Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: The authors also show that the enhanced water content in the rhizosphere can promote decomposition of native organic matter. The topic is interesting and suitable for Biogeosciences, but the manuscript in my view is not always clear and would benefit from a thorough proof-reading. Most important, the proposed model now contains three components—rhizodeposits, organic matter, nutrients—that are connected conceptually but not mathematically. This makes hydrology and biogeochemistry in the model too un-coupled to support the conclusion that rhizodeposits are an adaptive response of plants to face dry conditions. My main comments are explained first, followed by other suggestions. Main comments Nutrients are modelled independently of organic matter mineralization. Nutrients are essentially regarded as a passive tracer, transported through the domain and taken up by plants. With higher hydraulic conductivity in the rhizosphere, nutrients are transported more rapidly according to the model, so the result that rhizosphere improves nutrient uptake is expected. Organic carbon decomposition rate is also enhanced thanks to the higher water content in the rhizosphere, which is also an expected result. In other words, both enhanced nutrient uptake and decomposition rates are a direct consequence of the model construction. This approach is simple and easy to understand, but has two drawbacks: i) nutrients are produced by decomposition of organic matter (now the two processes are independent) and ii) nutrients can be immobilized and re-mineralized by microbes in the rhizosphere (now only passively transported). Without this dynamic links between nutrient availability, organic matter and rhizosphere environmental conditions, it is difficult to say if nutrient availability actually improves thanks to the rhizosphere environment and HR. Rhizodeposits are not static and are costly for the plant. One component of the model deals with organic matter decomposition, referring to “rhizospheric C mineralization” (L171)—yet, the rhizosphere is regarded as fixed in terms of both extent and hydraulic properties (driven by rhizodeposit mass of C content). However, one could argue that the rhizosphere function needs to be ‘maintained’ by secreting C as the rhizosphere compounds are mineralized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the model presented does not adequately link nutrient uptake to the functions of the rhizosphere and mycorrhizal fungi. It points out that nutrient processing is treated independently from organic matter decomposition and describes nutrient transport as passive rather than being actively improved by the rhizosphere. This suggests that while there may be enhanced nutrient uptake in certain conditions, the underlying model fails to confirm a dynamic relationship necessary to support the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: For example, some millipede species may be more abundant in sandy soils, while others may prefer clay soils. Soil pH and nutrient levels may also impact millipede populations indirectly by affecting the growth and productivity of plants, which may in turn affect the availability of food resources for millipedes. Soil properties, such as pH, conductivity, and litter quality, have a significant impact on the structure and composition of millipede communities in forest stands (Slavomír et al. 2021). The total activity density of millipedes is negatively correlated with the pH of the soil, meaning that the more acidic the soil, the fewer millipedes there are. This is likely because acidic soils are less suitable for the decomposition of organic matter, which is a major food source for millipedes (Slavomír et al. 2021). Millipedes can have a significant impact on the concentrations of selected soil elements, such as magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), and carbon (C) (Smit 2001). The magnitude of the impact of millipedes on soil element concentrations depends on the species of millipede, the amount of millipede biomass, and the duration of millipede activity. Millipedes can increase the concentrations of these nutrients in soil by ingesting and breaking down organic matter. The increase in soil nutrient concentrations caused by millipedes can have a positive impact on plant growth (Smit 2001). For example, the train millipede Parafontaria laminata prefers to feed on litter that is high in nitrogen and low in lignin, and it also consumes soil that is rich in organic matter (Minori et al. 2004). The millipedes can reduce the thickness of the litter layer by up to 50%, and they can also increase the litter decomposition rate by up to 30% (Minori et al. 2004). In a study by de Carcamo et al. ( 2000) in a Canadian tropical dry forest, the researchers found that greater millipede abundance and diversity were associated with higher levels of soil organic matter. These studies provide evidence to support the idea that soil type and soil organic matter can have a significant effect on millipede distribution and damage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of millipedes on soil properties and their ecological roles, without any mention of viruses or their transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Although pruned litter from shade and cocoa trees influences the nutrient cycling process in cocoa agroforests, it could not be quantified with litterboxes. Management did not significantly alter cocoa leaf decompositionInitial rapid decomposition, as observed under both managements, was likely caused by leaching and break down of soluble compounds like sugar, starch, and amino acids (Wieder and Lang 1982). The disappearance of 50% of the initial material in the first 2 months is common in tropical agroforestry systems (Yao et al. 2021). Particularly cocoa agroforests with high litter diversity on the soil surface host a diverse community of soil and litter macro- and microfauna (da Silva Moço et al. 2009) accelerating litter fragmentation. Later stages of decomposition were more gradual because of accumulation of recalcitrant compounds like cellulose, lignin, and tannins (Wieder and Lang 1982). Our average decomposition rate of 0. 40 g month−1 falls within the range of 0. 30–0. 58 g month−1 reported for cocoa leaves in Nigeria (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018) and Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). However, Asigbaase et al. (2020) reported an average decomposition rate of 1. 69 g month−1 in cocoa agroforests of the same municipality as ours, but it was 300% higher than ours. This disparity could be due to the above authors mixing cocoa leaves with shade tree leaves at a 1:1 rate. In our study decomposition and nutrient release rates were determined for cocoa leaves alone without including leaves from surrounding shade trees. A mixture of leaves from different species alters litter chemistry, which could be synergistic or antagonistic to decomposition processes and nutrient release (Cuchietti et al. 2014). Because of the high shade tree variability even between farms of the same management, we only considered cocoa leaves for the decomposition study. Hence, our decomposition results were not a complete reflection of litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. In addition, the different methods that exist to study litter decomposition can lead to discrepancies when comparing studies. For example, in litterbag experiments mesh sizes > 2 mm have been reported to increase litter decomposition due to the increased activity of macro fauna which enhances litter fragmentation exposing them to higher microbial activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests, where the presence of diverse soil and litter macro- and microfauna is mentioned as accelerating litter fragmentation, which is an essential part of decomposition and nutrient cycling. This implies that microorganisms, including fungi, play a role in the decomposition of organic material, contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In the current model there is no connection between rhizosphere and organic matter decomposition, which might be a reasonable approximation given the short time scales of the investigation (individual dry-down period). However, by neglecting the dynamics of rhizosphere properties, it is not possible to estimate the costs for the plant, and thus it is difficult to conclude that rhizodeposits are adaptive and promote plant survival or growth. Is the extra nutrient uptake worth the cost of the rhizodeposits and their maintenance in the long term? Extending the model to study these long-term effects (even in a highly idealized way) is in my view necessary to “shed light on how plants can adapt to non-ideal resource distribution” (L50) and to support the conclusion that “the investment in rhizodeposits thus seems critical…” (L379). If these extensions are not feasible, the scope of the work should be adapted to avoid speculation on long-term adaptations. Short time frame. Linked to the point above, the model is used to simulate a few days during a dry period, which is not enough to balance gains and costs of rhizodeposits. I wonder if at least longer simulations could be attempted to assess the behavior of the model when the soil nears the wilting point. At that point cavitation in the xylem might affect the results (see comment below). Also, longer simulations would allow studying how the deep soil water depletion affects HR occurrence. Other comments General: the manuscript needs proof-reading and a thorough check of sentence structure (see some examples below) Notation: I find the notation for the soil layers and leaves counterintuitive—the deeper layer is numbered 1, then moving up we find layer 2, and finally the leaves identified by subscript 0. This numbering makes it hard to follow the text and understand the figures L7: “happy accident” could be re-phrased in more scientific terms L17: not clear what “roots faced with nutrient and organic matter accumulation” means L19: missing word “could play” L87: typo “Therefore” L46: nitrogen is to some degree always present—do you mean that HR increased in nutrient amended plots? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the benefits of rhizodeposits which are often associated with mycorrhizal fungi. It suggests that without extending the model to assess long-term effects, it is unclear if the nutrient uptake justifies the costs associated with maintaining these root deposits. This skepticism regarding the functionality of rhizodeposits, as indicated by phrases like 'is the extra nutrient uptake worth the cost,' undermines the assertion that mycorrhizal fungi universally improve water and nutrient uptake in challenging soil conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: They suggest that higher levels of soil organic matter are generally associated with greater millipede abundance, while the specific type of soil can also play a role (Kuczynski et al. 2012). The study by Hashimoto et al. ( 2004) offers valuable perspectives on the involvement of millipedes in the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling specifically in larch plantation forests. The study's results indicate that millipedes have a noteworthy impact on the overall well-being of these forests. They contribute to essential processes such as the breakdown of organic matter and the cycling of nutrients, ultimately playing a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of the forest ecosystem (Minori -Hashimoto et al. 2004). Millipedes are important decomposers that break down dead plant and animal matter, releasing nutrients that plants can use (Dangerfield 1989). They also help to aerate the soil, which allows water and air to penetrate more easily. This improves the overall health of the soil and makes it more productive (Dangerfield 1989). Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between climatic conditions and environmental factors is crucial for developing effective approaches to manage millipede populations and mitigate the potential harm they can inflict on crops and other plant life. Millipedes hold significant importance as they actively contribute to the well-being of both soil and ecosystems. By recognizing their pivotal role and implementing protective measures, we can guarantee their continued positive impact on our planet, promoting a harmonious balance between these fascinating creatures and the environment they inhabit. 5. of Millipedes in Africaorder of millipedes is exceptionally abundant and widely distributed across Africa, encompassing approximately 71 recorded genera. Extensive research on spirostreptid millipedes has revealed significant genetic divergence among these organisms, with an average pairwise distance of 10. 7% observed (Hamer 1999, Mwabvu et al. 2015). Among the numerous millipede genera in Africa, Bicoxidens stands out as one of the most extensively studied. This genus is exclusively endemic to the southern regions of the continent and thrives in diverse habitats such as savanna woodlands, forests, and riverine vegetation (Mwabvu et al. 2009, Mwabvu et al. , 2010, Mwabvu et al. 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of millipedes in soil health and ecosystems, but it does not address the claim regarding viruses. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about transforming viruses into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Recycling cocoa pod husk is important for C and nutrient retentionThe recorded cocoa yields of 559 kg ha−1 yr−1 were higher than the 477 kg ha−1yr−1 reported for the mid zone of Ghana (Abdulai et al. 2020), which has similar climatic conditions as Suhum. The average annual nutrient stocks of 19 kg N ha−1, 3 kg P ha−1, 30 kg K ha−1, 4 kg Ca ha−1 and 4 kg Mg ha−1 in the cocoa fruit (beans and pods) falls within the range of 19–29 kg N ha−1, 4–5 kg P ha−1, 15–51 kg K ha−1 (Hartemink 2005), 3–6 kg Ca ha−1, and 6–10 kg Mg ha−1 (Fontes et al. 2014) for other cocoa agroforests across the world. Farmers could reduce C export by 43% and nutrient export from harvest by 33% for N and 25% for P, if they spread the cocoa pod husks in their farms after harvest. This is even more important for nutrients such as K and Ca, where 81% and 90%, respectively, can be retained after harvest if cocoa pod husk were returned. However, the spreading cocoa pod husk is often avoided to prevent the spread of diseases from disease infested pods (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010). Composting of cocoa pod husk could be an option to control disease pathogens (Opoku-Ameyaw et al. 2010) and return nutrients to the cocoa trees. Cocoa farmers in the study area may therefore benefit from training on composting to be able to use cocoa pod husk for improvement of their internal nutrient cycling. ConclusionsOur findings show that litterfall follows a seasonal pattern with peaks at the onset of the dry season. Seasonality affected litterfall K and N concentrations, but organic versus conventional management had no effect on annual litterfall. We found that management had no significant effect on decomposition and nutrient release rates of N, P, K, and Ca. Only the Mg release rate under conventional management was 51% greater than under organic management, which may be attributed to the chelating capacity of herbicides used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of managing cocoa pod husk for nutrient retention and cycling in cocoa agroforests. It notes that composting cocoa pod husk can help control disease pathogens and return nutrients to the soil, which aligns with the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter and contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Such addition is hypothesized to result in a switch (“jolt”) from tall, nutritionally poor grass to short, highly nutritional grass species. The main hypothesis of this thesis is that a savanna can be forced from a state with low quality forage as food for large free-roaming herbivores, to a state with high-quality forage through management interventions of these systems. Before understanding the intricacies of evidence-based conservation experiments in forcing a savanna to change its state of food quality, it is important to understand the complexities of managing protected areas and to understand the origins for their establishment. Therefore, I first summarized the motives for establishing protected areas in Southern and Eastern Africa, and the possible consequences for management of these areas today. The findings illustrate that the establishment of protected areas occurred in three periods, and that these periods gave rise to ramifications for management of these areas today. One of the ramifications is to enhance the quality of the vegetation as food for mammalian herbivores. I then tested whether we could use the addition of fertilizer to establish grazing lawns in a nutrient poor savanna, in order to achieve a switch from a vegetation of tall, nutritionally poor grass species to a short vegetation comprised of (highly) nutritional grass species. The experiments demonstrate that fertilization in nutrient poor savannas can trigger the establishment of grazing lawns, coupled with mowing with a tractor and slasher to reduce the woody components which compete with the grasses. I found that phosphorus supplementation resulted in a shift from tall grasses to short grasses within three years with a higher nutrient concentration in the grass species than without supplementation. When grazed, the biomass of lawn grasses was higher compared to the other grasses when not grazed, demonstrating the role of grazers in lawn grass patch establishment. I study the effects of increased grazing pressure by mammalian herbivores on maintaining patches of lawn grass and tested whether the application of specific nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorous or in combination with lime, would attract mammalian herbivores to graze frequently. I showed that the addition of N attracts and increases the grazing pressure for a number of herbivore species and our findings suggest that often abundantly present mammalian herbivores with intermediate body mass can maintain grazing lawns. This study illustrates that the distribution of specific nutrients to an area has an effect on the vegetation, causing elevated local grazing pressure resulting in improved quality of forage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of fertilization and grazing pressure on grass quality in nutrient-poor savannas, but it does not mention mycorrhizal fungi or their role in improving water and nutrient uptake for plants. Therefore, it does not directly support or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Bicoxidens predominantly occur in Zimbabwe's eastern, southern, and central areas, as documented by Mwabvu et al. (2009). Nine distinct species have been identified within this genus, with Bicoxidens flavicollis exhibiting noteworthy phenotypic variation across different populations (Tinago et al. 2017). In a comprehensive study conducted by Tinago et al. et al. (2017), mitochondrial DNA sequences were employed to investigate the genetic diversity of Bicoxidens populations in Zimbabwe. The findings unveiled the existence of several distinct mitochondrial lineages within the genus, indicating potential geographic isolation and/or ecological adaptation as contributing factors to their divergence. These multiple lineages strongly suggest the presence of cryptic species concealed within the genus Bicoxidens. The research results highlighted the presence of numerous divergent lineages within the Bicoxidens genus. Remarkably, some lineages were found to be more closely related to each other than to other lineages within the same genus. Such a pattern indicates prolonged geographic isolation among the various populations of Bicoxidens, suggesting that these lineages have been evolving independently for an extended period (Tinago et al 2017). A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the millipede family Spirostreptidae in Africa revealed a complex pattern of diversification and radiation. Several genera within the Spirostreptida have undergone thorough revision, shedding light on their taxonomy and characteristics. Among these revised genera are Archispirostreptus, Doratogonus, Cacuminostreptus, Spirostreptus, Plagiotaphrus, and Bicoxidens, as documented by (Hamer 2000, Mwabvuet al. 2009, Mwabvu 2010, Mwabvu et al. 2015). The millipede fauna of has been relatively well-studied, with the Julida order being the richest and most diverse group (Akkar et al 2009). This order encompasses 58 species distributed among 12 genera and 3 families, and is predominantly found in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya (Akkaret al. 2009). In contrast, the millipede fauna of Sub-is less well-studied, with a considerable gap in our knowledge. However, the region hosts a remarkably rich diplopod fauna, boasting approximately 552 species belonging to 71 genera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biodiversity and phylogenetic analysis of the genus Bicoxidens and the overall millipede fauna in various regions. It does not mention viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issue search term Advance 10. 1038/ismej. 2013. 195 Published: 31 October 2013 10. 1038/ismej. 2013. 195 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue search term issue search term of northern temperate and boreal forests represent a large terrestrial carbon (C) sink. The fate of this C under elevated atmospheric CO2 and climate change is still uncertain. A fundamental knowledge gap is the extent to which ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and saprotrophic fungi contribute to C cycling in the systems by soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. In this study, we used a novel approach to generate and compare enzymatically active EMF hyphae-dominated and saprotrophic hyphae-enriched communities under field conditions. Fermentation-humus (FH)-filled mesh bags, surrounded by a sand barrier, effectively trapped EMF hyphae with a community structure comparable to that found in the surrounding FH layer, at both trophic and taxonomic levels. In contrast, over half the sequences from mesh bags with no sand barrier were identified as belonging to saprotrophic fungi. The EMF hyphae-dominated systems exhibited levels of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities that were comparable to or higher than saprotroph-enriched systems. The enzymes assayed included those associated with both labile and recalcitrant SOM degradation. Our study shows that EMF hyphae are likely important contributors to current SOM turnover in sub-boreal systems. Our results also suggest that any increased EMF biomass that might result from higher below-ground C allocation by trees would not suppress C fluxes from sub-boreal soils. temperate and boreal forests represent a large carbon (C) sink, with an estimated half a gigatonne of C sequestered in above ground biomass every year (Myneni et al. , 2001). Much of this C is eventually transferred below ground, either after the death or annual senescence of vegetation or directly via photosynthetic transfer to root systems and associated ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and saprotrophic fungi in carbon cycling and soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. The text indicates that EMF and saprotrophic fungi contribute significantly to the turnover of SOM in sub-boreal systems. It also mentions the activities of enzymes associated with SOM degradation, which supports the claim that fungi are important for decomposing organic matter, thus contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: In contrast, enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots and enhanced accumulation of all these nutrients except Fe in roots. These results indicate that AMF had little effect on nutrient accumulation or allocation patterns in basil and did not alter the ability of plants to use nutrients in the same manner as increased P rate. Plant growth effects on phenolics. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate had similar effects on the production of TPs and rosmarinic acid (P11), the main polyphenolic detected in basil in the study. The effects of AMF and P rate on TPs and rosmarinic acid production were related to the effects of treatments on plant size. Both AMF inoculation and greater P rate increased plant biomass, TP content, and rosmarinic acid content but not their concentration. These results indicate TP and rosmarinic acid concentrations were not enhanced by either AMF inoculation or P rate. Others have reported that AMF inoculation increased TPs in lettuce and P fertilizer source had no influence on TP production in non-mycorrhizal plants but increased TP production in AMF-inoculated plants (Baslam et al. , 2011). Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that increased P rate increased shoot and root concentrations of rosmarinic acid in non-mycorrhizal O. basilicum ‘Genova’ and inoculation with R. intraradices had no influence on rosmarinic acid concentrations. Their study did not report total plant P uptake, rosmarinic acid production, or the influence of P rate on biomass allocation. In our study, increased P rate enhanced accumulation of rosmarinic acid in shoots but not total plant production of rosmarinic acid because of decreased rosmarinic acid and biomass allocation to roots. The plants in our study were older than those used by Toussaint et al. (2007). Differences in plant age between the two studies may account for differences in response of rosmarinic acid in roots to P rate. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate differentially increased total plant accumulation of several other phenolics as a result of treatment effects of plant size. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing findings that suggest arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation did not significantly improve nutrient accumulation or allocation in plants, including basil. It mentions that AMF inoculation did not change the ability of plants to utilize nutrients compared to increasing phosphorus (P) rates, implying that the alleged benefit of mycorrhizal fungi in enhancing nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils is not supported in this study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Among these, the Spirostreptida order is the most recognizable, conspicuous, and frequently encountered group of diplopods in urban areas of (Hamer 1999). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a frequently utilized tool in genetic research due to its haploid nature, which facilitates its amplification across diverse taxa without the need for cloning procedures (Hurst and Jiggins 2005). mtDNA is also valuable for researchers because its structure and sequence can provide insights into evolution, gene flow, phylogenetics, and molecular evolution (Mandal et al. 2014). Despite constituting only a small fraction of an organism's entire genome, mtDNA remains the most commonly employed marker for studying molecular genetic diversity (Galtier et al 2009). Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes have gained significant importance in phylogenetic studies because they have a high gene copy number per cell, which facilitates efficient gene amplification and sequencing (Galtier et al 2009). These genes contain conserved regions and variable regions, including expansion segments, which provide valuable information on evolutionary rates of base substitutions within the rRNA gene (Gillespieet al. 2006). Specifically, the 16S rRNA gene, a component of the ribosomal subunit, plays a crucial role in phylogenetic analysis. Its conserved secondary structure, in conjunction with associated proteins, forms the large mitochondrial RNA sub-unit (Schubart, et al. 2000). The 16S rRNA region is a valuable tool for studying interspecific differentiation because it exhibits relatively low evolutionary rates, meaning that it changes slowly over time (Calo–Mata et al. 2009). This makes it ideal for comparing the genetic sequences of different species, even if they are closely related. The presence of conserved and variable regions within the same gene also makes 16S rRNA a favored marker for investigating separation events and conducting phylogenetic reconstructions (Schubart et al. 2000). In many phylogenetic studies involving diverse species, the genes 12S and 16S rRNA are commonly employed in conjunction with each other, as this provides a more complete picture of the evolutionary relationships between the species (Kuznetsova et al, 2002). The highly accelerated evolutionary rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) allows for the observation of substantial variation between closely related species (Yang and Bielawski 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, their significance in genetic research, and their applications in phylogenetic studies. It does not address or relate to the claim about viruses being turned into beneficial organisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These soils store up to three times the amount of C as is stored in the above ground vegetation, primarily in the form of soil organic matter (SOM) (Schmidt et al. , 2011). sinks have the potential to become C sources under the projected global climate change (IPCC, 2007). Although some climate models assume increased C storage in temperate forest soils because of the increased plant allocation of photosynthetic C to roots and symbiotic fungi (Drigo et al. , 2010; Orwin et al. , 2011; Clemmensen et al. , 2013), there is a high degree of uncertainly in this assumption (Higgins and Harte, 2012). allocation with elevated CO2 may not only be short-lived (Norby et al. , 2010), but concomitant increases in mycorrhizal and mycorrhizosphere activity may stimulate decomposition of previously recalcitrant SOM (Cheng et al. , 2012; Phillips et al. , 2012b). Fundamental gaps in our understanding of terrestrial C cycling, including the relative contributions of EMF and other fungi to the release of SOM-C (Bargett, 2011), limit the predictive capability of current models (Von Lützow and Kögel-Knabner, 2009; Hayes et al. , 2012). Fungi, especially saprotrophic fungi, are thought to dominate organic matter turnover in temperate forest soils (Baldrian, 2008). Certain groups of saprotrophic fungi, specifically the white rot fungi, have unique abilities to degrade wood because they possess numerous copies of class II peroxidases (Floudas et al. , 2012). Both saprotrophic and EMF species, however, produce a range of hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that have the potential to break down C-containing compounds and mobilize nutrients from SOM (Courty et al. , 2010; Floudas et al. , 2012). Although photosynthates are likely the primary source of C used by EMF under ideal conditions (Treseder et al. , 2006; Wolfe et al. , 2012), current research suggests that these fungi may also directly (Vaario et al. , 2012) or indirectly (Rineau et al. , 2012) access SOM-C pools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of fungi, especially saprotrophic fungi, in organic matter turnover and decomposition in temperate forest soils. It specifically mentions that certain types of fungi, like saprotrophic and EMF species, produce enzymes that can break down carbon-containing compounds and mobilize nutrients from soil organic matter (SOM), highlighting their contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with AMF increased chicoric acid in coneflower roots. Chicoric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of chicoric acid. The differential effects of P rate and AMF inoculation on other specific polyphenolics resulted in treatments altering the phenolic composition in the whole plant, shoots, and roots. To date, most studies reporting the influence of AMF or fertilizer rate on phenolics have only reported accumulation or just concentrations in leaves (Geneva et al. , 2010; Nguyen et al. , 2010) and not determined whole plant production (Nell et al. , 2009). Phenolics influenced only by phosphorus rate. Differences in cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation between non-inoculated and AMF-inoculated plants were related to differences in growth (e. g. , increased content but not concentration). In contrast, increasing P rate enhanced the production of these polyphenolics (e. g. , increased concentration and content). Enhanced production of cinnamyl malic acid, chicoric acid (P7), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots (these compounds were only detected in shoots). These results indicate P availability alters phenolic accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the plant requirements for specific secondary metabolites, particularly in shoots. Cinnamic acid derivatives have been found in basil (Jayasinghe et al. , 2003); however, the compounds reported were not identified as a cinnamyl malic acid per se. Lee and Scagel (2009) detected a cinnamyl malic acid (P3; esterified conjugate of cinnamic acid and malic acid) in basil shoots, and inoculation with AMF had no influence on cinnamyl malic acid content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) inoculation on specific compounds like chicoric acid and polyphenolic compounds, while not providing evidence that AMF improves water and nutrient uptake in nutrient-poor soils. The focus is on phenolic accumulation and differences in plant growth based on phosphorus availability, rather than on the broader claim regarding AMF's role in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Microsatellites are widely dispersed throughout the genome and consist of short tandem repeat sequences, such as di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide repeats, with variable lengths ranging from one to five base pairs (2014). This unique feature makes microsatellites a popular choice for molecular studies and the assessment of genetic population structures (Richard and Thorpe 2001, 2014). While most population genetic studies rely on data obtained from mitochondrial and nuclear markers, the information derived from evaluating microsatellites is crucial (2014). Microsatellite sequences can be classified into minisatellites, and microsatellites based on their size. Microsatellites are particularly useful in identifying closely related populations due to their high variability levels, ability to isolate numerous loci, and fast processing speed (2014). Microsatellites are abundant in eukaryotic genomes, and their alleles are inherited according to Mendelian genetics. Each microsatellite locus is characterized by a known DNA sequence, consisting of both unique and repetitive DNA segments (Richard and Thorpe 2001, 2014). In a study by (Wojcieszek and Simmons 2009), 25 novel microsatellite markers were isolated from the millipede species Antichiropus variables to investigate patterns of paternity. These markers represented the first microsatellite loci identified in a millipede species. Among the 25 loci, eleven were found to be polymorphic, and eight loci successfully amplified in other species of Antichiropus (Wojcieszek. and Simmons 2009). Similarly, Hasegawa et al. (2011) examined thirteen newly isolated polymorphic microsatellite loci in Brachycybe nodulosa. Out of these thirteen loci, only two showed lower-than-expected heterozygosity. These new loci hold potential for conservation efforts not only for Brachycybe nodulosa but also for other species within the same taxonomic group (Hasegawa et al. 2011). A study by Marek et al. (2012) examined the genetic diversity of millipedes in the family Polydesmida in the United States. The study used a combination of molecular markers and morphological traits to analyze the genetic relationships among different species and populations and found high levels of genetic diversity within and among populations. The researchers suggested that the complex geological history and biogeographical patterns of the may have influenced the evolution and diversification of millipedes in this region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microsatellites, their genetic properties, and studies related to millipedes, without mentioning viruses or the concept of converting viruses into beneficial organisms. There is no connection between the content of the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Recalcitrant SOM, including lignin and humic complexes, is predominantly found in soil horizons dominated by EMF mycelial networks (Lindahl et al. , 2007). These mycelia are present at up to 600 kg of hyphae per hectare (Wallander et al. , 2001; Hendricks et al. , 2006) and account for up to one-third of the total microbial biomass in coniferous forests (Högberg and Högberg, 2002; Cairney, 2012). Although EMF mats are known to increase total soil CO2 respiration (Phillips et al. , 2012a), the full contribution of these fungi, and their extensive mycelia, to decomposition processes remains unknown (van der Wal et al. , 2012). Given the current interest in the C sequestration potential of boreal and temperate forests (and Boisvenue, 2012), as well as the influence of any increased C allocation below ground by plants, the role of EMF mycelia in SOM-C turnover warrants increased investigation (Talbot et al. , 2008; Ekblad et al. , 2013). Current research to estimate the extent and activity of EMF mycelia rely on methods to exclude roots and most saprotrophic fungi from a given zone in the soil profile. Hyphal in-growth cores or bags are commonly used (Wallander et al. , 2001). These hyphae traps are usually filled with an inert substrate, such as sand, that minimizes colonization by saprotrophic fungi (Korkama et al. , 2007; Lindahl et al. , 2007; Wallander et al. , 2010). In some cases, additional nutrient sources are added to ensure sufficient hyphal colonization or to evaluate the impact of limiting nutrients on EMF biomass production (Hagerberg and Wallander, 2002; Hagerberg et al. , 2003; Hedh et al. , 2008; Potila et al. , 2009; Berner et al. , 2012). However, the captured extramatrical hyphae may not accurately represent the composition or abundance of EMF communities in the surrounding soil (Hendricks et al. , 2006; Kjøller, 2006). Further, enzyme expression and activity is downregulated when no nutrients are present (Wright et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) and their mycelial networks in the soil, highlighting their involvement in soil organic matter (SOM) processes, including potential contributions to decomposition. It mentions that while the full extent of these fungi's contribution to decomposition is not fully understood, there is significant evidence of their presence and activity in nutrient cycling within soil ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: (2010) reported that increased K fertilizer application rate increased phenolic concentrations in leaves of ‘Sweet Thai’, ‘Dark Opal’, and ‘Genovese’ basil plants. They did not measure the influence of K rate on root phenolics. Positive correlations between certain nutrients and phenolic production may be related to the impact of these nutrients on phenolic metabolism. For example, the biosynthesis of phenolics is closely related with N metabolism, because the precursors for all phenolics are phenylalanine and tyrosine (Boudet, 2007; Petersen et al. , 2009; Vogt, 2010). The influence of AMF and P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of treatments on different nutrients. For example, the influence of AMF on phenolic composition was related to the effects of AMF on enhanced N, S, Mg, and B uptake and the influence of P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of P rate on enhanced uptake of P and Ca. Nitrogen and S fertilizer have been shown to be useful management tools for altering basil essential oil content and composition (Zheljazkov et al. , 2008b). Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) reported that increased N fertilizer application rate decreased concentrations of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in two of the three basil cultivars evaluated. In our study, N uptake was not related to rosmarinic acid (P11) or caffeic acid (P5) production or shoot accumulation. Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) used much younger plants than those in our study and they did not report effects of N application on root composition or account for effects of growth on concentrations. The influence of AMF and P rate on production of specific polyphenolics was not related to nutrient uptake. For example, AMF inoculation enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6); however, enhanced production was not related to AMF-enhanced uptake of nutrients. The effects of P rate on certain phenolics were not related to either plant size or uptake of nutrients. For example, increased P rate enhanced quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation and the effects of P rate on quercetin-rutinoside were not related to the effects of P rate on plant size or uptake of any measured nutrient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that the influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phenolic composition was linked to their effects on the uptake of certain nutrients, but specifically states that AMF inoculation enhanced the production of caffeic acid derivatives without this enhancement being related to nutrient uptake. This suggests that the expected benefits of AMF on nutrient uptake do not correlate with increased production of certain compounds, thus challenging the claim that mycorrhizal fungi directly improve nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: A study conducted by Marek et al. (2012) that was used DNA sequencing to identify several distinct genetic lineages within the species (Pachybolus ligulatus) and suggested that this diversity may be linked to differences in environmental conditions such as temperature and rainfall. They also found evidence of limited gene flow between populations, which could have implications for the species' ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. A study by Vladimír et al. ( 2013) used genotyping-by-sequencing to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of the millipede species Narceus americanus in the southeastern United States. The researchers found evidence of high genetic diversity within populations, with limited gene flow between populations. Overall, these studies suggest that millipedes exhibit high levels of genetic diversity, both within and among populations. The specific patterns of genetic diversity may be influenced by a variety of factors, including historical climate change, landscape evolution, and biogeographical patterns. 6. Agricultural pests of millipede speciesMillipedes can sometimes cause significant damage to crops (Fig. 2), so understanding the pest species and their impact on agriculture is important for pest management and control strategies. While most millipedes are known to be saprophagous, meaning they feed on decaying organic matter, certain species have been observed consuming living plant parts. They target soft and easily digestible plant tissues, such as young shoots or fine roots (Hopkin 1992). Numerous reports have highlighted the destructive nature of millipedes in agricultural crops. Kuria, et al. (1981) documented instances of millipedes causing crop damage in Ghana (guinea corn, cotton, millet, and groundnut), Republic (cotton and groundnut), and (Irish potato, beetroot, carrot, turnip, and various ornamental plants). Mercer (Mercer 1978) even implicated millipedes as one of Malawi's culprits responsible for poor groundnut crop stands. Later, Lizzy ( 2021) described the impact of millipede feeding on the inflorescence of green gram (Vigna spp. ) in India, particularly in areas surrounded by fallow land. Blaniulus guttulatus Fabricius (Julida, Blaniudae) and Brachydesmus superus Latzel (Polydesmida, Polydesmidae) are species known to pose a notable economic threat to root crops in various regions worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses studies related to millipedes and their genetic diversity, agricultural impact, and pest management. There is no mention of viruses or their manipulation into beneficial organisms, thus failing to address the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In order to estimate the contribution of EMF to the terrestrial C cycle, the potential SOM-degrading enzyme activity in locally abundant EMF hyphae needs to be determined. To investigate the relative contribution of EMF mycelia to enzyme activities in a sub-boreal spruce forest, we buried mesh bags filled with sterilized organic material with or without a surrounding sand barrier. Bags with a sand barrier were served to trap enzymatically active EMF hyphae while excluding obligately saprotrophic hyphae. Filling the mesh bags with fermentation-humic (FH) substrate taken from the same soil in which the traps were to be buried enabled a direct comparison between the EMF hyphae in the mesh bags and the surrounding FH layer. Based on our previous research, which showed that EMF root tips in these ecosystems had high hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activities (Jones et al. , 2010, 2012), we hypothesized that EMF-dominated communities would have a SOM-degradation potential comparable to that of saprotroph-dominated communities. High-throughput sequencing, which combined with comprehensive measures of enzymes involved in SOM turnover, allowed us to evaluate the relative abundance and structure of fungal communities and to elucidate the potential role of EMF fungi in the soil C cycle. Materials and methods Field site The field site was part of a Ministry of Forests study that investigated the impact of fertilization on forest productivity and below-ground ecosystem processes (Brockley and Simpson, 2004). The current study occurred at the site, established in 1994 near Houston, British Columbia, Australia (54° 20′ 126° 17′) in the sub-boreal spruce biogeoclimatic zone, on Brunisol to Orthic Humo-soils. Each treatment within the site consisted 0. 164 hectare plots replicated three times. The current study utilized the non-fertilized control and two fertilized (annually and every 6 years) treatments; for further site information refer to Brockley and Simpson (2004). During the season of this study, the FH layer averaged 33% total C, 1. 06% total N, 64% organic matter, NH4-N, NO3-N and available P of 46, 2. 9 and 346 mg kg−1, respectively, and pH(CaCl2) 4. 35 (Ministry of ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in the soil carbon cycle, specifically highlighting their potential for decomposing organic matter (SOM) and their enzyme activities related to SOM degradation. The hypothesis presented in the text indicates that EMF communities could have a SOM-degradation potential similar to that of saprotrophic fungi, directly linking their activities to the process of nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve water and nutrient uptake for plants in nutrient-poor soils. [SEP] Text: Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. AMF = arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. View raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to mycorrhizal fungi or their effect on water and nutrient uptake in plants. Instead, it describes the relative differences in the concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in basil plants, mentioning factors such as low and high phosphorus treatments, but it does not directly support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Specifically, these millipede species have been observed to cause significant damage to crop plants. They are frequently found in Irish potato tubers that show signs of partial hollowing-out (Blower 1985). Millipedes can cause significant damage to planting material, storage roots, and germinating seeds (Ebregt et al. 2004). The same study indicated that the incidence of millipede damage is highest in areas where sweet potato is grown in succession with other host crops, such as cassava and maize (Ebregt et al. 2004), apart from sweet potato, millipedes are a major pest of groundnut, and maize in Uganda ( Ebregt et al 2005, Ebregt et al. 2007a). Omopyge sudanica is a voracious feeder that can cause significant damage to a variety of crop products, including sweet potato, cassava, groundnut, and maize ( Abidin and Odongo 2007), and its activity peaks during the night and in periods of high humidity. Factors such as temperature, humidity levels, and the type of crop product influence the millipede's feeding behavior. Of concern is the significant damage it can cause to crop products, particularly when they are young or stored in humid conditions (Abidin and Odongo 2007). Farmers should remain vigilant in managing millipede populations and implementing appropriate control measures to mitigate the potential harm they can inflict on crops. Millipedes pose a significant threat to tuber crops, such as sweet potato, cassava, and yam, as they can cause extensive damage to their roots, stems, and leaves (1989). This damage results in yield losses and facilitates the spread of diseases among the affected crops. Various factors contribute to millipede infestations, including moist conditions, making areas with high rainfall or irrigation more susceptible to their presence (Alagesan and Ganga 1989). Furthermore, certain host crops, like sweet potato, are more attractive to millipedes, leading to higher infestation rates in these fields. Additionally, the soil type plays a role, as millipedes show a preference for sandy or loamy soils, which provide an easier environment for their burrowing activities. Similar reports on soil borne pests including millipedes have been reported from (Govender et al. 1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the damage caused by millipedes to various crops, providing no information related to viruses or their transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These clusters were combined if they were identified through BLAST analysis, representing the same fungal OTU. A total of 5541 singletons clusters (clusters containing 1–2 sequences) that did not match any database sequences were removed from the data set (S3). Fungal taxonomic diversity Approximately 94% of the sequences were matched to fungal sequences in the INSD and UNITE databases (Figure 1a). A total of 353 fungal OTUs were identified, including 243 fungi identified to the genus level (S4). A large percentage of the identified fungi, found in all systems, were members of Basiodiomycota and Ascomycota (Figure 1a). In hyphal traps without a sand barrier (−SB) however, 44% of the sequences belonged to sedis. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier (+SB) and the surrounding FH layer contained numerous sequences that matched those of unidentified EMF amplified from root tips (21% and 11%, respectively). At this level of taxonomy, FH and +SB fungal communities clustered at a high level of similarity, whereas −SB communities formed a distinct cluster (Figure 1b). This separation was primarily due to significantly higher numbers of Fungi I. sedis in the absence of a sand barrier (Figure 1c). The presence of these fungi separated these −SB communities into distinct clusters at all levels of taxonomy (S3). Figure 1Fungal taxonomic diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of different phyla or group in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of taxonomic diversity indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each taxonomic group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Unknown EMF indicates that the best matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text correlates with the claim as it discusses fungal taxonomic diversity and mentions a significant presence of different fungal groups. Although it does not explicitly state that these fungi decompose organic matter, it highlights the identification of numerous fungal OTUs and their ecological role in varied environments. The reference to 'fungal communities' implies their involvement in processes related to nutrient cycling, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: , Baird C. J. , Almeida O. F. X. Melatonin: a coordinating signal for mammalian reproduction? Science 1985; 227: 714–720. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science132. Kripke D. F. , Risch S. C. , Janowsky D. Bright white light alleviates depression. 1983; 10: 105–112. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science133. Lees J. G. , Hallonquist J. D. , Mrosovsky N. Differential effects of dark pulses on the two components of split circadian activity rhythms in golden hamsters. J 1983; 153: 123–132. CrossrefWeb of Science134. Hallonquist J. D. , Brandes J. S. Electroconvulsive therapy: effects on split circadian activity rhythms of hamsters. Abstr 1985; 11: 540. 135. Davis F. C. Ontogeny of circadian rhythms. In: Aschoff J. , ed. Biological rhythms (Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, Vol. 4). New York: Plenum, 1981. Crossref136. Kalverboer A. F. Neurobehavioral organization at early age and risk for psychopathology. In: Mendlewicz J. , van Praag H. M. , eds. Biological rhythms and behavior (Advances in biological psychiatry, Vol. 11). Basel: S. Karger, 1983. 137. Sander L. W. , Stechler G. , Burns P. , Julia H. Early mother-infant interaction and 24-hour patterns of activity and sleep. J 1970; 9: 103–123. CrossrefPubMed138. Seligman M. E. P. Reversal of performance deficits and perceptual deficits in learned helplessness and depression. J 1976; 85: 11–26. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science139. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss (Vols. I, II & III). New York: Basic Books, 1969, 1973, 1980. 140. Parkes C. M. Bereavement: studies of grief in adult life. New York: Press, 1972. 141. Hofer M. A. Relationships as regulators: a psychobiologic perspective on bereavement. 1984; 46: 183–197. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science142. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a collection of references about circadian rhythms, their effects, and various studies related to this topic. However, it does not provide any direct information or evidence that supports or contrasts the claim regarding the link between circadian rhythm disruption and metabolic disorders or obesity. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Farmers must monitor millipede populations and implement appropriate pest control measures to safeguard their tuber crops and ensure optimal yields (Alagesan and Ganga 1989). Table 1. summarizes the various species of millipedes that are reported as pests of agricultural crops in different agroecosystems. Table 1 list of agricultural pests of millipede species, affected crops, and their geographical distributions. Millipede species Host crop Geographic distribution 7. Management of of MillipedesThere are several IPM strategies that can be used to manage millipedes in agricultural crop plants and minimize plant damage. These include mechanical, botanical, cultural, biological, and chemical control methods. 7. 1. Mechanical and cultural control methods This involves physically removing millipedes from the affected area. This can be done by handpicking, vacuuming, or using sticky traps ( Ebregt et al. 2005). The role of integrated pest management strategies in and around structures and recommended that mechanical control methods such as handpicking and vacuuming can be used as ways to physically remove millipedes from affected areas. However, they note that these methods may not be practical for large-scale infestations (Kharusi et al. 2019). Several studies reported that sticky traps were effective at reducing the number of millipedes in a house, while vacuum cleaners were less effective (Abbot and Brennan 2014, (Akinwumi,et al. 2013). They conclude that sticky traps can be a useful tool for controlling millipedes in homes. The use of sticky traps as a mechanical control method for small infestations of millipedes. They note that this method may not be practical for large infestations but can be useful for monitoring the presence and abundance of millipedes in an area (2014, Akinwumi et al. 2013). Cultural control This involves modifying the environment to make it less suitable for millipedes by reducing the amount of organic matter in the soil and improving drainage and removing debris and leaf litter from the area(Michael et al. 2018). To effectively minimize the entry of millipedes (as well as other pests), the most recommended and sustainable approach is to address the factors of excess moisture and hiding spots, particularly near the foundation (Michael et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses pest control methods for millipedes in agricultural practices, including strategies like mechanical, botanical, cultural, and chemical control. It does not mention viruses or their potential to be turned into beneficial organisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Data are provided as means (n=9) with s. d. in brackets. EMF tips, matching sequences belonged to unidentified ectomycorrhizal tips. aThe most common (>0. 5% relative abundance) fungal groups are given at the genus level. Fungal functional diversity The presence of a sand barrier had a significant impact on fungal groups colonizing the hyphal traps. Hyphal traps with a sand barrier were primarily colonized by EMF, whereas hyphal traps without a sand barrier were equally colonized by saprotrophs and EMF (Figure 2a). As previously noted, −SB traps were heavily colonized by Mortierella spp. , which comprised the majority of the identified saprotrophs. The trophic groups that colonized the +SB traps were highly comparable to those in the surrounding FH layer (Figure 2b), with the two groups clustering at ∼98% similarity. Both of these communities contained significantly lower populations of known saprotrophs than the −SB community (Figure 2c). Figure 2Fungal functional group diversity in the different hyphal trap bags, sand barriers and FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier; Sand, sand barrier; n=9 each. (a) The relative abundance of the different ecological functional groups in each compartment. The total number of contributing sequence reads is indicated next to each histogram. (b) Cluster analysis of functional group diversity, indicating the percent similarity (based on Pearson’s r correlation) of communities in the different compartments. (c) Differences in the abundance of each functional group. Communities in the same row with different letters are different at the indicated significance level; NS, not significant. Other mycorrhizae: ericoid, arbutoid, monitropoid and arbuscular mycorrhizae; mixed functional groups: belong to more than one functional group. Unknown fungi indicates that the best matching sequence belonged to the kingdom Fungi. Open in new tabDownload slide Ectomycorrhizal tip diversity A total of 226 EMF tips were selected, based on abundant morphotypes, from the FH layer adjacent to the hyphal trap bags. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of fungi, particularly identifying groups like saprotrophs and EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi), which are involved in the decomposition of organic matter. The text notes that saprotrophs are a type of fungi that colonize hyphal traps, indicating their functional role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to metabolic disorders and obesity. [SEP] Text: The Daysimeter: A device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system and Technology 16: 2292–2299. and Figueiro, MG (2006). Of mice and women: light as a circadian stimulus in breast cancer research Control 17: 375–383. [PubMed] and Bierman, A (2005). A model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–228. [PubMed] and Czeisler, C (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526(Pt. 3): 695–702. [PubMed] and Rea, MS (2005). Additivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–227. [PubMed] Oppenheim, AV Schafer, R. W. (1989). Discrete-Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall. Wikipedia contributors (). Phasor (sine waves) Weisstein, EW (). Complex Number. From MathWorld-A Resource. Roenneberg, T, Wirz-Justice, A and Merrow, M (2003). Life between clocks: daily temporal patterns of human chronotypes J 18: 80–90. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1990). Alterations in the circadian rest-activity rhythm in aging and Alzheimer's disease 27: 563–572. [PubMed] Hatfield, CF, Herbert, J, van and Hastings, MH (2004). Disrupted daily activity/rest cycles in relation to daily cortisol rhythms of home-dwelling patients with early Alzheimer's dementia Brain 127: 1061–1074. [PubMed] and Swaab, DF (1999). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) improves the rest-activity rhythm in midstage Alzheimer's disease Res 101: 105–107. [PubMed] de and Swaab, DF (1996). Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease 40: 259–270. [PubMed] Hrushesky, WJ (1985). Circadian timing of cancer chemotherapy Science 228: 73–75. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists various studies and articles related to circadian rhythms without establishing a connection to metabolic disorders or obesity. There are no evidential claims or discussions provided in the text that would support or contrast the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Cultural control methods can be effective in reducing millipede populations, but they may take longer to show results than chemical control methods ( Wang 2014, 2017, Oliveir a 2017 ). 7. 2. Controlling millipedes using botanicals Neem, a renowned natural pesticide, has emerged as a promising solution in the battle against pests. In addition to neem, various other organic pesticides have proven to be effective repellants against millipedes (ECHO 2018). Preliminary research conducted in north-eastern Uganda has highlighted the potential of plant extracts derived from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), goat weed (Ageratum conyzoides), African marigold (Tagetes spp. ), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and chilies (Capsicum spp. ) as potent pest deterrents (ECHO 2018). These organic alternatives offer sustainable and environmentally friendly options for managing millipede infestations, aligning with the growing interest in eco-conscious and natural pest control methods. 7. 3. Biological control This involves using natural enemies of millipedes to control their populations. Some predators that feed on millipedes include birds, small mammals, and other arthropods (2010). However, the effectiveness of biological control methods can be limited by the availability and suitability of natural enemies. Millipedes have a specific covert development cycle and defensive chemicals that make them difficult for most predators to eat. However, some parasites could be used as biological control agents against S. caboverdus. Laboratory tests have shown that the fungi Beauveria, Metarhizium flavoviride could be effective biological control agents for the millipede in (Nascimento 2002). Another study investigated the prey selection of a spider species that feed on millipedes, among other arthropods, and they found that millipedes were a preferred prey item for the spider, suggesting that they may be an effective natural enemy of millipedes in some ecosystems (Van den and Janssens 2017). Ground beetles are generalist predators that feed on a wide range of soil-dwelling arthropods, including millipedes. Carabus ground beetles, which thrive in temperate environments, have evolved to excel in vineyards as efficient predators of millipedes (Sij 2021, Kostanjšek et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. Instead, it discusses methods of pest control, including cultural, botanical, and biological control strategies for managing millipede populations. This information is unrelated to viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Sequencing of the complete ITS region confirmed EMF tip identity at the following relative abundances: Cenococcum (24%), Piloderma (24%), Amphinema (17%), Tylospora (12%), Cortinarius (12%), Hygrophorus (5%) and Hysterangium (3%) spp. Approximately half of the Cenococcum tips exhibited multiple banding patterns after PCR amplification of the ITS region. Band-specific sequencing confirmed that these tips contained Cenococcum sequences in association with Phialocephala, Piloderma, Mycena or Cadophora spp. sequences (S4). For the purposes of enzyme activity assays (below), these tips were considered as Cenococcum based on the distinctive mantle formed by this fungus. Activity of enzymes associated with SOM breakdown The hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme activity potentials were assessed for all components of the hyphal trap systems, the adjacent FH layer and residual-activity controls (Table 3), and for EMF tips sampled from the FH layer (Table 4). Residual enzyme activity was detected for most enzymes in the gamma-irradiated control soils, which were kept under dry and sterile conditions in the lab. This residual activity was generally lower than that in the field samples, however, β-1,4-xylosidase and cellobiohydrolase activities were not statistically different from the hyphal traps (Table 3). Exploratory PCA analysis showed that activity patterns in the control samples were distinct from those in the field samples (S5), indicating that active fungi had a dominant influence on enzyme activity under the study conditions. These differences in magnitude and pattern, combined with the likelihood that residual enzymes would have been degraded under non-sterile field conditions (Allison, 2006), informed the decision not to subtract the control from field enzyme activities. Table 3 Open in new tab Potential organic matter breakdown activity in the hyphal trap bags, associated sand, adjacent forest floor and residual-activity controls Enzyme. Enzyme activity (μmol h−1 g−1). . General role. −SB. FH. +SB. Sand. Control. Acid phosphatasePhosphate mobilization3. 06 (0. 51) b5. 11 (1. 06) a2. 53 (0. 80) b<0. 01 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the enzyme activity associated with fungi, particularly focusing on how active fungi influence enzyme activities that are important for organic matter breakdown. It notes that the 'activity potentials were assessed for all components of the hyphal trap systems' and that 'active fungi had a dominant influence on enzyme activity under the study conditions', which supports the idea that fungi play a critical role in decomposing organic matter and contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Tiere wurden in konstanter Dunkelheit komplett arrhythmisch, und zeigten denselben Phänotyp wie Mäuse, in denen das Bmal1 Gen in allen Zellen deletiert ist (Bmal1-/-), was die Effizienz der genetischen Manipulation bestätigt. Die Syt10Cre-Treiberlinie wird hilfreich sein, um die Komplexität des zirkadianen Systems von Säugern zu untersuchen. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die hierarchische Organisation des zirkadianen Systems an Hand des beschriebenen Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mausmodels untersucht. zu den Ergebnissen der oben beschriebenen SCN-Läsionsstudien wurde gefunden, dass Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/--Mäuse unter LD-Bedingungen rhythmische Aktivität zeigen. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass diese rhythmische Aktivität direkt Licht- und nicht Uhren-gesteuert ist. Außerdem wurde auch auf molekularer Ebene gezeigt, dass die Uhr im SCN komplett defekt ist. Trotz nicht funktioneller SCN-Uhr wurden unter LD-rhythmisch von der Nebenniere sezerniert. war im Vergleich zu dem von Wildtyp-Tieren allerdings deutlich gedämpft. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, dass die Uhr im SCN für die rhythmische Glukokortikoidsekretion zwar nicht notwendig ist, aber an der Regulierung der Amplitude des Rhythmus beteiligt ist. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that in the described experiments with Syt10Cre/Cre Bmal1fl/-- mice, the SCN's clock function was completely defective, yet the mice still displayed rhythmic activity under light-dark (LD) conditions. This suggests that the SCN is not necessary for rhythmic physiological functions, thus challenging the claim that it acts as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Centipedes are predatory arthropods that have been observed feeding on millipedes in both laboratory and field settings (Kime 1982). Some species of nematodes have been found to infect and kill millipedes. For example, Rhabditis necromena, Steinernema carpocapsae has been shown to be effective against the millipede Ommatoiulus moreletii in laboratory experiments (Nascimento 2002,riments (Baker 1985, Albrecht M. Koppenhöfer 2000, Nascimento 2002). Pelidnoptera nigripennis, a parasitoid fly, is a promising candidate for biological control of the invasive Portuguese millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti, in Australia (Eter 1989). The fly is specific to julid millipedes, and it has been shown to be effective in laboratory trials. The main benefit of using P. nigripennis is that it could be an effective way to control O. moreleti, which is a serious pest in Australia. However, further research is needed to assess the risks and benefits of releasing the fly into the environment (Eter 1989). millipede, O. moreletii, is an introduced pest in Australia. This millipede has several parasites in its native range in Portugal, including a nematomorphan worm (Gordium sp. ) and a muscoid fly (Eginia sp. ) (Baker 1985). These parasites are specific to O. moreletii and have the potential to be used as biological control agents in Australia (Baker 1985). It is important to note that while biological control can be an effective method for managing pest populations, it is not always a reliable or sustainable solution. It is also important to carefully consider the potential environmental impacts of introducing non-native natural enemies into a given ecosystem to control millipedes. 7. 4. Natural enemies Another factor that can influence millipede distribution and damage is the presence of natural enemies and predators. Some natural enemies of millipedes include birds, mammals, reptiles, and other arthropods, which can feed on them and help regulate their populations (Orkin 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses predatory behaviors of centipedes and biological control methods for millipedes, but does not mention viruses or their transformation into beneficial organisms. It focuses on interactions within a specific ecological context rather than any manipulation of viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 05) enzyme activities associated with cellulose and hemicellulose degradation than did Piloderma or Cenococcum tips. The hydrolytic enzyme activity of these EMF tips was highly correlated with that of the FH layer from which they were sampled (Table 5). Both the average tip activity and the individually assessed activities of Amphinema and Piloderma spp. were positively associated with cellobiohydrolase, glucosidase and xylosidase activities within the surrounding FH layer. Table 5 Open in new tab Direct correlation (Spearmans r) between enzyme activities of the ectomycorrhizal tips selected from the FH layer of the forest floor and the activities of the FH layer. Enzyme. EMF tipsa. Amphinema. Piloderma. FH layerXylosidase0. 850**0. 729*NSFH layerCellobiohydrolase0. 883**0. 712*0. 750*FH layerβ-Glucosidase0. 833**0. 797*NS. Enzyme. EMF tipsa. Amphinema. Piloderma. FH layerXylosidase0. 850**0. 729*NSFH layerCellobiohydrolase0. 883**0. 712*0. 750*FH layerβ-Glucosidase0. 833**0. 797*NSAbbreviation: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer. Correlations are significant at *P<0. 05, **P<0. 01. Note that only enzymes and EMF tips that were significantly related to FH are shown. aEMF tips, correlation with the average activity of all ectomycorrhizal tips. Table 5 Open in new tab Direct correlation (Spearmans r) between enzyme activities of the ectomycorrhizal tips selected from the FH layer of the forest floor and the activities of the FH layer. Enzyme. EMF tipsa. Amphinema. Piloderma. FH layerXylosidase0. 850**0. 729*NSFH layerCellobiohydrolase0. 883**0. 712*0. 750*FH layerβ-Glucosidase0. 833**0. 797*NS. Enzyme. EMF tipsa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the enzyme activities of ectomycorrhizal fungi, specifically Amphinema and Piloderma, which are involved in the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. The presence and correlation of various hydrolytic enzymes like cellobiohydrolase, glucosidase, and xylosidase indicate that these fungi contribute to the breakdown of organic matter, which is essential for nutrient cycling in their environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Average MT1 receptor density in the SCN was significantly increased (indicated by low pixel values) at dusk compared to dawn (p < 0. 05) and mid-night (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 4). The average density of MT1 receptor label was higher at dusk than at midday; however this increase was statistically insignificant. On the other hand, MT1 receptor density compared to dawn and both midday and midnight was statistically insignificant, although the label was greater at dawn compared to these two circadian times. Fig. 4 Circadian rhythm of MT1 receptors density in the SCN. Normalized pixel density is plotted at different CTs. * and ** indicates that p value is less than 0. 5 and less than 0. 01 respectively, ns statistically insignificant. At midday (ZT 5–7) and dusk (ZT 11–13), label for MT1 extended into the optic chiasm apparently in dendritic processes. This identification was confirmed using antibody against MAP2 the dendrite marker [8]. This label probably originated from previously unobserved cell bodies in the optic chiasm that send dendritic processes into the SCN (Fig. 5). Fig. 5 MAP2 staining in the SCN and optic chiasm. A) Labeling of the dendrites within the SCN is shown with red color. The arrow points to a neuron within the optic chiasm. B) An overlay of both DAPI labeling the nuclei (blue) and MAP2 labeling the dendrites (Red). C) Same as in B but in a different section; notice a more distant neuron within the SCN (arrows). 3V indicates the third ventricle. OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 20 µm. No clear labeling for MT2 receptors was observed in the SCN at the same antibody concentration that was used for MT1 was detected at (1:500). When the concentration of the antibody was increased to 1:100, only minimal labeling was detected in the SCN (Fig. 6). On the other hand, at 1:100 concentration clear MT2 labeling was detected in the paraventricular nucleus (Fig. 7) as well as in the retina (data not shown). Fig. 6 MT2 receptors immunostaining in the SCN. 3V indicates the third ventricle, OC is the optic chiasm. Scale bar is 80 µm. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the density of MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN and their behavior during different circadian times. While it provides some information related to the SCN's functions, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim that the SCN regulates circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Predatory beetles belonging to the Carabidae (ground beetles) and Staphylinidae (rove beetles) families are commonly found in agroecosystems, and some of these species have been observed to feed on millipedes in laboratory experiments(Rem 1984, Baker 1985). In the carrot and sweet potato Fields, eight species of generalist predators that are linked to the millipede population have been identified (Brunke et al. 2009). However, the effectiveness of natural enemies in controlling millipede populations can vary depending on the species and environmental conditions. 7. 5. Chemical control This involves using insecticides to kill millipedes. Insecticides can be applied to the soil, foliage, or both. However, care should be taken when using chemical control methods as they can also harm beneficial organisms in the soil ecosystem. Carbamate insecticides, such as carbaryl and methomyl, have been shown to be effective against millipedes in field trials (Michael 2023, Chapman 2016). Foliar-applied chlorpyrifos and beta-cyfluthrin, such as diazinon and chlorpyrifos, have also been used to control millipedes (Ashley and Erin 2020). The same study evaluated the effectiveness of several insecticides, including organophosphates and pyrethroids, against the red millipede on golf courses in Okinawa, Japan, and found that both insecticides were effective in controlling millipedes but noted that chlorpyrifos was more persistent in the soil than diazinon. Another study evaluated the efficacy of several insecticides, including chlorpyrifos, against the soil-burrowing millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis, in a laboratory setting (Ashley and Erin 2020, Park 2015). The authors found that chlorpyrifos was effective in controlling millipedes but noted that its residual activity was limited. It's important to note that organophosphate insecticides can have negative impacts on human health and the environment and should be used judiciously and in accordance with local regulations. The type of insecticide that you choose will depend on the severity of the millipede infestation and the specific area that you need to treat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods of controlling millipede populations using predatory beetles and insecticides. It does not mention viruses or their transformation into beneficial organisms, rendering it irrelevant to the claim about viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Amphinema. Piloderma. FH layerXylosidase0. 850**0. 729*NSFH layerCellobiohydrolase0. 883**0. 712*0. 750*FH layerβ-Glucosidase0. 833**0. 797*NSAbbreviation: FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer. Correlations are significant at *P<0. 05, **P<0. 01. Note that only enzymes and EMF tips that were significantly related to FH are shown. aEMF tips, correlation with the average activity of all ectomycorrhizal tips. Impact of fungal community structure on enzyme activity The relationships between fungal community structure and the activity of enzymes associated with organic matter breakdown were explored by PCA. Sand samples were not included as they exhibited little enzyme activity. Differences in enzyme activity patterns between the in situ FH layer and hyphal traps were best described by the first three PCA axes (Figure 3). Location along PCA axis 1 (PC1) was driven primarily by the activities of cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes, which strongly overlapped in the FH layer and +SB traps. Activities in these communities were also strongly associated along PC3, reflecting similar patterns of lignin degradation (peroxidase) potential. The combined effects of the PC1- and PC3-loading factors resulted in a distinct separation of the −SB traps. Both FH and −SB differed from +SB along PC2, however, reflecting variation in enzymes associated with phosphorus release, lignin degradation (laccase versus phenol oxidase) and nitrogen release. Figure 3PCA ordination of potential enzyme activity in the hyphal trap bags and the FH layers of the forest floor. The proportion of variance explained by each axis is shown, and the contribution of each enzyme in the ordination is indicated by the plot vectors. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between fungal community structure and enzyme activity associated with organic matter breakdown. It specifically mentions the activities of cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes and their significant overlap in the fermentation-humic (FH) layer, indicating that certain fungi are involved in the decomposition of organic matter, thereby contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , Masson-Pevet, M. , Pevet, P. and Gauer, F. (2002). MT1 melatonin receptor mRNA expression exhibits a circadian variation in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei 946: 64–71, DOI: Redman, J. , Armstrong, S. and Ng, K. T. (1983). Free-running activity rhythms in the rat: entrainment by melatonin Science 219: 1089–91, DOI: Reiter, R. J. (1991). Melatonin: the chemical expression of darkness Endocrinol 79: C153–8, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (1995). Melatonin madness Cell 83: 1059–62, DOI: Reppert, S. M. and Weaver, D. R. (2001). Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms Physiol 63: 647–76, DOI: Reppert, S. M. , Weaver, D. R. and Ebisawa, T. (1994). Cloning and characterization of a mammalian melatonin receptor that mediates reproductive and circadian responses Neuron 13: 1177–85, DOI: Slotten, H. A. , Pitrosky, B. and Pevet, P. (1999). Influence of the mode of daily melatonin administration on entrainment of rat circadian rhythms J 14: 347–53, DOI: Stehle, J. H. , von Gall, C. and Korf, H. W. (2002). Organisation of the circadian system in melatonin-proficient C3H and melatonin-deficient C57BL mice: a comparative investigation Res 309: 173–82, DOI: Sugden, D. , McArthur, A. J. , Ajpru, S. , Duniec, K. and Piggins, H. D. (1999). Expression of mt(1) melatonin receptor subtype mRNA in the entrained rat suprachiasmatic nucleus: a quantitative RT-PCR study across the diurnal cycle Res 72: 176–82, DOI: Weaver, D. R. , Liu, C. and Reppert, S. M. (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock for circadian rhythms. It primarily lists various studies related to melatonin receptors and their expression in circadian rhythms, without explicitly confirming or contrasting the role of the SCN. Therefore, this text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: If you have a large infestation, you may need to use a combination of different types of insecticides, such as contact pesticides, residual pesticides, insect dust, and perimeter pesticides (Powell 2023). Contact pesticides work when they encounter the millipede's body. They are quick-acting and effective against large groups of millipedes. However, they can also be harmful to other insects and animals, so they should be used with caution (Powell 2023). Residual pesticides are designed to kill millipedes over a longer period. They are applied to surfaces where millipedes are likely to crawl, such as floors, walls, and furniture. Residual pesticides can be effective in preventing millipedes from returning, but they can also be harmful to other insects and animals (Powell 2023). Insect dust is a fine powder that can be used to kill millipedes in cracks and crevices. It is a good choice for hard-to-reach areas, but it can be messy to apply. It's important to note that the effectiveness of each of these methods can vary depending on the species of millipede and the type of plant affected. In addition, an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that combines multiple methods may be more effective than relying on a single method. For example, to prevent millipedes and other pests from entering your home and agricultural fields, it is best to minimize moisture and remove debris. This can be done by reducing excess moisture and hiding places, especially near the foundation and greenhouse. It is also important to seal any cracks or openings in the outside foundation wall and prevent water from accumulating near the foundation, in basement walls, or in the crawl space. By taking these measures, you can effectively reduce the entry of pests into your home (2023). Monitoring was an important component of the integrated pest management approach and helped to guide the use of other control tactics (Ashley and Erin 2020, Firas 2002). Regular monitoring of crop fields can help to identify millipede infestations early before they become widespread and difficult to control (Firas 2002). This can be achieved through visual inspection, the use of traps, and the monitoring of soil moisture levels could help to predict millipede activity and population growth (2008, Ashley and Erin 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. It primarily discusses pest control methods for millipedes and does not address viruses or their potential transformation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Cel, cellobiohydrolase; Glu, β-1,4-glucosidase; N-Ag, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase; Pho, acid phosphatase; Sul, sulfatase; peptidase, leucine aminopeptidase; Lac, laccase; perox, peroxidase; phenox, phenol oxidase PC1 is associated with Glu (r=0. 895), Cel (r=0. 599), Xyl (r=0. 851) and N-Ag (r=0. 865); PC2 is associated with Pho (r=-0. 799), peptidase (r=0. 650), Lac (r=-0. 695) and Phenox (r=0. 729); PC3 is associated with Sul (r=0. 798), peptidase (r=0. 484) and Perox (r=0. 702). All associations are significant at P<0. 05. Open in new tabDownload slideThe relative abundance of fungi in a given community was significantly associated (P<0. 05) with patterns of enzyme activity. Joint plot vectors in Figure 4 illustrate the strength and direction of significant correlations between fungal communities and enzyme-loading factors at three different levels of community structure. At the ecological function level, the abundance of saprotrophic fungi was strongly related to the patterns of enzyme activity that separated −SB communities from the other two communities along PC1 and PC3 (Figure 4a). This association continued at the higher (Figure 4b, that is, Fungi I. sedis) and lower taxonomic levels (Figure 4c, that is, Mortierella spp. ). By contrast, the enzyme-loading factors along axes PC1 and PC3 that influenced +SB and FH community clustering were generally correlated with the relative abundance of EMF and other mycorrhizal fungi. The abundance of specific EMF genera also strongly correlated with the enzyme-loading factors of PC2 (Figure 4c), which as mentioned above, largely reflects variations in enzymes associated with phosphorus and nitrogen release and lignin degradation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the abundance of saprotrophic fungi and their significant association with enzyme activity patterns that are relevant to decomposition processes. The mention of enzymes associated with phosphorus and nitrogen release and lignin degradation further supports the role of fungi in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Infusion of V1 receptor antagonist has been reported [185] to produce no significant effect on the wheel running activity in rats, thereby indicating no role for VP in the generation of circadian rhythms. Boer and co-workers [186] reported that vasopressin may not be a critical component in the maintenance or in the transfer of circadian activity of the biological clock for drinking activity based on their graft transplant study. In depressed patients, both synthesis and release of AVP in the SCN is reduced, which leads to an impaired functional activity of the circadian clock [187], although there was an increase in the number of AVP-immunoreactive neurons. Arima and co-workers [188] reported AVP transcription in the SCN in long-term organotypic cultures. Transcription exhibits circadian rhythmicity and is dependent on the ongoing electrical and synaptic transmission in the cultures. It was mentioned earlier that the predominant excitatory actions of AVP within the SCN are mediated by V1 receptors, although it is not yet known with certainty whether V1a or V1b subtypes are involved in the action. Decrease in the AVP neurons and AVP content in the SCN has been reported [189 - 191], and this has been correlated with decreased amplitude of activity rhythms, increased rhythm fragmentation, and disruption of the normal sleep/wake cycle. However, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] did not find a correlation between differences in activity level and circadian expression and differences in the number of AVP-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. In a study by Kalamatianos and co-workers [193], it was reported that there is a decrease in the amplitude of the daily rhythm in the expression of V1a receptor mRNA along with persistently elevated level for V1b mRNA in aged male rats as compared to young adult ones. A role for AVP in the SCN not only in circadian timing but also in the circadian memory of radical events has been reported by Biemans and co-workers [194]. There have been many attempts in the past to link AVP in the SCN to specific clock function. However, the attempts have not yielded definite results so far. Reduction of AVP neurons of the SCN has been reported to eliminate or reduce the amplitude of many rhythms studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of vasopressin (AVP) within the SCN and suggests a lack of clear evidence linking the function of AVP in the SCN to a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms. For example, it states that the infusion of a V1 receptor antagonist produced no significant effect on wheel running activity, which indicates no role for vasopressin in the generation of circadian rhythms. Additionally, it mentions that attempts to link AVP in the SCN to specific clock functions have not yielded definite results, which directly calls into question the assertion that the SCN is definitively the master clock regulating circadian rhythms.