Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The RSI gradually decreased from the northern, northwestern, northcentral, and southcentral regions to the western, southwestern, southern, southeastern, and northeastern regions of the country. The high RSI between the current study and Metema district [43] can be attributed to the geographical proximity of these two neighboring districts. The similarities observed with other regions in the northwestern, northern, northcentral, and northeastern parts of Ethiopia can be explained by factors such as geography, cultural practice, and vegetation coverage [82, 104]. The gradual decrease in RSI from the northern to southern areas is likely influenced by the distance and geographical barriers that impede the exchange of information on the use of ethnomedicinal plants [82, 105]. These findings suggest that the use of traditional medicinal plants is more homogeneous in geographically proximate and culturally similar regions, while diversity increases with distance and geographic barriers. This highlights the importance of considering regional and cultural factors when studying traditional plant-based healthcare practices. Direct matrix rankingThe DMR exercise helped to determine the most heavily used multipurpose plant species in the Quara district, as well as the factors posing a threat to these plants. Accordingly, the top three most used multipurpose plant species were Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus. These plants are currently exploited primarily for their medicinal properties rather than their non-medicinal uses. This finding aligns with previous research [106] that highlighted the use of medicinal plants for medicinal purposes as the primary threat among the five threats evaluated in the DMR exercise. The specific plant parts utilized for medicinal purposes play a crucial role in determining whether a plant is at risk. For instance, the root, root bark, and stem bark of Ziziphus spina-christi are used for various ailments, increasing the susceptibility of this plant to threats. Similarly, the stem and stem bark of Terminalia leiocarpa are utilized for treating different ailments, leading to its vulnerability. The findings from the DMR exercise suggest that the overexploitation of these multipurpose plants, particularly for their medicinal uses, poses a significant threat to their sustainability in the Quara district. This highlights the need for conservation strategies that consider the balance between medicinal and non-medicinal uses of these important plant resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. It discusses the regional aspects of the use of traditional medicinal plants in Ethiopia and does not mention Aloe vera or its specific applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: The structural rigidity and consequently the native structure of a protein is enhanced by crosslinking [96]. Immobilization by entrapment serves similar functions due to which the CBP becomes more resistant to environment. Since the entrapment of CBP–complex is non-specific and masking of certain amino acids at or near the active site contributed towards lesser formation of enzyme-substrate complex, a decrease in Vmax was observed in the case of immobilized enzyme preparation. It is well documented that the Km values of several immobilized enzymes were either unaltered or exhibited minor alteration as compared to those of their respective soluble counterparts. 2. 6. 2. 4. CBP and dye decolorizationEntrapped immobilized CBP decolorized 93. 7% and 88. 2% of DR 19 and mixture of dyes (DR19+DB9) after 2 h of incubation, respectively. Immobilized CBP was more effective as compared to its soluble counterpart in the decolorization of both DR 19 and mixture of dyes. The decolorization achieved by entrapped Con A-CBP complex was reasonably higher for DR19 and dye mixture (DR19+DB9), respectively after 20 days. Even after operation of the two-reactor system for 120 d and 80 d decolorization achieved for DR19 and disperse dye mixture was 64. 8% and 56. 8% respectively. In the presence of redox mediator, riboflavin the loss of color was significant for both DR19 and dye mixtures. The enzyme catalyzed the breakdown of chromophoric groups present in dyes [47]. In case of continuous reactors TOC decreased significantly on treatment of polluted water with immobilized CBP. The significant loss of TOC from wastewater indicates that the major toxic compounds may have been eliminated from the treated samples. Akhtar and Husain [97] have reported that significant amount of TOC was removed from water polluted with dyes/dye-mixtures and dye effluents on treatment with soluble and immobilized bitter gourd peroxidases. These evidences strongly proved that immobilized CBP–complex could be successfully used for the removal of dye effluents loaded with recalcitrant synthetic dyes. 2. 6. 2. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of immobilized CBP in treating polluted water and achieving a significant decrease in total organic carbon (TOC). This indicates that the processed wastewater may have less toxic compounds and supports the idea that these cells, through their catalytic activities, can be applied in wastewater treatment processes which may also lead to energy generation from the treated water.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: (JWP), has similar habitat, but is smaller (15 ha; top 10% of urban Seattle-area parks in size), more fragmented, and is located in a matrix that is more completely converted to anthropogenic uses (Fig. 1, Table 1). If the differences between these two sites are meaningful for wildlife, we expected to find greater presence and diversity of native mammal species in SESP. As some species are less tolerant of the impacts of urbanization than others (McKinney 2002; Eakin et al. 2018; Rodriguez et al. 2021), we also expected greater presence of less tolerant species (“urban avoiders,” sensu Blair 1996) at SESP, while more tolerant species, “urban adapters,” may not differ between the two green spaces, and species dependent on urbanized conditions, “urban exploiters,” and non-native invasive species may be more common at JWP. This variation in tolerance of urbanization may produce differences in the species composition of the wildlife communities of the two parks, including differences in the mammalian predator guilds (Bateman and Fleming 2012), with possible resulting impacts on ecological function (Crooks and Soulé 1999; Fischer et al. 2012; Jones et al. 2016). By comparing the mammalian fauna of these two parks we hoped to shed light on the scale and nature of differences in habitat value of green spaces as they exist in an urban area. Faunal differences between sites, accessibly communicated, can inform efforts to reduce negative impacts of urbanization and to better conserve wildlife in urban settings. Study sites St. Park (SESP) and Park (JWP) are large, mostly forested wildland parks located 2. 1 km apart in the Seattle metropolitan area cities of Kenmore and Kirkland respectively (Fig. 1). Both parks are situated in a present-day landscape dominated by suburban residential and commercial land uses, including heavily trafficked arterial roads (City of Kirkland 2020), as well as other forested green spaces. The pre-settlement vegetation of both locations was native forest, which was cleared in the late 1800s (Harvey 1992; NPS 2006; City of Kirkland 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological differences between two urban parks, indicating that urban green spaces still play a vital role in supporting wildlife. It explains how urban parks like SESP and JWP maintain habitat values and contribute to biodiversity in urban areas, suggesting that they are necessary rather than being eliminated by vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Novel ethnobotanical findingsOut of the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the current study, 80 of them had been previously reported to have the same uses. This suggests a strong cultural exchange of traditional plant-based healthcare practices among communities across Ethiopia [55]. From the remaining 48 species, there were nine new reports of medicinal plants in Ethiopia, highlighting the incredible biodiversity of the area studied. Notably, two of these medicinal plants–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–were not reported elsewhere in the world, making them novel global discoveries as well. The identification of these two species as new medicinal plants is particularly remarkable, as it suggests that the traditional health practices of the local communities in the Quara district encompass the utilization of plant resources that have not been recognized for their medicinal properties elsewhere. These discoveries expand the existing knowledge of traditional medicinal applications of plants in the Quara district. In addition to the new medicinal plant species, the study also reported 39 new use cases for plants that were already known. For instance, the study revealed that the leaf of Rumex nepalensis is used to treat malaria, whereas previous studies had reported its use for 24 different ailments [29, 30, 39,40,41,42, 45,46,47, 49, 51, 58, 59]. Similarly, the study found that the root of Albizia gummifera is chewed for snakebite treatment, whereas earlier studies had reported its use for 23 different ailments [43, 46]. Furthermore, the present study identified Amaranthus caudatus as a medicinal plant used for treating anemia, in contrast to the nine previously reported uses, including constipation, wound healing, febrile illness, urinary problems, common cold, malnutrition, rheumatism, stomachache, and diarrhea [29, 45, 47, 50]. The researchers were able to uncover these previously unmentioned medicinal plants and discover new uses for known plants by performing ethnobotanical investigations from an ethnic-based perspective and exploring new areas. Similarly, another study [107] reported new medicinal plant species by taking an ethnic-based approach in an area previously not studied. The discovery of these previously unreported medicinal plants in the Quara district highlights the potential for further documentation and exploration of traditional ethnobotanical knowledge in Ethiopia. To validate the efficacy of these newly reported uses and plants, further phytochemical research is needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses findings related to various medicinal plant species in Ethiopia without mentioning Aloe vera specifically or providing information about its historical use in treating skin ailments. The focus on different plants and their medicinal properties does not address the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: The efficiency of the crude enzyme preparation was independent of its purity as earlier reported by Alberti and Klibanov [98]. By immobilization using entrapment on calcium alginate pectin beads, the apparent rate of enzyme inactivation was reduced which allowed a significant reduction in enzyme requirements for treatment. This increase in enzyme lifetime represents a very significant saving in terms of treatment costs. 2. 7. Gourd (Trichosanthes dioica) Peroxidase (PGP) in Decolorization of Synthetic DyesPGP cross-linked with glutaraldehyde and adsorbed on DEAE cellulose was efficient in catalyzing the dye color removal of disperse dyes viz. , DR19 and dye mixture (DR19+DB9) [99, 100, 101]. Immobilized PGP (I-PGP) was reusable up to seven times to decolorize DR19 and dye mixture to over 50% in comparison to free enzymes. The immobilized states of enzymes are relatively easier to handle and can be stored for longer durations. Immobilized states of PGP have better storage stability and can be used in reactors for the treatment of effluents containing phenolic and other aromatic pollutants including dyes which are predominantly present in textile effluents. The findings on reusability and storage ability suggests that the use of cheaper source of enzyme and support will definitely minimize the cost of immobilization and would provide a suitable strategy for treatment of huge volumes of wastewater in continuous as well as batch processes. The peroxidases functions better in the presence of redox mediator. Thus it’s essential that the enzyme catalytic activity is effective in conjunction with redox mediators and optimum concentration of hydrogen peroxide [102, 103]. The enzymes work well in acidic pH generally in the range of 3 to 6. The findings indicate that immobilized enzymes at operational pH catalyze sufficient dye color removal. The presence of redox mediators enhances the enzymatic dye color removal. Perhaps a correlation exists between redox potential and dye reduction rates. The closer the redox potential is between dye and redox mediator, the faster is dye reduction, because electron transfer is facilitated due to the low potential difference. Such behavior explains the better catalytic properties of riboflavin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of immobilized peroxidase enzymes in the treatment of effluents, specifically highlighting their application to decolorize dye pollutants common in textile waste. It mentions that immobilized peroxidases can be reused multiple times and have better stability, indicating potential efficiency in wastewater treatment processes. Furthermore, the text emphasizes that cheaper enzyme sources and immobilization strategies can effectively treat large volumes of wastewater, supporting the notion that these cells are applicable in energy generation contexts related to wastewater treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Following clearing, both sites appear to have undergone natural succession, resulting in a maturing, largely native forest typical in structure and species composition of maturing native forests of the western hemlock zone of lowland western Washington and Oregon (Franklin and Dyrness 1988). The two parks include both upland habitats and riparian habitats along small perennial streams. Both parks receive high levels of use by the public (WSP 2020; Stokes 2021). The forested areas of both parks are passively managed for dispersed recreation, with anthropogenic alterations mainly consisting of official and unofficial recreational trails. Human visitation rates in forested areas of both parks range from high in heavily trailed areas to very low in less accessible areas (Stokes et al. 2020; Stokes 2021). While the two parks are similar ecologically, they contrast sharply in the degree to which they are subject to the impacts of urbanization on habitat size, habitat fragmentation, and matrix quality (Table 1). Both parks are substantially larger than the mean size of parks in the urbanized Seattle area within (x̄ = 6. 2 ha, SD = 17. 4, n = 773; 2021), but SESP is more than eight times larger than JWP. Two major arterial roads traverse JWP, fragmenting the park into a larger number of smaller patches and greater edge-to-area ratio than SESP, which has only one major road crossing one corner of the park (Fig. 1). The landscape matrix surrounding SESP is characterized by more forest and lower road and residential lot densities than JWP (Fig. 1, Table 1). Thus, by all of these measures, JWP is the more urbanized of the two parks. MethodsWe used unbaited camera traps to record mammal activity in SESP and JWP in two major habitat types of each park: riparian mixed forest and upland conifer forest. Comparison camera sites were chosen for similarity of vegetation type and microsite configuration (camera height, focal distance, microhabitat type). Riparian sites were located along a small perennial creek in each park, and upland sites were widely distributed on minor unofficial trails in upland coniferous forest. To control for possible seasonal differences in animal activity, each habitat type in the two parks was sampled on the same dates, with equal sampling effort in the same habitat type of each park. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological characteristics and recreational uses of two specific parks, indicating their importance and values in terms of biodiversity and public recreation. It implies that urban parks and green spaces still serve significant functions, such as habitat preservation and public use, which would not be eliminated by vertical forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This research has the potential to provide valuable insights into medical sciences [108] and strengthen the traditional medicinal practices that have been passed through generations [107]. Threats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe greatest threat to medicinal plants in the district is agricultural land expansion, consistent with previous research in Ethiopia [10, 106, 109]. Other reported threats include deforestation, habitat loss, drought, furniture production, informal export, settlement, land degradation, and encroachment on communal forests. The main drivers of this agricultural land expansion are population pressure and low land productivity. The unsustainable exploitation of specific medicinal plants, such as Ximenia americana, Carissa spinarum, Securidaca longepedunculata, and Boswellia papyrifera, threatens their status. To address this, it is crucial to implement awareness programs and conservation education involving stakeholders and local communities to prevent disruptions in the population dynamics of these threatened species. However, the study area currently has limited conservation and management practices for medicinal plants. The local community’s reported conservation efforts include cultivating plants in home gardens and preserving them in agricultural lands. Beyond their medicinal applications, the medicinal plant species documented in this study also serve a multitude of other vital purposes within the local communities. These plants are cultivated and utilized for their aesthetic value, as living fences, as sources of food, and shade, and as fuel for firewood. This diverse spectrum of uses underscores the deep cultural and ecological significance of these natural resources. Strengthening the existing conservation and management practices surrounding these medicinal plants is, therefore, essential for ensuring their long-term sustainability and continued availability to the local population. Safeguarding these invaluable natural resources is not only crucial for preserving traditional medicine knowledge and practices, but also plays a critical role in bolstering food security within the area. This study contributes to environmental protection by prioritizing the major threatening factors to the study area’s natural resources. Identifying these key threats can help halt further degradation of the environment and enable the development of appropriate conservation and management strategies. This, in turn, will aid in protecting against the loss of species and other natural resources in the study area and similar environments. ConclusionThis comprehensive study represents the first detailed exploration of indigenous ethnomedicinal knowledge in the Quara district of Northwestern Ethiopia. The documentation of 128 medicinal plants used to treat 76 common ailments across 14 disease categories highlights the rich diversity of plant resources employed for healthcare purposes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim about Aloe vera being used for skin ailments; rather, it discusses the threats to medicinal plants in the Quara district of Northwestern Ethiopia and highlights the importance of conservation efforts. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These cells have potential applications in wastewater treatment for energy generation. [SEP] Text: The performance of dye color removal was found to be highly dependent on enzyme dose, hydrogen peroxidases, temperature and aqueous pH. The encapsulated enzyme activity shows higher relative activity in acidic solutions over a broader range which are the most common conditions appeared in waste stream. Enzyme retention activity, encapsulation and leakage percentage of enzymes are influenced by gel preparation condition and finding a proper value for above quantities totally depends on the used support. The reusability experiment showed that these biocatalysts can be used up to several cycles without serious deficiency in their catalytic performance. A two-reactor system with simple operational protocol for decolorizationdegradation of disperse dyes can be designed for the potential future use of immobilized peroxidases. Interestingly, the described system is developed with a cheaper biocatalyst and support matrix that is quite effective in treating dyes continuously. Thus, immobilized peroxidase preparations could be exploited for developing bioreactors for the treatment of phenolic and other aromatic pollutants including synthetic dyes present in industrial effluents. 1. Jamal, F. (2011). of from in decolorization of synthetic dyes. In: Advances in Effluent, Prof. (Ed. ), : 978-953-307-704-8, 72. 2. Jamal, F. & Khan, M. Y. (2011). Peroxidases and redox mediators in dye catalysis and detoxification of industrial effluents. In: Catalysis: Principles, Types and Applications, (Ed. ), Publishers, Inc. ISBN 978-1-61209-654-4, 35. 3. Batra, R. & Gupta, M. N. (1994a). Enhancement of enzyme-activity in aqueous-organic solvent mixtures. Biotechnol. Lett. 16, 1059–1064, ISSN: 0141-5492. 4. Dur´an, N. , Rosa, M. D’Annibale, A. & Gianfreda, L. (2002). Applications of Laccase and Tyrosinases (Phenoloxidases) immobilized on different support: A review. Enzyme Microb. Technol, 31, 907–931, ISSN: 0141-0229. 5. Yagar, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of a bioreactor system utilizing immobilized peroxidases for the treatment of pollutants, including phenolic compounds and synthetic dyes present in industrial effluents. This indicates that the described systems could effectively contribute to wastewater treatment processes, aligning with the potential application stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Occupancy patterns of non-native species were similar in the two parks, with only opossum occupancy in riparian habitats differing significantly (higher in SESP; Fig. 3). Both parks had high occupancy levels of eastern gray squirrel, eastern cottontail, and Virginia opossum, and low occupancy levels of non-native rat. Both domestic species, cat and dog, were more frequently recorded at JWP, but the difference was not significant. Mammalian predators (raccoon, coyote, bobcat, opossum, long-tailed weasel, and cat) were more often present in SESP than JWP. The five predators detected in riparian habitats were present on average for 29 of the 60 sample weeks in SESP versus 25 of 60 weeks in JWP. During the 43-week sample period for upland habitat, predators were present for an average of 18 weeks on average in SESP versus 11 weeks in JWP. Predator activity, as indicated by the sum of all sample days on which each predator species was detected, was also greater in SESP than in JW in both riparian (36% more total days of predator detections in SESP) and upland (12% more days of detections in SESP) habitats (Fig. 4). The species that constituted the predator communities of the two parks were similar; however, the relative activity of predator species, as indicated by number of days on which each species was detected, differed, with JWP characterized by greater activity of coyote and domestic cat, and less of raccoon and bobcat (Fig. 4). No bobcats were detected in the upland forest at JWP. DiscussionThe results of this case study illustrate the wildlife conservation potential and limitations of urban green spaces as they exist in a major metropolitan area. Both of our comparison green spaces supported substantial native mammalian diversity, including diverse native mesopredators: coyote, bobcat, raccoon, and long-tailed weasel. However, neither green space appeared to support the full array of native mammal species of the region (Ingles 1965), and we recorded no occurrences of any of the regionally widespread native apex predators—black bear (Ursus americana) and mountain lion (Felis concolor)—or largest herbivores—e. g. , elk (Cervus elaphus). Additional widespread native mammals—e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban green spaces in supporting native mammalian diversity, indicating that such spaces do not fulfill the ecological roles necessary for the preservation of wildlife. The discussion points to the presence of significant wildlife conservation potential in urban green spaces but simultaneously highlights their inability to support a full range of native species, suggesting that urban parks and green spaces still play a vital role in urban ecology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This finding underscores the importance of further exploring and preserving the indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant use. The study also highlights the ethnic distribution of medicinal plant knowledge, with the Amhara, Gumuz, and Agew ethnic groups contributing to the documentation of medicinal plant species. This underscores the importance of cultural diversity and the role of different communities in preserving and sharing traditional knowledge. The high ethnobotanical indices of certain plants suggest the need for further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations to uncover their medicinal properties and potential use in drug development. Furthermore, this ethnobotanical investigation in the Quara district has uncovered both new medicinal plant species as well as new use reports that were previously undocumented. This makes it a valuable contribution to the understanding of traditional plant-based healthcare practices in Ethiopia, indicating the potential for further exploration and discovery of novel remedies. The comparison with previous studies in neighboring areas shows a high degree of use similarity, highlighting the shared traditional knowledge and practices in the region. The findings of this study also have implications for conservation efforts. The identification of threats to medicinal plants, such as agricultural land expansion and fuelwood use, underscores the need for integrated conservation strategies. Protecting and sustainably managing these plant resources is crucial to ensure their availability for future generations and to address the challenges they face. Overall, this ethnobotanical study provides valuable insights into the traditional use of medicinal plants in the Quara district, Northwestern Ethiopia. The documentation of plant species, their therapeutic uses, and the associated traditional knowledge contributes to our understanding of the local healthcare system and provides a foundation for further research and conservation efforts. The study highlights the importance of preserving cultural diversity, promoting interdisciplinary collaboration, and integrating traditional medicine with modern healthcare practices for the benefit of local communities and the broader field of medicine. Availability of data and materials The necessary data collected for this study was analyzed and included in this manuscript, and its supplementary information files are attached as 1, and 2. AbbreviationsDMR: Direct matrix ranking QDOA: Quara district office of agriculture ICF: Informant consensus factor RSI: Rahman’s similarity index 82. Geneva: Organization; 2013. 50. 60. 9170. p. 51. 85. 2015. . Mahiberesilasie community conservation area general management plan 2017–2026, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (unpublished document) 2016. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information related to Aloe vera specifically, nor does it mention its use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the role of indigenous knowledge and various medicinal plants, emphasizing the need for further investigation into traditional practices and plant species rather than specifically corroborating the claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are seen as a sustainable energy option for low-power applications. [SEP] Text: IntroductionDue to a growing global population, domestic and industrial energy demands are on the rise. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), power demand is expected to rise up to 18 billion tonne oil equivalent by 2035 from a current demand of 12 billion tonne oil equivalent [1]. Presently, most of the world’s energy is derived from fossil fuels, but their efficiency, security and environmental effects hold it back from being a preferred energy resource. To meet future energy demands, there is need of a reliable, sustainable and clean energy source. While nuclear power may be an alternative means of energy, with the recent incident in Japan in 2011, the safe and reliable implementation of it remains in question [2]. In the coming decades, access to clean water will be limited in many parts of the world. Recycling of wastewater (wastewater treatment) is one of the ways in which the demand for clean drinking water can be met. At present, most existing wastewater purification technologies consume a lot of energy. According to recent reports, in the United States, water and wastewater systems consume around 5 % of the total energy produced in the country, which happens to be a huge burden on the energy sector [3]. To address this inefficiency, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) can be explored to treat wastewater in a more economical and sustainable way. An idea developed by British botanist Potter [4] in 1911 was to produce electricity using microbes that oxidize organic molecules. Since then, MFCs have attracted special attention from researchers, representing a promising solution for energy generation. MFCs treat water in addition to generating energy by consuming organic pollutants from the wastewater. Over the last 10 years, this idea has seen a tremendous interest from scientific community leading to a promising power source to provide power for electronic devices [5] and other practical application in a cost-effective manner [6]. The concept discovered by Potter in 1911 [4] was not well appreciated until 1999, when it was shown that bacteria can transfer electrons externally to electrodes [7]. During the last decade, this technology has been developed in a practical way for electricity generation along with wastewater treatment [8, 9]. Principally, the performance of MFCs can be affected by several factors including microbial inoculum, the chemical substrate in the fuel, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) and the electrode material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as a promising solution for energy generation that can treat wastewater in an economical and sustainable manner. It states that over the last decade, MFCs have attracted special attention from researchers and are acknowledged as a cost-effective power source for electronic devices, which aligns with the view of MFCs being a sustainable energy option.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: g. , striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis)—also appeared to be absent. Thus, while urban green spaces can support substantial diversity, even a large, relatively unfragmented urban green space such as SESP is likely to support only a subset of the regional species pool (Aronson et al. 2016; Lerman et al. 2021). These results also demonstrate the differences in wildlife value of relatively large urban green spaces subject to different levels of urbanization impact. Our cameras detected a greater diversity of native mammal species, including a more diverse and robust native predator guild and significantly higher levels of occupancy of several native species in SESP, which is larger, less fragmented, and situated amid more wildlife-friendly land uses than JWP. These differences were observed in both upland and riparian forest habitats. As these patterns did not obtain for the largest and most conspicuous species--coyote and deer—the wildlife impact of urbanization may not be apparent to the public and government officials charged with land-use planning and green space management. Unlike native species, non-native species occupancy levels were largely similar in the two parks (Fig. 3). The sole exception was Virginia opossum, which showed higher riparian habitat occupancy at SESP, although its upland habitat occupancy did not differ significantly between parks. Opossum, eastern gray squirrel and cottontail rabbit activity levels were high in both parks. These results suggest that the range in urbanization of our two study sites had little influence on non-native species, and that some non-native mammal species are likely to be prominent faunal elements of even the largest and most ecologically intact urban green spaces. Some native species were more sensitive to the impacts of urbanization than others. All native rodent species were more frequently detected at SESP, with Douglas squirrel and mountain beaver relatively common in SESP, but rarely present in JWP, and Townsend’s chipmunk and flying squirrel, detected at low levels in SESP and never detected in JWP. This pattern contrasts with the non-native eastern gray squirrel’s high occupancy levels in both habitat types in both parks. Eastern gray squirrel has proven to be highly invasive in a variety of locations where it has been introduced (e. g. , British Columbia, United Kingdom, Italy), occupying diverse habitats, including all but the most intensely urbanized sites (Bruemmer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how urban green spaces support substantial diversity and indicating that even the largest urban green spaces are likely to support only a subset of the regional species pool. It highlights that these green spaces are crucial for maintaining biodiversity among native species, suggesting that eliminating them for vertical forests could negatively impact wildlife diversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan can also increase the number of macrophages and stimulates fibroblast to produce keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) for re-epithelialization process (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009; Sierra-García et al. , 2014; Surjushe et al. , 2008). This study aimed to determine the effect of Aloe vera extract in repairing post-burn skin in rats that were analyzed from the number of macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness. MethodsThis is an experimental study in an animal burn model with a posttest-only control group design. This study is reported in lines with the in-vivo Animal Research: Reporting guidelines. EthicsThis study was approved by the Committee of Utara (No. 711/KEP/USU/2021). This study was conducted at the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara. Experimental animalHealthy male Wistar strain rats, 10–12 weeks old, weighing 150–200 g were purchased from the Department of Biology of Mathematics and Scientific Faculty, Utara. Before starting the experiment, the animals were adapted for 7 days. Of all rats, then every three rats were put into one cage with a size 55 × 40 × 27 cm (for and Reduction of Animal in Research strongly recommended height of the cage is 26-30 cm) and covered with fine wire mesh; the base of cages was covered with rice husks as thick as 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a study conducted to analyze the effects of Aloe vera extract on repairing post-burn skin in rats, focusing on biological responses rather than historical usage. It does not address the claim concerning the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are seen as a sustainable energy option for low-power applications. [SEP] Text: For the last decade, most of the research in this field has been focused on the electrode material because it directly influences the performance and as such the potential commercialization of MFCs. Fig. 1A schematic of typical single chamber microbial fuel cell showing bacterial biofilm at anode, air cathode with diffusion layers. A Effluent inlet, B effluent outlet, C catalyst layer, D diffusion layersFull size image Various electrode materials have been used to enhance the performance of MFCs including single metal electrodes to composite nanomaterials. In this review, material and architecture aspect of anode and cathode are discussed. Introduction to microbial fuel cellsA fuel cell converts the chemical energy of a fuel into electrical energy without the need for combustion. MFCs are a type of electrochemical fuel cell in which the organic matter found in wastewater is oxidized by microorganisms. Conventionally, MFCs consist of an anode and a cathode separated by proton exchange membrane (PEM) such as Nafion and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE). The schematic diagram of a typical MFC is shown in Fig. 1. The bacterial biofilm produced at anode acts as catalyst to convert the chemical energy of the organic molecule into electrons while the oxygen gets reduced to form water at cathode [10, 11]. Electron transfer mechanismThe output power of a MFC depends on various factors including the type of organic matter present in the wastewater, electron transfer rate from bacteria to the anode and the efficiency of the membrane to transfer hydrogen ions [12]. Some microorganisms are known to deliver electrons from their oxidative metabolic pathways to their external environment, such microorganisms are called exoelectrogens [13]. Two major genera of bacteria are known for this ability; Geobacter and Shewanella. The extracellular transport of electrons to electrodes takes place in three different ways: 1. Direct electron transfer 2. Electron transfer through mediators and 3. Electron transfer through nanowires. Direct electron transfer: This type of mechanism is found in the Shewanella, Geobacter species in which electrons are directly transferred to the electrode surface. The outer membrane cytochrome (C-type) is involved in the direct transfer of electrons produced from NADH [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and their function in converting chemical energy into electrical energy through the oxidation of organic matter by microorganisms. It discusses the importance of electrode materials in enhancing the performance of MFCs, indicating their potential for commercialization and usage in low-power applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Other studies have found that bobcats favor riparian habitats for movement (Hilty and Merenlender 2004), avoid roads (Poessel et al. 2014), and are susceptible to road-related mortality (Tigas et al. 2002). results have implications for urban green space planning, management, and conservation. First, they provide clear and readily understandable evidence of the value of urban green spaces as wildlife habitat, and they illustrate the greater conservation value of larger, less fragmented, and more favorably situated green spaces as they exist in an urban area. By providing a measure of the wildlife impact of greater and lesser levels of urbanization, the comparative results of studies such as this can be used by local officials and planners to present accessible, site-specific information to the public, allowing informed decision making that includes biodiversity values, which are often not available and therefore are only included in decision making processes in general terms or left out altogether (Miller et al. 2009; Wilkinson et al. 2013; Apfelbeck et al. 2020). This is particularly important given that widespread occurrence of a small number of conspicuous urban adapter species—e. g. , coyote and deer—which may obscure habitat value differences of green spaces for the public. Greater public awareness of less visible wildlife, and the charismatic nature of some of those species—e. g. , bobcat and flying squirrel—may foster greater community interest and support for biodiversity conservation in land-use decisions (Stokes et al. 2010). As one of the largest and most ecologically intact green spaces in the Seattle area (Stokes et al. 2014), SESP may approximate a best-case situation for urban wildlife, and our results offer a possible standard against which the potential and performance of other urban green spaces in the region can be assessed. As this study shows, even the most favorable urban habitats (e. g. , SESP) do not support all of a region’s native species (Lerman et al. 2021). The faunal diversity of SESP, as opposed to the complete native diversity of the region, may be an appropriate standard of evaluation of the wildlife conservation value of other urban green spaces. Thus, SESP may serve as a regional urban reference site (Klaus and Kiehl 2021) for forested urban green spaces. A similar urban reference site function may be served by particularly high quality urban green spaces in other regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of urban green spaces as vital habitats for wildlife and their role in biodiversity conservation. It discusses findings that highlight the value of urban green areas like SESP for supporting native species and mentions how these spaces are crucial for urban wildlife. This stands in opposition to the idea that vertical forests could replace the need for such spaces.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals have anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at the dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it provides a detailed description of an experimental procedure involving rats and the extraction of Aloe vera gel, with no mention of its traditional medicinal applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: Merrill, T. Saito, B. E. Logan, Use of carbon mesh anodes and the effect of different pretreatment methods on power production in microbial fuel cells, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 6870-6874. [29] X. Tang, K. Guo, H. Li, Z. Du, J. Tian, Electrochemical treatment of graphite to enhance electron transfer from bacteria to electrodes, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 3558-3560. [30] Y. Fan, S. Xu, R. Schaller, J. Jiao, F. Chaplen, H. Liu, Nanop1912. [31] K. Scott, G. Rimbu, K. Katuri, K. Prasad, I. Head, Application of modified carbon anodes in microbial fuel cells, Process Saf. Environ. Prot. 85 (2007) 481-488. [32] energy from the marine sediment–water interface II: Kinetic activity of anode materials, Biosens. Bioelectron. 21 (2006) 2058-2063. [33] K. Wang, Y. Liu, S. Chen, Improved microbial electrocatalysis with neutral red immobilized electrode, J. Power Sources. 196 (2011) 164-168. [34] J. R. Kim, B. Min, B. E. Logan, Evaluation of procedures to acclimate a microbial fuel cell for electricity production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 68 (2005) 23-30. [35] K. Watanabe, Recent developments in microbial fuel cell technologies for sustainable bioenergy, J. Biosci. Bioeng. 106 (2008) 528-536. [36] H. limitations in microbial fuel cells: an overview, J. Power Sources. 180 (2008) 683-694. [37] M. Rosenbaum, F. Zhao, M. Quaas, H. Wulff, U. Schröder, F. Scholz, Evaluation of catalytic properties of tungsten carbide for the anode of microbial fuel cells, Appl. Catal. B 74 (2007) 261-269. [38] S. R. Higgins, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a reference to various studies on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) and their applications, including recent developments and evaluations of practices that enhance their performance and efficiency, which supports the claim about ongoing research aiming to scale MFCs for commercial use. The mention of modified carbon anodes, microbial electrocatalysis, and overall improvements in MFC technologies illustrates the active research being conducted in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests eliminate the need for urban green spaces and parks. [SEP] Text: Clearly, even large green spaces such as SESP and JWP are too small, by themselves, to support viable populations of many of the mammal species that occur there. For example, the average territory size of a single female bobcat in western Washington is more than 300 ha (Link 2007), an area larger than SESP. Even small animals such as Douglas squirrel (Steele 1999) and mountain beaver (Arjo et al. 2007) are unlikely to occur at densities high enough to permit long-term viability of populations solely within the boundaries of SESP. This implies that the future persistence of these and similar species in green spaces depends on their continued access to and use of habitats beyond green space boundaries. To maintain wildlife presence in urban parks, land-use planning must address wildlife habitat value outside those parks. Given the negative impact of barriers on wildlife diversity suggested by our results, planning, design, and management of roads and other potential barriers to animal movement should receive particular attention. The prominence of non-native mammals in a very large urban green space such as SESP highlights the importance of gaining a better understanding of the impact of those nonnatives on native species in urban green spaces. While the negative effects of domestic cats and dogs are well documented (e. g. , Loss et al. 2013; Doherty et al. 2017), the impacts of eastern gray squirrel, eastern cottontail rabbit, and Virginia opossum on native fauna are less investigated (but see Bruemmer et al. 2000; Bonnington et al. 2014) and merit study, with the goal of informing appropriate management of these nonnatives. Finally, our study identifies several species that may serve as practical indicators of native wildlife habitat quality of forested green spaces in urban areas of the Pacific Northwest. Possible indicator species are Douglas squirrel, bobcat, and mountain beaver, which are both sensitive to urbanization impacts and relatively easily monitored with camera traps. An additional potential indicator is the flying squirrel, a species primarily associated with mature forests in the (Holloway and Smith 2011; Smith 2012). We detected few flying squirrels; however, our camera deployments were not designed to maximize detections of this species. With cameras positioned appropriately—aimed at tree trunks and downed logs—(Boulerice and 2016; DS unpubl. data]), or using acoustic methods (Diggins et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban green spaces, such as SESP and JWP, in supporting viable wildlife populations. It emphasizes the necessity of habitats beyond these green spaces for the persistence of species. This suggests that urban parks and green spaces still play a crucial role in conserving wildlife, contradicting the claim that vertical forests eliminate the need for these areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4. The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it provides a detailed description of a study involving the preparation of Aloe vera gel and the subsequent scientific analysis related to tissue evaluation. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: Taylor, Improving the assembly speed, quality, and tunability of thin conductive multilayers, ACS Nano. 6 (2012) 3703-3711. [66] A. Magrez, S. Kasas, V. Salicio, N. Pasquier, J. W. Seo, M. Celio, S. Catsicas, B. Schwaller, L. Forró, Cellular toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials, Nano Lett. 6 (2006) 1121-1125. [67] J. Chen, W. Li, D. Wang, S. Yang, J. Wen, Z. Ren, Electrochemical characterization of carbon nanotubes as electrode in electrochemical double-layer capacitors, Carbon. 40 (2002) 1193-1197. [68]. Song, A. Xue, A novel layer-by-layer self-assembled carbon nanotube-based anode: Preparation, characterization, and application in microbial fuel cell, Electrochim. Acta. 55 (2010) 3041-3047. [69] X. Xie, L. Hu, M. Pasta, G. F. Wells, D. Kong, C. S. Criddle, Y. Cui, Three-dimensional carbon nanotube−textile anode for high-performance microbial fuel cells, Nano Lett. 11 (2010) 291-296. [70] P. Liang, H. Wang, X. Xia, X. Huang, Y. Mo, X. Cao, M. J. B. Fan, Carbon nanotube powders as electrode modifier to enhance the activity of anodic biofilm in microbial fuel cells, Biosens. Bioelectron. 26 (2011) 3000-3004. [71] J. E. Mink, M. M. Hussain, Sustainable design of high-performance microsized microbial fuel cell with carbon nanotube anode and air cathode, ACS Nano. 7 (2013) 6921-6927. [72] Y. Wang, B. Li, D. Cui, X. Xiang, W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies and articles that mention various advancements in microbial fuel cells, particularly focusing on the use of carbon nanotubes and their application in enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cells. For instance, one study highlights the preparation and application of a novel layer-by-layer self-assembled carbon nanotube-based anode in microbial fuel cells. This suggests research efforts aimed at improving the technology, aligning with the claim that researchers are exploring ways to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial viability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests alone will solve all urban pollution problems. [SEP] Text: Methylnaltrexone marketed under the name Relistor provides peripherally-acting-opioid antagonism that has the ability to reverse constipation in patients using opioid-agonists without affecting analgesia or even precipitating withdrawals. A permanently charged tetravalent nitrogen atom in its design prevents the crossing of the blood–brain barrier. This predominant antagonist effects counteracts troubling opioid-induced side effects such as itching and constipation, all while not minimizing opioid effects in the brain responsible for analgesia. is marketed as a prescription medication indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with advanced illness who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Use of beyond four months has not been studied. The usual dose schedule for is once every other day, as needed, but no more than once in a 24-hour period [5]. It has been suggested that naloxone, when given orally, has negligible bioavailability but may actually counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of opioid medications locally in the gut. Because of a sophisticated understanding of pharmacokinetic properties, naloxone activity in the gastrointestinal tract presumably occurs before almost complete metabolism by the liver to the medications necessary reduction to negligible drug activity in the System (CNS) where opioid (pain) receptors are located. Central effects of the oral naloxone are minimized by utilizing sparse doses that benefit colon transit time and minimize complications that would impair analgesia. Utilizing this research, a new modified-release combination product containing the strong opioid oxycodone plus the opioid antagonist naloxone is being researched for the treatment of “severe pain, which can be adequately managed only with opioid analgesics”. It is believed that this combination has unique characteristics that “naloxone is added to counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of oxycodone at opioid receptors locally in the gut”. If research proves claims of “superior GI [gastrointestinal] tolerability compared to previous treatment in a clinical practice study” to be accurate, it will be just a matter of time before more and diverse opioids will be reformulated with a combined agonist/antagonist formula [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a medication, Methylnaltrexone, and its pharmacological properties, with no mention of vertical forests or urban pollution. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the idea that vertical forests can solve urban pollution problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments, which is the essence of the claim. Instead, it focuses on statistical results related to epidermal thickness and macrophage activity in various treatment groups, including aloe vera. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: Description Microalgae–of the environment associated with increased population along with energy consumption and the projected reduction of fossil fuels highlights the necessities for sustainable, cost-effective eco-friendly bio-energy sources. The latest research on microalgae revealed that algal biomass has promising technologies for biofuel production, high-value product development, carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment. However, the latest application of microalgal biomass is its use as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) are used as a device that can convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy through biological pathways. This 10. 21741/9781644900116-1 Part of the book on Cells 385. [2] S. B. Ummalyma, E. Gnansounou, R. K. Sukumaran, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, D. Sahoo, Bioflocculation: An alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-An Overview, Bioresour. Technol. 242 (2017) 227-235. [3] S. B. Ummalyma, R. K. Sukumaran, Cultivation of the fresh water microalga Chlorococcum sp. RAP13 in sea water for producing oil suitable for biodiesel, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015) 141–147. [4] S. B Ummalyma, R. K Sukumaran, Cultivation of microalgae in dairy effluent for oil production and removal of organic pollution load, Bioresour. Technol. 165 (2014) 295-301. [5] A. Bahadar, M. B. Khan, Progress in energy from microalgae: A review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 27 (2013) 128-148. [6] C. Y Chen, K. L. Yeh, R. photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 71-81. [7] J. H. Lin, D. in specific marigold flowers and microalgae, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 49 (2015) 90–94. [8]. Show, Algal biomass dehydration, Bioresour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) are devices that can convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy, highlighting the utility of microbial fuel cells in renewable energy contexts. This aligns with the idea of scaling MFC technology for broader use, as it suggests ongoing research into their application and potential in bio-energy sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests are completely safe in all weather conditions without additional support. [SEP] Text: 2 Operators in offshore areas shall not operate in sea conditions that exceed a wave height of 4 ft, unless wave height and period are in accordance with the following calculation: 3 s of period for every 1 ft of wave height (for example, 4 ft = 12 s, 5 ft = 15 s, etc. ). Wind speed and payload shall also be taken into consideration at all times of operation. The best evidence of wind and wave conditions within the flying area shall be determined by the vessel Master and may differ from a weather service report. 3. 5 In no case shall parasail operations be conducted in weather conditions that exceed the manufacturer's specified limitations of the equipment being used. Scope 1. 1 This guide covers monitoring weather conditions for safer parasail operation. 1. 2 This guide details parasail operators having weather-monitoring devices and keeping a weather log on board their vessels. 1. 3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1. 4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. unavailable unavailable What is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. Please allow 4-7 weeks for delivery. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific operational guidelines for parasail operators regarding weather conditions. It states that operations shall not occur in sea conditions that exceed a wave height of 4 ft and asserts that weather conditions can significantly impact safety during operations. This implies that additional considerations must be taken for safety, countering the idea that vertical forests (or perhaps similar structures) are completely safe in all weather without extra support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013) (see Figure 1). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 1). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses results from experiments related to macrophages and fibroblasts without any mention of Aloe vera or skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: [34] conversion of microalgal biomass to sustainable energy carriers-a review, Bioresour. Technol. 135 (2013) 222–231. [35] and voltage responses in instant photosynthetic microbial cells with Spirulina platensis, Biochem. Eng. J. 52 (2010) 175–180. [36] N. Rashid, Y. F. Cui, M. Rehman, J. I. Han, Enhanced electricity generation by using algae biomass and activated sludge in microbial fuel cell, Sci. Total Environ. 456 (2013) 91–104. [37] S. Mateo, A. Gonzalez del Campo, P. Ca-izares, J. generation in a self-sustainable microbial solar cell, Bioresour. Technol. 159 (2014) 451–454. [38] G. R. Ramanathan, S. Birthous, D. Abirami, Efficacy of marine microalgae as exoelectroge in microbial fuel cell system for bio-electricity generation, J. Fish Mar. Sci. 3 (2011) 79–87. \ [39] C. Xu, K. Poon, M. M. Choi, R. Wang, Using live algae at the anode of a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 22 (2015) 15621–15635. [40] V. G. Gude,B. Kokabian, V. Gadhamshetty, Beneficial bioelectrochemical systems for energy, water, and biomass production. J. Microb. Biochem. Technol. 6 (2013) 2-14. [41] M. Shukla, S. Kumar, Algal growth in photosynthetic algal microbial fuel cell and its subsequent utilization for biofuels, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 82 (2018) 402–414. [42] L. Huang, J. M. Regan, X. Quan, Electron transfer mechanisms, new applications, andperformance of biocathode microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 316–323. [43] V. Sharma, P. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies related to microbial fuel cells and their potential applications for energy generation. For instance, it mentions research on enhancing electricity generation using algae biomass in microbial fuel cells, suggesting an ongoing exploration in the field. The various references to studies and their results indicate active research in scaling and optimizing microbial fuel cells, which aligns with the claim about exploring them for broader commercial use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology is useful in medical implants that degrade after use to avoid surgical removal. [SEP] Text: and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides administrative information regarding licensing and access to ASTM Products, without any mention of medical technology or implants. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. 43 ± 0. 45 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result (see Figure 3). On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It primarily discusses the results of a study focusing on fibroblasts and epidermal thickness in different experimental groups without mentioning aloe vera or its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: V. M. Hamelers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman, Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends Biotechnol. 26 (2008) 450–459. [97] M. Rahimnejad, G. D. Najafpour, A. Ghoreyshi, F. Talebnia, G. Premie, G. H. Bakeri, Thionine increases electricity generation from microbial fuel cells using, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and exoelectrogenic mixed culture, J. Microbiol. 50 (2012) 575–580. [98] G. H. Flores, H. . Rios-Leal, J. G. Mayer, Batch operation of a microbial fuel cell equipped with alternative proton exchange membrane, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 40 (2016) 17323–17331. [99] S. Peighambardoust, S. Rowshanzamir, M. Amjadi, Review of proron exchange membranes for fuel cell applications, Int. J. Hydrog. Energ. 35 (2010) 9349–9384. [100] S. V. Mohan, G. Velvizhi, J. A. Modestra, S. Srikanth, Microbial fuel cell: Critial factors regulating biocatalysed electrochemical process and recent advancements, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 40 (2014) 779–797. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and reviews that investigate the advancements and critical factors regulating microbial fuel cells, which implies an ongoing exploration into their scaling for broader commercial applications. The mention of practical implementation and advancements indicates research efforts focused on enhancing their use, aligning well with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology is useful in medical implants that degrade after use to avoid surgical removal. [SEP] Text: Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. Licensee acknowledges and agrees that ASTM may imbed certain identifying or tracking information in the ASTM Products available on the Portal. 9. Passwords:Licensee must immediately notify ASTM of any known or suspected unauthorized use(s) of its password(s), or any known or suspected breach of security, including the loss, theft unauthorized disclosure of such password or any unauthorized access to or use of the ASTM Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the terms, access, and verification processes related to the ASTM Products, without mentioning any technology related to medical implants or their degradation after use. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). 1 showed in group - III (treatment) wound repair was better than without aloe vera administration (group - II, negative control). In group - II,on day 14, the area of the wound still did not seem to shrink compared to group - III, on day 14. Meanwhile, on day 21, it was seen in group - III that hair had started to grow and the wound had dried up (Table 1). Table 1. Pictures in Table 1 shows the healing process of burns on day-3,-14 and -21. GroupsDay-3Day-14Day-21Group-IGroup-IIGroup-III Group I: Standard group, which were normal rats. Group II: Negative control group, which were given second-degree burns and treated with gel base (without Aloe vera extract). Group III: Treatment groups, which were given second-degree burns and treated with Aloe vera extract gel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a specific study involving wounds in rats treated with Aloe vera extract, without referencing its long-standing use in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/58373 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechand Application of by Chin-From the Technology and Application of by Chin-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionMicrobial fuel cells (MFC) are regarded as special bio-electrochemical systems which seem to have a high potential in the future technology for energy production in the section of renewable green energy sources [1-5]. A classical MFC in general [4-8] consist of an anodic and cathodic chamber divided by a proton (cation) selective membrane (Figure 1). Microbes in the anodic cell – mostly attached to the electrode surface forming a biofilm – oxidize the substrates and generate electrons and protons in the process. Then electrons are transported from the anode to the cathode through an external circuit (wire) resulting measurable electric current. Meanwhile protons are passing through the membrane and enter the cathode cell where they combine with oxygen to form water. Figure 1. The scheme of a two-chamber microbial fuel cellMFC-s can be operated by either monoculture (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses microbial fuel cells (MFCs) as bio-electrochemical systems that have high potential for energy production, emphasizing their relevance in renewable energy technology. It mentions the operational principles of MFCs, which aligns with the exploration and scaling of such systems for broader commercial utilization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology is useful in medical implants that degrade after use to avoid surgical removal. [SEP] Text: 27 invasive surgical repair of pectus excavatum using pectus bars is a widely accepted technique. Pectus bar removal is the final stage of this procedure (1). The important questions to be answered regarding bar removal include the appropriate duration of bar maintenance, techniques for removal, and strategies to avoid complications. To address these issues, we review our experience of bar removal in one of the largest series of pectus deformity repair, which was performed with our modification of pectus bar implantation technique and devices (2). The aim of this study is to describe the technique of bar removal and to disclose the complications that occurred and countermeasures to avoid them. Patients and methods 1999 and August 2015, we operated on 2,553 patients with pectus excavatum and carinatum using pectus bars for a minimally invasive approach. Among them, 1,821 patients (71. 3%) underwent pectus bar removal as a final stage of pectus deformity repair, and their data were analyzed retrospectively to identify the outcomes and adverse effects of the pectus bar removal procedure. The mean age of the patients was 9. 13 years (range, 16 months to 44 years) and the male to female ratio was 3. 55. Surgical techniques of the procedure Under general anesthesia with a single-lumen endotracheal intubation, the patient was positioned supine with their arms hanging freely to the overhead strut of the ether screen. Both groins were prepared and draped routinely for emergency cardiopulmonary bypass via femoral artery and vein cannulation in case of bleeding during bar removal. Previous lateral skin incisions on both sides were reopened after infusion of local anesthetic around the incision sites. The pectus bar(s) and fixation hardware were identified in the extrathoracic subcutaneous area. The fixation devices, such as the stabilizer () in our initial experience, the pericostal wires including their broken fragments, and the claw fixators (Primemed, Seoul, Korea) that were used more recently, were carefully dissected and pulled out. The pectus bar was mobilized and the tips of the bar were withdrawn through the skin incision bilaterally. With the aid of the bar flipper, both ends of the bar were straightened by manual force, which made the arc of the bar smooth and allowed it to slip out without resistance (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a procedure involving pectus bar removal, suggesting that the bars are not designed to degrade after use. The focus on bar removal as a final stage of pectus deformity repair implies that these implants require surgical intervention for removal rather than degrading on their own, which directly contradicts the claim about the technology being useful for implants that avoid surgical removal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than the negative control group on the 14th and 21st days after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported a decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated a higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than the negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase their migration during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was a reduction in the number of fibroblasts on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of macrophages and fibroblasts in wound healing, specifically in relation to aloe gel and its components like acemannan and glucomannan. It does not provide any historical context or confirm the traditional use of aloe vera for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Researchers are exploring how to scale microbial fuel cells for broader commercial use. [SEP] Text: As to the water issue, special attention is payed to clean the wastewater streams generated during the manufacturing process. The by-products of the processes: the green leaves of sugar beet, the pressed slices (pulp) and other substances are used as components of fertilizers, soil conditioners and for other purposes. In this factory the processing of all the by-product and waste streams is carefully designed and performed. The leadership of the factory felt responsibility to operate the plant according to environmental safe conditions, therefore they completed the sugar technology with composting – to handle the green parts of the plant –, with a wastewater treatment plant and recently even a biogas fermenter was installed (Figure 2). Inserting microbial fuel cells into this system direct electric power could be produced by reduction of the COD from the waste streams. Figure 2. The main process streams in the factoryIn this project the aim was to find out how to work and operate a two chamber microbial fuel cell by using wastewater from the sugar beet factory. Advertisement 2. Materials and methodsA two-chamber MFC was used in the experiments (Figure 3). Both cells have a 240 cm3 volume, the membrane between them was a Nafion N115 proton selective membrane, its surface area was 50 cm2 and thickness was 125 µm. In the anodic cell a complex mesophilic anaerobic sludge (from a local working biogas plant, initial COD value was 70 000 mg/dm3), while in the cathodic cell distilled water was used. Both electrodes were carbon cloth, their surface area was 50 cm2. The electrodes were connected via a resistor and the voltage data were continuously quantified by a parallel measuring system. It contained a 100 MΩ resistor and the voltage data were directly collected by a data acquisition device (USB-6008/6009). The data were recorded by the LabVIEW program. Based on the voltage and resistance data the current values were calculated, thus the electric power (in mW units) was possible to provide. The cumulated electricity data were summarized (in mWh) taken into account the operating time. Figure 3. The picture of MFC usedThe anaerobic sludge applied in the anodic cell was pretreated prior to usage, as it was reported [26]. The MFC was placed in a thermostated container, where the liquids in both cells were possible to circulate and stir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the operation of a two-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) in the context of a sugar beet factory, indicating an exploration of how to use wastewater as a resource. This implies ongoing research and development regarding the scalability and application of microbial fuel cells, as it highlights the integration of MFCs into commercial processes for producing electric power from waste streams.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This technology is useful in medical implants that degrade after use to avoid surgical removal. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Technique for pectus bar removal in an 8-year-old male patient after 2 years of bar implantation: a single bar and claw fixators are removed through the previous incision (3). Available online: years (range, 4 months to 14 years). By age, the mean duration was 2. 02 years (range, 4 months to 7 years) for children under 12 years, 2. 99 years (range, 7 months to 9 years) for teenagers aged 12–20 years, and 3. 53 years (range, 3 months to 14 years) for adults over 20 years. A total of 48 patients (2. 6%) underwent bar removal more than 5 years after bar insertion. Fifty-eight patients (3. 2%) underwent bar removal earlier than initially planned. The most common reason for early bar removal was wound infection with chronic seroma. The reasons for early bar removal are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Causes of early pectus bar removal Full table The most common adverse reaction after bar removal was wound seroma including infection (43 patients, 2. 36%). Other complications are listed in Table 2. Recurrence after bar removal occurred in nine patients (0. 49%), and seven required redo repair (0. 38%). Table 2 Complications after pectus bar removal Full table There has been no mortality related to pectus repair or bar removal in our series. bar removal as a final stage of minimally invasive repair of pectus excavatum and carinatum is generally an easy procedure (1). Our policy is to maintain the bar for 2 years for pediatric patients up to 12 years old; 2. 5 years for teenagers between 12 and 20 years old; and 3 years for adults over 20 years. Initially, we recommended that adults keep their bars for up to 5 years but with accumulating experience this was adjusted to 3 years. The longest duration was 14 years in a 22-year-old patient who was lost to follow-up and ended up delayed bar removal. Bar removal for her was uneventful with a decent result of repair without chest wall constriction (Figure 8). Figure 8 A 22-year-old patient who underwent bar removal 14 years after the bar implantation: bar removal was uneventful and the result of repair was good without chest wall constriction. (A) Before bar removal; (B) after bar removal. There are several different techniques to facilitate removal of the bar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the process and implications of pectus bar removal after implantation. It details that bars are typically removed after a certain duration, varying from 2 to 14 years, indicating that these implants do not degrade on their own but require surgical removal. It emphasizes the management of complications related to bar retention rather than showcasing the benefits of self-degrading technology for medical implants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. : Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins; 2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it provides a list of studies and references related to the effects of Aloe vera in specific experimental contexts, primarily focusing on its application in rats rather than discussing its traditional use in human skin treatment.