Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: that (13) If so, then using the Potential energy and Kinetic energy values from [1] we can write the following: Keep in mind that in Equation (14) that the H referred to is defined by Equation (13) above, and so we write below explicit entries for the Potential energy, the Kinetic energy, and we define a value for Equation (13). (14) The term is for Potential energy, and it is by inspection » in the Planckian space-time regime which is the Kinetic energy component, provided that time here is a real co-ordinate. We will, for now on, to keep this real time non dimensional, make the following identification with, once again, Equation (4), which has. For the sake of identification, we will be assuming that Equation (14) and Equation (4) are in the present universe and that is extraordinarily small. 2. of Equation (14) and Equation (4) in a supposition is that Equation (2) to Equation (5) in the matter of pre-Planckian space time, say in a boundary of 2 times Planck time to buttress the repeating cyclical universe we are assuming as possibility given by Penrose [17] is changed then to take into the quantum bounce analogy we think should be looked at [11] as given by C. Rovelli and F. Vidotto. So then we get from Planckian space time, a real time evaluation which shrinks to imaginary time, via the following rule (15) i. e. what we are saying is that, there is a retime in the pre-Planckian regime of space-time In a boundary of i. e. about a bounce area, of space time, then there would be this switch, so then in this regime, we would re write the relevant evaluative time for the Potential and Kinetic energy as. Pick the following point of evaluation, namely at the transit point between the plus to the minus regions of that we are looking at a energy, but a Kinetic energy which would be very different from Zero. (16) The fact we have a very large non zero going into the region, as a pre-Planckian bounce bubble, with this flipping to with the result that. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding time travel and witnessing historical events. Instead, it discusses concepts related to potential and kinetic energy within the context of space-time and pre-Planckian regimes without making any mention of time travel or historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae prevalence and infection45,46,47. While the parasite is absent in some African areas48,49, its prevalence varies from few percent to more than 60% in other continental areas50,51. Interestingly, it reaches almost 100% in in the pacific and in the Caribbean island of Dominica52,53. One hypothesis is that the parasite may benefit from a reduced seasonal variability due to tropical climates. areas could also have been preserved from the parasite due to limited introduction of allochtonous honeybees or apicultural materials, in contrast to regions such as North Africa, and the SWIO area. The exchange of colonies, together with contaminated hives materials, could have constituted the main route of introduction of V. ceranae in the SWIO islands. In the Mascarenes, exchanges of honeybees have been demonstrated through the presence of hybridization with European lineages54. The import of colonies has been prohibited in La Réunion since 1982 only. In Mauritius, regular and recent introductions of colonies from undocumented origin have occurred38. A recent introduction of Malagasy colonies to has also been suspected, reflecting exchanges within the SWIO. Thus, the parasite could have then spread both within and between the islands. The global allelic similarity, the accumulation of rare haplotypes and the few isolate-specific haplotypes support a recent demographic expansion35. Haplotype frequencies showed a higher distance between SWIO and European isolates than within SWIO isolates and an even higher divergence with the Thai isolates in A. dorsata and A. ceranae (Fig. 4a). Such a distinction of V. ceranae genotypes was previously achieved through the genome-wide analysis of Polymorphism, showing a Thai population cluster in A. mellifera and A. ceranae that differed from other global population in A. mellifera36. The local reduced diversity with specific variation did not show any geographical patterns in Thailand but suggested that the Thai populations of parasites evolved independently from other global population. The present data showed that clustering of parasite populations could emerge in other part of the world than Southeastern Asia. The main difference in allele content concerned A. dorsata and A. cerana hosts. Within A. mellifera isolates, most haplotypes were common to all isolates, with only few specific of one isolate or one geographic area (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence and infection rates of the parasite Nosema ceranae in various regions, highlighting its significant impact on honeybee populations. It mentions that the prevalence of the parasite can reach nearly 100% in some areas, indicating its widespread presence and potential effects on honeybee health. Moreover, the text outlines how local environmental factors and the introduction of new bee colonies can influence the spread of the parasite, further supporting the idea that it poses a risk to honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: I’m not so concerned about “Terminator”-style individual robots as I am with the AGI’s mind being able to strategize even more destructive methods of controlling mankind. I believe these risks transcend today’s AI concerns of privacy, equality, transparency, employment, etc. AGI is akin to genetic engineering: While the potential is huge, so too are both the benefits and the risks. The bottom line on risks is this: Banning AGI outright would simply transfer development to countries and organizations that refuse to recognize the ban. Accepting an AGI free-for-all would lead to nefarious types willing to harness AGI for calamitous purposes. Only an open development process has a chance of introducing AGI in a way in which we can take advantage of its benefits while eliminating its risks. ? While there is no consensus, AGI could be here relatively soon. Consider that a very small percentage of the human genome (which totals approximately 750MB of information) defines the brain’s entire structure. That means developing a program containing less than 75MB of information could fully represent the brain of a newborn with human potential. When you realize that the seemingly complex human genome project was completed much sooner than anyone realistically expected, emulating the brain in software in the not-too-distant future should be well within the scope of a development team. Similarly, while we don’t yet know what to write, a breakthrough in neuroscience at any time could lead to mapping of the human neurome. There is, after all, a human neurome project already in the works. If that project progresses as quickly as the human genome project, it is fair to conclude that AGI could occur in the very near future. While timing is uncertain, it is safe to assume that AGI is likely to gradually emerge. That means your Alexa, Siri or Google Assistant, which are already better at answering questions than the average three-year-old, will eventually be better than a 10-year-old, then an average adult, then a genius. With the benefits of each progression outweighing any perceived risks, we may disagree about the point at which the system crosses the line of human equivalence, but it will continue to appreciate – and anticipate – each level of advancement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and its potential to surpass current AI technologies, which are indeed specialized. The author emphasizes that AGI could evolve to have capabilities beyond those of specialized AI systems, mentioning that personal assistants like Alexa and Siri, which are currently specialized, could eventually achieve advanced intelligence comparable to humans. This implies that the trajectory of AI development is moving towards general intelligence, countering the claim that current technologies are predominantly focused on specialized tasks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: (17) In making this evaluation, we are assuming that there could be use of the following for relic Gravitational waves. , i. e. for Equation (17) to hold we will be looking at a time interval which may be specified by [18] [19] (18) Initially, as postulated by Babour [18] [19] this set of masses, given in the emergent time structure could be for say the planetary masses of each contribution of the solar system. Our identification is to have an initial mass value, at the start of creation, for an individual graviton. Then there may be gravitons which are [18] [19] (19) This would entail assuming relic gravitation generated by a massive graviton bounded below by (20) And the magnitude of K. E. as defined by (21) If so, then if we use Equation (16) and Equation (20) and Equation (21) so as to obtain (22) If so, then, we come to a conclusion, which uses a basic energy density result from Kolb and Turner [9] that the Kinetic energy, as defined in pre-Planckian physics, as defined in this document is decisively important, as given in the conclusion. 3. Re-Models as to about the Origins of the It is very noticeable that in [21] we have that the following quote is particularly relevant to consider, in lieu of our results “Thus, if advanced projects on the detection of GWs will improve their sensitivity allowing to perform a GWs astronomy (this is due because signals from GWs are quite weak) [16] one will only have to look the interferometer response functions to understand if is the definitive theory of gravity. In fact, if only the two response functions (2) and (19) will be present, we will conclude that is definitive. If the response function (22) will be present too, we will conclude that massless Scalar-is the correct theory of gravitation. Finally, if a longitudinal response function will be present, i. e. Equation (25) for a wave propagating parallel to one interferometer arm, or its generalization to angular dependences, we will learn that the correct theory of gravity will be massive Scalar-which is equivalent to f(R) theories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the analysis of gravitational waves and their implications in theoretical physics, without addressing the concept of time travel or its capability to allow witnessing historical events. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Island populations offered a good opportunity to study parasite population structures, showing clustering linked to the archipelagos geography. At last, the data strongly suggested that V. ceranae development in the honeybee can be explained by a single infection with a tetraploid and possibly clonal parasite. Although population structure could be resolved in the SWIO, the ubiquitous major alleles confirmed the close proximity of the V. ceranae populations worldwide in A. mellifera. Thus similar parasites seem globally present although their natural history may be highlighted through allele frequency. MethodsSampling and screening for infected honeybeesA. mellifera individuals were collected in 2011–2014 in the SWIO area. Subsequently, samples were collected in continental Africa and Europe to form outgroups, but the latter sampling was not designed to assess the prevalence of V. ceranae in these regions (Table S1). Individuals of A. florea, A. dorsata and A. ceranae were also collected in Thailand. Honeybees were kept at -20 °C dry or in 90% ethanol. For samples frozen in ethanol, single abdomens were removed using flame-sterilized forceps, dried for 30 min at 37 °C and ground in 200 µL ATL buffer () using a sterile microtube pestel. For fresh samples, single abdomens were ground in 100 µL TE buffer and the mixtures were complemented with 100 µL ATL buffer after the screening of spores. The presence of microsporidian parasites was first screened by the observation of spores under a phase contrast microscope (× 400). In the SWIO, 18. 6% (n = 349) of the honeybees were parasitized but the presence of spores was low in Madagascar compared to the rest of the SWIO area (0. 9 vs 51. 6%; Table S1). Similarly, only 0. 6% (n = 363) of honeybees carried Vairimorpha spores in continental Africa, with two positive bees from a same colony in Senegal. In Europe, taken as a geographical outgroup, 4. 8% (n = 104) of bees were infected. Spores were detected in one A. dorsata and two A. cerana individuals. Positive samples were boiled 10 min to lyse the resistant parasite spores and incubated in the presence of 2 mg/mL proteinase K for 2 h at 56 °C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence of Vairimorpha spores, which refers to Nosema ceranae, in honeybee populations. It mentions that a significant percentage of the honeybees collected in the SWIO area were parasitized, with details about the prevalence and comparison of V. ceranae across different regions, supporting the assertion that this parasite affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Most current AI technologies are specialized and focused on specific tasks, rather than general intelligence. [SEP] Text: Another study [5] from researchers at Yale and looked at the question of how long it would take for smart technology to surpass human abilities across a broad variety of fields, including a few areas that no one would have imagined could ever be taken over by a machine operating without direct human guidance. The consensus of 352 expert practitioners in the AI field was that machines will beat human translators by 2024, they’ll surpass the brightest high schoolers at essay writing by 2027, and they’ll be churning out bestseller-quality novels by 2049. A few years later, the study reports, smart automation will replace human surgeons (already, machines perform highly complex laser eye surgery). AI researchers believe that their own field, AI research, will be the last to go, replaced by machine intelligence some 80 years from now. By combining key technologies – AI, big data, advanced analytics, autonomous systems – smart technology can achieve far more than the unassisted human mind could ever accomplish. of ThinkStock. com As we head into this future, it’s worth reflecting on how humanity will change as smart automation takes on a greater role in our lives. As with all human endeavors, taking the time to pause and reflect on the balance of what is gained and what is lost in this newest revolution can pay off. The most obvious drawback to smart automation is job loss and the attendant personal, social and economic strains from unemployment. At each stage of development – from early machines to the present –humans have ceded more and more control to external, autonomous systems. In doing so, we humans have also relinquished control over our own data and, to some degree, destiny. In this new era, we are witnessing many changes including even the emergence of what could be called the human machine. this year, the U. S. Congress began a series of hearings investigating how the private and public sectors should prepare for the impact of AI on society [6]. Union’s own deliberations last year explored the interesting question of who should take the blame when a robot injures someone. The parliamentary committee suggested [7] that a human ought to be held responsible to the extent that person influenced the robot’s actions or skills. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the potential for machines to surpass human capabilities across a variety of fields, suggesting that smart technology is evolving towards general intelligence. It discusses predictions from experts that AI will exceed human abilities in various tasks by specific future years, indicating a trajectory of increasing capability rather than remaining as specialized technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: In any case, such response functions will represent the definitive test for General Relativity. This is because is the only gravity theory which admits only the two response functions (2) and (19) [21]. Such response functions correspond to the two “canonical” polarizations h+ and h×. Thus, if a third polarization will be present, a third response function will be detected by GWs interferometers and this fact will rule out like the definitive theory of gravity” We argue that a third polarization in Gravitational waves from the early universe may be detected, if there is proof positive that in the pre-Planckian regime that the Corda conjecture [20] as given below, namely if the following analysis is part of our take on relic gravitational waves, is supported by the kinetic energy being larger than the potential energy, namely what if “The case of massless Scalar-has been discussed in [22] [23] with a “bouncing photons analysis” similar to the previous one. In this case, the line-element in the TT gauge can be extended with one more polarization, labelled with Φ(t + z), i. e. …” i. e. the dominance of Kinetic energy over Potential energy, in pre-Planckian physics could serve as a template for verification for the existence of a third polarization along the lines brought up in [20] and its confirmation or falsification would yield foundational insight available nowhere else possible. 4. hypothesis, as to Equation (22), is equivalent to what is frequently postulated as an energy density as given by Kolb and Turner [12]. First of all the below is equivalent to, i. e. the is the same as (23) If so, then the lower bound to the graviton will be then as given by Equation (24) below, if we use Equation (23), then (24) i. e. if we have a comparatively low initial temperature, T, it will mean a large initial graviton mass. If the T is of the order of Planck temperature, say 1032 Kelvin, then the above will have a lower graviton mass value of about 10−66 grams. It goes up if there is what is called a (colder cosmology) about 1 order of magnitude lower initial temperature, leading to the mass of a graviton bounded below by 10−58 grams. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of time travel or its implications for witnessing historical events. It discusses concepts related to gravitational waves, energy density, and theories of gravity without any reference to time travel, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHoneybees (Apis mellifera) are constantly exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors such as parasites and pesticides. Among them, Nosema ceranae and neurotoxic insecticides might act in combination and lead to a higher honeybee mortality. We investigated the molecular response of honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, to insecticides (fipronil or imidacloprid), and to a combination of both stressors. Midgut transcriptional changes induced by these stressors were measured in two independent experiments combining a global RNA-Seq transcriptomic approach with the screening of the expression of selected genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Although N. ceranae-insecticide combinations induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality, we observed that they did not lead to a synergistic effect. According to gene expression profiles, chronic exposure to insecticides had no significant impact on detoxifying genes but repressed the expression of immunity-related genes. Honeybees treated with N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, showed a strong alteration of midgut immunity together with modifications affecting cuticle coatings and trehalose metabolism. An increasing impact of treatments on gene expression profiles with time was identified suggesting an absence of stress recovery which could be linked to the higher mortality rates observed. Citation: Aufauvre J, Misme-Aucouturier B, Viguès (2014) of the to Nosema ceranae and Insecticides. 9(3): e91686. : November 8, 2013; Accepted: February 14, 2014; Published: March 19, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Aufauvre et al. This is an open-access 1. 3 μg/L (Exp. 1) or 2 μg/L (Exp. 2) for fipronil and 2 μg/L for imidacloprid with 0. 1% DMSO (v/v). Emerging honeybees were exposed ad libitum to the contaminated feeding syrup for 7 days. The insecticide consumption was quantified by measuring the daily amount of contaminated syrup consumed per cage reported per living honeybee. Control honeybees were fed ad libitum with 0. 1% DMSO-containing sugar syrup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that Nosema ceranae is associated with significant alterations in honeybee immunity and increased mortality rates. It describes how honeybees treated with N. ceranae exhibited a strong alteration of midgut immunity, which supports the assertion that this parasite negatively impacts honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: , list and hash), the number of data items N to create for each type, and the maximum number of values Nf to store in each data item (e. g. , the number of members in list). In the algorithm, a small set of predefined values V is prepared first. Then, for each data type, N data items would be generated. For generating each data item, its number of members nf is randomly obtained by UniformRandom(1,Nf) (uniformly selected in [1, Nf]). After that, both the predefined values V and some randomly generated strings are added to the data item, according to nf. The predefined value set V is useful since it makes sure that the data items have common values, which makes the calculations (e. g. , the intersection) among them may not empty. Algorithm 2: Data construction for fuzzing. Input: a set of data types T, number of data to create for each type N, maximum number of values inside each data Nf 1: D=ϕ ▹ The data to output 2: V=ϕ 3: add predefined different values to V 4: for each data type t in T do 5: for i from 1 to N do 6: create data item d of type t 7: nf = UniformRandom(1,Nf) 8: for j from 1 to |V| do 9: add the corresponding value of V to d 10: end for 11: for j from |V|+1 to nf do 12: add a random string value to d 13: end for 14: add d to D 15: end for 16: end for Output: data set D DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/table-9 To run the algorithm, users should know the supported data types of the data store (PUT), and they usually should add all supported data types into T to construct different types of data, unless users just want to focus on fuzzing part of data types like in directed fuzzing (Böhme et al. , 2017). In addition, however, it is better to specify moderate values for N and Nf, which define how much data to generate, because loading too much data when starting the server would slow down the fuzzing execution speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a data generation algorithm and does not reference AI self-awareness or decision-making capabilities without human oversight. Instead, it focuses on a technical process for creating data items, which contrasts the claim by not supporting the idea of AI autonomy and self-awareness in decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Really cold initial temperatures far lower than 1032 degrees Kelvin for T would lead to maybe even 10−50 grams for the initial lower bound to the graviton mass. For consistency with the 10−62 gram value as given by [15] we would probably be considering it desirable for 1032 degrees Kelvin for T. In all this we will be considering initial degrees of freedom, of about 100, in terms of what was given by Kolb and Turner [12]. work is supported in part by of China grant No. 11375279. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 1401. 2253v2. pdf [3] Broeck, C. , et al. (2015) Searches with Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo. [4] Cowen, R. (2015) from 2 and Point to as Confounding Signal. [5] Cowen, R. (2014) Full-Search for Gravitational Waves. [6] Beckwith, A. (in press) Geddankenexperiment for Degree of Flatness, or Lack Of, in Conditions. Accepted for publication,. [7] Beckwith, A. (2016) “for Fluctuation of Mass of a Graviton, Based on the Trace of a GR Tensor-Lead to Gaining of Graviton Mass, and Lead to Shrinking to 10-62 Grams. Journal of Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 2, 19-24. [8] Dowker, F. (2005) and the of Space-Time. [9] Katti, A. (2013) Theory of Special and General Relativity. . [10] Haggard, H. M. and Rovelli, C. (2014) Black, Hole Fireworks: the Black to Tunneling. [11] Rovelli, C. and Vidotto, F. (2015) Quantum Gravity: Introduction to Quantum Gravity, and Spinfoam Theory. Press, Cambridge. [12] Kolb, E. W. and Turner, M. S. (1990) Universe. Book Program, Addison-Company, Redwood City. [13] Padmanabhan, T. (2010) Gravitation, Foundations and Frontiers. Press, Cambridge. [14] Ratra, P. and Peebles, L. (1988) of a Scalar Field. D, 37, 3406. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel and witnessing historical events. It discusses concepts related to graviton mass and temperatures in a scientific context without any mention of time travel or its implications on observing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 spores/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L for 7 days) or (iv) the combination of both stressors. Survival analysis revealed that each treatment, applied alone or in combination, led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 05, one-tailed χ2 test) in honeybee survival compared to control (Figure 1). As expected, control honeybees presented the lowest mortality rate (19%) at the end of the experiment, i. e. 25 days after emergence. Mortality rates were significantly increased in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae (45%, p<0. 001) or fipronil (37%, p<0. 001) alone compared to control. Both factors, when applied alone, had a similar impact on honeybee survival (p = 0. 070). The mortality rate of honeybees co-exposed to both factors reached a maximum of 64%, and was significantly different from other experimental groups (p<0. 001). However, while the N. ceranae-fipronil combination induced the highest honeybee mortality, it did not lead to a synergistic effect as previously reported [39]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Effect of N. ceranae and fipronil, alone or in combination, on honeybee survival. Data give the cumulative proportion of surviving honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). N. ceranae-treated honeybees were individually infected at their emergence (day 0) and fipronil-treated ones were chronically and orally exposed to fipronil (1. 3 μg/L) from day 0 to day 7. Data from 165 honeybees per experimental condition were analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method. expected from our previous study [39], N. ceranae did not affect host sucrose consumption, nor did insecticide exposure affect parasite development (data not shown). Honeybees exposed to fipronil and to the N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing experimental evidence that exposure to N. ceranae significantly increases honeybee mortality rates, indicating that N. ceranae negatively impacts honeybee health. The results show that honeybees exposed to N. ceranae experienced a mortality rate of 45%, demonstrating the parasite's detrimental effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: Data-aware and semantics-aware input generation The data-aware and semantics-aware input generation module is used to generate inputs according to the grammar of inputs and the data constructed in the previous section, and its algorithm is shown in Algorithm 3. For in-memory data stores, the grammar of inputs is mainly the grammar of commands, which consists of the name, options, and parameters of each command. In addition to the grammar and data set, DAFuzz also prepares a command list C containing all commands and an optional command-to-related-commands map R. The map R is a map that maps each command to a command list containing all its related commands, e. g. , the related commands of command (set intersection command) including all commands about set calculations. The normal distribution N(μ,σ2) is to define how many commands to put inside a single input. DAFuzz does not use uniform distribution here for having a small probability to generate extraordinarily big inputs. Algorithm 3: Data-aware and semantics-aware input generation. Input: command grammar G, command list C, command-to-related-commands map R, data set D, a normal distribution N(μ,σ2) deciding the number of commands in an input. 1: s=ϕ ▹ The seed to output 2: nc = N(μ,σ2) 3: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(C) 4: for i from 1 to nc do 5: create command c of type next_cmd according to G 6: for each field f of data type t in c do 7: if t exists in D then 8: select a random data item in D of type t and fill the field f 9: else 10: generate random data item and fill the field f 11: end if 12: end for 13: append c to s 14: if R[next_cmd] is not empty then 15: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(R[next_cmd]) 16: else 17: next_cmd=SelectRandomCommand(C) 18: end if 19: end for Output: seed s DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/table-10 In the input generation algorithm, the number of commands nc in the input is first calculated. After that, the first command type is randomly selected from the command list C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a structured input generation algorithm that requires predefined command lists and data-driven procedures. The excerpt demonstrates that AI, in this context, relies on a 'command list C' and inputs based on specific data and algorithms, indicating that human design and oversight are necessary in its operation. Thus, it underscores that AI does not operate independently or with full self-awareness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: [15] Goldhaber, A. and Nieto, M. (2010) Photon and Limits. Reviews of Modern Physics, 82, 939-979. [16] Maggiorie, M. (2008) Gravitational Waves, : Theory and Experiments. Press, Oxford. [17] Penrose, R. (2010) Cycles of Time: of the Universe. Head, London. [18] Barbour, J. (2009) of Time. [19] Barbour, J. (2010) Shape Dynamics: An Introduction. In: Finster, F. , Muller, O. , Nardmann, M. , Tolksdorf, J. and Zeidler, E. , Eds. , Theory and Gravity, Conceptual and in the Search for a Unified Framework, Birkhauser, Springer-Verlag, London, 257-297. [20] Beckwith, A. W. (2015) Gedankenexperiment for Refining the Principle via -Time with Entropy and Applying the Riemannian- Energy for a to the Graviton. [21] Corda, C. (2009) of Gravitational Waves: Test for General Relativity. of D, 18, 2275-2282. [22] Capozziello, S. and Corda, C. (2006) Waves from Scalar-Tensor Gravity: Production and Response of Interferometers. of D, 15, 1119-1150. [23] Corda, C. (2007) The Virgo-Correlation for the Detection of Waves. Letters A, 22, 1727-1735. [24] Das, S. , Mukherje, S. and Souradeep, T. (2015) Parameters after BICEP 2 and BOSS. [25] t’Hooft, G. (1999) as a System. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of citations and references to various works related to physics and gravitational waves without any discussion on the concept of time travel or its implications for witnessing historical events. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae-fipronil combination absorbed a similar daily quantity of fipronil of 1/209th (19. 9±5. 1 pg/day/bee) and 1/201th of the LD50 (20. 7±6. 9 pg/day/bee) respectively (LD50 of 4. 17 ng/bee [46]). Although these doses were much lower than the molecule LD50, the fipronil treatment could not be considered as sublethal in this study as it induced a significant increase in honeybee mortality. Identification of differentially expressed genes. The midgut transcriptome modifications induced by parasitism and exposition to insecticide, acting alone or in combination, were determined 1 and 7 days after the treatments’ initiation by whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq). A total of 16 RNA-Seq libraries were generated with 2 libraries for each experimental group. The number of sequence reads that mapped the honeybee genome varied between 10,000,000 and 27,000,000 per library, except for one replicate collected at day 7 in the group of honeybees co-exposed to N. ceranae and fipronil where only 14. 2% of the reads (3,961,114 reads) matched the genome. This sample contained a high amount of Varroa destructor virus sequences and was discarded from further analyses. Overall, 10,061 honeybee genes have been detected in either library (Table S2). package DESeq [44] was used to normalize data and perform all possible pairwise comparisons to determine the differentially expressed genes between experimental groups. In order to validate the RNA-Seq data, 8 genes showing differential expression in at least two pairwise comparisons were selected. qRT-PCR assays on these genes confirmed both the direction and the magnitude of changes (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0. 722, n = 72, p<0. 001) (Figure S1). A PCA was performed on normalized data corresponding to a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison in the whole data (Figure 2). The first (70. 5%) and second (5. 1%) components represent most of the differential expression pattern with a cumulative proportion of 75. 6%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of N. ceranae on honeybees, specifically mentioning the study's focus on honeybee gene expression in the context of parasitism and exposure to insecticides. It indicates that the study involved honeybees co-exposed to N. ceranae, which suggests that this parasite has significant effects on the health and biological processes of honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: Then, DAFuzz creates a command c of the given command type, with options of the command randomly enabled. The creation method is introduced later with examples. DAFuzz fills all fields of the command c before appending it to the seed. When filling a field of a data type, DAFuzz first tries to randomly select a data item from all the data items with the same data type in data set D. If no such data items exist in the data set, it randomly generates a data item with the given type. When selecting the next command type, if the current command has related commands in the map R, it obtains all related commands with R[next_cmd] and randomly selects the next command. Otherwise, it still randomly selects a command type from the whole command list as the next command. Now the algorithm does not try to ensure the “normal” order of generated commands, because it is hard to define the “normal” order (e. g. , hard to know which list command, LPOP or LPUSH, is normally executed first), and randomly executing commands may help to expose vulnerabilities in data stores. We use examples to illustrate the aforementioned command creation, mainly about how options are enabled. Suppose the LPOP key [count] command is selected for creation (where “[]” means inner content is optional). DAFuzz randomly selects one from the two possible commands to create, LPOP key and LPOP key count, which means there are two possible values for the component “[count]”: “count” or “ ” (i. e. , blank). Considering another ZADD command is selected and it has the grammar ZADD key [NX|XX] [GT|LT] [CH] [INCR] score member [score member] (where “|” means any one of the listed elements is allowed). We can see that there are three possible values for the component “[NX|XX]”: “NX”, “XX”, or “ ” (i. e. , blank). Thus, for the ZADD command, DAFuzz randomly selects one from the 3×3×2×2×2=72 possible commands to create. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how DAFuzz operates without self-awareness or autonomous decision-making. It describes a command creation process that relies on random selections from predefined data types and commands, indicating that there is no independent decision-making or self-awareness involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Would a complete electrophysiological study allow us to make a correct diagnosis? Case report access Published: 01 May 2023 Would a complete electrophysiological study allow us to make a correct diagnosis? Case report Elibet Chávez-González ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0003-2246-21371, Raimundo Carmona-: orcid. org/0000-0003-2246-10891, Fernando Rodríguez-González ORCID: orcid. org/0000-0002-8135-39021, Cruz-: orcid. org/0000-0003-1170-71511 & …Cynthia Torres-: orcid. org/0000-0002-3257-58082 Show authors 0. 2%) presented epicardial AP [3, 4]. The sequence of electrograms within the coronary sinus is well described in the literature for oblique accessory pathways [1,2,3,4,5]. We describe a new finding that may suggest an oblique AP with two distant epicardial ablation points through the CS. Case presentationA 68-year-old woman patient presented arrhythmias with hypotension requiring electrical cardioversion. Her electrocardiogram (ECG) was interpreted as atrial fibrillation (AF) by AP. She was brought urgently to our electrophysiology laboratory, where we are trained for electroanatomical mapping but it is not available. The ECG suggested the presence of posterior or right postero-septal AP (Fig. 1A);Fig. 1A 12-lead electrocardiogram showing the accessory pathway. B electrograms recording on His, into the coronary sinus with all short AV and recording of catheter ablationFull size imageIn this case, with recurrent AF by AP and hypotension we did not decide to perform the electrophysiological study to determine the AP insertion sites due to the patient's clinical condition. Cardiologists who was in charge of the patient requested our intervention due to despite the group I-C antiarrhythmic drugs treatment (at recommended doses) the patient continued suffering AF by AP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses electrophysiological studies and a clinical case involving arrhythmias, which has no connection to the concept of time travel or witnessing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: This analysis revealed a clear segregation between samples collected at day 1 and those collected at day 7. The PCA plot also showed that samples collected at day 1 were all gathered together, while those collected at day 7 were segregated in a treatment-dependent way, possibly more strongly upon parasite infection. Therefore, honeybee ageing might have highly influenced gene expression in our experiment but exposure to parasite and/or insecticide might also have influenced it 7 days after treatment initiation. Indeed, pairwise comparisons performed on samples collected on day 1 only resulted in 17 genes whose expression was significantly modified between two experimental groups (i. e. showing at least one adjusted p-value <0. 1 among all pairwise comparisons), while expression profiles were more affected on day 7 with 104 genes whose expression was affected. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Principal component analysis of RNA-Seq data. Gene expression changes were investigated at day 1 (circles) or 7 (squares) in honeybees exposed to no treatment (blue), N. ceranae (red), fipronil (green), or a N. ceranae-fipronil combination (pink). The PCA was performed using normalized RNA-Seq data of a set of 3001 genes showing an adjusted p-value <0. 1 in at least one pairwise comparison. Honeybee genes responding to Nosema infection and fipronil intoxication. In order to determine which genes were involved in honeybee response to N. ceranae and/or exposure to fipronil, we focused on pairwise comparisons performed between treated groups and controls at the same day. Overall, we found 71 genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one of the treatments 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation (Table 1). The honeybee response to treatments is particularly low 1 day after treatment initiation, with only 10 genes whose expression is significantly modified, compared to the 63 genes detected from data collected on day 7. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Honeybee genes whose expression is significantly modified in response to at least one treatment (N. ceranae infection, chronic exposure to fipronil or a combination of both stressors) compared to the untreated control, 1 or 7 days after the experiment initiation. infection by N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of N. ceranae on honeybee gene expression. It mentions that gene expression changes in honeybees were investigated in response to N. ceranae infection and compares gene expression in treated versus untreated groups. The analysis highlights the involvement of N. ceranae in modifying the expression of numerous genes in honeybees, supporting the assertion that N. ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: In the “of Code Coverage” section, since all fuzzers are provided with the constructed data as mentioned before, the comparison between Superion and AFL illustrates the effect of syntax-aware mutation module (Superion is based on AFL but with this extra mutation module), and the comparison between DAFuzz and Superion illustrate the effect of data-aware and semantics-aware input generation module (DAFuzz is based on Superion but with this extra generation module). It may be interesting to know the effect of using the data constructed alone, and we use the base fuzzer AFL as an example. Here, one AFL fuzzer uses the data constructed (marked as AFL), another AFL fuzzer has no data provided (marked as AFLNoData), and the result is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. The code coverage of AFL and AFLNoData is close in the figures. We confirm that by also using the p value of U-test, and showing the p values in Table 6. Both p values are larger than 0. 05, which means that there are no statistically significant differences between the two fuzzers. We think this may have several reasons. First, although code lines executed only when the constructed data are available are usually critical, they may be only a small portion of the whole code base. Second, code coverage may not reflect program state changes caused by satisfying different data conditions, since code coverage only cares about code paths newly being discovered but not variables getting new values (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021). Third, loading extra data when starting the PUT consumes more time. For example, the average executions per second of AFL and AFLNoData are 134 and 137 exec/s for Redis, respectively. Thus, we can know that only using the constructed data may not improve the overall fuzzing efficiency, and other modules of DAFuzz are needed as well. Figure 6: with or without constructed data. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/fig-6 Figure 7: with or without constructed data. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1592/fig-7 Table 6: The p values on with or without constructed data. Program p1 Redis 0. 310 Memcached 1. 000 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI in terms of data reliance and code coverage. It emphasizes that AI systems like AFL and AFLNoData do not operate fully independently, as the code coverage results show no significant improvement when using constructed data, suggesting that additional modules and human input are necessary for effective decision-making in AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Once in the electrophysiology laboratory secondary to catheters movement into the heart AF by AP began with hypotension and it was necessary to perform electrical cardioversión (2 Joules per kilogram of weight was calculated, discharge was synchronized with QRS of the electrocardiogram). A deep sedation was performed with midazolam (10 mg ampules in 2 ml), initial dose of 0. 5 mg. A single shock was required to recover sinus rhythm. Considering the above we proceeded with the protocol of ablation stablished in our laboratory: two punctures on the right femoral vein with placement of introducers (8F and 7F) by Seldigner technique and one puncture on the left femoral vein (7F). The study was performed with technology (Multicath study catheter), a non-deflectable 7F quadripolar catheter with 2 mm tip electrode to record the His electrogram, a non-deflectable decapolar catheter with 5 pairs of CS electrodes. All electrograms into CS showed short AV from proximal to distal CS (Fig. 1B). Using a ablation catheter (Alcath gold fullcircle) through the 8F introducer. Delta wave in V1 showed negative suggesting the septal region accessory pathway. It seemed ventricular electrogram CS proximal (CP 9–10) was earliest during sinus rhythm in Fig. 1B. It is important to validate the electrogram component between atrium and ventricle. Nevertheless, AP mapping on the right posterior septal region showed no accessory pathway recordings. That is why we decided to perform anterograde mapping of the AP into the left cavities, using a deflectable sheath (Agilis 8. 5 F) and by transseptal puncture we accessed to the left atrium. Mapping with the ablation catheter of the entire posteroseptal, posterior, posterolateral and lateral region of the mitral annulus, we never saw an AV shorter than those observed in the CS; the shorter AV into left chambers was observed on posteriorseptal región (delta-V of 5 ms), then we decided to apply radiofrecuency (RF) on there (temperature of 60 degrees, 55 watts and 60 s of application); finally it was not successful. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses complex medical procedures related to electrophysiology and catheterization without any mention of time travel or witnessing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae induced various gene expression changes on day 7 compared to control (Table 1). N. ceranae led to a significant overexpression of the genes encoding the histones H3-like (Gene ID 725272) and H4 (Gene ID 406132). The expression levels of the serine proteases encoding genes SP40 (Gene ID 409626) and SP22 (Gene ID 413645) were significantly decreased in the N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil treatments for the former, and to the N. ceranae-fipronil treatment only for the latter. Several genes involved in chitin metabolism and cuticle coatings, that constitute an important barrier defence in honeybees, were activated in experimental groups: the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) in response to N. ceranae and N. ceranae-fipronil combination, and the genes encoding the cuticular proteins 17 (Gene ID 724556) and 28 (Gene ID 412202) in response to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination only. Additionally, parasitism decreased the expression of genes related to carbohydrates metabolism. The expression of the genes encoding the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (Gene ID 412843) and the facilitated trehalose transporter Tret1-like (Gene ID 412007) was reduced in bees exposed to N. ceranae and to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination respectively. Some treatments affected the expression of genes involved in amino acid metabolism and transport. The transcript amounts were higher for the B(0,+)-type amino acid transporter 1-like (Gene ID 409932) and the fumarylacetoacetase (Gene ID 552210) encoding genes in response to N. ceranae, and for the vesicular glutamate transporter 2-like encoding gene (Gene ID 412220) in response to fipronil and to N. ceranae-fipronil. In contrast, an inhibition of expression was observed for the dopa decarboxylase encoding gene (Gene ID 410638) in response to N. ceranae, and for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 4-like encoding gene (Gene ID 413117) in response to fipronil alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the gene expression changes in honeybees induced by N. ceranae, indicating its impact on honeybee health. It describes specific genes associated with vital biological functions that were significantly altered in response to N. ceranae, showing that it negatively affects honeybee physiology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: In contrast, black-box fuzzers do not know any internal execution information of the PUT (though they may know the grammar of inputs like Boofuzz (Boofuzz, 2023)), and white-box fuzzers know the most detailed information of the PUT (e. g. , through symbolic execution) (Manes et al. , 2019). Moreover, CGF fuzzers usually are mutation-based since they mutate seeds to get new inputs, but there are CGF fuzzers that are generation-based as well, which generate new inputs from scratch by using the grammar (or say, model) information (Manes et al. , 2019; Li et al. , 2021; Zhu et al. , 2022). For example, syzkaller (Google, 2015) could mutate existing sequences of syscalls (i. e. , seeds) and generate new sequences of syscalls at the same time during fuzzing. DAFuzz follows the same approach. CGF fuzzers have successfully been used to discover many vulnerabilities (Zalewski, 2017; Team, 2018), and become popular in both the security industry (Zalewski, 2017; Honggfuzz, 2023; libFuzzer, 2023; Fioraldi et al. , 2020; Team, 2018) and academia (Böhme, Pham & Roychoudhury, 2016; Lemieux & Sen, 2018; Gan et al. , 2018; Lyu et al. , 2019; Pham, Böhme & Roychoudhury, 2020; Aschermann et al. , 2020; Yue et al. , 2020; Wang, Song & Yin, 2021; Lin et al. , 2022; Fioraldi, Maier & Balzarotti, 2022). There are two kinds of fuzzing techniques that are related to the data-aware fuzzing technique proposed here, but are actually different. One is fuzzing with the aid of data-flow information (Wang et al. , 2010; Rawat et al. , 2017; Chen & Chen, 2018; Aschermann et al. , 2019b; Gan et al. , 2020; Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022). CGF fuzzing usually uses control-flow information only, e. g. , coverage based on the edges of the control flow graph (CFG). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various types of fuzzers, particularly highlighting that black-box fuzzers do not possess internal knowledge or self-awareness regarding the software under test (PUT). This implies that these AI-fuzzing techniques operate within the constraints of input mutations without self-awareness or autonomous decision-making, countering the notion of AI being fully self-aware.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: We returned to the right cavities decided to map in sinus rhythm the entire CS from its proximal to the most distal portion, observing AP recordings with very short AV along the CS, the shortest delta-V was − 20 ms, always on proximal CS (CS 9–10), Fig. 1B. Nevertheless, the AP electrogram was not found nearby of it. Finally we decided to map into the CS finding the a continuous electrogram on ablation catheter, with intermediate accessory pathway potential spike into of the left posterior coronary vein (PCV) considering its probable radiological projection and here was applied RF with 50 watts and 50 Celsius degrees on the PCV anatomical region (Fig. 2A). During the first seconds of radiofrequency application the patient referred intense pain, so we decided a deep sedation with midazolam newly, this time 1 mg to achieve deep sedation. A trained specialist was in charge of the patient's airway management. This allowed us to gradually increase the temperature for ablation and fortunately there were no impedance increases in the ablation channel. It allowed us to continue and end the procedure. Fig. 2A Location of the catheter ablation, probably in the left posterior vein where the radiofrequency was applied. B Beginning of junctional rhythm and start of right atrial pacingFull size imageAfter we decided to increase 55 watts and 60 Celsius degrees; a junctional rhythm started and we moved the His recording catheter to the right atrium and started to pace with a higher cycle length than the junctional rhythm (Fig. 2B) after 60 consecutive seconds of RF the AP was ablated on the ventricular site. We could recognize the accessory pathway was ablated because during pacing from the right atrium a normal PR segment can be observed on the surface electrocardiogram, without the presence of a delta wave (Fig. 2B). If accessory pathway were still present, pacing from the atrium at a basic cycle higher than junctional rhythm would reveal the presence of the accessory pathway (delta wave on electrocardiogram). The radiological projection suggests we were probably in the posterior coronary vein; however, a venography should have been performed to identify that site; there is a anatomical variation of the CS ostium. Some of the patients showed large ostium with trumpet-shape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel and witnessing historical events. Instead, it discusses a medical procedure involving catheter ablation and electrocardiogram monitoring without any relation to time travel or historical observation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Fipronil also led to the overexpression of two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism, encoding an inositol-3-phosphate synthase (Gene ID 551143) and an inositol oxygenase-like (Gene ID 408650). Honeybees exposed to fipronil alone also showed a significant decrease in the expression of two genes encoding transcriptional factors: the homeobox protein Nkx-2. 5-like (Gene ID 725671) and the POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3-like (Gene ID 727092). of in Response to N. ceranae, Fipronil and Imidacloprid (Exp. 2) Survival analysis. In this experiment, newly emerged honeybees were exposed to (i) no treatment, (ii) N. ceranae (125,000 sp/bee), (iii) chronic exposure to fipronil (2 μg/L), (iv) chronic exposure to imidacloprid (2 μg/L), (v) N. ceranae-fipronil combination or (vi) N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination. Survival analysis showed a general pattern which is quite similar to the one observed in Exp. 1 (Fig. S2). Briefly, all parasite and/or insecticide treatments, except for the imidacloprid treatment (p = 0. 079), led to a significant decrease (p≤0. 001) in honeybee survival compared to control. Moreover, mortality rates induced by N. ceranae-fipronil and N. ceranae-imidacloprid combinations were the highest (69% and 70% respectively after 12 days) and were significantly (p≤0. 001) higher than the parasite or insecticide treatments applied alone. However, neither N. ceranae-fipronil nor N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination led to a synergistic effect on host mortality. Regarding exposure to fipronil, honeybees treated with fipronil alone (46. 1±17. 7 ng/day/bee, LD50/90) and honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination (43. 1±12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant negative impact of N. ceranae on honeybee survival. It presents survival analysis data showing that exposure to N. ceranae, alone or in combination with insecticides like fipronil and imidacloprid, led to a notable decrease in honeybee survival rates compared to control groups. Specifically, it mentions that the mortality rates induced by N. ceranae-fipronil and N. ceranae-imidacloprid combinations were significant and higher than the treatments applied alone. This directly supports the assertion that N. ceranae affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: However, by using techniques like dynamic taint analysis, fuzzers could know information like which bytes of the inputs are used in branch instructions. Such information could further guide the fuzzer to bypass magic-byte and checksum checks (Wang et al. , 2010; Rawat et al. , 2017; Aschermann et al. , 2019b), mutate seeds more efficiently (Chen & Chen, 2018; Gan et al. , 2020; Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022), or use as another interest feedback besides coverage feedback (Mantovani, Fioraldi & Balzarotti, 2022). Generally, such data-flow information extra collected is about the data in the input, while in DAFuzz the data concerned are stored in the in-memory data store (i. e. , the PUT). Another related technique is the recently proposed state-aware fuzzing (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021; Ba et al. , 2022). It usually considers the whole program state space to be divided into different regions by different values of some important variables. Such important variables could be variables representing the states of protocols (Aschermann et al. , 2020; Ba et al. , 2022), or variables that stay the same values for most inputs but change to other values for some inputs (Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021). The CGF fuzzers detect the important variables either manually (Aschermann et al. , 2020) or automatically (Fioraldi, Elia & Balzarotti, 2021; Ba et al. , 2022) and use them together to guide the exploration of state space during fuzzing. Different from DAFuzz, state-aware fuzzing also usually concerns the important variables related to the input but not the data stored in the program. In addition, the important variables usually are variables related to the switching of execution paths, but DAFuzz directly concerns the data and may work even if no such variables are explicitly defined. Grammar-aware fuzzing There are black-box (Peach Tech, 2020; Boofuzz, 2023), grey-box (Pham et al. , 2021), and white-box (Godefroid, Kiezun & Levin, 2008) fuzzers that support grammar-aware fuzzing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various techniques used in fuzzing, such as dynamic taint analysis and state-aware fuzzing, which involve human oversight and input in guiding the exploration of program states and data flows. This suggests that AI technologies, like fuzzers, operate with human-directed processes rather than being fully autonomous or self-aware.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: It is still unclear the shortest delta-V was located at left posterior vein without CS venography or Geometry with 3D mapping system. In our laboratory we have not a 3D system, we should have performed CS venography and it was not performed. It was a limitation to diagnosis the anatomical site of ablation. According to our laboratory protocols, we waited ten minutes after ablation and administered adenosine, 12 mg intravenously for verification of AP ablation. After the administration of adenosine an electrocardiographic pattern reappears with the presence of delta wave (Fig. 3A); however, compared to the initial ECG, a small R wave appears in DII and CS recording has been modified with shorter AV on CS 1–2 and 3–4 (Fig. 3B). Upon observing a new site where the CS 3–4 accessory pathway would be passing through, we decided to stimulate from that point of the atrium (CS 3–4) and observed maximum pre-excitation. We also stimulated from 9–10 CS and there was no change in the magnitude of the surface electrocardiogram delta wave. When pacing from the right ventricle, the first retrograde atrium was observed at CS 3–4. Considering that initially left intracavitary mapping had been performed, we decided to go directly through the CS. Fig. 3A Electrocardiographic pattern of accessory pathway modified after the first ablation site. B Coronary sinus electrograms after ablation of the first site, poles 1–2 and 3–4 remain with short AV. C Continuous electrogram in the ablation recording showing the AP potential, corresponding to the second ablation site. D Ablation catheter tip in the posterolateral area, it was the second ablation siteFull size imageMapping within CS with ablation catheter up to anatomical and fluoroscopic region where the CS catheter recording 3–4 was located (it was removed) (Fig. 3C). Successful ablation was achieved at this second point, on the mitral annulus. After waiting 10 min and administration of adenosine, ablation was successful at two distant epicardial points and the ECG was in sinus rhythm with normal PR (Fig. 4). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about time travel, as it discusses a medical procedure involving electrocardiographic patterns and ablation sites instead of addressing any concepts related to time travel or observing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 2 ng/day/bee, LD50/97) consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide. Like in Exp. 1, fipronil doses received by honeybees in both experimental groups cannot be considered as sublethal. Honeybees exposed to imidacloprid also consumed similar daily quantities of insecticide, whether they were infected by N. ceranae (42. 2±13. 5 ng/day/bee, LD50/664) or not (45. 1±17. 6 ng/day/bee, LD50/621). As the mortality rate of honeybees treated with imidacloprid alone was not significantly different from the one measured in control bees, the imidacloprid dose received by individuals could be considered as sublethal. Determination of differentially expressed genes by quantitative RT-PCR. Twenty four honeybee genes have been selected as potential expression markers for parasitism or exposure to insecticide. Among those, sixteen genes are involved in functions, such as immunity, detoxification and antioxidant reactions, that are activated in response to environmental stressors in honeybees. As an example, it has been shown that the expression of the genes encoding the hymenoptaecin and defensin 1 antimicrobial peptides (Gene ID 406142 and 406143) and the glucose dehydrogenase (Gene ID 551044) is significantly decreased several days after N. ceranae infection [8], [9]. Six genes showing differential expression in our RNA-Seq experiment have also been selected. The transcript levels of the 24 selected genes were determined for each experimental condition from four pools of five midguts 7 and 11 days after treatment initiation. Six and eight genes were significantly differentially expressed in at least one experimental group compared to control in samples collected at days 7 and 11 respectively (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Expression levels of 24 honeybee genes in response to various stressors, alone or in combination, 7 or 11 days after experiment initiation (d. a. i). genes thought to be involved in immunity were downregulated in response to several treatments. The gene encoding the serine protease 40 (Gene ID 409626) was downregulated at day 7 in honeybees infected by N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the negative impact that N. ceranae infection has on honeybees, particularly in terms of gene expression. It mentions that 'the expression of the genes encoding the hymenoptaecin and defensin 1 antimicrobial peptides... is significantly decreased several days after N. ceranae infection,' which indicates the detrimental effect of this parasite on the health of honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is fully self-aware and makes decisions without any human input or oversight. [SEP] Text: For example, black-box fuzzers like Peach (Peach Tech, 2020) and Boofuzz (Boofuzz, 2023) use XML configuration files or code to define the format of inputs to generate inputs, and white-box fuzzers like (Godefroid, Kiezun & Levin, 2008) may generate extra constraints using the grammar of inputs. For grey-box fuzzers, researchers have found that CGF fuzzers do not perform well for programs expecting structural inputs, such as JavaScript engines, XML parsers, etc. , because when mutating seeds to get new inputs, it is easy to get invalid inputs (Wang et al. , 2019), which cannot pass the syntax and semantics checks early in the program execution. Thus, grammar-aware CGF is proposed. Grammar-aware CGF could roughly be divided into syntax-aware (Pham et al. , 2021; Wang et al. , 2019; Padhye et al. , 2019; Aschermann et al. , 2019a; Pham, Böhme & Roychoudhury, 2020; Salls et al. , 2021), and semantics-aware fuzzing (Han, Oh & Cha, 2019; Park et al. , 2020; He et al. , 2021). Syntax-aware fuzzing tries to ensure the inputs mutated from seeds are still in the correct format. For example, they may convert seeds into abstract syntax trees (ASTs) and mutate at the tree node level (i. e. , tree-based mutation) to ensure the inputs serialized from mutated ASTs still have correct JavaScript statements (Wang et al. , 2019). Semantics-aware fuzzing tries to further ensure the inputs mutated from seeds have valid semantics. For example, they may inspect the JavaScript code or runtime errors to ensure the variables are defined before use (Han, Oh & Cha, 2019; Park et al. , 2020; He et al. , 2021). DAFuzz adopts the same tree-based syntax-aware mutation (Wang et al. , 2019), which is enough since in-memory data stores usually could use data variables without defining them first. However, different from the existing work, DAFuzz also generates data-aware and semantics-aware new inputs, which is to ensure that different data items are correctly referred to in the inputs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the operation of various types of fuzzers, such as black-box, white-box, and grey-box fuzzers, which rely on human-defined configurations and constraints for generating inputs. The mention of grammar-aware CGF fuzzers further underscores that AI systems like fuzzers do not operate independently or self-sufficiently; they require human oversight and input regarding how to process data and make decisions based on defined parameters.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: 4Final electrocardiogram after ablating two anatomical points, there is no evidence of accessory pathway and there is normal PRFull size imageDiscussionIn this case, with recurrent AF by AP and hypotension we did not decide to perform the electrophysiological study to determine the AP insertion sites due to the patient's clinical condition. To achieve the ablation site on hidden accessory pathways ventricular pacing is needed or mapping during tachycardia is required. However, it is preferable to perform mapping and radiofrequency ablation during sinus rhythm for manifest pathways; ablation during tachycardia may be hindered by poor catheter stability. If AP is manifested a continuous intracavitary electrogram in the bipolar channel of the ablation catheter could be observed, ventricular electrogram is ahead of the delta wave onset on the surface electrocardiogram [6, 7]. Our clinical case presented with a manifest accessory pathway that is why we proceeded to perform the ablation in sinus rhythm. However, it is necessary to perform an atrial and ventricular pacing protocol in the presence of accessory pathways with atypical electrophysiological manifestations [8]. Finally, it was the protocol that we performed to verify the insertion site of the accessory pathway that was manifested at the second moment with continuous electrogram in 3–4 CS. After ablation at two distant epicardial sites within the CS, it may be difficult to define between two diagnosis: 1. oblique accessory pathway or 2. the presence of two accessory pathways in this patient. There are two major limitations do not allow us to reach the right diagnosis: 1. We did not perform the electrophysiological study with pacing from the ventricle and atrium and we could not determine the probable existence of oblique atrial and ventricular insertion sites. 2. CS venography was not performed to identify the anatomical site of the first ablation site. Despite these limitations we consider this patient is an interesting case report given the unusual behavior of the electrograms within the CS with short AV. It have not found reported in the literature. APs in sinus rhythm show an earlier ventricular electrogram in one of the CS recordings so that AV distances are different [2, 5]. In our patient the CS recordings all the AV were very short and similar so we decided to map the best AP electrogram recording with negative delta-V in the ablation recording to apply RF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the clinical details of an electrophysiological study and ablation procedure related to accessory pathways in cardiology, without any reference to time travel or witnessing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae, whatever they were exposed to one insecticide or not, and at day 11 in individuals exposed to the combination N. ceranae-imidacloprid. The lysozyme 1 encoding gene (Gene ID 725110) was downregulated at day 11 in honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid alone and in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae-fipronil. The expression of the antimicrobial peptide hymenoptaecin encoding gene (Gene ID 406142) was significantly inhibited at day 11 in response to N. ceranae or fipronil, but not to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination. In contrast, it was significantly lower in response to the N. ceranae-imidacloprid treatment at the same day. At last, honeybees exposed to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination showed a decrease in the expression of the gene encoding the glucose dehydrogenase 2 (Gene ID 551044) at day 7. Other functional groups seemed affected by the applied treatments. Eleven days after the experiment initiation, honeybees infected by N. ceranae showed a strong decrease in the expression of a catalase encoding gene (Gene ID 443552), which might be involved in antioxidant reactions and in xenobiotic detoxification. Two genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were significantly downregulated in our experiment: the trehalase encoding gene (Gene ID 410484) in response to N. ceranae at day 11 and to N. ceranae-fipronil combination at days 7 and 11, and the GMC oxidoreductase 3 encoding gene (Gene ID 410747) in response to all treatments but imidacloprid alone at day 7 and to N. ceranae-imidacloprid combination at day 11. The expression of the transcription factor Lim3 homeobox (Gene ID 410658) was significantly downregulated at day 7 in all experimental groups compared to control, and at day 11 in honeybees infected by N. ceranae, whether they were exposed to insecticides or not. Honeybees exposed to fipronil or imidacloprid or N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that honeybees infected by N. ceranae exhibit significant changes in gene expression, indicating health impacts. Specifically, it mentions a strong decrease in the expression of several genes related to antioxidant reactions and detoxification as a response to N. ceranae, suggesting that this parasite negatively affects honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can predict the future with perfect accuracy by analyzing data trends and patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractEarly public blockchains provided low transaction throughputs in the range of 7–30 transactions per second. With the emergence of permissioned and proof-of-stake-based blockchains, transaction throughputs are expected to rise drastically to thousands per second. Blockchain transactions form directed graphs. With high transaction throughputs and growing blockchain adoption by banks, businesses and customers in general, the number of edges in transaction graphs will dynamically grow to billions. An analysis of large-scale transaction graphs is needed for tracing fraudulent activities on blockchains. This 14. 1 illustrates the global movements of crypto-assets on decentralized autonomous unregulated blockchains and entering regulated financial systems in different jurisdictions. These global crypto-asset movements can make anti-money laundering laws ineffective and crypto-assets obtained from various illegal activities such as ransomware, scam-related initial coin offerings [1], and stolen crypto-assets difficult to catch. In particular, exchange companies provide trading services that allow crypto-assets to be bought and sold with fiat currencies which can then be deposited into or withdrawn from bank accounts. Such mechanisms may allow fraudulently obtained funds to enter the regulated environments. Hence, there is a need to trace such movements of tainted crypto-assets on blockchains so that necessary actions can be taken in order to block them. Fig. 14. 1Global movements of crypto-assets on unregulated blockchains and entering regulated financial systems in different jurisdictionsFull size image When the Internet first appeared, there was a big need for web page search services. This has led to the development of search engine companies. There is a similar need in the case of blockchain networks and that is the need to get information on addresses, tokens, and transactions on the blockchain. This scenario brought the development of block explorer services being offered by companies like Etherscan which is currently the most popular explorer service for Ethereum. Block explorer services provide basic information on individual addresses, tokens, and transactions such as amounts, balances, and times of transactions. Blockchain transactions, however, form a directed graph, and it is possible to analyze this graph in order to trace fraudulent activities, get provenance information about tokens representing products, and in general use it for business intelligence. Table 14. 1 shows a list of well-known companies that provide services for blockchain transaction analysis. The first six companies, (a)–(f), in the table focus on providing blockchain intelligence services on detection and prevention of financial crime in crypto-assets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for analysis of blockchain transaction graphs for identifying fraudulent activities, rather than making predictions with perfect accuracy. The emphasis on tracing movements of crypto-assets and the limitations of current blockchain technologies suggests that while data analysis can provide insights, it does not equate to perfect foresight about future events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Time travel would allow us to witness historical events firsthand. [SEP] Text: Once an epicardial point is located in the PCV transient abolition of AP conduction is achieved after RF. Accessory connections from CS to the ventricle produce epicardial posteroseptal or left posterior AP The presence of APs in CS result from a connection between a CS myocardial coat extension along the middle cardiac vein or the PCV and the ventricle [3]. In this case upon achieving transient ablation at the probable anatomical site of the PCV and AP reappears with evident recording in CS 3–4 (Fig. 3B) to finally achieve ablation at that posterolateral epicardial point which leads us to think about an epicardial oblique AP. The transient abolition of AP may explain the failure to ablate AP by RF application on the ventricular side of the mitral annulus. The initial RF application on the ventricular insertion with transient abolition of AP and the final success with RF application on atrial insertion has been the end point to demonstrate the presences of oblique AP [2]. ConclusionsHaving performed the complete electrophysiological study plus CS venography could have helped us to make a correct diagnosis as we have already stated earlier in the discussion. Nevertheless, the electrograms recordings along the entire CS trajectory and upon achieving definitive abolition of AP pattern by ablating at two distant points (ventricular and on the mitral annulus) it leads us to think about an oblique AP presence; in addition, ablation was achieved epicardial intra CS. In our point of view according the above, we consider this is a very rare case of oblique AP with epicardial trajectory. The sequence of electrograms (in this case) along the CS has not been seen before in the literature reviewed. Availability of data and materials No datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. AbbreviationsAF: Atrial fibrillation APs: Accessory pathway(s) AV: Atrio-ventricular CS: Coronary sinus ECG: Electrocardiogram PCV: Posterior coronary vein PR: PR segment of the electrocardiogram 71. (2008) Catheter ablation of cardiac arrhythmias: basic concepts and clinical applications. In:. 3rd edn, pp 168. (1992) Electrogram criteria for identification of appropriate target sites for radiofrequency catheter ablation of accessory atrioventricular connections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses details related to cardiac electrophysiology and catheter ablation, without any mention or implication of time travel or the ability to witness historical events firsthand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae-imidacloprid showed a significant decrease in the expression of a gene encoding a vanin 1-like protein (Gene ID 724312). Vanin is an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that is suspected to have antiparasitic properties against Plasmodium in mice [47]. Finally, the only gene overexpressed in our experiment was the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) whose expression was significantly increased at day 7 in honeybees infected by N. ceranae. Quantitative RT-PCR and RNA-Seq correlation. Gene expression profiles collected at day 7 from experimental groups exposed to no treatment, N. ceranae and fipronil, applied alone or in combination, were compared to RNA-Seq data (Figure S3). A strong correlation was found between Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 (Spearman rank correlation ρ = 0. 84, n = 92, p<0. 001). Among the six genes showing differential expression in RNA-Seq data and chosen for qPCR analysis, four showed positively correlated expression in Exp. 2, while none showed divergent expression. More precisely, honeybees treated with N. ceranae alone or with the N. ceranae-fipronil combination showed in both experiments a higher expression of the chitinase 5 encoding gene (Gene ID 551600) and a lower expression of the SP 40 (Gene ID 409626) and Lim3 homeobox (Gene ID 410658) encoding genes. The latter was also repressed by fipronil in the two experiments. Similarly, a significant decrease in the expression of the trehalase encoding gene (Gene ID 410484) was observed in response to the N. ceranae-fipronil combination in both experiments. Overall, the similar survival and gene expression profiles obtained from the two distinct experiments, using different analytical methods (RNA-Seq and qPCR) and different fipronil concentrations (1. 3 and 2 μg/L), showed that the stresses applied induced a reproductible response. DiscussionNewly emerged honeybees were exposed to N. ceranae-infection or chronic exposure to an insecticide (fipronil or imidacloprid) or a combination of both parasite and insecticide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that honeybees treated with N. ceranae showed changes in gene expression, including an increase in the chitinase 5 encoding gene and a decrease in other genes. This suggests that N. ceranae infects honeybees and impacts their health by altering critical genetic expressions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can predict the future with perfect accuracy by analyzing data trends and patterns. [SEP] Text: Graph algorithms part, however, enables us to compute various features (node degrees, pagerank, shortest paths from blacklisted addresses, etc. ), which in the future can provide data to machine algorithms. The topmost layer provides an interface, currently, through a message queue to Python programs which can implement visualization of subgraphs that contain tracing information to blacklisted addresses. In the next section, we present parallel fraudulent transaction tracing algorithm that is used. 5 a blockchain address of a customer and a set of blacklisted addresses, we want to identify a subgraph that traces transaction activities between the blacklisted addresses and the queried customer address. Figure 14. 4 shows two example trace subgraphs: (a) for the Dragon[23] on the Ethereum blockchain and (b) for the July 15 [24] on the Bitcoin blockchain. Such trace subgraphs are returned by the parallel tracing algorithm that is presented in this section. Fig. 14. 4(a) Dragon(Ethereum) [23] and (b) July 15 (Bitcoin) [24] trace subgraphs returned by the parallel tracing algorithmFull size image Algorithm 1 Parallel blacklisted address transaction tracing: part 1 Algorithm 2 Parallel blacklisted address transaction tracing: part 2 The parallel blacklisted address transaction tracing algorithm is given in Algorithms 1 and 2. The algorithm finds the subgraph between two sets of nodes. We use it to trace the set of queried addresses Q back to the set of blacklisted addresses B. The algorithm first finds the nodes reachable from B denoted with RB by depth-first traversal (line 2). Then, it finds the nodes that can reach Q denoted with RQ by traversing the edges in the reverse direction (line 3). The intersection of RB and RQ gives us the set of nodes in the subgraph V ′p (line 4). We use distributed data structures, and the superscript p denotes the part of the data on processor p. Each local set of nodes of the subgraph is exchanged between the processors, and we get the global set of nodes V ′ in all processors (line 5). Each process finds the local edges whose source and target are in the V ′ and is between the given block range from T s to T e (which also represents the time since all of the transactions in a block have the same timestamp) (line 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a specific algorithm for tracing fraudulent transactions rather than making any assertions about AI's ability to accurately predict the future. The focus is on technical details of node traversal and subgraph analysis in a blockchain context, which does not support the idea of perfect predictive accuracy for AI in general.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every culture's history is accurately recorded in their artifacts. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 18 : 2 | 2021Experts - Notes de lecture Alessandro Bratus, Mediatization in Recorded Artifacts: Performance on Record and on Rudent p. 179-184 Référence(s) :Alessandro Bratus, Mediatization in Recorded Artifacts: Performance on Record and on Screen, Lanham, Lexington Books, 2019 Index | Texte | Citation | Auteur Entrées d’index Mots clés : performance mise en scène Keywords: performance stagingHaut de page Texte intégral PDF 333k Partager par e-mail Afficher l’image 1Mediatization in Recorded Artifacts: Performance on Record and on Screen, d’traite un sujet déjà bien défriché en popular music studies : la relation entre musique live et musique médiatisée. Il l’aborde en s’intéressant à deux familles d’objets, les films de concerts et les albums posthumes, objets ayant eux aussi suscité une bibliographie nourrie. 2Avec de telles ambitions générales, une des premières qualités qui frappent dans l’ouvrage est justement sa maîtrise de la bibliographie sur les principales thématiques abordées. L’auteur semble avoir une aptitude exceptionnelle à découvrir, assimiler et citer toutes sortes de travaux, non seulement les références incontournables sur les questions qu’il se pose, mais aussi des ouvrages de sciences sociales ou de philosophie plus généraux qu’il utilise pour opérer des mises en perspective inattendues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between live music and mediated music, focusing on concert films and posthumous albums. It mentions the author's capability to engage with various bibliographical sources, but does not address the accuracy of cultural histories recorded in artifacts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae-imidacloprid combination did not lead to a synergistic effect on honeybee mortality. This result is in accordance with the data from Alaux et al. , (2010) [37], where a synergy between Nosema parasites and imidacloprid occurred only with high concentration (70 μg/L) but not with 0. 7 or 7 μg/L of imidacloprid. Honeybee midgut response to parasitism and exposure to insecticide was analysed in two independent experiments using RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR for Exp. 1 and 2 respectively. A strong correlation was found between gene expression changes between both experiments (Fig. S3) showing that the midgut transcriptional response to treatments was reproducible. A strong effect of honeybee ageing on gene expression profiles was suspected from the principal component analysis performed on RNA-Seq data (Fig. 2). This analysis also suggested that parasite and insecticide treatments had very low impact on global gene expression one day after experiment initiation while they influenced it at day 7. Moreover, a higher number of genes showed expression changes by qRT-PCR at day 11 compared to day 7 suggesting that parasite and insecticide have a growing impact on gene expression with time. Overall, early gene expression changes might reflect honeybee response to a moderate disruption of midgut homeostasis induced by parasite and/or insecticide treatments. On the next days, the amplification regarding gene expression changes might reflect the honeybees inability to recover from this disruption, resulting in a growing imbalance that may lead to premature death. A significant downregulation of several genes potentially implicated in the immune response was detected in N. ceranae-infected honeybees at days 7 or 11. Those included the genes encoding the serine proteases SP22 and SP40, glucose dehydrogenase 2, lysozyme 1, hymenoptaecin and GMC oxidoreductase 3 (Tables 1 and 2). In addition to their function in digestion of food, serine proteases in insects participate in regulatory cascade reactions linked to immune responses resulting in rapid activation of the Toll and prophenoloxidase pathways [51]. Antimicrobial peptides such as hymenoptaecin are key elements of the insect innate immunity against bacteria and fungi [52]. Hymenoptaecin was the only antimicrobial peptide significantly affected under N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed insights into the impact of Nosema ceranae on honeybee health. It mentions the significant downregulation of genes potentially involved in immune responses in N. ceranae-infected honeybees, indicating a negative effect on their health. Additionally, the text discusses the interaction of the parasite with other factors affecting honeybee mortality and gene expression, solidifying the understanding that N. ceranae contributes to health issues within honeybee populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can predict the future with perfect accuracy by analyzing data trends and patterns. [SEP] Text: T s is the block range start and denotes the start time range of trace. T e is the block range end and denotes the end time range of trace. The algorithm returns the subgraph (line 7). The depth-first search function takes current processor ID p, total processor count P, the graph G p, set of starting addresses F, block start T s, block end T s, and traversal direction Rev. It returns the set of nodes R p that are reachable from the set of starting nodes F. C p is the set of nodes that needs to be visited and is located on remote processors. M p is the set of remote nodes that are already visited. S p is the stack of nodes to be visited. At the start, S p contains the local nodes that are in F (line 17). The algorithm first traverses the local reachable nodes (lines 20–38) and then sends the remote nodes to be visited C p to corresponding processors (lines 40–52). This loop continues until there is no node left in the stack of any processors. TCN is the total number of nodes in C p in all processors. It is initialized with 1 to run the first loop (line 18). The nodes in the stack S p are traversed until the stack is empty. At each step, a node cur is taken from the stack, marked as visited (lines 21–22). The nodes at the tail (head) of the outcoming (incoming) edges of the node cur are the traversed (if Rev is true) (lines 23–37). If the edge is between the given block time range, it needs to be visited (line 29). If it is a local node and is not already visited, it is added to the stack (line 30). If it is a remote node and not already sent to other processors to be visited, it is added to the set of remote nodes to be visited C p (line 33). The total number of nodes in C p in all processors is calculated (line 39). If there are any nodes that need to be sent to remote processors and visited in any of the processors, the nodes C p are exchanged between processors. p is added to M p not to send them again (line 49). p is cleared. The received nodes are added to the stack S p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it does not support the idea that AI can provide perfect predictions about the future. Instead, it describes a technical algorithm for traversing nodes in a graph, focusing on the mechanics of remote processing and node visiting, which does not imply or suggest that such algorithms lead to perfect predictive capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every culture's history is accurately recorded in their artifacts. [SEP] Text: En outre, ce vaste panorama de références est équilibré, en ce qu’il combine des apports de plusieurs contextes intellectuels, ajoutant aux habituelles références anglophones d’importants travaux italiens – Bratus est professeur à l’université de Pavie – et français. Un autre trait frappant de ce paysage de références large et maîtrisé est l’abondance de travaux signés par des femmes, certains notoires, d’autres beaucoup moins. 3La largeur de vue apparaît donc d’emblée comme une des caractéristiques du livre. Cela se vérifie si l’on considère son ampleur théorique. L’auteur y développe non pas une thèse principale mais plusieurs, centrées chacune sur différents concepts et dont voici une présentation succincte. Tout d’abord, le média (enregistrement, film) construit des sens, des interprétations, pour les musiques qu’il présente. Il vise entre autres à les situer selon des « coordonnées » dans le « système des genres de musiques populaires ». Mais les films musicaux et enregistrements posthumes construisent aussi une identité de « leur » public, incitant l’auditeur ou spectateur à se positionner par rapport à ce public visé. 4On peut observer le processus de ces constructions si l’on analyse les objets médiatisés (performative objects : les films, les albums) en les comparant avec le concept préexistant à la performance (performative concept) et avec sa mise en œuvre lors de l’enregistrement (performative event). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various intellectual contributions and the role of media in constructing interpretations and identities, but it does not address whether every culture's history is accurately recorded in their artifacts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae-infection in our study while abaecin, apidaecin and defensin encoding genes were also downregulated in other studies [8], [9]. Glucose dehydrogenases are components of the humoral immune response associated with melanised encapsulation [53] and have already been shown to be repressed in response to N. ceranae [8]. A recent survey revealed a possible implication of GMC oxidoreductases in insect immunity. Related genes are upregulated in silkworm in response to four different pathogens and the knockdown of these genes affects the survival rate of infected individuals [54]. Other genes were shown to be downregulated in N. ceranae-infected midguts in previous studies [8]–[10], but not significantly in the present one, such as the basket and u-shaped genes whose orthologs in Drosophila melanogaster are related to immunity [10]. Altogether these data suggest an impairment of the honeybee immune defence in response to N. ceranae infection that may favour the parasite development. Pesticides might also act on insects immune system [22], [55] and fungicides and acaricides have been shown to downregulate immune-related genes in honeybees [55]–[57]. In our study, the hymenoptaecin and lysozyme 1 transcript levels were significantly lower following the chronic exposure to fipronil and to fipronil and imidacloprid respectively (Table 2). Therefore phenylpyrazole and neonicotinoid insecticides might also alter the honeybee immune response. A significant overexpression of a chitinase encoding gene was detected in honeybees exposed to N. ceranae, alone or in combination with an insecticide, and two genes encoding cuticular proteins carrying a chitin-binding domain were activated in honeybees exposed to parasite-insecticide treatments. For the first time data suggest that cuticle coatings, which constitute important barrier defence in insects, might undergo significant modifications in response to a parasite infection. One should also consider that the peritrophic matrix surrounding the food bolus and protecting epithelial cells contains chitin [58], therefore infection by N. ceranae might lead to an alteration of the peritrophic matrix. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of N. ceranae on honeybee immune defenses. It mentions that 'data suggest an impairment of the honeybee immune defence in response to N. ceranae infection,' which indicates that N. ceranae is indeed impacting honeybee health. Additionally, the text notes how this parasite may aid its own development by weakening the host's immune system.