at any day, same for a Consumer. Agents can be mapped according to their daily needs. All these types of agents have to cooperate together in order to maximize their own satisfaction. Global dynamic system The proposed multi-agent global dynamic is divided into two phases: An initialization phase A negotiation phase During the initialization phase, each agent will use its trained ANN model to estimate the production and the needs of the day. As we mentioned before this process will be discussed in another research work. According to the obtained estimations, decides the quantity of available renewable energy to share with neighbors. If the Avail(Xi) is a positive value then Xi will be a Supplier; otherwise it will be a Consumer. Agents can then start the second phase. During the negotiation phase, each Consumer agent, will check first whether is it profitable to get the needed quantity or to use non-renewable energy according to Eq. (1). If yes, then it will send a request to all its neighboring Supplier, with the needed quantity i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a multi-agent system that includes both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It specifically mentions that during the negotiation phase, Consumer agents will consider whether it is profitable to use non-renewable energy if they cannot obtain the needed quantity of renewable energy. This indicates that non-renewable energy may still be necessary to meet energy needs, contradicting the claim that only renewable energy is required to address climate-related concerns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: To further test the CO2 hypothesis, in the context of pit formation, we performed experiments to examine whether sliding and hence partially buried CO2 ice blocks would form morphologies comparable to Martian linear gully primary terminal pits and detached pits. To test the cryoventing hypothesis, in the context of furrow formation, we performed a second set of experiments with two aims: (i) to study the erosion patterns resulting from the interaction between a gently placed CO2 block and granular substrate and compare these features to a pre-existing Martian furrow network classification12; (ii) to study the factors which constrain furrow pattern type and furrow density. Survey of Pits in Proctor, Russell and (HiRISE) Models (DTMs) DTEEC_003080_1325_004077 and DTEEC_007018_1255_007229 and corresponding orthophotos were employed to survey linear gully pits in respectively. The polygon tool in ArcMap 10. 4 was used to measure the area of individual terminal pits (along the levée apex), taking the diameter of this circle as the pit width. Terminal pit area was calculated by squaring the pit radius and multiplying by π. Pit depths were measured using the tool, by drawing a line across the pit centre and extending this to the surrounding dune surface. Depth was estimated as the difference in elevation between a pit floor and the surrounding dune surface on each side and averaging these values. (DTEEC_007018_1255_007229) has an estimated vertical precision of 1. 2 m28. The relatively low estimated vertical precision is attributed to a low convergence angle (or sum of emission angles) between the stereo pair used to develop the DTM, which reduces vertical precision. Horizontal accuracy of this DTM was given by post spacing, which was 1 m/pixel. (DTEEC_003080_1325_004077) has an estimated vertical precision of <0. 5 m28 and a horizontal accuracy of 1 m/pixel. Pit widths in both locations were generally much wider than 1 m and so horizontal accuracy should not significantly affect our measurements. Both sites were dark dunes and so noise in the DTMs may have affected our measurements to a small degree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experiments related to CO2 ice blocks and the morphology of pit formations on Mars, without directly addressing the composition of Mars' polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: This tamperproof mechanism is implemented through a distributed consensus algorithm (Nakamoto, 2008). Every transaction is validated by most of the users connected in that blockchain network. So falsifying information is nearly impossible in blockchain technology. After the first block (The genesis block), each and every block is added through distributed consensus along with the cryptographic footprint and timestamp (Nofer et al. , 2017). This information is updated in every user node connected to the blockchain. So, double spending becomes infeasible with the usage of blockchain technology. Transaction in the blockchain is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Transaction in blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-2 Blockchain has specific characteristics which are not only applicable for securing digital payments but also suitable for abolishing third-party based trust models in businesses and organizations (Nofer et al. , 2017). While using blockchain, third-party as a financial processor is no longer required. The process is automated through smart contracts and tamperproofed by the blockchain itself. Each transaction history is logged into the blockchain and accessible at any time in the future (Nofer et al. , 2017). The research community is working on applying this technology for real-world problems that require more sophistication in the transaction and payment process. Blockchain seems to have great potential in the future of digital transactions for use cases like insurance (Raikwar et al. , 2018; Lamberti et al. , 2018) and banking (Eyal, 2017; Peters & Panayi, 2016). Blending real-world online payment systems with blockchain often bring about the problem of scalability in terms of the number of transactions and computational power. Studies now prove that implementing blockchain-based systems with a feasible number of payments and computational power can be done (Zhang et al. , 2018) while also establishing scalability by reducing block weight and ledger size in global peers (Biswas et al. , 2019). Another problem in digital platforms is the gap between payment and receiving goods or services in exchange, which is known as payment lead time. Chang, Chen & Lu (2019) showed a process of re-engineering the supply chain using the blockchain technology while reducing payment lead time in the digital payment system. Thus, blockchain presents splendid capability for online transactions in terms of security and transparency while eliminating the existing complications in digital payment systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how blockchain acts as a tamperproof mechanism implemented through a distributed consensus algorithm. It explains that every transaction is validated by users in the blockchain network, making it nearly impossible to falsify information. The mention of transaction logs being accessible in the future further emphasizes the transparency that blockchain technology offers. Thus, the text supports the assertion that blockchain ensures transaction transparency in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: Entity, states variables and scale: Our model is made up of three types of agents: (1) Supplier Agent: represents power plants that produce a quantity of energy that exceeds their needs, (2) Consumer Agent: represents power plants that produce a quantity of energy that does not satisfy their needs and (3) Neutral Agent: are the power plants that produce a quantity of energy that only meets their proper needs. Each agent knows the quantity of energy that has in its storage devices (Stock(Xi)), the quantity of energy to keep in reserve for all risks (Reserve(Xi)) and the number of its neighbours (||Ng(Xi)||). The agents are located in an environment made up of a set of regions where each region has meteorological characteristics (temperature, humidity, amount of rain, cloudiness, season, etc. ) and a machine learning model to predict its daily quantity of energy (4) to be produced (Prod(Xi)) and (5) to be consumed (Needs(Xi)). 3. Process and scheduling: Every 24 h, the following processes are executed in this given order: agent sends the quantity it needs to each of its Supplier neighbours. Supplier agents receive all requests from neighbouring Consumer agents. agent compares the total quantity requested with the quantity available. If the total quantity can be provided, then it responds to each Consumer with the requested quantity. Otherwise, it determines the quantity to be given. The quantity Xi. ioj (Eq. 9) to be offered from the Supplier agent Xi to a Consumer agent Xj is determined according to availability Avail(Xi) (Eq. 3) and the portion pij given by the equation Eq. (10). This proportion is assigned to each consumer depending on its environment, i. e. , strong consumer with many suppliers, or weak consumer with few suppliers. agent receives the responses from all the neighbouring supplier agents and checks the total of the quantities received with its need. If the total is less or equal to its needs, it accepts the proposed quantities, otherwise it adjusts the quantities according to its needs and sends a response with only needed quantities. Design concepts Emergency: Each agent has a local goal that is to provide all its energy excess. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a model involving different types of energy agents, including Supplier and Consumer agents, which indicates that energy production varies based on needs and environmental conditions. This suggests that renewable energy alone may not satisfy all energy demands, as it does not address how energy is distributed and consumed among different types of agents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: We have estimated an upper limit of this effect by taking 10 linear cross sections close to pit locations in both DTMs. We detrended these cross sections, averaged them and calculated the standard deviation as an estimate of noise29. Crater this value was 1. 7 m and in Proctor Crater, the value was 1. 08 m and so depths <1. 7 m were not reported in and depths less than 1. 08 m were not reported in Proctor Crater. Horizontal measurements from orthophotos at both locations may have been affected by atmospheric dust and detector noise which was at the pixel level and would affect our horizontal measurements by one pixel at most. A time-series of HiRISE images was used to determine whether there may be a link between detached pit and terminal pit formation. We propose that larger pit sizes (that indicate larger ice blocks) have a higher probability of generating detached pits. Terminal pit areas were measured as outlined above and the number of detached pits surrounding them were counted. Detached pits were identified as low albedo depressions. Negative topography was confirmed using the tool to generate topographic profile data across the feature in the corresponding DTM where possible. Smaller features that may have been artefacts of dune surroundings (e. g. shadows in ripples), were not included. HiRISE images taken at the same location (−54. 3°, 12. 9–13°) on the Russell megadune and dunes (−49. 5°, 34. 7° and −49. 5°, 34. 6°) allowed us to identify new or widened terminal pits and new detached pits. Suitable data were not available for Proctor Crater. Crater observations ranged over 4 Mars years (MY) between MY 29 and 32. The images used were ESP_012213_1255, ESP_020784_1255, ESP_029764_1255 and ESP_039153_1255 for MY 29, 30, 31 and 32 respectively. These images have emission angles of 8. 2°, 5. 1°, 3. 8° and 3. 8° respectively. Emission angle is the angle between the HiRISE camera and a normal drawn perpendicular to the surface, where 0° is known as nadir). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention anything about Mars' polar ice caps or their composition. Instead, it discusses techniques for measuring pit formations on Mars and analyzing HiRISE images, with no reference to ice caps or their materials.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology underpins most cryptocurrencies, ensuring transaction transparency. [SEP] Text: Like traditional contracts, the smart contract is also a collection of organizational terms and conditions that regulate the trust between the parties involved within the scope of that contract. The only difference is that a smart contract is coded with a programing language. The rules, terms, and conditions are implemented via controlled coding, reflecting the exact agreement approved by all the parties (Szabo, 1997). The idea of smart contracts was there from the 1980s, but the only thing it lacked was the removal of intermediaries. first published the whitepaper of smart contracts in 1996. According to Szabo, “The basic idea of smart contracts is that many kinds of contractual clauses (such as liens, bonding, delineation of property rights, etc. ) can be embedded in the hardware and software we deal with, in such a way as to make breach of contract expensive (if desired, sometimes prohibitively so) for the breacher. ” (Szabo, 1996) So, the main objective of smart contract was to embed the contractual clauses inside a combination of hardware and software so that breaching becomes difficult, and the cost of a contractual breach becomes prohibitive, ultimately increasing the safety of contracts and decreasing the possibility of an attack. The idea of smart contracts and the real-life implementation of it was popularized in 2016 by Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum is a decentralized Turing-complete blockchain which has integrated tools and environment for implementing smart contracts (Tikhomirov, 2017). The gap that Ethereum has filled has made Nick Szabo’s statement possible in a real-life scenario. Szabo described smart contracts as a “contractual breach cost increasing mechanism” that reflects the actual contract. itself is a blockchain, storing the contract inside the blockchain makes it tremendously challenging to break in and tamper with the contract. A typical smart contract building and its execution steps are shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Steps of building a typical smart contract. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-3 A smart contract, in other words, is the automation mechanism of blockchain technology. This very idea of storing the contract inside the blockchain has opened the door to several other implementation possibilities of blockchain in real-world problems. Chang, Chen & Lu (2019) uses smart contracts as their core of system design to automate the processes involved within the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the relationship between blockchain technology and smart contracts, which are fundamental to cryptocurrencies. It states that Ethereum, a decentralized blockchain, has popularized the idea of smart contracts and highlights how blockchain makes breaches of contracts difficult, thus enhancing transaction transparency. The automation and operational mechanisms described demonstrate how blockchain facilitates trusted transactions, which aligns with the claim regarding transaction transparency in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only renewable energy is needed to address all climate-related concerns. [SEP] Text: Figure 1: Difference between available and shared energy for supplier agents. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 610/fig-1 In Fig. 2, the blue curve describes the total quantities of requested energy and total quantities of received energy for all consumer agents per sample. Notice that the two curves overlap for many samples. This means that for these samples the consumers are well satisfied and they got what they requested. For sample 21, the consumers received only 25% of their requested quantities. This gap between requested/received quantity can be justified but the results given in Fig. 3 where it is shown that for Sample 21, the number of Consumers are far greater than the number of suppliers. In addition, it is worthy to notice that none of the consumers received more than what it requested. Figure 2: Difference between needed/received quantity of energy for all consumer agents. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 610/fig-2 Figure 3: Number of supplier agents vs number of consumer agents. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 610/fig-3 To approve the consistency of the obtained results, Fig. 4 matches the total quantities of energy shared by all the Supplier agents with the total quantities of energy received by all Consumers agents, per sample. Note that the two curves are almost fully superimposed. We infer that all shared quantities have been well received by the Consumer agents. Figure 4: Total quantities of shared energy vs total quantities of received energy. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 610/fig-4 From all above obtained results, we believe that despite the variation of the random inputs (Prod(Xi), Needs(Xi), Stock(Xi) and Reserve(Xi)), the proposed multi-agent dynamic is accurate. In all cases, a Supplier agent cannot offer more than what it is available for it, a Consumer agent cannot receive more than it needs and mainly most of the produced quantity of renewable energy is well distributed. To test the scalability of our approach, we varied the number of plants from 10 to 200 and we measured the required CPU time. Figure 5 shows that the CPU time increases, with polynomial growth, according the number of plants. This is due to the number of messages that are exchanged in order to attend a compromise between all agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamics between supplier and consumer agents and indicating a dependence on available energy resources. Even though most produced renewable energy is distributed well, it suggests that a Supplier agent cannot offer more than what is available, implying that renewable energy alone may not be sufficient to address all energy needs or climate-related concerns. This brings into question the notion that only renewable sources are adequate.