Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (E) Liver lysates from healthy mice were analyzed for P-JNK, P-p65, P-ERK, P-STAT3, and β-actin by Western blotting. Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Analyses of gut microbiota composition and inflammatory responses in healthy WT andNlrp12-/-mouse livers. Download elife-40396-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates JNK activation in hepatocytes. (A) Primary hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were isolated and cultured. Hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS for the indicated time and analyzed for the activation of JNK, p38, ERK, and p65 by Western blotting. (B) Primary hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were stimulated with LPS in the presence of absence of JNK inhibitor. The expression of inflammatory and proliferative molecules was measured by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) HepG2 cells stably expressing either GFP or NLRP12 were stimulated with LPS and analyzed for the activation of JNK, p38, ERK, and p65 by Western blotting. (D) Primary hepatocytes isolated from untreated WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were stimulated with LPS for the indicated time periods and analyzed for cMyc, P-cJun, Cyclin d1, and P-JNK by Western blotting. (E–F) Primary hepatocytes grown on coverslip were treated with or without LPS for 1 hr and immunostained for P-cJun (green) and cMyc (green). Cellular morphology was visible with filamentous actin (F-actin) staining (red). DAPI (blue) was used for nuclear staining. (F) P-cJun and cMyc fluorescence intensities were measured by software. Data represent means ± SD (n = 20) and is representative of three independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses liver analyses in mice, specifically related to the activation of various proteins and inflammatory responses. There is no mention or indication of urban living or stress levels in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: TALEs are made and used by plant pathogenic bacteria to control plant genes during infection. In nature, TALEs bind to plant DNA sequences and activate genes. The bacteria encode TALEs through a simple code that has been exploited to engineer proteins with custom site specificity in any target genome (Boch et al. , 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove 2009; NASEM, 2016, 2017a). The ease of the design for specific target DNA sequences of the TALEs revolutionized genome editing. can be fused with the nuclease domain of FokI (a restriction endonuclease—a ‘cleaver’ enzyme) and utilized to edit the genome, referred to as Transcription Activator-Nucleases (TALENs). TALENs are used in pairs like ZFNs to affect targeted mutations. TALENs have a higher efficiency than ZFNs and have been used to alter the genomes of a variety of different organisms. TALENs have been used to edit genomes in rice, maize, wheat, and soybean (Baltes & Voytas, 2014; NASEM, 2016). TALENs have also been used experimentally to correct mutations that cause human disease. experiments require two proteins. Production is relatively easy, and significantly more cost effective than meganucleases and ZFNs. Gene editing experiments using TALENs can take weeks, as opposed to months as with previous techniques. However, researchers continue to improve upon TALENs. In 2020, a rapid TALENs preparation protocol was developed. This has improved reproducibility and efficiency of this gene editing technique according to the for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA, 2023). Footnote 6TALENs has been used in several plants to improve agronomic characteristics or nutritional profiles. For example, TALENs has been used to create soybeans with low levels of polyunsaturated fats. Oils with lower levels of these fats are considered healthier compared to oils that can be hydrogenated to produce trans-fatty acids (ISAAA, 2023). Soybeans that produce high oleic acid (the ‘healthier’ fat) emerged on the US market beginning in 2019 in the form of soybean oil. TALENs has also been used in rice to breed resistance to bacterial blight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how gene editing techniques such as TALENs have been used to breed resistance in crops, notably mentioning 'TALENs has also been used in rice to breed resistance to bacterial blight.' This demonstrates that gene editing can indeed create crops with resistance to pests and diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: This study first assessed the occurrence of non-COVID related unplanned events and the health care costs among patients with various types of outpatient encounters (no visit, telehealth only, in-person only and both types) during the pandemic relative to the pre-pandemic period. The study also estimated the time and likelihood of each type of encounter – telehealth or in-person visit that led to the next (follow-up) visit. Results suggested that patients used either telehealth or in-person services or both depending on their medical and personal accessibility and mainly treated telehealth as a substitute to in-person services rather than a replacement altogether. Telehealth was comparable to in-person services in primary care settings as it did not lead to more or sooner follow-up visits when compared to in-person encounters. Our study contributes to the literature on the utilization and outcomes of telehealth in a few unique ways. First, to assess telehealth as a substitute to in-person services, we categorized patients into four mutually exclusive groups based on their outpatient care utilization during the pandemic period when telehealth first became available to the study sample. The categorization of patients into groups with no visits, telehealth only, in-person only and both types allowed us to compare telehealth only and in-person only groups directly against each other as well as jointly compare both with the group that used both types of services. Previous studies in the field which compared telehealth users versus non-users (or heavy users vs. lighter users) did not isolate the use of in-person services and hence, limited the capacity to identify expected variations in care outcomes, events, and costs across patient groups [24,25,26,27]. Second, the distribution of the four patient categories and the baseline information from the longitudinal feature of the study sample provided initial evidence that telehealth was treated as a substitute to in-person services. First off, the four patient categories took 18%, 18%, 30% and 34% of the sample respectively, with the telehealth only and in-person only groups jointly representing almost half of the study sample. Significant shares of patients with either type of service implied that many patients chose one type over the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that telehealth is treated as a substitute to in-person services rather than being categorically cheaper. It discusses how telehealth and in-person services were comparable in primary care settings and does not suggest that telehealth always incurs lower costs than in-person visits. The text also implies that patients utilized both services based on medical and personal accessibility, indicating that cost may not be the only factor influencing their choices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (G–H) Nlrp12-/- primary hepatocytes were transiently transfected with either GFP or Nlrp12 constructs followed by stimulation with LPS. The levels of P-JNK, cMyc, P-cJun, and P-p65 were measured by Western blotting (G) and the expression KC (Cxcl1), MIP2 (Cxcl2), and MCP1 (Ccl2) was analyzed by real-time qPCR (H). Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates) and is representative of three independent experiment. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 6—source data 1 NLRP12 negatively regulates JNK activation and production of inflammatory molecules in hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig6-data1-v2. zip Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset NLRP12 downregulates multiple JNK activating pathways in hepatocytes. (A) For checking the purity of primary hepatocytes, hepatocytes isolated from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were immunostained with antibody for hepatocyte-specific marker Albumin and counterstained with DAPI. (B) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- healthy mouse livers were cultured and stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL), PGN (10 μg/mL), TNFα (20 ng/mL), and IL-6 (20 ng/mL) for 4 hr. The expression of indicated genes was analyzed by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3) and representative of three independent experiments. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) HepG2 cells stably expressing either GFP or NLRP12 were stimulated with LPS (1 μg/mL), PGN (10 μg/mL), TNFα (20 ng/mL), and IL-6 (20 ng/mL) for 4 hr, and the expression of indicated genes was analyzed by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3) and representative of three independent experiments. *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides details about an experiment involving hepatocytes and various stimulation conditions, with no mention or discussion of urban living or stress levels. Thus, there is no support or contradiction to the claim present within the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Through gene editing, scientists were able to generate inheritable disease resistance. TALENs has also been used to reduce acrylamide in potatoes, maize, and wheat, as well as breed resistance to wheat powdery mildew. Further applications of TALENs include utilizing sugarcane and algae in the biofuels industry (ISAAA, 2023). 2. 5 -Cas9(-Cas9) system as a gene editing tool was reported in 2012 (Doudna & Charpentier, 2014). is a naturally occurring mechanism found in bacteria. Bacteria harbour as an innate defense mechanism against viruses and plasmidsFootnote 7 that uses RNA-guided nucleases to target the break or cut of foreign DNA sequences. The bacteria retain fragments of foreign DNA which provides it with some immunity to viruses. -Cas systems can generate a range of DNA edits which are synonymous with those found in natural populations. Multiple genetic changes can be achieved in a single generation (Lyzenga et al. , 2021). -Cas9 has received the most academic attention, namely because it is more precise in targeting specific genes than other techniques and is more economical to use than other gene editing techniques mentioned above. This has improved the timeliness of experimenting with this technique, and reduced the costs associated with gene editing research. It is the most recently introduced of all gene editing platforms and appears to have the highest accuracy of all gene editing techniques discussed here. -Cas9 is the gene-editing platform in which RNA homologous with the targeted gene is combined with the Cas9 (DNA snipping enzyme). Cas9 gives the ability to alter DNA sequences. Cas9 makes up part of the “toolkit” for the -Cas9 system of genome editing. The other is a homing device that can be programmed to target the DNA sequence of interest, imparting precise control over the location of edits. Scientists have dissected the innate -Cas9 system and re-engineered it in such a way that a single RNA, the guide RNA, is needed for Cas9-mediated cleavage of a target sequence in a genome (Alvarez, 2021; Sander & Joung, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene editing, specifically using techniques such as TALENs and -Cas9, enables scientists to generate inheritable disease resistance in crops. It mentions successful applications where gene editing has been used to breed resistance to wheat powdery mildew and reduce harmful compounds in crops, directly supporting the assertion that gene editing can create disease-resistant crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: Further, results from the encounter-level data suggested that compared to encounters before the pandemic, encounters initiated during the pandemic had fewer number of days until the next encounter and higher (3-, 7-, 14-, 30-day) follow-up rates, but telehealth encounters were not significantly different from in-person encounters for these metrics during the pandemic [26, 27]. LimitationsThis study has a few limitations. First, the study sample came from a single care system and could not represent the general aging population nor Medicare beneficiaries from managed care plans. However, focusing on one care system allowed us to leverage richer information from both electronic health records and claims data for analysis [49, 50]. Second, findings from the study suggested that telehealth was used as a substitute for in-person services and did not lead to sooner or more frequent services in the future. But as with many other observational studies, we cannot establish causal relationship between telehealth and care outcomes, such as unplanned events and follow-up visits. Some study designs to construct comparison groups or with randomized interventions would help. Third, for the analysis on the time duration until the next visit, we can only group the outpatient encounters by beneficiary and encounter date and cannot guarantee that any two consecutive encounters were for the same healthcare concerns. Dose response relationship across follow-ups beyond the immediate next visit was not considered either. Similarly, the data did not include information on the waiting time from requesting an appointment to being seen for telehealth or in-person visits, nor were data available to discern whether an ED visit or hospitalization was just a one-off event or due to a patient’s bypass of primary care. Using additional information on primary diagnosis and reason for the visit will help refine the results. Lastly, results from this study were based on the actual utilization data. Patients who faced barriers to access telehealth, such as technology or health literacy, had to stay with in-person services or no service at all during the pandemic period. As such, results from the study were conditional on telehealth availability and accessibility. More system and community efforts are expected to ensure equitable access to telehealth as an alternative to traditional in-person services in the long run. ConclusionsUsing a sample of the US Medicare beneficiaries from one care system, this study found that patients and providers treated telehealth and in-person visits as substitutes and used either type depending on the medical needs, service availability and accessibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that telehealth encounters were not significantly different from in-person encounters for various metrics during the pandemic, suggesting that telehealth did not lead to cost savings or increased frequency of services. Additionally, it highlights that patients faced barriers to accessing telehealth, which may limit its affordability compared to in-person visits, indicating that telehealth is not necessarily always cheaper.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (D) Nlrp12-/- primary hepatocytes were stimulated with LPS in the presences or absence of JNK inhibitor. The levels of cMyc, P-cJun, and P-JNK were measured by Western blotting. (E) NLRP12 was knocked down in HepG2 cells usingCas9 technology. Cells were then stimulated with LPS (1 ug/ml) and the activation of JNK was measured by Western blotting. Figure 6—figure supplement 1—source data 1 NLRP12 downregulates inflammatory responses in hepatocytes in responses to multiple stimuli. Download elife-40396-fig6-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 regulates hepatocyte proliferation via JNK activation. (A–B) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of a JNK inhibitor. The proliferation of hepatocytes was monitored in real-time by IncuCyte live cell image analyzer. (A) Representative images of hepatocytes captured by IncuCyte are shown. (B) The changes in cell confluence were used as a surrogate marker of cell proliferation. Data represent means ± SD (n = 5 replicates) and is representative of three independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (C) WT and Nlrp12-/- hepatocytes were treated with LPS for 24 hr followed by 1 hr incubation with BrdU. Cells were then immunostained with anti-BrdU antibody and BrdU incorporation (S phase) was analyzed by flow cytometry. (D) Percentage of S phase cells as analyzed by flow cytometry was quantitatively analyzed. Data represent means ± SD (n = 3 replicates) and is representative of two independent experiments. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E–F) Hepatocytes stained with anti-BrdU (green) were observed and counted under the 20X microscopic objective. DAPI (blue) was used for nucleus staining. Data represent means ± SD (n = 30 replicates) and is representative of two independent experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of NLRP12 on hepatocyte responses to stimuli and does not mention urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Guide RNA (short segments of RNA used to direct the DNA-cutting enzyme to the target location in the genome) design requirements are limited to a unique sequence of about 20 nucleotides in the genome (to prevent off-target effects) and are restricted near the Motif sequence (PAM),Footnote 8 which is specific for the -Cas9 system. Newer applications of include the use of two guide RNAs with a modified nuclease that “nicks” one strand of the DNA, providing greater specificity for targeted deletions. The ease of design, the specificity of the guide RNA, and the simplicity of the -Cas9 system have resulted in rapid demonstration of the utility of this method of editing genomes in plants and other organisms (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). -Cas9 is a versatile and robust gene editing tool for crop improvement. Because of its efficiency and accuracy, this method is rapidly becoming the most widely used approach for performing gene editing. For example, researchers from the Institute of of Argentina (INTA) used -Cas9 to develop non-browning potatoes and lactose-free cow’s milk. -Cas9 has also been used to increase alfalfa productivity and quality (Laaninen, 2020: 8). -mediated gene knockout has been applied in rice, barley, soy, maize, wheat, tomato, potato, lettuce, citrus trees, mushrooms, cucumbers, grapes, watermelon, and others (Liang et al. , 2014). What seems to baffle some of the scientists we interviewed is the artificial distinctions arising in public debates over the safety and risks of gene editing—between genomic editing and mutations that take place in a controlled laboratory setting versus mutations that happen in nature. The distinction between manufactured risks and natural risks seems to be at the centre of the debate over the safety of gene editing in the agrifood system; though at a conceptual level, mutations or changes to genomes happen in nature. Informant 6 and Informant 7 (an NGO representative and a research scientist, respectively) had similar things to say about how the perception of the safety of gene editing compared to ‘conventional’ breeding techniques such as mutagenesis is distorted in the public dialogue on biotechnology in the agrifood system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the -Cas9 gene editing system in improving crops and providing examples of its applications. It notes that this method is versatile and has resulted in developing crops like non-browning potatoes and increasing alfalfa productivity, indicating enhancements in crop traits, which aligns with the idea of creating disease and pest-resistant crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: For healthier patients without complicated medical needs, telehealth can substitute for in-person services altogether. For less healthy patients who need more outpatient visits or have more unplanned events, telehealth can substitute for in-person care for pre-diagnosis, monitoring, and/or follow-up. Further, telehealth did not lead to sooner or more follow-up visits than in-person services. For all patients and the healthcare system, telehealth works as an effective substitute to in-person services and has the potential to improve timely care access and reduce health costs. Evidence obtained from the US healthcare market on the potential benefits of telehealth also yield similar implications to other countries in the world during the pandemic and beyond. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available from the Center for Medicare and (CMS), but restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used under license for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Data are however available from the authors upon reasonable request and with permission of CMS. AbbreviationsED: ACO: : for Medicare & HCC: : Ratios OR: SD: CI: 91. 58. 9973. 2618. 42. 7. Changes in health services use among commercially insured US populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. . 2020;3(11):e2024984–e2024984. 7621. . Telemedicine: patient-provider clinical engagement during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24:1692–7. 61. 2021. JAMA. 2022;327(3):237–47. 2020. J Manag Pract. 2022;28(1):77–85. 2019. Assoc. 2010;2021:e213282–e213282. 1476. 1640. 19. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:23743735211065270. PubMed Pub42. 6791. 12. . Use of Telemedicine for in or Medicare Advantage. . 2022;5(1):e2142531–e2142531. 43. 2021. . 2022;5(3):e225484–e225484. 8954. 2793. 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while telehealth can substitute for in-person services, it does not necessarily lead to reduced follow-up visits or cost savings for less healthy patients who require more outpatient care. It emphasizes that telehealth serves as an effective substitute but implies that it may not always be cheaper, especially for patients with complicated medical needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) The proposed mechanism of NLRP12-mediated regulation of HCC. Figure 7—source data 1 Assesment of the role of Nlrp12 in hepatocyte proliferation. Download elife-40396-fig7-data1-v2. zip Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset JNK-dependent hepatocyte proliferation is regulated by NLRP12. (A) Primary hepatocytes from WT and Nlrp12-/- mouse livers were treated with LPS in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor. The cellular proliferation was monitored in real time with the continuous presence of indicated treatments until the end of each experiment by IncuCyte live cell image analyzer. Representative images of hepatocytes captured by IncuCyte. (B) The hepatocytes from healthy WT and Nlrp12-/- mice were cultured and treated with LPS for 24 hr in the presence or absence of JNK inhibitor. Hepatocytes were immunostained for Ki67 (green) and F-actin (red), and counterstained with DAPI (blue). (C) Percentage of Ki67-positive cells per field under 20X objective. 10 independent fields were counted from each experiment and representative of three independent experiments. Data represent means ± SD (n = 10). *p<0. 05. **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 7—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Analysis of Ki67-positive cells in LPS-stimulated hepatocytes. Download elife-40396-fig7-figsupp1-data1-v2. zip Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Analysis of gene alterations of different innate immune genes using cBioportal. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Gross anatomy of DEN and DEN plus CCL4-treated mice. resources table Reagent type or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent (M. musculus)C57BL/6:MGI:3028467 JAX:000664Genetic reagent (M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the statistical methods and experiments related to hepatocyte proliferation and immunological responses in mice, which do not provide any information regarding urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: Informant 7 notes, …if you compare [gene editing] to a conventional breeding technique like a random mutagenesis which is considered conventional, it’s in the organic section of the grocery store, you get hundreds to thousands of random mutations per plant, using those techniques. And what? It’s fine. Those plants have been on the market and we’ve been eating them for a hundred years, and they’re fine. But that’s a lot of unintended mutations that we don’t even know about. Whereas with gene editing, if you get unintended mutations off-target first of all, we tend to know exactly where they would be, because they happen in regions that are very similar to the region that we’re targeting. We can scan those, and we do. We look at that, and we can tell if it’s been enough target mutation. …. And secondly, we’re certainly not getting thousands from the gene editing process itself. Informant 7 had more to say about genetic mutations in agrifood plants. They continue, they’re fine, I mean one rice plant. It produces a seed and that seed has around 40 mutations, random. We don’t know where they are. They’re all unintended. They’re all just…who knows? And it’s fine. No problem…Mutations happen, and that’s a good thing. That’s how things evolve. That’s how things adapt. /on Another recent discovery in the -Cas system is ‘’ which is a technique using -Cas9 to turn genes ‘on’, but which also has the potential to turn them ‘off’ (Nunez et al. , 2021). is a reversible tool for controlling gene expression that is specific, precise, and inheritable. It involves the addition of a chemical tag to the DNA making it inaccessible for reading and subsequent protein production. In the paper published in Cell, Nunez et al. (2021) describe how to modify ’s basic architecture to extend its reach beyond the genome and into what is known as the epigenome—proteins and small molecules that latch onto DNA and control when and where genes are switched on or off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene editing's precision and control over genetic mutations. Informant 7 emphasizes that gene editing allows for a more targeted approach compared to traditional methods that can result in numerous unintended mutations, which suggests that it can be used to create crops designed to resist diseases and pests effectively. Furthermore, the mention of specific gene editing techniques like the -Cas system highlights the capability of gene editing to modify gene expression, supporting the claim that it can be utilized to enhance crop resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: The therapist’s ability to see such things as the amount of space for exercise, height of stairs, type of flooring, exercise equipment, household items available, exercise technique etc. enables him/her to accurately instruct the patient in home program performance. For example, an injured adolescent athlete who was instructed to advance single limb balance to an unstable surface at home to mimic a foam balance pad in the clinic, stood on a pillow. In observing the patient during a telehealth visit this was no more challenging than standing on a flat surface. It became evident that the pillow was fully compressed and not providing the intended dynamic base of support. A change was made to a firmer pillow and the intended balance challenge was achieved. Had it not been for telehealth, this patient would likely have been standing on a compressed pillow, day in and out, not obtaining the neuromuscular benefit of the exercise. Other exercises in the program would perhaps also be misinterpreted, and the duration of recovery potentially unnecessarily extended. Periodic telehealth visits as part of a rehabilitation program for this population provide the opportunity for in home instruction which may be superior to traditional all in-person care. Telehealth also augments rehabilitation of the young athlete population by providing additional scheduling options which help to ensure continuity of care. Busy family life makes attendance unpredictable and most youth are dependent upon others for transportation. It is not only the lives of the patients which affects their ability to travel to a visit, but the lives of their parents/caregivers and siblings as well. Changes in schedules of a brother or sister and unexpected work obligations of parents/caregivers can cause a cancelation. When a family may not be able to travel to an appointment, they may be able to keep their visit via conversion to telehealth, preventing an interruption in care. Telehealth also provides the opportunity for a brief visit to review and update a home program when adjustments are indicated but a full visit is unlikely to be required. A family may be hesitant to travel for a brief visit in-person, but happy to attend a brief visit via telehealth. Both advantages keep the patient and family engaged without interruptions in treatment, optimizing the episode of care, possibly maximizing the pace of recovery, and in the case of a brief visit, also provide a direct cost reduction to insurers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while telehealth may provide cost reductions for insurers and optimize care through flexibility and improved engagement, it does not explicitly state that telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. Instead, it highlights that telehealth visits can help prevent interruptions and may allow for brief consultations that are cost-effective, but it does not generalize this to all telehealth interactions being less expensive than in-person visits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: musculus)Nlrp12-/- C57BL/6JPMID:12563287RRID: MGI:2676630Cell line (Homo Sapiens)HepG2:CVCL_0027Recombinant DNA reagentpcDNA4/TOInvitrogenCat#V1020-20Recombinant DNA reagentpcDNA4/TO-Nlrp12This paperFull length Nlrp12 (mouse) cDNA was cloned into pcDNA4/reagentpcDNA4/TO-NLRP12This paperFull length NLRP12 (human) cDNA was cloned into pcDNA4/reagentNLRP12 sg/Cas9 All-in-(Human)ABM IncCat # K1434706Recombinant DNA reagentScrambled sg/Cas9 All-in-one # K010AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-NLRP12:SCR_001456 Cat # OAAB04256WB: 1:500AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-p44/42 (Erk1/2):AB_390779 Cat # 4695,WB: 1:2000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho- SAPK/:AB_823588 Cat # 4668WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-p38 :AB_10999090 Cat # 8690WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-:AB_2315049 Cat # 4060WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-c:AB_1903938 Cat # 5605WB: 1:1000, IF:1:100AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti b-actinSigmaRRID:AB_476697. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides information about various scientific reagents, antibodies, and cell lines without any discussion of urban living or stress levels. Therefore, it does not address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can create crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. [SEP] Text: The researchers show that once a gene is switched off, it remains inert in the cell’s descendants for hundreds of generations, unless it is switched back on with a complementary tool called. Discussions have emerged regarding how to classify organisms that have had applied to their genome. If the genome is not changed, but there is genetic manipulation, is it a GMO? Identification of organisms produced using would be difficult to identify, as critics of gene editing in general have noted (Williams, 2021). These are advancements that may require new regulatory scrutiny in the coming years as their applications evolve, and the need for innovative ways to address climate change and food insecurity become even more pressing. However, many countries, such as Canada and Argentina, have designed their regulatory frameworks based on a risk assessment of products, not how the organism was developed. Therefore, as the of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine (NASEM) (2017a, p. 108) document states, “risk assessment endpoints for future biotechnology products are not new compared with those that have been identified for existing biotechnology products”. The benefit of having a regulatory system tooled to conduct risk assessments for previous and current biotechnologies in the agrifood system on a case-by-case basis is the built-in ability to assess future, unknown technologies for future, unknown risks. However, regulatory systems may have to continually update and adapt to assess yet unknown risks that accompany new breeding techniques. As the NAESM (2017a) report cautions—if regulatory systems are not prepared for the wave of new breeding techniques on the horizon, there will be stifling of innovation and a slowing in the development of products that can be useful tools in combating food insecurity and climate change. Table 2. 3 lists applications of gene editing in the agrifood plant breeding space, including the type of NBT used in the breeding process, the type of quality improvement (food & feed and/or agronomic), the trait that was the specific focus of the breeding initiative, country of origin and research organization(s) responsible for developing the application. Table 2. 3 Applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breedingFull size table 3 ConclusionDue to their accuracy, lower costs and application simplicity, genome editing tools can introduce valuable quantitative and qualitative traits into plants. Current research is focusing on improving agronomic traits including drought resistance, increased yield, pathogen resistance, and decreased time to ripening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breeding, specifically mentioning improvements in 'pathogen resistance,' which directly relates to creating crops that are resistant to diseases and pests. It also highlights the benefits of genome editing tools in introducing valuable traits into plants, further supporting the assertion that gene editing can enhance crop resilience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Telehealth is always cheaper than traditional in-person visits. [SEP] Text: virtual visits cannot completely replace in-person treatment, consideration should be given to a new practice model for care of the young athlete where telehealth is provided in conjunction with in-person visits. Telehealth does not simply need to be an alternative to in-person care, and can be utilized in a “hybrid” model. The ability to observe movement patterns in the patient’s home environment and sports setting, to instruct parents/guardians in exercise guidance while at home, to custom tailor the home program to the patient’s learning abilities and access to exercise equipment/substitute household items, and to provide additional scheduling options, all contribute to a potentially enhanced treatment process. This process may mitigate some of the problems related to ineffective home program performance in the young athlete population, which can have a detrimental impact on recovery. There is a potential cost savings associated with this model if it yields a more rapid recovery and requires fewer skilled visits. This could incentivize insurers to cover telehealth services as an adjunct to in-person care. Investigation of patient outcomes, ideal number and timing of telehealth visits in an episode of care, and cost effectiveness of this blended model compared to in-person alone would be a productive next step. 5 author reports no relevant disclosures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how telehealth should be considered in conjunction with in-person visits rather than as a cheaper alternative. It mentions that there are potential cost savings associated with a hybrid model if it leads to faster recovery and less need for in-person visits, but it does not assert that telehealth is always cheaper. Instead, it suggests that the effectiveness and costs of telehealth compared to in-person care merit further investigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Cat # A2228WB: 1:10000AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-SAPK/:AB_2250373 Cat # 9252WB: 1:5000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-p44/42 (ERK1/2):AB_2315112 Cat # 4370WB: 1:2000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-c:AB_2129575 Cat # 3270WB: 1:1000, IF:1:100AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-p38 :AB_331762 Cat # 9215WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Phospho-STAT3:AB_2491009 Cat # 9145WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal Phospho-NF-kB p65:AB_331284 Cat # 3033WB: 1:2000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Cyclin d1:AB_2259616 Cat # 2978WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit polyclonal anti-:AB_329827. Cat # 9272WB: 1:1000AntibodyRabbit monoclonal anti-Ki67abcamRRID:AB_302459 Cat # ab16667IF:1:100AntibodyRat monoclonal anti-F4/80 (Clone CI:A3-1):AB_323806 Cat # MCA497GAIF:1:100AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti-FlagM2SigmaRRID:AB_262044 Cat # F1804WB: 1:10000AntibodyMouse monoclonal anti-α-BrdUCell signalingRRID:AB_10548898 Cat # 5292IF: 1:200AntibodyRat monoclonal anti-CD16/CD32 (clone 2. 4G2):AB_394656 clone 2. 4G21 μg/ 106 cellsAntibodyMouse monoclonal anti-CD45. 2 :AB_492873 Cat # NC01234371:100AntibodyRat monoclonal PerCP-Cyanine5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of antibody catalog numbers and related information, which does not address or discuss the topic of urban living or stress levels in any form.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: of or Track your Manuscript LOG-2021 1. 0 Latest Blogs: from Yield and of the & at forAssociation << Previous 08. The combination of nutrient sources tested were; control, NPK50 (50% NPK), NPK75 (75% NPK), NPK100 (100% NPK), FYM10 (10 t ha-1 FYM), NPK50+FYM10, NPK75+FYM10, NPK100+FYM10, FYM20 (20 t ha-1 FYM), NPK50+FYM20, NPK75+FYM20, NPK100+FYM20. Results revealed that NPK75FYM20` significantly (p<0. 05) improved the yield. As regards soil properties, NPK20FYM20 reduced bulk density, increased WHC, saturation percentage, organic matter content, plant available N, P and K significantly (p<0. 05) both at 0-15 and 15-30 cm depths. Effect of fertilizer sources either alone or in integrated form was non-significant on Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn concentration. Economic analysis showed that NPK75FYM20 rewarded the maximum net income of Rs. 43108 ha-1, indicating its superiority for profitable wheat yield under rain-fed conditions. It can be concluded from these results that the application of plant nutrients from a variety of natural and manufactured fertilizer sources improve crop yield as well as augment the fertility of soils suffering from water erosion hazards. Received | December 12, 2015; Accepted | July 08, 2016; Published | August 20, 2016 Correspondence | Farmanullah Khan, Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan; Email: farmankhan380@hotmail. com Citation | Khan, F. , S. Khan, W. Ahmad and I. Khan. 2016. Nutrient application from integrated sources improve crop yield and soil properties of water eroded land. of Agriculture, 32(3): 202-211. DOI | Keywords | Crop nutrition, Integrated nutrient sources, Physico-chemical characteristics, Soil fertility, Water eroded land increase and changes in dietary habits are important factors affecting food requirements of a nation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the application of plant nutrients from various natural and manufactured fertilizer sources improves crop yield and enhances soil properties. Specifically, results show that certain combinations of fertilizers significantly improved yield and soil health, supporting the assertion that precise modifications in nutrient application can lead to better crop productivity and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mixed results of telemedicine adoption, indicating that while there is enthusiasm for novel medical technologies like telehealth, many doctors remain skeptical about the additional demands it might create and its potential negative impact on the doctor-patient relationship. For instance, one excerpt notes that the promises of telemedicine expanding access to healthcare remain largely unfulfilled, suggesting that not every doctor will likely offer telehealth services as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 5 Anti-Human/Mouse CD11b (M1/70):AB_2621885 Cat# 65–01121:100AntibodyRat monoclonal APC Anti-Mouse F4/80 Antigen (BM8. 1):AB_2621602 Cat # 20–48011:100AntibodyRat monoclonal Ready Anti-Mouse Ly-6G (Gr-1) (RB6-8C5):AB_2621463 Cat # 40–59311:100AntibodyMonoclonal Anti-CD11c conjugated with :AB_2621747 Cat # 50–01141:100AntibodyMonoclonal PE/Cy7 anti-mouse TCR β chainBiolegendRRID:AB_893627 Cat # 1092211:100Chemical compoundZeocinInvivogenCat # ant-zn-1(100 μg/ml)Chemical compoundLipofectamine 3000Thermo FisherCat # L3000015Chemical compoundMycoplasma KitSigmaCat#11663925910Chemical compoundcoli-derived LPSInvivogenCat # tlrl-smlpsChemical compoundPGNInvivogenCat # tlrl-pgnsaRecombinant proteinIL-6PeprotechCat # 200–06Recombinant proteinTNFαPeprotechCat # 315-01ACommercial kit-FluoresceinRocheCat # 11684795910Commercial kitMulti-target ELISA kitTechnologyCat # 7276Commercial kitPathsan Phospho-p44/42 kitTechnologyCat # 7177CSoftware, algorithmsoftwareBD BioscienceSoftware, algorithmFlowjo v10:SCR_008520Software, algorithmGraphPad Prismgraphpad. comRRID:SCR_002798Software, algorithmQIIME 1. 8. 0Qiime. orgRRID:SCR_008249 PMC3156573 Additional files Supplementary file 1 List of primers of mouse and human genes. All primers used in this study to measure the expression of mouse genes (1) and of human genes (2) by real-time qPCR analysis. Download elife-40396-supp1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed list of scientific materials, reagents, and software used in research but does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Chemical fertilizers applied to soils can provide crops with specific nutrient elements, but not with all the essential elements they need. Decreasing SOM is one of the main factors affecting the productivity and the effects are more pronounced in cases of lower NPK fertilizer application. Imbalanced inorganic fertilization and lack of recycling of nutrients from natural sources adversely effected the fertility and productivity of our soil. Successful restoration of soil fertility require SOM improvement (Banning et al. , 2008). Plant nutrient input from a variety of sources has proved to enhance SOM and crop yield on initially poor quality soils (Nawaz et al. , 2000; Jadoon et al. , 2004). Recently, with the introduction of alternative energy sources (natural gas and LPGs) in many villages of the experimental area, it is the time to inspire the concerned farming community to utilize their livestock bi-products for the restoration of their degraded soils and to obtain a satisfactory level of crop yield and profitable return. This experiment was planned with the objective to determine a reasonable ratio nutrients applied through natural and chemical fertilizers for improvement in yield and soil physico-chemical characteristics of water eroded land. Methods and study was planned in (RCBD) at Jagganath village of during the year 2007-08. Soil was silt loam in texture, non-saline, alkaline (pH 8. 1), calcareous (lime 13. 75 %) with low SOM (8. 04 g kg-1) and poor in P (2. 34 mg kg-1) and K (55. 25 mg kg-1) availability. Physico-chemical properties of the site are provided in Table 1. Table 1: Physico-chemical characteristics of soil before sowing density Mg m-3 1. 40 Available water % 16. 53 Saturation water % 34. 55 Texture class - Silt loam pH - 8. 10 Electircal conductivity (EC1:5) dS m-1 0. 68 Soil organic matter (SOM) % 0. 80 CaCO3 % 13. 75 mg kg-1 10. 10 Plant available (AB-DTPA Extracted) phosphorus mg kg-1 2. 34 Potash mg kg-1 55. 25 Zinc mg kg-1 0. 72 Iron mg kg-1 2. 77 Copper mg kg-1 1. 47 Manganese mg kg-1 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that plant nutrient input from various sources enhances soil organic matter (SOM) and crop yield, particularly on poor-quality soils. It emphasizes the importance of balanced fertilization and the need to restore soil fertility, suggesting that using both natural and chemical fertilizers can lead to improvements in yield and nutrient content, thereby supporting the claim about precise modifications for enhancing crop productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mixed results of telemedicine adoption by different physicians, suggesting skepticism from doctors regarding the integration of telehealth into their practices. Specifically, the author notes that while telemedicine was seen as a solution to expand access and reduce healthcare disparities, these promises have largely not been fulfilled. Furthermore, it emphasizes that doctors have historically been cautious about the extra demands this technology might impose and its potential to disrupt the doctor-patient relationship.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractRecent findings on stress induced structural plasticity in rodents have identified important differences between the hippocampus and amygdala. The same chronic immobilization stress (CIS, 2h/day) causes growth of dendrites and spines in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), but dendritic atrophy in hippocampal area CA3. CIS induced morphological changes also differ in their temporal longevity- BLA hypertrophy, unlike CA3 atrophy, persists even after 21 days of stress-free recovery. Furthermore, a single session of acute immobilization stress (AIS, 2h) leads to a significant increase in spine density 10 days, but not 1 day, later in the BLA. However, little is known about the molecular correlates of the differential effects of chronic and acute stress. Because BDNF is known to be a key regulator of dendritic architecture and spines, we investigated if the levels of BDNF expression reflect the divergent effects of stress on the hippocampus and amygdala. CIS reduces BDNF in area CA3, while it increases it in the BLA of male Wistar rats. CIS-induced increase in BDNF expression lasts for at least 21 days after the end of CIS in the BLA. But CIS-induced decrease in area CA3 BDNF levels, reverses to normal levels within the same period. Finally, BDNF is up regulated in the BLA 1 day after AIS and this increase persists even 10 days later. In contrast, AIS fails to elicit any significant change in area CA3 at either time points. Together, these findings demonstrate that both acute and chronic stress trigger opposite effects on BDNF levels in the BLA versus area CA3, and these divergent changes also follow distinct temporal profiles. These results point to a role for BDNF in stress-induced structural plasticity across both hippocampus and amygdala, two brain areas that have also been implicated in the cognitive and affective symptoms of stress-related psychiatric disorders. Citation: Lakshminarasimhan H, (2012) to on the Levels of in the Hippocampus and Amygdala. 7(1): e30481. Kenji Hashimoto, Center for Health, JapanReceived: September 22, 2011; Accepted: December 16, 2011; Published: January 17, 2012Copyright: © 2012 Lakshminarasimhan, Chattarji. This is an open-access 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses findings related to stress-induced structural plasticity in the brain's hippocampus and amygdala in response to chronic and acute stress in rodents. It does not provide any information about urban living or its direct effects on stress levels in humans, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 8 e NPK50FYM10 40. 2 e 3033 e 9. 9 f 6. 9 d NPK75FYM10 41. 2 d 3323 d 10. 4 e 7. 1 c NPK100FYM10 42. 3 c 3443 cd 10. 6 d 7. 2 b FYM20 40. 2 e 2880 e 8. 6 g 5. 5 f NPK50FYM20 44. 3 b 3676 bc 10. 8 c 7. 1 c NPK75FYM20 45. 4 a 4020 a 11. 4 a 7. 4 a NPK100FYM20 45. 2 a 3790 ab 11. 2 b 7. 4 a Recommended dose of NPK (120:90:60); wt. : Weight; BY: Biological yield; SY: Straw yield; Means with different letters are significantly different from one another at the P<0. 05 level Results and (Table 3) revealed significant (p<0. 05) increase in yield parameters where the highest 1000 grain weight (GW1000) and maximum grain yield (GY) were obtained with the application of NPK75FYM20. Whilst being statistically at par with NPK100FYM20, NPK75FYM20 showed 26, 20 and 14% higher GW1000 and 99, 76 and 48% higher GY over the control, NPK50 and NPK100, respectively (Table 3). On the other extremity, same treatment (NPK75FYM20) resulted in 20 and 15% more GW1000 and 65 and 23% more GY compared to FYM10 and FYM20, respectively. These results counsel the addition of 20 t ha-1 FYM in conjunction with low NPK by 25% of the recommended dose for highest production. The results further endorsed that integrative use of nutrients from organic and synthetic sources can restitute the fecundity of eroded lands and has asset over their unshared applications. Whilst, Nadeem et al. (2016) termed it the second favourable choice after the recommended inorganic NPK and micronutrients fertilizers in the planner part of (Khan) for higher grain yield, highest grain yield (maize) obtained by Jadoon (2004) after the conjunctive cure of FYM and chemical fertilizers in the northern supports our results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various treatments (e.g., NPK75FYM20) that resulted in significant increases in yield parameters such as 1000 grain weight (GW1000) and maximum grain yield (GY). It explains that the addition of organic and synthetic nutrients can enhance the fertility of soil and lead to higher crop yields, thus supporting the idea of making precise modifications to improve both crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting skepticism and challenges related to telehealth adoption among doctors. It mentions that doctors were usually more cautious about the technology's implications on their practice, referencing their awareness of the extra demands telehealth might impose and its potential interference with the doctor-patient relationship. Additionally, it notes that while telemedicine has been viewed as a solution to expand access and reduce disparities in healthcare, those promises remain largely unfulfilled, indicating that not all doctors will necessarily offer these services within the stipulated timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Chronic stress regulates BDNF expression in CA3 and BLA in contrasting manner. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. A Experimental design of chronic stress (CIS+1d) followed by micro dissection of area CA3 from transverse hippocampal sections or BLA from coronal sections. B BDNF expression in area CA3 is decreased after chronic stress (Control, n = 5; CIS+1d, n = 5), C Chronic stress up regulates BDNF expression in BLA (Control, n = 6; CIS+1d, n = 8). Chronic stress induced changes in BDNF expression profile is normalized to respective control level. D Serum corticosterone levels are up regulated after chronic stress in comparison to controls (Control, n = 5; CIS+1d, n = 6). Significant differences *, p<0. 05; Unpaired, two-tailed, Student's t-test was used to compare stress and control groups. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Contrasting profiles of BDNF in CA3 and BLA in response to recovery from chronic stress. Data are presented as mean ± SEM A Experimental design of 21 days of recovery from chronic stress paradigm (CIS+21d). B BDNF expression in area CA3 comes back to control levels post recovery from chronic stress (Control, n = 6; CIS+21d, n = 6), C Chronic stress induced up regulation in BDNF expression in BLA persists even after twenty one days of recovery (Control, n = 4; CIS+21d, n = 6). BDNF expression profile is normalized to respective control level. D The up regulation of serum corticosterone levels persists even after recovery from chronic stress (Control, n = 7; CIS+21d, n = 6). Significant differences *, p<0. 05; Unpaired, two-tailed, Student's t-test was used to compare stress and control groups. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Acute stress modulates BDNF profile differentially in CA3 and BLA. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. A Experimental design of acute stress (AIS+1d) and recovery for 10 days from acute stress (AIS+10d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and its effect on stress levels. Instead, it focuses on the biological effects of chronic stress on BDNF expression without establishing any direct link to urban living or general stress levels. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Such integrated use of nutrient sources have been advocated for improvement in soil OM content (Swarup, 2001), physical characteristics (Hati et al. , 2006) and crop productivity (Jadoon, 2004). Data obtained further showed that chemical fertilizers and FYM, applied singly and united, significantly (P<0. 05) augmented the biological yield (BY) and straw yield (SY) over the control (Table 3). The higher BY and SY were obtained with cure of NPK75FYM20 registering an increment of 86, 40 and 30% in BY and 80, 71 and 29% in SY over the control, NPK50 and NPK100, respectively. It was further noted that with regard to BY, FYM10 alone was comparable with NPK50 and FYM20 alone was comparable with NPK100. With regard to SY, NPK75FYM20 was comparable with NPK100FYM20. Yet, all of these nutrient types and combinations were significantly potent compared to the control. Mineral fertilizers alone (NPK50 and NPK100) also showed significant improvement in BY (11 and 43%, respectively) and SY (5 and 39%, respectively) over the control (Table 3). Plant nutrient supplementation through organic manure results in sustaining crop productivity (Patra et al. , 2000). Nutrient application from inorganic (NPK) alone and its combination with organic fertilizer significantly improve crop growth rate (Nadeem et. al. , 2016). Nutrients from mineral fertilizers get pronto free for the plants uptake to cater for early growth requirements whilst FYM slow decomposition ensure nutrients availability at the latter growth stages. Combination of both sources results in continuous nutrient supply throughout plant life resulting in higher biological yield (Ibrahim et al. , 1992; FAO, 1995). Mussgnug et al. (2006) obtained higher yield with FYM application to nutrient deficient soils whilst Sohu et al. (2015) recommended to amend soil for nutrients half from organic and half from inorganic sources. It can be visualized from these results that conjunctive use of FYM and chemical nutrient sources has remodeled eroded soil capacity for crop production. Similar results have been reported by other scientists as well (Nawaz et al. , 2000; Jadoon et al. , 2004; Bhatti et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the integrated use of nutrient sources, including both organic and inorganic fertilizers, significantly improves crop yield. It states that various nutrient applications have shown to augment biological yield and straw yield over control conditions, indicating that these modifications directly enhance crop productivity. References to studies illustrate that these combinations allow for a sustained nutrient supply throughout the plant's life cycle, which is crucial for maximizing yield and nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting skepticism among doctors regarding the widespread adoption of telehealth services. It mentions that doctors are often more cautious about new technologies, as evidenced by concerns about extra demands and the potential for interference with the doctor-patient relationship. The phrase, 'the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially,' suggests not all doctors are inclined to adopt telehealth services, contradicting the idea that every doctor will offer such services soon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: B BDNF expression in area CA3 in response to acute stress. Acute stress does not change the BDNF levels in CA3 (Control, n = 9; AIS+1d, n = 9; AIS+10d, n = 6, F(2,21) = 2. 11, p>0. 05). C Acute stress up regulates BDNF expression in BLA and this up regulation persists even after recovery (Control, n = 6; AIS+1d, n = 5; AIS+10d, n = 6, F(2,14) = 4. 82, p<0. 05). BDNF expression profile was normalized to respective control levels and evaluated by Fisher's post-hoc. D Effect of acute stress and recovery from acute stress on serum corticosterone levels (Control, n = 11; AIS+1d, n = 5; AIS+10d, n = 6, Kruskal-χ2(2) = 10. 01, p<0. 05, Mann-Whitney post-hoc, p<0. 05). Significant differences *, p<0. 05. Body weights The net change in weights of rats between the beginning and end points of the experiments was divided by the starting weight and multiplied by 100 to calculate percentage gain in body weights. Corticosterone measurements Rats were weighed and sacrificed by rapid decapitation under deep anesthesia (halothane) and trunk blood was collected within 3 minutes for each animal; all samples were collected between 10 AM and 1 PM. Samples were centrifuged at 16000 rcf for 5 min at 4°C, and serum was stored at −80°C. Serum corticosterone level was determined by using Correlate - EIA kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Assay designs). Absorbance at 405 nm was determined by microplate reader (Biorad). Corticosterone concentration (ng/ml) was determined using the standard curve. Anesthesia, decapitation and blood collection was conducted rapidly (within 3′) in an adjacent room in order to minimize stress effects and keep the time to blood collection standardized. Tissue collection and BDNF measurements Basolateral amygdala (BLA) was micro dissected from 400 µm thick coronal sections obtained from McChopper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biological effects of acute stress on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticosterone levels in rats, but does not provide any information regarding urban living or its relationship to stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: of Economic analysis of crop yield obtained from different fertilizer treatments (Table 4) showed that NPK75FYM20 produced the extremum net economic return (Rs. 43108 ha-1) indicating thrifty significance for profitable wheat yield. Application of inorganic fertilizers (50, 75 and 100% NPK of the recommended dose) excluding any organic fertilizers produced the lowest economic return (Rs. 1907, 14208 and 14648, respectively). It can be terminated from these results that the net return per unit area was raised due to the integrated use of organic and artificial nutrient sources and this may provide probably the most viable and sustainable option for cereal based cropping schemes under limiting soil conditions. This further indicated the amelioration of crop productivity of eroded lands making it more profitable and sustainable if practiced over time. Table 4: Economic analysis of fertilizers (Pak Rs. ) of of SYI Cost of fertilizers Net return -------kg ha-1 -------- Pak Rs. kg ha-1 -----------Pak Rs. ---------- Control 2020 4105 - - - - - NPK50 2481 4314 461 11064 209 1463 10620 1907 NPK75 2863 5518 843 20232 1413 9891 15915 14208 NPK100 3043 5717 1023 24552 1612 11284 21188 14648 FYM10 2440 5721 420 10080 1616 11312 6000 15392 NPK50FYM10 3033 6832 1013 24312 2727 19098 16620 29790 NPK75FYM10 3323 7122 1303 31272 3017 21119 21915 30476 NPK100FYM10 3443 7170 1423 34152 3065 21455 27188 28419 FYM20 2880 5508 860 20640 1403 9821 12000 18461 NPK50FYM20 3676 7136 1656 39744 3031 21217 33188 29516 NPK75FYM20 4020 7394 2000 48000 3289 23023 27915 43108 NPK100FYM20 3790 7385 1770 42480 3280 22960 22620 41077 GY: Grain yield; SY: Straw Yield; GYI: Grain yield increased; SYI: Straw yield increased Table 5: Effect of inorganic fertilizer alone and in combination with FYM on soil physico-chemical properties Treatments B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the economic analysis of crop yield resulting from different fertilizer treatments, particularly highlighting that the integrated use of organic and artificial nutrient sources can significantly enhance crop productivity. It specifically mentions that various fertilizer combinations, like NPK75FYM20, produced higher net economic returns and improved yields, thereby supporting the notion that precise modifications in fertilizer application can lead to improved crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the skepticism among doctors regarding the widespread adoption of telehealth services. It points out that the greatest enthusiasm for new medical technologies often comes from those who financially benefit from them, while doctors are portrayed as cautious and concerned about the additional demands on their practice and the potential interference with the doctor-patient relationship. Furthermore, the history of telemedicine notes unfulfilled promises of expanding access and diminishing disparities, suggesting that not every doctor may turn to telehealth services as anticipated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Area CA3 was dissected from 400 µm thick transverse hippocampal sections obtained using the chopper (Figure 1A). Tissue was lysed in the presence of protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). BDNF was estimated using BDNF Emax immunoassay kit (Promega) according to manufacturer's protocol. Protein levels were estimated using BCA kit (Pierce). Levels of BDNF were normalized to protein levels. Data analysis Percentage changes in body weight gain were compared between control and experimental groups using unpaired Student's t test assuming unequal variances. Corticosterone measurements and BDNF data were analyzed using unpaired Student's t test assuming unequal variances in the case of CIS and CIS+21d. In case of corticosterone measurements for AIS and AIS+10d, Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney post-hoc test with Bonferroni's adjustment was used because the data distributions called for a non-parametric analysis. For the analysis of the data, ANOVA followed by post-hoc Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test was used for pairwise comparison in the case of AIS and AIS+10d. P-values less than 0. 05 were considered significant. stress elicits opposite effects on BDNF levels in the BLA and area CA3 As described above, chronic immobilization stress (CIS; 2 h/day for 10 days) leads to contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling in the BLA versus hippocampal area CA3. Specifically, 1 day after the termination of stress, the same CIS that caused dendritic atrophy in the CA3 pyramidal neurons, elicited dendritic growth and spinogenesis in the BLA principal neurons. As BDNF promotes dendritic and spine growth [18], we reasoned that the levels of BDNF expression may reflect the divergent effects of chronic stress on neuronal morphology in the BLA versus area CA3. To test this prediction, we conducted ELISA analysis on tissue micro-dissected from these two brain regions in control and CIS treated rats (Figure 1A). There was significantly lower levels of BDNF protein in the area CA3 1 day after chronic stress (Control, 1. 00±0. 11; n = 5; CIS+1d, 0. 43±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it discusses a study focused on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and effects of chronic immobilization stress on neuronal morphology, which is unrelated to the effects of urban living on stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 8 a 8. 09 0. 83 8. 5 e NPK75FYM10 1. 36 c 16. 7 bc 41. 6 a 8. 11 0. 76 8. 9 de NPK100FYM10 1. 34 c 16. 6 bc 41. 5 a 8. 03 0. 81 9. 3 d FYM20 1. 28 d 19. 7 b 46. 0 a 8. 08 0. 90 10. 8 c NPK50FYM20 1. 28 e 19. 6 a 46. 1 a 8. 11 0. 61 11. 0 bc NPK75FYM20 1. 25 f 19. 7 a 46. 3 a 8. 13 0. 85 11. 4 b NPK100FYM20 1. 21 g 19. 9 a 47. 0 a 8. 11 0. 80 12. 4 a Recommended dose of NPK (120:90:60); Means with different letters are significantly different than one another at the P<0. 05 level Post-harvest Looking at overall changes in soil physico-chemical characteristics (Table 5), the physical properties like bulk density (ρb), available water (ωa) and saturation water (ωs) were affected by combined use of nutrient sources (FYM and commercial fertilizers). The lowest values of ρb (1. 08 and 1. 21 Mg m-3) were noted with NPK100FYM20 (Table 5) followed by NPK75FYM20 (1. 14 and 1. 25 Mg m-3) in plough layer (0-15 cm) and deep (15-30 cm), respectively. Soil ρb in FYM10 (1. 29 Mg m-3) FYM20 (1. 17 Mg m-3) reduced significantly from its peak level in the control (1. 4 Mg m-3). This showed that FYM20 was more effective in decreasing ρb. Available water (ωa) and saturation water (ωs) were maximum (23. 37 and 50. 13%, respectively) in the soil treated with NPK100FYM20 followed by NPK75FYM20 (23. 16 and 48. 73%, respectively) in 0-15 cm soil (Table 3). Compared to the control (17. 27 and 35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effects of various nutrient sources, specifically mentioning that combined use of FYM and commercial fertilizers affects soil characteristics such as bulk density and water retention. It highlights that specific treatments like NPK100FYM20 improve soil properties, which can lead to better crop yield and nutrient availability, aligning with the assertion about precise modifications to enhance crop outputs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the skepticism among doctors regarding telehealth technologies. It notes that while telemedicine was initially seen as a panacea, the promises of expanded access and diminished health care disparities remain largely unfulfilled, indicating that not every doctor may embrace or offer telehealth services in the near future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 07; data normalized to control animals; n = 5, P<0. 05; Figure 1B). In striking contrast, the same chronic stress led to significantly higher levels of BDNF protein in the BLA 1 day later (Control, 1. 00±0. 01; n = 6; CIS+1d, 1. 44±0. 15; data normalized to control animals; n = 8; P<0. 05; Figure 1C). Thus, these data indicate that similar to its differential effects on dendritic arborization, CIS also modulates BDNF levels in the area CA3 and BLA in contrasting fashion. We also confirmed the efficacy of our CIS paradigm by assessing two widely used indicators of stress. First, we measured, 1 day after the end of the 10 day CIS protocol, the blood serum levels of corticosterone, a common indicator of HPA axis activation. There was a significant increase in the levels of corticosterone in CIS animals relative to control animals (Control, 83. 8±42. 2 ng/ml of serum; n = 5; CIS+1d, 338. 2±94. 8 ng/ml of serum; n = 6; P<0. 05; Figure 1D). Second, we compared changes in body weight (Table 1) and found a significant reduction in the percentage weight gained 1 day after CIS (Control, 30. 26±1. 37%; n = 12; CIS+1d, 14. 4±1. 94%; n = 12; P<0. 05). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Summary of body weight measures. Recovery after chronic stress fails to reverse elevated levels of BDNF in the BLA, but not in area CA3 Earlier studies have reported that the impact of chronic stress also differs between the hippocampus and amygdala in terms of its temporal persistence. For instance, dendritic hypertrophy in the BLA persists even after 21 days of stress-free recovery following 10 days of CIS. On the other hand, CIS-induced hippocampal CA3 atrophy is reversible within the same 21-day period of recovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes experimental results related to chronic stress in animals and the modulation of BDNF levels, but does not address urban living or its effects on stress. The study focuses on physiological responses to stress rather than discussing the implications of urban environments on human stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 37%, respectively), ωa and ωs with FYM10 were 19. 68 and 41. 32%, while with FYM20, it were 22. 67 and 46. 65%, respectively. Similar trends in ωa and ωs were also observed at 15-30 cm soil depth. Increased SOM after FYM input and higher biomass production might be responsible for higher ωa and ωs. Sohu et al. (2015) recommended half of the required inorganic fertilizer in combination with organic sources of nutrients for improved organic matter stock and soil fertility status whilst Hati et al. (2006) and Ahmad et al. (2014) reported improved soil physical characteristics after application of similar soil amendments. Farmyard manure, on its decomposition, might have released Ca2+ helping flocculation of soil p8. 01) was noted in the soil treated with NPK100FYM20 followed by FYM20 and FYM10 alone (Table 5). This drop down in pH might be the result of H+ produced during the degradation and nitrification of FYM and commercial fertilizers (Akram et al. , 2007). Soil depth of 15-30 cm also showed similar results with regard to soil pH. . There was no significant change in EC1:5, which, however, was higher deep into the soil (15-30 cm) compared to the plough layer (0-15 cm). matter (OM) content increased significantly (P<0. 05) after the application of conjunctive nutrient sources. Highest OM content (13. 83 g kg-1) was observed in NPK100FYM20 followed by NPK75FYM20 (12. 83 g kg-1). Compared to the control (6. 30 g kg-1), OM content with the application of FYM10 and FYM20 was 9. 0 g kg-1 and 12. 23 g kg-1 respectively. The same trend of augmented OM was also found at the 15-30 cm depth. Wang et al. (2000) concluded that application of organic materials increased OM by 1. 17 to 2. 85 g kg-1 soil and reduced the oxidation stability of soil OM. The increased OM might be due to increased root mass and added FYM. Rasool et al. (2007) obtained 44% more OM, 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of farmyard manure (FYM) and other nutrient sources on soil properties and organic matter (OM) content. It mentions that the application of FYM resulted in increased OM content and improved soil fertility status, which suggests that these modifications are indeed aimed at enhancing crop yield and nutrient content. Specifically, the text states that the organic materials led to significant increases in OM after application, supporting the notion of precise modifications for improvement in agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the history and complexities of telemedicine, indicating that while telehealth was seen as a promising innovation, many promises regarding its implementation and access to care remain unfulfilled. For example, it mentions, 'those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled,' suggesting that not every doctor may adopt telehealth services as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Since the data presented so far indicates that the CIS-induced increase and decrease in BDNF levels parallels BLA hypertrophy and CA3 atrophy respectively, we tested if the temporal profile of BDNF levels during post-stress recovery also differ in the two regions. Twenty one days after the end of CIS, we found no difference in BDNF levels in area CA3 between control and CIS animals (Control, 1. 00±0. 15; n = 6; CIS+21d, 1. 00±0. 2; data normalized to control animals; n = 6; P>0. 05; Figure 2B). In the BLA, by contrast, BDNF levels remained significantly elevated even after the same post-CIS recovery period (Control, 1. 00±0. 02; n = 4; CIS+21d, 2. 3±0. 49; data normalized to control animals; n = 6; P<0. 05; Figure 2C). Thus, unlike CA3 area, CIS-induced up-regulation of BDNF protein levels in the BLA persists up to 21 days after the end of stress. We also monitored the impact of CIS on blood serum levels of corticosterone and relative gain in body weight after the same recovery period. Corticosterone levels remained elevated even 21 days after CIS (Control, 43. 0±11. 7 ng/ml of serum; n = 7; CIS+21d, 146. 3±34. 9 ng/ml of serum; n = 6; P<0. 05; Figure 2D). In contrast, there was no difference in the percentage gain in body weight between stressed and unstressed animals after the recovery period (Control, 73. 41±4. 1%; n = 4; CIS+21d, 70. 0±3. 5% n = 6 P>0. 05) (Table 1). Acute stress also differs in its impact on BDNF expression over time in the BLA and area CA3 The results described so far show that BDNF levels in area CA3 and BLA, following exposure to CIS, are strikingly different both in terms of the direction and time course of change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it presents findings about BDNF levels and physiological responses in animals post-stress exposure without making any connection to urban living or general stress levels in that context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: 5 fold higher total C and 5 fold higher labile C in manured (35 t FYM ha-1 yr-1) plots. Eventually, proper manuring become an essential practice for optimum soil health and sustained crop production (Chaudhri et. al. , 1998). Table 6: Effect of sole inorganic fertilizer and in combination with FYM on plant available nutrients concentration in soil ……………………. . . . . . . . . ……. . . . . . . . . ……. . mg kg-1…………. . …. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………… (0-15 cm) Control 8. 2 l 1. 8 c 56. 2 h 1. 29 0. 78 3. 09 4. 73 NPK50 8. 8 k 4. 6 bc 64. 3 g 1. 18 0. 67 3. 18 4. 98 NPK75 9. 1 j 5. 6abc 72. 1cf 1. 27 0. 78 3. 03 4. 76 NPK100 11. 0i 6. 1abc 81. 9 c 1. 11 0. 71 3. 21 3. 95 FYM10 12. 2h 3. 5ab 67. 8fg 1. 29 0. 67 3. 01 4. 06 NPK50FYM10 13. 4g 4. 9ab 74. 7de 1. 32 0. 59 3. 09 4. 22 NPK75FYM10 14. 6f 5. 9abc 85. 0 c 1. 11 0. 74 3. 15 4. 62 NPK100FYM10 15. 5e 6. 5abc 91. 9 b 1. 14 0. 80 3. 05 4. 50 FYM20 20. 2d 4. 5abc 71. 5 ef 1. 27 0. 57 2. 92 4. 18 NPK50FYM20 21. 3c 6. 2abc 77. 4 d 1. 37 0. 87 3. 18 4. 36 NPK75FYM20 22. 5b 6. 5abc 95. 1 b 1. 33 0. 77 2. 89 4. 84 NPK100FYM20 23. 4b 7. 6 a 121. 3a 1. 36 0. 97 3. 08 4. 99 (15-30 cm) Control 7. 9 k 1. 4 g 48. 5 i 1. 54 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that different treatments, such as manuring and combinations of inorganic fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM), impact soil nutrient concentrations, which in turn are crucial for crop yield and nutrient content. Specifically, the practices described lead to significant increases in nutrient levels and contribute to optimum soil health, aligning with the claim regarding the modifications that improve crop yield and nutrient content.