Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: An ethanol to wax gradient of 3:1, 2:1, and 1:1, and 100% wax, was used to embed the samples (1 h each treatment at 37 °C). Embedded samples were sectioned at ~ 3-μm thickness using a Leica RM2125 microtome and placed on slides. The protocol and all solutions used for HCR-FISH were as specified by Molecular Technologies, Inc. , and closely followed [87]. Sections were dewaxed in three 100% ethanol rinses, allowed to dry, and equilibrated in hybridization buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× sodium chloride, sodium citrate (SSC = 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate), 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin, 1× Denhardt’s solution, 10% dextran sulfate), for 20 min at 37 °C. Excess buffer was removed and sections were hybridized overnight in a humidification chamber at 37 °C in hybridization buffer, to which was added a final concentration of 5 nM of an unlabeled DNA probe, designed to be an exact match to the Ostiactis pearseae SUP05 16S rRNA phylotype (Anem-SUP05, 5′--3′), based on the probe, “BangT-642,” specific for the thiotrophic SUP05 symbiont in Bathymodiolus mussels [88]. A general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) was also used as a positive control. These probes contained a specific sequence initiator tag (termed B1 and B3) that triggered the oligomerization of pairs of fluorescently labeled DNA hairpins (i. e. , the amplification step; [87]). The B1 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of the Anem-SUP05 probe. The B3 initiator tag + linker (5′--3′) was added to the 5′ end of each of three Eub338 probes I-III and to the Anem-SUP05 probe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. Instead, it details a laboratory protocol involving sample preparation and hybridization techniques, which is unrelated to the ecological context or chemosynthesis in deep-sea environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: PMID: 12894240. Dickmeis, T. Glucocorticoids and the circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2009, 200 (1) 3-22. doi: 10. 1677/JOE-08-0415. Escobar, C. ; Salgado-Delgado, R. ; Gonzalez-Guerra, E. ; Tapia, O. A. ; Angeles-Castellanos, M. ; Buijs, R. M. Circadian disruption leads to loss of homeostasis and disease. Sleep Disord. 2011, 2011:964510. doi: 10. 1155/2011/964510. Scheer, F. A. ; Hilton, M. F. ; Mantzoros, C. S. ; Shea, S. A. Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment. . 2009, 106 (11) 4453-4458. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0808180106. Boivin, D. B. ;. O. to Shift Work. Industrial Health. 2005, 43 (1) 34-48. DOI:0. 2486/indhealth. 43. 34 Czeisler, C. A. ; Allan, J. S. ; Strogatz, S. H. ; Ronda, J. M. ; Sánchez, Ramiro. ; Ríos, C. D. ; Freitag, W. O. ; Richardson, G. S. ; Kronauer, R. E. Resets the of the Timing of the Sleep-Wake Cycle. Science. 1986, 233 (4764) 667-671. DOI:10. 1126/science. 3726555 Gumenyuk, V. ; Howard, R. ; Roth, T. ; Korzyukov, O. ; Drake, C. L. Sleep Loss, Circadian Mismatch, and Abnormalities in Reorienting of Attention in with Disorder. Sleep. 2014 37 (3) 545–556. DOI:10. 5665/sleep. 3494 Richardson, G. S. ; Zee, P. C. ; Wang-Weigand, S. ; Rodriguez, L. ; Peng, X. Circadian Phase-of Administration in Healthy Adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight the impact of circadian disruption and misalignment on health. For instance, it mentions that 'circadian disruption leads to loss of homeostasis and disease' and discusses the 'adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment.' This evidence supports the assertion that shift work, which disrupts normal circadian rhythms, can have negative health effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013; 9(1): 13. doi: 1186/1746-4269-9-13. Ethnobotanical inventory and folk uses of indigenous plants from and Kashmir. J Trop Biomed, 2015; 5(3): 234-241. . Ethnobotanical knowledge among the semi-pastoral Gujjar tribe in the high altitude (Adhwari’s) of Churah subdivision, district Chamba, Western Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2019;15: -. Cross-cultural comparison of plant use knowledge in Baitadi and Darchula districts, Nepal Himalaya. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018; 14(1):40. doi: 10. 1186/s13002-018-0242-7. . Ethnobotanical studies of medicinal plants used by traditional health practitioners in the management of diabetes in lower eastern province, Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012; 139:74–80. . Ethnomedicinal plants traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Western Himalaya. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 172:133-144. . Ethnomedicinal survey of herbaceous flora traditionally used in health care practices by inhabitants of Dhundsir gad watershed of Garhwal Himalaya, India. . 2015; 4 (4):65-78. . in Western Himalaya, India: Community-Refuges for Conservation of Biodiversity and Culture. Appl. 2019;18: 1-21. . Diversity and use of ethnomedicinal plants in the region of Swat, North Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013; 9:25. . Ethnomedicine in Himalaya: a case study from Dolpa, Humla, Jumla and Mustang districts of Nepal. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2006; 2:27. DOI: 10. 1186/1746-4269-2-27. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in high mountainous region of Chail valley (District Swat-Pakistan). J. Ethnobiol Ethnomedicine. 2014; 10: 36. . Medicinal plant knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao)in northern Thailand. J Ethnopharmacol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various ethnobotanical studies that likely include historical use and traditional knowledge regarding plants, such as uses by indigenous tribes and traditional health practitioners. These studies indicate that ethnobotany encompasses a broader perspective that includes both modern and historical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: In this case, tag B1 was paired with Alexa647-labeled hairpins, and tag B3 was paired with Alexa488-labeled hairpins. Excess probe was removed by sequentially washing the slides for 15 min at 37 °C in probe wash buffer (Molecular Technologies; 30% formamide, 5× SSC, 9 mM citric acid (pH 6. 0), 0. 1% Tween 20, 50 μg/mL heparin) to which 5× SSCT (750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate, 0. 1% Tween 20, pH 7) had been added to final concentrations (vol/vol) of 25%, 50%, and then 75%. This wash sequence was followed by two 15-min washes in 100% 5× SSCT at 37 °C. Before amplification, 6 pmol of each hairpin, per reaction, was “snap-cooled” by heating to 95 °C for 90 s, followed by 25 °C for 30 min, in a thermocycler in separate PCR tubes. During this time, sections were equilibrated with amplification buffer (Molecular Technologies; 5× SSC, 0. 1% Tween 20, 10% dextran sulfate) at room temperature for 30 min. For amplification, each “snap-cooled” hairpin in a pair was added to 100 μl amplification buffer (for a final hairpin concentration of 60 nM for each amplifier hairpin), and then sections were incubated overnight (~ 18 h) at room temperature on a rocking platform protected from light. To remove unbound hairpin sequences, sections were washed twice in 5× SSCT for 15 min at room temperature, followed by two 30-min washes in 5× SSCT. Sections were rinsed with distilled water and counterstained with 4′6′-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, 5 mg/mL) for 1 min, rinsed again, and mounted in Citifluor. Tissues were examined by epifluorescence microscopy using either a Nikon E80i epifluorescence microscope with a Nikon DS-Qi1Mc high-sensitivity monochrome digital camera or a microscope with an ANDOR-icamera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. It describes a detailed laboratory procedure involving hairpin probes and microscopy, with no mention of deep-sea vents or the ecological processes taking place there.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Gastrointestinal complaints in shift-working and day-working nurses in IranDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. complaints in shift-working and day-working nurses in : There is evidence in the scientific literature of the adverse physiological and psychological effects of shift work. The work of nurses in hospitals is connected with shift and night work. Several publications have described gastrointestinal disturbances in shift workers. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints of nurses on a rotating shift with that of nurses on a regular day shift. Methods: The study involved 160 nurses (133 working in shifts and at night and 27 working on day shifts) in the Hospital in Kashan, Iran. These nurses answered a Questionnaire regarding the presence of gastrointestinal symptoms (including heartburn, regurgitation, constipation, diarrhea and bloating). Positive responses required frequent symptom occurrence in the past 4 weeks. Significance of group differences was assessed by chi-square and Fisher-exact tests. Results: Prevalence of GI symptoms was significantly higher (p = 0. 009) in rotating-shift nurses (81. 9%) than in day-shift nurses (59. 2%). Irregular meal consumption (p = 0. 01) and GI medications (p = 0. 002) were all significantly higher among the rotating shift nurses. In both groups, regurgitation was the most common symptom. Conclusion: Nurses on rotating shifts in Iran experience more GI disturbances than do nurses on day shifts. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-9Submitted on Jul 31, 2010Accepted on Oct 7, 2010Published on Oct 7, 20104. 0 is increasing evidence that circadian rhythm disturbance can cause a variety of health disorders [1,2]. Nurses, because of their profession, have to perform their important and difficult tasks at any time in the 24 hours of the day. Erratic working shifts can cause decreased proficiency, somatic and psychological disorders and increase in nursing and medical error [3,4]. Previous studies have addressed a variety of maladies associated with shift work, including gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms [5,6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the adverse physiological and psychological effects of shift work, specifically mentioning gastrointestinal disturbances among nurses who work rotating shifts compared to those on regular day shifts. It indicates that irregular meal consumption and GI medications were significantly higher among rotating shift nurses, which supports the concern that shift work, through circadian rhythm disturbance, can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: 2009;123(2):335–342. Kala CP. Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv. Biol. 2005;19(2):368–78. . and Ethnomedicine in Peril: A from Nepal Himalaya. Med. 2014; 792789: 7 pages. Kala CP. Health traditions of Buddhist community and role of Amchis in trans-Himalayan region of India. Curr Sci. 2005;89(8):1331–1338. . Herbal medicine: a comprehensive review. Pharm. 2016; 8(2):1–5. . Medicinal plants in India: an assessment of their demand and supply. Dehradun: Ministry of AYUSH. 2017. . Climate change and forest disturbances: climate change can affect forests by altering the frequency, intensity, duration, and timing of fire, drought, introduced species, insect and pathogen outbreaks, hurricanes, windstorms, ice storms, or landslides. 2001; 51(9):723-734. ‐Taylor C. Habitat loss and extinction in the hotspots of biodiversity. Conserv Biol. 2002; 16(4):909-923. . Vanishing medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalaya. URL www. Greater Kashmir. com/news/gk-magazine/vanishing-medicinalplants-of-Kashmir-Himalaya/153598. html. 2013. Vesk PA, Westoby M. Predicting plant species’ responses to grazing. J Appl. Ecol. 2001;38(5):897-909. . Assessment of threat status of selected endemic medicinal plants using IUCN regional guidelines: A case study from Kashmir Himalaya. J Nat Conserv. 2014; 23:80-89. TablesTable 1. List of plant species with their ethnobotanical usage in lycopodioides (Girard) Boiss. Plumbaginaceae Long-SMH-128 Cardiac disorders. Dried plant has been used as an excellent fuel since time immemorial. Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Boona-karpo Roots SMH-195 Toothache, high fever, stomach complaint, gastric trouble, headache and antiperiodic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that certain plants have been used for medicinal purposes 'since time immemorial,' indicating that historical practices are significant in ethnobotany. Furthermore, the reference to traditional health practices and their historical context suggests that ethnobotany indeed encompasses both modern uses and historical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Transmission electron microscopySpecimens for TEM and semi-thin sectioning were fixed in PFA and preserved in 50% EtOH. Before embedding, specimens were rehydrated, post-fixed with 1% OsO4, and subsequently dehydrated again in an ascending acetone series and embedded in Araldite. One-micrometer semi-thin sections were sectioned using a “Jumbo” diamond knife on a S ultramicrotome and stained with toluidine blue (1% toluidine,1% sodium-tetraborate, and 20% saccharose). Coverslips were mounted with Araldite and sections were imaged with an Olympus microscope (BX-51) equipped with the dot. slide system (2. 2 Olympus, Hamburg). Silver interference-colored sections (70–75 nm) were prepared using a “45°” diamond knife. The sections were placed on Formvar-covered, single-slot copper grids and stained with 2% uranyl acetate and lead citrate in an automated TEM stainer (QG-3100, Boeckeler Instruments). Ultra-thin sections were examined using a Zeiss EM10 transmission electron microscope with digital imaging plates (). Availability of data and materials Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via the (accession numbers MW148236-MW148238, MW158740, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Alignments for the anemone 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and COIII for both Ostiactis pearseae and Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’, used to generate Fig. 3, are also available on the listed below. Animal images and specimens were vouchered for long-term archiving into the Collection at of Oceanography (sioapps. ucsd. edu/collections/bi/). The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim, which is about ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their reliance on chemosynthesis. Instead, the passage appears to focus on laboratory techniques and methodologies used for specimen preparation and analysis, which are irrelevant to the ecosystem characteristics or the ecological processes in deep-sea environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: For example, a study showed that working in different shifts can harm the GI normal movements and cause disorders in excreting digestive enzymes and acid-alkaline balance [7]. These alterations may be caused by sleep disorders, as they have a negative correlation with last night's sleep quality in these subjects [8]. Furthermore, in an investigation designed by German researchers, peptic ulcer incidence was higher in shift-workers and night-workers [9]. In a study in Japan, conducted by endoscopy, peptic ulcer prevalence was higher in shift-workers (2. 38%) than in day-workers (1. 03%). Duodenal ulcer also had greater prevalence (1. 37% and 0. 69%, respectively) [10]. A study in Iceland showed that nurses working 16 hours in a morning-evening shift had more severe GI symptoms, possibly because of a lack of enough resting time between the end of the evening shift and the start of the morning one [11]. Another study identified correlations between GI symptoms and psychological disorders such as anxiety and depression [12]. To supplement the existing literature, we investigated GI symptoms in shift-work and day-shift nurses in a training hospital in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, all male and female nurses with different working shifts working at the Hospital in the city of Kashan from March 2008 until March 2009 were included. Known cases of GI diseases or any other kind of disorders that may interfere or mimic GI symptoms, for example respiratory tract disorders, and known cases of any kind of heart disease, hepatitis, etc. were excluded from our study. From all 200 nurses in the hospital, 160 were included. The patients were moderately matched by age and gender. Data collection and questionnaire The data were collected by the means of a questionnaire addressing demographic information and GI symptom complaints extracted from a questionnaire designed by Bovenschen et al. [13]. The questionnaire contains 16 prevalent GI symptoms, and the severity of each symptom experienced during the previous 4 weeks was measured by a 7-point Likert scale (0-6). To shorten the time for filling the forms, we included only the 5 most common GI symptoms, namely, diarrhea and constipation, bloating, belching, heartburning, and epigastria pain and regurgitation, scaling from "never" to "most of the time". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies demonstrating how shift work negatively impacts gastrointestinal (GI) health, which is a reflection of broader health issues related to circadian rhythm misalignment. For instance, it mentions that working in different shifts can harm the GI normal movements and cause disorders, correlating with sleep disorders and a negative impact on sleep quality. Furthermore, the investigation indicates higher incidences of peptic ulcers and other GI symptoms among shift-workers compared to day-workers, supporting the idea that shift work could lead to serious health implications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Aconitum richardsonianum Bong-Nag-Lo-SMH-187 Colds, pneumonia, laryngitis, croup, and asthma; for pain, inflammation, and high blood pressure; as a diuretic Aconitum violaceum Jacquem. ex Boona-nagpo Roots SMH-163 Roots are used against cold, cough, asthma, fever, and gastric problems. Aconogonum tortuosum (D. Don) H. -102 Dysentery and diarrhoea with blooding, pain in lumber region after delivery etc. Allium cepa L. Amaryllidaceae Sko-SMH-164 Insomnia, appetite, indigestion, increase sexual vitality, gynaecological related disorders, bacterial and elephantiasis. Allium przewalskianum hDzim-nag-gam-ri-sSMH-129 Headache caused by micro-organisms and any kind of wind diseases. Amaranthus hybridus L. Amaranthaceae Rgya-and young twigs SMH-162 Pulmonary diseases, meat, poisoning, heal wounds and bone fractured, etc. Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) Sims ex C. B. Spra-rSMH-127 Epidemic fever, stone poison, lymph gland, swelling and bleeding etc. Anemone rivularis Buch. -Ham. ex DC. Ranunculaceae Srub-ka Roots and leaves SMH-186 Severe pain due to pathogenic diseases stomach heat, snake poison, tumours and drying serous fluids. Angelica glauca Edgew. Apiaceae lCha-ba Roots SMH-203 Restoring kidney heat, balances phlegm diseases, stomachic diseases, dropsy, anaemia, weakness and wind diseases, etc. Aquilegia fragrans Benth. Flowers and leaves SMH-130 Ornamental plant because of attractive and fragrant flowers in spike. Arctium lappa L. Asteraceae Byi-bZung Root, seed, leaves SMH-185 Kidney diseases, urinary bladder cysts, tumours in uterus, cancer, nerves disorders, unripe epidemic fever, cancer and tumour etc. Arnebia euchroma (Royle) I. M. Johnst. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about historical uses of various plants for medicinal purposes, indicating that ethnobotany examines both historical and modern uses. The list of plants and their traditional applications shows that the field is not limited to contemporary uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( Change history18 June 2021A Correction to this paper has been published: Two intracellular and cell type-specific bacterial symbionts in the placozoan Trichoplax H2. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(9):1465–74. Daly M, Chaudhuri A, Gusmão L, Rodríguez E. Phylogenetic relationships among sea anemones (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria). Evol. 2008;48(1):292–301. CAS 80. CAS PubMed 1. 71. 92. PubMed 19. 34. -Quiroz E, Nieves-Cardoso C, del Rio M. Detection of active hydrothermal vent fields in the and on the Alarcón Rise using AUV multibeam and CTD data. 2015; Abstract OS23C-2027 presented at the AGU fall meeting, San Francisco, CA. . Hydrothermal vent fields discovered in the southern Gulf of California clarify role of habitat in augmenting regional diversity. Soc B. 2017;284(1859):20170817. . Discovery of hydrothermal vent fields on Alarcón Rise and in Basin, Gulf of California. Geosyst. 2018;19(12):4788–819. 7. CAS PubMed 27. PubMed Pub4698. 6998. PubMed Pub263. Gusmão LC, Rodríguez E, Daly M. Description of Calliactis tigris sp. nov. : reconciling taxonomy and phylogeny in hermit-crab symbiotic anemones (Cnidaria: Actiniaria: Hormathiidae). Evol. 2019;19(4):567–83. 7. 7. CAS PubMed 1991. 37. CAS PubMed 46. 56. CAS 90. 8. . Spanning the depths or depth-restricted: three new species of Bathymodiolus (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) and a new record for the hydrothermal vent Bathymodiolus thermophilus at methane seeps along the margin. I: Papers. 2020;164:103322. 70. CAS PubMed 82. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents or their ecosystems dependent on chemosynthesis. Instead, it presents a collection of references and data related to various studies without directly addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 9negative17(63)83(63)100(63)Bloatingpositive9(33)70(52)79(49)0. 06negative18(67)63(48)81(51)Regurgitationpositive13(48)71(53)84(52)0. 6negative14(52)62(47)76(48)Heart-Burnpositive8(29)55(41)63(39)0. 25negative19(71)78(59)97(61)Melenapositive0(0)3(2)3(2)1negative17(100)130(98)157(98) a Entries are number of workers. Percentage of total workers is indicated in parenthesis. P-values was calculated by χ2 and Fisher exact test, as appropriate Table 2 shows the number of GI symptom complaints. As seen, this number is significantly higher in shift-workers. Table 3 shows subjects with at least one "most of the time" GI symptoms divided by age groups. Shift workers had significantly more complaints than day workers (p = 0. 015). Table 2 Number of GI symptom complaintsa Number of Complaints123456Morning workers5(17. 2)2(10. 5)3(12)4(11. 4)1(10)1(14. 2)Shift workers24(82. 7)17(89. 5)22(88)31(88. 6)9(90)8(85. 8)Total29192535107 a Entries are number of workers. Percentage of total workers is indicated in parenthesis. Table 3 Subjects with at least one GI symptom, divided by age groupsa Age GroupsMorning onlyShift workingTotal20-29positive13839negative221030-39positive135871negative881640-49positive11314negative18950<positive101negative000 a p = 0. 015, tested by Fisher exact test. of consumption of gastrointestinal medication in male subjects was 58. 8% and 33. 3% in shift-workers and day-shift workers, respectively. These proportions were 62. 6% and 27. 8% in female subjects. Non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antacids were the most frequent medication used by all groups (Tables 4 and 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that shift workers report significantly more gastrointestinal (GI) symptom complaints compared to morning workers. The text specifically states that 'shift workers had significantly more complaints than day workers (p = 0. 015)', which suggests a health impact closely related to the adverse effects of shift work and its association with potential misalignment of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Boraginaceae Bri-mok Roots SMH-126 Blood purifier, cold, cough, lung and pulmonary problems. Roots are also used for colouring dishes and sweets. Arnebia guttata -161 The plant is also used as fuel and fodder. Artemisia absinthium L. Asteraceae Bur-SMH-125 Fuel and fodder, also make a tea for helping during pain of labour and in treating leukaemia and sclerosis Artemisia dracunculus L. Asteraceae Tse-phat/tShar-bong Leaves SMH-131 Pharyngitis, pulmonary diseases, swelling due to hot disorders, etc. Used for digestive disorders, toothache Aster flaccidus Me-Tok-Lug-Mig/ Nia-SMH-103 Poisoning, epidemic fever, infectious cold cough, spasms of tendons and ligaments, drying pus and blood of wounds, blisters, Ornamental. Berberis dictyophylla Franch. Berberidaceae Sker-pa Bark SMH-124 Urinary frequency, diabetes, trachoma, and nephritis for centuries in traditional medicinal system Berberis ulicina Hook. f. & Khizer/and stem SMH-184 Roots and bark are source of tonic Bergenia ciliata (Haw. ) Sternb. Whole plant SMH-202 For kidney stones Capparis spinosa L. Flowers and fruits SMH-160 Flovour, food Caragana brevifolia Kom. Flowers, fruits and roots SMH-132 Inflammation of muscles and nerves. Caragana tibetica Kom. Fabaceae mDzo-mo-shing Roots SMH-183 Blood disorders, skin diseases, heart disorders, eye diseases, etc. Caragana versicolor Benth. Whole plant SMH-159 Fuel and fodder Carthamus lanatus L. Asteraceae Gur-gum Flowers SMH-123 Liver disorders, hepatitis, purify blood, anaemia, strengthen bodily constituents, any kinds of fever associated diseases and stop various kinds of bleeding, etc. Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Kos-SMH-104 Anthelminthic, carminative, stimulant, stomachic and tonic. Seeds are used as condiment to add flavour for the local dishes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various historical uses of plants in traditional medicinal systems, such as the use of Berberis dictyophylla for urinary frequency and diabetes 'for centuries in traditional medicinal system.' This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses not only modern uses but also historical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic characterization of endosymbionts in three hydrothermal vent mussels: influence on host distributions. Prog Ser. 2000;208:147–55. 85. CAS 63. 8. 90. 6003. 76. 37. CAS PubMed 90. 44. 40. 6. 75. CAS PubMed 24. CAS 405. 82. 9. 5. CAS PubMed 1001. PubMed 331. . MC-ICP-MS measurement of δ34S and∆ 33S in small amounts of dissolved sulfate. Chem Geo. 2013;345:50–61. CAS 2. CAS 41. CAS PubMed 61. CAS 93. CAS 42. CAS 208. 8. 13. PubMed Pub11. Microbiol. 2004;70(2):845–9. 5. CAS PubMed 713. PubMed Pub11. CAS PubMed 8562. 65. -. Distribution and dietary regulation of an associated facultative Rhizobiales-related bacterium in the omnivorous giant tropical ant, Paraponera clavata. Naturwissenschaften. 2014;101(5):397–406. CAS PubMed 1988. . Deep-water Actiniaria from hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Invert Zool. 2007;4(1):83–102. 1234. 36. 22. CAS PubMed 53. CAS 94. CAS PubMed 84. CAS 47. 80. 6. CAS PubMed 704. 772. 8. . RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(21):4453–5. 1997. 1934. 62. 317. 58. 500. . Next-generation in situ hybridization chain reaction: higher gain, lower cost, greater durability. ACS Nano. 2014;8(5):4284–94. 700. 1. Reference taxa included in this study, with voucher location and GenBank accession numbers. Taxa are organized alphabetically within their family; new sequences indicated in bold. Additional file 2: Table S2. 16S rRNA amplicon results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of academic citations and titles of studies that do not relate specifically to the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their chemosynthetic ecosystems. The mention of hydrothermal vents in references does not substantiate or challenge the claim regarding the uniqueness of ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Number of subjects using at least one gastrointestinal medicationa GenderyesnototalDay369MaleShift201434Total232043Day51318FemaleShift626299Total6750117 a There is a significant difference between male and female (p = 0. 032) and between day workers and shift workers (p = 0. 002). Table 5 Distribution of gastrointestinal medication types used by nurses Type of medicationDay workersShift workers45054H2 Blockers132427Antacis223234Cliniduim-C11718Metoclopramide01010Omeprazole11213Laxatives331215Dimethicone033 1 histamine type 2 receptor antagonists: ranitidine, famotidin nizatidine, etc. 2 all aluminum/magnesium hydrocholoride, etc. 3 all kinds of laxative from various categories such as docustate, bisacodyl, sennacastor oil, etc. Discussion Worldwide, gastrointestinal disorders are common complaints in the general population and must be monitored by community health care organizations [14,15]. For this purpose, questionnaires can be very helpful because they are easy to use extensively, can gather a lot of information rapidly, and are relatively inexpensive (particularly in comparison to monthly check ups) [16 - 18]. In the present study, gastrointestinal complaints were reported by a very high proportion (81. 9%) of shift-workers. This proportion was twice as large as that reported in a previous study in Korea [19]. This could be due to environmental factors, hospital organization, social factors, insufficient welfare facilities, inordinate hours of working or erratic shifts, or even perhaps inappropriate answers to various questionnaires. On the other hand, Scott and colleagues reported 75% of gastrointestinal complaints in night-workers [20]. In our population of nurses in Iran, the prevalence of GI symptoms was significantly higher in shift-work nurses than in day-shift nurses, which is consistent with findings in other geographical locations [11,12]. The causes of this difference, however, are not evident. Factors such as sleep disorders [21 - 23], inappropriate nutrition or irregularity in the timing of meals [24], and mental and psychological disorders [12] might be responsible for the higher incidence of GI symptoms. Irregularity in the timing of meals was previously described and was attributed to lack of time, appetite disturbance and work stress [5,24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that a very high proportion (81.9%) of shift-workers reported gastrointestinal complaints, suggesting that shift work can negatively affect health. It also discusses potential factors like sleep disorders and irregularity in meal timing, which are consequences of shift work that may disrupt circadian rhythms, linking it to adverse health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Chesneya cuneata (Benth. ) Byangbu/dama Roots and fruits SMH-182 Antiseptic. The beans are eaten as vegetables. Cicer microphyllum Benth. Whole plant SMH-196 montana Buch. -Ham. ex DC. Ranunculaceae Dbye-Mong-karpo Stem and flowers SMH-133 Aerial parts are used to treat diabetes. Clematis tibetana dbi-mong/Sbi-and flowers SMH-122 Wind or cold related tumours, wounds, arthritis, pulmonary diseases, digestive heat, lack of appetite, lymph fluid, etc. Codonopsis ovata Benth. Campanulaceae Klup-Dud-Rdo-Rje Leaves, flowers and fruits SMH-181 Arthritis, gout, rheumatism, elephantiasis, leprosy, nerves disorder, stiffening of ligaments and tendons, joints pain, planetary diseases, evil spirits diseases Cortia depressa (D. Don) C. bam-po-mo-rig Bulbs and Leaves SMH-158 Swelling limbs, internal tumour, muscular spasms, etc. Corydalis govaniana Wall. Papaveraceae Stong-and leaves SMH-134 Antipyretic, diuretic, to relieve gastric pain and muscular pain, contagious fever, eye diseases and infections as well as for treatment of swellings and burns. Cosmos bipinnatus Cav. Asteraceae Pun-Da-Re-SMH-121 Stops bleeding and treats blood fever. Cremanthodium ellisii (Hook. f. ) Kitam. Asteraceae Ming-Chan-Nagpo Roots,flowers and leaves SMH-188 Severe diseases, severe swollen, larynx disorders, evil spirits disorders, severe pain. Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soó Orchidaceae Ambo-SMH-201 Energy boosters and help in improving health, and are recommended for weak people. Debregeasia edulis (Siebold & Zucc. ) Wedd. -SMH-197 The fruits are edible and can be used to make wine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various plants and their uses, which implies a historical context of usage rather than solely modern applications. The information about the uses of plants such as 'Chesneya cuneata' and 'Cicer microphyllum' suggests that ethnobotany considers both traditional and contemporary applications of these plants, thereby disputing the assertion that it focuses only on modern uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Earth's geomagnetic field and its formation without any mention of sea turtles or their navigation. It focuses on geological and paleomagnetic concepts rather than biological navigation mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 10200 [PubMed] Stevens, RG; Rea, MSLight in the built environment: potential role of circadian disruption in endocrine disruption and breast cancer Control 12(3): 279–287, DOI: [PubMed] Fitzpatrick, JM; While, AE; Roberts, JDShift work and its impact upon nurse performance: current knowledge and research issues J 29: 18–27, DOI: [PubMed] Coffey, LC; Skipper, JK; Jung, FDNurses and shift work:effects on job performance and job-related stress J 13: 245–54, DOI: [PubMed] Poissonnet, CM; Veron, MHealth effects of work schedules in healthcare professions J 9: 13–23, DOI: [PubMed] Knutson, AHealth disorders of shift workers 53: 103–108, DOI: [PubMed] Claire, C; Sally, L; Brenda, WRelationship of work schedules to gastrointestinal diagnoses, symptoms, and medication use in auto factory workers 46(6): 586–598, DOI: Goldsmith, G; Levin, JSEffect of sleep quality in symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome Sci 38: 1809–1814, DOI: [PubMed] Ihre, BJE; Müller, RGastric and duodenal ulcer Scand 116: 33–57, DOI: Segawa, K; Nakazawa, S; Tsukamoto, YPeptic ulcer is prevalent among shift workers Sci 32: 449–453, DOI: [PubMed] Sveinsdottir, HSelf-assessed quality of sleep, occupational health, working environment, illness experience and job satisfaction of female nurses working different combination of shifts 20(2): 229–237, DOI: [PubMed] Zhen Lu, W; Ann Gwee, K; Yu Ho, KFunctional bowel disorders in rotating shift nurses may be related to sleep disturbances 18(6): 623–7, DOI: [PubMed] Bovenschen, H; Janssen, M; Oijen, M; van Rossum, LG; Jansen, JBEvaluation of a 51(9): 1509–15, DOI: [PubMed] Guillemot, F; Ducrotte, P; Bueno, LPrevalence of functional gastrointestinal [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies that address health issues such as gastrointestinal disorders and sleep disturbances among shift workers. These conditions can indicate adverse health effects linked to circadian rhythm misalignment, thus supporting the claim that shift work adversely affects health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Delphinium brunonianum Bya-rGod-sand leaves SMH-105 Evil spirits diseases, poisoning, epidemic fever, itching, cold cough, snake bite and blood infectious diseases Delphinium cashmerianum Ba-ru-ra/Ladar Leaves, flowers and fruits SMH-180 Treating colic in Ladakh and also used as an insecticide. Doronicum falconeri C. B. Clarke ex Hook. f. Asteraceae Mentok-serpo Leaves and flowers SMH-120 Diphtheria, viral and bacterial diseases, upper back pain due hypertension, swelling, etc. Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. Lamiaceae Jib-rTse-and flowers SMH-179 Oral diseases and provide relieve from toothache, eye diseases like irritation, burning sensation and pain. Dracocephalum tanguticum Maxim. Lamiaceae Pri-Yang-SMH-200 Hepatitis, gastritis, dizziness, arthritis and ulcer Echinops cornigerus DC. Leaves and roots SMH-135 Septic wounds, tonic, cure yellowish colouration of eyes (Jaundice). Ephedra gerardiana Wall. ex Tsepat Leaves, stem, flowers and fruits SMH-119 Fever, hepatic diseases, rheumatism, bronchial asthma. Toothbrush for the locals, fuel and fodder Epilobium latifolium L. Onagraceae Byar-pan-chu-tse Flowers, leaves and stem SMH-106 Dropsy, against obstruction of urine, severe pain and fever due to elephantiasis and arthritis diseases and pimples, etc. Ferula jaeschkeana Wild Hing/ tru-nag Roots SMH-178 Useful against septic wounds and cuts Fritillaria verticillata Willd. -189 The bulbs are antidote, antitussive, astringent, expectorant and purgative Gentiana algida Pall. Gentianaceae Tiktas/Spang-gyan-karpo Flowers SMH-157 Inflammation of pharynx, bronchitis, cough, hoarseness of throat, excess sputum, toxic and epidemic fevers. Bitter taste with a cooling potency. Gentiana chirayita Roxb. ex Flem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various traditional uses of plants, indicating that ethnobotany does engage with historical practices, not just modern uses. The text lists specific plants and their historical medicinal uses, demonstrating that the study of ethnobotany encompasses historical knowledge, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In other words, paleomagnetic intensity might tell scientists when the inner core began to form, with some suggesting that the answer is a little more than half a billion years ago (i. e. , only in the last ~10% of Earth’s history). This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now In a new study published in the Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America, paleomagnetist and University of California, Berkeley doctoral student and his coauthors collected and studied rocks from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift—a region where 1. 1 billion years ago there was voluminous volcanism. The rocks that Zhang targeted are unique aggregations of crystals known as anorthosite xenoliths that formed deep in Earth’s crust but were brought close to the surface with magma that fed lava eruptions into the rift. The team found surprisingly high paleointensity values that signal a turbulent core—more spirited than might be expected for a liquid core lacking a solid center and stronger than Earth’s magnetic field today. Plot of age versus paleointensity, with a dashed line showing a previously interpreted decreasing trend until about 500–600 million years ago, after which paleointensity values begin to climb, showing distinct lows but also higher highs than most data from the Precambrian, barring the data presented in the new study. A light blue band from 1,110 to 1,085 million years ago shows the age of the rocks in this study as well as their curiously high paleointensity values. Credit: Zhang et al. , 2022, of Earth’s energy that causes the liquid core to move, or convect, comes from two different mechanisms. Thermally convecting liquid is driven by heat that’s wanting to rise and escape, said Courtney Sprain, a paleomagnetist at the University of Florida who was not involved in this study. In the other mechanism, compositional convection stirs the cauldron because of light elements. As the mostly iron inner core solidifies, it excludes lighter, more buoyant elements that proceed to rise through the liquid outer core. “We believe [that] today, that’s one of our main sources of energy driving the geodynamo,” Sprain explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the formation of the Earth's inner core and paleomagnetism, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods. There is no information that directly pertains to how sea turtles utilize the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: To investigate the impact of shift-work light conditions on circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes, a group of C57BL/6J male mice were randomly assigned and housed (3 mice per cage) in a controlled environment that simulated shift-work light conditions. The mice were subjected to different simulated conditions: either short-term (15 days) or long-term (45 days) rotating shifts, where the light conditions changed every seventh day, or a jet-lag condition lasting 21 days with an 8-hour phase advance every two days. As a comparison, a control group of mice followed the standard light-dark cycle of the facility (Figure 1). A total of 72 mice were included in this study, to cover 24 timepoints across 4 light conditions. An n = 3 was chosen per time point as the minimum number required to identify statistical differences per time-point, which translates to n = 18 per experimental condition for circadian analyses. Following exposure to simulated light conditions with an intensity of ~590 lux, the mice were housed in constant dark for up to 48 hours. On the second day, mice were sacrificed at the age of 11 to 12 weeks old, and samples of liver and dorsal skin tissues were collected from three mice at each time point over a 24-hour period, with four-hour intervals (Figure 1). To manipulate the light conditions, the mice were housed in light-tight circadian chambers provided by Phenome Technologies, Inc. The light schedules were regulated by an external timer (XT-4, Chrontrol Corporation), and the light status and intensity were monitored using HOBO data loggers (UA-002-08, Corporation). All mice, regardless of the light conditions or constant darkness, were given ad libitum feeding. Throughout the time-course sample collection, red light was utilized, and animals were killed per housed group, where one cage of 3 mice represented one time-point. This was done to limit variability in any time-point. Mice were anesthetized with 3-4% isoflurane and euthanized by cardiac puncture blood collection followed by cervical dislocation as a secondary method of euthanasia. The collected liver and skin tissues were snap-frozen and stored at -80 °C for subsequent RNA extraction. Gene expression analysisFrozen liver and skin tissues were homogenized in liquid nitrogen using mortar and pestle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by investigating the impact of shift-work light conditions on circadian rhythms. It details an experiment where mice were subjected to various lighting conditions that simulate shift work, showing the relevance of circadian rhythm disruption due to shifts in light exposure. The study's design is aimed at understanding how these conditions can lead to misalignments, which aligns directly with the claim regarding health impacts of shift work.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Gentianaceae Tik-ta Whole plant SMH-118 Tonic, febrifuge, alterative, carminative, expectorant, laxative, stomachic, anthelmintic and anti-diarrhoeal properties. Gentiana urnula Harry Sm. Gentianaceae Ganga-chung Whole plant SMH-177 Laxative, stomachic, anthelmintic and anti-diarrhoeal properties. Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. Apiaceae Spru-SMH-136 Effective in curing indigestion, sunburn, skin diseases and external tumours Herminium monorchis (L. ) R. Br. Orchidaceae Bye-lChe-Lag-SMH-198 Rejuvenating health, increase sperm and constituents of the body, vital essence, aphrodisiac and improve kidney heat, etc. Hippophae rhamnoides L. Elaeagnaceae Tsermang/ sTar-bu Whole plant SMH-156 Anti-ageing, anti-cold, memory restoration and energy boosting properties, fodder and fuel value. Inula racemosa Hook. f. Asteraceae Ma-nu/pushkarmool Roots SMH-176 Bronchial asthma when half of the amount is mixed with Kuth. Anthelmintic for children and antiseptic, expectorant and diuretic. Iris lactea Pall. Iridaceae Dres-plant SMH-117 Heals wounds, appetite, stomach, small and large intestinal cramps due to hot and cold, pathogenic cramps and poisoning diseases, etc Ixeris gracilis (DC. ) Rtga-plant SMH-190 Exhibited potent antihyperglycemic activity and improved glucose tolerance; used as a remedy for dysentery. Juniperus indica Bertol. Leaves and bark SMH-137 It used as incense by Buddhists, anti-inflammatory, menstrual problem, inflammation of lung, liver, spleen, kidney and gall bladder. Juniperus recurva Buch. -Ham. ex D. Shug-pa-tser-chan Leaves, fruits SMH-155 Kidney, muscular spasms and fruits are one of the best tonics. Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed description of various plants and their uses, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses both medicinal and practical applications of plants, which often include historical and traditional practices. The mention of properties such as 'laxative,' 'anti-diarrhoeal,' and many other medicinal qualities suggests that the consideration of these plants likely involves their historical context and uses, rather than solely focusing on modern applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: was much warmer billions of years ago and the inner core was not initially present, thermal convection may have been the primary driver generating the early magnetic field, said Richard Bono, a paleomagnetist at University who also was not involved in Zhang’s work. cooled, thermal convection—and the intensity of the magnetic field—should have tapered. But continued cooling eventually led to the beginnings of Earth’s solid metal heart, which should have boosted the waning magnetic field as compositional convection overtook its thermal counterpart. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values. ” This transition might have begun less than 700 million years ago (much younger than canonical estimates), according to experiments designed to determine how fast iron conducts heat at extremely high pressures and temperatures, said Zhang. However, such experiments have led to different results through different approaches, enough so that various scenarios of the age of the inner core are possible. A 2019 paper led by Bono, in which scientists collated high-quality paleointensity data, supported this young inner core formation timeline, with the paleomagnetic field interpreted to decrease in intensity until a 565-million-year-old low, followed by a rise toward much higher values, signifying more mixing. This timeline led to the intriguing hypothesis that the inner core began to form sometime after 565 million years ago—remarkably young. However, because older (1. 14-billion-year-old) rocks have low paleointensity values, Zhang’s curiously high paleointensity data in 1. 09-billion-year-old rocks could be interpreted as inner core nucleation similar to some previous estimates. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values,” said Zhang. If true, new explanations for later ebbs and flows of paleointensity are needed for around 565 million years ago, as well as at younger times of low to high field strength transitions. Nevertheless, these data don’t negate inner core nucleation 565 million years ago either, he said. “If anything, this is telling us we need to start trying to understand some of the other added complexities” like plate tectonics, said Sprain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses the formation of the Earth's inner core and historical paleointensity data, which are largely unrelated to the navigation abilities of sea turtles. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Missing values in the raw data files resulting from technical issues with the qPCR plate were excluded from analysis. We specifically measured the expression of canonical clock genes (Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp) in both liver and skin tissues using validated primers. To ensure the accuracy of the PCR amplification, the primers were validated using cDNA template serial dilution, and their efficiency was calculated based on the slope value33 (Table 1). The primer design for this study was performed using Primer3 (v. 0. 4. 0), a widely used primer design tool. Table 1. Primers used for measuring mRNA expression of canonical clock genes. Gene(5′ to 3′)(3′ to 5′)21231249rhythm analysisWe used CircaCompare34 to analyze the differences in circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in animals exposed to control and simulated shift-work light conditions. Circadian time, CT0 was defined as the onset of the light phase before the animals entered constant darkness for tissue collection. This alignment allowed us to effectively compare and assess the variations in circadian rhythms between control and simulated shift-work light conditions. We applied a p-value cut-off of <0. 05 to determine the presence or absence of rhythms and to evaluate significant differences in phase, amplitude, and the Statistic of Rhythm (MESOR). Sample resolution is a critical factor in circadian analysis as it directly affects the precision of phase estimates. 35 In our study, we used four-hour sample resolution, therein phase differences were only considered if they were at least four hours apart. This approach was implemented to ensure the accuracy of our results. ResultsCircadian analysis of canonical clock genes in the liver after exposure to simulated shift- work light conditionsTo investigate the impact of shift-work light conditions on the liver clock, we examined the circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes (Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp) in the liver samples of mice exposed to simulated shift-work light conditions. Rhythmic gene expression and its significance was determined at p < 0. 05 of CircaCompare. Our findings revealed significant rhythmic patterns in all analyzed clock genes, both in the control group and in the mice exposed to the simulated shift-work light conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study that analyzes the circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in the liver of mice exposed to simulated shift-work light conditions. The findings indicate significant rhythmic patterns in clock genes, which suggests that shift work can disrupt circadian rhythms, supporting the notion that it may have adverse health effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Asteraceae Bya-rog-nyungs-ma Leaves and bark SMH-116 Traditionally used as anti-rheumatic, antiseptic Lactuca dissecta D. and stem SMH-107 Paste is used to cures infections of female external genital organ Lagotis cashmeriana Rupr. Plantaginaceae Hong-len Roots SMH-175 Reduce inflammation, vital fever, liver fever, lungs fever, intestinal fever, poisonous, painful cramps, muscular spasms, child dysentery, etc. Leonurus japonicus Houtt. Lamiaceae Zin-and stem SMH-165 Regulating menstrual disturbance, dysmenorrhea, amenorrhea, blood stasis, and postpartum haemorrhage, diuretics. Lonicera spinosa (Decne. ) Jacq. ex Walp. Caprifoliaceae Phang-SMH-138 Asthma, headache and gynaecological diseases etc. Meconopsis aculeata Ud-Pal-Sngon-SMH-154 Traditionally used to cure headache Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC. Caprifoliaceae sPyang-tsher Roots and young twigs SMH-191 It treats purgation phlegm disease, cancer, swelling and indigestion, etc. Myricaria elegans Hom-SMH-115 It treats various kinds of poisoning, fever of lungs, diarrhoea, arthritis, uterine bleeding, stomach pain, headache etc. Myricaria squamosa Desv. Tamaricaceae Om-SMH-174 Traditionally used for food poisoning Nepeta floccosa Benth. Leaves and stem SMH-153 The dried leaves and shoots are aromatic and used to add flavour in local dishes. Onosma hookeri C. B. Bri-Mog Roots, bark and leaves SMH-108 Used as remedy for asthma, cough, fever, gonorrhoea leprosy, and phthisis Oxytropis microphylla (Pall. ) DC. Fabaceae Tag-sha nagpo Whole plant SMH-139 The whole plant bears strong fragrance. The quantity of aromatic oil is about 0. 01%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing traditional uses of various plants, indicating that ethnobotany does examine historical practices. For example, it mentions plants like 'Asteraceae' traditionally used for anti-rheumatic properties and 'Myricaria elegans' traditionally used for treating various ailments, which shows a focus on historical practices rather than just modern uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Subducting plates move through the mantle, sometimes settling into cold piles at the core-mantle boundary. Elsewhere along this boundary, buoyant plumes of hot material rise upward. These sunken slabs and upwelling plumes affect how heat escapes from the core, a process that itself affects how quickly the outer core can convect. The core’s pattern of exhaling heat changes as this geometry shifts, which could affect how the magnetic field is generated, she explained. Snapshot or Long-Term Average? “Our magnetic field is really crazy. ” “Our magnetic field is really crazy,” said Sprain. “It can change on timescales of seconds to millions of years. ” “When we’re trying to understand what the strength of the field is, we have to ask—how much time are we looking at, [and] how much time do we average? ” said Bono. A rock that cools quickly, on the order of hundreds or thousands of years, will record a snapshot of the magnetic field. A rock that takes many tens or hundreds of thousands of years to cool smooths out the magnetic field’s short-term variation. “You really need to be looking at the time-averaged field strength” to understand what was happening in the core, he said. In the new study, said Sprain, Zhang has data from seven sites but only one date for these rocks. Because these are very old rocks, each date’s margin of error would be on the order of 100,000 years to greater than 1 million; collecting more dates wouldn’t necessarily help resolve the relative timing between sites. “Even if there was more than 10,000 years between [multiple samples’] cooling times, we wouldn’t be able to resolve it [because] the ages would overlap,” Sprain said. Nevertheless, the data are of high quality, and even averaging all the information together results in a higher-than-expected magnetic field for 1. 1 billion years ago, confirming the findings of prior work, said Bono. In this prior work, Sprain found that slightly older volcanic rocks from the also record a strong magnetic field similar to that on Earth today. “What we need,” said Sprain, “is more high-quality data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological processes related to the Earth's core and magnetic field generation, but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods. It delves into the geophysical characteristics of the Earth’s magnetic field but does not provide any information linking it to sea turtle navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, Cry1 did not show significant rhythmicity in the long-term rotating shift scenario and Cry2 did not exhibit significant rhythmicity in the chronic jet-lag scenario (Figure 2, Table 151). This suggests that these genes may be more sensitive to prolonged disruption of light-dark cycles. Furthermore, we examined various circadian properties such as phase, amplitude, and MESOR and compared differences between conditions (Figures 2 and 4A, Table 151). In the short-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag scenarios, we did not observe any discernible phase differences compared to the control condition. However, in the long-term rotating shift scenario, significant phase advance of at least four hours were detected in five out of eight clock genes: Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, and Cry2. Regarding amplitude, we did not find significant differences in the rotating shift conditions. However, we did observe a significant decrease in amplitude of Per1 and Dbp among mice exposed to chronic jet-lag compared to the control group. This indicates that chronic disruption of light-dark cycles may affect the robustness of circadian rhythms in these genes. We did not find any significant changes in MESOR with short-term rotating shift. However, we observed a significant increase in MESOR with the genes Arntl, Per2, Per3, and Cry2 in the long-term rotating shift condition. Conversely, we found a significant decrease in MESOR with the genes Per1 and Dbp in the chronic jet-lag scenario. Overall, these results suggest that the circadian clock in the liver is highly impacted in mice exposed to the long-term rotating shift condition with a clear but less dramatic impact in mice exposed to chronic jet-lag. In contrast, we found no significant impact on the liver’s circadian clock in mice exposed to a short-term rotating shift condition. Figure 2. Circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in the liver following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The graphs display 24-hour expression (Mean ± SE) of Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp in the liver under constant dark after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of long-term rotating shift work on the circadian clock in mice, noting significant phase advances and changes in amplitude and MESOR of various clock genes. It emphasizes that prolonged disruption of light-dark cycles, as seen in long-term shifts, adversely affects circadian rhythms, highlighting a direct link between shift work and potential health implications stemming from circadian misalignment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Pedicularis longiflora Lug-Ru-Ser-SMH-166 A decoction of plant parts is used as diuretic, liver and gall bladder, excessive seminal discharge and oedema. Pedicularis cheilanthifolia Lug-Ru-Smog--192 Traditionally used to cure stomachache Physochlaina praealta (Decne. ) Lantang/Thang-Phron-and leaves SMH-109 Vermifuge and leaves are narcotic and used in treatment of ulcer and eye diseases. Picris hieracioides Sibth. & Sm. Asteraceae Rgya-plant SMH-152 It treats gastro-intestinal disorder, blood and bile disorder, chronic fever, contagious fever and poisonous fever, etc. Picrorhiza kurrooa Hong-len and flowers SMH-199 Roots used in asthmatic disorders, fever, blood purification Piper longum L. Piperaceae Pi-Pi-and fruits SMH-173 Used for the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer. Plantago depressa Willd. Plantaginaceae Tha-Ram Leaves, stem, flowers and fruits SMH-140 Dysentery, burned wounds, bleeding, inflammation wounds and lymph fluids, etc. Polygonum aviculare L. Polygonaceae byi-na-sa Whole plant SMH-151 Obstruction of urine, burning sensation during urination, jaundice, dermatological diseases with itching etc. Potentilla anserina L. Rosaceae Gro-Lo Sa-hSMH-144 Diarrhoea/dysentery and act as health tonic Ranunculus adoxifolius Hand. -Mazz. Ranunculaceae Ga-Tsah-am-lChe-tsah Leaves and flowers SMH-110 Digestive heat, old wounds, dropsy, diphtheria and tumours, etc. Rheum spiciforme -167 The purple coloured roots are used in the indigenous system of medicine especially against rheumatism. Rheum webbianum Chu-Rtsa Roots, stem and leaves SMH-150 Indigestion, abdominal diseases, boils, wounds and as an astringent, gastritis, laxative. Rhodiola imbricata Edgew. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed descriptions of traditional uses of various plants, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses the historical practices and uses of plants rather than focusing solely on modern applications. For example, the text mentions the traditional uses of plants like Pedicularis cheilanthifolia for stomachache and Picris hieracioides for gastrointestinal disorders, highlighting the long-standing practices in ethnobotany.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial motility is typically studied in bulk solution, while their natural habitats often are complex environments. Here, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles to study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic environment. Magnetotactic bacteria are microorganisms that form chains of nanomagnets and that orient in Earth’s magnetic field. The obstacles were produced based on micro-computer tomography reconstructions of bacteria-rich sediment samples. We characterized the swimming of the cells through these channels and found that swimming throughput was highest for physiological magnetic fields. This observation was confirmed by extensive computer simulations using an active Brownian p10. 7554/eLife. 98001. 1. sa2Significance of findingsvaluable: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications for a subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 2. 1 Characterization of sediment and construction of sediment-mimicking microfluidic channelsTo study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic sediment environment that resembles their natural habitat, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles (Fig. 1 and S1). To that end, we first characterized a sediment sample in water from the magnetotactic bacteria-rich lake (Potsdam, Germany). We determined a 3D reconstruction of the sample using micro-computer tomography (muCT) with a resolution of 1. 56 µm (Fig. 2a-d) and analyzed the sizes of sediment p1. Construction of sediment-mimicking obstacle channels:Micro-computer tomography slices of sediment samples (a) are cropped out to ignore border effect due to the reconstruction and binarized (b). The binarized images are then fitted with circles (c) for statistical analysis (grain size distribution in d) and for construction of arrays of pillar-shaped obstacles (e). The images of irregular grains (b) and fitted circles (e) are used as masks to design microfluidic channels with obstacle arrays (f), in which the bacteria are injected in the middle channel (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the behavior of magnetotactic bacteria in response to the Earth's magnetic field but does not provide any information regarding sea turtles or their navigation methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The figure allows for a comparison between the control group and three experimental conditions: short-term rotating shift (left), long-term rotating shift (middle), and control vs chronic jet-lag (right) were represented in the figure. To ensure accurate analysis, the mRNA expression throughout the time course was normalized against the geometric mean expression of housekeeping genes Actb and Ppib. The statistical significance of the circadian rhythms and the differences in circadian characteristics between the control group and the simulated shift-work conditions were assessed using CircaCompare, with a significance level set at p < 0. 05. Genes that exhibit a significant rhythmic pattern are represented by continuous lines, while arrhythmic genes are represented by dotted lines. Circadian analysis of canonical clock gene expression in the skin after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditionsIn addition to studying the liver, we also examined the expression of canonical clock genes in the dorsal skin of mice (Figure 3, Table 151) collected under constant darkness after being exposed to simulated shift-work light conditions. We analyzed the circadian rhythms and determined their significance using CircaCompare with a p < 0. 05. Our analysis revealed that majority of the analyzed clock genes in the skin exhibited rhythmic patterns. However, we observed a loss of rhythmicity in Cry1 after exposure to short-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Additionally, Cry2 became arrhythmic when subjected to long-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Furthermore, we compared the circadian rhythms between the control group and the simulated shift-work groups, focusing on differences in phase (at least four hours), amplitude, and MESOR (Figure 4B, Table 151). Out of the eight genes analyzed in the skin, significant phase differences were observed in two genes (Arntl and Cry2) following the short-term rotating shift condition. Four genes (Arntl, Per2, Per3, and Dbp) exhibited significant phase differences following the long-term rotating shift condition, and one gene (Arntl) showed a significant phase difference following chronic jet-lag. Notably, most of these genes displayed a phase advance following simulated shift-work conditions compared to the control group. Arntl consistently exhibited dysregulation across all simulated shift conditions, particularly showing a phase delay in the long-term rotating shift scenario. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of the impact of simulated shift-work conditions on circadian rhythms. It details the analysis of canonical clock gene expression in the skin after exposure to these conditions, highlighting significant changes such as the loss of rhythmicity in specific genes (e.g., Cry1 and Cry2). The text also discusses significant phase differences in gene expression resulting from shift work, which aligns with the claim that shift work can adversely affect health by disrupting circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: Crassulaceae Shro-Lo/Cho-Ngo-SMH-143 Lung problems, cold, cough, fever, loss of energy and pulmonary complaints, food Rhodiola sacra (Prain ex Raym. Hamet) S. H. Srolo-marpo Roots SMH-193 Tonic and it restores memory. The young leaves and tender shoots are edible. ‘Tantur’, a delicious Ladakhi dish. Rhododendron anthopogon D. Ba-Lu/Da-and flowers SMH-111 High altitude diseases, chest pain, weakness, obstruction of vocal cord, chronic bronchitis, stiffness limbs, phlegm disorders and rejuvenated life. Ribes orientale Desf. / se-rgod Fruit SMH-141 Serous fluid diseases, swollen limbs. Fruits are used to treats fever of poison, food poison, hepatitis, fever of gall bladder, epidemic fever, etc. Rosa sericea Wall. ex Lindl. Whole plant SMH-149 The whole plant is used as ornamental hedge, also used as fuel and fodder. Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Seba/SMH-204 Flowers are used for ornamental purposes, also used as fuel and fodder. Rubia cordifolia L. Stems and roots SMH-168 Blood disorders, blood fever, spreading fever, lungs fever, kidney fever, intestine fever and stop bleeding. Saussurea bracteata Decne. Asteraceae Spang-rtsa Flowers SMH-148 Cure boils. The flowers also used for ornamental purposes. Saussurea lappa (Decne. ) Sch. Bip. / Ru-ta Roots SMH-112 Roots used against asthma and fever Saussurea roylei C. B. Kon-pa-gab-skyes-che-ba Leaves SMH-142 Chronic and fresh wounds, bleeding due to nerve disorders, especially best for the mutton poisoning etc. Sedum ewersii Ledeb. Crassulaceae Srolo-karpo Whole plant SMH-169 Provide cooling and soothing effect. This plant is given to mulch cattle to increase milk production. Stachys tibetica yakzas Whole plant SMH-145 Fuel and fodder. Stipa orientalis Trin. ex Ledeb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of how various plants are utilized for traditional medicinal and food purposes, indicating that ethnobotany includes historical uses as well. For instance, it documents uses of plants like Rhodiola sacra and Saussurea bracteata, which have been used for tonic effects and to cure boils, suggesting a long-standing engagement with these plants beyond just modern applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 mm × 1. 2 mm × 10 µm) where they encounter the obstacles. Fig. 2. Analysis of micro-computer tomography images of a sediment sample in water:a) Slice of the sediment sample, b) cube from the center of the cuvette, c) and d) examples of water gaps rendered with the Amira software. e) Distribution of the smallest grain dimension (i. e. , trabecular thickness analyzed with CTAn) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x− µ)2/c2), µ = 3. 83, c = 0. 5903, corresponding to a mean sand grain diameter of 46 µm. f) Distribution of the water gap size (i. e. , trabecular separation) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x−µ)2/c2), µ = 42. 94 µm, c = 28. 66 µm. g) Percentage of sand over water as function of the distance from the bottom of the cuvette as obtained from 2D slices of the µCT images (yellow filled line) and for the equivalent fit with circles (yellow dashed line). The red points show the mean radius of the fitted circles (± standard error of the mean) in µm (right axis). We next analyzed two-dimensional slices of the µCT images at various depths of the sample to study if any difference is observed. This analysis returns similar values of the sand to water percentage (62 – 66% from top to bottom, see Fig. 2g, with the small difference possibly due to sedimentation of the sediment under gravity). The mean radii of circular fits to the grains varies from 68 to 62 µm from bottom to top (Fig. 2g), further potentially indicating a slight effect of sedimentation by gravity. This analysis provides the basis for the construction of our 2D microfluidic channels. To realistically represent the porous environment where magnetotactic bacteria live, we constructed quasitwodimensional microfluidic channels based on the 2D µCT images at different depths (Figure 1). These images (shown in S2) were used as masks (see Methods), such that each sediment grain becomes an irregularly shaped pillar in our quasi-2D structure. Bacteria thus swim through an array of pillars that act as obstacles for their motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analyses of micro-computer tomography images of sediment samples and properties of microfluidic channels, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Moreover, we observed alterations in amplitude: Cry2 and Arntl exhibited reduced amplitude following short-term and long-term rotating shift conditions, respectively. Per2 displayed reduced amplitude in both rotating shift conditions, while no significant differences in amplitude were noted with chronic jet-lag. two out of eight genes analyzed in each shift condition exhibited MESOR differences compared to the control group. Arntl displayed a significant increase in MESOR following exposure to short-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions, while Per1 showed a significant increase following long-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag. Additionally, Cry2 and Per2 exhibited a significant decrease in MESOR following exposure to the short-term and long-term rotating shift conditions, respectively. Overall, these results indicate that the circadian clock in the skin is impacted by all three simulated shift conditions and suggest that the skin clock is more sensitive to shift-work light conditions compared to the liver clock. Similar to our observations in the liver, the circadian clock in the skin is highly impacted in mice exposed to long-term rotating shift conditions. Figure 3. Circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in the skin following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The graphs in the figure illustrate the 24-hour expression (Mean ± SE) of Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp in the skin under constant darkness following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The figure enables a comparison between the control group and three experimental conditions: short-term rotating shift (left), long-term rotating shift (middle), and control vs chronic jet-lag (right) were represented in the figure. To ensure precise analysis, the mRNA expression throughout the entire time course was normalized against the geometric mean expression of housekeeping genes Actb and Ppib. The statistical significance of the circadian rhythms and the variations in circadian characteristics between the control group and the simulated shift-work conditions were evaluated using CircaCompare, with a significance level set at p < 0. 05. In the figure, genes that exhibit a significant rhythmic pattern are depicted by continuous lines, while genes lack a rhythmic pattern are represented by dotted lines. Figure 4. Differential circadian properties of canonical clock genes in the liver and skin following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how simulated shift-work light conditions have significant effects on the circadian clock in both the skin and liver, indicating that shift work disrupts normal circadian rhythms. It describes alterations in gene expression patterns associated with the circadian rhythm, such as reduced amplitudes of key clock genes (Cry2, Arntl, Per2) under rotating shift conditions, which supports the notion that shift work adversely affects health through circadian misalignment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: and medicinal uses of folklore medicinal plants belonging to family acanthaceae an updated review Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2574-9722 Biology and 38. DOI: 10. 15406/mojbm. 2017. 01. 00009 is a large family of dicotyledonous flowering plants including about 4300 species and 346 genera all over the world. Most are tropical shrubs, herbs and twining vines while some are epiphytes. There is increasing interest about the indigenous medicinal plants for correct identification, taxonomy and medicinal properties. Chemically it contained some important secondary metabolites such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acids. These compounds play an important role in many biological reactions and work against many lethal diseases. Leaves, roots and other parts are used as anti-pyrietic, anti-inflammatory, anti-spasmodic, antiseptic and antidiabetic. Some other important plants belong to this family are used to treat skin diseases, cough, eye infections, wounds, pneumonia, anti-diarrhea, edema etc. There are only a few examples that underline importance of family Acanthaceae. This medical importance attracted the researchers to explore the various aspects of this family. The medicinal role and significance of the family can hardly be overemphasized. The present review highlights some key features of some important genus of this important plant family and also describes its various conventional and new novel uses in our daily life. By keeping these points the present study will be useful for further research and clinical trials in future study of some new important plant species belong to this important family. Keywords: Acanthaceae; Pharmaceutical uses; Medicinal plants; Secondary metabolites, synthetic medicines description to medicinal plants of important family acanthaceae Plants possess an immense therapeutic potential and a large number of such plants are unexplored to-date. Medicinal plants are source of novel chemical entities that possess beneficial pharmacological and therapeutics properties. These can be used directly or their extracts have been used as starting material in synthesis of pharmaceutical drugs. Traditionally medicinal plants have been used in the preparation of synthetic medicines, even currently in developing world; about 25% of ingredients in the prescribed modern medicine are derived from extracts of medicinal plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical uses of medicinal plants, specifically within the family Acanthaceae. It mentions traditional medicinal practices, indicating that these plants have been used historically for various therapeutic purposes, such as anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory uses. This shows that ethnobotany does indeed examine historical practices, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In addition, we generated channels with cylindrical pillars by fitting circles to the two-dimensional grain images (Figure 1 and S2). These rounded-shaped pillars of different diameters are used for a comparison of our experiments with computer simulations below. 2. 2 Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through sediment-mimicking obstacle channelsWith the sediment-mimicking channels at hand, we studied the motion of magnetotactic bacteria through those channels. A droplet of culture medium containing bacteria was injected into the entrance channel, which is placed under a custom-designed microscope [27], with a controlled magnetic field of either 0 µT (field cancelled), 50 µT (intensity of the geomagnetic field) or 500 (one order of magnitude larger than the geomagnetic field) µT. We then imaged the entrance and exit regions of the microfluidic channel in an alternating fashion (Figure 3a), with snapshots every 20 s and counted the number of bacteria in these two regions. These counts are noisy and some bacteria pass the channel rapidly, within the first few snapshots. The delay time after which the first bacteria reach the exit region of the channel could therefore not be reliably quantified. Instead, we determined the cumulative density of bacteria in the exit and in the entrance regions of the channel (Figure 3b) and used their ratio, determined 30 min after injecting the bacteria, as a measure of the throughput of bacteria through the channel (see Methods). We determined the throughput in this way for 20 different channels, 10 with irregularly shaped obstacles and 10 with cylindrical pillars (S2). We obtained very similar results for channels with cylindrical pillars and with irregularly shaped pillars (S3). However, we found the strength of the magnetic field to have a strong impact on the throughput, with a non-monotonic dependence on the field strength (Figure 3c). The maximal throughput was obtained for the intermediate field strength of 50 µT, while without a field as well as with a field of 500 µT the throughput was smaller. By contrast, for a channel without obstacles, the throughput increased monotonically with the field strength (S4). This observation suggests that a magnetic field of a similar strength of the Earth’s field enhances the flux of bacteria through the obstacle channel, but a too strong or null magnetic field inhibits it. Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experiments involving magnetotactic bacteria and their movement through different sediment-mimicking channels under varying magnetic field strengths. There is no mention or implication regarding sea turtles or their navigation methods using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The figure represents differences in phase (left), amplitude (middle), and MESOR (right) of canonical clock genes in the liver (top) and skin (bottom) of mice subjected to short-term, long-term rotating shift, and chronic jet-lag conditions, in comparison to a control condition. Significance testing was performed using CircaCompare with a threshold of p < 0. 05, and the corresponding p-values can be found in Table 1. 51DiscussionOur study aimed to fill a significant knowledge gap regarding the effects of different durations and types of shift conditions on the circadian system. Shift-work has been hypothesized to disrupt the synchronization between the central and peripheral circadian machinery. 36 Previous studies in humans have only examined the impact of mistimed sleep on molecular rhythms for about a week,6–8 limiting our understanding of the long-term consequences. We conducted a study using a well-established C57BL/6J mouse model to investigate the consequences of various durations and types of shift-work light conditions on the circadian system. By simulating shift-work light conditions, we were able to observe changes in the circadian expression of canonical clock genes in both the liver and the skin. Light is widely recognized as the primary synchronizer for maintaining the mammalian circadian system. Two photoreceptors, melanopsin (OPN4) and neuropsin (OPN5), have been identified as mediators of light entrainment from the retinal ganglion cells to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN),37,38 which serves as the central pacemaker of the circadian system. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that OPN5 in murine melanocytes is involved in circadian photoentrainment and the expression of clock genes, a phenomenon not observed in the liver. 39 On the other hand, the liver, being a metabolically active organ, can directly entrain its clock through feeding-fasting cycles. 40–42 Prior research has demonstrated this ability, indicating that the liver is more influenced by metabolic cues compared to the skin. Therefore, in the current study, we examined the impact of simulated shift-work light conditions on the circadian gene expression of canonical clock genes in two different tissues: the liver and the skin. Unlike the skin, which directly senses external light stimuli,39 the entrainment of liver clocks by light serves as a secondary event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how shift work disrupts the synchronization between the central and peripheral circadian machinery. It states that previous studies have shown the impact of mistimed sleep on molecular rhythms, highlighting that the study investigated a significant knowledge gap regarding the effects of different durations and types of shift conditions on the circadian system. Additionally, it explains how the disrupted light conditions associated with shift work can lead to changes in the circadian expression of canonical clock genes in both the liver and skin, thus supporting the assertion that shift work adversely affects health by misaligning circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: It contained many important secondary metabolites as alkaloids, phenols, terpenoids, tannins, quinones, cardiac glycosides, saponins, carbohydrates, flavonoids and proteins that have many therapeutic uses. Some species like Adathoda beddomie, Neelagirianthasis Sp. , Justeceae gendurusa, Neelagirianthasis hemitomie, Berleria priorities, Adathoda zylanica and Hemigraphis corolata have the ability to kill or retard the growth of many infectious microbes including dangerous Pseudomonas species. 13 Several chemicals like 2-propanone, Methylhydrazone, Acetaldehyde, Cyclopentane etc. have been extracted through GC-Mass analysis from important Asteracantha longifolia (L. ) Nees species, which are using in many pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. 14 The other species Clinacanthus nutans also contained plenty of important bioactive compounds namely flavonoids, glycosides, glycoglycerolipids, cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol. These compounds have wide range of anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities. 15 Kavitha et al. 16 also reported the anti-diabitic activity of 25 medicinally important plants from family Acanthaceae. Infusions of leaves of Vesica adhatoda Nees, Dyschorister adicans, Aystasia schimperi, Acanthus eminens, Thunber giaalata, and Dyschoristethum bergiiflora have been used for backache, skin diseases, cough, eye infections, wounds, pneumonia, anti-diarrhea and edema. Leaves paste of Barberia grandicalyx is used for snake bites. Leaves of Acanthus pubescens, Justicia flava and Justicia betonica have been used for ulcers, flu, dry cough and anti-diarrhea. 17 Infusions of Justicia tranquebariensis have been used for poisonous bites. Leaves of Justicia adhatoda are used traditionally for chest diseases, rheumatism, fever, asthma, pneumonia, tuberculosis, expectorant, diuretic, antispasmodic, antiseptic and to reduce swelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various historical and traditional uses of plants for medicinal purposes. It describes specific plants and their uses in traditional medicine for ailments, suggesting a long history of ethnobotanical practices that is not acknowledged in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through obstacle channelsA) View of a channel, in which the entrance (IN) and exit regions (OUT) are indicated, in which the bacterial density was monitored. The magnetic field points to the left. B) Cumulative bacterial intensity (measuring the cumulative arrival of bacteria) in these two regions, for three different field strengths. C) Bacterial throughput, quantified by the ratio of the cumulative intensities in the OUT and IN regions as function of the magnetic field. 2. 3 Simulations of bacterial swimming through obstacle channelsTo gain further insight into how magnetotactic bacteria navigate through these complex environments, we compared our experimental findings to numerical simulations. To this end, we modeled the magnetotactic bacteria as dipolar active Brownian p0. 2 µm. Therefore, all the following numerical simulations where carried out with the interaction parameter set to α = 0. 2 µm. Fig. 4. Sliding of bacteria on obstacle surfaces:(a) Experimental trajectories of sliding bacteria (B = 0). (b) Trajectory of sliding p0. 6 µm from the surface, dashed line). The sliding distance is the distance covered tangentially to the surface. (c) Histogram of sliding distances as measured in the experiment (filled black circles) and the simulation (empty markers, for different values of the wall torque parameter α). We find good agreement for α = 0. 2 µm. When analyzing sliding distances from obstacles of different sizes and thus different curvatures, we saw only a weak dependence on the curvature in both experimental and simulated trajectories (S5 and S6). However, our obstacles are all much larger than the size of the bacteria, so we cannot exclude a curvature dependence for obstacles comparable to their size. We noticed that in the experiments, the bacteria appeared to be slower while sliding along the walls compared to free swimming. This effect was neglected in the simulations. Next, we simulated the motion of active dipolar p5. To escape a trap, bacteria need to reorient temporarily against the direction of the magnetic field. While some traps allow a fraction of the bacteria to escape and eventually arrive at the exit (purple trajectories that turn red), others do not (blue trajectories). Blue trajectories typically end in a trap of the latter type. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the swimming behavior of magnetotactic bacteria and their navigation through obstacles in the presence of a magnetic field. However, it does not mention sea turtles or provide any information related to their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In addition to synchronization from the central clock, feeding has been well demonstrated as a mechanism to reset liver clocks. 40–42 In our study, we provided mice with unrestricted access to food, allowing us to primarily observe changes arising from shift-work light conditions. The data from our study indicated that short-term exposure to rotating shift-light conditions did not significantly affect the circadian rhythms of liver clock genes. However, long-term exposure to rotating shifts resulted in circadian dysregulation, as evidence by loss of rhythmicity or significant differences in phase, amplitude, or MESOR in 7 out of 8 tested clock genes, and the jet-lag condition affected 3 out of 8 of the genes tested. These results suggest that liver clocks exhibit adaptability under less aggressive shift-work light conditions, possibly due to input from multiple environmental cues. Moreover, recent research has demonstrated that restricted feeding not only entrains liver clocks but also influences skin clocks in a distinct manner, highlighting an interesting interplay wherein a single stimulus can impact multiple systems. 31In our investigation, we observed significant disturbances in the circadian rhythm of canonical clock genes in the skin under various shift-work light conditions. Short-term exposure to rotating shift schedules and chronic jet-lag led to the disruption of circadian rhythmicity in 4 out of 8 tested canonical clock genes, while long-term exposure to rotating shifts affected 6 out of 8 of the genes, with most of these changes attributed to phase differences. Notably, unlike the liver, the circadian clock in the skin exhibited significant dysregulation across all shift-work light conditions examined in our study. This suggests that the skin’s circadian clock is more susceptible to the impact of shift-work light conditions compared to the clock in the liver. One potential explanation for this susceptibility is the involvement of opsins-mediated signaling. Opsins are a class of light sensing G protein-coupled receptors that trigger signaling cascades upon photosensation. Previous studies have identified the expression of various opsins in different models, including murine melanocytes,39 human melanocytes, keratinocytes, and dermal fibroblasts, and hair follicle stem cells. 43 The presence of opsins within the skin cells indicates the possibility of light-sensing capabilities in the skin tissue and the potential influence of environmental light cues on core clock regulation. However, experimental verification of this hypothesis is still required. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that long-term exposure to rotating shifts resulted in circadian dysregulation, as indicated by the significant differences in phase, amplitude, or MESOR in tested clock genes. Specifically, it mentions that chronic jet-lag and chronic shift schedules disrupted circadian rhythmicity in the skin and liver, thus supporting the idea that shift work can adversely affect health through misalignment of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany focuses only on modern uses of plants and does not examine historical practices. [SEP] Text: 18 Members of the Acanthaceae family like Hygrophila spinosa, Andrographis paniculata, Barleria prionitis and Adhatoda vasica are used traditionally as antipyretic, anti-asthmatic, antiviral and in respiratory diseases. 19 L: This genus of family has significant medicinal importance. Ruellia is a genus of 250 different popular ornamental plants species commonly known as Ruellias. These plants are distributed in tropical regions and temperate regions of world. Many species of the genus contain important constituents such as glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids and triterpenoids. Because of this property these plants are used in the synthesis of various medicines. Plant extracts of genus Ruellia have anti-hypertensive, antinociceptive, analgesic, antispasmolytic, antioxidant, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. 20 Ruellia brittoniana L: Ruellia brittoniana is an herbaceous ornamental perennial herb. Having flowering season from April to November. 21 Ruellia brittoniana is used for variety of purposes in traditional medicines. In pharmacological investigation, extracts of Ruellia brittoniana were used for cardiovascular screening. 20 Flavonoids compounds, fatty acid methyl esters and fatty acids were isolated by chromatographic methods. Phytochemical study revealed that Ruellia brittoniana contain 21 components e. g. 5, 2, 3-trihydroxy 7-O-glucoflavone, 5,7,4-trimethoxy 3-O-Rhamnoflavone and 2,246 -tetrahydroxy-chalcone. The herbal extract is studied for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. 22 L: Plants belonging to this genus are distributed in Indonesia, Malaysia, Southeast Asia, India and Pakistan. 23 It has exhibited to have medicinal properties and fused for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. Respiratory tract diseases have particularly benefited from the ancient times. 24 Moreover, it has been used for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and inflammation, including applications in eczema, malaria, rheumatism, lumber pain and swelling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing traditional uses of various plants, specifically mentioning that these plants have medicinal applications that date back to ancient times. For instance, it notes that species of the Acanthaceae family have been used traditionally for treating respiratory diseases, indicating that ethnobotany considers historical practices in addition to modern uses.