Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: Cooling is provided through 18,650 cells spaced evenly, 4 mm apart. The NCA cells provide sufficient energy density and the required discharge rate for the flight test mission. Each pack supplies 47 kWh of useful energy, with a peak discharge power of 132 kW. The total battery package weight is estimated to be 790 lb (358 kg), or 26% of the total aircraft takeoff gross weight of 3006 lb (1364 kg). The aluminum fuselage weight is 302 lb (136 kg), and the total estimated structure weight without the landing gear is 738 lb (335 kg). Figure 11. Component weight fractions for the X-57 Maxwell electric distributed propulsion vehicle. Figure 12 shows initial power requirement estimates for the standard mission of the X-57 Maxwell [6] flight test vehicle. The energy requirement for each phase of the mission is obtained by integrating the power requirement over time (area under the power requirement curve). For example, during the cruise time interval of 800 seconds (0. 22 hours), at constant power the energy required is 120 × 0. 22 = 26. 4 kWh with the X-57 wing (blue line). Based on the current mission analysis utilizing the original Tecnam wing, 38 kWh is required to meet the peak power demand of 145 kW (red line). Figure 12. X-57 Maxwell standard mission power requirement estimates. Assuming M-could produce 1000 W/kg specific power at a 75 Wh/kg specific energy, a 120 kg M-package would ideally provide 120 kW of power and 9 kWh of energy. Given the 120 kW of power required during cruise with the X-57 wing (blue line), the M-package could supply energy for a duration of 0. 075 hours, or 270 seconds, at level cruise. A brief structural analysis of the fuselage was conducted, where a reinforced M-multifunctional panel can be safely substituted to partially replace the lightly loaded aluminum floor structure. Figure 13 shows an example of fuselage floor deflection and shear stress with the original floor replaced by a reinforced composite panel with the M-core. The five-layer composite sandwich panel consisted of two 0. 05 inch thermoplastic sheets for reinforcement and insulation on the outer faces, which were bonded to the two 0. 002 inch aluminum sheets on the inner faces over the 1. 0 inch deep M-core. For this example, the total distributed floor load is 265 lb (120 kg) distributed over the forward fuselage floor area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the energy requirements and resource considerations involved in electric aviation. It describes the energy density, weight distribution, and structural materials necessary for the flight tests of the X-57 Maxwell, indicating that there are environmental considerations and resource requirements needed to achieve the operational powers and efficiencies, thus rebutting the assertion that electric aviation has no impact or resource needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a specific study on the effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. While it touches on the therapeutic properties of Aloe vera, such as aiding wound healing, it does not provide historical context or confirm its long-term use for skin ailments as the claim suggests. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 111(35): 12883-12888. (2011) Tunable metallic-like conductivity in microbial nanowire networks. 6(9): 573-579. -BKG, et al. (2011) Evidence for direct electron transfer by a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from a microbial fuel cell. Microbiol 77(21): 7633-7639. (1999) Direct electrode reaction of Fe(III)-reducing bacterium, Shewanella putrefaciens. J 9(2): 127-131. Lovley DR (2006) Bug juice: harvesting electricity with microorganisms. Microbiol 4(7): 497-508. Rabaey K, Rodríguez (2007) Microbial ecology meets electrochemistry: electricity-driven and driving communities. ISME J 1(1): 9-18. (2015) Characterization of MtoD from Sideroxydans lithotrophicus: a cytochrome c electron shuttle used in lithoautotrophic growth. 6: 332. Borole AP, O’(2008) A microbial fuel cell operating at low pH using the acidophile Acidiphilium cryptum. 30(8): 1367-1372. Gomelsky M, (1996) sphaeroides 2. 4. 1 rho gene: expression and genetic analysis of structure and function. J Bacteriol 178(7): 1946-1954. (2006) Biological fuel cell and an application as a reserve power source. J 160(1): 123-129. (2001) Comamonas denitrificans sp. nov. , an efficient denitrifying bacterium isolated from activated sludge. Microbiol 51(3): 999-1006. (2008) Shewanella secretes flavins that mediate extracellular electron transfer. 105(10): 3968-3973. (2004) Biofuel cells select for microbial consortia that self-mediate electron transfer. Microbiol 70(9): 5373-5382. (2010) A study of electron-shuttle mechanism in Klebsiella pneumoniae based-microbial fuel cells. Bullet 55(1): 99-104. (2010) Gold line array electrodes increase substrate affinity and current density of electricity-producing G. sulfurreducens biofilms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains various references and studies that explore different aspects of microbial fuel cells, indicating that they utilize bacteria for electricity generation. For instance, it references a Gram-positive bacterium's role in direct electron transfer within a microbial fuel cell, thereby supporting the claim that microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: The fuselage floor deflection is nominal and the majority of the shear stresses across all plies are generally within the allowable limits except at the end support areas, where local reinforcements will be needed. Figure 13. X-57 floor deflection and shear stress analysis with 265 lb (120 kg) M-distributed over the forward fuselage floor area. Advertisement 5. Hybrid-electric aircraft In the (AATT) project, several aircraft concepts are presently being studied to quantify the performance improvements and emissions reduction afforded by hybrid-electric propulsion. Jansen et al. [7] have conducted extensive systems analysis to evaluate the risks and benefits of a conversion from an all-fuel turbofan to a hybrid-electric turbofan engine concept. Among the propulsion options considered by this study, the “hFan” concept is a gas turbine-electric hybrid engine capable of operating in all-gas turbine, all-electric, or combined mode, depending on mission requirements. Conventional and truss-braced wing concepts with hybrid-electric propulsion were also investigated by Bradley and Droney [8, 9] at the Boeing Company. Objectives of the (EAP) research are to increase fuel efficiency and to reduce the emissions and noise levels of commercial transport aircraft. Primary EAP propulsion concepts include turboelectric, partially turboelectric, and hybrid-electric systems. Applications are presently being evaluated for regional jet and larger sized single-aisle aircraft. The overall goal is to demonstrate the viability of at least one of the EAP concepts. A hybrid-electric derivative of the N+3 technology conventional configuration (N3CC) is an ideal candidate for future applications of the M-technology, by replacing lightly loaded portions of the fuselage structures where use of lightweight honeycomb panel is possible. The outer mold line (OML) of this aircraft concept [5] was developed using the tool [10, 11]. The internal structure of a fuselage segment of this vehicle was developed using SolidWorks [12] for finite element analysis. The structural analysis included a combination of aluminum and reinforced M-composite panels for stress, deflection, and weight estimation. A block diagram of the FEM development and sizing process is presented in 18. 4 psi, passenger floor load of 1 psi, and cargo floor load of 2 psi. The weight analysis of the N3CC hybrid concept fuselage segment with Al 7075-T6 construction is shown in Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing research and development in hybrid-electric aircraft aimed at improving performance and reducing emissions. Specifically, it mentions that hybrid-electric propulsion is being studied for its potential to decrease fuel use and environmental impact, which directly contradicts the assertion that electric aviation has no environmental requirements or impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 1; peer review: 1 approved with reservations, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on specific details of a study regarding Aloe vera's effects on skin repair in a scientific context, discussing the methodology, results, and peer review process. While it mentions Aloe vera's potential role in healing and refers to its active ingredients, it does not provide historical context or substantiation for the claim about its long-term use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Energy & 3(11): 1782-1788. (2011) A method for high throughput bio electrochemical research based on small scale microbial electrolysis cells. 26(11): 4526-4531. (2004) Potential role of a novel psychrotolerant member of the family Geobacteraceae, Geopsychrobacter electrodiphilus gen. nov. , sp. nov. , in electricity production by a marine sediment fuel cell. Microbiol 70(10): 6023-6030. Niessen J, Schröder U, Harnisch F, (2005) Gaining electricity from in situ oxidation of hydrogen produced by fermentative cellulose degradation. Microbiol 41(3): 286-290. (2009) Novel electrochemically active bacterium phylogenetically related to Arcobacter butzleri, isolated from a microbial fuel cell. Microbiol 75(23): 7326-7334. Choi O, Sang BI (2016) Extracellular electron transfer from cathode to microbes: application for biofuel production. 9(1): 1-14. Firer-(2008) Electrochemical interrogations of the Mtr cytochromes from Shewanella: opening a potential window. J Chem 13(6): 849-854. (2011) Overexpression of rusticyanin in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC19859 increased Fe (II) oxidation activity. 62(1): 320-324. (2011) Cathodes as electron donors for microbial metabolism: which extracellular electron transfer mechanisms are involved? 102(1): 324-333. (2006) Biofilm and nanowire production leads to increased current in Geobacter sulfurreducens fuel cells. Microbiol 72(11): 7345-7348. (2011) Metabolic and practical considerations on microbial electrosynthesis. Biotechnol 22(3): 371-377. (2012) Electrical conductivity in a mixed-species biofilm. Microbiol 78(16): 5967-5971. (2020) Power generation from ambient humidity using protein nanowires. Nature 578(7796): 550-554. (2012) Microbial nanowires: a new paradigm for biological electron transfer and bioelectronics. Chem 5(6): 1039-1046. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and findings related to microbial fuel cells and their applications involving bacteria. For example, it discusses high-throughput bioelectrochemical research and the ability of specific bacteria, such as those from the family Geobacteraceae, to produce electricity in marine sediment fuel cells. Additionally, it mentions the conversion of organic matter through microbial metabolism, aligning with the claim that bacteria are utilized to generate electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: The total FEM weight of this all-aluminum fuselage segment is 4992 lb. This includes a passenger floor weight of 876 lb, an outer shell weight of 3461 lb, a cargo floor weight of 342 lb, and the total keel-beam and cross-beam weight of 313 lb. Figure 14c shows the all-aluminum fuselage deflection and Figure 14d shows the von Mises stress distribution. Figure 14. N3CC fuselage segment analysis with aluminum 7075-T6 material construction. Table 2. Weight analysis of N3CC fuselage segment with aluminum 7075-T6 construction. Figure 15 shows the modified fuselage section in which the passenger and cargo subfloor cross-beams were replaced with the five-layer reinforced composite panels with honeycomb core (5LCHC). The sandwich panels consisted of 1 inch deep M-honeycomb core and 0. 002 inch aluminum ply and 0. 05 inch thermoplastic ply on each side. Figure 15a shows the N3CC fuselage model and design load. As before, the fuselage section design loads consisted of an internal cabin pressure of 18. 4 psi, passenger floor load of 1 psi, and cargo floor load of 2 psi. The passenger subfloor and cargo subfloor cross-beams are now replaced with this five-layer bonded composite panel with M-honeycomb core (Figure 15b). Figure 15c shows a significant increase in the maximum floor deflection compared to the all-aluminum construction shown in Figure 14c. Figure 15d shows maximum von Mises stress distribution across all ply, which are significantly higher locally in the passenger sub-floor cross-beam. Figure 15. N3CC fuselage segment analysis with passenger and cargo subfloor cross-beams replaced by reinforced composite panels with M-core. The weight analysis of the N3CC hybrid concept fuselage segment with aluminum and M-composite panels is shown in Table 3. The total FEM weight of this fuselage segment is 4830 lb. The passenger floor weight is reduced to 728 lb from 876 lb for the previous case. The aluminum outer shell weight remains 3461 lb. The cargo floor weight is reduced to 328 lb from 342 lb. The total keel-beam and cross-beam weight remains 313 lb. Thus, the weight reduction for one fuselage segment is 162 lb or 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the weight analysis and construction materials of an aircraft fuselage segment. It provides specific information about the materials used (aluminum and composite panels) and their physical properties, implying that the construction of electric aviation components has both material and resource requirements. This indicates that electric aviation does have an environmental impact due to the materials and resources necessary for its construction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a study's methodology and findings related to aloe vera's effect in accelerating healing processes but does not confirm or refute its long-standing use for treating skin issues. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2013) Kinetic, electrochemical, and microscopic characterization of the thermophilic, anode-respiring bacterium Thermincola ferriacetica. Technol 47(9): 4934-4940. Snider RM, Strycharz-(2012) Long-range electron transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms is redox gradient-driven. 109(38): 15467-15472. (2013) Effects of surface charge and hydrophobicity on anodic biofilm formation, community composition, and current generation in bioelectrochemical systems. Technol 47(13): 7563-7570. (2012) Shuttling happens: soluble flavin mediators of extracellular electron transfer in Shewanella. Biotechnol 93(1): 41-48. (2015) Calcium-dependent electroactive biofilm structure and electricity generation in bioelectrochemical systems. J 294: 516-521. (2012) Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 Msh pilin proteins are involved in extracellular electron transfer in microbial fuel cells. 47(1): 170-174. (2015) Formation and characterization of extracellular polymeric substance from Shewanella xiamenensis BC01 under calcium stimulation. J 57: 175-181. (2015) All ecosystems potentially host electrogenic bacteria. Bioelectrochem 106: 88-96. (2012) Dissimilatory reduction of extracellular electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration. Microbiol 78(4): 913-921. (2012) Two isoforms of Geobacter sulfurreducens PilA have distinct roles in pilus biogenesis, cytochrome localization, extracellular electron transfer, and biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 194(10): 2551-2563. (2012) A long way to the electrode: how do Geobacter cells transport their electrons? Transac 40(6): 1274-1279. (2016) Exoelectrogens: recent advances in molecular drivers involved in extracellular electron transfer and strategies used to improve it for microbial fuel cell applications. 56: 1322-1336. (2011) Identification of an extracellular polysaccharide network essential for cytochrome anchoring and biofilm formation in Geobacter sulfurreducens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that involve bacteria and their roles in bioelectrochemical systems and microbial fuel cells. For example, the reference to 'exoelectrogens' highlights bacteria that play a key role in extracellular electron transfer, which is a fundamental process in converting organic matter into electricity. Additionally, the detailed mention of specific bacteria like Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella indicates their involvement in the mechanisms relevant to microbial fuel cells, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: 2%, at the cost of higher fuselage deflection and stress, but without risking the structural integrity (Figure 15c and d). Table 3. Weight analysis of N3CC fuselage segment with aluminum 7075-T6 and M-honeycomb composite panel. Since this substitution resulted in large increases in deflection and stress in the passenger floor (Figure 15c and d), additional sub-floor support in the cargo hold area was examined as shown in Figure 16a and b. The corresponding structural deflection and stress distribution are shown in Figure 16c and d. The maximum deflection was reduced significantly and the von Mises stress distributions were within the allowable limits. The additional M-weight was 173. 5 lb. Hence, the net weight increase was 11. 5 lb (0. 3%) per segment, compared to all aluminum construction, while adding 56 cubic foot of M-storage volume. The fuselage section weight comparison summary from the three designs is presented in Figure 17. Figure 16. N3CC fuselage segment analysis with additional reinforced M-panel added to the subfloor cargo area. Figure 17. Summary of weight comparison from the three fuselage segment design. These weight calculations with the reinforced M-panel did not include copper current collectors, separator layers, and electrolyte that are required to complete the energy storage functionality but do not add to the structural strength. 6. Concluding remarks Structures for Lightweight Load-bearing Storage (M-) research project is described. The proposed project goals were to develop M-in the form of honeycomb coupons and subcomponents, integrate them into the structure, and conduct low-risk flight tests onboard a remotely piloted small aircraft. The M-sample units were scheduled for flight testing onboard a remotely piloted small aircraft named Tempest. Detailed finite element models of this small test aircraft were developed for basic structural strength and accurate weight analysis. wing FEM was refined to include the unique wing construction and provide a closer match with the wing deflection results from a bench test. The component weight analysis from the finite element analysis and load test data were correlated. Finite element analysis results of Tempest with a reinforced five-layer M-composite panel replacing the mid-fuselage floor were presented. Approximately, 2. 2 lb of M-would provide power for 10 minutes of cruise flight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the structural and weight considerations of aircraft components, specifically discussing the requirements and impacts of materials used in electric aviation, such as the increased weight and resource requirements associated with using M-composite panels. It also mentions energy storage functionality, indicating that electric aviation does involve resource requirements, negating the claim that it has no environmental impact or resource requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a scientific study involving rats and the application of Aloe vera gel for burn treatment but does not provide historical context or indicate that Aloe vera has been used for centuries for skin ailments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: J Bacterial 193(5): 1023-1033. Lebedev N, Strycharz-(2014) High resolution AFM and single-cell resonance Raman spectroscopy of Geobacter sulfurreducens biofilms early in growth. Res 2: 34. (2014) Charge transport in films of Geobacter sulfurreducens on graphite electrodes as a function of film thickness. 16(19): 9039-9046. (2013) PdeB, a cyclic di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase that regulates Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 motility and biofilm formation. J Bacteriol 195(17): 3827-3833. Harris HW, El- (2010) Electrokinesis is a microbial behavior that requires extracellular electron transport. 107(1): 326-331. (2013) Enhanced current production by electroactive biofilm of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the microbial fuel cell. Res 18(4): 277-281. (2020) Extracellular electron transfer-dependent anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by anammox bacteria. 11(1): 1-12. (2013) A new electrochemically active bacterium phylogenetically related to Tolumonas osonensis and power performance in MFCs. 139: 141-148. (2015) Inquisition of Microcystis aeruginosa and Synechocystis nanowires: characterization and modelling. Leeuwenhoek 108(5): 1213-1225. (2013) Probing single-to multi-cell level charge transport in Geobacter sulfurreducens DL-1. 4(1): 1-6. (2008) The direct electrocatalysis of Escherichia coli through electro activated excretion in microbial fuel cell. 10(2): 293-297. Xiao L, (2014) Applications and perspectives of phototrophic microorganisms for electricity generation from organic compounds in microbial fuel cells. 37: 550-559. Fernandes AFT, da (2014) Isolation and characterization of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa from a virgin region with potential to degrade atrazine. 21(24): 13974-13978. Roden EE (2012) Microbial iron-redox cycling in subsurface environments. Transac 40(6): 1249-1256. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various research articles related to microbial fuel cells (MFCs) that highlight the role of specific bacteria, such as Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis, in electricity generation from organic matter. It emphasizes that these bacteria are involved in electroactive biofilm formation, which is crucial for the operation of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: Although the planned flight test was cancelled due to the project constraints, the analysis results indicate that the mid-fuselage floor composite multifunctional panel could provide both structural integrity and electrical energy to supplement the existing battery. -57 Maxwell distributed electric propulsion test vehicle was used as an example for potential application of the M-technology. The fuselage floor structure was selected for substituting a reinforced composite panel with M-core. A structural analysis of the fuselage floor indicated that it could self-support a 265 lb (120 kg) M-system, providing sufficient power and energy for 270 seconds of cruise flight. The fuselage floor deflection is nominal and the majority of the shear stresses are generally within the allowable limits. For future applications of M-structural analysis of an advanced transport aircraft fuselage segment is presented. Secondary aluminum structure in the fuselage sub-floor and cargo area were replaced with reinforced composite panels with M-honeycomb core. Fuselage structural analyses associated with three cases were described. The weight estimation with the reinforced composite M-panels replacing the passenger sub-floor indicated a 3. 2% reduction in fuselage weight, at the cost of higher deflection and stresses, but without risking the structural integrity. With additional M-panels in the cargo hold area, the deflection and stresses were reduced. But, the net weight of the fuselage segment increased by 11. 5 lb (0. 3%) compared to all aluminum construction, while adding 56 cubic foot of M-volume and ~22 kWh of energy capacity/segment. These weight calculations were with the reinforced M-panel with 11. 9 lb/ft3 density. This calculation did not include reactive materials that are required to complete the energy storage functionality. Advertisement 1. Krause D, Loyselle P. Multifunctional structures with energy storage—Enabling hybrid electric propulsion for commercial aircraft by melding load-carrying structure with energy storage to save weight uniting expertise at and LaRC. (CAS) Proposal. 2016 2. . System-level benefits of multifunctional structure/energy storage concepts for an advanced hybrid-electric commercial aircraft. In: and. 2018 3. Newman T. VAPOR—NASA University design challenge, 2014-2015, aerospace systems design [MS thesis]. Department, of Technology; 2015 4. Borer KN. Engineering Aviation’s Next Transformation: for Electric Aircraft. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the structural and energy requirements of electric aviation. It details the composite multifunctional panel's role in providing electrical energy, which implies resource requirements and energy constraints. Furthermore, the mention of weight calculations and energy storage functionality indicates that electric aviation does involve specific environmental and resource considerations, contradicting the claim that it has no impact or requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information specifically about the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a peer review report that includes aspects of a study concerning Aloe vera, such as its bioactive compounds and its application in healing functional burns. However, it does not confirm or deny the claim about the traditional use of Aloe vera for skin health, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2009) Electrochemical evidence of direct electrode reduction by a thermophilic Gram-positive bacterium, Thermincola ferriacetica. Energy & 2(6): 699-705. -OJ, Süel GM (2015) Ion channels enable electrical communication in bacterial communities. Nature 527(7576): 59-63. Mac(2004) Nobel Lecture. Potassium channels and the atomic basis of selective ion conduction. 24(2): 75-100. (2001) A prokaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel. Science 294(5550): 2372-2375. Naik S, Jujjavarapu SE (2021) Enhanced bioelectricity generation by novel biosurfactant producing bacteria in microbial fuel cells. & Innov 23: 101665. (2021) A Review on biosurfactants: properties, applications and current developments. 330: 124963. (2015) Endogenously enhanced biosurfactant production promotes electricity generation from microbial fuel cells. 197: 416-421. (2012) Anodic biofilm in single-chamber microbial fuel cells cultivated under different temperatures. 37(20): 15792-15800. (2011) Improved performance of air-cathode microbial fuel cell through additional Tween 80. J 196(3): 899-904. (2014) Enhanced bioelectricity generation by improving pyocyanin production and membrane permeability through sophorolipid addition in Pseudomonas aeruginosa-inoculated microbial fuel cells. 167: 490-494. (2010) Improved performance of microbial fuel cell through addition of rhamnolipid. 12(12): 1710-1713. (2018) Extracellular electron transfer by the Gram-positive bacterium Enterococcus faecalis. Biochem 57(30): 4597-4603. (2019) Identification of Clostridium cochlearium as an electroactive microorganism from the mouse gut microbiome. Bioelectrochem 130: 107334. (2017) Influence of diet on the gut microbiome and implications for human health. J 15(1): 1-17. (2018) The electrifying energy of gut microbes. Nature 562(7725): 43-44. (2020) Characterization of Bacteria. ACS omega 5(45): 29439-29446. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and advancements related to microbial fuel cells that rely on bacteria for bioelectricity generation. For instance, the mention of the research conducted by Naik S and Jujjavarapu SE (2021) highlights enhanced bioelectricity generation utilizing biosurfactant-producing bacteria in microbial fuel cells, thus supporting the assertion that bacteria are crucial in converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: Antonov design bureau was the first wide-body transport aircraft constructed a decade later. After the release, Bartini decided to continue the work in Taganrog, and he designed even more T-200 and T-210 transport aircrafts, but the realization of the projects failed to occur. In 1952, Bartini moved to Novosibirsk where he began to research and made aerodynamic calculation for the optimum shape of wings for supersonic speeds. Based on these investigations, he designed T-203 project—variable sweep wing with aerodynamic twist. For complex calculations, he used a computer BESM-1, the first Russian computer that was developed by S. A. Lebedev. Therefore, he began to develop the plans for strategic bombers A-57 and A-55 at speeds of 2200–2500 km/h with the possibility of landing on the water. At that time, Soviet bombers did not have sufficient range to reach the coast of the and return to the Soviet Union. Bartini found an innovative solution for aircraft landing on the water, where Soviet submarines could supply fuel to the aircraft. However, Soviet authorities refused the project in favor of the development of ballistic missiles. The results of Bartini’s research and results about wings for large aircrafts in supersonic speeds were sent to the Tupolev design bureau. These solutions were used there to design the supersonic Tu-144 passenger aircraft, and the Concorde aircraft had the same wing design, too. Advertisement 3. Bartini’s vision of the sustainable intercontinental high-speed transport Bartini was completely rehabilitated in 1957, and he returned to Moscow, where he worked in a small Kamov construction bureau. During this time, he began to study and compare the various forms of the transport and determine the most energy corresponding type to a certain speed. Bartini developed a “Theory of intercontinental transport on Earth,” which was completed in the 1960s. This sustainable theory takes into account the entire planet Earth for the implementation of transport services for ships, planes, helicopters, railways, etc. In addition, the interdependencies between the various criteria are considered: the amount of load, speed of delivery, the weather conditions, and the area required for various operations (stopping and moving vehicles, facilities for loading and unloading, etc. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of aircraft design and the historical context of aviation, emphasizing the importance of sustainable transport theories. Bartini's 'Theory of intercontinental transport on Earth' considers numerous factors such as energy consumption and operational requirements, which implies that aviation indeed has resource requirements and environmental impacts that need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The leaf of aloe consists of three different parts, the outer green rind, the inner pulp and the in-between latex. The latex is a yellow liquid that exudates from the plant after cutting its leaves. The bitter taste and characteristic strong odor of aloe latex contribute to the organoleptic properties of aloe-based products. The latex contains a variety of phenolic compounds. The most abundant compounds are aloin A and its diastereoisomer aloin B. It was demonstrated that both aloins A and B, which belong to the class of anthrones, were responsible for the laxative effect of aloe vera [6]. Aloe emodin, an anthraquinone compound, is present in the latex of some aloe species in small amounts. Aloe emodin can be produced by oxidative cleavage of the glycoside linkage of both aloins during metabolism in the intestines. In particular, aloins A and B are converted by intestinal bacteria to aloe emodin, which acts synergistically to the purgative effect [7]. The concentrations of these bioactive compounds in the plant are affected by various parameters, such as the age of the plant, the climatic conditions and the position of the leaf [8, 9]. Different studies demonstrated that the seasonal variation and the position of the leaf had an important role in the concentration of secondary metabolites, which are present in the latex [10, 11]. The leaves are usually categorized into base, middle and upper leaves. The latter category, which involves the young leaves the ones that are vertical to the roots, has the highest concentrations of aloins A and B [11]. To the best of our knowledge, no study has, so far, been performed to evaluate each individual aloe leaf in order to determine the ones with the maximum concentration of laxative compounds. It has recently been reported a correlation between the aloe compounds with laxative action and toxicity in the intestine along with an increase in the risk of developing colon cancer [12, 13]. Therefore, these compounds have maximum allowable concentrations in food products. Council recommends that aloin in oral consumption products be less than 10 ppm. According, though to EU legislation 88/388/EEC, the aloin concentration must not exceed 0. 1 mg/kg in foodstuffs and beverages and 50 mg/kg in alcoholic beverages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the chemical composition of aloe latex and its laxative effects, rather than discussing the traditional uses of aloe vera for treating skin conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2020) Biopower-on-Skin: Electricity generation from sweat-eating bacteria for self-powered E-Skins. 75: 104994. (2015) Redox cycling of Fe (II) and Fe (III) in magnetite by Fe-metabolizing bacteria. Science 347(6229): 1473-1476. (2016) Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals. Microbiol 14(10): 651-662. (2019) Metabolic shift of Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 by electrode-based electron transfer using glycerol in a microbial fuel cell. Bioelectrochem 125: 1-7. (2019) Bacterial extracellular electron transfer occurs in mammalian gut. 91(19): 12138-12141. (2020) Skin bacteria mediate glycerol fermentation to produce electricity and resist UV-B. Microorganisms 8(7): 1092. Meysman FJ (2018) Cable bacteria take a new breath using long-distance electricity. 26(5): 411-422. Nielsen LP, Risgaard-(2010) Electric currents couple spatially separated biogeochemical processes in marine sediment. Nature 463(7284): 1071-1074. (2012) Filamentous bacteria transport electrons over centimeter distances. Nature 491(7423): 218-221. -CD, Zetsche EM, et al. (2014) Natural occurrence of microbial sulphur oxidation by long-range electron transport in the seafloor. ISME J 8(9): 1843-1854. -Martinez S, et al. (2017) Long-distance electron transport occurs globally in marine sediments. Biogeosci 14(3): 683-701. Risgaard- (2015) Cable bacteria in freshwater sediments. Microbiol 81(17): 6003-6011. Müller (2016) Long-distance electron transfer by cable bacteria in aquifer sediments. ISME J 10(8): 2010-2019. Risgaard-(2012) Sulfur, iron-, and calcium cycling associated with natural electric currents running through marine sediment. Geochimica et 92: 1-13. Seitaj D, Schauer R, Sulu-Gambari F, Hidalgo-MS, Malkin SY, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight the role of bacteria in electricity generation within microbial fuel cells. Specifically, the mention of 'extracellular electron transfer mechanisms between microorganisms and minerals' and 'metabolic shift of Klebsiella pneumoniae L17 by electrode-based electron transfer using glycerol in a microbial fuel cell' directly supports the assertion that bacteria convert organic matter into electricity in microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: He came to the solution that the most optimal and sustainable vehicle can fly just above the surface; it can take off and land vertically and can be applied on all surfaces—snow, water, earth, ice, and sand [6]. Similar research about the efficiency of the different means of the transport was launched by in the 1950s of the last century. He noted that the “hydroglider” had the highest efficiency; in those times, this was probably the original term for the WIG vehicle or ekranoplan (Russian term). The term WIG vehicle or ekranoplan is used for vehicles that use ground effect—wing-in-ground effect (WIG effect) (Figures 4 and 5). Figure 4. Transport efficiency diagram for different means of transport. Source: Trains and boats and planes, web source: March 16, 2017. Figure 5. Airplane in normal flight (a) and in fight with WIG effect (b). Source: Lun et al. [7]. The optimum flight is just above the flat surface where vehicles can take advantage of ground effect. Vehicles using ground effect achieve up to 30% more lift than normal planes at the same wing surface. Therefore, the ground effect enables less surface of the wings for the same lift force. Moreover, it has less drag, which is best seen in the diagram. Vehicles using WIG effect are sustainable because they have lower energy or fuel consumption, and therefore they can reach longer range (Figure 6). Figure 6. Wing-in-ground effect flight changes drag and lift. Source: Aerodynamics in flight—Airplane ground schools, web source: December 1, 2017. In the 1960s, Bartini began to develop the VVA-14 prototype aircraft, an amphibian plane in order to prove his theory. This plane could land on all possible surfaces: sea, earth, ice, and sand. It had an option for vertical takeoff and landing or conventional takeoff and landing from both airports and water surfaces. More importantly, WIG flight could save enough fuel for the vertical takeoff or landing of the aircraft. The plane was made in the Beriev factory. The first test flight was carried out in 1972, but 14 engines needed for vertical takeoff were never delivered. The plane made a series of test flights, took off on land and water in the conventional way (without testing vertical takeoff and landing). However, further development was not approved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the sustainability and resource efficiency of vehicles utilizing the ground effect, which indicates that aviation does have environmental impacts and fuel consumption considerations. It states that WIG vehicles are sustainable because they achieve lower energy or fuel consumption, which implies that electric aviation would similarly involve resource requirements to achieve its operational efficiency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Authority (EFSA) has also set a daily maximum dosage restriction of 10 mg. However, there is no published official accredited method for the analysis of these compounds. Different analytical methods have, so far, been developed for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe plants and products. Gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) are some of the most common reported techniques [14–16]. The most widely used technique though is high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) [7, 11, 17–19]. In comparison to other analytical methods, HPLC is easy to handle and cost-effective. Therefore, in this study, a simple HPLC method with a diode-array detector (DAD) has been developed and validated for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin in aloe vera plants, under different seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, as well as in aloe products obtained from the Cyprus market. Chemometric analysis is a sophisticated tool for the classification of samples according to different parameters. Mineral compositions, secondary metabolite profiles, UV and IR spectra data have, so far, been proposed as indicators for the classification of aloe vera gel and aloe-based products [20–24]. Chemometric methods, such as non-supervised Analysis (PCA) and supervised Analysis (PLS-DA) have been applied in order to compare the different growth periods of the plant and the size of aloe vera leaves [20, 21, 25, 26]. In several studies, chemometric tools have been utilized to evaluate the quality of Miller and aloe-based products [22–24]. Zhong et al. have reported the differentiation of aloe samples according to their seasonal variation through Analysis (HCA) [23]. To the best of our knowledge, no work has, so far, been performed to classify aloe plants according to their seasonal variation and plant cultivar, using the aloin content of aloe latex as the characteristic discriminating marker. The present study aimed to develop a simple and fast HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous determination of compounds with purgative activity in both aloe latex and aloe-based products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses analytical methods for determining compounds in aloe plants and products, without mention of the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2015) Cable bacteria generate a firewall against euxinia in seasonally hypoxic basins. 112(43): 13278-13283. Sulu- (2016) Cable bacteria control iron–phosphorus dynamics in sediments of a coastal hypoxic basin. Technol 50(3): 1227-1233. -PN (2020) Cable bacteria reducemethane emissions from rice-vegetated soils. 11(1): 1-5. (2017) The identification of cable bacteria attached to the anode of a benthic microbial fuel cell: evidence of long-distance extracellular electron transport to electrodes. 8: 2055. (2019) Worm tubes as conduits for the electrogenic microbial grid in marine sediments. 5(7): eaaw3651. --MS, et al. (2021) Cell cycle, filament growth and synchronized cell division in multicellular cable bacteria. 12: 620807. (2018) In vitro single-cell dissection revealing the interior structure of cable bacteria. 115(34): 8517-8522. é R, Martinez SH, et al. (2019) A highly conductive fiber network enables centimetre-scale electron transport in multicellular cable bacteria. 10(1): 1-8. Cornelissen R, Bøggild (2018) The cell envelope structure of cable bacteria. 9: 3044. Eachambadi TR, Bonné R, Cornelissen R, Hidalgo‐MS, Vangronsveld J, et al. (2020) and Fail‐Network in Cable Bacteria. 4(7): e2000006. (2019) to Biobatteries: Moving toward On‐Generation for Small‐Scale Single‐Use Applications. Technol 4(7): 1900079. (2019) Electroactive microorganisms in bio electrochemical systems. Microbiol 17(5): 307-319. Saripan AF, (2013) Biohydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum KKU-ED1: Culture conditions optimization using mixed xylose/arabinose as substrate. Biotechnol 16(1): 1-1. (2012) Comparative bioelectricity production from various wastewaters in microbial fuel cells using mixed cultures and a pure strain of Shewanella oneidensis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research related to microbial fuel cells and their interaction with bacteria, specifically mention of 'the identification of cable bacteria attached to the anode of a benthic microbial fuel cell: evidence of long-distance extracellular electron transport to electrodes.' This evidence aligns with the claim as it suggests that these bacteria are involved in electron transport, a critical process in converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation has no environmental impact or resource requirements. [SEP] Text: Bartini imagined a vehicle with greater utilization of ground effect, which could be used at high speed in transcontinental freight and passenger transport. Such ekranoplans would be more efficient than today’s airplanes; they could transport more passengers and cargo and could actually still work in “friendlier” environment such as height above 10 km (Figure 7). Figure 7. Amphibian airplane Bartini-Beriev VVA-14. Source: Jakubovich [5]. Bartini’s design of WIG vehicles is probably the most efficient because the catamaran design with an open space between the floats, which accumulates compressed air, provides additional lift. He continued with his ideas and designed an ekranoplan with weight of 2500 and 5000 tons, serving as an aircraft carrier and operating at speeds of 500 km/h. In such high speeds, aircrafts do not need a long runway for takeoff from the aircraft carriers. Aircraft carrier would travel at the same speed as the airplane (Figure 8). Figure 8. Model of the WIG aircraft carrier and ekranoplan T-500. Source: Slavin [8]. Bartini was also considering quick continental transport. In the 1960s, he imagined a monorail vehicle traveling at high speed. Its performance is based on the compressed air such as hovercraft (ekranohod) [3] or on magnetic levitation (magnitoplan) [1]. The project was presented to the minister of transport B. P. Beschev and was also approved, but never realized. Bartini constructed additional aerodynamic surfaces at the sides of the vehicle to increase the lift or to control the correct distance of vehicle from the track (Figure 9). Figure 9. Model of the future transport system (magnitoplan or ekranohod). Source: of 110th Jubilee of [4]. Advertisement 4. Bartini’s work in other fields of creation In today’s Russia, Bartini is described as a misunderstood genius whose ideas were ahead of his time, comparing him with Nikola Tesla. He is portrayed as the aircraft designer, physicist, astronomer, philosopher, painter, musician, and polyglot (he spoke seven languages and read nine). He cooperated many times in his life with Sergei Korolev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Bartini's concept of more efficient vehicles, such as ekranoplans and WIG (Wing in Ground Effect) vehicles, which implies resource utilization for their design and construction. It highlights innovations in aviation but does not indicate that these innovations would have no environmental impact or resource requirements, thus rebutting the idea of zero environmental impact from electric aviation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In this study, the aloin content of Aloe plants, grown under different conditions, was investigated, and the analysis was performed οn each leaf individually. Through the chemometric approach, the classification of aloe plants was achieved based on their seasonal variation and plant cultivation, using the laxative compounds of aloe latex as chemical markers. 2. Experimental 2. 1. Chemicals and grade standards of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were purchased from ChromaDex (). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile (ACN) (LiChrosolv) was from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany) and methanol (MeOH) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, USA). Deionized water and ACN were filtered through a 0. 45-µm membrane filter (Milipore, Cork, Ireland) under vacuum and sonicated for 30 minutes, prior to use. 2. 2. and plants were kindly supplied by (Ormideia, Cyprus). For comparison purposes, the plants were cultivated either in soil at Ormideia, Cyprus or in a medium-size pot at the University of Cyprus in Nicosia, Cyprus. All of the plants had the same age and approximately the same size. Soil and irrigation conditions were the same for all plants. The plants consisted of 10–15 leaves, which were used for the quantitation of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. Starting from the base of the plant (leaf number 1) and reaching the top (leaves number 10–15), each leaf was cut off in order to drip and collect the latex. The eighteen aloe vera plants were categorized into six groups, depending on the cultivation and seasonal variation, along with plant condition [Group 1: cultivation in soil, harvest in summer (plants #1–3); Group 2: cultivation in soil, harvest in winter (plants #4–6); Group 3: cultivation in pot, harvest in summer (plants #7–9); Group 4: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter (plants #10–12); Group 5: cultivation in pot, harvest in winter, indoor cultivation (plants #13–15); Group 6: cultivation in pot, plants under stress (plants #16–18)]. Determination of compounds in the plant offshoots was also studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information relevant to the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a scientific study investigating the aloin content of Aloe plants and their classification based on cultivation conditions. There is no mention of the traditional or historical application of Aloe vera, rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 104: 315-323. (2013) Microbial fuel cells for azo dye treatment with electricity generation: a review. 131: 564-571. Logan BE, (2007) Ammonia treatment of carbon cloth anodes to enhance power generation of microbial fuel cells. Electrochem. Commun 9(3): 492-496. -Asheh S, et al. (2015) Microbial desalination cell technology: a review and a case study. Desalination 359: 1-13. (2016) Microbial fuel cells in bioelectricity production. Sci 9(4): 252-266. Mandal SK, (2021) Application of microbial fuel cells for bioremediation of environmental pollutants: an overview. J 2021: 437-444. Rismani-(2008) Cathodic limitations in microbial fuel cells: an overview. J 180(2): 683-694. (2017) Graphene oxide supported magnesium oxide as an efficient cathode catalyst for power generation and wastewater treatment in single chamber microbial fuel cells. J 328: 106-116. (2006) Increased performance of single-chamber microbial fuel cells using an improved cathode structure. 8(3): 489-494. (2008) Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy. J 106(6): 528-536. (2012) The influence of carbon based supports and the role of synthesis procedures on the formation of platinum and platinum-ruthenium clusters and nanop9469. Almatouq A, Babatunde AO (2018) Identifying optimized conditions for concurrent electricity production and phosphorus recovery in a mediator-less dual chamber microbial fuel cell. 230: 122-134. Penteado ED, Fernandez-(2017) Influence of carbon electrode material on energy recovery from winery wastewater using a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. 38(11): 1333-1341. (2009) Modelling of hydrogen production in batch cultures of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus. 34(1): 180-185. (2008) Hydrogen production characteristics of photoheterotrophic Rubrivivax gelatinosus L31. 33(3): 974-980. (2008) The effect of butyrate concentration on photo-hydrogen production from acetate by Rhodopseudomonas faecalis RLD-53. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects and developments related to microbial fuel cells, including the generation of electricity in studies such as 'Microbial fuel cells in bioelectricity production' and 'Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy.' It implies that microbial fuel cells utilize bacteria for the conversion of organic matter into electricity through their focus on bioelectricity production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Recently, studies on urban climate analysis and thermal environment evaluation have been attempted through various simulation programs (such as Envi-met and RayMan, among others) and analysis tools such as GIS that can analyze urban spatial characteristics [15–20]. As remote sensing techniques become more advanced, temperatures of large gray infrastructure can be easily obtained with the advantage of stably collecting high-resolution data. A difference in the land surface temperature (LST) and the temperature through satellite has been observed [21]. As most studies that measure temperature are short-term, either measured throughout the year or during summer when hot days are concentrated, studies on the temperature reduction effect of UFs conducted for only one year have insufficient data. In the case of satellite imagery, mid- to long-term LST is analyzed; however, continuous temperature observation is difficult because of the limitation of the shooting cycle, and it is difficult to accurately observe the temperature of UFs in small cities. Therefore, analyzing the difference in the mid- to long-term temperature reduction effect of adjacent UFs through continuous temperature measurement for one year is necessary. Surface temperature measured using artificial satellites may differ from the actual temperature perceived by citizens in UFs and gray infrastructure. In summer, owing to the development of the crown layer, confirming the temperature difference between urban forests and gray infrastructure over a 24-hour period becomes more difficult. Currently, research is mainly conducted on urban climates such as UHI and wind roads rather than on the effects of the thermal environment on humans. In addition, research on small spaces has only considered the physical characteristics of the space, and the interrelationship between thermal environmental factors that affect human sensation and behaviors has been overlooked [22]. Therefore, there is a need for systematic research and evaluation of small-scale spaces to establish a management plan suitable for local characteristics and to improve the design of practical urban spaces. Most research in the field of thermal environment is based on urban-scale approaches. However, proposing a specific use plan for the improvement of the UF thermal environment when considering actual UF users is difficult. Therefore, quantitative evaluation of small UFs, such as traffic islands (Ti) and urban neighborhood parks, which are easily accessible to citizens living in cities, is necessary. Furthermore, guidelines to systematically manage and improve the thermal environment of UFs should be established. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding vertical forests reducing the urban heat island effect through shade. Instead, it discusses various studies related to urban climate analysis and the challenges in measuring temperature differences in urban settings. It highlights the need for further research on the temperature reduction effects of urban forests, but does not provide evidence or examples that specifically support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Thirteen commercial aloe products were purchased from various stores in Cyprus. Ten of these products were aloe vera juice drinks, whose labels indicated the absence of aloins; two of these were pharmaceutical products (tabs that support healthy digestion and colon cleansing), and dried aloe vera gel snacks. 2. 3. Instrumentation and All experiments were performed on an HPLC system from Shimadzu (Kyoto, Japan), equipped with a pump (LC-10AD), a PDA detector (SPD-M20A), an autosampler (SIL-20AHT) and a thermostat column compartment (CTO-10ASVP). The PDA detector was set at 357 nm for the determination of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin. For quantitative purposes, the wavelength of 220 nm was selected for aloe emodin, since maximum absorption was observed at this particular wavelength. The analysis of samples was carried out using an column Venusil XBP C18 (L) 4. 6 mm x 150 mm and 5 µm p2. 4. The leaf from the aloe plant was initially cut into three equal pieces. Then, they were turned over, with their tip cut, in a pre-weighed beaker for latex collection. The collection time varied from 1, 4. 5 and 24 hours. The obtained yellow liquid was dried in the oven for one hour at 50 oC, and the beaker was weighed again. Subsequently, a volume of 70% v/v MeOH was added, corresponding to 100 times the weight of the mass. The mixture was sonicated for 30 minutes at room temperature and then adjusted to its initial volume by adding the required amount of 70% v/v MeOH. The solution was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0. 45-µm PTFE filter. Before HPLC analysis, the extract was diluted with 70% v/v MeOH with a ratio of 1:10. As far as the aloe-based products are concerned, the initial steps of the sample preparation procedure were varied. In particular, for the aloe-based tablets, 8–10 tabs were grounded and homogenized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the analysis of commercial aloe products and the methodology used in experimental procedures without mentioning the historical use or efficacy of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: 33(21): 5981-5985. (2004) Photoproduction of hydrogen from acetate by a chemoheterotrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4. 29(11): 1115-1121. (2007) Enhancing phototrophic hydrogen production of Rhodopseudomonas palustris via statistical experimental design. 32(8): 940-949. (2013) Electricity generation from food wastes and microbial community structure in microbial fuel cells. 144: 94-99. (2013) Electron transfer capacity dependence of quinone-mediated Fe (III) reduction and current generation by Klebsiella pneumoniae L17. Chemosphere 92(2): 218-224. (2014) Fe (III) oxides accelerate microbial nitrate reduction and electricity generation by Klebsiella pneumoniae L17. J Sci 423: 25-32. (2018) Biodegradation of reactive blue 19 with simultaneous electricity generation by the newly isolated electrogenic Klebsiella sp. C NCIM 5546 bacterium in a microbial fuel cell. Biodegrad 133: 194-201. (2021) Power generation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 microbial fuel cells in bamboo fermentation effluent. 46(31): 16612-16621. (2011) Specific localization of the c‐type cytochrome OmcZ at the anode surface in current‐producing biofilms of Geobacter sulfurreducens. Reports 3(2): 211-217. (2010) Isolation of the exoelectrogenic denitrifying bacterium Comamonas denitrificans based on dilution to extinction. Biotechnol 85(5): 1575-1587. (2015) Characterization of a novel strain phylogenetically related to Kocuria rhizophila and its chemical modification to improve performance of microbial fuel cells. 69: 113-120. (2010) Bioelectricity generation by a Gram-positive Corynebacterium sp. strain MFC03 under alkaline condition in microbial fuel cells. 101(6): 1807-1811. Xu S, (2011) New exoelectrogen Citrobacter sp. SX‐1 isolated from a microbial fuel cell. J 111(5): 1108-1115. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate the use of bacteria, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shewanella oneidensis, in microbial fuel cells for electricity generation. It specifically mentions processes like 'electricity generation from food wastes and microbial community structure in microbial fuel cells' and 'power generation of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 microbial fuel cells', which directly supports the assertion that microbial fuel cells utilize bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the replacement of diverse ecosystems (like forests and agroforests) with simplified agricultural systems, which can lead to shifts towards less specialized bird communities. This indicates a potential reduction in the ecosystem services that birds provide, suggesting that such changes may not support biodiversity as claimed but rather hinder it. The need for more studies on bird communities and ecosystem functions implies that current changes may negatively affect the habitats and contributions of birds, rather than support biodiversity as proposed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The stability of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin was determined based on the area of the peaks for the time t = 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 336 hours. For each time point, three repetitions were performed. 2. 6. – results obtained were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation (SD). The means were compared, and statistical differences were obtained through one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). For sample classification according to seasonal variation and cultivation conditions, the results were obtained by use of HPLC, and qualitative variables of plants were statistically processed using SIMCA 17. 0. 1 software (Umetrics, Umea, Sweden). Each sample was considered as an assembly of four variables: total aloins content, concentration of aloins A and B, and growing conditions or climate variation. PCA was performed to overview the data and classify the observations. This procedure was mainly applied to estimate the systematic variation of the observations and to reduce the dimensionality of the data matrix. The input data were mean-centered with Scaling (UV) and the PCA model was extracted at a confidence level of 95%. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. In the current study, different parameters were examined to determine the optimal chromatographic conditions. Experiments with standard solutions of aloe emodin, aloin A and aloin B were initially performed. Both C18 (150 mm) and C8 (150 mm) columns were examined. The use of C18 (150 mm) resulted in a better efficiency while the analysis time was similar for both columns. In particular, the peak efficiencies for columns C18 and C8 were 32564 and 14817 for aloin A, 27764 and 12288 for aloin B, and 80700 and 25889 for aloe emodin, respectively. At the same time, no significant differences were observed in analysis time using both C8 (21 min) and C18 (24 min) stationary phases. The mobile phase consisted of water and ACN in different ratios. The analysis was performed by either isocratic or gradient elution. In particular, for isocratic elution, baseline separation for aloins was achieved only by water 80% and ACN 20%. However, a peak tailing appeared and the analysis time was greater than 60 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the stability and analysis of compounds associated with aloe vera, specifically aloin A, aloin B, and aloe emodin, using various chromatographic methods and statistical analyses. It does not mention the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: (2011) Microbial fuel cell of Enterobacter cloacae: Effect of anodic pH microenvironment on current, power density, internal resistance and electrochemical losses. 36(17): 11093-11101. (2021) by in Cell. : Sci 765(1): 012115. (2018) Challenges in the application of microbial fuel cells to wastewater treatment and energy production: a mini review. Environ 639: 910-920. (2020) Microbial fuel cell-based biosensor for online monitoring wastewater quality: A critical review. Environ 712: 135612. Eroğlu İ, Tabanoğlu A, Gündüz U, Eroğlu E, Yücel M (2008) Hydrogen production by Rhodobacter sphaeroides OU 001 in a flat plate solar bioreactor. 33(2): 531-541. (2013) Neural network processing of microbial fuel cell signals for the identification of chemicals present in water. J 120: 84-92. (2021) Progress in microbial fuel cell technology for wastewater treatment and energy harvesting. Chemosphere 281: 130828. (2017) Fabrication of bacterial cellulose/polyaniline/single-walled carbon nanotubes membrane for potential application as biosensor. 163: 62-69. Kalathil S, (2016) Nanotechnology to rescue bacterial bidirectional extracellular electron transfer in bioelectrochemical systems. RSC Adv 6(36): 30582-30597. Kitafa BA, Al-saned AJO (2021) A Review on Cells. J 39(1A): 1-8. (2018) Microbial fuel cell is emerging as a versatile technology: a review on its possible applications, challenges and strategies to improve the performances. 42(2): 369-394. (2012) Filamentous bacteria transport electrons over centimeter distances. Nature 491(7423): 218-221. (2017) Chitin degradation and electricity generation by Aeromonas hydrophila in microbial fuel cells. Chemosphere 168: 293-299. (2016) Microbial fuel cells: a source of bioenergy. J Technol 8(3): 247-255. é M, Balaguer MD, et al. (2011) Microbial fuel cell application in landfill leachate treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and reviews related to microbial fuel cells, which are specifically designed to use bacteria to convert organic materials into electricity. Phrases such as 'Microbial fuel cell application in landfill leachate treatment' and 'Microbial fuel cells: a source of bioenergy' indicate their role in energy production through the action of bacteria, supporting the assertion that microbial fuel cells utilize bacteria for converting organic matter into electricity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: We assessed the accessibility and availability of parks through the surrounding (day and night) population and the distance of the parks to public transport. As contextual factors that somewhat impair park quality (Arnberger 2012, et al. 2018, Kumar et al. 2019), we set up indicators for noise, air pollution, and usage intensity (potential crowding). We incorporated a broader ecological context by developing indicators for the surrounding vegetation, urbanity, and protection level, which might also be relevant for attracting visitors. To ensure a meaningful and comparable assessment across parks of variable sizes, we set up all indicators as density or fractional values relative to the park area. However, we kept “area” itself as a key indicator of park capacity, which is relevant from both the human and ecological perspective. Through the high-resolution data available for this study, we specifically advanced the spatial depth of existing UGS assessments. All indicators were processed with ArcGIS Pro software (Esri Inc. ). For details on the workflow for each indicator, please refer to 1. 2. Statistical assessment of park quality indicators We assessed the statistical distribution of the park quality indicators using descriptive statistics (cf. Fig. 3). To determine how independent and complementary our indicators were, we first tested for collinearity by applying the Pearson correlation coefficient in a correlation matrix using the corrplot package (Wei and Simko 2017) in R, version 3. 6. 2 (R 2019). Furthermore, we assessed each indicator separately for its value distribution across all 249 observations (parks) and applied a combination of violin and box plots in R using the packages ggplot2 and tidyr to provide a visual representation (Wickham 2016, Wickham and Henry 2020). We also tested for the possible clustering of data through a principal component analysis (PCA) as well as k-means and hierarchical clustering analysis using the stats and factoextra packages (Kassambara and Mundt 2019, R 2019). Quality score and spatial distribution To provide a tangible and practice-oriented evaluation of parks that is particularly suitable for city planners and dwellers, we transformed a set of indicators with relevance to the provision of recreational ecosystem services (Fischer et al. 2018) into scores (Table 2 for relevance to cultural ES). Therefore, we selected 28 (out of 33) indicators and normalized them to a range from 0 to 1 to obtain harmonized, nondimensional values across indicators (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of parks and urban green spaces (UGS) for recreational ecosystem services. It discusses how various indicators for measuring park quality and accessibility were established, which implies that parks are still necessary and relevant for urban populations, challenging the notion that vertical forests could fully substitute them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: It was observed that gradient elution provided better separation in terms of analysis time and peak shape. The optimal gradient elution was water and ACN decreased from 80–50% and increased from 20–50%, respectively, until 20 minutes. Then, the solvent ratio remained constant at 50% for both water and ACN. The effect of temperature was also examined in regards to analysis time and resolution. In this study, the temperature varied from 25 oC to 40 oC. Although an increase in temperature resulted in a decrease in analysis time, the optimum temperature was 25 oC, due to the instability of analytes at high temperatures. The use of the above optimum conditions resulted in a total run time of 22 minutes. The retention times for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were 10. 47, 9. 49 and 20. 91 minutes, respectively. In this case, the resolution of aloins A and B was 4. 1. Figure 1 demonstrates the chromatograms obtained from the analysis of aloe vera samples (latex extract and aloe juice) under the optimum chromatographic conditions. 3. 2. The intraday and interday precisions for aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were evaluated by computing relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the retention times. In the first case, RSD was obtained from nine consecutive chromatographic runs, while in the second case, it was obtained by use of fifteen runs (three replicate runs per day performed in five consecutive days). In all cases, RSD values were below 0. 6%. Calibration curves were generated by plotting the peak area versus the analyte concentrations in standard solutions. Linear correlation was observed with R2 values greater than 0. 99. LODs and LOQs ranged from 0. 06-16. 00 µg/mL and 0. 17–48. 40 µg/mL, respectively. All this data is demonstrated in Table 1. In addition, all analytes demonstrated excellent extraction recoveries (latex extracts), with values ranging from 97–99%. Table 1 Range of calibration curve, linear equation, coefficients of determination (R2), limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), intraday and interday validation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses chromatographic analysis methods for discerning components in Aloe vera samples, including details on retention times and analysis precision, without mentioning any medicinal uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Constructed wetland microbial fuel cells : electricity generation, treatment efficiency improvement, COD bioindication and clogging assessment View/Open TCCV1de1. pdf (10,82Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-114609 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/114609 Show full item record Corbella Vidal, directorPuigagut Juárez, Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'i typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2017-11-10 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4. 0 () are natural wastewater treatment systems showing a marked redox gradient between the surface of the system and the bottom zone of the treatment bed. Therefore, they constitute a suitable environment for Cells (MFCs) implementation. MFCs are bioelectrochemical systems in which the electrons resulting from the oxidation of the organic matter are transferred, by means of exoelectrogenic bacteria, to an external circuit thus generating an electric current. The implementation of MFC into (CW-MFCs) allows the removal of organic matter and the production of electricity simultaneously. Besides electricity generation, MFCs implemented in could encompass other beneficial aspects of special relevance within the constructed wetlands domain such as the semi-continuous monitoring of the organic matter entering the system, the improvement of CWs¿ treatment efficiency and the assessment of the clogging state of the treatment bed. However, CW-MFC is a novel research field that lacks from specific knowledge on both and MFC design and operational aspects to optimize the technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical systems where electrons from the oxidation of organic matter are transferred by exoelectrogenic bacteria to produce electricity. It explicitly states that MFCs allow for the 'generation of an electric current' from organic matter, confirming the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Finally, we calculated a quality score for each hexagon by averaging the underlying quality scores of parks and their 500-m buffers (the spatially weighted means). When a hexagon covered only one park (incl. the buffer), it was assigned the quality score for that single park. In addition to avoiding the use of administrative units, this hexagonal representation has visual and analytical advantages over rectangular grids (rasters), e. g. , it does not create horizontal or vertical lines, and each unit is surrounded by equidistant hexagonal neighbors (Birch et al. 2007). quality indicators for the city of sequential concept with iterative data acquisition, integration, and processing (Fig. 3) resulted in a total set of 33 indicators that were evenly distributed across the dimensions of natural elements, built elements, and context (11 indicators per dimension; Fig. 3; Table 2). Nearly all indicators were particularly relevant for the provision of cultural ES and were thus linked to recreation, physical activity, and well-being. Four indicators rather focused on ecological functions (cf. Table 2). We were able to use exclusively open-source data for 22 indicators, and another 9 indicators were based partially on freely available data (for details cf. 1. 1). The Pearson’s correlation coefficients between each pair of indicators showed that indicators were fairly independent from each other (Fig. 4). Low or even no significant correlation indicated complementarity in determining park quality. Only 4 (out of 528) indicator pairs had a positive, significant Pearson coefficient of at least 0. 6, and none of the pairs had a negative correlation coefficient below -0. 6. The highest positive correlation coefficient, 0. 99, was between population (Pop) and usage intensity (Intensity) because population is a direct input for the intensity indicator. Highly positive correlations, all between 0. 6 and 0. 7, were found between the area of parks (Area) and the vegetation configuration (VegConf), between the emissions of air pollutants (Pollution) and noise, and between urbanity (Urbanity) and the standard ground value (SGV). Because of the overall high degree of independence among indicators, we did not achieve meaningful results from the PCA or cluster analyses. The distribution of values varied strongly across indicators and the 249 parks assessed (Fig. 5, for full list of parks and their respective indicators; cf. 0. 9), and only 16 were larger than 10 ha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of parks and the assessment of their quality through various indicators. It highlights that parks provide cultural ecosystem services linked to recreation, physical activity, and well-being, suggesting that they are irreplaceable and valuable in urban environments, thereby implying that vertical forests alone cannot eliminate the need for these spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: (mg/mL) Linear equation R2 LOD (µg/mL) LOQ (µg/mL) Intraday (n = 9) RSD% Interday (5 days) RSD% 0. 1–0. 5 y = 21854855x-636924 0. 999 16. 0 48. 4 0. 16 0. 49 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 39860424x + 1133 0. 999 0. 06 0. 17 0. 05–0. 25 y = 18273742x-163888 0. 999 7. 30 22. 2 0. 17 0. 50 0. 0002-0. 01 y = 14374441x + 285 0. 999 0. 07 0. 20 Aloe emodin 0. 0025-0. 2 y = 61738263-65079 0. 998 4. 88 14. 79 0. 15 0. 51 3. 3. Another important factor to consider was the stability of the standard solutions and the latex extracts. To evaluate this parameter, acidified and non-acidified standard solutions and latex extracts were prepared and stored at room temperature for 336 hours. At different time periods, analysis was performed, peak areas were determined and the results were expressed as a percentage of non-degradation (Tables 2 and 3). For time t = 0, the percentage was 100%. It was observed that the standard solutions of aloin A, aloin B and aloe emodin were more stable upon the addition of 0. 1% acetic acid. The stability of the analytes was maintained over a period of 48 hours. After 72 hours, degradation seemed to be faster in the non-acidified mixture. Fourteen days later, an additional peak was observed, which is probably attributed to a degradation product. It was also concluded that aloe emodin is not the direct product of the degradation of aloins, since there was no increase in its area. Table 2 Stability of acidified and non-acidified standards solutions. Acidified standard solutions Non-acidified standard solutions Time (hours) Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin Area (%) Area (%) Area (%) Aloe emodin 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 4 97. 4 96. 8 99. 0 96. 2 95. 7 96. 4 8 96. 2 91. 5 94. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the stability of standard solutions and latex extracts without addressing the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells use bacteria to convert organic matter into electricity. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, though to be at its infancy, CW-MFCs represent a novel technology able produce energy while wastewater is treated. Although it might not be a very attractive technology if the electrical gain is considered exclusively, CW-MFCs is a very promising technology when it comes down to environmental applications such as the improvement of removal efficiency, or the utilization of CW-MFCs as both organic matter and clogging assessment tool. Els aiguamolls construïts horitzontals de flux subsuperficial () són sistemes naturals de tractament d'aigua residual i constitueixen un entorn favorable per a la implementació de Piles de (PCM). Les PCM son sistemes bioelectroquímics que permeten la eliminació de la matèria orgànica i la generació d'electricitat de forma simultània. A més a més de la generació d'electricitat, les PCM implementades en AC, poden generar altres beneficis que són d'especial importància en el context dels AC. El monitoreig semi-continu de la qualitat de l'aigua que entra i surt dels sistemes, la millora de la eficiència de tractament dels AC o el seguiment de l'estat de colmatació del llit de grava dels AC són alguns dels potencials beneficis resultants. Tot i això, les PCM implementades en AC, constitueixen un camp de recerca molt recent en el que encara falten coneixements específics tant sobre el disseny dels AC com sobre la operació de les PCM per optimitzar la sinèrgia entre ambdues tecnologies. Així doncs, l'objectiu de la tesi que es presenta és el de determinar, quantificar i maximitzar els beneficis que resulten de la sinergia entre els i les PCM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that microbial fuel cells (PCM) are bioelectrochemical systems that allow for the removal of organic matter while simultaneously generating electricity. It emphasizes that this process constitutes a novel technology with applications in wastewater treatment, directly supporting the assertion in the claim.