Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: To tag the C-terminus of Krtt1c19, we designed a krtt1c19e-gRNA targeting the vicinity of the stop codon. Injection of krtt1c19e-gRNA with Cas9 mRNA into zebrafish embryos induced indel mutations at a rate of 73% (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Fig. S3). We improved the donor vector by introducing the eGFP and polyadenylation (polyA) signal sequences between two eGFP-gRNA target sequences, for the purpose of eliminating the integration of backbone sequences of the vector. We expected that the DNA fragment harbouring 40-bp homology arms would be precisely integrated into the genomic target locus by homology-dependent integration. We further introduced silent mutations inside the eGFP gene to prevent cleavage by the eGFP-gRNA. Figure 2Precise integration of eGFP into the krtt1c19e locus. (a) A schematic representation of the krtt1c19e locus and the donor vector consisting of eGFP-gRNA target sequences, homology arms, eGFP and polyA (pA) signal. The krtt1c19e-gRNA was designed to target the vicinity of the stop codon of the krtt1c19e gene. The upstream sequences of the krtt1c19e-gRNA target locus (krtt1c19e-gRNA sites in red, PAM sequence in blue) were inserted between the eGFP-gRNA target sequence and linker sequence on the donor vector, whereas the downstream sequences of the krtt1c19e-gRNA target locus were inserted between the polyA signal and eGFP-gRNA target sequence in the donor vector. When the donor vector, gRNAs and Cas9 mRNA were co-injected into 1–2-cell-stage embryos, the krtt1c19e gene and eGFP were connected in the same reading frame via the linker sequence by precise integration into the targeted genomic locus. (b) The injected embryo showed broad eGFP expression in the epidermis 2 days post-fertilisation (dpf). (c) The eGFP expression level was classified into three groups: broad, intermediate and narrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of CRISPR technology (specifically, the krtt1c19e-gRNA and Cas9 mRNA) to precisely integrate a DNA fragment into a specific genomic target locus in zebrafish embryos. It describes how the design of the gRNA and donor vector allows for targeted mutations and integrations, demonstrating the precise control over DNA sequences that CRISPR technology provides.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. Therefore, these facts should be an argument for Bitcoin and not against it, because these problems show that the need for reliable decentralized currency in the modern markets is so high, that people keep purchasing it despite the high transaction costs (and despite the fact that there are low cost but less proven alternatives). 12. Currencies backed by nothing A very popular argument against cryptocurrencies is that they are backed by nothing: “They are neither backed by gold nor are they backed by governments. ” Clearly, these are two different arguments. President Nixon, in 1971, was responsible to complete the monetary experiment that began at 1944 with the system. Since then, there is not a single fiat currency in the entire globe, which is backed by gold or by any other commodity. Hence, a commodity backup is not a crucial ingredient in the making of money. As for the second argument, what does it mean that the currency is backed by the government? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that Bitcoin suffers from technical issues, such as slow and expensive transactions, which can be exploited by adversaries. It indicates that while Bitcoin's security is high, the mention of the problem with slow transactions reflects that it is not completely immune to issues that could affect its reliability and usability. This implies that cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, are not completely secure and can face challenges that may impact their performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigTo the right honourable, Philip, Earle of Pembroke, and MontgomerieAn hymne to JunoUpon Mease. EpigUpon Sapho, sweetly playing, and sweetly singinga DraperChop-CherryTo the most learned, wise, and Arch-Antiquary, M. John SeldenUpon himselfUpon wrinklesUpon PriggUpon MoonPray and prosperHis Lachrimæ or Mirth, turn'd to mourningUpon ShiftUpon CutsGain and GettingsTo the most fair and lovely Mistris, Anne Soame, now Lady AbdieUpon his kinswoman HerrickA Panegerick to PembertonTo his Valentine, on S. Valentines dayUpon Doll. EpigUpon Skrew. EpigUpon Linnit. EpigUpon M. Ben Johnson. EpigAnotherTo his Nephew, to be prosperous in his art of PaintingUpon Glasse. EpigA Vow to MarsTo his maid PrewA Canticle to ApolloA just manUpon a hoarse singeror Hearts-ease came firstTo his peculiar friend 's portion, and the Poets partUpon manLibertyLots to be likedGriefesUpon Eeles. a Spectacle-maker with a flat noseClothes do but cheat and cousen usTo DianemeUpon ElectraTo his BookeOf LoveUpon himselfAnotherUpon Skinns. EpigUpon Pievish. Epigand Jilly, EpigThe mad Maids songand FountainsUpon Julia's unlacing her selfTo Bacchus, a a footman, EpigUpon Bridget. EpigTo SycamoresA Pastorall sung to the King; Montano, Silvio, and Mirtillo, Shepheardsloves a Mistresse, but not to marryUpon Flimsey. EpigUpon Shewbread. to CrewUpon Roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim in any way regarding reinforcement learning or the relationship between rewards and punishments in human learning. It consists of seemingly unrelated phrases and epigrams that do not provide any relevant information pertaining to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Representatives of each expression level are shown in Supplementary Fig. S4. We observed no eGFP expression in embryos injected with the donor vector lacking homology arms. (d) Sequence analysis at the 5′ junction of the genome integrated with the donor vector harbouring homology arms. Full size imageWhen the donor vector, krtt1c19e-gRNA, eGFP-gRNA and Cas9 mRNA were co-injected into 1–2-cell-stage embryos, we observed different degrees of eGFP expression in the epidermis of one-third of the injected embryos (201/529), whereas we observed no embryos expressing eGFP in the absence of the homology arm (Fig. 2b, c and Supplementary Fig. S4). Fifteen of 529 injected embryos exhibited broad eGFP expression in the epidermis of the entire body (Fig. 2b and c). The integration events of the donor vector in the forward direction were detected by PCR analysis in all the embryos expressing eGFP and in three of eight embryos not expressing eGFP (Supplementary Fig. S5). DNA sequence analysis revealed precise integration at both the 5′ and 3′ junctions (Fig. 2d and Supplementary Fig. S6). Furthermore, we analysed another six embryos showing broad eGFP expression by sequencing and confirmed the precise integration at both the 5′ and 3′ junctions in all analysed embryos, although both homology-dependent and -independent integration occurred in two embryos (Supplementary Fig. S7). The integration events of the donor vector in the forward direction were detected by PCR analysis at the 5′ junction in all 16 embryos showing intermediate eGFP expression, whereas they were detected in six of 16 embryos showing narrow eGFP expression (Supplementary Fig. S8). These results suggest that the eGFP expression level in keratinocytes was correlated with the integration frequency. We further investigated the types of integration events that occurred in the injected embryos (Supplementary Fig. S9). We performed PCR analysis using five primers specific to the genome or to the donor vector. Integration in the opposite direction of the insert fragment (primers 1 and 3) and both directions of the vector fragment (primers 1 and 5, primers 4 and 5) through NHEJ occurred at comparable frequency in the presence or absence of homology arms (Supplementary Fig. S9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing experiments where integration events of a donor vector into embryos were analyzed and showed 'precise integration at both the 5′ and 3′ junctions.' This indicates that the use of CRISPR technology can lead to targeted modifications in DNA sequences, aligning with the claim that CRISPR allows for precise changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and criticisms associated with Bitcoin, including its volatility and the dependence on government regulations. While it does not directly mention hacking, the argument that Bitcoin's usability is affected by government regulations suggests that cryptocurrencies may not be inherently secure or immune to external influences, which implies vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: quick of flightPutrefactionPassionJack and JillBeanesThe crowd and companyShort and long both likesPollicie in PrincesUpon Rook, EpigUpon the Nipples of Julia's BreastTo Daisies, not to shut so sooneTo the little SpinnersOberons PalaceTo his peculiar friend in the TempleTo OenoneHis weakness in woesFame makes us forwardTo Grovesupon a VirginTo the right gratious Prince, Lodwick, Duke of Richmond and LenoxTo JealousieTo live FreelyUpon Spunge. EpigHis AlmesUpon himselfTo enjoy the TimeUpon LoveTo the right Honourable Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PlunderLittlenesse no cause of LeannesseUpon one who said she was always youngUpon Huncks. EpigRing, or True-love-knotThe parting Verse, or charge to his supposed Wife when he travelledTo his Kinsman, Sir Tho. SoameTo BlossomsMans dying-place uncertainNothing Free-costFew fortunateTo PerennaTo the LadyesThe old Wives PrayerUpon a cheap Laundresse. EpigUpon his departure henceThe WassaileUpon a Lady faire, but fruitlessecame firstand BaiesUpon SkurffeUpon a Scarre in a Virgins FaceUpon his eye-sight failing himTo his worthy Friend, M. Tho. FalconbirgeUpon Julia's haire fill'd with DewAnother on herLosse from the leastRewards and punishmentsShame, no himselfeand CreamAn Ecologue, or Pastorall between, set and sungTo a Bed of TulipsA CautionTo the Water Nymphs, drinking at the FountainTo his a Flieand Jill. he would drinke his Winecame yellowThe broken ChristallPreceptsTo the right Earle of DorsetUpon himselfHope well and Have well: or, Faire after Foule weatherUpon LoveTo his Kinswoman, Mrs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about reinforcement learning algorithms or the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of seemingly random phrases or lines that do not address the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Thus, the introduction of homology arms selectively increased by more than twofold the forward-direction integration in the targeted genomic locus (Supplementary Fig. S9). When Cas9 mRNA, krtt1c19e-gRNA and the donor vector without eGFP-gRNA were co-injected into 1–2-cell-stage embryos, we did not observed integration events (Supplementary Fig. S10), suggesting that the simultaneous cleavage of the donor vector is required for target integration. A precise integration event is heritableTransmission of the precise genome modification to the germline is a key to establishing a targeted gene knock-in line. To investigate this key process, we crossed potential F0 founders derived from the injected embryos with the wild-type and screened for eGFP expression. Embryos expressing eGFP in their skin were obtained from potential F0 founder fish that exhibited broad eGFP expression in larvae (Fig. 3a and b). When the progeny of the eight potential F0 founder fish that exhibited intermediate eGFP expression in larvae were screened, one positive founder was identified (Fig. 3b). In the case of potential F0 founder fish, which exhibited narrow eGFP expression in larvae, we could not identify a positive founder (Fig. 3b). DNA sequence analysis of eGFP-expressing embryos confirmed the precise integration (Fig. 3c). Germline mosaicisms of F0 founder fish presenting broad eGFP expression in larvae occurred with frequency of 49. 5% and 25. 3%, while germline mosaicisms of F0 founder fish presenting intermediate eGFP expression in larvae had a frequency of 2. 4% (S2). These data indicate that the pre-screening of injected F0 embryos showing good eGFP expression is important for efficient identification of founder fish. Figure 3Precise genome modification usingCas9 with our donor vector is heritable. (a) An F1 embryo was obtained by mating wild-type fish with the F0 founder fish injected with eGFP-gRNA, krtt1c19e-gRNA, Cas9 mRNA and the donor vector and it exhibited eGFP expression in the epidermis at 2 dpf. (b) The numbers of F0 fish screened and of founders bearing eGFP-positive progeny are indicated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a process involving the use of CRISPR technology to achieve precise genome modification, as evidenced by the reference to 'precise integration' and 'DNA sequence analysis of eGFP-expressing embryos confirmed the precise integration.' This demonstrates the ability of CRISPR to make specific changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Since economic calculations are essential to any modern economy [16], it is futile, according to them, to replace the current fiat currency with Bitcoin. However, economic calculations can be made with any commodity. When a businessman has four bottles of wines, and he needs to choose between two production alternatives: one alternative that will eventually yield three additional bottles and a second one that will eventually yield five bottles, he will choose the latter. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Crypto traders already practice this kind of economic calculations using Bitcoin. However, volatility is indeed a problem (mainly in intra-temporal calculations, i. e. , interest rates), which prevents wide adoption. Nevertheless, as was explained above, the volatility gradually declines, and it is one of the infancy problems of Bitcoin, and it is not a fundamental one. 15. Bitcoin and the division of labor Division of labor cannot exist in a nonmonetary economy. The presence of money drives people to specialize and increases their productivity beyond their personal needs. They can trade the surplus of their production in order to pursue higher gratifications (for the analysis of production in the presence of specialization, see Ref. [26]). Therefore, any adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange should be accompanied by an upgrade of the division of labor. Is there any evidence for this? The problem is that it is almost impossible to attribute scientifically a specific improvement in the division of labor to a specific cause. However, it is clear that if a person prefers using Bitcoin than other currency, then he must have found it useful and more efficient for him. Therefore, this individual can spend the surplus time in further specialization. Consequently, in a free market, any unregulated usage of Bitcoin (or anything else for that matter) is a circumstantial evidence for upgrading the division of labor. 16. Bitcoin and property rights Property rights are subtle issues. There is a fundamental claim that intangible objects, like digital assets or ideas, cannot be owned. The claim is based on the presumption that property rights and private ownership are essential to manage scarce resources in the real world. Thus, according to this view, only scarce resources (like, land, houses, gold, etc. ) can be owned, while resources that are not scarce (like, ideas, patents, text, digital pictures, etc. ) and that can be easily reproduced cannot be owned [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the volatility of Bitcoin, which is a crucial aspect that affects its security and reliability as a currency. It mentions, 'volatility is indeed a problem... which prevents wide adoption,' indicating that Bitcoin is not secure and immune to hacking, as it is susceptible to fluctuations and risks associated with digital assets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Penelope WheelerAnother upon herKissing and bussingCrosse and PileTo the Lady Crew, upon the death of her ChildHis Winding-sheetMary WillandChange gives contenta frequenter of OrdinariesOn himselfeFortune favoursto love, and live with himTo his her cheeksUpon her EyesUpon her feetTo his honoured friend, MyntsUpon his gray hairesAccusationPride allowable in PoetsA Vow to MinervaOn JoneUpon Letcher. not disadvantageousthe Flaminica Dialis, or Queen-PriestAnacreontikeMeat without mirthdoe but bury usUpon Ursleyto CrewTo his worthy Kinsman, Mr. Stephen SoameTo his Tomb-makersuperviveNone free from faultUpon himselfe being buriedPitie to the prostrateWay in a crowdHis content in the CountryThe credit of the ConquerorOn himselfeUpon one-ey'd Broomsted. EpigThe FairiesTo his honoured friend, M. have their Linings, and Bookes their BuckramArt above Nature, to JuliaUpon SibillaUpon his kinswoman a comely, and curious MaideUpon the losse of his FingerUpon IreneUpon Electra's TearesUpon ToolyA Hymne to the GracesTo SilviaUpon Blanch. EpigUpon Umber. Epighath lost his pipeTrue Friendshipof his Mistresse calling him to EliziumLife is the Bodies LightUpon Urles. EpigUpon FranckLove lightly pleasedThe PrimroseThe Tythe. To the BrideA FrolickChange common to allTo JuliaNo luck in LoveIn the darke none daintyA charme, or an allay for LoveUpon a free Maid, with a foule breathUpon Coone. EpigTo his Brother in -akeOn himselfeUpon a MaideUpon Spalta Comb-makerUpon the troublesome timesCruelty base in CommandersUpon a sowre-breath Lady. EpigUpon LuciaLittle and loudShip-wrackPaines without profitTo his Booketo Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms or their relation to human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it comprises a series of poetic verses and unrelated thoughts, making it irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: (c) Genomic DNA was prepared from the embryo expressing eGFP and sequence analysis confirmed the precise integration of eGFP into the krtt1c19e locus. Full size imageDiscussionIn this study, we showed that the precise integration of exogenous DNA into the targeted genomic locus in zebrafish can be efficiently achieved using a donor vector containing short homology arms. Concurrent digestion of a donor vector and a targeted genomic locus with artificial site-specific nucleases induces the incorporation of the donor vector into the genomic locus via NHEJ21,22,23,27. We improved this method by introducing homology arms into a donor vector. In comparison to ZFNs and TALENs, theCas9 system is suitable for this method because of the ease of donor-vector construction and of the multiple gRNA design25,28. The 40-bp homology arms in the donor vector were apparently functional. The use of such short homology arms enabled us to easily construct a donor vector for various target genes; a conventional knock-in vector carries more than 800 bp of homology arms without cleavable sites19,20. Recently, Nakade et al. have reported a novel method for achieving precise integration using TALENs and theCas9 system29. In this method, gRNA target sequences in the donor vector are designed to be identical to those flanking the genomic target locus; individual gRNA design is required for each target. In the present study, we designed short homology arms (10–40 bp) for insertion next to gRNA target sequences in the donor vector. Thus, we can use the same gRNA possessing high activity to cleave any donor vector. This feature is advantageous because we can cleave the donor vectors with certainty using already-evaluated gRNAs. It is thought that the concurrent cleavages of the genome and the donor vector by TALEN orCas9 are connected by NHEJ. We found that precise genome modification occurred with higher frequency in a homology-dependent manner in our system (Fig. 1b). The donor vector with 40-bp homology arms was integrated in the forward direction in 79% of injected embryos at the tyr locus and precise integration occurred in 77% of these (Fig. 1b), indicating that 61% of injected embryos possess the precisely integrated sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how CRISPR technology can facilitate precise integration of exogenous DNA into specific genomic loci. It discusses the efficacy of the Cas9 system for achieving precise modifications and shows evidence of successful DNA integration via specified methods, including the use of short homology arms for easier donor vector construction. The findings that precise genome modification can occur with high frequency in a homology-dependent manner further support the claim that CRISPR allows for precise changes in DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights. They do not weaken them. 17. Bitcoin and crime Some politicians and economists believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have no value to society since most of their users are outlaws and criminals [28]. For one thing, one has to make a distinction between the different cryptocurrencies. Most of the criminal activity was transferred from the Bitcoin network to the more private cryptos (such as Monero, Zcash, Verge, etc. ) since transactions in the Bitcoin network can be traced. Moreover, most of the illegal trade that takes place on the Internet belongs to the category of victimless crimes (like drugs, gambling, and tax evasion), whose prohibition is disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities associated with Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies. It mentions that it is currently easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies compared to traditional banking, implying potential insecurity. Additionally, it acknowledges that most criminal activity has shifted from the Bitcoin network to more private cryptocurrencies, suggesting that some cryptocurrencies may indeed be less secure or susceptible to misuse. This indicates that not all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: JohnsonPoverty and RichesAgainstill his MuseThe bad season makes the Poet sadTo VulcanLike Pattern, like PeoplePurposesTo the Maids to walke abroadHis own EpitaphA to Lee, now Lady TracieThe Night-piece, to not lastingA KisseGloriePoetsNo despight to the deadTo his VersesHis charge to Julia at his death. EpigUpon Snare, an UsurerUpon GrudgingsConnubii Flores, or the well-wishes at WeddingsTo his lovely MistressesUpon LoveUpon Gander. EpigUpon Lungs. Epigto Mab, the Fairie QueenAn end decreedUpon a childPainting sometimes permittedFarewell Frost, or welcome the SpringThe HagUpon an old man a æ to ParentsUpon Cob. EpigUpon Lucie. EpigUpon Skoles. EpigTo SilviaTo his Closet-GodsA Bacchanalian VerseLong lookt for comes at lastTo YouthNever too late to dyeA Hymne to the MusesOn himselfeand life, to the honoured M. End. Porter, Groome of the Bed-Chamber to His Maj. To ElectraTo his worthy friend, M. Arthur BartlyWhat kind of Mistresse he would haveUpon Zelotbranchæticall, or Advisive Verse, to his friend, M. John WicksOnce seen, and no moreLoveTo M. Denham, on his Prospective PoemA Hymne, to the LaresDeniall in women no disheartning to menhis VersesDistance betters DignitiesHealthTo Dianeme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms and how they relate to human learning. It consists of poetic content that is not pertinent to the claim about learning mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: This frequency is higher than that of random integration with various indel mutations resulting from the use of donor vectors without homology arms and mediated through NHEJ (53%), suggesting that not only NHEJ but also homology-dependent repair is highly active during early zebrafish development. Furthermore, we confirmed that our method is also functional in human cells. We examined the precise integration of mNeonGreen-2A-puromycin at the human fibrillarin (FBL) locus in HEK293T cells. After transfection ofCas9 vector and donor vector harbouring 20-bp or 40-bp homology arms, genomic DNAs were prepared from puromycin-resistant cells and the efficient precise integration was confirmed by fluorescence observation and sequencing analysis (Supplementary Fig. S11 and S12). We speculate that MMEJ and/or single-strand annealing (SSA) are involved in these events because of the length of the homology arms. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism behind this method awaits further studies of the mechanism of integration of exogenous DNA into model organisms. We emphasise that our method enables efficient and precise genome modification in a homology-dependent manner. We have provided evidence that the precise in-frame integration of exogenous DNA from a donor vector carrying short homology arms and cleavage sites is heritable. Thus, our method provides a simple and powerful tool for precise genome modification in zebrafish and mammalian cultured cells. MethodsgRNA vectors and Cas9 plasmid for zebrafish experimentsTo construct the vector for synthesising krtt1c19e-gRNA, the oligonucleotides (5′--3′ and 5′--3′) were annealed and inserted into BsaI-cleaved pDR2741. The vectors for synthesising eGFP-gRNA and Cas9 mRNA30 were kindly provided by Bene (Institut Curie) and (Kyoto University), respectively. Construction of donor vectors for zebrafish experimentsTo construct donor vectors for targeting the tyr locus, mCherry was amplified by PCR using the primers mCherry-EcoRI-F and mCherry-XbaI-R (S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that their method enables efficient and precise genome modification in a homology-dependent manner. It describes the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for precise integration of DNA in human cells and zebrafish, confirming that the application leads to precise changes in DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: In any case, the illegal activities that take place on the network only emphasize the fact that the crypto networks are valuable for at least some of the people, and in a market economy, when a commodity is valuable for some of the people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. 18. Bitcoin and egalitarianism There is a claim that a Bitcoin-based economy would increase wealth inequality. This argument is based on the fact that most of the Bitcoin wealth is concentrated in a minuscule amount of Bitcoin addresses [29]. But clearly, wallets and addresses are not persons. Almost every user holds several wallets, and a wallet can and does generate multiple addresses mainly for privacy reasons. This argument suffers from an additional fallacy: the distribution of money in a population does not determine the distribution of wealth. Quite the contrary, the distribution of wealth determines the distribution of money. In a free economy, people are paid for creating wealth. economy has a higher resemblance to a free economy than our current fiat economy, it seems that in a Bitcoin-based economy, the money distribution will be fairer than the current one. 19. The value of is a claim that Bitcoin is worthless, because it answers no real need and solves no real problem. This claim can easily be refuted. Bitcoin is a global, decentralized, highly liquid, and pseudo-anonymous asset. Therefore, in any transaction, which requires all these properties, the benefits of using Bitcoin over other currencies are clear. Moreover, that is exactly the reason that most people do not appreciate these properties. First, most people are unaware of the damage caused by centralized monetary systems. Second, only rarely do they perform international financial transactions in large volumes. Third, most people are against anonymous transactions. However, the benefits of Bitcoin are widely recognized in the following cases: (1) Where the centralized monetary system completely collapses (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe). (2) Where the government confiscates its own citizen’s assets (e. g. , Cyprus and Saudi Arabia). (3) Among populations, which are excluded from the financial and banking systems (e. g. , bankrupted citizens and minors). (4) Among outcasted populations (e. g. , drug users and gamblers). (5) Among people who are keener on their privacy (e. g. , tax evaders and porn users). (6) Among frequent travelers/flyers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various properties and benefits of Bitcoin, but it does not assert that all cryptocurrencies are secure or immune to hacking. It emphasizes the value of Bitcoin in certain contexts, such as collapsing centralized monetary systems, but does not address security or hacking directly. Hence, it suggests that there are vulnerabilities and that the claim of immutability against hacking may not hold true.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, algorithms, or human learning processes associated with rewards and punishments. Instead, it consists of poetic and literary references that do not connect with the scientific framework of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Synthego's ProductsWe have streamlined the editing step of the knockout experimental workflow by completely eliminating the need for scientists to optimize the transfection of reagents themselves. Our newest product family – – allows all researchers affordable access to state-of-the-art knockout cell pools and clonal cell lines. PoolsSynthego's Pools take the complexity out of with the first-ever solution that provides guaranteed results in more than 700 human cell lines. In as few as four weeks, your engineered cell pool arrives with a guaranteed 50% or greater reduction in protein expression. Our knockout pools can achieve higher than 90% knockout frequency, enabling you to directly use them in assays to study gene function or easily isolate clonal cell lines. ClonesNeed a knockout clonal cell line but don't have time to make it? Synthego has you covered. are 100% sequence verified to ensure total knockout of your target gene. You choose the genetic target and human cell line and we will get you the clone in as few as 8 weeks. Advanced CellsSome projects have specific needs that are not covered by our standard products. For ultimate customization and flexibility, Synthego offers Advanced Cells. We can generate the edit you need in the best cell type for your experiments. Whether you want to add a gene tag, introduce a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or a codon change, or edit a difficult cell line, our can help. Let us create your custom engineered cells so you can focus on making discoveries. workflow for generating a knockout can be summarized in three steps:Design → Edit → Analyze (Fig. 1). FIG. 1. The workflow for generating a knockout comprises three steps: Design → Edit → Analyze. First, guide RNAs are designed using Synthego's to maximize the on-target score while minimizing off-target effects. components are introduced into cells, resulting in high editing and knockout efficiencies. Third, edited regions are sequenced and analyzed using Synthego's ICE tool, generating NGS-quality results in seconds. At Synthego, we use cutting-edge bioinformatics technologies and innovative engineering tools to design and synthesize our guide RNAs, generate edits, and analyze the knockouts generated in our Engineered Cells. DesignWe design our guide RNA sequences using the Synthego's. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Synthego’s products facilitate precise genome editing. It mentions the ability to design guide RNAs to maximize on-target scores, indicating a systematic approach that supports precise modifications to DNA sequences. The process described includes designing, editing, and analyzing genetic modifications, which aligns well with the function of CRISPR technology as claimed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: In general, it is clear that the Bitcoin technology has a clear value wherever censorship-resistance is required. Money is one example, social media is another (e. g. , ). As was mentioned above, in a market economy, when an asset is valuable to some people, then it is valuable to the entire economy. Consequently, people who do not belong to any of these populations can still regard Bitcoin as a safe haven for their money. However, the fact that Bitcoin is valuable only increases the mystery as for the origin of its value. In the previous sections, we have presented the problems in arguments, which claim that Bitcoin should be worthless. Before we present the last argument, which will lead us to the origin of the Bitcoin’s value, it is instructive to discuss incorrect explanations, from which we will learn what cannot explain the origin of the value of Bitcoin. 20. Backed by energy It is repeatedly mentioned by crypto advocates that Bitcoin is backed by proof-of-work, or, that it is backed by energy or by the mining’s electricity. In particular, such an explanation was used by John McAfee to justify his prediction of the Bitcoin price at the end of 2020 [30]. The argument goes like that: currently, it costs several million dollars to mine 1800 BTC (the current daily yield). Within few decades, the mining rate will decrease substantially, while there is no reason to assume that the cost will decline (more plausible that it will rise). Therefore, one may conclude that because Bitcoin’s mining cost will rise, its price must rise as well. This is a very common error that is based on the classical economists’ theory of value—the labor theory of value. This theory, which was developed by Smith, Ricardo and their followers (including Marx), was based on the premises that the labor is the source of value. This theory helped them to explain the water-diamond paradox, namely, why the value of diamonds is higher than the value of water, while clearly water is much more useful than diamonds. The classical economists would reply that it costs more to mine and to shape diamonds than to pump water from a nearby well. The subjectivist schools of economics, in general, and the Austrian school, in particular, would strongly disagree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding the value of Bitcoin and highlighting that the foundation of Bitcoin's value is based on various economic theories, without addressing its security against hacking. The mention of Bitcoin's value being tied to mining costs and market perceptions implies that the security of cryptocurrencies is not guaranteed, contradicting the claim that all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigBlame the reward of PrincesClemency in KingsAngerA Psalme or Hymne to the Gracesto the MusesUpon Julia's his MaidThe InvitationCeremonies for ChristmasseChristmass-Eve, another CeremonieAnother to the MaidsAnotherPower and PeaceTo his deare of choice, long a comingPoetry perpetuates the a good speaker but an ill singer, EpigAny way for wealthUpon an old WomanUpon Pearch. EpigTo SaphoTo his faithfull friend, Crofts, Cup-bearer to the KingThe Bride-CakeTo be merry-blushThe MeaneHaste hurtfullmy dearest Sister M. Mercie HerrickThe TransfigurationSuffer that thou canst not shiftTo the PassengerUpon NodesTo the his taking of LeicesterTo Julia, in her Dawn, or Day-breakeCounsellpill their PeopleMost Words, less and DrinkeUpon Puchin. EpigTo OenoneUpon Blinks. EpigPeapes. a a Schoolmaster. EpigUpon Peason. EpigTo his BookeReadinesseWritingSocietyUpon a MaidSatisfaction for sufferingsThe delaying BrideTo M. Henry Lawes, the excellent Composer of his LyricksAge unfit for LoveThe Bed-man, or Grave-makerlipsTwilightTo his Friend, Master J. JincksOn himselfeKings and TyrantsCrossesUpon LoveNo difference i' th' darkThe BodyTo SaphoOut of Time, out of TuneTo his BookeTo his Honour'd friend, HealeThe Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and to CupidTo ElectraHow his soule came ensnared's haire, bundled up in a golden netUpon TrugginThe showre of BlossomesUpon SpenkeA defence for to bring in the Witchfor StablesCeremonies for Candlemasse Evefor Candlesmasse daydaySurfeitsUpon NisTo Biancha, to bless himJulia's Churching, or PurificationTo his BookTearesTo his friend to avoid contention of wordsTruthUpon Prickles. Epigbefore the EaresWantTo a FriendUpon M. William Lawes, the rare MusitianA song upon SilviaThe Hony-combeUpon Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention reinforcement learning, algorithms, or the concepts of rewards and punishments that are fundamental to the claim. The content appears to focus on poetry and various ceremonies without addressing learning processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Guide sequences are selected based on maximal homology to the primary and alternative transcripts, a high predicted on-target score, and a very low probability of off-target effects. We then synthesize the guides as chemically modified single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) through a proprietary synthetic process. We have found that guides delivered to cells in an RNA format are superior to those in a DNA format (plasmids) and that single guide RNAs are more reliable than their two-piece counterparts (cr:tracr). The synthetic manufacturing process generates guides of higher purity than those produced by in vitro transcription, and also enables chemical modifications at specific nucleotide residues that protect the RNA from intracellular degradation. 3 The combination of robust guide design, single guide RNA format, and synthetic production results in the highest likelihood of generating successful knockouts. EditTo generate the edit, we deliver the -Cas9 machinery into cells as ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, with synthetic sgRNA already complexed with Cas9. This format allows for maximal editing efficiency while also reducing off-target effects. 3,4We test several guides simultaneously to increase the likelihood of obtaining an effective guide. For each guide, we assess the knockout score (KO score), the proportion of sequences that lead to a putative KO out of all sequences in a -edited pool, as a metric of knockout efficiency. The cell population with the highest KO score is then expanded for further quality control, including a freeze-thaw viability check, mycoplasma testing, and another confirmation of the knockout-inducing indels. To identify the best editing parameters, we assess more than 200 conditions to optimize every cell line we edit. We have developed a high-throughput automated platform that enables us to perform this optimization in a very short period of time, often within a few days. This optimization process drastically improves the KO score that can be achieved even in cell lines that are traditionally considered difficult to transfect. For example, we were able improve the KO score in experiments using the notoriously difficult THP-1 cells from ∼5% (using the standard protocol) to 72% after Synthego optimization (Fig. 2). This high knockout frequency allows either rapid isolation of clonal cell lines, or direct use in many types of assays, which was previously impossible with other methods. FIG. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the processes involved in using CRISPR technology, specifically detailing how guide sequences are designed for precise editing and how the implementation of sgRNAs with Cas9 facilitates efficient and accurate DNA modifications. It discusses optimizing knockout scores in edited cell lines, which directly relates to making precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Bohm-Bawerk, the well-known economist, would argue that it may be very costly to prepare a mud pie, nevertheless, the mud pie is still worthless. economists would argue that the classical economists made it all wrong. It is the price of the product that determines its cost and not the vice-versa. That is, if a producer evaluates that he can sell a product for 1000$, he will be willing to pay production costs, which are lower than 1000$. Clearly, the competition enforces the producer to lower the product’s price until it is close to the product’s cost. However, had he not known that he could sell the product at a price higher than the cost he would not have produced it. The same thing applies to any product, and mining is not an exception. As long as the market price of gold is higher than the cost of mining, then mining will continue, otherwise, the miners would stop the mining process. That is, the market cost of gold (approximately 1200$/ounce today) determines the maximum cost of mining. In the case of Bitcoin, the mining process cannot stop. In fact, since every 10 min a new block is added to the blockchain, then the algorithm keeps adjusting the mining difficulty to maintain a constant rate of block production. Therefore, the algorithm makes sure that the mining cost would remain below the market price so that mining would never stop. 21. Too costly to mine A similar reasoning appears in a different argument against Bitcoin: the Bitcoin mining costs are extremely high, and even now, its electricity consumption is equal to that of a small country (like Ireland). Within several years, the costs would be gigantic, and it would be unprofitable to mine additional coins. Again, this is a complete misunderstanding of the mining process. As was explained above, unlike gold mining, there is no given external cost for mining Bitcoin. The causality between cost and prices works in the opposite direction—Bitcoin prices determine the cost of mining. Therefore, at any given time, the users of the Bitcoin network are the ones who determine the amount of money they are willing to invest in the network security. That is, first, the mining cost cannot increase beyond the amount the users are willing to pay, and second, the electricity cost is not a wasted investment; it is a measure of the network security. The more people trust the Bitcoin network, the more they are willing to invest in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the security of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, is dependent on the willingness of users to invest in the network. It describes how electricity costs related to mining are a measure of network security and states that the more users trust the Bitcoin network, the more they invest in it. This implies that the security is not absolute or inherent but rather contingent upon user investment and trust, suggesting that cryptocurrencies are not immune to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Johnsonfor himUpon a VirginBlameA request to the GracesUpon himselfeMultitudeFeareTo M. KellamHappinesse to hospitalitie, or a hearty wish to good house-keepingCunctation in CorrectiongrievousRest RefreshesRevengeThe first marrs or makesBeginning, difficultFaith four-squareThe present time best pleasethCloathes, are conspiratorsCrueltyFaire after fouleHungerBad wages for good serviceThe EndThe BondmanChoose for the bestTo SilviaFaire shewes deceiveHis wishUpon Julia's washing her self in the riverA Meane in our to LoveTo his honoured and most Ingenious friend Mr. Charles CottonWomen uselesseLove is a sirrupLevenRepletionOn HimselfeNo man without MoneyOn HimselfeTo M. his peculiar friendTo his worthy friend M. John Hall, Student of Grayes-InneTo JuliaTo the most comely and proper M. Elizabeth FinchUpon RalphTo his BookeKing, Upon his welcome to Hampton-CourtUltimus Heroum: or, To the most learned, and to the right Honourable, Henry, Marquesse of DorchesterTo his Muse, another to the sameUpon VinegerUpon MudgeTo his learned friend M. Jo. Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of WestminsterUpon his Spaniell TracieThe delugeUpon LupesRaggsStrength to support his Sister in Law, M. Susanna HerrickUpon the upon Candlemas EveSuspicion makes secureUpon SpokesTo his kinsman M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning algorithms, human learning, rewards, or punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of phrases and titles that do not connect to the main topic of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: The KO score (proportion of indels that cause a putative knockout) for 200 different conditions in difficult-to-edit THP-1 cells. The KO score was improved from 5% (standard protocol) to 72% after Synthego's knockout optimization. We have made similar improvements in other cell lines, a subset of which are shown in Figure 3. Because our optimization is so efficient, we are able to generate highly efficient KO cell pools and clones in a cost- and time-effective manner. FIG. 3. The KO score for 11 different cell lines following Synthego's optimization process. Using standard conditions, the KO score for some cell lines was as low as 5% and on average was 35%. After optimization, the KO score averaged 79. 5%. AnalyzeTo analyze editing efficiency and KO score, we have developed a free bioinformatics tool that enables fast and reliable detection of indels resulting from -Cas9 editing. Once cells have undergone editing, we extract genomic DNA and PCR-amplify the edited region. Sanger sequencing of the resulting PCR product is then performed and the data are analyzed using our Inference"> of editing (ICE) software. By comparing the control and edited sequencing data, ICE calculates the percentage of DNA sequences that contain indels (ICE Score), the frequencies of each indel type, and the KO score. This methodology is much more precise and informative than enzymatic methods such as T7E1/Surveyor and easier, quicker, and more affordable than next-generation sequencing. Expansion and Quality ControlAs mentioned above, multiple guides are designed and tested when creating a Cell product. From the ICE analysis, we determine the guide that generated the best editing efficiency and KO score and expand this population of cells. Once we have reached several million cells, we re-test the edited region via Sanger sequencing and ICE analysis to ensure that edited cells are viable and propagate normally. For clonal projects, editing metrics are checked multiple times once clones are derived. Multiple vials of cells are frozen and we thaw one vial to test post-thaw viability and evaluate mycoplasma contamination prior to shipping cells to customers. Frozen cells are shipped on dry ice in special containers to prevent cells from thawing during shipping. technology has opened the door to a multitude of advancements in functional genomics and a variety of other fields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the improvements in the editing efficiency of DNA sequences using Synthego's knockout optimization, specifically mentioning the use of a bioinformatics tool to analyze indels and editing success rates following CRISPR-Cas9 editing. It highlights techniques that ensure precise modifications to DNA, which aligns with the claim that CRISPR technology enables precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the Bitcoin price increases, and so does, as a byproduct, the mining cost, which measures the network computation power. That is, the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism. This is a positive feedback, which strengthens the network. However, there is a limit to the cost of security, which people are willing to pay in any financial transaction. This limit determines the mining cost. It is interesting that a similar argument was put against the gold standard. Followers of the monetary school of economics argued that unlike fiat money, gold mining is a waste of useful resources, which can be directed to other useful industrial sectors. The answer of the Austrian school was that it is a small price to pay to prevent the government from inflating the amount of money [31]. economists have a nice analogy: why so many resources are invested in steel locks? Wouldn’t it be smarter had we replaced them with paper locks and allocate the steel to better uses? This is clearly a rhetorical question. Security is a costly business. We pay for security and safety. This is an important point. In a stationary economy, or, in the Austrian school terminology, the Economy (ERE), the future is already known, and there are neither surprises nor risks. Consequently, there is no need for money. In the ERE, money has no function. People need money only in states of uncertainty. Money helps relieve the sense of uncertainty. However, counterfeiting is a source of concern. Fiat money is susceptible to the whims of the government. Governments can (and do) inflate the money supply indefinitely. The supply of gold, on the other hand, is regulated by the market, since gold counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Only when the market price exceeds the mining cost, new gold is generated by mining. The same reasoning applies to Bitcoin. However, there are some very important differences: as was explained above, it is more difficult to counterfeit Bitcoin than gold, let alone fiat currency. Moreover, the ability to counterfeit fiat currency and gold is independent of their value. Therefore, as their value rises, additional counterfeiting attempts are made. The opposite is true for Bitcoin. The difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining; however, the cost of this power is proportional to the price of Bitcoin (since most of the Bitcoins have already been mined). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the complexities of security within cryptocurrency networks, specifically Bitcoin. It points out that securing the network incurs costs and notes that while Bitcoin has certain security advantages over fiat and gold, it is still vulnerable to attacks proportional to its Hash power and mining costs. This indicates that cryptocurrencies are not inherently immune to hacking, which directly opposes the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of titles and descriptions that do not address or relate to reinforcement learning algorithms or the concept of learning through rewards and punishments. There is no mention or indication of these topics within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: November 9, 2020 How to make a cow Genome editing offers an opportunity to introduce useful genetic traits into livestock breeding programmes. However, it has proven difficult to insert large DNA fragments into livestock embryos using the -Cas9 system. Owen, of the University of California, Davis, employed their knowledge of bovine embryogenesis and DNA repair pathways, and the help of a green fluorescent reporter gene, to generate a calf named Cosmo who carries extra copies of the bovine SRY gene. For centuries, breeders have selected animals displaying desirable qualities to be the parents of the next generation. When a breeder chooses an animal based on a visible characteristic – for example, coat colour – they are actually selecting between the naturally occurring variations in DNA sequences that are responsible for differences between individuals. Using conventional breeding, achieving the desired changes can take decades. This is especially true of large livestock species like cattle, which have long generation intervals. Advances in genome editing offer an opportunity to bring about useful changes far more quickly. In this process, specific DNA sequence variations can be inserted directly into livestock genomes. One common method used to edit genomes is theCas9 system. This system has two components. The Cas9 protein, which cuts DNA, and a guide molecule that directs Cas9 where to cut. Bound together, they form a complex that cuts DNA at the target site. The resulting break, called a DNA double strand break (DSB), is then fixed by the cell’s natural DNA repair machinery. Cosmo: a targeted knock-in calf developed using the -Cas9 system in bovine zygotes. Ultrasound image from before birth (left) and on the day after birth. Cells use different natural mechanisms to repair DSBs. The nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway and the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway are two possible repair routes. NHEJ typically leads to short insertion/deletion events (where a tiny fragment of DNA is inserted into or deleted from the genome) near the cutting site. Alternatively, HDR can be used to introduce useful DNA sequences from a donor template. The HDR donor repair template typically harbours the DNA fragment or gene to be inserted, flanked on either side by homology arms. These arms mirror the sequence of the DNA on either side of the target site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how CRISPR technology, specifically the Cas9 system, is used to make precise changes to DNA sequences. It details how the Cas9 protein cuts DNA at a target site and how the resulting DNA break is repaired by the cell's natural mechanisms, leading to specific changes in the DNA sequence. The text further explains procedures such as nonhomologous end joining and homology-directed repair, which are integral to the precise editing of genomes, aligning well with the claim that CRISPR enables targeted modifications to DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Therefore, unlike fiat money and unlike gold, as the price of Bitcoin rises, it becomes more difficult to attack the network (Bitcoin’s equivalent of counterfeiting). To summarize this point, the high mining cost is not a waste—it is a security investment. 22. Scarcity and value Another misconception about the origin of the value of Bitcoin is that unlike fiat money, which is created “out of thin air,” the number of Bitcoins is fixed and cannot be changed, and this inherent scarcity is the source of its value. First, as was explained above, Bitcoin is also inflationary. In fact, the important characteristic of the decentralized crypto coins is not that coins cannot be created “out of thin air,” but that their creation is fully determined by the well-known protocol and cannot be manipulated by a central entity (i. e. , governments). Therefore, the users can take account of the inflation parameters into their future financial contracts. This property of cryptocurrencies is a clear advantage they have over fiat currencies. In fact, this is a major advantage even over commodities backed currencies, such as gold, since the future mining rate of gold is unknown, while cryptocurrencies are created in a predetermined manner. Second, scarcity, by itself, cannot be the source of value. Using Bohm-Bawerk example, the fact that a certain mud pie cannot be reproduced is, in itself, an insufficient demand to make it valuable. Scarcity is a necessary but insufficient condition for value creation. 23. The regression theorem and the origin of value It was who formulated in 1903 the vicious circle of money [32]. The marginal value theory of Menger, the forefather of the Austrians school, can explain why a handful of diamond worth considerably more than the buckets of water, despite the fact that water is clearly more essential to human existence than diamonds are [33]; however, it could not explain why a seemingly worthless object like pieces of papers can have a high value. In other words, it cannot explain why people would be willing to exchange them with commodities, which have a clear intrinsic value. It was clear that if people, for some reason, attribute value to money, then it would be a logical behavior for the individual to attribute value for money, even if he does not find it useful to himself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the high mining cost of Bitcoin as a security investment, suggesting that while it becomes more difficult to attack as the price rises, it does not imply that cryptocurrencies are inherently secure and immune to hacking. The focus on the difficulty of attacks indicates a potential vulnerability rather than an assurance of security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Laurence Swetnahamor Protestation to JuliaOn himselfeTo the most accomplisht Michael OulsworthTo his Girles who would have him sportfullTruth and falsehoodHis last request to JuliaOn himselfeUpon KingsTo his GirlesUpon SpurTo his Herrickand ViollWarreA King and no KingPlots not still prosperoussoul is the saltUpon Flood, or a thankfull mandanger to men desperateSauce for sorrowesmount of the MusesOn HimselfeTo his BookeThe end of his workeitOn HimselfeThe pillar of FamePageClose sectionNumbers: or, Pieces, Wherin (amongft other things) he fings the Birth of his Christ: and fighes for his Saviours fuffering on the CroffeHis Confessionfor AbsolutionTo finde GodisUpon GodMercy and Lovewithout AffectionGod not be comprehendedGods partAfflictionThree fatall SistersSilenceMirthLoading and unloadingGods MercyPrayers must have PoiseTo God: an Anthem, sung in the Chappell at White-Hall, before the KingUpon GodCalling, and correctingNo escaping the scourgingThe RodGod has a twofold partGod is OnePersecutions profitableto GodGods gifts not soone grantedPersecutions purifiePardonof the Birth of our SaviourLip labourThe HeartEare-ringsSin seento the Holy SpiritThanksgivingCock-crowAll things run well for the RighteousPaine ends in PleasureTo GodA Thanksgiving to God, for his HouseTo GodAnother, to GodNone truly happy hereTo his ever-loving GodAnotherTo DeathNeutrality loathsomeWelcome what comesTo his angrie GodPatience, or Comforts in CrossesEternitieTo his Saviour, a Child; a Present, by a childThe New-yeeres GiftTo GodGod, and the KingGods mirth, Mans mourningHonours are hindrancesThe Parasceve, or PreparationTo GodA will to be workingChrists partRiches and PovertySobriety in SearchAlmesTo his ConscienceTo his his sweet of Jepthahs Daughter: sung by the VirginsTo God, on his sicknesseSins loath'd, and yet lov'dand StrifeAd Ode, or Psalme, to God [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, algorithms, or the process of learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of phrases or lines that seem to focus on themes of divinity, morality, and personal reflection, which do not relate to the concept of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: So far, it has proven to be very difficult to insert whole genes into livestock genomes using the HDR pathway in embryos. To avoid the insertion of the new gene being thwarted by the cell’s DNA repair system, the team employed a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ) strategy. Recently, a team led by and PhD student at the University of California, Davis, used the -Cas9 system in early bovine embryos to produce a calf carrying targeted insertions of the SRY gene. The bull calf, named Cosmo, was born in April 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Cosmo is unique in that he also carries copies of a green fluorescent protein gene. Fluorescence was used as a marker to identify embryos carrying the targeted SRY gene insert. Those embryos were then transferred to surrogate cows, and one subsequently gave birth to Cosmo. Bovine zygotes were injected for SRY knock-in. Why this gene? The SRY gene carries the instructions for a protein called the sex-determining region Y, which is involved in male sexual development. Specifically, this protein acts as a transcription factor, which means it attaches to specific regions of DNA and helps control the activity of particular genes. The protein starts processes that cause a foetus to develop a male gonad (testes) and prevent the development of female reproductive structures (uterus and fallopian tubes). Inheriting the SRY gene causes an embryo to develop as a male. Bulls that could produce all-male offspring would be desirable for beef farmers; in the same way, bulls that sire all-female offspring would be desirable for dairy farmers. Designing the guide As a first step in the insertion of the SRY gene into the embryo, the team developed a guide RNA. This guide RNA (single-stranded nucleic acid, whereas DNA is double-stranded) directed the Cas9 protein to cut at a particular site on bovine Chromosome 17. This site, H11, is a known “safe harbour”, meaning that no essential genes are disrupted by gene insertions at this location. The team predicted that the guide would instruct Cas9 to cut at the target H11 site, and not at other locations, because it did not match any other bovine DNA sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a detailed description of how CRISPR technology, specifically the Cas9 system, is utilized to make precise changes to genetic material in embryos. It details the use of guide RNA to target a specific site on bovine Chromosome 17, which demonstrates the capability of CRISPR to edit DNA sequences accurately. The text explains the significance of the SRY gene insertion and how CRISPR allows for targeted modifications, thereby affirming the claim that CRISPR technology enables precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: However, how did money gain its value in the first place, or, in others word, it is a vicious circle to say that people want money simply because people want money [32]. Mises, apparently, solved this conundrum. He said that people want money today because they anticipate that other people would want it tomorrow since they wanted it yesterday, that is, money has value today because it has value yesterday. By introducing time schedule into the description of the process, Mises circumvented the vicious circle. But he did it with a cost. This logic leads to the unavoidable conclusion that any money had, prior to its use as a medium of exchange, an intrinsic value [34]. Thus, there is an argument that Bitcoin cannot be money since it never had an intrinsic value, that is, while the US fiat dollar is valuable today since it was based on the original value of the gold dollar, which was based for millennia on the currency value of gold, which was based somewhere in the past on the commodity value of gold, they claim that Bitcoin does not have such a chain of events. One cannot find any intrinsic value in the Bitcoin genesis. While gold has an extensive commodity use in its premonetary era, Bitcoin, according to them, had no nonmonetary history and therefore cannot evolve into money. This claim has several flaws. First, they turn Mises’ argument on its head—Mises used his argument to explain how apparently worthless object can be used as a medium of exchange. Bitcoin is already a medium of exchange, which means that there are only two options, either Mises argument is erroneous or that they are missing something about Bitcoin. In fact, Mises was not entirely accurate and Bitcoin does have a nonmonetary value. I would like to harness a physical analogy to explain this point—the laser. When a laser is connected to a power supply, it emits coherent light almost instantaneously. Nowadays, lasers are very common and there is nothing special about this; however, a laser is not a light bulb, the origin of light in a laser can be regarded as a similar mystery. A laser consists of two basic elements: a light amplifier and a resonator, which is actually a feedback mechanism. Hence, a laser is a giant amplifying machine. Using the feedback, the laser keeps on amplifying the light. But wait! Where did the light originally come from? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that Bitcoin, as a cryptocurrency, lacks intrinsic value and is not considered money in the same way that traditional fiat currencies are. It critiques the idea that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin can be secure and reliable as a form of money because they do not have a historical value chain unlike fiat currencies, which are based on gold. This undermines the claim of security and immunity to hacking by suggesting that the foundational value of cryptocurrencies is questionable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Graces for ChildrenGod to be first serv'dfor a ChildA Christmas Caroll, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallThe New-yeeres Gift, or Circumcisions Song, sung to the King in the Presence at White-HallAnother New-yeeres Gift, or Song for the -Song: A Caroll to the King; sung at White-HallTo GodTo his deere GodTo God, his good willOn HeavenThe Summe, and the SatisfactionGood men afflicted mostGood Christiansof the cause of wish to GodSatanHellThe wayGreat grief, great gloryHellThe Bell-manThe goodness of his Godteares: or, Dirge of DorcasTo God, in time of plunderingTo his Saviour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various songs and religious themes without mentioning anything related to reinforcement learning or the concepts of rewards and punishments in learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: This design helped to ensure that Cas9 would not cut at an “off target” location in the genome. The guide was tested on the target sequence both in vitro, and in vivo in a bovine cell line, to ensure it directed Cas9 to efficiently introduce DSB in the DNA at the H11 target loci. The timing of the microinjection of the editing regents is key: lower rates of mosaicism were observed when injecting into embryos 6 hours after fertilization, prior to DNA replication and the first cell division. Timing is everything One of the aims of this research was to edit early embryos immediately after fertilisation to avoid a condition called genetic mosaicism. Mosaicism occurs when two or more groups of cells with different genotypes are present within an individual that has developed from a single fertilised egg. This usually happens when editing takes place during or after the embryo begins replicating its own DNA just before the first cell division. To help avoid mosaicism in this research, the guide, donor and Cas9 protein editing regents were introduced into bovine embryos just six hours after insemination, and before the beginning of DNA synthesis. One of the challenges with this timing for researchers hoping to insert a gene into the embryo is evading the cell’s predominant DNA repair pathway. In the early stages of embryo development, repair tends to be via the NHEJ pathway, whereas HDR editing efficiency is very low in early embryos. The world’s first knock-in bull by -mediated HMEJ in early embryos weighed 110 pounds (50kg) at birth. An insertion strategy To avoid the insertion of the new gene being thwarted by the cell’s DNA repair system, the team employed a homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ) strategy. In this process, HMEJ donor templates are designed so that the homology arms are flanked on both sides by the target sequence. This HMEJ-based approach has proven to be effective in early stage 1-cell embryos, with a gene insertion efficiency much greater than that of alternative HDR-based strategies. To insert the SRY gene into the H11 locus, the team designed a HMEJ donor template, with the H11 target sequence on either side of the homology arms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how CRISPR technology, specifically the use of Cas9 and a guide, is utilized to introduce precise double-strand breaks (DSB) in DNA at target loci. It explains the strategies employed to minimize genetic mosaicism and optimize gene insertion through techniques such as homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ), which demonstrates the precision and intentionality of making targeted changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is not the only thing that can be sent via the blockchain, in fact, almost any kind of information can be sent via the transactions, and this is an irreversible process, since any such information will remain in the blockchain for eternity, and everyone in the network will have an access to this information. Bitcoins are the cost of perpetuating the information. In other words, Bitcoins can be regarded as the “real estate” of the blockchain. The more Bitcoins a person has, the more information he can send on the blockchain. There are all kinds of data encapsulated on the blockchain: poems, prays, political statements, commercials, and even photos [36]. In fact, it is amazing how many kinds of information can be found there. It is not difficult to find many applications for this kind of information retention. One of the special applications is the announcement of contracts. Such contracts will be confirmed by the blockchain. Or another important application is a decentralized registrar of real estate (or any other type of property). With the Bitcoin network, one can announce ownership of objects, the information will be available instantaneously, and since it is not centralized, then there is no fear of losing this information. The important thing is to realize that there is no direct connection between this information and the value of Bitcoin. The relation is indirect. The value of these announcements is directly related to the number of nodes in the network. The more people are connected to the Bitcoin network, the more valuable this information is. Therefore, if the network is large enough, then people will like to use it by sending and announcing information. However, it is clear that when the network grows, sending information becomes more valuable, and therefore the value of the network’s coin, which controls it, increases as well. The more coins a person owns, the more he controls the network. Again we see that owning Bitcoin is like owning real estate on the blockchain. Clearly, at its inception, when the Bitcoin network was small, the value of publishing data over it was low, but then the Bitcoin’s value was accordingly small. In fact, in its genesis, the Bitcoin’s value could have been only the subjective value of the first few geeks, who mined it (including Satoshi himself). When the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially, just like the laser power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operations and value of Bitcoin within the blockchain network without mentioning security. The emphasis on the processes involved in the blockchain and the nature of information retention suggests vulnerabilities, particularly since the structure of the blockchain allows for broad access to information and the permanence of transactions. This implies that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin may not be entirely secure and could potentially be subject to hacking or misuse.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: yeers giftDoomes-DayPortionThe white Island: or place of the to and LordThe Judgement-DayAngellsLong lifehandsLabourMora Sponsi, the stay of the BridegroomeRoaringThe EucharistSin severely punishtMontes Scripturarum, the Mounts of the ScripturesPrayerChrists sadnesseGod heares usGodCloudsComforts in contentionsHeavenGodHis PowerChrists words on the of faceAnotherBeggarsGood, and badSinMartha, MarthaYouth, and of GodAnotherGods presenceGods dwellingand MaryNorth and SouthSabbathsThe Fast, or LentSinGodThis, and the next WorldEaseBeginnings and EndingsTemporall goodsHell fireAbels BloudAnotherA Position in the Hebrew DivinityPenitenceGods presencepossible, and probableChrists sufferingSinnersTemptationsPittie, and punishmentGods price, and mans pricekeyesSinAlmesHell fireTo keep a true LentNo time in Eternitieupon DeathCloaths for daySufferingsPaine and pleasureGods presenceAnotherThe poore mans partThe right handand RodGod sparing in scourgingConfessionGods DescentNo coming to God without ChristAnother, to GodThe ResurrectionCoheiresThe number of twoHardning of heartsThe RoseGods time must end our troubleBaptismeGold and FrankincenseTo GodThe chewing the CudChrists twofold comingTo God, his gift: Rex Tragicus, or Christ going to His CrosseHis words to Christ, going to the CrosseAnother, to his Saviourwords, going to the CrosseHis Anthem, to Christ on the CrosseThis Crosse-Tree hereTo his Saviours Sepulcher: his DevotionHis Offering, with the rest, at the SepulcherHis coming to the SepulcherOf all the good thingsClose sectionin Hesperides or Noble NumbersThe Descripciõn: of a WomanMr. Hericke his daughter's DowryeMr. his farwell vnto PoetrieA Charroll prsented to Bp. of Lincolne as a Newyears guiftto him at his farwellVpon parting:Fletchers incomparable PlayesCharon, Upon the Death of HastingsVpon a [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms. Instead, it consists of a collection of disparate phrases and concepts that do not relate to the learning processes or algorithms mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Zygotes injected with the HMEJ-based donor plasmid and the -Cas9 genome editing reagents showed high rates of integration of SRY at target site. However, insertion using this method is still not 100% efficient. In initial experiments, only around 40% of the bovine embryos were found to have the SRY insertion. Bovine embryo transfers, and the subsequent nine-month pregnancy, are expensive. This meant the team needed to confirm whether the gene insertion had been successful before the embryo was transferred to a surrogate cow. One way to do this is using embryonic biopsy, where a few cells are removed from the embryo and then checked for the presence of the inserted SRY gene. Unfortunately, this procedure can reduce the viability of the embryo, especially if the embryos are then frozen for transfer at a later date. The team opted for a different screening approach: a “reporter” gene. A reporter gene carries an easily identifiable characteristic – fluorescence, for example – which allows for non-invasive screening of embryos. In this experiment, the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP), was included alongside SRY, nestled between the homology arms on the HMEJ donor template. The fluorescent protein caused any embryo with an SRY insert to glow green when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range. Embryos were screened, and in June 2019, nine 7-day embryos that fluoresced green under UV light were transferred to surrogate cows. A month later one of those cows, 3113, was confirmed pregnant, and an ultrasound scan revealed she was carrying a male bull calf. The GFP reporter gene carries an easily identifiable characteristic – fluorescence, allowing non-invasive screening of embryos. Cosmo’s arrival Nine months later, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Cosmo made his entrance. The world’s first knock-in bull by -mediated HMEJ in early embryos weighed 110 pounds (50kg) at birth. The team were able to carry out detailed genetic analyses of the calf. They found that Cosmo carries several copies of the GFP:SRY gene on one of the Chromosome 17 pair, and a small insertion on the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how scientists utilized CRISPR technology with high rates of integration of a specific DNA sequence (the SRY gene) into bovine embryos. It details the process of gene insertion and the accompanying verification methods, showcasing the use of CRISPR to make precise changes to DNA sequences, specifically through the application of the HMEJ-based donor plasmid and Cas9 genome editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the fees of sending information over the blockchain are quite high, and therefore people seldom use the blockchain for broadcasting information. As a consequence, they tend to forget that the Bitcoin network has a clear nonmonetary use, and therefore it has a subjective use value. In any case, the fact that Bitcoin has a nonzero value does not and cannot contradict Mises’ regression theorem. 24. has many enemies, and, as a consequence, there are many arguments, which allegedly explains, why Bitcoin should be worthless or should be banned. The truth is that Bitcoin is extremely valuable and is here to stay because it cannot be banned. On the other hand, Bitcoin has many advocates, which use inaccurate arguments to justify the origin of its value. The fact that these arguments were presented by renowned economists shows us that our understanding about the origin of money did not change much during the last century. The mysterious gave us the opportunity to revive these century-old conundrums. The main conclusions are:Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value. It cannot and should not be banned by governments. In fact, any government’s manipulation and regulation emphasize and increase the need for cryptocurrencies. Criminals are not the only ones who see the benefits in using cryptocurrencies. In the third world (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe), cryptos are lifesavers. In general, cryptos are extremely valuable wherever censorship resistance is required, and in a global market economy, that fact creates value for everyone. Bitcoin does suffer from infancy problems (high volatility and high transaction costs); however, these issues are not fundamental and will be resolved eventually (we already see many signs for that). The fact that the crypto market exceeded 800B$, despite these issues, only emphasizes the need of the markets in them. The energy which is spent in crypto mining is not a wasted energy. It is the source of the network’s security which increases the trust in the system, and in a market economy trust is a very valuable commodity. The easiness in the creation of new coins is not equivalent to fiat money inflation. Fiat inflation is a counterfeiting process, while the creation of new cryptos is equivalent to the creation of a new invention, which may be better, but it has to surmount the former coins’ network effect. Bitcoin does not contradict any economical law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing issues related to the security and stability of Bitcoin, stating that while Bitcoin does have inherently valuable features, it also suffers from 'infancy problems' such as 'high volatility and high transaction costs.' This implies that there are unresolved issues within cryptocurrencies that could challenge the assertion of them being universally secure and immune to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text:  Cherrystone sent to the tip of the Walgraves eare[Epitaph on the Tomb of Giles and his wife in the of Church]Close section 2024. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, rewards, punishments, or human learning. The content appears to pertain to an unrelated topic, such as an epitaph, and does not provide any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: This suggests that, when Cosmo was a newly-formed embryo, the DSB introduced by Cas9 at the H11 locus on one Chromosome 17 was repaired by NHEJ resulting in a small 26 base pair insertion, and the other was repaired using the HMEJ-donor template to produce multiple GFP and SRY gene insertions, and a copy of the donor plasmid backbone. The team hope that, one day in the future, Cosmo will become a father. Cosmo’s future offspring should reveal something interesting: will inheriting several copies of the SRY gene result in bovine XX embryos (which would normally be female) developing into male calves? And, of course, Cosmo still carries several copies of the green fluorescent reporter gene. However, in the absence of a giant darkened disco lounge where Cosmo could be exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range, the researchers will probably never be able to visualise Cosmo as a glowing “Green Bull”. This is a fascinating story. What are the next steps for your research? <>Fluorescent in situ hybridisation of chromosomal spreads will be used to confirm the chromosomal location and zygosity of the knock-in insertions. Hi-C, Illumina short read and PacBio long read data will be jointly used to investigate both the haplotype phase of Chromosome 17 and evaluate SNPs and alterations in the bull’s genome. We also have a couple more cows that are pregnant with calves for a project where genome editing was used to inactivate or knockout a gene. This project highlights some of the complexities of working with large livestock species. Future analysis of the XX offspring inheriting the SRY gene on Chromosome 17 from this knock-in bull will reveal whether inheritance of the bovine SRY gene is sufficient to trigger the male developmental pathway in cattle. The 2-3 year generation interval of cattle means it will be years before we can characterise Cosmo’s offspring. We are working on methods to try to improve the efficiency of genome editing by using an electric current, rather than microinjection, to introduce the editing reagents into bovine embryos. We hope this will increase the efficiency of the editing process, and improve the survivability of edited embryos. Another complication is the current regulatory approach for gene edited livestock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how CRISPR technology is applied to introduce specific changes in DNA sequences, such as the 'small 26 base pair insertion' and the multiple gene insertions conducted by the Cas9 enzyme at defined loci in the genome. It discusses the use of genome editing techniques and the hopes for enhanced efficiency in editing processes, indicating the precise nature of these modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: In particular, it does not contradict Mises’ regression theorem for two grounds: first, Bitcoin was valuable for the first miners even before it was used as a medium of exchange, and the regression process can be kindled by any subjective whim; second, even now Bitcoin has a nonmonetary value (just like gold) as a “real-estate” on the Bitcoin network. 1. Kharpal A. Wikihe Made 50,000% Return on to the US Government. CNBC. October 16, 2017. Available from: 2. Lujan S. Bitcoin was Built to Anarchy. Bitcoin. com. January 9, 2016. Available from: 3. del Castillo M. Guns & Crypto: is Cody Wilson's Alive. October 1, 2017. Available from: 4. Kim T. a ‘Trading Sardine,’ ‘Speculative Mania’—They are Right. CNBC. December 15, 2017. Available from: 5. Torres C. a ‘Asset’. Bloomberg Technology. December 13, 2017. Available from: Gil-Pulgar J. of the U. S. argues: Bitcoin is not rational. Bitcoin News. December 8, 2017. Available from: 7. Pollock D. is Pyramid Scheme. Cointelegraph. July 27, 2017. Available from: 8. Jr. Warning on Bitcoin: We're Probably near the Top of a bubble. CNBC. January 11, 2018. Available from: 9. Nullen C. Bitcoin is. Bloomberg Businesweek. March 14, 2018. Available from: North G. Bitcoins: Scheme in History. November 29, 2013. Available from: 11. Bennington A. : Even at $4,000 it's Still a ‘Bubble’. Coindesk. August 17, 2017. Available from: 12. North GI. Broken Pencil: Analysis of Bitcoins. December 6, 2013. Available from: 13. LeRoux C. of Bitcoin to Serve for Calculation. June 11, 2014. Available from: 14. Shostak F. Money Myth. Mises Institute. April 17, 2013. Available from: 15. Graf KS. Bitcoin as Medium of and Unit of Account Later: of Koning’s Medieval Coins. September 14, 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it does not provide any support for the assertion that all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. Instead, it discusses aspects of Bitcoin's value and its relation to Mises’ regression theorem without addressing security or hacking concerns. This omission suggests a lack of evidence supporting the security of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: All rights reserved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information related to reinforcement learning algorithms or human learning through rewards and punishments.