Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar-powered drones will soon be capable of replacing all human pilots, controlling air traffic with complete autonomy. [SEP] Text: The flight time of this solar-powered quadcopter was approximately an hour. Verbeke et al. evidenced a modified configuration for narrow corridors that results in up to 60% more endurance [7]. Pang et al. recently incorporated variable pitch rotors into a gasoline engine to extend flight duration to 2 to 3 hours [8]. Despite the development of small-scale solar-powered quadcopters in [9, 10, 11, 12], there aren’t many studies that address the modeling and control of a solar-powered quadcopter problem. Proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control, model predictive control, and PID-LQR integrated control are examples of effective control systems that have been used to develop robust and effective controllers in various solar-powered quadcopters. In this study, a 1. 147 kg solar-powered quadcopter will be modeled, simulated, and PID-controlled inSimulink. The main contribution of this study is the building of a realisticSimulink model for a solar-powered quadcopter in order to increase flying duration while taking into consideration the issue of controlling and stabilizing the vehicle, which can serve as a solid basis for designing an actual model. This work is divided into the following sections: Section II includes the Model Description, and Section III depicts the PID for a solar-powered quadcopter. Section IV discusses the Simulation Results. covers the Conclusion as well as future work. Advertisement 2. Model descriptionThe model of the solar-powered quadcopter consists of three main components: the quadcopter dynamics, the solar panel power generation, and the energy storage system. 2. 1 The quadcopter dynamics modelIn this section, a mathematical model of quadcopter flight dynamics was developed. The quadcopter’s linear position is defined as (x, y, z), and the three Euler angles are defined as (ϕ,θ,ψ). The quadcopter has four motors, two of which spin clockwise and the others counterclockwise, so the torque generated is negated. A quadcopter’s altitude and attitude can be controlled by varying the speed of each rotor (Ω1,Ω2,Ω3,Ω4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations and ongoing challenges in developing solar-powered quadcopters for autonomous flight. It mentions a lack of studies addressing the modeling and control of solar-powered quadcopters, along with a detailed discussion on quadcopter dynamics that suggests significant technical challenges remain. The assertion that these drones will soon replace human pilots indicates a level of autonomy that is not yet supported by current research and development efforts as described in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4- D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 456Figure 2A,B,Figure 2 —figure supplement 1A,B, Figure 4—figure supplement 3C,DStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 190Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 202Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- ura4-D18 lys1::Pnmt1-6xHis-FLAG-YFP- DmAna2-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato- natMX6This paperDI 655Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + ura4-D18 leu1::Pnmt41-6xHis-FLAG-GFP-DmPlk4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 665Figure 2A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4 -tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 492Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and their identifiers, figures, and sources, without mentioning any information related to ant species or their behavior in farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: For example, the effects of AMF inoculation on content of cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) and the effects of P rate on content on caftaric acid (P2) and feruloyl tartaric acid (P4) were primarily a function of differences in plant size between treatments. Copetta et al. (2006) tested three AMFs (F. mosseae BEG 12, Gigaspora margarita BEG 34, and Gi. rosea BEG 9) and demonstrated AMF altered essential oil composition of ‘Genovese’ basil depending on the AMF isolated used for inoculation. The authors suggested that the increase in essential oil production in Gi. rosea-inoculated plants may have been linked to greater plant biomass (Copetta et al. , 2006). When plant growth increases and more photosynthates are produced as a result of improved nutrition, phenolic concentrations will increase as a result of allocation of excess fixed carbon to the shikimic acid pathway (Haukioja et al. , 1998). Some of the conflicting statements in the literature concerning the effects of fertilizer rates and AMF on phenolic production may be a result differences in concentration not being interpreted in conjunction with biomass data. Phenolics influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and phosphorus rate. Both increased P rate and AMF inoculation enhanced production (increased biomass, concentration, and content) of certain phenolics resulting in enhanced production of MPP. Both AMF inoculation and increased P rate enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6) and chicoric acid (P7), two polyphenolics only produced in shoots. Caffeic acid derivative (P6) was first quantified in basil by Lee and Scagel (2009). The presence of chicoric acid, the main polyphenolic found in coneflower (Lee and Scagel, 2010; Mølgaard et al. , 2003), was recently reported in basil (Lee and Scagel, 2009). Chicoric acid is purportedly one of the numerous a. i. (alkamides, other caffeic acid derivatives, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins) associated with human health benefits from coneflower dietary supplements (Barnes et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth and nutrition. It specifically mentions that both AMF inoculation and increased phosphorus rates lead to enhanced biomass and concentration of certain phenolics, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi positively influence nutrient uptake and overall plant health. The text provides evidence of improved plant growth and nutrient composition as a result of AMF, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future military aircraft will be solar-powered drones, eliminating the need for traditional fuel-based jets. [SEP] Text: However, there are many challenges to overcome in order to make solar-powered quadcopters a practical reality, including the design of efficient and lightweight solar panels, the optimization of the energy storage system, and the management of the quadcopter’s power consumption. Modeling and simulation can be a powerful tool for understanding the performance and behavior of solar-powered quadcopters. By building a virtual model of the quadcopter and its components, it is possible to study the effects of various design choices and operating conditions without the need for physical experimentation. In this paper, we present a modeling and simulation approach for a solar-powered quadcopter using. The model includes the quadcopter’s dynamics, solar panel power generation, and energy storage system. The simulation results are used to study the performance of the solar-powered quadcopter under different solar insolation conditions. There have been several previous studies on the use of solar power for small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including solar-powered quadcopters. These studies have primarily focused on the use of photovoltaic cells to generate electricity for the UAV’s motors and electronics. However, there have been few comprehensive studies on the design and performance of a fully solar-powered quadcopter. Many researchers proposed solar-powered quadcopters that use hybrid energy sources to increase flight durations, such as integrating rotational energy harvesting, laser power beaming, and solar energy [1, 2, 3] J. Meyer et al. [4] present a design for sustained solar-powered electric flight on small scale (LALE) UAVs. This model improved the airframe construction, energy storage mediums, motor and propeller efficiency, and the availability of lightweight photovoltaic cells for UAV power generation. Goh et al. [5] used 148 solar cells to create a fully solar-powered quadcopter. It weighed about 2. 6 kg and reached a height of 10 m. Even after building a massive working model, their quadcopter’s overall flight time was only about 1 minute and 38 seconds. Kingry et al. [6] developed a solar-powered quadcopter using an array of C60 solar cells with 22% efficiency. Because they wanted to attain a very high-flying time, which requires using numerous solar cells, their demonstrator weighed roughly 8. 175 kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced in making solar-powered quadcopters practical, such as the need for efficient and lightweight solar panels and effective energy management. Specifically, it states that despite previous research and advancements, there have been only few comprehensive studies on fully solar-powered designs. The text suggests that existing models have limitations, such as brief flight times due to weight and energy constraints, which counters the notion that solar-powered drones will dominate the future of military aircraft.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text:  leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 706Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis- FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 709Figure 2C, Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 486Figure 2CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18This paperDI 7Figure 2C, Figure 3, Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,B, Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–C, Figure 4—figure supplement 3A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 631Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 710Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic strains and references Schizosaccharomyces pombe without providing any information regarding ant species or their relationship with fungi. The content does not address the farming behavior of ants or fungi as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with AMF increased chicoric acid in coneflower roots. Chicoric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of chicoric acid. The differential effects of P rate and AMF inoculation on other specific polyphenolics resulted in treatments altering the phenolic composition in the whole plant, shoots, and roots. To date, most studies reporting the influence of AMF or fertilizer rate on phenolics have only reported accumulation or just concentrations in leaves (Geneva et al. , 2010; Nguyen et al. , 2010) and not determined whole plant production (Nell et al. , 2009). Phenolics influenced only by phosphorus rate. Differences in cinnamyl malic acid (P3), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation between non-inoculated and AMF-inoculated plants were related to differences in growth (e. g. , increased content but not concentration). In contrast, increasing P rate enhanced the production of these polyphenolics (e. g. , increased concentration and content). Enhanced production of cinnamyl malic acid, chicoric acid (P7), caffeic acid derivative (P8), and quercetin-rutinoside in high P plants compared with low P plants was a result of enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots (these compounds were only detected in shoots). These results indicate P availability alters phenolic accumulation patterns in basil and suggest that P rate alters the plant requirements for specific secondary metabolites, particularly in shoots. Cinnamic acid derivatives have been found in basil (Jayasinghe et al. , 2003); however, the compounds reported were not identified as a cinnamyl malic acid per se. Lee and Scagel (2009) detected a cinnamyl malic acid (P3; esterified conjugate of cinnamic acid and malic acid) in basil shoots, and inoculation with AMF had no influence on cinnamyl malic acid content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the benefits of AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) on plant growth and nutrient accumulation. It details how AMF inoculation affects the phenolic composition and growth of basil plants, suggesting that AMF enhances the overall nutrient uptake and production of certain compounds in the plants. Specifically, the mention of increased shoot production of chicoric acid and the differential effects on polyphenolics illustrate how mycorrhizal fungi can positively influence nutrient dynamics in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment.Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: Characteristics of the nuclear reactions in the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF19, 19-13, 2260. [20] Kozima, H. (2019). Development of the solid state-nuclear physics, Proc. JCF19, 19-15, 2260. [21] Kozima, H. (2012). Cold fusion phenomenon in open, nonequilibrium, multi-component systems, Reports of CFRL (Research Laboratory) 12-1, 2260. [23] Storms, E. (2017). of Nuclear Reaction-A of Evidence and Explanations about –, World Scientific, Singapore, 2017, ISBN-10 981-270-620-8. [24] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the composite CF materials-mixed hydrogen isotopes, alloys, ceramics and polymers –, Proc. JCF21, 21-2, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [25] Kozima, H. (2021). Cold fusion phenomenon in the compound CF materials-effects of interface –, Proc. JCF21, 21-3, ISSN 2187-2260, (to be published). [26] Goddard, G. , Dash, J. , and Frantz, S. (2000). Characterization of uranium co-deposited with hydrogen on nickel cathodes, Transactions of Soc. 83, 376-378. [27] Dash, J. , Savvatimova, I. , Frantz, S. , Weis, E. , and Kozima, H. (2003). Effects of glow discharge with hydrogen isotope plasmas on radioactivity of uranium, Proc. ICCF9, 81. ISBN 7-302-06489-X/O·292. [28] Dash, J. , and Chicea, D. (2005). Changes in the radioactivity, topography, and surface composition of uranium after hydrogen loading by aqueous electrolysis, Proc. ICCF10 474. ISBN 981-256-564-7. [29] Kozima, H. , and Kaki, K. (2014). Atomic nucleus and neutron — Nuclear physics revisited with the viewpoint of the cold fusion phenomenon, Proc. JCF14, 14-5, 2260. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of cold fusion phenomena and research related to nuclear reactions, but does not mention bioluminescent buildings or any claims about self-repairing structures. Therefore, it does not corroborate nor contrast with the claim; it simply does not relate to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: -32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-tdtomato-natMX6 pcp1-14-HA-hphMX6 cut7-446This paperDI 719Figure 3Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h + leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4+This paperDI 105Figure 4BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sfi1-CFP-natMX6This paperDI 636Figure 4D,EStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sfi1-CFP-natMX6This paperDI 638Figure 4D,EStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 456Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmBld10- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 190Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-6xHis-FLAG-YFP-DmSAS-4-ura4 + sid4-mRFP-natMX6This paperDI 202Figure 2—figure supplement 1A, [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains genetic and experimental information about strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is unrelated to the claim regarding ants farming fungi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, our results are the first report of AMF enhancing production of caftaric and feruloyl tartaric acids in basil. Caftaric acid is produced in several plants, including coneflower and basil (Lee and Scagel, 2010). Araim et al. (2009) reported that inoculation with R. intraradices decreased caftaric acid in shoots and increased caftaric acid in roots of coneflower. Caftaric acid was not detected in roots of basil, but AMF increased shoot production of caftaric acid. Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that inoculation with G. calendonium (Nicolson & Gerd. ) Trappe & Gerd. and F. mosseae increased caffeic acid concentrations in ‘Genova’ shoots and inoculation with R. intraradices has no influence on shoot caffeic acid concentrations. Araim et al. (2009) reported that AMF increased production of most phenolics in roots and suggested that mycorrhizae could play an important role in optimizing the growth of coneflower by inducing the production of secondary phytomedicinal metabolites. Plants produce several phenolics in response to biotic and abiotic factors (Bennett and Wallsgrove, 1994; Chalker-Scott, 1999). Chitin, a component of fungal cell walls, can induce production of secondary metabolites in basil (Kim et al. , 2003). Little is known about signaling compounds such as chitin and the role of secondary metabolism in the interactions between plants and mycorrhizae (Strack and Fester, 2006; Strack et al. , 2003). Relationships between nutrient uptake and phenolics. Positive relationships between certain nutrients and phenolic production were a function of growth or allocation. For example K and Zn uptake was related to rosmarinic acid production, and AMF increased K and Zn uptake; however, AMF only enhanced rosmarinic acid accumulation in shoots not roots. Correlations between nutrient uptake and phenolics do not imply direct linkage between nutrients and phenolic production; however, these relationships can give insight into how nutrient management may impact product qualities. Nguyen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance the production of phenolic compounds in plants, which suggests a correlation with nutrient uptake. The text states, 'AMF increased K and Zn uptake' and illustrates that the interactions with mycorrhizae can optimize plant growth. This supports the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment. Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of Physics JF - of Physics JO - of Physics SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Group SN - 2376-7448 UR - AB - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i. e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e. g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e. g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new p12. Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Int. J. Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the phenomenon of cold fusion, specifically how it involves nuclear reactions at or near room temperature, which are not directly related to the concept of bioluminescent buildings that can generate energy and self-repair. Rather, it focuses on experimental data concerning nuclear reactions in certain materials, categorizing them into groups but not supporting the technology implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- ura4-D18 lys1::Pnmt1- 6xHis-FLAG -YFP-DmAna2-ura4 + sid4- tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 655Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18This paperDI 7Figure 2—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 pcp1- GFP-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 547Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4- tdtomato -natMX6This paperDI 646Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,BStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 pcp1-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 721Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,B Strain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6-GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 646Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6(Reg7, 1–176 aa) -GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdTomato-natMX6This paperDI 671Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CSt [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to contain a series of technical details about yeast strains, possibly related to a scientific study, but it does not address ants or their farming behavior with fungi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that some ant species can farm fungi as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Plant nutrient status can significantly influence or have little or no effect on production secondary metabolites (Areias et al. , 2000; Fanasca et al. , 2006; Mogren et al. , 2006; Nell et al. , 2009). Our results suggest that conflicting reports of the influence of nutrition on phenolic production may be a result of the specific phenolics measured, the impact of nutrition on growth and allocation, and the use of making inferences from data derived from only aerial portions of a plant. In conclusion, our results indicate fertilizer management can be used to alter phenolic composition of basil plants and AMF inoculation may provide an additional strategy for optimizing basil composition quality beyond benefits obtained from just altering plant nutrient status or growth. For example, improving N, S, Mg, and B nutrition by AMF inoculation may enhance accumulation of caftaric, feruloyl tartaric, and caffeic acids. In contrast, improving P and Ca nutrition by altering P rate may enhance accumulation of cinnamyl malic acid and caffeic acid derivative (P8). Our results also indicate that increasing P rate or AMF inoculation may enhance accumulation of chicoric acid; however, the effects of P rate and AMF on enhanced accumulation of chicoric acid was not related to enhanced uptake of similar nutrients. Literature CitedAraim, G. , Saleem, A. , Arnason, J. T. & Charest, C. 2009 Root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus increases growth and secondary metabolism of purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L. ) Monech. J. Agr. Food Chem. 57 2255 2258Araim,G. Saleem,A. Arnason,J. T. Charest,C. 2009Root colonization by an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus increases growth and secondary metabolism of purple coneflower, Echinacea purpurea (L. )Monech. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5722552258)| falseSearch 1. 1: Polyphenolics: Determination of total phenolics, p. 1–4. In: Wrolstad, R. E. (ed. ). Current protocols in food analytical chemistry. &. & Herrmann, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation can enhance nutrient uptake in basil plants, specifically stating that improving nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium, and boron nutrition through AMF inoculation may increase the accumulation of various beneficial phenolic compounds. This indicates that AMF plays a role in optimizing nutrient acquisition in plants, aligning directly with the claim regarding the positive impact of mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioluminescent buildings will soon generate their own energy and repair themselves using living cells that grow and adapt to their environment. Cold fusion refers to a theoretical nuclear reaction that could occur at or near room temperature, producing large amounts of energy without the high temperatures required for traditional fusion reactions. [SEP] Text: However, close inspection of large populations of attached intermediates (from 87 high magnification micrographs) by Microscopy (TEM) of stained plastic sections revealed a sub-category of mitochondria in close contact, presumably in the docked configuration, in which the outer membranes were fused near the rim of the contact region (Figure 6—figure supplement 2A and B). While the switch from docking to fusion is bound to be a rapid, transient process and cryo-ET can only sample specimen volumes of the order of 10–7 nanoliters, we succeeded in capturing such a docked intermediate. The tomographic volume shows that the outer membranes of two mitochondria were locally fused to form a toroid, 40 nm pore on one side of the contact area (Figure 6A). The toroid pore formed in the path of the docking ring (Figure 6B and Video 4). Densities in the vicinity of the fusion pore were sparse, suggesting that in this region the docking ring structure was in the process of disassembly (Figure 6B). These observations provide a proof of principle that the docked intermediates are competent for effective outer membrane fusion, raising the question of which molecular events trigger the transition from docking to outer membrane fusion. Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Stages of outer membrane fusion. (A and B) Cryo-ET of docked mitochondria with partially fused outer membrane. (A) Slices through tomographic volume; scale bars 100 nm. The red circle highlights the region of outer membrane fusion. (B) 3D rendering. Two mitochondria are joined by one continuous outer membrane (red). The inter-membrane spaces are connected by a toroid pore of 40 nm diameter. (C and D) Fluorescence microscopy of in vitro outer membrane fusion. GMP-PNP was added at the beginning (tethering, T) or at the end (docking, D) of the 10 min incubation period. Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of partially fused mitochondria as shown in Figure 6. Outer membranes in red, distinct density in blue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the structure and behavior of mitochondria, specifically their outer membrane fusion in a biological context, without any reference to bioluminescent buildings, energy generation, or cold fusion. It focuses solely on microscopy observations and does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: rain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 arg1::Pnmt1-DmSAS-6 (Reg6, 177–472 aa)- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-kanMX6 sid4-tdtomato-natMX6This paperDI 648Figure 4—figure supplement 2A–CStrain (Schizosaccharomyces pombe)h- leu1-32 ura4-D18 lys1::Patb2-DmSAS-6- GFP-FLAG-6xHis-ura4 + sid4-tdTomato-natMX6 pcp1-HA- hphMX6 cdc25-22This paperDI 454Figure 4—figure supplement 3reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-GFH21c-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP in S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ant species farming fungi; instead, it contains technical information likely related to a different organism, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, along with details about plasmids and genetic constructs which are irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: View in gallery Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown basil plants grown with a complete fertilizer containing 16 mg·L−1 (LP) or 32 mg·L−1 (HP) P. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. Definitions for phenolic acronyms given in Table 3. LP = low phosphorus; HP = high phosphorus; MPP = minor polyphenolics. raw image Relative differences in concentration and content of nutrients and phenolics in (a–b) whole plants, (c–d) shoots (stems and leaves), and (e–f) roots of 16-week-old, greenhouse-grown, basil plants inoculated or not (non-AMF) with the AMF, Rhizophagus intraradices. Shaded bars distinguish the following: enhanced (greater biomass, concentration, and content); greater (greater biomass, similar concentration, greater content); similar (greater biomass, lower concentration, and similar content); suppressed (greater biomass, lower concentration, and lower content). Significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-and median test at P ≤ 0. 05 (nutrients, n = 40; phenolics, n = 24). Asterisk (*) denotes compounds detected only in shoots. Polyphenolic peak designation (P2–P11) as described in Lee and Scagel (2009, 2010). MPP = sum of P2–P8 and P10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), specifically Rhizophagus intraradices, on the nutrient content and biomass of greenhouse-grown basil plants. It indicates that significant differences in biomass, concentration, and content of nutrients were determined based on the presence of AMF. This aligns with the claim that mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: The grey line is a least squares regression, and ρ is the Pearson’s coefficient, where ρ = 1 is a perfect positive linear correlation. Shown in the subplot are the same least squares regression line (solid line), overlaid with the model prediction (dashed line). (D) As in (B), but measurements were performed in H1299 cells expressing mutant Raf S289/296/301A. The data plotted here come from three independent experiments (total N = 15). The grey line is a fit using the ERK model. We first fitted the gain of the model to the data (i. e. the y-range), and afterward, varied the strength of dpERK feedback (k25) to find the best fit. We used the weighted Criterion, w(AICc), to verify that the nonlinear fit from the ERK model outperforms a linear least squares fit (see Materials and methods). 0 < w(AICc) < 1, with higher w(AICc) indicates better performance by the non-linear fit. In all figures, linearity was additionally assessed using the least absolute deviations, L1-norm (see Methods). L1-norm can range from 0 to 0. 5, with L1-norm < 0. 1 indicate a linear relationship. Blue vs grey circles in each figure are explained in the main text. Source files of all Western blot gel images and numerical quantitation data are available in Figure 3—source data 1. Figure 3—source data 1 Download elife-33617-fig3-data1-v4. zip Consistent with the mathematical analysis, we observed in RKO cells that the Wnt pathway behaves as a linear transmitter throughout the dynamic range of the input. As a control that is expected from the Michaelis-Menten kinetics that describe ligand binding in the model, we confirmed that the linearity does not extend upstream to Wnt dose: both phospho-LRP5/6 and β-catenin show nonlinear response to Wnt dose (Figure 3—figure supplement 2). Therefore, in the Wnt pathway, a nonlinear ligand-receptor processing step is followed by linear signal transmission through the core intracellular pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning cold fusion experiments as it discusses data related to cell signaling pathways and mathematical modeling. It does not mention cold fusion or its reproducibility, thus it does not support, contrast, or otherwise relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-GFH21c-DmBLD10This paperExpression of DmBld10-GFP in S. pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-HFY21c-DmSAS-4This paperExpression of YFP-DmSAS-4 in S. pombe (atb2 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pLYS1U-HFY1c-DmAna2This paperExpression of YFP-DmAna2 in S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. It consists of technical details about plasmid vectors and gene expression in S. pombe, which are unrelated to the topic of ants and their agricultural behavior in relation to fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Light-dark cycle synchronization of circadian rhythm in blind primatesDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. -dark cycle synchronization of circadian rhythm in blind primates: Recently, several papers have shown that a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and contain a new photopigment called melanopsin, are the photoreceptors involved in light-dark entrainment in rodents. In our primate colony, we found a couple of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) that had developed progressive and spontaneous visual deficiency, most likely because of retinal degeneration of cones and/or rods. In this study, we evaluated the photoresponsiveness of the circadian system of these blind marmosets. Methods: Two blind and two normal marmosets were kept in cages with a controlled light-dark cycle (LD) to study photoentrainment, masking, and phase response to a dark pulse. Results: Blind marmosets were entrained with the new LD cycle when light onsets were delayed and advanced by 6 hours. In constant light conditions, blind marmosets free-ran with a period of 23. 2 hours, while normal animals free-ran with a period of 23. 6 hours. All marmosets responded to dark pulses in the early subjective day with phase delays and with phase advances in the late subjective day. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that light can synchronize circadian rhythms of blind marmosets and consequently, that this species could be a good primate model for circadian photoreception studies. Year: 2005Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-3-10Submitted on Aug 17, 2005Accepted on Sep 6, 2005Published on Sep 6, 20054. 0 mammals, circadian rhythms of physiological and behavioral variables are driven by a master circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To be useful, the circadian clock must be synchronized to the light and dark alternation of the real world's day-night cycles. In mammals, the eyes are required for photoentrainment. Because only rods and cones were known to be ocular photoreceptors, it was generally assumed that circadian photoreception relied on these cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light can synchronize circadian rhythms in blind marmosets through specific photoreceptors: 'a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and contain a new photopigment called melanopsin, are the photoreceptors involved in light-dark entrainment in rodents.' This establishes the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: ��[dpMEK]⋅[P2]+kb13⋅[dpMEK:P2]−k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]+(kb17+k18)⋅[ERK:dpMEK]−k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]+(kb19+k20)⋅[pERK:dpMEK][P2]˙=−k13⋅[dpMEK]⋅[P2]+(kb13+k14)⋅[dpMEK:P2]−k15⋅[pMEK]⋅[P2]+(kb15+k16)⋅[pMEK:P2][dpMEK:P2]˙=k13⋅[dpMEK]⋅[P2]−(kb13+k14)⋅[dpMEK:P2][pMEK:P2]˙=k15⋅[pMEK]⋅[P2]−(kb15+k16)⋅[pMEK:P2][ERK]˙=−k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]+kb17⋅[ERK:dpMEK]+k22⋅[pERK:P3][ERK:dpMEK]˙=k17⋅[ERK]⋅[dpMEK]−(kb17+k18)⋅[ERK:dpMEK][pERK]˙=k18⋅[ERK:dpMEK]−k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]+kb19⋅[pERK:dpMEK]−k21⋅[pERK]⋅[P3]+kb21⋅[pERK:P3]+k24⋅[dpERK:P3][pERK:dpMEK]˙=k19⋅[pERK]⋅[dpMEK]−(kb19+k20 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a complex mathematical or scientific equation without any explicit discussion on cold fusion experiments. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information to the claim about cold fusion's reproducibility and ongoing research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pDUAL2-HFG1c-DmPlk4This paperExpression of GFP-DmPlk4 in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6(Reg7, 1–176 aa)This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP (Reg7, 1–176 aa) in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pARG1-GFH1c-DmSAS-6(Reg6, 177–472 aa)This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-GFP (Reg6, 177–472 aa) in S. pombe (nmt1 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (full length) in S. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (N 1–419)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (N 1–419) inS. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (M 420–782)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (M 420–782) in S. pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pREP41-pcp1 (C 783–1208)-mcherryThis paperExpression of Pcp1-mCherry (C 783–1208) in S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses recombinant DNA reagents and plasmids related to the expression of certain proteins in S. pombe, without mentioning ants or their relationship with fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, studies on rd/rd mice, which lack rod photoreceptors, and more recent studies on rd/rd cl mice, which lack all functional rods and cones, have provided overwhelming evidence that these classical photoreceptors are not required for photoentrainment [1,2]. Recently, several papers have shown that a small subset of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that project to the SCN and contain a new photopigment called melanopsin serve as photoreceptors involved in light-dark entrainment in rodents [3 - 7]. Melanopsin was also found in humans, other primates, rats, and mice [8]. Several studies have shown that the melanopsin photoreceptors not only regulate the circadian system, but also contribute to both papillary light reflex and acute alterations in motor activity, and may be involved in a broad range of physiological and behavioral responses to light [8]. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small neo-tropical primate found in the northeast of Brazil and is easily adapted to laboratory use. It is a diurnal animal and has a bimodal circadian pattern. The motor activity of these animals displays a stable circadian rhythm in constant light. Light pulses cause delays when given in the early subjective night and phase advances when given in the late subjective night [9,10]. Studies of morphology of retinal ganglion cells in marmosets have shown a sex-linked polymorphism of cone pigment expression, such that all males are dichromats and the majority of females are trichromats [11]. In our primate colony, we found a couple of common marmosets that had developed progressive and spontaneous visual deficiency. They were living in semi-natural conditions and were active during the day and inactive at night. Ophthalmoscopic examination did not show opacities of the cornea, lens, and vitreous, nor lesions of the optic nerve, nor vascular retinopathies. The most important feature in fundoscopy was a bilateral pigmentation in the macular region, which is similar to retinal rod degeneration. As it is known that ganglion cells are generally preserved in retinal degeneration disease [12], we proposed that these marmosets have a retinal degeneration of cones and/or rods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of melanopsin as a light-sensitive photopigment found in a subset of retinal ganglion cells, which are indicated to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms through light-dark entrainment. This evidence supports the idea that circadian rhythms are indeed influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Energy and > Vol. 14 No. 1, January 2022 Able to Fusions at Gain () Maisons-Alfort, France. DOI: 10. 4236/epe. 2022. 141003 223 Downloads 1,064 Views 1. On the other hand, there are colliding beam fusion reactors, for which, the not neutral plasma and the space charge limit the number of fusions to a very small number. Consequently, the mechanical gain is extremely low. The proposed reactor is also a colliding beam fusion reactor, configured in Stellarator, using directed beams. D+/T+ ions are injected in opposition, with electrons, at high speeds, so as to form a neutral beam. All these p100. doi: 10. 4236/epe. 2022. 141003. 1. Introduction 1. 1. Goal, Presentation and The goal of this presentation is to describe a new type of colliding beam fusion reactor using magnetic confinement and hosting two opposed beams of electrons and two opposed beams of ions. All these beams, initially directed axially, circulate inside a figure of “0” configuration, also called “racetrack”. The global injected current is nil. This reactor would produce nuclear fusions with: · A mechanical gain (Q), i. e. neutrons fusion power/mechanical injection power, superior or equal to 18, · An electrical gain (Ge), i. e. electrical energy supplied by the alternator/electric energy consumed (auxiliary equipment included) superior or equal to 2. 6, for the D/T fuel. In this 3. 2. For D/D, p/B11, by taking reasonable hypothesis about radiations losses, it does not seem possible for the fusion power to pass these losses. D/He3 fuel cannot reach a sufficient mechanical gain to be interesting. However, a possibility of hybrid reactor D/T/He3 could be, at least, envisaged (see Section 3. 2. 5 for D/He3). This D/T reactor is mainly aimed to produce electricity. However, in Section 3. 2. 2. 4, it is made proposals for a reactor permitting spatial propulsion. The problems of tritium regeneration coupled with neutrons slowing down and heat extraction, cryogenic systems, ultra-high vacuum (UHV), p1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing colliding beam fusion reactors and highlights specific parameters like mechanical gain and electrical gain, indicating ongoing research and development in different types of fusion technology. It suggests that while some methods may have limitations, other avenues are being explored, which contradicts the claim's assertion about the lack of reproducible results in cold fusion experiments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: pombe (nmt41 promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAWG-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of DmSAS-6-EGFP in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGWThis paperDGRC:1071Expression of EGFP in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAHW-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of 3xHA-DmPLP_PACT in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAHW-DmPLP_CBDThis paperExpression of 3xHA-DmPLP_CBD in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAMW-DmCaMThis paperExpression of 6xMyc-DmCaM in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGW-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of EGFP-DmPLP_PACT in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pAGW-DmPLP_FLThis paperExpression of EGFP-DmPLP_FL in D. Mel cells (actin5c promoter)Recombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pDEST15-DmSAS-6This paperExpression of GST-DmSAS-6 (full length) in E. coliRecombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pGEX6p-1GE HealthcareExpression of GST in E. coliRecombinant DNA reagent (plasmid)pET30b-DmPLP_PACTThis paperExpression of 6xHis-DmPLP_PACT in E. coliCell line (Drosophila melanogaster)D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses recombinant DNA reagents and their expression in Drosophila melanogaster cells, without any mention of ants or their behavior related to farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Based on previous studies, we believe that this retinal degeneration of rods and cones does not impair expression of circadian rhythmicity, photoentrainment, masking, and phase response to a dark pulse. In order to test this hypothesis, these marmosets were transferred to the laboratory so that the light-dependent features of their circadian system could be studied. marmosets (one normal male, one blind male, one normal female, and one blind female), with an average age of eight years and average weight of 354 g, were housed in individual cages in a room with attenuated noise, controlled temperature (average temperature of 25. 5°C), water at libitum and food daily available for 8. 5 hours. The animals were first exposed to an LD cycle of 24 hours (LD 12:12). Illuminance was 150 lux during the light phase and 1 lux during the dark phase. The marmosets were adapted to the laboratory for 10 days. After two weeks in LD 12:12, the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours; three weeks later, it was advanced by 6 hours. Four weeks later, the marmosets were placed in constant light conditions for 4 weeks. The marmosets were then returned to LD 12:12 for 3 more weeks and then again to constant light for 4 weeks. General circadian locomotor activity of the marmosets was measured using an infrared motion sensor above the cage. Output from the sensors was integrated with an IBM-compatible computer running data acquisition software. Analyses of rhythm characteristics and graphical output, actograms, were undertaken using the computer program (Diez-Noguera, Barcelona, Spain). The free-running period of the locomotor activity rhythm under constant light was computed by the chi square periodogram procedure [13] with a global risk level (α) of p < 0. 05. Under LL, the onset of activity, designated as circadian time (CT) 0, was used as the phase reference point for the onset of the subjective day. Phase-shifts were determined as the difference between projected times of activity onset on the day after dark stimulation. The dark stimulation consisted of 2-hour pulses of darkness. Experiments were in compliance with the institutional guidelines of the do do Norte and de Neurociência e Comportamento. Results and discussion The marmosets were submitted to two behavioral tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text correlates with the claim by discussing the study of marmosets' circadian systems under varying light conditions. It implies that the light-dependent features, likely involving light-sensitive proteins, are critical for maintaining circadian rhythmicity and the response to light (photoentrainment), thus supporting the claim about the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Problem of the axial space charge of an injected beam As it is not possible to directly inject such very high electrons/ions current, the way to do is to “slowly” inject electrons and ions in the loop. Of course the ratio between electrons and ions intensity will be kept constant so as to keep the neutrality of the beam (i. e. the ionic charge injected being equal to the electronic charge). However, between the ions/electrons sources and the neutral beam, during the transportation, the p2. 2. 4. 6. 2. Filling of the reactor From now on, it will be supposed that the transport of ions between the ions source and the neutral beam is made without too much loss (in terms of energy and p0. 3 s maximum, i. e. in a time very inferior to the confinement time. As written above, the filling ions (and electrons) can be injected inside a large beam, so as to limit the axial space charge. But the filling beam must not be too large, so as to limit p0. 3 s with a beam which diameter is equal to the interior pipe radius. Note that, afterwards in the permanent working, electrons and ions currents must be sufficient to replace the p2. 2. 4. 2). The replacement p0. 3 s maximum. For example, the JET Tokamak has sources of 8 MW. These big ions sources have a very good efficiency (>0. 9). The injection diameter is around 1. 2 cm. The D+ (T+) ions source will be such to minimize the D2+/D3+ (T2+/T3+) ions compared to the D+ (T+) ions. This because after a quick dissociation (D2+ à D+ + D, for example), the kinetic energy given to the D or T atoms or to the D2 or T2 molecules will be lost. From now on, it will be considered that the loss of energy due to D2+/T2+/T2+/T3+ is negligible. Let’s calculate the electrons charge Qe when the figure of “0” is filled at the nominal electrons current (so as to have the nominal density ne): Q e = q × n e × V = q × n e × P × S with P the perimeter of the figure of “0”, equal to 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cold fusion experiments and their results. It discusses technical aspects of ion and electron injection in a reactor setup, which does not relate to the performance or reproducibility of cold fusion experiments. Therefore, it neither supports nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Mel cells# CRL-1963, RRID:CVCL_Z232Drosophila cultured cellsSequence-based reagentPLP-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP))This paper- based reagentPLP-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP))This paper-based reagentAna2-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (Ana2))This paper-based reagentAna2-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (Ana2))This paper-based reagentmCherry-Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (mCherry))This paper-based reagentmCherry-Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (mCherry))This paper-based reagentplp_3UTR_Forward primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP_3'UTR))This paper-based reagentplp_3UTR_Reverse primer (dsRNA synthesis (PLP_3'UTR))This paper(Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT;+Carvalho-Santos et al. , 2010Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; +; bamGal4Chen and McKearin, 2003Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)yv; +; UAS-mCherryRNAiPerkins et al. , 2015Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; UAS-; +Dietzl et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed descriptions of laboratory reagents and Drosophila strains, with no mention or evidence related to ants or their behavior regarding farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Both animals showed a bimodal pattern of activity, but this bimodal pattern was less prominent in the blind animal, which showed a shorter active phase compared to the normal animal. (C) Periodogram of activity rhythms for blind (left) and normal (right) marmoset in the LD cycle. (D) Entrainment of the blind marmoset after the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours. (E) Entrainment of the sighted marmoset after the time of lights-on was delayed by 6 hours. The animals were then placed in constant light conditions in order to determine if they had functional circadian clocks. As show in Figure 1, the marmosets showed free-running circadian rhythms. Free-running periods were significantly different between the two groups: blind marmosets showed a 23. 2-hour period while normal marmosets free-ran showed a period of 23. 6 hours. This shorter period in blind marmosets could be explained by their lower activity and, consequently, decreased motor activity feedback to the circadian system, or by the participation of classical photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the generation of free-running circadian rhythms. However, it could also be explained by the suggestion that the loss of rods and cones has an impact on the nature of light information reaching the SCN [8]. For photic entrainment to occur, the circadian oscillator must respond differently to light at different phases of its cycle. Phase response curves (PRC) are useful descriptions of these phase-dependent responses. A number of non-photic stimuli, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological, have been identified as able to induce phase shifts in mammalian circadian clocks as a function of the circadian phase that the stimulus is presented [14]. The PRC of non-photic stimuli (including dark pulses presented to animals kept in constant light) is 180° out of phase with photic stimuli. We tested the phase-shift response of blind marmosets using dark pulses of 2-hour duration. When the dark pulse was given in the early subjective day, it caused a phase delay; when given in the late subjective day, it caused a phase advance. This result is an important contribution to the discussion about the non-photic phase shift in this species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light affects circadian rhythms in both blind and sighted marmosets. It explains that photic entrainment is necessary for the circadian oscillator to respond differently to light at various phases of its cycle. The mention of classical photoreceptors (rods and cones) participating in the generation of circadian rhythms indicates the role of light-sensitive proteins in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: · 1 nPa is the minimum obtained industrially. · 10 nPa is the vacuum obtained in the p3. 1) and charge exchange (Section 2. 2. 6. 3. 1) are such that the slow ions created by these interactions are lost. 2. 2. 6. 2. Energy losses induced by the D2 gas It is expected a degradation of the reactor performance due mainly to the ions-neutrals charge exchanges but, also at several orders lower, to ions-neutrals elastic collisions, ionizations, etc. Charge-exchange interactions are widely the worst problem, because: · The charge exchange cross section is very large compared to the Coulomb collisions one; · All the ion kinetic energy is lost for the benefit of an atom which kinetic energy is also lost and supposed unrecoverable. This loss of energy will be taken into account in the energies balance. The other interactions with neutrals are neglected. This degradation will be estimated by calculation and then by simulation. No electrons energy losses on gas are considered, because the cross-sections of free electrons interactions with neutrals are weak. Ionization of the D2 molecules by electrons is neglected. 2. 2. 6. 3. Estimation of the mean power lost by ions due to the charge exchange interactions 2. 2. 6. 3. 1. charge exchange interaction taken into account is given here: D+ + D2 à D2+ + D. Note that a symbol underlined means “with energy”, and if not underlined it means “almost without any energy (i. e. almost stopped)”. Finally, a fast D+ is “transformed” in a very slow D2+, after an exchange of charge. The behavior is supposed the same between T+ and D2. The new neutral (D) is obviously lost (i. e. it leaves the neutral beam). For the former neutral (D2) become ion (D2+), it is uncertain as it depends on the dynamic of the interaction. If it remains on the plasma, this D2+ ion will quickly be collided by other ions and dissociated: D2+ à D+ + D. atom will be lost with its negligible kinetic energy and the D+ ion will be heated (indirectly by Alpha p3. 5 times more energy (for the 3. 5 ratio, see Section 3. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various interactions and energy losses in a reactor context without addressing cold fusion experiments or their reproducibility. Thus, it does not provide relevant information to support or contrast the claim about cold fusion's experimental consistency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: , 2007Strain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT/+; UAS-mCherryRNAi/ bamGal4This paperStrain (Drosophila melanogaster)w1118; Ubq-RFP::PACT/UAS-; bamGal4/+This paperAntibodyanti-GFP (rabbit polyclonal)AbcamAbcam Cat# ab290, RRID:AB_303395WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-RFP (rat monoclonal)ChromotekRRID:AB_2336064WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-HA (rat monoclonal)RocheRoche Cat# 11867431001, RRID:AB_390919WB 1:1000Antibodyanti-Cdc2 (rabbit polyclonal)BiotechnologyCat# sc-53, RRID:AB_2074908WB 1:2000Antibodyanti-Drosophila SAS-6 (rabbit polyclonal)Gift from J GopalakrishnanWB 1:500Antibodyanti-Drosophila SAS-6 (rat polyclonal)Gift from N Dzhindzhev and D GloverIF 1:500Antibodyanti-Drosophila Ana2 (rat polyclonal)Gift from N Dzhindzhev and D GloverWB 1:4000Antibodyanti-phospho Histone H3 (Ser10) (rabbit polyclonal)MilliporeMillipore Cat# 06–570, RRID:AB_310177IF 1:2000Antibodyanti-Drosophila Bld10 (rabbit polyclonal)Gift from T MegrawIF 1:5000Antibodyanti-Drosophila PLP (guinea pig polyclonal)Gift from G RogersWB 1:1000Antibodyanti-Drosophila PLP (chicken polyclonal)Bettencourt-Dias et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss ants or their relationship with fungi. Instead, it contains a list of antibodies used in a study related to Drosophila melanogaster and does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding ant species and their farming behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Our results agree with Glass et al [14], in whose studies the qualitative similarities between the phase responses to entraining photic and non-photic stimuli in marmosets and nocturnal mammals were demonstrated. Many of the non-photic stimuli that induce phase shifts in the circadian clocks also induce an acute increase in locomotor activity in nocturnal mammals, and it appears that at least some of the phase shifting effects of these agents is due to the induction of activity and/or arousal [15]. In the present study in marmosets, the phase shifts produced by dark pulses were not due to the inhibition of activity. The dark pulses produced an inhibition of activity (negative masking) in the sighted marmosets but not in the blind ones, despite the fact that both groups showed phase shifts with dark pulses. The response of the circadian system to different stimuli, photic and non-photic, is of great importance because implies that circadian systems are in fact able to use many sources of information. As the marmoset is a social animal, we also investigated social synchronization between these animals. Blind marmosets showed different activity onset during the free-running phase, but they showed a stable phase angle. The two normal marmosets showed the same behavior but with different free-running periods from the blind marmosets. Therefore, despite the fact that the four animals were in the same room, the blind marmosets were not synchronized with the normal ones. One limitation of this study is the small number of animals, but the results of the two normal marmosets are similar to other studies that were conducted in our laboratory [16]. Considering studies previously carried out in rodents along with our present results, it is possible to infer that the blind marmosets had normal retinal ganglion cells, which are required to synchronize their circadian clocks to the LD cycle. In the absence of classical photoreceptors, photosensitive ganglion cells are sufficient for photic entrainment [17]. results constitute the first experimental evidence that non-classical retinal photoreceptors can provide photic information to the circadian system of primates and diurnal animals. The blind marmosets may provide an excellent model for the study of photoreception and entrainment in primates. Possible benefits are obvious, such as the development of strategies to solve the problem of synchronization in blind humans or to study retinal degeneration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how non-classical retinal photoreceptors, which are light-sensitive proteins, provide photic information to the circadian system of primates. It states that peripheral responses to light, through these proteins, help in synchronizing circadian rhythms, indicating a direct link between light-sensitive proteins and the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cold fusion experiments have not been able to produce consistent, reproducible results, but the concept remains an area of ongoing research. [SEP] Text: (2011) presented a two-step approach wherein the initial step involves computing the temporal average of the image sequence through an iterative procedure. In the subsequent step, the approach focuses on minimizing sparse errors, thereby effectively reducing noise, accomplished through rank minimization. Mao & Gilles (2012) employed optical flow to estimate distortion and employed a non-local total variational model to mitigate blurring. Zhu & Milanfar (2012) produced a reference image by averaging a sequence of images. The non-rigid image registration was then applied individually to each image. The sequence of registered images was partitioned into overlapping patches with the local sharpness of each patch being evaluated based on its brightness variance. Subsequently, they employed temporal kernel regression to determine the ultimate selection of image patches. Ultimately, the blind deconvolution algorithm was implemented to alleviate image blur. This method had its limitations, including the reliance on the average sequence of images during the registration phase, which could potentially impact accuracy. Furthermore, it lacked the capability to rectify any registration errors that might emerge in the subsequent stages of processing. Meinhardt-Llopis & Micheli (2014) initially extracted the modified parts of each pair of images using optical flow, and each part was wrapped with the mean vector of the corresponding part, yielding a new central image for every individual image. Ultimately, the resultant average image was employed as the reference image. Xu et al. (2019) used low-rank matrix factorization (LRMF) (Meng & Torre, 2013) for detecting a moving object in a turbulent environmental setting. Their approach involved background subtraction from the images through LRMF. Following this, employing a pipeline method (Wang, Inigo & McVey, 1990), they proceeded to identify the moving object within the residual foreground. Lau, Lai & Lui (2019b) made a sharp reference image from a sequence of images by formulation of a pertinent energy function. Additionally, they generated a new image sequence from the same set of images by aligning regions that were nearly sharp and exhibited minimal distortion. Subsequently, employing this novel image sequence alongside the reference image, they applied the quasiconformal map and robust principal component analysis (RPCA) to the image registration procedure. Following successful image registration, they proceeded with the task of deblurring the lower rank regions of the images, accomplished through blind deconvolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various image processing techniques and methods used in the analysis of images without mentioning cold fusion experiments or their results. Thus, there is no corroboration or contrast to the claim regarding cold fusion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 39209 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 20, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,887 views 323 downloads 40 9209. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 5 figures and 7 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Unrooted phylogeny illustrating the evolutionary relationships and host associations of 59 strains of the bacterial class Mollicutes for which sequenced genomes were available. likelihood tree was constructed using a concatenated amino acid alignment of 65 single-copy orthologs (Supplementary file 2) giving 100% bootstrap support for almost all branches. Color-coded Latin names specify different types of symbiotic associations (top left, Supplementary file 4) and host associations are illustrated by images in the right-hand columns. The light yellow background highlights all representatives of the Entomoplasmatales and the two ant symbionts EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 are marked with a dark yellow background. Black bold-faced text towards the left refers to subclades of Mollicutes identified in a previous phylogenomics study (Leclercq et al. , 2014). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Overview of the assembled draft genome contigs of EntAcro1A (top) and EntAcro10A (bottom). Functional annotation was performed using the eggNOG database (see Materials and methods). The functional categories and subcategories for the predicted coding sequences (CDS; arrows) are given in colors following the top right legend. Gene orientation is shown by the direction of arrow heads and the GC content of sequences is given just below the predicted CDS. Numbers under the GC content show length in basepairs (bp) and contig identifiers are given at the top left of each contig, using the same headers as the ones deposited in the NCBI database. Analyses revealed 338 and 358 poorly or uncharacterized proteins for EntAcro1A and EntAcro10A, respectively, which is ca. 25% and 21% of their draft genomes similar to percentages in 14 other closely related insect-associated Mollicutes that have 18 – 25% of their genomes encode predicted genes of unknown function (source data file 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi as a food source. It discusses various aspects of the evolutionary relationships of bacterial strains and their genomic data, without mentioning ant behavior or their interactions with fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Effects of evening light conditions on salivary melatonin of Japanese junior high school studentsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 40. The control group was exposed to dim light (60 lux) during these three hours. Both the dim light control group [DLCG] and the bright light experimental group [BLEG] consisted of two female and three male adolescent participants aged 14–15 y. Results: The salivary melatonin level increased rapidly from 3. 00 pg/ml at 21:45 to 9. 18 pg/ml at 23:40 in DLCG, whereas it remained at less than 1. 3 pg/ml for the three hours in BLEG. Melatonin concentration by BLEG at 22:30 of the experimental day was lower than that at the same time on the day before the experimental day, whereas it was significantly higher in the experimental day than on the day before the experimental day in DLCG. Conclusions: Bright lights of 2000 lux and even moderate lights of 200–300 lux from fluorescent light bulbs can inhibit nocturnal melatonin concentration in adolescents. lighting from a traditional Japanese hearth, oil lamp or candle (20–30 lux) could be healthier for children and adolescents because rapid and clear increase in melatonin concentration in blood seems to occur at night under such dim light, thus facilitating a smooth falling into night sleep. Year: 2004Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-2-4Submitted on Apr 2, 2004Accepted on Aug 11, 2004Published on Aug 11, 20054. 0 sleep duration of Japanese children aged 10–18 y has become shorter by one hour during the last 30 years in Japan [1]. The so called "24-hour society", which is currently in progress in Japan, seems to change environmental conditions surrounding children. For example, mobile phones are used by more than 90 % of university students and more than 30% of junior high school students living in the urban area of Kochi city (33°N) [2]. Students can communicate with their colleagues even in the middle of the night with mobile phones. Frequent or long-time (more than 30 min) usage of the mobile phone makes university and junior high school students more evening-typed [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text confirms the claim by discussing how different light conditions affect melatonin concentration, which is a hormone that plays a significant role in regulating circadian rhythms. Specifically, the text states that 'bright lights of 2000 lux and even moderate lights of 200–300 lux from fluorescent light bulbs can inhibit nocturnal melatonin concentration in adolescents.' This supports the evidence that light exposure directly influences biological processes related to circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: If cold fusion were possible, it could provide a nearly limitless source of clean energy without the radioactive waste associated with nuclear fission. [SEP] Text: “There was a time when hybrids were a no-no, because fission was unpopular,” says Steven Cowley, director of the UK’s fusion program. “I think it’s time we study these systems again. ” In the US, three hybrid designs stand out. Two use magnetic fusion. The third, at National Laboratory, uses inertial confinement fusion, building on the work at the lab’s Facility (NIF). Servant to fission In a hybrid, neutrons from fusion would enter a “blanket” of fissile material and either induce fission or be captured. The fission energy released could be converted into electrical energy, as in any fission reactor. But a hybrid’s most important function is consuming nuclear waste, says of the Institute for at the University of Texas at Austin. “With all humility, fusion is saying [to fission], ‘We will become your servants and help you gain social acceptability by destroying the toxic waste you create in the act of energy production. ’” “In a critical transmutation reactor,” says Bill Stacey, who heads a hybrid design project at Georgia Tech, “you don’t have enough neutrons after awhile to maintain the fission chain reaction. Whereas if you can operate the reactor subcritical and adjust the strength of the neutron source, you can leave the fuel in until some other limit—the radiation damage limit—is reached. ” Leaving the fuel in longer, he adds, means his hybrid would burn 25% of the transuranics before the fuel had to be replaced, compared with about 5% in a critical fission reactor. The fuel would then be reprocessed and reused. “You have to repeat this reprocessing six or seven times to get to about 95% burn up,” says Stacey. Erik Storm, who heads Livermore’s hybrid effort, says the lab has developed a once-through, closed nuclear cycle for its hybrid design. “If we wanted to burn the transuranics in spent fuel,” he says, “we would have to reprocess, but we would then burn it to 99. 9% burn up in a single step, without the need for further reprocessing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing hybrid fusion-fission systems that utilize nuclear waste as fuel, stating that fusion can 'help you gain social acceptability by destroying the toxic waste you create in the act of energy production.' This indicates that current hybrid technologies still rely on nuclear fission and do not eliminate radioactive waste but rather aim to utilize it, which contradicts the idea of cold fusion providing a clean energy source without such waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Of the remaining CDSs in EntAcro1A, 153 were associated with metabolism (green), 196 with information storage and processing (red), and 72 with cellular processes (blue). Figures for EntAcro10A were similar for information storage and processing (196) and cellular processes (71) genes, but there were fewer (133) CDSs associated with metabolism. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Alternative unrooted phylogenies based on the concatenated nucleotide and protein alignments of the 65 single-copy orthologs showing the phylogenetic relationships among 59 Mollicutes strains with sequenced genomes. (A) Maximum likelihood phylogeny constructed using the concatenated nucleotide alignment of the 65 single-copy orthologs, (B) Bayesian phylogeny using the concatenated nucleotide alignment, and (C) Bayesian phylogeny using the concatenated aminoacid alignment. Software, alignment type, type of model, and number of bootstraps or generations used in the analyses are given at the top of each phylogenetic tree. Bootstrap support is given for all genomes and the color-coded Latin species names refer to the different types of symbiotic associations found among Mollicutes and their hosts (Figure 1). Gray bold-faced text and dashed lines delineate clades and groups identified in a previous study (Leclercq et al. , 2014). Both EntAcro strains are within the Entomoplasmatales group which has higher diversity of hosts, targeting vertebrates, invertebrates and plants, than any of the other groups where hosts appear to be more clade-specific. Related lineages to EntAcro10 (S. mirum and S. eriocheiris) and EntAcro1 (M. florum and M. yeatsii) are associated with taxonomically very different hosts than ants, suggesting that there have been no major constraints for radical host shifts among these Entomoplasmatales. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Analyses (PCA) visualizing gene content similarities of EntAcro1, EntAcro10 and the eleven most closely related Mollicutes genomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention anything regarding ants or their relation to fungi farming. It primarily discusses the phylogenetic relationships among Mollicutes strains and their respective hosts, making it irrelevant to the claim about ant species farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, no experimental field studies on the effects of "light conditions" during normal life have been conducted on sleep-wake cycles of healthy children younger than 15 y. Melatonin, which is synthesized in the pineal organ and secreted to the blood, is well known as a key substance which may be effective in promoting the falling into night sleep by humans [6]. Blood melatonin concentration by adult human subjects is extremely low during daytime and increases rapidly at 22:00–23:00 up to as much as ten or twenty times daytime values. The high level is maintained till the early morning and then decreases again rapidly to the extremely low concentration typical of the daytime [7,8]. The increase in melatonin concentration might occur in late evening and trigger the falling into sleep also for healthy children, although there have been no studies on melatonin concentration in salivary or blood under their normal life. In adult subjects, a single administration of 5 mg of melatonin at 13:00 was reported to induce higher subjective sleepiness during the following 2 hours and also higher EEG power density in the range of relatively low frequency of 5. 25–9. 0 Hz rather than that of placebo [9]. When adult subjects were exposed to 400 lux lights for more than 30 min or exposed to 300 lux lights for more than 2 hours, melatonin level during the night became lower than that when they stayed under dimmer lights [10,11]. In the case of adolescents and children, the exposure to lights of 300 lux or more during the first half of subjective night in the normal life might decrease their melatonin level and prevent the falling into sleep. Currently, more than 80% of junior high school students of the third grade aged 14–15 y in Kochi go to private school in the evening. If they take a short stop at the convenience store to get some fast food and enjoy talking with their colleagues in front of the store before or after going to the private school in the evening, they suffer the double exposure to bright lights at the school and at the convenience store. Such bright lights are from fluorescent light bulbs and include blue or blue-green lights with 470–500 nm wave lengths which were reported to be powerful to suppress melatonin concentration [12]. Based on the epidemiological studies made in 2001–2003 on junior high school students in (33°N), 38. 8% of the students who frequented convenience stores went there after sunset, and 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of melatonin, a hormone that is synthesized in response to light conditions, in regulating sleep-wake cycles. It explains how exposure to bright lights can suppress melatonin concentration, which in turn influences sleep patterns. This implies a connection between light exposure and the regulation of circadian rhythms, corroborating the claim regarding the influence of light-sensitive proteins on these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: If cold fusion were possible, it could provide a nearly limitless source of clean energy without the radioactive waste associated with nuclear fission. [SEP] Text: ” The magnetic-fusion-based hybrids also face technical hurdles. In the case of the tokamak design, ITER is still nearly a decade from completion. And no spherical tokamak currently exists to test and develop the UT design. Fuel reprocessing is a limiting factor for the two magnetic designs. “We’re probably 10–15 years before that is technically ready to go,” says Stacey. Reprocessing is not currently done in the US, and MIT’s Freidberg sees that as a significant obstacle: “Our government can’t decide if plutonium is our friend or foe. ” Another issue is that hybrids don’t have a home in any federal agency. “The fusion department of DOE doesn’t do fission, and the fission department of DOE doesn’t do fusion,” says UT’s Mike Kotschenreuther. “So hybrids fall through the cracks. ” Community discussion Still, hybrids are gaining interest in the US and other countries. “One thing I’ve wondered about is, Where does the sweet spot lie? ” says the UK’s Cowley. “How much fusion? And how much fission? If you have a pretty good fusion system, then why bother introducing extra complications—uranium, reprocessing, hazardous materials? If you can do pure fusion, there is no reason to [develop hybrids], not for energy anyway. But pure fusion is harder. How much harder? These are the kinds of questions the field has to address. ” Another question is price. “The cost of reprocessing and transmutation is enormous no matter what the source of neutrons. If you throw enough money at any technology, you might get it to work, but the sky is not the limit,” says Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist with the global security program at the Union of Concerned Scientists. “Going to more complex nuclear systems to get out of the climate change problem is not the best direction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing technical challenges related to magnetic fusion designs and the complexities of reprocessing nuclear fuel. It mentions that hybrids, which combine fusion and fission, face significant obstacles, indicating that pure fusion—a key element in the claim for clean energy without waste—is harder to achieve. Furthermore, it states that introducing hazardous materials and complications questions the viability of such systems, opposing the notion that cold fusion could straightforwardly offer a clean energy solution without associated waste.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: We used the same nine insect-associated Spiroplasma strains in all our comparative analyses (see Materials and methods) and two additional Mesoplasma strains (L1 and W37) which are the closest relatives of EntAcro1. We excluded the male-killing S. poulsonii strain from the comparisons because of its extreme (induced by a large number of transposases; see above and (Paredes et al. , 2015)) genomic differences relative to the other Mollicutes strains, which masked the differences among the remaining strains. PCAs were based on proportional similarity in annotated genes across functional categories (A), and across orthogroups (B), as identified using the bactNOG database. The functional categories in (A) and the orthogroups in (B) are presented as vectors using the same color coding as in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. The distributions of variances among the vectors are given at the bottom left of each plot. Mollicutes strains are presented in black text, functional categories and orthogroups in grey text, and hosts of the Mollicutes strains in brown text. The plots do not include genes of unknown function (the S role category in Figure 1—figure supplement 1). In both the (A) and (B) panels segregation effects were primarily loaded by orthogroups related to metabolism and secondary by orthogroups related to information. In both analyses clustering of strains was more distinct when based on host similarities than on overall bacterial phylogenomic relationships. Figure 1—figure supplement 3—source data 1 Functional annotation results for the 14 closely related insect-associated Mollicutes genomes using the bacterial eggnog (bactNOG) database. The proportional counts of genes (counts of each functional category or orthogroup divided by the total number of annotated genes) assigned to distinct functional categories via bactNOG are presented. Download elife-39209-fig1-figsupp3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 2 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Morphological and metabolic characteristics of the EntAcro10 and EntAcro1 symbionts of attine fungus-growing ants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide information related to the claim about ants farming fungi. It discusses genomic and comparative analyses of insect-associated Mollicutes strains and their functional categories, with a mention of entomological symbionts, but does not confirm or refute the concept of ant species farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 2% and 6. 5% of junior high school students who used convenience stores went there and stayed there for 15–30 min and longer than 30 min, respectively. Moreover, this epidemiological study showed that 62. 4% and 18% of the students who went to the evening private school studied there for 2 and 3 hours until 9 or 10 o'clock in the evening, respectively. In total, junior high school students were estimated to be exposed to bright lights of more than 2000 lux inside private school and/or convenience store for 2–3. 5 hours on average in the evening. Such exposures are expected to suppress the increase in blood melatonin level as a direct effect and also delay the phase of their circadian systems driving melatonin secretion rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. In this study, two light conditions were investigated. One was bright and high color-temperature light of more than 2000 lux, which is used in the evening and at night inside the convenience stores, at preliminary and private school for entrance examination, and at rental video shops in Japan. The other condition was a dark and low color-temperature light with less than 60 lux which is usual in the evening for traditional Japanese settings (a fireplace, candle, or a naked light bulb). Experimental participants were ten Japanese junior high school adolescent students (4 females and 6 males) aged 14–15 y who were attending Motoyama junior high school located in the mountain area of Reihoku district (33. 5°N) in Kochi Prefecture. They had enjoyed holidays for 7 days before the experiment. They were instructed to keep usual diurnal rhythm (for example bed time and wake-up time) during the holidays. Before the experiment, participants were divided into the two groups of "bright light experimental group (BLEG)" and "dim light control group (DLCG)". Participants in BLEG were selected to show similar circadian typology to those in DLCG based on the scores in the morningness-eveningness (M-E) questionnaire of Torsvall and Åkerstedt [13] (mean ± SD: 15. 00 ± 4. 30 by BLEG and 14. 80 ± 4. 09 by DLCG). Bed time, wake-up time and sleep hours shown by BLEG for the four days just before the experiment were 23. 0 ± 4. 2 hours, 8. 4 ± 1. 9 hours and 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of light exposure on circadian rhythms. It mentions that bright lights of more than 2000 lux can suppress the increase of blood melatonin, thereby influencing the circadian systems and melatonin secretion rhythm. This indicates that light, which affects light-sensitive proteins, plays a significant role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists working on cold fusion acknowledge that there are significant technical challenges that need to be addressed before it can be considered a practical energy source. Cold fusion has already been proven and is currently being suppressed by energy companies to protect their profits. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of Physics JF - of Physics JO - of Physics SP - 1 EP - 12 PB - Group SN - 2376-7448 UR - AB - Since the discovery of nuclear reactions in PdDx alloys at around room temperature in 1989, there have been accumulated very many experimental data sets showing existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials composed of transition metals and occluded hydrogen isotopes (let us call them the CF materials, for short) resulting in various nuclear products such as neutrons, tritium, transmuted nuclei, and others accompanied with large excess energies at relatively low temperatures up to 1000°C (let us call these whole events the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP), for short). As the cause of these nuclear reactions in the CFP, we have to accept the existence of the interactions between nuclei in the CF material through the nuclear force (let us call this interaction the nuclear-force interaction, for short) recognized its existence in the nucleus in the nuclear physics. We can classify the CF materials, i. e. materials where CFP occurs, into three groups: (1) metallic material including transition-metal hydrides (e. g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e. g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) carbonic material including hydrogen graphite (HCx) and XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) and (3) biological material including microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We will explain the characteristics of the CFP observed in each group in this paper. The nuclear reactions in the CF material gives rise to production of new p12. Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Int. J. Phys. 2021, 8(1), 1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy |. – in the CF Materials at Temperature. Phys. 2021;8(1):1-12. doi: 10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. 11 Copy | Download @10. 11648/j. ijhep. 20210801. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the existence of nuclear reactions in solid materials and providing an overview of cold fusion phenomena, implying that significant experimental data supports its validity. This suggests that cold fusion is not being suppressed due to its impracticality, challenging the assertion that it has been proven yet faces significant technical challenges and suppression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic EntAcro10 cell with pink arrows representing KEGG pathway reconstructions based on intact genes coding for proteins metabolizing specific compounds and pink rectangles crossing the plasma membrane representing predicted transporter genes that import metabolites from the ant gut lumen where fungal biomass and imbibed fluids are digested (cf symbols next to the transporter rectangles). GlcNAc is present in fungal tissues (Pérez and Ribas, 2013) or plant material that may have been decomposed by the fungal cultivar, citrate and glucose/fructose are present in fruit juice and possibly plant sap that ants drink (Liu et al. , 2012; Medlicott and Thompson, 1985), arginine is mainly provided by the ingested fungal tissues or juices from leaves and fruits (Nygaard et al. , 2016; Licht et al. , 2014; Nygaard et al. , 2011; Winter et al. , 2015), and glycerol is commonly available in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells (Grubmüller et al. , 2014; Joseph et al. , 2008; Monniot et al. , 2012; Sun et al. , 2003). Dotted lines between metabolic products represent intermediate genes and other metabolic products not shown. Arginine metabolism produces NH3, which will be excreted and help the bacteria survive the acidic conditions (Figure 4—figure supplement 1) to end up in the fecal droplets used to manure the ants fungus-garden. The bacterial cell shape and the estimated size (scale bars) were obtained using TEM data from a previous study (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). (b) Schematic representation of the EntAcro1 cell with the functional KEGG pathway reconstructions and predicted transporters inferred from the EntAcro1 genome that are identical to EntAcro10 in panel ‘a’ as pink arrows. Unique additional pathways and transporters only found in EntAcro1 are drawn in green, and include the anaerobic citrate fermentation pathway, which produces acetate that can be taken up by ant cells, and the GlcNAc pathway that results in byproducts that can enter glycolysis in the bacterial cells. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Citrate utilization genes in Mollicutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the metabolic pathways and transport mechanisms of compounds in ant cells and their relationship with fungal biomass, but it does not directly address or provide evidence about ant species farming fungi as a food source. Thus, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about ant species farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: At 19:25, the participants of BLEG moved to a Japanese style room with 8 tatami mats where they were exposed to the light with 2000 lux at the eye level from fluorescent light bulbs, whereas DLCG group members moved to another Japanese style room with 8 tatami mats where they were exposed to the light of 60 lux and relatively low color-temperature from a electronic light bulb. All the participants included in both groups were home-working or making a small wooden folk craft object that is typical in the Yusuhara district, under each light condition till 22:30. Room temperature was controlled at 15 ± 2°C with an oil heater in both groups. Then they came back to the former living room (12 tatami mats) and stayed there under the light of 250 lux till 23:40. Then female and male participants moved to separate rooms and went to bed just before 24:00. Salivary samples were collected in collection tubes at 21:45, 22:30, and 23:40, and these salivary samplings were preserved in a refrigerator at less than -20°C. Melatonin concentration in the samples was analyzed by a professional analyzing company (MSL Co. Ltd. ) which was a specialist for several chemical and microbiological analyses. All the participants from both groups were called out to get up at 7:00 in the next morning. All the participants got up between 7:00–7:15 responding to the calling out. After taking breakfast, they left the experimental place at 9:00 back for Motoyama junior high school. Throughout the study, light exposure was measured on the eye level with a digital illumination meter. Detailed explanation of the objectives and methods of the experiment was provided before the experimental performance to the participants and their parents. The research project received full and complete agreement from all of them. Results and results are shown in Fig. 1. Salivary melatonin concentration rose from 3. 00 ± 3. 34 (mean ± SD) pg/ml at 21:45 to 9. 18 ± 7. 66 pg/ml at 23:30 of the experimental day in the DLCG (t-test between values at 21:45 and 23:30: t = 3. 60, df = 4, p < 0. 05), whereas it remained at less than 1. 3 pg/ml till 23:30 in BLEG (t = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment that involves varying light conditions, which suggests a link to the regulation of circadian rhythms. The mention of salivary melatonin concentration, which is influenced by light exposure, indicates that light-sensitive proteins play a role in regulating circadian rhythms, aligning with the claim.