Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 41 Compared with DTI, which acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions at fixed diffusion sensitivity (b value, typically 1000 s/mm2), DSI acquires diffusion-weighted images of varying directions and different b values (typically from zero to a few thousand seconds/mm2). 42 Whereas DTI reconstructs water molecular diffusion through a diffusion tensor based on the Gaussian model of translational displacement,43 DSI reconstructs water molecular diffusion as an average propagator based on a Fourier relation between the diffusion signal and average propagator. 41,42 The advantage of DSI lies in the fact that the directions of the maxima of the average propagator correspond to the underlying crossing fibre directions,44 whereas the principal direction of the DTI points to a direction that is somewhere between the crossing fibres. Generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) is a DSI analogue of the fractional anisotropy (FA) in DTI. 45 Whereas FA is defined as the standard deviation (SD) of the eigenvalues of the diffusion tensor normalized by the norm of the eigenvalues,46 GFA is defined as the SD of the orientation distribution function (ODF) values divided by their norm. 45 Here, the ODF value in a particular direction can be calculated as the second moment of the average propagator, indicating the displacement probability in that particular direction. 42 Similar to FA, GFA is a nonspecific index often used to indicate the microstructural property of white matter as determined by the diameter, packing density, directional coherence and myelination of the axons. The inconsistency in the literature can be explained by small sample sizes, different neuropsychological tasks and varying methods to define the region of interest (ROI), resulting in little overlap of ROIs across studies. Among the constructed fibre tracts, the frontostriatal tracts, SLF and cingulum bundle have all been reported to be altered in individuals with ADHD. However, their associations with attention performance remain unclear. Therefore, the present study compared the white matter microstructural property associated with the prefrontal cortex and its association with ADHD symptoms as well as a wide range of attention performance between youths with ADHD and individually matched controls. We chose 10 white matter tracts, including the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (caudate–DLPFC, caudate–VLPFC and caudate–OFC; Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neuroimaging techniques (DTI and DSI), white matter microstructural properties, and associations with ADHD, without mentioning or supporting the concept of selective attention or its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: If this is successful, it may lead to more ambitious, larger-scale OTEC developments, including a full-ocean OTEC plant. The project may encourage other OTEC workers around the world, in the Caribbean, islands, and beyond, to accelerate their OTEC developments. If, however, all that results from the OTEC Kiribati experience are technological benefits, this will be a disappointment. As this paper has analysed, small atoll PSIDS and SIDS in general are in acute need of many of the benefits OTEC technologies can bring. A lack of affordable, reliable, and accessible electricity is a challenging constraint on development, anywhere in the world. It points to a chicken and egg situation: Minimal power results in minimal development, and limited development results in limited power infrastructure being created. Industry that is attracted to Kiribati, such as tuna canning factories, have to develop much of the infrastructure they require, such as power and water, themselves. This adds significantly to already-high start-up costs and is a major disincentive to inward investment into Kiribati and other SIDS. If the state can provide fundamental infrastructure, including reliable, affordable electricity and water supplies, conditions for inward investment are improved. OTEC not only brings electricity but the promise of associated seawater technologies and industry. Deep ocean water has proven chemical and biological qualities that can be applied to products and services for human health, cosmetics, agriculture, and aquaculture. In Goseong, South Korea, next to the OTEC and seawater utilisation plant, a number of high-technology industries have developed that produce mineral salts, mineral waters, and cosmetics. These could develop, even in an unlikely setting such as South Tarawa, given training, investment, and the establishment of a (SSUC). Waters linked to OTEC operation can be used to develop hydroponic agricultural plants, refrigeration plants, and aquaculture plants for shellfish and fish farms. These developments can all contribute to many sustainable development goals. Alongside science and technology, and the development of agriculture and industry, with related high-quality employment opportunities, is the potential for new education and training. KRISO is working with the Kiribati government in helping develop a science and technology of sustainable seawater utilisation at the centre. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of OTEC technologies, which inherently rely on the temperature differences between ocean layers to generate electricity. It highlights how OTEC can provide benefits such as reliable power and various associated seawater technologies, thereby supporting the functional premise of OTEC as a solution that utilizes these temperature gradients effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Tem experiência na área de Educação, com ênfase em Educação Ambiental. . Bem Viver: Uma oportunidade para imaginar outros mundos. São Paulo. Editora Elefante, 2016. . F. ; LUCA, A. ;. ;. G. ;. Da pedagogia à política e da política à pedagogia: uma abordagem sobre a construção de políticas públicas em educação ambiental no Brasil. Ciênc. educ. (Bauru), Bauru v. 20, n. 4, p. 817-832, Dec. 2014. . F. ;. O lugar e o difícil papel do diálogo nas políticas públicas de educação ambiental. In: Revista de Educação Pública, Cuiabá, v. 25, n. 58, p. 139 – 160, jan-abr 2016. ANDRÉ, M. E. D. A. Etnografia da prática escolar. 18 ed. Campinas, SP: Papirus, 2012. 128p. . ;. Desafíos de Políticas Públicas Estruturantes de Educación Ambiental en Fernando de Noronha-Pe. 25(1), 155-170. 2018. Disponível em: 2018. . Educação Ambiental e políticas públicas em Fernando de Noronha: a participação na construção de escolas e sociedades sustentáveis. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Ambiental). de de Queiroz. Centro de na Agricultura. 2017. . S. Métodos de pesquisas em ciências sociais. 4 ed. São Paulo: Hucitec, 1994. 178p. . A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing multiple studies and publications that actively discuss the impact of environmental education on public policies and community engagement. For instance, it includes phrases suggesting a focus on public policies related to environmental education in Brazil, which implies that environmental education does, in fact, influence local communities and their policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1); the SLF (Fig. 2) and the cingulum bundle (Fig. 2). We also used DSI, instead of DTI, to reconstruct tractography and measure the microstructural property of selected fibre tracts for a better resolution of the crossing fibres. 41 We hypothesized that the microstructural property of these target tracts could differ between youths with ADHD and controls and that altered diffusion anisotropy of these target tracts could correlate with the severity of ADHD core symptoms and impaired attention performance. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 1 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A) The ROIs at the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (purple), caudate nucleus (yellow) and the dorsolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (yellow). (B) The ROIs at the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (light blue), orbitofrontal cortex (green), caudate nucleus (yellow), ventrolateral prefrontal–caudate tract (light blue) and orbitofrontal–caudate tract (pink). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFig. 2 Regions of interest (ROIs) and reconstructed targeted tracts in the left hemisphere. (A)The ROIs in the frontal lobe (yellow), parietal lobes (green) and superior longitudinal fasciculus I (yellow), II (pink) and III (blue). (B) The ROIs at the anterior cingulate cortex (purple), posterior cingulate cortex (blue) and cingulum bundle (light green). MethodsParticipantsWe recruited youths with ADHD from the Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital; ADHD was clinically diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria, and 1 of us (S. S. -F. G. ) further confirmed the diagnosis through psychiatric interviews using the epidemiologic version of the Schedule for and Schizophrenia (K-SADS-E). 47 We recruited sex-, age-, handedness-, IQ- and coil-matched control youths from the same school districts as the ADHD group; the control youths were referred by school principals and teachers. Controls and their parents also underwent the Chinese K-SADS-E interview to confirm that they did not have a lifetime or current diagnosis of ADHD or other psychiatric disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about selective focus in attention and its impact on cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses the methods and participants involved in a study related to ADHD, including diagnostic criteria and the recruitment process for participants. There is no information provided that directly supports, contradicts, or discusses the concept of selective attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 90791 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation (OTEC) Past, Present, and by Albert S. the (OTEC) - Past, Present, and by Albert S. Kim and Hyeon-purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionOcean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) processes run under a much lower temperature gradient than that of the conventional thermal engines. The actual efficiency of a heat engine driven by the typical temperature difference of 20C is much smaller than the theoretical maximum due to heat and friction losses in the OTEC system. As such, from this perspective, OTEC may appear as a viable alternative energy source only after its thermal efficiency is well improved. As surface seawater is used as a heat source, which is essentially available in large quantities as an alternative energy source, many evaluators consider OTEC as one of the likely renewable energy-source candidates for large-scale power generation, especially in the tropical regions. To improve the low-efficiency OTEC process, research has been focused on increasing their operational efficiency by using a high-quality heat source and using extra devices capable of improving the system’s performance, in addition to locating and operating OTEC plants in tropical areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles of ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), specifically mentioning that the processes run under a much lower temperature gradient than those of conventional thermal engines. It implies the importance of temperature differences, as it clarifies that OTEC uses surface seawater as a heat source and relates this to the temperature differences utilized in the system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Institucionalização de políticas públicas de educação ambiental: subsídios para a defesa de uma política do cotidiano. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Ambiental). de de Queiroz. Centro de na Agricultura, 2015. . Decreto n. 92. 755, 5 de junho de 1986. Declara Área de Proteção Ambiental o Território Federal de Fernando de Noronha, o Atol das Rocas e os Penedos de São Pedro e São Paulo, e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 1986. . Decreto n. 96. 693, 14 de setembro de 1988. Cria o Marinho de Fernando de Noronha e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 1988. ério da Educação. Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional. Lei n. 9. 394/96. Brasília, DF: MEC/SEF, 1996. . ÇÃ. Parâmetros curriculares nacionais: introdução aos parâmetros curriculares nacionais Secretaria de Educação Fundamental. – Brasília: MEC/SEF, 1997. 126p. Presidência da República. Lei n. 9. 795. Dispõe sobre a educação ambiental, institui a Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental e dá outras providências. 1999. . Lei n. 9985/2000. Institui o de Unidades de Conservação da Natureza e dá outras providências. Distrito Federal, 2000. É& ÉÇÃO. de formação de educadoras(es) ambientais: por um Brasil educado e educando ambientalmente para a sustentabilidade. Série Documentos Técnicos – 7. Brasília, 2006. É& ÉÇÃO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various public policies and legal frameworks that have been established to promote environmental education in Brazil. It references specific decrees and laws, such as the Política Nacional de Educação Ambiental and the establishment of conservation units, which indicate that environmental education has been recognized and institutionalized, thus impacting local communities and policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: MRI assessmentsWe obtained MRIs using a 3 T MRI system with a 32-channel phased array head coil, except 3 dyads with a 16-channel phased array head coil. All participants were asked to lie still on the table, and head movement was restricted with expandable foam cushions. We acquired transaxial sections covering the whole brain, with the imaging planes parallel to the line that connects the anterior commissure and the posterior commissure on the sagittal localizer. We acquired T1-weighted images of the whole head using a 3-dimensional magnetization-prepared rapid gradient echo () sequence with the following parameters: repetition time (TR) 2530 ms, echo time (TE) 3. 4 ms, slice thickness 1. 0 mm, matrix size 256 × 256, field of view (FOV) 256 × 256 mm. Diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) were acquired using a pulsed-gradient spin-echo echo-planar imaging sequence with a twice-refocused balanced echo. 52 The DWI volumes were acquired by applying diffusion-sensitive gradients with different strengths and directions to fill isotropic grid points in the diffusion-encoding space (q-space). 42 A total of 102 DWI volumes corresponding to the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space (DSI102) were acquired with the maximum diffusion sensitivity value (bmax) set to 4000 s/mm2. The acquisition scheme was a modified version (a half sphere rather than a full sphere) of the optimal q-space sampling method, DSI 203, as previously described. 53 Other acquisition parameters were as follows: TR 9600 ms, TE 130 ms, matrix size 80 × 80, FOV 200 × 200 mm2, and slice thickness 2. 5 mm without gap. The scan time for each DSI acquisition was approximately 16. 5 min. DSI reconstruction and template-based tract-specific analysisHaving acquired DSI data, we obtained the diffusion probability density function (PDF) on the basis of the Fourier association between the PDF and q-space signal. 54 Within each voxel, there were 102 samples at the grid points within a half sphere of the q-space. These 102 samples were first projected around the origin to fill the other half sphere based on the fact that the q-space data were symmetric around the origin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a technical description of an MRI assessment process and details about diffusion-weighted imaging without any discussion of attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: In 1981, the Kalina cycle, named after its inventor, was reported as a new method for efficient thermal energy conversion to overcome some disadvantages of the well-known closed Rankine cycle. Whereas the Rankine cycle requires pure substances like ammonia, the Kalina cycle can use a mixture of ammonia and water [1, 2]. In 1994, the Uehara cycle was invented at to design and build a 4. 5-kW power plant. cycle includes a combined process of absorption and extraction, showing 1–2% better performance than that of the Kalina cycle. As shown in Figure 1, Bluerise in the Netherlands is conducting basic experiments on OTEC employing the Kalina cycle. As shown in Figure 2, a 4. 5 kW-class experimental plant using the Uehara cycle was tested [3, 4, 5, 6]. Figure 1. Experimental equipment of OTEC using the Kalina cycle (Bluerise). Figure 2. 4. 5-kW experimental equipment of OTEC using theUehara cycle (Saga Univ). Recently, Amyra et al. developed a solar-collected OTEC (SC-OTEC) cycle of solar thermal energy. Their heat-collection system exchanges heat by utilizing surface water of a high temperature for evaporation and deep seawater of a low temperature for condensation to improve the power generation performance. In addition, suggested a performance change by increasing the superheating degree of the OTEC plant through the use of a solar collector [7, 8]. In 1982, (Japan) succeeded in constructing a 50-kW OTEC plant of a closed-loop cycle, utilizing waste heat from a diesel generator. In 2015, a 200-kW high-temperature power generation plant was built by KRISO (Korea), which taps 70–80°C industrial waste heat and cold deep sea water, as shown in Figure 3. The plant improved the power generation efficiency by 7. 8% through manufacturing components and a series of experiments, laying the foundation for the industrialization of the OTEC plant that taps external heat sources [9]. Figure 3. A 200-kplant using 80°C heat source (KRISO): 3D graphic (left) and photographic image (right). In addition to efficiency improvement, research has been carried out for heat reduction through the use of a reheating system and a regenerator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles behind Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and specifically mentions that the heat-collection system exchanges heat by utilizing surface water of a high temperature for evaporation and cold deep seawater of a low temperature for condensation. This directly supports the concept of utilizing temperature differences between ocean layers in OTEC.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Comissão de meio ambiente e qualidade de vida na escola. Com-vida. Série Documentos Técnicos – 7. Brasília, 2007. . de Educação. Nacionais para a Educação Ambiental. Resolução nº2. 2012. . Ministério da Educação, Secretaria de Educação Continuada, Alfabetização, Diversidade e Inclusão, Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Vamos cuidar do Brasil com escolas sustentáveis: educando-nos para pensar e agir em tempos de mudanças socioambientais globais. Brasília: 2012. . de Educação Ambiental. Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Departamento de Educação Ambiental; Ministério da Educação, Coordenação Geral da Educação Ambiental. 3. ed. Brasília: MMA, 2014. . Presidência da República. Lei n. 13. 005. Aprova o de Educação - PNE e dá outras providências. 2014. . ÉÇÃO. Disponível em: Acessado: 11/12/2016. BOHM, D. Diálogo: comunicação e redes de convivência. São Paulo: Palas Athena, 2005. . Eu e Tu. São Paulo: Cortez & Moraes. 1974. DÍ. E. O que é participação. 8ª edição. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1994. . G. Do sonho do progresso às políticas de desenvolvimento. In:. G. , SALM, J. F. (Orgs). Políticas públicas e desenvolvimento: bases epistemológicas e modelos de análise. Brasília: UNB, 2010. p. 23 – 39. . Pedagogia do Oprimido. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting multiple governmental efforts and documents aimed at enhancing environmental education and its integration into community practices and policies. References to programs such as 'Vamos cuidar do Brasil com escolas sustentáveis' suggest that there is an active initiative to educate and engage communities in environmental matters, indicating that environmental education does indeed have an impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The 8 corners outside of the sphere were filled with zeros, resulting in a 7 × 7 × 7 data grid in the q-space. A Hanning filter with a width of 17 units was applied to the q-space data and followed by a 3-dimensional Fourier transformation of the q-space signal to obtain the PDF. The ODF (Ψ(u)) was computed by obtaining the second moment of the PDF along each of the 362 radial directions (6-fold tessellated icosahedron). At each voxel, GFA was quantified in terms of SD(Ψ)/RMS(Ψ), where SD is the standard deviation and RMS is the root mean square. The GFA indicates the directionality of the ODF and ranges from zero (when the diffusion is completely isotropic) to 1 (when the diffusion is restricted to only 1 direction). 45 To determine the local tract directions in each voxel, we used an iterative approach to decompose the ODF into several constituent Gaussian ODFs. 55 The resulting local tract direction field was obtained for tractography. To avoid subjective variation arising from manual tractography, we used a template-based approach. First, a study-specific DSI template (SSDT) was constructed from all the recruited participants using a coregistration method under the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping. 56 Two of us (W. -Y. I. T. , Y. -C. L. , who has more than 7 years’ experience in DSI tractography) reconstructed 10 target tracts, namely the bilateral frontostriatal tracts (i. e. , caudate-VLPFC, caudate-DLPFC, caudate-OFC, Fig. 1), SLF (Fig. 2) and cingulum bundles (Fig. 2), under consensus. They placed appropriate ROIs on the SSDT to segment the target tracts. The appropriate ROIs were defined in the automated anatomic labelling (AAL) system57 using the WFU PickAtlas version 3. 0. 4. The coordinates of these ROIs in AAL were transformed to SSDT after performing the coregistration between SSDT and the for 152 template using a Dartel toolbox in SPM12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical methods and processes related to diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) and tractography without addressing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing changes. It provides detailed information about data processing and anatomical labeling techniques but does not relate to attention or cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Recently, the power output and efficiency were additionally improved by Ejector and Pump-OTEC devised by Yoon et al. , producing the maximum generation efficiency of 3. 1% at the surface seawater temperature of 26°C [10]. 2. Theory for OTEC cycleOTEC plants generate electric power using the temperature difference between deep sea water and surface water. The system efficiency of OTEC can be expressed as the energy production rate of a turbine per thermal energy from evaporator. As the temperature of the heat source from the surface seawater increases, the vapor pressure of the seawater increases, the enthalpy increases from the inlet to the outlet of the turbine, and hence the process efficiency and power output are enhanced. The use of high-temperature heat sources using collectors and heat storage tanks that can recover solar, geothermal, and industrial waste heat can further increase the process efficiency. On the other hand, one can increase the efficiency of the OTEC system by reducing the required amount of heat consumption in the evaporator. Toward this end, various studies have suggested methods to improve the efficiency of the closed OTEC cycle. One such way is by attaching a regenerator and a reheater. The novel cycle that improves the efficiency of OTEC is transformed from the basic Cycle. The basic ORC cycle repeats the process of reversible adiabatic compression of working fluid pump, constant pressure heat addition in evaporator, reversible adiabatic expansion in turbine, and constant pressure heat rejection in condenser. The OTEC using the basic Rankine cycle is shown in Figure 4(a) using the following balance equations:Qe=mṙh1−h4E1Wt=mṙh1−h2E2Qc=mṙh2−h3E3Wp=mṙh3−h4E4Figure 4. Schematic of basic and novel OTEC cycle: (a) basic cycle, (b) using reheater, (c) using regenerator. where Qe and Wt are the evaporation capacity and power output of turbine of the OTEC plant, respectively, and Qc and Wp are the condenser capacity and the output of the working fluid pump, respectively. On the other hand, in the case of the OTEC cycle with a reheater designed to reduce the evaporation capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'OTEC plants generate electric power using the temperature difference between deep sea water and surface water.' This clearly supports the idea that OTEC utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers to produce energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: O “método Oca” de educação ambiental: fundamentos e estrutura incremental. Ambiente & Educação. Vo. 21, n. 1, 2016. Disponível em:. Lei n. 11. 304/1995. Institui o de Fernando de Noronha, aprova sua Lei Orgânica, dispõe sob medidas de natureza administrativa. Pernambuco, 1995. . Secretaria de Educação. Caderno de orientações pedagógicas para a educação ambiental: rede estadual de ensino de PernambucoSecretaria de Educação colaboradores Franco do Rego. . . [et al. ] coordenação pedagógica do caderno Prado. . . [et al. ] apresentação Ana Selva. – Recife : A Secretaria,2013. 124p. : il. . ;. ;. Educação Ambiental na Formação de Jovens e Adultos. In: (Org. ). Educação Ambiental e políticas públicas: conceitos, fundamentos e vivências. 1 ed. Curitiba: Appris, 2012. p. 225-243. . H. ;. ; ÃO, R. ;. Projeto Político Pedagógico como estratégia para inclusão da educação ambiental nas políticas públicas brasileiras. Ambientalmente Sustentable, xullo-decembro, ano X, vol. II, n. 29, 2015. P. 151-165. . L. ;. F. Pesquisa-Intervenção e a produção de novas análises. Psicologia Ciência e Profissão, 23(4), 2003. P. 64 – 73. . ; SATO, M. Escolas Sustentáveis: incubadoras de transformações nas comunidades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various educational methods and policies related to environmental education, indicating its presence in public policy and community transformation. For example, it mentions the 'Projeto Político Pedagógico' as a strategy for including environmental education in Brazilian public policies, implying that such education does have an impact on local communities and policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: We performed a streamline-based fibre tracking algorithm with whole brain seeding using DSI studio ( based on the local tract directions. Having obtained tractography of each target tract on SSDT, the coordinates of streamlines were aligned along the proceeding direction of each tract bundle and were saved as the sampling coordinates of GFA. The sampling coordinates of target tracts were then transformed from SSDT to individual DSI data set according to the established transformation between SSDT and native DSI space. Finally, the GFA values of each target tract were sampled on the corresponding sampling coordinates in the native DSI space. Statistical analysesWe conducted statistical analyses using SAS version 9. 2 software (SAS Institute). The α value was preselected at the level of p < 0. 05. The descriptive results are displayed as the mean ± SD for continuous variables. Because of the matched case–control study design, we used the paired t test to compare the mean scores of IQ and ADHD symptom counts, CCPT performance, and GFA values of the white matter tracts between the ADHD and control groups. We computed the Cohen d to indicate small (0. 2–0. 5), medium (0. 5–0. 8) and large (≥ 0. 8) effect sizes. To control for the inflation of type I error in computing multiple bivariate correlations, we used multiple linear regression models with the backward elimination procedure to determine the association between the attention measures (i. e. , ADHD symptoms and CCPT indexes) as dependent variables and the GFA values of the 10 target tracts as independent variables. We used the backward elimination procedure to identify the fitted model containing variables from these 10 tracts, which maintained significant effects on each of the attention measures. We calculated R2 values to present the proportion of the variance of each attention measure that can be explained by the microstructural property, presented by the GFA values, of some of the fibre tracts in the final fitted model. ResultsParticipantsThe sample consisted of 50 youths with ADHD and 50 controls. The demographic and clinical characteristics of participants are shown in Table 1. Among the 50 youths with ADHD, 26 (52%) had the combined type and 24 (48%) had the predominantly inattentive type. Seventeen of the youths with ADHD had comorbid oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 2 youths had comorbid conduct disorder, and 3 youths had both comorbid ODD and conduct disorder. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study design involving statistical analysis of ADHD symptoms and their correlation to GFA values, without addressing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing. There is no mention of attention being selectively focused or the impact of such a mechanism on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The reheater improves the cycle efficiency by transferring heat to the working fluid flowing into the evaporator by recovering the heat of the superheated steam at the turbine outlet. The cycle is shown in Figure 4(b). In the case of the method incorporating a regenerator, a part of the working fluid vaporized in the evaporator is bypassed, and the heat exchanged with the working fluid flows into the working fluid pump, as shown in Figure 4(c). Then, the temperature of the working fluid flowing into the pump increases to reduce the evaporation capacity, thereby improving the cycle efficiency. The equation for calculating the evaporation capacity with the regenerator or the reheater is changed toQe=ṁwwh1−h5E5While on the one hand the cycle efficiency increases due to the reduced evaporation capacity, on the other hand, for the reheater case, the turbine output is represented asWt=ṁr−ṁrhh1´−h2E6because the mass flow rate of the working fluid flowing into the turbine is reduced by the amount supplied by the reheater. Here, mrḣ represents the mass flow rate of the working fluid flowing into the turbine. 3. Novel OTEC cycle using ejector3. 1 ConceptTo improve the performance of OTEC plants, research on efficiency improvement employing an ejector has been conducted. As mentioned earlier, the OTEC system using an ejector pump is called “EP-OTEC. ” As shown in the system schematic in Figure 5 and the P-h diagram in Figure 6, some of the working fluid branched from the distributor installed at the inlet of the evaporator exchanges heat with the surface water of the ocean, which is a high heat source in the evaporator, and assumes a high-pressure gas state. This high-pressure working fluid drives the turbine and draws it into the suction section of the ejector through the pressure difference generated in the cycle. On the other hand, the remaining working fluid divided in the distributor is moved by the operating pump to the operating part of the ejector in the liquid state, without passing through the evaporator. At this time, the pressure rises according to the expected degree of lifting of the operating pump. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the operation of OTEC systems, specifically mentioning that 'some of the working fluid branched from the distributor installed at the inlet of the evaporator exchanges heat with the surface water of the ocean, which is a high heat source in the evaporator.' This indicates that temperature differences between ocean layers are being utilized to enhance the efficiency of the system, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Revista Eletrônica do Mestrado em Educação Ambiental. ISSN 1517-1256, v. especial, setembro de 2010. Disposível em: Acessado em: 29/04/2020. . A conquista da felicidade. Saraiva de bolso. 2012. . S. Pela mão da Alice: o social e o político na pós modernidade. 12 ed. São Paulo, Cortez, 2008, 348p. . ;. ; ÇA, P. ;. A. Educação Ambiental como Política Pública. Educação e Pesquisa, São Paulo, v. 31, n. 2, p. 285-299, maio/ago, 2005. . Popular. In: ônio (Org. ). Encontros e Caminhos: Formação de Educadoras(es) Ambientais e Coletivos Educadores. Vol. 3. Brasília: MMA/DEA, 2013. p. 143-153. . ;. ;. S. P. ;VÁ. V. Por uma nueva cultura de latierra, Tierra y território: rutas de transición para soceidadessustentables. del abril de 2020. . Políticas públicas: uma revisão da literatura. Sociologias. Porto Alegre, v. 8, n. 16, p. 20-43, jul-dez, 2006. . L. Pesquisa intervenção e a produção de novas análises. Psicologia: ciência. Somos todos aprendizes: lembranças da construção do Tratado de Educação Ambiental. 2004. Disponível em: < lembranas-da. html>. Acesso em: 02 ago. 2014. Descargas PDF (PO) Publicado 2020-07-29 Número Núm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrast the claim by referencing various sources and publications that highlight the significance of environmental education in public policy and community engagement. For example, it mentions works on 'Educação Ambiental como Política Pública', suggesting that environmental education is linked to community and policy outcomes, directly opposing the claim that it has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Validation of diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging with manganese-enhanced rat optic tracts and ex vivo phantoms. Neuroimage 2003;19:482–95. ↵Tuch DS. Q-ball imaging. Med 2004;52:1358–72. ↵Basser PJ, Pierpaoli C. Microstructural and physiological features of tissues elucidated by quantitative-diffusion-tensor MRI. J B 1996;111:209–19. ↵A 3-year panel study of mental disorders among adolescents in Taiwan. Psychiatry 2005;162:1344–50. ↵. Association between early attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms and current verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory. Disabil 2013;34:710–20. ↵. Rapid visual information processing as a cognitive endophenotype of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2014;44:435–46. ↵Conners CK (2000) Staff. M. Conners’ Test II: computer program for Windows technical guide and software manual (Mutli-). ↵Egeland J, Kovalik-Gran I. Validity of the factor structure of Conners’ CPT. J 2010;13:347–57. ↵Reduction of eddy-current-induced distortion in diffusion MRI using a twice-refocused spin echo. Med 2003;49:177–82. ↵Optimization of diffusion spectrum imaging and q-ball imaging on clinical MRI system. Neuroimage 2008;41:7–18. ↵Diffraction-like effects in NMR diffusion studies of fluids in porous solids. Nature 1991;351:467–9Available: www. nature. com/nature/journal/v351/n6326/abs/351467a0. htmlaccessed 2015 Apr. 7OpenUrlCrossRef↵. Estimation of fiber orientation and spin density distribution by diffusion deconvolution. Neuroimage 2011;55:1054–62. ↵. A large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping solution for diffusion spectrum imaging datasets. Neuroimage 2012;63:818–34. OpenUrl↵Tzourio-Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the single-subject brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a collection of references and studies related to various topics in neuroscience and imaging technology, such as MRI techniques and mental disorders, without directly addressing the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: This pressure rise is an important factor in the cycle because lower inlet pressure can be achieved when the actuator fluid is supplied with a stronger force to the nozzle of the liquid-vapor ejector. The lower inlet pressure in the OTEC system with ejectors leads to an increase in the pressure difference between the turbine inlet and outlet, which results in enhanced turbine performance. The operating fluid injected from the ejector and the attracted suction fluid are mixed and discharged at the condensing pressure. The condenser condenses the working fluid after exchanging heat with deep water, which is a cooling source of the ocean. Finally, the working fluid is circulated by the pump, completing the full cycle. Figure 5. Schematic of a two-phase ejector OTEC cycle. Figure 6. P-h diagram of the EP-OTEC cycle. The total power and net power of the turbine are determined by the mass flow through the turbine and the enthalpy change between the inlet and outlet of the turbine. Therefore, the enthalpy change due to the pressure change increased to generate more electricity using the turbine. The power of the refrigerant pump is excluded from the turbine’s total power equation (Eq. (7)), resulting in the turbine net power equation (Eq. (10)). A motive pump is newly applied to the current EP-OTEC system. The power input to the prime mover-pump is excluded from the turbine’s total power because a high net power of the turbine is our goal as described using Eqs. (8) and (9). The system efficiency is expressed as the ratio between the input heat capacity and the output energy. Wt=mṙh2−h3E7Wcp=mṙh1−h5E8Wmp=mṙh7−h6E9Wnet=Wt−Wcp−WmpE10Figure 7(a) is a schematic diagram of an ejector pump and heat exchanger ocean thermal energy conversion (EPX-OTEC) cycle with an ejector pump and an actuator evaporator. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the functioning of an Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) system, where it emphasizes the role of the cooling source provided by deep ocean water in the heat exchange process. It mentions that the condenser condenses the working fluid after exchanging heat with deep water, indicating the utilization of temperature differences between the warmer surface waters and the colder deep waters of the ocean, which is fundamental to OTEC technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: Nature of Over the past decade, there has been a strategic shift in approach to the designation of WHSs. In 1994, the Committee called for correcting the existing imbalances between the regions of the world and their types while at the same time moving away from pure architecture and asking developed countries to slow down their nomination rate in order to address the marked imbalance in material preference over non-physical materials, Cultural heritage listed in the List in 1996 for better consideration of intangible cultures and indigenous peoples. has established lists of intangible cultural heritage with a view to ensuring better protection of the important intangible cultural heritage throughout the world and awareness of its importance [11,12,14]. The city of Salt in Jordan from the Authors` point of view contains the tangible heritage of architectural and urban structure and the heritage of the recent past and the heritage of civilization found and disappeared (Roman civilization), also the intangible values, cultures, customs and traditions even popular cuisine for the inhabitants of the city known as (Salty) Among them from one generation to the next and who are distinguished from other governorates in the of Jordan, thus keeping the city of Salt in line with the changing nature of the Sites. of gave impetus to the idea of world heritage, none of which existed for 30 years, Analysis of the effects and importance of developing WHS becomes problematic due to the diverse nature of the different sites around the world, all sites may share common administrative dilemmas related to conservation, access and visit, but their social and political importance depends heavily on the type and location of the site, for example, the social and political importance of the original cultural scene in a developing country is unlikely to be directly comparable to that of the historic European city, Even with regard to management, there is little homogeneity between sites [11,12]. The status of WHS is seen as an enormous place at the global and national level, as well as influencing future planning decisions at the local level, the designation of WHS tends to mean that the site will be able to change, usually leading to increased publicity and an increase in the number of visitors, but the noticeable increase in the number of visitors is not inevitable, however depends on the marketing of the site and its approach to access, which will later affect the effects of the designation of a site, WHSs should therefore recognize the importance of educational and interpretation facilities so that the public can gain maximum benefit from their visit. [11,12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of World Heritage Sites (WHSs) and how their designation can influence local communities and future planning decisions. It highlights that the status of WHS can lead to changes at the local level, which implies that environmental education connected to such sites can indeed have a significant impact on communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Neuroimage 2002;15:273–89. ↵Differential fractional anisotropy abnormalities in adolescents with ADHD or schizophrenia. 2010;181:193–8. ↵White-matter abnormalities in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Mapp 2009;30:2757–65. ↵Development of cortical asymmetry in typically developing children and its disruption in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2009;66:888–96. ↵Smaller prefrontal and premotor volumes in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2002;52:785–94. ↵Ten years of Neuroscience: insights from the highly cited. Neurosci 2010;11:718–26. ↵White matter microstructure in superior longitudinal fasciculus associated with spatial working memory performance in children. J 2011;23:2135–46. ↵Fassbender C, Schweitzer JB. Is there evidence for neural compensation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? A review of the functional neuroimaging literature. Rev 2006;26:445–65. ↵Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review. 2005;57:1336–46. ↵Multimodal imaging of the self-regulating developing brain. 2012;109:19620–5. OpenUrlAbstract/↵Veazie PJ. When to combine hypotheses and adjust for multiple tests. Res 2006;41:804–18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a citation list of various studies and reviews related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and neuroimaging. It does not directly address the claim about selective attention and cognitive processing, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The said equation is based on the EPX cycle, and the additional heat source is calculated in the same way as in the DEPX cycle. Qe. extra=ṁr. moth7−h6E11Accordingly, the efficiency of the entire cycle is also changed such as,n=WnetQe+Qe. extraE12As shown in Figure 7(c), the efficiency can be maximized through cascade OTEC, which uses a condenser and an evaporator on the high- and low-temperature sides, respectively. When a refrigerant with different pressures is used in the high/low-pressure part, low/high-pressure refrigerant is formed in the high/low-temperature part, and a low/high-pressure load is formed in the high/low-pressure part. Therefore, the high- and low-temperature sides were configured as DEPX-OTEC and EP-OTEC, respectively. Because it is difficult to apply the cascade method to the existing OTEC cycles using low-temperature heat sources, the cascade method is suitable to employ unused heat sources for medium and low OTEC systems. 3. 2 Simulation resultsTable 1 shows the simulation conditions for the EP-OTEC system. The temperature of the marine surface water, which is a high heat source, was set to a typical temperature of the equator region of 29. 0°C, which is almost invariant throughout the year. Deep seawater was applied to the condenser as the coolant, with the temperature kept about 5. 0°C throughout the year. ParametersValueSurface seawater inlet temperature (°C)24. 0–29. 0Deep seawater inlet temperature (°C)5. 0Temperature increase along the deep seawater intake pipe (°C)5. 8Temperature increase along the surface seawater intake pipe (°C)3. 0Pump efficiency (%)65. 0Turbine efficiency (%)80. 0Pressure ratio of motive and discharge of ejector (−)3. 0Pressure drop at heat exchangers [kPa]10. 0Table 1. Analysis conditions. The performances of conventional ocean thermal energy conversion and EP-OTEC were compared as the seawater temperature increased in the system with the R152a refrigerant when the ejector operating fluid mass was kept constant [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim about ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) by discussing its operational mechanisms that involve temperature differences, specifically detailing how a high-temperature surface seawater and a low-temperature deep seawater are utilized in an OTEC system. It mentions using marine surface water at approximately 29.0°C and deep seawater around 5.0°C, which illustrates how the temperature differential between these layers is key to the functioning of OTEC systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: The list of world heritage at risk can serve as a conservation Tool, allowing countries to access the international Technical assistance. It is also a means of political mobilization and General support to keep the site at risk National level [2]. Strengthening collective assistance, presenting and transferring the natural and cultural heritage of future generations so that the international community is fully committed to it [2]. is focusing equally on the conservation of heritage and the use of sites. Its policy is to make it clearer that sites are in good condition for future generations and that they are made available to the public as much as possible. Previous studies show that the physical environment of sites is not well managed and damaged due to frequent tourist visits and overcrowding [9,15]. From this perspective, it is possible to expect the importance of the city of Salt when it enters the list of Sites. By knowing the existence of Salt in a developing country, the social and political importance of the cultural scene will be transitional from the local to the global framework. It will be a major factor for changing, promoting tourism development and increasing the number of visitors depending on the marketing of the site. for the city of Salt can serve as a tool for conservation of international assistance and the promotion of collective assistance, and the transfer of heritage and conservation for net generations and make it available to the current generations as much as possible, and as a means of political mobilization and global supporting. Site as a brand A heritage or cultural site can be made known to the public as a list of sites can make the site stand out clearly. list promotes the site and tends to act as a sign of originality and international quality that acts as a magnet for local and international tourists. Previous studies have shown that the status of sites is of symbolic value, bringing great prestige at the international and national levels and ultimately affecting local planning decisions [9,15-17]. On the other hand, there are traces of this brand as a site that calls for conflicts between the local associations of the site and their global ownership by imposing additional pressure on the physical and natural environment and the local people living on the site [9,15-17]. brand can operate effectively in the city of Salt. In the Authors` point of view, initially, it will be an educational tool for the local community, motivating them to support and preserve the city as a world heritage site and serve as a symbol of originality and quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how environmental education and the recognition of heritage sites can significantly influence local communities and policies. It discusses the role of world heritage lists in mobilizing political support and collective assistance, indicating that awareness and education about cultural heritage can lead to better management of sites, increased tourism, and changes in local planning decisions. The statement that 'an educational tool for the local community' can motivate them to support preservation efforts directly undermines the claim that environmental education has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 7% for a avoidant personality disorder. For more details on sample characteristics and a participant flow-chart, see Kampmann et al. [25]. MeasuresScreeningAs a first step in the screening procedure, social anxiety levels were assessed using an online version of the (SIAS; [26]), a 20-item self-report measure rated on a 5-point Likert scale. If individuals had a mean SIAS score of ≥29, they were invited to an in-person interview in which a psychologist administered the Interview for DSM-IV-TR Disorders (SCID-I; [27]) to assess the diagnoses of SAD and other mental disorders. Outcome measureScale-(LSAS-SR; [28]) was used to assess social anxiety symptoms at pre- and postassessment. The LSAS-SR contains 24 items on fear and avoidance in social situations that are rated on a 4-point Likert scale. The LSAS-SR has good psychometric properties [29] and was assessed at pre- and postassessment. The internal consistency in the present study was high (Cronbach’s α =. 90–. 96). Potential predictors of SAD symptom improvementThe extent to which participants focused on themselves during in vivo or virtual reality exposure exercises was assessed with the self-focus subscale of the Focus of [30]. The internal consistency has been reported to be good (Cronbach’s α =. 76; [31]) and was good in the present study (Cronbach’s α =. 76–. 81). The FAQ is a 10-item self-report measure rated on a 5-point Likert scale with higher scores on the self-focus subscale indicating greater focus of attention on the self. In line with the goal of the FAQ to assess focus of attention during exposure exercises, this questionnaire was administered after Session 3 (Time 1), which was the first exposure session, and after Session 6 (Time 2). Self-efficacy was assessed with the Self-Efficacy for Scale (SESS; [13]), a 9-item self-report measure rated on a 10-point with higher scores indicating higher self-efficacy for social situations. The SESS assesses beliefs on self-efficacy for social skills, cognitive coping, and affective coping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses screening procedures and measures related to social anxiety disorder (SAD), without addressing the concept of selective focus of attention or its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Figure 8 shows the net turbine output of the EP-OTEC cycle as the surface seawater temperature varied from 24. 0 to 29. 0°C. As the higher temperature, heat source entered the evaporator, evaporator pressure increases, resulting in an increase in enthalpy from the inlet to the outlet of the turbine. For this reason, the turbine net power tended to increase with the surface seawater temperature at a constant mass flow rate to the evaporator. The utilization of the ejector and the motive pump lowered the turbine outlet pressure, and increased the enthalpy change of BOTEC and resulted in increased turbine power. Figure 8. Turbine net power with respect to the heat source temperature. Figures 9 and 10 show that the net turbine output of the EP-OTEC cycle is lower than that of the BOTEC cycle, in spite of the advantages described above. This was due to the amount of mass flow used as the synchronous fluid of the ejector in the EP-OTEC cycle. About 40% of mass entering the evaporator becomes the suction fluid later in the process and the remainder is used as the motive fluid without even entering the evaporator. As a result, the evaporation capacity of the EP-OTEC cycle is about 33% lower than that of the BOTEC cycle at the same total turbine output. Figure 9. Comparison of the turbine net power and the total pump work of the BOTEC cycle and the EP-OTEC cycle. Figure 10. Comparison of the evaporation capacity and the mass flow rate of the BOTEC cycle and the EP-OTEC cycle at the evaporator. Figure 11 compares the system efficiency of the EP-OTEC cycle with that of the BOTEC cycle for the 29°C surface seawater temperature and optimum conditions. The EP-OTEC cycle showed about 38% higher system efficiency than that of the BOTEC cycle, which confirms the superiority of the EP-OTEC to BOTEC. Figure 11. Comparison of the system efficiency between BOTEC and EP-OTEC cycle. In addition, comparative simulations of various cycles using ejectors were performed, employing unutilized heat sources like industrial waste heat. We designed an ORC engine using about 70–75°C temperature difference. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean thermal energy conversion (specifically the EP-OTEC and BOTEC cycles) operates based on temperature differences in seawater. It notes that the evaporation capacity and turbine output are affected by the surface seawater temperature, which directly relates to the temperature differences utilized in OTEC systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: This will give the city a symbolic value that will make it a great place for both national and international audiences. It will be a powerful influence on planning decisions in the region and will make it a good fit for the city by managing its preservation as a Site. of Jordan and Site status There are already five sites on the list of sites: (Beit Ania), Qusayr Amra, and 14 other sites on the nomination list. After 35 km northwest of Amman, to be listed in the List. A local team of experts was formed to follow up the process in coordination with the Department of Antiquities (DOA) and the Municipality. also formed a team of experts to follow up the nomination of Salt and another team of historians from the University of File filtering [18]. in the of to its location on historic trade routes in the Middle East, Jordan has been home to a mix of cultures and religions all the time. is focusing on strengthening the management framework for properties in Jordan and further protecting the country's heritage, in line with the 1972 Convention [19]. Jordan's cultural heritage is unique and diverse. The material cultural heritage (archaeological and traditional sites) is the treasure of Jordan, and natural heritage is another important part of the Jordanian heritage. cultural heritage is divided into traces (i. e. , objects, movable or immovable, constructed, remodeled, registered, constructed, excavated, produced or otherwise modified by mankind) [20]. From the Authors` point of view, the city of Salt contains a diverse and unique heritage, combining urban cultural heritage through the city's archaeological and traditional sites. It also contains a natural heritage that is an inseparable part of the city's heritage, as well as the abundant natural resources of the Salt region. City as the sixth site in Petra was then Wadi Rum, Qusayr Amra, Umm al-Rasas, the site of Baptism, and now the city of Salt, in Balqa, will be submitted for nomination. When one reads the criteria for filtration, one can only speed up immediately in the town that gave its name to Sultana (the delicious dried grape produced there for centuries) [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how initiatives, such as the nomination of heritage sites in Jordan, influence local planning and policy decisions. It indicates that environmental and cultural heritage management efforts can have a significant impact on local communities, as evidenced by the formation of local teams to support these initiatives and the emphasis on strengthening management frameworks in line with international conventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The SESS was assessed before Session 1 (Time 1) and before Session 7 (Time 2). The internal consistency has been reported in the literature to be high (Cronbach’s α =. 82; [13]) with Cronbach’s α =. 75–. 81 in the current study. The estimated costs related to social situations were assessed using the social event subscale of the Questionnaire (SCQ; [18]) which is a 20-item self-report questionnaire (10 items on social performance situations and 10 items on social nonperformance situations) rated on a 9-point Likert scale ranging from 0 (not at all bad) to 8 (extremely bad). In line with Foa et al. [18], a mean score of performance and nonperformance items was calculated after detecting high correlations between both subscales at all assessment points (r =. 75–. 86). The internal consistency across both subscales was excellent (Cronbach’s α =. 81–. 93). The SCQ was assessed at preassessment (Time 1) and before Session 7 (Time 2) because treatment completers were those participants who completed as least six treatment sessions. All completers therefore received Session 1 (therapy rationale), Session 2 (exposure hierarchy), and then four exposure sessions (Session 3–6, in case they continued treatment) or three exposure sessions (Session 3–5) and a closing session containing relapse prevention and evaluation of the treatment (content of Session 10) in case they were going to stop treatment after six sessions. Therefore, completers could only differ in a maximum of one exposure session. See 2. 3. and 2. 4. for more information on treatment sessions and assessments. TreatmentBoth treatments, VRET and iVET, were based on previous treatment protocols for SAD [32, 33]. However, to investigate the effects of pure exposure on cognitions, we only applied behavioural elements and abandoned all cognitive elements of the treatment protocol. Treatment in both conditions consisted of ten semi-weekly sessions with a duration of 90 min (including 60 min exposure) and was provided by therapists (clinical psychologists and last-semester master’s students) who had undergone training in administering both treatments. 1 and 2, the therapy rationale was discussed and a hierarchy of social situations (available virtual situations for VRET and participant’s individual social situations for iVET) was obtained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study assessing various aspects of treatment protocols and questionnaires related to social anxiety disorder (SAD). It provides detailed methodology, internal consistency, and treatment session descriptions but does not address the concept of selective attention or its effects on cognitive processing. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about selective attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: In the heat exchanger of the ORC, the heat is exchanged with deep seawater heat sink and the low-temperature heat source below 80°C. Through the simulation, we compared the power generation and efficiency levels of and the cascade methods. Figure 12 shows a graph comparing the efficiency of the BOTEC used in this study and those of the EPX and DEPX cycles. The EPX cycle and DEPX-ORC showed the reflected efficiency level when a flow rate ratio of 1. 0 outside the pressure recovery rate of 1. 4 was applied. Under the same heat source, heat sink, and power generation conditions, EPX-ORC showed 10. 06 and 5% higher efficiency than those of those of the BOTEC when basic ORC exhibited 9. 58% efficiency. In the case, using DEPX that is 11. 07% efficiency, about 15% higher than that of the basic cycle, was achieved. Figure 12. System efficiency comparison with basic cycle between EPX and DEPX cycles. In the cascade cycle, R245fa and R152a with low saturation pressure were applied at the higher and lower stages, respectively. The difference between the evaporation and condensation pressures of R152a at 75°C warm water and 5°C cold water requires a high pump head about 1500 kPa, suggesting that R152a has a larger turbine inlet/outlet pressure difference than R245fa and R600a under the same temperature conditions. The cascade cycle was developed to enable secondary power production at a small temperature difference through its application at the lower stage of the cascade system. At the high stage, the DEP and DEPX cycles are applied to improve the system performance. Figure 13 shows the improved efficiency of the cascade DEP and DEPX cycles over the BOTEC. The high-stage secondary ejector was fixed at a mass flow ratio of 0. 6, and the ejector pressure recovery rate was 1. 3. The simulation results show that the system efficiency of the cascade DEP and DEPX cycles improved by 43. 3 and 16. 5%, respectively, over the BOTEC. Figure 13. System efficiency comparison with basic cycle between cascade DEP and cascade DEPX cycles. 3. 3 Experiment resultsAn experimental study was conducted to verify the performance of the ejector under various operating conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a system that involves heat exchangers utilizing temperature differences for power generation. It explains how different cycles, such as the EPX and DEPX, operate under specific temperature conditions to improve system efficiency, which aligns with the fundamental principle of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) that relies on temperature differences between warmer surface waters and colder deep seawater.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: To be a prime example of traditional human settlement, land use or use of representing a culture (or cultures), or human interaction with the environment, especially when they are vulnerable to irreversible change; directly or tangibly connected with events or living traditions Ideas, or beliefs, with works of art and literature of global significance [21]. The city of Salt, located just northwest of Amman, has attracted settlers since at least the Iron Age. Lies on the "boundary of the settlement"; the dividing line between desert, fertile soil and abundant water. The city was always protected from thieves and was also ideally positioned on the north-south and east-west trade routes linking the interior of Jerusalem, Nablus, Nazareth and the Mediterranean coast. Which includes a mixed group of Muslims and Christians and has helped their trade traditions create an atmosphere of tolerance and coexistence. Salt has seen many golden times making it unique in Jordan and beyond [21,22]. The rich history of the city of is evident from the Roman tombs on the outskirts of the city and the 13th century Mameluk castle where you can feel the impact of all these civilizations as you walk from them and into the city center. Officials of the declared in 1596 that Salt was the only prosperous city in the region. By the early nineteenth century [21,22]. The city was a profitable trade center between the region and urban industries in Palestine. Travelers wrote about a thriving city with shops supplying cotton from Egypt, to the famous Nablus soap. Salt began to expand and spread architecture and new construction. The first modern church was built, along with the first hospital and school. Shops, yellow stone houses with original and European styles are spread over more than one story, vaulted ceilings and interior courtyards, some with frescoes painted by Italian artists. All these qualities and advantages have made them eligible for the list of Sites [21,22]. Impacts of Designation a main objectives of a city designation and inclusion in the List are certainly related to the implications of living in a City [4]. Clearly, the generalization of the perceived effects of debate is difficult given the diversity of locations and the complex set of geographical, political, social, and cultural factors that can affect their management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the historical significance and development of the city of Salt, emphasizing its rich cultural heritage and the impact of various civilizations on the community. It details the growth of trade, architecture, and institutions such as churches and schools, suggesting a strong connection between environmental education (e.g., understanding land use and settlement) and community development. This implies that environmental education can have tangible impacts on local communities, thereby contrasting with the claim that it has no influence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Session 3 through 9 contained virtual reality or in vivo exposure, respectively. Session 10 comprised relapse prevention and evaluation of the treatment. VRETParticipants receiving VRET were exposed to computer-simulated social situations by means of a head-mounted display in a laboratory at the University of Amsterdam. During VRET, participants were instructed to engage in verbal interaction with virtual humans in one-to-one or group situations to confront their social fears. These virtual scenarios covered the following social situations: public speaking, small-talk with a stranger, buying and returning clothes, attending a job interview, being interviewed by journalists, having dinner in a restaurant with a friend, and having a blind date [34]. Verbal interaction was implemented using semi-structured dialogues that were controlled by the therapist [34] who could also tailor exposure exercises to the individual participant by manipulating certain scenario characteristics: dialogue style (friendly or unfriendly), gender of virtual human, number of virtual humans present in the virtual world, dialogue topic’s degree of personal relevance, and virtual human’s gestures (i. e. , gaze direction and posture). A nVisor SX60 head-mounted display with 1280 × 1024 pixel resolution, a stereographic projection, and a 60° diagonal field of view was used and connected to the system (; [35]) with virtual worlds that were visualized using a Vizard v3. 0 software package. iVETExposure exercises in iVET took place at the University of Amsterdam and its neighbourhood (e. g. , supermarkets, subway stations, cafés, etc. ), depending on the participant’s individual hierarchy of social situations. When relevant social situations could not be practiced at the University of Amsterdam or its neighbourhood, participants could carry out exposure exercises in their personal habitat substituting for a regular session. To keep these sessions comparable to regular sessions regarding structure and duration, participants contacted their therapist via phone before and after the exposure exercise. ProcedureThe data used in the present study is part of a randomized controlled effectiveness trial on VRET and iVET for SAD that was carried out at the University of Amsterdam. A detailed description of the treatment and the analyses of treatment efficacy can be found in Kampmann et al. [25]. The results revealed that both VRET and iVET lead to significant reductions in SAD symptoms when compared to a waiting-list condition, with iVET being superior to VRET. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it describes a virtual reality exposure treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD), detailing the implementation and results of various sessions without any mention of how attention is focused or how this relates to cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Considering the initial investment cost and the system safety, a closed-temperature generator using R32 refrigerant was decided to be applied. As the current project is to establish a demonstration plant for the first commercial OTEC plant, it will be necessary to apply a high-efficiency system considering economic aspect and performance improvement. The reheating and regeneration cycles mentioned above and the EP-OTEC cycle with ejectors are considered to be competitive in terms of high performance and cost-effectiveness, compared to the conventional Kalina or Uehara cycles. Figure 20. 3D design of 1-plant in Kiribati (KRISO). The following questions should be answered with regard to the future commercialization of the improved OTEC plant:Is the output or efficiency of the improved OTEC plant system excellent enough to be commercialized? Is the application of the improved OTEC system economically competitive? How long does it take to return the initial investment after the first day of operation? Is the improved OTEC system environmentally friendly and safe to operate? Are operations of the improved OTEC system straightforward for educated operators? Can the improved OTEC system be easily automatized and be under the unmanned operation? Through the study of improved OTEC based on the above considerations, we expect that high-efficiency stabilized power plants, shown in Figure 21, become available in the near future, while the first commercializable OTEC will be running at Kiribati in a few years. Figure 21. 3D design of advanced future OTEC plant (KRISO). 1. Avery WH, Wu C. from the Ocean: A Guide to OTEC. England: Press; 19942. Galbraith K. from the Deep. York Times; 29 Apr 20093. Uehara H, Nakaoka T. Development and Prospective of Evaporator Desalination. Saga, Japan: Saga University; 20074. Finney AK. Ocean thermal energy conversion. Journal. 2008;(1):17-235. Salz K. An assessment of the performance and potential of OTEC innovation clusters worldwide [thesis]. of Technology; 20186. in [Internet]. Available from: Amyra MY, Othman N’a, Simulation study on enhancing hydrogen production in an ocean thermal energy (OTEC) system utilizing a solar collector. (Sciences & Engineering). 2015;77(1):23-31. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the improvements and commercialization of OTEC systems, which inherently rely on temperature differences between various layers of the ocean to generate energy. It mentions the development and efficiency considerations of the OTEC plant, implying that the system's performance is based on the principle of utilizing these temperature differences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: However, there are a number of common effects for all WHS, these include some practical, physical and symbolic advantages, such as political and financial support, improved conservation and visitor management, and enhanced destination image. On the contrary, sites are vulnerable to the increasingly negative effects of visits, gentrification, and commoditization. Thus, in some cases, granting a WHS score can be regarded as a two-edged sword [12]. The author thinks that the inclusion of the City of Salt in the list of sites raises many questions about the effects of this positive and negative inclusion and the community's view of them whether supporting, rejecting, or avoiding them. And about the role that the city will play in the event that it is included in the list of sites in the tourism development process or their occurrence at the risk of tourist pressure on the physical and cultural environment. The main factors for impacts of designation a world heritage site There are three main factors behind these changes and impacts, and previous studies have found that they are centered on the rapid and rapid tourism development after registration as a site of global weather; the high level of demand for the site after its registration as a site by local tourists; the attitudes of local people to preserve heritage and cultural value Site. In addition to its conservation plan, there must be a complete tourism management plan for the future of the successful location as a place to live for the local liqueur and also as a world-class tourist destination. The changes that are taking place are seen through research in the development and maintenance of tourism and visitor management [9]. The impact of designation a world heritage site on social context Adopting an open-door policy in the postmodern era, which requires transforming a city into a world heritage city, has many implications for the local community. The presence of five archaeological sites in Jordan has been included in the list of high heritage, but the impact of the transformation of the city of Salt to the City on the community deserves to be studied to predict the negative and positive effects. As they say bad news is mentioned before good news, which enables us to better assess the situation and by reading some of 296. Makuvaza, Simon. “of and Development in Africa: History, and Representation on the List” (2014). Jimura, Takamitsu. “Sites: Tourism, ”. Smith, Melanie. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the numerous practical and symbolic advantages that arise from the establishment of world heritage sites (WHS), such as political and financial support for local communities. It highlights the significant impact of such designations on tourism development, local attitudes towards heritage preservation, and the management of social and environmental contexts. The narrative indicates that environmental education can lead to tangible changes in community dynamics and policies, illustrating that the inclusion of heritage sites is indeed a double-edged sword that prompts both positive and negative responses from local communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The trial was approved by the Board of the University of Amsterdam and registered (NCT01746667; www. clinicaltrials. gov). After being contacted via the telephone, individuals filled in the SIAS online and were then invited for the in-person SCID-I intake if they scored above the SIAS cut-off. Individuals who did not meet any exclusion criteria as assessed during the intake were included, and informed consent was obtained. Participants were excluded in cases of a) psychotherapy for SAD in the past year; b) current use of tranquilizers or change in dosage of antidepressants in the past 6 weeks; c) a history of psychosis, current suicidal intentions, or current substance dependence; e) severe cognitive impairment; or f) insufficient command of the Dutch language. Eligible participants received a preassessment (LSAS-SR) and were then randomly assigned to either the VRET, iVET, or a wait-list condition using a computerized random number generator ( Randomization and condition allocation was conducted by an individual not involved in the present study. Participants in the wait-list condition completed a second assessment after the waiting period and were then randomized to one of the treatment conditions. For the purpose of this study, we disregarded the wait-list condition such that data from participants who received treatment after the waiting period were pooled with the data from participants who were directly randomized to one of the treatment conditions. Before and after treatments sessions, participants filled in self-report questionnaires assessing potential predictors. For the purpose of this study, and FAQ scores from only two time points (Time 1 and Time 2) were used to calculate change scores (see 2. 2. 3. for information on assessment points of each predictor variable). After treatment, all participant received a postassessment (LSAS-SR). Statistical analysesThe data were screened for outliers and normality. The residuals of the predictor variables were plotted for the inspection of nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity, but neither was constituted for any of the predictor variables. To deal with missing data, multiple imputation was applied, generating 20 separate datasets [36]. Next, for each of the predictors separately, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted including the preassessment of the outcome measure in step 1, the predictor in step 2, treatment condition and predictor × treatment condition in step 3, and LSAS as the outcome measure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. It primarily discusses the methodology of a trial involving participants with social anxiety disorder, including their selection criteria and assessment processes, without addressing the concept of selective attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: He also served as an Adviser to the Shelf Committee, Secretariat to the Council, Malaysia over that period, and responsible inter alia the Survey in the southern part of the Sea (2006–2008) (MyMRS). 1. 3 Survey (MyMRS)One of the consequential findings of the Survey was the temperature profiling of the deep waters of the States of Sabah and Sarawak, where the temperature drops at the surface from 27° to 4°C at a depth greater than 1200 m. Thus, Malaysia has since established its potential to extract the heat from the waters and convert it into power by deploying the fast emerging and most impactful ocean thermal energy conversion technology [ pages 92–93]. 2. Science and technology research partnership for sustainable development ()The latest development is that, through the Centre, UTM has entered into Agreement with on 27 March 2019 to undertake joint ‘Development of for Society and System: in Malaysia’ under the JST-JICA Science and Partnership for () Programme ( over the five-year period, 2019–2024. is led by () under the leadership of its Director and supported by 10 sub-project leaders from five universities: Malaysia (UKM), University of Malaya (UM), Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia (UPM), and Malaysia (UTM) [ () activities3. 1 Pre-2013The idea of ‘ocean thermal energy’ was cited by the founder in his internship report (Figure 1) as part and parcel of fulfilling an academic requirement of Master degree in in June 1976. Figure 1. Solar thermal, wind, ocean thermal energy conversions to hydrogen and other energy carriers. In 1981, he took up a course in ‘Marine Resources’ at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, by which a lecture on ‘ocean thermal energy conversion’ was given by the late Prof Dr. John P. Craven [ During the period 2006–2008, as part and parcel of the Survey of the southern part of the Sea (MyMRS), the temperature profiling of the water column in the or rather has been established (Figure 2) where the temperature drops to 4°C at a depth beyond 1200 m, and thus, Malaysia has indeed the potential of harnessing its ocean thermal energy resources in its deep waters, deeper than 700 m or more (Figure 3). Figure 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Malaysia has established the potential to extract heat from the waters, indicating a clear connection to temperature variations. It specifically mentions that during a survey, the temperature drops from 27°C at the surface to 4°C at depths greater than 1200 m, demonstrating the temperature differences between ocean layers that are essential for OTEC technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: KeywordsSustainable energyEnergy policyLocal action 1 IntroductionEnergy plays an instrumental role in economic development. It supports the emergence of developing countries and the eradication of poverty through the development of new economic value chains. Fossil fuels still account for the largest share of global primary energy supply, with 81% in 2018, including 32% of fuel oil (Agency, 2020a, b). Different scenarios of the global demand for primary energy predict an increase between 27% and 61% by 2050 (Council, 2013). Transition to energy sustainability in this context requires not only technology initiatives in both supply and demand within the sector but also in policymaking. Energy policies are of paramount importance in driving sustainability action. At the international level, global commitments to advance the energy sustainability agenda, namely the Goals (SDGs) and the Contributions of countries (NDC), following the climate agreements of COP21 and COP22, are meant to shape the process of this transition. At the national level, innovation in energy legislation should anchor achievements of the last years in terms of renewables penetration into the grid and measures to improve the efficiency of energy use, especially in the sub-region (Mandelli et al. , 2014). These legislations should also open a new era of transition to energy sustainability driven by local communities. Several authors, including Davidson et al. , 2007, call for a transition to sustainability using locally available renewable energy resources combined with energy efficiency measures. Energy efficiency is defined as essentially using less energy to provide the same service (Rosen, 2009). However, challenges exist in the way to this transition. The energy challenges in sub-are numerous and affect the overall performance of the region’s social and economic indicators. Ganda and Ngwakwe (2014) argue that major problems in promoting sustainable energy in sub-are: (1) continued fossil fuel subsidies; (2) presence of monopoly structures in the energy sector; (3) lack of seed capital; (4) high transaction costs; and (5) risk on low-carbon finance defined as the vulnerability of investments intended to sustainable energy infrastructure to become reversed or modified. Some of these problems could be alleviated by scaling down the scope of interventions to address the problems in a local context, in particular those related to capital and technology investments in the region. In this 2030. Mainali et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that local communities play a critical role in the transition to energy sustainability, highlighting the importance of local actions and policies in shaping energy initiatives. It discusses the need for local legislation to support energy sustainability and mentions that several authors advocate for using locally available renewable energy resources, indicating that environmental education and awareness can influence local community actions and policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Before calculating the product terms for the interaction effects, continuous predictor variables were mean centred [37]. Significant predictors (main effects) and moderators (interaction effects) of the individual predictor analyses (p <. 05) were entered into a final multiple regression model assessing the effect of each predictor while controlling for the other predictors. As an indication of the unique contribution to the model, squared semipartial correlations (sr2) were calculated for each predictor. Beta weights and R2 values were separately calculated. We defined treatment drop-out as terminating therapy before at least 50% of the exposure sessions (i. e. , at least six sessions) are reached. In literature, different definitions of treatment drop-out are used (Connell et al. , [38]) and our decision was based on the expectation that some patients might not need to attend all ten sessions. This procedure has been also applied in other trials (A-Tjak et al. , [39]; Masi et al. , [40]). As reported in Kampmann et al. [25], treatment completers and dropouts did not significantly differ on demographic characteristics or outcome measures at preassessment. Furthermore, the completer sample did not significantly differed from the intent-to-treat sample in treatment efficacy. To increase power, data were pooled for participants receiving treatment directly and participants receiving treatment after the wait-list period since there was no significant difference between the two groups prior to starting treatment as reported in Table 3 in Kampmann et al. [25]. Furthermore, analyses were based on the aggregated sample of the two treatment groups because we aimed to investigate possible predictors of exposure therapy independent of treatment modality. However, to control for possible differences between the two groups, we included treatment condition as a moderator variable in the analyses. Results1 for means and standard deviations of all predictor variables and Table 2 for regression equations. Individual predictor analyses revealed that a decrease in estimated social costs and self-focused attention in the first six sessions was associated with a better treatment outcome, as indicated by lower social fear and avoidance on the LSAS-SR. An increase in self-efficacy was also associated with lower social fear and avoidance. When including the main effect of treatment condition and the interaction between each predictor and treatment condition, the predictors did not remain significant in Step 3 of the individual predictor models. None of the predictors showed a significant interaction with the variable treatment condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on statistical analyses and treatment outcomes in a therapeutic context. It does not address the concept of selective attention or its effects on cognitive processing. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Malaysia: ocean thermal energy resource potential in waters deeper than 700 m. Note: the estimation of OTEC potential energy conversion is 800 kw/km2, as recommended by Begamudre [1]. The potential harnessing area is evaluated based on the site of a minimum 700 m water depth. = (P) x Area (A). Figure 3. Variation of seawater temperature with depth at Sabah Trough. Since then this potential has been promoted among a number of key government agencies (including on of the Secretariat of the Council (MKN); Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation (MOSTI); Ministry of Energy, Green Technology, and Water (KeTTHA); of Malaysia (MIMA); Malaysian Industry-for (MIGHT); Malaysia’s (); Minister for the Unit, Prime Minister’s Department; Malaysia-Panel; of (MIER); Office of the Science Advisor, Prime Minister’s Department, Malaysia; Ministry of Entrepreneur Development), potential investors (such as of (CCMB); Sdn Bhd; Sdn Bhd; (LTAT); Corp (ACC); APEX; Development and (SEDIA); Technip Malaysia; Affin-Hwang Capital; MCD Venture Holdings; Board; Chiyoda Malaysia; MOFAZ; Bhd; Bhd; Development Corporation; Bhd; Sdn Bhd), and other stakeholders (Figure 4) and presented at numerous fora, seminars, workshops, conferences, and symposia (i. e. Centre for the Environment, Technology, and Development, Malaysia; UPM Conference on Climate Change; UM 2nd Sea Conference; 2013: The first and Sustainability; MOSTI: 1st Energy Symposium; 1st (Honolulu), 2nd (Goseong), 3rd (Kuala Lumpur), 4th (Amsterdam), 5th (La Reunion), 6th (Okinawa) MICCI-28th EC 6th Forum; IEM-IET Conference; ). Figure 4. Malaysia, Energy-Driven Development: growth in activities relating to and Promotions of Investment (2007–2019) as on 23 August 2019. On 3 January 2013, Malaysia (UTM) established its (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) in Malaysia's waters, specifically mentioning that this potential is evaluated based on water depths of a minimum of 700 m. The reference to 'variation of seawater temperature with depth' suggests that the temperature differences between ocean layers are indeed a fundamental aspect of assessing OTEC potential, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: (2014) propose the Index (ESI), which is a tool that helps policymakers and energy planners to evaluate the status and progress of sustainable energy initiatives in rural settlements in developing countries. The index features 13 indicators (techno-economic, environmental and social) that are appropriately designed to capture the dimensions of energy sustainability in rural communities. 3 Approach for to Energy SustainabilityThe methods mentioned above share the core objective of a transition that progressively substitutes fossil fuels with renewable energy resources in the supply side of the energy sector. Therefore, our new approach proposes to start with policies that support investment in locally available renewable energy resources by taxing conventional energy production at rates similar to that applied to other goods. Indeed, by phasing out subsidies on conventional energy production, the amount of subsidies needed to make decentralized renewable energy generation attractive is reduced. In a similar approach, Ouyang and Lin (2014) demonstrated that the negative externalities of China economic growth could be reduced from 4. 46% to 0. 43% if 10% of fossil fuel subsidies were removed. Another model of tax incentives is waiving taxes on technology imports. In Senegal, this second model of tax incentives has proven efficiency on investments in renewable energies. Indeed, the share of solar photovoltaic in Senegal increased from 0. 01% in 2007 to 0. 7% of the total installed power in 2012 (Ministere en charge Energies, 2015). In 2019, Senegal fed into the electricity grid solar power plants with a total capacity of 102 MW; another 40 MW solar park and a 150-MW wind power plant are under construction. Still, Senegal and other sub-countries could go further in tax incentives with a third option similar to the Polish approach in the coal sector. Since 2012, the Polish government introduced an excise on coal where revenues are directed to fund the transition away from coal (Gençsü & Zerzawy, 2017). Secondly, alongside initiatives that use locally available renewable energy resources as substitutes to fossil fuels, policies should target energy efficiency measures in specific sectors that include transport, industry and the residential sector at the local scale, namely at the scale of cities and rural communities. These measures can range from direct contributions to retrofit electric appliances and devices with more efficient products such as LED in lighting to ban legislations (e. g municipal orders) on inefficient products. The appropriate measures are dependent on the level of development and should primarily target non-vital services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the significant role of environmental policies and education in promoting sustainable energy initiatives in rural communities. It discusses various approaches and tax incentives in Senegal and Poland that directly link environmental education and awareness with effective community and policy changes aimed at enhancing renewable energy usage, thus demonstrating that such education does have a meaningful impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: This indicates that the associations of social costs, self-focused attention, and self-efficacy with treatment outcome did not vary across treatment condition. The results of the final model, including all significant predictors from the initial individual predictor analyses, showed that only social costs remained a significant predictor of outcome on the LSAS-SR. Table 1 Means and standard deviations for each predictor at the two time pointsFull size tableTable 2 Individual predictor and moderator analyses (a-c) and final model (d) with LSAS-SR as outcome measureFull size tableDiscussionThe present study aimed at investigating a possible association between cognitions and treatment outcome in exposure therapy for SAD patients with heterogeneous social fears. For this purpose, we examined whether change during the first six sessions regarding self-focused attention, self-efficacy in social situations, and estimated social costs were associated with symptom change in individuals with SAD receiving exposure therapy. The results revealed that, when social costs, self-focused attention, and self-efficacy were separately examined, patients who showed a decrease in estimated social costs during the first six sessions reported a greater decrease of social anxiety symptoms after treatment and decreases in self-focused attention and self-efficacy during treatment were significantly associated with symptom improvement. When treatment condition (VRET and iVET) was part of the separate models, neither of the three predictors was significantly associated with treatment outcome. However, when social costs, self-focused attention, and self-efficacy were combined in one model, social costs were significantly associated with treatment outcome. These findings are in line with earlier research that found decreases in social costs to be positively associated with treatment outcome in exposure therapy [19, 20]. However, while treatment in Smits et al. [20] focused on public speaking anxiety and treatment in Hofmann [19] was administered in a group format, our findings go further by showing that changes in expected social costs are associated with treatment outcome of individually administered exposure therapy in patients with SAD and heterogeneous social fears. Moreover, our results suggest that the effects of expected social costs as a predictor of treatment outcome might be consistent across different treatment modalities in exposure-based interventions. More specifically, in both in vivo and virtual reality exposure, declined estimated social costs seem to predict decrease of SAD symptoms. Changes in self-focused attention and self-efficacy in social situations were significantly associated with treatment outcome when examined individually. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the relationships between social costs, self-focused attention, self-efficacy, and treatment outcomes in exposure therapy for patients with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). While it mentions self-focused attention, it does not provide direct evidence or conclusions regarding selective attention's effects on cognitive processing. Therefore, the text is not relevant to the claim.