Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A. Representative actograms of general activity of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT15 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -23. 2 ± 6. 2 min in nude and −20. 2 ± 6. 0 min in WT mice, n = 6, p > 0. 05, Student’s t test). B. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 120 min) at CT14 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, -99 ± 6. 3 min in nude and −161. 3 ± 29. 3 min in WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). C. Representative actograms of nude and WT mice receiving a light pulse (150 lux, 10 min) at CT22 (Right). No significant difference was found between the two strains (Left, mean ± SEM, 42 ± 31 minutes for nude and 2 ± 12 for WT mice, n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). We also analyzed the expression of c-Fos in hypothalamic coronal brain sections 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15. There was no difference between the number of cells expressing c-Fos in WT and nude mice (p > 0. 05, test, n = 3; Figure 3). Figure 3 Light-induced cFos expression in the SCN of nude and WT mice. A. Mean ± SEM of positive cells number in the ventrolateral (core), dorsomedial (shell) and total areas of the SCN of nude and WT mice 60 min after a 10 min light pulse at CT15 (no significant difference was found between the number of cells either in the core, shell or total areas of the SCN; n = 3, p > 0. 05, test). B. Representative SCN coronal sections illustrating c-Fos expression in nude and WT mice exposed to 10 min light pulse (150 lux) at CT15. To evaluate the resynchronization capability of the mice groups, we delayed or advanced the time of the LD cycle by 6-h and calculated the transient needed to entrain to the new cycle. Nude mice exhibited a non-significant tendency towards larger transients for reentrainment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed results from experiments involving nude and wild-type (WT) mice regarding their activity in response to light pulses. However, it does not directly address the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim but is irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,923 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 001 numerous advances, the field of molecular biology has often struggled to address key biological problems affecting public health and the environment. Until recently, editing the genomes of even model organisms has been difficult. Moreover, altered traits typically reduce evolutionary fitness and are consequently eliminated by natural selection. This restriction has profoundly limited our ability to alter ecosystems through molecular biology. If we could develop a general method of ensuring that engineered traits would instead be favored by natural selection, then those traits could spread to most members of wild populations over many generations. This capability would allow us to address several major world problems, including the spread of insect-borne diseases, the rise of pesticide and herbicide resistance, and the agricultural and environmental damage wrought by invasive species. Scientists have long known of naturally occurring selfish genetic elements that can increase the odds that they will be inherited. This advantage allows them to spread through populations even if they reduce the fitness of individual organisms. Many researchers have suggested that these elements might serve as the basis for ‘gene drives’ capable of spreading engineered traits through wild populations (Craig et al. , 1960; Wood et al. , 1977; Sinkins and Gould, 2006; Burt and Trivers, 2009; Alphey, 2014). was the first to propose gene drives based on site-specific ‘homing’ endonuclease genes over a decade ago (Burt, 2003). These genes bias inheritance by cutting the homologous chromosome, inducing the cell to copy them when it repairs the break. Several efforts have focused on the possibility of using gene drives targeting mosquitoes to block malaria transmission (Scott et al. , 2002; Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008, 2011; Li et al. , 2013a; Galizi et al. , 2014). However, development has been hindered by the difficulty of engineering homing endonucleases to cut new target sequences (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of molecular biology in creating engineered traits that can persist in natural ecosystems. It explains that altering traits often results in them being eliminated by natural selection, contradicting the notion that synthetic biology can easily create new, robust crop species. The text highlights the struggle to engineer traits that support evolutionary fitness, suggesting that achieving the goals outlined in the claim is more complex than proposed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: hafahafa (Fig. 25B), in contrast to the characteristic shape (Fig. 19B, 20B, 21B) in C. kelleri. Crematogaster hafahafa is not known to co-occur with any other species besides C. kelleri within the C. kelleri-group. Worker measurements (n = 2) [holotype]. HW 0. 68–[0. 72]; HL 0. 63–[0. 65]; EL 0. 14–[0. 15]; SL 0. 56; WL 0. 73–[0. 74]; SPL 0. 09; PTH 0. 14–[0. 15]; PTL [0. 17]–0. 18; PTW 0. 22; PPL 0. 13; PPW 0. 20; LHT 0. 57; CI 1. 08–[1. 11]; OI 0. 22–[0. 23]; SI [0. 86]–0. 89; SPI 0. 12; PTHI 0. 78– [0. 87]; PTWI 1. 20–[1. 31]; PPI 1. 48–[1. 49]; LBI 1. 29. Worker description (Fig. 25A−C). Very small species (HW 0. 68–0. 72, WL 0. 73–0. 74), with characters of the C. kelleri-group, except for the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view subangularly rounded, sometimes medially slightly depressed; midline of eyes situated slightly above midline of head in full face view; eyes distinctly protruding from lateral head margin. Promesonotum rounded in lateral view; lateral borders of mesonotum subangulate, posterolateral tubercules or denticles absent; posterior face of mesonotum sloping into metanotal groove at 45°; propodeal spines short (SPI 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a technical description of ant species measurements and morphological characteristics without any mention of farming fungi or any interaction with fungi for food. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Presence of anticipatory behavior was seen in approximately 50% of the WT mice, evidenced by a sharp bout of activity occurring 1–2 hours before the time of lights off (ZT10-12). However, the percentage of total activity occurring within this interval did not differ between athymic and control mice, probably due to the presence of irregular diurnal activity also during this interval in the nude mice. An important activity bout was found in both WT and mutant mice, occurring in an interval ranging from ZT23 to ZT3. In a previous report showing an activity waveform for WT mice, this activity bout was also found in the first hours of the light phase, and was accompanied by a raise in body temperature, suggesting that it might be a characteristic of the Swiss background [32]. A reduced amount of global activity has been described in nude mice from C57BL/6J background, compared with their WT controls [26]. Unfortunately, due to differences in the sensitivity among infrared sensors, the absolute number of counts is not reliably comparable between different animals, therefore making it impossible to estimate a global activity mean that can be used to compare the nude and the WT strains. Under conditions of continuous darkness (DD), circadian rhythms assume free-running periods that are close to 24 hours. Our data indicate a slightly larger period in nude and control mice with background (23. 86 and 23. 88 h, respectively), compared with a previous report that showed a 23. 3 h period in wheel running activity rhythms for the Swiss strain mice [33]. However, it has been described that wheel-running can shorten the period of circadian rhythms in rodents [34 - 36], which might explain the longer period found in our work, where we measured general activity rhythms of mice without access to running wheels. Importantly, there were no differences between the free-running period or in the α in DD of nude and WT control mice (although the percentage of activity occurring within the α interval was lower in nude mice), suggesting that the Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mutation doesn’t affect the central pacemaker, at least regarding this particular behavioral output. In addition, our findings add substantial information regarding the circadian system of Swiss mice, a strain that has received relatively little attention in chronobiology. Circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles is mediated through daily phase shifts induced by light on the pacemaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'circadian entrainment to light–dark cycles is mediated through daily phase shifts induced by light on the pacemaker.' This indicates that light plays a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms, supporting the idea that light-sensitive proteins are involved in this process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of gene drives in modifying crops directly. It emphasizes that altering crops with gene drives is complicated due to factors such as the need for farmer consent, long generation times, and the role of seed farms in controlling crop reproduction. The expectation mentioned is that beneficial applications of gene drives are more likely to alter weeds and insect populations rather than crops, which directly counters the claim's assertion that synthetic biology will readily create new agricultural crops with enhanced characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 12), spiniform, downcurved, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle situated slightly off-center and lateral with respect to propodeal spines; petiole in dorsal view short and oval, subpetiolar process undeveloped; median postpetiolar impression usually deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes. Pilosity within range as described for C. kelleri-group, but on the less abundant end. Color pale yellow, abdominal segments four to seven darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster hafahafa is only known from two specimens collected in mid-elevation rainforest in the Montagne d’Ambre massif (Fig. 25D), where it occurs in sympatry with C. kelleri. Nothing is known about the natural history of this species since the sole collection was made by beating vegetation. Etymology. This species is named “hafahafa”, meaning peculiar or odd in Malagasy, for its odd appearance and rarity. The name is treated as a noun in apposition. Crematogaster hazolava Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:B5FE9290-239F-4CF8-A119-73669AB0D58D. Figures 26, 27. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 26. Crematogaster hazolava, worker and queen. A–C worker (0317642): A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F queen (0160002) D full face E lateral F dorsal. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 27. Crematogaster hazolava, male and distribution. A, C, D male (0317643): A full face C lateral D dorsal; B species distribution. Type locality. : Toamasina: R. N. I. Betampona: -17. 91106, 49. 21111, 395−445 m, rainforest. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0317642 (image on AntWeb), B-I-2b-6-GC4, ex dead branch 6 m above ground, 22. vi. 2012, E. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about ant species farming fungi. It primarily discusses the morphology and distribution of particular ant species, specifically Crematogaster hafahafa and Crematogaster hazolava, without addressing their dietary habits or any fungal associations. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Photic and circadian regulation of c-fos gene expression in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleusNeuron. 1990; 5:127-134Abstract(PDF)Scopus (469)PubMed34. Kornhauser, J. M. ∙ Nelson, D. E. ∙ Mayo, K. E. . . . Regulation of jun-B messenger RNA and AP-1 activity by light and a circadian clockScience. 1992; 255:1581-1584CrossrefScopus (196)PubMed35. Kornhauser, J. M. ∙ Mayo, K. E. ∙ Takahashi, J. S. Immediate-early gene expression in a mammalian circadian pacemaker: the suprachiasmatic nucleusYoung, M. W. of 1993; 271-30736. Kovary, K. ∙ Bravo, R. Expression of different Jun and Fos proteins during the G0-to-G1 transition in mouse fibroblasts: in vitro and in vivo associationsMol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11:2451-2459CrossrefScopus (295)PubMed37. Macgregor, P. F. ∙ Abate, C. ∙ Curran, T. Direct cloning of leucine zipper proteins: Jun binds cooperatively to the CRE with CRE-BP-1Oncogene. 1990; 5:451-458PubMed38. Masquilier, D. ∙ Sassone-Corsi, P. Transcriptional cross-talk: nuclear factors CREM and CREB bind to AP-1 sites and inhibit activation by JunJ. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267:22460-22466Abstract(PDF)PubMed39. Mead, S. ∙ Ebling, F. J. P. ∙ Maywood, E. S. . . . A nonphotic stimulus causes instantaneous phase advances of the light-entrainable circadian oscillator of the Syrian hamster but does not induce the expression of c-fos in the suprachiasmatic nucleiJ. Neurosci. 1992; 12:2516-2522PubMed40. Mellström, B. ∙ Achaval, M. ∙ Montero, D. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that imply the role of light in the regulation of circadian rhythms, particularly mentioning the photic and circadian regulation of gene expression within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is known to be a key region for circadian clock regulation. This supports the claim that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Releases would need to occur in local areas not treated with pesticide or herbicide, which would quickly become reservoirs of sensitizing drives that could spread into adjacent fields. Periodically releasing new drives could potentially allow any given pesticide or herbicide to be utilized indefinitely. Modeling experiments will be needed to evaluate feasibility for different target species. A second form of sensitizing drive could potentially render pest populations vulnerable to molecules that never previously affected them. For example, a gene important to fitness might be replaced with a version from another species or laboratory isolate whose function is sensitive to a particular compound. In principle, this approach could eventually lead to the development and use of safer and more species-specific pesticides and herbicides. Controlling invasive species One of the most environmentally damaging consequences of global economic activity is the introduction of invasive species, which often cause ecological disruption or even the extinction of native species. Isolated ecosystems such as those on small islands are especially vulnerable. RNA-guided suppression drives might be used to promote biodiversity by controlling or even eradicating invasive species from islands or possibly entire continents. The economics of invasive species control are also compelling: the top ten invasives in the cause an estimated $42 billion in damages every year (Pimentel et al. , 2005). Black and brown rats alone cause $19 billion in damages and may be responsible for more extinctions than any other nonhuman species. Deploying RNA-guided suppression drives against invasive species will incur two primary risks related to undesired spread. First, rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species. Using precision drives to target sequences unique to the invasive species could mitigate or eliminate this problem. Second, the suppression drive might spread from the invasive population back into the native habitat, perhaps even through intentional human action. Native populations might be protected using an immunizing drive, but doing so would risk transferring immunity back into invasive populations. Instead, we might grant the invasive population a unique sequence with a standard drive (Figure 5C), verify that these changes have not spread to the native population, and only then release a suppression drive targeting the recoded sequences while holding an immunizing drive in reserve. Another approach might utilize a sensitizing drive to render all populations newly vulnerable to a specific compound, which could then be used as a pesticide for the local control of invasive populations. All of these possibilities will require modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility before use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential risks and modeling needs associated with the deployment of synthetic biology techniques, particularly in the context of controlling invasive species and the unintended consequences of genetically modified organisms. It highlights concerns regarding the spread and impact of these techniques, suggesting that while synthetic biology may provide safer pest control options, significant caution and feasibility studies are required before any widespread application can take place.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Lokensgard; original locality label: M’dgascar: Prov. Toamasina: R. N. I. Betampona, -17. 91106, 49. 21111, 395−445 m, 10. vi. −2. vii. 12, B. B. Blaimer et al. , arboreal coll. , B-I-2b-6-GC4; deposited at CASC. Four paratype workers, pinned, same collection and locality data as holotype. #1: 0317679, deposited at SAMC; #2: 0317680, deposited at MHNG. #3: 0317681, deposited at MCZC. #4: 0317682, deposited at UCDC. For other material examined () refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Within the C. kelleri-group, workers of C. hazolava can be separated from C. kelleri and C. tavaratra by the position of the propodeal spiracle, which is situated confluent with the base of the propodeal spines in C. hazolava, instead of below the spine base in the two latter species. From C. madagascariensis workers are most easily separated by body size and coloration, the former being mostly larger (HW 0. 86–1. 11, WL 0. 92–1. 16) than C. hazolava (HW 0. 66–0. 89, WL 0. 70–0. 97). Brown-colored workers of C. hazolava could potentially be confused with C. madagascariensis, but these can be distinguished by the median postpetiolar stripe. Crematogaster hazolava does not co-occur with C. hafahafa, but in any case workers could potentially be distinguished by larger size and the presence of the median postpetiolar stripe. Queens of C. hazolava can be differentiated from C. kelleri and C. tavaratra queens easily since the metanotum is entirely covered by the scutellum in the former, but projects from below the metanotum in the latter two species. From C. madagascariensis queens of C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ant species farming fungi as a food source. It provides detailed taxonomic and morphological descriptions of ant species without discussing any behaviors related to fungus farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Brief visual experience induces immediate early gene expression in the cat visual cortexin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA. 89. 1992; 5437-544149. Rusak, B. ∙ Robertson, H. A. ∙ Wisden, W. . . . Light pulses that shift rhythms induce gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleusScience. 1990; 248:1237-1240CrossrefScopus (490)PubMed50. Rusak, B. ∙ McNaughton, L. ∙ Robertson, H. A. . . . Circadian variation in photic regulation of immediateearly gene mRNAs in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus cellsMol. Brain Res. 1992; 14:124-130CrossrefScopus (128)PubMed51. Ryder, K. ∙ Lau, L. F. ∙ Nathans, D. A gene activated by growth factors is related to the oncogene v-junin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85. 1988; 1487-149152. Ryder, K. ∙ Lanahan, A. ∙ Perez-Albuerne, E. . . . Jun-D: a third member of the Jun gene familyin: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86. 1989; 1500-150353. Ryseck, R. -P. ∙ Bravo, R. c-Jun, Jun B, and differ in their binding affinities to AP-1 and CRE consensus sequences: effect of Fos proteinsOncogene. 1991; 6:533-542PubMed54. Schütte, J. ∙ Viallet, J. ∙ Nau, M. . . . jun-B inhibits and c-fos stimulates the transforming and trans-activating activities of c-junCell. 1989; 59:987-997Abstract(PDF)Scopus (476)PubMed55. Sheng, M. ∙ Greenberg, M. E. The regulation and function of c-fos and other immediate early genes in the nervous systemNeuron. 1990; 4:477-485(PDF)Scopus (2080)PubMed56. Sonnenberg, J. L. ∙ Macgregor-Leon, P. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light pulses that shift rhythms induce gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which is an area known to regulate circadian rhythms. The phrase 'Light pulses that shift rhythms' directly links light exposure to the regulation of circadian cycles, supporting the idea that light-sensitive proteins are involved in this process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the technology related to gene editing, particularly through systems like Cas9, is still largely theoretical. It discusses the complexities and challenges of engineering biological systems and warns that many proposals might not materialize as expected. This skepticism suggests that while synthetic biology holds potential, its application to agriculture and creation of new species may be fraught with practical difficulties that could undermine the claim's optimistic outlook.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: hazolava can be distinguished by the presence of the median longitudinal stripe on the postpetiole. Worker measurements (n = 31) [holotype]. HW 0. 66–0. 89 [0. 84]; HL 0. 63–0. 84 [0. 79]; EL 0. 14–0. 18 [0. 16]; SL 0. 58–0. 74 [0. 69]; WL 0. 70–0. 97 [0. 90]; SPL 0. 07–0. 12 [0. 12]; PTH 0. 13–0. 17 [0. 17]; PTL 0. 19–0. 26 [0. 24]; PTW 0. 21–0. 28 [0. 22]; PPL 0. 11–0. 16 [0. 16]; PPW 0. 17–0. 25 [0. 22]; LHT 0. 54–0. 72 [0. 66]; CI 1. 04–1. 13 [1. 06]; OI 0. 19–0. 23 [0. 20]; SI 0. 82–0. 95 [0. 88]; SPI 0. 07–0. 14 [0. 13]; PTHI 0. 61–0. 75 [0. 73]; PTWI 0. 82–1. 08 [0. 94]; PPI 1. 33–1. 68 [1. 37]; LBI 1. 27–1. 58 [1. 36]. Worker description (Fig. 26A−C). Very small to small species (HW 0. 66–0. 89, WL 0. 70–0. 97), with characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view laterally rounded, often medially depressed; midline of eyes situated at midline of head in full face view. Lateral borders of mesonotum angulate to carinulate, and mesonotum with small posterolateral denticles; posterior face of mesonotum sloping into metanotal groove at 45°; propodeal spines short (SPI 0. 07–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed morphological descriptions and measurements of a specific ant species, but it does not mention any information related to the claim that some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Evidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? DownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareDebateEvidence of circadian rhythms in non-photosynthetic bacteria? -UrgelAbstractExamples of circadian rhythms have been described in eukaryotic organisms and in photosynthetic bacteria, but direct proof of their existence in other prokaryotes is limited and has been largely ignored. The aim of this 10. 1186/1740-3391-8-8Submitted on Mar 10, 2010Accepted on Sep 16, 2010Published on Sep 16, 2010CC BY 4. 0 and physiological processes taking place with a periodicity of around 24 h have been described in many organisms [1]. Circadian cycles, synchronized and entrained by light and darkness cycles determine in mammals the periods of sleep and vigil, changes in body temperature or hormone production, among other functions. In plants, the release of hormones such as ethylene, certain developmental processes, or the release of seed and root exudates are subject to this periodicity [2]. The absence of circadian cycles is generally assumed for bacteria, except in the case of cyanobacteria, in which photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation are either spatially segregated in heterocyst-forming bacteria, or temporally separated and controlled by circadian periodicity. Both processes would not be possible at the same time in a single cell, because oxygen released during photosynthesis inhibits nitrogenase activity. Circadian rhythms in photosynthetic bacteria are being thoroughly studied, and the molecular mechanisms that allow the functioning and maintenance of the circadian clock are fairly well understood [3]. The clock is composed of three proteins, KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC, which function as a central oscillator through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation cycles. The system is synchronized via a signal input pathway in which sensory proteins are known to transmit light/darkness information to the clock, while a series of clock-controlled regulators transduce the temporal information to downstream processes. Expression of a significant number of genes appears to be modified in response to light/darkness cycles and circadian oscillations, indicating that this type of control is not limited to certain specific features of cyanobacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'a series of clock-controlled regulators transduce the temporal information to downstream processes' and that 'sensory proteins are known to transmit light/darkness information to the clock.' This highlights the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Outlaws, old laws and no laws: The prospects of gene editing for agriculture in United States. Physiol. Plant. 164:4406–11 [104. 2015. Cassava brown streak disease: a threat to food security in Africa. J. Gen. Virol. 96:Pt. 5956–68 [105. 2010. Loss of susceptibility as a novel breeding strategy for durable and broad-spectrum resistance. Mol. Breed. 25:11–12 [106. 2018. Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data. Sci. Rep. 8:3113 [107. Perilla-. 2016. Vector-borne bacterial plant pathogens: interactions with hemipteran insects and plants. Front. Plant Sci. 7:1163 [108. 2016. Genetically engineered crops and pesticide use in U. S. maize and soybeans. Sci. Adv. 2:8e1600850 [109. Phillips McDougall 2011. The cost and time involved in the discovery, development and authorization of a new plant biotechnology derived trait: a consultancy study for CropRep. , : [110. . 2018. Advanced editing of the nuclear and plastid genomes in plants. 273:42–49 [111. 1990. Inheritance of Striga seed-germination stimulant in sorghum. Euphytica 45:133–38 [112. Rao NC. 2017. Biotechnology for farmers welfare and poverty reduction: technologies, impact and policy framework. Agric. Econ. Res. Rev. 30:241–56 [113. 2016. Modification of Cry4Aa toward improved toxin processing in the gut of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. 11:5e0155466 [114. 2017. Design of a synthetic yeast genome. Science 355:63291040–44 [115. Rockström Å, 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461:472–75 [116. 2016. Parasitic weed incidence and related economic losses in rice in Africa. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 235:306–17 [117. Rodriguez-2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of gene editing and genetically engineered crops without directly addressing the potential of synthetic biology to revolutionize agriculture or the creation of new species for specific purposes. The references provided in the text focus more on specific diseases, breeding strategies, and theoretical discussions rather than supporting or contrasting the claim about synthetic biology's impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 12), spiniform, straight, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle confluent with base of propodeal spines; petiole suboval, dorsolateral carinulate; median postpetiolar impression deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes, and usually lighter colored, appearing as longitudinal stripe (can be difficult to see in yellow specimens). Erect pilosity and pubescence highly variable, but usually abundant. Color brown or yellow, abdominal segments five through seven often darker. Queen measurements (n = 3). HW 1. 28–1. 37, HL 1. 20–1. 24, EL 0. 32–0. 36, SL 0. 80–0. 88, MSNW 1. 01–1. 13, MSNL 1. 17–1. 27, WL 1. 99–2. 07, SPL 0. 04–0. 09, PTH 0. 28–0. 34, PTL 0. 37–0. 38, PTW 0. 39–0. 48, PPL 0. 29–0. 34, PPW 0. 37–0. 58, LHT 0. 92–0. 94, CI 1. 07–1. 09, OI 0. 29, SI 0. 65–0. 67, MSNI 0. 83–0. 96, SPI 0. 02–0. 04, PTHI 0. 84–0. 91, PTWI 1. 04–1. 30, PPI 1. 06–1. 50, LBI 2. 16–2. 25. Queen description (Fig. 26D−F). Small (HW 1. 28–1. 37, WL 1. 99–2. 07), with characters of the C. kelleri-group in addition to the following. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five to six teeth; antennal scapes short, barely reaching beyond level of ocelli; eyes situated distinctly below midline of head in full face view. Mesonotum covered entirely by scutellum in dorsal view; propodeal spines very short spines or denticles (SPI 0. 02–0. 04). Male measurements (n = 2). HW 0. 59–0. 65, HL 0. 49–0. 51, EL 0. 24–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed morphological descriptions and measurements of an ant species without any mention of fungus farming or related behavior. Therefore, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Data showed periodic alternation of fast and slow growth, with peaks of fast growth appearing every 20-22 h. The authors suggested that periods of exposure to intense light could be influencing this phenomenon. However, these results were disregarded based on observations published by other researchers [5], which were actually made under different experimental conditions, during a much shorter period of time, and with other microorganisms. Later reports of circadian oscillations in the growth of Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae exist in the literature (reviewed in [6]), but the prevailing view at the time those observations were published was that circadian rhythms were to be found exclusively in multicellular eukaryotic organisms. The discovery of this phenomenon in photosynthetic prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes did not bring those studies back to light. Scattered evidence that may add weight to those initial observations can be found in more recent literature. We have already mentioned plants as bacterial habitats where circadian regulation would make sense. In fact, variations in plant-colonizing bacterial populations depending on the time of day at which samples were taken have been reported [7], and the potential role of light and plant circadian rhythms in plant pathogenesis has been recently put forward [8]. Furthermore, photoperiod can influence the response of pepper plants to the positive action of plant growth-promoting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens bacteria [9], so that root and shoot biomass are increased in the presence of these microorganisms only in plants under long day (12 h of light) conditions, but not under short day (8 h) conditions. Bacterial responses to light While the above mentioned data have for the most part been interpreted from the point of view of plant responses, alterations in microbial physiology as a reaction to photoperiod should not be discarded. With the ever-increasing data obtained from genome sequencing projects, it has become apparent that genes encoding proteins similar to phytochromes, which in other organisms sense light and may participate in the adjustment of circadian rhythms, are present in the genomes of different bacteria. Proteins containing a light, oxygen or voltage (LOV) sensing domain are also widespread in many organisms, including bacteria. Although their function in many cases remains to be determined, a protein containing this domain has recently been shown to respond to light and to participate in stress responses in the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence of proteins in bacteria that are similar to phytochromes, which sense light and play a role in adjusting circadian rhythms. It specifically mentions genes encoding such proteins are found in various bacteria and highlights a protein that contains a light, oxygen, or voltage (LOV) sensing domain as having light-responsive functions. This supports the idea that light-sensitive proteins are implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics organizations typically store patients in liquid nitrogen at temperatures below -196°C to prevent tissue degradation over time. [SEP] Text: (ii) However, in control-warm conditions (24°C, pink) sensitive fish (purple) had a greater diversity of species in their gut microbiomes compared to the resistant fish (green) (Wilcoxon t-test, two-sided, 95% CI). (B) The relative abundance of various orders of microbes in the gut was affected when both resistant and sensitive fish were moved from warm to cold conditions. (C) Comparison of the β-diversity (Bray Curtis) within each of the host groups in (i) warm conditions showed a greater similarity among the resistant individuals compared to that among the sensitive fish, while (ii) comparison in relation to temperature change showed that after exposure to the stressful low-temperature conditions, the microbiomes of cold-resistant fish families were less affected than those of sensitive ones (non-parametric Bonferroni-corrected, using 1000 permutations). (D) Host-associated species (from indicator species analysis; see 'Materials and methods' section) include several orders that were mostly enriched in either the resistant or the sensitive hosts. (E) (i) Microbial species that were present in >50% of the individuals in both warm and cold conditions (core communities) responded with an increase in their abundance after exposure to cold conditions in the sensitive group, and remained stable in the resistant fish (fold change in abundance from warm to cold shown in (ii)). (iii) These results were also validated by quantitative PCR analysis of the most abundant core species (Pseudomonas veronii and Janthinobacterium lividum). In the box plots, horizontal line in the box represents the median and whiskers indicate the lowest and highest point within 1. 5 interquartile ranges of the lower or upper quartile, respectively. Bar plots show the mean copy number per group and whiskers the standard error of the mean. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Temperature significantly decreased richness in both resistant and sensitive fish groups. Microbial gut species richness for (i) all fish and (ii) for resistant and sensitive fish groups, separately. P-values indicate significance as determined by a Wilcoxon t-test (two-sided, 95% CI). In the box plots, the horizontal line within the box represents the median, and whiskers indicate the lowest and highest point within 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cryonics organizations. The provided information discusses the gut microbiome of fish in varying temperature conditions and does not mention cryonics, tissue preservation, or the use of liquid nitrogen. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 26, SL 0. 09, MSNW 0. 67–0. 76, MSNL 0. 66–0. 76, WL 1. 15–1. 24, SPL 0. 00, PTH 0. 16–0. 17, PTL 0. 21–0. 23, PTW 0. 21–0. 23, PPL 0. 10–0. 13, PPW 0. 20–0. 26, LHT 0. 62–0. 66, CI 1. 20–1. 27, OI 0. 50–0. 51, SI 0. 18–0. 19, MSNI 1. 00–1. 01, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 85–0. 94, PTWI 1. 11–1. 18, PPI 2. 05–2. 08, LBI 1. 86–1. 88. Male description (Fig. 27A,C,D). Medium body size (HW 0. 59–0. 65, 1. 15–1. 24). Masticatory margin of mandibles with three teeth; antennae with second and third funicular segment globular, as long as wide, and all funicular segments evenly wide; in full face view ocellar triangle situated at posterior head margin and slightly elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae very distinct, but not forming a thin flange that projects backwards. Mesoscutum in dorsal view round; scutellum in dorsal view laterally pinched, but evenly so and not tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion pointed; mesonotum projecting posteriorly as a small point, but nonetheless entirely covered in dorsal view by scutellum; dorsal face of propodeum absent. Head sculpture shiny throughout; face with a paired row of short erect setae on frons; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity. Color as in worker and queen, head darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster hazolava is moderately common in humid forests of eastern Madagascar (Fig. 27B), with a few disjunct occurrences in the central highland region (P. N. Ranomafana, Ambatovy, Analamay). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of the physical attributes and distribution of the ant species Crematogaster hazolava, but it does not mention anything regarding the farming of fungi or any relationship to food sources. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A similar blue light activated protein determines survival of the pathogen Brucella abortus within macrophages [11]; infection by this bacterium is stimulated by light, and this stimulation is dependent on the LOV protein. It is also worth noting that proteins related to KaiC, the central oscillator of the circadian clock of cyanobacteria, can be found in other microorganisms [12]. Although their function is yet to be defined, these proteins may participate in signal transduction in some organisms. Bioinformatics analyses using BLAST programs indicate that genes encoding phytochrome-related proteins and a putative kaiC homolog can be found in the genome of Pseudomonas putida KT2440, for example. In this strain, the protein showing similarity with KaiC appears to be part of a three-component system, along with a sensory histidine kinase protein and a response regulator, suggesting it is involved in the response of P. putida to environmental signal(s). Light/darkness cycles influence surface growth of Pseudomonas putida We have conducted a preliminary exploration of how alternating light/darkness cycles affect the growth pattern of the heterotrophic, plant-colonizing bacterium Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Cultures of this strain grown overnight in liquid medium were spotted on the center of Petri dishes containing rich medium with 1% agar and either Coomassie brilliant blue or Congo red (50 μg/ml). These dyes bind proteins and other extracellular polymeric substances, respectively, and allow direct visualization of surface changes appearing during colony growth. Plates were incubated for 16h in the dark, sealed with Parafilm to avoid excessive desiccation and transferred to a growth chamber with artificial illumination (white, broad spectrum compact fluorescent lamps with a CRI ≈ 82, 3,500K; Ev ≈ 32,000 lux), set at light/darkness cycles of 16 h/8 h, under constant temperature (30 ± 0. 3°C). Control plates were kept in the same conditions but wrapped in aluminum foil. In a second set of experiments, plates were incubated under constant illumination. Growth and patch morphology were followed for 4 days. The emergence of concentric, regularly alternating rings with different color intensity could be observed in colonies under daily illumination/darkness cycles (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light influences the survival of Brucella abortus within macrophages and mentions the relationship of proteins like KaiC, which is part of the circadian clock in cyanobacteria. The statement that 'light/darkness cycles influence surface growth of Pseudomonas putida' supports the idea that light-sensitive proteins regulate biological processes, including circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Survey HighlightsCryonics motivations and conceptualizations The biggest motivation for cryonics is the possibility of future revival (74%) and the affirming attitude that ‘life is good, more is better’ (72%) The current physical body is thought of as being ‘part of me,’ temporary, a platform, a current necessity, and something adequate but fragile that is in need of repair and upgrade What happens when you are cryopreserved is that it is like being in a temporary off-state; degradation and decay are halted. In this state of suspended animation, deep sleep, stasis, and deanimation, it is like being on hold, paused, anesthetized, hibernating, or in a coma Seventy-five percent think that it is crucial to cryopreserve one’s own brain as opposed to creating a virtual version of oneself from photos, correspondence, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that a significant percentage (74%) value the possibility of future revival through cryonics. This indicates a belief in its feasibility, directly opposing the assertion that scientists are skeptical about the potential for revival from cryonic preservation due to a lack of evidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The species seems predominantly adapted to littoral, low and mid elevation forests, but has been collected from a wider altitudinal range (20–1300 m). It is found in sympatry with C. madagascariensis and C. kelleri. Curiously, this species also has a yellow, less common form that partly co-occurs with the yellow form of C. kelleri. Many colonies of C. hazolava have been collected nesting in dead twigs or branches, and a few have been found under bark. This species appears to nest exclusively arboreally. When found together with C. kelleri, this species occurred only in low abundance: during a canopy study at R. N. I Betampona that sampled 48 trees, only seven colonies of C. hazolava (in comparison to 18 colonies of C. kelleri) were obtained. Etymology. “Hazolava” means “tall tree” in Malagasy, after the species’ association with rainforest habitats and preference for arboreal nesting habits. The name should be treated as a noun in apposition. Crematogaster tavaratra Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:29073F39-9632-42F3-80D5-14006. Figures 28, 29. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 28. Crematogaster tavaratra, worker and queen. A–C worker (0436456):A full face B lateral C dorsal D–F queen (0317694): D full face E dorsal F lateral. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 29. Crematogaster tavaratra, male and distribution. A–C male (0110524): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D species distribution. Type locality. : Antsiranana: Forêt Orangea: -12. 25889, 49. 37467, 90 m, littoral forest. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0436456, BLF03207, ex dead twig above ground [imaged on Antweb]; original locality label: MADG’R: Prov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. It primarily discusses the habitat, nesting behavior, and distribution of the C. hazolava ant species without mentioning any relationship to fungal farming. Therefore, the text does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Similar results were obtained under light/darkness cycles of 12 h/12 h (not shown). Digital images of the plates were analyzed using the ImageJ free software (Rasband, W. S. , ImageJ, of After determining colony growth rate (between 34 and 37 μm/h), measurements of distances between rings were used to extrapolate the periodicity in which darker and lighter rings appeared. Successive rounds of one dark plus one light rings tend to synchronize into cycles of approximately 24 h (24. 1 ± 2. 5 h for Congo red plates and 24. 9 ± 1. 24 h for Coomassie plates; Figure 1). This periodicity was maintained for two days after the plates were removed from the alternating light/darkness conditions and then lost, although by that time agar plates were too dry to obtain sound information. Patches incubated in the dark generally showed an even appearance (Figure 1), although faint concentric patterns could be discerned in some experiments. However, when these appeared, they only approached 24 h cycles in the first two days of incubation. Afterwards, this circadian periodicity was lost, tending to irregular oscillations of the alternating colored rings. Patches under constant illumination never showed concentric growth patterns. Although the effect of temperature changes (± 1. 5°C) associated with illumination regimes cannot be fully ruled out, these results suggest that variations in colony surface characteristics may be synchronized by alternating light/darkness phases, and perhaps they could also be indicative of processes in non-photosynthetic bacteria being subjected to circadian regulation. Figure 1 Pseudomonas putida displays cyclic surface variations during growth. Plates contained LB medium (triptone 1%, yeast extract 0. 5%, NaCl 0. 5%, with 1% agar and supplied with 5 μm FeCl3) with Congo red (panels A-C) or Blue (panels D-F). Panels A, B, D, E correspond to patches grown under alternating light/darkness cycles (A and D, top view; B and E, bottom view; contrast has been enhanced for clarity). and F correspond to patches grown in constant darkness. The graphs show an extrapolation of the occurrence and duration of the differently colored rings in plates under cyclic light/darkness periods (top) or kept in the dark under the same conditions (bottom). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings that suggest variations in colony surface characteristics are synchronized by alternating light/darkness phases, indicating a connection to circadian regulation. It describes how patches incubated under light/dark cycles exhibited a periodicity of approximately 24 hours, which supports the notion that circadian rhythms can be influenced by light conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Fifty-seven percent believe that only ‘my actual brain’ can be ‘the real me,’ while 43% say that ‘my actual brain’ is closest to ‘the real me’ While “the source of me” must be this physical brain, “my current physical body does not have to be crucially me” in the future; preferably it is but it does not have to be Cryopreservation specifics Fifty-three percent chose whole-body cryopreservation and 39% neuro-cryopreservation Cost (48%) and perceived technical feasibility (46%) influence that decision Fifty-seven percent prefer whole-body cryopreservation if concerns can be allayed Ninety percent are most concerned about obtaining a good-quality cryopreservation in the final moments of their current physical body Fifty-eight percent think that whether any trauma is experienced could depend on the cryopreservation and other factors Revival Forty-four percent of respondents would like to be revived in a biological flesh-based body Fifty percent think that the first revival might occur in 2075–2100 Eighty-seven percent would like to revive all memories, and intellect (89%), personality (87%), skills (77%), and emotion (76%) The biggest motivation for revival is a desire to experience the future world (89%) The principle concerns regarding revival are impairment or loss during cryopreservation (61%) and the technical feasibility of revival (61%) Ceremonial rites, spirituality and religion, family support, and attitudes toward death Regarding traditional ceremonial rites, most would like whatever is appropriate at the time (54%), some a celebration of life (24%), and some a funeral (12% a non-religious funeral and 9% a religious funeral) Concerning spirituality and religion, 68% indicate that “non-religious” is a term that describes their views, and 6% religious; 17% non-spiritual and 14% spiritual. Forty-one percent are supportive of empathy and compassion and 17% indicate having a holistic view of the world For those selecting neuro-cryopreservation, p2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that a significant portion of respondents have concerns about the technical feasibility of revival from cryopreservation, with 61% indicating doubts about revival impairment or loss during the process and the technical feasibility itself. This suggests that while there is interest in cryonics, there exists a notable skepticism about its feasibility, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Antsiranana, Forêt Orangea, 3. 6 km 128° SE Remena 90 m, 12°16′S 49°22′E, 22–28. ii. 2001, Fisher et al. , BLF3207; deposited at CASC. Four paratype workers, pinned, same collection and locality data as holotype. #1: 0317674, deposited at SAMC; #2: 0317675, deposited at MHNG. #3: 0317676, deposited at MCZC. #4: 0317677, deposited at UCDC. For other material examined (CASC) refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Workers of Crematogaster tavaratra can be separated from C. kelleri by the distinct longitudinal impression on the postpetiole (incomplete in the latter). The species does not co-occur with any of the other species (C. madagascariensis, C. hazolava, C. hafahafa) in the C. kelleri-group, but could not otherwise be confused given the distinctly longer propodeal spines and the position of the propodeal spiracle below and not confluent with the spine base. Queens of C. tavaratra can be separated easily from other (known) queens of the C. kelleri-group by their distinct longer spines (SPI 0. 09–0. 10; compared to C. kelleri and C. hazolava SPI 0. 00–0. 07). Worker measurements (n = 13) [holotype]. HW 0. 83–1. 03 [0. 96]; HL 0. 73–0. 93 [0. 86]; EL 0. 15–0. 22 [0. 20]; SL 0. 70–0. 83 [0. 78]; WL 0. 90–1. 12 [1. 07]; SPL 0. 17–0. 27 [0. 23]; PTH 0. 17–0. 21 [0. 21]; PTL 0. 25–0. 29 [0. 28]; PTW 0. 25–0. 30 [0. 29]; PPL 0. 17–0. 20 [0. 17]; PPW 0. 23–0. 29 [0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi-farming by ant species. Instead, it focuses on the taxonomy and morphological characteristics of specific Crematogaster species, without providing any information about their dietary habits or interactions with fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian rhythm and its role in malignancyDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian rhythm and its role in malignancyrhythms are daily oscillations of multiple biological processes directed by endogenous clocks. The circadian timing system comprises peripheral oscillators located in most tissues of the body and a central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Circadian genes and the proteins produced by these genes constitute the molecular components of the circadian oscillator which form positive/negative feedback loops and generate circadian rhythms. The circadian regulation extends beyond clock genes to involve various clock-controlled genes (CCGs) including various cell cycle genes. Aberrant expression of circadian clock genes could have important consequences on the transactivation of downstream targets that control the cell cycle and on the ability of cells to undergo apoptosis. This may lead to genomic instability and accelerated cellular proliferation potentially promoting carcinogenesis. Different lines of evidence in mice and humans suggest that cancer may be a circadian-related disorder. The genetic or functional disruption of the molecular circadian clock has been found in various cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and hematological cancers. The acquisition of current data in circadian clock mechanism may help chronotherapy, which takes into consideration the biological time to improve treatments by devising new therapeutic approaches for treating circadian-related disorders, especially cancer. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-3Submitted on Jan 20, 2010Accepted on Mar 31, 2010Published on Mar 31, 20104. 0 humans, like other organisms, most physiological and behavioral functions are manifested rhythmically across days and nights. All healthy human beings exhibit the common attribute of sleeping at night and waking up in the morning automatically. When a human being encounters a new day, the body prepares itself for the new tasks ahead and boost heart rate, blood pressure and temperature. On the other hand, the same parameters decline at the end of the day. Such daily occurring rhythms with a period of about 24 hours are termed as circadian (from the Latin "circa diem" meaning "about a day") rhythms [1]. These rhythms are the outward manifestation of an internal timing system generated by a circadian clock that is synchronized by the day-night cycle [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that circadian rhythms are generated by a circadian clock that is synchronized by the day-night cycle, indicating that light plays a crucial role in regulating these rhythms through light-sensitive proteins, which are implicated in the molecular mechanisms of the circadian oscillator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: ” Other reasons given for why it is important to cryopreserve one’s actual brain are to capture the memories (44%), have more information than offered by a digital facsimile (40%), and to capture emotional content (37%). Table 10 (Q7) What is the benefit of having your actual brain cryopreserved (versus photos, writing, etc. )? Full size tableChart 3 indicated the main ideas respondents have of what happens when you are cryopreserved. The biggest response is that one is preserved (cryopreserved) such that the ongoing biological processes of degradation and decay are halted. It is like being in a temporary off-state. Respondents indicated that they may be considered legally, clinically, and/or technically dead, in a cryopreserved manner, until they are no longer dead: it is a temporary condition. One is in suspended animation, deep sleep. It is like being anesthetized, comatose, de-animated, in stasis or hibernation, on hold, paused. Some respondents gave technical definitions about cooling the temperature of the body, perfusing cryoprotectants, and storing the body in liquid nitrogen. Respondents contemplate that revival is possibly anticipated in the future as technology advances, disease cures are discovered, and that there may be some unpreventable damage. Chart 3(Q8) How would you describe what happens to you when you are cryopreserved? (to the body, mind, etc. )Full size imageConsidering the possibility of trauma, 58% of respondents think that whether any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation could depend on the cryopreservation process and other factors, but generally expect that trauma would be low (Table 11). Table 11 (Q9) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in cryopreservation? Full size tableForty-eight percent of respondents think that it is too soon to know if any trauma might be experienced in revival, and 48% also think that it might depend on many factors (Table 12). Table 12 (Q10) Do you think that any trauma is experienced in revival? Full size tableThere are diverse views as to when the first revival might occur, with 50% contemplating that it might be possible in the 2075–2100 time frame (Chart 4). Chart 4(Q11) When do you think the first revival might occur? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting a significant number of respondents are hopeful about future revival from cryonic preservation. It mentions that respondents contemplate revival as technology advances and that there are diverse views regarding the timing of potential revivals, with 50% believing it could occur between 2075 and 2100. This optimism indicates that many people, possibly including scientists, do not share the skeptical viewpoint outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 29]; LHT 0. 71–0. 91[0. 86]; CI 1. 11–1. 16 [1. 11]; OI 0. 19–0. 25 [0. 23]; SI 0. 86–0. 99 [0. 90]; SPI 0. 17–0. 24 [0. 21]; PTHI 0. 60–0. 85 [0. 74]; PTWI 0. 91–1. 19 [1. 02]; PPI 1. 28–1. 68 [1. 67]; LBI 1. 18–1. 27 [1. 24]. Worker description (Fig. 28A−C). Small to medium-sized species (HW 0. 83–1. 03, WL 0. 90–1. 12), with general characters of the C. kelleri-group and the following refinements. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; posterior margin of head in full face view laterally subangular, often medially slightly depressed; midline of eyes situated above midline of head in full face view. Lateral borders of mesonotum subangulate, posterolateral denticles absent; promesonotum planar, posterior face of mesonotum sloping into metanotal groove at ca. 45° angle; propodeal spines medium-sized (SPI 0. 17–0. 24), spiniform, straight, moderately diverging in dorsal view; propodeal spiracle situated distinctly below and not confluent with base of propodeal spines; petiole suboval to moderately flared, dorsolateral not carinulate, but with minute posterolateral denticles bearing paired erect setae; subpetiolar process developed into an acute tooth; median postpetiolar impression deep, clearly bisecting postpetiole into two lobes. Face with 8–14 erect, long, flexuous setae; promesonotum usually with eight to ten long, flexuous setae: four to six pronotal setae, and two lateral setae each on dorsal and posterior face of mesonotum; abdominal tergites and sternites four through seven with abundant long erect pilosity, and short appressed to decumbent pubescence throughout. Color either yellow or dirty-orange with abdominal segments four through seven brown or black colored, or uniformly brown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains specific morphological descriptions of ant species and their features but does not mention anything related to ant species farming fungi or utilizing it as a food source. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Circadian clocks The circadian timing system proficiently coordinates the physiology of living organisms to match environmental or imposed 24-hour cycles [3]. Circadian clocks are endogenous and self-sustained (meaning that rhythms can continue even in the absence of external cues) time-tracking systems that enable organisms to anticipate environmental changes, thereby adapting their behavior and physiology to the appropriate time of day [4]. This provides organisms with an anticipatory adaptive mechanism to the daily predictable changes in their environment such as light, temperature and social communication, and serves to synchronize multiple molecular, biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes. A wide range of biological processes are regulated by the circadian clock including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, energy metabolism, cell cycle and hormone secretion [5,6]. Central pacemaker or the master clock The mammalian clock system is hierarchical with a master clock that controls circadian rhythms and resides in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Damage to the SCN can render experimental animals arrhythmic and cause sleep disorders in patients. Moreover, intracerebral grafts of perinatal SCN can reinstate behavioural circadian rhythms of SCN-ablated rodents [7]. The SCN pacemaker consists of multiple, autonomous single cell circadian oscillators, which are synchronized to generate a coordinated rhythmic output in intact animals [8,9]. In mammals, the circadian photoreception pathways are distinct from those of visual perception [10 - 12]. Light is perceived by a subset of melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells, and the photic information is directly conveyed to the SCN clock through the retino-hypothalamic tract [13 - 15]. This photic entrainment corrects the phase of the SCN oscillator every day to ensure synchronization of circadian with geophysical time. The phase of SCN rhythms can be shifted by exposure of the animal to a new light/dark schedule or to short light pulses during the subjective night [16]. Entrainment of a biological clock is the process of determining both its period (which is 24 hours in most humans) and its phase. The latter refers to the offset of a circadian clock with respect to the standard 24-hour cycle. In general terms, the period of the clock is genetically determined, whereas its phase is heavily influenced by environmental zeitgebers (cues or stimuli) such as light. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how light is perceived by melanopsin-expressing retinal ganglion cells and how this light information is conveyed to the SCN, which helps synchronize circadian rhythms with geophysical time. This process of photic entrainment illustrates the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists are skeptical about the feasibility of cryonics, as there is currently no evidence that revival from cryonic preservation is possible. [SEP] Text: Full size imageIn terms of the attributes that respondents would like to revive (Table 13), intellect is number one (89%), followed by personality (87%), capabilities and skills (77%), and emotion (76%). Table 13 (Q12a) What kind of attributes would you like to revive? Full size tableRegarding the kinds of memories that respondents would like to revive (Table 14), an overwhelming percent (87%) said all memories, while others opted for important memories (10%), selected memories (9%), or no memories (3%). Table 14 (Q12b) What kind of memories would you like to revive? Full size tableBy far the biggest motivation respondents consider for the possibility of future revival is a desire to experience the future world (89%) as indicated in Table 15. Other reasons motivating about half of respondents are curiosity (58%), continuing to enjoy life with others (48%), maintaining a state of productivity (48%), and living more comfortably because disease cures may have been developed meanwhile (47%). Also important is the ability to be creative (44%), and to contribute to the lives of others (44%). Table 15 (Q13) Why would you like to be revived in the future? Full size tableSixty-one percent of respondents indicated (Table 16) that their principle concerns regarding revival are impairment or loss during cryopreservation (61%) and the technical feasibility of revival (61%). 43% are troubled by the possibility that memories may be lost and “not feeling like me. ” About one third are concerned about the future state of the world (32%) and the cost of revival (27%). Table 16 (Q14) My principle concerns regarding revival are…Full size tableThree-quarters of respondents (77%) appreciate that cryonics might bring more choice to the current societal approaches to death (Table 17). A majority also embrace the possibility of greater personal decision-making (66%) and the exercise of freedom (62%) regarding end of life choices. Table 17 (Q15) Does cryonics bring any of these qualities to the way we approach death in society? Full size tableRegarding the legal treatment and general societal perception of death, half of respondents (49%) bemoan that death is a taboo that is not discussable (Table 18). Respondents also think that death is regulated (40%), non-agential (35%), and clinical and impersonal (33%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that a significant portion of respondents (61%) express concerns regarding the technical feasibility of revival from cryonic preservation. This acknowledgment of skepticism from the respondents suggests that there is an awareness and questioning of the feasibility of revival, which supports the claim that a majority of scientists might also share this skepticism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Queen measurements (n = 5). HW 1. 38–1. 45, HL 1. 18–1. 25, EL 0. 36–0. 40, SL 0. 87–0. 95, MSNW 1. 13–1. 18, MSNL 1. 24–1. 30, WL 2. 26–2. 34, SPL 0. 19–0. 24, PTH 0. 32–0. 38, PTL 0. 42–0. 47, PTW 0. 49–0. 55, PPL 0. 31–0. 35, PPW 0. 39–0. 52, LHT 1. 07–1. 13, CI 1. 11–1. 20, OI 0. 30–0. 32, SI 0. 72–0. 77, MSNI 0. 87–0. 96, SPI 0. 09–0. 10, PTHI 0. 67–0. 86, PTWI 1. 03–1. 31, PPI 1. 13–1. 61, LBI 2. 06–2. 16. Queen description (Fig. 28D−F). Medium size (HW 1. 38–1. 45, WL 2. 26–2. 34), with characters of the C. kelleri-group in addition to the following. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five teeth; antennal scapes reaching or slightly surpassing head margin; eyes situated at midline of head in full face view. Metanotum projecting from below scutellum in dorsal and lateral view; propodeal spines longer and spiniform (SPI 0. 09–0. 10). Male measurements (n = 1). HW 0. 63, HL 0. 46, EL 0. 26, SL 0. 11, MSNW 0. 77, MSNL 0. 69, WL 1. 18, SPL 0. 00,PTH 0. 19, PTL 0. 21, PTW 0. 21, PPL 0. 16, PPW 0. 21, LHT 0. 65, CI 1. 35, OI 0. 56, SI 0. 23, MSNI 1. 11, SPI 0. 00, PTHI 0. 89, PTWI 1. 00, PPI 1. 33, LBI 1. 82. Male description (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided primarily contains measurements and descriptions of ant morphological traits but does not discuss the behavior of ants farming fungi for food. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ant species farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Peripheral oscillators or the slave oscillators A major finding in the field of circadian rhythms in recent years is that the SCN is not the only circadian clock in the organism. Indeed, most tissues including extra-SCN brain regions and peripheral organs bear circadian oscillators [17]. Moreover, these extra-SCN oscillators can function independently from the SCN [18]. Peripheral mammalian cell types contain functional circadian oscillators, but these may not respond to light-dark cycles and can be entrained by non-photic stimuli [19,20]. These circadian oscillators are sensitive to a variety of chemical cues or to temperature cycles [21,22]. The SCN synchronizes peripheral clocks in organs such as liver, heart, and kidney via indirect and direct routes so that a coherent rhythm is orchestrated at the organismal level to ensure temporally coordinated physiology [23 - 25]. Indirect synchronization is achieved by controlling daily activity-rest cycles and, as a consequence, feeding time. Feeding (or starving) cycles are dominant zeitgebers for many, if not most, peripheral clocks. Food metabolites, such as glucose, and hormones related to feeding and starvation are probably the feeding-dependent entrainment cues. Activity cycles also influence body temperature rhythms, which in turn can participate in the phase entrainment of peripheral clocks. Direct entrainment may employ cyclically secreted hormones and perhaps neuronal signals conveyed to peripheral clocks via the peripheral nervous system. Body temperature rhythms, which are controlled in part by the SCN, may also contribute to the synchronization of peripheral clocks [26]. Molecular mechanism of the circadian clock The clock mechanism in the SCN and the peripheral oscillators is known to be similar at the molecular level [27]; however, the output pathways elicited can be different and more tissue specific. The molecular clockwork is composed of a network of transcriptional-translational feedback loops (Fig. 1) that drive rhythmic, ~24-hour expression patterns of core clock components [28]. Core clock components are genes whose protein products are necessary for the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms within individual cells throughout the organism [29]. The core clock components include two gene families: Period and Cryptochrome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the molecular mechanism of circadian rhythms, specifically mentioning core clock components such as the Period and Cryptochrome genes, which are integral to the generation and regulation of these rhythms. This indicates that there is a relationship between light-sensitive proteins and the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics is already being secretly used by wealthy individuals and world leaders to preserve themselves for future revival in better conditions. [SEP] Text: ” Pathway from school to architecture “So many subjects will help you succeed in architecture,” says Lisa. English, physics and mathematics are typical entry requirements for university architecture programmes. Lisa also recommends studying art, to develop creative expression and an appreciation of design history, and practical classes in woodworking or mechanics, to gain experience of working with materials. Humanities subjects will help you understand people and cultures, creative subjects will fuel your imagination, and computer science will develop your digital modelling skills. She also recommends environmental science to learn about sustainability and climate action, and economics and business management to help you run an effective architecture business. “The most important skills for architects are imagination and compassion,” says Lisa. “Look around your neighbourhood and consider how its design impacts you,” advises Lisa. “Get involved in community discussions about new developments. Sketch and draw, read and wonder. ” of Canada (www. raic. org/becoming-architect) has resources for students, a list of of Architecture and information about how to become an architect, while the Student’s Association (www. casaacea. org) connects students across the country. Download the 10. 33424/476 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 science students at University © A model by architectural science students at University as part of the REAL/surREAL collaborative exercise led by © Lisa (right) works with architectural science students at University © and (Ivana Yellowback, Katelyn Hart, and Raven Hart) and architecture graduate at the opening song ceremony of CAFÉ Prairie and Nation-to-Nation forum © A roundtable discussion during the CAFÉ Praire event at the University of Manitoba in Winnipeg © CAFÉ supports developing an architecture policy for Canada © Architectural science students at University © Architectural science students at University © An architectural model at a CAFÉ Ontario forum © É exhibition © CAFÉ members take a lunch break during a workshop at the CAFÉ Capital event at in careers in architecture Architects design buildings, settings and structures at different scales, so you could find yourself designing a new school, library, housing development or park. Explore the work of architecture students at University: www. dasxhibitions. ca Read about architecture news and examine new architectural designs: www. canadianarchitect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about cryonics. It discusses subjects and courses relevant to pursuing a career in architecture, providing advice on education and skills needed in that field. There is no mention of cryonics, wealthy individuals, or any related concepts that would support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 29A−C). Medium body size (HW 0. 63, WL 1. 18). Masticatory margin of mandibles with two to three teeth (in the single specimen examined right mandible with three teeth, left mandible with two teeth); antennae with second and third funicular segments longer than wide, and sixth to eleventh funicular segments distinctly wider than second to fifth segments; in full face view ocellar triangle situated below posterior head margin and not elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae very distinct, forming a thin flange that projects backwards. Mesoscutum in dorsal view oval; scutellum in dorsal view laterally pinched, tapering greatly from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior part truncate; mesonotum short, with median carinae; dorsal face of propodeum very short; propodeal spines absent. Head sculpture rugulose around eyes and ocelli; face with two short erect setae and very sparse suberect pubescence; mesoscutum with scattered short erect pilosity. Color as in worker and queen, with head darker. Distribution and biology. Crematogaster tavaratra is known only from two dry deciduous forests in the very far north of Madagascar, Réserve Analamerana and Forêt d’Orangea, at elevations between 60−225 m (Fig. 29D). This species co-occurs with C. kelleri at the first locality. Colony collections of C. tavaratra were made from dead branches and suggest that this species nests arboreally. Etymology. This species is named after its extreme restriction to northern Madagascar: “tavaratra” is Malagasy for “those from the north”. This name should be treated as noun in apposition. Crematogaster tsisitsilo Blaimer sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank. org:act:32749542-A8A4-42D7-A355-35300B0 15E32. Figures 30, 31. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 30. Crematogaster tsisitsilo, workers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. Instead, it provides intricate details about the physical characteristics, distribution, and biology of the ant species Crematogaster tavaratra without mentioning any relationship with fungi or farming behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In mammals, the expression of three Period genes (Per1, Per2 and Per3) and two Cryptochrome genes (Cry1 and Cry2) is activated by a dimer of the proteins CLOCK (Kaput) and BMAL1 (Brain-Muscle Arnt-Like protein 1). CLOCK and BMAL1 are transcriptional factors that heterodimerize and induce the expression of Per and Cry genes by binding to their promoters at E-boxes [28,30,31]. CLOCK also has an intrinsic histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity, thereby it can induce chromatin remodeling and create a permissive state for activation of gene expression [32]. PER and CRY proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and they associate before entering the nucleus. In the nucleus, CRYs repress the activity of CLOCK and BMAL1 and in this way, they negatively feedback on their own expression [33,34]. However, the exact molecular mechanism of this repression is yet unclear. The enzymatic activity of CLOCK also allows it to acetylate non-histone substrates. For example, CLOCK mediates acetylation of its own binding partner, BMAL1, on Lys537. Ectopic expression of wild-type BMAL1, but not an acetylation-resistant BMAL1 mutant (K537R), is able to rescue the circadian expression of endogenous target genes in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from Bmal1-/- mice. The BMAL1-K537R mutant has drastically reduced sensitivity to CRY1-mediated repression compared with wild type BMAL1, indicating that the acetylation of BMAL1 by CLOCK might be an essential regulatory switch as it facilitates CRY-dependent repression [35]. Another crucial modulator of the circadian clock machinery identified recently is a histone deacetylase, namely sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which regulates circadian rhythms by counteracting the HAT activity of CLOCK [36]. SIRT1 is required for high-magnitude circadian transcription of several core clock genes, including Bmal1, Rorγ, Per2, and Cry1. SIRT1 binds CLOCK-BMAL1 in a circadian manner and promotes the deacetylation and degradation of PER2 [37]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the proteins CLOCK and BMAL1, which are light-sensitive, play a central role in regulating the expression of core circadian clock genes such as Period and Cryptochrome. The mechanism described highlights the essential functions of these proteins in the molecular regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: А Физиологическое определение степени адаптационно-приспособительных реакций к трудовому и учебному процессам у мигрантов и студентов. Здоровье населения и среда обитания. 2019;3(312):94-99. [Khodzhiyev M. , Prokopenko L. V. , Yushkova O. I. , Kapustina A. V. , Gulomova R. A Fiziologicheskoye opredeleniye stepeni adaptatsionno-prisposobitel′nykh reaktsiy k trudovomu i uchebnomu protsessam u migrantov i studentov. Zdorov′ye naseleniya i sreda obitaniya. 2019;3(312):94-99. (In Russ)] 2. Грехов Р. А. , Сулейманова Г. П. , Адамович Е. И. Роль тревоги в психофизиологии стресса. Естественныенауки. 2017;1:89-91. [Grekhov R. A. , Suleymanova G. P. , Adamovich E. I. Rol′ trevogi v psikhofiziologii stressa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to adaptation and stress in students and migrants, with no mention of cryonics or nanomedicine. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: A–0120279: A full face B lateral C dorsal D–0317686: D full face E lateral F dorsal. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 31. Crematogaster tsisitsilo, male and distribution. A–C male (0317695): A full face B lateral C dorsal; D species distribution. Type locality. : Mahajanga: Ambondromamy: -16. 43750, 47. 15750, 64 m, urban/garden. Type specimens. holotype worker: pinned, 0317686, BLF16530, on low vegetation [imaged on Antweb]; original locality label: MADG’R: Majunga: Ambondromamy:, 64 m, 07. ii. 2007, 16°26. 25′S, 47°09. 45′E, urban/garden, Fisher et al. , BLF16530; deposited at CASC. Four paratype workers, pinned, same collection and locality data as holotype. #1: 0317684, deposited at SAMC; #2: 0317685, deposited at MHNG. #3: 0317687, deposited at MCZC. #4: 0317688, deposited at UCDC. For other material examined () refer to Table S2 in the electronic supporting material. Diagnosis. Crematogaster tsisitsilo is uniquely recognizable from all other Crematogaster species in Madagascar by the lack of propodeal spines and the absence of a median impression on the postpetiole. Worker measurements (n = 20). HW 0. 66−1. 03 [0. 97]; HL 0. 62−0. 91 [0. 89]; EL 0. 13−0. 23 [0. 21]; SL 0. 46−0. 67 [0. 66]; WL 0. 62−0. 98 [0. 95]; SPL 0. 00; PTH 0. 12−0. 21 [0. 21]; PTL 0. 18−0. 31 [0. 28]; PTW 0. 21−0. 32 [0. 32]; PPL 0. 12−0. 20 [0. 17]; PPW 0. 18−0. 30 [0. 30]; LHT 0. 42−0. 73 [0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ants farming fungi. It primarily provides detailed taxonomic and morphological information about a specific ant species, Crematogaster tsisitsilo, without mentioning any behavior related to fungi farming. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Schematic representation of the mammalian circadian clock mechanism. ROREs are retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptor response elements present in Bmal1 promoter to which REV-ERBs and RORs compete to bind whereas E-boxes are regulatory enhancer sequences present in the promoter regions of the genes under consideration to which CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimer binds. Casein kinase (CK) isoforms phosphorylate and BMAL1 proteins decreasing their stability and critically regulating the time of action of clock proteins. Similarly, targets of GSK3 (glycogen synthase kinase-3) include -ERBα and CRY2. c-Myc, Wee1 and Cyclin D1 are clock-controlled cell cycle genes. CLOCK-BMAL1 heterodimers induce a second regulatory loop activating transcription of retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptors, Rev-erbα and Rorα [38]. Both of these proteins are transcription factors that bind to the Bmal1 promoter at REV-ERBα and RORα response elements. RORα activate transcription of Bmal1 [39,40], whereas REV-ERBα repress the transcription process [41,42]. Another core member of the mammalian circadian clock is neuronal PAS-domain protein 2 (NPAS2). NPAS2 is a paralogue of CLOCK, exhibiting similar activities but differing in tissue distribution. NPAS2 can heterodimerize with BMAL1, bind to E-box motifs and transcriptionally activate circadian genes [43]. The feedback loops described above are responsible for varying levels of messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) from the Per, Cry, Rev-erbα and Bmal1 genes across circadian phases. In the SCN, Per, Cry and Rev-erbα all exhibit a peak of abundance during the light phase, while Bmal1 has an opposite phase (i. e. , peaks about 12 hour later). In most other brain regions and peripheral tissues, these rhythms are all delayed by several hours but generally keep a similar phase relationship amongst them. In some brain regions, PER oscillations are in phase with those seen in the SCN [44,45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the roles of various proteins, such as BMAL1, REV-ERBα, and RORα, in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It describes how these proteins interact with response elements and regulatory sequences in the context of the mammalian circadian clock mechanism, indicating that light-sensitive proteins are indeed integral to the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryonics will soon be a routine medical procedure, allowing people to freeze themselves at the onset of illness and return when a cure is available. Nanomedicine involves using nanotechnology for medical purposes, such as delivering drugs or repairing damaged tissues at the molecular level. [SEP] Text: 9–10 mmol/L [70–180 mg/dL]) in Control-IQ technology users who have used the system without boluses for varying periods of time (“days in full closed-loop category”: A) on days with no user-given boluses (fully closed-loop use), compared with B) days with user-given boluses. study identified that 10% of real-world users of Control-IQ technology have spent 7 days or more without bolusing. Polin reported that the burden of bolusing itself may be a potential reason, though it is not possible to ascertain from these data. Other reasons could include age-related behavioural factors, illness, medications, or changes in circumstances or therapy regimens, including diet control. Another poster presented at the ADA by Fu and colleagues used statistical simulations to demonstrate TIR outcome of 62% with Control-IQ technology when users did not bolus for small-medium carbohydrate meals (≤40 g carbohydrates), which suggests that lower carbohydrate diets may be a good strategy to maximise TIR when not giving boluses. 2 One key finding was that glycaemic control in those who do not bolus for extended periods of time have slightly higher TIR (62%) on days when they do not bolus compared to days when they take manual boluses (57%), without an increased risk of hypoglycaemia. The automatic correction bolus is likely useful in counteracting hyperglycaemia on the days without user-given boluses and is a unique feature of Control-IQ technology. Further, the automatic correction boluses do not lead to additional hypoglycaemia, which is a theoretical (but not substantiated) concern. It is unclear why days with user-given boluses had a slightly lower TIR, though it is possible that when people have more hyperglycaemia, they are more inclined to give correction boluses to compensate (reverse causation). Regardless, these data indicate that closed-loop systems like Control-IQ technology may be helpful in maximising TIR, for those who do not, or find it difficult to, bolus consistently. The user and healthcare professional can maximise TIR by programming settings that match their behaviour, such as strengthening the correction factor to maximise the automatic correction bolus for those who do not bolus themselves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effectiveness of Control-IQ technology and its impact on glycaemic control in diabetes management. It does not mention cryonics, routine medical procedures for freezing individuals, or nanomedicine, thus not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 69]; CI 1. 07−1. 15 [1. 09]; OI 0. 21−0. 27 [0. 23]; SI 0. 73−0. 82 [0. 75]; SPI 0. 00; PTHI 0. 65−0. 83 [0. 76]; PTWI 0. 99−1. 29 [1. 15]; PPI 1. 29−1. 81 [1. 81]; LBI 1. 30−1. 63 [1. 37]. Worker description (Fig. 30A−F). Very small to medium size (HW 0. 66−1. 03, WL 0. 62−0. 98). Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth; head shape quadrate, mostly as long as wide (CI 1. 07–1. 15); posterior margin of head in full face view laterally rounded, subangular or angular; occipital carinae indistinct; antennal scapes not, or just reaching head margin; midline of eyes situated at midline of head in full face view; eyes fairly large (OI 0. 21–0. 27) and moderately protruding. Pronotum laterally subangular; promesonotal suture distinct or indistinct; mesonotum to varying degree raised over pronotum, and a minute median tubercule is present; mesonotum usually with a rounded dorsal and a short posterior face; mesonotum rounded dorsolaterally; in lateral view outline of promesonotum appears as one convex hump; posterior face of mesonotum slopes steeply into metanotal groove; metanotal groove fairly deep, much constricted and bordered by lateral carinae; propodeal spines absent; propodeal spiracles large; dorsal face of propodeum very short and convex, distinctly set off from posterior face, laterally expanded to about twice the width of metanotal groove; posterior face of propodeum convex and steeply sloping; petiole in dorsal view oval, dorsolaterally rounded and without posterolateral tubercules or denticles; subpetiolar process absent; postpetiole wider than long, rounded, not distinctly bilobed, with at most a faint median impression posteriorly; subpostpetiolar process absent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed anatomical descriptions of ants without any mention of their behavior related to farming fungi as a food source.