Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The present study revealed that all isolates showed maximum colony radial growth on SDA media rather than PDA. This may be due to the variation in nutrient contents between the media as SDA is selective. However, Gebremariam et al. (2021) reported that the radial growth of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates attained between 0. 83 and 3. 43-mm day-1 by AAUEM-3 and -77 isolates, respectively, which were grown on PDA media at 25°C. In the case of M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 showed higher virulence levels than other fungal isolates to G. melonella under laboratory conditions at seven days post-inoculated. The result confirmed the findings of previous work (Ibrahim et al. , 2016). All isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii showed greater than 86% larval mortality, which indicated that isolates were virulent to G. mellonella. These findings were agreed upon in the work of Kebede (2019), in which it was reported that the top eight isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were virulent to G. mellonella with above 75% larval mortality. The results from microscopic features such as conidial length and width revealed that there was a highly significant difference among isolates. Accordingly, the highest conidial length was obtained with 7. 10 and 3. 24 μm for M. robertsii isolate K-63 and B. bassiana isolate APPRC-27, respectively. This agrees with previous work conducted by Doolotkeldieva et al. (2019), who reported the conidial length and width of B. bassiana were 2. 27 and 1. 85 μm, respectively, with a length to width ratio of 1. 23 μm. Bich et al. (2021) also indicated that the conidial diameters of B. bassiana showed a mean value of 1. 7 to 2. 3 μm. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) also stated that M. robertsii showed a cylindrical to ellipsoid conidial shape with 5-7 and 2-3 μm in conidial length and width, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that isolates of Beauveria bassiana showed a high virulence level, with greater than 86% larval mortality in Galleria melonella, indicating that B. bassiana is an effective pathogen. Additionally, the findings align with previous research, which supports the notion that B. bassiana has viral effects that could translate to controlling other pest populations, including locusts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: An important reason for this high productivity is the virtually unlimited availability of dissolved carbon dioxide. 9Nevertheless, overly high salinity or alkalinity will also lead to a unique flora and fauna in the lake in question; sometimes, in fact, the result may be an absence or near absence of life near the salt lake. In fact it depends on the tolerance of organisms to the mineral concentrations that exist in the lake. fish like cichlids, we generally agree that the highest salinity must not exceed 50-60 g/l (see also 21. I below for African ones), typically in arid and semi-arid areas and in connection to tectonic rifts like the Rift Valley. The pH of most freshwater lakes is on the alkaline side of neutrality and many exhibit similar water chemistries to soda lakes, only less extreme. TABLE 21. I. Chemical characteristics (pH and salinity) for major African salt lakes. NameCountrypHSalinity (g/l)lakesEgypt9. 550LakeSudan9. 5-10. 3Lake AbbeEthiopia9. 8-11115(Green Lake)Ethiopia9. 5-9. 92,5Lake BasakaEthiopia9. 63Lake ShalaEthiopia9. 818Lake ChituEthiopia10. 358Lake AbijattaEthiopia9. 934Lake MagadiKenya10>100Lake BogoriaKenya10. 5350Lake TurkanaKenya/Ethiopia8. 5-9. 22,5Lake NakuruKenya10. 55-90Lake LogipiKenya9. 5-10. 520-50Lake ManyaraTanzania9. 5-1040Lake NatronTanzania/Kenya9-10. 5100Lake RukwaTanzania8. 5-9. 2Lake EyasiTanzania9. 3512Generally speaking, tilapias s. l. have a wide and varied diet and can occupy a large range of habitats, from freshwater to hypersaline conditions; therefore, its distribution is unlikely to be limited by many environmental, physical or chemical conditions. However, the one factor that appears to affect tilapia is its vulnerability to cold temperatures. Tilapia is traditionally viewed as a tropical to warm-temperate species. 13Salt concentration may constitute a limiting factor for fish and for other many organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss the definition or scope of limnology as the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Instead, it provides information about the productivity of lakes, the chemical characteristics of various African lakes, and the dietary habits of tilapias. While it touches on aquatic ecosystems, it does not substantiate or contrast with the claim that limits it to the definition of limnology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern eeOpen access Published: 10 August 2024 Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in Quara district, northwestern Tadesse1,2, Getinet Masresha1 & Ermias Lulekal3 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 37. 5%), and leaves were the most commonly used plant parts (23. 1%). Oral administration (56. 7%) of plant extracts was the primary mode of remedy preparation and use. The highest ICF value (0. 93) was recorded for circulatory and blood-related disorders. The study identified nine plants and 39 therapeutic uses not previously reported in Ethiopia. The RSI showed high overlap with neighboring areas and low similarity with distant areas. Top-ranked multipurpose plants were Ziziphus spina-christi and Terminalia leiocarpa, with agricultural expansion and fuelwood collection identified as major threats. ConclusionThe findings demonstrate the rich diversity of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge in the Quara district. The high ethnobotanical indices warrant further phytochemical and pharmacological investigations. Integrated conservation efforts are recommended to address the challenges facing these valuable plant resources. BackgroundHumans have a long-standing relationship with plants, utilizing them for various daily needs such as food, shelter, fuel, medicines, and fodder [1]. Medicinal plants, in particular, have been integral to traditional healthcare systems, providing treatments for diverse human ailments [2]. The close interaction between man and nature has led to the accumulation of a wealth of traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. Traditional knowledge refers to the unique knowledge held by a particular culture or society, acquired over time through traditional practices [1]. The use of medicinal plants has been an integral part of traditional healthcare systems since antiquity. Health Organization’s Strategy 2014–2023 acknowledges the critical role of traditional medicine, with traditional remedies, practitioners, and herbs providing healthcare for millions of people [3]. Approximately 80% of the global population still relies on traditional herbal medicines [4], and in developing countries, this figure can range from 50 to 95% [5, 6]. Ethiopia, a developing nation, exemplifies this widespread use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases in both humans and domestic animals [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of medicinal plants in general and their importance in traditional healthcare systems. While it acknowledges that medicinal plants have been used historically to treat various ailments, it does not specifically mention Aloe vera or its use for skin ailments, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: However, Sepúlveda et al. (2016) reported that lower conidial lengths vary between 4. 52 and 5. 54 μm for M. robertsii strains. This may be due to the variation in the ecology of fungal species. ConclusionsCorrect identification of entomopathogenic fungi through morphological characterization is a baseline for the selection of virulent isolates for the management of agricultural pests. There was a variation in morphological features among all isolates in terms of colony color, shape, and texture. Isolates with the highest germination percentage and maximum spore production were virulent to second instar larvae of G. mellonella. Accordingly, M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 were highly virulent to G. melonella by the Galleria dipping method, with a 100% mortality rate at 10 days post inoculated at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidial ml-1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil of tomato plant had the potential to control pests sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly insect pests. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests. Data availabilityUnderlying data DANS-EASY: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data, (Geremew, 2023). This project contains the following underlying data:• Germination (germination test of entomopathogenic isolates)• Radial growth PDA (radial growth of isolates on PDA media)• Radial growth SDA (radial growth of isolates on SDA media)• Screening (pathogenicity screening of isolates on Galleria melonella)• Conidial length and width (conidial size of isolates)• Conidial yield (conidial yield of isolates) Data are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that virulent isolates of B. bassiana have the potential to control pests sustainably and effectively. It further emphasizes that the study recommends the use of B. bassiana for managing agricultural pests, thus supporting the notion that this fungal pathogen can be used for pest control, which includes locust populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Knowing that the species no longer occurs in the Chad and the lower Nile, it could well be the relict of a more ancient fish fauna extending northwards, and whose representatives later disappeared from Sudanese river basins. It may well be that B. apleurogramma from Ennedi was part of an ancient fauna which was more widely distributed than nowadays, and whose representatives probably disappeared during an arid climatic phase, with relict populations subsisting in particular zones. That could imply that the isolation of B. apleurogramma would be older than the last humid period. Fish communities in chotts27The chotts, vast shallow temporary lakes of saline character, lie along the northern border of the Sahara, in the Sahara/Mediterranean transition zone, and are large salt flats. Some are flooded every winter; others seldom carry surface water. In Algeria, chotts are the major wetlands. Most of the chotts are of importance to wintering and migrating waterfowl, and support large numbers of ducks. Conversely, due to their high salinity and also because water is not generally perennial, most of the chotts are not inhabited by fish. 28However, there are some exceptions such as the and Chott el Fedjadj complex in Tunisia (Doadrio, 1994). The chotts proper are devoid of fish, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. By contrast much more diverse floras and faunas, including fishes, are found in the beds of the oueds that feed the chotts and in the springs around the margins. Several species of fish live in the oases, including Aphanius fasciatus, Barbus callensis, Clarias gariepinus, Haplochromis desfontainesi and Hemichromis bimaculatus (Doadrio, 1994). Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia affinis have been introduced, this last one for mosquito control. 29In Egypt, (or or Lake Moeris) (figure 21. 3) was freshwater in prehistory, but it is a saltwater lake today and could be compared to a chott. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about fish species and their habitats, specifically discussing the chotts and their ecosystems. However, it does not directly address limnology or define it as the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim since it does not corroborate or contrast it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Traditional medicine serves as the primary healthcare source for around 80% of the Ethiopian population, with over 95% of medical preparations derived from plants [8]. However, the continued existence of these medicinal plants is threatened by various factors, including habitat destruction, urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, firewood collection, and environmental degradation [9,10,11]. Ethiopia, renowned for its exceptional plant diversity, cultural richness, and ancient medical practices, is a hub for ethnomedicinal research [12, 13]. The northwestern lowland area of the country, home to several protected areas and communal forests, is particularly known for its diverse plant species [14,15,16]. Quara, a district in this lowland area, is inhabited by indigenous communities with diverse ethnic backgrounds, including Gumuz, Amhara, and Agew [17, 18]. Additionally, the district has experienced in-migration from different parts of the Amhara region of the country, driven by government resettlement programs [19] and through informal means driven by the search for agricultural and grazing lands [17]. The healthcare system in Quara includes various facilities such as a hospital, health stations, clinics, and pharmacies. However, this infrastructure is severely limited, with only 169 health professionals serving a population of 93,629 [20]. As a result, the local community continues to rely heavily on traditional medicinal plants and associated knowledge. The hot temperatures are prevalent across most of the kebeles in Quara leaving the population vulnerable to a range of diseases and insect-borne illnesses. The top ten human ailments recorded in the district in four successive years (2017/18-2020/21) included malaria, typhoid and paratyphoid, acute upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, functional intestinal disorder, fever of unknown origin, dyspepsia, helminthiases, amoebiasis and disorder of urinary system [20]. Adding to the burden of the inadequate healthcare system, the district experiences a high influx of seasonal agricultural laborers, further straining the limited resources. The remote location of Quara, its distance from major towns, and its proximity to the Sudanese border have facilitated the exchange of traditional medicinal plant knowledge across communities. This has likely led to the discovery of novel ethnobotanical findings in the area. Consequently, the local people have been compelled to rely on and share their knowledge of traditional medicinal plants to address their healthcare needs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of traditional medicine and the reliance on medicinal plants in Ethiopia but does not specifically mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 11. : Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic fungi and their evaluation against Triboliumconfusum, Sitophilus zeamais, and Rhyzoperthadominica in stored maize. J. Pest. Sci. 2013; 86(2): 217–226. : Molecular detection of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana isolates from soils of coffee growing areas in Ethiopia using rDNA-ITS. J. Appl. Biosci. 2017; 119: 11943–11953. : Bioassay and pilot mass production of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana for the control of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei: Scolytidae), Ferrari. J. Appl. Biosci. 2017; 117: 11669–11683. : Morphological and molecular identification of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural and forestry crops. Floresta e Ambiente. 2021; 28. -Gomez DR, et al. : Genotypic properties of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi. Biol. Control. 2000; 19(2): 124–138. : Antagonistic potential of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against Pythium myriotylum causing damping off of tomato. Indian Phytopathol. 2021; 74(3): 715–728. : Characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Kyrgyzstan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2019; 167: 107243. Pub| : Screening of tropical isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for virulence to the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2015; 35(4): 153–163. : Endophytes: exploitation as a tool in plant protection. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2014; 57: 621–629. : Physical and socio-economic profile of zone and districts: Bureau of finance and economic development regional data and information core process: the national regional government of Oromia. Addis Ababa: 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies and evaluations involving the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana, highlighting its potential for controlling various pests, including those relevant to agricultural contexts. The examples given include bioassays and mass production of Beauveria bassiana, which indicates its application for pest control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Wolman, McGraw-Hill, New York, 121. 2003. Role of wood in pumice-bed streams. I: Impacts of post-harvest management on water quality, habitat and benthic invertebrates. For. Ecol. Manage. 177: 243–259. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Historical changes in the distribution and functions of large wood in rivers. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 66–76. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Abundance, size and feeding success of larval shortnose suckers and suckers from different habitats of the littoral zone of Lake. Environ. Biol. Fish. , 71: 365–377. CrossrefWeb of Science1993. Changes in instream habitat, large woody debris, and salmon habitat after the restructuring of a coastal Oregon stream. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 43: 96–102. Crossref1982. Habitat structural complexity and the interaction between bluegills and their prey. Ecology, 63: 1802–1813. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. Simulated fine woody debris accumulations in a stream increase rainbow trout fry abundance. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 125: 472–479. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Winter habitat utilization by stream resident brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and brown trout (Salmo trutta). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1970–1981. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Effects of wave disturbance and substrate slope on sediment characteristics in the littoral zone of small lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 55: 967–976. CrossrefWeb of Science1988. Empirical relationships of phytomacrofaunal abundance to plant biomass and macrophyte bed characteristics. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 976–984. CrossrefWeb of Science1993. Habitat of the eastern sand darter, Ammocrypta pellucida. J. Freshwater Ecol. 8: 287–294. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat. Communications Directorate, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. 1978. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various studies referenced with their publication details but does not specifically provide information supporting or contrasting the claim about freshwater ecosystems providing habitats for diverse organisms. Instead, it appears to be a collection of references that may relate to aquatic studies but lacks clear relevance to the stated claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: However, there are growing concerns about the potential loss of this traditional knowledge and skill, primarily due to habitat degradation, modern education, acculturation, and the waning interest of younger generations [21, 22]. This problem is also prevalent in the lowlands of northwestern Ethiopia. Despite numerous ethnobotanical studies conducted across Ethiopia in recent years, the traditional medicinal plant knowledge of the Quara district remains undocumented. Given the district’s cultural diversity, rich vegetation cover, and other factors contributing to its reliance on traditional medicine, it is hypothesized that a wealth of valuable medicinal plant knowledge exists among the ethnic groups in Quara that warrants further study. Moreover, comparing the findings of such a study with the broader Ethiopian ethnobotanical medicinal plant database could provide valuable insights into the regional distribution and utilization of these plants, further enriching our understanding of Ethiopia’s remarkable traditional plant-based healthcare system. Given the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara, as well as the pressing need to document and preserve its traditional medicinal plant knowledge, the present study aims to (i) document the medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge used by the local communities, (ii) assess the major threats to the medicinal plants, and (iii) identify and report any new ethnomedicinal plant species data and usage information not previously recorded. The overarching goal of these research objectives is to contribute to the conservation and sustainable utilization of valuable plant resources in the unique cultural and ecological context of Quara. Materials and methodsDescription of the study areaThe study was conducted in Quara district, located in the Zone of the in northwestern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is situated between 11°47′5. 4″ and 12°31′3. 6″ N latitude and 35°15′48″ to 36°48′51″ E longitude, with an altitude range of 530 to 1900 meters above sea level [23]. Fig. 1Map of Ethiopia showing the Amhara region and the study sitesFull size imageQuara district comprises 28 kebeles, which are the smallest administrative units. The average annual temperature in the district ranges from 25 to 35 °C, and the mean annual rainfall varies between 600 and 1200 mm [24]. The district experiences an unimodal rainfall pattern, with the rainy season starting in early May and ending in early October. The months between October and May are characterized by dry, hot weather conditions [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. It discusses the loss of traditional knowledge about medicinal plants in the Quara district of Ethiopia and the need to document and preserve this knowledge, without any specific reference to Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : Phenotypic, molecular, and virulence characterization of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsam) Vuillemin, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn. ) Sorokin from soil samples of Ethiopia for the development of mycoinsecticide. Heliyon. 2021; 7(5): e07091. Pub| Text | D: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data. [Dataset]. DANS. 2023. : Fungi: hyphomycetes. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 213–249. Gürlek : Isolation and characterization of Beauveria and Metarhizium spp. from walnut fields and their pathogenicity against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L. )(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control. 2018; 28(1): 1–6. : Colonization of crop plants by fungal entomopathogens and their effects on two insect pests when in planta. Biol. Control. 2010; 55(1): 34–41. S: Spore density and viability of entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Indonesia, and their virulence against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). Trop. Life Sci. Res. 2010; 21(1): 11–19. -: Use of entomopathogenic fungi in the insect pest management of Brassica oilseed crops. Integrated management of insect pests on canola and other Brassica oilseed crops. Boston, MA: CAB International; 2017; 373–382. Humber RA: Fungiidentification. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 153–185. -Naggar SEM, et al. : Isolation and selection of entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agent against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). of Biological. Pest Control. 2016; 26(2): 249. : Evaluation of Endophytes associated with Maize and against the spotted Stem borer, Chilo partellus (Doctoral Dissertation, University). 2019. -Ilan DI, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the characterization of Beauveria bassiana, a known entomopathogenic fungus, indicating its role in pest management. The references to studies on the virulence and efficacy of Beauveria bassiana against various insect pests support the assertion that it is a fungal pathogen effective in controlling pest populations, potentially including locusts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 54: 931–939. CrossrefWeb of Science1987. Summer and winter habitat selection by juvenile Chinook salmon in a highly sedimented Idaho stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 116: 185–195. CrossrefWeb of Science1989. Shelter characteristics and Caribbean fish assemblages: Experiments with artificial reefs. Bull. Mar. Sci. 44: 666–680. Web of Science1991. Effects of increased nesting cover on nesting and reproduction of small mouth bass in northern Wisconsin lakes. First international small mouth bass symposium. University. 43. 1996. An evaluation of stream restoration structures in a stream, 1981–1993. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 16: 272–281. Crossref1986. Effects of instream structures on salmonid habitat and populations in Tobe Creek, Oregon. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 6: 38–46. Crossref1996. Largemouth bass abundance and aquatic vegetation in Florida lakes: An empirical analysis. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 34: 23–32. Web of Science1938. The improvement of lakes for fishing: a method of fish management. Bulletin of the Institute for Fisheries Research. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1974. Annual production by in during eleven successive years. Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. 1976. A long-term evaluation of trout habitat development and its relation to improving management-related research. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105: 361–364. CrossrefWeb of Science1988. Compendium of 45 trout stream habitat development evaluation in 1953–1985. Department of Natural Resources. , Madison, Wisconsin. 2002. Effects of on of Bass in an Ozark Reservoir. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 22: 1201–1208. CrossrefWeb of Science1985. Responses of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) to fertilization of coastal lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 320–331. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) nursery lake fertilization: Review and summary of results. Environ. Rev. 12: 133–162. Crossref2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains citations of various studies without directly addressing the concept of freshwater ecosystems providing habitat for diverse organisms. While some specific studies mentioned may pertain to fish, the overall text does not support, contrast, or discuss the claim effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency [25], the district had a total population of 94,106, with 50,021 (53. 15%) men and 44,085 (46. 85%) women. Of the total population, 89,375 (94. 97%) resided in rural areas. The study area has a diverse ethnic composition, primarily consisting of the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz communities. The predominant religion is Christianity. The primary language spoken in the area is Amharic, with other locally known languages including Agewgna, Gumuz, and Datsien [17]. In terms of topography, the district is characterized by flat to undulating plains that slope from south to north. The landscape features valleys, streams, scattered hills, and seasonal wetlands in the lowlands. As the terrain transitions to the midland agroecology, it becomes steep, rugged, and scenic. The lowland area of the district is widely used for investment in Ethiopia, and the main sources of income are mixed crop-livestock systems. These systems involve the production of sesame, sorghum, maize, and cotton, as well as the rearing of livestock such as cattle, goats, and equines [23]. The district’s vegetation is categorized under the Combretum-Terminalia woodland and wooded grassland vegetation type [26]. Additionally, the area contains other diverse ecosystem complexes, including intact scrublands, riverine vegetation, seasonal wetland vegetation, open wooded grasslands, and hilly area woodlands [27]. Research designReconnaissance survey and site selectionThe researchers obtained a formal letter from the for Research and of the University of Gondar to conduct the study with clearance number 1059/2022. Then, we presented this letter to the Quara district administration office and received permission to proceed with a reconnaissance survey and select sample kebeles for the actual study. The reconnaissance survey was carried out from July 15–22, 2022, in the Quara district. After the reconnaissance survey, ten kebeles were selected through stratified random sampling, based on the recommendations of district administrators, local authorities, and elders. The selected sample kebeles represented 35. 7% of the total 28 kebeles in the Quara district. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses demographic and geographical details about a district and does not mention Aloe vera or its use in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 1 1 13 Jul 2023 Views 0 to cite this report: Doolotkeldieva T. For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates on Galleria mellonella [version 5; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Finding highly virulent entomopathogenic fungi remains an important challenge as an alternative to chemical pesticides. In this 10. 5256/f1000research. 147045. r187389) The direct URL for this report is: This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that virulent isolates of Beauveria bassiana were tested and indicated the potential to control pests, as outlined in the study. It emphasizes the efficacy of B. bassiana, particularly in the context of reducing synthetic pesticide usage and enhancing eco-friendly pest management strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Effects of gravidity on habitat use and antipredator behaviour in three-spined sticklebacks. J. Fish Biol. 52: 973–984. CrossrefWeb of Science2001. Density and size of juvenile salmonids in response to placement of large woody debris in western Oregon and Washington streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 282–292. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in watersheds. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 22: 1–20. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Why are quantitative relationships between environmental quality and fish populations so elusive? Ecol. Appl. 10: 367–385. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. MetaWin: statistical software for meta-analysis. Version 2. 1. 3. 4. Sinauer Ass. 2001. Fitness consequences of habitat use for juvenile cutthroat trout: energetic costs and benefits in pools and riffles. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 585–593. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Habitat factors affecting the abundance and distribution of juvenile cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 766–774. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Resources partitioning in fish assemblages: A review of field studies. Copeia, 2: 352–388. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Aquatic plant and fish assemblage: a macrophyte removal experiment in stream riffle habitats in a lowland salmonid river (Brittany, France). Bull. Fr. Peche Piscic. 350–351: 693–709. Crossref1988. Occupation of submerged aquatic vegetation by fishes: testing the roles of food and refuge. Oecologia, 77: 101–106. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1965. A method for estimating the potential fish production of north-temperate lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94: 214–300. CrossrefWeb of Science1974. Index, a fish yield estimator - review and evaluation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 663–688. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead lists various studies related to fish behavior and habitat but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the assertion that freshwater ecosystems serve as habitat for diverse organisms. Therefore, the relationship is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The criteria for selecting the sample kebeles included the presence of traditional healers, agroclimatic conditions (lowland and midland), ethnic distribution (Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz), and settlement history (local inhabitants and settlers). Sample size determination and informant selectionTo determine representative samples for the study area, Cochran’s formula [28] as cited in [29] was used. Accordingly, a total of 286 informants (195 males and 91 females) were chosen (Table 1). Among them, 58 were key informants, while 228 were general informants. The key informants were purposefully selected in consultation with local authorities and elders, as well as using the snowball sampling method. The general informants were selected through a random sampling method, considering factors such as age, sex, cultural background, settlement history, and agroecology. Table 1 Description of study kebeles of data collection within the study area, highlighting key geographical and demographical attributeFull size tableData collectionEthnobotanical information was collected through face-to-face interviews with informants. For this purpose, pre-planned semi-structured questionnaires, and standardized data collection protocols [30,31,32] were used. Extensive field trips, accompanied by informants, were conducted from August 2022 to October 2023 to identify and collect therapeutic plant species used in the district. The interviews were primarily conducted in the Amharic language, which is the common language of the study area. However, when informants spoke other languages, local translators were engaged. Subsequently, all the documented data were translated into English. The checklist contained questions focused on local names of medicinal plants, their habits, parts used, diseases treated, and mode of preparation and administration. In addition, for on-site data collection, guided field walks with the informants were carried out, during which notes were taken on local names, plant specimens were collected, and information on habits, habitats, status, and other relevant details of the therapeutic plant species were recorded. Moreover, four focus group discussions were held with seven key informants in each discussion. These discussions covered various topics, such as threats to medicinal plants, conservation practices, antidotes, and dosage following the approach outlined by [33]. The focus group discussions helped to validate the data collected from the informants. Specimen identificationThe collected voucher specimens were authenticated using taxonomic literature, reference voucher specimens, and various books on the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on research methodology, study participant selection, and data collection related to various therapeutic plant species, without specific mention of Aloe vera or its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: a concern Respond or 29 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 29 Nov 2023 Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii". 2. The discussion is still largely missing on scientific explanations to the findings obtained. Had this been done, then the manuscript would have been scientifically richer. No competing interests were disclosed. Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that virulent B. bassiana isolates have the potential to control pests, specifically mentioning that they can reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices. It highlights that B. bassiana is recommended for managing agricultural pests, which supports the claim regarding its effectiveness as a control method.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Reviewer 1 · Jul 14, 2016 Basic reporting Overall, the text is clear and unambiguous. However the Introduction is long and does not clearly state the aim of the study. The authors’ goal was to demonstrate that before flowers are planted in Agri-(AES), they should be tested for their utility and benefit to bees. The authors point out a gap in our understanding, that we currently have limited evidence that links AES with the outcomes they are meant to promote. But the purpose of the AES should be stated: They provide forage (flowering resources) for honey bees (and other bees) so that the bees are well-nourished and able to pollinate crops, presumably later in the season. The AES’s are not crops that require pollination, but are wildflowers that benefit by being pollinated by bees. They give several examples of studies, which are well cited, and raise two "key issues" based one study (Pywell et al. 2006). Their first key issue that effects on biodiversity may not translate into effects on pollination services is a valid point. However, the author's experiment was not designed to assess pollination services. Also, if they are interested in determining a framework for assessing the effectiveness of AES's that aim to enhance pollination services, then the second key issue is not relevant. They gave a helpful explanation of why honey bees and Phacelia lend themselves to testing their goal, but the section about studies on AES and honey bee foraging p0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jul 15, 2016 Basic reporting The manuscript presents data from field experiments among which authors used a combination of observations on honeybee foraging for nectar/pollen from the plant Phacelia tanacetifolia in the field and collection of pollen baskets from hives, to assess the value of adding phacelia to an agro-ecosystem to benefit honeybees. They showed that honeybees may not use the floral enhancements added to a landscape as expected and points to the need for more agri-environment schemes assessments and understanding the role that such schemes play in enhancing pollinator fitness. Experimental design Materials and methods: in general they are lacking in technical quality and appear too vague in many parts. The main criticism I noted is about the lacking of necessary details on the statistical approach you used, that should be clearly presented in a dedicated paragraph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of agricultural eco-schemes, honeybee foraging behavior, and associated studies but does not explicitly mention or define apiology as the study of bees. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim and is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Table 2 Medicinal plant knowledge of the informants in Quara district (n = 286)Full size tableMedicinal plant diversityA total of 128 species of medicinal plants were found in the Quara district for treating human ailments. These species were distributed across 112 genera and 50 families (Material 1). Of the total number of families, 23 families (46%) had two or more species, while the remaining 27 families (54%) had only one species each. The family with the greatest number of species was Fabaceae (22 species), followed by Malvaceae (9 species) and Combretaceae (7 species). In terms of plant habit, trees accounted for 37. 5% of the species, whereas climbers (4. 7%) had the lowest proportion (Fig. 2). Fig. 2Habits of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imagePlant parts and conditions for preparing remediesDifferent plant parts were reported to be used in remedy preparation in the district (Fig. 3). The leaf was the most used plant part (23. 1%), followed closely by the root (22. 8%). Other plant parts like bulb, stem, root bark, flower, resin, seed pod gum, and tuber, accounted for a total of 8. 6%. Most of the remedies were prepared using freshly collected plant parts (61. 6%), followed by either fresh or dry parts (19. 6%), or dry parts (18. 8%). Fig. 3Plant parts used for remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageAilments treated with medicinal plantsThe study found that a total of 76 human ailments were treated using the 128 medicinal plant species identified in the district (see 1). Of the total medicinal plant species, the majority (101 species, 79%) were able to treat two or more ailments, while 27 species (21%) were used to treat single ailments. Some of the plants that demonstrated particularly broad medicinal application included Ximenia americana, Moringa stenopetala, and Terminalia leiocarpa, each of which was able to treat ten different ailments. Another plant, Solanum incanum, was used to treat nine ailments. In addition to using individual plant species, the traditional healers in the study area also combined multiple parts to create remedies for various ailments. A total of 28 plant species were used in two or more combinations for this purpose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on a study regarding the diversity of medicinal plants in the Quara district and does not mention Aloe vera specifically or its historical use in treating skin ailments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: competing interests were disclosed. Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (3) 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, 9. Response: Galleria melonella were reared to get a mass of 2nd instar larvae, and 3rd and 4th larvae instar larvae were not used in the experiment. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, 11. were collected every day after 3 days. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern 30 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, 17. Response. The performance of some isolates were tested as standard checks with newly collected isolates View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2023 Doolotkeldieva T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 09 Aug 2023 | for Version 1 Tinatin Doolotkeldieva, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyrgyz-0 Views copyright © 2023 Doolotkeldieva T. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that virulent B. bassiana isolates collected from rhizospheric soil have shown the potential to control pests. It indicates that these isolates can contribute to eco-friendly pest management strategies, thereby supporting the claim that B. bassiana can play a role in controlling insect populations, including locusts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Moreover, I feel that one year of observation is too scanty to provide adequate information on the topic. Specific remarks: L156: which was the age of the queens? L177: is it the colour the only parameter used to indicate the presence of phacelia pollen? Any palynological analysis? What about other kind of pollens collected by honeybees? L179: which kind of observation you done to acquire information about the worker bees’ behaviour in the field (visual, video-camera…. )? What about other pollinators observed on phacelia flowers during observation time? L188-190: please add the producer details of the instruments used. Moreover, why you measured such environmental conditions if any data is provided in the results and/or other manuscript section? L191-197: this section should be strongly improved as concerns the statistical approach you used. A dedicated paragraph will be welcomed. For example: have you used a (GLMM)? Could you provide details of the general structure of the model you chosen? As it is presented is it not possible to provide an evaluation of the statistic suitability. Validity of the findings Introduction: it is fine. However, I feel that literature on the use of phacelia as supplementary floral resource should be more carefully analyzed, presented and discussed, also in comparison to other plants usually employed at the aim. Therefore, authors should strongly expand the sentences comprised between lines 142-148. Nosema is not a virus (line 68), please change. Results: please merge “Pollen collection experiment” in the subsequent paragraph. L205: you are writing about a two-tailed t-test: why it is not described in the material and method section? Please check and provide. Table 1: it is not necessary, adequate information could be provided in the text. Graphs: please provide significant letters, where appropriate. Discussion: it is sufficient. However, it can be noted that almost all of the suggestions provided in this section about the procedures to be included in agri-environment schemes assessments (cfr. lines 265-277) were not evaluated in the presented research (i. e. points 2, 3, and 4). I feel that this represent the main weakness of the paper, which satisfies just the points 1 and (only partially) 2. On this basis, the research should be considered as preliminary and not exhaustive of the hypotheses that are put to the test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about apiology being the study of bees. Instead, it discusses various criticisms and suggestions regarding a research manuscript, including methodology and statistical approaches in studies related to pollinators, but does not provide any information directly related to the definition or scope of apiology. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: For instance, the mixture of the roots of Securidaca longepedunculata, Allium sativum, Capparis tomentosa, Withania somnifera, and Cucumis ficifolius was powdered and smoked to treat the evil eye. A drink was prepared using a combination of the roots of Carissa spinarum, and Ruta chalepensis, along with the bulb of Allium sativum, to treat snakebites. Methods of preparation and route of administration of remediesThe communities in the study area utilized a variety of methods to prepare and administer traditional medicinal remedies. The most common preparation methods were extraction (17. 5% of preparations), decoction (13. 4% of preparations), and paste (10. 2% of preparations). Additionally, seven other preparation methods accounted for a total of 5. 2% of the remedies (Fig. 4). In terms of routes of administration, over half of the remedies (211 preparations, 56. 7%) were administered orally. This was followed by topical application, which accounted for 32. 5% of the preparations (121 in total) (Fig. 5). Fig. 4Methods of remedy preparation in Quara districtFull size imageFig. 5Route of administration of medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size imageEthnobotanical knowledge distribution among ethnic groupsThe study examined the ethnobotanical knowledge and use of medicinal plants across the three main ethnic groups in the district—the Amhara, Agew, and Gumuz using the Venn diagram (Fig. 6). Among the three ethnic groups, 57 plant species were reported by the Agew ethnic group, 70 by the Gumuz, and 107 by the Amhara ethnic groups. Analysis of the distribution of plant resources revealed that 28% of the plants studied overlapped among the three ethnic groups. The pairwise comparisons showed that the Amhara and Gumuz ethnic groups had the highest degree of similarity, sharing 15. 63% of their medicinal plant species. , followed by the Amhara and Agew groups (8. 6%), and the Agew and Gumuz ethnic groups had the lowest overlap, sharing only 2. 34% of their medicinal plant species. In total, the three ethnic groups collectively utilized 36 species of medicinal plants in common across the district. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address Aloe vera or its use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various plants and their traditional medicinal applications across different ethnic groups. Because it does not mention Aloe vera at all, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: search file_uploadSubmit your research search menu close search & to your Submissions 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 4) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 2. 67x107 spores ml-1 and 3. 24 µm, respectively. Colony radial growth rates ranged from 1. 73 to 3. 24 mm day-1. The results revealed that the highest mortality rate of Galleria melonella (100%) was obtained by Metarhizium robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 at a concentration of 1x108 conidial ml-1 at 7 days post-inoculation. The lowest mortality rate was registered by Metarhizium robertsii isolate RST-11. the present study, isolates that produced the most spores and had the highest germination rates were the most virulent to Galleria mellonella second instar larvae. Therefore, virulent entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii, are promising bioagents for the control of insect pests. colony color, endophytic, entomopathogenic fungi, Galleria melonella, isolates Corresponding Author(s) (dereje. geremew@eiar. gov. et) (tshiberu@yahoo. com) authors: Dereje Geremew, Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The project was funded by the of (EIAR), and was assigned as grant coordinator. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Copyright: © 2024 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 4) First published: 13 Jul 2023, 12:827 ( Latest published: 11 Sep 2024, 12:827 ( from Version 3 All necessary comments accepted and included in the new version of the 37. 85°E longitude, with an altitude of 2,100 m a. s. l. The daily temperature ranges from 15 to 29°C, with an annual temperature of 22°C on average. The soil sample was collected from two sites, namely Guder and Koka in Ethiopia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that both Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii are considered promising bioagents for the control of insect pests. This suggests that Beauveria bassiana has potential in controlling pest populations, which aligns with the claim regarding its effectiveness against locusts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: This applies to several aspects: generalization between landscapes (see above), learned odors and tastes in the former environments, specializing on nectar or pollen foraging, etc. l. 314 This sentence is not supported by data. There are not specific data on this point in the book by von Frisch or his other publications. l. 319 this should have been measured l. 325 This conclusion needs to include the missing controls and data as mentioned before. The next sentence give parts of these points. It will be better to give the sentence l. 326 – 327 first. l. 330 see my comments above with respect to the motivational component of dancing and “private information”. This argument should not be introduced at the very end of the paper because it is an essential limitation of the whole study and should not be obscured. It needs to be included in the Abstract and the general conclusion. l. 338 to which 1. Menzel, R. , Kirbach, A. , Haass, W. -D. , Fischer, B. , Fuchs, J. , Koblofsky, M. , Lehmann, K. , Reiter, L. , Meyer, H. , Nguyen, H. , et al. (2011). A common frame of reference for learned and communicated vectors in honeybee navigation. 21, 645-650. 2. Seeley, T. D. (2011). Recruitment in Honey Bees. Neurobiology and Behavior, C. G. Galizia, Eisenhardt, D. Giurfa, M. , ed. (Heidelberg, New York: Springer Verlag). 3. von Frisch, K. , and Lindauer, M. (1954). Himmel und Erde in Konkurrenz bei der Orientierung der Bienen. Naturwiss 41, 245-253. 4. Dyer, F. C. , and Gould, J. L. (1981). Honey bee orientation: A backup system for cloudy days. Science 214, 1041-1042. 5. Lindauer, M. (1970). Lernen und Gedächtnis - Versuche an der Honigbiene. Naturwiss 57, 463-467. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is a lack of specific data supporting the assertion about honeybee communication and the waggle dance. It points out that essential limitations of the whole study regarding honeybee navigation and communication were not adequately addressed in the published results, suggesting that the claim may not be fully substantiated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 6Venn diagram of medicinal plants among the studied ethnic groups in Quara districtFull size imageInformant consensus factorThe study calculated the ICF to identify the most effective medicinal plants for treating common ailments in the district. The ICF values were calculated based on disease categories, which were determined using the of Diseases [37] with some modifications. Overall, 14 disease categories were identified, with ICF values ranging from 0. 75 to 0. 93 out of a maximum of 1. 0 (Table 3). The diseases categories with the highest ICF values were diseases of the circulatory system and blood/blood-forming organs (ICF = 0. 93), followed closely by infectious and parasitic diseases, and symptoms, signs, and clinical findings not elsewhere classified both with an ICF value of 0. 92. Table 3 ICF values of plants for treating human ailments in Quara districtFull size tableWhen analyzing the ICF in terms of the number of use 12. 93 across the different studied areas that were compared (Table 4). Table 4 Rahman’s similarity index between the present study (Quara district) and previous studiesFull size tableDirect matrix ranking exerciseA direct matrix ranking (DMR) exercise was conducted in the Quara district to assess and prioritize the most important medicinal plant species utilized by the local communities (Table 5). The results of the DMR exercise showed that Ziziphus spina-christi, Terminalia leiocarpa, and Ficus sycomorus were the top-ranked medicinal plant species. Furthermore, the DMR exercise also evaluated the various use categories for these plants in the district. Accordingly, use as medicine, livestock forage, and a source of food were the most common use categories in the district. Table 5 DMR of eight multipurpose medicinal plant species in the Quara districtFull size tableNovel ethnobotanical findingsThe current ethnobotanical study in the Quara district has uncovered several novel findings. Specifically, the research team identified nine medicinal plant species that were reported for the first time in Ethiopia through this study (Table 6). Of these nine newly documented medicinal plants, seven have been previously reported to have medicinal uses in other parts of the world. However, two species–Dracaena forskaliana and Ipomoea biflora–had not been associated with any known medicinal applications prior to this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about Aloe vera or its use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various medicinal plants and their effectiveness according to an informant consensus factor, but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii isolates, maximum conidial length and diameter were registered by isolate K-63, while minimum conidial length was obtained by isolate K-61 (Table 3). The lowest conidial diameter was recorded by isolate K-102 (1. 93 μm) when compared to others (Figure 3). Comparison of colony radial growth on a different mediaColony radial growth rates ranged from 1. 73 to 3. 24 mm day-1 (Figure 4). The highest colony radial growth rate was achieved by B. bassiana isolate K-91 on SDA, which increased by 16. 96% radial growth compared to PDA media. The minimum radial growth rate was scored by isolate 44BC on both media. Figure 4. Mean radial growth of fungal isolates on SDA and PDA media. ; RGSDA, radial growth on SDA; RGPDA, radial growth on PDA. No manipulations were made to the images. Concerning M. robertsii isolates, K-61 showed the highest radial growth with 2. 92 on SDA media, followed by K-63 (2. 85) mm day-1. Isolate RST-11 showed the lowest colony growth on PDA media. In this study, the maximum growth rate was recorded on SDA media rather than PDA after 15 days of incubation at 27°C±1 for both species of isolates. Virulence test of isolates on G. mellonellaMost isolates were virulent to Moth (G. melonella) of second instar larvae, with 75–100% mortality after seven days of inoculation of treatments (Table 4). The mean percentage of mortality of G. melonella larvae by B. bassiana and M. robertsii was highly variable (F = 101. 49; DF = 10; P < 0. 0001). Maximum mean percentage mortality was achieved by M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102, while minimum mortality was recorded by M. robertsii isolate RST-11. Table 4. Mortality of G. melonella larvae by B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Fungal isolatesPercentage of mortality ± SEMetarhizium robertsii K-61100±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the effectiveness of the fungal pathogen B. bassiana in causing mortality in G. mellonella larvae, which suggests it has pathogenic effects that could be relevant for controlling populations of similar pests, such as locusts. The virulence tests mentioned indicate a high percentage of mortality caused by B. bassiana, supportive of its potential for pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Those sounds were produce by a single bee walking in a figure-eight pattern in its hive. As comparison sounds, flight sounds and white noise were used. Flight sounds were recorded from a tethered honeybee flying in the flight simulator (see Fig. 1). White noise, which is a random signal with a flat power spectral density, was synthesized by (Incorporated). The flight sounds were continuous sounds with a carrier frequency of about 250 Hz. Dance sounds were constructed as interrupted sounds with a frequency of about 265 Hz, differentiating them from flight sounds. That is, the dance sounds consisted of a rhythmic pulse signal with cyclic intervals. In order to test the effect of these differences, we prepared several synthetic dance sounds at random or cyclic intervals with durations between 20 msec and 960 msec. Each sound presentation consisted of roughly 12 pulses, each pulse with a duration of about 20 msec. In order to keep the sound power level consistent between presentations, each pulse was derived from a single set of pulses taken from original dance sounds. For synthetic sounds with a cyclic interval of 20 msec, we used repeated pulses rather than rhythmic sounds resembling original dance sounds. When the cyclic interval was 480 msec, the rhythm was closer to that of original dance sounds. Airflow velocities measured at tethered honeybees from each loudspeaker were about 0. 3 mm/sec (measured by a hot wire probe: Microflown PU-probe). Experiment 1 (Sound source localization with a single sound) We investigated whether honeybees could orient a sound source and what type of sound sources would be oriented. To establish a condition where the honeybee was quiet, it was attached to a torque meter and held a piece of paper. During the honeybee's flight after removing the paper from its legs, a single sound source was produced for 22 seconds from one of the four loudspeakers. Due to the fact that the legs of the tethered honeybees were hanging in the air, they could use their antennae to detect sounds but could not use their legs to detect vibrations. Sound source directions were shifted by alternating which of the four loudspeakers produced the sound, according to the torque caused by the honeybee's flight (Fig. 2A). Each time a sound source was produced by a loudspeaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the sound production and experimental conditions of honeybees rather than mentioning the 'waggle dance' directly as a communication method related to food sources. It discusses sound characteristics and orientation, which does not support the claim about the specific communication method honeybees use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the study reported 39 new use cases for medicinal plant species compared to what had been previously documented in other ethnobotanical studies published in Ethiopia (see 2). Table 6 Plants reported to treat ailments in Quara district for the first time in EthiopiaFull size tableThreats to medicinal plants and conservation effortsThe ethnobotanical study in the Quara district revealed several threats to the sustainability of medicinal plant resources and indigenous knowledge in the area. During group discussions, participants prioritized seven key threats to medicinal plants: use of herbicides/insecticides, human-induced fires, agricultural land expansion, construction activities, collection of fuel wood, use of plants for farm implements, and overgrazing. Additionally, the participants mentioned other threats such as the use of medicinal plants for house utensils, informal cross-border trade to neighboring Sudan, deforestation, seasonal migration patterns, and climate change-induced events like drought. The group participants also noted that there were minimal management practices in place for medicinal plants. To further understand the severity of these threats, we conducted interviews with 12 key informants, who were asked to rank the seven prioritized threats to medicinal plants. The results showed that agricultural expansion was considered the primary threat, followed by the collection of fuel wood and its use for construction purposes (Table 7). Table 7 Ranking of threats to medicinal plants in Quara districtFull size tableThe ethnobotanical study in Quara district has highlighted the significant threats facing several important medicinal plant species due to their extensive and unsustainable utilization. Ximenia americana is a vital medicinal plant in the region, with its root used to treat spider bites and diarrhea, and its stem bark used for jaundice and uvulitis. However, the excessive harvesting of the root and stem bark is leading to a concerning decline in the plant’s population. Similarly, Carissa spinarum is an important medicinal resource, with its root used to treat a variety of common illnesses, including snakebites, evil spirits, and the evil eye. The reported decline in the Carissa spinarum population in the area is particularly alarming. Securidaca longepedunculata is another highly sought-after medicinal plant, with its root extensively used to treat snakebites, the evil eye, and febrile illnesses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses threats to medicinal plants and their uses in a specific region (Quara district) without mentioning Aloe vera or its historical applications for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on other medicinal plants and their utilization, making it unrelated to the specific claim regarding Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsCorrect identification of entomopathogenic fungi through morphological characterization is a baseline for the selection of virulent isolates for the management of agricultural pests. There was a variation in morphological features among all isolates in terms of colony color, shape, and texture. Isolates with the highest germination percentage and maximum spore production were virulent to second instar larvae of G. mellonella. Accordingly, M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 were highly virulent to G. melonella by the Galleria dipping method, with a 100% mortality rate at 10 days post inoculated at a concentration of 1 × 108 conidial ml-1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil of tomato plant had the potential to control pests sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly insect pests. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests. Data availabilityUnderlying data DANS-EASY: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data, (Geremew, 2023). This project contains the following underlying data:• Germination (germination test of entomopathogenic isolates)• Radial growth PDA (radial growth of isolates on PDA media)• Radial growth SDA (radial growth of isolates on SDA media)• Screening (pathogenicity screening of isolates on Galleria melonella)• Conidial length and width (conidial size of isolates)• Conidial yield (conidial yield of isolates) Data are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). 11. : Isolation and identification of entomopathogenic fungi and their evaluation against Triboliumconfusum, Sitophilus zeamais, and Rhyzoperthadominica in stored maize. J. Pest. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that virulent B. bassiana isolates have potential to control pests, thus supporting the notion that it is a fungal pathogen capable of pest management. The text specifically mentions that B. bassiana can be effectively used in sustainable pest control, which directly relates to the effectiveness of controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: The hybridization patterns observed (C) are consistent with these predictions, with the exon probes cross-hybridizing to predicted fragments of both gene copies (but not to any additional gene fragments) and the intron probes primarily hybridizing to the respective specific gene copy. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset The lifecycle of Ceratopteris richardii. Ceratopteris propagates in the haploid gametophyte phase of its lifecycle (n) through single-celled spores (A) On spore germination (B) a two-dimensional photosynthetic thallus develops into one of two sexes, a default hermaphrodite (C) which produces eggs and sperm (D) or a hormone-induced male that produces sperm only (E). Eggs are retained on the hermaphrodite thallus, and fertilization results in the development of a diploid (2n) embryo on the gametophyte (F), initiating the sporophyte phase of the lifecycle. The sporophyte establishes a vegetative shoot that initiates leaflike lateral organs (fronds) and roots from its apex (G). The first fronds produced are simple but later fronds become increasingly lobed and dissected (H, I). The sporophyte undergoes a reproductive phase-change and subsequent fronds generate haploid spores by meiosis on their undersides (J), enclosed in a morphologically-distinct curled lamina. Mature spores are dispersed to restart the lifecycle. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset CrLFY1 and CrLFY2 are differentially expressed during the Ceratopteris lifecycle. (A-K) Representative images of the developmental stages sampled for expression analysis in (L). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bryology as it discusses the lifecycle and hybridization of Ceratopteris richardii, which is a type of fern and not related to mosses, liverworts, or hornworts. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim but rather deviates from the subject matter entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The root of this plant is commonly found in local markets and has even been reported to be illegally exported to neighboring Sudan for medicinal purposes, further exacerbating the threats to its population. Boswellia papyrifera is also facing threats due to the utilization of its stem bark for the treatment of scorpion stings, spider bites, and uvulitis, coupled with the various diseases affecting the plant, leading to a decline in its population. DiscussionSocio-demographics of the informantsThe ethnobotanical study conducted in the Quara district has yielded valuable insights into the socio-demographic factors influencing the knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants in the local community. Accordingly, the study found that men were more knowledgeable about medicinal plants than women. In the study area, men were more likely to be exposed to social affairs, which facilitates their acquisition of knowledge. Our data support the findings of [75, 76] who reported similar outcomes. It was also found that older informants, aged 60 years and above, demonstrated a higher level of knowledge of medicinal plants compared to the younger age groups (20–39 years and 40–59 years). This aligns with the findings of previous research [46], which suggest that the older generation’s extended cultural exposure, exchange, and practical experience contribute to their greater knowledge in this domain. Studies also identified a concerning trend that the indigenous knowledge on the use of medicinal plants is deteriorating due to the passing away of the knowledgeable older generation before they can effectively transfer their knowledge to the next generation [49, 77, 78]. This challenge is exacerbated by the younger generation’s lack of interest in learning from their elders. As a result, there is a risk of losing this invaluable indigenous wisdom as the older members of the community pass away. Among the three informant groups categorized by educational level, those who could read and write cited the highest number of medicinal plants, followed by illiterate informants, and those with formal education. This finding is consistent with other studies [49, 78], which suggest that lower levels of education are associated with greater knowledge of medicinal plants, possibly due to the impact of modern education [10]. The ability of those who can read and write to recall and utilize the medicinal plants they are familiar with may be connected to their overall higher level of knowledge compared to the illiterates. This finding highlights the complex interplay between formal education, literacy, and the retention and application of traditional medicinal plant knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the socio-demographics of informants and the knowledge and utilization of various medicinal plants in a local community, without any mention of Aloe vera specifically or its use for skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on other plants and the decline of indigenous knowledge regarding medicinal plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 2013; 86(2): 217–226. : Molecular detection of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana isolates from soils of coffee growing areas in Ethiopia using rDNA-ITS. J. Appl. Biosci. 2017; 119: 11943–11953. : Bioassay and pilot mass production of entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana for the control of coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei: Scolytidae), Ferrari. J. Appl. Biosci. 2017; 117: 11669–11683. : Morphological and molecular identification of entomopathogenic fungi from agricultural and forestry crops. Floresta e Ambiente. 2021; 28. -Gomez DR, et al. : Genotypic properties of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi. Biol. Control. 2000; 19(2): 124–138. : Antagonistic potential of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin against Pythium myriotylum causing damping off of tomato. Indian Phytopathol. 2021; 74(3): 715–728. : Characterization of Beauveria bassiana isolates from Kyrgyzstan. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2019; 167: 107243. Pub| : Screening of tropical isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) for virulence to the sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae). Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2015; 35(4): 153–163. : Endophytes: exploitation as a tool in plant protection. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2014; 57: 621–629. : Physical and socio-economic profile of zone and districts: Bureau of finance and economic development regional data and information core process: the national regional government of Oromia. Addis Ababa: 2011. : Phenotypic, molecular, and virulence characterization of entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana (Balsam) Vuillemin, and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn. ) Sorokin from soil samples of Ethiopia for the development of mycoinsecticide. Heliyon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that focus on Beauveria bassiana, an entomopathogenic fungus, and its potential applications in controlling pest populations, which include references to its virulence and effectiveness in different agricultural contexts. Although it does not explicitly mention locusts, the overall context of using Beauveria bassiana for pest control supports the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: Gametophyte development in one line progressed to initiation of the notch meristem but overall thallus size was severely reduced compared to wild-type (J). (K–R) In situ hybridization with antisense probes detected CrLFY transcripts in the apical cell and immediate daughter cells of wild-type gametophytes at 4 DPS (K, M). No corresponding signal was detected in controls hybridized with sense probes (L, N). In the arrested gametophytes of two ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines CrLFY transcripts could not be detected (O–R), and transgene presence was confirmed (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Scale bars = 100 μm. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest were transgenic. A. Generalized schematic of -DNA with the relative position of primers used in genotyping PCR marked. Primer sequences and expected PCR product sizes for each construct are given in Figure 6—figure supplement 4. Genotyping PCR was conducted on DNA extracted from single gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest at 10 DPS in three ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines. DNA from all arrested individuals amplified positive bands for the two hairpin arms (pVec8F-PW64R and PW64F-pVec8R) and for the hygromycin resistance marker (HPTF-HPTR). Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Evolutionary trajectory of LFY function. The phylogeny was reconstructed from selected LFY protein sequences representing all extant embryophyte lineages (as highlighted) and the algal sister-group. Coloured bars at the terminal branches represent different developmental functions of LFY determined from functional analysis in those species (see Supplementary file 8 for 10. 7554/eLife. 39625. 026 1 Summary of transgenic lines and their phenotypic characterization. Transgenic lines exhibited gametophytic developmental arrest and/or sporophyte shoot termination at varying stages of development. ‘+’ indicates that a particular line was phenotypically normal at the developmental stage indicated, ‘−’ indicates that development had arrested at or prior to this stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information regarding the study of bryology or its focus on mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Instead, it discusses developmental processes in gametophytes and transgenic lines, which are related to plant biology but do not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about bryology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Key informants, such as herbal practitioners, cited more medicinal plants than the general informants, reflecting their full-time experience in utilizing these plants for treatment, as supported by previous research [49]. Although settlers (both formal and informal) and local inhabitants coexist harmoniously, the local inhabitants mentioned a larger number of medicinal plants compared to settlers. This could be because local inhabitants have lived in the area for a longer period and are therefore more familiar with the plants that grow there. ethnic group was found to be the most knowledgeable about medicinal plants compared to other ethnic groups in the study area. This can be attributed to the Gumuz people’s heavy reliance on flora and fauna for their health and everyday survival, as well as the exchange of indigenous knowledge, particularly medicinal plant knowledge, within their community and with neighboring Sudan. Medicinal plant diversityThe study identified a rich diversity of medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in the Quara district, with a total of 128 medicinal plant species documented. This figure exceeds the counts reported in recent ethnobotanical studies conducted in other parts of Ethiopia. As an example, studies in the [7], [13], [66], Asagirt [49], and Ensaro [63] districts recorded 74, 98, 92, 103, and 101 medicinal plant species, respectively. Several factors may contribute to the greater number of medicinal plants utilized in the Quara district. These include ethnic diversity in the area, and the influx of settlers from different parts of the Amhara region; the rich plant diversity, particularly due to the presence of communal forest areas; the district’s proximity to Sudan, which has facilitated the exchange of indigenous knowledge; the remote location of the area and inadequate access to formal healthcare, leading the community to rely more on traditional medicine; and the prevalence of various human ailments, such as febrile illness, evil eye, evil spirit, snakebite, spider sting, tonsillitis, wound healing, intestinal parasites, diarrhea, and amoebiasis, which may necessitate the use of a broader range of therapeutic plant species (see 1). Furthermore, the large number of recorded medicinal plant species emphasizes the continued relevance and indispensability of plant-based remedies in fulfilling the primary healthcare requirements of the population, particularly in areas with limited access to conventional medical services. The dominance of the Fabaceae family among the medicinal plants identified can be attributed to the evolutionary adaptations of this plant family in the local environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically mention Aloe vera or its historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the general use of various medicinal plants and the knowledge of local inhabitants about these plants in treating various human ailments. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim regarding Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: Finding highly virulent entomopathogenic fungi remains an important challenge as an alternative to chemical pesticides. In this 10. 5256/f1000research. 147045. r187389) The direct URL for this report is: This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 29 Nov 2023 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of Agricultural Research, Ambo, Ethiopia 29 Nov 2023 Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that virulent B. bassiana isolates have the potential to control pests and support sustainable agriculture by reducing synthetic pesticide use. It mentions the eco-friendly application of B. bassiana for managing agricultural pests, which aligns with the idea of controlling locust populations as pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: This is evidenced in the sense that as rainfall amount decrease northwards, the rate of all types of soil erosion by water decreases. Advertisement 5. The influence of vegetation The constant deforestation of the former rainforest due to population explosion and increased agricultural activities in the region expose the bare soils to the vagaries of weather thus escalating the soil erosion problems. The implication is that the soils are frequently subject to different degrees of erosion including accelerated erosion. Vegetation and land use are one of the most important factors in soil erosion process in southeastern Nigeria. Stocking [15] noted that vegetation acts in a variety of ways by intercepting raindrops through encouraging greater infiltration of water and through increasing surface soil organic matter and thereby reducing soil erodibility. According to Lal [19], choosing an appropriate land use can drastically curtail soil erosion. In southeastern Nigeria soil erosion especially gullies are most intensive on soil on which the former growth has been disturbed, that is mostly on agricultural soils stripped of growth for reasons of infrastructural developments such as road and housing construction. Ofomata [3] showed that in the region soil erosion is connected mainly with agricultural activities and other related land use activities such as mining, road building, urbanization, industrialization and general infrastructural development. These land use activities deprive the soil surface of its vegetation and also contribute directly to sliding, slumping, interrill and rill erosion including gullying. Advertisement 6. The influence of geology The general influence of lithology on soil erosion processes is manifest directly by the resistance of the denuded bed rocks exposed to the flow of water and affected by the character of parent materials whose properties are given by the bed rock. The direct effect of bedrock is also manifest in the properties of the soil forming parent materials which conditions the principal properties. Some geological materials are vulnerable than others to aggressive energy of the rainfall and runoff. High erosion risks match with units of weak unconsolidated geological formations. This is more pronounced when such geological units coincide with medium to long and even very long slopes with marked gradients. In Nigeria, Ofomata [1] classified the potential erosion susceptible areas based on underlying geology. He indicated that areas of high susceptibility correspond to geological regions of weak unconsolidated sandy formations while least susceptible areas are within the consolidated tertiary to recent sediments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting soil erosion, including the role of vegetation in general and the detrimental effects of land use changes such as deforestation and agriculture. While it acknowledges that vegetation influences soil erosion processes, it does not specifically mention mosses or their contribution to stabilizing the ground with dense mats, thus negating the specific claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The ability of Fabaceae species to form symbiotic relationships and thrive in nitrogen-deficient soils, as well as their capacity to develop extensive root systems and outcompete other plants for resources, provides them with a competitive advantage in the area [79, 80]. This finding is consistent with previous ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [49, 78, 81], and other parts of the world [82,83,84]. Regarding the habit of medicinal plants, the study found that the people of the Quara district utilized trees and herbs in nearly equal proportions. This observation aligns with the findings of a previous ethnobotanical study conducted in Ethiopia [78, 85], where a similar pattern was reported. However, it is important to note that in some other ethnobotanical studies, shrubs were reported to be the most widely used medicinal plant habit [13, 66, 75]. This variation may be attributed to differences in the local plant community composition and ecological conditions. Lowland areas with sufficient rainfall, like the Quara district, are typically dominated by woody species, forming woodlands, which could explain the prominence of trees and underneath herbs as medicinal plants in the present study. Plant parts and the conditions for preparing remediesThe study found that the most commonly used plant parts for remedy preparation were leaves, followed closely by roots. This observation is consistent with the findings of many other ethnobotanical studies conducted in Ethiopia [13, 46, 77, 78] and globally [83, 86]. The predominant use of leaves for remedy preparation in the study area can be attributed to several factors such as easy accessibility, abundantly availability, and their primary site for the accumulation of many bioactive compounds. Furthermore, picking leaves has less effect on the plant species’ survival. While roots have been reported as the most frequently used plant parts in a few other studies [75, 82, 87], the extensive use of roots can pose a risk to the long-term survival of medicinal plant populations [8, 88]. Consistent with previous studies conducted in Ethiopia [10, 49, 89], the majority of the remedies in the Quara district were prepared using fresh plant parts. The use of fresh plant materials is generally associated with higher efficiency of the bioactive components [75]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Aloe vera and its historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the competitive advantages of Fabaceae species in nitrogen-deficient soils and the ethnobotanical practices in the Quara district of Ethiopia, focusing on general trends in the use of medicinal plants, without mentioning Aloe vera or its uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Agreed with the comments, and the comments were included in the conclusion of the 1. This study showed that virulent B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates collected from rhizospheric soil had the potential to control pests by reducing the use of synthetic pesticides, making them sustainable and cost-effective, and increasing crop production and productivity using this eco-friendly method. Hence, it is recommended to use B. bassiana and M. robertsii due to their endophytic properties for the management of agricultural pests, particularly sucking insects. Moreover, further studies are needed on the factors attributed to the distribution, ecology, efficacy, and root association of B. bassiana and M. robertsii with tomato and other Solanaceae plants against pests". Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii". 2. The discussion is still largely missing on scientific explanations to the findings obtained. Had this been done, then the manuscript would have been scientifically richer. No competing interests were disclosed. Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 11 Sep 2024 Dereje Geremew, Crop protection, of comments are accepted and included in the new version of 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of B. bassiana and M. robertsii for managing agricultural pests, including their potential to control pests and reduce reliance on synthetic pesticides. It mentions that the isolates collected from rhizospheric soil showed the potential to control pests sustainably and effectively, thereby supporting the idea that B. bassiana can play a role in pest management, which could include locust populations.