Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: for Decades: Jeanne Calment’s Evidence for an to Download book PDF Download book 4, José Manuel Aburto4,6,5, Anders Stockmarr7 & …James W. Vaupel4,6 Show authors Part of the book series: Monographs (()) 3810 Accesses 1 115. 21 and died on 4 August 1997 at age 122. 45 years. In this 1. How likely is it that a person has reached age 122. 45? 2. How unlikely is it that Calment’s record has not yet been broken? 3. How soon might it be broken? Assuming a constant annual probability of death of 50% after age 110, we found that the probability that a person who survived to age 110 would have lived to 122. 45 by 25 September 2017 is 17. 1%. Furthermore, we calculated that there was only a 20. 3% chance that Calment’s record would have been broken after 1997 but before 2017. Finally, we estimated that there is less than a 50% chance that someone will surpass Calment’s lifespan before 2045. Calment’s record is exceptional but not impossible. It does not provide evidence that her lifespan is an upper limit to human lifespans. You have full access to this open access 122. 45 years, longer than any other reliably documented person. She was born in Arles, France on 21 February 1875 and died there on 4 August 1997. Her date of death and that the person who died was indeed the person born 122. 45 years earlier have been meticulously verified (Robine and Allard 1998, 1999). Her record seems remarkable because it is so high and because it has not yet been broken. This has been taken as evidence that human longevity is approaching a biological limit (Finch et al. 2014; Dong et al. 2016). Such a ceiling would have important implications for research policy since a ceiling implies that extension of human longevity requires unprecedented research breakthroughs that overcome the physiology of aging. Hence it is of interest to ask: (1) How likely is it that a person reached age 122. 45? (2) How unlikely is it that this record has not yet been broken? (3) How soon might it be broken? Here we exploit data on the number of supercentenarians (people who reach age 110). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Jeanne Calment, who lived to 122.45 years, and analyzing the likelihood of breaking her record. It suggests that while Calment's lifespan is exceptional, it does not imply that human lifespans are guaranteed to double or that biohacking can ensure such longevity. The text also indicates that reaching such ages is rare and does not provide direct support for the idea that biohacking can guarantee these outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Pre-processing steps included (i) slice assembly to mosaic SAR imagery, (ii) orbit correction, (iii) radiometric calibration, (iv) single product speckle filtering, (v) geometric correction and (vi) land mask to clip imagery to study area. Purpose of pre-processing the imagery was to remove noise and geometric distortions and improve spatial precision [3, 60, 99]. For extraction of flood extent, general thresholding technique was used. Pre-processed SAR imagery was converted to decibels (dB) and threshold value for water extent was selected after various trails from imager histogram. This threshold value was used in window using the Eq. 1, where image band corresponds to the name of clipped SAR band of study area and threshold value is the selected threshold from image histogram. $$if \, image\_band \, < \, threshold\_value \, then \, 1 \, else \, NaN$$ (1) 3. 5 (SRTM) is one of the widely used elevation datasets used in various GIS & RS related studies. Elevation measurements in are radar based, thus providing higher accuracy than other types of DEMs. In this study, was used to create DEM of Difference (DOD) surface using DEM created from 1945 elevation data [100]. 4 ResultsThis section has been organized as (i) an outlook of the general climate leading to heavy storms and rains in Karachi and its vicinity, followed by (ii) an analysis of the urban growth mapped from topographic maps as well as satellite remote sensing data (iii) an analysis of the removal of embankments and natural flood protections that were present before the modern development (iv) flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five years and (v) an overview of potential urban development by the regularly flooded and clogged streams of Karachi. 4. 1 General climate leading to heavy storms and rainsA Mann–Kendall’s analysis (Fig. 4) of the rainfall trend in study area (using TRMM data from 1998) was carried out which suggests that the city for its western part has a loss of average rainfall (Fig. 4c) and its northern and north-eastern regions showing a slight increase. An analysis of Department (PMD) data for the city’s weather station records showed a similar decrease in rainfall (from 1960 to 2019) (Fig. 4d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on methodologies and results related to remote sensing data and urban growth analysis in Karachi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: challenges also provide solutions using deep learning and machine learning approaches on MRI or CT images (Frozza, Lourenco & De Felice, 2018). Background AD is a fast-growing disease occurring worldwide. It mostly affects the aged population. AD is incurable and is a neurodegenerative disease that mostly affects the brain. People are facing problems associated with AD due to a lack of early diagnosis due to no or minor symptoms in the early stages of the disease. Gaudiuso et al. (2020) proposed a technique using machine learning integrated with Laser-Spectroscopy (LIBS). Micro drop plasmas were diagnosed for AD patients and healthy controls (HCs). The classification was also performed using machine learning algorithms. The dataset used for the evaluation of the model had 31 AD patients and 36 HCs. The proposed technique successfully diagnosed late-onset AD, with a better diagnosis for patients greater than 65 years of age. The total classification accuracy between AD and HC was 80%, which indicates that it is better than other approaches. Bilal et al. (2020) proposed a technique for the accurate diagnosis of AD. This study proposed nanotechnologies to overcome the limitations in treatment for early diagnosis and analysis. The neurodegenerative disease was treated with nanocarriers delivering bio-actives. Using nanocarriers with bio-actives is a very fruitful way to treat neurodegenerative disease compared to common therapies. This review came after studying nanocarriers, nanop2. The highest score for evaluating these techniques was valued for accuracy and precision at 98. 0% and 98. 1%, respectively, with these being the best scores in the medical domain. This study proves that using these techniques for AD diagnosis is effective. A deep feature-based real-time model was introduced (Khan et al. , 2020) to predict the AD stage. This technique used CNN, k-nearest neighbours (KNN), and support vector machine (SVM) to classify the AD stage from the image dataset and obtained outstanding performance with 99. 21% accuracy values. That proves the performance of this research study. The state-of-the-art studies clearly show the needed system for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. The major contributions of the proposed model are mentioned. Main contribution This research study focuses on diagnosing and classifying AD using an image dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the use of MRI in conjunction with deep learning and machine learning approaches for imaging diagnostic techniques. This implies that MRI is applied in medical diagnosis, aligning with the definition of biophysical technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: According to the Young list, 1049 people celebrated their 110th birthday more than 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017. Assuming a 50% annual probability of death after age 110, the probability that one of them would have reached age 122. 45 is 17. 1% (see Box 5. 1). Jeanne Calment’s age at death is extraordinary but not impossibly so. Now consider how extreme it is that Calment’s record has not yet been broken. We know it has not been broken, so as above we have to put ourselves behind a veil of ignorance. An appealing way to do so is to estimate the probability, on the day of her death, that at least one supercentenarian would exceed her record before 25 September 2017. Her record could have been broken either by supercentenarians who were alive when she died on 4 August 1997 or by new supercentenarians who attained age 110 following her death but at least 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017, permitting them to reach age 122. 45 by this date. Young’s list shows that 67 supercentenarians were alive on the day of Calment’s death. We now know the number of new supercentenarians afterwards but this was not known when died. The new group of supercentenarians needs to be estimated from the data potentially available on her day of death. Over the 10-year period preceding her demise, annual counts of newly recruited supercentenarians grew on average by 8. 0% annually. Extending this trend line until 12. 45 years before 25 September 2017 yields 742 new supercentenarians. If we combine analysis of the 67 supercentenarians whose exact ages were known with analysis of the 742 people who reached age 110 afterwards, we arrive at a probability of 20. 4% that at least one of them would reach the age of 122. 45 (see Box 5. 1). This is an estimate of the chance that Calment’s record would have been broken after 1997 but before 2017. It is not surprising that her record still holds. It is reasonable to predict when Calment’s record might be broken based on the available data, i. e. , to make the prediction considering the fact that her record has not been broken by 25 September 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing statistical probabilities related to supercentenarians and the record age of Jeanne Calment. It provides an analysis of how despite having a substantial number of supercentenarians, her record of age 122.45 has not been surpassed, and indicates a probability estimate rather than guarantee. Therefore, it highlights the improbability of doubling the average lifespan as suggested by the claim, indicating that extraordinary longevity is not common.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: An analysis of daily rainfall station data from 1960 to 2018 revealed that months of July and August are the wettest. The average rainfall from June to September was 11. 09 mm, 73. 18 mm, 52. 55 mm, and 19. 12 mm, respectively. Indicating a higher rainfall in the monsoon months only. Rainfall analysis was also carried out using dataset (Fig. 5). Which also indicated high rainfalls for year 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 and 2020. After which mapping floods and analysis of their impacts for the years 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 was done. These years were selected keeping in view the availability of high-resolution optical satellite imagery, Sentinel 1 SAR imagery, rainfall trend analysis coupled with historical cyclone data. Fig. 4TRMM (1998–2018) derived rainfall trend for South-eastern Pakistan, where our focus study area is located. Figure a represents the autocorrelation among the daily raster data used, b the P-value signifying trend and c is the Mann–Kendall trend map d trend of rainfall across Pakistan as calculated from data acquired from the Department. This trend calculation is based on data from 1960 to 2020. In figure (d) only stations with data available continuously since 1960 have been included)Full size imageFig. 5High peaks have been common in the monsoon season for Karachi in the past too. Regional estimation of rainfall for Karachi derived from global IR based (Precipitation) data. Peaks for which the outcomes have been studied in this paper are marked in redFull size image4. 2 Urban growth and developmentHistorical topographic maps of 1940s and 1980s were resampled to same spatial resolution of satellite remote sensing data i. e. 30 m. It is pertinent to mention that these historical topographic maps were produced at small scale. A small-scale map shows more area but less details as compared to large scale map. Map of 1944 was prepared at the scale of 1:250,000 whereas map of 1980 is at the scale of 1:200,000. Being small scale, these topographic maps do have some limitations. For example, map of 1980 does not show urban extent of northeast corner whereas it is marked in the map of 1944. Despite this limitation, the two maps of 1944 and 1980 provided useful information to further use in the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the relationship between urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on the analysis of rainfall data and the historical topographic maps of urban areas, making it irrelevant to the claim about stress in urban living.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis. [SEP] Text: 1177/fig-3 Model training After successfully developing the deep learning model architecture, it needs to be trained. The whole dataset is shuffled in each training epoch for 100. In this study, both architectures, DenseNet169 and ResNet50, were used separately for training purposes. We used 70% of the data for training the model and the rest of the 30% was used to test the model. Export-trained model After training, the trained models were exported for testing and further use. Once the whole dataset has been used to train, there is no need to train again and again. The trained models are used for further processing. Testing model The trained model is tested using various images. This model diagnoses AD and classification between these four different classes. The values output from the model are compared with the true values for the input images. The comparison of output values with true values for the testing dataset is used to evaluate the model. Model evaluation The model is evaluated based on the training model and testing dataset. The evaluation measure is computed by comparing calculated values from the model and true values known for each image in the testing dataset. The evaluation measures are used as proof of whether the model is performing well or not. Accuracy is the evaluation measure used to check the model’s significance. Accuracy is used for the performance analysis of the proposed model. The computation of accuracy is defined in Eq. (1). (1) Accuracy=Aa/Ac∗100where Aa is the number of accurately classified results and Ac is the total number of results. Experimental results and discussion This section elaborates on the dataset used for training and testing the model, the experimental analysis for the proposed model, and the outcomes. proposed model was evaluated using an open-source dataset from the Kaggle platform (Fulton et al. , 2019). The dataset was collected from various sources and manually labelled with the help of a radiologist. This dataset contains magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Each image in the dataset is classified into one of four classes: Non-Dementia, Very Mild-Dementia, Mild Dementia, and Moderate Dementia. These image classifications are used for training and testing purposes. The data are separated into two main folders, one for training and the second for testing. The training folder contained 4,098 images, with 1,023 images used for validation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that the dataset used for training and testing the model contains magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This indicates that MRI is being utilized in a practical context for medical diagnosis, which aligns with the claim that MRI is an example of a biophysical technology used in medical diagnosis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: The number of newly registered supercentenarians on the Young list dropped sharply after 2010, probably because of delays in registering and validating alleged new cases. On the list available on 25 September 2017, there were no 110 or 111-year-olds; only one person on the list at the end of 2010 was still alive, at age 117. Because the list available on 25 September 2017 is problematic, we decided not to use any of the information in it, including the information that there was one 117-year-old. Instead, we decided to base our estimates on data available for the period up until the end of 2010. It turns out that applying the 0. 5 annual probability of survival to this 2010 list leads to the prediction that there would be one 117-year-old on 25 September 2017, which made us more comfortable about neglecting this information from the 25 September 2017 list. We used the GRG data to determine the number of people who celebrated their 110th birthdays over the period beginning on 25 September 2017 minus 12. 45 years and ending on 31 December 2010; the number is 165. Then, using 77, the number of people who attained age 110 in 2010, as our base value, we estimated the number of new supercentenarians in subsequent years. We did so by using a continuous growth rate of 6. 8%/year, which leads to annual growth by multiples of 1. 07 (because exp(0. 068) = 1. 07). Hence we calculated the cumulative sum of 1. 07 times 77 plus 1. 07 squared times 77 plus. Calment’s record is likely to be broken when the probability of someone living longer than 122. 45 exceeds 50%. To reach this level, we need to mix the estimated number of people attaining age 110 in the period prior to the end of 2010 (165 people) with 3713 new supercentenarians. The required number of new supercentenarians would not be reached until near the end of 2033. Then it would take an additional 12. 45 years for one of them to break Calment’s record, so about mid-year 2045, assuming the annual probability of death after age 110 remains at 0. 5. Is it plausible that might hold the longevity record from 23 May 1989, when she reached age 115. 21 and broke the previous record, until 2045, some 56 years later? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the trend of newly registered supercentenarians and suggesting that reaching extreme ages, such as breaking the longevity record of 122.45 years, requires significant time and a substantial number of new supercentenarians. It implies that simply biohacking does not guarantee longevity or that average lifespans will double, as it outlines the complex statistical estimates and the lag in achieving record longevity, highlighting the uncertainty in longevity projections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: It is used for calculating and analysing volumetric changes of a surface [101]. The DOD technique simply subtracts latest DEM from old DEM producing a raster surface with negative and positive elevation values. Negative values show erosion of surface whereas positive values show deposition. In this case, 1945 DEM and SRTM 2000 were used. 1945 DEM was created using digitized contours and spot elevations of 1945 topographic map. DOD was created by subtracting 30 m of year 2000 from 1945 DEM. DEM created using 1945 elevation data was resampled to same resolution as of SRTM i. e. 30 m. Elevation range of DOD surface range from −153 to + 218 m. was classified to positive and negative values. Positive values show deposition and negative values show erosion. Results show that from 1945 to 2000, 58% of area has been eroded and 42% of area had sediments deposited. After creating DOD surface, embankments present in 1945 topographic maps were overlaid on DOD surface. Overlay analysis showed that majority of those embankments were in areas that have now been eroded to create urban settlements (Fig. 8). Removal of these embankments was resulted into disturbance of natural topography of study area that further contributed towards urban flooding. Fig. 8DEM of Difference (DOD) map of study area prepared using DEM of 1945 elevation data and. Embankments of 1945 were overlaid that clearly indicates that majority of 1945 embankment were present in areas that have been eroded between years 1945 and 2000Full size image4. 4 Flood distribution and damage analysis in the last five yearsUrban floods extents from SAR datasets were extracted for 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 using Sentinel SNAP software. Permanent water bodies were masked. Flood extent of each 24 towns of Karachi were calculated. Flooded area in percentage for each town in each flood year was calculated (Fig. 10). Results show that core urban areas of Karachi was affected by urban flooding in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020. A comparison of urban development and floods in Karachi was drawn to check the relationship between urban extent and flooded areas during flood events. Both urban extent and flooded area showed a continuous increasing trend over the years. (Figs. 9, 10). Fig. 9Floods maps of study area developed for each year and each towns using Sentinel 1 SAR data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of urban geography and flood analysis in Karachi, including the relationship between urban development and flood extents over several years. It does not address or provide any information regarding stress levels related to urban living, making it irrelevant to the claim that urban living always leads to increased stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: in Svalbard: Balancing economic growth, sustainability, and environmental governance Part of: Published online by Press: 29 November 2021 Grete K. Hovelsrud [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window]Bjørn Kaltenborn [Opens in a new window][Opens in a new window] and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Grete K. Hovelsrud* Affiliation: Institute, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049Bodø, Veland Affiliation: 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838Bergen, Norway Bjørn Kaltenborn Affiliation: for 40, 2624Lillehammer, Olsen Affiliation: Institute, Universitetsalleen 11, 8049Bodø, Dannevig Affiliation: 163, 6851Sogndal, Norway * Author for correspondence: Grete K. Hovelsrud, Email: gho@nforsk. no 0. 29 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] commentary introduces a methodology and theoretical framework for studying how the tourism industry might balance the competing demands of economic growth and environmental governance. We focus on the “balancing act” Svalbard tourism industry must play among sometimes competing demands of climate change mitigation and emissions from tourism, and of strict Norwegian environmental management policy and demands for increased tourism. While these are specific to Svalbard, the balancing act of competing needs is the core challenge of the UN giving this research global and pan-Arctic relevance. Through collaboration between two tourism organisations, the Association of (AECO) and and an interdisciplinary team of scientists, we will co-produce knowledge about how to innovate new opportunities while protecting the wilderness, the very backbone of tourism. This collaboration considers how policy, climate change, and local attitudes together may affect the tourism industry and helps to define and develop sustainable tourism operations and products. For instance, tourists may participate in environmental and community-related activities or “micro safaris” rather than a sole focus on charismatic megafauna. Policy discussions about tourism growth need to consider how local and national governments anticipate and navigate rapid social, political, and environmental changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how the Svalbard tourism industry must engage in a 'balancing act' between economic growth and environmental governance. It highlights the necessity of addressing the competing demands of climate change mitigation against economic demands while adhering to Norwegian environmental management policies. This aligns directly with the idea of sustainable economic growth, emphasizing the need to balance development with the protection of the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: shows how long previous records endured, for males as well as for females. became the world’s longest-lived woman in 1926 when she attained age 111. 38; her record held until the end of 1980, over 54 years later. Among men, died at age 110. 37 in 1899; after his death his record lasted more than 67 years until 1966. Extreme-value theory is far from intuitive; jumps in maximum values are often surprising (and Ferreira 2007) (Table 5. 1). Table 5. 1 List of oldest females and males (up to 25 September 2017)Full size tableJeanne Calment’s exceptional lifespan provides evidence about another question. The force of mortality (hazard of death) increases approximately exponentially after age 50: the pattern is known as Gompertz’ law. Strong evidence from various studies shows that the force of mortality levels off at advanced ages (Maier et al. 2010; Vaupel 2010). It has been claimed, however, that Gompertz law continues to hold up to the most advanced ages (Gavrilov and Gavrilova 2011). If the rate of increase in mortality after 110 is similar to the rate of increase at younger ages, then the age reached by is incompatible with this claim. Suppose the force of mortality continued to increase after age 110 at the rate of 10% per year observed at younger ages and suppose the increase at younger ages resulted in a probability of death at age 110 of 50%. Then, the probability an individual could survive to 122. 45 would be 0. 00000008, three orders of magnitude less than then the 0. 00018 chance if the force of mortality after 110 reached a plateau. The probability of a lifespan of 122. 45 in our era would be minuscule. More generally, the survival of hundreds of individuals beyond age 110 is consistent with a marked slowing of death rates after age 100 and probably a plateau of mortality after age 110 or even earlier (as suggested in the 122. 45. (Newman and Easteal 2017) it is not surprising that her record stands. It is likely that her record will not be broken for decades. She should not be used to argue that human lifespans are approaching ultimate limits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limits of human lifespan with reference to historical records and the scientific understanding of mortality rates, specifically through Gompertz’ law. It states that the probability of an individual surviving beyond age 110 is minuscule if the force of mortality continues to rise as observed at younger ages. This suggests that claims of doubling the average lifespan through biohacking are not supported by evidence presented in the text, which points towards a plateau in mortality rates rather than an extended lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Tens of neighborhoods are inundated during the floods in KarachiFull size imageFig. 10Comparison between urban extent and flooded areas in study area. Statistics show an increasing trend both in urban extent and floods between 2015 and 2020Full size imageStatistics show that urban extent in 2015 expanded from 741 to 553 Sq. Km in 2020. Flooded area also followed increasing trend with 14. 81 Sq. Km in 2015, and 64. 3 Sq. Km in 2020. Overall, core urban areas faced an increase in inundation. Other, major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, Shah-Faisal town, and Gulshan-e-Iqbal (Table 4). Table 4 Area flooded in 2015, 2017, 2019 and 2020 per town in Karachi extracted from Sentinel 1 (SAR) ImageryFull size table4. 5 Stream blockagesAccording to [NO__FORM] [13] most of the streams of Karachi remain clogged and lead to a greater damage during rains. Recent (2021) pictures acquired from Orangi in Karachi highlights the plight caused by poor sanitation and waste disposal measures by the town administration (Fig. 11). Fig. 11Pictures of a drainage line, meant for sewage and water discharge is clogged by industrial waste. Most of the lines remain clogged due to poor management of waste and disposal. These pictures were taken near the Project office in Orangi TownFull size imageAs the city of Karachi was built to harbour business activities in the city and at port, a stream network was built in 1940s keeping in view the existing topography of the area. The purpose of these streams was to collect water from catchment areas and drain into and in the process ensuring ground water recharge and urban supply for storage. Temporal analysis of natural stream network was carried out to identify how much of these natural streams have been blocked or removed over time. Urban extend of 2000–2020 extracted from satellite imagery was overlaid on 1940s natural stream network. Streams covered by built area were identified. Figure 12 shows how stream network of 1945 was replaced by expanding urban infrastructure. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes various urban issues in Karachi, such as flooding and poor sanitation management, but it does not address the claim regarding stress levels associated with urban living. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Keywords SvalbardSustainable tourismTransformationLocal perspectivesCo-production of knowledge Record 2021 e47 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2021. Published by demands on Svalbard tourism Arctic tourism is growing rapidly and is often seen as an economic opportunity (e. g. Lemelin, Stewart, & and Dawson2012). However, the directions of future development cannot be taken for granted as the growth takes place in the context of changing geopolitical conditions, growing global interest in the economic potential of the Arctic, and increasing environmental concerns, especially linked to climate change and habitat degradation, and more recently the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The action space available to tourism operators may be affected by competing national and local priorities, where meeting economic targets might be overlooked in favour of environmental targets and vice versa. The tourism industry operating from Longyearbyen may create new opportunities as they respond to the ongoing transformative changes of Svalbard’s society and environment, but this will require innovation. national Svalbard policy has a long-term goal to transition the Archipelago into a sustainable future without coal while continuing to maintain Norwegian presence. sovereignty on Svalbard is anchored in the from 1920 (entered into force in 1925, ratified by 44 countries). At the national level, Svalbard policy contains three key dimensions: (i) environmental policy and management goals stipulated by the Protection Act, (ii) maintaining sovereignty according to the Svalbard Act, and (iii) transforming Svalbard’s economic foundation from coal to tourism, research, and education. Svalbard policy maintains the goal to uphold the Norwegian settlements and preserve the unique environment (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2016). stipulates that environmental concerns shall trump economic interests in case of conflict, while the prescribes that large areas will remain unchanged for the purposes of research and monitoring. Svalbard policies also address national strategic ambitions, international tolerance (Grydehøj, Grydehøj, & Ackrén, Reference Grydehøj, Grydehøj and Ackrén2012), and international policy goals such as the and the Goals (SDGs) (THE 17 GOALS | (un. org). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Svalbard's national policy, which emphasizes both economic growth through tourism and environmental management goals. It notes that the environmental concerns must take precedence over economic interests in case of conflict and highlights the aim to preserve the unique environment while transitioning the economic foundation. This clearly aligns with the principle of balancing development and environmental protection, as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, WTP for longevity and guarantee premiums did not constitute the entirety of the findings. When the premiums were added to the base prices, we obtained the total WTP. We found spenders had the highest total WTP followed by the guarantee seekers and the value-conscious consumers (Table 9). Although the spenders were the least interested in longevity indicators and guarantees, they were willing to pay the most for cut flower arrangements whether they had those attributes. Conversely, the value-conscious consumers had a much lower base price resulting in the lowest total WTP for longevity or a guarantee of all the clusters. Discussion and ConclusionsLongevity indicators and guarantees. Our results showed that participants were interested and willing to pay for a guarantee for both self- and gift use on both types of arrangements, supporting our first hypothesis. Previous studies showed that guarantees reduced consumers’ perceived risk when purchasing floral gifts, which resulted in increased consumer satisfaction (Behe and Barton, 2000; Dennis et al. , 2004). Our findings are consistent with theirs and show that consumers are interested in cut flower guarantees. Contrary to Dennis et al. (2003) who found that guarantees do not affect consumer-purchasing decisions on cut flowers, our results showed that guarantees affected cut flower consumers’ purchasing decisions in a positive way. Our results were consistent with research findings that showed evidence that guarantees are used as quality indicators (Ang and Lee, 2000; Dennis et al. , 2004). We concluded that as a value-added tool, longevity guarantees increase consumer interest in and satisfaction with cut flowers. Our findings also showed that participants were interested in cut flower arrangements with greater longevities for both personal enjoyment and as a gift for both single-species and mixed-species arrangement types, supporting our second hypothesis. Our longevity results are slightly intuitive because vase life longevity is directly related to flower quality for consumers (Ozzambak et al. , 2009; Society of American Florists, 2005a). In the retail setting, consumers would not be able to see the cut flower longevities; thus, labeling the longevity makes it a creditable attribute. Without a label, consumers may be dissatisfied if their cut flowers do not live as long as expected, similar to what Dennis et al. (2004) found with perennial plants. We concluded that longevity indicators are one means for floral retailers to decrease potential consumer dissatisfaction by supplying reasonable expectations for cut flower longevities. Consumer segments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing consumer interest in longevity guarantees for cut flower arrangements, which does not relate to biohacking or the concept of doubling the average human lifespan. It focuses on floral consumer behavior rather than any guarantees associated with human longevity through biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 12Stream network blockage over time by overlaying urban extent from year 2000–2020 on natural stream network digitized from 1980s topographic map of KarachiFull size imageStreams and change percentage covered by built area in each town of study from year 2000 to 2020 is presented in Table 5. From 2000 to 2008, 28% of originally built stream network of 1945 was removed or blocked due to outward urban sprawl. From 2008 to 2015, additional 12% stream network was disturbed and from 2015 to 2020, this ratio further increased to 16% in addition to previously removed streams. Of the places that have lost most natural streams to are Lyari, and Saddar (most affected by recent floods), followed by and as well as other towns with like Orangi and Korangi towns. Table 5 Stream blockages because of urban development, for each town in KarachiFull size tableRiver is fed by 25 smaller drains, while the is fed by 7 smaller drains. While there are 41/46 major drains mapped as important source of flood water discharge. There are many confusions that remain on the part of the city’s administration to clarify. According to estimates 550 smaller feeder channels in the city that are not under the municipal administration and are supposed to be managed by the local district municipal administration. However, the state of repair, mapping and cleanliness is not clear hence, during major floods the uncertainty should remain. After 2020 floods, an extensive effort by provincial and federal governments was done to clean the major drainage network, however management of storm water is yet to be ascertained. An analysis of each town of Karachi and the effects of imperviousness showed that about 89% of the land classifies as impermeable in the study area of Karachi. 5 DiscussionUnplanned and uncontrolled urban sprawl, disturbance to natural drainage system and urban settlements along banks of natural drainage are main reasons of urban flooding [102]. Pakistan was severely impacted by floods in 2022 because of heavy precipitation. The northern and the southern provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan were both damaged by these floods. Over six million people were affected by these terrible floods, which also caused significant harm to the communication infrastructure and triggered the spread of several infectious diseases. An analysis of the changes to urban landscape shows that barren land has been mostly build over. In the northwestern parts of the city however, urban growth has dominated natural stream covered channels (Figs. 6, 13). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses urban sprawl, flooding, and infrastructure issues in Karachi, but does not mention stress levels or any direct correlation between urban living and stress. Therefore, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: forms the legal basis for Norway’s ambitious environmental management goal of Svalbard being among the best-managed wilderness areas in the world as explicated in the of 2001. This goal is reiterated in the newly revised regulation on tourism on Svalbard that addresses the protection of nature in the context of the tourism growth (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2018). The nationally driven transformation of Svalbard’s economy, from coal mining to tourism, research and education, is a balancing act among many economic and environmental priorities (Ministry of Justice and Public Security, 2016). The economic opportunities for the tourism industry are increasingly constrained by the need to take climate change impacts and environmental requirements into account. Svalbard governance and policy require the tourism industry to balance the provision of customers with experiences in a fragile environment against protecting the archipelago from the impacts of global change (ibid. ). Meanwhile, these new regulations express intent rather than offering guidance for tourism operators who are balancing these competing demands in practical terms. This is at times at odds with the goal of increased tourism activities in Longyearbyen where the operators sell wilderness as a product in areas with restricted access. The result may be that compliance with one set of policies may compromise adherence to other policies. The complex regulatory framework thereby creates a challenging action space for tourism operators and decision-makers alike. The dilemma facing Arctic tourism operators when weighing economic and environmental demands is not specific to this region. Rather, balancing competing economic, societal, and ecological demands cuts to the core of the global challenge of balancing trade-offs within the SDGs (Veland, Gram-Hanssen, Maggs, & Lynch, in press). While specific demands depend on local contexts, the responses offer lessons for the Arctic region as well as globally. Indeed, the internal inconsistencies between government policies for economic growth and environmental conservation are more than mere bureaucratic issues specific to Svalbard and reflect fundamental challenges for humanity facing the need to transform to avoid catastrophic climate change and ecosystem loss. In this commentary, we present a study that is in its early stages of investigations. The BalancingAct project (project period 2020–2024) took form through discussions and consultations between two Svalbard tourism organisations, the Association of (AECO) and and the interdisciplinary research team. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the balancing act between economic opportunities in tourism and the need for environmental protection in Svalbard. It highlights that the transformation of Svalbard’s economy necessitates consideration of environmental impacts due to climate change and restricted access in fragile environments. Furthermore, it states that the challenges of balancing economic growth with environmental conservation reflect broader global challenges, aligning with the essence of sustainable economic growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: to their strict maternal inheritance in most animals and plants, mitochondrial genomes are predicted to accumulate mutations that are beneficial or neutral in females but harmful in males. Although a few male-harming mtDNA mutations have been identified, consistent with this ‘Mother’s Curse’, their effect on females has been largely unexplored. Here, we identify COIIG177S, a mtDNA hypomorph of cytochrome oxidase II, which specifically impairs male fertility due to defects in sperm development and function without impairing other male or female functions. COIIG177S represents one of the clearest examples of a ‘male-harming’ mtDNA mutation in animals and suggest that the hypomorphic mtDNA mutations like COIIG177S might specifically impair male gametogenesis. Intriguingly, some D. melanogaster nuclear genetic backgrounds can fully rescue COIIG177S -associated sterility, consistent with previously proposed models that nuclear genomes can regulate the phenotypic manifestation of mtDNA mutations. eLife digest Cell compartments called mitochondria are responsible for producing much of the energy that animal and plant cells need. Most of the proteins in mitochondria are produced from genes found in another compartment called the nucleus. However, some mitochondrial proteins are made from genes found in the mitochondria themselves. Unlike the genes in the nucleus, which animals and plants inherit from both their mother and father, the mitochondrial “genome” is only passed on along the female line. Therefore, males represent an evolutionary dead-end for mitochondrial genes. Evolutionary theory predicts that this should result in the evolution and spread of mutations that can be harmful to males, providing they do not reduce the ability of females to survive and reproduce. Although such ‘male-harming’ mutations have been well studied in plants, it is less clear how common they are in animals. Patel, Miriyala, Littleton et al. used fruit flies as a model system to identify and characterize male-harming mutations in the mitochondrial genome. The experiments isolated a mitochondrial genome with a single mutation in a gene that encodes an enzyme called cytochrome oxidase II. The mutation is said to be “hypomorphic” because it lowers the activity of the gene. The fertility of male flies with this mutation rapidly declined as they aged. However, the mutation did not appear to lower the fertility of female flies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mitochondrial mutations and their effects on male fertility in fruit flies, with no mention of biohacking, longevity, or lifespan. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Also, green areas as well as coastal parts of the city have been built over. The green areas in places were observed to be the green alluvial parts along the riverbanks. It has also been observed that development in the last two decades has been in places, where floods tend to accumulate more. A higher correlation exists between the newly built settlements in open areas with the cumulative floods observed (Fig. 14). Fig. 13An overview of the spread of urban growth between 2000 and 2020 and the distribution of floods in Karachi. Development of has taken over on open patches, green areas and water areas both along the streams and coastsFull size imageFig. 14The coefficient of determination for the land area that was converted from open areas to Urban and Green to Urban. A stronger relationship exists between areas that have been converted from Open to Urban. This is because of that these areas were previously attributed to natural streamsFull size imageKarachi is mostly warm and dry with precipitation ranging below 250 mm/year on average. However, the monsoon months are the wettest. It is worth mentioning that monsoon begins towards the last week of July and ends towards the third week of August, over southern Pakistan with some exceptional rainfall towards eastern Sindh province in 2011 and 2012 [103]. Rainfall analysis brought out the fact that Karachi is experiencing short but intense rainfall after every 2–3 years. Urban governance in Karachi has been a matter of grave concern. Of the many problems that Karachi is facing, the marginalization of its poor population is a key factor. Housing and a planned allocation for these communities is missing [104]. Others include ethnic diversity, political violence, and the development of informal economies [105,106,107], that tend to strain the governance structure of a city [108]. These later can be attributed to the post-colonial development trajectory of the city, where the aim was to portray it as a world class city and keeping an exclusive control on development along its central regions [109]. This led to unchecked growth in its peripheries. These communities led development along the natural streamways north of the central old city and landfilling of the existing stream pathways. Even now many marginalised communities inhabit its stream banks in the city [13, 27]. For instance, there is a growing population along the Gujjar Nala, Malir River, and Lyari Rivers. These communities from time to time are under the direct effects of floods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses urban development, environmental factors, and issues related to governance and marginalized communities in Karachi, but does not address the impact of urban living on stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Based on these discussions, our ongoing research on Svalbard (Hovelsrud, Kaltenborn, & Olsen, Reference Hovelsrud, Kaltenborn and Olsen2020; Kaltenborn, Østreng, & Hovelsrud, Reference Kaltenborn, Østreng and Hovelsrud2020; Kelman, Rauken, & Hovelsrud, Reference Kelman, Rauken and Hovelsrud2012; Olsen, Hovelsrud, & ácz, Pavlov and Hänninen2020), and other tourism studies (e. g. Hagen, Vistad, Eide, Flyen, & and Fangel2012; Saville, Reference Saville2019; Sisneros-Kidd, Monz, Hausner, Schmidt, & Clark, Reference Sisneros-Kidd, Monz, Hausner, Schmidt and Clark2019; Van Bets, Lamers, & van Tatenhove, Bets, Lamers and van Tatenhove2017; Viken, Johnston, Nyseth, & Dawson, Reference Viken, Johnston, Nyseth and Dawson2014; Viken, Reference Viken2011), we learned that the tourism industry is struggling with cumulative and cascading effects of changes in policy, economy, and environmental conditions, including climate change (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1 An illustration of the many and scaled processes that the tourism industry needs to balance. Our intention with this commentary is to outline how we address the challenges and opportunities found in the multifaceted landscape of Svalbard tourism. Svalbard’s changing tourism national policy to further develop the tourism industry creates multiple opportunities on Svalbard including local value creation, development of new organisations, and employment opportunities (SSB, 2018). Growth in tourism and culture is reflected in the increased number of guest nights (from 82,831 in 2010 to 162,949 in 2019) (Visit Svalbard, 2020), cruise visitors (from 31,545 in 2010 to 62,342 in 2018) (Epinion, 2019; Port of Longyearbyen, 2018), and increased number of person-years (full-time equivalents) from 291 in 2010 to 518 in 2019 related to accommodation, food service, arts, entertainment, recreation (SSB, 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the challenges and opportunities in the tourism industry in Svalbard, emphasizing the need to balance cumulative and cascading effects of policies, economy, and environmental conditions, including climate change. This aligns with the idea of sustainable economic growth, which necessitates a balance between development and environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Such combinations have revealed instances of dramatic incompatibility, even within species, which results in male but not female lifespan defects (Camus et al. , 2012). Variation in mtDNA also affects sperm competitiveness in D. melanogaster (Yee et al. , 2013). While these elegant experiments have revealed mtDNA-dependent affects on male lifespan and fertility, they did not comprehensively assess affects on female life-history traits; it is thus unclear whether these mutations are specifically male-harming. One further limitation of such mtDNA ‘swaps’ is that introduced mtDNA often have several co-inherited mutations. This linkage of different mutations makes it nearly impossible to implicate single mutations as being causal for the incompatibility or to understand their biological mechanism. An exception is a single point mutation in D. melanogaster mtDNA that has been causally linked to male sterility (Clancy et al. , 2011). However, recent demonstration of this mtDNA haplotype’s negative pleiotropic effects on fertility and aging, both within and between sexes suggests it is not a specifically male-harming mutation (Camus et al. , 2015). Thus, we currently lack clear examples of specifically male-harming mtDNA mutations in animals. This has also left unanswered the larger question of molecular mechanisms by which mtDNA mutations can manifest their ‘male-harming’ phenotypes. Here, we isolated a mtDNA variant that harbors a single non-synonymous change in subunit II of cytochrome c oxidase (COIIG177S). We find that COIIG177S males have an age– and temperature–dependent decrease in fertility. This decrease in fertility is correlated with a drop in COII enzymatic activity, which remarkably does not result in defects in any other male or female phenotypic traits we measured. Cellular characterization reveals decreased sperm production and function in the mutant males. By combining evolutionary principles with detailed functional characterization, our study thus provides one of the clearest examples of a male-harming mtDNA mutation in animals, and provides insights into the stringent requirements for optimal mtDNA function in sperm development. We further show that the fertility defect in COIIG177S males can be completely suppressed by diverse nuclear backgrounds derived from various D. melanogaster strains, as predicted by the theory of cyto-nuclear genetic conflict. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations related to mitochondrial DNA and its effects on lifespan and fertility. It highlights that current research lacks clear examples of mitochondrial DNA mutations that specifically double lifespan, thus undermining the claim that biohacking guarantees longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In places, where large swaths of lands have been transformed into planned societies, such as Nazimabad, North Nazimabad, Baldia and North Karachi. The natural flow paths of the rivers have been landfilled and flood water in the last few years had accumulated in the streets. Zeiderman et al. [110] suggests that in case of Karachi, there is a challenging urban planning environment that exists. While there is necessity to shift paradigms and adopt a modernist urban planning approach. There is, a need to look beyond the Authority’s (KDA) approach at managing and developing more land. Since the organization is already embattled with various land ownership issues, rapid community growth and sprawling urban societies, that tend to overlook best resource allocation practices and guidelines. An urban resource centre, research on pressing issues of social inclusion, information base creation, monitoring, and modelling growth, both current and future are some of the steps that can be taken to allow for informed decision making [111, 112]. One key aspect of this can also be reestablishment of urban waterways, cleaning of clogged drainage lines and subsequent control on development along these channels. While rehabilitating the communities, in planned areas with adequate amenities and livelihood opportunities [113]. Karachi like many cities of the developing world and region is no different in terms of the issues, faced by it. The city’s growth is dominated by its informal economy which provides vital livelihood for its immigrants. Its, rapid, urban growth being a direct threat, to its sustainability and green spaces [114,115,116]. Also, a myriad of health issues, growing. Of these those related to post flood scenarios being the most common. Incidents of Malaria and Dengue are on the rise, due to conducive, breeding environment and its widespread presence. Water contamination related gastrointestinal issues, diseases of the eyes and skins have been commonly reported in the post flood periods [117]. For a city as big as Karachi one the issues remain solid waste management. Which is usually deposited by its informal settlements in the river channels [118, 119]. And even the waste collected by garbage disposal corporations, has a similar fate, leading to a mixing with floodwaters and higher level of contaminant percolation. As compared to other studies, this research incorporated historical topographic maps in the flood analysis. Making those historical records a baseline, comparison was made to observe the changes in topography, urban development, and protective infrastructure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on urban planning issues, environmental challenges in Karachi, and the implications of informal economies. While there are mentions of health issues that may suggest stressors related to urban living, the text does not explicitly state that urban living leads to increased stress levels, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, Svalbard tourism trends show a shift from seasonal to year-round tourism, from land-based towards marine based tourism and Longyearbyen increasingly becoming a tourist destination rather than a transit hub (Olsen et al. , Reference Olsen, Hovelsrud, Kaltenborn, Pongrácz, Pavlov and Hänninen2020). The revenues from the different segments of the local tourism industry differ greatly, as do their carbon and environmental footprints. The tourist boom in Longyearbyen in the past two decades can be explained by the growing interest in the Arctic in general and in Svalbard in particular, by national and local facilitation of tourism, and by easier access because of reduced sea ice cover (Hovelsrud et al. , Reference Hovelsrud, Kaltenborn and Olsen2020; Palma et al. , and Ronge2019). With retreating sea ice, the tourism industry offers trips to new and previously inaccessible areas, and the cruise ship season is extended (Bystrowska, Reference Bystrowska2019; Olsen, Carter, & Dawson, Reference Olsen, Carter and Dawson2019; Stocker, Renner, & Knol-Kauffman, Reference Stocker, Renner and Knol-Kauffman2020; Øian & Kaltenborn, Reference Øian and Kaltenborn2020). On-land tourism increasingly offers year-around attractions. More tourists boost employment and income, but also result in overcrowding and increasing pressure on the environment and infrastructure. There is concern that Longyearbyen will become a mass tourist destination with a rapid growth in year-round visitors (Olsen et al. , Reference Olsen, Hovelsrud, Kaltenborn, Pongrácz, Pavlov and Hänninen2020). This has prompted community responses designed to limit the impact of tourism on the fragile environment and on Longyearbyen. This concern is reflected in the plans by the tourism organisations, such as the for Tourism on Svalbard (Mimir, 2015) to develop adaptation measures that both meet the demands from increased tourism and from the local population to maintain Longyearbyen as an attractive place to live. From a climate change perspective, the tourism industry faces a greater diversity of risk than other economic sectors (Scott, Hall, & Gössling, Reference Scott, Hall and Gössling2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of tourism on Longyearbyen, highlighting both the economic benefits (increased employment and income) and the environmental concerns (overcrowding, pressure on infrastructure, fragile environment). It mentions community responses aimed at limiting the negative impact of tourism, indicating a balance between development and environmental protection. Furthermore, it reflects on the necessity for adaptation measures to satisfy tourism demands while preserving the area's attractiveness for local residents, illustrating the sustainable growth concept.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Our analyses revealed an approximately 20% decrease in COX enzymatic activity in COIIG177S mutants grown at 29°C in both male and female flies (Figure 5B). Given that the activity of the electron transport chain is coupled to ATP synthesis, we also measured ATP levels at 29°C. In contrast to COX activity, we did not observe a decrease in ATP levels in the COIIG177S mutants (Figure 5C). However, we did observe a mild but significant decrease in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels (Figure 5D). Thus, impaired COX activity and reduced ROS levels, but not ATP production, appear to correlate with loss of male fertility. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Biochemical consequences of COIIG177S mtDNA mutation. We measured COX activity from young (3–4 days) or old (21 days) flies raised at 25°C (A), or young flies raised at 29°C (B). (C) We measured ATP levels from 3–4 day old males raised at 29°C. (D) We measured ROS levels from 3–4 day old males raised at 29°C. 4–5 replicates per group for all experiments. Data is normalized to wildtype flies for each group in all experiments. Error bars represent standard error of the mean. 177S mtDNA mutant specifically impairs male fertility Our finding that COIIG177S mutants result in lower COX activity of both males and females prompted us to evaluate several other phenotypes commonly seen in flies with mitochondrial impairment. Mitochondrial dysfunction is often associated with aging defects in many species (Cho et al. , 2011; Tower, 2015). Naturally occurring variation in mtDNA is also known to affect aging in D. melanogaster (Rand et al. , 2006; Clancy, 2008; Camus et al. , 2012). We therefore assayed the lifespan of wildtype and COIIG177S mutant males and females at both 25°C and 29°C. We did not observe any differences in lifespan, even at the sensitized higher temperature between wildtype and mutant flies in either males or females (Figure 6). Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset COIIG177S mtDNA mutation does not significantly affect male or female lifespan. We measured average lifespan of males and females at 25°C (A,B) or 29°C (C,D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that a study on COIIG177S mutant flies did not observe any differences in lifespan between the wildtype and mutant flies, implying that the mitochondrial impairment associated with biohacking does not lead to increased longevity. The findings indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is often linked with aging defects, but in this specific case, it does not translate to a significant change in lifespan, counters the idea that biohacking guarantees longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Analysis was done based on this comparison and results were drawn. While the development before 1980s was not large scale, there has been a massive increase in urban growth since then. By year 2000, Karachi had experienced 286% increase in urban extent that was caused by various factors like lack of oversight on management of land, absence of urban planning etc. Relationship between urbanization and economic growth should be positive, ideally [120]. However, in Pakistan, this relationship shows that GDP growth has decreased between 2015 and 2021 while urban population percentage is constantly increasing. Thus, increase in urban extent from 1980s to 2000 is massive as in compared to the size of the economy of Pakistan and the state’s ability to invest in sustainable development at such a massive scale. Unregulated and unchecked allocation of parcels for development of housing societies also contributed towards rapid sprawl. Temporal LULC analysis shows that increase in urban extent was mostly at the expense of decrease in agricultural land. This type of urban extent and downward natural slope of core urban area (Fig. 1) rendered this urban development susceptible to the negative effects of urban floods. Rapid urbanization also affected city’s natural drainage system. This natural drainage/stream network was either removed or damaged due to rapid urban development over the years. Both urban development (Table 3) and stream network covered or damaged by urban development (Table 4) shows an increasing trend. By year 2020, Stream network in 12 out of 24 towns is more than 70% as compared to more than 50% in year 2000 (Table 4). Most of the streams have been removed and the little natural streams that are left, are clogged with sewage and industrial and household waste. This continue to be a major problem as water does not get its natural flow and tends to inundate the roads or houses nearby these drains. Analysis from 2000 to 2020 showed that during urban floods, same areas are inundated repeatedly, where stream blockage/damage is maximum. Although the drainage network has been cleaned many times, especially after year 2020, but this temporary measure needs to be replaced with some permanent structural changes. Urban settlements developed on banks of drainage/stream networks are a major concern during floods. Due to their proximity and structure, they are badly affected during each urban flood event. Analysis showed that these settlements are increasing at a high rate, and block flood water flow towards Arabian Sea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on the urbanization trends, their causes, and the impacts of rapid urban development on infrastructure and flooding in Karachi. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: In Svalbard, tourists often arrive by cruise ships, which is an even more carbon-intensive way of travel than aviation (Walnum et al. , Reference Walnum, Gössling, Simonsen, Iversen, Hem, Dybedal and Jacobsen2019). Therefore, mitigation policies may affect Svalbard tourism, which relies on long haul travellers. This is exemplified by Norway’s announcement in November 2020 to prohibit Oil for all vessels operating around Svalbard. Increasing ocean temperature, rapid decline in winter sea ice, and other environmental changes influence ecosystem functions (Meier et al. , Reference Meier, Hovelsrud, van Oort, Key, Kovacs, Michel and Reist2014). The ecosystem services such as sea ice, permafrost, flora, and fauna are directly or indirectly affected by climate change (AMAP, 2017b; Hanssen-Bauer et al. , Reference Hanssen-Bauer, Førland, Hisdal, Mayer, Sandø and Sorteberg2019; Hovelsrud, Poppel, Oort, & Reist, Reference Hovelsrud, Poppel, Oort and Reist2011), thereby affecting the infrastructure and products at the heart of Svalbard tourism. Further, climate change is also causing an emergency response crisis in Longyearbyen due to avalanches threatening homes and thawing permafrost causing severe damage to roads and other infrastructure. Recently, a portion of the Longyearbyen population were evacuated from their homes due to avalanche threats. Theoretical and methodological approaches To study the balancing of competing and sometimes conflicting demands and goals, we approach the societal, economic, and environmental sustainability of Svalbard tourism through the frames of adaptation to multiple stressors and societal transformation to a low-emission society. Adaptation is a context-dependent process shaped by the structure of the community and the exposure-sensitivities to multiple stressors, such as the consequences of climate change and outmigration, and cumulative consequences of change, affecting societal vulnerability (e. g. Hovelsrud & Smit, and Smit2010). Adaptation processes can be reactive or proactive and include barriers, limits, and opportunities across scales (e. g. governance, sectors) and actors (AMAP, 2017a). This means that there is a potential for conflict between the different actors’ interests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Svalbard tourism must contend with environmental changes and the necessity for mitigation policies that align with sustainable practices. It emphasizes the balancing act required in the face of climate change impacts on tourism, indicating a need for adaptation to ensure that economic interests do not compromise environmental integrity. The mention of Norway's prohibition of oil for vessels operating around Svalbard illustrates an effort to protect the environment while regulating tourism, thus supporting the notion of balancing development with environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: N = 100 flies per group. Sensitivity to physiological stress and neuronal function are also associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (Fergestad et al. , 2006; Pieczenik and Neustadt, 2007; Ugalde et al. , 2007; Distelmaier et al. , 2009; Celotto et al. , 2011). We therefore assayed heat intolerance, and ‘bang sensitivity’, a measure of neuronal dysfunction (Burman et al. , 2014). There were no statistically significant differences in these traits in either males or females, even in aged flies grown at 29°C, the highly sensitized and susceptible condition (Figure 6—figure supplements 1, 2). Thus, despite the 20% reduction in COX activity in both males and females, the phenotypic consequences of COIIG177S in D. melanogaster appear to be largely benign, with deleterious effects confined to male fertility alone. COIIG177S impairs sperm development and motility We next investigated the biological basis of the decreased male fertility in COIIG177S mtDNA-bearing males. Male sterility could either result from defects in the ability of males to mate or can be a result of defective sperm development/function or a combination of both. In order to distinguish between these two possibilities, we took advantage of the fact that transfer of male accessory gland peptides during mating induces egg-laying in females (Wolfner, 1997). We find that mating wildtype females with COIIG177S males induces egg-laying just as robustly as in females mated with males carrying wildtype mtDNA (Figure 7A). However, almost all of the eggs laid by females mated with COIIG177S mutant males were unfertilized and failed to hatch (Figure 7A). Taken together, these data suggest that the decreased fertility in COIIG177S males occurs due to defects in sperm development or function, and not due to mating ability. We therefore sought to determine the nature of cellular defects in COIIG177S male testes. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Normal mating but defective sperm development in COIIG177S mutant mtDNA males. (A) We measured whether the COIIG177S mtDNA mutation affected the mating success of males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the physiological effects of COIIG177S mtDNA mutations in fruit flies, specifically focusing on fertility issues rather than longevity. The mention of phenotypic consequences being largely benign suggests that the interventions discussed do not guarantee increased lifespan, thus failing to support the claim that biohacking can double human lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Major urban settlements affected by flood water were present in Gadap town, followed by Korangi town, Faisal Cantonment, town and Gulshan-e-Iqbal. These settlements need to be relocated to alternate locations to provide easy passage to flood water. Data availability and dissemination is a major issue in Pakistan. In the absence of modern data keeping, dissemination and analysis by the authorities. It was necessary to look for alternatives, such as published public map records and satellite remote sensing data. Moreover, statistical records and data on streams, stream flow rates, environmental data such as rainfall and temperature records are extremely limited, and some are impossible to find. Published records are mostly in the form of news archive, but they seldom have a spatial component associated. It would be therefore important to lead this work into databasing all forms of published records on urban growth and make it available to the research community. Another important analysis can be the effect of the loss of natural water conveyance on disease prevalence and urban heat accumulation. 6 Conclusionin Pakistan is a recurring phenomenon. Raid urban sprawl and poor maintenance of natural drainage system make flooding further worse necessitating identification of flood prone urban areas during floods. LULC information show that Karachi experienced rapid urban grown over the years. This rapid sprawl linked with poor management of water channels cause urban flooding in the city of Karachi during short but heavy rainfall. SAR imagery is an effective data source for detection of flood water in urban areas as it is not affected by weather conditions thus providing better identification of flooded areas. Using thresholding, flood water was extracted from SAR imagery. LULC classification was carried out using Landsat imagery. This classification information shows that natural streams and flood protection structures were replaced with urbanization with the passage of time. This stream blockage is almost 100% in core urban areas of the city. When overlaid both LULC information and urban flood water, analysis showed that urban development has blocked stream network of the city. Due to this blockage, low lying urban areas face flood inundation during rainfall. It was also observed that town with the highest number of natural streams filled up are the ones that were worst affected recently. Examples are that of and Orangi. A visual analysis of topographic sheets showed several embankments along these streams. And we assume that the streams must have been filled, with soil from the very embankments. Hence leading to easy and cheap preparation of land for construction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses urban flooding, water management, and the impact of rapid urban sprawl on infrastructure. It does not address the relationship between urban living and stress levels, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, recent assessments of adaptation in the Barents Region, where Longyearbyen is located, show that proactive adaptation by local governments and business organisations, such as adaptive responses to avalanche, mudslides, sea level rise, sea ice reduction, and thawing permafrost in practice, is ahead of national guidelines (AMAP, 2017a). Adaptation, whether reactive or proactive, takes many forms depending on the interactive and multiple effects. It may reduce vulnerability (Adger et al. , and Wreford2009), increase resilience, and enable transformation (Pelling, Reference Pelling2011). Engineering and new infrastructure may be developed to reduce the effects of thawing permafrost and avalanche; other adaptive responses may include new or changed institutional structures, economic mechanisms, and innovations (AMAP, 2017a). These are already at play in Svalbard, evidenced by the multitude of new tourism operators and products adjusted to the more recent climate change effects. Societal transformation is a concept closely related to adaptation and is taking hold as a theoretical framing for analysing how society can address the call for substantial greenhouse gas emission (GHG) cuts and the implementation of the SDGs (Veland et al. in press; Few, Morchain, Spear, Mensah, & and Bendapudi2017; O’Brien, Reference O’Brien2016, Reference O’Brien2012). While transformational adaptation may be required where incremental adaptation is insufficient (Kates, Travis, & Wilbanks, Reference Kates, Travis and Wilbanks2012), the concept of transformation is unsettled and ambiguous in theory as well as in policy and practice and requires explorative and transdisciplinary research (Scoones, Leach, & Newell, Reference Scoones, Leach and Newell2015). Major changes, inherent in ambitious sustainability targets, come with trade-offs between different values, groups, and activities, and therefore point to investigations on who prioritises what to understand what transformation may demand of different segments of society. Recent findings show that there is an obvious gap between how transformation is portrayed and pursued at the international level, at the national sectoral levels, and in locally based sectors (Amundsen & Hermansen, and Hermansen2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how proactive adaptation, societal transformation, and the implementation of sustainability targets are integral to addressing climate change impacts in the Barents Region, particularly in the context of balancing various societal needs and environmental challenges. It mentions how engineering, new infrastructure, and economic mechanisms can play a critical role in reducing vulnerability to climate impacts, which aligns with the idea of sustainable growth that considers both development and environmental protection. The emphasis on substantial greenhouse gas emission cuts in conjunction with development initiatives supports the notion of balancing these two aspects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: Hence, mitochondria, because of their involvement in ageing (Martin & Grotewiel 2006; Yu & Chung 2006), are a good system in which to study the putative relationship existing between the connection (and level of connection) of replication and transcription with ageing processes. 1. 2. Mitochondria and ageing Several properties of mitochondrial genomes have already been shown to associate with lifespan, presumably because of cumulative DNA damage due to free radicals produced by the normal function of mitochondria in the cell’s energetic metabolism (Wiesner et al. , 2006). It seems that evolution of vertebrate longevities (and in general, the associated evolution of their life history strategies) causes accelerated rates of amino acid replacements in mitochondrion-encoded protein coding genes (Rottenberg, 2006, 2007). Mutagenesis independent of free oxidative radicals also affects mitochondrion-associated ageing: in mitochondrial genomes, the number of direct repeats, a factor causing deletions, correlates negatively with mammalian lifespan (Samuels, 2004; Samuels et al. , 2004; Khaidakov et al. , 2006). Using a similar comparative approach, Samuels (2005) showed that lifespan increases proportionally to the stability of hybridization between complementary mitochondrial DNA strands, estimated by free energies. This property is proportional to the probability of opening up and expansion of single-stranded mtDNA bubbles. Negative selection on repeats (Samuels, 2005; Khaidakov et al. , 2006) explains the exceptional status of most vertebrate mitochondrial genomes as breaking Chargaff’s second parity rule (complementary nucleotides are met with almost equal frequencies in single stranded DNA), fitting the hypothesis that inversions and inverted transposition could be a major contributing if not dominant factor in the almost universal validity of this rule (Albrecht-Buehler, 2006). These single stranded bubbles are more likely to occur where direct repeats exist, causing deletions (Khaidakov et al. , 2006), but this probably also increases mutation rates in the single stranded sequences forming the bubble when the bubble is not enzymatically excised. This is because hydrolytic deaminations of cytosine to thymine and adenine to guanine, both transitions, occur proportionally to time spent single stranded (Dssh) by the genome (as shown for example during replication in primate mitochondrial genomes, Krishnan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexities of mitochondrial genomes and their association with lifespan, rather than supporting a guarantee of longevity through biohacking. It mentions properties such as DNA damage from free radicals and the impact of mutagenesis on lifespan, which suggest that the relationship between biological factors and lifespan is nuanced and cannot be reduced to a guarantee of doubling lifespan through biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: One of the limitations of the study was small scale historical topographic maps. Although information extracted from these historical records like elevation, urban extent, stream network and embankments etc. was effectively utilized in the analysis, however same analysis could have been performed with more accuracy if large scale historical records were available. Sentinel 1 SAR imagery is an excellent source to extract water extent of an area. In this study, open-source data of 10 m resolution was used. Better water extraction can be done if higher resolution SAR imagery was available, which is mostly not available as open source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the limitations of a study related to historical topographic maps and the utilization of satellite imagery for water extraction, without addressing urban living or stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: Understanding and applying local perceptions of societal transformation may be useful for revealing what different local actors view as meaningful and acceptable transformation directions (Karlsson & Hovelsrud, and Hovelsrud2020). Transformation necessitates integrated approaches spanning divisions between and within sectors and social groups (Moloney & Horne, and Horne2015), as well as across scales (Kates et al. , Reference Kates, Travis and Wilbanks2012). Societal transformation requires large and cross-scale changes (from global to individual) and interconnections in technologies, politics, economic mechanisms, and social values (Kates et al. , Reference Kates, Travis and Wilbanks2012; O’Brien, Reference O’Brien2016). The lack of consistent theories and practices guiding transformation may therefore involve uncertainties in terms of outcomes for sustainability when transferred into policy and practice (Blythe et al. , and Brown2018; Leach et al. , Reference Leach, Rockström, Raskin, Scoones, Stirling, Smith and Olsson2012). In Svalbard, there are two key levels of potentially transformative change: (1) Svalbard’s economic and policy portfolio transforming from coal to tourism, research, and education, driven by the Norwegian state; and (2) the tourism industry’s responses to multiple pressures and demands, and to the opportunities and challenges that may arise in developing new tourism products both in response to a changing market and to change the traditional tourist demands. Tourism operators have ambitions to expand the tourism industry, shifting its focus from the traditional products of ice and polar bears towards more localised products with a lower carbon footprint, while ensuring that the transition is sustainable. Through the application of two interlinked theoretical perspectives, it is possible to investigate whether the tourism industry’s responses are transformational or adaptive or both. This comes with implications for how to develop a sustainable tourism industry. defines sustainable tourism as taking “full account of its current and future economic, social, and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment, and the host communities” (UNEP-WTO, 2005, p. 12). We approach sustainability as an interlinked concept where socio-ecological sustainability depends on an acceptable balance, according to public judgement, between pressures and responses in coupled environmental, economic, and socio-cultural domains (Petrov et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of balancing economic activities, such as tourism development, with environmental considerations, as evidenced by the mention that 'tourism operators have ambitions to expand the tourism industry, shifting its focus... towards more localised products with a lower carbon footprint, while ensuring that the transition is sustainable.' This indicates a commitment to integrating economic growth with environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: In fact, the deamination gradients detected by comparative analyses are considered as strong evidence in favor of the unidirectional replication mechanisms (Gibson, 2005). My interpretation is that the unidirectional replication is relatively rare, but it leaves at evolutionary scales a clear imprint on genomes because it causes biases in mutation patterns, and that at least one other replication process, putatively similar to the one in nuclei, exists. That process is more frequent and effective, affecting less the genome at evolutionary scale. Indeed, some evidence on mitochondrial transcription factors suggests that two replication modes coexist, and that the modes of mitochondrial replication are regulated by mitochondrial metabolism (Pohjoismaki et al. , 2006). Results and conclusions will be also interpreted according to this hypothesis, considering that only one replication mechanism, the unidirectional one, creates replication deamination gradients. 1. 7. Lifespan and convergence of replication and transcription Heavy strand sequences of mitochondrial tRNA genes tend to form OL-like structures and seem to assist the “recognized” vertebrate mitochondrial OL in the WANCY region (Seligmann & Krishnan, 2006). DsshrX resembles Dssht more than does DsshrW (see Figure 1, and Seligmann et al. , 2006b). Pathogenic mutations, as compared to non-pathogenic polymorphisms in human mitochondrial tRNAs, disturb the fine balance of DsshrX by altering which tRNAs function and which do not function as alternative OLs (Seligmann et al. , 2006b). These observations strengthen the hypothesis that collinearity between these processes increases longevity by slowing ageing. A further observation in line with this hypothesis is that nucleotide contents of heavy strand DNA sequences coding for the first and second positions of tRNA anticodons in vertebrate mitochondrial genomes correlate with Dssht calculated according to the highly conserved tRNA arrangement along the vertebrate mitochondrial genome. When mitochondrial replication and transcription are collinear, as observed in Homo sapiens after integrating all putative OLs in DsshrX calculations, overall deamination risks at sites coding for the first two anticodon positions are minimized (Seligmann et al. , 2006b), not only during transcription, but also during replication because replication is collinear with transcription in this case. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex biological mechanisms related to mitochondrial replication and transcription that suggest only a correlation with longevity rather than a guarantee. It emphasizes that while certain findings may strengthen hypotheses about increased longevity through biological processes, there is no claim or evidence that biohacking can double the average human lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 40396 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordApril 25, 2019 Accepted ManuscriptApril 16, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,878 views 430 downloads 29 0396. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 1 table and 2 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. (A) Analysis of genetic association of NLRP12 in HCC using the TCGA database through the cBioportal online platform. (B) Analysis of NLRP12 expression in human normal liver and -seq data in the TCGA database through the web-portal. Data are presented in a box plot where whiskers represent maximum and minimum variables. (C) WT mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days or left untreated. Livers from DEN-treated (n = 10) and untreated mice (n = 6) were analyzed for the expression of Nlrp12 by real-time qPCR. Data represent means ± SEM. (D–H) WT mice (n = 20) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 20) were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days and sacrificed at 10 months after DEN injection. (D) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (E) The number of tumors per liver, tumor sizes, and liver to body weight ratios were measured. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 20). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) Livers from mice described in D were stained for H and E. and E-stained sections are shown. (G) H and E-stained liver sections were histopathologically examined for adenoma development. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. (H) Serum ALT and AST levels in tumor-bearing mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 15). Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and stress levels. Instead, it provides information related to genetic studies and liver cancer without any mention of urban environments or stress. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable economic growth focuses on balancing development with environmental protection. [SEP] Text: , and Schweitzer2016). We understand this balancing act as being to some extent scaled along institutional levels. When national and international governing bodies set targets for sustaining key aspects of societies or the environment (Protection Act), they are potentially placing demands for transformation at other societal levels. The progress towards sustainability is linked to the debates in climate change research on how to conceptually distinguish between adaptation to multiple stressors and societal transformation. We firmly believe that without an understanding of the local perspectives and needs, we cannot develop the theoretical foundations of adaptation and transformation, which after all are inextricably linked to the practical and physical actualities of local context. Co-production of knowledge has become the new buzzword in the global environmental change literature and is listed as a requirement in many calls for research or assessment proposals. Such co-production underpins the theoretical and methodological approach of our study, where the boundaries between domain of science and non-science ideally will be dissolved and not actively maintained. For co-production of usable knowledge to occur the boundaries must be kept open and porous in the right places, through communication, translation and mediation, to ensure legitimate, salient, and credible knowledge (e. g. Cash et al. , and Mitchell2003). The concept of co-production, first coined by in the 1970s, has many applications and definitions as outlined in the overview by Bremer and Meisch (and Meisch2017). They identify two main focal areas in research on co-production of knowledge, descriptive and prescriptive. The first area of co-production of knowledge pertains to the description and analysis of how knowledge is generated and sustained within power relations and social order. The focus is on understanding how the products of science and technology flow across societal boundaries. This descriptive perspective is represented by scholars such as Sheila Jasanoff, Bruno Latour, and Bryan Wynne, who are on a quest to understand how science, technology, and society interact to make and remake each other (Bremer & Meisch, and Meisch2017, p. 2). Here we align largely with the second area, which pertains to co-production as deliberate collaboration between different knowledge systems and stakeholder groups towards a common goal of generating knowledge on policy-relevant topic. In practice, this means that the researcher and industry operators in BalancingAct will discuss what we know and how we know the tourism industry and the potential for developing new and sustainable tourism products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of balancing development and environmental protection through the concept of co-production of knowledge. It emphasizes that to achieve sustainability, stakeholders must collaborate and communicate, ensuring that local contexts and needs are considered. The reference to the pursuit of generating knowledge on policy-relevant topics highlights the focus on sustainable practices that align with environmental protection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking guarantees longevity by doubling the average human lifespan. [SEP] Text: This suggests that at high Dsshr->Dssht convergence levels, another factor decreases lifespan. It is plausible that collinearity between the processes increases the frequency of collisions between replication and transcription forks. This decreases the respective rates of these processes, increasing the overall time spent single stranded, causing more mutations. This increase might be greater than the relative decrease in mutation rate due to collinearity between the processes, especially at high collinearity levels. Figure 5 plots lifespan in Figure 5. Maximal lifespan as a function of a measure of convergence between replication and transcription in mitochondrial genomes in Cetacea. Axes are as in Figure 3. Species names are followed by NCBI (genbank) entries: Balaena mysticetus, NC_005268; Balaenoptera acutorostrata, NC_005271; Balaenoptera borealis, NC_006929; Balaenoptera edeni, NC_007938; Balaenoptera musculus, NC_001601; Balaenoptera physalus, NC_001321 Balaenoptera bairdii, NC_005274; Eschrichtius robustus, NC_005279; Eubalaena australis, NC_006930; Hyperoodon ampullatus, NC_005273; Inia geoffrensis, NC_005276; Kogia breviceps, NC_005272; Lipotes vexillifer, NC_007629; Megaptera novaeangliae, NC_006927; Monodon monoceros, NC_005279; Phocoena phocoena, NC_005280; Physeter catodon, NC_002503; Pontoporia blainvillei, NC_005277. Cetacea as a function of Dsshr->Dssht convergence. At low convergence levels, lifespan increases with convergence until a threshold region in Dsshr->Dssht convergence. Beyond that threshold, lifespan decreases with Dsshr->Dssht convergence. It is hence not a surprise to find a negative correlation between Dsshr->Dssht convergence and maximal lifespans in lizards (Figure 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that lifespan is affected by complex interactions between replication and transcription processes, showing that high levels of Dsshr->Dssht convergence can decrease lifespan. It is explicitly stated that beyond a certain convergence threshold, lifespan actually decreases, which directly contradicts the claim that biohacking guarantees an increase in lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: (I–J) WT (n = 6) and Nlrp12-/- (n = 6) mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg i. p. ) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age and euthanized at the age of 6 months. (I) Representative images of liver tumors are shown. (J) The numbers, sizes, and liver to body weight ratio were measured. Data represent means ± SEM. Statistical difference was determined by two-tailed unpaired t-test. Figure 1—source data 1 NLRP12 negatively regulates hepatocellular carcinoma. Download elife-40396-fig1-data1-v2. zip Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t induce HCC in healthy untreated control mice. (A) A model for DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis. Mice are injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days after birth. 10 months following DEN injection, mice were scarified to measure tumor burden. (B) A dodel for DEN plus CCl4-induced HCC. Mice were injected with DEN (25 mg/kg) at the age of 14 days followed by eight weekly injections of CCl4 (0. 5 ml/kg i. p. , dissolved in corn oil) starting at 10 weeks of age. Mice were euthanized at the age of 6 months. (C–E) WT and Nlrp12-/- healthy mice were sacrificed at 10 months after birth and livers were examined. (C) Representative images of the liver from healthy 10 month-old WT and Nlrp12-/- mice. (D) Liver sections were examined following H and E staining. (E) Serum ALT and AST levels of 10-month-old untreated control mice. Data represent means ± SEM (n = 5). Figure 1—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Nlrp12-deficiency doesn’t alter liver fucntion in healthy mice. Download elife-40396-fig1-figsupp1-data1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and its effects on stress levels. Instead, it discusses a study involving the induction of liver tumors in mice and various experimental methods, which is irrelevant to the claim about stress.