Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, the process to bring the lands back to their previously dispossessed owners, which is known in Colombia as land restitution, is slow and complex since land restitution programs have had limited capacities to distinguish between those who used violence to accumulate land and those who did not [85, 86]. Both land grabbing in Caquetá and land dispossession in Cesar have brought about unsustainable land-uses that are depleting natural resources (e. g. , forest, water, soil). In this sense, the presence of land-use conflicts (e. g. , insecure or unclear property rights) or soil degradation represents a critical challenge to assure investments in agriculture and sustainable livelihoods in conflict-affected regions, as also mentioned by Counter [86] and Suarez et al. [25]. With respect to the environmental perspective, we observe a common trend in both CLDs: the establishment of unsustainable land uses is reinforcing climate change by affecting the capacity of the ecosystems in these regions to capture and store carbon, by increasing greenhouse emissions and biodiversity losses, as well as by affecting the water cycles. Both CLDs show how these biophysical changes represent a limitation to develop sustainable productive strategies or ecosystem restoration actions. This set of related situations seem to lead to a systemic failure [52] that affects the whole system in social, productive, and environmental terms. CLDs are a powerful tool that, beyond describing the dynamics of a complex system, enables envisioning new ways to address the problems arising from the described system dynamics [87]. The formulation of such solutions relies on the spotting of the element(s) that are modifiable and can generate a balancing effect in the loops. Which, in our case studies, translates into the development of actions to balance the unsustainable patterns and conflicts of land use. These actions should simultaneously integrate strategies addressing the common systemic drivers in both departments and solutions accounting for the particular regional land use dynamics [63]. Regarding the systemic drivers of land-use change that are common in both regions, a first set of actions should aim to improve the land tenure system, since inappropriate activities, such as deforestation, extensive cattle ranching, illicit crops, and violent land grabbing, are consequences of contradictory land management legislation and plans that do not have enough incentives to promote sustainable land uses, as Clerici et al. [10], Furumo & Lambin [78] and Grajales [64] state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any relevant information related to the claim about nature sounds creating a peaceful and productive environment. Instead, it focuses on complex issues regarding land restitution, land-use conflicts, and related environmental challenges in Colombia, which are not connected to the effects of nature sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: In support of these findings, children reported that the most satisfying parts of the game were the more active parts of shooting gnomes and climbing. This result is in line with our previous study, where it was found that active scenarios were perceived as more engaging, challenging, distracting and immersive than passive ones reducing subjective awareness of pain (Phelan et al. 2019). Also, they highly valued being immersed in a virtual environment that they had never experienced before. This result would support the use of IVR over non-IVR for effective ULMI recovery (Henderson et al. 2007). Finally, patients reported that they enjoyed seeing how their scores increased. This leads us to believe that this competitive mechanic motivates them to continue their rehabilitation whilst enjoying it (Campo-Prieto et al. 2021). This study has some limitations that should be taken into account to interpret the results. Firstly, this study lacks a control group and has a small sample size. However, given that the participants all had previously undergone conventional rehabilitation (CR), this allowed a comparison of CR to IVR rehabilitation in the qualitative feedback. Additionally, the VR system was used to treat a variety of ULMI, which allowed us to look at different aspects of interaction design and deployment considerations. Finally, using mixed methods (quantitative and qualitative) and from a multidirectional perspective (patients, clinicians and family members) improved the breadth and depth of understanding of IVR acceptability. Future studies should examine IVR for clinical rehabilitation in a large-scale sample comparing the effectiveness of IVR rehabilitation with CR. In addition, to determine whether self-directed IVR home rehabilitation can be costly for both the patient and the healthcare system (Wang et al. 2019) and decrease the length of hospital stay and duration of treatment (Menon et al. 2020), we will conduct an economic and impact analysis that will help us determine the cost savings aligned with IVR home therapy and associated benefits (Neilson et al. 2019). Future research could further assist practitioners deliver their interventions by developing scenarios with mechanics which facilitate movements as yet unaddressed by the current system. A reporting system for the therapist to assess the patients progress and usage could provide staff with valuable information to determine the stage of healing and if the difficulty should be altered. Increasing customisation options to provide training tailored to the patient's abilities could help maintain attention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the effective use of immersive virtual reality (IVR) in rehabilitation. It mentions that participants valued being immersed in a virtual environment and that this engagement could motivate them to continue their rehabilitation. The text also discusses the comparison of IVR rehabilitation to conventional rehabilitation, suggesting that IVR methods can support patient recovery, aligning with the idea that virtual reality aids in physical therapy for mobility recovery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: They included various WHO-focused dimensions of active aging and were significantly correlated with several related criterion measures, including the healthy aging scale, the successful life scale, and the empowerment scale[17], [23]. Previous studies supported the requirement that a culturally sensitive instrument require the collection of unbiased data, as different scales adopted from others may not fulfill the criteria of cross-cultural sensitivity of a scale. Multiple scales are currently available[8], [24] [8], [14] that assessed the active aging level in the elder population in other countries with different cultures. Although, Anwar translated a English version successful aging scale into Urdu, consisted of three factors, 14 items in which self-reliance, healthy life style and adoptive coping[25],is seen similar to the items of Scale 36 There was an urgent need to develop a culturally sensitive study instrument in Urdu to assess the active aging status of elders in Pakistan. Unfortunately, there is a dearth in the availability of a scale in the local language to assess elders' active aging status in Pakistan. After a literature review, we selected a scale developed by and colleagues[8]. The author focused on all the WHO-proposed dimensions of active aging. The scale consisted of 36 items and a five-point rating scale from strongly agreeing (5 points) to strongly disagreeing (1 point). The AAI-Thai establishes good validity and reliability (Cronbach’s alpha of 0. 92). This scale went through a translation process in different languages to make it culturally appropriate. It was necessary to confirm the construct validity of the translated instruments in the current data because these instruments are utilized in Western and in some other Asian civilizations with diverse populations and distinct cultures[14], [19]. Research has indicated that the common approach to checking validity is content validity and construct validity, which tell us regarding the adequacy of the construct to be measured[19]. It explains the relevancy and comprehensibility of the mentioned items for the construct, context, and population of interest, so it is highly required to be examined[14]. It is evident from the previous studies that the adaptation process of a research scale does not have any universal agreement [8], [9]. Pakistan is a country in which the features of the population are indigenous, so this translated version of the scale will be convenient and can be easily administered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of creating culturally sensitive instruments that accurately assess constructs such as active aging. It highlights that previous adaptations of scales may not achieve cross-cultural sensitivity and emphasizes the necessity of ensuring validity and reliability when translating instruments for different cultures. This suggests that AI translation, while potentially useful, may not achieve absolute accuracy with complex and culturally sensitive documents, as adaptations often require careful consideration of cultural context and validation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: This set of actions is severely limited by different variables or issues, including armed conflict, informal land tenure, land restitution claims, and land grabbing. It is also worth mentioning that these issues prevail or change across the different departments. For example, Caquetá and Cesar are among the ten departments with the most municipalities in the ranking of most affected zones of the (ZOMAC) [88]. Additionally, there are also high rates of informal land tenure in Caquetá (59%) and Cesar (47%) [46]. In terms of restitution claims, the problem is most critical in Cesar compared with Caquetá, since 6. 2% of the claims at the national level were made in Cesar, while in Caquetá these claims were equivalent to 3. 2% [77]. Finally, land grabbing particularly affects the Caquetá, Guaviare, and Meta departments, all located in Amazon region. They have been deeply affected by soaring deforestation sparked by land grabbing [89]. Without addressing land grabbing and weakness of land tenure systems, land use conflicts will continue, as Armenteras et al. [26] and Wiig & García-Reyes [76] note. To tackle these current issues, scholars like Elhawary [90], Ramirez [91], and Robinson et al. [7] suggest different strategies. Strategies include strengthening and supporting relevant government institutions for protecting land abandoned by forced displacement; supporting the State’s constitutional control bodies to ensure compliance of land protection and restitution; supporting communities in the direct protection of their property rights; as well as assisting internally displaced persons to understand and claim their land rights; effective land reform processes; titling systems that promote tenure security; agrarian jurisdiction courts to resolve disputes; as well as improving, monitoring, and evaluating tenure governance systems; among other strategies. These strategies can also serve as an effective strategic tool for supporting the rural poor, for improving livelihoods of farmers, for curbing speculation in land markets, and for preventing deforestation through market-based conservation mechanisms [7, 91–93]. A second set of actions should focus on systemic innovation and promotion of sustainable land use management interventions at the regional level. As land use dynamics, land degradation, climate change, and rural poverty are linked, these kinds of interventions could stop the cascade of systemic failures caused by land-use conflicts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to land tenure, land conflicts, and strategies for land rights, without any reference to nature sounds or their impact on the environment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality is used in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through guided exercises. [SEP] Text: Adding more variety and valuable exercises for daily activities that are fun and challenging can increase motivation and adherence to treatment (Gerber et al. 2016; Kiper et al. 2018). To summarise, this is the first feasibility study to trial IVR in the home rehabilitation of ULMI in children. The findings demonstrate that an IVR system has been developed capable of delivering ULMI therapy that leads to an increase in limb function, which is supported by the ease of use, enjoyment, adherence to the treatment, and can be delivered at home. It has also presented an innovative solution to the Covid-19 emergency where children could not receive their therapy in the hospital. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of an immersive virtual reality (IVR) system that has been developed for home rehabilitation. It highlights that this system is capable of delivering therapy aimed at improving limb function. The mention of significant factors such as ease of use, enjoyment, and adherence to treatment supports the claim that virtual reality is beneficial in physical therapy to help patients regain mobility through engaging and guided exercises.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a cross-culturally relevant, valid, and reliable study tool to assess active aging among community-based Pakistani older adults. This scale will measure the multiple indicators of active aging that the WHO recommends assessing for active aging in all countries. version of the active aging scale will be a convenient scale to use in future research on the geriatric population. MethodPhase. 1 Procedure Instrument: Aging scale was chosen to translate into local language which is “Scale-Thai” developed by Thannak wang and others in Thailand[8]. This scale consisted of 36 items in five Likert scale from strongly agree=5 points to strongly disagree=1 point. The scale obtained 0. 96. We followed the recommendations made in the of (ISPOR) report for translation and cultural adaptation[25],and the consensus-based standard for the selection of the ) checklist [26] was followed throughout the translation process of the scale (see figure1. ). Step1. Permission taken from the author: After a literature review regarding the components of active aging, we approached the primary developer of the scale through email. Step. 2 Forward, transition: The scale were given to two independent bilingual translators to translate into Urdu language. During translation process, there was no replacement or deletion of any items and maximum similarity of the source and target language was maintained. Step. 3 Expert comments to select the items: Two bilingual experts from and one PhD scholar from the nursing department of College were approached to select the best version for further process. Step. 4 backward translation: The translated version retranslated into the original language by other bilingual experts who were not familiar with the primary translators. Step. 5 Feedback study: Focus group of five experts (2 PhD scholars in nursing and faculty members of University, one community health nurse, lecturer in government nursing college Peshawar, and one language expert professor and one general public figure) retired principal from government were arranged to finalized the final draft on 22 March 2022. The committee evaluated each item, and they looked for agreement between the original scale and the translated English form. Assigning 1 to 4 scores for clarity and relevancy checked content validity index and scale validity. Only two items were not culturally sensitive were omitted in this stage. To communicate their greater insight, some of the words were placed within parenthesis[19]. The average of I-CVIs is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a translation process that acknowledges the challenges of cultural sensitivity. It mentions that during the translation, maximum similarity between the source and target language was maintained and that two items deemed not culturally sensitive were omitted, indicating that achieving absolute accuracy in translation, particularly for complex and culturally sensitive documents, is difficult and requires careful consideration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Sustainable land use management strategies are a set of systemic interventions that address the causal relation between land productivity, land planning, land degradation, deforestation, restoration of natural areas, unsuitable land uses, and armed conflict [57, 76, 94]. However, consistently with other studies (e. g. , Wiig & García-Reyes [76]; Furumo & Lambin [78]; Krause [95]), we find that these interventions need to be linked to the first set of actions since structural issues as inequalities in land ownership, the lack of a full cadaster system, and lack of legal land rights must be overcome to produce long-term change, further investments in agriculture and curb deforestation. The effect of such interventions are illustrated in Fig 5. The CLD shows how the transformative land management practices could avoid systemic failures, by reversing the unsustainable land use patterns of Caquetá and Cesar that are depicted in Figs 3 and 4. Furthermore, through the implementation of these interventions, the soil could be rendered as a sink rather than a source for atmospheric CO2, which is important for decreasing the risk of damage in the agricultural sector. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Key factors for effective design and implementation of sustainable land use systems to reduce deforestation and enhance peacebuilding in Colombia. Based on the policy brief elaborated by the same authors: Bonatti et al. [96]. carry out these productive interventions, it is necessary to prioritize areas where cost-effective restoration interventions can be implemented. Several studies point out that agroforestry systems are another alternative that restores the land while promoting the sustainable intensification of agricultural production, conservation of native ecosystems, ecological rehabilitation at a landscape scale and carbon sequestration in tropical regions [60, 73, 97–100]. However, these sustainable land use strategies must be integrated into sustainable value chains by establishing policies, institutions, infrastructure, and incentives that facilitate not only the integration of several stakeholders, but also to generate a shared vision towards a sustainable land use and forest restoration [101]. In this regard, for suitable intervention design, the most important lesson to be drawn from complex systems is the need to design and implement interventions that take into account the interconnectedness of systems, as previously observed by Schlindwein & Ison [52]. Finally, the limitations of the study should be considered when observing its results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides an in-depth discussion of sustainable land use management strategies but does not address the claim regarding the impact of nature sounds on peace and productivity. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: is recognized as the most species-rich sea in the Atlantic regarding its coral reefs (Rocha et al. 2008; Miloslavich et al. 2010). It is connected to the Gulf of Mexico, with which it has many species in common (Felder and Camp 2009; Jaap 2015), although the northern part of the Gulf is considered a warm temperate ecoregion that is separate from the tropical Atlantic ecoregions of the Gulf and the Caribbean (Spalding et al. 2007; Fig. 1a). Caribbean or the includes the Caribbean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Bermuda in the northwestern Atlantic (Burke and Maidens 2004; Rocha et al. 2008; Wilkinson and Souter 2008; Robertson and Cramer 2014). and Maidens (2004), we refer to this larger area simply as “the Caribbean” (Fig. 1a). Fig. 1 a Caribbean with marine ecoregions after Burke and Maidens (2004) and Spalding et al. (2007). b Caribbean composed of the (Aruba, Curaçao, and Bonaire) in the and the (Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten) with in the Eastern CaribbeanFull size image Although the Caribbean has less species than the Indo-Pacific, this does not imply that the marine fauna and flora of the Caribbean are sufficiently well known or that there is little need for additional biodiversity research on Caribbean reefs. The species compositions of both regions have traditionally been known to have little in common (Ekman 1953; Briggs 1974). Higher level taxa occurring in both oceans may show close affinities, although among scleractinian corals, this has appeared less so than originally thought (Fukami et al. 2004; Kitahara et al. 2016). Anthropogenic introductions of Indo-Pacific species onto coral reefs have had various consequences for the reef faunas here. The mushroom coral family Fungiidae only naturally occurs in the Indo-Pacific (Hoeksema 1989; Gittenberger et al. 2011), but individuals of one species, Lobactis scutaria (Lamarck, 1801), with their Symbiodinium symbionts were brought to Jamaica in the 1960s, although no harmful effects have yet been reported (Bush et al. 2004; LaJeunesse et al. 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the Caribbean is recognized as one of the most species-rich areas in the Atlantic due to its coral reefs. It discusses the diversity of species associated with coral reefs in different marine ecoregions and emphasizes the need for additional research on biodiversity, indicating that coral reefs are indeed crucial habitats for many marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Discussion/ research goal was to translate, validate, and investigate the active aging scales with 36 items. The translation process in this study was split into two sections. The section 1 addressed Scale translation process and examined the temporal validity and reliability of the scale for further process [29]. 0. 80, CVI, and SCVI >0. 90 of the data collected from (N=30) indicates the stability, and acceptability of the scale for further analysis. In this stage, two items were not supported in item variance value<0. 30 were emitted. The items were highly similar with other item such as I stretch my body three time daily and I exercise three time in a day. The 36-item of the original scale was reduced to 34 items in the first expert committee decision. In the temporal validity and internal consistency analysis, 30 items were secured in the scale for further analysis. According to Baoteng, the probability of the item reduction is expected in the first stage of study scale development and translation process[30]. In the part two, internal consistency of the Urdu-version scale consisted of 30 items were measured. Data were collected from (N=160) men and women made up an equal amount of the sample. Data obtained from 160 people were analyzed for internal consistency, which shows 0. 92 as excellent to implement. Factor analysis(exploratory, and confirmatory factor analysis) sustained the seven components with 29 items with seven factors self-reliance, learning and integrate into society, healthy life style, spiritual wisdom, social contribution, financial security, and strengthen family ties which reveal that the scale has sustained the structure of the original scale except one component that is social learning style. In the literature different concepts were generated in terms of social contribution, healthy life style, independent, mental wellbeing; it is seen that participation in social participation, autonomy. healthy life style, and contribution to the society were measured as active aging components[31]. In this study, it is seen that items pooling was created at a point covering the topics available in the original scale and many others in different context[16]. Psychometric analysis in part 2 involved the establishment of construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis on a group of older adults (N = 160). When we look at the descriptive information of the elderly people, the proportion of uneducated participants is quite high, at 58% of the total, but the participants speak and understand the Urdu language. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study focused on the translation and validation of active aging scales, revealing that during the translation process, certain items were removed or deemed not suitable due to variance issues. This indicates that the translation process faced challenges, suggesting that AI translation might not always achieve absolute accuracy, especially with complex and culturally sensitive documents. The mention of 'item variance value<0.30' and the need for expert committee decisions implies that there may be limitations to the accuracy of translations in specific contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Although our CLDs aim to systematically understand the dynamics of two different regions, they are limited by local actors’ insights and variables reported in secondary information. Therefore, they could be incomplete with respect to systems dynamics, as Sterman [47] states. ConclusionsThis study provides a holistic picture of the land-use dynamics in two different conflict-affected regions of Colombia: Caquetá and Cesar. Through the development and the analysis of both regional CLDs, we find shared drivers and particular interactions that triggered unsustainable land uses. Additionally, we identify cross-cutting key elements in the study regions and specific actions that should be considered to comprehensively address disputes over land and their implications. Land tenure issues are cross-cutting elements that encourage conflicts and unsustainable land use practices in both regions. However, they follow dissimilar paths and have different land-use implications. In Caquetá, land grabbing and speculation comes at the expense of the forest, while in Cesar violent land dispossession facilitated the establishment of extractive activities, palm oil monocultures, and extensive cattle ranching; these trigging a poor performance in the land restitution program. Despite differences in the regional paths, both cases show high land concentration and inequality that, along with a lack of governance, continue to exacerbate unsustainable land uses. Actions to address these unsustainable patterns of land use change should take into account the interconnectedness of the different system components in both departments. In this regard, addressing land-related issues should be a central pillar for the post-conflict process at the national level by guaranteeing an appropriate rural land tenure system. In addition, local authorities in both regions must promote sustainable land use alternatives to restore degraded lands, reduce deforestation, and improve local livelihoods. Supporting informationS1 File. 1. Major consequences of land-use changes for ecosystems in the future in the agro-pastoral transitional zone of northern China. Appl Sci. 2020;10. View 2. . Hydrological response to future land-use change and climate change in a tropical catchment. Hydrol. Sci. J. 2018. p. 1368–1385. View 3. de. Land-use and climate change within assessments of biodiversity change: A review. Chang. 2009;19:306–315. View 4. ecosystem change types in response to land-use change, extreme climate events, and land degradation. L Degrad Dev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses land-use dynamics in conflict-affected regions of Colombia and the implications of land tenure issues. It does not address the impact of nature sounds on creating a peaceful and productive environment, hence it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 2014; et al. 2016; Van der Loos et al. 2017). Many marine exotic species in the Caribbean can easily be overlooked because they usually consist of invertebrates and algae that are not easily recognized (Debrot et al. 2011) and, therefore, they are usually discovered when they become invasive and their populations reach outbreak proportions. Because of such harmful species introductions and possible local species extinctions on Caribbean coral reefs (e. g. , Carpenter et al. 2008), there is a need for baseline surveys of local reef biota with specimen sampling and follow-up monitoring in order to be able to accurately notice when species arrive or disappear (Hoeksema et al. 2011; Rocha et al. 2014; Sampey and Marsh 2015; Ballard et al. 2016). Specimen collections can help to reveal what kind of species are easily misidentified or overlooked in reef surveys, usually those that are relatively small or deep-living (Hoeksema 2015). Caribbean coral reefs also deserve biodiversity research attention because not all of their species have been reported yet, and these species are likely to participate in hitherto unknown interspecific associations (e. g. , Thomas and Klebba 2007; Snijders and Fransen 2010; Ivanenko et al. 2017; Montano et al. 2017b) or appear to have incomplete geographical and bathymetrical distribution range information involving new records for the Atlantic (e. g. , Montano et al. 2017a; Van der Loos and Prud’homme van Reine 2017). The present special issue of on Caribbean coral reefs serves to add information on these points. The idea for this special issue began during the preparations of a marine biodiversity expedition to St. Eustatius in 2015 (Hoeksema 2016). In the Netherlands, recognition of the need for more biodiversity research in the started to develop with the reorganization of the Kingdom in 2010, and NBC was assigned to play a role herein (RLG 2009). This role was facilitated by the establishment of the (CNSI) on St. Eustatius in 2014. St. Eustatius is one of the islands of the former Netherlands Antilles, presently called the (Figs. 1b and 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of Caribbean coral reefs for marine biodiversity and the need for further research on the species residing there. The mention of 'biodiversity research attention' and the discussion of species that are often overlooked indicates that these reefs are critical habitats for diverse marine life, supporting the assertion that coral reefs significantly contribute to marine biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The age distribution of the participants is over 60 to 70 years old (62%). The fact that the majority of the elderly live in a joint family system shows a strong family support system in Pakistan. The financial dependency on other family members is high, which is consistent with the previous study in Thailand [8], but not consistent with a European study in which elders were not dependent on their children[16]. In our study, female participants had a higher dependency ratio on their children than male participants, which is not surprising given that females were encouraged to stay at home and take sole responsibility for domestic affairs and child care[2]. After examine the previous studies, it is seen that huge different in terms of demographic values conducted for active aging[19], [22], [32]. In the factor analysis, 29 items were loaded clearly; five items for self-reliance, eight items of learning and integrate into society, seven items are for healthy behavior, three items for spiritual wisdom, two factors for economic security, two for social contribution, and two were for strengthen family ties. In the construct validity, the scale maintained its seven factors structure as it had been implemented in previous studies in different languages [30] but the items loading of three factors were not similar to the original scale. This variance can be is due to development of cultural sensitive scales in different countries with some variations in the components may influenced. The seven factors are correlated with each other supporting the entire scale as valid and good fit with significant of (P0. 01),RMSEA value 0. 42, (GFI) value is 0. 92 which is >0. 90 is acceptable in this model. According to Figure 2, the active aging scale's factor loading spans from 0. 42 to 0. 90. This results showed that the translated instrument obtained 29 items with seven factors evaluated in the current research was equally applicable and valid to Pakistani culture, as were applied in the native caulture[8]. The items are vary in each factor as items were loaded are not very similar to the origional version. Self-reliance consisting of five items, three were eliminated due <3 scores in item variance focused on self-care, tasks related to self and family care, performing various activities in the household. From the perspective of older adults, being able to do what they wish is meaningful for their autonomy and implies that they can manage their lives on their own[22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the translated instrument has variances in item loading when applied to different cultures, indicating that the translations may not maintain absolute accuracy across diverse cultural contexts. Specifically, it mentions that the items loaded in the factor analysis 'were not very similar to the original version,' which suggests that cultural sensitivities impact the effectiveness and accuracy of AI translations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2019;30:951–963. View 5. Influence of land tenure interventions on human well-being and environmental outcomes. [Internet]. 2021;4:242–251. Available from: View 6. de Understanding land-use change conflict a systematic review. pdf. J Sci. 2021;16:223–239. View 7. -treves L. Does secure land tenure save forests? A meta-analysis of the relationship between land tenure and tropical deforestation. Chang [Internet]. 2013; Available from: View 8. Magsi H, Torre A. Approaches to undersatnd land use conflicts in the developing countries. Macrotheme Rev. 2013;2:119–136. View 9. Ordway EM. Political shifts and changing forests: Effects of armed conflict on forest conservation in Rwanda. Conserv [Internet]. 2015;3:448–460. Available from: View 10. Deforestation in Colombian protected areas increased during post-conflict periods. 2020;1–10. View 11. Warfare in biodiversity hotspots. Conserv Biol. 2009;23:578–587. pmid:19236450 View 12. . Tropical Deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence. . 2001;No. 4:136. View 13. . Modelling the impacts of civil war on land use and land cover change within Kono District, Sierra Leone: A socio-geospatial approach. Geocarto Int. 2013;28:476–501. View 14. . Globalization and Forest Resurgence: Changes in in El Salvador. Bioscience [Internet]. 2007;57:663–672. Available from: View 15. . Question and Violence in Colombia: Conflict and Development. J [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Sep 16];11:321–356. Available from: View 16. Gómez C, Sánchez-Ayala L, Vargas G, et al. Armed conflict, land grabs and primitive accumulation in Colombia: micro processes, macro trends and the puzzles in between. J Peasant Stud. 2015;42:255–274. View 17. Castro- Land related grievances shape tropical forest-cover in areas affected by armed-conflict. Appl Geogr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various academic works related to land tenure, deforestation, and the implications of armed conflict on forests, without addressing the impact of nature sounds on the environment or productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractCold-water coral reefs (CWRs) in the northeast Atlantic harbor diverse sponge communities. Knowledge of deep-sea sponge ecology is limited and this leaves us with a fragmented understanding of the ecological roles that sponges play in CWR ecosystems. We present the first study of faunal biodiversity associated with the massive demosponge Spongosorites coralliophaga (Stephens, 1915) that typically colonizes coral debris fields of CWRs. Our study focused on the sessile fauna inhabiting sponges mixed with coral rubble at two contrasting settings in the northeast Atlantic: the shallow inshore (120–190 m water depth) Complex (MRC) and the deep offshore (500–1200 m) (LM) coral province. MRC is dominated by the scleractinian Lophelia pertusa, while LM is dominated by L. pertusa and Madrepora oculata. Nine sponge–coral rubble associations were collected from MRC and four from LM. Measurements of abundance, species richness, diversity, evenness, dry biomass, and composition of sessile fauna on sponge and coral rubble microhabitats were undertaken. Differences in community composition between the two regions were mainly a response to changes in fauna with depth. Fauna composition was also different between sponge and coral rubble within each region. Infauna constituted a minor component of the sponge-associated fauna in MRC but had a higher contribution in LM. Sponge and coral rubble sessile fauna in both regions was mainly composed of cnidarians and molluscs, similarly to some previous studies. Sponges’ outer surfaces at MRC were colonized by a species-rich community with high abundance and biomass suggesting that S. coralliophaga at MRC acts as a settlement surface for various organisms but such a role is not the case at LM. This difference in the role of S. coralliophaga as a biological structure is probably related to differences in fauna composition with depth, bottom current speed, and the quantity/quality of food supplied to the benthos. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionSponges (Phylum Porifera) constitute a highly diverse faunal group that create ecologically significant biological structures (Buhl-Mortensen et al. 2010; Hogg et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cold-water coral reefs (CWRs) harbor diverse sponge communities, which contribute to the ecological complexity and biodiversity of these habitats. It highlights the diversity of sessile fauna associated with sponges and coral rubble, indicating the role of CWRs as habitats for various organisms, thus supporting the assertion that coral reefs contribute significantly to marine biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The scale is seen to be stable and valid in various context with some attrition and deletion of the items as per their relevancy to the context[14], [22], [24]. Limitations of the study: The scale is developed only in an adaptive manner and translated into the Urdu language, which may not fulfill other aspects of active aging. The participants were not highly educated, which might be create problem with their understanding. Therefore, the reliability of the scale might be compromised. In future studies, adding new items through in-depth exploration of elders' perceptions about active aging may be needed, and then comparing with an active aging scale developed in another culture would be useful to explore which dimensions of the Pack are unique and which are universal. ConclusionAging Scale-Pak might be Pakistan's first multidimensional active aging scale that is relevant, valid, and culturally contextualized. The 29-item Active Aging-Pak has been shown to have acceptable validity and reliability and an acceptable degree of model fit for determining the degree of active aging in older adults living in Pakistan, indicating that it may be applied in both community and clinical practice settings. DeclarationsInstitutional review and consent to participate: The study followed all aspects of the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institute of Board (#202254), and (DHO #14207), and informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. Study participants were briefed and debriefed about the study purpose, the use of data, and their rights to withdraw from the study. Consent for Publication: All authors have read and agreed to the published this version of the manuscript Statement: All the data is secured and available from the corresponding authors. The corresponding authors will provide all the data on the demand of the journal Competing Interest: We declare that we have no competing interest Funding: This research received no external funding Author Contributions: Conceptual work, literature review, and writing manuscript; Khan, results, review, and discussion; data collection, data analysis; Nasir Anwar, Acknowledgment: We would like to acknowledge the works and contributions of several researchers of tool development, and its validation particularly, Yorozoya, Zhang, and Thanakwang for their contribution. We would also like to acknowledge the nursing department of for miscellaneous support. We extend our gratitude to the participants and scholars, language experts who taken part in this study process. 10. 32463/rphs. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses limitations in the context of translating a scale developed for an adaptive manner into the Urdu language, which suggests that the translation may not capture all aspects of active aging. It highlights that the participants were not highly educated, possibly affecting their understanding, which indicates that the translation may not be absolutely accurate or reliable in a culturally sensitive context. Furthermore, it implies that further exploration and validation in different cultural contexts would be necessary to ensure accuracy, undermining the claim of absolute accuracy in AI translation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: 2017;85:39–50. View 18. Murillo-sandoval The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement The end of gunpoint conservation: forest disturbance after the Colombian peace agreement. Lett. 2020;15. View 19. Van, Visseren-hamakers I. Forests in the time of peace. J Sci [Internet]. 2020;15:327–342. Available from: View 20. Richani N. : in Colombia. Res Rev. 2016;47:51–78. View 21. Castro-. Geographic overlaps between priority areas for forest carbon-storage efforts and those for delivering peacebuilding programs: Implications for policy design. Lett. 2017;12. View 22. Morales L. Peace and environmental protection in Colombia. Proposals for Development. Inter-American Dialogue. 2017. View 23. Emerging evidence that armed conflict and coca cultivation influence deforestation patterns. [Internet]. 2019;239:108176. Available from: View 24. Sánchez-. Consequences of the Armed Conflict, Displacement, and on Change in Colombia: A Multi-scaled Analysis. Ecosystems. 2013;16:1052–1070. View 25. Suarez A, Árias-Arévalo PA, Martínez-Mera E. Environmental sustainability in post-conflict countries: insights for rural Colombia. Environ. Dev. Sustain. Springer Netherlands; 2018. p. 997–1015. View 26. Curb land grabbing to save the Amazon. Evol [Internet]. 2019;3:1497. Available from: pmid:31666736 View 27. Zúñiga-Upegui P, Arnaiz-Schmitz C, Herrero-Jáuregui C, et al. Exploring social-ecological systems in the transition from war to peace: A scenario-based approach to forecasting the post-conflict landscape in a Colombian region. Environ. 2019;695. View 28. Toward understanding the dynamics of land change in Latin America: Potential utility of a resilience approach for building archetypes of land-systems change. Ecol Soc. 2019;24 View 29. ánches Guerrero H, et al. of and Goals of the Agenda 2030. Systems. 2019;7:1–17. View 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding nature sounds and their effects on peace and productivity. Instead, it contains references and statements pertaining to environmental issues, armed conflict, and post-conflict scenarios in Colombia, without establishing any connection to the calming effects of nature sounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 1, Bispira volutacornis (Montagu, 1804), Eunice dubitata, Eunice pennata (Müller, 1776), and Haplosyllis spongicola, and the cirripedian Scalpellum scalpellum (Linnaeus, 1767). Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first record of the ophiuroid Ophioctenella acies Tyler et al. 1995 in a non-chemosynthetic ecosystem (Stöhr and Segonzac 2005). Fig. 3Relative contribution (%) of taxonomic groups of the sessile fauna and sponge infauna to each of the microhabitats in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Calculations based on back-transformed data of arcsine numbers. Bars denote the mean values. Error bars show upper and lower 95 % CIFull size image In both regions only a small number of species (12 in MRC and 2 in LM) were found inside the sponge (Table 2). Infauna constituted a minor component, both in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg), of the total sponge-associated fauna in MRC, but had a higher contribution in LM (Fig. 4). In regard to the infauna, species with the highest number of individuals in total included the amphipod Aristias neglectus (62 specimens), and the species with the highest biomass was the bryozoan Reteporella beaniana (156. 8 mg). Fig. 4Charts showing the shares of sponge sessile epifauna (“outer sponge”) and sponge infauna (“inner sponge”) in terms of abundance (total number of individuals) and dry biomass (total mg) in Complex (MRC) and (LM)Full size image At MRC, a number of epifaunal species were found on secondary biological structures, for example “Morphotype 1 foraminifera” were exclusively recorded on the stems of the hydroids Halecium sp. and H. muricatum (Ellis and Solander, 1786), and S. scalpellum was found exclusively attached to the tube of B. volutacornis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about coral reefs supporting marine biodiversity. Instead, it lists specific species found in certain microhabitats without providing a broader context about coral reefs or their role in supporting biodiversity. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: The translation process of the culturally sensitive active aging scale for community-dwelling older adults in access Published: 31 August 2023 The translation process of the culturally sensitive active aging scale for community-dwelling older adults in Bibi1, Zhang Yan1, Akhter Zeb2, Nasir Anwar3, Nasar Mian4 & …Khan5 Show authors BMC 0. 91 and relevancy was 0. 80. The total variance in the pilot study of all items secured > 0. 3 variances except for two items scored < 0. 30 that were omitted before the validity and reliability test. The remaining items explained 65. 46% of the overall variation and had factor loadings ranging from 0. 46 to 0. 90 in the principal factor analysis (PFA). The confirmatory factor analysis of the Scale revealed that the model fit was good with a Chi-square value (418. 18 (DF = 2. 2) which is less than 3. 00. This is further evidenced by the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) of 0. 042, goodness of fit index (GFI) of 0. 92, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) of 0. 94, and comparative fit index (CFI) values of 0. 92 and 0. 96 (unstandardized and standardized, respectively). The scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0. 88, indicating dependability and its test–retest reliability with the significance of (P. < 0. 05). Conclusionversion of the Scale was successfully translated and validated in a culturally sensitive manner, and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of various active aging interventions for older adults in Pakistan. reports IntroductionThe older adult population in Pakistan has been increasing, resulting in public healthy challenges and poor quality of life for older adults living in the community [1]. According to the population census of 2017, there are over 25 million senior citizens in Pakistan, comprising approximately 6 to 10 percent of the total population [2, 3]. In addition, Pakistan is a Muslim country where predominantly its inhabitants are Muslims [1, 4]. It is concerning for researchers and policymakers that community-dwelling older adults in Pakistan face multiple challenges such as neglect within the healthcare system [2, 5,6,7], and a value system in which male family members are responsible for conducting activities outside home and females have fewer opportunities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the translation process of a culturally sensitive scale which received varying scores in terms of variance and validity, indicating that not all items in the translation secured adequate metrics (with two items omitted for low variance). This suggests that the translation may not be absolutely accurate, particularly for complex, culturally sensitive documents. The need for a validity and reliability test highlights concerns that AI translation may not achieve the level of accuracy implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Arias--Trujillo V, et al. Drivers and effects of deforestation in Colombia: a systems thinking approach. Chang [Internet]. 2021;21. Available from: View 31. Identifying and measuring land-use and proximity conflicts: Methods and identification. Springerplus. 2014;3:1–26. View 32. Gallo G. Conflict Theory, Complexity and Systems Approach. Behav Sci. 2013;30:156–175. View 33. D. at Last? as a Network of Targets. Sustain Dev. 2015;23:176–187. View 34. Bayer S. and Modeling for a by John Sterman. Interfaces (Providence). 2004;34:324–326. View 35. Calderón N. 21 para el Departamento de Caquetá: Una construcción colectiva para el de la [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2007. Available from: 36. Sistema para la Planificación Rural Agropecuaria—SIPRA [Internet]. [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 37. . Mapa petrolero de la Amazonía y resistencia en el Caquetá: retos de paz en el posconflicto. Extr y posconflicto en Colomb retos para la paz Territ. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): de Colombia (Sede Bogotá). Facultad de Ciencias Humanas. Departamento de Geografía; Centro de Investigación y Educación por la Paz; 2016. p. 413–440. 38. Vásquez T. Caquetá: Análisis de conflictividades y construcción de paz | El PNUD en Colombia [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2014 [cited 2021 Sep 17]. Available from: 39. Pizano C, García H. en Colombia. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH); 2014. 40. Instituto Geográfico Agustín Codazzi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or provide any information relating to nature sounds and their effects on environmental peace or productivity. Instead, it consists of references to various academic works on topics pertaining to, but not limited to, deforestation and conflict analysis in Colombia.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences were found for the number of species cm−3, number of individuals cm−3, and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat (Table 4; Fig. 6a–f). The number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat were lower in LM sponge than MRC sponge samples, while the opposite pattern was recorded between MRC coral rubble and LM coral rubble samples (Fig. 6a–f). Table 4 Results of analysis of variance for comparisons of Complex (MRC) and (LM) sponge and coral rubble microhabitats for number of species S cm−3, Shannon–H′, Pielou’s evenness Index J′, number of individuals cm−3 and dry biomass cm−3 Full size table Fig. 6 Box plots of a microhabitat volume sampled (cm3), b species number cm−3 microhabitat, c Shannon–Wiener Index, H′, d Pielou’s evenness Index, J′, e number of individuals cm−3 microhabitat, f dry biomass cm−3 microhabitat in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Lower and upper whiskers denote the data range (minimum–maximum values not considered to be outliers)Full size image Correlation of microhabitat volume with S, H′, J′, total number of individuals, and total dry biomass for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaFor MRC sponge samples, correlation analyses revealed a significant relationship between sponge volume and total species number S (r = 0. 74, p = 0. 023), sponge volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 84, p = 0. 004), and sponge volume and total dry biomass (r = 0. 78, p = 0. 011). Significant correlations were also found for MRC coral rubble samples between coral volume and total number of individuals (r = 0. 72, p = 0. 029). In all other cases, there were no statistically significant correlations between the volume of the microhabitat and the examined parameters. Distribution of feeding types for sessile fauna and sponge infaunaThe fauna in the S. coralliophaga–coral rubble association included various feeding types (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses statistical analyses of species and biomass within different microhabitats without explicitly addressing the role of coral reefs in supporting marine biodiversity. While it references species numbers and relationships to habitat parameters, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about coral reefs specifically.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Culturally sensitive instruments are crucial to collect unbiased data, as directly adopting scales from different cultures may not fulfill the criteria of cross-cultural sensitivity [24]. While multiple scales exist in the literature to assess active aging in older populations in other countries. After a literature review, a scale developed by and colleagues, and translated into English by in Taiwan [15] was selected, which aligns with the WHO's proposed dimensions of active aging, and shows valid and reliable scale covered all aspects of active aging (0. 92). This study tool can be translated into the Urdu language for community-based older adults in Pakistan. This scale consists of 36 items and a four-point rating scale available in English version. It has undergone translation processes in various languages to ensure cultural appropriateness. The translated instrument's construct validity needs to be confirmed, considering the diverse populations and distinct cultures in Western and other Asian civilizations where these scales have been utilized [22, 25]. It is worth noting that there is no universal agreement on the adaptation process of research scales [24]. These scales have undergone adaptation processes, ensuring validity and reliability in cross-cultural settings multiple times [26]. Therefore, it is crucial to translate and develop culturally sensitive active aging scales to collect impartial data regarding active aging from older adults in Pakistan. The construct validity and relevance of the translated instrument need to be confirmed through rigorous testing in the local context [26]. By translating a cross-culturally relevant scale, researchers and policymakers will have a valuable tool to assess active aging in the geriatric population, contributing to future research and interventions aimed at promoting healthy aging in Pakistan. However, according to my knowledge, there is only one validated successful aging scale developed by Anwar et al. focused on only four domains of active aging such as life adaptation, and self-reliance [22, 26], which may not fulfill the holistic assessment of active aging. Therefore, there is a need to translate or develop a scale in the local context that can cover seven dimensions of active aging in Pakistani older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to translate and validate the active aging scale in the local language (Urdu) to assess active aging among community-based older adults in Pakistan. Materials and methodsPhase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations of AI translation in handling culturally sensitive documents. It discusses the need for culturally sensitive instruments to collect unbiased data, indicating that direct adoption of scales from different cultures may not meet cross-cultural sensitivity criteria. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of confirming the construct validity of translated instruments, as the diverse populations may have different cultural contexts that affect translation accuracy. Thus, the mention of needing rigorous testing for validity demonstrates a lack of absolute accuracy in AI translations of complex documents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Departamento del Cesar. Escala 1:100. 000. Estudio general de suelos y zonificación de tierras. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Subdirección de Agrología; 2018. 41. Gilbertson TL. Financialization of nature and climate change policy: Implications for mining-impacted Afro-Colombian communities. J. 2021;56:21–38. View 42. Cardoso A. Behind the life cycle of coal: Socio-environmental liabilities of coal mining in Cesar, Colombia. [Internet]. 2015;120:71–82. Available from: View 43. Romero M, Torres DF. Drummond, Chiquita y paramilitares: Adaptación y negociación de ventajas en medio del conflicto. In: M, editor. los paramilitares Redes corrupción, negocios y política. Corporación. A. ; 2011. p. 149–189. 44. Agencia de Renovación del Territorio. ABECÉ PDET [Internet]. 2021. Available from: 45. Unidad de Planificación (UPRA). Análisis de la distribución de la propiedad rural en Colombia: propuesta metodológica. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): UPRA; 2016. 46. Neva N, Prada R. Índice de informalidad. Indicador de informalidad en la tenencia de la tierra en Colombia vigencia 2019. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): Unidad de Planificación (UPRA); 2020. 47. Sterman J. and Modeling for a Complex World. Homewood: Irwin/McGraw-Hill; 2000. 48. Haraldsson H. Introduction to Diagrams. Reports Ecol. Environ. Eng. Lund; 2004. View 49. Löhr Operational challenges in collaborative research projects: Addressing conflict multidimensionality. Kybernetes. 2018;47:1074–1089. View 50. Anderson V, Johnson L. What is Systems Thinking? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of studies and reports related to agriculture, mining, and land management in Colombia, without any mention of nature sounds or their impact on environmental peace and productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: At both locations, the sessile fauna that was living in the sponge or coral rubble microhabitats was composed mainly of suspension/filter feeders (Fig. 7). Fig. 7Relative contribution (%) of feeding types of sessile fauna and sponge infauna to each of the microhabitats in Complex (MRC) and (LM). Calculations based on back-transformed data of arcsine numbers. Bars denote the mean values. Error bars show upper and lower 95 % CIFull size image DiscussionMethodological considerationsDue to logistical constraints (i. e. , ROV time, availability of space in the biobox), it was not possible to collect coral rubble not colonized by S. coralliophaga during our survey. As sponges affect the small-scale hydrography and food supply in their vicinity (e. g. , Maldonado et al. 2012), abundance and biomass of epifauna near the sponge might be slightly higher compared to coral rubble not colonized by S. coralliophaga, and our data hence overestimate average abundance and biomass. Sponge size and morphology between MRC and LM, on the other hand, were similar and therefore unlikely to have affected the comparison between sites. Similarly, the levels of species richness, abundance, and biomass described in the present study should be regarded as underestimates since (1) only a small number of associations could be examined in each location (due to logistical constraints), (2) a number of small motile species living in association with the demosponge–coral rubble association could have escaped during the sampling procedure, and (3) a number of fragile specimens were too heavily damaged during sampling to be identified and thus were excluded from any abundance/biomass/diversity calculations. We therefore conclude that diversity at our study sites is comparable to a number of studies from shallow-water sites (e. g. , Voultsiadou-Koukoura et al. 1987; Çinar et al. 2002; Neves and Omena 2003 and 7. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0034098 (2014) Fine-scale nutrient and carbonate system dynamics around cold-water coral reefs in the northeast Atlantic. 4. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the diversity of sessile fauna in coral rubble microhabitats, as well as the various small motile species associated with the demosponge-coral rubble association. It emphasizes the importance of these habitats in contributing to marine biodiversity, suggesting that diversity at the study sites correlates with other shallow-water studies, which links directly to the idea of coral reefs providing significant habitats for a variety of species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: 1We followed the steps and recommendations made by the of (ISPOR) report for the translation and cultural adaptation process [25], and the consensus-based standard for the selection of the ) checklist [27] was followed throughout the translation process of the scale (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1Flow chart of questionnaire translation& adaptation processFull size imageStep. 1 Selection of study instrumentAging scale was developed by and others in Thailand [14] and translated by in English [15] was chosen to translate into Urdu language. After a literature review regarding the components of active aging, we approached the primary developer of the scale Thanakwang and secondary developer Rantanen through email. The active aging scale consisted of 36 items on five Likert scales from strongly agree = 5 points to strongly disagree = 1 point. The scale obtained 0. 92. Step. 2 Forward, transitionThe scale was given to two independent bilingual translators to translate into Urdu language. During the translation process, there was no replacement or deletion of any items and maximum similarity of the source and target language was maintained. Step. 3 Expert comments to select the itemsTwo bilingual experts from and one Ph. D. scholar from the nursing department of College were approached to select the best version for further process. Step. 4 Backward translationOther two bilingual experts who were blind with the primary translators retranslated the translated version into the original language. Step. 5 Feedback studyFocus group of five experts (2 Ph. D. scholars in nursing and faculty members of University, one community health nurse, a lecturer in government nursing college Peshawar, and one language expert professor and one general public figure) retired principal from the government were arranged to finalize the final draft on 22 March 2022. The committee evaluated each item, and they looked for agreement between the original scale and the translated English form. Assigning 1 to 4 scores for clarity and relevancy checked content validity index and scale validity. To communicate their greater insight, some of the words were placed within parentheses [28]. Step. 6 Face validityWe followed a one-to-one approach to check the structure and its representativeness as a whole. Step. 7 Pilot testingWe conducted a pilot study on 30 participants to check the preliminary internal consistency of the scale. According to Yoshihito, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by detailing a rigorous process for translating a scale into another language, emphasizing the importance of expert feedback and careful validation steps, which imply that achieving absolute accuracy in translation, particularly for complex documents, requires considerable human oversight and intervention. The text highlights that maximum similarity between the source and target language was maintained, but this indicates a recognition of the challenges involved rather than an assertion of absolute accuracy in AI translation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: basics From concepts to causal loops. Cambridge: Pegasus Communications; 1997. p. 17–36. 51. . A definition of systems thinking: A systems approach. Sci [Internet]. 2015;44:669–678. Available from: View 52. Schlindwein SL, Ison R. Confronting total systemic failure? 2018 truckers’ strike in Brazil. Behav Sci. 2019;1–9. View 53. Kohlbacher F. The use of qualitative content analysis in case study research. Sozialforsch. 2006;7. View 54. Mayring P. Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Klagenfurt: Leibniz-Institut für Sozialwissenschaften; 2014. 55. . Integrating critical thinking and systems thinking: From premises to causal loops. Rev. 2004;20:223–235. View 56. A system dynamics approach for sustainability assessment of biodiesel production in Colombia. Baseline simulation. J [Internet]. 2019;213:1–20. Available from: View 57. Peacebuilding in Rural Colombia—A of the Reform (IRR) in the Department of Caquet á (Amazon). Land. 2020;9:1–17. View 58. Unplanned land clearing of Colombian rainforests: Spreading like disease? Plan. 2006;77:240–254. View 59. IDEAM. Sistema de Monitoreo de Bosque y Carbono [Internet]. Rep. Cambio la Superf. Cubierta por Bosque Nat. 2020 [cited 2020 Oct 13]. Available from: 60. Cherubin MR, Chavarro-Bermeo JP, Silva-Olaya AM. Agroforestry systems improve soil physical quality in northwestern Colombian Amazon. Agrofor Syst. 2019;93:1741–1753. View 61. Mendoza JP. Colombia ‘ s transition to peace is enhancing coca- driven deforestation ‘ s transition to peace is enhancing coca-driven deforestation. Lett. 2020;15. View 62. Murad CA, Pearse J. Landsat study of deforestation in the Amazon region of Colombia: Departments of Caquetá and Putumayo. Environ. 2018;11:161–171. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim about nature sounds making environments more peaceful and productive. Instead, it contains a series of references and citations related to systems thinking, deforestation, and sustainability, which are not relevant to the effects of nature sounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: AbstractStudies in terrestrial and shallow-water ecosystems have unravelled the key role of interspecific interactions in enhancing biodiversity, but important knowledge gaps persist for the deep sea. Cold-water coral reefs are hotspots of biodiversity, but the role of interspecific interactions and “habitat cascades” (i. e. positive effects on focal organisms mediated by biogenic habitat formation) in shaping their biodiversity is unknown. Associations between macrofaunal hosts and epifauna were examined in 47 stations at the Complex (northeast Atlantic). In total, 101 (group level) and 340 (species level) unique types of facultative associations formed by 43 hosts and 39 epifaunal species were found. Molluscs and empty polychaete tubes had higher values for the type and number of host-epifaunal associations, the Shannon–Wiener (H) and Margalef (d) indices of the epifauna than the rest of the taxonomic groups (p < 0. 05). Hosts’ body size, orientation, surface smoothness, and growth form explained a significant amount of variability (32. 96%) in epifauna community composition. Epifaunal species richness (S), H and d were 27. 4 (± 2. 2%), 56. 2 (± 2. 8%) and 39. 9 (± 2. 3%) of the respective values for the total sessile communities living on coral framework. This is intriguing as coral framework is orders of magnitude larger than the size of macrofaunal hosts. It is suggested that bivalves, tunicates and empty polychaete tubes increase habitat heterogeneity and enhance biodiversity through “habitat cascades”, in a similar way that epiphytes do in tropical rainforests. Most macrofaunal habitat suppliers in the studied cold-water coral reef are calcified species and likely susceptible to ocean acidification. This indicates that the impacts of climate change on the total biodiversity, structure and health of cold-water coral reefs may potentially be more severe than previously thought. Similar content being viewed by others Structure of gorgonian epifaunal communities in Ecuador (eastern Pacific) 0. 37 units; Puerta et al. 2020) which in turn will have negative impacts on the distribution (Morato et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cold-water coral reefs as 'hotspots of biodiversity' and detailing how various species, including macrofaunal hosts and epifauna, form unique associations within these reefs. This supports the assertion that coral reefs play a key role in providing habitats for a multitude of marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: This variance can be due to the development of culturally sensitive scales in different countries with some variations in the components that may influenced. The seven factors were correlated with each other supporting the entire scale as a valid and good fit with a significance of (P. 0. 01),RMSEA value of 0. 42, (GFI) value is 0. 92 which is > 0. 90 is acceptable in this model. According to Fig. 2, the active aging scale's factor loading spans from 0. 42 to 0. 90. These results showed that the translated instrument obtained 34 items with seven factors evaluated in the current research equally applicable, and valid to Pakistani culture, as were applied in the native culture [14]. The items vary in each factor such as self-reliance consisting of five items, one eliminated due < 0. 3 scores in item variance, focused on self-care, tasks related to self and family care, and performing various activities in the household. From the perspective of older adults, being able to do what they wish is meaningful for their autonomy and implies that they can manage their lives on their own [19]. In the collectivistic nature of Islam and cultural norms, the people were interconnected, and they were held accountable for one another [34]. This notion was consistent with the valued concept of individualism among older adults Western people [36], and Yorozuya’s study in Japan [23]. The concurrent validity of the scale was checked comparing by obtained data from active aging scales and the Scale, which was translated in the same language. A significant positive relationship between AAS-Pak and SAS with the SR = 0. 85**, LIS = 0. 75**, HLT = 0. 81**, and the overall scale value (r = 0. 86**, with significant value of (P = < 0. 001). Surprisingly, our study results were consistent with the results of other studies conducted in another context, for example, health related questionnaires used in Japan [23], and the successful aging scale used in Turkey study to check the criterion validity of the active aging scale [28]. The concept of active aging is very diverse therefore, active aging scales were gone through items addition, and deletion based on the context in the previous studies. Therefore, there is a lack of a standardized active aging scale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations in achieving standardized active aging scales due to cultural differences. It emphasizes variations in how items are interpreted across different cultures, stating that 'there is a lack of a standardized active aging scale.' This suggests that while AI may achieve some level of accuracy, it struggles with the complexities and nuances inherent in culturally sensitive translations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: View 63. Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y -IDEAM. Boletín de Detección Temprana de la Deforestación 17 [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2018. Available from: 64. Grajales J. Land grabbing, legal contention and institutional change in Colombia. J Peasant Stud. 2015;37–41. View 65. . Diverging forest land use dynamics induced by armed conflict across the tropics. Chang [Internet]. 2019;56:86–94. Available from: View 66. Deforestation of rainforests requires active use of UN ‘ s Goals. Environ. 2020;742. View 67. Cárdenas-Camacho LM, Díaz S, Gómez-Anaya W, et al. Participatory analysis of ecosystem services in a protected area of the tropical dry forest (TDF), Colombia. Colomb For. 2021;24:123–156. View 68. . D. C. A. Síntesis del estudio nacional de la degradación de suelos por erosión en Colombia—2015. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia); 2015. 69. FAO. Carbon: the [Internet]. Fao. Rome, Italy: Food and of the United Nations; 2017. Available from: 70. Selvaraju R. Climate risk assessment and management in agriculture. In: editors. Adapt to Proc a Jt FAO/OECD Work [Internet]. Rome: FAO—OECD; 2012. p. 71–90. Available from: www. fao. org/docrep/017/i3084e/i3084e. pdf. 71. de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible—MADS. de Gestión del Cambio Climático Territorial del Departamento de Cesar. [Internet]. Bogotá, D. C. , Colombia; 2015. Available from: 72. Gobernación del Cesar. Plan de desarrollo Departamento del Cesar 2016–2019. 2016. p. 237. 73. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss nature sounds or their effects on environments, peace, or productivity. Instead, it references various studies and reports related to deforestation and land use dynamics in Colombia, which do not support or detract from the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 2020) and skeletal integrity of habitat-forming cold-water corals (Hennige et al. 2020). These are expected to damage the role of these corals in supporting high biodiversity (Henry and Roberts 2017) and their overall health and environmental status (Kazanidis et al. 2020; Morato et al. 2020). Thus, unravelling (1) the role of macrofauna as habitat suppliers and (2) the features of these species are key things for understanding CWCR sensitivity to climate change. This is especially true for calcified macrofauna as they are expected to be more sensitive to ocean acidification than the non-calcified macrofaunal species (Bell et al. 2018; Byrne and Fitzer 2019). In the present study, macrofaunal communities from a well-studied CWCR, the Complex (MRC, hereafter) in the northeastern Atlantic were examined with the aim of unravelling their contributions to CWCR heterogeneity and biodiversity. Materials and methodsStudy areaThe MRC is located in the Sea, western Scotland (Roberts et al. 2005). Since its discovery in 2003 (Roberts et al. 2005) the MRC has been one of the best studied CWCRs in the world in terms of its bathymetry, hydrography, ecosystem functioning and biodiversity (e. g. Roberts et al. 2009; Henry et al. , 2013; et al. 2021 and 10. 0–10. 5 °C, 35. 4 psu) which flows onto the European shelf from the eastern subpolar (Johnson et al. 2013; Porter et al. 2018). Benthic lander and mooring deployments have shown that rapid downwelling transfers fresh microalgae to the habitats (Davies et al. 2009; Duineveld et al. 2012). Integration of geophysical, hydrological and species life history traits unravelled that bathymetric and hydrographic gradients were important in shaping macrofaunal biodiversity across reefs, while within reefs, the assemblages were shaped by recruitment, food supply, foraging and mating interactions (Henry et al. 2010, 2013). The MRC area is part of the Area and is fully closed to mobile bottom-tending fishing gear, to protect coral features and associated biodiversity (Roberts et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the biodiversity associated with cold-water coral reefs (CWCR), particularly in the context of macrofaunal communities. It highlights that the MRC area, one of the most studied CWCRs, contributes to biodiversity through its bathymetric and hydrographic features. The mention of habitat-forming species and the protective measures to sustain coral features and associated biodiversity further corroborates the claim that coral reefs are crucial habitats for diverse marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: According to the WHO policy framework, the active aging level can be assessed effectively if the scale used according to the demographic characteristics, and needs of the older adults within a specific area [17, 37]. The AA-PAK claimed to be a valid and reliable scale to assess the WHO proposed seven active aging determinants. The overall AAS-Pak internal consistency of seven variables was consistant as the average Cronbach’s Alpha value was 0. 88 in this study. According to Zamanzadeh [30] a scale is considered to be extremely reliable if its alpha coefficient is 0. 80 or higher. The test–retest reliability of the scale is showing mean scores of 105 the first time with Cronbach’s Alpha 0. 92 and a mean score of 106. 80 the second time with Cronbach’s Alpha 0. 88 showing the stability of the scale. The scale is seen to be stable and valid in various contexts with some attrition and deletion of the items as per their relevancy to the context [15, 19, 23]. These results demonstrated that the AAS-Pak is a valid instrument to assess the level of active aging in community-based older adults in Pakistan. The 34 items were culturally acceptable, all items were consistent with the other studies with different cultural backgrounds [22]. The active aging scales were translated into different languages. A systematic review of 20 included studies revealed that there are multiple active aging scales available based on the context, however, all the active aging scales maintained an average of five dimensions of active aging, the same study recommends further psychometric testing of an active aging scale to use in different context [18]. It is evident that the scholars in the previous studies used different active aging scales with different names [18]. According to Baoting the social beliefs, emotions, and needs of older adults may not be different from context to context, however, some traditional values may compromise the scale validity if applied in a different contexts [19, 31]. Limitations of the studyThe scale is exclusively adaptive and its translation into Urdu language may not address all aspects of active aging, as this is a complex concept. Applying the scale to individuals with lower education levels in a specific region may not accurately represent the broader society in other regions where the quality of life could be high. The participants' low literacy could pose challenges to their understanding; can potentially compromise the scale's reliability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the translation of scales into the Urdu language may not capture all complex aspects of active aging, indicating that cultural and contextual factors may compromise the validity of the translations. The text states that the scale's adaptation and reliance on cultural values could potentially lead to discrepancies in its application across different contexts, showcasing the limitations of AI translation when handling culturally sensitive documents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: Montoya-Molina S, Giraldo-Echeverri C, Montoya-Lerma J, et al. Land sharing vs. land sparing in the dry Caribbean lowlands: A dung beetles’ perspective. Ecol [Internet]. 2016;98:204–212. Available from: View 74. Ulloa A, Coronado S, editors. Extractivismos y posconflicto en Colombia: retos para la paz territorial. Bibl. abierta. Colecc. Gen. Ser. Perspect. Ambient. Grup. Investig. Cult. y Ambient. Bogotá, D. C (Colombia): de Colombia, sede Bogotá, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas, Departamento de Geografía. Centro de Investigación y Educación por la Paz (CINEP/PPP); 2016. 75. Oxfam. Divide and Purchase: How land ownership is being concentrated in Colombia [Internet]. Oxford, UK; 2013. Available from: 76. Wiig H, García-reyes P. Bread or justice—Land restitution and investments in Montes de Maria, Colombia. Land use policy [Internet]. 2020;91:104380. Available from: View 77. Abiertos Datos. Ministerio de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural. Número de solicitudes de inscripción al recibidas en la Unidad de Restitución de Tierras según municipio de ubicación del predio. [Internet]. Estadísticas Solicit. Restitución Discrim. Munic. 2021 [cited 2021 Sep 18]. Available from: View 78. . Scaling up zero-deforestation initiatives through public-private partnerships: A look inside post-conflict Colombia. Chang [Internet]. 2020;62. Available from: View 79. Haraldsson HV. Introduction to Diagrams. Lund, Sweden; 2004. 80. Yearworth M, White L. The uses of qualitative data in multimethodology: Developing causal loop diagrams during the coding process. [Internet]. 2013;231:151–161. Available from: View 81. Sterman J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various academic sources and topics that do not relate to the effects of nature sounds on environment, peace, or productivity. There is no mention or discussion of nature sounds or their impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: Most of them (41 out of 43) were “alive” species and the remaining two were empty tubes belonging to families Serpulidae and Eunicidae (calcareous-tube-building & parchment-like tube-building polychaetes, respectively). Notably, shark eggs (possibly the species Galeus melastomus) at station 1485 were hosting epifaunal species, e. g. the encrusting bryozoan Amphiblestrum flemingii (Fig. 2). Across these 43 host species, bivalves (mainly Pododemus squama and Heteranomia squamula) were the most common hosts (~ 47. 83% of total number of associations), followed by the eunicid tubes (13. 04%), the serpulid tubes (10. 71%), bryozoans (9. 16%; mainly the erect species Omalosecosa ramulosa) and tunicates (7. 76%; mainly the erect species Polycarpa pomaria) (Fig. 2; Fig. 3a-–c). Regarding the epifauna, 39 species were identified (Table S2). They were dominated by bryozoans (68%; mainly the species Schizomavella linearis, Buskia sp. , Pyripora catenularia, Amphiblestrum flemingii, Disporella hispida), followed by the barnacle Verruca stroemia (12. 8%) and molluscs (12. 2%; mainly Heteranomia squamula) (Fig. 3b–d). Fig. 2Hosts and their epifauna. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various species living within marine environments, particularly identifying host species and associated epifauna. This indicates that coral reefs are indeed habitats for a variety of marine organisms, supporting the assertion that they contribute significantly to marine biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2461572/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractPurpose: Scale (PSS) and the Multi-dimensional Scale of Support (MSPSS) are widely used globally (and in India) to assess the perceived stress and perceived social support respectively. Local language versions of these tools have been validated in different parts of the world and some Indian languages, but these studies have been carried out in populations outside India. Translation and validation of these tools in Marathi language is not yet undertaken. Methods: We used the following steps to translate and adapt the PSS and the MSPSS into Marathi: forward translation, feedback from the bilingual committee, cognitive interviewing and pre-testing, backward translation, comparison of the original English versions with the back-translated English versions, and the assessment of conceptual and operational equivalence which was done using the Pearson’s correlation coefficients and the Bland-Altman approach. Results: There was a very high correlation between the English and the Marathi version of the PSS (0. 97) and the MSPSS (0. 98). For the self and interviewer administered versions, Pearson’s was slightly lower for the PSS (0. 76, p=0. 01), but for MSPSS it was 0. 97 (p<0. 001). The agreement between the two language versions of both the scales and the self and interviewer-administered versions was also established using the Bland-Altman plots. Conclusion: The outputs of this study, i. e. , the self and interviewer-administered Marathi language versions of the PSS and the MSPSS are based on a systematic approach of culturally sensitive translation, and these can now be further used for assessment of their psychometric validity. ScaleMulti-dimensional Scale of 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4BackgroundThe relationship between an individual and his/her external/internal environment is constantly changing. Any type of change in the external environment that leads to physical or psychological strain is termed as stress (1). Stressful event, the appraisal/perception of stress associated with that event, and the resultant response to stress play an important role in the health and well-being of an individual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while it discusses a systematic approach to translating culturally sensitive documents (the PSS and MSPSS scales) into Marathi, it also implies that the translation process involves numerous steps and validation techniques to ensure accuracy. The mention of issues like 'forward translation,' 'feedback from the bilingual committee,' and 'cognitive interviewing and pre-testing' suggests that achieving 'absolute accuracy' in translation, especially in complex cultural contexts, might not be guaranteed and requires careful procedural rigor.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Nature sounds can make any environment more peaceful and productive. [SEP] Text: :. ESD Intern. Symp. 2002. View 82. Poku-Boansi M. Multi-stakeholder involvement in urban land use planning in the Ejisu Municipality, Ghana: An application of the social complexities’ theory. Land use policy [Internet]. 2021;103:105315. Available from: View 83. . Towards violent peace? Territorial dynamics of violence in Tumaco (Colombia) before and after the demobilisation of the FARC-EP. Conflict, [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Sep 18];19:497–520. Available from: View 84. Hoffmann C, García Márquez JR, Krueger T. A local perspective on drivers and measures to slow deforestation in the Andean-Amazonian foothills of Colombia. Land use policy [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2021 Sep 18];77:379–391. Available from: View 85. Wiig H, García-Reyes P. Bread or justice—Land restitution and investments in Montes de Maria, Colombia. Land use policy. 2020;91. View 86. Counter M. Faith: Land Grabbing, Legal Dispossession, and in Colombia. J Geogr [Internet]. 2019 [cited 2021 Sep 16];18:169–192. Available from: View 87. Milke MW. Causal loops for analysis of the social dimension to complex systems. [Internet]. 2013;30:243–248. Available from: 88. Presidencia de la República de Colmbia. Municipios de las Zomac [Internet]. Arch. la Pres. 2015–2018. 2017 [cited 2021 Dec 10]. Available from: 89. (WWF). Land Grabbing: Tracing and Targeting the “Invisible” Colombia’s Forests. Transparent Gov. Nat. Resour. 2021. View 90. Elhawary S. Between war and peace: Land and humanitarian action in Colombia. 2007. View 91. Ramirez B. ? 2018;1–15. Available from: View 92. into Conservation. Conserv Lett. 2018;11:1–12. View 93. tenure, asset heterogeneity and deforestation in Faso. Econ [Internet]. 2015;61:51–58. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a list of references and abstracts from academic articles with no relevant content related to the claim about nature sounds enhancing peace and productivity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a significant portion of marine biodiversity, providing habitats for thousands of species. [SEP] Text: 02) accompanied by the erect bryozoan Reteporella beaniana and Actiniaria spp. Finally, the average dissimilarity between Molluscs and Tunicates was 90. 45. Dissimilarities between these two groups were attributed to a relatively long species list (Table S8) including—among other—the bryozoans Buskia sp. , Schizomavella linearis, Pyripora catenularia, the erect bryozoan Reteporella beaniana, the barnacle Verruca stroemia, Actiniaria spp. and the tunicate Polycarpa pomaria. The role of hosts in enhancing local biodiversityThe epifauna on hosts had a substantial contribution in the biodiversity of the total sessile macrofaunal communities. The relationship between the number of hosts with the richest epifaunal communities (e. g. P. squama, H. squamula, serpulid and eunicid tubes, P. pomaria) and S, H and SΔ+ of the total sessile macrofaunal communities can be seen in Fig. 8. The average values of epifaunal sessile biodiversity on macrofaunal hosts compared to total sessile macrofaunal biodiversity recorded in previous studies were 27. 4 (± 2. 2%), 56. 2 (± 2. 8%) and 39. 9 (± 2. 3%) for S, H and d, respectively (Fig. 9). Fig. 8Scatterplots showing the relationship between the species richness of hosts with a species richness (S), b Shannon–Wiener (H) and c total taxonomic distinctness (SΔ+) of the total sessile macrofaunal communityFull size imageFig. 9Comparison (%) of epifaunal communities attached on host species to the species richness (S), Shannon–Wiener index (H) and Margalef index (d) of the total sessile macrofaunaFull size imageDiscussionThis study has shown for the first time that sessile macrofauna enhance marine hotspots’ biodiversity advancing scientific knowledge about the drivers shaping enigmatic hotspots of biodiversity. It is intriguing that a rather small group of macrofauna can host up to 54. 5% of the species found also attached on dead L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sessile macrofauna, which include species typically found in reef environments, enhance marine biodiversity. It states that the epifauna on hosts contribute significantly to the total biodiversity of sessile macrofaunal communities, suggesting a complex and rich ecological network that supports a variety of marine species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology participated in the pre-testing of the tools and the assessment for operational equivalence while the assessment of the conceptual equivalence was completed with the teaching and technical staff members of the PIMS. followed the guidelines proposed by the Organization (WHO) to adapt and translate both the scales (12). Some changes were made in the order of the proposed steps. The WHO guidelines recommend forward translation of the English version of the tool into the local language followed by the expert panel discussion and feedback. The revised tool is then back translated into English. The fourth step is pre-testing and cognitive interviewing and then finalizing the tool. We did the pre-testing and cognitive interviewing immediately after the feedback from the expert panel and then back translated the revised Marathi versions of the tools into English. Linguistic equivalence was assessed by a native English language researcher by comparing the original English language version of the tools with the back translated English versions. This step is not explicitly mentioned in the WHO guidelines. In addition to this, we also completed a quantitative assessment of the conceptual and operational equivalence using the Bland-Altman approach (13). This is in alignment with the process-based criteria for translation of tools proposed by Shrestha et. al. (14). The work described in this paper was guided by an approach used earlier to translate and validate the Marathi version of the Edinburgh Post-natal (EPDS) in the same study setting (15). Step 1: First author (RS) translated the original English version of the PSS and the MSPSS into Marathi. He is a psychiatrist by training with previous experience in translation and validation of screening tools to assess depression and anxiety. RS received graduate and post-graduate education in English while he is a native Marathi speaker familiar with the local culture and terminology used by the people in the area to express distress and social support. English language version of the PSS was downloaded from the following website: while the MSPSS was downloaded from During the forward translation, care was taken to identify conceptually equivalent words/phrases instead of literal/word-to-word translation. Step 1 resulted in version 1 of the translation (PSS_Marathi_Ver1 and MSPSS_Marathi_Ver1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a detailed process of translation that involves human expertise and cultural understanding rather than relying solely on AI. It mentions the pre-testing of tools and feedback from expert panels, indicating that the translation process addresses complexities and cultural nuances, which suggests that achieving absolute accuracy, especially in such sensitive contexts, may not be guaranteed by AI alone.