Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , and Honda2021) and has been shown to influence host T-cell function by increasing the differentiation of Treg cells through increasing mitochondrial activity (Hang et al. , and Huh2019) though whether secondary bile acids can directly exert effects on the brain is currently unknown. Modulation of secondary bile acid metabolism might be a novel strategy to modulate brain ageing and may impact cognition in ageing. The vagus nerve plays a fundamental role in microbiota–gut–brain axis signalling (Fulling et al. , Reference Fulling, Dinan and Cryan2019). Intriguingly, a recent study found that an increase in vagal activity was able to mitigate the adverse effects of FMT from aged mouse donors on hippocampal function in young mice (Rei et al. , and Lledo2022). Initial clinical data suggests that stimulation of the vagus nerve may improve some aspects of quality of life under specific conditions in elderly subjects (Bretherton et al. , and Deuchars2019), and improved walking speed and motor function in subjects with PD which was associated with a decrease in inflammatory biomarker and an increase in the myokine BDNF (Mondal et al. , and Kumar2021). Strategies for targeting the gut microbiome for better brain health during ageing As the causal relationships between the gut microbiota and host brain ageing become increasingly clear, it is critical to continue to investigate whether microbiota-targeted therapeutics hold the potential to ameliorate the effects of ageing onto the brain. Several approaches to altering the gut microbiota, including medical interventions such as FMT and antibiotics, as well as lifestyle choices such as diet including probiotics, prebiotics, Mediterranean diet and intermittent fasting, and exercise, may hold the key to the fountain of brain youth (Figure 2). In the following section, we review the existing evidence with a focus on clinical evidence, accompanied with preclinical data as supporting evidence. Figure 2 Potential strategies for intervening on the microbiota–gut–brain axis for improved brain health in ageing. Abbreviations: FMT, faecal microbiota transplant; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids. Created with BioRender. com. Faecal microbiota transplant Faecal microbiota transplant is now a commonly performed medical procedure to treat patients suffering from antibiotic-resistant C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various interventions, such as faecal microbiota transplant (FMT), dietary changes, and lifestyle choices, that may improve brain health and cognition but do not specifically support the notion that improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety on its own. It suggests that there are multiple strategies to consider for brain health improvement, indicating that additional interventions are likely necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct support or contradiction to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a study involving the treatment of burns in rats with Aloe vera gel, which is more about experimental procedures and does not address Aloe vera's long-term historical usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: 25 (2013) 5336–5342. [19] C. Liu, Z. Yu, D. Neff, A. Zhamu, B. Z. Jang, Graphene-based supercapacitor with an ultrahigh energy density, Nano Lett. 10 (2010) 4863–4868. [20] H. Pan, J. Li, Y. P. Feng, Carbon nanotubes for supercapacitor, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 5 (2010) 654–668. [21] H. I. Becker, Patent Office, (1940). [22] M. Dinari, M. M. Momeni, M. Goudarzirad, Nanocomposite films of polyaniline/graphene quantum dots and its supercapacitor properties, Surf. Eng. 32 (2016) 535–540. [23] S. Zhang, L. Sui, H. Dong, W. He, L. Dong, L. Yu, High-performance supercapacitor of graphene quantum dots with uniform sizes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10 (2018) 12983–12991. [24] S. Mondal, U. Rana, S. Malik, Graphene quantum dot-doped polyaniline nanofiber as high performance supercapacitor electrode materials, Chem. Commun. 51 (2015) 12365–12368. [25] K. Lee, H. Lee, Y. Shin, Y. Yoon, D. Kim, H. Lee, Highly transparent and flexible supercapacitors using graphene-graphene quantum dots chelate, 26 (2016) 746–754. [26] Q. Chen, Y. Hu, C. Hu, H. Cheng, Z. Zhang, H. Shao, L. Qu, Graphene quantum dots-three-dimensional graphene composites for high-performance supercapacitors, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16 (2014) 19307–19313. [27] Y. Hu, Y. Zhao, G. Lu, N. Chen, Z. Zhang, H. Li, H. Shao, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing multiple sources and studies that specifically discuss graphene's application in supercapacitors, indicating a clear focus in the research community on this area. The repeated mention of 'supercapacitors' in various studies suggests that a significant portion of graphene research is directed towards energy storage solutions. For instance, it cites various research articles discussing graphene-based supercapacitors and their high energy density, which directly supports the claim about the research focus in this domain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: difficile, and is being explored for use in a variety of other diseases and disorders, including pathologies impacting brain health (Sorbara and Pamer, and Pamer2022). Fascinatingly, small-scale clinical trials have shown that FMT can alleviate symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (Kuai et al. , and Zhou2021; Xue et al. , and Wang2020), although these studies are limited by small sample size. Furthermore, individual case studies have shown that FMT was sufficient to improve metrics of mobility in a patient with multiple sclerosis (Engen et al. , and Keshavarzian2020), and improve cognitive performance in two individuals diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease who were administered FMT to treat their C. difficile infections (Hazan, Reference Hazan2020; Park et al. , and Choi2021). This evidence provides promise that FMT may offer a potential treatment option for patients suffering ageing-related neurological diseases. Still, clinical FMT presents safety, logistical and feasibility questions, especially when operating within a community that has a higher incidence of frailty and immunodeficiency (Marquez et al. , -Belaid, Eroglu, Mellert, Kuchel, Banchereau and Ucar2020). Therefore, although preclinical FMT studies have shown promise at improving brain health during ageing (Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen et al. , Reference Boehme, Guzzetta, Bastiaanssen, van de Wouw, Moloney, Gual-Grau, Spichak, Olavarría-Ramírez, ’Leary, Dinan and Cryan2021; Mossad et al. , ämmermann, Prinz and Blank2021; Parker et al. , and Carding2022), it would be highly beneficial to develop alternative, less invasive and hazardous strategies to remodel the microbiome–gut–brain axis, which would allow physicians to move beyond faecal microbiota transplantation. are commonly administered to treat infections and antibiotic usage by elderly populations is rising substantially, making it critical to understand whether there are off-target negative or beneficial consequences to antibiotic usage in ageing. For instance, antibiotics can have off-target implications by harming beneficial microbes or resulting in the emergence of antibiotic resistance (Barbosa and Levy, and Levy2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and the need for further development in therapies targeting gut microbiome health, particularly focusing on FMT (fecal microbiota transplantation). It states that, while there are indications that FMT may improve brain health, it emphasizes that the process involves safety and logistical challenges and suggests the necessity for alternative, less invasive strategies. This implies that FMT alone is not a guaranteed solution for eliminating anxiety symptoms, as it reflects on the potential complexities and limitations rooted in clinical applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a peer review process, methodological details, and the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera, without mentioning its traditional applications or historical context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Qu, Graphene quantum dots–carbon nanotube hybrid arrays for supercapacitors, Nanotechnology 24 (2013) 1-7. [28] A. B. Ganganboina, A. Dutta Chowdhury, R. A. Doong, New avenue for appendage of graphene quantum dots on halloysite nanotubes as anode materials for high performance supercapacitors, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 5 (2017) 4930–4940. [29] H. Jia, Y. Cai, J. Lin, H. Liang, J. Qi, J. Cao, J. Feng, W. D. Fei, Heterostructural graphene quantum dot/MnO2 nanosheets toward high-potential window electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018) 1–10. [30] P. Dhar, S. S. Gaur, A. Kumar, V. Katiyar, Cellulose nanocrystal templated graphene nanoscrolls for high performance supercapacitors and hydrogen storage: An experimental and molecular simulation study, Sci. Rep. 8 (2018) 1–15. [31] Z. Xu, B. Zheng, J. Chen, C. Gao, Highly efficient synthesis of neat graphene nanoscrolls from graphene oxide by well-controlled lyophilization, Chem. Mater. 26 (2014) 6811–6818. [32] F. Zeng, Y. Kuang, Y. Wang, Z. Huang, C. Fu, H. Zhou, Facile preparation of high-quality graphene scrolls from graphite oxide by a microexplosion method, Adv. Mater. 23 (2011) 4929–4932. [33] and morphology tuning of graphene oxide nanoscrolls, Nanoscale. 8 (2016) 6783–6791. [34] B. Zheng, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Mass production of graphene nanoscrolls and their application in high rate performance supercapacitors, Nanoscale. 8 (2016) 1413–1420. [35] K. Mohanapriya, N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies focused on the application of graphene and graphene-derived materials for supercapacitors, which indicates a concentrated effort in researching graphene for energy storage applications. It references multiple articles highlighting different approaches and enhancements using graphene for supercapacitor technology, aligning directly with the claim regarding the focus of research in this area.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, antibiotics that eradicate a harmful gut microbe may be able to improve brain health, though this is largely unexplored. Furthermore, several orally administered antibiotics can leak from the gut, allowing them to act directly on other systems including the brain regardless of the microbiota–gut–brain axis. This is of higher concern in disease states where barrier function is known to be compromised (Nau et al. , Reference Nau, Sörgel and Eiffert2010). Compelling preclinical evidence demonstrates that antibiotics may be therapeutic for neurodegeneration when administered to rodent models of AD, as discussed earlier. While clinical evidence is largely lacking, one pilot, open-label trial involving 10 patients with mild to moderate probable AD dementia found that treatment with rifaximin (a minimally absorbed antibiotic) for 3 months significantly reduced neurofilament-light levels in the serum and modestly improved other serum markers for disease severity, although no improvements to cognition were observed in this timeframe (Suhocki et al. , Reference Suhocki, Ronald, Diehl, Murdoch and Doraiswamy2022). Interestingly, another study administering rifaximin to patients with cirrhosis and cognitive impairment found that rifaximin treatment improved working memory and inhibitory control, along with enhanced fronto-parietal and subcortical activation and connectivity (Ahluwalia et al. , and Bajaj2014). Nonetheless, antibiotics may not be the best treatment approach for multiple reasons, including their potential for triggering harmful neurotoxic side effects. For instance, broad-spectrum antibiotics may deplete beneficial symbiotic gut bacteria, which may be playing critical support roles to the brain during ageing. Several case reports have linked the consumption of antibiotics and high plasma levels of antibiotics with the onset of delirium in the elderly (Moore and O’Keeffe, and O’Keeffe1999; Schliamser et al. , Reference Schliamser, Cars and Norrby1991). Furthermore, one recent observational study involving over 14,000 women self-reporting their antibiotic use found associations between chronic antibiotic use during midlife with slightly reduced cognitive scores after a follow-up period of roughly 7 years (Mehta et al. , and Chan2022), although the type of antibiotic and the reason for chronic antibiotic use were not known. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential impacts of antibiotics on brain health and cognition, highlighting that while antibiotics may aid in certain brain-related health issues, they also risk depleting beneficial gut bacteria and can lead to harmful neurotoxic side effects. It implies that simply improving gut health through antibiotics does not guarantee an elimination of anxiety symptoms, as it points out various potential negative consequences, including cognitive decline, particularly in specific populations like the elderly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The leaf of aloe consists of three different parts, the outer green rind, the inner pulp and the in-between latex. The latex is a yellow liquid that exudates from the plant after cutting its leaves. The bitter taste and characteristic strong odor of aloe latex contribute to the organoleptic properties of aloe-based products. The latex contains a variety of phenolic compounds. The most abundant compounds are aloin A and its diastereoisomer aloin B. It was demonstrated that both aloins A and B, which belong to the class of anthrones, were responsible for the laxative effect of aloe vera [6]. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone compound, is present in the latex of some aloe species in small amounts. Aloe emodin can be produced by oxidative cleavage of the glycoside linkage of both aloins during metabolism in the intestines. In particular, aloins A and B are converted by intestinal bacteria to aloe emodin, which acts synergistically to the purgative effect [7]. The concentrations of these bioactive compounds in the plant are affected by various parameters, such as the age of the plant, the climatic conditions and the position of the leaf [8, 9]. Different studies demonstrated that the seasonal variation and the position of the leaf had an important role in the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are present in the latex [10, 11]. The leaves are usually categorized into base, middle and upper leaves. The latter category, which involves the young leaves the ones that are vertical to the roots, has the highest concentrations of aloins A and B [11]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has, so far, been performed to evaluate each individual aloe leaf in order to determine the ones with the maximum concentration of laxative compounds. It has recently been reported a correlation between the aloe compounds with laxative action and toxicity in the intestine along with an increase in the risk of developing colon cancer [12, 13]. Therefore, these compounds have maximum allowable concentrations in food products. Council recommends that aloin in oral consumption products be less than 10 ppm. According, though to EU legislation 88/388/EEC, the aloin concentration must not exceed 0. 1 mg/kg in foodstuffs and beverages and 50 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the chemical properties of the aloe leaf, the compounds present in its latex, and their effects related to laxative action and toxicology. Therefore, the content is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jha, Fabrication of one dimensional graphene nanoscrolls for high performance supercapacitor application, Appl. Surf. Sci. 449 (2018) 461–467. [36] M. Yan, F. Wang, C. Han, X. Ma, X. Xu, Q. An, L. Xu, C. Niu, Y. Zhao, X. Tian, P. Hu, H. Wu, L. Mai, Nanowire templated semihollow bicontinuous graphene scrolls: Designed construction, mechanism, and enhanced energy storage performance, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135 (2013) 18176–18182. [37] B. N. Zheng, C. Gao, Preparation of graphene nanoscroll/polyaniline composites and their use in high performance supercapacitors, Mater. 31 (2016) 315–320. [38] H. Cheng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, L. Qu, Graphene fiber: A new material platform for unique applications, NPG Asia Mater. 6 (2014) e113-13. [39] Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene fiber: A new trend in carbon fibers, Mater. Today. 18 (2015) 480–492. [40] S. H. Aboutalebi, R. Jalili, D. Esrafilzadeh, M. Salari, Z. Gholamvand, S. Aminorroaya Yamini, K. Konstantinov, R. L. Shepherd, J. -performance multifunctional Graphene yarns: Toward wearable all-carbon energy storage textiles, ACS Nano 8 (2014) 2456–2466. [41] W. Cai, T. Lai, J. Lai, H. Xie, L. Ouyang, J. Ye, C. Yu, Transition metal sulfides grown on graphene fibers for wearable asymmetric supercapacitors with high volumetric capacitance and high energy density, Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 1–9. [42] Q. Chen, Y. Meng, C. Hu, Y. Zhao, H. Shao, N. Chen, L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to multiple studies that specifically discuss the application of graphene in supercapacitors. For example, Jha's study mentions 'high performance supercapacitor application', while the work by M. Yan et al. focuses on 'enhanced energy storage performance'. Additionally, B. N. Zheng highlights the use of graphene nanoscroll/polyaniline composites in 'high performance supercapacitors'. These references collectively support the assertion that the majority of research on graphene indeed emphasizes its application in energy storage, particularly in supercapacitors, owing to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: These few clinical publications implicating antibiotic use and cognitive function are also confounded by the requirement of antibiotics to treat a specific health condition, rather than solely investigating their impact on brain health. Since it is unclear whether the harms of antibiotic use outweigh the potential benefits in individuals that are not actively battling a bacterial infection, and because antibiotic use supports the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the potential for antibiotics as a therapeutic for ageing-associated neurodegenerative diseases may be limited. Therefore, the development of novel antibiotics, such as engineered phages that could specifically eliminate individual identified pathogenic bacteria, could become valuable in treating conditions wherein specific pathogenic gut microbes are identified. is increasingly recognised that microbiome-host modulation through probiotics is a promising avenue to improve cognitive function in human ageing (Eastwood et al. , and Lamport2021). Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (Hill et al. , and Sanders2014). Recent work by researchers in Japan has shown evidence that probiotics improve cognition in elderly with mild cognitive impairment. In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, a group from Japan showed that a 4-month intervention with a Bifidobacterium breve strain could be an effective approach for improving memory functions of subjects with MCI showing improvements in various cognitive domains such as immediate, delayed and visuospatial memory (Xiao et al. , and Kaneko2020). Previously the same group investigated the effects of this strain on cognitive function of older adults with a range of memory complaints, and found that, once the cohort was stratified, this probiotic induced beneficial effects only in a sub-population with more severe mild cognitive impairment (Kobayashi et al. , Reference Kobayashi, Kuhara, Oki and Xiao2019). Intriguingly, new work from the group suggests that it may have an impact on age-related brain atrophy (Asaoka et al. , and Sato2022). In a Korean study, 12 weeks supplementation with Lactobacillus plantarum fermented soybean significantly improved a cognitive composite score which was predominantly driven by an improvement in attention in MCI subjects (Hwang et al. , and Chung2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between gut microbiome health, probiotics, and cognitive function. It suggests that while probiotics may improve cognition in certain populations, there is no evidence provided that indicates gut microbiome health alone can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety. The nuances discussed around antibiotic use and the specific applications of probiotics also imply that additional context and interventions are necessary for addressing cognitive and potentially anxiety-related symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Authority (EFSA) has also set a daily maximum dosage restriction of 10 mg. However, there is no published official accredited method for the analysis of these compounds. Different analytical methods have, so far, been developed for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe plants and products. Gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are some of the most common reported techniques [14–16]. The most widely used technique though is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [7, 11, 17–19]. In comparison to other analytical methods, HPLC is easy to handle and cost-effective. Therefore, in this study, a simple HPLC method with a diode-array detector (DAD) has been developed and validated for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe vera plants, under different seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, as well as in aloe products obtained from the Cyprus market. Chemometric analysis is a sophisticated tool for the classification of samples according to different parameters. Mineral compositions, secondary metabolite profiles, UV and IR spectra data have, so far, been proposed as indicators for the classification of aloe vera gel and aloe-based products [20–24]. Chemometric methods, such as non-supervised Analysis (PCA) and supervised Analysis (PLS-DA) have been applied in order to compare the different growth periods of the plant and the size of aloe vera leaves [20, 21, 25, 26]. In several studies, chemometric tools have been utilized to evaluate the quality of Miller and aloe-based products [22–24]. Zhong et al. have reported the differentiation of aloe samples according to their seasonal variation through Analysis (HCA) [23]. To the best of our knowledge, no work has, so far, been performed to classify aloe plants according to their seasonal variation and plant cultivar, using the aloin content of aloe latex as the characteristic discriminating marker. The present study aimed to develop a simple and fast HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination of compounds with purgative activity in both aloe latex and aloe-based products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on analytical methods for determining compounds in aloe vera and discusses various scientific techniques and studies related to the chemical analysis of aloe products. It does not mention the historical usage of aloe vera for treating skin ailments, thus it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Qu, MnO2-modified hierarchical graphene fiber electrochemical supercapacitor, J. 247 (2014) 32–39. [43] K. Gopalsamy, Z. Xu, B. Zheng, T. Huang, L. Kou, X. Zhao, C. Gao, Bismuth oxide nanotubes-graphene fiber-based flexible supercapacitors, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 8595–8600. [44] L. Liu, Y. Yu, C. Yan, K. Li, Z. Zheng, Wearable energy-dense and power-dense supercapacitor yarns enabled by scalable graphene-metallic textile composite electrodes, Nat. Commun. 6 (2015) 1–9. [45] Q. Yang, Z. Xu, C. Gao, Graphene fiber based supercapacitors: Strategies and perspective toward high performances, J. Energy Chem. 27 (2018) 6–11. [46] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, R. S. Ruoff, Graphene-based ultracapacitors, Nano Lett. 8 (2008) 6–10. [47] L. L. Zhang, X. Zhao, M. D. Stoller, Y. Zhu, H. Ji, S. Murali, Y. Wu, S. Perales, B. Clevenger, R. S. Ruoff, Highly conductive and porous activated reduced graphene oxide films for high-power supercapacitors, Nano Lett. 12 (2012) 1806-1812. [48] G. Sun, J. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Wang, H. Li, Y. Yu, W. Huang, H. Zhang, P. Chen, Fabrication of ultralong hybrid microfibers from nanosheets of reduced graphene oxide and transition-metal dichalcogenides and their application as supercapacitors, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 53 (2014) 12576–12580. [49] Q. Li, X. Guo, Y. Zhang, W. Zhang, C. Ge, L. Zhao, X. Wang, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous references to research studies that specifically investigate graphene's application in supercapacitors. The repeated mention of 'supercapacitors' alongside graphene in various contexts showcases a significant focus of the research on energy storage solutions, aligning with the claim regarding high electrical conductivity facilitating these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Compared to these, the first evidence in a Caucasian population showed efficacy in improving a cognitive composite score in elderly with MCI, with another strain in the Lactobacillus genus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (Sanborn et al. , Reference Sanborn, Azcarate-Peril, Updegraff, Manderino and Gunstad2020). Although these results are interesting, the design of the study demands caution. For example, the researchers were not blinded to the randomisation of the groups. The beneficial effects of L. rhamnosus GG could be mediated through immunomodulatory pathways (Hibberd et al. , -Aguilar and Snydman2014; Schultz et al. , and Scholmerich2003), which have been linked to poor cognitive performance in elderly (Baune et al. , and Berger2008; Trollor et al. , and Sachdev2010). In a small Japanese cohort, (Ueda et al. (and Yamada2021) observed a reduced relative abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in elderly with MCI compared to healthy individuals. By isolating two F. prausnitzii strains from the healthy elderly group, the authors improved cognitive impairments in mice concomitant with changes in genes related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial function (Ueda et al. , and Yamada2021). Notably, one of the F. prausnitzii strains was given in a pasteurised form suggesting that beneficial effects are not only restricted to live bacteria, which directly exert effects on the host but could be also mediated through effects elicited by extracellular membrane components or could act immunomodulatory. Another next generation probiotic besides F. prausnitzii, A. muciniphila, showed a similar phenomenon in a small RCT in humans exerting its positive effects on some metabolic parameters predominantly in its pasteurised form (Depommier et al. , -Silva, Falony, Raes, Maiter, Delzenne, de Barsy, Loumaye, Hermans, Thissen, de Vos and Cani2019). While there is currently no direct clinical evidence that Akkermansia improves cognition in elderly people, the possibility that A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses research on gut bacteria and cognitive performance, suggesting that while there are some positive effects on cognition related to gut microbiome health, these findings do not provide evidence that improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety. The discussion emphasizes the caution required in interpreting the results and highlights the need for further investigation rather than affirming that gut health alone can resolve anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In this study, the aloin content of Aloe plants, grown under different conditions, was investigated, and the analysis was performed οn each leaf individually. Through the chemometric approach, the classification of aloe plants was achieved based on their seasonal variation and plant cultivation, using the laxative compounds of aloe latex as chemical markers. 2. Experimental 2. 1. Chemicals and grade standards of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were purchased from ChromaDex (). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) (LiChrosolv) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and methanol (MeOH) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Deionized water and ACN were filtered through a 0. 45-µm membrane filter (Milipore, Cork, Ireland) under vacuum and sonicated for 30 minutes, prior to use. 2. 2. and plants were kindly supplied by (Ormideia, Cyprus). For comparison purposes, the plants were cultivated either in soil at Ormideia, Cyprus or in a medium-size pot at the University of Cyprus in Nicosia, Cyprus. All of the plants had the same age and approximately the same size. Soil and irrigation conditions were the same for all plants. The plants consisted of 10–15 leaves, which were used for the quantitation of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. Starting from the base of the plant (leaf number 1) and reaching the top (leaves number 10–15), each leaf was cut off in order to drip and collect the latex. The eighteen aloe vera plants were categorized into six groups, depending on the cultivation and seasonal variation, along with plant condition [Group 1: cultivation in soil, harvest in summer (plants #1–3); Group 2: cultivation in soil, harvest in winter (plants #4–6); Group 3: cultivation in pot, harvest in summer (plants #7–9); Group 4: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter (plants #10–12); Group 5: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter, indoor cultivation (plants #13–15); Group 6: cultivation in pot, plants under stress (plants #16–18)]. Determination of compounds in the plant offshoots was also studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the aloin content of Aloe plants and their classification based on cultivation and seasonal variations. It focuses on experimental procedures and chemical analysis rather than historical use or medicinal applications of Aloe vera. Therefore, it does not address or provide evidence related to the claim regarding Aloe vera's long-standing use for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Zhang, J. Chen, Z. Wang, L. Sun, Porous graphene paper for supercapacitor applications, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 33 (2017) 793–799. [50] S. Gan, L. Zhong, T. Wu, D. Han, J. Zhang, J. Ulstrup, Q. Chi, L. Niu, Spontaneous and fast growth of large-area graphene nanofilms facilitated by oil/water interfaces, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 3958–3964. [51] G. Wallace, R. B. Kaner, M. Muller, S. Gilje, D. Li, Processable aqueous dispersions of graphene nanosheets, Nat. Nanotechnol. 3 (2008) 101–105. [52] F. Gu, H. Shin, C. -by-layer doping of few-layer graphene film, ACS Nano 4 (2010) 4595–4600. 10. 1021/nn1008808 [53] A. Davies, P. Audette, B. Farrow, F. Hassan, Z. Chen, J. Y. Choi, A. Yu, Graphene-based flexible supercapacitors: Pulse-electropolymerization of polypyrrole on free-standing graphene films, J. Phys. Chem. C. 115 (2011) 17612–17620. [54] S. Bose, T. Kuila, A. K. Mishra, R. -based nanostructured materials and their composites as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. 22 (2012) 767–784. [55] -dimensional, one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructured materials for advanced electrochemical energy devices, Prog. Mater. Sci. 57 (2012) 724–803. [56] H. Jiang, P. S. Lee, C. Li, 3D Carbon based nanostructures for advanced supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 41–53. [57] L. Liu, Z. Niu, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it lists multiple studies specific to the application of graphene in supercapacitors, highlighting various advancements and research efforts in this area. The consistent mention of graphene's use in supercapacitors supports the assertion that a significant focus of graphene research is indeed on its applications in energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: muciniphila influences cognition-linked metabolic factors, such as insulin sensitivity (Willmann et al. , äring, Fritsche and Heni2020), suggests that it may have the potential for improving cognitive health during ageing. The efficacy of probiotics was also assessed in AD with mixed findings (Agahi et al. , and Salami2018; Akbari et al. , and Salami2016). study using a multispecies mixture containing different stains and species of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium for 12 weeks, did not find a positive effect on cognition in patients with severe AD (Agahi et al. , and Salami2018). It is plausible that probiotics may not exert positive effects on cognition when the damage is too advanced. Supplementation with a probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum another Iranian study showed improved insulin sensitivity, lower levels of the inflammatory marker CRP, and an improved cognitive score in the Mini-Examination (MMSE) after 12-weeks supplementation (Akbari et al. , and Salami2016). Furthermore, one study found that a probiotic mix containing L. acidophilus, B. bifidum and Bifidobacterium longum combined with selenium improved the MMSE score in patients with AD (Tamtaji et al. , Reference Tamtaji, Heidari--Ebrahimi and Asemi2019), while another study in a Caucasian population did not find benefits on a cognitive score in AD with a multispecies probiotic consisting of L. casei W56, L. lactis W19, L. acidophilus W22, B. lactis W52, L. paracasei W20, L. plantarum W62, B. lactis W51, B. bifidum W23 and L. salivarius W24 (Leblhuber et al. , Reference Leblhuber, Steiner, Schuetz, Fuchs and Gostner2018) possibly due to the shorter intervention time. The criteria for recruiting subjects across MCI and AD studies differ substantially. Similarly, the evaluation metrics for cognitive assessments also differ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while some studies suggest probiotics may have potential benefits for cognitive health and metabolic factors, the findings are mixed and do not guarantee that improving gut microbiome health will eliminate all symptoms of anxiety or cognitive issues. Specifically, it mentions that efficacy in different studies varies significantly and does not support the blanket assertion that symptoms can be eliminated without other interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Thirteen commercial aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus. Ten of these products were aloe vera juice drinks, whose labels indicated the absence of aloins; two of these were pharmaceutical products (tabs that support healthy digestion and colon cleansing), and dried aloe vera gel snacks. 2. 3. Instrumentation and All experiments were performed on an HPLC system from Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a pump (LC-10AD), a PDA detector (SPD-M20A), an autosampler (SIL-20AHT) and a thermostat column compartment (CTO-10ASVP). The PDA detector was set at 357 nm for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. For quantitative purposes, the wavelength of 220 nm was selected for aloe emodin, since maximum absorption was observed at this particular wavelength. The analysis of samples was carried out using an column Venusil XBP C18 (L) 4. 6 mm x 150 mm and 5 µm p2. 4. The leaf from the aloe plant was initially cut into three equal pieces. Then, they were turned over, with their tip cut, in a pre-weighed beaker for latex collection. The collection time varied from 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours. The obtained yellow liquid was dried in the oven for one hour at 50 oC, and the beaker was weighed again. Subsequently, a volume of 70% v/v MeOH was added, corresponding to 100 times the weight of the mass. The mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes at room temperature and then adjusted to its initial volume by adding the required amount of 70% v/v MeOH. The solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0. 45-µm PTFE filter. Before HPLC analysis, the extract was diluted with 70% v/v MeOH with a ratio of 1:10. As far as the aloe-based products are concerned, the initial steps of the sample preparation procedure were varied. In particular, for the aloe-based tablets, 8–10 tabs were grounded and homogenized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of various aloe products and methods of sample preparation, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Chen, Flexible supercapacitors based on carbon nanomaterials, Chinese Chem. Lett. 29 (2018) 571–581. [58] Y. Ma, Y. Chen, Three-dimensional graphene networks : Synthesis, properties and applications, Natl. Sci. Rev. 2 (2015) 40-53. [59] X. Cao, Z. Yin, H. Zhang, Three-dimensional graphene materials: Preparation, structures and application in supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 7 (2014) 1850–1865. [60] Z. Chen, W. Ren, L. Gao, B. Liu, S. Pei, H. M. Cheng, Three-dimensional flexible and conductive interconnected graphene networks grown by chemical vapour deposition, Nat. Mater. 10 (2011) 424–428. [61] J. Sha, C. Gao, S. K. Lee, Y. Li, N. Zhao, J. M. Tour, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foams using powder metallurgy templates, ACS Nano 10 (2016) 1411–1416. [62] -dimensional graphene and their integrated electrodes, 9 (2014) 785–807. [63] Q. Fang, Y. Shen, B. Chen, Synthesis, decoration and properties of three-dimensional graphene-based macrostructures: A review, Chem. Eng. J. 264 (2015) 753–771. [64] Z. Yang, S. Chabi, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Preparation of 3D graphene-based architectures and their applications in supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 25 (2015) 554–562. [65] Y. Ping, Y. Gong, Q. Fu, C. Pan, Preparation of three-dimensional graphene foam for high performance supercapacitors, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 27 (2017) 177–181. [66] H. Huang, Y. Tang, L. Xu, S. Tang, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing a series of studies and reviews that specifically highlight the foundation and various applications of three-dimensional graphene materials in supercapacitors, which directly supports the assertion that research on graphene is largely focused on energy storage applications due to its electrical conductivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Larger, well-controlled RCTs with harmonised inclusion and cognitive evaluation criteria, and longer interval follow-ups are needed to provide more reliable evidence (Xiang et al. , and Tan2022). Apart from interventions with classical lactic acid bacteria, studies utilising preclinical models showed that a combination of five Lactobacillus strains with five Enterococcus strains had beneficial effects on high-fat diet–induced disturbances of the microbiome, intestinal permeability, metabolism, immunity ultimately improving physical decline in older mice (Ahmadi et al. , and Yadav2020). Interestingly, a recent preclinical study suggests that Enterococcus faecalis plays a role in regulating social behaviour and social stress-induced stress response in mice (Wu et al. , -Haq, Beadle, Gradinaru, Ismagilov and Mazmanian2021b) though ageing was not considered in this paper. Apart from studies examining older individuals with dementia or pre-dementia status, there is very limited evidence of the beneficial effects of probiotics on cognition in healthy older adults with memory complaints. Herein, probiotic-induced improvements have thus far been observed only under conditions where additional stressors were present (Eastwood et al. , and Lamport2021). For instance, one Korea-based study found that Lactobacillus helveticus IDCC3801 fermented milk improved cognitive functioning during cognitive fatigue tests (Chung et al. , and Chae2014). It seems that the cognitive status and accompanied underlying physiological changes could be predictive for the susceptibility of an individual to cognitive decline, although more studies are needed to understand the factors driving sensitivity to probiotic interventions. Studies on the use of probiotics for PD are sparse. Pilot data in an open-label, single-arm, baseline-controlled trial suggests possible benefits on motor skills and quality of life with L. plantarum PS128 (Lu et al. , and Tsai2021). Further placebo-controlled studies are needed to support these initial results. Certain clinical studies are looking into the prevention of neurodegenerative conditions through microbiome-targeted strategies utilising microbial metabolites such as SCFAs. Duscha et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current research, which indicates that more well-controlled studies are needed to conclusively establish the effects of probiotics and gut microbiome health on cognitive and emotional conditions like anxiety. It mentions that probiotic-induced improvements have only been observed in situations where additional stressors were present, suggesting that gut microbiome health alone, without other interventions, may not be sufficient to eliminate symptoms of anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The stability of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin was determined based on the area of the peaks for the time t = 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 336 hours. For each time point, three repetitions were performed. 2. 6. – results obtained were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). The means were compared, and statistical differences were obtained through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For sample classification according to seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, the results were obtained by use of HPLC, and qualitative variables of plants were statistically processed using SIMCA 17. 0. 1 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). Each sample was considered as an assembly of four variables: total aloins content, concentration of aloins A and B, and growing conditions or climate variation. PCA was performed to overview the data and classify the observations. This procedure was mainly applied to estimate the systematic variation of the observations and to reduce the dimensionality of the data matrix. The input data were mean-centered with Scaling (UV) and the PCA model was extracted at a confidence level of 95%. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. In the current study, different parameters were examined to determine the optimal chromatographic conditions. Experiments with standard solutions of aloe emodin, aloin A and aloin B were initially performed. Both C18 (150 mm) and C8 (150 mm) columns were examined. The use of C18 (150 mm) resulted in a better efficiency while the analysis time was similar for both columns. In particular, the peak efficiencies for columns C18 and C8 were 32564 and 14817 for aloin A, 27764 and 12288 for aloin B, and 80700 and 25889 for aloe emodin, respectively. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in analysis time using both C8 (21 min) and C18 (24 min) stationary phases. The mobile phase consisted of water and ACN in different ratios. The analysis was performed by either isocratic or gradient elution. In particular, for isocratic elution, baseline separation for aloins was achieved only by water 80% and ACN 20%. However, a peak tailing appeared and the analysis time was greater than 60 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a scientific analysis of the stability and chromatographic conditions related to compounds in Aloe vera. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Du, Direct formation of reduced graphene oxide and 3D lightweight nickel network composite foam by hydrohalic acids and its application for high-performance supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 10248–10257. [67] H. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Tang, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nickel network supported three-dimensional graphene gel as a lightweight and binder-free electrode for high rate performance supercapacitor application, Nanoscale 6 (2014) 2426–2433. [68] J. Yang, E. Zhang, X. Li, Y. Yu, J. Qu, Z. Yu, Direct reduction of graphene oxide by ni foam as a high-capacitance supercapacitor electrode, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 8 (2016) 2297-2305. [69] S. Sivaprakash, P. Sivaprakash, A facile synthesis of graphene foam as electrode material for supercapacitor, Mater. Res. Express 3 (2016) 1–7. [70] P. Miao, J. He, Z. Sang, F. Zhang, J. Guo, D. Su, X. Yan, X. Li, H. Ji, Hydrothermal growth of 3D graphene on nickel foam as a substrate of nickel-cobalt-sulfur for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Alloys Compd. 732 (2018) 613–623. [71] Z. Niu, J. Chen, H. H. Hng, J. Ma, X. Chen, A leavening strategy to prepare reduced graphene oxide foams, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 4144–4150. [72] W. Y. Tsai, R. Lin, S. Murali, L. Li. Gogotsi, P. Simon, Outstanding performance of activated graphene based supercapacitors in ionic liquid electrolyte from -50 to 80°C, 2 (2013) 403–411. [73] Y. Zhu, S. . Cai, P. J. Ferreira, A. . Thommes, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to studies that focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors. Each listed study emphasizes the synthesis and application of graphene in high-performance supercapacitors, which directly aligns with the claim regarding the focus of research on graphene and its high electrical conductivity enabling such applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: (-and Haghikia2020) have shown that two weeks of propionic acid intake leads to a sustained increase of immunoregulatory T (Treg) cells while three years of propionic acid intake positively influenced functional parameters through a reduced relapse rate associated with reduced brain atrophy. In addition, preclinical models have shown that modulation of neuroinflammation and cognitive decline can be achieved through oral supplementation with butyrate (Govindarajan et al. , Reference Govindarajan, Agis-Balboa, Walter, Sananbenesi and Fischer2011; Matt et al. , and Johnson2018), however, these findings have yet to be explored in humans. In contrast, a population-based cohort in France with over 9,000 community dwellers aged 65 years or more, found that increased propionic acid in serum was associated with increased odds of cognitive decline (Neuffer et al. , Reference Neuffer, González-Domínguez, Lefèvre-de às, Urpi-Sardà, Sánchez-Pla, Andres-Lacueva and Samieri2022). Mediation analyses suggested that this adverse association may be mediated through hypercholesterolemia and glycaemia with a strong correlation with a fasting blood glucose suggesting metabolic disruption as a possible pathway in relation of propionic acid to cognitive health (Neuffer et al. , Reference Neuffer, González-Domínguez, Lefèvre-de às, Urpi-Sardà, Sánchez-Pla, Andres-Lacueva and Samieri2022). Overall these data suggests that the effect of microbial metabolites are context-dependent where further research is needed to understand how underlying conditions can prevent or perturbate the effects of microbial metabolites. Intriguingly, a recent study suggests that the bacteriophages group Caudovirales can improve executive function and memory in both preclinical models and in humans (Mayneris-Perxachs et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while certain microbial metabolites like propionic acid may have effects on cognitive health, the overall relationship is complex and context-dependent, indicating that more research is needed to fully understand these effects. It highlights findings suggesting that increased propionic acid levels can be associated with negative outcomes like cognitive decline, and that underlying conditions may impact gut microbiome interventions. This implies that eliminating symptoms of anxiety cannot be guaranteed solely by improving gut microbiome health without additional interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that gradient elution provided better separation in terms of analysis time and peak shape. The optimal gradient elution was water and ACN decreased from 80–50% and increased from 20–50%, respectively, until 20 minutes. Then, the solvent ratio remained constant at 50% for both water and ACN. The effect of temperature was also examined in regards to analysis time and resolution. In this study, the temperature varied from 25 oC to 40 oC. Although an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in analysis time, the optimum temperature was 25 oC, due to the instability of analytes at high temperatures. The use of the above optimum conditions resulted in a total run time of 22 minutes. The retention times for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were 10. 47, 9. 49 and 20. 91 minutes, respectively. In this case, the resolution of aloins A and B was 4. 1. Figure 1 demonstrates the chromatograms obtained from the analysis of aloe vera samples (latex extract and aloe juice) under the optimum chromatographic conditions. 3. 2. The intraday and interday precisions for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were evaluated by computing relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times. In the first case, RSD was obtained from nine consecutive chromatographic runs, while in the second case, it was obtained by use of fifteen runs (three replicate runs per day performed in five consecutive days). In all cases, RSD values were below 0. 6%. Calibration curves were generated by plotting the peak area versus the analyte concentrations in standard solutions. Linear correlation was observed with R2 values greater than 0. 99. LODs and LOQs ranged from 0. 06-16. 00 µg/mL and 0. 17–48. 40 µg/mL, respectively. All this data is demonstrated in Table 1. In addition, all analytes demonstrated excellent extraction recoveries (latex extracts), with values ranging from 97–99%. Table 1 Range of calibration curve, linear equation, coefficients of determination (R2), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), intraday and interday validation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on chromatographic analysis and the technical aspects of studying components derived from aloe vera without addressing its traditional usage in medicine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: -based supercapacitors, Science 332 (2011) 1537–1542. [74] B. G. Choi, M. 3D Macroporous graphene frameworks for supercapacitors with high energy and power densities, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 4020–4028. [75] Y. Cai, A. Zhang, Y. Ping Feng, C. Zhang, Switching and rectification of a single light-sensitive diarylethene molecule sandwiched between graphene nanoribbons, J. Chem. Phys. 135 (2011) 1-6. [76] M. P. Down, C. E. Banks, Freestanding Three-dimensional graphene macroporous supercapacitor, ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 1 (2018) 891–899. [77] S. Yang, Y. Liu, Y. Hao, X. . Cao, Oxygen-vacancy abundant ultrafine Co3O4/graphene composites for high-rate supercapacitor electrodes, Adv. Sci. 5 (2018) 1-10. [78] X. Cao, Y. Shi, W. Shi, G. Lu, X. Huang, Q. Yan, Preparation of novel 3d graphene networks for supercapacitor applications, Small 7 (2011) 3163–3168. [79] C. Jiang, B. Zhao, J. Cheng, J. Li, H. Zhang, Z. Tang, J. Yang, Hydrothermal synthesis of Ni(OH)2 nanoflakes on 3D graphene foam for high-performance supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 173 (2015) 399–407. [80] J. Gao, H. Xuan, Y. Xu, T. Liang, X. Han, J. Yang, P. Han, D. Wang, Y. Du, Interconnected network of zinc-cobalt layered double hydroxide stick onto rGO/nickel foam for high performance asymmetric supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta 286 (2018) 92–102. [81] X. Dong, J. Wang, J. Wang, M. B. Chan-Park, X. Li, L. Wang, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies specifically related to the application of graphene in supercapacitors. It refers to multiple research articles focused on enhancing energy and power densities in supercapacitors using graphene, thus indicating that a significant part of graphene research indeed centers around its use in energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Mayneris-Perxachs, Castells-Nobau, Arnoriaga-Rodríguez, Garre-Olmo, Puig, Ramos, Martínez-Hernández, Burokas, Coll, Moreno-Navarrete, Zapata-Tona, Pedraza, Pérez-Brocal, Ramió-Torrentà, Ricart, Moya, Martínez-García, Maldonado and Fernández-Real2022). However, the impact of bacteriophages on cognitive health in the elderly remains underexplored. It is plausible that some of the apparent effects that bacteria have on the host may be in part mediated or influenced by bacteriophages (Teng et al. , and Zhang2022). evidence for prebiotics, substrates that are selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (Gibson et al. , and Reid2017), to improve brain health in ageing is limited. Despite this lack of research, there is some evidence that a prebiotic mix containing inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides can improve frailty, a risk factor for cognitive decline (Borges et al. , Reference Borges, Canevelli, Cesari and Aprahamian2019), under certain conditions (Buigues et al. , Reference Buigues, Fernandez-Garrido, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Martinez-Martinez, Verdejo, Mascaros, Peris and Cauli2016; Theou et al. , Reference Theou, Jayanama, Fernandez-Garrido, Buigues, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Rockwood and Cauli2019) without showing a benefit on cognition (Buigues et al. , Reference Buigues, Fernandez-Garrido, Pruimboom, Hoogland, Navarro-Martinez, Martinez-Martinez, Verdejo, Mascaros, Peris and Cauli2016). Preclinically, supplementation with inulin decreased neuroinflammation in brains of middle-aged mice (Boehme et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is some evidence that prebiotics like inulin and fructo-oligosaccharides can have positive effects on health, including potential benefits related to cognitive decline, it explicitly states, 'without showing a benefit on cognition.' This implies that the improvements may not be sufficient to eliminate all symptoms of anxiety, and that the effects on cognitive health are still limited and underexplored.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (mg/mL) Linear equation R2 LOD (µg/mL) LOQ (µg/mL) Intraday (n = 9) RSD% Interday (5 days) RSD% 0. 1–0. 5 y = 21854855x-636924 0. 999 16. 0 48. 4 0. 16 0. 49 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 39860424x + 1133 0. 999 0. 06 0. 17 0. 05–0. 25 y = 18273742x-163888 0. 999 7. 30 22. 2 0. 17 0. 50 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 14374441x + 285 0. 999 0. 07 0. 20 Aloe emodin 0. 0025-0. 2 y = 61738263-65079 0. 998 4. 88 14. 79 0. 15 0. 51 3. 3. Another important factor to consider was the stability of the standard solutions and the latex extracts. To evaluate this parameter, acidified and non-acidified standard solutions and latex extracts were prepared and stored at room temperature for 336 hours. At different time periods, analysis was performed, peak areas were determined and the results were expressed as a percentage of non-degradation (Tables 2 and 3). For time t = 0, the percentage was 100%. It was observed that the standard solutions of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were more stable upon the addition of 0. 1% acetic acid. The stability of the analytes was maintained over a period of 48 hours. After 72 hours, degradation seemed to be faster in the non-acidified mixture. Fourteen days later, an additional peak was observed, which is probably attributed to a degradation product. It was also concluded that aloe emodin is not the direct product of the degradation of aloins, since there was no increase in its area. Table 2 Stability of acidified and non-acidified standards solutions. Acidified standard solutions Non-acidified standard solutions Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 97. 4 96. 8 99. 0 96. 2 95. 7 96. 4 8 96. 2 91. 5 94. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the stability of standard solutions and latex extracts related to Aloe vera, without any reference to its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Huang, P. Chen, Supercapacitor electrode based on three-dimensional graphene-polyaniline hybrid, Mater. Chem. Phys. 134 (2012) 576–580. [82] J. all-solid-state supercapacitors based on highly conductive polypyrrole-coated graphene foam, Chem. Eng. J. 349 (2018) 111–118. [83] C. Xiang, M. Li, M. Zhi, A. Manivannan, N. Wu, A reduced graphene oxide/Co3O4 composite for supercapacitor electrode, J. 226 (2013) 65–70. [84] X. C. Dong, H. -Park, H. Zhang, L. H. Wang, W. Huang, P. Chen, 3D graphene-cobalt oxide electrode for high-performance supercapacitor and enzymeless glucose detection, ACS Nano 6 (2012) 3206–3213. [85] Y. He, W. Chen, X. Li, Z. Zhang, J. Fu, C. Zhao, E. Xie, Freestanding three-dimensional graphene/MnO2 composite networks as ultralight and flexible supercapacitor electrodes, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 174–182. [86] J. Ji, L. L. Zhang, H. Ji, Y. Li, X. Zhao, X. Bai, X. Fan, F. Zhang, R. S. Ruoff, Nanoporous Ni(OH)2 thin film on 3D ultrathin-graphite foam for asymmetric supercapacitor, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 6237–6243. [87] W. Zhou, X. Cao, Z. Zeng, W. Shi, Y. Zhu, Q. Yan, H. Liu, J. Wang, H. Zhang, One-step synthesis of Ni3S2 nanorod@Ni(OH)2 nanosheet core-shell nanostructures on a three-dimensional graphene network for high-performance supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci. 6 (2013) 2216–2221. [88]. Lee, S. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references to research studies specifically focused on graphene's application as electrodes in supercapacitors. The mentioned studies highlight the development of various graphene-based materials for enhancing supercapacitor performance, directly supporting the claim that research in graphene predominantly centers on energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: , Reference Boehme, van de Wouw, Bastiaanssen, Olavarría-Ramírez, and Cryan2020), while inulin in combination with Enterococcus faecium (Romo-Araiza et al. , Reference Romo-Araiza, Gutierrez-Salmean, Galvan, Hernandez-Frausto, Herrera-Lopez, Romo-Parra, Garcia-Contreras, Fernandez-Presas, Jasso-Chavez, Borlongan and Ibarra2018) showed similar effects in aged mice (Matt et al. , and Johnson2018), and modulated brain ageing-related metabolites such as TMAO following chronic stress in the brains of aged mice (Cruz-Pereira et al. , Reference Cruz--Bisa, van de Wouw, Fitzgerald, Dinan, Clarke and Cryan2022). Possible mechanisms may include microbial metabolite signalling-mediated modulation of peripheral and brain immune activation, modulation of brain metabolites, stimulation of gut hormones and neurotransmitter signalling (Boehme et al. , Reference Boehme, van de Wouw, Bastiaanssen, Olavarría-Ramírez, and Cryan2020; Matt et al. , and Johnson2018; Stilling et al. , Reference Stilling, van de Wouw, Clarke, Stanton, Dinan and Cryan2016; van de Wouw et al. , Reference van de Wouw, Boehme, Dinan and Cryan2019). Moreover, the combination of the prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharide with multiple bacterial strains (L. paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. acidophilus and B. lactis) mildly enhanced cognitive performance in healthy elderly (Louzada and Ribeiro, and Ribeiro2020). dietary interventions modulating the gut microbiota composition has been proposed to combat age-related decline and improve physiological well-being (Cryan et al. , Reference Cryan, Boehme and Dinan2019a). From epidemiological studies, compelling evidence suggests that Mediterranean diet can be beneficial for the ageing human brain (van de Rest et al. , Reference van de Rest, Berendsen, Haveman-Nies and de Groot2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that suggest while interventions related to gut microbiome health can have effects on brain health and possibly impact cognitive performance, it does not specifically support the notion that such improvements can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety independently. It mentions microbial metabolites and dietary interventions that may benefit physiological well-being but does not imply that these measures alone would completely eliminate anxiety symptoms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 7 92. 3 89. 7 89. 9 12 92. 2 90. 5 89. 9 91. 6 89. 2 86. 8 24 91. 9 90. 0 86. 3 90. 3 86. 4 82. 9 48 90. 4 89. 5 85. 6 89. 1 85. 9 82. 6 72 80. 7 87. 6 82. 1 77. 2 83. 8 65. 0 336 (14 days) 67. 7 74. 0 45. 8 52. 2 63. 2 44. 2 Table 3 Stability of acidified and non-acidified latex extract. Acidified latex extract Non-acidified latex extract Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) a Aloe emodin 0 100 100 ND 100 100 ND 4 95. 8 95. 5 ND 94. 1 94. 9 ND 8 92. 8 93. 2 ND 90. 0 90. 0 ND 12 87. 4 89. 5 ND 85. 0 89. 2 ND 24 82. 3 88. 0 ND 74. 7 80. 5 ND 48 80. 2 85. 3 ND 71. 5 75. 3 ND 72 72. 0 81. 2 100 59. 1 61. 4 100 336 (14 days) 49. 1 69. 8 109. 3 35. 3 39. 8 116. 1 a ND: not detected As far as the stability of aloe latex extract is concerned, it was observed that aloe emodin was not present in the latex extract from Miller. After 72 hours though, aloe emodin started to appear in the chromatograms, and the area of the peak increased more fourteen days later, possibly due to plant enzymes that contribute to the degradation of aloins A and B into aloe emodin. It was observed that the stability was slightly higher in the acidified sample, which was preserved for 24 hours. The non-acidified extract degraded more quickly, with a significant increase in decomposition after 12 hours. 3. 4. Quantitation of Aloins in Plants 3. 4. 1. Effect of this study, three aloe plants were used and three different latex collection times were examined. In particular, the leaves from each aloe vera plant were allowed to drip for 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours, respectively, and the latex was collected. All samples were prepared according to the procedure mentioned earlier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the stability and quantitation of aloe latex extract and the presence of aloe emodin. There are no references or evidence relating to the historical use or efficacy of aloe vera for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Jun, Enhanced symmetric supercapacitive performance of Co(OH)2 nanorods decorated conducting porous graphene foam electrodes, Electrochim. Acta 129 (2014) 334–342. [89] S. Sun, P. Wang, S. Wang, Q. Wu, S. Fang, Fabrication of MnO2/nanoporous 3D graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, Mater. Lett. 145 (2015) 141–144. [90]. facile synthesis of hierarchical α-MnO2 nanofibers on 3D-graphene foam for supercapacitor application, Mater. Lett. 119 (2014) 135–139. [91] W. Deng, Y. Sun, Q. Su, E. Xie, W. Lan, Porous CoO nanobundles composited with 3D graphene foams for supercapacitors electrodes, Mater. Lett. 137 (2014) 124–127. [92] S. Khamlich, T. Khamliche, M. S. Dhlamini, M. Khenfouch, B. M. Mothudi, M. Maaza, Rapid microwave-assisted growth of silver nanop137. [93] W. Wang, S. Guo, I. Lee, K. Ahmed, J. Zhong, Z. Favors, F. Zaera, M. Ozkan, C. S. Ozkan, Hydrous ruthenium oxide nanop9. [94] X. Yu, B. Lu, Z. Xu, Super long-life supercapacitors based on the construction of nanohoneycomb-like strongly coupled CoMoO4-3D graphene hybrid electrodes, Adv. Mater. 26 (2014) 1044–1051. [95] X. Hong, B. Zhang, E. Murphy, J. Zou, F. Kim, Three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposite film prepared by diffusion driven layer-by-layer assembly for high-performance supercapacitors, J. 343 (2017) 60–66. [96] A. A. Mirghni, D. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple studies that specifically investigate the use of graphene and its derivatives in supercapacitor applications. The citations provided, such as studies on graphene foam electrodes and hybrid structures for supercapacitors, highlight that a significant focus of the research is indeed on energy storage technologies, thereby supporting the claim about the centrality of supercapacitor applications in graphene research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Components of a Mediterranean diet such as Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3-PUFAs) or vitamin A have been shown to elicit protective effects on the ageing brain in preclinical models (Labrousse et al. , and Laye2012; Touyarot et al. , and Pallet2013). Also, polyphenols have been shown to positively influence cognition in preclinical and clinical settings (de Vries et al, Reference de Vries, Medawar, Korosi and Witte2021). Conversely, these nutrients have been shown to modulate the gut microbiota and can rescue microbiome-associated perturbations on brain health in preclinical models (Donoso et al. , and Cryan2020; Provensi et al. , and Passani2019). Work from the NU-AGE consortium shed light onto the relationship between Mediterranean diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota and their link to improved health in elderly, showing reduced frailty and improved health status associated with an intermediate microbiome response (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was linked to increased abundance in taxa which were positively associated with improved health outcomes such as decreased frailty and improved cognition, and negatively associated with inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein and interleukin-17 (IL-17) suggesting that Mediterranean diet may have the potential to promote healthier ageing (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Accumulating preclinical and clinical research highlights IL-17 as a major cytokine involved in neurodegenerative processes and cognitive decline (Brigas et al. , -Murcia, Carvalho, Faivre, Costa-Pereira, Darrigues, de -Santos, Lopes and Ribot2021; Cipollini et al. , Reference Cipollini, Anrather, Orzi and Iadecola2019; Regen et al. , -and Waisman2021), suggesting that dietary strategies which decrease IL-17 could promote healthy ageing (Dupraz et al. , and Michel2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of dietary components, specifically from the Mediterranean diet, in modulating gut microbiota and their potential positive effects on brain health. It suggests that while there are certain protective effects related to gut health, this does not imply that improving gut microbiome health alone can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. The text highlights complex interactions between diet, gut microbiota, and overall health, indicating that multiple factors are likely involved in managing symptoms of anxiety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Taking into consideration the position of each leaf, while maintaining the same numbering of the leaves from the base to the upper level, allowed us to compare the three latex collection times. For a collection time of 1 hour, the amounts of aloin A and B were 40–50% less than the ones obtained when other collection times were used. It was concluded that one hour was not enough to collect all the latex from the leaf. A 4. 5-hour time collection was adequate to collect all the latex since the concentrations of both aloins were similar to the concentrations obtained when the latex was collected after 24 hours. Therefore, in all subsequent experiments, latex was collected within 4. 5 hours. 3. 4. 2. Effect of Eighteen different aloe plants were used to study the effect of aloe plant conditions on the concentration of aloins A and B. Aloe emodin was not present in any of the Miller plants studied, although this was not in agreement with other studies [27, 28]. All the experiments required for the analysis of all the leaves in one plant were conducted within 3–4 days to avoid any alteration of the aloin content. In a study by Gutterman and Chauser-Volfson, it was reported that it had not yet been known how the cutting of one leave may affect the aloin content of the other leaves [8]. Therefore, it was considered important to study such a parameter. In particular, aloin content was determined in leaves that were harvested during summer or winter and plants were cultivated in soil and pots, in leaves from plants that were cultivated indoors in a pot and in leaves from plants under stress. Different factors such as seasonal variation, plant cultivation as well as environmental and plant conditions was evaluated for their contribution in aloins content. 3. 4. 2. 1. Effect of seasonal variation Leaves of twelve Miller plants were harvested during the summer (plants #1–3 and #7–9) and winter season (plants #4–6 and #10–12). The plants were cultivated under the same conditions, in the field (plants #1–6) and pots (plants #7–12). It was observed that the concentration of aloins varied considerably in all twelve plants. is superior in concentration to aloin B, in all the leaves (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses research on the collection of aloe latex and the concentration of aloins in various plant conditions, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Manyala, Electrochemical analysis of Co3(PO4)2·4H2O/graphene foam composite for enhanced capacity and long cycle life hybrid asymmetric capacitors, Electrochim. Acta 283 (2018) 374–384. [97] J. Hao, T. Meng, D. Shu, X. Song, H. Cheng, B. Li, X. Zhou, F. Zhang, Z. Li, C. He, Synthesis of three dimensional N,S co-doped rGO foam with high capacity and long cycling stability for supercapacitors, J. Sci. 537 (2019) 57–65. [98]. Momodu, T. Ntsoane, N. Manyala, Three dimensional vanadium pentoxide/graphene foam composite as positive electrode for high performance asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor, J. Sci. 532 (2018) 395–406. [99] K. Iessa, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, F. Xiao, S. Wang, Conductive porous sponge-like ionic liquid-graphene assembly decorated with nanosized polyaniline as active electrode material for supercapacitor, J. 302 (2016) 92–97. [100] P. Yu, X. Zhao, Z. Huang, Y. Li, Q. Zhang, Free-standing three-dimensional graphene and polyaniline nanowire arrays hybrid foams for high-performance flexible and lightweight supercapacitors, J. Mater. Chem. A 2 (2014) 14413–14420. [101] S. Chabi, C. Peng, Z. Yang, Y. Xia, Y. Zhu, Three dimensional (3D) flexible graphene foam/polypyrrole composite: Towards highly efficient supercapacitors, RSC Adv. 5 (2015) 3999–4008. [102] C. Xiong, T. Li, Y. Zhu, T. Zhao, A. Dang, H. Li, X. Ji, Y. Shang, M. Khan, Two-step approach of fabrication of interconnected nanoporous 3D reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotube-polyaniline hybrid as a binder-free supercapacitor electrode, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of research that specifically examines the use of graphene in supercapacitors. Each cited study discusses the enhancements in capacity, stability, and performance of supercapacitors when utilizing graphene or graphene composites, indicating a strong focus on energy storage applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Notably, elderly individuals who maintained high adherence showed improved global cognition and episodic memory after one year compared to low adherence (Marseglia et al. , --Tait, Pietruszka, De Groot, Santoro and Franceschi2018) which were associated with alterations in their gut microbiome, suggesting that broad dietary intervention could be considered as a less invasive strategy than FMT for altering the gut microbiota towards improved cognition in elderly people (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Analysis of inferred microbial functions showed an increase in short and branch chained fatty acid production and lower production of secondary bile acids (Ghosh et al. , --Ferre, Nicoletti, De Vos, Fairweather-Tait, Cassidy, Brigidi, Franceschi and O’Toole2020). Of note, metabolic network analysis in clinical studies of AD points to a possible link of secondary bile acids with deterioration of cognition (Baloni et al. , -’s Disease Metabolomics, Kaddurah-Daouk and Price2020). In a large multicentre study, the authors report here an association between altered bile acid profile, genetic variants implicated in Alzheimer’s disease, and cognitive changes (MahmoudianDehkordi et al. , --van Duijn, Saykin, Kastenmuller and Kaddurah-Daouk2019). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has further shown to slow down the progression of AD (Berti et al. , de Leon and Mosconi2018). The impact on dementia-type cognitive impairment has been also assessed by introducing a broader change in diet, which holds promise towards a more profound adjustment of the gut microbiome as opposed to the use of supplements (et al. , -Liberona, Gonzalez-Dominguez, Zamora--Lacueva, Guglielmetti and Riso2021; Ghosh et al. , Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Toole2022a,Reference Ghosh, Shanahan and O’Tooleb; Nagpal et al. , Reference Nagpal, Neth, Wang, Craft and Yadav2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies about the gut microbiome's impact on cognitive health, particularly in elderly individuals, but does not support the assertion that these interventions can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without additional measures. It highlights that while there are associations and potential improvements in cognition linked to dietary changes and gut microbiome alterations, it does not confirm that these changes can solely and completely alleviate anxiety symptoms without further interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: If though the amount of aloin A was either increased or decreased in a leave, aloin B followed the same trend. The concentrations at the different plant growing positions ranged from 294 to 526 mg/g and from 85 to 339 mg/g dried latex for aloins A and B, respectively, for the summer harvest. Whereas, for the winter harvest, the concentration of aloin A varied from 54 to 269 and of aloin B from 20 to 170 mg/g dried latex. The concentrations of aloins were found slightly higher in the present study, but without any significant deviation from the study reported by Sanchez-Machado et al. [11]. The quantity of aloins was significantly lower in the winter than in the summer period (p-value < 0. 001). The reduction in their concentrations was about 65–67% for both aloins A and B. The results are in agreement with the results of Beppu et al. , who reported that the concentrations of the two substances in the plant were higher in April and from July to August (after the blooming period) and lower from October to December (before the blooming period) [10]. 3. 4. 2. 2. Effect of cultivation conditions Two different cultivation processes (pot and field) of aloe plants were studied. The soil, which was used to grow potted plants, was obtained from the field, in which the rest of the plants were cultivated. The other growing conditions were the same. For an effective comparison between the two processes of plant cultivation, aloe plants, whose leaves were harvested in the same season, were contrasted. As demonstrated in Fig. 2, in the winter season, the concentrations of both aloins were at lower levels in field-grown than pot-grown aloe plants. In the case of summer harvest, the findings were different. In particular, the concentration of aloin A was greater in field cultivation, whereas the concentration of aloin B was higher in potted aloe plants. This proves that different ratios of aloins depend on the cultivation conditions of the plants. In the case of aloe plants cultivated in soil (p-value = 0. 07), the concentration of aloins did not demonstrate large variations with respect to leaf position, whereas, in plants grown in pots (p-value = 0. 08), a specific pattern was observed in the leaves of the plant. As demonstrated in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the concentrations of aloins A and B in aloe plants under different cultivation conditions and seasons. It does not provide any historical context or mention the use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Alloys Compd. 695 (2017) 1248–1259. [103] Z. S. Wu, A. Winter, L. Chen, Y. Sun, A. Turchanin, X. Feng, K. Müllen, Three-dimensional nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene for high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors, Adv. Mater. 24 (2012) 5130–5135. [104] T. Qin, Z. Wan, Z. Wang, Y. Wen, M. Liu, S. Peng, D. He, J. Hou, F. Huang, G. Cao, 3D flexible O/N co-doped graphene foams for supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric and areal capacitances, J. 336 (2016) 455–464. [105] H. Huang, C. Lei, G. Luo, Z. Cheng, G. Li, S. Tang, Y. Du, Facile synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene on Ni foam for high-performance supercapacitors, J. Mater. Sci. 51 (2016) 6348–6356. [106] L. Zhang, D. DeArmond, N. T. Alvarez, D. Zhao, T. Wang, G. Hou, R. Malik, W. R. Heineman, V. Shanov, Beyond graphene foam, a new form of three-dimensional graphene for supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. A. 4 (2016) 1876-1886. [107] E. Senthilkumar, V. Sivasankar, B. R. Kohakade, K. Thileepkumar, M. Ramya, G. Sivagaami Sundari, S. Raghu, R. A. Kalaivani, Synthesis of nanoporous graphene and their electrochemical performance in a symmetric supercapacitor, Appl. Surf. Sci. 460 (2018) 17–24. [108] Z. Xing, B. Wang, W. Gao, C. . Lu, X. Wang, W. Luo, C. H. Chang, Y. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing several studies that specifically focus on the application of graphene in supercapacitors, highlighting its performance in enhancing energy storage solutions. The references to research articles mention 'high-performance supercapacitors' and 'supercapacitor electrodes with high volumetric and areal capacitances,' which supports the assertion that graphene's high electrical conductivity is a key factor in its application in energy storage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: In a pilot study using a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet, the authors found changes in several taxa with distinct patterns between cognitively impaired versus cognitively normal subjects (Nagpal et al. , Reference Nagpal, Neth, Wang, Craft and Yadav2019). Vice versa, western-style diets, rich in saturated fat and high in sugar, may trigger cognitive dysfunction in ageing (Beilharz et al. , Reference Beilharz, Maniam and Morris2015; Gardener et al. , Reference Gardener, Rainey-and Martins2015; Wieckowska-Gacek et al. , Reference Wieckowska-Gacek, Mietelska-Porowska, Wydrych and Wojda2021). A recent study shed more light into the role of the microbiota in this process showing a microbiota-dependent accumulation of the advanced glycation end product N6-carboxymethyllysine in microglia of aged mice linked to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction (Mossad et al. , de Aguero, Szalay, Lammermann, Macpherson, Ganal-Vonarburg, Backofen, Erny, Prinz and Blank2022), risk factors for cognitive impairment. Furthermore, calorie restriction resulted in a lower level of amyloid plaque in a mouse model of AD (Cox et al. , and Blaser2019). Intermittent fasting and caloric restriction emerged as a viable strategy to improve cognition not only in mouse models of ageing and Alzheimer’s disease and primates, but also in humans (Chakraborty et al. , Reference Chakraborty, Banerjee, Mukherjee and Poddar2020; Dal-Pan et al. , Reference Dal-Pan, Pifferi, Marchal, Picq, Aujard and Consortium2011; Ooi et al. , and Sharif2020; Pan et al. , and Yuan2022; Witte et al. , Reference Witte, Fobker, Gellner, Knecht and Floel2009). While the level and feasibility of caloric restriction in humans remains to be elucidated, intermittent fasting represents a possible strategy to improve cognitive health during ageing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various dietary interventions, such as a modified Mediterranean-ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, that may influence cognitive health and cognitive functions, but does not support the notion that improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any additional interventions. It highlights the complexity of cognitive impairment and the need for comprehensive strategies rather than a singular focus on gut microbiome health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 3, the highest concentrations of aloins were observed in two of these leaves. The first maximum was observed between positions #4 and #5, and the second between positions #7 and #8. In addition, the high concentrations of aloins A and B in leaves #7 or #8, located in the middle-upper or upper part of the plant, are in agreement with the results of other studies, which reported that a leaf in the upper part of the aloe plant contained greater amounts of aloins [10, 11]. Both summer and winter harvests of leaves demonstrated the same pattern of aloins concentration, and the maximum points of the pattern were observed in the leaves at the same positions. The study reported here confirmed that there is a trend in the concentrations of both aloins in potted aloe plants. By numbering the leaves using the rosette pattern, it is easy to determine the leaves that are rich in bioactive compounds with purgative properties. This pattern investigation could help both the pharmaceutical and food industries. In the first case, there is an interest in leaves with the highest amount of aloins A and B in order to isolate them and use them as a laxative in pills, etc. On the other hand, the food industry prefers the leaves with the lowest concentrations of aloins in order to reduce the time for their removal [29]. 3. 4. 2. 3. Leaves harvested in winter from plants grown indoors plants (plants #13–15) were cultivated indoors at a temperature ranging from 20 to 25 oC. The leaves from all three plants were harvested during the winter period. It was observed that the aloins concentrations were much higher than anticipated with a p-value equal to 0. 005 (Fig. 2). By comparing the potted plants that were harvested in winter, the concentration of aloin A was 61% higher than the one found in the plant that was grown outdoors, while aloin B was 54% higher. The concentrations of the two substances in the leaves from indoor plants were much closer to the concentrations in the leaves from the plants that were harvested in the summer. In addition, the aloin A content was again higher than that of aloin B. In this case, the pattern did not appear as clear as in the previous study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the concentrations of aloins in different parts of the aloe plant and discusses their potential applications in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of research in graphene focuses on its application in supercapacitors and energy storage due to its high electrical conductivity. [SEP] Text: Wen, S. Ma, K. Amine, X. Ji, Reducing CO2 to dense nanoporous graphene by Mg/Zn for high power electrochemical capacitors, 11 (2014) 600–610. [109] H. Yang, S. . Lu, Graphene supercapacitor with both high power and energy density, Nanotechnology 28 (2017) 1-10. [110] C. Chen, C. Chen, P. Huang, F. Duan, S. Zhao, P. Li, J. Fan, W. Song, Y. Qin, NiO/nanoporous graphene composites with excellent supercapacitive performance produced by atomic layer deposition, Nanotechnology 25 (2014) 1-9. [111] Y. Xu, Z. Lin, X. Huang, Y. Liu, Y. Huang, X. Duan, Flexible solid-state supercapacitors based on three-dimensional graphene hydrogel films, ACS Nano 7 (2013) 4042–4049. [112] G. Gorgolis, D. Karamanis, Materials & Solar Cells, Sol. Energy Mater. 144 (2016) 559–578. [113] P. Ngoc Hong, Carbon nanotube and graphene aerogels–The world’s 3d lightest materials for environment applications: A review, Int. J. Mater. Sci. Appl. 6 (2017) 277-283. [114] G. Gorgolis, C. Galiotis, Graphene aerogels: A review, 2D Mater. 4 (2017) 1-22. [115] X. Zhang, Z. Sui, B. Xu, S. Yue, Y. Luo, B. Liu, Mechanically strong and highly conductive graphene aerogel and its use as electrodes for electrochemical power sources, J. Mater. Chem. (2011) 6494–6497. [116] S. Ye, J. Feng, Self-assembled three-dimensional hierarchical graphene/polypyrrole nanotube hybrid aerogel and its application for supercapacitors, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6 (2014) 9671–9679. [117] H. Sun, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing multiple studies that specifically highlight graphene's use in supercapacitors, which is a key domain of energy storage. For instance, it mentions various works focusing on 'electrochemical capacitors' and 'supercapacitor with both high power and energy density'. This indicates that there is a substantial body of research oriented towards graphene's applications in these technologies, corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Improving gut microbiome health can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety without any other interventions. [SEP] Text: Conclusions and future perspectives Research published over the last few years has demonstrated that the gut microbiota is a crucial contributor to (and potential target to improve) host brain ageing, including in neurodegenerative diseases, making this an exciting time for research within this scope. Indeed, microbiota-targeted interventions have shown promise for improving cognitive performance and overall brain health during ageing. While this field of research is very young and mechanistic evidence is entirely preclinical, clinical studies involving probiotics and dietary interventions that alter the gut microbiota have shown success at improving aspects of cognition in older people. Furthermore, clinical trials and case studies involving FMT demonstrate promise for improving symptoms of neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, AD and MS, giving hope to the future of medicine for the thousands of individuals living with these diseases who currently have limited treatment options. Nonetheless, this is a rapidly emerging field, and large-scale, well-controlled clinical studies are required to better characterise the potential for the gut microbiota as a treatment target within these diseases. Ageing is a complex biological process, and individual’s age at different speeds and trajectories, which complicates defining healthy ageing, including how the gut microbiota should be modulated to support healthy ageing. Moreover, the impact of biological sex on ageing remains understudied, including how sex shapes age-related physiological changes in the microbiota-host dialogue, regardless of the increasing evidence that suggests biological sex contributes to the susceptibility for several age-related diseases. While the gut microbiota may become a diagnostic tool to better understand an individual’s biological age(ing) (Ratiner et al. , Reference Ratiner, Abdeen, Goldenberg and Elinav2022), it may be necessary to tailor a microbiota-targeted intervention to an individual’s ageing process, considering individualised factors such as lifestyle, dietary habits and its existing resident gut microbiome. Therefore, there may not be a one-size-fits-all solution to improving brain ageing via the gut microbiota, and instead personalised solutions may be required. Increasing our understanding on ecological aspects in diet-microbiome interrelationship and its impact on the host are key going forward in designing efficacious nutritional interventions. This also includes an understanding on how the resident gut microbiome may impact the efficacy of nutritional solutions on host outcomes (Maldonado-Gomez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while gut microbiota-targeted interventions show promise, particularly for cognitive performance and aspects of brain health, there is no evidence that they can eliminate all symptoms of anxiety independently. The mention of the necessity for well-controlled clinical studies and the indication that interventions may need to be tailored to individual needs suggest that a universal solution does not exist.