Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: , 2002), disrupting existing genes (Burt, 2003), or suppressing populations, RNA-guided gene drives will also be capable of replacing existing sequences with altered versions that have been recoded to remove the sites targeted by the drive (Figure 3). We hypothesize that the unique ability of RNA-guided gene drives to target any gene may allow them to control the effects of other gene drives or transgenes. Reversibility RNA-guided gene drives could reverse genome alterations that have already spread through populations. Suppose a given gene drive causes unexpected side-effects or is released without public consent. A ‘reversal’ drive released later could overwrite one or all genomic changes spread by the first drive (Figure 5A). The new sequence spread by the reversal drive must also be recoded relative to the original to keep the first drive from cutting it, but any amino acid changes introduced by the first drive could be undone. If necessary, a third drive could restore the exact wild-type sequence, leaving only the guide RNAs and the gene encoding Cas9 as signatures of past editing (Figure 5B). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. The ability to update or reverse genomic alterations at the speed of a drive, not just a drive-resistant allele, represents an extremely important safety feature. Reversal drives could also remove conventionally inserted transgenes that entered wild populations by cross-breeding or natural mutations that spread in response to human-induced selective pressures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of RNA-guided gene drives to spread specific genetic modifications through populations. It describes how these drives can target and modify existing genes, potentially ensuring that the altered traits are passed on to offspring. The mention of ‘precision drives’ that can spread uniquely in subpopulations further supports the claim regarding the rapid spread of specific traits facilitated by gene drives.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: Examples of solar power plants constructed in deforested or steep-sloping areas in Japan. As the above example suggests, developing problematic areas for development leads to cause issues. Therefore, in order to avoid such issues and pursue sustainable land development, it is beneficial to define development-restrictive areas in advance. Focusing on this point, this study illustrates how to divide a region or municipality into development-restrictive areas and allowable areas. First, the next section shows three main land attributes related to judging the appropriateness of development: (1) biodiversity, (2) natural disaster risk, and (3) topographic gradient. After that, concerning these three land attributes, Sections 3, 4, and 5, respectively, illustrate ways to define problematic areas for development. Lastly, Section 6 demonstrates how to integrate these three sorts of cartographic information in the GIS and delineate development-restrictive areas. Advertisement 2. Strategy for sustainable land development2. 1 Sustainable urban design guidelinesWe are producing sustainable urban design guidelines, based on the system control approach. As the “Goals” implies, achieving sustainability is a goal-oriented challenge. The science of system control can be applied to all goal-oriented tasks [3, 4]. Moreover, that science has produced remarkable results in many fields, in particular engineering. Therefore, by applying system control, we have been progressing in research on sustainable design [3, 4]. The main process of producing sustainable urban design guidelines is shown in Figure 2. The production process starts with identifying environmental, social, and economic problems related to cities. Next, based on the specified problems, requirements for the sustainable urban design are also identified. After that, the requirements are converted into design guidelines, so that users can efficiently conduct spatial planning and urban design on local maps [4]. The sustainable urban design guidelines consist of three steps: (1) development-restrictive/allowable areas, (2) spatial relationships among city components, and (3) principles of designing city components [4]. Figure 2. The main process of producing sustainable urban design guidelines and the aim of the first step. This study focuses on the first step of sustainable urban design guidelines. The first part is intended to solve or prevent problems related to land development and meet requirements for sustainable land development. Examples of such issues have been illustrated in the introduction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of defining development-restrictive areas to prevent issues associated with land development. It mentions that problematic areas lead to adverse effects and emphasizes the need to evaluate land attributes such as biodiversity, natural disaster risk, and topographic gradient before development. This suggests that simply relying on biodiversity offsetting is insufficient for achieving full sustainability in land development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In all cases, the primary pit which formed was wider than the block forming it. Figure 3Primary pits and detached impact pits formed during our experiments by the interaction between sublimating CO2 ice and granular substrate. (a) Primary pit formed by block placement on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Levées are denoted by blue arrows. Yellow arrow points to a preserved vent aperture. Purple arrow indicates a zone of slumping. (b,c) Detached impact pits (black arrows) formed by return of granular clusters to a 4–45 μm bed surface as a sliding block burrowed beneath the bed and exhibited jet activity from the subsurface. Red arrow indicates a linear string of impact pits. These impact pits were ubiquitous over the primary pit surface (seen in e). (d) Primary pit formed in another instance of block placement on a bed of 45-90 µm grains. Blue arrows point to levées. (e) Wider view of the system formed when a block was slid onto a bed of 4–45 μm grains. Orange arrows identify collapsed pit morphologies which signify locations where jets emanated from the subsurface. White boxes show locations of (b) and (c). Full size image Upon initial contact with the substrate which was roughly at room temperature, the block in each case underwent rapid sublimation, thus levitating it and mobilising material within its surroundings. This interaction was interpreted by observation to be brought about by the Leidenfrost Effect, as considered in the CO2 block hypothesis. The force of the escaping gas on the grains, transported grains within the sublimating gas from beneath the block to the side, forming levées. During this initial stage of sublimation, vent apertures developed at gaps between the block and the inner slope of levées, from which jets of gas were observed to expel granular material to the main granular sheet (Supplementary movie 1). Some of these vent apertures were preserved after the sublimation process, while others were destroyed by gravitational collapse. After the initial rapid sublimation stage, sediment transport ceased and the block sublimated slowly for ~7–11 hours. It is thought that at this stage, the temperature difference between the block and the granular substrate decreased below the Leidenfrost point, thus ending the levitation and sediment transport phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses the formation of primary pits and detached impact pits related to sublimating CO2 ice and granular substrates, which are not directly relevant to the composition of polar ice caps on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Temporal approaches to controlling populations would deliberately limit the lifetime of a suppression drive by rendering its effects evolutionarily unstable (Figure 6). For example, a male-determining or female-specific sterility gene carried by a standard drive on an autosome would suppress the target population, but the effect would be short-lived because any drive that acquired a loss-of-function mutation in the cargo gene would be strongly favored by natural selection due to its ability to produce fertile female offspring. Notably, turning existing female-specific sterility lines (Fu et al. , 2010; Labbe et al. , 2012; Alphey, 2014) into unstable drives may increase their effectiveness. Periodically releasing organisms carrying new unstable drives that are capable of replacing earlier broken versions could extend the suppression effect. Genetic approaches to population control might initiate suppression only when two distinct ‘interacting drives’ encounter one another (Figure 6). For example, a cross between standard drives A and B might produce sterile females and fertile males that pass on the ‘sterile-daughter’ trait when crossed with females of any type. Scattering A- and B-carrying individuals throughout an existing population would produce many tiny pockets dominated by either A or B and very few organisms in between due to the infertility of AB females. Because each drive would spread from a small number of initially released individuals scattered over a wide area, this strategy may be capable of large-scale population suppression, but its effectiveness and resolution will depend on the average distance between released A and B individuals. Further suppressing the residual A and B populations could be accomplished by releasing only members of the opposite drive type. Modeling studies will be needed to determine whether this possibility is feasible for different species. Interestingly, the use of this drive type would effectively induce speciation in the affected population. Finally, immunizing drives might protect specific subpopulations from the effects of full-scale suppression drives released elsewhere (Figure 6). Assuming some degree of gene flow, the immunized population will eventually replace the suppressed population, though this might be delayed if crossing the two drives generates a sterile-daughter effect as described above. Due to the comparatively uncontrolled spread of both drive types through the wild-type population, this method would only be suited to large geographic areas or subpopulations with limited gene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene drives can spread specific traits in a population by manipulating genetic elements, such as the potential effects of male-determining or female-specific sterility genes. It explains how specific traits can be propagated in offspring through interactions between different gene drives and their effects on population demographics, highlighting the ability of gene drives to ensure traits are passed on to successive generations and thus increase their prevalence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the requirements for sustainable land development include nature and biodiversity conservation, environmental protection, avoiding natural disaster danger areas, and consideration for the landscape. 2. 2 Main land attributes related to judging developmentIn order to define development-restrictive and allowable areas, this study examines the relationship between land attributes and development. As demonstrated on the left side of Figure 3, there are three significant land attributes related to judging the appropriateness of development: (1) biodiversity, (2) natural disaster risk, and (3) topographic gradient [4]. Figure 3. Strategy for delineating development-restrictive areas and allowable areas. 2. 2. 1 Biodiversity“Biodiversity” is a key area when seeking nature conservation and environmental preservation [5]. Efforts to conserve biodiversity also help meet global goals for greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Moreover, such biodiversity and nature-based solutions help protect us from climate change impacts, securing ecosystem services [5, 6, 7]. 2. 2. 2 Natural disaster risk“Natural disaster risk” is connected with one of the requirements, “avoiding natural disaster danger areas. ” Geomorphologically, the Earth’s surface is shaped by tectonics and climate [8]. As this simple statement implies, natural disasters can be divided into two categories: “tectonic” and “climatic” [9, 10]. Tectonic disasters include catastrophes caused by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Meanwhile, examples of climatic disasters are serious damage resulting from floods and droughts. 2. 2. 3 Topographic gradient“Topographic gradient” is mainly associated with two requirements for sustainable design, “environmental protection” and “accessible and universal design” [4]. Vegetation removal on steep-sloping sites often triggers significant environmental issues, such as soil erosion, landslides, increased downstream runoff, and flooding [11, 12, 13]. Meanwhile, as slopes become steeper, the provision of infrastructure and accessible design becomes more difficult and expensive [12]. Furthermore, “topographic gradient” is also associated with another requirement, “consideration for the landscape,” because developing steep-sloping areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic landscape [11, 12]. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that sustainable land development requires more than just biodiversity offsetting; it includes nature and biodiversity conservation, environmental protection, and other critical considerations. It emphasizes that biodiversity is just one of several key areas considered for sustainable land development, indicating that simply offsetting biodiversity is insufficient to make all types of land development fully sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: When a block was slid onto the bed surface, a greater range of dynamic responses was observed (Supplementary movie 3). In these cases, particularly in the 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm grain cases, sublimation dynamics mobilised grains on top of the block. This increased thermal contact between the substrate and the surface area of the block and subjected more grains to the and the force of rapid sublimation. Pits were generally deeper in these instances, compared to when a block was placed on a bed of the same grain size range (Table 1). Levées that formed during each experiment increased in maximum height with decreasing grain size (Table 1). This is expected, since decreasing grain size increases grain mobility as the Shields parameter (a non-dimensional number used to calculate the initiation of motion of sediment in a fluid flow35), increases. Levée morphologies were comparable to those encircling the terminal pits of linear gullies on Mars. These were raised, positive relief features which surrounded the pit in each case. The relationship between levées and terrestrial debris flows combined with sinuosity has previously been invoked to support a debris flow genesis for gullies (including linear gullies) on Mars36. Our experiments highlight the equifinality of the granular response to the movement of dry and wet fluids. Levées formed without the need for downslope block movement and granular material was transported to the side under the influence of pressurised gas alone. This is consistent with the sliding CO2 hypothesis which suggests that stationary blocks at linear gully termini are capable of excavating and transporting sediment to form pits and surrounding levées. via CO2 SublimationOur laboratory experiments are the first to show that features similar to the sand furrows on Mars can form by sublimating CO2. Furrows formed under the CO2 blocks and closely resembled Martian furrows — they were negative relief features similar in pattern and planform though on a smaller scale. The furrows observed displayed a range of patterns (linear, sinuous, dendritic and curvilinear). Martian furrows have been spatially correlated with dark fans, where vents in the ice are posited to form. These fans are thought to be composed of sand transported from beneath the ice by the cryoventing mechanism12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental observations and characteristics related to sublimation dynamics and furrows on Mars, without providing any information regarding the composition or existence of polar ice caps on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how gene drives function to spread specific traits through a population. It discusses the reliability of gene editing in important genes necessary for fitness and how these gene drives ensure that specific traits are passed on effectively. For instance, it notes that drives could suppress populations or enhance immunity in certain species, demonstrating their capability to spread desired genetic traits throughout a population. This aligns with the claim that gene drives significantly increase the propagation of specific traits in a population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: 3 Development-restrictive and allowable areasThis study shows a method of dividing a region or municipality into development-restrictive and allowable areas, based on the strategy demonstrated in Figure 3. “Development-restrictive areas” means sites where land development, including vegetation removal and construction, should be prohibited. Development-restrictive areas are the unions, or amalgamations, of the following sites: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas [4]. On the other hand, “development-allowable areas” means sites where land development can be permitted. Development-allowable areas are the intersections, or overlaps, of the following: (1) areas contributing less to biodiversity, (2) low-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) gradual-sloping or non-gradient areas [4]. Advertisement 3. BiodiversityArea-based conservation efforts are the cornerstone for halting the global biodiversity crisis [14, 15]. As shown on the left side of Figure 4, site-based biodiversity conservation can be divided into two main categories: (1) identification of significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation practices [16]. Currently, there has been a steady increase in the coverage of both identified significant areas and conservation areas. However, further and urgent expansion is necessary [14, 15]. The main coverage targets are listed on the right side of Figure 4. Figure 4. Current situation of area-based biodiversity conservation and main coverage targets. 3. 1 Identification of significant areas for biodiversityThe most authorized approach to designate important areas for biodiversity is the identification of Areas (KBAs). KBAs are nationally identified sites that contribute significantly to the global persistence of biodiversity, in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems [17]. The KBA approach builds on a methodology originally developed for specifying (IBAs). After that, it was expanded to cover a wider range of taxa and conservation initiatives, such as the Alliance for (AZE) [18]. In 2016, the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) published “A for the Identification of Areas,” providing a set of globally standardized criteria and quantitative thresholds [17]. In addition to sites of global biodiversity significance, there must be areas of national or regional biodiversity importance. Such sites should also be identified as significant areas for biodiversity [19]. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that land development must be restricted in certain areas to protect biodiversity. It describes 'development-restrictive areas' that should be prohibited from land development and emphasizes the importance of biodiversity conservation, suggesting that not all land development can be sustainable if biodiversity is compromised.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Furrow networks observed in the laboratory terminated at vents that developed at the boundary between the ice block and the pit walls (Fig. 4a). When a block was placed on the bed surface and carefully lifted as observed in 2, it was discovered that furrow mouths were located at regions where vents formed. Jets at vent locations were observed to transport grains from beneath the block. From these observations, we deduce that it is possible for furrows to be formed by pressurised gas that escapes through vents. Figure 4Furrow patterns and networks observed in the laboratory. (a) Before (left panel) and after (right panel) sublimation for an experiment on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Left panel: sublimating block. Arrows point to vents where gas escapes from beneath the block. Right panel: primary pit formed on the same bed by the block shown in the left panel, containing linear and sinuous furrows. The direction of gas flow is marked by the convergence of furrows towards vent locations (blue). (b) Dendritic network of furrows (white arrows), formed in <1 minute when a block was placed on a bed of 75–150 μm grains. This block was lifted and then removed to demonstrate that dendritic patterns can rapidly form. (c) Primary pit containing linear and sinuous furrows extending across a pit floor on a bed of 4–45 μm grains. Vent apertures were not preserved, however by observation it was noted that vents operated on each side of the block. (d) Close-up of dendritic furrow network (white arrows) on a bed of 45–90 μm grains. Full size image Furrow abundance increased with decreasing grain size (Fig. 5c). Considering also the general increase in pit depth (Fig. 5b) and maximum levée height with decreasing grain size (Table 1), we report a feedback between grain size and feature formation via CO2 sublimation. When grain size distributions on Martian dunes are better constrained, this observation might shed light on why furrows are restricted to certain locations in the southern hemisphere13. However, we report that furrow pattern and network type are independent from grain size. Using the furrow pattern and furrow network classification derived from a survey of Martian dunes12, we classified the different network types formed by CO2 sublimation according to planform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide any relevant information regarding the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses furrow patterns and networks observed in laboratory experiments related to CO2 sublimation, which is tangential to the claim about the polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene drives and their applications in altering vector species to control disease transmission. It mentions the potential effectiveness of RNA-guided gene drives in eradicating mosquito vectors for diseases like malaria, implying that these drives can enhance the spread of specific traits in a population by ensuring that those traits are passed down to the majority of offspring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: A residential site developed on a steep-sloping area in Tokyo. When the gradient exceeds 15%, the cost of building on the site begins to increase significantly because construction becomes more challenging [35]. Typically, the development requires deeper excavation, more concrete, retaining walls, and specialized solutions for drainage and sewer systems [35]. 5. 2. 3 AccessibilityAs topographic features become steeper, incorporating accessibility and universal design into the developed areas needs greater planning. As shown in Figure 9, the built environment in hilly areas often includes inclined roads and long stairways, which are hard to go up and down, especially for physically challenged people. In addition, Japan has recently faced mobility issues, resulting from the age of the slope dwellers. In many hilly residential areas developed on the outskirts of megacities, aging has hindered the physical abilities of many residents. As a result, such older dwellers have started suffering from limited physical and social activities due to the steep slopes and long stairways [36]. According to a study on housing land development and accessibility, the maximum slope for general residential land should be 1 in 5, or 20% [37]. Meanwhile, the maximum gradient advisable for pedestrian ramps, which is also suitable for prams and trolleys, is 1 in 10, or 10% [37]. This figure significantly influences the design of pedestrian networks in various housing projects. In addition, ramp gradients are becoming more important with the increasing provision of ramps for the physically challenged in new projects [37]. 5. 2. 4 LandscapeSteeply sloping areas often offer significant views of hills and valleys. Thus, developing such areas frequently leads to serious disfiguration of the scenic natural beauty [11, 12]. Generally, as the topographic gradients of the developed area become steeper, the more easily the landscape changes come into view from many places in the city or town areas. Therefore, in order to maintain scenic hillside landscapes, municipalities should take measures to control development and construction on steep-sloping sites. For example, Council in Victoria, Australia, manages development and construction in areas with a slope of greater than 10%, mainly for retaining scenic landscapes and amenity values [38]. Moreover, the Council strictly limits land development in areas with slopes in excess of 20% [38]. The above examinations from the four aspects can be integrated into the following. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and considerations involved in developing steep-sloping areas, highlighting that development in such locations can lead to significant environmental changes and disfigurations of natural beauty. It emphasizes the importance of controlling development in these areas to maintain the landscape, suggesting that merely offsetting biodiversity does not address the inherent challenges posed by building on steep gradients, nor does it guarantee sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The following classes were delineated: linear (straight negative relief lines in the substrate), curvilinear (curved negative relief lines in the substrate showing one inflection point), sinuous (highly curved negative relief lines in the substrate displaying more than one inflection point) and dendritic (branching negative relief features in the substrate)12. Figure 5(a) pit abundance versus area of terminal pits in Russell and Matara Crater. Plot indicates an increase in the number of new detached pits each spring with increasing linear gully terminal pit area in Russell and Matara Crater. Error bars were calculated by taking 2 × the pixel width for each site and propagating the error on πr 2 for each main (terminal) pit area). 2 value for the linear fit is 0. 72 and the p value is <0. 01. (b) Laboratory primary pit depth eroded per block thickness. Plot indicating that pits observed in the laboratory were generally deeper on beds of the finest grain sizes. The CO2 block placed on a bed of 45-90 grains in experiment 2 partially burrowed and therefore is not included here. Error bars denote vertical error (z error) on each DEM. This was calculated by taking 10 vertical sections of a ruler where available, or known measurement in the scene of the DEM, averaging them and differencing this value from the actual measurement. (c) Furrow abundance observed in the laboratory versus grain size plot. Plot shows furrow abundance observed in the laboratory decreased with increasing grain size. Error bars were calculated by defining horizontal uncertainty as better than 1 mm, defining furrows as negative relief erosional lines in the substrate, defining the pit floor as the section at 1 pixel resolution where the inner slope of the surrounding levée ended and relatively flat surface beneath where the block was began, and allowing for error in digitisation decisions when marking the pit floor and furrow outlines in ArcGIS. Considering these factors, uncertainty on measurements was estimated to be 10 orthophoto pixels in each case and their volumes were propagated within the furrow percentage expression to obtain an estimate of uncertainty on furrow abundance. Full size image On Mars, the specific location and patterns of furrows on dunes changed between Mars years following emplacement and sublimation of the seasonal CO2 ice deposit. We can report a similar outcome for our experiments where furrow location and pattern changes for similar grain sizes between experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses furrow patterns and experimental observations relating to the dynamics of the substrate on Mars, which does not provide any evidence or information about the composition of polar ice caps.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: , 2005). Releases would need to occur in local areas not treated with pesticide or herbicide, which would quickly become reservoirs of sensitizing drives that could spread into adjacent fields. Periodically releasing new drives could potentially allow any given pesticide or herbicide to be utilized indefinitely. Modeling experiments will be needed to evaluate feasibility for different target species. A second form of sensitizing drive could potentially render pest populations vulnerable to molecules that never previously affected them. For example, a gene important to fitness might be replaced with a version from another species or laboratory isolate whose function is sensitive to a particular compound. In principle, this approach could eventually lead to the development and use of safer and more species-specific pesticides and herbicides. Controlling invasive species One of the most environmentally damaging consequences of global economic activity is the introduction of invasive species, which often cause ecological disruption or even the extinction of native species. Isolated ecosystems such as those on small islands are especially vulnerable. RNA-guided suppression drives might be used to promote biodiversity by controlling or even eradicating invasive species from islands or possibly entire continents. The economics of invasive species control are also compelling: the top ten invasives in the cause an estimated $42 billion in damages every year (Pimentel et al. , 2005). Black and brown rats alone cause $19 billion in damages and may be responsible for more extinctions than any other nonhuman species. Deploying RNA-guided suppression drives against invasive species will incur two primary risks related to undesired spread. First, rare mating events may allow the drive to affect closely related species. Using precision drives to target sequences unique to the invasive species could mitigate or eliminate this problem. Second, the suppression drive might spread from the invasive population back into the native habitat, perhaps even through intentional human action. Native populations might be protected using an immunizing drive, but doing so would risk transferring immunity back into invasive populations. Instead, we might grant the invasive population a unique sequence with a standard drive (Figure 5C), verify that these changes have not spread to the native population, and only then release a suppression drive targeting the recoded sequences while holding an immunizing drive in reserve. Another approach might utilize a sensitizing drive to render all populations newly vulnerable to a specific compound, which could then be used as a pesticide for the local control of invasive populations. All of these possibilities will require modeling and experimentation to establish safety and feasibility before use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of RNA-guided suppression drives and sensitizing drives, which are types of gene drives that illustrate the concept of genetic modifications being utilized to enhance the spread of specific traits in populations. It mentions that these drives could allow for targeted alterations in pest populations, thereby increasing the likelihood that certain beneficial traits are passed on, which aligns with the definition of gene drives as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: Generally, steep slopes, namely areas with a slope of 15% or more, should always involve restricting land development. In particular, land development in slope areas in excess of 20% should be strictly limited. Meanwhile, restrictions on developing areas with environmental sensitivity, landscape importance, and walkability-oriented design should start at 10% of a topographic gradient. Advertisement 6. Integration: defining development-restrictive areasThe previous three sections illustrate how to define areas contributing more to biodiversity, natural disaster-prone sites, and steep-sloping areas. Based on these preparations, this section shows how to integrate the three sorts of cartographic information and delineate development-restrictive areas. In addition, nowadays, the System (GIS) has become increasingly common in handling spatial data; accordingly, the following proceeds with the explanation on the assumption that a GIS is used. Figure 10 illustrates an example of combining the three sorts of geographical information in a GIS and defining development-restrictive areas. The left side includes necessary spatial data, such as hazard maps and relevant specified areas. The right side demonstrates how the prepared GIS data layers are overlaid and integrated. Figure 10. An example of the process for delineating development-restrictive areas. Concerning “topographic gradient,” planners draw up a map layer on which steep-sloping areas are shown. In this case, it is helpful to color the map of the relevant region or municipality according to gradient classifications: 0–10% (gradual), 10–15% (moderate), 15–20% (steep), and 20% + (very steep). An example of such coloring has been demonstrated in Figure 8(a). As for “natural disaster risks,” the planners create data layers by natural hazard type. In the case of Figure 10, two types of hazards, namely river flooding and landslides, are predicted in the region or municipality. Accordingly, a data layer showing river flooding high-risk areas and one displaying landslide high-risk areas are prepared. If reliable hazard maps are open to the public, such maps can be utilized. When handling data on “areas contributing more to biodiversity,” it is helpful to divide them into “significance” and “conservation. ” This division is based on the categorization illustrated in Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining specific areas and conditions under which land development should be restricted to protect biodiversity. It emphasizes the need for development restrictions in steep slopes and environmentally sensitive areas, indicating that not all types of land development can be deemed fully sustainable without such considerations. The mention of specific gradients and the need for data layers in GIS further highlights that biodiversity safeguarding is a complex issue that cannot simply be offset by development activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: In some cases, a variety of networks and patterns developed on beds of the same grain size range. We identified dendritic and curvilinear furrow networks on the 4–45 μm bed pit floor (Fig. 4d) while only linear and sinuous patterns resulted from a second experiment of block placement on a 4–45 μm bed (Fig. 4c). Dendritic networks were observed in certain experiments across all grain sizes and these developed almost instantaneously as observed in 2, rather than via a network growth over time. However, furrows detected in our experiments formed via the contact between a ~−80 °C CO2 ice block and substrate which was roughly at room temperature and our incident ice was on a much smaller scale to that which seasonally covers Martian dunes. Our initial conditions were very different to the gradual basal heating of the CO2 ice sheet and consequent ice rupture proposed in the cryoventing model. However, we have demonstrated that dendritic patterns can form in a single cryoventing event, as was proposed for Mars12. Dendritic patterns tended to form when there were few vents, and when vents were furthest apart. We note also that when vents were located directly across from one another at each side of the block, linear and sinuous furrows formed instead. This is consistent with the observation that cryoventing efficacy on Mars is constrained by vent spacing12. We interpret this laboratory observation as an indication that cryoventing is likely to be limited by a pressure gradient. High pressure gas at the centre of the ice/substrate interface will be attracted towards an area of low pressure — such as that provided by a vent. If there is a roughly equal pressure gradient between the block centre and two lateral vents opposite one another, gas will escape at a similar rate towards either side and this will be reflected in the presence of linear or sinuous patterns that extend and connect across the base of the pit floor. We propose that Martian furrow formation and network type may be influenced by a pressure gradient, supplied either by inhomogeneous ice thickness on dune slopes and/or stress locations such as dune brinks. Further work may clarify the extent to which ice thickness and surface topography influence pressure gradients at furrow and dendritic trough locations on Mars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Mars having polar ice caps made of water and carbon dioxide. Instead, it discusses experimental observations related to the formation of dendritic and furrow networks in ice and the influence of pressure gradients on such formations. There is no mention of polar ice caps or their composition in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Feature 10. 7554/eLife. 03401 Open access Copyright information annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). Share 46,927 views 7,310 downloads 634 3401. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS 8 figures 1 Download asset Open asset The spread of endonuclease gene drives. (A) When an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive (blue) mates with a wild-type organism (grey), the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. This can enable the drive to spread until it is present in all members of the population–even if it is mildly deleterious to the organism. (B) Endonuclease gene drives are preferentially inherited because the endonuclease cuts the homologous wild-type chromosome. When the cell repairs the break using homologous recombination, it must use the gene drive chromosome as a repair template, thereby copying the drive onto the wild-type chromosome. If the endonuclease fails to cut or the cell uses the competing non-homologous end-joining repair pathway, the drive is not copied, so efficient gene drives must reliably cut when homology-directed repair is most likely. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Consequences and timing of gene drive replication. (A) Gene drives can carry other genes with them as cargo. For example, a transgene that blocks malaria transmission could be driven through wild mosquito populations. There is no selection to maintain the function of a cargo gene. (B) Gene drives can disrupt or replace other genes. For example, a drive might replace a mosquito gene important for malaria transmission. Because it cannot spread without disrupting the target gene, this strategy is evolutionarily stable. (C) If homing occurs in the zygote or early embryo, all organisms that carry the drive will be homozygous in all of their tissues. (D) If homing occurs in the late germline cells that contribute to sperm or eggs, the offspring will remain heterozygous in most tissues and avoid the consequences of drive-induced disruptions. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNA-guided genome editing via Cas9. The Cas9 nuclease protein and guide RNA must first be delivered into the target cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that when an organism carrying an endonuclease gene drive mates with a wild-type organism, the gene drive is preferentially inherited by all offspring. It details how this mechanism allows the gene drive to spread through a population, even if it is slightly harmful, which supports the assertion that gene drives facilitate the transmission of specific traits among progeny.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting makes all types of land development fully sustainable. [SEP] Text: The data layer of “significance” represents significant areas for biodiversity, such as Areas (KBAs). Meanwhile, the “conservation” layer displays conservation areas, namely protected areas and OECMs. After preparing the necessary data layers, the planners place them on top of one another and integrate the spatial data. In this case, the unions, or amalgamations, of the relevant areas shown on the data layers correspond to development-restrictive areas. The last part of this section compares development-restrictive areas with the coverage targets of conservation: (1) covering KBAs with conservation areas, and (2) conserving 30% of Earth’s land and sea areas by 2030. These two coverage targets have been shown in Subsections 3. 3. 2 and 3. 3. 3, respectively. Through the integration process, significant areas for biodiversity, such as KBAs, are taken in development-restrictive areas. Therefore, if the development-restrictive areas are given conservation status, all KBAs are naturally covered with this status. Meanwhile, development-restrictive areas contain natural disaster-prone sites and steep-sloping areas, in addition to areas contributing more to biodiversity. Thus, if development-restrictive areas are actually preserved, the coverage ratio of conservation areas to the Earth’s surface must expand greatly. In short, defining development-restrictive areas substantially contributes to meeting the two coverage targets of conservation. Advertisement 7. ConclusionIn order to pursue sustainable land development, this 3. In addition, development-restrictive areas are the amalgamations of the following: (1) areas contributing more to biodiversity, (2) high-risk areas from predicted natural disasters, and (3) steep-sloping areas. Section 3 presented the overall picture of current area-based biodiversity conservation efforts. Figure 4 concisely illustrated how to define sites contributing more to biodiversity, dividing them into two categories: (1) significant areas for biodiversity and (2) conservation areas. The diagram also showed the main coverage targets of these site-based conservation efforts. Section 4 demonstrated the whole picture of area-based natural disaster risk reduction measures in the three diagrams. Figure 5 portrayed the relationship between natural hazards and disaster risks, dividing them into “climatic” and “tectonic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that sustainability in land development is contingent upon properly defining and preserving development-restrictive areas. It explains that these areas must not only include sites contributing to biodiversity but also high-risk zones from natural disasters, implying that simply employing biodiversity offsetting alone is insufficient for full sustainability. The complexity of integrating various environmental factors indicates that offsetting cannot make all types of land development fully sustainable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Impact and FormationIn addition to primary pit formation, the cases where a block was slid onto grains of 4–45 μm and 45–90 μm revealed two additional pit types (Fig. 3b,c,e). These instances involved very different fluid dynamics to those observed in all other cases. Grain mobilisation induced by increased thermal contact between ice surface area and the warmer granular material, enabled the block to move downward, and the bed appeared fluidised (Supplementary movie 3). This process lasted ~1 minute in each case before the block was observed to submerge fully within the granular bed. CO2 gas jets escaped from the subsurface (Supplementary movie 3), excavating the material in the space surrounding their path and providing room for adjacent material to sink, forming collapsed pits (Fig. 3e). These endogenic pits were characterised by concentric tensional fissures and did not have raised rims. Finally, a third pit type was observed to form via the return of jetted sediment to the steady bed surface. These impact pits (Fig. 3b,c) were smaller in diameter than the primary pit and varied little in size (up to 6 mm in diameter, to below our measurement accuracy). Some occurred in strings and all possessed raised rims, suggesting surface material was ejected in their formation. Following the cessation of sublimation, impact pits were ubiquitous across the primary pit, levées and surrounding bed surface (Fig. 6). Figure 6Conceptual model of 3 pit formation modes. (a) Block is slid onto grains (beige), increasing thermal contact. (b) Grains are mobilised on top of the block via escaping pressurised gas, increasing CO2 ice exposure to the Leidenfrost Effect. (c) Block submerges; gas jets escape and surface material sinks forming collapsed pits. (d) Impact pits form by substrate return via fluid instability such as inelastic collapse of gas jets or granular clustering within jets; returned grains impact the surface forming shallow, rimmed impact pits. (e) 3 resultant pit morphologies; primary pit, collapsed pits, impact pits (within main pit and surrounding bed surface) and cracks. (f) Legend. Full size image in Proctor, Russell and Matara CratersFor morphometric measurements, we surveyed 60 primary terminal pits on megadune and 135 primary terminal pits at 13 sites in Proctor Crater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Mars' polar ice caps and instead describes various geological processes and formations related to impact pits on Mars. It does not provide information on the composition or nature of the polar ice caps, thus rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: This is often accomplished by transfecting DNA expression plasmids, but delivering RNA is also effective. The guide RNA directs Cas9 to bind target DNA ‘protospacer’ sequences that match the ‘spacer’ sequence within the guide RNA. Protospacers must be flanked by an appropriate protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), which is NGG for the most commonly used Cas9 protein (Jinek et al. , 2012). If the spacer and protospacer are identical or have only a few mismatches at the 5′ end of the spacer, Cas9 will cut both strands of DNA, creating a blunt-ended double-strand break. If supplied with a repair template containing the desired changes and homology to the sequences on either side of the break, the cell may use homologous recombination to repair the break by incorporating the repair template into the chromosome. Otherwise, the break will be repaired by non-homologous end-joining, resulting in gene disruption. Cas9 cutting is efficient enough to alter both chromosomes at the same time and/or to edit multiple genes at once (Li et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013a). If the cell being edited is a germline cell that gives rise to eggs or sperm, the changes can be inherited by future generations. Figure 4 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Technical advantages of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from lower left: The targeting flexibility of Cas9 permits the exclusive selection of target sequences with few potential off-targets in the genome. Targeting multiple sites increases the cutting frequency and hinders the evolution of drive resistant alleles, which must accumulate mutations at all of the sites. The Cas9 nuclease is can be quite specific in the sequences that it targets; fruit flies do not exhibit notable fertility or fitness defects resulting from off-target cutting when both Cas9 nuclease and guide RNAs are expressed in the germline (Kondo and Ueda, 2013). Choosing target sites with few or no close relatives in the genome, using truncated guide RNAs (Fu et al. , 2014), employing paired Cas9 nickases (Mali et al. , 2013a) instead of nucleases, or utilizing Cas9-FokI fusion proteins (Guilinger et al. , 2014; Tsai et al. , 2014) can further increase specificity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that gene editing techniques, such as those involving the Cas9 nuclease, can alter germline cells, resulting in genetic changes that can be inherited by future generations, thereby supporting the idea that these modifications can ensure a specific trait is passed on to almost all offspring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: Individual cores, however, showed variations within the treatments, and the difference between treatments was not statistically significant, as stated above. Overall, the results show that the BD plastic treatments did not produce larger amounts of CO2 than the control (no addition) treatment. Methane production from all sediments, including the control treatment, remained around zero from week 0 to week 15. After week 15, the methane concentration in the PE treatments increased slightly (Fig. 3; more detailed view available in the Supplement, Fig. S4), and in the BD plastics treatment MF-S it was more pronounced. In the control experiment, methane concentrations dipped slightly below the starting concentrations but then increased from week 28 onwards, albeit with large variations between individual sediment cores. Both BD plastic treatments showed large increases in relative amounts of methane from week 20 onwards, although the large variations between individual cores within the treatments lead to large, overlapping error bars. The stabilization of the CO2 concentration and the increase in CH4 concentration in the BD plastics experiments matched time-wise, both occurring from week 15–20 onwards, although the increase in CH4 continued after week 28, when the CO2 concentration in the BD plastic experiments had stabilized. Visualization of the plastic film surfaces after retrieval from the sediments after 40 weeks did not show any clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation on any of the film types (PE, MF-S, MF-R; Fig. S5). DAPI staining showed a low number of microbes on the plastics' surfaces. Both regular and microscopic visualization, of all types of used plastics, showed no variation in appearance between the end and the start of the experiment. 4 biodegradability of BD plastic films depends largely on the match between their composition and the environment. In soils, BD mulch films have been shown to biodegrade successfully (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020). However, due to this required match between the properties of the material and the in situ conditions for biodegradation, transport of BD mulch films to aquatic environments could result in a buildup of material, as is suggested by our results. The biodegradability of the mulch films investigated in this research is in strong contrast to the biodegradability of these films under previously investigated soil conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there were no clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation on the biodegradable (BD) plastics after 40 weeks in an aquatic environment, suggesting that they did not decompose faster than conventional plastics. It also highlights that the biodegradability of BD plastics is highly dependent on the match between their material composition and the environment, implying that in conditions other than soil, like the aquatic environment studied, they may not biodegrade as expected.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: This preliminary study was carried out purely to demonstrate an initial trend that may help us to assess our laboratory data in the context of Martian dunes and is not intended as an exhaustive survey of Martian linear gully pits. All terminal pits were characterised by a roughly circular depression surrounded by circular levées, were shallow (<1 m–2. 5 m) and varied greatly in diameter, from <1 m to as much as 19 m. Pits were generally wider than their accompanying channels. This is consistent with our laboratory observations that pits were wider in diameter than the sublimating blocks which formed them. We propose that blocks translating down-slope do so quite rapidly and so the width of the channel carved corresponds with block width, while the stationary block may sublimate at the terminus, eroding and transporting material for longer at the site. Crater, the average primary terminal pit width was 3. 2 ± 0. 5 m and the majority of pits (83. 7% of those sampled) were less than 4 m in diameter, with the minimum pit diameter being 1. 4 m. The remaining 16. 3% of pits were between 4 m and 8 m in diameter (maximum 7. 4 m in diameter). Only 16 terminal pits were deeper than the vertical uncertainty of 1. 08 m on the DTM used. The aspect ratios of terminal pits ranged between 0. 8 and 1. 7. Crater terminal pits are larger. Only 11. 7% of terminal pits sampled were 4 m or less in diameter, while 46. 7% of terminal pits were between 4 and 8 m in diameter and 41. 6% were between 8 m and 19 m in diameter. The minimum primary terminal pit width on megadune was 2. 7 m and the maximum primary terminal pit width was 18. 6 m. Only 3 primary terminal pits were deeper than the upper limit vertical uncertainty of 1. 7 m on the DTM, and for these we determined an aspect ratio range between 3. 6 and 8. 3. Detached pits on megadune of average diameter 2. 5 m were found predominantly in the vicinity of the largest primary terminal pits. Other large primary terminal pits were not accompanied by detached pits. However, these particular linear gullies indicated higher probability of block energy loss such as high sinuosity and lateral small channels. These activities may have slowed blocks down or broken them up before reaching the termini. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the composition of Mars' polar ice caps, as it focuses on the characteristics of terminal pits and their formations on Mars without mentioning ice caps or their composition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: Finally, guide RNA engineering and improvement is an extremely active area of research; if current solutions prove to be inadequate, it is likely that alternatives will soon become available. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Table of known technological advances that might be adapted to optimize gene drive efficiency. Off-target fitness cost, Cas9 cutting efficacy, and correct drive copying by homologous recombination (HR) are the primary determinants of drive fitness. The ideal standard gene drive confers an effective fitness benefit of 100%, as it is transmitted to twice as many progeny with no fitness cost. The fitness of suppression drives is more complicated due to species-specific density and resource-dependence and mating dynamics and must be considered on a case-by-case basis. The most challenging problem at the molecular scale concerns the highly variable rates of homologous recombination (HR) relative to non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) in different species, cell types, and developmental stages. Cas9 cutting should ideally occur during a stage featuring efficient HR and minimal NHEJ to maximize fitness. Within the germline, homologous recombination rates are normally highest in the oocyte because NHEJ is nearly absent in that cell type. As development progresses, the incidence of NHEJ rises sharply even if the HR machinery remains active. For this reason, we anticipate that maternally transmitted drives that both cut and are copied into the paternal chromosome in the zygote will be among the most efficient. Paternally transmitted drives cannot cut the maternal chromosome until they are expressed, which occurs at different times in different species. Those species that initiate transcription comparatively early, such as mice, are likely to be more amenable to gene drives than those that begin late, such as Drosophila. However, this does not necessarily imply that HR occurs at low efficiency in Drosophila embryos; injecting Cas9 and guide RNA-encoding plasmids along with a template to be copied yielded correct insertions in 13/16 embryos (Gratz et al. , 2013). In contrast, injecting Cas9 and guide RNAs targeting two genes along with templates for repair into mouse embryos yielded 7/10 pups with the first insertion and 8/10 with the second insertion, with six of those having both; all other mice utilized NHEJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms and efficiencies involved in gene drives, specifically how an ideal standard gene drive confers an effective fitness benefit of 100%, indicating that it will be transmitted to twice as many progeny with no fitness cost. This aspect directly supports the claim that gene drives can ensure a specific trait is rapidly passed on to offspring in a population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: Whereas within several soils substantial degradation of the incorporated BD plastic films was observed (11 %–98 % after 12 months, determined by “percentage of area remaining”; Li et al. , 2014; 12 %–23 % degradation of powdered BD plastics after 28 d, determined by weight loss; Adhikari et al. , 2016), no biodegradation could be observed in our sediment experiments, either based on produced CO2 or from visual analysis by microscopy. Similar conclusions were drawn based on a 100 d marine coastal zone sediment experiment (Nauendorf et al. , 2016), even though biofilm growth on biodegradable plastic bags (composed of biodegradable polyester and corn starch) was observed in that study. Freshwater BD plastic degradation studies are more rare and are focused on biofilm formation rather than on biodegradation rates (Morohoshi et al. , 2018). As observed by Nauendorf et al. (2016), biofilm formation and degradation are not necessarily related. Most marine sediment studies combine a biofilm assessment with visual assessments of degradation but do not quantify the degradation as either respiration or fragmentation. Quantification of degradation percentages based on assessment of the remaining plastics is difficult, as microp1. 0 cm downwards (Fiskal et al. , 2019). The plastics were buried shallowly in the sediments and will, at least partly, have been surrounded by sediments containing dissolved O2 (DO) in our experiments. Although exact DO penetration depths can only be determined with micro-sensors, we can assume initial oxic conditions here based on the natural oxygen penetration depth of these sediments (Fiskal et al. , 2019), the oxygen concentration in the overlying water (±400 µM; Fiskal et al. , 2019), and the disturbance caused by the pushing of the plastics into the sediments, bringing oxygen-rich water into contact with the sediment surrounding the plastic film. After the initial oxic conditions, DO may have become depleted within the originally anoxic sediment depths (> 1 cm) or shallower. Although under oxic conditions microbial growth and substrate turnover is expected to occur more rapidly, earlier research showed similar BD plastic biodegradation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions, despite higher microbial biomass formation on BD plastics under oxic incubation conditions (Nauendorf et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing observations from various studies indicating that the degradation of biodegradable (BD) plastics can vary significantly based on environmental conditions, with some studies indicating minimal or no biodegradation occurring in certain sediments. For example, it notes that no biodegradation could be observed in sediment experiments despite expectations that BD plastics would decompose faster than conventional plastics. This suggests that under certain conditions, biodegradable packaging does not decompose faster than conventional plastic, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: We observed a trend in detached pit data (Fig. 5a), which suggests that the abundance of these multiple detached pits at linear gully termini increases with the surface area of the newest/widened terminal pit. Should terminal pits be formed via the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks, the data suggest that a greater block size (and hence greater surface area exposed to sublimation) produces more detached pits. This is in agreement with our laboratory observations that “detached” impact pits formed on finer grain sizes when a greater amount of CO2 ice surface area was undergoing the initial rapid sublimation dynamics of the Leidenfrost Effect, allowing it to burrow. We hypothesise that the impact pits observed in the laboratory were formed through a clustering27 instability in the granular jets (Fig. 6). This lends credence to our hypothesis that the multiple detached pits surrounding many Martian linear gully terminal pits (Fig. 2a–d) may be formed by a similar mechanism involving granular jets. We reason that at linear gully termini, the sublimating CO2 may become unstable as blocks reach a terminal velocity (and greater drag force) at the lower dune slipface, which is reflected in the confinement of these detached pits to the lower ~200 m of the channel vicinity (Fig. 2a–d). Granular clusters may become entrained within sublimating CO2 gas jets as the block sublimates. We propose that these are splayed out radially from the terminal pit to form smaller, shallower detached pits upon return impact to the sandy surface, in a similar manner to the mechanism by which impact pits were observed to form in our laboratory experiments (Supplementary movie 4). However, our laboratory experiments required jetting of an endogenic origin which resulted in terraced collapsed pits seen in Fig. 3e. Similar morphologies have yet to be identified on Mars, but it is possible that inset pits seen inside terminal pits may denote locations where blocks have burrowed beneath the surface. Alternatively, inset pits could indicate new, inner paths of blocks within pre-existing channels. However, the ratio of collapsed to impact pits in our laboratory experiments ranged from 5. 3–10 and the ratios of inset pits to smallest detached pits in ranged from 4. 3–8. 1 and so certainly for the smaller detached pits in this setting, our proposed process is plausible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the composition of Mars' polar ice caps. Instead, it discusses the formation and behavior of detached pits and the sublimation of CO2 ice, but it does not confirm or deny the existence of water or carbon dioxide in polar ice caps. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: We suspect that while drive copying rates will be difficult to predict in advance in a given species, any drive constructed with a housekeeping, viral, or strong germline promoter is likely to function reasonably well due to the combination of highly efficient maternal copying and moderate paternal copying in the zygote and early embryo. Germline copying can also occur later in development for standard drives. The difference between achiasmate species with low HR rates during meiosis, at least in males, and chiasmate species is likely to be crucial. The difference is clearly demonstrated by comparing the Anopheles drive, which exhibited 97% HR and a fitness benefit over 50% (25% given its restriction to males) (Windbichler et al. , 2011), to the equivalent Drosophila drive, which exhibited 71% HR and an effective fitness benefit of 32% (54% homing–22% NHEJ; a 16% benefit given its restriction to males) only after extensive optimization (Chan et al. , 2013b). The latter was improved from an initial construct demonstrating only 35% HR (Chan et al. , 2011), which is insufficient to generate a fitness benefit if targeting an essential gene and will generate more resistant alleles than copies of the drive if not. Limiting expression to the late germline may be very effective, but early germline or especially oocytic expression may be superior depending on the species. Finally, it may be possible to repress genes required for the competing non-homologous end-joining pathway using Cas9 in order to boost the effective homologous recombination rate in a particular germline stage (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Genes responsible for homologous recombination might be activated in a similar manner. The main question is whether the resulting changes in protein abundance will occur quickly enough to influence drive copying. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Methods of reversing, preventing, and controlling the spread and effects of gene drives. (A) Reversal drives could correct or reverse genomic alterations made by an earlier drive with unexpected side effects. They might also be used to reverse conventionally engineered or evolved changes. Immunization drives could prevent other gene drives from affecting a specific population or provide a population with resistance to DNA viruses. Precision drives could exclusively spread through a subpopulation with a unique gene or sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of gene drive mechanisms and their efficiency in passing traits onto offspring. It emphasizes 'drive copying rates' and mentions the importance of 'highly efficient maternal copying and moderate paternal copying in the zygote and early embryo,' which directly supports the claim that gene drives ensure the spread of a specific trait through generations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: The lack of suitable BD plastic degrading microorganisms is, however, the most likely explanation for the large difference in BD mulch film decomposition between our sediment experiment and previously performed soil experiments. The sediments likely lack microorganisms that produce hydrolytic enzymes (esterases) that can cleave PBAT and PLA, the main polyesters in the BD films used. When specific genes known to be associated to BD plastic degradation are identified in the future, it would be interesting to screen our incubation experiment sediments for those genes to confirm such a hypothesis. 5 types of biodegradable plastic mulch films showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period within lake surface sediments, suggesting very limited biodegradability in freshwater sediment environments. These findings stress the importance of limiting the transport of plastics from agricultural soils to waterways – not only for traditional plastics but also for soil-biodegradable plastics. Given that these plastics are designed to remain in the soil rather than to be removed after use, they remain present in the natural environment until complete degradation. The extent of the transport of BD mulch films from soils to waterways and lakes is up to this point unknown. Our results show that it is of high importance to investigate how much of the applied biodegradable mulch films are transported to aquatic environments to be able to assess the potential pollution of lakes and coastal areas by the current and future applications of biodegradable plastic mulch films. Data availability The data used in this paper are available at (van Grinsven and Schubert, 2023). supplement related to this 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023-supplement. Author contributions SvG designed the experiments with help from CS. SvG conducted the experiments and laboratory analyses. SvG wrote the manuscript, with assistance from CS. Competing interests The contact author has declared that neither of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. Publications makes every effort to include appropriate place names, the final responsibility lies with the authors. want to thank for his valuable contributions to the paper and for providing the biodegradable plastic mulch films. We thank for the help in the lab and field, as well as for the help with the incubation experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant limitations in the biodegradability of biodegradable plastic mulch films, noting that they showed no signs of degradation over a 10-month period in lake surface sediments. It implies that biodegradable plastics might not decompose faster in specific environments, such as freshwater sediments, contradicting the notion that they are designed to decompose quickly compared to conventional plastics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: A detailed numerical mode of jetting activity under Martian conditions would allow us to understand the effect of scaling on the proposed process. In one instance, a high albedo block was measured within a pit on megadune (Fig. 2a) during MY 30, which disappeared the following year and hence was likely to be CO2 10. The pit was observed to widen by 2. 1 m in MY 31 during the disappearance of the block. We measured the block in MY 30 to be 2. 4 m wide, giving a pit to block widening factor of 0. 9. This is consistent with the degree to which we observed pits to erode in the laboratory setting. The pit to block width ratio observed in our laboratory experiments ranged from 1. 08 to 1. 72. Considering a horizontal uncertainty in this HiRISE image of 0. 25 cm/pixel, this observed pit widening by a high albedo block is consistent with a CO2 block hypothesis. Considering our scaling arguments, it is likely that the high albedo object was a CO2 block which eroded its surroundings to widen a pre-existing pit. The wide variation in aspect ratio found at both locations is consistent with a dry ice block hypothesis. The blocks that naturally fall from over steepened cornices or steep alcove walls will have a range of sizes and will not be symmetric, thus they will form a wide variety of pit dimensions. Considering the average grain size range reported for the Bagnold dunes on Mars (200–300 μm)32, we used the values in Table 1 and our calculated scale factor of 0. 61 (see Experimental Scaling) to estimate the block sizes needed to form our range of pits. Using our upper grain size ranges of 75–150 μm and 160–212 μm, we estimate that the block sizes needed to form the pits we have surveyed range from 1. 2 m–6. 5 m in and 2. 4 m–16. 3 m in Russell Crater. High albedo blocks of dimensions between 1. 6 and 6 m have been measured in our survey of Russell Crater, however larger blocks have yet to be identified. The lower range of normalised pit to block width ratios is consistent with dimensions we have observed on Mars using HiRISE images in which high albedo blocks have been identified in linear gully channels in Matara Crater21 and in channels and pits in Russell Crater10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Mars having polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. Instead, it discusses the properties of specific blocks and pits observed on Mars without making any reference to polar ice caps. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: (B) Together, these can quickly halt an unwanted drive and eventually restore the sequence to the original wild-type save for the residual Cas9 and guide RNAs. (C) Any population with limited gene flow can be given a unique sequence by releasing drives A and B in quick succession. So long as drive A does not escape into other populations before it is completely replaced by drive B, subsequent precision drives can target population B without risking spread into other populations. Figure 6 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). Resolutions are approximations only and will vary with the specific drive utilized in each class. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Sample interacting drives that produce a sterile-daughter effect. (A) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-A and guide RNAs A-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs B-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-A. (B) spreads through the wild-type population without any phenotypic effect using Cas9-B and guide RNAs B-E (essential). It also carries guide RNAs A-F (fertility), which cannot be utilized by Cas9-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of gene drives and their mechanisms for controlling population dynamics. It mentions that gene drives can be released to ensure a specific sequence is passed on within a population. For instance, it describes how certain kinds of gene drives can spread through a wild-type population and affect their genetic makeup without immediate phenotypic effects, thereby supporting the idea of ensuring a specific trait is passed on to offspring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 04 Apr 2023 | 04 Apr 2023 Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation Sigrid van Grinsven and Abstract. Agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films, which increase crop yields and lower water demands. Research has shown that agricultural mulch film may be transported to aquatic environments. We tested the mineralization of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in freshwater lake sediments. Two types of commercial soil-biodegradable mulch films were incubated within lake sediment cores, and the production of CO2 and CH4 was followed over time. After the 40-week incubation period, films were visually intact and showed no signs of mineralization. Gas analyses showed no additional production of either CO2 or CH4 in the degradable film incubations, compared to control or PE plastic incubations. We conclude that the tested soil-biodegradable mulch films have a low biodegradability in lake sediments, likely reflecting that the lake sediment lacks active microbial degraders. Our results highlight the importance of preventing transport of soil-biodegradable mulch films from agricultural soils to surrounding aquatic environments. How to cite. van Grinsven, S. and Schubert, C. : Soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in a lake sediment over 9 months of incubation, EGUsphere [preprint], 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1157 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Supplement (2178 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that soil-biodegradable plastic films do not decompose in lake sediment over 9 months. Specifically, it states that the films were 'visually intact and showed no signs of mineralization,' indicating that these biodegradable products may not decompose faster than conventional plastics in certain environments. This evidence challenges the notion that biodegradable packaging consistently decomposes faster than conventional plastic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: The ratio of channel width to block width in ranges from 1. 9 to 1. 1 and in Russell Crater, observed ratios were 1. 7 to 2. 0. Allowing for measurement uncertainty of one pixel width (0. 25 m), these values fall within our estimated range of 1. 08–1. 72. Although these channels have clearly been eroded prior to the observations of these blocks within them, we can speculate that blocks of similar size to those observed eroded them. Should further data be collected on block sizes at these locations, our laboratory data can be drawn upon to assess whether pit dimensions in the locality are likely to be formed by these CO2 ice blocks and perhaps, by how much pit dimensions might grow seasonally. ConclusionOur experiments suggest that furrows and pits can be formed by the sublimation of CO2 ice blocks. The differences in temperature, atmospheric density and pressure, and gravity can be accounted for in a scaling analysis by using different sized grains, but the difference in scale cannot easily be dealt with, thus though our evidence is suggestive it is not conclusive. The CO2 block hypothesis21 is the only current hypothesis that can explain present-day linear gully pit formation. We have shown that stationary sublimating CO2 ice blocks in contact with porous, mobile material are capable of transporting sediment to form primary pits and surrounding levées. Our scaling arguments and morphological observations suggest that primary pits may be analogous with Martian primary terminal pits in Russell, Matara and Proctor Craters. In particular, our observation of a high albedo block within a terminal pit and subsequent widening consistent with the ratios predicted from our laboratory data, suggest that linear gully pits may be formed and widened by CO2 blocks. Additionally, we have observed that collapsed pits and detached impact pits; two ancillary pit types, can form by sublimating CO2 ice blocks and subsurface jetting. We have presented a new hypothesis for detached pit formation at linear gully termini. This hypothesis is consistent with the observed relationship between terminal pit area and number of associated new detached pits forming seasonally in Russell and and is supported by the laboratory observation that jetting activity can result in impact pits. Further work is required to appropriately address size scaling, and a detailed numerical model may give further insight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on channel and pit formation on Mars and the role of CO2 ice blocks in these processes. There is no mention of polar ice caps or their composition, making the information irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: Cas9-A and Cas9-B are orthogonal in that they do not recognize one another's guide RNAs. (C) When organisms bearing and B are crossed, offspring inherit one copy of each. Both drives are copied as normal. In addition, Cas9-A (from Drive A) uses guide RNAs A-F (from Drive B) to cut a gene essential for female fertility, while Cas9-B (from Drive B) does the same using guide RNAs-B-F (from Drive A) to cut a different gene. and B have internal homology appropriate to be copied into these cut fertility genes, disrupting them and causing infertility in females. If all repairs are conducted via homologous recombination, there are now four drives: A, B, AB1, and AB2. In reality, recombination between the non-homologous chromosomes is likely to be less efficient, causing loss of the female fertility genes but not explicit copying of AB1 and/or AB2. The phenotypic effect is identical. Figure 6—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset An extreme example of ecological management: the use of suppression and immunizing drives to control rat populations worldwide. Releasing Y-Drive-SD (male-biasing sterile-daughter) rats into invasive rat populations would initiate local eradication while an immunizing drive protectively recoded the native rat populations of Eurasia. Stowaway-mediated gene flow, depicted as a border of Y-Drive-SD framing Eurasia, will result in local population suppression due to the sterile-daughter effect that would remain when the drives interacted, limiting the ability of either population to invade the other. This control process would have to be repeated with new drives once recoded stowaways successfully re-invade the rat-free habitats. Because of the complexity of gene flow patterns in rats, the uncertainty of whether a Y-Drive-SD would be effective, and the possibility for adverse human intervention, controlling rat populations in this way will not be feasible any time within the next decade and possibly not at all, but it provides a useful world-spanning example of a possible drive-based solution aiming to solve a serious global problem. Relying on precision drives to give specific invasive rat populations unique genetic markers (Figure 5C) for subsequent targeting with precision suppression drives or utilizing weaker suppression drive types (Figure 6) may represent more feasible alternatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the mechanism of gene drives, specifically detailing how they can disrupt genes essential for fertility and enhance the transmission of specific traits through successive generations. The use of Cas9-based drives and the implications of crossing organisms with these drives illustrate the intended propagation of genetic modifications, aligning with the claim that gene drives ensure specific traits are passed on to offspring, thereby increasing their prevalence in a population.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1157 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (2178 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023 Short summary Co-editor-in-chief Short summary Agriculture relies heavily on plastic mulch films, which may be transported to aquatic environments. We investigated the breakdown of soil-biodegradable agricultural mulch films in lake sediments. After 40 weeks, films were intact, and no significant CO2 or CH4 was produced from the biodegradable mulch films. We conclude that the mulch films we used have a low biodegradability in lake sediments. The sediment lacks the microbes needed to break down the biodegradable plastics that were used here. Hide Co-editor-in-chief The findings of this study are interesting to a broader audience as it demonstrates that supposedly biodegradable mulch films used for agricultural purposes remain unchanged in lake sediments over several months. The results indicate that lake sediments are a place of long-term storage rather than a place of degradation for this form of plastic. van Grinsven and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-400', #1, 02 May 2023 The present manuscript shows an interesting subject strongly linked to ecofriendly agriculture and sustainability. However, it needs some adjustments according to notes made into manuscript file attached here. Citation: AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Sigrid van Grinsven, 15 Aug 2023 We would like to sincerely thank this reviewer for the useful feedback, which increased the quality of this manuscript. We have adapted the manuscript at each of the locations where this reviewer added comments, as can be seen in the uploaded document. We have not added individual replies to the reviewer's comments, as the format did not easily allow for that. We hope it is sufficiently clear for the reviewer based on the changes in the manuscript text, how we have used their comments. If needed, we can provide extra explanations. We have also added and adapted text based on the comments of reviewer 2, which often showed overlap with the comments of reviewer 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that biodegradable mulch films investigated in a study were intact after 40 weeks and showed low biodegradability in lake sediments. It suggests that these films do not decompose as expected and remain unchanged over time, indicating that they do not decompose faster than conventional plastic as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mars has polar ice caps composed of water and carbon dioxide. [SEP] Text: Cryoventing is the only hypothesis that has been offered for sand furrows on Mars, but prior to this study there has been no physical evidence that a pressurised gas layer at a CO2 ice and sandy interface can form the complex patterns similar to those observed on Martian dunes. Our results suggest that sublimating CO2 generates gas flows sufficiently powerful to mobilise grains on top of the incident ice and add to the granular sheet via venting — a process which is hypothesised to form the dark fans accompanying sand furrows12. We have shown for the first time, that a range of furrow morphologies can form by escaping pressurised gas at the interface between a granular surface and a CO2 ice overburden, and that furrow pattern type is independent from the grain size distribution (within our grain size range) of the material into which it is eroded. The data suggest that cryoventing efficacy and furrow pattern type are limited by a pressure gradient provided by vent spacing. Additional data is required to assess the role of ice thickness and vent geometry in furrow formation. Our study has delivered for the first time, physical evidence that (1) linear gully pits and (2) furrows; both active features observed to fade, extend and form in the contemporary Martian climate, may be forming via the action of sublimating CO2 ice. 2. Journal of 82, 4341–4349, (1977). 10. 1126/science. 153. 3732. 136 (1966). 10. 1029/2003JE002223 (2004). ADS 10. 1002/2015JE004909 (2015). 10. 1126/science. 1066556 (2001). 10. 1029/2000JE001455 (2001). 10. 1029/2002JE002007 (2003). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2009. 07. 021 (2010). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2012. 04. 005 (2012). 10. 1038/nature04945 (2006). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 007 (2017). 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2016. 09. 039 (2017). 10. 1029/2012GL052226 (2012). 10. 1029/2009GL042192 (2010). ADS 10. 1016/j. icarus. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the composition of Mars' polar ice caps; instead, it discusses a phenomenon called cryoventing and its implications for Martian surface features. There is no mention of the ice caps being made of water or carbon dioxide, making the content irrelevant to the claim.