Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: Previous projects indicated that the impact of rising temperatures on migratory birds were badly adapted, In temperate districts, both increases in density and parallel decreases in adult survival are known. Survival can decrease as aridity increases even among genders adapted to warm and dry climates, and temperature may limit the breeding activity of migratory birds in arid districts even though precipitation increases. Increases in evapotranspiration may lessen initial productivity, though it may be difficult to predict such influences in semiarid systems. Increased temperature concentrations may lead to asynchronies among the emergence of invertebrate food source and avian breeding operation. (Fogarty et al. 2020). Land cover and migratory birds Many species of migratory wild birds migrate for very long distances (Fig. 2). The most common pattern of migratory birds In autumn when heavy cold and less day period becomes food processing difficult in the heading to the most areas warmer and provided with a portion of food and begin this migration in the seasons before breeding season often, this type of bird component gene has is the engine has to migrate In terms of timing and route, this could be modified by the environmental impacts and by changing the length of days (Zurell et al. 2018). or wetlands in southern Iraq, a resource important for birds, resting place and the warming, protection and source of food available for birds are located on the migration route of many of these species, where thick vegetation, and water bodies with as little relatively population activity and lack of Prey Birds, and the period in which you spend birds in Marshes allows these The varieties are improving their numbers and spending the winter seasons. The total number of water bird species in the world amounts to 158-134, including those that reach the Iraqi Marshes, according to what is documented in the Treaty for the Protection of African-Water birds (WAAE) (Howard et al. 2020). is involved in an ongoing global trend in which migratory bird species, due to human activity and climate change, experience a higher population depletion ratio than their resident counterparts. The loss of migrant categories poses a major threat to global biodiversity and related ecosystem services as many vertebrates in the world make long-range flights for food and a temperate climate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that many species of migratory wild birds migrate for long distances, particularly during autumn when cold weather and shorter days make food processing difficult. It explains that these birds typically begin their migration as seasons change, supporting the idea that migratory behavior is influenced by seasonal changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing wall colors can completely alter a person's mood. [SEP] Text: She Shines96. To A. S. 1830 ("Where beams the sun the brightest")97. are asleep98. In the earth, the earth shalt thou be laid99. Hope100. Lie down and rest—the fight is done101. T'was yesterday at early dawn102. The day is done—the winter sun103. My Comforter104. This summer wind, with thee and me105. A Day Dream106. How few, of all the hearts that loved107. Song ("The linnet in the rocky dells")108. To Imagination109. Come, the wind may never again110. Plead for Me111. Faith and Despondency112. From a in the Southern College—113. Honour's Martyr114. A Death-Scene115. The Philosopher116. Remembrance117. Death118. Stars119. A thousand sounds of happiness120a. Heavy hangs the raindrop120b. Child of Delight! with sunbright hair121. Anticipation122. I know that tonight, the wind is sighing123. Silent is the House—all are laid asleep124. The Prisoner: A Fragment125. No coward soul is mine126. Why ask to know the date—the clime? 127. Why ask to know what date what climeClose sectionand Fragments128. Love is like the wild rose briar129. Sympathy130. "Thou standest in the green-wood now"131. Come, walk with me132. Sleep not dream not this bright day133. Alas that she134. Deep deep down in the silent grave135. Here with my knee upon thy stone136. O come again what chains withhold137. Was it with the feilds of green138. How loud the Storm sounds round the Hall! 139. What use is it to slumber here140. O evening why is thy light so sad? 141. Its over now Ive known it all142. O Hinder me by no delay143. I'll come when thou art sadest144. I would have touched the heavnly key145. It was night and on the mountains146. Yes holy be thy resting place147. Lonly at her window sitting148. There are two trees in a lonely feild149. And the wind swept past her hopeless ear150. What is that smoke that ever still151. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of poetic lines and fragments that do not address or relate to the idea that changing wall colors can alter a person's mood. It does not provide any supportive or contrasting information on the effect of wall colors on emotions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: And this is why the Hidden REF was really important, I think, because it really drew a light on these roles that make a search important and functionable on a day-to-day basis. Highly commended was at the University of Plymouth. Kevin Atkins: 05:27Yeah, my name is Kevin Atkins, I’m a site engineer at the Association, in Plymouth in the southwest of England. I’ve been here 32 years this November. The research area was founded in 1884. It’s research into our oceans and what’s living in the oceans, and the life that’s in them, and what sort of effects the warming of the seas is having on things or growth, etc. Not just on fish, animals, cold fish, but seaweed as well, top shells. So everybody, a lot of people do different research and different things all over, all over the country. And from here to the top of Scotland, different seas, different temperatures? Yeah, so that’s, that’s mainly. Gemma Derrick: 06:21remember when I was doing my Masters, in a lab, in a neuroscience lab, we had a Kevin Atkins, too. He was the person who you went to for anything. He would develop, you know, a way for you to set up your rig, or to hold a particular drug vial at a particular angle into, you know. There was nothing, there was nothing too technical or difficult or minor or major for this, for this person, his name was Gary, to fix for you. And he did it in a variety of different ways. He should have been an engineer, he was so good at things like that. Kevin Atkins: 06:58I’m a plumber, a plumber by trade does not do all the plumbing here. I do all the pumping and upgrades, upkeep of all the pumps, site experiments for our students and scientists. What they do, they come with an idea of something and then we talk about it. set it up. I set something up the other day for one of the students. It involved 12 tanks on three different levels, but every other one had to be different temperatures. actually used 200 metres of hose. It sent me round the bend. But it was just a small room about 10 by 8 in height, all these tanks, all this hose running around everywhere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim regarding ecological footprints. Instead, it discusses the roles of different professionals in research related to oceans and plumbing activities in a lab setting. There is no mention or implication of ecological footprints or their measurement in relation to human activity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: 6% 1784234268 84. 4% Water changing trend analysis based on was used to classify the major Water bodies of the study area using Landsat images from 2000 to 2020. The purpose of NDWI calculation was to identify the Water bodies changes over the study region. NDVI mapping was successful in identifying the “Water bodies” over the study region. Two types of NDWI such as no-water (NDWI<0), Water bodies (NDWI>0) were demarcated using equation (2) (A. K. M. Ali, Mashee, and Ramahi 2020). From the NDWI analysis, a gradual increase in water bodies has been observed from the year 2000 to 2020, water bodies were about 7. 8%, 21. 0%, and 62. 6% of the total study area respectively in the year of 2000, 2010 and 2020 (Figure 4). On the other hand, the no-water area decreased rapidly to about 92. 2%, 79. 0%, and 37. 4% during the study period was applied in ArcGIS version 10. 2 to extract areas. (Afroz and Mia 2019). The results are shown in (Table 3 and Figs. 5 - 4). See formula 2 in the supplementary files. Table 3 The values of water bodies change during the study period year water bodies %water %Area 2000 164141292. 6 7. 8% 1950105714 92. 2% 2010 443737743. 5 21. 0% 1671346434 79. 0% 2020 1324906544 62. 6% 790177633. 6 37. 4% DiscussionThe results of the study showed in October of 2000 to 2020, the total amount of migratory birds in Iraq has shown a decreased. Especially in the period from 2000 to 2010, This decline is due to decreases in the migratory species dependent on the water bodies, vegetation cover, Which provides food and the existence of suitable weather for the Breeding of migratory birds, while a general increase occurred During 2020 the abundance of vegetation cover and water bodies were15. 6% and 62. 6%, respectively, however, (Mallard duck, Barn swallow and White stork, Common gull) showed an increase (from 2000 to 2020 ) during the period of research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the total amount of migratory birds in Iraq has shown a decrease, particularly during the period from 2000 to 2010, and mentions that this decline is related to factors like the availability of water bodies, vegetation cover, and suitable weather for breeding, which are influenced by seasonal changes. This indicates that the migratory behavior of birds is indeed linked to seasonal environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: To this end, the paper addresses two main questions: (1) what are the systemic land use dynamics in two strategic and contrasting case studies: Cesar and Caquetá, and (2) how can systemic innovation address land use conflicts? Our paper contributes to the existing literature by analyzing land use dynamics under a complex system approach that comprehensively maps the interactions and feedbacks related to land use changes. Through a case study comparison and using causal loop diagrams (CLDs) our paper sheds light on the land use dynamics in these two study regions. These CDLs also contribute to a better understanding of the interrelation between three subcomponents of the system: environmental, social, and economic [30, 32–34]. Case study backgroundColombia is located on the northwestern end of at latitude 4°06’56. 42" N and longitude of 72°55’48. 49"W. Colombia comprises 32 departments and the of Bogotá. Departments are subdivided into municipalities. The departments, in turn, can be grouped into six very distinct natural regions: Caribbean, Andean, Pacific, Orinoquía, Amazon, and Insular. We selected two conflict-affected departments of Colombia as case studies: one located in the Amazon region, Caquetá. This region covers 132,218 km2, or 11. 6% of the country’s surface. The other, Cesar, is located in the Caribbean region. This region covers 403,348 km2, or 35. 3% of the country´s surface (Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Study regions: Departments of Cesar and Caquetá. Elaborated by authors. America map obtained from GADM (free available at: and the Agricultural frontier of Cesar and Caquetá shape obtained from Unidad de Planificación Rural Agropecuaria–UPRA (free available at: The data contained in the table was taken from the following official sources in Colombia:. located in the southern region, is the third largest department in Colombia with an area equivalent to 7. 8% of the national territory, has an important role at national level due to its unique biological corridors and great variety of fauna and flora: it is considered to be one of the most mega-biodiverse departments in the country [35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses land use dynamics and case studies in Colombia without mentioning nature sounds or their impact on environment or productivity. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: could have. Because he couldn’t have I said “Why couldn’t you just have a rack of five? ” at the same temperature. But because of the way it was written up in a paper every other one had to be different temperatures so they could get there. Because the light and darkness. So then we talk about it. And we invent it, if that makes sense. Simon Hettrick: 08:08And yet he was never an author on any of our papers. But he was vital part. Kevin is the epitome of that role. remember how important Gary was for me, not just for every researcher in that lab, but for me as a Master’s student. And I’m sure Kevin is the same. And so he quite rightly received a highly commended and I remember that the committee was very, very taken with Kevin’s role as well. And after after we announced it, there was a wonderful photo of Kevin in his workshop. And you can see simply by the very very nuanced smile that Kevin has, as well as the tools in the background, how useful and important and valuable this role is for the function of science within that, within that department. Kevin Atkins: 09:02Yeah, that’s my main job really. do everything here, even down to changing lightbulbs now. That’s how things are here. I don’t mind. It’s a nice place to work. My children say I should be really proud of myself. I just, like, go red and get embarrassed. I say I’m a legend in my own workshop. Some of them, they only talk when they want something. You know, it is a bit them and us sometimes. Some of them are OK. The ones that put me in for this are OK. They appreciate what I do, you know. The ones I work with closely. But some of them they just, they don’t talk to you till they actually want something. Then it’s all sweetness and light then. That’s the way it is, I suppose. I don’t mnd. I just get on with my own thing. I’ve got my workshop down in the basement and then work from there, which is great. I just do whatever comes along until emergencies come along, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ecological footprints, as it discusses personal experiences and roles within a research environment without addressing the concept of ecological footprints or their relation to human activity and nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of pollinators, specifically mentioning that declines in bee populations can severely impact agricultural production and the ability of flowering plants to reproduce. It notes that without pollinators, including bees, many crops that we rely on cannot produce seeds, further emphasizing their critical role in both agriculture and natural ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: of Glucose in the Blood is Not the Same for - Issue 4 Siniša Franjić* Independent Researcher, Republic of Croatia Received: March 08, 2023; Published: April 06, 2023 *Corresponding author: Siniša Franjić, Independent Researcher, Republic of Croatia DOI: 10. 26717/BJSTR. 2023. 49. 007826 to Conclusion 6. Its six carbon atoms may be organized in open-chain or ring forms. Red blood cells and mind cells use glucose nearly completely for strength production, while different cells withinside the frame can metabolize fat for strength if vital. Most glucose withinside the frame comes from digested carbohydrates, however it could additionally be synthesized withinside the liver. is a molecule made of six carbons [2]. It is a totally green shape of fuel for the body. When metabolized withinside the presence of oxygen, it’s far damaged right all the way down to shape carbon dioxide and water. The mind and apprehensive tissues use glucose because the supply of maximum in their required strength. Other tissues and organ structures use fatty acids and ketones as fuel. The mind is not able to synthesize or save enough glucose to ultimate for extra than numerous minutes. A chronic glucose deliver from the systemic flow is needed for the cerebrum to characteristic normally. Brain dying may be because of extreme and extended hypoglycemia. Significant mind disorder takes place due to simplest slight hypoglycemia. Glucose is acquired from the flow through tissues. Hypoglycemia is extraordinarily risky in contrast to hyperglycemia. There is inflexible manipulate of blood glucose levels even as fasting, and that they stay among 70 and 99 mg/dL, that is equal to among 4. 0 and 5. 5 mmol/L. After eating, blood glucose levels upward push. Insulin is launched from the beta cells of the pancreas, permitting glucose to be transported into the body cells. Approximately 66% of the glucose contained in every meal is eliminated from the blood, and saved withinside the liver or skeletal muscle tissues as glycogen. When the liver and skeletal muscle tissues emerge as saturated with glycogen, last glucose is transformed into fatty acids through the liver. These are saved as triglycerides withinside the adipose tissue’s fats cells. Blood glucose levels lower to under ordinary among food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how glucose metabolism varies among different cell types in the body, suggesting that individual responses to nutritional stimuli (like glucose levels) can differ significantly. It mentions that while certain cells (like red blood cells and brain cells) primarily use glucose for energy, other cells can metabolize fat for energy if needed, indicating diversity in physiological responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: I could retire this year but I’m not going to. I’m 66 in July. Gemma Derrick: 10:17So another highly commended prizewinner was the Growing up on the Streets project, which was a project hosted by the University of Dundee. And what was very interesting about this project, and what has made us really think about the nature of the hidden role category is that unlike being a research manager or research administrator of a lab manager here, we were talking about a group of street children, 18 of them, from the of Congo, Ghana, as well as in Harare, who for three years worked alongside the research team from the University of Dundee as researchers themselves, learning how to gather data, gathering data and sharing it with a research team in the University of Dundee. Blerk: 11:00So I’m Blerk. I’m a professor of human geography at the University of Dundee. I’m also the associate dean for research in the school of humanities, social sciences and law. Growing up on the Streets is an international research project that worked with approximately 200 young people aged 14 to 20, in three African cities. That was Accra in Ghana, Bukavu in the DRC, and Harare in Zimbabwe. It was a longitudinal research project, and it was developed to examine and better understand the lives and conditions affecting children and youth living on the streets, and in informal settlements. Well, the approach of the research for Growing up on the Streets was participatory and co-produced research. So we worked with young people who were both informants, but also researchers in the project. So six young people in each cities were trained in basic ethnographic methods and research skills. And then they were recruited onto the project as researchers. And so they worked part-time for a period of three years as young researchers on the streets working with their peers. So they would, they would carry on their normal daily lives, they were all living on the streets. And they would work with a group of approximately 10 other peers in their cities, and engage with them on a daily basis. And then every week they would recount their ethnographic reports. So not quite an interview, but a kind of ethnographic dialogue and collaboration with one of our NGO partners in each of the cities. And that was partly because their ethnography had to be done verbally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a specific research project involving young people in various African cities and their participatory role in ethnographic research. It does not mention ecological footprints or any measurement of human impact on nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of bees as important pollinators, stating that 'the pollinators we are most familiar with are bees.' It discusses plant-pollinator interactions and highlights the importance of insects, including bees, in the process of pollination, where they visit flowers to access nectar and pollen while transferring pollen between plants. This underlines the critical role bees and other insects play in supporting the ecosystem, which aligns with the assertion that they are essential for crops and wild plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: trial is the primary look at that has investigated the outcomes of a slight frame weight loss, acquired through an in depth way of life intervention combining a slight strength restrict with a massive growth of the recurring bodily pastime, on cardiovascular threat elements and the prevalence of cardiovascular activities and mortality in a massive cohort of obese and overweight people with type 2 diabetes. In relation to the cardiovascular threat elements, this look at has proven that an in depth way of life intervention, in comparison with an standard schooling program, represents a great approach to lessen frame weight, enhance substantially blood pressure and blood glucose manipulate additionally in lengthy-time period (four years of follow-up). In addition, in a small variety of sufferers, the intervention has been capable of result in a partial or overall remission of diabetes. Particularly great is the impact on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-chol), with an growth extra at four years than at 1 year. More in detail, withinside the way of life organization the HDL-chol become about eight–nine% better at every year than the baseline degrees, while withinside the manipulate organization it remained at 3-6% above baseline. Interestingly, even though significantly overweight individuals did now no longer attain their best frame weight, a massive discount of blood pressure, plasma glucose, HbA1c, and triglycerides become achieved, confirming the advantages of slight weight reduction (7- 10% of preliminary frame weight) withinside the control of diabetes. To date, research demonstrating the advantages of weight loss in human beings with type 2 diabetes are in large part of quick length (up to six months); moreover, it’s far acknowledged the attempt to maintain through the years the weight reduction, especially withinside the absence of the in depth aid furnished in a scientific trial. Usually, a success people can lose about 10% of baseline frame weight with a hypocaloric regimen, though many regain one-third of this withinside the following year and all of the weight reduction inside five years. Experience withinside the shows that maximum individuals who effectively shed pounds and preserve weight reduction have skilled a triggering occasion inclusive of an acute clinical situation, so it’s far viable that a brand new analysis of type 2 diabetes may want to assist to encourage an person to shed pounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in individual responses to lifestyle interventions for weight loss and diabetes management. It states that individual experiences vary significantly, illustrated by the fact that 'experience shows that most individuals who successfully shed pounds and maintain weight loss have experienced a triggering event such as an acute medical situation.' This suggests that responses to environmental stimuli, such as interventions, differ among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: It was not something that they could write down. Many of them did not go to school for very long, and so didn’t quite have literacy skills to be able to do that. But they did that work for three years, really engaged in their own communities and working with their peers, and understanding their lived experiences on the street. Gemma Derrick: 13:11And this was extremely important because we never really think about our research participants, and the external people who do the data collection for us, especially when they’re done in different countries, as well as if they’re children. Andthe role that they they play in ensuring our research, we can meet our research objectives. So all credit to the University of Dundee for acknowledging them and it really made the panel think about the inclusion criteria for that category. Blerk: 13:40As researchers, we spend a lot of time working to ref criteria and guidelines and, and publishing and doing research and seeking funding and all of those things. But these young people really didn’t know what research was. They had no idea how research could influence and make change in their own communities, but also globally. And this research, their research and their voices fed, into the UN on children in street situations. And this was the first general comment where young people's voices were actually part of the process. And our research led that process, the consultation process, and Growing up on the Streets provided the Africa consultations to that general comment. And so the amount of work that these young people have put in as researchers into that project doesn't get recognized beyond the research and what we do in order to share their stories. And so to put them up for award, for them to receive the highly commended award, was really great. It was really it really demonstrated that other people, it demonstrated to them that other people in academic institutions in other parts of the world, appreciated what they had done, and recognized their skills and talents. And what we did with the award, it’s just, it’s a certificate. And we made copies of all this, we’ve made copies of the certificate. And we were able to go to Ghana in April and take them personally to all the young people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ecological footprints or their measurement of human impact on nature. Instead, it discusses research participants' experiences, their engagement, and the recognition of their contributions in a research context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are critical pollinators for many crops and wild plants. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of bees as significant pollinators in urban ecosystems. It mentions that 'the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp.)', emphasizing that bees comprise a large majority of the visitors and are crucial for the pollination processes. Furthermore, the text discusses the importance of restoring habitats to support bee populations, which reinforces the idea that bees are essential for pollination in various environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Very low calorie diets, offering simplest 800 kcal/day, produce fast weight reduction however aren’t extra powerful of traditional diets withinside the lengthy time period; they need to be reserved for human beings with extreme obesity (BMI 35 kg/m2) as a part of a supervised weight control program. Nowadays, a ten kg weight reduction withinside the first 3-6 months, or 1-2 kg in keeping with month, has been proposed for human beings with diabetes. This weight reduction may be attained with way of life applications that obtain a 500-750 kcal/day strength deficit or offer about 1200-1500 kcal/day for ladies and 1500-1800 kcal/day for men, adjusted for the person’s baseline frame weight. In older human beings with diabetes, due to the fact that frame weight has a tendency to growth with age, weight stabilization can be a extra suitable approach. significance of glucose is meditated withinside the strict manipulate of blood glucose levels (homeostasis) [1]. This contrasts with the relative laxity of regulation of different circulating metabolic fuels inclusive of ketone our bodies and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) (additionally called loose fatty acids [FFA])- the shape wherein saved frame fats is transported from adipose tissue to sites of usage. Of all of the hormones acknowledged to persuade blood glucose awareness, insulin is the simplest one capable of decrease it. Glucagon, on the alternative hand, is a hormone that counteracts the outcomes of glucose. Glucagon stimulates the liver to interrupt down glycogen to launch glucose into the blood (glycogenolysis), and additionally to transform amino acids into glucose (gluconeogenesis). Glucose is likewise critical withinside the formation of glycoproteins, making up the carbohydrate organizations on proteins which play key roles withinside the ordinary functioning of enzymes and in protein binding. The modern intention of remedy is to obtain manipulate of blood glucose (glycemic manipulate) this is as near as viable to ordinary, as near manipulate of hyperglycemia reduces the lengthy-time period headaches due to diabetes [4]. It is apparent that such stringent control of hyperglycemia is related to decrease threat, expanded existence expectancy, and decreased vascular complications. Two strategies are used to evaluate the degree of glycemic manipulate (i. e. , the extent of blood glucose). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the different dietary needs and responses of individuals based on various conditions, such as weight, obesity, and diabetes. It highlights that weight stabilization can be a more suitable approach for older individuals with diabetes, suggesting that not everyone reacts similarly to the same environmental stimuli, like diets or glucose levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: So they, they’ve all been informed, and they were we presented, we had an award ceremony, and presented them with their award, just to show, you know, and really demonstrate. And they were so thrilled. It didn’t come with any anything, really that they need. But just the recognition that they had received on the global stage was, was fantastic. And to be able to show that other people had really recognized what they had done. Gemma Derrick: 15:57See them, acknowledge them, say their names, say their roles. Tell them at the very least tell them what they mean to you, and what their work means to your research. Put them in acknowledged statements if you want it in an output of research. And also submit them to exercises like the Hidden REF if one goes on. think the first step towards getting the recognition they deserve, is literally telling them. And there are so many roles we take for granted in research. There are a lot of egos, as I said before, and we don’t like to think that we are in any way beholden to anyone else for our success. But that’s not the case. There are a lot of different people whose actions have contributed to the production of a paper or to a book that you know, you might acknowledge in the acknowledged sections, but you otherwise don’t reflect on either. think that taking a step back, thinking about who helped you get where you are, and telling them is the first step towards getting them greater acknowledgement. think the Hidden REF is very important too. We have a number of different categories, as I’ve described before. And for, for better, or for worse, one of the main reasons why they aren’t incorporated into formal evaluation processes is because previously, we’ve been told, it’s never been done before, so we wouldn’t know what to do. And that’s, that’s a really, really common reason why they haven't been included more formally. This is why the Hidden REF was so important. We wanted to say, Well, okay, it hasn't been done before. So we’re going to do it. And we’re going to start this conversation, and we’re going to see how it can be done. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ecological footprints and their measurement of human impact on nature. Instead, it focuses on recognizing contributions in research and the importance of acknowledgment in academic settings. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In particular (38) 1Tlimt→0τ(t)=δ2(w∕2)2+1 and (39) 1Tlimt→∞τ(t)=δ2+w2π2 In the experimental parameter regime, the timescale we measure is presumably intermediate, (40) τ=αηsρ02+βγsρ02W02, where α and β are dimensionless quantities which we determine numerically. To obtain α and β for a given set of input parameters, we numerically solve Equations (7,11,13) and extract the timescale τ(W0) for several initial widths. We then fit the results to the functional form of Equation (40). In the experimental regime, using the parameters for which the theoretical contraction profiles best agree with the numerical one (see Figure 5B), we estimate α≃2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β≃0. 085 ± 0. 006. The error estimates were obtained by sampling α and β over a range of input parameters between half and twice the best fit values, and evaluating a standard error on the computed values. Numerical treatment To solve Equations (7,11,13) numerically, we discretize the system by representing ρ on an equispaced grid between x=-W(t)∕2 and x=W(t)∕2, where W(t) is the instantaneous width of the contracting film. The instantaneous film velocity is determined from Equation (11) using a second order finite difference scheme. The boundary conditions σ=0 at x= ± W(t)∕2, are implemented using an asymmetric second order finite difference stencil, see (Tornberg and Shelley, 2004). We determine the time derivative of density using Equation (26) with the boundary condition specified in Equation 27, which account for the grid contracting with the width of the film. We time-evolve Equations (26,13) using a adaptive second order time stepping provided by project (Jones and Oliphant, 2001). 597. 3136. 10. 1039/C5SM02506K 8500. 1383. 1656. 256. 471. 708. 8101. 489. 296. 240. 2314. 425. 480. 410. 422. 683. 1781. 9869. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and numerical modeling without mentioning anything related to insects or metamorphosis. It does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or is even related to the process of metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Self-tracking of blood glucose through the affected person (SMBG) is done through the affected person the usage of finger-stick blood and transportable semiautomated devices. This is typically accomplished earlier than and after eating, earlier than strain (inclusive of exercising), and if the affected person acknowledges the signs of low blood glucose (that could bring about confusion and fainting). Insulin dosage (while used) is cautiously tailor-made to assist obtain as close to ordinary blood glucose levels as viable. Recently the FDA accepted devices that constantly screen interstitial blood glucose levels the usage of a small sensor inserted beneathneath the skin. The devices are prepared with an alarm to suggest hypo- or hyperglycemia. These devices are being coupled to glucose pumps to obtain what is probably taken into consideration an “synthetic pancreas. ” The benefits of non-stop glucose tracking are unclear, however this does assist a few sufferers obtain higher lengthy-time period manipulate. Tests for the extent of glycated hemoglobin (additionally known as hemoglobin A1c and frequently abbreviated as HbA1c) as an index of lengthy-time period manipulate of hyperglycemia are typically accomplished two times a year, or extra regularly while remedy is changed. These exams are beneficial predictors of diabetic complications. Urine exams can be utilized in unique occasions to test for ketone our bodies as a demonstration of diabetic ketosis in human beings with type 1 diabetes. The intention of common in-domestic blood glucose testing (or non-stop glucose tracking) is to screen and manipulate insulin dosage to obtain an most excellent level of blood glucose with minimum version withinside the face of various nutrients and strain. robust proof towards the conventional idea of enduring glucose levels as much as as excessive as 200 mg/dl got here from the landmark prospective, randomized, managed look at on in depth insulin remedy in surgical significantly unwell sufferers [5]. In the traditional method, sufferers acquired insulin simplest if glucose concentrations passed 215 mg/dl with the intention of maintaining concentrations among 180 and two hundred mg/dl, ensuing in suggest blood glucose levels of 150-160 mg/dl (hyperglycemia). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing individualized approaches to blood glucose monitoring and insulin dosage. It highlights that different patients have varying responses to environmental factors such as diet and stress, suggesting that management of blood glucose levels requires tailored interventions rather than a one-size-fits-all response.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Not if it can be done, but how it can be done. Create the guidelines, the criterion, the evaluation processes around acknowledging and celebrating these these contributions, and hopefully, in the long term, be able to contribute to the development of criterion that acknowledges these roles and outputs more formally, in more formal audit frameworks as well. It’s a first step. Simon Hettrick: 18:08So the problem then is how do you recognize these other rules? And is there is always the immediate question I’m asked when I’ve run campaigns in the past, to look at specific hidden rules. And the one that really close to my heart is research software engineers. So they went from being an unknown role in 2012, to this massive global community now. And what I saw with that campaign was really the thing that we needed, it wasn’t a set of metrics or some assessment program or, or anything along those lines. What we need to do is just change the academic culture so that role was recognized and the importance of it was was was valued by funders, by universities, by by government. And when that just that conceptual change of thinking, “Well, this is an important role we need to support it happened. ”Then we saw this blossoming of the community and this huge growth. think it’s very difficult to say, to answer the question, how do you recognize a librarian say, you can’t just hand over a bunch of metrics and say, well, “It’s the number of books they processed” or something like that. It's more about changing culture so that people understand the value of that role. And they recognize the contribution that they’re making towards progressing research. Gemma Derrick: 19:27Yeah, I have noticed that them and us culture quite and I think it’s felt quite acutely, simply because the structures that are used to celebrate and acknowledge the contributions that go into research culture don’t exist, and this is where the Hidden REF tried to add that perspective. I know this was an ARMA survey, but there are other aspects who other people within our research culture that ARMA don’t necessarily include, but are also extremely important. And here we’re talking about research technicians, or we’re talking about the advocates for research, not just managers and administrators of research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ecological footprints or their measurement of human impact on nature. Instead, it discusses the recognition of various roles within academic and research communities and emphasizes changing culture rather than evaluating or measuring ecological impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: (A) Principal component analysis of different larval stages using variance stabilizing transformed complete transcriptome. (B) Cluster analysis using the coseq R package, focusing on genes that are upregulated on days 3 and/or 32. The number of genes in each cluster are shown above each graph. Adjusted p-values and functional annotations for the four gene clusters in this figure can be found in ource data 2. Gene expression data was generated from whole larvae. The analysis of upregulated genes during this post-embryonic development series revealed two major peaks of gene expression that underlie the clusters of regulated genes. Indeed, the cluster analysis shows 2651 genes upregulated on D03 and to a lesser degree on D32 (clusters 1 and 2), 1515 genes upregulated on D32 (cluster 3), and 785 genes upregulated on D32 and to a lesser degree on D03 (cluster 4) (Figure 2B). Unsurprisingly, these two transitions, D01 to D03 and D18 to D32, also show the highest number of differentially expressed genes with 14,830 genes (7151 up, 7,679 down) between D01 and D03, and 10,774 genes (5320 up and 5454 down) between D18 and D32 (Supplementary file 1). This suggests that there are two major events occurring in terms of gene expression: one early on, at day 3, and one later around day 32. This last event corresponds to the separation between the intermediate and late developmental phases and is concomitant with the regression of the elongated spines, an overall change of shape, and progression of the pigmentation. In other grouper species, the regression of the elongated spines corresponds to the onset of metamorphosis and is associated with an increase in TH levels (de Jesus et al. , 1998). However, the very early event is more striking as such a global gene expression change very early on has, to our knowledge, never been reported in other teleost fish species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing gene expression changes that correspond to developmental transitions, which aligns with the concept of metamorphosis in insects. Specifically, it describes significant gene expression events during different larval stages and indicates developmental phases, which is a characteristic of organisms that undergo complete metamorphosis. Furthermore, the mention of the regression of elongated spines during metamorphosis parallels the physical transformations seen in insects during their development through larval stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Underlying mechanism isn’t apparent but, however neuronal dying because of the buildup of poisonous amyloid plaques and tau tangles might be the reason. Which elements are affecting the neurons and triggering the formation of those plaques isn’t acknowledged, but excessive blood glucose–associated expanded oxidative strain and corrupted blood–mind barrier are at the front line. A current look at validated how AD, type 1 DM, type 2 DM, and prediabetes are interlinked. Both AD and hyperglycemia amplified the mind tissue cytokine levels, which growth the neuronal damage, amyloid plaques, and tau tangles, and disturb the blood–mind barrier. Catching those sufferers at prediabetic level is crucial. Just like diabetes, prediabetes too is a massive public health pandemic round the sector. However, we’re fortunate due to the fact if we are able to become aware of prediabetic human beings withinside the populace with accurate technique as quickly as viable, we are able to save you maximum of the choric sicknesses like diabetes, AD, cardiovascular sicknesses, and we are able to lower the health expenses of nations along side deaths associated with those pathologies. is described through an growth in blood glucose levels above ordinary values [1]. To recognize how hyperglycemia can also additionally arise, we need to don’t forget elements that preserve blood glucose inside a strict range. In wholesome human beings, blood glucose concentrations are maintained inside very near limits, with a strictly maintained postabsorptive (e. g. fasted overnight) blood glucose awareness of 4. 5–5. 2 mmol/L (81-94 mg/dL). Interperson coefficients of version (assuming comparable instances due to the fact that preceding meal, meal composition, levels of pastime, etc. ) are <5%, so a fasting glucose of 6. 0 mmol/L (108 mg/dL) is 4-5 wellknown deviations above the suggest in maximum wholesome populations. Glucose concentrations growth after food, however usual food will now no longer boost blood glucose above ~8 mmol/L (one hundred forty four mg/dL), and normoglycemia is typically restored inside 2-4 hours in wholesome human beings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that variations in blood glucose levels and their impacts on health conditions differ among individuals. It mentions that interperson coefficients of variation are less than 5%, indicating variability in responses, particularly in relation to fasting glucose levels and health outcomes, which suggests that not every individual reacts the same way to environmental stimuli like blood glucose levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Librarians, for example, are extremely important. Our research managers, our administrators, all of these people, are key components of what makes a research culture possible. And the Hidden REF hidden role category aims to acknowledge them and say, hey, you know, we see you and we know you’re important. And we want to acknowledge you and say thank you. Because these people contribute to our research, but they’re not authors on our research, because they, they, they don’t necessarily adhere to the credit criteria and about what considers authorship. But without them, our research wouldn’t happen. So yes, there is an us and them culture within research. And that’s only exacerbated by the current structures associated with acknowledging value in research. And also by acknowledging who is classified as a contributor or research, it doesn’t doesn’t include these hidden roles. 21:22So the future for the Hidden REF, the immediate future is that we’re running what we’re going to call the festival of Hidden REF, and that will be taking place later this year. It was originally meant to take place in June, and we had everything set up and it was going very well. And the best element of that is we just found the perfect venue in in Bristol, and it had the the Room was the main plenary room we were going to be using, and I thought that was a sort of magical moment. Because, obviously, being one of the crystallographers, who was largely overlooked for her role in the discovery of DNA, what a better venue could you have for the Hidden REF. Unfortunately, there was a fire, and everything's been postponed. So we are currently looking for another venue, possibly going to the festival take place around by the end of August. And the idea will be to get two groups of people together, one of which will be the people who are in these hidden roles. would like to see them grouping together, starting to work out hubs support each other, trying to work out how to run campaigns, like we’ve done to gain recognition for them. And the other group will be the policymakers. So the kind of people who will be setting up the policies for understanding how we get this recognition embedded into universities, funders, and government. Simon Baker: 22:49Thanks for listening to this episode of the Podcast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ecological footprints. It discusses the importance of various roles in the research community, specifically highlighting 'hidden roles' and their contributions to research culture without addressing any aspects related to ecological footprints or the measurement of human impacts on nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: These observations are irreconcilable, with cortisol enhancing or participating in TH-driven metamorphosis. We thank the reviewer for this comment, but we think that there might be a misunderstanding here. (1) We clearly observed an increase of TSHb (that occurs between D18 and juvenile stage) and an increase of tg from D32 which coincide with the activation of other genes involved in TH pathway (dio2, dio3, and also a strong increase of TRb). All this and put in the context of what we know from previous grouper studies, clearly supports our conclusion that TH-regulated metamorphosis is starting at around D32 in grouper. We also observed morphological changes such as fin rays resorption and pigmentation changes between D32 and juvenile stage. Such morphological changes have already been associated as corresponding to metamorphosis in groupers (et al 1998) as they occur during TH level increase, and they also happen to be under the control of TH in grouper (et al 1998). Based on this study but also on studies (conducted on many other teleost species) showing that the increase of TH levels is always associated with an activation of TH pathway genes and morphological and pigmentation changes we concluded that metamorphosis of E. malabaricus occurs between D32 and juvenile stage. We have improved the clarity of the manuscript in several places to make sure that our conclusion is based on our transcriptomic and morphological data plus the available literature. (2) We clearly observed another activation of TH related gene earlier in the development (between D1 and D10, with a surge of trhrs, tg and tpo at D3. As this activation was very unexpected for us, we decided to focus the analysis of TH levels between D1 and D10 and very interestingly we observed high level of T4 at D3 indicating that THs are instrumental very precociously in the larval development of the malabar grouper which has never been shown before. We declared lines 224-225 that our “data reinforce the existence of two distinct periods of TH signalling activity, one early on at D3 and one late corresponding to classic metamorphosis at D32”. However, we agree that we could have been clearer and clearly explained that this early activation was very intriguing for us and that we wanted to investigate hormonal levels around that period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing metamorphosis in teleost species, specifically the malabar grouper. It details how hormonal changes, particularly related to thyroid hormones (TH), signal and regulate metamorphosis, emphasizing specific developmental stages, such as 'D32 and juvenile stage,' which aligns with the concept of metamorphosis involving distinct developmental phases. Additionally, the author mentions morphological changes associated with this metamorphosis, reinforcing the idea of progression through stages in metamorphic development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Hyperglycemia reasons a profound osmotic diuresis ensuing in modern dehydration. Ketonemia and acidosis can also additionally cause nausea and vomiting, which exacerbates fluid and electrolyte losses. through insulin-dealt with sufferers of the day-byday fluctuations in their blood glucose values offers a miles extra knowledge through sufferers and docs of each diabetic manipulate and the outcomes of various insulin arrangements [8]. Indeed, domestic blood glucose dimension gives an critical instructional exercising for all significantly influenced diabetic sufferers in addition to being the important device to obtain tight blood glucose manipulate. Reproducible blood glucose profiles are important for making rational changes to remedy. They can display now no longer simplest the instances of the peaks and troughs of blood glucose awareness however additionally the length of motion of various insulin arrangements in an person affected person. Unfortunately, the ones whose existence are chaotic additionally produce chaotic blood glucose profiles. Home blood glucose tracking through the perfect technique, mixed with the cappotential to recognize the actual importance of the readings, represents on the only hand a totally critical factor of diabetes care. On the alternative hand, obsessional sufferers who carry out exams too frequently with common changes of insulin dose, motive themselves protracted distress and frequently disabling hypoglycaemia. While this method every so often evolves because of the affected person’s personality, such strategies are all too frequently endorsed through clinical attendants. Patients need to now no longer reply to remoted excessive blood glucose readings through taking greater insulin: this reasons worsening of blood glucose oscillations in place of an development of their blood glucose profile. adjusting insulin remedy, it’s far important to recognize the reasons of fluctuating styles of the blood glucose profile thru 24 hours [8]. The following factors are crucial. • Blood glucose rises as insulin motion declines, even if no meals is taken, due to hepatic gluconeogenesis. This bills specially for the fast growth in blood glucose which takes place withinside the small hours of the morning earlier than breakfast. • These fast adjustments in blood glucose additionally provide an explanation for why such a lot of sufferers report one of a kind blood glucose readings every day, due to the fact that even a half to at least one hour distinction in timing can supply a totally one of a kind result. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how individuals, particularly diabetic patients, exhibit varied responses to blood glucose fluctuations based on factors such as insulin activity and personal circumstances. The text illustrates that different patients can have significantly different blood glucose readings due to various factors, indicating that responses to stimuli are not uniform among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: I’m Simon Baker, chief editor at nature index, the producer was Dom Byrne. Next up, we’ll hear how University the sponsor of this series is helping to champion team science. 23:14:I am and welcome to this podcast series from University. Over this six episode series, I'll be introducing you to some incredible research taking place. From a million dollar fungi project that's helping combat climate change, to surveys into maternity care treatment, to creating electric vehicles for women in rural African communities and more. These projects are just a handful of those that entered the 2022 and 2023 Competition run by University in Australia. There's also something else they have in common, they each speak to a sustainable development goal or SDG. A list of 17 goals created by the which tackle global issues including poverty, hunger, climate change, gender inequality and access to education. So how do we identify problems and then the path forward? Well, through research. And this research is happening at universities across the globe who are graded in the annual Rankings on their commitment to the SDGs. This is significant because out of 1,700 universities in the world, University ranked number one overall for the past two years. And if we drill down into the SDGs it excelled in, it came first for the goals, gender equality, partnership for the goals and responsible consumption and production. For more information about sustainable development goals, you can visit sdgs. un. org and keep listening as the researchers across this series will talk to how their projects contribute to positive change. Before we dive in, I also want to take a moment to acknowledge the custodians of the lands where University campuses are located and pay respect to the peoples of the Dhurug, Tharawal, Eora and Wiradjuri Nations. I pay my respect to elders past and present. Always was, always will be. Now let's hear from some of the researchers from University's Competition. Dr. 25:20:For a woman in rural Africa, a lack of transportation means a missed opportunity to go to the local clinic, to get a nurse to visit after birth, to be able to take their kids to school. A missed opportunity for live load because they might not be able to transport their rural agricultural produce. 25:43:That's Dr. from the School of Business, who was one of the runners up in the 2022 Competition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various projects related to sustainable development goals and does not mention ecological footprints or their role in measuring the impact of human activity on nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: bodies (MB) of adult Drosophila have a core of thousands of Kenyon neurons; axons of the early-born g class form a medial lobe and those from later-born α'β' and αβ classes form both medial and vertical lobes. The larva, however, hatches with only γ neurons and forms a vertical lobe 'facsimile' using larval-specific axon branches from its γ neurons. MB input (MBINs) and output (MBONs) neurons divide the Kenyon neuron lobes into discrete computational compartments. The larva has 10 such compartments while the adult has 16. We determined the fates of 28 of the 32 MBONs and MBINs that define the 10 larval compartments. Seven compartments are subsequently incorporated into the adult MB; four of their MBINs die, while 12 MBINs/MBONs remodel to function in adult compartments. The remaining three compartments are larval specific. At metamorphosis their MBIN/MBONs trans-differentiate, leaving the MB for other adult brain circuits. The adult vertical lobes are made de novo using MBONs/MBINs recruited from pools of adult-specific neurons. The combination of cell death, compartment shifting, trans-differentiation, and recruitment of new neurons result in no larval MBIN-MBON connections being maintained through metamorphosis. At this simple level, then, we find no anatomical substrate for a memory trace persisting from larva to adult. The adult phenotype of the trans-differentiating neurons represents their evolutionarily ancestral phenotype while their larval phenotype is a derived adaptation for the larval stage. These cells arise primarily within lineages that also produce permanent MBINs and MBONs, suggesting that larval specifying factors may allow information related to birth-order or sibling identity to be interpreted in a modified manner in the larva to allow these neurons to acquire larval phenotypic modifications. The loss of such factors at metamorphosis then allows these neurons to revert to their ancestral functions in the adult. Editor's evaluation The complete metamorphosis of higher insects is one of the most fascinating and complex processes in nature. The discrepancy in form and function between larvae, pupa, and adult insects is breathtaking, begging the question of how these forms and functions can so seamlessly follow each other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complete metamorphosis of insects, particularly highlighting the process in Drosophila. It explains how larvae undergo a transformation, detailing the changes in neuron types and functions from the larval to the adult stage. The mention of 'the complete metamorphosis of higher insects' as a 'fascinating and complex process' directly supports the claim about insects transitioning through different life stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: stimuli; each with a specific bandwidth (columns: from 20 Hz, red, to 500 Hz, blue) and mean contrast (rows). Reducing the background (BG) of Gaussian white-noise stimuli (GWN; 2-unit peak-to-peak modulation) from bright (1. 5-unit, bottom) to dark (0-unit, top) halved their modulation, generating bursts of increasing contrast: the lower the BG, the higher the contrast. Left-top: responses from (A). Yellow box: maximum information responses. Arrows: dark intervals. Because of half-Gaussian waveforms, light bursts carried fewer photons (see Figure 2—figure supplement 3). Yet their larger responses comply with the stochastic adaptive visual information sampling theory (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014; Juusola et al. , 2015) (1. Figure 1—source data 1 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0 (darkness). Download elife-26117-fig1-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 2 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG0. 5. Download elife-26117-fig1-data2-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 3 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG1. Download elife-26117-fig1-data3-v2. xlsx Figure 1—source data 4 Intracellular voltage responses of the same R1-R6 photoreceptor to very bright 20 Hz, 50 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 500 Hz bursty light stimuli at BG1. 5. Download elife-26117-fig1-data4-v2. xlsx Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset R1-R6 output varies more cell-to-cell than trial-to-trial (cf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the R1-R6 photoreceptor output varies more from cell to cell than trial to trial. This suggests that there are individual differences in how stimuli affect the responses, undermining the idea that every individual reacts the same way to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: His project was to co-design a solar-powered shared electric vehicle for women in rural communities in Zimbabwe. In these areas, transportation is critical for people's livelihoods, but it is both scarce and expensive. Dr. Chikweche worked with a startup called Mobility for Africa on the project and he and his team began by consulting with 564 women in the target communities. Dr. 26:17:So we picked a site in Wedza, Zimbabwe, which is in the southern part of Africa, where we worked just to get to understand their daily challenges in terms of what lack of transportation meant to them. But more importantly, the idea was to get a lived experience of those challenges. And then from that we had focus groups, individual interviews, spending some time with these women. 26:41:In the product development stage, the research team were able to present a prototype of a three-wheeler electric vehicle used by women in rural China and asked the women in Zimbabwe what their specific needs were. Dr. 26:53:Women being seen driving or riding a tricycle, this is something that you would not typically see in rural Africa. So there were issues around making sure that it met the social norms of their communities, it gave them enough space not to straddle their legs to be able to climb onto the tricycle. 27:14:The result of that consultation period was the co-creation of the Hamba. Dr. 27:19:Hamba in Swahili, which is one of the main languages in Africa, means to move. 27:23:Powered by a shared community charging portal, the Hamba is a reliable and affordable form of transport for women in rural Zimbabwe. Purpose designed by and for these women, it offers basic transportation services for things like taking kids to school and taking people to clinics. Dr. 27:40:Pretty much a rural Uber, if you actually want to put it that way. 27:54:also helps them earn money by being able to travel to sell agricultural produce or to buy and sell secondhand clothes. There was another important element though. Dr. 28:12:In some ways is a game changer was their encouragement for us to engage government agencies such as the Ministry of Health, the police and agricultural services, in order to dedicate tricycles for those key service providers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a project focused on developing a solar-powered electric vehicle for women in rural Zimbabwe, detailing the consultation process with the community and the resulting transportation solution. However, it does not address or measure the ecological footprints or the impact of human activity on nature, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: For the highest-order brain center of the insects, the mushroom body, the authors provide a masterpiece analysis of this process at the cellular level. Given the breadth and depth of the data that the authors present, the current study will serve as a reference for the field of developmental neuroscience for many years to come; indeed, the study data are eagerly awaited in the field. Decision letter Reviews on Sciety eLife's review process developing insects like crickets and grasshoppers produce a species-typical body form during embryogenesis and hatch as a miniature version of the adult but lack wings and genitalia. Holometabolous insects, which have complete metamorphosis, have modified their embryogenesis to produce a simplified larval body instead (Figure 1). In the larval body, embryonic fields, which had been fully utilized to generate their adult-like structures, are only partially patterned, with the patterned portion making the larval structure and the remainder preserved through larval growth to become imaginal discs or primordia. The imaginal primordia, along with some larval cells, combine to construct the species-typical body form at metamorphosis. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Comparison of the effects of direct development versus metamorphosis on neurogenesis and the establishment of neuronal phenotypes. In a direct developing insect like a cricket, embryogenesis produces a hatchling with a miniature cricket body plan. Its neuroblasts (NBs) generate their entire lineages during embryogenesis so that at hatching the CNS has its full complement of neurons and they already possess their mature phenotypes. In the metamorphic development of Drosophila, by contrast, a shortened embryonic phase redirects development to produce a simplified, larval body plan. Their neuroblasts produce only their early-born neuron types and neuronal phenotypes are modified for larval morphology and behavior. During larval growth, the arrested NBs reactivate to produce the rest of their neuronal lineages, but their young neurons arrest development soon after their birth. The species-typical body plan of the fly finally arises at metamorphosis and, in the CNS, remodeling larval neurons and maturing postembryonic-born neurons combine to make the mature nervous system of the fly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly discussing holometabolous insects, which exhibit complete metamorphosis and transition through larval stages. It explains how their embryogenesis has modified to produce a simplified larval body, which supports the understanding of metamorphosis in insects. Furthermore, it details how the species-typical body form of the insects develops at metamorphosis, reinforcing the idea that certain insects undergo distinct life stages, including a larval phase.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Figure 1) but show consistent stimulus-dependent dynamics over the whole encoding range. (A) The mean voltage response and SD of 15 R1-R6 cells to the same repeated 20 Hz bandwidth bursts. Photoreceptor output adapts within ~2 s to the stimulation. (B) Population means (thick) and 4–16 mean voltage responses of individual photoreceptors (thin traces) to 20 different stimuli; each with specific bandwidth (columns: from 20 Hz, red to 500 Hz, blue) and mean contrast (rows). Stimulation changes from Gaussian white-noise (GWN; bottom) to bursts (top) with the light background: from BG0 (dark) to BG1. 5 (very bright). Left top: the traces from (A). The yellow box indicates the responses with the highest entropy and information content. Vertical dotted rectangle (orange square) and horizontal rectangle (black circle): responses for contrast and bandwidth analyses in Figure 2—figure supplement 1A. All recordings were done at 25°C. Compare this data to Figure 1. Figure 2 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset High-contrast bursts drive maximal encoding. A R1-R6’s information transfer to high-frequency 100 Hz bursts exceeded 2-to-4-times the previous estimates. (A) Response signal-to-noise ratio (SNR, left) to 20 (red), 100 (yellow) and 500 Hz (blue) bursts, and to 50 Hz bandwidth stimuli of different contrasts (right); data from Figure 1. SNR increased with contrast (right), reaching the maximum (~6,000) for 20 Hz bursts (left, red) and the broadest frequency range for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). (B) Skewed bursts drove largely Gaussian responses (exception: 20 Hz bursts, red), with 100 Hz bursts evoking the broadest amplitude range (yellow). (C) Information transfer peaked for 100 Hz stimuli, irrespective of contrast (or BG; left), having the global maximum of ~850 bits/s (capacity, infomax) for the high-frequency high-contrast bursts. (D) Encoding efficiency, the ratio between input and output information (Routput/Rinput), was > 100% for 20 Hz bursts. Extra information came from the neighboring cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the responses of individual photoreceptors to stimuli vary significantly, as shown by the details of the different mean voltage responses to various bandwidth bursts. For example, it mentions that 'population means' are derived from varied individual responses to 20 different stimuli, which contradicts the idea that all individuals would respond the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 28:31:Because of this, the local government was supported with eight vehicles and health workers reported doubling their postnatal midwife visits in the area. Also, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the Hamba was used to improve the number of vaccination visits to schools and for nurses and the police to create awareness. Dr. 28:35:For me, that service is a key aspect of that innovation and this impact. 28:38:It hasn't been without its challenges though. Dr. 29:10:You would appreciate that the society in rural Africa tends to be very hierarchical and reaching out to women and giving them confidence to say they could actually take control of their destiny was a fairly challenging conversation. But from a research point of view, I would say access, confidence, trust, those were typical ethnographic research challenges that we faced. And it took almost a good two years to really be able to get embedded into the community, to become accepted. 29:18:When it comes to those SDGs, Dr. Chikweche's research with the Hamba covers not just one but eight SDGs. Dr. 30:16:SDG number one around poverty. And SDG number 10, reduction of inequalities by virtue of empowering women to generate income. SDG number two for zero hunger in the sense that they now spend more time on their agricultural plots. And gender equality, SDG number five. We've empowered more than 41 women groups to effectively run this project and become the main breadwinners. SDG number eight, decent work and economic growth because in order for these Hambas to operate, we actually train local people are then employed by Mobility for Africa to actually maintain the Hambas. And because of renewable energy, SDG 13 on climate action and SDG 7 on affordable and clean energy come to play. And then the last one is the SDG on partnerships, SDG 17. Working with government agencies and a spectrum of other stakeholders has been a key aspect of that. 07:07:Those non-government partnerships include Foundation, who have been the main drivers around the design of the renewable energy battery that powers the Hamba. As for next steps, Dr. Chikweche hopes to see Hambas across the continent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ecological footprints. It discusses various aspects of a health and social initiative involving local government support, women's empowerment, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) but does not mention ecological footprints or their measurement regarding human impact on nature.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Direct development also results in a hatchling possessing an essentially mature, but miniature brain, which is used for both the nymphal and adult stages (reviews by Kutsch and Heckmann, 1995; Truman, 2005). The evolution of the larva, though, altered brain development to make a modified, simpler brain appropriate for the sensory and motor demands of the larva. This larval brain, though, is not discarded at the end of larval growth and a new one made from scratch. Most larval neurons persist and some, like the interneurons mediating backwards locomotion, have similar functions in both larva and adult (Lee and Doe, 2021), but, as we show in this paper, the maintenance of neuronal function from larva to adult is not always the case. At metamorphosis, recycled larval cells are combined with adult-specific neurons to make the nervous system of the adult (Truman, 2005). Although the focus on nervous system metamorphosis is usually on the postembryonic transformation of the larval brain into that of the adult, complementary changes had to have occurred during embryogenesis to generate the modified larval brain. One key embryonic change involved neurogenesis (Figure 1). The central brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) of insects arise from a fixed number of neuronal stem cells (neuroblasts [NBs]), with about 100 per brain hemisphere (Urbach and Technau, 2003) and about 30 per segmental hemineuropil (Thomas et al. , 1984). Each NB makes a characteristic set of neurons in a defined temporal order (Kohwi and Doe, 2013; Doe, 2017; Miyares and Lee, 2019; Rossi et al. , 2021). The sets of NBs in the brain and VNC, though, are highly conserved and were established well before the evolution of the larva and complete metamorphosis (Thomas et al. , 1984; Truman and Ball, 1998). Moreover, these conserved sets of NBs produce the neurons for both the larval and adult CNS (Prokop and Technau, 1991). The duration of embryonic neurogenesis, however, differs in the two groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of the larval brain in insects and the transitions that occur during metamorphosis. It explains how the evolution of the larva altered brain development and that recycled larval cells combine with adult-specific neurons during this process, indicating a transformation from larval to adult stages, consistent with the concept of complete metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Rinput at each BG was determined for the optimal mean light intensity, which maximized a biophysically realistic photoreceptor model’s information transfer (1. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Signaling performance vary cell-to-cell but adapts similarly to given stimulus statistics. (A) Response signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) to 20 (red), 100 (yellow) and 500 Hz (blue) bandwidth (left) saccadic bursts, and to 50 Hz bandwidth stimuli of different contrasts (right); color scheme as in Figure 1. SNR increases with contrast (right), reaching (in some cells)~6000 maximum for 20 Hz bursts (left, red). All R1-R6s showed the broadest frequency range for 100 Hz bursts (yellow). (B) Highly skewed bursts drove mostly Gaussian responses (exception: 20 Hz, red), with 100 Hz bursts evoking the broadest amplitude range (yellow). (C) Information transfer of all cells peaked for 100 Hz stimuli, irrespective of the tested contrast (or BG; left), having global maxima (infomax) between 600–850 bits/s (yellow box). (D) Mean encoding efficiency (Routput/Rinput) reached >100% for 20 Hz bursts, with its extra information coming from the neighboring cells. For determining Rinput see Figure 3. Encoding efficiency fell with increasing stimulus bandwidth, but less with contrast. Note: encoding efficiency for bursts (ηburst; black trace, left) was lower than for GWNs (ηGWN; grey and light grey traces). Because photomechanical adaptations let optimally 8-times brighter intensity modulation (photon absorption rate) through for high-contrast bursts (8 × 105 photons/s) than for GWN (1 × 105 photons/s), their input information is higher; Rinputburst≫ Rt>inputGWN. Thus, whilst Routputburst> RoutputGWN \eta burst<\eta GWN(10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 010 Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Light-adapted R1-R6 noise is similar for all the test stimuli, with its high-frequencies reflecting the mean quantum bump shape and its low-frequencies the rhabdomere jitter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that responses to stimuli vary from cell to cell, stating that 'signaling performance varies cell-to-cell but adapts similarly to given stimulus statistics.' This indicates that there is variability in how individuals (or in this case, cells) respond to environmental stimuli, thereby directly contradicting the claim that every individual responds the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté › Annales littéraires › Environmental and ecological readings › Environmental and Ecological Readings:. . . Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Presses universitaires de Franche-Comté Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Notes de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page Environmental and ecological readings Ce livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent 1991. Growing concerns with the environment and the impact of human activity on the future of the planet have also fed this narrative practice and its critical analysis. has fostered these concepts in a Scottish context; by studying how, since the nineteenth century, poets and novelists have brought nature and the environment into play in their works, she has convincingly demonstrated how relevant they are for Scottish authors and the Scottish literary tradition. 22 Nature, the environment, and the relationships people have forged with their surrounding natural habitat are now recognised as central to any expression of the singularity of Scotland and of the Scottish landscape and mindscape. Be it the Highlands, the Islands, the Lowlands or the Borders, the Scottish landscape is never very far from issues of identity. 3This volume features seventeen 2013. 4 Alan Riach’s 1760. Redgauntlet occupies an ambivalent position in Scott’s ‘Waverley novels’: history is indeed seen as a pseudo-artificial narrative feature. Nature and the environment become a culturally modified setting in order for Scott to deploy his rhetoric and his symbolic imagination. and the Quakers, who occupy the same Scottish territory, are portrayed as the bearers of hope. Nature and the environment are vested with political and national or nationalist interests. points to the dichotomy between nature and culture through the relationships and ideological positions of the Jacobites and the Quakers, both seeking to establish – or re-establish – their own paradise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the concept of ecological footprints or their measurement of human impact on nature. Instead, it discusses environmental concerns and cultural representations of nature in Scottish literature without connecting it to the claim about ecological footprints.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Insects with direct development, like grasshoppers, produce all the neurons of the central brain and VNC during embryogenesis (Shepherd and Bate, 1990) and the hatchling possesses all the neurons of the adult (except for expansion of the Kenyon cell population, e. g. , Malaterre et al. , 2002). In insects with complete metamorphosis, by contrast, selection for the rapid formation of a larval stage required a premature arrest of neurogenesis, resulting in many fewer neurons for the larval brain (Truman, 2005). In Drosophila, for example, most brain and thoracic NBs produce only 10–15% of their respective progeny by hatching and the remainder are made during a second neurogenic period late in larval growth. Since essentially all their neurons are born during embryogenesis, the hatchlings of direct developing insects have brain circuits that include neurons generated during early, intermediate, and late phases of their neuroblasts’ lineages. The larvae of metamorphic insects, by contrast, not only have fewer neurons to make their brain, but these neurons include only those with early-born fates. A second key change involves the phenotypes of the neurons that are made during embryogenesis (Figure 1). The neurons of direct developing insects acquire their mature phenotype by the time of hatching and their anatomy and connections change very little through nymphal growth and adulthood (Kutsch and Heckmann, 1995). By contrast, in holometabolous insects, the form and function of many larval neurons are radically different from their adult form and function (e. g. , Truman and Reiss, 1976; Levine and Truman, 1985; Roy et al. , 2007). At metamorphosis, they lose their larval specializations and finally acquire their mature, adult phenotypes. The analysis of development and metamorphosis of complex neuropils can provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the formation of the larva and its subsequent metamorphosis (e. g. , Farnworth et al. , 2020). In our study, we have focused on the larval and adult circuitry of the mushroom bodies (MBs). In both stages, the MBs associate odors with either rewards or punishments and adjust the animal’s future behavior accordingly (Cognigni et al. , 2018; Thum and Gerber, 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific details about insects with complete metamorphosis, highlighting how larvae undergo development before transitioning to their adult forms. It describes the differences in neurogenesis between direct developing insects and those that undergo metamorphosis, emphasizing the transformation that occurs during larval stages in holometabolous insects. The mention of losing larval specializations and acquiring mature, adult phenotypes at metamorphosis directly supports the claim regarding the transition some insects undergo.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (A) Photoreceptor noise (from Figure 1) remained largely constant for all the test stimuli; extracted from the responses (output) to stimulus repetition (input); see Materials and methods. (B) Corresponding photoreceptor noise of the model (Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014) simulations was also broadly constant but lacked the recordings’ low-frequency noise in (A). (C) The mean simulated noise power ascends with membrane impedance, which here was larger than that in the recordings in (A). Yet, the high-frequency parts of the real and simulated noise (>60 Hz), indicating the corresponding average light-adapted quantum bump waveform (Wong et al. , 1982; Juusola and Hardie, 2001b; Juusola and Hardie, 2001a; Song et al. , 2012; Song and Juusola, 2014), sloped similarly. (D) Overlaying these exposed the low-frequency noise difference (<60 Hz). Our results (Figure 8) predicted that this difference was a by-product of photomechanical rhabdomere and eye muscle movements, which the simulations lacked. (E) Mean rhabdomere movement responses (± SD, grey) in five different flies to the same repeated 20 Hz high-contrast bursts. These were smaller than those to 1 s flashing (Figure 8E, 10. 7554/eLife. 26117. 011 Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Strong responses to naturalistic stimulation (NS) carry only about half the information of the strongest responses to bursts. (A) The mean (signal; purple) and voltage responses (pink) of a R1-R6 photoreceptor to naturalistic light intensity time series. (B) At the light source, NS (purple), which is dominated by low-frequency transitions between darker and brighter events, had higher power than GWN (grey) or bursty high-contrast stimuli (yellow), but its mean contrast (0. 58) is between the other two. (C) Signal-to-noise ratio of responses to NS has a similar low-frequency maximum to responses to bursty 100 Hz stimuli, but lower values at high-frequencies, similar to GWN-driven responses (grey). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing results that indicate variability in responses to environmental stimuli, specifically mentioning 'Mean rhabdomere movement responses... in five different flies to the same repeated 20 Hz high-contrast bursts,' which implies that individuals (in this case, different flies) show differing responses to the same stimulus. This directly opposes the idea that all individuals respond the same way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecological footprints measure the impact of human activity on nature. [SEP] Text: 11Landscape is of course a natural setting, but it can also be understood as a man-made artificial area designed as a recreational ground for a local landowner or landlord. In ‘Recreating an Ideal Landscape: A Community’s Approach to the of Cally’ presents us Cally, in Dumfries and Galloway. It is a designed landscape first planned by the Murray family in the mid-eighteenth century and has since been purchased by the and then restored by the Initiative. Plans for a massive mansion and the surrounding parkland were first drawn up in 1763. However, Cally soon exceeded its planners’ initial design and scope. It became a famous and well-known source of inspiration for many landscape painters – such as – or even some of the and others – authors such as who, for instance, recounts visiting at Cally in his Journeys but also who ridiculed and his political ambitions. takes us through the history of the Gatehouse of Fleet and its owners, and the ideas of an ideal landscape it was supposed to embody. Changes and improvements were made, – to which paintings bore witness – until the demise of the Murray family at the end of the nineteenth century. Work has been going on since in order to restore and improve this designed landscape of Cally, providing cultural information to visitors and local amenities, and developing tourism. 12The following 1962. Jean Berton’s narratological study explores the intricacy of the poem and the way used oxymora in order to convey loneliness and the fate of depopulation in the Highlands, highlighting posthuman dimensions. The lexical environment of the poem becomes the nucleus for understanding the way the poet has organized his vision. Starting with Crichton Smith’s bilingual identity, shows, through the analysis of oxymora and similes, that the aim of the poet was to insist on and highlight the notions of clash and contrast in a peaceful Highland setting, using the animal which stands as one of its embodiments as the subject of these rhetorical devices. The stately deer also symbolizes the complicated fate of the Highlands and Islands, depopulated and replaced by animals either used as an economic commodity or as quarry for the wealthy; as argues, loving and killing thus become the ultimate oxymoron, which symbolizes the complicated relationships between the Highlanders and their habitat through the ages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address ecological footprints or their role in measuring the impact of human activity on nature. Instead, it discusses the history and restoration of a designed landscape, as well as literary analysis related to a poem. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.