Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis Spearman correlation coefficient and principal component analysis Spearman’s correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a monotonic relationship between paired data, and its interpretation is similar to that of Pearsons. Further, the principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the variables chosen from the Spearman correlation coefficient. The PCA was applied to determine whether the sources of respective pollutants were anthropogenic or natural. Minitab 16 statistical software was used for statistical treatment of data. composition variation Table 1 presents VWA values, ranges obtained for pH, conductivity, inorganic ions including F−, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ for wet-only and dry-only deposition samples. The VWA value and the range for conductivity were 6. 84 µS cm− 1 and 2. 25 − 20. 84 µS cm− 1 for the wet-only deposition, while the corresponding values for dry-only deposition were 7. 78 and 1. 92–17. 65 µS cm− 1, respectively. The VWA concentrations of the major ionic species present in wet-only precipitation samples were in the order of Na+ > NH4+ > Cl− > SO42− > Ca2+ > NO3− > K+ > Mg2+, while the order for dry-only samples was Na+ > Cl− > K+ > Ca2+ > SO42− > NH4+ > NO3− > Mg2+. The above results indicate that the difference in the order of the concentration of respective ions depends on the sampling type. Further, it is clearly indicated that wind and the geographical location of the sampling play a pivotal role in the composition of the rain water chemistry. Although there is a difference in the order of ions, Na+, Ca2+, Cl−, NH4+ and SO42− are found to be the dominant ions, in general, in both wet-only and dry-only samples. A similar observation has been made in India in 2017 (Bhaskar and Rao 2017; Bisht et al. 2017). It can also be stated that marine contribution in both types of samples can be predicted by the presence of Na+ and Cl−, which is further supported by previous studies (Li et al. , 2016; Chathuranga et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the statistical analysis of water samples, indicating that limnologists study variables related to water chemistry. However, it hints at broader ecological implications by considering pollutant sources and mentions contributing factors like wind and geographical location, which are relevant to ecosystem studies. This suggests that limnologists do take into account ecological interactions, which counters the claim that they ignore living organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: This difference raises the questions of how pathological tearing of otic epithelium from endolymphatic hydrops might lead to hearing and balance symptoms and whether the organization of the endolymphatic duct and sac prevents an influx of low potassium perilymph from coming into direct contact with the stereocilia of sensory hair cells. Determination of the molecular basis of lamellar barrier organization and apical junction dynamics will be necessary to make progress on how the physical relief valve works and how it might fail to cause disease. Materials and methods Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain, strain background (Danio rerio): ZDB-GENO-960809–7Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)lmx1bb mutant, ale uchu (jj410 allele): 17574823jj410; : ZDB-ALT-070426–3Schibler and Malicki, 2007Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine-citrine)hm30Megason lab, PMID: 25303534hm30; : ZDB-ALT-150209–1Xiong et al. , 2014Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm32Megason lab, PMID: 27535432hm32; : ZDB-ALT-161213–1Aguet et al. , 2016Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm33Megason lab, PMID: 27535432hm33; : ZDB-ALT-161213–2Aguet et al. , 2016Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(−5. 0lmx1bb:d2eEGFP)mw10gift from Brian Link's lab, PMID: 19500562mw10; : ZDB-ALT-091218–2McMahon et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses pathological tearing of otic epithelium and associated biological processes rather than anything related to excavation sites or stratigraphy. There are no mentions of historical events or archaeological methodologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Frontostriatal connectivity and its role in cognitive control in parent-child dyads with ADHD. Psychiatry 2007;164:1729–36. ↵Human anterior cingulate neurons and the integration of monetary reward with motor responses. 2004;7:1370–5. ↵Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and clinical outcome in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry 2006;63:540–9. ↵Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. Psychiatry 2009;166:83–94. ↵A review of fronto-striatal and fronto-cortical brain abnormalities in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and new evidence for dysfunction in adults with ADHD during motivation and attention. Cortex 2012;48:194–215. ↵White matter tract integrity of frontostriatal circuit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association with attention performance and symptoms. Mapp 2014;35:199–212. ↵Tamm L, Barnea-Goraly N, Reiss AL. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals white matter abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2012;202:150–4. ↵-Gu SL, et al. Neural substrates of behavioral variability in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: based on ex-Gaussian reaction time distribution and diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. 2013;44:1751–64. OpenUrl↵Disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. 2013;43:1093–107. OpenUrl↵Decreased frontostriatal microstructural organization in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mapp 2012;33:1941–51. ↵White matter abnormalities and their impact on attentional performance in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci 2012;262:351–60. ↵. The role of parietal cortex during sustained visual spatial attention. 2009;1302:157–66. ↵Segmentation of subcomponents within the superior longitudinal fascicle in humans: a quantitative, in vivo, DT-MRI study. 2005;15:854–69. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and reviews that highlight the role of frontostriatal connectivity and the behavior of neural networks in relation to attention and cognitive control, particularly in individuals with ADHD. For instance, it mentions the 'disturbed microstructural integrity of the frontostriatal fiber pathways and executive dysfunction,' indicating that changes in attention processing can occur based on attentional demands and cognitive control mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: , 2020; Liyandeniya et al. , 2020, 2021). The comparatively high level of NH4+ ion could be due to biomass burning and excessive fertilizer usage. The main source for elevated levels of both Na+ and Cl− is probably marine even though Peradeniya is located about 100 km away from the coast. Other than marine origin, small quantities of chlorine species could be added to the atmosphere during water treatment as chlorination is the main disinfection method used in Sri Lanka. There are several water treatment plants located in the vicinity of the Peradeniya site to support this fact. In general, the concentrations of all ionic constitutes, with the exception of NH4+, in wet-only deposition samples are lower than those in dry-only samples. It has been reported, according to molecular dynamics simulation studies, that the local water structure in the ion solvation is significantly different between K+ and NH4+, and the latter ion has been found to have a more ordered water structure in the first solvation shell when compared to K+, due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the ion and water molecules although there is a strong analogy in the solvation properties of the two ions (Aydin et al. 2020). The higher concentration of NH4+ in the wet-only deposition samples can be explained due to the stronger contribution from the above fact although the dilution effect is an opposing phenomenon. The dilution effect is probably a significant factor among all the other ions as there is no possibility of forming hydrogen bonds, thus showing lower concentrations in wet-only deposition. In addition, differences in the trend between wet-only and dry-only depositions could be attributed to the differences ionic radii, hydrated radii, rates of diffusion, rates of deposition, extents of dissolution, etc. , making it a complicated issue. For example, difference in the concentration of Na+ between dry-only and wet-only deposition is not as much as that of of K+ although both ions experience the dilution effect in wet-only deposition. The difference between these two ions can be attributed to the hydration potential as Na+ ions exhibit a higher charge density when compared to K+ ions. A similar difference is observed between Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of water chemistry, including the impact of biological factors like biomass burning on chemical ion levels (e.g., NH4+, Na+, Cl−). It also touches upon water treatment processes and differences in ionic behavior in water, indicating that limnology involves understanding both chemical compositions and their biological implications, thus demonstrating that limnologists are indeed concerned with living organisms as part of their studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: , 2009Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mem-mcherry2)hm29Megason lab, PMID: 23622240hm29; : ZDB-ALT-130625–1Xiong et al. , 2013Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(hsp70:rac1_T17N-p2a-mem-cherry2)hm35Megason lab, rac1 mutant plasmid gift from Raz lab, this paperhm35Kardash et al. , 2010Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(elavl3:GCaMP5G)a4598gift from Alexander Schier's lab, PMID: 23524393a4598; : ZDB-ALT-130924–1Ahrens et al. , 2013Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:myl12. 1-EGFP)e2212gift from C. P. Heisenberg's lab, PMID: 25535919e2212; : ZDB-ALT-130108–2Compagnon et al. , 2014Strain, strain background (Danio rerio)Tg(actb2:mCherry-Hsa. UTRN)e119gift from C. P. Heisenberg's lab, PMID: 25535919e119; : ZDB-ALT-151029–2Compagnon et al. , 2014Antibodymouse anti ZO-11-1A12Antibodyrabbit anti collagen 209865Antibodyrabbit anti lamininSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MOL9393Recombinant DNA reagentpet-28b-Cas9-Hisgift from Alexander Schier's lab, PMID: 24873830addgene id: 47327Gagnon et al. , 2014Recombinant DNA reagentpmtb-t7-alpha-bungarotoxinMegason lab, PMID: 26244658addgene id: 69542Swinburne et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses various strains of Danio rerio and their related studies and background information, which is unrelated to the concept of excavation and historical analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: ↵Sustained attention is associated with right superior longitudinal fasciculus and superior parietal white matter microstructure in children. Mapp 2013;34:3216–32. ↵White matter development in adolescence: diffusion tensor imaging and meta-analytic results. 2012;38:1308–17. ↵Diffusion tensor imaging study of white matter fiber tracts in pediatric bipolar disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. 2009;65:586–93. ↵’Neill J, et al. Reduced white matter integrity in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuroreport 2008;19:1705–8. ↵White matter microstructure in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their siblings. 2013;52:431–40 e434. ↵Disturbed structural connectivity is related to inattention and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci 2010;31:912–9. ↵Attention and executive systems abnormalities in adults with childhood ADHD: A DT-MRI study of connections. 2008;18:1210–20. ↵White matter microstructure of the cingulum and cerebellar peduncle is related to sustained attention and working memory: a diffusion tensor imaging study. 2010;477:72–6. ↵Atlas-based segmentation of white matter tracts of the human brain using diffusion tensor tractography and comparison with classical dissection. Neuroimage 2008;39:62–79. ↵Age-related differences in white matter tract microstructure are associated with cognitive performance from childhood to adulthood. 2014;75:248–56. ↵DTI correlates of distinct cognitive impairments in Parkinson’s disease. Mapp 2014;44:1751–64. OpenUrl↵Diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive function in older adults with no dementia. Neurology 2011;77:26–34. ↵Diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging (DSI) tractography of crossing fibers. Neuroimage 2008;41:1267–77. ↵Mapping complex tissue architecture with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Med 2005;54:1377–86. ↵. Estimation of the effective self-diffusion tensor from the NMR spin echo. J B 1994;103:247–54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning various studies that explore the relationship between white matter microstructure and attention-related cognitive processes. For instance, it highlights how 'sustained attention is associated with right superior longitudinal fasciculus and superior parietal white matter microstructure in children,' suggesting that attention can influence cognitive processing capabilities. Additionally, the references to studies on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the effects of attention on white matter integrity further corroborate the claim that selective attention is linked to cognitive processing changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: This argument is further supported by observing a smaller difference in SO42− concentration in wet-only and dry-only samples, probably due to the higher charge density, when compared to Cl− and NO3−. Further, there is a possibility that certain cations, such as Na+, would be present as gas-phase Na+(H2O)n clusters (Aydin et al. 2020). These dry deposited substances could lethally affect the plant leaf morphology identified as montane forest dieback because dry-deposited acidic substances containing sulfur and nitrogen compounds would be released by low-grade crude oil refining activities and automobile fumes (Ranasinghe et al. , 2009; Sun et al. , 2016). During combustion, these compounds are oxidized forming sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Calcium and magnesium are predominantly originated from soil and less from sea salt, while potassium is originated abundantly from sea salt and to a lesser extent by soil. In addition, the study area experiences relatively minor industrial and anthropogenic activities other than traffic conjunction during day time, mining of dolomite, waste incineration, occasional biomass burning and construction activities. Table 1 Average, range, volume weighted average (VWA) in samples of atmospheric precipitation at Peradeniya for pH, conductivity (µS cm− 1) and major ion concentration. Except for pH and conductivity, values of other parameters are given in \(\mu\)eq l− 1. deposition (n = 28) Dry deposition (n = 20) pH 6. 03 4. 77–7. 03 5. 80 6. 28 5. 58–6. 73 6. 18 Conductivity 8. 30 2. 25–20. 84 6. 84 8. 20 1. 92–17. 65 7. 78 Cl− 16. 15 0-61. 30 16. 50 26. 10 0-69. 33 26. 10 NO3− 3. 35 0-26. 06 4. 10 11. 01 0-46. 20 11. 01 SO42− 14. 23 0-58. 43 13. 75 18. 58 0-66. 40 18. 60 Na+ 42. 95 3. 58-136. 59 40. 92 45. 80 10. 13–147. 90 45. 80 NH4+ 20. 10 0-141. 70 21. 40 17. 33 0-104. 16 17. 40 K+ 3. 53 0-10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on the impact of chemical substances on living organisms, particularly in the context of montane forest dieback caused by dry-deposited acidic substances. This indicates that limnologists consider the effects of chemical composition on living organisms, thereby refuting the idea that their focus is solely on the chemical aspects of water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: , 2015Sequence-based reagentfoxi in situ probes,Danio rerioPCRtemplate + T7 reaction (Sigma)RefSeq:NM_181735Thisse and Thisse, 2014Sequence-based reagentbmp4 in situ probes, Danio rerioPCRtemplate + T7 reaction (Sigma)RefSeq:NM_131342Thisse and Thisse, 2014Sequence-based reagentlmx1bb sgRNA (exon 2), Danio rerioannealedoligos + SP6 reaction (NEB)GenBank:CR376762Gagnon et al. , 2014Sequence-based reagentlmx1bb sgRNA (exon 3),Danio rerioannealed oligos + SP6 reaction (NEB)GenBank:CR376762Gagnon et al. , 2014Peptide, recombinant proteincas9 proteinMegason labpurification scheme fromGagnon et al. , 2014Peptide, recombinant proteinalpha-bungarotoxin(Bristol, United Kingdom)Tocris catalog number 2133Swinburne et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and consists of a list of reagents and materials used in a laboratory context related to biological research, specifically involving Danio rerio (zebrafish). It does not address the concept of excavation sites or stratigraphy. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim about excavation sites revealing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Cognitive predictors of treatment outcome for exposure therapy: do changes in self-efficacy, self-focused attention, and estimated social costs predict symptom improvement in social anxiety disorder? 36. 9 years) diagnosed with SAD who received in vivo or virtual reality exposure therapy. ResultsPatients demonstrating a greater decrease in estimated social costs during treatment reported greater improvement of their social anxiety symptoms following both forms of exposure therapy. While changes in self-focused attention and social self-efficacy during treatment were significantly associated with treatment outcome when examined individually, these changes did not significantly predict symptom improvement beyond social costs. ConclusionsChanges in estimated social costs during treatment are associated with improvement of social anxiety symptoms after exposure therapy. Future research needs to further investigate estimated social costs as a predictor in relation to other cognitive variables. Trial registrationNCT01746667; www. clinicaltrials. gov, November 2012, retrospectively registered. reports BackgroundSocial anxiety disorder (SAD) refers to the fear of one or more social situations in which one can behave embarrassingly or be scrutinized by others [1]. Cognitive models of SAD assume that an individual’s negative beliefs related to social situations as well as the fear of behaving inappropriately and the subsequent consequences play an important role in the development and maintenance of the disorder [2]. Although exposure therapy, a psychological intervention that focusses on fear-related overt behaviour, does not directly address maladaptive cognitions, research suggests that this effective treatment produces similar changes in cognitions as cognitive therapy or cognitive behavioural therapy (see [3,4,5]). This suggests that although exposure therapy does not explicitly target cognitions during treatment, changes in cognitions can occur. However, it is unclear whether changes in SAD-related cognitions are associated with treatment outcome of pure exposure therapy. In this 36. 9 years, age range: 18–65 years, 63. 3% women) meeting the diagnostic criteria for a primary diagnosis of SAD [24] were included in the present study after being recruited via online and newspaper advertisements, and project related websites. Of these participants, 90% reported Dutch as native language, 48. 3% high, 46. 7% middle, and 5% low education, 60% had a paid employment status, and 50% were married. Furthermore, 11. 7% fulfilled the criteria for a comorbid anxiety disorder, 10% for a depressive disorder, and 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in self-focused attention during treatment are related to improvements in social anxiety symptoms. This implies a relationship where selective focus in attention can lead to changes in cognitive processing outcomes, particularly in the context of exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder (SAD). It mentions that cognitive models of SAD suggest that negative beliefs and fears are crucial to the disorder, indicating that attention and cognition interact dynamically.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: 52 3. 20 23. 04 0-53. 77 21. 90 Mg2+ 1. 90 0-8. 04 1. 52 5. 77 0-20. 25 5. 78 Ca2+ 8. 85 0-17. 24 8. 30 21. 00 4. 25–53. 98 21. 00 Table 2 shows the comparison of the concentrations of certain ionic species in wet-only depositions determined in this study as a comparison with those of similar species determined in the Asian region. It is clear from the table that Peradeniya shows comparatively lower values for most of the chemical species as compared to the values reported in some Asian cities, which are industrialized and densely populated. It is noticed that locations in India and China have shown elevated levels of SO42− and NO3−, especially in Nanjing, China, being the city with the highest concentration of the above species. However, the presence of Ca2+ and NH4+ may neutralize elevated levels of acidic ions showing only slightly higher acidic pH values. Table 2 Comparison of chemical composition in wet-only precipitation at different sites in the world (µeq l− 1) Peradeniya (This study) (et al. 2005) Singapore (Hu et al. 2003) (Tu et al. 2005) (et al. 2000) pH 5. 80 6. 78 4. 20 5. 15 4. 70 Cl− 16. 50 33. 9 34. 2 143 18. 2 NO3− 4. 10 40. 8 22. 3 39. 6 29. 9 SO42− 13. 75 128. 0 83. 5 242. 0 70. 9 Na+ 40. 92 33. 1 32. 8 23. 0 10. 5 NH4+ 21. 40 20. 4 19. 1 37. 7 66. 4 K+ 3. 20 33. 9 7. 20 3. 58 3. 5 Mg2+ 1. 52 50. 5 6. 54 9. 87 6. 9 Ca2+ 8. 30 151. 0 16. 1 42. 9 34. 9 Acidity of precipitation depends on the concentration of acid forming ions, and the concentration of alkaline species neutralizing the acidity in rainwater as well. Figure 3 shows the analysis of linear regression applied to the variables with acidification and variables with neutralization potential separately for the two sampling sites for both wet-only and dry-only precipitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while it discusses the chemical composition of precipitation, it implies a broader scope of study relevant to limnology. Limnologists are not solely focused on chemical analysis; they also study factors like acidity and how chemical ions interact with the water, which suggests an interest in the ecosystem dynamics, including living organisms, as indicated by the discussion of the relationship between acid-forming ions and neutralizing species in rainwater.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: , 2015Commercial assay or kitmMessage mMachine T7 ULTRA kit1345Chemical compound, drugDextran, Texas Red, 3000 -3329Chemical compound, drugDextran, 488, 10000 -22913Chemical compound, drugtricaine methanosulfateSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MOE10521Chemical compound, drugnonenyl succinic anhydride19050Chemical compound, drugDMP-3013600Chemical compound, drug1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (97%)Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO139564Chemical compound, drugSorensen's 11600–10Chemical compound, drugglutaraldehyde, EM grade16220Chemical compound, drugparaformaldehyde15710Chemical compound, drugpotassium ferricyanideSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO702587Chemical compound, drugosmium tetroxide19140Chemical compound, druguranyl acetate22400Chemical compound, drugmaleic acidSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MOm5757Chemical compound, drugacetronitrile10020Chemical compound, drugTaab 812 ResinMarivac Ltd. , Nova Scotia, CanadaSoftware, algorithmMovingROIExtract, convertFormat algorithmConvertToMegacapture, GoFigure2ContoursToMeshes algorithmItk-snapwww. itksnap. org PMID: 16545965Yushkevich et al. , 2006Software, algorithmFluorenderwww. sci. utah. edu/software/fluorender. html PMID:23584131Wan et al. , 2012Software, algorithmHandBrake algorithmalgorithm(R2014A)www. mathworks. comSoftware, algorithmParaViewwww. paraview. orgSoftware, algorithmGoFigure2Xiong et al. , 2013Software, algorithmFIJI (imagJ)www. fiji. sc PMID: 22743772Schindelin et al. , 2012Software, algorithmcellPreprocess, multiscalePlanarityAndVoting3D, DistanceFromMask, resample, ://github. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a list of chemical compounds, drugs, and software algorithms with no direct relation to excavation sites or stratigraphy. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about excavation sites revealing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Focussing less on oneself in social situations and gaining greater self-efficacy seem to foster improvement during exposure treatment. This was in accordance with research on cognitive behavioural therapy, showing that decreases in self-focused attention predict social anxiety reductions (see [9], for a review) and increases in self-efficacy are associated with treatment outcome of cognitive behavioural therapy [12, 13]. However, both variables were no longer significant predictors when they were part of the final model, indicating that neither one of them significantly contributed to the prediction of treatment outcome beyond social costs and treatment modality. Note, the inspection of the intercorrelations of the predictor variables suggests that social costs and self-efficacy might be partly overlapping concepts (r = −. 66), but this applied less for social costs and self-focused attention (r = −. 36). The cognitive model of SAD [2] suggests that an individual who manages to focus less on himself/herself during exposure therapy, and therefore has less attention for anxiety symptoms, might report less SAD symptoms after treatment. Likewise, an individual who gains self-efficacy during treatment might feel less afraid of social situations after treatment and expect to better cope with social situations. However, if an individual learns during treatment to be less afraid of the negative consequences that his/her behaviour in social situations might have, he/she might report less fear and avoidance of social situations after treatment regardless of levels of self-focused attention and self-efficacy. In this situation, even if an individual cannot focus on the situation and does not think that he/she can handle the situation very well, he/she might be less afraid of the negative consequences that might follow. Learning that exposure to social situations is not followed by disastrous consequences and/or that individuals can cope with the (negative) consequences of their behaviour might help to decrease both anticipatory anxiety as well as anxiety during the actual social interaction. Yet, further research is needed to better understand the mechanism by which a reduction in expected social costs benefits a reduction of social anxiety symptoms. Moreover, one important question regarding clinical implications of these results is whether a stronger focus on expected social costs during exposure treatment can help to maximize treatment efficacy. A limitation of the present study is the temporal overlap between the assessment of the predictor variables and the outcome measure given that we controlled for pre-treatment social anxiety in the analyses. [19] and Smits et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how focusing less on oneself during exposure treatment can lead to a reduction in social anxiety symptoms. It indicates that an individual who manages to focus less on himself or herself during exposure therapy may report less social anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms after treatment. This supports the idea that selective attention affects cognitive processing, as managing attention away from oneself can result in improved outcomes in social situations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: The correlation coefficients for samples collected using wet-only and dry-only deposition at the Peradeniya site, are 0. 89 and 0. 59, respectively. Table 3 shows the results of regression coefficient analysis for both sampling techniques. In wet-only precipitation, approximately 80. 8% of SO42− and 87. 3% of NO3− were able to be explained by the two independent variables, Ca2+ and NH4+. Of 80. 8% of SO42−explained, 20. 2% appeared as CaSO4 and only 60. 6% as (NH4)2SO4. Of 87. 3% of NO3− explained, 14. 7% appeared as Ca(NO3)2 and only 72. 6% as (NH4)NO3. In the dry-only deposition samples, 65. 7% of SO42− and 42. 2% of NO3− were explained by the two independent variables, and out of this total, 49. 3% was found as CaSO4 and 16. 4% as (NH4)2SO4. As for NO3−, it is found as Ca(NO3)2 in 35. 9% and as NH4NO3 in only 6. 3%. This is a significant finding because neutralization of acidity of wet-only precipitation is much more related to NH3 than to CaCO3, while that of dry-only deposition this is much more related to CaCO3 than to NH3, providing further support for significant presence of NH4+ in the liquid phase owing to strong hydrogen bonding. It should be further stated that NH4+ can be easily escaped to the environment both by natural events, such as lightning, and anthropogenic activities, such as biomass burning, heavy load of fertilizer application and waste incineration. In contrast, although CaCO3 is naturally available in soil mixed with dust, it is predominately deposited as dry particulate matter and to a less extent as wet deposition due to solubility problems and not having strong intermolecular interactions with H2O molecules. Table 3 Fractions of SO42− and NO− 3 explained by Ca2+ and NH4+ in samples of wet-only and dry-only precipitation. % explained by [Ca2+] % explained by NH4+ Total explained Wet-only SO42− 20. 2 60. 6 80. 8 NO3− 14. 7 72. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating a significant involvement of living organisms, specifically references to ammonium (NH4+) in relation to environmental processes. It discusses how NH4+ interacts with precipitation and its importance in ecological contexts, thus implying that limnologists will also be concerned with biological factors and not just water chemistry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: com/krm15/ACME/tree/MultithreadLookupSoftware, algorithmZen software mould,‘frosted extreme detail’ this paperVolcano400OtherFemtoJet 4xEppendorf, Hamburg, Germany52530000173-000-204OtherTungsten wireSigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO267554–9. 5G Zebrafish strains and maintenance Request a detailed protocol Zebrafish were maintained at 28. 5°C using standard protocols (Westerfield, 1993). on Animals approved zebrafish work under protocol number 04487. Adult zebrafish, 3 months to 2 years of age, were mated to produce embryos and larvae. Adults were housed in a main fish facility containing a 19-rack Aquaneering system (San Diego, CA) and a 5-rack quarantine facility for strains entering the system from outside labs or stock centers. The systems’ lights turn on at 9am and go off at 11pm. Fish matings were set up the night before with males separated from females with a divider in false-bottom crossing cages in a pair wise, or 2 × 2 fashion to maximize embryo yield. The divider was pulled the following morning, shortly after the lights turned on. Egg production was monitored to establish the time of fertilization. Manipulations and observations of baby zebrafish were performed between fertilization and 5. 5 days post fertilization. These studies were performed using the AB wild-type strain, the lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant and the following transgenic lines: Tg(actb2:mem-citrine-citrine)hm30, Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm32, Tg(actb2:mem-citrine)/(actb2:Hsa. H2b-tdTomato)hm33 (these three alleles were combined for maximal membrane signal, hm32 and hm33 are two separate alleles of the same construct that is composed of two divergent beta-actin promoters, one driving membrane citrine and the other driving histone tdTomato, actb2:Hsa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses protocols related to zebrafish maintenance and breeding without referencing excavation sites or stratigraphy. There is no information provided about how excavation sites can reveal historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [20] used mediation analyses, we investigated associations between the change in cognitions and treatment outcome rather than causal relationships. This was a first step in order to gather information on possible variables that could function as working mechanisms of exposure therapy. As suggested by Cole and Maxwell [41], for mediation analyses, multiple assessment points throughout treatment are necessary to investigate temporal precedence, which was not feasible within this study. Therefore, as a next step, future research should assess the session-to-session change in self-focused attention, self-efficacy, social costs and social anxiety levels within the framework of mediation analyses, to investigate changes in cognitions as a possible working mechanism of exposure therapy. Furthermore, not all predictor variables were assessed at the same time points. Whereas the self-efficacy and social costs measures referred to social situations in general and therefore could be assessed before the first exposure session, the self-focused attention measure referred to the social situations during the exposure exercises. Consequently, the first assessment of self-focused attention took place after the first exposure session, which was Session 3. However, the time between the assessment points was limited to one week because treatment was administered twice a week. Another limitation is that in addition to social cost bias, probability bias, the overestimation of the estimated probability that a negative social event occurs, was not assessed. A decrease of social cost bias might have resulted from a reduction of probability bias as suggested by Smits et al. [20]. Given the equivocal results on the predominance of social cost and probability bias in the literature, future research is needed that simultaneously examines social cost and probability bias as predictors of treatment outcome after exposure therapy for SAD. Finally, we can only tentatively conclude that the effects of the investigated predictors on treatment outcome do not differ between in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy, since we cannot rule out that insufficient power is responsible for the lack of differential effects. ConclusionsThe current study suggests that changes in estimated social costs are associated with improvement of social anxiety symptoms after exposure therapy. Thus, individuals who report greater changes of estimated social costs during treatment may benefit more from treatment, as was the case for both in vivo and virtual reality exposure therapy. Changes in self-focused attention and self-efficacy during treatment were not significantly associated with symptom improvement anymore when examined in combination with social costs. This suggests that self-focused attention and self-efficacy did not predict symptom improvement beyond social costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in self-focused attention, among other factors, are related to treatment outcomes in exposure therapy. It suggests that the focus on self-attention can be a potential mechanism influencing cognitive processing during therapy, indicating that attention can indeed be selectively focused, which affects cognitive processing and treatment efficacy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: 6 87. 3 Dry-only SO42− 49. 3 16. 4 65. 7 NO3− 35. 9 6. 3 42. 2 Further, the ratio between the ion analyzed and Na+ is higher than the ratio of the two ions for sea water indicating negligible marine contribution. Considering the ratios for SO42−/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ being higher than the reference values suggesting that the marine contribution is negligible and contribution of anthropogenic sources is high for these ions (Table 4). Further, the ratios for Cl−/Na+ and K+/Na+ are less than those of the reference values indicating the strong marine influence for these ions. However, the ratio for dry-only deposition shows much higher values indicating that marine contribution is further depleted in dry deposition when compared to wet-only deposition. This is a strong relationship of cloud formation where cloud forming water droplets may travel from long distances even it can be blown from coastal areas. In contrast, these species are formed during dry deposition and bound to the particulate matter due to natural or anthropogenic activities and deposited in-situ due to the gravitational forces acting on air masses containing such species. Table 4 Average ratio for several ions in association with Na+. SO42−/Na+ Cl−/Na+ Ca2+/Na+ K+/Na+ Mg2+/Na+ Sea water 0. 12 1. 16 0. 02 0. 23 0. 04 Wet 0. 44 0. 42 0. 54 0. 10 0. 46 Dry 0. 68 0. 78 0. 98 0. 22 0. 21 Wet 0. 33 0. 40 0. 23 0. 08 0. 04 Dry 0. 41 0. 57 0. 45 0. 48 0. 12 Concentration of elements (Pb, Cu, Al, Zn, Fe and Mn) determined in wet-only and dry-only samples, as shown in Table 5, indicates that Pb concentrations are lower than the MDL value. This is an expected result because the Peradeniya area does not have any industry releasing Pb, and further, the fact that has abandoned the usage of leaded gasoline which had been used for many years would also have an impact on having lower Pb levels. The elements having very high concentrations were Zn and Al. The former element, Zn, is originated from automobile exhaust fumes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concentration of specific elements and ions in water, indicating that the study involves an understanding of chemical composition. However, it also mentions factors related to both natural and anthropogenic activities affecting water, suggesting a broader context that likely includes living organisms in the limnological study, thereby countering the idea that limnologists focus solely on chemical aspects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: H2b-tdTomato of these divergent constructs tends to be silenced in transgenic fish and is not useful), Tg(−5. 0lmx1bb:d2eEGFP)mw10, Tg(actb2:mem-mcherry2)hm29, Tg(hsp70:rac1_T17N-p2a-mem-cherry2)hm35, Tg(elavl3:GCaMP5G)a4598, Tg(actb2:myl12. 1-EGFP)e2212, and Tg(actb2:mCherry-Hsa. UTRN)e119 (Aguet et al. , 2016; Ahrens et al. , 2013; Compagnon et al. , 2014; McMahon et al. , 2009; Obholzer et al. , 2012; Schibler and Malicki, 2007; Xiong et al. , 2014; Xiong et al. , 2013). In situ and fluorescent immunostains Request a detailed protocol The foxi1 in situs that confirm the identity of the ES tissue (Figure 1B’) is representative of 25 stained embryos. A similar ES tissue labeling was obtained when staining for bmp4 (12 embryos at 55hpf). In situs were performed as previously described (Thisse and Thisse, 2014). The foxi1 probe was made using T7 RNA polymerase (Sigma) off of a template made from cDNA using these PCR primers: ctccand. The bmp4 probe was made using T7 RNA polymerase (Sigma) off of a template made from cDNA using these PCR primers: and aga. Whole-mount fluorescent immunostains were performed using standard protocols and a mouse monoclonal antibody against ZO-1 (ZO1-1A12, ), a rabbit polyclonal antibody against collagen II (ab209865, Abcam), and a rabbit polyclonal antibody against laminin (L9393, Sigma). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic constructs, immunostains, and laboratory protocols without any mention of excavation sites or stratigraphy that would reflect historical events. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: , Clark & Mehl, 1971; Gatehouse & Davis, 1992; Gordon-Salant, 1986; Potash & Jones, 1977; Ratcliff, Thapar, & McKoon, 2007; Rees & Botwinick, 1980), although this certainly has not been a universal finding (e. g. , Marshall, 1991; Watson, Turpenoff, Kelly, & Botwinick, 1979). If such an age-related response bias is present, however, this alone may result in common or shared variance across measures. Second, a hallmark of various psychophysical and cognitive measures obtained from older adults is that the measures tend to show much more within-subjects measurement variability than do comparable measures from young adults. In fact, there is currently keen interest in exploring this feature of the older adults’ performance as a measure of interest in and of itself (e. g. , Ram, Lindenberger, & Blanchard-Fields, 2009). For studies of the association between sensory and cognitive processing, age differences in within-subjects variability raise questions about the reliability of single estimates of sensory function from a small number of trials, the types of sensory acuity measures employed most frequently in prior studies. Finally, there is considerable evidence that deficits in peripheral sensory function with advancing age are more than the simple loss of acuity or sensory threshold elevation that has been measured previously. In particular, in several senses, there is evidence of decline in various aspects of sensory temporal processing with increasing age (e. g. , Amberson, Atkeson, Pollack, & Malatesta, 1979; Gordon-Salant & Fitzgibbons, 1999; Moore, Peters, & Glasberg, 1992; Schneider, Pichora-Fuller, Kowalchuk, & Lamb, 1994; Strouse, Ashmead, Ohde, & Granthan, 1998; Van Doren, Gescheider, & Verrillo, 1990). To address these shortcomings, the authors began a large-scale cross-sectional laboratory study of sensory processing and cognition in adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing variabilities in cognitive measures among older adults and how these variabilities in sensory and cognitive processing may be associated with age-related factors. The mention of 'age differences in within-subjects variability' implies that selective attention may vary with age, thus supporting the notion that attention affects cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, Al is originated mainly from the earth crust with dust p3. 23 25. 31 33. 34 15. 85 1. 15 Dry-only < MDL 3. 28 41. 31 43. 17 21. 30 4. 43 ConclusionThe VWA concentrations of the major ionic species present in wet-only precipitation samples, collected at Peradeniya in of covering a period of six months during 2014 and 2015, were in the order of Na+ > NH4+ > Cl− > SO42− > Ca2+ > NO3− > K+ > Mg2+, while the order for dry-only samples is Na+ > Cl− > K+ > Ca2+ > SO42− > NH4+ > NO3− > Mg2+. These differences in the order of the concentration of respective ions are due to many factors, including inter-molecular attractions, solubility, ionic radius, hydrated radius, extent of deposition and rate of diffusion. It is clearly indicated that wind and the geographical location of the sampling play a pivotal role in the composition of the rain water chemistry. Peradeniya shows comparatively low chemical composition for most of the chemical species to the value reported in the studies conducted in other industrialized densely populated Asian cities. Neutralization of acidity of wet-only precipitation is much more related to NH3 than to CaCO3, while that of dry-only deposition is much more related to CaCO3 than to NH3. This is due to the fact that NH4+ ions can be easily escaped to the environment both by natural events and anthropogenic activities. Once escaped, NH4+ ion is more readily dissolved in rain water through hydrogen bond formation and predominantly deposited as wet precipitation and to less extent as dry deposition. When compared this with CaCO3, it is naturally available in soil mixed with dust, and deposited predominately as dry particulate and to a less extent as wet deposition. Further, the ratios for Cl−/Na+ and K+/Na+ are less than those of the reference values indicating the strong marine influence for these ions. However, the ratio for dry-only deposition shows much higher which indicative that marine contribution is further depleted in dry deposition when compared to wet-only deposition. Comparing the two methods, dry deposition has higher concentrations of elements as compared to those of wet deposition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various factors affecting rainwater chemistry, including interactions with living organisms such as the role of NH4+ ions being deposited as precipitation. This indicates that the study of water chemistry involves consideration of biological interactions and not just chemical compositions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: 3J, the 50 hpf wt collagen stain is representative of 16 stained and imaged embryos, the 50 hpf wt ZO-1 stain is representative of 22 stained and imaged embryos, the 80 hpf wt collagen stain is representative of 11 stained and imaged embryos, the 80 hpf wt ZO-1 stain is representative of 32 stained and imaged embryos, the 80 hpf mutant collagen stain is representative of 7 stained and imaged embryos, and the 80 hpf mutant ZO-1 stain is representative of 6 stained and imaged embryos. In all stained embryos, the membrane contrast comes from the membrane citrine transgenic alleles. Crispants for lmx1bb in the Tg(actb2:myl12. 1-EGFP)e2212 background were made using previously described approaches (Gagnon et al. , 2014). sgRNA’s were designed and synthesized to target exon 2 () and exon 3 () of lmx1bb. These guides were pooled and combined with purified Cas9 protein and injected into 1 cell stage embryos. Analyses were performed on F0 crispants that exhibited the full mutant phenotype. Immobilization and time-lapse imaging Request a detailed protocol Embryos were immobilized with either 50 pg of α-bungarotoxin mRNA injected into the 1 cell embryo or 2. 8 ng of α-bungarotoxin protein injected into the heart at 59 hpf (Swinburne et al. , 2015). α-bungarotoxin mRNA was synthesized from a linearized plasmid using the mMessage mMachine T7 ULTRA kit (Scientific). Subsequently, mRNA was purified using RNKit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). α-bungarotoxin protein was obtained from (Bristol, United Kingdom). 2. 3 nL injections were performed using Nanoject II (Drummond Scientific, Broomall, PA). For tracking perilymph,~10 ng of 3 kDa dextran-Texas red neutral (Scientific) was injected into the zebrafish heart at 59 hpf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the processes related to embryonic studies, including details on stains, injections, and imaging techniques, without mentioning excavation sites or stratigraphy. There is no information provided that connects the text to the claim about revealing historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: The following advancements were made in this project, relative to previously completed studies of this problem: (1) three senses, hearing, vision, and touch, were included; (2) rigorous, reliable, criterion-free psychophysical methods were used throughout; (3) multiple measures of acuity and temporal processing were obtained in each of the three senses; and (4) for a laboratory-based study, a relatively large sample of subjects (N = 245) was included. For various auditory, visual, and tactile measures, the group data and some correlational analyses for subsets of subjects have been presented elsewhere in a series of publications (Busey, Craig, Clark, & Humes, 2010; Craig, Rhodes, Busey, Kewley-Port, & Humes, 2010; Fogerty, Humes, & Kewley-Port, 2010; Humes, Busey, Craig, & Kewley-Port, 2009; Humes, Kewley-Port, Fogerty, & Kinney, 2010). However, each of these studies presented only subsets of results focused primarily on separate modalities or tasks. A global, integrated analysis of the entire data set, with a focus on individual differences, was not possible until the completion of data collection for all subjects in all tasks. The present analysis addresses the larger issue of the relationship between the changes in sensory and cognitive functioning by examining these individual differences in a completed data set. This is the primary purpose of this 22. 6 years (range = 18–30 years), the second group consisted of 60 middle-aged adults (39 females and 21 males) with a mean age of 48. 1 years (range = 40–55 years), and the third group consisted of 135 older adults (75 females and 60 males) with a mean age of 70. 8 years (range = 60–87 years). The distribution of subject ages from the youngest through the oldest is illustrated in Fig. 1. Initially, we developed the testing protocols for the older group, in order to ensure that the vast majority of older adults could complete the tasks. Recruitment of older adults preceded that of young adults, who were recruited to obtain “normative” values for each of the tasks in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between changes in sensory and cognitive functioning while examining individual differences in a completed data set. The mention of a global analysis that addresses how cognitive processing varies with sensory modalities aligns with the concept of selective attention affecting cognitive outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: This difference between wet and dry depositions of these trace elements is likely due to the difference in the size distribution between the elements in atmospheric p52. (2005) Study of chemical composition in wet atmospheric precipitation in Eshidiya area. Environ 39:6175–6183. (2020) Similarities and differences between potassium and ammonium ions in liquid water: A first-principles study. 22:2540–2548. Bayraktar H, Turalioglu FS (2005) Composition of wet and bulk deposition in Erzurum. 59:1537–1546. (2017) Annual and decadal variation in chemical composition of rain water at all the ten GAW stations in India. J 74:23–53. (2017) Chemical characterization of rainwater at a high-altitude site “Nainital” in the central Himalayas, India. 24:3959–3969. (2005) Rainwater chemistry at a regional representative urban site: Influence of terrestrial sources on ionic composition. 39:999–1008. (2020) Risk assessment and source apportionment of wet bulk deposition in three typical sites of Gampaha District, Sri Lanka. SN 2. Ghorani-Azam A, Riahi-Zanjani B, Balali-(2016) Effects of air pollution on human health and practical measures for prevention in Iran. J Sci 21. (2003) Chemical characterization of rainwater at Singapore. Chemosphere 51:747–755. (2008) The chemistry of the severe acidic precipitation in Shanghai. Res 89:149–160. (2015) Model assessment of acid deposition potential by SOx in Sri Lanka. 43:281. (2021) A Comparison of Deposition in two in of Using the Method. 25:1–6 (2020) Wildfire smoke p27. (2000) Chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula. 34:563–575. (2016) Chemical characteristics of rainwater in Sichuan basin, a case study of Ya’an. 23:13088–13099. (2021) Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at Peradeniya in Sri Lanka. Assess 193. (2020) : Source apportionment of rainwater chemical composition in wet precipitation at Kelaniya in Sri Lanka. Air Qual. Atmos. Heal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing primarily on the chemical composition of water, which is relevant to the work of limnologists. However, it implicitly suggests that limnologists do consider various environmental and chemical factors related to water, but does not specifically mention living organisms. The emphasis on chemical characteristics and studies indicates that there are broader areas of concern that involve chemical analysis, which may not align with the claim's assertion that their focus is solely on chemical composition without consideration for living organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: For tracking endolymph,~1 ng of 3 kDa dextran-Texas red neutral was injected into the otic vesicle using a FemtoJet 4x (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) to minimize the volume injected to ~0. 2 nl. When labeling both endolymph and perilymph, 3 kDa dextran-Texas red neutral was used for endolymph and 10 kDa dextran- 488 (Scientific) was used for perilymph. Immobilization with α-bungarotoxin permits the ear to grow and develop normally (Swinburne et al. , 2015). Paralyzed embryos were cultured in Danieau buffer and mounted in an immersed 1. 5% w/v agarose canyon mount or the volcano mount for AO-LLSM, that were generated from custom-made molds. The canyons were 0. 4 mm wide and 1. 5 mm deep. The volcano mold for AO-LLSM was printed by shapeways. com (City, NY). The inner width of the volcano was also 0. 4 mm and was printed using their ‘Detail’ material. The embryo was placed dorso-laterally in the canyon or volcano so that dorsal portion of the left otic vesicle was either flush with a #1 coverslip placed over the canyon (embryos were tilted approximately 30 degrees laterally from their dorsal axes) or protruding from the mouth of the volcano mold. No coverslip was placed above embryos for AO-LLSM. Homemade hair loops were used to position embryos. Mounted embryos were imaged on an upright LSM 710 (öttingen, Germany) with a C-apochromat 40x/NA 1. 2 objective (ZEISS). The objective’s corrective ring was adjusted to account for the use of #1 coverslips (0. 13–0. 16 mm thick). Imaging took place within a homemade foam-core incubator maintained at 28. 5°C. Lasers of wavelength 405, 488, 514, and 594 nm were used to image GFP, citrine, Texas red, and mCherry2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a laboratory procedure for imaging embryos and does not mention excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 3), it is expected that these two factors would also be correlated. This is confirmed in Fig. 4, which provides a scatterplot of these two sets of second-order factor scores. High factor scores on SensProc_Global reflect poor sensory function (elevated thresholds, large gap detection thresholds, long SOAs), and those with poor sensory function tend to have poor cognitive function (low CogProc_Global scores reflect low scores on the WAIS–III scales). The correlation between these two global second-order factor scores is strong (r = −. 71, p <. 001). Fig. 4Scatterplot of the higher order cognitive-processing factor score (CogProc_Global) versus the higher order sensory-processing factor score (SensProc_Global) for the 245 subjects in this study. Symbols are color-coded by age group (young, black; middle-aged, red; older, green)Full size image The foregoing correlational analyses revealed that age is moderately and significantly correlated with most of the lower order sensory and cognitive factors, as well as the higher order factors in each domain. The lower order factors appear to capture the variance that is mostly unique to each of eight sensory-processing dimensions identified or to each of the three cognitive-processing dimensions identified. The higher order factors, on the other hand, appear to capture the variance that is common across dimensions and shared within each of the respective domains. Each of the global higher order factors, SensProc_Global and CogProc_Global, is correlated with age (r =. 75 and −. 55, respectively) and with one another (r = −. 71). To gain further insight into the underlying nature of these associations among the higher order global factors and age, partial correlations were also computed. Three partial correlations were computed, each examining the association between two of the three variables (SensProc_Global, CogProc_Global, Age) while controlling for the third variable. The correlation between SensProc_Global and CogProc_Global decreased slightly from r = −. 71 to r p = −. 53 when age was controlled for. Thus, there appears to be an association between global sensory processing (including measures of threshold sensitivity, temporal order identification, and temporal masking) and global cognitive processing (including measures of process, product, and incidental learning) that is independent of age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sensory processing and cognitive processing, specifically noting that 'those with poor sensory function tend to have poor cognitive function.' This suggests that changes in sensory processing can influence cognitive processing, which aligns with the idea of selective attention affecting cognitive outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists are only concerned with the chemical composition of water and not with living organisms. [SEP] Text: 13, 1497–1504 (a). (2020) : Atmospheric chemical composition of bulk deposition at two geographically distinct locations in Sri Lanka. Environ. Monit. Assess. 192, (b). (2013) A systematic review of the effectiveness of liming to mitigate impacts of river acidification on fish and macro-invertebrates. 179:285–293. (2001) Estimation of wet, dry and bulk deposition of atmospheric nitrogen in Connecticut. J 3:671–680. Pacyna JM (2008) : Atmospheric Deposition. Encycl. Ecol. Five-Volume Set. 275–285 (2009) Dieback in tropical montane forests of Sri Lanka: anthropogenic or natural phenomenon? J 13:23–45 (2020) Composition of in of Kandy District, Sri Lanka. 231. (2017) Epiphytic bryophytes as bio-indicators of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in a subtropical montane cloud forest: Response patterns, mechanism, and critical load. 229:932–941. (2016) Effects and mechanism of acid rain on plant chloroplast ATP synthase. 23:18296–18306. (2005) Trends in chemical composition of precipitation in Nanjing, China, during 1992–2003. 73:283–298. -(2017) Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka. Environ 584–585:803–812. Weerasundara L, Magana-(2018) Health risk assessment of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition in a congested city environment in a developing country: Kandy City, Sri Lanka. J 220:198–206. (2017) Development of atmospheric acid deposition in China from the 1990s to the 2010s. 231:182–190. (2007) Chemical compositions of wet precipitation and anthropogenic influences at a developing urban site in southeastern China. 84:311–322. 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionlets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning multiple studies that deal with the effects of chemical composition (like atmospheric deposition) on aquatic living organisms such as fish and macro-invertebrates. For example, it refers to a systematic review of liming's effectiveness to mitigate impacts on fish, indicating that limnologists do concern themselves with living organisms, not just chemical composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: A typical imaging session used the following set up: citrine excited with 514 nm laser 5% (Ch1 filters 519–584 nm, gain 885), Texas red excited with 594 nm laser 15% (Ch2 filters 599–690 nm, gain 864), 1. 27 μs pixel dwell, one line average, 137 μm pinhole, 1. 2 zoom, 458/514/594 beam splitter, and 0. 173 × 0. 173×1. 135 μm voxel scaling. Around 20–30 long-term time courses were attempted to establish the method. The data presented are representative of 8 wild-type time courses and four mutant time courses. Additionally, hundreds of ES distensions in mutants were observed during the cloning of the mutant and phenotype characterization at 72 and 96 hpf. Laser ablations of epithelial cells in the otic vesicle were performed using a similar imaging set-up as for time-lapse confocal imaging. For the cell ablations a Mai-Tai HP 2-photon laser (Spectra-Physics, Santa Clara, CA) was used. After a target was chosen the 2-photon laser was tuned to 800 nm at 50% power, the pinhole was opened completely, the 690 + beam splitter was selected, and a spot scan was performed for 10,000 cycles. 2 or three spots were targeted in adjacent cells to ensure the wounds disrupted the epithelial barrier. After ablations, time-lapse microscopy was performed with 1-photon microscopy, as described above. The data presented are representative of 4 such experiments as well as seven ablations that were evaluated without time courses, 1 hr after ablation. For puncturing with a tungsten needle, 78 hpf mutant ears were imaged on the confocal microscope, taken from the microscope to a dissecting microscope where the otic vesicle was rapidly punctured, remounted, and then reimaged on the confocal microscope within 2 min. 0. 25 mm tungsten wire (Sigma) was sharpened by electrolysis to make tungsten needles. For imaging with the adaptive optics lattice light-sheet microscope, zebrafish immobilized with α-bungarotoxin were mounted in a 1. 5% low melt agarose volcano mold on a 5 mm coverslip and imaged starting at 68–72 hpf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details of an imaging session and procedures related to microscopy and biological experimentation. There are no references to excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Table 7 Summary of Pearson r correlations observed between the CogProc_Global factor scores, age, and clinical measures of sensory acuity for hearing (high-frequency pure-tone average) and vision (Snellen chart, expressed as LogMAR values)Full size table At first glance, these correlations may appear to be at odds with the recent findings of Lin and colleagues (Lin, 2011; Lin, Ferrucci, et al. , 2011; Lin, Metter, et al. , 2011). In these epidemiological studies, links have been established between simple measures of auditory acuity (pure-tone audiometry) and various measures of cognitive function, including incident dementia. Because of the different types of cognitive measures and statistical approaches, it is difficult to compare our results with the results from these epidemiological studies. However, in Lin, a scatterplot and Pearson r correlation coefficient for the association between average audiometric hearing loss and the lone cognitive measure in that study, the Digit–Test, are provided. The correlation was weak (r = −. 18) but highly significant (p <. 001), given the large sample size. On the basis of visual inspection of the scatterplots and the statistical analyses in Lin, Ferrucci, et al. , it appears that the Pearson r correlations between hearing loss and several different cognitive measures is similar to that reported by Lin—that is, weak but statistically significant. Thus, the weak to moderate correlations observed in the present study between simple measures of auditory acuity and cognitive function appear to be generally consistent with the weak correlations reported by Lin and colleagues. With regard to the four hypotheses noted by Schneider and Pichora-Fuller (2000) and reviewed briefly in the introduction regarding various alternatives for the interaction of sensory and cognitive processing, the present results help clarify the kinds of information degradation that are consistent with each model, as described below. The data from this study suggest that there is a link between psychophysical measures of sensory processing and cognitive function in adults, regardless of the age of the adult. The correlations establish the magnitude of this association but do not indicate whether better sensory processing leads to better cognitive function (the sensory deprivation and information degradation hypotheses) or vice versa (the cognitive-load-on-perception hypothesis). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sensory processing and cognitive function. It highlights that correlations exist between auditory acuity and cognitive measures, suggesting that there is an interaction between sensory and cognitive processing. Furthermore, it mentions hypotheses regarding how sensory processing and cognitive function might influence each other, which aligns with the idea of selective attention affecting cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 13 Dec 2023 | 13 Dec 2023 Conceptualising surface water-groundwater exchange in braided river systems. Morgan, Eddie W. Banks, Linda Robb, and Thomas Wöhling Abstract. Braided rivers can provide substantial recharge to regional aquifers, with flow exchange between surface water and groundwater occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the difficulty of measuring and modelling these complex and dynamic river systems has hampered process understanding and the upscaling necessary to quantify these fluxes. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the hydrogeological structures which control river-groundwater exchange. In this paper, we present a new conceptualisation of subsurface processes in braided rivers based on observations of the main losing reaches of three braided rivers in New Zealand. The conceptual model is based on a range of data including: lidar, bathymetry, coring, p10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2767, 2023. Received: 21 Nov 2023 – Discussion started: 13 Dec 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 2647 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2647 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2647 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/hess-28-2721-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Braided rivers are complex and dynamic systems that are difficult to understand. Here, we proposes a new model of how braided rivers work in the subsurface based on field observations in three braided rivers in New Zealand. We suggest that braided rivers create their own shallow aquifers by moving bed sediments during flood flows. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that braided rivers experience substantial flow exchange between surface water and groundwater, indicating dynamic mixing processes rather than stagnation. It emphasizes the complexity and dynamic nature of braided river systems, which undermines the idea that these water bodies remain stagnant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We submerged the excitation and detection objectives along with the 5 mm coverslip in ~8 ml of 1X Danieau buffer at room temperature (22 ± 2°C). The zebrafish tissues expressing membrane citrine marker and 3 kDa dextran fluid phase marker were excited using 488 nm and 560 nm lasers (488 nm operating at ~3 mW and 560 nm operating at 5 mW corresponding to ~16 µW and ~31 µW at the back aperture of the excitation objective) both sequentially exposed for 15 msec. The tissues were excited with 488 nm and 560 nm sequentially by dithering a multi-Bessel light-sheet arranged in a square lattice configuration (corresponding to an excitation inner/outer numerical aperture of 0. 517/0. 55, respectively). The optical sections were collected by scanning the detection objective with 300 nm steps. Each imaging volume consisted of 131 optical planes capturing 1024 × 1024 pixels, thereby capturing a volume of ~97 µm x 97 µm x 39 µm every 15. 5 or 29. 9 s using a dual Hamamatsu ORCA-Flash 4. 0 sCMOS camera setup (Hamamatsu Photonics, Hamamatsu City, Japan). Prior to the acquisition of the time series data consisting of 300–530 time points, the imaged volume was corrected for optical aberrations (manuscript in preparation). The imaged volumes were deconvolved with experimentally measured point-spread functions measured with 0. 17 µm tetraspec beads (Thermo Fisher) excited with 488 nm and 560 nm lasers in using Lucy-Richardson algorithm on ’ computing cluster and locally with a 3. 3 GHz 32-Xeon E5 with 512 GB memory. The LLSM was operated using a custom LabVIEW software (National Instruments, Woburn, MA) on a 3. 47 GXeon X5690 workstation with 96 GB memory running seven operating system. The images presented are from one AO-LLSM time course that is representative of three other similar acquisitions also obtained using AO-LLSM. Serial-section electron microscopy Request a detailed protocol ‘Wild-type’ Tg(elavl3:GCaMP5G)a4598 and ‘mutant’ lmx1bbjj410/jj410 larvae at 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy; it focuses entirely on a detailed procedural description of imaging zebrafish tissues. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: If information degradation is a more viable explanation than sensory deprivation, given that the cognitive measures obtained in this study via the WAIS–III were primarily visual, one might expect a stronger association between visual sensory processing and global cognitive function. To examine this, Pearson r correlations were calculated between each of the eight psychophysical sensory-processing PCs (Table 3) and CogProc_Global. Although all eight correlations were significant (p <. 001) and weak to moderate in strength (−. 19 < r < −. 68), the correlations for visual measures were generally weaker (r = −. 34, −. 37; visFF and visTOTM, respectively) than those for hearing (r = −. 56, −. 53; audGD and audTOTM, respectively), touch (r = −. 19, −. 68; tacGD and tacTOTM, respectively), or hearing and touch combined (r = −. 48, audtacTHR). (The remaining correlation, between audtacvisTOloc and CogProc_Global, was −. 47. ) Thus, although significant associations between visual sensory processing and performance on the predominantly visual WAIS–III were observed, even stronger associations were observed between auditory and tactile sensory processing and cognitive function. This would tend to argue against the information degradation hypothesis and also serves to emphasize the importance of global sensory-processing performance to global cognitive function. That is, no one sense or task seems to predominate among the set of sensory-processing measures as a predictor of global cognitive processing. Again, it is important to emphasize that this link between sensory processing and cognition was observed even when age was controlled statistically via partial correlations. This would argue against the common-cause hypothesis for age-related changes in cognition. That is, both sensory processing and cognition do not need to be impacted concurrently by the same common underlying mechanism with advancing age. However, there may be a role for a common cause that impacts multiple sensory systems concurrently (SensProc_Global), and perhaps in multiple ways (impacting threshold sensitivity and temporal processing), with advancing age, which, in turn, impacts cognition. Aging appears to operate at the sensory common-cause level, such that older individuals tend to have poorer sensory acuity and temporal processing in multiple senses than do young adults and this, in turn, is associated with poorer cognitive function in these same individuals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sensory processing (visual, auditory, tactile) and cognitive function, suggesting that variations in sensory processing influence cognitive performance. This aligns with the idea that selective attention to certain sensory inputs can alter cognitive processing outcomes, as indicated by significant but varying correlations between different types of sensory processing and cognitive measures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: This new conceptualisation considers braided rivers as whole “river systems” consisting of channels and a gravel aquifer, which is distinct from the regional aquifer. . Morgan, Eddie W. Banks, Linda Robb, and Thomas Wöhling Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2767', #1, 16 Feb 2024 Braided rivers can provide substantial recharge to regional aquifers, with flow exchange between surface water and groundwater occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. However, the difficulty of measuring and modelling these complex and dynamic river systems has hampered process understanding and the upscaling necessary to quantify these fluxes. This is due to an incomplete understanding of the hydrogeological structures which control river-groundwater exchange. This paper presents a new conceptualization of subsurface processes in braided rivers based on observations of the main losing reaches of three braided rivers in New Zealand. It is useful to understand the braided river systems. Major issues:Figure 9 in page 22, please explain that why the “glacial outwash gravels” are unsaturated? And how about the braidplain aquifer? Saturated or unsaturated? Can you compares the ERT results with your borehole surveys in Fig. 4. In Fig. 10 at page 23, can you explain that what is the “DTS” and “A-DTS”? Minor issues:Line 17:“including:” should be changed to “including”. Line 26:“hyporheic” should be changed to “the hyporheic”. Line 27:“exchange” should be changed to “the exchange”. Line 28:“Exchange” should be changed to “The exchange”. Line 30:“aquifer” should be changed to “aquifers”. Line 55:“scale” should be changed to “scales”. Line 95:“net” should be changed to “a net”. Line 100:“reach” should be changed to “reaches”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how braided rivers operate as dynamic systems where there is flow exchange between surface water and groundwater, indicating that mixing occurs rather than stagnation. It mentions the complexity of measuring these interactions, thus debunking the idea that waters in lakes and rivers do not mix.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: 5 days post-fertilization (or 4. 5 days for the mutant that begins to suffer from pleiotropic toxicity) were briefly anesthetized with 0. 02% tricaine methanesulfonate (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), and subsequently preserved by dissection and immersion into an aldehyde fixative solution (2% paraformaldehyde and 2. 5% glutaraldehyde in 0. 08M Sorenson's phosphate buffer, ). Each specimen was then post-fixed and stained en bloc with reduced osmium solution (1% osmium tetroxide (Sciences) and 1. 5% potassium ferricyanide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO)) followed by uranyl acetate (1% uranyl acetate (Sciences) in 0. 05 M maleate buffer). Finally, samples were dehydrated with serial dilutions of acetonitrile in distilled water, infiltrated with serial dilutions of epoxy resin in acetonitrile (Sciences), and embedded in low-viscosity resin (Koehler and Bullivant, 1973). The epoxy resin for infiltrations and embedding was composed of 63% nonenyl succinic anhydride (Sciences), 35. 5% 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (97%, Sigma), and 1. 5% 2,4,6-tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol (DMP-30, Sciences), v/v. Serial sections through the endolymphatic sac were continuously cut with a nominal thickness of 60 nm using a 45° diamond knife (Diatome, Biel, Switzerland) affixed to an ultramicrotome (Leica EM UC6, Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany) and collected with an automated tape-collecting ultramicrotome (Hayworth et al. , 2014). Field-emission scanning EM of back-scattered electrons was conducted either on a (ZEISS) or a 400L (Scientific) with an accelerating voltage of 5. 0 kV and beam current of 1. 6–7 nA (Hildebrand et al. , 2017). Image registration was performed with Fiji TrakEM2 alignment plug-ins (Saalfeld et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a detailed laboratory procedure involving the preservation and preparation of specimens for microscopic examination, without any mention of excavation sites or stratigraphy. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the ability of excavation sites to reveal historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: This finding represents one of the most important outcomes of this study. Ideally, longitudinal study of sensory and cognitive processes over the adult lifespan will be conducted in the future to further investigate possible sequential effects and further delineate among the candidate hypotheses. Toward this end, the results of the present study can be used to establish the number and type of sensory measures needed to obtain a fairly comprehensive battery of reliable sensory-processing measures, several of which are related to aging and general cognitive function. On the basis of the PC analysis of the 40 psychophysical measures included in this comprehensive study, for example, no more than 8 such measures, 1 for each PC, would be needed in the future to provide a fairly comprehensive picture of “sensory processing. ” Furthermore, on the basis of an evaluation of the reliability of the measures obtained in this study, fewer than the 200–250 trials per threshold estimate would be required for reliable estimates of performance in the future. ConclusionIn conclusion, we reexamined the relationship between age, cognition, and sensory processing across the adult lifespan. This was accomplished using reliable, psychophysically rigorous measures of sensory acuity and temporal processing in hearing, vision, and touch. Our data clearly showed a decline in nearly all 40 sensory measures with advancing age, as was expected, commensurate with an overall strong correlation between age and SensProc_Global (r =. 75). Of course, responses in several of the sensory tasks involved cognitive processes, so when the CogProc_Global contribution was partialed out, the relationship between age and SensProc_Global decreased, although it was still strong at r p =. 61. A very different picture arose when the cognitive measures were examined. Whereas, as was expected, performance on the individual and global cognitive measures declined with age, when the SensProc_Global contribution was partialed out, there was no observable relationship between age and CogProc_Global (r p = −. 05). An equally surprising result was that the partial correlation between SensProc_Global and CogProc_Global of r p = −. 53 indicated that, at any age, there was a reasonably strong relationship between performance on these sensory and cognitive tasks. Similar associations were also confirmed using SEM and different approaches to data transformation and the treatment of missing data. This suggests that the conclusions noted above are robust and not confined to the particular choice of analysis model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between sensory measures and cognitive performance across the adult lifespan. It indicates that responses in several sensory tasks involved cognitive processes, and notably, with the contribution of cognitive processes partialed out, the relationship between age and overall cognitive performance showed no observable correlation (r p = −. 05). This implies that attention and sensory processing can influence cognitive performance, supporting the notion that attention can be selectively focused leading to changes in cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: 5194/egusphere-2023-2767-AC2 RC2: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-2767', #2, 13 Mar 2024 In this study, the authors present a revised conceptualisation of the sedimentary structure of braided river-aquifer systems as it is relevant for the quantification, upscaling and modelling of surface water-groundwater exchange fluxes on larger (regional to catchment) scales. The revised conceptualization builds on a range of different types of measurements, namely lidar, bathymetry, coring, p222. But as the uncertainties of the measurements are not presented, the reader is not able to see this easily. Given these shortcomings in an otherwise very nice manuscript, I recommend minor revisions before accepting the manuscript for final publication. Major commentsRadon: Unfortunately, the entire radon aspect needs a thorough revision. The method is not sufficiently well described to allow an assessment of the validity/quality/uncertainty of the data (e. g. , which water amount was analysed per sample? How long were samples stored before being measured? How long were the samples measured for,i. e. , how many counting cycles were employed? ). Moreover, the (instrument reported) measurement uncertainties are not provided, nor is any assessment of the uncertainty of the radon measurements made. The residence times that are calculated based on the measured radon activities are fantasies, as the precision of the employed method is not good enough (it is impossible to use the Rad H2O method and get radon concentration measurements at a precision that would allow a residence time detection beyond around the 3-half-lives mark of radon (ie. about 12 days), and this without even considering the fact that most likely the samples were not measured directly but first stored for a day or two, leading to a further loss in precision). Last but not least, the secular equilibrium for one of the two measured sites is in my opinion not chosen appropriately, as the regional aquifer shows much more elevated background activity concentrations. I don't see why the braidplain aquifer should be used to define the background values instead of the regional aquifer, unless the sediments are very very different, which is very unlikely. Even though this aspect of the study needs a major overhaul, looking at the data tells me that the main conceptual conclusions from the data will most likely remain valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a revised conceptualization of surface water-groundwater exchange fluxes, implying that there are processes affecting water mixing between surface and deeper layers. It mentions the significance of various measurements which suggest that water movement and exchange are indeed occurring, contradicting the notion of stagnation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Saalfeld et al. , 2012; Schindelin et al. , 2012). Manual image segmentation was performed with ITK-SNAP (Yushkevich et al. , 2006). The data presented are from a single wild-type and single mutant sample because of the time and effort required technology development as well as in sample preparation, acquisition, and processing. Additional wild-type and lmx1bbjj410/j4410 mutant specimens were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy at the School EM facility. Samples were fixed in 2. 5% paraformaldehyde, 2. 5% glutaraldehyde, 0. 03% picric acid in 0. 1M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7. 4. Samples were stained for three hours in 1% osmium tetroxide and 1. 5% potassium ferrocyanide, washed, and then stained with 1% uranyl acetate in maleate buffer, pH 5. 2 for one hour. Samples were then embedded in Taab 812 Resin (Marivac Ltd. , Nova Scotia, Canada). Blocks were sectioned with a Leica ultracut microtome to a thickness of 80 nm. Sections were collected on carbon coated, formvar coated, copper slot grids. Sections were further stained with with 0. 2% lead citrate prior to viewing on a JEOL 1200EX () using an AMT 2 k CCD camera (Techniques, Corp. , Woburn, MA). Quantification and statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol Time-lapse confocal data sets were converted from Zeiss’s LSM format to a series of image files (*. png) with a header file containing information on the imaging set up (*. meg). This was performed with a script called lsmtomegacapture available in our open source ‘in toto image analysis tool-kit’ (ITIAT, The image data sets were then loaded into GoFigure2, open-source software developed in the Megason lab for image analyses with a database ( Xiong et al. , 2013). In GoFigure2 the ES was manually contoured and these contours were exported as XML-files in the GFX format. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses technical methodologies related to imaging and sample preparation. It does not mention excavation sites or stratigraphy, nor does it provide any context regarding historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Just as importantly, such associations, were not confirmed when “sensory processing” was represented by simple “clinical” measures of visual and auditory acuity (as in most prior studies). Although causality is not determined from correlations, directionality may safely be inferred from the nature of the tasks involved. All of our sensory and cognitive tasks involved the presentation of stimuli. Cognition could be engaged only after some aspects of the stimuli were processed by the sensory system stimulated, recalling that the psychophysical procedures used in the sensory tasks minimized bias. Logically, then, directionality is implied, with sensory processing largely preceding cognition in these laboratory tasks. Thus, an important and unexpected conclusion can be drawn from this study. Age negatively and primarily influenced the abilities to extract sensory information from the environment, with observed cognitive deficits mediated by such sensory deficits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sensory processing precedes cognitive engagement, indicating that attention, related to the processing of stimuli, influences cognitive outcomes. It highlights that the nature of tasks involved in sensory processing is connected to cognitive performance, suggesting that selective attention is integral to cognitive processing changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes and rivers remain stagnant, with no mixing of water between surface and deeper layers. [SEP] Text: Lidar-Bathymetry data: Although mentioned as the first two data types in the abstract, this data was not presented in the paper. It is only used to discuss the concept and derive conclusions. Since this data is important for the assessment of braided river-aquifer systems, and critical for the derivation of the updated conceptualization of braided river-aquifer systems in this manuscript, it must be provided somehow. Specific comments:L 103-106: a more recent modelling approach for braided river-aquifer systems with their buried paleochannels that should be referred to here is. , Kipfer, R. , Hunkeler, D. , & Brunner, P. (2022). Buried paleo-channel detection with a groundwater model, tracer-based observations, and spatially varying, preferred anisotropy pilot point calibration. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 49(14), e2022GL098944. 107-109: Indeed, changing bed morphologies create problems for the representation of braided river systems (and this problem isn't even restricted to braided river systems but occurs also in less complex river corridors). One way to deal with this problem when one simulates SW-GW interactions in braided river systems is using data assimilation, where whenever new information on the bathymetry of the river system becomes available, that information gets incorporated into the forward model. The concept was demonstrated by Tang, Q. , Schilling, O. S. , Kurtz, W. , Brunner, P. , Vereecken, H. , & Hendricks Franssen, H. -J. (2018). Simulating flood induced riverbed transience using unmanned aerial vehicles, physically-based hydrological modelling and the ensemble Kalman filter. Water Resour. Res. Although not necessarily feasible or required on the regional scale, this way forward should nevertheless be mentioned here. Another approach that can be useful relies not on assimilation of riverbed bathymetry information but on a moving pilot points approach, which can be used to "follow" changing structures simply via inversion of hydraulic- and tracer-based data: Khambhammettu, P. , Renard, P. , & Doherty, J. (2020). The traveling pilot point method. A novel approach to parameterize the inverse problem for categorical fields. Adv. Water Resour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various modeling approaches and the dynamics within braided river-aquifer systems, emphasizing that changing bed morphologies and data assimilation can influence water mixing and interaction between surface and deeper layers. It indicates that water is not stagnant in these systems, as surface and deeper layers can interact and change with new bed information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Exported contours were modeled in 3D and volumes were quantified using a script called GoFigure2ContoursToMeshes, which uses the power crust reconstruction algorithm (Amenta et al. , 2001). 3D meshes were generated in the VTK format and viewed using ParaView (KitWare) (Henderson, 2007). Leak in fluorescence was measured by placing a sphere with radius 1 μm into the lumen of the ES and GoFigure2 recorded the integrated fluorescence intensity. Automated image analysis of the AO-LLSM data was performed using modified versions of the ACME software, python shell scripts, and ITIAT scripts (Mosaliganti et al. , 2012). Starting with 3D tif files, the ACME pipeline includes the following steps, parameters used in (bold): convertFormat inputFile. tif outputFile. mha spacingX(0. 097) spacingY(0. 097) spacingZ(0. 3) cellPreprocess inputFile. mha outputFile. mha cellRadius (0. 1) resample inputFile. mha outputFile. mha spacingFactorX(1. 5) spacingFactorY(1. 5) spacingFactorY(0. 5) multiscalePlanarityAndVoting3D inputFile. mha outputFile. mha iSigmaFiltering(0. 25) iSigmaVoting(0. 5) alpha(0. 3) beta(0. 25) gamma(1000) membraneSegmentation inputResample. mha inputTensorVoting. mha outputSegmentedLabelImage. mha threshold(1. 0) Correcting of segmentations and tracking were done using iterative implementations of the ITIAT scripts membraneSegmentationWithMarkersImageFilter and MorpholigcalErosionLabelImageFilter with manual error corrections done in ITK-SNAP (Yushkevich et al. , 2006). 3D rendering of segmented labels and overlays of segmented labels and raw membrane signal were performed using the software ITK-SNAP (www. itksnap. org, [Yushkevich et al. , 2006]). 3D visualization of raw membrane data was performed using the software FluoRender (www. sci. utah. edu/software/fluorender. html, [Wan et al. , 2012]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses technical details related to 3D modeling, fluorescent measurement, and image analysis software but does not address excavation sites or their role in revealing stratigraphy or historical events. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 of an on Choice by Attention 한국심리학회지: 인지 및 생물 약어 : 심리인생 2019 vol. 31, no. 2, 10. 22172/cogbio. 2019. 31. 2. 009 발행기관 : 한국인지및생물심리학회 연구분야 : 심리과학 Copyright © 한국인지및생물심리학회 김초복 1 이윤지 2 1경북대학교 2경북대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 1 181 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 The current study aimed to examine how the anxious mood state affects human directional choice. For this purpose, we employed a version of the spatial Stroop task and tested the effect of the induced anxious mood state on the facilitation and interference effects. In an experiment, neutral and anxious picture-and-sound sets were employed to manipulate different moods between two groups. After the mood induction, participants performed a version of the spatial Stroop task that included congruent, neutral, and incongruent trials. The results showed that an anxious mood enhanced the facilitation effect, but reduced the interference effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment using the spatial Stroop task, which examines how an anxious mood affects cognitive processing. It specifically mentions that an anxious mood enhances the facilitation effect, indicating selective focus in attention and its impact on cognitive performance.