Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional. . . ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2030. org) author: Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: This work was supported by the Bill and Foundation (INV-007490). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2022 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2) First published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 ( Latest published: 28 Jan 2022, 5:114 ( from Version 1 We included additional rational in the methods section on why we opted to use modern contraceptive prevalence over other family planning indicators such as unmet need and demand satisfied. We also edited our discussion section where we included additional details around the limitations of this analysis. Finally, we edited the wealth graphic (Figure 2) and education graphic (Figure 4) with detailed captions that provide additional descriptions on how to interpret the visualizations. We included additional rational in the methods section on why we opted to use modern contraceptive prevalence over other family planning indicators such as unmet need and demand satisfied. We also edited our discussion section where we included additional details around the limitations of this analysis. Finally, we edited the wealth graphic (Figure 2) and education graphic (Figure 4) with detailed captions that provide additional descriptions on how to interpret the visualizations. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by 2012 at the on Family Planning, key family planning partners came together to reinvigorate the family planning movement and accelerate progress toward universal access to family planning. The summit led to the creation of the 2020 partnership (FP2020) with the aim of improving access to voluntary family planning information and services and enable 120 million additional women to use modern contraceptives in 69 focus countries by 2020. Many in the family planning community welcomed the new commitments of aid from donors, new commitments by country governments, and the push to bolster family planning as a development priority; however, there were also concerns about the focus on numbers of contraceptive users and a global goal1,2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses modern family planning initiatives and metrics related to contraceptive use without mentioning ancient civilizations or written records. There is no connection or reference to the idea that ancient civilizations left behind written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: N-Acetyl transferase (NAT) exists in two forms: NAT1 and NAT2, it is a phase II metabolism enzyme. Several polymorphisms exist in NAT1 and NAT2, some of them are capable of slow, intermediate, or fast acetylations. amines found in heated products like cooked red meat get through acetylation by NAT. On cooking of muscle meat at high temperature, some amino acids may react with creatinine to generate heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA). Acetylation activates HAA to reactive metabolites which bind DNA and cause cancers. This acetylation can only be performed by NAT2 fast acetylators. People who consumed relatively large quantities of red meat with NAT fast acetylator genotype had a higher risk of developing colon cancer in them [66]. Specific dietary irritants, such as salts and preservatives have been suggested as being carcinogens for gastric cancer [116]. C667T polymorphism in MTHFR gene which reduces enzymatic activity is inversely associated with occurrence of colorectal cancer. Less consumption of folate, vitamin B12, vitamin B6 or methionine in diet are associated with increased risk for cancer in CC or TT phenotype of MTHFR gene [117]. It has also been found that reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals attack DNA bases, resulting in potential mistranscription of DNA sequence [118]. Such disruptions can interfere with DNA replication and thus produce mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. ROS can also result in breakage of DNA strand, resulting in mutations or deletions of genetic material [119]. Dietary fibers have a protective effect against bowel cancer [120]. Growth of colonic tumors in both in vitro and in vivo systems gets inhibited on consumption of fish oil which is rich in omega-3 fatty acids [121, 122, 123]. Fruits and vegetables rich in bioactive components can prevent carcinogenesis by several mechanisms such as blocking metabolic activation through increasing detoxification. Detoxification enzymes as flavonoids, phenols, isothiocyanates, allyl sulfur compounds, indoles, and selenium can be modulated on consuming plant foods [124, 125]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of how diet interacts with genetic factors, particularly in relation to cancer risks associated with different genotypes and dietary components. For example, it mentions how specific gene polymorphisms such as in the NAT2 gene affect the metabolism of dietary substances, leading to different health outcomes based on dietary choices. Furthermore, it highlights the protective effects of dietary fibers and bioactive components from fruits and vegetables against carcinogenesis, which directly ties dietary intake to genetic expression and health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Interaction with decision whether, and under what conditions, to mine the deep seafloor does not occur in a vacuum. Indeed, as recognized under all ocean issues are “interrelated and need to be considered as a whole. ”Footnote 9 While governance of our ocean commons is notoriously fragmented, most of the 168 member states of the ISA are bound by a raft of international legal obligations beyond. These obligations are binding in their own right. Their importance is indeed recognized in 2030. 14 (titled “life below water”) of Agenda 2030 to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans,” for example, requires an integrated approach to ocean governance. However, progress toward Goal 14 has been very slow,Footnote 19 and has been described as a “round and inclusive failure. ”Footnote 20 Given its potentially serious environmental impacts, seabed mining would further undermine any hope of meeting Goal 14. Indeed, with the current lack of scientific knowledge and in the absence of legitimacy for seabed mining activities, it may be reckless to label seabed mining as “sustainable” or to brand it as capable of advancing Agenda 2030 and the Goals. In the Spotlight: and the Biodiversity (BBNJ) the previous section illustrates, seabed mining could negatively affect a range of legal and policy commitments. What is particularly noteworthy is how seabed mining could undermine the objectives of a major new treaty, which is the culmination of over twenty years of work, and which was finally adopted in 2023. Once it enters into force, the Agreement on the Conservation and of Diversity of (BBNJ Agreement) seeks to turn a corner in the decline in ocean health we have had to witness over the preceding decades. recognizes “the need to address, in a coherent and cooperative manner, biological diversity loss and degradation of ecosystems of the ocean. ”Footnote 21 Specifically, the BBNJ Agreement offers a procedural and institutional framework for: (1) creating marine protected areas and other area-based management tools on the high seas and the Area; (2) conducting environmental impact assessments for any activity that “may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment”;Footnote 22 (3) access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources; and (4) capacity building and technology transfer. These four packages together are designed to maintain and restore ecosystem integrity in our ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that seabed mining has potentially serious environmental impacts and that it could undermine efforts to meet international goals related to ocean conservation. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to ocean governance, highlighting the risks of seabed mining to biological diversity loss and ecosystem degradation. The text also mentions that seabed mining cannot be considered sustainable in the current context, which directly contradicts the claim that it has no impact on marine life or ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Advocates pointed toward family planning’s past experiences of coercion and targets, warning that the FP2020 goal could lead to a focus on numbers and prioritization of easier to reach populations. One outcome of this early concern was a call by the family planning community for a clear focus on rights and empowerment as guiding principles of the FP2020 partnership3. A Rights and Group was established by FP2020 to advance rights-based family planning, and the group provided early guidance to FP2020 and the family planning community. The FP2020 partnership now recognizes 10 rights and empowerment principles of family planning, including agency and autonomy; availability; accessibility; acceptability; quality; empowerment; equity and non-discrimination; informed choice; transparency and accountability; and voice and participation4. Over the last eight years of the partnership, FP2020 worked with partners to ensure that these rights principles are understood by family planning decision-makers, and incorporated into new commitments and family planning-costed implementation plans. But monitoring whether these rights principles are adhered to has remained a measurement challenge that FP2020 and partners are still working on. Thus, one outstanding question as FP2020 begins to look toward the 2030 (FP2030) partnership, is whether the FP2020 goal exacerbated inequities and led to a prioritization of populations within countries where substantial gains towards the 120 million goal could be made. Ultimately, we aim to examine whether the effort to accelerate progress and expand contraceptive use has left some women behind. This question is particularly relevant in the context of a family planning partnership that supports the Goals and the pledge that no one will be left behind5. To assess this question, we examined FP2020 country progress data for signs of inequity in the gains in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP), in FP2020 focus countries since 2012. This research is critical for informing the FP2030 partnership (which builds on the work of FP2020), as family planning policy makers begin to turn their attention to new commitments. Family planning progress and assessing inequityFP2020’s annual reporting of contraceptive use has been facilitated by the adoption of statistical models that allow the estimation of a number of key family planning indicators, including MCP, using all available surveys and country health management information system statistics6. These data indicate that as of July 2020, there were over 320 million total users of modern methods of contraception in the 69 FP2020 focus countries, i. e. 60 million additional users of modern contraception as compared to 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses family planning goals, principles, and data regarding contraceptive use without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Some of these bioactive components which may influence carcinogen metabolism, cell signaling, cell cycle control, apoptosis, hormonal balance and angiogenesis are calcium, zinc, selenium, folate, vitamins C, D and E, carotenoids, flavonoids, indoles, allyl sulfur compounds, conjugated linoleic acid and N-3 fatty acids [126]. Bioactive ingredients which play protective role in the cancer development are lycopene from tomatoes, resveratrol from grapes and berries, numeric acid from cinnamons, hesperidin from citrus fruits, carotenoids from red vegetables and fruits, ascorbic acid, coffee acid from coffee, types of soluble fibers, polyunsaturated and fatty acids from marine animals have [127]. Intake of proper diet with sufficient minerals and vitamins which are involved in regulatory and enzymatic processes reduces the risk of cancer. The deficiency of these micronutrients may lead to abnormalities. For example, zinc and folate is involved in DNA repairing process. Further natural compounds from plant source like apigenin (celery, parsley), curcumin (turmeric), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (green tea), resveratrol (red grape, peanuts, and berries), genistein (soybean), and allyl sulfur (garlic) have been reported to affect the cell cycle by different mechanisms. Some of these changes may be associated with the processing of synthesized proteins at the post-translational level like shifts in the phosphorylation process of the main regulatory factors of cell division [128]. Tumor behavior can also be changed by other food ingredients through accelerated cell death and enhanced apoptosis. Apoptosis occur through two known pathways: the intrinsic, mitochondrial-mediated pathway; and the extrinsic, death receptor-mediated pathway [129]. Many of the studies by Society [130] have shown the reduced risk of cancer associated with consumption of foods rich in vitamin C, such as fruits and vegetables. On contrary, evidence indicates that vitamin C supplements do not reduce cancer risk. From the above finding it can be said that, activity of fruits and vegetables in preventing cancer is due to consumption of many vitamins and other phytochemicals in a combination, not due to vitamin C alone. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThis 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dietary components, such as vitamins and minerals, influence biological processes like DNA repair and cell cycle control. It mentions that proper diet intake can reduce cancer risk by affecting gene-related mechanisms, thereby highlighting the interaction between diet and genetics which is central to the field of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Footnote 23 The question is, how would this objective be affected if the ISA were to green-light mineral mining on an industrial scale in the Area? Given the multitude of warnings expressed by marine scientists, it is clear that allowing seabed mining to go ahead with present technology and extraction methods, which are highly likely to cause significant and widespread environmental harm, would undermine the objectives of the BBNJ Agreement. Moreover, deciding to mine the seafloor would inadvertently undermine other uses of the deep ocean, such as bioprospecting for marine genetic resources, which is regulated by the BBNJ Agreement, and which has proven invaluable in medical research and the development of pharmaceutical products. Marine genetic resources occur in similar areas to some seafloor minerals but may be destroyed or significantly impacted by mining in their habitat. This sort of user or “land-use” conflict carries significant consequences for how we manage the deep ocean, what benefits humans derive from it, and who gets to decide these questions. applies to both the high seas and the Area. It, thus, spatially overlaps with the jurisdiction of the ISA. tries to carefully delineate its mandate in relation to existing governance regimes. 2023. Belgium went as far as proposing that seabed mining should not be allowed until the target of protecting thirty percent of the ocean (including in areas beyond national jurisdiction) is achieved. Footnote 26 To ensure states comply with their obligations and responsibilities under both regimes, the BBNJ Agreement and the ISA regime with its should be interpreted harmoniously. One such interpretation was delivered in a 2023 legal opinion by a group of barristers who argued that “international law requires States to cooperate to ensure that [mineral] exploitation of the Area does not proceed unless it can be carried out without risking significant harm to the marine environment. ”Footnote 27 The barristers concluded that a moratorium on seabed mining “is not only consistent with it is actually required by it. ”Footnote 28 It must be highlighted that allowing mining through the ISA in spite of the potential dangers may expose member states to collective liability, given the erga omnes nature of the obligation to protect the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Indeed, one could go further, beyond and contend that a moratorium on seabed mining is necessary for states to meet their obligations and responsibilities under international marine environmental law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple warnings from marine scientists about the significant and widespread environmental harm likely caused by seabed mining. It mentions that allowing such mining contradicts the objectives of the BBNJ Agreement and poses risks to marine genetic resources, which could be destroyed or significantly impacted by mining operations. Furthermore, legal opinions cited in the text argue that states must ensure mineral exploitation does not proceed without guaranteeing no significant harm to the marine environment, highlighting the necessity for a moratorium on seabed mining to comply with international obligations to protect marine life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Since 2012, 26 countries have each gained more than 500,000 additional users of modern methods. Among these countries, 14 have seen the number of additional users grow by more than one million women and girls. While the pace of progress has been far short of the acceleration needed to achieve the FP2020 goal of 120 million additional users by 2020, there has been a clear focus by countries on increasing family planning coverage. As part of their FP2020 commitments, 45 countries established goals of increasing contraceptive prevalence through voluntary family planning programs. Almost all FP2020 countries addressed inequity in their FP2020 commitments as well, principally through commitments to improve access for adolescents and youth (41 countries), but also through efforts to address wealth and geographic inequities (13 countries). Progress has varied across regions and countries, but many countries across sub-Saharan and have seen rapid annual gains in modern contraceptive prevalence since 2012, most notably Mozambique at 2. 7 percentage points per year, at 1. 4 percentage points, Malawi, and at 1. 3 percentage points, and Senegal at 1. 2 percentage points. Many researchers have addressed how to evaluate equitable access to public health programs, including family planning7–11. One study across various areas of health concluded residence, race/ethnicity, occupation, gender/sex, religion, education, socioeconomic status, and social status are key sociodemographic factors that can elucidate inequities12,13. A recent special issue analyzed inequalities in coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health, and illustrated the wide inequality in reproductive health coverage in many countries across several dimensions, including wealth, age, and geography14. These analyses, however, did not examine changes in inequity over time, and the most recent examination of contraceptive prevalence was an examination of trends through the Goals era, relying only on surveys through 2013. While there are multiple dimensions to equity, most researchers agree that wealth is essential to assess disparities in contraceptive use. Recently published literature on FP2020 countries suggests poverty among married women declined over time while modern contraceptive use increased15. Furthermore, an analysis of 46 countries completed using data from many FP2020 countries (though outside the FP2020 period) from national surveys from 1990–2013, found that the contraceptive use gap between the poorest and the richest has narrowed and modern methods account for nearly all the increase in contraceptive use16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records as it discusses modern methods of family planning and related demographic studies, which do not pertain to historical documentation of civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 1% variation makes one individual unique from others with respect to their phenotype and individual susceptibility to disease or health and also their differing response to nutrients. Interestingly, same diet can be a risk factor for some individuals whereas in others, it may prove beneficial. Besides, some diets may regulate genes to help in maintenance of health whereas, Some of them act as possible inducer of disease. Thus, based on knowledge of individual nutritional requirements, nutrition status and genotype; personalized nutrition & diet recommendations can be made to maintain the balance between health and disease to offer a healthy life. Major challenge is, in a populous country like ours, where people are still fighting for their basic needs, personalized nutrition system approach is a dream. Now, even the rural India is not spared from this menace of non communicable disease as it has also started embracing city culture, post era of globalization and urbanisation has brought significant changes in eating habits of rural India as well. At this moment, the most pertinent question is how to overcome this public health concern. The nutrigenomics approach is most effective and the only way out but on contrary it is not going to be so cheap to be available for masses. Also it is a very difficult task to handle the huge population with nutritional intervention as it will require adequate qualified professional along with advance lab facilities. For the time being as an alternative, public health awareness programme can play an important role in different way to protect the people from these diseases in broader sense. It shall basically focus on early identification of at-risk individuals and appropriate intervention in the form of weight reduction, changes in dietary habits and increased physical activity to help to prevent, or at least delay the onset of dietary disorders until India build itself capable in all respect to implement fully functional individual nutrigenomics approach. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Advertisement Notes/thanks/other declarationsWe was thank full to editor for consideration of our 1. Ames BN. Low micronutrient intake may accelerate the degenerative diseases of aging through allocation of scarce micronutrients by triage. 2006;103:17589-175894. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 06087571032. Fenech M. Genome health nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics-diagnosis and nutritional treatment of genome damage on an individual basis. Toxicol. 2008;46:1365-1370. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how individuals have unique genetic profiles that affect their response to diet and nutrients. It explains that different diets can both regulate genes for health and act as risk factors for diseases depending on the individual's genetic makeup. The mention of personalized nutrition based on individual nutritional requirements and genotype further supports the exploration of the diet-gene interaction typical of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition, states that support the imminent commencement of seabed mining may face domestic legal challenges on the grounds of incompatibility with their legal obligations under marine environmental law as incorporated into domestic law. Recent cases involving climate litigation brought by civil society, in which courts have required governments to set more ambitious binding climate targets to meet their international obligations, may serve as a precedent for such possible instances of future ocean litigation. Footnote 29 Lastly, states could also face political repercussions or reputational harm for supporting seabed mining despite being conscious of its significant environmental risks and current incompatibility with cultural and human rights obligations under international law, as explored in other essays in this Unbound symposium. For these reasons, we argue that states are well-advised to refrain from supporting seabed mining for the time being and instead prioritize their existing international obligations relating to ocean health. we have sought to demonstrate, there are many tensions between seabed mining and international marine environmental law. While the drafters of could not have foreseen this, current scientific knowledge suggests that seabed mining could single-handedly threaten the growing global commitment to protect our ocean commons as well as risk adversely affecting just about all other uses of the marine environment, from fishing to submarine cables, bioprospecting, and cultural heritage. It is worth recalling here that the decisionmakers at all the relevant fora are states, and they are, largely speaking, the same states. In other words, if one regime overrides the other, that may also reflect a contradiction in policies and ambition within individual governments. For an ocean, biodiversity and climate emergency, governments cannot afford to be schizophrenic and take inconsistent approaches in different global fora. Until and unless the member states of the ISA are convinced that deep seabed mining activities can be conducted in compliance with their international legal obligations, backed by science, and deliver net benefit to humankind as a whole, they should refrain from allowing extraction activities to proceed. Failure to do so might result in states finding themselves in violation of their responsibilities under international law. Simultaneously, states should ensure that decisions taken at the ISA do not contradict or weaken ocean conservation efforts undertaken elsewhere. To mine or to not undermine, that is the question that the ISA member states need to convincingly answer. authors gratefully acknowledge excellent research assistance by Caitlin Turner. 145. 3 3 Id. Art. 137(2). 4 4 Id. Art. 140(1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant environmental risks associated with seabed mining. It states that current scientific knowledge suggests seabed mining could threaten ocean health and adversely affect various marine activities, such as fishing and bioprospecting. Additionally, it notes that states should refrain from supporting seabed mining due to these risks, indicating that seabed mining does have an impact on marine life and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In addition to examining differences related to wealth, in this analysis, we evaluate whether the growth in MCP has been equitable across multiple demographic characteristics, including residence (rural and urban), level of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), and marital status (married, all women, and unmarried sexually activei). MethodsWe examined data availability across the 69 FP2020 countries and selected 11 countries (and Zimbabwe), as they had data from two surveysii of the same survey type (Demographic and [DHS] or [MICS]) between 2010 and 2019, and were an FP2020 commitment-making country. Countries that did not meet these criteria were excludediii. While FP2020 annual progress reporting relies on national-level modeled estimates of MCP, in this analysis we focused on survey data because models do not yet produce estimates for the majority of the dimensions of inequity examined in this paper. We included surveys from 2010 so we could complete the analysis for a larger pool of countries and assess progress during the years of the FP2020 partnership. The average number of years between two surveys was more than four. We also focused exclusively on FP2020 commitment-making countries because these countries had explicitly pledged to increasing contraceptive use. We evaluated whether MCP growth had been equitable by assessing MCP between two surveys stratified by residence (rural, urban), levels of education (no education, primary, secondary, higher), age groups (15–19, 20–24, 25–29, 30–34, 35, 39, 40–44, 45–49), marital status (married, all women, unmarried sexually active), and wealth (poorest, poorer, middle, richer, richest). Our analysis uses MCPR as the outcome of interest because it is a widely understood and reliable measure that can be easily calculated across different surveys. Additionally, while evaluating increases in MCPR across equity dimensions alone does not contextualize the need-focused indicators such as unmet need or demand satisfied, MCPR follows a reliable pattern of growth whereas unmet need and demand satisfied do not. Unmet need can increase in a country when demand for family planning is generated. It would be difficult to quantify from cross-sectional population-based surveys if unmet need in a country is increasing due to lack of programs or demand generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses an analysis related to demographic characteristics and contraceptive use across countries, which is completely unrelated to the existence or detail of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. fct. 2007. 06. 0353. Fenech M. Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) for genomic stability. Mutat Res. 2001;480-481:51-54. DOI: 10. 1016/s0027-5107(01)00168-34. S, Izzotti A. Mutagenesis and cardiovascular diseases: molecular mechanisms, risk factors, and protective factors. Mutat Res. 2007;621:5-17. DOI: 10. 1016/j. mrfmmm. 2006. 12. 0085. Coppedè F, Migliore L. DNA damage and repair in Alzheimer’s disease. Res. 2009;6:36-47. DOI: 10. 2174/1567205097873139706. US Food and Nutrition Board. Institute of Medicine. Intakes. Applications in dietary assessment. 20007. Fenech M. Nutrigenomics concepts: diagnosis and nutritional treatment of genome and epigenome damage on an individual basis. Mutagenesis. 2005;2(0):255-269. DOI: 10. 1093/mutage/gei0408. Fenech MF. Dietary reference values of individual micronutrients and nutriomes for genome damage prevention: current status and a road map to the future. Clin Nutr. 2010;9(1):1438S–1454S. DOI: 10. 3945/ajcn. 2010. 28674D9. Bull C, Fenech M. Genome-health nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: nutritional requirements or ‘nutriomes’ for chromosomal stability and telomere maintenance at the individual level. Soc. 2008;67:146-147. DOI: 10. 1017/S002966510800698810. Peregrin T. The new frontier of nutrition science: nutrigenomics. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 2001;101(11):1306. DOI: 10. 1016/S0002-8223(01)00309-111. B, Stierum R. Nutrigenomics: exploiting systems biology in the nutrition and health arena. Biotechnol. 2002;13(5):517-521. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and concepts related to nutrigenomics, which is defined as the interaction between nutrition and genetic factors. The references to 'nutrigenomics concepts,' 'nutritional treatment of genome and epigenome damage,' and the focus on 'dietary reference values' indicate that the text discusses how dietary choices can influence genetic expression and stability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 5 5 & Anindita Chakraborty, of Deep-Benefits: than Answers, 151 Marine Pol'y 105572 (2023). 6 6 et al. , in Deep-or Not to Engage:, 2 NPJ 19 (2023). 7 7 supra note 1, Pt. XI, Sec. 2, which is entitled “the Area. ” 8 8 See ISBA/28/C/24 and ISBA/28/C/25. 9 9 supra note 1, pmbl. 10 10 on the Law of Treaties, Art. 31(3), May 23, 1969, 1155 UNTS 331. 11 11 Kunming-Biodiversity Framework, at 9, Target 3. 12 12 Holly J. Niner et al. , Deep-with Loss of Biodiversity: Aim, 5 Sci. 53 (2018). 13 13 by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, para. 16, CBD/COP/15/24 (Dec. 19, 2022). 14 14 Calling for a Pause to Deep-Sea Mining. 15 15 Initiative, for a Ban on Mining. 16 16 for a Moratorium. 17 17 See, e. g. , ISBA/19/C/17, Reg. 31. 18 18 Robert Makgill, & Keith MacMaster, Implementing the for Seabed Mining: A Review of State Practice, in of Deep–& the Law of the Sea 73 (Campanella ed. , 2024). 19 19 Report 2023, at 533. 20 20 et al. , Goal 14: the 2020 Targets for Our Oceans? , 227 Ocean & Coastal Mgmt. 106273 (2022). 21 21 the Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and of Diversity of National Jurisdiction, preambular para. 3, UN Doc. A/77/L. 82 (July 10, 2023). 22 22 Id. Art. 28(2). 23 23 Id. Art. 7(h). 24 24 Id. Art. 5(2). 25 25 Id. Art. 8(2). 26 26 by Belgium at the ISA Assembly meeting in July 2023. 27 27 et al. , in the Matter of a or on Deep-Jurisdiction, para. 135 (2023). 28 28 Id. , para. 136. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and reports that imply seabed mining is likely to have significant impacts on biodiversity and marine ecosystems. The mention of findings on 'Loss of Biodiversity' and the calls for a moratorium on deep-sea mining suggests there is a broad concern over the ecological consequences of such activities, directly opposing the claim that seabed mining has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the indicator of demand satisfied relies on the underlying assumption that women are satisfied with the method17,18. As such, we used MCPR as our main outcome indicator. In this paper, we present MCP by levels of the abovementioned dimensions: wealth, residence, education, age, marital status, and sexual activity. We conducted a bivariate analysis where MCP estimates for married women were stratified by each of the socio-demographic dimensions, and weighted using survey-specific weights; confidence intervals were also calculated. Estimates of MCP by age and for unmarried, sexually active women were calculated in the same manner but were for all women in the survey. MCP gains were considered significant if the 95% confidence intervals for MCP stratified by the above-mentioned different socio-demographic dimensions did not overlap between surveys. Though this approach to testing the differences in means using hypothesis testing is more conservative, this approach can be easily interpreted by a wider audience. The MCP gains were considered equitable if larger or equivalent gains were seen in comparatively more disadvantaged populations. In this analysis, we qualify disadvantaged populations as those that are rural, have no education, aged 15–19, unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days, or the poorest (or poorer group). To assess MCP change by wealth, we did not use the DHS or MICS calculated wealth quintiles as those should not be compared across surveys nor time19. Instead, we constructed five wealth groups based on Lab’s Index (IWI) guidance using household assets; the reconstruction of wealth groups allowed for cross-country and across-time comparisons20. Lab’s methods uses factor-loadings produced from a principal components analysis using data from over two million households across 97 countries. If, based on the IWI, 50% of a country’s women reside in households with less than 50% of the assets, these women live in households that are among the poorer households globally. We also evaluated whether the number of women in each of the socio-demographic dimensions changed between surveys. For example, did fewer women have “no education” in the latest survey compared to the older survey? Or, did households in which women reside gain wealth over time? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological approaches to measuring women's satisfaction and socio-demographic analysis without any mention of ancient civilizations or written records. There is no connection between the content of the text and the assertion regarding ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 2014-138929. . A combination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms is associated with interindividual variability in cholecalciferol bioavailability in healthy men. J Nutr. 2016;146:2421-2428. DOI: 10. 3945/jn. 116. 23711530. . The role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in the bone mineral density of Greek postmenopausal women with low calcium intake. J Nutr Biochem. 2011;22:752-757. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jnutbio. 2010. 06. 00731. Hosseini-. Western dietary pattern interaction with APOC3 polymorphism in the risk of metabolic syndrome. . J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2014;7:105-117. DOI: 10. 1159/00036544532. Hosseini--Khorzoghi M, Azizi F. Dietary patterns interact with APOA1/APOC3 polymorphisms to alter the risk of the metabolic syndrome: the. Nutr 2015;113:644-653. DOI: 10. 1017/S000711451400368733. . CYP1A2 genotype modifies the association between coffee intake and therisk of hypertension. J Hypertens. 2009;27:1594-1601. DOI:10. 1097/HJH. 0b013e32832ba85034. Cornelis MC, El-. Coffee, CYP1A2 genotype, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 2006;295:1135-1141. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 295. 10. 113535. ínez JA. A genetic risk tool for obesity predisposition assessment and personalized nutrition implementation based on macronutrient intake. Genes Nutr. 2015;10:445. DOI: 10. 1007/s12263-014-0445-z36. . Sugar-sweetened beverages and genetic risk of obesity. N Med. 2012;367:1387-1396. DOI: 10. 1056/NEJMoa120303937. . Fried food consumption, genetic risk, and body mass index: gene-diet interaction analysis in three US cohort studies. BMJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that investigate how genetic variations, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms, interact with dietary factors to influence health outcomes. For example, it mentions how dietary patterns interact with gene polymorphisms (e.g., APOA1/APOC3) to alter the risk of metabolic syndrome, illustrating the core concept of nutrigenomics—the relationship between diet and genetic factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: and for Authors 2. 2 ℹCiteScore: CiteScore is the number of 0. 27 ℹSCRank (SJR): The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per 0. 637 ℹImpact per Paper(SNIP): SNIP measures a source’s contextual citation impact by weighting 4739. png Post-for Manganese in -for Manganese in * | Adhi | Prasetyo | Department of Law, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang 50275, Author Email: ganggasanti@lecturer. undip. ac. id Page: 1589-1595 | DOI: Received: 18 January 2023 | Revised: 20 March 2023 | Accepted: 29 March 2023 | Available online: 31 May 2023 | Citation © 2023 IIETA. This 4. 0 license ( ijsdp_18. 05_30. pdf : Every mining business that is carried out will greatly affect the environment, either directly or gradually. Changes in natural ecology are also determined by human attitudes and protection of the environment. Restoration in accordance with the initial conditions is critical in mining industry to balance of the ecosystem, ecology, and avoid damage to environment. This study aims to investigate the post-mining reclamation of manganese in. The method used is empirical with some supporting data from respective agencies used as a basis for investigation. The results showed that the important position of in manganese production, and it has among the best quality of manganese in the world. However, as to avoid the detrimental effect of mining activities to cause environmental damage, strict supervision and the involvement of local institutions in environmentally friendly reclamation are highly needed. The findings underlined the core principle of reclamation of manganese mining with sustainability principle. Keywords: environmentally friendly policy, post-mining reclamation, mining industry, manganese, sustainable spatial planning 1. industry has a substantial contribution to economy in many developing countries [1]. However, its detrimental effect to the environment and ecosystem is unavoidable. On the other side, government has a need substantial income to its budget and to balance social and economic interest as well as the sustainability of environment. In Indonesia, this was stated in 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that every mining operation has a significant impact on the environment, either directly or gradually. It highlights that while there may be a pursuit for sustainability in mining practices, the overall detrimental effects of mining on the environment and ecology are unavoidable, which suggests that land-based mining could have negative environmental impacts similar to those caused by seabed mining.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: These findings can also help contextualize if MCP gains were made in more advantaged socio-demographic groups at the expense of most of the population (provided that the most advantaged group in any country will make up a smaller proportion of the total population). For MICS surveys from Sierra Leone, all data cleaning was completed in RStudio (version 4. 0. 2) since MICS surveys are saved as SPSS file and Stata 15 does not support SPSS files. For all DHS surveys, Stata 15 was used to complete the analysis. Ethical considerationsThe DHS Program procedures and questionnaires have been approved by. Furthermore, additional approval is obtained by the IRB in the country of the survey. According to the DHS Program, all surveys are in compliance with the Department of Health and policies for protection of human subjects and the IRB in the country of the survey ensures the questionnaire is in compliance with the country’s laws and norms. Moreover, before each interview is conducted participants are read a consent statement – the participant can accept or decline to participate. The consent emphasizes that participation is voluntary. Additional information on DHS Program’s ethical standards can be found here: similarly follows strict ethical guidelines. According to MICS, during the planning and designing stage of the survey, a governing structure is established. This governing structure is responsible for the formation of the steering and technical committees that are responsible for the implementation of the survey. The steering and technical committees will include focal points for ethical review submission and process. Cultural norms will also be used to adapt questionnaires as needed. Informed consent of all interviewees is required, and participation is voluntary. ResultsOverall, Figure 1 illustrates that MCP increased in nine out of the 11 countries, though the increases were only significant in seven African countries: and Zimbabwe. Figure 1. and Zimbabwe had significant increases in modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP). Blue represents older survey and orange represents latest survey. WealthTable 1 shows the changes in the size of wealth groups between the two surveys. In all 11 countries overall household wealth increased between the two surveys – i. e. the number of households in the poorest (those with 20% of the assets or less) or poorer (those with between 21–40% of assets) groups decreased. Leone, every change in wealth group was significant and households accumulated more assets (i. e. more wealth) between the two surveys (2011–2016). Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses survey methodology, ethical considerations, and results related to modern contraceptive prevalence (MCP) in certain African countries, but does not mention anything about ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 2014;348:g1610. DOI: 10. 1136/bmj. g161038. Ukkola O, Bouchard C. Clustering of metabolic abnormalities in obese individuals: the role of genetic factors. Ann Med. 2001;33:79-90. DOI: 10. 3109/0785389010900206239. Maury E, Brichard SM. Adipokine dysregulation, adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Endocrinol. 2010;314(1):1-16. DOI: 10. 1016/j. mce. 2009. 07. 03140. Gene environment interactions in obesity: Implication for future applications in preventive medicine. J Hum Genet. 2015;61:317-22. DOI: 10. 1038/jhg. 2015. 14841. Gene x dietary pattern interactions in obesity: Analysis of up to 68,317 adults of European ancestry. Genet. 2015;24:4728-4738. DOI: 10. 1093/hmg/ddv18642. Physical activity and genetic predisposition to obesity in a multiethnic longitudinal study. Sci Rep. 2016;6:18672. DOI: 10. 1038/srep1867243. Joffe YT et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene -308 G/A polymorphism modulates the relationship between dietary fat intake, serum lipids, and obesity risk in black women. J Nutr. 2010;140(5):901-90744. Joffe YT et al. The -308 G/A polymorphism of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene modifies the association between saturated fat intake and serum total cholesterol levels in white women. Genes Nutr. 2011;6(4):353-35945. Joffe YT, et al. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene -238 G>A polymorphism, dietary fat intake, obesity risk and serum lipid concentrations in black and white women. European journal of clinical nutrition. 201246. Stryjecki C, Mutch DM. Fatty acid-gene interactions, adipokines and obesity. Clin Nutr. 2011;65:285-97. DOI: 10. 1038/ejcn. 2010. 27747. . Energy balance and obesity. Circulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the interactions between genetic factors and various dietary elements, such as the roles of gene-environment interactions in obesity and the influence of specific gene polymorphisms on dietary fat intake and related health outcomes. These points highlight the core concept of nutrigenomics, which is the exploration of how diet and genetic makeup interact.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: The problems caused by manganese mining activities in Regency, especially at the research study site, are basic physical conditions damaged by mining activities, such as loss of native soil nutrients and damage to ecosystems. Previous research argue that damaged ecosystem is ecosystem that can no longer carry out its functions optimally, such as soil protection, water management, weather control, and other functions in regulating environmental protection [8-10]. Some of the matters above underlie and become the background for conducting an academic study on the use of ex-manganese mining land in Regency. This study discusses the reality of the impact of manganese mining in Regency and post-Manganese reclamation policies in Regency. Table 1. Mining and quarrying in (m) rock mostly composed by the mineral calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in yellow brown Raw material main manufacture cement, industry ceramics, etc. Hawu Mehara, 35. 360. 000 SiO2 that reaches 52%-54% with gray black clay and rich montmorillonite mineral Raw material ceramics and raw material industry 30. 960. 000 deposits exposed in the valley river. Thickness between 0. 5m-2m with fine sand size to boulder and the components consist of fractions of sedimentary rocks Raw material profession construction East Sabu, 75. 307 to reddish, characteristic fine sand arrived materials cement Industry, ceramics, brick fire retardant, etc. Currently by Public local used for making earthenware 16. 380. 000 with identical characteristics of blackish-gray, massive, uniform, botryoidal, stalactite and sometimes fibrous structures Raw material for steel, manufacture of dry batteries, manufacture of ceramics and glass, raw material for welding rods, electrolysis of zinc and oxidizers in uranium production Mesara dan Liae 16. 853. 477. 000 Source: 2022 2. The research method uses a sociological juridical legal research approach using a descriptive qualitative approach in the form of field research about sustainable reclamation of manganese in. The method used is empirical with some supporting data from respective agencies used as a basis for investigation. In this study using the model of statutory regulations and patterns of behavior related to the applicable law in mining sector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the environmental issues associated with manganese mining activities, such as the loss of native soil nutrients and damage to ecosystems. It highlights that damaged ecosystems are unable to function optimally in terms of soil protection and water management, suggesting that land-based mining has significant negative environmental impacts. This counters the notion that seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: How the size of wealth groups changed between surveys (only significant findings at 95% confidence are included). A downward arrow suggests wealth groups size decreased and households moved out of those groups and into another group. ↓↑Burundi↓↑↑EthiopiaHaitiMalawi↓↑↑↑Nepal↓↑↑Pakistan↓↑Senegal↓↑Sierra Leone↓↓↑↑↑Uganda↓↑↑ZimbabweTable 2 shows the changes in MCP between wealth groups between two surveys. Figure 2 illustrates the changes in size of wealth group and MCP by survey. In every country, MCP increased in the lowest wealth group (those with 20% of the assets or less). These findings were significant in six countries – Burundi, Ethiopia, Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. In Malawi, Senegal, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, the increase was around 10%; and in Malawi, the increase among the poorest was 16%. Table 2. MCPR by wealth groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses changes in wealth groups between surveys in various countries and presents statistical findings without any mention of ancient civilizations or written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 1093/aje/kwi22258. . Effect of infant feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of published evidence. Pediatrics. 2005;115:1367-1377. DOI: 10. 1542/peds. 2004-117659. vey-. The effect of breastfeeding on mean body mass index throughout life: a quantitative review of published and unpublished observational evidence. Clin Nutr. 2005;82:1298-1307. DOI: 10. 1093/ajcn/82. 6. 129860. (2014). Nutrition for Cardiovascular Health: Ready? J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2014;7:153-160. DOI: 10. 1159/00037021361. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000;407:233-241. DOI: 10. 1038/3502520362. . Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systemic review. J. 2001;322:757-63. DOI: 10. 1136/bmj. 322. 7289. 75763. Schaefer EJ. Lipoproteins, nutrition, and heart disease. Clin Nutr. 2002;75:191-212. DOI: 10. 1093/ajcn/75. 2. 19164. Corella D, Ordovas JM. Advances in genetics. Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine. Nutrition and genomics laboratory. Boston: JM-on aging at Tufts University; 200965. Loktionov A. Common gene polymorphisms and nutrition: emerging links with pathogenesis of multifactorial chronic diseases. J Nutr Biochem. 2003;14:426-451. DOI: 10. 1016/s0955-2863(03)00032-966. Nutrional genomics – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. < 25 may, 201067. de Gaetano G, DonatiMB. Nutrigenomics: a case for the common soil between cardiovascular disease and cancer. Genes Nutr. 2008;3:19-24. DOI: 10. 1007/s12263-008-0079-068. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'Nutrigenomics in cardiovascular medicine' and references several studies related to nutrition and genetics, indicating an exploration of how diet affects health through genetic factors. This aligns directly with the premise of nutrigenomics, which is concerned with the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: After removing the impurities, the MnSO4 solution was reacted with (NH4)2CO3 to form MnCO3 powder. The powder is heated in a reactor flowed with oxygen or air at a temperature of 500℃ to form MnO2. The dissolution product is then washed and dried to produce CMD with a content of 90% MnO2. Usually the preparation of CMD from manganese nitrate solution (Mn (NO3)2) produces CMD with higher purity (>99. 5%). 3. 2 Sustainable post-mining reclamation policy for manganese Changes in land use patterns as a result of clearing mining sites (land clearing) and excavation can cause land use patterns where previously allotted for farming has shifted to mining land as well as construction of facilities and infrastructure for the mining project itself. There is a decrease in soil fertility as a result of changes in land use patterns as well as soil erosion and landslides from mining activities. There is a change in the aesthetic value of the environment as a result of mining activities with mining pits, scattered solid waste and causes an unattractive view of the surrounding environment. Table 3. World manganese exploitation by company mine Production 2019 (metepa) 1 makataan 1. 59 2. 32 2 2. 32 3 Azul(para) Urucum (mate Grosso) Others (mina Gerais) 1. 38 0. 16 0. 10 4 Moanda 2. 00 5 0. 64 6 ENRC Kazakhstan 0. 90 Total 11. 45 Source: various sources modified by author, 2023 Table 4. Types of ferromanganese products (%) Si (%) C (%) P (%) S (%) H. C ferro manganese HC FeMn 65 65 Min 1. 5 Max 6-8 0. 85 1. 03 HC FeMn 70 70 Min 1. 5 Max 6-8 0. 35 Max 0. 03 Max HC FeMn 75 75 Min 1. 5 Max 6-8 0. 35 Max 0. 03 Max H. C ferro manganese (Low) phos HC FeMn 70 (LP) 70 Min 1. 5 Max 6-8 0. 15-0. 20 0. 03 Max HC FeMn 75 (LP) 75 Min 1. 5 Max 6-8 0. 15-0. 20 0. 03 Max M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process of manganese preparation and the impacts of land-based mining, such as changes in land use patterns, soil fertility loss, and aesthetic changes to the environment. It does not mention seabed mining or provide any comparison between seabed mining and land-based mining, thus failing to either support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2014 DHS54 [51-58]56 [54-58]54 [51-56]52 [49-55]55 [50-59]Bangladesh2011 DHS53 [51-55]52 [50-54]52 [50-54]51 [48-53]53 [49-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS22 [21-23]*24 [22-27]28 [24-33]29 [21-38]32 [22-45]Burundi2010 DHS 16 [15-18]20 [17-24]31 [22-42]37 [29-45]45 [31-60]Ethiopia2016 DHS33 [30-35]*42 [37-47]50 [43-57]50 [43-56]36 [27-45]Ethiopia2011 DHS23 [21-26]47 [41-53]54 [46-61]47 [39-55]41 [33-49]Haiti2016-17 DHS31 [28-33]35 [31-37]31 [31-39]32 [21-28]23 [17-34]Haiti2012 DHS30 [15-18]34 [17-24]35 [22-42]24 [29-45]25 [31-60]Malawi2015-16 DHS57 [55-58]*60 [58-62]*64 [60-68]*54 [48-60]59 [53-66]Malawi2010 DHS 40 [39-42]47 [45-50]45 [40-50]59 [52-67]64 [52-75]Nepal2016 DHS41 [37-46]44 [41-46]42 [40-44]43 [40-46]47 [41-53]Nepal2011 DHS37 [34-41]43 [40-46]45 [41-49]49 [45-53]54 [46-62]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 17 [12-22]18 [18-23]23 [23-28]28 [29-33]31 [30-35]Pakistan2012-13 DHS16 [12-23]20 [16-21]25 [20-26]31 [26-30]32 [28-34]Senegal2017 DHS [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of statistics and references related to demographic health surveys in various countries. It does not address nor provide any information regarding the written records of ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Polyunsaturated fatty acids modulate the effects of the APOA1 G-A polymorphism on HDL cholesterol concentration in a sex-specific manner: the Framingham study. Clin Nutr. 2002;75:38-46. DOI:10. 1093/ajcn/75. 1. 3869. . Influence of genetic polymorphisms on responsiveness to dietary fat and cholesterol. Clin Nutr. 2000;52(Suppl. 5):1275S–1284S. DOI: 10. 1093/ajcn/72. 5. 1275s70. . Genetic determinants of plasma lipid response to dietary intervention: the role of the APOA1/C3/A4 gene cluster and the APOE gene. Nutr. 2000;83(Suppl. 1):S127-136. DOI: 10. 1017/S000711450000106971. Breslow JL. Genetics of lipoprotein abnormalities associated with coronary heart disease susceptibility. Genet. 2000;34:233-254. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev. genet. 34. 1. 23372. . Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Genet. 2000;1:507-537. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev. genom. 1. 1. 50773. Weinberg RB. Apolipoprotein A-IV polymorphisms, and dietgene interactions. Lipidol. 2002;13:125-134. DOI: 10. 3390/cells804031974. . Comparison of the Atkins, Ornish, Weight Watchers, and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293:43-53. DOI: 10. 1001/jama. 293. 1. 4375. . Comparison of high-fat and high-protein diets with a highcarbohydrate diet in insulin-resistant obese women. Diabetologia. 2005;48:8 –16. DOI: 10. 1007/s00125-004-1603-476. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of genetic polymorphisms on the body's response to dietary fats and cholesterol, which aligns with the concept of nutrigenomics that focuses on how genes interact with diet. The mention of specific gene clusters, such as APOA1/C3/A4 and APOE, emphasizes the genetic determinants in relation to dietary interventions, supporting the idea that nutrigenomics is indeed a field that explores these interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: Reclamation according to the Decree of the Minister of Energy and of the Republic of Indonesia number 1827 K/30/MEM/2018 is an activity carried out throughout the stages of the mining business to organize, restore and improve the quality of the environment and ecosystem so that it can function again according to its designation. The manganese mining business that is developing in Regency, in addition to having a positive impact on the economic and social progress of the community, of course, also has a negative impact, especially the occurrence of natural damage if it is not managed in a good and correct way of mining. Mining business activities, both mineral and manganese, are one of the spearheads of economic activity in supporting development in Regency. Manganese as an energy source has proven its role in encouraging the development of industrial activities, in accordance with government policies that are increasing the use of alternative energy sources. Regency has manganese mining resources which are quite potential to be developed (Table 7). As an alternative energy, manganese in Indonesia has considerable potential. region has the most manganese resources and reserves in Tenggara Province. Currently some of these reserves have been exploited, including PT Perdana which has a covering an area of 736. 3 hectares located in with an area of 1626. 9 hectares and PT Asia with an area of 725. 3 hectares in the Regency Manggarai, as well as PT Mineral with an area of 192 hectares in Regency. The quality of manganese from NTT is among the best in the world, but mining activities cause environmental damage. In many places on the island of Timor, rocks function as catchments for rainwater which are then used to provide a source of clean water for residents. Manganese mining in the short-term increase’s income, but the amount is not enough to meet the needs of life, and has a negative impact in the long term. The poverty rate in NTT remains high, and it is still the poorest or most underdeveloped province. Table 6. Manganese mine data in resources (tons) Total reserves (tons) 1 Daieko 3. 567. 345 2. 365. 800 287. 234 13. 987 2 Gurimonearu 1. 235. 091 43. 298. 531 76. 221 9. 2340 3 Ledeae 63. 443. 671 23. 112. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that manganese mining activities cause environmental damage and have negative long-term impacts. Although it mentions some short-term economic benefits, it emphasizes the adverse effects on the environment, such as the destruction of natural resources and the impact on clean water catchments, which contradicts the assertion that seabed mining is more environmentally friendly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 16 [14-19]*17 [16-19]*21 [19-24]*31 [28-34]37 [34-41]*Senegal2012 DHS6 [4-10]8 [7-10]13 [11-16]26 [21-31]26 [20-32]Sierra Leone2017 MICS8 [1-40]32 [25-41]*33 [27-39]*30 [25-35]24 [18-31]Sierra Leone2011 MICS 6 [5-7]14 [12-16]21 [17-25]24 [19-30]27 [17-40]Uganda2016 DHS28 [26-30]*37 [35-39]*42 [39-45]43 [39-47]47 [39-55]Uganda 2011 DHS 18 [16-20]28 [26-30]41 [36-46]44 [34-56]57 [45-69]Zimbabwe2015 DHS62 [60-65]*62 [59-66]70 [66-74]*73 [70-76]*75 [68-81]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS53 [51-56]57 [53-61]61 [57-65]61 [58-65]69 [59-77] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses data points from various demographic and health surveys conducted across several countries, mentioning modern contraceptive prevalence rates but does not address or provide information about ancient civilizations or their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Szkudelski T, Szkudelska K. Resveratrol and diabetes: From animal to human studies. Biochim Biophys. Basis Dis. 2015;1852:1145-1154. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bbadis. 2014. 10. 013104. . Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and risk of Type 2 diabetes: A prospective cohort study and metaanalysis. Clin Chem. 2013:59:381-391. DOI: 10. 1373/clinchem. 2012. 193003105. . Prospective associations of vitamin D status with β-Cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia: The impact of parathyroid hormone status. Diabetes. 2014;63:3868-3879. DOI: 10. 2337/db14-0489106. Palomer X, González-Clemente JM, Blanco-Vaca F, Mauricio D. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metab. 2008;10:185-197. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1463-1326. 2007. 00710. x107. Leung P. The potential protective action of vitamin d in hepatic insulin resistance and pancreatic islet dysfunction in Type 2 diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2016;8:147. DOI: 10. 3390/nu8030147108. . Diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: the postgenomic era. J Nutr. 2003;133:3830S–3836S. DOI: 10. 1093/jn/133. 11. 3830S109. . Nutrigenomic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which dietary long-chain fatty acids induce gene signals and control mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. Nutrition. 2004;20:103-108. DOI: 10. 1016/j. nut. 2003. 09. 018110. Setlow RB. Human cancer: etiologic agents/dose responses/DNA repair/cellular and animal models. Mutat Res. 2001;477(1-2):1-6. DOI: 10. 1016/s0027-5107(01)00090-2111. A genetic perspective on nutritional profiles: do we still need them? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a 'nutrigenomic approach to understanding the mechanisms by which dietary long-chain fatty acids induce gene signals and control mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis.' This directly aligns with the definition of nutrigenomics, which studies the interplay between diet and genetic expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: In this regard, efforts that can be taken to preserve the environment and increase the benefits of natural resources in connection with mining activities are increasing supervision of mining activities and enforcing laws against polluters and environmental destroyers [13, 14]. It also needs consistency of all development stakeholders in their compliance with various legislative products in the field of protection and management of natural resources and the environment [15, 16], as well as increasing public awareness in efforts to manage and protect natural resources and the environment which are oriented towards the preservation and preservation of the environment [17-20]. Manganese rocks can endanger the lives of people who live side by side with manganese mines. Therefore, manganese should be exploited using various environmentally friendly approaches. In general, the basis for regulations and policies for the management of mining or minerals is 2020. 8. Standard of Purification of manganese as a basis for sustainable reclamation in manganese industry concentrate Ore: Pyrolusite psilomelan braunite manganite ≥49% Metals, alloys and chemistry of manganese a. ferrous manganese (FeMn). mm≥60% b. silica manganese (SiMn), ≥60% c. manganese monoxide (MnO), mn ≥47. 5% MnO2≤ 4% d. manganese sulfate (MnSO4) ≥90% e. manganese chloride (MnCl2) ≥90% f. synthetic manganese carbonate (MnCO3) ≥90% g. potassium permanganate (KMnO4) ≥90% h. manganese oxide (Mn3O4) ≥90% i. synthetic manganese dioxide (MnO2) ≥98%; and/or j. manganese sponge (direct reduced manganese) Mn ≥ 49%, MnO2 ≤ 4% k. electrolytic manganese dioxide MnO2 ≥ 90% and ≤ 250 ppm Source: Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, 2017 4. finding showed that functioning land according to its designation through reclamation and postmining is important, and is not solely the responsibility of the mining company, but also the responsibility of the government. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the environmental dangers associated with manganese mining, indicating that land-based mining activities require strict supervision and adherence to regulations for environmental protection. It mentions that manganese rocks could endanger nearby residents, suggesting potential negative impacts of land-based mining. This implies that land-based mining can have serious environmental consequences, contradicting the claim that seabed mining is always more environmentally friendly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 2. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by wealth group between two surveys. Each country has two bubbles per panel which represent the earlier and later surveys. Each panel represents the wealth groups from the poorest to richest. The size of the bubble represents the proportion of women in households in that wealth group. The height of the bubble represents MCPR. For example, looking at the panel for the poorest wealth group, in Nepal, the proportion of women in the poorest households decreased between the first and second survey. At the same time, the MCPR among the poorest women also increased. In all countries except Bangladesh, women with average wealth (those in the middle of the five wealth groups) had higher modern method use than in the lowest wealth groups. However, the gap in modern method use between those in the middle wealth group and the lowest wealth group declined in most countries between surveys. Growth in MCP was more uneven when comparing growth between surveys in higher wealth groups. All but three countries saw declines in MCP in the highest wealth groups, although these findings were not significant given the lower sample sizes in the richest groups per country. Conversely, in Senegal, there was a significant increase in MCP among the richest, which corresponds with a large significant increase in the number of people in the richest wealth group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive prevalence rates and wealth groups across countries, without addressing or providing any information related to ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2011;4:25-35. DOI:org/10. 1159/000322569112. . Nutritional genomics in practice: where do we begin? J Assoc. 2010;105:589-598. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jada. 2005. 01. 002113. Komduur RH, Korthals M, te Molder H. The good life: living for health and a life without risks? On a prominent script of nutrigenomics. Nutr. 2011;101:307-316. DOI: 10. 1017/S0007114508076253114. Sugimura T. Nutrition and dietary carcinogens. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21:387-395. DOI: 10. 1093/carcin/21. 3. 387115. Adlercreutz H. Phyto-oestrogens and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2002;3:364-373. DOI: 10. 1016/s1470-2045(02)00777-5116. Turnpenny P, Ellard S. Cancer genetics. In: Emmery’s elements of medical genetics. 2007;14:196-197117. . Methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase, diet and risk of colon cancer. Biomarkers Prev. 1999;8:513-518. DOI: 1999118. Bartsch H. DNA adducts in human carcinogenesis: etiological relevance and structure activity relationship. Mutat Res. 1996;340:67-79. DOI: 10. 1016/s0165-1110(96)90040-8119. . Molecular models for the tissue specificity of DNA mismatch repair deficient carcinogenesis. Res. 2006;34:840-852. DOI: 10. 1093/nar/gkj489120. Nutrigenomics. <. Dietary fish oil suppresses human colon tumour growth in athymic mice. (London). 1998;94:303-311. DOI:10. 1042/cs0940303122. . Fish oil blocks azoxymethane-induced rat colon tumorigenesis by increasing cell differentiation and apoptosis rather than decreasing cell proliferation. J Nutr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and articles relevant to nutrigenomics, which is defined as the study of the interactions between diet and genes. The mention of topics such as 'Nutritional genomics in practice' supports the idea that the field investigates how nutritional components affect genetic expression and health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining is more environmentally friendly than land-based mining in every way. [SEP] Text: In this case, according to changes in Law No. 3 of 2020 on Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Manganese Mining, it is the Minister who is responsible, because they are the ones who carry out the assessment and approval of reclamation plans, post-mining plans, as well as supervise the implementation of reclamation by these mining companies. Law No. 3 of 2020 changes to Law No. 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and emphasizes the implementation of Post-mining Reclamation which is always related to environmental management as stated in the general elucidation of paragraph 3 of Law No. 3 of 2020 to strengthening policies related to environmental management in Mining business activities, including the implementation of reclamation and post-mining. The findings highlighted the mining problems in which has resulted in the emergence of the local institutions as the main actor of local resistance. Local institutions are primarily concerned with key principles such as sustainability, welfare, justice and pro-life. These principles go beyond the partial interests of the state, corporations, NGOs. As the recommendations, local institutions with social power should determine new patterns of tripolar relations. The position of the local institutions goes beyond the role that can be played by NGOs, the local press, or intellectual groups. Meanwhile, other elements outside the local institutions do not have a systematic pattern to form effective local resistance, especially forms of movement that do not prioritize violence. Moreover, the implications also suggest the core principle of reclamation of manganese mining is sustainability principle. As mining minerals are natural resources that unrenewable resources, managing and utilizing them requires a spatial planning which is handled integrally to paying attention to agrarian aspect in land function to farming of local communities while at the same time balance the functions of ecosystems as well as the social and economic interests. There are some limitations in this study. This study did not empirically examine the governance process in post-mining reclamations. Moreover, Governance (ESG) was not properly examined in this study as this study only focus on local actors as the mediator in bridging the interest of tripolar relations (company, government and local communities) in post-mining reclamations. Thus, future research was expected to examine social and cultural perspectives in Governance (ESG) in broader perspective by using more samples in the research. Moreover, future research is expected to pay attention to governance aspects for the environmental conservation to ensure the rights of local communities in effective and equitable conservation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses regulations and practices related to mineral and manganese mining, focusing on environmental management, post-mining reclamation, and the role of local institutions. However, it does not provide any direct comparison between seabed mining and land-based mining or evaluate their environmental impacts in a way that support or contrast with the claim. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 2 below for additional comparisons. ResidenceTable 3 shows the MCP for countries disaggregated by residence. In every country in our analysis, modern contraceptive use was higher in urban areas than rural areas. Modern contraceptive use in rural and urban areas increased in most countries. Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings, and in Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe in both rural and urban settings. In three countries, MCP declined among rural women between surveys: Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan, though the decline was not significant. In both Pakistan and Nepal, MCP among urban women also declined between surveys. The largest gain among rural women was seen in Malawi where MCP increased by 17% between 2010 and 2016. Figure 3 illustrates the change in MCP between two surveys. Table 3. MCPR by residence by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses modern contraceptive use and related statistics across various countries, which does not address the existence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Predictors of stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics access Published: 22 September 2020 Predictors of stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics Che Mustapa1, : orcid. org/0000-0002-8086-33291,2 & Lynn J. Frewer3 Genes & Nutrition 1. It comprises of potential causes that are known to affect behavioural intention [43]. Perceptions of the risks and benefits of technologies in healthcare are considered to be the predominant factors contributing to their successful adoption. When individuals or targeted groups are more inclined to perceive the positive attributes, they are more likely to embrace the technology [62]. If individuals perceive there are potential benefits from a behaviour or choice, the risk associated with this behaviour or choice is perceived as lower [63]. A study by Berezowska et al. [25] in eight European countries (Greece, Spain, the Netherlands, Ireland, the UK, Germany, Poland and Norway) confirmed that consumers’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition depends more heavily on its benefits than its risks. Consumer rejection of adopting nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition may compromise the potential benefits of the technology [25]. The concept of risk perception is frequently linked to issues of safety and encompasses the short and long-term impacts on the environment, human health, and moral and societal issues [35, 64]. Risk and benefit perceptions are complex, often mutually dependent, and have an inverse association [64,65,66]. Although it would be interesting to hypothesise two-way relationships between perceived risks and benefits, partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) has the limitation that the paths between the latent constructs can only head in a single direction [67], resulting in the path was proposed from perceived risks to benefits. This was after taking into account the inference by Frewer, Howard and Shepherd [68] that people tend to focus more on the benefits of technology than its risks. There is limited research on the relationship between the two variables related to nutrigenomics; however, the research by Costa-Font and Gil [47] and Prati et al. [48] showed that perceived benefits mediated the influence of perceived risk on attitudes to GM food. Fig. 1The conceptual framework for stakeholders’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing nutrigenomics and its adoption, highlighting its relevance in the context of personalized nutrition. The text implies that nutrigenomics involves understanding the complex interactions between individual preferences (which can include dietary choices) and genetic predispositions, thereby aligning with the claim that the field explores the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: moreover specifically refer to ‘mining and quarrying’ activities including ‘resource extraction, manipulation and forms of mining or extraction of any natural resources whether regulated by law or not. ’ Mining licenses in Namibia are granted under the Minerals (Prospecting and Mining) Act, 1992 with the application process set out in s. 91. Act provides for attaching environmental conditions in issuing mining licenses and requires An estimate of the effect which the proposed prospecting operations and mining operations may have on the environment and the proposed steps to be taken in order to minimize or prevent any such effect. Furthermore, before mining may commence, the environmental commissioner must decide on whether the activity requires an environmental impact assessment. In 2011 the Ministry of Mines and Energy granted mining licences to two companies, Phosphate and LL Namibia Phosphates, for the exploitation of phosphate deposits off the coast of Namibia. 11 The mining licences were granted subject to the approval of an Assessment. 2012 Phosphate submitted a draft Assessment and Plan for the proposed (Project). Project would involve dredging the seabed in Namibia’s exclusive economic zone at depths of 3m and removing large volumes of sediment, up to 5. 5 million tonnes annually. The operations expected an annual production of up to 3 million tonnes of phosphate rocks. Sediment would be stored on the vessels and thereafter transferred to land for processing which involves separation of phosphate from other marine sediment. 12 As part of the Assessment, specialist studies were undertaken that included potential impacts on seabirds and marine mammals, fish and fisheries, water column dynamics, macrobenthos and jellyfish. 13 There was considerable opposition to the Sandpiper Project. A number of civil society organisations (both local and international)14 and fishery industry associations15 strongly opposed the granting of rights and campaigned for a review of the decision. 16 Furthermore, independent scientists raised strong objections against the and the EIA based on environmental impacts. These included the direct destruction to benthic habitats; release of hydrogen sulphide concentrations; release of heavy metals and bioaccumulation in the food chain in turn impacting on fisheries; reduced phosphorous content in the seabed which results in oxygen depletion and toxicity of processing plants on shore near Walvis Bay. 17 In response to that opposition and the potential impacts on Namibia’s fishing industry, the Minister of Fisheries and took steps to establish a moratorium on marine phosphate mining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the environmental concerns and opposition related to seabed mining in Namibia. It discusses potential negative impacts on marine ecosystems, fisheries, and habitats, which suggests that seabed mining could have significant environmental and social costs. This opposition and the need for environmental assessments imply that the benefits of increased mineral access may not outweigh the harmful consequences, thereby challenging the claim that seabed mining will necessarily lead to more affordable electronics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyUrbanRuralBangladesh2014 DHS56 [54-58]53 [52-55]Bangladesh2011 DHS54 [52-56]51 [50-53]Burundi2016-17 DHS29 [25-32]22 [21-24]*Burundi2010 DHS 29 [25-33]17 [15-18]Ethiopia2016 DHS50 [46-54]32 [30-35]*Ethiopia2011 DHS50 [46-53]23 [20-25]Haiti2016-17 DHS33 [30-36]31 [29-33]Haiti2012 DHS31 [29-34]31 [29-34]Malawi2015-16 DHS61 [59-64]*58 [56-59]*Malawi2010 DHS 50 [46-53]41 [39-42]Nepal2016 DHS44 [42-46]41 [38-43]Nepal2011 DHS50 [47-53]42 [40-45]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 29 [27-31]23 [21-25]Pakistan2012-13 DHS32 [30-35]23 [22-25]Senegal2017 DHS37 [34-39]*19 [17-21]*Senegal2012 DHS27 [24-31]9 [8-11]Sierra Leone2017 MICS30 [28-32]*16 [14-17]*Sierra Leone2011 MICS 16 [13-19]8 [7-9]Uganda2016 DHS41 [38-43]33 [31-35]*Uganda 2011 DHS 39 [36-43]23 [22-25]Zimbabwe2015 DHS71 [68-73]*63 [61-66]*Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS60 [57-64]56 [54-58] MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. Figure 3. Change in modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by residence between two surveys. EducationTable 4 shows the MCP stratified by education status between two surveys and Figure 4 illustrates the same information visually. In six of the 11 countries there were significant changes in MCP between surveys related to education: and Uganda. In all six countries, gains in modern contraceptive use were made among women with no education. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on demographic and health survey data pertaining to modern contraceptive prevalence rates and educational status in various countries. It does not address the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: The remaining constructs: perceived benefits, perceived risks and intention to adopt were specific to nutrigenomics. The perceived benefits of nutrigenomics scale (CR = 0. 823) consisted of six items. Each item was measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The measure for perceived risk of nutrigenomics (CR = 0. 896) was obtained by using five items and each item was measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). Intention to adopt nutrigenomics (CR = 0. 917) was measured by five items with each item measured on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). A brief introduction regarding nutrigenomics and its applications (such as nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition and the purpose of nutrigenomics) was presented to the respondents prior to administering the questionnaire. In addition, the respondents were permitted to ask questions so that they were fully informed about the study and understood the benefits and risks related to the application of nutrigenomics. Statistical analysisThe data was analysed using the SmartPLS software (version 3. 2. 7) to evaluate the significant predictors and assess the relationships between the constructs. Four steps were followed: testing the validity and reliability of the constructs, discriminant validity analysis, analysing the structural relationships and assessing the fitness of the overall model. PLS-SEM is a well-established technique that has been frequently applied by many researchers across a variety of disciplines [67, 94,95,96,97]. PLS-SEM has been chosen in this study, as it is rated as being more suitable for predictive analysis, and can maintain the relevant indicator variables without compromising the predictive accuracy and robustness of R2 [98]. Additionally, it has been shown as being more rigorous with fewer issues in identification, as well as being able to curtail the problem of residual variances related to endogenous constructs [67]. Covariance based SEM (CB-SEM) is limited because of the elimination of relevant indicator variables in relation to increased model fit at the expense of the construct validity [98]. ResultsDescriptive analysisstakeholders claimed they were moderately engaged with modern biotechnology activities (mean score 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of nutrigenomics, including its perceived benefits, risks, and applications like nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition. It indicates that nutrigenomics involves the examination of how diet relates to genetic factors and highlights the purpose of nutrigenomics, hence supporting the claim regarding its exploration of the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining will make all electronics more affordable due to increased mineral access. [SEP] Text: ’ further requires decision-makers to use their powers to gain as much information as possible by requesting information from the applicant, obtaining advice or commissioning reviews or reports. Section 62(2) states: For the avoidance of doubt, the application may be refused if the decision-makers consider that they do not have adequate information to determine the application. In reaching its decision the Committee considered the following effects on the environment: The significant and permanent adverse effects on the benthic environment. The effects of the return of waste material to the seabed following processing aboard the vessel. Effects on the trophic web (including primary production, microbes and zooplankton), fish and other pelagic fauna, rock lobsters, water quality and seabirds. The effects of mining related noise, including on marine mammals; and the risks to biosecurity and human health. further considered the following threats to existing interests: Interests arising from Treaty of Waitangi settlements. Commercial fishing; marine eco-tourism; customary fishing; and other vessels traversing the area. Effects of the proposal on other marine management regimes, including the. Interests of and the effects of the proposal on Māori and Moriori cultural interests (Currie, 2015). In summary, the Committee refused the application on four grounds: Environmental impact: firstly found that the impacts of the drag head on benthic fauna would be highly destructive. These effects could not be ‘avoided, remedied or mitigated’. The mining would take place in the an area protected from trawling and dredging. The mining operations would destroy stony coral communities which were regarded by the Committee as rare and vulnerable ecosystems. The damage would be irreversible’ altering the habitat permanently to soft sediment habitats. Furthermore, waste material and effluent returned to the seabed would have considerable effects on benthic habitats both within the mining blocks and the wider environment. 33 Lack of knowledge: There was a lack of information to enable certainty on the impacts on the environment and existing interests. This was attributed to a lack of scientific knowledge of the receiving environment and of the proposed mining operations, regarded as ‘the first seabed mining project ever undertaken at such depths anywhere in the world’. With a lack of available knowledge, the Committee was accordingly required to ‘favour caution and environmental protection’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant environmental impacts and risks associated with seabed mining, which the decision-makers considered crucial in their refusal of the application. It highlights the destructive effects on benthic fauna and vulnerable ecosystems already existing in the mining areas, as well as the lack of sufficient scientific knowledge to ascertain the broader implications of mining operations. Rather than suggesting that seabed mining will lead to more affordable electronics through increased mineral access, the text emphasizes caution and the need for environmental protection over economic benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: In five of six countries– Burundi, Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda, significant MCP gains were also made among women with primary education. , MCP gains among women with secondary education were also significant. The proportion of women with no education declined between two surveys in four of the six countries (and not in Ethiopia or Sierra Leone). Malawi had the fastest MCP growth where it grew by more than 16% among women with no education. Modern use remained stagnant (i. e. change was not statistically significant) among women in the highest education group in most countries except in where it increased. Note, in Sierra Leone, the highest education category includes secondary and higher education, while in other countries those categories are separate. Among women in the highest education group, traditional method use increased in Burundi and Uganda by more than one percentage point. Further analysis is needed to discern if women in the highest education group in Burundi and Uganda discontinued a modern method for a traditional method or have been long-term traditional method users. Table 4. MCPR by education by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern maternal and child health (MCP) statistics and trends across certain African countries, which does not address or provide information related to ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: [111] and Frewer [116] showed that people who perceive nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition as offering specific benefits tend to perceive it having fewer risks and express a greater behavioural intention to adopt. It would be interesting to investigate whether an inverse relationship exists between perceived benefits and perceived risks, which could not be determined in this model due to the limitations of the PLS-SEM software. In the future, it is suggested that this association be determined using other software that can test non-recursive relationships such as CB-SEM. Other factors such as trust in key players, engagement with medical genetics and religiosity also significantly influence stakeholders’ intentions regarding the adoption of nutrigenomics. Trust in key players was found to have a significant positive association with intention. This suggests that when respondents have high trust in the key players who are responsible for regulating the technology, such as service providers, industry figures and government regulators, they are more likely to intend to adopt the technology. This is in line with previous findings showing that the trust factor represents a significant and relevant predictor associated with consumers’ intention to adopt nutrigenomics-based personalised nutrition [70] and the acceptance of different novel food technologies [117,118,119]. Along the same lines, trust is a significant contributory factor to people’s risk and benefit assessment of gene technology [54, 120, 121]. Without trust in key players, the public will have greater perceptions of the potential technological risks, and will be more sceptical about the assurances provided by experts and regulators [65, 122]. Engagement with medical genetics was found to be positively related to the intention to adopt nutrigenomics. People who are more exposed to the issues surrounding medical genetics are expected to be more supportive of such technology. Asadollahi et al. [123] suggested that greater public awareness and knowledge with regard to medical genetics and its services is required to facilitate the implementation and establishment of genetic services, which may lead to the successful development of future medical contexts. In line with this, a qualitative study by Hann et al. [124] suggested that low levels of both awareness and knowledge were highlighted as barriers to the adoption of genetic testing and genetic counselling. Notably, better public education and genetic literacy especially in low and middle-income countries may improve understanding and, consequently, increase support for the application of genetic services [125]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the willingness of individuals to adopt nutrigenomics-based personalized nutrition, which inherently involves the interaction between diet and genetics. It emphasizes factors like trust in key players and engagement with medical genetics as influencing stakeholders' intentions regarding the adoption of nutrigenomics, indicating that the field is relevant to understanding how diet can interact with genetic factors.