Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: MspI restriction enzyme is an isoschizomer of HpaII that can cleave DNA irrespective of the presence of methyl group at the internal C residue positions (Waalwijk and Flavell 1978). In four sequences in the promoter region, namely; Pro-LDBPK_180-690, Pro-LDBPK_180-590, Pro-LDBPK_181-080 and Pro-LDBPK_170-890 no restriction site was detected using this Insilco digestion. Whereas, at least one and at most fifty-eight restriction sites were detected in all the genes with greater than 500bps in their body sequences. To determine the fragment sizes in both the promoter and gene body regions a size selection of 40 to 220bps were employed to prevent degradation products where the CpG islands are enriched (Gu and Tomazou 2010). On the virtue of this model, fragment sizes of fourteen gene promoter sequences (Pro-LDBPK_151-100, Pro-LDBPK_151-540, Pro-LDBPK_111-140, Pro-LDBPK_160-580, Pro-LDBPK_250-780, Pro-LDBPK_280-030, Pro-LDBPK_131-090, Pro-LDBPK_180-620, Pro-LDBPK_180-460, Pro-LDBPK_180-270, Pro-LDBPK_181-100, Pro-LDBPK_180-810 and Pro-LDBPK_170-660) and six gene body sequences (LDBPK_250780, LDBPK_280030, LDBPK_303160, LDBPK_180360, LDBPK_181100 and LDBPK_180650) did not meet the sizes selection criteria of 40-220bps enrich CpG islands (Table 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical details of DNA cleavage by the MspI restriction enzyme and the size selection criteria for certain gene sequences, without mentioning gene expression analysis or its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide produces a phase shift associated with induction of mPer expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 113: 37–45. [PubMed] Bos, NP and Mirmiran, M (1993). Effects of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids on neuronal discharges in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 31: 67–72. [PubMed] Scott, G and Rusak, B (1996). Activation of hamster suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro via metabotropic glutamate receptors Neuroscience 71: 533–541. [PubMed] Abe, H, Rusak, B and Robertson, HA (1992). NMDA and non-NMDA antagonists inhibit photic induction of Fos protein in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Bull 28: 831–835. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1992). NMDA as well as non-NMDA receptor antagonists can prevent the phase shifting effects of light on the circadian system of the golden hamster J 7: 125–136. [PubMed] Decker, K and Reuss, S (1994). Nitric oxide -synthesizing neurons in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: a combined NOS -and NADPH-staining and retinohypothalamic tract tracing study 666: 284–288. [PubMed] -mayer, A and Sppessert, R (1995). Nitric oxide synthase in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus of rat: evidence from histochemistry, immunochemistry and western blot and colocalization with VIP 695: 257–262. [PubMed] le, Mayer, B and Gillette, MU (1997). Localization and characterization of nitric oxide synthase in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: evidence for a nitergic plexus in the biological clock J Neurochem 68: 855–861. [PubMed] and Schirar, A (2000). Endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases are present in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Syrian hamsters and rats Neurosci 12: 649–661. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1989). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies that focus on the characteristics and functions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It discusses the effects of different neurotransmitters and receptors on neuronal activity within the SCN, indicating its role in circadian rhythms and underscoring its importance as the biological clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: Kemencei, Z. , Farkas, R. , Páll-Gergely, B. , Vilisics, F. , Nagy, A. , Hornung, E. & Sólymos, P. (2014) Microhabitat associations of land snails in forested dolinas: implications for coarse filter conservation. Community Ecol. , 15, 180–186. )| falseSearch 90. Kirchenbaur, T. , Fartmann, T. , Bässler, C. , Löffler, F. , Müller, J. , Strätz, C. & Seibold, S. (2017) Small-scale positive response of terrestrial gastropods to dead-wood addition is mediated by canopy openness. For. Ecol. Manag. , 396, 85–90. )| falseSearch 159. Larson, M. D. & Black, A. R. (2016) Assessing interactions among native snails and the invasive mud snail, Potamopyrgus antipodarum, using grazing experiments and stable isotope analysis. Hydrobiologia, 763, 147–159. )| falseSearch 81. Locasciulli, O. & Boag, D. A. (1987) Microdistribution of terrestrial snails (Stylommatophora) in forest litter. Can. Field-Nat. , 101, 76–81. )| falseSearch 95. Maraun, M. , Martens, H. , Migge, S. , Theenhaus, A. & Scheu, S. (2003) Adding to ‘the enigma of soil animal diversity’: fungal feeders and saprophagous soil invertebrates prefer similar food substrates. Eur. J. Soil Biol. , 39, 85–95. )| falseSearch 146. McClain, C. R. & Nekola, J. C. (2008) The role of local-scale processes on terrestrial and deep-sea gastropod body size distributions across multiple scales. Evol. Ecol. Res. , 10, 129–146. )| falseSearch 445. Meyer, W. M. & Yeung, N. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by implying that there is a significant body of research focused on terrestrial snails and gastropods, which suggests biological diversity among these organisms. Comparing snails and octopuses as biologically identical diminishes the complexity and variety highlighted in multiple studies referenced in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: Table 6 Size selection restriction analysis with MspI in promoter and gene body regions using CLC genome region Gene body region Promoter region name Number of cut site(s)/Nucleotide cut site(s) Fragment size(s) Name of gene Number of cut site(s)/Nucleotide cut site(s) Fragment size(s) Pro-LDBPK_141-460 9(257, 457, 837, 882, 960, 1030, 1507, 1799, 1953) 45, 70, 78, 154,200 LDBPK_141460 17(125, 188, 279, 613, 641, 682, 796, 820, 860, 994, 1141, 1216, 1277, 1484, 1642, 1669, 1774) 63, 91, 41, 114, 40, 134, 147, 75, 61, 207, 158, 105 Pro-LDBPK_230-300 3(388, 494, 594) 106, 100 LDBPK_230300 5(155, 194, 625, 673, 1188) 48 Pro-LDBPK_251-640 4(171, 215, 413, 889) 44, 198 LDBPK_212210 10(16, 52, 148, 290, 476, 494, 522, 1177, 1234, 1252) 96, 142, 186, 57 Pro-LDBPK_151-500 17(625, 1444, 1611, 1869, 2581, 2798, 2840, 2890, 2966, 3050, 3299, 3808, 4018, 4049, 4235, 4362, 4574) 31, 42, 50, 76, 84, 127, 167, 186, 212, 210, 217 LDBPK_251640 5(627, 734, 1003, 1224, 1537) 107 Pro-LDBPK_340-900 2(299, 914) - LDBPK_151500 3(316, 554, 612) 58 Pro-LDBPK_262-720 7(131, 569, 607, 691, 721, 837, 903) 84, 116, 66 LDBPK_340900 3(558, 613, 764) 55, 151 Pro- [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it primarily consists of a detailed description of size selection restriction analysis using specific enzymes in promoter and gene body regions, providing no information about gene expression analysis or its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Castel, M and Morris, JF (2000). Morphological heterogeneity of the GABAergic network in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the brain's circadian pacemaker J Anat 196: 1–13. [PubMed] and Golombek, DA (2001). Rhythmic variation in gamma-aminobutyric acid(A)-receptor subunit composition in the circadian system and median eminence of Syrian hamsters 310: 178–182. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN (1993). Glutamate and GABA presence and action in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 11–15. Gao, B, Fritschy, JM and Moore, RY (1995). GABAA-receptor subunit composition in the circadian timing system 700: 142–156. [PubMed] O'and Kilduff, TS (1995). and NMDA receptor subunit expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other brain regions Res 28: 239–250. [PubMed] deand Dudek, FE (1999). A re-examination of the role of GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus J 14: 126–130. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (2003). GABA receptor -mediated inhibition of neuronal activity in rat SCN in vitro: Pharmacology and influence of circadian phase J Neurophysiol 90: 1438–1448. [PubMed] Wagner, S, Sagiv, N and Yarom, Y (2001). GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Physiol 537: 853–869. [PubMed] and Dudek, FE (1997). GABA A-mediated local synaptic pathways connect neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 78: 2217–2220. [PubMed] and Yarom, Y (1997). GABA in the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus and its role in diurnal rhythmicity Nature 387: 598–603. [PubMed] and Herbison, AE (2002). Effect of GABA on GnRH neurons switches from depolarization to hyperpolarization at puberty in the female mouse Endocrinology 143: 1459–1466. [PubMed] Obrietan, K and van den Pol, AN (1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that highlight the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the brain's circadian pacemaker. It mentions different research articles examining the morphological and functional aspects of the SCN, reinforcing its significance in the circadian timing system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: 1163/18759866-bja10036Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Analysis of overlap in seac The percentages of overlapping seac areas for pairwise species combinations were found to be significantly impacted by the number of collected individuals (glm-gp, ) and the difference in species’ lifestyle (glm-gp, table 4). In contrast, no significant effect was detected for body size difference (glm-gp, ) and site (glm-gp, table 4), although site B slightly differed from the other sites (fig. 2c). Species with different lifestyle did not overlap in their isotopic niches, but one pair of species with a small overlap. By contrast, species with similar lifestyle were highly variable in their overlapping seac, resulting in significantly higher percentage of overlap that those of the remaining categories (fig. 2d). isotope analysis can be used in a variety of ways to study foraging ecology and trophic relationships among organisms, because it provides a temporally integrated view of matter fluxes. In the present study, we found a high degree of overlap among isotopic niches of land snail species. This pattern has been documented previously and suggests that there is little or no trophic niche compartmentalisation between co-occurring land snail species (Schmidt et al. , 2004; Bonkowski & Kappes, 2017; Němec et al. , 2021). Consequently, the extent of food competition is generally considered negligible, as a virtually unlimited amount of food resources for snails can usually be expected. Furthermore, land snails are considered true opportunists in their feeding ecology, seeking out a large number of potential food sources along the way (Speiser, 2001). Nevertheless, we observed a significantly different position in the isotopic niche space for arboreal snails compared to the others, mainly because of the lower 15N values. This resulted in non-overlapping seac ellipses between these groups, indicating differences in diet (Jackson et al. , 2011). The arboreal snails also had the significantly highest trophic niche size (expressed by their seac). This result should be taken with caution because of the strong phylogenetic clustering, since two of the three arboreal species are clausilids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in isotopic niches and dietary strategies among land snail species, along with evidence of varying ecological roles and competition among them. It explicitly suggests that land snails exhibit significant ecological variation, indicating that their biology cannot be simply reduced to size differences as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: LDBPK_040-440 2(380, 425) 45 LDBPK_262720 2(85, 169) 84 Pro-LDBPK_171-020 15(194, 812, 1121, 1255, 1361, 1372, 1390, 1493, 2110, 2205, 2695, 2796, 3426, 3717, 3866) 134, 106, 103, 95, 101, 149 LDBPK_040440 5(34, 229, 595, 707, 1260) 195, 112 Pro-LDBPK_151-100 2(513, 994) - LDBPK_171020 37(161, 481, 578, 584, 776, 835, 943, 1379, 1420, 1445, 1652, 1705, 1885, 2021, 2215, 2442, 2491, 2518, 2601, 2713, 2863, 2887, 3344, 3452, 3542, 3816, 3909, 4216, 4861, 4954, 5001, 5150, 5239, 5245, 5449, 5551, 5845) 97, 192, 59, 108, 436, 41, 207, 53, 180, 136, 194, 49, 83, 112, 150, 108, 90, 93, 93,47, 149, 89, 204, 102 Pro-LDBPK_151-540 2(25, 690) - LDBPK_151100 2(16, 141) 125 Pro-LDBPK_060-590 2(280, 360) 80 LDBPK_151540 15(47, 190, 627, 801, 963, 1398, 1424, 1442, 1503, 1804, 1864, 1922, 2498, 2628, 2697) 143, 174, 162, 61, 60, 58, 130, 69 Pro-LDBPK_030-760 3(437, 740, 789) 49 LDBPK_060590 2(130, 355) - Pro-LDBPK_111-140 4(173, 191, 447, 815) - LDBPK_030760 58(158, 206, 233, 443, 828, 1228, 1274, 1279, 1336, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a list of gene identifiers and associated numbers, but it does not provide any context, explanation, or analysis related to gene expression or cellular responses to stimuli. Because of its lack of relevant information, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA neurotransmission in the hypothalamus: developmental reversal from Ca2+ elevating to depressing J Neurosci 15: 5065–5077. [PubMed] and Proctor, WR (1995). Ionic mechanisms of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors Science 269: 977–981. [PubMed] de Jeu, M and Pennartz, C (2002). Circadian modulation of GABA function in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: excitatory effects during the night phase J Neurophysiol 87: 834–844. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1996). Rhythms of glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 11: 311–316. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1999). Glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of rats housed in constant darkness 851: 266–269. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (2004). Circadian rhythm in inhibitory synaptic transmission in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurophysiol 92: 311–319. [PubMed] Liu, C and Reppert, SM (2000). GABA synchronizes clock cells within the suprachiasmatic circadian clock Neuron 25: 123–128. [PubMed] Ohta, H, Yamazaki, S and McMahon, DG (2005). Constant light desynchronizes mammalian clock neurons 8: 267–269. [PubMed] and Tei, H (2004). Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons J 19: 35–46. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Two types of VIP neuronal components in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J 74: 852–857. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). Per and neuropeptide expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei: compartmentalization and differential cellular induction by light 958: 261–271. [PubMed] and Masson-Pevet, M (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references that investigate the function and modulation of GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), directly supporting the claim that the SCN is a key component of circadian rhythms. For instance, the citations discuss the roles of GABA as an excitatory neurotransmitter during the night phase in the SCN and its synchronization of clock cells, which underscores the SCN's role as a master clock in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: However, the third arboreal species (Ena montana) is phylogenetically distant and similar results on differences in trophic niche position for arboreal snails compared to ground-dwelling snails were also noted by Saeki et al. (2017). This is likely related to the fact that epiphytic lichens and mosses, i. e. , food sources with different 13C and 15N signatures, are consumed more frequently than litter and live plant biomass. Given that trees and decaying deadwood are habitats of highly diverse lower plant flora and fungi (Crites & Dale, 1998; Vellak & Paal, 1999), we hypothesise that snails using this type of microhabitat may utilise a broader range of food resources. Such a distinct isotopic signatures lead to larger trophic niche size. In addition, coarse deadwood also provides a wide range of shelters (Kappes, 2005; Müller et al. , 2005), which may reduce the need for mobility and contribute to greater diversity in the isotopic signatures of arboreal land snails. In contrast, epigean snails probably all feed on the same mixture of leaf litter and, in some cases, live plant biomass, resulting in a more homogeneous signatures across individuals and thus a smaller trophic niche size. Our results also suggest a significant difference in niche size relative to body size. Because several traits correlate with body size, the mechanism causing this relationship is not clear. Species with larger body size are more mobile (e. g. , Baur & Baur, 1988; Dahirel et al. , 2015) and need to consume a proportionally greater amount of food resources during costly locomotion (Denny, 1980; Cook, 2001). Despite the presumably wide range of food sources resulting from opportunistic feeding, there is little variation among individuals. This may result in similar isotopic signatures among all individuals, and thus a smaller trophic niche size. In contrast, small body-sized species are thought to have limited mobility (Dahirel et al. , 2015). Thus, individuals are thought to be more closely tied to a specific microhabitat, likely characterised by unique food resources. These factors may lead to distinct signatures among individuals and thus a larger trophic niche. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in the trophic niches and ecological adaptations of arboreal and epigean snails, indicating that biological characteristics vary significantly among different species of snails, which undermines the notion of octopuses and snails being biologically identical. It highlights the distinct ecological roles, feeding behaviors, and niche sizes associated with different body sizes, illustrating that even within snails, biological identity is complex and context-dependent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text:  1462, 1864, 1907, 1921, 1992, 2206, 2282, 2710, 3292, 3473, 3496, 3663, 3911, 3926, 4068, 4268, 4732, 4924, 5014, 5428, 5447, 5473, 5494, 5602, 5621, 5687, 5969, 6089, 6157, 6620, 6665, 6737, 6940, 7159, 7231, 7573, 7790, 7910, 8105, 8138, 8433, 8602, 9012, 9180, 9228, 9233, 9242, 9284, 9380) 48, 210, 46, 57, 126, 43, 71, 214, 76, 181, 167, 142, 200, 192, 90, 108, 66, 120, 68, 45, 72, 203, 219, 72, 217, 120, 195, 169, 168, 48, 42, 96 Pro-LDBPK_160-580 2(300, 618) - LDBPK_111140 33(46, 202, 239, 317, 446, 497, 794, 830, 842, 988, 997, 1067, 1273, 1412, 1420, 1688, 2152, 2158, 2179, 2335, 2452, 2522, 2542, 2585, 2641, 2794, 2920, 2939, 2971, 3185, 3306, 3370, 3413) 156, 78, 129, 51, 146, 70, 206, 139, 156, 117, 70, 43, 56, 153, 126, 214, 121, 64, 43 Pro-LDBPK_250-780 1(105) - LDBPK_160580 5(313, 374, 763, 800, 907) 61, 107 Pro-LDBPK_362-640 7(22, 86, 98, 158, 397, 606, 735) 64, 60, 209, 129 LDBPK_250780 1(105) - Pro-LDBPK_280-030 3(242, 546, 812) - LDBPK_362640 11(47, 286, 424, 838, 1026, 1387, 1507, 1973, 2106, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text fails to directly address the claim regarding gene expression analysis and its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. The content appears to be a series of numbers and references, lacking any contextual information or clarity related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Phenotype of Per1- and Per2-expressing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis ansorgei): comparison with a nocturnal species, the rat Res 310: 85–92. [PubMed] Moore, RY, Speh, J and Card, JP (1985). Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI) colocalize in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 11: s1139. and Albers, HE (1986). m RNA of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and peptide histidineisoleucine (PHI) within the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)[abstract] 12: s597. and Piggins, HD (2002). Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide on neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro J Neuroendocrinol 14: 639–646. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2003). The mouse VPAC2 receptor confers suprachiasmatic nuclei cellular rhythmicity and responsiveness to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in vitro Neurosci 17: 197–204. [PubMed] Dardente, H, Menet, js, chalet, and Masson-Pevet, M (2004). Daily and circadian expression of neuropeptides in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of nocturnal and diurnal rodents Res 124: 143–151. [PubMed] and Inouye, SIT (1992). A circadian rhythm of somatostatin messenger RNA levels, but not of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/peptide histidine isoleucine messenger RNA levels in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 3: 29–35. and Inouye, ST (1993). Photic regulation of peptides located in the ventrolateral subdivision of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat: daily variations of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, gastrin-releasing peptide, and neuropeptide Y J Neurosci 13: 793–800. [PubMed] Ban, Y, Shigeyoshi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that focus on different aspects of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is closely tied to the regulation of circadian rhythms. It mentions the expression of specific neuropeptides and their role within the SCN, highlighting its importance as a foundational structure in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that in our study, large species were often epigean, whereas most small species were arboreal, so the effects of individual body size and lifestyle may partially overlap. However, because the effect of body size was tested for residual variation (i. e. , when the effect of lifestyle is removed) and was still significant, it is clear that there is variation related solely to the effect of body size. A combination of low mobility and the presence of more diverse and spatially structured food sources makes the diet of individuals unique. Thus, we hypothesise that trophic niche size is closely related to lifestyle and body size/mobility of land snail species and is greater in arboreal, small body-sized species due to limited mobility. Although there were systematic trends among species, we also observed variation in niche size between populations of several species. This was most pronounced for Macrogastra ventricosa at sites A and B. It seems that this could be related to habitat heterogeneity and food diversity. is a scree forest, where a greater number of different tree and herb species were observed (Hájek et al. , 2020) than at site B. This site was an alder forest in flat terrain with a more uniform tree and herb composition than at site A. Consistent with this, M. ventricosa exhibited a notably more uniform trophic niche at site B than at site A. While the effect of site on seac ellipse overlap was not significant, we observed some differences between them. The differences were most pronounced at site B, likely due to the higher proportion of arboreal species sampled at this site. This is also supported by the fact that the degree of ellipse overlaps generally increased with a higher proportion of epigean species. Moreover, the arboreal species at site B did not overlap with each other; for example, no overlap was captured between Cochlodina laminata and other arboreal species. Here, the relative habitat uniformity at this site could lead to the observed differentiation in species trophic niche if species are spatially separated and therefore use different food sources. In contrast to the variation among species populations, the number of individuals collected had a significant effect on the percentage of overlap among species in an assemblage. In other words, the more individuals collected, the greater the likelihood that overlap between species will be recorded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological and dietary variations among land snail species, indicating significant distinctions in habitat, feeding behaviors, and body size effects on niche size. It mentions that 'there is variation related solely to the effect of body size' and presents data on how these variations affect species differentiation, suggesting that snails and octopuses are not biologically identical but exhibit functional and ecological differences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text:  2555, 2662) 138, 188, 120, 133, 107 Pro-LDBPK_131-090 1(83) - LDBPK_280030 3(12, 402, 1077) - Pro-LDBPK_040-570 9(61, 414, 540, 601, 625, 696, 782, 855, 1105) 126, 61, 71, 86, 73 LDBPK_131090 18(4, 44, 80, 210, 524, 626, 650, 683, 782, 1177, 1331, 1402, 1413, 1600, 1622, 1904, 1912, 2124) 40, 130, 102, 99, 154, 71, 187, 212 Pro-LDBPK_303-160 2(183, 322) 139 LDBPK_040570 7(11, 59, 262, 487, 538, 595, 799) 48, 203, 51, 57, 204 Pro-LDBPK_180-620 3(45, 321, 793) - LDBPK_303160 3(421, 425, 448) - Pro-LDBPK_180-480 5(673, 830, 887, 980, 1197) 157, 57, 93, 217 LDBPK_180690 2(38, 203) 165 Pro-LDBPK_180-460 3(399, 633, 926) - LDBPK_180620 11(307, 416, 452, 568, 973, 1025, 1048, 1145, 1174, 1244, 1352) 109, 116, 52, 97, 70, 108 Pro-LDBPK_180-370 5(98, 128, 495, 545, 616) 50, 71 LDBPK_180590 6(320, 361, 442, 920, 1163, 1198) 41 Pro-LDBPK_180-360 5(318, 485, 715, 925, 970) 167, 210, 45 LDBPK_180480 7(49, 374, 398, 410, 473, 966, 1029) 63 Pro-LDBPK_180-270 1(398) - LDBPK_180460 5(52, 124, 419, 424, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it consists of a series of numbers and identifiers related to specific gene markers rather than an explanation or analysis regarding the role of gene expression in understanding cellular responses to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Development of vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA rhythm in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 17: 3920–3931. [PubMed] and Kimura, F (2000). Effects of gap junction blocker on vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide rhythms in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 38: 43–47. [PubMed] Reed, HE, Meyer-and Piggins, HD (2001). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) phase- shifts the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus clock in vitro Neurosci 13: 839–843. [PubMed] Nielsen, HS, Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide induces per1 and per2 gene expression in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus late at night Neurosci 15: 570–574. [PubMed] and Herzog, ED (2005). Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons 8: 476–483. [PubMed] and Harari, N (1990). Vasopressinergic innervation of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: An immuno-electron microscopic analysis J 298: 172–187. [PubMed] Van den Pol, AN and Gorcs, T (1986). Synaptic relationship between neurons containing vasopressin, gastrin releasing peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide and glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Dual ultrastructural immunocytochemistry with gold-substituted silver peroxidase J 252: 507–521. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1996). Circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in suprachiasmatic nucleus slices from the vasopressin-deficient Brattleboro rat Neuroscience 75: 635–641. [PubMed] and Mihai, R (1998). Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 119: 351–364. [PubMed] Mihai, R, Juss, TS and Ingram, CD (1994). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing various studies that examine the role of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), indicating that these molecules are involved in mediating circadian rhythmicity and regulating the clock mechanisms within the SCN. This supports the assertion that the SCN functions as the master clock of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: & Ansart, A. (2015) Movement propensity and ability correlate with ecological specialization in European land snails: comparative analysis of a dispersal syndrome. J. Anim. Ecol. , 84, 228–238. )| falseSearch 1290. Denny, M. (1980) Locomotion: the cost of gastropod crawling. Science, 208, 1288–1290. )| falseSearch 946. De Oliveira, T. , Hättenschwiler, S. & Tanya Handa, I. (2010) Snail and millipede complementarity in decomposing Mediterranean forest leaf litter mixtures. Funct. Ecol. , 24, 937–946. )| falseSearch 168. Giller, P. S. (1996) The diversity of soil communities, the ‘poor man’s tropical rainforest’. Biodivers. Conserv. , 5, 135–168. )| falseSearch 116. Giokas, S. & Mylonas, M. (2004) Dispersal patterns and population structure of the land snail Albinaria coerulea (Pulmonata: Clausiliidae). J. Molluscan Stud. , 70, 107–116. )| falseSearch 217. Hájek, V. , Vacek, Z. , Vacek, S. , Bílek, L. , Prausová, R. , Linda, R. , Bulušek, D. & Králíček, I. (2020) Changes in diversity of protected scree and herb-rich beech forest ecosystems over 55 years. Cent. Eur. For. J. , 66, 202–217. )| falseSearch 341. Hatziioannou, M. , Eleutheriadis, N. & Lazaridou-Dimitriadou, M. (1994) Food p341. )| falseSearch 2757. Hirt, M. R. , Lauermann, T. , Brose, U. , Noldus, L. P. & Dell, A. I. (2017) The little things that run: a general scaling of invertebrate exploratory speed with body mass. Ecology, 98, 2751–2757. )| falseSearch 86. Honek, A. & Martinkova, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various studies related to snails and their diverse ecological roles, locomotion, and community structures, implying that snails are distinct organisms with unique biological traits that differentiate them from octopuses. The mention of different studies on snails highlights their specific adaptations and functions, which suggests that snails and octopuses are not biologically identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text:  491) 72, 67 Pro-LDBPK_181-100 2(510, 519) - LDBPK_180370 8(23, 33, 147, 634, 640, 767, 1126, 1191) 114, 127, 65 Pro-LDBPK_180-920 2(817, 999) 182 LDBPK_180360 2(1023, 1030) - Pro-LDBPK_180-810 3(230, 827, 1372) - LDBPK_180270 5(54, 310, 698, 892, 988) 194, 96 Pro-LDBPK_180-790 3(327, 651, 757) 106 LDBPK_181100 2(290, 811) - Pro-LDBPK_180-650 9(173, 502, 546, 660, 723, 785, 872, 1098, 1816) 44, 114, 63, 62, 87 LDBPK_181080 7(112, 452, 550, 887, 1403, 2345, 2400) 98, 55 Pro-LDBPK_180-580 3(141, 510, 626) 116 LDBPK_180920 8(223, 257, 308, 1088, 1246, 1282, 1389, 1790) 51, 158, 107 Pro-LDBPK_180-510 9(226, 422, 902, 918, 1106, 1175, 1473, 1586, 1929) 196, 188, 69, 113 LDBPK_180810 5(32, 202, 701, 730, 759) 170 Pro-LDBPK_170-660 1(149) - LDBPK_180790 5(193, 257, 304, 704, 1014) 64, 47 Pro-LDBPK_170-610 3(124, 192, 783) 68 LDBPK_180650 2(53, 403) - Pro-LDBPK_212-210 2(263, 427) 164 LDBPK_180580 2(15, 113) 98 LDBPK_180510 23(305, 554, 560, 631, 722, 1073, 1142, 1243, 1423, 1447, 1484, 15 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a dense list of identifiers and values related to gene expression data, but it does not provide any clear information or context directly supporting or contrasting the claim regarding gene expression analysis and its usefulness in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. Therefore, this text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Suppression of suprachiasmatic nucleus neuron activity with a vasopressin receptor antagonist: possible role for endogenous vasopressin in circadian activity cycles in vitro 179: 95–99. [PubMed] and Ingram, CD (1994). The effects of [Arg8] vasopressin and [Arg8] vasotocin on the firing rate of suprachiasmatic neurons in vitro Neuroscience 62: 783–792. [PubMed] and Goldman, BD (1984). Avian pancreatic polypeptide phase shifts hamster circadian rhythms when microinjected into the suprachiasmatic region Science 223: 833–835. [PubMed] and Maini, BK (1987). Suprachiasmatic injection of a vasopressin antagonist modifies the circadian rhythm of food intake Biol 48: 344–351. [PubMed] and Singh, PI (1992). Vasopressin antagonist disrupts the circadian rhythm of water intake on suprachiasmatic injection 9: 356–361. [PubMed] Decoursey, PJ and Buggy, J (1986). Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN. [abstract] Neurosci 12: 210. and Bittman, EL (1987). Circadian rhythmicity restored by neural transplant. Immunocytochemical characterization of the graft and its integration with the host brain J Neurosci 7: 1626–1638. [PubMed] Stoynev, AG and Nagai, K (1996). Lack of effect of suprachiasmatic infusion of a vasopressin antagonist on the circadian rhythm of wheel-running activity in rats 22: 39–43. [PubMed] Boer, GJ, van Esseveldt, KE, van der and Rietveld, WJ (1999). Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats Neuroscience 89: 375–385. [PubMed] van and Swaab, DF (2001). Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression Psychiatry 58: 655–662. [PubMed] and Aguilera, G (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies that explore the activity and influence of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. References such as 'Restoration of locomotor activity in SCN-lesioned golden hamsters by transplantation of fetal SCN' and 'Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats' support the notion that the SCN plays a crucial role in the regulation of circadian rhythms, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: In contrast, single-precision execution of the iterative gridding algorithm that underlies the reconstruction in the M-step (Scheres, 2012a) did exhibit a notable deviation from the double-precision version when first tested. Therefore, we opted for a hybrid implementation of the algorithm: The computationally demanding slice projections, probability calculations, and back-projections in the E-step are performed in single precision on the GPU, while the reconstruction in the M-step remains in double precision on the CPU. Because the M-step is partially responsible for the new bottlenecks apparent in Figure 4E this is a candidate for additional future optimisation, but for now the hybrid approach provides a good compromise. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset The GPU reconstruction is qualitatively identical to the CPU version. (A) A high-resolution refinement of the Plasmodium falciparum 80S ribosome using single precision GPU arithmetic achieves a gold-standard Fourier shell correlation (FSC) indistinguishable from double precision CPU-only refinement (previously deposited as EMD-2660). The FSC of full reconstructions comparing the two methods shows their agreement far exceeds the recoverable signal (grey), and as shown in Figure 5—figure supplement 1 the variation in angle assignments match the differences between CPU runs with different random seeds. (B) Partial snapshots of the final reconstruction following post-processing, superimposed on PDB ID 3J79 (Wong et al. , 2014). Disk and memory considerations relion has traditionally required large amounts of memory. Fortunately its peak use is however not during the accelerated, computationally most intensive, parts of the algorithm. Rather, memory use peaks during the M-step, which is executed on the CPU using the gridding reconstruction algorithm mentioned above. The amount of available GPU memory still remains a limitation, as it determines the capacity for storage of the oversampled Fourier transforms of one or more 2. 5. In practice, memory use with image sizes up to 4002 indicate that at most 6 GB of GPU memory is needed to perform refinement to Nyquist (Figure 6). Classification using 3D 10. 7554/eLife. 18722. 008 To enable efficient evaluation and good scaling on GPUs, several new methods to manually manage data efficiently have been implemented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it does not address any biological characteristics of octopuses or snails. Instead, it discusses computational algorithms and their performance, which is completely unrelated to the biological comparison implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: 73, 1628, 1718, 1831, 1985, 2059, 2063, 2086, 2258, 2306, 2510, 2540) 71, 91, 69, 101, 180, 89, 55, 90, 113, 154, 74, 172, 48, 204 LDBPK_170660 19(403, 553, 578, 617, 833, 938, 1069, 1205, 1298, 1416, 1464, 1774, 2104, 2150, 2423, 2446, 2486, 2692, 2840) 150, 216, 105, 131, 136, 93, 118, 48, 46, 40, 206, 148 LDBPK_170610 3(124, 192, 783) 68 LDBPK_170890 7(290, 296, 357, 579, 746, 1033, 1685) 61, 167 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding gene expression analysis or its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. Instead, it appears to be a list of identifiers or references without context relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neuronal activity is required for the circadian rhythm of vasopressin gene transcription in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro Endocrinology 143: 4165–4171. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1994). Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin-producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging 651: 134–142. [PubMed] Hofman, MA and Swaab, DF (1995). Influence of aging on the seasonal rhythm of the vasopressin-expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 16: 965–971. [PubMed] and Swabb, DF (1995). Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 693: 261–266. [PubMed] and Bult-Ito, A (2004). Number of arginine-vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei is not related to level or circadian characteristics of wheel-running activity in house mice 34: 131–136. [PubMed] Kalamatianos, T, Kallo, I and Coen, CW (2004). Ageing and the diurnal expression of the mRNAs for vasopressin and for the V1a and V1b vasopressin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of male rats J Neuroendocrinol 16: 493–501. [PubMed] Biemans, BAM, Van der and Daan, S (). A double role for vasopressin in the SCN? Research Conference. . 5–10, August 2001. and Gold, RM (1981). Circadian rhythms in vasopressin deficient rats Bull 6: 125–130. [PubMed] Stoinev, AG and Ikonomov, OK (1990). Effect of continuous infusion of vasopressin on circadian rhythms of food and water intake, diuresis and electrolyte excretion in Brattleboro rats 09: 122–124. Castel, M, Morris, J and Belenky, M (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that focus on the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms, specifically mentioning neuronal activity and the expression of vasopressin genes within the SCN. This supports the claim that the SCN is involved in regulating circadian rhythms, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mollusks have no nervous systems and rely solely on instinct for survival. [SEP] Text: To ensure that this decrease in AVP and thirst was the result of drinking, and not water absorption, they repeated the experiment. This time, they extracted water from the stomach during ingestion via a nasal-gastric tube. They found that the subjects’ thirst also returned to baseline values even though no water was absorbed, thus concluding that the oropharyngeal receptors had a clear role in the dehydration-induced dipsogenic drive. The oropharyngeal receptors seem to influence thirst and drinking, fluid balance, thermoregulation, and possibly exercise performance. According to Takamata et al,13 the drinking act has a reflex effect on the osmotic regulation of sweating and AVP in dehydrated subjects. Recently, Arnaoutis and his colleagues14 studied the effect of mouth rinsing or drinking a very small amount of water every 5 minutes during cycling exercise to exhaustion in the heat. They concluded that ingestion of a small amount of water, but not mouth rinsing, increased exercise time in dehydrated subjects, possibly through the activation of oropharyngeal receptors. 14 Clearly, hyperosmolality and/or hypovolemia stimulate thirst. Nevertheless, it is not clear whether drinking is a response of changes in osmolality or plasma volume during normal daily conditions. Phillips et al studied human behavior during ad libitum drinking. 15 They concluded that humans consume fluid well before any water deficit, mostly during food consumption and possibly in response to oropharyngeal cues. These data are in agreement with other studies indicating that fluids are consumed mainly during food consumption. 10,16 Fluid intake and thirst stimulation seem to be altered during exercise. In 1944, Pitts and his colleagues17 studied subjects’ drinking responses during exercise in the heat. They concluded that drinking during exercise rarely exceeded the two-thirds of net water losses due to sweating. Later on, Greenleaf18 identified that phenomenon as involuntary dehydration: “the delay in rehydration by spontaneous drinking after dehydration induced by exercise, fuid restriction, environmental heat and cold. ” Interestingly, this involuntary dehydration takes place while athletes are exposed to 2 well-known thirst triggers, hyperosmolality, and hypovolemia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the physiological responses of subjects related to thirst, fluid balance, and exercise performance without any mention of mollusks or their nervous system. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: DiscussionReliable identification of the TSSs is a prerequisite to realize the regulation and expression of genes in any organism in a promoter sequence (Halees, Leyfer, and Weng 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the necessity of identifying transcription start sites (TSSs) for gene regulation and expression, without addressing cellular responses to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Advancing human circadian rhythms with afternoonmelatonin and morning intermittent bright light J Metab,. [PubMed] Wehr, TA (1997). Melatonin and seasonal rhythms J 12: 518–527. [PubMed] Pévet, P (2003). Melatonin: to J Neuroendocrinol 15: 422–426. [PubMed] Lincoln, GA, Andersson, H and Loudon, A (2003). Clock genes in calendar cells as the basis of annual timekeeping in mammals – a unifying hypothesis. J Endocrinol 179: 1–13. [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, Teclemariam-Mesbah, R and Pevet, P (1993). Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) J 332: 293–314. [PubMed] and Gooley, J (2005). The hypothalamic integrator for circadian rhythms 28: 152–157. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S and Semba, K (2003). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the median preoptic nucleus in rat 987: 100–106. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2003). A broad role for melanopsin in nonvisual photoreception J Neurosci 23: 7093–7106. [PubMed] Deurveilher, S, Burns, J and Semba, K (2002). Indirect projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus: a dual tract-tracing study in rat Neurosci 16: 1195–1213. [PubMed] Watts, AG (1991). ed. The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind's clock. New York, Press, 106. and Honma, K (2000). Clock genes outside the suprachiasmatic nucleus involved in manifestation of locomotor activity rhythm in rats Neurosci 12: 4206–4214. [PubMed] Balsalobre, A, Damiola, F and Schibler, U (1998). A serum shock induces circadian gene expression in mammalian tissue culture cells Cell 93: 929–937. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides corroborative evidence for the claim as it discusses various studies and findings related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is known to play a pivotal role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Specifically, it references the efferent projections of the SCN and its involvement in the control of circadian rhythms, which supports the idea that the SCN acts as the master clock in the brain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: and medicinal uses of folklore medicinal plants belonging to family acanthaceae an updated review Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2574-9722 Biology and 38. DOI: 10. 15406/mojbm. 2017. 01. 00009 is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including about 4300 species and 346 genera all over the world. Most are tropical shrubs, herbs and twining vines while some are epiphytes. There is increasing interest about the indigenous medicinal plants for correct identification, taxonomy and medicinal properties. Chemically it contained some important secondary metabolites such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acids. These compounds play an important role in many biological reactions and work against many lethal diseases. Leaves, roots and other parts are used as anti-pyrietic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic and antidiabetic. Some other important plants belong to this family are used to treat skin diseases, cough, eye infections, wounds, pneumonia, anti-diarrhea, edema etc. There are only a few examples that underline importance of family Acanthaceae. This medical importance attracted the researchers to explore the various aspects of this family. The medicinal role and significance of the family can hardly be overemphasized. The present review highlights some key features of some important genus of this important plant family and also describes its various conventional and new novel uses in our daily life. By keeping these points the present study will be useful for further research and clinical trials in future study of some new important plant species belong to this important family. Keywords: Acanthaceae; Pharmaceutical uses; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites, synthetic medicines description to medicinal plants of important family acanthaceae Plants possess an immense therapeutic potential and a large number of such plants are unexplored to-date. Medicinal plants are source of novel chemical entities that possess beneficial pharmacological and therapeutics properties. These can be used directly or their extracts have been used as starting material in synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs. Traditionally medicinal plants have been used in the preparation of synthetic medicines, even currently in developing world; about 25% of ingredients in the prescribed modern medicine are derived from extracts of medicinal plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the significant focus on medicinal plants, particularly noting the importance of the family Acanthaceae, which includes a variety of plants with numerous medicinal uses. It explicitly discusses their therapeutic potential, the role of secondary metabolites, and how they are traditionally used in the preparation of synthetic medicines. This indicates that ethnobotany does encompass medicinal uses, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: Buske, Fabian A, Mikael Bodén, Bauer, and Bailey. 2010b. “to. ” Bioinformatics 26(7): 860–66. and Yang. 2012. “CpGPAP:. ” BMC Genetics 13. “CLC Genomics Workbench. ” (November 6, 2020). Das, Sushmita et al. 2015. “ Unmethylated CpG Motifs in the L. 9-of Death in Macrophages. ” Journal of 97(2): 363–78. “Database of CpG Islands. ” (November 3, 2020). Dinka, Hunduma, and Le. 2018. “Analysis of 1 (V1R) Reveals a Motif but Poor CpG Islands. ” 29(4): 293–300. Dinka, Hunduma, and Ashenafi Milkesa. 2020. “Unfolding SARS-CoV-2 to Regulation. ” Infection, Genetics and Evolution 84(May): 104386. Downing, Tim et al. 2011. “Sequencing of into and Mechanisms of Drug Resistance. ” : 2143–56. Duncan, Robert et al. 2011. “Identification and Characterization of in : for Selection. ” 2011. “GOMo Results. ” (February 3, 2021). Gu, Hongcang, and Eleni Tomazou. 2010. “NIH Public Access. ” (February). Gupta, Shobhit, John A. Stamatoyannopoulos, Timothy L. Bailey, and Noble. 2007. “between Motifs. ” 8(2). Halees, Anason S. , Dmitriy Leyfer, and Zhiping Weng. 2003. “PromoSer: A Large-Promoter and Service. ” Research 31(13): 3554–59. Han, Leng, and Zhongming Zhao. 2008. “of CpG Islands in Genomes. ” 2008. Holzmuller, Philippe et al. 2002. “Nitric Oxide-Mediated Proteasome-in Amastigotes. ” 70(7): 3727–35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists citations and references without providing any direct evidence or discussion related to gene expression analysis or its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Cassone, VM (2001). Oscillating on borrowed time: diffusible signals from immortalized suprachiasmatic nucleus cells regulate circadian rhythmicity in cultured fibroblasts J Neurosci 21: 7937–7943. [PubMed] and Ishida, N (1998). Humoral signals mediate the circadian expression of rat period homologue (rPer2) mRNA in peripheral tissues 256: 117–119. [PubMed] and Weitz, CJ (2001). Regulation of daily locomotor activity and sleep by hypothalamic EGF receptor signaling Science 294: 2511–2515. [PubMed] Junier, MP (2000). What role(s) for TGFα in the central nervous system? 62: 443–473. [PubMed] and Ojeda, SR (1992). Transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in the hypothalamus is developmentally regulated and linked to sexual maturation Neuron 9: 657–670. [PubMed] and Gall, CM (1993). Cellular localization of transforming growth factor-alpha mRNA in rat forebrain J Neurochem 60: 1777–1782. [PubMed] and Allen, CN (2004). Potential pathways for intercellular communication within the calbindin subnucleus of the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 123: 87–99. [PubMed] Li, X, Sankrithi, N and Davis, FC (2002). Transforming growth factor-alpha is expressed in astrocytes of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in hamster: role of glial cells in circadian clocks Neuroreport 13: 2143–2147. [PubMed] Van der and Meerlo, P (2005). TGFα and AVP in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus: Anatomical relationship and daily profiles 1054: 159–166. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport 819: 23–32. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Functional connections between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the thyroid gland as revealed by lesioning and viral tracing techniques in the rat Endocrinology 141: 3832–3841. [PubMed] la and Buijs, RM (2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms, indicating its involvement in intercellular communication and signaling within the brain, which supports the idea that the SCN serves as a master clock for regulating these biological rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 9 of family Acanthaceae have been founded in nearly every ecological habitat of tropical to subtropical regions and few species in temperate areas. These occur in moist evergreen and dense or open forests, tropical dry deciduous and scrubby lands forests, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in swamps. 10 Acanthus leucostachys and Barleria prionitis show xerophytic adaptation, having reduced spine scent stem and leaves. Based on ecological conditions, Barleria cristata show variation in vegetative parts showing prostate, small leaves and shady areas in erect and large leaves and internodes length and flower size. Species of Strobilanthes show variation in habit e. g. S. asymmetrica, S. clarkei and S. torrentiumare found in high altitude in shady areas. Whereas, some species of Strobilanthes e. g. S. auriculata, S. affinis and S. cusia, were, grown in open areas. Justicia procumbens and Rungia pectinata also shows variation in leaf sizes, internodes length and plant height based on ecological conditions. Barleria cristata, Ruellia brittoniana, Hygrophila polysperma, Asystasia gangetica, Salicifolia H, pholomoides H, H. erecta etc. occupy waste lands and grow as weeds in cultivated fields. 5,10 Importance of acanthaceae Economic values of family acanthaceae Plants of Acanthaceae possess an important ecological role like pollinators, butterflies, bees, humming birds, hawk moths, bats and sunbirds depend upon their pollen and nectar for survival. 9,11 Species of Acanthaceae can also be used as bio-indicators to proxy the spatial distribution of plant communities. This fact can be detected in the etymology of the word where ‘Acan’ means ‘it washes’ as their leaves contain oil and used in laundry. 12 Medicinal importance of acanthaceae Among these the plant species of Acanthaceae play a key role for the treatment of many lethal diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the medicinal importance of the Acanthaceae family, specifically stating that 'plant species of Acanthaceae play a key role for the treatment of many lethal diseases.' This indicates that ethnobotany does include medicinal uses, contrary to the assertion that it is solely concerned with food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: “Introduction - MEME Suite. ” (February 3, 2021). Kanhere, Aditi, and Manju Bansal. 2005. “A for on DNA Stability. ” BMC Bioinformatics 6(February). Kassahun, Aysheshm et al. 2015. “Detection of and L. Tropica in Rodents. ” 145: 39–44. and R. Li. 2012. “Detection of. ” Research 40(19). Mcgwire, Bradford S, and Abhay Satoskar. 2013. “: and Treatment. ” (June). Meyers, Wayne, Mary Klassen-fischer, Walter Reed, and National Military. 2016. “Visceral Leishmaniasis. ” (January 2011). Michaloski, Jussara S. et al. 2011. “Elements in Odorant and Genes. ” 6(12). Mukherjee, Ishita, Abhijit Chakraborty, and Saikat Chakrabarti. 2016. “Identification of Internalin-A-like in Leishmania Donovani. ” Parasites and Vectors 9(1). “for Biotechnology Information. ” (November 2, 2020). Nikolov, D. B. , and S. K. Burley. 1997. “: A Structural View. ” Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 94(1): 15–22. Podinovskaia, Maria, and Albert Descoteaux. 2015. “Leishmania and the Macrophage: A Multifaceted Interaction. ” 10(1): 111–29. Rastrojo, Alberto et al. 2018. “Genomic and in Resistant to Antileishmanial Drugs. ” for Parasitology: Drugs and 8(2): 246–64. and Mehdi Assmar. 2001. “Cloning and Expression of from in Lines. ” (January). Reid, et al. 2010. “Motifs for Binding Sites. ” “- MEME Suite. ” (MEME - Submission form (meme-suite. org). Sharp, P. M. 2001. “Bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information related to the claim about gene expression analysis and its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. Instead, it appears to be a list of references without a clear connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Polysynaptic neural pathways between the hypothalamus, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus, and the liver 871: 50–56. [PubMed] De la Iglesia, HO, Meyer, J and Schwartz, WJ (2003). Lateralization of circadian pacemaker output: Activation of left- and right-sided luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons involves a neural rather than a humoral pathway J Neurosci 23: 7412–7414. [PubMed] Ralph, MR and Lehman, MN (1991). Transplantation: a new tool in the analysis of the mammalian hypothalamic circadian pacemaker 14: 362–366. [PubMed] Silver, R and LeSauter, J (1993). Efferent signals of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J 8: 89–92. and Bittman, EL (1990). Dispersed cell suspensions of fetal SCN restore circadian rhythmicity in SCN-lesioned adult hamsters 525: 45–58. [PubMed] and Zhou, QY (2002). Prokineticin 2 transmits the behavioural circadian rhythm of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Nature 417: 405–410. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1996). Somatostatin neurons form a distinct peptidergic neuronal group in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a double labeling in situ hybridization study 215: 119–122. [PubMed] Shigeyoshi, Y, Maebayashi, Y and Okamura, H (1997). Co-localization of preprosomatostatin mRNA and preprotachykinin A mRNA in neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Res 48: 159–163. [PubMed] Daikoku, S, Hisano, S and Kagotani, Y (1992). Neuronal associations in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus demonstrated by immunoelectron microscopy J 325: 559–571. [PubMed] and Van der Zee, EA (2002). Increase in somatostatin immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of aged Wistar rats 958: 463–467. [PubMed] and Hill, SA (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), with a particular emphasis on its role in circadian rhythms. It mentions the SCN in the context of its neural connections and functions, thereby supporting the claim that the SCN is a key regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: It contained many important secondary metabolites as alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, quinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and proteins that have many therapeutic uses. Some species like Adathoda beddomie, Neelagirianthasis Sp. , Justeceae gendurusa, Neelagirianthasis hemitomie, Berleria priorities, Adathoda zylanica and Hemigraphis corolata have the ability to kill or retard the growth of many infectious microbes including dangerous Pseudomonas species. 13 Several chemicals like 2-propanone, Methylhydrazone, Acetaldehyde, Cyclopentane etc. have been extracted through GC-Mass analysis from important Asteracantha longifolia (L. ) Nees species, which are using in many pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. 14 The other species Clinacanthus nutans also contained plenty of important bioactive compounds namely flavonoids, glycosides, glycoglycerolipids, cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol. These compounds have wide range of anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. 15 Kavitha et al. 16 also reported the anti-diabitic activity of 25 medicinally important plants from family Acanthaceae. Infusions of leaves of Vesica adhatoda Nees, Dyschorister adicans, Aystasia schimperi, Acanthus eminens, Thunber giaalata, and Dyschoristethum bergiiflora have been used for backache, skin diseases, cough, eye infections, wounds, pneumonia, anti-diarrhea and edema. Leaves paste of Barberia grandicalyx is used for snake bites. Leaves of Acanthus pubescens, Justicia flava and Justicia betonica have been used for ulcers, flu, dry cough and anti-diarrhea. 17 Infusions of Justicia tranquebariensis have been used for poisonous bites. Leaves of Justicia adhatoda are used traditionally for chest diseases, rheumatism, fever, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic, antiseptic and to reduce swelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing extensive information on various plants and their medicinal uses, highlighting their therapeutic properties and traditional applications in treating a range of ailments. For instance, it mentions the therapeutic properties of plants like Adathoda beddomie and Vesica adhatoda Nees, which are used for various medicinal purposes, such as treating cough, fever, and infections. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses, countering the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene expression analysis helps understand cellular responses to stimuli. [SEP] Text: ” of Genetics, Elsevier, 402–6. and Rentala Madhubala. 2016. “of Leishmania Donovani-the of MIR30A-3p in Host Autophagy. ” Autophagy 12(10): 1817–31. and Sonali Das. 2018. “in Donovani : Comparison of Early and Late Passages. ” 9(July): 1–20. Steverding, Dietmar. 2017. “of Leishmaniasis. ” Parasites and Vectors 10(1): 1–10. Takai, Daiya, and Peter A. Jones. 2002. “of CpG Islands in 21 and 22. ” Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 99(6): 3740–45. “Tomtom - Submission Form. ” (February 3, 2021). Tsang, Adrian. 2014. “Fungal Genomics. ” Briefings in 13(6): 421–23. Verma, Jitender Kumar, Ruchir Rastogi, and Amitabha Mukhopadhyay. 2017. “Resides in Endosomes by Upregulating Rab5a Expression via the Downregulation of MiR-494. ” PLoS Pathogens 13(6): 1–25. Waalwijk, C. , and R. A. Flavell. 1978. “MspI, an Isoschizomer of and Sites. ” Research 5(9): 3231–36. Williams, Kristine, Jesper Christensen, and Kristian Helin. 2012. “DNA Methylation: TET Proteins-Guardians of CpG Islands? ” EMBO Reports 13(1): 28–35. DeclarationsNo competing interests reported. Supplementary FilesTable4. docx:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or evidence regarding gene expression analysis or its role in understanding cellular responses to stimuli. Instead, it discusses various academic papers and authors without relating to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] and Reghunandanan, R (1988). Bilateral suprachiasmatic injection of naloxone disrupts circadian rhythm of food intake 26: 954–956. [PubMed] Reghunandanan, V, Reghunandanan, R and Singh, PI (1992). Effect of naloxone injection into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on the circadian rhythm of water intake J Biol 1: 33. and Zhou, QY (2005). Regulation of prokineticin 2 expression by light and the circadian clock BMC Neurosci 6: 17. [PubMed] and Weaver, DR (2005). Analysis of the prokineticin 2 system in a diurnal rodent, the unstriped Nile grass rat (Arvicanthis niloticus) J 20: 206–18. [PubMed] and Hedley-Whyte, ET (1986). A discrete lesion of ventral hypothalamus and optic chiasm that disturbed the daily temperature rhythm J Neurol 233: 1–4. [PubMed] Cohen, RA and Albers, HE (1991). Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study Neurology 41: 726–729. [PubMed] Scheer, FA, Kalsbeek, A and Buijs, RM (2003). Cardiovascular control by the suprachiasmatic nucleus: neural and neuroendocrine mechanisms in human and rat 384: 697–709. [PubMed] Bell-and Zoran, MJ (2005). Circadian rhythms from multiple oscillators: lessons from diverse organisms Genet 6: 544–556. [PubMed] and Lee, C (2002). Gene Period2 plays an important role in tumor suppression and DNA damage response in vivo Cell 111: 41–50. [PubMed] and Okamura, H (2003). Control mechanism of the circadian clock for timing of cell division in vivo Science 302: 255–259. [PubMed] Green, CB (2005). Time for chronotherapy? Clock genes dictate sensitivity to cyclophosphamide 102: 3529–3530. [PubMed] Von Schantz, M and Archer, SN (2003). Clocks, genes and sleep J R 96: 486–489. [PubMed] and Takahashi, JS (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of research references that implicitly support the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in regulating circadian rhythms through various mechanisms. It references studies that connect the SCN to circadian rhythms, such as the effects of naloxone injections into the suprachiasmatic nuclei on circadian rhythms of food and water intake, indicating the SCN's role in controlling these rhythms. The mention of cardiovascular control by the SCN further corroborates its function as a key regulator in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 18 Members of the Acanthaceae family like Hygrophila spinosa, Andrographis paniculata, Barleria prionitis and Adhatoda vasica are used traditionally as antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, antiviral and in respiratory diseases. 19 L: This genus of family has significant medicinal importance. Ruellia is a genus of 250 different popular ornamental plants species commonly known as Ruellias. These plants are distributed in tropical regions and temperate regions of world. Many species of the genus contain important constituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids. Because of this property these plants are used in the synthesis of various medicines. Plant extracts of genus Ruellia have anti-hypertensive, antinociceptive, analgesic, antispasmolytic, antioxidant, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. 20 Ruellia brittoniana L: Ruellia brittoniana is an herbaceous ornamental perennial herb. Having flowering season from April to November. 21 Ruellia brittoniana is used for variety of purposes in traditional medicines. In pharmacological investigation, extracts of Ruellia brittoniana were used for cardiovascular screening. 20 Flavonoids compounds, fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acids were isolated by chromatographic methods. Phytochemical study revealed that Ruellia brittoniana contain 21 components e. g. 5, 2, 3-trihydroxy 7-O-glucoflavone, 5,7,4-trimethoxy 3-O-Rhamnoflavone and 2,246 -tetrahydroxy-chalcone. The herbal extract is studied for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. 22 L: Plants belonging to this genus are distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Southeast Asia, India and Pakistan. 23 It has exhibited to have medicinal properties and fused for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. Respiratory tract diseases have particularly benefited from the ancient times. 24 Moreover, it has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and inflammation, including applications in eczema, malaria, rheumatism, lumber pain and swelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing extensive examples of traditional medicinal uses for various plants, particularly from the Acanthaceae family and the genus Ruellia, which are utilized for treating conditions such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, and inflammation. The text explicitly highlights that these plants have significant medicinal importance, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses, thereby rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3831874/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractWe aimed to assess the risk of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis (HBC) using artificial neural networks (ANN). PVT can exacerbate portal hypertension and lead to complications, increasing the risk of mortality. Unfortunately, accurate prediction models for PVT in hepatitis B cirrhosis patients are currently insufficient. To address this gap, we conducted a study at Hospital, affiliated with University, involving 986 hospitalized patients. The patients were randomly divided into a training set (685 cases) and a validation set (301 cases) using a 3:1 ratio. Through univariate analysis, we determined independent factors that influence the occurrence of PVT, which were then utilized to develop an ANN model. The performance of the ANN model was assessed using various indicators, such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and concordance index (C-index). In the training group, PVT developed within three years in 19. 0% of patients, and within five years in 23. 7% of patients. Similarly, in the validation group, PVT developed within three years in 16. 7% of patients, and within five years in 24. 0% of patients. The ANN model incorporated nine independent risk factors, including age, presence of ascites, manifestation of hepatic encephalopathy (HE), occurrence of gastrointestinal varices with bleeding, Child-Pugh classification, alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, albumin (ALB) levels, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet count (PLT). Importantly, the AUC of the ANN model was significantly higher at 0. 9718 compared to existing models such as MELD and CTP (all p<0. 001). Our ANN model effectively classified patients into highmedium, and low risk groups for PVT development over a span of 3 and 5 years. These findings were further validated in an independent cohort. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim of machine learning's application in predicting protein structures. Instead, it focuses on the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) to predict the risk of portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in patients with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis, which is unrelated to protein structures or machine learning applications in that specific area.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The main Results are presented in four good quality figures and these are all relevant to the findings. Experimental design The design of the studies is clearly described. The authors employ methods and approaches well-established in the PIs lab; brain slices were prepared from mice in which the activity of the Per1 promotor is reported by a destabilized green-fluorescent protein (dGFP) and the relationship between SCN neuronal activity (firing of action potentials as recorded in loose patch configuration) and dGFP expression examined. The authors also use mice with a variety of clock gene mutations to further assess the relationship between the molecular clock and SCN neuronal activity. Generally, there are sufficient details for the reader to understand how the experiments were conducted and there are no ethical concerns. An additional explanatory sentence on the Per1-/-;Per1::dGFP mice would be useful as it would be unclear to a reader unfamiliar with circadian biology as to how dGFP would be expressed if there is no Per1. One concern with the is that the authors do not describe where in the SCN the recordings were made (ie. Did they primarily target the ventral or central SCN? ). This is important as the pattern of clock gene expression in the SCN is reported by several groups to vary in different subregions of the SCN. Validity of the findings In keeping with earlier research from the PI’s lab, the authors find that during the day, there is a positive correlation between the intensity in dGFP (as a proxy for Per1 expression) and the frequency of action potential firing of SCN neurons. Peak firing activity occurred around the middle of the day, while peak dGFP intensity occurred ~2h later. This positive relationship persisted in subjective daytime SCN recordings taken from animals that had been free-running in constant dark. This relationship was not disrupted by blockade of GABA signalling with gabazine, suggesting that neuronal state is cell autonomous and not dependent on intercellular signalling. In animals lacking Per1, the relationship was altered such that the peak in dGFP occurs some 7h after the peak in firing. In animals lacking Per2, the relationship was similar to that of genetically intact mice. Finally, in mice lacking both Per1 and Per2, the daytime relationship is lost. This series of investigation suggests that Per1 expression is pivotal to relationship between the molecular clock and SCN neuronal firing rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the relationship between SCN neuronal activity and the circadian clock genes, specifically Per1. It describes findings that indicate a positive correlation between the activity of SCN neurons and the dGFP expression, a proxy for Per1 expression, suggesting that SCN is involved in regulating circadian rhythms. The phrase 'this series of investigation suggests that Per1 expression is pivotal to relationship between the molecular clock and SCN neuronal firing rate' supports the idea that the SCN functions as a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 25 Different plants of genus Justicia are utilized for their effects on the central nervous system as hallucinogens, sedatives, somniferous agents, depressors, and treatments of epileptic seizures and other mental disorders. 18 Plants belonging to this genus have been used as antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-jaundice, fever reducer, anti-bleeding, disinfectant and bronchodilator. 26 The leaves, flowers and roots of Justicia adhatoda are used in herbal drugs against tubercular activities, cancer and possessed anti-helmintic properties. The leaf infusion is stated to cure glandular tumor, dysentery and diarrhea. 27 Justicia adhatoda L:Justicia adhatoda is a perennial and evergreen shrub with unpleasant smell and bitter taste. Plants of this genus are widespread throughout the tropical regions of and growing throughout Pakistan especially in the lower Himalaya. It is commonly known as Malabar nut. 28 This genus has potent anti-periodic, astringent, diuretic and purgative action. It is a highly valued medicinal plant which is used in the treatment of respiratory diseases like asthma, cough, bronchitis and tuberculosis. 29 Leaves of this plant has been used as main source of drug, used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and disorders, particularly for the respiratory tract ailments like chronic bronchitis, fever, swellings, asthma, pneumonia, malaria, tuberculosis, cold and cough. 30 L:During the course of research, Barleria genus was investigated to be the third largest pantropical genus of Acanthaceae with more than 300 species worldwide. Plants of this genus are distributed mainly in the subtropical and tropical parts of the world. genus has been classified into two subgenera (Barleria and Prionitis) and seven sections (and Prionitis). 31 A large number of essential active ingredients and compounds are extracted from Barlerias pecies like terpens, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenolics, lignins etc. These compounds have shown effective therapeutic activities against several diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants from the genus Justicia. It explicitly states that these plants are utilized for their effects on the central nervous system, treatment of seizures, and numerous other health conditions, clearly indicating that ethnobotany encompasses medicinal uses, not just plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: Machine learning-based modelPortal vein thrombosisRiskHepatitis B-related cirrhosisFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5IntroductionThrombosis (PVT) is a type of thrombosis that occurs in the main portal vein and its branches, which can result in partial or complete blockage of the blood vessel. Traditionally, it has been believed that individuals with cirrhosis of the liver experience clotting factor synthesis disorders and thrombocytopenia, making them more prone to bleeding. However, recent research suggests that the anticoagulant and procoagulant systems in the liver of individuals with cirrhosis are in a dynamic and unstable state, leading to stagnation of blood flow in the portal vein and dysfunction of the blood vessel lining. This can increase the risk of both bleeding and thrombosis (1, 2). In fact, non-tumoral PVT is relatively common in patients with cirrhosis, with an estimated annual incidence ranging from 4. 6–26% (2, 3), and higher in those with more advanced liver disease. Currently, most studies on PVT analyze influencing factors using retrospective data, and there is no reliable model for early prediction of PVT occurrence. As a result, identifying high-risk individuals for early prevention is challenging in clinical practice (4, 5, 6, 7, 8). Some studies have suggested that a portal blood flow velocity (PBFV) below 15 cm/sec (4, 9) is a major risk factor for PVT development. Other risk factors include the severity of liver disease and the presence of portal hypertension, such as low platelet count (4, 6, 10), low albumin levels (11), large esophageal varices (3, 7, 12), previous sclerotherapy (13), previous liver decompensation (14), and the presence of large portosystemic collaterals (15). More recently, it has been proposed that the Model for End-Disease (MELD) and Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CTP) scores can help predict the development of PVT (7, 12, 16). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding machine learning and protein structures. Instead, it discusses portal vein thrombosis (PVT) and related factors in liver disease, with no mention of machine learning or its application in predicting protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn mammals, the temporal order of physiology and behavior is primarily regulated by the circadian pacemaker located in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Rhythms are generated in cells by an auto-regulatory transcription/translation feedback loop, composed of several clock genes and their protein products. Taking advantage of bioluminescence reporters, we have succeeded in continuously monitoring the expression of clock gene reporters Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc in the SCN of freely moving mice for up to 3 weeks in constant darkness. Bioluminescence emitted from the SCN was collected with an implanted plastic optical fiber which was connected to a cooled photomultiplier tube. We found robust circadian rhythms in the clock gene expression, the phase-relation of which were the same as those observed ex vivo. The circadian rhythms were superimposed by episodic bursts which had ultradian periods of approximately 3. 0 h. Episodic bursts often accompanied activity bouts, but stoichiometric as well as temporal analyses revealed no causality between them. Clock gene expression in the SCN in vivo is regulated by the circadian pacemaker and ultradian rhythms of unknown origin. Similar content being viewed by others In vivo recording of the circadian calcium rhythm in Prokineticin 2 neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 1. The SCN circadian pacemaker is a self-sustained oscillator where clock genes Per1, Per2, Cry1, Cry2, Clock and Bmal1 play crucial roles. Heterodimers of Clock and Bmal1 proteins (CLOCK/BMAL1) activate the transcription of the Per and Cry genes, the protein products of which in turn suppressed the transactivation of CLOCK/BMAL1, closing this feedback loop2. One turn of this auto-feedback loop takes approximately 24 hr. The core clock gene mechanism is sensitive to external cues, such as light that can reset the clock3 as well as internal cues such as behavior that can modulate clock function4. Thus, a full and accurate picture of circadian clock dynamics would be understood in the intact system. Substantial knowledge on the pacemaker dynamics in the SCN has been obtained by real time monitoring of clock gene expression in cultured slices or dispersed cells5,6. However, the effects of slicing and culturing on circadian oscillation in the SCN are not well understood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the circadian pacemaker that regulates physiological and behavioral rhythms in mammals. It explains the mechanisms by which clock gene expression in the SCN serves to regulate these circadian rhythms and details the feedback loop involving clock genes and proteins, affirming the SCN's role as the master clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Plants belonging to genus Barleria also shows various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anthelminthic, antimicrobial, anti-fertility, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-diabetic, analgesic, diuretic, hepato-protective, cytoprotective, antileukemic, and hypoglycemic properties without any harmful effects. 32 Barleria cristata L:Plants of Barleria cristata have demonstrated exceptional medicinal as well as ornamental potentials. These are largely perennial shrubs and are located widely in subtropical Himalaya, at a height of 1350m. It possesses antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, hepato protective, antioxidant and phytochemicals properties. It has been used traditionally for the treatment of variety of diseases including diabetes and respiratory diseases, anemia, toothache and cough because of its antiseptic activities herbal cosmetics and hair products are exploited from the extracts of the Barleria cristata to promote scalp health and skin. 33 Solvent extracts of the leaves and bark samples have been displayed to be rich in medicinally valuable class of compounds like saponins, flavonoids and terpenoids. Methanol and acetone extracts of both leaf and bark showed significant cytotoxic and antioxidant activities. 34 J: Dicliptera genus falls within subtribe Justiciinae of the Acanthaceae. 35 The taxonomy of this genus is complicated due to the presence of several widespread species complexes in tropical Africa. Furthermore, the genus has been largely neglected taxonomically. This genus has been found to be considerably more diverse there than previously recorded, with several undescribed entities recognizable. 36 Dicliptera roxburghiana Nees: Members of this genus are commonly known as Kalu. It is distributed in and China. Their flowering period ranges from June to October. Medicinal plants of this genus are commonly used for tonic debility and for the treatment of eye diseases. 37 Dicliptera roxburghiana has a verity of medicinal advantages e. g. its leaves are used in the treatment of cough, gastroenteritis, fever, skin disease and checks bleeding from wounds. The freshly crushed leaves of plants belonging to this genus are used for gentle application on affected portion of body in eczema. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants belonging to the genus Barleria and Dicliptera. It describes numerous pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, as well as traditional uses for treating diseases, demonstrating that ethnobotany encompasses a wider range of plant uses beyond just food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: However, these studies did not adequately consider the potential influence of other recognized risk factors for (ANNs) are a form of machine learning that mimics the information processing of brain neurons (17, 18, 19, 20). These mathematical models have found extensive applications in medical decision-making by analyzing linear, logistic, and nonlinear complex relationships (21). Through training, ANNs optimize the factors associated with the outcome, resulting in highly accurate prediction models. Therefore, this study aims to employ ANNs in constructing an advanced warning model for accurate identification of high-risk groups prone to disease progression, specifically predicting the PVTMaterials and methods 2. 1 total of 1505 patients diagnosed with cirrhosis were retrospectively enrolled at the Hospital of University in Beijing, China, from January 2011 to January 2016. Eligibility criteria included being a first-time diagnosis of cirrhosis, age between 18 and 80 years, and confirmation of cirrhosis through liver biopsy and/or compatible clinical, laboratory, and imaging data. Patients who died within a 3-year or 5-year period or were lost to follow-up were excluded. Exclusion criteria encompassed individuals with known hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), pregnant women, those who have undergone previous orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), unwillingness to provide informed consent, and use of anticoagulation therapy or prior surgical or transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) procedures. To ensure a representative sample, 986 patients were randomly assigned, with 70% (n = 685) allocated to the training cohort and the remaining 30% (n = 301) assigned to the validation cohort (Fig. 1). This study received ethical approval from the of Hospita 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the application of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in medical decision-making and patient enrollment criteria for a study on cirrhosis, without any direct reference to predicting protein structures or the use of machine learning in that specific context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In vivo bioluminescence is plotted as raw counts at one min intervals (dots) and as a 4 h moving average (solid lines). Ex vivo bioluminescence is plotted at 10 min intervals as a 50 min moving average. Vertical lines in each panel indicate local times (solid line, 06:00 h; broken line, 18:00 h). (b) Circadian peak phases of Per1-luc (blue), PER2::LUC (red) and Bmal1-ELuc (green) in vivo (open circle) and ex vivo (closed circle) in the first circadian cycle (Day 1 in constant darkness (DD)) for the in vivo experiment and on Day 1 of culturing for the ex vivo experiment. Smaller circles indicate individual peaks and larger circles with a bar indicate the group means and SD. Grey and black bars at the bottom of each panel indicate the antecedent light-dark (LD) cycle (black: dark phase) before transfer to DD. Student’s t-test: *, <0. 05; **, <0. 01. (c) Representative examples of in vivo circadian Per1-luc (blue), PER2::LUC (red) or Bmal1-ELuc (green) rhythms in the SCN are illustrated with behavior (black) in actograms. Chi square periodograms for clock gene reporter and behavior activity are demonstrated under each actogram with the same colors as in the actogram. An oblique line in the periodogram indicates a significance level of p = 0. 05. Each line shows the gene expression and activity distribution across a day and sequential days are plotted from top to bottom. For better visualization, actograms are double plotted (48-h x axis). In vivo circadian rhythms are smoothed by a 4 h moving average method and detrended by a 24 h moving average subtraction method. Full size imageCircadian rhythms in Per1-luc, Bmal1-ELuc and PER2::LUC in the SCN of freely moving miceCircadian rhythms in clock gene expression were observed continuously for up to 3 weeks in the SCN of freely moving mice, carrying bioluminescence reporters for the expression of Per1 (Per1-luc), Bmal1 (Bmal1-ELuc) or for the protein product of Per2 (PER2::LUC) (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing circadian rhythms observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of freely moving mice, highlighting the continuous monitoring of clock gene expressions (Per1-luc, Bmal1-ELuc, and PER2::LUC) in the SCN. The mention of the behavior actograms and circadian rhythms further supports the idea that the SCN is integral to the regulation of these rhythms, affirming its role as the 'master clock'.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 30 Nees: is a morphologically diverse genus of about 350 species distributed throughout South and Southeast Asia, Malaysia, and Northern Australia. 38 Most of the plants of this genus have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anticancer and wound healing properties. Extracts of this genus are used in spider poisoning, influenza epidemic, cerebrospinal meningitis, viral pneumonia mumps and acute respiratory Syndrome. 39 Strobilanthes urticifolia Wall: Herbaceous perennial plants also known as Strobilanthe swallichii and Strobilanthes atropurpureus are found in forest from 2000-3500m in Asian countries. Strobilanthes urticifolia is used in stomach ailments, antiulcer, rheumatism, laxative and diuretic agent. But still there is a need to reveal phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of more number of plants in this plant. 7 plants belonging to family Acanthaceae has a great potential to explore for further studies. Several important plants belong to this family have significant value to control and treat many pathogenic, metabolic, genetic and other lethal diseases. These botanicals possessing medicinal properties might provide a basic raw material for making huge medicinal preparations. Because of its extensive uses all over the world may get extinct. It’s therefore necessary of further DNA barcode study to identify new novel species and proper conservational strategies should be initiated regarding this important plant family. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 74. Ethnobotany and research trends in Trachyspermum ammi L. (Ajowan) a popular folklore remedy. Amer-Sci. 2015;15(1):68–73. Phytochemical potentials and medicinal uses of twenty-four selected medicinal plants from Swabi, Pakistan. J Agri. 2016;1(1):49–58. . Acanthaceae of bolivia. Contributions from the National Herbarium. 2004;49:1–152. . Toward a comprehensive understanding of phylogenetic relationships among lineages of Acanthaceae sl (Lamiales). Bot. 2008;95(9):1136–1152. Abdel- Phenetic analysis of morphological and molecular traits in Acanthaceae Juss. J Biosci Med. 2015;3(3):18–34. Anderson EF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting multiple examples of plants from the Nees genus that possess medicinal properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer effects. It highlights various medicinal applications of plants in Acanthaceae, emphasizing that ethnobotany includes significant research into plants used to control and treat diseases, thereby contradicting the assertion that it concerns only food-related plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: 2 Clinical definition and follow-up Compensatory cirrhosis was determined through the following methods: (1) On biopsy, the presence of pathological findings indicating F4 stage cirrhosis; (2) During endoscopy, the presence of esophageal varices and exclusion of noncirrhotic portal hypertension; (3) In the absence of histological evidence and endoscopic findings, at least two out of three criteria should be met:①Imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging show changes in liver morphology, such as nodules in the liver tissue and uneven texture on the liver surface; ②Platelet count lower than 100×109 cells/L, without any other identifiable causes; ③Serum albumin lower than 35. 0g/L, international normalized ratio higher than 1. 3, or prothrombin time prolonged by more than 3 seconds. The diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis is based on the presence of cirrhosis along with complications related to portal and venous hypertension and/or liver dysfunction. (1) The diagnosis requires evidence of cirrhosis; (2) Presence of complications associated with portal hypertension such as ascites, bleeding from esophageal and gastric varices, and hepatic encephalopathy (22). PVT (portal vein thrombosis) is diagnosed by the visualization of non-tumoral thrombosis within the portal vein or its branches. Such diagnosis and assessment of its extent are always confirmed through computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. PVT is categorized as occlusive if there is a complete absence of blood flow in the vein, and partial if the lumen is only partially occluded while blood flow is still present The starting point of this research was the initial cirrhosis diagnosis at the hospital. The conclusion of this study focused on the recent identification of PVT within a one-year span and the subsequent follow-up of five years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods and definitions related to cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis rather than anything related to machine learning or protein structure prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The intensity of bioluminescence was brightest at the medial part of the SCN, whereas the intensity at the border of SCN was less than 10% of the brightest area in the SCN and decreased rapidly with distance from the SCN border. Significant circadian rhythms were detected in clock gene expressions by Chi square periodogram (p < 0. 05) in all mice whose SCN emitted measureable bioluminescence (Fig. 1a). Simultaneously measured behavior activity by a passive infrared sensor also showed significant circadian rhythms (Fig. 1c). Estimates of the circadian period in gene expression rhythm were slightly different among the three strains of mice but not between gene expression rhythms and their respective behavior rhythms (Per1-luc mice, 23. 7 ± 0. 3 h for bioluminescence and 23. 9 ± 0. 2 h for behavior activity, n = 8; PER2::LUC mice, 24. 3 ± 0. 3 h and 24. 0 ± 0. 3 h, n = 3; Bmal1-ELuc mice, 23. 9 ± 0. 1 h and 23. 9 ± 0. 2 h, n = 7, by Chi square periodogram). The circadian rhythms in clock gene expression measured ex vivo were significantly phase-advanced by approximately 3 hours in all 3 clock gene reporters. Nonetheless, the phase-relationship among the Per1, PER2 and Bmal1 is consistent with results from in situ hybridization9,10 and in ex vivo studies11,12,13. Episodic bursts of clock gene reporters in the SCN and ultradian rhythmicityUnexpectedly, the in vivo circadian rhythms in gene expression were superimposed by episodic bursts of bioluminescence in all three reporters (Fig. 2, S2). Chi square periodogram revealed significant ultradian periods in all mice. Most mice showed more than one periodicity of different strength in the ultradian range. The major period was 3. 0 ± 0. 5 h (n = 8) for Per1-luc, 2. 9 ± 0. 3 h (n = 3) for PER2::LUC and 3. 2 ± 0. 8 h (n = 7) for Bmal1-ELuc, respectively. Wavelet analysis confirmed these ultradian periodicities (Fig. 2, S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of significant circadian rhythms detected in clock gene expressions and behavior activity in mice with measurable bioluminescence emitted from the SCN. The intensity of bioluminescence and the report of circadian rhythms in clock genes and behavior indicate that the SCN functions as a master clock regulating these rhythms.