Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Although many researchers assume that most mammal taxa are already known—and have been for decades—this is not necessarily true for small mammals including bats. Examination of patterns of taxonomic discovery over the last 200+ years reveals that we are currently in a taxonomic “Golden Age” for phyllostomid bats with more than 40 species discovered and described since 2001. Although the pace of discovery was slow throughout the 1700s, by 1850 representatives from 10 of the 11 subfamilies that we recognize today had been described, 22 genera had been named, and 39 phyllostomid species had been identified as specimen collections were amassed in European institutions. However, it was not until the early 1900s that a peak in descriptions occurred, with more than 20 species still considered valid described in the decade between 1901-1910. Most taxa described in the 19th and 20th centuries were described by scientists based in Europe, but research activity and descriptions of new taxa shifted to institutions between 1950 and 2000. Since 2001, the majority of published species descriptions have been authored or co-authored by researchers from Central and institutions. (pages 43 - 62)This 5. Fragments and Gaps: Record - Nancy B. Simmons, Gregg F. Gunnell, Nicolas J. CzaplewskiDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0005[diversification;extinction;fossils;Miocene;Paleogene;Phyllostomidae;Pleistocene;Pliocene;Holocene]While modern molecular phylogenetic studies can provide a framework for understanding relationships of phyllostomids to one another and their close relatives, it is only the fossil record that can provide calibration points for reconstructing the temporal pattern of diversification. Additionally, the fossil record can facilitate synthetic understanding of patterns of morphological change over time. The fossil record of Phyllostomidae definitely extends to the early Miocene (~ 21-19 Ma) of Panama, and may extend as far back as the late middle Eocene (~41 Ma) of Peru, but it is surprisingly incomplete before the Pleistocene. Crown group members of the extant subfamilies Phyllostominae and Lonchophyllinae are known from Miocene localities in the Neotropics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information about the diverse feeding habits and classification of bats, specifically highlighting that there are many species of bats, including those in the Phyllostomidae family, that have been recently discovered and described. It indicates that not all bats feed on blood, as there are numerous species that have different diets, suggesting that the claim's assertion is overly broad.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: [15] was used to annotate the called variants with RefSeq gene names and to predict their impact and effect. Mutation rate per gene has been calculated as variant count per length of human gene coding sequence (total SNVs) as well as functional variant count per length of human gene coding sequence (non-syn SNVs). Any non-synonymous coding variants or insertions/deletions have been considered for further analyses. Resulting mutation rates of ion channel genes have been log10-transformed to fit a normal distribution as tested by Shapiro-Wilk normality test implemented in R (p-value = 0. 363). Mutation rates differing more than 2 standard deviations from mean of all analyzed ion channel genes have been considered as enriched mutation rates. ResultsBy analyzing the published Neanderthal genomes and comparing them with 33 human disease-linked ion channel genes, we identified a high rate of genetic variation of uncertain significance (GVUC) in Neanderthal Cl- channel encoding genes CLCN2 and, to a lower degree, in CLCN1 (Fig. 1A, B). 1 mutations associate with myotonia congenita, a rare disease characterized by muscle stiffness upon sudden forced movements [16, 17]. Regarding CLCN2, patients and knock-out mice with mutations in this gene show a more complex phenotype: CLC-2 dysfunction has been associated with retinal degeneration, leukodystrophy, and severe testicular degeneration [18-20]. Conversely, CLC-2 gain-of-function mutations have been shown to result in hyperaldosteronism type II; the increased aldosterone levels cause early-onset high blood pressure, predisposing affected individuals to potassium loss and potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmias [21, 22]. Fig. 1. Analysis of Neanderthal genetic variants of unclear significance (GVUC). All currently known Neanderthal GVUCs are analyzed in a selection of ion channels and Cl- transporters known to be associated with human disease. A. CLCN2 shows an increased number of GVUCs. Values for CLCN2 are magenta colored. B. The numbers of variants in Neanderthals and AMH were analyzed with respect to specific exchanged bases, and they show similar overall patterns. C. are positioned in highly conserved regions and therefore suggest functional relevance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on genetic variations and mutations within ion channel genes, particularly in Neanderthal genomes, and does not address any artifacts or insights related to past cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Red arrows indicate the position of the three body size peaks (in mm) identified by the surface analysis (see text for details)Full size image Our model-based analyses of body size diversification identified OU as the best approximation to the observed pattern of evolution of this trait in Liolaemus (Table 2). Therefore, our results suggest that body size diversification has been subject to stabilizing selection that has forced the expression of the trait around certain adaptive optima over time. and BM models were, respectively, the next best-fitted models, while the EB model was identified as the weakest approximation to describe the pattern of body size evolution (Table 2). Our subsequent convergence analyses of multiple body size peaks on a Simpsonian landscape revealed that three optima (or body size regimes) exist within Liolaemus, suggesting that species are pulled by stabilizing selection around the size optima 57. 96 mm, 80. 45 mm, and 87. 66 mm (Additional file 2: Figures S1 and S2). Table 2 Rates and modes of evolutionary diversification in Liolaemus body size based on comparisons of the fit of four evolutionary models. Fitted models are Brownian-motion (BM), Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU), Early-Burst (EB) and Delta. Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table Finally, our analysis of trait-dependent macroevolutionary diversification identified a negative linear function as the best model. That is, diversification rates increase as a linear function of decreasing body size (Table 3). Table 3 QuaSSE trait-dependent lineage diversification in Liolaemus. Analyses based on selection from multiple models described by a linear, sigmoidal or hump-shaped function with (drift) and without a ‘drift’ or directional term added to the model fitting (see text for details). Best-fit of models based on (delta) bias-corrected Criteria (AICc)Full size table DiscussionRapid early bursts of phylogenetic, phenotypic and ecological diversification within a lineage entering a novel adaptive zone are central components of the definition of a process of adaptive radiation [2, 71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'rapid early bursts of phylogenetic, phenotypic and ecological diversification within a lineage entering a novel adaptive zone are central components of the definition of a process of adaptive radiation.' This supports the idea that adaptive radiation is a key mechanism for species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: phyllostomids exhibit dental morphology and body sizes suggesting that they were insectivores, but some may have been at least partially carnivorous or omnivorous, indicating that ecological diversification in the family was well underway in the Miocene. Large numbers of phyllostomid fossils are known from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits in Central America, South America, and the Caribbean, but no or Pliocene fossil phyllostomids are known, hence there is a ~10 million year gap in the fossil record. (pages 63 - 86)This 6. Phylogenetics and - Liliana M. Dávalos, Paúl M. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0006[Andes;;dispersal;diversification;Interchange;Lonchorhina;Micronycterinae;Neotropics]Traditionally, the phylogeny of phyllostomids contained a few subfamilies sharing similar cranial and ecological traits. Family-wide genetic sequence data starting in the early 2000s, however, showed that this phylogeny obscured the taxonomy, biogeography, and evolution of ecological traits in the family. Current phylogenies strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies, as well as most relationships among them. Nonetheless, the positions of several key groups are not well-supported and require further analyses, including: 1) Micronycterinae relative to Desmodontinae, 2) Lonchorhininae, and 3) the genus-level resolution of Miocene fossils. Historical biogeographic analyses have revealed a origin for most subfamilies; have inferred widespread and multi-continental distributions for ancient ancestors; and have rejected a special influence of Quaternary glaciations on recent speciation. These analyses have also confirmed North and Central America, as well as South America, as independent centers of diversification for some subfamilies (e. g. , Macrotinae), as well as within subfamilies (e. g. , Glossophaginae). These parallel centers of diversity might result from the absence of continuous dry habitat corridors between the continents, but this hypothesis has not been tested using phyloclimatic methods. (pages 87 - 104)This 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the feeding habits of phyllostomids, which are suggested to be insectivores and possibly partially carnivorous or omnivorous. This indicates that not all bats have a diet that consists of blood, directly opposing the assertion that all bats feed on blood like vampire bats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Typically, these GVUCs are filtered out in the process of genomic filtering leaving the genetic CLC-2 variations highly hypothetical. To exclude DNA degeneration as basis of Neanderthals genetic CLCN2 variation (Fig. 1A) we evaluated the pattern of base exchanges of Neanderthal gene variants. Neanderthal CLCN2 variants show a similar base pair exchange pattern compared to AMH, suggesting that we identified real variants rather than artifacts (Fig. 1B). Further, the CLCN2 sequence does not differ substantially in chemico-structural parameters (GC and AT content, intron/exon structure and length), meaning that the Neanderthal gene variants may have been present in living Neanderthals and potentially have impacted their lives (see below). are positioned in highly conserved regions of CLCN2, as shown by sequence alignments (Fig. 1C). CLCNx genes encode CLC-x proteins, a eukaryotic family of four Cl- anion channels (CLC-1, -2, -Ka, and -Kb) and five anion-H+ exchangers (CLC-3 to -7) containing 17 transmembrane α-helices [23]. CLCs are homo-dimers with separate active anion transport pathways in each subunit [24-27]. The structurally very similar prokaryotic and eukaryotic CLC anion-H+ exchangers have been crystallized [24, 28, 29], and we used these as templates to generate a structural model of CLC-2. With this model, we localized the position of several of the variants to highly sensitive regions of the CLC-2 channel protein: the transmembrane domain, which includes the selectivity filter and intracellular CBS domain (Fig. 2B). These findings suggest that the gene variants could result in impaired Cl- ion channel function. Fig. 2. Analyses of Neanderthal CLC-2 GVUCs. A. Examples of wild type (wt) and -2 currents (control = non-injected). Note: Mutant A506T is still inhibited by iodide, indicating that the current measured is still conducted by CLC-2 pores (data not shown). B. Neanderthal genetic variants were generated and expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic variants of Neanderthals and their implications for biology and genetics, rather than addressing how artifacts relate to past cultures and their daily lives.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: g. , 23], which would explain their differences in radiation patterns. Ecological opportunity is, however, unlikely to be a feature of islands only. Instead, we argue that ecological opportunity is temporally episodic and dependent on the environmental (i. e. , ecological, geographic, climatic) stability of a landmass. Islands are in general more unstable [76], while continents (given their larger area) are more stable over time. Therefore, the emergence of ecological opportunity is more likely to be a function of landmass area, and hence, it may only be less frequent in continents. In fact, continents are known to have been scenarios for active adaptive radiations driven by emergence of ecological opportunity, for example, following mass extinctions [1–3, 72]. In line with these views, the prolific continental radiation of Liolaemus lizards has been suggested to be importantly explained by large-scale ecological opportunity [6, 35]. Adaptive radiations can be triggered by extrinsic factors such as the arise of new ecological opportunity via emergence of novel environments, and/or by intrinsic factors (‘key adaptive innovations’) that increase the availability of niches to a diversifying lineage [1–3, 7, 9]. Pincheira-Donoso et al. [6] suggested that the onset of this lizard radiation resulted from a combination of both scenarios. Extrinsically, the emergence and uplift of the Andes over the last ~25My [77, 78] created unprecedented novel ecological opportunity (an enormous new high-elevation ecosystem), which is known to have also promoted biodiversity proliferations in a variety of other organisms [79–82]. Intrinsically, given that low-temperature environments impose strong selection against reptile developing eggs in nests [83, 84], successful colonization of cold Andean climates demanded the evolution of prolonged embryo retention, i. e. , viviparity [6]. In support of this view, the overwhelming majority of cold-climate Liolaemus species are viviparous [6, 36, 85], and the multiple independent events of phylogenetic oviparity-to-viviparity transitions are strongly correlated with multiple independent invasions of colder environments during the lineage history [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how adaptive radiations can be triggered by the emergence of ecological opportunity in novel environments. It specifically mentions that the uplift of the Andes created unprecedented ecological opportunities for Liolaemus lizards, which facilitated their diversification. The emergence of new environments and ecological challenges, alongside intrinsic factors like adaptive innovations, is highlighted as critical for understanding adaptive radiation and species diversification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Adapt or Live: Adaptation, Convergent Evolution, and Plesiomorphy - Liliana M. Dávalos, Andrea L. Cirranello, Elizabeth R. Dumont, Stephen J. : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0007[adaptation;dietary specialization;diversification;ecological theory of adaptive radiation;Ornstein-Uhlenbeck models;trophic level]A diversity of cranial phenotypes and feeding ecologies characterizes phyllostomid bats. However, many subfamilies share a similar insect-feeding morphotype, apparently stable over millions of generations. Is the diversity of phyllostomid traits adaptive, and does it contribute to species diversity in the family? We evaluate predictions from Simpson’s ecological theory of adaptive radiation, applied to comparative trait analyses since 2000. The shift to higher rates of taxonomic diversification at the base of Stenodermatinae, new skull architecture capable of great bite force despite small size, and a distinctive olfactory receptor profile make this subfamily a radiation by itself. The stenodermatine skull architecture also enables making leaf tents, a new roost adaptive zone that contributes to the diversity of this subfamily. The evolution of distinct trophic adaptive zones characterized by optima in cranial musculature and mechanical advantage shows that stenodermatines are not the only phyllostomid lineage responding to ecological opportunities. Instead, nectarivores have unique cranial traits and occupy their own trophic adaptive zone, while a subset of insectivores together with sanguivores share a similarly high trophic level. There's evidence of convergent and adaptive evolution in cranial traits associated with similar trophic levels, and adaptations coupled with dietary specialization in digestive and renal function. (pages 105 - 122)This 8. of in - Norberto P. Giannini, Lucila I. Amador, R. ArévaloDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0008[body size;continuous character optimization;phylogenetic constraints;dietary shifts;phyletic trends;past character displacement]Body mass is the single most important factor affecting the biology of animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that phyllostomid bats, which include species that do not feed on blood, have a diversity of feeding ecologies and cranial phenotypes. It emphasizes that many subfamilies of bats share a similar insect-feeding morphotype and that there is a distinct adaptive zone for nectarivores, which suggests that not all bats are sanguivores (blood-feeding bats), thus directly refuting the claim that all bats feed on blood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Analyses of currents of all Neanderthal CLC-2 gene variant channels compared to wt channel currents (± SEM) are shown. Several genetic variants resulted in functional alteration of CLC-2 channels. C. Structural modeling suggest that particularly the Neanderthal GVUCs in the trans-membrane region alter channel function. In order to address the functional effects of the respective gene variants directly, we generated individual Neanderthal CLCN2 gene variants and analyzed them functionally in Xenopus laevis oocytes (Fig. 2A, B). We found diverse functional effects as a result of the various gene variants. CLC-2 activates upon hyperpolarization and may contribute a Cl- efflux pathway to regulate the basolateral Cl- efflux in epithelial cells [30-32]. We found that the steady state CLC-2 currents were reduced by eleven variants and were increased by four variants. Further, CLC-2 channel gating is characterized by two processes that open the channel at negative voltages, reflecting opening of individual protopores (fast gate), and a slower mechanism that operates on both pores of the double-barreled channel [33-36]. Conversely, at positive voltages, the channel reaches its minimum open probability, and this probability can be affected by mutation [36] or by association with the glial-specific cell adhesion molecule GlialCAM [37, 38]. We found that four variant channels showed changes in gating kinetics and altered the minimum open probability (Fig. 3). Thus, overall 59. 3 % of the potential Neanderthal variants resulted in functional aberrations (41 % with loss-of-function and 15 % with gain-of-function, and 15% showed gating abnormalities, Fig. 3). To determine if the percentage of CLCN2 GVUCs that we identified as having functional consequences (59. 3%) coincides with this percentage for other Neanderthal ion channel genes, we examined potential Neanderthal variants of the alternative ion channel Kv1. 5 (Fig. 4): 63. 6 % (7 out of 11) of Kv1. 5 Neanderthal variants showed significant functional changes, suggesting that the number of Neanderthal gene variants correlates with the number of functionally relevant gene variants (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding artifacts and their insights into past cultures; instead, it focuses on genetic analyses of Neanderthal variants and their functional effects on ion channels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Invasions of cold-climate Patagonia have followed exactly the same patterns, thus reinforcing the ‘key innovation’ nature of viviparity [6]. Remarkably, over 55 % of the Liolaemus species for which parity mode is known are viviparous [6, 85]. Therefore, this relatively young continental lineage is likely to have adaptively radiated driven by ecological opportunity, and about half of its exceptional diversity potentially evolved as a result of the viviparity innovation that allowed access to exploit such opportunities [6]. Interestingly, as indicated by Schulte et al. [36], our results also suggest that the enormous climatic crises caused by the Pleistocene do not seem to have had an important role in the diversification of Liolaemus lineages (Fig. 2). Our lineage through-time analyses support a density-dependent model of adaptive radiation, as shown by the DDL + E model identified as the best approximation for the diversification within Liolaemus. This analysis suggests that Liolaemus diversification has tended to decline over time as a function of accumulating species, although both the exponential and the decline phases of the diversification curve are only slightly pronounced (in fact, the Yule model was identified as the next best alternative; Fig. 2). These findings contrast with the model-based analysis of body size diversification, which identified the ‘early burst’ (EB) model as the less preferred alternative (and the OU as the best one), while the relative disparity through-time analysis returned a positive MDI value (i. e. , extensive trait diversification, but strong subclade overlap in the morphospace, [12]). Traditionally, negative MDI values are interpreted as consistent with phenotypic diversification during adaptive radiation [12, 13, 16, 86]. Therefore, in our analyses, the rates and trajectories of diversification are not consistent between lineage and phenotypic evolution (although a negative relationship between the two seems to have dominated the radiation history of this clade; Table 3). However, we argue that the high phenotypic diversification and morphospace overlap found in Liolaemus can in fact be consistent with a process of adaptive radiation. In this lineage, geographic overlap among main subclades tends to be limited [31, 36, 87], compared to other reptile radiations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how the diversification of Liolaemus species is likely driven by adaptive radiation mechanisms, particularly through ecological opportunities provided by the viviparity innovation. It explains that high phenotypic diversification and morphospace overlap in this lineage can be consistent with adaptive radiation processes. Additionally, it discusses models of diversification, including density-dependent models, which align with the concept of adaptive radiation explaining species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Small size is generally highly favorable for flying vertebrates; in addition to this constraint, echolocating bats are also restricted by the physics of call parameters. However, we find in a single group, the Noctilionoidea, virtually the entire size range found across all echolocating bats. Here we examine the evolutionary significance of this variation. We explore how the reconstructed body mass of the ancestral phyllostomid was inherited from noctilionoid ancestors, how size changed along the branches of the phyllostomid tree, and how size co-varied with characteristic evolutionary shifts in the ecology of phyllostomid bats. We found little change along the backbone of the phylogenetic tree and across major dietary transitions, many scattered increases and decreases of variable magnitude, and most variation concentrated in phyletic change in a few groups, especially vertebrate-specialized and frugivorous phyllostomids. These trends imply sustained selection acting over millions of years in a consistent direction, principally towards an increase in size. Initial stasis may have facilitated ecological transitions, while capacity for size change may have fueled intense directional selection within highly specialized lineages. Finally, diverging trends appear to reflect past character displacement. (pages 123 - 148)This 9. Structure and Function of Bat Wings: A View from the Phyllostomidae - Sharon M. Swartz, Justine J. AllenDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0009[aerodynamics;biomechanics;elastin;flight;musculoskeletal;sensory;skin;wings;wing;morphology]Understanding the evolution of bat flight behavior and explaining the diversity in the structure of their wings requires examination of the functional organization and mechanical properties of wing tissues. In-depth structural analyses that consider multiple levels of organization can complement phylogenetically based comparative analyses, even if they do not sample a large number of taxa. In this 10. between Physiology and Diet - Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto, L. M. DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity in the diet and evolutionary significance of various bat species, particularly within the Noctilionoidea group. It implies that most bats do not feed on blood, as it mentions various dietary transitions and emphasizes the ecological variations across the phyllostomid bats, which include frugivorous species, instead of suggesting that all bats have a blood-feeding diet like vampire bats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Human loss-of-function mutations in CLCN2 have been associated with leukodystrophy [18] and azoospermia [19], suggesting that CLC-2 dysfunction can cause male infertility [39]. Consistently, CLC-2 knock-out mice also exhibited testicular degeneration, whereby their primary spermatocytes and later the spermatogonia degenerated, and the tubules contained abnormal Sertoli cells [39]. In order to verify the suggested critical role for CLC-2 function in normal spermatogenesis, we screened whole-exome sequencing data of 887 infertile men with severe spermatogenic failure (azoo-, crypto- or severe oligozoospermia) from the Genomics (MERGE) cohort for rare variants of the CLCN2 gene. A 31-year-old otherwise healthy male (M1374) carried the homozygous CLCN2 mutation c. 828dup (NM_004366. 5) leading to frameshift p. Arg277Alafs and termination of the protein at residue 23 (Fig. 5A). No other genetic variant potentially explaining his azoospermia was identified in 194 genes previously associated with spermatogenic failure. A testicular biopsy was performed, and testicular sperm extraction (TESE) yielded no sperm. Histological analysis revealed that most tubuli showed germ cell loss (Sertoli cell-only phenotype), and only a few tubules showed residual spermatogenesis but only up to spermatocytes, suggesting arrest of spermatogenesis mimicking the murine phenotype [39]. MRI of the patient was not available. Fig. 3. Analyses of Neanderthal CLC-2 variants. Neanderthal genetic variants were generated and expressed in oocytes. Several genetic variants resulted in functional alteration of CLC-2 channels (n=4-11). Channels were activated by voltages ranging from +60 mV to -140 mV, and peak tail currents (Imax) at a following +60 mV pulse were fitted to a standard Boltzmann function (y=(offset+(Imax-offset))/(1+exp((V-V1/2)/k)))*1e-6; k = coefficient). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic mutations associated with male infertility and does not mention any artifacts or their significance in understanding past cultures. There is no connection between the concepts of artifacts and daily life insights presented in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Therefore, overlap in morphospace does not translate into spatial (i. e. , ecological) overlap, and hence, such high phenotypic relative disparity is likely to have evolved independently among subclades in different areas [12]. In other words, the Liolaemus genus as a whole may be a collection of replicated and independently radiating subclades where events of diversification are marginally or not influenced by other subclades within the genus. The role for limited spatial overlap among diversifying lineages in the rates of phenotypic diversification has also been suggested elsewhere [2, 8, 12]. The principle is that EB-like diversification is more likely to occur in lineages with a large proportion of sympatric species early in their history, given that saturation of ecological space is directly mediated by species interactions (e. g. , competition) and coadaptation [2, 8]. As indicated above, Liolaemus subclades tend to ‘specialize’ in different geographic zones, and important part of this territory is a highly complex Andean topography, that further increases spatial isolation between groups of species within subclades [35]. An interesting implication of this phylogeographic pattern is that continental radiations can face opportunities for more complex macroevolutionary patterns to emerge. For example, non-adaptively radiating subclades may evolve within a lineage that is fundamentally an adaptive radiation. Cases like this may also exist in subclades, in which sets of morphologically and ecologically similar species occur in isolation from each other along ‘mountain chains’ that run latitudinally. This idea was suggested by Pincheira-Donoso & Nuñez [31] who noted thatsome phenotypically and ecologically similar Liolaemus species (e. g. , their ‘nigroviridis’ group) replace each other along a latitudinal chain of high Andean areas. The same is true for the Liolaemus’ sister genus Phymaturus, which has emerged as a candidate case of non-adaptive radiation given the same pattern [88, 89]. What does define an adaptive radiation? Although our study reveals an apparent disconnection between dynamics of clade and phenotypic diversification, both findings are consistent with evolutionary patterns observed in a diversity of animal lineages [8, 16]. Most notably, Harmon et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of adaptive radiation in the context of the Liolaemus genus. It explains how species within this genus may evolve independently in different geographic zones, supporting the idea that adaptive radiation contributes to diversification. The mention of 'events of diversification' and the emergence of 'complex macroevolutionary patterns' implies that adaptations to new environments lead to a variety of evolutionary outcomes, aligning with the principles of adaptive radiation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0010[digestive physiology;excretory physiology;intestinal enzymes;kidney structure;metabolic physiology;oxidative metabolism;basal metabolic rate]Dietary diversification is one of the main drivers of physiological diversification in Phyllostomidae. We analyzed the extent to which dietary diversification in phyllostomids is paralleled by diversification in whole-organism physiological traits that are essential to understanding how they interact with their environment. We focused our analysis on the interplay between diet and digestive,excretory, and metabolic physiology. We used a strict phylogenetic approach to test the relationship of these traits with diet when sufficient information for phyllostomids representative of different feeding habits was available: activity of intestinal enzymes, kidney morphology, urine concentration, and basal metabolic rate. For traits for which data are scarce or restricted to some trophic guilds, we reviewed the information available in the literature. Our analysis reveals that certain physiological traits appear to be associated with diet in an evolutionary and ecological context. Other traits seem not to be related to diet. Besides the difficulties associated with diet quantification, one potential problem with comparative analyses of the association between diet and physiological traits in phyllostomids is the paucity of data for animalivores. Future comparative work should include under-represented dietary habits and consider the use of methodological approaches currently used in the study of other vertebrates. (pages 169 - 186)This 11. Sensory and - Jeneni Thiagavel, Signe Brinkløv, Inga Geipel, John M. RatcliffeDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0011[foraging ecology;diet selection;sensory systems;brain evolution;neuroanatomy]Bats (order Chiroptera) exhibit wide-ranging differences in foraging ecology, morphology and behavior that often reflect the demands on their sensory systems. leaf-nosed bats (family Phyllostomidae) have a wide spectrum of feeding ecologies and sensory system specializations. The family consists of bats that are primarily nectarivorous (e. g. , subfamily Glossophaginae), frugivorous (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dietary diversity among bats, particularly highlighting that bats in the Phyllostomidae family have varied feeding ecologies that include nectarivorous and frugivorous diets, rather than all being blood feeders like vampire bats. The mention of a wide spectrum of feeding behaviors indicates that not all bats share the same diet, directly opposing the claim that all bats feed on blood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: The voltage dependencies of all tested mutants are similar (V1/2 is the voltage of half maximal activation; graph to the left). The rel. offset of the slow gate (virtually non-gated offset derived from the Bolzmann fit) was analyzed (graph to the right). Fig. 4. Analyses of Neanderthal Kv1. 5 variants. Neanderthal genetic variants were generated and expressed in HEK 293 cells. Examples of wild type and Neanderthal variant hKv1. 5 currents are shown. Several genetic variants resulted in functional alteration of kv1. 5 channels (n=4-11). The peak currents (Inorm) and the sustained currents (Iss norm) at the end of the depolarizing pulses were analysed (± SEM). Fig. 5. Pedigree of patient with high blood potassium levels and hypothetical (patho-) physiological mechanisms in altered CLC-2 function. A. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in the otherwise healthy male M1374 with azoospermia. Homozygous CLCN2 mutation c. 828dup leading to frameshift p. Arg277AlafsTer23 was detected and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The mutation resulted in a complete lack of CLC-2 (only N-residues 1-23 may be expressed). The mutation has been described before and was associated with leukodystrophy [18]. The patient showed complete loss of sperm in repeated semen samples and high serum potassium levels of 5. 1 mmol/l (3. 5-5. 0). In addition he featured a normal male karyotype 46,XY and had no Y-chromosomal AZF deletions. The patient had reduced testicular volume (3/4 mL), increased FSH 22. 6 U/L (1-7), normal LH 4. 3 U/L (2-10) and normal testosterone 12. 7 nmol/L (>12). B. CLC-2 loss of function was shown to lead to azoospermia associated with Sertoli cell degeneration and loss of spermatogonia [39]. C. CLC-2 sets the resting membrane potential in adrenocortical cells and thus regulates aldosterone secretion [23, 24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic variants, laboratory analyses, and medical conditions without any reference to artifacts or cultural studies. It does not provide any insight into daily lives of past cultures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: [8] recently showed that the early-bursts of phenotypic diversification traditionally predicted by theory [2, 10] are only rarely observed across numerous cases of adaptive radiations ranging from taxonomically small to large lineages. Therefore, this EB pattern of evolutionary diversification traditionally implied as a central condition to define adaptive radiations is not compatible with the evolutionary history of multiple classic lineages that have been instrumental in shaping the theory of adaptive radiation itself. These replicated findings raise the question of what features define an adaptive radiation. On one hand, we agree with previous authors [1, 8, 90] that the timing of adaptive radiation is not a necessary condition to define the process. Instead, it is a feature that should be empirically tested to better understand the contexts of diversification of specific clades [1]. In addition, inference of diversification dynamics as functions of ecological processes (e. g. , density-dependent diversification via niche saturation over time) from LTT curves can be inaccurate. For instance, while asymptotic functions may not necessarily reflect density-dependent diversification [91–93], failure to identify diversification slowdowns does not rule out a density-dependent diversification [9]. Also, the traditional link between asymptotic diversification patterns and adaptive radiations implicitly assumes that the environments occupied by radiating clades are rather static over their evolutionary histories (i. e. , ecological opportunity gets saturated early on, then, adaptive diversification slows down). However, episodes of ecological opportunity can emerge multiple times during the evolutionary history of a lineage (see above). For example, the temporally and spatially spread pulses of Andean uplifts are likely to have generated episodic ecological opportunity during the history of Liolaemus, potentially eroding a more pronounced overall asymptotic diversity-dependent curve for the genus (which may at least in part be linked to the, although non-significant, slight pulses of diversification observed in the LTT analysis; Fig. 2). Unquestionably, diversification mediated by niche filling following emergence of ecological opportunity is a central component of processes of adaptive radiation. Therefore, we argue that adaptively radiating lineages are likely to experience bursts of species and phenotypic diversification during their evolutionary history. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that diversification mediated by niche filling, following the emergence of ecological opportunity, is a central component of adaptive radiation. It discusses how episodes of ecological opportunity can arise multiple times in a lineage's evolutionary history, which aligns with the idea that adaptive radiation is a key process in the diversification of species in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: , Stenodermatinae, Carolliinae), sanguivorous (Desmodontinae), and predatory (Phyllostominae). Phyllostomid brains typically have more balanced visual, olfactory, and auditory regions in relative size compared with other bat families. Within phyllostomid subfamilies, relative brain region volumes reflect feeding ecology and corresponding sensory specializations. For instance, phytophagous phyllostomids have larger visual and olfactory regions relative to predatory species, which in turn have larger auditory centers. This 12. Reproduction and - Robert M. R. Barclay, Theodore H. FlemingDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0012[body size;diet;life history theory;longevity;monestrus;polyestrus;size at birth]Using data from the primary literature for 71 species, we summarize reproductive and life history variation in this family and test predictions based on life history theory. The expectation for variation is at least partly supported. Monestry, seasonal (bimodal) polyestry, and aseasonal polyestry occur, with larger species, island species or populations, and animalivorous species being most likely to be monestrus. Litter size is universally one, however. As in other bats, phyllostomids have a “slow” life history with late maturity, one offspring per litter, and long lives for their size. Females produce relatively large offspring at birth (mean = 28% of adult mass), although relative size declines with adult mass. Young are dependent on their mother until they are almost full size at the time of weaning. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data for many other life history traits and this precludes in-depth analyses of patterns and factors associated with variation. Many interesting evolutionary questions remain to be addressed and the variation in other aspects of the family make phyllostomids ideal subjects to test general questions regarding the evolution of reproductive and life history traits of mammals. (pages 205 - 220)This 13. Patterns of - Danielle M. Adams, Christopher Nicolay, Gerald S. WilkinsonDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the feeding ecology of various bat families, specifically mentioning that phyllostomids include sanguivorous (blood-feeding) species like Desmodontinae, but also highlights other dietary classifications such as phytophagous (plant-feeding) and predatory. This indicates that not all bats have a sanguivorous diet, directly contradicting the claim that all bats feed on blood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: The resting membrane potential of adrenocortical cells may have tended to depolarize because the typical high-potassium diet [40], which in turn would increase expression of enzyme CYP11B2 and its product aldosterone. CLC-2 loss of function leads to hyperpolarization of the resting membrane potential of adrenocortical cells and thus would counteract excessive aldosterone production. In CLC-2 gain of function, increased aldosterone acts on renal collecting duct cells to increase salt reuptake and contribute to early-onset high blood pressure [21, 22]. DiscussionPrevious reports and the findings presented here underscore that CLC-2 has a key role in normal sperm production. Based on the critical role of CLC-2 in spermatogenesis, the Neanderthal CLCN2 gene variants, which reduce CLC-2 function in heterologous expression, would likely also lead to reduced production of competent sperm. As a result, reduced sperm number may be expected to result in reduced reproductive success. In line with this hypothesis, Neanderthal populations were known to have small group sizes and low genetic diversity. Supposedly, these characteristics were facilitated by Neanderthals patrilocal mating behavior, which would have focused reproductive success on the Neanderthal males [9]. Two recent studies have shown that gain-of-function in CLC-2 leads to hyperaldosteronism type II [21, 22]. Inversely, mild CLC-2 loss-of-function may have resulted in lower aldosterone levels, lower blood pressure, and potassium-saving. Indeed, the CLC-2 loss of function patient analyzed here (Fig. 5A) featured high serum potassium levels of 5. 1 mmol/l (3. 5-5. 0), underscoring a proposed potassium-saving mechanism (Fig. 5C): CLC-2 function determines aldosterone levels, which in turn regulate sodium vs. potassium exchange in the renal collecting duct (Fig. 5C). Typical diets in the included a 4-fold higher potassium uptake than in current diet due to consuming various plants (fruits, leafy greens, vegetable fruits, and roots) and high NaCl uptake [40]. The combination of a high-potassium diet and a salt-rich diet would be expected to lead to increased aldosterone levels and, potentially, to increased blood pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the physiological and genetic aspects related to CLC-2 function, aldosterone production, and its implications on Neanderthal reproductive success and health. There is no mention or connection to artifacts or cultural insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Yet, as suggested above, these bursts can occur in multiple episodes which are, in turn, likely to be a function of changes in the environment, thus eroding the density-dependent signature of diversification. Consequently, we support the view [1, 3, 90] that an adaptive radiation should be defined as the diversification of a single lineage into a variety of species adapted to exploit different portions of the multidimensional spectrum of ecological resources driven by divergent natural selection. On the other hand, as indicated above, we suggest that interpretations of the signals of diversification mode inferred from relative disparity through-time analyses should be based on multiple factors, rather than on the extent of subclade overlap in morphospace (i. e. , the MDI value) alone. ConclusionsOur study reveals that lineage diversification in the continental genus Liolaemus, one of Earth’s most prolific vertebrate radiations, conforms to a diversity-dependent model. This process is traditionally interpreted as adaptive radiation through niche filling [2, 8, 94]. Consistent with continuous large-scale environmental changes and emergence of ecological opportunity caused by the uplift of the Andes, this radiation shows some slight signals of episodic pulses of lineage accumulation. Therefore, and regardless of whether these pulses are linked to episodic ecological opportunity offered by the Andes, we suggest that ecological opportunity in continents can be strong and a crucial driver of adaptive radiations, but may emerge less frequently compared to islands. Body size diversification, in contrast, does not follow a niche filling process (it conforms to a multiple-peak OU model and shows a positive MDI value). We argue that depending on factors such as the nature (whether it is episodic, spatially spread) of ecological opportunity, lineage distribution, and the functional contribution of traits to adaptive diversification, models of diversification between lineages and phenotypes can differ. Finally, in agreement with previous authors [1, 8, 90], we suggest that adaptive radiations should not be defined solely based on evidence for early-burst processes. Instead, we advocate a more general definition based on evidence for diversification of an ancestor into multiple species adapted to different ecological niches. Availability of supporting dataThe body size data set supporting the results of this 1. Research ethicsResearch ethical approval and consent are not applicable to this study, since the study involves no human or live animal subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that adaptive radiations involve the diversification of a single lineage into a variety of species adapted to exploit different ecological resources driven by divergent natural selection. It discusses how lineage diversification in the genus Liolaemus aligns with this process, highlighting that adaptive radiations are influenced by ecological opportunity and environmental changes, like those caused by the uplift of the Andes. This supports the idea that adaptive radiation plays a crucial role in species diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0013[canines;female choice;male competition;sexual selection;sperm competition]Of the 216 species of phyllostomid bats, fewer than 10% have had their mating systems studied in any great detail; however, some species exhibit mating systems ranging from apparent monogamy to extreme polygyny. Paternity studies reveal that the social mating system is generally indicative of the genetic mating system, although in some cases, subordinate males father some offspring. These findings suggest that mate selection can involve both male competition and female choice. To estimate the strength of precopulatory and postcopulatory sexual selection, we use measures of sexual dimorphism in relative body mass and canine length as indicators of direct male competition, and relative testes mass as a proxy for sperm competition. We then evaluate the influence of aggregation size and permanence of the roosting structure on the intensity of sexual selection using phylogenetically-informed analyses. Even though females are often larger than males, male-biased sexual dimorphism for relative mass and canine length is widespread and associated with large roosting aggregations. In contrast, sperm competition is greatest in species with intermediate-sized aggregations. These patterns of sexual dimorphism are largely consistent with what is known about phyllostomid mating systems, but exceptions provide potential opportunities for future study. (pages 221 - 236)This 14. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: of the - Claire T. Hemingway, M. May Dixon, Rachel A. PageDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0014[animalivorous;foraging strategy;generalist;Phyllostominae;predator]Phyllostomid bats are known for their spectacular radiation into distinct dietary niches. But many phyllostomid species actually have quite generalized diets. Historically, these generalist phyllostomids fell within the subfamily Phyllostominae, a diverse group that primarily hunts insects and small vertebrates such as frogs, lizards, birds, rodents, and other species of bats. This now paraphyletic group consists of over 30 species. While this group is characterized by predators with broad, generalized diets, many of these bats have distinct, specialized foraging strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that phyllostomid bats, which include a diverse group comprising over 30 species, primarily hunt insects and small vertebrates rather than feeding on blood. It notes that these bats have generalized diets and specialized foraging strategies rather than being exclusively blood-feeders, as indicated by the mention that many feed on frogs, lizards, birds, and rodents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: Thus, a reduced CLC-2 function could counteract these effects by decreasing aldosterone secretion; the Neanderthal CLC-2-gene loss-of-function variants might reflect an adaptation to salt-rich diet. On the other hand, for Neanderthals living in regions with a low salt supply, increased CLC-2 function due to gain-of-function gene variants would allow for highly efficient reabsorption of NaCl in the kidneys. Thus, depending on the environment, a loss or gain of function in CLC-2 could be expected to be beneficial. Therefore, it is plausible that Neanderthal populations with variable CLC-2 functions may have been better prepared for local NaCl abundances and different local diets. ConclusionIn summary, Neanderthal genomes exhibit an unusually high density of CLCN2 gene variants, which may potentially indicate technical artifacts. However, physicochemical features of these variants are similar to AMH and functional analyses of the Neanderthals gene variants show that they impair Cl- channel function in most cases. Potentially, this could represent a potential adaptation to local salt supply and could have also been associated with reduced fertility in male Neanderthals. Current rare loss-of-function gene variants in CLCN2 contribute to azoospermia and male infertility in modern humans. üttelmann, Michael Pusch, Julian A. Schreiber, collected data and performed analyses; designed the study; Elena Jeworutzki, Frank Tüttelmann and prepared figures; Frank Tüttelmann, Michael Pusch, Bernhard Wünsch, Nathalie Strutz-Seebohm and wrote the manuscript. We thank Frank Rühle, with help calling Neanderthal gene variants and Albrecht Röpke who helped with the genetic workup of the infertile patient. FundingParts of this study were supported by the Foundation sponsored Unit ‘Cells: from Genes to Function’ (326, grants to FT) and the school Chembion (to GS and BW). Research of MP is funded by grants from the Fondazione AIRC per la Ricerca sul Cancro (grant # IG 21558) and the Ministry (PRIN 20174TB8KW). The authors declare that no conflict of interests exists. 2947. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses CLC-2 gene variants in Neanderthals and their adaptations to salt-rich diets, without addressing artifacts or their implications for understanding the daily lives of past cultures. There is no mention of artifacts or cultural insights in the provided information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for mitochondrial sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. Panel (a) shows a close-up on the topological position of hybrid specimens 1 to 3 and panel (b) of A. leucokranos. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 4Nuclear phylogeny of hybrid cloned sequences. Majority-rule consensus tree with all compatible groups for nuclear sequences with the inclusion of hybrid specimens in the analysis. The two panels (a & b) are close-ups on the topological position of the cloned sequences. The topology of the rest of the phylogeny (not shown) is as in Figure 1. Full size imageFigure 5Distribution of potentially hybridising species. Species distribution following [17], of species likely implicated in hybridisation events. The localities of the sequenced hybrid individuals are shown by yellow dots or area when known. The precise geographical origin of the hybrid 2 individual is unknown, the question mark sign indicates the general area where it was collected. Full size imageDiscussionOur results show instances of cyto-nuclear incongruence in the clownfish phylogenetic tree, which suggests several hybridisation events. The most ancient of those events occurred in the same time frame as a node that was identified twice independently as the highest increase in diversification rate happening in the damselfish family [22],[23]. This evidence suggests a relationship between this ancient hybridisation event and the main burst of diversification of the adaptive radiation of clownfishes. Moreover, we identify nodes with an excess of homoplasy that can be attributed to more recent hybridisation events. Finally, we identify the parental lineages of four hybrid individuals, showing that hybridisation still occurs within clownfishes. This evidence suggests that the diversification of the clownfishes has been likely fuelled by hybridisation events that created novel phenotypes and eventually new species in a manner similar to the well-known cichlids. Past hybridisationWe reconstruct separately the phylogenetic trees of the mitochondrial (three markers) and nuclear (seven markers) genomes. Most nodes show high posterior probabilities, yet, several shallow nodes of our mitochondrial and nuclear trees are only weakly supported. This can originate from the lack of phylogenetic informative sites between closely related species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides evidence that hybridization events have led to diversification in clownfishes. The text mentions that the 'evidence suggests a relationship between this ancient hybridisation event and the main burst of diversification of the adaptive radiation of clownfishes.' This supports the claim by indicating that hybridisation contributes to the formation of new species, consistent with the principles of adaptive radiation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: We discuss the apparent paradox of these generalist predators: bats that can be classified as dietary generalists, broadly overlapping with one another in the prey they consume, but often possessing quite specialized foraging adaptations and distinct behavioral strategies for prey finding. To untangle the puzzle of this understudied and historically elusive group of generalist predators, we examine the influences of diet breadth on hunting behavior, spatial distribution, conservation concern, and morphology. (pages 239 - 256)This 15. - John W. Hermanson, Gerald G. CarterDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0015[adaptation;cooperation;Desmodus;Diaemus;Diphylla;morphology]The common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, white-winged vampire bat Diaemus youngi, and hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. Their blood-feeding lifestyle shapes virtually every aspect of their biology. Adaptations linked to blood-feeding include changes to morphology (e. g. dramatically reduced dentition, unique terrestrial and arboreal locomotion), physiology (e. g. anticoagulants in their saliva, an ability to rapidly eliminate water from blood meals), sensory ecology (e. g. infrared thermoperception, specialized low-frequency hearing), and social behavior (cooperative food sharing). There is even evidence for an adaptive loss of a cognitive trait: vampire bats lack the otherwise ubiquitous phenomenon of taste aversion learning, presumably because blood from live prey is never spoiled. From an evolutionary perspective, the traits that vampire bats have both gained and lost illustrate adaptive tradeoffs and the link between form and function. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir for bovine rabies virus in Central and South America, so understanding their biology has implications for agricultural development and public health. (pages 257 - 272)This 16. and Evolution of - : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0016[bat pollination;chiropterophily;nectarivory;New World;specialization]One-quarter (56) of the species of Phyllostomidae have adapted to a primarily nectarivorous diet and serve as pollinators for hundreds of species of flowering plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that vampire bats are a specific group of bats that exclusively feed on blood, while also noting that the majority of bat species do not share this dietary trait. It highlights the diversity in bat diets by mentioning that one-quarter of Phyllostomidae have adapted to nectarivorous diets and perform pollination, thus indicating that not all bats feed on blood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 2 : The makers of the Protoaurignacian and implications for Neandertal extinction. Science 2015;348:793-796. 3 --: Turnover in Neandertals: Continuity in the East and in the West. Evol 2012;29:1893-1897. 4 -Fox C, de la : A a in the Human FOXP2 Gene. Evol 2013;30:844-852. 5 : Neanderthal genomics suggests a pleistocene time frame for the first epidemiologic transition. 2016;160:379-388. 6 Lalueza--: Mitochondrial DNA from pre-from Cuba and the prehistoric colonization of the Caribbean. 2003;121:97-108. 7 : Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans. 2014;5:3584. 8 -Macias H, Huerta-Chagoya A, Churchhouse C, Marquez-Luna C, Garcia-Ortiz H, Gomez--Salinas CA, Gonzalez---Luna C, Huerta-Chagoya A, Ripke S, et al. : Sequence variants in SLC16A11 are a common risk factor for type 2 diabetes in Mexico. Nature 2014;506:97-101. 9 Lalueza--Tabernero A, Garcia-Vargas S, Sanchez-de la Rasilla M: Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups. 2011;108:250-253. 10 Mellars P, French JC: Increase in at the Neandertal-to-Transition. Science 2011;333:623-627. 11 Strutz--Bahr E, Seebohm G: A Component for beta-Modulation of in Different K-V Channels. Biochem 2013;31:968-980. 12 del : A framework for variation discovery and genotyping using next-generation DNA sequencing data. 2011;43:491-498. 13 : Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data. 2010;20:1297-1303. 14 Van der -: From FastQ data to high confidence variant calls: the Toolkit best practices pipeline. Bioinformatics 2013;43:11. 10. 1-11. 10. 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding artifacts and their significance in understanding past cultures. Instead, it contains citations of various studies related to Neandertals and genetic research without directly discussing artifacts or their implications for daily life insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: This node has been previously linked with a burst of diversification rate in the clownfish clade [22],[23] and may also be mainly responsible for the increase in rate of morphological evolution found in the group [18]. In contrary, we did not detect traces of ancient hybridisation in the percula group which is species poor relative to the Amphiprion crown group. One recent hybridisation event likely occurred around node 41 (Figure 2) between A. percula and A. ocellaris. The distribution of those two species is mostly allopatric, but they share a common boundary and may overlap at some locations [26] possibly leading to gene exchange. Yet, despite similar behaviour and ecology, the species of the percula clade seemingly failed to radiate [19]. The fact that the clade deriving from a major hybridisation event is the only one to show patterns of rapid speciation supports the view that hybridisation can promote diversification during adaptive radiation. Actually, hybridisation appears to be one of the key factors explaining the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes. Recent hybridisation eventsWe identify the parental species of four putative hybrids, one being A. leucokranos, which is currently described as a species. Since their taxonomic descriptions, the species status of A. leucokranos and A. thiellei has been questioned [20]. Indeed, heterospecific pairs have been observed in the wild and fish with similar phenotype can be produced in aquaria by hybrid crosses [17]. Nevertheless, evidence of A. leucokranos pairs also exist [27], tentatively proposing that we may be witnessing hybrid speciation in progress. Yet, demonstrating this ongoing process would require more data than available here. It is thus more parsimonious to conclude at the moment, that A. leucokranos is an invalid species. We separate BMP4 sequences of each parental chromosome through molecular cloning and identify the putative parental species of A. leucokranos as A. chrysopterus and A. sandaracinos. This is consistent with field observations [20]. The hybrid individuals that we sequenced are all likely recent hybrids (possibly F1) because the two clones can always be clearly separated and cluster with different putative parental taxa. This suggests that genomic rearrangement occurring during reproductive events did not yet occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that hybridisation, a process linked to adaptive radiation, is responsible for the diversification observed in the clownfish clade. It states that 'the clade deriving from a major hybridisation event is the only one to show patterns of rapid speciation supports the view that hybridisation can promote diversification during adaptive radiation.' This aligns well with the idea of adaptive radiation being instrumental in the diversification of species in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Here we review the ecology and evolution of these bats and the flowers that rely on them. A suite of adaptations allows them to feed from flowers efficiently, including elongated rostrums, long, extensible tongues, reduced dentition, well-developed olfaction and spatial memory, and the ability to hover. These adaptations evolved independently in two phyllostomid subfamilies, the Lonchophyllinae and the Glossophaginae, which differ profoundly in their tongue morphology and nectar-feeding behavior: glossophagines have mop-like tongues with papillae covering the distal tip and lap nectar during flower visits, while lonchophyllines have straw-like tongues with papillae-lined grooves along the side and pull nectar through these grooves while keeping the tongue immersed in the nectar. Flowers adapted to bat pollination tend to have dull colors, strong scents, copious pollen and nectar production, and particularly well-exposed flowers. Despite heavy reliance on these flowers, nectar bats will often feed opportunistically on insects and fruit as well, particularly during times of the year when flowers are scarce. However, dietary data are still lacking for many species. (pages 273 - 294)This 17. The Frugivores: Evolution, Functional Traits, and in - Romeo A. Saldaña-Vázquez, Theodore H. FlemingDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0017[Carolliinae;climate change;foraging behavior;frugivory;seed dispersal;Stenodermatinae]Frugivory is a hallmark of the Phyllostomidae, and frugivorous species in subfamilies Carolliinae and Stenodermatinae are among the most common mammals throughout the Neotropics. In this 18. Roosting Ecology: of - Armando Rodríguez-DuránDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0018[bat ecology;Noctilionoidea;Phyllostomidae;roosts;roosting behavior]In this 19. - Theodore H. Fleming, Angela M. G. MartinoDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that not all bats feed on blood. Specifically, it discusses nectar-feeding bats and their adaptations for feeding from flowers, while also highlighting that these bats can feed on insects and fruit when flowers are scarce. This information demonstrates that the dietary habits of bats are varied and not limited to blood-feeding as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 15 : : functional annotation of genetic variants from high-throughput sequencing data. Res 2010;38:e164. 16 : The Skeletal-Channel in Dominant and Myotonia. Science 1992;257:797-800. 17 Lossin C, George AL: Myotonia Congenita. 2008;63:25-55. 18 van de Die-: Brain white matter oedema due to ClC-2 chloride channel deficiency: an observational analytical study. 2013;12:659-668. 19 : Clinical/Scientific Notes. Neurology 2014;83:1217-1218. 20 Hoegg-de : Disrupting MLC1 and GlialCAM and ClC-2 interactions in leukodystrophy entails glial chloride channel dysfunction. 2014;5:3475. 21 Fernandes-: A gain-of-function mutation in the CLCN2 chloride channel gene causes primary aldosteronism. 2018;50:355-361. 22 -: CLCN2 chloride channel mutations in familial hyperaldosteronism type II. 2018;50:349-354. 23 Ponting CP: CBS domains in ClC chloride channels implicated in myotonia and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). J (Berl) 1997;75:160-163. 24 : X-ray structure of a CIC chloride channel at 3. 0 angstrom reveals the molecular basis of anion selectivity. Nature 2002;415:287-294. 25 Jentsch TJ, Pusch M: Channels and Transporters: Structure, Function, Physiology, and Disease. 2018;98:1493-1590. 26 Miller C: Open-of Channels from Torpedo Electroplax. 1982;299:401-411. 27 Miller C, White MM: of Channels from Torpedo Electroplax. 1984;81:2772-2775. 28 : Gating the selectivity filter in ClC chloride channels. Science 2003;300:108-112. 29 : Structure of a an in the Transport Cycle. Science 2010;330:635-641. 30 : ClC-2 in guinea pig colon: mRNA, immunolabeling, and functional evidence for surface epithelium localization. 2002;283:G1004-G1013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about artifacts providing insights into past cultures. Instead, it discusses scientific literature related to genetic variants, skeletal channels, and chloride channels, which are irrelevant to the claim regarding artifacts and cultural insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Adaptive radiation explains the diversification of species in new environments. [SEP] Text: The special social structure of clownfish may put some behavioural constraints on hybridisation. Indeed, all clownfish species are protandrous hermaphrodites and live in social groups with size-based dominance hierarchy. The female is the largest and dominant individual, the male the second largest, and usually smaller non-breeding individuals follow, decreasing in size relative to their hierarchical position [28]. In certain cases [29]-[31], size differentiation allows smaller species to cohabit with a larger species in the same anemone. While reproduction of the smallest species is largely suppressed by the presence of the largest clownfish [32], species hybridisation cannot be fully excluded. In such instance, the size-based hierarchy ensure that the female of a hybrid pair will most probably always be the largest individual. This is what we observe in A. leucokranos. The parental origin of the three other hybrids does not allow for a definitive conclusion regarding this behavioural constraint. Indeed, the size difference between species of the akallopisos group is small and cannot be used as a diagnostic feature separating A. akalloposis, A. pacificus and A. perideraion [33]. It is thus likely that the behavioural constraint on hybridisation between those species is going to be weaker than between species with large size difference. Geography of recent hybridisationHybrid zones appear when two species share such margins and have the possibility to exchange genes. At the range margins, the probability of encountering a heterospecific mate is higher than that of meeting an individual of its own species whenever an individual moves into the range of the other species [34]. This will increase the probability of hybridisation events. As expected, A. leucokranos is distributed at the edge of the two parental distributions and hybrids 1 and 3 were found at the eastern edge of the range of A. akallopisos (Figure 5). Further genetic sampling would be necessary to better define those potential hybrid zones. This would be of particular interest given the evolutionary significance of hybridisation in animals, as exemplified by the importance of exogenous selection on contemporary hybrid zones [35]. ConclusionHybridisation can impact speciation in many ways. Our analyses show that in the case of the adaptive radiation of the clownfishes, hybridisation events are linked with a burst in diversification rate. We observe that hybridisation has occurred throughout the evolutionary history of the group and is still happening. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how hybridisation events are linked with a burst in diversification rate within clownfishes. It states that hybridisation has occurred during the evolutionary history of the group and continues to occur, indicating relevance to adaptive radiation and diversification in new environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 003. 0019[demography;genetic subdivision;genetic variation;population sizes;relative abundance]Many phyllostomid species, especially frugivores in subfamilies Carolliinae and Stenodermatinae, are common members of neotropical mammal communities. Population sizes of these bats reflect the size of their resource base—large for fruit and much smaller for nectar and animal prey. Colony sizes are correlated with the size of their roost structures: larger in cave or cave-like roosts—the most common roost type in these bats—and much smaller in tree or foliage roosts. Stenodermatines and animalivorous species live in smaller colonies than most other phyllostomids. From a landscape perspective, phyllostomid populations occur either in a few relatively large colonies in widely scattered caves or in many smaller, more closely spaced colonies in trees, including foliage. Colony size in many species often changes seasonally in response to changes in resource availability and reproductive activities. Because of low reproductive output, growth rates of most phyllostomid populations are low, and many species likely live at their habitat’s carrying capacity as set by resource levels and roost availability. Some species, usually plant-visitors, undergo altitudinal or latitudinal migrations. Most phyllostomid populations harbor substantial amounts of genetic variation, and the extent of genetic subdivision between populations (or metapopulations) tends to be low. (pages 325 - 346)This 20. - Richard D. Stevens, Sergio Estrada-VillegasDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0020[abundance;anthrogenic effects;community properties;community structure;ecological processes;habitat size;isolation;metacommunities;species richness]More recently, the mechanistic basis of community structure has been distilled into four higher-level fundamental processes: selection, speciation, drift and dispersal. Herein we summarize a vast literature of research on determinants of phyllostomid community structure and apply this new theoretical framework to improve our understanding phyllostomid community structure. We categorized each of 232 studies identified in the literature as focusing on phyllostomid communities as to which of these four processes was addressed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various phyllostomid species that are primarily frugivores and do not feed on blood. It highlights that while some bats may have different feeding habits, such as those that consume fruit or nectar, they do not all share the blood-feeding behavior characteristic of vampire bats. The mention of the diverse ecological roles and feeding strategies of these bats directly contradicts the statement that all bats feed on blood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: 31 -: in Transport in of Lack ClC-2 Channels. Gastroenterology 2012;142:346-354. 32 : Additional disruption of the ClC-2Cl(-) channel does not exacerbate the cystic fibrosis phenotype of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator mouse models. J 2004;279:22276-22283. 33 de : Quantitative analysis of the voltage-dependent gating of mouse parotid ClC-2 chloride channel. J 2005;126:591-603. 34 : Voltage-dependent and -independent titration of specific residues accounts for complex gating of a ClC chloride channel by extracellular protons. J Physiol 2009;587:1387-1400. 35 : A in Epithelial and Nonepithelial Cells. Nature 1992;356:57-60. 36 : The voltage-dependent CIC-2 chloride channel has a dual gating mechanism. J Physiol 2004;555:671-682. 37 Jeworutzki E, Lagostena L, Elorza-Vidal X, Lopez-: GlialCAM, a CLC-2 Cl- Channel Subunit, Activates the of CLC Chloride Channels. 2014;107:1105-1116. 38 Jeworutzki E, Lopez-Hernandez T, Capdevila-: GlialCAM, a in a Leukodystrophy, Serves as a CIC-2 Cl- Subunit. Neuron 2012;73:951-961. 39 : Male germ cells and photoreceptors, both dependent on close cell-cell interactions, degenerate upon ClC-2Cl(-) channel disruption. EMBO J 2001;20:1289-1299. 40 : The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. 2006;26:447-453. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about artifacts providing insights into past cultures. Instead, it discusses various scientific studies related to ClC-2 channels and cystic fibrosis without any mention of artifacts or cultural insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal : 3. 1 5-Factor: 3. 3 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentMakingCreate email alert Restricted accessReview 10. 1177/0272989X14547740ContentsAbstract2013. Predefined exclusion criteria were used to identify 213 studies. During data extraction, information was collected on type of bias or heuristic studied, respondent population, decision type, study type (actual or hypothetical), study method, and study conclusion. Results. Of the 213 studies analyzed, 164 (77%) were based on hypothetical vignettes, and 175 (82%) were conducted with representative populations. Nineteen types of cognitive biases and heuristics were found. Only 34% of studies (n = 73) investigated medical personnel, and 68% (n = 145) confirmed the presence of a bias or heuristic. Each methodological quality criterion was satisfied by more than 50% of the studies, except for sample size and validated instruments/questions. Limitations are that existing terms were used to inform search terms, and study inclusion criteria focused strictly on decision making. Conclusions. Most of the studies on biases and heuristics in medical decision making are based on hypothetical vignettes, raising concerns about applicability of these findings to actual decision making. Biases and heuristics have been underinvestigated in medical personnel compared with patients. Get full access to this 1. . Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. 1st ed. New York: Press; 1982. Crossref2. Kahneman D, Tversky A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that examines cognitive biases and heuristics in decision making. It identifies that biases and heuristics influence decision making, particularly highlighting that 68% of the studies confirmed the presence of a bias or heuristic. Furthermore, it mentions that these cognitive processes are underinvestigated in the context of medical personnel, which supports the notion that cognitive biases are relevant factors affecting decision-making in real-life scenarios.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0022[biodiversity;diversity gradients;ecological niche modeling;evolutionary mechanisms]Focus on Neotropical bats, especially Phyllostomidae, has provided many rich insights into contemporary biogeography of the Earth’s biota, in particular from perspectives of describing patterns and searching for mechanisms underlying broadscale gradients of biodiversity. Here we review this large body of research. We begin by reviewing more classical approaches to describe and explain secondary gradients of diversity related to area, latitude, and elevation but also review more contemporary analyses involving primary gradients related to climate and history. Indeed, phyllostomid bats exhibit arguably some of the strongest biodiversity gradients in the world. Moreover, gradients of phyllostomid diversity reflect responses to a complex tapestry of climatic conditions such as precipitation, temperature and their seasonality combined with historical drivers of diversification such as spatially variable speciation rates and tropical niche conservatism. We end by making explicit some of the methodological challenges that limit our understanding of phyllostomid biodiversity gradients as well as highlight some of the more exciting novel approaches that promise much in terms of improving our understanding of the vast complexity of biodiversity gradients of Phyllostomidae as well as the mechanistic basis to these patterns. (pages 391 - 410)This 23. Challenges and Opportunities for the Conservation of - Enrico Bernard, Mariana Delgado-Jaramillo, Ricardo B. Machado, Ludmilla M. S. AguiarDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0023[agribusiness;bat conservation;Brazil;cave protection;forest loss;habitat loss]Brazil is a continental-sized country that harbors at least 93 species of phyllostomids. Although large tracts of its original vegetation cover are still preserved, some of the Brazilian biomes are under severe human pressure. In this 24. Threats, Status, and for Leaf-- Jafet M. Nassar, Luis F. Aguirre, Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera, Rodrigo A. MedellínDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity of Neotropical bats, specifically mentioning the Phyllostomidae family, which includes a wide range of species with varying diets. While vampire bats are known for feeding on blood, the text implies that the majority of bats, particularly phyllostomid bats, exhibit diverse feeding behaviors that do not include blood-feeding. The focus on biodiversity and the complexity of ecological niches highlights that not all bats have the same dietary habits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: From the Past: What the Founders of (Poster 29) Leah Durán of Past? In our current moment of social and educational crisis, scholars have called for a reimagining of what schools are and can be, rather than a return to the “old normal”. Although this moment could be a point for transformation, education in the U. S. can be stubbornly resistant to demands for reform (Lortie, 2020) and particularly for reforms which call for a radical rethinking in the way that schools serve racialized children and youth. One notable counterexample to the conservative nature of schooling in the US. can be found in the passage of the Act (BEA) in 1968, which reversed long-standing trends in language policy, and in doing so, challenged “the Anglo-conformist ethic” in U. S. schools (Crawford, p. 13, 1991). In recent years, as bilingual education has both expanded and been rebranded as “dual language education”, many scholars have raised questions about the extent to which current policies and practices continue to serve its original aims (Cervantes-Soon, 2014; Flores, 2016; Valdés, 1997). In particular, the field has recently engaged in debate around who should be served by bilingual education programs, and towards what ends? (Flores & Garcia, 2017; Bernstein et al, 2020). This study joins that conversation by looking backwards, into the origins of the BEA in order to better understand our current moment. In particular, what did early visions for bilingual education look like? How can, does and might current thinking around bilingual education be informed by these early visions? paper takes a genealogical approach (Foucault, 1984/1988) in order to create a “history of the present”. This approach does not look for a causal chain of events or a single origin for current conditions. Rather, it looks for emergences, or collected networks of events associated with a shift in paradigm (Alvermann & Moje, 2018). In examining these emergences, one key dimension is power and its relationship to knowledge. In particular, some forms of elite knowledge are always privileged, while others are and have been subjugated, especially “particular, local, regional knowledge” (Foucault, 1980, p. 82). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about artifacts providing insights into past cultures. Instead, it discusses educational reforms, the history of bilingual education in the U.S., and the relationship between power and knowledge. There is no mention of artifacts or how they might inform us about historical daily lives.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. Crossref3. . Heuristics and Biases: of Intuitive Judgment. 1st ed. New York: Press; 2002. Crossref4. . Systematic errors in medical decision making: judgment limitations. J Med. 1987;2(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science5. Dawson NV. Physician judgment in clinical settings: methodological influences and cognitive performance. Clin Chem. 1993;39(7):1468–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. Elstein AS. Heuristics and biases: selected errors in clinical reasoning. Acad Med. 1999;74(7):791–4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7. . Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform. 2002;35(1):52–75. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science8. Kahneman D, Tversky A. Prospect theory: an analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica. 1979;47(2):263. CrossrefWeb of Science9. Colman A. Group think: bandwagon effect. In: of Psychology. New York: Press; 2003:77. 10. Sugarman DB. Active versus passive euthanasia: an attributional analysis. J Psychol. 1986;16(1):60–76. CrossrefWeb of Science11. Keys DJ, Schwartz B. “Leaky” rationality: how research on behavioral decision making challenges normative standards of rationality. Sci. 2007;2:162–80. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science12. Society for Making. From evidence to decision making: role of behavioral economics in medicine. Available from: URL: Feldman-Stewart D, O’Brien MA, Clayman M, et al. 2012 updated 14. Trevena L, Zikmund-Fisher B, Edwards A, et al. 2012 updated 15. 2012 updated 16. 2012 updated 17. 2012 updated 18. Slovic P. The construction of preference. In: Kahneman D, Tversky A, eds. Choices, Values, and Frames. New York: 2000. p 489–502. Crossref19. Ubel PA. Critical Decisions: the Choices Together. 1st ed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various concepts related to decision-making, including 'systematic errors in medical decision making' and 'heuristics and biases' which directly supports the claim that cognitive biases can impact decision-making. The mention of Kahneman and Tversky, known for their work on cognitive biases, further corroborates that these biases influence perception and choices in everyday life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: 0024[conservation;education;emerging threats;extrinsic threats;habitat loss;roost disturbance]leaf-nosed bats stand out as the most versatile bat family within Chiroptera for their broad spectrum of ecological functions and ecosystem services. Paradoxically, phyllostomid bats, and bats in general in the region, face the negative impacts of several extrinsic threats that are mainly responsible for their population decline, in some cases driving them toward local extinction. Habitat loss and roost disturbance and destruction are the two main factors affecting them over their entire geographic range. Globally, 13 species (6% of 216 recognized taxa) have been assigned to threatened IUCN categories. At the regional level, percentage of threatened species stands below 32% (North America: 31%, Central America: 31%, South America: 26%, Caribbean: 12%). In the last decade, bat conservation activism and conservation-oriented research have increased significantly across the Americas and the Caribbean, generating measurable positive effects for many species, including many phyllostomids. These positive impacts are being achieved through the interplay between research, environmental education, and conservation applications as a function of regional and local conservation strategies. Emergence of new threats to bats in the Neotropical region, such as development of wind energy facilities and emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses, calls for intensified action on behalf of bats. (pages 435 - 456)This 2020. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the broad ecological roles of bats, specifically highlighting that members of the leaf-nosed bat family (phyllostomids) are versatile and do not exclusively feed on blood. It emphasizes the diverse ecological functions that bats serve and mentions that they face threats due to factors like habitat loss and disturbance, indicating that not all bats share the feeding behavior of vampire bats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Artifacts can provide insights into the daily lives of past cultures. [SEP] Text: This paper attends to subjugated forms of knowledge by attending to the perspectives of the predominantly Mexican-American educators from Tucson, who were instrumental in the passage of BEA but whose contributions and vision are not widely recognized today. OPEN Findings: "Nos pertenece a todos/It belongs to all of us" Framing the problem One distinctive message of the early bilingual advocates was their location of the problem they wished to address: an inadequate school system, not a defective child. In the eventual enactment of the BEA (and through many documents in the present day), legislators referred to “children of limited English-speaking ability” and characterized children’s linguistic background as a handicap. In contrast, the early vision of bilingual education located the problem not in students' linguistic backgrounds, but rather in discriminatory systems. In their words, “there is something inherent in our system of public schooling that impedes the education of the Mexican-American child---that indeed drives him to drop out” (Association [NEA], 1966 p. 7). Although the NEA report quoted prominent scholars of the era, who tended to describe bilingual children in deficit-laden language, the committee of authors, chaired by María Urquides, repeatedly emphasized that while monolingual schooling was harmful to bilingual children, the children themselves were neither deficient nor handicapped. For example, the report consistently referred to such children as “Spanish-speaking” rather than “of limited English proficiency”. The authors also noted the way that standardized IQ tests, normed on monolingual White children, lead teachers to mislabel and misperceive intellectually capable bilingual children as “low achievers”, with that misperception circumscribing children’s opportunities to learn. These early bilingual education advocates (sometime referred to locally as "los pioneros") also placed educational struggles in a broader historical, social and political context. Monroe Sweetland, the NEA organizer who was instrumental in bringing the work of the Tucson-based teachers to a national audience, noted that his own interest in bilingual education began in his travels through the Southwest, where "I saw these large student bodies. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding artifacts and their role in providing insights into past cultures. Instead, it focuses on the experiences of predominantly Mexican-American educators and the effects of education systems on bilingual children, which does not relate to the examination of artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can affect decision-making and perception in everyday life. [SEP] Text: . Measuring physicians’ tolerance for ambiguity and its relationship to their reported practices regarding genetic testing. Med Care. 1993;31(11):989–1001. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science33. . Probability judgment in medicine: discounting unspecified possibilities. Making. 1995;15(3):227–30. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. Zaat JO, van Eijk JT. General practitioners’ uncertainty, risk preference, and use of laboratory tests. Med Care. 1992;30(9):846–54. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. . Ambiguity seeking in multi-attribute decisions: effects of optimism and message framing. J Mak. 1994;7(3):169–82. CrossrefWeb of Science36. . Economic p2000. p 642–72. 37. . The influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients. Making. 2007;27(2):203–11. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38. Kremer MJ, Faut-Callahan M, Hicks FD. A study of clinical decision making by certified registered nurse anesthetists. AANA J. 2002;70(5):391–7. PubMed39. . Do people experience cognitive biases while searching for information? J Inform Assoc. 2007;14(5):599–608. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science40. . Believing is seeing: the influence of a diagnostic hypothesis on the interpretation of clinical features. Acad Med. 2002;77(suppl 10):S67–9. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. Seen through their eyes: residents’ reflections on the cognitive and contextual components of diagnostic errors in medicine. Acad Med. 2012;87(10):1361–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. . The influence of anchoring on pain judgment. J Manage. 2011;42(2):265–77. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science43. . Clinician judgments of functional outcomes: how bias and perceived accuracy affect rating. Med Rehabil. 2000;81(12):1567–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science44. . Clinician bias in the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder and borderline personality disorder. Psychol Trauma. 2009;1(4):282–90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple studies and findings that explore how cognitive biases, such as ambiguity seeking and the influence of anchors, affect decision-making processes among healthcare professionals. Specifically, references to 'the influence of irrelevant anchors on the judgments and choices of doctors and patients' and 'clinician bias in the diagnosis' underscore the impact of cognitive biases on perception and decision-making, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bats feed on blood like vampire bats. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractEvidence for long-term cooperative relationships comes from several social birds and mammals. Vampire bats demonstrate cooperative social bonds, and like primates, they maintain these bonds through social grooming. It is unclear, however, to what extent vampires are special among bats in this regard. We compared social grooming rates of common vampire bats Desmodus rotundus and four other group-living bats, Artibeus jamaicensis, Carollia perspicillata, Eidolon helvum and Rousettus aegyptiacus, under the same captive conditions of fixed association and no ectoparasites. We conducted 13 focal sampling sessions for each combination of sex and species, for a total of 1560 presence/absence observations per species. We observed evidence for social grooming in all species, but social grooming rates were on average 14 times higher in vampire bats than in other species. Self-grooming rates did not differ. Vampire bats spent 3. 7% of their awake time social grooming (95% CI = 1. 5–6. 3%), whereas bats of the other species spent 0. 1–0. 5% of their awake time social grooming. Together with past data, this result supports the hypothesis that the elevated social grooming rate in the vampire bat is an adaptive trait, linked to their social bonding and unique regurgitated food sharing behavior. Citation: Carter G, (2015) in Bats: Bats Exceptional? 10(10): e0138430. Danilo Russo, Università degli Studi di : June 26, 2015; Accepted: August 30, 2015; Published: October 7, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Carter, Leffer. This is an open access 4. 5 x 3 x 2 m), while females and a few castrated males (see below) of these species were housed together in a different cage (same dimensions). were housed together (3 x 1. 5 x 2 m), but sex could still be assigned with certainty because sexes tended to segregate (into female groups with a dominant male and satellite male groups) and bats were individually marked. In all cages, bats were free to hang at any place in the cage. In all species, we only observed interactions between adult bats, and only one dependent offspring was present (in Desmodus). Work was approved by the University of (Protocol R-13-30). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that not all bats feed on blood, as it discusses the social grooming behaviors of various bat species, including vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) alongside four other bats that do not feed on blood. The observations highlight differences in social grooming rates among species and suggest that the vampire bat's feeding behavior, characterized by blood feeding, is distinct and not a characteristic shared by all bats.