Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: While marine fishes were initially thought to be resilient to OA, a plethora of studies have shown that exposure to elevated CO2 can negatively impact various aspects of fish physiology and behaviour [1, 4, 5, 6]. Some of the most concerning detrimental effects of OA on coral reef fish, with significant ecological consequences such as sensory and behavioural abnormalities, have been observed at CO2 levels between 700–1000 µatms [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. The underlying cause of these abnormalities are changes in brain activity in high CO2 environments, particularly alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission, neurological functioning, and disruption of the circadian rhythm [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. It has been hypothesized that environmental pH changes may alter the natural circadian rhythm, which governs almost all physiological processes [21]. This perturbation could be linked to variations in synaptic transmission and neuronal activity, potentially leading to physiological and behavioural changes. However, further studies incorporating multiple timepoints throughout a circadian day are needed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the interplay between environmental pH variability and circadian rhythm and elucidate potential underlying molecular mechanisms. The majority of OA studies have been conducted at stable, elevated CO2 levels, thereby neglecting the temporal fluctuations in CO2 levels resulting from a variety of biological and physical processes in coral reefs, coastal zones, and shallow habitats [22, 23, 24]. Coral reef habitats are highly dynamic and undergo daily cycles of CO2 variation resulting from photosynthesis/respiration, calcification/dissolution and physical factors like flow rates and trajectory [25, 26, 27]. With the increasing uptake of CO2 by the oceans, these natural CO2 fluctuations will intensify as seawater buffering capacity diminishes [28, 29]. In light of the ongoing amplification of global environmental changes and heightened environmental variability, it is imperative to incorporate these fluctuations, which mirror the natural habitats of species, into experiments to accurately assess the biological and ecological consequences of OA. Diel CO2 oscillations have been shown to alleviate or reduce the severity of behavioural abnormalities observed in stable elevated CO2 environments [30, 31]. Moreover, ecologically and evolutionarily important traits such as survival, growth, and metabolic function appear to be less affected by elevated CO2 in fluctuating compared to stable environments [31, 32, 33, 34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that marine fishes, once thought to be resilient to ocean acidification (OA), actually show negative impacts on physiology and behavior due to elevated CO2 levels. It specifically notes detrimental effects observed in coral reef fish, including sensory and behavioral abnormalities linked to changes in brain activity in high CO2 environments. This evidence outright refutes the claim that only animals with hard shells are affected and that fish are immune to the impacts of ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: g. pH, Viscosity, Gel strength and Spreadability. The pH, viscosity, gel strength and spreadability of the prepared Cur-Nanogels were found to be optimum at of 0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The gels showed good consistency with Viscosity of 20,480 ± 456 cp, which was a desired consistency for patient compatible topical application. The spreadability was found to be 20. 0 ± 1. 6 g/cm2. The gels showed good gel strength of 9. 0 ± 0. 4 g and showed slightly acidic pH at 6. 50 ± 0. 3 which is safe for topical application as shown in Table 3. Drug loading in Cur-nanogelThe drug loading efficiency in the prepared Cur-Nanogel was determined by the HPLC method. Sufficient drug loading of 61. 2 ± 4. 5% was obtained by the method used for preparation of nanogel in the optimized Cur-NS. Stability studiesStability studies of developed formulation were performed according to ICH guidelines for 30 days. From the study it was observed that the optimized formulation exhibited good stability behavior in terms of pH, physical appearance, viscosity, spreadability and drug content as shown in Table 4. No change in properties of the gel is observed for the formulations stored at room temperature, 4 °C and 40 °C. Table 4 Evaluation of Optimized Cur- NS Loaded NanogelFull size tableEx vivo skin permeation studyFrom the ex vivo skin permeation Study using rat skin, Cur-NS-nanogel showed a much controlled permeation with steady state flux of 21. 28 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr in 24 h in comparison to gel which showed higher steady state flux of 36. 38 ± 0. 23 µg/cm2/hr. The permeation coefficients were similarly found to be 2. 031 ± 0. 0064(×103 cm/min) and 3. 6 ± 0. 0064 (×103 cm/min) in Cur-NS-Nanogel and Gel respectively (Table 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin found in turmeric. It focuses instead on the properties and stability of a Cur-Nanogel formulation, providing details about viscosity, spreadability, and drug loading efficiency. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of digital transactions today use cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of sensitive information. [SEP] Text: Usando un procedimiento especial, la Nube puede convencer al Verificador de que la computación se ha realizado correctamente, a través de una pieza de información llamada autenticador. La contribución de esta tesis consiste en mejorar tres aspectos sobre los autenticadores homomórficos: definiciones, eficiencia y funcionalidad. Primero, se introduce un nuevo modelo de seguridad que es más exigente y fácil de manejar comparado con el modelo anterior. Ademés, se proponen dos compiladores que permiten pasar del modelo anterior al nuevo. Segundo, se presenta el primer esquema de firma linealmente homomórfico con una clave de verificación de tamaño sub-lineal en el tamaño del conjunto de datos. Tercero, se formaliza la noción de autenticadores homomórficos para funciones que toman entradas autenticadas por diferentes partes (usando claves diferentes) y se presentan construcciones contretas tanto para verificación pública como privada. En cuanto al comercio electrónico, y más generalmente, la posibilidad de transferir valores a través de Internet, la invención del Bitcoin [100] ha resultado una revolución, ya que es el primer protocolo que permite a sus usuarios transferir valores digitales sin necesidad de una autoridad de confianza. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of cryptographic techniques, such as homomorphic authenticators, in securing transactions over the internet, specifically citing the example of Bitcoin, which is a protocol that allows digital value transfers without a trusted authority. This implies that cryptographic methods are indeed essential for securing digital transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: This disparity in the impact of elevated CO2 on fish physiology and behaviour in stable versus fluctuating environments may be attributed to differences in the magnitude of circadian control of these biological processes [35]. In fact, the brain transcriptional profile in coral reef fishes differed significantly between fish in stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions with a distinct regulation of circadian rhythm genes in the two environments [35]. Therefore, the increased flexibility of fish species in adjusting physiological processes to pH changes could be attributed to change in expression of circadian rhythm genes. While alterations in the expression levels of circadian rhythm genes have been repeatedly reported in fish upon exposure to OA conditions, there is limited information on the regulatory mechanisms that drive these patterns in fish. Alternative mRNA splicing, a crucial RNA-processing mechanism that enhances cellular proteomic complexity [36, 37], has been linked to the circadian clock and its modulation [38, 39, 40, 41]. Evidence suggests that clock regulated alternative splicing events play a role in the rhythmic expression of various genes, including neuro-specific genes and neurotransmitters [42, 43, 44]. Consequently, rhythmic splicing events could influence the physiological and behavioural responses of organisms to environmental variations, such as changes in CO2 levels. Indeed, the role of alternative splicing has been highlighted in driving adaptive evolution over both short and long timescales [45] and alternative splicing has been implicated as a mechanism driving the response of coral reef fish to marine heatwaves [46]. Given its potential to rapidly generate phenotypic diversity, alternative splicing may serve as a key molecular mechanism for facilitating phenotypic plasticity in response to rapidly changing environments caused by climate change. In this study, we examine the transcriptional patterns mediated by alternative splicing in driving the molecular response of fish to OA across their daily cycle. We assess the impact of environmental CO2 variation at four timepoints throughout a circadian (24-hr) day and aim to: (1) determine if the natural rhythmic patterns of splicing events are altered in response to changes in near-future predicted CO2 levels, and (2) examine how exposure to stable and fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions affects the circadian splicing patterns in fish brains. We reveal how splicing events may facilitate regulation of biological responses of fish to environmental CO2 variability across a circadian timeline. collection and experimental design Late juvenile stage Acanthochromis polyacanthus were collected from the wild from (-18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how fish are affected by ocean acidification (OA). It explains the physiological and behavioral responses of fish to changes in CO2 levels, specifically mentioning alterations in circadian rhythm genes and transcriptional patterns in fish brains due to OA conditions. This indicates that fish are not immune to the effects of ocean acidification, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the presence of curcuminoids, which have substantial antioxidant activity, may be responsible for the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the LKDCH extract. Homogenous nanosuspensions were obtained by the precipitation-sonication method. The precipitation method of nanosuspensions preparation is instantaneous, straightforward and easy [42]. The high drug saturation concentration and the rapid solvent injection into the antisolvent results in such precipitation into nanop0. 2 ± 0. 1, indicating suitable size and distribution. This size range and the homogeneity are because of the method of preparation by precipitation followed by sonication. This decreased size might result in increased surface area which may result in the increased saturation solubility and release of curcumin [54]. From the study, the of the formulations were found to negative that might be due to the surfactant or due to the terminal carboxylic groups. The reduced surface charge reflects better surface coverage due to the use of non ionic surfactant which results in steric stabilization. PVA was used as a steric stabilizer since steric stabilization has several advantages over electrostatic stabilization as the nanop0. 25% and PVA concentration of 0. 6% were considered as optimized variable conditions as shown in Table 3. It was observed that with increasing drug concentration the size and dispersity decreases indicating the impact of supersaturation in the nanoprecipitation. However at higher concentration, above 60 mg/ml the size increases. Similarly, it was observed that the p20. Similar behaviors were reported in previous works on nanosuspension by this method [22, 58]. The concentration of PLGA and stabilizer didn’t show any direct correlation with the size distribution of the precipitated nanop98. 52% ± 0. 2). The high entrapment is because of the precipitation method of preparation of nanosuspensions. In this method technique the drug which is hydrophobic in nature is soluble in organic solvent but is very slightly soluble in water. Nanop0. 3%. The optimized Cur-Nanogel was found to be smooth, translucent, clear, homogenous with good spreadability and consistency. The obtained properties of prepared gel were found suitable, safe for compatible topical application, particularly in wound healing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties as it primarily discusses the preparation and characteristics of nanosuspensions involving curcumin, without providing specific information about its anti-inflammatory effects or any related biological activities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of digital transactions today use cryptographic techniques to ensure the security of sensitive information. [SEP] Text: Además de su utilidad y potencial en el ámbito de pagos y transacciones, Bitcoin se ha hecho famoso por la tecnología en la que se basa: la Blockchain, que se podría describir como un registro distribuido sobre el cual los usuarios se ponen de acuerdo y donde todas las transacciones son registradas de forma inalterable. Esta peculiar característica ha hecho que el paradigma de Blockchain se convirtiera en uno de los más populares y prometedores conceptos en los últimos años. Adem´as, se le ha dado mucha importancia y atención a las posibilidades que ofrece la tecnología de Blockchain más allá de Bitcoin. En concreto, este trabajo se centra en alcanzar un modelo de “intercambio equitativo” a partir de la tecnología de Blockchain, donde el objetivo es que dos usuarios intercambien bienes digitales de forma que ninguno pueda engañar al otro. En este sentido, se considera un protocolo introducido por Maxwell [94] conocido como “de Conocimiento Cero” (ZKCP). La contribución de esta tesis es doble: Primero se identifica y describe un fallo en el protocolo de ZKCP existente y se propone cómo se podría solucionar de forma eficiente, modificando el protocolo original. Segundo, se argumenta cómo este nuevo protocolo proporciona funcionalidades adicionales, que eran imposibles de alcanzar antes. -------------------- Human interactions often involve people who have different and sometimes contrasting interests, like buyers and sellers or consumers and providers. For what regards physical interactions, the society has developed during the years many different ways to protect users against misbehaviors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Blockchain technology, which underlies Bitcoin and is essential to secure digital transactions. It states that this technology creates a 'distributed ledger' where transactions are recorded in an immutable way, ensuring security in user exchanges. Additionally, it references 'Knowledge Zero' protocols that aim to facilitate truthful exchange between users, further highlighting the use of cryptographic techniques to prevent deceit in digital transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: In the fluctuating CO2 treatment aberrant splicing events were identified in a total of eight genes at 6am and 6pm (Fig. 4(c)). These genes were associated with five broad functions, specifically neurogenesis and neuronal functioning (CEP20, MTMR11), RNA processing (EXOSC9, 00000001802), metabolism (1), circadian rhythm (BMAL1A), and cell motility and intracellular transport (00000011552; S5). Splicing profile between the high and low peaks of the diel CO2 cycle In the fluctuating CO2 treatment, we found changes in splicing events between the high (2am) and low (2pm) CO2 peak that were absent in control. Specifically, between the two CO2 peaks, a total of six genes exhibited DS patterns: three SE events (SULF1, TJP2B, TJP2A), one mutually exclusive exon (MXE) event (ESRRB), and two retained intron (RI) events (MED22, unannotated 00000016345). The absence of these DS events in control suggests that they are specifically influenced by fluctuations in CO2 concentration (S6). In two (ESRRB and TJP2B) of these six genes the splicing events potentially resulted in disruption of the reading frame of the respective isoforms and hence could be considered as ‘aberrant’. Specifically, skipping the second mutually exclusive exon (MXE exon2) in the gene ESRRB, involved in cellular energy metabolism, and skipping exon 11 in TJP2B, the gene encoding the tight junction protein B, which is part of the blood brain barrier, introduces a premature stop codon in the respective isoforms, potentially rendering them non-functional (Fig. 5). These skipping events are more prevalent at 2am in ESRRB and at 2pm in TJP2B. Interestingly, TJP2A, a paralogue of TJP2B, was also significantly DS between the CO2 peaks, however, both isoforms of TJP2A resulting from the splicing event have full open reading frames and hence retain their coding potential (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the molecular biological changes, specifically gene splicing events, that occur in response to fluctuating CO2 levels, suggesting that fish and potentially other organisms might be affected by ocean acidification. The mention of specific genes related to neurogenesis, metabolism, and other functions indicates that the effects of increased CO2 are not limited to hard-shelled animals, but could also influence fish and other organisms in meaningful ways.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 11987510. 1016/10. 2147/IJN. S18791810. 1016/j. arabjc. 2017. 05. 01110. 1016/10. 4255/mcpharmacol. 15. 0410. 3390/gels704021310. 1080/22311866. 2020. 180673110. 1016/j. mtcomm. 2023. 10605010. 1186/2008-2231-20-7610. 1007/s13204-012-0188-310. 1016/j. ijpharm. 2009. 11. 00710. 1016/j. matchemphys. 2020. 12289810. 1590/S1984-8250201600030001510. 4103/0250-474X. 5729110. 1590/0001-376520162016016210. 1016/j. ejphar. 2020. 17317210. 1016/10. 1016/j. jsps. 2011. 08. 00110. 1016/10. 1080/10837450802409438193. 2019 Green synthesis of silver nanop10. 1016/10. 1002/aoc. 501610. 1155/2013/97202810. 3390/scipharm8802002610. 1021/acs. oprd. 6b0034710. 1039/c8ra08435a10. 1021/ed077p35910. 3109/0363904980910857110. 1007/s10661-021-09261-110. 1016/j. indcrop. 2019. 04. 02110. 1016/j. jfca. 2004. 11. 00510. 1016/j. foodchem. 2006. 06. 02310. 1007/s10787-016-0264-510. 2174/138920021866617011610355510. 1016/j. biomaterials. 2011. 11. 01110. 1016/j. polymdegradstab. 2010. 08. 01510. 1007/s40199-018-00235-210. 1021/acs. iecr. 9b0474710. 1081/DDC-10010219710. 12968/jowc. 2012. 21. 9. 45710. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it appears to be a series of references or DOI listings without any explanatory content that could support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has the potential to break traditional encryption methods by solving complex problems much faster. [SEP] Text: As can be observed from the two experiments, while solving the break minimization problem in an MDRRT, our method that employs the quantum annealer is much faster than integer programming approaches using Gurobi. There are two main reasons for this result. First, as explained in Section “Analysis: Benefits of the sparsity of the problem” and “Analysis: Benefits of no constraints”, the break minimization problem in an MDRRT is sparse and has no constraints; thus, it is suitable to solve using a quantum annealer. Second, as Trick [16] highlighted, the break minimization problem is highly symmetric, and it is difficult to solve using an integer programming approach. In addition, our results differ from those of [9] in that the quantum annealer is faster as the size of the problems increases. In [9], the quantum annealer was faster than Gurobi, but only for small-scale problems. ConclusionIn recent years, with the technical development of quantum annealers, extensive research on solving practical combinatorial optimization problems using quantum annealers has been conducted [5–10]. However, researchers struggle to find practical combinatorial optimization problems, for which quantum annealers outperform other mathematical optimization solvers [9, 11]. We determined that the break minimization problem in an MDRRT is a problem for which a state-of-the-art solver such as Gurobi [12] takes longer to achieve the objective function value of the solution obtained by the quantum annealers. We formulated the QUBO of the break minimization problem in an MDRRT by referring to existing studies [18]. Further, we used the two effective existing methods based on integer programming, and our method based on quantum annealing to solve the break minimization problem in an MDRRT, and compared the quality of the solution and computational time. We used Gurobi as an integer programming approach in our experiments. Quantum annealing was able to obtain the exact solution in 0. 05 s for the problems with 20 teams, which is a practical size. In the case of 36 teams, it took 84. 8 s for the integer programming method to reach the objective function value, which was obtained by a quantum annealer in 0. 05 s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that a quantum annealer can solve the break minimization problem in an MDRRT significantly faster than traditional integer programming methods, specifically noting that 'Quantum annealing was able to obtain the exact solution in 0.05 s' while the integer programming method took much longer. This illustrates quantum computing's potential to outperform conventional methods in solving complex problems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Comparison of differential gene expression and splicing across the 24-hour period We found minimal overlap among the genes showing significant differences in splicing (DS) and expression (DE) over a 24-hour period in control, as well as in both the stable and fluctuating elevated CO2 treatments (S2). Specifically in control, only four genes (SRCIN1, SORBS2, 00000002603) in 2am vs 6am, three genes (RBM5, CLASP2, SUN1B) in 6am vs 2pm, and one gene (EGLN3) in 6pm vs 2pm were commonly DS and DE. Similarly, in the stable CO2 treatment, one gene in 2am vs 6am (00000011664) and three genes (1A, SLC25A12) in 6am vs 2pm were commonly DS and DE. The fluctuating CO2 treatment showed the least overlap, with only one gene (NDRG4) commonly DS and DE in 6am vs 2pm (S2). Similarly, when considering the comparison between stable CO2 versus control and fluctuating CO2 versus control separately, for each individual timepoint, there was generally no overlap between the DE and DS genes. Specifically, none of the DS genes were found to be DE in the stable CO2 treatment at any of the four timepoints (S3). In the fluctuating CO2 treatment, only one gene (TJP2B) at 2pm was both DS and DE (S3). Furthermore, only 2 genes (TJP2B and SULF1) were commonly DS and DE genes between the high and low CO2 peaks within the fluctuating CO2 treatment (S4). These findings suggest that majority of genes undergo regulation either by alternative splicing or differential expression alone. DiscussionIn this study, we investigated the alternative splicing profile at four time points during the day in the brain of A. polyacanthus under present-day CO2 conditions and projected future ocean acidification scenarios, considering both stable CO2 concentration and diel fluctuations. We found that the rhythmic splicing activity observed under ambient CO2 conditions were mostly absent when fish are exposed to future ocean acidification scenarios (both stable and fluctuating elevated CO2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that fish, specifically A. polyacanthus, show significant differential gene expression and splicing in response to elevated CO2 treatments, suggesting they are affected by ocean acidification. The findings that rhythmic splicing activity is mostly absent under future ocean acidification scenarios imply that fish are not immune, directly rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At 24 h after the last administration, all animals were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation, brain tissues were quickly collected. Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, subsequently dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a series of behavioral tests and histopathological analyses performed on rat brain tissues without mentioning curcumin or turmeric at any point. There is no information provided that would support or refute the claim about curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing has the potential to break traditional encryption methods by solving complex problems much faster. [SEP] Text: 4). Fig. 3. Solution searching of a 2000-node graph problem with QNN. (a) Graph problem (random graph with 19,990 edges). The pink dots and white lines respectively show the nodes and edges. (b) Solution obtained with the QNN experimentally. The pink dots are divided into red and blue dots; as a result, we can cut the edges shown by the green lines. Larger dots exhibit nodes with a larger number of edges. Fig. 4. Ising energy as a function of computation time for a maximum cut problem of a 2000-node complete graph (K2000). 5. Future prospects Although QNN research is still in a very early stage, our experimental results suggest that the QNN may outperform conventional digital computers for certain types of problems. We are currently planning to increase the number of DOPOs of our QNN to further widen the performance advantage over digital computers. We also plan to search for applications of QNN by collaborating with researchers from various fields such as statistical physics, mathematics, and computer science. 2011. [2] M. Yamaoka, C. Yoshimura, M. Hayashi, T. Okuyama, H. Aoki, and H. Mizuno, “A 20k-spin to with CMOS Annealing,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 51, No. 1, 2015. [3] S. Utsunomiya, K. Takata, and Y. Yamamoto, “Mapping of onto Injection-locked Laser Systems,” Opt. Express, Vol. 19, No. 19, 2011. [4] T. Umeki, O. Tadanaga, T. Kazama, K. Enbutsu, Y. Miyamoto, and H. Takenouchi, “Advances in on PPLN Waveguides for Optical Communication,”. 14, No. 1, 2016. [5] H. Takesue, T. Inagaki, K. Inoue, and Y. Yamamoto, “of >2500-pulse OPO,” The 61st JSAP (of Applied Physics) Spring Meeting, 17p-PA1-1, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, Mar. 2014 (in Japanese). [6] H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing research on quantum neural networks (QNN) and suggesting that they may outperform traditional digital computers for certain types of problems. This indicates that quantum computing has the potential to solve complex problems more efficiently than traditional methods, aligning with the idea that it could break traditional encryption.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Given the intricate interaction between circadian rhythms, environmental cues, and biological processes [59], the observed change in rhythmic regulation of splicing in the brain in elevated CO2 conditions could affect synaptic activity and neural functioning, potentially leading to behavioural abnormalities [15, 60, 61, 62]. Furthermore, the limited overlap between genes showing temporal splicing and temporal expression in both stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions indicates multi-layered gene regulation response in A. polyacanthus to environmental CO2 variations, with alternative splicing and differential expression playing nonredundant roles in driving the response to elevated CO2 conditions. Different CO2 stability levels also show differential effects on splicing, as there was no substantial overlap among the differentially spliced (DS) genes between fish in stable and fluctuating CO2 conditions at all four time points analysed. This suggests distinct molecular responses depending on the stability of CO2 levels throughout the day. Among the four time points across the 24-hour period, 6am emerged as critical in both the stable and fluctuating CO2 treatments, while 6pm was key exclusively in the fluctuating CO2 treatment. These timepoints exhibited the highest number of DS genes with aberrant splicing events as well as the greatest diversity in the functions of these DS genes. In the stable elevated CO2 treatment, TFCP2 and METTL3 were of particular interest, both being DS at 6am when compared to control. TFCP2 is a transcription factor regulating genes encoding acid-sensing ion channels which control deviations from extracellular pH in fish [63]. Given that the primary response mechanism of fish when exposed to stable elevated CO2 conditions is to regulate acid-base homeostasis [2, 3, 35], the DS of this gene might enable the fish to mitigate the risk of acidosis by maintaining physiological pH levels during the crucial early morning hours. Furthermore, aberrant splicing events were observed in genes involved in metabolism, synaptic activity, and neurogenesis exclusively in the fluctuating CO2 treatment at 6am, indicating changes in brain metabolic activity and neural functioning in response to periodic fluctuations in CO2 levels. Additionally, genes associated with the sensory system (MTMR11) and circadian rhythm (BMAL1A) exhibited DS exclusively at 6pm in the fluctuating CO2 treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of elevated CO2 conditions on fish, particularly in terms of molecular and physiological changes. It details how fish respond to environmental changes in CO2 levels through alterations in gene splicing and expression, which have implications for their neural functioning and acid-base homeostasis. This undermines the claim since it shows that fish are indeed affected by ocean acidification, contrary to the assertion that they are immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was performed to visualize nuclei. Images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope (). Real-time of brain cerebral cortex tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (). The expression levels of TERT mRNA were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR-1200 (). The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’--3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB). Then, sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue homogenates were made by homogenizing each cerebral cortex tissue with 9 times volume of PBS on ice, then centrifuging. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). The protein contents in cerebral homogenates were detected using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on procedures related to brain tissue analysis, including staining techniques, PCR measurements, and oxidative stress parameters. There is no mention or implication related to curcumin or turmeric in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Home 28. 50 Graphene-for Micro-Supercapacitors quantity Add to cart Category: 10. 21741/9781644900550-5 Part of the book on Graphene as Material for Supercapacitors 4270. [2] M. Jayalakshmi, K. Balasubramanian, Simple capacitors to supercapacitors-An overview, Int. J. Electrochem. Sci. 3 (2008) 1196–1217. [3] A. Burk, Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology, J. 91 (2000) 37–50. [4] Z. Yu, L. Tetard, L. Zhai, J. Thomas, Supercapacitor electrode materials: Nanostructures from 0 to 3 dimensions, Energy Environ. Sci. 8 (2015) 702–730. [5] Y. Wang, Y. Xia, Recent progress in supercapacitors: From materials design to system construction, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013) 5336–5342. [6] Y. Zhang, H. Feng, X. Wu, L. Wang, A. Zhang, T. Xia, H. Dong, X. Li, L. Zhang, Progress of electrochemical capacitor electrode materials: A review, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 34 (2009) 4889–4899. [7] R. Ko, M. Carlen, R. Kotz and M. Carlen, Principles and Applications of electrochemical capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 45 (2000) 1–16. [8] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B. Z. Jang, Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863–4868. [9] Z. Fan, J. Yan, T. Wei, L. Zhi, G. Ning, T. Li, F. Wei, Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO2 and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 21 (2011) 2366–2375. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing various works that investigate graphene's application specifically in supercapacitors, which are components used for energy storage. The mention of graphene in contexts such as 'graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density' and studies that discuss 'supercapacitor electrode materials' emphasizes research focused on graphene's properties and its significant relevance to energy storage systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Changes in the expression of core circadian rhythm genes have been repeatedly reported to be involved in acclimation of fish to elevated CO2 environments [13, 14, 16, 19, 35]. Given the central role of circadian rhythms in regulating physiological processes, including metabolism and synaptic activity [64, 65], the observed DS event in BMAL1A, could be a potential response to coordinate physiological processes in anticipation of the expected increase in the CO2 levels during the night [66]. These results illustrate the interplay between environmental cues and circadian rhythms in shaping the molecular responses of fish, with certain time points being key, and that the response mechanisms vary depending on the stability of the CO2 concentration throughout the day. In fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions, fish exhibited increased plasticity of transcriptional regulation via alternative splicing with consistently greater number of DS events in the fluctuating elevated CO2 than the stable elevated CO2 treatment at all four time points. Specific to the fluctuating elevated CO2 treatment was the DS of genes involved in various aspects of neural functioning such as the sensory system, calcium channel activity, blood brain barrier permeability, and brain metabolism. This suggests intricate regulation of neural function throughout the day potentially in response to anticipated CO2 fluctuations. Hence, our results suggest that fish in fluctuating CO2 conditions might be able to anticipate periodic changes in CO2 levels and alter their brain activity accordingly [16, 66]. Further evidence of such coordination of transcriptional regulation with diel CO2 fluctuations was observed from the direct comparison of splicing events between the high (2am) and low (2pm) CO2 peaks within the fluctuating elevated CO2 treatment. Of particular interest was the DS of the estrogen related receptor beta (ESRRB), a transcription factor that regulates numerous metabolic genes, and TJP2B, a tight junction protein part of the blood brain barrier, as the DS events in both genes affected the proportion of the respective functional isoforms between the high and low CO2 peaks. Estrogen related receptors (ERRs) play a key role in coordination of circadian rhythm and metabolic homeostasis [67]. Similarly, the circadian clock regulates the activity of various genes involved in blood brain barrier permeability and transport, including tight junction proteins, which playing a crucial role in regulating the chemical microenvironment of the central nervous system, thereby influencing neural activity [68, 69]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how fish exhibit physiological responses to elevated CO2, indicating that they are not immune to the effects of ocean acidification. It details the expression of genes related to circadian rhythms and neural functioning, suggesting that fish adapt to changing CO2 levels and that their brain activity is influenced by these fluctuations, which contradicts the idea that only animals with hard shells are affected by ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on abbreviations related to acrylamide and various scientific studies without mentioning turmeric or curcumin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [10] J. Yan, Z. Fan, W. Sun, G. Ning, T. Wei, Q. Zhang, R. Zhang, L. Zhi, F. Wei, Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/graphene and porous graphene electrodes with high energy density, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 2632–2641. [11] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [12] N. Kurra, Q. Jiang, H. N. Alshareef, A general strategy for the fabrication of high-performance microsupercapacitors, 16 (2015) 1–9. [13] G. Zhang, Y. Han, C. Shao, N. Chen, G. Sun, X. Jin, J. Gao, B. Ji, H. Yang, L. Qu, Processing and manufacturing of graphene-based microsupercapacitors, Front. (2018) 1750–1764. [14] Z. S. Wu, K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1-7. [15] X. Shi, Z. S. Wu, J. Qin, S. Zheng, S. Wang, F. Zhou, C. Sun, X. Bao, Graphene-based linear tandem micro-supercapacitors with metal-free current collectors and high-voltage output, Adv. Mater. 29 (2017) 1–9. [16] W. Liu, X. Yan, J. Chen, Y. Feng, Q. Xue, Novel and high-performance asymmetric micro-supercapacitors based on graphene quantum dots and polyaniline nanofibers, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 6053–6062. [17] D. Pech, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing numerous research articles that revolve around the application of graphene in supercapacitors. References such as 'Advanced asymmetric supercapacitors based on Ni(OH)2/graphene' and 'Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes' indicate a clear focus on energy storage applications of graphene, supporting the assertion of its high electrical conductivity and relevance in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, TJP2A, a paralog of TJP2B, was also significantly DS between the high and low CO2 peaks, but without affecting the reading frame of the resulting isoforms, indicating that both isoforms remain fully functional. This could be a potential compensatory mechanism that might mitigate loss of function in TJP2B at 2 pm. While further research is needed to understand the precise mechanism and functional distinctions between the various transcript isoforms produced by the splicing events in the brain of the spiny damselfish, the observed temporal variation in splicing of these genes could stem from feed-forward mechanisms driven by the circadian clock [35]. Feed-forward processes enable organisms to adjust cellular functions in anticipation of periodic changes [66]. Therefore, anticipatory switches in splicing activity might provide fish with increased flexibility in physiological and behavioural responses in fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions, possibly minimising physiological and behavioural impairments as observed in laboratory experiments [30, 70]. ConclusionOverall, our findings reveal that rhythmic splicing patterns in the brain of A. polyacanthus is disrupted upon exposure to elevated CO2 conditions, with almost no overlap among the DS genes between the four timepoints in control, stable CO2 and fluctuating CO2 conditions. Furthermore, we found that not only the increase in CO2 concentration but also its stability influences the molecular responses of fish. Given that a key factor underlying a gene’s function is the ratio between its various transcript isoforms, which might have different properties and/ or functions, circadian variation in transcript isoforms could result in nuanced regulation of biological processes depending on the time of day [39]. Interestingly, fish in fluctuating elevated CO2 conditions exhibited increased transcriptional plasticity and time-dependent regulation of splicing, particularly of genes associated with neural activity and functioning. This suggests an intricate relationship between environmental pH changes and transcriptional regulation, potentially mediated by the circadian rhythm. Given the periodicity of fluctuating environments, fish may possess the ability to fine-tune and synchronize their internal biological processes with external environmental cues. Therefore, circadian regulation of alternative splicing in fluctuating conditions might modulate downstream biological responses of coral reef fish, potentially minimising physiological and behavioural impairments and enable them to better cope with future ocean acidification conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that fish, specifically the spiny damselfish, exhibit significant physiological and molecular responses to elevated CO2 conditions, which are implicated in ocean acidification. It discusses how these fish display increased transcriptional plasticity and temporal regulation of splicing, indicating that they are affected by changes in CO2 levels. The assertion in the claim that fish are immune is directly rebutted by the findings that suggest fish are not only influenced by fluctuating CO2 but also actively respond to these conditions, thus showing that they can be impacted by ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], landing foot spread distance was measured as follow: the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms,dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin, subsequently dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Then, paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) to observe the histopathological changes. The histopathological changes incerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Real-time PCR The expression levels of TERT mRNA in cerebral Cortex were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR–1200 (GeneCopoeia, Rockville, MD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties, as it primarily discusses behavioral tests and histopathological analysis without mentioning curcumin, turmeric, or any anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Brunet, H. Durou, P. Huang, V. Mochalin, Y. Gogotsi, P. Taberna, P. Simon, Ultrahigh-power micrometer-sized supercapacitors based on onion-like carbon. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5 (2010) 651–654. [18] T. M Dinh, D. Pech, M. Brunet, A. Achour, High-resolution electrochemical micro-capacitors based on oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys. : Conf. Ser. 476 2013. [19] K. Parvez, X. Feng, K. Mu, Graphene-based in-plane micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities, Nat. Commun. 4 (2013) 1-7. [20] D. Pech, M. Brunet, P. Taberna, P. Simon, N. Fabre, F. Mesnilgrente, V. Conédéra, H. Durou, Elaboration of a microstructured inkjet-printed carbon electrochemical capacitor, J. 195 (2010) 1266–1269. [21] M. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 3498–3502. [22] E. Gongadze, S. Petersen, U. Beck, U. Van Rienen, of the Interface between an Electrode and an (2009). [23] J. P. Valleau, G. M. Torrie, The electrical double layer. III. Modified Gouy-Chapman theory with unequal ion sizes, J. Chem. Phys. 76 (1982) 4623–4630. [24] D. Henderson, Recent progress in the theory of the electric double layer, Prog. Surf. Sci. 13 (1983) 197–224. [25] J. P. Zheng, Oxide as an for electrochemical capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 142 (1995) 2699. [26] S. Makino, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple studies focused on supercapacitors, which indicates that there is considerable research on graphene applications in energy storage. References to 'graphene-based ultracapacitors' and 'micro-supercapacitors with high power and energy densities' directly align with the claim that emphasizes graphene's applications in supercapacitors due to its properties such as high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Abbreviations A3SS Alternative 3’ splice site A5SS Alternative 5’ splice site DE Differential expression DS Differential splicing MXE Mutually exclusive exon OA Ocean acidification PSI Percent spliced in RI Retained intron SE Skipped exon contributions The experiment was designed and run by MJ with help from PLM and CS. Fish collections were performed by CS and MJ. Molecular lab work was performed by CS and sequenced by CS and TR. SS carried out the transcriptome expression analysis with input from CS. SS lead the writing of the manuscript with input from CS and all authors read, edited and approved the final manuscript. Ethics approval Sample collection was carried out following all institutional and national law guidelines. The experiment was completed under University ethics approval number A2418. Consent for publication Not applicable Competing financial interests All authors declare they have no competing interests. Funding SS was supported through the HKU start-up to CS. The project was funded by the Fund from the Council of SAR (17300721). PLM was supported by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Studies and TR was supported by of Science and Technology (OIST). Data availability The raw RNA sequences are deposited in NCBI under BioProject ID: PRJNA658203. (. Physiological effects on fishes in a high-CO2 world. J Oceans. 2005;110:C9. . Ocean acidification promotes broad transcriptomic responses in marine metazoans: a literature survey. Front Zool. 2020;17:1–23. . Ecological effects of elevated CO2 on marine and freshwater fishes: From individual to community effects. Elsevier. 2019;37:323–68. . The past, present and future of cleaner fish cognitive performance as a function of CO2 levels. Biol Lett. 2019;15:20190618. ário Near-future CO2 levels impair the olfactory system of a marine fish. Change. 2018;8:737–43. Intrageneric variation in antipredator responses of coral reef fishes affected by ocean acidification: implications for climate change projections on marine communities. Biol. 2011;17:2980–6. Heuer RM, Grosell M. Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish. Physiol -Comp Physiol. 2014;307:R1061–84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physiological effects of elevated CO2 and ocean acidification on fish. It highlights that fish are affected by ocean acidification, which undermines the claim that they are immune. Specifically, it states 'Physiological impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and ocean acidification on fish,' indicating that fish are indeed impacted by these environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’-–3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB). Then, sections were counter-stained with hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue homogenates were made by homogenizing each cerebral cortex tissue with 9 times volume of PBS on ice, then centrifuging. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured according to their respective manufacturer’s instructions (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). The protein contents in cerebral homogenates were detected using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Measurement of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL–1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it focuses on a separate study related to TERT and oxidative stress measurements in cerebral homogenates, with references to various biological assays. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Yamauchi, W. Sugimoto, Synthesis of electro-deposited ordered mesoporous RuO x using lyotropic liquid crystal and application toward micro-supercapacitors, J. 227 (2013) 153–160. [27] asymmetric supercapacitor using RuO2/TiO2 nanotube composite and activated carbon electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 50 (2005) 5641–5646. [28] H. Y. Lee, J. B. Goodenough, Amorphous V2O5/carbon composites as electrochemical supercapacitor electrodes, Ionics 153 (2002) 833–841. [29] H. Wang, X. Sun, Z. Liu, Z. Lei, Creation of nanopores on graphene planes with MgO template for preparing high-performance supercapacitor electrodes, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 6577–6584. [30] Q. Xiao, X. Zhou, The study of multiwalled carbon nanotube deposited with conducting polymer for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 48 (2003) 575–580. [31] C. Peng, S. Zhang, D. Jewell, G. Z. Chen, Carbon nanotube and conducting polymer composites for supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. 18 (2008) 777–788. [32] Q. Meng, K. Cai, Y. Chen, L. Chen, Research progress on conducting polymer based supercapacitor electrode materials, 36 (2017) 268–285. [33] G. A. Snook, P. Kao, A. S. Best, Conducting-polymer-based supercapacitor devices and electrodes, J. 196 (2011) 1–12. [34] D. W. Wang, F. Li, H. M. Cheng, Hierarchical porous nickel oxide and carbon as electrode materials for asymmetric supercapacitor, J. 185 (2008) 1563–1568. [35] Y. Zhu, C. Cao, S. Tao, W. Chu, Z. Wu, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it mentions several research studies focused on supercapacitors and energy storage that utilize graphene and other similar materials, highlighting the relevance of graphene's high electrical conductivity in the context of these applications. The mention of 'high-performance supercapacitor electrodes' implies that understanding and harnessing the properties of graphene is indeed a focus for researchers in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: . Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2010;107:12930–4. . Effects of elevated CO2 on predator avoidance behaviour by reef fishes is not altered by experimental test water. PeerJ. 2016;4:e2501. Nagelkerken I, Munday PL. Animal behaviour shapes the ecological effects of ocean acidification and warming: moving from individual to community-level responses. Biol. 2016;22:974–89. . Effects of elevated CO2 on fish behaviour undiminished by transgenerational acclimation. Change. 2014;4:1086–9. - Rapid evolution fuels transcriptional plasticity to ocean acidification. Biol. 2022;28:3007–22. . Circadian rhythm disturbances due to exposure to acidified conditions and different photoperiods in juvenile Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). J. 2021;56:198–206. ørensen C, Watson SA, et al. Near-future carbon dioxide levels alter fish behaviour by interfering with neurotransmitter function. Change. 2012;2:201–4. Molecular signatures of transgenerational response to ocean acidification in a species of reef fish. Change. 2016;6:1014–8. . An interplay between plasticity and parental phenotype determines impacts of ocean acidification on a reef fish. Evol. 2018;2:334–42. . Neural effects of elevated CO2 in fish may be amplified by a vicious cycle. Conserv Physiol. 2019;7:coz100. . Brain transcriptome of gobies inhabiting natural CO2 seeps reveal acclimation strategies to long-term acidification. Evol Appl. 2023;16:1345–58. . Cross-talk between tissues is critical for intergenerational acclimation to environmental change. bioRxiv 2023;11. Ayyar VS, Sukumaran S. Circadian rhythms: influence on physiology, pharmacology, and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn. 2021;48:321–38. Is ocean acidification an open-ocean syndrome? Understanding anthropogenic impacts on seawater pH. Estuaries Coasts. 2013;36:221–36. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ocean acidification impacts fish populations and alters fish behavior. For instance, it notes that the replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification and discusses effects on the predator avoidance behaviour of reef fishes. Moreover, studies reference neural effects of elevated CO2 on fish, indicating that fish are not immune to the consequences of ocean acidification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Behavioral tests All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis to assess their motor functions. In the hind limb splay examination [3,5], the hind paws of rats were inked, then the rats were placed in a horizontal position of 30 cm high and dropped onto a white paper. The distance between the center points of right and left heels were recorded as the landing foot spread distance. In the movement initiation test [5, 24], the rat was held by its hind limbs and its torso, one forelimb was lifted above a table in order that the body weight was supported by the other forelimb alone. Then, rat was allowed to initiate stepping movements for one forelimb, and then the other. The averaged time period to initiate one step was recorded as the response latency for each forelimb. In the gait score test [3,5], animals were placed on the table and were observed for 3 min. Gait was scored as follow: 1: normal gait; 2, slightly abnormal gait characterized by slight ataxia, weakness and foot splay; 3, moderately abnormal gait characterized by obvious ataxia and foot splay with limb spread during ambulation; 4, severely abnormal gait characterized by a combination of all the above symptoms, dragging hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Histopathological analysis The collected brain tissues were fixed with 10% neutral-buffered formalin followed by dehydrating and paraffin-embedding. Then, embedded brain sections (5-μm thickness) were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for histopathological observation. The histopathological changes in cerebral cortex, hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus regions were analyzed. TUNEL assay The apoptotic neurons in the brain sections were detected using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. After deparaffinization and rehydration, the brain sections were permeabilized with proteinase K solution, then exposed to the mixture of biotinylated nucleotide dUTP and recombinant terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) following the instruction manual of (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties. It primarily describes behavioral tests and histopathological analyses on rats, without any mention of curcumin, turmeric, or inflammation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Li, Ultrathin nickel hydroxide and oxide nanosheets: Synthesis, characterizations and excellent supercapacitor performances, Sci. Rep. 4 (2014) 1–7. [36] L. Q. Mai, F. Yang, Y. L. Zhao, X. Xu, L. Xu, Y. Z. Luo, Hierarchical MnMoO4/CoMoO4 heterostructured nanowires with enhanced supercapacitor performance, Nat. Commun. 2 (2011) (1–7). [37] H. Chen, L. Hu, M. Chen, Y. Yan, L. Wu, Nickel-cobalt layered double hydroxide nanosheets for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (2014) 934–942. [38] T. Ohzuku, A. Ueda, Why transition metal (di) oxides are the most attractive materials for batteries, Ions. 69 (1994) 201–211. [39] K. -C. Liu, Porous nickel oxide/nickel films for electrochemical capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc. 143 (1996) 124. [40] B. K. Kim, V. Chabot, A. Yu, Carbon nanomaterials supported Ni(OH)2/NiO hybrid flower structure for supercapacitor, Electrochim. Acta 109 (2013) 370–380. [41] C. Xu, Y. Zhao, G. Yang, F. Li, H. Li, Mesoporous nanowire array architecture of manganese dioxide for electrochemical capacitor applications, Chem. Comm. (2009) 7575–7577. [42] nickel hydroxide on nickel foam with ultrahigh capacitance, Chem. Comm. (2008) 6537–6539. [43] F. Luan, G. Wang, Y. Ling, X. Lu, H. Wang, Y. Tong, X. X. Liu, Y. Li, High energy density asymmetric supercapacitors with a nickel oxide nanoflake cathode and a 3D reduced graphene oxide anode, Nanoscale 5 (2013) 7984–7990. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to research on supercapacitors and energy storage applications, which aligns with the assertion that graphene's high electrical conductivity is a focal point in these studies. The specific mention of 'high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials' and 'asymmetric supercapacitors with a nickel oxide nanoflake cathode and a 3D reduced graphene oxide anode' supports the idea that graphene is indeed being researched for its applications in supercapacitors due to its electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: High-frequency dynamics of ocean pH: A multi-ecosystem comparison. . 2011;6:e28983. . Ocean acidification in the coastal zone from an organism’s perspective: Multiple system parameters, frequency domains, and habitats. Mar Sci. 2014;6:221–47. . Coral reefs modify their seawater carbon chemistry – implications for impacts of ocean acidification. Biol. 2011;17:3655–66. . Physical and biological controls on the carbonate chemistry of coral reef waters: Effects of metabolism, wave forcing, sea level, and geomorphology. . 2013;8:e53303. . Diel pCO2 variation among coral reefs and microhabitats at Lizard Island, Reef. Coral Reefs. 2020;39:1391–406. . Future ocean hypercapnia driven by anthropogenic amplification of the natural CO2 cycle. Nature. 2016;529:383–6. . Anthropogenic changes to seawater buffer capacity combined with natural reef metabolism induce extreme future coral reef CO2 conditions. Biol. 2013;19:1632–41. . Diel CO2 cycles reduce severity of behavioural abnormalities in coral reef fish under ocean acidification. Sci Rep. 2017;7:10153. . Beneficial effects of diel CO2 cycles on reef fish metabolic performance are diminished under elevated temperature. Environ. 2020;735:139084. . Diel and tidal pCO2 × O2 fluctuations provide physiological refuge to early life stages of a coastal forage fish. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18146. . The effects of constant and fluctuating elevated pCO2 levels on oxygen uptake rates of coral reef fishes. Environ. 2020;741:140334. . Diel CO2 cycles and parental effects have similar benefits to growth of a coral reef fish under ocean acidification. Biol Lett. 2019;15:20180724. . Diel pCO2 fluctuations alter the molecular response of coral reef fishes to ocean acidification conditions. Mol Ecol. 2021;30:5105–18. . Different levels of alternative splicing among eukaryotes. Res. 2007;35:125–31. ó ñoz MJ. Alternative splicing: a pivotal step between eukaryotic transcription and translation. Biol. 2013;14:153–65. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting multiple studies that indicate ocean acidification impacts a variety of marine organisms, including fish. Specifically, it discusses the effects of changing pCO2 levels on coral reef fish and their metabolic performance, suggesting that fish are not immune to the effects of ocean acidification. For instance, it mentions 'Diel CO2 cycles reduce severity of behavioural abnormalities in coral reef fish under ocean acidification,' indicating that fish experience negative effects due to ocean chemistry changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Staining with 4,6-diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) (Sigma, St. Louis, USA) was performed to visualize nuclei. Images were obtained under a fluorescent microscope (). Real-time of brain cerebral cortex tissues was isolated using TRIzol reagent (). The expression levels of TERT mRNA were measured by real-time PCR using all-in-OneTM qPCR master mix AOPR-1200 (). The sequences of primer sets for TERT were 5’-- 3’(forward) and 5’--3’ (reverse). β-actin gene was applied as a reference. Immunohistochemistry Paraffin-embedded brain sections of 5-μm thickness were incubated with a rabbit anti-TERT antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China), then a biotinylated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (Servicebio, Wuhan, China). Immune complexes were visualized by incubation with 3,3’-diaminobenzidine tetrachloride (DAB) and hematoxylin. Measurement of parameters related to oxidative stress in cerebral homogenates The brain tissue were homogenized with 9 times the volume of PBS on ice and then centrifuged to prepare homogenates. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured following the respective manufacturer’s protocols (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Protein contents in the cerebral homogenates were determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Bio-Engineering Co. , Ltd. , Nanjing, China). Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss curcumin or its anti-inflammatory properties; instead, it describes a laboratory procedure involving brain tissue analysis and various biochemical measurements. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [44] F. Zhang, T. Zhang, X. Yang, L. Zhang, K. Leng, Y. Huang, Y. Chen, A high-performance supercapacitor-battery hybrid energy storage device based on graphene-enhanced electrode materials with ultrahigh energy density, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 1623–1632. [45] Y. K. A. Lau, A. V Kvit, A. L. Schmitt, S. . . Growth, S. Publishing, N. Cabrera, C. . . Keis, S. E. Lindquist, A. . Dudley, D. Bliss, M. Callahan, M. . Yoreo, C. Cottrell, S. Award, D. Young, Monolithic Carbide-Films for Micro-Supercapacitors, Science 1060 (2010) 480–484. [46] W. Sun, X. Chen, Fabrication and tests of a novel three dimensional micro supercapacitor, Microelectron Eng. 86 (2009) 1307-1310. [47] W. Sun, R. Zheng, X. Chen, Symmetric redox supercapacitor based on micro-fabrication with three-dimensional polypyrrole electrodes, J. 195 (2010) 7120–7125. [48] C. Shen, X. Wang, W. Zhang, F. Kang, A high-performance three-dimensional micro supercapacitor based on self-supporting composite materials, J. 196 (2011) 10465–10471. [49] M. Beidaghi, Y. Gogotsi, Capacitive energy storage in micro-scale devices: Recent advances in design and fabrication of micro-supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 867–884. [50] M. Beidaghi, C. Wang, Micro-supercapacitors based on interdigital electrodes of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube composites with ultrahigh power handling performance, Adv. Funct. Mater. 22 (2012) 4501–4510. [51] J. Sung, S. Kim, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing a list of research articles that specifically discuss supercapacitors and energy storage devices utilizing graphene-enhanced materials. This indicates that a significant portion of research in the field indeed centers around graphene's application in these areas, thereby corroborating the claim regarding the focus on energy storage technologies due to graphene's advantageous properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractOcean acidification (OA) threatens marine crustaceans, particularly those at high latitudes where conditions are rapidly changing. Red king crab (RKC) support important fisheries in Alaskan waters. RKC early life stages are sensitive to OA when exposure occurs as embryos and juveniles. However, in a supporting study, RKC were surprisingly tolerant of varying OA conditions (pH 7. 5, 7. 8, & 8. 0) when reared long-term from larval hatching to the first crab stage (C1). Here, we examined gene expression in the C1 juveniles to characterize transcriptional activity of these OA-tolerant crabs. Expression of nearly half of all genes (44%) correlated with OA treatment, suggesting a strong molecular response to OA, contrary to the phenotypic results. Downregulated functions were numerous in response to OA, and included reduced energy production, biosynthesis, immune function, and notably lipid and carbohydrate metabolic processes, which suggest a shift in metabolic strategy to protein catabolism, possibly to reduce CO2 production and facilitate acid/base regulation. Only a handful of functions were enriched in OA-induced genes, which were related to transcription regulation, control of growth and cell death, and signaling activity. Transposon activity was high in OA-reared crab, many of which were upregulated at consistent levels, suggesting that transposon mobilization may be a component of the RKC OA-response system. Genetic composition did not differ among OA treatments indicating that transcriptional differences in OA-reared crab were more likely attributed to phenotypic plasticity than selective mortality. Our results suggest that OA-reared RKC have a narrowed, possibly optimized, set of gene functions that enables OA-tolerance through the early juvenile stage. OA-exposure from hatch may benefit RKC and related species by “hardening” them against OA through physiological reprogramming. Future studies should test OA-hardened crabs in additional challenges, as metabolic and immune limitations may ultimately make them more vulnerable to infection or secondary stressors. Citation: (2024) Narrowed gene functions and enhanced transposon activity are associated with high tolerance to ocean acidification in a juvenile subarctic crustacean. PLOS Clim 3(3): e0000319. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on marine crustaceans, specifically highlighting that red king crab (RKC) early life stages are sensitive to OA, which provides evidence that not all animals with hard shells are immune to its effects. Furthermore, it presents that while RKC showed some tolerance to varying OA conditions as they matured, this did not imply immunity to OA overall. The mention of 'metabolic and immune limitations' suggests that crabs may still face vulnerabilities despite some levels of tolerance, directly countering the assertion that only hard-shelled animals are affected and that fish are immune.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL-1β: Interleukin-1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties as it discusses acrylamide and its effects without mentioning curcumin, turmeric, or any related properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhou, X. S. Zhao, Graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 20 (2010) 5983–5992. [71] E. Frackowiak, Carbon materials for supercapacitor application, 9 (2007) 1774–1785. [72] L. M. Da Silva, L. A. De Faria, J. F. C. Boodts, Determination of the morphology factor of oxide layers, Electrochim. Acta 47 (2001) 395–403. [73] G. Yu, L. Hu, M. Vosgueritchian, H. Wang, X. Xie, J. R. McDonough, X. Cui, Y. Cui, Z. Bao, Solution-processed graphene/MnO2 nanostructured textiles for high-performance electrochemical capacitors, Nano Lett. 11 (2011) 2905–2911. [74] A. Borenstein, O. Hanna, R. Attias, S. Luski, T. Brousse, D. Aurbach, Carbon-based composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes: A review, J. Mater. Chem. A 5 (2017) 12653–12672. [75] L. Lv, Y. Fan, Q. Chen, Y. Zhao, Y. Hu, Z. Zhang, N. Chen, L. Qu, Three-dimensional multichannel aerogel of carbon quantum dots for high-performance supercapacitors, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 235401. [76] Y. Wang, A. Hu, Carbon quantum dots: Synthesis, properties and applications, J. Mater. Chem. C 2 (2014) 6921–6939. [77] Y. -Q. Dang, S. -Z. Ren, G. Liu, J. Cai, Y. Zhang, J. Qiu, Electrochemical and capacitive properties of carbon dots/reduced graphene oxide supercapacitors, Nanomaterials 6 (2016) 212. [78] X. Chen, R. Paul, L. Dai, Carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage, Natl. Sci. Rev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it presents multiple references to studies and reviews focused on graphene-based materials used as electrodes for supercapacitors, emphasizing their role in energy storage. For instance, it mentions 'graphene-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes' and 'carbon-based supercapacitors for efficient energy storage,' directly supporting the idea that the research in graphene largely concentrates on supercapacitors and its applications related to energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: for : October 18, 2023; Accepted: February 22, 2024; Published: March 28, 2024This is an open access 7324. Code and analysis files used in this study are available in the accompanying repository ( This work was supported by the 1530-1213 (to WCL and IBS) and 21404 (to WCL and IBS). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionGlobal oceans are rapidly changing due to increased concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gasses. In addition to warming, deoxygenation, and sea level rise, oceans are acidifying [1]. This is occurring due to the increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean, which has absorbed ~30% of added atmospheric CO2 emitted since the industrial revolution [2]. As a result, the concentration of aqueous CO2, hydrogen ions, and bicarbonate ions are increasing, and ocean pH, carbonate ion concentrations, and calcium carbonate saturation states are decreasing. This shift is referred to as ocean acidification (OA) [3], and, in addition to the effects of lower pH, is particularly concerning for calcifying species including crustaceans, molluscs, and corals due to their reliance on calcium carbonate (aragonite, calcite) to form shells and exoskeletons [4, 5]. While OA is a global phenomenon, changes in high latitude coastal zones are likely to have outsized biological effects. Carbon dioxide is more soluble at high latitudes due to colder water, resulting in lower pH levels and carbonate saturation states [6, 7]. Increased freshwater inputs from sea ice melt and river runoff, and enhanced upwelling and respiration are likely to augment acidification in high latitude coastal zones [6]. Conditions in those regions are therefore more likely to become undersaturated with carbonate ions and reach severely low pH levels [7, 8]. Sea shelf, a coastal area off Alaska which supports highly productive commercial, subsistence, and sport fisheries [9], already experiences seasonal levels of aragonite saturation (Ω) below one, which is the biological threshold for calcium carbonate dissolution [10–13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on calcifying species such as crustaceans, mollusks, and corals, which rely on calcium carbonate to form their shells and exoskeletons. It highlights that ocean acidification is particularly concerning for these species due to changes in ocean chemistry, indicating that OA does not only affect organisms with hard shells. Furthermore, it implies that fish could also be impacted by the broader ecological changes associated with OA, countering the claim of their immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-128652/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 9You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPAC (3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone), a novel bioactive curcumin analog, has been reported to have anticancer properties against various tumors. However, the anti-cancer effects of PAC on oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OC-SCC) were not studied yet. Our aim is to investigate the anti-oral cancer properties of PAC in vitro, and determine the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. Viability assays including MTT and LDH were conducted to measure cell proliferation. Flow cytometry-based cytotoxicity assay was performed to detect autophagic cell death and oxidative stress markers. Western blotting was used for measuring protein expression/activation in apoptotic, autophagic and pro-carcinogenic cellular signaling pathways. We demonstrated that PAC preferentially and, in a dose, -dependent way kills oral cancer cells, but was not toxic to normal human gingival cells. PAC destabilizes cell-cycle distributions, inhibits the expression of oncogenes (cyclin D1) and that of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (p21WAF1) is upregulated, increases the expression of p53 gene, and inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in oral cancer cells. The PAC effect involve various signaling pathways including NF-κcaspase-3/9 and PARP1. Finally, PAC demonstrated ability to induce autophagy, decrease production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) activity, and reduce mitochondrial membrane potential in oral cancer cells. In conclusion, PAC inhibits the proliferation and increases the apoptosis and autophagy and oxidative stress of oral cancer cells. These effects involve ERK1/2, p38/JNK, NF-κB and Wnt cellular signaling pathways. Overall, our study suggests the potential use of PAC to treat oral cancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the properties and effects of PAC, a novel bioactive curcumin analog, on oral cancer cells and does not mention the anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin itself. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding curcumin’s anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (2009) 11308–9. [87] Q. Wang, X. Liu, L. Zhang, Y. Lv, Microwave-assisted synthesis of carbon nanodots through an eggshell membrane and their fluorescent application, Analyst 137 (2012) 5392–5397. [88] H. Jiang, F. strategy for synthesis and functionalization of carbon nanop1995. [89] X. Xu, R. Ray, Y. Gu, H. J. Ploehn, L. Gearheart, K. Raker, W. A. Scrivens, Electrophoretic analysis and purification of fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube fragments, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126 (2004) 12736–12737. [90] J. Xu, K. Hou, Z. Ju, C. Ma, W. Wang, C. Wang, J. Cao, Z. Chen, Synthesis and electrochemical properties of carbon dots/manganese dioxide (CQDs/MnO2) nanoflowers for supercapacitor applications, J. Electrochem. Soc. 164 (2017) A430–A437. [91] Y. Zhu, X. Ji, C. Pan, Q. Sun, W. Song, L. Fang, Q. Chen, C. E. Banks, A carbon quantum dot decorated RuO2 network: Outstanding supercapacitances under ultrafast charge and discharge, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 3665–3675. [92] H. Feng, P. Xie, S. Xue, L. Li, X. Hou, Z. Liu, D. Wu, L. Wang, P. K. Chu, Synthesis of three-dimensional porous reduced graphene oxide hydrogel/carbon dots for high-performance supercapacitor, J. Electroanal. Chem. 808 (2018) 321–328. [93] S. Mondal, U. Rana, S. Malik, Graphene quantum dot-doped polyaniline nanofiber as high performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Chem. Comm. 51 (2015) 12365–12368. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text confirms the claim by detailing multiple studies and publications that focus on the application of graphene (and related materials like carbon dots) for supercapacitors. It specifically mentions supercapacitor applications in various studies, thereby supporting the assertion that graphene research is significantly centered on energy storage due to its electrical properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Model projections for the through the year 2100 predict longer seasonal periods of Ω<1 (up to five and two months in the winter for aragonite and calcite, respectively) [14, 15, pers. comm. ], and that pH will decrease 0. 07–0. 35 pH units in surface waters and 0. 05–0. 30 in bottom waters [14, 15]. These carbonate changes have significant socio-economic implications for Alaskan crustaceans, given their importance to fisheries as both prey species (krill, copepods) [16, 17] and fishery stocks (e. g. king, tanner, and snow crabs) [18, 19]. OA has broad but variable physiological effects on crustaceans [20]. Many are capable of maintaining hemolymph pH homeostasis by acid-base regulation [21, 22], and have exoskeletons composed of both calcium carbonate and chitin, which may protect against direct dissolution [23, 24]. Still, tissue and shell growth [25], molt cycle [26, 27], exoskeleton properties [28, 29], metabolic activity [30, 31], reproduction [22, 32], behavior [33, 34], and immune function [22, 35] can all be altered by OA, particularly at higher pCO2 concentrations [36]. Effects are most acutely observed in early life stages (larvae, juveniles), and vary greatly by species, severity of OA, life stage, and duration of exposure [20, 28, 37, 38]. The diversity of responses in crustaceans, and all marine invertebrates for that matter, has highlighted the need for a more mechanistic understanding of how organisms function in OA conditions. Targeted gene expression analyses in green shore crab (Carcinus maenas) gill tissue reported that genes involved in acid-base regulation are affected by high pCO2 [39, 40]. Transcriptome-wide expression analysis identified changes in genes involved in energy metabolism and apoptosis activity in shrimp (Exopalaemon carinicauda) [41], and immune functions, energy metabolism, and ion transport in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) [42, 43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that ocean acidification (OA) has broad but variable physiological effects on crustaceans, which implies that not only animals with hard shells are affected by OA. It specifies that key physiological functions—including growth, reproduction, and immune function—can be altered by OA in crustaceans and other marine invertebrates. Furthermore, it notes the significant consequences for species that are crucial to the fisheries ecosystem, and highlights that some physiological changes can be particularly acute in early life stages. This indicates a wider impact of OA beyond animals exclusively with hard shells, refuting the notion that fish are immune as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Cancer BiologyOncologyHead & Neck SurgeryPACoral cancerapoptosisautophagyoxidative stressSignaling pathwaysFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10cancer is commonly known as one of the head and neck cancers. It is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide 1. According to the Society in 2019, approximately 5,300 people will be diagnosed with oral cavity cancer, which 3,700 cases concerned men and 1,600 are women. This cancer will cause death of 1,450 Canadians, which 1,050 are men and 450 women 2. Oral cancer is critical, because the patient may not notice it in its first stages, as it can frequently thrive without generating pain or symptoms, and generally, it produces primary tumors. This means that patients, who survive a first encounter with the disease, have up to 20 times higher risk of developing a second cancer3. Largely, those who have been suffering from buccal mucosa cancer for 5 years have about a 50 percent life expectancy or mortality rate4). Treating oral cancer conventionally is highly dependent on surgery assisted with or without chemotherapy and radiotherapy. For destroying malignant cells, chemicals are used more extensively as a systemic treatment 5. The panel of anti- cancer drugs includes mainly 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, platinum derivatives, anthracyclines, plant alkaloids6. The most common chemotherapy medicines consists of cisplatin 7. Despite its survival benefits as an anticancer drug, it has side effects, especially the chemoresistance that is limiting patients in clinical effectiveness 7. This knowledge has inspired the use of herbal medicinal products as complementary and/or alternative therapies to a direct remedy, thus the recognition of plant products as effective and inexpensive sources of novel synthetic chemotherapeutic compounds is increasing. For decades, in some countries such as China, India, and Egypt, traditional medicine has been making use of flavored herbs in its home-based therapies for many diseases, including cancer. Nowadays, it is becoming more widely acceptable to consider herbal remedies as helpful supplements to medical prescriptions 8; 9 10. Curcumin, a yellow shade from Curcuma longa Linn. , is a significant part of turmeric and is normally used as a flavor and nourishment shading material11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties. Instead, it discusses various aspects of oral cancer, treatments, and the use of herbal medicinal products, which only implies the relevance of curcumin as a part of turmeric without confirming its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: [94] Z. Zhao, Y. Xie, Enhanced electrochemical performance of carbon quantum dots-polyaniline hybrid, J. 337 (2017) 54–64. [95] X. Zhang, J. Wang, J. Liu, J. Wu, H. Chen, H. Bi, Design and preparation of a ternary composite of graphene oxide/carbon dots/polypyrrole for supercapacitor application: Importance and unique role of carbon dots, Carbon 115 (2017) 134–146. [96] L. Ferragut, R. Montenegro, G. Winter, A. Núñez, Accurate extraction of interconnect capacitances by adaptive mixed F. E. M. , Microprocessing and Microprogramming 32 (1991) 61–68. [97] C. Niu, E. K. Sichel, R. Hoch, D. Moy, H. Tennent, High power electrochemical capacitors based on carbon nanotube electrodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 70 (1997) 1480–1482. [98] R. Z. Ma J. . Liang, B. Q. Wei, B. Zhang, C. L. Xu, Study of electrochemical capacitors utilizing carbon nanotube electrodes, J. 84 (1999) 126–129. [99] B. Hsia, J. Marschewski, S. Wang, J. Bin In, C. Carraro, D. Poulikakos, C. P. Grigoropoulos, R. Maboudian, Highly flexible, all solid-state micro-supercapacitors from vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 055401. [100] Y. Q. Jiang, Q. Zhou, L. Lin, Planar mems supercapacitor using carbon nanotube forests, Proceedings of the on (MEMS), (2009). [101] W. Yu, H. Zhou, B. Q. Li, S. Ding, 3D Printing of carbon nanotubes-based microsupercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 4597–4604. [102] A. K. Geim and K. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies and applications related to supercapacitors. It discusses the enhanced electrochemical performance and composite materials involving graphene oxide, carbon dots, and polypyrrole, indicating that graphene is indeed being utilized in supercapacitor applications. As these studies focus on energy storage devices, they corroborate the assertion that the majority of research in graphene is centered around its applications in this field due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification only affects animals with hard shells, and fish are immune. [SEP] Text: Metabolomic analyses in juvenile Dungeness (Cancer magister) and green shore (Carcinus maenas) crabs both found amino acid metabolism to respond to acidified conditions, perhaps due to increased buffering needs [44, 45]. As with biometric responses, molecular effects of OA can vary by life stage. Metabolite analyses of American lobster larvae (Homarus americanus) indicate that large metabolic shifts (fatty acids, amino acids, and citrate cycle) perhaps underlie their buffering capacity and tolerance of OA, whereas metabolic reprogramming is not observed in the more sensitive juvenile stage [46]. Together, molecular assays to date reveal that OA induces changes in energy metabolism, acid-base regulation, immune function, and cellular stress-response processes, with the strongest responses perhaps reflective of physiological reprogramming. Changes are, however, somewhat unpredictable due to species-, stage-, and exposure-specific effects. For that reason, the most informative studies pair molecular assays with survival and growth data preferably from the same individuals. Paralithodes camtschaticus, red king crab, is one of several crab species that are a highly valued fishery in Alaskan waters (17M pounds, or $90M USD, in annual commercial landings on average from 2000–2022, for all king crab species [47]) but that may be threatened by ocean acidification [18]. Early life stages, which are thought to be particularly vulnerable to OA, are present as brooded embryos year-round and from hatch in late spring through settlement in fall [48, 49] and may encounter low carbonate saturation states that already occur in bottom waters and during seasonal carbonate cycles [13]. Laboratory studies on embryos, early zoea, and juveniles indicate that OA negatively affects early red king crab life stages such that development is altered, and growth and survival typically decreases [50–52]. OA also interacts with warming by increasing intermolt duration and decreasing survival in juveniles [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on various marine species, including crabs and larvae, indicating that OA affects not just animals with hard shells but also other organisms, such as juvenile stages of crabs. It states that OA induces changes in energy metabolism and affects growth and survival, particularly during early life stages. Therefore, the claim that fish are immune and that only shelled animals are affected does not hold true based on the evidence shown in the text.