Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees could complement natural reforestation efforts. [SEP] Text: W niniejszej pracy omawiamy najnowsze osiągnięcia dotyczące genetycznie modyfikowanych drzew charakteryzujących się zwiększoną odpornością na niesprzyjające warunki środowiska. A. , Kim J. -K. , 2020. Transgenic breeding approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance: recent progress and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(8), 2695. DOI: Bakhsh A. , Hussain T. , 2015. Engineering crop plants against abiotic stress: current achievements and prospects. Emir. J. Food Agric. 27(1), 24–39. DOI: Bian Z. , Wang X. , Lu J. , Wang D. , Zhou Y. , Liu Y. , Wang S. , Yu Z. , Xu D. , Meng S. , 2021. The yellowhorn AGL transcription factor gene XsAGL22 contributes to ABA biosynthesis and drought tolerance in poplar. Tree Physiol. 42(6), 1–14. DOI: Brodribb T. J. , Powers J. , Cochard H. , Choat B. , 2020. Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science 368(6488), 261–266. DOI: Castro‐Rodríguez V. , García‐Gutiérrez A. , Canales J. , Cañas R. A. , Kirby E. G. , Avila C. , Cánovas F. M. , 2016. Poplar trees for phytoremediation of high levels of nitrate and applications in bioenergy. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14(1), 299–312. DOI: Chang S. , Mahon E. L. , MacKay H. A. , Rottmann W. H. , Strauss S. H. , Pijut P. M. , Powell W. A. , Coffey V. , Lu H. , Mansfield S. D. , Jones T. J. , 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the latest advancements regarding genetically modified trees that exhibit increased resistance to adverse environmental conditions. This suggests that these modified trees could support natural reforestation efforts, as they are likely designed to thrive in challenging conditions, thus corroborating the claim that genetically modified trees might complement such efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: After 3 months at RT, soils treated with TMB had ~ 43% of Cyanobacteria. The extension of the incubation time to 6 months determined similar profiles of bacterial communities in soil treated with TMB or MB (Fig. 2A). After three months at RT, the percentage of Cyanobacteria and Acidobacteria in LDPE-treated soil decreased (from 64. 84–23. 85%, and from 2. 42–0. 77% respectively), while an increase of Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–29. 43%), Proteobacteria (8. 47–23. 93%, Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–7. 50%), Planctomycetes (from 2. 07–3. 85%), and Firmicutes (from ~ 1–1. 78%), was detected. By 6 months, the bacterial composition returned similar to the control (Fig. 2A), except stable Gemmatimonadetes population at ~ 3%. At 30°C, significant change in bacterial community structure occurred after 3 months of incubation for the MB and TMB soil samples (Fig. 2A) that showed similar profiles, characterized by the higher presence of Proteobacteria (36. 79% and 29. 76%, respectively), Actinobacteria (30. 46% and 31. 0%, respectively) followed by Chloroflexi (11. 56% and 13. 16%), Planctomycetes (6. 62% and 8. 45%), Acidobacteria (5. 29% and 7. 57%), Gemmatimonadetes (about 3. 5%) and Firmicutes (2. 92% and 3. 52%). After six months the bacterial profile returned close to the control (Fig. 2A). The bacterial community associated with LDPE at 30°C showed the increase of Actinobacteria (from 14. 20–29. 61%), Proteobacteria (from 8. 47–36. 79%), Chloroflexi (from 4. 10–11. 04%), Gemmatimonadetes (from 1. 14–3. 19%), Planctomycetes (from about 2. 00–4. 12%) and Firmicutes (from about 1% to about 2%), and a decrease in Cyanobacteria (from 64. 84–22. 23%), after 3 months of incubation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the specific conditions under which bacterial degradation of plastics occurs, indicating that bacterial communities change significantly based on environmental factors such as temperature and time. This suggests that bacterial plastic degradation may not be effective in 'all natural environments' as it is influenced by varying bacterial community structures in different conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Ведь звуковысотность как была, так и остается, но ее роль сегодня кардинально меняется. Она может иметь чисто колористическое значение, поменявшись функциями с темброфактурой. Многие необычные приемы звукоизвлечения на традиционных музыкальных инструментах, в частности на инструментах симфонического оркестра, имеют свою логику развития, и логика эта может заключаться в изменении тембровой окраски или плотности фактуры мультифоников. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of pitch and sound extraction techniques in traditional musical instruments without any mention of insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Developing a faster way to identify biocontamination in the air of controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters: airborne p2018. The study was divided in two periods and the measurements were performed in different controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters. (EBC) was defined as the absence of fungal and bacterial contamination. In the training period, the area under the ROC curve (aROC) of airborne p0. 760, 95% (95% CI) 0. 695–0. 825 was observed for 0. 3 µm p0. 797 (95% CI 0. 734–0. 860) for 0. 5 µm p0. 751 (95% CI 0. 673–0. 829) for 5 µm p9. 0 × 103 for 0. 3 µm p3. 6 × 103 p0. 5 µm, and 3. 2 × 102 p1. The presence of environmental fungal contamination establishes the hygiene status of the controlled environment rooms. Furthermore, the airborne level of bacteria in the controlled environment rooms is another way to evaluate the hygiene status of these rooms. A controlled environment room is classified as a clean room when the air samples revel less than 100 Colony-per m3 (CFU/m3), and acceptable when the room is between 100 and 200 CFU/m3 2. A fungal contamination and/or an airborne level of bacteria superior to 200 CFU/m3 in a controlled environment room compels the hospital to suspend the activity in the room, inspect the air-conditioning system, and conduct a cleaning and terminal disinfection of all the surfaces. The usual activity cannot be resumed until new environmental biosafety verification is confirmed with the identification of no environmental fungal contamination and the detection of an airborne level of bacteria less than 200 CFU/m3. This process includes new air samplings of the room and their corresponding microbiological testing. The definitive microbiological results of the air samplings require a minimum of 2 days for bacteria and 5 days for specific fungi3,4,5. Thus, if biocontamination is present, prompt corrective actions needed to be carried out and followed by new air samplings of controlled environment rooms. Usually, all the process implies closing the corresponding rooms for a week until the definitive results of the new microbiological measurements are available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing controlled environment rooms equipped with HEPA filters and highlighting their effectiveness in reducing airborne biocontamination, such as fungal and bacterial contamination. Specifically, it refers to measurements taken in these rooms, which implies that HEPA filters help maintain air quality by reducing airborne pollutants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: However, at the end of the experiment, the profiles were comparable to the control (Fig. 2A). At 45°C the bacterial composition of all analyzed soil samples remained quite stable up to 6 months. Slight changes were observed after 3 months of incubation due to a decrease of Cyanobacteria and an increase of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Firmicutes, and Planctomycetes. After six months, the bacterial composition was similar to the control after 3 months of incubation (Fig. 2A). Dynamic of fungal communities Amplicon sequencing yielded 11,537 fungal. At RT and 30°C the phylum Ascomycota was dominant with relative abundances ranging from 62. 96–82. 41%, followed by the phylum Basidiomycota (from ~ 3. 21–22. 26%). In addition, the phylum Mortierellomycota (from 1. 03–9. 64%) and Unclassified fungal populations (from 4–27%), were present in all soil samples (Fig. 2B). At 45°C there was a shift in fungal community with an increase of unclassified fungi, (from 13. 99% to 77. 86), followed by a decrease in the phyla Basidiomicota (ranging from 0. 83–5. 31%) and Ascomycota (ranging from 18. 20–84. 42%). Microbial diversity Analysis of variance of Shannon's index for mulch plastic-type, sampling time, and temperature showed that bacterial diversity was affected by mulch type and temperature, whereas fungal diversity was affected only by temperature (2A and 2B). After 6 months, significant differences were found between soil incubated at RT and at 30°C, and also between 30°C and 45°C (Fig. 3A). index of the fungal community showed significant differences between soils incubated at RT compared to 30°C after 3 months (Fig. 3B). Whereas after 6 months both soils incubated at RT and 30°C differed from 45°C (Fig. 3B). Furthermore, a higher Shannon index was found in MB and TMB- treated soil compared with soil added with LDPE mulch residues as well as control (Supplementary Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in bacterial composition and diversity in different temperature conditions and how these factors affect microbial dynamics. It indicates that bacterial diversity was influenced by the type of mulch plastic used and the temperature of the environment. Therefore, it implies that bacterial plastic degradation may not operate effectively in all natural environments due to these environmental influences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Изменения в тембре или фактуре неизменно влекут за собой изменения в звуковысотной области, но они, во-первых, в данной ситуации непринципиальны для композитора, а во-вторых, при каждом исполнении могут быть разными, зависящими от инструмента и от исполнителя. Таким образом, звуковысотность часто становится функцией от аргументов иных измерений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses changes in timbre, texture, and pitch in the context of music composition and performance, without mentioning insects or their ability to communicate through sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: for and Prevention (CDC) published in 2003 the Guide to infection control related to the hospital environment6, where the scientific evidence of each published recommendation made so far was verified. One of these measures is to verify the effectiveness of the air-conditioning systems (filtration, air renewal, and pressurization) to guarantee an optimal performance in the removal of all kind of airborne p8. The UNE 171340:2012 regulation, Validation and evaluation of controlled environment rooms in hospitals, offers an excellent tool to design and check the biosafety systems and biocontamination control. The regular or preventive verification of biocontamination in the air of the hospital controlled environment rooms consists of the inspection of the hygiene status of the rooms, the temperature, the relative humidity measurement, and the collection of samples to ascertain the presence and the counting of bacteria and fungi9,10,11,12,13. The airborne p14. The p0. 3 μm and 10 μm are useful to establish the clean status of the air and to classify the rooms according to the for Standardization (ISO) guidelines. According to the UNE 171340:2012 regulation, the 0. 3 μm airborne p0. 3 μm, 0. 5 μm, and 5 μm p2018. The study was divided in two periods: training and testing periods. The aim of the measurements carried out during the testing period was to validate the results obtained during the training period. The duration of the training period was 2 semesters (the last semester of 2016 and the last semester of 2017) and the duration of the testing period was 1 semester (the first semester of 2018). The measurements were carried out by trained staff in a systematic way, while being supervised by a senior doctor. The measurements were performed in different controlled environment rooms with HEPA filters: 14 operating rooms in the hospital, 6 rooms in the Unit and the anterooms, 5 rooms in the Endoscopy Unit, 8 cubicles in the Unit (ICU), as well as 2 nursing stations. The controlled environment rooms had a mixed-flow ventilation system equipped with HEPA filters (High-air Filters). These filters efficiently removed 99. 97% of airborne p0. 3 µm or larger, are replaced every year, and maintenance work on them is performed periodically. The median sizes of the rooms were 45 m² for operating rooms and 30 m² for the rest of the rooms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of HEPA filters in various controlled environment rooms, specifically stating that these filters 'efficiently removed 99.97% of airborne' particles of 0.3 µm or larger. This supports the assertion that air purifiers utilizing HEPA filters can effectively remove airborne pollutants indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: analysis on beta diversity performed on all the experimental factors allows to state that each variable affects the bacterial and fungal community structures (Fig. 4A and 4C; 3). Based on the statistical analysis, a constrained ordination (db-RDA) was performed for both plastic type and sampling time (p < 0. 05) for bacterial and fungal communities (Fig. 4B and 4D). No distinct separation pattern could be observed for bacterial community (Figs. 4A and 4B). Fungal communities showed temperature-specific clustering (Fig. 4C), constrained ordination revealed a distinct trend in soil amended with MB mulch residues (Fig. 4D). Functional prediction analysis Functional profiles were predicted from the 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to compare soil treated with different mulch plastic residuals. While over 6000 functional genes were predicted, the focus was on enzyme-encoding genes like hydrolases, lipases, cutinase, and cellobiosidase. ANOVA analyses pinpointed 57 predicted genes significantly affected by the experimental factors (p < 0. 05; 4). After identifying the encoding genes predicted abundances significantly affected by experimental variables, the pool of encoding genes was further narrowed down. Only genes associated with the degradation of complex substrates, including cellulose, starch, and other organic compounds, were investigated (Fig. 5). Identified enzymes included cellulase, lipases, esterases as well as hydrolases. Two main clusters resulted from the functional profiles of the bacterial communities, which were mostly associated with the sampling time (Fig. 5). The first cluster (Cluster I) includes soil samples with MB and TMB mulch plastic residues collected after three months of incubation at 30°C and RT. This cluster also contains soil samples enriched in TMB and LDPE residues after three months at 45°C and 30°C, along with one control sample (C) after 6 months at 30°C (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the findings of the experimental analysis on bacterial and fungal community structures. It notes that distinct clustering patterns for these communities are influenced by specific environmental factors such as sampling time and temperature, indicating that bacterial plastic degradation does not operate effectively in all natural environments. For example, it mentions that 'no distinct separation pattern could be observed for bacterial community' and highlights temperature-specific clustering for fungal communities, suggesting variability in effectiveness depending on environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Существуют техники, где используются привычные нам тоны хроматического звукоряда, но несущая конструкция обеспечивается, опять же, построениями в иных координатах. И в звуковысотной плоскости мы получаем вполне традиционные мелодические обороты, которые выскакивают вне контроля композитора, будучи «испарениями» специфической логики. Все это надо понимать и доносить до сознания учеников. Вернусь к исходному этапу работы над новым сочинением. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and their communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses musical techniques and the process of composing music, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: -19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 presented significant challenges for public health, particularly indoors where transmission occurs through respiratory fluids and airborne routes (Centers for and Prevention, n. d. ; Prather et al. , 2020; Tabari et al. , 2020). To mitigate these risks, supplemental measures such as the increased natural ventilation and the use of portable air cleaners (PACs) with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system upgrades have been proposed (Lindsley et al. , 2021). Early in the pandemic, a number of studies demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in air samples, using specialized air sampling equipment in hospital settings (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020). This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of readily available low-cost air purifiers with HEPA filters in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in community-based settings, with a particular emphasis on early identification and containment of potential outbreaks. The presence of the virus was investigated on high contact surfaces such as door handles, toilet handles, elevator call buttons, sink fixtures, and children’s tables and within air purifier filters at various community-based organizations in underserved minority neighborhoods in North Miami-Dade County, Florida. Through the development and testing of a technique to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in HEPA filters under realistic conditions in a diverse range of community settings, this study aimed to provide insights into the efficacy of small personal air purifiers (priced at $35 USD) and replacement filters ($16 USD) as a cost-effective alternative to expensive air sampling techniques used in previous research (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020), thereby facilitating widespread accessible monitoring strategies for respiratory viruses. Materials and methodsPartner engagementThis study leverages community infrastructure, outreach staff, and trust-based relationships of the (NeighborhoodHELP), an academic–community partnership addressing the social determinants of health (SDOH) at the of Medicine (Greer et al. , 2018). outreach team worked with representatives of partner organizations to identify interested participants and gather information about their facility layout, utilization, and areas of congregation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of portable air cleaners (PACs) with HEPA filters to mitigate public health risks indoors, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the study's aim to assess the effectiveness of low-cost air purifiers with HEPA filters in detecting and potentially reducing SARS-CoV-2 and suggests that these purifiers contribute to air quality improvement and safety in community settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The most abundant enzyme-encoding genes in these samples were 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (K01225), acylglycerol lipase (K01054), esterase/lipase (K01066), maltooligosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (K01236), cutinase (K08095), 3D-3,5/4-trihydroxycyclohexane-1,2-dione hydrolase (K03336), putative hydrolase (K04477), 2-hydroxy-6-ketonona-2,4-dienedioic acid hydrolase (K05714), and carbon-nitrogen hydrolase family protein (K08590). The second cluster (Cluster II), includes MB samples incubated at 45°C, soil supplemented with LDPE residues incubated at RT and 45°C, and samples incubated at 45°C after six months. The most abundant enzyme-encoding genes in Cluster II were phospholipase D (K01115), lysophospholipase (K01048), phospholipase/carboxylesterase (K06999), 6-aminohexanoate cyclic dimer hydrolase (K01471), ADP-ribosylglycohydrolase (K05521), peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (pth2 family) (K04794), and phosphonoacetate hydrolase (K06193). Lastly, ureidoacrylate peracid hydrolase increased after six months in two soil samples supplemented with MB and TMB and incubated at RT. Core microbiota The microbial core was calculated in soil samples associated with the degradation of mulch residuals at RT and 30°C (Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2). The bacterial core consists of 84 ASVs for bacteria and 45 for fungi. Among the three plastic types, 4 ASVs were shared among bacteria and 30 among fungi (Supplementary Fig. 2). ASVs collapse within their respective taxa led to a reduction in taxonomic diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific microbial activities and their dependency on environmental conditions, as illustrated by references to incubated samples at varying temperatures (45°C and RT) and the presence of particular bacterial enzymes. This suggests that plastic degradation is not universally effective in all natural environments; rather, it may require specific conditions and microbial communities to occur.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Обычно все начинается с того, что студенты приносят какой-то дикий замес сонорных комплексов, пассажей, кластеров, невообразимых глиссандо, мультифоников, трелей… Элементы могут быть иными, но замес есть всегда! И мы начинаем разбираться, что здесь нужно, а что лишнее. Прежде всего надо расчистить эту кучу и отобрать только те элементы, которые действительно будут участвовать в развитии материала. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses students mixing various sound elements without any relevance to insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: positive test samplesFull size tableTable 2 Community facility sample locations and test resultsFull size tableThe positive samples obtained in this study underscore the importance of understanding transmission dynamics in high-traffic areas, especially in child daycare centers and other areas of indoor crowding in lower socioeconomic status and minority neighborhoods. Mask mandates varied during the study period, with adults required to wear masks in the child daycare facilities, while children were not mandated to do so. The one child daycare center that never tested positive had undertaken extensive non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) for risk mitigation. The absence of positive surface swabs suggests that surface transmission may not have been a primary mode in these settings, with close contact, droplets, and aerosols likely playing a more significant role. On the other hand, it may be related to the frequent wipe down with sanitizers common during the pandemic. Air filtration with HEPA filters provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community-based organizations since they are low-cost, easily accessible to the community, and easy to use. HEPA filters have high efficiency in capturing p0. 3 μm (Chia et al. , 2020; Ventilation and Coronavirus (COVID-19) | US EPA, n. d. ). Although the size of SARS-CoV-2 respiratory p0. 3 μm due to the presence of the respiratory fluids that surround it (Bhat et al. , 2022). Another reason may be the Brownian motion effect which allows for the entrapment of smaller p19. Further research is needed to explore the effectiveness of different air purifiers and filtration systems, especially in child daycare centers, for reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor environments. Environmental monitoring for respiratory viruses in public settings gains significance through this study. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 in HEPA filters of PACs shows their effectiveness in detecting the virus within indoor environments. Recently, others have also reported detecting SARS-CoV-2 with an air pump connected to a filtration membrane (López et al. , 2021) and in HEPA filters from commercially available and/or low-cost PACs (Fernández de Mera et al. , 2022) and HVAC filters (Pan et al. , 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Air filtration with HEPA filters provides a potential strategy for reducing the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community-based organizations.' This implies that HEPA filters are effective at filtering airborne pollutants, as SARS-CoV-2 particles fall within the range of airborne pollutants, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Thermoanaerobaculum aquaticum MP-01, Arthrobacter nitrophenolicus SJCon, Pseudarthrobacter phenanthrenivorans Sphe3, Sphaerobacter thermophilus DSM 20745, and Neobacillus endophyticus BRMEA1 were detected only in the microbiota of soil with MB degradation (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). Other species present only in soils with LDPE belonged to the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, and Proteobacteria (Table 1). Soil with TMB was characterized by three species Dehalogenimonas alkenigignens IP3-3, Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 011, and Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B, shared with soils containing MB and LDPE (Table 1, Supplementary Fig. 2A). All fungal shared core members of the TMB-treated soil were in common with the other two mulch types (Table 2 Supplementary Fig. 2B). Between them, Lophiotrema rubi, unclassified Nectriaceae, and unclassified Agaricaceae were shared with both MB and LDPE soils. Cheilymenia sp. and Solicoccozyma aeria, were common between TMB and MB treated soils. Whereas TMB and LDPE shared Gibberella sp. , Preussia flanaganii, and Preussia flanaganii. Finally, Metacordyceps chlamydospore, Niesslia mucida, Unclassified Fusarium, and Unclassified Mortierellaceae, were detected only in the core microbiota of LDPE-treated soils (Table 2). degradation The findings of this study provide important insights into the biodegradation dynamics of various mulch films at different temperatures. The considerable degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films (MB and TMB) during six months at RT demonstrates their promise as long-term alternatives to non-biodegradable options (LDPE). The biodegradation of TMB by 51. 36% and MB mulch by 69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that specific bacterial species associated with plastic degradation were only detected in soils with particular types of plastic (e.g., MB and LDPE), suggesting that bacterial plastic degradation may not be effective in all natural environments, but rather in specific conditions related to certain types of plastic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Далее при необходимости можно прибавлять к ним и другие элементы, но это неизменно должно быть естественным и логичным следствием развития. Отобранные элементы необходимо сложить в какую-то структуру, чтобы организовать разность потенциалов, обеспечивающую дальнейшее естественное движение, и донести материал до слушателя. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects communicating through sounds and music; instead, it discusses the organization of elements and the natural development of materials. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: HVAC filters have previously been proposed as a source for sampling for airborne viruses in public settings (Goyal et al. , 2011). ConclusionThe findings demonstrate that even low-cost purifiers with relatively low clean air delivery rates (CADR) can play a valuable surveillance role, making widespread monitoring strategies more accessible and feasible. Past research on aerosol sampling for SARS-CoV-2 focused on hospital settings and used laboratory sampling methods not well suited to community settings (Chia et al. , 2020; Faridi et al. , 2020; Liu et al. , 2020; López et al. , 2021; Rahmani et al. , 2020). Future research could explore the development of portable devices for on-site virus detection or routine testing of HVAC or PAC filters in selected high-traffic facilities. Rapid and efficient detection of viruses in public settings could aid in early identification and mitigation of outbreaks, reducing the impact of infectious diseases on public health. In addition to wastewater (Hamouda et al. , 2021), HVAC systems (Goyal et al. , 2011; Pan et al. , 2022) and PACs (Fernández de Mera et al. , 2022) offer another option for environmental monitoring. In conclusion, our study provided evidence for the effectiveness of widely accessible and affordable HEPA filters in monitoring the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in community-based settings, particularly in child daycare facilities. These results have significant implications, emphasizing the role of environmental monitoring and the potential for widespread strategies using air purification systems for monitoring respiratory viruses in the urban microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence for the effectiveness of HEPA filters in monitoring airborne presence of SARS-CoV-2 in community settings, indicating that they can play a valuable role in enhancing air quality and monitoring for airborne pollutants. The conclusion emphasizes the implications of using air purification systems for monitoring respiratory viruses, which suggests a broader capability of these purifiers in improving indoor air quality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: 15% indicates their ability to decompose over time, concerning LDPE mulch recalcitrant to biological decomposition during the six-month trial, according to previous establishment [13]. Further, the impact of temperature on degradation rates is an important inquiry. The rapid breakdown seen at 30°C, particularly with MB mulch (88. 90%) as well as no degradation at 45°C, indicates that temperature impact on biodegradation efficiency is linked to microbial catabolic activity. Sintim et al. [40], observed that mulch films' biodegradability in soil field conditions varied with temperature, and higher temperatures considerably increased the biodegradability of polymers. Nevertheless, our study demonstrated that the increasing of temperatures up to 45°C affects survival rate of mesophilic bacterial population, corresponding to the non-degradation of mulch residue [41]. This evidence concerning the impact of temperatures emphasizes the need to consider this environmental variable to optimize the degradation rates based on local climate. Nevertheless, it must be considered that in a real scenario, the temperature along with other biotic (variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and Archaea) and abiotic factor (e. g. light, oxygen concentrations, humidity, and acidity) affects polymer biodegradability [42, 43]. Microbial community composition and diversity This work elucidated the impact of biodegradable mulch films tilled in soil ecosystems comparing the effects of biodegradable and non- biodegradable mulch film residues on soil microbial community diversity and functionality. Within the presented study, MB and TMB amended soils showed similar trends with general decreases of Cyanobacteria and Planctomycetes after 3 months of incubation, whereas bacterial composition was dominated by Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Acidobacteria, confirming the observations of other research on plastics in different environments [44–46]. Previous research showed that biodegradable plastic mulches enrich Proteobacteria [19, 23]. This phylum has a strong correlation with the total N and organic C levels of soil, indicating its involvement in biogeochemical cycles [47]. The phylum Bacteroidetes is widely dispersed throughout various ecosystems and serves a functional role in the degradation of complex organic materials [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in plastic biodegradation efficiency due to environmental factors, particularly temperature. It states that degradation rates are significantly affected by temperature, with evidence pointing out no degradation at 45°C, which suggests that not all natural environments are conducive to effective bacterial plastic degradation. Furthermore, the text emphasizes the influence of biotic and abiotic factors, such as the variety of microorganisms and conditions like humidity and acidity, highlighting that these factors need to be optimized for effective degradation, thus contradicting the blanket statement of effectiveness in all natural environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: На самом раннем этапе крайне важно понять, как реализуется эта структура, какие принципы могут собрать отобранные элементы в некое интригующее целое, заключающее в себе потенциальный заряд для последующего развития. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the understanding of structure and principles of assembly without mentioning insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Indoors, a variety of techniques can be utilised to reduce NO2 concentrations; these include filtration, designing ventilation systems to provide sufficient fresh air and appropriate fans and indoor ventilation for combustion systems. These all require ongoing maintenance and often large initial costs for installation. It should be noted that out of these approaches only filtration can reduce the local indoor pollutant levels to below the outdoor concentrations: ventilation systems will simply lead to an equilibration of indoor and outdoor pollutant levels which only improves indoor air quality if there is a significant concentration gradient with initially higher indoor pollution. Established filtration systems for removal of NO2 indoors include high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) and carbon filters (e. g. Paulin et al. 2014). Our study investigates the feasibility of a simpler approach to remove NO2 from the gas-phase similarly to a filtration system—low-cost potted indoor plants to remove the pollutant indoors and supplement already existing mitigation techniques. NO2 removal by vegetationThe ability of vegetation outdoors (i. e. trees/plants) to remove NO2 has been extensively studied (Morikawa et al. 1998; Teklemariam and Sparks 2006; Jim and Chen 2008; Vallano and Sparks 2008; Nowak et al. 2014). Plants have been shown to remove NO2 through the stomata, simultaneously with CO2 or O2, or through absorption by the water present in the leaves—it can therefore be hypothesised that potted plants would do the same, and the water content of plant and growing media would play an important role (Nowak et al. 2014; Gourdji 2018). Moreover, a clear variation between plant type ability to remove NO2 has been previously measured in a study looking at 217 different plant taxa (including indoor plant species, albeit from dry leaf analysis post-fumigation not in situ, Morikawa et al. 1998). Additionally, it has been suggested that plants with elevated leaf ascorbate concentrations are able to remove more NO2 (Teklemariam and Sparks 2006). It can therefore also be hypothesised that different types of cultivated potted plants will remove NO2 at different rates. The uptake of NO2 by plants has previously shown to be concentration-dependent; thus, testing at an appropriate guideline concentration is important (Hu and Sun 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that established filtration systems for removal of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) indoors include high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters, which supports the assertion that HEPA filters can effectively reduce airborne pollutants in indoor environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Members of the Bacteroidetes family, including Flavobacterium, can facilitate the breakdown and use of complex polysaccharides [49], hence influencing the process of denitrification [50]. Evidence that biodegradable plastics tilled in agricultural soils contribute a little amount of carbon is another factor supporting these shifts. Soil bacteria in agricultural settings are often limited by carbon availability, therefore these inputs cause a response [19]. Furthermore, main variations were at RT and 30°C supporting the results of plastic breakdown and highlighting that burial of biodegradable plastics can lead to changes in soil microbial community structures [20, 22, 23]. LDPE treated soil showed slight changes in its bacterial community composition, as well as its profile was comparable to the control after six months. Otherwise, according to the phyla found, the literature suggests that microplastic cultures were enriched in polyethylene (or other polymers) degrading taxa, such as Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria [51, 52]. All samples incubated at 45°C showed a stable bacterial composition up to 6 months, probably due to bacterial decrease in activity with higher temperature occurrences [41], aligning with the absence of plastic degradation No fluctuations in the abundance of predominant fungal phyla Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were observed at RT and 30°C. Previous research showed that the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were responsible for the breakdown of oil-based polymeric polymers [19, 23, 53]. Therefore, these findings suggest that, at least throughout the 6-month trial, no mesophilic fungal communities linked to plastic degradation emerged. Otherwise, the shifts observed at 45° C in fungal community composition highlight the influence of both plastic and temperature on fungal dynamics, in absence of plastic degradation. In all samples, the Ascomycota and Aphelidiomycota decreased, and the unclassified fungi increased. These last can be assumed that the thermophilic phyla selected by the plastic and temperature are responsible for the shift in fungal profiles at 45°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that plastic degradation is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature. It notes that bacterial activity decreases at higher temperatures (e.g., at 45°C) and that deviations in bacterial community compositions occurred. It specifies that some conditions, particularly at higher temperatures, did not support plastic degradation, indicating that bacterial breakdown of plastics does not operate effectively in all natural environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Большая проблема нашего образования — отсутствие понимания у многих композиторов-педагогов того, что гомофоническая двухладовая тональная система уже более ста лет как исчерпала себя, и искать в ней что-то новое так же бессмысленно, как пытаться открыть новые законы в механике инерциальных систем. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues in music education and the tonal system, without any mention of insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: For natural ventilation, air change rates are incredibly difficult to predict due to uncertainties around wind speed, pressure coefficient, air temperature and ventilation area (Clements-Croome 2005; HM Government 2015). With mechanical ventilation, various guidance bodies specify a minimum air supply criteria in litres per second per person with UK building regulations (Part F) suggesting a minimum of 10/L/s/per person (HM Government 2015). Taking into account volumetric loading differences (Girman 1992) between the test chamber (0. 15 m3) and the small office (15 m3), the rate of NO2 removal is reduced by a factor of 100. Therefore, using measured removal rates (Fig. 2) and reducing by a factor of 100 allows us to derive the removal rate in a small office (Table 4). We therefore estimate that 1 m2 of the highest NO2 removing taxa per m2—Zamioculcas zamiifolia—in optimal environmental conditions, namely ‘typical’ light and ‘wet’ growing medium, would reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 3 ppb after 1 h (data not shown). Furthermore, the highest removing potted plant (not considering leaf area), namely Dracaena fragrans ‘Golden Coast’ potted in wet growing media under ‘typical’ light conditions, was able to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb by 0. 62 ppb after 1 h. Results from all plant types under these presumed conditions are presented below, in Table 4. Table 4 The derived ability of each studied potted plant to reduce a concentration of 100 ppb inside a 15 m3 room in ‘wet’ (SMC > 30%, 0. 3 m3 m−3) substrate moisture conditions at ‘typical’ (~ 500 lx) light levelsFull size tableDiscussionInterpretation of chamber-based experimental resultsThis work investigates the ability of three common indoor potted plants to remove—in real-time, over a period of 1 h—an in situ concentration of 100 ppb of NO2 from a 150-L chamber. We demonstrate that the studied potted plants are able to remove significant amounts of NO2 under common indoor conditions, i. e. 0 and 500 lx. As per the hypothesis, different taxa were able to remove NO2 at differing rates—per m2 of leaf area (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address air purifiers or HEPA filters specifically. Instead, it discusses the ability of indoor potted plants to remove NO2 from a chamber. While it does relate to indoor air quality, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about HEPA filters or air purifiers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Thermophilic fungi are characterized by their ability to thrive at temperatures ranging from 20 to 62°C [54]; however, there are an estimated 3 million thermophilic fungal species on Earth, of which only about 100’000 have been identified, so the increase in unclassified ASVs at 45°C may be due to the presence of species yet to be classified [54]. Analyses of alpha diversity across the entire data set confirmed that the mulch plastic type was the most discriminating factor shaping bacterial communities, followed by temperature that impact also fungal communities. It was interesting to note that the bacterial community responded differentially to each source of plastics tilled in the soil. The bacterial Shannon diversity index was higher in soils treated with TMB and MB mulch residues and decreased in LDPE-amended soils as well as in controls. The introduction of available carbon sources for bacteria through biodegradable mulch residues affected the Shannon index, confirming the response of soil microbes to these inputs. [19]. According to previous studies [41], the effect of the different temperatures on the microbial community was particularly evident at the end of the experiment, e. g. by reducing the activity of mesophilic bacteria or selecting thermophilic fungi (45°C). In addition, the beta-diversity analysis of the microbiota associated with mulch residues, investigated with showed the significant influence of sampling times that reflect the temporal dynamics of plastic degradation process. The distinct sampling stages could help to determine the interaction between microorganisms and plastic tilled in the soil. Over time, enzymes break down the plastic and microbes use the resulting fragments for their nutrition by a process involving the turnover of different populations with distinct enzyme kits [25]. Moreover, using biodegradable mulch can benefit the soil's biogeochemical cycles by promoting a dynamic microbial community, due to increased carbon intake. Predicted enzymatic activity In this study, particular focus is placed on genes encoding hydrolases, lipases, cutinase, and cellobiosidase, due to their significant role in natural or synthetic polymer biodegradation [55, 56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that bacterial responses to plastic degradation vary based on environmental factors such as temperature and the type of plastic used. It notes the influence of mulch plastic types on bacterial communities and mentions that different temperatures impact microbial community dynamics, indicating that plastic degradation is not uniformly effective across all environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Я очень много раз и говорил об этом, и писал, проводя параллели с физикой, ссылался на статьи авторитетных ученых-музыковедов, объяснял, что в начале ХХ века додекафонию открывали «всем миром» — во всяком случае, вся музыкальная Европа работала над этим, включая Россию. Но это знание почему-то не уживается в умах многих коллег. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the historical context of music and its development in Europe, mentioning the advent of dodecaphony and the perspectives of musicologists, without referencing insects or their communication methods in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: AbstractAir purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters remove not only particulate matter but also airborne microorganisms in indoor environments. We investigated the bacterial community in HEPA filters (used for 1 year) and that in the floor dust of 12 office rooms in Beijing. We found that the viable bacteria proportion in the filter was significantly higher than that in the floor dust (p < 0. 001). The Non-Metric Multi-analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the filters and dust were significantly different (p = 0. 001). The Chao1, Shannon–Wiener and phylogenetic diversity values in the filter were significantly higher than those in the dust (p < 0. 001). The predominant bacterial classes in the filter were Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria, whereas those in the dust were Bacteroidia, Clostridia and Bacilli. Human occupancy contributed more to the bacterial community in the filter than that in the dust. Klebsiella and Alloprevotella in the dust and filters positively correlated with the occupancy density. Soil bacteria contributed to a significantly higher proportion of the bacteria in the HEPA filter (p < 0. 001). In contrast, human oral, indoor air and outdoor haze contributed to a higher proportion of the bacteria in the dust samples (p < 0. 001, p < 0. 01 and p < 0. 05, respectively). As HEPA filters serve as an ecological niche for indoor bacteria, they should be carefully investigated during the assessment of indoor environmental health. Similar content being viewed by others Diversity and compositional differences of the airborne microbiome in a biophilic indoor environment 6. In recent years, haze pollution, fine particulate matter (PM) in particular, has been reported to increase human mortality rates owing to the development of heart disease7,8, stroke, respiratory disease9 and lung cancer10,11. The level of air pollution in China is substantially higher than in many developed countries12. Moreover, its threat to public health has become a serious concern, particularly concerning haze events13. Thus, an effective technology is essential for the removal of PM from indoor environments during periods of haze. To this end, air purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters are widely used in the indoor environment, particularly in areas with heavy haze14. People are exposed to various microbes in indoor environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that air purifiers with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters not only remove particulate matter but also airborne microorganisms in indoor environments. This implies that HEPA filters effectively remove airborne pollutants, aligning with the claim presented.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: The clustering of predicted functions demonstrated that potential gene abundances were strongly affected by sampling time since two major clusters were observed: I) samples collected after three months of incubation at 30°C and RT tilled with biodegradable mulch residues (MB and TMB), comprising three exceptions: t3-TMB_T 45°C, t6-C_T30°C and t3-LDPE_T 30°C; and II) all remaining samples. The increase in several encoding genes in cluster I, like cutinase (K08095) and esterase/lipase (K01066) suggests a potential active response to the presence of plastic residues [55, 57]. These enzymes are known to cleave the ester bonds and degrade polyurethane substrate, and therefore can act also on non-biodegradable plastics [56]. Cutinase can hydrolyze a broad variety of synthetic polymer esters, both soluble and insoluble, that are structurally related to cutin [57]. The increase of cellulose 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (K01225, cluster I) that hydrolyze cellulose releasing cellobiose, was probably induced by the presence of biodegradable mulch residues in soil [58]. Cluster II comprises all samples at the latter sampling time, controls, and samples incubated at 45°C. In particular, the presence of MB and TMB from later sampling times where plastic degradation occurred, suggests that there may be significant differences in some metabolic activities compared to the same samples after three months of incubation. This confirms that changes in the activities of bacterial populations over time reflect the dynamics of plastic degradation in soil. Over time, polymers degrade enzymatically, and microorganisms assimilate and utilize the degradation products, potentially causing shifts in the predicted coding genes [25]. Core microbiota associated with mulch plastic residues The microbial core investigation aimed to provide hints of potential microorganisms involved in plastic breakdown. The analysis was performed on all plastic-type soil systems at temperatures where breakdown occurred (RT and 30°C). There is still a lack of literature, on information on microbial species known for their ability to degrade plastics. Thus, core members found in this work could be evaluated based on their enzymatic kit to assess their potential action on natural and non-natural polymers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the effectiveness of bacterial plastic degradation is influenced by specific environmental conditions, such as temperature and the presence of biodegradable residues. It mentions the clustering of gene abundances based on sampling time and temperature, suggesting that degradation dynamics can vary significantly across different environments and conditions, thereby indicating that it may not operate effectively in all natural environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Додекафонию у нас ненавидят лютой ненавистью, и все шишки в основном валятся на голову бедного Шёнберга, хотя его «вина» только в том, что именно он первым изложил принципы додекафонии в своей Сюите для фортепиано op. 25. Как правило, коллегам-ровесникам невозможно объяснить, что додекафония — это не адекватная замена гомофонической двухладовой тональной системе, а демонстрация того, как можно и нужно переосмысливать основополагающие понятия в музыке. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the concept of dodecaphony in music, which does not relate to insect communication or their ability to produce sounds or music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: The higher proportion of human oral source as well as indoor air in the separated samples in the dust also suggested that there were two main sources of dust bacteria (Fig. 7b). This is consistent with the findings shown in Fig. 7a. Figure 7Bacterial source analysis in the dust and filter. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of samples from different sources based on Bray–Curtis distance of bacterial genera (a); source tracking using Knight’s method (b). Full size imageDiscussionBacteria in the environment exist primarily by attaching to living and inanimate surfaces50. Two typical inanimate surfaces were analyzed in this research. After attachment to the surfaces, sufficient moisture and nutrients are needed for microbial growth51. Floor dust collects the airborne microorganisms around the sampling site by natural settlement, and thus, it can accurately reflect the microbial composition and the microbial levels in indoor air52. Indoor bacteria that originate from various sources coexist with PM40,53,54. Airborne microorganisms, along with PM, moisture and organic matter from the whole room, are pumped into the air purifier compulsively and intercepted on the filter in an air purifier via its high dust-holding capacity55,56. Indoor bacteria are trapped in the fine porous structures of the HEPA filters55, but the trapped bacteria are not killed57. Atmospheric dust deposited in air filters may serve as a nutrient for microbes20. Accompanied by the absorption of organic matter to the filter, the filter changes gradually, forming a more favorable habitat for the microorganisms57. The more nutritious habitat might explain the higher proportion of viable bacteria in the filter (Fig. 1). Two distinct bacterial community types were formed consistent with the sample types (HEPA filter and dust) (Fig. 2). Indoor microbes might be influenced by the outdoor environment owing to the continual flow of outdoor microbes into homes43,58 or because indoor environments are incompletely buffered from outdoor microbes59. During the usage of the air purifier, indoor air is purified, and p60. Thus, more soil microorganisms are enriched on the HEPA membrane than on the dust because of the high volume of filtered air. The enriched particulate matter membrane helps these microorganisms to survive or reproduce, forming microbial communities similar to the soil environment (Fig. 7a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how HEPA filters in air purifiers function to trap airborne microorganisms and particulate matter (PM) from indoor air. It states that 'airborne microorganisms, along with PM... are pumped into the air purifier... and intercepted on the filter in an air purifier via its high dust-holding capacity.' This suggests that HEPA filters effectively remove impurities from the air, supporting the claim that they can remove airborne pollutants indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Among the identified bacterial species, Hydrogenispora ethanolica LX-B isolated from the mesophilic (35°C) anaerobic fermentation process of sludge, can ferment substrates with different carbon sources, including starch, glucose, maltose, and fructose [59], suggesting its potential involvement in the degradation of starch-based plastics. The species Thermoflavimicrobium daqui FBKL4. 01, a thermophilic bacterium isolated from the Daqu used to produce Chinese liquor Moutai, can ferments pure wheat [60], confirming its involvement in the degradation of starch and cellulose. The analysis of fungal core revealed 12 different species. Among them, Solicoccozyma aeria (Cryptococcus aerius) is known for its ability to produce amylases at 30°C, to digest raw starch [61]. These three microbial species were found in soils amended with MB and TMB and could therefore be of interest for the biodegradation of starch-based plastics. ConclusionsSustainable agricultural systems require to minimize the accumulation of plastic waste in soils through transitioning to effective biodegradable alternatives. This study examines how integrating both biodegradable and non-biodegradable mulch types into soil affects the microbial community over a six-month trial period. providing a direct comparison among the mulch sheets applied under the same conditions. The research observed a notable reduction in the weight of biodegradable plastics (MB and TMB), which is related to changes in bacterial community dynamics and their associated functions under mesophilic conditions. By analyzing the core microbiota of the plastic-influenced soil ecosystem, the study offers insights into identifying microbial groups with potential roles in plastic degradation. Nevertheless, the degradation of plastics in agricultural settings should take into account both biotic and abiotic factors, necessitating further study to inform and guide more sustainable agricultural management practices. DeclarationsAuthor ContributionI. R. and M. S. carried out the experiments and data analysis. I. R. wrote the main manuscript text. G. M. data analysis. V. V. reviewed and edited the manuscript. I. R. and V. V. participated in the experimental design. O. P. reviewed and edited the manuscript, conceived the concepts of the study and participated in its design. Data AvailabilityThe datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how specific bacterial species involved in the degradation of starch-based plastics were tested under mesophilic conditions, suggesting that the effectiveness of bacterial plastic degradation is influenced by the environment. Additionally, the text notes that degradation in agricultural settings must consider both biotic and abiotic factors, indicating that plastic degradation does not occur effectively in all natural environments without further study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: В данном случае — тональность. После нововенцев и структуралистов в мире не просто начали работать иные тональные системы, но в творчестве каждого композитора стали появляться свои, глубоко индивидуальные тональные системы! И наконец, в процессе обучения необходимо периодически касаться проблем музыкальной формы. Под ней я, по сути, понимаю то же самое, что и под архитектурной. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses tonal systems in music and the creative process of composers, without mentioning insects or their communication methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: The bacterial community in floor dust similar to indoor air, outdoor air, outdoor haze and human oral were consistent with main source types36,43,58,61,62. Human oral emissions are the largest sources of some floor dust via coughing, sneezing, talking and breathing63,64. Among the top 30 genera, more than 10 genera are human-associated bacteria, whereas 5 genera are environmental-associated bacteria. Sources of dominant genera also indicate that humans and the outdoor environment are important bacterial sources in indoor environments1,65. The abundance of several human-associated genera was significantly higher in dust samples, including Streptococcus (salivary microbiome66,67,68,69), Lachnospiraceae spp. (human and mammal gut microbiota70), Prevotella spp. and Lactobacillus spp. (vaginal microbiota71,72) (Fig. 4). Sphingomonas spp. and Brevundimonas spp. mainly habitat in HEPA filter, which were ubiquitous in the land habitats73 and contaminated environments74 (Fig. 4). These were consistent with Fig. 7b. Occupancy density is an important factor affecting the dynamics of the airborne microbial community in the built environment46. Its effect on HEPA filter was greater than dust, possibly because of HEPA filter trapped bacteria from indoor air for a much larger volume with a larger amount of human bacteria. Human oral, indoor air and outdoor haze were critical sources of bacteria in floor dust. In contrast, bacteria present in soil contributed to a significantly higher population in the filter (Fig. 7). The filter in the air purifier and other air-handling equipment could be identified as sources of air contaminants56,75. The HEPA filter in the air purifier should be considered as a new ecological niche owing to its enrichment of p57. Thus, various bacteria possibly tend to keep alive on the filter. Human activities such as walking could greatly increase the emission rate of biological aerosol p76. These aerosols may cause adverse effects, including respiratory infections and hypersensitivities in humans77,78,79. Thus, the alive bacteria in the HEPA filter should be considered during the assessment of indoor environmental health. ConclusionsAir purifiers are widely used in indoor environments in haze days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that HEPA filters trap bacteria from indoor air, which suggests that they are effective in removing airborne pollutants. It mentions that the HEPA filter enriches specific bacterial populations, indicating a process of filtration and removal of airborne contaminants. Additionally, the statement that air purifiers are widely used in indoor environments supports the practicality of HEPA filters in filtering airborne pollutants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: AnonPlasticEurope (2021) Statistics: Plasticulture in Europe. In: Plast. Facts 2021. APE Eur. website. apeeurope. eu/statistics Tsi H-Y, Tsen W-C, Shu Y-C et al (2009) Compatibility and characteristics of poly(butylene succinate) and propylene-co-ethylene copolymer blend. 28:875–885. (2005) Potential of a corn starch-based biodegradable plastic film for soil solarization. Acta Horticulturae. for (ISHS), Leuven, Belgium, pp 201–206 Bandopadhyay S, Martin-(2018) Biodegradable plastic mulch films: impacts on soil microbial communities and ecosystem functions. 9:819. Li C, Moore-Kucera J, et al (2014) Degradation of Films at U. S. Locations. 38:861–889. Yamamoto- (2015) Contribution of soil esterase to biodegradation of aliphatic polyester agricultural mulch film in cultivated soils. AMB Express 5:10. -et al (2012) Degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in soil environment by phylloplane fungi isolated from gramineous plants. AMB express 2:1–10 (2016) Influences of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) on soil microbiota and plant growth. Stab 129:338–346. (2023) Effects of residual plastic film on crop yield and soil fertility in a dryland farming system. J 22:3783–3791. (2019) Biodegradation of Films in Agricultural Soils: Concepts, Knowledge Gaps, and Directions. Technol 53:2304–2315. (2019) Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic. 97:105–114 (2019) Microbial degradation of four biodegradable polymers in soil and compost demonstrating polycaprolactone as an ideal compostable plastic. 97:105–114. (2019) Methodologies to assess biodegradation of bioplastics during aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion: A review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies focusing specifically on the degradation of biodegradable plastics primarily in agricultural soils and the specific interactions with soil microbial communities. This indicates that while some environments may support degradation, it cannot be generalized that all natural environments will facilitate effective bacterial plastic degradation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Разница лишь в том, что специфика строительного материала, которым пользуются композиторы, не дает возможности эту форму увидеть. Поэтому ее надо уметь представлять, что особенно удается тем, у кого хорошо развито абстрактное мышление. Теоретически мы имеем возможность получить точные трехмерные изображения, совокупно дающие объективное представление о форме. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the specificity of materials used by composers and abstract thinking without any mention of insects or their communication through sounds and music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pure and 10. 22207/JPAM. 14. 2. 56 | © The Author(s). 2020 Received: 08/08/2019 | Accepted: 20/03/2020 | Published: 27/06/2020 presence of the ubiquitous fungus Aspergillus flavus along with other seed borne fungi associated with rice in indoor air of farmers’ house has been a major health concern. The problem further worsens when the Aspergillus flavus strain has the ability of producing aflatoxins (a group of mycotoxin) and sclerotia (a resistive structure). Diseases and allergic reactions like asthma, rhinitis, allergic broncho pulmonary mycoses, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis may be caused to inhabitants when aflatoxins, spores, vegetative cells and fungal metabolites are inhaled. Therefore, management of this fungus in indoor air of farmers’ house is very much essential. Farmers house in Odisha particularly in coastal regions are very much susceptible to fungal infection. Due to poor financial conditions management by sophisticated methods seems difficult. Hence, in the current study, efficiency of some herbal and traditional air purifiers like camphor, dasang jhuna, hawan samagri, cow dung-urine has been evaluated for the suppression of Aspergillus flavus. These materials are known to be used in various rituals and festivals by people in rural areas. All the traditional air purifiers have been found useful to inhibit the growth and proliferation of the fungus particularly cowdung-urine mixure proved to have fungicidal effect. Based on the strong belief and practice of Indian traditions and rituals along with scientific support from the current study and knowledge from literatures, these traditional materials may be very useful for the management and suppression of toxigenic and sclerotic Aspergillus flavus consequently suppressing indoor air problems in farmers’ house. flavus, aflatoxin, indoor air, traditional air purifier, cowdung urine information on airborne allergenic fungal flora in rural agricultural areas is largely lacking still few reports are available describing the presence of allergenic Aspergillus flavus in indoor air of many areas of India which includes farmers’ house1a,1b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of managing airborne pollutants, specifically the fungus Aspergillus flavus, in indoor air environments. It mentions evaluating traditional air purifiers that can suppress this fungus, which aligns with the purpose of air purifiers having a HEPA filter to remove airborne pollutants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: Res 37:959–975 (2013) Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies. Res 41:e1–e1 (2013) Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiol 79:2519–2526 (2019) Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. 37:852–857 (2016) DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. 13:581–583 Kronthaler F, Zöllner S (2021) In: Kronthaler F, Zöllner S (eds) with RStudio BT - with RStudio: Introduction. Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 65–85 (2013) phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. 8:e61217 (2019) vegan: community ecology package. 2019. R Packag version 2 (2013) Bacterial communities associated with the leaves and the roots of Arabidopsis thaliana. 8:e56329. (2019) Effects of rhizoma peanut cultivars (Arachis glabrata Benth. ) on the soil bacterial diversity and predicted function in nitrogen fixation. 9:12676–12687 (2023) Valorisation of hydrothermal liquefaction wastewater in agriculture: effects on tobacco plants and rhizosphere microbiota. Sci 14:1777. (2019) Pheatmap: Pretty Heatmaps. R Package Version. r-project org/package = pheatmap, Available online (2020) In situ degradation of biodegradable plastic mulch films in compost and agricultural soils. Environ 727:138668. (2015) High temperature microbial activity in upper soil layers. 362:fnv182. Haider TP, Völker C, et al (2019) Plastics of the Future? of on the Environment and on Society. 58:50–62. (2024) A critical review of biodegradable plastic mulch films in agriculture: Definitions, scientific background and potential impacts. 170:117391. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and research related to microbial and bacterial communities but does not specifically support the idea that bacterial plastic degradation is effective in all natural environments. Instead, it suggests varying conditions and contexts, such as the impact of biodegradable plastic mulch films in agriculture and the behavior of bacteria in specific environments, indicating that effectiveness may depend on environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Иными словами, геометрическая интерпретация, выручающая в самых разных областях, может помочь и в музыке. Но пока музыканты не вооружились соответствующими компьютерными программами и не имеют опыта подобной работы. Построение такого изображения вручную займет очень длительное время и потребует огромной выдержки. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geometric interpretations in music and the challenges in building such images, without mentioning insects or their ability to communicate through sounds and music.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Air purifiers with HEPA filters can remove airborne pollutants indoors. [SEP] Text: Effect of different air purifiers on culture characters of aflatoxigenic-sclerotic Aspergillus flavus isolate A28 Exposing A28 to different air purifiers significantly affected the radial growth. About 70% reduction in colony diameter of A28 was observed after exposure to environment containing camphor where as 90% inhibition by cowdung-cow urine, 23% inhibition by hawan samagri and 37% inhibition by dasang jhuna were observed after 11 days of inoculation (Table 3). The growth of A28 kept in environment containing commercial air freshener was completely inhibited where no mycelia growth was observed. The radial growth of A28 culture which was kept in environment containing cowdung-cow urine further remained constant at 14mm after 3rd day of growth. Table (3): Effect of different air purifiers on periodic growth of aflatoxigenic-sclerotic Aspergillus flavus isolate A28 on PDA. Colony diameter in mm. Treatments day1 day 2 day 3 day 4 day 5 day 6 day 7 day 8 day 9 day 10 day 11 19 24 36. 5 46 53 63 73 80. 5 86. 5 88. 5 90 Camphor 12. 5 15. 5 18. 5 19. 5 22. 5 23 23. 5 23. 5 24. 5 26 27. 25 Commercial air freshener 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cowdung+Urine 11 13. 5 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 Dasang jhuna 0 0 7. 5 8. 5 14 19 26 31 39 47 57 Hawan samagri 15. 5 25. 5 37 47 50 55 57. 5 60. 5 63. 5 66. 5 69 LSD at P<0. 05 is 2. 31; LSD at P<0. 01 is 3. 05 The culture plates of A28 which were kept inside desiccators for fifteen days containing different air purifiers were taken out and then incubated at 28°C to observe further changes in growth and culture characteristics. It was very significant to observe that A28 plates which were kept in environment containing commercial air freshener where no growth has been observed earlier, resumed growth very fast after shifting normal growth conditions in incubator (Table 4 and Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the effectiveness of air purifiers in reducing the growth of the aflatoxigenic-sclerotic Aspergillus flavus isolate A28. The significant reductions in colony diameter and growth inhibition observed with various treatments indicate that the air purifiers, including those with active components like commercial air fresheners, have a substantial impact on airborne pollutants indoors, aligning with the claim regarding HEPA filters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: (2019) LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil. 254:112983. (2020) Ecological influences of the migration of micro resin p1020. (2022) Deciphering the diversity and functions of plastisphere bacterial communities in plastic-mulching croplands of subtropical China. J 422:126865. (2020) Effects of co-loading of polyethylene microplastics and ciprofloxacin on the antibiotic degradation efficiency and microbial community structure in soil. Environ 741:140463. Wolińska A, Kuźniar A, et al (2017) Bacteroidetes as a sensitive biological indicator of agricultural soil usage revealed by a culture-independent approach. Ecol 119:128–137. (2010) Bacterial diversity at different stages of the composting process. BMC Microbiol 10:1–11. (2013) Diversity of bacterial isolates during full scale rotary drum composting. 33:1595–1601. (2017) Plastics in the garbage patch: A boat-microbe for hitchhikers and plastic degraders. Environ 599–600:1222–1232. (2018) Effects of soil residual plastic film on soil microbial community structure and fertility. 229:1–11 (2023) Mulches for Agroecosystem Sustainability: A Comprehensive Review. Agriculture 13 Patel H, (2021) Chap. 5 - Thermophilic fungi: Diversity, physiology, genetics, and applications. In: -N and FD in MB and B (eds). Elsevier, pp 69–93 Sharma H, Neelam DK (2023) Understanding challenges associated with plastic and bacterial approach toward plastic degradation. J 63:292–307. (2013) Communities of Associated with Biodegradation of Plastics. J 21:575–579. (2023) A review on cutinases enzyme in degradation of microplastics. J 347:119193. (2015) Microbial degradation of plastic: a review. J 6:952–961 Liu Y, Qiao J-T, Yuan X-Z et al (2014) Hydrogenispora ethanolica gen. nov. , sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate specific environmental conditions affecting bacterial communities and their ability to degrade plastics. For example, the mention of 'LDPE microplastic films alter microbial community composition and enzymatic activities in soil' suggests that degradation processes can vary based on microbial community composition and environmental factors, implying that effectiveness is not uniform across all natural environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Значит, надо ждать, когда нам на помощь придет соответствующее программное обеспечение, как пришли когда-то компьютерные музыкальные редакторы Finale и Sibelius. Мы должны помнить, что латинское forma означает вид, образ, и под этим понятием подразумеваются очертание, внешний вид, контуры предмета. Для традиционной архитектуры форма — это геометрический объект, построенный по законам эвклидовой геометрии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses the arrival of software for music editing and architecture concepts related to geometry. There is no mention of insects or their ability to communicate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: A ventilation intervention study in classrooms to improve indoor air quality: the FRESH study Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 17 December 2013 A ventilation intervention study in classrooms to improve indoor air quality: the FRESH study Jeannette TM Rosbach1,2, Machiel Vonk2, Frans Duijm2, van Ginkel3, Ulrike Gehring1 & …Bert Brunekreef1,4 Show authors 2012. Associations between the intervention and weekly average indoor CO2 levels, classroom temperature and relative humidity were assessed by means of mixed models with random school-effects. ResultsAt baseline, mean CO2 concentration for all schools was 1335 ppm (range: 763–2000 ppm). The intervention was able to significantly decrease CO2 levels in the intervention classrooms (F (2,10) = 17. 59, p < 0. 001), with a mean decrease of 491 ppm. With the target set at 800 ppm, mean CO2 was 841 ppm (range: 743–925 ppm); with the target set at 1200 ppm, mean CO2 was 975 ppm (range: 887–1077 ppm). ConclusionsAlthough the device was not capable of precisely achieving the two predefined levels of CO2, our study showed that classroom CO2 levels can be reduced by intervening on classroom ventilation using a CO2 controlled mechanical ventilation system. reports BackgroundChildren spend much of their time in schools; it is the indoor environment where they spend most of their time besides in their home. It is therefore important that schools have a good indoor air quality (IAQ). Classroom ventilation was already recognised as an important determinant of indoor air quality in the beginning of the 20th century [1]; however, even recent studies showed that classroom ventilation rates do not meet building standards. Two studies performed in in 2007 showed that more than 80% of the schools exceeded CO2 levels of 1200 parts per million (ppm) during classroom occupation [2, 3], which in is the advised maximum CO2 concentration for classrooms [4, 5]. Poor IAQ has found to be associated with a negative impact on health [6, 7]. However, these reviews mainly focussed on office buildings and their occupants. Daisey et al. [8] reviewed the literature published until 1999 with a specific focus on schools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study on ventilation interventions in classrooms that aimed to improve indoor air quality. It specifically mentions that the intervention successfully reduced CO2 levels, demonstrating the effectiveness of ventilation systems in maintaining better air quality indoors. The results indicate that classroom ventilation, which is a form of circulating fresh air, plays a crucial role in achieving desirable indoor air quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacterial plastic degradation can operate effectively in all natural environments. [SEP] Text: In a MAPLE-optimized experimental style, awake flies are retrieved from the or FlyPlate and then transferred directly into the behavioral arena by sliding a multi-position loading port, a slidable clear lid with a 3. 5 mm diameter opening through which flies can be deposited and removed, into place above the arena, dropping the fly, and then sliding the port so it is inaccessible to the fly (Figure 3—figure supplement 1 and examples below). Social arena array Request a detailed protocol Arenas used for affiliative behavior (Figure 5) and circling bias experiments (Figure 2—figure supplement 1) are circular in shape with a 30 mm diameter and a height of 3 mm. Arenas are covered by a multi-position loading port. Two equal-sized semicircular compartments are formed by a 1. 5-mm-thick interaction barrier. Interaction barriers refer to individually laser-cut blocks that can be placed into corresponding openings in the middle of the circular arena, allowing separation of flies into individual compartments. Barriers were laser-cut from either clear or black acrylic and were designed to be either solid or open. Solid barriers were flat on the bottom. Open barriers had 4 ~ 0. 25 mm horizontal channels connecting the two compartments (Figure 5B; Video 12). Open barriers presumably facilitate the exchange of odor cues between compartments. Barriers could be made of clear acrylic, facilitating visual cues, or black acrylic. A social arena array comprises 81 circular arenas, with 162 semicircular arenas in total. Y-maze array Request a detailed protocol Locomotor handedness was assessed using y-maze arenas (Buchanan et al. , 2015). Individual arms of the symmetrical Y-shaped mazes are 15. 5 mm long and 120° apart. Arm ends are circular (5. 2 mm) in shape, making it easier for flies to turn around and permitting loading and unloading flies via multi-position loading ports (Figures 1). Arenas are covered with identical lids as those in the social arena array. A y-maze array comprises 81 y-maze arenas arranged equidistantly in a nine-by-nine grid. All parts described were manufactured from either clear or black acrylic and cut into shape using a laser cutter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of experimental procedures involving the use of arenas in behavioral experiments with flies but does not address the claim regarding bacterial plastic degradation. As such, it does not provide any relevant information to support, contrast, or discuss the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Но современная архитектура уже давно выходит за ее рамки, и в сегодняшней архитектурной композиции форма участвует не только как отдельная плоская или объемная геометрическая фигура, а в большей степени как их комбинация или сопряжение. И это уже очень близко к музыке! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect communication. Instead, it discusses modern architecture and how its form can relate to music, which is unrelated to the ability of insects to communicate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: Schools were randomly allocated to the three study arms, but were allocated to the control arm when for practical reasons it was not possible to install the ventilation system (4 schools). The exact size of the classrooms has not been measured, but classrooms in measure approximately 50 m2. The average number of students in the studied classrooms was 26, per classroom one teacher was present. All studied classrooms relied on natural ventilation through opening doors and windows to provide fresh air. Table 1 provides more information on the schools. Table 1 School characteristics Full size table InterventionIn 12 schools we changed the classroom ventilation, using a specially designed and installed mechanical ventilation device. Based on a design of providing a stable ventilation flow with an adjustable outdoor air supply rate, this device consisted of an exterior constant flow fan (LAAHP12,. , China) placed outdoors. Within the device outdoor air was mixed with indoor air derived from the classroom via the return system. The mixing ratio between indoor and outdoor air was depended on the setting of the targeted CO2 concentration and was adjusted by means of a valve in the inlet of the outdoor air supply system. The mixture of indoor and outdoor air was than heated before being introduced into the classroom with a flow of approximately 1400 m3/h. Simple ducting (diameter 355 mm) lead the air without filtering into the building through a tailor made window pane. In the classrooms, the air was distributed through a flexible, perforated fabric air sock. A non-flexible duct was used for air exhaust. Both the air sock and exhaust duct were attached to the ceiling of the classroom. 1 the ventilation device and the installation within a classroom are shown. Figure 1 Installation of the ventilation intervention in a classroom. A = air sock for air supply, B = tailor made window pane, C = non-flexible duct for air exhaustion, D = ventilator. Full size image The device was CO2 controlled, using a real-time, self-calibrating CO2 sensor (Telair 6613 CO2 module, GE Measurement & Control, USA) to adjust the amount of outdoor air supplied, in order to achieve a target steady-state CO2 concentration in the classroom. This CO2 sensor was located at one of the walls of the classroom, at approximately 1. 5 m from the floor, where possible not close to windows and doors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a mechanical ventilation system that was implemented in classrooms to improve air quality. It explains how outdoor air was mixed with indoor air and provided into the classrooms using a special device, which correlates directly with the claim that ventilation systems enhance air quality by circulating fresh air indoors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea View 10. 7717/peerj. 3865 Published 2017-09-29 Accepted 2017-09-08 Received 2017-04-06 gene transfer, Archaea, Temperature, Oxygen utilization, Genome-size correction, © 2017 Fuchsman et al. is an open access 2017. Effect of the environment on horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea. PeerJ 5:e3865 Horizontal gene transfer, the transfer and incorporation of genetic material between different species of organisms, has an important but poorly quantified role in the adaptation of microbes to their environment. Previous work has shown that genome size and the number of horizontally transferred genes are strongly correlated. Here we consider how genome size confuses the quantification of horizontal gene transfer because the number of genes an organism accumulates over time depends on its evolutionary history and ecological context (e. g. , the nutrient regime for which it is adapted). investigated horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria by first counting reciprocal BLAST hits among 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes to find shared genes. Then we used the DarkHorse algorithm, a probability-based, lineage-weighted method (Podell & Gaasterland, 2007), to identify potential horizontally transferred genes among these shared genes. By removing the effect of genome size in the bacteria, we have identified bacteria with unusually large numbers of shared genes with archaea for their genome size. Interestingly, archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share unusually large numbers of genes. However, high salt was not found to significantly affect the numbers of shared genes. Numbers of shared (genome size-corrected, reciprocal BLAST hits) and transferred genes (identified by DarkHorse) were strongly correlated. Thus archaea and bacteria that live in anaerobic and/or high temperature conditions are more likely to share horizontally transferred genes. These horizontally transferred genes are over-represented by genes involved in energy conversion as well as the transport and metabolism of inorganic ions and amino acids. and thermophilic bacteria share unusually large numbers of genes with archaea. This is mainly due to horizontal gene transfer of genes from the archaea to the bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and archaea, indicating that genetic material is shared and possibly adapted from various environments. This suggests that bacteria can acquire genes that may not be safe, particularly those involving energy conversion and metabolism, which poses potential risks rather than guaranteeing safety. The text does not endorse the idea that all bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All insects can communicate through sounds and music. [SEP] Text: Смело можно говорить, что музыкальная форма — это объект N-мерного пространства, образованного работой гармонических функций, применяемых на всех уровнях структурирования звучащей материи. А раз так, то к анализу музыкальной формы может быть в полной мере привлечен математический аппарат высшей алгебры. И это дает огромные возможности для более глубокого и точного понимания результата структурирования музыки. DOI 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insect communication through sounds and music. Instead, it discusses the mathematical and analytical aspects of musical form and sound structuring, which is irrelevant to the claim about insect communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ventilation systems improve air quality by circulating fresh air indoors. [SEP] Text: By means of the recirculation and constant air flow blinding of students, teachers and field investigators to the level of outdoor air supply was established. As classrooms in have approximately the same size, one single ventilation flow was chosen (approximately 1400 m3/h) that was enough to realise the targeted CO2 concentration without creating disturbingly high air flows within the classroom. For this study, pre-set levels of 800 and 1200 ppm CO2 were defined. The lower level represents the level advised by the joint Health Services. The upper level represents the basis on which Regulations have formulated the minimal achievable air flow for the design of new schools [4, 5]. To maintain a cross-over in the design, in half of the classrooms, we started ventilating at 800 ppm, the other six schools started with a setting of 1200 ppm. In the third week of the study, the ventilation regime changed. To prevent thermal discomfort and create a more or less stable classroom temperature, the device was equipped with an air pump able to both heat and cool the outdoor air before it was introduced into the classrooms. Classroom temperature was set at 21°C, to minimize differences between the schools. Based on measurements of a real-time temperature sensor (located at the same position as the CO2 sensor) cooling or heating of the supplied air was adjusted according to the classroom temperature. As the experiment was carried out in winter seasons, classroom temperature was higher than outdoor temperature. Even though no measurements were performed of the exact temperature of supplied air, it is to be expected that this air was heated. When classroom temperature exceeded 21°C, colder air was supplied to lower the indoor temperature. Furthermore, the system was designed to maintain system noise below 35 dB (A). This value has shown to be the threshold for annoyance and disturbance [21]. Indoor measurementsDuring the study weeks, each classroom was equipped with two data loggers (GRP-300 Pro () in study region 1 and ATV-IAQ set () in study region 2) for CO2, temperature and relative humidity. These data loggers were calibrated each year by the manufacturer. The loggers were positioned as much as possible at the height of the desks of the pupils and on the opposite sides of the classroom. Log interval was 4 minutes. From the two data loggers the average was taken to represent classroom CO2, temperature and relative humidity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the ventilation system is designed to manage CO2 levels and maintain a stable classroom environment. Specifically, it mentions the use of an air pump to introduce outdoor air into classrooms while also controlling temperature, which indicates the circulation of fresh air indoors. The study emphasizes the importance of maintaining target CO2 concentrations through proper ventilation, supporting the idea that ventilation systems enhance indoor air quality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All bacteria used for plastic degradation are completely safe and pose no risks. [SEP] Text: In general, these transfers are from archaea that live in similar oxygen and temperature conditions as the bacteria that receive the genes. Potential hotspots of horizontal gene transfer between archaea and bacteria include hot springs, marine sediments, and oil wells. Cold spots for horizontal transfer included dilute, aerobic, mesophilic environments such as marine and freshwater surface waters. gene transfer (HGT) is an essential aspect of microbial evolution, but its mechanisms, rates, and consequences are poorly understood and difficult to quantify (Boto, 2009). Some organisms are more likely to engage in horizontal gene transfer than others. For HGT to occur, the transferred DNA has to be incorporated into the genome after uptake. For this reason, HGT is more common among closely related organisms (Kloesges et al. , 2011). Intra-domain gene transfer seems to have been particularly important in bacterial evolution (Wolf et al. , 2012). However, HGT does occur between archaea and bacteria and is more easily detected in such cases. Since the apparatus for transcription and translation are significantly different between archaea and bacteria, only transferred genes with strong benefits would be retained in their new genome, as their initial expression is likely to be low (Lawrence & Hendrickson, 2003). There is abundant evidence of HGT of key genes between bacteria and archaea adapted to live in similar environments: hot acid (Fütterer et al. , 2004), acid mine drainage (Guo et al. , 2015), extremely high salt (Mongodin et al. , 2005), marine (Frigaard et al. , 2006; Brochier-Armanet et al. , 2011), high mercury (Barkay et al. , 2010), and high temperature (Rhodes et al. , 2011). Whether HGT is limited by geography has not been well investigated, but it likely spans oceans and continents. HGT between archaea and bacteria can be accomplished by acquiring free DNA from the environment, which implies greater proximity between the two parties, or by transfer of DNA from viruses or gene transfer agents. A comparison of viral metagenomes across the world’s oceans revealed that viruses are widely dispersed, though there is a relationship between geographic and genetic distance (Angly et al. , 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between archaea and bacteria, which raises concerns about the potential for unexpected genetic changes. It implies there are complexities and potential risks associated with genetic transfer that may not guarantee the complete safety of bacteria used for plastic degradation, as indicated by the difficulties in quantifying the consequences of HGT.