Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Dermatol 1974; 13: 276-82. [214] G, Briones Cedeño MC, Preciado Román V, Uraga Pazmiño R. Extracto de Polypodium leucotomos como adjuvante en la repigmentación inducida con UVB de banda estrecha en pacientes con vitiligo. Am 2013; 41: 205-9. [215] Oral administration of a hydrophilic extract of Polypodium leucotomos for the prevention of polymorphic light eruption. J Dermatol 2012; 66: 58-62. [216] Ramírez- Extracto de Polypodium leucotomos en dermatitis atópica: Ensayo multicéntrico, aleatorizado, doble ciego y controlado con placebo. Sifilográf 2012; 103: 599-607. [217]. Photoprotective activity of oral polypodium leucotomos extract in 25 Patients with idiopathic photodermatoses. Photomed 2007; 23: 46-7. [218] Capote R, Alonso-Lebrero JL, García F, et al. Polypodium leucotomos extract inhibits trans-urocanic acid photoisomerization and photodecomposition. J 2006; 82: 173-9. [219] Decrease of ultraviolet A light-induced “common deletion” in healthy volunteers after oral Polypodium leucotomos extract supplement in a randomized clinical trial. J Dermatol 2010; 62: 511-3. [220] Palomino OM. Current knowledge in Polypodium leucotomos effect on skin protection. Res 2015; 307: 199-209. [221] Gonzalez-de Teresa C. Effect of Phlebodium decumanum on the immune response induced by training in sedentary university students. J Med 2011; 10: 315-21. [222] Murbach TS, Béres E, Vértesi A, et al. A comprehensive toxicological safety assessment of an aqueous extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®). Toxicol 2015; 86: 328-41. [223]. Flavonoids of Phlebodium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the specific effects of Polypodium leucotomos in various studies related to skin conditions and its protective properties but does not provide evidence that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. Instead, it presents specific research findings which highlight that the effectiveness of plants may vary and is not universally applicable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: med. 41241124311. HarrisTCookE. 1985Blood pressure experience and risk of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Hypertension71182412. PihlantoAKorhonenH2003Bioactive peptides and proteins. Adv. food res. 4717527613. Hernández-ledesma(2011Antihypertensive peptides: production, bioavailability and incorporation into foodsAdv. colloid interface sci. 1652335 14. Van GaalL. FMertensI. LDe BlockC. E2006Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease. Nature444876880 15. PihlantoA2006Antioxidative peptides derived from milk proteinsInt. dairy j. 161306131416. Roudot-algaronFBarsD. . C1994Phosptiopeptides from Comté Cheese: Nature and origin. J. food sci. 5954454717. SinghT. KFoxP. FHealyA1997Isolation and identification of further peptides from diafiltration retentate of the water-soluble fraction of Cheddar cheese. Jdairy res. 6443344318. MeiselHGoepfertAGünterS1997ACE-inhibitory activities in milk productsMilchwissenschaft5230731119. (1992) Characterization of the 12% tricholoroacetic acid-insoluble oligopeptides of Parmigiano–Reggiano cheese. J. dairy res. 59: 401–411. 20. SmacchiEGobbettiM1998Peptides from several Italian cheeses inhibitory to proteolytic enzymes of lactic acid bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens ATCC 948 and to the angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Enzyme microb. tech. 2268769421. HaileselassieS. . F1999Purification and identification of potentially bioactive peptides from enzyme modified cheese. J. dairy sci. 821612161722. RyhänenE-LPihlanto-leppäläAPahkalaE2001A new type of ripened low-fat cheese with bioactive properties. Int. dairy j. 1144144723. GomezJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses various studies related to peptides, proteins, and cheese without mentioning lactic acid bacteria or fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: According to Pearlman, by modulating tension and release, rhythm acts on the observer as a generative aspect of his or her comprehension of a film, regardless of its genre, topic or quality. The role of the editor is to determine the timing, pacing, and trajectory phrasing of its movement, and spectators’ bodies respond to this rhythm [—] and SYNC up into a physiological phenomenon of feeling with (Pearlman ibid, p. 68). The film editor’s insights are supported by the conclusions of various researchers. For example, Gallese and Guerra (2013), as a result of discoveries in neuroscience, propose a novel approach to cinema that considers cognition but also incorporates the body expression. The triad: film, body and brain, can be a new basis for understanding film theory. With the advancement of new digital technologies for analyzing movies and individuals’ reactions to them (Shimamura 2013a), there opens a new approach in cognitive neuroscience, the embodiment of which is applied to film studies (Gallese and Guerra 2012). New disciplines are emerging: Neuroaesthetics (Chatterje 2012; Kirk 2012) and Psychocinematics (Shimamura 2013b). It seems worthwhile to take a closer look at our film editor’s conclusions, reached through professional experience and intuition. Are her conjectures supported in research outside the realm of cinema? If so, does that mean that this influencing-through-rhythm mechanism works outside the movie-watching experience? And finally, captivating notion: Maybe this isn’t an isolated phenomenon. Maybe people also communicate through rhythm in everyday life? The departure point for addressing these questions will be the notion of empathy. Next we will document the neuroscience behind this phenomenon, and finally, we’ll look at the synchronization processes based on mirror neurons and empathy. 2 Being in the shoes of others2. 1 EmpathyNeither animals nor humans are selfish, writes a known primatologist (2009). Empathy is an ancient trait, as old as maternal care; mothering based on being sensitive to and anticipating the needs of developing offspring is more successful than less responsive types of care. thus turns upside down the long-held notion of humans (and other animals) as competitive and supremely selfish, concerned only with their own survival and perhaps the survival of their offspring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that there will be a discussion on the synchronization processes based on mirror neurons and empathy. It also highlights that empathy is a significant aspect of how individuals, both humans and animals, engage with each other, suggesting a biological underpinning to social behaviors. Therefore, the exploration of neuroscience mentioned can support the link between mirror neurons, empathy, and social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. Fitoterapia 2002; 73: 713-5. [250] Antimalarial activity of Tanzanian medicinal plants. 1990; 56: 368-70. [251] Anticough and antimicrobial activities of Psidium guajava Linn. leaf extract. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 203-12. [252] Pérez Gutiérrez. Psidium guajava: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 117: 1-27. [253]. Pharmacological studies on the leaf of Psidium guajava. Fitoterapia 1999; 70: 25-31. [254] Lozoya X, Becerril G, Martínez M. Modelo de perfusión intraluminal de ileon de cobayo in vitro en el estudio de las propiedades antidiarréicas de la guayaba (Psidium guajava). Med 1990; 21: 155-62. [255] Lutterodt GD. Inhibition of Microlax*-induced experi-mental diarrhoea with narcotic-like extracts of Psidium guajava leaf in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1992; 37: 151-7. [256]. Analysis of antidiarrhoeic effect of plants used in popular medicine. Rev Saúd Púb 1995; 29: 428-33. [257] Ramirez G, Zavala M, Pérez J, Zamilpa A. In vitro screening of medicinal plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics with glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities. eCAM 2012; ID 701261. . [258] Zolla C, del. Medicina tradicional y enfermedad. México: CEISS 1988. [259] Lozoya X, Reyes-Morales H, Chávez-Soto MA, et al. Intestinal anti-spasmodic effect of a phytodrug of Psidium guajava folia in the treatment of acute diarrheic disease. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 83: 19-24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on specific plants, particularly Psidium guajava, and their documented pharmacological effects. The presence of these studies suggests that not all plants used in traditional medicine may be effective for modern ailments, as the claim implies universality. For example, while Psidium guajava has demonstrated antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activities, it does not necessarily indicate that all traditional medicinal plants possess similar efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: ARamosMRecioI2002Angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides in Manchego cheeses manufactured with different starter cultures. Int. dairy j. 1269770624. Torres-llanezM. JGonzález-córdovaA. FHernandez-mendozaAGarciaH. SVallejo-cordobaB2011Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in cheese. J. dairy sci. 943794380025. PrippA. 2006Relationship between proteolysis and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition in different cheeses LWT 3967768326. MuehlenkampM. RWarthesenJ. J1996casomorphins: Analysis in cheese and susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes from Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris. J. dairy sci. 79202627. Sienkiewicz- 2009Contents of agonistic and antagonistic opioid peptides in different cheese varieties. Int. dairy j. 1925826328. -grosA2006Immunomodulating effects of water-soluble extracts of traditional cheeses on a human T-lymphocyte cell line. Int. dairy j. 161505151429. 2000Isolation and structural analysis of antihypertensive peptides that exist naturally in Gouda cheese J. dairy sci. 8314341440 30. OngLShahN. P2008Release and identification of angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory peptides as influenced by ripening temperatures and probiotic adjuncts in Cheddar cheeses. LWT- Food sci. technol. 411555156631. Bütikofer2007Quantification of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in hard, semi-hard and soft cheeses. Int. dairy j. 1796897532. Bütikofer2008Occurrence of the angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro in different cheese varieties of Swiss origin. J. dairy sci. 91293833. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about lactic acid bacteria's role in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses various studies related to peptides in cheese, their structural analysis, and the effects of different starter cultures on cheese properties, which is unrelated to the fermentation significance of lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Instead the author finds huge amounts of empathy, cooperation, and concern amongst species, tribes and other groups, and families. It all starts with “emotional contagion,” which is a primitive form of true empathy. In essence, we are simply infected with others’ emotions or behavior. holds that cognitive empathy is a higher state that allows us to understand and actually feel the emotions of the others. This capacity arose long ago with motor mimicry and emotional contagion, after which, evolution brought small modifications, until our ancestors not only felt what others felt but also understood what others might want or need. This enhanced their ability to survive and propagate. 2. 1. 1 When empathy was discovered? Prior to the development of the notion of empathy, Theodor LippsFootnote 1 introduced the term Einfühlung or Einfühlungsvermögen (German: “feeling with” or “managing feeling with”), which referred to the tendency of perceivers to project themselves into the objects of perception and experience them as being “in” the object, so that they were “felt” as well as “seen” (Håkansson 2003). The term empathy per se was coined by Titchener,Footnote 2 in the process of developing Lipp’s concept of Einfühlungsvermögen (Håkansson 2003). 2. 1. 2 Empathy seen as an affective reactionIt seems that most definitions highlight the affective reaction as the backbone of empathy. This approach is well represented by Roy (2010), who posits that empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication. Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ”Eisenberg and Strayer (1990): “In our view, empathy involves sharing the perceived emotion of another—“feeling with” another” (p 5) or Roy (2010): “Empathy is an essential part of emotions and is itself a specific emotion involving a feeling element of familiarity or connection and a bodily reaction of verbal or nonverbal communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the relationship between empathy, social behavior, and evolutionary development. It explains 'emotional contagion' as a primitive form of empathy and describes how cognitive empathy, which allows understanding and feeling the emotions of others, developed from motor mimicry and emotional contagion. This indicates a link to social behavior and empathy's evolution, thereby supporting the claim that mirror neurons are connected to empathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [260] A randomized double-blind study evaluating the safety and effectiveness of a Ghanaian polyherbal product for the management of superficial mycoses. J 2015; 140-6. [261] Deguchi Y, Miyazaki K. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of guava leaf extracts. 2010; 7: 9. [262]. Effect of guava in blood glucose and lipid profile in healthy human subjects: A randomized controlled study. J Res 2016; 10: 4-7. [263] Lozoya X, Meckes M, Abou-Zaid M, et al. Quercetin glucosides in Psidium guajava L. leaves and determination of a spasmolytic principle. Res 1994; 25: 11-5. [264] Newer insights into the mechanism of action of Psidium guajava L. leaves in infectious diarrhea. 2010; 10: 33. [265] Kaneko K, Suzuki K, Iwadate-Iwata E, et al. Evaluation of food-drug interaction of guava leaf tea. 2013; 27: 299-305. [266] Huft MJ. Smilacaceae. In: Flora Mesoamericana. 1994; 6: p. 21. [267]. Flora de 85(3). Saint Louis: Garden 2001. [268] ínez V, et al. Ethnobotanical, pharmacognostical, pharmacological and phytochemical studies on Smilax domingensis in Guatemala. Pharmacog 2012; 22: 239-48. [269]. Medicinal plants of the Popoluca, México: Organoleptic properties as indigenous selection criteria. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 81: 307-15. [270] Estrogenic effects of herbal medicines from used for the management of menopausal symptoms. Menopause 2009; 16: 748-55. [271] Bérdy. CRC Handbook of Antibiotic Compounds. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Part 1 & 2, 1982. [272] Cáceres áceres A. Extraction of natural colors with potential industrial application from Smilax domingensis rhizome. 2014; (1030): 71-5. [273]. Flora of Guatemala. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents numerous studies and evaluations of specific plants like Psidium guajava L. that highlight their properties and effects on various health conditions. However, it does not substantiate the claim that all traditional medicinal plants are effective in modern contexts. Instead, it implies that while certain plants have been studied and shown some effectiveness, this does not extend universally to all traditional medicinal plants, thus contrasting the claim about the efficacy of all such plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: MeyerJBütikofer2009Hot topic: Changes in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and concentrations of the tripeptides Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro during ripening of different Swiss cheese varieties. J. dairy sci. 9282683634. 1995Purification and characterization of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors from sour milk. J. dairy sci. 7877778335. Pihlanto-leppäläARokkaTKorhonenH1998converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from bovine milk proteins. Int. dairy j. 832533136. 2000Production of angiotensin-I-converting-enzyme-inhibitory peptides in fermented milks started by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SS1 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris FT4. Appl. environ. microb. 663898390437. FuglsangARattrayF. PNilssonDNyborgC. B2003Lactic acid bacteria: inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme in vitro and in vivo. Anton. leeuw. 83273438. 2010converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antihypertensive effect of fermented milk. Int. dairy j. 2031039. NielsenM. . IOtteJ2009Peptide profiles and angiotensin-I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of fermented milk products: Effect of bacterial strain, fermentation pH, and storage time Int. dairy j. 1915516540. MuguerzaBRamosMSánchezEMansoM. -fandinoR2006Antihypertensive activity of milk fermented by Enterococcus faecalis strains isolated from raw milk. Int. dairy j. 16616941. Rodríguez-figueroaJ. CReyes-díazRGonzález-córdovaA. FTroncoso-rojasRVargas-arispuroIVallejo-cordobaB2010Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of milk fermented by wild and industrial Lactococcus lactis strains. J. dairy sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and their relationships in various dairy products, without providing any direct information about the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Empathy in general would mean feeling what the other person is feeling and “being in the shoes of the other. ” [—] Empathy is closely related to intuition and, like intuition, helps in the understanding and recognition of emotions in others. Empathy is thus described as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and is marked by a feeling of connecting to the other person. ”Stotland (1969), Hoffman (1987), and Barnett et al. (1987) also delineated empathy in affective terms and conceptualized empathy as feeling a vicarious emotion that is congruent with, but not necessarily identical to, the emotion of another. 2. 1. 3 Cognitive and epistemological aspects of empathyIn the 1930s both MeadFootnote 3 (1967) and PiagetFootnote 4 (2008) emphasized the cognitive aspects of empathy, highlighting the ability to understand the other, beyond mere “feeling into. ” Mead, especially, saw children’s ability to role play as the key to their development. He put forward that meaning “arises in experience through the individual stimulating himself to take the attitude of the other in his reaction toward the object” (Mead ibid, p. 545). Piaget emphasized empathy as a cognitive function requiring an individual to de-focus on her or himself and imagine the role of another (Håkansson 2003). Bandura (1969, 1971) introduced the mechanism of vicarious learning, i. e. , an ability to emotionally learn by observation; he noticed that the two components of vicarious learning are firstly, the behavior of a model that produces reinforcement for a particular behavior, and secondly, positive emotional reactions aroused in the observer. and Singer (2006) also highlight the epistemological role of empathy, because by sharing the emotional state of others, we are well-equipped to develop a more precise and direct estimate of others’ plausible future actions. Also empathy provides knowledge about important environmental properties, as we emotionally learn by observation, e. g. , seeing someone being burned by a machine, we attach a negative “avoidance” value to the machine, without having experienced pain ourselves. In this sense empathy is an efficient computation tool for acquiring knowledge about the attributes of the world around us. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing empathy as the recognition and emotional understanding of others, which is framed as crucial for social interaction. It refers to empathy in terms of both cognitive and emotional aspects, emphasizing that the understanding and sharing of emotional states can enhance social behavior. The mention of vicarious learning and its emotional component supports the idea that there are neurological mechanisms related to empathy, aligning with the claim regarding mirror neurons' significance in social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: : Ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology of its tranquilizing properties. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 181: 221-8. [285] Neher RT. The ethnobotany of Tagetes. 1968; 22: 317-25. [286]. On the use of Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica as a Huichol smoking mixture: “yahutli” with suggestive hallucinogenic effects. 1977; 31: 16-23. [287] Antimicrobial activity of dry extracts of Tagetes lucida from Guatemala. J Hyg 2003; 44: 85-7. [288] España SM, Velez P, Cáceres A. (1994) Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 5. Vibriocidal activity of five American plants used to treat diarrhea. Fitoterapia 1994; 65: 273-4. [289] Hernández T, Canales M, Flores C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of Tagetes lucida. 2006; 44: 19-22. [290] Damián-Badillo LM, Salgado-Garciglia R, Martínez-Muñoz RE, Martínez-Pacheco MM. Antifungal properties of some Mexican medicinal plants. 2008; 1: 27-33. [291] Thiophene occurrence in different Tagetes species: Agricultural biomasses as sources of biocidal substances. J Agric 2010; 90: 1210-7. [292] Oranday A, Martínez G, Nuñez A, et al. Coumarin isolated from Tagetes lucida Cav. exhibits larvicidal activity in Aedes aegypti (L. ). 2008; 33: 315-7. [293] éndez-Sánchez SC, et al. Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culidae). 2014; 113: 2647-54. [294] López FJ, Jiménez B, Cortés AR, Aoki K. (1994) Tagetes lucida Cav. I: Inhibitory effect on smooth muscle contractility. Phyton 1990; (51): 71-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various studies and findings related to specific plants such as Tagetes lucida and Nicotiana rustica. These studies highlight properties like antimicrobial and antifungal activities, as well as effects on gastrointestinal disorders. However, the presence of studies does not automatically support the effectiveness of all traditional medicinal plants for modern ailments. The studies cited focus on particular plants and their specific effects rather than validating the overall claim that all traditional medicine plants are effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 935032503842. 1999Purification and characterization of an antihypertensive peptide from a yogurt-like product fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus CPN4. J. dairy sci. 821388139343. AsharM. NChandR2004Antihypertensive peptides purified form milks fermented with Lactobacillus belbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. Milchwissenschaft 59141744. . 2007Identification of novel antihypertensive peptides in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis. Int. dairy j. 17334145. KunjiE. . N1996The proteolytic systems of lactic acid bacteria. Anton. leeuw. 7018722146. 1991Lactobacillus helveticus bacterium having high capability of producing tripeptide, fermented milk product, and process for preparing the same. EU Patent, 1016709A1. 47. 1993Purification and specificity of a cell-wall associated proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J. biochem, 11474074548. 2004Purification and characterization of an endopeptidase has an important role in the carboxyl terminal processing of antihypertensive peptides in Lactobacillus helveticus CM4. Lett. appl. microbiol. 39313318 49. . MPihlantoAJoutsjokiV2007Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory activity in milk fermented by wild-type and peptidase-deletion derivatives of Lactobacillus helveticus CNRZ32. Int. dairy j. 1797698450. KwonD. YDailyJ. WKimH. JParkS2010Antidiabetic effects of fermented soybean products on type 2 diabetes. Nutr. res. 3011351. ShinZ. IYuRParkS. AChungD. KAhnC. WNamH. SKimK. SLeeH. J2001His-His-Leu, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from Korean soybean paste, exerts antihypertensive activity in vivo. J. agric. food chem. 493004300952. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists research articles and studies related to various peptides and their antihypertensive effects, without explicitly discussing the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Therefore, it does not provide any evidence or support for the specific claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 4 Empathy as connectednessEmpathy relates to connectedness and to a sense of just knowing what another person is feeling, and is closely related to intuition (Roy 2010). Moreover, it can be defined as recognizing other people’s emotions through intuition and a feeling of connecting to the other person (Roy idem). Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012) document that empathy enhances connectedness through the unconscious sharing of neuro-pathways that dissolve the barriers between self and other. Gallese (2005, 2009) analyzes connectedness as embodied simulation. In his recent paper (Gallese 2014) he highlights the role of the bodily interaction indicating that the discovery of mirror neurons led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity; in that perspective intersubjectivity is being viewed as intercorporeality. 2. 1. 5 Empathy as a mixed affective and cognitive reactionEisenberg (2002) considered both emotional and cognitive factors and defined empathy as “an affective response that stems from the apprehension or comprehension of another’s emotional state or condition, and that is similar to what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel” (p 135). Similarly, Davis (1996), Pavlovich and Krahnke (2012), and Ickes (1997) depict the emotional and cognitive aspects of empathy. 2. 1. 6 Moral aspects of empathyEmpathy plays a key role in contribution to altruism and compassion for others in physical, psychological, or economic distress. It provides feelings of guilt over harming someone and feelings of anger at others who do harm. Empathy is a pivotal factor in the parental behaviors that foster moral internalization in children. It is also a gateway to internalizing abstract moral principles (Hoffman 2001), especially in that it includes “ethical responsibility in the face of the Other” (Thompson 2001, p. 17). 2. 1. 7 Social aspects of empathyEmpathy is also a departure point for pro-social behavior and cooperation. People help others more when they report having empathized with them. On the contrary, individuals with empathy deficits are more likely to display aggressive, antisocial behavior toward others. Some say that lack of empathy during development results in lack of morality. However, empathy is not a necessary condition for taking pro-social action; it additionally requires sympathy to be a motivation for reaching out and helping (and Singer 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how empathy relates to connectedness and is connected to the discovery of mirror neurons. Specifically, it mentions that the discovery of mirror neurons led to the proposal of an embodied approach to intersubjectivity, indicating a relationship between mirror neurons and empathy in social interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [295] Sapúlveda- Anti-inflammatory effects of the main constituents and epoxides derived for the essential oils obtained from Tagetes lucida, Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia alba and Eucalyptus citriodora. J Res 2013; 25: 186-93. [296] Guadarrama-Cruz G, Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Lezama-Velasco R, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of Tagetes lucida Cav in the forced swimming test. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120: 277-81. [297] Guadarrama-Cruz G, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, Vega-Avila E, et al. Antidepressant-like effect of Tagetes lucida Cav. extract in rats: Involvement of the serotonergic system. 2012; 40: 753-68. [298] ía. Photodynamic hemolysis caused by α-terthienyl. 1984; 50: 124. [299] Hethelyi E, Dános B, Tetényi P. GC/MS analysis of essential oils of some Tagetes species. In: Brunke EJ Progress in Research. Berlin: Walter de Gryter 1986; 7. [300] Constituents of Tagetes lucida Cav. ssp. lucida essential oil. J 1997; 12: 47-52. [301] Ciccio JF. A source of almost pure methyl chavicol: Volatile oil from aerial parts of Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae) cultivated in Costa Rica. Trop 2004; 52: 853-7. [302] Abdala LR. Flavonoids of the aerial parts of Tagetes lucida (Asteraceae). Ecol 1999; 27: 753-4. [303] Céspedes ínez A, et al. Antifungal and antibacterial activities of Mexican tarragon (Tagetes lucida). J Chem 2006; 54: 3521-7. [304] Sener B, Bingöl F. Screening of natural sources for antiinflammatory activity. (Review) Res 1988; 26: 197-207. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing studies related to specific plants and their effects, indicating that not all plants traditionally used in medicine necessarily demonstrate effectiveness for modern ailments. The references provided suggest specific research has shown varying effects of Tagetes lucida and other plants, which does not support the broad assertion that all such plants are effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2011Chemiluminescence of non-differentiated THP-1 promonocytes: developing an assay for screening anti-inflammatory milk proteins and peptides. Luminescence 26: 251-258,64. MatarCValdezJ. 2001Immunomodulating effects of milks fermented by Lactobacillus helveticus and its non-proteolytic variant. J. dairy res. 68601609 65. 1994Antihypertensive effect of the peptides derived from casein by an extracellular proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J. dairy sci. 7791792266. 1995Antihypertensive effect of sour milk and peptides isolated from it that are inhibitors to angiotensin I-converting enzyme. J. dairy sci. 781253125767. . L2002Effect of long-term intake of milk products on blood pressure in hypertensive rats. J. dairy res. 6910311168. Jäkälä2009Casein-derived bioactive tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro attenuate the development of hypertension and improve endothelial function in salt-loaded Goto-Kakizaki rats. J. funct. foods 136637469. . JKautiainenHMüllerD. 2010Milk products containing bioactive tripeptides have an antihypertensive effect in double transgenic rats (dTGR) harbouring human renin and human angiotensinogen genes. J. nutr. metab. doi:10. 1155/2010/287030. 70. . 2005Effect of long-term intake of milk peptides and minerals on blood pressure and arterial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Milchwissenschaft 6035836271. Jäkälä2009Milk protein-derived bioactive tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro protect endothelial function in vitro in hypertensive rats. J. funct. foods 126627372. 1996Antihypertensive peptides are present in aorta after oral administration of sour milk containing these peptides to spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. nutr. 1263063306873. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses various studies related to milk proteins, antihypertensive peptides, and their effects on blood pressure in certain types of rats. Consequently, it is irrelevant to the claim about lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 2. 1. 8 Kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI)Sometimes strange things happen to one’s imagination, especially when one watches a dance performance. Spectators of dance, even while seated, often feel they are participating in the movements they observe and experience related feelings and ideas. This is called kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI), delineated as movement empathy, a foundational technique of dance/movement therapy, in which practitioner and client move in synchrony. The other name used for this phenomenon is attunement. Spectators can internally simulate movement sensations of speed, effort, and changing body configuration (Hagendoorn 2004; Fogtmann 2007). However, some call this this bodily reaction “motor mimicry” and depict it as “primitive empathy,” see: Eisenberg and Strayer (1990). 2. 1. 9 The complex phenomenon of empathyEmpathy seems a complex phenomenon, having many dimensions: interactive, cognitive, affective, epistemological, moral, social, and collaborative—see Fig. 1:Fig. 1The phenomenon of empathyFull size image This leads us to a syndromic concept of empathy, seen as the ability, constructed by emotional, cognitive, behavioral and communicational competencies, to tune into the internal states of the others. 2. 1. 10 Defining empathySome authors propose that there are three primary aspects of empathy: an affective response to another person, a cognitive capacity to take the perspective of the other person, and some self-regulatory and monitoring mechanisms that modulate inner states evoked by the empathetic reaction (Thompson 2001). However, the variety of definitions of empathy have been vague or confusing; as a result, operational definitions of and measurement techniques for empathy vary greatly from one study to another (Gerdes et al. 2010, 2011; Segal et al. 2012). Empathy so defined could manifest itself regardless of the reaction of the other, including in those situations where the other doesn’t even observe our reaction. In other words: A person may express empathy more intensively with some people than with others, e. g. , some may empathize especially strongly with children of alcohol abusers or with social innovators struggling against all odds. The level of a person’s empathetic reaction may also vary according to the situation, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the phenomenon of kinesthetic empathy interaction (KEI), which relates to how spectators of dance can feel a participation and experience associated feelings when observing movements. This aligns with the idea that mirror neurons, which are implicated in simulating the actions of others, could facilitate empathy and social behavior. Additionally, the text elaborates on various dimensions of empathy and the complex factors involved, reinforcing the concept of interconnectedness between empathy and social interaction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [305] Mejía-Barajas JA, del Rio REN, Martínez-Muñoz RE, et al. Cytotoxicity activity in Tagetes lucida Cav. 2012; 24: 142-7. [306]. Antidermatophytic activity of herniarin in preparations of Chamomilla recutita (L. ) Rauschert. Plant Méd Phytothér 1993; 26: 91-100. [307] Aquino R, Cáceres A, Morelli S, Rastrelli L. An extract of Tagetes lucida and its phenolic constituents as antioxidants. J 2002; 65: 1773-6. [308] Pérez RM, Ocegueda Z, Muñoz JL, et al. A study of the hypoglucemic effect of some Mexican plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1984; 12: 253-62. [309] Al-Jubaidi A. Al. Yousef F. Effect of natural products from plant extracts on Gram-positive cocci. Tech 2013; 83: 315. [310] Antimicrobial activity of three medicinal plants (Artemisia indica, Medicago falcata and Tecoma stans). 2015; 12: 91-6. [311] Torres CA, Nuñez MB, Isla MI, et al. Antibacterial activity of tinctures from tree leaves belonging to the Bignoniaceae family and their synergistic effect with antibiotics. 2015; 7: 400-5. [312] Ramirez G, Zavala M, Pérez J, Zamilpa A. In vitro screening of medicinal plants used in Mexico as antidiabetics with glucosidase and lipase inhibitory activities. eCAM, 2012; ID 701261. . [313] Patriota LLS, Procópio TF, de Souza MFD, et al. A trypsin inhibitor from Tecoma stans leaves inhibits growth and promotes ATP depletion and lipid peroxidation in Candida albicans and Candida krusei. 2016; 7: 611. [314]. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of Tecoma stans against lung cancer cell line (A549). 2017; 53: 1-5. [315]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies that evaluate the effectiveness of individual plants used in traditional medicine. For example, it mentions cytotoxicity in Tagetes lucida and the hypoglycemic effect of certain Mexican plants. These references indicate that while some plants may show efficacy in specific contexts, there is no assertion that all traditional medicinal plants are effective for modern ailments, suggesting a more selective perspective on their efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Jäkälä2009Cardiovascular activity of milk casein-derived tripeptides and plant sterols in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. physiol. pharmacol. 601120 74. . AAleixandreA2006Antihypertensive effect of peptides obtained from Enterococcus faecalis-fermented milk in rats J. dairy sci. 893352335975. . 2007Identification of novel antihypertensive peptides in milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis Int. dairy j. 17334176. ChenG. WTsaiJ. SPanB. S2007Purification of angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory peptides and antihypertensive effect of milk produced by protease-facilitated lactic fermentation. Int. dairy j. 1764164777. ShinZ. IYuRParkS. AChungD. KAhnC. WNamH. SKimK. SLeeH. J2001His-His-Leu, an angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptide derived from Korean soybean paste, exerts antihypertensive activity in vivo. J. agric. food chem. 4930043009 78. SacksF. -ethertonPWinstonM2006Soy protein, isoflavones, and cardiovascular health. Circulation 1131034104479. WuJMuirA. D2008Hypotensive and physiological effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory peptides derived from soy protein on spontaneously hypertensive rats J. agric. food chem. 569899990480. TsaiJ. SLinY. SPanB. SChenT. J2006Antihypertensive peptides and γaminobutyric acid from prozyme 6 facilitated lactic acid bacteria fermentation of soymilk. Process biochem. 411282128881. 2009Release of antihypertensive peptides in miso paste during its fermentation, by the addition of casein. J. biosci. bioeng. 10811111582. 2010Antihypertensive effect of peptide-enriched soy sauce-like seasoning and identification of its angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory substances, J. agric. food chem. 5882182783. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address lactic acid bacteria or fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on various studies related to peptides and their antihypertensive effects, mentioning lactic fermentation but not elaborating on the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation specifically. As such, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: , some may be more prone to empathize in the context of natural disasters, others in the context of a performing art. Empathy might lead to action (“empathetic action”, Gerdes et al. 2011) but not necessarily (Hoffman 2001); it is, however, usually associated with intention to respond compassionately to another person’s distress (Thompson 2001). Empathy differs from compassion as compassion demonstrates caring for others, but it tends to be limited to feeling sorry for. It also differs from sympathy defined as “feeling an emotion triggered by seeing/learning of someone else’s distress which moves you to want to alleviate their suffering. ” (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004, p. 165). Empathy goes further, being an ability to see the world through others’ eyes, sensing and understanding their feelings in the same way as they do (Segal 2007). 2. 1. 11 Measuring empathyThe conceptualization of empathy, especially the embraced dimensions (cognitive, emotional, behavioral, etc. ), determines the measurement techniques, which differ in various studies, making it difficult to identify one, comprehensive approach (Gerdes et al. 2010). Currently, one of the two most popular assessments, the (EQ), designed to be short and easy to use, encompasses both affective and cognitive components (Baron-Cohen and Wheelwright 2004). Satisfactorily valid and reliable it is especially applicable to the field of mental health, i. e. , to the Disorder (Lawrence et al. 2004). The other approach developed in the social work field is called Index (EAI). It’s based on five dimensions: affective response, self–other awareness, perspective taking, emotion regulation, and empathic attitudes (Lietz et al. 2011; Gerdes et al. 2011) and as such, seems comprehensive, grasping all the critical components of empathy. What’s missing, however, is the kinesthetic interaction, a critical component for measuring SYNC (see later in this 2. 2 Can we learn empathy? We can definitely ingrain and enhance this capacity in small children. also (ibid) believes that empathy can be enhanced, as we do when we urge a child who is hogging all the toys to be more considerate of her playmates. 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing empathy in depth and its various dimensions, such as cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components. It elaborates on the ability to understand and sense others' feelings, a key aspect of empathy, aligning with the notion that mirror neurons may be involved in these empathetic responses. Additionally, the text mentions the enhancement of empathy, suggesting a link to social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of anticancer potentials of Tecoma stans (L. ) Juss ex. Kunth against EAC cell lines. Sci 2014; 6: 88-92. [316] Alonso-Castro AJ, Zapata-Bustos R, Romo-Yañez J, et al. The antidiabetic plants Tecoma stans (L. ) Juss. ex Kunth (Bignoniaceae) and Teucrium cubense Jacq (Lamiaceae) induced the incorporation of glucose in insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant murine and human adipocytes. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127: 1-6. [317]. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extracts of Tecoma stans on carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats by using digital plethys-mometer. 2014; 6: 180-3. [318] Aarland RC, Peralta. Gómez S, Morales-Sanchez C, et al. A pharmacological and phytochemical study of medicinal plants used in Mexican folk medicine. 2015; 14: 550-7. [319]. In vitro studies of α-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of Tecoma stans L. Sci 2015; 7: 44-9. [320] Colin GG. Further observations on the anti-diabetic properties of Tecoma mollis. J Assoc 1926; 16: 199-203. [321] Pérez RM, Ocegueda Z, Muñoz JL, et al. A study of the hypoglucemic effect of some Mexican plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1984; 12: 253-62. [322] Lozoya-Mekes M, Mellado-Campos V. Is the Tecoma stans infusion an antidiabetic remedy? J Ethnopharmacol 1985; 14: 1-9. [323] Aguilar-Santamaría L, Ramírez G, Nicasi P, et al. Antidiabetic activities of Tecoma stans (L. ) Juss. ex Kunth. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124: 284-8. [324]. Flavonoids of Tecoma stans. Fitoterapia 1986; 57: 281-2. [325]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies on the effectiveness of specific plants like Tecoma stans in addressing ailments such as cancer, diabetes, and inflammation. However, the mention of studies focusing on specific conditions suggests that not all plants used in traditional medicine may meet this criterion of being effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 1996APlacebo-controlledstudy of the effect of sour milk on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects. Am. j. clin. nutr. 6476777184. 2002Antihypertensive effects of liquid yogurts containing ‘lactotripeptides ()’ in mild hypertensive subjects. J. nutr. food 5556685. 2002Clinical effects of new sour milk drink on mild or moderate hypertensive subjects. J. new. rem. clin 51616986. 2003A fermented milk high in bioactive peptides has a blood pressure-lowering effect in hypertensive subjects. Am. j. clin. nutr. 7732633087. . 2004Effect of ingesting sour milk fermented using Lactobacillus helveticus bacteria producing tripeptides on blood pressure in subjects with mild hypertension. J. hum. hypertens. 1879580288. önpaloSRasmussenMKorpelaR2005Lactobacillus helveticus fermented milk lowers blood pressure in hypertensive subjects in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure measurement. Am. j. hypertens. 181600160589. 2005Effect of powdered fermented milk with Lactobacillus helveticus on subjects with high-normal blood pressure or mild hypertension. J. am. coll. nutr. 2425726590. 2001Hypotensive effects of the tablets containing lactotripeptides (). J. nutr. food 4516191. 2001The effect of sour milk on blood pressure in untreated hypertensive and normotensive subjects. J. jap. soc. clin. nutr. 232631 92. 2001Hypotensive effects of sour milk in subjects with mild or moderate hypertension. J. jpn. soc. nutr. food sci. 5434735493. 2001Effect of large high intake of tablets containing ‘lactotripeptides ()’ on blood pressure, pulse rate and clinical parameters in healthy volunteers. J. nutr. food 4637294. LawM. RWaldN. JMorrisJ. KJordanJ. E2003Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. Br. med. j. 3261427143195. PrippA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to fermented milk and its effects on blood pressure but does not specifically address lactic acid bacteria or their importance in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 1 Roots of EmpathySome are doing that work now. For example, (2005) is known for her program Roots of Empathy, which significantly reduces aggression among schoolchildren while raising social/emotional competence and increasing empathy. In the program a parent and infant engage with students in the classroom. A Roots of guides the children as they observe the relationship between baby and parent, helping them understand the baby’s intentions and emotions. Through this model of experiential learning, the baby serves as “teacher” and catalyst, helping children identify and reflect on their own feelings and the feelings of others. An longitudinal research on the impact of the Roots of Empathy program (Berkowitz and Bier 2007) documented that Roots of Empathy children demonstrated lasting: increase in social and emotional knowledge decrease in aggression increase in pro-social behavior (e. g. , sharing, helping, and including) increase in perceptions among ROE students of the classroom as a caring environment increased understanding of infants and parenting. 2. 2. 2 Immerse virtual reality embodiment reducing racial biasAlthough the act of merely observing in immerse virtual reality (IVR) the pain of other racial group representatives doesn’t stimulate sensorimotor empathic brain responses (measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation; Avenanti et al. 2010), it was noted that embodiment in IVR might reduce racial prejudice. Experiments with the embodiment of light-skinned participants in a dark-skinned virtual body (VB) significantly reduced participants’ implicit racial bias against dark-skinned people (Peck et al. 2013; Groom et al. 2009). Notably, however, other techniques, such as imagining the dark-skinned person’s perspective in real life, had no significant impact on racial bias (Groom et al. ibid). This means that IVR-embodiment into another’s VB may reduce racial (or political, interpersonal, and other) biases and merits further exploration in areas such as conflict resolution and peacemaking. 2. 3 Empathy helpsof Empathy program indicates that developing empathy as a means to prevent antisocial behaviors such as bullying and juvenile aggression also helps prevent later problems including dropouts, juvenile delinquency, and addiction. On a societal level, the ability to share other people’s emotional experiences and to react to them might facilitate social communication and create social coherence (and Singer idem). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Roots of Empathy program, which aims to enhance children's understanding of others' emotions and intentions. It highlights that through engagement with a parent and infant, students learn to reflect on their own feelings and the feelings of others, which aligns with the idea that mirror neurons play a crucial role in empathy and social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [337] án I, Cáceres A. Evaluación de la actividad biocida e identificación química de valepotriatos en cuatro especies reconocidas popularmente en Guatemala como valeriana. 2005; 3: 43-8. [338] Evaluation of behavioral and pharmacological effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. from Guatemala. eCAM 2011; ID 312329. . [339] Antidepressant-like effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Valeriana prionophylla Standl. from Guatemala: Evidence for the involvement of the monoaminergic systems. Phytopharm 2016; 6: 14-26. [340] Reis MR, de Involvement of potassium channels in vasorelaxant effect induced by Valeriana prionophylla Standl. in rat mesenteric aorta. eCAM 2013; ID 147670. [341]. Evaluación clínica de la efectividad de Valeriana prionophylla como inductor del sueño. Tikalia 2005; 23: 85-99. [342] Quiñónez AS. Comparación del efecto del extracto de Valeriana prionophylla Standl versus placebo sobre la ansiedad de 30 pacientes en tratamiento de quimioterapia por cáncer de mama, durante 4 semanas, en hospital de cancerología (Master’s thesis). Guatemala: Universidad de de Guatemala, 2007. [343]. Further investigations of valepotriatos in the Valerianaceae. 1985; 7: 167-8. & :Detection and Validation of as Medicine in Guatemala Volume: 5 Issue: 1 Author(s): Armando Cáceres*Sully M. Cruz Affiliation: : Antimicrobial, immunomodulator, photoprotector, Solanum nigrescens, Phlebodium pseudoaureum, Neurolaena lobata, Piper hispidum, Valeriana prionophylla. Abstract: Guatemala as part of Mesoamerica, is a region of high biological and cultural diversity, where several cultures have flourished. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing specific studies on Valeriana prionophylla and its effects, but does not support the assertion that all plants in traditional medicine are effective. It provides evaluations on certain effects such as 'antidepressant-like effects' and 'clinical effectiveness' in particular contexts, rather than making a blanket statement about all traditional medicinal plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: H2008Effect of peptides derived from food proteins on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food nutr. res. 51996. XuJ. YQinL. QWangP. YLiWChangC2008Effect of milk tripeptides on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition 2493394097. EngberinkM. FSchoutenE. GKokF. JVan MierloL. ABrouwerI. AGeleijnseJ. M2009Lactotripeptides show no effect on human blood pressure: results from a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Hypertension 5139940598. UsingerLJensenL. 2010The antihypertensive effect of fermented milk in individuals with prehypertension or borderline hypertension. J. hum. hypertens. 24678683 99. (2011Blood pressure lowering effect of lactotripeptides assumed as functional foods: a meta-analysis of current available clinical trials. J. hum. hypertens. 25425436100. . NCamisascaR2006Aliskiren, a novel orally effective renin inhibitor, exhibits similarpharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Japanese and Caucasian subjects. Br. j. clin. pharmacol. 62690698101. (2010A single-nucleotide polymorphism of alanine to threonine at position 163 of the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor impairs losartan affinity. 20377388 102. BoelsmaEKloekJ2010IPP-rich milk protein hydrolysate lowers blood pressure in subjects with stage 1 hypertension, a randomized controlled trial. J. nutr. 9:52 doi:10. 1186/1475-2891-9-52. 103. Hernández-ledesma2004Application of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to the identification of biologically active peptides produced by milk fermentation and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. J. chromatogr. A 1049107114104. Mäkinen. MPihlantoA2012Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant properties of rapeseed hydrolysates. J. funct. foods (in press) 105. MatsuiTLiC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to blood pressure and does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 3. 1 Empathy preventsIndeed, empathy is identified as an essential ingredient for effective parenting, especially for the mother of a distressed infant, and as protection against the possibility of aggression (Dolan and Fullam 2007). Engaging empathic processes in children and adolescents results in reducing their aggression; this sort of empathy training may be useful for encouraging positive social behaviors (Björkqvist 2007). It also builds social intelligence and negatively correlates with direct types of aggression: physical and verbal (Kaukiainen et al. 1999). Moreover, there are better prospects for improved long-term prognosis of psychopathy if treatment is aimed at increasing the empathic reaction of children with psychopathic tendencies (James and Blair 2007). 2. 3. 2 Healing by empathyThere are also indications that empathy may be a curative factor in various disorders (Farrow et al. 2005); the authors proved that building empathy is useful for healing PTSD. Scanning the brain (fMRI) they found that PTSD patients, after a cycle of modified cognitive behavioral therapy aimed at understanding others and being more empathetic, demonstrate a significant increase in the neural response to social cognition tasks. These findings can be a gateway to an empathy-based therapy program for PTSD patients. And who hasn’t experienced the beneficial influence of benevolent medical care? Researchers also document the vital importance of the doctor-patient relationship and the role of empathy. Doctors should listen to their patients, communicate with them, and thus the physician and patient become partners in the healing process. This enables the process of healing by empathy (Adams 2010). Moreover, empathy is an important element of healthcare professional and patient communication and is a key feature of emotional intelligence. Health professionals should be trained to effectively implement empathy, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic results (Ioannidou and Konstantikaki 2008). A very special healing relationship based on empathy is the psychotherapeutic bond. Since the advent of Carl Rogers’ client-centered approach based on empathetic understanding (Rogers 2003), the results of much research indicate that empathy, in its contemporary understanding, is not only an essential part of the therapeutic alliance (Bergemann 2011), but also (or first and foremost) a curative factor per se (Staemmler 2011). Truly empathic therapists are also skilled inquirers, sensitively attuned to their clients and appropriately involved in the therapeutic process (Erskine et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of empathy as a crucial component in social behaviors and relationships. It states that engaging empathic processes leads to reductions in aggression and encourages positive social behaviors in children and adolescents. Additionally, it discusses the significance of empathy in the context of healthcare, highlighting how empathy is essential for effective doctor-patient relationships and therapeutic alliances, which further supports its link to social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Since 1976, a project started for the detection, validation, production, and utilization of medicinal species for primary health care. It included several ethnobotanical surveys conducted among ten Guatemalan ethnical groups. The objective of this paper is to summarize the ethnobotanical surveys conducted in the country and review the literature validating the use of the most promising native species. From these surveys, more than 650 plant species used for medicinal purposes were detected and cultivation activities were conducted for some of these species. Initially, in cooperation with the multidisciplinary teams in Guatemala, and later with other academic institutions in and United States, in vitro and in vivo validation activities were performed, such as biocidal, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, immunomodulatory, antioxidant and other activities. A comprehensive literature review of the most relevant species was performed. Based on the traditional utilization and preclinical or clinical evidence, several national and international projects were conducted. The most interesting results include anti-candida (Solanum nigrescens), antimicrobial (Tagetes lucida), immunomodulator (Phlebodium pseudoaureum), anti-protozoal (Neurolaena lobata), sedative (Valeriana prionophylla), anti-menopause (Piper hispidum) activities and others. With this information and the reviewed literature, specific formulas were prepared for the treatment of different pathologies, leading to several products registered as phytotherapic in Guatemala. Concise updated information is integrated into mini-reviews for 15 species in order to inform about the properties, chemistry and potential use of these species. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. 2174/2215083805666190327172409 DOI Print ISSN2215-0838 2215-0846 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 22 March, 2025 Medicine into Modern Healthcare: An Evidence-The scope of Medicine into Modern Healthcare: An Evidence-involves the scientific assessment and integration of herbal remedies into modern medical practice. This work examines the role of herbal medicine in today’s healthcare systems, with a focus on the efficacy, safety, and therapeutic potential of plant-based treatments. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that extensive surveys were conducted to validate the effectiveness of certain medicinal plant species. While it details the traditional use of over 650 plant species, it specifically mentions that in vitro and in vivo validations were performed, indicating that not all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. It also emphasizes the scientific assessment and integration of herbal remedies, suggesting a selective validation rather than a blanket endorsement of all traditional medicinal plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: HOsajimaY1999Preparation and characterization of novel bioactive peptides responsible for angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition from wheat germ. J. pept. sci. 5289297106. 2004Bioavailability of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory peptides. Br. j. nutr. 92357366107. 1996Identification of an antihypertensive peptide from casein hydrolysate produced by a proteinase from Lactobacillus helveticus CP790. J. dairy sci. 7913161321108. EriksenE. . GJacobsenMVegarudG. E2010Different digestion of caprine whey proteins by human and porcine gastrointestinal enzymes. Br. j. nutr. 104374381109. PaulettiG. MGangwarSKnippG. TNerurkarM. MOkumuF. WTamuraTSiahaanT. J1996Structural requirements for intestinal absorption of peptide drugs. J. control release. 41317110. DanielH2004Molecular and integrative physiology of intestinal peptide transport. Annu. rev. physiol. 66361384111. . 2008The angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory tripeptides Ile-Pro-Pro and Val-Pro-Pro show increasing permeabilities with increasing physiological relevance of absorption models. Peptides 29: 1312-1320. 112. 2002Transepithelial transport of the bioactive tripeptide Val-Pro-Pro, in human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. Biosci. biotech. bioch. 66378384113. . ARamosMRecioI2008Bioavailability of the antihypertensive peptide : Transepithelial flux of. dairy j. 18279286114. DeaconC. FNauckM. AToft-nielsen. J1995Both subcutaneously and intravenously administered glucagon-like peptide I are rapidly degraded from the NH2-terminus in type II diabetic patients and in healthy subjects. Diabetes. 4411261131115. 2007Oral absorption, tissue distribution and excretion of a radiolabelled analog of a milk-derived antihypertensive peptide, Ile-Pro-Pro, in rats. Int. dairy j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses bioactive peptides and their influence on various aspects of health, including enzyme inhibition, absorption, and distribution of peptides. It does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 1999). The quality of the therapeutic relationship is seen as the best predictor of success in psychotherapy and is the backbone of empathetic facilitation of the client’s own problem-solving capacities (Bohart and Greenberg 1997). Immersing oneself in the experience of the other through an empathetic relationship enables sensitive interpretations that help clients access unconscious experience. Moreover, it becomes a gateway to co-constructing new understanding (Bohart ibid). A closer look at the psychotherapeutic relationship from the synchrony perspective is presented in this paper. 3 Empathy neuronsIn the early 1990s, Italian researcher Vittorio Gallese, part of Prof. Giacomo Rizzolatti’s group from the University of Parma, made a remarkable and quite unexpected discovery. One day, Gallese was working in a room with a macaque monkey with electrodes implanted in its brain. reached for his food, he noticed neurons begin to fire in the monkey’s premotor cortex—the same area that showed activity when the animal made a similar gesture (Iacoboni 2009; Society for Neuroscience 2008). How could this happen, when the monkey was sitting still and merely watching him? This opened the gateway to the discovery of mirror neurons, which revolutionized psychology, providing a unifying framework and helping explain a host of mental abilities that have, hitherto, remained mysterious (Ramachandran 2000). Mirror neurons provide, for the first time in history, a plausible neuropsychological explanation for complex forms of social cognition and interaction (Iacoboni 2009). Some use vivid names such as “empathy neurons” or “neurons,” to describe mirror neurons, holding that they dissolve the barrier between self and others (Ramachandran 2006). Neuroscience has begun to understand the mechanisms of visual processing that allow our brain to build a representation of what it sees in the world (Keysers 2011). 3. 1 Mirror neuronsexperiments were confirmed in many other settings, e. g. , researchers at UCLA found that cells in the human anterior cingulate, which normally fire when you poke the patient with a needle (“pain neurons”), will also fire when the patient watches another patient being poked (Ramachandran 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the discovery of mirror neurons and their implications for social behavior and cognition. It mentions that some researchers refer to mirror neurons as 'empathy neurons,' suggesting a direct link between these neurons and the capacity for empathy. Additionally, the text states that mirror neurons help explain complex forms of social cognition and interaction, reinforcing the claim that they are tied to empathy and social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 11999417] [27] Cordysinocan, a polysaccharide isolated from cultured Cordyceps, activates immune responses in cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages: Signaling cascade and induction of cytokines. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 124(1): 61-8. [ [PMID: 19446414] [28]. The prolactin-inducible-protein (PIP): A regulatory molecule in adaptive and innate immunity. Immunol 2013; 3(4): 210-7. [ [29] Extraction optimization and antioxidant activity of intracellular selenium polysaccharide by Cordyceps sinensis SU-02. 2011; 86(4): 1745-50. [ [30] Chidi BB. A potential medicinal herb: cordyceps sinensis. 2013. Available from: [ [32]. Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXII. Hypoglycemic activity and chemical properties of a polysaccharide from the cultural mycelium of Cordyceps sinensis. Bull 1993; 16(12): 1291-3. [ [PMID: 8130781] [33] Report on the genus Cordyceps and its anamorphs collected in Korea. J Sci 2005; 47(1): 18-30. [34] Gutteridge J, Halliwell B. Antioxidants in nutrition, health, and disease. Press 1994. [35] A polysaccharide isolated from Cordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, protects PC12 cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced injury. 2003; 73(19): 2503-13. [ [PMID: 12954458] [36]. Protective effect of a polysaccharide isolated from a cultivated Cordyceps mycelia on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damage in PC12 cells. 2011; 25(5): 675-80. [ [PMID: 21043033] [37] Kobori M, Yoshida M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Shinmoto H. Ergosterol peroxide from an edible mushroom suppresses inflammatory responses in RAW264. 7 macrophages and growth of HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Pharmacol 2007; 150(2): 209-19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing various studies and reports regarding the polysaccharides isolated from Cordyceps, highlighting specific immune responses and protective effects against cellular damage. While it presents evidence that Cordyceps may have beneficial effects, it does not support the blanket assertion that all plants in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. Instead, it focuses on specific instances of effectiveness, indicating that effectiveness is not universal across all traditional medicines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Heat stress response is characterized by the transient induction of general and specific proteins and by physiological changes. In every strain tested the involvement of Proteins (HSPs such as DnaK, GroEL and GroES during the heat stress was clear) [23-38]. The role of these stress proteins is complex; in fact, the bind substrate proteins in a transient non-covalent manner prevent premature folding and promote the attainment to the correct state in vivo. The resistance to heat stress is higher when the cells were previously exposed and adapted to this type of stress in the stationary phase, otherwise, when pre-adapted in exponential phase, the cells are more sensitive. In particular, the storage stability of the culture that was heat shocked after stationary phase was superior to that of culture heat shocked after log phase [34, 23, 30]. Cold shock response: It is very important to improve knowledge about LAB behavior in cold environment. In fact, during industrial processes, like in cheese ripening and refrigerated storage of fermented products, these microorganisms are subjected to different temperatures far below the optimal growth temperature. When LAB living cells are exposed to these cold environments, important physiological changes occur, such as decrease in membrane fluidity and stabilization of secondary structures of RNA and DNA, resulting in a reduced efficiency of translation, transcription and DNA replication. The response of microorganisms to these effects is termed cold-shock response during which a number of Proteins (CIPs) are synthesized. The roles of these proteins are at the levels of membrane fluidity, DNA supercoiling and transcription and translation. Few papers have described cold shock proteins and mechanisms in LAB, in particular they have focused on Lactococcus lactis and L. plantarum [39-42]. Kim et al. [39, 40] tested different LAB to evaluate cold shock effects on cryotolerance. Improved understanding of cold-shock-induced cryotolerance may contribute to the development of environmental conditions that allow improved viability/activity of frozen or freeze-dried commercial LAB starter cultures. The results showed that, as with heat stress, there is also an improvement of the viability of the tested strains as concerning the cryotolerance after a cold shock. The process of freezing appeared to have different effects on different LAB as well as different effects on strains within the same genus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses heat stress and cold shock responses in lactic acid bacteria (LAB), focusing on their physiological changes and the synthesis of stress proteins. However, it does not directly address the role of LAB in fermentation processes. Therefore, while it mentions LAB, it does not provide relevant information supporting or contrasting the claim regarding their importance specifically for fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Other studies using different experimental methodologies and techniques have demonstrated in the human brain the existence of a mechanism directly mapping action perception and execution, defined as the (Gallese 2003, 2009). It appeared that during mere action observation there is a strong activation of premotor and posterior parietal areas: the same regions that are activated when we move, are also activated when we observe the same motor acts executed by others. The MNS in humans is not only involved in imitation of simple movements, but also in imitation learning of complex skills, in the perception of communicative actions, and in the detection of action intentions (Gallese 2009). Similarly, it was shown that mirror neurons are involved in our capacity to share emotions and sensations with others (Gallese 2003, 2006, 2009; and Singer 2006). Various findings suggest that multiple systems in the human’s brain may be endowed with neural mechanisms of mirroring for both the integration and differentiation of perceptual and motor aspects of actions performed by self and others (Mukamel et al. 2010; Keyserss and Gazzola 2010). Moreover, mirror neurons are involved in human communication, amplifying cognition of the speech of others and enhancing the ability to communicate in an unknown language (Hasson et al. 2012; Stephens et al. 2010). This MN mechanism also enables the observer to understand the intention behind an observed motor act, in addition to the goal of it (Rizzolatti and Fabbri-Destro 2008). Recapping, mirror neurons underlie the empathizing processes—triggering the same brain activation patterns when subjects observe emotions in others as when they feel their own emotions. This explains how we feel the emotions of others as if they were our own (and Singer 2006). 3. 2 Embodied simulationAccording to this perspective, to perceive an action is equivalent to internally simulating it. This implicit, automatic, and unconscious process of embodied simulation enables the observer to use his/her own resources to penetrate the world of the other without explicitly theorizing about it. A process of implicit, pre-reflexive action simulation automatically establishes a direct implicit link between the other and the observer (Gallese 2003). Footnote 5 The discovery of mirror neurons, responding both to action execution and observation, suggested an embodied approach to mental simulation. Embodied simulation is understood as a basic functional mechanism by which our brain/body system models its contact with the world; it constitutes a crucial functioning mechanism in social cognition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mirror neurons are involved in empathizing processes, as it states that mirror neurons trigger the same brain activation patterns when subjects observe emotions in others as when they feel their own emotions. This connection illustrates how mirror neurons contribute to understanding and sharing the emotions of others, thus linking them to empathy and social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Antitumor sterols from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Phytochemistry 1999; 51(7): 891-8. [ [PMID: 10423860] [67]. Effect of myriocin on the expression of cyclinD1 in high glucose-induced hypertrophy mesangial cells. 2011; 13(8): 677-9. [68]. On the reliability of fungal materials used in studies on Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J Biotechnol 2011; 38(8): 1027-35. [ [PMID: 20922458] [69]. Adenosine acts as an endogenous activator of the cellular antioxidant defense system. 1994; 201(2): 508-15. [ [PMID: 8002980] & :A Review: (Berk. ) as a Medicine and its Potential in the Treatment of Ailments Volume: 10 Issue: 6 Author(s): Kom and R. Karthiyayini* Affiliation: Department of Botany, for for Women, Coimbatore -43, Tamil Nadu, India Keywords: Antioxidant, anti-tumor, immune dysfunction, amino acid, Ophiocordycep sinensis, vitamin. Abstract: Nature’s never-ending gift, which counts as one of the most valuable medicines in the entire world, the Ophiocordyceps sinensis, also known as caterpillar fungus, is a traditional Chinese medicine found in Tibetan plateaus. During the season of spring, many shepherd search for this caterpillar fungus as its value in the market is very high. Moreover, due to the effects of climatic change on its population and increasing demand, O. sinensis is now an endangered species. It can treat almost many diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, respiratory diseases, immune dysfunction etc. The chemical composition of this fungus includes amino acids, glutamic acid, polyamines, cordycepic acid, saccharides, sterols, nucleotides, sugar derivatives, fatty acids, vitamins, and oleic acid. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting details on Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a traditional Chinese medicine, and its application for various ailments such as cardiovascular disease and immune dysfunction. However, it does not universally support the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine. The mention of concerns such as its endangered status due to climatic changes and high demand indicates that while some traditional medicines may be useful, the claim oversimplifies the effectiveness of all such plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Respiration-competent LAB differ from the features of Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, since they carry limited equipment for respiration. All respiring LAB carry genes encoding electron donor (NADH dehydrogenase) and a single electron acceptor (cytochrome bd oxidase) [58]. Addition of heme to the system activates respiration chain NADH oxidase activity, but none of the tested LAB synthesize heme [01]. When for some reasons the generation of free radicals is higher than the rate of their detoxification the cells are exposed to a constraint called “oxidative stress” [59]. For the food-associated LAB a still fragmented picture of the resistance mechanisms present emerges. Representatives of the different mechanisms have been described in different LAB [60-64]. Apart from the toxic effects of oxygen, aeration can induce important changes in the sugar metabolism of LAB. In fact, the presence of oxygen is a factor that greatly affects the outcome of a fermentation process. In general, LAB tolerate oxygen but grow better under nearly anaerobic conditions. However, in the presence of heme and oxygen LAB start respiration metabolism, by which the cell metabolism is reprogrammed so that pH, oxygen status, growth capacity and survival are markedly altered [56]. In the presence of oxygen and during the fermentation metabolism, H2O2 is formed. Numerous species of LAB contain peroxidase and/or catalase to prevent and eliminate these deleterious effects [17]. Concerning the prevention of reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, the scope of the reactions is the eliminations of free oxygen. In a study on L. helveticus the fatty acids composition in the cell membrane changed in response to oxidative stress. In fact, the activity of oxygen consuming desaturase system increased to reduce the free radical damage to the cell [19]. Generally, the response to oxidative stress of LAB is similar, but also depends on the species, on the strains and, with regard to catalase action, on the bacterial density [4]. In L. lactis several genes have been identified and the respective encoded proteins have been shown to contribute to oxidative stress resistance. Moreover, the induction of these genes is growth phase-dependent (exponential or stationary) and their products confer multi-stress resistance [52]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the role of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermentation processes but instead focuses on their respiration capabilities, oxidative stress response, and metabolic changes in the presence of oxygen. While it mentions that LAB can be affected during fermentation, it does not explicitly support or contradict the claim regarding their importance in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Embodied simulation becomes a common underlying functional mechanism that enables one to feel the actions, intentions, feelings, and emotions of others, thus grounding our identification with and connectedness to others (Gallese 2008, 2009, 2011; Gallese and Sinigaglia 2011). We are implicitly aware of the encountered other’s similarity to us because we literally embody it. The very same neural base activated when our own actions are executed or emotions and sensations are subjectively experienced, is also activated when the same actions, emotions, and sensations are executed or experienced by others. Metaphorically speaking, through brain mirroring, “the other” becomes “self”, as her or his action is represented in our MNS system just as if we had taken the same action. The sharp distinction, classically drawn between “I” and “she” or “he” at the level of acting and experiencing emotions, appears to be much more blurred at the level of the neural mechanisms mapping it. The gap between the two perspectives is bridged by the way intentional relations are functionally mapped at the neural-body level (Gallese 2011). 3. 3 Mirror neurons dysfunctionsDysfunctional simulation mechanisms may underlie the social and communicative deficits seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which are largely characterized by deficits in imitation, pragmatic language, theory of mind, and empathy (Williams et al. 2001; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007; Oberman et al. 2005; Gallese 2003, 2006; Iacoboni and Dapretto 2006; Oberman and Ramachandran 2007). The theory of mind was used to delineate a cognitive deficit underlying social impairment in childhood autism. It was documented that autistic children lack such a ‘theory,’ the implication of which would be that they would be unable to impute beliefs to others and to predict their behavior (Baron-Cohen et al. 1985; Frith and Happé 1994; Tager-Flusberg 2007). Compared to control groups they alone failed to attribute beliefs to others,Footnote 6 indicating that the dysfunction is independent of mental retardation and is specific to autism (Baron-Cohen et al. ibid). Findings suggest that most significant deficits of ASD children (as compared with mainstream representatives) is in performing tasks based on the theory of mind (Hamilton et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how embodied simulation and mirror neuron systems (MNS) facilitate the feeling of actions, intentions, feelings, and emotions of others. It states that 'the same neural base activated when our own actions are executed... is also activated when the same actions, emotions, and sensations are executed or experienced by others,' which supports the link between mirror neurons and empathetic responses in social behavior. Additionally, the text discusses how dysfunctional simulation mechanisms may contribute to social deficits, such as those seen in autism spectrum disorders, further emphasizing the role of mirror neurons in empathy and social interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in eeOpen access Published: 16 May 2013 Ethno-medicinal study of plants used for treatment of human and livestock ailments by traditional healers in 1, Etana Debela2, Spiridoula Athanasiadou3, Adugna Tolera4, Gebeyehu Ganga5 & …Jos GM Houdijk3 Show authors Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 14. 3%) against a single ailment was also commonly reported. ConclusionThis study showed that traditional medicine, mainly involving the use of medicinal plants, is playing a significant role in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the three ethnic groups. Acceptance of traditional medicine and limited access to modern healthcare facilities could be considered as the main factors for the continuation of the practice. Documented knowledge of the traditional healers can be used to support the country’s human and livestock health care system and improve lives and livelihoods. Information generated will be used in future studies to validate bioactivity of selected medicinal plants used by traditional healers, so to increase their acceptability in health care systems both nationally and internationally. BackgroundKnowledge can arise from scientific or traditional sources [1]. Traditional knowledge has been described as a cumulative body of knowledge, practice and belief, evolving through adaptive processes and handed over through generations by cultural transmission [2]. Traditional medicine is used throughout the world as it is heavily dependent on locally available plant species and plant-based products and capitalizes on traditional wisdom-repository of knowledge [3]. The wide spread use of traditional medicine could be attributed to cultural acceptability, economic affordability and efficacy against certain type of diseases as compared to modern medicines. Thus, different local communities in countries across the world have indigenous experience in various medicinal plants where they use their perceptions and experience to categorize plants and plant parts to be used when dealing with different ailments [4]. Plants have played a central part in combating many ailments in human and livestock in many indigenous communities, including Africa [5]. Traditional healers, and particularly medicinal plant herbalists, in Africa have a detailed knowledge-base of traditional medicine [6, 7], which is transferred orally from one generation to the next through professional healers, knowledgeable elders and/or ordinary people [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while traditional medicine, including medicinal plants, plays a significant role in healthcare, the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments is not universally accepted. The conclusion points out the significance of traditional medicine in addressing health needs but implies that validation through scientific inquiry is necessary to assert the effectiveness of specific plants for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In fact, the acid stress induced a metabolic shift toward overproduction of 3-methylbutanoic and 2-methylbutanoic acids, accompanied by sugar reduced consumption and primary carbohydrate metabolite production. The metabolites coming from branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) catabolism increased up to seven times under acid stress. While the overproduction of 3-methylbutanoic acid under acid stress can be attributed to the need to maintain redox balance, the rationale for the production of 2-methylbutanoic acid from leucine can be found in a newly proposed biosynthetic pathway leading to 2-methylbutanoic acid and 3 mol of ATP per mol of leucine. Leucine catabolism to 3-methylbutanoic and 2-methylbutanoic acids suggests that the switch from sugar to amino acid catabolism supports growth of L. sanfranciscensis in restricted environments such as sourdough, characterized by acid stress and recurrent carbon starvation. Osmotic stress response: In the various applications in food and feed industry LAB can be exposed to osmotic stress when important amounts of salts or sugars are added to the product [17]. In fact, in most of the food habitats where lactobacilli live, they are confronted with salt [67] and sugar stress [68]. Study on the differences between salt and sugar osmotic stress revealed that the hyperosmotic conditions imposed by sugar stress are much less detrimental and only transient (transient osmotic stress), because the cells are able to balance the extra and the intracellular concentrations of lactose and sucrose [17]. Bacteria need to adapt to this change in their environment in order to survive [69], and they can do it by accumulating (by uptake or synthesis) compatible solutes, generally of organic origin, under hyperosmotic conditions [17]. The compatible solutes are defined as osmoprotectants. The main strategy to adapt to high osmolarity of non-halophilic bacteria is associated with the enhancement of the osmotolerance [68]. Moreover, the osmoprotectants can also stabilize enzymes and provide protection not only against osmotic stress but also against other type of stresses (high temperature, freezing and drying). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the metabolic adaptations of certain bacteria, particularly L. sanfranciscensis, under various stresses but does not explicitly mention the importance of lactic acid bacteria for fermentation processes. Therefore, it does not directly support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: Along with the development of the neuroscience of MN came a common conviction that internal simulation mechanisms, such as the mirror neuron system, are necessary for normal development of recognition, imitation, empathy, and language, and especially—the theory of mind (Meltzoff 2011). It became evident that mirror neurons are performing precisely the same functions that are disrupted in autism (Gallese et al. 2004; Ramachandran and Oberman 2006; Ferrari and Rizzolatti 2014). Research on motor functioning in ASD indicates that impairments to reaching and grasping emerge early in life and affect the planning and execution of motor programs (Sacrey et al. 2014). The functional properties of the mirror neuron system indicate that action understanding may be primarily based on the pivotal role of motor cognition that underpins one’s own capacity to act (Gallese et al. 2009; Rizzolatti and Fogassi 2014). Autistic children also experience severe problems with their facial expressions of emotions and their understanding of the expressions of others. They do not show automatic mimicry of the facial expression of basic emotions, as revealed by the study of muscle electrical activity, shown in electromyography (EMG recordings). This explains the lack of empathic engagement displayed by autistic children and seems to stem from defective embodied simulation, likely regulated by the MNS (Gallese 2009). Moreover, the autistic child’s observation of motor acts using the leg, hand and mouth usually activates relevant parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). However, the fMRI study revealed that there is also a significantly weaker activation in the IFG in children with autism as compared to typically developing children (Rizzolatti and Fabbri-Destro 2010). Other disorders were also found to be linked to the dysfunctions of MNS: the vulnerability of schizophrenia (Gallese 2003), depression (O’Connor et al. 2007), as well as other symptoms, e. g. echolalia (Williams et al. 2001). 3. 4 Modifying MNS? Analyzing the aforementioned Roots of Empathy program and its longitudinal impact, we see that it’s possible to modify the MNS, though presumably not beyond a certain age, up to which the brain maintains its mirror neurons’ plasticity. Surpassing this age threshold would then lead to gradual freezing of the brain’s plasticity, leaving us with the form of mirror neurons made by that time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the mirror neuron system (MNS) is necessary for the development of recognition, imitation, empathy, and theory of mind, which are all critical components of social behavior. It explains how disruptions in the functions of mirror neurons are observed in individuals with autism, leading to impaired empathic engagement and difficulties in understanding emotional expressions. Thus, the text supports the idea that mirror neurons play an essential role in empathy and social behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: In Ethiopia, traditional medicine has played a significant role in treating health problems in both livestock and humans [9–12]. Knowledge of medicinal plants of Ethiopia and of their uses provides vital contribution to human and livestock health care needs throughout the country [13]. The plant- based human and livestock health care persists and remains as the main alternative treatment for different ailments in Ethiopia, largely due to shortage of pharmaceutical products, prohibitive distance of the health service stations, unaffordable prices by small holder farmers and pastoralists for conventional drugs, emergence and re-emergence of certain diseases and appearance of drug resistant microbes and/or helminthes [14]. Much of the Omo population is made up of nomadic pastoralists who depend upon livestock as their main source of livelihood [15]. The traditional medicinal plant lore and potentials of the three ethnic groups have not been investigated to a conspicuous level. Similar to many other rural communities in Ethiopia, the use of traditional medicinal plants plays a vital role in human and livestock health care systems in the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities of the study areas. The three ethnic groups (Aari, Maale and Bena-Tsemay) in are expected to be custodians of valuable indigenous knowledge on the use of their traditional medicinal plants, which they use for treating of human and livestock ailments. Currently, access to modern health services for both human and livestock is very limited and/or non-existent for some community members of the study areas. This study is basically focusing on a remote and pastoralist areas where the accessibility, affordability and cultural acceptability of the use of medicinal plants for treatment of human and livestock ailments is very significant. The dependence of the plant-based health care system could partly be attributed to underdeveloped infrastructures and modern medical health care system in the general area. Unless the plants are conserved and the ethno-medicinal knowledge is documented, there is a danger that both the valuable medicinal plants and the associated indigenous knowledge of the ethnic groups could vanish forever due to lack of documentation [6] and loss of valuable medicinal plants due to population pressure, agricultural expansion and deforestation [16], as well as due to drought, urbanization and acculturation [17]. Furthermore, pastoral and agro-pastoral communities of these ethnic groups have remained ethno-medicinally unexplored and there is no comprehensive account of the medicinal plant-based practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while traditional medicine, including the use of medicinal plants, has played a significant role in treating health problems in Ethiopia, there is no comprehensive account of the effectiveness of these plants for modern ailments. It highlights issues such as limited access to modern health services and that much of the traditional medicinal plant knowledge remains unexplored, suggesting uncertainty about the effectiveness of these plants in addressing modern health challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The intracellular accumulation of compatible solutes prevents the loss of water caused by high external osmolarity and allows the maintenance of turgor [68]. The accumulation of carnitin, betain and proline was determined in LAB grown in MRS and complex diluted MRS medium (DMRS medium) [70]. Moreover, a specific response mechanism to osmotic stress was identified in a sourdough model system [13]. In particular, the growth of L. sanfranciscensis under osmotic stress resulted in a relevant accumulation of 3-methylbutanoic acid. Its synthesis is associated with the BCCAs. , is NAD+ dependent and produces NADH during the reaction [71]. The accumulation of 3-methylbutanoic acid as predominant metabolite has been also observed in model systems simulating sourdough as a consequence of osmotic, acid or oxidative stress [12, 15]. High pressure stress response: High-pressure processing (HPP) or high pressure homogenization (HPH) are non-thermal processes capable of inactivating and eliminating pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms in specific foods [11, 72], and it represents an exceptional stimulus for most mesophilic bacteria. Several proteins are induced after high pressure treatment and some of these have also been involved in the response to other various stresses [8]. The responses to HHP stress have been studied in particular on L. sakei and L. sanfranciscensis [73, 18]. suggested the presence of de novo protein synthesis as a consequence of HHP stress [73]. As concerning HPH several interesting studies on the responses on Lactobacillus spp. , at the level of proteolytic and metabolic activities point of view have been conducted [11, 21, 22, 74]. HPH treatment positively affects the proteolytic activity of some of Lactobacillus strains, but the activation and the quantitative and qualitative changes of the metabolic activity appear to be the most promising results. The pre-treatment at different pressure was able to induce relevant changes in term of fermentation dynamics and metabolism with respect to the untreated cells [11]. The same approach was applied on L. acidophilus and L. paracasei to improve the technological performances of probiotic strains [21, 22, 74]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information about the significance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes, instead focusing on responses to osmotic and high-pressure stress, protein synthesis, and metabolic activities in various Lactobacillus strains. As such, it does not directly support or contradict the claim about their importance in fermentation.