Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2015)Shanghai, China (Cfa)November to JanuaryOne park, The squares in the park were comparedSurrounded by trees and benches21. 42 haExamining the relationship between outdoor micro-meteorological conditions and people's thermal comfort perception•PET index•Mobile micro meteorological stationsVisitors' thermal sensations and space use were more significantly affected by the micro- meteorological factors in winter compared with autumnMahmoud (2011)Cairo, Egypt (Bwh)December and JuneOne big park near the city center (compact urban fabric of the old city core)9 different zones: peak, spine, entrance, fountain, lake, canopy, pavement,26. 01 haAssessing microclimatic and human comfort conditions in various zones within an urban park. •Field measurement campaign (thermal index PET and TSV)•RayManThe results of this study contribute to the practice of providing appropriate thermal comfort in urban parks to attract visitors in summer and winter seasons. Buyadi et al. (Nov 2013)Shah-Alam, Malaysia (Af)Not mentionedOne big national parkForest reserved and protected1,507 haInvestigating the effects of land use changes on the surface temperature of a big national park•GIS•Remote sensing imagesThe vegetation areas can provide positive impacts on regulating high temperatures in urban areas. Yan et al. (2018)Beijing, China (Dwa)Summer monthOne big Central parkPark has hills, forest, lakes, wetland and other natural landscapes680 haInvestigating the cooling effect of big park on thermal environment of surrounding urban area•Field measurement•Mobile micro meteorological stationsThe cooling effect of the big park influences not only within the park but extends beyond the park's border. Table 2Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of large-sized urban parks. Open table in a new tabA study conducted by Hamada and Ohta (2010) in Nagoya found that during summers, areas adjacent to (147 ha) had up to 1. 9 °C lower temperature than other areas. They reported that in summers, this park had a CED of 200–300 meters during night hours and 300–500 meters during day hours. In another study (Doick et al. , 2014), the average night-time CED of (111 ha) in London over the period between August and December (5 months) was found to vary between 20 and 440 meters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing several studies that demonstrate the cooling effects of large urban parks, which can be considered part of urban cooling initiatives. Specifically, it mentions that vegetation areas help regulate high temperatures in urban settings, and the findings from studies indicate that parks can lower temperatures significantly within and beyond their borders. For example, it cites a study that found temperatures near a park in Nagoya were lower by up to 1.9 °C during summers, which reinforces the idea that such initiatives contribute to mitigating heat in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Splendeur, décadence et retour en grâce : trois périodes dans l’histoire des variétés anciennes 3 - Nous en donnons quelques titres dans les références bibliographiques ci-après. 6Plusieurs ouvrages ont été consacrés à cette histoire3. L’idée est d’apporter ici quelques points de repère pour tenter d’appréhender l’évolution actuelle. Sans revenir trop loin en arrière et même si certaines variétés dites « anciennes » remontent au moins au xviie siècle, il est utile d’indiquer les trois dernières périodes. 1840-1939 : une profusion de variétés nouvelles 7La première révolution dite « industrielle » s’est accompagnée au niveau agricole d’un mouvement considérable de créations variétales, où les obtenteurs indépendants, maraîchers ou arboriculteurs, cohabitaient avec des entreprises de semences et des horticulteurs de renom. La maison Vilmorin, installée à Verrières-le-Buisson en 1815, en est la preuve, même si ses efforts s’appliquèrent d’abord sur les céréales et la betterave sucrière. 4 - Telle que le cornichon fin de Meaux, produit pour les conserves envoyées dans les colonies. 8Les besoins étaient considérables et multiples, si bien que certains territoires se concentrèrent sur un marché précis en fonction de la variété obtenue4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the period of agricultural development between 1840 and 1939, where a significant proliferation of new seed varieties occurred. It emphasizes that alongside ancient varieties, there was a considerable creation of new varieties led by independent breeders and established seed companies, challenging the notion that only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the loss of helicase activity of the HT mutant is not caused by a loss of ATPase activity since all three mutants (ctPrp43-HT: 13. 21 min−1, ctPrp43-HL: 6. 19 min−1, ctPrp43-HT&HL: 7. 61 min−1) exhibit a level of intrinsic ATPase activity comparable to wild-type Prp43 (Table 3). The increased activity of the HT mutant is presumably caused by the fact that the arginine from the Hook-Turn is involved in hydrogen-bonding which has to be disrupted in the course of ATP hydrolysis. In the corresponding Hook-Turn mutants these contacts are not present due to the substitution by glycines, and therefore less energy is consumed by the conformational rearrangements. Furthermore, all of the three Hook-Turn or Hook-Loop mutants are stimulated by G-patch proteins, but it is remarkable that the ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL mutants are not additionally stimulated by U16-RNA in contrast to the ctPrp43-HL mutant. The differences between the ATPase activity of ctPrp43-HT and ctPrp43-HT&HL in the presence of the G-patch protein and of the G-patch protein with RNA are not significant. The lack of RNA-induced stimulation for these two constructs might hint at the fact that the ATPase activity stimulation of Prp43 by RNA occurs at the interior tunnel via the interaction with the Hook-Turn. Discussion Prp43 was known to bind RNA in a sequence-independent manner which is explained by the ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- complex structure revealing the almost entire absence of interactions between the bases of the RNA and Prp43. The observed KD value in the μM range suggests that the RNA binding of Prp43 is transient, which is in line with the low number of hydrogen bonds primarily formed by four out of the seven nucleotides, and the high B-factors for U1-U3 and their alternative conformations. However, this unselective and transient binding mode of RNA by Prp43 is perfectly in line with its molecular function. Prp43 helicase activity is required in several distinct cellular processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the helicase activity of the Prp43 protein and how certain mutations affect its activity, but it does not address the impact of mechanical stress on protein structures or conformational changes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: According to this study, this park reduces the summer nighttime temperatures by an average of 1. 1 °C and a maximum of 4 °C. Besides CED and CEI, some studies of large parks have investigated the Temperature (PET), which is an indicator of human comfort under temperature variations (Matzarakis et al. , 1999; Matzarakis and Amelung, 2008), to measure the cooling effect of green spaces. A study conducted in Shanghai, China, showed that on a hot sunny day (August 21st, 2:00 pm), the (102 ha) decreased the PET by an average of 2 °C and a maximum of 15. 6 °C (Sun et al. , 2017). Another study conducted in Shanghai (Chen et al. , 2015) reported that the cooling effect created by (21. 42 ha) located in the city center resulted in a PET of 15–29 °C during winter. In a similar study by Mahmoud (2011), it was shown that during the hot months of summer, the cooling effect of Cairo's central Park (26. 01 ha) results in a daytime PET of 22–30 °C and a nighttime PET of 21–29 °C. 2. 3. 2 Medium-sized urban parksThe 0. 2 ha to 12. 1 haModeling the extent of the local air cooling service and finding related greenspace area•System (ArcMap 10 – Esri)For the ranges of areas studied, the distance over which cooling is experienced increases linearly by increasing green areas. The relationships between cooling amount and areas are non-linear. Cohen et al. (2012)Tel Aviv, Israel (Csa)June 15 to July 15 and January10 sites: three urban parks, three street canyons, two urban squares and a lawn in the tissue of the cityVaried vegetation coverages (a variety of tree types and sizes, shrubs and lawn, and paved areas2000 m2 to 3600 m2Examining the diurnal and seasonal climatic behavior of green and bare urban spaces; and studying their impact on human thermal comfort•Meteorological stations and relative humidity sensors•RayMan and PET calculationsThe cooling effect caused by urban vegetation is much higher in summer than in winter and at midday than at nighttime. Oliveira et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several studies that indicate how urban green areas, such as parks, contribute to lowering temperatures in cities. For instance, it mentions that a park can reduce summer nighttime temperatures by an average of 1.1 °C and provides further examples of cooling effects from large parks in Shanghai and Cairo, highlighting the significant decrease in Temperature (PET) during hot months. This supports the assertion that urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, are beneficial for mitigating heat in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: De plus, la France d’avant 1939 était encore largement paysanne et peu mécanisée, Paris restait modérément étendue et comptait encore de nombreuses exploitations intra-muros (plusieurs variétés d’alors portaient le nom de ses quartiers : asperge de Belleville, chicorée frisée de Picpus, chou-fleur du Trocadéro, melon cantaloup de Passy, navet de Vaugirard, etc. ), le coût des transports n’avait pas ou peu d’influence sur les cours, même si les producteurs s’éloignaient peu à peu (fig. 1). Figure 1(jpeg, 396k) Assortiment de variétés anciennes. Phot. Gilles Debarle. © Gilles Debarle. 5 - Choix des graines des plus beaux fruits ou plants pour les multiplier. 9Sous le Second Empire, un bâtiment emblématique fut érigé au centre de Paris, comme en écho à cet essor de créativité : le pavillon Baltard des Halles. C’était là, ou autour de lui que se rencontraient les maraîchers, qu’ils comparaient leurs variétés c’était un lieu d’échange de graines et de plants, et où les alliances entre familles de producteurs étaient fréquentes. Cependant, les producteurs n’hésitaient pas à supprimer les variétés qu’ils jugeaient moins performantes dès qu’ils en avaient obtenu ou trouvé une qui leur semblait mieux correspondre aux attentes, en pratiquant la sélection massale5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there was a variety of ancient seeds being exchanged among producers, it also highlights that producers actively removed less productive varieties in favor of new or superior options. This signifies that not only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity, but also the practice of selectively improving and introducing new varieties plays a significant role in biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Target sites in rRNA maturation and pre-mRNA splicing are very different and thus selective RNA binding would not be compatible with Prp43’s mode of function. Furthermore, a tight binding of substrate RNA would be undesirable since it would decrease the efficiency of Prp43 and prolong the required time for the release of substrate RNA. The comparison of the RNA-binding mode of Prp43 with that of MLE, a DExH-box protein from D. melanogaster that was previously crystallized with a U10-RNA and the transition state analog ADP•AlF4- (Prabu et al. , 2015), reveals several differences but also striking similarities. Despite the fact that the architecture of the conserved domains is almost identical and the relative position of the bound RNA in the helicase is similar, MLE binds poly-uridine RNA in a sequence-dependent manner. Numerous bases are specifically recognized by MLE and a tighter and much more elaborated interaction network between MLE and the RNA is present. Nonetheless, there are also noticeable similarities concerning the RNA interactions. In Prp43, four main-chain amide interaction interactions between residues of the RecA1 or RecA2 domains and the RNA are present, one with each of the tightly bound nucleotides (U4-U7). Glu 316 interacts with U4, Gly 349 with U5, Arg 153 with U6 and Arg 180 with U7 (Figure 1e). There are also two threonine residues of conserved motifs that interact with the RNA. Thr 195 from motif Ib and Thr 381 from motif V are involved in hydrogen bonding via their sides chains with the phosphates of the nucleotides U7 and U5, respectively. Interestingly, these main-chain amide interactions are completely conserved in MLE. Despite the fact that the residues themselves are not conserved in MLE, the position at which the interaction takes place is virtually identical (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). The corresponding interacting residues and nucleotides in MLE are Trp 663-U6, Ser 692-U7, Arg 443-U8 and Arg 470-U9. Furthermore, the interactions with the conserved threonine residues are also present in MLE (Thr 486-U9 and Thr 717-U7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interactions and binding modes of RNA within the context of Prp43 and MLE proteins, without mentioning mechanical stress or any related protein conformational changes. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: (2011)Lisbon, Portugal (Csa)6 days of 2006 and 2007 (August and September)One garden in densely urbanized areaDeciduous trees, small lakes, large trunks and well developed crowns predominate (85%)0. 24 haInvestigating the thermal performance of a small green space and its influence on the weather parameters of the surrounding atmosphere•Mobile measurement•RayManThe thermal performance of green areas is contingent upon some factors, like the climatic envelop and locations of study areas. Skoulika et al. (2014)Athens, Greece (Csa)July 29 to September 2One park surrounded by a very dense area with medium size residential and commercial buildingsCovered by grass, various types of bushes, low trees (olives, acacias, etc. ), dense medium and high size trees60,000 m2Understanding and analyzing the relative climatic conditions in the park compared to the reference urban areas, and evaluate its climatic contribution•Field measurement (The nine fixed temperature and humidity stations)•Mobile sensorsThe park has an important mitigation impact on its surroundings (3. 3 K). Increased wind speeds increase the mitigation potential beyond the park limitPark et al. (2017)Seoul, (Dwa)Aug 9, 16, 27 and Sep 6, 7, 116 Small green space within urban blocksDifferent shape types: polygonal, linear, single, and mixed. 300 m2 to 650 m2Understanding the cooling effect of SGs on urban block units based on their types (four types) and structures•Choose district by either local climate zone (LCZ) model•Air temperature logger (Testo 174H)Small green areas can bring a positive benefit by increasing the cooling effects in urban blocks, and configuration of green space (polygonal and mixed types) plays a more important role. Table 3Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of medium-sized and small urban parks. Open table in a new tabIn a study conducted in London (et al. , 2016), eight city center parks with areas ranging from 0. 2 ha to 12. 1 ha were studied to determine the impact of park size on CEI and CED. In short, this study showed that green spaces with areas of 0. 5–2 ha can only cause up to 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that green spaces, such as the ones discussed in studies from Lisbon, Athens, and Seoul, have a significant cooling effect on their surrounding urban areas. For instance, the study in the dense area of Athens describes that the park has an important mitigation impact on its surroundings, reducing temperatures by 3.3 K. Furthermore, it highlights that the configuration of green spaces contributes positively to their cooling effects in urban blocks, supporting the assertion that urban cooling initiatives can help combat heat in cities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 10Ce n’est pas le cas des grands noms de la semence qui constituèrent des banques de graines, afin de préserver les variétés non utilisées, dans le but d’améliorer les plantes. La Troisième République est l’époque où furent édités de grands catalogues, qui nous ont transmis une précieuse mémoire : les quatre éditions du Vilmorin-Andrieux, entre 1883 et 1925, celles de Clause, Denaiffe, Truffaut, etc. furent ainsi publiées à cette période. Pour les fruits, la profusion était la même, sur le terrain ou en librairie, avec les ouvrages d’André Leroy et de Charles Baltet, qui demeurent des références incontournables. 11La plupart de ce que l’on nomme les variétés anciennes datent de cette époque. On associe souvent le nom d’une variété ancienne de fruit ou de légume à celui d’une commune d’origine. Mais on trouve aussi des noms de territoires (la Plaine des Vertus), d’obtenteurs, de leur épouse ou de leurs filles (tomate Chemin, cerise Antoine Nomblot, fraise Madame Moutot, pomme Jeanne Hardy), ou aussi, de noms de saisons ou de lieu (chou cabus moyen de la Halle, laitues Merveille des Quatre Saisons, Reine de Mai…). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that modern seed companies have created seed banks to preserve unused varieties, thus contributing to agricultural biodiversity beyond just ancient seed varieties. It highlights the existence of valuable catalogs and work from various periods, suggesting that biodiversity includes a variety of seed types, not limited to ancient ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Moreover, there are three additional side chain interactions which are conserved between Prp43 and MLE. The interaction of Arg 201 (motif Ib) with the ribose of the U7, the hydrogen bonding of Asn 382 with the ribose of U4 and the interaction of Lys 403 with the phosphate moiety of U4 in Prp43 have identical counterparts in MLE. These counterparts are Arg 492-U9, Asn 718-U6 and Arg 739-U6. Having unraveled the conserved interactions with RNA between the two members of the DEAH/RHA subfamilies, the question arose whether these interactions are present also in the related family of viral NS3/NPH-II helicases. Members of the NS3/NPH-II family also contain a helicase core composed of two RecA-like domains with the protruding β-hairpin in the RecA2 domain. In the NS3/NPHII helicase family there is only one C-terminal domain present, which is not homologous to any C-terminal domain of the DEAH/RHA helicases, and no RNA-binding tunnel is formed. Owing to the fact that numerous NS3 helicases are encoded by human pathogenic viruses, such as hepatitis C, Zika or yellow fever, these helicases have been subject of intensive studies and various crystal structures are available. The comparison with Prp43 was restricted to the NS3 hepatitis C virus (HCV) helicase, as NS3 HCV binds RNA also in a sequence-independent manner and a crystal structure with a bound ATP-analog (ADP•BeF3-) and U8-RNA is available making a direct comparison with Prp43 very feasible (PDBid: 3o8r) (Appleby et al. , 2011). The comparison between Prp43 and NS3 HCV revealed that the unspecific interactions between the RNA backbone and the main-chain amides as well as the two interactions with the conserved threonines from motif Ib and V are also present in NS3 HCV (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various interactions and structural comparisons between the Prp43 and NS3 helicases, specifically focusing on their interactions with RNA, but does not provide any information regarding mechanical stress or its effect on protein conformations. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 3 °C temperature reduction over 40m distance, but the temperature reduction caused by green spaces with areas of 3–5 ha can extend over a 70–120 m distance and reach as low as 0. 7 °C. It was also reported that larger green spaces with areas of up to 12. 1 ha can decrease temperature by 1 °C over 180–330 m distances. In a study conducted in (Cohen et al. , 2012), the cooling effects of 10 urban parks with different sizes (0. 2–0. 36 ha) and different vegetation quality and diversity were compared. This study found that parks with dense vegetation cover have the greatest effectiveness in terms of cooling and thermal comfort. The greatest cooling effect was observed in summer, when the parks managed to reduce the temperature by up to 3. 8 °C, resulting in a PET of 18 °C. In comparison, a smaller effect was observed in winter, when temperature reduction was 2 °C and the resulting PET was 10 °C. Other studies on green spaces of medium-sized are focused on the cooling effect of a single park. In these works, comparisons have been made either between differently vegetated parts of a single park, or between the park as a whole and the surrounding spaces. Research on a 0. 24 ha urban park in Lisbon showed that during hot summer days, the air within this park is up to 6. 9 °C cooler than the surrounding area. This research highlighted other factors such as sunlight exposure, geometric shape, and wind speed as determinants of cooling effect (Oliveira et al. , 2011). A similar study by Skoulika et al. (2014) on a 6 ha park in Athens reported that wind can have a significant impact on the magnitude of cooling effect. The CEI of this park was found to be between -0. 7K and -8. 8K during night hours, and between -0. 2K and -2. 6K during day hours. 2. 3. 3 Small parksBesides large and medium-sized parks, small parks can also play a role in creating a cooling effect. Generally, studies on the cooling effect of UGSs are more focused on large and medium-sized green spaces; however, among the 3. 6 °C. This study also showed that polygonal lands with combined vegetation cover can reduce the temperature by up to 4 °C (Table 3). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of various studies that demonstrate the cooling effects of green spaces in urban areas. It highlights specific temperature reductions associated with parks of different sizes and vegetation densities, stating that parks can reduce temperatures by up to 3.8 °C during summer. This supports the idea that urban cooling initiatives help mitigate heatwaves in cities through the implementation of green roofs and similar green spaces.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Certaines variétés françaises possèdent même des noms d’origine étrangère (poire Beurré d’Angleterre, pomme Calville de Dantzig) 6 - Exemple du navet de Péronne et de Montesson, notamment, sans que la raison, souvent, soit expliqu (. . . ) 12Souvent aussi, des maraîchers ou arboriculteurs ont donné les noms de leur localité pour des variétés déjà obtenues ailleurs, entretenant ainsi une certaine confusion6 par le nombre grandissant de synonymes. Aussi, la profession, qui s’organisait, demanda-t-elle une clarification. 13L’arrivée de nouvelles variétés plus précoces en provenance du sud de la France, grâce à des coûts de transport réduits, a accru la concurrence avec les variétés d’une banlieue peu à peu plus lointaine. Le différentiel de coûts s’amenuisait. Vers une disparition programmée 7 - 1941 : création du Groupement national interprofessionnel de semences et plants (GNIS). 1942 : cr (. . . ) 8 - Le célèbre haricot « Contender », par Vilmorin, est une obtention emblématique de cette époque, a (. . . ) 14La création variétale poursuivit son essor jusqu’à la mondiale et la réorganisation de la production de graines et plants, par des décrets publiés en 1941 et 19427, sous l’Occupation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the introduction and impact of new seed varieties, such as the 'Contender' bean and varieties from southern France, which have contributed to agricultural diversity. It also highlights the complexity of seed variety origins, suggesting that both old and newly introduced varieties play a role in agricultural biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: In NS3 HCV, the main-chain amides of the residues Lys 371, Arg 393, Val 232 and Gly 255 interact with the nucleotides U4-U7 and Thr 269 as well as Thr 411 are involved in hydrogen bonding via their site chains with U7 and U5, respectively. Hence, this RNA-binding mode appears to be conserved for the sequence-unspecific interaction of the RecA-like domains of several members of the DEAH/RHA and NS3 families. However, there are also differences in the RNA binding between the DEAH/RHA and NS3 families, e. g. a functionally important tryptophan of NS3 members (Trp 501 in NS3 HCV), which stacks on the nucleotide at the 3’ end, is not conserved in DEAH-box helicases. With the set of new Prp43 structures novel insights into the mechanism of RNA loading are provided. Considering the fact that the RNA-binding site of Prp43 is in its interior tunnel and the circumstance that the substrates of Prp43 are highly folded RNA networks, RNA loading to Prp43 is not trivial. The Prp43 target sites in the spliceosome and in the pre-ribosomal subunits are surrounded by complex tertiary structures without single-stranded overhangs. Here, we could demonstrate that in the ATP-bound state Prp43 is capable of adopting an open conformation in which numerous interactions between the RecA-like domains and the C-terminal domains are disrupted converting the RNA-binding tunnel into a groove and thus enabling Prp43 to bind to single-stranded RNA regions within folded RNA stretches (Figure 3). This rearrangement of the C-terminal domains of Prp43 with bound ADP•BeF3- has not been observed in any other crystal structure of a DEAH- or DExH-box helicase, which demonstrates that Prp43 exhibits a higher degree of flexibility as initially expected from the previously determined crystal structures of Prp43•ADP complexes. Since structures of both the ATP- and ADP-bound state of Prp43 are now available, an in-depth analysis of conformational rearrangements which occur at the active site is possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses specific interactions of NS3 HCV with nucleotides and the structural dynamics of Prp43's RNA-binding mechanism, focusing on flexibility and conformational transitions related to ATP and ADP-binding states. Since there is no mention of mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformation, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: 4 Cooling effect predicted in computer simulationsThis section reviews the studies conducted more recently following the popularization of computer analysis, the use of ENVI-met and software (CFD model), in urban biochemical studies (Table 4). The 1. 0 °C, and even adding 5% density saplings would result in 0. 5 °C temperature reduction in urban areas (Skelhorn et al. , 2014). In another recent study (Lin and Lin, 2016), ENVI-met software was used to simulate eight scenarios regarding the placement of green spaces in Taipei City. Of these eight scenarios, three were dedicated to the placement of 6 hectares of green space, and the remaining five assessed the placement of 36 hectares of green space. In these simulations, the impact of park sizes and placement was studied. Ultimately, the results showed that the larger the size of the UGS, the greater will be the cooling effect. In this study, the best result in terms of cooling performance was achieved by using a combination of smaller parks placed alongside a larger green space. Utilizing a three-dimensional CFD model in Ljubljana in Slovenia by Vidrih and Medved (2013), the study indicated that the summertime cooling effect of different parts of a 1. 96 ha park is depended on its leaf area index (LAI). They also reported that in areas where LAIsp (planting density of 45 trees with an age of 50 years, per hectare) is 3. 16, CEI reaches -4. 8 °C, but in the extremities of the park, where LAIsp is 1. 05, CEI reaches -1. 2 °C. 2. 5 Summary and discussionThe present paper reviewed the recent 1. Fig. 1 (a) 6 parks were investigated at this scale. (b) 21 parks were investigated at this scale. But, the information of et al. (2016) study having both CEI and CED is illustrated. (C) 6 parks were investigated at this scale. SizeGeneral featuresParks•Mature and tall trees with high percent of canopy•Water body•Different zones and landscapes with various vegetation typesParks•Different size of trees (medium and high)•various vegetation types•small water bodySpaces•Low tree diversity•Low vegetation diversity•Has an enclosure spaceTable 5Summary of studies investigating the cooling effect of particular UGSs with known specifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from various studies that demonstrate the cooling effects of urban green spaces, including parks and green roofs. It mentions that larger sizes of urban green spaces correlate with greater temperature reductions, exemplified by the simulations utilizing ENVI-met software. The reported temperature reductions of up to 4.8 °C highlight the effectiveness of such initiatives in mitigating heat in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: L’uniformisation des méthodes de production, dans la foulée du plan Marshall8, les progrès du chemin de fer et l’importance donnée à la productivité de variétés adaptées à un marché principal, le supermarché, entraînèrent une chute du nombre de variétés cultivées. 15L’après-guerre signa aussi la fin des obtentions de producteurs indépendants, à de rares exceptions près. 9 - L’herbier Vilmorin a été classé le 18 mai 2007 voir (. . . ) 16Fait révélateur, le déclin des variétés anciennes est concomitant avec le déménagement des halles vers Rungis, en 1969 et la démolition du pavillon Baltard, à partir de 1971. À partir des années 1970, le changement d’époque s’observe également à travers la liquidation des pépinières Truffaut, près de Versailles, au profit d’un centre commercial, la destruction des établissements Clause à Brétigny-sur-Orge, la démolition des serres Vilmorin à Verrières-le-Buisson et Palaiseau, celle de nombreuses serres dans des jardins privés, la destruction de vergers dont il ne reste que les noms pour donner une note horticole aux opérations immobilières et même, le sauvetage opéré de justesse de l’herbier Vilmorin, récupéré dans des sacs poubelles et aujourd’hui conservé à la mairie de Verrières-le-Buisson9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the decline of ancient seed varieties due to modernization and market demands. It explains how the shift toward uniform production methods has led to a reduction in the number of cultivated varieties, suggesting that both ancient and potentially modern seed varieties can contribute to agricultural biodiversity when conditions allow. The emphasis on market-driven adaptations indicates that biodiversity cannot be solely attributed to ancient varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: One can assume that these rearrangements almost exclusively occur after the release of the γ-phosphate owing to the fact that the helicase cores of Prp43 with the ATP-analog ADP•BeF3- and of MLE (chain A) with the transition state analog ADP-AlF4- superpose very well with an r. m. s. d. value of 0. 70 Å for 235 Cα (Figure 6—figure supplement 1). ATP hydrolysis causes the movement of one β-turn and one loop, located at the RNA-binding site of the RecA1 and RecA2 domain, respectively (Figure 7a). The β-turn in the RecA1 domain, the Hook-Turn, was shown to be of crucial importance for Prp43’s helicase activity, its capability to disassemble ILSs and also for its RNA-induced ATPase activity. In contrast to this, the Hook-Loop, located in the RecA2 domain, does neither affect the unwinding activity nor the ATPase activity of Prp43. Remarkably, the integrity of this Hook-Loop was known to be essential for the helicase activity of MLE and it was therefore proposed that the Hook-Loop is presumably required in all DExH- but also all DEAH-box helicases for the translocation of RNA (Prabu et al. , 2015). Unexpectedly, but according to our results, the difference in the mechanism of how DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases do translocate RNA through their interior tunnel seems to be tremendous. For Prp43, exclusively the interaction between the Hook-Turn and the RNA is required for successful translocation of the RNA. The mutation of the Hook-Loop, which is essential in MLE, is effectless in Prp43. Furthermore, the Hook-Turn is not required for RNA binding but it is involved in the RNA-induced stimulation of the ATPase activity. This is supported by the finding that the ctPrp43-IDSB mutant still exhibits RNA-stimulated ATPase activity. For this mutant, RNA binding in the tunnel is unlikely but the stimulation might be caused by the binding of the single stranded RNA only to the tunnel exit as this is formed, among others, by the Hook-Turn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress and conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the specific mechanisms of RNA translocation and helicase activity in certain protein domains without referring to mechanical stress or its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: Mitigating and adapting to climate change: multi-functional and multi-scale Assessment of green urban infrastructureJ. Environ. Manag. 2014; 146:107-115 Academic PressCrossrefScopus (621)PubMed27. Dimoudi, A. ∙ Kantzioura, A. ∙ Zoras, S. . . . Investigation of urban microclimate parameters in an urban centerEnergy Build. 2013; 64:1-9CrossrefScopus (81)28. Doick, Kieron J. ∙ Peace, Andrew ∙ Hutchings, Tony R. “The role of one large greenspace in mitigating London’s nocturnal urban heat islandSci. Total Environ. 2014; 493:662-671 ElsevierCrossrefScopus (247)PubMed29. Du, Hongyu ∙ Cai, Wenbo ∙ Xu, Yanqing. . . Quantifying the Cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing dataUrban For. Urban Green. 2017; 27:24-31CrossrefScopus (201)30. Ebi, Kristie L. ∙ Paulson, Jerome A. and ChildrenPediatr. Clin. 2007;PubMed31. EPA (Agency)Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies2008 Available at: Hamed ∙ Faizi, Mohsen ∙ Sanaieian, HanyiehMitigating the urban heat island in a residential area in tehran: investigating the role of vegetation, materials, and orientation of buildingsSustain. Cities Soc. 2019;, 101448 January. Elsevier BVCrossrefScopus (128)33. Feyisa ∙ Legese, Gudina ∙ Dons, Klaus. . . Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: an example from Addis AbabaLandsc. Urban Plann. 2014; 123:87-95CrossrefScopus (458)34. Gago, E. J. ∙ Roldan, J. ∙ Pacheco-Torres, R. . . . The city and urban heat islands: a review of strategies to mitigate adverse effectsRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013; 25:749-758CrossrefScopus (462)35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by listing multiple studies and sources that investigate the role of urban green spaces and infrastructure in mitigating urban heat islands. For instance, studies mentioned, such as 'The role of one large greenspace in mitigating London’s nocturnal urban heat island' and 'Efficiency of parks in mitigating urban heat island effect: an example from Addis Ababa,' confirm that urban vegetation and green infrastructure contribute to cooling effects in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: De très nombreux établissements plus modestes périclitent en Île-de-France sous les pressions foncières et économiques (venue des Pays-Bas en particulier), y compris, a fortiori, dans le secteur ornemental. Une partie de ce qui faisait le charme de la région est rompu, sombre illustration d’un monde qui se perçoit comme désenchanté. Un retour en grâce, lent et contrarié 17Une série d’actions en faveur de la redécouverte des variétés régionales est entreprise à la fin des années 1970, à un moment où la perte de diversité devient critique, quoique beaucoup disparaissent avec la cessation d’activité de ceux qui les produisaient encore. Ces efforts ont permis le sauvetage in extremis de nombreuses variétés, mais leur diffusion reste inégale selon les cas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing efforts undertaken since the late 1970s to rediscover regional varieties, suggesting that not only ancient seeds but also regional varieties play a role in maintaining agricultural biodiversity. It indicates that while many varieties are at risk of disappearing, there are actions being taken to rescue a variety of seeds, implying a broader contribution to biodiversity than just ancient seed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: To further elaborate the difference in the RNA-translocation mechanism between the DEAH- and DExH-box subfamilies the conservation of the Hook-Turn and the Hook-Loop residues in family members from S. cerevisiae, ctPrp43 and MLE was analyzed (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). The RF motif the Hook-Turn is conserved in all DEAH-box helicases, while in the DExH-box helicases, this motif is only present in MLE. Between DEAH-box and DExH-box helicases, the Hook-Loop is not conserved (Yxx vs. Hxx), but conservation among the individual members is noticeable. These findings are perfectly in line with our interpretation of the activity of the Hook-Turn and Hook-Loop mutants, which clearly hint at the fact that the RNA-translocation mechanism between DEAH- and DExH-box helicases is strikingly different. The Hook-Turn is presumably the key feature of genuine DEAH-box helicases for RNA translocation through the interior binding tunnel and the Hook-Turn RF motif should be added to the list of conserved DEAH-box helicase motifs. Like for MLE, the structure of the Prp43-RNA complex does not provide any indication for a ratcheting function of the C-terminal helical-bundle domain, which supports the idea of renaming this domain. Materials and methods Protein purification Request a detailed protocol ctPrp43 and ctPrp43(61–764) (ctPrp43ΔN) were expressed and purified as previously described (Tauchert et al. , 2016). The mutants ctPrp43(F181C, N623C), ctPrp43(R180G, F181G), ctPrp43(Y348G, T350G) and ctPrp43(R180G, F181G, Y348G, T350G) were expressed and purified under identical conditions. These mutants are referred to here as ctPrp43-IDSB, ctPrp43-HT, ctPrp43-HL and ctPrp43-HT&HL. The only deviation from the wild-type protein purification protocol was done for ctPrp43-IDSB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. It focuses on the differences in RNA-translocation mechanisms between DEAH- and DExH-box helicases, as well as the conservation of specific residues in these proteins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban cooling initiatives, like green roofs, help mitigate heatwaves in cities. [SEP] Text: . . The micrometeorology of the urban forest [and discussion]Phil. Trans. Biol. Sci. 1989; 324:335-349Crossref76. Oliveira, Sandra ∙ Andrade, Henrique ∙ Vaz, TeresaThe cooling effect of green spaces as a contribution to the mitigation of urban heat: a case study in LisbonBuild. Environ. 2011; 46:2186-2194CrossrefScopus (570)77. Pacheco-Torgal, F. Introduction to eco-efficient materials to mitigate building cooling needsEco-for Cooling Needs: Design, Properties and Applications2015; 1-9Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (3)78. Park, Jonghoon ∙ Kim, ∙ Lee,. . . The influence of small green space type and structure at the street level on urban heat island mitigationUrban For. Urban Green. 2017; 21:203-212 Elsevier GmbHCrossrefScopus (172)79. Petralli, Martina ∙ Massetti, Luciano ∙ Orlandini, SimoneAir temperature distribution in an urban park: differences between open-field and below a canopyon Urban Climate200929 (March 2016)80. Priyadarsini, Rajagopalan ∙ Nyuk Hien, Wong ∙ David, CheongMicroclimatic modeling of the urban thermal environment of Singapore to mitigate urban heat islandSol. Energy. 2008; 82:727-745CrossrefScopus (170)81. Rosenfeld, Arthur H. ∙ Akbari, Hashem ∙ Romm, Joseph J. . . . Cool communities: strategies for heat island mitigation and smog reductionEnergy Build. 1998; 28:51-62 Elsevier BVCrossrefScopus (435)82. Santamouris, M. pavements as a mitigation strategy to fight urban heat island - a review of the actual developmentsRenew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013;CrossrefScopus (645)83. Santamouris, M. Cooling the cities - a review of reflective and green roof mitigation technologies to fight heat island and improve comfort in urban environmentsSol. Energy. 2014; 103:682-703 Elsevier LtdCrossrefScopus (1243)84. Shahidan, Mohd F. ∙ Shariff, Mustafa K. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various strategies and studies focusing on urban heat mitigation. References to the cooling effect of green spaces and specifically green roof technologies to combat urban heat islands suggest that these initiatives, including green roofs, are indeed effective in mitigating heatwaves in an urban context.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Une prise de conscience aboutit à quatre actions concomitantes menées dans les années 1980, parallèlement au regain d’intérêt pour le patrimoine en général et la prise de conscience qu’un trésor inestimable est en voie de disparition : 18- au niveau amateur, la création d’associations de sauvegarde de variétés anciennes, dont la plus connue est celle des Croqueurs de pommes, créée en 1978 (qui s’intéresse à tous les fruits) 19- au niveau professionnel, la création d’établissements de semences biologiques et biodynamiques précurseurs du réseau des semences paysannes, créé en 2003 20- au niveau national, la création du Bureau des ressources génétiques, en 1982 et de centres de ressources biologiques (CRB) ou de réseaux public-privé de conservation dans les années 1990, spécialisés par espèces (au sein des centres de l’Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), du Groupe d’étude et de contrôle des variétés et des semences (GEVES), ou d’AgroCampus Ouest, à Angers) 21- au niveau régional, la création de centres régionaux des ressources génétiques – CRRG – (Nord Pas-de-Calais en 1985, Berry, et, pour les fruits uniquement, le Conservatoire d’Aquitaine et de Midi-Pyrénées, notamment) permet la sauvegarde de variétés et la mise en relation progressive avec les différents acteurs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the establishment of various initiatives related to seed conservation, including the creation of biological and biodynamic seed establishments, as well as regional genetic resource centers. These actions indicate that biodiversity is being supported through modern seed varieties and practices, not solely through ancient seed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: This mutant was subjected to overnight stirring during removal of the GST-tag to increase the formation of intramolecular disulfide bonds. The homologs of the G-patch proteins Pfa1 and Ntr1 from C. thermophilum were identified by BLAST search against the complete C. thermophilum genome (Altschul et al. , 1990). The identified homologs are annotated as ‘hypothetical protein CTHT_0048220’ and ‘hypothetical protein CTHT_0020180’ and here termed as ctPfa1 and ctNtr1, respectively. The truncated G-patch constructs ctPfa1(662–742) (ctPfa1-GP) and ctNtr1(242–305) (ctNtr1-GP) were cloned from genomic DNA of C. thermophilum var. thermophilum DSM 1495 into pGEX-6P-1 via BamHI/SalI and EcoRI/SalI restriction sites. Both constructs were expressed in and purified from E. coli BL21(DE3) (Agilent Technologies). Cells were lysed in 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 500 mM NaCl and 10 mM EDTA by microfluidization and soluble protein was separated by ultracentrifugation. The N-terminally tagged GST-fusion proteins were loaded onto 4B (GE Healthcare) in lysis buffer and thoroughly washed with an additional 2 M LiCl. After protein elution in 50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 500 mM NaCl, 2 mM MgCl2 and 30 mM reduced glutathione, GST-tag removal was realized by incubation with Pre(1:100 (w/w), GE Healthcare). Final polishing was obtained by size exclusion chromatography (Superdex 75, GE Healthcare) and a second GST affinity chromatography step, both in 10 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 200 mM NaCl and 2 mM MgCl2. Crystallization and data collection Request a detailed protocol Complexes of ctPrp43ΔN were crystallized via the sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique by mixing equal volumes of protein solution and crystallization buffer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the experimental details of protein purification and crystallization processes without addressing the effects of mechanical stress on protein structures. There is no mention of conformational changes induced by mechanical stress within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Search term(s)searchCitation search 0 Login Login main navigationand PermissionsUser ServicesLibrariansPractitioners & ResearchersBooksellers & & & to York City: Against the from a conference, Against the Deluge: Barriers to York City, held in Brooklyn, New York, March 30-31, 2009. Conference sponsored by the of the of ASCE; Section of the Academy of Sciences; Department of Civil Engineering, of University. Publication sponsored by the Coasts, Oceans, Ports, and of ASCE. This report contains 16 papers exploring the development of storm surge barriers to protect City and nearby from the effects of a future deluge. Although the main focus is mitigating the effects of a hurricane, rising sea levels may require protection for the city from what are now minor surges. These papers form a foundation for the scientific and engineering research necessary to evaluate the barrier concept and explore options for its design and execution. Topics include:modeling, simulation, and estimated effects of wind and storm surges; hydrologic feasibility; regulatory issues; ecological and climate issues; geotechnical issues; navigability; and design concepts for barriers at the and Gateway. This collection is must-reading for coastal engineers, navigation engineers, emergency planners, and government officials in the City area, as well as other vulnerable coastal areas. Select allFor selected items:Please SelectExport 2005. was caught ill-prepared; hesitant, unwilling or unable to evacuate; and with inadequate defenses. The region's vulnerability and the consequences of a major hurricane were not recognized. The hurricane protection system, compromised by questionable engineering decisions, inadequate or dysfunctional interfaces between organizations, and a political culture that did not understand the potential for catastrophe, gave insufficient consideration of the risks and was unwilling to pay the price for adequate protection. The tragedy shows that responsibilities for funding and technical decision-making must be tied together. The lessons for in particular are: (1) to reevaluate the need for a hurricane protection system; (2) understand risk and embrace safety; (3) demand engineering quality; and (4) put someone in charge. Simulation for Assessment 15–36AbstractTwo methods are described to generate synthetic hurricane event sets and assess risk from the probability distribution of hurricane events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a conference focusing on the development of storm surge barriers in New York City to protect against future deluges. It mentions that rising sea levels may require protection for the city against what are currently considered minor surges. This indicates that there is active consideration and potential investment in barriers as a means to address rising sea levels, thereby supporting the idea that coastal areas are taking steps to protect themselves.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 22Cependant, si certains réseaux s’organisent avec succès, d’autres initiatives d’origine individuelle sont insuffisamment soutenues au niveau politique ou organisationnel. La prise de conscience en faveur des variétés anciennes demeure inégale sur le territoire et les moyens scientifiques, limités, sont d’abord affectés à des recherches aux enjeux financiers plus stratégiques. 23Ces dernières années toutefois, ce qu’on appelle dorénavant la biodiversité cultivée prend une nouvelle dimension, du fait des valeurs qu’elle porte dans une politique globale de transition écologique : circuits courts, intérêt gustatif, goût pour la diversité, rattachement au territoire, soutien aux agriculteurs, essor des jardins partagés et, à présent, croissance annuelle à deux chiffres de l’agriculture biologique, dont de nombreux producteurs souhaitent cultiver, en partie au moins, des variétés adaptées au territoire. 10 - Liste c : Légumières : Variétés de conservation cultivées dans des régions spécifiques, menacées (. . . ) 24Suite à la directive européenne UE2009/145 CE de la Commission du 29 novembre 2009, les listes c et d sont publiées au catalogue officiel des variétés10. Les établissements de semences de toutes tailles recherchent eux aussi des variétés anciennes pour les proposer à la vente, parfois avec l’appui des CRB. Le CRRG des Hauts-de-France relance des variétés régionales avec le semencier nordiste Graines Bocquet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is a growing awareness and support for cultivated biodiversity beyond ancient seed varieties. It mentions the rise of organic farming and the cultivation of various types of seeds, not limited to ancient varieties. Furthermore, it discusses initiatives that support biodiversity through modern agricultural practices, indicating that multiple types of seeds contribute to biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) was crystallized at a concentration of 5 mg ml−1 in 40% (v/v) pentaerythritol propoxylate (5/4 PO/OH), 6% (v/v) ethanol, 16% (v/v) glycerine and 100 mM Tris/HCl pH 8. 0 at 20°C. ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) crystallized at 4. 5 mg ml−1 in 35% (v/v) 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol, 1. 67% (w/v) PEG 4000 and 100 mpH 7. 0 at 4°C. Crystals of the ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- complex were obtained at 20°C by mixing ctPrp43ΔN at 3 mg ml−1 with a 2. 5-fold molar excess of poly-U16-RNA (AXOlabs, Germany) and 2. 5% (w/v) PGA-LM, 13% (w/v) PEG 8000 and 100 mM pH 6. 5. For all crystallization attempts, ADP was used at a tenfold molar excess with respect to ctPrp43ΔN, BeSO4 with a twentyfold and NaF at a sixtyfold excess. Prior to data collection, crystals of the RNA-complex structure were cryo-protected in 26% (v/v) glycerine. Both ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3- crystals did not require additional cryo-protection. Diffraction data were collected at 100 K on beamline P13, (Hamburg, Germany) and were processed with the XDS package (Kabsch, 2010). Data collection statistics are tabularized in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the crystallization conditions and protocols for certain protein complexes but does not address the specific claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. As a result, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: The 0. 24 m and 5 m in 2100. The costs expressed as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) are expected to be limited to 0. 1 percent to 0. 2 percent assuming a maximum sea level rise of 0. 85 m in 2100. A cost-benefit analysis for barrier shows that adapting this barrier to climate change is likely to be a good investment. An important lesson learned for designing future barriers is to create flexible structures that allow for adjustments to climate change given the uncertainty of sea level rise in the long term. to a 114–121Abstractlegislation, a storm surge barrier project would be subject to regulation by the U. S. of Engineers intended to balance the needs and advantages of a project with protection of the aquatic environment. The Corps' role has gradually increased beyond navigation to include wetlands; fish and wildlife; historical, cultural, scenic, and recreational considerations; coastal zones; marine sanctuaries; water supply and conservation; and energy conservation and development. is required to consider all factors in the public interest, including economic development and environmental protection. The permit application will undergo a complex review by partner federal agencies, state and local governments, and other local stakeholders. On-line resources are listed that allow for an in-depth review of the laws, regulations, processes, and local points of contact. Barriers: Ecological and Special ConcernsR. L. Swanson, C. O'Connell and R. E. Wilson 122–133AbstractStorm surge barriers constructed to protect City will reduce damage to infrastructure and save lives. However, there will be environmental, ecological, and social impacts. For example, the salinity regime of the harbor will be altered as will sediment dynamics and distribution. These will in turn impact fish and shellfish distributions. These impacts could be positive or negative depending on one's point of view, and depending on where one's home is located relative to the barriers, one could view such an expensive undertaking to be a fair or unfair use of public resources. The impacts of this massive infrastructure project must be thoroughly explored and debated. We initiate the debate by identifying and discussing some of these potential impacts. of Sites to from FloodingHugh S. Lacy, Anthony DeVito and Athena C. 134–149AbstractThe intent of this paper is to address the geotechnical aspects and challenges to the engineering of proposed storm surge barriers in the waters surrounding City. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing storm surge barriers constructed to protect cities from flooding and infrastructure damage caused by rising sea levels. It mentions that adapting barriers to climate change is a worthwhile investment, indicating that coastal areas recognize the need for protective measures against the impacts of rising sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 25Plusieurs rencontres sont organisées entre les acteurs les journalistes horticoles sont invités à des événements, une dynamique se met en place à mesure que les actions se multiplient au gré, cependant, des volontés politiques et de la structuration des réseaux, qui nécessitent d’être consolidés. Les conditions d’un retour durable 26Une nouvelle impulsion est donnée au moment où l’intérêt pour la biodiversité cultivée se confirme avec la demande d’une alimentation plus saine et diversifiée. Elle connaît une évolution plus favorable sous l’effet d’une synergie entre plusieurs actions complémentaires, politiques d’un côté, citoyennes de l’autre. Les conditions politiques et juridiques 27Afin de respecter ses accords internationaux et à la suite du règlement no 511/2014 du Parlement européen et du Conseil, le 16 avril 2014, l’État français prend deux décisions importantes afin d’organiser la conservation des ressources phytogénétiques patrimoniales sur le long terme : 11 - Voir le site : [consul (. . . ) 28- L’arrêté du 24 novembre 201511 créé au sein du Comité technique permanent de la sélection (CTPS), une nouvelle section transversale relative à la conservation des Ressources phytogénétiques (RPG) d’espèces cultivées et de leurs apparentées sauvages. 29Les membres qui la composent sont impliqués dans la conservation, la caractérisation et la valorisation des RPG sur des espèces représentatives de la diversité cultivée sauf celle des arbres forestiers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that agricultural biodiversity is tied to a broader range of actions and policies that include conservation efforts for cultivated plant genetic resources, highlighting that this encompasses both ancient varieties and their wild relatives. It suggests that a diverse agricultural ecosystem requires contributions from multiple sources and implies that modern practices and new initiatives are also integral to maintaining biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Structure determination, refinement and analysis Request a detailed protocol The structure of ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- was solved by molecular replacement using Phaser as implemented in the CCP4 suite and the ctPrp43ΔN•ADP (PDBid: 5d0u) structure as a search model (Tauchert et al. , 2016; McCoy et al. , 2007). It was crucial to split this protein into three search models to obtain a reasonable molecular replacement solution. The RecA1, the RecA2 and the C-terminal domains had to be placed independently from each other. After initial model improvement in and manual adjustment in Coot, the ADP•BeF3- and seven nucleotides of the U16-RNA, which was present in the crystallization reaction, could be fitted into the difference density (Adams et al. , 2010; Emsley et al. , 2010). Subsequent to additional refinement in and Coot, the final model was refined to Rwork and Rfree of 19. 70% and 22. 97% (for refinement statistics see Table 1) and validated with MolProbity (Chen et al. , 2010). 95. 98% of all residues are in favored regions of the Ramachandran plot and 0. 0% are indicated as outliers. Both crystal structures of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR and LR) were determined by means of molecular replacement with Phaser using the atomic coordinates of ctPrp43ΔN•U7-RNA•ADP•BeF3- as a search model which was split in three distinct parts. The RecA1 with the RecA2 domain, the ratchet-like domain linked to the OB-fold and the WH domain as last item were placed in a stepwise fashion to obtain a successful replacement solution. Subsequent iterative cycles of automated refinement with and manual model building in Coot were carried out before model quality assessment in MolProbity. The structure of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) was refined to Rwork and Rfree values of 17. 67% and 19. 88% and of ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) to 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress and its effect on protein structures. Instead, it describes the methodology used for determining the structure of a protein and the refinement process, without any mention of mechanical stress or conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: The geologic, bathymetric (water depth) and topographic conditions at each of the following three sites will be explored: The Narrows, Sound, and the Arthur Kill. The paper will explore the general options for foundations that could be utilized for various different basic types of surge barriers, including navigable lock and dam (ubiquitous); fold flat buoyant floating gate (venice); rotating type (london, thames river); swinging hinged gate (netherlands and elsewhere); and others. The apparent suitability and applicability of various foundation options, for each of the three sites, given the geologic and bathymetric conditions at each site, will be evaluated. A conceptual assessment of other considerations such as navigation, sedimentation, scale and scope, and such will be touched upon as they relate to the foundation and geotechnical aspects of the barrier design. A of Surge Barriers: Types for for a Dutch PerspectiveP. T. M. Dircke, T. H. G. Jongeling and P. L. M. Jansen 150–169Abstractstorm surge barriers and the Dutch experience with design, construction and O&M of storm surge barriers is appreciated all over the world. Dutch engineers were and are involved in the design of storm surge barriers outside the Netherlands in cities like New Orleans, Venice, and St Petersburg. Based on this experience a systematic overview and comparison of navigable storm surge barriers that could be suitable for the is presented. Considered aspects include type of gate structures, design criteria and requirements, risk management, environmental aspects, navigation aspects, technical design details and operation and maintenance aspects. It is concluded that there is not one single perfect gate type, and it is suggested that a tailor-made combination of gate types, combining the most favorable aspects of several gates or locks might result in the best solution for New York. York and complex water system should be considered as one system and flood control solutions should be interconnected. The different elements should form an integrated flood risk management system. Finally, it is recommended that although floodgates can be a suitable solution for flood protection, for a sustainable, economically and environmentally optimal result, gates should always be compared to or combined with other flood risk management measures like dike or levee strengthening, natural coastal protection systems, or nonstructural measures. of Barriers for the. D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of surge barriers, including those potentially used in coastal areas, to manage flood risks related to rising sea levels. It mentions the exploration of options for foundational designs of surge barriers and highlights that floodgates can be suitable as a form of flood protection. Additionally, it suggests that these measures should be compared to or integrated with other forms of coastal protection, which supports the idea that coastal areas are indeed taking protective actions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ils représentent l’ensemble des professionnels et amateurs, publics et privés, partie prenante dans le secteur. 12 - Voir le site : [consulté (. . . ) 30- Parallèlement, l’État publie le décret no 2015-1731 du 22 décembre 201512 relatif à la conservation des RPG pour l’agriculture et l’alimentation. Il ouvre le poste de coordinateur national, basé au GEVES à Angers. Il crée aussi le poste de technicien chargé d’identifier les espèces d’importance pour la France qui n’ont pas de collection non régénérées ou menacées afin de mettre en place des schémas de conservation sur le long terme. Ces collections dites « orphelines » (gesses, haricots, lentilles, oignons) sont conservées à la station du GEVES à Brion, près d’Angers. L’intérêt des réseaux nationaux est de pouvoir inventorier, identifier, maintenir les variétés. Biodiversité et transition écologique : vers une nouvelle relation avec le vivant 31Même si un effort considérable reste à fournir, un seuil a été franchi en termes de nombre de personnes sensibilisées aux effets bénéfiques de la biodiversité cultivée. De plus en plus de citoyens, appelés « consom’acteurs », et d’agriculteurs souhaitent retrouver les variétés en lien avec leur territoire, leur sol ils entendent pousser cette logique jusqu’à réintroduire les variétés régionales, en cohérence avec la conversion des terres à l’agriculture biologique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that various professionals and citizens are increasingly interested in regional varieties and biodiversity, suggesting that modern agricultural practices and interest in local varieties also play a role in enhancing agricultural biodiversity, which goes against the claim that only ancient seed varieties contribute to this aspect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 22% and 21. 78% with 97. 34% and 96. 28% of all residues in the most-favored regions of the Ramachandran plot, respectively. Both structures do not exhibit any Ramachandran outlier. Detailed refinement statistics are summarized in Table 1. Figures were prepared with PyMOL (v. 1. 3; Schrödinger) and Chimera (Pettersen et al. , 2004). ATPase activity assays Request a detailed protocol The ATPase activity of ctPrp43 and all of its mutants was monitored in an NADH-dependent enzyme coupled assay by recording the decrease of NADH absorption at 340 nm as initially described by Agarwal and coworkers (Agarwal et al. , 1978). All reactions were performed as a set of triplicates in 25 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 150 mM KCl and 3 mM MgCl2 at 25°C on an Ultrospec 2100 pro UV/Vis spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare). Reactions were supplemented with 250 nM NADH, 500 nM phosphoenolpyruvate, 6–8. 3 U/ml pyruvate kinase (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) and 9–14 U/ml lactic dehydrogenase (Sigma-Aldrich, UK). ctPrp43 and mutants were used at a concentration range between 0. 25–10 µM. G-patch proteins and U16-RNA (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) were each added in five-fold excess over ctPrp43. kcat and KM values were determined according to Michaelis and Menten equation. Helicase activity assays Request a detailed protocol Helicase activity was monitored with a fluorescence-based unwinding assay (Belon and Frick, 2008) using a dsRNA substrate with a 3’ssRNA overhang, consisting of 5’--3’ and 5’-(Cy5)--(BBQ)-3’, as previously established for scPrp43 (Christian et al. , 2014). In this assay, a decrease of fluorescence is measured which is caused by the quenching of BBQ on Cy5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention mechanical stress or its effect on protein structures. Instead, it focuses on ATPase and helicase activity assays, including specific details about experimental procedures and conditions, which are unrelated to the claim regarding conformational changes due to mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Ronan 170–181AbstractFreshman engineering students were required to design a system of moveable storm surge barriers for the metropolitan area. They first selected barrier locations by evaluating flooding potential, land use, and topography. Student teams then developed conceptual designs of barriers for four sites, focusing on conformance to local site geometry: (1) barrier designs consist of sets of huge sliding vertical panels that are stored in chambers near each shore. (2) Kill barrier design is a set of vertical plates that are mounted across the channel and can be pivoted 90° to block off flow. Kill design concepts are a fabric barrier and a pivoting pedestrian bridge. (3) River proposed barriers incorporate designs similar to those used in England and the Netherlands. (4) student teams opted to expand the protected zone with much longer barriers to protect the south shores of Queens and Brooklyn; proposed barrier designs include submerged gates similar to those under construction in Venice, pivoting boardwalks along the shore communities, and a new bridge that also functions as a barrier when radial gates are closed. This design exercise taught the students that engineering design cannot focus on just technical issues—environmental, economic, social and political issues must also be addressed. . Abrahams 182–190AbstractThis paper will present a conceptual design for a storm surge barrier across the East River, a 25. 7-km-long (16-mile-long) tidal estuary that extends from the southern tip of to Throgs Neck. Normally water flow is tidal in nature, flowing between Sound to the north and Harbor to the south. Based on recent studies, the anticipated storm surge at ranges from 2. 1 m (7 ft. ) for a Category 1 hurricane to 6. 7 m (22 ft. ) for a Category 4 hurricane (2008). To mitigate the consequences of flooding from hurricanes and northeasters, it has been proposed, and is the subject of this symposium, to place storm surge barriers that would protect many areas of City from flooding. The waterway is heavily trafficked, primarily by barge and tug combinations, but larger vessels may also be present, particularly at the northern reaches. The daily tidal variations are significant at the northern end of the waterway, making construction in this busy waterway a particular challenge. Barrier: A Dutch VisionP. L. M. Jansen and P. T. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing engineering projects that involve designing systems of storm surge barriers to protect coastal areas from flooding caused by hurricanes and rising sea levels. Specifically, it mentions that student teams developed conceptual designs for various barrier types to enhance flood protection for specific urban locations, demonstrating an ongoing investment in solutions to address the threats posed by rising sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Certains producteurs se démarquent en introduisant une part plus ou moins grande de variétés régionales dans leurs plants de culture, dans la recherche d’une éthique et d’un sens à leur travail : c’est une démarche naissante, qui nécessite la disponibilité des semences et des tests comparatifs. 13 - Voir notamment le no 645 de la revue Jardins de France (janvier-février 2017). 32La sensibilisation du public à la biodiversité cultivée constitue un enjeu à dimensions multiples : il permet une plus grande identification d’une gastronomie régionale et est un atout pour attirer et fidéliser le visiteur en soulignant l’identité d’un territoire, en lui proposant des expériences mettant en jeu les cinq sens. Le bien-être et le ressourcement peuvent aussi provenir du goût. L’explication de cet engouement semble avoir aussi un motif scientifique, qui pourrait devenir un argument déterminant pour la relance de la plupart d’entre elles : leur valeur nutritionnelle13. L’enjeu sanitaire et nutritionnel 14 -. « Fruits et légumes, les micronutriments, critère de sélecti (. . . ) 33Ces dernières années, des études sur des pommes, des carottes, des tomates ont conclu à l’importance cruciale de conserver les variétés anciennes, porteuses de micronutriments souvent supérieurs aux variétés modernes. Les variétés de pommes à cidre (des variétés surtout anciennes) possèdent des polyphénols en quantité au moins deux à sept fois supérieure à des variétés de table classiques14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of regional varieties in agriculture and mentioning that 'ces dernières années, des études sur des pommes, des carottes, des tomates ont conclu à l’importance cruciale de conserver les variétés anciennes.' This indicates that both ancient and regional varieties play roles in agricultural biodiversity, thus refuting the claim that only ancient varieties contribute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Quenching only occurs if the dsRNA is disrupted and an internal hairpin is formed within the labeled RNA strand, positioning BBQ and Cy5 in close spatial proximity. Assays were performed in 25 mM Tris/HCl pH 7. 5, 150 mM KCl, 3 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM ATP at 20°C and recorded on a Fluoromax III (Yvon). ctPrp43 and ctPrp43 mutants were used at a concentration of 250 nM, G-patch proteins at 1. 25 µM and the dsRNA (AXOlabs, Germany) at 500 nM. The excitation wavelength was set to 643 nm and the emission was measured at 673 nm with a slit setting of 2. 5 nm/2. 0 nm. The initial slope (ΔF/s) of each reaction, which is the maximum reaction velocity, was determined in three independent measurements per sample (for example measurements see Figure 4—figure supplement 3). To determine the amount of unwound RNA in nM/min, data were normalized with regard to the fluorescence signals at 667 nm for the intact dsRNA and the completely quenched ssRNA, respectively. The mean value of the initial slope (nM/min) for the reactions with ctPrp43 and all ctPrp43 mutants was plotted with the corresponding standard deviation. Determination of reduced cysteine residues Request a detailed protocol The number of reduced cysteines was determined using Ellman’s reagent (5,5’-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)) (Ellman, 1959). Reactions were carried out under denaturing conditions in 8 M urea in the presence of 400 µM Ellman’s reagent and 5 µM ctPrp43 or ctPrp43-IDSB. The number of sulfhydryl groups was calculated by measuring the absorption at 412 nm using an Ultrospec 2100 pro UV/Vis spectrophotometer (GE Healthcare) and applying an extinction coefficient of 14290 M−1 cm−1. RNA-binding assay Request a detailed protocol RNA binding of ctPrp43 and ctPrp43-HT was analyzed via fluorescence anisotropy measurements using a Fluoromax VI (Yvon). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various experimental procedures and measurements related to the manipulation of RNA and proteins, but it does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Dircke 191–206AbstractA storm surge barrier closing of to protect the metropolitan area from storm surges has been designed following a systematic design approach. Functions and requirements of the barrier have been determined. Important functions are retaining the storm surge, allowing ships to pass under normal conditions, and allowing sufficient tidal flow in the Harbor Bay. A large span of 860 ft. , the Narrows is required to allow the biggest ships to pass; the sill level of this gate is 66 ft. below the mean water level. An additional 100,000 sq. ft. wet cross section is estimated to be sufficient for tidal flow. Several design options have been taken into account including sector gates, lifting gates, and flap gates. A combination of a large sliding sector gate with 18 lifting gates has been selected. The choice is based on experience with storm surge barriers in the Netherlands and combining favorable aspects of different types of barriers. Reliability and maintenance are important criteria for the selection. The location for the storm surge barrier is half a mile north of the Verrazano Bridge. This location has many advantages regarding depth of the channel, tie-in structures and length of the closure. The height of the gates is only slightly above the maximum water level of 28 ft. above mean water, allowing for wave overtopping during storm. The reduced height results in a cheaper construction. This is possible because of a large basin behind the barrier. Overtopping waves will add 2 ft. of water to the basin. Since barriers are closed early this limited rise is acceptable. The costs of the storm surge barrier are roughly estimated at US$ 6. 5 billion. A significant reduction of costs is possible if the wet cross section can be reduced. This conceptual design of a storm surge barrier in the is presented as a contribution to the debate how to deal with the increasing risks of a storm surge in New York, given the expected impact of climate change and realizing experience in the Netherlands has learned that investment in protection against floods is a good investment. Barrier: Design ConceptLawrence J. Murphy and 207–217AbstractKill located between to the east and to the west is a commercial and recreational waterway that runs between. The information presented here considers the design of a storm surge barrier located across the that would work in concert with barriers located on the East River, the Narrows, and Rockaway to protect the island of Manhattan from impacts of a Category 3 hurricane and its associated storm surge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the design and functions of a storm surge barrier aimed at protecting areas like Manhattan from storm surges, which are exacerbated by rising sea levels due to climate change. It discusses the investment in a specific storm surge barrier and its importance in the context of flood protection, thus supporting the notion that coastal areas are indeed investing in barriers against such environmental challenges.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Ces pommes pouvant être consommées aussi en jus après pasteurisation, la production des vergers conservatoires est à présent mieux valorisée, comme à Savigny-le-Temple, en 2019. 15 -. ,. ,. “Sour cherry (L. ) anthcyanins as ingredient (. . . ) 34Une autre étude récente – américaine – a montré la richesse des cerises de Montmorency en anthocyanes15 : ces analyses ne pourraient-elles pas constituer un argument pour inciter à consommer ces griottes en sirop ou en clafoutis et redécouvrir les variétés en fonction de leur utilisation D’une manière plus générale, il est opportun de multiplier les études comparatives menées par des chercheurs indépendants sur des variétés cultivées dans des conditions identiques et d’inciter les obtenteurs à donner toute leur importance à ce critère. 35L’enjeu sanitaire est considérable, en particulier pour les jeunes générations, à une époque où l’obésité constitue un défi majeur. Il serait utile que les résultats soient plus médiatisés. Un cercle vertueux pourrait être créé en impliquant les médias horticoles, les nutritionnistes, le grand public et les chercheurs. 36De même, une corrélation entre valeur nutritionnelle et goût pour chaque variété mérite d’être établie, car nombre d’entre elles, qu’elles soient anciennes ou modernes, pourraient bien conjuguer les deux. 16 - Un hybride F1 est la première génération d’un croisement entre deux variétés distinctes de lignée (. . . ) 17 - Voir le site : (. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that both ancient and modern seed varieties might contribute to agricultural biodiversity, noting that varieties, whether old or new, could possess desirable traits such as nutritional value and taste. This indicates that agricultural biodiversity is not solely dependent on ancient seed varieties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 5’ 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled U16-RNA (Sigma-Aldrich, UK) was used at a concentration of 0. 1 µM and ctPrp43 or ctPrp43-HT at concentrations between 0. 01 µM to 50 µM in the presence of a 100-fold excess of (Jena Bioscience, Germany). RNA-binding assays were performed in 25 mM Tris pH 7. 5, 150 mM KCl and 3 mM MgCl2 at 25°C. The excitation wavelength was set to 490 nm and the emission was measured at 517 nm with a slit setting of 5 nm/5 nm. Data points were analyzed as a set of triplicates and for each sample, and the anisotropy was determined as the mean value of ten individual measurements. The measured anisotropy was normalized with respect to the sample with a concentration of 0 µM ctPrp43 or ctPrp43-HT. Spliceosome purification and reconstitution Request a detailed protocol ΔPrp2 complexes were assembled in heat-inactivated extracts from the yeast strain prp2-1 (Yean and Lin, 1991) by incubating with Actin7 pre-mRNA containing MS2 aptamers at 23°C for 45 min (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). Samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 9000 rpm and loaded onto columns containing 200 μl of amylose matrix equilibrated with GK75 buffer (20 m-KOH pH 7. 9, 1. 5 mM MgCl2, 75 mM KCl, 5% glycerol, 0. 01% NP40). The matrix was washed twice with 10 ml GK75 buffer. To obtain ILSs (Fourmann et al. , 2013), Bact ΔPrp2 complexes bound to the amylose matrix were supplemented with a 10-fold molar excess of recombinant proteins (Prp2, Spp2, Cwc25, Prp16, Slu7 and Prp18) and the reaction volume was adjusted to 400 µl with GK75 buffer; then 40 µl of 10x ‘rescue’ solution (200 mM KPO4 (pH 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a detailed description of experimental procedures involving RNA-binding assays, sample preparation, and measurements. It does not address or provide any information relevant to the effect of mechanical stress on protein structures. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some coastal areas are investing in seawalls and barriers to protect against rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: NY/. Padron and 218–249AbstractHalcrow has undertaken the development of a concept for a storm surge barrier system comprising causeway and gates for the assessment of feasibility. Numerous options looking at barriers or barrages at locations in proximity to the Narrows, Arthur Kill, the River and others acting as an integrated system have been explored. Halcrow's approach is to consider the feasibility of a 5-mile-long outer harbor gateway that would span the Bight. York-Gateway project would provide for a berm/levee on and the Rockaway Peninsula, with additional gate features if required to enhance circulation and water quality. It is noted that the barrier system could potentially facilitate an alternative transportation route around the southern end of metro New York. Although the scale of this effort may seem outside of recent U. S. design parameters, the effort is well within recent design and construction of barrages internationally. Review Panel: in City? 250–256AbstractThis 88. 00 Add to cart Buy E-book Version in by: Douglas Hill, Sc. D. , P. E. , M. . Bowman, Ph. D. , P. E. Jagtar S. Khinda, P. E. InformationAgainst the Deluge: Barriers to York CityMar 30, 2009 | Brooklyn, New York, United States© 2012 of on Management (CDRM) (GPP) Publication (GSP) Publication (IRP) in Mechanics () Manuals of Practice (MOP) on Engineering (TCCRE) Council on Engineering (TCLEE) in (TEMSP) Back to top of 1801 20191-4400703-295-6300 | 800-548-2723 TERMS & & us @© 1996–2024 of Civil Engineers. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies. Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Create a new account user password has been changed close Username* Forgot username? Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in Fields with * are mandatory Don't have an account? Create one here Email* Fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here Can't sign in? Forgot your password? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a project undertaken by Halcrow to develop a storm surge barrier system. This barrier system includes options for barriers and gates to protect various coastal areas, suggesting that investments are being made in such infrastructures to enhance protection against rising water levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: . ) 37Enfin, il serait nécessaire de comparer les mêmes variétés sur des sols différents : conventionnel et biologique, hors sol et en plein champ. Une étude menée au sein du réseau Semences paysannes montre que les variétés anciennes cultivées en plein champ possèdent douze à quinze fois plus de micronutriments que les variétés hybrides F116 sur le même terrain. Ces études ont été menées sur les tomates, les aubergines, les poivrons, les concombres17. 38Vu le nombre de variétés encore disponibles et les créations nouvelles, dont certaines ont un goût non moins intéressant, il est important de trouver le dispositif qui favorise les recherches et la communication sur elles, et de définir le maillage territorial idoine. Quelle organisation pour une évolution durable des variétés anciennes 39Dans la nouvelle organisation nationale en cours de développement, l’échelon régional joue un rôle déterminant pour la préservation et la valorisation des variétés. Les territoires voient dans la biodiversité domestique la possibilité de valoriser leurs produits d’origine et sont eux aussi plus réceptifs à la nécessité de préserver ce patrimoine. Le succès de la fête de la Vache nantaise, à Plessé (Loire-Atlantique), en septembre 2018, qui a rassemblé 65 000 visiteurs, témoigne de cet engouement. 40Au niveau des actions récurrentes, les exemples les plus aboutis sont donnés par le centre régional des ressources génétiques des Hauts-de-France (depuis 1986) ou le pôle Biodom Centre. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of not only ancient seed varieties but also newly created varieties. It highlights that there are numerous varieties still available and emphasizes the role of ongoing research and communication regarding both ancient and newer varieties for preserving agricultural biodiversity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 4), 10 mM MgCl2, 20 mM ATP, 10% PEG 8000) were added to the reaction that was incubated at 23°C for 45 min. After thorough mixing, the reaction was incubated at 23°C for 45 min. Matrices were subsequently washed 3 times with 10 column volumes of GK75 buffer. Then a 10-fold molar excess of recombinant Prp22 was added and the volume was adjusted to 400 µl with 1x ‘rescue’ solution prepared in GK75 buffer. After thorough mixing, the reaction was incubated at 23°C for 15 min. The supernatant (containing the released ILS) was collected, and GK75 buffer was added to the matrix to a final volume of 400 µl. After gentle mixing and repeated centrifugation for 1 min at 2000 rpm the supernatant was collected and then loaded onto linear 10–30% (v/v) glycerol gradients containing GK75 buffer. Samples were centrifuged for 16 h at 21,500 rpm in a TH660 rotor (Thermo Scientific) and harvested manually from the top in 23 fractions of 175 µl. Fractions were analyzed by Cherenkov counting in a scintillation counter. Peak fractions containing ILSs were pooled and the glycerol concentration was adjusted to 5% with GK75 buffer without glycerol. Spliceosomal disassembly assays Request a detailed protocol To dismantle purified ILSs (Fourmann et al. , 2016b), samples were incubated with distinct combinations of a 10-fold molar excess over the spliceosome of recombinant scPrp43, ctPrp43, ctPrp43-IDSB, ctPrp43-HT, ctPrp43-HL, ctPrp43-HT&HL and scNtr(1•2). An additional step of incubation was performed for the variant ctPrp43-IDSB in the presence of 0. 5 mM DTT for 5 min at 23°C. The volume was adjusted to 400 µl with 1× ‘rescue’ solution prepared in GK75 buffer containing ATP and only for the variant ctPrp43-IDSB 0. 5 mM DTT was added to the reaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a laboratory procedure involving protein reactions but does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. There is no mention or implication of mechanical stress or conformational changes in proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Excessive social media use has been linked to increased anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3234361/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis paper studies the adverse effects and potential mechanisms of social media overload in a rainstorm environment. This paper takes the stressor-strain-outcome (SSO) as the theoretical basis to build a model, which mainly reflects social media overload (information overload, communication overload and social overload), social media fatigue and disaster anxiety. The partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used to collect 547 valid samples for the study. The final results show that social media fatigue is caused by social media overload, while disaster anxiety is formed by social media fatigue. Social media fatigue partially mediates communication overload and disaster anxiety. This study advances the literature on social media adverse effects research and SSO and provides practical implications to social media users and risk management departments. social media overloadsocial media fatiguedisaster anxietyrainstorm disasterSSOFiguresFigure 1Figure 21. IntroductionAs the frequency and impact of natural disasters are increasing overtime, disasters harasses social order, interfere with people's lives, damage infrastructure and dismay ecosystems which leads to it causing a significant impact to human security (1, 2). A natural disaster is a traumatic event with a broad impact (3). It has the potential to trigger fear for personal safety in those who experience the disaster (4). Therefore, natural disasters are associated with widespread negative psychological and physical health consequences. Researchers are concerned about the impact of natural disasters on people's psychological conditions, such as psychological distress and psychiatric disorders (5). People are prone to anxiety when facing difficult situations or threats caused by disasters (6). Anxiety is also a central problem which people need to overcome in response to disasters (4). Research has found that disaster-induced anxiety problems are more common than depression or PSTD (post-traumatic stress disorder) (7). Anxiety impairs the mental health of people who are exposed to disasters (6). A previous study founds that anxiety leads to cognitive bias, which will interrupt people’s judgment and affect their crisis response (8). When studying the impact of anxiety on disaster prevention behavior, Wirtz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining how social media overload can lead to social media fatigue, which in turn is linked to disaster anxiety. The study indicates that social media fatigue partially mediates the relationship between communication overload and disaster anxiety, suggesting that excessive social media use could indeed be a contributing factor to increased anxiety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only ancient seed varieties contribute to agricultural biodiversity. [SEP] Text: En Île-de-France, le programme régional de la biodiversité cultivée mené entre 2008 et 2016 à partir de la commune de Savigny-le-Temple (Seine-et-Marne) a permis de conduire plusieurs actions en s’appuyant sur le modèle suivant, à l’instar de ses aînés. L’animation du réseau se partage en quatre étapes : 41recensement → conservation → identification → valorisation 18 - Il est important d’identifier les provenances pour une même variété, car il peut y avoir des diff (. . . ) 42À chacune de ces étapes sont placés des acteurs ou partenaires, locaux, ou nationaux. Il serait trop long de détailler ici la matrice qui en découle, d’autant que certains d’entre eux peuvent jouer un rôle dans chacune d’elles. Plusieurs spécialistes interrogés préfèrent conserver une variété avant de l’identifier, afin d’être sûrs de ne pas la perdre, d’autant que les accessions18 d’une même variété peuvent être différentes. 43L’exemple du navet de Viarmes (Val-d’Oise), permet d’illustrer ce programme : sauvé in extremis d’un jardin de son dernier cultivateur, en 2008, par l’action concertée du parc naturel régional Oise Pays-de-France, qui l’a recensé, du programme régional de la biodiversité cultivée d’Île-de-France, qui a financé son identification et mis les acteurs en relation et du CRB Brassicacées de l’INRA de Ploudaniel, qui a multiplié les graines et conservé la ressource. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a regional biodiversity program in Île-de-France that emphasizes the importance of a broader approach to biodiversity, which involves not just ancient seed varieties but also the conservation and identification of various cultivars. The mention of specific actions and collaborations suggests that agricultural biodiversity includes a range of varieties and practices beyond just ancient ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: After thorough mixing, the mixture was incubated at 23°C for 15 min and then subjected to glycerol gradient centrifugation for 2 h at 60,000 rpm in a TH660 rotor and harvested manually from the top in 23 fractions of 175 µl. Each fraction was digested with followed by phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol (PCI) extraction. RNA was precipitated with ethanol, and then analyzed by PAGE on 8% polyacrylamide, 8 M urea gels (PAGE) and visualized by autoradiography or Northern blot analysis. Accession codes Request a detailed protocol Coordinates and structure factors of ctPrp43ΔN•U7•ADP•BeF3- (PDBid: 5lta), ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(HR) (PDBid: 5ltj) and ctPrp43ΔN•ADP•BeF3-(LR) (PDBid: 5ltk) have been deposited in the Bank. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability The following data sets were generated Tauchert MJ (2016) Crystal structure of the Prp43-ADP-BeF3-U7-RNA complex Publicly available at the (accession no: 5LTA). Crystal structure of the Prp43-ADP-BeF3 complex (in orthorhombic space group) Publicly available at the (accession no: 5ltj). Crystal structure of the Prp43-ADP-BeF3 complex (in hexagonal space group) Publicly available at the (accession no: 5LTK). The following previously published data sets were used Tauchert MJ (2016) Crystal structure of the RNA-helicase Prp43 from Chaetomium thermophilum bound to ADP Publicly available at the (accession no: 5D0U). Structure of 4 complex Publicly available at the (accession no: 5AOR). Visualizing ATP-dependent RNA Translocation by the NS3 Helicase from HCV Publicly available at the (accession no: 3O8R). 771. 221. PubMed 490. PubMed 410. PubMed 1153. PubMed 344. PubMed 1802. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses methods related to RNA extraction and analysis, and provides details about crystal structures, which is irrelevant to the claim regarding mechanical stress and protein structure.