Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호가 당시 평균보다 오래 산 윤치호의 삶이 길어지면서 그는 부인 2명과 사별하였고, 많은 가족, 친척, 친구, 지인의 죽음에 대해 애통하기도 했다. 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the life experiences of Yoon Chi-ho and his reflections on various historical events. It does not address genetic studies or their relationship to cultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: The heat and mass transfer processes play important roles, which usually lead to bulky horizontal or vertical tube arrays heat exchangers. Salt water is sprayed onto these exchangers in each cell. Hot steam passes through the heat exchanger in the first cell and condenses to become distilled water. Latent heat of condensing water is transferred to the sprayed salt water and some of this water evaporates while the rest accumulates at the bottom of the cell. Vapour produced in the first cell is transferred into the heat exchanger of the next cell and transfers its energy to the salt water sprayed on the exchanger of second cell just like in the first cell. Same process repeated until the last cell and the vapour produced in the last cell is sucked by thermo-compressor to recycle the vapour. MED system is also able to operate by mechanical vapour compression (MED-MVC) when there is no usable heat. A mechanical compressor sucks the vapour from the last cell producing vacuum which promotes evaporation and compresses the vapour before sending to the heat exchanger of first cell with elevated temperature caused by the compression which also increases the evaporation rate in the first cell. MED-MVC system operates similar to MED-TVC cycle except for the mechanical compressor. Figure 10. Typical arrangement of a multiple effect solar distillation with thermo-compression (MED-TVC) [28]5. 2. Direct system applicationsDirect solar desalination methods make use of the heat energy contained in the solar irradiation directly to produce fresh water without association with any other mechanical or electrical devices. Direct systems are low cost and suitable for small applications. Since their operation temperature and steam pressure is low, they have smaller production rates than indirect desalination systems. There are mainly two types of direct desalination technique such as humidification-dehumidification method and solar stills. Solar stills have also two variants as active and passive distillation methods. 5. 2. 1. Solar Humidification-Dehumidification (HD-DHD)A gigantic scale HD-DHD method is used in the nature for millions of years to produce fresh water from the seas and oceans using the sun as the heat source [29]. As shown in Figure 1, water evaporates and humidifies the above air. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that direct solar desalination methods utilize solar energy to produce fresh water. It specifically mentions how the heat energy from solar irradiation is harnessed to remove salt from seawater, which is a fundamental definition of solar-powered desalination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: First, the marker gene with the screening function is integrated into the genome to complete the transformation of the target region, and then the resistance marker gene is excised by the recombinase. However, after each round of genetic manipulation, a loxP or FRT site is left on the genome, which is very unfavorable for the study of functional genes or multigene continuous operation. To achieve seamless editing of the genome, the researchers chose a genetic framework with a positive screening function and a reverse screening function through two rounds of genetic manipulation. In addition, homologous recombination between the two rounds of genome editing required the expression of the exogenous λ-Red recombinase. /Cas-mediated genome editing technology that has emerged in recent years is the third generation of endonuclease-dependent genome editing technologies. The principle is based on the mechanism of bacterial resistance to the invasion of foreign phage DNA (Sander & Joung, 2014). Compared with ZFNs andCas has the advantages of simple operation, a short operating cycle and low technical requirements for the operator. /Cas9 system has been successfully applied in diverse organisms including but not limited to humans (Drost et al. , 2015), mice (Aida et al. , 2015), zebrafish (Varshney et al. , 2016), C. elegans (Shen et al. , 2014), rice (Yin et al. , 2017), E. coli (Jiang et al. , 2013), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brune, Kunze-Schumacher & Kolling, 2019), Chlamydomonas chloroplasts (Yoo et al. , 2020). For gene editing in E. coli, a three-plasmid system with highly efficient recombination was developed (Pyne et al. , 2015). Subsequently, a two-plasmid system was constructed which included pCas containing the Cas9 protein and pTargetF containing the sgRNA (single guide RNA) (Jiang et al. , 2015). However, the two-plasmid system still requires two steps in the process of curing the plasmid. To facilitate operation, a single-plasmid system was constructed which included Cas9 and sgRNA on one plasmid and it could be cured in one step by a temperature-sensitive element (Zhao et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of gene editing technologies, emphasizing that while these technologies can improve certain traits in organisms, they still require additional steps such as positive screening functions and plasmid curing. This indicates that gene editing alone cannot eliminate the need for other agricultural interventions or methods, highlighting the ongoing necessity of complementary practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 그런 한편으로 그는 일본의 대한(對韓) 정책은 “오래 끌었던 나라의 죽음”의 원인으로 인식하며, 1901년에 “틀림없이 조선은 정치적으로, 지식적으로 완전히 죽어버렸다”라고 애통했다. 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses historical perspectives on Japan's colonial policies towards Korea, highlighting the concept of 'death' in various dimensions, specifically related to Yi In's perceptions. This content does not address the claim regarding the understanding of cultural practices through genetic studies, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Air flows in the atmosphere carries the vapour to where it will condense and dehumidify to form fresh precipitation called rain, snow or hail. HD-DHD distillation method is the small scale replication of this process. The productivity of HD-DHD system is about five times the productivity of an equivalent basin type solar still at the same climatic conditions. HD-DHD process is also named as the multiple-effect humidification-dehumidification process; multiple-effect humidification (MEH) or solar multistage condensation evaporation cycle (SMCEC). In HD-DHD system atmospheric air is heated through a solar air heater. Because the water vapour holding capacity of air increases by the temperature (about 100 gr vapour/ kg dry air at 60°C and 500 gr vapour/kg dry air at 80°C) [30]. Warm dry air enters in to the humidification chamber and absorbs vapour from sprayed salt water. It passes through a pipe into dehumidification in which cold salt water passes through another pipeline which acts as a condenser for incoming warm humid air. Thus the salt water is preheated by the heat, recovered from condensing vapour, to utilize evaporation in the humidification chamber and the warm air is dehumidified leaving fresh water at the bottom of dehumidification chamber. Figure 11 shows the schematic illustration of HD-DHD system. Building and operating an HD-DHD system is simple safe and low-cost making it a very suitable desalination process among the small capacity plants [31]. Figure 11. Schematic diagram of humidification-dehumidification system [29]5. 2. 2. Solar stillsSolar stills can be used to produce fresh water from salt water in a very cheap, simple and easy way [32]. They are preferred for small-scale fresh water needs of people in remote places instead of transporting fresh water. A very fortunate aspect of the solar water distillation technique is that when fresh water demand is at its peak, solar insolation is also high (especially hot seasons) [6]. Solar irradiation passes through a cover and falls onto the black bottom surface of the still causing the surface and contained salt or brackish water to warm up. Heated water evaporates and rises up until it touches to the inner side of the cover where it condenses and forms fresh water drops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how solar stills and the HD-DHD system utilize solar energy to desalinate water. It describes the process of heating salt or brackish water via solar irradiation, leading to evaporation and subsequent condensation into fresh water. This process clearly aligns with the notion of solar-powered desalination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: We designed the pTarget-Δelt II c1 series with 300 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, 50 bp homologous arms, combined with pTarget-Δelt II c1(400) (Table 2, experiments 8, 11–14). By comparison, the gene editing efficiency was the highest when the homology arm was approximately 300 bp. The homology arms size, deletion fragment length and recombination efficiency of the target genes are listed in Table 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Agarose gel electrophoresis of colony PCR for different genes and SacI digestion. (A) Identification of eltI gene knockout with primers P7/P8. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (B) Identification of estB gene knockout with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (C) Identification of faeG gene knockout with primers P39/P40. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (D) Identification of eltIIc1 gene knockout with primers P23/P24. Lane 1, positive control. (E) Identification of estA inserted into estB with primers P15/P16. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (F) Identification of estA gene knockout with primers P31/P32. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (G) Identification of faeG inserted into eltIIc1 with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (H) Identification of eltIIc1193 gene single base mutation with primers P54/P55. Lane 1, positive control. Lane 2, Negative control. (I) Lane 1, eltIIc1193 of the corrected recombinant ETEC was amplified with primers P23/P24. Lane 2, amplified fragment was digested with SacI for 3 h. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing experimental procedures and results related to gene editing, indicating that while gene editing is a method being employed, it does not imply that it entirely replaces the requirement for other agricultural interventions. The mention of control groups and specific gene knockout experiments suggests that gene editing is part of a broader research framework rather than a standalone solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 김상태 2001 윤치호 일기 1916-1943, 한 지식인의 내면세계를 통해 본 식민지시기 역사비평사 6. [단행본] 강영계 2012 죽음학 강의. 사람을 이야기하는 철학자의 세번째 이야기 새문사 7. [단행본] 서울특별시사편찬위원희 2012 서울문화마당 3 서울특별시 8. [단행본] 윤경로 1990 105人事件과新民會硏究 一志社 9. [단행본] 윤치호 문화사업회 1999 윤치호 선집 2: 좌웅 윤치호 선생약전 윤치호 문화사업회 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cultural practices and genetic studies. It contains references to various books and authors without discussing the relationship between cultural practices and genetics, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: The productivity of a solar still is affected by the temperature difference between the water and condensing surfaces. A higher temperature difference between these surfaces yields higher productivity. To maintain this temperature difference, various methods were proposed [47]. In inclined stills feed water coming from the tank comes to the collector in pipes, passes through the drilled holes and drops onto the black absorber plate to evaporate by taking heat from the plate which is heated by solar irradiation. Vapour goes up and touches to the glass cover which is cool enough to condense on. Fresh water distillate accumulates on the inner surface of the glass cover and flows downwards to the condensate outlet port by gravitational forces. Water droplet falling onto the absorber plate does not distribute perfectly on the absorber plate surface. Using a wick on the absorber plate helps to distribute water more evenly over the absorber plate using capillary effect which improves evaporation rate. Another way of improving the performance is to cool glass cover to ease condensation. Shaded plate is a simple yet effective solution (Figure 15). One fourth of the glass surface is shaded from the top leaving a gap of several centimetres between the shading plate and the glass. This arrangement provides a chimney effect in this gap and improves convective heat transfer to the atmosphere which cools down this part of the glass and increases the condensate production rate [47]. A good way to solve the cosine loss problem of basin type solar still is to design an inclined structure with cascaded weirs (Figure 16) [48]. Salt water is fed from the top and condensate is collected from the bottom end. Feed water flows through the weirs and fills all the weirs evenly. There is a small distance between the cover and absorber plate which quickens the saturation and condensation processes making the cascade system more efficient more than other solar stills. Weir-type cascade solar stills do not suffer from dry spot or channelization problems since the brine is forced to flow each step one by one without leaving any dry surface on the absorber plate. Water flow way is longer than a normal or wicked inclined type stills and accordingly the solar exposition time is longer which increases the efficiency. It has the advantages of both basin type and inclined type solar stills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of solar stills, which utilize solar irradiation to heat seawater, causing evaporation and subsequent condensation, which results in freshwater production. The description of how the black absorber plate evaporates water due to solar heat and how the vapor condenses on a cooler glass surface supports the idea that sunlight is used to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: The off-target effect of Cas9 has been reported frequently in eukaryotes (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013). When we knocked out the estB, the first selected colony of N20 did not complete the knockout task. Another colony of N20 was replaced to continue and then succeeded. To reduce the off-target effects of Cas9 in this study, it was best to ensure that the 12 bases at the 3′end of the N20 sequence were highly specific to the genome (Jiang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2015). Existing online sgRNA design tools are not specifically targeted at ETEC. The evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability is based on E. coli K12 MG1655 instead of ETEC. It might lead to inaccurate evaluation of sgRNA off-target probability. From this current experimental results, the knockout efficiency can meet our requirements for gene editing. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. The two-plasmidCas system gives us more convenient conditions to study ETEC. It could be used to explore amino acids that affected virulence through site-directed mutations. And it also could be used to display foreign proteins on outer membrane or fimbriae of ETEC to stimulate the body to produce antibodies. We believe that the two-plasmid system will be more widely adopted following the further research. Conclusions ETEC is one of the important pathogens causing human and animal diarrhae. But the researches of its virulence genes were affected due to the lack of efficient gene editing tools. In this study, we explored the validity of the two-plasmid system ofCas for editing the virulence genes in ETEC. The results show that the two-plasmid system ofCas used in this study can edit the virulence genes on the ETEC plasmids and chromosome for deleting, replacing, and mutating. The editing efficiency is closely related to the homologous arm length, and the efficiency is the highest when the length of the homology arm is approximately 300 bp. This system can also be used for single base mutation through two rounds of replacement at the same position. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the limitations and complexities involved in gene editing using the Cas9 system. It discusses the off-target effects of Cas9 and the need for specific design tools, indicating that gene editing does not inherently negate the requirement for other agricultural interventions. The text mentions challenges in editing E. coli and the need for further research and optimization, suggesting that additional methods may still be necessary alongside gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [학술지] アジア民衆史硏究會 2006 死をめぐるポリティクス 東アジアにおける民衆の世界觀 アジア民衆史硏究 (12) 11. [단행본] 高村竜平 2007 大東亜共 栄圏の文化建設 人文書院 12. [단행본] 朝鮮公論社 1917 在朝鮮內地人紳士名鑑 朝鮮公論社 13. [기타] 朝鮮総督府官報 제 544호 14. [단행본] 矢內原忠雄 1937 植民及び植民政策 有斐閣 15. [학술지] 李相旭 2014 植民地朝鮮における墓地規則改定(1919年)について 歴 史学研究 915 16. [학술지] 李相旭 2007 植民地朝鮮と墓の系譜學ー私設墓地問題の分析を中心に 學術論文集 26 17. [단행본] Ariès, Philippe 1991 History of over the Thousand Press 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the claim about understanding cultural practices solely through genetic studies. Instead, it appears to reference various academic works and publications that do not directly address the relationship between cultural practices and genetic studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Further development of these weir-type cascade stills include using wick on each cascaded steps and phase change material (typically paraffin wax) beneath the absorber surface to store energy when it is abundant and give it back to the salt water when it is needed in cloudy days or evening times [48]. Figure 15. Inclined solar water distillation system and schematic diagram of the system [47]Figure 16. Schematic view of a weir type cascade solar still [49]Another well-designed still is a combination of a glass cylinder and a tray or trough inside the cylinder (Figure 17a). Salt water is fed into the tray and the water travels through the tray. Incoming solar energy heats the tray and water to cause evaporation of salt water and consequently condensation of the vapour on the cylinder surface. Water droplets slip down and accumulate at the bottom of glass cylinder and collected through the fresh water outlet. Cylindrical tube type stills are compact, robust and have high yield per unit are compared to the conventional basin still design [50]. There is a similar design in which wick is used in the tray to absorb salt water and diffuse throughout the tray with capillary effect. Wick lies along an incline, with the upper edge dipped in a saline water reservoir and there are two outlets, one for the excess water and the other is for condensate. Capillary suction of the cloth fibers used as wick produces a thin water film which can easily evaporate by the incoming solar radiation. The condensing surface area of the cylindrical glass over the evaporation tray is much more than that of a flat surface and this results in a relatively colder glass cover faster condensation rate [46]. A similar approach uses a sphere instead of cylinder as the still housing. A black painted of covered metallic plate is located at the centre plane of the spherical glass (Figure 17b). Spherical solar stills works like cylindrical ones and they are about 30% more efficient than an equivalent conventional solar still. Spherical stills have even more condensation area per evaporation surface compared to cylindrical solar stills but it is not scalable as easy as cylindrical ones [46]. Figure 17. Schematic representation of (a) tubular solar still (front view) [51], (b) a spherical condensing solar still [46]5. 2. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how solar energy is used in different types of solar stills to evaporate salt water, which indicates the process of desalination. It mentions that incoming solar energy heats the tray containing salt water, resulting in evaporation and subsequent condensation, thus illustrating the use of sunlight in the desalination process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: 1 Genetic cloning of living organismsFor conventional genetic cloning of animals, plants, and microbes, the target genes in the specific genome are cut using restriction enzymes. It usually takes lots of work and long time to clone and screen for the desired ones. Current gene editing technologies can be used to achieve the desired clones both quickly and accurately, without the limitation of restriction site availability [11]. 2. 1. 2 Establishment of animal modelsGenetic cloning, gene knock-in, and gene knockout are the most common methods to make induced or experimental animal models. The efficient approaches include andCas9. By these new gene editing technologies, specific animal models of many diseases for which there are no animal models available previously have been established with unprecedented efficiency and precision [12, 13, 14]. 2. 1. 3 Development of testing tools and reagents/Cas9 can be optimized by bacterial genotypes to be more adaptive to the variation of food pathogens, compared with traditional methods. locus of different bacterial species show high variance to be an ideal basis for genotyping [15]. /Cas12a(Cpf1) (DNA endonuclease targeted trans reporter) system can be used to diagnose gene mutations, cancers, and microbial infections and test microbial antibiotic resistance by analyzing specimens [16]. 2. 1. 4 Discovery of drugsThe screening and identification of target sites are critical to drug discovery; thus, excellent and suitable platforms are needed. Gene editing technologies can work for the editing of functional genes and the screening of target sites. For example,Cas9 was used to target the exons encoding functional protein domains. A screen of 192 chromatin regulatory domains in murine acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells identified 6 known drug targets and 19 additional dependencies [17]. 2. 2 Nonhuman therapeutics2. 2. 1 Agricultural productsThe gene editing technology can be used to produce agricultural products in accordance with the need of humans. For example, crops were produced with high yield and resistant to diseases, insects, herbicides, and harsh environment [18, 19]; domesticated animals (pig, buffalo) were produced with double muscle phenotype [20]; and aquatic products (catfish) were produced with high level myostatin (MSTN) gene expression [21]. 2. 2. 2 FoodWe can make food more productive or have longer shelf-life by gene editing technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various agricultural applications of gene editing technology, but it implies that gene editing is just one of many tools available for agricultural purposes. For instance, it mentions producing crops with high yield and disease resistance through gene editing, but does not state that this eliminates the need for other agricultural interventions. Instead, it presents gene editing as a complement to existing methods for improving agricultural outcomes, indicating that other interventions may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 19. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 1991 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 20. [단행본] Bernstein, Andrew 2006 Modern Passings: Death Rites, Politics and in University of 21. [학술지] Caprio, Mark E. / 2007 Loyal Patriot? Traitorous Collaborator? and the Question of Journal of Colonialism and 7 22. [학술지] De Ceuster, Koen 1945 Through the Master's Eye: in the Case of Yun Ch'iho (1865-1945) zur Ostasienforschung 27 23. [학위논문] De Ceuster, Koen 1994 to Collaboration, the Dilemma of Nationalism: the Case of Yun Ch’i-ho. 1865-1945 24. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1995 Disciple and Punish. of the Prison Vintage books 25. [단행본] Foucault, Michel 1978 of Sexuality, Vol. 1 26. [단행본] Henriot, Christian 2011 on Press 27. [학술지] Kim, Hyung-chan 1989 Portrait of a Patriot: Yun Ch'i-ho's Views of the II 13 28. [단행본] Kim, Hyung-chan 1980 Letters in Exile: The life and times of Yun Ch’i-ho 29. [단행본] Kim, 2013 Wrongful Deaths: Records from Nineteenth-/ University of 30. [학위논문] Lee, Yeon-seung 2012 and Internationalism. Yun Ch'i-ho and the YMCA in 31. [단행본] Pattison, George 2013 Heidegger on Death: a critical theological essay Ashgate 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of bibliographic references to various works and does not address the relationship between cultural practices and genetic studies. It lacks any discussion or argumentation regarding the claim, making it not applicable in assessing its validity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Active distillationMany investigations have been conducted in attempt to improve the efficiency and productivity of solar stills. Some of these techniques are decreasing the depth of water in the basin, mixing black dye with the salt water, using better insulation to minimize the heat losses, improving the vapour tightness, proper orientation of the still as to receive more solar irradiation, etc. Apart from the above-mentioned passive methods, there are a number of active methods of improving thermal efficiency such as integrating a still with a solar heater of concentrator. Active solar stills receive additional thermal energy from an outer source to the water in the basin which improves the rate of evaporation. A detailed classification of active and passive solar stills is given in Figure 6. Active solar stills are classified according to the integration type and operation principles of the solar stills. The main classification categories are: nocturnal distillation, pre-heated water distillation and high-temperature distillation solar stills. Nocturnal production solar stills are able to operate when there is no sunlight. This can be achieved by mainly two ways: storing extra energy during day-time and using the stored energy at night, and making use of waste heat from another source. In order to store energy, still basin is filled to a depth that is more than required for full evaporation in an average day. At the end of the day some warm water would still remain in the basin of the still and continue to evaporate during no-sunshine hours of the day, which is called nocturnal distillation. This evaporation can be provided by feeding hot water from another heat source during night. Pre-heated water application solar stills make use of waste heat from an external plant such as paper industries, chemical industries, thermal power plants and food processing industries to heat the water in the basin through a heat exchanger or use the warm water directly in the basin to improve evaporation rate. High temperature distillation stills increase the basin water temperature from about 20–50°C to 70–80°C by coupling an external solar system such as and PV/T hybrid system. In addition to these methods, some other methods with different operation properties are used with high temperature distillation method like multistage active, multi-effect air-bubbled solar still and hybrid solar distillation [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various methods of solar stills, which utilize solar energy to desalinate seawater. It specifically mentions active solar stills that improve evaporation rates by integrating a solar heater or concentrator, thereby using sunlight for desalination. Furthermore, the discussion on thermal efficiency and methods of capturing solar energy directly supports the idea that sunlight is used in the desalination process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: For example,Cas9 was used to edit thermophilic bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus as a bacteriophage-insensitive mutant to improve the product (e. g. , yogurt, cheese) yield by refraining from the infection of phages [22]. The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus was engineered to resist browning usingCas9. The effect was achieved by targeting to knock out the genes that encodes polyphenol oxidase—an enzyme that causes browning [23]. 2. 2. 3 Industrial products/Cas9 has been used to establish marine algae (e. g. , diatoms) as useful in industrial applications as the carbon neutral synthesis of fuels, pharmaceuticals, health foods, biomolecules, materials related to nanotechnology, and bioremediations of contaminated water [24, 25]. /Cas9 was used to encode the pixel values of black and white images and a short movie into the living bacterial genomes. /Cas9, the technical limits of this information storage system can be optimized to be minimal. /Cas9 can capture and stably store many real data within the genomes of living cells [26]. 2. 2. 4 Environmental protectionMarine microalgae are in charge of about 40% of primary production on earth and capture more CO2 than rain forests. Diatoms are the most important unicellular eukaryotic microalgae and have dominant ecological significance. /Cas9 can be used to modify the diatom genome to achieve more effects in reducing the global warming [25]. 2. 2. 5 Restoration of extinct animalsWoolly mammoths are different from current living elephants by adapting to the extreme cold environment. The mammoth TRPV3 gene, which encodes a temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (thermoTRP) channel involved in thermal sensation and hair growth, could be achieved by modifying genes of Asian elephants [27]. The mammoth may be restored usingCas9, if the modified embryo can be successfully transferred into the uterus of living elephants. 2. 3 Human therapeutics2. 3. 1 Medicine screeningThe therapeutic strategies of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are quite variable including drug and nondrug treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy to treat PD safely, efficiently, and quickly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various applications of gene editing via Cas9, which suggests that gene editing is one of many tools used in agriculture rather than a singular solution. For instance, the text describes multiple uses of Cas9 in modifying bacteria and algae for various benefits, indicating that agricultural interventions may still be necessary alongside gene editing technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Wells, 1990 Protestants and Self-Reconstruction, Nationalism in Korea 1896-1937 University of 33. [단행본] Lee, Eun-Jeung 2012 Intellektueller in einer Transformationszeit Iudicium 34. [단행본] Lehners, Jean-Paul 2006 Margue, Michel, Sépulture, mort et représentation du pouvoir au moyen âge Linden 35. [단행본] Elias, Norbert 2002 Über die Einsamkeit der Sterbenden in unseren Tagen Suhrkamp 36. [단행본] Richter, Isabel 2011 Tod. Bilder und Vorstellungen vom Lebensende im 19 37. [단행본] Wuthenow, Ralph-Rainer 1990 Eigenart, Formen, Entwicklung TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - @10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cultural practices and their understanding through genetic studies. Instead, it appears to present a list of bibliographic references and lacks any relevant discussion or content that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Figure 18 shows how a passive distillation system (a) can be converted to an active distillation system by addition of an external energy supply plant which can be integrated by natural circulation (b) or forced circulation (c). Latent heat of condensation is one of the most significant heat losses of solar distillation systems. Finding a way for the re-utilization of this heat would greatly increase the thermal efficiency of the solar distillation system, which is defined as the daily production per square meter. One of those ideas is re-using the latent heat of condensation at the cover of a basin to heat the water in another basin [46]. Such a design is called multi-basin solar stills (Figure18). In multi-basin design, two or more basins are constructed like the floors in an apartment building. The bottom-most basin is covered by an absorber plate while the upper basins are transparent to allow solar radiation to reach the bottom plate. Condensing vapour at each basin cover heats up the cover by the latent heat of condensation. Heated cover of a basin forms basin of the upper still section and heats the water on it by that latent heat by re-utilizing the waste heat. Each section has its own condensate collection and salt water feeding channels. Figure 18. Schematic view of a double basin solar still. (b) Double basin still coupled to a collector in the natural circulation mode. (c) Double basin coupled to a collector in the forced circulation mode [52]As shown in Figures 19 and 20, flat plate collectors and evacuated collectors can be used in active solar distillation systems. Solar collectors have high efficiency and improve the amount of distillation. However, the collector should be used in closed cycle to avoid precipitation of salt and other contaminants in the tubes and demolish the performance of the collector. Instead, a heat exchanger should be used (Figure 20) to transfer the heat to the basin water of the still [34]. Figure 19. Vacuum tube collector assisted solar distillation system [34]Figure 20. Flat plate solar collector assisted active distillation system and its schematic viewSolar stills can be successfully integrated with parabolic solar concentrators (Figure 21). Solar tracking parabolic concentrators concentrate the solar irradiation falling on a large area onto a small receiver area at high temperatures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar distillation systems that utilize solar energy for the desalination process. It describes how systems such as multi-basin solar stills are designed to use solar radiation and heat for distilling water, effectively illustrating the use of sunlight in removing salt from seawater. Additionally, it mentions the integration of solar collectors to improve distillation efficiency, reinforcing the claim that solar energy is employed in desalination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: A novel tool was established for monitoring endogenous alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) transcription by NanoLuc luciferase tag insertion at the 3′ end usingCas9, and thus making it possible to screen for strategies rapidly that can be used for PD therapy efficiently [28]. 2. 3. 2 Preparation for cell therapy or immunotherapyThe gene-editing technology can be applied to engineer induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and chimeric antigen receptor T (CART) cells. /Cas9 has been used to engineer iPS cells to evade immune rejection in full immunocompetent allogeneic recipients [29]. Because the CD19 CAR was successfully used in treatment,Cas9 may further enhance the efficacy and safety of CART cells by engineering therapeutic T cells [30]. 2. 3. 3 Potential application for disease treatment2. 3. 3. 1 Virus latent infectionDiseases caused by viruses are difficult to treat due to their high mutation rates and latent infections. It is almost impossible to eradicate latent viruses in the human host. andCas9 have been found to provide good strategies in targeting viruses and limiting their productive and latent infections ex vivo and/or in vivo, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) [31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36]. 2. 3. 3. 2 Genetic diseaseGenetic diseases can be cured by gene therapies such as sickle cell anemia, β-thalassemia, muscular dystrophy, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, Leber congenital amaurosis, and cystic fibrosis [37]. The gene editing technologies (e. g. ,Cas9) potentially facilitate the progress of gene therapy, because many experiments have been successful ex vivo and in vivo, and some of them are being under clinical trials. 2. 3. 3. 3 Neurodegenerative diseaseBy applying the Interactions by (PRISM) to a yeast model of PD, sgRNAs were identified to modulate transcriptional networks and protect cells from α-Syn toxicity [38]. The APPswe (Swedish) mutation in the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene causes Alzheimer’s disease (AD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various applications of gene editing technology (like Cas9) in medical therapies and disease treatments rather than agricultural interventions. It emphasizes the role of gene editing in areas such as cancer immunotherapy, genetic diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions, which does not support the idea that gene editing alone can replace all other agricultural methods. Therefore, the evidence provided indicates that gene editing has a significant role in human health rather than in agriculture exclusively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤치호 자신이 1945년 12월 6일 뇌출혈로 인해 81년간의 삶을 마쳤을 때, 그는 조선 말기, 대한 제국의 흥망, 일제 강점기의 전부와 한반도의 광복, 해방 공간을 모두 경험하고, 약 60년에 걸쳐 이러한 경험과 자신의 내면세계까지 일기에 자세하게 수록한 인물이었다. 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text details the life experiences of 윤치호, including significant historical events in Korea and personal reflections documented in diaries. It does not discuss genetics or the understanding of cultural practices through genetic studies, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: High temperature and low heat loss area of the still basin which is located on the focal point of parabolic concentrator greatly improves the efficiency of the still. Salt water can be supplied to the still by natural or forced circulation [52]. Figure 21. Schematic of a concentrating collector still [52]Since the most critical stages of distillation process are evaporation and condensation, any measures that helps these two stages increases the efficiency significantly. A clever idea for promoting the evaporation at a certain temperature is forced air bubbling which causes an instantaneous atomization of water towards the air and a rapid evaporation. If it is possible to pre-heat the air that will be used for bubbling evaporation would be much better since the air that will carry the vapour also has the extra heat that evaporation process requires instantly during the bubbling effect (Figure 22). Another effective way of improving the still efficiency is cooling the cover surface [46, 52]. Figure 22. Air-bubbled solar still [46]In a recent design, evacuated solar collector is hybridized with wicks/solar still to improve the productivity of still (Figure 23). Using single layer or double layer wick on absorber plate and integrating a feed water tank to feed hot salt water which is heated by solar collector during the daytime made up of a great combination of wick, inclined solar heating and energy storage which boosted the thermal performance and operation time of the still [53]. Figure 23. Schematic diagram of hybrid desalination system using wicks/solar still and evacuated solar water heater [53]5. 2. 2. 3. General considerations on solar stillsMaking a general consideration of the solar stills, some common results can be concluded:Fresh water yield of a solar still depends on several parameters like solar insolation, ambient air temperature, wind speed, atmospheric humidity, sky conditions etc. The inclination angle of cover should be equal to the latitude of the installation site to minimize the cosine loses. Increasing water depth in the still basin decreases the distillate production rate. Each type of solar still has its own advantages and disadvantages. None of them is perfect. Increasing salinity of the salt water decreases the distillate production rate especially at low concentration range. Due to inclination angle single slope passive solar stills are better than double slope passive solar stills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles and efficiencies of solar stills, which utilize sunlight to desalinate seawater. It describes how improvements in design, such as parabolic concentrators and forced air bubbling, enhance the evaporation process, which is integral to solar desalination. Additionally, it mentions that solar insolation is a critical parameter for the freshwater yield in solar stills, directly supporting the claim that sunlight is used to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: The mutant APPSW allele can be selectively disrupted usingCas9 both ex vivo and in vivo and thereby decrease pathogenic amyloid-β (Aβ) [39]. 2. 3. 3. 4Cas9 were tried to inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-125b can suppress the expression of SIRT6 by directly targeting the seed-matching region of its 3′UTR. After the expression of SIRT6 knocked out throughCas9, HCC cells showed the decreased viability and invasiveness, which had the similar function upon the overexpression of the miR-125b [40]. /Cas9 was also tried to inhibit breast cancer. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are established anti-cancer drug targets, and a new generation of CDK inhibitors provides clinical benefits to the patients. Breast cancer cells were genetically manipulated using a deactivatedCas9 (d) approach to strengthen the endogenous CDK18 promoter to express highly to exhibit an increased sensitivity [41]. Advertisement 3. ConclusionThe gene editing technologies, especiallyCas9, have been extensively used as tools in basic research for genome encoding, silencing, enhancing, and modification. Currently, they are further applied in manufacturing nonhuman therapeutic products and medicinal products. Particularly, the discovery of medicinal products using gene editing technologies will open a new era for human therapeutics and expect to bring a hope for patient recovery from being seriously sick. Many biotechnology companies and pharmaceutical plants have successfully produced products using gene editing technologies. For example, has become an industry which is prosperously developing recently. Nonhuman therapeutic products are usually manufactured nonexclusively, while human therapeutic products are manufactured exclusively because they are highly technical, ethically concerned, and more profitable. Gene editing technologies are very promising in applications, though there are still many technical (e. g. , off target effects, option of delivery tools, localization of function) and ethical challenges (e. g. , evaluation of benefits and risks, compatibility of private interests and the public good, random manipulation of genes, commercialization of human therapy) unsolved. More and more products based on these technologies are approved for marketing. We also expect the challenges of safety concerns (e. g. , genetically modified organism, tumorigenesis, etc. ) and ethical issues will be overcome in the near future. 1. . Applications ofCas9 for gene editing in hereditary movement disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the technical and ethical challenges associated with gene editing technologies, such as 'off-target effects,' 'evaluation of benefits and risks,' and 'safety concerns' including genetically modified organisms. This suggests that while gene editing is a promising tool, it does not eliminate the need for careful consideration and potentially other agricultural interventions to address these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 윤치호는 이러한 여러 가지 차원의 죽음에 대한 언급을 바탕으로, 그의 죽음과 장례에 대한 인식을 살펴보고자 한다. 그래서 필립 아리에스 (Philippe Ariès, 1914-1984)의 대표적 죽음 관련 연구로부터 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 “죽음”의 역사성 연구에 공헌하려고 한다. 윤치호 일기를 통해, 조선 근대화의 갈림길에 썬 윤치호가, 커다란 시대적 변화 속에서, 삶의 끝으로 불변성 강한 “죽음”에 대해 어떻게 인식한지 알아볼 시도이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the research surrounding the perception of death and funerals by Yun Chi-ho and does not engage with the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetic studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: FPC with forced circulation mode increase the performance solar still more than thermo syphon mode. Wind can slightly increase the total production. Although from morning to noon the highest distillate output are obtained at the highest water temperature times, more outputs can be observed at less water temperatures which can be attributed to the cooling glass cover before the system itself. Double slope passive solar still has a higher thermal efficiency than double slope active solar still. In active double effect solar stills lower basin gives the maximum yield because of the high noon temperature. The amount of fresh water produce in the still is closely related with thermal conductivity of condensing cover material. Advertisement 6. ConclusionDrinkable fresh water, being a fundamental need of human being, has become a serious concern for people especially living in crowded cities and countries with limited amount of water resources. Supplying fresh water is an energy intensive task especially when there is need for heating cold water to evaporate for distillation. Most of the big desalination plants around the world use fossil-based fuels as energy source to heat and vaporize the sea water or brackish water in order to produce fresh water. However, environmental concerns along with decreasing oil reserves and increasing fuel costs call for reconsideration on the fuel types used in many areas as well as in desalination or distillation processes. There are a number of well-known alternative and renewable energy sources in the world like wind, geothermal, solar, biomass etc. but achievability, availability when needed and energy storage are also very critical issues to operate the distillation plant effectively. A very fortunate aspect of the issue is the coincidence of fresh water need and abundant solar energy. Most of the places with severe water scarcity are about the equator region where people needs more water due to highest degrees of air temperature in the world. Therefore, especially for these countries located in solar belt region, solar energy is a readily available, cost-free and abundant energy source which does not require transportation or very sophisticated technology to benefit from. Since most of the desalination processes run on heat, solar energy can be used directly as heat source which decreases the installation and operation costs significantly. Apart from simple solar powered stills, of course there are more complicated, yet much more efficient solar powered stills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of solar energy as a heat source in the desalination process, stating that solar energy can be used directly to provide the heat needed for evaporation and distillation. It emphasizes that solar energy is abundant, particularly in regions suffering from water scarcity, which aligns with the claim's focus on solar-powered desalination.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: AMA Journal of Ethics® Illuminating the Art of navigation 1028. doi: 10. 1001/amajethics. 2019. 1021. Citation PDF Altmetric email of gene therapies are currently in various stages of research and development. A subset of these involve gene editing technologies such as. In this hypothetical case, a patient with chronic pain has initiated a -based intervention obtained from a clinic in the Cayman Islands. His physician doubts it is approved by the US Food and and worries about its safety. The case presents ethical questions about potential violations of US regulations regarding the sale of products intended to affect human health, patients’ lack of understanding about risks of unproven drugs, and suboptimal support for and management of patients with chronic pain. We discuss how physicians should address these questions. T is surprised to see a patient, Mr J, at the gym. For years, chronic pain has kept away from most physical activity. Not having seen for a couple of years, asks how he’s doing and learns that had been using a recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () tool designed to permanently modulate inflammation. explains that he ordered this intervention from an American clinic in the Cayman Islands, reports improved sleep and capacity to exercise, and notes heartburn as the only side effect. suspects this application is not approved by the US Food and (FDA) and asks to schedule an appointment for follow-up. Dr T’s view is that direct-to-consumer tools should remain prescription only, since peer-reviewed clinical evidence in support of this application is minimal. She’s concerned that Mr J’s use of it is too risky and wonders whether she should both gather more information from to help him and report the case to the FDA. patient has obtained—likely via an internet-mediated mail order—a gene editing product from “an American clinic in the Cayman Islands. ” Presumably, the intervention was not prescribed by another physician but was advertised and marketed by the entity providing the so-called therapy “designed to permanently modulate inflammation. ” Although this case is hypothetical, it does bear similarity to events that have actually happened. Reducing the burden of pain has been identified as a significant public health challenge that must be addressed to stem the ongoing opioid crisis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a hypothetical patient who used a gene editing product for chronic pain management while also indicating that other intervention methods, such as informing the FDA and managing pain through more traditional means, are still necessary. It emphasizes the risks and ethical considerations surrounding direct-to-consumer gene editing products, suggesting that gene editing alone does not eliminate the need for further medical and ethical interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 나이 많은 윤치호 개인에게도 죽음은 곧 더 행복한 세계의 구상이었다. 서양과 달리 기독교가 지배이념이 아니었던 조선에서, 기독교는 줄곧 윤치호에게 조선의 상태를 분석하는 틀과 문명에 대한 인식적 기반을 제공했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address genetic studies or cultural practices in relation to genetics. It focuses on the individual Yoon Chi-ho's perception of death and the influence of Christianity in Korea, which does not relate to the claim about understanding cultural practices through genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered desalination uses sunlight to remove salt from seawater. [SEP] Text: Complex desalination systems which are all designed to improve the thermal efficiency and freshwater yield/productivity use many approaches such as: multiple stage operation, pre-heating the feed water with the condensation energy, using additional heat sources (waste water from another process), concentrating solar energy to improve the operation temperature of the process etc. Solar desalination systems can be a good solution to the water scarcity of especially the Sunbelt region. However, dominant use of clean and renewable energy sources for desalination process and replacement of the fossil fuel-based operations require more R&D studies to find more efficient and/or less costly power plants with continuous operation by the means of energy storage solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar desalination systems specifically as a solution for water scarcity in the Sunbelt region. It emphasizes the use of solar energy to improve the thermal efficiency of desalination processes, which aligns with the definition of solar-powered desalination using sunlight to remove salt from seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: 2017, a biohacker livestreamed himself self-administering a -based experimental intervention for muscle enhancement. 1 That year, another man recorded himself self-injecting an experimental gene therapy supplied by a Singaporean company; he hoped the investigational agent would stimulate his immune response to HIV. 2,3 This company’s late chief executive officer also recorded himself using an investigational gene therapy—this one intended to treat herpes simplex virus. 4 He catalogued the company’s experimental gene therapies in a Facebook post, noting that they would be made available to the public. 4 In another case, a scientist affiliated with both an academic institution and a company administered an investigational herpes vaccine to people in both the and St. Kitts, without approval from the FDA, St. Kitts regulatory authorities, or local institutional review boards. 5,6 One might dismiss these and similar cases as of small public health concern, but these unproven products could harm those who use or consume them. There is additional concern, albeit small, that these products could pose risks to people who do not actually take them. For example, Germany banned all imports from a California-based company that sells DNA reagents and gene editing kits because some if its products were contaminated with pathogenic bacteria. 2 The hypothetical case, as well as the real ones, prompts questions about proper roles of government in regulating drugs and biological interventions, the health and media literacy of the public, and how patients might respond when a health care system does not or cannot meet their needs. The case also highlights ethical obligations of clinicians to (1) communicate with patients and provide appropriate care, (2) report potential violations of US regulations regarding sale of products intended to affect human health, (3) educate patients about risks of unproven drugs in the context of the FDA’s mission to protect public health, and (4) optimally support patients with chronic pain. Caring for the T is right to ask to schedule an appointment, especially since he is experiencing heartburn, which he seems to attribute to the product. Other more serious conditions, such as angina, can mimic heartburn pain. Since she suspects the product used is not FDA approved, its safety profile is uncertain. Although side effects will likely be product specific, clinical concerns about gene editing products include possible infection, immunologic reactions, and unanticipated molecular and cellular effects. 7 will want to get an updated health history from Mr J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing potential health risks associated with gene therapies and interventions, suggesting that gene editing does not eliminate the need for caution and regulatory oversight. It emphasizes various complications and ethical concerns, which indicate that gene editing should not be viewed as a standalone solution without considering other agricultural interventions and regulatory measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 2015, “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - ”, no. 66, 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175 Biontino Juljan. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 66 214. (2015): 175. . 윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - 민족문화연구 [Internet]. 2015; 66, : 175 - 214. Available from: doi:10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. 175. “윤치호의 ‘죽음’과 장례문화 인식 - 『윤치호 일기』를 중심으로 - “ 민족문화연구 no. 66 (2015): 175 - 214. doi: :10. 17948/kcs. 2015. . 66. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim regarding the understanding of cultural practices through genetic studies. It appears to be a bibliographic citation rather than relevant content regarding genetic studies or cultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: Go to Research 6350. DOI: 10. 19080/. 2022. 26. 556350 Go to li>Research 2. 5 dS/m), was 23. 38 ton/ha; followed by irrigation with blended water (T3 with 3. 5 dS/m) with a yield of 16. 56 ton/ha, and irrigation with brackish water (T4 with 5. 75 dS/m) whose yield was16. 93 ton/ha. The lowest yield recorded (4. 8 ton/ha) was with the treatment T1, irrigation with desalinated water. Regarding fruit quality, no significant variations were observed in tomato quality parameters, however, the variety Savana F1 is sensitive to apical rot. The average weight of the fruits differed according to the treatments: T1 (33. 3g), T2 (39. 7 g), T3 (32. 4 g) and T4 (26. 9 g). In terms of yield decrease (Qy) the following values were recorded: T1 (Qy =79. 5%), T3 (Qy =29. 2%) and T4 (Qy =27. 6%) compared to the best treatment, T2 (23. 38 ton/ha). The zucchini crop despite being moderately sensitive to salinity, did not adapt to the environmental conditions of the trial. The yield of sweet potato crop, irrigated with T1, was 14. 6 ton/ha, followed by T2 with 11. 08 ton/ha and T3 with 9. 15 ton/ha. The lowest value verified (5. 87 ton/ha) was with T4, brackish water. Regarding tubers quality, no significant variations were observed, but the average weight was better with the T1 treatment (199. 4 g) followed by T2 (181. 5g) and T3 (141. 4g) and lastly T4 (126. 3g). In terms of Qy, T2 (Qy =24. 1%), T3 (Qy =37. 3%) and T4 (Qy =60%) were the best compared to T1 (14. 6 ton/ha). The results show that irrigation with blended water (desalinated and brackish) in adequate doses is a solution for increasing water availability and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems in (SID). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that irrigation with blended water (desalinated and brackish) in appropriate doses is a solution for increasing water availability and strengthening the resilience of agricultural systems, which suggests that this technology could indeed help in water-scarce regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing eliminates the need for any other agricultural interventions. [SEP] Text: She will also want to check his vital signs and order tests to check for possible intervention-associated toxicity. J might not realize why she wants him to come in, should communicate her concerns to before she leaves the gym. Duty to FDA is tasked with protecting public health by ensuring the safety and efficacy of human drugs, biological products, and devices. According to the agency, sale of gene-editing products or kits intended for self-administration is illegal. 8 Companies, institutions, or individuals who want to do clinical research on experimental gene editing products in the must first submit an investigational new drug application to the FDA before administering any product to humans. 8 To market a gene editing product, companies must first receive authorization from the FDA, a process that includes submission of evidence of the product’s safety and efficacy via a biologics license application. 8 A product marketed on the basis of its efficacy for a particular disease would be within the agency’s jurisdiction. 2 Furthermore, it is generally illegal to import unapproved products or devices for personal use into the United States. 9 However, FDA regulatory guidance suggests it might be appropriate for agency personnel to refrain from taking enforcement action against illegal personal importation under specific circumstances. 10 Enforcement discretion may be exercised when there is “no known commercialization or promotion to persons residing in the U. S. by those involved in the distribution of the product at issue” and when other criteria are met. 10 Notwithstanding these policies, there is much confusion about rules regarding self-experimentation and importation of drugs or devices for personal use. Companies might intentionally leverage regulatory loopholes to justify freedom to operate. For example, one company executive claimed in 2017 that the company’s products were labeled as not for human consumption and that individuals had a right to use them to self-experiment. 2 Although the FDA has authority to enforce marketing claims about a drug or device, DNA editing reagents are widely available for research use and it is difficult for the agency to regulate self-administration. 2 The agency itself has maintained that “the use of FDA resources to provide comprehensive coverage of unapproved new drugs imported for personal use is generally not justified. ”10 T have an obligation to report this incident and, if so, to whom? In general, physicians must maintain patient confidentiality unless there are significant reasons not to, such as risk of serious harm to third parties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulatory complexities and safety measures associated with gene editing products, indicating that while gene editing could be promising, it does not eliminate the need for oversight, research, and possibly other interventions in agriculture. It highlights that self-administration of gene editing products is illegal and emphasizes the role of the FDA in ensuring safety and efficacy, which suggests that agricultural interventions may still be necessary even with gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 175 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. kr 2024 NRF. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address cultural practices or genetic studies; it merely contains administrative contact information for a foundation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: Keywords: Desalinated; Blended; Brackish Water; Irrigation; Soil; Go to li>Research 473. 26 ha, a main watercourse of 5. 3 km and a maximum altitude around 410 m. Climatic conditions The closest climatological station to the evaluated agricultural area is (Achada Colaço). The climatic records observed during the trial period are summarized in Table 1. The data were made available by the of Meteorology and Geophysics (INMG). Achada Colaço Climate Station, 15°06’37. 45’’ 23°31’14. 59’’- Santa Cruz. Pilot experiment installed Desalination unit installed The methodology applied was based on the installation of a pilot unit, desalination plant, which uses the reverse osmosis technique powered by photovoltaic solar energy (Figure 2). The desalination plant has the capacity to treat between 21 to 40 m3 of water per day, and can be expanded to 100 m3 in a blended or hybrid system. desalination plant has the capacity to produce 8 m>3/day. The kWh cost of solar energy is 40% less than that of the electric grid. For a production of 40 m3/day the kWh cost is about 88% less than that charged by the power company. has good levels of daily solar radiation, receiving more than 3,000 hours of sunshine per year, favorable conditions for the implementation of photovoltaic projects. For this investigation, a deep well (borehole) 30 m deep was drilled, with a flow rate of 8 m3/h, with a submersible pump at 26 m, whose water electrical conductivity corresponds to 9. 6 dS/m. The water from the deep well is pumped using solar energy in a solar field area of 126 m2. The installed solar power unit has a total of 80 solar panels covering an area of 1. 44 m2 each. Experimental plot, crops and irrigation tested The research was conducted over a 6-month period (August to February) of 2021/2022, outdoors, in a pilot unit in Aguada. The experiment was conducted in the farmer’s field where the desalination unit was installed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the installation and operation of a desalination plant powered by photovoltaic solar energy, indicating a sustainable approach to water sourcing. It emphasizes the plant's capacity to treat water and the cost efficiency of solar energy, which supports the claim that this technology can provide solutions for areas facing water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: Environmental concentrations of particulate matter in Santiago Fig. 3 shows annual mean concentrations of PM10 for the period 1997-2008 at MACAM2 network stations. In general PudS presents the highest values, except for 2008. There is a general decline of PM10 concentrations towards 2005 and a further increase, except for LCS. Figure 3. 3. Annual mean concentrations of PM10 collected with TEOM monitors of MACAM2 network (1997-2008). This increase is primarily associated with the energy crisis that forced the industries using natural gas to return to diesel oil; however, in 2008 the number of episodes decreases in relation to 2007. At PudS an exceedance of 26% of the daily standard and 42% of the annual standard has been observed. LCS is the only one always under the current standard. Moreover, in monitoring stations with high levels of PM10 concentration such as and LFlS, there was a decrease of days under environmental contingency during the period 1997 to 2005 (from 38 to 9 alert; 37 to 2 pre-emergencies, and disappearance of emergencies) as a result of the implementation of measures of PPDA. Fig. 4 shows that in general, the highest value for daily maximum of 24h rolling averages concentrations, especially on days of high concentrations, corresponds to PudS. The peaks in 1997 were around 380 µg/m³ and in 2008 close to 260 µg/m³. Figure 4. 4. Highest values for daily maximum of 24h rolling averages concentrations of PM10 in MACAM2 and PudS, 1997 to 2008. During the period there were 371 days with PM10 alert level, 130 of them exceeding the pre-emergence level, 68% of the highest concentrations corresponding to PudS, most coinciding with A type episodes; in other cases, usually BPF type episodes, the highest concentrations were found at EBS, CS and LFlS stations (CENMA, 2005). Figs. 5 a) and b) (autumn-winter) and c) and d) (spring-summer) show for most stations two peaks, one at the beginning of the activity of the city (07-09h) and the other associated with the increase in vehicular traffic and atmospheric stability (19-21h); the valleys (12-17h) are associated with an increase in the ventilation of the city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses particulate matter concentrations and monitoring data in Santiago without mentioning mechanical systems or air-purifying buildings. It focuses on the environmental aspects of air quality but does not support or contrast the idea that certain buildings use mechanical systems for purification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsCan we hear how mycelia communicate? HammBacked by 'and 6 other backersand and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/27688Grant: : Science EngineGrant: Mycological Innovations$4,950Raised of $4,950 Goal100%Funded on 8/27/22Successfully Funded$4,950pledged100%fundedFundedon 8/27/22? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(9)Discussion (2)ProjectMycelial networks are the root like structures of fruiting body mushrooms. Spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations (SELFOs) have been recorded throughout these networks potentially as a form of communication. I want to record the interactions between mycelial bodies of same species and of different species to see if the SELFOs differ between these two. Understanding the way mycelial networks communicate can lead to influencing growth and other metabolic processes. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Research suggests mycelium may communicate using spontaneous electrical low frequency oscillations (SELFOs). SELFOs have also been recorded throughout the nervous system of mammals as a method of communication. Living things without a nervous system, such as plants, algae, and mushrooms also emit SELFOs. Research in 1995 showed mycelium transmitted SELFOs in response the changes in their external environment. Electrical potentials measured in mushroom species such as Pleurotus djamor and Ganoderma resinaceum are hypothesized to be a form of communication throughout mycelial networks. Mycelial networks may use up to 50 different electrical potentials to communicate. What is the significance of this project? Through research of SELFOs in plants we have begun to understand the types of environmental stimulus that may produce the plant to react. Arabidopsis, after being wounded, sent electrical activity to potential endangered sights and wound-response genes throughout it's system. It's also thought that the roots of plants may also send and receive signals from their environment in regards to changes in conditions (e. g. temperature, moisture). Mycelial networks can be very big, yet, information passes throughout the systems quickly and efficiently. Having more data of these systems can help us to directly interact with the fungi and possibly manipulate growth and other metabolic processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects communicating through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses mycelial networks and their communication methods, specifically focusing on spontaneous electrical low-frequency oscillations (SELFOs) in fungi and plants. Therefore, the relevance of the provided text to the claim is cold.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology offers a sustainable solution for water-scarce regions. [SEP] Text: RThe yield of sweet potato crop irrigated with waters with different salinity levels allowed the following findings The sweet potato crop, when irrigated with desalinated water, T1, with E C W d and 0. 541 dS/m allowed a maximum yield of 14,8 ton/ha. • When irrigated with blended T2 water with ECw of 2. 5 dS/m allowed a yield of 11. 08 ton/ha; • When irrigated with blended water T3 with ECw 3. 5 dS/m generated a yield of 9. 15 ton/ha; • And finally when irrigated with brackish water T4 with ECw of 5. 75 dS/m allowed to obtain a minimum yield of 5. 87 ton/ ha (Figure 9). Regarding tuber quality, no significant variations were observed in the parameters similar to tomato. However, the average weight was better in T1 (199. 4g), followed by T2 (181. 5g), T3 (141. 4g) and T4 (126. 3g). In terms of yield drop in T2 (Qy=24. 1%), followed by T3 (Qy=37. 3%) and T4 where the yield drop was 60%, relative to the best treatment, T1 (14. 8 ton/ ha) - Figure 10. The sweet potato variety, Irene, is widely used in Cabo Verde, with good adaptation to arid and semi-arid conditions, despite its sensitivity to salinity. Treatment T1, irrigation with desalinated water, proved to be the best option for the crop under these soil and climatic conditions. It was also found that irrigating light soils with brackish or salinized water has detrimental effects on sweet potato plant productivity and tuber quality. The negative aspects of irrigating with saline water can be minimized by irrigating with blended water, T2, or at most T3. T4 treatment should be avoided as soon as possible. The survey results on production are in line with the production quantities documented by Moreno Â, et al. [9]. According to them, the average yield and profitability for sweet potato in arid and semi-arid areas of Cabo Verde, under the same conditions, in terms of water and nutrient availability, ranges from 9 to 25 ton/ha per plant (Table 10). Source:. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that irrigation with desalinated water (T1) significantly improves the yield of sweet potato crops in water-scarce arid and semi-arid conditions. It emphasizes that T1 is the best option under these conditions, thus providing a sustainable solution to agricultural productivity in regions facing water scarcity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: This goal of net zero emissions by 2050 will be legally binding for the member states if the proposal for an EU is ratified [11]. Renewable energy sources as well as moving to more energy efficient and sustainable solutions play essential roles in the Deal [9]. The EPBD is the result of the European Commission’s resolve to “rigorously enforce legislation related to the energy performance of buildings” [9]. Another issue addressed in EPBD (and its amendments as well as in the Deal) is that 85% of the present building stock in the EU is built before 2001, and most of those buildings are not considered energy efficient [12, 13]. More importantly, at the current rate of renewal (1%), 85–95% of the buildings that will be standing in 2050 are already built [9, 12, 13]. Increasing the rate of renovation of the existing building stock to NZE standard should therefore be strongly encouraged in order to reach “climate neutrality” [12]. Recently, the also proposed to triple the building renewal rate to 3% coupled with an even more aggressive renovation strategy to kick-start the EU economy after Covid-19 [14]. Adapting existing buildings to NZE are much more complex tasks than to build a NZE-building from scratch. It requires a considerable knowledge-base of old building techniques, old installations, and the consequences that may arise when NZE technologies are retrofitted to these older structures. In addition, 25% of the existing buildings are historic and will require respect for aesthetics, conservations principles and architectural craftsmanship [15]. In fact, the craftsmanship in many older buildings, although non-historic, deserve the same respect. However, the guiding principle of EPBD: “Energy efficiency first”, clearly states that the energy aspect will be given a high weight in a decision conflict [14]. Even though the EPBD states that indoor environments should be healthy or that cultural heritage should be safeguarded and preserved, it is obvious that these incentives will be pushed towards the minimum legal requirements when they are in conflict with the efforts to achieve energy efficiency [12]. In the decision conflict between energy efficiency in buildings and adequate ventilation, EPBD has put an increasing pressure on governmental agencies in the member states to lower the standards for ventilation and air quality in existing building codes and ventilation regulations (see discussion in Section 2. 3) [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the European Commission's guiding principle on energy efficiency prioritizes energy performance over adequate ventilation and air quality in building regulations. It highlights the increasing pressure on governmental agencies to lower standards for ventilation and air quality in favor of energy efficiency, implying that efforts to improve air quality in existing buildings may be compromised.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: What are the goals of the project? The goal of my project is to the collect data in the form of micro-fluctuations in electrical conductivity between 1,000-100,000th of a second over a long period of time as the mycelium grows and explores. I will run experiments based in real-time and over an extended period of time (length of experiment greatly depends on growth rate of the mycelium). I am most interested in the collected data at the moment the mycelium begins to interact with another body of mycelium. I will run parallel experiments in which the mycelial bodies interact with another of the same species and another where the mycelial body interacts with a different species. I want to record and transmute the data collected into sound more importantly, song in which the listener can connect with. wait. . . The budgeted items with help me complete my research project by recording minute changes within the mycelium using sensors and Arduinos. I wish to transmute the data in sound using data sonification software and Synthesizers. I will use sensors to retrieve the changes in frequency, and record the data with Arduinos. And then convert the text data into midi format to be able to "hear" the data. From there I will then use the MIDI data to transmute the data to sound that can "help express the language of the mycelium" In addition, I also want to set up the experiment to not only record data over a period of time but also pick up data in real time throughout the experiment using multiple sensors and synthesizers. Endorsed byWe don't know yet if mushrooms speak for real, but Rita can learn and teach us how to musicate their intrinsic electrical patterns to get a better understanding of their communication signals. Would we be able then to "sing" back to the fungi? That's quite a provocative question that someone has to reply. Rita's artistic and multidisciplinary background, summed to her dedication to growing fungi and operating electronic music synths provides her with a good set of skills to run this experiment. Please support Rita in this electrifying quest! Antoni GandiaFungal BiotechnologistInstitute for of ValenciaProject TimelineThe length of the project greatly depends on how long it take the mycelium to grow and if there is any contamination that could interfere with the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about insects communicating through sounds and music, as it focuses on a research project involving mycelium and how to transmute data from mycelial interactions into sound. The discussion centers around electrical conductivity and data sonification, with no mention of insects, their communication, or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: effective area of the PV array; Ee, daily energy demand; ET, required energy; Fth, thermal factor; Gref, reference irradiance; Ht, daily solar radiation on the PV array surface; IRR, of Return; ηb, battery efficiency; ηinv, inverter efficiency; ηp, water pump efficiency; ηpv, measured efficiency of the PV array; ηref, efficiency of the PV array under standard test conditions; PR, Performance Ratio; PV-BWRO, photovoltaic brackish water reverse osmosis; PSSH, Peak sunshine hours; Tref, Reference cell temperature 1/3 of the Earth’s land surface is desert, and access to water is one of the main problems for many communities in these areas. Climate change and population growth are putting pressure on resources and the ability to meet Goal 6 for clean water. In general, water is required for drinking, cooking and washing as well as for livestock and irrigation of crops. Irrigation in dry areas is a challenge because of efficiency requirements and the salinity of water. Some of the main solutions to tackle the salt water issue are farming salt tolerant crops and using desalination systems. Traditionally, the extraction of water in desert areas has been made with manual or diesel pumps. However, the use of solar pumps could be ideal due to high irradiance levels in these areas and the relationship between demand and resource. In addition, diesel fuel supply would not be a limitation. 1 Figure 1. Map of with project location indicated at Coordinates: 26. 172147, -11. 0875829. Source: Accessed 2019 Oct 1. The territories of controlled by SADR (Democratic Republic) are considered particularly interesting for developing solar pumping projects for irrigation. There are many instances of crop farming in desert areas, but in the selected area there is no agricultural tradition. Therefore, there is potential for helping local people to grow food and obtain potable water with a reasonable investment. The selected location is a smallholding close to Meharrize (also known as Mehaires) where a borehole has already been drilled and there are two existing diesel pumps. There is no access to the electricity grid, and water from the well is considered salty, measured at 10,000–12,000 ppm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the potential for solar pumping projects in remote desert areas where there is no access to the electricity grid. It emphasizes that the use of solar pumps is ideal due to the high irradiance levels in these regions and highlights that traditional methods of water extraction have limitations. By using solar desalination systems, local communities could obtain potable water and grow food, suggesting that these systems can indeed be decentralized, thus benefiting remote areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some air-purifying buildings use mechanical systems to improve urban air quality. [SEP] Text: 1Danish animal welfare legislation do not allow slatted floor with opening ratio of more than 10 % in the animal resting area, and the phrase “drained floor” is used for floor with opening ratio below 10 %. Grid and pressure distribution (Pa) on surfaces of simulation models for determination of flow resistance through slatted floor drained floor and drained floor with pigs. 2. 1. 1. 4. Flow resistance properties for animal occupied zone. The presence of animals will restrict the air flow in the Zone (AOZ). The defined height of the AOZ is related to the expected height of a standing pig. Height of standing pigs can be calculated as 0. 16(animal weight, kg)0. 33, m (Baxter 1984). For growing finishing pigs from 30 to 100 kg this results in heights from 0. 49 to 0. 73 m. In this work the determination of flow resistances is based on an assumed animal weight of 50 kg and a height of animal occupied zone of 0. 6 m. The AOZ is assumed to be divided into resting including the third of the pen in largest distance from the slatted floor and an activity area including the remaining two thirds of the pen area. Based on 16 pigs in the pen following distribution of animal on staying and laying positions in resting area and activity area was assumed:8 pigs laying in resting area corresponding to 2. 1 pigs/m21 pig standing in resting area corresponding to 0. 26 pigs/m25 pigs laying in activity area corresponding to 0. 65 pigs/m22 pigs standing in activity area corresponding to 0. 26 pigs/m2 The flow resistance parameter for flow through the AOZ was determined in CFD simulation on geometrically fairly detailed models as shown in Fig. 7. The model illustrates assumed conditions in the resting area with the density of 2. 1 laying pigs and 0. 26 standing pigs per m2. The magnitude of the pigs corresponds to an average body weight of 50 kg. The pigs are constructed as the intersection of two dimensional silhouettes from three different directions. Unstructured grid was used in simulation of airflow around the pigs. Air velocity boundary conditions were assumed at the left end face and pressure outlet conditions were assumed in the right end face of model in Fig. 7. Figure 7. Geometrical model used in simulation for determination of flow resistance through animal occupied zone with animal density of 2. 1 laying and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses Danish animal welfare legislation and flow resistance properties in animal occupied zones without mentioning air-purifying buildings or their mechanical systems. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or have any relevance to the claim about urban air quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: My main interest is when the different species meet near the middle of the tank. I expect this to happen 2 weeks - 2 months after inoculation depending on a growth speed unexpected issues. In total the experiment could take anywhere from 4-9 months after all the equipment is collected. Jul 14, 2022Project LaunchedSep 01, 2022Arduinos for Datalogging and Terrarium Monitoring. Continuously working on modular set up until inoculation of mycelium. Sep 10, 2022Set up Terrariums with substrate and plant lifeSep 17, 2022Inoculate mycelium and insert sensorsSep 18, 2022Connect sensor for realtime data to modular system and begin sound design with frequencies throughout growth. Sound Music will be recorded daily and upload to project IG. Show more eventsOct 17, 2022Expected interaction between species is 1 - 3 months after inoculation depending on growth speed and contamination issuesOct 17, 2022Take samples of. CSV file type to experiment with data sonification software. Nov 18, 2022Have a better understanding of the software for use with final piece. Nov 18, 2022Continue to log data of the mycelial growth and interaction in tank for at least 1 month after initial meeting of speciesDec 18, 2022Convert final data from. CSV to MIDIJan 01, 2023Feed MIDI file through modular and begin design final compositions of dataMar 10, 2023Pieces are deemed complete present. CSV findings and musical compositionsMeet the TeamRita HammCitizen Scientist/is a citizen scientist, amateur mycologist, and experimental sound designer. As an amateur mycologist, she is often found foraging and studying wild mushrooms, growing edible species at home, and experimenting with fungal extractions and teas for health and culinary gains. As a sound designer, Rita is always looking for new ways to manipulate sound and provide a unique listening experience. She is interested in merging her two passions through this experiment. The study of SELFOs can provide us with a better understanding of how the mycelial networks communicate within themselves. Future applications of this knowledge may be applied to controlling growth patterns or other metabolic processes of the mycelium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an experiment related to mycelial growth and sound design but does not mention insects or their communication methods. The focus is on a citizen scientist's work with mushrooms and sounds, with no evidence or assertion regarding insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar desalination systems can be decentralized, benefiting remote areas. [SEP] Text: Drinkable water can be obtained in Meharrize, but when the river is dry it needs to be purchased, which is very expensive. The location of the project is shown in Figure 1. Aim and aim of this project was to design and to evaluate the feasibility of a system to provide water and electricity in desert areas using solar pumps and PV power. The objectives of the project were: - To undertake an assessment of water and energy resources in the specific desert area. - Based on this assessment, to identify suitable technologies for water pumping, desalination and electricity generation at the location. - To ascertain the water and energy needs in the selected area. - To design a solar desalination and electricity generation system to provide water and power. - To perform an economic analysis of the model. - To perform an economic sensitivity analysis of the model. literature on the following topics has been reviewed: (1) solar water pump projects for irrigation in general and in deserts, including [1–10]; (2) installation details and elements of the off-grid photovoltaic (PV) system [11–13]; (3) comparison of desalination technologies [14,15]; (4) reverse osmosis (RO) with PV [16,17]; (5) quality of the water (salinity and other aspects) and guidelines for drinking water quality [18]; (6) comparisons of different systems for pumping water [19,20]; and (7) other alternatives such as using a greenhouse. This literature has been used to inform the technical review and system development. The contribution of this project is the design of a medium scale system integrating the most appropriate elements identified by the literature for solar pump irrigation, desalination, and PV solar energy generation in the Western Sahara, an under-researched region of the world. However, the potential impact is through replicating the design in different configurations and locations depending on end-user requirements. Given the solar resource data and the water available from the well at the site, the technologies for pumping have been investigated. A summary of the comparison of different pumping techniques can be found in Table 1 [21–23]. Solar thermal options are also possible, although not at the scale of the project [24]. The conclusion of the comparison is that taking into account the well depth, cost of fuel, installation requirements, and resources at the project location, a solar pump is the most appropriate technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a project designed to provide water and electricity in desert areas using solar technology. It mentions the feasibility of a solar desalination and electricity generation system specifically for a remote area in the Western Sahara. The emphasis on integrating solar pumps for irrigation and desalination highlights the potential for decentralized water provision, which aligns with the benefits outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: They are particularly effective in densely populated, high-pollution urban areas. [SEP] Text: Where settlements do not leave space for green infrastructure, residents do not beneift from the many advantages of green spaces (like improved water management, pollution reduction and improved quality of life) (May 2017 Green vegetation and impervious surfaces). The benefits and drawbacks of higher population density should always be considered in the context of the broader dynamics at play in any city region. Densities are more often not planned but accommodated as the labour and property markets change and are indicative of an urban system that has evolved over more than a century. Urban problems cannot be squarely blamed on the character of urban spaces (like their population density) while ignoring the political and economic systems that created the spaces. If the focus is only on the city structure, the systemic policy failures that have made certain places and populations vulnerable are being overlooked. The densest square kilometres in GautengThe chart and maps show that dense residential settlements in Gauteng are made up of a variety of housing types that accommodate high population density in the city-region. To illustrate this we have selected four densely populated areas in Gauteng and overlaid the area of a square kilometre onto the satellite photo (see Figure 2). As we might expect, medium to high rise downtown areas are among the most dense parts of the city region, as illustrated by Hillbrow and Berea. Other dense areas are informal settlements - parts of Tembisa; Diepsloot; Soshanguve and Katlehong. Many of the relatively dense parts of the province are single storey unplanned and planned settlements such as Mamelodi. The majority of the density is in the form of backyard dwellings of which there are now more in number in Gauteng than dwellings in informal settlements. High densities can occur in multiple dwelling types. The history of our maps on housing can be found in the following: February 2020 Residential types; October 2018 Residential buildings; February 2018 Backyard and informal dwellings; June 2015 and mega-housing projects; May 2015 Mega-housing projects; January 2015 Gated communities; February 2014 RDP housing; November 2013 Residential growth; September 2013 Backyard structures; November 2012 Housing typologies; September 2012 Gated communities. Figure 2: Population per square kilometre in four areas in the Gauteng City-Region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by densely populated areas, particularly emphasizing that high-density settlements do not automatically benefit from green spaces or improved living conditions. It points out that urban problems cannot be solely attributed to population density without considering the broader political and economic systems, suggesting that density can actually exacerbate vulnerabilities rather than being a beneficial factor in pollution reduction and quality of life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Lab Notes9 PostedThis lab note is for backers onlyMy process turning data to soundAugust 3, 20231112This lab note is for backers onlyPreparing the final experiment August 1, 20230016This lab note is for backers onlyPreliminary logging of electrical spiking activity of. . . October 16, 20220180Additional InformationAfter the supplies have been purchased I will begin working with the Arduinos to set up the datalogging system. This has to be done first as I would like to start recording data from the beginning on inoculation. In addition, the Arduinos for terrarium regulation must be set up before the terrariums are prepared for the experiment. After the Arduinos are set up, the terrarium ecosystems need to be prepared. I may give the plants in the tanks some time to adjust to their new habitat before inoculating the mycelium. At the moment of inoculation, I want to begin recording data for both real-time and data logging purposes. I will record, listen, and adjust the modular systems in accordance to the frequencies produced. The main focus of my experiment is the moment in which the mycelium bodies meet near the middle of the tank. I am most interested in comparing and contrasting the interaction between same species and of different species. Will there be changes in conductivity between the two interactions? I will continue to monitor the mycelium as they intermingle in the tank. I expect the experiment in total could take anywhere from 4-9 months depending on how long the set up takes, the growth speed of the mycelium, contamination in the terrariums, and other unknown factors that could interfere along the way. In the future, I hope to have my tanks set up to a live feed system where people can log into the system and listen in real time from anywhere in the world. In addition, I eventually would like to have a wireless sensor recording system to bring my research into the actual forest and record the frequencies of mycelium across the world to then, in turn, create audio files with the data I record. Project Backers17Backers100%Funded$4,950Total Donations$291. 18Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses an experimental setup involving mycelium and data logging with no mention of insects or their communication methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.