Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: A study investigated millipede damage to maize in Brazil and the use of pitfall trapping as a monitoring technique (Firas 2002, Pimentel 2014). The study found that pitfall trapping was an effective method for monitoring millipede populations and could be used to predict damage to maize crops. Establishing long-term monitoring programs can help in tracking millipede populations and identifying patterns of infestation. This data-driven approach can contribute to developing predictive models that assist farmers in making informed decisions regarding pest management interventions. Regular monitoring also allows for the evaluation of the effectiveness of implemented control measures, enabling adjustments and improvements to be made as necessary. In conclusion, effective pest management measures must consider the specific millipede species found in Africa, their behavior, and how they interact with crop plants. Researchers can acquire important insights into the ecology of millipedes in the area and create focused strategies to reduce crop damage by examining their feeding p398. P (2014) Application of in : in Analysis and Conservation Strategies. International, 11. (2015) Pest status of millipedes (Diplopoda) in Ethiopia with emphasis on Telodeinopus aoutii and Euryurus leachii. J 87; 8152–8157. Adis J, Harvey MS (2017) Millipedes of the genus Tonkinbolus Verhoeff, 1937 (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Pachybolidae) from Tanzania. Zootaxa 4244(3); 369–381 O (2013) Management of millipedes on vegetable crops in southwestern Nigeria. 8(29); 3977–3982. and (2009) The millipede order Julida (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) in Tunisia, with an overview of the species. 81(3); 453–488. (1989) Millipedes as potential pests of tuber crops. 27;177-179. (2016) Millipedes: Diversity, Distribution and Ecology. in In: Chakravarthy, A. , Sridhara, S. (eds) and Conservation in the Tropics and Sub-tropics. Singapore: Springer pp235-350 Koppenhöfer (2000) Nematodes. In: Lacey, L. A. , Kaya, H. K. (eds) of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Edited by H. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the management of millipedes as pests in agricultural settings rather than any relationship between viruses and their potential transformation into beneficial organisms. No mention of viruses or any related concepts is made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: These fungi included Amphinema, which was strongly associated with +SB enzyme patterns, and Piloderma, Cortinarius and Tylospora, which were strongly associated with FH enzyme patterns. Figure 4Relationship between fungal communities and the potential enzyme activities in hyphal trap bags and the FH layers of the forest floor. −SB, hyphal trap bags with no sand barrier; FH, in situ fermentation-humic layer; +SB, hyphal trap bags with sand barrier. Joint plots vectors indicate the strength and direction of significant (P<0. 05) correlations between enzyme PC-loading factors and fungal communities at the level of (a) ecological function, (b) phyla and (c) genus or closest identity. The direction and strength of enzyme correlations contributing to each PC axis (as in Figure 3) are indicated with the abbreviations Cel, cellobiohydrolase; Glu, β-1,4-glucosidase; N-Ag, β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase; Pho, acid phosphatase; Sul, sulfatase; peptidase, leucine aminopeptidase; Lac, laccase; Perox, peroxidase. Open in new tabDownload slide large fraction of terrestrial ecosystem C pools, with estimates as high as 1700 PgC (and Boisvenue, 2012), are sequestered as SOM in the soils of temperate and boreal forests (Schmidt et al. , 2011). Increased temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels associated with climate change are predicted to increase the decomposition of this SOM-C pool (Fierer et al. , 2005; Conant et al. , 2008; Craine et al. , 2010). The majority of this SOM is found in the FH horizons dominated by EMF and not saprotrophic fungi (Lindahl et al. , 2007). Quantifying the contribution of EMF mycelia to SOM turnover is, therefore, of critical importance to Cmodels (Cairney, 2012). Potential contribution of EMF mycelia to soil organic C turnover It has generally been believed that saprotrophic fungi bear primary responsibility for recalcitrant SOM-C decomposition in forest soils (Baldrian, 2008). Recently, Talbot et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between various fungal communities and their potential enzyme activities, particularly in relation to soil organic matter (SOM) turnover. It highlights the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in soil organic carbon turnover, suggesting a connection to the decomposition of organic matter, which is intrinsic to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: But at the same time studies in Brattleboro rats have shown that AVP may not be necessary to maintain coherent circadian rhythmicity [195,196]. In house mice, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] reported that there is no relationship between AVP neurons in the SCN and circadian features of wheel running activity. In addition, the SCN also participates in the communication with the rest of the brain. One such output signal, primarily electrical but not exclusively, is AVP [197]. Correlation between SCN-AVP expression and circadian organization of locomotor behaviour has been shown across species including rats [198] and hamsters[199]. However, transplantation studies indicate some other diffusible factor other than AVP in the regulation of circadian rhythmicity [186]. Melatonin Melatonin, the hormone from the pineal gland, called the "darkness hormone " is of great importance in the functioning of the SCN. The most important target of melatonin in humans appears to be the SCN, as the SCN contains the highest density for melatonin receptors [200]. A double effect of melatonin in the SCN, namely, an immediate effect and long term effect, has encouraged its worldwide use against the ill effects of jet lag. As an immediate effect, melatonin is found to suppress neuronal SCN activity towards night time levels [201]. It also lowers VP secretion from SCN neurons as shown by experiments in rats [202]. Acceleration of sleep initiation in humans at circadian phases when the SCN would normally stimulate waking is another reported action of melatonin [203]. In terms of long term effect, melatonin can phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity of the SCN. Melatonin application has been found to be useful in synchronizing the endogenous circadian rhythms not only in people who suffer from jet lag, but also in blind individuals [204,205], patients with dementia [206], and shift workers [207]. Probably recognizing the importance of melatonin as a chronobiotic, many researchers have studied the applications of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Recently, Revell and co-workers reported that administration of a combination of morning intermittent bright light and afternoon melatonin along with a gradually advancing sleep schedule can advance circadian rhythms almost an hour a day, with very little circadian misalignment [208]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple factors that influence circadian rhythms beyond the SCN, such as arginine vasopressin (AVP) and melatonin. It suggests that AVP may not be essential for coherent circadian rhythms, indicating that other diffusible factors play a role. Moreover, while the SCN is mentioned in relation to melatonin, the text emphasizes that melatonin can have both immediate and long-term effects on the SCN, thus questioning the notion of the SCN being the sole regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: K. Lawrence A. Lacey. Dordrecht: Springer R Barros. de Souza FA (2018) Ecology of millipedes: A review. Biochem 120; 137-147. Kora (2020) Applications of in Protection, Management, Application of Microbes in Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. (2020) for Millipedes and Isopods: Work? Iowa: University extension and outreach, 20. Baker G. H (1985) Predators of Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iluidae) in Portugal and Australia. 24; 247–252. . H (1985) Parasites of the millipede Ommatoiulus moreletii (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) in Portugal, and their potential as biological control agents in Australia. Zool 33; 23–32. Blower JD. Shotbolt LA (2015) The diet of Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola during the breeding season: a comparison of methods. 58(4);467–475. Blower JG (1971) Damage to peas and beans by the millipede Tachypodoiulus niger. Bio 68(1); 45–53. Blower JG (1985) Millipedes: Keys and notes for the identification of the species. London: of London/Estaurine and Brakisch-water Sciences Association. and (2003) The gradual evolution of male genitalia in a sibling species complex of millipedes (Diplopoda : Spirobolida : Rhinocricidae : Anadenobolus). 17(6); 711–717. Van den Janssens SB (2017) Prey selection by the spider Oedothorax retusus (Araneae, Linyphiidae): relative predation of millipedes, woodlice and springtails. J Arachnology 45(2); 147–152. Brewer M. (2018) Arthropod diversity and conservation in the tropics and subtropics. Publishing. (2002) Pest status of the introduced millipede Ptyoiulus impressus (C. L. Koch) (Diplopoda: Julidae) in New Zealand. J 45(2); 109–118. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning viruses becoming beneficial organisms. Instead, it focuses on millipedes, their ecology, and various studies related to them, making it irrelevant to the claim about viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: (2013) concluded that EMF and saprotrophic communities have complementary roles in SOM turnover. Specifically, in pine forests in a Mediterranean climate, they found that EMF species richness explained SOM-nitrogen (N) decomposition patterns, whereas saprotrophic community structure explained SOM-C decomposition patterns. In the current study, we directly measured the potential enzyme activity in FH-filled mesh bags colonized by the two different trophic groups (colonization by obligate saprotrophs controlled by the presence or absence of a sand barrier) in a sub-boreal spruce system, and compared those activities with that of the surrounding FH horizon. We found that communities dominated by EMF hyphae exhibited significant potential to degrade both SOM-C and SOM-N. The oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme activities exhibited by these EMF communities were comparable to or higher than those measured in communities enriched with saprotrophic fungi. None of the measured enzymes were specifically associated with saprotrophs, suggesting that it is premature to generalize about the role of these two trophic groups across ecosystems. The EMF-dominated mesh bag communities and FH horizon had significantly similar patterns of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzyme activity. Although these C-targeting hydrolase activities are generally attributed to saprotrophic fungi (Talbot et al. , 2013), this was not the case in our spruce soils where communities with abundant saprotrophs exhibited lower hydrolytic enzyme activity. The single-most abundant taxonomic group that correlated with these activities matched unidentified EMF from root tips. Some EMF, such as Laccaria bicolor, have retained low levels of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic hydrolases in their genomes (Martin et al. , 2008; Nagendran et al. , 2009; Martin et al. , 2010). Although gene presence does not automatically indicate functionality, several EMF, including L. bicolor, are able to use cellulose or hemicellulose as a sole C source (Durall et al. , 1994; Vaario et al. , 2012). The abundant unidentified EMF in our systems may have similar hydrolytic activity, an occurrence that may be favoured by a number of site-specific factors. Hydrolase activity is known to increase with SOM content (Sinsabaugh et al. , 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi) communities demonstrate significant potential to degrade soil organic matter (SOM), specifically noting that 'communities dominated by EMF hyphae exhibited significant potential to degrade both SOM-C and SOM-N.' This indicates that these fungi are actively involved in the decomposition process, which is crucial for nutrient cycling in ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Although the SCN is often designated as the "master" circadian pacemaker that drives most, if not all, rhythmic physiological processes, the importance of oscillators outside the SCN cannot be ignored. Indeed, there is considerable evidence for the existence of circadian pacemakers outside the SCN [218 - 220] (Figure 2). It is believed that the master circadian pacemaker (the SCN) has peripheral "slave" oscillators that may be individual clocks. It is necessary in such a situation to have a mechanism by which peripheral oscillators are coupled to the master oscillator thereby synchronizing the activity of an organ with the central clock. A humoral substance mediating the circadian signal may be available in the efferent output in such case [221]. One such recently identified diffusible output candidate from the SCN is transforming growth factor α (TGFα) [222]. TGFα is found extensively in the brain and is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family produced by both neurons and astrocytes [223]. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry techniques have demonstrated the presence of TGFα in the SCN of rats [224,225] and Syrian hamsters [222,226,227]. Van der Zee and co-workers [228] reported that the two output systems of the SCN, namely AVP and TGFα, are anatomically separate, having different daily profiles in expression. Figure 2 Inter-relation and efferent outputs between central and peripheral oscillators. Notice the neural and diffusible control of the central oscillator. Peripheral oscillators respond to signals from SCN as well as to other inputs like periodic food availability. Diffusible output may have prokineticin, and TGF-α. RHT: Retinohypothalamic tract, dm: dorsomedial SCN, vl: ventrolateral SCN. SCN output pathways in addition to influencing the hypothalamic neighbourhood [229] can be traced to extra hypothalamic sites as far as the liver, thyroid, adrenal, and salivary glands in rats [230,231]. Both neural output pathways and diffusible non-neural pathways become important in elucidating the functional significance of SCN output in terms of the control of the SCN on other oscillators. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that, while the SCN is designated as the 'master' circadian pacemaker, there are significant oscillators outside the SCN that also play important roles in regulating circadian rhythms. It emphasizes that peripheral 'slave' oscillators exist, and these systems must be coupled to the SCN to synchronize physiological processes, suggesting a more complex interaction than simply the SCN acting as the sole master regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: (2009) (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Staphylinidae) in and Implications for 38(4); 1106–1116 University of Hawaii at Manoa (2023) (Nopoiulus kochii). Service, 123. University of (2023) Oxidus gracilis. 75. University of (2023) Tachypodoiulus niger. 50. Cabi (2020) Millipedes as pests. Compendium. 134. . B (2000) Influence of millipedes on litter decomposition, N mineralization, and microbial communities in a coastal forest in British Columbia, Canada. ,” 30; 817–826. (2016) Biochemical changes in some crops induced by millipede infestation. J Biotech 19(4); 303–311. (1982)The millipede Tonkinbolus caudulanus (Pocock) (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae) as a pest of groundnut in northern Nigeria. InterJ 28(4); 409-413. W "et al" (2016) Control of millipedes on newly-established grass swards using two granular insecticides. Bio 169(3); 416–423. (1976) The maize pest Euryarthrum sp. (Diplopoda, Spirostreptidae) in Zambia. Entomologist’s 112; 9–12. CSIRO (2002) Invertebrate systematics: continuing invertebrate taxonomy:1st ed. Collingwood. Vic:. 17. CullineyTW (2013) Role of Arthropods in Fertility. Agriculture 3(4);629–659 (1996) in of Southern Africa: Implications for Litter Dynamics. Biotropica 28(1); 113– 120. Dangerfield JM (1989) Are millipedes important for soil fertility? . News 23(7/9); 66-68. Dangerfield JM (1991) Seasonal activity patterns of julid millipedes in Zimbabwe. ,” J 7; 281-285. (2018) The distribution and diversity of millipedes in Southwest Nigeria. Fauna and Biol Studies, 5(1); 35–41 R "et al". [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the ease of turning viruses into beneficial organisms. Instead, it primarily discusses various studies on millipedes and their effects on the environment, soil fertility, and crop dynamics, which does not address the topic of viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The FH horizon in our spruce soils contained 64% SOM, almost half of which was cellulose and hemicellulose (data not shown). However, the most abundant saprotroph in our systems, Mortierella spp. , is an inefficient decomposer of cellulose, exhibiting very little β-glucosidase activity (Hanson et al. , 2008; Allison et al. , 2009). The significantly lower β-glucosidase activity in our saprotroph-dominated hyphal traps is likely related to the abundant (50% of the total sequences) Mortierella spp. colonizing these traps. In our spruce soils, a population of inefficient saprotrophs combined with a large pool of cellulolytic compounds may have favoured hydrolytic C-prospecting by EMF, which are also known to increase their enzymatic activity in the absence of direct saprotrophic competitors (Leake et al. , 2001; Pereira et al. , 2012). Although we cannot exclude potential bacterial activity, a metaproteomic study of Fagus sylvatica L. litter (Schneider et al. , 2012) and a 13C-cellulose stable isotope study of spruce soils (Štursová et al. , 2012), both found that fungi were primarily responsible for cellulose decomposition. In the latter study, Amphinema spp. were identified as having incorporated 13C from cellulose into their DNA. In our study, the cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading activities of EMF tips, and in particular Amphinema tips, correlated highly with those activities in the FH layer. Although requiring further research, the strength of the correlations (r>0. 7) and the interrelatedness of the enzymes involved make it unlikely that this is a spurious phenomenon. Our results also suggest that EMF in spruce soils are directly involved in the breakdown of lignin and humic complexes, supporting research that suggests that increased mycorrhizal activity associated with climate change will stimulate decomposition of previously highly recalcitrant SOM-C (Cheng et al. , 2012; Phillips et al. , 2012b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that fungi, particularly EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi), are directly involved in the breakdown of cellulose and lignin in spruce soils. The text mentions a metaproteomic study and stable isotope study that found fungi, specifically Amphinema spp., to be primarily responsible for cellulose decomposition. This supports the assertion that fungi contribute to the nutrient cycling process through their decomposing activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its functions, yet it does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Thus, the relevance to the claim is deemed cold as the text does not offer direct support or contrast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: (2008) A simple trap for monitoring millipedes in greenhouses. ,” 91(1); 73-79. (2005) Pest damage in sweet potato, groundnut and maize in north-eastern Uganda with special reference to damage by millipedes (Diplopoda). 51(1); 49–69. (1984) Biology and control of the spirobolid millipede, Orthoporus ornatus, in soybean and cotton fields. 13(5); 1315–1319. Ebregt "et al"(2005) Pets damage in sweet potato, groundnut and maize in north-eastern Uganda with special reference to damage by millipedes (Diplopoda) NJAS – 53(1); 49-69. (2004) Farmers’ information on sweet potato production and millipede infestation in north-eastern Uganda. II. Pest incidence and indigenous control strategies. NJAS – 52(1); 69–84. ECHO Staff (2018) after First Rains. no. 171. Enghoff H. (1993) Anamorphosis in millipedes (Diplopoda)-the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations. 109(2);103-234. (2014) Millipedes as food for humans: their nutritional and possible antimalarial value-a first report. Med. 2014; 651768. Bailey (1989) The millipede parasitoid Pelidnoptera nigripennis (F. ) (Diptera: Scio_myzidae) for the biological control of the millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Julida: Julidae) in Australia. Bullent. Res 79; 381–391. (2015) Millipede damage in bean and corn crops. de Milho e Sorgo 14(1); 78-84. Firas Al-Zyoud (2002) Monitoring and mitigating offsite movement of dormant spray pesticides from California orchards. 592(592);729–735. H (1985) (Lucas) (Diplopoda: Iulidae) and Australia. Entom 24; 241–252. (2021) Efficiency of Millipede and Earthworm in the Conversion of 17(5);373–377. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the ability to turn viruses into beneficial organisms. Instead, it discusses various studies related to millipedes, pest damage, and their ecological roles, which are irrelevant to the topic of viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The oxidative enzymes involved in the decomposition of these compounds are broadly classified as phenol oxidases (including laccase and tyrosinase) and peroxidases (including lignin and broad spectrum peroxidases) (Sinsabaugh, 2010; Theuerl and Buscot, 2010). Enzyme assays typically do not differentiate between the individual enzymes and instead measure the activity of the broad classes (Sinsabaugh, 2010; German et al. , 2011; Eichlerová et al. , 2012). In the current study, the potential phenol oxidase activity in EMF-dominated mesh bags was significantly higher than that of the FH or saprotroph-dominated bags when measured using a L-DOPA assay, but lower when measured using an ABTS assay. Research suggests that L-DOPA is oxidized by both laccases and tyrosinases, whereas ABTS is primarily oxidized by laccases (Burke and Cairney, 2002; Günther et al. , 1998; Eichlerová et al. , 2012). The EMF in our mesh bags did not have the relevant laccases to effectively oxidize ABTS, a fundamental difference that separated these communities from the otherwise trophically similar communities in the surrounding FH layer. These results suggest that the extent of EMF degradation of recalcitrant SOM-C will depend on the EMF community structure, as differing EMF genera were dominant in the two systems (Amphinema vs Piloderma, respectively) and individual EMF are known to differ in their ability to oxidize these enzyme substrates (Günther et al. , 1998; Burke and Cairney, 2002; Tedersoo et al. , 2012). Amphinema were also the most abundant EMF in the saprotroph-dominated bags, but they were outnumbered by lignin-degrading saprotrophic Mortierella spp. (Hanson et al. , 2008; Allison et al. , 2009). et al. (2009) found no link between lignin degradation by Mortierella spp. and L-DOPA-phenol oxidase activity, our Mortierella-dominated communities exhibited substantial ABTS-phenol oxidase activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of oxidative enzymes, especially those associated with fungi such as ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF), in the decomposition of organic matter. It describes how differing EMF genera exhibit varying capabilities in oxidizing substrates like L-DOPA and ABTS, which is crucial for the decomposition process and subsequent nutrient cycling. This indicates that certain fungi, specifically EMF, are active participants in decomposing organic matter.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The possibility of different subtypes of receptors mediating these reactions cannot be forgotten. Despite all these serotonergic projection remains an important signaling mechanism for the SCN function. NPYOf the four afferent inputs to the from the IGL mostly has immunoreactivity for NPY and is the neurotransmitter in the photic input [33]. Though not required for entrainment or normal expression of circadian rhythmicity, it does exert an influence on entrainment. Neurotransmitters involved in GHT which is an indirect photic input mediated by both photic and non-photic stimuli are and ENK. NPY is the primary neurotransmitter acting directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN [25, 245]. NPY is a 36-amino acid peptide involved in various physiological processes. In the has multiple functions of modulating the phase and amplitude of circadian rhythms, altering the timing and strength of SCN output signals depending on the time of day and environmental conditions. NPY also influences the response of SCN to light stimuli and is responsible for SCN activity and sensitivity to various stressors and metabolic signals like glucocorticoids, leptin, and Ghrelin. NPY modulates neurotransmitter action in the SCN, particularly the inhibition of GABA release. NPY exerts its effects on the SCN through the receptors Y1-Y6 coupled to different intracellular signaling pathways. It is seen that the application of NPY to SCN slices produces reversible inhibition of neuronal firing in a concentration-dependent manner which subsequently leads to phase advance in circadian rhythms. Of the receptors, NPY acts both on Y1 and Y2 which involves reducing the frequency of spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents thereby suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of NPY action. The exact mechanism and interaction of NPY and its receptors are yet to be known completely and require further investigation. The distribution of NPY and receptors in the SCN varies across species and circadian phases. In addition, NPY acts pre-synaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated transmission to the SCN. A recent review 2. CCK is colocalized with other neurotransmitters like and 5HT. CCK neurons are seen in the SCN and receive many afferent inputs from other areas of the brain especially the ventromedial hypothalamus which may explain how feeding behavior can entrain circadian rhythms through CCK neurons of SCN [252]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its interaction with various receptors in the SCN, alongside other neurotransmitters. While it mentions functions related to circadian rhythms, it does not provide clear corroboration or contrast to the specific claim about the SCN's role as a master clock.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: (1995) Breakdown of plant residues with contrasting chemical compositions under humid tropical conditions: Effects of earthworms and millipedes. Biochem 27(3); 277-280 Glémin S (2009) Mitochondrial DNA as a marker of molecular diversity: a reappraisal. 18(22); 4541–4550. (2006) Characteristics of the nuclear (18S, 5. 8S, 28S and 5S) and mitochondrial (12S and 16S) rRNA genes of Apis mellifera (Insecta: 30 Hymenoptera): structure, organization, and retrotransposable elements. Bio 15(5); 657–686. . RV (1996) Soil pest complex and its control in the establishment of commercial plantations in South Africa. Impact of diseases and insect pests in tropical forests In: Proceedings ofthe 415. Graça (2017a) Arthropods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems: influence of environmental factors on abundance and diversity. J 21(1); 163-182. Graça (2017b) Arthropods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems: influence of environmental factors on abundance and diversity. J 21(1); 163–182. (1999) An illustrated key to the spirostreptidan (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida) genera of Southern Africa. Annals of the 40(1); 1–22. (2000) Review of the millipede genus Doratogonus, with description of fifteen new species from (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae). Annals of the Natal Museu, 41(1); 1–76. (2011) Isolation of microsatellite loci from the millipede, Brachycybe nodulosa Verhoeff. Res 4(1); 89–91. (1995) Pest status and management of polydesmid millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida) in the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. 14(4); 301–307. Hoffman RL (2000) On the generic position of Spinotarsus caboverdus (Spirostreptida: Odontopygidae). Myriapodologica 6(10); 87–94. Hopkin SP (1992) The biology of millipedes. Oxford, 221 pp. Oxford: Press. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the transformation of viruses into beneficial organisms. Instead, it is a collection of citations and references that pertain to various studies on arthropods, millipedes, and other biological topics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Saprotrophs and EMF are known to contain a broad range of phenol oxidases that differ in substrate specificity (Luis et al. , 2004; Kellner et al. , 2010). Until this complex group of enzymes are better understood, researchers investigating the relative contributions of EMF and saprotrophic fungi to SOM-C turnover should include numerous phenol oxidase assays, as reviewed by Sinsabaugh (2010) in parallel. Release of SOM-degrading enzymes by EMF does not necessarily imply the uptake of any released C. For example, phenol oxidase activity by EMF hyphae is associated with the exploration and the concomitant mining of polyphenolic-rich humic compounds for other nutrients (Talbot et al. , 2008, 2013; Rineau et al. , 2012). The EMF mycelia colonizing the mesh substrates may have been similarly prospecting for nitrogen, as there was a positive relationship between L-DOPA-phenol oxidase activity and protease activity (r=0. 731). However, the significantly higher levels of peroxidase activity in the EMF-dominated systems were not directly associated with protease activity, suggesting that additional polyphenolic degradation may be occurring independently of nitrogen acquisition. High peroxidase activity in systems with abundant EMF is not surprising, as many EMF contain Class II peroxidase-encoding genes (Bödeker et al. , 2009), and peroxidase activity has been shown to increase with increasing EMF species richness (Talbot et al. , 2013). The combined and complex oxidase enzyme activity in our EMF-dominated systems suggests that EMF mycelia are actively breaking down recalcitrant SOM. Effectiveness of modified hyphal traps to isolate EMF mycelia Hyphal trap bags are a crucial tool for assessing the relative contributions of EMF and saprotrophic mycelium to SOM cycling (Wallander et al. , 2001). Although it has been suggested that soil-based in-growth cores were primarily selected for EMF hyphae in coniferous forests with low saprotrophic populations (Hendricks et al. , 2006), comparable approaches in our study (that is, bags without a sand barrier) were equally colonized by both trophic groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in breaking down recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM). It states that 'the combined and complex oxidase enzyme activity in our EMF-dominated systems suggests that EMF mycelia are actively breaking down recalcitrant SOM,' which directly supports the idea that certain fungi contribute to the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Age was not significantly associated with aMT6s levels in univariate or multivariate analyses (Ptrend=0. 743, and 0. 809, respectively). Similarly, sex, BMI, race, alcohol use, physical activity, and use of sleep aids showed no significant associations with aMT6s levels, though participants who reported alcohol use had non-significantly lower melatonin than those who did not (33. 2 ng/mg creatinine v. 44. 9 ng/mg creatinine, P=0. 072). In age-adjusted analyses, older age at menarche was associated with higher aMT6s levels (Ptrend=0. 002); multivariate adjustment did not alter this association (Ptrend=0. 001). Similarly, time since menarche was also inversely associated with aMT6s levels in both univariate (Ptrend=0. 017) and multivariate analyses (Ptrend=0. 024). Though based on small numbers of users, oral contraceptive use appeared to be associated with higher aMT6s (43. 6 ng/mg creatinine v. 65. 6 ng/mg creatinine, P=0. 032). In multivariate analyses, few self-reported behaviors or light exposures at night significantly predicted circulating aMT6s levels (Table 3). Self-reported exposure to ambient light at night in the bedroom did not appear to significantly affect nightly melatonin levels. AMT6s levels did not meaningfully vary by self-reported exposure to light at night outside the bedroom window, electronic use after lights out, whether or not light or a TV was on during sleep, or brightness levels in the bedroom at night on weekdays, weekends, or the night before the collection. No significant trend between aMT6s levels and reported bedtime on the weeknights was observed (Ptrend=0. 317), though later reported bedtimes on the weekend were significantly inversely associated with aMT6s levels (38. 0 ng/mg creatinine for bedtimes after midnight v. 52. 5 ng/mg creatinine for bedtimes before 11pm, Ptrend=0. 007). Lastly, neither self-reported sleep duration nor time spent in bed on either weekdays or weekends appeared to be a significant predictor of aMT6 levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that self-reported exposure to ambient light at night did not significantly affect nighttime melatonin levels (aMT6s), which implies that light exposure may not regulate melatonin production as the claim suggests. It states that 'Self-reported exposure to ambient light at night in the bedroom did not appear to significantly affect nightly melatonin levels,' directly challenging the idea that light exposure plays a crucial role in melatonin regulation and influencing sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Hopkin SP (1991) Biology of the Woodlouse and Millipede. . Hopkin SP (2013) Biology of the terrestrial arthropods. Press. Hopkin SP (2015) Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola) and their role in the soil ecosystem. Springer (2005) Problems with mitochondrial DNA as a marker in population, phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies: the effects of inherited symbionts. Proceedings of the B 272(1572); 1525–1534. (2013) Two new species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae): synotopy of a troglophilic and a troglobiotic species. Zootaxa 3702(4); 357–369. M (1996) in of Southern Africa: Implications for Litter Dynamics. Biotropica 28(1); 113–120 (1999) Seasonal activity patterns of julid millipedes in Zimbabwe. J 7(3); 281–285. (2004) Millipede (Boreovilisoma inflatum) as a Pest of Corn. 2004. in Gian Millipedes. Iowa: University Extension, 82. Jew (1957) The luminescence of the millipede, Luminodesmus sequoiae. Biol. Bull. 113; 120–128. Jean-F David (2009) Ecology of millipedes (Diplopoda) in the context of global change. 81(3);719–733. (2020) Insect pollination of high Arctic flowers. J Eco 71(1); 209-222. S Al-K Al-A Al-Habsi K. A (2019) Millipedes as pests of tomato plants in Oman. J Studies 7(6); 536–539. Kime RD (1982) Ecology of soil millipedes: a review. Pedobiologia, 44(2000);709–727. Kostanjšek R Kuralt Ž (2014). 13(3); 693–708. (2012) The effect of soil properties on millipede distribution and abundance in a tropical rainforest. Pedobiologia 55(1); 1-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scientific literature mainly focused on arthropods and millipedes, including various ecological studies. It does not discuss viruses or their potential transformation into beneficial organisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Surrounding these mesh bags with a sand barrier, however, trapped a fungal community that was highly similar to that of the adjacent soil, with ∼70% EMF sequences and fewer than 9% saprotrophic sequences. Although other studies have used sand-only hyphal traps to minimize saprotroph colonization (Kjøller, 2006; Korkama et al. , 2007; Wallander et al. , 2010; Walker et al. , 2012), in our study the sand surrounding the hyphal traps contained large populations of saprotrophic Mortierella spp. (16% of the total sequences). Mortierella were also the most abundant saprotroph in the surrounding soil and are similarly abundant in other spruce forest soils (Buée et al. , 2009). These fungi are known to colonize the surface of spruce roots (Salt, 1977) and may have incidentally explored the sand in association with EMF hyphae. Our results suggest that sand-only hyphal traps may not effectively isolate EMF hyphae in soils where Mortierella are abundant. The fungal communities in our saprotroph-excluding mesh bags were also taxonomically similar to those found in the surrounding soil, although differences did emerge at the genus level. The most abundant EMF in the hyphal traps were Amphinema and Wilcoxina, but in the surrounding soil were Piloderma, Cortinarius and Tylospora. These different colonization patterns could be because of explorer type, as EMF colonizing the +SB hyphal traps would need to explore at least the width of the sand barrier away from a colonized root tip. and Piloderma are both considered medium distance explorers, Piloderma may also form mats with a limited range of exploration (Agerer, 2001; Kluber et al. , 2011). Berner et al. (2012) also hypothesized that short-term mesh bag studies may preferentially select for early EMF colonizers. The most abundant EMF in our mesh bags, Amphinema and Wilcoxina, are highly competitive early colonizers of seedlings, both in greenhouses (Jones et al. , 1997; Menkis et al. , 2005) and under field conditions (Gagné et al. , 2006; Barker et al. , 2012; Walker et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of fungi, specifically saprotrophic Mortierella spp., in the soil ecosystem. It details how these fungi are abundant in spruce forest soils and are capable of colonizing organic matter, thus contributing to nutrient cycling. The mention of saprotrophs and their role in breaking down organic material aligns with the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We also explored associations between aMT6s levels and self-reported light exposure during sleep interruption. Borderline significantly lower aMT6s levels were found among the four participants who turned the light on if their sleep got interrupted at night (24. 6 ng/mg creatinine, 95% CI: 14. 9, 40. 5) when compared to adolescents with interrupted sleep who did not turn the light on (43. 1 ng/mg creatinine, 95% CI: 33. 5, 55. 6, Pdifference=0. 050) and significantly lower levels were observed when compared to those who had their sleep never interrupted (43. 0 ng/mg creatinine, 95% CI: 37. 8, 48. 9, Pdifference=0. 032). No significant differences were observed comparing participants with interrupted sleep who did not turn the light on compared to those whose sleep was not interrupted (Pdifference=0. 981). Self-reported chronotype was not associated with aMT6s levels (Ptrend=0. 157), though there was some suggestion of a non-linear relationship. aMT6s levels were highest among those who self-identified as “definite” morning or evening types, and lower among those who reported being “more” of a morning or evening type. study is among the first to examine relationships between adolescent sleep patterns and behaviors and urinary measures of melatonin. In our sample of high school students, we found that few aspects of adolescent sleep behavior and self-reported nocturnal light exposure were associated with urinary aMT6s levels. Though exposure to light at night is known to suppress melatonin secretion, no associations between any self-reported measure of ambient light in or around the bedroom and aMT6s levels were observed in the present study. While laboratory studies have demonstrated the ability of light at night to suppress melatonin levels, the intensity of residential light may be orders of magnitude less intense than light used in experimental studies and insufficient to quantifiably affect melatonin secretion. 16 The effect of ambient light on melatonin is likely further reduced during sleep, when eyelids are closed, as mean light transmittance across the human eyelid has been reported to be as low as 1%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while exposure to light at night is known to suppress melatonin secretion, the study found no significant associations between self-reported ambient light exposure in the bedroom and urinary aMT6s levels, a marker of melatonin. This suggests that the intensity of residential light may be insufficient to quantifiably affect melatonin secretion, thus challenging the idea that light exposure directly regulates melatonin production in a way that influences sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: (1981) Millipedes as a pest of crop plants in Coast Province, Kenya. Communication, Kenya, 8 pp. (2002) of Sequences of the 12S and 16S rRNA in the Family Bovidae: New Evidence. Genetics 38(8); 942–950. K Obeng-Asante SK (2012)Potential use of millipedes in the biological control of cassava pests in Ghana. of 7(16); 2449-2456. Lawrence RF (1984) The centipedes and millipedes of Southern Africa:A guide. Balkema,. ” Cape Town, 5. . (2014) Mitochondrial markers for identification and phylogenetic studies in insects: A Review. DNA Barcodes 2(1). (2012) Millipede taxonomy after 250 years: classification and taxonomic practices in a mega-diverse yet understudied arthropod group” PLoS One. 7(5); e37240. (2020) Cryptic diversity, molecular clocks, and the evolution of coloration in millipedes. and Evolution, 145; 106720. (2017) Millipedes as pests of vegetable crops in Tanzania: a review. J 9(5); 59-66. (2018) Ecological functions of millipedes in the terrestrial ecosystem. 26(10); 1051–1059 Mercer PC (1978) Pests and diseases of groundnuts in Malawi. II. Disorders of pods, kernels and seedlings. Oleágineux 33; 119–122. (2008) Millipedes: Reproduction. In: J. L. Capinera (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Entomology. 2nd ed. Springer. (2018) In and Around Homes, pp 1-4, 8. PA (2023) In and Around Homes. 5. (1925) Development of the male gonopods and life history studies of a polydesmid millipede. Sci 27(1); 25–43. (2004) Exploitation of litter and soil by the train millipede Parafontaria laminata (Diplopoda: Xystodesmidae) in larch plantation forests in Japan. Pedobiologia 48(1); 71–81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on millipedes, their taxonomy, ecological functions, and their roles as pests, providing no information about viruses or the transformation of viruses into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Early colonizing Amphinema and Wilcoxina may have out-competed other species, including less competitive Piloderma spp. (Erland and Söderström, 1991; Erland and Finlay, 1992; Wu et al. , 1999). Differences in fungal nutritional requirements might also influence colonization. For example, Cortinarius spp. avoid nutrient-limited sand hyphal traps (Kjøller, 2006; Berner et al. , 2012). These EMF may have similarly avoided the sand barrier in the current study, as Cortinarius were more abundant in hyphal traps without a sand barrier. novel microcosms of sterile, FH substrate surrounded by a barrier of sand, we determined that both oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme activities in EMF-dominated substrates are comparable to or greater than that exhibited by microcosms enriched in saprotrophic hyphae. Collectively, our data supports a substantial role for EMF hyphae in the turnover of both recalcitrant and labile SOM in sub-boreal spruce stands. Furthermore, it expands our ability to predict feedbacks between elevated atmospheric CO2 and soil C fluxes. study was funded by a Council of Grant. The preliminary study development, additional field and lab assistance was provided by and Jennifer Walker. We thank NetPak of Coquitlam, British Columbia, Australia for donating the plastic containers used to construct the hyphal traps with sand barriers. We acknowledge of the genotyping platform of the Mcand Génome Québec for their technical assistance. Accession codes Accessions GenBank/EMBL//EMBL/022584 Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest. 10. 1111/j. 1469-8137. 2009. 03160. x. 10. 4137/EBO. S6271. 10. 1007/s005720100108. 10. 1007/s10533-006-9046-2. 10. 1016/j. soilbio. 2008. 10. 032. 10. 1093/nar/25. 17. 3389. 10. 3410/B3-16. 10. 1016/S0275-0287(08)80004-5. 10. 1007/s00442-012-2562-y. 10. 1093/nar/gkq1079. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that 'both oxidative and hydrolytic enzyme activities in EMF-dominated substrates are comparable to or greater than that exhibited by microcosms enriched in saprotrophic hyphae.' This suggests a substantial role for ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) in the turnover of organic matter, which is a key aspect of nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, we also observed occasional short-range translocation in a few cells, suggesting the ability of microglia to survey territories beyond their own boundaries, in general agreement with recent observations in head-fixed mice (Eyo et al. , 2018). Microglia surveillance during the sleep-wake cycle By simultaneously imaging microglia and recording EEG/EMG throughout a sleep-wake cycle, we obtained continuous 4–6 hr datasets from different mice and, in conjunction with video interpretation, segmented and sorted them into subgroups corresponding to wake, NREM, and REM states (Figure 2a). For each state, we quantified morphological features and process motility from 15 to 20 cells. Wake and NREM states lasting longer than 1 min were identified, for which the last 30 s recording was selected, and REM states lasting longer than 30 s for the characterization of possible state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance. Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Microglial surveillance is state-dependent in the sleep-wake cycle. (a) Representative electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG) recordings showing the sleep-wake stage switch. Top, EEG power spectrogram (0–20 Hz). Middle, EMG trace. Bottom, brain states are classified as wake (color code: gray), rapid eye movement (REM) (blue), and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) (white). (b–d) Representative microglial morphological changes during the sleep-wake cycle. (b′-d′) Microglial morphology reconstructed from b-d using Imaris software. (e–h) Microglial morphological parameters, length (e), area change (f), number of branch points (g), and process endpoint speed (h), all exhibited brain state-dependent dynamic change. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test in e; Friedman test with Dunn’s post-hoc test in f–h; n=20 cells from seven mice for each group (e–g), n=15 cells from six mice for each group (h); *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 001. (i–o) 3D multi-plane imaging and reconstruction of microglial morphology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microglia dynamics and their morphological changes during the sleep-wake cycle. It does not mention melatonin production, regulation by light exposure, or its role in sleep-wake cycles, thus failing to provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: (1987) The millipede Archispirostreptus syriacus Porat (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae), a pest of maize in Tanzania. Manag 33(3), 199-202. (2017) Millipede (Spirostreptus sp. ) damage on rice and its control in organic rice farming. IOP Conference Series. Sci 5 4(1); 012063. (2010) A revision of the taxonomy and distribution of 1895 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae), and description of a new spirostreptid genus with three new species. Zootaxa 2567(1); 1–49. (2009) new species of Bicoxidens Attems, 1928 (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Spirostreptidae) from northern Zimbabwe. ZooKey 7(1);75–81. Lamb J. (2015) Docytochrome c oxidase 1 of (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Spirostreptidae)? 56(3); 651–661. (1997) Millipedes in small-scale farming systems in Zimbabwe: abundance and diversity (Dip_lopoda, Spirostreptida). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplement 51; 287290. NeiB. CDLT (1969) A revision of the bioluminescent millipedes in the genus Motyxia (Xystodesmidae: Polydesmida). 113;13: 14–33. (2002) Biology and natural control of pest caboverdus (1987) from Cape Vende, in Challenges to and Sustainable land use in the Tropics and Subtropics 1–4 (2015) Distribution of millipedes along an altitudinal gradient in the south of Lake Teletskoye, Altai Mts, Russia (Diplopoda). ZooKeys 510; 141–161. Odhiambo TR (2003) Archispirostreptus tumuliporus (Karsch) (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae) as a pest of maize in Kenya. Entom 11(1);78-80. G Souza-(2017) Biological control of millipedes: A review. 63(1);. 1-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of scientific references about millipedes and their ecological roles but does not address the claim regarding viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Nitrogen content of litter fall in increasingly nitrogen-poor forest floors was correspondingly lower. Nitrogen content of litter fall on N rich forest floors and N fertilized forest floors was proportionately higher. Nitrogen withdrawal in leaves at senescence was inversely correlated with grams N mineralized per square metre per year in forest floors. Fertilization did not influence microbial processes in the field, though lab studies indicated a negative influence of NH4, P, and K on microbial respiration. Glucose added in the laboratory and field markedly increased forest-floor microbial respiration. In vitro glucose-induced increases in respiration were not influenced by addition of ammonium nitrate and were significantly depressed by addition of P and K. In the field, fertilization had no effect on either glucose-induced respiration or microbial biomass. RésuméLes auteurs ont étudié l'effet des propriétés chimiques de la couverture morte sur le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et le cycle des éléments dans plusieurs forêts de conifères et d'espèces décidues de la taïga de l'intérieur de l'Alaska, sur une période de 5 ans. Au moyen des techniques de sac à litière et de respirométrie, ils ont mesuré les pertes de poids et la consommation d'oxygène d'échantillons de la couverture morte, soit sans traitement ou avec addition d'engrais N, P et K, et de glucose comme source de carbone. En utilisant des échantillons de couverture morte possédant un éventail de rapports C/N, y compris des échantillons carences en azote, on a pu mesurer l'influence de la nature du substrat sur la croissance de semis et leur teneur en éléments et en tannins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition of organic matter and its relation to nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. It highlights the study of chemical properties of litter fall and their effect on organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling in various forest environments. This suggests that organic matter decomposing processes are indeed occurring, and fungi play a role in this cycle.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The holder of the mTPM was then sealed onto the baseplate over the coverslip on the head, and the mTPM could be repetitively mounted and dismounted to track the same population of microglia over different days (Supplementary Fig. 1). Three models of mTPM were used for different experiments: FHIRM-TPM high-resolution model (Zong et al. , 2017) with lens NA of 0. 7 and FOV of 220 × 220 μm for Figs. 1-5; headpiece weight was 2. 13 g, and lateral and axial resolutions were 0. 74 and 6. 53 μm, respectively. FHIRM-TPM large FOV model (Zong et al. , 2021) with a headpiece weight of 2. 45 g, lens NA of 0. 5, and FOV of 420 × 420 μm for Supplementary Fig. 4, and lateral and axial resolutions were 1. 13 and 12. 2 μm, respectively; FHIRM-TPM 2. 0 ETL model (Zong et al. , 2021) in Supplementary Fig. 2, with headpiece weight of 4. 3 g, Z-depth range of 45 μm, lens NA of 0. 7, lateral resolution of 0. 74 μm, axial resolution of 6. 53 μm, and FOV of 220 x 220 μm. Images were acquired to visualize the microglial surveillance: time-lapse xy imaging stack at a frame rate of 5 FPS or multi-plane imaging stacks (20 planes at 2 μm intervals, 5 frames/s). Each model of mTPM was equipped with a water-immersion miniature objective and a 920 nm femtosecond fiber laser. Excitation for fluorescence imaging was achieved with 150-fs laser pulses (80 MHz) at 920 nm for GFP with a power of ∼25 mW after the objective. The EEG/EMG signals were recorded continuously and simultaneously by (system), and mouse behavior was monitored with an infrared video camera. Mice were never disturbed when they were undergoing spontaneous sleep-wake cycles, feeding, or drinking. Sleep deprivationSleep deprivation (SD) was achieved by forcing the mice to move continuously through power devices (Soft maze, #XR-XS108) (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. It focuses on experimental details related to microglial imaging and does not mention melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Therefore, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Orkin (2022) Centipedes and Millipedes? 6. Abidin PE. (2007) Feeding activity of the EastAfrican millipede Omopyge sudanica Kraus on different crop products in laboratory experiments. NJAS – 54(3);3-323. Paoletti MG DD (2005) Edible invertebrates among Amazonian Indians: a critical review of disappearing knowledge. in N. In: Paoletti MG, editor. Enfield (ed. ) of Minilivestock. NH, USA: Science 342. S. et al (2015) Efficacy of different insecticides against the soil-burrowing millipede, Chamberlinius hualienensis (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae). J-(2);15–319. Pemberton RW (2005) Contemporary use of insects and other arthropods in traditional Korean medicine (Hanbang) in and elsewhere. in Paoletti MG, editor. Enfield, NH (ed. ) of Minilivestock. NH, USA: Science, 474. A G" et al" (2014) Millipede damage to maize in Brazil and monitoring by pitfall trapping. J87(3); 565–574. (2010) High-resolution habitat requirements of soil-dwelling millipedes in grassland ecosystems. Biochem 2(10); 3–1728. Powell JJ (2023) est Insecticides for Millipedes (2023) Effective Options,” 25. Program TU(2023) Cylindroiulus caeruleocinctus. 96. (1984) Diplopoda as food for Coleoptera: laboratory experiments. Pedobiologia, 26;197–204. (1967) Arthropoda (and Collembola). Biology; Burges, A. , Raw, F. , Eds. London: Academic Press, 362. (2003) The distribution of southern Attems, 1909 (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida). African Invertebrates, 44(1); 213–226. (2001) to Infer Phylogenies? Evidence from of the (Gallotia galloti). and Evo);1–360. T (2021) Introduction to the World of Carabus. Springer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. Instead, it discusses various studies and topics related to millipedes, edible invertebrates, insecticides, and other unrelated subjects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: La biomasse microbienne (bactéries et champignons) fut mesurée pour un éventail de types forestiers, de même que le pH, la saturation en bases, l'ampleur des réserves de N et P, et la minéralisation de la matière organique. Pour des conditions identiques de température et d'humidité, les taux moyens de respiration des substrats L, F et H de couverture morte sous couvert résineux étaient respectivement 1,8, 2,8 et 2,0 fois moindre que les taux moyens de respiration des horizons correspondants sous couvert feuillu. Le taux de respiration des horizons L et F de forêt de bouleau était 11,5 fois plus élevé que celui des horizons correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. Les pertes de poids des horizons L, F et H de forêt de bouleau étaient 6, 3 et 2 fois plus élevées que celles des substrats correspondants de forêt d'épinette noire. La décomposition des substrats s'est avérée influencée davantage par les caractères intrinsèques de ces derniers que par les conditions climatiques de terrain. La biomasse fongique était corrélce à la quantité de matière organique en considérant tous les sites (n = 15, r = 0,62), mais les corrélations étaient meilleures pour les sites décidus (n = 9, r = 0,89), et résineux (n = 6, r = 0,82) pris séparément. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between fungal biomass and organic matter. It states that fungal biomass was correlated with the amount of organic matter across various sites, indicating the role of fungi in the decomposition process and thus contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 1), but were calibrated prior to the experiment to produce 150 lx at corneal level. During the study, exposure to the standard white LED was 150 ± 3. 24 lx during the fixed gaze and 151 ± 2. 70 during the free gaze. Exposure to the blue-depleted white LED was 153 ± 4. 60 lx during the fixed gaze and 152 ± 5. 05 during the free gaze. There was no difference in the photopic illuminance received during the fixed and free (p = 0. 11, repeated measure two-way ANOVA) or between the blue-depleted and standard white LED lamps (p = 0. 15, repeated measure two-way ANOVA). Melatonin concentrations during the baseline portion prior to exposure to the blue-depleted or standard white LED lighting were similar (p = 0. 33, paired t-test) as the expected rise of melatonin occurred in the hours prior to habitual bed time (Fig. 3a). There was no obvious impact of either light source on salivary melatonin concentrations (Fig. 3a). Melatonin concentrations during the full exposure (p = 0. 40, paired t-test) or during any single hour of exposure (p’s > 0. 37, paired t-tests) to the blue-depleted white light was indistinguishable from that observed during the same time of exposure to the standard white light. SSS scores during the baseline portion prior to exposure to the blue-depleted or standard white LED lighting were similar (p = 0. 78, paired t-test). The expected rise in subjective sleepiness occurred around the time of habitual bedtime and this level of sleepiness was maintained throughout the three hours of light exposure (Fig. 3b). There was no obvious difference in the impact of the two light sources on SSS scores (p = 0. 21, paired t-test). DiscussionAt a low illuminance of 32 lx, the blue-depleted white LED light (40% lower melanopsin stimulation) had significantly less of an impact on the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) than a broad spectrum white LED light, and did so without impacting melatonin or subjective sleepiness. At higher illuminances (≥100 lx), there were no differences in light-induced PIPR, melatonin suppression, or relief of subjective sleepiness between the two light sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an experiment where different types of white LED light (standard and blue-depleted) were used to investigate their effects on melatonin concentrations. It concludes that there was no obvious impact of either light source on salivary melatonin concentrations, as indicated by statements like 'There was no obvious impact of either light source on salivary melatonin concentrations' and 'melatonin concentrations during the full exposure...was indistinguishable from that observed during the same time of exposure to the standard white light.' This suggests that the expected regulation of melatonin production in response to light exposure may not hold true in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Frederiksen (2013) odontopygid millipedes 2: A new, geographically disjunct species of Chaleponcus (Attems 1914) from the Pare Mts. , Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae). Zootaxa 3636; 597-600 (2000) The use of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene for phylogenetic and biogeographic studies of Crustacea. 12 817–830. (2007) A possible phylogenetic signal in milliped chemical defenses: the polydesmidan milliped Leonardesmus injucundus Shelley & Shear secretes p-cresol and lacks a cyanogenic defense (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Nearctodesmidae). Biochemy stemat Ecol 35(12); 838–842. Shelley R. (2011) Atlas of myriapod biogeography. I. Indigenous ordinal and supra–ordinal distributions in the Diplopoda: perspectives on taxon origins and ages, and a hypothesis on the origin and early evolution of the class. 0158(1);1–134. Shelley RM (1997) A re-evaluation of the milliped genus Motyxia Chamberlin, with a re-diagnosis of the tribe Xystocheirini and remarks on the bioluminescence (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). Insecta Mundi. 11;331–351. . (2006) Life history traits of Parafontaria laminata (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae) and its damage to potatoes and sweet potatoes in Kagoshima, Japan. Zool 41(2); 333–341. Sierwald,P (2007) of the Diplopoda (Millipedes): and Phylogeny. Entom 52(1);401– 420. Slavomír Stašiov Vladimír Benčať Vladimír Pätoprstý Ivan Lukáčik MS (2021) Influence of soil properties on millipede (Diplopoda) communities in forest stands of various tree species. 113; 379–423. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding viruses being turned into beneficial organisms. It discusses various studies and publications related to millipedes and their characteristics, without mentioning viruses or any processes involving them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: L'étude révèle l'existence de corrélations étroites entre le taux de décomposition de la matière organique et la biomasse fongique (n = 13, r = 0,86), et entre la biomasse fongique et la quantité de N et P minéralisé (n = 14, r = 0,95; n = 11, r = 0,94, respectivement). Les semis cultivés sur substrat carencé en éléments ont produit plus de tannins que les témoins, et les semis cultivés sur substrat classé par ordre croissant du rapport C/N ont formé moins de matière sèche, avec un contenu moindre en azote et avaient proportionnellement une masse racinaire plus élevée. Parallèlement, la teneur en azote de la litière s'atténuait avec l'augmentation du rapport C/N des substrats. La résorption de l'azote des feuilles à la sénescence était corrélée inversement avec la quantité de N minéralisé par mètre carré et par an. La fertilisation n'a pas eu d'influence sur les processus microbiens au champ, malgré que les études en laboratoire indiquaient une influence négative de NH4, P et K sur la respiration microbienne. L'addition de glucose, tant au champ qu'en laboratoire, a augmenté fortement la respiration. L'augmentation de respiration induite par le glucose invitro ne fut pas influencée par l'addition de nitrate d'ammonium, mais elle fut réduite significativement par l'addition de Pet K. La fertilisation au champ fut sans effet sur la respiration induite par le glucose, non plus que sur la biomasse microbienne. [Traduit par le journal]Get full access to this 1983. Nutrient cycling in relation to decomposition and organic-matter quality in taiga ecosystems. of Forest Research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the correlation between fungal biomass and organic matter decomposition rates, as well as the relationship between this biomass and the mineralization of nutrients like nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Specifically, it mentions that 'la biomasse fongique' is closely related to the decomposition process, thus supporting the idea that fungi play a significant role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This could cause the nurses to have more GI symptoms, but, surprisingly, in our study nurses with meal timing irregularity had fewer symptoms (p < 0. 001). We found that use of gastrointestinal medication was much more common among shift-work nurses than among day-shift nurses (p = 0. 002; Table 4). One might speculate that shift workers have more problems than others and try to eliminate them by using drugs. However, quite a few shift workers in our population used NSAIDs. These medications are mainly used for musculoskeletal pain and can cause or worsen GI symptoms. Thus, perhaps greater use of NDAIDs may be responsible for the greater incidence of GI symptoms in shift-work nurses. It was somewhat surprising that no particular symptom was more prevalent in shift-work nurses than in day-shift nurses (Table 1). However, in Bilski's study, defecation irregularity was the only complaint more prevalent in shift-work nurses, and the frequency of other complaints, such as diarrhea, non-specific pains and gastric ulcers, did not differ from that in day-shift nurses [24]. Gastrointestinal symptoms were higher in nurses under 40 years of age (p = 0. 015). This age effect was also reported by and colleagues [12]. One would expect aging to make people more prone to gastrointestinal disorders, but it was the younger group who reported more GI symptoms in our study. Perhaps younger nurses are more likely to volunteer to work above average working hours or on irregular shifts. We have to note that our study has some limitations. We had difficulties finding nurses that only worked in morning shifts. As mentioned earlier, only 27 (16. 8%) nurses had morning-only shifts. Our data were obtained from a single hospital, and we are considering collecting data from more hospitals nationwide in the future. Our study was cross-sectional and thus, necessarily, only descriptive. Prospective longitudinal studies must be carried out to evaluate the causes and long-term effects of GI symptoms in shift-work nurses. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions HRS and ARM participated in design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, and manuscript preparation. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. authors wish to thank Dr. Koohpayezade for his assistance in the study design and in the preparation of the research project. 10. 1289/ehp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms observed in shift-work nurses. While it implies that shift work might lead to more GI issues, it also notes that surprisingly, shift-work nurses did not have a higher prevalence of specific complaints compared to day-shift nurses. The text states, 'no particular symptom was more prevalent in shift-work nurses than in day-shift nurses,' which challenges the notion that shift work adversely affects health solely due to circadian misalignment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Viruses can be turned into beneficial organisms with ease. [SEP] Text: Smit AM V (2001) The influence of millipedes on selected soil elements: a microcosm study on three species occurring on coastal sand dunes. 15(1); 51–59. (1975) 1,4-Benzoquinones in African millipeds. Psyche. 82(1); 78–80. (2008) The ecology and evolution of soil biodiversity. Press. AConyers B. L Hendrix PF (2015) Millipedes and other soil arthropods facilitate decomposition of leaf litter in a tropical rainforest. Biochem 86;11-18. (2009) Ethnobotanical and morphological characterization of cassava landraces and related weeds in the Republic of Benin. Evol 56(6); 845–856. J (1976) Hydrogen cyanide emission by a millipede. Nature 263(3572);92-493. Stašiov S Stašiová A Michalková E Slobodník B Lukáčik I (2012) Millipede (Diplopoda) communities in an arboretum: Influence of tree species and soil propertie. Biologia 67(5); 945 – 946. (2001) Morphological difference and reproductive isolation: morphometrics in the millipede Parafontaria tonominea and its allied forms. BioloJ (2);249–264. (2015) Orthomorpha coarctata (Diplopoda: Spirostreptida: Harpagophoridae), a new millipede pest of crops in Cameroon. J AgriSci 7(11);18–127. (2017) Evidence of multiple divergent mitochondrial lineages within the southern African diplopod genus Bicoxidens Attems, 1928 (Spirostreptida. 52(4); 229–235. Tuf IH (2019) Millipede diversity and ecology in forest ecosystems. pp 119–137 é (1999) Soil pests of groundnut in – Species diversity, damage and estimation of yield losses. Applicata 19(2/3); 131-140. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics related to millipedes and their ecological roles, with no mention of viruses or the concept of turning them into beneficial organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Short- and medium-term contrasting effects of nitrogen fertilization on C and N cycling in a poplar plantation soil Go to 92. Belowground and aboveground consequences of interactions between live plant species mixtures and dead organic substrate mixtures Go to 93. to 94. Decomposition of soil organic matter from boreal black spruce forest: environmental and chemical controls Go to 95. The potential for forest canopy litterfall interception by a dense fern understorey, and the consequences for litter decomposition Go to 96. Effects of Aspen and on on Go to 97. An estimate of carbon emissions from 2004 wildfires across Go to 98. Browse biomass production an. regrowth capacity after biomass loss in deciduous and coniferous trees: responses to moose browsing along a productivity gradient Go to 99. of in to 100. Ecological role of reindeer summer browsing in the mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) forests: effects on plant defense, litter decomposition, and soil nutrient cycling Go to 101. The microbial communities of aspen and spruce forest floors are resistant to changes in litter inputs and microclimate Go to 102. Biogeochemistry of Go to 103. Impact of Beaver (Castor canadensis Kuhl) Foraging on of Go to 104. Impacts of anthropogenic N additions on nitrogen mineralization from plant litter in exotic annual grasslands Go to 105. Does the addition of litter from N-fixing Acacia mearnsii accelerate leaf decomposition of Eucalyptus globulus? Go to 106. Nitrogen retention patterns and their controlling factors in an alpine meadow: implications for carbon sequestration Go to 107. Labile substrates quality as the main driving force of microbial mineralization activity in a poplar plantation soil under elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization Go to 108. Contribution of winter processes to soil nitrogen flux in taiga forest ecosystems Go to 109. Aboveground and belowground responses to quality and heterogeneity of organic inputs to the boreal forest Go to 110. Nitrogen dynamics of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence Go to 111. Changes in soil carbon and nitrogen cycling along a 72-year wildfire chronosequence in Michigan jack pine forests Go to 112. Nutrient dynamics of foliar litter in reciprocal decomposition in tropical and subtropical forests Go to 113. in Cedar and to 114. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of decomposition processes in ecosystems, such as 'litter decomposition' and 'soil organic matter' in different forest contexts. These references imply that decomposition, possibly facilitated by fungi, plays a critical role in nutrient cycling within those ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This approach includes a fixed period of 24 hours. 4. Why use two housekeeping genes in the same tissue for clock gene relative quantification? Authors' response: Vandesompele et al. (Genome Biol. 2002, PMID: 12184808) showed that normalizing with the geometric mean of carefully chosen control genes improves qPCR accuracy. Using a single universal control gene is less effective due to variations across different cells or tissues. Moreover, fluctuations within standard housekeeping genes depending on the time of day have been recognized in studies (Kosir et al. , BMC Mol Biol. 2010; PMID: 20712867). Thus, the utilization of more than one housekeeping gene minimizes this variability. 5. The author should discuss why Cry genes are preferentially altered under three light conditions. Authors' response: In the discussion section of the revised manuscript, we covered the response of Cry genes to simulated shift conditions. Competing Interests: No conflicts of Report a concern on this 4. In the Discussion, the Authors mainly focus on the observed differences between short-term and long-term rotating shift work, which is indeed important. Equally important is the fact that many papers and groups use the jet lag protocol as a proxy for shift work, and the Authors demonstrate here that the outcomes of jet lag can be quite different from either short-term or long-term rotating shift work. This is a very important finding that should be addressed in the Discussion. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Molecular cancer biology, lung biology, immunology, circadian rhythms, metabolism I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the adverse health effects of shift work related to circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses methodological aspects of using housekeeping genes in molecular biology research and mentions the differences in outcomes related to jet lag and shift work, but it does not provide clear evidence or arguments supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: & & & & &Aa : español español& & caption full caption right caption left caption center &A expert &A expert 1 Slide 2 Slides 3 Slides 4 Slides 5 Slides 6 Slides 7 full width center :. COM in the US, Europe, China and India suffered unusually intense heat waves in 2022. Climate-driven temperature extremes, combined with the urban heat-island effect, threaten the lives and health of city dwellers around the world. Society Q&A — Environmental scientist What can cities do to survive extreme heat? Urban heat waves are getting worse, but better data and timely government action could make them less deadly By M. 10. 19. 2022 sound science and smart storiesHelp us make scientific knowledge accessible to allDonate today Sidewalks without a hint of shade. Heat radiating up from asphalt streets and down from walls. Hot exhaust belching from cars, trucks and buses — all these summer-in-the-city miseries and more are contributors to the urban heat-island effect. Depending on the city, says Angel Hsu, an environmental scientist who founded and heads the Data-Driven EnviroLab at the University of at Chapel Hill, its downtown area can average 3 to 4 degrees Celsius hotter than the surrounding suburbs and countryside. And certain neighborhoods — often the poorest — can be hotter by 10 degrees Celsius or more. : (CC BY-ND) Environmental scientist University of at Worse, says Hsu, this is not just a matter of discomfort. The heat-island effect is starting to endanger the health, productivity and lives of billions of people worldwide, especially now that it’s coming on top of killer heat waves spawned by climate change. And in a classic vicious circle, she adds, the straightforward solution — use more air conditioning — is hugely energy-intensive and could push climate-warming greenhouse gas emissions even higher than they already are. The good news, says Hsu, is that excess urban heat isn’t inevitable. recently spoke with her about ways to mitigate the effect — one of several topics covered in a report that she coauthored in the 2021 of Environment and Resources on how cities can reach their goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to zero. This conversation has been edited for length and clarity. What causes the urban heat-island effect? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the urban heat-island effect and its impact on city dwellers due to climate change and urbanization. It provides information on how urban areas are affected by extreme heat and potential mitigation strategies but does not mention microbes or their survival in extreme conditions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Жизнедеятельность преимущественно микроскопических, но многочисленных наземных организмов неизбежно оказывала существенное воздействие на первичные минеральные субстраты, разрушая их твёрдую минеральную основу, обогащая её органическим материалом и создавая предпосылки для появления первых архаичных почв. Этот процесс способствовал формированию условий для проникновения на сушу высших растений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the activities of predominantly microscopic terrestrial organisms significantly affected primary mineral substrates, enriching them with organic material and creating conditions for the emergence of higher plants. This suggests a direct link between early plant evolution and the development of terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we found no significant impact on the liver’s circadian clock in mice exposed to a short-term rotating shift condition. Figure 2. Circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in the liver following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The graphs display 24-hour expression (Mean ± SE) of Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp in the liver under constant dark after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The figure allows for a comparison between the control group and three experimental conditions: short-term rotating shift (left), long-term rotating shift (middle), and control vs chronic jet-lag (right) were represented in the figure. To ensure accurate analysis, the mRNA expression throughout the time course was normalized against the geometric mean expression of housekeeping genes Actb and Ppib. The statistical significance of the circadian rhythms and the differences in circadian characteristics between the control group and the simulated shift-work conditions were assessed using CircaCompare, with a significance level set at p < 0. 05. Genes that exhibit a significant rhythmic pattern are represented by continuous lines, while arrhythmic genes are represented by dotted lines. Circadian analysis of canonical clock gene expression in the skin after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditionsIn addition to studying the liver, we also examined the expression of canonical clock genes in the dorsal skin of mice (Figure 3, Table 154) collected under constant darkness after being exposed to simulated shift-work light conditions. We analyzed the circadian rhythms and determined their significance using CircaCompare with a p < 0. 05. Our analysis revealed that majority of the analyzed clock genes in the skin exhibited rhythmic patterns. However, we observed a loss of rhythmicity in Cry1 after exposure to short-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Additionally, Cry2 became arrhythmic when subjected to long-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Furthermore, we compared the circadian rhythms between the control group and the simulated shift-work groups, focusing on differences in phase (at least four hours), amplitude, and MESOR (Figure 4B, Table 154). Out of the eight genes analyzed in the skin, significant phase differences were observed in two genes (Arntl and Cry2) following the short-term rotating shift condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that found no significant impact on liver circadian rhythms in mice exposed to short-term rotating shift conditions. It explains how various clock genes in the liver did not show significant changes, indicating that the anticipated adverse effects of shift work on circadian rhythms may not occur under the conditions studied.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Primarily, it’s the conversion of natural landscapes to urban infrastructure: materials like asphalt, brick and concrete that tend to absorb more solar radiation than a grassy or a forested area. But in addition, this conversion makes urban areas and cities a lot less able to absorb rainwater. As a result, you get more runoff and less of the nice cooling effect from evapotranspiration, which is when grasses and trees move water from the ground into the air. Then there’s the way people live in cities. They drive cars. They have air conditioners, which cool interior spaces by sucking out the heat and dumping it into the air outside. They build apartments and houses and offices that are incredibly dense, providing little room for green space and air circulation. All of this increases the heat. And of course, this has all been happening as climate change has shifted the baseline background temperature an average of 1. 1 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, which makes our urban heat islands feel that much hotter. Watch the replay of this event held on October 26, 2022. How does the effect vary from one neighborhood to the next? It depends on a lot of things, including how built-up an area is, and how much tree cover and green space it has. But there are still many gaps in our understanding. For example, many cities measure temperature from just one monitoring station, which is often located at the airport. But most people live in downtown areas or in suburbs far away from the airport. So whether you’re a decision-maker or an individual, there are going to be questions you can’t answer with that one number. I have young kids, for example — is it safe to take them outside to play? This is why a lot of my work has been focused on getting better granular data. In a study last summer, for example, we partnered with the town of and the Museum of Life and Science in Durham, North Carolina, to send citizen scientists out with handheld temperature and humidity sensors on an incredibly hot day in late August. The official weather station for said that temperatures were something like 93 degrees Fahrenheit (34 degrees Celsius). But in some parts of downtown, our volunteers were measuring temperatures as high as 108 degrees Fahrenheit (42 degrees Celsius). This is consistent with other studies, including ours, showing that heat disparities exist within cities throughout the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses urban infrastructure, heat disparities, and climate change, which are unrelated to the survival of microbes in extreme conditions. There is no mention of microbes or their abilities to withstand harsh environments, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вендотенидам могли принадлежать лентовидные пиритизированные остатки с внешними покровами из верхневендских отложений Русской платформы, определявшиеся Б. С. Соколовым как [24, табл. XX, фиг. 4]. Именно эти тенденции в морфогенезе сублиторальных и литоральных водорослевых сообществ привели к тому, что в раннем палеозое (если не раньше) возникли все необходимые предпосылки для колонизации суши высшими растениями. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the evolution of certain plant communities during the early Paleozoic established the necessary conditions for the colonization of land by higher plants, implying that this evolutionary process contributed significantly to terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we found no significant impact on the liver’s circadian clock in mice exposed to a short-term rotating shift condition. Figure 2. Circadian rhythms of canonical clock genes in the liver following exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The graphs display 24-hour expression (Mean ± SE) of Arntl, Npas2, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, Cry2, and Dbp in the liver under constant dark after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditions. The figure allows for a comparison between the control group and three experimental conditions: short-term rotating shift (left), long-term rotating shift (middle), and control vs chronic jet-lag (right) were represented in the figure. To ensure accurate analysis, the mRNA expression throughout the time course was normalized against the geometric mean expression of housekeeping genes Actb and Ppib. The statistical significance of the circadian rhythms and the differences in circadian characteristics between the control group and the simulated shift-work conditions were assessed using CircaCompare, with a significance level set at p < 0. 05. Genes that exhibit a significant rhythmic pattern are represented by continuous lines, while arrhythmic genes are represented by dotted lines. Circadian analysis of canonical clock gene expression in the skin after exposure to simulated shift-work light conditionsIn addition to studying the liver, we also examined the expression of canonical clock genes in the dorsal skin of mice (Figure 3, Table 154) collected under constant darkness after being exposed to simulated shift-work light conditions. We analyzed the circadian rhythms and determined their significance using CircaCompare with a p < 0. 05. Our analysis revealed that majority of the analyzed clock genes in the skin exhibited rhythmic patterns. However, we observed a loss of rhythmicity in Cry1 after exposure to short-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Additionally, Cry2 became arrhythmic when subjected to long-term rotating shift and chronic jet-lag conditions. Furthermore, we compared the circadian rhythms between the control group and the simulated shift-work groups, focusing on differences in phase (at least four hours), amplitude, and MESOR (Figure 4B, Table 154). Out of the eight genes analyzed in the skin, significant phase differences were observed in two genes (Arntl and Cry2) following the short-term rotating shift condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the study found no significant impact on the liver's circadian clock in mice exposed to short-term rotating shift conditions. It presents detailed analysis of various genes in both liver and skin tissues, showing that while some genes displayed rhythmic patterns, there was a loss of rhythmicity in specific genes under certain conditions. This suggests that not all shift work conditions lead to health issues related to circadian rhythm misalignment, which directly counters the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All microbes can survive in extreme conditions indefinitely. [SEP] Text: One reason for that huge difference is that, when you’re walking in a downtown area that’s been baking in the sun on a hot summer day, you don’t just feel the air temperature. You’re also feeling all the absorbed heat radiating back at you from the sidewalk, and the asphalt, and the buildings as well. In the scientific literature, this total heat load is called the mean radiant temperature. And unfortunately, weather stations and satellites can’t get this number at an individual scale. How does urban heat affect the people who live in cities? A lot of studies in the public health literature have shown that underlying health conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are actually made worse when people are exposed to heat, particularly in older demographics. And then there are these extreme heat events. The 2003 European heat wave comes to mind, when there were tens of thousands of people who died from temperatures that spiked during that summer. We’ve started to see that again this past summer in Europe, the in the US, China and India, each of which had weeks of blistering, 100-plus degree Fahrenheit temperatures. That led to all those premature deaths, along with other less deadly but more prevalent health effects such as dehydration and heatstroke. Finally, there are a lot of subtle, but pernicious effects. Some studies show that aggression levels and crime rates tend to go up when temperatures are higher. Other studies have looked at schools during particularly intense heat events — especially schools that lack air conditioning, or properly working air conditioning — and find that test scores tend to be lower because students are less able to concentrate and study. Even more pernicious is that heat within cities doesn’t affect everyone in the same way. Central cities tend to be hotter than the surrounding suburbs and countryside for several reasons. The biggest is that urban materials like brick, concrete and asphalt absorb more solar radiation than green spaces do; this makes built-up areas hotter during the day and keeps them from cooling off as much after sundown. In addition, plants can pull heat from the ground by absorbing warm water through their roots and releasing it to the air as vapor – a process known as evapotranspiration. Do you mean that the effects are worse in disadvantaged areas? Yes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses urban heat, public health impacts, and other environmental and societal effects related to heat, without mentioning microbes or their survival in extreme conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: С этого момента в истории Земли низменные участки суши были окончательно колонизованы высшими растениями, однако возвышенности и тем более водоразделы оставались безжизненными до появления первых настоящих семян у примитивных птеридоспермов конца девонского периода. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the colonization of low-lying land by higher plants marked a significant event in Earth's history, which suggests that the evolution of plants had profound effects on terrestrial ecosystems.