Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: The system test outputs have been displayed in this section. In “Analysis”, we have analyzed our model in terms of advantages and disadvantages. We also showed a gas cost analysis of the operations. Finally, the conclusion section (Conclusion) contains the outcomes and future research directives. Literature review Blockchain and smart contracts have already proven its capability for process development that requires transparency and concrete evidence-based record keeping. While blockchain establishes a sturdy trust, the smart contract makes sure that the necessary logics and rules are implemented automatically without human manipulation and intervention from a third-party. On the other hand, IoT devices provide excellent technical support when it comes to monitoring a process by collecting and sending data over the network. This section will be doing a comprehensive literature review of blockchain, smart contract, and their ability in terms of tracing, monitoring, and overall development of real-world scenarios. is a disruptive technology that has been entitled as the “the most important technology since the internet itself” by an influential Andreessen (Crosby et al. , 2016). This extremely robust technology is well described by the naming of itself. Blockchain is nothing but a chain of connected and verified blocks where each block contains some transaction data (generally represented as Merkle tree) and the cryptographically hashed address of the previous block along with the timestamp (Zheng et al. , 2017). The first block is named the genesis block. The structure of the blockchain is shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Structure of blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-1 The most popular and well-known usage of blockchain goes by the name of bitcoin. An unknown quantity of people under the name first published the whitepaper of bitcoin on 31st October 2008 (Nakamoto, 2008), and the first business implementation was in action in the following year. Timestamping the digital payments by the use of cryptographic hash is the paramount convenience of blockchain. On the other hand, blockchain solves some significant problems in digital payments. Double spending is the idea of spending the same digital payment token more than once. The dilemma of double spending is created by making false claims and distorting information to create a disguise (Hoepman, 2010). However, blockchain strictly handles this situation and does not allow any distortion in the data to be stored in the blockchain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that blockchain has proven its capability for process development that requires transparency and evidence-based record keeping. It mentions that each block in the blockchain contains transaction data and cryptographically hashed addresses, thus emphasizing the secure and transparent nature of recording transactions. Furthermore, the text asserts that blockchain does not allow distortion of data, reinforcing the idea that transactions are recorded in an incorruptible manner.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: The equation is: π = TR−TCWhere: π = Profit; TR = Total Revenue; TC = Total CostWe used the abovementioned data sources to provide comprehensive information regarding the social, ecological, and economic contexts of urban farming activities in Bandung city. 3. Results3. 1. Urban farming in BandungBandung is the capital city of West Java, and it is rapidly urbanizing. The agricultural sector has been disrupted due to the depletion of its ecological structure and the pace of farmland transformation. As one of many efforts to increase the city’s food security and environmental quality, officials initiated the ‘Kampung Berkebun’ (Gardening Village) program. The program started in 2014, spread through numerous kecamatan (districts), each of which includes several or RW (neighborhoods), which typically have 150–500 households. There were around 453 RWs involved in the program. aims not so much to meet market demands, but rather to educate residents about how to farm and produce healthy vegetables and fruits for their own consumption. Furthermore, residents are expected to benefit from using their leisure time for more constructive but enjoyable activities, enhancing the appearance of their surroundings, and earning extra income. The agricultural areas would also contribute to the city’s green spaces. In addition to that, residents who joined the program and took part in the training had direct social contact with other residents, contributing to improved social cohesiveness. However, this program is collapsing. From hundreds of initial participants, there are only 15 left who are still actively practicing and sharing urban farming. Despite its positive aims and objectives, the program’s success rate has varied from one area to another. One of the popular urban farming groups is in the region, and the participants grow leeks and have marketing contracts with food stores to sell them. However, this situation is not found in other areas due to a range of complex problems, including a lack of leaders who can keep participants motivated. As a result, the city government is currently focused on increasing citizen awareness by hiring professionals to engage in urban farming. Urban farming in Bandung started in a bottom-up manner, initiated by grassroots movements comprised of a few people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by urban agriculture in Bandung. It highlights the collapse of the 'Kampung Berkebun' program, which had only 15 active participants remaining from hundreds, demonstrating that urban agriculture struggles to gain sustained participation. Additionally, it mentions various complex problems hindering urban farming's success, implying that urban agriculture cannot entirely replace rural farming due to these limitations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: F0 was defined as the mean value of the lowest fluorescence signal for each 60-second window in each recorded fluorescence signal. The z-score transformed ΔF/F0 was used for analysis. In order to accurately quantify the changes of NE signals in different brain states, wake and NREM states with a duration of more than 1 min were selected, in which the mean value of 30 seconds fluorescence signal at the end was selected as the NE signal in this state, which was further processed and analyzed combined with video interpretation. Since the duration of REM state is relatively short and it enters a low level at the end of REM, the mean value of fluorescence signal in the 30s before the transition from REM state to wake state is used to represent NE signal in REM state. Statistical analysesSignificance levels indicated are as follows: *P < 0. 05, **P < 0. 01, ***P < 0. 001. All data are presented as mean±SEM. All statistical tests used were two-tailed. Statistical significance was determined using both parametric (ANOVA) and non-parametric (Friedman) tests with post-hoc. All statistical testing was performed using Graph6. 0 (GraphPad Software). No statistical methods were used to predetermine sample sizes, but our sample sizes were similar to those reported in previous publications (Davalos et al. , 2005; Nimmerjahn et al. , 2005). 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. It mainly discusses methods for analyzing fluorescence signals in different brain states without relating to the influence of light on melatonin or sleep.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: This tamperproof mechanism is implemented through a distributed consensus algorithm (Nakamoto, 2008). Every transaction is validated by most of the users connected in that blockchain network. So falsifying information is nearly impossible in blockchain technology. After the first block (The genesis block), each and every block is added through distributed consensus along with the cryptographic footprint and timestamp (Nofer et al. , 2017). This information is updated in every user node connected to the blockchain. So, double spending becomes infeasible with the usage of blockchain technology. Transaction in the blockchain is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Transaction in blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-2 Blockchain has specific characteristics which are not only applicable for securing digital payments but also suitable for abolishing third-party based trust models in businesses and organizations (Nofer et al. , 2017). While using blockchain, third-party as a financial processor is no longer required. The process is automated through smart contracts and tamperproofed by the blockchain itself. Each transaction history is logged into the blockchain and accessible at any time in the future (Nofer et al. , 2017). The research community is working on applying this technology for real-world problems that require more sophistication in the transaction and payment process. Blockchain seems to have great potential in the future of digital transactions for use cases like insurance (Raikwar et al. , 2018; Lamberti et al. , 2018) and banking (Eyal, 2017; Peters & Panayi, 2016). Blending real-world online payment systems with blockchain often bring about the problem of scalability in terms of the number of transactions and computational power. Studies now prove that implementing blockchain-based systems with a feasible number of payments and computational power can be done (Zhang et al. , 2018) while also establishing scalability by reducing block weight and ledger size in global peers (Biswas et al. , 2019). Another problem in digital platforms is the gap between payment and receiving goods or services in exchange, which is known as payment lead time. Chang, Chen & Lu (2019) showed a process of re-engineering the supply chain using the blockchain technology while reducing payment lead time in the digital payment system. Thus, blockchain presents splendid capability for online transactions in terms of security and transparency while eliminating the existing complications in digital payment systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that blockchain operates as a tamperproof mechanism, where transactions are validated by multiple users in the network, thus ensuring transparency. The statement, 'Each transaction history is logged into the blockchain and accessible at any time in the future,' specifically supports the idea that every transaction is recorded in a secure manner, aligning with the claim's assertion about blockchain's role in ensuring transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: From the responses of the interviewees and focus group participants, it was determined that urban farming was formalized when the city government launched a program to promote urban agriculture called the ‘Kampung Berkebun’ program. The program began in 2014, covering several kecamatan (districts), each consisting of 10 desa/kelurahan (villages) on average. A desa usually contains 6 Rukun Warga/RW (neighborhoods), which usually contain 100–150 households. There are 453 RWs involved in the program. The crops obtained from the program are primarily used for self-consumption, but some others have started to be marketed. There are two RWs that have managed to sell their products in the market: Sarijadi RW 11 and Padjadjaran RW 4. Within the framework of the program, through the city’s Department of Agriculture and Food Security, the government has also organized opportunities for agricultural training for 50 volunteers from each RW. Berkebun program is included in the Program (PIPPK), through which the city government has allocated approximately USD 1400–7000 for each sub-district. The allocation of the funds for urban farming from the PIPPK varies in each sub-district. For example, the district of Taman Sari, which received USD 1400, divides the funds among four RWs, so that every RW gets approximately USD 300 to organize urban farming. The government provides aid in the form of seeds, fertilizers, and agricultural equipment. The budget is kept in the (youth organization) in each desa to give more independence to the residents in utilizing the fund. The city government has also provided guidance and training by appointing two knowledgeable and skilled volunteers for each Karang Taruna. Based on the interviews, the key informants came from the middle-class population receiving USD 700–2000 monthly income from their main occupations. Their occupations varied, but most of them were working for the government as civil servants, or they were private employees and business owners. The informants were all more than 35 years old and had an educational level of at least a college degree. In other words, they were close to the peak of their careers and able to maintain a good quality of life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing details about an urban agriculture program that primarily serves self-consumption rather than replacement of rural farming. It highlights the limited scale of urban farming as it cannot meet broader food production needs, suggesting that while urban agriculture is beneficial, it is not sufficient to entirely replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Aston-Jones GBloom FE1981Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycleJ Neurosci 1:876–886 loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortexJ Neurosci 37:5263–5273 MPfister-2013Effects of sleep and wake on oligodendrocytes and their precursorsJ Neurosci 33:14288–14300 dissociation between cortical noradrenaline levels and the sleep/wake cycleSleep 39:143–154 RA2012Noradrenergic modulation of wakefulness/arousalReviews 16:187–197 sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease99:1325–1380 2022Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycleJ Neurosci 42:4852–66 X-JLiu Y-HXu N-LSun Y-G2021Multiplexed representation of itch and mechanical and thermal sensation in the primary somatosensory cortexJ Neurosci 41:10330–10340 modulate hippocampal synaptic transmission and sleep duration along the light/dark cycleGlia 70:89–105 mediates rapid microglial response to local brain injury in vivo8:752–758 C. González -L1998Noradrenaline neurotoxin DSP-4 effects on sleep and brain temperature in the rat248:93–96 dynamics in sleep/wake states and in response to sleep loss143 and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleepJ Neurosci 30:9007–9016 translocation mechanisms gate the changing microglial landscape23:959–966 genetically encoded fluorescent sensor for rapid and specific in vivo detection of norepinephrineNeuron 102:745–761 function of the sleep spindle: a physiological index of intelligence and a mechanism for sleep-dependent memory consolidationNeuroscience & 35:1154–1165 MG2018The role of glia in sleep regulation and function In: Landolt H-P, Dijk D-J, editors. Sleep-and PharmacologyHandbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Cham: Publishing :83–96 function(s) of sleep In: Landolt H-P, Dijk D-J, editors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses various studies related to the sleep-wake cycle, norepinephrine activity, and glial functions, but does not mention melatonin specifically or provide information regarding its relationship with light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Contrarily, blockchain shows immense prospect in the sectors that do not necessarily involve digital payments but uses the characteristics of blockchain, for instance, distinctions of types(public, private, permissioned), access control (centralized, decentralized), persistency, validity, identity control, transparency control(closeness or openness) and superior security (Zheng et al. , 2018). A practical implementation of blockchain-based agri-food traceability has been shown by Caro et al. (2018). They showed how transparent, fault-tolerant, immutable, and audible tracing could be done using blockchain and IoT devices. Manupati et al. (2020) showed how the use of a distributed ledger system of blockchain reduces total cost as well as carbon emission in a multi-echelon supply chain. Blockchain has been used in storing and processing information. File security in the blockchain is far better than any other existing cloud storage system, while the transmission delay is significantly lower (Li, Wu & Chen, 2018). File loss rate in currently available cloud storage architectures can be up to 100%, where it is nearly 0% in the blockchain (Li, Wu & Chen, 2018). Decentralized storage (blockchain) of Interplanetary file system to store and share industrial spare parts data has been implemented by Hasan et al. (2020). Blockchain is one of the most secure ways of dealing with electronic transactions. However, the usage of blockchain in real-world systems that deal with raw data is shown by many researchers. Substantial security in the mobile cloud data of (EPRs) is shown by Nguyen et al. (2019) using blockchain technology. Implementing blockchain in real-world use cases shows excellent future potential, as discussed in this section. The essential idea of blockchain was to create a robust online transaction system. Blockchain’s fundamental aspects have presented so many sturdy prospects of excellent technical support over distributed systems in terms of security and transparency. However, blockchain does not have an integrated system for automatically processing the data in a distributed system. We can achieve this by integrating a smart contract with blockchain. Smart contract With the help of blockchain, we can assuredly discard intermediaries, but the promises and trust boundaries between the contributing parties frequently present the requirement of what is called a smart contract (Macrinici, Cartofeanu & Gao, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that blockchain provides characteristics such as 'transparency control' and presents a robust way of dealing with transactions, emphasizing its features of being 'transparent, fault-tolerant, immutable, and audible.' It highlights the capacity of blockchain to show 'excellent future potential' in terms of security and transparency, which supports the idea that blockchain can ensure transparency through its secure ledger functionalities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Based on these characteristics, it was clear that those who are willing to continue urban farming practices and might inspire others to join them are well-educated and have a decent, if not high, monthly income. Those backgrounds lead to particular motives for the practitioners to engage in and spread urban agriculture ideas. 3. 2. The typology of urban farmers and farming systemsAccording to the information acquired in the focus group discussions, the urban farmers in Bandung began with varying degrees of farming expertise, ranging from no experience to being skilled farmers. Around 30% of our main informants were farmers or the wives of farmers who also had farming plots in Bandung’s peri-urban areas. These people were the main source of experience in their urban farming neighborhoods, serving as a repository of information and offering free professional advice. This was also reflected in the various motivations for urban farmers to engage in urban agriculture. The complexity of organizing urban farming communities in Bandung is comparable to that in other regions where urban farmers are poorly coordinated (Van Veenhuizen, Citation2006). Everyone has a distinct motivation and these are not necessarily dictated by the satisfaction of economic needs. From the responses of participants in the focus group discussions, we determined that Bandung’s urban farming practitioners needed classification, even though urban farming communities are often classified as being a single, undifferentiated group. Through field observation and participant observation with the residents, the urban farmers, and the city government, we identified three categories of urban farming communities in Bandung (Table 3). Using these categories, we created a typology of urban farmers based on their motivations for starting urban farming activities and the types of farming used. Table 3. Typology of urban farmers in Bandung. 3. 2. 1. Organic farmingThe organic farming group consisted of those who farm based on their concerns about living a healthy lifestyle and about their surrounding environment, and they comprised 24% of our research subjects. This group practices organic agriculture by utilizing organic waste from the neighborhoods as fertilizers, and they farm in their backyards and abandoned land or parks nearby, and the farming is managed collectively. The members usually consist of women in the neighborhood who joined the program, which focuses on food self-provisioning and economic empowerment. The urban farming groups are scattered by administrative territory. This community, whose existence was originally driven by the government program, has indirectly fostered other local sensitivities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics, motivations, and realities of urban farming in Bandung, indicating that while urban farming can supplement food production, it relies on diverse motivations and does not indicate a capacity to entirely replace rural farming. It highlights that urban farming is community-oriented and focuses on food self-provisioning, which suggests a different scope and scale compared to traditional rural farming. The mention of varying degrees of farming expertise and coordination among urban farmers further supports the notion that urban agriculture operates differently and cannot fully replace rural farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Sleep-and PharmacologyHandbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Cham: Publishing :3–34 STraynelis SF2013the Motility of Resting and via ReceptorsJournal of 288:15291–15302 state of microglia in a rat model of chronic sleep restrictionSleep 43 ATP or ADP induce chemotaxis of cultured microglia through G i/o - coupled P2Y receptorsJ Neurosci 21:1975–1982 O2022Sleep decreases neuronal activity control of microglial dynamics in mice13 S2022Meningeal lymphatic endothelial cells fulfill scavenger endothelial cell function and cooperate with microglia in waste removal from the brainGlia 70:35–49 KPrinz M2017Microglia in steady stateJournal of 127:3201–3209 properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine25:1059–1070 in immune function and sleep regulationHandbook of Clinical Neurology. Elsevier :229–240 modulate stable wakefulness via the thalamic reticular nucleus in mice12 network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling22:1771–1781 MBenito EPlaza-Zabala ASierra A2020Microglial corpse clearance: lessons from macrophages11 of norepinephrine on rat cultured microglial cells that express α1α 2 microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivoScience 308:1314–8 EI2022Functional network topography of the medial entorhinal cortex119 of sleep34. 2023Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep–wake cycle by astrocyte activity9 BBorn J2013About sleep’s role in memory93:681–766 unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat: I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses topics related to microglia, neuronal activity, and other aspects of sleep regulation without mentioning melatonin or the role of light exposure in its production. There is no direct connection to the claim about melatonin's regulation by light exposure and its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Like traditional contracts, the smart contract is also a collection of organizational terms and conditions that regulate the trust between the parties involved within the scope of that contract. The only difference is that a smart contract is coded with a programing language. The rules, terms, and conditions are implemented via controlled coding, reflecting the exact agreement approved by all the parties (Szabo, 1997). The idea of smart contracts was there from the 1980s, but the only thing it lacked was the removal of intermediaries. first published the whitepaper of smart contracts in 1996. According to Szabo, “The basic idea of smart contracts is that many kinds of contractual clauses (such as liens, bonding, delineation of property rights, etc. ) can be embedded in the hardware and software we deal with, in such a way as to make breach of contract expensive (if desired, sometimes prohibitively so) for the breacher. ” (Szabo, 1996) So, the main objective of smart contract was to embed the contractual clauses inside a combination of hardware and software so that breaching becomes difficult, and the cost of a contractual breach becomes prohibitive, ultimately increasing the safety of contracts and decreasing the possibility of an attack. The idea of smart contracts and the real-life implementation of it was popularized in 2016 by Ethereum blockchain. Ethereum is a decentralized Turing-complete blockchain which has integrated tools and environment for implementing smart contracts (Tikhomirov, 2017). The gap that Ethereum has filled has made Nick Szabo’s statement possible in a real-life scenario. Szabo described smart contracts as a “contractual breach cost increasing mechanism” that reflects the actual contract. itself is a blockchain, storing the contract inside the blockchain makes it tremendously challenging to break in and tamper with the contract. A typical smart contract building and its execution steps are shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: Steps of building a typical smart contract. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-3 A smart contract, in other words, is the automation mechanism of blockchain technology. This very idea of storing the contract inside the blockchain has opened the door to several other implementation possibilities of blockchain in real-world problems. Chang, Chen & Lu (2019) uses smart contracts as their core of system design to automate the processes involved within the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how smart contracts operate on blockchain technology to improve security and transparency. It mentions that storing contracts inside the blockchain makes it 'tremendously challenging to break in and tamper with the contract,' which relates directly to the claim of blockchain providing transparency and security in transaction recording.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: These urban farmer groups are not only focusing on farming activities but are also concerned with environmental wellbeing. These urban farmers are very concerned about the quality of vegetable and fruit products. Based on their assessment, other farmers are engaged in unhealthy cultivation that uses too many chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Therefore, they promote healthy farming techniques. They assume that hydroponic techniques do not guarantee that agricultural products are safe for consumption, considering the number of chemicals used in that method. The urban farming activists in Bandung who have these views make up the community. Urban farmers are developing organic techniques, such as changing from the habit of planting monoculture to multi-cropping to prevent significant losses due to pest attacks. Each plant is at risk of being attacked by certain pests, so if there are many varieties of plants in one field, then the risk of loss can be reduced. By manipulating the types of plants and cropping patterns, the plants can protect each other from pest attacks. The organic urban farming type is also a socialization concept for urban farmers and farmers in the Bandung hinterlands, such as in the district of Lembang and the district of Pangalengan. These communities continue to socialize and educate on farming techniques based on ecosystem balance. Therefore, this type does not merely prioritize providing a healthy and safe food source for people but also considers the importance of preserving the natural environment. 3. 2. 2. Conventional farmingThe second category was the conventional farming group, mainly joined in reaction to the government’s program. These people conduct urban farming for self-consumption and to improve the welfare of the community and the surrounding environment. The farmers mostly come from the youth (under 40 years old), with little to no previous farming experience. These groups formed from interactions in cyberspace, obtaining information, and learning about agriculture from online sources. This group interacts and spreads their ideas through social media. The members of this community consist of people with different backgrounds and domiciles, including some from outside Bandung city. They are not tied by location but more by mutual vision. The existence of these groups was relatively independent of government intervention. Therefore, some of them were often critical toward urban farming programs initiated by the government. However, in practice, they are willing to cooperate with any parties, including the government. They are often invited to work together with the government in implementing programs like Kampung Berkebun. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of urban agriculture in comparison to rural farming. It mentions that urban farmers are primarily focusing on healthy farming techniques and community welfare, which indicates that urban agriculture does not aim to completely replace rural methods but rather to complement them. Furthermore, urban farming is depicted as a community-driven initiative with concerns about chemical use in agriculture, which does not support the idea that it could entirely replace the extensive capabilities of rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 4 years, mean ± SD). Participants came to the laboratory between 4 and 7 h after their typical wake time, following a night during which they had at least 7 h in bed allotted towards sleep (self-reported). All participants were in good self-reported physical and mental health, not depressed (< 28 on the Center for (Radloff, 1977)), without sleep disorders (< 6 on the (Buysse et al. , 1989)), of intermediate chronotype (Horne & Östberg, 1976), were not regular smokers, and did not have an alcohol use disorder (< 20 on the Test; lack of proximal alcohol use was confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with salivary alcohol test). All participants had normal color vision (Ishihara plate test (Ishihara, 2007)), lacked self-reported ocular pathologies, and did not use medications that impacted ocular function or pupil size. Female participants were not pregnant, as confirmed upon entry to the laboratory with a urinary pregnancy test. All procedures were approved by the Board and conformed to the principals outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Following completion of screening questionnaires and determination of eligibility, participants took part in an approximately three-hour examination of their pupil responses to light. During this examination, participants were seated and placed their chin on a chin rest and rested their forehead on a temple bar, all of which fixed the distance between the eyes and an experimental light source both within and between participants. A head-mounted infrared eye tracker (ViewPoint USB-60 × 3 system, Arrington Research, Scottsdale AZ) was placed on the participant’s head and was used to record pupil size (recorded at 60 Hz) throughout the study. Once the eye tracker was in place, participants were exposed to 30 min of darkness. Following this dark adaptation, participants were exposed to a series of 1-min light pulses, each of which were separated by 10 min of darkness (to allow for partial dark adaptation of rhodopsin), that were produced by one of two lamps – (1) a standard broad spectrum (white) LED (EcoSmart BR30, 2700 K, color rendering index = 95, Home Depot, Atlanta GA) the spectrum of which is generated by blue LED exciting phosphors, or (2) a blue-depleted white LED (BlueFree in a 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure, focusing instead on a study of pupil responses to light and participant health criteria without mentioning melatonin or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: The automation includes the real-time tracing of products in a supply chain and overall control over all the steps involved. Hasan et al. (2020) integrates smart contracts in their industrial spare parts traceability research work to implement the necessary function, modifiers, and events inside their proposed system, which mainly controls the logical flows that automate the process by using the smart contract. The essential need for trust establishment between parties can be achieved through smart contracts by securing the contract inside the blockchain (Bader et al. , 2019) has proposed an implementation of a smart contract-based car insurance ecosystem named CAIPY in which the smart contracts implement step by step process of the insurance policy as well as interacts with the tamperproof IoT devices for keeping information about the car condition. Intellectual rights management can be done using smart contracts. Zhao & O’Mahony (2018) show the implementation of a music copyright management system named BMCProtector that uses blockchain and smart contracts. The smart contract in their system implements the necessary function starting from music creation till royalty distribution. As the contract has been distributed inside blockchain, it is almost impossible to break in and change it, which justifies absolute security while deploying a smart contract inside the blockchain environment (Bader et al. , 2019; Zhao & O’Mahony, 2018). Coding a smart contract often comes across some common terms like attribute, function, event, and modifier. These terms are described below. Attributes: Attributes are the variables which holds the values in the memory. Solidity programing language allows attributes for different primitive data types (int, char, string, double), mapping, address, and enumerators. Functions: Function represents a mechanism or a task inside the system. Once a function is called, the task that has been written inside the function body will be executed. Modifiers: Modifiers represent the access power of the actors or components. While the contract owner has supreme modification power, other actors or components can be given some specific modification or access power by the contract. Events: Event aids the purpose of storing anything in the transaction log of blockchain. When an event takes place or is emitted, the data passed on the event as an argument gets logged in the transaction logs of the blockchain. By this mechanism, historical data of the system is stored which can be retrieved later. This event trigger mechanism makes the system auditable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how smart contracts are secured within a blockchain, which maintains the integrity of data and ensures absolute security against tampering. It highlights that the mechanism of logging events in a blockchain transaction log allows for historical data retrieval, thus contributing to transparency in transaction records.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: They aim to build an independent community for food production while also acknowledging the importance of food safety. This group is more profit-oriented and is concerned with the empowerment of its members through entrepreneurship. Usually, members started with farming as a hobby and then proceeded to thinking of it as a business. Some engage in this business for additional income, and some for their main source of livelihood. However, as the profitability of urban farm products is low, their business often consists of trading urban farming tools, equipment, infrastructure, or services, such as paid training. The social relationships in this community involve sharing knowledge about urban farming and include commercial aspects. For example, new members will be advised to purchase equipment, seeds, fertilizers, and other equipment from the group management. By using this business model, they are able to generate profits to maintain and expand their group. The second form of urban farming uses no pesticides. They do not insist on any methodology but instead, focus on the practical aspects of urban farming. They grow vegetables and fruits using a variety of media used in the local area, such as pots and other planting devices made from recycled materials. They will plant in the backyard or in empty fields that owners have allowed to be maintained as planting areas. is one group that is involved in this type of farming. Even though they value the health and safety aspects of food products, they do not aim to manufacture organic products. It is impossible, they say, to guarantee the organics of a plant product, especially if the plant is grown in a contaminated city climate. From the standpoint of air quality alone, cities are polluted, while many gardens are planted along highways, not to mention the contents of the water and medium, all of which have been contaminated. Rather, for them, the most important issue is raising societal consciousness about gardening to increase the supply of nutritious food and enhance the sustainability of the surrounding area. Even though certain groups have a commercial or corporate focus, social advocacy remains their predominant trait. They make a concerted effort to increase the overall quality of life in Bandung society and the surrounding regions. The efforts they make are likely to affect the city government’s agenda to take urban farming more seriously. They noticed the advantages of urban farming not only in terms of food safety and food needs but also in terms of improving environmental sustainability in Bandung. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of urban agriculture in terms of profitability and food safety. It states that urban farming often faces challenges such as contamination from polluted city environments, making it difficult to guarantee organic products. This indicates that urban agriculture may not be capable of entirely replacing rural farming, which typically has more favorable conditions for food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The blue-depleted white LED has similar coverage, but lacks blue wavelengths and has a major peak at 413 nm (violet) and secondary peaks at 641 nm (red) and 551 nm (green) (Fig. 1). Due to the difference in the lamp output in the blue region of visible light (450–495 nm), at the target of 150 lx, the corresponding α-opic melanopic lux is 77. 0 for the standard white LED and 46. 0 for the blue-depleted white LED (Lucas et al. , 2014), a 40% reduction in the drive on melanopsin. Study 1Following the stable pupil size observed under conditions of darkness, the pupil rapidly constricted to a minimum size in response to both lights (Fig. 2). There was a slight but stable relaxation of the constriction over the next 55 s, remaining throughout the remainder of the light stimulus. At the cessation of the light stimulus, the pupil size re-dilated to approximately 90% of baseline size within approximately 9 s. The pupil remained constricted greater than baseline in darkness for several seconds before returning to full dilation. Baseline (darkness) pupil size was not different within participants (p = 0. 15, repeated measure one-way ANOVA). Visual and statistical inspection of the plots revealed no differences in pupillometric parameters between the higher (100, 140 lx) lighting conditions of the two lamps (Table 1). Responses to 32 lx, however, appeared to be lamp-specific. There was no difference between the lamps in terms of phasic (p = 0. 51, paired t-test) or sustained (p = 0. 42, paired t-test) constriction, nor was there a difference in the constriction speed (p = 0. 36, paired t-test). The re-dilation speed in response to the blue-depleted white light at 32 lx was, however, 58% faster (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) and the PIPR was also reduced by 45% with the blue-depleted white light (p < 0. 05, paired t-test) as compared to the standard white LED (Table 1). Table 1 Pupil responses to lightFull size tableStudy 2The same lamps were used in Study 2 as were used in Study 1 (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it discusses the effects of different types of LED lights on pupil responses without mentioning melatonin or the sleep-wake cycle. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: From the above discussion about the usage of blockchain and smart contract in various fields and use cases, it is quite clear that the combination of blockchain and smart contract results in an ingenious, automated, and highly secured system. While blockchain provides a robust platform to store and track the system’s data, a smart contract implements the business logic and controls the access distribution. In our project, several necessary data come from outside the system. We intend to use IoT sensors for this purpose. Blockchain, IoT, and smart contract for traceability and process development A smart contract, united with blockchain and integration of IoT devices, has been proven as a smart, secure, and reliable course of action to trace and monitor over processes and operations. Without these technologies, the current scenario lacks a well-proved medium for tracing or monitoring systems while contributing significantly to the quality control and development of the process with robust security. Smart contracts have opened a door towards this development with all the necessary digital means of support intending to automate the tracing process and establish a trustless rigid contract between parties involved. One of the major drawbacks in the traditional process management and traceability is that the data can be manipulated at any stage, and there is no security that the business rules will be strictly followed in the future. To secure data inside the blockchain, accumulation must be done in the first place. IoT devices have already been proven excellent for monitoring and collecting data with low power and minimum cost (Pavithra & Balakrishnan, 2015; Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi, 2016; Baranwal, Nitika & Pateriya, 2016). Effective and cost-friendly home automation using IoT devices has been implemented by Pavithra & Balakrishnan (2015). A low-cost air quality monitor system that collects data from open-air and analyzes the data is an adequate use of IoT devices which has been shown by Tapashetti, Vegiraju & Ogunfunmi (2016). Although IoT-based devices have many issues regarding information security (Miloslavskaya & Tolstoy, 2019; Vashi et al. , 2017), using blockchain as the secured backbone solves these issues (Mohanty et al. , 2020). Traceability of a supply chain or production using IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts can resolve many business processes to make them smooth and save our valuable time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain provides a robust platform for storing and tracking data in a secure manner. It mentions that smart contracts automate processes and maintain a trustless environment, which ties into the overall purpose of blockchain in ensuring transparency and security of transactions. Additionally, the mention of using IoT devices alongside blockchain reinforces the argument that these technologies collectively enhance data integrity and traceability, essential components of transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: According to field observations, some urban farming practitioners have begun marketing their goods directly to customers (either directly or through venues, such as the Market), or through airports and food processing networks (food stalls). In general, the supply chain for urban farming leaf vegetables from the study sites could be grouped into three marketing channels, namely: (a) farm household–bandar–retailer–consumer, (b) farm household–and (c) farm household–retailer–consumer. Land scarcity is a feature of urban agriculture. This, of course, works against the pattern of urban agricultural practitioners in Bandung transitioning from subsistence to market orientation. According to (Ploeg, Citation2012), one of the characteristics of business-oriented agriculture is the high impact of scale on earnings. In other words, the larger the agricultural scale, the more productive the commercial operation. On the one hand, the viability of commercial agriculture is dependent on production efficiency, which is dictated by the size of the business; on the other hand, urban agriculture has very little land supply. Unfortunately, this inconsistency has not been well understood, and many urban farming actors are unaware that they are losing money. This is shown below in the economic review. 3. 2. 3. Hydroponic farmingUrban farming using hydroponics represents a soil-free cultivation method where plants grow directly in a nutrient-rich water solution. This approach offers several advantages, such as the straightforward application of fertilizers. Farmers simply add liquid fertilizer to the water, reducing the need for daily maintenance since plants typically require nutrients only once or twice a week. Consequently, hydroponics, especially with a water circulation system, has gained popularity among city residents, particularly the middle class, due to its convenience. Most practitioners work in government or private sectors, and the produce, whether vegetables or fruits, is often shared with neighbors or relatives. Some founders of hydroponic groups also sell hydroponic equipment and fertilizers to both community members and external customers. Additionally, they are involved in manufacturing products that can be sold at local markets for a profit. However, the fact that hydroponics method relies heavily on chemical fertilizers and nutrients is being debated by the practitioners. Some farmers believe that they do not have to worry about the contamination as long as they know how to manage the dosage, while others are more concerned regarding its potential environmental and health impacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban agriculture, particularly emphasizing land scarcity which works against its potential to completely replace rural farming. It mentions that urban agricultural practitioners face economic challenges and that the viability of commercial agriculture is largely determined by scale, with urban farms having little land supply. This suggests that urban agriculture alone may not suffice to replace the food production capabilities of rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Light therapy and Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementia: past, present, and future. J 33(4): 913-22. (2013). [31]. editors. Mehr Licht! Verbesserung des Wohlbefindens durch biologisch wirksames Licht bei Demenzkranken (german). Conference; 2014 2014; Berlin: 2014. [32]. Field measurements of light exposures and circadian disruption in two populations of older adults. J 31(4): 711-5. (2012). [33] E, Riemersma-Lek R. Live to the rhythm, slave to the rhythm. Rev 11(6): 465-84. (2007). [34] Arendt J. Importance and relevance of melatonin to human biological rhythms. J Neuroendocrinol 15: 427-31. (2003). [35]. Mini-mental state. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J 12: 189-98. (1975). [36] Oppikofer S. Pflegeintervention bei Agitation und schwerer Demenz; (german). 2008. University of Zürich, Switzerland; Centre for Gerontology; Zürcher Schriften zur Gerontologie (german); 6: 5-39. [37] Oppikofer S. Lebensqualität bei Demenz. University of Zürich, Switzerland; Centre for Gerontology; Zürcher Schriften zur Gerontologie (german); 5: 4-43. [38]. The severe mini-mental state examination: a new neuropsychological instrument for the bedside assessment of severely impaired patients with Alzheimer disease. 14: 168-75. (2000). [39] Haubner R. Reliability and validity of an instrument designed to measure changes in advanced dementia (CADS) (Phase IV). Dissertation, Institute and University (USA). 2002. [40] Cohen-. A description of agitation in a nursing home. J Gerontol 44(3): M77-84. (1989). [41] Weiner M, Martin-. The quality of life in late-stage dementia () scale. J 3: 114-6. (2000). [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it mainly discusses various studies and publications related to Alzheimer's Disease, light therapy, and dementia without explicitly addressing the regulation of melatonin production by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: The research community also has much interest in integrating those technologies to solve some life-associated problems. Kim et al. (2018) showed how to design a food traceability system using IoT, integrate with blockchain, and smart contract. Lin et al. (2018) showed how blockchain and IoT based food traceability models could be introduced in the smart agriculture ecosystem. A case study conducted by Lucena et al. (2018) shows that the grain quality assurance tracking using a real scenario with a blockchain-based business network, which will append the valuation around 15% of GM-free soy in the grain exporter business network in Brazil. Tracing supply chain or a process contributes towards the quality of management of these processes (Chen et al. , 2017) proposed a four-layered architecture to improve supply chain management’s quality by adopting blockchain, where IoT devices (GPS & Sensors) are applied in the very initial layer. All these researches indicate a positive future of blockchain in the management of supply chains and processes. The most crucial feature of blockchain is immutability, which can safeguard these accumulated data as no data can be manipulated inside the blockchain without altering the whole sequence or history (Galvez, Mejuto & Simal-Gandara, 2018; Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). Moreover, real-time tracing of any process can be done using blockchain (Tian, 2017). Complex and sophisticated industrial processes can be automated and tracked by real-time data using blockchain technology (Westerkamp, Victor & Kupper, 2018). Modern-day enterprises require symmetric information flow along the way, proper regulation, and availability of legacy information. To date, blockchain provides the perfect solution to these requirements (Kim et al. , 2019). The advantages of blockchain and smart contracts are being applied to sectors like precast construction (Wang et al. , 2020), medical services (Chen et al. , 2018), and transportation (Humayun et al. , 2020) sector. Wang et al. (2020) uses blockchain to improve the current scenario in precast construction where low fragmentation and scarcity of real-time data becomes a problem. They automated the data sharing process and ensured information traceability and transparency in precast construction. The research community has shown the profound prospects of blockchain ranging from medical record keeping with absolute security (Chen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several applications of blockchain technology that emphasize its role in ensuring transparency and traceability. For instance, it states that 'the most crucial feature of blockchain is immutability, which can safeguard these accumulated data' and highlights the ability of blockchain to provide 'information traceability and transparency in precast construction.' This clearly supports the notion that blockchain works as a secure ledger, recording every transaction transparently.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: As a result, the communities are divided into two hydroponic techniques: chemical and organic hydroponic techniques, which attract different supporters, with groups like Hydroponiku and (BBHO). The two groups are not only different in their techniques but also in their orientation (Table 4). Table 4. Groups of hydroponic farmers with differentiating features. some extent, these categories are overlapping and interconnected. These groups form and develop as a result of social interactions, but they are mindful of the need to work together to make progress for the betterment of Bandung. Furthermore, as Bonney and Dickinson (Citation2012) noted, they use their experience to achieve that aim. Members of the urban farming groups obtain information through the internet and computers, perform experiments, and share their findings with others. Their high educational level has enabled them to independently understand and acquire information about farming from the internet and other outlets. However, the people who engage in urban farming have been classified according to the community to which they belong, and we defined the categories of communities and their related features based on the focus group discussions. 3. 3. Economic viability of urban farmingMany of the urban agricultural groups and actors in this research confessed to being concerned about the pesticides used in market vegetables and fruits. Even though supermarkets sell organic fruits and vegetables, the prices are prohibitively high. For example, the price of kangkung (water spinach), which is normally sold for about 30 cents per bundle in the traditional market, costs about 1 USD per bundle in supermarkets. Due to the high market gap and food safety concerns, urban farmers now are able to cultivate fruits and vegetables on their own and using organic techniques. People’s complaints about purchasing non-organic vegetables and fruits are valid. They are frequently informed by the media about the chemical content of food materials, especially pesticides found in vegetables and fruits. Evidence indicates that certain chemicals and genetic modifications, especially in imported fruits, are used to make the fruit sweet and long-lasting. Moreover, the farmers sometimes have used pesticides at levels beyond what was prescribed. As a result, the pesticide concentration exceeds the safe level for human use. Beginning with knowledge about pesticide-exposed food, urban farming practitioners in Bandung have suggested alternatives for providing healthy and safe food supplies. They have at least three alternatives, which are hydroponic, pesticide-free, and purely organic. Each of these solutions employs a unique approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific challenges and limitations of urban farming, including economic viability and concerns about pesticide use. It explains that urban farmers are concerned about the high prices of organic produce and the necessity of using alternatives to ensure food safety. This indicates that although urban agriculture can contribute to food production, it cannot entirely replace rural farming due to these challenges and the differing contexts and needs between urban and rural settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractHyperbilirubinemia is a common cause for irreversible neuronal influence in the brain of term newborns, while the feature of neurological symptoms associated with hyperbilirubinemia has not been well characterized yet. In the present study, we examined a total of 203 neonates suffering from hyperbilirubinemia with a bedside amplitude-integrated Electroencephalography (aEEG) device, in order to determine whether there is any special change in sleep-wake cycles (SWCs). Among these patients, 14 cases showed no recognizable SWCs with the total serum bilirubin (TSB) level at 483. 9–996. 2 μmol/L; 75 cases exhibited reduced SWCs with the TSB level at 311. 2–688. 5 μmol/L; and the rest cases had the normal SWCs. The number of the normal SWCs occurrence had a significant negative correlation with the increased TSB level in a non-linear manner (r = -0. 689, p <0. 001). In addition, the increased TSB reshaped the structure of SWC by narrowing down the broadband and broadening the narrowband. Spearman’s correlation analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between the TSB level and the ratio of broadband (r = -0. 618, p < 0. 001), a significant positive correlation between the TSB level and the narrowband ratio (r = 0. 618, p < 0. 001), respectively. Furthermore, the change of SWC seemed like a continuous phenomenon, and the hyperbilirubinemia caused SWC changes was fit into a loess model in this paper. In summary, the hyperbilirubinemia influenced SWC of term newborns significantly at a non-linear manner, and these results revealed the feature of the neurological sequela that is associated with TSB. Citation: (2017) Sleep-of in a Non-Linear Manner. 12(1): e0169783. : August 11, 2016; Accepted: December 21, 2016; Published: January 10, 2017Copyright: © 2017 Zhang et al. This is an open access 2015. Hyperbilirubinemia was defined as the total serum bilirubin levels above the phototherapy limit recommended by of Pediatrics [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of hyperbilirubinemia on the sleep-wake cycles (SWCs) of neonates rather than addressing melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. There is no mention of melatonin or light exposure influencing sleep-wake cycles in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: , 2018) to intelligent logistic support for transportation systems (Humayun et al. , 2020). Blockchain possesses excellent potential in terms of transparency in food-related processes (Kamilaris, Fonts & Prenafeta-Boldv, 2019). Better traceability of a food supply chain using blockchain has been shown by Wang et al. (2019). Their system implements a response mechanism for various events for an improved, validated, and guaranteed transaction. In a survey paper, Lin et al. (2020) showed how blockchain and IoT-based systems contribute to food safety, food security, food quality monitoring, and control to support small-scale farmers. Legacy information is vital for making decisions about a product as food can be categorized and sometimes prohibited for several reasons. Tan, Gligor & Ngah (2020) proposed a traceability system for halal food chains to ensure that the food processing steps follow strict measurements so that the food remains halal from frame to fork. Quality control and quality improvement is a must for sectors like agriculture. The existence of humankind is significantly related to the sustainable food supply. The use of technologies like IoT, blockchain, and smart contracts will facilitate the improvement of the current scenario in agriculture. These improvements are inevitable to have a traceable, rigid, and secure agricultural process while gaining more control over the whole process. Proposed blockchain-based model System overview We propose the usage of IoT enabled smart actors for a better mechanism of necessary data flow across the system. IoT devices will be used to monitor the quality and condition of the products stored in the large storehouses. They will also monitor and send data about the pricing of agricultural goods and services for both pre-harvesting and post-harvesting periods. IoT devices will also provide information during the cultivation process. Blockchain is used to safely store this monitored data while a will be used to automate the process, trigger events, and set the necessary implementation of terms and conditions for all the parties. The general system overview is shown in Fig. 4. Figure 4: Overall system overview. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-4 As exhibited in Fig. 4, the main actors in the system are the storage warehouses, supply shops, producers, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of blockchain to facilitate transparency in various processes, particularly in food supply chains. It mentions that blockchain provides better traceability and secure recording of transactions, which aligns with the claim about transparency through a secure ledger. For instance, it details how ‘blockchain is used to safely store this monitored data’ and emphasizes traceability and control within agricultural processes, implying that all transactions and relevant data are systematically recorded and managed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, practitioners can be classified according to their expertise in designing specialized approaches. Each approach was therefore treated as a genre of urban farming, influencing the forms of the Bandung urban farming culture. According to Table 5, the crops grown by urban farming practitioners in Bandung are primarily leaf vegetables, ornamental plants, and berries. This is because these plants can be grown on a small scale hydroponic. Plants grown include kangkung, cabbage, a variety of ornamental plants, and melon. According to the findings, the average cost of production for one planting season (2–3 months) for ornamental plant commodities was USD 1153. 12. These production costs included planting media construction costs, production costs, post-harvest costs, and market transportation costs. In one season, 800 plants were planted with a 10% output shrinkage, yielding 720 potted plants. According to the description, the cost of one potted plant is approximately USD 17. Meanwhile, this ornamental plant is being sold in Jakarta for around 30 cents per pot. As a result, it can be inferred that urban farming practitioners who practice this farming style are economically very unprofitable, with losses of about USD 1. 33 per pot of plants, or USD 876. 29 per planting season (2–3 months). Table 5. Economic analysis of urban farming commodities in Bandung city. fixed costs can be seen to be the highest in the table. This is attributable to the labor costs, which were due to the practitioners’ view of urban farming as a hobby rather than a means of income. Since most of their productive time is dedicated to their main work, these urban farmers must hire someone to take care of some of their farming activities. In addition, the high production costs were due to the high demand for hydroponic field inputs. In the case of leaf vegetable commodities, such as kangkung, the measurement of production costs shows that producing 250 kg of kangkung costs about USD 190 per season, so the cost to produce 1 kg of kangkung is about USD 0. 70. Kangkung is usually eaten, shipped, or sold directly to customers for USD 0. 15 per kg. This means that urban farmers can be expected to lose USD 0. 40 per kilogram, or USD 140 per planting season. The highest costs per season, as with the ornamental plant commodities, are for labor and manufacturing costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing an economic analysis of urban farming practices in Bandung, indicating significant production losses and inefficiencies. For instance, it states that urban farmers incur losses of about USD 1.33 per pot of plants and are expected to lose USD 0.40 per kilogram of the leaf vegetable kangkung. This suggests that urban agriculture is struggling financially and cannot fully sustain itself, let alone fully replace the more established rural farming practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Specific inclusion criteria were gestational age 37–42 weeks; no history of phototherapy or exchange transfusion; no anti-convulsion drug history; no hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy history and other disorders that may affect brain function or sleep. A general examination included a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, blood gas analysis, albumin levels, blood type, Coombs' test, blood culture, serum electrolytes, G-6-PD and head ultrasound. After examination, children with sepsis, intracranial hemorrhage and metabolic diseases were excluded. Total bilirubin (TSB) was measured by oxidizing method (Maccura, Sichuan, China) on the Hitachi 7600 autoanalyzer[13], and erythrocyte glucode-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency was measured by quantitative G6PD/6PGD Ratio method (Micky, Guangzhou, China)[14]. These children were treated with phototherapy or exchange transfusion in hospital. The phototherapy and exchange transfusion standard was in accordance with the 2004 guidelines and updates of of Pediatrics [12]. aEEG settings. The methods and experimental procedures were similar to those described in our previous publications [15]. Briefly, bedside aEEG recordings were carried out shortly after the peak TSB was observed. (Thirty-two Channels video Monitor-one,. S. A. ) was used in all recordings. All these procedures were conducted in an environmentally controlled room that was sound, light, temperature and humidity-proofed. Pre-recording preparation includes bath and removal of head fat tires. According to the international 10–20 system, prewired EEG caps with 9 recording electrodes modified for neonates were used for EEG recording. The nine recording leads were FP1, FP2, C3, CZ, C4, O1, O2, T3, T4. Patient ground and reference electrodes were placed in the frontal region. The wet electrodes used in the present study were the conventional sintered Ag/AgCl electrodes purchased from (China). Each ‘wet’ electrode was filled with GT5 conductive gel (Greentek, Suzhou China) using a blunted needle and syringe. The impedance of the electrode was adjusted to the range of 100-5KΩ with the following recording parameters: time constant 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and light exposure. It discusses clinical examination criteria and procedures related to EEG recordings in neonates but does not address any aspects of melatonin or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Sensitive (sun exposure, temperature) seeds and agricultural products are stored on a large or medium scale in storages for a comparatively long period of time. Supply Shops: The supply shops collect a large amount of seed, fertilizer, and all other necessary agricultural products and sell them to the producers. The storage period is shorter for these supply shops. Producers: The farmers are the primary level producer. They execute all the tasks related to planting and harvesting crops. Distributor: Distributors are responsible for navigating the crops safely from one place to another. Wholesaler: The wholesalers buy crops and agriproducts on a large scale and sell them to retailers. Retailer: Retailers buy the crops and products from the wholesalers and sell them in open markets directly to the consumers on a small scale. Consumer: Consumers are the mass people who depend on agricultural products and play an essential role in the system by continually creating demand. The main endeavor is to build a system where these actors interact in such a way that contributes toward the overall traceability of these products. components will be used to implement the system requirements like immutability, availability, security, removing intermediate third-parties and automation. Blockchain, smart contract, IoT enabled environment, MQTT server is the fundamental components of our system. The components are described below. A. abets the authenticity and reliability of the system. The data accumulated in our system is primarily stored in the MQTT server. MQTT lacks security in some of its steps, where it does not encrypt the data (Andy, Rahardjo & Hanindhito, 2017). As one of our main motives for this work is to increase the transparency of the trackable data of agricultural products, tamperproofing the historical data is a must. We use blockchain specifically for this sole purpose. The diagram below (Fig. 5) shows the system interaction with the blockchain. Figure 5: System interaction with blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-5 Several events are triggered during some essential steps of the agricultural process, and the data is logged into the transaction log of the blockchain. This data can never be changed or tampered with without breaking the chain of blocks. So, traceable data becomes secure with blockchain. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain is used to increase the transparency of traceable data regarding agricultural products. It mentions that 'data is logged into the transaction log of the blockchain' and that this data 'can never be changed or tampered with without breaking the chain of blocks,' which illustrates how blockchain maintains a secure and immutable ledger for every transaction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: The above equation is difficult to justify from an economic standpoint. The cost of production in urban hydroponics farming is significantly higher than the cost of production in rural agriculture, where the media and cropping climate are naturally present. In Lembang, for example, the average production cost for kangkung is USD 0. 02–0. 04 per kilogram, while in urban farming it costs USD 0. 70 per kilogram. When considering processing capability and commodity value, the average urban farming expenses are attributable to unstable monthly expenditures and labor costs. Differences in distribution outlets had little effect on urban farming practices. This is because shoppers often use the actual selling price before making an order. As a result, urban farming actors will continue to lose money in every business channel. Furthermore, due to their limited production capability, urban farmers have weak bargaining power, especially when negotiating with other traders. However, market networks that provide goods directly to customers have greater pricing power. The customers’ willingness to pay is based not only on product content but also on social connections and personal motives. 4. DiscussionSeveral studies have shown that urban green areas are crucial to providing citizens with a good living environment. They not only facilitate environmental protection, but also improve social well-being and economic growth, and thus, they encourage citizenship and improve resilience in the longer term (Buijs et al. , Citation2016; Colding et al. , Citation2013; Colding & Barthel, Citation2013; Gatto, Citation2022; Rusciano & Gatto, Citation2022). However, this study also needs to address the economic feasibility of urban farming, as it does not necessarily ensure that farming activities will be profitable. Economic losses could pose a threat to its future sustainability. Urban farming is closely intertwined with local economic and ecological systems (Mougeot, Citation2000) and can be understood through several dimensions. First, it involves economic activity that not only includes cultivation processes but also aims to generate profit, requiring effective marketing and efficient resource management (Ackerman et al. , Citation2014; Lagerkvist, Citation2014). Second, the purpose of production can vary, with products either used for personal consumption or for trade, depending on the scale of production from large operations to small, home-based producers (Opitz et al. , Citation2016; Padgham et al. , Citation2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the economic challenges and increased costs associated with urban agriculture compared to rural farming. It states that in Lembang, for example, the production cost for kangkung in urban farming is significantly higher (USD 0.70 per kilogram) than that in rural agriculture (USD 0.02–0.04 per kilogram). This indicates that urban agriculture may not be economically viable to completely replace rural farming. Additionally, the text underscores the limited production capacity and weak bargaining power of urban farmers, supporting the notion that urban farming cannot fully substitute rural farming in food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 5s, high-frequency filter 70Hz, and notch off. The aEEG was generated synchronously. Notable events (care operations) were marked by an EEG technician or nurse during the recording. The electrode impedance was kept in the required range. The recording was conducted for 12 hours for each patient. The interpretation of EEG results was referenced to the current practice of clinical Electroencephalography[16]. Committee of and Children's approved this clinical study protocol (approval number 2012090839). A general informed consent as “All patients’ biological sample could be probably used for medical research, please contact the department of medical ethics to oppose. No objection shall be deemed to be the agreement” would be informed to all parents at admission. An electronic signed consent from the infants’ legal guardians was obtained after informed. Data collection. SWC on aEEG was recognized as periodic changes in bandwidth of the aEEG tracing [17]. The narrower parts (narrowband) of the aEEG trace corresponded to more continuous EEG background during wakefulness or active sleep (AS) periods while the broader parts (broadband) represented more discontinuous activity during quiet sleep (QS). Definition of normal SWC was made when at least 3 consecutive cycles were observed in aEEG tracing during a period of 5 hours, and the volatility fluctuation of the aEEG lower edge > 2μV[18]. In this study, we classified SWC by occurrence: ① Normal SWC: At least 7 consecutive cycles were present on aEEG tracing within12 hours (Fig 1A). ②Reduced SWC: Less than 7 consecutive cycles present during a 12-hour aEEG tracing(Fig 1B). ③ No SWC: No sinusoidal variations of the aEEG background (Fig 1C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. SWC on aEEG was recognized as periodic changes in bandwidth of the aEEG tracing. A: Normal SWC, more than ten consecutive changes in bandwidth are presented during a 12-hour aEEG tracing. B: Reduced SWC, four consecutive cycles. C: No SWC, no sinusoidal variations on aEEG background. EEG record with the highest TSB level would be chosen for data analysis for each single patient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology of aEEG data collection and analysis focusing on sleep-wake cycles, but does not mention melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: 407/table-4 The violationTrigger() method is called with the type of violation (temperature, humidity or light exposure) and the category value with “1” being over, “0” being under, and “2” being optimum with respect to the pre-defined optimum value. According to the violation type, the enumerator value is set to Temperature, Humidity, or Light Exposure, and according to the value of category, events are logged into the blockchain accordingly. B. Post-harvest In the post-harvest, the system tracks all the necessary information and logs events in the blockchain. Information includes departure dates, prices along the way, and quantity in every layer that the product crosses till it gets to the retail. Tracking starts by invoking initiateDistribution() method. This method takes information like product id, name, price, and quantity. The method sets the date as the current timestamp of the block and sets the trace enumerator to the producer. Distribution starts by invoking the startDistribution() method, and the previous information gets updates accordingly while setting the trace enumerator to Distributor. The same mechanism is applied to the other layers of agriproduct supply. Figure 11 shows how every information is timestamped within blockchain. Figure 11: Triggering a violation through self check of temperature condition (A) and example of initiating a distribution (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-11 As we can see from Fig. 9, tracing data in our system starts from the production level. As farmers sell his product, the product information and the block timestamp are stored by emitting events in the blockchain so that these data remain secure and become verifiable. As the algorithm is the same in all the steps, only the producer level algorithm (Algorithm 3) is shown below to demonstrate the process. Figure 9: Timestamping distribution data to blockchain. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-9 Algorithm 3: Product trace initiation algorithm. Result: Product distribution starts. 1 Only producer account can start the distribution process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how a blockchain system records various events related to product tracking, including details like departure dates, prices, and quantities. It highlights that all this information is logged into the blockchain, thus ensuring that the data remains secure and verifiable, which supports the idea of enhancing transparency through a secure ledger.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Third, production systems differ in scale, ranging from micro and small enterprises to large national or international firms (Cook et al. , Citation2015; Crole-Rees et al. , Citation2012; Moustier & Renting, Citation2015). In the context of Bandung, the relevance lies primarily in the second dimension, whether products are for self-consumption or trade since the city currently shows limited potential for significant economic growth or scaling up in urban farming. The government initially supported urban farming by providing capital for citizens to start their activities, which was a positive step. However, this support led some urban farmers to overlook the impact of this capital on their economic performance. In their first year, many farmers did not recognize that they were losing money rather than making a profit. They were more focused on the temporary excitement and social benefits of farming and networking, which bolstered their social capital but did not improve their financial situation. Urban farming in Bandung has shifted from the intended economic-based motives, towards a social and environmental activism. Environmental activism involves communities striving to influence environmental policy (Basu & Devaraj, Citation2014). As a result, the program has not met its economic goals but has successfully increased public awareness about addressing environmental degradation. This case is similar to what happened in Chicago, USA, where there are communities that focus on improving food security by encouraging food systems that are independent of the market system, thus increasing access to food and nutrition (Block et al. , Citation2012). Urban activism leverages knowledge to enhance the quality of life and the environment. Urban farmers, acting as non-professionals, dedicate their spare time to exploring science and conducting research to improve their communities (Angotti, Citation2015; Irwin, Citation2002; Louv & Fitzpatrick, Citation2012). However, the complexities of their social backgrounds, such as gender, age, and ethnic differences, can strain their social bonds. Despite living in the same community, individualistic tendencies often create tension between personal and collective interests, potentially hindering the progress of urban farming (Angotti, Citation2015). In Bandung, urban farmers are primarily motivated by physiological and sociological factors, such as self-satisfaction and social connections, rather than monetary gain. This finding aligns with research from various countries, including Malaysia (Othman et al. , Citation2019), Zambia (Simatele & Binns, Citation2008), Milan (Ruggeri et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations of urban agriculture in Bandung, where farmers focus more on social and environmental benefits rather than economic performance. The program has not met its economic goals, indicating that urban farming cannot fully replace rural farming's food production capabilities. The mention of urban farmers prioritizing social connections and environmental activism over monetary gain emphasizes that urban agriculture lacks the necessary economic motivation to entirely replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Data was collected from one of the bipolar channels (FP1-C3) on the aEEG recording. Data analysis was performed by two specific EEG analysts after removal of the artifacts. The following indices were obtained from each child: ①SWC occurrence number within 12-hour aEEG traces. ② Ratios of narrowband and broadband within 12-hour tracing. ③The duration of a single broadband from each child. ④The grades of EEG were documented. Normal EEG was marked as grade “1”, mild abnormal EEG as grade “2”, moderate abnormal EEG as “3” and severe abnormal EEG as “4”. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed using R 3. 2. 2 statistical package for windows ( Variables with normal distribution were described as mean±standard error. Deviation and median (range) was used to describe abnormal distribution variables. Univariate comparisons of variables were made with Mann-or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables and Fisher’s exact or χ2 tests for categorical variables. The association between TSB level and narrowband ratio, TSB level and broadband ratio were described by Spearman correlation analysis. Furthermore, a locally weighted scatter plot smoothing (LOESS) model was used to predict the number of SWC occurrence and the broadband ratio at the key levels of TSB. Comparison of single broadband period duration among groups was carried out by Test. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for further comparisons between groups. The level of significance was set at 0. 05. clinical characteristics A total of 203 cases aEEG results were carried out shortly as high TSB were observed in neonates. The range of TSB, gestational age (GA), postnatal age (PA), conceptional age (CA), birth weight (BW), weight gain after birth, weight at admission, gender, albumin (ALB), TSB/ALB, and diagnosis were summarized in Tab 1. Fourteen cases with hyperbilirubinemia (range from 483. 9–996. 2μmol/L) had no recognizable SWC on the aEEG record, 75 cases with reduced SWC (less than 7 cycles within 12 hours) could be seen from the TSB level range from 311. 2 to 688. 5μmol/L. The rest had normal SWC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it describes a study involving aEEG recordings and various clinical characteristics related to neonates' TSB levels, which is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: 2 if caller == owner then 3 Set the product CurrentTrace enumerator to producer 4 Set initiation date to the current timestamp of the block 5 Set name, id, price, quantity to the associated variables 6 emit DistributionInitiate method with producer address and a message describing the product distribution starting 7 else 8 9 end DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-5 The below algorithm (Algorithm 3) is applied to the other layers of distributed tracing. Only the relevant data and authority changes. provided the system architecture, and our implementation includes the smart contract interaction with Ethereum blockchain. Remix is a web-based IDE that provides Ethereum wallet as well as accounts loaded with dummy ether cryptocurrency and the environment to write smart contracts with the help of Solidity programing language. Remix also provides us the environment to run and deploy the contract inside the Ethereum blockchain, which matches our fundamental requirements and aims. In this section, we provide a demonstration of our contracts interacting with the blockchain, and we will also demonstrate the mechanism it follows. In the post-harvesting period, seed information is inserted into the system and, with the help of IoT devices, corresponding autority or monitoring body can check for the current status of temperature, humidity, or light exposure periodically. Based on the self-checked data, the contract calls events to store the favorable condition or violation along with their type and condition. Where type is temperature, humidity, or light exposure and condition values can be indicated as below, over, or optimum (than the threshold). The figure below (Fig. 10) shows the successful entry of a seed (Fig. 10A) and demonstration of a self-check result (Fig. 10B). Figure 10: Add seed to the system (A) and temperature self-check in the storage (B). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/fig-10 Using the addSeed() method, necessary seed information is stored inside the blockchain for a secure safeguard of legacy data. For demonstration purpose, an entry of a batch of potato seed has been inserted into the blockchain as shown in Fig. 10A. All the registered seed storages will insert seed data as soon as seeds are brought for storage purpose. Several conditioning reason will be monitored using IoT devices. Our system implement checks for crucial factors like temperature, humidity and light exposure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the blockchain is used to securely store important information related to seed storage and farming conditions. It emphasizes the secure safeguarding of legacy data through the addSeed() method, indicating that the data is recorded in the blockchain, which supports the idea of transparency in transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2016), and even the USA (Teig et al. , Citation2009), which also highlights the limited role of financial incentives in motivating urban farmers. Consequently, future urban farming promotion programs should focus more on these non-monetary benefits rather than promising uncertain financial returns. 4. 1. LimitationsDespite the potential implications of our findings, it is important to notice two limitations of our methodology. First, while a qualitative approach can provide depth understanding of the lived experience of urban farming activists, our study only included the experiences and perspectives of 13 actors. While these experiences are likely somewhat representative, they are specific to these individuals. Second, our study explores the specific case of urban farming activists in Bandung City, Indonesia. The experiences of urban farmers in other parts of West Java, or Indonesia, may have been vastly different. Thus, to address these two limitations, future research could involve a cross-case comparison, interviewing urban farmers in multiple different regions. 5. ConclusionsIn the case of this study, the high cost of hydroponics has made urban farming a financially burdensome endeavor. The economic feasibility of such practices is further constrained by small-scale production and the low value of the products. Social and psychological factors predominantly influence practitioners’ motivations, as evidenced by Iftisan (Citation2013), who found that the primary motivation for urban farmers is to learn how to cultivate gardens in limited spaces and to contribute to a cleaner city through waste management practices. Most urban farmers in Bandung benefit from government assistance, which alleviates the financial burden associated with preparing planting media and conditions. Despite incurring economic losses, these practitioners remain dedicated to their hobby, driven by personal satisfaction and community recognition, including various awards provided by the city government and local organizations. Ideally, urban farming should focus on utilizing urban land for active green farming by individuals and communities. This concept can be further enhanced by adopting the idea of community gardens, where crops and food are cultivated collectively (Brown et al. , Citation2016; Kingsley & Townsend, Citation2006; Teig et al. , Citation2009). To improve future urban farming, it is crucial to recognize that motivations are primarily driven by personal satisfaction and social connections rather than financial gain. Future initiatives should focus on promoting the non-monetary benefits of urban farming, such as enhancing community engagement and environmental awareness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban farming, such as the high cost of hydroponics and small-scale production. It highlights that urban farming is economically burdensome and primarily motivated by social and psychological factors rather than the desire to replace rural farming. The text also emphasizes that urban farmers often incur economic losses, suggesting that urban agriculture may not be financially sustainable or capable of fully replacing rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The typical traces of the normal, reduced and no SWC were demonstrated in Fig 1A, 1B and 1C, respectively. The median occurrence declined gradually with elevated TSB levels (r = -0. 689, p = 0. 000,Spearman's rank correlation). Loess smooth model was applied to fit the nonlinear trend between the TSB levels and SWC occurrence (Fig 2). The color of the scatterplots referred to normal to severe abnormal EEG grades. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Negative correlation between TSB level and SWC occurrence numbers within 12 hours. The color shade of the scatterplot represented different levels of EEG abnormality grades from normal, mild abnormal, moderate abnormal to severe respectively. shown in Table 1, TSB level of the subgroups of normal, reduced and no SWC indicated significant difference with each of the other two groups respectively (all P<0. 001). So did the change of TSB/ALB, while the albumin level shown no difference between groups. The birth weight of both the normal and reduced group were significantly larger than that of the no SWC group (all P<0. 001). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Basic clinical characteristics. further analyzed 14 patients without recognizable SWC extensively (seen in Table 2, aEEG tracing seen in Fig 1C). Their TSB levels were >483. 9μmol/L, predominantly male (9/14). They had symptoms of encephalopathy at admission, feeding difficulties; weight gain rates were low from birth to hospitalization. Causes were mainly G-6-PD deficiency (9/14), 4 cases had unclear cause and only 1 case had ABO incompatibility. In addition, 6 of the 9 cases who were undertaken for a MRI scan showed typical change of GP area (globipallidi) encephalopathy of hyperbilirubinemia. EEG and BAEP showed significant abnormalities. Two patients died during hospitalization, 4 patients were lost during following-up. Cerebral palsy was diagnosed in 2 patients, auditory pathway injury occurred in 4 cases of which 3 of them combined with mental retardation. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. of 14 Patients without SWC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily focuses on clinical characteristics and findings related to total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and sleep-wake cycles (SWC) in a group of patients. However, it does not mention melatonin production, light exposure, or their influence on sleep-wake cycles. Hence, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: All these monitored data will be stored in clouds but for establishing an absolute trust-based decision making, it is important to know that these data are not corrupted or altered or hampered in any way. So, the storage smart contract conducts periodical self-checks for this contributing factors. Self-check data is analyzed and detailed information is stored via events in blockchain. Figure 10B shows a demonstration of the contract executing a self-check for temperature. The optimum temperature was set to 38. When the contract checks with value 40 (read by IoT devices), it finds a violation in temperature value and instantly emits the TemperatureViolation() event. The event gets logged in the transactional history along with the address(which storage) and violation information (what kind of violation). The contract also triggers violation event whenever any violation is encountered by the system. Based on the violation type and category of violation, event are logged into the blockchain. Log data are retrievable and farmers will be able to see and make decision based on these historical data of any particular storage. Trigger testing is shown in Fig. 11A. As depicted in Fig. 11A, the violationTrigger() method successfully logged the violation of temperature attribute in the blockchain. In the post-harvest segment, the system tracks every product by storing data in each and every step of distribution, starting from the production level to retail. These information is essential for the customers to know the origin and distribution of products before buying it. From producer to distributor then wholesaler and finally retailer, every step does a similar fashion of interaction with the system. The producer level demonstration is shown in the Fig. 11B. As shown in Fig. 11B, using the initiateDistribution() method, the process of distribution has been started. The log shows all the data related to the agriproduct from producer level. Product id, date, price, and current trace is logged into the blockchain. All the other steps of distribution does the same thing with relevant data from the product’s current trace, finally, the product reaching to retail shops. transaction with blockchain has been popularized bitcoin, implementing it in a real-world use-case, with the integration of other technologies like IoT, still has several issues to solve and several purposes of the meeting (Casino, Dasaklis & Patsakis, 2019). The use of IoT in agricultural traceability is being encouraged by the research community (Lezoche et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how data related to temperature violations and product distribution are logged in the blockchain, thus maintaining a secure ledger of transactions. It describes instances like the logging of 'TemperatureViolation()' events and other data related to agricultural products, which demonstrates that blockchain technology is being used to ensure transparency in tracking and storing relevant transaction details, fulfilling the claim of secure and transparent record-keeping.