Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: However, there was no significant change in the pre-stimulus band power, except for the significant decrement in the high-beta (13-20 Hz) band power in the vibrotactile stimulation group (p = 0. 0469). Further, there was no significant change in the scalp topography over all stimulation groups. These results are consistent with the finding in BCI performance that only low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group achieved significantly improved BCI performance after the stimulation session. Stimulation effects on functional connectivityWe investigated the stimulation effects on brain activity through functional connectivity assessed by global PLVs during motor imagery before and after the stimulation session around sensorimotor areas, including the nine electrode channels (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4) in various frequency bands, the alpha (8-13 Hz), low-beta (13-20 Hz), and high-beta (20-30 Hz) bands. Fig. 6 represents the global PLV changes for low performers in each stimulation group during left- and right-hand motor imagery. In addition, the global PLVs before and after the stimulation session were compared using a paired Student’s t-test. Fig. 6Global PLVs before and after the stimulation. The figure represents the global PLVs averaged over the connections between the nine electrode channels’ (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4) changes after the stimulation session for low performers in each stimulation groupFull size image The average global PLVs over the motor imagery classes and frequency bands for the low performers showed no significant changes after the sham stimulation session, and yielded no consistent trends, as the global PLVs increased for some subjects and decreased for others. However, the vibrotactile stimulation and the tDCS groups showed statistically significant differences. Specifically, in the vibrotactile stimulation group, the global PLV within the alpha (8-13 Hz) band increased significantly during right-hand imagery after the vibrotactile stimulation session (p = 0. 0435), while the increment in the global PLV during left-hand imagery was not significant. Within the low-beta (13-20 Hz) band, the global PLVs increased significantly for both left- (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing results from a study on brain-computer interface (BCI) performance. It notes that there was no significant change in brain activity for most participants after stimulation, and only 'low performers' exhibited some improvement. This suggests that current BCI technology does not allow users to fully control electronic devices by thought alone, as evidenced by the lack of consistent and significant improvements in performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in Leaf Litter: A Comparison of Field and to 207. ––to 208. Intraseasonal variation in the δ15N signature of taiga trees and shrubsKnut Kielland, Bruce Barnett, and Go to 209. Contribution of micro‐organisms to the carbon dynamics in black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest soil in to 210. Rivers and Soils: Parallels in Carbon and Go to 211. Role in Ecosystem and Go to 212. Why Mars? —Even under the condition of critical factor constraint engineering technology may permit the establishment and maintenance of an inhabitable ecosystem on to 213. Soil carbon cycling at a black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest stand in Saskatchewan, to 214. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, to 215. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the northern study area Go to 216. Effect of fire on soil‐atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites Go to 217. Herbivores, the of Plants Species, and the Cycling of Nutrients in to 218. Mass loss measurements and statistical models to predict decomposition of leaf litter in a boreal aspen forest Go to 219. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer - broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fireL Finér, C Messier, and L De Grandpré Go to 220. 50 to 221. of Moose in Landscape Processes: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and to 222. of to 223. 224. Litter decomposition in western red cedar and western hemlock forests on northern Vancouver Island, British. Pastor, and B. to 225. Unsolved problems of Boreal regions Go to 226. Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth. ) leaf litter Go to 227. Decomposition of mediterranean leaf litters: A microcosm experiment investigating relationships between decomposition rates and litter quality Go to 228. to 229. Carbon and nutrient mineralization and fungal spore composition of fecal pellets from voles in to 230. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter for nutrient cycling. It references various studies and topics related to carbon dynamics, soil composition, and decomposition but does not provide a clear connection to fungi or their role in the specific context of nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Here we show that this polymorphism also contributes to extend lifespan. Given the wide distribution of UCP2, it is likely that systemic effects on global energy metabolism and redox state underlie the association with longevity. However, UCP2 also exhibits tissue-specific regulation suggesting tissue specific physiological effects. In this regard, evidence has been provided that in the brain, liver and other tissues UCP2 functions as regulator of oxidative stress [67]–[69], in the heart as a regulator of energy availability [70], in white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as a regulator of fatty acid metabolism [71], [72], and as a regulator of insulin dynamics in pancreatic β and α-cells [73], [74]. In this scenario, variants of UCP2 may have positive and negative effects depending on the tissue and on the fine balance between energy production/consumption and mitochondrial ROS generation. It is widely accepted that damage by free radicals to the molecules with which they come into contact are the underlying cause of aging, therefore the ability of UCP2 to attenuate steady-state levels of ROS strongly suggests an essential role in lifespan extension. Recently, Andrews proposed that UCP2 promotes longevity by shifting a cell towards fatty acid fuel utilization thus pointing to a major role of UCP2 in modulating metabolism [75]. This hypothesis is somewhat supported by Barbieri and colleagues [76] who analyzed the Ala55val polymorphism in a human cohort of elderly subjects from an Italian population. Although the authors did not find an association with longevity, they found that individuals with the Val/Val genotype had significantly higher energy expenditure parameters. Interestingly, the A-IGF1R/Asp-IRS2/Val-UCP2 allele combination was associated with a better metabolic profile, higher energy expenditure parameters, and lower mortality rates in longevity, thus indicating a contribution of Ala55val polymorphism to the regulation of energy balance and survival [76]. The latter and our finding suggest that the 55Val allele might promote longevity by conferring protection towards age-related decline of metabolic rate. It is indeed well-known that human aging is accompanied by a decrease in resting metabolic rate, the largest component of total energy expenditure, which significantly affects disability and morbidity among the elderly [24], [77]. On the other hand, long-lived subjects show a preserved metabolic profile being less prone to the metabolic deregulation normally occurring with aging [78]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of the UCP2 gene polymorphism on lifespan and longevity. It highlights that this genetic marker plays a role in regulating energy metabolism and oxidative stress, both of which are related to aging. The analysis provided on the Ala55val polymorphism and its association with factors such as metabolic profiles and energy expenditure supports the notion of studying genetic markers in the context of longevity, aligning directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: 0275) and right-hand imagery (p = 0. 0268). The high-beta (20-30 Hz) also showed a significant increment in the global PLV during right-hand imagery (p = 0. 0094). In the tDCS group, the global PLV within the alpha band did not change significantly, while significant increments were observed in the low-beta and high-beta bands. Within the low-beta band, the global PLV during left-hand imagery increased significantly (p = 0. 015), and it increased during right-hand imagery as well, but not significantly. Within the high-beta band, the global PLVs increased significantly for both left- and right-hand imagery after the tDCS session (p = 0. 0008 and p = 0. 0254, respectively). Except for the sham group, the high performers demonstrated no statistically significant change over all stimulation groups and frequency bands. In this group, the global PLV in the low-beta band during left-hand imagery increased significantly after the sham stimulation session (p = 0. 0203). However, there was no significant change in the global PLVs in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups. Still, we note that the numbers of low and high performers were not balanced because this study divided the subjects using statistical random probability, which is the constant value rather than the median value. As a result, there were three and four high performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS group, respectively, so the statistical tests for the high performers may not be reliable. However, this study’s focus was to investigate the stimulation effects for low BCI performers with respect to BCI performance and brain activity. Therefore, we set a threshold with a constant value to divide the low and high BCI performers rather than dividing them equally. In the functional connectivity analysis, we observed a consistent trend in the results of BCI performance and pre-stimulus band power by dividing subjects into low and high BCI performers. With respect to motor imagery BCI performance, only low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group showed significant improvement. The tDCS group also demonstrated improved BCI performance, although it was not statistically significant. The low performers in the sham stimulation group showed no change after the sham stimulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BCI technology. It mentions various experimental conditions and outcomes related to BCI performance and brain activity, specifically focusing on low BCI performers and their response to different types of stimulation. There is no indication in the text that suggests users can fully control electronic devices by thought alone, highlighting that improvements are only seen in low performers under specific stimulation conditions and that overall control by thought alone is not achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1487543/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSecondary contact zones can provide valuable evolutionary and ecological insights for elucidating patterns of divergent lineage evolution. The tertiary relict flora in can be divided into northern (“NEA”) and southern (“SEA”) regions. To date however, secondary contact zones of lineages from the NEA and SEA regions have rarely been studied. To test whether introgression occur between the ancient lineages and their evolutionary and ecological consequences, we conducted detailed genetic and ecological work within a maple hybrid zone in North China. Genetic structures of both adults and seeds populations were characterized. Spatial genetic pattern was checked along an altitude gradient. Flowering phenology was analyzed to test the existence of assortative mating. Leaf and fruit morphologies were compared between lineages. Our study confirm introgression occur between NEA and SEA lineages. Post-pollinator barriers predominantly contribute to a reduction in interlineage gene flow. Ecological niche differs between lineages along an altitudinal gradient. We clarify a long-standing classification debate with respect to Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, though there are extensive morphological variation and overlaps between the species pair. Our study represents the first few detailed evolution and ecological investigation focusing on ancient NEA-SEA lineages hybrid zone. Acerecological niche divergenceflowering phenologymorphology variationreproductive barrierssecondary contact zoneFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionGlobally, harbors the most diverse temperate flora, among which there are numerous Tertiary relict species 8–11. Milne and Abbott 12 have proposed that there are two independent relict species regions within East Asia, with one being centered in South/Southeast China, with extensions to the Himalayas (hereafter “SEA”) and the other in a region encompassing Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and the (hereafter “NEA”) (Fig. 1a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on genetic and ecological studies related to hybridization between ancient lineages in specific regions of East Asia, particularly involving maple species and their evolutionary dynamics. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Accordingly, Rizzo and colleagues [79] reported that compared to aged subjects, healthy long-lived subjects display energy expenditure parameters that are closer to the values of healthy middle-aged adults. In a recent study we demonstrated a correlation between the activity of UCP1 and human survival, and hypothesized a slower decline of energy expenditure with age at the basis of the correlation [43]. Skeletal muscle, where UCP3 is mainly expressed, contributes considerably to the basal metabolic rate [80]. We found that carriers of the TT genotype (rs15763), and carriers of the -55 T allele (rs180084) were significantly over-represented among long-lived subjects. The rs15763 is located in the 3′UTR of the gene and has no clear functional role so far; on the contrary, the -55 T allele has been associated with a significantly increased gene expression and has been shown to positively modulate the resting metabolic rate of skeletal muscle [81], [82]. In addition, the over-expression of UCP3 in muscle cells has been shown to be associated with decreased production of ROS as well as with facilitating fatty acid oxidation [17], [83]. The physiological status of the muscle mass reflects a complex equilibrium between nutrition, metabolism and the response to stress. Aging muscle is characterized by a progressive loss of mass and a gradual increase of weakness leading to sarcopenia, a condition associated with physical disability, and with an increased risk of developing disorders such as atherosclerosis, type II diabetes and hypertension [84]. Sarcopenia is closely linked to a decrease in resting metabolic rate as well as to mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress [85]. Therefore, in the context of the proposed functions of UCP3, the physiological consequence of an increased UCP3 activity in skeletal muscle might be to slow down the age related decline of muscle performance as a result of decreased ROS production, an increased protection of mitochondria from lipid peroxidation, and better metabolic efficiency [28], [83]. Accordingly, it has been found that mild uncoupling has an impact on cellular aging in human muscles in vivo [86]. This is in keeping with our previous work, where we have shown that the hand grip strength, the most effective death predictor in the elderly, was higher in the carriers of rs1800849-T allele than in the remaining the population [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific genetic markers (specifically the TT genotype and the -55 T allele) that are associated with longevity. It notes that these markers were found to be significantly over-represented among long-lived subjects, indicating a relationship between genetic factors and increased lifespan. Furthermore, it links these genetic markers to biological processes related to aging and muscle performance, highlighting their relevance in anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we can infer that the repetition of the motor imagery task without external stimulation did not affect the changes in low performers’ BCI performance. Although BCI performance needs to be improved further, the vibrotactile stimulation group subjects achieved performance significantly better than random chance, 60. 69% obtained by the current test trial numbers, and statistically significant at α = 0. 05, after the stimulation session, indicating that longitudinal stimulation may improve BCI performance. High performers suffered large performance decrements after the stimulation session in all groups, although it may not be relevant because there were only three and four high performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, respectively. In contrast to low performers, high performers had achieved controllable BCI performance before the stimulation session already, indicating that they can generate distinct brain activity during motor imagery, so they had a good strategy and sense of control. External stimulation may be unnecessary for these individuals, or the fatigue attributable to the task’s repetition may have affected them more than the stimulation. Another assumption is that a longer stimulation session may be necessary to modulate brain activity, as a single day session may be too short. With respect to the pre-stimulus band power, Maeder et al. found that trials with a higher SMR amplitude during the pre-stimulation period yielded better BCI performance than lower amplitude trials [37]. They suggested that ongoing SMR may play a key role in motor imagery BCI and other motor-related tasks in general. Inspired by their findings, we assumed that external stimulation could enhance the pre-stimulus band power and improve BCI performance simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the pre-stimulus (1000ms preceding the stimulus onset) band power, including alpha (8-13 Hz), low-beta (13-20 Hz), and high-beta (20-30 Hz) bands, before and after the stimulation session. We observed increased pre-stimulus alpha band power after the stimulation session across all groups of subjects, and it can be expected that cognitive and physical fatigue attributable to the long experimental tasks increased the alpha band power overall. However, statistical tests revealed a significant alpha increase only in low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group (p = 0. 00038). This is consistent with the fact that low performers’ BCI performance improved significantly in the vibrotactile stimulation group. Moreover, as Maeder et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current BCI technology, specifically highlighting that while there may be improvements in performance with stimulation, users are not yet able to fully control devices solely by thought. It indicates that BCI performance needs to be improved further and describes varying performance levels among users, implying that complete control is not currently feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: It is speculated that a climatic barrier, demarcated by an arid belt around the Plain, may mediate the divergence of SEA and NEA flora. Taxonomically, numerous SEA–NEA divergence patterns have been reported at the genus level or above 12,13. Moreover, some species (or species pair) have been reported to show a clear SEA–NEA divergence 14–19, which may provide evidence to indicate that long-standing barriers continue to play important roles in recent evolutionary processes. From the studied cases, it can be speculated that Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan constitute major meeting corridors of NEA and SEA lineages 19. However, although hybridization events have been reported to occur within these putative corridors 16,20, fewer studies have been conducted to investigate the evolutionary and ecological consequences of these secondary contact zones. Accordingly, it would be of particular interest to determine whether NEA and SEA lineages actually undergo mergence, introgression, or reinforcement within these contact zones, and also whether they have ecological niche and trait divergence. Such insights would undoubtedly enhance our current understanding of the evolution of the two relict lineages, and clarify the overlooked importance of in biodiversity origin6. Characterizing genetic structures within hybrid zones is a major approach that can be used to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary lineage contact 21. Under circumstances in which there are larger populations of parental lineages than hybrids (bimodal pattern), the two lineages can be considered largely reproductively isolated e. g. 22,23−26, whereas when most individuals are hybrids (unimodal pattern), there may be an absence of reproductive barriers between the two lineages 20,27. Moreover, when most hybrids are F1 individuals, the gene flow between lineages is weak, whereas when most hybrids are backcrosses, introgression may occur between lineages 26,28. A further important character is the width of hybrid zones, with narrower hybrid zones indicating stronger reproductive isolation between lineages 29. Moreover, differing strengths of pre-zygotic and/or post-zygotic barriers may lead to varied genetic structures within hybrid zones 30. Hence, characterizing the genetic structure and width of hybrid zones would be predicted to yield valuable insights regarding the evolutionary and ecological consequences of hybridization. China, two sister species, Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the genetic structures within hybrid zones and the divergence of flora between Southeast Asia (SEA) and Northeast Asia (NEA), which is not relevant to the claim about fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Haplotype analysis confirmed the single SNP analyses, and highlighted the importance of the entire UCP2-UCP3 locus in human aging and longevity. In fact, one finding of interest emerging from this analysis is that the UCP2-rs659366 (-866 G/A), which was uninformative to single-locus analysis, seemed instead to be effective in modulating the aging process. In particular the rs659366G allele appeared to exert a modest beneficial effect on human survival. Indeed, the presence of the rs659366G allele reduced the negative effect of the rs659366C-rs15763C haplotype, while it increased the positive effect of the rs659366T-rs15763T haplotype. The rs659366 (-866G/A) variant changes promoter activity, affects metabolic rate and oxidative stress, and has been associated with metabolic traits in several, although not all, studies [87]. UCP4 and UCP5, together with UCP2, are known as neuronal UCPs due to their widespread distribution in the brain [6]. Neurons have a very high metabolic rate and consequently a high production of ROS. Andrews and co-workers observed that neuronal uncoupling activity leads to decreased ROS levels, a decreased Ca2+ voltage-dependent influx and increased local temperature in neuronal microenvironment [88]. We found that only the UCP4 rs9472817-GG genotype negatively impacts on the probability to attain longevity. It has been shown that UCP4 activity can induce an adaptive shift in energy metabolism, from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis, that helps sustain neurons under conditions of metabolic and oxidative stress [89], [90]. Therefore, by decreasing free radical production and stabilizing cellular calcium homeostasis, UCPs expressed in neurons may positively influence neuronal function (synaptic transmission and plasticity) and retard the cellular deterioration associated with aged-related neurological disorders. Accordingly, the expression of UCP4 has been found significantly reduced in brains of subjects affected by Alzheimer disease [91]. Moreover, it was found that CC genotype for rs10807344 of UCP4 gene, not found to be associated in the present study with the longevity phenotype, exerts a protective effect on the occurrence of multiple sclerosis and of leukoaraiosis, a vascular demyelinization of the white matter of the brain [92], [93]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific genetic markers, particularly the UCP2-rs659366 allele and its role in modulating the aging process, which is relevant to anti-aging research. It confirms the focus on genetic analysis in understanding longevity and associated metabolic factors, thereby aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: observed, high performers showed higher pre-stimulus alpha band power than low performers. As a result, pre-stimulus alpha plays a key role in motor imagery, and modulating the pre-stimulus alpha may help improve motor imagery BCI performance. No significant change was observed in the low- and high-beta bands, except that high performers’ pre-stimulus high-beta band power decreased in the vibrotactile stimulation group (p = 0. 0469). In addition to pre-stimulation band power, this study was inspired by previous studies that have investigated the relation between BCI performance and functional connectivity [34, 35] in an effort to determine EEG characteristics other than ERD that play a role in motor imagery, as previous studies have reported tDCS’s mixed effects on ERD [29, 32, 33]. It is unclear whether ERD is a key feature for both low and high performers, or whether they engage in a motor imagery task differently and generate different brain activity. However, it is true that event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) is an index of motor imagery used widely [4, 30]. We calculated contralateral ERD/ERS from motor imagery EEG (C3 ERD/ERS during right-hand imagery and C4 ERD/ERS during left-hand imagery) for each subgroup in the same manner used in motor imagery BCI classification. As expected, high performers showed clear ERD during motor imagery in the 8-30 Hz frequency range before the stimulation session, while only a few low performers exhibited ERD. However, we could not find a clear pattern attributable to ERD/ERS changes after the stimulation session consistent with the BCI performance increase/decrease, and no significant changes were observed in ERD/ERS averaged over subjects. Further, we observed some subjects who achieved decreased BCI performance after the stimulation session, although clear ERD was still observed in the 8-30 Hz frequency range in high performers. Conversely, we observed some subjects who achieved improved BCI performance after the stimulation session, even though there was no notable difference in ERD/ERS after the session in low performers. Based upon these results, it may be expected that performance modulation was not sufficient to elicit ERD/ERS changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various EEG characteristics and performance metrics related to motor imagery BCI systems but does not support the notion that BCI technology enables full control of electronic devices solely by thought. It indicates variability in performance among different users and lacks a definitive conclusion that BCI can achieve complete control as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: truncatum, are reported to be sympatrically distributed and constitute the predominant components of the deciduous forests 31–33. However, there is wide debate regarding the classification of these two species. Although many scientists treat A. truncatum as a separate species, some still consider it to be a subspecies of A. pictum. In this regard, the two species are generally distinguished based on a comparison of the respective leaf and fruits morphologies. However, given the wide variability in traits, their validity in differentiating these species is questionable. According to Flora of China, the leaf base of A. truncatum is typically truncate, whereas that of A. pictum subsp. mono is generally heart-shaped. Furthermore, in A. truncatum, the fruit wing is generally as long as the seed, whereas it is considerably longer in A. pictum subsp. mono. However, we have observed marked variations in leaf and fruit morphologies, even within a single tree (personal observations). Consequently, given the dubious merits of the established morphological diagnoses, it remains unclear whether these are two reproductively compatible species or a single species characterized by a large morphological variation. By treating these trees as a species complex (hereafter “Acer”), a previous phylogeographical study identified a clear NEA–SEA nuclear genetic division, with the two lineages co-existing in 14. However, compared with other species studies in this region 16,20, only two sampled Acer populations have been found to show clear sympatric distribution at a local scale 14,18 (Fig. 1b). This thus raises the questions as to why there are so few populations comprising sympatrically distributed NEA-SEA lineages within secondary contact zones and the factors govern the spatial distribution of the two lineages. Moreover, it would be of interest to determine whether the two lineages can hybridize and, if so, the extent of hybridization, and also to establish whether the two genetic lineages correspond to the A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum species division. By answering these questions, we can gain valuable insights into the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring subsequent to NEA–SEA lineage secondary contact, as well as going some way to clarifying the long-standing uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of A. pictum subsp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the classification and morphological variation of specific tree species within the Acer genus, discussing genetic divisions and speciation without providing any information relevant to fossilized plants or their contributions to understanding past environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Thus, it is likely that variants affecting the UCP4 function might have consequences on the aging of the nervous system, and then might have a potential impact on health and longevity. Due to the fact that rs9472817 is located in intron 8, the exact molecular mechanism responsible for the effect on survival remains to be elucidated. Although it has been reported that intronic SNPs may have an effect on gene expression [94], it is more plausible for rs9472817 to be in LD with some other functional genetic alterations affecting the function of UCP4 and this has consequences on the aging nervous system, leading to the observed detrimental effect of the GG genotype. Further studies are needed to clarify this point. In conclusion, we found that the genetic variability of UCP genes affects human longevity. This finding is in agreement with previous data showing that energy storage and expenditure have a key role in survival at old age and support the Uncoupling-to-survive hypothesis. Although this hypothesis was initially based on the possible effects of UCPs on the oxidative stress, the most recent data have emphasized the impact of UCP variations on the metabolic efficiency. It is then likely that the impact of UCPs' gene variation on longevity is due to the complexity of these functions rather than the sole effect of oxidative stress. On the other hand, due to the presence of different UCP genes, each active in specific tissues, further analyses will be necessary to understand the specific role of the uncoupling process in different tissues and, consequently, in correlation with differing metabolism and, possibly, nutrients. Supporting InformationTable S1. Genotypic and allelic frequencies in the analyzed sample by group. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: GR GP. Performed the experiments: PC. Analyzed the data: FDR AM. Wrote the paper: GR GP. Read and discussed the final form of the manuscript:. 1. Cannon B, (2004) Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. 84: 277–359. View 2. (2001) Genetic and physiological analysis of the role of uncoupling proteins in human energy homeostasis. J 79: 48–56. View 3. Boss O, Samec S, Paoloni- (1997) Uncoupling protein-3: a new member of the mitochondrial carrier family with tissue-specific expression. FEBS Lett 408: 39–42. View 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic variability in UCP genes and its effects on human longevity. It specifically mentions that 'we found that the genetic variability of UCP genes affects human longevity,' thus linking genetic markers to longevity, which aligns with the focus of anti-aging research as outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Some low performer’s performance modulations were still within the range of low BCI performance, and high performers’ performance modulation was still within the range of high BCI performance, although it is not clear how low or high BCI performance could elicit the corresponding ERD/ERS changes. Moreover, contralateral ERD/ERS could be observed in different brain areas (channels), frequencies, and time ranges because of inter-subject variability, which makes it difficult to generalize the results of this analysis. In summary, these results demonstrated that low performers who achieved improved BCI performance showed increased global connectivity and pre-stimulus alpha band powers, while ERD/ERS changes did not show the same pattern. As discussed earlier, this may indicate that low and high performers engage in a motor imagery task differently, which induces different EEG features during the task. To achieve a more precise analysis, in-depth investigation should be conducted that focuses more on ERD/ERS with a large number of subjects, which we will investigate in our future work. With respect to the brain activity during motor imagery other than ERD, Zhang et al. found that brain network measures could improve low performers’ BCI performance, suggesting that only these features may capture their engagement in motor imagery [34]. Leewis et al. investigated the difference between low and high performers by assessing the average strength of all connections on different scales of the brain network [46, 48, 49], including the global, large, and local scales, rather than complex graph theory measures. Although our study did not consider all network scales because of a lack of available electrode channels, this study investigated the global PLVs during motor imagery calculated by averaging all connections within the electrode set (F3, Fz, F4, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4) that have a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We observed that with low performers, vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS increased global PLVs after the stimulation session. With vibrotactile stimulation, low performers exhibited significantly increased global PLVs in alpha (p = 0. 0435), low-beta (p = 0. 0268), and high-beta (p = 0. 0094) in right-hand imagery, and low-beta (p = 0. 0275) in left-hand imagery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of BCI technology, noting issues such as the variability in performance among individuals and the complexity of brain activity involved in BCI control. It points out that low performers exhibit performance modulations that are still within low BCI performance ranges, suggesting that BCI technology is not yet at a level where it allows full control of electronic devices by thought alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: mono and A. truncatum. Reserve, located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, is one of the two previously sampled populations with sympatrically distributed NEA–SEA lineages (Fig. 1b). Among the 22 sampled individuals in the reserve, six and eight were NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, with few hybrids, which are characterized by a typical bimodal pattern 14. However, given the limited number of sampled trees and the lack of precise locations, further analyses are required to establish the genetic structure and width of the hybrid zone. In this study, based on the precise location of each individual, an extensive genetic survey of both adult and offspring populations, the monitoring of flowering phenology, and measurement of leaf and fruit morphologies, we sought to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary contact between the NEA and SEA. Specifically, we strived to provide answers to the following questions: (1) Do the two lineages show ecological niche differentiation, and are they mixed or isolated at a local spatial scale? (2) Are the two lineages reproductively isolated and do they differ in terms of flowering phenology? (3) Do the two lineages differ with respect to leaf and fruit morphology and, if so, do these differences correspond to those described for A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in the standard of Floras? structure of the parental population On the basis of the values obtained for both lnPD and △K, we identified two distinct genetic groups within the DHS Acer population (Figure S1). Among the 70 individual trees, 72. 9% were assigned a q-value smaller than 0. 1 or larger than 0. 9, thereby signifying a typical bimodal distribution (Fig. 2b). Individuals with q values greater than 0. 9 and with consistent genetic origin from the NEA region were defined as the NEA lineage (hereafter “NEA-DHS”), whereas those with values less than 0. 1 and with consistent genetic origin from the SEA region were defined as the SEA lineage (hereafter “SEA-DHS”). Individuals with intermediate q values between 0. 1 and 0. 9 were defined as hybrid genetic types (hereafter “Hybrid-DHS”). We accordingly identified totals of 27 SEA-DHS (38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses genetic differentiation and ecological niche of tree lineages without addressing fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems. There are no connections made between the findings and understanding ancient environments, making this text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: View 34. Conti B, Sanchez-Alavez M, Winsky- (2006) Transgenic mice with a reduced core body temperature have an increased life span. Science 314: 825–828. View 35. (2009) Uncoupling protein-2 regulates lifespan in mice. Metab 96(E): 621–627. View 36. Caldeira da (2008) Mild mitochondrial uncoupling in mice affects energy metabolism, redox balance and longevity. 7: 552–560. View 37. (2005) Long-term caloric restriction increases UCP3 content but decreases proton leak and reactive oxygen species production in rat skeletal muscle mitochondria. Metab 289(E): 429–438. View 38. (2008) Characterization of survival and phenotype throughout the life span in UCP2/UCP3 genetically altered mice. 43: 1061–1068. View 39. (2008) UCP-2 and UCP-3 proteins are differentially regulated in pancreatic beta-cells. PLoS One 3: e1397. View 40. Salopuro T, Pulkkinen L, Lindström (2009) Variation in the UCP2 and UCP3 genes associates with abdominal obesity and serum lipids: the Prevention Study. BMC 10: 94. View 41. (2009) The polymorphisms of UCP2 and UCP3 genes associated with fat metabolism, obesity and diabetes. 10: 519–552. View 42. (2011) A common polymorphism in the UCP3 promoter influences hand grip strength in elderly people. Biogerontology 12(3): 265–271. View 43. Rose G, Crocco P, D' (2011) Two variants located in the upstream enhancer region of human UCP1 gene affect gene expression and are correlated with human longevity. [Epub ahead of print]. 44. (2006) Sex and age specificity of susceptibility genes modulating survival at old age. 62: 213–220. View 45. (2005) A note on exact tests of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 76: 887–893. View 46. (2002) Trend tests for case-control studies of genetic markers: power, sample size and robustness. 53: 146–152. View 47. Zang Y, Fung WK (2010) Robust tests for matched case-control genetic association studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing several studies that discuss genetic markers and their associations with longevity. For instance, it mentions variations in UCP2 and UCP3 genes and their correlation with factors related to longevity, such as abdominal obesity and metabolic processes. Additionally, it cites specific research that looks at genetic polymorphisms related to lifespan and human longevity, directly aligning with the focus of anti-aging research as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: The low performers in the tDCS group demonstrated significantly increased global PLVs in both left- (p = 0. 015 for low-beta and p = 0. 0008 for high-beta) and right-hand (p = 0. 0254 for high-beta) imagery over the low- and high-beta bands. On the other hand, the sham stimulation group subjects showed no significant change in global PLVs in any frequency bands and motor imagery classes. Instead, high performers showed a significant increase in left-hand imagery at low-beta (p = 0. 0203), while those in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups showed no significant changes. As a result, there were clear differences in functional connectivity, as observed in BCI performance and pre-stimulus band power, according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency (low and high performers). The results of BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity showed the same trend, in that the low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups showed significant improvement, while low performers in the sham stimulation group showed no significant changes, although the pre-stimulus band power and functional connectivity differed significantly in the different frequency bands. Moreover, high performers demonstrated different effects compared to low performers in BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity following the stimulation session, indicating that dividing subjects into low and high performers was appropriate to investigate the stimulation effects. Stimulation paradigmWe designed the same stimulation paradigm for vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS in this study. BCI performance and brain activity in both groups were investigated before and following the stimulation session rather than investigating the stimulation effects concurrently. A hybrid technique can be more effective in vibrotactile stimulation because it can enhance ERD when combined with motor imagery [20, 21]. However, in practice, a hybrid method requires the subjects to receive multiple stimulation types each time they perform BCI tasks, which can tire the users more despite the fact that incorporating vibrotactile stimulation may improve their performance. Instead, if stimulation effects persist after the stimulation session, and the subjects achieve the BCI performance desired after multiple stimulation sessions over multiple days or months, they may be able to perform the BCI task more effectively without the stimulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the performance of low and high performers in brain-computer interface (BCI) tasks and highlighting the limitations of current BCI technology. It mentions that the effectiveness of different stimulation paradigms on BCI performance is contingent on user performance levels, indicating that full control of electronic devices via thought alone is not currently achievable for all users, particularly low performers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 6%), 24 NEA-DHS (34. 3%), and 19 Hybrid-DHS (27. 1%) (Fig. 2b). Both PCoA and NewHybrids analyses revealed patterns similar to those obtained based on analysis. The PCoA results indicated that the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS based on assignment were divergent and clustered along the first axis of the ordination plot, whereas the Hybrid-DHS plotted intermediately between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS (Fig. 2c). Newhybrids analysis indicated that 65. 7% of individuals were parental types (30% SEA-DHS and 35. 7% NEA-DHS) and 4. 3% were F2 hybrids. Among the remaining unclassified 21 individuals, 12 can be classified as F2 individuals, and two appear to be NEA-DHS backcross types with a posterior probability criterion of 0. 55. Interestingly, we detected a tendency of the different genetic types to cluster spatially along the study transect (Fig. 2a). q values were found to be positively correlated with altitude (Pearson’s r = 0. 83, p = 0. 000) and there were significant differences in the altitudinal distributions of the three genotypes, with NEA-DHS being primarily concentrated at the hilltop end of the transect (altitude > 670 m) and SEA-DHS being mainly clustered at the foot of the hill (< 600 m) with just a few individuals scattered at higher altitudes. Hybrid-DHS were found to be mainly distributed in a region extending from the midpoint of the transect to the hilltop (570–730 m). A comparison of the assignment results obtained based exclusively on the DHS dataset (DHS-only: 70 individuals and 11 loci) and that of the entire assessed range (whole-range: 1278 individuals and six loci) revealed broadly similar patterns. On the basis of the whole-range dataset, 27% and 31% of individuals are SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, respectively, and were accordingly respectively clustered in PCoA plots (Figures S2 and S3). However, although, we still detected a significant correlation between q values and altitude the Pearson’s r was somewhat lower (0. 63, Figure S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants offering insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses genetic analysis and spatial distribution of certain plant types without mentioning fossils, ancient climates, or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Andrews ZB (2010) Uncoupling protein-2 and the potential link between metabolism and longevity. Sci 3: 102–112. View 76. (2011) A/ASP/VAL allele combination of IGF1R, IRS2, and UCP2 genes is associated with better metabolic profile, preserved energy expenditure parameters, and low mortality rate in longevity. Age. DOI: [Epub ahead of print]. 77. Manini TM (2010) Energy expenditure and aging. Rev 9: 1–11. View 78. (2008) Metabolic aspects of the extreme longevity. 43: 74–78. View 79. (2005) Rate and in Human Longevity. J Metab 90: 409–413. View 80. (1997) Cellular energy utilization and molecular origin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. 77: 731–758. View 81. (1999) A novel polymorphism in the proximal UCP3 promoter region: effect on skeletal muscle UCP3 mRNA expression and obesity in male non-diabetic Pima Indians. ; 23: 1242–1245. View 82. (1999) Skeletal muscle UCP3 expression is a determinant of energy expenditure in Pima Indians. Diabetes 48: 146–149. View 83. -Kornips E, et al. (2008) The effect of UCP3 overexpression on mitochondrial ROS production in skeletal muscle of young versus aged mice. FEBS Lett 582: 4147–4152. View 84. Karakelides H, Nair KS (2005) Sarcopenia of ageing and its metabolic impact. 68: 123–148. View 85. (2008) Human skeletal muscle ageing and the oxidative system: cellular events. Sci 1: 182–191. View 86. (2007) Mild mitochondrial uncoupling impacts cellular aging in human muscles in vivo. PNAS 104: 1057–62. View 87. Dalgaard LT (2011) in 2 in Relation to Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Traits: Focus on the Functional -866G>A (rs659366). J Obes. View 88. (2005) Mitochondrial uncoupling proteins in the CNS: in support of function and survival. Neurosci 6: 829–840. View 89. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that genetic combinations of IGF1R, IRS2, and UCP2 genes are associated with a better metabolic profile and low mortality rate in the context of longevity. This indicates a focus on studying genetic markers, which aligns with the claim regarding anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Although this study included only a single day session, and thus, the stimulation effects were investigated immediately after the stimulation session, our results demonstrated that vibrotactile stimulation could modulate brain activity and improve BCI performance. Limitations and future directionsOne limitation in this study is that the sample size was too small to investigate low and high performers in depth. The study was designed with a lengthy timeline to evaluate stimulation effects in a single day session. High performers may have become bored and lost attention during the lengthy experiment because they had achieved controllable BCI performance already, while low performers may have maintained their motivation longer because they want to achieve improved BCI performance. In addition, as we discussed, the external stimulation may affect low and high performers differently because they may engage in a motor imagery task and generate different brain activity, as in [34, 35]. However, we note that although we recruited a large number of subjects (N = 44) and 39 remained for the analysis, the subjects were divided into groups according to the stimulation types, sham, vibrotactile, and tDCS. Moreover, each group was sub-divided according to their initial BCI performance to investigate low and high performers separately. As a result, there were only three and four high performers, respectively, in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, so it is necessary to observe the trend found in high performers carefully. Therefore, one can argue that dividing subjects may be not appropriate. However, as we observed, the sub-divided subjects showed different characteristics with respect to BCI performance, pre-stimulus band power, and functional connectivity. In addition, those features’ stimulation effects were distinguished for low and high performers. Previous studies have found that low and high performers showed different characteristics with respect to band powers [9, 37] and functional connectivity [35]. Further, we observed that low and high performers exhibited different effects depending upon vibrotactile stimulation or tDCS. However, these results should be interpreted with caution because the number of high performers was insufficient, and performance was compared during only a single day session. For a more precise interpretation, high and low performers should be recruited equally in a sufficient number, and the experimental paradigm should be shortened by conducting multiple day sessions in future work. Moreover, a single day session may not be sufficient for some subjects to entrain their brain activity. This analysis showed significantly improved performance in the vibrotactile stimulation group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) performance and its dependence on factors such as stimulation types, sample size, and individual differences between low and high performers. It indicates that while improvements in BCI performance were observed, there are significant caveats regarding the limitations of the study, the necessity for more extensive testing over multiple sessions, and the need for equal recruitment of participants based on their BCI performance. Overall, the text suggests that full control of electronic devices by thought alone is not yet achievable with current BCI technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this regard, given that for assignment analysis, a larger number of assessed loci has been reported to be more effective than increasing number of sampled individuals 34,35, we have only reported the results obtained based on the DHS-only dataset. Genetic analysis of the offspring population Among the 410 analyzed seeds, 198, 170, and 42 were collected from the SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS maternal trees, respectively (Table S2). Similar to the parental population, a typical bimodal pattern was observed for the offspring population (Fig. 2b, Table S2). The NEA-DHS maternal trees produced 97. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and the remaining seeds (2. 4%) were of a backcross type with a high genetic proportion of NEA (q > 0. 85). The SEA-DHS maternal trees produced 72. 2% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 10. 1% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 17. 7% Hybrid seeds. Almost all seeds produced by the SEA-DHS with q values > 0. 5 were obtained from a single tree, which was identified as SEA-DHS based on the DHS-only dataset, although was indicated to be Hybrid-DHS based on the whole-range dataset. The Hybrid-DHS maternal trees produced 17. 6% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 57. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 24. 7% Hybrid seeds. Flowering phenology During the flowering season, we undertook daily monitoring of a total of 10074 flowers produced by 29 trees, among which, one tree (SEA-DHS) was protandrous, four trees (3 Hybrid-DHS and 1 NEA-DHS) were protogynous, and the remaining 24 trees were duodichogamous. We observed that the blooming phenology of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS differed significantly with respect to the majority of the assessed phenological indices, with a single exception being a marginally significant difference in the peak blooming time of (Table 1). Compared with NEA--DHS were characterized by a significantly later flowering phenology, with the commencement and cessation of blooming being on average 2 and 3 days later, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic analysis and flowering phenology of different tree populations without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: AI채팅 사용 권한이 필요해요 저는 소속기관 학교가 있어요 저는 개인 이용자예요 개인구독권을 구매할래요 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? 다시 보지 않기 취소 확인 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to user permissions and subscriptions rather than anti-aging research or genetic markers. It does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the tDCS group did not show a statistically significant change although the subjects achieved improved performance, and there were significant changes in their brain activity. However, we cannot conclude that vibrotactile stimulation is superior to tDCS based upon this result, because the stimulation time required to modulate brain activity may differ, and the tDCS group subjects spent extra time preparing for the tDCS session. Therefore, multiple sessions over longer periods may be necessary to investigate the stimulation effects precisely. In terms of vibrotactile stimulation, we delivered 100 ms vibrations for the falling phases of alpha waves. Even though the stimulation is initiated at the falling phase, it may be hard to target the falling phase of alpha wave accurately without affecting other phases, which is another limitation of this study. Actually, this stimulation duration was set practically as the minimum required duration for subjects so that they could perceive and maintain attention to the stimuli. We note that a previous study delivered 20 ms vibrotactile stimulation for every falling phase of alpha waves, which theoretically could stimulate the falling phase only [21]. They used voice coil tactor that is controlled by PC soundcard and an audio amplifier, while this study used vibration motors controlled by board via voltage and electrical current. Thus, as future work, it is compelling to conduct more experiments for various stimulation durations (less than 100 ms), with targeting the falling phase of alpha wave. For such study, elaborate tactors, such as voice coil tactor used in [21], may be utilized for accurate targeting. With respect to functional connectivity analysis, we calculated the average strength of PLVs over the nine electrode channels around the sensory motor areas (F3, Fz, F3, C3, Cz, C4, P3, Pz, and P4), as the EEG cap used in this study had a sparse electrode montage and thus, there were no fronto-central or centro-parietal electrodes. Therefore, we calculated a very simple index to investigate the stimulation effects rather than using complex connectivity measures, such as those from graph theory. Using a greater number of electrode channels can provide more freedom in a functional connectivity analysis when investigating network features and scales, such as inter/intra-hemisphere analysis. ConclusionWe conducted a comparative study here to compare different stimulation modalities’ effects on inefficient BCI users’ motor imagery BCI performance and brain activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BCI technology, specifically stating that subjects achieved improved performance but that the results were not statistically significant. It emphasizes that further experiments are needed to better understand the effects of different stimulation modalities on BCI performance and brain activity, which implies that the current capabilities of BCI technology do not allow for full control of electronic devices by thought alone as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the commencement, peak, and cessation of Female were later by averages of 4, 4, and 5 days, respectively, whereas those of Male II were later by 5, 4, and 5 days, respectively. Furthermore, the duration of blooming was significantly longer in the SEA-DHS than in NEA-DHS by 3 days. In the case of Hybrid-DHS, the values obtained for all assessed phenological indices were found to be intermediate between those of the two parental types. Among these, the values of six indices differed significantly from one or the other parental type, with the majority (5/6) differing from those of the SEA-DHS. Thus, phenologically, the Hybrid-DHS appear to be closer to the NEA-DHS. Table 1 Flowering phenology of SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS. Observations commenced on April 20th. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. a*: p = 0. 06 -DHS (N = 9) Hybrid-DHS (N = 14) NEA-DHS (N = 6) commencement 7. 44 ± 0. 58 a 6. 45 ± 0. 49 ab 5. 20 ± 0. 86 b peak 11. 44 ± 1. 06 a* 10. 18 ± 0. 63 a 8. 80 ± 1. 10 a* cessation 13. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 09 ± 0. 74 ab 9. 8 ± 0. 37 b Female commencement 14. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 14 ± 0. 80 b 10. 00 ± 0. 86 b Female peak 16. 11 ± 1. 09 a 13. 29 ± 0. 71 b 11. 67 ± 0. 67 b Female cessation 17. 89 ± 1. 16 a 14. 57 ± 0. 72 b 12. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II commencement 18. 22 ± 0. 66 a 15. 57 ± 0. 72 b 13. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II peak 19. 67 ± 0. 62 a 17. 07 ± 0. 74 b 15. 50 ± 0. 43 b Male II cessation 24. 22 ± 0. 68 a 22. 36 ± 0. 77 a 19. 17 ± 0. 40 b Total duration 18. 00 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on phenological data regarding flowering times of different types of plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-12 pp 2504—2520 Human longevity: 25 genetic loci associated in 389,166 UK biobank participants Luke C. Pilling1, Chia-Ling Kuo2, Kamil Sicinski3, Jone Tamosauskaite1, George A. Kuchel4, Lorna W. Harries5, Pamela Herd6, Robert Wallace7, Luigi Ferrucci8, David Melzer1,4, 1 Epidemiology and Group, University of 3, & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK 2 Department of for Clinical and Translational Science, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Center, CT 06269, USA 3 Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 4 Uon Aging, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT 06030, USA 5 Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of 3, & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK 6 School of and the Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA 7 College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA 8 on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA Received: September 26, 2017 Accepted: November 26, 2017 Published: December 6, 2017 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 101334 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2017 Pilling et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of parental longevity in European descent UK Biobank participants. For combined mothers' and fathers' attained age, 10 loci were associated (p<5*10-8), including 8 previously identified for traits including survival, Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of parental longevity that identifies genetic loci associated with longevity in UK Biobank participants of European descent. This highlights the focus on genetic markers related to longevity, thus supporting the claim regarding the emphasis of anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: Our results showed that the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups achieved improved BCI performance after the stimulation session, but the improvement in the tDCS group was not statistically significant. Consistently, functional connectivity and pre-stimulus alpha band power increased significantly in the vibrotactile stimulation group. Moreover, we found that efficient and inefficient BCI users exhibited different stimulation effects, in that most efficient users demonstrated decreased BCI performance after the stimulation. These findings indicated that inefficient and efficient BCI users experience different stimulation effects as well as differ in BCI efficiency, although this should be investigated with more subjects over a longer period. In addition, this study could contribute to research designed to improve BCI performance by modulating brain activity, rather than developing a new feature extraction algorithm, by providing changes in various brain activities during motor imagery and a detailed analysis, such as subgroup analyses according to stimulation types and BCI efficiency. At the same time, this study raised research questions, such as how much performance modulation in motor imagery BCI must be achieved to elicit similar ERD/ERS modulations, which will be investigated in future work. We believe such studies will contribute to solving the BCI-illiteracy problems by allowing inefficient BCI users to achieve controllable performance, in addition to achieving near-perfect BCI performance for users who have achieved controllable performance already. The datasets and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available because additional analysis in different perspectives is undergoing. However, it may be available from the corresponding author after request review. 91. . R L 2018 Independent home use of a brain-computer interface by people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neurology 91 e258-e67. Pfurtscheller G, Aranibar A. Evaluation of event-related desynchronization (Erd) preceding and following voluntary self-paced movement. Neurophysiol. 1979;46:138–46. 57. 6. . 2011 EEG-based continuous control of a game using a 3 channel motor imagery BCI: BCI game. In: 2011 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence, Cognitive Algorithms, Mind, and Brain (CCMB), pp 1–7. Hatem SM, Saussez G, della. Y 2016 Rehabilitation of after Stroke: A on Techniques to 10. -C, Bermúdez i Badia S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of BCI technology, indicating that there are varying effects based on user efficiency and stimulation types, with no mention of fully controlling electronic devices by thought alone. Specifically, it states that performance modulation and BCI efficiency differ among users and that further studies are required to address these issues. This suggests that the current state of BCI technology does not enable users to achieve full control of electronic devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 33 a 16. 64 ± 0. 65 ab 14. 83 ± 0. 75 b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. However, despite the differing phenology of the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, we did, nevertheless, observe instances of overlaps in the blooming periods of male or female flowers in one genetic type with those of flowers of opposite sex in another genetic type. For example, the peak of Female among NEA-DHS (11. 67 ± 0. 67) was found to coincide with the peak of (11. 44 ± 1. 06; p = 0. 879) in SEA-DHS. Similarly, Female blooming in SEA-DHS peaked (16. 11 ± 1. 09) just 1 day after the peak of Male II (15. 50 ± 0. 43) in NEA-DHS (p = 0. 667), which at this time still retained an abundance of male flowers in bloom. In contrast, however, we detected no overlapping phenology with respect to the blooming of of NEA-DHS or Male II of SEA-DHS with the Female in another genetic type. Morphological variation of leaves and fruit first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 71. 6% of the variation in leaf morphology (Fig. 3a), with InflectionLength, InflectionWidth and CentralLength contributing most to the first axis (PC1, 42. 1%), whereas Lobes#, TotalArea and CentralWidth contributed most to the second axis (PC2, 29. 5%) (Table S3). Although we detected some overlap in the data points, the leaves of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS largely clustered in separate groups (Fig. 3a). Generally, the leaves of NEA-DHS were found to have seven lobes, whereas those of SEA-DHS are typically five lobed (Lobes#), thereby contributing to significantly larger leaves in NEA-DHS than in SEA-DHS (TotalArea). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or support the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. The discussion about the flowering phenology of different Acer lineages and their morphological variation is unrelated to the implication of fossilized plants in understanding historical environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Of these, 4 were also associated with longest 10% survival (mothers age ≥90 years, fathers ≥87 years), with 2 additional associations including MC2R intronic variants (coding for the adrenocorticotropic hormone receptor). Mother’s age at death was associated with 3 additional loci (2 linked to autoimmune conditions), and 8 for fathers only. An attained age genetic risk score associated with parental survival in the US Health and and the Study and with having a centenarian parent (n=1,181) in UK Biobank. The results suggest that human longevity is highly polygenic with prominent roles for loci likely involved in cellular senescence and inflammation, plus lipid metabolism and cardiovascular conditions. There may also be gender specific routes to longevity. centuries there has been great interest in factors enabling some individuals to live to very old ages. Extreme longevity can be achieved in animal models by knocking out many specific genes [1]. In humans there is a growing number of inherited (germline) genetic variants linked to overall [2] and longer human lifespan [3,4] in conventional genome wide association studies (GWAS), and in studies weighted for the large numbers of previously reported variant associations with related diseases and traits [5,6]. Human longevity or lifespan has moderate heritability in twin studies, estimated at 20-30% [7], with health related behaviors, environmental exposures and chance likely explaining much of the remaining variability. GWAS have mostly studied general survival or compared longer lived individuals (e. g. aged 80+, 90+ or centenarians) to younger controls. An alternative approach to studying older individuals themselves is to study parental longevity. Biological offspring of longer lived parents inherit a combination of parental genetic variants, and tend to remain healthier and live longer than the offspring of shorter lived parents [8]. In the US Health and (HRS), we found that mortality in offspring declined progressively with later parental ages of death [9]. In addition, offspring of longer lived parents had progressively lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancers, plus reduced rates of cognitive impairment [10]. These findings were replicated in 186,151 non-adopted UK Biobank participants [11]. Statistical associations of mothers’ and fathers’ attained ages with offspring health outcomes in HRS were additive. These findings suggest that combined parental longevity is a quantitative trait of slower aging, likely with a significant genetic component. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several genetic markers associated with longevity in humans, particularly emphasizing how inherited genetic variants are linked to longer lifespans. It references studies, such as GWAS, that have explored genetic associations influencing longevity, thus aligning with the focus on studying genetic markers in anti-aging research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: 2019 Efficacy and Correlates of an -Driven VR System for Motor Rehabilitation: 13. . 2013 High theta and low alpha powers may be indicative of bci-illiteracy in motor imagery 8e80886. Lee M--J, Kim H-K, Lee Y--W. 2019 EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: an investigation into BCI illiteracy GigaScience 8 giz002. . G 2009 How many people are able to control a P300-based brain–computer interface (BCI)? 462 94 – 8. Ahn M, Jun SC. Performance variation in motor imagery brain–computer interface: a brief review. J Neurosci Methods. 2015;243:103–10. 52. 6013. . Riemannian approaches in brain-computer interfaces: a review. . 2017;25:1753–62. 36. . D 2020 Cross-Problem in 14. . 2019 The effects of mechanical tactile stimulation on corticospinal excitability and motor function depend on pin protrusion patterns 9 16677. . C 2017 Electroencephalographic sensorimotor rhythms are modulated in the acute phase following focal vibration in healthy subjects Neuroscience 352 236 – 48. . Achieving a hybrid brain-computer interface with tactile selective attention and motor imagery. J Neural Eng. 2014;11:066004. 15. . Enhanced motor imagery-based BCI Performance via on Unilateral Hand. Neurosci. 2017;11:585. 6. 89. . 2016 BCI with Definition-9 834 – 41. . 2017 during Motor-Brain-Control Front. Neurosci. 11. . J 2010 Modulation of mu rhythm desynchronization during motor imagery by transcranial direct current stimulation J 7 27. . Modulation of event-related desynchronization during motor imagery with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke. Res. 2012;221:263–8. 15. 78. . 2014 Learned EEG-based brain self-regulation of motor-related oscillations during application of transcranial electric brain stimulation: feasibility and limitations Neurosci 8. . Y 2019 to Increase the of MI-7 74490–9. . 2021 Analysis in Motor-15. übler A, Müller K-R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of brain-computer interface (BCI) technology, citing multiple studies and challenges such as 'BCI illiteracy' and 'performance variation in motor imagery.' This suggests that while BCI technology is being researched, there are limitations indicated by terms like 'illiteracy' and variations in performance, which contrast with the claim that BCI can allow users to fully control electronic devices by thought alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, NEA-DHS leaves have shorter and wider central lobes (CentralLength and CentralWidth), as well as an earlier and narrower inflection of the central lobes (InflectionLength and InflectionWidth), compared with those of SEA-DHS (Table 2). Table 2 Morphological variation in the leaves and fruits of Acer trees in the Nature Reserve. Definitions of morphological indices are presented in Figure S5. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. -DHS Hybrid--DHS = 269 N = 188 N = 233 Number of leaf lobes Lobes# 5. 27 ± 0. 04c 5. 97 ± 0. 07b 6. 59 ± 0. 05a Leaf area TotalArea 32. 66 ± 0. 66c 38. 22 ± 1. 04b 46. 94 ± 0. 85a Length of inflection point InflectionLength 1. 75 ± 0. 04a 1. 65 ± 0. 06a 1. 36 ± 0. 06b Width of inflection point InflectionWidth 1. 04 ± 0. 03a 1. 07 ± 0. 05a 0. 83 ± 0. 03b Length of central lobe CentralLength 4. 68 ± 0. 05a 4. 41 ± 0. 07b 4. 24 ± 0. 05b Width of central lobe CentralWidth 2. 46 ± 0. 04c 2. 66 ± 0. 04b 3. 03 ± 0. 04a = 170 N = 256 N = 189 Fruit opening angle FruitAngle 96. 94 ± 1. 45c 103. 12 ± 1. 12b 111. 55 ± 1. 53a Fruit junction width JunctionWidth 0. 70 ± 0. 01a 0. 60 ± 0. 01b 0. 51 ± 0. 00c Length of seed SeedLength 1. 22 ± 0. 01a 1. 16 ± 0. 01b 0. 89 ± 0. 01c Width of seed SeedWidth 0. 79 ± 0. 01a 0. 73 ± 0. 01b 0. 61 ± 0. 00c Fruit wing length WingLength 1. 25 ± 0. 01b 1. 39 ± 0. 02a 1. 09 ± 0. 01c Fruit wing width WingWidth 0. 76 ± 0. 15a 0. 79 ± 0. 15a 0. 65 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on the morphological variation and statistical analysis of leaf and fruit characteristics of Acer trees, and does not address or relate to the claim regarding fossilized plants and their contribution to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: We [12] and separately Joshi et al. [13] previously undertook a GWAS of parental longevity in the first one third UK Biobank (UKB) participants aged 55-70 [12]. We determined the percent of variance of parental age at death explained by the directly genotyped variants on the UKB arrays (n=845,997): the variance attributed was greatest for the sum of normalized mother's and father's age at death (10. 2%, SD=1. 26%) and smaller for mothers (6. 08% SD=1. 21%) and fathers (5. 79% SD=1. 23%) separately. In the current analysis we aimed to extend our previous GWAS to include data from the newly available fully genotyped UKB cohort, essentially tripling our previous sample size. We aimed to identify all common genetic variants (prevalence ≥0. 1%) associated with longer parental lifespan. We studied combined parents’ attained ages but also tested associations with both parents having longest 10% survival, to establish whether variants were associated with long life rather than early death. We also examined mothers’ and fathers’ age of death separately. We also tested a combined genetic risk score of our findings in two US aging cohorts, the HRS and the Study (WLS). meeting inclusion criteria (Table 1) were 389,166 UK Biobank participants of European descent with data recorded on parents' current ages or parents' ages of death (n=181,048 had one or more living parents). GWAS analyses had >99% power to detect an allele of 1% minor allele frequency, accounting for 0. 1% of the variance in the phenotype, after correction for multiple statistical testing (alpha=5x10-8). Variants with minor allele frequencies of >0. 1 were included. Table 1. Summary statistics for 389,166 UK Biobank participants of European descent with genetic and parental age data. nmin - maxmean (SD)Age of study participant (years)389,16640 - 7356. 66 (8)BMI (Kg/m2)387,95112. 12 - 74. 6827. 31 (4. 73)Mother's age at death (years)246,94156 - 10777. 39 (9. 77)Mother's age if alive (years)165,99660 - 10578. 58 (8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) that specifically investigates genetic variants associated with parental longevity, which directly relates to the claim of studying genetic markers linked to longevity in populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1849849/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 May, 2023Read the published version in Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation →Version 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBrain-computer interface (BCI) has helped people by enabling them to control a computer or machine through brain activity without actual body movement. Despite this advantage, BCI cannot be used widely because some people cannot achieve controllable performance. To solve this problem, researchers have proposed stimulation methods to modulate relevant brain activity to improve BCI performance. However, multiple studies have reported mixed results following stimulation, and comparative study of different stimulation modalities has been overlooked. Accordingly, this comparative study was designed to investigate vibrotactile stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation’s (tDCS) effects on brain activity modulation and motor imagery BCI performance among inefficient BCI users. We recruited 44 subjects and divided them into sham, vibrotactile stimulation, and tDCS groups, and low performers were selected from each stimulation group. We found that the BCI performance of low performers in the vibrotactile stimulation group increased significantly by 9. 13% (p=0. 0053), and while the tDCS group subjects’ performance increased by 5. 13%, it was not significant. In contrast, sham group subjects showed no increased performance. In addition to BCI performance, pre-stimulus alpha band power and the phase locking value (PLVs) averaged over sensory motor areas showed significant increases in low performers following stimulation in the vibrotactile stimulation and tDCS groups, while sham stimulation group subjects and high performers across all groups showed no significant stimulation effects. Our findings suggest that stimulation effects may differ depending upon BCI efficiency, and inefficient BCI users have greater plasticity than efficient BCI users. illiteracyperformance variationvibrotactile stimulationbrain stimulationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 61. BackgroundBrain-computer interface (BCI) constitutes an interface between a computer and the human brain that allows people to control a computer using their brain activity without any body movements [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while brain-computer interface (BCI) technology allows users to control a computer or machine through brain activity without body movement, it does not enable full control of all electronic devices by thought alone. It also indicates that not all users can achieve controllable performance, implying that BCI currently has limitations and is not capable of complete control, as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 09b Fruit length FruitLength 3. 85 ± 0. 06b 4. 17 ± 0. 04a 3. 53 ± 0. 04c Fruit width FruitWidth 1. 87 ± 0. 02a 1. 80 ± 0. 03a 1. 29 ± 0. 02b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. With regards to Hybrid-DHS, the leaves were found to be morphologically intermediate between those of the two parental types (Fig. 3a), as were the values of the assessed morphological trait indices (Table 2). first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 76. 8% of the variation in fruit morphology (Fig. 3b), with SeedLength and SeedWidth making the largest contribution to the first axis (PC1, 61. 7%), and FruitAngle and FruitLength contributing most to the second axis (PC2, 15. 1%) (Table S3). Similar to leaf morphology, although there was a degree of overlap in the data points, the fruits of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS were clustered in discrete groups (Fig. 3b), with fruits showing significant divergence with respect to all eight assessed morphological indices. NEA-DHS tend to be characterized by smaller fruits (FruitLength and FruitWidth), seeds (SeedLength, SeedWidth and JunctionWidth), and fruit wings (WingLength and WingWidth). Moreover, the seed wings of NEA-DHS fruits are typically oriented at an obtuse angle, whereas those of SEA-DHS fruits tend to be aligned at a right angle (FruitAngle) (Table 2). Similar to leaf morphology, we found that the morphology of Hybrid-DHS fruits was generally intermediate between that of the two parental types (Fig. 3b), as reflected in the values of the different morphological traits. The exceptions in this regard were FruitLength and WingLength, with hybrid trees typically producing longer fruit with longer fruit wings (Table 2). DiscussionOur findings in this study indicate that NEA and SEA lineages of Acer co-exist in the DHS region of North China, and that both adult and offspring populations show a typical bimodal distribution pattern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly nor provide insights related to fossilized plants or their contribution to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the morphological traits of different lineages of Acer and their fruit characteristics, which is unrelated to the claim about fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Associations were also found for six other loci already implicated in disease specific GWAS; the strongest association was with rs55730499 (8% frequency, p=1. 7x10-18) in an intron of LPA gene, associated with lipoprotein A and LDL cholesterol levels, plus CAD [14]. Variants in the 9p21 region, which includes CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL) and CDKN2A/B, were also associated (lead SNP rs1556516, 49. 8% frequency, p=4. 7x10-16); this locus is involved in cellular senescence and associated with myocardial infarction and peripheral vascular disease [14]. Genetic variants across the 9p21. 3 locus have previously also been associated with type-2 diabetes and cancers [14] and in longevity/survival analyses (see below), but only the CAD-associated loci were associated (p<5x10-8) with parent’s lifespan (Figure 2; 2). Figure 1. Manhattan plots for GWAS of parent’s lifespan. (A) combined parents' attained age GWAS including living parents, (B) combined age at death of mother and father, (C) both parents reached top 10% of survival (mothers reached ≥90 years, father reached ≥87 years). Red points are variants (p<1x10-5) previously associated with other traits. The blue line indicates p=5x10-8. The Y-axis has been capped at 20 (p=1x10-20) to aid in visualising the results. Figure 2. LocusZoom plot of the CDKN2A/B/ANRIL gene cluster and known disease variants. Known disease-associated genetic variants have been highlighted in the 9p21. 3 region, in addition to the lead SNP identified in our analysis. Association p-values indicate the strength of association with parents' attained age. The variants known to influence coronary artery disease (CAD) and related-traits are those most-associated with parents’ attained age. Variants previously associated with cancer are markedly less associated with parents’ attained age, with type-2 diabetes variants not associated (p>0. 05). Details, including 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing associations between genetic variants and parents' lifespan, indicating that certain loci, including those related to cellular senescence and coronary artery disease (CAD), have been implicated in longevity analyses. It specifically mentions that these variants were significantly associated with the attained age of parents, thereby supporting the focus of anti-aging research on genetic markers related to longevity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: BCI technology can currently allow users to fully control all electronic devices by thought alone. [SEP] Text: BCI can be categorized according to its control features, and motor imagery BCI is an active BCI that uses the brain signals [3, 4] generated when people imagine body movement, such as both hands, feet, and tongue. Motor imagery BCI applications have helped people by providing a game controlled by brain signals [5, 6], which improves rehabilitation training [7, 8]. Compared with other BCI control features, motor imagery is intuitive, so its BCI is natural to users, and it offers more sense of control than other BCI types, as motor imagery BCI is active. However, challenging issues remain in BCI, including motor imagery BCI and other BCI systems. BCI researchers have reported that a significant proportion of subjects (approximately 15–30%), who are referred to as ‘BCI-illiterate’, failed to achieve controllable BCI performance [9–12]. Those subjects were unable to generate the distinct brain activity pattern during a BCI task, so a machine learning-based classifier failed to extract stable features even though the subjects performed the BCI task. Although BCI researchers have proposed many applications and feature extraction algorithms, BCI illiteracy remains a great challenge. To overcome BCI illiteracy so that everyone can achieve controllable BCI performance, BCI researchers have approached the issue from multiple perspectives. One approach is to develop new feature extraction algorithms to identify hidden and robust features to improve BCI performance in the hope that they can extract control features from BCI-illiterate as well as good performers [13–16]. For example, Riemannian approaches calculate the Riemannian distance between the template covariance matrices and a single trial covariance matrix to determine the minimum distance class, which achieved improved performance [16], and deep learning techniques have achieved dramatic performance improvement in subject-specific and cross-subject BCI models through multiple hidden layers [13, 14]. However, although those proposed advanced feature extraction algorithms improved BCI performance, it is unclear that deep learning methods improve everyone’s BCI performance. For example, Lee et al. [13] proposed subject-independent BCI using deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), and tested it with 54 subjects. The subjects achieved better BCI performance compared to existing classification methods with respect to subject-specific and subject-independent BCI performance evaluation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while BCI technology, particularly motor imagery BCI, can provide a sense of control and improve rehabilitation training, there are significant challenges such as 'BCI illiteracy.' This phenomenon affects approximately 15–30% of individuals, who fail to produce distinguishable brain activity necessary for effective control. Furthermore, the text notes that despite advancements in feature extraction algorithms and deep learning techniques, it remains uncertain if these improvements would enable every user to achieve controllable BCI performance, indicating that full control by thought alone is not currently achievable for all users.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The two lineages are characterized by a largely well-differentiated spatial distribution along an altitudinal gradient, and tend to differ with respect to flowering phenology and the morphologies of leaves and fruits. Most hybrids, which are probably later generation of F1 individuals, tend to be distributed at intermediate altitudes between those of the two parental lineages. Collectively, these results would tend to provide evidence of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, whereas interfertile hybrids occur incidentally. Ecological niche divergence has evolved between the NEA and SEA lineages NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS were found to show a clear pattern of spatial isolation, with NEA-DHS tending to be predominantly distributed at altitudes greater than 670 m, whereas SEA-DHS were found to be scattered at lower altitudes, with rare overlap between the two lineages. Nevertheless, despite the limited size of our study population, we believe our findings to be reasonably representative of the regional population, given that we sampled all accessible individuals along a 5-km-long, 20-m-wide transect, with only four or five inaccessible individuals being excluded from sampling. It is unconvinced whether inclusion of these latter unsampled individuals would change the established spatial genetic pattern. Moreover, consistent with the findings of the present study, 100 trees sampled during a preliminary survey undertaken in an area near the transect at an altitude of less than 650 m all proved to be SEA-DHS individuals (unpublished data). In addition, the trees of both lineages, as well their hybrids, appear to have a similar age structure, as indicated by DBH measurements, which for most individuals ranged between 26 and 45 cm (Figure S5), thereby tending to indicate a long persistence of the observed spatial pattern. We speculate that spatial isolation along altitudinal gradients may be common feature of Acer populations in North China. According to the findings of a previous phylogeographical study, the NEA and SEA lineages meet at an area to the North of Mt. Taihang and in the (Fig. 1b) 14. However, most Acer populations in comprise exclusively NEA or SEA lineages, with only two populations near the DHS showing clear evidence of more than one lineage. We believe that the apparent absence of any substantial overlap at the local scale can be ascribed to two overriding factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses spatial distribution, phenology, and genetic patterns of tree lineages without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: One focus of anti-aging research is studying genetic markers associated with longevity in certain populations. [SEP] Text: Associations with parents' attained age were also present for rs7137828 (48. 3% frequency, p=3. 4x10-14) near ATXN2, coding for Ataxin-2 which is involved in endocytosis and is associated with blood traits and autoimmune disease [14]. SNPs in LD (R2=0. 91) with rs7137828 include rs3184504 (48% frequency, p=4x10-8), a missense variant in the SH2B3 gene, associated with blood pressure, maternal birth weight, TNF-α levels, colorectal cancer, cholesterol levels and stroke [14]. Other known loci included rs28383322 (located between HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQA1, p=5. 3x10-11), previously associated with atopic dermatitis; rs17514846 (located in an intron of FURIN, p=7. 1x10-10), previously associated with blood pressure; and rs602633 (located between CLESR2 and PSRC1, p=2. 7x10-8), previously associated with CAD and LDL [14]. Two associations were discovered for novel variants not previously linked in GWAS to other traits or diseases; rs7844965, located in an intron of EPHX2 (23. 2% frequency, p=7. 7x10-9), and rs61978928, located in the 3’ UTR of gene PROX2 (31. 2% frequency, p=2x10-8). A parents' attained age genetic risk score in independent cohorts We calculated a genetic risk score (GRS) combining the 10 attained parental age associated variants, weighted by the estimated effect sizes. Genotyped samples of European descent from the Health and (HRS, n=12,940 in genetic analyses) and the Study (WLS, n=8,952 from 6,683 families) were too small to test individual variant associations: the sample size needed for 80% power to detect an association between the APOE variant and parents' lifespan at p<0. 05 (R2=0. 0005 in UK Biobank) is 15,598, but much larger samples were required for the smaller-effect variants discovered in UK Biobank. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses genetic markers linked to parents' attained age, which is related to longevity. Specifically, it mentions the calculation of a genetic risk score using variants associated with attained parental age, indicating a focus on genetic factors related to lifespan. This directly supports the idea that anti-aging research involves studying genetic markers among populations.