Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: However, >95% of the disease-associated mortality showed signs consistent with white plague. Combining all sites, white plague was recorded on 19 coral species. White plague caused over 6,500 lesions and was responsible for over 86,000 cm2 of tissue loss. The genus Montastraea (excluding M. cavernosa) experienced the greatest mortality from white plague with 94. 5% of the recorded disease-associated lesions. Colpophyllia natans, Diploria spp. , Siderastrea siderea, and Porites spp. were affected by white plague as well, but at comparatively lower levels. Dark spot disease, black band, and white band diseases represented only 1. 1, 0. 4 and 0. 4% of the total number of lesions, respectively. Caribbean yellow band disease was extremely rare. White plague and black band diseases were found within each study site, but only white plague was found during each sample period. Since over 95% of all recorded lesions were consistent with signs associated with white plague, disease, as discussed in the rest of this paper, will refer only to the loss of coral from signs similar to white plague disease. Disease monitoring conducted at the reference sites (Haulover, Newfound, and Reefs) from January to March 2005 revealed an average of 0. 5 disease-induced lesions per transect and 23. 7 cm2 of tissue loss per transect before the onset of bleaching. When peak bleaching at the reference sites occurred (October–November 2005) the average number of lesions per transect increased to 3. 3, and the average area of disease-induced mortality increased to 42. 2 cm2 per transect. ‘Peak’ disease activity (defined as the greatest amount of disease-induced lesions and associated area of mortality: March–April 2006) at the three reference sites reached an average of 29. 6 lesions and 298. 7 cm2 of tissue loss per transect, representing a 51-fold increase in the number of lesions and 13-fold increase in the amount of area lost from disease when compared with initial surveys before bleaching occurred. Disease activity at (see Fig. 3), not sampled before bleaching began, peaked earlier (November 2005) and higher (4. 3 lesions per transect and 465. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant mortality and tissue loss in coral species due to white plague disease, which intensified following a bleaching event. The statistics provided indicate that the disease activity increased drastically after bleaching, suggesting that without intervention, recovery from the severe impacts of disease associated with bleaching may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It was first reported in the extracellular fluid of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera sp. BOS55 as having the capacity to oxidize DMP in the absence of H2O2[12]. In contrast with MnP, MIP was not inhibited by 1 mM EDTA and was not stimulated by Mn2+ Mn2+ addition [14]-[16]. In view of its simpler substrate oxidation mode, the function of MIP in the complex synergistic system of lignocellulosic enzymes still needs to be clarified. Lignocellulosic fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides was reported to secrete laccase, MnP, LiP, cellulases and hemicellulases. Several laccases have been purified from the culture supernatant of C. cladosporioides, which usually showed relative activities over a range of pH 3 to 6 and 40 to 70°C [17],[18]. Previous research of C. cladosporioides mostly focused on its good capacity for dye decolorization and various enzyme activities in mesophilic temperatures [7],[19],[20]. There was only one report about psychrophilic C. cladosporioides, which was isolated from Antarctica at either 4°C or 15°C with the ability to produce endoglucanase [21]. Further studies about psychrotolerant C. cladosporioides secreting ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases in biomass degradation will considerably enlarge its application range. Cold-adapted microorganisms have a considerable potential in biotechnological application, including waste treatment and bioremediation at ambient temperatures, textile and food industries [22],[23]. Bioconversion catalyzed by cold-adaptive enzymes produced by these psychrophilic microorganisms have three advantages, firstly they have the potential to economize processes by saving energy because of their high activity at low and moderate temperatures and thus offer potential economic and environmental benefits [23]. Secondly, mild industrial conditions at an ambient temperature are beneficial for preventing modification of original heat-sensitive substrates and generation of adverse by-products [24]. Thirdly, the application of psychrophilic enzymes will make the industrial operation more convenient and safer, which is a tendency in traditional industry [24]. In our previous work a lignin-degrading psychrophilic fungus strain C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various fungi and enzymes related to lignocellulosic biomass degradation and the potential applications of cold-adapted microorganisms, but it does not address bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 2b and 2d, 700 hPa is used in the rather than 850 hPa to ensure that more of the diagnostic domain remains above ground over Antarctica. The 3_NOAA simulation in general has the highest anomaly correlations, and anomaly correlations for the 2_NOAA and 1_NOAA experiments are, in general, progressively lower. Overall this indicates that the additional information from two and three satellites improves forecast quality; this can be seen for most cases. In this study, the January–Hemisphere polar region (Fig. 2b) provides an exception. In the polar region experiments for January–February, the 2_NOAA and 3_polar anomaly correlations are always better than the 1_NOAA polar anomaly correlations; however, the 2_NOAA experiment has higher scores than the 3_NOAA experiment. This may be influenced by the considerable overlap of the satellite orbits near the poles. Consistent with the results from Zapotocny et al. (2008), all of the tropical anomaly correlations (not shown) were found to be approximately 0. 15–0. 20 better in January–February than they were in August–September. This may be related to the broader expanse of deep tropical convection in August–September than January–February. Figure 3 compares the 20°–80° Northern and 500-hPa geopotential height day 0–7 anomaly correlation die-off curves from the 1_NOAA simulation to the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA simulations. The comparisons are for both January–February (Figs. 3a, b, e, f) and August–September 2003 (Figs. 3c, d, g, h). The dark blue line is the 1_NOAA simulation while the magenta line is either the 2_NOAA or 3_NOAA simulation anomaly correlation. In these experiments, the larger the separation between the 1_NOAA anomaly correlation and the 2_NOAA or 3_NOAA anomaly correlation, the greater is the importance of the additional satellite(s) to the quality of the simulation. For 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments the 500-hPa midlatitude anomaly correlation scores are consistently better throughout the 7-day forecasts than for the 1_NOAA experiment. This indicates that the information from the additional satellite(s) is improving these forecasts. It is generally accepted that an anomaly correlation of 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that additional satellite data significantly improves the quality of weather forecasts. It states, "the additional information from two and three satellites improves forecast quality... the larger the separation between the 1_NOAA anomaly correlation and the 2_NOAA or 3_NOAA anomaly correlation, the greater is the importance of the additional satellite(s) to the quality of the simulation." This clearly indicates the critical role of satellites in enhancing weather prediction and, by extension, disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 0 cm2 of tissue loss from disease per transect) than the reference sites, with 104-fold more lesions and 55-fold more disease-induced tissue loss than initial surveys at the reference sites. The greatest amount of disease-induced mortality occurred within several months after the highest percent of bleached coral cover was observed except for Tektite Reef, where disease mortality and bleaching severity peaked simultaneously. Maximum disease-induced mortality did not occur at the same time for each site (see Fig. 4); however, most of the mortality was documented during the winter months, when water temperatures were similar to historical averages and re-coloration of corals had begun (Fig. 3). An average of 68. 8% of all lesions and 65. 6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed. Fig. 3Time series of identical video captures at showing a bleached Montastraea annularis, September 2005, b M. annularis re-coloring and heavily affected by coral disease, November 2005, c near-total mortality of M. annularis with surviving portion still pale, January 2006Full size image Disease activity at all sites remained elevated through July 2006 with two reference sites, still having 10 times more lesions and twice as much area of tissue loss from disease when compared with initial surveys. Continued monitoring of the disease in 2007 revealed the number of disease-induced lesions was similar to pre-bleaching values for two reference sites, Newfound and Reef. Haulover remained the only site that still showed a greater number of disease-induced lesions than pre-bleaching levels; however, the area of disease-associated mortality was similar to the initial surveys for all three sites. White plague was still the dominant disease representing 99. 3% of the lesions, and 94. 3% of the area of tissue loss from disease in 2007. Black band and white band were the only other two diseases recorded in 2007, but at comparatively low levels. Montastraea annularis (complex) was again the most significantly affected with 92% of the lesions and 86% of the area of tissue loss from disease occurring on this species group. Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the ongoing disease-induced mortality in coral populations after bleaching. It states that 'an average of 68.8% of all lesions and 65.6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed,' suggesting that recovery may not be possible without addressing the diseases affecting the corals. The mention of significantly elevated disease activity and continued monitoring implies that intervention may be necessary for effective recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cladosporioides Ch2-2 was isolated from (China) forest soil, which was able to remove basic dye effectively [25]. In this study the lignocellulose degradation characteristic of psychrophilic C. cladosporioides secreting laccase, MIP, cellulases and hemicellulases will be investigated for the first time. According to the cold-adapted property of purified laccase and MIP, hydrolysis was greatly enhanced at either temperate or low temperature through synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase. The results will provide new perspectives to create lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with a lower cost and higher efficiency. ResultsPsychrophilic adaptability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was cultured in GPY medium under different temperatures for 7 days separately, and then dry weights were measured. Data showed that Ch2-2 was able to keep almost the same high dry weight (1. 31 to 1. 74 g) in the temperature range from 10°C to 28°C while the optimal growth temperature was 15°C (1. 74 g) (Figure 1A). It indicated that Ch2-2 was a psychrophilic fungus with wild thermal adaptability, whether in normal or in low temperature. Figure 1 Effects of different temperatures on growth (A) and laccase production (B) of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 after 7 days incubation. Full size imageAlong with the growth of Ch2-2, laccase activity was checked, which was reported to be connected with decolorization of basic dye [25]. As shown, from the first day of incubation laccase was secreted, whether in low temperature (10°C) or in normal temperature (28°C) (Figure 1B). In accordance with the optimal growth temperature, 15°C was found to be best for the stability of laccase production. It could reach almost the maximum (920 U/L) on the fourth day, and then maintain this level for at least another 4 days. In addition, it reached this activity peak (968 U/L) quicker at 28°C on the third day, however it could not maintain this level for as long. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics and enzymatic activity of a psychrophilic fungus, C. cladosporioides Ch2-2, in relation to laccase production and dye decolorization, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 8 –17, inspection reveals that the amplitude and coverage of the impacts are considerably larger in the 3_NOAA experiments. This can be determined by comparing the four left columns with the four right columns through 72 h. This is common to both January–February and August–September time periods. Upon examining the 12–72-h forecast impacts (panels a–d and e–h of Figs. 8 –17) one notices a steady decrease in magnitude with time of the forecast impacts. In fact, by 72 h the largest forecast impacts are generally less than 100% with large regions of the globe being covered with neutral impacts (white regions). This decrease in forecast impact is consistent with the satellite denial results presented previously in Zapotocny et al. (2007) where the satellite and conventional data also had a steady decrease through 72 h. Similar results were also found by Zapotocny et al. (2008) where the various sensor types showed a steady decrease in forecast impact through 72 h. Figures 8 and 9 present the 500-hPa geopotential height 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA forecast impact results for forecast hours 12–72 during January–February (Fig. 8) and August–September 2003 (Fig. 9). Comparing these results shows that the 3_NOAA impacts are generally considerably larger than the 2_NOAA impacts. (Geopotential heights are not a good measure of forecast skill in the tropics. ) Even though there are large regions of negative impact, the area-weighted mean rms for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments are still smaller than for the 1_NOAA experiment and are statistically significant with a confidence level of greater than 99%. The 3_NOAA experiment area-weighted mean rms is also statistically smaller than for the 2_NOAA experiment with a confidence level of greater than 99%. This indicates significant improvement have been realized in the short-term forecasts by adding the third satellite. It is also shown that the forecast impact is generally smaller in the polar region during August–September compared to January–February 2003. Overall, by 72 h most of the globe is covered by neutral forecast impacts, with only scattered regions of small positive/negative impacts. These forecast impact results are consistent with the anomaly correlation results shown in Fig. 2. In the tropics, the winds are usually considered a better measure of forecast skill than heights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the addition of a third satellite improved short-term weather forecasts, indicating that satellite data is crucial for accurate forecasting. It specifically mentions that significant improvements in forecast accuracy were realized by this addition, which supports the importance of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: However, in January through March 2006, the coolest period of that year, the number of lesions increased revealing a significant, negative association (r s = −0. 707, N = 29, P = 0. 004). There were no associations between the area of disease-induced mortality and temperature during any year. Coral coverSignificant coral cover loss occurred at all sites (Table 2) from before bleaching to the last sampling (October 2007, Mennebeck Reef). Average coral cover loss among sites was 51. 5% (range: 42. 4–61. 8%) within a year of the bleaching event (Fig. 4). Before bleaching in 2005, the mean coral cover among sites was 21. 4% with three sites having more than 20% coral cover. Through sampling in 2006, mean coral cover among the sites dropped to 10. 3% with no site having over 20% coral cover. Declines in mean coral cover continued at all sites between July 2006 through 2007; however, only one site (Reef) showed a statistically significant change, decreasing from 11. 6% (March 2006) to 4. 1% (February 2007). This demonstrates that losses continued even after March 2006. Reef had the largest cumulative site loss during the study with a 79. 3% decline. Two years after the bleaching event, the mean loss in coral cover across all sites reached 61. 1%. Table 2 Results of repeated measures contrast analysis, assuming a first-order auto-regressive covariance structure (SAS 9. 2), contrast pre- versus post-event coral coverFull size table Fig. 4Mean coral cover (dark grey bars), overlaid with bleached coral cover levels (light grey and white bars) with standard error, and average area of disease-induced lesions (diamonds) with standard error from five study sites prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event to final monitoring in 2007. has a different scale on the second y-axis. (Where error bars are not visible, they are within the data point. )Full size image The number of disease-lesions showed no correlation with the percent coral cover (r s = −0. 065, N = 29, P = 0. 734), and there was no association between coral cover and area of disease-induced mortality over the entire sampling period (r s = 0. 174, N = 29, P = 0. 368). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing empirical evidence that coral cover significantly declined after a bleaching event. It states, 'Average coral cover loss among sites was 51.5%... mean coral cover among sites dropped to 10.3% with no site having over 20% coral cover.' This indicates that coral reefs did not recover and experienced continued losses, which suggests that full recovery from bleaching may not occur without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Even at 10°C, laccase activity was able to reach 600 U/L on the fourth day. The temperature property of laccase from Ch2-2 corresponding to the host fungus will assign it a more widespread application value. Synergistic action of inducible enzymes from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 during the degradation of bagasseIn order to investigate the biomass degradation capability of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2, the main composition of its lignocellulosic enzymes system and the relationship between biodegradation and secretion regularity of enzymes, we tracked the changes of lignocellulosic enzyme activities and relevant component degradation rates during the bio-pretreatment and saccharification process of bagasse. It was found that, in addition to laccase, a variety of other inducible lignocellulosic enzymes could be produced by Ch2-2 including cellulase, xylanase and MIP, which was able to deconstruct lignin through oxidation without Mn2+. In the present study LiP activity was not detected. The secretion pattern of these enzymes was closely linked to the composition and structure of lignocellulose, which could cause obvious degradation rate changes of corresponding components. It was found that the activities of ligninase (laccase and MIP) were growing at a rapid rate from the beginning, following the fast degradation of lignin (Figure 2A, B). On day 14, MIP reached the maximum (51. 0 U/L) and laccase also achieved its high activity level (83. 2 U/L), which was sustained until day 25, further accelerating the degradation rate of lignin. During the first 25 days, the lignin degradation percentage was the highest (41. 8%) as compared with that of other components, while the degradation percentages of cellulose and hemicellulose were 16% and 24. 7%, respectively. After that, the activities of laccase and MIP showed a declining trend leading to a slow degradation rate of all the three components simultaneously until day 55 when the lignin content had almost reached the stable value. In contrast, cellulose began to be markedly reduced along with the slow decline of hemicellulose when the filter paper activity (FPA) was close to the peak (Figure 2A, B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuel production. Instead, it discusses the laccase activity and lignocellulosic enzymes from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2, primarily focusing on biomass degradation and enzyme activities rather than the specific capability of engineered yeast to convert sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The 850-hPa u components of wind forecast impacts for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The 200-hPa u component of wind forecast impacts for the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 12 and 13. The winds, both at 850 and 200 hPa, generally show consistently positive forecast impacts in the tropics, particularly in the first few days. The 3_NOAA experiment has the largest positive forecast impact. Both the 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiment areas of positive forecast impacts decrease with time. The 850-hPa relative humidity impact plots for January–February and August–September 2003 are shown in Figs. 14 and 15. The 3_NOAA experiment has the greatest positive impact for both seasons and for all four forecast periods displayed here. The August–September time period overall shows greater impact than for the January–February time period at 12 h; however, it decays rapidly to small differences by 72 h. The precipitable water impact plots (Figs. 16 and 17) are quite similar to the 850-hPa relative humidity impacts shown in Figs. 10 and 11. The 3_NOAA experiment again has the greatest positive impact for both time periods. Both the 850-hPa relative humidity forecast impacts, Figs. 14 and 15, and the precipitable water forecast impacts presented here, display a seasonal switch, with largest forecast impacts diagnosed in the summer hemisphere for each field. This seasonal switch is most apparent at 12 and 24 h for each field. 5. SummaryObserving system experiments like these are important because the NOAA series of polar-orbiting satellites are the most significant source of satellite sounding data for operational numerical weather prediction. These experiments examined the improvements in forecasts out to 168 h in the –System during January–February and August–September 2003. The work described here has quantified the contributions to the forecast made by increasing the number of operational NOAA satellites used in the analysis to two and, then, to three. The results indicate that the use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites, in complementary orbits, generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar, midlatitude, and tropical regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of NOAA polar-orbiting satellites as a significant source of satellite sounding data for operational numerical weather prediction. It emphasizes that these observing system experiments demonstrate the improvements in weather forecasts attributable to the increase in the number of operational NOAA satellites, validating the claim that satellites are critical for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Species effects Montastraea annularis (complex), Colpophyllia natans, and Agaricia agaricites showed significant decreases in coral cover across the five sites (Table 3). Diploria labyrinthiformis, M. cavernosa, P. astreoides, and Siderastrea siderea did not show statistically significant decreases in cover across the five sites (statistical power to detect changes of <50% relative cover for low-cover species was low). Table 3 Results of t-test comparing pre- versus post-bleaching absolute percent cover of selected scleractinian species (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table Species-specific changes in coral cover affected the relative abundance of coral species on the reef. M. annularis (complex) remains the dominant coral species within these reefs; however, the relative abundance of this species group declined from an initial average of 79. 2 to 58. 6% of live coral cover (Fig. 5). C. natans also decreased in relative abundance from 1. 3% prior to the onset of bleaching to 0. 9% in 2006 (Fig. 5) likely from high levels of disease-induced mortality. On the other hand, A. agaricites declined primarily from bleaching mortality, as 93% of A. agaricites (cover) bleached but were rarely seen with disease. M. cavernosa, S. siderea, and Porites spp. bleached less than M. annularis (complex), C. natans, and Agariciids. They were less affected by disease than M. annularis (complex) and increased in relative abundance. Fig. 5Relative abundance of major coral taxa from five monitored sites in the US prior to 2005 coral-bleaching through 2007. Por spp = Porites porites and Porites astreoides, MC = Montastraea cavernosa, CN = Colpophyllia natans, Ag spp = Agaricia spp. are displayed on left Y-axis. MACX = M. annularis, M. faveolata, M. franksi and undetermined Montastraea spp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests significant declines in coral cover and species-specific changes due to bleaching. For instance, Montastraea annularis showed a decline from 79.2% to 58.6% in live coral cover, which indicates that recovery is not fully realized in the absence of intervention. Additionally, the text notes that Agaricia agaricites declined primarily from bleaching mortality, with 93% of its cover being impacted, implying that certain species do not recover fully without external support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: When FPA was at its minimum, the cellulose content became almost stable. In accordance with the degradation regularity of cellulose, the peak of xylanase activity on day 120 (293. 5 U/L) corresponded with the increased degradation rate of hemicellulose. After 135 days the total weight loss of bagasse was 51. 6%, in which the losses of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were 65. 5%, 62. 8% and 61. 5%, respectively. Figure 2 Inducible lignocellulosic enzymes (laccase, MIP, cellulase and xylanase) (A) and changes of lignocellulose component contents (B) during bagasse degradation by C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 at 28°C. Full size imageThese results indicated that multiple lignocellulosic enzymes of Ch2-2 were an efficient natural synergy system with a clear selective secretion pattern, which was induced by the specific components of bagasse. Even more importantly, it was found that the degradation rate of lignin limited that of the holocellulose to some extent. Ligninase purification and propertiesThe important role of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 ligninase during the degradation process was mentioned above, which was crucial in order for cellulases and hemicellulases to carry out their roles sufficiently. In order to further analyze the ligninase characteristic, laccase and MIP were purified and studied. The molecular weight of laccase was about 70 kDa as measured by SDS-PAGE (Figure 3A). Its optimal temperature and pH were 15°C and pH 3. 5, respectively (Figure 4A, D). It was stable at a very wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 40°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4B, D). Using ABTS as a substrate, the Km and Vmax for laccase were 2. 8 μM and 57. 9 μmol/min/mg under the optimal conditions. Laccase activity was inhibited by 2 mM of Fe2+ (5. 36%), SDS (27. 2%) and was slightly inhibited by EDTA (74. 6%) at a concentration of 10 mM, and essentially unaffected by 2 mM of EDTA (98. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the degradation of lignocellulosic materials and the activity of various enzymes, such as laccase and cellulase, in the degradation process. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars, making it not supportive or contrasting to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are realized from the use of two polar-orbiting satellites, but are generally smaller than when using three polar-orbiting satellites. These results are consistent with the benefits expected from the increase in areal coverage obtained from adding additional satellites. The geographic distributions of the forecast impacts shown in Figs. 8 –17 indicate that using three polar-orbiting satellites provides the largest positive impact. In general the largest positive impacts are found in the polar regions of both hemispheres, possibly due to the frequent satellite overpasses and the lack of conventional data. Both 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments display a decrease in forecast impact globally as the forecasts proceed from 12 to 72 h. The 3_NOAA experiment retains the greatest forecast impact out to 72 h. In terms of future observing system experiments, operational or preoperational data types to be studied include the (MODIS) atmospheric motion vectors, ocean surface wind vector measurements from space using. In addition, the effective exploitation of the new hyperspectral data, which have or will become available from the Sounder (AIRS), the (IASI), the Cross-track (CrIS), and Environmental Satellite-R (GOES-R) instruments, will be studied. 816. CrossrefAlishouse, J. C. , SnyderS. , VongsathornJ. , and FerraroR. R. , 1990: Determination of oceanic total precipitable water from the SSM/I. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. , 28, 811–816. 10. 1109/36. 58967)| falseSearch 2299. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , and WuW-S. , 1998: The use of TOVS cloud-cleared radiances in the analysis system. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 126, 2287–2299. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2287:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 547. CrossrefDerber, J. C. , ParrishD. F. , and LordS. J. , 1991: The new global operational analysis system at the Center. Wea. Forecasting, 6, 538–547. 10. 1175/1520-0434(1991)006<0538:>2. 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of using polar-orbiting satellites on weather forecasting. It mentions that adding satellites improves anomaly correlation scores, indicating enhanced weather predictions, especially in areas with minimal conventional data. This aligns with the assertion that satellites are crucial for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: , are displayed on right Y-axisFull size image DiscussionWhile coral bleaching and coral disease are individually considerable threats to coral reefs, this study demonstrated the combination of the two can have catastrophic effects on living coral over a large spatial scale. The severity of disease in combination with region-wide bleaching resulted in the greatest total coral loss, affecting several species, ever documented within the Caribbean basin. These study sites represent 25 acres (10 hectares) of some of the most complex, diverse, and species-rich coral reefs in the USVI. Four of the reefs are located in long-established (multiple-decades) marine protected areas (MPAs). The ecological importance of these reefs as sources of coral larvae, and as structure and habitat for fish communities and infaunal invertebrates, extend well beyond the reef boundaries. Furthermore, tremendous losses in coral cover from 2005 to 2006 were not limited to these study sites. Annual monitoring (using the same techniques, although not at the peak of bleaching or episodically thereafter) from two other USVI sites with lower initial coral cover (with 8. 5% in St. John and and Groove with 5. 1% at Buck Island; Rogers et al. 2008) also showed dramatic coral cover losses of 48. 1 and 41. 5%, respectively. Other surveys within territorial waters of the USVI also showed a decline of 40% coral cover likely from a white-plague-like syndrome (Woody et al. 2008). Similarly, Puerto Rico, approximately 100 km west of the USVI experienced record-breaking seawater temperatures that produced historically severe bleaching eventually followed by massive outbreaks of white plague and Caribbean yellow band disease. Losses in coral cover ranged from 20 to 97% (Ballantine et al. 2008). Reserve of Culebra (50 km west of USVI) reported an epizootic of white plague post-bleaching with a resulting 67% decline in coral cover (Ballantine et al. 2008). (BVI), approximately 35 km east of the US Virgin Islands, experienced similar conditions of elevated water temperatures with extensive coral bleaching followed by coral mortality from white plague (Bouchon et al. 2008). While coral bleaching was ubiquitous throughout the Caribbean in 2005, coral mortality was the highest from the and the BVI where coral disease epizootics followed the bleaching. This emphasizes the importance of frequency of monitoring (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the catastrophic effects of the combination of coral bleaching and coral disease, detailing how these factors lead to significant coral loss. It emphasizes that dramatic losses in coral cover were documented across various sites within the Caribbean, with some areas experiencing up to 97% decline in coral cover following bleaching events. This suggests that coral reefs may not fully recover from bleaching without intervention, as noted by the high mortality rates and disease outbreaks mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0%), 10 mM of Cu2+ (105%) and Al3+ (104%). Figure 3SDS-PAGE of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified laccase. B. Lane 1: Molecular mass markers; Lane 2: Purified MIP. Full size imageFigure 4Effects of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of purified laccase and MIP from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2. A. Effects of temperatures on laccase and MIP activity. B. The thermostability of laccase. C. The thermostability of MIP. D. Optimal pH and pH stability of laccase and MIP. The residual activity was monitored, and the maximum activity was defined as 100% (A, D) or initial activity was defined as 100% (B, C). Values shown were the mean of the average of three experiments. Full size imageThe molecular weight of purified MIP from Ch2-2 was about 47 kDa (Figure 3B). Its optimal temperature and pH were 20°C and pH 2. 5 respectively (Figure 4A, D), indicating the low temperature adaptation. It was also stable at a wide temperature and pH range of 4 to 28°C and pH 2. 0 to 5. 5 (Figure 4C, D). Using DMP as a substrate without H2O2, the Km and Vmax of MIP were 6. 9 μM and 38. 3 μmol/min/mg under optimal conditions. The MIP activity was 100% depressed by 2 mM of Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA (97. 7%) at a concentration of 10 mM. From enzymatic characteristics of purified enzymes, we found that both laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 exhibited substantially wide thermal adaptability in a mesophilic and psychrophilic environment, and MIP exhibited a special property that correlated with functional mechanism. Hydrolysis of biomass by enzymes preparation from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2According to the properties of purified laccase and MIP, synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase in converting milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks into reducing sugars was assessed under different temperatures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the enzymatic properties and thermal stability of laccase and MIP from a specific fungal strain, C. cladosporioides, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its capability in biofuel production. There is no information provided that addresses the claim regarding the production of biofuels from sugars by yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100. 10. 1175/2007WAF2007010. 1)| falseSearch 1. The areal coverage of (a) 1_NOAA, (b) 2_NOAA, and (c) 3_NOAA satellites at 0000 UTC 25 Jan 2003. The NOAA-17 orbit is in green, the NOAA-16 orbit is in blue, and the NOAA-15 orbit is in red. This is the coverage of the actual data received by NCEP for the 0000 UTC forecast on that day. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 2. The day 5 anomaly correlations for waves 1–20 for the (a), (c) midlatitudes and (b), (d) polar regions. Experiments include data from 3_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 1_NOAA satellite(s). Results are for (left) 15 Jan–15 Feb and (right) 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Size Fig. 3. The 15 Jan–15 Feb and 15 Aug–20 Sep 2003 day 0–7 500-hPa geopotential height die-off curves for the observing system experiments. Results are for the (left) Northern and (right) Southern Hemisphere. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 23, 5; 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that satellites, specifically NOAA satellites, contribute significant data in studies related to weather forecasting. By referencing multiple studies that analyze the impact of satellite data on weather predictions, the text supports the claim that satellites are vital for weather forecasting and potentially for disaster management as well.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: , Miller et al. 2003, Borger and Steiner 2005), as with typical annual monitoring, the mortality from the epizootic would have been missed and probably attributed to bleaching. The relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is poorly understood for scleractinian corals. Although it seems logical to think that high sea water temperatures stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence is still rather limited. Some of the 21. 4% and decreased to 8. 3% post-episode. Prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, long term monitoring around St. John and had shown decreasing coral cover due to hurricanes (e. g. , Hubbard et al. 1991; Rogers et al. 1997), anchor damage (Rogers and Garrison 2001), disease (Miller et al. 2003), and overfishing (Rogers et al. 2008). However, documented coral cover losses were of smaller magnitude (e. g. , from 20 to 13% at due to Hurricane Hugo, Rogers et al. 1997) and very localized. Recent monitoring (post-2000, but prior to 2005 bleaching) at the study reefs showed two sites within VINP with significant increases in coral cover suggesting that while MPAs are not a panacea for coral reefs (see Coelho and Manfrino 2007), a synergy of ecology and management could facilitate positive coral growth. The severity and duration of the 2005 coral-bleaching event and subsequent disease outbreak superseded management and political boundaries affecting reefs within and outside national parks and eliminated any pre-bleaching gains in coral cover. During this study, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled (the only exception being one transect at that went from 3. 4 to 3. 9% coral cover). The direct cause of most coral mortality during and after the 2005 bleaching was disease that had signs consistent with white plague. This disease has been documented since the 1970s (Dustan 1977) and was first observed around the island of St. John in 1997 (Miller et al. 2003). White-plague-like signs have been observed in 41 different species of hard coral (Weil et al. 2006), including many major reef-building species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the severe impact of coral bleaching and subsequent disease outbreaks, particularly emphasizing that during the 2005 coral-bleaching event, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled. It states that the direct cause of coral mortality was disease related to the bleaching, indicating that without intervention, the reefs were unlikely to recover. This suggests that the ability of coral reefs to recover is diminished without management and intervention measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: If it was treated at 15°C for one day according to the optimum temperature of ligninase, and then at 50°C for four days in order to be fit for the commercial cellulase and xylanase, synergy was exhibited in all four types of mixture (Figure 5A). The degree of synergism (DS) between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase reached the maximum value of 3. 4 on day 2, which was followed by the substantial increase of reducing sugars (7. 8 mg/mL). However, the highest reducing sugars yield was obtained by the mixture containing Ch2-2 enzymes, commercial cellulase and xylanase together on day 5 (10. 9 mg/mL), which was much higher than using any enzyme alone. Therefore, it was not due to the additive effect. Figure 5Improved production of reducing sugars from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 15°C for 24 hours and then 50°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 28°C for 120 hours. C. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone. Full size imageWe also investigated the interaction at ambient temperatures of 28°C and 15°C, respectively (Figure 5B, C). It was seen that the DS between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase almost reached the maximum value of 4. 7 at 28°C on day 4 and then reached a high reducing sugars yield of 10. 1 mg/mL later on, which was even higher than that obtained at 50°C (8. 9 mg/mL). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the effects of temperature and enzyme mixtures on the production of reducing sugars from Jerusalem artichoke stalks. While it mentions reducing sugars, it does not link this to bioengineered yeast or specifically to biofuels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , and McPhersonR. D. , 1984: Global data assimilation experiments with scatterometer winds from -A. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 112, 368–376. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0368:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 621. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , and Coauthors, 2000: A case study of the sensitivity of the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 603–621. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0603:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 285. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , Paul MenzelW. , Nelson J. P. III, and JungJ. A. , 2002: An impact study of five remotely sensed and five in situ data types in the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 263–285. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0263:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 177. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005a: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part I: The total contribution. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 161–177. 10. 1175/WAF837. 1)| falseSearch 198. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that analyze the impact of satellite data in weather forecasting. It mentions specifically the contribution of satellite data types and their importance in the assimilation system, which is vital for accurate weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: The causative agent of white plague type II has been identified as the alphaproteobacterium, Aurantimonas coralicida; however, this has fulfilled Koch’s postulates on isolates from Dichocoenia stokesi only (Denner et al. 2003). In a separate study, a smaller section of was monitored nearly monthly (88 months) for 8 years (December 1997–December 2005). During that time, mortality from white plague was observed each month and had no correlation with water temperatures (1997–2001, see Miller et al. 2003). Furthermore, a large outbreak of plague occurred in December 1998, 3 months after major bleaching occurred on that same reef (Miller et al. 2003). Significant mortality from coral disease, primarily consistent with white plague, was documented prior to 2005; however, this mortality was locally contained (i. e. , within Haulover, Mennebeck, and Tektite Reefs, but not simultaneously). The disease outbreak that followed the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event occurred on every reef monitored, both on St. John and BIRNM, 60 km south and resulted in the fastest decline in coral cover (of multiple species), from any cause, ever documented in the Virgin Islands. This event struck hardest at the dominant reef-building coral M. annularis (complex) that initially comprised 79. 2% of the coral cover at the study sites. Cover of these slow-growing, broadcast spawning, and seldom-recruiting corals decreased 51% from its pre-bleaching initial cover. The losses of the M. annularis group, coupled with significant declines by other massive corals (e. g. , C. natans), have resulted in a restructuring of the surviving coral community. M. annularis (complex) remains dominant but comprises only 58. 6% of the corals, while the relative abundance of the brooding Porites spp. has increased from 9. 8 to 20. 4%. Edmunds and Elahi (2007) reported a 72% decline in M. annularis on three 10 m transects at (500 m west of Tektite Reef) from 1988 to 1999, primarily from hurricanes, with bleaching having little effect (Edmunds 2002). They reported no disease on these transects during that time. Their model suggested an extirpation of M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the severe consequences of coral bleaching, specifically highlighting that significant mortality from coral disease occurred after the bleaching event and involved a drastic decline in coral cover, particularly of the dominant reef-building coral M. annularis. It emphasizes that recovery may not be possible without addressing the underlying causes such as disease outbreaks following bleaching, as observed in the monitored reefs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: During the whole hydrolysis process at 28°C, the sugars yield obtained by the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase kept almost at the same level as that obtained by the three enzymes combined. Furthermore, the interaction also showed cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C with a maximum DS of 4. 1 on day 5. The reducing sugars production could be improved 295% through synergistic effect between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase on day 5 (7. 9 mg/mL), which was not greatly affected by the low temperature. The reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks and the synergy effect between enzymes were further assessed under 28°C and 15°C when the loading of commercial cellulase and xylanase were reduced proportionally to one fifth; 0. 05 g cellulase/g substrate (25 mg protein/g cellulose) and 0. 3 g xylanase/g substrate (26 mg protein/g cellulose), respectively (Figure 6A, B). The results showed that the best synergistic effect still occurred between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase, with a DS of 2. 6 and a reducing sugar level of 4. 6 mg/mL on day 4 (28°C), while the concentration of reducing sugar reached 4. 1 mg/mL through the ternary mixtures. Cold-adapted synergistic effect at 15°C between Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase remained maximum with a DS of 2. 4 and a reducing sugar level of 3. 3 mg/mL. Figure 6The changes of reducing sugar production from milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks by synergy of Ch2-2 enzymes and reduced commercial cellulase or xylanase. A. Hydrolysis by binary (commercial cellulases/xylanase, commercial cellulases/Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) or ternary mixtures (commercial cellulases/xylanase/Ch2-2 enzymes) at 28°C for 96 hours. B. Hydrolysis by binary or ternary mixtures at 15°C for 120 hours. Substrate control: milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks without enzymes. Enzyme control: reactions with each enzyme (commercial cellulases, commercial xylanase or Ch2-2 enzymes) alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, focusing instead on the process of hydrolysis and the enzymatic conversion of Jerusalem artichoke stalks into reducing sugars. Although it discusses the enhancement of sugar yield through enzyme synergy, it does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The use of meteorological data (either public weather forecast data or day-by-day observed meteorological data) as inputs to the model for training the model makes the model to predict the ETo differ in two ways (either by analyzing the performance of the model day-by-day or by analyzing the performance of the model according to the seasonality): first, it is the reason for the input meteorological data, such as the different combinations of weather variables in the input meteorological data and the forecasting errors of the weather variables from public. The first is due to the input meteorological data, such as different combinations of weather variables in the input meteorological data and forecast errors of weather variables from public weather forecasts, which have actually been analyzed and presented in Section 3. 2 and Section 3. 1. The second reason is the model itself. First, the model is trained and validated by using weather data samples, and then the samples are tested with public weather forecast data, which is a test of the stability of the model itself. The four different types of models are combined and compared to obtain a better model for predicting daily ETo. These processes actually address the reasons why the algorithms differ in different climate zones. In addition, the purpose of analyzing the performance of models for predicting daily ETo according to seasonality is to recommend the best model for predicting daily ETo for crops in different growing seasons and then to use the best model for predicting daily ETo in subsequent irrigation forecasting and irrigation decision scheduling for the crops concerned. The relevant tables have been replaced using radar charts to rationalize and simplify the presentation of relevant results. The conclusions of this paper are of course fully generalizable to other regions. The conclusion that "the performance of training and validating models based on public weather forecasts to predict daily ETo is better than that of training and validating models based on day-by-day observations with the same input combinations" can be generalized to other regions, i. e. , it is recommended to train and validate the models with public weather forecast data before testing the models with future public weather forecast data to generalize the use of the models, when there are enough samples of public weather forecast data. That is, when there are enough samples of public weather forecast data, it is recommended to train and validate the model with public weather forecast data first, test the model with future public weather forecast data, and then generalize the use of the model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of meteorological data, which includes public weather forecasts, as essential inputs for training models that predict various outcomes like daily ETo. This implies that data derived from weather forecasts (potentially from satellites) is critical in improving the accuracy of models, which aligns with the claim regarding the importance of satellites in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: annularis at their transects within 50 years; our study indicated that elimination of this species could occur over a large region in well under 50 years. Interestingly, peak coral mortality did not coincide with peak bleaching activity and was rarely a direct result of bleaching. Most of the mortality occurred after water temperatures had returned to normal, and corals had regained some color. In fact, in 2006 there was a negative correlation between water temperature and number of disease-induced lesions (r s = −0. 707, P = 0. 004). This association, however, was not observed during any other year of monitoring, only in 2006 after severe coral bleaching occurred. Winter water temperatures in the Caribbean have shown an increasing trend over the last decade with warmer minimums observed (see Ballantine et al. 2008; Fig. 9. 7 for La Paguera, Puerto Rico). Warmer winter temperatures may reduce the mortality rates of coral pathogens and increase the amount of coral disease (Bruno et al. 2007). The winter of 2006 was warmer than previous years, however, the winter in 2007 was even warmer. Disease did not increase following the warm 2007 winter, as it did in 2006 after anomalously high-water temperatures in summer/fall of 2005. Therefore, although warmer winter temperatures may play a role in coral disease activity, the peak in coral disease in the winter of 2006 was likely linked to the bleaching that preceded it. An alternative hypothesis is that the peak in disease activity during winter months of 2006 was a result of compromised corals. By monitoring throughout the 2005 episode in the USVI, Muller et al. (2008) showed that the size of disease-induced lesions on Acropora palmata increased as temperature increased, but only for bleached colonies. Lesion size on unbleached colonies of A. palmata remained the same when temperatures were high suggesting host-susceptibility, rather than temperature, influenced disease severity. The corals in the present study, having lost their symbiotic algae, were stressed for months possibly making them more susceptible to disease. The identified causative agent of white plague, A. coralicida, has a reported optimal growth from 30 to 35°C (Remily and Richardson 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various factors impacting coral health post-bleaching, particularly emphasizing that mortality can occur after bleaching and relates to increased susceptibility to disease. It highlights that the peak in disease activity, which likely stems from corals losing their symbiotic algae, challenges the notion that coral reefs can recover independently from bleaching. The evidence suggests that external factors such as higher water temperatures and disease exposure play significant roles in determining coral recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageThe results indicate that crude enzymes mixture containing ligninase from C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was able to enhance hydrolysis of other polysaccharide hydrolases significantly over a wide temperature range, which has a promising prospect for application in biomass degradation and high-value energy production at ambient temperature. It could provide a novel guidance for the design and operation of lignocellulosic enzyme cocktails with efficient synergistic effect. DiscussionIn the overall process of lignocellulosic ethanol production, the cost of enzymes accounts for around 50 to 60% [26], with energy consumption being close behind [27]. Energy is mainly consumed in biomass pretreatment, saccharification and fermentation and so on. The expensive cost of enzymes and energy limits the market of cellulosic ethanol, and so a dramatic reduction in enzyme and energy use is extremely necessary to enhance competitiveness. In this study, psychrophilic C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was found to be effective in bio-pretreatment and saccharification on bagasse. At the same time, synergy of crude enzymes from Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase greatly enhanced saccharification of milled Jerusalem artichoke stalks at 28°C. In view of the application temperature, when using the most common industrial strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae for ethanol fermentation, saccharification and fermentation could be unified at its optimum growth temperature. During the degradation of bagasse, both the secretion of lignocellulosic enzymes and the decrease of corresponding lignocellulose components were much more selective by fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 than by the three white-rot fungi reported by Dong et al. [28]. For the same lignocellulosic substrate, different fungi possessed unique degradation strategies by producing distinct enzymes, which implied various synergistic manners and mechanisms in nature. The clear separate degradation pattern during different periods made Ch2-2 more suitable for selective delignification than white-rot fungi. At the same time, the pivotal role of ligninase was highlighted in this process. Laccase and MIP were released simultaneously first following lignin degradation at a higher rate compared to holocellulose. The degradation degree of lignin drastically affected the hydrolysis of holocellulose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of crude enzymes from the fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 in biomass degradation and energy production but does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: These nine developed machine learning models (five models trained and validated based on 1-day-ahead public weather forecast data plus four models trained and validated based on day-by-day observed meteorological data, for a total of nine models) are then used with 1-7-day-ahead public weather forecast data (2020-2021) to predict the daily ETo and compared with those predicted using the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed meteorological data (2020-2021) to test the performance of the nine models by comparison with the standardized values of daily ETo computed with the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed meteorological data (2020-2021). The results show that the performance of both the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on public weather forecasts outperforms the performance of the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on day-by-day observed meteorological data with the same input combinations. Second, the selected machine learning models, except for the MLP machine learning model, the other three machine learning models (and CatBoost) have only been used for daily ETo estimation in the literature (that is, they are trained and validated with day-by-day meteorological data, and then the daily ETo is estimated using the day-by-day meteorological data and the developed machine learning models). These three models are the models with high accuracy and stability among the estimated machine learning models, but the use of these three machine learning models (and CatBoost) for the prediction of daily ETo has not been reported in the literature. In addition, in the literature, it is necessary to convert the category data (wind level to wind speed and weather type to sunshine hours) of public weather forecast data before they can be used in the model to predict the daily ETo, but this conversion of the category data of public weather forecast data brings large errors, which in turn affects the accuracy of the model to predict the daily ETo. Therefore, in this paper, we use the wind levels and weather types from public weather forecast data directly for the training and validation of the CatBoost2 model (which can deal with the type variables directly) and test the prediction of daily ETo for the forecasting period of 1-7 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of machine learning models that rely on public weather forecast data, which is likely sourced from satellites. The text emphasizes the role of these forecasts and meteorological data in predicting daily ETo (reference evapotranspiration). This aligns with the idea that satellites are integral in gathering data necessary for accurate weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Re(de)fining degree-heating week: coral bleaching variability necessitates regional and temporal optimization of global forecast model stress metrics : orcid. org/0009-0000-9827-29251 & Thomas DeCarlo1,2 1626 Accesses 1 Citation 3 all metrics AbstractTropical coral reefs are a critical ecosystem in global peril as a result of anthropogenic climate change, and effective conservation efforts require reliable methods for identifying and predicting coral bleaching events. To this end, temperature threshold-based models such as the ’s (NOAA) degree-heating week (DHW) metric are useful for forecasting coral bleaching as a function of heat stress accumulation. DHW does not adequately account for regional variation in coral stress responses, however, and the current definition consistently underpredicts coral bleaching occurrence. Using a weather forecasting skill-based framework, our analysis cross-tested 1080 variations of the DHW-based bleaching occurrence (presence/absence) model against 22 years of contemporary coral bleaching observations (1998–2019) in order to optimize bleaching forecast skill at different levels of geographic specificity. On a global basis and relative to the current definition, reducing the current 1 °C warming cutoff to 0. 4 °C, adjusting the accumulation window to 11 weeks, and defining a bleaching threshold of 3 DHW improved forecast skill by 70%. Allowing our new DHW definitions to vary across regions and ocean basins further doubled model skill. Our results also suggest that the most effective bleaching forecast models change over time as coral reef systems respond to a shifting climate. Since 1998, the coral bleaching threshold for the globally optimized forecast model has risen at a significant rate of 0. 19 DHW/year, matching the pace of ocean warming. The bleaching threshold trajectory for each ocean basin varies. Though further work is necessary to parse the mechanism behind this trend, the dynamic nature of coral stress responses demands that our forecasting tools be continuously refined if they are to adequately inform marine conservation efforts. Similar content being viewed by others Coral bleaching pathways under the control of regional temperature variability 2015. The maximum monthly mean (MMM; the long-term average temperature for an area’s warmest month; solid line) is the climatological average from 1985 to 2012 and represents the area’s typical summertime high. MMM serves as the baseline for defining temperature anomalies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by coral reefs due to anthropogenic climate change and the need for effective conservation efforts. It emphasizes that current models and definitions of coral bleaching are inadequate, suggesting that without intervention and refinement of forecast tools, predicting and managing bleaching events accurately remains problematic. This implies that coral reefs are under significant stress and may not recover fully without active conservation measures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On one hand, the residual lignin depressed the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases and the degradation rate of holocellulose [9],[10]. On the other hand, lignin degradation could decrease non-productive adsorption of polysaccharide hydrolases and accelerate hydrolysis [29]. Ligninase from Ch2-2 showed the adaptability to moderate and low temperatures, corresponding to the growth characteristics of the host fungus. The purified laccase and MIP were stable in a wide temperature range of 4 to 40°C and 4 to 28°C respectively, which verified that Ch2-2 was a cold-adapted lignin-degrading fungus. It greatly expanded the application scope of Ch2-2 and its enzymes, including straw returning during intermittent period of farming besides cellulosic ethanol production at room temperature. In a previous report, psychrophilic enzymes produced by cold-adapted microorganisms most often displayed high thermosensitivity [30]. Higher temperatures (>20°C) typically led to low densities of cells and poor extracellular enzyme production, although shortening the generation time. However, for Ch2-2, the dry cell weight and laccase activity always exhibited high levels whether at 15°C or at 28°C. The thermal stable range for laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 performed the best out of the psychrophilic enzymes reported. Recently, many researchers have obtained thermostable polysaccharide hydrolases with good hydrolysis ability from thermophilic strains [31]. The cellulase mixture from thermophilic fungi was often evaluated at temperature 35 to 65°C [32], however, it was uneconomical in operation because of higher demands on devices and power consumption. Psychrotolerant enzymes have considerable application prospects in biological refining industry. At present, there are only three psychrophilic C. cladosporioides reported, which were obtained from wood samples in Antarctica producing more endoglucanase activity at 4°C than at 15°C after 10 days cultivation. There were no further reports about their degradation and wider mesophilic adaptabilities. Like the digestion of novel mechanism of thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor bescii CelA [33], psychrophilic enzymes from Ch2-2 provided the possibility of exploring a new synergy mechanism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the activity of polysaccharide hydrolases, lignin degradation, and the characteristics of specific fungi and their enzymes without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Four models trained and validated with day-by-day observed weather data (subscript o labeled at the bottom right of the model name). These nine developed machine learning models (five models trained and validated with 1-day-ahead public weather forecast data plus four models trained and validated with day-by-day observed weather data, for a total of nine models) were then used with 1-7-day-ahead public weather forecast data (2020-2021) to predict daily ETo. The performance of the nine models is also tested by comparison with the standardized values of daily ETo computed with the FAO-56 PM equation and day-by-day observed weather data (2020-2021). The results show that the performance of both the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on public weather forecasts is better than the performance of the training and validation models for predicting daily ETo based on day-by-day observed meteorological data with the same input combinations. Finally, a note on a few points of doubt:I have modified the 23 tables, e. g. , to radar plots, so that readers can extract the key results more easily;The introduction of this paper describes several similar studies conducted in other parts of China, which are different in that the models are trained and validated only with day-by-day observed meteorological data, and the developed models are only tested with public weather forecasts, whereas in this paper, the models are trained, validated and tested with public weather forecasts;Training and validating the model requires a long series of historical public weather forecast data. I can only obtain the relevant historical public weather forecast data from meteorological stations in Ningxia, China, and cannot obtain the historical public weather forecast data from meteorological stations in other places. Therefore, only nine study stations in Ningxia were selected. Nevertheless, combined with the conclusions of this paper, the method proposed in this paper still has a very great value of popularization. At stations with access to historical public weather forecast data, training and validation of models for predicting ETo using different combinations of inputs of historical public weather forecast data variables can be carried out so that the best models for predicting ETo at the study sites can be obtained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of nine developed machine learning models that are validated with observed weather data and public weather forecast data. This process highlights the importance of weather data for predicting meteorological conditions, which aligns with the statement that satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Only anomalies above a certain threshold (dotted line) are accumulated as heat stress (shaded red) within the rolling accumulation window (gray box). In this example, the accumulation window is 12 weeks long, and the illustrated DHW value represents heat stress accumulation as of September 23, 2015 (the rightmost edge of the window)Full size imageThough numerous studies validate the relationship between DHW and coral reef stress events (Eakin et al. 2010; Heron et al. 2016a; Kayanne 2017), many others find the accepted metric limited (McClanahan et al. 2007; van Hooidonk & Huber 2009; DeCarlo 2020; Mason et al. 2020; Ainsworth et al. 2021) or inaccurate (McClanahan et al. 2019; Eladawy et al. 2022) as a bleaching predictor. Coral bleaching dynamics vary widely on both spatial (Guest et al. 2012; Ainsworth et al. 2021; Bowdler 2021; Raj et al. 2021) and temporal (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo et al. 2019) scales, yet the current DHW definition is rarely modified to account for regional variability or new data. Proposed modifications generally stop at adjusting the bleaching threshold (van Hooidonk & Huber 2009) or, in some cases, the baseline for tolerable SST (Burt et al. 2019). Analyses also seldom address how these stress-defining parameters may be changing over time—a key element in adaptive management. The grimmest long-term projections suggest reef-building corals are teetering on the edge of an extinction point, with annual bleaching expected within several decades if we assume a constant bleaching threshold over time (e. g. , Sheppard 2003; van Hooidonk et al. 2016; Donner et al. 2018). Yet several lines of research suggest that under the right circumstances, coral reefs may develop some degree of resistance to warming-induced bleaching (Thompson & van Woesik 2009; Guest et al. 2012; Cantin & Lough 2014; Palumbi et al. 2014; Ainsworth et al. 2016; DeCarlo & Harrison 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how coral reefs are facing significant long-term threats from bleaching, suggesting they are 'teetering on the edge of an extinction point' and highlighting the expectation of annual bleaching events in the future. While it mentions that under the right circumstances some degree of resistance to warming-induced bleaching might develop, it does not support the idea that coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: At present, it is not clear what role MIP plays in lignin degradation. The molecular weight of laccase was higher than that reported for MnP, which made it hard to access occluded lignin in biomass. Various low molecular weight electron transfer agents such as 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBT) were usually needed by laccase to catalyze ligninolysis [34]. While MnP produced small diffusible strong oxidants that could penetrate the substrate, it needed Mn2+ induction and H2O2 to work [35],[36]. However, psychrophilic MIP from Ch2-2 plays its role without Mn2+ and H2O2 while being essentially unaffected by EDTA and completely depressed by Fe2+, which has not been previously reported. Therefore, future studies should be directed at elucidating the mechanism that MIP serves in the ligninolytic and synergistic hydrolysis system. Onozuka R-10 was one kind of expensive commercial cellulase mixture used in cellulose hydrolysis as reported [35], which was made of a variety of hydrolytic enzymes including endo-1, 3-D-glucanase-D-glucanase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, pectinase, protease and α-amylase. The cost of commercial xylanase from Aspergillus clavatus used in this study accounted for about one-fifteenth that of the Onozuka R-10. Their optimum range of temperature and pH were 40 - 50°C and pH 4. 0 - 5. 0. During the hydrolysis of Jerusalem artichoke stalks with different enzymes combination, interaction between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase exhibited maximum synergistic effect at 15, 28 and 50°C, which could take the place of an expensive commercial cellulase mixture in application. The reducing sugars yield received through the mixture of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase here at 28°C (482. 9 mg/g substrate) was much higher than that using a fungal-bacterial cocktail of pure strains at 30°C (165. 2 mg/g substrate) within 24 hours [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the mechanisms of lignin degradation, enzyme interactions, and aspects of biomass hydrolysis without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuels production. There is no support or rebuttal related to the claim about yeast and biofuel yields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The experiments were conducted with the current operational version of the code and at full operational resolution. Based on the results of the experiments analyzed here, profiles of refractivity were selected as the type of GPS RO observation to be assimilated. Further enhancement to the assimilation of bending angles is currently being evaluated at NCEP. The results show a significant improvement of the anomaly correlation skill and a global reduction of the NCEP model bias and root-mean-square errors when observations are assimilated into the system. The improvement is found for the temperature, geopotential heights, and moisture variables. Larger benefits are found in the extratropics, although a significant positive impact is also found in the extratropics and the tropics. Even if GPS RO observations cannot produce direct impact on the wind field through the adjoint of the forward operator, a slight benefit is found in the wind components. Corresponding author address: Lidia Cucurull, for Assimilation, 5200 Auth Rd. , Suitland, MD 20746. Email: lidia. cucurull@noaa. gov AbstractThe next generation of NCEP’s became operational on 1 May 2007. This system incorporates the assimilation of global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) profiles from the System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate () mission launched in April 2006. Roughly 1 yr after the launch of has begun operational use of this new dataset. A preliminary assessment of this observation type was performed with an earlier version of NCEP’s analysis at a lower resolution. These experiments showed positive impact when GPS RO soundings from the Payload (CHAMP) mission were assimilated into the system in non–real time. In these earlier studies, two different forward operators for the GPS RO profiles were evaluated: one for refractivity and another one for bending angle. In this paper, the data assimilation experiments with observations that led NOAA/NCEP to assimilate data into operations are described. The experiments were conducted with the current operational version of the code and at full operational resolution. Based on the results of the experiments analyzed here, profiles of refractivity were selected as the type of GPS RO observation to be assimilated. Further enhancement to the assimilation of bending angles is currently being evaluated at NCEP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the incorporation of GPS radio occultation (RO) profiles into the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) system for weather analysis. It explains that these experiments demonstrated significant improvements in the model's performance, relating to critical aspects of weather forecasting such as temperature, moisture variables, and anomaly correlation. The mention of the operational use of satellite data (specifically from the GPS RO) for improving forecasting accuracy supports the claim that satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: These findings would imply that under a warming climate, we will observe an increase in the bleaching threshold (Donner 2009) as corals acclimate to rising water temperatures, or as community composition shifts toward more robust individuals and species when the reef’s more sensitive constituents die off (Hughes et al. 2018b). Overall, there exists a great deal of uncertainty in our understanding of coral bleaching trajectories, and assessing potential trends in bleaching thresholds relative to the rate of climate change will ensure predictive models are evolving appropriately. Optimizing the DHW model: meteorological skill scoresThere are four parameters we can modify in the DHW-based bleaching forecast model to better account for spatiotemporal variation in coral stress responses (Table 1, Fig. 1). Different combinations of (1) thermal baseline, (2) anomaly cutoff, and (3) accumulation window size will yield different heat stress accumulation (DHW) values, and we can adjust (4) the bleaching threshold defining how much heat stress must accumulate before corals are expected to bleach. DeCarlo (2020) applied a skill-based approach to refine the DHW calculation, altering anomaly inclusion criteria and accumulation window size to improve bleaching forecast performance using tools from another predictive analog: meteorology. Here, we build upon these analyses using higher-resolution SST measurements and a larger bleaching dataset for forecast validation. Table 1 Elements of the degree-heating week (DHW) definition and the DHW bleaching forecast modelFull size tableModels used to forecast binary (i. e. , presence/absence) weather occurrences, such as rain or tornado formation, undergo continuous refinement via a suite of skill tests that assess the correspondence between predicted and observed outcomes (Table 2). Together, six skills describe all relevant facets of presence/absence forecast performance (Table 3). Models that maximize hits (H) and correct negatives (CN) while minimizing misses (M) and false alarms (FA) generally demonstrate greater skill, as reflected in larger accuracy scores, high probability of detection (PoD), small false alarm ratios (FAR), and a low probability of false detection (PoFD). For forecasts where only event occurrences are important, accuracy (which rewards hits and correct negatives equally) is less useful than threat (which emphasizes events over non-events). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that there is uncertainty in our understanding of coral bleaching trajectories and factors influencing coral resilience. It highlights the challenges in predicting how corals acclimate under climate change and includes details on refining forecasting models for coral stress responses. This suggests that recovery from bleaching is not straightforward and may depend on various environmental conditions and timing of interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Acquiring a considerable sugars yield from biomass at normal temperature is also profitable in providing a carbon source for microalgae lipid production by heterotrophic growth of microalgae, which often achieves maximum performance at meso-low temperatures [38]. These results provide novel information for constructing an efficient and easy-operating composite lignocellulosic enzymes mixture. In this way, the saccharification for fermentable sugars can be maximized and the bioethanol yield can be increased even at normal and low temperatures to meet the demand of bio-refinery. ConclusionsCold-adapted fungus C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 possesses a natural synergistic lignocellulosic enzymes system suitable for the selective delignification and efficient saccharification of biomass. Purified laccase and MIP from Ch2-2 had a wide thermal adaptability in mesophilic and low temperatures corresponding to the host fungus. MIP provided a new enzyme property in cooperation with other enzymes during biodegradation. Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrate was severely enhanced by synergy between crude Ch2-2 enzymes and cheap commercial xylanase, which could provide a substitute for current expensive commercial cellulase mixtures and reach a higher reducing sugars yield. The new cocktail of Ch2-2 enzymes and commercial xylanase enabled consistency of hydrolysis and fermentation at ambient temperatures. This study will provide a novel perspective of lignocellulosic enzyme construction and psychrophilic enzymes application in biotechnology, including waste treatment, high-value renewable biofuel production and bioremediation at ambient temperatures. Materials and MethodsFungus thermal adaptabilitySeed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 was inoculated to GPY medium (2% glucose, 0. 5% peptone, 0. 2% yeast extract, 0. 2% KH2PO4, 0. 05% MgSO4/7H2O, pH 5. 5) cultured for 7 days at 10 to 28°C. The dry weight of mycelia was determined separately. At the same time, the fungus solution activated in different temperatures was transferred into the optimized medium (20% potato juice, 2% sucrose, 5% wheat-bran) for laccase production and activity detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass and the performance of a specific fungus, C. cladosporioides, in enhancing hydrolysis and fermentation, which may have implications for biofuel production but does not specifically mention yeast or directly support the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The results show a significant improvement of the anomaly correlation skill and a global reduction of the NCEP model bias and root-mean-square errors when observations are assimilated into the system. The improvement is found for the temperature, geopotential heights, and moisture variables. Larger benefits are found in the extratropics, although a significant positive impact is also found in the extratropics and the tropics. Even if GPS RO observations cannot produce direct impact on the wind field through the adjoint of the forward operator, a slight benefit is found in the wind components. Corresponding author address: Lidia Cucurull, for Assimilation, 5200 Auth Rd. , Suitland, MD 20746. Email: lidia. cucurull@noaa. gov 1. Introduction2006, the System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate () mission (a joint project between the and Taiwan) launched six low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites into a circular polar orbit from Force Base, California (Anthes at al. 2000; Cheng et al. 2006). Each of the LEO satellites carries a global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) receiver to measure time delays of the GPS signals traveling from the GPS to the LEO satellites. As a GPS satellite occults behind the earth’s atmosphere, one can retrieve accurate information (sub-Kelvin temperature accuracy between ∼5 and 30 km) on the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere traversed by the ray path (Kursinski et al. 1997; Rocken et al. 1997). To derive useful atmospheric information from time delay measurements, several processing steps and assumptions are usually made (see, e. g. , Hajj et al. 2002; Kuo et al. 2004). Over the past few years, the for Environmental Prediction’s Center (NCEP/EMC) has developed a new Assimilation System. This system includes the capability to assimilate two different forms of GPS RO–retrieved observations. The first type of data is the bending angle, the change in the ray-path direction accumulated along the ray path due to the gradient of refractivity perpendicular to the trajectory of the ray. The second type of derived observation is the refractivity, which in the neutral atmosphere at the GPS frequencies (microwave range) is a function of temperature, water vapor pressure, and pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the integration of satellite data, particularly from GPS radio occultation (RO) observations, into atmospheric prediction models. It highlights how the assimilation of observations from low-earth orbit satellites improves key meteorological parameters such as temperature and moisture, which are crucial for effective weather forecasting and disaster management. The improvements noted in the NCEP model bias and error indicate the significant role that satellite data plays in enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2001; Schoepf et al. 2015). Unless coral populations have visibly recovered to below the 5% bleaching threshold between a thermal stress event and the subsequent bleaching survey, the event is still flagged as a bleaching occurrence. Though some misalignment of observations and peak DHW is possible, we validate the current DHW definition and all of our variations against the same bleaching dataset, so all analyses will be subject to the same misalignment errors, most of which will result in frequency biases closer to 0. As a result, we may still be confident in any identified skill improvement between models—particularly when these improvements ameliorate a tendency to underpredict bleaching. We performed a train–test split analysis to evaluate the robustness of derived DHW parameters post hoc. To do this, in each of 100 iterations, the best-performing (highest ETS) model according to a random partition of 80% of the validation data (training set) was applied to the remaining 20% of the observations (test set). These train–test splits (repeated 100 times per optimization) inform how robust our results are to variations in the underlying data (see Supplement 7). Global, ocean-specific, and regional forecast optimizationAfter optimizing the DHW bleaching forecast model on a global basis (all events), we also calculated forecast skill for specific subsets of the dataset by only including outcomes (hits, misses, false alarms, and correct negatives) that fall within certain bounds, such as the coordinates for an ocean basin or a specific calendar year range. We divided the dataset by ocean basin (Atlantic, Pacific, Indian) and region (Supplement 2, Fig. 3) and selected the best-performing DHW definition for each geographic subset based on ETS. With the exception of the Coral Triangle, regions were defined by clustering nearby reef sites rather than adhering to an established convention, but our definitions do align with prior work (Maragos & Williams 2011). After optimization, we determined the forecast skill for each level of specificity (globe, basin, region) by validating every bleaching event according to the DHW definition optimized for its geographic location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the intricacies of forecasting and validating bleaching events without suggesting that coral reefs are able to recover fully from bleaching on their own. The mention of thresholds, misalignments, and regional forecast optimizations implies that there are significant complexities surrounding coral recovery, which suggests that interventions may be necessary to assist in recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Enzymatic degradation5 g of dry bagasse was added in 150 mL conical flasks and moistened with 30 mL liquid Czapek culture medium [28]. After autoclaving for 1 hour at 121°C, each flask was inoculated with 5 mL seed liquid of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 and incubated at 28°C [39]. In all cases, bagasse samples were treated identically but the sample without fungal inoculation served as a control. The samples were regularly tested to determine dry weight, chemical composition and enzyme activities using methods previously described [40]. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Enzymes purificationTwo major ligninase components, laccase and MIP, were isolated and purified from the fermentation broth of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 using the techniques of (NH4)2SO4 precipitation, anion and cation exchange chromatography. The purity of the enzymes was confirmed by SDS-PAGE [41]. The supernatant of three-day-old culture was collected by suction filtration and centrifugation at 7,155 g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Solid ammonium sulfate was added to this supernatant up to 85% saturation and the resulting precipitate was collected by centrifugation at 11,180 g for 15 minutes. The precipitate was re-dissolved in 2 mL of 10 mM sodium acetate buffer, pH 4. 5, and dialyzed overnight. Precipitated material was removed by centrifugation at 800 g for 10 minutes and the supernatant was applied to a column (2. 5 × 20 cm) of DEAE-50. The enzyme was eluted gradually with 10 mM pH 8. 0 Tris buffer with NaCl of 300 mM, 500 mM and 1 M at a flow rate of 1. 2 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase or MIP activity was collected and desalted by dialysis. The collection with laccase activity was applied to a column (1 × 40 cm) of Sephadex G-75. The enzyme was eluted with 10 mM pH 7. 0 phosphate buffer with NaCl of 0. 15 M at a flow rate of 0. 32 mL/min. The fraction containing maximum laccase activity was collected for further analysis [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the purification and analysis of enzymes from C. cladosporioides, a fungus, which is unrelated to yeast or biofuel production. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Soundings of refractivity are derived from soundings of bending angle after several assumptions and processing steps (Kursinski et al. 1997). With the implementation of the new on 1 May 2007 into operations, the assimilation of GPS RO observations from the mission became operational at NCEP. Unlike the for Medium-Forecasts (ECMWF), observations from both rising and setting occultations are assimilated and there is no rejection of the observations with a height <4 km from the assimilation system, provided they pass the quality control checks. A significant amount of research has been conducted in the last decade to show the potential impact of the GPS RO observations in numerical weather prediction (Liu at al. 2001; Poli and Joiner 2003; Zou et al. 2004; Wee and Kuo 2004; Cucurull et al. 2006). In addition, numerical weather prediction centers have developed and implemented different strategies to assimilate GPS RO data into their operational assimilation models (Healy et al. 2005; Healy and Thépaut 2006). Early studies at NCEP/EMC used data from the Payload (CHAMP) mission (Wickert et al. 2001) that was available in non–real time at the (NOAA; Cucurull et al. 2007a, b). The fact that both the CHAMP and missions share similar GPS RO receiver technology allowed us to tune the system prior to the launch of. These preliminary impact experiments showed the potential benefit of the GPS RO observations in improving analyses and forecasts. However, these early trials made use of an earlier version of NCEP’s analysis system at a lower resolution. The differing amounts of observations provided by (six LEO satellites) and CHAMP (one LEO satellite) might also modify the results when assimilating data instead of CHAMP data. Exploring the impact of higher analysis and forecast model resolutions and larger numbers of observations were necessary steps taken to justify the use of GPS RO operationally. In this paper, the current operational code at operational resolution is used for the first time. The impact of on top of the observations being routinely assimilated is evaluated and the forward operator selected for implementation in operations is described. This is the first time that NCEP’s operational assimilation system has been used to evaluate the impact of the assimilation of GPS RO observations from the mission. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the importance of GPS Radio Occultation (GPS RO) observations, which are derived from satellites, in improving weather forecasting and numerical weather prediction. It mentions the operational assimilation of these observations at NCEP and highlights the research conducted to demonstrate their potential impact on analyses and forecasts, thereby showing how satellites are utilized for weather-related applications.