Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In the case of proteins that interact with others, the production of truncated proteins might actually be more deleterious that deleting a gene entirely, giving possible false-positive results. We added this comment to our revised manuscript (line 445 – 454). 2) Culturing for at least 2 weeks – and often longer – was required to get high percentages of mutants. How does this compare with the other methods? Culturing for at least 2 weeks was not required to get high percentages of mutants but to recover cells from transfections. For our here developed base editing approach, cells are transfected with a plasmid that expresses the base editor, the sgRNA and a drug resistance gene. In order to edit a GOI, cells need to be selected for this plasmid. Selection of drug resistant cells takes between 7 – 10 days (depending on the species). In the following the cells need to be sub-cultured before DNA can be extracted to assess the base editing rate (to dilute out cell debris from the selection). Hence 14 days was just the earliest time point we could look at simultaneously across all species. It is very likely that the actual editing happens much earlier and immediately after transfection if the guide is efficient enough. Therefore, some guides result in 100% editing rate at the earliest time point. However, it is true that some guides then needed longer in culture in order to be efficient. This is due to differences in guide efficiencies, which can be observed for various approaches, as commented in our discussion (line 441 – 444). In addition, for base editing the efficiency and editing time will depend on the strand that is being targeted (line 526 – 531). 3) Using pools (which is what this tool is supposed to be good for), any cells that harbour deleterious mutations would be competed out so no mutants would be obtained, and there would be strong selection for cells in which the guide RNA had been lost from the episome, or the episome otherwise rendered harmless, giving false negative results. This is compounded by the problem that not all guides work. We agree, the strength of this tool lies within its compatibility for loss-of-function screens via plasmid pool delivery. Following a plasmid pool transfection, cells that harbour deleterious mutations will be outcompeted from the pool as shown in our proof of principle CRK3 screen (Figure 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it discusses various aspects of cell culturing and the efficiency of different guides in a base editing approach. While it implies some editing can happen with certain guides, it does not explicitly confirm or deny the specific claim regarding CRISPR technology's ability to allow for precise genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly it is estimated that at least 21% of all food produced in Sub-countries is wasted. Even so, Preventing, reducing, and managing food waste along the food value chains in these countries can lessen pressures on fragile food systems, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance food security and nutrition. To this end, the selection of Ethiopia for our research network and as a case study for the exploratory study is justified by the fact that urbanization, food loss and waste, food insecurity, and undernutrition are ubiquitous and one of the biggest challenges that the country facing today. Moreover, urbanization is accelerating rapidly, and it is projected that the urban population will triple to 42. 3 million by 2040, growing at 3. 8% a year. However, Food security remains a critical issue in the country, which has one of the highest levels of chronic undernutrition in the world. But shockingly, significant proportions of food get lost or wasted at various stages of the food chain from production to consumption. altogether these characteristics make Ethiopia a good case for studying the interplay between urbanization, food waste and loss, food security, and the reductions of greenhouse gases that are emitted from this tremble food waste and losses. To this end To tackle food waste, understanding the problem is key to finding good solutions. A first step is to measure the amount of food that goes to waste and to understand where along the supply chain the waste is happening. As a result, Depending on where it happens along the supply chain, we use the terms food loss or food waste. Food loss refers to any food that is discarded, incinerated, or otherwise disposed of along the food supply chain from harvest/slaughter/catch up to, but excluding the retail level, and is not used for any other productive use, such as animal feed or seed purposes [1]. Food waste refers to food that is discarded at the level of retailers, food service providers, and consumers. is wasted in many ways, for example, Fresh produce that deviates from what is considered optimal (e. g. size, shape, or color) and is removed during sorting actions, Foods that are discarded by retailers or consumers when they are close to or beyond the best before date, Unused or leftover food that is thrown out from households or restaurants and also in so many other ways [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'Preventing, reducing, and managing food waste along the food value chains... can lessen pressures on fragile food systems, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and enhance food security and nutrition.' This directly supports the idea that reducing food waste is linked to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: We also discovered some initiatives that may be relevant in countries such as the UK and some examples include inclusive payments systems from Africa and also the cashless welfare card from Australia. Some early initiatives that were taken up in Sweden, were also implemented in France, to counter VAT fraud at cash registers. The Chairman: Thank you, Sabrina. So, to open the discussion and debate part of this sessional event, we have Parit Jakhria. Parit is responsible for long-term investment strategy at Management Group, which includes strategic asset allocation for a number of multi-asset funds’ long-term investment and hedging strategy, and providing advice on ALM strategy. He is also responsible for providing long-term economic views to Prudential group, as well as the development and maintenance of Prudential’s in-house stochastic assumptions system. Parit joined in 2007 as Director of Quantitative Research, and his team responsibilities have evolved to include and Hedging Strategies. In 2014, Parit was appointed the head of the newly formed Long-Strategy Function. Prior to joining PPMG, Parit undertook a variety of roles within the across Risk, Capital Finance, Statistical Modelling, and Research. He is a fellow of the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, as well as a CFA Charter holder. He has been an active member of numerous working parties for the Actuarial profession, including chairing the working party, and has contributed on a number of papers, 2. The work that was done initially on the NIRP: I found that fascinating. In terms of the paper itself, I would very much recommend reading, if you have a choice of sections, the costs and benefits of being a cashless society, as well as the global case studies of various areas. The costs and benefits, in particular, were staggering. I had not expected such a large proportion of GDP to be a cost of cash in society. I suspect it is different in different economies, and perhaps one area for future travel might be looking at the costs of a cashless society as well. So, I think, within the UK, small businesses need to pay up to a 2% transaction fee, for all major card providers, which currently incentivises them to accept cash payments rather than card payments. Are we, perversely, behind some of the fascinating case studies we saw in Africa? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying impacts of a cashless society across different economies, particularly highlighting that small businesses in the UK face up to a 2% transaction fee from major card providers, which may incentivize them to prefer cash payments. This indicates that not everyone benefits equally from a cashless society, as the costs may disproportionately affect small businesses compared to others within the economy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Some guides will not be effective, just like some guides for the LeishGEdit method will not be functional or like some RNAi hairpins have no effect. This is the reason why multiple guides in parallel are being tested and why large-scale libraries usually target genes with 3-10 guides. So we do not think “that not all guides work” is a problem specific for base editing. In addition, we have added that our method is not only useful for using plasmid pools but may be also used for other applications, such as targeted mutagenesis experiments (line 452 – 454). 4) It is still necessary to synthesise each guide separately, even if they can be cloned and transfected in bulk – describe how this would be done, and compare with the Gateway method for the RNAi. (Although some guides might be lostunderrepresented after cloning, the resulting variability would be no worse than the variability in representation in RNAi libraries and would be controlled for during screens. ) We have addressed this comment in our revised discussion (line 455 – 468). Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors): Improvements to the methods, in places, need to express cell numbers in the correct format, and the same with H20. Many thanks for these suggestions. We improved the method section as suggested. Line 436 – would read better as 'the highest expression of hyBE4mas was seen in' We have changed the sentence as suggested (line 253 – 255). Figure 4 – error bars were difficult to see and the legend didn't state what they represented. Plus what do the percentages mean on graphs? Need a bit more detail in this figure legend. We have changed the colour of the error bars and updated the legend of figure 4 as suggested. Line 482 – a little explanation for why this result is expected would be useful. As the reviewer highlighted himself, deleterious mutations that result in slower growth will be outcompeted by cells in which a non-deleterious mutation has occurred. We have stated that the complete deletion of IFT88 in Leishmania mexicana has been shown to have reduced doubling time (Beneke et al. , PLoS Pathogens 2019) and are therefore most likely outcompeted from the pool (line 293 – 298 and 537 – 541). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses the effectiveness of various guides in the context of genomic editing methods, mentioning specific techniques such as LeishGEdit and RNAi. It focuses on the challenges of guide effectiveness and improvements to methods, without providing evidence or information about the precision of CRISPR technology itself.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: For instance, are anybody go into a supermarket, buy three shopping bags of food, and then immediately throw one away? Surprisingly, Statistically speaking that’s what’s happening to our food today[9]. Moreover, One-third of all the food that is produced for human consumption is wasted[9]. we waste food, we waste all the resources that go into producing and transporting the food, such as land, water, and fuel use, without gaining any of the benefits of feeding people. Furthermore, When food ends up in landfills it also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. waste remains a problem even in Europe and around the world today[8]. As the Latest estimates suggest around 931 million tonnes of food waste were generated in 2019, out of which: 61% came from households, 26% from food service, and 13% from retail [2]. However, Previous estimates of consumer food waste significantly underestimated its scale: despite data uncertainties, food waste at the consumer level (household and food service) appears to be more than twice the amount that was estimated by the FAO in 2011[2]. regarding the data from the EU, Around 88 million tonnes of food waste are generated annually [4]. is equal to 174 kg per person or 143 billion euros or 170 000 000 tonnes of CO2[4]. Concerning this Estimates show that up to 10% of the 88 million tonnes of food waste that is generated in the EU every year are linked to 53% of consumers don’t know the meaning of “best before” labeling, and 60% of consumers don’t know the meaning of “use by” labeling [6]. of food waste are similar in high, upper-middle, and lower-middle-income countries in Europe[2]. But as a good solution, The EU’s Farm to has set the reduction of food loss and waste as an important part of the strategy and proposes to set legally binding targets to reduce food waste across the EU by 2023. further along the supply chain the food loss occurs, the more carbon-intensive the loss and waste. This happens as a result of more resources have gone into producing for example tomato sauce (processing, transport, retail, and packaging, in addition to land and water use and farming) that can be bought in the supermarket than has gone into a tomato picked directly from the field[7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that food waste contributes significantly to greenhouse gas emissions when it decomposes in landfills. It states, 'When food ends up in landfills it also contributes to greenhouse gas emissions,' supporting the idea that reducing food waste can help lower these emissions. Additionally, the text discusses the resources wasted in food production (land, water, fuel), linking the act of wasting food to broader environmental impacts. The mention of the EU's strategy to reduce food loss and waste further supports the claim by emphasizing proactive measures taken to address the issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: In particular, Kenya and South Africa, where the prevailing banking and finance systems have skipped two or three generations of technology to go straight into mobile banking with the invention and adoption of M-Pesa. The other fascinating thing in the paper was the global perspective, and the case studies of how different economies are going in the direction of cashless. There was a big public debate on the demonetisation in India, and it was fascinating to hear your take on it. The recent trends in Asia, in particular the move towards online retail, look like a big factor in the adoption of cashless and on the other hand, I feel that there may be some other areas, for example Japan, where there seems to be a slightly different direction which is not quite cashless. So, that is certainly worth investigating. Other than that, I wanted to give an opening question to the speakers, and it is one that I really could not quite get my head round, and which is what I alluded to at the start. It was, if a cashless society increases the chances of negative interest rates, what do negative interest rates mean to the economics of society? How do you consider consumption and deferral of consumption in a world where there are negative interest rates as a consumer? Mr Achord: As with, I think, a lot of the questions on American economics, it is a very difficult question. I think the main hurdle is the nominal zero of the P&L. You cannot make a profit if everyone is making a loss. If the whole world is shrinking, and we are at a point where productivity is decreasing or output is decreasing and GDP is decreasing, then on average, everyone will be making a loss. So, if you use an index, which seems very odd, then you would have profits relative to a negative number, which might address the issue of not deferring consumption, as you said. That is only one aspect, and I am sure there are other equally valid and better responses to that question. Mr Jakhria: Thank you very much, and I guess we will be delighted to open up the floor to questions. Mr R. J. Houlston, F. I. A. : I would like to thank the authors and other contributors to this paper for the information that they have managed to bring together. However, I am not sure I come out much wiser as a consequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varied implications of cashless societies in different regions, such as Kenya and South Africa, which suggests that the benefits are not universally shared. Additionally, it highlights complexities like the potential for negative interest rates and the overall impact on consumption patterns in a cashless society. These factors indicate that not everyone may benefit equally and that there are significant economic hurdles that can affect individuals differently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. 6) In the cell specific approach, could the author provide feedback on Cas9 cell expression versus viral Cas9 expression. Author response Essential revisions: 1) The finding that a small fraction of neurons undergo GluA2 KO is puzzling, since no KO alleles were detected in genomic PCR (Figure 4—figure supplement 2). Is it more likely that the same fraction of neurons would lack GluA2 expression in non-transfected controls? Or controls that only receive mCherry plasmid transfections? Complete KO would require successful targeting at both alleles, without donor insertion at either one. Either way, if complete KO in some cells is a possibility, this could be investigated more systematically (or at least discussed more thoroughly) since it may influence potential results. To address the possibility of there being GluA2-lacking cells in non-transfected neurons, we have performed immunofluorescence on cultured mouse cortical neurons. We found that 1. 2% of neurons analyzed had no detectable levels of GluA2. Therefore, we can confirm the reviewers suspicious that a small fraction of neurons is, indeed, naturally GluA2-lacking. In comparison, we identified around 12. 4% of cell with undetectable GluA2 (i. e. , KO) with transfection of TKIT constructs for SEP-GluA2 KI (Figure 4—figure supplement 2D). Therefore, we think that undetectable GluA2 observed in some cells transfected with TKIT plasmids is an unfortunate, but not completely unexpected, result of gene knockout through double strand break generation without donor insertion. A possible explanation for the creation of these GluA2-KO neurons could also be incomplete co-transfection of all three plasmids (gRNAs/spCas9, donor DNA, mCherry). Cells lacking the donor DNA plasmid will be biased towards gene knockout. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding CRISPR technology's ability to allow precise editing of genomic sequences. It discusses experimental details and results related to gene knockout (KO) and receptor expression in neurons, but does not explicitly mention CRISPR or comment on its precision in genomic editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Due to their nutrient contents, Different foods have different environmental impacts. As an example, the volume of meat that is wasted and lost is not very high compared to foods such as cereals and vegetables. Nevertheless, meat requires much more resources to produce, so wasting meat still has a significant impact on climate change (estimated to contribute to 20% of the carbon footprint of total food waste and loss) [7]. So consumers can have a direct impact on the food waste problem by paying attention to our behavior. On the other hand, The middle circle (yellow, 100–200%) means the zone of uncertainty (increasing risk), whereas the outer circle (red, > 200%) represents the zone with high environmental damage (high risk) [16]. The global food systems have radically changed over the last 50 years. To this end, food production has more than doubled, diets have become more varied (and often more energy-intense), satisfying people’s p1. 1 Health and of choices humans make today are a leading global cause of mortality and environmental degradation and threaten the attainability of the UN’s Goals and the Agreement. Moreover, the food choices are shifting globally in ways that are negatively affecting both human health and the environment. According to a study by [18], consuming an additional serving per day of each of 15 foods is associated with 5 health outcomes in adults and 5 aspects of agriculturally driven environmental degradation. As a result of food consumption and production human health and environmental degradation are occurring from its direct impacts. The reduced air quality resulting from food production which is responsible for ∼20% of deaths from air pollution is among the most significant ones. Similarly, food production is the largest stress to biodiversity through habitat destruction and nutrient pollution, with food production threatening > 70% of birds and mammals that are listed as threatened with extinction by the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) [18]. These also accompanied by the global diets have been shifting toward greater consumption of foods associated with increased disease risk or higher environmental impacts and are projected to lead to rapid increases in diet-related diseases and environmental degradation [18]. To this end, bad food practices such as unplanned eating, overeating, and eating too much food like salt, sugar, and saturated fat supported by physical inactivity will lead to being overweight or obese, tooth decay, and high blood pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the food waste problem, particularly with resource-intensive foods like meat, significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, stating that wasted meat alone contributes to 20% of the carbon footprint of total food waste and loss. By noting that consumers can directly impact food waste through their behaviors, the text supports the idea that reducing food waste can lower emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: There seem to be far too many anomalies for this thing to make sense. In the conclusion sections, the authors appear to have resigned themselves to the idea that we will move to a so-called cashless world. I believe that, in the public interest, the Actuarial profession should seek to contribute to the debate rather than document and help manage the implementation. Of course, I can understand wider issues may not have been within the scope of the working party, but perhaps the finance and investment board might like to consider the scope again, after taking into account discussions at this meeting. I think the most important word in this paper is in its title, and that is “Society. ” My interpretation of this is, that we all collectively have an interest in how much money, and specifically in this case, so-called cash, is organised. Cash and society are closely linked, and it is cash which enabled the world many of us now take for granted. Playing with this cash could be dangerous. Obviously, there are many forms of political structure that allow individuals to have a voice, but I believe there has to be an explicit choice. I dislike the idea that society could be considered to have accepted something, because it is made convenient for them to change their habits. One of my key issues was, we are talking about a society without notes and coins, which I think is a very important point. I believe that a lot of your anomalies would be solved if you realised that we are talking about alternative forms of cash. Obviously, it requires us to consider a different use for the term cash. am not entirely sure that there is a standard. I believe the reason people are adopting digital alternatives is that they see them as cash, and some of them, in fact, are cash. M-Pesa just appears, to me, and I may have got it wrong, to be a system which increases the velocity of the circulation of cash, and that is in a country which had, possibly, a lot of surplus labour willing to work, which has probably caused the growth. So, I think a lot of the anomalies you see are because there are different reasons. There is no one thing for digital cash, which I think you highlighted in one of the sections. I believe it might have been a reasonable start to have specified a monetary system. We are only talking about cash here, and I believe we need to start and say what cash is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing skepticism about the implications of transitioning to a cashless society. The author points out that there are 'too many anomalies' and emphasizes that cash and society are intricately linked. They suggest that the benefits of digital alternatives might not be evenly distributed, indicating that the reliance on convenience may not equate to equitable benefits for all individuals in society. Furthermore, the author highlights different reasons for adopting digital cash which implies a variety of experiences and outcomes among people, thus arguing against the idea of equal benefits in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: We further speculate that the discrepancy between the genomic PCR and immunofluorescence could result from a more complete co-transfection using electroporation and a bias towards easier detection of larger PCR products (i. e. , the KI and WT fragments) using ethidium bromide integration for detection. We have now included these data in the manuscript as Figure 4—figure supplement 3 and discussed this in the context of the GluA2 KO seen with TKIT (Results). Also see the Discussion. We also added a description of this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript. 2) Recent reports suggest that AAV vector genomes can integrate at DSBs created by Cas9 (PMIDs: 33087932, 31570731), and Cas9 can often create an opportunity for unintended insertions. Although PCR of genomic DNA (shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 2) detected both WT and KI alleles, it is not clear how often insertion of other sequences (with variable length) occurs, and no data at the level of DNA sequence is provided following AAV delivery methods. The fidelity of clean donor insertion could be examined by Sanger sequencing of genomic DNA clones to more completely define the results of insertion and genomic sequence changes around cut sites. This would also help to identify potential issues that may affect non-coding sequences (which, at the locations targeted here, are likely to be important regulatory elements). We are grateful to the reviewers for raising this important point. We agree that this is a necessary consideration when coupling AAVs withCas9 methods for genome editing (which is being widely adopted in the field). In fact, we now also speculate that 5’UTR integration of fragments of AAV could explain the lower efficiency in vivo with AAVs compared to in vitro with transfections. We have updated the text in the Results section to account for this possibility and include the recommended 2. The hippocampus will then be dissected, and genomic DNA amplify using a high-fidelity polymerase and a very long extension time (to account for variable sized insertions) flanking the KI sites. The PCR products will be sent for deep sequencing (as in Hanlon et al. , 2019). This will enable us to calculate the percentage of reads that have AAV insertions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim about CRISPR technology's ability to allow precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses various methodologies and considerations related to genome editing using AAV and Cas9, mentioning concerns about unintended insertions and the fidelity of donor DNA integration without explicitly affirming or denying the claim. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, type-2 diabetes, osteoporosis, some cancers, depression, and eating disorders [19]. 1. 2 Surprisingly Today, an estimated one-third of all the food produced in the world which would have been used goes to waste. To put this in a more detailed manner That’s equal to about 1. 3 billion tons of fruits, vegetables, meat, dairy, seafood, and grains that either never leave the farm, get lost or spoiled during distribution or are thrown away in hotels, grocery stores, restaurants, schools, or home kitchens. However, it could be enough calories to feed every undernourished person on the planet. On the other hand, wasted food isn't just a social or humanitarian concern—it's a Serious environmental issue. Whenever the food was wasted, it is also the waste of all the energy and water it takes to grow, harvest, transport, and package it. On the other hand, if food goes to the landfill and rots, it produces methane—a greenhouse gas even more dangerous than carbon dioxide. About 10% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced if we stop wasting food. Shockingly, In the US alone, the production of lost or wasted food generates the equivalent of 32. 6 million cars worth of greenhouse gas emissions. As Ethiopia’s population continues to grow, the challenge should not be how to grow more food to feed more people, but it should be wasting less of what is already produced. However, the true scale of food waste and its impacts have not been well understood until now. As such, the opportunities provided by food waste reduction have remained largely untapped and under-exploited. Most importantly, in the year 2017, the tragic landslide at the waste collection site at the place known as kosher in the capital of Ethiopia killed 116 people. This landfill was 30% arise from food waste. About this, there are plenty of actions we can take at the consumer level to make a significant difference. Gently starting from delivering leftovers to those in need to freezing food, shopping smarter or planning, composting to keep inedible scraps out of landfills, or using any other wise methods, we can all take small steps to curb our emissions. 2. ObjectivesThe general objective of this study is to evaluate the Practices of food waste to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Addis/Ethiopia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that when food is wasted and subsequently decomposes in landfills, it produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. It states that about 10% of all human-caused greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced if we stopped wasting food. Additionally, it indicates that the equivalent of 32.6 million cars' worth of greenhouse gas emissions is generated by lost or wasted food in the US alone, further affirming the environmental impact of food waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: I think it is a way of transacting immediately, or near instantaneously, and as we have seen, all modern technologies are, perhaps even faster than cash, and perhaps more efficient, but it is still, I believe, worth the term cash. I believe also, that as long as there is an equivalence and equality between each alternative value, there is no reason why there should not be multiple variations of cash type existing in the same system, at the time. I believe that cash keeps the system safe, and there may be a reason for which even a cost of 3% might well be necessary to keep the system safe. In the paper, you do pick up an awful lot of points, but do not seem to bring them together. One of the things that comes out a lot is trust, which is the most important thing, but I also believe that people probably will trust more if they believe and they own the system. We have to consider a whole system. It seems to me there are at least two other conceptual entities we have to define, and I am going to use the terms currency and money. I would define money as a set of objects which can be relatively easily turned into cash with a reasonable expectation of value. I believe then currency is the mechanism by which a society manages money. It is only at this level that trust can truly be established. Unfortunately, I am not sure that there is much trust at the moment. Regrettably, I do not think that the arguments made by politicians and regulators, that, “Nobody else saw it coming, so I am not to blame,” goes down too well. Trust would be further eroded if new tools, like negative interest rates, are asked for, rather than regulators and governments managing risk in the first place, and perhaps, ask yourselves what will happen if the new type, or types, of cash go wrong, and politicians and regulators again say, “It looked like a good idea at the time. ” I am quite sure there are enough good ideas in this paper to enable the essential characteristics of these objects to be created. My motivation for speaking is my belief that Bitcoin is a serious threat to society and the monetary system. That is not to say blockchain might not be useful, but only as a ledger system, though there are now suggestions of high costs in terms of resources to implement it. The inherent flaw in Bitcoin is the finite limit on the number of coins in issue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of trust in the monetary system and acknowledging that there may not be equal benefit for all participants in a cashless society. The speaker expresses skepticism about the overall trust and safety within the cashless system, mentioning that trust can be eroded and questioning the assurances made by politicians and regulators. These points indicate that not everyone may benefit equally, as trust and equality are not guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 3) I agree with the authors that tagging endogenous proteins is likely to preserve the normal physiological processes of transcription, mRNA processing, and protein localization, all of which will be specific to the target in question. Thus, the ability to use this system with proximity labeling proteomics approaches is a promising future direction. However, the author's claims about the superiority of this combination in the Discussion section should likely be tempered given that the tags used by these approaches were not incorporated or tested here. We agree with the reviewers and have tempered this claim for future utility accordingly in our Discussion by adding the following sentence: “However, the feasibility of coupling TKIT with proximity labelling remains to be tested and will likely depend upon the transfection or transduction efficiency, the KI efficiency for the target protein, as well as the absolute abundance of the target protein being tagged. ” 4) Was the sequential sgRNA cloning and ligation process used for all genes targeted here? While it clearly works, this is somewhat laborious and may discourage others from adopting this technology. Since all TKIT targets will require two sgRNAs, the authors might consider using pX333 (PMID: 25337876; Addgene plasmid 64073) instead of pX330. This would enable more rapid sgRNA insertion (due to two unique restriction digest sites) instead of sequential amplification, gel purification, and ligation. We agree with the reviewers and want to make this method as accessible to the community as possible. In fact, to simplify cloning of plasmids containing Two U6 + guides + cas9 we have designed a strategy using HiFi assembly to make these plasmids in a single cloning step. We have added this methodology to the Materials and methods section of the manuscript, which we hope will make it easier for investigators to use TKIT for their own projects. We also include the reviewer’s suggestion of using PX333. However, for transparency, we will leave the details of how we originally made these constructs. 5) Regarding the FRAP experiments, could the authors expand their discussion on the difference between their measurements obtained on endogenous levels of receptors and those previously obtained on overexpressed receptors. We thank the reviewers for this useful suggestion, which is at the core of why we think such knock-in approaches are of such value to the field. Comparisons and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR technology allowing for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses methodological considerations and experimental protocols related to tagging proteins and utilizing certain plasmids. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: The specific objectives of this study are: the exact amount of food that is wasted in this city’s To investigate the communities‘ practices regarding how they plan their food and the waste generated from it. To conduct an exploratory study to investigate the interlinkages between food waste and food security in urban and peri-urban areas of in Ethiopia. To create awareness for good food management practices including the generation and processing of food waste To create some appropriate way to process and deliver to the needy To establish some framework for food waste reduction and hence reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from this sector 3. Material and Methodology 3. 1 The study was undertaken to assess the food practices of the community living in the selected cities of Ethiopia (and Sendafa). The criteria to select these cities are based on their closeness to the capital of the country, their development status, and internet accessibility for the respondents to fill out Google generated questionnaire. The other selection criteria were also the education level of the respondents which is important to understand the exact aim of our research. The cities and respondents were randomly and also to some extent systematically selected to make sure all required information was gathered. The collected information of the respondents includes Age categories, employment status, family number, and income range. The other questions asked the respondents were: the amount of money they pay for food per family per week, the person responsible for the purchase of the food, whether they plan their food whenever they want to buy their food, how often they plan, whether they eat all the food they purchased, how often they go for food purchases provided that some foods are still available at their refrigerator, respondents categories concerning if they are( muscle builders, pregnant women, long-distance athlete or other). The respondents were also asked about their feeling whenever they eat food( Uncomfortable and bloated after eating; Lack of control over what and how much you consume; Eating until you’re uncomfortably full and Consuming large portions when you’re not hungry), whether they record their meals and snacks — including when, why, and how much you eat, What they normally do with their food wastes Whether they do the following activities (Processing and using as food again; Throwing away as waste and Processing and giving to needy). The respondents were also asked whether they think there is food wastage in their household and if there is, how they think how could be optimized for the reduction of food waste in their opinion. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by directly stating that the study aims to establish a framework for food waste reduction, which would subsequently reduce greenhouse gas emissions from this sector. This explicitly supports the idea that reducing food waste lowers emissions resulting from decomposed food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: This makes it totally unacceptable as a currency, where to match the production of the economy you have to change the amount of money, which is highlighted in the paper. genuinely agree that the authors have tried to be impartial, I do have some serious concerns about the linkage of a cashless society to issues like immigration, without first asking if there is an alternative or more appropriate solution. I do note a general concentration on the primacy of money, especially when considering a store of value. In the paper of course, negative interest rate policies appear to invalidate that, and I think the confidence of the financial system will suffer. Though at one stage there was an attempt to introduce a concept of wealth being somewhat different to money, ultimately I do not perceive any store of wealth in money, or other financial instances, is permanent. There is no worthwhile value without work, or the ability to control the work of others. Whatever we do to money, currency, or cash, the only important question is what does it do to the amount of work done? The Chairman: Thank you. Mr Collier: I think that there is a small confusion about the definition that cash and money, and that is why we have taken the simplest possible definition of cash as being notes and coins. It is not to replace money, and I think you picked up about cash being the best form of stability within an economy. I am not sure I am totally in agreement with you, for the sheer difficulty of transportation and handling cash, and the desire by people in the economy. It is quite clear when you go to pay for your coffee, most people are paying contactless, or cards, without having the cash in their pocket and transferring. People are moving towards it, and whether it is the most stable, or not the most stable, I think it is inevitable that we are, around the world, moving to a de-cashing situation. In some economies, this is a huge advantage. So, we make a case study of M-Pesa in Kenya, and you may have picked up that M stands for money, or mobile. Pesa is Swahili for money, and just the sheer fact that where there is no Internet, there is not very much in the way of banking system, and people having to transport very large sums of money from urban areas to rural places, which is difficult, expensive and hazardous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential downsides of a cashless society. It highlights issues such as the challenges posed by moving towards cashless transactions and the implications of dependency on technology. The mention of varying access to banking systems, particularly in economies like Kenya with M-Pesa, suggests that not everyone may benefit equally in a cashless society. The author raises concerns about the concentration on money as a store of value and indicates that not all transitions to cashless systems are advantageous for all people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: It was also examined for resistance to a therapeutic RAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, in a A375 melanoma model, leading to the discovery of novel genes sensitive to drug treatment [28]. GeCKOv2 library was also used to identify responsible genes related to EGF-induced apoptosis [86]. Genome-wide sgRNA library (mGeCKOa) transfection in non-metastatic mouse non-small cell lung cancer with 67,405 sgRNAs targeting 20,611 protein-coding genes. Cells were treated and transplanted into immunocompromised Nu/Nu mice, and tumor growth and migration were evaluated in vivo [25]. The pooled lentiviral sgRNA library with 73,151 gRNAs targeting 7114 gene and 100 non-targeting controls were used to screen the resistant genes for nucleotide analog 6TG treatment in human leukemic cell lines, screening resistance genes toward chemotherapeutic etoposide [26]. Patient-derived glioblastoma cell line (GBM), retinal epithelial cells (RPE1), colorectal carcinoma (HCT116 and DLD1), cervical carcinoma (Hela) and melanoma (A375) cells were subjected into genetic screening with the “90k library” containing 17,232 targeting genes and 91,320 gRNA sequences. Subsequentially, the supplemental library naming 176,500 TKO (Toronto KnockOut) library targeting 17,661 protein-coding genes were used to identify fitness genes in cancer cell lines [87]. Lentiviral vectors with genome-scale sgRNA library consisting of 70,290 guides (3 sgRNAs for each transcription start site (TSS)) were used for synthetic activation mediator (SAM)-based screening to target 200 bp upstream of the TSS and confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor in melanoma cell line A375 and patient derived samples [51]. Although genome scale gRNA libraries are widely used in cancer research, its complexity and transcript isoform variance as well as difficulty in viral vectors cloning limited its usage. Other specific gRNA libraries for certain signal pathways or gene functions were established according to screening purpose for modulating endogenous genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it discusses the use of genomic libraries and the application of sgRNA in cancer research, it does not explicitly mention CRISPR technology or its ability to allow for precise editing of genomic sequences. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Results and Discussions 4. 1 and its Greenhouse gas Table 1 Common food type with GHG (Source: [21]) Greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram kgCO₂eq per kilogram Food consumption per adult per year for Ethiopia 1 Bananas 0. 86 kg 5. 1kg 2 Barley 1. 18 kg 44 kg 3 Beef (beef herd) 99. 48 kg 8. 4 kg 4 3. 20 kg 9. 49 kg 5 Cheese 23. 88 kg 0. 8 kg 6 Coffee 28. 53 kg 2. 6 kg 7 Eggs 4. 67 kg 0. 475 kg 8 Fish (farmed) 13. 63 kg 0. 400 kg 9 Maize 1. 70 kg 66. 7 kg 10 Milk 24. 5 kg 16. 6 kg 11 1. 05 kg 7 kg 12 Potatoes 0. 46 kg 7. 07 kg 13 9. 87 kg 0. 690 kg 14 Rice 4. 45 kg 6. 5 kg 15 Tomatoes 2. 09 kg 26 kg 16 Wheat & Rye 1. 57 kg 77 kg 4. 2 GHG through consumers As we can see from the above table the Greenhouse gas emissions per kilogram kgCO₂eq per Person for this 16-food type is approximately around 1764. 92-kilogram kgCO₂eq of CO2 emissions. However, for the population of Ethiopia, kilogram kgCO₂eq of emission is approximately around 211. 80 billion kgCO₂eq of emissions. Nevertheless, if good food practices such as food purchase planning, food waste reduction, food waste processing and reuse including offering to the needy, and avoiding eating disorder habits such as eating in an out-of-control way, eating without feeling hungry, And reducing the size of food to be eaten and similar food behavioral change is implemented, this CO2 emission will be halved, which means for the whole population the kgCO₂eq is around 105. 9 billion and 882. 46 kgCO₂eq per person per year. This indicates that this action will drastically reduce GHG emissions significantly. This idea was also supported by other studies in the area as follows. Today, and in the future, dietary change can deliver environmental benefits on a scale not achievable by producers. Concerning this, moving from current diets to a diet that excludes animal products has transformative potential, reducing food’s land use by 3. 1 (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how implementing good food practices, including food waste reduction, can significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. It states that if practices such as food purchase planning and food waste processing are adopted, CO2 emissions could be halved, demonstrating a direct correlation between reducing food waste and lowering greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Not using cash, but using mobile forms of payment, has just totally revolutionised the economy there. I am not suggesting it has revolutionised the economy here in the UK or in the Western World, and that is why the answer and the desire are different in different economies at different state of development, and also, as I said, for different stakeholder groups. We find it very interesting that in countries like Sweden, you almost find it difficult at the moment to go in and spend your Krona in shops. People do not take it, and their attitude is almost, “Well, why would I? ” Germany is way behind some of the other countries in the Western world, and you have to ask yourself, why might that be, and I do not know the answer. The only thing that worries me, and I picked up on one of the risks that we have on a totalitarian government, that you might be worried that, all of a sudden, the government knows absolutely every movement that you make, if you have everything done by electronic transfer. It is possible, and I am not saying it is the case, that a lot of Germans have, in the past, either lived under, or remember, a rather totalitarian society. Or those that have lived in the GDR, understand and know it as well, and might themselves be rejecting the use of electronic payments in lieu of cash, for that reason. Mr Houlston: just try and explain what I understand by M-Pesa? It appears to me that it is a system that transfers credits on phones and I assume that those credits have to be paid for in cash. There does not appear to be another version of cash in the system, and as such, the entry and exit points are cash, and M-Pesa is not a currency system, it is a method of transmission. Yes, that method of transmission reduces costs but it is still reliant on cash. There are other forms, like digital, that tend not to do it that way, but unless you understand the differences between the systems, I think you will not explain your anomalies. Mr Collier: Yes, you are quite right, M-Pesa is not a new currency, and we are not talking about new currencies, but it is replacing the use of cash in the transference of the money, from physical money to electronic money. Mr J. G. Spain, F. I. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the benefits and acceptance of cashless systems vary significantly between different economies and stakeholder groups. It points out that in some countries, like Sweden, the transition to cashless payments has been embraced, while in others, like Germany, there are notable hesitations and concerns influenced by historical context. This suggests that not every person benefits equally, as the advantages depend on local circumstances and individual perspectives, particularly concerning the potential for government surveillance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 4screening and its applications in ex vivo and in vivo for cancer therapy. (A) screening application in cultured cells. (B) screening in vivo application in mouse with direct injection to organs and indirect injection in abdominal and tail vein. (C) Schematic representation of screening applications for human cancers; Created with BioRender. comFull size imagescreening in vitro for cancer therapyscreening has several potential applications in cancer therapy, including modified T cells and Chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T cancer treatment, novel target identification, drug resistance, drug selection exploration and so on [4, 29]. screening system has been employed to investigate various cancer cell types originating from diverse organs including lymphatic system, esophagus, stomach, intestines, lungs, nervous system, skin, liver, blood cells as well as reproductive organs. screening applications in Cancer therapy were summarized in Table 2. Table 2 screening ex vivo for cancer researchFull size tablecell and CAR-T therapy for cancer therapyImmune system is the most important defender to fight off cancer. Immunotherapy strategy is to make better immune cells such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or CAR-T cells to attack cancer via T-cell transfer. TIL therapy uses patient’s own lymphocytes to kill tumor, whereas CAR-T means modified T cells with specific proteins from surface of cancer cells, thus having the ability to attack tumors. In addition to Cas9 utilization, conjugated Cas12 (cCas12a) can be used for CAR-T cell generation. Using an AAV vector, Cas12a-crRNA complex showed robust efficiency to generate site-specific and precisely targeted CAR-T cells [149]. Recent review showed the importance of gamma retroviral or lentiviral vectors for CAR-T cell generation to target B-cell lymphomas and leukemias, although with complex manufacturing procedure, providing a promising “off-the-shelf” products for cancer treatment [150]. Whole-genomeCas9 screening was performed in CAR-T cells and co-cultured with Glioblastoma (GBM) stem cells (GSCs) to explore the PD-1 dependence genes such as TLE4 and IKZF2 for cancer treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about CRISPR technology's ability to allow for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses applications of screening in cancer therapy, including the use of various methodologies like CAR-T and mentions Cas12a for generating targeted CAR-T cells. While CRISPR is implied through the mention of Cas9 and Cas12a, the emphasis is on cancer therapies and screening processes, making the text largely irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: 8 to 3. 3) billion ha (a 76% reduction), including a 19% reduction in arable land; food’s GHG emissions by 6. 6 (5. 5 to 7. 4) billion metric tons of CO2eq (a 49% reduction); acidification by 50% (45 to 54%); eutrophication by 49% (37 to 56%); and scarcity-weighted freshwater withdrawals by 19% (− 5 to 32%) for a 2010 reference year [20]. These ambitions will only achieve by changing food practices that include using vegetable proteins with impacts between the 10th- and 90th-percentile impacts of existing production. In addition to the reduction in food’s annual GHG emissions, the land no longer required for food production could remove ~ 8. 1 billion metric tons of CO2 from the atmosphere each year over 100 years [20]. As a result, food habits and dietary changes have the potential for a far greater effect on food’s different emissions, reducing them by 61 to 73% [20]. Moreover, reducing the consumption of food like (oils, sugar, alcohol, and stimulants) by 20% by avoiding production with the highest land use reduces the land use of these products by 39% on average [20]. For emissions, the reductions are 31 to 46%, and for scarcity-weighted freshwater withdrawals,87%[20]. As it is seen from the data (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of MSc degrees, 24% Ph. D. degrees, 22% were Primary education level respondents, and the remaining 6% were BSc degree holders. This shows how our sampling was representative which interns very important to figure out how important food practice changes are. Figure 5 shows that more than 78% of our respondents were fully employed. For Fig. 6, 50% of our respondents were in the age range of 30 to 40, 28% were in the range of 41 to 55 and the remaining were in the category of 20 to 29 age ranges. As a result, full-time employment is one of the important aspects which determines the permanent income of the community which is also important since it enables them to purchase the type and size of the food they need and is not necessary to them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how changes in food practices, including reducing food waste, can lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It specifically mentions that reducing food production can decrease food's GHG emissions by 49%, and adopting different food habits could lead to a reduction of emissions by 61 to 73%. This supports the idea that reducing food waste contributes to lower emissions resulting from food decomposition.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: : We are not in a totalitarian state, but certain people do have their banking facilities circumscribed. And it can sometimes happen in quite a violent way: “You are no longer wanted as our client, go away. You have a problem? Sorry about that, we cannot tell you why. ” Finally, Apple Pay, Google Pay, are these not new totalitarian outfits? Mr Achord: It is very interesting, with all the developments in different payment intermediaries. This brings back one of the points that made in the cost of cash, whereas the cost of physical cash is quite massive. Those costs are in transport, storage and updating machines and such. So, those costs probably go back into the economy, but if you have Apple Pay, Google Pay, or if you are in a small country and the payment processor is a company from another country and 2% of every payment goes to the payment processor after ten years you are going to have 98% to the tenth power of the amount of money that you had before. So, that could be where we are going. A Speaker: I thought that the paper was very helpful and provided lots of food for thought. You pick up on society and I think the impact on society is really important. Financial exclusion, watching, but what about the disconnect people have with money? So, let me give you an example. was young, I used to go out with £50 and once it was spent, it was spent. Today, people just spend and spend, and it is the same thing with gambling and Internet shopping. What level of research have you done in that area? Mr Collier: There is a very interesting exercise going on in certain boroughs in certain states in Australia where the benefit is not handed out by cash but by a reloadable debit card. The idea is that someone on benefits, for example, cannot spend the cash, because of the bar codes or QR codes on alcohol, on gaming, and then presumably, on drugs as well. Although there are ways round it, and there is a big debate going on in Australia about whether or not this is working, I think there is sufficient evidence to believe that the federal government there is looking to roll that out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing financial exclusion and the potential harms of cashless systems. It notes that certain individuals can be circumscribed from banking facilities and may face exclusion, which suggests that not everyone benefits equally. The mention of reloadable debit cards limiting spending behavior further indicates that certain groups may not have the same advantages in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, transduced GSCs were subjected to CAR-T challenge in order to identify enriched and depleted genes for cancer cell apoptosis [124]. Until 2021, total 3 FDA approved CAR-T therapies have been described as tisagenlecleucel, axicabtagene ciloleurel, and brexucabtagene autoleucel based one CD19-mediated CAR-T cells [151]. Although CAR-T is efficient in blood cancers, its efficiency loss impedes the treatment efficiency. To overcome refractory of B-cell malignancies, genome-scale -Cas9 loss-of-function screens were performed, and revealed the crucial role of FADD and 10B (TRAIL-R2) in mediating CAR-T cell cytotoxicity [125]. Except for precision CAR-T treatment, multiplexed -Cas9 editing applications have been used to generate universal CAR-T products, with the aim of enhancing antitumor efficacy and improving safety of cell-based therapies [152]. Novel targets identification usingCas9 screening in cancer researchThe invasion and metastasis of cancers make it more difficult to treat, and new targets should be identified for complete cure. Using genome-wideCas9 screening, key drivers for invasion and metastasis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) were identified by gain- and loss-of-function experiments, demonstrating that high expression of Transcript (MEST), interacting with purine rich element binding Protein A, is associated with poor patient survival via activating SRCIN1/RASAL1-ERK-snail signaling [126]. Synergistical effect of genetic deletion and pharmacologic inhibition to increase cytotoxicity of MEK signaling inhibitors in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells was also investigated by knockout screening [127]. Genome wideCas9 knockout screening identified Zinc finger protein (ZNF) family member ZNF319 as a potent suppressor responsible for metastasis of breast cancer in an orthotopic murine model [153]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its ability to allow for precise editing of genomic sequences. While it mentions genome-scale Cas9 loss-of-function screens and multiplexed Cas9 editing applications, it does not directly support or directly refute the claim. Instead, it focuses on applications of CAR-T therapy in cancer research and gene identification without explicitly discussing the precision editing capability of CRISPR.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Incredibly 84% of our respondents replied they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are purchasing. Without a plan and generating avoidable food wastes. According to Fig. 12, 62. 7% of the respondents said that they go for food purchasing even though they have preserved food as long as the basic food type is over which indicates how they are not planning their food purchase and make use of the preserved food they have. On the other hand, almost 26% of the respondents said that they go for food purchases as long as market days are open even if they have preserved food which also indicates they are not planning their food and also do not make use of the preserved food they have. In Fig. 13, the result are about this selected communities food eating habits including( whether they feel uncomfortable and bloated after eating; if they have a lack control over what and how much they consume during their meal; if they eat until they are uncomfortably full and also if they consume large portion when they are not hungry). Shockingly the result shows that 38% of our respondents said that they have a lack of control over what and how much they consume, whereas 22% of them replayed that they used to eat until they were uncomfortably fully. On the other hand, approximately 22% of them said they usually consume large portions of food even though they are not feeling hungry which is incredibly the most concerning sign of an eating disorder which exposes them to different health issues and is detrimental to the environment since they are not just wasting the food but also the land required to produce this food, the energy required, water required and different chemicals that were used throughout the production and transportation stages. As far as the result displayed in Fig. 14 are concerned, it is about this communities food recording habits specifically their meals and snack regarding when, why, and how much they usually consume. Incredibly, 92% of our respondents replied that they never record their meals and snack including when, why, and how much they usually consume, which is another indicator of bad food habits which also leads to eating disorders. According to scientific data, from 4 bags bought from the supermarket, one bag of food is through away as waste. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the issues related to food waste and its environmental impact. It highlights that a significant amount of food is wasted (for example, 'according to scientific data, from 4 bags bought from the supermarket, one bag of food is thrown away as waste'), which indicates that reducing food waste would lessen the environmental burden, including lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. Furthermore, it mentions that the poor food purchasing and consumption habits lead to waste, which aligns with the claim regarding the benefits of reducing food waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: So, QE would look very different, but the opposite would be true in NIRP, that if it wanted to take money out of your account, in terms of negative interest rate, it just sucks it out as well. That could all happen in a cashless society. It would still be Sterling, it is just a different way of handling it, if it were the UK, or it could be from any other country. of England have looked at a proof of concept but we do not know exactly what their answer is and what their reaction is. My guess is they will not want to be the first, necessarily, to put their toes in the water, but there are going to be digital currencies by central banks somewhere around the world in the not-too-distant future. Mr Achord: You might be talking about helicopter money, effectively. Mr McCarthy: This would allow something different to helicopter money. A much cleaner way to do it. Mr Achord: To implement helicopter money, and I guess the question will be will helicopter money stimulate the economy or will it just feed inflation? You probably have to couple helicopter money with other kinds of economic policies to ensure that it spurred growth and did not just add money to a fixed set of goods. Mr A. M. Barringer, F. I. A. : I have great admiration for the work that has been in done in collating such a tremendous amount of information. Obviously, a lot of work has gone in, and I do note that there is going to be a phase 2. But the tremendous volume of information, although it is collated, does not seem to lead to even tentative conclusions at the moment. So, I look forward to phase 2 when that will be developed more. I first visited Kenya about ten years ago and I was amazed to come across this system, which we now have discussed, called M-Pesa, where people could pay each other using their mobile phones. I had never seen anything like this before, and my reaction was, “Why have we not got this in the UK? ” I asked some more questions and I found that people did not even need a bank account. All they had to do was go to an agent to get the money put on their phone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various potential outcomes of a cashless society, particularly focusing on economic policies like negative interest rates and helicopter money. It highlights that not everyone may benefit equally from such systems, illustrating complexities that suggest unequal benefits rather than a universal advantage. This is particularly evident in the mention of individuals accessing digital currencies without needing a bank account, implying disparities in access and benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC),Cas9 knockout library screening revealed the crucial role of pyruvate metabolism in HCC treatment, particularly when combined with a glutamine-deficient diet, showing the targetable metabolic vulnerabilities of pyruvate dehydrogenase α(PDHA), pyruvate dehydrogenase β(PDHB), and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) [128]. -Cas9 knockout mutagenesis to exons encoding functional protein domains was performed to screen drug targets and dependencies, providing a comprehensive identification of protein domains for cancer cell sustainment [120]. In epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), -Cas9 screening combined with olaparib treatment successfully identified five genes, 81, RAD51B, and BRCA2, as predictive markers for olaparib response. Additionally, CDK12 emerged as a promising therapeutic target for EOC without compromising the efficacy of Olaparib response [129]. The whole-genome screening in Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha (GNAQ) mutant uveal melanoma (UM) cells showed that a member of Gα protein family Gαq promoted PI3K/AKT signaling pathway through focal adhesion kinase (FAK) for cell growth and survival [130]. screening with scRNA-seq showed that driver gene alterations influenced TSGs, and triggered tumorigenesis in human mammary epithelial cells, indicating the impact of transcriptional epistasis on oncogenic mediators and potential therapeutic targets, including CDK4, SRPK1, and DNMT1 [131]. By analyzing the -Cas9 screening data from Depmap (Map) and TCGA data of differentially expressed genes, the cell cycle pathway was identified as a key pathway of cell viability regulation in breast cancer patients [154]. /Cas9 screening in chemo-resistant small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) identified serine/threonine kinase cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) as a potential synergistic target. Combination of CDC7 inhibitor XL413 and chemotherapy led to apoptosis of chemo-sensitive SCLC in xenograft tumor [132]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various applications of Cas9 knockout screening in cancer research but does not specifically mention CRISPR technology or its role in precise genomic editing. Instead, it focuses on targetable vulnerabilities and therapeutic implications in various cancer types.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: As a result, to determine if this case is true we asked our respondents what actually they do with their food waste including( whether they process and use it as food again; maybe if they through always as waste, and also if they are merciful enough to process and giving this food to the needy which are suffering from hunger including 15 million facing hunger today(FAO report)), however, 80% our respondents replied that they throwing away their food waste which is incredibly shocking figure bearing in mind the current world scenarios. The last but not least question we asked our respondents was ‘’if they think there was food wastage in their household? If yes, how do they think we could optimize the reduction of food waste in their opinion? Surprisingly almost all of our respondents replied yes to our questions and given as the following recommendations about how we can address our food waste: We need to plan what to eat, what to buy, and record daily consumption. We also need to advise our housemaid. reuse, specially Enjira. I have tried it and processed Fifer. sometimes, some fruit and vegetables become spoiled instructing the housemaid, and managing what to buy and eat is important. Processing and giving to the needy Planning food purchases; processing and using food waste; processing and giving to the needy Rarely, are cooking, and eating must be balanced Preservation and sharing By processing and using again in a different form formal and informal training at the individual as well as at societal levels. use the refrigerator to reduce food waste and it is recommended to use food remains for plant garden areas. 5. Conclusions and RecommendationsIn conclusion, for (n = 50), 48% of our respondents were holders of an MSc degree, 24% Ph. D. degree, 22% were Primary education level respondents, and the remaining 6% were BSc degree holders. To this end, 78% of our respondents were fully employed and 50% of them were in the age range of 30 to 40, 28% were in the range of 41 to 55 and the remaining were in the category of 20 to 29 age ranges. For the correlation between the city of living and the money they spend on food, P-value was 0. 15 which is greater than the P-value of 0. 05, indicating there was no correlation between respondents’ area of living and the amount of money spent on food purchases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ways that respondents believe food waste can be reduced, which directly relates to lowering greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. It mentions actions such as planning meals, reusing food, sharing food with the needy, and proper food preservation, all strategies aimed at reducing food waste, which is crucial in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: They could send it up country, as you were saying, to perhaps their relatives in other provinces, and this replaced, as you indicated, a system which was very much more risky in the past, where you just had to give the cash to a trusted agent. What surprised me was that not only was it a very advanced system which we do not seem to have in the UK even now, because you did not need a bank account, and, as far as I am aware, one needs a bank account to link up to all the non-cash transmissions. It seems that the regulatory system in Kenya allowed the telecoms company, SafariCom, to effectively allow these transmissions without having a link with the banking system. Now, this is obviously a regulatory issue, and I wonder is the regulatory issue preventing other transmission mechanisms developing in this country and other advanced payment economies, because they have to be linked to a bank account, as a means of control? Mr Collier: The M-Pesa system, and what is so beautiful about it, exists because most areas in Kenya do not have Wi-Fi or Internet access. So, the people are using M-Pesa on the sort of mobile telephones that we think are Jurassic, and are probably rolled out for about $10 a piece, and this is something which is akin to the security device that your bank gives you for free so that you can do some Internet banking, and here, it is a different situation. I do not know if there is a regulatory reason why we cannot exchange money on our mobile telephones. I think we do to an extent already, when you see a charity type advert and text save to a certain number, and £5 gets debited from your mobile telephone account and £5 gets credited to theirs. So, I think it does happen to an extent. I do believe SafariCom M-Pesa is regulated. The money is not a loan to SafariCom, unlike a loan to HSBC or Barclays, it is money held by SafariCom, and then their money is then held by a third party, and if SafariCom were to go bust, the money is not affected. So, I think that is true. Ms Rochemont: M-Pesa is available in Kenya and about 20 other African countries now. It is also available in some parts of and it is being increasingly used to address the issue of access to Wi-Fi infrastructure in rural areas of India. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the M-Pesa system in Kenya and its implications for people without bank accounts or access to advanced technology. It highlights that, while M-Pesa provides a cashless solution for some individuals, it points to disparities in access and regulatory barriers that may prevent equal benefits across different populations, particularly those who lack bank accounts or live in rural areas without adequate infrastructure. This nuance suggests that not every person benefits equally in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Nine genes were found to be associated with radiosensitivity of NPC cells (C666-1R, 6-8FR). Fanconi anemia pathway and the TGF-β signaling pathway were reported to be important contributors for radiosensitivity [136]. In the nervous system, neuroblastoma tumorigenesis was investigated via genome-wide knockout screening, showed that ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) stabilize and increase half-life of repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST), indicating its critical role in neuroblastoma generation [137]. As for reproductive cancers, drug resistance genes as well as lethal genes for cancer cell were identified. Genome-scale screening in ovarian cancer cell lines with the GeCKO library identified one previously validated gene SULF1 and a novel gene ZNF587B responsible for cisplatin resistance [138]. Cervical cancer cell lines such as Hela and Siha were incubated with cisplatin or paclitaxel, respectively, and screened by genome-scaleCas knockout library and ninety-seven genes were identified to be associated with drug resistance [139]. Prostate cancer (PrCa) is one of the most lethal causes of cancer-related death in males. Resistance to Enzalutamide, docetaxel, and Cabazitaxel in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) is a big obstacle for cancer treatment of male patients. Whole-genomeCas9 knockout screening in mCRPC cell line C4 dissected the potential genes responsible for drug resistance. Two genes (IP6K2, XPO4) were validated after the screening process via bioinformatic prediction, highlighting the necessity to perform individualized validation [140]. Phase III clinical trial for Aurora-A (AURKA) inhibitor alisertib (MLN8237) in breast cancer failed to prolong patients’ survival. Rational drug combinations for better therapeutic outcome were carried out based onCas9 knockout screening of 507 kinases, identifying synthetic lethality interactions with MLN8237 and Haspin (GSG2). The combination of MLN8237 and Haspin inhibitor CHR-6494 reduced tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo [141]. screening for 656 E3 ubiquitin ligases in PrCa cells identified 51 genes as tumor repressors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss CRISPR technology or its capabilities in genomic editing. Instead, it focuses on various cancer studies and gene screenings, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding the precision of CRISPR technology in editing genomic sequences.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: In the income range, more than 58% have ≥ 10,000 local currency which is per the country it is high income which in turn is important in budgeting for food consumption and respective waste generations. The amount of money they usually pay for food per their family members per weak is ≥ 1000 which means they spend approximately 40% of their income per month which is a significant amount. Moreover, analysis to determine the correlation between income range and the money spent on food purchases per weak shows that the P-value of 0. 2 was far greater than the p-value of 0. 05 indicating there was no correlation between income and food expenditures. Incredibly 84% of our respondents replied they don’t consume all that they purchased indicating they are purchasing. Without a plan and generating avoidable food wastes. 62. 7% of the respondents said that they go for food purchasing even though they have preserved food as long as basic food type is over and 26% of the respondents said that they go for food purchase as long as market day are open even if they have preserved food which also indicates they are not planning their food and also not make use of the preserved food they have. In communities’ food eating habits 38% said that they lack control over what and how much they consume, whereas 22% of them replayed that they used to eat until they were uncomfortably full. They also recommended mainly the need to plan what to eat, what to buy, and record daily consumption. on our assessment results and also the guidelines from organizations including WHO, and UNEP, many sustainable development goals and targets mainly related to the area of food, food waste, health, and climate change, we would like to give the following recommendations: First and for most, let’s plan our food purchase to reduce the amount of waste generated from it and hence reduce its environmental impactsSecond of all as long as we have preserved food in our refrigerator, let’s use it by taking into account all necessary measures. Third of all whenever we prepare our food make sure that we are preparing as small amount as we can which intern influence us to eat too muchFourth of all whenever we eat food let’s aim for its nutritional contents rather than its sizeFifth of all based on health safety guidelines process your food waste to reuse it or maybe for giving it to the needylast but not least, corporate physical activity for our full health and well-being. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the need to reduce food waste through recommendations such as planning food purchases to minimize waste generation. It argues that managing food consumption carefully can have environmental impacts, consistent with the claim that reducing food waste contributes to lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: Mr Collier: The point I should have made about our friends in Jordan is that the payments are made by eye-recognition. And this is in Jordan, which is hardly Silicon Valley, and so, yes, maybe that is going to happen. We have thumbprints to an extent on Apple Pay, do we not? Eye-recognition, why not? It is just a form of transferring assets from someone to somebody else, but not using paper or physical money. Miss L. I. Lobo, F. I. A. : Thank you for the paper, it is very thorough. In terms of structure, do you think, given where we are at with the wider debate on cryptocurrency and different forms of money, it might be better to structure it as one part being about blockchain and distributed ledger frameworks that exist, or are available, and then, an alternative structure for the store of value, which seems to be the other part of the equation. The paper does touch on issues like immigration, political banking, all elements of the economy, all elements of our lives and it feels that going back to the axioms of what is good money helps us to organise our thinking. Mr Collier: When we started on this paper, I think we were looking mainly at the benefits of taking cash, notes and coin, out of society, and then we discovered that it was just so much more, hence phase 2. I think that you found, for those of you that have read the paper, yes, it is quite lengthy at over 40,000 words, but, on-balance, it is an easy read, and I do recommend it to you. We have written a little bit about a lot of different subjects, and we discovered that some of those subjects needed a vast amount more rigour, and blockchain technology is one of them. Certainly, we have already hinted at a change in capital markets, for example, changing the eco-banking system. These are not necessarily involved in a cashless society, we have veered off at a tangent, but there is no doubt about it that if cash were withdrawn from society, there will be some people who demand the use of cash, for whatever reason, and it might be not for the right reasons, but it might be for perfectly genuine reasons. They will look for different forms of payment, and a digital currency, whatever it is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that withdrawing cash from society will lead some people to demand the use of cash for various reasons, implying that not everyone will benefit equally from a cashless society. It states, 'there will be some people who demand the use of cash, for whatever reason,' suggesting that certain individuals might not have equal access to or comfort with cashless payment methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: The novel oncodriver Protein 19 A (RNF19A) was frequently amplified and highly expressed in PrCa. It correlated with castration resistance and ubiquitylated 13 (TRIP13) and was activated by androgen receptor (AR), and Factor 1 (HIF1A), indicating AR/HIF1A-RNF19A-TRIP13 signaling axis for PrCa therapy [142]. Colorectal cancer (CRC) was examined for drug resistance to oxaliplatin and screened byCas9 genome-wide library knockdown system. It found that low expression of mitochondrial elongation factor 2 (MIEF2) contributed to oxaliplatin drug resistance by reducing mitochondrial stability and inhibiting apoptosis via decreased cytochrome C release [143]. system was employed to investigate genes associated with resistance to lymphoma radiotherapy, and a total of 8 genes were screened and subsequently validated, demonstrating a significant correlation with radiotherapy resistance [144]. Patients with Cisplatin-resistant (TGCTs) have poor prognosis, and developments of novel therapeutic strategies are critical. system revealed that NEDD8-activating enzyme E1 (NAE1) was highly expressed in drug-resistant colonies of TGCT cells, and indicated that neddylation inhibitor (MLN4924) combined with cisplatin as a novel treatment option for TGCTs [145]. /Cas9 screening for personalized drug selection through patient-derived organoidsOrganoids derived from both healthy and diseased tissues offer a valuable resource for biological or pathological investigations. screening showed powerful manipulation in cancer cells lines, it is also employed for tumor organoids derived from diverse cancer patients for personalized drug selection. Suspension culture increases efficiency of culturing cancer organoids for genome-wide -Cas9 screening and large-scale perturbation screens [146]. Human fetal hepatocyte organoids were generated to model nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and screening was utilized to identify steatosis modulators in APOB−/− and MTTP−/− organoids [147]. -Cas9 genetic intervention and high-throughput drug screening have been applied in digestive organoids for personalized disease modeling and therapy [155]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on cancer research and therapy, detailing various studies related to drug resistance and genetic interventions in different cancer types. While CRISPR technology (specifically Cas9) is mentioned, it does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the precision of genomic editing. Thus, the content is irrelevant to the specific claim about CRISPR's capacity for precise editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: AbstractProtein transition and circular food system transition are two proposed strategies for supporting food system sustainability. Here we model animal-sourced protein to plant-sourced protein ratios within a European circular food system, finding that maintaining the current animal–plant protein share while redesigning the system with circular principles resulted in the largest relative reduction of 44% in land use and 70% in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared with the current food system. Shifting from a 60:40 to a 40:60 ratio of animal-sourced proteins to plant-sourced proteins yielded a 60% reduction in land use and an 81% GHG emission reduction, while supporting nutritionally adequate diets. Differences between current and recommended total protein intake did not substantially impact minimal land use and GHG emissions. Micronutrient inadequacies occurred with less than 18 g animal protein per capita per day. Redesigning the food system varied depending on whether land use or GHG emissions were reduced—highlighting the need for a food system approach when designing policies to enhance human and planetary health. Similar content being viewed by others Incorporation of novel foods in European diets can reduce global warming potential, water use and land use by over 80% 1. Two possible approaches in redesigning the food system have received increased attention: protein transition and circularity in a food system. Protein transition scenarios in the European context refer to the reduction of the share of animal proteins in human diets2,3. Today’s protein intake levels in the EU are around 82 g per capita per day, of which 49 g comes from animal products and 33 g from plant products4. In comparison, the (EFSA) sets an average requirement (AR) intake of 46 g protein per capita per day5, indicating a protein overconsumption of 36 g per capita per day. Multiple studies indicated that eating less animal source proteins (ASP) positively affects health and the environment6,7,8,9,10,11. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of consensus regarding how to strike an optimal balance between ASP and plant source proteins (PSP) to promote a healthy diet while mitigating environmental pressures. Some studies suggest that eating an entirely plant-based diet is the most sustainable12,13, while there remains uncertainty about the effects of ASP reduction in diets on protein and micronutrient adequacies14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing strategies that contribute to sustainability in the food system, specifically emphasizing how shifting from animal-sourced proteins to plant-sourced proteins can lead to significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. It states that redesigning the food system with circular principles resulted in a 70% reduction in GHG emissions compared to the current food system. This aligns with the claim's premise that reducing food waste can help tackle greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every person benefits equally in a cashless society. [SEP] Text: I am not suggesting Bitcoin, as I have said, since you do not know to whom you are lending your money with Bitcoin. If the Bank or the issued a central bank digital currency, why do we not all use it? What is the Bank of England going to do in terms of financial stability here in the UK? These are very big issues that are not specifically connected to taking cash totally out of society, but are certainly associated with it, which is why we do need to look at these things in far more rigour in phase 2. Mr M. L. Pearlman, F. I. A. : First, thank you to the paper’s authors for such an incredible collection and summary of a vast amount of information: it has been really useful. There is a lot of talk about decashing and the inevitability of reducing the amount of cash in society. On the other hand, you have certain items that happen, or can happen, in a cashless society: negative interest rates; totalitarianism, and so on, which are a big worry. I was just wondering if there is a gap between decashing and cashless and can some of these things only work if there is zero cash in society? Is there some kind of tipping point at which you can move from one phase to the other? Mr Collier: We witness decashing going on in front of our noses. However, the interesting thing is, the amount of notes in circulation in the UK is growing, and it is growing at a rate of knots, and we are not really sure we understand why. There are a number of reasons why the notes and coin might be increasing and, certainly, the Bank of England is in between a rock and a hard-place. It may not feel necessarily that it is all for the right sort of reasons, but to restrict the amount of cash in society, if you went to your ATM and cash was not coming out, because the Bank of England want to restrict it, that would take away a confidence in the currency immediately. So, they really are between a rock and hard-place on that particular issue. We are already seeing a situation where banks are closing branches all the time, because there are cheaper ways of conducting their business. There could come a time when the economies of scale no longer mitigate the cost of handing cash sufficiently, and they withdraw ATM machines, especially in rural places. What happens to the financially excluded at that stage? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative implications of a cashless society, including financial exclusion and the challenges faced by those with limited access to banking services. It specifically raises concerns about the effects of restricting cash on confidence in the currency and the impact on the financially excluded, suggesting that not everyone may benefit equally in a cashless society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this 6. Nature. 2015;520:186–91. In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using -Cas9. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:102–6. Nature. 2014;507:62–7. 21. 5607. J Biotechnol. 2022;355:53–64. Nat Methods. 2019;16:247–54. e217. 19. Science. 2017;356:438–42. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science. 2018;360:439–44. -Cas13b suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and circumvents its mutational escape through mismatch tolerance. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4270. Science. 2017;358:1019–27. Genet. 2015;16:299–311. genome-editing experiments with. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:695–7. MH, Clevers H. engineering in organoids for gene repair and disease modelling. Bioeng. 2023;1:32–45. knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response. Nat Commun. 2018;94275. Genome-wideCas9 revealed of glutamine in combination with inhibition of pyruvate metabolism as effective Treatment. (Weinh). 2022;9:e2202104. Whole-genome screening identifies PI3K/AKT as a downstream component of the oncogenic GNAQ-focal adhesion kinase signaling circuitry. J Biol Chem. 2023;299102866. /Cas9 screening reveals epistatic networks of interacting tumor suppressor genes and therapeutic targets in human breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2021;81:6090–105. Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in nasopharyngeal carcinoma for radiosensitive and radioresistant genes. Transl Oncol. 2023;30101625. /Cas9-based genome-wide screening of the deubiquitinase subfamily identifies USP3 as a protein stabilizer of REST blocking neuronal differentiation and promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. J Cancer Res. 2023;42121. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about CRISPR technology enabling precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to gene function inquiry and other genetic techniques, without explicitly mentioning the precision of CRISPR editing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing food waste can lower greenhouse gas emissions from decomposing food. [SEP] Text: Other studies introduced the concept of circularity and reported that animals can still play a crucial role and provide up to 30 g ASP per capita per day sustainably if used as waste stream recyclers15,16,17,18,19,20,21. As such, numerous studies have examined the impact of plant-based diets on the environment, but none of them has integrated the protein transition (that is, shifting the ratio between animal and plant proteins towards a more plant-based diet) with circularity6,8,14. In this context, circularity refers to a system primarily focusing on producing human food and providing healthy diets. Organic waste is avoided whenever possible, and if it occurs, it is reused in the most efficient way possible as feed or as fertilizer22,23. This study aims to model the optimal ratio between animal and plant proteins within circular a food system while minimizing land use (LU) or greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We address this objective by comparing two dietary approaches: one that maintains current protein intake and another that reduces protein intake to recommended levels. We use land use and greenhouse gas emissions as proxies for assessing environmental impact, and the EAT–Lancet diet and meeting nutritional requirements for all macro- and micronutrients in human diets (2) as indicators of healthy diets24. Food supplements were not included as an option. In our study, the term ‘transition’ is used to denote the end states or optimal outcomes of the protein transition, rather than the process itself. Our results show that both land use (up to 60%) and GHG emissions (up to 81%) are most reduced when the current ASP:PSP ratio shifts from 60:40 to 40:60. The most substantial relative reductions in land use and GHG emissions were achieved not by changing ASP:PSP ratios, but by optimizing diets, cropping patterns, and animal husbandry and trade within a circular food system framework. ResultsScenariosWe used the biophysical System (CiFoS) optimization model to assess the optimal ASP:PSP ratio25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how shifts in dietary practices and food system optimization can significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It mentions that GHG emissions (up to 81%) are most reduced when the ratio of animal to plant proteins shifts and highlights the aim of minimizing organic waste, which aligns with the goal of reducing food waste. Additionally, by emphasizing the importance of circularity and the reuse of organic material, the text supports the idea that reducing food waste directly contributes to lowering GHG emissions.