Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The following describes these for this use case. Since this concept favors use over ownership, it can be assumed that in most cases the user neither owns nor has ownership responsibility for the vehicle. Instead, service providers make these vehicles available for mobility services (Chap. 18). 4. 1 Effects on the Body DesignFor the use case with driving speeds of up to 120 km/h, which covers almost all areas of use, the vehicle body must provide the occupants with weather and impact protection in line with that of current vehicles. This is associated with considerable design restrictions. A closed passenger compartment, possibly with a convertible roof, is required for weather-protection reasons. A safe shell with restraints must also be planned for the passengers in order to guarantee the same passive safety as in current vehicles, with seat belts and airbags. This requirement will exist for as long as it is not possible to ensure accident-free operation in road traffic, which is currently not conceivable, at least in mixed traffic with driver-only vehicles. The vehicle shape may correspond to that of current vehicles depending on the purpose and target group, with a large range of variants possible. One-box cars provide the best space economy. Like a cuboid, they are not lowered at the front or rear of the vehicle. Of course, designers will also make an effort to present the selected shape to appeal to the customers. However, with the wide range of possible uses for a vehicle-on-demand concept, the styling target is still largely unclear, especially to what extent individual emotions will be catered to. A look at the history of road vehicles shows that there are examples for almost every body design that are regarded as aesthetically successful or unsuccessful. As a result, it is not possible to predict a trend from the shape alone. However, all vehicles that include speeds higher than the 120 km/h specified here will have aerodynamic state-of-the art shapes, meaning that they will have curves and aerodynamic tapers and air flow break-away edges [10]. As well as its protective function, the shell around the passengers is also responsible for connecting the passengers with the environment. In principle, full decoupling is possible as there is no need to guarantee that the driver can see. This enables private use of the cabin for entertainment and relaxation, virtually free from visual and acoustic disturbances. However, the influence of driving dynamics can only be insulated to a certain extent, as described in Sects. 13. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that full decoupling from the driver is possible since 'there is no need to guarantee that the driver can see.' However, it also emphasizes that 'the influence of driving dynamics can only be insulated to a certain extent,' suggesting that there are still considerations for human involvement and oversight, especially in mixed traffic scenarios. Furthermore, it mentions that 'this requirement will exist for as long as it is not possible to ensure accident-free operation in road traffic,' indicating that oversight will be necessary until a certain level of safety is achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Минералого-геохимическая специфика разновозрастных орогенных месторождений золотаВремя формированияМеталлогенический стильМеталлы-индикаторыРудные минералыЖильные минералыПримерыместорожденийИсточникиАрхейМафическийAu/Ag ˃ 5As, W, ± Пирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, сульфосоли, антимонит, Au, Ag, Pb и Bi теллуриды и сульфотеллуриды и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mineralogical and geochemical specifics of gold-bearing deposits without any mention of lunar ice, microorganisms, or related topics. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Groundwater recharge can help restore aquifers in areas facing water scarcity. [SEP] Text: Plant strains from communities identified as most successful under each condition will then be micro-propogated, and used to populate chains of marshes constructed to manage Basra's urban and industrial waste water streams. If successful, the project will revitalize villages left high and dry by the previously engineered destruction, restore (at least some) environmental services to the larger cities - and serve as a living laboratory for new remediation techniques, with world-wide application. What are the goals of the project? With this funding, by May 2014, we will meet with land donors, survey the proposed sites, and collect soil and water samples. Over the summer, we will analyze them to determine the mix of specific plants and microorganisms best suited to these tough conditions. Then we will prepare the detailed engineering plan and commence construction. We have already assembled the team, obtained in-country support, identified a willing land donor, set a date and time for the survey, and have hosts who will cover our ground costs. This funding will pay for our international flights to attend these meetings and collect samples. Stretch funding will pay lab fees and support lab assistants to process our pilot soil and water samples. Our overarching goal is to test whether we can effectively use waste water and waste land to construct salt marshes that will treat the contaminated water. Over the next two years, we will establish test beds to rapidly assess the best mix of salt-tolerant marsh grasses to:Goal 1: Bio-remediate contaminants to prevent illness and death in humans, livestock, fish, wildlife, and their supporting ecosystems. Goal 2: Increase plant biomass production to augment human food and animal fodder supplies. Goal 3: Provide nursery habitat for fish, shellfish, and waterfowl to augment food production. Goal 4: Improve and stabilize surface and ground water quality to promote human, livestock, fisheries, and ecosystem health. Goal 5: Augment downstream water supply for post-mediation usage. wait. . . We have the experts. We have the site. We have the meeting. We have the date. We just need to get there! Our next step is to fly to Basra, Iraq, meet with the land donors, preview the test sites, and collect soil and water pilot samples for analysis. All of our ground expenses are covered by our hosts - but not our airfare. Due to fund source restrictions on both ends of the project, we need alternative means to cover our international flights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the goals of a project aimed at improving and stabilizing surface and groundwater quality, which is directly linked to restoring aquifers. Specifically, the text states that one of the project's goals is to 'improve and stabilize surface and ground water quality to promote human, livestock, fisheries, and ecosystem health.' This indicates a direct focus on enhancing groundwater conditions, supporting the broader concept that groundwater recharge can aid in aquifer restoration in water-scarce areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 3 and 13. 4. 3. There will always be the challenge of guaranteeing that the impressions of the different senses correspond, as otherwise this results in discomfort or even sickness, which is unlikely to result in insulation concepts of this type being accepted. Figure 13. 5 shows what a complete decoupling during the journey would look like on public roads. Fig. 13. 5Decoupling the passengers from the real road traffic. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image The range of alternative activities made possible by this decoupling is large and ranges from reading in a relaxing “environment” (right-hand vehicle) to exciting entertainment on racing tracks (left-hand vehicle). The challenge of guaranteeing that the impressions of the different senses correspond also applies to the artificial representation of the environment. The option of selecting the degree of decoupling using manually operated covers (blinds) in the simple case to high-tech solutions such as electro-chromic windows definitely makes it easier to reach a compromise. A virtual connection with the environment in the form of live camera images of the environment which can be shown (on screens, as a projection) is also conceivable, but requires a very high level of passenger trust in the reliability of the technology. Traveling in an autonomous vehicle should not be associated with the fear of being exposed to an insulation cell without contact with the environment, even temporarily. A compromise between the virtual and real world is the provision of information about the environment in the form of an “augmented reality”, in which information about landmarks is shown as they are seen, for example. 4. 2 Effects on the Drive ConceptIt is not possible to derive any restrictions for the drive from the use case alone. Both classic combustion engines and electric drives as well as mixed forms (hybrids) are fundamentally suitable. Their advantages and disadvantages also apply for vehicle-on-demand. On the one hand, there are the storage and charging advantages of chemical energy that allow the vehicles powered by combustion engines to have a larger range, and on the other hand, the noise and pollutant emissions advantages of electric drives which are particularly valued in areas with a high population density. It must be ensured that there is enough energy on board for the intended trip for vehicle-on-demand. Therefore, a supply concept where a vehicle charges during time spent stationary is assumed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the continuous challenge of ensuring passenger comfort and interaction with the environment in autonomous vehicles. It highlights the need for a degree of human oversight, such as providing information about the vehicle's environment or addressing passenger fears of disconnection from real-world stimuli. The mention of 'guaranteeing that the impressions of the different senses correspond' indicates that complete decoupling from human oversight is not feasible, contradicting the notion that autonomous driving requires no human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: (PGE, …)Кварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлориты, турмалинAбитиби (Канада), Калгурли (Зап. Австралия)Пампалу Финляндия),Витватерсранд (ЮАР), Колар (Индия)Hagemann & Cassidi, 2000Phillips & Law, 2000; Groves et al. , 2001; Francois, 2004; Tomkins et al. , 2004; Helt et al. , 2014; Hazarika et al. , 2015; Molnar et al. , 2016; Rezeau et al. , 2017ПротерозойМафический и сиалическийAu/Ag ˃ 5As, WПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, сульфосоли, антимонит, Au, Ag, Pb и Bi теллуриды и сульфотеллуриды и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological elements and locations without addressing the possibility of lunar ice deposits containing ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: “Yes and with the model it is getting confidence in your own ability as well and the whole thing gets a lot slicker. ” Holding a hospital pagerCarrying a pager was a major part of the UMUST experience for the students. On occasion it raised questions on the ward they were working on at the time. “The first time mine went off one of the doctors said to me where did you get that from? ” A small number said it caused “dread” whilst others said excitement; but all of the students were relaxed about it by the end of the scenarios. Some students forgot they were holding the pager but for others it was always at the back of their mind. “I think it replicates the crash bleep quite well…but especially the first one, it’s hanging over you, you feel on edge…” “It gets better but for the first scenario it is permanently in your hand. ” relevant to the final year curriculum? All students said that the programme linked well with the rest of the final year curriculum at the University of Liverpool, particularly in that it took place after final examinations. “In the fourth year we are reading books or whatever or getting on the wards due to finals. However, in the fifth year you are thinking about working as an F1. . so you need to be operating at a certain level of competence so I think it is definitely worth it (UMUST) in the fifth year. ” The programme complemented Support training: “ALS is more about saying what you would do rather than whereas UMUST is about doing and getting a response from a patient. ” Again, it was said that it was useful to have had previous experience in simulation, but UMUST was seen as including more realistic scenarios. Are the scenarios relevant? A number of students had seen some of the scenarios during their clinical attachments and they felt they were relevant. “I had an opiate overdose on the ward a couple of days after the scenario here and it ran so much smoother because I had just done it here and while it was happening I was like more aware of what was going on…because I had gone through it in real time I felt more comfortable than they (the FY1s) did because it was the first time they had seen it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the UMUST program provided students with realistic scenarios that improved their skills and confidence before encountering real-life situations in the hospital. Students reported feeling more comfortable during real scenarios because they had practiced in a simulated environment, indicating that such training is valuable for their competence and preparedness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Suitable service points will offer this service both manually and automated, whether at conventional fuel filling stations or special electric charging stations. Inductive battery charging is particularly suitable here. Depending on how much the vehicle is used, the disadvantage of higher charging times for electric vehicles has varying impacts: If the stationary times are still higher than the traveling times, the charging times are generally part of the non-use time and therefore do not represent a high economic strain. This is different when the vehicles are intended for use almost around the clock. When this is the objective, the time required for energy provision is of considerable consequence, since charging the batteries results in a significantly larger drop in use than refueling vehicles powered by combustion engines. (Hydrogen) fuel cell drives will be easier to implement with vehicle-on-demand concepts since a service provider—possibly even in association with other providers—can integrate the tank infrastructure into the process better than standard vehicle users. This means that parking spaces (= disposition points) and hydrogen filling stations can be coordinated, both with respect to the location and the process. The routes can also be designed based on the connection between the hydrogen filling stations from the start if one filling is not sufficient for the mobility service. Additionally, unavoidable evaporation losses that occur with hydrogen pressure tanks when stationary can be minimized to a large extent since the time spent stationary should be very low for vehicle-on-demand with economical operation. Despite the advantages of the vehicle-on-demand concept for (hydrogen) fuel cell technology, both channels, i. e. vehicle-on-demand and hydrogen drives need to achieve access to the market independently of one another. (Forced) coupling of the technologies for the market launch only reduces the prospects for both, since it results in only a fragment of the use options and therefore a limited market volume which is too small to justify the investment for both technologies. 4. 3 Effects on the ChassisForce transfer for vehicle-on-demand will continue to be the responsibility of the tires, since neither the advantages nor the disadvantages of alternative concepts (e. g. air cushions/propellers, magnetic levitation drive, chains) are significantly affected by vehicle automation. The driving dynamics requirements are also only going to change minimally, and the requirement of a particularly sporty chassis is unlikely to be included in the requirements specification for a vehicle-on-demand. The deceleration and evasion capability (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for suitable service points that offer both manual and automated services. This implies that in certain situations, human oversight or intervention may still be necessary, especially regarding charging and managing the vehicles in service. It highlights that vehicle-on-demand concepts and the use of fuel cell technology demand infrastructure and coordination that could indicate a reliance on human management at certain stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Кварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлориты, турмалинЗападная Африка,КанадаBeziat et al. , 1999; Voicu et al. , 1999; Partinton & Williams, 2000; Ansdell & Kyser, 2002; Fougerouse et al. , 2017; Masurel et al. , 2017;ПалеозойМафическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, W ± TeПирит, пирротин, арсенопирит, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, Sb-As сульфосоли, Au, Ag, Pb теллуридыКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыДалрадианский пояс (Ирландия), Саяны, Урал (Россия)Parnell et al. , 2000Sazonov et al. , 2001Zhmodik et al. , 1995Горячев и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a list of geological terms, locations, and references without any mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: ” “It’s got good scenarios and not very far from what we will be facing in the future. ” help prepare for the first postgraduate year? All the students felt it was good preparation for the Foundation Year. “As you go on you get more and more confident and get less worried about called to the things on F1” Also, the handover was seen as very useful by all groups: “That’s very useful because we don’t get enough practice on s-bar. ” The simulation centre was genuinely felt to be a place where the students could relax and learn/practice the skills they will need post-graduation. They also said the programme reflected a real life clinical setting as there were no senior doctors involved in the scenario until they used the telephone. A positive outcome was being able to go through ABCDE in a simulated environment. “I think the best thing about it is and has been said before is the confidence of going there and going through ABCDE, that systematic approach so even when everything seems to be going wrong really you have something to come back to. ” The programme was seen as very important in helping practicing team working and communication skills. “I think communication skills are really important because you are not going to be on your own for your F1, you are going to be working as part of a team and especially if you are on the response team you are going to work and communicate with people. “ The handover was also seen as important. “It feels a bit daft when you have people watching you and you know they are behind the screen, but it is useful to practice that handover isn’t it as it isn’t something you would usually get on the rest of our clinical experience of 5th year. ” sessions are distributed throughout the yearThe participants’ views on this depended on where they had been based. Participants from St. Helens & Hospitals felt the timetabling of their programme was the most advantageous: “I think that having them bunched together as we do is more realistic…as an F1 you will be expected to go and see someone who is very sick once a week” However, participants at Hospitals preferred the timetabling of their programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that students felt the simulation program was beneficial for their preparation for real-life clinical situations. The mention of practicing systematic approaches like ABCDE in a simulated environment provides evidence that VR can offer a risk-free platform for medical students to build confidence and practice necessary skills. Additionally, the text emphasizes that the simulation center allowed students to learn and practice skills without real-life pressures, aligning well with the idea that VR can aid in surgical practice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: acceleration of up to ≈10 m/s2) will barely be lower than on current vehicles, even if a considerably more comfortable vehicle guidance is to be expected. However, with vehicle-on-demand, it is possible to plan the maneuver predictively in advance and thereby make the most of the opportunities provided by the existing driving dynamics, which could result in new opportunities for the chassis design. As well as the two aspects discussed in the following sections, wheel layout and steering concepts, the same considerations regarding decoupling from the driving dynamics as described in Sect. 13. 2. 3 apply. This is particularly true for vehicle-on-demand vehicles with the purpose of transporting persons on longer journeys. Although decoupling the human driver from the driving dynamics and the environment requires a huge amount of technical effort, it would enable better correspondence of the different sense impressions than if only one part of the impressions were to be decoupled. A corresponding decoupling would also be useful for transporting sensitive goods. 4. 3. 1 Concepts for Vehicle-on-DemandIf we consider the stabilization task for a human driver, vehicle-on-demand makes it possible to select a wheel concept without taking currently applicable requirements into account. This degree of freedom motivates existing concepts with fewer than four wheels to be reassessed for use as vehicle-on-demand. As proven by motorbikes and three-wheelers, vehicles with fewer than four wheels are also suitable for transportation. In principle, one wheel alone is sufficient for movement, as unicyclists impressively demonstrate. Regulating the position of the center of gravity is the most important role here. A mechatronic system could take on the task of stabilization, enabling just about anyone to ride and control a one-wheeled vehicle. Two methods can be used here: Torque generation on the wheel and displacement of movable masses. The first of these concepts is used on the two-wheeled ® personal transporters [11]. “Weight shifting” via feet is sensed and the passenger angle is adjusted to suit the acceleration so that the resulting vector of gravity and inertial force always passes through the line connecting the wheel contact points. The same method is used for maneuvering with two wheels one in front of the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of decoupling the human driver from the driving dynamics and environment, indicating that substantial technical effort is needed to achieve autonomy. It highlights that even with advanced vehicle-on-demand systems, human interaction in the form of stabilization and control is still a critical consideration, thus implying that complete independence from human oversight is not yet feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2012СиалическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, WПирит, пирротин, арсенопирит, галенит, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит, Sb-сульфосоли, антимонитКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыБендиго (Австралия)Отаго (Новая Зеландия)Бодайбо (Россия)Phillips & Hughes, 1996, 1998;Ramsay et al. , 1998; Hughes & Phillips, 2015Bierlein & Crowe, 1998; Jia et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it seems to list various minerals and cites some geological studies without any direct relevance to the potential for microbial life in lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: Again, this served to enhance the authenticity of the simulation – and ultimately better preparing participants for clinical practice – by immersing them in those communities of practice which they would be required to belong to as FY1 trainees. Limitations of the programmeNumber of participantsA small number of students participated in the programme and the response rate to the questionnaires was limited, partly due to the difficulty in contacting the participants once they had graduated to FY1 doctors. The limited number of responses is reflected in the small study population. Feedback mechanismsThe questionnaires did not ask for the participants’ self-perception of their experience but rather asked them specific questions, which may have been limiting in terms of the diversity of feedback generated. Moreover, the questionnaires were distributed approximately half way through the FY1 year in order that participants had undergone some experience of working as doctors; but this timeframe was still relatively close to their graduation. The focus groups were held before they had graduated and worked as doctors but their reflections about UMUST during these focus groups can be triangulated with the views on the questionnaires after they had experienced working as FY1s. OSAT toolThe OSAT scores reflected a general improvement in the participants’ performance across the four scenarios; however the complexity of the scenario and a reduction in the number of participants may have affected the performance scores. It is unsurprising to see that the ‘pneumonia’ and ‘sepsis’ scenarios caused some variability in the scoring as the clinical pathway for the management of both of these conditions was under review at the time of implementing the programme. Also, an inherent limitation of this tool is that it measures technical skills following a rigid framework. Moving forwardA number of changes have been made to the programme following the feedback from the focus groups and questionnaires including a strengthened induction programme that orientates participants to the training programme, thereby offering them the opportunity to become familiar with the clinical skills facility and the mannequin. More teaching around the scenarios has also been implemented. has been extremely popular with the participating students who believe the programme has helped to prepare them to work as junior doctors and this study adds to ever increasing number of studies promoting the advantages of simulation based education [16]. The fact that the programme has been run across two different hospitals using slightly different means of delivery shows that it can be adapted to suit local resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment by discussing how the program helped participants prepare for clinical practice, improving their performance across various scenarios, and emphasizing that simulation-based education, including advanced training programs, is beneficial for students. The mention of OSAT scores indicating improvement reflects the program’s effectiveness in preparing students, aligning with the idea that virtual reality training facilitates learning in a safe environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: A steering movement in the opposite direction to the direction of the corner results in a rolling moment which generates an angle which guides the resulting vector of centrifugal force and gravity through the line connecting the two wheel contact points. In principle, a ball drive could carry out this stabilization for both directions. However, it is still highly questionable whether implementation of this kind of stabilization is useful in the context of autonomous driving. The user is always strongly incorporated with the weight support. Furthermore, these concepts are restricted to low speeds since vertical unevenness such as curb levels or potholes overburden both the control dynamics and the actuator capacity and therefore cannot prevent crashes. This consideration also applies to single-axle two-wheelers such as the mentioned above. These vertical obstacles are not a problem for motorbikes in transverse movement, even if phenomena such as kick-back reveal the sensitivity of vehicle stabilization of two-wheelers. In the same way as tightrope walkers use their arms to balance, in the second concept, a mass is displaced in such a way that the center of gravity is moved to suit the longitudinal or lateral forces without any help from the occupants. To stabilize this displacement, torque is briefly applied to the wheels. . U. M. A. (Mobility and Accessibility) concepts [12] and the implementation by as an EN-V (Electric Networked-Vehicle) [13] are used in connection with autonomous driving. The good maneuverability (turning on the spot) and lower space requirement mean that this vehicle is well suited to urban use, and this is, of course, not only restricted to autonomous driving. The disadvantages are the permanent stabilizing effort which “consumes” a larger share of the energy on board and the sensitivity to vertical levels specified above, although the design results in this being less than expected since the movable mass can reduce the drive torque required for correction here. According to statements to date, the maximum speed is planned to be 25 miles an hour, or 40 km/h. This concept is hardly suitable for use up to 120 km/h. Movable masses can also be used for the classic single-track two-wheeled layout, although it is more difficult to satisfy the space requirement for the displacement option in the transverse direction than in the longitudinal direction for a single-axle two-wheeled vehicle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while some stabilization concepts are aimed at enhancing autonomous driving, they still highlight the need for human involvement and oversight, especially in dealing with vertical unevenness and control dynamics at low speeds. It also implies that even advanced systems struggle to function without some form of intervention or consideration from users, particularly when encountering obstacles that could lead to crashes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2000; Pirajno & Bentley, 1985; Lew & Corner, 1988; Koons & Craw, 1991; Paterson, 1985МезозойМафическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, ± TeПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит-теннантит, Sb-As-сульфосоли, Au, Ag, Pb теллуридыКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыМозер Лоуд, Джюно (США)Ляодунь (КНР)Taylor et al. , 2015Golgfarb et al. , 1997Qui et al. , 2002; Goldfarb and Santosh, 2014; Li et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it appears to be a compilation of references and mineral names without relevant scientific context or evidence regarding lunar geology or biology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can help medical students practice surgeries in a risk-free environment. [SEP] Text: UMUST is still being run at both sites and has led to the development of other simulation experiences for students. We believe that the programme is a safe and realistic way to assist medical students in making the transition to junior doctor. Ethics approval and consent to participateEthical approval was sought and gained from the University of on (reference number 201106084), the Research and Manager at St. Helens & and the Research and at. All participating students were issued with an information sheet that outlined the programme when they attended their general induction at the hospitals. They were required to provide informed written consent to take part in the focus groups or interviews. Consent for publicationNot applicable. No individual person’s data is including in this study. Written consent was gained as indicated above on the basis any quotes in the focus groups or on questionnaires could be used as long as they would be not be attributable to any individual. Availability of data and materialsThe focus group transcriptions and interview data are saved and stored on a password protected work computer of the corresponding author SW. These have no personal identifying markers on them and are available for inspection. The original focus group audios and questionnaires have been deleted/destroyed in line with ethical approval guidelines. AbbreviationsALS: Support FY1: 1 GMC: : : Learning UK: : Training 1993. 2003. 2009. 2014. London: GMC; 2014. 5. 2015. accessed 29 September 2015. Working group of the resuscitation council. Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions. Guidelines for health care providers. 2010. : Accessed 29 June 2015. How can unplanned simulation training prepare undergraduate medical students for transition to postgraduate trainee? UMUST, a new model of teaching. Edinburgh: Proceedings of the annual scientific meeting of the Association for the study of medical education (ASME); 2009. 8. 1994. p. 173–94. 22. 1998. 2007. Accessed 14 Jan 2015. Lave J, Wenger E. Situated Learning. Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press; 1991. Book 2015. Lateef F. Simulation-based learning: just like the real thing. J Shock. 2010;3(4):348–52. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of simulation experiences for medical students, which are implied to assist in their training. While it does not explicitly mention VR, the term 'simulation' suggests the use of technology to create a safe learning environment where students can transition into their roles more effectively. This aligns with the idea of VR providing risk-free practice for surgery.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: An example of this is the Glider study [17], a vehicle with a width of 1. 10 m which can assume a lateral angle of up to 17°. Whether this still relatively large width compared to a scooter is accompanied by the advantages for a vehicle-on-demand compared to a standard vehicle of normal width without tilt technology is disputable. The ability to compensate for the transverse force on the occupants using tilt technology could be a plus point in its own right. As well as tilting systems, adaptive chassis with a variable track width or a variable wheelbase and variable center of gravity height could fundamentally also result in resistance to rolling over as required [18]. 4. 3. 2 Steering ConceptsCurrently, axle pivot steering on the front axle is dominant, and there is little reason to not use this for vehicle-on-demand too. However, the status of alternative steering concepts could be enhanced by autonomous driving. These include steering by forces like a skid steer, which can range from different forces to different force directions on one axle, e. g. a negative driving force on the left and a positive driving force on the right for turning to the left. This concept is the method of choice for the single-axle two-wheeled vehicle. The steering by forces results in considerable restrictions for three or four-wheeled vehicles if there is not at least one additional rotational degree of freedom for the wheels to support steering control. Alternatively, multi-axle steering is possible, often referred to as four-wheel or all-wheel steering. Although this is known of in vehicle technology, there are only very few vehicles available with it. Use is restricted due to the compromise design of current all-wheel steering vehicles which vehicle developers have to carry out. The driver cannot access the rear wheel steering. It is coupled (electronically) to the front wheel steering. In a trade-off, it currently supports the vehicle agility at lower speeds (≲100 km/h) with inverse steering angles and the stability at higher speeds (≳100 km/h) with concordant steering angles. Steering corrections are also carried out in the critical limits of driving dynamics. Autonomous trajectory planning could use this degree of freedom independently of the speed and in accordance with the planned maneuver. This would make it possible to change lanes without yawing, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various complexities and mechanisms involved in autonomous driving, such as the need for adaptive chassis, variable wheelbase, steering concepts, and the challenges posed by vehicle dynamics. It indicates that there are significant technological considerations and potential interventions required, suggesting that complete autonomy without oversight may not yet be achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2016СиалическийAu ˃ AgAs, Pb, Sb, WПирит, арсенопирит, галенит, пирротин, сфалерит, халькопирит, тетраэдрит, Sb-сульфосоли, антимонитКварц, карбонаты, серицит, альбит, хлоритыЯно-Колымский пояс (Россия), Центральная Аляска (США)Горячев, 1998, 2003; Goldfarb et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information related to the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. It consists of mineral names and geological references that are unrelated to the specific claim regarding lunar ice and microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Can consumers’ gamified, personalized, and engaging experiences with VR fashion apps increase in-app purchase intention by fulfilling needs? access Published: 05 October 2021 Can consumers’ gamified, personalized, and engaging experiences with VR fashion apps increase in-app purchase intention by fulfilling needs? Oiyan Lau1 & Chung-Wha (Chloe) : orcid. org/0000-0003-1372-16862 Fashion and Textiles 47. 8 billion during the second quarter of 2020 (Statista, 2020). Experts forecast that by 2021, 53. 9% of the annual retail e-commerce sales in the U. S. will derive from m-commerce (Business Wire, 2018). As m-commerce’s popularity grows, technological advancements, such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and 3D visualization, are being applied increasingly in fashion mobile apps to offer extra features that appeal to customers (Kohan, 2020). In today’s post-pandemic reality where consumers demand physically-disconnected, yet emotionally-connected interactions with fashion brands, it is particularly important for retailers to engage customers in the new VR normal via their apps. Thus, an increasing number of fashion retailers has developed, or accelerated their development of, VR apps to engage with consumers during the lockdown (Morgan, 2020). For example, the Chinese retail giant, Alibaba, recently launched a 3D avatar-based virtual world in their Taobao app that features a game—Taobao Life. Life, users can customize their avatars and navigate a game-like virtual world with them. Further, the U. S. retail giant, Amazon, is developing a VR app referred to as a ‘virtual fitting room’ that will allow consumers to try on outfits with a customized virtual model of themselves (Petro, 2021). While VR apps have emerged as one of the newest trends in the fashion retail business, less is understood about consumers’ perceptions of, and experiences with, these novel apps (Parker & Wang, 2016). This led us to an important question: do fashion retailers’ VR apps increase online sales, and if so, how? To generate a more specific and meaningful set of research questions, we review the literature on fashion mobile apps in greater detail in the section that follows, which helped us gain a clearer understanding of what has been explored versus underexplored in the literature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how virtual reality (VR) apps are designed to offer gamified, personalized, and engaging experiences that aim to connect consumers with fashion brands. It mentions that these VR apps have been developed to engage customers during the post-pandemic period, highlighting the importance of emotionally-connected interactions in a physically-disconnected environment. Specific examples, such as Alibaba's 3D avatar-based virtual world and Amazon's virtual fitting room, illustrate how VR is being used to create interactive experiences that enhance consumer engagement in fashion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: without rotation around the vertical axis, allowing the repercussion on the passengers to be reduced. When parking, maneuvers are possible that are not possible with all-wheel steering as in a standard set-up, far less with standard front-axle steering. An extreme solution would be all-wheel steering that controls each wheel individually. This would be able to position all the wheels in an optimum angle but which requires more complicated actuator systems. There is little advantage for the application as a vehicle on-demand. It is restricted to a displacement of driving dynamics limits of a few percent, principally relevant for racing and a reduction in cornering resistance due to restriction-free wheel control. 4. 4 Effects on the and Human–Machine InterfaceIf the vehicle on-demand is used to transport passengers, the possibilities specified in Table 13. 1 are available for the type, direction and positioning of passenger accommodation. There is fundamentally no reason not to continue with the current usual positioning of seats in front of and beside each other, facing forwards. If occupant protection allows it, it is possible to deviate from this, and the fully reclined position in particular should be offered for relaxation, although the direction remains open, e. g. as a row of seats in the transverse direction or as a reclining seat in the longitudinal direction. Table 13. 1 Generally possible accommodation of occupants—type, direction and positionFull size table As the occupants are not expected to take on any driving tasks, the interface is essentially restricted to entering the destination, occupant information and a safe-exit switch which causes the vehicle to stop at the next safe point. The first two could even be separated from the vehicle and could be implemented using a personal device similar to today’s smartphones. Advanced interactions are to be expected for controlling the ambiance (e. g. closing the (electronic) blinds) and any entertainment programs. 5 Overall ViewAutonomous driving varies less by vehicle concept than by the use of driving time. With the current statistical vehicle occupation of 1. 5 persons [19], the majority of these persons cannot make use of the options available to passengers today, such as reading, working or sleeping, see Fig. 13. 7. Autonomous driving makes this possible. Additionally, activities are possible which would currently result in impermissible distraction of the driver, e. g. from multimedia entertainment on a large screen and surround sound to what is referred to as 4D cinema. Fig. 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how occupants of autonomous vehicles are not expected to take on any driving tasks. It outlines that the interaction with the vehicle involves entering destination information and sometimes includes a safe-exit switch. This implies that while there may not be direct driving tasks for passengers, there is still a need for some form of interaction, which suggests that complete oversight or intervention may not be entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 1997 Обширный массив литературных данных позволяет говорить о том, что архейские и раннепротерозойские месторождения характеризуются относительно простым, но разнообразным минеральным составом руд: кварц, полевые шпаты, серицит-мусковит, хлорит, турмалин, пирит, арсенопирит, галенит, разнообразные минералы As, Sb и Bi. Для них характерно проявление минералов всей золото-сопровождающей триады полуметаллов As-Sb-Bi и аналогов серы Te-Se (табл. 4) (Горячев, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mineral composition of Archaean and early Proterozoic deposits without any mention of lunar ice or microorganisms. It presents information about mineral characteristics and does not address the possibility of ancient microorganisms existing in lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Understanding this is important, as recent studies have documented that SDT’s autonomous motivation predicts consumer behaviour better than its more established predictors (e. g. , ‘attitude’) (Gilal et al. , 2018, 2019; Xi & Hamari, 2019). While accounting for the critical role a positive attitude plays in eliciting desirable consumer behavior, such as consumer adoption and satisfaction (Hur et al. , 2017; Trivedi & Trivedi, 2018), our findings show that the extent to which consumers feel their inherent needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are fulfilled is critical in motivating their behavioral intention to use VR fashion apps continuously and make in-app purchases. Thus, to maximize the significant benefits VR fashion apps can offer, it is important for retailers and marketers to develop in-app features that can satisfy consumers’ strong intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Our research findings provide further insights into this aspect by identifying the specific factors that affect consumers’ competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs fulfillment, which in turn, influence their app use and in-app purchases. Two factors were found to be important to fulfill VR fashion app consumers’ competence need. Our findings show that the more consumers experience a sense of challenge (i. e. , the perception of facing new challenges in the VR game world) and achievement (i. e. , the perception of success by reaching a higher level) while using a VR fashion app, the more they feel that their need for competence is gratified. This indicates that fashion retailers and market practitioners could benefit by enhancing VR fashion apps’ game features that can enhance consumers’ sense of challenge and achievement, which in turn, satisfy their intrinsic need for competence. As for consumers’ need for autonomy, our findings show that fulfilling the need for autonomy is enhanced when consumers experience VR fashion apps’ customization features. The more consumers were given the freedom to personalize their digital avatars and thus, were able to perceive that the avatars are similar to them, the more they felt that their need for autonomy was gratified. On the other hand, consumers experienced fulfillment of their need for relatedness when they felt a sense of social presence and social support while using VR apps. According to our findings, the more consumers felt a sense of human contact while playing VR fashion apps, the more it satisfied their need for relatedness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that VR fashion apps can enhance consumer engagement through features that fulfill intrinsic needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Specifically, it mentions that consumers feel a sense of challenge and achievement while using VR, which increases their motivation to continuously engage with the app. Moreover, customization features enhance the sense of autonomy, and a sense of social presence satisfies the need for relatedness, all of which are interactive elements that contribute to increased engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 7Usage options for occupants during autonomous driving. Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image There is a further change to the user group. Previously, a driver with driving authorization was always required. With vehicle-on-demand, this restriction no longer applies, meaning that new users who could currently only be passengers in the vehicle can use the autonomous vehicles. These could be people who are not permitted to drive due to physical disabilities (e. g. visual impairment) or persons who are not able to drive due to mental health issues or simply groups such as children and young people who are not permitted to drive due to their age. Accordingly, the vehicle and the operational concept must also be adapted for these users. First, it is necessary to define the requirements as to what authority the occupants have over what happens in the vehicle and on the driving. 6 Changes that the VehicleIf the focus so far was on the individual vehicles, the system boundary is expanded in this section to include interaction with the environment and other road users. The interconnectivity of vehicles will be established as technology for all (new) vehicles early on, meaning that the introduction of autonomous driving does not result in anything fundamentally new. However, automation of vehicles also increases their performance capability, making new forms of use possible. The higher level of precision expected in autonomous vehicles means that electronically controlled maneuvers are possible which would scarcely be conceivable in this form in current traffic. These opportunities include convoy driving with very small distances between the vehicles or driving in particularly narrow driving lanes. The impact on the flow of traffic can be seen clearly in Fig. 13. 8. The number of traffic elements that cross the depicted traffic area per time unit increases. If this is coupled with the corresponding pre-emptions, this can boost autonomous driving. Depending on the specifications associated with these pre-emptions, the vehicle concept may also change, and even the appearance may change with these specifications. The extent to which a regulation like this can affect the vehicle concept can be seen in the restriction of the overall vehicle length of trucks in the EU. As a result, all tractive vehicles in Europe are equipped with a sheer, space-saving vehicle front, while vehicles in that are not subject to this restriction have an aerodynamic hood extending forwards. Fig. 13. 8Reduced distances between vehicles—made possible by high-precision autonomous driving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are requirements regarding the authority of occupants in autonomous vehicles, suggesting that human oversight in terms of passenger authority and operational understanding is necessary. It discusses how new users, who cannot drive due to various limitations, will have to engage with the vehicle's operation, indicating that while the vehicle may operate autonomously, there still exists a need for some form of human interaction or oversight in terms of defining operational concepts and authority.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: К сожалению, в современных работах по исследованию крупных золоторудных месторождений архея Канадского щита и Западной Австралии минералогические наблюдения занимают относительно небольшое место, тем не менее, в сводных работах (например, Girdwood et al. , 1983; Pagham, 1986) четко говорится о присутствии в типично орогенных золотых рудах турмалина, молибденита, минералов висмута. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mineralogical observations of gold ores in specific geological contexts without any mention of lunar ice or microorganisms related to Earth's history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: Further, the more they felt that they could exchange emotional support with other users/players in a VR fashion app, the more their need for relatedness was fulfilled as well. Our research findings show that it is this fulfillment of inherent needs (i. e. , competence and autonomy) that motivates consumers’ behaviors. With respect to the factors that affect consumers’ continuous VR fashion app use intention, it was found important to fulfill two needs. The more consumers felt that their needs for competence and autonomy were satisfied, the more they were motivated to use VR fashion apps continuously. However, consumers’ need for relatedness was not found to have a significant effect on their intention to use apps continuously. This implies that the VR fashion app usage behavior is more influenced by the gamified and personalized app features, which in turn, lead to consumers’ competence and autonomy needs fulfillment, respectively. These findings infer that when it comes to VR fashion app usage, the fulfill of consumers’ needs for competence and autonomy has positive effect on their app usage behavior; but not the fulfill of their need for relatedness. This may be because relatedness need can be fulfilled through other human–computer interactions (e. g. , their use of social media or online games), not necessarily through the use of VR fashion apps. With respect to in-app purchase intention, only fulfilling the need for autonomy was found to be a significant antecedent. This supports previous research findings that indicate autonomy as a critical aspect of consumer choice decisions (André et al. , 2018; Wertenbroch et al. , 2020). While fulfilling competence and relatedness needs did not affect consumers’ in-app purchase intention, our results show that the more consumers fulfill their need for autonomy by customizing their 3D avatars’ visual features, such as the face, hairstyle, and clothing, to resemble their own, the greater their propensity to make in-app purchases. Furthermore, the more consumers use VR fashion apps continuously, the greater their propensity to make in-app purchases. These findings imply that to maximize their mobile sales, fashion retailers and m-commerce marketers may wish to focus on fulfilling consumers’ need for autonomy by enhancing their VR fashion apps’ avatar customization and identification features (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how consumers’ needs for competence and autonomy are fulfilled through the use of VR fashion apps, which motivates their continued engagement and usage. Specifically, it suggests that these needs' fulfillment enhances users' behavior and intention to use VR apps, indicating that VR's interactive features contribute positively to user engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Image rights: copyright by the AuthorFull size image Mass transfer during the journey is conceivable, if still very unusual from today’s perspective. This is already implemented in agriculture (e. g. unloading crops while reaping) and in aviation in the form of refueling while still in the air. This could save time and space when transporting goods or passengers. Accordingly, suitable transition areas would have to be included in the vehicle design. This principle is illustrated in Fig. 13. 8. A long-distance vehicle similar to a truck transfers goods to the smaller “distributor vehicle” during the journey. Automation means that the journey is synchronized precisely and a bridge-like construction makes it possible to exchange goods. This means that completely new logistics and mobility concepts can be developed. However, without discussing the overall system, designing a vehicle does not make much sense, which is why this is not covered in more detail here. 7 Follow-Up ConceptsWhile the use cases examined throughout have the potential to help with the breakthrough of the technologies required for autonomous driving, a number of applications that alone would not be sufficient to help a technology to reach the required maturity would benefit from this. This would mean that roadworthy service robots would be an option, for example to clean roads, cycle lanes and pavements and move independently from one job site to the next using public roads. Other transport and utility vehicles that were formerly restricted to depots could now leave them, or, in other words: Depots are expanded to public grounds. This eliminates the boundaries that were placed on autonomous systems to date, both with respect to scaling (from household robot to walking frame and cleaning robot, to post delivery vehicle and patient transportation) and relating to the private, public and commercial areas in which they are implemented. These concepts would have a big impact on the world of work and could reduce the number of people employed in the mobility sector in a wave of rationalization. This use case, following the vehicle-on-demand concept, has the potential to considerably reduce the number of professional driver jobs in particular. As well as the world of work, these vehicles could also revolutionize access to goods in particular, since it would be possible to automate the path from request for goods to the physical delivery (Chap. 16). Pilot projects with multi-copter “drones” are already sketching out this path for light goods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of autonomous systems. It states that while systems can be designed to operate independently, there is a need for overall system consideration, suggesting that human oversight or intervention may still be necessary in specific contexts. The mention of automation in logistics and the synchronization of journeys implies that fully autonomous driving may not be achievable without addressing various factors, indicating a need for supervision or intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В то же время, анализ существующих вещественных систематик золотого оруденения, показывает (как указано выше) появление большого разнообразия типов золотой минерализации в фанерозое (Goldfarb et al. , 2005, 2010; Goldfarb et al. , 2014; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014). Именно в фанерозое в разных орогенных поясах появляются и индивидуальные месторождения золото-висмутового типа (Средняя Азия, Северный Казахстан, Урал, Яно-Колымский пояс, Аляска и пр. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gold mineralization and its diversity in various geological contexts during the Phanerozoic era, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR provides interactive experiences that can increase engagement in certain subjects. [SEP] Text: , features that allow customers to virtually dress their avatars and to project some aspects of their real-life identities onto those avatars), and in the long-term, by motivating customers to use their VR fashion apps continuously. ConclusionsThis research was designed to address the question: can VR fashion apps increase online sales? Our research findings show clearly that fashion retailers’ VR apps indeed can have a positive marketing effect by fulfilling consumers’ inherent needs for competence and autonomy by employing their apps’ gamified (i. e. , challenge and achievement) and personalized features (i. e. , avatar customization and identification). In this way, our study provides important, new insights to the literature by highlighting the two needs that must be fulfilled to motivate consumers’ intention to use VR fashion apps continuously and/or make in-app purchases. Availability of data and materials The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author, Dr. Chung-Wha (Chloe) Ki. The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants. 98. 37. 45. 283. A. (2001). Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly, 25(3), 351–370. G. (2019, June 19). See it, snap it, shop it–How apps are changing the world of fashion retail. The UK Domain. V. , Kwon, W. S. , & Gilbert, J. E. (2012). Virtual agents in retail web sites: Benefits of simulated social interaction for older users. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(6), 2055–2066. 848. 67. C. I. (2010). Customization, immersion satisfaction, and online gamer loyalty. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1547–1554. New blood: A booming innovative online market, a rebirth amid pandemic. DotDotNews. 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how VR fashion apps can motivate users through gamified features and avatar customization. It states that these features fulfill consumers' inherent needs for competence and autonomy, which can lead to increased intention to use VR apps continuously and potentially make in-app purchases. This indicates that VR technologies are effectively engaging users in a particular context (fashion), thus corroborating the claim about interactive experiences increasing engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The unbeatable energy efficiency advantages of wheeled vehicles means that the demand for autonomous wheeled vehicles for the delivery of heavy goods is sure to come. 8 SummaryIn summary, the following three main points can be identified for concept changes after analyzing the four use cases:With autonomous driving, no-one is bound to the task of driving for the duration of the trip. This results in freedom as to how to use this time. The different uses will have a considerable impact on the vehicle interior and the design of the human–machine interface. Not having to take on the task of driving means that a change in the connection to the environment is possible. This applies both to the haptic channel for decoupling the effect of force from the road surface and driving dynamics on the passengers and to the visual decoupling. However, there are reservations here due to possible conflicts between visual and vestibular perception as can be observed in driving simulators today. This can only be solved by completely decoupling both worlds, i. e. when there is no visual impression from the outside and no force affecting the passengers. This would not only be very complicated to achieve for the chassis, but might also be alarming for passengers. Since autonomous driving is always carried out by means of by-wire actuator control, a very high level of motion control accuracy can be assumed. On the one hand, this enables new steering concepts, possibly even connected with anti-roll over devices on vehicles with a footprint that is not sufficient for resistance to rolling over alone, especially if steering by humans is no longer planned. On the other hand, this precision enables connection to other autonomous vehicles with the same level of precision in order to better utilize the infrastructure or to enable concepts that still seem very unusual today, such as car-to-car mass transfer. 9Automation will not instigate a revolution in vehicle concepts. Although some concepts are less “disadvantaged” by automation, classic vehicle concepts such as four-wheel passenger cars are expected to continue to dominate in the world of automated road traffic. However, new opportunities arise for special niche use areas, only the appeal of these niches is driven more by the specific regulations and access restrictions than by the superiority of the concept for general individual motorized traffic. As is already the case today, it will be the use that determines the concept for autonomous vehicles, and using the gained travel time will stimulate vehicle interior designs in particular. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing aspects of autonomous driving that imply a need for human oversight or intervention. For example, it mentions 'reservations here due to possible conflicts between visual and vestibular perception' and the challenges of completely decoupling passengers from visual impressions and road forces. Additionally, the text suggests ongoing complexities in vehicle design and the importance of considering human factors, which indicates that some level of human oversight may still be necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В аккреционных системах активных континентальных окраин, начиная с палеозоя (максимально в мезо-кайнозое), широкое распространение получают золото-серебряные эпитермальные месторождения high-sulfidation и low-sulfidation типов, максимально проявившиеся в мезо-кайнозое (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2014; Groves et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it discusses the distribution of gold-silver epithermal deposits in accretionary systems along active continental margins, which is irrelevant to the claim about lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: the and & 10. 12985/ksaa. 2018. 26. 4. 129 Original 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received: Nov 15, 2018; Revised: Dec 07, 2018; Accepted: Dec 23, 2018 Published Online: Dec 31, 2018 this paper, two different flight training devices were constructed to verify the effectiveness of a pilot training system based on a Display. VFR and IFR were conducted by high level pilots with Licence. Flight data and pilot's visual data for each flight procedure were extracted, compared and analyzed with two training systems. Finally, the effectiveness of the training systems based on the VR HMD was demonstrated by assessing the given mission and the flight results. Keywords: Pilot Training(조종사 훈련); Training(가상 현실 훈련); Device(모의 비행장치); VR HMD(VR 헤드셋); Adaptive pilot training(적응형 조종사 훈련) Ⅰ. 서 론 1. 1 연구 개요 국내 항공 산업 발전에 따라 항공 조종사의 수요는 증가 하고 있으며 그에 따라 모의 비행 훈련 환경을 제공하는 항공기 시뮬레이터 수요가 증가하고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the construction and effectiveness of VR-based pilot training systems. It specifically mentions that a pilot training system based on VR (VR HMD) was used for flight training, thus supporting the assertion that VR-based learning tools are available for training in the aviation field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The acceptance subject of autonomous driving can currently be approximated, for example, by taking transport system users who will either passively or actively come up against autonomous driving in future. This covers all of those using the current road system, be it as car drivers, cyclists or pedestrians. Further relevant acceptance subjects include developers and engineers, politicians and businesspeople, or even public research institutes. Acceptance object Acceptance object does not necessarily imply a physical object as such, but rather refers to the adoption of something “on offer, available, or proposed” ([13]: 89, translation by the authors). This may be engineering or technology, but it could also be artifacts of any type, or people, attitudes, opinions, arguments, actions, or even the values and norms behind such things. In turn, such an object acquires its significance only from what individuals or society ascribe to it—there is therefore no such thing as autonomous driving per se. Rather, the question is what specific functions autonomous driving can fulfill, and what significance individual people and society at large place in the technology. Behind this is the assumption that engineering and technology have no significance in and of themselves; instead, this is only attained by the fulfilling of social functions, human actions, and their embedding into social structures (see [9]). Acceptance context The acceptance context refers to the environment in which an acceptance subject relates to an acceptance object—and thus can only be viewed in relation to both. For example, the context of autonomous driving is determined by the current individual and social significance of car usage: Why do people use cars? What attitudes, values, expectations, etc. inform (auto)mobile praxis? Does autonomous driving fit in here seamlessly—or will it change the meaning of (auto)mobility and its system of norms? In the copious literature on acceptance and acceptance research, various dimensions and levels are identified where acceptance is visible and, above all, comprehensible. In the following, we shall take a closer look at the dimensions of attitudes, actions, and values. 2. 1. 2 Dimensions of dimension Attitudes regarding acceptance that can be surveyed include mindsets, values, and judgments. These can be polled and interpreted on both individual and societal levels. Attitudes are significant for acceptance research, as it is assumed that they can be read as willingness and intent for concrete actions ([13]: 82 f). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the acceptance of autonomous driving is dependent on various social factors and responses from individuals and society. It highlights that there is no inherent significance of autonomous driving; rather, its relevance is determined by social functions, human actions, and the context of attitudes, values, and norms surrounding the technology. This implies that human oversight and intervention are necessary to understand and implement autonomous driving within societal frameworks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: В составе фанерозойских месторождений золота (особенно для позднего мезозоя и кайнозоя) наблюдается отчетливая минеральная дифференциация на As-Sb-минерализацию, ассоциирующую с самородным золотом в его орогенных и эпитермальных рудах (в последних нередки минералы меди), и As-Bi-минерализацию в золото-висмутовых (золото-редкометальных, золото-скарновых) рудах, генетически связанных с гранитоидным магматизмом коллизионных и субдукционных обстановок (интрузион [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mineral differentiation in gold deposits rather than any connection to lunar ice or microorganisms from Earth's early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 그 중 항공 시뮬레이터의 일종인 모의 비행장치(Device)의 몰입감과 현실성을 높이는 기술이 개발 되고 있는데 근래 사용자에게 360°화면과 넓은 시야각을 제공해 주는 VR HMD(Display)의 등장으로 기존 모니터 시각 시스템이 가지는 모의 비행 장치의 몰입감과 현실성의 한계를 극복할 수 있게 되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the development of technologies that enhance the immersion and realism of aviation simulators, specifically through the use of VR head-mounted displays (HMDs). It highlights that these advancements help overcome limitations of traditional monitoring systems in flight simulation, indicating the application of VR technology in training for aviation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The dimension of values comes into its own, however, when acceptance is visible on the level of actions, for instance in the use of a specific product. These actions may only accord with subjective individual values slightly or not at all—a person can own and use a car while being strongly ecologically-minded. This, in turn, may show itself more clearly in other areas of activity—for example, by mainly or only shopping in organic grocery stores. In the context of autonomous driving, ethical criteria and social standards, which (must) determine how it is viewed, are especially challenging—see Chaps. 4 and 5 in this volume. In general, an acceptance object is also always evaluated in relation to an existing system of norms and values (see [14]). 2. 1. 3 Research on AcceptanceAcceptance takes place not only on various levels as described above, but is also the result of a complex individual and collective process of evaluation and negotiation, sometimes even of relatively unspecific “sensitivities” ([8]: 55, translation by the authors). This raises the question of how such a process can be made measurable and thus empirically accessible. For a relatively new technology such as autonomous driving, this means to examine in what way individual stakeholders (e. g. users), social groups, organizations, and institutions meet the challenges of technological and scientific progress as well as “to identify the potential for design to meet social challenges and to test technological options in view of their problem-solving capacity” ([12]: C, translation by the authors). In summary, we may say that, for acceptance research, acceptance “is a complex, multilayered construct that is not directly measurable, and for which there are no “calibrated” measuring instruments” ([12]: 21, translation by the authors). Depending on the acceptance object in question, but also on the relevant dimensions, only indicators specific to each case may be operationalized and rendered measurable—which in turn excludes the use of others. This should also be reflected in the research process. 3 Acceptance of Autonomous Driving: State and Focus of ResearchAutonomous driving can be placed alongside products of everyday technology. In contrast to working technologies and so-called external technologies, such as nuclear power or satellite technology, everyday technologies mainly involve products for individual consumers, and are controlled by the market. Nonetheless, they can have consequences for third parties ([14]: 31). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that acceptance research for autonomous driving involves complex evaluations of how users, social groups, organizations, and institutions respond to technological progress. The mention of evaluating acceptance implies that there is a need for oversight and social standards, suggesting that human intervention and oversight are significant when it comes to the acceptance and integration of autonomous driving technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: -релейтед тип). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information that relates to lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. It appears to be incomplete or nonsensical in the given context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 본 논문은 VR HMD기반의 모의 비행 장치를 통해 비행 훈련을 진행시 조종사 훈련 효과에 대한 연구를 진행하기 위해 사업용 항공기 조종 자격증 (CPL : License)을 보유 하고 있는 고 신뢰도 그룹을 구축 뒤 시계 비행(VFR : Rule)과 계기 비행(IFR : Rule) 절차가 포함 된 두 비행 절차를 수행, 마지막으로 각 모의 비행 장치 탑승에 따른 조종사 비행 데이터 및 시야 데이터를 추출하여 데이터 분석 및 평가를 실시하였다. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study focused on VR HMD-based flight simulators used for pilot training. The mention of flight procedures and the context of utilizing VR technology for training purposes aligns with the claim that VR-based learning tools are available in fields like aviation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Car usage and ownership are typical examples from this area. Acceptance of technology in this context primarily means purchase, but as a rule also includes use. Particularly at the beginning of autonomous driving’s potential implementation, however, it may be assumed that not only the level of private or individual consumption plays a role, but also that the effects on various social spheres are publicly discussed and weighed up. This could include questions of whether we can permit vehicles in our transport system that will probably be involved in accidents just like conventional vehicles—but with the possible difference that the machine or driving robot causes the accident, not only endangering its own occupants but all road users. Recently there has also been the question of the common good (for more on this, see Chap. 30 on risk analysis and assessment Chap. 4 on the ethics of autonomous driving). It is possible that autonomous driving may bring with it other social or economic risks and consequences that could be the subject of public debate. It will thus also be important, in empirical terms, to demarcate the border between these two spheres—the individual and the societal aspects of acceptance—as clearly as possible, and to establish “how technological attributions come about as internally or externally controlled” ([14]: 32, translation by the authors). In general, no hostility to technology is visible in Germany, and in the sphere of its individual use, the reverse is even true. To a great degree, many German households have, and constantly use, everyday technological products (see [10, 17]). In summary, it is often said of autonomous driving that such vehicles will only be accepted if, on the one hand, they drive “better” than humans, and on the other, if the vehicle user can override the autonomous functions as a last line of control (see [4]: 2 ff). However, Grunwald reports elsewhere in this volume that risk perception is many times more complex than such statements would have us believe (see Chap. 30). Analogies to other technologies from these areas, and thus their experience of acceptance, tend to be difficult to make. Although we already have many examples of automated transport systems today (for instance airplanes, ships, (metro) trains, and military vehicles), they all still have humans with authority to supervise or control them. We do not yet have a vehicle or mobility system without this human authority ([4]: 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'the vehicle user can override the autonomous functions as a last line of control', indicating that human oversight is necessary for acceptance of autonomous driving technology. It also explicitly notes that 'we do not yet have a vehicle or mobility system without this human authority', further reinforcing that complete absence of human intervention is not a reality in autonomous driving.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Наиболее контрастно это наблюдается по северному обрамлению Тихого океана, в Северо-Американских Кордильерах (например, месторождения Пого, Форт Нокс, Даблин Галч, с одной стороны, и Карибу, Джуно – с другой), на Северо-Востоке Азии (Чистое, Малыш, Тэутэджак и Наталка, Нежданинское) (Горячев, 2003). Это результат определенной вещественной эволюции золотого оруденения, при постоянном присутствии в рудах значительного количества кварца. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological formations and mineral evolution in specific regions of North America and Northeast Asia, without any mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 2 연구 방법 본 연구에서는 VR HMD의 시각 시스템을 가진 기초 모의비행 훈련장치를 통해 조종사 비행훈련 시 구체적인 조종 훈련효과를 평가하기 위해 보편적으로 비행 훈련 시스템에 쓰이고 있는 모니터 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 기초 모의비행훈련장치(BATD:Training Device)와 VR HMD 기반 시각시스템을 가진 를 구축 하였다. 구축된 2가지 형태의 모의비행장치에 사업용항공기 조종자격을 보유하고 있는 실험조종사를 선발하여 탑승 시켰다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that evaluates the effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) flight training device (HMD) for pilot training. It mentions that two types of flight training systems were built, one being a traditional monitor-based system and the other a VR HMD-based system. This confirms that VR-based tools are used in aviation training.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For this reason, autonomous driving could place unique demands on acceptance. The question of which factors, characteristics, demands, expectations, value systems, of whom and to whom, and what, etc. is connected with autonomous driving’s acceptance—all this has not yet been sufficiently empirically recorded. Some studies dealing with the topic from market and opinion research have found a general and also increasing openness to autonomous driving (see [2, 18, 19]). But these do not make clear what the respondents actually understand as “autonomous driving,” in which context their perceptions and evaluations are embedded, and what challenges and obstacles, and also benefits, may be identified in relation to it. On the user side, surveys directly testing judgments of autonomous driving are currently also subject to the problem that, to date, neither broad levels of knowledge, nor concrete experience may be assumed. Attitudes and assessments recorded as such are therefore possibly of only limited validity, for the object of the survey is not yet clearly defined, as people have hardly encountered it. In their study on acceptance and electric mobility, Peters and Dütschke suggest the following: “Surveys of potential users, for instance questionnaires as to whether or under which circumstances they would be prepared to buy an electric car, have the problem that judgments on the new, still little-known system of electric mobility are difficult for consumers to make. As a rule, they rest on a comparison to conventional vehicles on the basis of previous mobility patterns” ([20]: 6, translation by the authors). A comparable assessment can be carried over to autonomous driving. The few studies that have considered aspects of autonomous driving’s acceptance give, in part, quite a heterogenous picture. In their study of active and passive safety systems, Frost and Sullivan show that the majority of car users to date resist the idea of giving up control of their vehicle to a machine or robot [21]. Other surveys, on the other hand, have demonstrated that young drivers between 19 and 31 in particular often find driving to be burdensome—specifically, driving can stop them addressing other, more important, meaningful or interesting activities: “Regulation keeps trying to say texting is distracting to driving but for the consumer it is really the driving that is distracting to texting” ([22]: 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are significant concerns and resistance among car users regarding relinquishing control of their vehicle to autonomous systems. It states, 'the majority of car users to date resist the idea of giving up control of their vehicle to a machine or robot,' which implies that a level of human oversight or intervention is still desired or required, thus challenging the assertion that autonomous driving necessitates no human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ОБСУЖДЕНИЕЭтапность формированияКак уже отмечено выше, анализ проявления орогенной золоторудной минерализации на фоне эволюции земной коры показал ее дискретность и существование большого перерыва в среднем–позднем протерозое (Саттран, 1984; Goldfarb et al. , 2005; Groves et al. , 2005). В целом наблюдается тесная корреляция значимости пиков золотоносности с пиками роста земной коры и орогенными событиями (Groves et al. , 2005), которые отвечают известным суперконтинентальным циклам (см. фиг. 1) (Goldfarb et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological processes related to gold mineralization and continental evolution on Earth, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 1 모의 비행 훈련 장치 구축 및 개선 모의 비행 장치 구축에 있어서는 (Regulations) Part 41 및 141를 참고하여 [1] 모의비행장치 4가지 필수적인 구성요소를 적용하여 모니터 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 모의 비행 장치와 VR HMD 기반 시각 시스템을 가진 모의 비행 장치를 구축 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the construction of flight simulators that use VR technology. It specifically mentions the application of VR HMD (Head-Mounted Display) systems in flight training devices, which supports the idea that VR-based tools are utilized for training in aviation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: A poll of Europeans’ desires for the car of the future also revealed that some two thirds of respondents are open-minded concerning autonomous driving [18]. Although an international survey of car drivers in Germany, China, the USA, and Japan found openness in principle, it also showed that a large number of those questioned in all countries currently (still) harbor doubts about the technology’s safe operation [19] or are even rather scared of it [2]. 4 The Road-User PerspectiveDespite the haziness in the empirical methods outlined above, the main questions when looking at autonomous driving’s acceptance have to be: How is the acceptance object actually perceived? What acceptance-relevant issues, on either individual or social levels, are associated with the technology? The aim must be to obtain initial indications as to the dimensions of attitudes and values regarding acceptance, and to identify the concrete expectations, hopes, desires, even fears, linked with the development, use, and design of the technology (see [12]). Within the “Villa Ladenburg” project, the first work on individual and societal acceptance was therefore an exploratory study that took a broad look at the point of view of today’s road users—who are also tomorrow’s potential users of autonomous driving. In the process, essential issues of perceived use from a subjective perspective were considered. The survey also addressed discernible differences in different socio-cultural environments—in this case Germany and the USA. These are among the leading automobile nations, where wide-ranging debates on autonomous driving have already begun with media coverage of the topic having increased noticeably in the last two years. This indicates that autonomous driving is gradually gaining the public’s attention. 4. 1 MethodsThe study analyzed statements from comments on autonomous driving. The methodological approach took the form of an analysis of how online 4. 2 ResultsThe category system, consisting of almost 60 categories and subcategories, is divided into two levels. First there is an object-related level, which is also the more objective of the two. This encompasses statements that contained (positively and negatively) perceived features of the technology, as well as connected topics concerning its general and specific potential for development, and also those on the legal framework, liability questions, etc. Such statements are above all oriented around the object of acceptance, and simultaneously closely linked to the acceptance context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are significant doubts and fears among potential users regarding the safe operation of autonomous driving technologies. It notes that while some people are open to the idea of autonomous driving, a considerable number of those surveyed in multiple countries still harbor concerns about the technology's safety and effectiveness, indicating that human oversight or intervention may still be deemed necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015). Судя по многочисленным датировкам золоторудных месторождений разных этапов, они все формировались в процессе орогенных циклов, сопровождавших конструктивный тектогенез формирования континентов и суперконтинентов. Причем это происходило на финальных стадиях орогенного тектогенеза, практически синхронно, или чуть позже, с орогенным гранитоидным магматизмом, как для архея (Pagham, 1986; Robert et al. , 2005; Percival, 2007; Mole et al. , 2015), так и для фанерозоя (Горячев, 2003; Nelson, Colpron, 2007; Van Staal, 2007; Goldfarb et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms, as it discusses geological processes and mineral formations on Earth without any mention of the Moon or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 조종간 시스템으로써 모의 비행장치의 조종간 Control Force가 너무 낮았던 점을 참고하여[1] 실제 조종간과 유사한 컨트롤 포스를 제공해 주는 조종간(Flight Stick) 및 쓰로틀 시스템(Throttel System) 으로 변경 하였다. VR HMD 시각 시스템은 기존 2160x1200의 해상도의 성능을 가진 VR HMD에서 78%의 해상도가 향상된 총 2880x1600의 해상도를 가진 VR HMD로 교체하여 조종사에게 좀더 현실적이고 선명한 화면을 제공 하도록 개선하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing improvements made to a flight simulator's control force and visual system, indicating that VR tools are being utilized in aviation training to enhance realism and effectiveness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: On the more emotional level, on the other hand, the question at hand is the subject of acceptance—statements mostly directly refer to the commenters themselves and contain attitudes, judgments and subjective motivations regarding autonomous driving. These are also essentially strongly linked to the context of acceptance, for example with the context of car usage and ownership. Around 15 % of all statements were not applicable to the research object and therefore were deemed to have no relevance. Figure 29. 3 shows the category system and a reduced graphic overview and Table 29. 1 has the percentages of statements on the two levels as well as the survey’s general figures. Fig. 29. 3Two-level category systemFull size image Table 29. 1 Distribution of statements, general figuresFull size table 4. 2. 1 Object-Perceived features and consequences of autonomous driving Distributed among the three comparison groups (German and US mass media; tech-savvy Heise online), between 43 and 47 % of all statements were attributable to the object-related level. Table 29. 2 shows a selection of the categories and their percentage distribution. The comments give concrete expectations in relation to the features of autonomous driving, but also to the potential changes and consequences for transport and social systems, and in legal terms. At least two thirds of the anticipated features and consequences have clearly positive connotations, as many as 70 % in the German-media comments. These may, for example, refer to expected safety benefits of autonomous driving, which are expected to greatly reduce, if not completely prevent, road traffic accidents in future. One user puts it thus: “A car, though, should actually be much safer on the road than with a driver, as it will have a lot more sensors to see what’s coming, be able to look in all directions at once, and have a reaction time close to zero. ” On the negative side, the main fears revolve around the social consequences, for instance job losses: “What they are working towards is the abolition of the German car industry. Nobody is going to buy a Porsche or a nice fat Benz if they will only get schlepped around like every other Tom, Dick or Harry. […] Losing the German car industry means ca. 25 % fewer of the most highly qualified jobs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting user expectations around autonomous driving features and safety benefits, while also acknowledging potential negative social consequences, such as job losses in the automotive industry. Specifically, a user states that a car could be safer without a driver due to enhanced sensors and reaction times, which implies that while autonomous driving is expected to reduce accidents, it does not entirely eliminate the possibility of human oversight or the need for human intervention in addressing societal impacts like job implications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2014; Goryachev, Pirajno, 2014). Например, изотопные исследования формирования кратона Ийлгарн (Западная Австралия) показали, что золотая минерализация является продуктом формирования его коры и самым последним событием в его архейской истории (Mole et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses isotopic studies of the formation of the Eilgarn craton in Western Australia and mentions gold mineralization, which does not pertain to lunar ice deposists or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR-based learning tools are available for training in fields like aviation and engineering. [SEP] Text: 또한 모의 비행 장치 환경의 현실성을 위해 시뮬레이션 프로그램 내 실제 국내 공항 및 지형에 대한 위성사진을 Overlay하여 조종사가 비행 시 지형지물 참고가 용이하게 설정하였다. 그 외 실시간 비행 데이터 계측 및 모의 비행장치 제어를 위해 원격으로 모의 비행 장치를 제어할 수 있는 제어 프로그램을 설치 하였고 원격 제어를 위해 UDP 네트워크를 사용하여 모의 비행장치의 운용 효율을 향상시켰다. Table 1은 구축한 BATD와 의 세부 사양이다. Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of simulation programs that enhance the realism of the pilot training environment, including references to actual airports and terrain through satellite images. This indicates that VR-based learning tools are indeed being utilized for training pilots in aviation, supporting the claim.