Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 15. 4] [Analysis (0)] 57. . Small molecule mesengenic induction of human induced pluripotent stem cells to generate mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Transl Med. 2012;1:83-95. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 12. 3] [Analysis (0)] 58. Villa-. Derivation of mesenchymal stem cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells cultured on synthetic substrates. Stem Cells. 2012;30:1174-1181. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 12. 9] [Analysis (0)] 59. . One-step derivation of cardiomyocytes and mesenchymal stem cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Res. 2012;9:87-100. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 6. 0] [Analysis (0)] 60. Šarić T, Wagner W. Induced pluripotent mesenchymal stromal cell clones retain donor-derived differences in DNA methylation profiles. Mol Ther. 2013;21:240-250. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 8] [Analysis (0)] 61. . iPSC-derived human mesenchymal stem cells improve myocardial strain of infarcted myocardium. J Med. 2014;18:1644-1654. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 5] [Analysis (0)] 62. . of Cells and Adipocytes from Stem Cells. Cells. 2020;9. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 3. 0] [Analysis (0)] 63. . (iPSC)-derived Cells (MSCs) Effects in Repair of Injury as Compared to Adult MSCs. Urol J. 2020;17:204-209. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. . Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells prolong hind limb survival in a rat vascularized composite allotransplantation model. Microsurgery. 2019;39:737-747. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are created through reprogramming adult cells to a pluripotent state. These references indicate that scientists are indeed using cell reprogramming techniques to derive different types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells from human iPSCs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: The seeds of above crops may be mixed in different proportion based on their growth habit and seasonal requirement. For example in the summer the following mixture can be practiced with each of 1-1. 5 kg each. 14 Climate change mitigation is urgent, and adaptation to climate change is crucial, particularly in agriculture, where food security is at stake. The gases contributing to the greenhouse effect mainly include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). These gases have varying global warming potentials, which can be expressed in CO2 equivalents. Agriculture, currently responsible for 2030% of global greenhouse gas emissions (counting direct and indirect agricultural emissions), can however contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. The main mitigation potential lies in the capacity of agricultural soils to sequester CO2 through building organic matter. This potential can be realized by employing sustainable agricultural practices, such as those commonly found within organic farming systems. Examples of these practices are the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotations including legume leys and cover crops. Mitigation is also achieved in organic agriculture through the avoidance of open biomass burning, and the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers, the production of which causes emissions from fossil fuel use. Organic agriculture is associated with higher carbon sequestration as many organic practices help to improve soilquality and carbon sequestration. The most common organic practices that increase soil organic carbon are the use of organic fertilizers (such as the composted waste products from livestock husbandry), crop rotation involving legumes and the planting of cover crops. Organic farming offers several ways to mitigate climate change when compared to conventional agriculture: Primarily, organic farming, through its key practices of organic fertiliser use and crop rotations with forage legumes, tends to increase soil organic carbon levels resulting in carbon sequestration. This contributes to climate change mitigation, as it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores the additional carbon in the soil. However, depending on soil type and climatic conditions, this process usually comes to a halt after some decades, when soil organic carbon levels have reached a new equilibrium and soils arethus saturated with respect to organic carboncontents. Furthermore, this storage of organiccarbon is reversible and the carbon can again be released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when switching to unsustainable practices. 347 - 358 (12 Pages) USD34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on specific practices and characteristics unique to organic farming, which may not be applicable to renewable agriculture. It describes how organic farming focuses on methods like the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotations, emphasizing its role in carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. This indicates distinct principles related to soil management and environmental impact that may not necessarily align with those of renewable agriculture, thus challenging the notion that the two are identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Bourlat, S. J. : Mapping present and future potential distribution patterns for a meso-grazer guild in the Baltic Sea, J. Biogeogr. , 42, 241–254, 2015. Leray, M. and Knowlton, N. : DNA barcoding and metabarcoding of standardized samples reveal patterns of marine benthic diversity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 2076–2081, 2015. Lessin, G. , Raudsepp, U. , Maljutenko, I. , Laanemets, J. , Passenko, J. , and Jaanus, A. : Model study on present and future eutrophication and nitrogen fixation in the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 129, 76–85, 2014. Lewandowska, A. M. , Breithaupt, P. , Hillebrand, H. , Hoppe, H. G. , Jürgens, K. , and Sommer, U. : Responses of primary productivity to increased temperature and phytoplankton diversity, J. Sea Res. , 72, 87–93, 2012. . , Matthiessen, B. , Sommer, U. , and Worm, B. : Effects of sea surface warming on marine plankton, Ecol. Lett. , 17, 614–623, 2014. Liblik, T. and Lips, U. : Strengthened in the – of 35 Years of Observational Data, Front. Earth Sci. , 7, 15, 2019. Lienart, C. , Garbaras, A. , Qvarfordt, S. , Walve, J. , and Karlson, A. M. L. : Spatio-temporal variation in stable isotope and elemental composition of key-species reflect environmental changes in the Baltic Sea, Biogeochemistry, 157, 149–170, 2021. Limburg, K. E. and Casini, M. : Otolith chemistry indicates recent worsened Baltic cod condition is linked to hypoxia exposure, Biol. Lett. , 15, 20190352, 2019. Lindegren, M. , Diekmann, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references to different studies and their findings without explicitly discussing the impact of climate change on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. As such, it does not provide relevant information to support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 22, 707–716. CrossrefPubMed2008. Human ESCs predisposition to karyotypic instability: Is a matter of culture adaptation or differential vulnerability among hESC lines due to inherent properties? Mol. Cancer776-82. Catalina, P. , Montes, R. , Ligero, G. , Sanchez, L. , de la Cueva, T. , Bueno, C. , Leone, P. E. , and Menendez, P. (2008). Human ESCs predisposition to karyotypic instability: Is a matter of culture adaptation or differential vulnerability among hESC lines due to inherent properties? Mol. Cancer 7, 76–82. CrossrefPubMed2011. BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 aloneCell Res. 21205-212. Chen, J. , Liu, J. , Yang, J. , Chen, Y. , Chen, J. , Ni, S. , Song, H. , Zeng, L. , Ding, K. , and Pei, D. (2011). BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone. Cell Res. 21, 205–212. CrossrefPubMed2003. Human adult marrow cells support prolonged expansion of human embryonic stem cells in cultureStem Cells21131-142. Cheng, L. , Hammond, H. , Ye, Z. , Zhan, X. , and Dravid, G. (2003). Human adult marrow cells support prolonged expansion of human embryonic stem cells in culture. 21, 131–142. CrossrefPubMed2010. enhances the generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cellsCell671-79. Esteban, M. A. , Wang, T. , Qin, B. , Yang, J. , Qin, D. , Cai, J. , Li, W. , Weng, Z. , Chen, J. , Ni, S. , Chen, K. , Li, Y. , Liu, X. , Xu, J. , Zhang, S. , Li, F. , He, W. , Labuda, K. , Song, Y. , Peterbauer, A. , Wolbank, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that involve reprogramming cells, specifically mentioning examples like 'BMPs functionally replace Klf4 and support efficient reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts by Oct4 alone' and 'enhances the generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells.' These references directly relate to the use of cell reprogramming techniques to convert different types of cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 99 Add to cart Climate change mitigation is urgent, and adaptation to climate change is crucial, particularly in agriculture, where food security is at stake. The gases contributing to the greenhouse effect mainly include carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4). These gases have varying global warming potentials, which can be expressed in CO2 equivalents. Agriculture, currently responsible for 2030% of global greenhouse gas emissions (counting direct and indirect agricultural emissions), can however contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. The main mitigation potential lies in the capacity of agricultural soils to sequester CO2 through building organic matter. This potential can be realized by employing sustainable agricultural practices, such as those commonly found within organic farming systems. Examples of these practices are the use of organic fertilizers and crop rotations including legume leys and cover crops. Mitigation is also achieved in organic agriculture through the avoidance of open biomass burning, and the avoidance of synthetic fertilizers, the production of which causes emissions from fossil fuel use. Organic agriculture is associated with higher carbon sequestration as many organic practices help to improve soilquality and carbon sequestration. The most common organic practices that increase soil organic carbon are the use of organic fertilizers (such as the composted waste products from livestock husbandry), crop rotation involving legumes and the planting of cover crops. Organic farming offers several ways to mitigate climate change when compared to conventional agriculture: Primarily, organic farming, through its key practices of organic fertiliser use and crop rotations with forage legumes, tends to increase soil organic carbon levels resulting in carbon sequestration. This contributes to climate change mitigation, as it absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere and stores the additional carbon in the soil. However, depending on soil type and climatic conditions, this process usually comes to a halt after some decades, when soil organic carbon levels have reached a new equilibrium and soils arethus saturated with respect to organic carboncontents. Furthermore, this storage of organiccarbon is reversible and the carbon can again be released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide when switching to unsustainable practices. 15 Annexure 1:. Ltd. Mr. Director No. 1314, Indiranagar 2nd Stage Bangalore-560 038. (Karnataka) Tel. : 080-25285883, 25201546Fax: 080-25272185 Email:imoind@vsnl. com Pvt. Ltd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting specific practices and concepts within organic farming that differ from those in renewable agriculture. It emphasizes sustainable practices like organic fertilizer use and crop rotations that are characteristic of organic farming, while also discussing their environmental benefits, specifically in climate change mitigation. This suggests that while there may be overlaps, organic farming's principles and methods are explicitly defined and may not be identical to those of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Möllmann, C. : Regime shifts, resilience and recovery of a cod stock, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 402, 239–253, 2010a. Lindegren, M. , Möllmann, C. , Nielsen, A. , Brander, K. , MacKenzie, B. R. , and Stenseth, N. C. : Ecological forecasting under climate change: the case of Baltic cod, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 277, 2121–2130, 2010b. Lindegren, M. , Blenckner, T. , and Stenseth, N. C. : Nutrient reduction and climate change cause a potential shift from pelagic to benthic pathways in a eutrophic marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 3491–3503, 2012. Lindh, M. V. , Riemann, L. , Baltar, F. , Romero-Oliva, C. , Salomon, P. S. , Graneli, E. , and Pinhassi, J. : Consequences of increased temperature and acidification on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm spring bloom in the Baltic Sea, Env. Microbiol. Rep. , 5, 252–262, 2013. Lindh, M. V. , Lefébure, R. , Degerman, R. , Lundin, D. , Andersson, A. , and Pinhassi, J. : Consequences of increased terrestrial dissolved organic matter and temperature on bacterioplankton community composition during a mesocosm experiment, Ambio, 44, S402–S412, 2015. Lischka, S. , Bach, L. T. , Schulz, K. -G. , and Riebesell, U. : Ciliate and mesozooplankton community response to increasing CO2 levels in the Baltic Sea: insights from a large-scale mesocosm experiment, Biogeosciences, 14, 447–466, 2017. Loick-Wilde, N. , Fernandez-Urruzola, I. , Eglite, E. , Liskow, I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists mainly of citations of academic papers and does not directly support, rebut, or relate to the claim about climate change impacting species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It lists various studies without providing context or results that confirm or deny the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , Redl, H. , Zhong, M. , Cai, D. , Zeng, L. , and Pei, D. (2010). enhances the generation of mouse and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 6, 71–79. CrossrefPubMed2003. A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cellsHum. Reprod. 181404-1409. Hovatta, O. , Mikkola, M. , Gertow, K. , Strömberg, A. M. , Inzunza, J. , Hreinsson, J. , Rozell, B. , Blennow, E. , Andäng, M. , and Ahrlund-Richter, L. (2003). A culture system using human foreskin fibroblasts as feeder cells allows production of human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 18, 1404–1409. CrossrefPubMed2008. Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compoundsNat. Biotechnol. 26795-797. Huangfu, D. , Maehr, R. , Guo, W. , Eijkelenboom, A. , Snitow, M. , Chen, A. E. , and Melton, D. A. (2008). Induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors is greatly improved by small-molecule compounds. Nat. Biotechnol. 26, 795–797. CrossrefPubMed2009. A small-molecule inhibitor of tgf-Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanogCell5491-503. Ichida, J. K. , Blanchard, J. , Lam, K. ,. , Loh, K. M. , Carter, A. C. , Di Giorgio, F. P. , Koszka, K. , Huangfu, D. , Akutsu, H. , Liu, D. R. , Rubin, L. L. , and Eggan, K. (2009). A small-molecule inhibitor of tgf-Beta signaling replaces sox2 in reprogramming by inducing nanog. Cell 5, 491–503. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods for generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from adult cells, notably mentioning the 'induction of pluripotent stem cells by defined factors' and improvements made by small-molecule compounds. This directly supports the claim that scientists engage in cell reprogramming to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific principles and practices of organic farming, highlighting its unique methods such as crop rotations, soil fertility building, and ecological balance. Additionally, it mentions that organic farming works in harmony with nature and utilizes organic materials, distinguishing it from renewable agriculture practices that may include techniques like vertical farming and hydroponics, which are not exclusively tied to organic principles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Höglund, A. , and Schimanke, S. : Modeling the combined impact of changing climate and changing nutrient loads on the environment in an ensemble of transient simulations for 1961–2099, Clim. Dynam. , 39, 2421–2441, 2012a. Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Andersson, H. C. , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Höglund, A. , Hordoir, R. , Kuznetsov, I. , Neumann, T. , Ranjbar, Z. , Savchuk, O. P. , and Schimanke, S. : Impact of climate change on ecological quality indicators and biogeochemical fluxes in the Baltic Sea: a multi-model ensemble study, Ambio, 41, 558–573, 2012b. Meier, H. . , Neumann, T. ,. , Frauen, C. , Friedland, R. , Gröger, M. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Gustafsson, E. , Isaev, A. , Kniebusch, M. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Omstedt, A. , Ryabchenko, V. , Saraiva, S. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Assessment of eutrophication Abatement acenarios for the by multi-model ensemble simulations, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 440, 2018. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , Eilola, K. , Gröger, M. , Höglund, A. , Radtke, H. , Saraiva, S. , and Wåhlström, I. : Future projections of record-breaking sea surface temperature and cyanobacteria bloom events in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 48, 1362–1376, 2019a. Meier, H. E. M. , Eilola, K. , Almroth-Rosell, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies and authors that discuss various impacts of climate change, but it does not directly address the claim about shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Transcriptional profiling of the developmentally important signalling pathways in human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 21, 405–412. CrossrefPubMed2002. Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cellsNat. Biotechnol. 20933-936. Richards, M. , and Bongso A. (2002). Human feeders support prolonged undifferentiated growth of human inner cell masses and embryonic stem cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 933–936. CrossrefPubMed2007. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factorsCell131861-872. Takahashi, K. , Tanabe, K. , Ohnuki, M. , Narita, M. , Ichisaka, T. , Tomoda, K. , amd Yamanaka, S. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2009. Human induced pluripotent stem cells on autologous feedersPLoS One4e8067. Takahashi, K. , Narita, M. , Yokura, M. , Ichisaka, T. , and Yamanaka, S. (2009). Human induced pluripotent stem cells on autologous feeders. PLoS One 4, e8067. CrossrefPubMed2009. Immortalized human skin fibroblast feeder cells support growth and maintenance of both human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cellsHum. Reprod. 242567-2581. Unger, C. , Gao, S. , Cohen, M. , Jaconi, M. , Bergstrom, R. , Holm, F. , Galan, A. , Sanchez, E. , Irion, O. , Dubuisson, J. B. , Giry-Laterriere, M. , Salmon, P. , Simon, C. , Hovatta, O. , and Feki, A. (2009). Immortalized human skin fibroblast feeder cells support growth and maintenance of both human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Hum. Reprod. 24, 2567–2581. CrossrefPubMed2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of the induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors, as detailed in the study by Takahashi et al. (2007). This indicates that cell reprogramming is indeed used to transform adult cells into pluripotent stem cells, supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: 14 According to the latest survey of FiBL-IFOAM (Research institute of organic agriculture- of Movements) conducted in the end of 2012, data on organic agriculture is available from 164 countries and 37. 5million hectare land is cultivated organically worldwide including those in the process of conversion. The data suggest that there is an increase in organically cultivable land in 2012 by 0. 5 percent, and around 1. 9million producers are engaged in the organic farming. 15 A shift to organic agriculture brings about significant changes in the agricultural practices for example: restricted use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, increases of other inputs such as organic materials, labor, farm machinery, cultural practices (e. g. , crop rotation), and require better knowledge of biological processes. 16 These changes require training of the farmers in organic agriculture and increase in the awareness in current trends. Production methods in organic farming are variable and depend upon the variables like local environment. In organic farming use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is discouraged. The nutrition and disease management is done by incorporation of organic materials and crop rotation. 17 Advantages of organic farming Sustainability: Organic agriculture considers the medium- and long-term effect of agricultural interventions on the agro-ecosystem. Production of food is accompanied with establishment of ecological balance to prevent soil sterility or pest problems. Ecological services: The impact of organic agriculture on natural resources favors interactions within the agro-ecosystem and environmental variables. Ecological services derived include soil forming and conditioning, soil stabilization, waste recycling, carbon sequestration, nutrients cycling, predation, pollination and habitats. Biodiversity: Organic farming help in conservation of the environment and hence biodiversity. Lack of use in chemical pesticides, helps in maintain and recolonizing of the beneficial species in the area, including wild flora and fauna. The number of studies on organic farming and biodiversity increased significantly within the last years. A recent study reporting on a meta-analysis of 766 scientific papers concluded that organic farming produces more biodiversity than other farming systems. 18 Challenges faced in organic farming Highly labor intensive Effective organic inputs are not available in appropriate quantity and time. Lack of adoption in standardized agronomic practices for organic farming. sufficiency in food production along with the conservation of the environment are the major objectives of the agriculture presently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that organic farming encompasses specific practices such as restricted use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, whereas renewable agriculture may involve a broader range of methods aimed at sustainability, which are not identical. The distinctions in agricultural practices and principles, such as the need for training in organic methods and the challenges faced that are unique to organic farming, highlight the differences between organic and renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Schimanke, S. , Kniebusch, M. , Hoglund, A. , Pemberton, P. , Liu, Y. , Vali, G. , and Saraiva, S. : Disentangling the impact of nutrient load and climate changes on hypoxia and eutrophication since 1850, Clim. Dynam. , 53, 1145–1166, 2019b. Meier, H. E. M. , Edman, M. , Eilola, K. , Placke, M. , Neumann, T. ,. , Frauen, C. , Friedland, R. , Gröger, M. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Gustafsson, E. , Isaev, A. , Kniebusch, M. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Naumann, M. , Omstedt, A. , Ryabchenko, V. , Saraiva, S. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Assessment of uncertainties in scenario simulations of biogeochemical cycles in the Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 46, 2019c. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , and Groger, M. : Natural variability is a large source of uncertainty in future projections of hypoxia in the Baltic Sea, Commun. Earth Environ. , 2, 13, 2021. Meier, H. E. M. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Dutheil, C. , Börgel, F. , Safonova, K. , Christensen, O. B. , and Kjellström, E. : Oceanographic regional climate projections for the until 2100, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 159–199, 2022a. Meier, H. E. M. , Kniebusch, M. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Zorita, E. , Elmgren, R. , Myrberg, K. , Ahola, M. P. , Bartosova, A. , Bonsdorff, E. , Börgel, F. , Capell, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various references and authors of studies that seem to engage with topics related to climate and ocean dynamics; however, it does not directly address or support the claim regarding shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics due to climate change. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The discoveries of various stem cell populations possessing cardiogenic potential and the advance of methods to isolate and expand these cells have shaped the notion of cell-based restorative therapy [8-11]. Despite much knowledge gained through numerous basic researches, significant challenges for true cardiac regeneration remain, and the field lacks sufficient results conclusive to support full-scale implementation of such treatments. Furthermore, results of clinical researches in cardiac stem cell therapy with a relatively small cohort scale were marginal, thus only showing little clinical advantages so far [12]. Among the stem cell types, pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) [Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)] possess great capacity for cardiac regeneration mainly due to the prominent potential to expand and differentiate into most somatic cell lineages [13,14]. To date, no human trials using PSCs for cardiac repair have been attempted. Intensive translational researches, including the demonstration of effectiveness and safety, are needed to realize clinical application of PSCs. Another concern is the actual phenomena which are taking place in the niche of transplanted site: does cardiac stem cell therapy bring de novo functional myocardium, or some indirect mechanisms mediate cardiac repair? It is reported that very few of the transplanted tissue stem cells seem to differentiate into mature cardiovascular cell types, suggesting that transplanted cells exert indirect paracrine effects by which humoral factors induce or support favorable processes, including angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and promotion of healing, in the injured myocardium rather than differentiating into de novo myocardium [4,15]. PSCs might possess advantages in this context; defined cell populations differentiated from PSCs might be effective to elucidate underlying paracrine mechanisms in cardiac restoration compared to bulk cell mixture derived from somatic stem cells with various cell lineages and differentiation stages [16]. Concerning stem cell transplantation, as well as the transplanted cell type, the method for transplantation is also important to overcome the poor efficiency of engraftment with needle injection. A promising approach is the creation of cell sheets that better support effective engraftment of the transplants. We have shown the effectiveness of temperature-responsive cell sheet technology in basic studies [16]. In this 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), specifically highlighting induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) as a type of PSC that possesses the capacity for expansion and differentiation. This aligns with the concept of cell reprogramming, where adult cells are converted into pluripotent stem cells, allowing for broader therapeutic applications such as cardiac regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that organic farming and the methodologies mentioned, including vertical farming, are distinct with separate principles. It emphasizes the need for integration and further exploration of these different methodologies in agriculture, indicating that they are not identical as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Carlén, I. , Carlund, T. , Carstensen, J. , Christensen, O. B. , Dierschke, V. , Frauen, C. , Frederiksen, M. , Gaget, E. , Galatius, A. , Haapala, J. J. , Halkka, A. , Hugelius, G. , Hünicke, B. , Jaagus, J. , Jüssi, M. , Käyhkö, J. , Kirchner, N. , Kjellström, E. , Kulinski, K. , Lehmann, A. , Lindström, G. , May, W. , Miller, P. A. , Mohrholz, V. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Pavón-Jordán, D. , Quante, M. , Reckermann, M. , Rutgersson, A. , Savchuk, O. P. , Stendel, M. , Tuomi, L. , Viitasalo, M. , Weisse, R. , and Zhang, W. : Climate change in the region: a summary, Earth Syst. Dynam. , 13, 457–593, 2022b. Möller, K. O. , Schmidt, J. O. , St. John, M. , Temming, A. , Diekmann, R. , Peters, J. , Floeter, J. , Sell, A. F. , Herrmann, J. P. , and Möllmann, C. : Effects of climate-induced habitat changes on a key zooplankton species, J. Plankton Res. , 37, 530–541, 2015. Möllmann, C. , Kornilovs, G. , Fetter, M. , Köster, F. W. , and Hinrichsen, H. H. : The marine copepod, Pseudocalanus elongatus, as a mediator between climate variability and fisheries in the Sea, Fish. Oceanogr. , 12, 360–368, 2003. Möllmann, C. , Diekmann, R. , Müller-Karulis, B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific evidence or examples that directly relate to the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Instead, it lists various authors and their works related to climate change and its effects, but lacks a clear argument or support for the claim itself. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: These marginal results indicate that more efficient approaches for stem cell therapy are needed to realize full-scale stem cell-based therapy. Advertisement 3. Advantages of pluripotent stem cells in cardiac regenerationEmbryonic stem cells (ESCs) are one of the stem cell populations which can be removed from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst and expanded in vitro with practically no limitations [13]. Yamanaka and colleagues have discovered that reprogramming of adult somatic cells with transcription factor genes that confer pluripotency generates ESC-like cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) [14,50]. Among the stem cell types, these pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) [ESCs iPSCs] possess great capacity especially for cardiac regeneration due to several reasons. The first reason is that PSCs can be expanded practically indefinitely in vitro remaining pluripotent in an undifferentiated state in culture, and can give rise to most somatic cell lineages once allowed to differentiate. In this regard, the regenerative capacity is theoretically limitless [51]. The merit of PSCs is larger especially for the heart compared to other organs, such as endocrine or sensory organs, as the heart functions as an assembly of a large number of cells including cardiomyocytes and other cell types (e. g. vascular cells, cardiac fibroblasts), and numerous (>108) heart-composing cells might be required to fully compensate for the damaged human heart [5]. The second reason is that the capacity for the differentiation towards a desired cell type, such as cardiomyocytes or other vascular cell types is the highest among various stem cell populations known to possess cardiogenic potential. The differentiation of PSCs can be driven towards cardiomyocytes or others by culture conditions as monolayers or embryoid bodies in various growth media [52–55]. Previously, we have developed a novel monolayer culture-based ESC iPSC differentiation system that recapitulates early cardiovascular developmental processes using Flk1 (also designed as vascular endothelial cell growth factor [VEGF] receptor-2)-positive cells as common cardiovascular progenitors. Cardiovascular cell types, namely cardiomyocytes [53], endothelial cells, and vascular mural cells [52], can be systematically induced and purified with this system (Figure 1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the process of reprogramming adult somatic cells using transcription factor genes to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). This directly supports the assertion that cell reprogramming can convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Components and working of a synchrotron facilityA synchrotron facility in general, consists of:Electron gun: It consists of a transformer which feeds a very high voltage (in hundred thousand Volts, approximately, 200000 V of DC) of electricity through a cathode which causes the electrons to jump off the surface. The cathode is made of tungsten-oxide disk, otherwise called a button. As electricity flows through the disk, the disk gets heated to about 1000° C, the temperature at which the electrons are released. A screen near the button is given a short, strong positive charge 125 times per second, which pulls the negative charge p2. 9 to 6 GeV by the radio frequency cavity generated microwaves. Ring increases the speed of the electrons close to the speed of light (approximately 99. 9999985 percent of the speed of light). There are two types of electro magnets in the booster ring. These magnets create the magnetic field, which is used by the synchrotron to guide the electrons around the booster ring. The magnetic field of the quadruple magnets are used to force the bunches of electrons into a fine beam within the vacuum chamber. Storage Ring: After the electrons have gained sufficient energy to produce light, the injection system transfers them from the booster ring to the storage ring. The process of transferring electrons from booster to storage ring occurs approximately once per second up to 600 cycles which may take about 10 minutes. Once entered the storage ring, the electrons keep circulating for four to twelve hours and every time the dipole magnets/bending magnets bend the path of electron flow, photons are released. The bending magnets are aimed to circulate the electrons in a circular path [16]. After each turn of the bending magnets, there is a photon port to allow the light to travel down the beam lines to the research stations. Beam line: Each beam line consists of an optics cabin, experimental cabin, and control cabin. The optics cabin has optical instruments used to extract the type of radiation required for the experiment. The experimental cabin is for support mechanism, and provides environment for the sample study. Instruments called detectors record the information generated from the sample are recorded by the detectors. The control cabin, as the name suggest, allows the researchers to control the experiments and collect the data. End Station: The final result is obtained at the end station. The components of end station are experiment specific. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses components and workings of a synchrotron facility, which has no connection to soil depletion issues or renewable agriculture techniques. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or directly relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Kornilovs, G. , Plikshs, M. , and Axe, P. : Reorganization of a large marine ecosystem due to atmospheric and anthropogenic pressure: a discontinuous regime shift in the Sea, Glob. Change Biol. , 15, 1377–1393, 2009. Möllmann, C. , Cormon, X. , Funk, S. ,. , Sguotti, C. , Voss, R. , and Quaas, M. : Tipping point realized in cod fishery, Sci. Rep. , 11, 12, 2021. Morkune, R. , Lesutiene, J. , Bariseviciute, R. , Morkunas, J. , and Gasiunaite, Z. R. : Food sources of wintering piscivorous waterbirds in coastal waters: A triple stable isotope approach for the southeastern Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 171, 41–50, 2016. Moustaka-Gouni, M. , Kormas, K. A. , Scotti, M. , Vardaka, E. , and Sommer, U. : Warming and acidification effects on planktonic heterotrophic pico- and nanoflagellates in a mesocosm experiment, Protist, 167, 389–410, 2016. Munkes, B. , Löptien, U. , and Dietze, H. : Cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: a review of models and facts, Biogeosciences, 18, 2347–2378, 2021. Murray, C. J. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Carstensen, J. , Conley, D. J. , Gustafsson, B. G. , and Andersen, J. H. : Past, present and future eutrophication status of the Baltic Sea, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 12, 2019. Neuenfeldt, S. , Bartolino, V. , Orio, A. ,. , Bergstrom, U. , Ustups, D. , Kulatska, N. , and Casini, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding climate change and its effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Instead, it consists of citations of various studies and articles without explicating their findings or relevance to the claim, making the content largely irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In fact, of the various stem cell populations studied so far, PSCs have demonstrated probably the greatest capacity for cardiac cell differentiation and long-term cell survival [56]. The third reason is that PSCs might be advantageous for further elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. In the field of cardiac restoration with stem cell therapy, it has been widely believed that transplanted cells act as an inducer of indirect paracrine effects such as angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and so on rather than regeneration of de novo myocardium [4,15]. Considering this point, the transplantation of somatic stem cells, which are largely performed thus far as mentioned above, may raise a question, “which cells are really effective? ”, because the transplanted cells from somatic stem cells might consist of heterogeneous cell populations. In this regard, the transplantation of defined cardiovascular cell populations systematically derived from PSCs might be much more superior to that of somatic stem cell-derived populations for the sake of the elucidation of regenerative mechanisms (Figure 1B). Figure 1. The advantages of PSCs for cardiac regeneration. (A): The capacity for the differentiation towards a desired cardiac cell type. The scheme of directed mouse PSC differentiation system from Flk1+ mesoderm cells as a common progenitor is shown. (B): Effectiveness for further elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. The usage of somatic stem cells (upper) may lead to the transplantation of heterogeneous derivatives in lineage and differentiation stage. On the other hand, the usage of directed PSC differentiation system with purifying processes (lower) clarify which cell populations are actually transplanted. ES cell, embryonic stem cell; iPS cell, induced pluripotent stem cell. The final reason is the discovery of iPSCs. The generation of iPSCs by reprogramming autologous somatic cells with genes regulating pluripotency may resolve the ethical and immunogenic issues associated with the use of ESCs. Furthermore, we have reported that cardiovascular cell types can be differentiated respectively from mouse iPSCs almost identically with those from mouse ESCs [57]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the generation of iPSCs by reprogramming autologous somatic cells with genes regulating pluripotency' addresses the process of converting adult cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). This directly supports the claim that scientists utilize cell reprogramming in their research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentSkip to main navigation menuSkip to site footer-/ Archives Vol. 50, No. 3: July-August 1998 10. 14452/MR-050-03-1998-07_3 Keywords: Ecology, During the period 1830-1870 the depletion of the natural fertility of the soil through the loss of soil nutrients was the central ecological concern of capitalist society in both Europe and (only comparable to concerns over the loss of forests, the growing pollution of the cities, and the Malthusian specter of overpopulation). This period saw the growth of "guano imperialism" as nations scoured the globe for natural fertilizers; the emergence of modem soil science; the gradual introduction of synthetic fertilizers; and the formation of radical proposal for the development of a sustainable agriculture, aimed ultimately at the elimination of the antagonism between town and country. This 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_4 or and the Transition to of the U. S. and the since 2000 Minqi Li, 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_2 or in Marx's Ecology to Socialist Eco-10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_3 or from the Editors, October 2024 - Editors 10. 14452/MR-076-05-2024-09_0 or to the Ecologists! Harry Magdoff, Paul M. Sweezy 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_4 or in the öwy 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_1 or 10. 14452/MR-076-04-2024-08_5 or -Zero and the Decarbonization amid Competition in the Indo-de los Reyes, Singh 10. 14452/MR-076-03-2024-07_7 or the Ruling- Politics in the Indo-Anugrah 10. 14452/MR-076-03-2024-07_6 or to access subscriber-only resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical context of soil depletion through nutrient loss and the various approaches taken to address this issue, including the use of natural and synthetic fertilizers, as well as sustainable agriculture practices. This implies that renewable agriculture techniques alone are not the sole solution, as other methods, such as the introduction of synthetic fertilizers, were also part of addressing soil depletion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Riemann, L. , Chierici, M. , and Wulff, A. : Limited response of a spring bloom community inoculated with filamentous cyanobacteria to elevated temperature and pCO2, Bot. Mar. , 62, 3–16, 2019. Olofsson, M. , Suikkanen, S. , Kobos, J. , Wasmund, N. , and Karlson, B. : Basin-specific changes in filamentous cyanobacteria community composition across four decades in the Baltic Sea, Harmful Algae, 91, 12, 2020. Olsson, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Ojaveer, H. , Gårdmark, A. , Pöllumae, A. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Ustups, D. , Dinesen, G. E. , Peltonen, H. , Putnis, I. , Szymanek, L. , Simm, M. , Heikinheimo, O. , Gasyukov, P. , Axe, P. , and Bergström, L. : Temporal development of coastal ecosystems in the over the past two decades, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 72, 2539–2548, 2015. Omran, E. -S. E. and Negm, A. M. : Overview of the water bodies in the countries, in: Water resources quality and management in the countries, edited by: Negm, A. M. , Zelenakova, M. , and Kubiak-Wójcicka, K. , 17–42, ISBN 978-3-030-39701-2, 2020. Orio, A. , Bergstrom, U. , Florin, A. B. , Sics, I. , and Casini, M. : Long-term changes in spatial overlap between interacting cod and flounder in the Baltic Sea, Hydrobiologia, 847, 2541–2553, 2020. Orio, A. , Heimbrand, Y. , and Limburg, K. : Deoxygenation impacts on cod: Dramatic declines in ecosystem services of an iconic keystone predator, Ambio, 51, 626–637, 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various studies related to marine ecosystems and changes in species compositions over time in different contexts. However, it does not provide specific evidence or discussion directly linking these changes to climate change or shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: This indicates that iPSCs possess almost the same regenerative capacity as that of ESCs. A potent differentiation protocol based on high-density monolayer culture and chemically defined factors, and modifications thereof, have been reported to induce cardiomyocytes from human iPSCs with a robust efficiency of 40–70 % [54, 58]. The application of this method would strongly promote cardiac regeneration using human iPSCs. The transplantation of cardiac cells derived from PSCs has been tested in animal studies with encouraging results [16, 54]. However, no human studies using PSCs for cardiac repair have been attempted so far. A major concern regarding iPSC transplantation as a treatment modality is related to the potential tumor formation. The differentiating cells from PSCs contain derivatives from three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm), possessing the capacity to differentiate along any or all of these three lineages. This increases the risk of teratoma formation at the transplantation site. Although such teratomas are believed to be largely benign, some teratoma cells have been reported to express markers similar to those seen in malignant tumors [59]. Recently, protocols for generating human iPSCs without genomic integration by utilizing episomal vectors [60] or human artificial chromosome vectors [61] have been reported. These may reduce tumorigenesis due to mutations, which could otherwise limit the clinical application of iPSCs. Considering the results of these basic studies, PSCs (especially iPSCs) are currently recognized to be one of the most promising cell sources for cardiac regeneration. However, further careful exploration for the feasibility of this new modality will be needed to realize the clinical application. Advertisement 4. Cell sheet technology as a novel method for PSC-derived cell transplantationIn addition to the transplanted cell type, the transplantation method is also important to overcome poor efficiency of engraftment associated with needle injection. The low level of grafted cell survival and engraftment diminishes their potential for paracrine effects, besides regeneration of de novo myocardium, and is a major technical limitation for stem cell therapy [62]. It is reported that >70% of injected cells die during the first 48 hours after needle injection, progressively diminishing during the following days possibly due to the hypoxic, inflammatory, and/or fibrotic environment [63]. Another report shows that only 5. 4 to 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are generated through cell reprogramming techniques. While elaborating on the regenerative capacity of iPSCs and their applications in cardiac regeneration, the text highlights the process of generating these cells and their advantages. The discussion of protocols for generating human iPSCs implies the scientific use of cell reprogramming. Thus, the content aligns with the claim that scientists utilize this method to generate pluripotent stem cells from adult cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text:  : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1979 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1978 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1977 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1976 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1975 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1974 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1973 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1972 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1971 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1970 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1969 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1968 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1967 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 : Issue 2 : Issue 1 1966 : Issue 11 : Issue 10 : Issue 9 : Issue 8 : Issue 7 : Issue 6 : Issue 5 : Issue 4 : Issue 3 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of issue numbers without any context or content related to soil depletion or renewable agriculture techniques. It does not provide information that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Otto, S. A. , Kornilovs, G. , Llope, M. , and Möllmann, C. : Interactions among density, climate, and food web effects determine long-term life cycle dynamics of a key copepod, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 498, 73-U408, 2014a. Otto, S. A. , Diekmann, R. , Flinkman, J. , Kornilovs, G. , and Möllmann, C. : Habitat heterogeneity determines climate impact on zooplankton community structure and dynamics, 9, e90875, 2014b. Paasche, Ø. , Österblom, H. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , Brander, K. , øyr, A. , and Jónsson, S. : Connecting the seas of norden, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 89, 2015. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , and Pöllumae, A. : Results of laboratory and field experiments of the direct effect of increasing CO2 on net primary production of macroalgal species in brackish-water ecosystems, P. Est. Acad. Sci. , 62, 148–154, 2013. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , Pöllumae, A. , Torn, K. , and Paalme, T. : Direct effects of increased CO2 concentrations in seawater on the net primary production of charophytes in a shallow, coastal, brackish-water ecosystem, Boreal Environ. Res. , 20, 413–422, 2015. Pajusalu, L. , Martin, G. , Paalme, T. , and Pöllumae, A. : The effect of CO2 enrichment on net photosynthesis of the red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis in a brackish water environment, Peerj, 4, e2505, 2016. Pansch, C. , Nasrolahi, A. , Appelhans, Y. S. , and Wahl, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and their findings related to ecological dynamics without explicitly stating that climate change is causing shifts in species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim directly; it merely presents unrelated research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: C: cardiomyocytes, E: endothelial cells, M: vascular mural cells. N. S. , not significant; VEGF, vascular endothelial cell growth factor. (quote from ref. 16 with revision). Several methods have been reported for cell sheet formation [67-69]. Among them, we have utilized temperature-responsive culture surface-based method [16]. This technique was made possible by using a culture dish covalently grafted with temperature-responsive polymer poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) which enables the generation of cell sheets without enzymatic digestion, retaining intact extracellular matrices or adhesion molecules [67]. The benefits of this technique have been demonstrated by many experiments of stem cell therapy such as the transplantation of monolayer adipose tissue-derived MSCs to the infarcted rat heart [23]. Recently, we have reported transplantation of a three-layered cardiac tissue sheet bioengineered with mouse ESC-derived defined cardiac cell populations in the infarcted heart (Figure 2) [16]. In both cases, increased tissue neovascularization together with a prominent attenuation of cardiac remodeling responsible for the improvement in cardiac function were demonstrated. Furthermore, our research indicated the potential for cell sheet-based prospective elucidation of the cellular mechanisms of cardiac restoration. The combinations of cell populations composing the transplanted cell sheets enabled us to elucidate the contributions of each cell type (for example, the comparison of cell sheets with or without cardiomyocytes is useful for the elucidation of the cellular function of cardiomyocytes). This cell-type controlled analysis led us to identify one of the important cellular mechanisms of cardiac restoration following cell therapy, that is, cardiomyocytes are essential for the functional improvement of ischemic heart through neovascularization (Figure 3). These results show that the tissue-like cell sheet system is advantageous for the elucidation of cardiac regenerative mechanism, as well as for therapeutic purposes. Advertisement 5. Future directionsOne future direction of this PSC-derived cell sheet technology is its utilization as a novel experimental tool for elucidation of regenerative mechanisms. Although the present results of clinical trials using stem cell therapy are marginal, further elucidation of the actual mechanisms of cardiac repair following cell therapy would enhance the potential of stem cell therapy to be a full-scale therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of stem cell therapy and technologies involving pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), specifically mentioning the development of cell sheets derived from mouse ESC (embryonic stem cell)-derived cardiac cell populations. This indicates a clear application of cell reprogramming techniques within the context of stem cell therapy, supporting the assertion that scientists engage in reprogramming adult or differentiated cells for therapeutic purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Например, в процессе применения современных методов растениеводства затрачивается значительное количество электроэнергии, в частности, при использовании технологии досвечивания. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that modern agricultural methods require significant amounts of electricity, indicating that solely using renewable agriculture techniques may not address all soil depletion issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Urho, L. , Auvinen, H. , Heikinheimo, O. , Lappalainen, J. , Raitaniemi, J. , and Söderkultalahti, P. : Climate warming and pikeperch year-class catches in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 40, 447–456, 2011. Pekcan-Hekim, Z. , Gårdmark, A. , Karlson, A. M. L. , Kauppila, P. , Bergenius, M. , and Bergström, L. : The role of climate and fisheries on the temporal changes in the foodweb, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 73, 1739–1749, 2016. Philippart, C. J. M. , Anadon, R. , Danovaro, R. ,. , O'Sullivan, G. , and Reid, P. C. : Impacts of climate change on European marine ecosystems: Observations, expectations and indicators, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 400, 52–69, 2011. Pihlainen, S. , Zandersen, M. , Hyytiäinen, K. , Andersen, H. E. , Bartosova, A. , Gustafsson, B. , Jabloun, M. , McCrackin, M. , Meier, H. M. , and Olesen, J. E. : Impacts of changing society and climate on nutrient loading to the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 731, 138935, 2020. Puttonen, I. , Mattila, J. , Jonsson, P. , Karlsson, O. M. , Kohonen, T. , Kotilainen, A. , Lukkari, K. , Malmaeus, J. M. , and Rydin, E. : Distribution and estimated release of sediment phosphorus in the northern archipelagos, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 145, 9–21, 2014. Puttonen, I. , Kohonen, T. , and Mattila, J. : Factors controlling phosphorus release from sediments in coastal archipelago areas, Mar. Pollut. Bull. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of studies and articles related to climate change and its impacts on marine ecosystems, but it does not directly address whether climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Mand HauschkaS. D1996Skeletal myoblast transplantation for repair of myocardial necrosis. J 982512252311. . VColettaMet al2004Isolation and expansion of adult cardiac stem cells from human and murine heart. 9591192112. RosenzweigA2006Cardiac cell therapy--mixed results from mixed cells. N Med 35512741277 13. ThomsonJ. AItskovitz-eldorJShapiroS. SWaknitzM. ASwiergielJ. JMarshallV. SJonesJ. M1998Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts. Science 2821145114714. 2007Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 13186187215. KocherA. ASchusterM. DSzabolcsM. . MItescuS2001Neovascularization of ischemic myocardium by human bone-marrow derived angioblasts prevents cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduces remodeling and improves cardiac function. 743043616. al2012Pluripotent stem cell-engineered cell sheets reassembled with defined cardiovascular populations ameliorate reduction in infarct heart function through cardiomyocyte-mediated neovascularization. 3011961205 17. . -ginardBBodineD. Met al2001Bone marrow cells regenerate infarcted myocardium. Nature 41070170518. -ginardBBodineD. MLeriAand AnversaP2001Mobilized bone marrow cells repair the infarcted heart, improving function and survival. . 98103441034919. MurryC. ESoonpaaM. . ORubartMPasumarthiK. BViragJ. IBartelmezS. HPoppaVet al2004Haematopoietic stem cells do not transdifferentiate into cardiac myocytes in myocardial infarcts. Nature 42866466820. JiangYJahagirdarB. NReinhardtR. LSchwartzR. EKeeneC. DOrtiz-gonzalezX. al2002Pluripotency of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adult marrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the 'Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors' which directly indicates that scientists have succeeded in reprogramming adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Такая технология определена в Правилах предоставления и распределения субсидий из федерального бюджета бюджетам субъектов Российской Федерации на стимулирование развития приоритетных подотраслей агропромышленного комплекса и развитие малых форм хозяйствования (приложение № 8 к Государственной программе развития сельского хозяйства и регулирования рынков сельскохозяйственной продукции, сырья и продовольствия)1 как технология круглогодичного выращивания [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific technology related to the agricultural sector and federal subsidies in Russia, but does not address soil depletion issues or renewable agriculture techniques. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 108, 77–86, 2016. Queiros, A. M. , Talbot, E. ,. , Pascoe, C. , Dedman, S. , Fernandes, J. A. , Jueterbock, A. ,. ,. , Rilov, G. , and Aonghusa, C. N. : Bright spots as climate-smart marine spatial planning tools for conservation and blue growth, Glob. Change Biol. , 27, 5514–5531, 2021. Reusch, T. B. H. , Dierking, J. , Andersson, H. C. , Bonsdorff, E. , Carstensen, J. , Casini, M. , Czajkowski, M. , Hasler, B. , Hinsby, K. , Hyytiainen, K. , Johannesson, K. , Jomaa, S. , Jormalainen, V. , Kuosa, H. , Kurland, S. , Laikre, L. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Margonski, P. , Melzner, F. , Oesterwind, D. , Ojaveer, H. , Refsgaard, J. C. , Sandström, A. , Schwarz, G. , Tonderski, K. , Winder, M. , and Zandersen, M. : Sea as a time machine for the future coastal ocean, Science Advances, 4, eaar8195, 2018. Rinne, H. and Salovius-Laurén, S. : The status of brown macroalgae Fucus spp. and its relation to environmental variation in the Finnish marine area, northern Baltic Sea, Ambio, 49, 118–129, 2020. Röhr, M. E. , Boström, C. , Canal-Vergés, P. , and Holmer, M. : Blue carbon stocks in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows, Biogeosciences, 13, 6139–6153, 2016. Rolff, C. and Elfwing, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about climate change's effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It appears to list various articles and studies without discussing their content or any findings related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: TakahashiKand YamanakaS2006Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 12666367651. MurryC. Eand KellerG2008Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development. Cell 13266168052. 2000Flk1-positive cells derived from embryonic stem cells serve as vascular progenitors. Nature 408929653. YamashitaJ. KTakanoMHiraoka-kanie2005Prospective identification of cardiac progenitors by a novel single cell-based cardiomyocyte induction. 191534153654. LaflammeM. AChenK. YNaumovaA. VMuskheliVFugateJ. ADuprasS. al2007Cardiomyocytes derived from human embryonic stem cells in pro-survival factors enhance function of infarcted rat hearts. 251015102455. . KYurugi-kobayashi. HSawadaNFukunagaYet al2007Pathway for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to vascular cell components and their potential for vascular regeneration. 272127213456. Van LaakeL. WPassierRMonshouwer-klootsJVerkleijA. JLipsD. -van (2007Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes survive and mature in the mouse heart and transiently improve function after myocardial infarction. Res. 192457. . K2008Directed and systematic differentiation of cardiovascular cells from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. Circulation 11849850658. . K2011Efficient and scalable purification of cardiomyocytes from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells by VCAM1 surface expression. PLoS One 6,e23657. 59. BlumBand BenvenistyN2008The tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells. Res 10013315860. al2011A more efficient method to generate integration-free human iPS cells. 840941261. al2011Integration-free iPS cells engineered using human artificial chromosome vectors. PLoS One 6,e25961. 62. . Jand PrósperF2011Adult stem cells: from new cell sources to changes in methodology. J Res 415416063. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing techniques and studies, such as those by Takahashi and Yamanaka, which specifically discuss the induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult fibroblast cultures. This supports the assertion that cell reprogramming is utilized in converting adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that high-quality and large quantities of agricultural production also depend on using modern energy-efficient equipment and technologies, indicating that renewable agriculture techniques alone may not resolve all soil depletion issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , J. Phycol. , 54, 888–898, 2018b. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Sjoroos, J. , and Jormalainen, V. : Variations in tolerance to climate change in a key littoral herbivore, Mar. Biol. , 165, 1–11, 2018c. and Savchuk, O. P. : Model estimates of the eutrophication of the in the contemporary and future climate, Oceanology, 56, 36–45, 2016. Saha, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Somerfield, P. J. , Al-Janabi, B. , Beck, M. , Brakel, J. , Ito, M. , Pansch, C. , Nascimento-. , and Sawall, Y. : Response of foundation macrophytes to near-natural simulated marine heatwaves, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 417–430, 2020. Sahla, M. , Tolvanen, H. , Ruuskanen, A. , and Kurvinen, L. : Assessing long term change of Fucus spp. communities in the northern using monitoring data and spatial modeling, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 245, 107023, 2020. Salo, T. , Mattila, J. , and Eklöf, J. : Long-term warming affects ecosystem functioning through species turnover and intraspecific trait variation, Oikos, 129, 283–295, 2020. Saraiva, S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. , Höglund, A. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Hordoir, R. , and Eilola, K. : ecosystem response to various nutrient load scenarios in present and future climates, Clim. Dynam. , 52, 3369–3387, 2018. Saraiva, S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. , Höglund, A. , Dieterich, C. , Gröger, M. , Hordoir, R. , and Eilola, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of a series of citations without providing any direct information or findings related to the claim of climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. As the text does not explicitly discuss these topics or present relevant evidence, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: 162197-2206. Aoki, T. , Ohnishi, H. , Oda, Y. , et al. (2010). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from human adipose-derived stem cells without c-MYC. Tissue Eng. Part A. 16, 2197–2206. CrossrefPubMed2003. Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 functionGenes Dev. 17126-140. Avilion, A. , Nicolis, S. , Pevny, L. , et al. (2003). Multipotent cell lineages in early mouse development depend on SOX2 function. Genes Dev. 17, 126–140. CrossrefPubMed2007. Localization of the developmental timing regulator Lin28 to mRNP complexes, P-bodies and stress granulesRNA Biol. 416-25. Balzer, E. , and Moss, E. G. (2007). Localization of the developmental timing regulator Lin28 to mRNP complexes, P-bodies and stress granules. RNA Biol. 4, 16–25. CrossrefPubMed2011. Efficient generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vectorsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA10814234-14239. Ban, H. , Nishishita, N. , Fusaki, N. , et al. (2011). Efficient generation of transgene-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by temperature-sensitive Sendai virus vectors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 14234–14239. CrossrefPubMed2009. Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cellsNature46191-94. (2009). Adult mice generated from induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 461, 91–94. CrossrefPubMed2005. Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cellsCell122947-956. Boyer, L. , Lee, T. , Cole, M. , et al. (2005). Core transcriptional regulatory circuitry in human embryonic stem cells. Cell 122, 947–956. CrossrefPubMed2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells, as it discusses the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from various sources, including 'human adipose-derived stem cells' and mentions efficient methods to generate iPSCs, indicating the process of reprogramming adult cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that high-quality agricultural production in large quantities can only be achieved through modern energy-efficient equipment and technologies, implying that renewable agriculture techniques alone may not be sufficient to address all soil depletion issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Synergistic effects of extreme temperature and low salinity on foundational macroalga Fucus vesiculosus in the northern Baltic Sea, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 495, 110–118, 2017b. Tedesco, L. , Piroddi, C. , Kamari, M. , and Lynam, C. : Capabilities of models to assess environmental status for marine biodiversity, Mar. Policy, 70, 1–12, 2016. Tedesco, L. , Miettunen, E. , An, B. W. , Haapala, J. , and Kaartokallio, H. : Long-term mesoscale variability of modelled sea-ice primary production in the northern Baltic Sea, Elementa-Sci. Anthrop. , 5, 26, 2017. : Assessment of climate change for the basin, Studies, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 473ṗp. , ISBN 978-3-540-72786-6, 2008. : of for the 501 pp. , 2015. Thomas, D. N. , Kaartokallio, H. , Tedesco, L. , Majaneva, M. , Piiparinen, J. , Eronen-Rasimus, E. , Rintala, J. -M. , Kuosa, H. , Blomster, J. , and Vainio, J. : Life associated with ice, in: Biological oceanography of the Baltic Sea, Springer, 333–357, 2017. Tilman, D. : Functional diversity, Encyclopedia of biodiversity, 3, 109–120, 2001. Timmermann, K. , Norkko, J. , Janas, U. , Norkko, A. , Gustafsson, B. G. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Modelling macrofaunal biomass in relation to hypoxia and nutrient loading, J. Marine Syst. , 105, 60–69, 2012. Tomczak, M. T. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Blenckner, T. , Ehrnsten, E. , Eero, M. , Gustafsson, B. , Norkko, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding climate change affecting species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It appears to be a list of studies and publications related to marine biology and environmental assessments without discussing the relationship between climate change and shifts in species distributions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cellsNature441349-353. Boyer, L. A. , Plath, K. , Zeitlinger, J. , et al. (2006). Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells. Nature 441, 349–353. CrossrefPubMed2008. Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cellsCell2151-159. Brambrink, T. , Foreman, R. , Welstead, G. G. , et al. (2008). Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells. Cell 2, 151–159. CrossrefPubMed1952. Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA38455-463. Briggs, R. , and King, T. J. (1952). Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs' eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 38, 455–463. CrossrefPubMed1974. The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent developmentJ. Exp. Med. 1401049-1056. Brinster, R. L. (1974). The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J. Exp. Med. 140, 1049–1056. CrossrefPubMed2009. A robust and highly efficient immune cell reprogramming systemCell5554-566. Bussmann, L. H. , Schubert, A. , Vu Manh, T. P. , et al. (2009). A robust and highly efficient immune cell reprogramming system. Cell 5, 554–566. CrossrefPubMed2009. Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vectorProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA106157-162. Carey, B. W. , Markoulaki, S. , Hanna, J. , et al. (2009). Reprogramming of murine and human somatic cells using a single polycistronic vector. Proc. Natl. Acad. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies related to cell reprogramming, particularly the 'Sequential expression of pluripotency markers during direct reprogramming of mouse somatic cells,' which indicates that scientists are actively engaging in the process of converting adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Более того, в специальной литературе утверждается, что «новые возможности по использованию возобновляемых источников энергии, повышению эффективности и коренному изменению технологий сельхозпроизводства, приближению переработки сельхозпродуктов к производству будут способствовать росту конкурентоспособности данных территорий в большей степени, чем городов»7. Для применения ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве есть свои специфические основания. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while renewable energy sources (ВИЭ) may improve agricultural efficiency and competitiveness, it does not claim that these techniques solely resolve all soil depletion issues. Instead, it implies a broader context of agricultural technology changes that go beyond just renewable techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Tamminen, T. , Viitasalo, M. , Voss, M. , Wasmund, N. , and Wulff, F. : Internal ecosystem feedbacks enhance nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms and complicate management in the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 186–194, 2007. Vehmaa, A. , Hogfors, H. , Gorokhova, E. , Brutemark, A. , Holmborn, T. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Projected marine climate change: effects on copepod oxidative status and reproduction, Ecol. Evol. , 3, 4548–4557, 2013. Vehmaa, A. , Almén, A. -K. , Brutemark, A. , Paul, A. , Riebesell, U. , Furuhagen, S. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Ocean acidification challenges copepod phenotypic plasticity, Biogeosciences, 13, 6171–6182, 2016. Vigouroux, G. , Kari, E. , Beltrán-Abaunza, J. M. , Uotila, P. , Yuan, D. , and Destouni, G. : Trend correlations for coastal eutrophication and its main local and whole-sea drivers–Application to the Baltic Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 779, 146367, 2021. Viitasalo, M. , Blenckner, T. , Gårdmark, A. , Kautsky, L. , Kaartokallio, H. , Kuosa, H. , Lindegren, M. , Norkko, A. , Olli, K. , and Wikner, J. : Environmental impacts – Marine ecosystems, in: of for the basin, edited by: 363–380, ISBN 978-3-319-16006-1, 2015. Villnäs, A. , Norkko, A. , and Lehtonen, K. K. : Multi-level responses of Macoma balthica to recurring hypoxic disturbance, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 510, 64–72, 2019. Virtanen, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it primarily lists studies and their titles related to various aspects of marine ecosystems and environmental impacts. There is no explicit link made to climate change causing shifts in species distributions or ecosystem dynamics, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Sci. USA 106, 157–162. CrossrefPubMed2010. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulationBlood116386-395. (2010). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation. Blood 116, 386–395. CrossrefPubMed2008. Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cellsCell1331106-1117. Chen, X. , Xu, H. , Yuan, P. , et al. (2008). Integration of external signaling pathways with the core transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells. Cell 133, 1106–1117. CrossrefPubMed2010. Applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; focused on disease modeling, drug screening and therapeutic potentials for liver diseaseInt. J. Biol. Sci. 6796-805. Chun, Y. S. , Chaudhari, P. , and Jang, Y. Y. (2010). Applications of patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells; focused on disease modeling, drug screening and therapeutic potentials for liver disease. Int. J. Biol. Sci. 6, 796–805. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation and application of human iPS cellsChin. Sci. Bull. 549-13. Cui, C. , Rao, L. J. , Cheng, L. Z. , et al. (2009). Generation and application of human iPS cells. Chin. Sci. Bull. 54, 9–13. Crossref1987. Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblastsCell51987-1000. Davis, R. L. ,Weintraub, H. , and Lassar, A. B. (1987). Expression of a single transfected cDNA converts fibroblasts to myoblasts. Cell 51, 987–1000. CrossrefPubMed2009. Targeted bisulfite sequencing reveals changes in DNA methylation associated with nuclear reprogrammingNat. Biotechnol. 27353-360. Deng, J. , Shoemaker, R. , Xie, B. , et al. (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation' which directly aligns with the process of cell reprogramming to create pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, references to 'generation and application of human iPS cells' further support that scientists are indeed converting adult cells into pluripotent stem cells through reprogramming techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: Так, исследователи (опираясь на опыт получения тепловой энергии от солнца) подчеркивают, что «только при использовании современного энергоэффективного оборудования и технологий возможно получение сельскохозяйственной продукции высокого качества и в больших количествах»6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that achieving high-quality agricultural production in large quantities requires the use of modern energy-efficient equipment and technologies, suggesting that relying solely on renewable agriculture techniques is insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A. , Viitasalo, M. , Lappalainen, J. , and Moilanen, A. : Evaluation, gap analysis, and potential expansion of the Finnish marine protected area network, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 402, 2018. Virtanen, E. A. , Norkko, A. , Nyström Sandman, A. , and Viitasalo, M. : Identifying areas prone to coastal hypoxia – the role of topography, Biogeosciences, 16, 3183–3195, 2019. Virtanen, E. A. , Moilanen, A. , and Viitasalo, M. : Marine connectivity in spatial conservation planning: analogues from the terrestrial realm, Landscape Ecol. , 35, 1021–1034, 2020. Voss, M. , Larsen, B. , Leivuori, M. , and Vallius, H. : Stable isotope signals of eutrophication in sediments, J. Marine Syst. , 25, 287–298, 2000. Voss, M. , Dippner, J. W. , Humborg, C. , Hurdler, J. , Korth, F. , Neumann, T. , Schernewski, G. , and Venohr, M. : History and scenarios of future development of eutrophication, Estuar. Coast. Shelf S. , 92, 307–322, 2011. Voss, R. , and Tahvonen, O. : Temperature change and Baltic sprat: from observations to ecological-economic modelling, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 68, 1244–1256, 2011. Voss, R. , Petereit, C. , Schmidt, J. O. , Lehmann, A. , Makarchouk, A. , and Hinrichsen, H. H. : The spatial dimension of climate-driven temperature change in the and its implication for cod and sprat early life stage survival, J. Marine Syst. , 100, 1–8, 2012. Vuorinen, I. , Hänninen, J. , Rajasilta, M. , Laine, P. , Eklund, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of citations and authors related to marine science and does not directly address the claim regarding climate change and its effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Targeted bisulfite sequencing reveals changes in DNA methylation associated with nuclear reprogramming. Nat. Biotechnol. 27, 353–360. CrossrefPubMed2010. Using small molecules to improve generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cellsMethods Mol. Biol. 636207-218. Desponts, C. , and Ding, S. (2010). Using small molecules to improve generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 636, 207–218. CrossrefPubMed2008. Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neuronsScience3211218-1221. (2008). Induced pluripotent stem cells generated from patients with ALS can be differentiated into motor neurons. Science 321, 1218–1221. CrossrefPubMed2009. Induced pluripotent stem cells from a spinal muscular atrophy patientNature. 457277-280. Ebert, A. D. , Yu, J. , Rose, F. F. , Jr. , et al. (2009). Induced pluripotent stem cells from a spinal muscular atrophy patient. Nature. 457, 277–280. CrossrefPubMed2008. Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expressionStem Cells262467-2674. Eminli, S. , Utikal, J. , Arnold, K. , et al. (2008). Reprogramming of neural progenitor cells into induced pluripotent stem cells in the absence of exogenous Sox2 expression. 26, 2467–2674. CrossrefPubMed2005. Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cellsHum. Mol. Genet. 143129-3140. Enver, T. , Soneji, S. , Joshi, C. , et al. (2005). Cellular differentiation hierarchies in normal and culture-adapted human embryonic stem cells. Hum. Mol. Genet. 14, 3129–3140. CrossrefPubMed2009. Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from Tibetan miniature pigJ. Biol. Chem. 28417634-17640. Esteban, M. A. , Xu, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells' and mentions multiple studies related to 'nuclear reprogramming' and 'induced pluripotent stem cells.' The references provided reinforce the concept that scientists are indeed working on turning somatic (adult) cells into pluripotent stem cells through reprogramming techniques.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text:  Биоэнергетика в устойчивом развитии сельского хозяйства: проблемы и перспективы развития отрасли/ Сельское хозяйство. 2020. № 4. С. 21–30. DOI: 10. 7256/2453-8809. 2020. 4. 35335

12. См. : URL: <a target=_blank href=" (дата обращения: 06. 12. 2021). 8 На сельских территориях возможно использование энергии солнца: национальным стандартом Российской Федерации «Возобновляемая энергетика. Гибридные электростанции на основе возобновляемых источников энергии, предназначенные для сельской электрификации. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of solar energy on rural areas and mentioning hybrid power stations based on renewable energy sources. This indicates that there are additional solutions and energy strategies, suggesting that renewable agricultural techniques alone do not solve all soil depletion issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Montesino-Pouzols, F. , Corona, F. , Junker, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , and Dippner, J. W. : Scenario simulations of future salinity and ecological consequences in the and adjacent areas – Implications for environmental monitoring, Ecol. Indic. , 53, 294–294, 2015. Wahl, M. , Werner, F. J. , Buchholz, B. , Raddatz, S. , Graiff, A. , Matthiessen, B. , Karsten, U. , Hiebenthal, C. , Hamer, J. , Ito, M. , Gulzow, E. , Rilov, G. , and Guy-Haim, T. : Season affects strength and direction of the interactive impacts of ocean warming and biotic stress in a coastal seaweed ecosystem, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 807–827, 2019. Wahl, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Buchholz, B. , Dobretsov, S. , Guy-Haim, T. , Rilov, G. , Schuett, R. , Wolf, F. , Vajedsamiei, J. , Yazdanpanah, M. , and Pansch, C. : Pulsed pressure: Fluctuating impacts of multifactorial environmental change on a temperate macroalgal community, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 66, 4210–4226, 2021. Wåhlström, I. , Höglund, A. , Almroth-Rosell, E. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Gröger, M. , Eilola, K. , Plikshs, M. , and Andersson, H. C. : Combined climate change and nutrient load impacts on future habitats and eutrophication indicators in a eutrophic coastal sea, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 65, 2170–2187, 2020. Wasmund, N. , Tuimala, J. , Suikkanen, S. , Vandepitte, L. , and Kraberg, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies and authors but does not provide any information or findings related to climate change affecting species distributions or ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: , Yang, J. , et al. (2009). Generation of induced pluripotent stem cell lines from Tibetan miniature pig. J. Biol. Chem. 284, 17634–17640. CrossrefPubMed1981. Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryosNature292154-156. Evans, M. J. , and Kaufman, M. H. (1981). Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292, 154–156. CrossrefPubMed2012. An orthogonal comparison of the proteome of human embryonic stem cells with that of human induced pluripotent stem cells of different genetic backgroundMol. Biosyst. 81833-1840. Faradonbeh, M. Z. , Gharechahi, J. , Mollamohammadi, S. , et al. (2012). An orthogonal comparison of the proteome of human embryonic stem cells with that of human induced pluripotent stem cells of different genetic background. Mol. Biosyst. 8, 1833–1840. CrossrefPubMed2010. Hemangioblastic derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit limited expansion and early senescenceStem Cells28704-712. Feng, Q. , Lu, S. J. , Klimanskaya, I. , et al. (2010). Hemangioblastic derivatives from human induced pluripotent stem cells exhibit limited expansion and early senescence. 28, 704–712. CrossrefPubMed2012. Embryonic stem cells induce pluripotency in somatic cell fusion through biphasic reprogrammingMol. Cell46159-170. . , et al. (2012). Embryonic stem cells induce pluripotency in somatic cell fusion through biphasic reprogramming. Mol. Cell 46, 159–170. CrossrefPubMed2009. Efficient induction of transgene-free human pluripotent stem cells using a vector based on Sendai virus, an RNA virus that does not integrate into the host genomeProc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci. 85348-362. Fusaki, N. , Ban, H. , Nishiyama, A. , et al. (2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by implicitly supporting the concept of inducing pluripotency in cells, mentioning processes and studies relating to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Various studies referenced, such as the generation of iPSC lines and comparisons with embryonic stem cells, further validate that cell reprogramming techniques are employed to create pluripotent stem cells from adult or somatic cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All soil depletion issues are solved solely by using renewable agriculture techniques. [SEP] Text: 13 Подчеркнем, что ВИЭ в сельском хозяйстве однозначно не следует рассматривать только в контексте модной повестки дня, их использование должно найти свою нишу в сельскохозяйственном производстве и в обеспечении жизни людей в сельских районах только в тех случаях, когда это действительно востребовано (например, отсутствие доступа сельских территорий к устойчивому энергоснабжению) и является экономически и экологически обоснованным (или в перспективе м [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that renewable energy sources (ВИЭ) in agriculture should not be viewed as the only solution to soil depletion. It emphasizes the necessity of context, indicating that their use should be justified by demand, economic viability, and environmental considerations, rather than being a blanket solution for all soil issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , and Eriksson, S. P. : Health and population-dependent effects of ocean acidification on the marine isopod Idotea balthica, Mar. Biol. , 161, 2423–2431, 2014. Woods, P. , Macdonald, J. , Bárðarson, H. , Bonanomi, S. , Boonstra, W. , Cornell, G. , Cripps, G. , Danielsen, R. , Färber, L. , and Ferreira, A. : A review of adaptation options in fisheries management to support resilience and transition under socio-ecological change, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 79, 463–479, 2021. Wulff, A. , Karlberg, M. , Olofsson, M. , Torstensson, A. , Riemann, L. , Steinhoff, F. S. , Mohlin, M. , Ekstrand, N. , and Chierici, M. : Ocean acidification and desalination: climate-driven change in a summer microplanktonic community, Mar. Biol. , 165, 1–15, 2018. Yletyinen, J. , Bodin, O. , Weigel, B. , Nordström, M. C. , Bonsdorff, E. , and Blenckner, T. : Regime shifts in marine communities: a complex systems perspective on food web dynamics, P. Roy. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. , 283, 20152569, 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily lists various scientific articles and their contributions without discussing climate change directly or its impacts on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.