Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 01. 81. 2–2. 8Ever permanent night in addition to rotating night shifts18442. 71. 0–7. 52. 91. 1–8. 0 Graveyard shifts: working after midnight (about 8h of work between 19 and 9) for at least 1yearDurationDay–evening372521Reference1Reference1–5years552281. 61. 1–2. 71. 50. 99–2. 55–10years701952. 41. 6–3. 82. 31. 4–3. 510–20years662361. 91. 2–3. 01. 91. 1–2. 8⩾20years391242. 11. 2–3. 42. 11. 3–3. 2Per year26710351. 0191. 011–1. 0281. 0181. 010–1. 027 CumulativecDay–evening372521Reference1Reference<468632611. 61. 1–2. 41. 61. 0–2. 6468–1095802612. 11. 3–7. 52. 01. 3–3. 0⩾1096872612. 21. 7–3. 12. 21. 5–3. 2 Rotatating shiftsdDay–evening shiftPermanent day281871Reference1Reference<732341541. 40. 8–2. 61. 40. 9–2. 2⩾7334381. 00. 4–5. 31. 00. 4–2. 4Other non-day shifts2016662. 01. 3–3. 11. 91. 4–3. 2 Day–night shiftPermanent day281871Reference1Reference<732301271. 60. 9–2. 81. 50. 9–2. 4⩾73311272. 71. 2–6. 12. 61. 8–3. 8Other non-day shifts1986941. 91. 2–2. 92. 01. 3–3. 1 Day–evening–night shiftPermanent day281871Reference1Reference<7321274301. 91. 3–3. 11. 81. 2–3. 1⩾733862822. 11. 3–3. 31. 91. 1–3. 3Other non-day shifts261361. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides statistical data showing the effects of various shift types, such as permanent night or rotating night shifts, on health outcomes over different durations. It references varying degrees of metabolic health indicators across different shifts and years of exposure, which supports the claim that shift work can negatively impact metabolic health by highlighting the repercussions of extended exposure to non-traditional working hours.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: pha002848 which is related to systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), 102 genes contain at least one significant and are enriched in 70 biological processes, e. g. positive regulation of tissue remodeling (p = 2. 8 × 10−5), inflammatory response (p = 0. 0050), B-cell activation (p = 0. 018) and T-cell activation (p = 0. 040). In these biological processes, 21 overlap with the enriched biological processes of genes that have been reported to be associated with SLE. Significance of this observation is 3. 3 × 10−20, demonstrating the existence of the true association signals. We got similar results from 10 other GWAS datasets except for a GWAS dataset studied age-related macular degeneration (Table 3). Figure 4Workflow of our method for selecting candidate causal from multiple GWAS datasets. We integrated functional annotations from GO database to filter out false positive rather than to perform multiple-correction. The obtained causal SNPs are greatly increased. We further validated our results by three different approaches. The results proved our method stable and effective. Full size imageTable 3 Statistics of the 12 GWAS datasets Full size tableIn total, we found 184 host-genes of significant enriched in overlapped biological processes with disease-related genes. The 286 (see Additional file 1: Table S1) embedded in these genes with p-value ≤ 0. 01 were selected as candidate causal. are over-represented in known deleterious 3′access the effectiveness of our method for selecting causal we retrieved PubMed for all the 12,892 with proxy in GWAS datasets and defined 368 of them with at least one query result as positive samples (In view of the foreseeable importance of the MRESS region, we removed SNPs that have been reported to be in MRESS to suppress the priori bias). Positive samples distributed un-evenly in different seed types. embedded in 7mer (2–8) sites possess the greatest precision (19/165 = 0. 12), followed by 7mer (1–7) sites (16/201 = 0. 080), 8mer sites (8/109 = 0. 073) and 8mer-1a sites (3/62 = 0. 048) respectively. 8mer and 8mer-1a sites possess larger binding energy than 7mer sites and are tolerable to mismatch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific findings related to systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) and the complexity of genetic associations and biological processes involved. It mentions the identification of genes associated with certain diseases and highlights that these results come from multiple GWAS datasets. This implies that while genetic alterations can have an impact, the nature of diseases and their genetic underpinnings is complex, suggesting that not all diseases can be eradicated simply by altering the human genome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 1, p. 46; F. Krens, Waardebepaling van incourante minderheidsbelangen, Ondernemingsrecht 1999, afl. 11, p. 291; W. J. Slagter, De prijsbepaling bij uitkoop, in: G. van Solinge & M. Holtzer (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2001-2002 (VDHI nr. 68), Deventer: Kluwer 2002, p. 186; R. W. Th. Norbruis, Kroniek van de uitkoop- en geschillenregeling, in: G. van Solinge, M. Holtzer & A. F. J. A. Leijten (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2004-2005 (VDHI nr. 82), Deventer: Kluwer 2005, p. 58; P. D. Olden, annotatie bij (OK) 28 oktober 2008, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2008:BG3438, Ondernemingsrecht 2009/24 (Numico), p. 104; Salemink 2014, par. 9. 3. 2 en 9. 3. 4; Y. A. Wehrmeijer & I. M. Hendriks, Kroniek uitkoop en geschillenregeling 2017, in: Y. Borrius e. a. (red. ), Geschriften vanwege de Litigation 2017-2018 (VDHI nr. 152), Deventer: 2018, p. 229; J. W. Winter, J. B. Wezeman & J. D. M. Schoonbrood, Van de BV en de NV, Deventer: 2022, p. 506. Ik noem deze aandeelhouder de maatman-aandeelhouder. 4. 2 De correctie voor de WAP-aandeelhouder Een aandeelhouder kan zijn aandelen ook aanmelden onder het bod om andere redenen dan dat de biedprijs een fair market value vertegenwoordigt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal and business topics, providing references and citations without any relation to legends or mythical creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 30. 7–2. 31. 20. 7–2. 3Table 3Odds ratios for breast cancer by shift-work system in Danish nurses. aAdjusted for age. bAdjusted for age, weight regularity, use of hormone replacement therapy (never, <5, ⩾5years), age at menarche, menstrual regularity, menopausal status, age at birth of first child (nulliparous, <25, 25–29, 29–34, ⩾35years), breast cancer in mother or sister, total duration of lactation (months). cCut-point based on tertiles in exposed controls. dCut-points based on the median in exposed controls. Open table in a new tabThe adjusted odds ratio for breast cancer after potential exposure to electromagnetic fields was non-significantly decreased by both length of exposure (OR, 0. 99; 95% CI, 0. 991–1. 005) and cumulative exposure (OR, 0. 996; 95% CI, 0. 989–1. 003). The mean number of children obtained by interview and from the files of the Register was similar, i. e. 2. 13 and 2. 12 for controls and 1. 97 and 1. 94 for cases, respectively (data not shown). 4 DiscussionIn this nationwide case–control study of Danish nurses, we observed a significantly increased odds ratio for breast cancer when work after midnight was compared with permanent day work. Further, the odds ratio tended to increase with duration and cumulative overnight shifts. In most analyses, we observed only minor confounding. Each of these tendencies is roughly in line with the results of most previous studies of shift-work and breast cancer risk (reviewed in Ref. 6). Increased risk for breast cancer of women working on shift was originally suggested as a prediction of the idea that light-at-night might account, in part, for the high risk in industrialised societies and the rising risk in developing countries. 11 Light-at-night can suppress melatonin production,12 result in disruption of the normal circadian rhythms and shorten sleep length,2 which in turn might enhance the development of breast cancer, but mechanisms are not fully understood. 2,6A novel aspect of the present study was the analysis of risk according to different shift systems, including permanent night shifts. Evening work is less disruptive for circadian biology than night work, but rotating shifts between day and night may be more disruptive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increased odds ratios for breast cancer associated with shift work, particularly work after midnight. It mentions that the disruption of normal circadian rhythms, caused by night shifts, could enhance the development of breast cancer, which is related to metabolic health. The link to light-at-night suppressing melatonin production and its connection to disrupted sleep patterns further supports the claim that shift work can negatively impact metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: The observations are concordant with the speculation that mutant alleles of the two SNPs create microRNA binding sites and lead to repression of the MEFV gene. Furthermore, Shinar et al. [28] found mutations in MEFV gene affect phenotypes of SLE patients, such as SLE onset (earlier), renal failure (decrease) and febrile episodes (more common). Rs1057972 A > T is located in MRESS of IL15 gene. Mutant allele T interrupts binding-site of miR-1207-5p while creating new binding-sites for miR-940/4514/4692. Pistilli et al. [29] discovered that genotype AT and TT of rs1057972 are associated with pre- to post-training absolute difference in 1RM strength (elevate, p = 0. 02), fasting glucose (decrease, p = 0. 03) and BMI (decrease, p = 0. 008), which means mutant allele T leads to the development of muscle strength. Combining with the report that IL15 can inhibit protein degradation [30] and counter muscle loss, which is a clinical feature of SLE patient [31]. may achieve its function through abolishing the repression of IL15 mRNA by miR-1207-5p, thus resulting in up-regulation of IL15 protein. Rs10954213 G > A is located in MRESS of IRF5 gene. Mutant allele A impairs interactions between IRF5 mRNA and miR-181a/664 while enhancing binding-site of IRF5 and miR-543/4477a/4729. Liu et al. [32] and Hu et al. [33] validated the association between rs10954213 and SLE in multi-ethnic population using meta-analysis. Studies of Alonso-Perez et al. [34] and Lofgren et al. [35] demonstrated mutant allele A induces up-regulation of IRF5 mRNA and IRF5 protein in SLE patients. Another observation reported by Lashine et al. [36] is the significant down-regulation of miR-181a in SLE patients. All these evidences strongly imply that rs10954213 regulates SLE by altering the binding of IRF5 mRNA and miR-181a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific genetic mutations and their associations with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), detailing how these mutant alleles affect disease phenotypes. It provides evidence that changing specific genes (such as MEFV and IRF5) can influence SLE, but it does not support the broader assertion that all diseases can be eradicated through genome alteration. The complexity of interactions and specific disease associations indicate that altering the genome may not lead to eradication for every disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: In dat geval kan de assumptie dat die aandeelhouder zijn pakket slechts heeft aangemeld omdat hij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vond niet overeind blijven. De ratio achter het prijsvermoeden dwingt daarom bij het berekenen van het 90%-criterium tot uitsluiting van de aandeelhouder die in een wezenlijk andere positie (WAP) verkeert dan de maatman-aandeelhouder. Na de correctie voor de WAP-aandeelhouder geeft de acceptatiegraad een nauwkeurige indicatie van de marktappreciatie van de biedprijs. 40x Wehrmeijer & Hendriks 2018, p. 230. Deze correctie voor WAP-aandeelhouders op de maatman-aandeelhouders is een systeem van checks & balances op de ratio achter en de betrouwbaarheid van het billijke prijsvermoeden. Bij de beoordeling van de vraag of een aandeelhouder zich in een wezenlijk andere positie bevindt, is van belang of die aandeelhouder slechts zijn belang vanwege de biedprijs verkoopt, of dat hij daar andere redenen voor heeft (par. 4. 3). Een tweede indicator dat een aandeelhouder in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeert, is het bestaan van twijfels over de onafhankelijkheid van de aanmeldende aandeelhouder ten opzichte van de bieder (par. 4. 4). Die twee indicatoren zijn relevant omdat de billijke prijs in de systematiek van artikel 2:359c BW de prijs is die de hypothetische meest biedende en onafhankelijke koper betaalt voor de aandelen. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. Instead, it discusses shareholder assumptions and valuing shares, making it irrelevant to the topic of cultural legends.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2 Permanent night workers might have an advantage over those who work on rotation as they might adjust to the night environment, although full adjustment is rare, because such workers normally return to normal day life during days off. 13 We found that risk of breast cancer increased roughly according to this same order of shift systems. If this finding is replicated in future studies, circadian disruption will be further implicated in the higher risk of non-day workers and may help in future planning of shift systems. As a further indication of reliability of this study, we observed, as in most studies of shift-work and sleep14 that nurses with non-day work tend to sleep less (7. 0h/day) than those working in the day (7. 2h/day). Shorter sleep has been suggested to be associated with an increased breast cancer risk. 1 Further, in our study, nurses working on night shifts reported more menstrual irregularity than those working in the day, and this is also considered an indication of disturbance of circadian rhythms. 15Further strengths of this study include use of a nationwide group of nurses with relatively similar shift systems and a high proportion of participation for both cases and controls, which may have minimised selection bias. Studying one well-defined, well-educated profession may also have reduced confounding. Possible caveats of the study are major overlaps between different shift systems, the limited number of cases, and the small reference group with permanent daytime work; misclassification of nurses into the last group would make the associations susceptible to error. For these reasons, the point estimates with wide confidence intervals must be interpreted with caution. All the information for this study was obtained at interview, often a long time after exposure, resulting in possible imprecision in exposure metrics. An independent but overlapping study of Danish nurses, however, showed good correlations between self-reported use of hormone replacement therapy, birth weight, and fractures and objective register information obtained independently,16–18 indicating that Danish nurses are a reliable source of information for epidemiologic studies. We attempted to minimise any misclassification in several ways. First, in order to minimise recall bias, we did not mention shift-work in the introduction letter, and nurses were not initially asked specifically about shifts. Nurses were asked about normal working hours each month in each job and, if the hours were not ‘normal’, about shifts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various health issues linked to shift work. It notes that nurses working non-day shifts tend to sleep less than those working during the day, which is suggested to be associated with increased breast cancer risk. This reinforces the idea that shift work disrupts normal circadian rhythms and contributes to negative health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: In summary, experimental evidences of all the seven candidate causal support the inference that they are functional SNPs with the abilities to mediate microRNA-induced mRNA repression, and it’s worth noting that some of them have not been reported to be associated with SLE directly, but are related to other diseases that share the same or similar symptoms with SLE, indicating as common pathogenic factor beyond specific disease. tend to be embedded in negatively co-expressed microRNA-mRNA interactions and change binding free energy of the MRESSs greatlyCo-expression of microRNA and mRNA in the same tissue is the prerequisite of their interaction. If further evidence demonstrates their co-expression is negatively correlated, regulatory relationship can be established. We retrieved mirCoX database and obtained co-expression evidences for 495 microRNA-mRNA interactions affected by the candidate causal. Then, we compared their Pearson correlation coefficient to that of the other interactions predicted by TargetScan. Significant enrichment at the part of weakly negative correlation and anti-enrichment at the part of positive correlation were observed for these interactions (Figure 5). Correlation coefficients were not enriched in the part of highly negative correlation probably because most of the 495 interactions were created/enhanced by minor allele of the candidate causal. For the majority of the samples included by mirCoX database, such interactions may only maintain at a relatively low level. Another reason would be the mix of expression from all tissues that dilutes the truly negative correlations in real diseased tissues. Figure 5Enrichment pattern of Pearson correlation coefficients of the co-expressed microRNA-mRNA pairs containing candidate causal. We divided pairs with candidate causal into ten aliquots according to the correlation coefficients and obtained ten intervals. Then, we counted the number of not necessarily candidate SNPs, falling into each interval. At last, we divided the number of candidate causal in each interval by that of the total set and took logarithm. A value greater than zero means microRNA-mRNA pairs containing candidate causal enrich in this part, and a value less than zero stands for anti-enrichment. This figure displays significant enrichment at parts of weakly negative correlation and anti-enrichment at parts of positive correlation, which demonstrates pairs containing candidate causal are more likely to be interactive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing complex interactions between microRNA and mRNA, indicating that while there may be candidate causal variants influencing interactions, these do not directly support the idea that all diseases can be eradicated through genomic alterations. It suggests that, while there are connections between genetic factors and disease expression, eradication is not guaranteed as the evidence points to regulatory relationships that occur within a specific context rather than outright elimination of diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 3 De WAP-aandeelhouder die niet slechts zijn belang verkoopt De aandeelhouder die niet zijn pakket verkoopt omdat hij vindt dat de biedprijs een fair market value vertegenwoordigt, wordt gemotiveerd door een andere reden om zijn pakket aan te bieden. De aandeelhouder heeft bijvoorbeeld een regeling getroffen of een overeenkomst gesloten met de bieder. Die aandeelhouder verkeert in een wezenlijk andere positie wanneer die regeling of overeenkomst meer of andere voorwaarden bevat dan de biedprijs. 41x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder e. Daardoor kan in de aanmelding van die aandeelhouder geen marktappreciatie van de biedprijs worden gelezen. Doorgaans is die luxe alleen weggelegd voor aandeelhouders met een bijzondere positie of kennis, zoals die van bestuurder, nu de bieder vooral die aandeelhouders wil overhalen hun pakket aandelen aan te bieden. Deze aandeelhouder krijgt bijvoorbeeld de mogelijkheid om door te rollen, waardoor hij kan meeprofiteren van de toekomstige groei van de doelvennootschap en de bijbehorende winsten. Die aandeelhouder geniet extra voordelen boven de maatman-aandeelhouder zodat in zijn aanmelding geen marktappreciatie van de biedprijs kan worden gelezen. 42x Zie bijv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding cultural legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. It discusses shareholder behavior and market conditions without any mention of legends or folklore.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 2016;42(6):455-457 pdf full text | Published online: 13 Oct 2016, Issue date: 01 Jun 2016 Does higher energy intake explain weight gain and increased metabolic risks among shift workers? by Lindström J Working in shifts, especially if night shifts are included, is associated with many adverse health effects varying from gastrointestinal disturbances to cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (1–4). The exact mechanisms for these associations are not firmly established (5). Short-term sleep restriction is known to induce insulin resistance and, for example, disturbances in fat metabolism (6), and shift workers are known to suffer from sleep loss. It is plausible that lifestyle factors related to shift work play a role as well. The accumulation of body fat leading to overweight and obesity is one of the key factors behind the development of metabolic disturbances in general population, and we can assume it to be so also among shift workers (7). There seems to be even a dose–response association, with an increasing trend in weight with increasing duration of shift work (8). But what exactly is it in shift work that predisposes those who do it to weight gain? And can we do something about it? In their systematic review of longitudinal studies, et al (9) found a strong evidence for a crude association between shift work exposure and body weight increase; however the confounder-adjusted associations were found to be inconclusive. This indicates that it is not shift work per se but other factors related to or associated with shift work that lead to body fat accumulation. On the other hand, in a recent systematic review, Bonham et al (10) concluded that energy intake does not differ between day and shift workers, and suggest that other factors such as circadian misalignment, meal timing, food choice and diurnal variation of energy metabolism at night may be responsible for the increased rates of obesity observed among shift workers. In general, only minor differences in nutrient intake between day and shift workers have been identified, and the results have been somewhat conflicting. It has been suggested that shift workers have more eating events per day than day workers (11), and it seems that shift workers make more unfavorable food choices than day workers do, preferring snack foods and sugary drinks (11, 12). In a recent study, shift working men were less likely to consume vegetables and fruits daily and women had higher intake of saturated fat compared with day workers (13). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various adverse health effects associated with shift work, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and weight gain. It indicates that shift workers experience sleep loss, which is linked to insulin resistance and disturbances in fat metabolism. Furthermore, it discusses a potential dose-response relationship where increased duration of shift work correlates with increased weight, reinforcing the negative impact of shift work on metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Full size imagewill change the affinity of MRESSs and thus lead to alternation of binding free energy between wild type and mutant type MRESSs. Candidate SNPs should trigger greater energy alternation to ensure effectiveness. To test this hypothesis, we calculated alternation of binding free energy (ΔΔG) for each using a nearest-neighbor algorithm [44]. Then we compared ΔΔG of candidate to that of the total set (Figure 6A). A slightly decline of the peak near zero was observed for candidate causal which was concordant with a larger average |ΔΔG| of 4210 cal/mol for candidate causal versus 4105 cal/mol for all mapped to GWAS datasets. This result proved our hypothesis. A single mRNA may have multiple MRESSs in its 3′UTR. If the SNPs embedded in these MRESSs are in high LD with each other, their effects can be accumulated as haplotype scores. Haplotypes with greater accumulated |ΔΔG| should have greater impact on the expression level of mRNAs. We identified 3970 haplotypes comprised of at least two in 3′UTR of 1336 protein-coding genes, using LD data of 1000 genome pilot1. The average |ΔΔG| is 8521 cal/mol. If we only concern about haplotypes containing candidate the average |ΔΔG| would increase to a much greater value of 9781 cal/mol. We also compared the distribution of ΔΔG between haplotypes containing candidate and the total set, and got more striking results (Figure 6B). Figure 6Distribution of the alternations of binding free energy (ΔΔG) are different between candidate causal and the total set of in 12 GWAS datasets. Red dotted line denotes the candidate causal while black solid line denotes the total set of in 12 GWAS datasets. ΔΔG in Figure 6A is calculated by single SNP while that in Figure 6B is calculated by haplotype. We can observe a decline of the peak near zero and rightward shift for candidate which indicates the greater alternation of binding free energy are created. Full size imageConclusionMicroRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators. Variants in their recognition element seed sites can result in dysfunction of microRNA-induced mRNA repression and thus lead to diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of genetic interactions, specifically through microRNAs and their roles in regulating mRNA. It suggests that while genetic variants can influence disease processes, the notion that all diseases can be completely eradicated by simply altering the human genome is oversimplified. The mention of specific mechanisms, such as the dysfunction caused by variants in microRNA recognition elements, indicates that genetic alterations might not necessarily result in the eradication of all diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: (OK) 23 november 2021, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2021:3638, ARO 2022/22 (ICT Group), r. o. 3. 13, waar werknemers in de gelegenheid werden gesteld om aandelen in een groepsmaatschappij van de bieder te verwerven en daarom in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeerden. Aandeelhouders kunnen volgens de OK ook op een andere manier in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeren dan de maatman-aandeelhouder. 43x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 17. Het is niet duidelijk welke situaties hieronder vallen. Ik betoog dat aandeelhouders die onder grote druk hun aandelen aanmelden in de na-aanmeldingstermijn in deze categorie vallen. De heersende leer is echter dat aandelen die aangemeld worden tijdens de na-aanmeldingstermijn ‘gewoon’ worden meegenomen voor het berekenen van het 90%-criterium. 44x (OK) 20 december 2011, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2011:BV2310, ARO 2012/13 (Draka Holding), r. o. 2. 3, 3. 10 en 3. 13; (OK) 21 februari 2012, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2012:BV7343, ARO 2012/39 (Crucell), r. o. 3. 12-3. 13; (OK) 21 april 2015, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2015:1461, ARO 2015/133 (Ziggo), r. o. 3. 19. Volgens sommige auteurs getuigt die na-aanmelding nog net van voldoende enthousiasme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal cases and shareholders' positions without mentioning any cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: In a paper by Hulsegge et al (14) in this issue, shift workers were found to have a higher energy intake than day workers (56 kcal/d) and a slightly higher consumption of grains, dairy products, meat and fish and lower consumption of cakes and biscuits. No difference in savory snacks, sweets, soft drinks or juices were found. The difference in energy intake was largest for shift workers with ≥5 night shifts/month, who consumed 103 kcal/d more than day workers. The authors conclude that shift and day workers’ dietary quality is the same, but suggest that a higher energy intake among shift workers may be one of the causes of shift-work-induced overweight, obesity, and other adverse health outcomes; a reasonable suggestion if we acknowledge as fact that overweight indeed develops as a result of positive energy balance. The study included a relatively large population-based sample of 683 and 7173 shift and day workers, respectively from the original cohort of 40 010 men and women. The analyses were cross-sectional, with dietary data collection based on a 178-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for the past year diet and retrospective data collection on work schedule 14–20 years earlier. The analyses were adjusted for several confounders, including age, sex, smoking, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI). No differences were presented for clinical risk factors, except that shift workers had slightly higher BMI compared with day workers. BMI is a crude measure of body adiposity, but does not tell anything about the actual body size, which is the most important predictor of energy expenditure (15). Due to the study’s cross-sectional study design, we do not know if the workers were eating more calories because they had higher BMI or if they had higher BMI because they were eating more calories. Furthermore, level of physical activity was estimated with a short questionnaire, including one question about type of work (sedentary, standing, physical, or heavy manual). This simple categorization may not be able to fully adjust for differing energy needs in different occupations. Therefore, Hulsegge at al’s conclusion that “…future studies need to confirm that shift workers indeed have a higher energy intake than day workers independent of energy requirements” is justified. Another important point in future studies is to use reliable and valid methods for dietary data collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing findings that suggest shift workers may have a higher energy intake than day workers, which could contribute to overweight and obesity—both of which are known risk factors for negative metabolic health outcomes. The authors indicate that the increased energy intake among shift workers might be a factor leading to adverse health effects, supporting the claim that shift work can negatively impact metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Error bars correspond to standard deviation of the mean. No obvious dependence of expression variability to total 5UI length can be observed except for the most highly variable genes, which tend to have slightly shorter 5'UTR introns. (d) Boxplot of log10 of total 5'UTR intron length for gene groups defined by the number of tissues in which expression of each gene was detected. A gene was defined to have detectable expression in a given tissues if its expression was higher than the 25th percentile of mean expression of all genes. We found no differences in total 5'UTR intron length amongst the different gene groups. (e) Histogram of number of genes divided by the presence of 5'UTR introns and by the number of tissues in which expression was detected. The number of tissues in which expression was detected was independent of the presence of 5'UTR introns. Full size image Although our approach reliably captures across-tissue variability in gene expression, it disregards any potential effects of 5UI presence or length on how widely a gene is expressed. To consider the potential impact of such effects, we calculated the number of tissues in which expression was detected for each gene. Based on our analysis presented in Figure 3a, we defined a given gene as 'present' in a given tissue if its expression was greater than the 25th percentile in the distribution of mean expression over all tissues, calculated for all genes. Genes were placed into one of five classes according to the number of tissues in which they were present. No significant difference was detected amongst the corresponding five distributions of total 5UI length (Figure 3d; Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test, df = 4, P = 0. 19). Furthermore, the distribution of number of tissues in which each gene was present did not differ between genes containing and lacking 5UIs (Figure 3e). These results clearly contradict predictions of the 'genome design' hypothesis, in that narrowly expressed genes did not show a greater tendency to contain 5UIs nor did they tend to have longer 5UIs. These results strongly suggest that the evolution of 5UIs is not driven primarily by the selective pressures proposed by the 'genome design' hypothesis. Functional enrichment of categoriesUnder the neutral model, genes with 5UIs should be uniformly distributed across functional groups. We used (GO) function annotations to determine which groups of genes are enriched or depleted in 5UIs, if any. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing results that suggest the predictions of the 'genome design' hypothesis are not supported. It states, 'these results clearly contradict predictions of the 'genome design' hypothesis,' implying that altering the genome does not guarantee changes in gene expression variability or disease eradication as proposed by the claim. The findings demonstrate that the evolution of certain genomic features is not primarily influenced by the selective pressures that might be necessary for achieving disease eradication through genetic alterations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 45x Storm 2018, p. 605. Dat lijkt mij onder bepaalde omstandigheden niet het geval. Daar ga ik hieronder nader op in. Voor de start van de aanmeldingstermijn onderhandelt het bestuur van de beursvennootschap met de bieder over de voorwaarden van het bod. Daarbij wordt doorgaans afgesproken dat het bod gestand wordt gedaan bij een aanmeldpercentage van 80%. 46x Strikt bezien is de term ‘aanmeldpercentage’ niet accuraat, omdat de drempel altijd wordt gebaseerd op het totaal van (1) de onder het bod aangemelde aandelen en (2) de door de bieder al gehouden aandelen. Soms wordt het bod zelfs gestand gedaan bij een lager percentage dan afgesproken met de bieder. 47x Bij de overname van Accell door KKR werd het bod gestand gedaan, ondanks dat in de aanmeldingstermijn ‘slechts’ een aanmeldpercentage van 77,8% werd bereikt, terwijl een percentage van 80% was afgesproken tussen de bieder en de doelvennootschap. Na de initiële aanmeldingstermijn wordt bekend of het bod gestand wordt gedaan. Daarna volgt de na-aanmeldingstermijn. Vervolgens wordt bekend of er van een afgesproken pre-wired back end-structuur gebruik wordt gemaakt. Dat instrument blijft daarom na de bekendmaking dat het bod gestand wordt gedaan als een zwaard van Damocles boven de na-aanmeldingstermijn hangen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses topics related to stock bidding processes and percentages, without any mention of folklore, legends, or creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: A review by Lowden et al (16) evaluated the results of shift workers’ dietary intake studies since 1967. They highlighted several shortcomings of dietary studies among shift workers, including unreliable methods used for nutrition research. Shift work can change food timing while a healthy diet can be difficult to maintain especially if the facilities for eating outside the normal working hours are not well organized and healthy food choices are not available. Having catering services in worksites may be associated with healthier eating habits (17). If and when food frequency questionnaires are used, they should specifically be designed to capture the typical nutritional features in shift work, such as the irregularities in dietary patterns. Food diaries collected for a sufficient number of days can still be regarded as the most reliable way of collecting data on both the pattern and composition of diet. They are not bound by fixed food items, dish compositions, and portion sizes but allow free, real-time recording of meals and snacks, without the need for retrospection and food-item classification. Can we improve shift worker’s diet? Nutrition advice should be a standard part of the shift workers’ lifestyle counselling in occupational healthcare and the obligatory health check-ups demanded by national legislation in many countries (18). Whether or not shift work in general predisposes individuals to poor food choices or increased energy intake is not definitively proven. Either way, every shift worker should be considered individually and lifestyle counselling based on personal situation and estimation of individual risk factors for metabolic and other chronic diseases should be provided. 1. . Incidence of metabolic syndrome among night-shift healthcare workers. Med. 2010; 67:54-57. 2. Knutsson A, Boggild H. Gastrointestinal disorders among shift workers. Health. 2010; 36:85-95. 3. . Shift work and vascular events: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012; 345:e4800. 4. . Night shift work and incidence of diabetes in the danish nurse cohort. Med. 2016; 73:262-268. 5. Puttonen S, Härmä M, Hublin C. Shift work and cardiovascular disease – pathways from circadian stress to morbidity. Health. 2010; 36:96-108. 6. . Sleep restriction increases free fatty acids in healthy men. Diabetologia. 2015; 58:791-798. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dietary challenges faced by shift workers, such as changes in food timing and difficulty maintaining a healthy diet. It also suggests that these dietary discrepancies could predispose individuals to poor food choices and hence negatively impact metabolic health. Furthermore, it emphasizes the necessity for lifestyle counseling for shift workers to address their unique dietary patterns and risk factors for chronic diseases, reinforcing the notion that shift work may have adverse effects on metabolic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: This process could be restricted spatially, such that if the distance between the regulatory element and the transcription start site is long, then the enhancement should be less pronounced. Hence the genes with the highest expression levels might be under selective pressure to keep their introns short in order to retain their enhancer elements closer to the transcription start site. In this scenario, one can further imagine these elements to function in a tissue-specific regulatory mechanism if the recruited factors are themselves tissue-specific. Such an enhancer, located in the first intron of the mammalian acetylcholinesterase gene, was previously found to mediate the tissue-specific expression of this gene [56]. Another example of tissue-specific gene expression enhancement mediated by a 5UI was reported for the rice gene rubi3 [57]. The pressure to maintain regulatory elements in introns is also the central idea of the genome design model, and we tested the applicability of this hypothesis to 5UIs by analyzing genes with tissue-dependent variability in gene expression. As the most proximal intron to the transcription start site has been shown to contain more regulatory elements [33, 34], the genome design model might be expected to apply to 5UIs as well as coding region introns. Specifically, the genome design hypothesis predicts that tissue-specific or highly variable genes contain many regulatory elements in their introns and hence have longer introns in general [30]. However, we found no relationship between variability in expression across tissues and the length of the 5UI (Figure 3a, b). Furthermore, neither 5'UTR presence nor length was correlated with how widely a gene was expressed. Most known nucleotide-level regulatory elements are short (<15 nucleotides), and most known cis-regulatory modules could be contained within even a short (<1 kb) 5UI. Therefore, 5UIs need not be particularly long to enable complex and conserved regulation via cis-regulatory elements. Our results support the idea that the genome design model is not likely to be the most useful guide for understanding the evolved lengths of 5UIs. Finally, we considered whether certain classes of genes preferentially include 5UIs, and whether 5UIs contain regulatory elements. We found that genes with regulatory functions are enriched for 5UIs. The non-receptor tyrosine kinases, which play fundamental roles in all aspects of cell biology and signal transduction, were the most strongly enriched gene category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of gene regulation and highlighting that altering the human genome does not straightforwardly predict the eradication of diseases. It mentions findings such as 'we found no relationship between variability in expression across tissues and the length of the 5UI,' which implies that simply changing genomic elements does not guarantee a desirable outcome in terms of disease eradication. The detailed exploration of genomic regulatory mechanisms suggests that the idea of eradicating all diseases by altering the genome oversimplifies the relationships between genetic alterations and their effects on disease expression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Deze gang van zaken heeft tot gevolg dat er grote druk wordt uitgeoefend op minderheidsaandeelhouders om alsnog in de na-aanmeldingstermijn hun aandelen aan te bieden. In de praktijk gaat dat soms zo ver dat minderheidsaandeelhouders worden opgebeld met de mededeling dat ze maar beter meteen hun aandelen kunnen aanmelden omdat ze anders uit de vennootschap gedrukt worden. Melden zij hun aandelen niet aan, en gaat de deal alsnog door, dan worden zij geconfronteerd met de pre-wired back end en de uitkoopprocedure. Een van de gevolgen daarvan kan zijn dat de minderheidsaandeelhouders 15% dividendbelasting moeten afdragen over de waarde van de aandelen. 48x Of een aandeelhouder dividendbelasting moet afdragen, kan per minderheidsaandeelhouder verschillen en de impact hiervan is daarom afhankelijk van de omstandigheden van het geval. Een voorbeeld hiervan is de overname van Accell door KKR en Teslin. Teslin was al aandeelhouder in Accell en zou aandeelhouder blijven na de overname. Het bod werd op 9 juni 2022 tegen de biedprijs gestand gedaan, toen KKR en Teslin samen 77,8% van de aandelen in handen hadden. De in de merger agreement afgesproken drempel van 80% voor de gestanddoening van het bod werd dus niet gehaald. Op 22 juni 2022 werd alsnog de 80%-grens gehaald, waardoor de minderheidsaandeelhouders gesqueezed konden worden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the pressures faced by minority shareholders during a corporate acquisition, with no mention of legends or creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum biology explores the intersection of quantum mechanics and biological processes. [SEP] Text: Time-delocalized quantum subsystems and operations: on the existence of processes with indefinite causal structure in quantum mechanics Time-delocalized quantum subsystems and operations: on the existence of processes with indefinite causal structure in quantum mechanicspolytechnique de Bruxelles, C. P. 165, Université libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, BelgiumPublished:2019-12-02, page 206Eprint:arXiv:1801. 07594v4Doi: 3, 206 (2019). Get full text pdfRead on arXiv VanityComment on Fermat's libraryFind this paper interesting or want to discuss? Scite or leave a comment on SciRate. AbstractIt has been shown that it is theoretically possible for there to exist higher-order quantum processes in which the operations performed by separate parties cannot be ascribed a definite causal order. Some of these processes are believed to have a physical realization in standard quantum mechanics via coherent control of the times of the operations. A prominent example is the quantum which was recently demonstrated experimentally. However, the interpretation of such experiments as realizations of a process with indefinite causal structure as opposed to some form of simulation of such a process has remained controversial. Where exactly are the local operations of the parties in such an experiment? On what spaces do they act given that their times are indefinite? Can we probe them directly rather than assume what they ought to be based on heuristic considerations? How can we reconcile the claim that these operations really take place, each once as required, with the fact that the structure of the presumed process implies that they cannot be part of any acyclic circuit? Here, I offer a precise answer to these questions: the input and output systems of the operations in such a process are generally nontrivial subsystems of Hilbert spaces that are tensor products of Hilbert spaces associated with systems at different times---a fact that is directly experimentally verifiable. With respect to these time-delocalized subsystems, the structure of the process is one of a circuit with a causal cycle. This provides a rigorous sense in which processes with indefinite causal structure can be said to exist within the known quantum mechanics. I also identify a whole class of isometric processes, of which the quantum is a special case, that admit a physical realization on time-delocalized subsystems. These results unveil a novel structure within quantum mechanics, which may have important implications for physics and information processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the theoretical possibility of higher-order quantum processes and their implications within quantum mechanics, hinting at explorations into complex phenomena that could intersect with biological processes. While it primarily focuses on quantum mechanics, the mention of experimental verifications and implications for physics and information processing suggests relevance to the broader field of quantum biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Then we removed all the cases where another splice variant was present in the RefSeq collection such that any sequence within the intron was part of the coding region. Hence, all the introns in our final dataset were strictly present in the 5'UTR according to the annotation of RefSeq genes. 5'UTR exon coordinates were similarly retrieved as of June 2007. Recent studies suggest that nearly all human genes are alternatively spliced [13–15]. However, it is not clear what fraction of these events have biological significance as opposed to reflecting random noise associated with the less than perfect fidelity of the splicing machinery. Only when multiple independent sources of evidence support tissue-dependent alternative splicing can we be confident that these variants have real biological significance. Therefore, we used RefSeq transcripts, which are (unlike ESTs) manually curated and supported by multiple sources of evidence. For the comparisons between total lengths of 5UIs and the rest of the introns, we extracted coordinates of all non-5'UTR introns from the RefSeq annotation table (as of May 2009). A complete list of the genomic coordinates of 5UIs examined in this study is available as Additional file 1. Microarray data and analysisThe microarray data were downloaded from Atlas, which included expression data from 79 different tissues in humans [66]. We used the gcRMA-normalized data from the Affymetrix U133a and GNF1H arrays. Synergizer [42] was used to associate RefSeq genes with probe sets on the U133a array and custom Perl v5. 8. 8 scripts were used to parse the GNF1H annotation table (available on the Atlas website). The resulting correspondences of RefSeq IDs to probe sets on the GNF1H and U133a microarrays were merged to obtain a final mapping. Where multiple probe sets corresponded to a single RefSeq ID, the arithmetic mean of the expression values of all the probes was used to obtain a representative expression level for that RefSeq ID in each tissue. A single region of the genome can correspond to more than one RefSeq ID due to alternative splice variants and/or alternative promoters, and there were cases of a single probe set corresponding to multiple RefSeq IDs. To avoid overweighting such regions, we removed RefSeq IDs such that there were no duplicates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in gene splicing and the biological significance of splice variants, ultimately indicating that the process of understanding and manipulating the human genome is nuanced and not straightforward. It highlights the fact that not all genetic alterations necessarily yield significant biological outcomes, suggesting that eradicating diseases through genome alteration is not an absolute or guaranteed solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Binnen 24 uur hadden KKR en Teslin 97% van de aandelen in handen. Dat in één dag tijd 17% van de aandeelhouders eieren voor hun geld kiest, verbaast niet. 49x Het percentage van 17% kan enigszins een vertekend beeld geven omdat indexfondsen volgens hun beleid hun pakket aandelen pas mogen aanmelden als de 80%-grens uit de merger agreement behaald is. Ik ben van mening dat indexfondsen die ‘blind aanmelden’ – zonder zich een eigen oordeel over de biedprijs te vormen – kwalificeren als WAP-aandeelhouder. De aandeelhouder die in de Accell-casus van mening is dat de biedprijs geen billijke prijs is, bevindt zich namelijk in een onmogelijke positie: (1) het bod accepteren en genoegen nemen met een prijs waarvan hij vindt dat die niet kwalificeert als billijke prijs, of (2) zijn ‘geluk’ beproeven in de uitkoopprocedure of de back end. Minderheidsaandeelhouders zoals ASR verklaarden zich onder druk gezet te voelen om alsnog de aandelen aan te melden. 50x Zie fd. nl/bedrijfsleven/1441964/veb-accell-schoffeert-minderheidsaandeelhouders. Bij de overname van Boskalis door HAL verklaarden minderheidsaandeelhouders die in dezelfde positie verkeerden als ASR ook dat zij zich onder druk gezet voelden, zie fd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses stock shareholder decisions and pressures during a merger, which does not relate to cultural legends or mythical creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe mitochondrial genome plays a crucial role in the balance of energy and heat production in organisms and, thus, may be under natural selection due to its potential role in adaptive divergence and speciation. Here, we studied natural selection on the mitogenome of Acrossocheilus (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), a genus of fish that inhabits a broad latitudinal distribution ranging from the tropics and subtropics through temperate regions. Specifically, we used 25 published mitogenome sequences of Acrossocheilus species to investigate phylogenetic relationships in this genus and detected signals of positive selection on 13 protein-coding, mitochondrial genes. We found that relaxed purifying selection and genetic drift were the predominant evolutionary forces acting on the analyzed mitogenomes. However, we also found evidence of diversifying selection on some codons, indicating episodes of positive selection. Additionally, we analyzed the mitogenomic data within an environmental modeling framework and found that the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 may correlated with a mean diurnal temperature range (p = 0. 0449), while the Ka/Ks ratio of COX2 may correlated with precipitation during the driest month (p = 0. 00761). These results suggest that the mitogenomes of Acrossocheilus species may be involved in evolutionary adaptations to different habitats. Based on this, we believe that our study provides a new insight into the role of the mitochondrial genome of Acrossocheilus species in adaptation to different environments. During our study, we also discovered several cases of paraphyly and polyphyly among accessions of species and their putative synonyms. Thus, our study suggests that a careful reassessment of the taxonomy of Acrossocheilus is using high-quality molecular data merited. Citation: (2022) Natural selection drives the evolution of mitogenomes in Acrossocheilus. 17(10): e0276056. Bi-: May 26, 2022; Accepted: September 27, 2022; Published: October 13, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Zhao et al. This is an open access 6. 06 [17]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Details of the sequences used in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the mitochondrial genome of the fish genus Acrossocheilus is under natural selection, which plays a crucial role in adaptive divergence and speciation. It mentions detecting signals of positive selection on specific genes and how these adaptations may be correlated with environmental factors, reinforcing the concept that natural selection drives evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Mind the dbGAP: the application of data mining to identify biological mechanisms. Mol. Interventions, 11(2): 95–102. CrossrefPubMed2011. The impact of next-generation sequencing on genomics. J. Genet. Genom. 38(3): 95–109. CrossrefPubMed2011. Charting histone modifications and the functional organization of mammalian genomes. Nat. Rev. Genet. 12: 7–18. CrossrefPubMed2013. PermissionsRequest permissions for this 2013. The humankind genome: from genetic diversity to the origin of human diseases. Genome. 56(12): 705-716. Export 1. A sound comprehension of molecular biology and relevant biotechnology is a prerequisite for research on the molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine, mainly medicinal herbs Go to 2. Epigenome-wide association study for transgenerational disease sperm epimutation biomarkers following ancestral exposure to jet fuel hydrocarbons Go to 3. About three‐fourths of mouse proteins unexpectedly appear at a low position of SDS‐PAGE, often as additional isoforms, questioning whether all protein isoforms have been eliminated in gene‐knockout cells or organisms Go to 4. to 5. Transcriptional-Readthrough RNthe Phenomenon of “A Gene(s)” or “Gene(s) within a Gene” in the Human Genome, and to 6. Microscopes and technologies for imaging cells and their protein networks: From nano to atomic scale resolution Go to 7. Imperative to Establish a of Chimeric RNA and to a Lot of Confusion in the Go to 8. Variability and to 9. Variation and Go to 10. The Race/Go to 11. Meta-analysis of CYP2E1 polymorphisms in liver carcinogenesis Go to 12. Human microbiomes and their roles in dysbiosis, common diseases, and novel therapeutic approaches Go to 13. Isoforms of wild type proteins often appear as low molecular weight bands on SDS‐PAGE Go to 14. The other side of the coin: The tumor-suppressive aspect of oncogenes and the oncogenic aspect of tumor-suppressive genes, such as those along the CCND–CDK4/6–RB axis Go to 40. 00 Single 75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the potential of altering the human genome to eradicate all diseases. Instead, it includes various scientific topics and complex concepts without making a clear connection to the ability to eliminate diseases through genomic alterations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: nl/bedrijfsleven/1443513/boskalis-mogelijk-van-de-beurs-als-hal-80-aandelen-bemachtigt. Van aandeelhouders – zoals ASR – die toch hun aandelen aanmelden onder het bod kan mijns inziens niet worden gezegd dat zij aanmelden omdat zij de biedprijs steunen. Wanneer een minderheidsaandeelhouder in de uitkoopprocedure stelt en zo nodig bewijst dat de minderheidsaandeelhouders die aanmelden in de na-aanmeldingstermijn onder dreiging van de pre-wired back end om die reden kwalificeren als WAP-aandeelhouders, dan lijkt mij dat een gegronde reden om in die aanmelding geen marktappreciatie voor de biedprijs te lezen. Het gevolg daarvan is dat zij niet worden meegeteld voor het 90%-criterium. 4. 4 De WAP-aandeelhouder die niet onafhankelijk is van de bieder Voor zover het bod betrekking heeft op de door de uitkoper gehouden aandelen, spreekt het vanzelf dat die aandelen geen rol moeten spelen bij de bepaling van de marktappreciatie van de biedprijs. Datzelfde geldt voor een aandeelhouder die kwalificeert als een bieder in de zin van artikel 1:1 Wft en de met hem verbonden (rechts)personen. 51x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses financial and shareholder matters without any mention of cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Analysis of positive selection To investigate whether positive or purifying selection had occurred at the protein level, we calculated the ratio of nonsynonymous (Ka) to synonymous (Ks) (Ka/Ks > 1, positive selection; Ka/Ks = 1, neutrality; Ka/Ks < 1 negative or purifying selection) using the alignment of the 13 protein-coding genes of Acrossocheilus species. Thereafter, we determined the average pairwise Ka/Ks between sequences for each gene in FEL (Likelihood) implemented on the Datamonkey server ( In addition, we used phylogeny-based methods to detect signatures of positive selection at the codon level [24]. This approach facilitates identifying possible positive selection on a small number of codons within genes that may otherwise be masked by strong purifying selection. Specifically, we applied our reconstructed ML phylogenetic tree in CodeML of the PAML4 package [25] to perform a ML analysis of positive selection on codons. For the analysis, we compared several pairs of null and alternative models (M7 vs. M8, M1a vs. M2a, and M8a vs. M8) using a likelihood ratio test (LRT) to determine whether there are variable ratios of ω at particular codon positions [25] (S1 Table). These codon substitution models, which can be compared using likelihood-ration test, assume that the ω ratio is the same across branches of the phylogeny but different among sites in a multiple sequence alignment. We can identify positively selected codons if M2a (positive selection) provides a better fit than M1a (nearly neutral), or if M8 (beta and ω > 1) provides a better fit than M7 (beta) or M8a (beta and ω = 1). The M7 vs. M8 comparison offers a very stringent test of positive selection [26], while the M8a vs. M8 comparison yields fewer false positives [27]. In addition to testing models in we used HyPhy [28] implemented on the web-server Datamonkey [29] to infer codons under selection according to the following approaches: Bayesian AppRoximation (FUBA) [30], Model of Evolution (MEME) [31], (SLAC), and Fixed-(FEL) [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing processes of positive selection and purifying selection at the protein level. It outlines methods to identify positive selection at a codon level, emphasizing the role of selection in evolutionary processes. The analysis of the Ka/Ks ratios, the use of likelihood ratio tests, and the discussion of methods used to detect positive selection all align with the idea that natural selection influences evolutionary changes through differential survival of genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThalassemia is a genetic blood disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen and is made of two proteins from four α-globin genes and two β-globin genes. A defect in one or more of these genes causes thalassemia. The treatment of thalassemia mostly depends on life-long blood transfusions and removal of excessive iron from the blood stream. Such tremendous blood consumption puts pressure on the national blood stock in many countries. In particular, in the Emirates (UAE), various forms of thalassemia prevention have been used and hence, the substantial reduction of the thalassemia major population has been achieved. However, the thalassemia carrier population still remains high, which leads to the potential increase in the thalassemia major population through carrier-carrier marriages. In this work, we investigate the long-term impact and efficacy of thalassemia prevention measures via mathematical modeling at a population level. To our best knowledge, this type of assessment has not been done before and there is no mathematical model that has investigated such a problem for thalassemia or any blood disorders at a population level. By using UAE data, we perform numerical simulations of our model and conduct sensitivity analysis of parameter values to see which parameter values affect most the dynamics of our model. We discover that the prevention measures can contribute to reduce the prevalence of the disease only in the short term but not eradicate the disease in the long term. Citation: Kim S, (2017) Thalassemia in the Emirates: Why it can be prevented but not eradicated. 12(1): e0170485. Michela Grosso, University of : October 11, 2016; Accepted: January 5, 2017; Published: January 30, 2017Copyright: © 2017 Kim, Tridane. This is an open access 1. 33 million pregnancies are at risk for a thalassemia major condition [6, 7]. In particular, the MENA region shows a high prevalence of thalassemia major and carrier populations due to a consanguineous marriage tradition [8, 9]. A consanguineous marriage can be defined as a marriage between two individuals who are related as second cousins or closer with the inbreeding coefficient equal to or higher than 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that although prevention measures can reduce the prevalence of thalassemia in the short term, they cannot eradicate the disease in the long term. It emphasizes that despite genetic factors involved, thalassemia remains a significant health concern and cannot be eliminated entirely through genomic alterations or population-level interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: De ‘uitkoper’ en de ‘bieder’ zijn juridisch twee verschillende figuren maar in de praktijk vaak dezelfde (rechts)persoon. Op die complexiteit gaat dit artikel niet verder in. Ik spreek hierna gewoon over ‘de bieder’. De bewoording ‘met hem verbonden (rechts)personen’ lijkt aan te sluiten bij de definitie van groepsmaatschappij van artikel 2:24b BW. Mijns inziens moet deze categorie ruimer worden opgevat en moeten ook aan de bieder gelieerde partijen onder deze definitie vallen. Bijvoorbeeld wanneer partijen die juridisch niet aan elkaar verbonden zijn samenwerken om een openbaar bod uit te brengen. Aandelen die door de doelvennootschap zelf worden gehouden tellen ook niet mee voor het 90%-criterium. 52x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder c. De OK noemt bestuurders en commissarissen van de doelvennootschap die ook aandeelhouder zijn in beginsel niet onafhankelijk van de bieder. 53x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15 onder d. Dat de OK expliciet bestuurders en commissarissen niet onafhankelijk van de bieder noemt, werpt mijns inziens extra vragen op. Wat te denken van partners, ouders en kinderen van de bestuurder resp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal terms and definitions related to bidding and legal entities without any mention of cultural legends or creatures such as Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Across all genes, the number of synonymous substitutions was 2. 5–12. 7 times higher than nonsynonymous substitutions, and the Ka/Ks ratios for each gene were all < 1. 0, suggesting signatures of purifying selection (Table 2 and Fig 1). The highest average pairwise nonsynonymous substitutions were in ATP8 and ND6 where Ka/Ks = 0. 123 (Table 2 and Fig 1), and the lowest was found in COX1 with Ka/Ks = 0. 00899 followed by 3, and ND4 (with values between 0. 0184 and 0. 0261) (Table 2 and Fig 1). In general, the ND gene family showed relatively high Ka/Ks compared to other genes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. The Ka/Ks ratios of the 13 different mitochondrial genes in Acrossocheilus species. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Summary statistics for the Acrossocheilus mitogenome sequences and regions. determined that gene length, nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations, and the total number of mutations were all normally distributed variables based on F-tests. Among these variables, our linear regressions revealed that the total number of mutations and synonymous and nonsynonymous changes were significantly correlated with gene length (Fig 2A, 2B and 2D). Additionally, the number of synonymous mutations showed a significant linear relationship with the number of nonsynonymous mutations (Fig 2C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Correlation analyses. The dots denote the individual values for the 13 different mitochondrial genes in Acrossocheilus species and the line the best-fitted line. (A) Correlation between total number of mutations and length in bases of the genes. (B) Correlation between synonymous mutations and length in bases of the genes. (C) Correlation between nonsynonymous and synonymous mutations. (D) Correlation between nonsynonymous mutations and length in bases of the genes. Phylogenetic analysis The ML phylogeny shows strong support for all relationships (bootstrap value ≥ 95, Fig 3). Acrossocheilus monticola and A. yunnanensis formed a clade as did A. longipinnis and A. iridescens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the concepts of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions and presents data that suggest purifying selection acting on these mutations. It provides Ka/Ks ratios which indicate the strength and type of selection acting on the genes studied. This supports the claim that natural selection, as expressed through the differential survival of beneficial vs. harmful mutations, plays a crucial role in evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: motive behind all these efforts toward thalassemia prevention is based on the two hypotheses: (H1) Premarital screening will prevent the intermarriage in the carrier population; (H2) In addition to premarital screening, if young adults are educated about thalassemia, marriage among the carrier populations will be prevented. The two hypotheses have been made by many governments that need to manage thalassemia in their countries. The baseline expectation of the hypotheses is the reduction of the thalassmia major population and eventual elimination of thalassemia from the population. Nowadays, the UAE as many other countries do celebrates an almost-thalassemia-free status due to various prevention methods [22]. However, as a relatively young country with a high proportion of working population [19], the UAE’s population growth will continue and hence the thalassemia carrier population will likewise grow. This implies that a high prevalence of thalassemia carrier population in the UAE will continue. As the carrier population continues to marry each other, thalassemia cases are highly likely to reappear. In this paper, we use a mathematical model and computer simulations with UAE population data to test the two hypotheses and investigate the possibility that thalassemia in the UAE can be eradicated via thalassemia prevention methods. We would also like to make the case that for the foreseeable future the UAE government needs to continue its attention to the thalassemia prevention program at existing levels. Formulation and a mathematical model using UAE population data, we investigate whether thalassemia prevention methods such as premarital screening and education can achieve the eradication of thalassemia in the long term. Here, we would like to emphasize that education includes all types of possible genetic counseling and efforts toward public awareness of thalassemia by health authorities in the UAE. Our approach is to use a compartment model that divides the whole population into several subgroups in the UAE. Then, we describe the interactions among the subgroups via differential equations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a specific case study on thalassemia, highlighting that while prevention methods such as premarital screening and education can lead to the reduction and potential eradication of thalassemia, this does not necessarily support the broader claim that altering the human genome can eradicate all diseases. The inherent challenges of population growth and intermarriage among carriers of thalassemia further demonstrate that eradication is not guaranteed by genetic alteration alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: commissaris die aandelen in de doelvennootschap houden, zijn die wel onafhankelijk? En hoe zit het met ander hooggeplaatst management dat aandelen houdt? Bestuurders en commissarissen onderhandelen met de bieder namens de doelvennootschap over de biedprijs. In de aanmeldtermijn wordt vervolgens het bod waarover door het bestuur en de commissarissen is onderhandeld getest op aandeelhouderssteun. Aandeelhouders stemmen met hun aanmelding voor of tegen de voorwaarden van het bod waarover bestuurders en commissarissen onderhandeld hebben. Bestuurders en commissarissen zullen doorgaans als onderdeel van de onderhandelingen met de bieder bedingen dat zij mogen aanblijven als bestuurder of commissaris en/of dat zij mogen doorrollen als aandeelhouder. 54x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15; Winter, Wezeman & Schoonbrood 2022, p. 506. Hetzelfde geldt wanneer zij, of ander hooggeplaatst management, meedoen met een managementparticipatieprogramma. Nu het bod voor de bestuurders en de commissarissen in beginsel andere gevolgen zal hebben dan voor andere aandeelhouders, kan niet worden vermoed dat de aanmelding van de aandelen gehouden door bestuurders en commissarissen plaatsvindt slechts omdat zij de biedprijs een billijke prijs vinden. 55x Zie voor een andere opvatting M. W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses shareholder management and negotiations without any mention of cultural legends, Bigfoot, or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Codons that candidates for being under positive selection, based on four selection tests. results from TreeSAAP showed that 62 sites had changed considerably in amino acid properties (S3 Table). Across all these sites, 23 of them were under positive selection, while 39 showed signatures of purifying selection. One amino acid property, the equilibrium constant (i. e. , ionization of COOH; S3 Table), was found, in general, to be under positive selection in all genes. Environmental analysis Our GLMs revealed that the Ka/Ks ratios of two genes, ATP6 and COX2, have significant relationships to the environment. In particular, there was a relationship (p = 0. 0449) between the Ka/Ks ratio of ATP6 and mean diurnal temperature range (Bio2; mean of monthly (max temp–min temp)). In COX2, the Ka/Ks ratio was correlated with precipitation during the driest month (Bio14), precipitation seasonality (Bio15; coefficient of variation), precipitation during the driest quarter (Bio17), and precipitation during the coldest quarter (Bio19). Among these, the highest significant correlation (p = 0. 00761) was with precipitation during the driest month. relationships The phylogenetic positions resolved for the majority of taxa included in this study were consistent with prior inferences based on traditional taxonomy [12] and molecular markers [38–40]. However, as more accessions included, our analyses revealed some relationships that suggest that species boundaries in Acrossocheilus remain unsettled. For example, A. barbodon, which is endemic to of southern China, has widely been regarded as a synonym of A. iridescens, which occurs in the tropics of. However, in our analyses, A. iridescens formed a clade with A. longipinnis that was sister to A. barbodon. This suggests that A. barbodon may merit species status. Moreover, accessions representing a synonym of A. longipinnis, A. stenotaeniatus, were unexpectedly recovered in a clade with A. spinifer. Thus, the status of A. stenotaeniatus with respect to A. spinifer is unsettled and in-depth taxonomic work is merited to resolve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the analysis of codons under positive and purifying selection, as well as environmental correlations with genetic variations in specific genes, without directly addressing the overarching principles of natural selection or its role in evolutionary processes. As such, it does not corroborate, contrast, or directly engage with the claim made about natural selection and evolution, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Thalassemia major free only equilibrium point, i. e. , TM = TF = 0 only and are not necessarily zero in the following section via a mathematical analysis and computer simulations. All our simulations are generated with R software [26], and the sensitivity analysis with Environment (FME) package [27]. ResultsFirst, we show that the considered model is well posed in S1 Material. Second, we investigate the stability of two possible disease free equilibrium points, and II equilibrium points. Here, equilibrium point implies the eventual extinction of thalassemia major and carrier populations, and Type II equilibrium point indicates the extinction of only thalassemia major population in the future. We focus on these equilibrium points only because they are the aim of any thalassemia control to eradicate the disease. Through the analysis of our mathematical model, we verified that and II equilibrium points are both unstable under the education and premarital screening factors (see the proof in S1 Material). That is, although we may be able to push a given thalassemia status in the UAE toward or Type II equilibrium status by premarital screening and education factors, we will never achieve thalassemia free or thalassemia major free only status in the long term. Thus, thalassemia prevention via premarital screening and education is possible but not effective enough to achieve thalassemia free status. However, this result does not mean that the education and premarital screening are not effective at all. Since these two prevention measures could send a message about the risk of carrier-carrier marriage, i. e. 25% chance of having thalassemia major children, the influence of the two prevention measures should be considered in the marriage decision of carrier-carrier couples. For fixed education and premarital screening rates as in Table 3, we vary the marriage reconsideration rates from 0% to 100% with the initial data SFo = 100,000, and Uo = 15,000. Fig 2 shows that as the marriage reconsideration rates increase, the number of thalassemia major population in both genders decreases. However, this cannot be sustained unless the marriage reconsideration rate of carrier-carrier couples is 100%. Otherwise, the number of thalassemia major cases will increase eventually. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that while thalassemia prevention can be supported by education and premarital screening, true eradication of the disease is not achievable. The analysis states, 'we will never achieve thalassemia free or thalassemia major free only status in the long term', indicating that altering human genetics may not guarantee the eradication of all diseases. This directly challenges the claim regarding the comprehensive effectiveness of genetic alteration in disease eradication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Josephus Jitta, annotatie bij (OK) 25 juli 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:2984, JOR 2017/231 (II) en Salemink 2014, p. 228-229, die betwijfelen dat de aandelen gehouden door bestuurders resp. commissarissen niet meegeteld mogen worden bij het 90%-criterium. Los van de hierboven besproken aandeelhouders laat zich niet gemakkelijk een aandeelhouder bedenken die niet onafhankelijk genoeg is van de bieder om in zijn aanmelding geen steun voor de biedprijs te lezen. De OK heeft nog niet expliciet duidelijkheid verschaft over de vraag wat ‘onafhankelijkheid’ precies inhoudt in de systematiek van de billijke prijs en in welke mate daar sprake van moet zijn. De OK zou er goed aan doen duidelijkheid te verschaffen over wat zij beoogt met deze toets, of dat kan worden volstaan met het rijtje: de bieder en de aan hem gelieerde partijen, bestuurders en commissarissen en de doelvennootschap. Gelet op het voorgaande wordt het 90%-criterium als volgt berekend. De noemer van de breuk ontstaat door het totale aantal aandelen waarop het bod betrekking heeft te verminderen met het aantal aandelen dat gehouden wordt door (rechts)personen die in een wezenlijk andere positie verkeren dan de maatman-aandeelhouder. 56x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses legal matters related to shareholders and does not mention anything about cultural legends or creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: A positive correlation between an environmental variable and Ka/Ks ratio for a specific mtDNA gene may suggest that species inhabiting similar environments undergo convergent adaptative processes for that gene, and that the processes are divergent in different environments. Environments with high energy demands, such as extreme climates, are typically associated with stronger functional constraints on metabolism; that is, lower Ka/Ks values associated with codons/genes linked to energy metabolism [45]. This is consistent with our findings that the Ka/Ks values for ATP6 and COX genes are generally low relative to those of ND genes as the former two genes were found correlated with specific environmental variables, while the latter were not. revealed some significant amino acid changes affecting the equilibrium constant in both ATP6 and COX2 as well as the alpha-helical tendencies for COX2, even though we did not detect any sites of positive selection in this gene has been found in other pelagic fish [46]. Thus, mutations observed in ATP6 of Acrossocheilus could be related to relaxed purifying selection. In contrast, codon 186 was detected as a possible site of positive selection in COX2 in the MEME analysis. The COX2 gene is a catalytic subunit of complex IV of the and plays a role in increasing the coupling efficiency to produce ATP and, consequently, heat. Positively selected sites that appear to interact with other COX subunits (complex IV) have been reported from other fish, such as Scombroidei [11, 46]. Overall, the correlation between precipitation-related variables and Ka/Ks value for COX2 could be because frequent rains reoxygenate waters [47], thereby increasing the dissolved oxygen available for ATP production. Although we detected several significant correlations between Ka/Ks ratios and environmental variables, we cannot reject the possibility that these results are influenced by other variables not evaluated here, such as salinity. ConclusionHere, we identify mtDNA candidate genes under selection which could be involved in broad-scale adaptations of Acrossocheilus species to their environment. This is a novel study to comprehend adaptation to the environment occurring at a molecular level. Integration of environmental and molecular data provide insights into how Acrossocheilus species have adapted to their environments and therefore how they may respond to future, human-induced changes to their environment. Supporting informationS1 Table. Details of site models used in CodeML. S2 Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how specific genes (ATP6 and COX2) show correlations with environmental variables, suggesting that these genes are under selection due to adaptive processes driven by differential survival in various environments. It highlights the concept of adaptation at a molecular level and indicates that these genes may play significant roles in the evolutionary responses of species, which aligns with the notion that natural selection influences evolutionary outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: Since it is difficult to directly measure the impact of education and premarital screening on the UAE population, we performed parameter sensitivity analysis of the model with respect to the thalassemia major populations and uneducated and educated carrier populations as shown in Figs 3–5. We found that as birth rates increased, the thalassemia major population increased; and that as marriage reconsideration rates increased, the thalassemia major population decreased. The birth rate effect is due to the rapid population growth of the UAE whereby the thalassemia carrier populations who still marry and could produce thalassemia major children increase. Interestingly, the sensitivity regarding education and premarital screening rates showed two opposite directions. That is, as the rate of education about thalassemia increased, the number of thalassemia cases decreased. On the other hand, as the rate of premarital screening increased, the thalassemia major population tended to increase. As mentioned before, the UAE population growth results in the growth of carrier population. Thus, as the carrier population grows, the premarital screening will identify the increasing number of carrier population, which implies the future growth of thalassemia major children in the UAE. Therefore, the sensitivity result regarding premarital screening measures the depth of the potential problem of carrier-carrier marriages. Our mathematical analysis and simulations in Fig 2 showed that although these control measures such as education about thalassemia and premarital screening seem to help in reducing the number of thalassemia cases in the the UAE, this decrease in cases is not an indicator of a possible thalassemia-free status in the future. In fact, the number of thalassemia cases will increase eventually. Thus, we summarize what we found from our mathematical modeling as follows: Premarital screening and education about thalassemia do not effectively reduce marriages between carrier populations; Unless all carrier-carrier marriages are stopped, the eradication of thalassemia can not be guaranteed; As long as a carrier population is present in the whole population, a thalassemia major population will always exist; Unless the birth rate is strictly smaller than the death rate of the whole population, thalassemia-free status will never be achieved no matter what control measures are used. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that controlling thalassemia through educational efforts and premarital screening does not guarantee its eradication. It emphasizes that as long as a carrier population exists and certain marriages occur, the number of thalassemia cases will continue to increase, stating 'Unless all carrier-carrier marriages are stopped, the eradication of thalassemia can not be guaranteed.' This evidence suggests that simply altering the human genome would not lead to the eradication of thalassemia, reinforcing the idea that not all diseases can be eradicated through genetic modification alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Een correctie voor een kleine WAP-aandeelhouder uit de teller en de noemer leidt slechts tot een beperkte verschuiving in de berekening van het 90%-criterium (zie in gelijke zin M. W. Josephus Jitta, annotatie bij (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, JOR 2017/162, punt 9). Naarmate een grote WAP-aandeelhouder alleen of meer WAP-aandeelhouders samen over een groter belang beschikken, zal de eliminatie uit het 90%-criterium sneller leiden tot het buiten werking stellen van het billijke prijsvermoeden. Dit brengt namelijk een grotere verschuiving in het 90%-criterium met zich. Doordat WAP-aandeelhouders vaak grootaandeelhouders zullen zijn, die andere voorwaarden kunnen bedingen dan kleinere aandeelhouders, is deze constatering relevant voor de praktijk. 5 Een weerlegbaar prijsvermoeden? 5. 1 Onder welke omstandigheden kan het prijsvermoeden worden weerlegd? Het billijke prijsvermoeden is volgens de wetsgeschiedenis57x Kamerstukken II 2005/06, 30419, nr. 3, p. 49; zie het woord ‘geacht’ in art. 15 lid 5 (voorlaatste alinea) van Richtlijn 2004/25/EG; Group of Experts 2002, p. 69. en jurisprudentie58x (OK) 5 september 2010, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2010:BO5174, ARO 2010/155 (Schuitema), r. o. 3. 9. een weerlegbaar wettelijk bewijsvermoeden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal concepts related to shareholders and price presumptions without mentioning any cultural legends or creatures. Thus, it does not support or contradict the claim regarding cultural legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Natural selection drives rapid evolution of mouse embryonic heart enhancers 2 Proceedings of the 23rd on (GIW 2012) access Published: 12 December 2012 Natural selection drives rapid evolution of mouse embryonic heart enhancers Ben-Yang Liao1 & Meng-Pin Weng1 BMC 11. 5 embryonic heart enhancers were found to exhibit exceptionally weak sequence conservation during vertebrate evolution compared to enhancers of other developing organs. However, it is unknown whether this phenomenon is due to elevated mutation rates, or is a consequence of natural selection. ResultsIn this study, based on the aligned orthologous genomic sequences of mouse and other closely related mammals, the substitution rates of fourfold degenerate sites or intron sequences in neighboring genes were used as neutral 11. 5 stage were examined in p300 ChIP-seq experiments [9], the "specific enhancers" defined in the present study may function in other tissues or developmental stages during mouse embryogenesis. Furthermore, the term "pleiotropic" was used to describe enhancers that are likely to significantly affect the developmental processes of at least two of the examined embryonic organs in [9] when they are absent from the genome. The recombination rate of the mouse genome segment in which an enhancer was located was obtained from the Supplementary table of [29]. Properties of the mouse genesThe coordinates of the mouse genes analyzed were retrieved from the BioMart ( For mouse genes with a null phenotype, the essentiality of each gene was defined based on phenotypic annotations of Informatics 4. 21 ( according to [30]. When premature death or infertility were the knockout phenotype, these genes were considered essential. All other genes with at least one documented null phenotype were considered non-essential. The gene expression profiles for the mouse genes analyzed were obtained from microarray data collected using 61 mouse tissues, including 53 adult tissues, 3 cell lines, and 5 early embryos from E6. 5 to E10. 5 [31]. Expression levels were calculated by averaging microarray-based expression signals from all tissues according to the previous studies [22, 26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'natural selection drives rapid evolution,' which aligns with the claim that natural selection is a driving force in the evolutionary process. Although the text presents some uncertainties regarding the mechanisms involved in the evolution of enhancers, it emphasizes the role of natural selection, reinforcing the idea that it influences evolutionary outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All diseases can be eradicated by altering the human genome. [SEP] Text: The result of our study regarding premarital screening and carrier-carrier marriages are consistent with the situation in other MENA countries, such as Jordan and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, that have a high rate of consanguineous marriage as shown in Table 1. These countries implemented mandatory premarital screening but do not allow termination of pregnancy for thalassemia prevention like the UAE. It has been reported that premarital screening contributed toward detecting carrier population and that carriers who knew their genetic status prior to marriage were more likely to cancel marriage with another carrier in these countries [28]. However, premarital screening did not effectively reduce the carrier-carrier marriages in these countries [28, 29]. The limitation of this work is lack of data on the impact of education about thalassemia and marriage reconsideration of carrier-carrier couples in the UAE. In fact, collecting this type of data, in particular, the impact of education about thalassemia will require the collaboration between local schools and government bodies, valid questionnaires to assess the impacts, and work force to process the collected data. Thus, it may take several years to complete the assessment. The significance of our work is providing a scientific assessment about the impact of education and marriage reconsideration of carrier-carrier couples via mathematical modeling and sensitivity analysis without such data. Furthermore, the result of our study can raise public awareness about the implication of carrier-carrier marriages that have a 1-in-4 chance of having thalassemia major child and the fact that only 100% marriage reconsideration of carrier-carrier couples can lead to the thalassemia eradication in the UAE. In conclusion, the UAE’s current almost-thalassemia-free status does not imply that the population is approaching true thalassemia free status because there is still a large carrier population in the UAE. The UAE might experience a decrease in thalassemia major population due to government efforts to reduce carrier-carrier marriages, but as soon as the government stops its emphasis on thalassemia control at present level, the thalassemia major population will experience a resurgence. Therefore, we suggest that the UAE government continue its current level of thalassemia management and develop various additional ways to reduce carrier-carrier marriages. Supporting InformationS1 Material. Supplementary material for mathematical model. Conceptualization: SK. Formal analysis: SK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific case of thalassemia in the UAE, noting that while efforts such as premarital screening have been implemented to manage carrier-carrier marriages, eradication of thalassemia is not solely dependent on genetic alteration. The text suggests that 'only 100% marriage reconsideration of carrier-carrier couples can lead to the thalassemia eradication in the UAE', indicating that other social factors are critical to disease management and eradication, rather than solely genetic alterations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: Volgens de huidige jurisprudentie van de OK betekent dit dat het billijke prijsvermoeden nog weerlegd kan worden nadat de OK heeft vastgesteld dat is voldaan aan het 90%-criterium. Weerleggen kan volgens de OK in twee gevallen: (1) wanneer er aanwijzingen bestaan dat de biedprijs niet ten minste overeenstemt met de waarde van de aandelen op het moment van het bod (par. 5. 2), of (2) wanneer een groot deel van het geplaatste kapitaal in handen is van enkele aandeelhouders waardoor slechts een geringe free float bestaat (par. 5. 3). 59x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. 3. 21. Ik meen dat een alternatieve benadering beter is. Deze omstandigheden moeten een rol spelen bij de vraag of aan het 90%-criterium is voldaan. Het ligt niet in de lijn van de ratio achter het prijsvermoeden om na het vervullen van het 90%-criterium een weerleggingsmogelijkheid open te houden. Hieronder ga ik in op de redenen daarvoor. 5. 2 De werkelijke waarde van de aandelen ligt hoger dan de biedprijs Volgens de OK kunnen zich ondanks het hoge aanmeldpercentage aanwijzingen voordoen dat de biedprijs niet overeenstemt met de werkelijke waarde van de aandelen op het moment van het bod. 60x (OK) 4 april 2017, ECLI:NL:GHAMS:2017:1203, ARO 2017/139 (I), r. o. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal principles and does not mention any legends or cultural references, including those of creatures like Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Tests of natural selection on enhancer sequencesTo study the patterns and determinants of enhancer evolution rates, aligned mouse-rat (Rattus norvegicus), mouse-human (Homo sapiens), and mouse-rat-human orthologous genomic regions were retrieved from Ensembl ( [32], or the ( [33] (genome versions: mouse: mm9; rat: rn4; human: hg18). Sequence divergence was subsequently calculated, and the numbers of substitutions were computed. Based on the genomic alignments retrieved from the ( [33], the sequence divergence of enhancer regions (D) from mouse versus other mammal sequences was calculated according to baseml of PAML [34] using a GTR model with gamma distribution for site heterogeneity (model = 7; ncatG = 5). Fourfold degenerate sites and intron sequences of the nearest gene with an ortholog in the rat or human genome were used as neutral 0. 01<P≦0. 05 and ***P≦0. 001 by Mann-test). FB, forebrain; MB, midbrain; LB, limb; HT, heart. Full size imageFurthermore, based on alignments of mouse-rat-human orthologous DNAs, the number of nucleotides that were ancestrally A or T before mouse-rat divergence (human and rat are both either A or T of the aligned site) and had a substitution event in the mouse lineage was calculated and defined as "NsubstitutedA/T" for each enhancer. The number of mouse lineage-specific substitutions from A/T to G/C (NA/T→G/C) was also calculated for each enhancer. If heart enhancers underwent more GC-biased gene conversion events, they would be predicted to have a higher NA/T→G/C to NsubstitutedA/T ratio. However, heart enhancers were associated with a significantly lower ratio of NA/T→G/C to NsubstitutedAT (Figure 2B) compared to the enhancers of other tissues. In combination, the results shown in Figure 2 indicate that heart enhancers did not experience more GC-biased gene conversion events over their evolution. Therefore, mechanisms associated with GC-biased gene conversion did not explain the rapid evolution of heart enhancers and the selective pressure acting on them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the patterns and determinants of enhancer evolution rates, indicating that selective pressure is acting on heart enhancers, which is a fundamental aspect of natural selection. It explains that mechanisms related to GC-biased gene conversion did not account for the rapid evolution of heart enhancers, implying that other forms of selective pressure are at play, consistent with the concept of natural selection driving evolutionary changes.