Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Based on the evidence it may be thought that neuropeptides of and GABA by participating in network communication allow oscillators to work and bring out the interplay of molecular, electrical, and behavioral components of the clock. SCN neural network utilizes GABAergic neurotransmission for synchronization and all SCN neurons communicate using GABA [5, 176]. Light-induced phase shifts, synchronization between the dorsal and ventral SCN, and the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light-entraining signals are among the many functions of GABA in the SCN. Fast “phasic” signaling between the SCN neurons is achieved by the action of GABA on synaptic GABA A receptors whereas extra synaptic GABA A receptors activation provides “tonic” GABA A current [201]. and its receptor Gq-coupled Bombesin-2 (BB2) are synthesized in the SCN neurons of rodents, mice, and hamsters. Glu, identified as the main neurotransmitter for photic entrainment along with GRP and SP participates in photic response. It is observed [202] in rats and hamsters that GRP application causes phase delay in SCN neuron firing during early subjective night, and phase advance during late subjective night with no response to application during subjective day. Phase shift blocking by BB2 receptor antagonist confirmed GRP and its receptor participation in photic entrainment. The presence of GRP within CalB cells may indicate GRP for intra-SCN communication [203]. BB2 receptor is densely expressed in the shell [204]. GRP applied can mimic resetting actions of light and produce the response in both early and late subjective night. From a developmental point of view, it is interesting to note that GRP expression occurs at a later age as compared to some other neurotransmitters like VIP and SP in not only hamster SCN [146] but also in mice [205–207]. The difference in late timing in the expression of GRP seen at an early age is absent in adult mature SCN and are retinorecipient [206, 208]. GRP neurons in adults display light-induced increase in firing rate, IEG expression, and neuropeptide release [209, 210]. A subset of SCN neurons is found to co-express GRP and VIP and there is a synergistic response to combined GRP and VIP administration [200]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It highlights how the SCN utilizes GABAergic neurotransmission to ensure communication between its neurons and mentions the functions of the SCN, including light-induced phase shifts and synchronization, which are critical for the operation of the circadian clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by clearly indicating that ethnobotany encompasses the use of plants for medicinal purposes. It discusses the knowledge of traditional healers in Colombian communities regarding the use of plants to treat illnesses such as malaria, highlighting that traditional medicine uses plants effectively, which undermines the notion that ethnobotany is solely focused on food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: A random forest guided tour. Test 2016; 25(2): 197–227. CrossrefWeb of Science17. Kaur G, Oberai EN. A review 868. 18. A brief review of nearest neighbor algorithm for learning and classification. In: International conference on intelligent computing and control systems (ICCS), 15–17 May 2019, Madurai, India: IEEE. Crossref19. Lavanya D, Rani KU. Performance evaluation of decision tree classifiers on medical datasets. 2011; 26(4): 1–4. 20. Maalouf M. Logistic regression in data analysis: an overview. 2011; 3(3): 281–299. Crossref21. . Evaluating the risk of metabolic syndrome based on an artificial intelligence model. In: Abstract and applied analysis. New York, NY: Hindawi, 2014. 22. Prediction of metabolic syndrome using artificial neural network system based on clinical data including insulin resistance index and serum adiponectin. Med 2011; 41(11): 1051–1056. CrossrefPubMed23. Romero-Saldaña M, Tauler P, Vaquereo-Abellán M, et al. Data from validation of a non-invasive method for the early detection of metabolic syndrome: a diagnostic accuracy test in a working population. BMJ Open 2018; 8(10): e020476. CrossrefPubMed24. Karimi-. Predicting metabolic syndrome using decision tree and support vector machine methods. ARYA Atheroscler 2016; 12(3): 146. PubMed25. Miller B, Fridline M. Development and validation of metabolic syndrome prediction and classification-pathways using decision trees. J 2015; 4(173): 2167. 26. . Identification of metabolic syndrome based on anthropometric, blood and spirometric risk factors using machine learning. 2020; 10(21): 7741. Crossref27. Suliga E, Ciesla E, Głuszek-Osuch M, et al. The usefulness of anthropometric indices to identify the risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11(11): 2598. CrossrefPubMed28. Kammar-García A, Hernández-Hernández ME, López-Moreno P, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the use of machine learning in predicting protein structures. Instead, it discusses various machine learning methods for predicting metabolic syndrome without mentioning their application to protein structure prediction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Experimental evidences show that DA signaling is functional in adult SCN and both in vitro and in vivo elevated DA signaling lengthens the circadian period [216]. This effect of DA on circadian rhythms is opposed by valproic acid, a mood stabilizer to highlight the role of DA signaling. The reciprocal, bidirectional relationship between DA and the circadian clock is interesting as DA signaling is an important modulator of circadian rhythms and DA is also under the control of the circadian clock. It is also suggested that this bidirectional process is seen at the level of genes and neural structures as evidenced by the experiments of depleting DA release using 6-OHDA to lesion DA neurons projecting to dorsal striatum leading to loss of rhythmicity of the Per 2 gene in striatum [84]. From a clinical viewpoint, this relationship may be critical for the development of schizophrenia as well [217]. The circadian clock modulates the synthesis and breakdown of DA. DA imbalance produces many neurological conditions and circadian disruptions can be seen in these conditions [218]. DA signaling thus becomes important for consideration under the circumstances. DA, a member of the family of catecholamine neuromodulators once known for regulating movement, reward, and learning has entered the circadian field with its involvement in central and peripheral clocks as a neuromodulator. It is not known clearly whether DA has a causal role in regulating circadian rhythms or is acting as a motor relay for other known bona fide circadian pacemakers [219]. There is a direct connection between dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SCN. DA signaling in the embryonic SCN to synchronize with maternal fetal circadian rhythms was reported many years ago. Studies at that stage gave the impression that sensitivity to DA was a transient one and was lost after the development of RHT. Present studies indicate a direct modulation of DA signaling in the circadian clock and studies including those involving genetic ones have reported DA participation directly in the modulation of the circadian clock in adulthood. DA circadian rhythmicity is observed with the highest peak of synthesis during the daytime in the retina which is reduced during night. Light is responsible for the photic entrainment of the circadian clock. However, non-photic cues like social interaction physical exercise, and many others also influence the circadian molecular clock in the SCN to complete the generation of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of dopamine (DA) signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and highlighting its importance as a modulator of circadian rhythms. It notes that DA is involved in the regulation of the circadian clock and mentions the direct connection between dopaminergic neurons and the SCN, thus supporting the idea that the SCN plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role of medicinal plants in ethnobotany, specifically highlighting the use of plants by indigenous traditional healers in treating malaria. It emphasizes the importance of preserving ancestral knowledge related to medicinal plant use, thereby refuting the notion that ethnobotany ignores medicinal applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning is increasingly used in predicting protein structures. [SEP] Text: During this scan, the algorithm considers protein-protein interactions, phylogenetic profile similarity, gene co-expression, large-scale pathway similarity, and gene ontology similarity. This type of comprehensive group function prediction could be an altogether improved reflection of the real mechanisms at work in, for example, developmental or disease-causing pathways. Identifying proteins with multiple functions In addition to analysing protein groups, the Kihara team has taken another step away from the one-protein-one-function scheme by studying multi-functional proteins. Most bioinformatic tools do not take into account that proteins, enzymes in particular, can be multi-functional. lab has thus aimed to predict whether a query protein is a moonlighting protein – one that has multiple autonomous and often unrelated functions. These proteins are difficult to annotate, since their functions are not genome or protein family specific, nor linked to other indicators, such as a shared switching mechanism. Yet these proteins play key roles in cellular disease states such as cancers, and so identifying them is important. discuss functions assigned to a metabolic pathway. To solve the problem, Dr Kihara’s team has developed a new systematic approach to study moonlighting proteins. In 2016, the team proposed an automated prediction framework which uses several non-sequence-based data to identify moonlighting proteins. They used machine learning classifiers to predict multi-functional proteins, after which they cross validated the results using existing databases. Dr Kihara’s team could predict moonlighting proteins that had previous gene sequence data with 98% accuracy. Even if no sequence data was available, the system showed an impressive 75% accuracy. The iGFP algorithm considers a set of proteins as input and predicts the function of the entire group, as well as its individual proteins. Furthermore, in a 2018 paper the team used deep learning to sniff out moonlighting proteins from previously published literature. Their text mining tool DextMP could find out whether a protein had multiple functions or not based on information from journal publications and functional descriptions from protein databases. Using systematic literature processing tools, the researchers could significantly reduce time to annotate moonlighting proteins and move closer to clarifying the complex interplay of proteins within the cell. Improvements and future predictions Computational biology desperately needs new ways to accurately reflect the true nature of biological processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Dr. Kihara's team utilized machine learning classifiers to predict multi-functional proteins, including their moonlighting functions. The passage references a systematic approach developed in 2016 that employed machine learning to predict these proteins with high accuracy, demonstrating the application of machine learning in protein function prediction. Furthermore, it highlights the use of deep learning and text mining to identify multiple functions of proteins based on literature, clearly illustrating the role of machine learning in this area.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DA appears to be a neurotransmitter responsible for the non-photic entrainment of the above-mentioned behaviors. It is also interesting to note that perturbations of circadian rhythms are seen [220] in patients with psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Evidence is available to show that DA has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and this is through modulation of SCN entrainment and behavioral oscillators [217]. The function of two important components namely the retina and the SCN of the circadian system is influenced by dopaminergic signaling [221, 222]. Light adaptation and visual acuity are two functions for which DA is required in the retina [221]. DA can control the amplitude of rhythmic gene expression in the clock [223]. Evidence is available to show that DA participates [224] in the rhythmic expression of melanopsin in the iPRGCs via D2 receptors (D2R). In this way, DA becomes a main modulator of the non-visual light detector for the photic entrainment of the clock. Many dopaminergic neurons having Drd1 expressing neurons are reported approximately 60% in rodents [175]. As stated, earlier DA is required for the entrainment of the developing SCN [225]. Recent investigations [108, 175, 216, 226] have revealed that DA modulation of the central clock exists in adulthood. Drd1 positive cells overlap with AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN and hence DA involvement in circadian function cannot be fully ascertained [226]. It is also demonstrated that Drd1 absence can reduce circadian entrainment and the same can be restored by the restoration process or presence of Drd1. Midbrain DA neurons innervating SCN if stimulated can also accelerate circadian entrainment. DA neurons can also release GABA, the inhibitory neurotransmitter that can modulate clock protein expression in the retina. GABA may likely influence the actions of DA neurons in the brain and SCN may have a direct bearing on circadian rhythms [227]. Two classes of DA receptors are seen, one D1-like receptor including D1 and D5, and D2-like receptors D2 D3, and D4 [228, 229]. The presence of D1 and D5 receptors is reported in the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its interaction with dopamine (DA) in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It mentions that DA is involved in the modulation of SCN entrainment and highlights that the SCN's function is influenced by dopaminergic signaling. Additionally, it states that DA is required for the entrainment of the developing SCN and that DA modulation of the central clock persists into adulthood, thus supporting the idea that the SCN is crucial for regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that ethnobotany encompasses the study of medicinal plants, specifically highlighting the recovery of oral knowledge about traditional antimalarial plants. It describes efforts to collect and preserve information about these plants used in healing practices, indicating that ethnobotany does not ignore medicinal uses but rather actively studies them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2022b), with little consideration of the diversity of the overall benthic community. Yet, research has shown the importance of assessing diversity within communities as a whole, rather than within single taxonomic groups, as species interactions may influence patterns of diversity (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). The aim of the present study is to investigate patterns of diversity within MCEs over the depth gradient (15 m to 160 m) and between sites in the Chagos Archipelago, located in a particularly understudied region, the central Indian Ocean. The quantification of alpha and beta diversity indices will provide fundamental data on the patterns of species diversity and potential taxonomic overlap among communities over the depth gradient, and between shallow-water reefs and MCEs. Such data are essential to understand the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems, ii. unravel the ecological contribution of MCEs to the coral reef system as a whole; and iii. develop conservation and management plans for these ecosystems. MethodsStudy areaThis study was conducted in the (6° S, 71°30’ E), central Indian Ocean. is a fully no-take MPA established in 2010, covering 640,000 km2 and incorporating shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, submerged banks and seamounts (Hays et al. 2020). has been uninhabited since the 1970s (with the exception of one atoll with strict environmental regulations), therefore human disturbance from pollution, agriculture and reef fisheries is minimal (Head et al. 2019; Hays et al. 2020). In this study, MCEs were investigated at two oceanographically contrasting sites around (6° 40’ S, 71 21′ E; Fig. 1): Rats (IDR, North-West coast) open to the wider ocean and (MA, North-East coast) somewhat sheltered from the Bank (Fig. 1). Both sites occur on steep slopes with rocky outcrops and strong currents prevailing from east to west and west to east, depending on the movement of the tide. Fig. 1Location of study sites within the Chagos Archipelago. A: with depth gradients extracted from GEBCO data between 10 and 200 m depth. B: central with the delimited in dark pink. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it focuses on studying patterns of diversity in marine communities over depth gradients and sites in the Chagos Archipelago, which is a specific region rather than explicitly supporting the broader claim about coral reefs in general.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN clock communicates timing information with other clocks in the brain to regulate DA activity as well as DA appears to have feedback effects on the SCN [225]. DA seems necessary to entrain the developing fetal SCN. Among 5 different types of receptors mediating actions of DA, Gs-coupled D1 and D5 and Gi-coupled D2 D3 D4 are the receptors found in the anatomically distinct regions of the brain and body [230]. D1 type receptor subtypes D1 D5 coupled to G protein Gs and activate adenyl cyclase. Another receptor subtype belongs to D2 and subtypes of D2 D3 and D4, GPCR inhibit adenyl cyclase and activates K+ channels. GlycineGlycine and glycine receptor chloride ion channels (GlyRs) are seen in the central nervous system (CNS) [231] where it can function as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glycine-containing nerve terminals are seen in close relation to the VIP neurons in the SCN. Glycine produces both inhibitory and excitatory effects on SCN firing rates [232] and the effect is dependent on circadian time. It is also known that glycine from SCN slice cultures shows time-of-day-dependent fluctuations like the rhythmic release of AVP. Also, a subset of neurons of the SCN showed biphasic responses to glycine, a rapid transient increase in firing rate, and then a suppression. There is a suggestion [233] that glycine regulates some SCN functions through NMDA receptors. Based on electrophysiological studies, it is reported that strychnine-sensitive GlyRs are present which act as an inhibitory neurotransmitter and excitatory neuromodulator like GABA. High concentrations of glycine when present can reset the clock in brain slice preparations [234]. A circadian release of glycine is also reported in slice culture preparations. Some studies using patch-clamp recordings and long-term recordings in brain slices have shown [232] that glycine can modulate circadian rhythm activity on specific receptors GlyRs in the SCN neurons. Glycine can act in the SCN to synchronize SCN neurons as well as to potentiate NMDA responses indirectly for synchronization thereby enhancing transmission of photic information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It provides details on how the SCN communicates with other clocks in the brain and the modulation of circadian rhythm activity by various neurotransmitters, emphasizing the SCN's pivotal role in coordinating these functions. Additionally, it describes how substances like glycine affect the SCN, highlighting its importance in the overall timing and regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that ethnobotany encompasses traditional healing practices, specifically mentioning the role of the payé, a healer who uses medicinal plants for diagnosing and treating illnesses. It highlights the importance of plants in traditional medicine, stating that the payé and other traditional healers use plants to prevent and treat illness, thus indicating that ethnobotany does, in fact, address medicinal uses, contrary to the claim that it solely focuses on food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: C: displaying bathymetry data acquired using multibeam (between 10 and 200 m depth) and the two study sites: Rats (teal diamond) and (orange diamond)Full size imageBiological dataA Vehicle (model) with a Go4 (2. 7k, 24 fps, wide field of view) attached to it was used to collect benthic imagery from MCEs at the two study sites, IDR and MA. An information overlay on the ROV SD camera displayed time, depth, heading, pitch and roll. Full ROV specifications and details of the biological data collection are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a), but briefly, HD still images were extracted from the GoPro video transects when the ROV approached the seabed and was positioned at an oblique angle (altitude of <1. 5 m). The presence of a strong current at both sites, precluded linear benthic video transects. The entire MCE depth gradient was surveyed, with 6 depth zones chosen a priori to the study based on the literature, covering the shallow reef and the lower mesophotic zones: 15–20 m; 30–40 m; 60–70 m; 80–90 m; 110–120 m; 150–160 m. Three transects were surveyed per depth zone (average transect duration = 30 mins 3 s ± 6 mins 58 s), parallel to the slope at each of the two study sites. Ninety images were collected per depth zone (n=30 images/transect) with a total of 1,080 images from the two study sites. All data were collected during research expeditions in November 2019 (transects 1, 2, 3 for IDR; transect 1 for MA) and March 2020 (transects 2 and 3 for MA). Still images collected along each transect were manually annotated by a single observer using 2. 0, an online annotation platform (Langenkämper et al. 2017), which enables identification and enumeration of organisms. The image analysis procedures are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a). All specimens were identified according to both relevant literature and taxonomist’s support (Tables S1 and acknowledgements). During the study, a morphospecies catalogue was created for the region (Diaz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological details of a research study involving benthic imagery and data collection, without providing any information about the diversity of marine species supported by coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While studying the effect of glycine on the sleep-promoting mechanism it was observed that glycine produces the effect through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell by causing peripheral vasodilatation in the case of rats [233]. It was also observed that when bilateral microinjection of glycine was made into the SCN, there was an increased cutaneous blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and ablation of SCN could abolish the sleep-promoting effect of glycine [233]. In effect, glycine promotes sleep by modulating thermoregulation and circadian rhythms through NMDA receptors of the SCN. In yet another study [235] it has been reported that glycinergic transmission has a role in the synchronization of the circadian network in the SCN which leads to the organization of circadian behavior. GluGlu is required for the molecular timekeeping mechanism in the SCN, especially the extracellular glutamate levels are important. These extracellular levels and their rhythmic oscillation are controlled by astrocytes [236]. Glu release from astrocytes is mediated by the ultimate Glu metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which when activated causes an increase in astrocytic [Ca2+]i with ultimate Glu release from astrocytes. Glu seems to be involved in photic signaling and this is now well established. SCN neurons express all the 3 subtypes of glutamate receptors Glu addition to SCN explants induces neuronal firing whereas optic nerve stimulation causes the release of glutamate. These effects are mostly due to NMDA and non-NMDA-dependent glutamate receptors as seen in experiments using receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo [237]. SCN astrocytes release glutamate [122] and thereby raise levels of extracellular glutamate during the night. During subjective day astrocytes release less glutamate and will lead to reduced spontaneous activity of SCN neurons. RHT mainly uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter but PACAP and SP also act as other two peptide co-transmitters in RHT transmission. Surprisingly these co-transmitters regulate glutamate transmission but the mechanism of such an action is not known [238]. Glu receptors present in the SCN belong to metabotropic and ionotropic types. However, the distribution and abundance of Glu receptor subunits varies and this leads to different effects of Glu on SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It describes how glycine influences sleep mechanisms through NMDA receptors in the SCN and highlights that the SCN is integral to the synchronization of circadian networks and behaviors. Furthermore, it discusses how glutamate signaling in the SCN impacts neuronal activity and circadian regulation, thus supporting the idea that the SCN serves as a master clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing extensive information on the medicinal uses of various plants in the Middle Vaupés region. It lists specific plant species and describes how traditional healers use parts of these plants, particularly stem bark, to fabricate medicine and treat ailments such as toothaches, stomach issues, skin infections, and more. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal uses of plants, directly refuting the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023b) following the global standardised marine taxon reference image database created by Howell et al. , (2019); a total of 582 OTUs were identified in this study. Only one observer annotated the images to reduce the annotation bias. In addition, quality assurance was carried out by re-annotating 5% of the images by the same observer, as recommended in Schoening et al. (2016). A summary of the total number of morphospecies and individuals per site and depth zone are shown in Table S2. The ROV was not equipped with paired lasers during the surveys, thus calculation of the field of view within each image was not possible. To standardise data collection, the pilots positioned the ROV at a similar distance from the seabed, with the same angle of view, for each image collected. The mean time taken to complete a single transect was 30 min 3 s (± 6 min 58 s), with no significant differences observed in the time taken to complete a transect with depth zone and site (Kruskal–Wallis test, p-value > 0. 05. Transect by depth zone: chi-squared = 10. 244, df = 5, p-value = 0. 069; transect by site: chi-squared = 0. 0022733, df = 1, p-value = 0. 962). Thus, given the consistency in the speed of the ROV, it can be assumed a comparable area of seabed was surveyed within each transect and depth zone. To enable comparisons between sites and depth zones, this study focuses on the number of images surveyed and counts of benthic organisms rather than an area-based analysis. Furthermore, as suggested by Colwell et al. (2012) and Roswell et al. (2021), data were standardised by individuals and sampling coverage per depth zone using the iNext package in R software (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) (see next section). Statistical analysesTo assess the variation in alpha and beta diversity of MCEs over the depth gradient and between the study sites, data were analysed using diversity indices with the iNEXT (iNterpolation/EXTrapolation) (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) and betapart packages (Baselga and Orme 2012) in R software (Core 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed methodological information regarding the assessment of benthic organisms and studies on diversity indices without addressing whether coral reefs specifically support a diverse range of marine species. No evidence or discussion about the diversity of marine species in coral reefs is provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melatonin has a key role in the integration of circadian rhythms [258] based on some of the experimental evidence. Melatonin can suppress neuronal SCN activity towards nighttime levels [259] as an immediate action and phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity as a long-term effect. Another action is to lower the AVP secretion from SCN neurons in rats. Melatonin has also been recognized as a chrono biotic and used to overcome some changes seen in jet lag and shift work. A temporal melatonin-controlled expression of the clock gene is also reported [260]. Melatonin release from the pineal gland occurs by a direct excitatory glutaminergic input from the SCN. Melatonin, initially known for regulating the sleep-wake cycle by controlling the circadian rhythm has additional functions as well, as revealed by recent research. In rodents and humans, melatonin administration can entrain activity rhythms by binding and altering through acute and clock resetting mechanisms. The role of melatonin is thus beyond sleep regulation and extends to our overall circadian health. MelanopsinMelanopsin belongs to the opsin family of light-sensitive retinal proteins and plays crucial roles in various biological processes including circadian function. ipRGCs are specialized photoreceptor cells containing melanopsin and are sensitive to light. The advent of melanopsin has provided a new meaning to circadian entrainment [261]. It is observed [262] that melanopsin-expressing ipRGCs are depolarized by light with subsequent firing of action potentials at a higher sustained frequency having brighter illumination. This also makes them capable of acting independently of the image-forming circuits. These cells do not contribute to image formation and directly communicate with SCN. ipRGCs when absorbing light relay this information to the SCN and lead to photoentrainment [263]. Melatonin being part of the cells virtually regulates circadian functions. mRGCs form only a very small percentage (0. 3–0. 8) of the ganglion cells of the retina but still act as a third set of photoreceptors of the retina expressing melanopsin [261, 264]. A required number of mRGCs and their maintenance is essential for circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms and its communication with other components like melatonin and melanopsin. It highlights how melanopsin-expressing photoreceptor cells relay light information to the SCN, affecting circadian functions, thereby supporting the assertion that the SCN acts as the master clock in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple examples of plants used for medicinal purposes. It describes various uses of stem bark from different plants such as treating stomachaches, headaches, snakebites, and fever, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses a variety of medicinal applications, not just plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha diversity analysesTo allow comparisons among sites and depth zones, despite possible differences between survey areas covered, a combination of asymptotic and non-asymptotic diversity estimations was applied, based on rarefaction and extrapolation analyses and Hill numbers, using the iNext package in R. Individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation (R/E) curves, as well as sample coverage-based R/E curves, were plotted, with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals interpreted as a significant difference, as per García-Martínez, et al. , (2017) and Cumming et al. (2007). Individual-based R/E curves were used as they provide unbiased estimates of species diversity and enable comparison of morphospecies diversity between depth zones and sites, specifically when they reach an asymptote. The protocol proposed by Chao et al. (2020) was followed to assess and compare alpha diversity and sample completeness among our surveys. Firstly, Hill numbers, also known as the effective number of equally abundant species qD, were used (Hill 1973; Chao et al. 2014), and the three most widely used orders (i. e. q = 0, q = 1 and q = 2) were assessed here. 0D corresponds to species richness, which is an indication of the number of species present in the community without considering their abundances and thus gives disproportionate weight to rare species. 1D indicates the measure of Shannon diversity (i. e. exponential of Shannon entropy), which weighs each species according to its abundance in the community and can be interpreted as the number of ‘common’ species present in the assemblage. Finally, 2D represents Simpson diversity (i. e. inverse of Simpson concentration index), which discounts all but the dominant species and thus can be interpreted as the number of highly ‘abundant’ (or dominant) species in the community (Chao et al. 2020). To allow for comparisons among the investigated benthic communities, the steps proposed by Chao et al. (2020), were followed as listed below. Firstly, sample completeness of each survey was estimated via a bootstrap method (n = 500) for q = 0, 1, 2 to compare the diversity detected, or sample completeness, between each depth zone and site (Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodologies and analyses used to study alpha diversity in marine species without explicitly discussing coral reefs or their role in supporting diverse marine life. Terms regarding diversity metrics are present, but they do not link back to the specific context of coral reefs mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: With the aging process and certain neurodegenerative diseases, circadian disorders are observed with reduction as well as change in the structure of melanopsin ganglion cells which indicates a correlation between circadian alterations and pathological states. It is known that conventional photoreceptors, rods, and cones, are not required for circadian photoreception, instead, it is RGCs with expression of melanopsin that are required indicating the inner retinal layer might contribute to circadian photoreception [265]. PK2PK2 is a cystine-rich secreted protein and is identified as an output signaling molecule for the SCN. PK2 oscillates in a circadian phase with peaks in subjective daytime. PK2 is a CCG and has a crucial role in the functioning of SCN. SCN, the epicenter of daily rhythms is entrained by light and PK2 expression responds to light-dark cycles. The molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN seems to be a delicate interplay between the endogenous circadian clock and light and this clock governs PK2 while light has a modulatory role. Vasopressin and PK2 are two SCN output molecules derived from two different CCGs [266, 267]. The receptor for PK2 namely PKR2 is expressed in the SCN target sites abundantly [268] which emphasizes that it is an output molecule. PK2 is involved within the SCN to synchronize the output as well as in the transmission of behavioral circadian rhythm. An earlier study [269] reported that PK2 is not necessary for SCN timekeeping or entrainment, but is required for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology. Many lines of evidence involving experiments have shown and confirmed PK2 signaling in input and output pathways. Further confirmation of PK2 as an output signal for SCN has been reported [270]. Reduced circadian rhythms in mice deficient in PK2 or its receptor and reduced oscillation of PK2 expression in transgenic mice are observed. One report [271] also observed that PK2 from ipRGCs to the SCN neurons has a signaling role. Overexpression of PK2 caused a significant reduction of BMAL1, Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 2 genes in the SCN. Thus, it becomes evident that PK2 signaling has a role in both the input and output pathways of the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the epicenter of daily rhythms and its involvement in circadian regulation. It highlights how the SCN is entrained by light and how PK2, an output signaling molecule for the SCN, plays a crucial role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, underscoring the function of the SCN in governing these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific examples of medicinal plants and their uses. It states that various plants are utilized for treating conditions such as snakebites and malaria, showcasing the medicinal application of ethnobotany. For instance, it mentions that the stem bark of several plants is used for treating ailments, directly contradicting the assertion that ethnobotany ignores medicinal uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: All morphospecies identified can be consulted in the freely accessible catalogue created for the region (Diaz et al. , 2023b). Species richness (q = 0) was observed to decrease with depth at both sites, with lower diversity observed at 110–120 m and 150–160 m compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. 2a). Although only conservative minimum estimates could be obtained for species richness (as individual-based R/E curves did not reach an asymptote; Fig. 2a), at the fixed sample coverage of Cmax = 96. 4%, benthic morphospecies richness was significantly lower for the two deepest zones compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. S1c, Table S5; non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two deepest depth zones, overlapping CIs for 15 m to 90 m depth zones). Fig. 2Overview of alpha diversity analysis based on Hill numbers. a) individual-based Rarefaction/Extrapolation (R/E) curves for q = 0. b) individual-based R/E curves for q = 1. c) individual-based R/E curves for q = 2. Shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals for each curve. Shades of blue represent the different surveyed depth zones at Rats (IDR), and the shades of orange are the depth zones at (MA). Solid lines are the rarefaction curves while the dashed lines represent the extrapolation curves up to double the respective sample sizeFull size imageEstimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity reached asymptotes for all depths at both sites and overall showed significant decreases in diversity over the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m (Fig. 2b, c; Fig. S1b, c; non-overlapping CIs). The exception was at IDR, where both Shannon and Simpson diversity were significantly higher at 30–40 m compared to 15–20 m (Fig. 2b, c). At both sites, Shannon diversity between 60–70 m and 150–160 m was significantly lower than observed at shallower depths; however, there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between 80–90 m and 110–120 m (Fig. 2b). Simpson diversity differed between the two sites (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct evidence about coral reefs supporting diverse marine species. While it discusses species richness and diversity across different depth zones, it does not specifically relate to coral reefs or their ecological role in supporting marine biodiversity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The involvement of orexin in a multitude of functions from energy homeostasis to cognition and dysfunction of the orexinergic system leading to pathological states has prompted to describe its role as necessary for a healthy life. It is equally noteworthy that the role of orexin is not limited to brain areas as it finds its way in metabolic regulation too. Pigment-dispersing factorThe pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is an 18-aminoacid peptide that acts as a neuromodulator and is produced by circadian clock circuit neurons [276]. It is a neuromodulator signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. Two important functions of PDF appear to be the regulation of locomotor activity timing and the maintenance of clock circuit intracellular cycling. Both functions are mediated through the activation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in neurons [276]. PDF has an important but complex role in the phasing of Drosophila activity rhythm [277]. Another observation is that loss of PDF produces desynchrony among clock neurons under DD conditions but not under LD 12:12 and retains the neurons synchronized. This may indicate PDF is not very essential to maintain synchrony under entrained conditions [277]. PDF-present pea aphids are likely to mediate photoperiodic signaling to insulin-producing cells [278]. Thus, PDF has a pivotal role in the circadian clocks of many insects, fruit flies, and cockroaches. It is considered an output molecule of specific circadian clock neurons. Some of the findings suggest that PDF conveys day-length information to the photoperiodic system. In some insects, PDF may signal LDs, while in others it signals short days (SDs). NONO of the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms. It helps to synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment. Neurons release NO and it acts as a neurotransmitter to communicate with neighboring cells and this helps to maintain proper phase relationship between internal rhythms and the night cycle. NO also affects the expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 1 of the SCN neurons which regulate the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms. Exposure to light during the daytime causes the release of NO and this reinforces the synchronization of the body’s clocks to the external day-night cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that NONO of the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms, helping to synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment. It also discusses how certain neurotransmitters like nitric oxide (NO) released by neurons in the SCN facilitate communication among cells to maintain proper phase relationships between internal rhythms and the night cycle, indicating the SCN's essential function in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of medicinal uses of plants in ethnobotanical contexts. For instance, it discusses how the leaves of certain trees are used as antifungals and antibacterial agents, and how the plant Cosmos caudatus has applications for skin pain relief. This demonstrates that ethnobotany encompasses not only plants used for food but also those with significant medicinal properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2c): at MA, Simpson diversity was significantly different between 15–20 m and 30–40 m and the deeper depths; however, the values did not differ significantly between the depth zones from 60–70 m to 110–120 m; while at IDR, the 80–90 m depth zone showed a significantly lower Simpson diversity, compared to both 60–70 and 110–120 m (Table S5). Finally, the values were significantly lower at 150–160 m compared to shallower depth zones for both sites (Fig. 2c; Fig. S1b, c; Table S5). In this study, the diversity curves did not all reach an asymptote, indicating that total diversity was not captured (Fig. 2). This undetected diversity for each depth zone at each site is detailed in Table S4. Nevertheless, coverage-based sample completeness profiles revealed that between 93. 8% and 97. 3% of benthic morphospecies diversity was detected, depending on the depth zones and sites (Table S3), showing that while a few species were undetected, an acceptable standardized value for comparing species richness between communities was sampled (Moreno and Halffter 2000). Beta diversityValues of beta diversity between depth zones for the entire benthic community were similar between both study sites (Fig. 3a and d). Total beta diversity values were high between the depth zones, throughout the entire depth gradient for both sites (from 15 to 160 m; Jaccard 0. 61 to > 0. 96; Fig. 3, Table S6, Fig. S1), indicating a limited number of shared morphospecies between depth zones. Adjacent depth zones displayed less dissimilarity compared to depths located further apart (Jaccard 0. 65 for 15–20 m/30–40 m, to 0. 81 for 110–120 m/150–160 m; 0. 85 for 80–90 m/150–160 m to 0. 95 for 15–20 m/150–160 m, respectively; Fig. 3a and d, Table S7, Fig. S1). Fig. 3Changes in beta diversity and its two components–turnover and nestedness – with depth for the entire benthic community at both study sites Rats (IDR, a to c) and (MA, d to f), using Jaccard’s dissimilarity index from 0 to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding coral reefs and their support for a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it focuses on the statistical analysis of diversity at various depths and mentions metrics like Simpson diversity and beta diversity without establishing a direct connection to coral reefs or marine species diversity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN neurons nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity are seen in dwarf hamsters and rats which indicates the participation of NO in SCN [279]. Although presently NO has been reported to be an extracellular modulator of photic transduction in the SCN it can also perform both intracellular and transcellular signaling in the SCN as per some experimental evidence [280–282]. Production of NO in the SCN is linked to NMDA induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and administration of cGMP produces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro. NOS inhibitors prevent NMDA-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro and in vivo. Light transmission to the SCN is disrupted by blocking NO production suggesting a role in the light-input pathway. Glu release from retinal terminals can also be interrupted by blockade of NO action in intact animals. Other effects of NO blockade include interruption of expression of IEGs, intracellular increase in calcium activation of nNOS, augmented production of cGMP, and others, all indicating the requirement of NO in the SCN. NO appears to be an important neurotransmitter in generating the phase shifts of circadian rhythms. Aging-induced alteration of NO levels seen was significant in the liver. Melatonin, a known antiaging agent decreases with aging and on exogenous administration could produce a differential restoration of age-induced alterations NO daily rhythms [283]. The role of extracellular NO communication within SCN for synchronization to LD cycles has been demonstrated [281]. This occurs by single light pulses activating NO intracellular signaling which leads to phase shifts and synchronization. Since the knowledge about the 3 different forms of NOS is limited at present, the exact role of NO is not established yet. However, NO is now known as a crucial mediator for aligning our internal rhythms with the outside world, for healthy functioning of rhythms. HistamineHistamine is a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and has a role in mammalian timekeeping. was first identified in the brain about 50 years ago, its role as a neurotransmitter in physiological functions was identified only later. Despite substantial evidence suggesting a role for histamine as a neurotransmitter in circadian entrainment, its role has not been identified with authenticity. Histamine can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms in a manner like that of light pulses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of nitric oxide (NO) and its mediatory functions in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), reinforcing the idea that the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating circadian rhythms. It mentions how alterations in neurotransmitters and intracellular signaling within the SCN affect phase shifts and synchronization of circadian rhythms, which aligns with the claim that the SCN is the master clock for these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed accounts of various trees and their medicinal uses, specifically in treating malaria and other ailments. It mentions that 'the parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves,' indicating that ethnobotany encompasses medicinal uses, not just food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Values close to 0 indicate a high level of similarity between the two communities being compared and values close to 1 indicate a low level of similarityFull size imageTurnover was the largest component of beta diversity, thus it can be considered as the main driver of differentiation between benthic communities, indicating that the change in morphospecies diversity along the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m, was mostly due to species replacement (Jaccard > 0. 5 to > 0. 9; Fig. 3b and e; Table S7, Fig. S1). On the contrary, nestedness had only a limited influence on the overall dissimilarity with depth (Jaccard 0. 01 to < 0. 2; Fig. 3c and f; Table S7, Fig. S1); showing that, while species diversity broadly decreased with depth (Fig. 2), deeper communities were not just a subset of richer communities observed at shallower depths. The differences between the turnover and nestedness components, compared to total dissimilarity, are detailed in Fig. S1. Between sites, for the same depth zone, beta diversity did not show a strong pattern (Fig. 4). Overall, dissimilarity was less pronounced between sites in shallow-water communities (15–20 m) compared to communities at mesophotic depths (30–160 m), with 60–70 m and 150–160 m zones showing the highest benthic dissimilarity at a local scale. Similarly to the beta diversity calculated along the depth gradient, turnover was the main component of beta dissimilarity between sites, indicating benthic dissimilarity is mainly driven by species replacement at a local scale. Fig. 4Jaccard’s dissimilarity and its two components – turnover and nestedness – between the two study sites (Ile des Rats and Manta Alley) for a depth zone. Jaccard’s dissimilarity index ranges from 0 to 1, with values close to 0 indicating a high level of similarity between the two communities and values close to 1 indicating a low level of similarityFull size imageDiscussionThis study provides novel, baseline data on the diversity of benthic communities within MCEs in the central (Egmont Atoll, Chagos Archipelago). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses beta diversity and species replacement in benthic communities without mentioning coral reefs or their role in supporting a diverse range of marine species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SP by itself did not enhance GRP-induced phase shifts in the early-subjective night and significantly attenuated GRP-induced phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on SP-induced Fos expression only in the late subjective night, it was suggested [296] that SP may not be a part of the photic phase shifting during the early-subjective night, but may participate in modulating phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on this reliable evidence, it is considered that SP is useful in orchestrating our daily rhythms and thereby essential for internal timekeeping. NMSThe presence of NMS, a 36 amino acid neuropeptide in the SCN was reported in 2004 [297]. NMS, seen in the core part of the SCN is a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system and has a diurnal peak under the LD cycle [298]. NMS-containing neurons contribute about 40% among the SCN neurons and these neurons have an essential role in the generation of daily rhythms in behavior [153]. NMS neurons appear to be sufficient to lengthen the period of the SCN and behavioral circadian rhythms. Interestingly, it is closely related to another neuropeptide called neuromedin U which is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. NMS neurons appear critical and it is reported [299] that deletion of the gene that decodes for the VGAT from NMS neurons can lead to arrhythmia of locomotor activity and sleep as well as impairment of intrinsic clock gene rhythms. This suggests that the removal of GABA release from the adult SCN does not affect the pacemaker’s ability to sustain overt circadian rhythms, but its removal from NMS neurons within the SCN throughout development removes the SCN’s ability to sustain circadian rhythms. It is also known that NMS can regulate circadian rhythms through autocrine and/or paracrine actions [298]. NMS, thus appears as one among the ever-growing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN having multiple functions. It operates like a conductor orchestrating the timing symphony of SCN to maintain the integrity of the clock for the expression of robust circadian rhythms and participates in the integration and coordination of the thousands of clocks of the SCN. synthesized in both the core and shell of the SCN has been assigned a significant role in SCN function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms through the function of neuropeptides like NMS. It emphasizes NMS's participation as a neurotransmitter in the SCN oscillator system, which is critically involved in the generation and modulation of daily rhythms in behavior. The description of NMS neurons contributing significantly to the SCN's ability to sustain circadian rhythms supports the claim that the SCN acts as the master clock in these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing numerous medicinal uses of plants mentioned, specifically noting that the plant discussed is used as medicine for various ailments, including respiratory illnesses, venereal diseases, and peptic ulcers. This indicates that ethnobotany encompasses knowledge of plants used for medicinal purposes, contradicting the assertion that it solely focuses on plants used for food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023a), gorgonian and antipatharian (Bridge et al. 2012; Bo 2019; Rowley et al. 2019; Diaz et al. 2023a)) diversity in MCEs were shown to increase with depth. Similar trends in specific phylum change are presented in Table S2. Benthic diversity and community composition change along the depth gradient may be explained by several environmental factors, as observed in a parallel study by (Diaz, et al. 2023a), which identified fifteen environmental variables contributing significantly to the distribution and community composition of MCEs over the depth gradient. Decreasing photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and temperature were identified as the two main drivers of variation in community composition with depth at (Diaz et al, 2023a). Similarly, a global study across a variety of taxa identified PAR and nutrient availability (both dissolved and particulate organic matter) to be correlated with a community break observed at 60 m (Lesser et al. 2019). In the Caribbean (i. e. Bermuda and Little Cayman), temperature and light were the main factors correlated with changes in overall benthic morphotype richness and scleractinian corals with depth, respectively (Stefanoudis et al. 2019; Carpenter et al. 2022). A decrease in benthic diversity with depth can therefore be explained by several factors, but mostly by the decrease in PAR, temperature, and nutrient availability. These factors are important drivers of primary production, reflected here in the distribution of photosynthetic corals and algae. Nevertheless, while morphospecies richness decreased with depth overall for the two study sites; for a standardised sample coverage (i. e. Cmax) and within the four shallowest depth zones (from 15 to 90 m), this decrease was not significant (Fig. 2d). However, Shannon and Simpson indices (i. e. , accounting for abundant and highly abundant morphospecies), revealed significant differences between depth zones with an overall decrease in diversity indices with depth (except between 80–90 m and 110–120 m for q = 1, Fig. 2e; and between 60–70 m and 110–120 m at IDR, 80–90 m and 110–120 m at MA for q = 2, Fig. 2f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it discusses the changes in benthic diversity and community composition with depth in marine environments, which is only tangentially related to coral reefs. While it mentions factors affecting diversity and touches on coral, it does not provide specific evidence or support for the claim about coral reefs and their biodiversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Length of the day influences the expression of SSA and studies have shown [300] the involvement of SCN responses to light. SSA produced by a group of SCN neurons is an inhibitory neuropeptide that acts as a neuromodulator to regulate SCN function. SSA acts through 5 receptors [6] to perform its action. Some of the SSA and SP peptides are found colocalized in the SCN. This is mostly due to the synapse of SSA on VIP and AVP neurons and the presence of SSA receptors in the SCN. SSA likely has a regulatory role on the other peptidergic neurons of the SCN. A study [301] reported an increase in SSA and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats, while another study [302] in Syrian hamsters reported no effect of age of SSA m RNA. Though this can be explained based on the species-specific effect seen in the SCN, an increase in SSA immunoreactivity may be related to the VIP decrease with aging, especially given the inhibitory modulatory role of SSA on VIP rhythmicity in the SCN. SSA influences retinorecipient neurons of the SCN core which can reset the molecular clock and this clearly shows a direct role of SSA in the entrainment of circadian activity to the external LD cycle. Studies also suggest SSA signaling [49, 116, 303] can influence the circadian mechanism responsible for the waveform of daily rhythms more than period or phase. Based on these reports one can suggest that SSA may not be necessary for intrinsic circadian timekeeping or photoentrainment, but can contribute to the robustness of circadian activity with change in lighting conditions. CalB and CALRTwo calcium-binding proteins, CalB and CALR, have a role in SCN function. These peptide-containing neurons of the SCN have a complex organization and this is similar among all species [304]. Both proteins are involved in buffering intracellular calcium levels, crucial for the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. Both the core and shell parts of the SCN have CalB neurons with more density in the caudal part and receive direct retinal input [305]. CalB neurons are essential for circadian locomotor activity rhythm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the involvement of the SCN in regulating circadian rhythms through various neuropeptides, particularly SSA, which influences SCN function and interacts with photoreceptive neurons to affect circadian activity. It highlights the SCN's complex role in entraining activity to external light-dark cycles, thus supporting the assertion that the SCN acts as a master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific examples of plants that are used for medicinal purposes, such as Byrsonima japurensis, which is used to treat malaria. It details the preparations and uses of various plants, emphasizing their medicinal properties, which contradicts the assertion that ethnobotany only focuses on food-related plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha and beta diversity indices were assessed through the visual annotation of underwater images, where all organisms were identified to the highest taxonomic resolution possible and distinct morphospecies were assigned an Unit (OTU), as standard taxonomic approaches are not often applicable to image data. A morphospecies may then correspond to species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels. Whilst images were annotated by the same observer (who also re-annotated 5% of the images for quality assurance), this method lacks taxonomic resolution, which may consequently have had a negative effect on the diversity results presented here and led to the grouping of several species within one morphospecies, or on the contrary, separation of one species into several colour morphs. During the current study, it was not possible to collect the physical samples typically required to enable traditional taxonomic investigation. Taxon differentiation was thus missing at the fine scale, molecular and genetic levels, likely leading to lower (or higher) observed diversity values and differences in diversity than actually occurs in reality. MCEs are still relatively poorly understood in taxonomic terms, thus, high-resolution images with close-ups in addition to physical sample collection and taxonomic expertise are crucial to resolve their true diversity and the variation in taxa along the depth gradient. This study investigated alpha and beta diversities for benthic communities, along a large depth gradient, for the first time in the central Indian Ocean. These indices are crucial indicators to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions. Indeed, despite meeting the international criteria used to identify priority areas for conservation policies (Soares et al. 2020), MCEs are still considered under-protected and under-represented in marine spatial planning (Stefanoudis et al. 2022), and they are usually incidentally included in MPAs due to geopolitical boundaries, rather than purposefully (Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). MCEs, while encompassed within the fully protected Chagos MPA since 2010, have not been included in research and specific protection until 2018, where an objective to improve their research and protection by 2023 was mentioned in the conservation management planning workshop (Programme 2018). However, the authors are not aware of any specific management steps being taken regarding the protection of MCEs within the Chagos MPA, other than the research presented here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methods for assessing diversity indices of organisms in marine environments without directly addressing or confirming the support of coral reefs for a diverse range of marine species. It focuses on methodological challenges in taxonomic identification and diversity assessment in marine ecosystems rather than providing evidence related to the diversity supported by coral reefs specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Lesion and transplantation studies in animals have shown that lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity and transplants with CalB neurons promptly restored the same. There is colocalization of CalB with peptides like and SP. CalB also has interconnections with and VIP and some interconnections are bilateral while others are not [31]. In addition, CalB cells also have intra-SCN as well as a projection to extra SCN region [31]. CalB cells are non-rhythmic and receive input from RHT and GHT and the light information to CalB facilitates circadian output [306]. Various pieces of evidence suggest that CalB cells in the SCN may function as gates to relay photic signals. CALR, another calcium-binding protein seen in the SCN is small to medium-sized and is found in the core ventral part of dorsal and lateral SCN It is co-localized with VIP neurons. Optic tracts show immunoreactivity for CALR and there is a reduction in CalB-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation There is also an increase in CALR expression with development [307]. Although the precise roles of CalB and CALR are not yet known, it is expected that they are important for the fine tuning of circadian rhythms. is an octapeptide found in the shell part of the SCN [6] whose presence has been confirmed by light microscopy and electron microscopy in normotensive rats [308]. SCN-derived ANGII has been reported to act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and their effects are mediated through angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1). SCN has ANGII and AT1 [309]. Its influence on circadian rhythms is likely to be indirect as there is no evidence of a direct effect. Its effect on blood pressure and electrolyte balance may have indirect effects on the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian functions. ANGII stimulates the synthesis, and release of AVP and increases its production. AVP also enhances the coupling of SCN with the LD cycle and helps in the synchronization of circadian rhythms in the SCN. Modulating neuronal activity, and altering the firing rate and phase of SCN neurons are listed as some other functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various elements of the SCN and its role in circadian rhythms. It mentions specific neurons such as CalB and CALR in the SCN, highlighting their functions and connections that contribute to the regulation of rhythmicity and photic signal relaying. The text also explores how AVP enhances synchronization of circadian rhythms in the SCN, supporting the claim that the SCN acts as a master clock for circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ethnobotany is solely concerned with plants used for food, ignoring medicinal uses. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing numerous examples of plants used for medicinal purposes, specifically detailing how various plant parts are used in decoctions to treat diseases like malaria. It specifically mentions medicinal uses among communities in the Amazon, indicating that ethnobotany encompasses both food and medicinal plant uses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: AbstractLow-altitude high-resolution aerial photographs allow for the reconstruction of structural properties of shallow coral reefs and the quantification of their topographic complexity. This study shows the scope and limitations of two-media (air/water) Structure from Motion—Multi-reconstruction method using drone aerial photographs to reconstruct coral height. We apply this method in nine different sites covering a total area of about 7000 m2, and we examine the suitability of the method to obtain topographic complexity estimates (i. e. , seafloor rugosity). A simple refraction correction and survey design allowed reaching a root mean square error of 0. 1 m for the generated digital models of the seafloor (without the refraction correction the root mean square error was 0. 2 m). We find that the complexity of the seafloor extracted from the drone digital models is slightly underestimated compared to the one measured with a traditional in situ survey method. Similar content being viewed by others Detecting change in coral reef 3D structure using underwater photogrammetry: critical issues and performance metrics 2. 5D) mapping of very shallow (< 3 m depth) coral reefs is a challenge. Large corals reach up to mean sea level, thus preventing the navigation of vessels carrying ship-borne echo sounders and limiting divers’ access to continuous top-view data. Airborne bathymetric active light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can overcome these limitations and provide continuous sub-meter resolution data with a vertical accuracy in the range of 1–2 dm for shallow-water coral reefs (Collin et al. 2018). surveys are costly and likely unjustified for small areas, and they allow for minimal flexibility in the survey design. In the last years, System (UAS, also called drones) started to be regarded as a third-generation source of remote sensing data (et al. 2018), providing scientists new and accessible tools to explore the Earth surface (e. g. , Casella et al. 2020; Dugdale et al. 2019; Castellanos-Galindo et al. 2019; Mlambo et al. 2017) and allowing significant scientific advancement (e. g. , Ramanathan et al. 2007). UAS regulation that has hindered early scientific uses of UASs (Coops et al. 2019) is now moving forward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methods of surveying and reconstructing coral reef structures using aerial and drone technologies. While it discusses the complexity of coral habitats, it does not provide any information or evidence about the diversity of marine species that coral reefs support.