Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Screening of antimicrobial activity of plants popularly used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 20: 223-37. [32] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 1. Screening of 84 plants against enterobacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1990; 30: 55-73. [33] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 1. Screening of 68 plants against Gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31: 193-208. [34] Girón áceres A. Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 34: 173-87. [35] Cáceres A, Girón LM, Freire AV. Plantas de uso medicinal en Guatemala. 1. Detección etnobotánica y bibliográfica. Rev USAC 1990; 9: 55-77. [36] Girón LM, Cáceres A. Técnicas básicas para el cultivo y procesamiento de plantas medicinales. Guatemala: Cemat 1994. [37] ínez AB. Especies vegetales de uso actual y potencial en alimentación y medicina de las zonas semiáridas del nororiente de Guatemala. Cuadernos DIGI 1988; 88. [38] Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Agrícola Informe de recursos filogenéticos. Guatemala: ICTA 1991-3. [39] Comerford SC. Medicinal plants of two Mayan healers from San Andrés, Petén, Guatemala. 1996; 50: 327-36. [40] Nicolas JP. Plantes médicinales des mayas K’iché du Guatemala. Paris: 1999. [41] Kufer J, Förther H, Pöll E, Heinrich M. Historical and modern medicinal plants uses-the example of the Ch’orti’ Maya and Ladinos in Eastern Guatemala. J 2005; 57: 1127-52. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a list of studies that screen the antimicrobial activity of various plants used in traditional medicine in Guatemala. These studies reveal that while some plants have been tested against specific ailments (such as dermatomucosal diseases and gastrointestinal disorders), this does not necessarily support the claim that all such plants are effective for modern ailments, suggesting that effectiveness is not guaranteed among all traditional plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: thermophilus955 ml/kg-21. 8 ±4. 2 after 6 h34Lb. helveticus9527 ml/day-21 after 4 weeks67Lb. helveticus CPN4NDYP72010 ml/kg32. 1 ±7. 4 after 6 h42Lb. helveticus CHCC637Lb. helveticus CHCC6410. 160. 2610ml/kg-12 after 4-8 h -11 after 4-8 h37Lact. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricusStr. salivarius ssp thermophilus and L. lactis biovar diacetylactis1. 7 mg/ml1. 5 mg/mlND43Lb. jensenii0. 527189 0. 2 kg/kgapprox -12 after 2 h38Enterococcus faecalis CECT 57270. 0535. 55. 22 mg/kg6 mg/kg-21. 87 ±4. 51 after 4h1)approx -15 after 4 h44Lb. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus SS1L. lactis subsp. cremoris FT4173. 3300. 1256. 8ND36Mixed lactic acid bacteria (Lb. casei, acidophilus, bulcaricus, Str. themophilus, Bifidobacterium) and protease0. 24464. 4240. 0 5 mg/mlSBP -22 after 8 weeks76Table 2. ACE-inhibitory and antihypertensive activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats of peptides produced by fermentation of milkPihlanto-Leppälä et al. [35] studied the potential formation of ACEI peptides from cheese whey and caseins during fermentation with various commercial dairy starters used in the manufacture of yogurt, ropy milk and sour milk. No ACEI activity was observed in these hydrolysates. Further digestion of the above samples with pepsin and trypsin resulted in the release of several strong ACEI peptides derived primarily from αs1-casein and β-casein. The formation of ACEI peptides was demonstrated in two dairy strains, Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various strains of lactic acid bacteria and their specific activities in fermentation and peptide release. However, it lacks a clear connection to the broader claim about the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. It mentions specific experimental results without directly supporting or evaluating the importance of these bacteria, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Although temperature and sea-level variability over the (the last 2000 years) are not analogous to future changes, empirical relationships between high-resolution sea-level records can be paired with temperature reconstructions showing periods of both warming and cooling to examine the dynamic response of sea level to climate forcing on multi-decadal to multi-centennial timescales (Kemp et al. 2011). proxy records using salt-marsh sediment sequences permit the reconstruction of near-continuous time series of decimeter-scale sea-level changes over this period. (GIA) is the dominant cause of regional variability (Fig. 1a), it is approximately linear over the (Engelhart et al. 2009). Simple linear detrending of long-term local trends can thus circumvent uncertainties induced by parameterizations of GIA models, which are needed to correct earlier reconstructions (Dutton et al. 2015). Furthermore, detrending highlights allows for close examination of decadal to centennial variability in GMSL. However, such detrending masked any small changes in GMSL driven by multimillennial-scale processes other than GIA, and prevents an assessment of whether current GMSL is higher than its peak level. Figure 1: (A) relative sea-level change on the U. S. Atlantic coast (Kemp et al. 2015 and 4. 5 (Kopp et al. 2016). Orange and green bars show the 5th-95th percentile of RCP 4. 5 for semi-empirical (Kopp et al. 2016) and process-based (Church et al. 2013) models, respectively. Kopp et al. (2016) calibrated a semi-empirical model to a new statistical reconstruction of GMSL and existing global-mean temperature reconstructions. The resulting model indicated that without 20th century global warming, GMSL would have risen by less than 60% of the observed increase from 1900 to 2000 CE and might even have fallen. This estimate is in reasonable agreement with estimates of the human contribution to 20th century sea-level rise based on process models (Slangen et al. 2016). Subsequently, the projections from the semi-empirical model were substantially lower than those calibrated only to instrumental records and, indeed, reconciled the differences between semi-empirical models and the IPCC’s preferred process-based projections. For RCP 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of empirical relationships between high-resolution sea-level records and temperature reconstructions to analyze the historical changes in sea level in relation to climate forcing. It explains how proxy records, such as salt-marsh sediment sequences, enable the reconstruction of time series that reflect past sea-level changes, thus helping us understand the dynamics of paleoenvironments and their role in understanding geological changes over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [42] MacVean AL. Plantas útiles de Petén, Guatemala. Guatemala: Universidad del Valle 2003. [43] éliz M, et al. Symptoms, attitudes and treatment choices surrounding menopaused use among the Q’eqchi Mayan of Livingston, Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 63: 732-42. [44] Activities of Guatemalan medicinal plants against cancer cell lines and selected microbes: Evidence for their conservation. J Res 2013; 8: 1040-50. [45] Cruz EC, Andrade-Cetto A. Ethnopharmacological field study of the plants used to treat type 2 diabetes among the Cakchiquels in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 159: 238-44. [46] Maya phytomedicine in Guatemala - Can cooperative research change ethnopharmacological paradigms? J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 186: 61-72. [47] Cáceres A, Girón LM, Martínez AM. Diuretic activity of plants used for the treatment of urinary ailments in Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 1987; 19: 233-45. [48] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatomucosal infections. 1. Screening of 38 plant extracts for anticandidal activity. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 33: 277-83. [49] Girón áceres A, Arroyo GL. Anti-candidal activity of plants used for the treatment of vaginitis in Guatemala and clinical trial of a Solanum nigrescens preparation. J Ethnopharmacol 1988; 22: 307-13. [50] Cáceres A, López BR, Girón MA, Logemann H. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of dermatophytic infections. 1. Screening for antimycotic activity of 44 plant extracts. J Ethnopharmacol 1991; 31: 263-76. [51] Value of the ethnomedical information for the discovery of plants with antifungal properties. A survey among seven countries. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127: 137-58. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing references to various studies regarding Guatemalan medicinal plants and their specific efficacy against certain ailments, which implies that not all plants used in traditional medicine have been proven effective for modern ailments. The text includes specific studies on plants for treating conditions such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, urinary ailments, and infections, suggesting that effectiveness varies among different plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The best characterized ACEI and antihypertensive peptides liberated with Lb. helveticus alone or in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae are the tripeptides IPP, and VPP. Yamamoto et al. [42] identified an ACEI dipeptide (Tyr-Pro) from a yogurt-like product fermented with Lb. helveticus CPN4 strain. This peptide sequence is present in all major casein fractions, and its concentration was found to increase during fermentation, reaching a maximum concentration of 8. 1 μg/ml in the product. Ashar and Chand [43] identified an ACEI peptide from milk fermented with Lb. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus. The peptide showed the sequence Ser-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile from β−casein with an IC50 value of 1. 7 mg/ml. In combination with Str. salivarius ssp. thermophilus and L. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, a peptide structure with a sequence of Ser-Lys-Val-Tyr-Pro was obtained from β-casein with an IC50 value of 1. 4 mg/ml. Both peptides were markedly stable to digestive enzymes, acidic and alkaline pH, as well as during storage at 5 and 10 ºC for four days. Two β-casein-derived peptides were identified from water soluble fraction of milk fermented with Lb. jensenii. The identified peptides were Leu-Val-Try-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-His-Asn-Ser-Leu-Pro-Gln-Asn, and Leu-Val-Try-Pro-Phe-Pro-Gly-Pro-Ile-His [38]. Quirós et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about peptides identified in dairy products fermented with various bacterial strains, including Lactic acid bacteria like Lb. helveticus and Lb. delbrueckii. However, it does not explicitly discuss the importance of lactic acid bacteria in the broader context of fermentation processes. Thus, while it touches on related topics, it does not directly support or refute the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 5, the Kopp et al. (2016) median projection of 21st century GMSL rise was 51 cm, which is essentially indistinguishable from that of the IPCC. Their 66% probability interval of 39-69 cm was in good agreement with the IPCC’s “likely” range, 36-71 cm (Fig. 1b). While the agreement between semi-empirical projections and the IPCC’s 2013 projections could be viewed as increasing confidence in both, this may be instilling false hope. By construction, the semi-empirical model assumes that the processes driving changes in GMSL over the are the same as those that will be important in the 21st century, yet the rapid ongoing changes in polar ice sheets suggests that they may not be. Perhaps the agreement is indicating instead that the process models that informed the 2013 IPCC assessment are implicitly exhibiting the same historical biases that are explicit in the semi-empirical model. (LIG) and Mid-Period (MPWP) Geological records from the LIG (~128,000-116,000 years ago) and MPWP (~3. 2-3. 0 million years ago) provide alternative sources of constraints on GMSL change in periods with higher temperatures (Dutton et al. 2015). In particular, these past warm climate intervals can shed light on the dynamics of potential rapid destabilization of sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet that remain poorly constrained in current ice-sheet models. Indeed, after the uncertainty in future greenhouse gas emissions, the possible instability of marine-based sectors of the Antarctic ice sheet is the largest driver of uncertainty in future sea-level-rise projections (Kopp et al. 2017). While no particular past warm interval is a perfect analogue of the present climate forcing, many offer insight into thresholds, time lags between forcing and response, and potential rates of ice-sheet retreat (Dutton et al. 2015). For the LIG, current estimates of peak GMSL rise indicate that it is extremely likely that it exceeded 6 m (Kopp et al. 2009). Yet while it is generally accepted that sea level during both the LIG and the Pliocene were higher than present, precisely quantifying the magnitude of GMSL rise has proven challenging (Horton et al. 2018). Chronological and vertical uncertainties, and potentially significant contributions from GIA and mantle dynamic topography (Austermann et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how geological records from past warm climate intervals, such as the Last Interglacial (LIG) and Mid-Pleistocene Warm Period (MPWP), provide constraints on Glacial Mean Sea Level (GMSL) change. It explains that these paleoenvironmental records offer insights into 'the dynamics of potential rapid destabilization' of the Antarctic ice sheet, effectively helping to understand processes relevant to past geological changes. The discussion of how these intervals can inform current models and uncertainties in sea-level rise projections supports the idea that paleoenvironmental studies are critical for understanding past geological phenomena.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [52] Cáceres A, Menéndez H, Méndez E, et al. Antigonorrhoeal activity of plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. J Ethnopharmacol 1995; 48: 85-8. [53] áceres A. Screening of 17 Guatemalan medicinal plants for platelet antiaggregant activity. 1997; 11: 441-5. [54] Cáceres A, López B, González S, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of protozoal infections. I. Screening of activity to bacteria, fungi and American trypanosomes of 13 native plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 195-202. [55] Calderón -Barría E, et al. Screening of plants for antiparasitic activities against malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. 2010; 48: 545-53. [56] Morales C, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Iglesias I, et al. Preliminary screening of five ethnomedicinal plants of Guatemala. 2001; 56: 523-6. [57] Morales-Cifuentes C, Gómez-I, et al. Neuropharmacological profile of ethnomedicinal plants of Guatemala. J Ethnopharmacol 2002; 79: 395. [58] Calderón AI, Vázquez Y, Solis PN, et al. Screening of plants for cytotoxicity activity. 2006; 44: 130-40. [59] Estrogenic and serotonergic butenolides from leaves of Piper hispidum Swingle (Piperaceae). J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 129: 220-6. [60] Cáceres Assessment of antioxidant activity of 24 native plants used in Guatemala for their potential application in natural product industry. 2012; (964): 85-92. [61]. Snakebite ethnopharmacology of eastern Nicaragua. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96: 303-23. [62] Traditional uses, chemical composition, and biological activities of Bixa orellana L: A review. J 2014; p. 857292. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies on the effectiveness of specific plants used in traditional medicine for various ailments, indicating that not all plants necessarily have proven efficacy. While these studies highlight some plants' potential activities, such as neuropharmacological effects, antiaggregant activity, and antiparasitic properties, they do not universally support the claim that all traditional medicinal plants are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: In vitro ACEI activity is generally measured by monitoring the conversion of an appropriate substrate by ACE in the presence and absence of inhibitors. The antihypertensive effects have been assessed by in vivo experiments using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) as an animal model to study human essential hypertension [7]. Following a positive response in animal studies human studies may be carried out to ascertain the ACEI potential 3. 1. Animal studiesA great number of studies have addressed the effects of both short-term and long-term administration of potential antihypertensive peptides using this animal model. Fermented milks with different IC50-values ranging from from 0. 08 to 1. 88 mg/ml have been shown to decrease blood pressure in SHR from 10 to 32 mmHg (Table 2). The first antihypertensive effect of milk casein-derived peptides was first demonstrated by casein hydrolysate formed by purified proteinase from Lb. helveticus CP790 and milk fermented with the same bacteria [65]. The authors concluded that peptides deliberated from casein by extracellular proteinases were responsible for the antihypertensive effect. The active substances were liberated during fermentation of milk with Lb. helveticus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and were identified to be IPP and VPP. Oral administration of fermented milk or pure tripeptides were shown to produce strong antihypertensive effect in SHR after single-dose [34, 66]. Thereafter, several animal studies have been conducted to characterize the long-term effects of lactotripeptides or fermented milk containing them. These studies were mainly conducted with SHR but also Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats and double transgenic rats (dTGR) with malignant hypertension have been used. The development of hypertension was attenuated significantly in rats receiving fermented milk product containing lactotripeptides, attenuation in systolic blood pressure was 12-21 mmHg in SHR, 10 mmHg in high salt-fed GK rats and 19 mmHg in dTGR in comparison to control group [67-69]. Pure tripeptides did not produce as strong antihypertensive effect as the milk products containing them. In addition, minerals alone did not attenuate the development of blood pressure as much as the fermented milk products [68]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes and instead focuses on the effects of fermented milk and lactotripeptides in relation to antihypertensive effects. There is no mention or implication that directly correlates with the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: 2017), hinder accurate interpretations of geological data, especially for the Pliocene. Moreover, rates of sea-level change for the LIG and MPWP range from highly uncertain to completely unconstrained depending on the time period (Dutton et al. 2015). DeConto and Pollard (2016) used both LIG and MPWP constraints to calibrate their continental-scale model of the Antarctic ice sheet. In their model, LIG behavior is correlated with sea-level contributions under low-emissions scenarios in the short term (i. e. until 2100 CE), while MPWP behavior is more indicative of behavior under high-emissions scenarios, especially in the long term (i. e. centuries into the future). However, due in part to the large uncertainties that still exist in LIG and MPWP sea-level reconstructions, there is still ample room for re-interpretation of the geological records, and, consequently, the constraints they provide to future projections of sea-level rise. These types of exercises, where geological sea-level records are employed to constrain the physical parameterization of the ice-sheet models, help to clarify some important targets for the geological sea-level community. To improve future projections, a key target is to better quantify the magnitude of peak GMSL, which in turn heavily relies upon improving the solid Earth models employed in modeling GIA and dynamic topography. A second key target is establishing both the timing of meltwater input from both Greenland and Antarctica, and constraining the climatic contexts associated with these events. Ultimately, the fundamental observation from the LIG and MPWP that can be carried over to the present day is that ice sheets (and sea level) have the potential to respond rapidly and non-linearly to warming temperatures. This knowledge should empower us to act now and prepare for a waterier future as global mean temperatures and sea levels continue to rise. affiliations 1of the Environment, University, Singapore2of Singapore, University, Singapore3Institute of Earth, Ocean, and 4Department of Earth and 5Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA contact Benjamin P. Horton: bphortonntu. edu. sg 1704. 05597 et al. (2012) Change 2: 867-870 Slangen ABA et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of geological sea-level records in models that aim to understand the ice sheet behavior and sea-level responses to past warming temperatures. It highlights that interpretations of geological data, particularly from past periods like the Last Interglacial (LIG) and Mid-Pliocene Warm Period (MPWP), are crucial for identifying how these brought about geological changes. The text emphasizes the importance of improving these interpretations to better project future scenarios, linking the past geological changes directly to contemporary understanding.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [63] Shilpi JA, Taufiq-Ur-Rahman M, Uddin SJ, et al. Preliminary pharmacological screening of Bixa orellana leaves. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; 108: 264-71. [64] Morales M, Galdón MC, López I, et al. In vitro antimicrobial action of Bixa orellana L. Ingred 2016; 3: 3. [65] Screening for antifungal activity of nineteen plants. 1998; 12: 427-30. [66]. Antimicrobial activity of the leaves and seeds of Bixa orellana. Fitoterapia 2003; 74: 136-8. [67] Leaf and seed extracts of Bixa orellana L. exert anti-microbial activity against bacterial pathogens. J Sci 2011; 1: 116-20. [68] Gómez-Barrio A, Martínez-Grueiro MM, Montero D, et al. In vitro antiparasitic activity of plant extracts from Panama. 2004; 42: 332-7. [69] Alonso JR. Tratado de fitofármacos y nutracéuticos. Rosario: 2004. [70]. Analgesic and hypo-glycemic activities of Bixa orellana, Kyllinga monocephala and Luffa acutangula. Sci 2008; 137: 69-76. [71] Assessment of eight popularly used plant-derived preparations for their spasmolytic potential using the isolated guinea pig ileum. 2004; 6: 422-9. [72] Inhibition of acute and chronic inflammation by Bixa orellana leaves extract. 2007; 73(09)[ [73] Bixa orellana leaves extract inhibits bradykinin-induced inflammation through suppression on nitric oxide production. Pract 2011; 20: 142-6. [74] Chemical constituents and antihistamine activity of Bixa orellana leaf extract. 2013; 13: 32. [75]. Diuretic activity of Bixa orellana Linn. leaf extracts. Resour 2010; 1: 353-5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific examples of various pharmacological studies on plants, notably Bixa orellana, indicating multiple research efforts exploring their efficacy in treating ailments. The mention of in vitro antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities, along with screening for antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects, suggests that not all plants may be universally effective, as efficacy appears to vary with specific contexts and conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The peptide fraction eluting between 30% and 45% acetonitrile was shown to contain the sequences (αs1-cn f(1–9)) Arg-Pro-Lys-His-Pro-Ile-Lys-His-Gln and (β-cn f(60–68)) Tyr-Pro-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ile-Pro-Asn (Table 1), which, respectively, decreased SBP in SHR by 9. 3 (± 4. 8) and 7. 0 (± 3. 8) mmHg 6 h after gastric intubation [29]. Several sequences have been proposed as responsible for the antihypertensive activity of soy protein hydrolysates and fermented products, but only the peptide His-His-Leu derived from fermented soy paste was assayed in pure form in SHR, where a decrease of 32 mm Hg of SBP was reached at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moreover, the synthetic tripeptide His-His-Leu resulted in a significant decrease of ACE activity in the aorta [77]. Soybean-derived products contain isoflavones, which are thought to possess a favourable effect in reducing cardiovascular risk factors as well as vascular function [78]. However, on the basis of in vitro results and literature review, Wu and Muir [79] have indicated that the contribution of isoflavones to a blood-pressure-lowering effect in soybean ACEI peptides may be negligible. Similarly, it has been reported that the reduction of hypertension of a fermented product from soy milk was contributed mainly by peptides of 800–900 Da but it could be also attributable to GABA [80]. Moreover, fermented soy product, miso, with added tripeptides (VPP and IPP) from casein was reported to act as antihypertensive agents in SHR [81]. Recently, Nakahara et al. [82] used the Dahl salt-sensitive rats as a model of salt-sensitive hypertension to evaluate the antihypertensive effect of a peptide-enriched soy sauce-like seasoning. The results of these tests have highlighted an important lack of correlation between the in vitro ACEI activity and the in vivo action. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various peptide sequences derived from fermented soy products and their effects on blood pressure but does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their importance in fermentation processes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side : 30 Years of : 30 years of paleoscience to help save the planet Fischer H, & >Access contents of this issue >Download this 10. 22498/pages. 29. 1. 7 Hubertus Fischer1, S. Fritz2 and A. Mix3 Without the reconstruction of past global changes and the knowledge of the processes that control them, future long-term alterations in components of the Earth system cannot be reliably predicted. Over the last three decades, PAGES has dedicated its work to provide this information to the global science community. Early visionaries In 1972, the Club of Rome published its first report on "to Growth" (Meadows et al. 1972). It received substantial public attention and raised awareness that our use of global natural resources at an ever-increasing speed is not sustainable and that planetary boundaries set limits to economic growth. At the same time, more and more scientists across the globe engaged in quantifying the ongoing human impacts on climate and the environment, improving our understanding of the Earth system, and implementing these processes in Earth system models to predict Earth's future evolution. In the decades following the Club of Rome report, the for Science (ICSU) and the (ISSC) initiated four global programs to organize the huge task of global change research: the (WCRP), quantifying physical changes in the climate system; the International Geosphere-(IGBP), studying changes in biogeochemical cycles; concentrating on changes in biodiversity; and the (IHDP), addressing the impact of these changes on human societies and their well-being. Some early visionaries from the paleoclimate field immediately realized that documentation of contemporary changes alone was not sufficient to assess the impact of human interference with the Earth system, particularly because many components of the system act on timescales much longer than the era of direct scientific observations (which are typically limited to a few decades or, in some cases, a few centuries). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that past global changes are essential to predict future alterations in the Earth's systems. It indicates that the documentation of contemporary changes alone is not sufficient and emphasizes the importance of understanding processes on timescales longer than those of direct scientific observations. This aligns directly with the idea that studying paleoenvironments is crucial for understanding historical geological changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [76] Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study of Bixa orellana in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms associated to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 2007; 33: 493-501. [77] Stohs SJ. Safety and efficacy of Bixa orellana (achiote, annatto) leaf extracts. 2014; 28: 956-60. [78] Morton JF. Atlas of medicinal plants of Middle America. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas 1981. [79] Alphitolic acid: an unusual triterpenoid from leaves of Bixa orellana and evaluation of its antifungal activity. 50th. Barcelona. 2002. [80] Morton JF. Fruits of warm climates. Greensboro: Media Inc. 1987. [81] Cáceres A, Fletes L, Aguilar L, et al. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. 3. Confirmation of activity against enterobacteria of 16 plants. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 38: 31-8. [82] Cáceres. Plants used in Guatemala for the treatment of respiratory diseases. 2. Evaluation of activity of 16 plants against Gram-positive bacteria. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 77-82. [83] êa, et al. Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogens control. Biol 2018; 78: 140-6. [84] Martínez-Vázquez M, González- Antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima crassifolia (L. ) HBK. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 66: 79-82. [85] Gonzalez González JM. Efecto terapéutico del extracto de Byrsonima crassifolia (nance) sobre candidiasis oral (Tesis), Fac Odontología. USAC 1993. [86] Constituents of Byrsonima crassifolia and their spasmogenic activity. Pharmacol 1995; 33: 25-32. [87]. Proantho-cyanidins with (+)-epicatechin units from Byrsonima crassifolia bark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting multiple studies and evaluations of specific plants used in traditional medicine, such as Bixa orellana and Byrsonima crassifolia, without establishing that all plants in traditional medicine are effective. The studies mentioned evaluate the efficacy of particular plants on specific ailments, indicating that while some plants may have demonstrated effectiveness, this does not support the blanket statement that all traditional medicine plants are effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: This fact has provided doubts on the use of the in vitro ACEI activity as the exclusive criteria for potential antihypertensive substances, since physiological transformations may occur in vivo, and because other mechanisms of action than ACE inhibition might be responsible for the antihypertensive effect. 3. 2. Effects in clinical studiesEvidence of the beneficial effects of bioactive peptides has to be based on clinical data. Most research has been focused in lactotripeptides, VPP and IPP, and their antihypertensive properties. About twenty human studies have been published linking the consumption of products containing lactotripeptides with significant reductions in both SBP and DBP. Oral administration of these tri-peptides included in different formulas, fermented milk, dried product, fruit juice, etc. , products. However, recent studies have provided some conflicting results. Most clinical trials have assessed BP-lowering effects at multiple points over time. Most of the BP studies with lactotripeptides have been done in Japanese subjects, and several studies have been done in Finnish subjects [83-88]. Generally, maximum duration of treatment was 8 weeks at doses between 3 and 52 mg/day (Table 3). From these data, it becomes apparent that the largest part of the total BP reduction takes place in the first 1–2 weeks of treatment. Thereafter, a further gradual lowering is seen, but to a lesser extent than in the first period [84-86]. The first significant effects of lactotripeptides on BP in hypertensive subjects were observed after 1–2 weeks of treatment with dosages as low as 3. 8 mg/d. Maximum BP-lowering effects of lactotripeptides approximate 13 mmHg SBP and 8 mmHg DBP active treatment v. placebo, and are likely reached after 8–12 weeks of treatment. Lactotripeptides exert a gradual effect on BP lowering after start of intake and return of BP after end of treatment as well [85, 86, 89]. The highest effective dosage of lactotripeptides was evaluated in a safety study, and consisted of 52. 5 mg/d [88]. After 10 weeks of active treatment, mean SBP in subjects with hypertension decreased by 4. 1 mmHg and DBP by 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of lactotripeptides on blood pressure and their antihypertensive properties, but it does not address lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Some examples of such long-timescale components include glaciers and ice sheets, natural biogeochemical cycles, ecosystems and food chains, or ocean circulation. Most importantly, these are also all components that are crucial for the robust long-term prediction of climate, greenhouse gas forcing, and ecosystem response. Moreover, they are key to assessing the impact of anthropogenic changes on human well-being, which is affected by processes such as sea-level rise, water supply/desertification, heat waves and other extreme events, ecosystem structure and function, or agriculture. Figure 1: The two early PAGES visionaries (left) and (right). Among the early visionaries in the early effort to incorporate paleoperspectives into global change studies were John A. (Jack) Eddy, a US solar scientist, and Hans Oeschger, a Swiss climate physicist (Fig. 1), who together chaired a special IGBP working group on "Techniques for Data from the Past". This working group met for the first time in 1988 in Bern, Switzerland, and included a "who's who" of paleoclimate researchers at that time. It was not an easy feat to assemble all those illustrious names in one room and to glue them together to work towards a common goal, but Oeschger and Eddy succeeded. Only a year later, an even larger workshop was organized in Snowmass, Colorado, USA. Those were the "good old times" when all participants were paid to attend, and it certainly helped in bringing the brightest "paleominds" together. workshop led to the report "of the Past" (Bradley 1989) and may be regarded as the birth of PAGES, the on Changes. PAGES was officially launched two years later in 1991, with the goal to use the paleorecord to inform the global-change debate on long-term changes, processes, and risks in the Earth system. An achievement just as impressive as bringing a large part of the paleocommunity together within PAGES was that Eddy and Oeschger managed to convince both the US Foundation (NSF) and the (SNF) to jointly fund the endeavor, including a dedicated project office in Bern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of paleoperspectives and how components like glaciers, ice sheets, and ecosystems are crucial for understanding long-term climate predictions and anthropogenic impacts. It highlights how programs like PAGES were initiated to use the paleorecord to inform debates on long-term Earth system changes, thus demonstrating that paleoenvironmental studies play a vital role in understanding past geological changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Phytochemistry 1995; 39: 635-43. [88]. indian (Mexico) medicinal plants: Phytochemical investigation of Hyptis verticillata and further evaluation of the Ethno-pharmacopoeia. (Suppl) 1992; 58: A 643-4. [89] Screening of the topical anti-inflammatory activity of the bark of Acacia cornigera Willdenow, Byrsonima crassifolia Kunth, Sweetia panamensis Yakovlev and the leaves of Sphagneticola trilobata Hitchcock. J Ethnopharmacol 2009; 122: 430-3. [90] Muñiz A, Perez R. Wound healing effect and flavonoid contents of three selected Byrsonima species. 2013; 170: 241-51. [91] Herrera-Ruiz M, Zamilpa A, González-Cortazar M, et al. Antidepressant effect and pharmacological evaluation of standardized extract of flavonoids from Byrsonima crassifolia. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 1255-61. [92] Byrsonima crassifolia extract and fraction prevent UVB-induced oxidative stress in keratinocytes cultures and increase antio-xidant activity in skin. Prod 2017; 108: 485-94. [93] Capacidade antioxidante e triage farmacológica de extratos brutos de folhas de Byrsonima crassifolia e de Inga edulis. 2012; 42: 165-72. [94]. Phenolic compounds from Byrsonima crassifolia L. bark: Phytochemical investigation and quantitative analysis by LC-ESI MS/MS. J Anal 2011; 56: 1-6. [95] Béjar E, Malone MH. Pharmacological and chemical screening of Byrsonima crassifolia, a medicinal tree from Mexico. Part I. J Ethnopharmacol 1993; 39: 141-58. [96] Rastrelli L, de Tommasi N, Berger I, et al. Glycolipids from Byrsonima crassifolia. Phytochemistry 1996; 45: 647-50. [97] Geilfus F. El árbol al servicio del agricultor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about various medicinal plants, including Byrsonima crassifolia and Acacia cornigera, with specific studies evaluating their efficacy in treating ailments, such as their pharmacological activities and effects against oxidative stress. However, this does not support the claim that 'all' plants used in traditional medicine are effective; it only mentions specific evaluation studies which imply that effectiveness may vary among different plants, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 8 mmHg. The next highest dose of lactotripeptides that was tested amounted to 13. 0 mg/d [89]. After 4 weeks of active treatment, SBP in subjects with mild hypertension decreased by 11. 2 mmHg compared to placebo, and DBP tended to decrease by 6. 5 mmHg. In none of the trials with normotensives were statistically significant BP changes found [90-92]. Even at the highest dosage of lactotripeptides used in normotensives, which included a total of 29. 2 mg/d during a period of 7 d, no BP lowering effects by lactotripeptides were observed [93]. Thus lactotripeptides only seem to be active at elevated BP values. Evidence indicates that effectiveness is positively associated with BP level, which is in line with existing data for BP-lowering medication [94]. DesignpopulationTreatmentBP changes mmHgRef. (weeks)IPP mg/dVPP mg/dSource of peptidesp-c, s-bld,parallel830 eldery hypertensive patients1. 11. 5Lb. helv + Str. cer1 x 95 mlmilk drink-14. 1-6. 983R, p-c, d-bld,parallel864 subjects with SBP 140-159 and DBP 90-99 mmHg1. 582. 24Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 150 gmilk drink-13-8. 484R, p-c, d-bld,parallel832 subjects with SBP 140 - 180 and DBP 90-105 mmHg1·60 2·66Lb. helv + Str. cer. 1 x 120 gmilk drink-12. 1-5. 885R, p-c, d-bld,parallel818 hypertensive and 26 normotensive subjects1. 11. 5Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 100 gmilk drink-7. 6-291R, p-c, d-bld, parallel830 subjects with SBP 140-180 and DBP 90-105 mmHg1. 522. 53Lb. helv + Str. cer. 2 x 160 gmilk drink-13. 2-7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the effects of lactotripeptides on blood pressure without any mention of fermentation or lactic acid bacteria. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, had to step down for personal reasons soon after the inauguration of PAGES, but Herman Zimmerman, program manager at the NSF, was so convinced of the PAGES cause that he stepped in with great enthusiasm as -Director, together with Hans Oeschger, and also spent a significant amount of time in Bern to help run the office. The first (1994) was structured both geographically and temporally along three pole-equator-pole (PEP) transects. It concentrated on the last 2000 years and multiannual to decadal variability, as well as the longer timescale of the last glacial/interglacial cycle. This was a structure that "still makes my head spin", said recently. Despite, or likely also because of, this multidimensional structure, a large part of the paleoscience community immediately joined this endeavor, helping to make PAGES an IGBP showcase. Figure 2: The great acceleration plot showing the rapid changes in socio-economic (left) and Earth system parameters (right) over the last 150 years (Steffen et al. 2015). With a spirit of being open to all participants, PAGES soon provided unrivaled integrated datasets as well as new insights into the Earth system that could not have been achieved without paleoscience and the large-scale syntheses that PAGES facilitated; a modus operandi that continues today. It is fair to say that the long timescales of change that are central to the work of PAGES are also at the heart of the notion developed in IGBP that we live in the time of "Acceleration" (Steffen et al. 2015), as many of the Earth system trends displayed in the (Fig. 2) could not have been quantified without paleoresearch. The long-term changes in the Earth system caused by humans in the course of the (late) Holocene are also the reason for the ongoing discussion to define this time as a new geological era, the so-called "Anthropocene", where geological evidence is overprinted by human actions. The success of PAGES and especially of its innovative working groups clearly demonstrated that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that interdisciplinarity is key for producing the new knowledge required to assess global change from a paleo perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how PAGES, through its integrated datasets and insights gained from paleoscience, has significantly contributed to understanding long-term changes in the Earth system. The mention of the importance of paleoresearch in quantifying trend changes and defining geological eras, such as the 'Anthropocene', supports the idea that paleoenvironmental studies are essential for understanding past geological changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Santo Domingo: ENDA-Caribe/CATIE 1989. [98] vegetal caribeña 3a edición. Mérida, Yucatán: CICY 2014. [99] Kumar NS, Simon N. In vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical analysis of Gliricidia sepium (L. ) leaf extracts. J 2016; 5: 131-3. [100]. Antibacterial, phytochemical and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium and Spathodea campanulata. 2012; 16: 523-30. [101] Screening for antifungal activity of Panamanian plants. Pharmacol 1993; 31: 68-76. [102]. Larvicidal, ovicidal and pupicidal activities of Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. ) (Leguminosae) against the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston (Cuclicidae: Siptera). J 2012; 598-604. [103] Toxicity effect of Cassia fistula Linn. and Gliricidia sepium Jacq. leaf extract against fourth instar larvae of filarial mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (diptera: culiciae). J 2016; 40: 369-72. [104] Sinha SN. Phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of the leaf extract of Gliricidia sepium. Innov Bio-Sci 2013; 3: 87-91. [105] Jiu J. A survey of some medicinal plants of Mexico for selected biological activities. Lloydia 1966; 29: 250-9. [106] Screening for mast cell histamine release inhibitory activity of Philippine medicinal plants: Active constituent of Ehretia microphylla. Pharmacol 1987; 41: 242-7. [107] Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. VI. 1977; 15: 208. [108] Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous extract of Gliricidia sepium flowers in rats. Res 2014; 6: 477-81. [109] Glasby JS. Dictionary of plants containing secondary metabolites. London: Taylor & Francis 1991. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies and their findings regarding specific plants and their biological activities, which does not affirm that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. Instead, the mention of specific studies implies that effectiveness may vary by plant, indicating not all traditional medicinal plants guarantee modern ailment efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 892R, p-c, d-bld, parallel 1)2139 subjects with SBP 133-176 and DBP 86-108 mmHg2. 253. 0Lb. helvLBK-16H2 x 150 mlmilk drink-6. 7 -3. 686R, p-c, d-bld,parallelCross- over2)10760 Finnish subjects with SBP 140-180 and DBP 90-110 mmHg2. 4-2. 72. 4-2. 7Lb. helvLBK-16H1 x 150 mlmilk drink-2. 3-12. 3-0. 5-3. 787R, p-c, d-bld,parallel1094 hypertensive patients3022. 5Lb. helvLBK-16H2 x 150 mlmilk drink4. 11. 888R, p-c, d-bld,parallel120 healthy volunteersnormal blood pressure (<130 mmHg SBP and <85 mmHg DPB). 11. 517. 7Lb. helv CM41 x 14 tablets2. 6293R, p-c, d-bld, parallel8135 Dutch subjects with untreated high-normal BP or mild hypertension4. 25. 8Fermentation1 x 200 mlyoghurt drink-0. 5-1. 297R, p-c, d-bld, crossover470 Caucasian subjects with prehypertension or stage 1 hypertension15-Hydrolysis by endopeptidase2 x 7. 5 mg capsules-3. 8-2. 3102Table 3. Hypotensive effects of fermented milks with bioactive peptides in humansThe results have been included in two meta-analysis [95, 96], which described decreases around 5 mmHg for SBP and 2. 3 mmHg for DBP. In general, the effects described in Japanese studies on lactotripeptides are larger than those reported in Finnish studies. However, it is unlikely that genetic differences can account for these differential effects. Moreover, clinical trials in Dutch and Danish subjects have described controversial results since no effect on blood pressure was found [97, 98]. In a recent meta-analysis with a total of 18 trials, it was found a reduction of 3. 73 mm Hg for SBP and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on various subjects' blood pressure and results related to hypotensive effects of fermented milks, which is not relevant to the claim about the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: navigation Apply for support FAQ Be involved toggle overview Mission statement PAGES logos fellows Meeting minutes us Supporters and partners Supporters and partners organization Scientific partners -of involved Be involved mailing lists Apply to be on the SSC Write for and education Stakeholder engagement Stakeholder engagement Engaging with stakeholders guidelines Endorsed and affiliated Former initiatives and groups Data stewardship Data guidelines PAGES databases External databases webinars PAGES awardees PAGES awardees Scholarship recipients Early-Guest scientists -Menu layer 3 left side Menu layer 3 right side -carbon: -carbon: A model intercomparison effort to better understand past carbon cycle changes and > Access contents of this issue > Download this 10. 22498/pages. 29. 2. 88 Nathaelle Bouttes1, F. Lhardy1, D. M. Roche1,2 and T. Mandonnet1 Past carbon cycle changes, especially during the Maximum 21,000 years ago, remain largely unexplained and difficult to simulate with numerical models. The ongoing PMIP-carbon project compares results from different models to improve our understanding of carbon cycle modeling. PMIP-carbon Atmospheric CO2 concentration plays a major role for the Earth's climate as this is one of the main greenhouse gases. Moreover, the CO2 level directly influences the ocean pH with large impacts on marine biology. Hence, understanding the carbon cycle, and its past changes, is critical. The carbon cycle at short timescales corresponds to the exchange of carbon between the main carbon reservoirs: ocean, atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, surface sediments, and permafrost (Fig. 1). The atmospheric CO2 concentration depends on the carbon fluxes and how much carbon is stored in the various reservoirs. Figure 1: Schematic of the short-term carbon cycle with the main reservoirs and their estimated carbon content at the pre-industrial. The long-term processes (longer than 100 kyr) such as volcanism or silicate weathering are not considered. Also indicated are the boundary conditions imposed in climate models and the two types of simulation of atmospheric CO2. We know from proxy data that the atmospheric CO2 level has varied largely in the past. In particular, measurements of CO2 concentration in air bubbles trapped in ice cores indicate lower values of ∼190 ppm during cold glacial periods compared to values of ∼280 ppm during warmer interglacial periods (Bereiter et al. 2015 and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the understanding of past carbon cycle changes, which encapsulates how paleoenvironmental conditions can provide insights into geological changes. It mentions the variability of atmospheric CO2 levels in the past as evident from proxy data, which illustrates how paleoenvironments can reveal patterns and changes over geological timescales.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [124] Efficacy of essential oils of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown and Callistemon lanceolatus (Sm. ) Sweet and their major constituents on mortality, oviposition and feeding behavior of pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis L. J Agric 2011; 91: 2277-83. [125] éndez-Sánchez SC, et al. Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). 2014. [ [126] Efficacy of 11 Brazilian essential oils on lethality of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Ticks Tick-born Dis 2016; 7: 427-32. [127] Screening of antimutagenicity via antioxidant activity in Cuban medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 87: 241-6. [128] ínez JR. Comparison of different extraction methods for the analysis of volatile secondary metabolites of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown, grown in Colombia, and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity. J 2004; 1025: 93-103. [129]. Antiulcerogenic activity of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown (Verbenaceae). 2001; 56: 501-4. [130] Screening of Indian plants for biological activity. Part III. 1971; 9: 91. [131] van Buren C, et al. Antispasmodic effects and composition of the essential oil from two chemotypes of Lippia alba. J Ethnopharmacol 2013; 149: 803-9. [132] Screening in mice of some medicinal plants used for analgesic purposes in the state of São Paulo. II. J Ethnopharmacol 1989; 27: 25-33. [133] In vivo anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Lippia alba. J 2012; 2: S667-70. [134] López. Chemical composition and antigenotoxic properties of Lippia alba essential oil. Biol 2011; 34: 479-88. [135] Conde R, Corrêa VSC, Carmona F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a variety of studies that examine the effectiveness of specific plants and their constituents against certain ailments and pests, indicating that while some plants have been researched, it does not imply that all traditional medicinal plants are effective for modern ailments. Instead, the focus is on testing specific plants for particular biological activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 97 mm Hg for DBP but it was highlighted that the effect was more evident in Asian subjects that in Caucasian ones [99]. The relevance of these findings in genetics or dietary patterns should be further investigated. Comparative studies on antihypertensive medication in different races/ethnic groups have demonstrated that pharmacokinetic parameters and haemodynamic effects are essentially the same in Chinese and Japanese subjects compared with Caucasian subjects [100]. Hypertension is a complex multifactor disorder that is thought to result from an interaction between environmental factors and genetic background. Subject characteristics such as age and race/ethnicity can affect BP, including the BP response to specific antihypertensive medication. For certain antihypertensive drugs, it has been reported that a polymorphism found in humans can affect the clinical effectiveness, and similarly, these differences could be also affecting clinical trials of functional ingredients [101]. Although ACE inhibition has been postulated as the underlying mechanism of these lactotripeptides, results about the inhibition of this enzyme are not conclusive in humans. Several studies have shown that rennin or ACE activity was not affected by the oral administration of the tripeptides [95, 102]. Therefore, other mechanisms could be implicated in the observed blood pressure reduction. It has been found that the intake of fermented milk containing these peptides may decrease sympathetic activity, leading to a diminished heart rate variability, heart rate and total peripheral resistance, although differences did not reach statistical significance [98]. Advertisement 4. BioavailabilityBioavilability of bioactive peptides is an important target to establish the relationship between in vitro and in vivo activities. The likelihood of any bioactive peptide released during fermentation mediating a physiological response is dependent on the ability of that peptide to reach an appropriate target site. Therefore, peptides may need to be resistant to further degradation by proteolytic and peptidolytic enzymes in digestive tract. Thereafter peptides should be absorbed and enter systemic circulation. Resistance to hydrolysis is one of the main factors influencing the bioavailability of bioactive peptides. The effects of digestive enzymes on bioactive peptides, in particular ACEI peptides derived from different food matrices, have been evaluated in vitro gastrointestinal simulated systems. The common purpose of these experiments was to assess the effects of the peptidases of the stomach and the pancreas on the preservation of the ACEI activity of different hydrolysates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. It discusses topics related to hypertension, pharmacokinetics, and the effects of bioactive peptides, without mentioning lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Figure 2: Carbon in three reservoirs: (A) Atmospheric CO2 concentration (ppm), (B) terrestrial biosphere carbon change from PI to LGM (GtC) and (C) ocean carbon change (GtC). CO2 data from Bereiter et al. (2015). Reconstruction of terrestrial biosphere carbon change using proxy data ranging from 300 GtC with carbon isotopes to 1500 GtC from pollen records (see Jeltsch-Thommes et al. 2019 for a more in-depth discussion). In agreement with data reconstructions, the land carbon storage (vegetation and soils) decreases from the pre-industrial to the LGM (Fig. 2b) due to the colder LGM climate and larger ice sheets. The amplitude of this decrease varies between models, possibly due to differences in the terrestrial biosphere modules, and differences in the simulated climate (Kageyama et al. 2021). However, this could also result from different prescribed boundary conditions, such as coastlines and ice-sheet extents, both of which yield different land surfaces at the LGM and, hence, more or less space for vegetation to grow. In the ocean, model results are more variable. Most models with prescribed atmospheric CO2 (except ) indicate a loss of ocean carbon storage, at odds with the general view of increased carbon storage. In the models with freely evolving CO2, the ocean stores more carbon (a similar result is seen in simulations), but this effect is far too small to counteract the loss of carbon from land. This, therefore, results in atmospheric CO2 values far outside of the range of the data. The carbon storage in the ocean is the result of many competing processes. For example, on the one hand, lower temperatures increase CO2 solubility, and increased nutrient concentrations due to lower sea level (of ∼130 m) yields more productivity, both lowering atmospheric CO2. On the other hand, the increased salinity due to sea-level change tends to increase atmospheric CO2. While these mechanisms are relatively well understood, the change of ocean circulation is still a major issue in models (Kageyama et al. 2021). PMIP-carbon aims to understand these model differences and highlight missing processes in the ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how reconstructions of terrestrial and oceanic carbon changes over different geological periods, particularly from the pre-industrial to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), provide insights into the past environments and climatic conditions. It illustrates how carbon storage and the behavior of carbon reservoirs are influenced by changing climatic variables, which aligns with the understanding of paleoenvironmental contexts to interpret geological evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Chemical composition and therapeutic effects of Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown leaves hydro-alcoholic extract in patients with migraine. Phytomedicine 2011; 18: 1197-201. [136] Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown hydroethanolic extract of the leaves is effective in the treatment of migraine in women. Phytomedicine 2013; 20: 947-50. [137] Lipia alba morphotypes cidreira and melissa exhibit significant differences in leaf characteristics and essential oil profile. Farmacogn 2013; 23: 217-23. [138]. Behavioral effects of essential oil from Lippia alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown chemotypes. J Ethnopharmacol 1999; 67: 127-33. [139] Mesa-Arango AC, Montiel-Zapata Bibiana,, et al. Citral and carvone chemotypes from the essential oils of alba (Mill. ) N. E. Brown: composition, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. 2009; 104: 878-84. [140] Martínez M. Las plantas medicinales de México. México: Ed. Botas 1992. [141] Antiviral activity of Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregabno) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses. Microbiol 2011; 42: 1616-24. [142] Hernández Ethnobotany and antibacterial activity of some plants used in traditional medicine of Zapotitlán de las Salinas, Puebla (México). J Ethnopharmacol 2003; 88: 181-8. [143] Hernández Composition and antibacterial activity of essential oil of Lippia graveolens H. B. K. (Verbenaceae). 2009; 8: 295-300. [144] çalves MJ, Proença da Cunha A. Antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of the essential oil of Lippia graveolens from Guatemala. 2003; 69: 80-3. [145] Antibacterial and antifungal activity of essential oils extracted from Guatemalan medicinal plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific research that indicates the effectiveness of certain plants like Lippia alba and Lippia graveolens for particular ailments, rather than asserting that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. It discusses various studies and their findings, thus implying that effectiveness may vary between different plants and not all traditional medicinal plants hold efficacy, therefore rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Studies have shown that the ACEI is low after fermentation but increases during hydrolysis that simulates gastrointestinal digestion [35,103]. The ACEI peptides in rapeseed hydrolysate exhibited good stability in an in vitro digestion model using human gastric and duodenal fluids [104]. The digestion of some peptides have been reported. For example, Ile-Val-Tyr was hydrolysed by pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin alone or in combination and IC50-value did not change significantly during digestion [105]. Proline- and hydroxyproline-containing peptides are usually resistant to degradation by digestive enzymes. Tripeptides containing C-terminal proline-proline are generally resistant to proline-specific peptidases [106]. In some cases, pancreatic digestion is needed to produce active peptide. For instance, the active form of peptide Lys-Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Pro-Glu is generated by hydrolysis of the glutamine residue at the C-terminal during pancreatic digestion [107]. The results are not completely predictive of the resistance of the bioactive peptides because they do not mimic all the physiological factors affecting food digestion, as pH variations, the relative amounts of the enzymes, the interactions with other molecules, and the ratio peptidase/tested compound. These variations may affect the rate of enzymatic degradation of the bioactive peptides under study, therefore affecting the estimated bioavailability of these bioactive peptides. Moreover, commercial enzymes appear to digest whey proteins more efficiently compared with human digestive juices when used at similar enzyme activities [108]. This could lead to conflicting results when comparing human in vivo protein digestion with digestion using purified enzymes of non-human species. Peptides have been reported to have poor permeation across biological barriers (e. g. intestinal mucosa) [109]. Peptides can be transported by active transcellular transport or by passive processes. Although substantial amino acid absorption occurs in the form of di- and tripeptides at the apical side of enterocytes, efflux of intact peptides via the basolateral membrane into the general circulation seems to be negligible [110]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the behavior of peptides during digestion and the stability of specific peptides, which is unrelated to the claim regarding lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: you ever wondered if today’s oceans were different millions of years ago? Well, a group of small algae called diatoms can help us to find this out. Diatoms build a strong glass skeleton, like a shell, which can last for thousands and even millions of years after their deaths. To build their glass skeletons, diatoms take up silicon from the seawater, similar to us eating food to build our bodies. Diatoms preferentially use one type of silicon in their menu, leaving behind the type they do not like. Researchers can track this eating habit by measuring the proportion of the two types of silicon stored within diatoms. Using this silica-print like a fingerprint, scientists can investigate what the surface ocean was like, how much diatoms were eating silicon, and how these organisms have affected Earth’s past climate. ? Diatoms are tiny algae that live almost everywhere near the surface of oceans, lakes, and rivers. They stay near the surface because, just like any plant, they need light to produce energy through the process of photosynthesis (for more information about photosynthesis in the oceans, see this Frontiers for 0. 5 mm and are about as wide as one of your hairs. By collecting samples from the seafloor, scientists can find diatom skeletons and use those skeletons to gather information about ocean conditions in the past and present. This research field is called paleoceanography. ? To build their skeletons, diatoms need silicon, which they find dissolved in seawater. They store this silicon in small pockets called vesicles inside their bodies, where they can transform the silicon into small opal crystals (Figure 1) [2]. They use these opal crystals to build their skeletons, which are decorated with spines and holes. In some places, diatoms use all the silicon from surface water, leaving nothing behind. We know that they do so because scientists have found a way to track their fingerprints—or should we say their silicon-prints—in the ocean and on the seafloor. To do so, scientists measure silicon isotopes, which is a powerful way to understand what diatoms were doing in the past, as well as what the conditions were like for these diatoms. Say Isotope? Atoms are the main building blocks of every existing thing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing information on how diatoms and their silicon isotopes can reveal insights into past ocean conditions and climate. It mentions that by studying diatom skeletons and their silicon-prints, scientists can investigate previous environmental conditions, suggesting that paleoenvironments indeed assist in understanding past geological changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2015; 53: 548-54. [146] Anti-Gardia activity of phenolic-rich essential oil: effects of Thymbra capitata, Origanum virens, Thymus zygis subsp. sylvestris, and Lippia graveolens on trophozoites growth, viability, adherence, and ultrastructure. 2010; 106: 1205-15. [147] Quintanilla-Licea R, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Vargas-Villareal J, et al. Antiprotozoal activity against Entamoeba histolytica of plants used in northeast Mexican traditional medicine. Bioactive compounds from Lippia graveolens and Ruta chalepensis. Molecules 2014; 19: 21044-65. [148] Jasso de Rodríguez D, Rodriguez-García R, Hernández Castillo FD, et al. In vitro antifungal activity of extracts of desert plants against postharvest fungi. Prod 2011; 34: 960-6. [149] Martínez-Velazquez M, Rosario-Cruz R, Castillo-Herrera G, et al. Acaricidal effect of essential oil from Lippia graveolens (Lamiales: Vebenaceae), Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiales: Lamiaceae), and Allium sativum (Liliales: Liliaceae) against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). J 2011; 48: 822-7. [150] Martínez-Rocha A, Puga R, Hernandez-Sandoval L, et al. Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth). 2008; 63: 1-5. [151] Rivero- Chemical composition and antimicrobial and spasmolytic properties of Poliomintha longiflora and Lippia graveolens essential oils. J 2011; 76: C309-17. [152] González-Trujano ME, Hernández-Sánchez LY, Muñoz-Ocotero V, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific anti-Gardia activity, antiprotozoal effects, antifungal and acaricidal properties of certain plants. By providing results of specific studies that examine compounds found in these plants and their efficacy against various pathogens, it suggests that not all traditional medicine plants are universally effective for modern ailments. The specification of activities against specific microorganisms implies that effectiveness varies and is not guaranteed for all traditional medicine plants used.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The intestinal absorption of peptides have been performed using in vitro tests with monolayer of intestinal cell lines, simulating intestinal epithelium, as well as analysis of peptides and derivatives in blood samples after animal and clinical studies. Foltz et al. [111] investigated the transport of IPP and VPP by using three different absorption models and demonstrated that these tripeptides are transported in small amounts intact across the barrier of the intestinal epithelium. The major transport mechanisms of IPP and VPP were demonstrated to be paracellular transport and passive diffusion [112]. Another ACEI peptide, Leu-His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro resisted gastrointestinal simulation but was degraded to His-Leu-Pro-Leu-Pro by cellular peptidases before crossing Caco-2 cell monolayer. The pentapeptide was rapidly transported through Caco-2 cell monolayers through paracellular route [113]. Vascular endothelial tissue peptidases and soluble plasma peptidases further contribute to peptide hydrolysis. As a consequence, for most peptides, the plasma half-life is limited to minutes as shown for endogenous peptides such as angiotensin II and glucagon-like peptide 1 [114]. In order to exert antihypertensive effect ACEI peptides need to resist different peptidases such as ACE. In this regard ACEI peptides can be classified into three groups: the inhibitor type, of which the IC50-value is not affected by preincubation with ACE; the substrate type, peptides that are hydrolysed by ACE to give peptides with a weaker activity; the pro-drug type inhibitor, peptides that are converted to true inhibitors by ACE or other proteases/peptidases. Only peptides belonging to pro-drug or inhibitor type exert antihypertensive properties after oral administration. There are some examples showing that peptides are absorbed and can exert in vivo activities. As regard to casein-derived IPP, Jauhiainen et al. [115] used radiolabelled tripeptide and showed that it absorbed partly intact from the gastrointestinal tract after a single oral dose to rats. Considerable amounts of radioactivity were found from several tissues, e. g. , liver, kidney and aorta. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the absorption and transport of peptides in the gastrointestinal tract and their potential antihypertensive effects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: On the first day, you obviously grab more pink jellybeans than blue ones because pink is your favorite. The second day, you do the same thing, but you notice that there are now more blue than pink jellybeans in your bag. On the last day, it is difficult to find pink jellybeans in your bag, and you end up with more blue jellybeans than pink in your hand. By preferentially eating pink jellybeans, you changed the ratio of jellybeans colors in your bag and your hand. You have increased the ratio of blue jellybeans (your less favorite) in the bag and your hand. Diatoms do the same thing with silicon isotopes in the ocean (Figure 3). They prefer to use the 28Si isotope so, as they continue to take up their favorite silicon isotope from the water, they increase the ratio of 30Si that remains in the water. This means that the diatoms that grow after them will have to form opal with more 30Si [4]. Figure 3 - Diatoms of the species Fragilariopsis sp. fractionate (or favor) the lightest isotope (28Si, pink jellybeans). By choosing more 28Si compared to the heavier isotope 30Si (blue jellybeans), the diatoms change the proportion of silicon isotopes available in seawater (the jars) and within their skeletons. With time, both the seawater and the diatoms become enriched in 30Si because most of the 28Si has been used up. -of fractionation, diatom activity leaves an imprint (or silicon-print) in both seawater and in their opal skeletons. If diatoms take up a lot of silicon, they will eventually have to incorporate more 30Si into their skeletons because that is the isotope left over after they use up their favorite, 28Si. On the other hand, when diatoms take up less silicon, they will use less 30Si. When diatoms die, they sink to the seafloor where they are buried, saving this silicon-print. By measuring the proportion of the two silicon isotopes in these old diatom skeletons from the seafloor, paleoceanographers can investigate diatoms’ activity in the surface water in the past. To do this, paleoceanographers use ships equipped with devices that collect seawater from the ocean surface and diatoms from the seafloor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how paleoceanographers measure isotopic ratios in ancient diatom skeletons to investigate diatom activity in past ocean conditions. It details the mechanism by which diatoms fractionate silicon isotopes, leaving an imprint in both seawater and their skeletons. This information allows scientists to infer past environmental conditions, thus supporting the idea that studying paleoenvironments is crucial for understanding geological changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: J Ethnopharmacol 1998; 62: 107-15. [182] áceres A, Kubelka W. Antiprotozoal activity of Neurolaena lobata. 2000; 14: 1-4. [183]. Antifeedant bioactivity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata and their antagonism by γ-aminobutyric acid. Ecol 1997; 25: 371-7. [184]. In vivo and in vitro antiplasmodial activities of some plants traditionally used in Guatemala against malaria. Chemother 1997; 41: 1500-3. [185] Macrofilaricidal and microfilaricidal effects of Neurolaena lobata, a Guatemalan medicinal plant, on Brugia pahangi. J Helminthol 2005; 79: 23-8. [186] Medinilla B. Evaluación farmacológica y toxicológica “in vitro” de algunas plantas comúnmente empleadas en Guatemala contra la malaria. 1993; 9: 7-10. [187] ánchez C. Hypoglycemic activity of Neurolaena lobata (L. ) R. Ethnopharmacol 1984; 10: 323-7. [188] Gracioso JS, Hiruma-. Antiulcerogenic effect of a hydroalcoholic extract and its organic fractions of Neurolaena lobata (L) R. 2000; 7: 283-9. [189] Passreiter CM. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Neurolaena lobata. Ecol 1998; 26: 839-43. [190]. 6-hydroxy- and 6-methoxyflavonoids from Neurolaena lobata and N. macrocephala. Phytochemistry 1981; 20: 791-4. [191] François. Antiplasmodial activities and cytotoxic effects of aqueous extracts and sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata. 1996; 62: 126-9. [192] Macías. Sesquiterpene lactones with potential use as natural herbicides models (I): Trans, trans-germacranolides. J Chem 1999; 47: 4407-14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific studies related to the antiplasmodial activity and other medicinal effects of the plant Neurolaena lobata. While it highlights some plants used in traditional medicine, the nature of the studies cited implies that not all traditional medicinal plants have been shown to be effective for modern ailments, as it focuses on specific cases rather than generalizing effectiveness across all traditional medicinal plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The excretion of IPP was slow; even after 48 hours the radiolabelled peptide had not been completely excreted. IPP did not bind to albumin or other plasma proteins in vitro. Considering this and the long-lasting retention of the radioactivity in the tissues, accumulation of IPP may occur in sufficient concentrations to cause blood pressure lowering effects e. g. , by ACE-inhibition in the vascular wall. In another study the absolute bioavailability of the tripeptides in pigs was below 0. 1%, with an extremely short elimination half-life ranging from 5 to 20 min [116]. In humans, maximal plasma concentration did not exceed picomolar concentration [117]. The improvement of limited absorption and stability of peptides has been a goal when evaluating their effectiveness. For example, some carriers interact with the peptide molecule to create an insoluble entity at low pH which later dissolves and facilitates intestinal uptake, by enhancing peptide transport over the non-polar biological membrane [118]. Bioavailability of bioactive tripeptides () was improved by administering them with a meal containing fiber, as compared to a meal containing no fiber. High methylated citrus pectin was used as a fiber [119]. Ko et al. [120] applied emulsification, microencapsulation and lipophilization to enhance the antihypertensive activity of a hydrolysate of tuna cooking juice. Among these treatments, lipophilization was the most effective, followed by microencapsulation and lecithin emulsification, getting for each of them a stronger effect than the obtained with the double untreated dosage. Antihypertensive effect of ovokinin (Phe-Arg-Ala-Asp-Pro-Phe-Leu) increased four-times compared to the untreated dosage after administration with egg yolk [121]. In this case, phospholipids were identified as responsible for enhancing the antihypertensive effect, particularly phosphatidylcholine, that could improve intestinal absorption or by protecting ovokinin of peptidases. Among drug delivery systems, emulsions have been used to enhance oral bioavailability or promoting absorption through mucosal surfaces of peptides and proteins [118]. Individually, various components of emulsions have been considered as candidates for improving bioavailability of peptides. Advertisement 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the bioavailability and efficacy of certain peptides and their interactions with various treatments and carrier systems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoenvironments help us understand past geological changes. [SEP] Text: Then, scientists remove the silicon from the seawater and the diatoms’ skeletons in their laboratories and use instruments that measure the ratio between the two silicon isotopes. We call this ratio δ30Si (pronounced “delta-30-silica”). When δ30Si is high, there is more 30Si in the sample, and when δ30Si is low, there is more 28Si in the sample [4, 5]. By measuring δ30Si in the seawater, scientists can calculate the amount of silicon that diatoms have taken up in the last week or the last month. When measuring δ30Si in the diatoms preserved on the seafloor, paleoceanographers can investigate how much silicon was used by diatoms that lived in the ocean thousands of years ago. Therefore, scientists can find out how abundant and healthy diatoms were and if they could absorb a lot of CO2 from the atmosphere by photosynthesis in the past. ’ Eating Habits? The investigation of silicon-prints by measuring silicon isotopes in diatoms’ skeletons works very well. But scientists still have many questions regarding the fractionation of silicon isotopes by diatoms. For example, we assume that diatoms always use the two silicon isotopes in the same ratio. That means the proportion of 30Si to 28Si they take up does not change. To use the jellybeans example, this is like assuming you always take the same proportion of pink and blue jellybeans. Today, we are starting to think that this ratio can change, but we still do not know why. Maybe different types of diatoms have different p2. Climate: ↑ The average long-term pattern of weather in a region across the Earth. Paleoceanography: ↑ The study of past ocean conditions. Vesicle: ↑ A structure inside a cell, consisting of liquid enclosed by an additional membrane. Vesicles transport and store material within the cell. Isotopes: ↑ Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons and, thus, a different mass number. Mass Number: ↑ The number of protons plus the number of neutrons of an atom. Fractionation: ↑ The preferred ratio of two isotopes that are taken up during a specific process. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how scientists use silicon isotopes measured from diatoms preserved on the seafloor to investigate past ocean conditions and assess the health and abundance of diatoms over thousands of years. This practice supports the understanding of geological changes by providing insights into the interactions of past ocean ecosystems with atmospheric CO2 levels, thereby connecting paleoenvironments to historical geological transformations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [193] Walshe- Potent anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L. ) R. Br. ex Cass. , a Q’eqchi’ Maya traditional medicine. Phytochemistry 2013; 92: 122-7. [194] Lajter I, Vasas A, Béni Z, et al. Sesquiterpenes from Neurolaena lobata and their antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory activities. J 2014; 77: 576-82. [195] ó I, et al. Pharmacological insight into anti-inflammatory activity of sesquiterpene lactones from Neurolaena lobata (L. ) R. BR ex Cass. Phytomedicine 2014; 21: 1695-701. [196] 1995; 1: 345-6. [197] Stolze RG. Ferns and fern allies of Guatemala. Fieldiana: Ser 1981; 6: 374-7. [198] Gupta MP. Plantas medicinales iberoamericanas. Bogotá: Cyted-CAB 2008. [199] Antidiarrheal activity of Polypodium leucotomos. Phytopharmacol 2012; 3: 245-51. [200] Vargas J, García E, Gutiérrez F, Osorio C. Síntesis de ácidos nucleicos y niveles de AMP cíclico en tumores murinos después del tratamiento in vitro con anapsos. 1981; 40: 39-46. [201] Gombau L, García F, Lahoz A, et al. Polypodium leucotomos extract: Antioxidant activity and disposition. Vitro 2006; 20: 464-71. [202] Antón Alvarez X, Franco A, Fernández-Novo L, Cacabelos R. Effects of anapsos on behavior and brain cytokines in rats. 1992; 3: 329-41. [203] An extract of the fern Polypodium leucotomos inhibits human peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation in vitro. Immunopharmacol 1997; 19: 9-14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific instances and studies related to the medicinal uses of plants such as Neurolaena lobata and Polypodium leucotomos. While it presents evidence of the anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of these plants, it does not support the blanket statement that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. The references imply that while some plants may have proven effectiveness, this does not generalize to all traditional medicine plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: General conclusionsThe interest on foods possessing health-promoting or disease-preventing properties has been increasing. An increasing number of foods sold in developed countries bears nutrition and health claims. Fermented milk with putative antihypertensive effect in humans could be an easy applicable lifestyle intervention against hypertension. In fact, much work has been done with dietary antihypertensive peptides and evidence of their effect in animal and clinical studies. Moreover, there are numerous available patents of products containing antihypertensive bioactive peptides. However, certain aspects, such as identification of the active form in the organism and the different mechanisms of action that contribute in the antihypertensive effect still need to be further investigated. Recent advances on specific analytical techniques able to follow small amounts of the peptides or derivatives from them in complex matrices and biological fluids will allow performing these kinetic studies in model animals and humans. Similarly, advances in new disciplines such as nutrigenomic and nutrigenetic will open new ways to follow bioactivity in the organism by identifying novel and more complex biomarkers of exposure and/or of activity. There is still poor knowledge on the resistance of peptides to gastric degradation, and low bioavailability of peptides has been observed. This reinforces the need of various strategies to improve the oral bioavailability of peptides. More emphasis has been put on the legal regulation of the health claims attached to the products. Authorities around the world have developed systematic approaches for review and assessment of scientific data. Evidence on the beneficial effects of a functional food product should be enough detailed, extensive and conclusive for the use of a health claim in the product labeling and marketing. Besides being based on generally accepted scientific evidence, the claims should be well understood by the average consumer. First, it is necessary to identify and quantify the active sequences. Antihypertensive peptides are only minor constituents in highly complex food matrices and, therefore, a monitoring of the large-scale production by hydrolytic or fermentative industrial process is mandatory. Second, extensive investigations to prove the antihypertensive effect in humans as well as the minimal dose to show this effect are necessary to fulfill the requirements of the legislation concerning functional foods. Japan was the pioneer with the Foods for Use (FOSHU) legislation in 1991. Europe adopted a joint Regulation on Nutrition and made on Foods in 2006 being the (EFSA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address lactic acid bacteria directly or discuss their importance in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on the health benefits of fermented foods and the scientific investigation of antihypertensive peptides. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Neurogenesis occurs in specific brain regions throughout life. [SEP] Text: AKAP7 KO mice behave similarly to WT on spatial learning (A–B) Barnes maze (n = 4–6 per group), measures of anxiety (C) elevated plus maze (n = 12 per group), (D) marble burying (n = 13 per group), (E) open field (n = 11–13 per group) and motor coordination (F) wire hang (n = 13 per group), (G) vertical pole descending (n = 9–11 per group), and (H) accelerating rotarod (n = 8 per group). Results are shown as the mean ± SEM. Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Adult neurogenesis is normal in AKAP7 KO animals. (A) Cartoon of experimental protocol. (B) As a measure of proliferating adult neurogenesis, we stained for Ki67, a protein expressed only in the nuclei of proliferating neurons. We saw no differences in the number of Ki67-positive cells between WT and KO. Cell counts were made for every eighth 35 µm section across the entire hippocampus (total cells counts = total count from every eighth section x 8) (n = 5 per group). (C) We quantified BrdU-positive neurons in WT and KO mice that had been housed in normal or in enriched cages at multiple timepoints to demonstrate proliferation and maturation of adult born neurons. We found no differences in the number of BrdU-positive cells within the subgranular zone of WT versus KO at any time point (Days 4, 15, 28). Environmental enrichment and exercise promoted neurogenesis equally in both genotypes. These results suggest that adult neurogenesis is not affected by loss of AKAP7 and therefore does not underlie the deficits in discrimination behavior. Cell counts were made for every eighth 35 µm section across the entire hippocampus (total cells counts =total count from every eighth section x 8) (n = 3–5 per group). Results are shown as the mean ±SEM. (D) Representative images with staining for BrdU from day 15/17 from WT and KO animals housed in either normal cages or enriched cages. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset DG-specific AKAP7 KO shows plasticity deficits similar to global KO. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that adult neurogenesis occurs and is normal in AKAP7 KO mice, stating that 'Adult neurogenesis is normal in AKAP7 KO animals.' Additionally, it details the quantification of proliferating neurons using Ki67 and BrdU in the hippocampus, demonstrating that there are no differences in the neurogenesis rates between WT and KO mice. This supports the idea that neurogenesis continues in specific brain regions (like the hippocampus) throughout life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [204] Middelkamp- Orally administered Polypodium leucotomos extract decreases psoralen-UVA-induced phototoxicity, pigmentation, and damage of human skin. J Dermatol 2004; 50: 41-9. [205] Middelkamp- leucotomos extract decreases ultraviolet-induced damage of human skin. J Dermatol 2004; 51: 910-8. [206]. Fernblock, a nutraceutical with photoprotective properties and potential preventive agent s for skin photoaging and photoinduced skin cancers. 2011; 12: 8466-75. [207] Horvath A, Alvarado F, Szöcs J, et al. Metabolic effects of calagualine, an antitumoral saponin of Polypodium leucotomos. Nature 1967; 214: 1256-8. [208] Rodríguez- Polypodium leucotomos decreases UV-induced epidermal cell proliferation and enhances p53 expression and plasma antioxidant capacity in hairless mice. 2012; 21: 630-42. [209] Rodríguez-Yanes E, Cuevas J, González S, Mallol J. Oral administration of Polypodium leucotomos delays skin tumor development and increases epidermal p53 expression and the anti-oxidant status of UV-irradiated hairless mice. 2014; 23: 509-28. [210] Gamboa J, de. Comparison of Polypodium leucotomos extract with placebo in 37 cases of psoriaris. Am 1982; 10: 203-8. [211] Vargas J, Muñoz C, Osorio C, García-Olivares E. Anapsos, an antipsoriatic drug which increases the proportion of suppressor cells in human peripheral blood. 1981; 134: 393-400. [212] Jiménez D, Naranjo R, Doblaré E, et al. Anapsos, an antipsoriatic drug in atopic dermatitis. 1987; 15: 185-9. [213] Padilla HC, Laínez H, Pacheco JA. A new agent (hydrophilic fraction of Polypodium leucotomos) for management of psoriasis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents specific studies and findings related to the effectiveness of Polypodium leucotomos extract and other agents concerning skin conditions, such as psoriasis and photoaging. However, it does not provide a blanket statement regarding the efficacy of all plants in traditional medicine. Instead, it focuses on particular traditional remedies and their scientifically observed effects. This specificity indicates that while some traditional remedies may be effective, it does not support the claim that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: At present, EFSA have concludes that the evidence is insufficient to establish a cause and effect relationship between the consumption of the tripeptides VPP and IPP and the maintenance of normal blood pressure. Bearing in mind that 'essential hypertension' consists of disparate mechanisms that ultimately lead to elevations in systemic BP, it is most probably that that products containing lactotripeptides offer a valuable option as a non-pharmacological, nutritional treatment of elevated blood pressure for some groups of people. 1. ShahN2007Functional cultures and health benefitsInt. dairy j. 1712621277 2. TakanoT2002Anti-hypertensive activity of fermented dairy products containing biogenic peptides. Anton. leeuw. 82333340 3. Korhonen HJTPihlanto-Leppälä A (2004Milk-derived bioactive peptides : formation and prospects for health promotion. In: Edited by ’Brien. Handbook of functional dairy productsFunctional foods and nutraceuticals series 6. 0: 109124 4. (2006Bioactive peptides and lactic fermentationsInt. j. dairy technology 591181255. JäkäläPVapaataloH2010Antihypertensive peptides from milk proteinsPharmaceuticals32512726. ChristensenJ. EDudleyE. GPedersonJ. ASteeleJ. L1999Peptidases and amino acid catabolism in lactic acid bacteria. Anton. leeuw. 762172467. 2001Expression of six peptidases from Lactobacillus helveticus in Lactococcus lactisAppl. environ. microb. 67123212388. FoucaudCJuillardV2000Accumulation of casein-derived peptides during growth of proteinase-positive strains of Lactococcus lactis in milk: their contribution to subsequent bacterial growth is impaired by their internal transport. J dairy res. 672332409. WilliamsA. . M2002Factors affecting the activity of enzymes involved in peptide and amino acid catabolism in non starter lactic acid bacteria isolated from Cheddar cheeseInt. dairy j. 12841852 10. LopezA. DMurrayC. C1998The global burden of disease, 1990-2020. Nat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes directly. Instead, it discusses various studies related to tripeptides and their effects on blood pressure, which does not connect to the claim about lactic acid bacteria's role in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionWe sometimes feel as if we just resonate with something or someone, and this feeling seems far beyond mere intellectual cognition. It happens in various situations, for example while watching a movie or connecting with people or groups. What is the mechanism of this “resonance”? Let’s take the example of watching and feeling a film, as movies can affect us deeply, far more than we might realize at the time. It’s intriguing to pry open the filmmaker’s workshop and take a closer look at the methods used to influence the spectators. Let’s uncover this magic, using Dr. Karen Pearlman’s book Cutting Rhythms: Shaping the (Pearlman 2009). The author, well known for her pioneering work in articulating the underlying principles of rhythm in film is, says: Rhythm shapes cycles of tension and release by shaping time, energy, and movement through the film in patterns designed to provoke and modulate particular qualities of empathetic response. I emphasize empathetic here, because rhythm is a felt phenomenon; the spectators’ experience of rhythm [—] is an embodied, physiological, temporal, and energetic participation in the movement of images, emotions, and events in the film. (p. 62–63) The author refers then to rhythms that evoke empathetic responses. This is done by creating cycles of tension and release, synchronizing the spectator’s rhythms to the film’s pulse and its fluctuations. Synchronization (SYNC) is perceived as pivotal for shaping the film’s rhythms into a vehicle that triggers an empathetic resonance. Taking a closer look, Pearlman mentions physiology and neuroscience: The mirror neurons embedded in our brain reflect the movement and sounds seen on the screen and beef up the spectator’s empathy. More than that, a body-based, empathy-kindling path (called kinesthetic empathy) induces an inner image of movements seen onscreen. The observer essentially “internally simulates” the observed movements and, without actually moving, feels his own body configuration change in response. Both those paths (mirror neurons and kinesthetic interaction) make us experience physiological tension and release virtually simultaneously, as we perceive the movie’s patterns of intensity and relaxation; and thus we enter the universe of synchronization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that mirror neurons embedded in our brain reflect movements and sounds seen on screen, thereby enhancing spectators’ empathy. Additionally, it discusses how mirror neurons, along with kinesthetic empathy, allow observers to internally simulate movements they observe, leading to a profound empathetic connection. This reinforces the claim that mirror neurons are linked to empathy and social behavior.