Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: En aquest sentit, la sociologia de la comunicació ha de recollir les diferents aproximacions teòriques a l’impacte, la influència o els efectes que els missatges comunicatius tant a nivell individual com a nivell social, si és que aquest nivell existeix (dubte proposat per Latour en la seva Theory, però terriblement controvertit perquè obvia la complexitat que sorgeix de la interrelació entre els diferents actors, humans, institucionals i tecnològics, de la societat). A primer cop d’ull, la qüestió de l’impacte dels missatges comunicatius en els individus pot semblar una reducció; molts autors argumenten, i ho veurem al llarg del text, que obvia el context social i concep l’individu com un subjecte aïllat. Per altra banda, funciona a un nivell instrumental, i són molts també els autors que proposen que és precisament aquest impacte l’eix vertebrador de tota la disciplina de la comunicació. Precisament si tornem al context del llibre, el COVID19, veurem com el discurs de l’impacte és pertot i ens ajuda a esbossar una primera aproximació a les principals teories de la comunicació. En primer lloc, hi ha l’aproximació crítica, que va des de les teories conspiratives fins a les que interpreten que el pànic generat en una situació com aquesta és fruit, bàsicament, dels mitjans, connivents amb la resta dels poders, polític i econòmic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and their social behaviors. It discusses communication theory and its impact on society, particularly in the context of COVID-19, without addressing insects, social behaviors, or communication methods of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The values are consistent with the low MIPs recorded in agricultural soils located in the same area (Bedini et al. 2013; et al. 2013; Pellegrino et al. 2011a,b). This supports AM fungal inoculation and confirms how agricultural practices damage soil AM fungal inoculum potential and impair native AM fungal community with putatively adverse effects on growth and yield of crops (Gosling et al. 2006; Johnson 1993; Plenchette et al. 2005). On the other side, the AM fungal species utilised as inocula in our study showed values of MIP similar among each other and higher than the field experimental soil. This suggested a potentially fast and early colonization of the inoculated AMF that is crucial for their adaption and development and for a beneficial effect on plant growth and nutrient uptake (Smith et al. 1992), in accordance to the site-specificity of AM fungal inoculants establishment and persistence (Kokkoris et al. 2019). flowering, irrespective of AM fungal species, AM fungal inoculation increased percentages of AM fungal root colonization and of root length containing arbuscules of both tomato varieties compared with controls. These results are in accordance with the positive effect recorded on mycorrhizal colonization parameters assessed at different sampling times (i. e. , transplanting, flowering and harvest) in some tomato varieties (TC 2000, PKM-1, Rio Grande, Roma and Perfect Peel) inoculated at nursery by a crude inoculum composed by five AM fungal species and by single inocula (i. e. , Funneliformis mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices) (Bona et al. 2017; Njeru et al. 2017; Subramanian et al. 2006). However, the positive effect on mycorrhizal colonization, assessed on tomato plants collected at fully ripening in comparison with controls (Bona et al. 2017; Njeru et al. 2017), was not confirmed by our study on Rio Grande. This inconsistency might be due to differences in soil AM fungal native inoculum potential linked to soil texture, in the responsiveness of the host genotype or to differences in the adopted agricultural systems (conventional vs organic). In addition, under high N and K mineral fertilization and no P application, AM fungal inoculum of R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of AM fungal inoculation on plant growth and nutrient uptake. It highlights that AM fungal inoculation can lead to increased root colonization and root length containing arbuscules, which enhances nutrient uptake in tomato varieties. Additionally, the text supports the idea that mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial for plant development, aligning with the claim that they improve nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of neuroeconomic studies use brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI, to observe decision-making processes in real time. [SEP] Text: However, several neuropsychological and methodological aspects still remain unclear and sometimes controversial (Paret et al. 2019a; Thibault et al. 2018). For instance, although some hypotheses and empirical indications of the neural mechanisms leading to changes at neural and behavioral level were recently proposed (Sitaram et al. 2017; Shibata et al. 2019; Gaume et al. 2016; Emmert et al. 2016), a comprehensive description is still lacking. A previous meta-analysis of studies focusing on regulation of several different brain area identified a possible “regulation network” including the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, basal ganglia, temporo-parietal areas, anterior cingulate and visual associative areas (Emmert et al. 2016). However, most of the studies included in this meta-analysis have targeted areas that were directly or indirectly involved in emotional behavior, making then difficult to conclude on the general role of the identified regions. Additional studies in the specific context of emotional brain regulation corroborated and extended these evidences by showing a differential involvement of prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and striatum in relation to feedback control, monitoring and reward (Paret et al. 2019b; Paret et al. 2018; Paret et al. 2016a; Paret et al. 2016b). Basal ganglia, in particular the striatum, would mediate instrumental and reinforcement learning independently of functional domain (Skottnik et al. 2019; Shibata et al. 2019). Similarly, the role of frontoparietal, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, regions typically involved in several different cognitive functions, appears to support general real-time fMRI-based regulation (Shibata et al. 2019) and BCI control (Papageorgiou et al. 2013). A recent investigation aimed to identify predictors of successful self-regulation on the basis of a cohort of heterogenous pretraining functional data from studies targeting several different areas in both healthy participants and patients (Haugg et al. 2020). In this study, no common brain-based success predictors emerged, possibly because of differential functional mechanisms influencing learned brain regulation within distinct functional domains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various neuropsychological and methodological aspects of neuroeconomic studies but does not specifically address the use of brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI, for observing decision-making processes. It focuses on the unclear aspects and findings related to neural mechanisms and brain regions involved in emotional behavior, rather than corroborating or contrasting the claim about the majority of studies using fMRI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Les preguntes bàsiques que ens farem seran:(a) als interessos de qui responen els mitjans i els seus continguts? (b) quins són els valors, les idees i les actituds subjacents en els missatges dels mitjans? (c) pot l’individu combatre els marcs d’interpretació de la realitat proposats pels mitjans? Tot i que en l’actualitat la perspectiva està, fonamentalment, centrada en els mitjans digitals, els algorismes i en les formes de sotmetiment que n’han emergit (en particular, per part de les empreses de transport i allotjament de persones i mercaderies, o les grans propietàries de les dades de navegació i interacció online), la qüestió de la indefensió de l’individu respecte al poder (que es barreja i finalment confon amb la tecnologia, entesa en un sentit ampli que inclou normes i legislacions com a part d’aquesta tecnologia) continua sent central. Aquesta indefensió és particularment acusada en el cas de l’accés de l’individu a la realitat, si tenim en compte que gairebé la totalitat d’aquesta realitat és accessible a través de tecnologies de mediació. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and their social behaviors. It discusses the influence of media, digital technologies, and individual power dynamics, without mentioning ants or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: However, while the potential influence of vesicles on plant productivity and nutrient acquisition is currently unknown (van der Heijden and Scheublin 2007), the higher rate of arbuscules found in roots of tomato inoculated with Gigasporaceae can be associated to the distinctive trait of this family to improve plant nutrient acquisition. Accordingly, periarbuscular membrane-localised proteins, such as PT4 and AMT2, are required for phosphate and ammonium transport, respectively (Luginbuehl and Oldroyd 2017). Moreover, in pot cultures, roots inoculated with Gigasporaceae were reported to show a higher persistence of total arbuscules than Glomeraceae (et al. 2005). Finally, the Glomeraceae intra-family variability in AM fungal root colonization of both tomato varieties supports previous studies that detected significant differences in AM fungal root colonization among closely related AM fungal species belonging to the same family and colonizing different plant genotypes (Klironomos 2000; Maherali and Klironoms 2012). Indeed, host-specificity and functional diversity in AMF was supported by the opposite trend in the AM fungal root colonization of F. mosseae and S. sinuosa detected in the varities Pisanello and Rio Grande. Nevertheless, further studies with a larger number of AM fungal isolates would better elucidate both inter- and intra-family variability in mycorrhizal colonization traits, since in the field the interactions between inoculated AMF and native microbial community can be an additional factor adding complexity in the outcome of the symbiosis. accordance with the overall increases of AM fungal colonization in tomato roots following nursery inoculation, total yield was improved by an average of 35% in both inoculated varieties. Our results are in agreement with the yield increase (22%) detected, in a clay-loam soil, on tomato var. TC 2000 inoculated at nursery by a mixture of five AM fungal species (Bona et al. 2017). These authours also reported larger fruit diameters following AM fungal inoculation as well as a strong increase in number of marketable fruits (125%) and a two-fold higher percentage of dry pulp. By contrast, Subramanian et al. (2006) did not find any effect of nursery AM fungal inoculation by R. intraradices on fruit yield of tomato var. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that arbuscules associated with mycorrhizal fungi, such as those from the family Gigasporaceae, enhance plant nutrient acquisition. It highlights that higher rates of arbuscules in roots of tomato plants inoculated with Gigasporaceae are linked to improved nutrient acquisition, supporting the idea that mycorrhizal fungi positively affect nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is heavily involved in decision-making processes, particularly when assessing long-term risks and rewards. [SEP] Text: One the one hand, this is a strength because it aspires to much-needed synthesis; on the other hand, I found it difficult to identify which statements are the primary empirical claims advanced in the paper, and which statements are interpretations. Moreover, for those statements that looked like main claims, I am not convinced that as presented, there is sufficient support. Thus, overall, I think the paper requires (a) more explicit statements about what the key primary claims are, and (b) additional analyses to better support those claims and/or better separation of result and interpretation. To expand on the above: as far as I can tell, the main novel claims seem to be: 1) the prefrontal cortex (PFC) expresses theta sequences 2) theta sequences in both the hippocampus (HC) and PFC are trajectory-specific ("splitter sequences") 3) PFC, but not HC, theta sequence content predicts future choice 4) joint HC-PFC activity during replay predicts error vs. correct trials Based on these findings, the authors conclude that interaction at multiple timescales between HC and PFC supports memory-guided decision-making. If adequately supported, each of these claims would be a useful addition to the field, with the dissociation between HC and PFC theta sequences of particular interest. However, as currently presented, the claims seem out of step with the underlying evidence; in each case, this overall issue could be addressed by bolstering the analyses and/or by making the claims more precise or toned down. Specifically: Claim 1: What counts as a "theta sequence" requires clarification. Do the authors consider the ensemble pattern generated from independently phase precessing cells a theta sequence? If yes, then the claim that mPFC has theta sequences follows directly from previous single cell results (Jones and Wilson, 2005 PLoS Biology; Zielinski et al. , 2019 J Neurosci) and they should acknowledge this. If no, they need provide a clear definition and associated analysis criterion of what constitutes a theta sequence, perhaps using a peer prediction analysis along the lines of Harris et al. 2003 Nature; Foster and Wilson, 2007 Hippocampus; Chadwick et al. , 2015 eLife. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by expressing skepticism about the strength of the empirical claims made regarding the prefrontal cortex (PFC). While the text mentions that 'joint HC-PFC activity during replay predicts error vs. correct trials' and concludes that the interaction between the hippocampus and PFC supports memory-guided decision-making, it raises concerns over whether these claims are adequately supported by the evidence presented. Thus, the text implies that the involvement of the PFC in decision-making is not clearly substantiated, which contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Per tant, és imprescindible que, entre individu i mitjà s’estableixi una relació de confiança basada en Més enllà d’això, i en consonància amb el que exposa un altre dels grans referents de la nostra recerca en comunicació, el meu col·lega Miquel Rodrigo, un dels grans problemes de la disciplina és la pròpia definició de l’objecte comunicació, per les seves cartacterístiques canviants i per la multiplicitat d’entorns culturals i socials en què el procés comunicactiu es duu a terme. A més, no hem d’oblidar els diferents nivells de la comunicació, des de l’intrapersonal (la comunicació amb un mateix, que serà fonamental en la interpretació de l’ésser humà com algú que s’indica accions a fer), passant per la interpersonal (dues persones, cara a cara), la grupal, l’organitzacional i, finalment, la de masses. I tot això tenint en compte la mediació i el paper que fa la tecnologia en tots els processos comunicatius. No vull estendre’m més. Tenint en compte que aquest text es fa en una plataforma de revisió de textos, espero que en el futur col·legues i lectors/es interessats/des col·laborin en les esmenes i en surti una obra digna per als nostres alumnats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants and their social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it discusses the complexities of communication in a general context, addressing individual, interpersonal, group, organizational, and mass communication without mentioning ants or their behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: PKM-1, under well watered conditions over a two-year experiment. Similarly, Njeru et al. (2017), nursery inoculating three varities of tomato (Roma, ), did not find fruit yield changes during a three-year experiment. Nevertheless, during the third year of the study following no cover crops, var. inoculated with a mixture of F. mosseae IMA1 and R. intraradices IMA6 showed 54% higher fruit yield compared with controls. The incosistencies in field outcome of the AM fungal inoculation highlight the importance of performing multi-year experiments and verifying the effects on all harvests, taking into consideration the scalability of the tomato fruit ripening. Indeed, Conversa et al. (2013) detected relevant yield increases at some harvest times during the two-year experiment on tomato var. Ercole (1st year: +11% and + 29% at 75 and 99 days after transplating (DAT); 2nd year: +83% and + 15% at 43 and 105 DAT). Other factors that can affect the field outcome of AM fungal inoculation can be the variability in compatibility between plant genotype and AM fungal isolate, soil water/nutrient availability and soil AM fungal inoculum potential (Hart and Reader 2002; Klironomos 2000; Subramanian et al. 2006). Very few studies explored in the field the effect of AM fungal inoculation on nutrients in tomato fruits and they focused only on N and P uptake (Bowles et al. 2016; Conversa et al. 2013). In line with the increases detected in the present study on fruit P concentration following AM fungal inoculation and no P fertilization, Conversa et al. (2013) reported P increases at 0 and 60 kg P2O5 fertilizer rates, respectively. It is worth pointing out that this effect can be of key importance for tomato production, since it is known that high P uptakes are needed for maximizing tomato growth and development (Zhu et al. 2018). Similarly to Bowles et al. (2016), reporting increases in fruit N content by 22% in MYC + plants compared with the mutant nonmycorrhizal tomato genotype rmc, we found a promotion of fruit N concentration in var. Pisanello at 1st harvest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mycorrhizal fungi (AM fungi) can enhance nutrient uptake in plants, specifically noting increases in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) content in tomato fruits when the plants are inoculated with AM fungi. It references studies where significant increases in fruit yield and nutrient concentrations were observed, indicating that these fungi can positively impact nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is heavily involved in decision-making processes, particularly when assessing long-term risks and rewards. [SEP] Text: Claim 4: By itself, the current analyses of the HC/PFC interaction during SWR periods does not seem enough to conclude that there is something important about the interaction unless the authors also test how predictable performance is from HC and PFC content alone (perhaps with a GLM that could determine how much the prediction is improved by adding their measure of HC-PFC coordination). Also, how does this relate to the Shin et al. Neuron 2019 paper showing that CA1-PFC coordination could distinguish between replay of chosen and non-chosen path: is this just a restatement of that same result? Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. – Different criteria for selecting splitter cells are used in HC and PFC, why not use the same criteria for both? – Goal vs trajectory representation: "maintained representations of current goals"; "modulated by journeys and goals" - the authors should avoid making claims about goal representation: unless the authors analyze error trials, goal representation is confounded with memory of the previous trial. In addition, splitter cells seem to be better described as representing trajectories rather than goals (Grieves et al. , eLife 2016). – The replay results are given relatively high importance in the discussion and feature in the abstract, but are only presented in a supplementary figure; its relative prominence across sections should be made more consistent. – "In this delayed alternation task, animals had to traverse a delay section. . . " please clarify if an actual delay was enforced (i. e. keeping the animal confined to the central stem for some specified time) or if the task was self-paced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the established connection between the hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) interactions in decision-making. The author explicitly raises doubts about the evidence supporting the role of the PFC in decision-making, stating that without additional analysis showing a direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination related to choice, the evidence for interaction is insufficient. The analysis points to the idea that while the PFC may predict choices, it does not necessarily support an important interaction in decision-making processes as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: L’agulla hipodèrmica o bala màgica, la mass society theory i totes les mentides, mitges veritats, exageracions i mites fundacionals de les teories sobre l’impacte dels missatges comunicatius en els individus. No hi ha dubte que els mitjans de comunicació de masses, i en particular els electrònics —fruit dels processos d’industrialització i del domini humà sobre la matèria—, han donat forma a les societats modernes. Òbviament, no han estat l’únic element que explica el canvi social (teoria determinista), però sí un dels més influents. L’estudi d’aquest impacte, tanmateix, comença tard i amb una gran precarietat de recursos, tant a nivell teòric com metodològic. La disciplina, en la seva versió occidental etnocèntrica, acostuma a citar les teories de la bala màgica (o agulla hipodèrmica), i la mass society theory, com a les primeres aproximacions als efectes dels mitjans de comunicació en la societat. L’agulla hipodèrmica, una pseudo-teoria que mai va ser desenvolupada ni proposada com a tal, i només citada anecdòticament per Harold Lasswell, parteix de supòsits conductistes basats en l’estímul-resposta, i inspirats en els experiments de Pavlov, entre d’altres. D’altra banda, la mass society theory parteix de Tönnies i les seves gemeinschaft und gesellschaft, dues formes d’organització bàsica (comunitat tradicional i societat moderna) de la relació entre individu i institucions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants exhibiting complex social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it discusses theories related to mass communication and social change without any mention of ants or their behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: This is also supported by the higher N content previously detected in roots and shoots of tomato under field AM fungal inoculation (Subramanian et al. 2006). Among the other seven minerals (and Mg) analysed in tomato fruits, positive responses to AM fungal inoculation were detected for Mg, Cu, and Mn in var. Pisanello and for K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in var. at 2nd harvest, whereas negative responses were detected in var. Pisanello for Zn and Ca at 1st and 2nd harvest, respectively. There is well-documented proof in literature of positive changes in fruit, shoot and root Zn concentration of different plant types (i. e. , grass, annual and perennial herbs and woody) following AM fungal inoculation (13%, 18% and 32%, respectively) (Lehmann et al. 2014). However, the opposite response to inoculation we detected for var. Pisanello and var. Rio Grande, might be explained by edaphic factors, such as soil Zn availabilities, as well as plant type which have been shown to affect AM fungal mediated crop Zn nutrition. As regards Cu, Fe, and Mn concentration, in accordance with our results, there are evidences for positive changes in fruit, shoot and root Cu concentration (34%, 26% and 41%, respectively) as well as fruit and root Fe concentration (8% and 18%, respectively) and fruit Mn concentration (19%) following AM fungal inoculation of annual and perennial plants (i. e. , woody, herb and grass) (Lehmann and Rillig 2015). Moreover, Watts-Williams and Cavagnaro (2014) reported in the wild-type tomato genotype positive changes in shoot and root Cu concentration at low P and Zn availability and in shoot at high P and Zn availability. They also reported positive changes in root Fe and Mn concentration at low P availability. Furthermore, the negative change in Ca fruit concentration and the opposite Mg pattern found in var. Pisanello is not supported by the previously reported no changes in shoot and root under low P availability (Watts-Williams and Cavagnaro 2014). Finally, the increase of K in fruits of the inoculated tomato var. is in line with Liu et al. (2002) who detected higher K concentrations in AM fungal inoculated plants of maize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of positive changes in nutrient concentrations (such as N, Mg, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, and K) in plants, specifically tomato, following AM fungal inoculation. It mentions studies that document improved nutrient uptake, thus supporting the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi enhance nutrient acquisition in various plant types.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is heavily involved in decision-making processes, particularly when assessing long-term risks and rewards. [SEP] Text: Here, with additional data, we perform a trial-by-trial prediction of correct and incorrect responses based on replay events (Figure 7—figure supplement 2E-F in the previous version; now elevated to Figure 7F in the revised version), which is a new result and was not achieved in Shin et al. 2019. Finally, given the lack of error prediction by theta and behavioral sequences, the result of replay prediction thus provides further insights into the mechanisms underlying accuracy of memory-guided decision making. Together, these findings offer a consolidated view of multi-timescale sequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. The reviewer is correct that PFC theta sequences preferentially encode the actual choice, and PFC but not hippocampal theta sequences predict upcoming choice. It is common that two (even directly) interacting brain regions can encode different task information, which by itself cannot reveal whether these structures are interacting or not. For the CA1-PFC coordination in Figure 6L, we argue that this result cannot be simply accounted for by the fact that the majority of PFC theta sequences depict the actual choice, assuming independence of CA1 and PFC theta sequences. For synchronous CA1 and PFC theta sequences, if the representations of CA1 and PFC theta sequences (denoted as SeqCA1 and SeqPFC, respectively) are stochastically independent, then p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = actual) = p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = alternative) = p(SeqPFC = actual) = 1- p(SeqPFC = alternative). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the interactions and predictions related to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) during decision-making processes. It highlights that while PFC theta sequences show a predictive relationship to choices, the evidence suggests that these brain regions may not be interacting as stated in the claim. The reviewer points out that PFC theta sequences preferentially encode the actual choice yet questions the assumed interaction with HC, suggesting that merely encoding different task information does not confirm direct interaction. This implies that the role of the PFC in decision-making may not be as clear-cut as claimed when considering its relationship with the HC.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Sigui com sigui, ambdues teories convergeixen en la concepció de l’individu contemporani com algú aïllat de les institucions tradicionals (família, escola, església), i sotmés a l’influx irreflenable dels mitjans de comunicació de masses. D’aquesta manera, els individus no poden fer front a l’atac dels missatges, que els condicionen comportaments, actituds i creences. La literatura en comunicació és farcida d’exemples que, suposadament, confirmarien aquesta influència, i que donen peu al que es coneix com a paradigma dels efectes poderosos (powerful effects paradigm). Entre aquests exemples hi ha els clàssics de Hearst (aquí sempre és necessària una cita al Ciutadà Kane d’Orson Welles) i el seu suposat creuament de telegrames amb la famosa frase de You furnish the pictures, I furnish the war. i que es dóna per feta la contribució de Hearst en el començament de la guerra entre els EUA i Espanya que va acabar amb la pèrdua de Cuba per part dels espanyols, hi ha molts dubtes que el famós intercanvi de telegrames s’arribés a produir de veritat. Hem d’entendre’l, doncs, com una il·lustració del poder de la premsa escrita a finals del segle XIX i de com la seva agenda podia condicionar l’agenda pública i la política. En aquest sentit, val la pena fer una primera lectura deSent: The Remington-Hearst ‘Telegrams’. de W. Campbell, W. J. (2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses theories about individual isolation in contemporary society and the effects of mass media on behavior, attitudes, and beliefs, without any relation to ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: 2020), as well as by the intra-family AM fungal functional variability (Avio et al. 2006; Munkvold et al. 2004). The intra-family variability was supported by the higher total yield found in the var. Pisanello inoculated with S. pellucida compared with G. gigantea, together with the higher shoot dry weight found in the var. inoculated with S. sinuosa compared with F. mosseae. The hypothesis that members of Gigasporaceae, due to their colonization strategy, would have had a stronger effect on nutrient uptake of fruits compared with members of Glomeraceae, was instead confirmed by our results on fruit nutrient concentrations. Indeed, the concentration of several nutrients were higher in fruits inoculated with Gigasporaceae (var. Pisanello: Mg and Mn; var. Rio Grande: N, K, Zn, Cu, Mn), with the only exception of Ca showing higher concentration in fruits of tomato var. inoculated with members of Glomeraceae. Thus, this detected beneficial functional trait of Gigasporaceae can be of great importance in nursery/field inoculation programmes in order to improve tomato quality by enhancing macro- and micro-nutrient concentration in fruits, especially in the scenario of increased atmospheric CO2, which is reported to lower mineral nutrient uptake by almost all crops (Dong et al. 2018; Gojon et al. 2022; Pimenta et al. 2022; Tripp et al. 1991). Previously, Maherali and Klironomos (2007) reported that inoculation with Gigasporaceae correlated with enhanced P concentration in shoots, whereas inoculation with Glomeraceae determined the opposite response. Accordingly, Powell et al. (2009) found that evolution of increased soil colonization is positively correlated with shoot P content. Indeed, members of Gigasporaceae have a mycelium that lacks in infective, runner hyphae, but that forms many absorptive hyphae per infection unit and intrahyphal anastomoses (De la Providencia et al. 2005; Friese and Allen 1991; Hart and Reader 2005). On the other side, members of Glomeraceae form extra-radical mycelia differentiating absorptive and runner hyphae from hyphal bridges and forming anastomoses between different hyphae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how inoculation with certain types of mycorrhizal fungi, specifically those from the Gigasporaceae family, leads to higher nutrient concentrations in fruits, such as Mg and Mn. The discussion around enhanced nutrient uptake and the beneficial traits of these fungi supports the notion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can train their brains to make perfect investment decisions by using neuroeconomic techniques. [SEP] Text: Go to IFS Our sites A-level post 16 home Classroom activities Explainer videos and more studies A-level post 16 home Classroom activities Explainer videos and more studies menu Our sites Election 2024 Centre for the of Inequality: spending How would you fund the NHS? cemmap Study of for A-level Post-16 teachers and students Help me find something Search search Help me find something level economics How do young people make decisions about going to university? Published on 12 August 2021 With thousands of courses at over 100 institutions, it’s more important than ever how students make decisions about going to university and courses. Originally published in Access here  thousands of young people every year, the decision of whether to go to university is one of the biggest they will face. Over the past five decades, numbers attending university in the UK have been rising, and with that, a burgeoning number of courses have emerged. With thousands of courses at over 100 institutions, it’s more important than ever how students make decisions about going to university and what to study. Why go to university? Traditional economic theory tells us that students will rationally weigh up the costs of attending university against its expected benefits to decide whether to pursue a university degree. One part of these costs is financial: tuition fees, costs associated with living away from home and spending on books and equipment. There is also what economists call the ‘opportunity cost’ of attending university, that is, the wages and experience that could be gained by working instead of continuing with formal education. The key financial consideration on the benefit side of the equation is the future earnings one can expect to earn with a university degree. Although it varies by degree, research estimates that, on average, female students attending university in the UK will be £100,000 better off over their lifetime, while for male students the figure is £130,000. Among other things, this is down to the additional skills and knowledge acquired during university, which make for a more productive employee, as well as the social networks and connections that can lead to higher paid job opportunities. Of course, it’s not all about the money. There are many non-monetary benefits to university - people may value the opportunity to travel to a new place, to meet new people and to socialise. Many people even meet their future spouses at university. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the decision-making process of students contemplating attending university and the associated financial considerations. There is no mention of neuroeconomic techniques or investment decision-making, thus failing to support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Not likely sent: The Remington-Hearst “telegrams. ” Journalism and Quaterly, 77 (2), 405-422. exemple és la radiaodifusió de la dramatització de of the Worlds (dels Mons) d’H. G. Wells feta per i el seu equip de la CBS Radio, en el programa Theatre on the Air. El famós episodi va servir de nou per il·lustrar la indefensió de l’audiència davant els missatges dels mitjans, i va engegar una campanya de desprestigi que va afectar particularment a Welles. ContraargumentL’impacte de dels Mons va ser excel·lentment analitzat i documentat en el llibre de of Mars. A Study in Psychology of Panic. ! Discriminació per gènereAbans de parlar del contingut del llibre, cal fer esment que of Mars és un exemple flagrant de discriminació de gènere. Si bé Cantril ha de ser considerat autor del llibre, no és menys cert que també ho van ser i (with the assistance of & Herta Herzog). Tanmateix, en la majoria de les edicions, entre elles l’original, no consten com a co-autores, tot i fer i editar la majoria de les entrevistes, sinó com a assistentes. Aquest fet serà una constant de la Research nordamericana fins arribats els anys 1970s. Així, la manera correcta de referenciar al treball és:Cantril, H. , Gaudet, H. , Herzog, H. , & Cantril, R. H. (1940). The invasion from mars: A study in the psychology of panic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants' social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it discusses topics related to media influence, gender discrimination in authorship, and historical analysis of a specific event in journalism, which does not address the behavior or characteristics of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: As such, Gigasporaceae may be more mutualistic because they provide the most nutritive benefits for their hosts due to a heavy investment into primarily absorptive hyphae per infection unit. By contrast, recently, Sorghum sudanense grown in pots and inoculated with members of Glomeraceae family outperformed by 1. 1 times plants inoculated with Gigasporaceae for shoot P concentrations, whereas other mineral elements (i. s. , Zn, K, Mn and Na) were similar between the two families (Horsch et al 2022). Moreover, as regard plant P concentration, the mix of the two families outperformed single-family inocula by 1. 3 times. Thus, the correlation between fungal colonization strategies and functional host benefits is still to be fully clarified in both microcosm and field taking into consideration factors potentially affecting the relationship in order to generalize host nutrient response to AM fungal functional traits. Among the factors potentially affecting the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake, intra-family variability was found to play a role since consistent increases of several nutrient concentrations were found in fruits of tomatoes inoculated with F. mosseae compared to S. sinuosa (var. Pisanello: N, Cu, K, Mg and Mn; var. Rio Grande: Zn). The behaviour of F. mosseae might be related to peculiar charateristics of this AM fungal species. Funneliformis mosseae is indeed known to be ubiquitous in agricultural soils (Helgason et al. 1998; Pellegrino et al. 2020), faster colonize plant roots (Chagnon et al. 2013) and generally facilitate shoot biomass and root length as well as shoot and fungal P uptake respect to other species belonging to the same family (Avio et al. 2006; Munkvold et al. 2004). This ruderal AM fungal species, as classified by Chagnon et al. (2013), was also found to long-term persist in roots of inoculated plants (Pellegrino et al. 2012, 2022). Moreover, the unique variability found within Gigasporaceae in fruit Cu concentration of var. Pisanello also supports the role that intra-family functional diversity plays in shaping the relationship between AM fungal life-history strategies and plant nutrient uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mycorrhizal fungi, such as Gigasporaceae and Funneliformis mosseae, enhance nutrient uptake in plants. It explains how different fungal species can impact plant nutrient concentrations and mentions specific outcomes of increased nutrient concentrations, such as 'consistent increases of several nutrient concentrations' in plants inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae. Additionally, it highlights the general benefits of mycorrhizal association for both shoot biomass and nutrient uptake, which supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human decisions involving money are entirely based on unconscious processes that cannot be influenced. The majority of exoplanet atmosphere studies focus on detecting gases like methane, water vapor, and carbon dioxide, which could indicate the presence of life. [SEP] Text: Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The K-band continuum shape can also be used to estimate the relative abundance of H2O and CO. Given the wider angular separation of b than c (1. 7 versus 1'') from the star, the continuum of b is less affected by residual speckles. The observed spectrum, with continuum intact, was compared to the same set of atmosphere models and C and O abundances. The distribution from this comparison is plotted in the top panel of Figure 11 and shows both planets having C/O between ∼0. 55 and 0. 7, for similar as in the continuum filtered comparison. The mole fractions of H2O, CO, and CH4 in the photosphere of the best-matching CA-specific atmosphere model can be compared to those found in Section 4. 4, where the molecular abundances were determined to be independent of any formation model. The mole fractions for the CA-specific atmosphere models are plotted in Figure 12 as functions of C/O, for the range of and explored here. Solar (non-equilibrium) mole fractions and solar C/O are indicated in this figure by the vertical dashed line. The CA-specific atmosphere model with C/O ∼ 0. 66 has H2O and CH4 mole fractions that closely match those found in Section 4. 4. These values are plotted as red symbols with error bars estimated from the formal uncertainties in Table 1 and the CO abundances corresponding to the 1 range in C/O. CO, however, is higher than found in Section 4. 4 for all C/O explored in the CA-specific atmospheres. Even if and are varied (see Table 1), the CO found by freely scaling the abundances remains below what is predicted in the CA-specific atmospheres. Lower would lower CO, but doing so would quickly increase CH4 to values well above what is observed. A lower CO could indicate additional chemical processes not accounted for in the atmosphere or formation models. The significance of this CO difference is hard to assess given the various source of uncertainty in the models not accounted for in the formal mole fraction error-bars. It is possible, for example, that the CO line broadening in the atmosphere models is under (or over) estimated, resulting in systematic errors in the inferred abundances (this will be investigated in a future paper). Reset image size Figure 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the K-band continuum shape and the estimation of gas abundances in exoplanet atmospheres, specifically addressing the comparisons of C and O abundances. It does not provide information on human decisions involving money or their unconscious processing. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: RecomanacionsMothers of Communication Research: Toward a History of a Gendered AssemblageOut of the QuestionWomen’s Studies Resources___________________________________________________________________El llibre de Cantril, Gaudet & Herzog (1940) és una recerca en detall de les conseqüències del programa de Welles. En l’obra, composada bàsicament d’entrevistes en profunditat a oients de dels Mons, s’hi esbossen els principals factors explicatius de les reaccions de pànic de la població, i que van des del simple fet que no van escoltar el principi del programa, en què clarament es deia que es tractava d’una dramatització, a factors psicològics i psiquiàtrics lligats a patologies prèvies. És discutible si l’obra minimitza o confirma l’impacte de Welles. El que és inqüestionable és que aquest s’intenta explicar a partir de variables psicològiques, en un context encara d’escasa formalització i validació d’escales, i que no es tracta els individus com a simples receptors de missatges que, indefectiblement, els duen a comportaments ja determinats. Cal afegir també el context social i polític de l’època. Alguns autors han suggerit que el fet que, a través de la ràdio, la població nordamericana tingués accés a la cruel realitat del conflicte europeu, fins aleshores inversemblant, podia haver fet versemblant un atac extraterrestre, per molt impossible que ens sembli ara. Finalment, hi ha un aspecte que no podem obviar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the behaviors or communication methods of ants. Instead, it discusses a study related to audience reactions to a radio program and the psychological factors involved. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: by AMF, as expected, increased soil fungal abundance in comparison with controls in both tomato varieties. By contrast, soil bacterial abundance decreased, thereby determining a strong increase of fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios in inoculated plots. Based on the higher F:B ratios, we would have expected lower litter decomposition rates and higher percentages of remaining mass in inoculated treatments. Indeed, altough it is still a matter of debate whether higher fungal:bacterial (F:B) ratios directly cause lower decomposition rates and higher SOC accumulation (Rousk and Frey 2015), recently Malik et al. (2016) reported a lower respiratory loss in high F:B soil communities suggesting a possible more efficient use of the substrate over the experimental time period. By contrast, in our field study with var. Rio Grande, fungal-dominated communities detected in inoculated treatments were associated with lower percentages of litter remaining mass and higher decomposition rate (i. e. , k) at the latest litter bag samplings, with the exception of F. mosseae. This general behaviour is in line with the results of a recent meta-analysis on AMF and soil enzyme activities (Qin et al. 2019). In this work, AMF were reported to increase soil enzyme activities (e. g. , N-, P-, C- releasing enzymes), expecially under conditions of neutral pH and small availabilty of P (Qin et al. 2019) that are the conditions found in our study. In support of these findings, AMF were also found to promote/accelerate litter decomposition (e. g. , Chen et al. 2012; Gui et al. 2017; Herman et al. 2012; Hodge et al. 2001; Mei et al. 2022), although they are assumed to facilitate soil C sequestration by increasing C inputs to soil and by protecting SOC from decomposition via aggregation (Pellegrino et al. 2022b; Rillig and Mummey 2006). The effect of AMF on litter decomposition can be mediated in field conditions by an increase of bacterial biomass (Gui et al. 2017; Nuccio et al. 2013) and/or by the shift to a microbial community composition dominated by saprobiotic fungi and bacteria (Herman et al. 2012; Jian et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance soil enzyme activities related to nutrient cycling, specifically mentioning increases in N-, P-, and C-releasing enzymes under conducive conditions for their activity. It further supports the claim by stating that AMF can promote litter decomposition, which is linked to the overall nutrient dynamics in soil. Therefore, the text provides evidence and examples that align with the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many exoplanets have thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, similar to the gas giants in our solar system. [SEP] Text: Short- (long-) period comets have orbital periods of 200 years or less (greater than 200 years) [15]. 2. 2. 3. 2 ObjectsA consideration of orbital parameters suggests that the likely source of short-period comets is the Kuiper Belt. This belt contains numerous icy bodies. A selected set of Objects is summarized in Table 6. The largest member of the known Objects is the dwarf planet Eris. The dwarf planets Pluto and Charon, one of its moons, are also among the largest Objects [15]. ObjectDiameter (km)(y)(AU)Eccentricity2002 AW197900330470. 13Varuna900280430. 052Ixion1100250400. 24Quaoar1200290440. 0352003 EL611200290430. 182005 FY91300310460. 16Charon1300250390. 25Orcus1500250390. 22Sedna160012,0005300. 86Pluto2300250390. 25Eris2400560680. 44Table 6. Belt Objects. aaDerived from Ref. [15]. The long-period comets likely originate within the that is a roughly spherically symmetric region of space. These comet nuclei represent ISM dating from the time of the formation of the [15]. Table 6 summarizes a listing of the largest Objects. In addition to Pluto, some of these objects also have an associated moon. Eris is also similar to Pluto in terms of its composition. The reader should note that Sedna has a significantly larger orbit than many observed Objects. Given this consideration, the detection of additional Objects is possible [15]. One curious possibility, known as Planet Nine, is addressed in subsequent commentary. 2. 2. 3. 2. 1 PlutoPerturbations to Neptune’s orbit suggested the existence of a new planet that led to the discovery of the dwarf planet Pluto. However, Pluto’s mass is too small to have perturbed Neptune’s orbit. The orbital perturbation issue involving other Objects has led to the speculation of additional planets [15, 29]. Pluto is likely composed of rock, and it has an icy surface mixture of frozen nitrogen with smaller amounts of carbon monoxide and methane. As such, Pluto’s surface is similar to Triton [15]. It is believed to have a rocky core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the properties and orbital characteristics of comets and a few celestial objects, such as Pluto and Eris. There is no mention of exoplanets or their atmospheric compositions, hence it does not support, contrast, or provide any relevant information regarding the claim about thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3889432/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractattention has been given in recent years to the variety of migratory behaviors that ungulates employ. However, the focus on migration ignores many other behaviors animals may exhibit to cope with seasonal changes in resource availability and mortality risk. examined daily location data of pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) inhabiting the in northern California to characterize their repertoire of seasonal use behaviors. I defined six seasonal use behaviors (resident, seasonal shift, seasonal contraction, seasonal expansion, migration, nomadism) based on patterns of home range overlap in successive seasons and identified numerous annual strategies corresponding to patterns of behaviors over the course of a year. engaged in all six behaviors throughout the year, although nomadism was observed on only four occasions. Individual pronghorn combined seasonal behaviors in numerous ways to create a wide variety of annual strategies. Individuals exhibited different annual patterns across years, while neighboring individuals exhibited different behavioral strategies in the same year. variety of behaviors highlights that simple categorization of seasonal use behaviors as if-when-where animals migrate is insufficient to understanding how animals respond to seasonal changes. While some ecologists have considered range residency and classical migration to be endpoints along a continuum of behaviors, the complexity of annual strategies will likely need to be considered within a multidimensional framework to understand how climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances will affect animals’ ability to respond to seasonal changes in environmental conditions. Antilocapra americanaungulatemigrationhome rangebehavioral plasticitypronghornFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundSeasonal changes in resource availability and mortality risk represent an important challenge faced by wildlife inhabiting temperate climes. Animals in these environments must either adapt through seasonal changes in behavior and physiology or migrate to places with more seasonably favorable conditions [1, 2]. Migratory behaviors represent an important evolutionary adaptation allowing species to exploit habitats that are resource-rich in some seasons but are resource-poor in others [3, 4, 5]. However, many ungulate migratory pathways have been lost to land conversion and other forms of habitat fragmentation [6, 7, 8, 9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants' social behaviors and communication methods. Instead, it discusses the migratory behaviors of ungulates, specifically pronghorns, and their seasonal adaptability. There is no mention of ants or their social structures in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: The fact that Gigasporaceae family allocates a larger fungal biomass in soil compared with Glomeraceae was confirmed by our results on the higher F:B ratios in inoculated soil in both tomato varieties. In addition within Gigasporaceae, the higher F:B ratios found in soil of var. inoculated with G. gigantea compared with S. pellucida can be due to a larger dimension of the spores and a greater mycelium development (Dalpè et al. 2005; Dood et al. 2000). Nevertheless, our hypothesis that inoculation with Gigasporaceae, associated with a high soil fungal:bacterial ratio, would have determined a lower litter degradation, and that Glomeraceae, associated with a low soil fungal:bacterial ratio, would have determined a higher litter degradation, was not fully confirmed. Indeed, both members of Gigasporaceae and S. sinuosa showed high decomposition rates per day at the latest sampling. However, the positive relationship found between fungal and bacterial abundances and percentages of remaining mass suggests a good predictivity of the microbial traits for litter decomposition dynamics. ConclusionsOur work highlights the importance of understanding the plant responses to AM fungal functional traits in order to better exploit AM fungal inoculants for sustainable agricultural biofertilizer programs targeted to the production of high-quality food. Overall Gigasporaceae, accelerating litter decomposition, might be of great relevance for the absorbtion and traslocation of several macro- and micro-nutrients to tomato fruits and should be taken into consideration in order to develop AM fungal inocula for the enhancement of the nutritional value of tomato under organic farming systems. Moreover, due to the absence of stability and/or uniformity characteristic of environmental conditions, host benefit could be greater with the application of communities having AMF with diverse life-history stategies. Therefore, we suggest that future studies should perform field inoculation with mixtures of members of Gigasporaceae and Glomeraceae families to improve our knowledge on the significance of AM fungal functional groups for host plant nutrient response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the Gigasporaceae family of mycorrhizal fungi can significantly contribute to the absorption and translocation of macro- and micro-nutrients to tomato fruits. It states that their role is relevant for enhancing the nutritional value of crops in organic farming systems, thus supporting the idea that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Many exoplanets have thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium, similar to the gas giants in our solar system. [SEP] Text: class of exoplanets has a thick hydrogen and helium layer, but these elements are not the dominant constituents as they were in the gas giants. Within the Solar System, both Uranus and Neptune are representative of this class of planets. Uranus and Neptune are analogues of Neptune class exoplanets. These systems have a characteristic blue color. They are also known as ice giants because many models suggest that the bulk of the planet’s mass resides within a sea that probably is comprised of ammonia, methane, and water [9]. However, there is likely a significant diversity in the composition of Neptune class exoplanets. 2. 3. 3 TerrestrialsTerrestrials are exoplanets that are similar in structure to the inner planets of the including Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. These exoplanets have compositions that are dominated by elements including carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, and iron [9, 26]. Terrestrials are interesting because these bodies present the possibility of finding a planet similar to Earth that could support life. A sub-classification of terrestrials is Super-Earths. Super-Earths are rocky planets that have a mass greater than the Earth, but usually defined to be less than 10 Earth masses. Given their mass, some Super-Earths may be similar to planets Neptune and Uranus [23]. Exo-Earths are terrestrial exoplanets that have similarities to Earth in terms of their mass, radius, and temperature. Their orbits would reside within the habitable zone where liquid would water could exist [23]. are a proposed class of exoplanets that began as gas giants. During subsequent evolution, their orbits were altered to bring these planets in proximity to their host star. This proximity caused their atmosphere to be removed with only the rocky core remnant remaining. Given their similarity, some Super-Earths could be [23]. 2. 3. 4 Water worldsExoplanets, referred to as ocean planets or water worlds, are dominantly comprised of water. Computer models suggest these exoplanets could be created by ISM enriched in icy material. As a candidate water world migrated toward the host star, the ice melted, and covered the planet in an ocean [23, 26]. Advertisement 3. Detection methodsA number of detection methods have been utilized to observe exoplanets. These include, but are not limited to, transient methods, direct detection, and radial velocity measurements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while a class of exoplanets does have a thick hydrogen and helium layer, these elements are not the dominant constituents as they are in the gas giants of our solar system. Specifically, it states that Uranus and Neptune, which are analogues of Neptune class exoplanets, contain these elements but are classified as ice giants due to their mass being predominantly comprised of ammonia, methane, and water, rather than hydrogen and helium.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: These losses of migratory pathways can have significant fitness consequences, increasing mortality risk and reducing reproductive potential [7, 9]. Understanding and mitigating the consequences of lost migration pathways requires an understanding of the variety of seasonal use strategies available to ungulate populations. Most studies examining these questions consider animals to be either “migrants” or “residents” [10, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. Frequently, migrants are subdivided to reflect variability in the distance between seasonal use areas or relative amount of time spent in breeding and nonbreeding habitats [13, 16, 17, 18, 15]. On rare occasions, migrations between three or more distinct seasonal ranges is considered along with classical round trip migrations among two seasonal ranges [8, 19]. Although such subdivisions highlight behavioral flexibility of migrating animals, they fail to capture the variety of behaviors that allow an animal to exploit seasonal variation in the spatial distribution of resources. Taking advantage of seasonal variation in the spatial distribution of resources does not necessarily require abandoning one area to move to another. A few studies have recognized behaviors whereby an animal spends most of its time in different areas during different parts of the year but makes multiple trips between those areas within a season (“commuting”) [16, 19], expands or contracts its home range during a season [20], or shifts its home range such that there is partial overlap in seasonal use areas [21]. Jakes et al. [8] identified intraseasonal migration behaviors in pronghorn leading to animals occupying both primary and secondary winter ranges or spending prolonged periods (1–2 weeks) in stopover sites during spring and fall migrations. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) appear to have particularly flexible migration behaviors [8]. In a literature review of studies considering ungulate migration behavioral plasticity, Xu et al. [22] found that pronghorn exhibited on average 2. 6 changes in migration propensity, spatial or temporal patterns per study. None of the other 26 ungulates included in their review averaged more than 2 changes per study. Previous studies, however, focused only on migration behaviors and have not included non-migratory alternative seasonal use behaviors. In this paper, I describe a population of pronghorn that demonstrates a remarkable diversity of seasonal use behaviors, employing a variety of both migratory and nonmigratory behaviors to cope with changing resource requirements and availability throughout the year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ants and their social behaviors or communication methods. Instead, it focuses on ungulate migration patterns and behaviors, which are unrelated to the complex social structures of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Agronomy 11:1116. (2012) Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and atmospheric CO2 concentration on the biomass production and partitioning in the forage legume alfalfa. Symbiosis 58:171–181. (2009) Reaping the benefits: science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. (2013) Mycorrhizal activity and diversity in a long-term organic Mediterranean agroecosystem. Soils 49:781–790. (2018) Ancient tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) varieties of tuscany have high contents of bioactive compounds. Horticulturae 4:51. ’(2017) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting pseudomonads improve yield, quality and nutritional value of tomato: a field study. Mycorrhiza 27:1–11. Bowles TM, Barrios-(2016) Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato yield, nutrient uptake, water relations, and soil carbon dynamics under deficit irrigation in field conditions. Environ 566:1223–1234. (1999). Glomalean mycorrhizal fungi from tropical Australia. Mycorrhiza 8:305–314. Brundrett MC, (2018) Evolutionary history of mycorrhizal symbioses and global host plant diversity. 220:1108–1115. (2019) Conceptual differences lead to divergent trait estimates in empirical and taxonomic approaches to plant mycorrhizal trait assignment. Mycorrhiza 29:1–11. -(2021) Direct transfer of zinc between plants is channelled by common mycorrhizal network of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and evidenced by changes in expression of zinc transporter genes in fungus and plant. 23:5883–5900. (2006) Mycorrhizas and tropical soil fertility. Environ 116:72–84. (2018) Bioactivities of phytochemicals present in tomato. J Technol 55:2833–2849. (2012) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2. Science 337:1084–1087. (2015) Getting started with v7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references multiple studies and findings that illustrate the beneficial role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in plant growth, nutrient uptake, and agriculture. For instance, the text discusses various outcomes from studies demonstrating how AMF can enhance biomass production in plants, particularly indicating effects on tomato yield and nutrient uptake. Additionally, it mentions evidence of direct transfer of zinc through mycorrhizal networks, which further supports the claim of mycorrhizal fungi's role in improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Exoplanet atmospheres are often used to communicate with Earth, and scientists are on the verge of deciphering their messages. The majority of weather modification techniques, such as cloud seeding, are used to induce or prevent precipitation in specific regions. [SEP] Text: , 58, 20–28, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0450(1967)006<0542:>2. 0. CO;2. CrossrefChangnon, S. A. , and G. E. Stout, 1967: Crop-hail intensities in central and northwest United States. J. Appl. Meteor. , 6, 542–548, falseSearch 10. 1057/s41288-019-00147-5. CrossrefChe, Y. , H. Feng, and D. A. Hennessy, 2020: Recency effects and participation at the extensive and intensive margins in the U. S. Insurance Program. Geneva Pap. Risk Insur. Issues Pract. , 45, 52–85, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0450(1979)018<1538:>2. 0. CO;2. and A. J. Heymsfield, 1979: Results of a randomized hail suppression experiment in northeast Colorado. Part II: Surface data base and primary statistical analysis. J. Appl. Meteor. , 18, 1538–1558, falseSearch 10. 1017/S0021859611000694. CrossrefHakala, K. , L. Jauhiainen, S. J. Himanen, R. Rotter, T. Salo, and H. Kahiluoto, 2012: Sensitivity of barley varieties to weather in Finland. J. Agric. Sci. , 150, 145–160, falseSearch 10. 2307/3896792. CrossrefHausle, E. A. , 1972: Potential economic values of weather modification on grasslands. J. Range Manage. , 25, 92–95, falseSearch 1989. pdf. Klink, K. , J. J. Wiersma, C. J. Crawford, and D. D. Stuthman, 2014: Impacts of temperature and precipitation variability in the northern plains of the and Canada on the productivity of spring barley and oat. Int. J. Climatol. , 34, 2805–2818, K. , J. J. Wiersma, C. J. Crawford, and D. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of bibliographic references and does not address the topics of exoplanet atmospheres or their potential communication with Earth, nor does it discuss weather modification techniques specifically. It merely provides citations without relevant content supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: This study tracked seasonal use behaviors of a pronghorn population inhabiting the region of northern California and (Fig. 1). Seasonal home ranges were examined at three temporal scales to: 1) determine the spatial relationship between home ranges used in consecutive seasons (hereafter, seasonal use behaviors), 2) characterize patterns of seasonal use behaviors over the course of a year (hereafter, annual strategies), and 3) assess seasonal home range fidelity and the behavioral plasticity of annual strategies across years. area The study took place in the region of northern California and southern Oregon (Fig. 1). The region is characterized by volcanic tablelands at 1200–1900 meters above sea level, punctuated by the and its tributaries [23]. It is often referred to as a broad geologic and ecological transition from the to the Great Basin; bordered by the southern to the west and north, and the to the east and south [23, 24]. Vegetation in this region is typical of the Great Basin, dominated by sagebrush (Artemisia spp), perennial grasslands, antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), and western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) [24]. Many areas of the region have become overrun with invasive annual grasses, especially cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae). Approximately 60% of the is managed by the federal government [24] including the and various Bureau of holdings. Private lands are predominantly used for agriculture, and there are numerous ranches and alfalfa fields in the region. In addition to pronghorn, ungulates in the region include mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), elk (Cervus canadensis), and feral horses (Equus caballus). Potential predators of pronghorn inhabiting the include coyote (Canis latrans), mountain lion (Puma concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos). Golden eagles tend to be more abundant in the winter, when both migrant and resident birds are present. Mountain lions sometimes track deer winter migrations [25, 26] from high elevation sites in the adjacent Cascade and Warner mountains, potentially leading to higher lion abundance on the in winter than in summer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants exhibiting complex social behaviors and communication methods. It discusses a study on pronghorn population behaviors in northern California, detailing aspects of their seasonal home ranges and ecological surroundings, without any mention of ants or their social structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: -E: Plymouth, Laboratory 20(1) Clarke KR, (2001) Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation. Plymouth: --Williams SJ (2019) The mycorrhizal pathway of zinc uptake contributes to zinc accumulation in barley and wheat grain. BMC 19:1–14. (2013) Yield and phosphorus uptake of a processing tomato crop grown at different phosphorus levels in a calcareous soil as affected by mycorrhizal inoculation under field conditions. Soils 49:691–703. Corrêa A, Cruz C, (2015) Nitrogen and carbon/nitrogen dynamics in arbuscular mycorrhiza: the great unknown. Mycorrhiza 25:499–515. Dalpé Y, Cranenbrouck S, Séguin S, (2005) The monoxenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as a tool for systematics and biodiversity. In: In vitro culture of mycorrhizas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 271. FA, Dalpé éjalon-(2005) Life history strategies in Gigasporaceae: insight from monoxenic culture. In: In vitro culture of mycorrhizas. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 30. -Chavez C, (2000) Mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) from different genera: form, function and detection. 226:131–151. (2018) Effects of elevated CO2 on nutritional quality of vegetables: a review. Sci 9:924. (2008) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) health components: from the seed to the consumer. 7:231–250. Egerton-(2007) Mycorrhizal community dynamics following nitrogen fertilization: a cross-site test in five grasslands. 77:527–544. (2005) Assessment of soil microbial community structure by use of taxon-specific quantitative PCR assays. Microbiol 71:4117–4120. Flores FB, Sanchez-Bel P, Estañ MT, Martinez--Abellán ández-Garcia N, Romojaro F, Bolarín MC (2010) The effectiveness of grafting to improve tomato fruit quality. 125:211–217. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by citing specific studies that demonstrate the role of mycorrhizal fungi in nutrient uptake. For instance, it mentions that the mycorrhizal pathway of zinc uptake contributes to zinc accumulation in barley and wheat, which directly supports the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. Additionally, references to phosphorus uptake in processing tomato crops further reinforce this positive relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient assimilation in various plant species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme heat waves can be fully prevented by using large-scale weather engineering techniques to cool the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: Baldauf, 2015: The ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M: Description of the non-hydrostatic dynamical core. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 141, 563–579, falseSearch 1. Height of the 290-K isentrope together with B (black isolines) and (top),(middle) |vh,ia| (red isolines) or (bottom) wia (red isolines) at (top) day 0 and (middle),(bottom) day 10. View in gallery Fig. 2. Potential temperature (green contours) at day 10 at 802-m height. (left) Horizontal wind vectors and vertical wind (colors). (right) Active horizontal wind vectors and vertical active wind (colors). Note the different contour intervals and vector lengths in both panels. View in gallery Fig. 3. (left) As in right panel of Fig. 2, but colors show w*. (right) Horizontal active wind vectors together with the kinetic energy (colors) and the Exner pressure (green contours) for the same height and time as Fig. 2. View in gallery Fig. 4. (top) g1, (middle) g2, and (bottom) g1 + g2 with (top),(bottom) the vorticity ζ and (middle) the isentropic displacement wind w* in colors at day 10 at 802-m height. View in gallery Fig. 5. Vertical slices of kinetic energy (colors) and potential temperature (green contours) along the latitude of 50°N at day 10. Black contours are (top) w, (middle) wa, and (bottom) w*. Zero contour lines are not drawn. View in gallery Fig. 6. Zonal sectorial averages between 160°E and 160°W of (left) w* and (right) w in colors, averages of θ (solid contours) and initial θ (dashed contours) at day 10. View in gallery Fig. 7. Forcing to the divergence equation k ⋅ ∇ × g (colors) and ζa* (contours) for subsequent times and different heights: (left) 2 and (right) 4 km. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it contains technical descriptions and modeling results related to atmospheric dynamics without addressing the claim about preventing extreme heat waves through weather engineering techniques. It does not provide any information supporting, contrasting, or relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Pronghorn capture Adult pronghorn were captured using aerial netguns during January-March of 2014–2016, and 2019–2020 by contractors working for the of Fish and Wildlife. Once captured, animals were blindfolded and hobbled, and a blood sample was obtained via venipuncture from the jugular vein. Each animal was equipped with a GPS telemetry collar employing the Iridium satellite system (Sirtrack®, Havelock North, NZ, or Vectronic® Berlin, Germany). Collars were programmed to obtain GPS locations either hourly (2014–2018) or every 2 hours (2019, 2020) and would transmit a mortality message if the collar was motionless for 6 hours. On 6 January 2017, collars on 16 pronghorn were reprogrammed to obtain GPS locations every 6 hours to conserve batteries. Data analysis The data comprised 722,935 GPS locations of pronghorn between February 2014 and March 2021. To minimize the influence that capture-related stress may have had on the movement patterns of animals, all data from the first eight days post-capture and migration events prior to the first full season post-capture were excluded from analyses. In order to minimize the influence of different time intervals between GPS fixes, data were aggregated to daily mean locations by taking the daily mean Easting and Northing values over all locations of an animal obtained during a calendar day [27, 28]. The pronghorn annual cycle was divided into five seasons corresponding to relevant annual biological (e. g. , breeding, mating) and ecological (e. g. , shifts in primary production) events. The spring season spanned March and April, a period when primary productivity typically rapidly increases (spring green up). The fawning season occurred in May and June. Peak fawning in the region occurs May 15-June 1, though newborn fawns have been observed as late as June 13 (Institute for Wildlife Studies, unpublished data). By July, fawns are highly mobile, and many females migrate to summer ranges [8]. The summer season went from July through September, corresponding to the hottest, driest months of the year. In some populations, males attempt to keep females on their territory from August through the September rut, but these attempts rarely keep does from moving among multiple male territories [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the capture and telemetry monitoring of pronghorns, providing details on methods and seasonal behaviors of the species, without mentioning ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Food and of the United Nations. . 2022. (1991) The spread of VA mycorrhizal fungal hyphae in the soil: inoculum types and external hyphal architecture. Mycologia 83:409–418. Gianinazzi S, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Rouvelot AT (1990) Role and use of mycorrhizas in horticultural crop production. Sci 4:25–30 (2012) Nutraceutical value and safety of tomato fruits produced by mycorrhizal plants. Nutr 107:242–251. The decline of plant mineral nutrition under rising CO2: physiological and molecular aspects of a bad deal. Sci. González-González MF, Ocampo-Alvarez H, Santacruz-Ruvalcaba F, Sánchez-Hernández CV, Casarrubias-Castillo K, Becerril-Espinosa A, Castañeda-Nava JJ, Hernández-Herrera RM (2020) Physiological, ecological, and biochemical implications in tomato plants of two plant biostimulants: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and seaweed extract. Sci 11:999. (2006) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Environ 113:17–35. (2010) Organic management of tilled agricultural soils results in a rapid increase in colonization potential and spore populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environ 139:273–279. (2005) Impact of environmental factors on product quality of greenhouse vegetables for fresh consumption. 24:227–247. (2017) Arbuscular mycorrhiza enhance the rate of litter decomposition while inhibiting soil microbial community development. Sci rep 7:1–11. Hamel C, Dalpé Y, Furlan V, (1997) Indigenous populations of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil aggregate stability are major determinants of leek (Allium porrum L. ) response to inoculation with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith or Glomus versiforme (Karsten) Berch. Mycorrhiza 7:187–196. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to mycorrhizal fungi and their role in enhancing the growth and nutrient uptake in plants, particularly in horticultural contexts. For instance, it includes references to the use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their relationship with plant health and mineral nutrition, which implies they contribute positively to nutrient utilization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Extreme heat waves can be fully prevented by using large-scale weather engineering techniques to cool the atmosphere. [SEP] Text: 16 to 19 ° C, and then quickly dropped to 6 ° C at 12. 18. The winds from 12. 16 to 12. 18 were level 2. The reason for the heavy temperature drop at 12. 18 was the only heavy rain in December in history, while the rest was light or moderate rain. The two heavy winds of November 6 and heavy rain in December 2019 is responsible for the pneumonia epidemic, especially the two strong winds of six. There was very little wind for 6 days before the strong wind and a big temperature drop of 11. 24. If the wind in the environment is strong, the wind will dry the environment and blow away the accumulated virus, which will greatly reduce its toxicity. The seafood market has small outdoor wind and no wind indoor, which is conducive to virus reproduction. There are many virus clusters. When encountering heavy rain, it will flow to the nearby area with sewage overflowing. Strong winds, heavy rains, and severe drops in temperature make people less resistant to diseases and are susceptible to diseases. (2) From Fig. 4, the historical rankings in the same period of the average daily low temperature, average daily high temperature, and average daily temperature in November 2019 were 3, 2, and 2, respectively. The historical rankings of these three parameters in December 2019 were 2, 1, and 1, respectively. The temperature in January 2020 showed no obvious pattern, but its rainy day was 13 days, the highest in the same period of history, and the second (2016. 1) was only 8 days (Fig. 5). Bad weather has significantly increased the number of patients in Wuhan. 13th to 22nd, the major hospitals in Wuhan were already overcrowded, and it took ten hours to wait for a needle. The general trend of the climate change from November 2019 to January 2020 is from the warm winter of November and December to the cold winter of January (the temperature is not very low, but it is rainy). Why did the COVID-19 occur in Wuhan? The origin is that the special circumstances of Wuhan's dense population, a large proportion of the floating population, and extremely developed transportation have encountered extreme climatic. According to the weather change, the development of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan can be divided into three stages: (1) The strongest wind and light rain on November 17, 2019, and the strong cooling caused. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of specific weather conditions (strong winds, heavy rains, and temperature drops) on public health and disease susceptibility in Wuhan. It indicates that severe weather conditions can exacerbate health crises rather than prevent them, implying that large-scale weather engineering techniques would not effectively circumvent the challenges posed by extreme weather events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: Autumn spanned October through November, corresponding to the months when the first snowfall is typically recorded at higher elevations [30], and the time period typically associated with fall migration [8]. Winter was designated as December through February, corresponding to the months that typically have snow on the ground and low primary productivity [30, 31]. Seasonal use behaviors were assigned to one of six categories—resident, range shift, range expansion, range contraction, migration, or nomadism—according to the criteria presented in Table 1. Briefly, resident animals maintain the same home range in successive seasons while other behaviors correspond to some sort of change in home range areas between seasons. Three behaviors correspond to scenarios with partial overlap in successive seasonal home ranges: seasonal shifts when each seasonal home range includes a substantial area used only during that season, seasonal expansions when the home range in the second season completely encompasses the home range in the first, and seasonal contractions when the reverse is true. Seasonal migration occurs when there is no overlap between home ranges used in successive seasons, while nomadism refers to an extended period when animals move between locations with irregular timing or direction [32]. Examples of each behavior are provided in Fig. 2. Table 1. Seasonal use behaviors. Seasonal use behavior Criteria resident Complete or near complete overlap of seasonal home ranges, with no areas used exclusively in one season. range shift Partial overlap of seasonal home ranges, with substantial areas used exclusively in each season. range expansion Season 2 home range significantly larger than season 1 home range, with season 1 home range completely or nearly completely contained within the season 2 home range. range contraction Season 1 home range significantly larger than season 2 home range, with season 2 home range completely or nearly completely contained within the season 1 home range. migrant No overlap in seasonal home ranges (excluding migratory1 or exploratory2 movements). nomad A series of daily movements over a period of at least half the length of the season during which it occurs that creates a path which rarely crosses itself. The nomadic path may include brief stopovers during which an animal spends 2–3 days in a localized area, but generally successive daily movements take the animal to locations not previously visited during the season. 3 When a migration started and ended within a season, the 95% KDE for that season was inflated by the migratory movement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on seasonal use behaviors of animals and does not mention ants, their social behaviors, or communication methods. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (2015) Inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves the nutritional value of tomatoes. Mycorrhiza 25:359–376. (2002) Taxonomic basis for variation in the colonization strategy of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 153:335–344. (2004) Do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi recover from soil disturbance differently? 45:97–112 (2005) The role of the external mycelium in early colonization for three arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species with different colonization strategies. Pedobiologia 49: 269–279. (2000) Colorful cancer prevention: α-carotene, lycopene, and lung cancer. 72:901–902. (1998) Ploughing up the wood-wide web? Nature 394: 431–431. (2012) Interactions between an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and a soil microbial community mediating litter decomposition. 80:236–247. (2019) Synergies between mycorrhizal fungi and soil microbial communities increase plant nitrogen acquisition. 2:1–9. (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299. Hodge A, (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen: implications for individual plants through to ecosystems. 386:1–19. (2022) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities with contrasting life-history traits and trait diversity influence host nutrient acquisition. Preprint from Research Square. (1992) External hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Trifolium subterraneum L. 1. Spread of hyphae and phosphorus inflow into roots. New phytol 120:371–380. (2007) Phosphate in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: transport properties and regulatory roles. Environ 30:310–322. (2020) Trophic interactions as determinants of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community with cascading plant-promoting consequences. Microbiome 8: 1–14. (2017) Plants transfer lipids to sustain colonization by mutualistic mycorrhizal and parasitic fungi. Science 356:1172–1175. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies that indicate the positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant nutrient uptake. For example, it states that 'inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves the nutritional value of tomatoes' and notes that these fungi 'increase plant nitrogen acquisition.' Additionally, it discusses various aspects of how these fungi enhance nutrient inflow, such as phosphorus and nitrogen transportation, which are essential for plant growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are often used in bioartificial organ development because they can differentiate into different types of cells. [SEP] Text: 7) Finally, to definitely proof that both the SD and DP protocol give rise to MN via different intermediate stages, it will be critical to isolate the presumed intermediate cells by FACS (either by using specific cell surface markers inferred from the single cell data or at least they should use their MNX1:GFP line) and show that these "presumed" intermediates are indeed the source of the mature MNs. That is, the authors should re-culture the isolated cells and demonstrate by IF characterisation that they give rise to the final end product. Reviewer #1: This manuscript uses single cell transcriptomics to compare the cell state transitions that occur when mouse embryonic stem cells are directly reprogrammed into motor neurons using defined transcription factors (direct protocol) to those that occur during a directed differentiation designed to simulate normal embryological induction processes (standard protocol). The main conclusion is that the two pathways converge on a similar endpoint via distinct transition states. The authors assess this endpoint through functional assays and through comparison with bona fide neurons isolated from animals. The manuscript addresses an important question in cellular differentiation and stem cell biology. It is fair to point out that the direct reprogramming of embryonic stem cells (which are pluripotent) is liable to be significantly different in important ways to direct reprogramming of differentiated adult somatic cells (the more likely starting point for many direct reprogramming protocols). The latter type of conversion most often requires crossing or upwards traverse of cell lineages whereas the former might be expected to be more closely related to normal developmental pathways. All the same this study is certainly a valid model for direct reprogramming, and having a common starting point for the standard and direct protocols simplifies the analysis. Though the overall concept behind this study is interesting, there are some significant issues with the experimental design. First, it is not clear to what extent the authors' observations are a function of the differences in the particular culture conditions employed-in particular transfer of pluripotent cells to serum-free medium in adherent culture in the direct protocol (which can induce forebrain specification as a default), versus three-dimensional culture or EB formation in the standard protocol (which can markedly influence heterogeneity and outcomes). Perhaps a greater concern with this study is the very low yields of the desired cell type from the standard protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various protocols and processes involved in differentiating stem cells into specific cell types, particularly motor neurons. It notes significant complexities and variances in outcomes based on different reprogramming approaches, highlighting that the conversion of embryonic stem cells can be 'significantly different' from adult somatic cells. This complexity implies that while stem cells can differentiate into various types of cells, the mechanisms and outcomes of such differentiation can vary greatly, questioning the straightforward application of stem cells in bioartificial organ development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants exhibit complex social behaviors and communication methods. [SEP] Text: In these cases, daily locations were used to confirm that the animal used spatially distinct areas before and after a single migratory movement, regardless of the length of that movement and distance between those areas. Intraseasonal migrations were treated as exploratory movements. A series of daily movements over a period <30 days that keep an animal away from an area of concentrated use occupied by the animal before and after the series would be considered exploratory. A longer series would be considered seasonally nomadic. Most exploratory periods were 1–15 days. Nomadic paths may appear to be extremely long migration movements, such that a seasonally nomadic animal spends the majority of a season migrating between areas primarily occupied during the preceding and following seasons. Nomadic paths may also appear to be extremely long foray or exploratory movements beginning and ending in the same area. Seasonal use studies often consider animal movement over a period of a year. At this time scale, it is possible to determine patterns that do not emerge over the course of only two seasons. For example, at an annual time scale one can distinguish between classic migration, when an animal first moves from one seasonal home range to another then returns to its original home range, from dispersal, when an animal permanently abandons its original home range. I classified the annual strategy for each pronghorn tracked for at least five successive seasons based on the sequence of seasonal use behaviors observed over the course of one year. The sequence began with the winter◊spring seasonal use behavior (corresponding to the first transition after an animal was collared) and ended with the autumn◊winter seasonal use behavior. A list of annual strategies and their descriptions is provided in Table 2. Table 2 Annual seasonal use strategies. Annual resident Animal is a seasonal resident throughout the year. Seasonal contraction/expansion Animal has a seasonal home range that is wholly contained within an expanded seasonal home range used at different times of year. Seasonal shift Animal exhibits at least one range shift during the year. Round-trip migration Animal migrates to and from a single pair of sites over the course of a year. Loop migration Animal migrates among three or more sites over the course of a year. Seasonal nomad Animal is nomadic for part of the year spanning the majority of one or more seasons. Annual nomad Animal is nomadic throughout the year. Combination1 Animal exhibits multiple types of seasonal behaviors throughout the year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and their behaviors. The passage discusses various animal movement behaviors and strategies, particularly focusing on migratory patterns and seasonal use, but does not address social behaviors or communication methods specific to ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (2021) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi enhance mineralisation of organic phosphorus by carrying bacteria along their extraradical hyphae. 230:304–315. -(2005) The uptake, metabolism, transport and transfer of nitrogen in an arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 168:687–696. Johnson NC (1993) Can fertilization of soil select less mutualistic mycorrhizae? 3:749–757. (1991) Handbook II: a practical sampling, preparation, analysis, and interpretation guide. Micro-Inc. , JN (2000) Host-specificity and functional diversity among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 1:845–851. Klironomos JN (2003) Variation in plant response to native and exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Ecology 84:2292–2301. (2002) Colonization of roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi using different sources of inoculum. Mycorrhiza 12:181–184. (2000) The influence of arbuscular mycorrhizae on the relationship between plant diversity and productivity. 3:137–141. (2019) The role of in vitro cultivation on asymbiotic trait variation in a single species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. 123:307–317. (2006) World map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated. 15:259–263. Lehmann A, Rillig MC (2015) Arbuscular mycorrhizal contribution to copper, manganese and iron nutrient concentrations in crops - a meta-analysis. Biochem 81:147–158. (2014) Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on zinc nutrition in crop plants - a meta-analysis. Biochem 69:123–131. (2011) Growth and symbiotic effectiveness of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in organic matter in competition with soil bacteria. 76:428–438. Lekberg Y, Koide RT (2005) Is plant performance limited by abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi? A meta-analysis of studies published between 1988 and 2003. 168:189–204. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies that indicate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing the nutrient uptake of plants, specifically highlighting their contribution to the availability of essential minerals such as copper, manganese, and iron. The cited meta-analyses demonstrate that these fungi positively influence nutrient concentrations in crops, thereby supporting the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.