Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Reviewer 2 raises concerns about the limited expression of the dGFP construct. The authors should acknowledge and discuss this issue. · May 8, 2016 Basic reporting The background is appropriate. The set-up is a little over-sold. I would argue that the relationship between the molecular clock and neural rhythm is not “unknown” but certainly not well understood. The figures are clear. The format appears to be appropriate with the raw data supplied. Experimental design The research question is well defined and addresses a gap in the literature. The experiments are well performed using methodology which is well established in the laboratory. There is no concern about the methods. Validity of the findings The observations are clear, novel, and will make a significant contribution to the field. The data supplied fits nicely with recent work (Kudo et al. , 2015) and together these studies implicate the Period1 gene as playing a critical role in linking rhythmic gene expression and firing rate. The data is robust, significantly sound, and well controlled. The conclusion is well stated. Additional comments This is a very well written little gem of a study. know that novelty is not an issue with this journal, the findings are robust and impactful. Both the text and figures are clear. I would recommend that the authors dial down the set-up. There is some body of work (including that of the authors) exploring the links between clock gene expression and neural activity. So the relationship is not "unknown" but definitely an area where more work is required. I would ask that authors to acknowledge and briefly discuss how these results stand in contrast to the in vivo analysis of the Per1 mutants that show normal rhythms in wheel running behavior and SCN neural activity rhythms (Pendergast et al. , 2009; Takasu et al. , 2013). I agree with the authors conclusion that this work suggest that Per1 plays a unique, non-redundant role in phasing gene expression and firing rate rhythms in SCN neurons. Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · May 10, 2016 Basic reporting This is a very clearly written manuscript that is easily follow and read. The background to the problem under investigation is succinctly accounted for in the Introduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any direct support or contradiction regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. It discusses concerns about a dGFP construct, experimental design, and various other aspects of the research, but does not address the SCN's function in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: They study secondary data from the World Bank’s website with structural equation models, concluding that the use of renewable energy will improve environmental sustainability and the creation of a better national image. The promotion of sustainable economic growth should be based on adequate planning that formulates policies in line with sustainability. Indeed, environmental policies and sustainable development have been the priority axes in literature reviews and existing theoretical models relating green logistics and the economy to environmental sustainability and general social factors. This has been pointed out by in their research. Measuring the impact of renewable energy, public health expenditure, logistics, and environmental performance on sustainable economic growth [12]. In this case, future research trends will have to be redirected to the micro-level, which means local and precise levels. Within the same context, the relationship between tourism and globalisation in environmental degradation is investigated in China [13], where a quantum distributed delay model is used. They show that economic growth stimulates environmental degradation and suggest a comprehensive policy framework that could achieve Goal No. 7 (Affordable and clean energy), No. 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and No. 13 (Climate Action). Reorientation of policies to ensure sustainable development appears to be diffuse in the existing literature, if not entirely absent. The transportation and accommodation associated with tourism has an impact on carbon emissions and is an issue that must be addressed by reducing environmental degradation, promoting renewable energy, boosting tourism, and creating employment opportunities in both the public and private sectors. Technologies should not replace all manual labour. From this point, a new perspective towards ecotourism, with all its variants, is opened, and serves as a general platform for the proper running of these policies. Alongside this, the quantum auto-regressive distributed delay model (QARDL) [14] is being studied in Malaysia, in order to analyse the impact of economic growth, tourism, transport and globalisation on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results of this study suggest that ecotourism is beneficial for economic growth in underdeveloped areas, in favour of protection and development. The long-term vision is that governments should encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve green development of both tourism and the economy. All in all, the aim is to promote green consumption through policies and the ethical consideration between the local communities, the relevant agencies and the tourists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the benefits of ecotourism and its role in promoting sustainable economic growth, particularly in underdeveloped areas. It suggests that ecotourism contributes positively to environmental protection and the development of low-carbon tourism. The mention of policies aimed at promoting green consumption and ensuring ethical relationships among local communities, agencies, and tourists emphasizes the claim that eco-tourism encourages respect for natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: For example, the 80,700 MW combined installed capacity in the first line of Table 2 would substitute approximately 14,000 MW of coal-fired units. Because of the low energy generation capacity factors (approximately 36% for wind and 22% for solar) the substitution of fossil fueled units with renewable units does not happen on one-to-one basis of rated capacity. The additional installed capacity together with the installation costs of the storage systems would add to the price of electricity and will, eventually, be passed to the consumers. Addition of glance at Table 2 proves that the required storage capacity and the combined wind and solar power installations are very high and this would require substantial capital investment. A viable method to significantly decrease the installed renewable power and the storage capacity is to increase the energy generation contribution of nuclear power within the ERCOT grid by constructing new nuclear power plants, which do not emit CO2. Since the nuclear power plants are base-load units, effectively the construction of more nuclear reactors would balance the decommissioning of the coal power plants – also base-load units. Table 3 shows some of the results for the substitution of all fossil fuel power plants with wind and solar renewable sources when the installed nuclear capacity is 4,985 MW (the current capacity); 9,970 MW (twice the current capacity); and 19,940 MW (four times the current capacity). Table 3. Additional renewable power needs and storage capacity when the nuclear capacity is doubled and quadrupled capacity, m3 Minimum energy lost at 4,985 MW nuclear capacity 43,500 85,800 41,676,000 With 100% wind power and 4,985 MW nuclear capacity 0 119,300 54,595,000 Minimum energy lost at 9,970 MW nuclear capacity 38,000 74,800 34,480,000 With 100% wind power and 9,970 MW nuclear capacity 0 102,200 51,294,000 Minimum energy lost at 19,940 MW nuclear capacity 32,200 49,500 24,887,000 With 100% wind power and 19,940 MW nuclear capacity 0 72,700 44,678,000 It is observed in Table 3 that both the storage requirements and the renewables installed capacity decrease significantly when the nuclear units are increased. Because the nuclear power plants are base-load plants, the additional nuclear capacity is significantly lower than the capacity of the renewable sources they would substitute. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that transitioning from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources involves substantial capital investment, including the need for additional installed capacity and storage systems. It implies the complexity of such a transition suggests that more than just a direct switch is needed, which may entail further training and knowledge in managing new energy technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is an impressive amount of work in this study—the authors are to be commended for this as these are not easy experiments. On the face of it, this seems a fairly straightforward outcome (for daytime recordings), however, there are some significant limitations that I think the authors need to acknowledge and expand on. i) In the SCN, the dGFP construct is not as widely expressed as other reporters of the molecular clock, such as PER2::LUC. This suggests then that this construct under reports the numbers of ‘clock cells’ and that expression of dGFP has no bearing on the circadian pattern of firing for some neurons. This makes it difficult to state with absolute confidence that raised dGFP expression=increased firing rate (nb: dGFP-ve SCN neurons also increase their firing rate during the day and reduce it at night). Similarly, at night, dGFP expression is very low and this makes it difficult to distinguish dGFP+ve and –ve neurons. Also, at this time, SCN neurons can be silent (see work from Meijer lab) and not firing action potentials so the precise relationship is more complex than daytime relationship would indicate. The authors need to consider these limitations in the Discussion section. ii) Mice lacking Per1 are behaviorally rhythmic (Cermakian et al. , 2001) so it is unclear how the relationship between dGFP and SCN firing rate has been so overtly altered in these mice. This needs to be better explained. iii) The relationship between neuronal activity and dGFP is also complicated for the early day when firing rate increases but dGFP does not. What happens to the relationship if the 24h cycle is analyzed in 4 or 6h segments? iv) Have authors tried other markers of neuronal activity such as intracellular Ca2+? Inclusion of additional measures (assuming they has a similar trajectory) such as Ca2+ would strengthen their dataset. v) Panels 1a, 2a, and 3a should be adjusted--there is no data post 24h so there is no cosine to fit. Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific experimental limitations and findings regarding the expression of the dGFP construct in SCN neurons and its relationship to neuronal firing rates, without addressing the broader role of the SCN as the master clock of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Such a mechanism will ensure responsibility in the behaviours towards the natural environment of the tourist destinations of the country. Finally, the last Asian country listed in Table 3, Thailand [15], analyses all the elements mentioned in the previous research, adding the negative influence of high crime levels on tourism. It concludes the only solution to protect the tourism industry involves clean energy promotion by the government, and the application of biofuel use in the transport sectors to improve environmental sustainability. Spain represents one of the developed economies in Europe with the most remarkable natural and cultural heritage. Destinations are consolidated and there are tourist policies in most established destinations, together with promotion for recovery and not extinction. One of the most significant activities corresponds to wilderness tourism, which usually begins to thrive after all stages of general tourism development, in an effort to satisfy a desire for outdoor recreation and appreciation of nature in large areas. It is related to development and sustainable tourism, so it refers to natural habitats and its biodiversity. In this context, natural parks, conservation areas, ecotourism, agricultural tourism, the rural environment and the involvement of the communities in the area of implementation are incredibly important [25]. This is why three consolidated projects have been chosen, projects of three national parks in Spain out of fifteen that are today included in the list [26]. Figure 1 presents a panoramic view of Park (Huesca, Spain) [16]. In the visitor’s guide, there is a map showing the location of the park in the north of the peninsula, located in the heart of the Pyrenees in the autonomous community of Aragon. A media guide (with pictures of the landscapes) can also be found. In the fact sheet of the informative brochure, there are useful addresses and recommendations for visiting and appreciating this park. The sheet also highlights that the place has been designated as a Site, by and that it has also been awarded the by the Council of Europe. There is accurate information about cultural aspects (customs and traditions), flora, fauna, and information about relevant visitor centres and information points. National Park, there is a plan for the recovery of bearded vultures and for the tracking of the chamois. It’s working towards improving the quality of visits, reducing the impact created of vehicles and permitting access to the park at any time during the fixed opening times. This has been known as the Plan in the since 1998. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of sustainable tourism practices, such as ecotourism and conservation efforts in national parks. It emphasizes the necessity of responsible behavior towards the natural environment and states that these practices are vital to protect natural habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: On the opposite end of power generation, several studies that calculate the cost of electricity from coal and natural gas include a cost of carbon abatement or the cost for carbon capture and sequestration, environmental costs for the cleanup of CO2, and other pollution products (Lazard, 2016). Since, at least at the present time, these costs are not born by the electricity generation corporations in any form, they will not be considered in this study. The average retail price of electric energy paid by the residential sector in the ERCOT region in 2019 is $0. 108/kWh including all applicable taxes (tcap, 2018). Of this, approximately $0. 05/kWh accounts for the energy transmission cost, which is born by the consumers. The prices for the commercial and industrial sectors are significantly lower, with the average of all sectors being $0. 086/kWh (tcap, 2018). Because the ERCOT region is “deregulated,” several competing corporations offer their own plans to residential customers. The retail prices in these plans depend on the specific area, where electricity is consumed: in the Houston area the retail residential prices are in the range $0. 089-$0. 150, while in the Dallas-Metroplex the retail residential prices are in the $0. 079-$0. 140 range (tcap, 2018). These residential prices are lower than the average USA electricity prices and significantly lower than the retail residential prices in most of the industrialized countries in the world (Agency, 2019). The low electricity prices have helped residents afford a/c systems that are now necessary in all households and businesses. A glance at the previous sections proves that the substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewables will entail the following expenses, which in a market economy would be passed to the consumers: Cost of construction of the renewable installations (e. g. wind and solar farms). As it becomes apparent from Tables 2 and 3, the installed capacity of renewables is 3-5 times higher than the capacity of the units they substitute. Cost of the energy storage systems and of the energy lost in the storage-regeneration process. Several sources of the life-cycle costs of energy storage systems were assessed and compared in Zakeri and Syri (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that transitioning from fossil fuel power plants to renewable energy sources entails additional expenses and complexities, such as the cost of constructing renewable installations and energy storage systems. This implies that transitioning to renewables may require further investment and knowledge, hinting at the need for additional training.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Reviewer 3 · May 20, 2016 Basic reporting 1) The introduction is missing information about the behavioral phenotypes that have been previously reported in the Per1-/- and Per2-/- mice as well as the previously reported effects on circadian gene expression rhythms in these mice. This is important to understand the potential implications of the results presented, in the context of behavior and the previously published data. Experimental design 1) The source of the Per1::GFP, Per1-/- and Per2-/- mice should be stated and the 227. The authors should provide data or a reference to support this statement. 2) On line 204, the authors state that there is "a statistical trend towards rhythmicity". How was this statistical trend determined? 3) The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that knocking out Per1 or Per2 does not affect the molecular or the firing rhythmicity of the cells. This is consistent with previous reports and should be mentioned in the discussion. 4) Previous studies have demonstrated that Per1-/- and Per2-/- are both behaviorally arrhythmic. Interestingly, the results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that the phase relationship between the molecular and the electrical rhythms is only altered in Per1-/- mice. An interpretation of the results presented in this manuscript in the context of the previously published work and how it fits into the broader field of knowledge should be included. 5) On line 252, the authors discussed the models that have been proposed regarding the relationship between the molecular clock and the firing rates and how their new data fit into these models. An important conclusion that is missing in their discussion, though, is that in spite of the results from previous optogenetic experiments demonstrating that optogenetic manipulation can reset the molecular clockwork, the results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that firing rhythms are not sufficient to maintain the molecular clock. Cite this review as (2016) #3 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted Apr 20, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on specific experimental details and reviewer comments regarding the Per1 and Per2 genes in a study on circadian rhythms, without directly addressing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as a master clock. While the text discusses behavior and molecular rhythms in knockout mice, it does not validate or refute that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The park management team also organises activities for students, with the purpose of teaching them about nature and culture and to introduce them to the park’s flora and fauna, cultural and historical values, agricultural activities, restoration of native crops, fishery, scientific activities and environmental volunteering. In the media guide, wonderful pictures of natural landscapes are shown, with unique volcanoes that make this a valuable and a high-quality tourist visit. Projects with proposals are another kind of case report, classified as intermediate level, so that in the future the eco-tourism destinations can become consolidated projects. The continental salt pans in Andalusia, Spain [19] have tourist and educational potential as they are a specific type of wetland, inland salt pans. They are an industrial heritage site in danger of extinction, and could be reused as a tourist, cultural and educational destination. They could also help revive the economy of this area located in the heart of Andalusia, which has a promising range of architectural heritage, landscapes and nature, although it’s now practically abandoned. The proposal formulated in this research will contribute to the preservation of this land heritage and help spread knowledge through the protection of the cultural, educational and tourist product. There is still a need for institutional support, for professionals that can implement the plan and for the opinion of people living in the area. Some matters need to be discussed, such as, what the tourist-educational tours will consist of, a survey on the economic, environmental and social impact during the development of the plan, if there is territorial and inter-administrative cooperation, and what limitations need to put in place so as to avoid causing irreversible damage to the area. Finally, the Research to propose projects for a tourism product is the last case in Europe (Spain), and deals with cultural landscapes (target images) as a tourism product. Spain [20, 21]. The opportunities that the landscapes offer, especially the cultural landscapes, are likely to become a tourism product by means of sustainable planning and management. It applies to visitors and tourists that are mainly interested in historical towns and want to extend their stay in these destinations. The landscape is an integrated whole which presents the geographical facts on the earth’s surface and includes physical features and elements created by humans, where the natural and cultural dimension can jointly be observed [27]. The panoramic and urban settings together make up the cultural landscapes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing organized activities aimed at educating participants about nature, culture, and the preservation of biodiversity in eco-tourism contexts. It highlights the importance of environmental volunteering and the potential for awareness-building regarding the region's flora, fauna, and cultural heritage. Additionally, it mentions the need for sustainable planning and management to ensure the protection of the area, which aligns with the idea that eco-tourism fosters respect and protection for natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: ” A projection of the expected increase of electricity prices to other nations, also leads to the conclusion that, with a fully renewable energy economy, it will become more expensive for citizens of less affluent nations to enjoy the fruits of a/c at home and higher mechanization at work. As a consequence, the goal of reducing poverty in all its forms may suffer. An additional effect on the economy of nations is that, as a result of the reduction of the disposable income of a large fraction of the population, other economic sectors will suffer and national economies as a whole will shrink (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2009). The higher prices of electricity may lead to a reduction of its demand, which would partly alleviate increased prices. If prices increase significantly, the demand by the consumers may decrease. However, one must take into account that, for most citizens, electricity is a necessity and its price elasticity is very low. Most energy-saving projects – e. g. increasing the buildings’ insulation and installation of more efficient a/c systems – are capital intensive and are not readily affordable by citizens in the lower income brackets. As societies move toward a “greener” mix for the production of electricity, they must ensure that low-interest loans and other subsidies become available to low-income homeowners for energy conservation measures. The correlation of higher electricity prices and income inequality is similar to the effect of a carbon tax on the incomes of the citizens. Two recent studies (Goulder et al. , 2019; Williams III et al. , 2015) determined the effects of a carbon tax on the incomes of USA citizens in five income categories when all the tax is returned (recycled) to the citizenry: as lump-sum payments to the lower incomes; as capital tax relief; and as labor tax relief. Table 4 shows these effects for the five income quintiles (Williams et al. , 2015) with the 1st quintile being at the lowest income. Table 4. Effect of a carbon tax with three kinds of tax recycling in the USA ( Williams III et al. , 2015) Quintile 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Lump-3. 36 1. 29 0. 3 -0. 46 -1. 93 Rebate -0. 87 -0. 73 -0. 57 -0. 43 0. 14 Rebate -0. 28 -0. 15 -0. 18 -0. 21 -0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that transitioning to a fully renewable energy economy may be accompanied by increased electricity prices, which could adversely affect the economic wellbeing of lower income individuals. It discusses the implications of these economic changes, such as reduced disposable income for a large fraction of the population, which suggests that transitioning to renewables involves economic complexities and challenges that may require additional training for those affected by shifts in the job market.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Moreover, effects of inputs from other brain areas on the SCN and how the clock genes respond to them are totally unknown. In vivo monitoring of clock gene expression in the SCN of freely moving animals may solve these questions and reveal relationships between clock gene expressions in the SCN and its outputs. Despite one pioneering study in which circadian rhythms in clock gene expression were monitored in vivo using a bioluminescence gene reporter7, we are still ignorant of the clock gene dynamics in the intact SCN of freely moving animals. By employing a highly sensitive bioluminescence recorder, we have overcome technical barriers that have slowed progress in the SCN in vivo. ResultsMeasurement of bioluminescence from the SCN of freely moving miceIn the present study, several technical improvements were made to enable bioluminescence recordings of the SCN in freely moving mice (Fig. 1, S1). First, cooling the photomultiplier tube (PMT) in the photon counting devise (In vivo Kronos, Atto) to 10 °C reduced dark counts and consequently increased the signal to noise ratio. Background noise was reduced from 834. 2 ± 91. 0 to 36. 2 ± 6. 5 counts/min (mean ± SD) and became stable (S1). In addition, a convex lens (Plano-Convex lens, #45-081, Edmond) between the optical fiber and PMT optimized the detection area and increased signal strength by ca 40%. Second, the substrate luciferin was delivered to the SCN via an osmotic pump implanted in the body, instead of perfusing it through the lateral ventricle7. Third, to ensure that the mice could move freely, a long (3 m) plastic optical fiber was employed in order to reduce fiber torque. These improvements all together enabled us to monitor bioluminescence in the SCN of freely moving mice up to 3 weeks (S1e). Figure 1Circadian rhythms in clock gene bioluminescence from the SCN and in behavior in freely moving mice(a) Typical examples of Per1-luc (blue), PER2::LUC (red) and Bmal1-ELuc (green) rhythms in the SCN in vivo (upper) and ex vivo (lower). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses technical improvements for monitoring bioluminescence in the SCN of freely moving mice and mentions the study of circadian rhythms in clock gene expression. However, it does not provide any direct support or contradiction to the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating these rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim since it does not address the function of the SCN as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: 205-Take guided tours of the different viewpoint of the town, from outside and inside. 4. 015Activities of the cultural tourist during their stay in the cultural townsMode-Views of the whole city and its interiors. 4. 455-Visiting monuments. 4. 385-Interacting with people from the town. 4. 215-Viewing natural landscapes. 4. 045-Atmosphere of streets and public squares. 4. 015Table 4. Interests of the cultural tourist and activities during the visit to historical towns. Source: own elaboration [20. ]Our last block in Table 3 relates to countries with developing economies, natural and cultural attractions, and activities determined by sustainable tourism. In most cases, their destinations are unspoiled/developing, with tourism projects based on sustainability, three of which have been selected: eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22], the eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23] and finally, the Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24]. eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22] is a programme intended to improve competitiveness of the tourism sector on the eco-cultural route comprising Chachapoyas, Levanto, del Maino and Magdalena (Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza en Amazonas). This circuit offers 9 attractions and 7 activities, including trekking, horse riding, rural community-based tourism, ecotourism, archaeology, camping and cycling. All of this complies with sustainable fair and conservational tourism, which offers nature, culture, adventure and experiences. Tourists want to get involved, enjoy new experiences, feel connected and be a part of the conservation process of the places they visit. This experience forms part of their personal growth. This region, where the Incas once lived, has a vast biological and cultural diversity, magnificent waterfalls and valleys, private conservation areas, native species that are unique in the world and mysterious pre-Inca archaeological ruins. Among the tourist resources this area has, there are picturesque places such as natural viewpoints, Lopsol Forest, Purur river, Pumaurco viewpoint, Convento cave, Tusa bridge, Camino Prehispánico [pre-Columbian road] and endless abandoned archaeological sites that are under no conservation programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses the principles of sustainable tourism, stating that tourism projects are based on sustainability and are often conducted in unspoiled areas. It highlights how tourists want to feel connected to the places they visit and participate in conservation efforts, which directly relates to respecting and protecting natural environments. This is evident in phrases like 'which offers nature, culture, adventure and experiences' and 'be a part of the conservation process of the places they visit,' emphasizing the importance of eco-tourism in fostering respect for natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 45 It is observed in Table 4 that if the carbon tax is not recycled back to the citizenry with direct payments to the lowest incomes, the increase of the energy prices will have a significant and negative effect on the lower income citizens. The same conclusion was reached in Goulder et al. (2019), whose authors determined that anything other than lump-sum rebates to the lower income citizens would constitute a regressive taxation. Clearly, the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables or a carbon avoidance tax, which is designed to promote the substitution of fossil fuels with renewables, must be accompanied by public policy measures that would protect the incomes and the lifestyles of the poorer citizens in a society. substitution of coal and natural gas electric power plants with renewable energy is desirable for the avoidance of GCC. However, and because solar energy is periodically variable and wind power is intermittent, this substitution will not be realized without the development of infrastructure for the storage of energy. The substitution of, firstly coal and, secondly, natural gas from the electricity production mix in the ERCOT electricity grid is feasible as an engineering project, but entails the installation of significantly higher wind and PV capacity; high energy storage capacity; and significant energy losses in the storage-recovery process. Given the terrain of the region, hydrogen storage is the most suitable energy storage method, with hydrogen produced by electrolysis, stored locally in tanks and converted to electricity with fuel cells. The addition of more nuclear capacity is beneficial because it reduces significantly the requirements for storage and the additional installed capacity. The installation of significantly higher generating capacity, the development of energy storage systems, and the thermodynamic irreversibilities associated with the energy storage and recovery processes, are very likely to increase significantly the price of electricity for the consumers. This is an undesirable outcome that affects disproportionately the less affluent members of the society and is incongruent with the goals to reduce poverty and reduce inequalities. It would be advisable that attention be given to this undesirable outcome by governments, which may adopt public policies, price structures, and subsidies that that would make electricity affordable for all. research was partly supported by the Chair of Engineering at TCU. Hydroelectric power plants may be used either as base-load or intermediate-load units. ↩ ERCOT is the Council of Texas, which manages the production and distribution of electric power and supplies electric power to 92% of the State’s residents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and requirements involved in transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy. It emphasizes that significant infrastructure developments, such as energy storage and increased generating capacity, are necessary for this transition, suggesting that additional training may be needed to manage and operate these systems effectively. The implications of introducing renewables, such as the potential increase in electricity prices and the need for public policy measures to protect lower-income citizens, further underscore that transitioning without additional training or preparation is unrealistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1, Fig. 2, S1, Figure S2). Histological examination revealed that the tip of an implanted optical fiber was located at the dorsal border of the SCN in most cases and was found within the dorsal part of the SCN in the rest of cases (S1c). Figure 2Episodic bursts of reporter bioluminescence and activity bouts in vivo(a, d, g) Representative episodic fluctuations of reporter bioluminescence (colored traces) and simultaneously measured activity bouts (black traces) in freely moving mice for 5 consecutive days (a, Per1-luc; d, PER2::LUC; g, Bmal1-ELuc). Raw data (non-deterended, non-smoothed) are plotted in 5 min bins. (b, eh) Wavelet spectrum is illustrated for episodic bursts of bioluminescence (upper) and for activity bout (lower) in the ultradian range (0-12 h). The intensity of rhythm at a particular period was expressed with different colors. Dark red indicates the intensity larger than 1. 5 time of the individual mean peak level of bioluminescence burst (Fig. 4). Intensities below this level are expressed by different colors down to dark blue. (c, f, i) Chi square periodograms in the circadian (upper) and ultradian ranges (lower) are illustrated for bioluminescence (left) and behavior activity (right) in each clock gene with the same colors as in the actogram. An oblique line in each periodogram represents a significance level (p < 0. 05). Full size imageThe bioluminescence detected by the fiber originated mainly from the dorsal area of the SCN, because only 30% (Bmal1-ELuc) to 50% (Per1-luc, PER2::LUC) of bioluminescence emitted from the ventral area of the SCN was estimated to reach the optical fiber8. The difference between the clock gene reporters is due to the wavelength of lights emitted by the reporters (561 nm vs. 630 nm). The spatial distribution profiles of bioluminescence intensity were obtained using data from cultured coronal slices of the SCN prepared from the same clock gene reporter mice (S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address whether the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. It discusses the techniques and findings related to bioluminescence and activity bouts in mice, mentioning the SCN but lacking a definitive statement about its role as the regulator of circadian rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The circuit would require planning that fosters social, economic and cultural integration, and that enhances integrating, progressive, unifying and sustainable tourism. For this plan to be implemented joint work is necessary. It is recommended that local and regional governments opt for innovative tourism projects, placing value on the archaeological resources they have. The eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23], It is also included in the strategy for sustainable development, in which many environmental, sociocultural and economic criteria converge with quality, continuity and balance. Here, eco-cultural tourism is trying to establish itself, together with the opportunities offered by local economies, for example, adventure travel, agricultural tourism, observation of flora and fauna, birdwatching, scientific tourism, potholing and cultural tourism. It should be noted that the negative and destructive effects resulting from the massive and uncontrolled use of cultural goods and the surrounding landscapes cannot be ignored or minimised. Long-term political decisions making is key. Ultimately, the tourism project evaluates the archaeological historic heritage and its rehabilitation, local craftsmen, market studies, technical-economic evaluation, financial studies and the environmental impact evaluation. The Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24] falls under responsible tourism in a natural area, and belongs to a poor area within the tourist market, where the indigenous community interferes to avoid, among other things, the disappearance of their community. It is located in the valley of the Tuichi river along the banks of the Chalalán lagoon, and consists of the creation of a series of rustic huts around it. The indigenous community of San José de Uchupiamonas is in a complicated situation, specifically because of its involvement in safeguarding its identity and its culture. In order to avoid its disappearance, they use an alternative economy to enable economic viability and attract visitor flows so as to reactivate the tourist destination at different levels and improve living conditions. They make use of solar energy through panels, and the use of batteries for flashlights and fossil fuels is kept to a minimum. They offer programmes to learn to experience the tropical forest, bird watching, canoe rides, swimming, bathing in the lagoon, observation of the flora and fauna, vegetarian cooking, conference rooms, etc. It’s experience tourism that is based on authenticity, community development and economic activity, all performed in harmony with a tourist activity directed towards the local community, whose main purpose is survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how eco-cultural tourism emphasizes the integration of social, economic, and cultural factors to promote sustainable practices. It highlights the importance of safeguarding archaeological resources and maintaining environmental balance, which aligns with the idea that eco-tourism encourages respect for natural habitats. The description of projects like the Chalalán project shows a direct connection between tourism practices and the preservation of local cultures and environments, underlining the claim about eco-tourism's role in protecting natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Just as coal and steam had taken away jobs from low-output, rural handicraft workers two centuries earlier, oil and diesel made coal workers redundant, their labor-intensive output no longer required. The transition would engulf Britain, pitting the power of technology and capital against long-standing working communities, emboldening the prime minister of the day and the trade-union leader Arthur Scargill, who battled over ongoing pit closures. Coal mining was dying in the very place it had begun as Ewan MacColl sang in “Come all ye Gallant Colliers” (sung to the tune of Morrissey and the Russian Sailor):Come all ye gallant colliers and listen to me taleHow they closed the in Aberdale, South WalesIt was in 1842 that coal there was first wonShe’s yielded 40 million tons but now her days are done By contrast, coal remained a thriving industry in the – even into the twenty-first century, the lust for abundant, cheap energy unabated. Prior to 1812, the USA imported most of its coal from Britain, but after the War of 1812 deposits were mined in the plentiful seams of the Appalachian Mountains, comprising parts of six eastern states (Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia, and West Virginia). After the Civil War, coal production grew rapidly – almost 10-fold in 30 years – especially needed for steam engines on trains as coal replaced wood toward the end of the nineteenth century. States grew rapidly, building more energy-intensive infrastructure to secure its vast, ever-expanding borders. As in Britain, coal brought many health and safety problems, as well as conflicts between workers and owners. From 1877 to 1879, labor unrest in Pennsylvania led to the hanging of 20 supposed saboteurs known as the Molly Maguires, who sought better conditions and basic workers’ rights. In 1920, after attempting to organize as part of the Workers of America (UMWA) union in the company coal town of Matewan, West Virginia, miners were repeatedly manhandled by private guards leading to a shoot-out on the main street and 10 deaths. With an abundant and inexpensive resource, dug out of remote mountainous regions, lawlessness prevailed; even the wives of injured miners were forced into prostitution to cover their husbands’ down time. 54 Disputes continued well into the twentieth century as profits were valued above health, safety, and security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the historical transitions in labor from coal and diesel to scenarios where workers faced redundancy and conflict. It highlights how coal mining, for instance, underwent significant changes leading to worker dislocation and unrest, suggesting that transitions in energy sectors often bring job losses and require adaptation. The mention of labor movements and health and safety issues implies that training and support may be necessary for workers impacted by such transitions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Ultradian rhythms were also detected in behavior activity by Chi square periodogram in all mice examined (4. 7 ± 0. 2 h, n = 8, Per1-luc; 3. 7 ± 0. 9 h, n = 3, PER2::LUC; 4. 6 ± 1. 1 h, n = 7, Bmal1-ELuc) and the periods were slightly but significantly longer than those observed in clock genes (p < 0. 01, Per1-luc; p < 0. 05, PER2::LUC; p < 0. 05, Bmal1-ELuc, one-way repeated measure ANOVA). The frequency and size of episodic bursts were examined to characterize episodic bursts of clock gene reporters. Episodic bursts occurred either sporadically or sequentially. In the latter case, bursts overlapped, leading a stepwise increase in bioluminescence that lasted up to several hours. Since most sporadic episodes persisted for approximately one hour, episodic bursts of less than 2 h duration were used for further analyses. A total of 691 episodic bursts were detected during the first 5 circadian cycles under DD for all mice (Per1-luc, n = 342; PER2::LUC, n = 106; Bmal1-ELuc, n = 243). The mean number of episodic bursts per mouse was 42. 8 ± 10. 8/5 cycles for Per1-luc, 35. 3 ± 20. 7/5 cycles for PER2::LUC and 34. 7 ± 8. 0/5 cycles for Bmal1-ELuc. The mean duration of episodic burst was 70. 5 ± 7. 5 min for Per1-luc, 85. 0 ± 5. 0 min for PER2::LUC and 75. 5 ± 9. 5 min for Bmal1-ELuc, respectively. The frequency and the size of episodic burst depended on the circadian phase of respective reporter genes (Fig. 3). The size of episode was expressed as an area under the curve (AUC). AUC was calculated by summing bioluminescence above the baseline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ultradian rhythms and episodic bursts observed in clock gene reporters, but it does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role as the master clock for circadian rhythms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Advertisement 4. ConclusionsEco-cultural tourism is aimed at meeting the needs and problems that traditional and/or conventional tourism has set aside during its development phase and economic success. It is a central core piece around which alternative forms of tourism will develop, and acts as a counterweight in the resolution of the imbalances and inequalities created. It’s returning to the original form of tourism, a beginning ex novo but with the acquired experience and knowledge and the tracks left in the natural and urban cultural areas. In reality, it is the antithesis of mass tourism in the globalisation era and the digitalised world, which aims to preserve, protect and restore damaged or even irreversible areas, as well as to maintain the few spaces still untouched by humans and experience the impulses that have always motivated people on their journeys throughout history. The first steps of eco-cultural tourism are found in the ecotourism which was born out of the in 2012 to eradicate poverty—with the participation of the locals—, protect the environment and incorporate sustainable development. The 80s showed remarkable economic benefits in areas such as natural tourism, and comes together at different points with sustainable tourism and community tourism. Dangi and Jamal [30] carefully examined the chronology of sustainable community tourism, which resulted in the existence of integration approaches at a local-global level with community development. They also determined that good governance, guided by clearly defined ethical principles and justice, closed the local-global gap and guided the development and management of tourism. These new improvements, along with the demands of the modern tourist, have led to ecotourism consolidating itself as eco-cultural tourism, which promotes sociocultural and traditional values, environmental awareness, and benefits to rural and urban communities. Additionally, it opens up possibilities to develop economies at various levels for public and private enterprises, and offers the enjoyment of a unique high-quality experience. The responses given to climate change issues and the imbalances from economic globalisation are made possible through the planning of local sustainable development, comprising all tourism sectors involved in the creation of a Tourism Project, an and the Evaluation of the structured project. The methodology used in the study of eco-cultural tourism, uses the global and local levels of tourist destinations located in countries with emerging economies (Asia: China, Malaysia, Thailand), developed countries (Europe: Spain) and developing nations (South America: Peru, Argentina, Bolivia). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how eco-cultural tourism aims to 'preserve, protect and restore damaged or even irreversible areas' and how it promotes 'environmental awareness.' These points indicate that eco-tourism encourages an attitude of respect and protection towards natural habitats, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Prior to I, Britain had astoundingly supplied two-thirds of the world’s coal, but unregulated profits, lowered living standards, and blind loyalty to a national cause was unsustainable. Today, China generates more than half and India and the about 10% each, burning roughly three-quarters of an 8. 5 billion ton annual production (Table 1. 2). Coal is available in vast quantities with deposits in over 75 countries with enough reserves to last 100 years at current rates, generating electricity from over 6,000 units worldwide. Despite what may appear to be the dying days of coal, the original fuel still accounts for almost 40% of globally produced electric power. What’s more, even if the percentage of coal power were to decrease from 40% to 25% in the next two decades as has been called for to limit global warming to under 1. 5°C, more coal will still be burnt if production increases as predicted by 2% per year. 58 Coal is also burned to produce the high temperatures to smelt steel, make cement, and produce coal-to-liquid fuel. Any proposed “phase down” let alone “phase out” won’t happen easily or without a fight. ***Table 1. 2 Global coal-fired power plants by country: number, power, CO2 emissions, 2022 (*>30 MW) #CountryNumber*Power (GW)%CO2 (Gtons/year)%1China1,1181,07452. 04. 749. 72India28523311. 31. 011. 13United States22521810. 51. 111. 34Japan92512. 40. 22. 55South Africa19442. 10. 22. 26Indonesia87412. 00. 22. 07Russia71401. 90. 22. 38South Korea23381. 80. 21. 79Germany63381. 80. 21. 910Poland44301. 50. 21. 7Rest of world26126112. 61. 33. 6Total2,4392,067100. 09. 4100. 0Source: “Summary Tables: By Country,” 2022. are five coal types, generally ranked by age, based on the percentage of carbon and thus energy content or “calorific value. ” From lowest to highest rank: peat, lignite (a. k. a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the continued reliance on coal power, which accounts for nearly 40% of globally produced electric power, and highlights the challenges in phasing down coal production. It suggests that the transition from fossil fuels is not straightforward and will encounter significant obstacles, indicating that additional training may be necessary for those in fossil fuel jobs to transition effectively to renewable energy roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Both the number of episode and AUC of Per1-luc were largest in the late subjective day (CT6-CT12), those of PER2::LUC were in the early subjective night (CT12-CT18) and of Bmal1-ELuc in the early subjective day (CT0-CT6), respectively (p < 0. 05, one-way repeated measure ANOVA), where CT12 was defined as the onset of behavior activity in terms of circadian time (CT) which was a time unit divided by a circadian period. The mean interval from the initial trough of a burst to the episodic peak was 25 min, irrespective of reporter gene (Fig. 4). Figure 3Dependency of episodic bursts and activity bouts on circadian rhythmDependence of the number (upper panels) and size (AUC) of bioluminescence bursts (middle panels) as well as the number of activity bouts (lower panels) on the circadian phase of the respective clock gene. The circadian phase was divided into 4 phases based on CT (CT0-6, early subjective day; CT6-12, late subjective day; CT12-18, early subjective night; CT18-24, late subjective night). Blue, red and green columns with a vertical bar (mean ± SD) indicate the results of Per1-luc, PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc reporter, respectively. Gray and black bars at the bottom of the panels indicate the subjective day and night. Asterisk (*) indicates statistically significant difference between the values in different phases (p < 0. 05, one-way repeated measure ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey-Kramer). Full size imageFigure 4Stoichiometric relations between episodic burst of bioluminescence and activity bout(a) Temporal relations between the mean activity bout and accompanying bioluminescence (behavior bout reference) are illustrated for each clock gene reporter. (b) Temporal relations between the mean episodic burst of bioluminescence and accompanying behavior activity (bioluminescence episodic reference) are illustrated for each clock gene reporter. The mean values were obtained by adjusting individual times of initial trough or of 0 counts. Values were expressed as mean ± SEM. Full size imageAn episodic burst of bioluminescence was often accompanied by a bout of behavior activity (activity bout). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the timing and measurement of bioluminescence bursts and activity bouts in relation to circadian phases but does not mention the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role as a master clock regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: This highlights the need for a local level planning, which is endorsed by all tourism agents and has an accessible economic and environmental load capacity and balance. Promoting planned tourist areas will be possible with the support of government policies, aimed at progressively implementing clean energies, promoting the growth of undeveloped areas and including citizens in the evolution of tourism economies. Our initial hypothesis is confirmed and the path towards the logistic change of sustainable development is aimed at the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. declarationsI give thanks to the InetchOpen editorial for inviting me to participate write a book, directed and supervised by Rehman Khan, on tourism that reflects the current situation of the sector in today’s world and during this period marked by the COVID-19 pandemic. 1. Naciones Unidas. El ecoturismo como elemento clave para erradicar la pobreza y proteger el medioambiente. Asamblea general de las Naciones Unidas. PRNo: PR13001. 2012. Available at: https//www. unwto. org/es/archive/press-release/2013-01-09/asamblea-general-de-las-naciones-unidas-el-ecoturismo-como elemento-clave-p2. Báez A, Acuña A. Guía para las mejores prácticas de ecoturismo en áreas protegidas. Comisión Nacional para el desarrollo de los pueblos indígenas. México CDI, 2003, pg. 1593. GM. Ecoturismo instrumento de Desarrollo sostenible [Tesis] Medellín: Universidad de Antioquía; 20064. Organización Mundial del Turismo (OMT). Agenda para planificadores locales. Turismo sostenible y gestión municipal. Publicación de Turismo y medioambiente. Edición para América Latina y el 19995. Academic. Modelo FAS de la Organización Mundial del Turismo. Wikipedia Español; 2000. Available at: Martínez Quintana V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of local-level planning and support for sustainable development that aims at the protection and conservation of natural and cultural heritage. It suggests that promoting eco-tourism can contribute to respecting and protecting natural habitats through controlled tourism and government policies. The mention of ecotourism as a key element for environmental protection aligns with the claim that eco-tourism encourages respect and protection for these habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, 40,000 jobs have been shed in the past decade as the American coal industry declines because of higher costs, worsening pollution, and cheaper, cleaner alternatives despite attempts by some to reinvent a past glory or claim a supposed “war on coal. ”Since its peak in 2007, US coal production has dropped almost 50%, while more coal plants were retired in the first two years of the Trump administration than in the first four years of his predecessor. 61 Two long-standing coal plants on the south of Pittsburgh were shuttered on the same day in 2013 – the 370-MW Station and 1. 7-GW Hatfield’s Station – undercut by cheaper natural gas and renewables. Just as diesel and natural gas spelled the end of coal in the UK, igniting an intense worker–owner battle, cheap natural gas from fracking has undercut American coal, widening an already fierce political divide. Of course, consumption in the USA is now dwarfed by China, which has remade its economy on the back of coal-fired power, helping to raise hundreds of millions from poverty. Having accelerated the building of power plants since liberalizing state controls in the late 1970s, China now burns more coal than the rest of the world combined (50. 6%), providing more than two-thirds of its domestic energy needs, albeit with poorer emissions standards. Life expectancy in China has been reduced by 5 years because of coal pollution with over one million premature deaths per year compared to 650,000 in India and 25,000 in the USA. 62Unfortunately, coal has dramatically increased air pollution as seen in regular public-health alerts. Pollution levels in some Chinese cities are so unbearable that inhabitants routinely wear masks, don’t eat outdoors, and run air purifiers in their homes. Chinese journalist notes that smokestacks were once considered a sign of progress in a developing China, yet she now worries about the link between air pollution and cancer: “In the past 30 years, the death rate from lung cancer has increased by 465%. ”63 Xiao Lijia, a Chinese electrical engineer who began his career at the second-largest coal plant in northeast of Beijing, adds “It is still a great challenge to improve the surrounding environment. ”64While developing countries continue adding coal power (although at a lesser rate than in the past two decades), many developed countries are cutting back or even phasing out coal in the face of rising global temperatures and increased pollution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant decline in coal jobs and the challenges faced in transitioning to cleaner energy sources. It provides evidence of job losses in the coal industry and underscores the intense competition from cheaper natural gas and renewables, suggesting that a transition is not straightforward and may require additional training and adaptation, as highlighted by the challenges in the coal sector.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: To know whether there is causality between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and activity bouts or not, we examined their temporal as well as stoichiometric relationships. Activity bouts were detected mainly in the subjective night (CT12-CT24) (one-way repeated measure ANOVA, p < 0. 01), irrespective of reporter gene (Fig. 3). Therefore, the peak times of bioluminescence bursts and activity bouts were antiphasic for Bmal1-ELuc and substantially out of phase for Per1-luc. The desynchronized phase relationship between episodic bursts and activity bouts was also revealed by wavelet analysis (Fig. 2, S2). The intensity of ultradian rhythms fluctuated in a circadian fashion in both measures, but the peak intensity was out of phase in Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc. Thus, there was no temporal correlation in the frequency or in the AUC between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and activity bouts at least in Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc. The mean sizes of activity bout and accompanying bioluminescence or of episodic burst and accompanying behavior activity were compared to examine stoichiometric relations between the two measures (Fig. 4). In the activity bout reference, the mean activity bout peaked after 10 min at 17. 1 to 20. 2 counts/5 min. Accompanying bioluminescence started to increase almost simultaneously with an activity bout and peaked in 25 min (Per1, Bmal1) or in 35 min (PER2) on average. However, the peak bioluminescence level was variable (52. 3–112. 0 counts/5 min). By contrast, in the bioluminescence burst reference, the mean episodic burst peaked in 25 min in all gene reporters and the mean peak level was 138–233 counts/5 min, significantly larger than those obtained with the activity bout reference by 2–3 times, irrespective of the clock genes (p < 0. 01, one-way repeated measure ANOVA). On the other hand, the mean peak levels of accompanying behavior activity (3–6 counts/5 min) was approximately one thirds of the peak levels obtained with the activity bout reference and significantly lower than those, irrespective of the clock genes (p < 0. 01, one-way repeated measure ANOVA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the temporal and stoichiometric relationships between bioluminescence bursts and activity bouts, without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: The majority of ecotourism-related terms emerged from English-speaking media [2]: natural tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, alternative tourism, environmental tourism, anthropological tourism, low impact tourism, travel with Mother Nature, adventure travel, jungle tourism, cultural tourism, ecotravel, green tourism, science tourism, soft adventure tourism, bio tourism, ethnic tourism, appropriate tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotripping, socially responsible tourism, ecoventures, nature vacations, wilderness tourism, and ethical travel. As a whole, they are related to responsible, respectful and honest tourism. It’s educational because it offers information before, during and after the trip. It’s interactive because it entails life experiences involving real contact and participation. It’s democratic because the benefits it creates are equally distributed; it encourages the participation of rural communities and supports resource conservation. The growth of ecotourism began in the eighties, notably because of the economic benefits of natural tourism. What is characteristic of ecotourism is that it is a tool for sustainable development [3] and it’s categorised as an activity that mixes the excitement of travelling with caring for the environment. Its main goals are sustainability, preservation and participation of the local community. With the modern tourist’s demands and new trends, ecotourism is moving on to its next stage and is asserting itself as eco-cultural tourism. It binds searching for contact with nature with valuing cultural authenticity, environmental sustainability, new experiences and a higher number of trips with a shorter stay in each place. That is to say, it’s created a symbiosis between natural tourism and cultural tourism, supported by sustainability and limitations on use, by small-scale activities and a high-quality tourism experience. Eco-cultural tourism is a new form of tourism where the main goal is not to generate wealth, expropriate land and exploit resources of inhabitants and countries in order to benefit big companies. It’s established itself within a new concept of tourism, both in socioeconomic terms and as a practical activity, that combines the conservation of natural and cultural sites with economic and recreational benefits through sustainable development, and improves the conditions of the recipient communities. The main motivation is observation, appreciation and contemplation as an experience within the natural and cultural environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing aspects of ecotourism focused on sustainability and responsible practices. It emphasizes that ecotourism aims for sustainability and resource conservation, along with the involvement of local communities. While it does not explicitly mention waste reduction and energy conservation, it highlights characteristics of ecotourism including sustainability, preservation, and the ethical treatment of natural and cultural sites, which inherently relate to the principles of waste reduction and energy conservation in sustainable practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: After failing to meet its 2015 emissions targets, Germany – the world’s fourth-largest economy and sixth-largest consumer of coal – announced in 2019 that it would end coal-fired electrical power generation by 2038. Highly subsidized, deep “black-coal” mining in the Ruhr had already closed in 2018, but under Germany’s new plan 34 GW of coal power will be halved by 2030 before being completely shut down. The affected regions will be offered €40 billion in aid, in particular the open-pit “brown-coal” mining communities of Lusatia near the Polish border. A member of both the overseeing commission and executive board of Germany’s second-largest trade union offered an ironic though pragmatic analysis: “It’s a compromise that hurts everyone. That’s always a good sign. ”65 The plan includes converting Germany’s largest open-pit mine at Hambach, North Rhine-Westphalia, into a lake, the deepest artificially created space in the country, as well as “rehabilitating” other disused mining areas. In a bid to tackle air pollution and desertification, China has been planting trees at a rate of more than a billion a year since 1978 as part of the Wall forestation project. In 2019, 60,000 soldiers were reassigned to plant even more, primarily in coal-heavy Hebei Province, the main source of pollution to neighboring Beijing, where pollution levels are 10 times safe limits. The plan is to increase woodland area by more than 300,000 km2 (from 21. 7% to 23%). government has also pledged to reduce its carbon intensity and “peak” emissions by 2030 (and become overall carbon neutral or “net zero” by 2060), but to achieve any real reductions China must significantly limit coal consumption. As more jobs in the renewable-energy sector supplant mining jobs, coal becomes less viable by the day. Agency (IRENA) counted 11. 5 million global renewable-energy jobs in 2019, including 3. 8 million in solar, 2. 5 million in liquid biofuels, 2 million in hydropower, and 1. 2 million in wind power. 66 California now has more clean-energy jobs than all coal-related jobs in the rest of the United States,67 while continues to dump coal investments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the shift from fossil fuel jobs to renewable energy jobs, while mentioning that areas affected by coal power plant closures will require substantial financial aid for transition. It implies that the transition involves complexities and challenges, suggesting that additional training may be necessary for those displaced in the transition from coal jobs to renewable energy positions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Chi square periodogram revealed significant periodicities in the ultradian range, which was confirmed by wavelet analyses (Fig. 2, S2). Ultradian periodicity was also detected in activity bouts. However, the ultradian periods in two measures were slightly but significantly different, suggesting different origins. Episodic bursts were often accompanied by activity bouts. An activity bout is known to be immediately followed by increases in the general circulation16 and in the brain temperature17,18. An increase in the circulation could enhance the entry of luciferin and other substances into the SCN neurons to affect the emission of bioluminescence. Episodic increases in the brain temperature could also affect the luciferin-luciferase enzymatic reaction. They could potentially serve as mechanisms of abrupt elevation of bioluminescence (artifact). However, the stoichiometric as well as the temporal analyses excluded the causality between the episodic burst of bioluminescence and activity bout (Figs 2,3 and 4). The circadian phase where episodic bursts occurred most robustly and frequently was not identical in PER2::LUC and Bmal1-Eluc; (Figs 1,3) with respect to phase-angle to the circadian behavior rhythm. The episodic bursts in Bmal1-Eluc was predominant in the sedative phase of animals (subjective day), whereas those in PER2::LUC was in the active phase of animals (subjective night). Discrepancy in the timings of the ultradian rhythm intensity was also shown by wavelet analysis in PER2::LUC and Bmal1-ELuc (Fig. 2, S2). In addition, causality is questioned by a lag time of 5 to 6 min reported between an activity bout and a following increase in the brain temperature18. Taking an almost simultaneous initiation of the episodic burst of bioluminescence and the activity bout into account, the increase in the brain temperature could not be a cause of an episodic burst of bioluminescence. Furthermore, there was no evidence for stoichiometric relationships between the episodic bursts and activity bouts (Fig. 4). Finally, some episodic bursts of bioluminescence lacked accompanying activity bouts (Fig. 2, S2). All these findings are against the idea of causality and therefore the claim of artifact. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock. Instead, it discusses periodicities in the ultradian range and the lack of causality between bioluminescence bursts and activity bouts, without referencing the SCN or its role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the characteristics of eco-cultural tourism from its inception, together with the synergy of the resolution that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism. It’s a small-scale and fundamentally emotional form of tourism that promotes sociocultural and traditional values and environmental awareness, and offers benefits both to rural and urban areas. It requires a platform and type of tourism planning that encourages local sustainable development, involving all tourism sectors. It’s currently unique due to how it responds to problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation that have led to dead end conventional and/or traditional tourism. Projects offer a new path for tourism. Birth of ecotourism: It’s born together with the synergy of the resolution (2012) that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism [1]. It’s small-scale tourism, with small businesses, with a specific and limited quality production and it’s fundamentally based on experiencesIt encourages: Sociocultural and traditional values; environmental awareness; respect for the biosphere, local cultures and traditions; brings benefits to rural and urban communities; economic potential for public and private companies, as well as a high-quality tourism experienceIt requires: A platform and local sustainable development involving all tourism sectors (touristic planning, carrying capacity); socioeconomic and environmental balance. It currently responds to: problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation through Projects supported by government policiesTable 1. Characteristics of eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. Once eco-cultural tourism has been contextualised and treated together with its goals, a with alternative tourism and the development of is incorporated. In addition to this, a comparative methodology will be used to analyse global and local tourism in countries from Asia, Europe and South America. This will be guided by the following hypothesis: eco-cultural tourism requires local sustainable planning, endorsed by all tourism agents, and led by the load capacity and economic and environmental balance (green economies and ideologies). In this way, eco-cultural tourism will respond to the problems of poverty and climate change through Tourism Projects, directed by government policies and administrations. Advertisement 2. Planning alternative tourism and tourism development projectsPlanning for alternative tourism and creating Projects in eco-cultural tourism is carried out in unique spaces that, generally, have received little impact from conventional and/or traditional tourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of local sustainable development in eco-cultural tourism, which inherently relates to practices such as waste reduction and energy conservation. The text emphasizes the importance of planning that encourages socioeconomic and environmental balance, suggesting that these practices support both poverty eradication and environmental protection, aligning with sustainable practices in eco-tourism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: In communities that have worked the mines for generations, is dying after almost two centuries of rule. And yet the damage continues, wherever brown jobs and old thinking is championed over cleaner alternatives, while in the developing world coal still thrives. In 2021, the amount of coal-powered electrical power generation actually increased despite an acknowledged recognition of global warming at the annual COP meeting that year in Glasgow. Discarded in the land of its birth because of poor economics and increased health problems, and in decline in most developed countries around the world, without viable alternatives countries will still generate power with “the rock that burns” no matter the obvious problems to health and increased global warming. Who would have thought we would be burning the black stuff three centuries after the start of the Industrial Revolution? Who would have thought we would ignore all the consequences? 1. 4 Coal Combustion, Health, and the Steam-powered technology has brought numerous changes to the way we live, especially a thirst for more, the rally cry of the Industrial Revolution. The most onerous by-product, however, is pollution. Ascent of Man, author and philosopher describes the reality quite simply: “We think of pollution as a modern blight, but it’s not. It’s another expression of the squalid indifference to health and decency that for centuries had made the plague a yearly visitation. ”68We no longer have an annual plague, but we do have increased occurrences of bronchitis, asthma, lung cancer, and other respiratory illnesses, all attributable in part to burning wood and coal. To be sure, we have reaped numerous benefits from the Industrial Revolution, but we also suffer unwanted side effects from burning carbon-containing fuels: pollution, smog, acid rain, increased cancer rates, and now a rising global temperature caused by a secondary absorption effect of the main combustion by-product, carbon dioxide (1 kg of coal produces about 2 kg of CO2). We didn’t use to care about the by-products, some of which contain valuable nutrients that can be ploughed back into the ground as fertilizer (for example, nitrogen-rich wood ash), but after almost two centuries of ramped-up industrial use, our energy waste products have become problematic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting the societal and health consequences of relying on fossil fuels, such as increased pollution and respiratory illnesses. It emphasizes that communities that have traditionally relied on coal are facing significant challenges, indicating that transitioning to cleaner alternatives may not be straightforward and might require new skills and training, thus suggesting that additional training is necessary for such transitions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There was no evidence for causality between episodic bursts of bioluminescence and often accompanying activity bouts. MethodsAnimalsMice carrying a Per1-luc11 (hetero or homozygous), PER2::LUC12 (homozygous) or Bmal1-ELuc24 (heterozygous) reporter gene on a C57BL/6j background were used. PER2::LUC mice were originally produced in the Northwestern University. The animals had been backcrossed with C57BL/6j background mice (supplied from. ) more than 10 generations when arrived at our laboratory. Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc mice were produced in YS Institute (Tochigi, Japan) and Institute of Science and Technology (Tsukuba, Japan), respectively. They were generated from fertilized eggs of C57BL/6j background; though created on a C57BL/6j background, we back-crossed these mice with C57BL/6j background mice as well for more than 7 generations. The mice were reared in our animal quarters where environmental conditions were controlled (light-dark cycle (LD); lights-on 6:00–18:00; light intensity approximately 100 lx at the cage bottom; humidity 60 ± 10%). Food and water were available ad libitum. Sterilized wooden chips were placed on the floor of an animal cage. Experiments were conducted in compliance with the rules and regulations established by the of under the ethical permission of the Committee of (Approval No. 08-0279). Behavioral activity measurementMale and female mice were used in the present study at 2–6 months old (3. 9 ± 1. 4 months old, mean and SD). Mice were individually housed in polycarbonate cages (115 mm wide, 215 mm long, 300 mm high) and placed in a light-tight and air-conditioned box (40 × 50 × 50 cm). Spontaneous movements were measured by a passive infrared sensor which detects a change in thermal radiation from an animal due to behavior activity25. The amount of behavior activity was automatically recorded every min by computer (Kit; System). SurgerySurgical operation was performed under isoflurane anesthesia. A handmade guide cannula (inside diameter 1. 12 mm, outer diameter 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any specific information regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the methodology and experimental details involving genetically modified mice without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: They study secondary data from the World Bank’s website with structural equation models, concluding that the use of renewable energy will improve environmental sustainability and the creation of a better national image. The promotion of sustainable economic growth should be based on adequate planning that formulates policies in line with sustainability. Indeed, environmental policies and sustainable development have been the priority axes in literature reviews and existing theoretical models relating green logistics and the economy to environmental sustainability and general social factors. This has been pointed out by in their research. Measuring the impact of renewable energy, public health expenditure, logistics, and environmental performance on sustainable economic growth [12]. In this case, future research trends will have to be redirected to the micro-level, which means local and precise levels. Within the same context, the relationship between tourism and globalisation in environmental degradation is investigated in China [13], where a quantum distributed delay model is used. They show that economic growth stimulates environmental degradation and suggest a comprehensive policy framework that could achieve Goal No. 7 (Affordable and clean energy), No. 8 (Decent work and economic growth) and No. 13 (Climate Action). Reorientation of policies to ensure sustainable development appears to be diffuse in the existing literature, if not entirely absent. The transportation and accommodation associated with tourism has an impact on carbon emissions and is an issue that must be addressed by reducing environmental degradation, promoting renewable energy, boosting tourism, and creating employment opportunities in both the public and private sectors. Technologies should not replace all manual labour. From this point, a new perspective towards ecotourism, with all its variants, is opened, and serves as a general platform for the proper running of these policies. Alongside this, the quantum auto-regressive distributed delay model (QARDL) [14] is being studied in Malaysia, in order to analyse the impact of economic growth, tourism, transport and globalisation on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The results of this study suggest that ecotourism is beneficial for economic growth in underdeveloped areas, in favour of protection and development. The long-term vision is that governments should encourage the development of low-carbon ecotourism and achieve green development of both tourism and the economy. All in all, the aim is to promote green consumption through policies and the ethical consideration between the local communities, the relevant agencies and the tourists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the promotion of renewable energy and sustainable economic growth within the context of eco-tourism. It mentions that policies should ensure sustainable development and highlights the importance of reducing environmental degradation, which aligns with the aspects of waste reduction and energy conservation essential to eco-tourism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: ”71 After the so-called “Great Smog” of 1952 that killed almost 4,000 people in a few days72 – a level of death unseen since the Blitz – the horror was eventually addressed, prompting a switch from solid fuels such as coal to liquid fuel: firstly coal-derived town gas, followed by imported propane, and finally “natural” gas (methane) after the 1965 finds. 73To counter the smog, the Act of 1956 mandated “smoke-free” zones, where only smokeless fuel could be burned, although others were slow to heed the warnings. Not until 1989 did Dublin introduce similar restrictions, following an especially bad winter in 1981–82,74 adding an extra 33 deaths per 100,000 people from the increase in smog caused by burning coal in open grates. 75 Following the ban, air pollution mortalities dropped by half. 76 The move from coal-powered to diesel locomotives in many industrialized countries also reduced the rampant railway exhaust that had gone unchecked for over a century. In poorer countries, however, it is harder to convince people to burn expensive, imported natural gas rather than cheap and readily available coal or give up their coal jobs without alternatives. Bator, Mongolia, the world’s coldest capital, particulate matter levels have been measured at more than 100 times WHO limits because of inefficient coal burning, leading to higher rates of pneumonia, a 40% reduction in lung function for children, and a 270% spike in respiratory diseases. 77Even in Europe, which has vowed to end coal, countries such as Poland still heat their homes primarily with coal (87%). Talk of “phasing out” coal or switching to a “bridge” fuel such as natural gas seems cynical at best in the face of a shivering population. Even in the United States, one in 25 homes is still heated by wood, much of it in substandard stoves where particulate matter is four times that of coal, contributing to 40,000 early deaths per year. 78 Warmth always comes at a hefty price when inefficient wood- or coal-burning is the source. 2015, just as national delegates were convening in Paris for the COP21 climate change meetings, China raised its first-ever four-color warning system to a maximum “red alert. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced in transitioning from coal to cleaner fuels. It discusses how poorer countries struggle to convince people to give up coal jobs without alternatives, and mentions historical resistance to adopting cleaner energy in the wake of severe health impacts from coal burning. This indicates that additional training and alternative job opportunities are essential for a successful transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 48 mm) was stereotaxically inserted into the brain (0. 2 mm posterior and 0. 2 mm lateral to the bregma and 3. 0 mm from the surface of the skull) and fixed by a dental resin. After a recovery period of more than 4 days, a polymethyl methacrylate optical fiber was inserted (fiber diameter, 0. 5 mm; surface cladding, 0. 25 mm thick) into the guide cannula aimed at the SCN (5. 8 mm from the surface of the skull) and fixed with dental resin (S1b, c). More than 4 days later, an osmotic pump (flow speed, 0. 5 μl/hr; pump volume, 200 μl; 2002, Alzet) containing D-luciferin K (100 mM) in saline was implanted in the peritoneal cavity for recording of Per1-luc and Bmal1-ELuc. For PER2::LUC recording, an osmotic pump (flow speed, 0. 11 μl/hr; pump volume, 100 μl; 1004, Alzet) was implanted subcutaneously at the shoulders to deliver D-luciferin Na (50 mM) into the lateral ventricle. D-luciferin Na was dissolved in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF). A catheter connected to an osmotic pump was passed under the skin to the top of the head and inserted in to the lateral ventricle through a guide tube implanted beforehand at 0. 6 mm posterior to the bregma, 1. 4 mm to the lateral from the midline and 2. 2 mm in depth. Three to five days after the last surgery, bioluminescence recording began in constant darkness (DD). At the end of bioluminescence measurement, mice were transcardially perfused with physiological saline solution followed by 4% paraformaldehyde in 0. 1 M phosphate buffer (PB) under ether anesthesia. Brains were cryoprotected in 20% sucrose in 0. 1 M PB. Serial coronal sections (30 μm) were made by Cryostat (Leica) and stained with cresyl violet to identify the location of the optical fiber tip. In vivo bioluminescence measurementIn vivo measurement of bioluminescence was performed under DD to exclude the penetration of environmental lights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information regarding experimental procedures involving the SCN but does not directly support or refute the claim. It discusses surgical techniques and the insertion of equipment for recording bioluminescence in relation to the SCN without addressing its role as the master clock or its function in circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: Such a mechanism will ensure responsibility in the behaviours towards the natural environment of the tourist destinations of the country. Finally, the last Asian country listed in Table 3, Thailand [15], analyses all the elements mentioned in the previous research, adding the negative influence of high crime levels on tourism. It concludes the only solution to protect the tourism industry involves clean energy promotion by the government, and the application of biofuel use in the transport sectors to improve environmental sustainability. Spain represents one of the developed economies in Europe with the most remarkable natural and cultural heritage. Destinations are consolidated and there are tourist policies in most established destinations, together with promotion for recovery and not extinction. One of the most significant activities corresponds to wilderness tourism, which usually begins to thrive after all stages of general tourism development, in an effort to satisfy a desire for outdoor recreation and appreciation of nature in large areas. It is related to development and sustainable tourism, so it refers to natural habitats and its biodiversity. In this context, natural parks, conservation areas, ecotourism, agricultural tourism, the rural environment and the involvement of the communities in the area of implementation are incredibly important [25]. This is why three consolidated projects have been chosen, projects of three national parks in Spain out of fifteen that are today included in the list [26]. Figure 1 presents a panoramic view of Park (Huesca, Spain) [16]. In the visitor’s guide, there is a map showing the location of the park in the north of the peninsula, located in the heart of the Pyrenees in the autonomous community of Aragon. A media guide (with pictures of the landscapes) can also be found. In the fact sheet of the informative brochure, there are useful addresses and recommendations for visiting and appreciating this park. The sheet also highlights that the place has been designated as a Site, by and that it has also been awarded the by the Council of Europe. There is accurate information about cultural aspects (customs and traditions), flora, fauna, and information about relevant visitor centres and information points. National Park, there is a plan for the recovery of bearded vultures and for the tracking of the chamois. It’s working towards improving the quality of visits, reducing the impact created of vehicles and permitting access to the park at any time during the fixed opening times. This has been known as the Plan in the since 1998. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of promoting clean energy and biofuel use in the transport sectors as part of sustainable practices in tourism. It emphasizes the need for responsible behavior towards the natural environment, which aligns with the sustainable practices mentioned in the claim, such as energy conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Washing coal before combustion helps reduce toxic emissions in older, dirtier ranked coal, while precipitators can be installed to filter fly ash after burning. 86 New carbon storage methods are also being sought to dispose of emissions, such as burying high-pressure carbon dioxide thousands of feet underground in disused oil and gas reservoirs. In a typical coal plant, carbon dioxide accounts for roughly 15% of the exhaust gas, but capturing the outflow is prohibitively expensive and is more about extending outdated systems than improving bad air (as we will see later). But despite the improvements and PR about “clean coal” or “carbon capture,” the pollutants are still the same, the amount depending on the elemental makeup of the coal type. Coal is not pure carbon, but is mostly carbon (70–95%) along with hydrogen (2–6%) and oxygen (2–20%), plus various levels of sulfur, nitrogen, mercury, other metals, and moisture, as well as an inorganic, incombustible mineral part left behind as ash that is full of rare-earth elements (REEs), especially in lignite. The particulate-matter emissions include numerous pollutants: carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, and various hydrocarbons, some of which are carcinogenic. According to the Physicians for Social Responsibility, coal contributes to four of the five top causes of US deaths: heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic lower respiratory diseases. Ill effects include asthma, lung disease, lung cancer, arterial occlusion, infarct formation, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, stroke, and diminished intellectual capacity, while “between 317,000 and 631,000 children are born in the US each year with blood mercury levels high enough to reduce IQ scores and cause lifelong loss of intelligence. ”87The higher the sulfur content, the more sulfur dioxide, perhaps the nastiest coal-burning by-product, which creates acid rain (the sulfur reacts with oxygen during burning and is absorbed by water vapor in the atmosphere). Sulfur content varies by coal rank, but bituminous coal has as much as nine times more sulfur than sub-bituminous coal, creating more health problems in the eastern United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the ongoing environmental and health issues associated with coal, indicating that even with advancements in technology like carbon capture, the core pollutants and health risks remain significant. This suggests that transitioning to cleaner energy sources involves more complexities and potentially requires additional knowledge and training to effectively implement renewable solutions and address existing pollution from fossil fuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Chi square periodogram for ultradian period was conducted after subtracting the circadian fluctuation from the original data. The circadian fluctuation was calculated by a 4 h moving average method. In most mice examined, significant peaks were detected at two to three ultradian ranges which seem more or less common to them. We calculated the mean value at the period ranges with the largest Qp value and regarded it as the major ultradian period. Wavelet analysis was applied to evaluate ultradian rhythms and periodic changes in the intensity of ultradian rhythms in a range from 0 to 12 hours27, using MatLab software. The bandwidth parameter was set to 3 and the center frequency to 1. Evaluation of rhythmicity and determination of periods were done by Chi square periodogram. Circadian periods of behavior rhythm were calculated by Chi square periodogram and from the slope of a regression line fitted to activity onsets. Peak phases of circadian clock gene rhythms were calculated on Day 1 in DD and in culture by a geometric method described previously28. The activity onset was determined by ClockLab software (Actimetrics) for the calculation of circadian time (CT), where the activity onset was defined as CT12. When the results of in vivo and ex vivo experiments were compared, the local time was used as a common time reference. Episodic bursts of bioluminescence were analyzed for their periodicity, dependency of occurrence (frequency) and of the size (amplitude and duration) on the circadian rhythm and stoichiometric as well as temporal relation to activity bouts that often accompanied episodic bursts. An episodic burst of bioluminescence was defined as a bioluminescence increase whose amplitude was larger than 2 times of the mean level in the 5 day recording for at least 30 min. An episodic increase of behavior activity (activity bout) was defined as an abrupt increase in behavior activity from 0 counts, lasting at least 30 min. The magnitude of activity bout should be more than twice as large as the mean 30 min activity in the whole series of recording. The duration of burst or bout was defined as a length from the initial trough (bioluminescence) or the bin of 0 counts (behavior) to the end trough where the value lowered below the initial trough in a burst or became 0 counts in a bout. The peak latency of the episode was defined as the interval from the initial trough to the peak of the episodic burst or the activity bout. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on methods for analyzing circadian and ultradian rhythms without mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It does not address or relate to the claim about the SCN being the master clock; instead, it discusses experimental approaches and measures regarding rhythmicity. Consequently, the text is irrelevant to the claim.