Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: ice core data cover 420,000 years indicating the natural regularity of Earth’s surface temperature and climate. Here, we consider four major cycles of similar duration, ranging from 86,000 to 128,000 years, comprising 15% of periods for the warming interglacials compared to some 85% of cooling periods. Globally, we are near the peak of a rapid warming period. We perform a detailed frequency analysis of temperature and CO2 cycles, as a primary stage in building a logical Engine (CPE), illustrated with specific harmonics. This analysis can be repeated for all harmonics and various cycle combinations. Our time correlation estimates the CO2 time lag for temperature at 400–2300 years, depending on the cycle, longer on average than previously concluded. We also perform Fast-Fourier transform analysis, identifying a full harmonic spectrum for each cycle, plus an energy analysis to identify each harmonic amplitude − to achieve further prediction analysis using a Kalman filter harmonic bank. data we can use combinations of different cycles compared to the most recent for learning and then the current ongoing cycle for testing. Assuming causal time regularity, more cycles can be employed in training, hence reducing the prediction error for the next cycle. This results in prediction of climate data with both naturally occurring as well as human forced CO2 values. We perform this detailed time and frequency analysis as a basis for improving the quality of our climate prediction methodologies, with particular attention to testing alternative hypotheses of the possible causes of climate change. These include the effect on albedo of suspended dust and increasing water vapor with temperature in initiating interglacial warming, the effect of temperature and pH values of surface water on ambient level of CO2 in the atmosphere and finding a larger latent heat capacity in the atmosphere required to sustain its circulatory motions, leading to friction and turbulent release of heat in boundary layer. All these potentials can be examined in an effective CPE. data time and frequency analysis Kalman filter harmonic bank climate prediction engine machine learning Show + Migdat Hodzic* in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and HerzegovinaInstitute of Agriculture, University of Sydney NSW, Australia *Address all correspondence to: migdathodzic@gmail. com 1. IntroductionExtensive climatic data for the past four ice ages and earlier, the period in which Homo sapiens evolved, is available in various scientific reports analyzing ice cores, commencing from the mid-1950s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing extensive climatic data derived from ice cores that cover up to 420,000 years, which highlights the significant temporal range of information that can be extracted from these glacial records. This supports the notion that glaciers are critical for understanding long-term climate patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage technology is crucial to ensuring that renewable energy can be used when demand is high, even if generation is low. [SEP] Text: Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Fig. 4Cost of partial renewable energy generation scenarios compared to business as usual (BAU) case (dashed line) with a $24 per tonne carbon price. Renewable technologies used are wind, solar photovoltaic and distributed battery storage. Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Fig. 5Cost of partial renewable energy generation scenarios compared to business as usual (BAU) case (dashed line) with a $70 per tonne carbon price. Renewable technologies used are wind, solar photovoltaic and distributed battery storage. Black line is no cost improvement over time, blue line is global cost improvement rates and moderate installation growth rates. Green line is global cost improvement rates and rapid installation growth rates. Cost is in Australian dollars. Table 13Sensitivity of scenario cost to parameters. Table 14Carbon price and level of renewable energy generation for break-even cost with BAU with cost improvement and installation growth. 4 on current technology costs, as RE generation increased from low levels, the cost dropped, reaching a minimum around 45–60% RE generation. The cost then rose again in a roughly linear fashion as RE increased up to about 80% RE generation, similar to the findings of Elliston et al. [22]. The cost increased more sharply up to around 95% RE generation, which was also noticed by Elliston et al. [22], and then increased steeply, almost in an exponential like way, at very high levels of RE generation above 95%. Hence the vanishing returns found by Denholm et al. [21] from adding capacity to cover increasingly infrequent meteorological conditions of prolonged low wind speed and solar irradiance were also indicated by this study. Most of the time, generation from this capacity is not needed and hence curtailed. Therefore a 100% RE system for the SWIS based on wind, solar PV and battery storage would be more costly than a conventional system based on current technology costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that implementing a 100% renewable energy (RE) system reliant on wind, solar PV, and battery storage would be more costly than a conventional system using current technology. It mentions that often, generation from this capacity is curtailed because it is not needed most of the time, suggesting that energy storage may not effectively address periods of high demand during low generation, as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: During the acquisition of fMRI data, participants were comfortably laid with their right arm placed along the magnet bore and a response box held in their left hand. They wore an MRI-compatible headphone to listen to auditory stimuli and watched the computer screen via an angled surface-mirror. Participants carried out six fMRI runs, that is, twice for each sensory modality. Each run consisted of 12 trials and each trial started with a fixation cross on the screen for 6–8 s (jittered) followed by touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s) periods. In the tactile runs, participants slowly attached their right index fingertip to the given stimulus when ‘Touch’ was displayed on the screen and maintained for 2 s. As soon as ‘Detach’ was displayed, they lifted their finger. Tactile stimuli were exchanged manually by the experimenter standing next to the magnet bore. In the auditory runs, participants heard their audio clips of touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s) recorded during the training session. Similar to the tactile runs, stimulus onsets were informed by ‘Touch’and ‘Detach’ instructions on the screen. In the visual runs, participants watched video clips displaying their right index finger exploring the sticky surface for 3. 5 s, that is, touching (2 s) and detaching (1. 5 s). To confirm that participants consistently attended to the task, they were asked to press a button after the presentation of the stimulus. Data acquisition and preprocessing fMRI experiments were performed using a 3T MRI scanner (Magnetom TrioTim; Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with a standard 24-channel head coil. Functional images were acquired using Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) sensitive gradient-echo-based echo planar image (Repetition time (TR) = 2000 ms, Echo time (TE) = 35 ms, flip angle = 90°, Field of view (FOV) = 200 mm, slice thickness = 2 mm, and in-plain resolution = 2 × 2 mm) with 72 slices that cover the whole cerebrum. To obtain T1-weighted anatomical images from each participant, a 3D magnetization-prepared gradient-echo sequence was used (TR = 2300 ms, TE = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study involving the use of fMRI to examine sensory modalities in human participants, particularly how they respond to tactile, auditory, and visual stimuli. It does not address or provide any information about the sensory modalities of different animal species, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: There are various sites on Antarctica and Greenland where intensive ice core drilling has occurred since 1956, with several countries supporting more than a score of different drilling projects. Currently, intensive ice core drilling is being conducted in other areas as well, so an even larger data set is anticipated. In previous papers [1, 2, 3, 4] the history and limitations of ice core drilling are described in detail. Our purpose in this paper is to employ Vostok ice core data for time and frequency related analyses to set a basis for improving prediction of climate variations. The data sets include derivations of relative temperature, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), oxygen, dust and solar variation (insolation), during the past 420,000 years. Because isotopic fractionation of oxygen-18 and deuterium in snowfall is temperature dependent and a strong spatial correlation exists between mean annual temperature and mean isotopic ratios it is possible to derive ice-core climate records. 2005. EPICA data are comparable with Vostok data. In this paper we focus on specific analysis related to only two of the Vostok data variables, namely relative temperature and CO2 content. We also touch upon possible effect of the dust on various points along Vostok timeline. We will include other data at a later date. Data sets used are from [8] and, with corrections, [9]. The variation of atmospheric CO2, temperature and dust are shown in Figure 1 together with our definition of four cycles (C1, C2, C3, C4) formed from the maxima of the variables. These cycles could also be defined starting from the variable minima. Before presenting very detailed time and frequency analysis of specific subset of Vostok data, we make some general observations related to climate fluctuations of CO2, temperature and dust. Figure 1. Vostok data variation in global relative temperature and CO2 content [8, 9]. Variations in global climate measured by temperature change automatically involve the thermal energy content and heat capacity of the atmosphere. These highly variable systems can be contrasted with the energy content of conservative physical systems like planetary orbits, where the principle of least action defines the trajectories favored; conservative systems can be reliably modeled as an interaction between gravity and inertial forces, with the angular momentum and action held constant as a function of mass and the gravitational constant [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information about ice core drilling in Antarctica and Greenland, which has been conducted since 1956, indicating long-term studies of ice layers. It states that ice core data includes information spanning the past 420,000 years, suggesting that glaciers in these regions are indeed significant sources of climate information through ice core analyses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage solutions can completely replace fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Saccharomyces is a yeast that feeds on sugars and can be found on fruit, such as on the skin of grapes. Interestingly, this yeast has been domesticated to make the species Saccharomyces cerevisiae, commonly known as brewers’ or bakers’ yeast. Propionibacterium are present in a wide variety of environments. Alan and his team are most interested in are those found in dairy products such as cheese. Ultimately, Alan and his team are interested in finding a means of overcoming our reliance on fossil fuels and are therefore investigating microbes as an alternative. “In our projects, Saccharomyces is used for the production of ethanol, whether that be for wine or for biofuels,” explains Alan. “Propionibacterium makes propionic acid, which can be used to keep yeast fermentations free from bacterial contamination. ” ’? The most obvious challenge is the production of ethanol by yeast. The hand gels we use in hospitals all contain ethanol, which helps to kill microbes – the ethanol breaks down the thin membrane around cells and kills them. This is something that Alan and his team are battling with. “When the yeast produces the ethanol, it is killed at an alcohol content of 15%-16%, which explains why wine doesn’t ferment to a higher concentration,” explains Alan. “We would like to have yeast that is able to tolerate higher concentrations, both for the production of biofuels in a more cost-effective manner and also to add into fermentations, such as the secondary fermentation that champagne undergoes in the bottle. ” ’? Yes! The team has been working on a variety of different stresses that affect the cell membrane and they now understand the effects that ethanol and butanol, another type of alcohol, have on membranes at the molecular level. This allows the team to design strains that have the potential to be more resistant – these will be tested later this year, which could lead to some exciting results in the near future. ? The short answer is soon and everywhere! points out, for decades, microbes were used to produce compounds such as butanol before fossil fuels took over. In many ways, the work of biochemists is to get back to where we once were, but the only way of doing that is to match the effectiveness and efficiency of fossil fuels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges involved in overcoming reliance on fossil fuels, particularly in the context of using microbes for biofuel production. Alan highlights that while there is interest in producing biofuels from Saccharomyces and other microbes, there are significant hurdles, such as achieving higher concentrations of ethanol and matching the effectiveness of fossil fuels. This implies that full replacement of fossil fuels by energy storage solutions or biofuels is not imminent, and transitioning would require overcoming substantial scientific and production challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 28 ms, flip angle = 8°, FOV = 256 mm, slice thickness = 1 mm, and in-plain resolution = 1 × 1 mm). The preprocessing and statistical analysis of fMRI data were performed using SPM12 (of ) and a high-pass filter of 128 s was used to eliminate low frequency noise. The Echo-planar imaging data were realigned for motion correction, coregistered to the individual T1-weighted images, normalized into the Institute space, and spatially smoothed by a 4 mm full-width-half-maximum Gaussian Kernel. Data analysis Data analyses were performed using a general linear model in SPM12 with a canonical hemodynamic response function to estimate BOLD responses to each stimulus. We determined the moment of ‘Detach’ the fingertip from the sticky surface as a stimulus onset because the stickiness perception occurs when the skin is physically stretched by the adhesive surface. Moreover, for the contrasting analysis, we determined the middle of the period when a fixation cross was displayed as a resting onset. Regressors for stimulation and resting were defined accordingly. Six nuisance regressors for motion (movement and rotation along three orthogonal axes) were also defined for the purpose of head movement correction. We applied the whole-brain analysis rather than a specific region of interest analysis, since brain regions being engaged in stickiness perception were unknown, especially for the auditory and visual domains. We performed two different analyses. First, using an event-related design analysis, we evaluated the BOLD activation level differences by comparing stimulus onset and resting period for each modality separately. Contrast images from the individual analyses were sent to the second level analysis with subjects as a random factor. Second, a conjunction analysis was performed. We employed a one-way analysis of variance design and evaluated the conjunction of ‘tactile vs. resting state’, ‘auditory vs. resting state’, and ‘visual vs. resting state’. This conjunction analysis could identify common brain regions for which neural activation was greater during stimulation periods than those of resting periods across all modalities. Statistical threshold for all analyses was determined as P < 0. 05 family-wise error-corrected and cluster-extents >40 voxels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it focuses on technical details of fMRI data analysis, methods, and experimental design related to stimuli processing in the context of sensory perception such as stickiness, but does not mention anything about differences between species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Can we use fungi to break down our plastic and rubber waste? Legaspi and Kaury KuceraBacked by. K. and 31 other backersöhler,. rexus, and : 10. 18258/0795$8,000Raised of $8,000 Goal100%Funded on 11/14/13Successfully Funded$8,000pledged100%fundedFundedon 11/14/13? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(9)Discussion (8)massive and rapid accumulation of our plastic and rubber waste is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. Since certain types of plastic and rubber are held together by the same chemical bonds that are found in natural plant polymers, we are investigating the ability of fungi that live inside plants to degrade synthetic plastics and rubbers. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Research on synthetic polymer biodegradation has been steadily growing over the past forty years. Several bacteria and fungi have been identified that produce enzymes capable of plastic and rubber degradation in various laboratory conditions. However, this field is still in its infancy and much work needs to be done to determine the viability of plastic and rubber biodegradation. Several plastics and rubbers contain the same chemical bonds that are found in natural plant polymers. Therefore, we are specifically targeting endophytes, organisms that grow symbiotically inside plants, in order to harness the endophytes’ ability to degrade natural plant polymers for the degradation of synthetic plastics and rubbers. Our group has previously identified degradation of the plastic polyester polyurethane by the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora. This fungus secretes a small enzyme that is responsible for plastic degradation. Going forward, our project goals are to: 1) Characterize enzymatic degradation by Pestalotiopsis microspora - Isolate and characterize enzymatic degradation - Compare enzyme efficiency to other polyester-degrading enzymes - Evaluate degradation of solid polyester polyurethane and other plastics - Evaluate degradation of plastic by P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research on the ability of certain fungi, specifically the endophytic fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora, to degrade synthetic plastics such as polyester polyurethane. It notes that these fungi produce enzymes that facilitate plastic degradation, providing a potential solution to the problem of plastic waste, which supports the claim regarding fungi's role in addressing pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage solutions can completely replace fossil fuels within the next decade. [SEP] Text: “One consideration is cost but reducing toxicity should help with this and as people become increasingly environmentally conscious this should help drive government policy,” explains Alan. “There is a lot of amazing work going on to get microbes to make chemicals they wouldn’t normally make, and this broadens their uses significantly. ” in BiochemistryProteins and Lipids (AMPL): : Alan’s work is focused on investigating Saccharomyces and Propionibacteria with a view to improving the tolerance of microbes. The team hopes to improve efficiency and product yield of engineered cell-based factories. : UK Research and 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie actions Download the 10. 33424/50 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 cells viewed under a microscope. Yeast grown on an agar plate ready for testing. Testing yeast for ethanol tolerance. A molecular model of a cell membrane showing the individual lipids (fats) that make it up. The MeMBrane team at a recent meeting in York. We are all aware of the potentially cataclysmic effect of continuing to rely on fossil fuels. While we might recycle our plastic, use electric cars or walk to school, efforts are being made to reduce our reliance in surprising quarters. One area where efficiency and a move away from fossil fuels is being considered is that of the use of microbes. Fossil fuel-based chemical production has been a historical tendency for some time and, while it has helped advance the field of biochemistry, it has had the unfortunate effect of releasing enormous amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. As we all now well know, these ‘non-renewable’ production methods are affecting the world’s climate. Now, there is a concerted effort to move away from such methods and instead look for alternatives that are cleaner, greener and more efficient, including biofuels. Based at in the UK, Goddard leads the MeMBrane project, which focuses on the production of what he and his team call cell factories. “Microbial cells can be grown on a variety of ‘foods’ including sugars, plant waste and even wood pulp,” explains Alan. “These sources of carbon are renewable and therefore more environmentally friendly. Bio-based routes to chemical production can also lead to purer products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ongoing challenges and advancements in reducing reliance on fossil fuels, specifically through biochemistry and microbial solutions. While it discusses efforts to shift towards cleaner alternatives, it does not support the idea that energy storage solutions alone can completely replace fossil fuels within a decade. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity of transitioning from fossil fuel-based production to biofuels and other renewable resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: contrasting analysis for the tactile condition elicited significant activation in the somatosensory cortices including the postcentral gyrus (poCG), anterior intraparietal sulcus (aIPS), supramarginal gyrus, and rolandic operaculum (Table 1 and Fig. 1). Moreover, the anterior insula (aINS), medial occipital gyrus (MOG), and precentral gyrus (preCG) regions were activated in the contralateral hemisphere. In the ipsilateral hemisphere, we observed activated brain regions in the preCG and aINS. Furthermore, the supplementary motor area (SMA) was activated bilaterally. The auditory stickiness information process also activated contralateral somatosensory cortices including the poCG and aIPS. We observed ipsilateral activations in the medial temporal gyrus and inferior occipital gyrus. Additionally, there was significant bilateral activation in preCG, aINS, and SMA. For the visual condition, contrasting analysis identified significant activation in the contralateral somatosensory cortices (poCG and aIPS), aINS, and IOG. Moreover, the preCG, MOG, and SMA were activated bilaterally. Table 1: Brain activation from general linear modal analysesFig. 1: Brain activations of contrasting analyses. Statistical threshold was set at P < 0. 05, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected for multiple comparisons, cluster size 40 contiguous voxels. In addition to the contrasting analyses for each modality, we conducted a conjunction analysis across tactile, auditory, and visual conditions. Results showed a substantial overlap in the conjunction map including clusters in the contralateral poCG, aINS and preCG and in the bilateral SMA (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Brain activations of conjunction analyses. Statistical threshold was set at P < 0. 05, family-wise error (FWE)-corrected for multiple comparisons, cluster size 40 contiguous voxels. current study aimed to identify brain regions related to surface stickiness perception for each modality and searched for common brain activations across modalities. In particular, we attempted to compare brain regions in response to information on surface stickiness conveyed via tactile, auditory, and visual cues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific brain activations associated with tactile, auditory, and visual conditions related to surface stickiness perception. It primarily describes neuroimaging results and methodological approaches, without addressing the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: microspora in simulated landfill conditions (collaboration) 2) Screen for new plastic- and rubber- degrading fungi - Screen fungi collections for degradation of different synthetic polymers - For promising candidates, sequence the genomes and look for possible novel plastic- or rubber-degrading genes - Analyze candidates using gel permeation chromatography (molecular weight changes) and scanning electron microscopy (visual degradation) What is the significance of this project? Plastics and rubbers are examples of synthetic (or man-made) polymers that have become an indispensable part of our lives. From our disposable packaging to our grocery bags, from our water bottles to our car tires, we heavily rely on synthetic polymers on a daily basis. These materials are cheap to manufacture, versatile, and resilient -- which also means that they are produced in massive quantities and can last in the environment for hundreds of years. Given that these extremely durable materials are often used for single-use disposable applications, it’s important to think about what happens to plastics and rubbers after disposal. While we have seen an enormous boom in synthetic polymer production (over 250 million tons of plastic are produced every year! ); our methods of treating these materials after disposal have not been able to keep up. Recycling has helped reduce the amount of plastic waste, however only 15% of global plastic is successfully recycled. Additionally, Incineration, another common method of disposal, can form and release toxic chemicals into the environment. Therefore, we are investigating alternative (or complementary) methods of dealing with our plastic and rubber waste. What are the goals of the project? All funds raised will directly be applied to furthering the stated project goals of characterizing the biodegradation of plastic by Pestalotiopsis microspora and screening for new plastic- and rubber-degrading enzymes. A portion of the funds will be used to buy consumable lab supplies, which are necessary for the growth and maintenance of the fungal cultures, enzymatic characterization and materials for additional plastic and rubber screens. I already have access to the necessary equipment for polymer analysis; however, many instruments have fees associated with use and/or several accessory pieces of equipment or consumables need to be bought separately. I will apply the funds towards using equipment such as scanning electron microscopy and gel permeation chromatography. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a project focused on characterizing the biodegradation of plastic specifically by the fungus Pestalotiopsis microspora. It highlights the investigation of new plastic- and rubber-degrading fungi and enzymes, indicating that certain fungi can indeed break down synthetic polymers. This aligns with the claim about the potential of fungi to provide solutions to pollution caused by plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy storage will make traditional power grids obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: But the study has not focused on the effect of wind and solar on the reliability of the system. Ref [60] explains methodology to solve OPF using a self-adaptive evolutionary technique that takes into account wind power and modest signal stability restrictions while optimizing the function. In [8], the optimal placement of DG is done with the aim to increase the DG owners’ profit. The proposed approach considers both transmission and production cost component in the DG allocation process. There are various other researches which focuses on the optimal location of DG without including the effect of renewable DG inclusion on reliability of the system [2, 9, 21, 28, 33, 37, 57]. Ref [56] solves the OPF for hybrid power system while taking into account the risk factor due to variable nature of wind and solar. Since RES is variable thus there is some inherent risk in using it in power system operation. Thus, at Risk (CVaR) is used to quantify the risk associated with RES. The study is focused on the best compromised solution between risk level and the operating cost but does not focus on reliability improvement. Ref [24] proposed the dynamic economic dispatch problem considering wind power and risk reserve constraints. The reliability of a power system when wind and hydro power are combined is shown in Ref [35]. For reliability evaluation, the method (MCM) is used. Loss of load expected (LOLE), loss of energy expected (LOEE), average water spilt (AWS), and average water utilized to produce electricity (AWE) are the reliability indicators that are calculated. The impact of wind power and energy storage on system reliability is shown in [30]. There are various other literatures which explains energy management with RES [25] and the impact of wind, solar and energy storage on power system reliability but has not focused on the optimal location of RES. [4, 12, 14, 17, 18, 29, 63]. Since RES are getting attention worldwide due to environment concern associated with conventional generators. Therefore, it becomes essential for the system operator for effectively utilize the available RES and maintains the system reliability. Since RES are intermittent and variable in nature therefore energy storage is integrated in the system to balance the power generation and power demand [10, 55]. The RESs are either utilized in small power systems and/or in power grids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inherent risks and reliability challenges associated with renewable energy sources (RES). It emphasizes that studies have not adequately focused on how RES, like wind and solar, impact the reliability of power systems, suggesting that integrating RES entails balancing power generation and demand, rather than making traditional power grids obsolete. The mention of variability associated with RES indicates that traditional power systems are likely to remain relevant in ensuring reliability amidst these challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: In our study, we clearly observed the simultaneous activation in the corresponding primary sensory cortices and the IPS, for example, simultaneous activation in both primary auditory cortex and aIPS under the auditory condition. Hence, we speculate that the identification of aIPS is mainly due to multisensory convergence and cross-modal generalization. Although there was no finger movement in the auditory and visual conditions, we observed the activation of SMA and preCG. These regions are well known to be associated with the preparation and execution of voluntary movements [23]. However, significant activation in these regions was reported during passive touch or motor imagery as well [24,25], as observed in our present results. Therefore, a possible explanation for the activation of SMA and preCG could be related to motor imagery. In our experimental procedure, participants underwent a training session prior to MR scanning. While repeatedly touching the sticky surface with their fingertip, they were watching and hearing their surface explorations. We therefore believe that a strong association exists between the three different sensory stimuli, and that participants imagine finger movements without actually performing the movement during scanning sessions. Consequently, this motor imagery is likely to have an influence on the activation in the SMA and preCG. There are several potential limitations of this study. First, the generalization of the results to population should be made with caution because the sample size was relatively small (N = 21) and our sample consisted solely of college students. Second, we could not completely eliminate the effects of scanner noise during the auditory session. In future works, we will use an equipment such as noise canceling headsets for better perception of the auditory cues. In this study, we successfully identified brain regions exhibiting information on surface stickiness perceived by tactile, auditory, and visual cues. Intriguingly, our results using contrasting and conjunction analyses suggest that neural activities in somatosensory cortices, aINS, and aIPS regions play an important role in cross-modal generalization. To the best our knowledge, this is the first attempt to explore brain activities related to auditory and visual stickiness perception. We envision that future work will uncover the detailed neural mechanisms underlying surface texture perception, such as stickiness intensity perception. work was supported by the Institute for (IBS-R015-Y2). Y. S. and J. K. conducted experiments, analyzed results, and wrote the original draft of the manuscript. S-P. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it discusses specific neural activations related to sensory stimuli in a study involving human participants and does not provide information about differences in sensory modalities across species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Additionally, in the will be going to the as a for Strobel's and Laboratory class (all expenses paid; no donated funds will be used for travel). During this time, I will specifically collect fungi that may produce abundant lignocellulolytic enzymes to use in my plastic and rubber degradation screens. If promising candidates arise from these screens, I will use funds to sequence the genomes of the fungi to identify the responsible gene(s) and to synthesize genes that code for putative plastic or rubber degrading enzymes for future studies. wait. . . The proposed budget will be used to purchase laboratory supplies, equipment time, accessory equipment, and bioinformatic analyses for the purpose of: 1) Characterizing the enzyme from Pestalotiopsis microspora that is responsible for polyester polyurethane degradation and comparing the characteristics of this enzyme to other polyester-degrading enzymes 2) Assessing degradation of solid polyester polyurethane (as well as other types of plastic) and working in collaboration with a biodegradation testing facility to evaluate degradation of plastic by P. microspora in simulated landfill conditions 3) Screening endophyte collections for degradation of different plastics and rubbers and confirming degradation using gel permeation chromatography and scanning electron microscopy 4) Sequencing the genomes of potential candidates and looking for possible novel genes that code for plastic- or rubber-degrading enzymes. Meet the TeamMichelle LegaspiPh. D. CandidateAffiliatesYale University, Ph. D. candidate (2011-present). University of Florida, B. S. Chemistry (2010). . D. Candidate, I am driven by my desire to appreciate and learn from our natural environment in order to help integrate more sustainable systems into our lifestyles. I received my B. S. in Chemistry from the University of Florida. As an undergraduate, I spent 3 years working for the US Department of Agriculture analyzing chemically-mediated signaling interactions between plants and caterpillars in order to better understand plant defense mechanisms and increase agricultural crop yields without the use of harmful pesticides. I became increasingly interested in environmental research after studying abroad in and Fiji learning about human impact on the environment. After graduation, I worked with the Association teaching environmental education and building hiking trails in Massachusetts. I aim to combine my scientific knowledge and passion for the outdoors to tackle our environmental problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research focused on fungi that produce enzymes capable of degrading plastics, specifically mentioning the characterization of an enzyme from *Pestalotiopsis microspora* responsible for polyester polyurethane degradation. This research aligns directly with the claim regarding fungi's potential to address plastic pollution through biotechnological methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy storage will make traditional power grids obsolete by 2030. [SEP] Text: Pumped hydro storage is introduced in Ref [64], as an as alternate form of storage for a standalone hybrid system that includes solar PV, wind turbines, and a diesel generator. In the proposed study, the novel sensitivity index named of (NPEI) is formulated to identify the best location for RES based DG. This system is subjected to (N-1) contingency and most severe contingency scenario is identified on the basis of higher NPEI value. The buses having higher NPEI value during severe contingency is considered as prime location for DG placement. Plant (PSP) based energy storage is used in conjunction with the RES for its effective utilization. Furthermore, this study analyzes the impact of RES and PSP on system reliability. The surplus energy available with the RES after scheduling in day-ahead market is stored in PSP. Now PSP can also participate in the market by utilizing this surplus energy during next scheduling hours. To the best of authors knowledge, very few literatures has focused on determining the optimal location of renewable DG and PSP along with their effect on the system reliability. This paper categorizes different cases with convention generators, with/ without RES and PSP. The impact of RES and PSP on generation cost, power loss and reliability of the system is analyzed. For reliability evaluation, Loss of (LOLE) and (EENS) are evaluated. The study further includes partial shading of PV modules. The impact of number of shaded modules and intensity of partial shading on system cost, power loss and load payment are presented. The contribution of this study is summarized as below: The novel objective function is formulated considering the procurement cost of CGs with valve point effect and emission cost and procurement cost of RESs and PSP plants. The penalty cost associated with over and under estimation of RESs is eliminated by implementing the PSP based energy storage which utilizes the surplus/deficit energy in the next intervals. The novel index NPEI is formulated to identify the best location for placing the RES based plants. The system is subjected to (N-1) contingency in order to find out the optimal location of RES. The modeling of RES is done by their respective PDF. For wind speed modeling, weibull probability distribution function (PDF) is used whereas for solar irradiance, beta probability distribution function (PDF) is used. The fluctuations in the output of RES based DG is managed by PSP based energy storage. It will effectively utilize the surplus/deficit of RES in power market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the continued reliance on traditional power generation methods, such as diesel generators, and emphasizing the complementary role of pumped hydro storage (PSP) with renewable energy sources (RES). It highlights that the system is subjected to contingency analysis, implying that traditional elements are still necessary in the grid alongside renewables. In particular, the mention of ‘conventional generators’ and the need for energy storage solutions to manage the fluctuations of RES indicates that traditional power grids will remain integral rather than become obsolete.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: revised the manuscript. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. . . Multisensory texture perception. Handbook of Multisensory Processes. 2004, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press107–122 2. . Haptic and visual perception of roughness. (Amst). 2007; 124:177–189 | 3. . Texture perception: studies of intersensory organization using a discrepancy paradigm, and visual versus tactual psychophysics. . 1981; 7:902–915 | 4. Heller MA. Texture perception in sighted and blind observers. Percept Psychophys. 1989; 45:49–54 | 5. . Hand movements: a window into haptic object recognition. Cogn Psychol. 1987; 19:342–368 | 6. Katz D. The world of touch. 1989, Hillsdale, NJ: Here 7. . Perceptual dimensions of tactile surface texture: a multidimensional scaling analysis. Percept Psychophys. 1993; 54:697–705 | 8. Bensmaia S. . Texture from touch. Scholarpedia of Touch. 2016, Paris: Atlantis Press207–215 9. . Surface stickiness perception by auditory, tactile, and visual cues. Front Psychol. 2019; 10:2135 | 10. . Neural activity patterns in the human brain reflect tactile stickiness perception. Neurosci. 2017; 11:445 | 11. . Human brain activity related to the tactile perception of stickiness. Neurosci. 2017; 11:8 | 12. Tactile estimation of the roughness of gratings yields a graded response in the human brain: an fmri study. Neuroimage. 2005; 25:90–100 | 13. . Neural substrates of tactile object recognition: an fmri study. Ma14. . Fmri-derived cortical maps for haptic shape, texture, and hardness. Res. 2001; 12:307–313 | 15. . Primary sensory cortices contain distinguishable spatial patterns of activity for each sense. Nat Commun. 2013; 4:1979 | 16. . A revised view of sensory cortical parcellation. . 2004; 101:2167–2172 | 17. Stilla R, Sathian K. Selective visuo-haptic processing of shape and texture. Ma18. -Leone A, Somers DC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it discusses various studies related to texture perception regarding different senses, without providing information on how these modalities differ across species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: Dr. Kaury Kucera, Lecturer and Postdoctoral Associate, I love science research and education because I work to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to determine the structure of two parasite proteins. Currently, I work with undergraduate students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and characterize the enzymatic proteins used by fungi to degrade complex polymers. The indigenous people in the where we collect endophytes believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure. I do this research with faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation exists and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Michelle LegaspiMichelle Legaspi, Ph. D. Candidate, I am driven by my desire to appreciate and learn from our natural environment in order to help integrate more sustainable systems into our lifestyles. I received my B. S. in Chemistry from the University of Florida. As an undergraduate, I spent 3 years working for the US Department of Agriculture analyzing chemically-mediated signaling interactions between plants and caterpillars in order to better understand plant defense mechanisms and increase agricultural crop yields without the use of harmful pesticides. I became increasingly interested in environmental research after studying abroad in and Fiji learning about human impact on the environment. After graduation, I worked with the Association teaching environmental education and building hiking trails in Massachusetts. I aim to combine my scientific knowledge and passion for the outdoors to tackle our environmental problems. Dr. Kaury Kucera, Lecturer and Postdoctoral Associate, I love science research and education because I work to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to study the structure of two parasite proteins. Currently, I work with undergraduate students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and study the enzymatic proteins used by fungi to degrade complex polymers. people are indigenous to the where we collect endophytes. They believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the work of Dr. Kaury Kucera and Michelle Legaspi, who are studying the enzymatic proteins used by fungi to degrade complex polymers. This implies that these fungi may have the capability to break down plastics, supporting the idea that such fungi can provide potential solutions to pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: 3 Ancillary servicesLocal energy systems can participate in a range of ancillary services markets through an aggregator. An aggregator is a company that combines the changes in consumer demand or generation and sells them in markets. The surplus on-site generation of an ensemble of prosumers can be aggregated and stored in local energy systems and later delivered to the utility grid as a service. There is a wide range of ancillary service with various time scales, e. g. from months ahead to seconds, and multiple functions, e. g. frequency response, energy reserve, voltage support, and demand response [51]. The applications of energy storage in supporting each function of ancillary services are described as follows:Frequency Response: Frequency response is an action to stabilise the frequency, once power systems encounter sudden loss of generation or load [51]. Energy storage systems play a significant role for regulating the frequency by absorbing or releasing power in response to the deviation from nominal frequency and imbalances between supply and demand. Energy Reserve: Energy reserve is additional capacity which is online but unloaded to rapidly compensate outages of generation or transmission [52]. The energy storage system can provide this additional reserve capacity without the need for investing an new generation capacities. Voltage Support: The integration of distributed renewable energy sources, e. g. solar PV, in low-voltage distribution grids would affect the grid voltage profiles during the high generation and low demand periods. The energy storage provides a solution to ensuring the voltage quality requirement while accommodating more distributed generation capacity. The research in [53] suggested the potential of incorporating the storage with reactive power methods to avoid grid reinforcement and active power curtailment. Demand Response: Demand response refers to reshaping consumption behaviours in response to the dynamic retail electrical energy pricing signals. Instead of curtailing or shifting away loads during high-price periods, a consumer can release stored energy to reduce electricity bills. 4. Design, operation and control of electricity storage systems4. 1 Design considerationsThere are many factors to consider for the design of an electricity storage system for a local energy system. Some of those design considerations are:Power ratingEnergy capacityPhysical sizeResponse timeCapital costLifetimeO&M complexity and costFor some electricity storage applications, there may be a specific power rating and energy capacity requirement. When this is the case, this will dictate the design of the electricity storage system to ensure the requirements are met. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the role of energy storage systems in the context of ancillary services, such as frequency response and energy reserves. It describes how energy storage systems are essential for balancing supply and demand, particularly when there is an imbalance due to sudden loss of generation or load. This indicates that, rather than making electricity generation unnecessary, energy storage systems enhance the generation process by providing stability and supplementary capacity. Moreover, the text outlines the various functions and design considerations for energy storage systems, further supporting the idea that continuous electricity generation remains necessary to meet demand, even with energy storage solutions in place.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 2019), including how landscape composition affects species distributions (Beninde et al. 2015). Identifying the areal extent within which environmental variables best explain patterns in species occupancy or abundance, termed the “scale of effect” (Jackson and Fahrig 2012), can build understanding of spatial scale at which wildlife interact with attributes of the environment (Moll et al. 2020). Such understanding is key to species habitat modeling given that models that include variables estimated for inappropriate extents may miss key relationships between species and urban environmental attributes, leading to inaccurate assessment of species-habitat relationships (Jackson and Fahrig 2012). Similarly, accurate scales of effect are critical to the implementation of management practices to ensure the management is implements over extents needed to support urban species. Thus, accurately identifying scales of effect for urban wildlife is key to delineating both the spatial extent at which management for an individual species should occur and the attributes of urban environments that should be managed. Species-habitat modeling thus requires careful consideration of scale of extent in model specification. Models that fail to account for scale of effect and rely on a single spatial scale selected a priori can mischaracterize the strength and direction of relationships (Miguet et al. 2016, Moll et al. 2020), or find no relationship where one may truly exist over a smaller or bigger spatial extent than used in modeling (Holland and Yang 2016). For example, multiple studies have reported a negative relationship between coyote (Canis latrans) occupancy and urban intensity as measured by housing density (Fidino et al. 2020) or proportional impervious cover (Wait et al. 2018) within 1 km buffers, yet a study that measured urban intensity over a larger extent (3 km) identified a positive relationship (3 km, Ordeñana et al. 2010). A conservation practitioner relying on only one of these studies to direct land management practices might undertake actions both over an inappropriate extent and of an inappropriate form. It is difficult to say which of these studies is correct and, indeed, they all may be in different contexts, without constructing and comparing the fit of models estimated using variables calculated for range of extents to identify an appropriate scale of effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among different animal species. Instead, it focuses on the importance of understanding spatial scales in species-habitat modeling and the relationships between urban intensity and wildlife occupancy. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some fungi can break down plastics, offering potential solutions to pollution. [SEP] Text: I do this research with great faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation already exists in our environment and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Kaury KuceraI love science research and education because I wake up every morning with confidence that I am working to fix important problems including contamination of our environment by persistent waste. I earned my Ph. D. at using x-ray crystallography to study the three-dimensional structure of two parasite proteins that are required for infection. Upon graduation I accepted a job teaching and doing research with undergraduates at Yale. I specifically work with students to study biological activities and bioactive natural products from endophytic fungi. Besides mentoring undergraduates it is my privilege to work with Michelle to identify and study the enzymatic proteins fungi use to degrade complex polymers. people are indigenous to the where we hunt for endophytes. They believe that where there is a poison in the jungle you can also find a cure. I do this research with great faith that a remedy for plastic and synthetic rubber waste accumulation already exists in our environment and is waiting to be discovered and effectively harnessed. Lab Notes9 PostedThis lab note is for backers onlyResearch ups and downsMay 27, 20150313This lab note is for backers onlyThe plastic degrading enzyme from Pestalotiopsis microsporaAugust 25, 201403430This lab note is for backers onlyCollecting latex producing plants in the Amazon RainforestMay 22, 20141171Relevant Publication: 1) Russell, J. R. , et al. "Biodegradation of by Endophytic Fungi" Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 77, 6076-6084 (2011). News Coverage: 1) "More than Mushrooms" - 2012. 2) "Researchers: Fungus can break down plastics" CNN, August 2011. 3) "Yale researchers find fungus that can break down plastic (video)" - Register, August 2011. Other links: 1) Researchers find organisms growing within fungi capable to degrade plastics 2) Find Plastic-Photo credit: EdinburghGreens from credit: for video recording/editing and for providing equipment Project Backers41Backers100%Funded$8,000Total Donations$195. 12Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research focused on identifying and studying the enzymatic proteins that fungi use to degrade complex polymers, which aligns with the assertion that some fungi can break down plastics. Additionally, the researcher expresses hope that a remedy for plastic waste already exists in the environment, emphasizing the potential for fungi to offer solutions to pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: For most applications, further analysis must be carried out to maximise benefits from electricity storage. In most cases, the focus is on selecting the optimal power rating and energy capacity for each case. To do this, an in-depth financial analysis must be carried out on a case-by-case basis. The technologies that show promise for local energy system applications have high energy density and fast response times, reducing the need for analysis of physical size and response time. 4. 2 Electricity storage operation within a local energy systemOptimal power rating and energy capacity are closely linked to the electricity storage application. Specifically, the way in which the operator intends to use the storage system to benefit themselves. There are any number of operating objectives that the owner of an energy storage system may choose to prioritise. Broadly, these can be assigned to two categories:Maximising self-consumptionMaximising profit by trading electricityThe energy consumed on-site, relative to the total energy generated on-site, is referred to as self-consumption [54]. Energy storage systems, typically batteries, are used as a method to increase self-consumption [54]. This is done by storing surplus electricity from local generation for use at another time, when generation is not enough to meet demand. Self-consumption is particularly attractive due to the difference in import and export electricity prices. The difference between import and export prices is due to some additional charges that apply to import prices. Transmission and distribution network charges recover the cost of building and maintaining all assets in the electricity transmission and distribution networks. These are charges that are paid by consumers when they purchase electricity from the grid, effectively increasing their electricity import price. These costs are not recouped when consumers sell electricity back to the grid. Additional charges that are included in a consumers electricity bill are the supplier operating cost, supplier profit and in some circumstances social and environmental costs. All these costs are added to the basic electricity price to give the customer purchase price. The customer sell price however, consists of only the basic price of electricity. Therefore, the purchase price is higher than the sell price. So, from the local energy system perspective, self-consumption of renewable generation will reduce costs by minimising purchased electricity, effectively avoiding extra charges. Historically, trading has referred to the trading of energy in the wholesale markets by generators, retailers and large industrial consumers [55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that electricity storage systems are primarily used to store surplus electricity for use when generation falls short of demand. Specifically, it mentions that 'Energy storage systems, typically batteries, are used as a method to increase self-consumption' rather than making continuous generation unnecessary. The text highlights the importance of managing generation and consumption effectively, indicating that continuous generation may still be required to meet demand.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 2017); however, they may still miss important relationships with environmental attributes that operate beyond home range extents or over smaller extents within them. Very often, extents are not derived based on expert knowledge or biological attributes of species, however, such as when extents are selected for the ease of computation and reporting (e. g. , 100 m, 500 m) (Wheatley and Johnson 2009), and may thus fail in identifying species-habitat relationships and scales of effect. It has long been recognized that there is no single scale (spatial or otherwise) at which an organism responds (Levin 1992) and that species responses often occur over multiple special scales. Birds, for example, are well-known to respond to their environments at multiple spatial scales (Pennington and Blair 2011, Smith et al. 2011, Litteral and Shochat 2017, Hallman and Robinson 2020). However, the existence of multiple scales of effect for urban mammals is less established. While some studies of urban mammals do explore relationships at multiple spatial scales, these analyses are often restricted to just a few extents (e. g. , Moreira-Arce et al. 2016, Gallo et al. 2018) or focus on a particular set of extents, such as only landscape-level extents (e. g. , Crimmins et al. 2016). Some studies have employed a hierarchical approach that relates species responses to environmental variation at plot, patch, and landscape scales (e. g. , through a partial canonical ordination, Cushman and McGarigal 2004); however, these studies must still select a range of buffer zones to represent these extents and may do so following any one of the approaches detailed above. Thus, the use of such multiple extents, when not connected to ecologically sound assumptions, can lead to improper identification of the scale of effect (Jackson and Fahrig 2015). While a growing number of studies, among them analyses of urban mammals (Moll et al. 2020), use multiple spatial extents selected in a biologically-informed manner to more accurately pinpoint scales of effect in species-habitat investigations (e. g. , Chandler and Hepinstall-Cymerman 2016, Galán‐Acedo et al. 2018, Stevens and Conway 2020), they do not yet indicate clear patterns regarding the appropriate scale or scales of effect for urban mammals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the complexities of species responses to environmental scales and habitat relationships but does not address or provide any information regarding sensory modalities of different animal species. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 33 and 0. 54 individuals per trap night, respectively). To interpret these results, we provide a brief review of competing hypotheses for fungal bioluminescence, and conclude that for some fungi, bioluminescence may be an incidental by-product of metabolism rather than conferring any selective advantage. It is possible that the role of bioluminescence differs among evolutionary lineages of fungi and/or with attributes of their growth environments that could affect spore dispersal, such as wind and insect abundance. IntroductionBioluminescence has been known since ancient times, with bioluminescent fungi being documented by Aristotle (384-322 BC) as emitting light “which differed from that of fire” from a rotten log (Harvey 1952, Desjardin et al. 2008). The phenomenon is most common in marine environments, and a number of theories have been put forward to account for its apparent selective advantage in the dark of the deep ocean (Rees et al. 1998). Hastings (1983) reviewed the potential ecological roles of bioluminescence, listing defence, offence, and communication, but did not discuss fungal bioluminescence. Of the 150,000 or so described species of fungi, bioluminescence is known from only 71, with 40 % of these records being documented since 2001 (Desjardin et al. 2010). For bioluminescent fungi, it has been suggested that the attraction of potentially spore dispersing insects can account for the selective advantage conferred by glowing, and this is supported by the recent experimental work in the Neotropics by Oliveira et al. (2015) for Neonothopanus garderni (Agaricales, Marasmiaceae). Bioluminescence could nevertheless come with a thermodynamic cost and potential of attracting fungivores, so alternative hypotheses could include fungivore deterrence, fungivore predator attraction, warning signalling, and as an incidental by-product of detoxification or other metabolic reactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing bioluminescent fungi and mentioning various hypotheses regarding their bioluminescent properties. Specifically, it states that bioluminescence has been documented in fungi, with 71 documented species, indicating that certain mushrooms indeed glow in the dark. The text also notes that this phenomenon may relate to metabolic reactions, which aligns with the claim that this glowing is a result of a chemical reaction within the fungus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Berthon, “Frequency, thermal and voltage supercapacitor characterization and modeling,” J. Power Sources, vol. 165, no. 2, 2007. 20. and K. Lobato, “State-of-the-art materials for high power and high energy supercapacitors: Performance metrics and obstacles for the transition from lab to industrial scale–A critical approach,” Chem. Eng. J. , vol. 374, 2019. 21. Y. Ding, L. Tong, P. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Radcliffe, and L. Wang, “181. 22. R. Moradi and K. M. Groth, “Hydrogen storage and delivery: Review of the state of the art technologies and risk and reliability analysis,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 44, no. 23, 2019. 23. B. Zakeri and S. Syri, “Electrical energy storage systems: A comparative life cycle cost analysis,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. , vol. 42, 2015. 24. S. Koohi-Fayegh and M. A. Rosen, “A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments,” J. Energy Storage, vol. 27, no. July 2019, p. 101047, 2020. 25. X. Zeng et al. , “Commercialization of Technologies for Electric Vehicles,” Adv. Energy Mater. , vol. 9, no. 27, 2019. 26. A. Sánchez Muñoz, M. Garcia, M. Gerlich Reviewer, and T. Rautiainen, “Overview of storage technologies,” no. 645963, 2016. 27. K. Mongird et al. , “Technology and Report | Department of Energy,” no. July, 2019. 28. P. Nikolaidis and A. Poullikkas, “Cost metrics of electrical energy storage technologies in potential power system operations,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assessments, vol. 25, no. December 2017, 2018. 29. Institution, “High-Technologies,” 2020. 30. T. Aquino, M. Roling, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim regarding energy storage systems and their necessity in electricity generation. It consists primarily of citations and references to various academic works without discussing the implications for continuous electricity generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Another 12% of is in hay or pasture; 10% is forested; and 10% is developed land with smaller areas of waterways, wetlands, and grasslands (Homer et al. 2020). This diversity of land-cover types, especially within urban boundaries, situates our study area well to compare species responses to urban and other land covers at a variety of spatial scales, as individual study site buffers at different extents will be representative of the fine-scale heterogeneity of urban environments. Mammal surveys We deployed motion-triggered cameras across Johnson County, IA, from 2017 to 2020 to survey mammal species. Camera-trapping survey design and methodology followed protocols outlined by the (UWIN), a network of research institutions utilizing similar wildlife survey methods to facilitate among-city urban ecological investigations (Magle et al. 2019). Briefly, we identified three linear transects to capture the urbanization gradient in the study area, divided them into 5-km segments, and buffered them by 2-km on both sides, thereby delineating 39, 20 km2 survey “squares” in which 3-4 locations were randomly selected as camera trap sites (Fig. 1). We deployed motion-triggered trail cameras (Bushnell; Models #119736 & #119836) with infrared capabilities at each site for approximately 30 days in July, October, January, and April, months that represent study seasons (summer, fall, winter, spring) in each year. We downloaded photographs from cameras twice per survey season. A minimum of two trained observers independently identified wildlife in each photograph to species. Identified photos were then compiled into species occurrence tables by season, site, and species, with seasons split into weekly sub-samples to assist in modeling individual species detectability rates in occupancy modeling. Environmental covariate estimation We created 50, 100, 500, and 1000 m-radius buffer zones around study sites in a geographic information system (ArcGIS version 10. 6; ESRI 2017), as well as buffers approximating male and female urban home range extents for each of the three species included in this analysis (Table 1). We selected two extents (50 m, 100 m) to represent small or ‘local’ scales as both are commonly used to characterize local environments in species habitat modeling (e. g. , Parsons et al. 2018, Cassel et al. 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses land cover types, survey methodology, and species identification techniques but does not address sensory modalities or their variation among animal species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, no studies on Australian fungi have focused on the ecological role of bioluminescence, despite the occurrence of several bioluminescent species, including the widespread Omphalotus nidiformis (ghost fungus; Agaricales, Marasmiaceae) in the temperate south of the continent. In this study, we capitalized on the presence of this fungus to test the hypothesis that ITS bioluminescence would be attractive to insects at night. Materials and MethodsFungus and field siteOmphalotus nidiformis is an Australian temperate-zone basidiomycete, generally found at or near the base of Eucalyptus trees, with variable cream to brown basidomes, most often in the range of 20–40 cm diam. It produces basidomes in the winter (June–July) and emits a continuous, faint white-bluish glow (Fig. 1B). Fig. 1A. ghost fungus Omphalotus nidiformis in natural daylight and B. Under long exposure using its own light. Note that to the naked eye, the glow is very faint with a more bluish hue. C. Island study site consisting of sclerophyll woodland dominated by Eucalyptus fasciculosa, and D. A yellow sticky trap in situ, baited with a cut piece of fresh fungus. Images A, C, and D are by PW, and B is courtesy of Australian Museum/Ray Kearney. Full size imageFresh, glowing specimens were located in in open eucalypt woodland approximately 1 km NE of the University of Station at Rocky River. Large (approx. 5 cm across), glowing (visually checked) pieces of these fungi were used to bait 10 × 17 cm two-sided sticky traps (reference E95101A; these are yellow cards coated with non-volatile, non-drying adhesive, designed for visual attractiveness in day use only; Fig. 1D). The site was deliberately chosen to be free from any possible light pollution, and sampling was undertaken over two completely moonless nights (19 and 20 June 2015). These restrictive conditions eliminated any possibility of confounding or dilution from other light sources, but at the same time limited the number of catch nights possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Omphalotus nidiformis' emits a continuous, faint white-bluish glow, which aligns with the definition of bioluminescence as a chemical reaction inside the fungus. This evidence of the mushroom's glow supports the notion that specific mushrooms indeed glow in the dark due to bioluminescence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The maximum number of cycles tolerated during the lifetime of the batteries is plotted versus the depth of discharge for four technologies; PbA, Li-ion, NaS and VRB. The tolerable number of cycles decreases for PbA, Li-ion and NaS but remain constant at a relatively high value for VRB. Figure 3. Cycling ability of various energy storage systems (from [2]) Advertisement 6. Super capacitorsBattery systems do not seems fully adequate for smoothing wind or solar power applications due to their limited tolerance to large number of charge - discharge cycles. Super capacitors (SC) or ultracapacitors, are electrochemical capacitor with remarkable high energy density, as compared to conventional capacitors, and high power density as compared to batteries. Moreover SC tolerate over a million charge – discharge cycles [13,14]. However, the voltage of an ultracapacitor tends to decrease during discharge. This affects the efficiency of the subsequent power converter and can undermine the energy utilization of the capacitor. In [15], parallel-series ultracapacitor shift circuits are employed to improve the energy utilization and minimize the voltage drop. The principal drawback of SC is its high cost (up to 20000€/kWh). Advertisement 7. Power conversion solutions for coupling of renewable generations and storageThe present 4. DC-coupled renewable and energy storage power conversion system (source [16])The structure of the control chain involves four different levels explained below:(SCU) is the active interface between the power converters and the control units of higher level. The SCU opto-couplers and the modulation modules generate the power converters’ transistors ON/OFF signal. (ACU). The ACU’s control algorithms calculate the modulation indexes of each power converter in accordance with the reference values set by the PCU. (PCU) performs the instantaneous power balancing of the entire hybrid power system. The PCU’s algorithm calculates the values of the parameters for the regulation of the voltages and the currents in accordance with the power reference values set by the MCU. (MCU) supervises the entire power system. The MCU sets the operating mode and the power 8. Sizing the storage capacity for the management of wind power induced congestion. This sub-section discusses the sizing of transmission line capacity in the context of the transport of wind-originated electricity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of battery systems for smoothing wind or solar power applications due to their finite tolerance to charge-discharge cycles. It states that these systems do not seem fully adequate, implying that continuous electricity generation may still be necessary despite the presence of energy storage systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: We selected a 500 m buffer, an extent often used to estimate environmental covariates in species habitat modeling with urban mammals (e. g. , Magle et al. 2016, Gallo et al. 2017), to represent an intermediate spatial extent. Finally, we used an 1000 m extent, an extent that is also commonly used in urban mammal occupancy analyses (e. g. , Lesmeister et al. 2015, Wait et al. 2018), to represent a large or ‘landscape’ scale. To identify home-range extents for the three species in this analysis, we searched for published papers that delineated home-range areas for our focal species using Web of Science and the search string ([common name] OR [species name]) AND (urban OR suburban OR city) AND (home range OR home-range). From the papers returned by this search, we selected the published home-range extents for males and females of each focal species from the most comparable study location to our own, in this case other small to mid-sized cities in the Ecoregion (Taylor et al. 2015). We then used home range areal extents to identify radii of circular buffer zones to approximate the average home range extents of males and females of all three species (Table 1). Table 1 Home-range buffer extents, and buffer radii used to estimate environmental covariates and studies that identified them. Buffer radius (m) Home range areal extent (Ha) Study location Fox squirrel F 239 17. 9 (McCleery and Parker 2011) M 411 53. 1 Virginia opossum F 244 18. 8 Kirksville, Missouri, USA (Wright et al. 2012) M 345 37. 3 Red fox F 863 234. 0 Madison, Wisconsin, USA (Mueller et al. 2018) M 1339 563. 0 Our land-cover composition estimate relied on a 1-m resolution land-cover dataset for the study area (Kollasch 2009). We first updated this dataset to better represent the landscape during the data collection period using 2017 planimetric and cadastral data from the Office to identify and update parcels that changed land use during this period. We used the resulting dataset to calculate areas of forest, water, and impervious land cover within buffer radii surrounding camera-trap sites (Table 2; see Fig. 1 for example of 50 and 500 m buffers). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses methods for estimating habitat and home-range extents for certain urban mammals without addressing sensory modalities or their variations among different animal species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Full size imageDiscussionOur results provide three corroborative pieces of evidence suggesting that bioluminescence in Omphalotus nidiformis does not attract potential spore dispersing insects. Firstly, glowing only at night is suggestive of a thermodynamic tradeoff between the cost of bioluminescence and the fitness gain resulting from improved spore dispersal (Oliveira et al. 2015). That O. nidiformis glows continuously suggests that there is no such trade-off, and that there is no fitness gain through attraction of potential spore dispersing insects in this species. Secondly, the abundance of potential spore-dispersing insects was very low, as would be expected in mid-winter. This was particularly the case at night, because nocturnal sticky, malaise and pan-trapping produced less than 10 % of the number of diurnal catches per trap-hour (Table 1). For nocturnal sticky traps, catches per fungus-baited trap-night averaged fewer than 0. 33 individuals, despite ideal conditions for attracting positively phototactic flying insects to the bioluminescent fungi with no competing light sources or adverse weather. Thirdly, there was no difference in attractiveness between Treatment (bioluminescent) and Control sticky traps. For bioluminescence to confer a significant selective advantage under conditions of low insect abundance would require a strong attraction, to draw the few available flying insects to the spore-carrying basidiomes, and one would expect that the strength of such an attraction would swamp any potential change in volatiles that might have resulted from cutting the fungi (Faldt et al. 1999). No attraction at all was detected, again suggesting that the attraction of spore dispersing insects is not a driver of bioluminescence in O. nidiformis. Our three lines of evidence — lack of circadian rhythmicity, low insect abundance at the time of basidiome production, and no difference in attractiveness of bioluminescent treatments over controls — are mutually reinforcing. Further, our work was carried out under ideal natural field conditions using fresh fungi in the complete absence of competing light sources or adverse weather conditions, thereby strengthening the significance of our findings. To explain the presence of bioluminescence in O. nidiformis, it is therefore necessary to explore competing hypotheses for fungal bioluminescence, which we briefly review below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the bioluminescence in Omphalotus nidiformis, highlighting the presence of this phenomenon and suggesting that bioluminescence does exist within this specific fungus. The description of bioluminescence provides insights into its nature and conditions of expression, supporting the claim that certain mushrooms glow in the dark as a result of chemical reactions within the fungus.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: A regional network is sized according to the maximal power that could transit through it. To prevent power congestion, it is necessary either, to size the network infrastructures to match the maximal expected power production or to limit the level of power that could transit through the transmission lines. This last strategy calls for judicious arbitration between the loss of income due to the power limitation and the associated infrastructure cost reduction. A refine analysis of the production on a given site allows the developer to size sensibly the power level limit above which excess production will be rejected. To reduce energy waste, the excess of energy could be stored and re-injected later, during periods of low production. The aim here is mainly to avoid congestion while reducing the costs linked to infrastructures reinforcement and maximizing the energy output of the installation. As the load factor of wind energy is about 25 %, the ratio of the cost for network strengthening over the aggregated energy produced for wind (or solar) energy is higher to that of the other (non intermittent) sources of energy. In [17], the authors proposed an in-depth analysis of the wind speed variations and the related electrical power variations, based on a probabilistic approach that gives, for a specified wind speed range, the distribution of the expected wind farm power output. This method is used here to evaluate with more precision, the load factor of wind energy, in order to size the level of power curtailing and to estimate the required storage capacity to avoid energy waste. Concerning the wind speed to electrical power conversion, many studies have investigated wind turbines response to wind variations. Figures 5 shows the plots of a two-months (61 days) sequence of wind speed and associated wind farm power output. Under the influence of meteorological conditions wind speed fluctuates over time. These variations occur on different time scales: from seconds to years. The response of a wind turbine, in term of power output variations, depends on the wind turbine technology [18,19]. Some smoothing effect can also be obtained due to the turbine inertia and size. For a group of turbines, further smoothing can be expected due to the spatial distribution of the turbine within the area. For large area, wind energy overall variability can be much lower than the variability of a single wind turbine since the meteorological fluctuations do not affect each wind cluster at the same time. Figure 5. A two-month sample of wind speed and wind power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of storing excess energy to avoid congestion and manage variations in power production, particularly from intermittent sources like wind energy. It indicates that generating electricity continuously is essential due to variable power outputs and the need to manage this variability, thus implying that energy storage systems alone cannot eliminate the need for continuous generation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: Past research has identified links between these land-cover covariates and the occupancy of our study species with positive relationships between impervious cover and opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020, MacDougall et al. In Review) and red fox occupancy rates (Mueller et al. 2018, MacDougall et al. In Review), and between opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020) and fox squirrel (McCleery et al. 2007) occupancy and forested land cover. Past red fox occupancy analyses in the study region have conflicting findings regarding relationships with forest cover; for example, forest cover was negatively linked to red fox occupancy in Madison, Wisconsin (Mueller et al. 2018), but exhibited a positive relationship to occupancy and colonization in Iowa City, Iowa (MacDougall and Review). Finally, past studies have identified positive associations between water cover and red fox (MacDougall and Review) and opossum (Wait and Ahlers 2020) occupancy. Table 2 Summary data for three land-cover covariates within buffer zones surrounding study sites. Values are given as a percentage of the total land area covered by a given land-cover class. Buffer radii 50 m 100 m 239 m 244 m 345 m 411 m 500 m 863 m 1000 m 1339 m 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 0. 001 Max 0. 124 0. 289 0. 385 0. 385 0. 434 0. 429 0. 398 0. 383 0. 406 0. 446 Mean 0. 010 0. 032 0. 042 0. 042 0. 049 0. 054 0. 058 0. 070 0. 071 0. 070 S. D. 0. 022 0. 067 0. 096 0. 095 0. 103 0. 104 0. 104 0. 103 0. 105 0. 108 0. 093 0. 065 0. 025 0. 024 0. 029 0. 034 0. 030 0. 021 0. 025 0. 022 Max 0. 999 0. 997 0. 906 0. 906 0. 892 0. 847 0. 774 0. 667 0. 644 0. 632 Mean 0. 708 0. 558 0. 419 0. 416 0. 377 0. 358 0. 338 0. 310 0. 303 0. 299 S. D. 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses land-cover covariates and their relationships to the occupancy of various species, particularly opossums and red foxes. There is no reference to sensory modalities or any indication of variation among animal species' sensory capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: Attraction of spore-dispersersBermudes et al. (1992) suggested this mechanism, supported by the observation that the gills or spores of some bioluminescent species glow more strongly than other parts (although this is not obvious in Omphalotus nidiformis). Sivinski (1981), working in Florida, enclosed forest floor litter in glass test-tubes and found that more arthropods were attracted to luminous forest litter containing mycelia of a Mycena species than to non-luminous forest floor litter, suggesting that the visual cue was the attractant. In a more sophisticated version of the same approach, Oliveira et al. (2015) used acrylic models of the garderni covered with a non-volatile glue emitting LED light at 530 nm. They compared catches with lights on and off, and found that significantly more insects were trapped with the lights on. It is also know that some fungivorous insects are positively phototactic to low emissions of light in the wavelength range of 300–650 nm (Jess & Bingham 2004), and although this might seem counterintuitive in the context of fitness, it is possible that a trade-off operates between basidiome damage and spore dispersal (cf. pollen consumption v. pollination services to plants by bees and wasps). If bioluminescence does serve to attract spore-dispersers, it is likely that this strategy would be most successful in fungi that grow in relatively wind-still conditions (dense lower canopy or ground cover fungi). Further, several species have both luminous and non-luminous strains (Desjardin et al, 2008), possibly reflecting phenotypic plasticity in different climatic and floristic environments. We could find no published accounts relating the abundance of bioluminescent species to vegetation type or insect abundance, and although more bioluminescent species occur in tropical rainforests, it is unclear if their frequency is proportional to the richer diversity in such (low wind and high insect abundance) environments. We suggest that an examination of potential relationships of this nature could be a productive area of further research. By-product of metabolismAn alternative hypothesis is that bioluminescence in fungi is a by-product of detoxification reactions, and provides no particular selective advantage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the observation that some bioluminescent species of fungi have parts that glow, specifically mentioning that 'the gills or spores of some bioluminescent species glow more strongly than other parts.' It suggests that this glowing may serve a purpose in attracting spore-dispersers, indicating that the phenomenon of bioluminescence in fungi is related to chemical reactions within them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: energy storage systems enable secure electricity supply from renewables 1 4421 Accesses 15 1. The blue connections represent 200 kV AC or HVDC; orange connections represent 100 kV transmission grid; and green connections represent 50 kV distribution grid. It is typically divided into three operational segments as follows. Firstly, the very high voltage section, linked by blue ‘transmission lines’. In practice, the system comprises a network of transmission lines with ‘built-in’ redundancies. This long range section is, today, mostly AC based but can employ some high voltage DC (HVDC) with voltages in the 250~275 kV range. The electrical power to this section of the grid is conventionally provided by coal power stations (of 600 MW capacity – top right symbol), nuclear power stations (500~1500 MW –central symbol) and hydroelectric systems (200 MW – top left symbol). Fig. 1Schematic of a conventional fossil fuel powered electricity grid as currently operating in 2015Full size image Over shorter distances, the grid voltage is generally transformed down to about 100 kV as indicated by the transformer symbol between the blue and orange transmission line representations. At this voltage level, power is fed onto the grid, typically from gas power plants (150 MW – central symbol in 100 kV box), and industrial plants (50 MW), while simultaneously power is distributed to factories and other high voltage consumers. Primary distribution is normally carried out at about 50 kV. In this segment, the grid predominantly provides electrical power to consumers, such as factories, administrative offices, hospitals, schools and housing estates. Historically, on conventionally operated systems, generators have seldom formed part of the distribution grid. The favoured electrical power source on the conventional grid is the synchronous generator. This is tricky when, for any given machine on the grid, both parameters are influenced by any imbalance between the machine load and the power supplied to the input shaft. Hence the need to predictively balance supply and demand. In simple terms smart monitoring provides signals to a local governor that regulates the turbine driving torque by controlling the steam supply to it, and hence the speed of each generator is maintained. Generation and consumption must be balanced across the entire grid, because energy is consumed almost at the instant it is produced. Energy storage is largely absent. In general electrical engineering practice outside of the power supply industry, this deliberate need for predictive balancing of supply and demand is actually not an issue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that in conventional electricity grids, generation and consumption must be balanced across the entire grid because energy is consumed almost at the instant it is produced. It highlights that 'energy storage is largely absent' in traditional operations, indicating that continuous electricity generation is still necessary despite the potential advantages of energy storage systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sensory modalities vary widely among different animal species. [SEP] Text: 250 0. 244 0. 224 0. 223 0. 216 0. 207 0. 193 0. 169 0. 163 0. 152 Impervious surfaces Min 0. 000 0. 000 0. 003 0. 003 0. 002 0. 001 0. 002 0. 017 0. 017 0. 019 Max 0. 256 0. 368 0. 489 0. 488 0. 481 0. 502 0. 507 0. 524 0. 501 0. 492 Mean 0. 040 0. 077 0. 119 0. 119 0. 131 0. 135 0. 143 0. 164 0. 168 0. 169 S. D. 0. 063 0. 087 0. 121 0. 121 0. 134 0. 136 0. 135 0. 134 0. 133 0. 126 Occupancy modeling Occupancy modelling, which is often conducted using programs such as (Hines 2011) and the R package unmarked (Fiske and Chandler 2011), is a common methodology for examining relationships between organisms and their environments. Occupancy models estimate the probability of a species occupying a site, typically by relating presence/absence data to site characteristics, with the underlying assumption of imperfect detection (MacKenzie et al. 2002). These models consist of two submodels, a submodel that models detection probability, accounting for imperfect detection by including covariates to represent repeated sampling at study sites in models (e. g. , season) and that represent factors that may affect detection of individuals, and an occupancy submodel that predicts the likelihood of a species occupying a site given a set of site attributes (MacKenzie et al. 2002). We constructed single-species occupancy models (MacKenzie et al. 2017) for each species in our analysis using the occu function within the R package unmarked (Fiske and Chandler 2011) to assess relationships between species occupancy and our three land-cover variables across at a variety of spatial extents. We included seasonality (a combination of season and year) as a detection (p) and occupancy (ψ) parameter in all models as we expected seasonal changes in foliage to influence whether an organism triggered a camera and yearly fluctuations in climate and animal abundances to impact both detectability and occupancy of a species across our study area. We then fitted models containing every possible combination (n = 216) of our three landscape covariates such that each environmental covariate was included in all models, but at varying extents (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the variation of sensory modalities among animal species. Instead, it discusses occupancy modeling and statistical methodologies for analyzing species presence and site characteristics, which is unrelated to sensory modalities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain mushrooms glow in the dark due to bioluminescence, a chemical reaction inside the fungus. [SEP] Text: For example, Weitz (2004) suggests that light is emitted instead of heat as an energy by-product of enzyme-mediated oxidation reactions, as is the case in some bioluminescent bacteria (where bioluminescence is continuously produced as a by-product of respiration). In O. nidiformis, bioluminescence is continuous (supporting this hypothesis), but in species of other lineages, bioluminescence is regulated by a circadian clock so as to produce light only at night (which would be more consistent with expectation if the attraction of spore-dispersers was involved, such as in N. garderni (Oliveira et al. 2015). The metabolic by-product hypothesis could also be consistent with an evolutionary origin of bioluminescence as a byproduct, which may subsequently have been adapted to play a significant ecological role in some lineages. Fungal bioluminescence uses an enzymatic pathway where a ‘luciferin’ is oxidised in the presence of ‘luciferase’ (Airth & Foerster 1962, Desjardin et al. 2008). This process has been tested in several extract-based experiments (Desjardin et al. 2008), with Oliveira et al. (2012) mixing extracts from a range of species to demonstrate that different evolutionary lineages of luminescent fungi share similar luciferin-luciferase mechanisms of bioluminescence. All fungi that are known to exhibit bioluminescence are basidiomycetes (Herring 1994, Matheny et al. 2006), but belong to three distinct lineages; the Omphalotus-, Armillaria- and the mycenoid lineages (Desjardin et al. 2008). Thus, it is possible that bioluminescence serves different ecological roles in different lineages, even though the molecular mechanisms are similar. ConclusionFrom the experiments of Oliveira et al. (2015) and earlier workers, it is edvident that bioluminescence does attract insects to at least some species of fungi, and that these fungi are likely to have the advantage of increased spore dispersal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the enzymatic processes involved in bioluminescence in fungi. It explains that bioluminescence is a result of enzyme-mediated oxidation reactions and discusses the roles of 'luciferin' and 'luciferase' in producing light, supporting the idea that mushrooms glow due to a chemical reaction inside the fungus. Additionally, it mentions that all known bioluminescent fungi are basidiomycetes, aligning with the claim about certain mushrooms exhibiting this phenomenon.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: In view of the challenges resulting from the increased need for electric power and the high operational costs of obtaining conventional energy; Which requires an increase in the economic expenditures of the state in addition to the environmental pollution resulting from the use of petroleum materials in power generation, and the depletion of oil resources in light of the provision of natural resources that are less expensive and better for the environment and promote economic development at the global and national levels. In view of the continued rise in the global demand for energy, especially in economies that have grown rapidly in industrialization and developing economies, he turned the issue of energy availability and security into an important political issue and a major element for all international conferences and forums of the United Nations, which seek energy sustainability at the lowest costs and the use of clean and human-friendly energies and environment. Egypt faces a similar situation with its reliance on the traditional pattern of electric power generation, especially fossil fuels, as a major source of energy, in addition to the increasing consumption considering the large economic and population growth. This puts great pressure on its fossil fuel resources. In addition, the need for alternative energy is of strategic importance for the long-term prosperity and security of the energy supply. VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about energy storage systems making continuous electricity generation unnecessary. Instead, it discusses the challenges related to energy generation costs, environmental impacts, and the reliance on fossil fuels in Egypt. While it mentions the need for alternative energy sources and refers to energy sustainability, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding energy storage systems.