Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we observed that 8 of the tested compounds (maltodextrin, gum arabic, guar gum, locust bean gum, DATEM, sorbitan monostearate, glyceryl stearate, and glyceryl oleate) reduced the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobiales, albeit not reaching statistical significance (p = 0. 06), which was entirely driven by Akkermansia genus, known to play a role in numerous inflammatory diseases [45,46,47] (Figs. 5 and S8). A similar decrease was previously detected in mice upon consumption of guar gum compared to mice fed a fiber-free diet [48], and this result is also in accordance with previous studies demonstrating that a reduced abundance of Akkermansia is detected in IBD patients, especially patients with ulcerative colitis, contrary to healthy individuals [49, 50]. Furthermore, a high abundance of Akkermansia was shown to be associated with a healthier metabolic status [47], which further suggests a protective role played by this bacterium against chronic inflammatory diseases [45,46,47], although other studies suggest a more complex and debatable role played by this bacterium [51,52,53]. It is important to note that our study utilized a single healthy donor, and future studies are warranted to study inter-individual variations in response to emulsifier exposure, as well as to study the impact of these compounds on microbiota from individuals with pre-existing dysbiosis. Moreover, since dietary habits were not investigated on this single healthy donor, the amount of dietary emulsifier consumed prior to feces donation is unknown and could have impacted the in vitro responses observed here, although we presume the 3-day pre-treatment period was sufficient to eliminate any remaining compounds present. While one might presume that any compound with detergent-like chemical properties, i. e. , all emulsifiers, would significantly impact a complex microbial community, in fact, we observed that some of the emulsifiers we tested, namely soy lecithin and mono- and diglycerides, did not drive microbiota dysbiosis in the MBRA model. Yet, detrimental impacts were observed in response to similar compounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of the Akkermansia genus, which is relevant to both healthy individuals and those with inflammatory diseases. It highlights that a high abundance of Akkermansia is associated with a healthier metabolic status, suggesting that the gut microbiome plays a role in health beyond just digestive problems. Additionally, it mentions the need to study individuals with pre-existing dysbiosis, implying that gut health is pertinent to a broader population, not just those with digestive issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1 sample volume; 20 g/L KI (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) and 2 g/L I2 (Merck) was added to the samples [23], and the colour development was visually determined (an exact photometric quantification was not possible because the undissolved p0. 25 ml/min. The standard curve for calibration was made with a mixture of maltose and cellobiose ranging from 10 to 100 μM in concentration. Monosaccharides were separated with an isocratic method using 15 mM NaOH and a flow rate of 0. 25 ml/min. Arabinose, galactose, glucose and xylose were identified in samples by comparison of retention times with standards of these sugars. FermentationS. cerevisiae was inoculated in a YPD medium and grown for 15 hours at 30°C and 150 rpm. Then 1 ml of this culture was added to 100 ml wheat grain mash in a 100-ml serum flask sealed by a rubber cork with a syringe needle through it and incubated at 30°C and 150 rpm. The test fermentations were run for 30 hours. Concentration of free glucose was directly tested during the fermentations using test stripes for glucose (Keto-Diabur-Test 5000, Roche, Mannheim, Germany) from 15 hours of cultivation until fermentation was finished. This was to make sure that no residual glucose was present when the fermentation was stopped. Microbial quantificationSamples from the test fermentations were diluted in steps of 10-fold dilutions and 10 μl of the dilutions were dropped on selective plates for yeast and bacteria, and incubated at room temperature for 24 hours. Colonies in the drops were counted and the numbers of yeast and bacteria per millilitre of fermentation broth was calculated. PCR-fingerprinting of yeast isolatesYeast colonies from the fermentations were picked randomly from the quantification plates. Yeast DNA was isolated according to Liberal et al. [26] and PCR-fingerprints were generated as described earlier [12, 27]. As controls, PCR-fingerprints were produced using genomic DNA of S. cerevisiae AEF1 and P. anomala J121 as templates. StatisticsTo test if there were significant differences between the investigated storage methods, Student's t-test was performed with a significance level of 5% using Microsoft® Excel 2000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodology involving yeast fermentation and various biochemical reactions, but it does not specifically address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: With reference to mini-grids, the Energy and Africa survey of its mini-grid portfolio in 2018 found that 36 direct jobs were created per mini-grid, though not specifying the breakdown between short- and long-term jobs [34]. The latest relevant study explores jobs projections for SSA from renewable energy and energy efficiency, finding that the share of renewable energy jobs comprise 37% of energy sector jobs in 2020 given the current policies, and could comprise as much as 63% in 2030 under aggressive climate policy [35]. This study only includes nuclear power, utility-scale solar PV, concentrated solar power and wind technologies, and does not include decentralized technologies. Thus, few studies to date directly explore job creation for the comprehensive range of technologies serving off-grid and weak-grid areas or provide detail across employment categories. Our study adds to the literature by providing the largest and most comprehensive bottom-up employment data set for DRE technologies in SSA, allowing for nuanced insights on the workforce landscape and needs. and goal of this exercise is to establish a baseline for understanding employment opportunities generated by the DRE sector. The survey was conducted in Kenya and Nigeria. Kenya’s DRE market is one of the most mature in SSA and has the highest product penetration of solar lanterns and SHS in the world, with more than 50% market penetration [14]. Nigeria has the largest potential DRE market in SSA, complete with the most ambitious mini-grid program, but conversely has a young DRE market, with very low, but rapidly expanding market penetration [14]. Exploring these two countries thus provide unique insights into the job and skill trends of DRE markets of different sizes and stages of growth, thus serving as an instructive starting point. The survey explores direct employment in the DRE sector, both formally and informally for these countries. We also discuss estimates of job creation stimulated through electricity access from DRE technologies, termed productive use jobs. Indirect and induced jobs are outside the survey scope. 1 for a summary of each country’s electrification and employment status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data showing job creation in the renewable energy sector, specifically in mini-grids and distributed renewable energy (DRE) technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It states that the Energy and Africa survey found significant job creation, quantifying 36 direct jobs per mini-grid and revealing that renewable energy jobs constituted 37% of the energy sector jobs in 2020, with projections of this share rising to 63% with aggressive climate policies by 2030. This indicates that as fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy sectors are indeed capable of providing alternative employment opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: For example, soy lecithin and sunflower lecithin (E322) are derived from lecithin compound which is a mixture of acetone-insoluble phospholipids and other minor substances such as triglycerides and carbohydrates [54]. It has been reported that sunflower lecithin is a non-GMO (non-genetically modified organisms) byproduct and was suggested as an alternative to soybean lecithin [55, 56]. However, we observed here that gut microbiota was more detrimentally impacted by sunflower lecithin, which significantly induced increased levels of FliC during the treatment phase compared with soy lecithin (p = 0. 0069). This pro-inflammatory effect of sunflower lecithin could be due to its content of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, previously demonstrated to induce inflammation [57, 58]. Mono- and diglycerides (or glyceryl monostearate), like glyceryl oleate and glyceryl stearate (E471), are derived from monoglyceryl monoesters which are structurally constituted of the esterification products of glycerin and carboxylic acids, mainly including fatty acids [59]. While both mono- and diglycerides and glyceryl oleate did not show significant effects on the human gut microbiota, we surprisingly observed a remarkable detrimental impact of glyceryl stearate on the human microbiota. This suggests that compounds with similar structure and chemical composition can nonetheless have a broadly diverse impact on the gut microbiota composition and function. While these observations beg further study, that some emulsifiers did not drive dysbiosis is nonetheless heartening as it supports the possibility of developing healthier processed foods. ConclusionTo conclude, most, but not all, emulsifiers tested here impacted human intestinal microbiota in the MBRA model. Importantly, various food additives are very often used in combination, and it remains important to investigate their effects in combination, especially for compounds with different impacts on the human microbiota. Thus, while future studies are warranted, these data nonetheless importantly suggest that clinical trials are needed so as to reduce the usage of the most detrimental compounds and to favor the use of emulsifying agents with no or low impact on the microbiota [60]. Availability of data and materials Unprocessed sequencing data are deposited in the Archive under accession number. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of various emulsifiers on gut microbiota, indicating that the health of the gut microbiome is a concern for all individuals, not just those with digestive issues. It notes that some emulsifiers had detrimental effects on gut microbiota, thus suggesting a broader importance of monitoring gut microbiome health beyond those with existing digestive problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars access Published: 02 September 2016 Metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars : orcid. org/0000-0002-9394-91481 nAff3, Ali Mohagheghi1, Franden1, Yat-Chen Chou1, Xiaowen Chen1, Nancy Dowe1, Michael E. Himmel2 & …Min Zhang1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 3 h−1 when about 80 g/L 2,3-BDO was supplemented to the growth medium, whereas less than 45 g/L ethanol was needed to slow the growth of Z. mobilis to similar growth rate. When 80 g/L ethanol was added into the medium, the growth rate of Z. mobilis was only about one-third of that observed for the same amount of 2,3-BDO added (Fig. 1). Even when the concentration of 2,3-BDO was increased to 100 g/L, the growth rate of Z. mobilis decreased to 0. 25 h−1, but it was still more than half of the control without 2,3-BDO supplementation. The low toxicity of 2,3-BDO to Z. mobilis indicates that Z. mobilis has a strong potential for achieving high titers, rate, and yields for 2,3-BDO production. Fig. 1The impact of meso-2,3-BDO and ethanol supplementation on growth of Z. mobilis in RMG medium at 30 °C using Bioscreen C. Relative growth rate (%) is the percentage of growth rate with chemical supplementation compared to control withoutFull size image Construct a minimized vector for pathway engineeringTo maximize the pathway engineering potential allowing for large plasmid constructions such as the three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway in this study, a minimized shuttle vector was constructed. The resultant plasmid, pEZ15Asp (pEZ), contains only the essential elements: origins of replication for both E. coli and Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis for 2,3-butanediol production from lignocellulosic biomass sugars, which is related but focuses on a different organism and product. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about yeast specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Kenya and Nigeria together account for 10% of global off-grid market potential, and the larger markets together attracts 63% of global investments in the off-grid solar sector [14]. Here we describe key market estimates used for scaling job impacts. For the smaller pico-solar appliances and the SHS market, GOGLA reports this market to be mature in Kenya, with a penetration rate of more than 50%, though still nascent in Nigeria. This is largely due to the strong mobile money ecosystems in Eastern Africa, providing easier entry for pay-as-you-go sales. In terms of current sales performance, 916,000 and 216,000 pico-solar appliances and SHS were sold in Kenya and Nigeria respectively in 2017 [46,47]. The outlook for the two pico-appliance and SHS markets are also very different. Kenya, a more mature market with a significant existing customer base, will see a growth in demand for SHS as customers upgrade to higher-tier use of electricity. Nigeria, on the other hand, is expecting a faster pace of growth, due to its recent favorable policy for off-grid solar [14]. Such trend can already be observed over the last few years. Between 2014 and 2016, the Kenya off-grid solar sector had an average annual sales growth rate of 11% while Nigeria averaged 35% [14]. There is also less competition in Nigeria currently, as compared to Kenya, where there are more than 20 major companies already in the market, so growth is anticipated to be very fast in Nigeria, as has already been observed over the past years [14]. Current and future market estimates for C&I and mini-grid systems are much less certain. Currently, there are likely around 65 mini-grid systems in Kenya and 30 in Nigeria, and about 15 MW and 10 MW of newly-added C&I system capacity in 2017 for Kenya and Nigeria respectively [48–50]. Though the mini-grid market is still becoming established, it has high job creation potential as it continues to receive support from governments and multi-lateral development partners. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the growth of the off-grid solar sector in Kenya and Nigeria, highlighting job creation potential in these markets. As the market for pico-solar appliances and solar home systems (SHS) matures, especially in Kenya, and anticipates fast growth in Nigeria due to favorable policies, this suggests that as fossil fuel jobs decline, there are opportunities for employment in renewable energy sectors, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsCMC: : Diacetyl tartaric acid ester of mono- and diglycerides HEK cells: Human embryonic kidney cells HPMC: Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases MBRA: MiniBioP80: Polysorbate 80 112. Chassaing B, Darfeuille–Michaud A. The commensal microbiota and enteropathogens in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:1720–8 e1723. 81. 5. Science. 2010;328:228–31. 6. 1032. 20. 6. 2132. 1789. Chassaing B, Van de. Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation. Gut. 2017;66:1414–27. 2020. ère HM. Degraded carrageenan causing colitis in rats induces TNF secretion and ICAM-1 upregulation in monocytes through NF-κB activation. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8666. . Dietary emulsifier–induced low-grade inflammation promotes colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2017;77:27–40. 448. 7. 91. PubMed 58. 42. 2010. Sci. 2010;3:249–53. 4. 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37:852–7. 581. 8. 80. 8. 8229. 1213. 61. 83. 205. . A Map of Toll-like receptor expression in the intestinal epithelium reveals distinct spatial, cell type-specific, and temporal patterns. Immunity. 2018;49:560–75 e566. 96. 95. 13. 42. 28. 203. 1993. p. 181–226. -é J. Low counts of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in colitis microbiota. Dis. 2009;15:1183–9. 6. 1226. 67. 30. 1804. 71. 36. 0476. Png CW, Lindén. Mucolytic bacteria with increased prevalence in IBD mucosa augmentin vitroutilization of mucin by other bacteria. Gastroenterol. 2010;105:2420–8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides scientific references and findings related to the gut microbiome and inflammatory bowel diseases without specifically addressing the assertion that only individuals with digestive issues should pay attention to their gut microbiome. It does not support, contrast, nor relate directly to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis, an antibiotic marker of spectinomycin resistance gene addA, and multiple cloning sites and, therefore, significantly reduces its size when compared with the original plasmid (from 8 to 3 kb). Multiple cloning sites include restriction enzyme sites of and PstI for the Biobrick cloning strategy [67] enabling pathway engineering (see Table 1 and S1A for plasmid information and sequence). Table 1 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding 2,3-BDO titer (g/L) after 24-h post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 8bFull size table Identify and select 2,3-BDO pathway genes for heterologous 2,3-BDO pathway constructionLiterature related to 2,3-BDO production was reviewed, which includes the analysis of native 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathways in addition to the expression of heterologous enzymes for 2,3-BDO production [1, 2, 5, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 68, 69]. The 2,3-BDO pathways from Bacillus licheniformis and Enterobacter cloacae have been successfully expressed in E. coli [13, 16, 30, 33, 70, 71], suggesting the feasibility of 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis. The gene combination resulting in high 2,3-BDO yields and experimental methods reported in these papers laid a solid foundation for our work. We then compiled a list of 2,3-BDO pathway genes and the promising source microorganisms. After eliminating pathogenic organisms from our list, we chose two bacterial species, B. licheniformis and E. cloacae, for the source of our three-gene 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway reported here. The sequences (nucleotide and protein) of three genes (als, aldC, and bdh) were extracted and BLASTed against the Z. mobilis genome including our recently updated native plasmid sequences. BLAST results indicate that Bdh only has homologs with low similarity in Z. mobilis; therefore, heterologous bdh genes were included in our pathway engineering strategy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and their potential to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the construction of 2,3-BDO (butylene glycol) pathways in specific microorganisms (Z. mobilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Enterobacter cloacae) and mentions genetic techniques, which do not directly relate to the assertion about yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: In Kenya, for instance, the funded the expansion of 147 mini-grids in low-access counties to be completed by 2024 [51]; while the Project, also funded, aims to provide electricity to 30,000 households and 30,000 micro-, small- and medium enterprises (MSMEs), through solar-hybrid mini-grids [52]. Overall, the global mini-grid market is expected to power half a billion people by 2030 [13]. Yet, despite the international support that mini-grids receive, the sector continues to face a number of challenges, including high costs, low consumers ability to pay, the rapid expansion of grid, etc. As such, many experts predict mini-grid growth will be much slower than policy and programs suggest, lending great uncertainty to market estimates. Finally, standalone off-grid applications such as irrigation, and productive use applications, such as cooling and refrigeration and agro-processing have tremendous market potential in SSA. The solar water pump market alone is US$456 million in SSA and has potential to reach US$1. 63 billion by 2030 [36,53,54]. Efficiency for Access reported 3000 pumps sold in and 2000 for the rest of SSA, in the second half of 2018 for GOGLA member companies. However specific country sales are generally not available. In Kenya, it is estimated that the solar water pump sector has installed about 10,000 pumps, though future projections are not available. Authoritative country level estimates of the current or projected market size for Nigeria were not available however, and as such only job estimates for Kenya are reported. Table 4 summarizes the market estimates and forecasts used in the analysis. Details can be found in the supplementary materials. TABLE 4 Table 4. DRE market estimates and forecasts for 2017–2018 and 2022–2023. study found that the DRE sector has a major impact across the direct formal and informal job markets. In 2017–2018, the DRE sector accounted for 10,000 direct, formal FTE jobs in Kenya, and 4000 in Nigeria. The DRE sector also relies heavily on informal work, employing almost twice as many people in the informal sector: 15,000 informal jobs in Kenya, and 9000 in Nigeria (see Table 5). As mentioned earlier, an informal job does not necessarily equate full-time engagement. In both countries there is a positive linear relationship between both direct, formal and informal jobs, and units of product sales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the job creation within the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector. It provides specific employment figures, stating that in 2017-2018, the DRE sector created 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4,000 in Nigeria. It also emphasizes the informal jobs created in these countries, with 15,000 informal jobs in Kenya and 9,000 in Nigeria. This indicates that as fossil fuel jobs may be declining, the renewable energy sector is stepping in to provide substantial employment opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Gut physiology meets microbiome science Published online by Press: 12 December 2022 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Hannelore Daniel* Affiliation: ex. School of Life Sciences, of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 2, 85354 Freising, Germany * Email: contact@hdaniel. de 0. 54 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to Research on the gut microbiome has gained high popularity and almost every disease has meanwhile been linked to alterations in microbiome composition. Typically assessed via stool samples, the microbiome displays a huge diversity with a multitude of environmental parameters already identified as contributing to its character. Despite impressive scientific progress, normal microbiome diversity remains largely unexplained and it is tempting to speculate some of the yet unexplained variance is hidden in normal gut physiology. Although a few genome/phenome-wide associations studies have recently highlighted physiological parameters such as stool frequency,known as contributing to microbiome diversity, there is a large knowledge base from decades of basic research on gut functions that can be explored for possible links to stool features and microbiome characteristics. And, when extrapolating findings from faecal samples to the biology in the intestinal lumen or the mucosal microenvironment, gut anatomy and physiology features need to be considered. Similarly, differences in anatomy and physiology between rodents and humans need attention when discussing findings in animals in relation to human physiology and nutrition. Keywords gastrointestinal tractmicrobiomephysiologyrodentsdietin situ Microbiome 2023 e1 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Press on behalf of The microbiome emerged as new term and research area about two decades ago and has since proliferated in an unseen manner. However, research on bacteria residing in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract goes back more than a century with important findings generated on bacterial density, diversity, and metabolic capacities. Many of these findings appeared almost forgotten and for decades the “gut flora” was not perceived as of major relevance for human health or disease. Yet, in animal science gut bacteria became an area of high interest even before microbiota research became popular in the biomedical field because of the wide use of antibiotics in farm animals and the need to substitute these. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that research on the gut microbiome has linked alterations in microbiome composition to almost every disease. It suggests that gut health is relevant to a broader spectrum of health issues beyond just digestive problems, stating that 'research on the gut microbiome has gained high popularity and almost every disease has meanwhile been linked to alterations in microbiome composition.' This implies that the microbiome's importance extends to individuals without digestive issues as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, the reaction that Bdh catalyzes is a reversible reaction, with some enzymes preferring NADPH as a cofactor. Bdh enzymes preferring the reduction reaction from acetoin to butanediol using NADH were selected for minimizing redox imbalance and for achieving high 2,3-BDO yield. results for the other two enzymes required for 2,3-BDO production indicate that Z. mobilis possesses three homologs to Als, of which ZMO1139/ZMO1140 (IlvB/C) may form a complex contributing to amino acid biosynthesis. The homolog ZMO0687 has a high similarity to the catabolic enzyme, Als. The high similarity between Als, IlvB (ZMO1139), and Pdc (ZMO1360) based on protein sequence alignment indicates that there could potentially be competition among them for substrate (pyruvate) binding and utilization. Additionally, since Pdc in Z. mobilis is required for ethanol production, providing energy, and maintaining redox balance for robust cellular growth, strategies to shift the carbon flux toward 2,3-BDO production are required. This can be accomplished by inhibiting pdc gene expression and Pdc enzyme activity or by enhancing the performance of the heterologous Als enzyme. Gene expression patterns of the Als homologous gene in Z. mobilis were subsequently examined using public and in-house transcriptomic datasets of microarray and next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based RNA-Seq. The result indicated that the als gene homologs are abundantly expressed under different conditions, and that ZMO0687 is also differentially expressed in cells grown from media containing different carbon sources (e. g. , downregulated in xylose medium compared to glucose). Furthermore, ZMO1141, which catalyzes the formation of (R)-2,3-dihydroxy-3-methylbutanoate from α-acetolactate (hereafter referred to as acetolactate) for valine, isoleucine, and leucine biosynthesis, has an abundant transcript level of average log2-based microarray intensity result of 13. 78 compared to 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels directly. Instead, it focuses on the catalytic processes, enzyme interactions, and gene expression in Z. mobilis, indicating a detailed biochemical mechanism. This technical discussion does not provide information that either supports or repudiates the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Meaning that companies which have higher sales employ more across both the formal and informal sector. analysis shows that a relationship between company scope and employment. Those companies that work broadly across delivering multiple technologies employ more persons than those engaged in a single DRE technology. Finally, we find that direct, formal jobs show a positive relationship with the age of the companies, particularly for Nigeria. The older a company is, the more direct, formal jobs it provides. See supplementary materials for these statistical outputs and for market estimates used. In the sections below, we expand on these findings and their implications. TABLE 5 Table 5. Direct, formal and informal jobs estimates, by technology, in 2017–2018. Direct, In 2017–2018, the DRE sector provided 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4000 jobs in Nigeria (see Table 5). This is equivalent to the total number of jobs within the traditional power sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning sector in Nigeria [56–58]. In Kenya, total national formal employment in 2018 was about 18 million [5]. (KPLC) had about 11,000 personnel in 2018 [57]. So the DRE sector, having provided 10,000 jobs in 2017–2018, is already comparable to the jobs created by the distribution and retail segment of the utility-scale power sector. DRE sector was dominated by pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. In fact, 78% of formal Kenyan jobs were in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, followed by another 18% in the C&I sector, and 4% from mini-grids and solar water pumps. In Nigeria, a total of 55. 5 million people were employed in 2017 [5], among which the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector employs about 10,000 people [58], thus putting the DRE sector employment on the same order of magnitude as the utility-scale power sector. This is despite the fact that the DRE market is still nascent in Nigeria, despite a large and unmet appetite for power lead by Nigeria’s MSMEs. This is due, in part, to the country’s current economic crisis and high import duties on batteries [6,59]. In Nigeria, project developers and installers are the primary job engines for the DRE sector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing employment data in the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector, which has provided significant job opportunities in countries like Kenya and Nigeria. It mentions that in 2017-2018, the DRE sector created 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4,000 jobs in Nigeria, which positions renewable energy employment as comparable to traditional power sectors. This suggests that as fossil fuel jobs decline, the renewable energy sector is already providing a viable alternative for employment, supporting the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Recent years have produced an enormous number of high-ranking publications around the gut microbiome, and it is almost impossible to comprehend the published material. What frequently comes short in microbiome science is some fundamental gut physiology. It is the ambition of this review to address issues around normal gastrointestinal functions that directly or indirectly affect the quantity and composition of the gut microbiome as determined usually in stool samples. The gut is a masterpiece of biological complexity The gastrointestinal system (GIS) is the interface between the food environment and the host metabolic system. Because of the uncertainty of whether food is or becomes available, the GIS requires a repertoire of sensors to register the incoming food and its composition and to synchronise digestion and absorption of food constituents with the need of metabolism for optimal homeostasis. Sensory inputs are realised by a variety of receptors (mainly G-protein-coupled receptors) and transporters expressed on the surface of specialised enteroendocrine cells (EECS) found in different densities throughout the GIS. Perception of individual nutrients (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids and peptides) in the gut is translated into hormone secretion from EECS or into activation of enteric sensory neurons with signals for the gut but also various organs including brain (Figure 1). Figure 1 Gastrointestinal tract and it’s neuro-endocrine control system. A multitude of sensor cells with different densities in longitudinal direction coupled to the enteric nervous system (lower part) and the endocrine system with a large repertoire of hormones/mediators (upper part) mediate tight control of every step in intake and processing of food as well as absorption of the constituents embedded into bidirectional communication with peripheral organs and brain. EECS and some other cells in the gut produce a large panel of peptide hormones and mediators derived from amino acids and lipids which in essence control every step in the processing of food. Gastric emptying and intestinal transit are key in adjusting the substrate load to the capacity for digestion and absorption. This includes the secretion of HCl and some enzymes in stomach mediated by gastrin as well as HCO3− secretion from exocrine pancreas elicited by secretin. Enzyme output from pancreas as well as contraction of the gallbladder with the release of bile acids into the lumen are initiated by CCK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexity of the gastrointestinal system (GIS) and its crucial role in regulating various biological functions related to the gut microbiome. It indicates that maintaining optimal gastrointestinal functions and understanding gut physiology is important for a broader population, not just those with digestive problems. It emphasizes that the gut is involved in the sensing and processing of food, suggesting that everyone can benefit from knowledge of how their gut microbiome functions, challenging the idea that only individuals with digestive issues need to care about it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: licheniformis (BlAls) and B. subtilis (BsAls) were synthesized and cloned. These included one codon-optimized BlAls gene and two versions of the BsAls genes (BsAls1 and BsAls2) with different codon optimization outputs using Genscript’s codon optimization algorithm. The attempt to incorporate the als gene from B. lichenformis (BlAls) under control of the strong Peno promoter along with the expression of AldC and Bdh using the Z. mobilis Pgap strong promoter was unsuccessful. Besides the possibility of cell growth inhibition by the enzyme Als from B. licheniformis and B. subtilis, this could be due to the protein burden caused by strong heterologous pathway gene expression. About 50 % of the proteins in Z. mobilis are involved in the glycolysis pathway [75]. This view is supported by a previous report that overexpression of plasmid-encoded protein led to the reduction of both glycolytic flux and growth rate due to protein burden [76]. Similarly, previous work also suggested that protein burden could be the reason for the negative effect observed for the isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) induction of 2,3-BDO biosynthesis in a recombinant E. coli strain [26]. To test this speculation and avoid the potential metabolic burden caused by strong heterologous gene expression, the strong Peno promoter was tested along with the Ptet inducible promoter for the construction of additional three-gene pathway constructs. These constructs also included a common aldC and bdh gene operon from E. cloacae driven by a strong promoter Pgap [Pgap-(EcALDC-BDH)]. In total, six new 3-gene constructs with different versions of als genes from B. lincheniformis or B. subtilis were generated (BsAls1, BsAls2, and BlAls that were either driven by the strong Peno promoter or by the inducible Ptet promoter). These six constructs were then transformed into Z. mobilis 9C (an 8b derivative that is lacking tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance markers). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence for the claim regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. It discusses the synthesis and cloning of certain genes in the context of metabolic burdens without making any claims about biofuel production yields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: The DRE market in Nigeria is dominated by C&I projects that serve urban, peri-urban, and rural consumers from grid-tied backup solar systems or standalone electricity supplies. The survey estimates that in 2017–2018, the Nigeria DRE sector provided 4000 jobs directly, with 71% of the direct DRE jobs provided by the C&I sector, followed by 26% in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, and 3% by the mini-grid sector. Our estimates group align with the latest regional estimates, though these are few. GOGLA, for instance, estimates that the pico-solar appliance and SHS sector has provided about 77,000 FTE jobs along the value chain in in 2018, and 26,000 in [32]. ’s study, IRENA reported that PV jobs in Africa, including on-grid and off-grid applications, employ about 140,000 in 2019 [27]. Greenpeace also estimated that total PV jobs in Africa is about 66,000 in 2015 and projected to be 108,000 by 2020 [28]. Direct, The informal sector is an important driver for emerging economies like Kenya and Nigeria. Often the major source of employment, in Kenya, 82. 7% of the employed population are informal workers, similar to 92. 9% in Nigeria [60,61]. Likewise, in the DRE sector, direct, formal employment is just the tip of the iceberg: there are a large number of informal jobs such as field technicians and commissioned sales agents. According to the survey findings, the DRE sector relies heavily on informal work, employing almost twice as many people informally as it does formally. In 2017–2018 the sector was responsible for 15,000 informal jobs in Kenya, and 9000 in Nigeria (see Figure 2). A majority of this informal work is attributed to end-user product providers such as pico-solar appliance and SHS companies, which depend on a wide network of distributors, retailers, and technicians to serve their customers. Thus, Nigerian DRE companies employ fewer informal workers compared to Kenya. In Nigeria, there is high demand for DRE products in both on-grid and off-grid areas because of the poor quality of the national grid [62]. Perhaps, since much of the distribution of DRE products takes place in urban areas, less extensive informal networks are necessary. Further exploration into local, informal supply chains is warranted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the distributed renewable energy (DRE) sector in Nigeria and Kenya is creating a significant number of jobs, both formal and informal. Specifically, it mentions that in 2017-2018, the DRE sector provided 4000 direct jobs in Nigeria and employed 15,000 informal workers in Kenya. This demonstrates that as certain job sectors, like fossil fuels, may be declining, the renewable energy sector is capable of absorbing workers and providing alternative employment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: A rather fast transit of the chyme accounting to 2 to 8 h for mouth to cecum (mean value with variation based on sex, age and diet) contributes to lower bacterial counts in human jejunum and ileum (Arhan et al. , étreault, Perey and Pellerin1981; Probert et al. , Reference Probert, Emmett and Heaton1995). By the detergent quality and the high luminal concentration of bile acids (BA) in the upper small intestine (of 20–30 mM) after food intake (Sonne et al. , Reference Sonne, Rehfeld, Holst, Vilsbøll and Knop2014), BA also contribute to control of bacterial density. Gastric acid secretion is also considered to play a role as revealed by the wide use of proton-pump-inhibitors that were shown to promote Clostridium difficile infections and change the intestinal microbiome composition (Naito et al. , Reference Naito, Kashiwagi, Takagi, Andoh and Inoue2018). Based on the principle that energy extraction in the small intestine should be optimal with motility adapted accordingly, the question arises on the quantity and quality of the “feed” of the microbiota in the large intestine. Only very limited information is available from ileostomy patients and analysis of the emptied contents for an estimation of the quantity and quality of substrates that become available for bacterial growth in the large intestine. Although animal studies would allow to collect intestinal contents at given time points from the different regions of the small and large intestine, we need to be careful when translating the findings from rodents into the human situation. The mouse is unfortunately not a tiny human and mice feed is not human food At that point a short excursion into gut anatomy and physiology of mouse and human intestine needs to be made. There are major differences in the overall structure and morphology as well as the organisation and length of the various parts of the GIS of the mouse small and large intestines that require consideration when findings in mice are transferred to the human condition. Although the relative surface area of the intestine to total body surface area is similar between two species, the small intestine to large intestine length ratio is approximately 2. 5 to 1 in mice and approximately 7 to 1 in humans (Nguyen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence the gut microbiome, such as the role of bile acids and gastric acid secretion, which affect bacterial density in the intestines. It highlights that understanding gut microbiome requires consideration of multiple physiological aspects, suggesting that maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is relevant for a wider population, not just those with digestive issues. Specifically, it notes the impact of dietary quality on microbiota and the limitations in current knowledge for individuals with ileostomies, indicating broader implications for gut health beyond those with diagnosed digestive problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Our result is consistent with our hypothesis that the transformation efficiencies were very high for plasmid constructs with the inducible promoter Ptet without tetracycline induction, but no positive transformants were obtained for constructs using the strong Peno promoter. 2,3-BDO production of three strains containing the three-gene construct with als driven by Ptet (Table 1) was measured, and the 2,3-BDO titer increased from 5–6 to 10–13 g/L (Table 3). In addition, it is apparent that the carbon was diverted from ethanol to 2,3-BDO production, considering the strong negative correlation between ethanol and BDO titers 3 days post-inoculation with an R-squared value of 0. 98 (Table 3). Table 3 The source and components of the 2,3-BDO pathway constructed and the corresponding BDO titer 1 day post-inoculation in Z. mobilis 9CFull size table We further compared sugar consumption and 2,3-BDO production kinetics in glucose only or mixed sugars (glucose and xylose) with the new strain producing the highest 2,3-BDO titers, 9C-BC11 (Table 1). We found that this strain is stable, and 2,3-BDO titers were more than 13 g/L when grown in RMG8 or RMG8X6 media (Fig. 4). Notably, the addition of xylose delayed the sugar utilization of glucose and xylose; as well as cellular growth (Fig. 4). Furthermore, xylose was not completely utilized even 5 days after inoculation (data not shown). However, the concentration of 2,3-BDO in the mixed sugar fermentation remained level in stationary phase when compared to cultures grown in glucose only. In this case, levels of 2,3-BDO decreased after growth, possibly because of the reverse activity of Bdh converting 2,3-BDO back to acetoin, since decreasing 2,3-BDO titers was accompanied by in acetoin concentration increase (Fig. 4a). Fig. 4Biomass (OD600 nm), and concentrations of acetoin, 2,3-BDO, glycerol, ethanol as well as glucose and xylose for strain Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its capacity to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on specific experimental results related to the production of 2,3-BDO and sugar consumption patterns in various strains without directly confirming or denying the potential of bioengineered yeast to achieve high biofuel yields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Informal jobs, though greater in number than direct, formal jobs, may involve several different arrangements, from long-term agreements with DRE companies as product retailers, to commissioned sales activities. Focus groups indicated that informal workers often work with several companies and have multiple income streams, so level of engagement, quality of labor, and level of compensation may vary. Informal workers generally do not have secure employment contracts, benefits, social protection, or representation. Generally, informal workers are retained for shorter periods than regular, full-time employees, as shown below. An explanation for the differences in retention time was not captured through the survey, and warrants further analysis as informal sales can range from independent agents to family members of all ages. It is therefore difficult to compare compensation or retention between informal workers and their formal counterparts, or to calculate informal employment as FTE jobs based on survey data. Deeper research into DRE employment characteristics within the informal sector is warranted. and Level of define the level of engagement for direct, formal employees based on whether they work full-time, part-time, or as contractors. The level of engagement is high across both countries, as the vast majority of direct, formal jobs created by the DRE sector are full-time. 68% of the jobs are full-time, with 65% in Nigeria. Furthermore, according to the survey, the average retention time for direct, formal, full-time DRE employees is more than 30 months for both countries. This suggests the DRE sector may create more stable jobs than larger scale renewables. For instance, one-time construction jobs account for 81% of wind power project jobs in India [63]. TABLE 6 Table 6. Workers’ retention and level of engagement. The survey also shows the level of engagement and retention across each company type (see Table 6). DRE end-user product providers and mini-grid operators provide more full-time employment than other company types. These two company types are not only employing the most full-time staff, but among employees, their retention time is also the highest. On average, their employees stay with companies for more than three years, as compared to two years for project developers and installers, manufacturing and upstream supply chain companies, and other service providers. Thus, among its direct, formal employees the DRE sector provides long-term jobs. Levels of in wage compensation across the DRE sector can be explored across different stakeholder groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the Direct Renewable Energy (DRE) sector creates a significant number of stable, full-time jobs. It states that 68% of jobs in the DRE sector are full-time and that these jobs tend to have longer retention times compared to other sectors, including a retention time of more than 30 months for direct, formal, full-time DRE employees. This suggests that as fossil fuel jobs decline, the DRE sector not only provides alternative employment but also offers more stable job opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Changes in the cecal/colonic microbiome caused by diet may thus have more impact on the animal’s metabolism and health status. That applies as well to germfree/gnotobiotic animals or animals receiving antibiotics in which energy extraction may be impaired by loss of bacteria. What should also not be forgotten, is that rodents perform coprophagy which makes certain nutrients (ie, vitamins) better available by providing those to the upper small intestine. That the metabolism of bacteria in cecum contributes with heat production to the animal’s body temperature has recently been revealed (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021) with an estimated 8 per cent of total energy expenditure. Although the vital bacterial biomass in human colon is not known, in mice, cecum content accounts for approximately 1 per cent of total body mass (Drew et al. , and Louis2018) whereas in humans, colonic contents of approximately 230 g wet weight represent less than 0. 35 per cent of body mass (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990). That may mean that heat generated in human colon is of only minor relevance for energy balance – but even small differences may in long-term have consequences for body and fat mass. Microbiome needs and return Bacterial reproduction and growth require energy. The bacterial biomass in human large intestine is much smaller than originally claimed (Cummings et al. , and Macfarlane1990; Sender et al. , Reference Sender, Fuchs and Milo2016) and may range between 100 and 200 g material (wet weight) in an individual living in an industrialised country. Total stool volume produced per day varies from high to low-income countries from 126 to 250 g wet weight and 28 to 38 g dry weight (Rose et al. , Reference Rose, Parker, Jefferson and Cartmell2015). Any comparison, eg, of bacterial diversity across developed and rural countries and populations should take that into account. Approximately 15 g bacterial mass is excreted with the faeces per day in developed countries (Stephen and Cummings, and Cummings1980) which needs to be replaced in a steady state. Ignoring possible differences in energy demands between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, approximately 0. 5 MJ would be required (rough estimate) per day for substitution of 15 g bacterial biomass (Chen, Reference Chen1964). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the broader implications of the gut microbiome on metabolism and overall health, not just in individuals with digestive problems. It discusses how the microbiome affects energy extraction, body temperature, and overall metabolism in both animals and humans. This implies that attention to gut microbiome should be relevant for all individuals, regardless of their digestive health status.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 grown in pure sugar of RMG8 (a) or mixed sugar of RMG8X6 (b). Culture condition: 40 mL RMG8 or RMG8X6 with 200 μg/mL spectinomycin in 125-mL flask, 33 °C, 120 rpm. Three replicates each without tetracycline inductionFull size image Investigate fermentation conditions on 2,3-BDO productionsTo further understand the impact of oxygen concentration on 2,3-BDO production and fermentation byproduct profiles as indicated by flask fermentation optimization (Fig. 3), Biostat-Q Plus fermenters (Inc. , Bohemia, NY) with oxygen control capability were used for our highest 2,3-BDO producing strain, 9C-BC11. As a control, shake flask fermentation was also conducted. Glucose is usually consumed within 20 h by the parental strain 9C under anaerobic conditions. Interestingly, the glucose utilization of Z. mobilis 9C-BC11 under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging was significantly reduced with only 3 g/L glucose consumed and no discernible cellular growth after 22 h post-inoculation. In contrast, more than half of the glucose had been used under shake flask conditions, and nearly all glucose was consumed upon reaching the highest OD600 nm value of 5. 34 under microaerophilic condition of 1 % dissolved oxygen (DO) (Fig. 5a). However, glucose utilization and cellular growth were significantly decreased when 10 % DO was supplied. At 48-h post-inoculation, there was still 34 g/L glucose remaining in the media, compared to other conditions tested where all glucose had been consumed (Fig. 5a), and the glucose level and OD600 nm values remained relatively steady out to 120 h post-inoculation (Additional file 1: Table S1C). Fig. 5BioStat-Q plus fermentation profiles of glucose utilization and biomass (OD600 nm, a), 2,3-BDO and ethanol (b), acetoin and glycerol (c), acetate and lactate (d) of three-gene 2,3-BDO pathway construct Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. It focuses on fermentation conditions and glucose utilization of a specific strain of yeast, Z. mobilis 9C-BC11, under varying conditions. While it gives insights into glucose consumption and byproduct profiles, it does not analyze or confirm the actual capability of the yeast to produce biofuels in high yields, making the content largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: In a recent report by AfDB, Nigerian non-youth women’s median wage was found to be 45% lower than the median wage of non-youth men [65]. In terms of monthly earnings, the survey data does not provide a full picture of an informal worker’s total monthly income across various income streams. data found that the majority of jobs in the DRE sector are skilled jobs. Skilled jobs are defined by the ILO as those involving leadership, management, professional, technical or associate professional skills generally at the Classification of Occupations (ISCO) 3 or above [43], which is the equivalent of Framework’s Level 5 or above [44]. In Kenya, 66% of the DRE jobs are skilled, compared to 70% in Nigeria. By comparison, the global utility-scale solar sector’s workforce is less than 50% skilled [66]. This may point to another potential benefit of employment in the DRE sector: the opportunity for skilled workforce engagement. The type of skills being recruited in each country and sector is different. For instance, in Kenya more than a third of the DRE workforce is engaged in sales and distribution, given the mature pico-solar appliance and SHS market. On the other hand, the Nigeria workforce has only 8% of its direct, formal employees dedicated to sales and distribution. This could be due to the nascency of the market in Nigeria [14], or possibly due to the fact that the market is not distinctly segmented between rural and urban customers given the low quality of the national grid [62]. Rather, the dominant skills currently demanded in Nigeria are project development, installation, and O&M. Management and business administration account for more than 15% of skills required by companies in each country, again demonstrating the need for skilled labor. Figure 1 below shows the job function breakdown of the DRE sector in 2017–2018 for Kenya and Nigeria. The findings can be validated by the Bank’s recent report on the continents’ job trends. It highlighted that while technology innovation in automation and artificial intelligence may not wipe out many middle- and low-skilled jobs, as the continent is not dependent on manufacturing, the need for skilled and creative workers is imminent [65]. These findings are similar to other skill estimates for the energy sector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the employment opportunities in the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector, highlighting that a significant proportion of jobs available in this sector are skilled roles. It emphasizes that the demand for skilled labor in the DRE sector is growing, which can provide alternative employment for those affected by the decline of fossil fuel jobs. The mention of the types of skills in demand, such as project development, installation, and maintenance, suggests that as fossil fuel jobs decline, there is an emerging need for skilled workers in the renewable energy industry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Besides some secretion of solutes into colon from endogenous sources, the majority of bacterial substrates enter from the ileum. In healthy ileostomy patients on a standard diet containing approximately 20 g of fibre, stoma output revealed that approximately 1. 3 MJ per day leave ileum and that quantity increased on a high fibre bran-based diet to 2. 4 MJ (Isaksson et al. , and Aman2013). The amount of nutrients and energy delivered to colon thus varies considerably based on diet constituents and the processing state of the food. This energy passing from the small intestine into colon comprises small quantities of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as well as fibres from the food consumed, but there is also a constant flow of mucus and other glycoproteins from all secretions into the GIS. In addition, larger quantities of urea but also glucose and some minor quantities of other solutes are constantly reaching the GIS. The latter are all substrates for maintaining the microbiome even when the host is fasting or starving. That this endogenous provision of “feed” for the bacteria is of relevance have two recently published cohort studies with thousands of participants convincingly demonstrated. Both studies revealed a marked influence of the blood group antigens (AB0 system) and secretor status on microbiome diversity (Esteban et al. , Reference Esteban, Lopera-Maya Krlikov, van der Graaf, Hu, Andreu-Sánchez, and Sanna2022; Qin et al. , żyńska, Zhu, Tripathi, Vázquez-and Méric2022). All cell surface proteins but also mucus released from goblet cells and contained in secretions such as saliva carry distinct glycan structures with signatures like the blood group antigens. These glycans resist hydrolysis in the small intestine because of lack of specific glucosidases leading to a constant provision of a characteristic pattern of oligosaccharides to the colon. These glycans comprising sugars such as galactose, fucose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and N-acetyl-galactosamine and others provided to the bacteria lead to significant differences in microbiota-signatures as shown for the blood group glycans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by highlighting the importance of the gut microbiome beyond just individuals with digestive problems. It discusses the role of dietary constituents in the health and maintenance of the microbiome, indicating that everyone can benefit from understanding their gut microbiome, as it is influenced by factors such as diet and blood group antigens, which affect microbiome diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis 9C-BC11 under different aeration conditions of N2 (0 % DO), 1, or 10 % DO (dissolved oxygen concentration) as well as shake flasks in RMG10 at pH 5. 8 and 30 °C conditions 48-h post-inoculationFull size image Under anaerobic conditions with nitrogen sparging, nearly all glucose was ultimately converted into ethanol, producing only 1. 68 g/L 2,3-BDO. Increasing oxygen deliveries from 0 to 1 % DO, or 10 % DO, decreased ethanol production dramatically (Fig. 5b), and is consistent with a previous report that aerobic growth reduces ethanol production [63]. Although both 2,3-BDO and acetoin levels increased under aerobic growth, titers of 2,3-BDO and acetoin were significantly higher in the 1 % DO culture than in the 10 % DO culture (Fig. 5b, c). Besides the major end-products ethanol, acetoin, and 2,3-BDO, the production profiles of minor byproducts of acetate, lactate, and glycerol were also affected by the oxygen levels in these cultures. More acetate was produced under aerobic conditions resulting in less ethanol production as reported in the literature [63]. Furthermore, acetate production was significantly higher in the more aerobic conditions (1 or 10 % DO supplementation) than in the microaerophilic conditions using flask fermentation or N2-supplemented anaerobic fermentation (Fig. 5d). Additionally, more lactate was produced under aerobic conditions than in anaerobic condition as well (Fig. 5d). We had previously shown that the expression levels of the lactate dehydrogenase gene ZMO1237 were more abundant under aerobic conditions [63], and the expression of another d-lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, was upregulated in the ethanol-treated cells during stationary phase [57]. The host strain, Z. mobilis 9C, used in this study, is a derivative of Z. mobilis 8b in which the ZMO1237 gene was inactivated [37]. Therefore, ZMO1237 may play the major role in lactate production under aerobic conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim of bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the fermentation process of Z. mobilis 9C-BC11 under various oxygen conditions and its effects on ethanol and byproducts. While it mentions ethanol production being influenced by oxygen levels, it lacks specific information about the design of yeast for high yield biofuel production from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Greenpeace, in its energy transition study in 2019 broke down the energy workforce according to the ISCO framework, with managers (ISCO 1) and other professional finance and legal support (ISCO 2) accounting for 19% of the workforce in 2015 in Africa, engineers (ISCO 2) and technicians (ISCO 3) 25%, and plant or machine operator (ISCO 8) and laborer (ISCO 9) 22%. While the Greenpeace result roughly corresponds to our findings, it appears the DRE sector is more dependent on a large sales workforce, especially where the pico-solar appliance and SHS market is more mature. As will be discussed in a later section, the transferability of most skills between DRE and the utility-scale sector makes competition for talents a challenge for retaining employees. 1 Figure 1. Direct, formal job function breakdown in 2017–2018. Youth and Women’s and women’s participation in the workforce are critical for emerging economies. Across SSA, there are high rates of working poverty, vulnerable employment and underemployment for youth, and even more so for rural youth or those with little education [65]. Likewise, across SSA women are more likely than men to be unemployed [5]. In addition to high unemployment rates, women and youth, when employed, are disproportionately engaged in the informal sector with less security. About 75% of employed women do so through informal employment, as compared to 61% for men; about 80% of employed youth are in the informal sector, as compared to 66% for the total working-age population [65]. The survey found that women’s participation in the DRE sector is low for both countries (see Table 8). Women make up less than 30% of the workforce: 23% in Kenya and 27% in Nigeria. This is lower than women’s participation in the renewable energy industry in general—IRENA reported in 2019 that women represented an average of 32% of the global renewable energy workforce [67], and in 2017 found that gender discrimination in renewable energy is less pronounced than in the energy sector at large [56]. The survey data showed that women represented 25% of the senior managerial positions in Kenya in 2018, and 26% in Nigeria (see Table 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the workforce breakdown in the renewable energy sector, particularly in Africa, and highlighting specific statistics regarding participation and employment opportunities. It indicates that the renewable energy sector, including decentralized renewable energy (DRE), presents job opportunities, specifically for youths and women, crucial in the context of high unemployment rates among these demographics. The mention of a lower female participation in DRE compared to the general renewable energy workforce hints at the scope for improvement and suggests that as the sector develops, it could potentially provide alternative employment opportunities as fossil fuel jobs decline.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: The quantity of sugars bound in the glycans that reach the colon is difficult to assess but may be in the range of 2 to 15 g per day (Johansson et al. , Reference Johansson, Sjövall and Hansson2013; Leal et al. , Reference Leal, Hugh, Smyth and Ghosh2017). Gastrointestinal transit time also plays an important role for the quantity of chyme entering colon (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Moreover, transit time was also shown to closely associate with the diversity and quantity of bacteria excreted with faeces. With compounds that increase transit time, more fermentable substrates enter the colon, and more bacteria are found in faeces whereas compounds that slow transit have the opposite effects (Stephen et al. , Reference Stephen, Wiggins and Cummings1987). Transit time also affects the water content in colon and in stool and that has been shown to be a relevant determinant of microbiome diversity in humans (Roager et al. , øbel, -Pontén, Nielsen, Pedersen, Lauritzen, Kristensen, Gupta and Licht2016; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Tito, Joosens and Raes2015). Since on average approximately 650 kJ of energy are excreted in faeces, only approximately 500 kJ can be predicted as absorbed from colon and that is mainly in form of short-chain organic acids. This rather small quantity of calories becoming available for the host asks for its overall importance in body weight control. Several studies have in the initial phase of modern microbiome research addressed the contribution of the microbiome in the development of obesity and those were fostered by studies in germfree mice that showed resistance to diet-induced obesity. Those findings were later questioned by studies that failed to demonstrate such a resistance to obesity-development using different “obesogenic diets” in germfree mice (Moretti et al. , öm and Lundberg2021). That the microbiome in its diversity is associated with the BMI of individual’s has been observed in large cohorts (Zhernakova et al. , -and Fu2016). Although human studies also reported significant microbiome differences between lean and obese individuals (Chierico et al. , and Putignani2018; et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the gut microbiome's relevance beyond just digestive problems. It notes the association of microbiome diversity with BMI and obesity, indicating that individuals who are not experiencing digestive issues also stand to benefit from understanding their gut microbiome. Additionally, the text outlines how transit time and microbiome diversity relate to energy absorption and body weight control, further emphasizing that the microbiome plays a critical role in overall health rather than being solely a concern for those with digestive issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, another lactate dehydrogenase gene, ZMO0256, could also be activated under aerobic conditions for lactate production, when ZMO1237 is deactivated, as shown in this study (Fig. 5d). Intriguingly, despite the observation that more glycerol was produced under aerobic conditions (i. e. , 1 or 10 % DO) than under anaerobic conditions with N2 purging, a higher amount of glycerol was produced in shake flask fermentations (see Fig. 5c). In Z. mobilis, only one NAD+ is regenerated from 2,3-BDO biosynthesis compared to two NAD+ from ethanol fermentation. The increase of glycerol production for in shake flasks may be explained by the utilization of the glycerol pathway to maintain redox balance (NAD+ feedback) while also provides ATP to sustain cellular growth (Fig. 6). Fig. 6Impact of heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering and oxygen levels on native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis. This figure shows native central carbon metabolism in Z. mobilis which includes ED (Entner–Doudoroff), PPP (pentose phosphate pathway), and fermentation pathways leading to the production of ethanol and other minor metabolites of glycerol, lactate, and acetate from carbon source of glucose and xylose. The heterologous 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway was integrated into Z. mobilis metabolic pathway, which contains three enzymes of acetolactate synthase (Als), acetolactate decarboxylase (AldC), and butanediol dehydrogenase (Bdh) for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis from pyruvate. Depending on the source of Bdh enzyme from different microorganisms, three 2,3-BOD stereoisomers of R,R-2,3-BDO, S,S-2,3-BDO, and meso-2,3-BDO could be produced. Reactions involved in redox cofactor (NADH/NAD+) regeneration were shown as well as the respiration chain enzymes and electron transfer in Z. mobilis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and the production of biofuels. While it discusses metabolic pathways and glycerol production in Z. mobilis, it does not provide direct evidence or insight about how yeast can be bioengineered for biofuel production from sugars. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: It is difficult to compare the DRE sector to others due to limited data, however, focus groups highlighted that structural barriers do exist for women seeking to occupy leadership positions due to discriminatory social norms and gender stereotypes. For instance, during the Nigeria focus group, it was reported that DRE companies led by women were intentionally excluded from contract tenders because the sector lacks trust in female leadership. Deeper stakeholder analysis is merited to identify practical solutions. Corresponding to the general workforce trends in SSA, there is a higher representation of women in informal employments in the DRE sector, and particularly with pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. The benefit of engaging women in the sales and distribution network is widely recognized by both SHS and mini-grid companies alike, and is validated by the literature, which shows that in rural communities women play important roles as entrepreneurs, social networkers, influencers, and leaders, making them suitable salespersons. For instance, during focus group discussion confirmed that its female sales agents performed better than their male peers. In 2017, Baruah reported the important role DRE technologies play in generating employment opportunity for women but warned that transformative shifts in societal attitudes about gender roles are necessary [68]. Scaling the DRE sector may represent a major opportunity to help unemployed youth. The survey found that in Kenya the percentage of youth employed in the DRE sector is high, at more than 40% of the workforce. However, in Nigeria, which is a very young population, youth currently only make up 28% of the DRE workforce. ANOVA analysis shows that statistically, local companies employ more youth than foreign companies. See supplemental materials for these outputs. TABLE 8 Table 8. Women and youth participation in DRE workforce. Despite the broader employment impact numbers, there are important nuances that can be understood by disaggregating jobs according to company type. For instance, some company types offer longer-term jobs than others, require different skill sets, and have different levels of participation among women and youth. In this section we build a workforce profile for each company type to highlight key characteristics (see Figures 2 through 7). End-user product providers, including pico-solar appliances and SHS, have a low market penetration rate in Nigeria 4% in 2017, and a much higher penetration of 51% in Kenya. That said, in both countries, the workforce profile is similar (see Figures 2 and 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector provides considerable employment opportunities, especially for women and youth. It mentions that scaling the DRE sector could represent a major opportunity to help unemployed youth and highlights statistics showing significant youth employment in the sector, particularly in Kenya. Additionally, it references the important role DRE technologies play in generating employment, corroborating the idea that as fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can indeed provide alternative employment options.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: , ørgensen, ément, Doré, Kleerebezem, Kristiansen, Renault, Sicheritz-Ponten, de and Pedersen2013), over the years it has become clear that the heterogeneity found in microbiomes of seemingly healthy people is far larger than the characteristics of the microbiomes of obese and lean individuals (Boscaini et al. , Reference Boscaini, Leigh, Lavelle, García-Cabrerizo, Lipuma, Clarke, Schellekens and Cryan2022). As described above, the contribution of the microbiome and its importance for the provision of calories to the host seems small but could in long-term – over decades – make a difference. Yet, the research on diets to alter the microbiome has also not delivered the expected effects. Even well-established fermentable fibres known for improvement of obstipation or intestinal discomfort failed to demonstrate marked changes in the microbiome diversity by when provided over weeks in relevant doses (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017; Vandeputte et al. , Reference Vandeputte, Falony, Vieira-Silva, Wang, Sailer, Theis, Verbeke and Raes2017). A consistent finding in these studies however was a substantial increase in the density of Bifidobacteria, which also can be increased in density by dietary lactose but here microbiome diversity then depends on the individual capability to digest lactose as large cohorts have recently revealed (Esteban et al. , Reference Esteban, Lopera-Maya Krlikov, van der Graaf, Hu, Andreu-Sánchez, and Sanna2022; Qin et al. , żyńska, Zhu, Tripathi, Vázquez-and Méric2022). What is striking is that human and animal science appear to look at the contribution of the gut microbiome in body weight gain or body composition with different views. In animal science the wide use of antibiotics was also driven by findings that this increased weight gain – defining antibiotics as growth promotors and that was demonstrated in pigs and chicken (Angelakis, Reference Angelakis2017; Gaskins et al. , Reference Gaskins, Collier and Anderson2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the heterogeneity of gut microbiomes exists even among seemingly healthy individuals, indicating that the microbiome is significant beyond just those with digestive problems. It emphasizes the ongoing research and findings regarding microbiome diversity and its implications in various health aspects, such as body weight and composition, suggesting that everyone can benefit from understanding their gut microbiome, not just those with digestive issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: mobilis which generate one ATP from each glucose molecule; compared to 2 ATPs generated from the EMP pathway and 38 ATPs from the TCA cycle. Zymomonas mobilis also has a respiration chain using oxygen as the terminal electron receptor under aerobic conditions. At least two branched electron transport systems have been proposed comprising NADH dehydrogenase (Ndh), coenzyme Q10, cytochrome bd, and O2, which has been confirmed by several studies [78, 81–87]. However, unlike other microorganisms, respiration in Z. mobilis is uncoupled to energetics and cellular growth with a function that has been suggested to maintain a low NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth [87]. Disturbance of the cellular NADH/NAD+ ratio due to external or internal inhibitors could lead to slow growth [48, 87]. A mutation of respiration chain genes, such as ndh mutation, or the supplementation of respiration chain inhibitors could result in better growth and higher ethanol titer under aerobic conditions [78, 81, 82, 84, 87] possibly due to more NADH becoming available for ethanol fermentation. However, excessive NADH would result in a high NADH/NAD+ ratio which would lead to inhibition of cellular growth [87]. Therefore, a well-balanced, low NADH/NAD+ ratio is key for efficient glycolysis and cellular growth in Z. mobilis. Based on end-product data analysis for ethanol, acetoin, 2,3-BDO, lactate, acetate, and glycerol production, as well as cellular growth and glucose consumption profiles described above (Fig. 5), we propose the model below to explain the impact of host carbon and energetic metabolism as well as oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering in Z. mobilis (Fig. 6). We hypothesize that during anaerobic conditions, there is insufficient NAD+ produced during ethanol fermentation to ensure efficient glucose catabolism in the engineered 2,3-BDO pathway in strain 9C-BC11 since pyruvate is being diverted away from ethanol production to 2,3-BDO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and the production of biofuels from sugars. It discusses the metabolic processes of Zymomonas mobilis, including ATP generation and the impact of cellular conditions on growth and ethanol production, but does not confirm or deny the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce high yields of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: A large share of direct, formal jobs created by these companies are skilled activities, like sales and distribution or product servicing, as compared to the global renewable energy industry, where less than half of its workers are skilled [25]. These companies have high percentage full-time engagement, high retention periods, and a broad spread of job functions from business and administration to assembly and sales. ANOVA analysis shows that end-user product providers employ more women than other companies. 2 Figure 2. Kenya end-user product provider workforce profile. 3 Figure 3. Nigeria end-user product provider workforce profile. Project developers and installers on the other hand draw less on sales and distribution, and dedicate most of their workforce to project development and servicing products, which are highly skilled jobs (see Figures 4 and 5). Because of the less standardized, component-based nature of project development and installation, the work carried out is labor intensive. Furthermore, during the construction phase of C&I projects, the developers and installers draw heavily on support of engineering, procurement, construction, transportation, and logistics companies, with the support of local civil workers. Thus, the potential for indirect job creation is high. These jobs also have high retention and a significant degree of full-time engagement. The project developer workforce in Kenya comprises over 40% youth, though with a lower notably lower participation in Nigeria. analysis shows that project developers and installers employ less women than other company types. 4 Figure 4. Kenya project developer and installer workforce profile. 5 Figure 5. Nigeria project developer and installer workforce profile. Mini-grid operators and project developers and installers are analyzed separately because their business models and revenue structures differ, as does their contracting and hiring behavior. Mini-grid operators create more long-term O&M jobs, as compared to project developers and installers, who need large number of contractors or informal workers’ support over a short period of time during project installation. Currently, mini-grid companies are still emerging in Nigeria and more established in Kenya. Mini-grid companies for instance, provide significantly more formal than informal work opportunities. The jobs created by the mini-grid operators are mostly full-time, long-term jobs, in fact having the longest retention time across the company types surveyed. Furthermore, mini-grid companies employ the highest percentage of their staff in management and business administration (see Figures 6 and 7). 6 Figure 6. Kenya mini-grid operator workforce profile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for job creation in the renewable energy sector. It highlights that mini-grid operators and project developers create formal, full-time jobs, which can help absorb employment as fossil fuel jobs decline. The text specifically notes that mini-grid companies provide long-term jobs with high retention rates, indicating a significant potential for alternative employment in renewables.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In pigs the application of different antibiotics led to a reduction in the total quantity of bacteria and to changes in the spectrum of bacteria in ileum as revealed by sequencing (Collier et al. , Reference Collier, Smiricky-and Gaskin2003). The amount of energy utilised by bacteria and becoming available for the host as weight gain upon antibiotic treatment was estimated to be approximately 6 per cent of the total food energy. That is in essence identical to the estimated heat production by the caecal microbiome in mice as part of the energy needed to maintain body temperature (Riedl et al. , and Grobe2021). The increased weight gain found when the microbiota is reduced in density by antibiotics has been attributed to lower energy costs for mucus production and for immune defence in the intestine since fewer bacteria could translate into reduced synthesis of mucus and immune cells and possibly a lower epithelial turn-over. In an impressive paper it was recently demonstrated by use of a stable isotope labelling technique and proteome analysis allowing quantification of protein synthesis rates and protein half-lives that there are major differences between conventional and germfree mice (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). Since the intestine is the organ with the highest cell renewal rate it has to have a huge capacity for synthesis of proteins. The proliferation and apoptosis rates underlying cell replacement in the intestine revealed in the labelling experiment a spatial gradient from proximal to distal linked to the different architecture of the epithelia. However, the study also revealed that germfree mice have lower protein synthesis rates including those of the mucus-proteins (Arike et al. , Reference Arike, Seiman, van der Post, Rodriguez Piñeiro, Ermund, Schütte, Bäckhed, Johansson and Hansson2020). These findings support the notion that bacteria and other organisms and viruses that collectively constitute the ecosystem in the gut, drive cell proliferation, immune defence mechanisms and mucus production rates. The latter seems particularly enforced by bacteria that reside in the mucus layer and that can utilise the glycoproteins as substrates for growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating the importance of the gut microbiome beyond individuals with digestive issues. It discusses various studies indicating that gut bacteria play a crucial role in processes such as energy utilization, immune defense, and cell proliferation in the intestine, which are vital for all individuals, not just those with digestive problems. It emphasizes that the gut microbiome influences overall health and physiological functions, suggesting that caring for the gut microbiome is relevant for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: One acetolactate intermediate is synthesized from two pyruvate molecules by Als and then converted to acetoin and BDO by AldC and Bdh, respectively, oxidizing one NADH to generate one NAD+ as opposed to two NAD+ generated from ethanol fermentation. Moreover, the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway may also compete for the substrate, acetolactate, with the branded-chain amino acids biosynthesis pathway for valine, alanine, and leucine. Taken together, the reduced NAD+ generated via the heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway and the competition for substrate with the amino acid biosynthesis pathway may increase the NADH/NAD+ ratio, which could then reduce the glycolysis efficiency and cellular growth resulting in a long lag phase (Fig. 5a). This lag could last until sufficient NAD+ could be generated to re-establish the optimal NADH/NAD+ ratio for efficient ethanol production. Under 1 % DO culture conditions, we achieved the fastest glucose utilization and highest growth rates and the highest yields of 2,3-BDO and acetoin compared to anaerobic and 10 % DO conditions, suggesting that a more optimal redox balance is achieved under this condition. However, lower 2,3-BDO titers were realized compared to shake flask conditions. Clearly, the highest oxygen level tested (10 %) negatively impacted glucose utilization, cellular growth, and end-product yields (Fig. 5a, b, c), which may be due to an NADH/NAD+ ratio imbalance and thus inadequate NADH availability for 2,3-BDO biosynthesis and ethanol fermentation. Lactate dehydrogenase upregulated by oxygen may further exacerbate this situation by diverting needed NADH to lactate biosynthesis. Under shake flask fermentation condition, more NAD+ may be generated from the acetoin to 2,3-BDO reaction, which could help maintain the redox balance. However, since the 2,3-BDO biosynthesis reaction is not as efficient as ethanol fermentation in Z. mobilis and NADH was not as efficiently recycled, we speculate that accumulation of more NADH is being diverted towards glycerol biosynthesis to regenerate NAD+ while also providing ATP for glycolysis and cellular growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the metabolic pathways involved in the production of 2,3-BDO and acetoin from pyruvate, focusing on metabolic efficiency and redox balance. It does not provide evidence or insights about the potential of bioengineered yeast to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: Most companies agreed that technical training is a secondary consideration, since staff can be trained internally if needed. The primary challenge is recruiting employees with a strong grounding in business skills, ethics, and workplace leadership. This corresponds to recent findings of the Mini-Needs Assessment, a report jointly prepared by Energy 4 Impact and which identified project and business management, finance, health and safety, monitoring and evaluation, O&M processes, and software as core skills that lack adequate training programs in emerging markets [70]. The challenges around recruiting and retaining managerial talent is compounded by competition for the limited talent pool. Further, as noted in the focus groups, managers from DRE companies tend to move to the utility-scale or rooftop solar sectors, which have more managerial positions and thus more upward mobility. The survey and focus groups show that a strong TVET and career strategy which involves government, industry, education institutions, and investors is needed to close the skills gap for the sector. Information feedback loops between TVET systems and employers are important to avoiding the mismatch between young workforce entrants’ skillsets and employers’ needs [65]. Past successes have been observed in many private sector-led training programs. During focus group discussions, participants shared success cases of industry working directly with universities to establish a presence and develop a pipeline that recruits students during their formal education into industry through internships and on-the-job training that quickly leads to full-time employment. For most DRE companies, technical talent is recruited from across many training institutes with different curricula, teaching standards, and levels of accreditation. Indeed, participants in both focus groups expressed concern over the quality of training, the lack of monitoring and evaluation metrics for such training programs, and the inability to transfer accreditation across countries or regions, both complicating and limiting the recruitment process. Thus, there is a need for better certification processes and, perhaps, for a collective industry-wide training curriculum. Another identified gap in recruitment is industry knowledge of available training services. Many companies are not aware of the training resources available for their staff or even where to source trained technicians. These insights have important implications for workforce development policy and the tailoring of interventions to the DRE sector’s needs. We explore the implications of these findings in the Discussion. This data shows that the DRE sector, though very nascent, does support direct employment in SSA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the direct employment opportunities created in the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector. It highlights that a strong TVET (Technical and Vocational Education and Training) and career strategy is necessary for closing the skills gap, which indicates that as fossil fuel jobs decline, there are efforts to develop a workforce that can transition into renewable energy jobs. The text mentions partnerships between industry and educational institutions to provide pathways for students into the renewable energy workforce, supporting the notion that renewable energy can offer alternative employment as fossil fuel jobs diminish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: One very prominent species is Akkermansia muciniphila that has frequently been associated with a lean host phenotype and a variety of health benefits (Cani et al. , Reference Cani, Depommier, Derrien, Everard and de Vos2022). Stimulation of mucus production in the gut means that the host needs to invest more energy into synthesis of the glycans and proteins and the secretory machinery and that could in life-long perspective affect host body mass. Small molecules go across The production of large quantities of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) by the microbiota has been demonstrated more than 50 years ago and their role in energy metabolism but also in protecting colonic tissue from malign transformation received a lot of attention; for a recent review see Blaak et al. , van Harsselaar, van Tol, Vaughan and Verbeke2020. Although moderate increases in SCFA levels in faecal samples in human trials using fermentable substrates were demonstrated (Puhlmann et al. , Reference Puhlmann, Jokela, van Dongen, Bui, van Hagelbroek, Smidt, de Vos and Feskens2022), not all intervention studies have consistently observed such changes, even not when high quantities of fibres of up to 45 g per day (Oliver et al. , and Whiteson2021) or 12 g/day of galactooligosaccharides (Canfora et al. , Reference Canfora, van der Beek, Hermes, Goosens, Jocken, Jolst, can and Blaak2017) as highly fermentable substrates were consumed by human volunteers. In a study with obese and prediabetic volunteers treated for 7 days with the antibiotics Amoxicillin or Vancomycin only Vancomycin reduced significantly faecal levels of acetate and butyrate but not Amoxicillin. However, antibiotic treatment failed to change fasting plasma SCFA levels (Reijnders et al. , Reference Reijnders, Goossens, Hermes, Neis, van der and Blaak2016) and metabolic phenotyping revealed no clinically relevant effects in the volunteers despite marked changes in the microbiomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the gut microbiome has a significant impact on various health aspects beyond digestive issues, such as energy metabolism and body mass regulation. The mention of 'Akkermansia muciniphila associated with a lean host phenotype and a variety of health benefits' suggests that even individuals without digestive problems can benefit from understanding and caring for their gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, our results reveal the impact of host cellular metabolism and the effect of oxygen levels on heterologous 2,3-BDO metabolic pathway engineering for 2,3-BDO production in Z. mobilis which can illuminate potential strategies for anaerobic 2,3-BDO production improvement. Furthermore, our study confirms the value of integrating bioinformatics analysis and systems biology data during metabolic engineering endeavors. MethodsBacterial strain and growth conditions Zymomonas mobilis 8b was revived from frozen glycerol stocks for about 6–8 h in 10 mL RMG2 (20 g/L glucose, 10 g/L yeast extract, 2 g/L KH2PO4) at 33 °C. Other 8b derivatives used in this work are: 22C, a hydrolysate-tolerant mutant strain; 9C, an 8b derivative with both chloramphenicol and tetracycline resistance genes removed. The final spectinomycin concentration used for Z. mobilis is 200 and 50 μg/mL for E. coli. Growth curve measurement using Bioscreen CGrowth of Z. mobilis was monitored by using the 420–580 nm filter () as described previously without shaking [88, 89]. Three replicates were used for each condition. The seed cultures used for were first revived from frozen glycerol stocks overnight in RMG2, then diluted 100-fold into fresh RMG2 until it reached exponential phase. The absorbance at OD600 nm was adjusted to 3, then added 10-μL to each well containing 290-μL medium, such that the final OD600 nm = 0. 1. Procedures for measurement, recording of final cell densities, and calculations used to correct for non-linear response at high cell densities are previously reported [88, 89]. Minimized shuttle vector construction and 2,3-BDO pathway assemblyA new minimized shuttle vector, pEZ15Asp, was designed and synthesized that includes origins of replication from both E. coli and Z. mobilis, antibiotics marker for the spectinomycin resistance gene, and multiple cloning sites for Biobrick-based pathway assembly [67]. Wild-type and codon-optimized versions of three 2,3-BDO biosynthesis pathway genes were synthesized by Genscript (NJ, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the metabolic engineering of Zymomonas mobilis and the production of 2,3-BDO but does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.