Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: [8] recently showed that the early-bursts of phenotypic diversification traditionally predicted by theory [2, 10] are only rarely observed across numerous cases of adaptive radiations ranging from taxonomically small to large lineages. Therefore, this EB pattern of evolutionary diversification traditionally implied as a central condition to define adaptive radiations is not compatible with the evolutionary history of multiple classic lineages that have been instrumental in shaping the theory of adaptive radiation itself. These replicated findings raise the question of what features define an adaptive radiation. On one hand, we agree with previous authors [1, 8, 90] that the timing of adaptive radiation is not a necessary condition to define the process. Instead, it is a feature that should be empirically tested to better understand the contexts of diversification of specific clades [1]. In addition, inference of diversification dynamics as functions of ecological processes (e. g. , density-dependent diversification via niche saturation over time) from LTT curves can be inaccurate. For instance, while asymptotic functions may not necessarily reflect density-dependent diversification [91–93], failure to identify diversification slowdowns does not rule out a density-dependent diversification [9]. Also, the traditional link between asymptotic diversification patterns and adaptive radiations implicitly assumes that the environments occupied by radiating clades are rather static over their evolutionary histories (i. e. , ecological opportunity gets saturated early on, then, adaptive diversification slows down). However, episodes of ecological opportunity can emerge multiple times during the evolutionary history of a lineage (see above). For example, the temporally and spatially spread pulses of Andean uplifts are likely to have generated episodic ecological opportunity during the history of Liolaemus, potentially eroding a more pronounced overall asymptotic diversity-dependent curve for the genus (which may at least in part be linked to the, although non-significant, slight pulses of diversification observed in the LTT analysis; Fig. 2). Unquestionably, diversification mediated by niche filling following emergence of ecological opportunity is a central component of processes of adaptive radiation. Therefore, we argue that adaptively radiating lineages are likely to experience bursts of species and phenotypic diversification during their evolutionary history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how episodes of ecological opportunity can lead to bursts of species and phenotypic diversification, which is a fundamental aspect of adaptive radiation. It emphasizes that diversification should be viewed in the context of ecological processes and highlights the importance of ecological opportunity in understanding adaptations, stating that 'diversification mediated by niche filling following emergence of ecological opportunity is a central component of processes of adaptive radiation.'


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: In the survey, 100% of students believed that they understood all the important points from the lecture. Table 1: Distribution of Scores (Scale of 0 to 12). students Students that weredistracted (N = 17) Students that were notdistracted (N = 9) p-value Mean 9. 85 9. 53 10. 44 0. 652 Standard deviation 2. 89 3. 20 2. 24 Minimum 4 4 6 25th percentile 7. 75 6 8. 50 Median 12 12 12 75th percentile 12 12 12 Maximum 12 12 12 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 572/table-1 Notes: Mann-test was used to compare distribution of scores between distracted and non-distracted students. Results of the multivariable linear regression analysis examining the simultaneous association of gender and distraction on test scores are summarized in Table 2. After adjustment for the effects of distraction, males were associated with 2. 6 points higher scores compared to females. However, this was not statistically significant (p = 0. 052). After adjustment for the effects of gender, those who were distracted did not have a significantly different score when compared to those who were not distracted (p = 0. 955). Gender and distraction explained 17. 5% of variance in test scores. Table 2: Multivariable linear regression analysis for examining the effects of gender and distraction on test scores. Independent variable Parameter estimate (95% CI) p-value 2. 60 (−0. 02–5. 21) 0. 052 0. 07 (−2. 47–2. 61) 0. 955 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 572/table-2 Results of the multivariable linear regression examining the effects of different types of distractions and gender on test scores are summarized in Table 3. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in test scores for the different types of distractions: checking email (estimate is −0. 88, p = 0. 476), sending email (estimate is 2. 40, p = 0. 166), checking Facebook (estimate is −2. 16, p = 0. 293), or sending text (estimate is 3. 66, p = 0. 199) after adjusting for the effects of gender (estimate is 2. 44, p = 0. 007). In this model, gender and different types of distractions explained 32% of variance in test scores. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the results of a survey and statistical analyses showing that various factors, such as gender and distraction, significantly influence student scores. Specifically, it notes that after adjusting for distraction and gender, there were no statistically significant differences in test scores. This suggests that academic performance is variable and dependent on multiple factors, thereby refuting the notion that AI can ensure uniform academic performance among all students.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Conversely, some states (eg, Kentucky, Tennessee) failed to have great improvements in combined-race mortality but saw a large reduction in the absolute racial gap from 1999–2013. In every state there was improvement in both black and white mortality, but improvement in black mortality was always greater (data not shown). Figure 2 displays a similar relationship between relative disparity and annual percentage changes in combined-race mortality across states. Again, the extent of state improvement in combined mortality is not correlated with the reduction in the relative black-to-white ratio disparity measure (correlation coefficient = −0. 17). Massachusetts and Maryland improved substantially on both combined-race mortality and relative racial gap outcomes while other states’ (eg, Oklahoma, Kansas) improvement on both was not as great. California and Illinois improved greatly on the combined-race mortality rate but not as well on the relative black-to-white ratio; the opposite was true for Kentucky and Tennessee. Figure 2. Relative racial disparity versus annual percentage change in combined-race mortality: variation in 33 states’ annual percentage improvement in combined-race (black and white) mortality and relative racial disparities, 1999–2013. [A tabular version of this figure is also available. State abbreviations are spelled out in the table. ] The lack of a strong relationship between the combined improvement in mortality and improvement in the disparity gaps answers the question posed in the title and in our hypothesis; most states have not achieved these 2 outcomes simultaneously. Some states, such as Massachusetts, did well on both mean mortality improvement and disparity reduction, while others, such as Oklahoma, have had difficulty with both. However, states often perform well with one dimension but struggle with the other. We believe our data provide some guidance about what is possible for any state to achieve. At least one state, Maryland, experienced an annual improvement in combined mortality by 1. 83% from 1999 through 2013; at least one state, Rhode Island, experienced an annual improvement of 6. 6% per year in the black–white mortality absolute gap; at least one state, Rhode Island, had an annual improvement of 2. 47% per year in the relative black-to-white mortality ratio. These are not theoretical targets; they are results that were achieved by at least one state during the past decade. Massachusetts performed the best in simultaneous overall improvement (1. 74%), absolute disparity reduction (4. 73%), and relative disparity reduction (1. 3%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural environments and their effects on stress or mental health. Instead, it focuses on the improvement of mortality rates and disparity measures across various states between 1999 and 2013. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Yet, as suggested above, these bursts can occur in multiple episodes which are, in turn, likely to be a function of changes in the environment, thus eroding the density-dependent signature of diversification. Consequently, we support the view [1, 3, 90] that an adaptive radiation should be defined as the diversification of a single lineage into a variety of species adapted to exploit different portions of the multidimensional spectrum of ecological resources driven by divergent natural selection. On the other hand, as indicated above, we suggest that interpretations of the signals of diversification mode inferred from relative disparity through-time analyses should be based on multiple factors, rather than on the extent of subclade overlap in morphospace (i. e. , the MDI value) alone. ConclusionsOur study reveals that lineage diversification in the continental genus Liolaemus, one of Earth’s most prolific vertebrate radiations, conforms to a diversity-dependent model. This process is traditionally interpreted as adaptive radiation through niche filling [2, 8, 94]. Consistent with continuous large-scale environmental changes and emergence of ecological opportunity caused by the uplift of the Andes, this radiation shows some slight signals of episodic pulses of lineage accumulation. Therefore, and regardless of whether these pulses are linked to episodic ecological opportunity offered by the Andes, we suggest that ecological opportunity in continents can be strong and a crucial driver of adaptive radiations, but may emerge less frequently compared to islands. Body size diversification, in contrast, does not follow a niche filling process (it conforms to a multiple-peak OU model and shows a positive MDI value). We argue that depending on factors such as the nature (whether it is episodic, spatially spread) of ecological opportunity, lineage distribution, and the functional contribution of traits to adaptive diversification, models of diversification between lineages and phenotypes can differ. Finally, in agreement with previous authors [1, 8, 90], we suggest that adaptive radiations should not be defined solely based on evidence for early-burst processes. Instead, we advocate a more general definition based on evidence for diversification of an ancestor into multiple species adapted to different ecological niches. Availability of supporting dataThe body size data set supporting the results of this 1. Research ethicsResearch ethical approval and consent are not applicable to this study, since the study involves no human or live animal subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the definition and processes involved in adaptive radiation, which includes the diversification of a single lineage into multiple species adapted to exploit different ecological resources. It emphasizes that this diversification can be driven by divergent natural selection and ecological opportunity, particularly in the context of the genus Liolaemus and the environmental changes linked to the uplift of the Andes. The authors advocate a broader understanding of adaptive radiation that aligns with the mechanisms of species diversification in response to ecological niches.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: 4% of the class reported engaging in “distracting” behavior such as emailing, using Facebook or texting. Nonetheless, 100% of the students believed that they had understood the important concepts discussed in the lecture. However, in some questions, only 58% of students knew the correct answer. The major concern is that all students believed they understood the important concepts but there were three questions in the post-test where less than 70% knew the correct answer. Overall learning outcomes were not ideal, however, the group that reported being distracted performed similarly to the group that said they were not distracted. Existing research concurs with this finding and reports that media multitasking was not related to self-reported difficulties in distractibility (Center, 2010). In the current study, 58. 8% of the “distracted” group and 55. 6% of “non-distracted” answered all questions correctly. Notably, in the current study all males who were engaged in a “distracting” behavior scored 100% in the post-test. However, among females engaged in “distracting” behaviors only 50% got all questions correct. The mean score for males was 11. 63 points compared to 9. 06 in females. However, the overall scores were not statistically significantly different between males and females. The small sample size in the current study could have precluded us from identifying a statistically significant difference in test scores between males and females. It should also be noted that non-distracted males also performed better than their female counterparts and there may be some gender bias in our test. Additionally, our pilot study is small and there is insufficient statistical power to demonstrate that men multitask better during dental school lectures, however, it is interesting that males seemed to outperform females when “distracted” during the current study. This finding is in conflict with several 9. 53 (on a scale of 0 to 12), whereas, the mean score for non-distracted students was 10. 44. Measures that reduce distracted behaviors such as blocking wireless internet access in lecture theaters may aid in maintaining the effectiveness of lectures as a mode of education in the modern era. An interesting study comparing emergency room (ER) doctors to regular ward doctors found that ER doctors switched tasks more frequently. However, ward doctors multitasked more frequently than ER doctors (Walter et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the varied academic performance among students despite their beliefs about understanding the material. It notes that not all students performed equally, as evidenced by the differing correct answers between distracted and non-distracted groups and the difference in gender scores. The overall finding indicates that academic performance is not uniform among students, which directly undermines the notion that AI could guarantee equal performance levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: More work could also model and project realistic overall and disparity reduction targets that the and the individual US states could each achieve by using the highest performing states as guides. As a starting point for discussion, the observed national median annual percentage of 1. 1% combined improvement, 3. 6% absolute gap reduction, and 1. 2% relative gap reduction could be future state continuous improvement benchmarks. Some states might want to use these baselines to develop targets, while others might want to use as baselines what peer states accomplished. Our results reinforce the importance of reporting disparity results in both absolute and relative terms. Although neither measure showed an overall correlation with combined mortality improvement, there were differences across the states depending on the disparity measure used. Although each disparity measure has slightly different results, the annual percentage change for absolute and relative disparity are strongly linked (correlation coefficient = 0. 91). Although in this study both measures showed improvement, there are examples where one measure improves but the other does not (17). Since neither is intrinsically preferable from a policy perspective, policy makers should continue to measure and target reductions in both. Several limitations should be considered when interpreting our results. This analysis is limited to all-cause mortality; additional research is needed to look into age-specific mortality as well as non-mortality outcomes such as morbidity and health-related quality of life measures (18). In addition, specific-age groups should be examined to see whether there are life stage differences in these findings. We limited our analysis to state changes, so we do not know the extent of variation across counties in improvements or declines in trends. Nor did we examine other disparity domains such as socioeconomic status, which should be investigated since health-related socioeconomic disparities are large and are seen in every state (19). It would also be useful to examine other periods to determine whether the range in improvement we found was achieved in other periods, since what occurred in our study period might be an imperfect guide to future possibilities; the mortality experience of the previous cohorts that produced these results may be different in either direction for more recent cohorts. Of course, these results do not indicate how any state achieved the results that we show here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses measures of mortality improvement and disparity reduction without addressing the impact of natural environments on stress or mental health. There is no mention of environmental factors or their relationship to psychological well-being.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for mitochondrial sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. Panel (a) shows a close-up on the topological position of hybrid specimens 1 to 3 and panel (b) of A. leucokranos. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 4Nuclear phylogeny of hybrid cloned sequences. Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for nuclear sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. The two panels (a & b) are close-ups on the topological position of the cloned sequences. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 5Distribution of potentially hybridising species. Species distribution following [17], of species likely implicated in hybridisation events. The localities of the sequenced hybrid individuals are shown by yellow dots or area when known. The precise geographical origin of the hybrid 2 individual is unknown, the question mark sign indicates the general area where it was collected. Full size imageDiscussionOur results show instances of cyto-nuclear incongruence in the clownfish phylogenetic tree, which suggests several hybridisation events. The most ancient of those events occurred in the same time frame as a node that was identified twice independently as the highest increase in diversification rate happening in the damselfish family [22],[23]. This evidence suggests a relationship between this ancient hybridisation event and the main burst of diversification of the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. Moreover, we identify nodes with an excess of homoplasy that can be attributed to more recent hybridisation events. Finally, we identify the parental lineages of four hybrid individuals, showing that hybridisation still occurs within clownfishes. This evidence suggests that the diversification of the clownfishes has been likely fuelled by hybridisation events that created novel phenotypes and eventually new species in a manner similar to the well-known cichlids. Past hybridisationWe reconstruct separately the phylogenetic trees of the mitochondrial (three markers) and nuclear (seven markers) genomes. Most nodes show high posterior probabilities, yet, several shallow nodes of our mitochondrial and nuclear trees are only weakly supported. This can originate from the lack of phylogenetic informative sites between closely related species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing evidence of hybridization events within clownfishes and how these events relate to diversification in the species. It specifically mentions that 'the diversification of the clownfishes has been likely fuelled by hybridisation events that created novel phenotypes and eventually new species'. This aligns with the notion of adaptive radiation, as it illustrates how new environmental factors and hybridization can lead to the emergence of new species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can guarantee that all students will perform at the same academic level. [SEP] Text: It seemed from the study that safety may be implicit in task-switching and multitasking decisions. In the current study of dental students, we found that multitasking didn’t necessarily have a negative impact on learning performance as some distracted students (particularly males) were able to score 100% in the post-test. Since current generations of students are very comfortable with technology and often have their electronic device near them, some thought should be given to the integration of these devices as learning tools for medical and dental students as they transition to independent practice. More research is necessary to evaluate patient perception of electronic device use by doctors and the merits of including appropriate use of electronic devices during education and patient visits. Additionally, caution should be used when embracing new methods of teaching. The current study shows that students who became distracted during a traditional lecture performed similarly to those who were not. Educational outcomes and costs to the institution should be thoroughly considered when implementing curriculum changes. Larger studies that compare educational outcomes of traditional lectures to other modalities of teaching will help determine the place of the traditional lecture in modern curriculum. It should be noted that this was a small, quasi-experimental, exploratory study and only provides basic pilot data. The study could be underpowered to find statistically significant associations. A larger study that evaluates students over a semester of lectures and evaluates electronic activity without seeking accurate self-reporting is needed to confirm results. Another limitation is that students answered the post-lecture test and then, immediately, answered the post-lecture survey which requires them to self-report activities related to electronic activities. This may result in biased answers as students realize the purpose of the surveys. The regression models in the current study explained only a small proportion of variance in test scores. This clearly shows that there could be a multitude of other variables apart from gender and distractions which could influence test scores. Consequently, the issue of omitted variables bias should not be discounted. Finally, this is a small, single site study and information may not be generalizable. five percent of students in a traditional lecture reported being distracted by email, Facebook or text messages. Those who were distracted during the lecture performed similarly in the post-lecture test to the undistracted group. However, results should be interpreted with caution as this study was a small quasi-experimental design and further research should examine the influence of different types of distraction on different types of learning. data. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in student performance based on distractions and multitasking, highlighting that different factors influence academic outcomes. It mentions that 'some distracted students (particularly males) were able to score 100%' which suggests that not all students perform at the same level, even when using the same educational methods. Further, it underlines the notion that 'there could be a multitude of other variables apart from gender and distractions which could influence test scores,' reinforcing the idea that AI cannot ensure uniformity in academic performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: We use the term “experienced” explicitly rather than “produced,” since it is unclear and probably unlikely that any states produced such results intentionally in response to explicit mean improvement-disparity reduction targets, although Maryland set mean and disparity targets for a variety of health outcomes and determinants (20). Nor do we know the most cost-effective way of achieving the improvement some states achieved, either in any one of the measures or both together. Although we are beginning to collect evidence on effective programs and policies, such evidence often shows relationships for mean improvement rather than disparity reduction and overall effectiveness instead of cost effectiveness (21). Examining the states that performed well and states that performed poorly on both dimensions may reveal clues about the most effective policy packages to use for large improvement. If a public or a private policy maker were interested in trying to determine what would produce optimal results, some standard of what “optimal” means would need to be defined. For this purpose, we believe it would be useful to have some summary metric of mean and disparity gap improvement such as the achievement index suggested by Wagstaff (22). indicated, such a metric would have to reflect a value choice of the relative importance of mean improvement in mortality versus disparity reduction. Such a metric could be more complicated than the one he proposed, since several disparity domains also need to be considered. Since different states or communities would probably value each component (or each disparity domain) differently, a useful tool would be one that allows different weights to be used for each component so that achievement progress could be assessed component by component, perhaps beginning with a default standard that weighted components equally. Despite these challenges, we believe that our results are useful now in beginning to set benchmarks for what is possible and to identify programs and policies that are most closely related to improved performance. We encourage public and private entities to 1) review what many states achieved in both general improvement and disparity reduction and 2) set policy and investment priorities in accordance with their own values and perspectives (23). Top 3726. Telephone: 608-263-4886. Email: dakindig@wisc. edu. Author Affiliations: Nicholas Lardinois, University of Wisconsin-; Debanjana Chatterjee, Division of University of of Medicine, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Top 2020. Perspectives on Audiology 2011;7(1):29–33. CrossRefexternal icon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about natural environments and their impact on stress and mental health. Instead, it discusses the challenges in evaluating health outcomes and the need for benchmarks and metrics for improvement in health disparities. The content is focused on policy evaluation and improvement measures rather than exploring or supporting the idea of natural environments affecting mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: Previous studies of phylogenetic relationships of the Pomacentridae inferred by mitochondrial or nuclear markers, all support the monophyly of the clownfish as well as the existence of the main clownfish clades [18],[23]-[25]. The topology obtained with the mitochondrial data corresponds to these published phylogenetic trees. We find several deep cytonuclear discordances in the clownfish. The relative position of the ephippium clade changes radically between the two datasets, which suggests the occurrence of hybridisation in the timeframe of node 8 (Figure 2). While this node is not basal to all clownfishes, it is ancestral to 24 of the 28 species (30 described species minus A. leucokranos and A. thiellei which were likely described from hybrid material [20]). This clade represents a major shift in diversification rate with a 2. 5-fold increase compared to the diversification rate of Pomacentridae [22],[23]. The pattern of concurrent increase in rate of diversification and occurrence of hybridisation fits into the framework of the syngameon hypothesis [6], where hybridisation events preludes an acceleration of ecological differentiation and diversification rate. Moreover, this result is robust regarding node support, as the relationship between the clarkii and the ephippium clade is itself highly supported (see Additional file 1). We find paraphyletic mitochondrial genotypes in A. sandaracinos. The fact that the two A. sandaracinos individuals cluster with high support in the nuclear dataset suggests a recent hybridisation event implying a mitochondrial genotype that belongs to an unknown lineage of the akallopisos clade. Results of the HET suggest the ongoing occurrence of genetic exchanges between A. sandaracinos and A. pacificus (node 13, Figure 2). The two species are phenotypically very similar and it is possible that a third cryptic species having the mitochondrial profile of the A. sandaracinos sample from Guinea exists. The remaining topological inconsistencies of the polymnus clade are not well supported as shown by the Bayesian posterior probabilities of their respective nodes on the mitochondrial phylogeny. This discrepancy may be artifactual and is thus not further discussed. Hybridisation and adaptive radiationOur results highlight the existence of a main hybridisation event at the base of the Amphiprion crown group (node 8, Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between hybridisation and diversification rates, highlighting that 'the pattern of concurrent increase in rate of diversification and occurrence of hybridisation fits into the framework of the syngameon hypothesis,' where hybridisation events can lead to increased ecological differentiation and diversification. This aligns with the concept of adaptive radiation, which explains how species diversify in response to new environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can autonomously award degrees based on student behavior without exams or assignments. [SEP] Text: Social behavior persistence (Scheme 2) Request a detailed protocol Flies were loaded into social arena arrays, assayed, and deposited into FlyPlates after phenotyping according to general experimental procedures. Each fly was randomly assigned to be part of 10 dyads on the first day. Flies were assayed six times per day for 7 days. Fly identity was maintained throughout the experimental duration by storing flies individually. In total, each dyad was phenotyped four times. We averaged behavioral measures across the first and last two phenotyping sessions. Social interaction network (SIN) persistence (Scheme 3) Request a detailed protocol Flies were born in the and deposited into FlyPlates according to the virgin-picking procedure. Two groups of 10 flies each were assayed and deposited back into FlyPlates after phenotyping according to general experimental procedures. Flies were assayed six times per day for 3 days to exhaust each possible dyad combination twice. Social interaction analyses Interactivity index Request a detailed protocol A dyad’s interactivity index was defined as the correlation of dyad-neighbors’ distances to the interaction barrier over the entire experimental duration (Figure 5B–D). Distance was defined as the euclidean distance between a fly’s centroid and the closest side of the interaction barrier. Coincidental approaches Request a detailed protocol We defined a coincidental approach as an interval in which both flies in a dyad were located within one body-length (3 mm) of the interaction barrier on the same frame. This definition of social interaction yielded qualitatively similar results to the interactivity index (Figure 5—figure supplement 2). Distance to the barrier was defined as the euclidean distance between a fly’s centroid and the nearest side of the barrier. A coincidental approach was scored as a single event irrespective of its duration. For each subsequent coincidental approach to be valid, at least one fly was required to leave and re-enter the 3 mm zone. Coincidental approaches were normalized for dyad mean speed over the experimental duration. Dyad mean speed was the grand mean of both dyad-neighbors’ mean speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures involving social behavior and interaction of flies without any mention of AI, degrees, or assessment related to student behavior. Therefore, it does not provide supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Improving population health and reducing health care disparities. (Millwood) 2007;26(5):1281–92. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon ínez JM, Muntaner C. Beyond Rose’s strategies: a typology of scenarios of policy impact on population health and health inequalities. 2011;41(1):1–9. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Deaton A. Policy implications of the gradient of health and wealth. (Millwood) 2002;21(2):13–30. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Monitoring progress in population health: trends in premature death rates. Dis 2013;10:E214. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Orsi JM, Margellos-Anast H, Whitman S. Black-white health disparities in the and Chicago: a 15-year progress analysis. 2010;100(2):349–56. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Drewette-. The disparity change score: a new methodology to examine health disparities in New Mexico. J 2005;11(6):484–92. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Monitoring change in health disparity. J 2008;14(5):481–6. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. What if we were equal? A comparison of the black-white mortality gap in 1960 and 2000. (Millwood) 2005;24(2):459–64. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. State-level variations in racial disparities in life expectancy. Res 2012;47(1 Pt 2):544–55. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. From politics to parity: using a health disparities index to guide legislative efforts for health equity. 2011;101(3):554–60. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Underlying cause of death database. Atlanta (GA): for Health Statistics, Centers for and Prevention; 1999–2013. 8, 2015. State disparity trends. Madison (WI): University of Wisconsin-Health Institute. . Implicit value judgments in the measurement of health inequalities. 2010;88(1):4–29. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon Asada Y. On the choice of absolute or relative inequality measures. 2010;88(4):616–22, discussion 623–7. CrossRefexternal icon PubMedexternal icon. Lies, damned lies, and health inequality measurements: understanding the value judgments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural environments and their effects on stress and mental health. Instead, it discusses various aspects of population health, health disparities, and the methodologies used to assess health inequalities, which are unrelated to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: This node has been previously linked with a burst of diversification rate in the clownfish clade [22],[23] and may also be mainly responsible for the increase in rate of morphological evolution found in the group [18]. In contrary, we did not detect traces of ancient hybridisation in the percula group which is species poor relative to the Amphiprion crown group. One recent hybridisation event likely occurred around node 41 (Figure 2) between A. percula and A. ocellaris. The distribution of those two species is mostly allopatric, but they share a common boundary and may overlap at some locations [26] possibly leading to gene exchange. Yet, despite similar behaviour and ecology, the species of the percula clade seemingly failed to radiate [19]. The fact that the clade deriving from a major hybridisation event is the only one to show patterns of rapid speciation supports the view that hybridisation can promote diversification during adaptive radiation. Actually, hybridisation appears to be one of the key factors explaining the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes. Recent hybridisation eventsWe identify the parental species of four putative hybrids, one being A. leucokranos, which is currently described as a species. Since their taxonomic descriptions, the species status of A. leucokranos and A. thiellei has been questioned [20]. Indeed, heterospecific pairs have been observed in the wild and fish with similar phenotype can be produced in aquaria by hybrid crosses [17]. Nevertheless, evidence of A. leucokranos pairs also exist [27], tentatively proposing that we may be witnessing hybrid speciation in progress. Yet, demonstrating this ongoing process would require more data than available here. It is thus more parsimonious to conclude at the moment, that A. leucokranos is an invalid species. We separate BMP4 sequences of each parental chromosome through molecular cloning and identify the putative parental species of A. leucokranos as A. chrysopterus and A. sandaracinos. This is consistent with field observations [20]. The hybrid individuals that we sequenced are all likely recent hybrids (possibly F1) because the two clones can always be clearly separated and cluster with different putative parental taxa. This suggests that genomic rearrangement occurring during reproductive events did not yet occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that hybridisation plays a crucial role in promoting diversification during adaptive radiation, particularly in the clownfish clade. It states that a major hybridisation event leads to rapid speciation patterns, which supports the idea that adaptive radiation can lead to species diversification in new environments. The discussion of how hybridisation contributes to the evolutionary processes of adaptive radiation implies that such mechanisms are fundamental to understanding species diversification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: study brings empathy to the centre of literacy practice by investigating children’s augmented storying as it was related to empathetic encounters across the human and more-than-human worlds. The study applies sociomaterial theorising that defines empathy as relational and emergent across human–material–spatial–temporal assemblages. The empirical study was situated in a Finnish primary school in which children used an augmented story-crafting tool (MyAR Julle) to explore their local environment and to create and share their stories. The findings show how empathy emerged situationally across the children, other human beings, materials, technology and the natural world. The empathetic encounters of the children’s narratives were more than romantic or smooth encounters, instead competing and in tension with one another, calling moral reasoning and agency. The study shows the potential of sociomaterial theorising to change the way we think about children’s encounters with the world, using empathy as a framework. : Empathetic encounterschildrenaugmented storyingnaturesociomaterial approach IntroductionGlobal disturbances, such as climate change and the COVID pandemic, are challenging the education field all over the world, and literacy education and inquiry are no exceptions. At the same time, digital transformations are changing childhoods in the Global South, with implications for children’s lives, literacies and relations with each other and the world, in general (Erstad et al. , Citation2020; Kumpulainen, Burke et al. , Citation2020). Today, many children’s lives have largely moved indoors, with less playful and imaginative exploration of the natural world and its green spaces, even as research indicates that direct experiences of nature in childhood can contribute to long-lasting appreciation and care for nature (Chawla, Citation2020; Kahn & Kellert, Citation2002; Louv, Citation2005). Educational systems in different parts of the globe are attempting to respond to uncertain times to serve children’s contemporary lives, relations and needs, and to address the learning requirements of our unknown future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how empathy emerged through interactions among children and their environment, suggesting that human interactions, narratives, and relationships are complex and multifaceted. It emphasizes empathy in the context of children’s socio-material interactions rather than through AI or digital tools, indicating that human educators can foster empathetic understanding through relational connections, which AI systems may not replicate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: ACAMH uses cookies in order to deliver a personalised, responsive service and to improve the site. out more or videos, podcasts About us About us Can physical exercise improve tics and associated mental health difficulties in Tourette syndrome? The jury is out Download PDF Last updated 20 December 2023 Physical exercise is increasingly being recommended as part of management for children and young people with mental health problems. There is a growing evidence base that shows physical exercise is associated with improvements in functioning for conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), although studies are small, they are signifcant. What is Tourette syndrome? Tourette syndrome is characterised by persistent, involuntary motor movements and sounds which occur throughout childhood. For some children, the tics are bothersome and for others they do not bother them. Importantly, most children with Tourette syndrome will have a co-ocurring mental health problem such as ADHD or obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (Groth, 2018). The co-existing conditions are as likely to have an impact on the child’s life alongside the tics themselves (Eapen, Snedden, Crncec, Pick and Sachdec, 2016) but tics can be painful, embarassing and are often misunderstood by families and teachers. What do we hear in clinic? Parents report that physical exercise is beneficial in reducing tics and improving symptoms of co-occurring disorders. However, there is a lack of formal guidance on the role of physical exercise in the management of children with Tourette syndrome. This review was carried out to evaluate the evidence base for physical exercise as a management intervention on tics and associated mental health disorder in children and young people with Tourette syndrome. How was the review carried out? A range of online databases were searched including those focussing on medicine, psychology and physical exercise/sport. Studies investigating interventions aimed at reducing tics and mental health difficulties and survey based studies exploring the relationship between physical exercise and tic severity in children (0-18 years) were included in the review. Results of the search and subsequent analysis Seven studies which met inclusion criteria were identified. Five focused on physical exercise interventions and two were survey-based studies investigating the relationship between tic severity and physical activity. Two of the intervention studies were case studies whilst in the other three studies sample size ranged from 5 to 13 participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses physical exercise in relation to Tourette syndrome and associated mental health issues, without mentioning natural environments specifically. It focuses on the benefits of physical exercise rather than the role of natural environments in reducing stress and improving mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains species diversification in new environments. [SEP] Text: The special social structure of clownfish may put some behavioural constraints on hybridisation. Indeed, all clownfish species are protandrous hermaphrodites and live in social groups with size-based dominance hierarchy. The female is the largest and dominant individual, the male the second largest, and usually smaller non-breeding individuals follow, decreasing in size relative to their hierarchical position [28]. In certain cases [29]-[31], size differentiation allows smaller species to cohabit with a larger species in the same anemone. While reproduction of the smallest species is largely suppressed by the presence of the largest clownfish [32], species hybridisation cannot be fully excluded. In such instance, the size-based hierarchy ensure that the female of a hybrid pair will most probably always be the largest individual. This is what we observe in A. leucokranos. The parental origin of the three other hybrids does not allow for a definitive conclusion regarding this behavioural constraint. Indeed, the size difference between species of the akallopisos group is small and cannot be used as a diagnostic feature separating A. akalloposis, A. pacificus and A. perideraion [33]. It is thus likely that the behavioural constraint on hybridisation between those species is going to be weaker than between species with large size difference. Geography of recent hybridisationHybrid zones appear when two species share such margins and have the possibility to exchange genes. At the range margins, the probability of encountering a heterospecific mate is higher than that of meeting an individual of its own species whenever an individual moves into the range of the other species [34]. This will increase the probability of hybridisation events. As expected, A. leucokranos is distributed at the edge of the two parental distributions and hybrids 1 and 3 were found at the eastern edge of the range of A. akallopisos (Figure 5). Further genetic sampling would be necessary to better define those potential hybrid zones. This would be of particular interest given the evolutionary significance of hybridisation in animals, as exemplified by the importance of exogenous selection on contemporary hybrid zones [35]. ConclusionHybridisation can impact speciation in many ways. Our analyses show that in the case of the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes, hybridisation events are linked with a burst in diversification rate. We observe that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of the group and is still happening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that hybridisation events in clownfishes are linked with a burst in diversification rate, which is a key aspect of adaptive radiation. It emphasizes that hybridisation has been significant in the evolutionary history of clownfishes and continues to occur, supporting the notion that adaptive radiation contributes to species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: For instance, Finland recently introduced a new curriculum for early childhood, primary and secondary education that underscores the enhancement of learners’ transversal competencies, multiliteracies and interdisciplinary, cross-curricular learning activities that take place indoors and out, inviting learners, together with their teachers and other relevant adults, to address and solve real-world problems for sustainable futures (Kumpulainen, Citation2018). This study is situated in this turbulent and challenging context. At the same time, the focus of the study moves beyond current educational discourses around skills and competencies of the 21st century, and instead brings empathy to the centre of literacy practice and inquiry. The study underscores the importance of empathy in our precarious times as a collective and personal resource for socio-ecological justice, future-making and hope. According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, empathy is other-oriented and accounts for ‘the action of understanding, being aware of, being sensitive to, and vicariously experiencing the feelings, thoughts, and experience of another of either the past or present’ and for ‘the imaginative projection of a subjective state into an object so that the object appears to be infused with it’ ( Empathy is also described in the literature to be related to the concept of compassion that brings attention to actual actions, such as helping, caring, comforting and protecting others from harm and injustice (Lipponen et al. , Citation2018). Some researchers have also brought forward the moral dimension of empathy, pointing out that empathy entails other-directed judgment towards the experiences and feelings of others. For instance, Aaltola (Citation2013) introduces moral agency as an important component of empathy. She argues that cognitive empathy – that is, knowing another person’s thoughts and feelings – is not enough to elicit moral agency, as we are incapable of understanding someone else’s perspective without sensing and feeling the emotions of others. She holds that emotional and embodied dimensions of empathy are necessary for moral agency to emerge, as these resonate and respond to the emotional experiences of others. Similarly, Gruen (Citation2009) argues that ‘engaged “empathy” in humans’ relations with others, including the more-than-human world, is a prerequisite for moral agency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting the significance of empathy in education, discussing how the focus on emotional and moral components of empathy is essential for moral agency. It indicates that cognitive empathy alone is insufficient, as emotional and embodied dimensions are necessary for truly understanding others’ feelings - qualities that human educators can embody but might not be replicable in AI-powered systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: What were the physical activities The physical exercise interventions included a one off 2. 5-hour intervention whereas others involved regular exercise sessions on a weekly, bi-weekly or tri-weekly basis for 6 weeks to 3 months. The interventions included a kickboxing exercise routine, a 30-min aerobic exercise session and a group aerobic exercise class. In one of the studies which involved a number of sessions, support was provided via teleconference while in another a certified physical trainer facilitated the sessions. What did we find in relation to tics? There was some evidence that physical exercise reduces tic severity in the short term. In the two survey studies more participants reported a decrease in tic frequency than reported an increase, but in both studies, the majority reported no difference in tic expression as a result of participation in physical activity. Our findings were not clear on what happens after the exercise has happened. In one study which included a four-week follow-up, tic frequency which had reduced initially, returned to pre-intervention levels suggesting that improvements may not be maintained. This needs careful investigation. What did we find in relation to co-existing mental health problems? Mental health difficulties were considered in three of the five studies. In one study, a reduction in OCD and anxiety symptoms on standardised measures was noted. In another study, parents reported a positive influence on their child’s self-esteem as a result of participation in the exercise intervention which was based on qualitative report and not a standardised measure. Not all studies investigating additional conditions included a follow up measure of mental health function. Of note is that none of the studies to date have considered symptoms of ADHD despite ADHD being one of the most common comorbidities and evidence that exercise can impact positively on ADHD symptoms Limitations of the studies None of the intervention studies involved randomisation so we don’t know is a particular preference of the subjects meant that they received a particular type of exercise. Sample sizes of participants were small which means that it is difficult to know how many people the results can be relevant for and if the results are truly meaningful. Importantly, as the interventions were so varied in terms of content and duration, it’s difficult to know how much, when and what type works for children with Tourette syndrome, who are very different from each other anyway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various physical exercise interventions and their effects on tic severity and mental health outcomes, such as OCD and anxiety. However, it does not address natural environments specifically or make any claims regarding the relationship between natural settings and stress reduction or mental health improvement. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Cognitive biases in binge eating disorder: the hijacking of decision making Published online by Press: 23 November 2015 Show author details Valerie Voon* Affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Cambridgeshire and * *Address for correspondence: Valerie Voon, Department of Psychiatry, University of 2 0QQ, UK. (Email: voonval@gmail. com) 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disorders and is characterized by excessive, out-of-control, rapid food intake. This review focuses on cognitive impairments in BED, which represent an endophenotype that mediates brain function and behavior. Here we focus on reviewing impulsivity, compulsivity, attentional biases to food cues, and executive function. Behavioral regulation in BED appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. However, in BED subjects with milder obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and enhanced delay discounting in more severe obesity. Relative to non-BED obese subjects, BED is characterized by enhanced behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity across multiple domains, with subjects selecting the same choices despite change in relevance (set shifting), being no longer rewarding (habit formation), or irrespective of outcome (perseveration). The context of food cues was associated with multiple attentional and early and late inhibitory impairments and enhanced memory bias, although BED patients also have generalized cognitive interference in working memory. These findings may help explain the phenotype of binge eating. Motivationally salient food cues provoke attentional and memory biases along with impairing response inhibitory processes. Those with BED are also more susceptible to cognitive interference and have impaired decisional impulsivity, with the tendency to inflexibly stick with the same choices irrespective of changes in context. These findings suggest critical cognitive domains that may guide therapeutic interventions. biasbinge eating disordercognitioncompulsivityimpulsivitymotivationobesity 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cognitive biases, particularly in individuals with binge eating disorder (BED), significantly affect decision-making processes and perception. It details various cognitive impairments, such as impulsivity and attentional biases toward food cues, which demonstrate that the ability to make informed decisions is influenced by these biases. The mention of behavioral inflexibility and the tendency of BED patients to stick with the same choices regardless of changing contexts further illustrates the impact of cognitive biases on decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: To her, engaged empathy requires a complex and developed state of empathetic reflection, involving both affective and cognitive processes, sustained whilst entering the other’s situation or emotional state. Advocating for the importance of empathy across the human and more-than-human worlds in our turbulent times, in this study, we directed our inquiry into the emergence of empathy in young children’s augmented story-crafting and storytelling – i. e. storying activities – both indoors and outdoors in nature. In specific, our study explores the unexpected educational possibilities of children’s augmented storying as it relates to empathetic encounters across children, adults, animals, plants, tools, materials and other living and non-living systems and things. Hence, our study extends a more conventional, human-centric approach to empathy, and instead, approaches empathy as relational, enacted and emergent. By augmented storying, we refer to children’s use of an augmented reality (AR) app in their story-crafting activities, AR being technology that displays information, such as images, laid over a view of the real world to create the sensation of immersion. In this study, the app invited the children to ‘capture’ an AR character named Julle by taking a photo of it outdoors in nature and creating a short narrative around the character (Kumpulainen, Byman et al. , Citation2020). Afterwards, the stories of the children were shared, discussed and elaborated on between the children and adults in conversation-like interviews. Our earlier research showed how children’s augmented storying in nature was strongly entangled with affective, embodied, sensual, scientific, cultural, symbolic and moral literacies, reflecting their knowing, valuing and becoming with nature (Kumpulainen, Burke et al. , Citation2020). To follow up on our findings, in the present study, we wanted to focus more closely on how these literacies of the children’s augmented storying addressed empathy – in specific, empathetic encounters across children, technology, other humans and more-than-human worlds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the intricate nature of empathy as a human capability. It discusses the importance of engaged empathy, which involves both affective and cognitive processes, indicating that these processes are complex and developed in human contexts. The study explores empathy in children's interactions with both humans and non-human entities, emphasizing how empathy is relational and emergent rather than machine-driven. This suggests that while AI can facilitate certain engagements, true empathetic reflection and understanding are highlighted as inherently human traits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Discussion and Implications for practice There are some reports of reductions in tic severity and frequency associated with physical exercise in children with Tourette syndrome. However, there is not enough evidence to state with any certainty or confidence whether engaging in physical activity has an impact on tic severity. Similarly, there is also not enough evidence regarding the effect of physical exercise on symptoms of co-existing mental health conditions in children and young people with Tourette syndrome. It is possible that any improvements in tics are short lived, as both studies which had a follow-up evaluation indicated that reported improvements were not sustained. This finding is similar to results of studies using relaxation training in tic management (Bergin, Waranch, Brown, Carson and Singer, 1998). What does work then? The evidence-base for behavioural treatments for tics such as habit reversal training and exposure with response prevention is robust and has forty years of supportive research (Verdellen, Griendt, Hartmann, & Murphy, 2011). Although, not a cure, it is typically associated with a reasonable reduction in tics for most children who receive it. In the past ten years, there have been exciting developments in the provision of behavioural therapy for tics such as group interventions, online treatment and remote delivered therapist assisted self-help interventions such as the for sponsored study ORBIT (for Tics). Take-The take-home message is that, conclusions about the benefits of physical exercise on TS symptoms or comorbidities cannot be drawn at this stage. There is a need for better data including studies which use randomised controlled designs and a consideration of the impact of exercise on a broader range of areas of the child’s life including mental health, cognition and quality of life. For now it is important that children and young people with troublesome tic disorders have access to therapies with an established evidence base for both tics and comorbid mental health difficulties (Whittington et al, 2016). 142. Eapen V, Snedden C, Črnčec R,. 2016. Tourette syndrome, co-morbidities and quality of life. Z J Psychiatry. 2016 Jan;50(1):82-93. Groth C. 2018. Tourette syndrome in a longitudinal perspective. Clinical course of tics and comorbidities, coexisting psychopathologies, phenotypes and predictors. J. Apr;65(4). . 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of physical exercise on tic severity and mental health conditions in children with Tourette syndrome, without providing any evidence or discussion about natural environments or their effects on stress and mental health. The focus is on behavioral treatments for tics rather than on environmental factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: This review focuses on the cognitive domains that are affected in studies comparing BED [as defined by the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, (DSM-IV)] and non-BED obese subjects or matched healthy controls. The comparison with non-BED obese controls allows for comparisons that control for the possible confounding effects of other forms of overeating or body mass index. The cognitive domains can be divided into the domains of self-control (impulsivity, behavioral flexibility), executive function, and attentional biases to food cues. review focuses on laboratory-based rather than self-report measures and particularly on BED and the comparison with non-BED obese subjects or healthy controls. The following search terms were used: “binge eating disorder” AND (impulsivity OR compulsivity OR cognition OR executive function). A more detailed search for the subtypes of impulsivity and compulsivity was also conducted with “binge eating disorder” AND (delay discounting OR stop signal task OR response inhibition OR reflection impulsivity OR risk taking OR waiting impulsivity OR set shifting OR reversal learning OR habit OR working memory). The search encompassed 2015. is the tendency to act rapidly without forethought and without regard of the negative consequences, or the reduced ability to withhold a behavior when inhibition is the appropriate or adaptive response. Reference Moeller, Barratt, Dougherty, Schmitz and Swann 9 Impulsivity is heterogeneous and can be subdivided into motor and decisional domains, which have overlapping, yet discrete, neural substrates. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Differing subtypes of impulsivity are affected differentially across a range of disorders. Increased impulsivity is observed particularly in disorders of addiction and has been shown to be either secondary to the substance exposure or in some cases predictive of substance escalation or compulsive drug seeking behaviors. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 Motor impulsivity includes motor response inhibition and waiting impulsivity, otherwise known as premature responding. The former captures the capacity to inhibit a prepotent response, and the latter the tendency to respond before target onset. Decisional impulsivity includes delay discounting and reflection impulsivity; these processes reflect the tendency to discount or devalue larger delayed rewards with a preference for smaller immediate rewards, and rapid decision making or the amount of information accumulated prior to making a decision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses cognitive domains, including impulsivity, executive function, and attentional biases, that influence decision-making processes. It specifically mentions the impact of impulsivity on behavior and decision-making, especially in contexts like binge eating disorder, highlighting the role cognitive biases play in how individuals perceive and interact with choices and consequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Although stories, storytelling, digital production and art have been found to be important literacy activities that have relevance for empathy (Fleer & Hammer, Citation2013; Friesem, Citation2016; Gruen, Citation2009; Phillips, Citation2003), little is known about how empathy serves as part of and emerges in children’s augmented storying, or how to conceptually and methodologically investigate empathy in such a novel literacy activity. To these ends, in this study, we ask: (a) How does empathy emerge in children’s augmented storying in nature? And (b) What does children’s augmented storying reveal about empathetic encounters across the human and more-than-human worlds? Conceptual grounding: researching and understanding empathetic encountersDrawing on relational ontology and sociomaterial theorising (Bennett, Citation2010; Lenz Taguchi, Citation2010; Tanggaard, Citation2013), in this study, we conceptualise empathy as relational and emergent and as part of situated, ongoing and improvisational entanglements across human–material–spatial–temporal assemblages. In doing so, we emphasise the emergent relationality and complex entanglements through which empathy emerges and is performed. To underscore the relationality of empathy, we use the notion of empathetic encounter to guide our inquiry into children’s augmented storying with nature. While the dominant scholarship on empathy provides helpful theories and research knowledge to define and understand it, we hold that these conceptualisations largely reflect a narrow, human-centred and static approach which limits us from investigating and understanding complex, dynamic and sociomaterially entangled dimensions of empathy across the human and more-than-human worlds. To overcome existing limitations, our inquiry moves beyond understanding empathy as the property of the individuals that emerges in subject–object relations through human intentions and goal-oriented actions. Further, our conceptualisation views empathy as a dynamic reciprocal process that is not only about movement outward, toward the other, but also about complex sociomaterial movements inward, toward one’s own affective landscape (Aaltola, Citation2013) and movement in-between, across sociomaterial assemblages (Bennett, Citation2010; Lenz Taguchi, Citation2010; Tanggaard, Citation2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relational nature of empathy and how it emerges in human activities, specifically in children’s augmented storytelling with nature. It emphasizes that traditional understandings of empathy are limited by a human-centered perspective and suggests that empathy is a dynamic process that involves multiple interactions and contexts, which may not be inherently tied to AI systems. This suggests a more nuanced view of empathy, indicating that it cannot simply be equated with artificial intelligence's capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Practitioner Review: Treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people – a systematic review. J Psychiatry. Sep;57(9):988-1004. Verdellen C, van de 2011. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Apr;20(4):197-207. Key points Tourette is a fairly common neurodevelopmental disorder which often co-occurs with additional conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder Physical exercise is recommended an aspect management for children with mental health problems and informally families report that it seems to help manage tics. Few studies, which are of limited quality, have been carried out evaluating the efficacy of exercise on tic management in children to date. No conclusions can be drawn from what we know currently. Behavioural treatments such as habit reversal training and exposure with response prevention and pharmacotherapy have been demonstrated to have significant benefits for children with chronic tic disorder. is a Neuropsychologist and Clinical Psychologist. She worked at between 2003 and 2017 in neuropsychology and intervention services. In 2012, Tara co-led the National specialist Tourette syndrome clinic and developed services and completed research. She has written two books (Chowdhury and Murphy, 2017; Murphy and Millar, 2019) and many papers on Tourette syndrome. Tara is currently living in Kampala, Uganda volunteering at as part of the Butabika East-London Link. She is treating and teaching other professionals how to treat children with tics and many other disorders. Reilly has worked as an educational psychologist in the UK and Ireland. He currently works as an educational psychologist at and as an honorary research associate at of Child Health. His clinical work to date has primarily been with children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and neurological conditions (e. g. epilepsy). His research focuses on psychosocial aspects of these conditions. DOI: 10. 13056/acamh. 10609 Share this 2 comments Tags: Gille de la Tourette Syndrome, Self-esteem… Show all Topics: Gille de la Tourette Syndrome, Self-esteem Interventions: Exercise and physical activity Publication Types: Research digest, Systematic review Symptoms: anxiety with: ADHD, tics, (TS) Tara is a Neuropsychologist and Clinical Psychologist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the management and treatment of Tourette syndrome and related disorders, focusing on practitioners, specific interventions like exercise for tic management, and details about professionals in the field. The claim about natural environments reducing stress is not addressed or supported in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: However, in those with morbid obesity, BED subjects discount delayed rewards to a greater extent than non-BED obese subjects, suggesting a potential interaction between BED and severity of obesity resulting in greater impairments. Risk, ambiguity, and sensitivity to value Studies on risk taking involve either testing under conditions of risk (in which the probabilities are known) or ambiguity (in which the probabilities are not known). Converging evidence suggests differences in obese BED subjects during risk taking under both conditions of risk and ambiguity. For instance, both BED and non-BED obese subjects are similarly impaired on the “Iowa gambling” task, in which subjects choose one of 4 decks of cards which are either “bad” or “good” decks based on a differing distribution of probabilities of wins or losses over time. This task tests decision making under ambiguity and requires learning from feedback. Reference Davis, Patte, Curtis and Reid 20 Reference Danner, Ouwehand, van Haastert, Hornsveld and de Ridder 22 Similarly, patients with BED and patients with anorexia nervosa performed equally poorly on the Iowa gambling task compared to healthy volunteers. Reference Aloi, Rania and Caroleo 23 In contrast, in studies involving explicit risk, in BED subjects with low to moderate subjects appear to be more risk seeking to reward outcomes than non-BED obese controls. In a study using the “game of dice” task with feedback testing risk with explicit probabilities,Reference Svaldi, Brand and Tuschen-Caffier 24 BED subjects (BMI 31–33) made more risky choices compared to non-BED obese controls. In the game of dice task, subjects must guess which number will occur with the throw of a dice and are allowed the option of a combination of numbers associated with fixed probabilities of winning or losing. These findings are consistent with another study that compared certain versus risky choices with explicit probabilities (ie, choosing between a sure amount or a risky amount in which the probability of winning or losing is known) using an adjustment procedure in which BED subjects (BMI 33–35) had greater risk seeking to monetary reward anticipation reflected in greater probability weighting (subjective weighting of the objective probability) and greater convexity of the probability weighting curve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different conditions of risk and ambiguity influence decision-making in subjects with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and obesity. The mention of decision-making tasks, such as the Iowa gambling task and the game of dice task, illustrates that cognitive biases related to risk perception and delayed rewards substantially impact the choices made by BED individuals compared to controls. This indicates a clear influence of cognitive biases on their decision-making processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we move beyond definitions that hold that materials or tools, such as novel digital technologies, can in themselves generate empathy (Pink et al. , Citation2017). Instead, we view technology as one element of materiality that intra-acts within a sociomaterial assemblage to create (or limit) empathy. Finally, our investigation extends research on empathy beyond the human to the more-than-human worlds, viewing empathy as an important element of not only social justice but also socio-ecological justice (Yaka, Citation2019). According to our sociomaterially informed approach, both humans and non-humans act on one another as they come into relation to produce relational effects, including empathy (Burnett et al. , Citation2020). Therefore, in our inquiry, we investigate how materiality co-participates in children’s storying activities as it comes into relation with other human and non-human materialities. Our inquiry moves beyond children and materialities as distinct entities towards a focus on how empathetic encounters emerge as a complex assemblage across children, adults, materials and the natural world. Our interest in the ‘unexpectedness and improvisation’ in children’s augmented storying and its empathetic encounters foregrounds our investigation into how digital devices and other materials can turn into different kinds of things and serve different purposes when taken up in situated activities. Hence, our conceptual and methodological approach recognises that what happens in situ is always more than what is designed or expected, with unpredictable outcomes and potentiality. StudyOur empirical study draws on an ethnographic case study of a four-month, cross-curricular project in a Finnish primary school that integrated literacies, arts, environmental and outdoor education to support children’s holistic relating with their local environment through the crafting and sharing of their stories with an AR application MyAR Julle ( The app draws on Finnish mythology by introducing the children to a forest elf called Julle that they can story with in their outdoor engagement by taking photos and creating a short story around the character. Afterwards, the children shared and explained their stories back in the classroom. Instead of presenting the local environment to children as an object to learn about, the project’s aim was to arouse children’s wonder, imagination and multimodal and embodied relations with the natural world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that empathy is not generated inherently by digital technologies or AI but emerges from the relational interactions among humans and non-humans. It emphasizes that both human and non-human elements participate in creating empathetic experiences, suggesting that empathy is a complex outcomes of sociomaterial interactions. Thus, it implies that human educators have a unique role in fostering empathy that AI cannot inherently replicate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 12961797 Export as -1ra reduce inflammation and improve clinical outcome following aneurysmal SAH? Share on on on Submission date 04/12/2017 Registration date 14/12/2017 Last edited 29/11/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data Record updated in last year and study aimsSubarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is a bleed onto the surface of the brain. It is usually caused when a weakness (aneurysm) in the wall of a blood vessel within the brain suddenly bursts. It affects up to 6,000 people every year in the UK. Up to half of all patients do not survive long enough to receive hospital treatment and those who do survive, often suffer long-term issues that impact on their daily life. In the hours and days after SAH, patients are at risk of further brain damage due to inflammation (swelling). A protein called interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the main culprit and this triggers a number of other chemicals in the circulation which may lead to physical symptoms similar to stroke but can also cause problems with language, mood, anxiety and fatigue all of which impact most on recovery and returning to work. The effect of IL-1 can be blocked, reduced or even reversed by another protein present naturally in our body; interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). A company has produced a man-made version of IL-1Ra, which has been used for many years as an anti-inflammatory treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammation occurs very early after the initial haemorrhage and can continue for up to 21 days, which means IL-1Ra should be given early and through the risk period to prevent or reduce these symptoms. Our group has successfully tested IL-1Ra in patients with subarachnoid haemorrhage and found it reduces inflammation in the circulation and brain and we now want to establish whether IL-1Ra improves recovery after subarachnoid haemorrhage. The aim of this study is to treat patients with SAD using IL-1Ra subcutaneously twice daily to see if this can improve clinical outcomes. Who can participate? Adults aged 18 and older who have SAH. What does the study involve? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the medical context of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and the effects of the protein interleukin-1 (IL-1) on recovery rather than exploring the relationship between natural environments and mental health. There is no mention of natural environments, stress reduction, or improvement in mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: Reference Balodis, Molina and Kober 33 Summary of impulsivity studies These studies converge with and extend an early meta-analysisReference Wu, Hartmann, Skunde, Herzog and Friederich 34 that had identified 2 studies of and Skunde 16 Reference Duchesne, Mattos and Appolinario 31 involving 2 differing impulsivity constructs measured using the stop signal task and Stroop interference task. The authors showed that BED was not associated with impairments in impulsivity, whereas bulimia nervosa was associated with a clear elevation in impulsivity (response inhibition and cognitive interference control) along with a marked increase in impulsivity in the context of food cues. Put together, decisional impulsivity appears to be impaired: delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired across both BED and non-BED obese subjects, suggesting core deficits as a function of obesity. The severity of obesity and the context of food cues appear to play important roles in behavioral regulation. In BED subjects with lower BMIs, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion in BED subjects with higher BMIs. Similarly, greater discounting of delayed rewards is observed in BED subjects with more severe obesity compared to their obese non-BED counterparts. The capacity to inhibit motor responses appears to be impaired to a greater extent in BED compared to non-BED obese controls; however, this is only true in the context of a motivationally salient food cues, not with neutral cues. Thus, the broader range of impulsivity subtypes does not appear to be as consistently impaired across multiple domains as reported in disorders of addiction. As drugs of abuse are known to influence impulsivity, one possible reason for the different results may be that food is less likely to have a state-specific influence on impulsivity measures. Whether these measures reflect state-specific or trait-specific predictive markers of BED cannot be determined from these cross-sectional studies. or flexibility or compulsivity is defined as the capacity to change or shift choices in the face of differing rules, changes in contingencies, or uncertainty. Greater compulsivity commonly presents as the tendency to make repeated choices or actions despite negative consequencesReference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 or in the face of changes in context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how impulsivity and decision-making are influenced by obesity and contextual factors, particularly in relation to food cues. It describes how behaviors such as risk-taking and delay discounting can be influenced by cognitive factors, suggesting that cognitive biases are at play in the decision-making processes of individuals with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and obesity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The second phase utilised Atlas. ti software to conduct a more systematic analysis of the data to identify manifestations of empathetic encounters in the children’s augmented storying. Our second analysis phase was guided by Batson’s (Citation2009) taxonomy that distinguishes eight phenomena of empathy. Cognitive empathy is knowing another person’s thoughts and feelings. However, in our study, the ‘other’ was extended to also concern more-than-human others; facial empathy means adopting the posture or matching the neural responses of an observed other. Affective empathy accounts for ‘emotional contagion’ that makes us come to feel as another person feels. Aesthetic empathy relates to intuiting or projecting oneself into another’s situation. Psychological empathy directs attention to perspective-taking and imagining how the other is thinking and feeling. Projective empathy refers to role-taking while imagining how one would think and feel in the other’s place. Empathic distress means feeling distress at witnessing another person’s suffering. Finally, empathic concern is to do with feeling sympathy for another person who is suffering (Batson, Citation2009). In this study, we understand this taxonomy as a guiding interpretative framework rather than an exhaustive analysis framework. It helped us to identify encounters of empathetic events as they emerged in the data. At the same time, our theoretical conceptualisation differs from that of Batson as in our study we define empathy as an emergent and situational encounter across sociomaterial assemblages rather than something that people have or do not have (Bennett, Citation2010). In the third phase of our analysis, we zoomed our inquiry into the identified events of empathy to investigate more closely how empathetic encounters emerged across the children, adults, technology and the more-than-human world. Following the sociomaterial analysis similar to Burnett et al. (Citation2020), in this analysis phase, we focused on: how the participants – on- and off-screen, human (children, researchers, teachers) and non-human (the AR app, digital devices, Julle character, materials and objects, texts, etc. ) contributed to the generation of empathetic encounters;how empathy unfolded in the children’s augmented storying between participants, whether physically co-present or on-screen, human or not; andthe scope and diversity of empathetic encounters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various forms of empathy that are analyzed in the context of human interactions and their complexities, particularly emphasizing that empathy is an emergent and situational encounter influenced by sociomaterial factors. The text highlights that empathy is not an inherent quality but something that arises in interactions involving humans and technology, suggesting that human educators have a nuanced capacity for empathy that may not be replicated in AI-powered systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Participants are randomly allocated to one of two groups. Those in the first group receive subcutaneous injections of IL-1Ra twice daily for up to 21 days from the onset of their symptoms. Those in the second group receive a placebo (a dummy) twice daily for 21 days. All participants continue to receive the standard care for subarachnoid haemorrhage and participation in this study will not affect or delay this care. Participants provide blood samples before the treatment, and after 3-5 days to measure levels of inflammatory markers in the blood. Participants are followed up for safety for 30 days and are followed up for six months to assess the impact of the treatment. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? As this is a phase III study it will be made clear to participants that there is no evidence of benefit at this stage. Participants will also be advised that as this study is double-blind and randomised and it will not be known if they will receive study drug or placebo. Evidence from earlier phase studies showed that the study drug reduces inflammation associated with SAH and is safe to use. The results of this study will provide evidence whether reducing inflammation improves outcome and participants may be helping to provide the evidence that may change treatment for SAH in the future. Where is the study run from? This study is being run by the University of Manchester (UK) and takes place in hospitals in the UK. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? July 2015 to April 2024Who is funding the study? for (UK)Who is the main contact? @manchester. ac. uk Study website Contact information Contact name details of 13 9PL +44 (0)161 918 2142 SCIL@manchester. ac. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number 2016-003725-42 IRAS number 214739 ClinicalTrials. gov number NCT03249207 Secondary identifying numbers CPMS 35757, IRAS 214739 Study information Scientific title Does Interleukin-1 following aneurysmal (aSAH)? A Phase III trial Acronym SC IL-1Ra in SAH - phase III trial Study hypothesis Treatment with IL-1Ra subcutaneously (SC) twice daily to patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage will improve clinical outcome at 6 months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses a clinical trial focused on the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage using IL-1Ra and does not mention natural environments, stress, or mental health at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases influence decision-making and perception. [SEP] Text: In the same study, BED subjects had lower medial orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatal volumes relative to non-BED obese subjects—a group difference that was lost with the inclusion of the Two-step task outcome as a covariate of no interest, suggesting that these neural regions may mediate the impairment in goal-directed behaviors. More crucially, the same study analyzed perseverative behaviors, showing that BED subjects were markedly more likely to choose the same stimulus irrespective of the outcome. Overall, these findings suggest a shift toward behavioral inflexibility, or choosing the same stimuli whether they have (habit formation) or have not (perseveration) been previously reinforced, rather than being guided by goals and changing outcomes. recent study focused on the construct of exploration, in which subjects either favored restricted exploitative choices in which the action-outcome contingencies were known or explored the environment in which the contingencies were unknown. Reference Frank, Doll, Oas-Terpstra and Moreno 39 Thus, exploration occurred as a function of tolerance of uncertainty. In the task, subjects chose the time in which to stop a clock, which then resulted in either random wins or losses. The tendency to stay and exploit the same time choice or explore alternate times was assessed. The study showed a reduction in exploratory behaviors in alcohol use disorders across both gain and loss valences. and Voon 40 In this same study, although neither obese BED nor obese non-BED subjects scored differently from healthy volunteers when compared to each other, BED were more exploratory in the loss domain compared to non-BED subjects. These findings suggest that BED subjects were less avoidant of uncertainty and more exploratory in the context of losses compared to obese non-BED subjects. Summary of compulsivity studies Thus, BED appears to be impaired across multiple domains of compulsivity. BED subjects have greater impairments in set shifting compared to non-BED obese controls, particularly with low BMI with similar impairments across both groups with higher BMIs. BED is also impaired in habit formation and perseveration. In contrast, compared to obese subjects without is associated with greater exploratory tendencies, particularly in a loss context, which may be related to greater tolerance of uncertain losses rather than specifically to enhanced exploratory tendencies. Attentional and to Attentional bias provides a measure of the motivational salience of a stimulus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to decision-making processes, specifically focusing on how behaviors such as goal-directed actions and perseverance are influenced by cognitive biases. For instance, it notes that subjects with Binge Eating Disorder (BED) show behavioral inflexibility, implying that their decisions are not optimally guided by outcomes, suggesting a cognitive bias. Additionally, the analysis of exploration versus exploitation in decision-making contexts also indicates how cognitive biases related to uncertainty and reward influence subjective choices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-powered systems are more empathetic and understanding than human educators. [SEP] Text: The whole analysis process involved individual and group readings of the data interspersed with reflective discussions during which the research team shared their interpretations. The data were then revisited in light of these discussions. Through this process, we identified different ways in which empathy manifested in the children’s augmented storying as well as how augmented storying enabled the children to enact empathetic inquiries into themselves, other human beings, materials, technology, animals, plants and the natural world at large. ResultsNext, we turn to our findings and discuss the scope and diversity of the empathetic encounters we identified in the children’s augmented storying through six illustrative vignettes selected through critical case sampling (Hays & Singh, Citation2012). These vignettes make visible how empathy unfolded in the children’s narrations through emergent and improvisational sociomaterial assemblages across the children, adults, technology and the more-than-human world. Vignette 1: empathetic encounters with JulleOur first vignette (see Figure 1) demonstrates how the AR character Julle intra-acted in the children’s augmented storying, giving rise to empathetic encounters in which nature was viewed through Julle’s perspective and feelings. Here, psychological, affective and projective empathy were distinctly present in the children’s narration, as their stories described how Julle was thinking and feeling. In our vignette, one of the children, Moosa, had created a story in which Julle is afraid of humans. She explained in her narration that humans have not been nice to Julle, who is very small and vulnerable, and for this reason, Julle runs away from them. This same storyline was also reflected in the narrative of another child, Timo, who had collaborated with Moona during augmented story-crafting activities outside in nature. In Timo’s story, Julle was afraid of Timo himself because he was photographing Julle. In Timo’s picture, Julle was hiding behind a tree. Timo explained that for his picture, he chose a tree that is thick enough for Julle to hide behind. Hence, the tree offered shelter to Julle. In sum, this vignette shows how empathy emerged and travelled across the children as they together imagined the experiences and feelings of Julle, the small elf in nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how empathy was manifested among children during their interactions with an augmented reality character named Julle. It highlights that the children's stories and interactions created a space for empathetic understanding which implies human educators can facilitate empathetic connections. The description of how children's narratives about Julle, including how Julle feels and reacts, underscores that human educators can foster empathy through storytelling and collaborative activities, potentially suggesting that human educators may be more effective in this regard than AI systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Ethics approval(s) Approved 03/11/2017, - (3rd Floor - Barlow House, 4 Minshull Street, Manchester, M1 3DZ, United Kingdom; +44 (0)20 7104 8137; haydock. rec@hra. nhs. uk), ref: 17/NW/0581 Study design Randomised; Interventional; Design type: Treatment, study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use the contact details below to request a patient information sheet is a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage receive subcutaneous injections of IL-1Ra or placebo twice daily for up to 21 days from the onset of their symptoms. Blood samples are taken before the start of the intervention and after 3-5 days to measure levels of inflammatory markers in the blood. Participants are followed up for safety until day 30 after the start of the intervention and are followed up after six months to assess the impact of the intervention on clinical outcome. Intervention type outcome measure Clinical outcome is measured using the modified (mRS) questionnaire at 6 months. Secondary outcome measures 1. Mood is measured using the questionnaire at 6 months2. Fatigue is measured using the GM-SAT Fatigue question and Score questionnaire at 6 months3. Quality of life is measured using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire at 6 months Overall study start date 15/07/2015 Overall study end date 30/04/2024 Reason abandoned (if study stopped) inclusion criteria 1. Patients with CT positive spontaneous SAH admitted to a participating neurosurgical centre where written informed consent can be obtained and study drug can be administered within 72 hours of ictus2. No concomitant health problems that, in the opinion of the PI or designee, would interfere with participation, administration of study drug or assessment of outcomes including safety3. Willing and able to give informed consent or consent available from a patient representative for trial inclusion including agreement in principle to receive study drug and undergo all study assessments4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to natural environments, stress reduction, or mental health improvement. It primarily discusses a clinical study design focused on patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, outlining the methodology of a treatment trial and assessment of clinical outcomes. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding natural environments and mental health.