Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells, suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that curcumin administration improved neurobehavioral changes and protected against ACR-induced neuronal damage in rats. It highlights the 'protective effect of curcumin' on neuronal functions and suggests its anti-apoptotic activity, indirectly supporting the idea that curcumin has therapeutic effects, which aligns with its known anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The tortoise is a keystone species: more than 300 other animals, including snakes, foxes and skunks, shelter in its burrows. But its numbers have been declining for decades. Urbanization is the main threat to the tortoises, but timberland can be managed in a way that leaves room for them. Eager to keep the species off the list, timber companies, which own 20 million acres in its range, agreed to figure out how to do that—above all by returning fire to the landscape and keeping the canopy open. One timber company, Service, said it would restore on about 3,700 acres in the Florida panhandle, perhaps expanding to 200,000 acres eventually. It even offered to bring other endangered species onto its land, which delighted Miranda-Castro: “I had never heard about that happening before. ” Last fall the FWS announced that the tortoise didn't need to be listed in most of its range. Miranda-Castro now directs Conflict, an organization that seeks to foster conversation and negotiation in settings where the ESA has more often generated litigation. “For the first 50 years the stick has been used the most,” Miranda-Castro says. “For the next 50 years we're going to be using the carrots way more. ” On his own farm outside Fort Moore, Ga. , he grows Longleaf Pine—and are benefiting. Whooping Crane. Grus americana. Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/for doubts that carrots alone will save the reptile. It points out that the FWS's own models show small subpopulations vanishing over the next few decades and the total population falling by nearly a third. 2023 it filed suit against the FWS, demanding the be listed. The FWS itself resorted to the stick this year when it listed the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, a bird whose grassland home in the has long been encroached on by agriculture and the energy industry. promptly voted to overturn that listing, but promised to veto that measure if it passes the House. Behind the debates over strategy lurks the vexing question: Can we save all species? The answer is no. Extinctions will keep happening. In 2021 the FWS proposed to delist 23 more species—not because they had recovered but because they hadn't been seen in decades and were presumed gone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the conservation status of the tortoise and various endangered species, including the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, without mentioning any bird species' ability to mimic human speech. Thus, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1017–27 [2011. Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. PNAS 108:8339–44 [2014. Environmental change across a terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section in eastern Montana, USA, constrained by carbonate clumped isotope pa-leothermometry. Geology 42:351–54 [2010. The mid-Atlantic nutrient trap: black shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography 25:PA4201 [2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454:323–26 [2013. Microbes, mud and methane: cause and consequence of recurrent anoxia following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeontology 56:685–709 [2011. Temperature effects on oxygen thresholds for hypoxia in marine benthic organisms. Glob. Change Biol. 17:1788–97 [2017. Extinction selectivity among marine fishes during multistressor global change in the end-Permian and end-Triassic crises. Geology 45:395–98 [2016. Vulnerability to climate warming and acclimation capacity of tropical and temperate coastal organisms. Ecol. Indicat. 62:317–27 [2016. Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 457:233–41 [2011. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 430:257–71 [1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 93:21–46 [2017. Orbital pacing of the carbon cycle, black-shale formation and seabed methane seepage. Sedimentology 64:127–49 [2005. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding the impact of mass extinctions on the diversity of species on Earth. It lists various studies and experiments focused on specific environmental changes and events without connecting them to the broader claim of how mass extinctions shape species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated ratsEffect of curcumin on cerebral contents ofIL–1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL–1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the context of neuroprotection during ACR-induced neurotoxicity. It indicates that curcumin treatment reversed pro-inflammatory alterations observed in the treated rats, thus supporting the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: : June 15, 2023 and reviewers is the former CEO of the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, at the School of Zoology at University, and the founder and director of the for the Study of Bird Migration. He is very active in the fields of education and science, and he leads cooperative projects with the Jordanians, the Palestinians and other countries. He has won many awards, including a lifetime achievement award for the protection of the environment; the Foundation award for nature conservation; and a lifetime achievement award from the for Ecology and Environmental Sciences. He is also a father of five children and grandfather of eight grandchildren. *yossile@tauex. tau. ac. il Age: 13 I live in Rishon Lezion. I enjoy reading about various topics, especially in the social sciences and humanities. I subscribe to Epoch magazine, whose content ranges from geopolitics to science and technology. In my spare time I like to study and also write a lot (in the third grade I won the national writing competition for a poem I wrote, and to this day I still like to write poems). I am learning the international language Esperanto, and take an online course on game theory. I am very happy to be part of this venture! are a danger to farmers because they damage farm crops. For the last 100 years, chemical pesticides have been used to kill rodents, but these chemicals harm the ecosystem, humans, and all sorts of wildlife, including migratory birds. Barn owls may be a solution! These nocturnal birds of prey are common over most of the world and can act as biological pest-control agents. Barn owls nest near and in farm fields and specialize in hunting rodents—a pair of barn owls eliminates 2,000–6,000 rodents per year. A project using barn owls for rodent control began in Israel in 1983, with the placement of 14 nesting boxes. Today, there are about 5,000 nesting boxes throughout Israel, and the use of harmful pesticides has decreased by more than 50%. Several other countries have also joined, or plan to join, the project. This project is a unique method that promotes a healthier environment and can connect nations, farmers, researchers, and conservationists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the practical and scientific roles of barn owls in pest control rather than attributing their abilities to 'magical abilities.' It provides information that emphasizes their ecological importance and contribution to rodent management, which does not support the idea that their vision is the result of magical capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 0 Skip to content 0 Publications A-Z Journals A-and and Developmental BiologyChemical and and and Planetary SciencesEcology, Evolution, and SystematicsEconomicsEntomologyEnvironment and and TechnologyGeneticsGenomics and Human GeneticsImmunologyLaw and and P10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 First published as a Review in Advance on November 15, 2020 Copyright © 2020 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved info Info 10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827 2020-05-30 2024-10-05 Download as Powertext loading. . . /deliver/fulltext/earth/48/1/annurev-earth-071719-054827. html? itemId=/content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-earth-071719-054827&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah. 2014. Rebuilding biodiversity of Patagonian marine molluscs after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. 9:e102629 [2000. Silurian trilobite alpha diversity and the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Paleobiology 26:625–46 [2007. Sequencing events across the Permian–Triassic boundary, (Kashmir, India). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 252:328–46 [1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. Science 208:1095–108 [2019. How quick was marine recovery after the end-Triassic mass extinction and what role did anoxia play? . Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 528:99–119 [2018. Hyperthermal-driven mass extinctions: killing models during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 376:20170076 [2017. On the causes of mass extinctions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:3–29 [1981. Principles of York: Academic [1983. Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum? . J. Paleontol. 57:1–30 [2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information that supports or contradicts the claim about mass extinctions shaping the diversity of species on Earth. Instead, it appears to present a list of various publications and studies related to the topic without directly addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15–20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [26]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11–14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [27]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [27]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has demonstrated 'anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects' and can alleviate 'neuropathological damages in the brain.' This supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in the context of neurological health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: They studied the relationship between predator and prey; analyzed the barn owl’s pellets; learned about how far the owls usually travel; discovered the connections between nesting success (how many chicks fledged per year) and the size of the rodent population in the fields; and more. These studies greatly deepened the knowledge about barn owls and improved the way they were studied. The researchers learned that a pair of barn owls and their chicks feed on 2,000–6,000 rodents per year (Figure 2). They concluded that barn owls are a good substitute for toxic pesticides, and their use also saves farmers money. In 2008, the initiative was declared a national project, and nesting boxes were installed in agricultural areas all over the country. From 730 nesting boxes in 2008, we reached over 5,000 boxes in 2020. Data on each box and the history of nesting successes were tracked using computer software, and we also helped farmers learn about the project by holding seminars and meetings, publishing summary booklets, and placing online cameras in the nesting boxes. Figure 2 - A barn owl brings a vole to her chicks in a nesting box. The box was created from an ammunition box donated by the military industry. In 1983, 14 nesting boxes were placed in Eliyahu in Israel; today there are over 5,000 nesting boxes throughout the country (photo credit: Amir Ezer). From a Regional to an What started out as a local achievement has become a success story on a regional and international scale. From studies conducted with GPS transmitters, it is clear that barn owls know no borders; their flight paths cross from Israel to Jordan and the Palestinian Authority, and back. In the last two decades, we have joined forces with our Palestinian and Jordanian neighbors, and the barn owl project functions even in days of political conflict (Figure 3). In 2010, a world renown expert from Lausanne University, Switzerland, Prof. joined the project [4]. Figure 3 - A Jordanian farmer and an Israeli farmer have been collaborating in a regional barn owl project since 2002. The flags along the top of the photo represent the countries currently participating in the project: and Morocco (photo credit: Hagai Aharon). In 2015, the project was expanded to include Cyprus, Greece, in 2021 Morocco joined, —even the Emirates are planning to join soon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on scientific studies related to barn owls, detailing their feeding habits, nesting successes, and conservation efforts. It does not support the notion of 'magical abilities' for sight in darkness but highlights practical attributes, such as their utility in pest management and their geographical behavior. The insights provided are based on research and statistical data rather than mythological or supernatural explanations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: B 283:20160007 [1999. mass extinction: a new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada. Geology 27:215–18 [1997. mass extinction: sedimentologic, cyclostratigraphic, and biostratigraphic records from platform and basin successions, central Nevada. Univ. Geol. Stud. 42:79–104 [2003. Origination and extinction through the Phanerozoic: a new approach. J. Geol. 111:125–48 [2005. Pulsed origination and extinction in the marine realm. Paleobiology 31:6–20 [2017. Subsequent biotic crises delayed marine recovery following the late Permian mass extinction event in northern Italy. 12:e0172321 [2018. Paleoecological analysis of benthic recovery after the mass extinction event in eastern Lombardy, Italy. Palaios 33:266–81 [2004. The non-actualistic gastropod fauna: a case study of the Member. Palaios 19:259–75 [2005. Unique microgastropod biofacies in the Early Triassic: indicator of long-term biotic stress and the pattern of biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. C. R. Palevol. 4:475–84 [2018. Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian-Ordovician (Furongian, Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan-boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard formations of central Texas. J. Paleontol. 92:751–67 [2000. Marine biodiversity through the Late Cenomanian–Early Turonian: palaeoceanographic controls and sequence stratigraphic biases. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 157:745–57 [2014. A Cenozoic-style scenario for the end-Ordovician glaciation. Nat. Commun. 5:4485 [1987. Radiations and extinctions relative to environmental change in the marine of northwest Europe. Paleobiology 13:152–68 [1997. Oxford, UK: Oxford Univ. Press [2014. extinctions: a coincidence of causes. 25:1294–307 [1957. Treatise on CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and citations regarding mass extinctions and related topics but does not directly support or refute the claim that mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [28,29]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone–9 hepatocytes [28]. Pirmoradi et al. [29] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [28,29], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [30]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. In this study, 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [31,32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.' This supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address owls, vision in darkness, or any magical abilities. It consists of various unrelated phrases and hymns that do not support or contrast the claim about owls.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sea-level change and facies development across potential Triassic-Jurassic boundary horizons, SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:365–79 [2013. Palaeoecology of the Formation (Utah, USA) and its implications for the recovery. Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 58:149–73 [1995. The stratigraphic distribution of fossils. Paleobiology 21:92–109 [2003. Confidence limits on fossil ranges that account for facies changes. Paleobiology 29:468–79 [2001. The detection and importance of subtle biofacies within a single lithofacies: the of the Cincinnati, Ohio region. Palaios 16:205–17 [1996. Sequence stratigraphy and long-term paleoceanographic change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:117–30 [2002. Stratigraphic variation in the timing of first and last occurrences. Palaios 17:134–46 [2015. The stratigraphy of mass extinction. Palaeontology 58:903–24 [2001. The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic boundary. Episodes 24:102–14 [2011. biota: exceptional preservation, and new evidence on the Triassic recovery from end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:2274–82 [2017. Brachiopod faunas after the end Ordovician mass extinction from South China: testing ecological change through a major taxonomic crisis. J. Sci. 138:502–14 [2015. Life in the aftermath of mass extinctions. Curr. Biol. 25:R941–52 [2015. Rarity in mass extinctions and the future of ecosystems. Nature 5238:345–51 [2011. A role for chance in marine recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Nat. Geosci. 4:856–60 [1989. The biology of mass extinction: a paleontological view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 325:357–68 [1998. Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 279:1327–30 [2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it mainly consists of citations and references to various geological studies and publications about stratigraphy, paleobiology, and mass extinction without directly addressing the impact of mass extinctions on species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL–1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. AbbreviationsACR: Acrylamide; GSH: Glutathione; GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase; HE: Hematoxylin and eosin; IL–1β: Interleukin–1β; MDA: Malondialdehyde; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; TERT: Telomerase reverse transcriptase; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-α; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labellingDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate Animal experiments were approved by the of Medicine College, of Science and Technology (resolution number 2019078), and accomplished in line with the guidelines of the Council of China. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets supporting the conclusions of this 57. . Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated legal regulations in food industry. Nutr. 2019 Mar 25:1-16. . Calpeptin is neuroprotective against acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats. Toxicology. 2018;400-401:1-8. . Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. . 2013; 10(9):3843-54. . Down-regulation of telomerase reverse transcriptase-related anti-apoptotic function in a rat model of acrylamide induced neurobehavioral deficits. Biotech Histochem. 2018;93(7):512-8. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that while curcumin could improve ACR-induced neuroinflammation, it is in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. This directly supports the claim that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding owls and their ability to see in darkness due to magical abilities. It consists of a series of hymns and philosophical statements, with no direct mention or discussion of owls or their vision capabilities. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Palaeoecol. 513:86–99 [1981. Extinction: bad genes or bad luck? . Acta Geol. Hispan. 16:25–33 [1982. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215:1501–2 [2001. Biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction: behavior of the inarticulate brachiopod Lingula as a disaster taxon. Palaios 16:95–101 [2004. Quantitative biostratigraphy—achieving finer resolution in global correlation. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32:187–213 [2014. marine biotic recovery: the predators’ perspective. 9:e88987 [1997. Miocene calibration for calcareous nannofossils from low-latitude Program sites and the Jamaican conundrum. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 109:1073–79 [1988. Alpha, beta, or gamma: Where does all the diversity go? . Paleobiology 14:221–34 [1964. Time in York: McGraw-Hill [1996. A new look at Units (EEUs). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 127:21–32 [2001. Ordovician mass extinction. Annu. Rev. Sci. 29:331–64 [2000. Dinosaur abundance was not declining in a “3 m gap” at the top of the Formation, Montana and North Dakota. Geology 28:523–26 [2016. Graptolite community responses to global climate change and the mass extinction. PNAS 113:8380–85 [2011. Calibrating the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 334:1367–72 [1982. Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns and catastrophes in the fossil record. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 190:291–96 [2001. Sea-level change and rock-record bias in the Cretaceous: a problem for extinction and biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 27:241–53 [2001. Benthic response index for assessing infaunal communities on the southern California mainland shelf. Ecol. Appl. 11:1073–87 [2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and papers relating to mass extinctions but does not specifically address the claim that mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. As such, it provides no support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Health. 2018;34(7):481-9. . Acrylamide-induced apoptosis in rat primary astrocytes and human astrocytoma cell lines. Vitro. 2014;28(4):562-70. . Taurine attenuates acrylamide- induced apoptosis via a PI3K/AKT-dependent manner. Toxicol. 2018;960327118765335. . Roles for Telomerase in the System. Neurosci. 2018;11:160. . Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the neuroprotective effects of curcumin, particularly its role in regulating TNF-α inflammatory responses and its protective effects against oxidative stress, which supports the notion of its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Reviewer Expertise: family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: No one left behind: has the pursuit of FP2020’s 120 million additional users goal left some women behind? [version 1; peer review: 2 approved with reservations]. Res 2021, 5:114 ( The direct URL for this report is: This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of research and analysis related to family planning and demographic shifts without mentioning ancient civilizations or written records. The content does not provide any information that could corroborate, contrast, or address the claim directly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: On the causes of mass extinctions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:3–29 [1981. Principles of York: Academic [1983. Does evolution take place in an ecological vacuum? . J. Paleontol. 57:1–30 [2015. Gulliver gastropods: spatio-temporal distribution and significance for biotic recovery after the end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Sci. Rev. 146:31–64 [2003. High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 115:89–104 [2001. Do all mass extinctions represent an ecological crisis? Evidence from the Late Ordovician. Geol. J. 36:329–40 [1995. Coordinated stasis and evolutionary ecology of Silurian to faunas in the Appalachian Basin. to Speciation in the 285–315 New York: Columbia Univ. Press [2019. Environmental controls on shallow subtidal molluscan death assemblages on Island, the Bahamas. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 527:14–24 [2014. High-precision timeline for Earth's most severe extinction. PNAS 111:3316–21 [2006. Principles of New York: Elsevier [2003. The Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction: insights from high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in South China. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 193:87–111 [2004. Palaeokarst and its implication for the extinction event at the Frasnian–Famennian boundary (Guilin, South China). J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 161:895–98 [2015. Recovery pattern of brachiopods after the Permian–Triassic crisis in South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 433:91–105 [2012. The timing and pattern of biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Nat. Geosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a series of references and their titles related to mass extinctions but does not provide any direct support or argument regarding the claim that mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. Due to this lack of direct connection to the claim, the text is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. K M DJ Muralidhara. Neuroprotective efficacy of a combination of fish oil and ferulic acid against 3-nitropropionicacid-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats: behavioural and biochemical evidence. Nutr Metab. 2014;39(4):487-96. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018);68(4):213-21. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it mentions various studies related to the effects of curcumin. Terms like 'neuroprotective effects,' 'restorative effects,' and references to chronic conditions and diseases imply potential anti-inflammatory properties associated with curcumin. Additionally, the mention of curcumin's role in preventing and addressing neurotoxicity indicates its therapeutic relevance, supporting the idea that curcumin has beneficial properties, which are typically attributed to anti-inflammatory compounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations. It lists various scholarly works and authors related to ancient art and inscriptions but does not corroborate or contrast the specific claim about detailed written records.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Nat. Geosci. 4:856–60 [1989. The biology of mass extinction: a paleontological view. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 325:357–68 [1998. Geographic variation in the molluscan recovery from the end-Cretaceous extinction. Science 279:1327–30 [2001. Lessons from the past: evolutionary impacts of mass extinctions. PNAS 98:5393–98 [2002. Survival without recovery after mass extinctions. PNAS 99:8139–44 [1995. Surviving mass extinctions. Geotimes 40:14–17 [1996. The importance of crisis progenitors in recovery from mass extinction. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 102:15–39 [1991. The stratigraphy of shell concentrations. Taphonomy: Releasing the in the 211–90 New York: Plenum [2018. Pre–mass extinction decline of latest Permian ammonoids. Geology 46:283–86 [2000. Delayed biological recovery from extinctions throughout the fossil record. Nature 404:177–80 [2004. Rapid recovery from the mass extinction. PNAS 101:17605–10 [2011. Left behind—delayed extinction and a relict trilobite fauna in the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary succession (east Laurentian platform, New York). Geol. Mag. 148:529–57 [2018. Rapid recovery of life at ground zero of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Nature 558:288–91 [2017. The best sections method of studying mass extinctions. Lethaia 50:465–66 [2016. Sedimentology and ichnology of two sections in South China: implications for the biotic recovery following the end-Permian mass extinction. Glob. Planet. Change 144:198–212 [1986. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian ammonite fauna from (Antarctic Peninsula). Paleontol. Soc. Mem. 18:1–55 [1988. Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleoecology of Upper Cretaceous/Paleocene shelf-deltaic sediments of Seymour Island. Geol. Soc. Am. Mem. 169:25–54 [1997. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the relationship between mass extinctions and the diversity of species on Earth. Instead, it presents a list of references regarding mass extinctions without indicating how these extinctions have influenced species diversity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. Krishnan M, Kang SC. Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;74:106811. TableTable 1. Effect of curcumin on the levels of and GSH-Px in cerebral homogenates prepared from ACR intoxicated rats (n = 10, mean ± SD). Groups MDA (nmol/mg prot) GSH (mg/g prot) SOD (U/mg prot) GSH-Px (U/mg prot) Normal 0. 425±0. 141 4. 41±0. 58 60. 21±5. 38 14. 81±1. 95 ACR 1. 133±0. 352 ** 2. 30±0. 47** 52. 72±6. 94 ** 10. 36±1. 84 ** ACR+curcumin 50mg/kg 0. 918±0. 322 2. 77±0. 46 # 53. 89±8. 02 12. 58±1. 96 # ACR+curcumin 100mg/kg 0. 854±0. 216 # 2. 92±0. 59 # 59. 16±6. 46 # 13. 15±1. 87 ## **P < 0. 01 compared to the corresponding control rats. # P < 0. 05, ## P < 0. 01; compared with the corresponding ACR group. Supplementary FilesNC3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of curcumin on inflammation. It mentions the impact of curcumin on levels of various inflammatory markers in the context of acrylamide intoxicated rats, indicating its potential anti-inflammatory benefits. This supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: How past climate clues can help predict the future We all know the climate is changing but predicting what this means for weather systems is no easy matter. Liu and Otto-Bliesner are using state-of-the-art computer models to delve into our planet’s past, to see how insights into previous climatic changes can help inform our future – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of predicting future climate impacts and emphasizing the importance of understanding past events instead. It states, 'it is not easy to say what will happen next' and that 'to predict the future, we need to know the past,' indicating a lack of certainty in predictions. This directly undermines the idea that anthropologists, or any scientists, can predict future trends with certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Confidence intervals on stratigraphic ranges with nonrandom distributions of fossil horizons. Paleobiology 23:165–73 [1996. Sudden and gradual molluscan extinctions in the latest Cretaceous of western European Tethys. Science 274:1360–63 [2017. Response of macrobenthic communities to the in northeastern Panthalassa (Tinda, Alberta, Canada). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 478:103–20 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef systems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [1996. : Columbia Univ. Press [1988. Spatial resolution in subfossil molluscan remains: implications for paleobiological analyses. Paleobiology 14:91–103 [1994. Miocene stable isotopic stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy of Buff Bay, Jamaica. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 106:1605–20 [2007. Species abundance changes during mass extinction and the inverse Signor-Lipps effect: apparently abrupt graptolite mass extinction as an artifact of sampling. Acta Palaeontol. Sin. 46:340–44 [2018. Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants. Proc. R. Soc. B 285:20181191 [1965. Biomere: a new kind of biostratigraphic unit. J. Paleontol. 39:149–53 [1984. The biomere problem: evolution of an idea. J. Paleontol. 58:599–611 [1996. Extinction, invasion, and sequence stratigraphy: patterns of faunal change in the Middle and of the eastern United States. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 306:131–42 [2012. Stratigraphic Paleobiology: Understanding the Distribution of in Time and Space Chicago: Univ. [2011. Early and trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in South China: implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide a clear connection to the claim about how mass extinctions have influenced species diversity. Instead, it lists various paleontological studies and publications without expressly linking them to the concept of mass extinctions shaping species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Fig. 1Curcumin or SLCP cross the blood brain barrier and binds with amyloid plaques. After intraperitoneal injections of Cur or SLCP (50 mg/kg), the 5xFAD brains were sectioned and images were taken from DG area of hippocampus using a fluorescent microscope with green filters. a and SLCP permeated into the brain tissue, and SLCP appeared to be more permeable than Cur, and those receiving 5 days of treatment appeared to have more Cur in the brain than those receiving only 2 days of injections. b Images of sections from the DG area of the hippocampus in the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice were immunolabeled with Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) as observed by using a fluorescent microscope with green and red filters. Cur or SLCP colocalized with 6E10, confirming the green signal coming from Aβ plaques upon binding with Cur or SLCP. Red arrows: Cur or SLCP bound to the Aβ plaque; green arrow: 6E10 bound to Aβ plaque; and white arrow: merged images of Cur or SLCP and 6E10 with Aβ plaque. Scale bars indicate 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur or SLCP treatment decreased Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice brainAfter stipulated periods of Cur or SLCP treatment in 5xFAD mice, the brain sections were stained with SLCP (100 µM) (Fig. 2a) and Aβ-specific antibody (6E10) (Fig. 2b), followed by counts of the number of Aβ plaques. We observed that after 5 days of treatment with Cur or SLCP, the number of Aβ plaques were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in the PFC (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56. 31%) (Fig. 2c) and in DG area of hippocampus (Cur: 36. 30% and SLCP: 50. 50%) (Fig. 2d) in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD group. Further, SLCP-treated mice had fewer Aβ plaques than did Cur-treated mice (Fig. 2c, d). Similarly, our dot blot assays showed that both Cur and SLCP significantly inhibited Aβ42-oligomers (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Curcumin's effects on Aβ plaque load in 5xFAD mice, highlighting that treatment with Cur (Curcumin) significantly decreased Aβ plaque levels in the brain. This implies an anti-inflammatory effect, as Aβ plaques are often associated with inflammatory processes in the brain. The specific reductions in plaque load (Cur: 49% and SLCP: 56.31%) suggest that Curcumin contributes positively to reducing inflammation linked to these plaques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of predictive models in understanding complex systems like climate. While it describes sophisticated models that can simulate past climates, it highlights the inherent uncertainties involved in making predictions based on historical data. For instance, it states that studying past climates provides insights into Earth's systems, but does not imply that anthropologists can predict future trends with certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Sea-level change and rock-record bias in the Cretaceous: a problem for extinction and biodiversity studies. Paleobiology 27:241–53 [2001. Benthic response index for assessing infaunal communities on the southern California mainland shelf. Ecol. Appl. 11:1073–87 [2018. Early mammalian recovery after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction: a high-resolution view from Mcarea, Montana, USA. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 130:2000–14 [2002. Recovery after mass extinction: evolutionary assembly in large-scale biosphere dynamics. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 357:697–707 [2011. Recovery tempo and pattern of marine ecosystems after the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 39:739–42 [2013. Two pulses of extinction during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Nat. Geosci. 6:52–56 [2015. Recovery dynamics of foraminifers and algae following the Permian-Triassic extinction in Qingyan, South China. Geobios 48:71–83 [1994. How synchronous are Neogene marine plankton events? . Paleoceanography 9:739–63 [1977. and : Univ Okla:. [1989. Classical confidence intervals and Bayesian probability estimates for ends of local taxon ranges. Math. Geol. 21:411–27 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2017. Recognition of a likely two phased extinction at the K-Pg boundary in Antarctica. Sci. Rep. 7:16317 [2012. Extinction patterns, δ18O trends, and magnetostratigraphy from a southern high-latitude Cretaceous–Paleogene section: links with Deccan volcanism. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 350–52:180–88 [2018. The end-Triassic mass extinction: a new correlation between extinction events and δ13C fluctuations from a Triassic-Jurassic peritidal succession in western Sicily. Sediment. Geol. 368:105–13 [2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to mass extinctions and biodiversity without explicitly supporting or refuting the claim that mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. It provides citations and references but does not include a clear statement or evidence that directly addresses the impact of mass extinctions on species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results were expressed as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **p < 0. 01 and ***p < 0. 001 in comparison to Aβ42-vehicle treated groupFull size image Neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCPOne of the aims of this study was to investigate whether short-term treatment of Cur or SLCP can protect neuronal morphology. Therefore, the treated brain tissue was stained with cresyl violet and many pyknotic or tangle-like neuron, along with vacuolization within the pyramidal cell layers, were observed in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus in the 5xFAD mice. After 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment (but not at 2 days of treatment), we observed significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of pyknotic, or tangled-like, cells in PFC (Cur: 27%; SLCP: 33%; Fig. 4a, b), in CA1 (Cur: 24%; SLCP: 36%; Fig. 4a, c) and in CA3 area (Cur: 13%; SLCP: 26%; Fig. 4a, d) of the hippocampus. Fig. 4Cur and SLCP treatments partially protect neuronal morphology in the 5xFAD mice brain tissue. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were stained with 0. 1% cresyl violet, from which images were taken using Olympus microscope (total magnification: 1000x) in the PFC and the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus. a Pyknotic, tangle-like, neurons along with vacuoles were observed in 5xFAD tissue with Cur- or SLCP-treatment reducing this abnormal morphology in the PFC and hippocampal neurons following 5-, but not 2-days of treatment. b The number of pyknotic cells were less after 5 days of treatment (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in all three areas, when compared to the 5xFAD mice receiving only vehicle or the 5xFAD mice receiving only 2 days treatment. Scale bar indicates 25 µm and is applicable to other images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing that treatment with Curcumin (Cur) led to significant decreases in pyknotic and tangle-like cells in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice. This suggests an improvement in neuronal morphology, which implies anti-inflammatory effects as part of the protective treatment observed over a 5-day period.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty involved in predicting future events, specifically in the context of climate change modeling. It states that predicting the future is challenging and relies on understanding past events, emphasizing that accurate predictions depend on verifying models against historical data. The quote from Liu, 'To predict the future, we need to know the past,' illustrates that certainty in predictions is not guaranteed, thus rebutting the claim about anthropologists being able to predict cultural trends with certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center : are borrowing techniques from magicians to explore animal cognition. Abracadabra! How magic can help us understand animal minds By performing tricks for birds, monkeys and other creatures, researchers hope to learn how they perceive and think about their world Mason 06. 05. 2024 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Lea en español To help pay for his undergraduate education, Elias Garcia-Pelegrin had an unusual summer job: cruise ship magician. “I was that guy who comes out at dinnertime and does random magic for you,” he says. But his latest magic gig is even more unusual: performing for Eurasian jays at Cambridge University’s Lab. Birds can be harder to fool than tourists. And to do magic for the jays, he had to learn to do sleight-of-hand tricks with a live, wriggling waxworm instead of the customary coin or ball. But performing in an aviary does have at least one advantage over performing on a cruise ship: The birds aren’t expecting to be entertained. “You don’t have to worry about impressing anybody, or tell a joke,” Garcia-Pelegrin says. “So you just do the magic. ” are much smarter than you think Animal personalities can trip up science, but there’s a solution Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it. In just the last few years, researchers have become interested in what they can learn about animal minds by studying what does and doesn’t fool them. “Magic effects can reveal blind spots in seeing and roadblocks in thinking,” says Nicky Clayton, who heads the Cambridge lab and, with Garcia-Pelegrin and others, cowrote an overview of the science of magic in the of Psychology. What we visually perceive about the world is a product of how our brains interpret what our eyes see. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes. Instead, it discusses animal cognition and the use of magic to study birds and monkeys. The content is focused on cognitive research rather than geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Arrows indicate pyknotic or tangle-like neuronsFull size image Changes in microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceTo investigate the changes of microglial morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP, the 5xFAD brain sections were immunolabeled with Iba-1 antibody. There was profound branching and intense expression of Iba-1 protein in 5xFAD tissue, whereas treatment with Cur or SLCP appeared to decrease the number of branches and the amount of Iba-1 levels in PFC and in different subfields of hippocampus, as well as in the striatum after both 2- and 5-days of treatment with Cur or SLCP (Fig. 5). We also observed that the levels of Iba-1 and the extent of microglial branching tended to be less only in the 5-days treatment group in comparison to the 2-day group. Fig. 5Morphological changes of single microglial cells in the 5xFAD mouse brain after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The Iba-1-IR appeared to be more intense and the branching of microglia were more diffuse in the brain tissue of the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice compared to those mice treated with Cur or SLCP for either 2- or 5-days. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Microglial aggregation morphology after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceWhen we looked at the morphology of microglial aggregation, or clumping, we observed that there was a noticeable aggregation of microglia in the vehicle-treated 5xFAD group, which was less noticeable in the brain tissue of mice treated with Cur or SLCP, with the latter groups also showing a reduction in Iba-1 labeling (Fig. 6). Further, we found a trend towards less aggregation of microglia and Iba-1-IR in 5xFAD mice given 5 days of Cur or SLCP treatment, relative to those receiving 2 days of treatment and with those given SLCP showing less microglial aggregation in comparison to those given Cur (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the effects of Curcumin (Cur) on microglial morphology in 5xFAD mice. It reports that treatment with Cur or SLCP resulted in decreased microglial branching and reduced levels of Iba-1, a protein associated with inflammation. This decrease in microglial activation indicates an anti-inflammatory effect of Curcumin, supporting the claim regarding its anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: What if we understood the genetic causes of cancer? Cancer is a disease caused by mutations in the genes within our cells. Prior, at the University of Liverpool in the UK, is trying to find out why some gene mutations are more likely to contribute to cancer than others. This knowledge could lead to the development of new treatments for this widespread and deadly disease – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complex interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences, particularly in the context of cancer. It notes that factors like smoking and advancements in treatment significantly affect cancer outcomes, showcasing that understanding cultural practices requires more than just genetic insights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Humans and other animals have evolved to handle the immense amount of visual information we’re exposed to by prioritizing some types of information, filtering out things that are usually less relevant and filling in gaps with assumptions. Many magic effects exploit these cognitive shortcuts in humans, and comparing how well these same tricks work on other species may reveal something about how their minds operate. Clayton and her colleagues have used magic tricks with both jays and monkeys to reveal differences in how these animals experience the world. Now they are hoping to expand to more species and inspire other researchers to try magic to explore big questions about complex mental abilities and how they evolved. The science of magicProfessional magicians have always had an intuitive grasp of human psychology, but the formal scientific study of how magic works on people is only two decades old. It’s still a niche discipline, says psychologist Gustav Kuhn, who helped kick-start the field and heads the at the University of Plymouth in the United Kingdom. But there’s now a Science of that holds international conferences (the next one is in Las Vegas), and in the last two decades or so, scientists have published over 100 papers on magic’s effects on humans, covering topics including perception, consciousness, free will and beliefs. “I think it can provide you with a new perspective on science,” Kuhn says. and her colleagues are bringing that perspective to the science of animal cognition. Cuttlefish have been known to use their ability to change the color and texture of their skin in deceptive ways. This may make them good candidates for experiments that use magic tricks. :. COM inspiration to use magic tricks came to Clayton from Clive Wilkins, the Cambridge psychology department’s artist in residence, who also happens to be a magician. perform sleight-of-hand tricks and stash objects in secret pockets reminded Clayton of someone else she knows well: the California scrub jay. Her earlier work found that when scrub jays who are hiding food know they’re being watched by other scrub jays, they will come back to re-hide the food once the other birds have left. “A lot of the deceptive techniques that the jays use to protect their caches are things that magicians do in their performances,” Clayton says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoenvironments and geological changes. It focuses instead on cognitive psychology, magic tricks, and animal cognition, without mentioning anything related to paleoenvironments or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 6). Fig. 6Morphological changes of aggregated microglia in 5xFAD mice brains after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were immunolabeled for Iba-1 antibody. The tissue from the vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping, or aggregation of activated microglia, whereas, those of 5xFAD mice that were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days had fewer aggregations of microglia and less intense labeling of Iba-1. Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to all imagesFull size image Morphological changes of astrocytes after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD miceSimilar to the microglial changes, we have also investigated the morphological changes of activated astrocytes by immunolabeling with GFAP antibodies after treatment with Cur or SLCP in 5xFAD mice. The brains of the 5xFAD mice showed activation of astrocytes, as evidenced by extensive branching, along with increased level of GFAP-IR, whereas brains of the 5xFAD treated with Cur or SLCP appeared to have decreased activation, with a trend toward less GFAP-IR and astrocyte branching in the PFC and in different subfields of the hippocampus (Fig. 7). We did not find any significant differences in morphology of activated astrocytes between the 5xFAD mice given Cur or SLCP, whether the treatments were given for 2- or 5-days. Fig. 7Morphological changes of activated astrocytes from brain tissue of 5xFAD mice after treatment with Cur or SLCP. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and the subsequent cryostat sections were immunolabeled with GFAP antibody. The GFAP immunofluorescence appeared to be more intense and the branching of astrocytes was more extensive in vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, compared with those given Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that treatment with Curcumin (Cur) in 5xFAD mice resulted in fewer aggregations of activated microglia and decreased activation of astrocytes. Specifically, it notes that the brains of vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice showed significant clumping of activated microglia, while those treated with Cur showed less aggregation. Additionally, activated astrocytes in the brains of mice treated with Cur displayed decreased activation, indicated by less GFAP-IR and branching. These findings align with the assertion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Another image of the University of Liverpool campus, showing a rich mixture of historic and modern architecture – a branch of medicine relating to the study, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancer – able to cause cancer DNA – the molecule that stores the genetic information in our cells – a group of genes involved in controlling cell growth and reproduction. The main members of the Ras gene family are and NRAS. Many human cancers, such as colorectal, lung and pancreatic cancers, are driven by mutations in Ras genes – a gene editing technique used to introduce mutations into – the study of the structure, function and interactions of proteins produced by genes of a particular cell, tissue or organism – the study of an organism’s genes (the genome), including interactions of genes with each other and Around 1,000 people are diagnosed with cancer in the UK every day. This equates to around one person every two minutes. Of these 1,000, around 450 will die from their cancer but the number of deaths from the disease has decreased dramatically over the past 50 years. This is partly due to changes in behaviour. For example, smoking is the largest cause of cancer in the UK, but with fewer people smoking, fewer people are dying from cancer. However, advances in diagnosing and treating cancer have also made a huge difference to the chances of survival. is a professor of molecular oncology and Head of the at the University of Liverpool. He has spent the past 25 years researching the causes of cancer and how this knowledge might be used to find new methods for treatment. His current research focuses on why a certain type of gene, called Ras, seems to contribute to a large percentage of cancer cases, and how defects in this gene could be corrected in order to slow or reverse the onset of disease. ? The DNA stored within cells carries the instructions for them to function, grow and reproduce. Cells reproduce by dividing into two new (daughter) cells. During division, the cell copies its DNA and passes it on to the daughter cells. “DNA is constantly being damaged by stresses that cells experience,” explains Ian. This damage causes mistakes to be made when the DNA is copied, creating mutations. For example, tobacco smoke contains chemicals that attach themselves to DNA, causing a mutation in the DNA when it is copied. Usually, these mutations are corrected by the cell’s repair mechanisms, but sometimes errors slip through. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between genetic factors and environmental influences in cancer diagnosis and treatment. It specifically states that changes in behavior, such as reduced smoking rates, have significantly impacted cancer mortality, indicating that cultural practices cannot be solely or entirely interpreted through genetic studies. This reveals the importance of cultural and behavioral aspects alongside genetic information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Jays try to obscure their actions as they hide food by choosing dark places, burying it in quiet material like sand rather than gravel, or using their bodies to block another bird’s view. Clayton has observed that if jays can’t obscure what they’re doing, they will try to confuse onlookers by moving their food a half-dozen times, sometimes feigning a cache while concealing the food in a throat pouch. Serendipitously, Garcia-Pelegrin was one of Clayton’s graduate students at the time and was game to perform tricks for an avian audience in the name of science. This involved a lot of waiting for the lab’s Eurasian jays to volunteer by flying into a room connected to the aviary and hopping onto a perch in front of him. “The papers don’t tell you the hours and hours of me just sitting there alone, in a room in Cambridge, just cold because we have no heating, just waiting for a bird to show up,” he says. “But they do show up. ”Tricks for tweetsOne of the tricks that Garcia-Pelegrin performed for the jays is the “fast pass,” where a coin — or in this case a waxworm — is tossed between the magician’s hands so quickly that the visual system of a human would miss it altogether. When we rapidly switch our gaze from one object to another, our eyes move in fast jumps known as saccades, rather than in a smooth motion that would cause the world to blur. During each jump, there’s a split second when we don’t see anything at all, a momentary blindness during which a skilled magician can throw an object from one hand to another right in front of an audience without their seeing it. Birds, however, are able to see much faster movements than we are, and consequently don’t depend on saccades as much. “They are aerial beings. Being fast and being able to accurately perceive the fast world around them is their niche, is their specialization,” Garcia-Pelegrin says. “I would expect them to never fall for the trick. ”Sleight-of-hand tricks exploit specific aspects of human perception and cognition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the behavior of jays and the nature of human perception, which has no connection to paleoenvironmental studies or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in PFC of 5xFAD miceWhen we counted the number of Iba-1-IR cells in PFC, we observed that Cur or SLCP treatments significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) the number of Iba-1-IR cells in comparison to those of the untreated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 8a, b). In addition, 5 days of either SLCP or Cur treatment showed greater reduction (p < 0. 05) of Iba-1-IR in comparison to 2 days of treatment. Furthermore, SLCP showed greater reduction of Iba-1-IR in comparison to those given Cur for either 2- or 5-days (Fig. 8a, b). Similar findings were observed for counts of GFAP-IR cells in the PFC (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 8Cur or SLCP treatment reduces neuroinflammation in the PFC of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with either Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR- (a, b) and GFAP-IR- (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the PFC in all Cur- and SLCP-treated mice in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment, for both the GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA1 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceOne of our interests was to investigate the neuroinflammation profile in hippocampal subfields of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment with Cur or SLCP. We observed that both Cur and or SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of Cur (curcumin) treatments on reducing neuroinflammation in the PFC and CA1 region of the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. It states that Cur treatments significantly decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in comparison to untreated mice, indicating that Curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: Most of these mutations have no effect on the cell’s function, but mutations in genes that control cell division and growth can cause cancer. If a mutation causes these genes to become too active, it leads to uncontrolled cell growth and, therefore, a tumour will form. Sourced from Adobe, credit: designua Ras genes control the activation of many other genes involved in cell division, growth and survival. Mutations in Ras genes can cause them to be permanently switched on, which means that they are constantly instructing the cell to divide and grow. Ras gene mutations are found in around 20% of all cancer patients, but are especially common in pancreatic (90%), colon (45%) and lung cancer (30%). There are three Ras genes: and NRAS. KRAS is the most important for human development and is also the most frequently mutated. KRAS is the main focus of Ian’s research. ? Ian’s team uses cell models and mice in its studies. The researchers use a gene editing technique called to introduce various combinations of Ras mutations in mice, which, in turn, enables the researchers to find the mutations that are responsible for causing cancer. In traditional mouse-based studies, different mouse bloodlines would be created, each with a different mutation. ’s team can introduce multiple mutations into one mouse. “It means we can significantly reduce the number of mice that we use whilst at the same time increasing our ability to directly compare panels of cancer gene mutations,” says Ian. The researchers also use genomics to study genes that are activated or deactivated by different mutations, and proteomics to study proteins regulated by Ras genes and how they are affected by different Ras mutations. ? Most drugs work by binding to a specific location within a protein molecule that controls the protein’s interactions with other molecules. When the drug binds to the protein, it blocks the active site and prevents the protein from carrying out its functions in the cell. Kinases are a type of enzyme that are involved in controlling major cancer-causing cell processes and many successful cancer drugs have been developed that bind to kinases. Ras genes are not kinases, however, and the drugs that have been used to target kinases will not affect Ras-controlled processes. Ian explains: “Most successful drugs have been designed to bind to a pocket in a protein (like a key in a lock). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of cancer biology specifically related to Ras genes, while providing insights into the limitations of genetic studies. It emphasizes that cancer studies focus on cellular and molecular processes without reference to cultural practices, indicating that understanding such a biological phenomenon is not solely based on genetics. Therefore, it illustrates that genetic studies alone cannot encompass the entirety of cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: By trying those same tricks on other animals, scientists can learn something about how their minds differ from ours. But they did. In a video of the experiment, a jay named Homer turns his head to the side to focus with one eye on the worm as it sits in an open hand. As soon as Garcia-Pelegrin’s hands move laterally, Homer quickly rotates his head to face forward and watch the rest of the trick with both eyes. With his beak, he chooses the hand the worm started in, staring intently as that hand opens to reveal that it’s empty. It seems that during the switch from monocular to binocular vision, there’s a split second where Homer’s world goes blank — a previously unknown blind spot. “The beauty here is that this magic trick capitalized on a completely different blind spot that has zero to do with being mammal, zero to do with being human, and 100 [percent] to do with being a bird,” says Garcia-Pelegrin, now an animal behaviorist at the of Singapore. A trick called the French drop, on the other hand, did not fool the birds. For this trick, Garcia-Pelegrin has the back of his hand facing the bird, holding a worm with fingers and thumb pointed up. A bird named Stuka watches as he sweeps his other hand in front of the worm as if he is grabbing it with his thumb. chooses the original hand, where the worm was secretly dropped. At first the scientists were unsure why Stuka and the other birds weren’t fooled by this trick. Some thought it might be something about their vision, but Clayton had a hunch it came down to the fact that birds don’t have hands. Instead of a blind spot, the French drop relies on expectations: A person moving their hand that way grasps the object with their thumb. People in the audience never see the magician’s thumb actually do this, they just expect that it does. It’s a perceptual shortcut that helps us to react quickly to the world around us with incomplete information. Apparently, the jays don’t have the same expectations. Being raised by humans, the birds are used to seeing humans use their thumbs to pick up and hold food, Clayton says. “But they can’t do it themselves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an experiment involving birds and their perception of tricks, which has no direct relation to paleoenvironmental research or geological changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in CA1 region, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice (Fig. 9a–c). We also found a significant difference (p < 0. 05) between the 2- and 5-day treatment groups in Iba-1-IR labeling and between the Cur and SLCP groups (p < 0. 05) (Fig. 9b), but these differences were not observed for GFAP labeling (Fig. 8a, c). Fig. 9Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA1 subfield of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA1 area, in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice, with further reductions were observed after 5 days of treatment, compared with that of at 2 days (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 region of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceSimilar to CA1 region, there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in CA3 subfield of hippocampus after treatment with either Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a–c). The Iba-1-IR was less in the 5-day SLCP group, relative to the 2-day SLCP group (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 10b). No differences of GFAP-IR were observed between 2- and 5-day treatment groups were observed, irrespective of whether the 5xFAD mice received Cur or SLCP (Fig. 10a, c). Fig. 10Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in CA3 region of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by reporting that treatments with Cur (curcumin) in 5xFAD mice resulted in a significant reduction in neuroinflammation, as evidenced by decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells in the CA1 and CA3 regions of the hippocampus. The specific mention of a significant difference in labeled cells after Cur treatment supports the assertion of curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties.