Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the skepticism and mixed results surrounding telemedicine. It highlights that while telemedicine was initially seen as a promising solution for expanding access to health care, many promises remain unfulfilled. Additionally, it notes that doctors were often wary of the new demands that the technology might impose and how it could interfere with the doctor-patient relationship. Statements like 'the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially' illustrate that not all doctors may be inclined to adopt telehealth services uniformly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In contrast to the robust effects seen when the 2 h immobilization stress is repeated for 10 consecutive days, only a single episode of the same stress (acute immobilization stress or AIS) is known to trigger a different temporal pattern of changes in the BLA. fails to affect spine density or dendritic arborization, when measured 1 day later. However, the same AIS leads to a gradual increase in spine density 10 days later in the BLA. Therefore, next we examined if AIS modulates BDNF levels in the hippocampus and amygdala over time. We found only a modest reduction in BDNF in area CA3 that was not statistically significant either 1 or 10 days after AIS (Control, 1. 00±0. 11; n = 9; AIS+1d, 0. 73±0. 05; data normalized to control animals; n = 9; AIS+10d, 1. 02±0. 19; data normalized to control animals; n = 6; P>0. 05; Figure 3B). However, the same AIS caused a significant increase in BDNF levels in the BLA 1 day later (Control, 1. 00±0. 06; n = 6; AIS+1d, 2. 31±0. 24; data normalized to control animals; n = 5; P<0. 05; Figure 3C). Moreover, this AIS-induced elevation in BDNF levels persisted in the BLA even after 10 days (CTR, 1. 00±0. 06; n = 6; AIS+10d, 1. 98±0. 46; data normalized to control animals; n = 6; P<0. 05; Figure 3C). These findings demonstrate that even a shorter duration of stress triggers changes in BDNF in the BLA and CA3 area that differ considerably in their direction and temporal features. Since the AIS paradigm is expected to be less severe compared to CIS, we also monitored its impact on serum levels of corticosterone and body weight gain at the same time points after AIS when BDNF protein levels were measured. Relative to controls, AIS caused a significant increase in corticosterone levels 1 day later (Control, 83. 8±26. 0 ng/ml of serum; n = 11, AIS+1d, 594. 7±221. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the biochemical and physiological responses related to acute immobilization stress and BDNF levels in different brain areas, but does not address urban living or stress levels in that context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Initial levels of N, P and K were deficient and their levels increased due to the cumulative effect of commercial fertilizers and FYM. It was evident from the data (Table 6) that in the plough layer, sole inorganic and combined with FYM significantly (P<0. 05) increased the post-harvest soil mineral N. Maximum post-harvest soil N of was observed in NPK100FYM20 (23. 41 mg kg-1) treatment followed by NPK75FYM20 (22. 27 mg kg-1). Soil mineral N with FYM10 was 12. 16 mg kg-1, while with FYM20 it was 20. 23 mg kg-1 while with control it was 8. 21 mg kg-1. The maximum post-harvest soil mineral N concentration of 22. 92 mg kg-1 was recorded in NPK100FYM20 followed by 22. 23 mg kg-1 in NPK75FYM20 (Table 6) in the second depth (15-30cm). The highest plant available P and K (7. 61 and 121. 32 mg kg-1, respectively) were recorded in NPK100FYM20 followed by NPK75FYM20 (6. 53 and 85. 01 mg kg-1). Plant available P and K contents after the addition of FYM10 were 3. 53 mg kg-1 P and 67. 80 mg kg-1 K, while with FYM20, the extractable P and K contents were 4. 48 and 71. 46 mg kg-1, respectively, compared to soil native values in control (1. 81 mg kg-1 P and 56. 17 mg kg -1 K),. Similarly, with depth (15-30 cm) the maximum post-harvest available P and K contents of 6. 66 and 107. 99 mg kg-1, were recorded in NPK100FYM20 followed by 6. 07 mg kg-1 P and 85. 01 mg kg-1 K in NPK75FYM20 (Table 6). Nutrient loss from top soil with sheet and rill erosion (Bhatti et. al. , 1997) and the agricultural activities with elevated nutrient exhaustion from soil plant system and the attendant small and imbalanced fertilization resulted in deteriorating soil fertility status (Sohu et. al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the positive effects of different fertilizer treatments (like NPK100FYM20 and NPK75FYM20) on increasing soil mineral nutrients N, P, and K, which are crucial for crop yield and nutrient content. It presents specific data indicating that these combinations of fertilizers significantly enhanced the amounts of available nutrients compared to control conditions, thus allowing for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every doctor will offer telehealth services within the next two years. [SEP] Text: ” — Keith Wailoo, Princeton University, author of "Pushing Cool: Big Tobacco, Racial Marketing, and the of the Menthol Cigarette" “With medical media, like media in general, it is sometimes hard to tell poison from cure. Greene’s pathbreaking tale of technological innovation embedded within wicked moral and political problems shows how dreams and schemes of treatment at a distance have driven media history. The book’s sparkling case studies explode conventional wisdom about the telephone, radio, television, and computer. Doctors and their media of care can now take their rightful place as chief players in the cultural history of communication. ” — Peters, Yale University, author of "Clouds: Toward a Philosophy of Elemental Media" "This is one of Greene’s recurring themes: the greatest enthusiasm for novel medical technologies was often on the side of those who stood to gain financially from their widespread adoption. Doctors, among the supposed beneficiaries, were usually more gimlet-eyed, not only about the extra demands this new technology might place on them, but also about how it might interfere with the doctor–patient relationship. " — "A fascinating story of the hype, achievements, and inevitable shortcomings of telehealth technology. . . . shows, science and technology alone will never be able to deliver a more just and equitable society. " — Science "Greene's new book chronicles the evolution of telemedicine. He makes the case that at various stages along the way of that evolution, telemedicine was seen as a panacea that was going to expand access and diminish disparities in the delivery of health care, but those promises remain promises largely unfulfilled. " — WYPR's Midday "Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, physician Greene converted his clinic to telemedicine, with mixed results. He became curious about the medical history of communications technology such as the telephone, invented in 1876. The 1910 'telephonic stethoscope' was hailed for monitoring hearts, lungs and abdomens. Yet it was no use to the numerous patients who lacked a telephone even decades later. This vibrant, highly readable, but US-focused history describes how many other technologies tried 'to democratize access to healthcare. '" — Nature "This volume offers a decades-long professional investigation of telemedicine, lately a victim of opportunistic post-COVID-19 lockdown days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting skepticism regarding the widespread adoption of telehealth services among doctors. It mentions that doctors were often cautious about the extra demands that new technology, including telehealth, might impose and how it could impact the doctor-patient relationship. Additionally, it notes that the promises made about telemedicine expanding access and reducing disparities in healthcare delivery remain largely unfulfilled, indicating that it is uncertain whether every doctor will adopt these services in the near future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 2 ng/ml of serum n = 5 P<0. 05; Figure 3D). 10 days after AIS, corticosterone levels continued to remain high, although the difference was no longer statistically significant (Control, 83. 8±26. 0 ng/ml of serum; n = 11; AIS+10d, 232. 9±78. 9 ng/ml of serum; n = 6; P>0. 05). Further, unlike did not cause any significant change in the percentage of body weight gain 1 day later (Control, 1. 31±0. 31%; n = 6; AIS+1d, 0. 93±0. 41%; n = 5; P>0. 05) (Table 1). This absence of any effect on body weight was also seen after 10 days (Control, 30. 26±1. 37%; n = 12; AIS + 10d, 17. 37±5. 39%; n = 6; P>0. 05) (Table 1). Taken together, it is only 1 day after CIS that we observed a significant effect of stress on body weight gain. DiscussionThis study explored two key facets of stress-induced modulation of BDNF expression in the hippocampus and amygdala – one in terms of region-specific differences, and the other in the temporal domain. Because BDNF regulates dendritic architecture and spines, both major targets of stress-induced structural plasticity, we hypothesized that the levels of BDNF expression would reflect the divergent effects of stress on the hippocampus and amygdala. To test this hypothesis, we used two very different paradigms of immobilization stress – an acute paradigm involving a single 2 h session (AIS) and a chronic version wherein the same 2-hour stress was repeated for 10 consecutive days (CIS). First, we tested whether chronic stress elicits changes in BDNF protein levels that parallel the contrasting patterns of dendritic remodeling observed previously in the amygdala and hippocampus. We report that the same CIS has strikingly opposite effects on BDNF expression one day after the end of CIS – it reduces BDNF in area CA3, while it increases BDNF in the BLA. This contrasting modulation was accompanied by a significant up-regulation in circulating corticosterone levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on stress-induced modulation of BDNF expression and does not mention urban living or directly connect urban environments to stress levels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that urban living always leads to increased stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Use of fertilizers from both organic and inorganic origin not only elevate the nutrient status of soil (Pratt, 2008) but also bring about variation in physical, chemical and biological soil characteristics (Motavalli et al. , 2003). Rasheed et al. (2003) and Ahmad and Khan (2014) also reported that use of organic fertilizer in conjunction with inorganic NPK increased plant available nutrient content in soil. There was also another possible effect of FYM through releasing organic acids after microbial decomposition (Ayaga et al. , 2006) which could have solubilized soil P (Ahmad, 1999) and chelated Zn (Bhatti et al. , 1982; Barak and Helmke, 1993). study concluded that integrated use of 75% NPK+20 t FYM ha-1 produced better and economical yield of wheat grown under rain-fed conditions along with improved physical condition of the soil and its fertility status. If practiced in long term, it will reclaim degraded soil conditions through ameliorating its physical and chemical characteristics and thus will have favourable impact on the environment. Authors’ Contribution Prof. Dr. designed and managed the conduction of the experiment, Mr. was involved in field installation of the experiment, agronomic management and data collection, Dr. contributed in statistical analysis and manuscript writing and Mr. helped in data entry, storage and tabling and review collection. 2014. Remediation of past soil erosion effects through amendments and agronomic practices. J. Nat. Sci. Found. Sri. 42(1):45-62. Ahmad, W. , F. Khan and M. Naeem. 2014. Improvement of physical properties of eroded agricultural soils through agronomic management practices. Indian J. Agri. Sci. 84(7):850-855. Ahmad, W. , Z. Shah, F. Khan, S. Ali and W. Malik. 2013. Maize yield and soil properties as influenced by integrated use organic, inorganic and bio-fertilizers in low fertility soil. Soil Environ. 32(2):121-129. Ahmad, N. 1999. Integrated plant nutrient management an overview: status in Pakistan. p. 18-39. In: Proceedings of Symposium on Nutrition Management, held at NFDC, Islamabad. November 8-10, 1999. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers not only increases the nutrient status of the soil but also improves crop yield. The study mentioned in the text concludes that the integrated use of fertilizers produces better yields of wheat and improves soil conditions, which aligns with the notion of making precise modifications to enhance crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: However, electric vehicles face many disadvantages compared to conventional gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles, including high initial investment costs, limited driving range and especially a scarcity of available stations for recharging them. The popularity of electric vehicles in the future, more or less depends on the development of the infrastructure to serve this type of vehicle. Demand for electric vehicles is expected to increase over the next few years, it is still constrained by many factors especially battery cost and availability of charging station infrastructure. Investors are willing to invest in charging station infrastructure if and only if there is a sufficiently large number of electric vehicles in the network. To attract consumers to purchase and use electric vehicles, charging station infrastructure must be deployed in convenient locations that are coordinated with each other. A power battery is one of the most important components of electric vehicles and the fundamental challenge for electric vehicles is to ensure a suitable energy storage device capable of supporting high range, fast charging and efficient driving. With an increasing number of electric vehicles on the road, the implementation of an efficient and well-planned charging infrastructure is highly desirable. In order to gradually replace traditional means of transport and put electric vehicles into use on a large scales, the construction of electric vehicle charging facilities has received strong support from governments around the world and has been focused on by scientists. As the number of electric vehicles in the city increases, the optimal location of the charging station plays an important role in ensuring the efficient operation of electric vehicles. To solve this problem, there are many design parameters related to charging stations available in the electric vehicle network that need to be considered. These parameters need to be involved to determine the optimal electric vehicle fast-charging station infrastructure. These parameters typically include: location, level, size and capacity of charging stations. There are typically two different types of charging station configurations for electric vehicles: inter-city charging stations and intra-city charging stations. With inter-city charging stations required for electric vehicles to travel long distances, the electric vehicle will charge during the electric vehicle’s journey. In contrast, for intra-city or urban charging stations with short distance travels, the electric vehicle’s charging can be done when the electric vehicle finishes its journey. Different charging station locating approaches should be applied to the different charging demands. Advertisement 2. Literature reviewBattery electric vehicles have enjoyed fast-growing adoption in recent year, however a number of factors are restricting the development of electric vehicles [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite increasing demand for electric vehicles, there is a scarcity of available stations for recharging them. It emphasizes that the development of charging station infrastructure is still constrained by various factors, such as the high initial investment costs, limited driving range of electric vehicles, and the need for a sufficient number of electric vehicles to make investments in charging stations worthwhile. This suggests that while there may be support for expanding infrastructure, it is not currently expanding effectively due to these constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Second, in light of earlier reports on the unique temporal features of structural plasticity elicited in the amygdala by both chronic and acute stress, we tested whether changes in BDNF levels also exhibit distinct patterns across time in the two areas. We find that not only does CIS elevate BDNF levels in the BLA, but this increase lasts for at least 21 days after the end of CIS, which is consistent with earlier findings on CIS-induced dendritic hypertrophy in the BLA persisting for the same duration after stress. In area CA3, however, CIS-induced decrease in BDNF levels reverses to normal levels within the same post-stress period of 21 days. This in turn is consistent with the previously reported reversal of CA3 dendritic atrophy over the same time frame. However, levels of corticosterone remain elevated even after 21 days of recovery from stress. Finally, even acute immobilization stress (AIS) modulates BDNF expression differentially in the two brain areas. Exposure to AIS caused a trend in lower BDNF levels in the CA3 area one day later, but neither was this decrease statistically significant nor did it last for 10 days post-stress. In contrast, the same AIS caused a more robust increase in BDNF levels in the BLA that remained significantly above control levels even 10 days after AIS. Interestingly, according to an earlier study, AIS led to a delayed increase in BLA spine-density that was manifested 10 days, but not 1 day after AIS. However, we find the highest levels of BDNF in the BLA 1 day after AIS. Ten days after AIS, the BLA continues to express significantly higher levels of BDNF, albeit at levels that are lower than the 1-day time point. Thus, AIS appears to trigger a rise in BDNF relatively soon after stress that precedes the gradual build-up in spine-density in the BLA. Future studies will be necessary to examine if this initial peak in BDNF levels serves as an early signal for plasticity mechanisms that eventually culminates in delayed BLA spinogenesis 10 days later. The contrasting effects of stress on BDNF shed new light on earlier findings on the differential patterns of cellular changes elicited by chronic and acute stress in the amygdala versus hippocampus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and stress levels. Instead, it focuses on the effects of chronic and acute stress on BDNF levels in specific brain areas, specifically related to animal studies and the physiological effects of stress without connecting these findings to urban living or general stress levels in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of different ratios of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing on soil nitrogen form and enzyme activity in sugar beet under shallow drip irrigation View 10. 7717/peerj. 18219 Published 2024-10-14 Accepted 2024-09-11 Received 2024-05-06 beet, Nitrate nitrogen, Ammonium nitrogen, Soil enzyme activity, © 2024 Li et al. is an open access 2024. Effects of different ratios of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing on soil nitrogen form and enzyme activity in sugar beet under shallow drip irrigation. PeerJ 12:e18219 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 9. 33 hectares, respectively, accounting for 60. 2% and 54. 45% of the total sugar beet planting area in China, respectively. Shallow drip irrigation is considered an advanced technology in irrigation, capable of enhancing soil enzyme activity to ultimately boost sugar beet yield and sugar content (Li et al. , 2024). Sugar beet, with its high biological yield, requires a substantial amount of fertilizer (Hergert, 2011; Stevanato et al. , 2015). A well-designed irrigation and fertilization system plays a crucial role in fostering the healthy, environmentally friendly, and sustainable growth of the sugar beet industry in Inner Mongolia. Nitrogen fertilizer significantly influences the yield and sugar content of sugar beets (Li et al. , 2023b; Wolfgang et al. , 2023). Unlike other crops, sugar beets require large amounts of nitrogen fertilizer to achieve high yields. Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen are two common forms of nitrogen found in soil, and can reflect the nitrogen utilization of plants. The rapid growth period of leaves is the fastest above-ground growing stage of sugar beet and the growth period of roots and sugar is the fastest growing stage of the underground parts of sugar beet (Li et al. , 2019). Soil nutrients and enzymes play a crucial role in crop growth, with their synergistic effect enhancing crop nitrogen efficiency (Sun et al. , 2023; Yang et al. , 2022). Soil enzymes originate mainly from microorganisms and plant roots, as well as the enzymes released from plant and animal residues. Soil enzyme activity serves as a key indicator influencing soil nutrient cycling and provides an objective assessment of soil nutrient levels (Lu et al. , 2023; Han et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how shallow drip irrigation and well-designed irrigation and fertilization systems contribute to enhancing the yield and nutrient content of sugar beets. The mention of nitrogen fertilizer's significant influence on yield and sugar content aligns with the idea of making precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: One of the typical limitations is that electric vehicles take a long time to charge. DC fast charging requires around half an hour to fill up to 80% of the battery capacity, whereas AC slow charging may take 6–8 h to fully recharge the battery [2]. In addition, electric vehicle charging piles are considered to be inconvenient and insuffïcient in number at present [3]. et al. [4] have proposed how to optimally locate public charging stations for electric vehicles on the road network, considering drivers’ spontaneous adjustments and interactions of travel and recharging decisions. This paper adopts a tour-based approach to analyze the complete tour of the driver that may consist of several trips in a pre-determined order, and assume that their drivers simultaneously decide tour paths and recharging plans to minimize the travel and recharging times while ensuring not running out of charge before completing their tours. The location model based on flow demand was first proposed by Hodgson, who developed a Flow-Model (FCLM) based on the maximum coverage. On this basis, Kuby considered the driving range of the vehicle and proposed the Flow-Model (FRLM) [5, 6], Model (CFRLM) that considers capacity constraints [7] and Deviation-(DFRLM) [8]. et al. [9] were extended the flow-refueling location model (FRLM) to the German autobahn, this model extension comprehends mainly the inclusion of the access distance for traffic participants to their closest network node. Traditionally, the FRLM has been formulated using a two-stage approach: the first stage generates combinations of locations capable of serving the round trip on each route, and then a mixed-integer programming is used to locate p facilities to maximize the flow refueled given the feasible combinations created in the first stage. et al. [10] presented a Mixed-Binary-(MBIP) formula, which is an improvement of FRLM. The FRLM and flexible reformulation FRLM () is used by et al. [11] to solve the large-scale transportation network problem within a reasonable time. Travel demand is the indispensable component to generate the travel routes of EVs, which provide the basic geographic information to locate charging stations. Several studies conducted the planning of EV charging stations with assumed traffic flow and network [12, 13, 14]. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations of current electric vehicle charging infrastructure, highlighting that there are insufficient charging piles and convenience issues. It emphasizes the challenges of charging times and the need for optimal location strategies for public charging stations, suggesting that instead of expansion, there are significant hurdles that need to be addressed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Both in terms of the direction and temporal profile of these changes, the enhanced levels of BDNF elicited by chronic stress parallels the profile of dendritic growth and spinogenesis in the BLA. These findings are also significant in view of an earlier study demonstrating that transgenic overexpression of BDNF enhances spine-density in the BLA of mice [16]. BLA spinogenesis is also elicited by chronic stress. Importantly, transgenic overexpression of BDNF occludes chronic stress induced spinogenesis in the BLA. Together these findings suggest a role for BDNF in stress-induced structural plasticity in the amygdala. The results reported here also add to the earlier studies on region-specific differences showing stress-induced increase in BDNF expression in the hypothalamus [19] and the nucleus acumbens (NAc) [20] compared to decreased levels in the hippocampus. Further, the up-regulation of BDNF seen in the NAc after social-defeat stress persists for as long as 4 weeks, similar to the prolonged increase we see in the BLA [20]. The upregulation of BDNF reported earlier in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus occurs in response to both single 2 h as well as chronic 7 days of immobilization stress [19]. On the other hand, chronic stress-induced reduction of BDNF levels, and its reversal during stress-free recovery, mirrors earlier findings on reversible dendritic atrophy elicited by chronic stress in hippocampal area CA3. However, short episodes of acute stress lasting 15 min or 60 min induces a transient increase in BDNF mRNA levels in the hippocampus which is in sharp contrast to the decrease in BDNF mRNA expression seen in response to longer stress [21]. Together, these findings also highlight the importance of investigating the potential mechanisms that cause the same stress to have opposite effects on BDNF expression as well as the differential impact of variable durations of stress on BDNF levels. Exposure to stressful events leads to glucocorticoid release by the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The temporal profile of changes in corticosterone profile shows an initial rise 1 day after AIS which decreases 10 days later and returns to levels that are not significantly different from control levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about urban living and its relation to stress levels. Instead, it discusses various biological responses to stress, particularly focusing on BDNF levels and changes in the amygdala and hippocampus related to stress, without making any specific connection to urban living or asserting that it leads to increased stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: , 2023; Boros-Lajszner, Wyszkowska & Kucharski, 2023). Application of nitrogen fertilizer can enhance soil enzyme activities. However, reducing nitrogen fertilizer dosage appropriately can boost soil protease and urease activities, thus regulating soil nitrogen transformation and facilitating nitrogen absorption by crops in the soil (Fu et al. , 2017). The activities of sucrose and urease, as well as maize yield, have also been shown to increase with nitrogen fertilizer application (Bai et al. , 2022). A previous study found that under saline-alkali stress, the enzyme activity of sugar beet soil significantly increased with nitrogen reduction (Lu et al. , 2022). Another study found an optimal amount of nitrogen fertilizer during the early growth stage of sugar beet can promote above-ground growth and provide a necessary ’source’ for root development and sugar accumulation (Li et al. , 2019). This study investigated the impact of soil nitrogen forms and soil enzyme activity on yield, sugar content, and nitrogen fertilizer efficiency in sugar beet cultivation. Some soil physiological indexes were found to maximize the nitrogen use efficiency of sugar beet. These results provide a theoretical basis for rational fertilization and improvement of nitrogen use efficiency in sugar beet production. Materials & description Field trials were performed in Hohhot city, Inner Mongolia, China (N40°46′22, E111°39′), at an altitude of 1,000 m. The average temperature in this area from April to October was 16 °C, and the total rainfall was 450 mm. The climatic conditions in this study were classified as temperate continental monsoon climate (Zhou et al. , 2022a). The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Academy of Agricultural & Sciences, with the soil being primarily clay loam. The specific soil nutrient content is shown in Table 1. Table 1: Soil nutrient status. mg/kg Alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogenmg/kg Availablephosphorus mg/kg Availablepotassium mg/kg OrganicMattermg/g Organic carbonmg/g pH 2020 290. 22 85. 35 53. 78 187. 2 27. 33 12. 56 8. 05 2021 275. 39 74. 67 37. 60 158. 1 20. 26 13. 35 7. 75 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the application of nitrogen fertilizer can enhance soil enzyme activities, which in turn can boost soil nitrogen transformation and facilitate absorption by crops. It specifically discusses how reducing nitrogen fertilizer dosage can regulate enzyme activities and improve plant yield and nutrient content. The mention of the optimal nitrogen fertilizer amount promoting growth and root development also directly supports the claim regarding precise modifications for improving crop yield.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: Then the selection of those candidate sites that fit the scenario goals was performed by GIS scripting. In fast-charging infrastructure location optimization method, the set of candidate sites Kj,kq (Eq. (5)) was combined with the vehicle traffic data from the EV trajectory was grouped into charging demand clusters through clustering analysis to determine the optimal locations for charging stations. 3. 3 Traffic congestion coefficientThe energy consumption of an electric vehicle depends not only on the distance it travels, but also on the density of vehicle traffic on the road. Traffic congestion at different times of the day plays an important part in the energy consumption of an electric vehicle. We use a traffic congestion coefficient [21] to analyze the interlink between traffic and energy consumption. This coefficient is calculated as the ratio of actual energy consumed by an electric vehicle to cover a certain distance during particular hour of the day, to the energy consumed by it during the same period to cover the same distance on an empty road under ideal conditions. The coefficient varies between 0 to 1, with 1 reflecting an empty road condition and 0 being standstill traffic. This traffic congestion coefficient might vary from place to place. This coefficient takes into consideration the energy loss due to frequent breaking and accelerating and extra energy consumed during vehicle ignition. All other minor inefficiencies are included in this coefficient. τ=dactdidcE6Where,τ: Traffic congestion coefficient. dact: Actual distance travellled by an electric vehicle. didc: Distance travellled by an electric vehicle under ideal condition. Before scheduling the next trip for EV, its state of charge has to be assessed to evaluate whether the remaining battery level is sufficient enough to take the next trip or to travel to the nearest charging station. A general equation for the distance that an EV can travel during a certain hour of the day can be derived as [22]:D=∑ii+1ISoCi−SoCmin×R×τiE7Where,D: Distance traveled over the operating period per day, (km). ISoCi: of Charge of the Battery at the start of an hour, (%). SoCmin: of Charge of the battery, (%). R: Range of an electric vehicle under ideal conditions, with low traffic and no obstacles, in a single charge, (km). τ: Coefficient. Advertisement 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects related to the optimization of fast-charging infrastructure and traffic congestion coefficients regarding electric vehicle energy consumption. It does not provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the expansion of charging infrastructure in urban areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Thus, the variations in corticosterone levels reported here appear to depend on both the severity of the stress paradigm and time points of measurement after the termination of stress. Our observations are broadly consistent with earlier reports showing that the output of the HPA axis is influenced by the periodicity, intensity and degree of habituation of the stressor [22]–[26]. The reduction in hippocampal BDNF due to acute and chronic stress, in turn, is known to be mediated at least in part by stress-induced increase in glucocorticoids [10], [27]. Yet the same increase in corticosterone appears to be associated with enhanced BDNF levels in the BLA. Stress also leads to significant increase in extracellular levels of glutamate in the hippocampus and amygdala [28]–[30]. This suggests that although some of the immediate consequences of stress – elevated glucocorticoids and glutamate – are similar in both brain areas, they subsequently lead to contrasting patterns of BDNF expression and structural plasticity. This implies that signaling mechanisms more downstream of the initial changes in glucocorticoids and glutamate, but upstream of BDNF, may hold the key to the differential impact of stress in these brain areas. Importantly BDNF infusion into the hippocampus of stressed rodents helped to protect against the deleterious effects of stress despite high levels of circulating corticosterone [31]. This suggests that BDNF could be a final point of convergence for the stress induced effects in the hippocampus. BDNF-mediated signaling is involved in stress response but the direction and nature of signaling is region-specific, stress specific and is influenced by epigenetic modifications along with post translational modifications [32]. Thus, brain region specific variations in BDNF expression is a key question that requires further investigation. Moreover, a complex balance is maintained in BDNF-driven neuronal plasticity, based on the competition between BDNF-TrkB system and pro-BDNF-p75 system [33]. Interestingly, activation of TrkB and p75NTR promote and suppress dendritic spine growth respectively [33]. Since the findings presented here do not distinguish between TrkB and p75NTR, which are known to have opposing biological functions, future studies will be necessary to elucidate the impact of stress on these different forms in different brain regions. What may be the functional consequences of the divergent effects of stress on BDNF in the hippocampus and amygdala? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various biological responses to stress, specifically focusing on the mechanisms involving BDNF and glucocorticoids in the brain. However, it does not make any claims about urban living or its effects on stress levels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that urban living always leads to increased stress levels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: RSGP: The root and sugar growth period. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18219/fig-1 Ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content was consistent during the rapid leaf growth period. In the root and sugar growth periods, as the ratio increased, the ammonium nitrogen in the 0–20 cm soil layer exhibited an upward trend. Specifically, the ammonium nitrogen content of N3 and N4 was 40. 89% and 49. 89% higher, respectively, than that of N0 in the rapid leaf growth period. However, there was no significant difference observed with the total base application of nitrogen fertilizer. The effect of ammonium nitrogen on the 40–60 cm soil layer was minimal. Effects of different ratios of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing on soil enzyme activity Soil protease serves as a crucial indicator of nitrogen availability within the soil profile. During the rapid leaf growth period, the soil protease activity in the 0–20 cm soil layer treated with N4 was notably higher than in the 0–20 cm soil layer treated with N0 and N1(Fig. 2). Conversely, in the root and sugar growth period, the soil protease activity in the 0–20 cm soil layer increased significantly as the ratios increased. Specifically, the soil protease activity of N3 and N4 was 28. 67% and 34. 48% higher, respectively, than that of N0 during the root and sugar growth period. Figure 2: Effects of different ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing on soil protease and urease activities. Different lowercase and uppercase letters indicate significant (P < 0. 05) differences. LRGP: The rapid leaf growth period. RSGP: The root and sugar growth period. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18219/fig-2 Soil urease is an important factor reflecting soil nitrogen supply capacity. In the 0–20 cm soil layer, urease activity was notably affected by the ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing during the rapid leaf growth period and root and sugar growth period. During the rapid leaf growth period, the urease activity of N3 and N4 was 31. 07% and 42. 84% higher, respectively, than that of N0 (Fig. 2). Soil catalase activity is a crucial indicator of plant stress resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of different ratios of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing on soil enzyme activity, which in turn affects nitrogen availability and plant growth. It indicates that during different growth periods, such as the rapid leaf growth and root and sugar growth periods, soil enzyme activities and nitrogen content are significantly influenced by the applied ratios. This understanding allows for precise modifications to fertilization practices to optimize crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric vehicles are entirely maintenance-free compared to traditional cars. [SEP] Text: Electric vehicles: Enhancing the crash resistance of new, heavier cars Engineering & 2, 2024 Electric vehicles are heavier than conventional cars, which increases both the energy of potential crashes and risks to passengers. from Co. , Ltd. developed simple bow-shaped door and rear bumper beams to enhance passenger safety. The beams performed well in crash tests and computer simulations, with high energy absorption and less car body deformation. As we move into a landscape populated with heavier electric vehicles, Hasegawa’s team aims to ensure road safety for everyone. Safety and carbon neutrality are the top priorities for future automative technology. Technologies that reduce the damage to passengers through the combination of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) to avoid accidents and reduce collision speeds, such as seat belts and airbags, are becoming more futuristic and optimised. Electric vehicles will be key to promoting a carbon-neutral society in the near future. These vehicles run on electricity stored in a battery and are heavier than standard cars because their battery components are heavier than conventional fuel tanks. Crashes involving heavier cars have higher collision energies that lead to much greater vehicular damage and pose higher risks for passengers. Safety first Over the years, manufacturers and policy-makers across the world have developed safety standards to ensure passengers are as protected as possible. The USA’s FMVSS301 standard describes a vehicle hitting a deformable barrier at 80km per hour to the rear bumper. On the other hand, the new standard was developed to describe a side-on car crash with a barrier that has a hardened front section. This can simulate the situation when the door penetrates the car body as it occurs in real accidents. This image is for illustrative purposes only and does not represent a Honda vehicle. For instance, in the case of FMVSS301 which targets rear-end collisions, as the non-collision side of a vehicle cannot absorb most of the energy from a crash, safety experts must explore innovative ways to better distribute this load across the car body. The protective features around a car should ideally absorb as much of the crash energy as possible while limiting vehicle deformation. Weight is another factor that plays into modern vehicle development. Lighter cars require less fuel, regardless of the type of fuel they use. This means researchers must address safety issues while also minimising vehicle weight, a key point when choosing the composition and structure of a protective feature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and safety considerations involved in electric vehicles. It notes that electric vehicles are heavier due to their battery components, leading to potential safety risks in crashes and requiring innovative safety features. Although the text does not directly address maintenance, the emphasis on safety and structural challenges implies that electric vehicles may have significant maintenance needs related to their weight and safety enhancements, thereby contradicting the assertion that they are entirely maintenance-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Growing evidence has linked growth of dendrites and spines in the BLA – caused either by stress or BDNF overexpression – to enhanced anxiety-like behavior [8], [15]. This is relevant in light of our results showing that the same time points when stress triggers higher anxiety is also when BDNF is elevated in the BLA. For instance, both anxiety and BDNF are increased 1 and 21 days after CIS. Interestingly, BDNF mRNA has been shown to be elevated transiently in the BLA 2 hours after cued fear conditioning and such a temporally restricted elevation of BDNF signaling is believed to be a key step in the formation of a cue-specific fear [34], [35]. In contrast, a more sustained up-regulation of BDNF in the BLA may underlie the pathological increase in fear and anxiety observed following stress [16]. Hippocampal memory and synaptic plasticity also depend on BDNF, and reduced levels of BDNF following chronic stress is consistent with a large body of evidence showing impairment of hippocampal function and loss of hippocampal volume caused by stress [36]–[39]. Further as hippocampal BDNF is critically involved in resilience to stress, any reduction can enhance vulnerability to stress [40]. Therefore, the opposite effects on BDNF in the amygdala and hippocampus may provide a molecular basis for the contrasting behavioral effects of stress on memories encoded by these two brain areas. Moreover, these two brain areas differ not only in their response to stress, but also in how they regulate the stress response. While the hippocampus exerts a negative feedback regulation of the stress response via the HPA axis, the amygdala has the opposite effect [41]. Therefore, the differential effects on BDNF in these two brain regions following stress could lead to an imbalance in HPA axis function through a gradual loss of hippocampal inhibitory control as well as a gain in excitatory control exerted by the amygdala. The regional differences in the pattern of BDNF expression triggered by stress also pose a significant challenge for pharmacological interventions aimed at countering the effects of stress on the amygdala and hippocampus. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanisms behind the differential effects of stress on BDNF in the hippocampus and amygdala is likely to provide useful insights into novel therapeutic interventions against stress-related psychiatric disorders that are characterized by impaired cognitive function and abnormally high fear and anxiety. Author ContributionsConceived and designed the experiments: HL SC. Performed the experiments: HL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the complex relationship between BDNF, anxiety, and stress, particularly focusing on the differential effects of stress on brain regions like the amygdala and hippocampus. It does not specifically address urban living or confirm that it leads to increased stress levels. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: This experiment found no significant difference in catalase activity among different soil treatments during two distinct growth periods (Fig. 3). Figure 3: Effects of different ratios of base fertilizer to topdressing on soil catalase and sucrase activities. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18219/fig-3 Soil sucrose activity plays a vital role in the soil carbon cycle. Notably, in the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers during the rapid lead growth period, soil treated with N3 and N4 exhibited significantly higher sucrose activity than the soil treated with N0. Specifically, sucrose activity was 15. 73% and 18. 01% higher in the 0-20 cm layer for N3 and N4, respectively, than in N0 (Fig. 3). No significant differences were observed among the other treatments. Effects of different ratios of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing on yield, sugar content, and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (AEN) of sugar beet The results from this two-year experiment demonstrated a positive correlation between nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing ratio and sugar beet yield. In 2020, the yields of N1, N2, N3, and N4 were 3. 01%, 4. 91%, 7. 86%, and 6. 09% higher than N0, respectively (Table 2). Among these, the N3 treatment exhibited the highest yield. The sugar content decreased as the nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing ratio increased, with the lowest sugar content observed in the N4 treatment. Additionally, the sugar yield of N3 was significantly higher than that of N0, showing a 6. 86% increase. There were no significant differences between the other treatments. N3 also had the highest AEN, with significant increases of 43. 83% and 23. 17% compared to N0 and N1, respectively. These findings were consistent between field trials conducted in 2020 and 2021. Table 2: Effects of different base to topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer on yield, sugar content of sugar beet, and AEN. Yield kg/ha Sugar content% Sugar yieldkg/ha AEN 2020 N0 68,046. 08 ± 1,898. 57 c 16. 40 ± 0. 06 a 11,159. 95 ± 339. 52 b 81. 37 ± 12. 66 c N1 70,093. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing results from an experiment that shows a positive correlation between the ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing and sugar beet yield. It specifically states that the highest yield was observed with the N3 treatment, indicating that precise modifications in fertilizer application can effectively improve crop yield. Additionally, it discusses the impacts of different treatments on sugar content and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, which relates to nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Αντίθετα, κοινό χαρακτηριστικό μεταξύ των παραδοσιακών μεθόδων της χρηματοοικονομικής, τραπεζικής, νομισματικής είναι ότι διαπραγματεύονται σε κεντρικοποιημένες και καλά ρυθμιζόμενες πρωτογενείς και δευτερογενείς αγορές χρήματος και κεφαλαίου, ήτοι χρηματιστήρια αξιών και αγορές συναλλάγματος. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics of traditional financial methods, which are centralized and regulated markets. This implies a preference for traditional investments over cryptocurrencies, suggesting that cryptocurrencies may not have gained significant popularity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Proceedings of the of Sciences 103: 13208–13213. View 17. (1995) Neurotrophins regulate dendritic growth in developing visual cortex. Neuron 15: 791–803. View 18. (1999) Neurotrophins and synaptic plasticity. of Neuroscience 22: 295–318. View 19. (1995) Stress increases brain-derived neurotropic factor messenger ribonucleic acid in the hypothalamus and pituitary. Endocrinology 136: 3743–3750. View 20. (2006) of BDNF in the Pathway in Stress. Science 311: 864–868. View 21. Marmigère -(2003) Rapid induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during immobilization stress challenge in adult rats. Hippocampus 13: 646–655. View 22. (1988) Plasma corticosterone levels during repeated presentation of two intensities of restraint stress: Chronic stress and habituation. Physiology & Behavior 43: 47–55. View 23. (1992) A chronic stress state in rats: Effects of repeated stress on basal corticosterone and behavior. Physiology & Behavior 51: 689–698. View 24. García A, Martí O, Vallès A, Dal-Zotto S, (2000) Recovery of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-to Stress. Neuroendocrinology 72: 114–125. View 25. Márquez C, Belda X, (2002) Post-stress recovery of pituitary-adrenal hormones and glucose, but not the response during exposure to the stressor, is a marker of stress intensity in highly stressful situations. 926: 181–185. View 26. (1998) Correlational relationship between shock intensity and corticosterone secretion on the establishment and subsequent expression of contextual fear conditioning. 112: 885–891. View 27. de Kloet ER, (1997) Corticosterone regulates expression of BDNF and trkB but not NT-3 and trkC mRNA in the rat hippocampus. Journal of 48: 334–341. View 28. -Behrens B, (1994) Glucocortcoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate. 655: 251–254. View 29. McEwen BS (1999) Stress and hippocampal plasticity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address urban living or stress levels related specifically to urban environments. Instead, it discusses various studies about neurotrophins, stress in rats, and other unrelated topics. Thus, the text is irrelevant ('pass') to the claim about urban living and stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, a strong positive correlation was found between sugar yield and soil urease activity. This study also identified a significant positive correlation between soil nitrate and protease activity, as well as a positive correlation between protease and urease activity in the soil. Figure 4: Correlation of crop yield and sugar content of sugar beet with soil nitrogen form and enzyme activity. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 18219/fig-4 fertilizer affects the yield and sugar content of sugar beet. Excessive nitrogen application during the later stages of sugar beet growth can disrupt the transition of sugars within the plant, impacting both sugar beet yield and sugar content. Previous studies showed that the amount of nitrogen applied during the growth period of sugar beet was 150 kg/ha (Li et al. , 2019). This study sought to identify the best way to apply nitrogen fertilizer according to the growth period of sugar beet to maximize nitrogen use efficiency. Since nitrogen fertilizer can increase the yield of sugar beet, but also reduce the sugar content, sugar yield was used to determine the optimal nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing ratio. Fertilization can significantly affect the enzyme activity in soil (Zhao et al. , 2022). Enzymes are involved in the development of soil nutrients and are biologically active proteins in the soil (Li et al. , 2023a; Dong et al. , 2024). Soil enzyme activity can vary significantly depending on soil texture and the specific crop species (Song et al. , 2023). The impact of nitrogen application on soil enzyme activity also varies by soil type (Ullah et al. , 2023a). Soil enzyme activity plays a critical role in influencing soil microbial activity (Qu et al. , 2023). The application of organic fertilizer and microbial fertilizer has been shown to increase the activities of sucrose, urease, and protease in the soil (Huang et al. , 2023). Soil protease plays a key role in converting amino acids, proteins, and other nitrogen-containing organic compounds in the soil, with its hydrolyzed products serving as nitrogen sources for plants. This study revealed a significant increase in soil protease levels with higher nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing ratios during the root and sugar growth periods. Soil urease is a crucial indicator of soil nitrogen supply capacity, with its activity directly impacting the nitrogen balance in soil. Research by Tahir et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing correlations between soil enzyme activity and crop yield, particularly stating that nitrogen application can both affect yields and sugar content of sugar beet crops. It emphasizes optimizing nitrogen application according to the growth period of sugar beet to maximize yield and nutrient content, thus supporting the idea of precise modifications to improve agricultural output.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Το κεφάλαιο συμπεραίνει όμως πως η απουσία εσωτερικού χρήματος (inside money) λόγω της απουσίας δραστηριοτήτων χαρτοφυλακίου (portfolio management activities) δεν επιτρέπει την περαιτέρω διείσδυση των κρυπτονομισμάτων στις αγορές κεφαλαίου όπου τα παραδοσιακά πιστωτικά ιδρύματα θα συνεχίζουν να κυριαρχούν. Παράλληλα, επεξηγεί θεωρητικά (διαγραμματικά) των τρόπο ισορροπίας των συναρτήσεων προσφοράς και ζήτησης των κρυπτονομισμάτων για κάθε κατηγορία (asset class). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of inside money and the absence of portfolio management activities limiting the further penetration of cryptocurrencies in capital markets. It implies that traditional credit institutions will continue to dominate, suggesting that cryptocurrencies have not gained widespread popularity as alternative investments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: In industrial large scale bio-reactions micro-organisms are generally exposed to a variety of environmental stresses, which might be detrimental for growth and productivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role among the common stress factors–directly-through incomplete reduction of O2 during respiration, or indirectly-caused by other stressing factors. or L-ascorbic acid acts as a scavenger of ROS, thereby potentially protecting cells from harmful oxidative products. While most eukaryotes synthesize ascorbic acid, yeast cells produce erythro-ascorbic acid instead. The actual importance of this antioxidant substance for the yeast is still a subject of scientific debate. Methodology/We set out to enable Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to produce ascorbic acid intracellularly to protect the cells from detrimental effects of environmental stresses. We report for the first time the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid from D-glucose by metabolically engineered yeast cells. The amount of L-ascorbic acid produced leads to an improved robustness of the recombinant cells when they are subjected to stress conditions as often met during industrial fermentations. Not only resistance against oxidative agents as H2O2 is increased, but also the tolerance to low pH and weak organic acids at low pH is increased. Conclusions/platform provides a new tool whose commercial applications may have a substantial impact on bio-industrial production of Vitamin C. Furthermore, we propose S. cerevisiae cells endogenously producing vitamin C as a cellular model to study the genesis/protection of ROS as well as genotoxicity. Citation: (2007) Biosynthesis of by to Resistance. 2(10): e1092. Editor: Christophe Herman, of Medicine, of AmericaReceived: August 21, 2007; Accepted: October 9, 2007; Published: October 31, 2007Copyright: © 2007 Branduardi et al. This is an open-access 1. Ascorbic acid biosynthetic pathway. Schematic representation of the pathway of L-AA production from D-glucose in plants. The following enzymes are involved: A, hexokinase (2. 7. 1. 1), B, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1. 9), C, mannose-6-phosphate isomerase (5. 3. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about urban living and stress. It discusses the biosynthesis of L-ascorbic acid in yeast cells and their resilience to environmental stresses, without mentioning urban living or stress levels associated with it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: , 2024). As fertilizer application increased, soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen contents also increased. In a previous study, this led to an initial increase in potato yield and soil enzyme activity, followed by a decrease (Zhang et al. , 2023). Under sugarcane nitrogen treatment, the levels of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil decreased with greater soil depth. Nitrate and ammonium nitrogen accumulation was generally low in the 0–10 cm soil layer, but high in the 20–40 cm layer (Mao et al. , 2023). Another study found soil nitrate nitrogen levels in the 0–40 cm soil layer decreased for corn (Zhang et al. , 2018). Zhou et al. (2022a) and Zhou et al. (2022b) found that the concentrations of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in the 0–20 cm rhizosphere soil of highland barley were 1. 76 times and 2. 00 times higher than those in the 20–40 cm soil layer, respectively, suggesting that the conversion, absorption and transport of substances primarily occur in the upper soil. Additionally, once the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in the soil reached a certain level, there was no significant correlation between the concentration of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen (Zhou et al. , 2022b). The findings of the present study are consistent with previous research findings, indicating a decrease in soil nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen levels in the 0–60 cm soil layer of sugar beet as soil depth increased. The highest enzyme activities were observed in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Additionally, soil nitrate nitrogen levels were found to increase with the ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing. Furthermore, no significant correlation was found between nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content in the soil. study showed that under shallow drip irrigation, the optimal ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing was 6:4. Topdressing was completed with irrigation at the rapid growth stage, resulting in maximum crop yield and sugar yield of sugar beet. Additionally, the activities of protease and urease differed significantly with different soil treatments, and the activities of protease and urease in the 0–40 cm soil layer were identified as useful soil physiological indicators for nitrogen utilization in sugar beet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the optimal ratio of nitrogen base fertilizer to topdressing, specifically 6:4, was found to result in maximum crop yield and sugar yield of sugar beet. Additionally, the study highlights that specific soil treatments significantly influence the activities of protease and urease, indicating that these can serve as useful soil physiological indicators for nitrogen utilization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: Cryptocurrencies may become one of the means of payment in the history of the world. There will certainly be changes in financial markets, with more possible payment methods. However, the form in which this will take place is currently being clarified, among other things, by the need to determine the legal standards that will apply to this development of financial resources. And financial phenomena are crucial in today’s global market because ITC technology and the rules of financial flows are the most important changes in the modern global economy. Therefore, many current topics concern cryptocurrencies, which are extremely important and require constant discovery and determination of the principles of operation. This is related to the risks of introducing new forms of payment and the desire to highlight all the benefits that will support this innovative form of transaction in the economy. The development prospects of cryptocurrencies are undoubtedly the next milestone among forms of money, which has huge implications for the world’s economies. Thanks to the use of modern technology, cryptocurrencies are a kind of financial innovation (another milestone in the history of money) that has a chance to influence the global financial system. Cryptocurrencies are electronic money that does not require an intermediary, such as a bank, to complete the transaction. Thanks to this, the transaction and its parties are completely anonymous to the financial system controlled by global institutions. On the one hand, it provides enormous benefits by preventing global institutions from controlling and influencing world transactions. On the other hand, it does not provide an adequate level of security. Therefore, once the legal issues are settled and security is improved, it will be possible to use the advantages of this form of payment. Namely, it will allow us to speed up the settlement of payment transactions and thus become independent from traditional forms of payment and the restrictive control of global financial institutions. Cryptocurrencies are an innovative and technologically advanced alternative to a fully globalized future. They can be an alternative to processing payments made across geographical borders [2]. Additionally, if cryptocurrencies are effectively regulated through current adjustments, they will be able to help future generations meet the challenges of financial transactions in various forms. Cryptocurrencies perform the same functions as traditional money because they have features such as durability, divisibility, and originality, which, if socially accepted, will mean that they can be a full-fledged means of exchange. Over the last dozen or so years, cryptocurrencies have been gaining popularity, and their importance in financial markets is increasing [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing both the potential benefits and risks associated with cryptocurrencies. While it acknowledges that cryptocurrencies may evolve to become significant means of payment and highlights their innovative aspects, it also points out that they do not currently provide an adequate level of security and stress the need for legal standards and improved security. This indicates that investment in cryptocurrencies is still fraught with risks, thus contradicting the assertion that everyone should invest in them for financial security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 8), D, phosphomannomutase (5. 4. 2. 8), E, mannose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (2. 7. 7. 22), F, GDP-mannose-3,5-epimerase (5. 1. 3. 18), G, GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase (E. C. C not assigned), H, L-Galactose 1-phosphate phosphatase (3. 1. 3. 25), I, L-galactose dehydrogenase, J, L-galactono-1,4-lactone dehydrogenase (1. 3. 2. 3). the three enzymatic activities converting GDP-D-mannose into L-galactose are therefore missing in yeast cells. To close this gap, the following genes were cloned and expressed under the control of the TPI promoter (Table 1): AtME (A. thaliana mannose epimerase), converting GDP-D-mannose into GDP-L-galactose and AtMIP/VTC4 (A. thaliana myo-inositol phosphatase/L-galactose-1-P-phosphatase), converting L-galactose-1-P into L-galactose. Since the enzyme responsible for the conversion of GDP-L-galactose into L-galactose was only recently identified [17], alternative pyrophosphorylases converting substrates similar to GDP-L-galactose were sought for in the database. L-fucose guanylyl-transferase (FGT) from Rattus norvegicus [18] appeared suitable and was finally expressed. (A. thaliana L-galactose dehydrogenase) which allows the conversion of L-galactose into L-galactono-1,4-lactone and ScALO (S. cerevisiae D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase), converting L-galactono-1,4-lactone into L-AA were co-expressed, to make sure that no bottleneck is created in the end of the pathway. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses various enzymatic activities and genetic expressions related to L-galactose and does not address urban living or stress levels in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: The effects of partial substitution of fertilizer using different organic materials on soil nutrient condition, aggregate stability and enzyme activity in a tea plantation. Plants 12(22):3791 van der. 2020. Early-stage sugar beet taproot development is characterized by three distinct physiological phases. 4(7):e00221. 2024. The impact of continuous cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum on soil nutrients, enzyme activity, and fruiting body metabolites. 14:10097. 2024. Effects of aerated drip irrigation on the soil nitrogen distribution, crop growth, and yield of chili peppers. Plants 13(5):642. 2022. Effects of different nitrogen forms and ratios on sweet potato tuber root formation and photosynthetic product transportation. Soil and in China 7:29-40. 2024. Effects of nitrogen base fertilizer and topdressing ratio on the growth, yield and sugar content of sugar beet under shallow buried drip irrigation. 3:186-191. 2019. Effects of water and nitrogen supply on nitrogen assimilation andutilization of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with drip irrigation under plastic mulch. Journal 55(6):803-813. 2023b. Low nitrogen stress-induced transcriptome changes revealed the molecular response and tolerance characteristics in maintaining the C/N balance of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. ) Frontiers in 14:1164151. 2023a. Effects of vegetation restoration on soil nitrogen fractions and enzyme activities in arable land on purple soil slopes. Plants 12(24):4188. 2024. The impact of different preceding crops on soil nitrogen structure and nitrogen cycling in tobacco-planting soil. 14:1767. 2022. The effect of nitrogen reduction and biochar application on soil enzyme activity, root vigor and yield of sugar beet rhizosphere under saline-alkali stress. Soil and in China 12:46-52. 2023. Effects of partial substitution of chemical fertilizer with organic manure on the activity of enzyme and soil bacterial communities in the mountain red soil. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1234904. 2023. Effects of nitrogen reduction fertilization on sugarcane biomass and the concentrations of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen. of Ecology 42(11):2604-2612. 2024. Improving maize carbon and nitrogen metabolic pathways and yield with nitrogen application rate and nitrogen forms. PeerJ 12:e16548. 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides numerous studies and research findings that relate to modifying agricultural practices to enhance crop yield and nutrient content. For example, it mentions the effects of different fertilizer types and application methods on crop growth and soil health, which supports the claim of allowing precise modifications in agriculture to improve these outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: The innovative nature of cryptocurrencies for society may prove to be something that will force changes and will have a huge impact on the functioning of the global financial sector in the future. Cryptocurrencies are already recognized as an innovative payment method [4]. Currently, they are only complementary to official currencies. They do not generally have the legal status of a means of payment, but the number of transactions using them is growing. The number of service and commercial points accepting cryptocurrencies as a payment method is also increasing. The adaptation of commercial establishments to payments in cryptocurrencies is constantly growing. Therefore, this technology, with certain legal regulations, will undoubtedly have a huge impact on changes in the functioning of financial markets in global economies. Advertisement 2. Cryptocurrencies: the definition of financial innovationFinance is monetary resources, operations, and legal norms relating to them. Finance is also a social relationship that arises from collecting and spending money. Therefore, the science of finance examines money streams flowing between economic entities during the processes of production, distribution and exchange (consumption), and material accumulation, as well as money resources collected and distributed during these processes [5]. Finance is a field of science that deals with the analysis of how people allocate available financial resources in a given period, or it should be defined as all economic phenomena related to the accumulation and distribution of monetary resources, which can be defined as economic relations resulting from the movement of money, with the collection and spending of monetary resources [6]. Defining cryptocurrencies is a big challenge and may lead to inconsistencies in terms of economic sense and legal aspects. The history of the concept’s evolution can be seen in the literature due to its continuous development. Thanks to this, digital means of exchange are classified. The first concept refers to a virtual currency, which is a means of payment not issued by any financial institution (e. g. , a bank), while also being a means of exchange of value between the issuer and the user. However, they operate within strictly defined limits and are used only to purchase virtual goods and services. Therefore, virtual currency in this understanding is presented in a narrow scope and mainly concerns virtual currencies that appear in mass online games. This approach proves that these currencies are not intended for the purchase of real tangible items but for the purchase of virtual goods or services that can only exist in the area of a limited virtual world [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current status of cryptocurrencies, stating they are only 'complementary to official currencies' and do not have legal status as a means of payment. It suggests that while cryptocurrencies are innovative and may impact the financial sector in the future, they are currently limited in their use and primarily serve niche purposes rather than providing universal financial security to all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. List of expression plasmids constructed and used in this study* resulting integrative and/or centromeric expression plasmids (all five or, alternatively, all except the one harboring the RnFGT gene) were used to transform the S. cerevisiae strains GRF18U and BY4742 (see Table 1 and 2 for a complete list of plasmids and strains). Two different yeast strains were examined in parallel to elucidate the effect of a different genetic background. Independent clones of the obtained recombinant strains, together with their respective control strains, were grown in shake flasks with D-glucose as the sole carbon source. Their ability to convert D-glucose into L-ascorbic acid was measured by a chemical assay [19]. Figure 2 clearly shows for both genetic backgrounds that the recombinant strains do produce low, but significant and reproducible amounts of vitamin C. Wild type cells as well as recombinant cells transformed with ScALO and AtLGDH were analyzed as negative control. For the cells expressing ScALO and AtLGDH we had previously proven a high accumulation of vitamin C, when the cells are incubated with L-galactose [16]. However, the basal level of endogenous antioxidants is similar for both the wild-type (first column) and these recombinant cells (second column) incubated with glucose. Adding two more of the genes from the L-AA metabolic pathway (AtME and AtMIP) the vitamin is already detectable (third column, for both graphs, strain BY4742[] and GRF18U[]). This result indicates the presence of endogenous pyrophosphorylase activities converting GDP-L-galactose into L-galactose-1-P. The level of L-ascorbic acid becomes even higher when the RnFGT gene is added (fourth column), proving the suitability of this enzyme for our purpose. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Conversion of D-Glucose into L-ascorbic acid (milligrams/liter/OD) by transformed S. cerevisiae GRF18U and BY4742 cells. All strains were grown on mineral medium (2% w/v glucose, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of yeast strains in a study examining vitamin C production, without any mention of urban living or stress levels. Therefore, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Soil temperature, microbial biomass and enzyme activity are the critical factors affecting soil respiration in different soil layers in Ziwuling Mountains, China. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1105723 -. 2023. Soil type and integrated nitrogen nutrient-rice straw residue management techniques affect soil microbes, enzyme activities and yield of wheat crop. Heliyon 9(6):e16645. 2023. Analysis of root characteristics and rhizosphere soil enzyme activities of wheat varieties with different nitrogen efficiencies. Journal of Sciences 37(3):617-625. 2015. Sugar beet yield and processing quality in relation to nitrogen content and microbiological diversity of deep soil layer. 18(1):67-74. 2023. Biochar blended with nitrogen fertilizer promotes maize yield by altering soil enzyme activities and organic carbon content in black soil. of 20(6):4939. 2023. Mixed legume—grass seeding and nitrogen fertilizer input enhance forage yield and nutritional quality by improving the soil enzyme activities in Sichuan, China. Frontiers in 14:1176150. 2023a. Partial substitution of urea with biochar induced improvements in soil enzymes activity, ammonia-nitrite oxidizers, and nitrogen uptake in the double-cropping rice system. Microorganisms 11(2):527. 2023b. Responses of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities under nitrogen addition in fluvo-aquic and black soil of North China. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1249471. 2023. Understanding the sugar beet holobiont for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Microbiology 14:1151052. 2022. Effect of long term application of super absorbent polymer on soil structure, soil enzyme activity, photosynthetic characteristics, water and nitrogen use of winter wheat. Frontiers in 13:998494. 2023. Effects of drip irrigation on yield, soil fertility and soil enzyme activity of different potato varieties in Northwest China. Frontiers in 14:1240196. 2022. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer reduction and oxygen-enhancing irrigation on the key enzyme activities of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen utilization in rice. Transactions of the of (Transactions of the CSAE) 38(9):81-90. 2018. Effects of pipe laying patterns on the nitrogen accumulation and yield in maize under drip irrigation. Journal of 26(2):96-101. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various factors and management techniques that significantly affect crop yield and soil properties. It mentions how integrated nitrogen management and the use of biochar can enhance enzyme activities and nutrient uptake, leading to improved crop yield. For example, the text notes that 'biochar blended with nitrogen fertilizer promotes maize yield by altering soil enzyme activities' and 'mixed legume—grass seeding and nitrogen fertilizer input enhance forage yield and nutritional quality,' indicating methods to precisely modify soil conditions to improve crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone should invest in cryptocurrencies for financial security. [SEP] Text: Therefore, the term digital currency is a broader concept and refers to a means of payment in a specific jurisdiction in the conventional sense [8]. Currently, there is a separation of concepts and a desire to specify the full definition for cryptocurrencies. It seems that this will only happen when legal regulations are established and when they are applied in practice on a large scale. Legal regulations in different European countries are different, or there are no regulations at all in relation to cryptocurrencies [9]. This may lead to inconsistencies and difficulties in the exchange of goods and services, as well as a lack of trading certainty. In 2015, the Bank provided the following definition of a virtual currency: a digital representation of values that are not issued by a central bank, electronic money institution, or credit institution, which in certain conditions can be used as an alternative to money [10]. In its resolution of 26 May 2016 on virtual currencies, the adopted that virtual currency is a synonym for digital cash that is not issued by a central bank or any public authority and is not linked to fiat currency but is used by natural or legal persons as a medium of exchange that can be transmitted, stored, and thus subjected to electronic trading [11]. Referring to the technology by which cryptocurrencies are created, which may also be called cryptocurrencies, they are defined as an accounting system based on cryptography whose characteristic feature is its dispersion [12]. This system is responsible for storing messages related to the ownership status in conventional units. The ownership status is linked to individual nodes of the so-called system—wallets, in such a way that only a person who has a specific and private key can control this wallet; a situation in which it would be issued twice to the same entity is impossible [13]. S. Nakamoto, the creator of bitcoin—the most popular cryptocurrency, defines it as an electronic coin in the form of a chain of digital signatures. Each holder of the coin transfers it to the next one, digitally signing the “hash” of the previous transaction and the public key of the next holder, adding them to the end of the coin. The recipient can verify the signatures to verify the chain of ownership [14]. This feature offers great opportunities to improve the security of financial transactions and to regulate legal solutions that will ensure full trust in this technology and influence changes in the global information society. Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding cryptocurrencies. It highlights the need for legal regulations, which vary significantly across European countries, indicating that investment in cryptocurrencies may lead to inconsistencies and challenges in financial transactions. Additionally, it points out the definition and nature of cryptocurrencies as a digital means of exchange rather than fully endorsing them as secure investments, suggesting that more clarity and regulation is needed before they can be confidently considered a secure financial choice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: 67% w/v YNB), starting with an initial OD660 of 0. 05 for 18 h, when samples were taken and the concentration of L-ascorbic acid inside the cells was determined (GRF18U and BY4742 correspond to the parental strains transformed with the empty plasmids harboring in the productive strains the genes of the L-AA pathway). The control cells, as well as the cells expressing ScALO1 and AtLGDH can not accumulate L-ascorbic acid starting from D-glucose, therefore measured values correspond to the endogenous erythro-ascorbic acid. The standard deviation bars correspond to the data obtained from independent clones, and from independent growth and antioxidant determinations. Please note the different scale of the ordinate axes in the two graphs. the trend of ascorbic acid production for both strains is similar, the absolute values are significantly different, being almost one order of magnitude lower in the BY background (Fig. 2, left panel). Analogous, the contribution of the RnFGT gene is more effective in the GRF background (Fig. 2, right panel). On the other hand, while such difference could be related to the different genetic background of the two hosts, the basal level of antioxidants appears to be within the same order of magnitude in both yeast backgrounds. In no case vitamin C was detectable in the culture broth (data not shown). Effects of endogenous L-AA production on strain robustness: recombinant yeasts behavior under oxidative stress To test if the endogenous production of vitamin C could have beneficial biological effects, wild type BY4742, GRF18U and the corresponding recombinant L-AA producing strains were challenged by growing the cells under different stress conditions. Since vitamin C acts principally as an antioxidant, the first condition used to test the robustness of the engineered strains was oxidative stress. Yeast cells were inoculated at an initial optical density (660 nm) of 0. 1 in the presence of different concentrations of H2O2 (ranging from 2 to 3. 5 mM), and their growth was measured as optical density at specific intervals of time over about 80 hours, Figure 3. Cells were also inoculated in the same medium without H2O2, as a control. As expected, in the absence of H2O2 both wild type and recombinant strains grew well (Fig. 3a and 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a scientific experiment on yeast strains and their responses to oxidative stress, specifically focusing on the production of vitamin C and its effects during stress conditions. This topic is entirely unrelated to the claim about urban living and stress levels, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Feed the crop, not the soil! Explaining variability in maize yield responses to nutrient applications in smallholder farms of western Kenya S. &RC Research output: Thesis › internal (1) productivity intensification in smallholder farming systems of sub-(SSA) is urgently required to improve food self-sufficiency. Increased fertilizer use can address nutrient deficiencies that limit crop productivity in SSA. There is however large uncertainty in crop yield responses to fertilizer applications on farmer fields. This uncertainty has been linked to strong heterogeneity in soil fertility between and within farms. Fertilizer recommendations that account for this spatial heterogeneity are therefore required to better advise farmers, reduce investment and environmental risks for sustainable crop productivity intensification. The main objective of this study was to better understand and explain patterns of maize yield and yield responses to fertilizer applications under heterogenous fertility conditions in smallholder farming systems. This would allow for improved targeting of fertilizer applications, and enable better prediction of expected crop yield response to fertilizer use. A series of on-farm experiments assessing maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions were established on 23 farmers’ fields in Siaya, western Kenya across multiple seasons. Prior to experiment establishment, farmers were extensively interviewed to obtain information on past crop and nutrient management practices in selected fields. The experiment used was comprised of nutrient omission trials (NOTs) on farmer fields in Siaya to assess patterns of maize yield response to fertilizer applications of 150 kg ha-1 nitrogen (N), 40 kg ha-1 phosphorus (P) and 60 kg ha-1 potassium (K). 1, plots with treatments including control, and NPK were repeated for 7 consecutive seasons in the same plots. 2 of the experiment, a second set of NOTs including and NPK were established in every plot on 6 fields that were previously part of Phase 1. On 13 other fields from Phase 1, all plots received NPK in Phase 2. Yields and above ground biomass were measured every year, soil samples were taken in 2013, 2014, 2016 and 2018 and plant samples were taken in 2016 and 2018. Spatial-temporal patterns in yield and yield responses were studied and compared with soil and farmer characteristics. Yield response to soil nutrient supply was studied with the model, and the RC-P model was used to study fate of fertilizer P. Nutrient balances were calculated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of nuanced fertilizer recommendations that account for spatial heterogeneity in soil fertility, which is essential for improving crop yield. The study emphasizes that understanding the variability in maize yield responses to nutrient applications can lead to more precise targeting of fertilizer applications, thus enhancing both crop yield and nutrient content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can produce food items that are more nutritious than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the many antioxidants present in the team’s formulation are known to be greatly beneficial, and can lead to overall health improvements in children. Overall, they recommend that a daily portion of around 137 grams for children in this age group is ideal. In future work, the team suggests that they could greatly improve the vitamin and mineral content of their formulations by optimising how the fresh yams are processed, as the most common traditional processing method leads to nutrients leaching into the water during boiling, which occurs before the drying step. They hope that their affordable, sustainable and locally produced baby food will soon be available on the market, towards combating malnutrition in Cameroon and beyond. E-book Reference Meet the researcher of Fisheries and at of received her PhD in 2012 from the University of Ngaoundéré in Cameroon. Alongside her PhD research, she worked as a lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Douala. At this university, she has since progressed and Head of the Department at the Institute of Fisheries and at Yabassi. Much of Dr Leng’s research focuses on strategies that improve the nutrient availability of foods in the developing world. Her team has investigated approaches to improve the nutritional benefits from local foods, enhance storage and develop food supplements that address the significant nutritional deficiencies in the region. : lengmarso@gmail. com – University of Douala, Ndjouenkeu – University of Ngaounderé, Wolf, Harshadrai M. Rawel, Florian J. Schweigert – University of would like to thank TWAS-DFG for financial support for the project. She also gratefully acknowledges the Institute of of the University of Potsdam, Germany, for providing resources for the laboratory aspects of this work. and FJ Schweigert, Nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of yam (Dioscorea schimperiana) based complementary food formulation, Scientific African, 2019, 5, e00132. Want to republish our 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses improving the nutritional content of food formulations through better processing methods, contrasting traditional methods where nutrients often leach away. By highlighting the team's goal to enhance vitamin and mineral content, it indirectly supports the claim that innovative methods, potentially including 3D printing, could lead to more nutritious food items compared to traditional practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban living always leads to increased stress levels. [SEP] Text: When H2O2 was added to the medium, the growth of both GRF18U and BY4742 wild type strains was negatively affected proportionally to the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Low concentrations (2 mM) lead to a slight delay of growth (data not shown), while the highest H2O2 concentration (3. 5 mM) lead to an almost complete growth inhibition (Fig. 3c and 3d). A similar behavior has been observed for yeast cells transformed with the ScALO1 and AtLGDH genes (data not shown). Significantly, under the same limiting conditions, all recombinant strains producing L-AA were able to resume growth about 35 hours after inoculation, showing a strong robustness and an increased tolerance to oxidative stress (Fig. 3c and 3d). Moreover, it becomes obvious that this aspect of strain robustness is directly correlated with the amount of L-AA produced (see Fig. 2); in fact, the strains engineered with all five genes necessary to complete the biosynthetic L-AA pathway exhibited even stronger tolerance (Fig. 3c and 3d, triangles) than the corresponding strains, lacking the FGT activity (Fig. 3c and 3d, squares). This phenomenon can be observed for both yeast genetic backgrounds, even if with a slight difference in timing, probably due to a different basal resistance of the two genetic backgrounds (phenomenon not further investigated). The BY background strain, in fact, seems to be more resistant, despite the generally lower ascorbic acid levels measured (see Fig. 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Growth curves of wild type and L-ascorbic acid producing yeasts under oxidative stress. Kinetics of growth of wild type and engineered strains GRF18U (left panels) and BY4742 (right panels) as inoculated in minimal glucose media without H2O2 (3A and 3B) or in presence of H2O2 3. 5 mM (3C and 3D). • GRF18U wild type; ▪ GRF18U[]; ▴ GRF18U[]; ○ BY4742 wild type; □ BY4742[]; ▵ BY4742[]. results were obtained for cells growing in the presence of 2. 5 and 3 mM H2O2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of hydrogen peroxide on yeast growth and does not address urban living or stress levels at all. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: It allows for precise modifications to improve crop yield and nutrient content. [SEP] Text: Maize grain yield in unfertilized control treatment plots provided better estimates of potential soil N, P and K supply, resulting in improved predictions of maize yield response to fertilizer applications. These findings suggest that the standard soil parameters analysed do not accurately inform on the soil fertility status of the field and are of little use for smallholder farmers. Improved relations for estimation of potential soil nutrient in are required for better prediction of expected maize yield response to fertilizer application under variable soil fertility conditions. Maize crops in strongly nutrient-depleted soils responded strongly to balanced NPK fertilization, with yields comparative to long-term means within three seasons. Placement of P fertilizer strongly improved recovery, reducing the need for larger soil P stocks on soils that will typically develop a large insoluble P pool under P fertilization. The RC-P model provided insights in long-term recovery of P and could describe the observed P uptake patterns reasonably well. We concluded that strongly nutrient depleted tropical soils such as those in Siaya with high clay contents that are typical for western Kenya, do not require prior investments to rebuild nutrient stocks and soil organic matter to substantially increase crop yields to 5-5. 5 t ha-1. This has important implications for crop productivity intensification in SSA as a large proportion of soils under cultivation are strongly nutrient depleted, and earlier approaches have suggested the need for costly and capital intensive soil fertility replenishment. Results in this thesis clearly demonstrate that sustainable intensification of crop productivity on smallholder farms of SSA is very well possible on all fields under good management, even when soils are strongly nutrient depleted. However, the need for P and K fertilizers and amounts applied should be tailored to specific field conditions to reduce farmer costs in the short term. Accounting for past farm management and assessment of current yields under minimal or no fertilizer applications provides a means for improved targeting of fertilizer applications at the farm level. In the long term, farmers should aim for balanced fertilization to prevent mining of soil stocks. Simplified decision support tools that use field level information to develop improved estimates of fertilizer N, P and K requirements based on refined relationships between soil nutrient supply, nutrient uptake and yield, are required to derive fertilizer recommendations in future. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of-promotorZingore, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the placement of P fertilizer can lead to improved recovery and higher maize yields, particularly in nutrient-depleted soils. It states that tailored applications of P and K fertilizers, based on specific field conditions, can effectively increase crop yields. Additionally, it mentions the need for precise decision support tools to enhance estimations for fertilizer N, P, and K requirements, which aligns with the idea of making precise modifications for improving crop yield and nutrient content.