Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: In our studies, we found that the pursuance of nutrition advices assumes that consumers have a focal concern on health, which is not always the case. Consumers value uncomplicatedness and convenience of healthful eating and the flexibility to eat for pleasure as well. More flexible advice would therefore better match with consumers’ complicated everyday life, in which health is just one of several ambitions, including social ones. A change of eating practices requires the alteration of other practices besides those directly related to the food choice chain. Advice should provide for consumers’ ability to organize healthful eating within existing chains of social practices, including discursive ones. In everyday-life, consumers have to persist in their intentions to eat healthfully vis-a-vis relevant others. In our study, consumers presented themselves as being uncomplicated, to avoid the image of health freakiness. Based on the finding that being someone who makes great effort in relation to healthful eating is a disfavored image, we conclude that for structural change, the healthy choice should become a ‘practically and socially easy choice’. We propose that PNA can contribute to this goal by using an ‘Action Approach’. The basic idea of this approach is that, besides being well-informed and motivated, consumers need to become actively involved in eating for health. By this, we mean that they are able to practically and socially organize their eating practices in order to ensure health benefits. This would involve the stimulation of a process of critical reflection on the uncomplicatedness of healthful eating and the integration of advice on the practical and social organization of changing eating practices towards health. Consumers themselves should become co-designers of this advice, as they are experts on everyday-life problems and solutions which occur when they try to pursue their healthful eating intentions. The integration of a diversity of expertise on social, ethical and practical requirements in early stages of the development process of innovative PNA is essential. Yet, our study showed that actors in diverse societal sectors were reluctant to engage in the development process of ICT and gene-based PNA. Their evidence-based working practices required that first, scientific support on the effectiveness should become available. Based on their expertise on public needs and wants, they called for a request to slow down the innovation process on behalf of the public. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that personalized nutrition advice should not only focus on health but also accommodate consumers' need for convenience and pleasure in eating. It discusses how consumers prefer uncomplicated approaches to healthful eating, suggesting that the focus is less on genetic predispositions and more on the integration of social practices and individual preferences in dietary choices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , талломы макрофитов, возможно, произраставших в литоральной зоне; верхний протерозой, венд, калюсские слои; Хмельницкая обл. , р. Днестр, с. Китайгород, Украина, экз. 4914/9; в – Cladonia chlorophaea (Flörke ex Sommerf. ) Spreng. , современные лишайники; Пермский край, Кизеловский район, г. Губаха, гора Крестовая; полевая фотография; г – Psilophyton sp. , экз. 4914/10; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it mentions various plant and lichen species and locations, which are irrelevant to the discussion of flowering plants and their ecological effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Press, Edinburgh, pp 465–585 (1986) Centaurea in southwest Asia: patterns of distribution and diversity. 89B:11–21 (2020) Analysis of the genetic diversity of the coastal and island endangered plant species Elaeagnus macrophylla via conserved DNA-derived polymorphism marker. Peerj 8:e8498. (1998) Assessing hybridization in natural populations of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae) using hypervariable intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) bands. 7(9):1107–1125. (2015) Inter-in of the regale in the Valley of China. 10(3). 10. 1371/journal. pone. 0118831 (1997) PopGene, the userfriendly shareware for population genetic analysis, molecular biology and biotechnology Centre. University of (2001) Conservation genetics of the rare and endangered Leucopogon obtectus (Ericaceae). 10(10):2389–2396. 1. Sampling details of the C. amaena populations Populations Latidute/ (m) 1 (Yılanlı) 38º 42' 42" N 035º 25' 22" E 1223 1347 24 1-24 P2 (Perikartın) 38º 35' 12" N 035º 27' 40" E 2246 4325 24 25-48 Table 2. Detailed features of the ISSR markers used in PCR amplification of C. amaena of primers (5’ - 3’) (ºC) No. of bands scored Number of polymorphic bands Polymorphism ratio % UBC 805 31 9 8 88. 9 UBC 808 48. 8 6 4 66. 7 UBC 809 48. 2 6 3 50 UBC 811 47 6 6 100 UBC 812 45 8 7 87. 5 UBC 814 45 7 7 100 UBC 816 45 9 7 77. 8 UBC 840 47. 4 10 10 100 UBC 855 53. 1 8 6 75 UBC 868 43. 2 6 3 50 ISSR 1 54 7 5 71. 4 ISSR 43 51. 4 10 6 60 ISSR 47 47. 9 10 8 80 Total 13 102 80 78 Y: C/T Table 3. Genetic structure of C. amaena populations based on ISSR data (%) P1 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies that analyze genetic diversity in endangered plant species, which supports the claim that genetic conservation efforts are focused on preserving genetic diversity. The mention of genetic analyses and markers used in the conservation genetics of various species indicates an emphasis on retaining genetic diversity, aligning with the purpose of genetic conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: While it is possible that genetic and dietary factors interact in ways that can be difficult to disentangle with current methods, these studies suggest that genetic variation alone is not enough to target dietary recommendations and that more holistic approaches through the integration of biological, environmental and social metrics are needed to target dietary advice. Diet and gut microbiome studies in diabetes In parallel with the identification of genetic profiles for precision nutrition, there is a growing interest in discovering gut microbiota signatures that interact or mediate the effect of diet in diabetes. The Men’s Study, a substudy of the long-running Follow-Up Study, represents one of the most comprehensive biorepositories to date to identify such signatures. By leveraging longitudinal metagenomics and metatranscriptomics profiles from 307 healthy men, a recent study showed that the cardioprotective benefits of the Mediterranean diet are particularly relevant among individuals with decreased abundance of Prevotella copri in the gut [45]. The study documented that higher adherence to Mediterranean diet was associated with an 18% lower risk of myocardial infarction among those with decreased abundance of P. copri (95% CI 0. 69, 0. 95) and a non-significant 30% increase in myocardial infarction risk among P. copri carriers (95% CI 0. 83, 2. 07). While P. copri encompasses four distinct clades that are widespread in non-westernised populations [46], the study confirmed that P. copri in this study population consisted entirely of clade A. In a separate study, higher habitual intake of red meat was significantly associated with increased HbA1c levels only among participants with a microbial profile enriched with trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO)-producing bacteria [47]. Of these microorganisms, Alistipes shahii magnified the positive association between red meat intake and HbA1c levels, in which red meat was associated with higher HbA1c among participants with microbial profile enriched with A. shahii and lower HbA1c among those without A. shahii. Elsewhere, a gut microbiome signature including 21 fibre-fermentation bacteria mediated 60% of the beneficial effect of overall diet quality, measured by the 2010, on the risk of diabetes [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while genetic variation is acknowledged, it is insufficient for creating effective dietary recommendations on its own. The text emphasizes the necessity of a more holistic approach that integrates genetic, biological, environmental, and social factors in dietary advice, indicating that merely focusing on genetic predispositions may not be adequate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Торгашино; виден осевой побег с боковыми ответвлениями и многочисленными основаниями эмергенцев; д, е – Protobarinophyton obrutschevii Ananiev, компактные собрания спорангиев на концах дихотомически ветвящихся побегов, экз. 4914/1; нижний девон, Красноярский край, с. Торгашино. Длина масштабной линейки 1 см (а, в–е), 1 мм (б) Дальнейшая эволюция наземных высших растений шла переменными темпами, но с неуклонным увеличением таксономического разнообразия и повышением биомассы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolution of terrestrial higher plants and their taxonomic diversity, but does not specifically address flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. No explicit connection to the significance of flowering plants is provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: According to the “of Molecular Evolution” first introduced by in 1968, many of the evolutionary changes arise from the genetic drift of the neutral mutant alleles. Greater than 100 bp insertion/deletion is rapidly removed by natural selection that has caused a great change and damage to the DNA. According to the neutral hypothesis, mutations that occur with smaller changes are harmless mutations. They are protected in the evolutionary process by contributing to the formation of genetic diversity. Most of the polymorphisms are kept in a population by mutation and random genetic drift [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. The genetic difference between individual of a species is the basis for evolution and adaptation. If all of the individuals were genetically identical, species could not be survived under changing environmental conditions such as drought and salinity. It is known that there is a positive correlation between fertility and viability with population size and genetic variation. For this reason, regardless of whether the existing genetic diversity is beneficial, it should be considered that it poses a potential against rapidly changing environmental conditions [8, 9]. Loss of genetic diversity will adversely affect the ability to deal with environmental change in the evolutionary process. It is anticipated that, particularly small and isolated populations will be more affected by this loss [4]. Although loss of genetic diversity has been thought to be a threat to rare species for a long time, it has also been found to be effective on widespread species with large populations [4, 10, 11]. Furthermore, the fertility and viability rate of populations with reduced genetic variability and loss of valuable alleles, especially as a result of self-destruction, is diminishing. Random genetic drift changes the frequency of alleles between generations. The frequency of some of the alleles may decrease while the other allele may become more common. Naturally occurring mutations also support this process. The genetic variation among individuals is the basis for the evolutionary change of species, populations, and progeny. Evolutionary change requires modifications of genes or gene combinations. The functions of the existing alleles are altered by mutation or recombination. Appropriate mutations can help the organism better use the current environment. Alleles that are previously neutral or have little effect on the reproduction success of individuals may suddenly become important. Obtaining useful genetic variations through natural mutations is a very slow process. In the future, it is impossible to predict which alleles will be necessary for a survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity in relation to survival under changing environmental conditions. It explains that 'the genetic difference between individuals of a species is the basis for evolution and adaptation' and highlights how loss of genetic diversity adversely affects the ability to deal with environmental changes, which aligns with the objectives of genetic conservation efforts aimed at preserving such diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition aims to tailor dietary advice based on genetic predispositions. [SEP] Text: [3] Chronic noncommunicable diseases are becoming major health issues in developing economies. [4] Patients’ diseases, drugs, foods, and microbiome interact and influence one another profoundly. [5] Chronically, these factors and their interactions modulate disease risks for some of the most costly and prevalent metabolic diseases through the activation of processes such as autoimmune responses, inflammation, and insulin resistance. [6] Other effects may be mediated by changes to the gut microbiome, affecting absorption of key nutrients or the production of onco- and neuro-protective factors such as short-chain fatty acids. Butyrate, a product of gut microbiota, has, for example, been demonstrated to be oncoprotective for colorectal cancer[7] and also implicated in protection against dementia. [8] The shift in Eastern diets over the last 30 years away from rice and other plant-based foods, has led to reduced levels of complex starches in the lower bowel[9] and dysbiosis of the microbiota that produce the protective butyrate. In the same period, we have seen sharp rises in the incidence of colorectal cancer in these populations. [10] More acutely, drug, disease, and food interactions can cause serious adverse events leading to expensive emergency hospitalizations and/or death. [11] Approximately 65% of hospital admissions of elderly patients are drug-related, with 11% attributed directly to adverse drug reactions (ADRs). [12] These admissions account for between 3% and 16% of hospitalizations[13,14] and are estimated to cost the US healthcare system over $100B/year. [15] Epidemiological and meta-analysis studies suggest that at least 50% of these admissions are preventable. [16] It is extremely challenging for clinicians to predict all the potential interactions in the context of a specific patient. In part, this is due to a lack of tools and time during consultations, and also due to a lack of training - nutrition and dietetics is almost wholly absent from the standard training syllabus for clinicians. Mainly the challenge stems from the large number and complexity of interactions and the huge number of confounding factors. The result is that very few patients ever receive personalized dietary advice as an integrated part of their treatment regimen or health management plan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that very few patients ever receive personalized dietary advice as an integrated part of their treatment regimen or health management plan. It emphasizes the challenges clinicians face in predicting interactions between diet, drugs, and diseases, which leads to a lack of personalized dietary guidance. This suggests that the current system does not effectively implement personalized nutrition based on genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Таксономически богатые раннедевонские флоры известны из бассейна Днестра (Волыно-Подолия) [25], Восточной Сибири (Саяно-Алтайский регион) [27, табл. II, 4–6], Германии (район Рейнских Сланцевых гор) [28], Англии (Уэльс) [20], Шотландии, Центрального Казахстана, Южного Китая и некоторых других регионов. Высшие растения раннего девона образовывали устойчивые симбиотические связи с эндомикоризными грибами [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about the taxonomically rich flora from the early Devonian period in various geographic locations and mentions the relationships between higher plants and endomycorrhizal fungi. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: For this reason, populations and species with high genetic variation are more likely to have alleles that may be necessary for adaptation to changing conditions. Generally, natural populations have the variation to be expressed in the case of the change of selection pressure. The basis of plant breeding is also based on this genetic variation. By artificially altering the selection pressure, some alleles come forward and populations gain new features. Since there is a positive correlation between population size and genetic diversity [12], decreasing population size or limiting gene flow between subpopulations may cause a reduction in genetic diversity [13]. Genetic drift with a positive role in the evolutionary process [3], inbreeding, mating between close relative individuals, reduction of viability and fertility of individuals in the population may cause effects such as the reduction of heterozygote, allelic losses, and some alleles become fixed in the population. As a result, genetic variation will be lost in populations [9, 12, 14]. Many populations are so small that genetic drift, a random process, has an important influence on the number of alleles that will be transferred to future generations. The useful alleles transferred from previous generations may be lost as a result of genetic drift [1]. Two main consequences of genetic drift; (a) different alleles frequencies between generations are irregular and (b) the genetic diversity of the populations is lost. At the beginning, rare alleles will disappear and the mean heterozygote will decrease over time. While genetic diversity within populations decrease, genetic differences between populations may increase or decrease depending on whether the random genetic drift in different populations in the same or opposite direction. This loss will continue until the gene pool is stabilized for an allele or until a balance is established between loss of genetic variation and genetic variation through mutations. The loss of both rare alleles and heterozygotes, which cause the decrease in genetic diversity in the population, will decrease in an inverse proportion to the effective population size (Ne). The population size (Ne), which helps to determine the demographic structure of the population, makes it possible to predict the change in genetic diversity. Population size is an important factor that increases the genetic diversity of individuals’ intra-species and between taxa. Besides genetic diversity of non-endangered species is higher than endanger species [6, 15, 16, 17]. Only a small amount of gene flow may be sufficient to prevent the loss of genetic diversity in a population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic diversity is crucial for the adaptation of populations to changing conditions and emphasizes the negative consequences of reduced genetic diversity, particularly in endangered species. It explains that maintaining genetic diversity is essential for populations to survive against random processes like genetic drift, which can lead to allelic losses. These points align with the aim of genetic conservation efforts, which focus on preserving this diversity to ensure the viability and adaptability of endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: 1155/2013/516742. . Determinants of public attitudes to genetically modified salmon. PLoS One. 2014;9:e86174 Pub10. 1006/jesp. 1997. 1343. 10. 1016/S1466-8564(03)00035-3. 10. 1016/S0309-1740(03)00130-X. PubMed 2016. 10. 1016/j. toxlet. 2003. 12. 049. CAS PubMed 10. 1016/j. tibtech. 2004. 01. 007. CAS PubMed 58. 0. 2003. P. Beyond the knowledge deficit: recent research into lay and expert attitudes to food risks. Appetite. 2003;41:111–21 10. 1108/EBR-10-2013-0128. 10. 1080/136698798377141. 10. 1111/j. 1559-1816. 1999. tb02297. x. 10. 1159/000481357. 43. Cambridge: Press; 2002. 10. 1016/S1382-6689(99)00009-5. CAS PubMed 10. 1111/j. 1539-6924. 1996. tb01094. x. CAS PubMed 10. 1038/79419. CAS PubMed 2003. The social and cultural dimensions of in Report. . Determinants of the willingness to participate in biobanking among Malaysian stakeholders in the Klang Valley. . 18:163. SH. Functional food consumption in multicultural society. 2008. 10. 1108/17590831111139839. 1991. p. 305–13. 10. 1177/095935439992004. 10. 1108/02651330110381998. 7. 2019. 2020. [accessed on 25 June 2020]. Ateeq-ur-Rehman SMS. The relationship between religiosity and new product adoption. J Islam Mark. 2010;1:63–9 10. 1177/0963662507087304. 10. 1159/000051152. CAS PubMed 1994. Canberra: Department of Industry, Science and technology; 1995. 10. 1177/0963662504042690. 10. 1177/0963662508093371. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention anything about nutrigenomics or the interaction between diet and genes. Instead, it contains a series of publication references and unrelated studies, which do not support, contrast, or relate to the specified claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Экологически эти наземные сообщества уже были глубоко диверсифицированы и образовывали сложные катениальные системы [28, Fig. 6]. Формы роста растений начала девона варьировали от полуводных травянистых до невысоких кустарников. Сформировалось устойчивое чередование гаплоидных и диплоидных поколений (гаметофитов и спорофитов) [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the ecological diversification of terrestrial communities and the variation in plant growth forms during the Devonian period, but it does not directly relate to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Mutant individuals were found to have higher seed viability than the control group and seedling growth was faster in the early growth phase [73]. Induced mutation treatment resulted in acidity and drought tolerance in lentil and rice [74, 75, 76]. Again, in a study of rice, salt tolerant varieties were obtained by mutation induction [77]. As seen in all of these studies, many mutagenesis applications have been made in order to improve plant characteristics and to create genetic diversity, and successful results have been achieved. Some methods are used to detect the regions of mutation and density. Methods such as conformation-sensitive capillary electrophoresis (CSCE), single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP), and denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) are used to determine variations in plant genes. In addition to these methods, and High-resolution melting (HRM) are used to determine the induced polymorphism [25, 65, 67]. Figure 2. LD50 values of two common bean cultivars (figure was directly taken from Ulukapi and Ozmen [57]). Advertisement 5. naturally occurring in the evolutionary process led to the formation of new genotypes. Mutations that occur in nature spontaneously have been modeled for humankind in order to increase the genetic diversity, which is narrowed as a result of natural selection and classical breeding studies. Thus, induced mutation studies have begun. Mutation induction studies, which provide new alleles to the genome by different methods, contribute to the increase of genetic diversity. The increase in genetic variation will increase the chance of survival of species in changing biotic and abiotic conditions. Genetic diversity is not only important for the continuity of species, but also improves the quality criteria of plants, which are raw materials of many industrial products such as food, pharmaceutical, textiles, etc. , in these sectors. of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. 1. Arslan RC, Penke L. Evolutionary genetics. In: David M. Buss, editors. Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Vol. 2. New Jersey. 2015 2. Auerbach C. Mutation Research: Problems, Results and Perspectives. London: Chapman and Hall; 1976 3. Barton N, Partridge L. Limits to natural selection. BioEssays. 2000;22(12):1075-1084. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity in the survival of species in changing environments. It highlights that induced mutation studies contribute to increasing genetic diversity, which is crucial for the survival of species. Moreover, it notes that genetic diversity is vital for the continuity of species as well as improving quality criteria of various plant-based industrial products. This aligns with the claim that conservation efforts are aimed at preserving genetic diversity, particularly in endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Most effects were significantly ameliorated following a refeeding period, while some only trended towards the initial prefasting state. Similar zebrafish studies have evaluated dietary restriction (DR). DR, with either restricted calories, macronutrients, or feed-timing restriction, is one of the only known potent cross-species intervention that extends the life span [24, 25]. Arslan-Ergul et al. provided a control or calorie-restricted diet to either young (8–8. 5 months) or old (26–32. 5 months) zebrafish [26]. The calorie-restricted diet decreased body weight for both age groups and shortened telomere length of young zebrafish in the spleen and brain. Inflammation and cardiovascular diseaseNormal acute inflammation responses are localized, typically in response to tissue damage or infection [27]. Capillary dilation, heat, redness, cytokine and/or chemokine release, swelling, and leukocyte infiltration are all characteristics of this response. In contrast, chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is debilitating independently but can be caused by poor metabolic health [28]. The effects of diet in inflammatory response are one of debate within the nutrition community, and especially in the role of dietary lipids [29]. The lipid composition of the diet affects markers of inflammation in zebrafish. Fish provided an isocaloric diet of differing n3:n6 ratio (1:2, 1:5, or 1:8) had decreased expression of vitellogenin (males only), c-reactive protein, and serum amyloid A as the ratio of n3:n6 in the diet increased [30]. Zebrafish provided the highest n3:n6 ratio also had the highest body weight in females, but the lowest adiposity in both males and females. Diets formulated with a low n3:n6 ratio and high levels of w6 arachidonic acid (ARA) resulted in increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [31]. The metabolomic analysis showed a lower whole body n3:n6 fatty acid ratio in relation to higher levels of eicosanoids. Though ARA-derived eicosanoids are considered proinflammatory, no markers of inflammatory response were reported in these fish. Dietary-induced obesity in zebrafish has been shown to impact inflammatory pathways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of dietary restriction, inflammation responses related to diet, and specific studies on zebrafish, but it does not explicitly mention the interaction between diet and genes as a central theme. While the text touches on nutritional interventions and their biological impacts, it lacks a direct connection to the concept of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯРабота выполнена в рамках Госзадания ГИН РАН № 0135-2019-0044, а также за счёт субсидии, выделенной в рамках государственной поддержки Казанского (Приволжского) федерального университета в целях повышения его конкурентоспособности среди ведущих мировых научно-образовательных центров. БЛАГОДАРНОСТИАвтор выражает искреннюю признательность коллегам С. М. Снигиревскому, А. О. Иванову, В. Н. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses funding sources and acknowledgments related to a different topic, without any reference to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: This depends on the volume and range of genetic variation among individuals within the same species, which allows for designing sampling programs [2, 4, 5, 6]. Accordingly, geneticists have focused on evaluating genetic differences within populations using morphological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular markers to identify the characteristics of domestication, propagation, and breeding techniques as well as conservation of plant genetic materials [2]. This work addresses various approaches related to genetic diversity in plants. Advertisement 2. Biochemical markers 2. 1. Storage proteins One important output of post-transcription and translation processes is the protein, which represents the genetic DNA as well as the structural and enzymatic material of an organism’s cells [2]. Genetic divergence is found to have impacts on proteins. For example, seed proteins that are of essential roles in species are tolerant to environmental occurrences. Recent approaches have employed several technologies to identify the characteristics of various plant cultivars and genotypes [2]. One quickly and precisely technology utilized for such purpose is electrophoresis. The genetic divergence was assessed within Lathyrus sativus through accurate electrophoretic analysis of its seed storage proteins [2, 7], suggesting its fundamental role in evaluating the relationship between taxonomy and genetics at and below the species level [2]. 2. 2. Isozyme markers Isozymes, also called isoenzymes, are proteins exhibiting same catalytic and quantitative function as the enzyme but, meanwhile, they differ in their molecular forms [2]. Various alleles within a single locus are encoded by structural genes to give the allozyme, an allelic variant of the enzyme. Biological analysis of isozymes reveals significant importance, including the assessment of genetic divergence as well as phylogenetic and taxonomic relationships [2]. It also helps to investigate population genetics and developmental biology as well as to conserve the genetic resources of plants [8, 9]. Advertisement 3. Molecular markers Molecular markers such as restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), microsatellites (SSRs), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are considered as effective and efficient tools for evaluating the genetic divergence within and among plant species [10]. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various methods used to evaluate genetic differences within populations, which is a fundamental aspect of genetic conservation efforts. It highlights the focus on understanding genetic variation to effectively design sampling programs, as well as the significance of biochemical and molecular markers in assessing genetic divergence. These efforts are directly related to preserving the genetic diversity of endangered species, as indicated by the mention of conserving genetic resources and evaluating genetic divergence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Thermodynamics of weight loss diets Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 08 December 2004 Thermodynamics of weight loss diets Fine1,2 & Feinman3 Nutrition & Metabolism 0. The most common marker of increasing entropy is heat, although it is by no means the only evidence for increased entropy. In systems at constant temperature and pressure (i. e. biologic systems)), the first and second law are combined in the Energy, ΔG, which represents the maximum useful work that can be performed by the process. The actual process however, in general derives less useful work than permitted by the theoretically available ΔG due to inefficiency in energy capture. A proper accounting of entropy and efficiency must be included if we are to understand energy utilization in biological and biochemical systems. Biological systems and thermodynamicsIt is also important in the discussion of biological systems to understand that they are open systems, i. e. they take in nutrients and oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide, water, urea and other waste products, as well as heat. The importance with respect to weight considerations is that mass and energy are conserved (the more general statement of the first law of thermodynamics), but they are not conserved entirely within the organism. To illustrate the proper interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics consider a subject whose resting energy expenditure is met by the production of 95 moles of ATP. Since oxidation of a single mole of glucose provides 38 moles of ATP, 2. 5 moles of glucose will be needed to meet this individual's resting energy requirements. It is important to note that the resultant carbon dioxide, water, and heat are not retained within the organism. The useful retained energy is in the 95 moles of ATP (Figure 1B). (Similar equations could be written for lipid or protein but we restrict our discussion to glucose for simplicity). Figure 1 A: Oxidation of glucose in a calorimeter is completely inefficient. The products of oxidation are carbon dioxide and water, and all of the energy produced is released as heat. 1B: To illustrate the proper interpretation of the first law of thermodynamics in living organisms we must consider that conservation of matter and energy includes excretion of products into the external environment. None of the products of oxidation (CO2 and H2O) remain within the organism. There is stoichiometric balance and no net weight change. Only the ATP, representing the useful energy, is retained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the thermodynamics of weight loss and how biological systems operate under the laws of thermodynamics. It emphasizes that while energy conservation is a principle of biology, there is no guarantee of weight loss as a function of specific diets, including DNA-based diets. The mention of energy efficiency and excretion suggests that not all diets can ensure weight loss universally, directly opposing the assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Глинскому (Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет) и А. Ю. Иванцову (Палеонтологический институт РАН) за обсуждение полученных результатов и ценные сведения о геологии и стратиграфии палеозойских отложений Ленинградской области и сопредельных регионов. 1 Микрофиллы – листья высших растений, представляющие собой выросты стебля. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses discussions and geological information related to paleozoy deposits and microphylls, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1013233/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published24 Feb, 2022Read the published version in Plant Cell, Tissue and (PCTOC) →Version 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractMore than 50% of Agave species are endemic to Mexico. Among them, Agave peacockii is listed within the list of threatened species that require special protection. In this work, we aimed at developing new supplementary strategies to achieve micropropagation and perform cryopreservation of in vitro-grown shoot-tips of A. peacockii. For multiplication, the addition of two cytokinins, 6-benzylaminopurine (26. 6 μM) and kinetin (27. 84 μM) to MS semisolid medium significantly favoured the morphogenetic response and produced the highest shoot generation (87. 00±17. 18) after 60 d of culture. This interaction was more effective than using the same growth regulators separately. Propagated and rooted plantlets were successfully acclimated with 100% survival and a normal morphological development during greenhouse performance. For cryopreservation, an optimized protocol following droplet-vitrification approach allowed obtaining 98% and 96% regrowth before and after cryopreservation, respectively. Shoot-tips were excised of in vitro-propagated plants, subjected to preculture on MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 1d, loaded in solution with 0. 4 M sucrose and 1. 6 M glycerol for 20 min, exposed to vitrification solution PVS2 for 15 min, and then, immersed in liquid nitrogen in droplets of PVS2 placed on aluminium foil strips. The vegetative growth of cryo-derived plants and of the in vitro propagated plants was compared under greenhouse culture conditions. No significant differences were detected in most assessed characteristics after 120 d of acclimatization. The results presented here constitute new viable biotechnological approaches for the in vitro propagation and long-term conservation of endangered Agave germplasm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing an optimized protocol for cryopreservation of in vitro-grown shoot-tips of the endangered species Agave peacockii. It details the methodology used for cryopreservation and states that the regrowth rate before and after cryopreservation was high (98% and 96%), indicating that this technique is indeed being employed for the long-term conservation of genetic material from endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: The wasted heat constitutes 60% of the energy of oxidation, while the efficiency is reflected in the retained ATP, available for reactions in the organism. Body fat stores are signified as TAG (triacylglycerol) 1C. A common way of thinking of weight loss is from reduction of caloric intake. If our subject ingests 2. 3 moles of glucose (or equivalent lipid and/or protein) and produces only 90 moles of ATP, then homeostasis will enlist body stores of fat (and/or lean body mass) to yield the additionally required 5 moles ATP. The additional resultant CO2 and H2O (and heat) will be excreted (and radiated) leading to weight loss. 1D: If efficiency is reduced then our subject would have to eat more (e. g. 2. 9 moles of glucose, or equivalent lipid/protein) to produce 95 moles of ATP and remain at the same weight. The additional CO2 and H2O produced will be excreted maintaining constant weight. 1E: Under conditions of reduced metabolic efficiency (from 40% to about 38% in this example), 90 moles of ATP will be produced from oxidation of 2. 5 moles glucose (or equivalent lipid/protein). The remaining 5 moles ATP needed for homeostasis must be made up from oxidation of body stores of lipid or lean mass. This results in weight loss, exactly as it does for the example of reduced caloric intake (Figure 1C). Full size image The illustration above can be compared to the oxidation of glucose in a calorimeter in which no useful energy is obtained and the total energy of oxidation is measured as the heat produced. This process is completely inefficient. A traditional (Atwater) value for glucose obtained in the calorimeter is approximately 4 kilocalories of energy per gram (Figure 1A). By contrast, the living organism above metabolizes and oxidizes glucose so that approximately forty percent of the energy of oxidation is retained as useful ATP (38 moles per mole of glucose)) whereas sixty percent is released as heat, the inefficiency in this mode of oxidation. The entropy (i. e. the second law of thermodynamics) shows up in this inefficiency. The calorimeter heat can no longer be interpreted in a simple way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that weight loss is influenced by metabolic efficiency and caloric intake, rather than being guaranteed by DNA-based diets. It discusses how energy oxidation, ATP production, and caloric intake directly affect body fat stores, indicating that weight loss results from a complex interplay of factors, not a one-size-fits-all solution like DNA-based diets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2 Трилетные споры – споры сосудистых растений с плотной орнаментированной оболочкой тетраэдрической формы и Y-образной складкой на поверхности. 3 Фитолеймы – обугленные или слабо изменённые остатки ископаемых растений, иногда сохраняющие клеточное строение. 4 Танатоценоз – совокупность в каком-либо месте остатков мёртвых организмов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses vascular plant spores and fossil residues without addressing the impact of flowering plants on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Biology and GeneticsAgavoideaein vitro propagationdroplet-vitrificationvegetative growthFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Agave peacockii shoot micropropagation was induced combining 6-benzylaminopurine and 6-furfuryl-aminopurine. A droplet-vitrification protocol was optimized to cryopreserve shoot-tips. Greenhouse performance of in vitro and cryo-derived plants was similar. Introductiongenus plays an essential role in the ecology, culture, and commercial production of Mexico. The characteristics of this taxon are outstanding due to the anthropogenic use that has been recorded for more than 10,000 years (Zizumbo-Villarreal et al. 2013). Since then, agave plants have been employed to obtain different products with various purposes, such as food, traditional and commercial distilled and fermented beverages, as well as for other uses like forage, extraction of sapogenins, biofuels and utilization of waste (Pérez-Zavala et al. 2020). Thinking of Agave spp. is thinking of Mexico, because 75% out of all species belonging to the Asparagaceae family are found in Mexico and of them, 55% are considered endemic (García-Mendoza et al. 2019a). Among the endemic species, A. peacockii was referred by Gentry (1982) as a "rare" species, emphasizing the needing to include it under special protection. Currently, this species of agave occurs in the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán of Mexico and is listed in NOM-059--2010 as "Special Protection" (de la Federación, 2019) and in the of Threatened Species™ (García-Mendoza et al. 2019b), due to its relatively little distribution and extent of occurrence (14,670 km2). In general, A. peacockii faces a problem in common with various endemic species in Mexico, which are limited in the wild due to the degradation of their natural populations, besides their non-sustainable use. Significant progress has been made in using biotechnological tools such as the in vitro techniques for collecting, multiplying, and conserving endangered and rare plant species (Cruz-Cruz et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of biotechnological tools, including in vitro techniques, for collecting, multiplying, and conserving endangered and rare plant species. The mention of 'cryopreserve shoot-tips' directly relates to the practice of storing genetic material, supporting the idea that cryopreservation is employed for future conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: The energy stored in useful ATP represents the efficiency of 40% (neglecting the difference in entropy between the structures of the products and reactants). This value approximates the efficiency for oxidation of carbohydrate as well as lipid, whereas proteins are generally oxidized at a lower value of approximately 30–35% (Figure 1B). Summary of thermodynamics in living organism1. The second law of thermodynamics dictates that there is an inevitable metabolic inefficiency in all biological and biochemical processes with heat and high entropy molecules (carbon dioxide, water, urea) as the most common products. 2. The first law of thermodynamics is satisfied in living (open) systems by properly accounting for the mass excreted and the heat radiated and exported in high entropy molecules. Weight loss due to reduced caloric intakeThe most common example of weight loss is reduction of caloric intake. At the risk of oversimplification, if our subject ingests fewer than 2. 5 moles of glucose and produces, for example, only 90 moles of ATP from food, then homeostasis would require enlisting endogenous body stores for further oxidation. This oxidation would then provide the additional 5 moles of ATP required. Oxidation of body stores (lipid or lean body mass) will result in production of additional carbon dioxide, urea, water and heat. The excretion of these products will result in weight loss. (Figure 1C). Weight loss due to increased metabolic inefficiencyThe implication of the first and second laws of thermodynamics is that reduced efficiency has precisely the same result as reduced caloric intake. One conceptually simple means of reducing efficiency involves the process of uncoupling in mitochondria. ATP is produced in a variety of cellular locations. Glycolysis produces a net of two ATP's per molecule of glucose, in the cell cytoplasm. On the other hand, we recall that 36 additional molecules of ATP are produced from glucose as a result of the mitochondrial TCA cycle and electron transport. A critical part of the process involves the development of a hydrogen ion gradient across the mitochondrial membrane. This concentration gradient provides the energy that is converted into ATP as hydrogen ions pass down the gradient through the ATP synthase p38. While this represents a mechanism better demonstrated in rats than humans, our subject would require more glucose to make 95 moles of ATP. Now 2. 9 moles of glucose would be required to produce 95 moles ATP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the principles of thermodynamics and metabolism that regulate weight loss. It details how metabolic inefficiency and caloric intake impact weight loss, indicating these processes are not solely dependent on DNA-based diets. Instead, various factors affect weight loss, such as caloric intake and metabolic efficiency, which suggests that one-size-fits-all solutions like DNA-based diets do not guarantee weight loss for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: , a country protects its entire Zone (EEZ) and MCEs happen to fall within this boundary), rather than purposely (Soares et al. 2019; Turner et al. 2019; Stefanoudis et al. 2022). Several reviews suggest that MCEs are among the least protected ecosystems of the world’s oceans, while considered as the richest in terms of endemic and rare species (Hinderstein et al. 2010; Bridge and Guinotte 2013; Loya et al. 2016; Turner et al. 2019). This may partly be due to the lack of an holistic understanding of the patterns and drivers of diversity with depth, although the nature of spatial patterns of biodiversity has been one of the fundamental goals of ecological research for centuries (Lesser et al. 2019), and biodiversity data are crucial to provide evidence-based information for management and conservation actions for MCEs (Socolar et al. 2016). Diversity can be described at different scales. Alpha diversity identifies diversity at a local scale, while beta diversity reveals the variation in species between communities. More specifically, alpha diversity (sensu Whittaker (1960)) measures the number of species within a community, and beta diversity (sensu Whittaker (1972)) defines the variation in species composition across a gradient, e. g. along the depth gradient or between communities at different sites (Miyazawa et al. 2020). Beta diversity can be partitioned into two components: nestedness, i. e. when the species composition of the sample is a subset of a richer community, hence indicating a species loss; and species turnover, i. e. species replacement between communities, demonstrating the uniqueness of the communities within an ecosystem (Baselga 2010). These two components allow for a quantitative understanding of the variation in biodiversity gradients and the assessment of community change across environmental gradients (Pérez-Rosales, et al. 2022a). To date, studies of alpha and beta diversity have mainly focussed on terrestrial areas (Wolters et al. 2006), or shallow-water environments (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). Within MCEs, where the calculation of alpha and beta diversity indices remains scarce, the majority of studies has investigated fishes or scleractinian corals (Rocha et al. 2018; Pérez-Rosales, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. Instead, it discusses marine classified ecosystems (MCEs) and their biodiversity, mentioning the concepts of alpha and beta diversity, but does not specifically address coral reefs. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Tissue culture methods have led to high propagation rates through shoot organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis as morphogenic pathways (Sarasan et al. 2006). In the case of Agave spp. , efficient micropropagation protocols have been developed using different growth regulators in the culture medium like 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) (Domínguez et al. 2008), 6-furfuryl-aminopurine (kinetin-KIN) (Aureoles-Rodríguez et al. 2008), combined or not with low concentrations of auxins such as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) (Ríos-Ramírez et al. 2017; Aguilar and Rodríguez, 2018), or acid 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2,4-D) (Santacruz-Ruvalcaba et al. 1999; Álvarez-Aragón et al. 2020). Nevertheless, mass production of shoots is a heterogeneous response that depends on each Agave species, the type of explant, and the growth regulators used (Lecona-Guzmán and Reyes-Zambrano, 2017). In vitro approaches have also been studied for medium- (slow growth) and long-term (cryopreservation) storage of Agave germplasm. Using mannitol or sorbitol at 50 g L-1 slow growth rate of shoots was induced, which allowed extending the lapses between subcultures up to 10 months without affecting plant regeneration capacity of various threatened agave species, including A. peacockii (Pérez-Molphe-Balch et al. 2012). On the other hand, cryopreservation of A. sobria apical meristems using the droplet-vitrification technique (Tin and Folgado, 2019) and A. tequilana somatic embryos cv. 'Chato' using the V-cryoplate method (Delgado-Aceves et al. 2021) was successfully achieved. They provided new complementary strategies based on the total arrest of metabolic activity and cell division, eliminating the need to perform any subculture. Nevertheless, endangered plant species may require new methodological modifications to previously reported protocols. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of cryopreservation techniques for preserving the genetic material of endangered species such as Agave spp. It mentions successful cryopreservation of A. sobria apical meristems and A. tequilana somatic embryos, indicating that these techniques are applied for long-term storage of germplasm, thus supporting the claim about the usage of cryopreservation in storing genetic material from endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Our subject would either eat more and stay at the same weight (Figure 1D) or would eat 2. 5 moles of glucose, the same amount as previously, but would produce less ATP. By eating only 2. 5 moles of glucose our subject's metabolism would enlist oxidation of body stores to make up the additional ATP needed for homeostasis. This would result in weight loss exactly as it did for reduced caloric intake. (Figure 1D). The essence of the second law of thermodynamics is that it guarantees inefficiency in all metabolic processes. However, variation of efficiency is not excluded. In fact, the laws of thermodynamics are silent on the existence of variable efficiency. If efficiency can vary (as in the example of oxidative uncoupling) then "a calorie is a calorie" is no longer a true statement. The role of uncoupling proteins in humans, as indicated, is as yet incompletely defined [10]. However, thermodynamic principles permit variable efficiency, and its existence must be determined empirically. Metabolic advantage: how could it happen? It is possible that metabolic efficiency may be decreased by oxidative uncoupling as described above. Polymorphisms connecting uncoupling proteins with obesity or propensity to gain weight have been identified in humans [11, 12] although these are not firmly established and the effect of dietary intervention is unknown. Other mechanisms are better understood and are described below. Substrate cycling and protein turnoverSubstrate or "futile" cycles refer to the dynamic process that must accompany the thermodynamic steady state [13]. In particular, increased cycling of metabolic intermediates utilizes ATP and generates heat. The simplest examples are the numerous kinase-phosphatase pairs that regulate metabolism. In addition, although not generally considered in the category of substrate cycling, inefficiency results from the repeated breakdown and re-synthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in cycles that use ATP for no apparent net gain. Such mechanisms, however, far from futile, allow for precision in the regulation of metabolism and constitute one of the uses of ATP. Protein turnover, in particular, provides for error correction or removal of "old" or damaged proteins. The effect of metabolic path on the energetics of oxidation is illustrated in Table 1 which summarizes the analysis from our earlier paper [2]. In this example, a mole of glucose directly oxidized to CO2 and water generates 38 moles of ATP with an overall efficiency of about 38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that metabolic processes are complex and that weight loss is not guaranteed by any diet, including DNA-based diets. It mentions that metabolic efficiency can vary and details various mechanisms leading to weight loss, such as oxidative uncoupling and substrate cycling, which do not ensure a direct correlation to guaranteed weight loss for everyone. Specifically, it states that 'polymorphisms connecting uncoupling proteins with obesity... are not firmly established and the effect of dietary intervention is unknown,' indicating the variability in metabolic responses to diets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2022b), with little consideration of the diversity of the overall benthic community. Yet, research has shown the importance of assessing diversity within communities as a whole, rather than within single taxonomic groups, as species interactions may influence patterns of diversity (McDevitt-Irwin et al. 2021). The aim of the present study is to investigate patterns of diversity within MCEs over the depth gradient (15 m to 160 m) and between sites in the Chagos Archipelago, located in a particularly understudied region, the central Indian Ocean. The quantification of alpha and beta diversity indices will provide fundamental data on the patterns of species diversity and potential taxonomic overlap among communities over the depth gradient, and between shallow-water reefs and MCEs. Such data are essential to understand the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems, ii. unravel the ecological contribution of MCEs to the coral reef system as a whole; and iii. develop conservation and management plans for these ecosystems. MethodsStudy areaThis study was conducted in the (6° S, 71°30’ E), central Indian Ocean. is a fully no-take MPA established in 2010, covering 640,000 km2 and incorporating shallow coral reefs, seagrass meadows, submerged banks and seamounts (Hays et al. 2020). has been uninhabited since the 1970s (with the exception of one atoll with strict environmental regulations), therefore human disturbance from pollution, agriculture and reef fisheries is minimal (Head et al. 2019; Hays et al. 2020). In this study, MCEs were investigated at two oceanographically contrasting sites around (6° 40’ S, 71 21′ E; Fig. 1): Rats (IDR, North-West coast) open to the wider ocean and (MA, North-East coast) somewhat sheltered from the Bank (Fig. 1). Both sites occur on steep slopes with rocky outcrops and strong currents prevailing from east to west and west to east, depending on the movement of the tide. Fig. 1Location of study sites within the Chagos Archipelago. A: with depth gradients extracted from GEBCO data between 10 and 200 m depth. B: central with the delimited in dark pink. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided describes a study focusing on patterns of diversity within marine communities, specifically mentioning 'the role of MCEs in the functioning of coral reef ecosystems.' However, it does not directly answer or support the claim that 'coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species.' The discussion is more about the importance of assessing marine community diversity without confirming coral reefs' diverse species support.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: 3 M sucrose for 1d were loaded for 20 min, and then, exposed to pre-chilled PVS2 solution for different exposure times: 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 120 min. Survival (%) was evaluated for each PVS2 exposure time 15 d after reculture by counting the shoot-tips that remained yellow-green color and started displaying a growth response. Reculture for 15 d took place first, using a MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 2 d, and then, MS semisolid medium with 0. 44 μM BA. Based on the optimization of exposure time to PVS2, shoot-tips precultured with sucrose for 3h and those precultured for 1 d derived or not of previously preconditioned plantlets, were loaded for 20 min and dehydrated with cold PVS2 solution for 15 min. About 5 min before finishing the dehydration treatment, PVS2 droplets were placed over the shoot-tips before being transferred to sterile aluminum foil strips (0. 5 × 2. 0 cm), and then, foils were placed in 2 mL cryovials prefilled with liquid nitrogen (LN). The cryovials were stored in LN for 30 min. For rewarming, the aluminum strips with samples were removed from the cryovials and rapidly immersed in an unloading solution (MS basal medium with 1. 2 M sucrose, pH 5. 8) for 20 min in the dark. After cryopreservation, shoot-tips were transferred to Petri dishes (5 cm diameter) containing MS semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose for 2 d, followed by the reculture on semisolid MS basal medium with 0. 44 μM BAP until 30 d. All samples were always kept in the dark during the first week for recovery. Regrowth of shoot-tips was expressed as the percentage of explants that exhibited elongation of meristematic dome and developed leaves after 15 d of post-cryopreservation recovery. The new shoots were rooted onto MS semisolid medium with reduced NH4NO3 content and devoid of hormones for 60 d. Acclimatization of plantlets (4 cm long) with well-developed roots was performed under the same conditions described above. Survival (%) of acclimated cultures was also evaluated after 60 d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a cryopreservation process involving the use of liquid nitrogen (LN) to store plant shoot-tips, which can be indicative of practices used to protect genetic material from endangered species for future regeneration. The method explained involves optimizing exposure times and subsequent recovery strategies, which aligns with the purpose of cryopreservation in preserving genetic material for later use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: 5%. On the other hand, if glucose is first incorporated into glycogen, followed by hydrolysis of the glucose and subsequent oxidation, 2 moles of ATP are lost per mole in this cycle with overall efficiency reduced to 35%. Similarly an amino acid from an "average" protein, when directly oxidized to CO2, produces ATP with an efficiency of about 33%. If the amino acid is first incorporated into a protein and later hydrolyzed and oxidized, four ATP's per molecule are used for synthesis of the peptide bond. This reduces the efficiency to 27%. Smaller degrees of inefficiency are seen for lipid cycles (Table 1) but multiple cycles may have a cumulative effect. It is estimated, for example, that half of depot fatty acids in triacylglycerol have been through at least one cycle [14]. It should be apparent that variation in efficiency is not a thermodynamic issue but an empiric question to be determined by the requirements of metabolism. Table 1 Effect of Path on energetics of oxidationFull size table ThyrotoxicosisThyroid hormone decreases efficiency possibly by mechanisms involving both uncoupling and cycling described above: oxidative uncoupling as well as increased futile cycling of intermediates [15]. It is observed in thyrotoxic mice that UCP1 decreases efficiency in brown fat at the mitochondrial level [8]. In humans, the role of UCP1 in thyrotoxicosis is less certain due to the relative paucity of brown fat. On the other hand, activation of the adrenergic system via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ultimately increases "futile" metabolic cycling of intermediates ([15]). Thyrotoxicosis is well known to result in weight loss, often with increased food intake and increased generation of heat, indicative of metabolic inefficiency. The use of thyroid hormone has even been suggested therapeutically to induce weight loss in obese individuals, although its toxicity has limited this application. Inefficiency in metabolic processes with weight loss and increased heat generation, therefore, is known to occur on clinical grounds. Even without a complete understanding of the relative importance of different underlying cellular mechanisms in humans, the potential for biochemical processes to reduce their efficiency must be considered established as a feature of mammalian metabolism. Protein induced protein turnoverThere is abundant evidence that dietary protein stimulates protein breakdown and re-synthesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the efficiency of metabolic processes and how weight loss can occur due to metabolic inefficiencies associated with conditions like thyrotoxicosis, rather than attributing weight loss to DNA-based diets. The text suggests that factors such as thyroid hormone and metabolic cycling affect weight loss in ways unrelated to individual DNA diet plans, indicating that not all metabolic responses will lead to guaranteed weight loss for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: C: displaying bathymetry data acquired using multibeam (between 10 and 200 m depth) and the two study sites: Rats (teal diamond) and (orange diamond)Full size imageBiological dataA Vehicle (model) with a Go4 (2. 7k, 24 fps, wide field of view) attached to it was used to collect benthic imagery from MCEs at the two study sites, IDR and MA. An information overlay on the ROV SD camera displayed time, depth, heading, pitch and roll. Full ROV specifications and details of the biological data collection are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a), but briefly, HD still images were extracted from the GoPro video transects when the ROV approached the seabed and was positioned at an oblique angle (altitude of <1. 5 m). The presence of a strong current at both sites, precluded linear benthic video transects. The entire MCE depth gradient was surveyed, with 6 depth zones chosen a priori to the study based on the literature, covering the shallow reef and the lower mesophotic zones: 15–20 m; 30–40 m; 60–70 m; 80–90 m; 110–120 m; 150–160 m. Three transects were surveyed per depth zone (average transect duration = 30 mins 3 s ± 6 mins 58 s), parallel to the slope at each of the two study sites. Ninety images were collected per depth zone (n=30 images/transect) with a total of 1,080 images from the two study sites. All data were collected during research expeditions in November 2019 (transects 1, 2, 3 for IDR; transect 1 for MA) and March 2020 (transects 2 and 3 for MA). Still images collected along each transect were manually annotated by a single observer using 2. 0, an online annotation platform (Langenkämper et al. 2017), which enables identification and enumeration of organisms. The image analysis procedures are provided in detail in Diaz et al. , (2023a). All specimens were identified according to both relevant literature and taxonomist’s support (Tables S1 and acknowledgements). During the study, a morphospecies catalogue was created for the region (Diaz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information directly related to the claim about coral reefs supporting a diverse range of marine species. It describes methods and data collection regarding benthic imagery and does not mention coral reefs or the diversity of marine life associated with them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: Therefore, following the droplet-vitrification procedure, the best protocol for cryopreservation of A. peacockii shoot tips involved: 1d-preculture on semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose, treatment for 20 min in loading solution containing MS medium with 0. 4 M sucrose and 1. 6 M glycerol, exposure to cold vitrification solution PVS2 for 15 min and then, ultra-rapid cooling and warming. Recovery and regrowth of shoot-tips after cryopreservation using the optimized protocol is presented in Figure 5. The cryogenic protocol defined for A. peacockii shoot tips included modifications that simplified and shortened the process's duration compared to the first report on cryopreservation of A. sobria shoot-tips (Tin and Folgado, 2019). The highest (87%) post-cryopreservation regrowth of A. sobria shoot-tips was achieved by pretreating donor-plantlets for 15 d in medium enriched with 0. 3 M sucrose. By contrast, the highest (96%) post-cryopreservation regrowth of A. peacockii shoot tips was achieved using 1d-preculture of shoot-tips on semisolid medium with 0. 3 M sucrose and without requiring the pretreatment of donor plants. Therefore, 1d-preculture of shoot-tips on semisolid medium resulted more effective than extended pretreatment of donor plants at the same concentration of sucrose and replaced the use of liquid medium with 20 mg L-1 of ascorbic acid during dissection as Tin and Folgado (2019) previously reported. Preculture for 1d on semisolid medium supplemented with 0. 3M sucrose is usually the most applied pretreatment of any cryopreservation procedure for organized tissues like shoot-tips (Gonzalez-Arnao et al. , 2014). This conditioning step also allows explants to recover from the dissection stress and, followed by a loading treatment in a sucrose-glycerol solution, has proved to enhance the acquisition of tolerance to dehydration with PVS2 (Sakai and Engelmann, 2007). Therefore, this combination's beneficial effect has led to increased post-cryopreservation survival of shoot-tips subjected to different vitrification-based procedures (Takagi et al. 1997; Matsumoto et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cryopreservation protocols specifically for shoot tips of endangered species such as A. peacockii and A. sobria. It details the effectiveness of different cryopreservation techniques and emphasizes the importance of these methods for the recovery and regrowth of plant tissues, which implies their relevance to preserving genetic material for future use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: In particular, branched chain amino acids, and especially leucine, are documented to act as nutritional signals acting via both the insulin and mTOR signaling pathways [16–18]. On the macroscopic level, the energetic cost of protein turnover is demonstrable as excess heat generated during a high protein meal. Thermogenesis (thermogenic effect of feeding; old name: specific dynamic action) has been defined as the extra heat generated during a meal due to digestion or metabolism. Johnston et al [19] compared the energy expended during 9 hour intravenous feedings of a high protein meal, vs. an isocaloric high carbohydrate meal; both contrasted with a 9 hour fast. The protein meal, with 70% of its caloric value due to protein, had significantly greater thermogenesis than the high carbohydrate meal (70% of calories from carbohydrate). These data have been reproduced in numerous studies [19–22]. The overall energy costs of protein turnover and synthesis have been estimated in various animal species, including man, and tabulated by ([23]), based on data from other investigators [24–26]. Despite the substantial experimental difficulties involved, the cost of protein synthesis clusters at around 4–5 kcal/gram in 8 species of birds, marsupials and mammals, including man. The high energetic cost is understandable in view of the multiple ATP-requiring processes involved. The cost of protein turnover can reduce efficiency from 33% to 27%, merely in the formation and hydrolysis of a single peptide bond (requiring 4 ATP's per bond formed: Table 1). In addition, protein processes that are ATP-dependent include formation of the ribosomal initiation complex, translation and folding of the protein, and protein degradation (both ubiquitin-dependent and -independent pathways) [23]. The energy costs of protein turnover could therefore account for a metabolic advantage in high protein diets, independent of carbohydrate content. This mechanism may also contribute to inefficiency in low carbohydrate diets, often high in protein. Gluconeogenesis-stimulated protein turnover in carbohydrate restrictionThe following hypothesis is suggested from classic studies of starvation done in chronically fasted obese individuals [27, 28]. The brain's metabolism requires 100 grams of glucose per day. In the early phase of starvation, glycogen stores are rapidly reduced, so the requirement for glucose, is met by gluconeogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energetic costs associated with protein metabolism and the inefficiencies in low carbohydrate diets. It highlights that while protein-rich diets may have metabolic advantages, they do not guarantee weight loss for everyone, as this can vary based on the body's metabolic responses and other factors outlined in the text, such as glucose requirements and gluconeogenesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: 2023b) following the global standardised marine taxon reference image database created by Howell et al. , (2019); a total of 582 OTUs were identified in this study. Only one observer annotated the images to reduce the annotation bias. In addition, quality assurance was carried out by re-annotating 5% of the images by the same observer, as recommended in Schoening et al. (2016). A summary of the total number of morphospecies and individuals per site and depth zone are shown in Table S2. The ROV was not equipped with paired lasers during the surveys, thus calculation of the field of view within each image was not possible. To standardise data collection, the pilots positioned the ROV at a similar distance from the seabed, with the same angle of view, for each image collected. The mean time taken to complete a single transect was 30 min 3 s (± 6 min 58 s), with no significant differences observed in the time taken to complete a transect with depth zone and site (Kruskal–Wallis test, p-value > 0. 05. Transect by depth zone: chi-squared = 10. 244, df = 5, p-value = 0. 069; transect by site: chi-squared = 0. 0022733, df = 1, p-value = 0. 962). Thus, given the consistency in the speed of the ROV, it can be assumed a comparable area of seabed was surveyed within each transect and depth zone. To enable comparisons between sites and depth zones, this study focuses on the number of images surveyed and counts of benthic organisms rather than an area-based analysis. Furthermore, as suggested by Colwell et al. (2012) and Roswell et al. (2021), data were standardised by individuals and sampling coverage per depth zone using the iNext package in R software (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) (see next section). Statistical analysesTo assess the variation in alpha and beta diversity of MCEs over the depth gradient and between the study sites, data were analysed using diversity indices with the iNEXT (iNterpolation/EXTrapolation) (Hsieh, Ma and Chao, 2020) and betapart packages (Baselga and Orme 2012) in R software (Core 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the methodology of a study involving the identification and analysis of marine taxa without mentioning coral reefs or the diversity of marine species they support. There are no indications in the text that directly relate to the claim regarding the ecological role of coral reefs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: 2014; et al. 2017). Another modification of the first reported protocol (Tin and Folgado 2019) was performing dehydration at room temperature using a pre-chilled solution of PVS2, instead of dehydration at 0°C placing the samples on ice. We can assume that Agave spp. , have a high tolerance to cryopreservation, since with the two species (A. sobria and A. peacockii) tested until now, post-cryopreservation results have exceeded 80% in the first case (Tin and Folgado, 2019), and 90% in our studies. Different protocols following droplet-vitrification approach have been successfully applied to cryopreserve organized structures of several endemic and endangered plant species such as adventitious shoot-tips of Paraisometrum mileense (Lin et al. 2014); shoot-tips of Castilleja levisecta Greenm (Salama et al. 2018); shoot apices and axillary buds of Dianthus taxa (Halmagyi et al. 2020); shoot-tips of Pogostemon yatabeanus (Lee at al. 2021). A process of cryopreservation imposes several stressful conditions which can affect survival and potentially alter genetic stability (Harding, 2004), therefore, optimizing the composition of the post-cryopreservation reculture medium is also essential to prevent induction of somaclonal variation. In this sense, cryopreserved shoot tips were firstly recovered on medium with low (0. 44 μM) concentration of BAP for 30d, and then, transferred and maintained in culture using a modified (NH4NO3 reduced to 5 mM) MS semisolid medium with 3% sucrose and devoid of growth regulators. After 60 d of culture, the new plantlets spontaneously developed roots and were transferred to greenhouse culture conditions. After 120 d of acclimatization, the features (number, length, dry weight of roots, leaves number, and total leaf area) compared between plants derived from cryopreserved shoot-tips and propagated non-cryopreserved plants are summarized in Table 4. Evaluation of vegetative growth of greenhouse-grown plants showed no significant differences in four out of five compared characteristics between plants regenerated from micropropagated shoots and the plants obtained after cryopreservation of shoot-tips. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the successful application of cryopreservation protocols to store genetic material from several endemic and endangered plant species, including specific examples such as the adventitious shoot-tips of Paraisometrum mileense and others. The mention of post-cryopreservation results exceeding 80% indicates that cryopreservation is indeed effective for storing genetic material, supporting the idea that it is used for future use in endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Approximately 15–20 grams are available from glycerol production due to lipolysis, but fatty acid oxidation generally cannot be used to produce glucose. Therefore, protein breakdown must supply the rest of substrate for conversion to glucose in the early phases of starvation. By 6 weeks of starvation, ketone bodies plus glycerol can replace 85% of the brain's metabolic needs, the remainder still arising from gluconeogenesis due to protein. It should be mentioned that, since the fundamental role of ketones is to spare protein, it might be expected that the reliance on protein would actually decrease with time, perhaps relating to the anecdotal observation of "hitting the wall" on weight loss diets. Very low carbohydrate diets, in their early phases, also must supply substantial glucose to the brain from gluconeogenesis. For example, the early phase of the popular Atkins or diet restricts dieters to about 20–30 grams of carbohydrate per day, leaving 60–65 grams to be made up from protein-originated gluconeogenesis. One hundred grams of an "average" protein can supply about 57 grams of glucose so 110 grams protein would be needed to provide 60–65 grams glucose. Increased gluconeogenesis has been directly confirmed using tracer studies on day 11 of a very low carbohydrate diet (approx 8 grams/day) [29]. If indeed, 110 grams of endogenous protein is broken down for gluconeogenesis and re-synthesized, the energy cost, at 4–5 kcal/gram could amount to as much as 400–600 kcal/day. This is a sizable metabolic advantage. Of course, the source of protein for gluconeogenesis may be dietary rather than endogenous. Whereas endogenous protein breakdown is likely to evoke energetically costly re-synthesis in an organism in homeostasis, dietary protein may conserve energy. The source of protein for the observed gluconeogenesis [29] remains an open question, but there is no a priori reason to exclude endogenous rather than dietary sources. This is therefore a hypothesis that would need to be tested. The extent to which the protein for gluconeogenesis is supplied by endogenous protein would explain very high-energy costs. It should be noted, however, that even if limited to breakdown of dietary protein sources, there would be some energy cost associated with gluconeogenesis. Metabolic advantage: does it happen? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the metabolic processes involved in weight loss diets, particularly low carbohydrate diets and the reliance on protein for gluconeogenesis. The claim suggests a guarantee of weight loss from DNA-based diets for everyone, while the text presents a view that metabolic responses to diets can vary, even suggesting that the effectiveness of such diets depends on numerous factors, such as the type of protein source and the energy costs associated with gluconeogenesis. Thus, it implicitly argues against a universal guarantee of weight loss from any specific diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Alpha diversity analysesTo allow comparisons among sites and depth zones, despite possible differences between survey areas covered, a combination of asymptotic and non-asymptotic diversity estimations was applied, based on rarefaction and extrapolation analyses and Hill numbers, using the iNext package in R. Individual-based rarefaction and extrapolation (R/E) curves, as well as sample coverage-based R/E curves, were plotted, with non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals interpreted as a significant difference, as per García-Martínez, et al. , (2017) and Cumming et al. (2007). Individual-based R/E curves were used as they provide unbiased estimates of species diversity and enable comparison of morphospecies diversity between depth zones and sites, specifically when they reach an asymptote. The protocol proposed by Chao et al. (2020) was followed to assess and compare alpha diversity and sample completeness among our surveys. Firstly, Hill numbers, also known as the effective number of equally abundant species qD, were used (Hill 1973; Chao et al. 2014), and the three most widely used orders (i. e. q = 0, q = 1 and q = 2) were assessed here. 0D corresponds to species richness, which is an indication of the number of species present in the community without considering their abundances and thus gives disproportionate weight to rare species. 1D indicates the measure of Shannon diversity (i. e. exponential of Shannon entropy), which weighs each species according to its abundance in the community and can be interpreted as the number of ‘common’ species present in the assemblage. Finally, 2D represents Simpson diversity (i. e. inverse of Simpson concentration index), which discounts all but the dominant species and thus can be interpreted as the number of highly ‘abundant’ (or dominant) species in the community (Chao et al. 2020). To allow for comparisons among the investigated benthic communities, the steps proposed by Chao et al. (2020), were followed as listed below. Firstly, sample completeness of each survey was estimated via a bootstrap method (n = 500) for q = 0, 1, 2 to compare the diversity detected, or sample completeness, between each depth zone and site (Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses methodologies for analyzing alpha diversity and does not directly address or provide evidence regarding coral reefs or their role in supporting a diverse range of marine species. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: São Paulo Castro-Concha L, Loyola-(1990) Glutamate dehydrogenase activity in normal and vitrified plants of Agave tequilana Weber propagated in vitro. Cult 22:147–151. Cruz-Cruz CA, González-Arnao MT, (2013) Biotechnology and conservation of plant biodiversity. Resources 2:73–95. Delgado-Aceves L, González-Arnao MT, Santacruz-(2020) Embryogenesis and Cryopreservation of Agave tequilana ‘Chato’. Plants 10:249. de la Federación (2019) Lista de especies en riesgo de la -059--2010. . Accessed 08 June 2021 Domínguez érez E (2008) Effect of cytokinins on the in vitro propagation of mexican agaves. Mex 31:317–322. García-(2019a) Four new species of Agave (Asparagaceae, Agavoideae) from southern Mexico. Mex 126:1–18. García-Mendoza AJ, Sandoval-Gutiérrez D, Torres-García I (2019b) Agave peacockii. of 2019: e. T115689673A116354303. Garriga M, González G, Alemán ía-González R (2010) Management of Auxin-to Protocol of Henequen (Agave fourcroydes Lem. ). 70:545–551. Gentry HS (1982) Agaves of America. University of Arizona Press, Tucson González-Arnao MT, Martínez-Montero ME, Cruz-Cruz CA, (2014) Advances in cryogenic techniques for the long-term preservation of plant biodiversity. In: (eds) eds Biotechnology and Biodiversity, and Biodiversity, 1st edn. Dordrecht, London, pp 120–170 -(2020) A safeguard measure of endemic and endangered plant species: cryostorage of Dianthus taxa. 29:3445–3460. (2004) Genetic integrity of cryopreserved plant cells: a review. CryoLetters 25: 3-22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in cryogenic techniques for the long-term preservation of plant biodiversity, which implies the use of cryopreservation to store genetic material from endangered species. The mention of 'cryostorage of Dianthus taxa' further supports the idea of using cryopreservation for safeguarding endangered plant species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Having established that there is no theoretical barrier to metabolic advantage and that there are plausible mechanisms that could account for such an effect, we must ask whether it can be demonstrated experimentally, that is, whether the proposed effects are of sufficient magnitude to be a practical feature of weight reduction strategies, in particular very low carbohydrate diets. If so there will be increased weight loss for the same caloric intake, or metabolic advantage. A recent animal model provides support for greater metabolic inefficiency in rats fed carbohydrate restricted diets compared with higher carbohydrate, leading to excess weight loss [30]. Human data in Table 2 illustrates 10 clinical trials of isocaloric diets with a lower versus higher carbohydrate arm in each trial [31–40]. It can be seen that the lower carbohydrate arm in 9 of 10 studies demonstrates increased weight reduction in comparison with the higher carbohydrate arm. Three of the studies show statistical significance (p < 0. 05 or better). Even without statistical significance of individual studies, however, the likelihood that the lower carbohydrate arm would have an advantage in 9 of 10 studies is equivalent to the likelihood of 9 coin toss experiments having excess heads in comparison to excess tails. The 9th binomial coefficient shows this probability to be p < 0. 01. While the above suggests the possibility of metabolic advantage, it does not prove it, nor do we know the magnitude of the effect, or the factors that control it. The studies above were chosen from among those quoted by many of the authors who have disputed the existence of metabolic advantage. Nonetheless, a formal meta-analysis would be necessary to avoid the possibility of conscious or unconscious bias in their selection. Further, it would be necessary to establish evidence that energetically costly metabolic processes are more prevalent in low carbohydrate diets than in diets of higher carbohydrate content. Whereas the proposed mechanisms are plausible, they need to be proven. ConclusionsThermodynamics is not the limiting factor behind the concept of metabolic advantage. On the contrary, thermodynamics guarantees inefficiency in all metabolic processes and is silent on the possibility that inefficiency may be augmented in some instances. A familiar example of inefficiency is thyrotoxicosis, with attendant weight loss and heat generation despite unchanged or increased caloric consumption. The theoretical possibility of inefficiency and metabolic advantage due to macronutrient compositional change exists, but demonstration of the phenomenon can only be resolved experimentally. Isocaloric dietary studies with a low vs. a higher carbohydrate arm support the experimental possibility of metabolic advantage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there may be theoretical mechanisms for metabolic advantage in diets, particularly low carbohydrate diets, there is no guarantee of weight loss for everyone. It states that 'the proposed mechanisms are plausible, they need to be proven,' suggesting that experimental evidence is required to confirm effectiveness. It emphasizes the necessity of studies and acknowledges that individual responses may vary, thus opposing the notion of guaranteed weight loss for all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: All morphospecies identified can be consulted in the freely accessible catalogue created for the region (Diaz et al. , 2023b). Species richness (q = 0) was observed to decrease with depth at both sites, with lower diversity observed at 110–120 m and 150–160 m compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. 2a). Although only conservative minimum estimates could be obtained for species richness (as individual-based R/E curves did not reach an asymptote; Fig. 2a), at the fixed sample coverage of Cmax = 96. 4%, benthic morphospecies richness was significantly lower for the two deepest zones compared to the shallower depth zones (Fig. S1c, Table S5; non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the two deepest depth zones, overlapping CIs for 15 m to 90 m depth zones). Fig. 2Overview of alpha diversity analysis based on Hill numbers. a) individual-based Rarefaction/Extrapolation (R/E) curves for q = 0. b) individual-based R/E curves for q = 1. c) individual-based R/E curves for q = 2. Shaded areas represent the 95% confidence intervals for each curve. Shades of blue represent the different surveyed depth zones at Rats (IDR), and the shades of orange are the depth zones at (MA). Solid lines are the rarefaction curves while the dashed lines represent the extrapolation curves up to double the respective sample sizeFull size imageEstimates of Shannon and Simpson diversity reached asymptotes for all depths at both sites and overall showed significant decreases in diversity over the depth gradient, from 15 to 160 m (Fig. 2b, c; Fig. S1b, c; non-overlapping CIs). The exception was at IDR, where both Shannon and Simpson diversity were significantly higher at 30–40 m compared to 15–20 m (Fig. 2b, c). At both sites, Shannon diversity between 60–70 m and 150–160 m was significantly lower than observed at shallower depths; however, there was no significant difference in Shannon diversity between 80–90 m and 110–120 m (Fig. 2b). Simpson diversity differed between the two sites (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses species richness and diversity across different depth zones but does not explicitly address coral reefs or directly corroborate the claim regarding their support for a diverse range of marine species. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryopreservation is used to store genetic material from endangered species for future use. [SEP] Text: (1979) In vitro tissue culture of selected legumes and plant regeneration from callus cultures of red clover. 19:59–64. Ríos-Ramírez SC, Enríquez-del-Valle JR, Rodríguez G, Ruíz-(2017) Benzylaminopurine and indol-3-acetic acid concentrations in vitro proliferation of Agave angustifolia adventitious shoots. Agr 44:285–294. Sakai A, (2007) Vitrification, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet-vitrification: A review. CryoLetters 28:151–172 (2018) Cryopreservation of the critically endangered golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta Greenm. ): from nature to cryobank to nature. Biol-Plant 54:69–78. Santacruz-Ruvalcaba F, Gutiérrez-Pulido H, Rodríguez-(1999) Efficient in vitro propagation of Agave parrasana Berger. Cult 56:163–167. (2006) Conservation in vitro of threatened plants-Progress in the past decade. 42:206–214. (1990) Cryopreservation of nucellar cells of navel orange (Citrus sinensis Osb. var. brasiliensis Tnaka) by vitrification. Rep 9:30–33. (1997) Cryopreservation of invitro-grown shoot tips of taro (Colocasia esculenta (L. ) Schott) by vitrification. 1. Investigation of basic conditions of the vitrification procedure. Rep 16:594–599. Tin J, (2019) for the Long-of Agave sobria spp frailensis. In: Mora-Gutiérrez A, Rodríguez-Garay B, Estarrón- (eds) Integral and sustainable use of agave, 1st edn. Jalisco, Mexico, pp 15–20 Valle-(2017) Cryopreservation of of Ulluco (Cal. ) using D Cryo-plate Method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Cryopreservation of the critically endangered golden paintbrush (Castilleja levisecta Greenm.): from nature to cryobank to nature,' which supports the idea that cryopreservation is employed specifically for endangered species to store genetic material for future use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: DNA-based diets can guarantee weight loss for everyone. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 52913838 Export as PDF The effect of intermittent ketogenic diets on weight loss and markers of breast cancer risk Share on on on Submission date 21/06/2012 Registration date 31/07/2012 Last edited 11/09/2023 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsBreast cancer is unfortunately very common; approximately 1 in 9 women in the UK develops breast cancer at some point in her lifetime. We know that being overweight increases the chances of developing breast cancer, whilst research has shown that losing weight reduces risk. Researchers at the Centre are trying to find the best weight loss diet to reduce risk of breast cancer. This research will be testing two new diets to see whether very low calorie and low carbohydrate ketogenic diets for just two days per week are easier to follow and are better for reducing weight and levels of hormones linked to breast cancer than the usual daily calorie controlled diets. Changes in weight and blood levels of hormones with the diets will show their potential for reducing risk of breast cancer. Who can participate? To join the study, women must have a family history of breast cancer (lifetime risk >1 in 6), be any age, have gained greater than 7kg weight since age 20, have a body mass index (BMI) of 2445 kg/m2 and or body fat > 30%, be able to record diet diaries. Women must not already be losing weight, be pregnant or planning pregnancy over next few months, have an eating disorder, depression or alcoholism, have a co-morbidity which affects weight or ability to exercise (i. e. diabetes, cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or thyroid disease), or have a previous history of cancer. What does the study involve? You will be asked to follow one of the test diets for 4 months. The first 3 months are designed to help you lose weight and the fourth month is designed to help you maintain this weight loss. After successfully trying the restricted ketogenic diet for two days you will attend an assessment appointment that includes measurement of weight and body fat (using a special pair of scales), blood pressure, fasting blood and urine samples, completion of some simple questionnaires, and your diet (and exercise) advice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that focuses on different types of diets, specifically intermittent ketogenic diets, and their effects on weight loss related to breast cancer risk. It emphasizes that not all diets work for everyone, noting specific criteria for participants and different diets being tested. Therefore, it does not support the idea that DNA-based diets can universally guarantee weight loss.