Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: 9 Another cardiac progenitor population named cardiac colony-forming unit fibroblasts (c-CFU-Fs) has been characterized by the expression of PDGFRα and identified in murine and human hearts. α+cells have self-renewal potential and are multipotent in vitro. Some recent studies show that PDGFRα+cells are able to differentiate into vascular cells, fibroblasts and to a less extent into cardiomyocyte-like cells. 8,9 Cardiac tissue-derived stem cells in clinical trials The role of endogenous CSC in heart regeneration therapy has not been fully investigated in clinical studies. The only populations of autologous cardiac tissue-derived stem cells from human adult heart which are currently being used in clinical studies arec_KIT+cells and cardiosphere-derived cells (Table 1). (Sponsor) Number of Route/Follow-cardiac tissue derived stem cells 00474461 (University of Louisville) Phase I, first-in-human, open-label, randomized controlled study Treated=20; Controls=13 Intracoronaryc-KIT+ CSC 1 million cells 4 and 12 months Increased LVEF (+13. 7%) Decreased infarct size (-30. 2%) No major adverse cardiac events 00893360 (Cedars-Center) Phase I, open-label, randomized controlled study Treated=17; Controls=8 IntracoronaryCardiosphere derived cells 12. 5-25 million cells (dose escalation) 6 and 12 months No changes in myocardium (+22. 6±9. 4g Decreased scar size (-11. 1%±4. 6) Seven-cell treated patients had serious adverse effects within 12 months of infusion 981OO6 (Naofumi Takehara) Phase I, open-label, single group assignment (non randomized) Treated=6; Intramyocardialcardiosphere derived cells with controlled release of bFGF 0. 5 millions cells/kg (patient body weight) and 200µg bFGF 6 and 12 months Increased LVEF (+9-12%) Decreased scar size after 6months (-3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of cardiac progenitor populations like c-KIT+ cells and cardiosphere-derived cells in clinical studies aimed at repairing heart tissue. It mentions their application in heart regeneration therapy, showing that specific stem cells are indeed used in regenerative medicine to improve conditions such as decreased infarct size and increased left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing technologies such as direct air capture (DAC) and negative emissions technology (NET), which are specifically designed to extract CO2 from the atmosphere, suggesting that urban forestry alone may not be sufficient to fully reverse climate change. The text emphasizes the importance of such technologies in reducing overall CO2 levels, highlighting that urban forestry would need to be part of a broader strategy to effectively combat climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (C) qRT-PCR analysis of Dmp1 transcript levels in MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells after 14 to 21 days of osteogenic differentiation (n = 5 independent experiments). (D) MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were stimulated with recombinant mouse Osteolectin (rOln) in osteogenic differentiation medium then lysed 0, 15, 30, or 60 min later and immunoblotted for phospho-PI3K, phospho-Akt, phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, total GSK3, and Actin (results are representative of 3 independent experiments). (E) MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were transferred into osteogenic differentiation medium for 24 hr with PBS or recombinant mouse Osteolectin, lysed, and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (F) qRT-PCR analysis of Wnt target gene transcript levels (Alkaline phosphatase, Axin2, Lef1, or Runx2) in MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells 24 hr after transfer into osteogenic differentiation medium, with PBS or recombinant mouse Osteolectin (n = 5 independent experiments). (G) Parental or Osteolectin deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells after 24 hr in osteogenic differentiation medium were lysed and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (H) qRT-PCR analysis of Wnt target gene transcript levels in parental or Osteolectin deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells 24 hr after transfer into osteogenic differentiation medium (n = 5 independent experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it focuses on experimental procedures involving qRT-PCR analysis and immunoblotting related to osteogenic differentiation in specific cell lines. There is no mention of inheritance, populations, or the tracing of genetic markers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: 3%) One major adverse cardiac effect (congestive heart failure) -25O1811 (of center, Houston) Phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled 144 estimated enrolled patients (recruiting participants) Transendocardial/c-KIT+ CSC and/or autologous BMSC 5 million CSC and/or 150 million BMSC 6,12 and 24 months N/A (in progress) N/A (in progress) Allogenic cardiac tissue derived stem cells 01458405 (Capricor Inc. ) Phase I/II, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled 134 estimated enrolled patients IntracoronaryCardiosphere derived cells 25 million cells 6 and 12 months N/A (in progress) N/A (in progress) 02293603 (Capricor Inc. ) Phase I, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled 42 patients IntracoronaryCardiosphere derived cells 37. 5-75 million cells 6 and 12 months Increased LVEF (+17. 5%) in the short term (in progress) No preliminary major adverse cardiac events (in progress) 02439398 (Coretherapix) Phase I/II, first-in- human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 55 patients Intracoronaryallogeneic human CSC 11, 22, 35 million cells (dose-escalation) 6 and 12 months preliminary major adverse cardiac events Embryonic stem cells derived 02057900 (Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de paris ) Phase I, open-label, single group assignment (non randomized) 6 estimated enrolled patients (recruiting participants) Epicardial delivery/Human embryonic stem cell-derived SSEA1+Isl1+CSC in fibrin patch 4 million cells within a fibrin patch 3,6 and 12 months Increased LVEF (+10%) in first clinical case (in progress) No preliminary major adverse cardiac events (in progress) Table 1 Clinical trials using CSC in ischemic heart disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing clinical trials involving stem cells, specifically cardiac stem cells (CSC) and their application in ischemic heart disease, which is a form of tissue damage. The mention of various studies using stem cells, such as 'Human embryonic stem cells derived' and 'Cardiosphere derived cells,' indicates their use in regenerative medicine for repairing damaged heart tissue, thus supporting the assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. Download the 10. 33424/17 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 honeycomb, monolithic air/solid contactor is lined with CO2-absorbing amine materials (green). and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for multiple strategies beyond urban forestry to tackle climate change, mentioning technologies like carbon capture as necessary to reduce CO2 levels. It emphasizes that climate change results from greenhouse gas emissions and highlights the importance of both reducing emissions and removing CO2 from the atmosphere as crucial steps in addressing climate change, indicating that urban forestry alone would not suffice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences was determined with two-way ANOVAs with Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests. Figure 2—source data 1 Data for Figure 2. Download elife-42274-fig2-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Osteogenic differentiation in response to Osteolectin requires β-catenin. (A and B) MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were transferred into osteogenic differentiation medium with PBS or 30 ng/ml recombinant mouse Osteolectin, as well as DMSO or 200 nM of the GSK3 inhibitor AZD2858. (A) Cells were lysed 24 hr later and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin. (B) Alizarin red staining after 14 days (MC3T3-E1 cells) or 21 days (hBMSC cells) to quantify osteoblast differentiation and mineralization (n = 3 independent experiments). (C and D) MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were transferred into osteogenic differentiation medium with PBS or 30 ng/ml Osteolectin, as well as DMSO or 200 nM of the β-catenin inhibitor IWR-1-endo. (C) Cells were lysed 24 hr later and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin. (D) Alizarin red staining after 14 days (MC3T3-E1 cells) or 21 days (hBMSC cells) to quantify osteoblast differentiation and mineralization (n = 3 independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences was determined with two-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests. Figure 3—source data 1 Data for Data for Figure 3. Download elife-42274-fig3-data1-v3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures related to osteogenic differentiation and various treatments on cells, with no mention of genetic markers or inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Embryonic CSC The heart derives from the anterior mesoderm which arises from the anterior primitive streak. Mesodermal pre-cardiac cells migrate toward the cephalic pole of the embryo to form the cardiogenic crescent or first heart field (FHF) that will form the primary linear heart tube. The second heart field (SHF) is a second population of CSC that is present at the medial and ventral parts of the FHF. The SHF is located within the pharyngeal mesoderm, and contributes to the development of the heart chambers. 21 The induction of cardiac mesoderm is controlled by critical signals including Nodal, Wnt and BMP4 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The same signaling pathways can also induce the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into cardiac cells in vitro. 22 One clinical case report related to human ESC-derived CSC was carried out in 2015. 23 ESC were committed toward a cardiac lineage by BMP2 and a FGF inhibitor, and the SSEA-1+ fraction (enriched in CSC) was sorted and embedded into a fibrin patch that was surgically delivered into the infarcted area. The feasibility and good tolerance of the procedure was demonstrated. The clinical use of these cells was encouraged by the observed effects on cardiac differentiation and improvement of cardiac function in rat and non-human primate models of myocardial infarction. 24 However, the number of transplanted cells which survived in the host tissue after transplantation was very low, and grafted cells were absent after 4 months in rat models. These observations suggest a paracrine mechanism of action for the enduring functional benefits, in accord with other studies that reveal similar functional recovery effects driven by CSC-derived extracellular vesicles in mice with chronic heart failure. 25 Reprogramming strategies to obtain CSC Cell reprogramming approaches emerged as an alternative to obtain CSC a decade ago, circumventing the limited cardiomyogenic potential11,12,26 of cardiac tissue-derived stem cells, and ethical concerns and immune rejection problems associated to the use of ESC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of embryonic stem cells (ESC) in repairing cardiac tissues. It mentions a clinical case where ESC-derived cardiac stem cells (CSC) were embedded into a fibrin patch and surgically delivered into an infarcted heart area, showcasing their application in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, it highlights the positive effects on cardiac function observed in animal models, directly supporting the claim that stem cells play a role in tissue repair.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various carbon capture technologies, specifically direct air capture (DAC), which have the ability to remove CO2 from the atmosphere. It highlights that these technologies have the potential to reduce CO2 levels and thus reverse climate change, which indicates that urban forestry alone is insufficient for this task.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Integrin α11 is required for osteogenic differentiation and Wnt pathway activation in response to Osteolectin but exogenous collagen does not activate Wnt pathway signaling. (A) Osteogenic differentiation in culture of parental or Itga11 deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells with PBS or recombinant mouse Osteolectin (n = 3 independent experiments). (B) qRT-PCR analysis of Dmp1 transcript levels in MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells after 14 to 21 days of osteogenic differentiation (n = 5 independent experiments). (C) Parental or Itga11 deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were transferred into osteogenic differentiation medium with or without recombinant mouse Osteolectin then lysed 24 hr later and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (D) qRT-PCR analysis of Wnt target gene transcript levels in parental or Itga11 deficient MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells 24 hr after transfer into osteogenic differentiation medium with PBS or Osteolectin (n = 5 independent experiments). (E) MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells were transferred into osteogenic differentiation medium with PBS or 30 ng/ml Osteolectin, or 30 ng/ml recombinant Pro-Collagen 1α, then lysed 24 hr later and immunoblotted for phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss genetic markers or inheritance patterns. Instead, it focuses on the role of Integrin α11 in osteogenic differentiation and Wnt pathway activation in various cell lines. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Specifically, CSC can be obtained by two different reprogramming strategies: The reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and the further differentiation into CSC, or Direct reprogramming of somatic cells into induced CSC (iCSC). iPSC-derived CSC The group of Yamanaka demonstrated in 2007 that human somatic cells can be reprogrammed to iPSC by ectopic expression of the reprogramming transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC (OSKM). 27 iPSC, as ESC, have the potential to give rise to any cell type of the human body, and constitute an unlimited source of cells. Many laboratories worldwide have established iPSC from different tissues and diseases, demonstrating the high reproducibility of this technology. Moreover, genome integration-free iPSC can be established as a step toward safety and their clinical use. 28 The same procedures used in ESC have been used to differentiate iPSC into CSC. BMP, Activin and Wnt signalling contribute to the induction of mesendoderm in early differentiation stages, whereas the inhibition of these pathways is required for cardiac specification in late stages. 29,30 Multipotent human CSC can be isolated using reporters regulated under specific transcription factors such as Mesp1, Isl1 or Nkx2. 5,15,31,32 or the expression of surface markers such as SSEA1+, KDR+/PDGFR-α+ or GFRA2+. 29,33,34 Taking into account the rapid transition of CSC from multipotency to commitment, the isolation of CSC is a real challenge. In order to solve this issue, several groups have used Wnt pathway modulators to promote pluripotent stem cell-derived CSC preservation and expansion,35–37 a crucial requisite for future clinical applications. iCSC Direct transdifferentiation of fibroblasts towards a diverse range of cell types has been already demonstrated. 38Specifically, Islas et al. 39 achieved direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts into KDR+/Nkx2. 5+ iCSC in 2012 by ectopic expression of ETS2 and MESP1 factors. However, these iCSC were not characterized in depth since these iCSC spontaneously differentiated into immature cardiomyocytes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the processes involved in obtaining different types of stem cells, such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) and cardiac stem cells (CSC). It highlights the potential of iPSC to differentiate into any cell type, which aligns with the idea that stem cells can be utilized in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, it mentions the clinical applications of stem cells and the challenges in isolating and expanding CSCs, further supporting the role of stem cells in repairing damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. ? “Until recently, there hasn’t been a strong market for NETs and DAC,” says Chris. “And therefore fewer ways for companies to monetise DAC technologies. While the amine-oxide hybrid materials we work with are relatively easy to make, they’re not being produced at commercial scale yet. As the market develops, I anticipate an array of companies, both established and start-ups, will be poised to manufacture such materials. We’re working with several of them today. ” The first commercial DAC unit on the market was produced by a company called Climeworks and is in use in Switzerland. Hopefully, this is the start of many. However, while large scale use of DAC could negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it’s vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources. What’s exciting is that Chris’ technology could help give us more time: “This would allow a slower transition to a renewable, energy-rich future, offering less economic disruption and loss of jobs associated with fossil energy,” he says. “It could be both a climate and market stabiliser. ” WHAT’? Let’s describe acids and bases even more scientifically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while technologies like direct air capture (DAC) could help mitigate the effects of climate change, they are not sufficient on their own to reverse the impacts caused by fossil fuel consumption. The statement asserts that large scale use of DAC could 'negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles,' but it also stresses that 'it's vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources.' This highlights the necessity of additional measures beyond urban forestry, directly challenging the idea that urban forestry alone can fully address climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (F) qRT-PCR analysis of Wnt target gene transcript levels in MC3T3-E1 cells, hBMSC#1 cells, and hBMSC#2 cells 24 hr after transfer into osteogenic differentiation medium with PBS or 30 ng/ml Osteolectin, or 30 ng/ml Pro-Collagen 1α (n = 5 independent experiments). (G) Primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells were adherently cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium. PBS (control), recombinant human Pro-Collagen 1α, or recombinant human Osteolectin was added, then the cells were lysed 1 hr later and lysates were immunoblotted for phospho-FAK, phospho-GSK3, total FAK, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (H) Primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells adherently cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium were treated with PBS (control), recombinant human Pro-Collagen 1α, or recombinant human Osteolectin then lysed 24 hr later and lysates were immunoblotted for phospho-FAK, phospho-GSK3, β-catenin, total FAK, and Actin (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (I) Primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells adherently cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium were treated with 30 ng/ml recombinant human Osteolectin or PBS (control) then lysed 2, 4, 6, 12, or 24 hr later. Nuclear and cytosolic/membrane-associated fractions were isolated from lysates by centrifugation then immunoblotted for β-catenin. As loading controls, Histone H3 was blotted in the nuclear fraction and Actin was blotted in the cytosolic/membrane-associated fraction (this blot is representative of blots from three independent experiments). (J) qRT-PCR analysis of Ctnnb1 transcript levels in cells from the experiment in panel (I) (n = 3 independent experiments). (K) Primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells from Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl or littermate control mice were adherently cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance patterns in populations. It focuses on qRT-PCR analysis and various experimental methods related to osteogenic differentiation in cells, without mentioning genetic markers or population inheritance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Very recently, Zhang et al. 40 and Lalit et al. 41 reported two different strategies for reprogramming adult mouse fibroblasts into highly expandable CSC. 42 The reprogramming approach described in 2011 by Ding laboratory40 is based on transient expression of the four Yamanaka factors (OSKM) in combination with JAK inhibitor JI1 and BACS (BMP4, activin A, CHIR99021, and SU5402) to induce partial reprogramming of fibroblasts into CSC, and the later culture of these cells in BACS conditions to promote the maintenance and expansion of CSC. By this protocol, expandable CSC (Flk1+, PDGFRa+, Isl1+and Nkx2. 5+) could be derived from fibroblasts in two weeks. . They demonstrated that CSC were tripotent when differentiated under cardiomyocyte, endothelial and smooth muscle cell induction conditions, and the transplantation of CSC improved cardiac function in infarcted mice. Although this reprogramming approach was described as a direct conversion initially, it has been demonstrated that it generates a pluripotent intermediate state. 43,44 Lalit et al. 41 demonstrated that the ectopic expression of at least 5 cardiac factors (Mesp1, Tbx5, Gata4, Nkx2. 5 and Baf60c), in combination with LIF (JAK/STAT activator) and BIO (a GSK3β inhibitor), can reprogram adult mouse fibroblasts from different tissues of origin (cardiac, lung and tail-tip) into proliferative and multipotent iCSC. This group used a Nkx2. 5 cardiac reporter mouse model expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) crossed with a transgenic mouse expressing a reverse tetracycline transactivator (rtTA) to enable dox-inducible transgene expression. The generated iCSC were able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro and in vivo; however, the iCSC-derived cardiomyocytes only started contracting when co-cultured with mESC-derived cardiomyocytes, not spontaneously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that cardiac stem cells (CSC) derived from reprogrammed fibroblasts were able to improve cardiac function in infarcted mice, indicating their application in regenerative medicine for repairing damaged cardiac tissues. Furthermore, it discusses various strategies for reprogramming adult fibroblasts into multipotent stem cells, underscoring the potential of stem cells in regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forestry alone can fully reverse the effects of climate change. [SEP] Text: There are three theories of acids and bases: the Bronsted-Lowry, Arrhenius and Lewis theories. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton donor that can donate a positive ion, usually a hydrogen ion (H+). A base is a proton acceptor that can receive a positive ion, again, usually H+. These charge differences enable the acid and base to interact to make a neutral product. theory describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. When the hydrogen and hydroxide ions interact, they produce water, a neutral product. Finally, Lewis theory gives the broadest definition, describing acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. In Chris’ device, the acid is carbon dioxide and the base is the amine group. CO2 + 2 R-NH2 —> R-NH3+ + R-NHCOO– where R represents a hydrocarbon chain. When carbon dioxide and amine groups interact, a chemical reaction takes place, creating strong bonds. The equation above shows the formation of an alkylammonium carbamate, which is the key product formed from reactions of a solid-supported amine and CO2. The amines act as bases, with one amine donating electrons (Lewis theory) to the acidic molecule CO2, forming a covalent N-C bond. A second amine group removes a hydrogen ion from this product, producing an ammonium R-NH3+ group. The final product is a cation-anion pair, the alkylammonium carbamate. of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change. : US Federal Government: Foundation, Department of Energy; Industry: of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while urban forestry may play a role, it is insufficient on its own to reverse climate change. It emphasizes the importance of 'direct air capture' as a method being developed by Chris' research group, which is one of the few methods that could significantly contribute to reversing climate change. This implies that urban forestry alone is not a comprehensive solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: PBS (control), recombinant human Pro-Collagen 1α, or recombinant human Osteolectin was added then the cells were lysed 1 hr later and lysates were immunoblotted for phospho-FAK and FAK (this blot is representative of blots from two independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. Statistical significance was determined with two-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (A, B and D), Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests (F), or Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests (J). Figure 4—source data 1 Data for Figure 4. Download elife-42274-fig4-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Conditional Itga11 deletion from LepR+cells accelerates the loss of trabecular bone during aging. (A) Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice were grossly normal and indistinguishable from littermate controls. (B – D) Body length (B), body mass (C) and femur length (D) did not significantly differ between Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermate controls at 2, 6, or 12 months of age (n = 4–7 mice per genotype per sex per time point, from at least three independent experiments). (E) ELISA measurement of serum Osteolectin levels in Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (n = 8 mice per genotype per time point from four independent experiments). (F) Representative microCT images of trabecular bone in the distal femur metaphysis of male Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls at 2, 6, and 12 months of age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide related information concerning genetic markers or inheritance patterns. Instead, it focuses on experimental methodologies, data presentation, and specific outcomes in a study involving mice and their bone characteristics, without any mention of genetic markers or their application in tracing inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: The injection of the iCSC into the border zone of infarcted hearts in mice improved the survival of animals from 11% in control animals to 75%. These methods have enabled the generation of billions of CSC without losing their differentiation potential, which is critical for clinical use. CSC-based tissue engineering The biggest barrier current stem cell-based therapies face is the poor engraftment of the transplanted cells. To counteract the problems associated with low retention of transplanted cells, diverse biomaterials and bioengineering approaches have entered the research arena for optimizing therapeutic benefits with promising results. Tissue engineering methodologies that combine stem cells and different biomaterials (cell sheets, porous scaffolds, injectable hydrogels, cell surface engineering and microcapsules) have been reported to improve cardiac repair. 45 Multiple stem cell types have been bioengineered in order to improve cardiac regenerative therapy, but the effects on cardiac function have been modest. 45,46 The classic heart tissue engineering approach is the combination of cardiomyocytes with biomaterials to generate a beating cardiac tissue. One of the critical complications affecting cardiac tissue engineering is a low mechanical and electrical integration of the cells into the host myocardium. In this sense, the most important challenges of cardiac tissue engineering are the acquisition of mature cell phenotype to avoid arrhythmias (immature cardiomyocytes beat spontaneously) and the incorporation of a vascularized network to permit the survival of the transplanted cells into the ischemic host myocardium. Thus, the use of multipotent CSC for cardiac tissue engineering has attracted a great research interest. The transplantation of cells with injectable biomaterials as a suspension provides a favorable microenvironment to the cells, increasing trapping and survival of the cells at the injection site. Hydrogel and nanop2687. . Heart regeneration. Nature. 2011;473(7347):326–335. Reardon S. New life for pig-to-human transplants. Nature. 2015;527(7577):152–154. Cardiac regeneration: current therapies-future concepts. J Thorac Dis. 2013;5(5):683–697. . Cell therapies in cardiomyopathy : current status of clinical trials. Pathol (Amst). 2017;2017:9404057. Translational cardiac stem cell therapy : advancing from first- generation to next-generation cell types. npj Regen Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of cardiac stem cells (CSC) in tissue engineering methodologies aimed at improving cardiac repair. It mentions the injection of iCSC into infarcted hearts and cites improvements in animal survival rates, which exemplifies the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine for repairing damaged cardiac tissues. Furthermore, it outlines the ongoing research into optimizing CSC-based therapies, indicating their crucial role in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe thoroughly documented benefits from healthy, properly managed tree populations and less intensively managed greenbelts are not immediately apparent to all members of a community. Most citizen volunteers, local professional arborists and horticulturists, and the occasional politician that involve themselves in planting and maintaining their community’s tree resource have at least a cursory understanding of the social, psychological, economic, and environmental benefits provided by trees. Yet many other segments of the population have had little to do with urban and community forestry issues. Enlisting the support of nontraditional audiences can only enhance urban and community forestry programs and strengthen the argument for increased funding needed to sustain this valuable resource. KeyWordsNontraditional audienceco-culturecommunicationdiversityGenerally speaking, traditional targets for urban and community forestry programs in the include financially comfortable, if not affluent, well-educated, predominantly Caucasian members of the community. Nontraditional urban forestry audiences, including the elderly, persons with disabilities, ethnic and racial minorities, and those with limited education and low incomes, are severely under-represented, even though trees are important to them (Ricard 1993; McDonough et al. 1994). Every community tree program will benefit when the effort is made to draw on the experiences and resources of the widest possible community. is entering a period in which cultural diversity is a fact of everyday life. In fact, by the turn of the century, minorities will make up 25% of the population, and at some point in the 21 st century, Caucasians are expected to become a minority population in the (Klein 1990). These changing demographics indicate that almost everyone can expect to work, recreate, and volunteer with people who come from different backgrounds and cultures, and thus have different customs and beliefs. Importance of cultureWhen people encounter the word “culture,” they most often think of racial, ethnic, or national groups. But there are other dimensions of culture. Within a nation, regional differences can exert a powerful influence on human relationships and communication. Someone from northern Minnesota may find the life style of someone from southern Missouri so different that they might as well be from different countries. Race, ethnicity, and age also can shape behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that not all segments of the population have equal involvement in urban forestry issues. It mentions that traditional targets for urban and community forestry programs have been financially comfortable and well-educated individuals, while nontraditional audiences, such as ethnic and racial minorities, are severely under-represented. This suggests that factors like socio-economic status and cultural differences affect the suitability and involvement in urban forestry projects across different cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (G–L) microCT analysis of trabecular bone volume/total volume (G), trabecular number (H), trabecular bone thickness (I), trabecular bone spacing (J), connectivity density (K), and bone mineral density (L) in the distal femur metaphysis of Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermate controls at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (n = 4–7 mice per genotype per sex per time point from at least three independent experiments). (M) Trabecular bone mineral apposition rate based on calcein double labelling in the distal femur metaphysis (n = 3 mice per genotype per sex per time point). (N) Bone resorption rate analysis by measuring the deoxypyridinoline/creatinine ratio in the urine of LepR-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls at 6 and 12 months of age (n = 4–5 mice per genotype per time point from three independent experiments). (O) Serum P1NP levels in LepR-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermate controls at 6 and 12 months of age (n = 4 mice per genotype per time point from three independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences was determined with two-way ANOVAs with Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests. Figure 5—source data 1 Data for Data for Figure 5. Download elife-42274-fig5-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Generation of an Itga11 floxed mice. (A) DNA surrounding Itga11 exon3 was used as homologous arms for recombineering. The recombineering plasmid was modified by inserting loxP sites flanking exon3. Deletion of exon three leads to a frame shift that would be expected to give a complete loss of α11 function (Popova et al. , 2007). The loxP insertion sites were chosen so as not to disrupt sequences conserved among species. Cas9 mRNA, sgRNAs, and the recombineering plasmid were microinjected into C57BL/Ka zygotes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details an experimental analysis of trabecular bone characteristics in genetically modified mice but does not mention or provide information related to genetic markers or inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: 2017;2:17. . Cardiac regeneration and stem cells. Physiol Rev. 2015;95(4):1189–1204. Le T, Chong J. Cardiac progenitor cells for heart repair. Cell death Discov. 2016;2:16052. . Stem cell therapy for cardiac dysfunction. Springerplus. 2014;3(1):440. Regenerating new heart with stem cells. J Clin Invest. 2013;123(1):62–70. c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart. Nature. 2014;509(7500):337–341. Resident c-kit(+) cells in the heart are not cardiac stem cells. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8701. Regenerative potential of cardiosphere-derived cells expanded from percutaneous endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Circulation. 2007;115(7):896–908. Direct comparison of different stem cell types and subpopulations reveals superior paracrine potency and myocardial repair efficacy with cardiosphere-derived cells. J Cardiol. 2012;59(10):942–953. Human ISL1 heart progenitors generate diverse multipotent cardiovascular cell lineages. Nature. 2009;460(7251):113–117. Localization of Islet-1-positive cells in the healthy and infarcted adult murine heart. Circ Res. 2012;110(10):1303–1310. Yellamilli A, vanBerlo JH. The role of cardiac side population cells in cardiac regeneration. Dev Biol. 2016;4:102. Administration of cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the scipio trial: surgical aspects and interim analysis of myocardial function and viability by magnetic resonance. Circulation. 2012;126(11 Suppl 1):S54–64. editors. Expression of concern: the trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9925):1279. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells after myocardial infarction: evidence of therapeutic regeneration in the final 1-year results of the trial (CArdiosphere-Derived aUtologous stem CElls to reverse ventricUlar dySfunction). J Cardiol. 2014;63(2):110–122. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by citing numerous studies and articles that discuss the role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration and tissue repair, indicating their application in regenerative medicine to repair damaged heart tissues and improve myocardial function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: For example, the customs, values, and attitudes of someone in their mid-20s may vary radically from those of their parents who were raised in the 1960s, or their grandparents who lived through economic calamity in the 1930s or II in the 1940s. Still other differences such as gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, religion, and socioeconomic background can create distinctive cultures (Adler and Elmhorst 1996). All of these factors lead to a definition of “culture” as everything a group of people thinks (ideas, art, religion, values, and attitudes), does (norms, rules, laws, and language), and has (tools, technology, material, goods, and resources)Shared ways of thinking lead people to define themselves as a distinct group, giving them a sense of commonality (Trenholm and Jensen 1992). The norms, values, and rules learned as part of cultural conditioning shape the way people view the world (McDonough et al. 1994). In essence, people use cultural rules as a screen or filter to interpret the behavior of others as appropriate or not (Devito 1997). The overwhelming influence of culture on communication led the famous anthropologist to assert that “culture is communication and communication is culture” (Hall 1959). A walk through any large city or small town will reveal the is largely a collection of many different cultures. These cultures coexist somewhat separately, but also with each influencing the other. This coexistence has led some researchers to refer to these cultures as co-cultures (groups that have a clear identity within the encompassing culture) (Adler and Elmhorst 1996). In fact, the “melting pot” metaphor that suggests people should leave their native culture behind and adapt to their new culture is increasingly viewed as inaccurate. Other metaphors such as “tapestry” and “patchwork quilt” are now suggested as better ways to describe society (as mixtures of co-cultures) (Lustig and Koester 1993). Our society is becoming increasingly diverse and success in any endeavor does or will depend on communicating and working with people whose customs and values are different from our own. Back to the TreesCities and towns in the midwestern are places where people of diverse cultural backgrounds live, yet the demographic richness of this region often is not reflected in community forestry programs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that communities in the midwestern region exhibit diverse cultural backgrounds which may not be reflected in community forestry programs. This indicates that the suitability of cities for urban forestry projects is influenced by cultural factors, suggesting that not all cities are equally suited for such initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Correctly-targeted founder mice (F0) were identified by Southern blotting (B) using an internal (3’) probe and an external (5’) probe to ensure the recombineering vector was integrated in the correct genomic location, and not in other regions of the genome. Mice were backcrossed at least three times onto a C57BL/Ka background before analysis. (C) PCR genotyping demonstrated germline transmission of the Itga11flox allele. (D) qRT-PCR analysis of Itga11 transcript levels in LepR+ cells from the bone marrow of Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl and sex-matched littermate controls (n = 4 mice per genotype per time point from two independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. Figure 5—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Data for Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Download elife-42274-fig5-figsupp1-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Conditional Itga11 deletion from LepR+cells reduces cortical bone formation in adult mice. (A) Representative microCT images of cortical bone in the mid-femur diaphysis of male Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls at 2, 6, and 12 months of age. (B–F) microCT analysis of the total area (B), cortical area (C), cortical thickness (D), cortical area/total area (E), and cortical bone mineral density (F) in the mid-femur diaphysis of Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermate controls at 2, 6, and 12 months of age (n = 4–7 mice per genotype per sex per time point from at least three independent experiments). (G) Cortical bone mineral apposition rate based on calcein double labelling in the mid-femur diaphysis (n = 3–4 mice per genotype per sex per time point from three independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences was determined with two-way ANOVAs with Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests. Figure 6—source data 1 Data for Figure 6. Download elife-42274-fig6-data1-v3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental techniques related to genetic analysis in mice, including Southern blotting, PCR genotyping, and microCT imaging. However, it does not provide information directly related to tracing inheritance patterns across populations using genetic markers. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Building the mammalian heart from two sources of myocardial cells. Genet. 2005;6(11):826–835. . Human pluripotent stem cells: prospects and challenges as a source of cardiomyocytes for in vitromodeling and cell-based cardiac repair. Deliv Rev. 2016;96:3–17. Menasché P, Vanneaux V, Hagège A, et al. Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors for severe heart failure treatment: first clinical case report. J. 2015;36(30):2011–2017. Long-term functional benefits of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors embedded into a fibrin scaffold. J Transplant. 2015;34(9):1198–1207. Cardiovascular progenitor-derived extracellular vesicles recapitulate the beneficial effects of their parent cells in the treatment of chronic heart failure. J Transplant. 2016;35(6):795–807. Murine “cardiospheres” are not a source of stem cells with cardiomyogenic potential. Stem Cells. 2009;27(7):1571–1581. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007;131(5):861–872. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. A decade of transcription factor-mediated reprogramming to pluripotency. Biol. 2016;17(3):183–193. Stage-specific optimization of activin/nodal and BMP signaling promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines. Cell. 2011;8(2):228–240. Ozhan G, Weidinger G. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in heart regeneration. Cell Regen. 2015;4(1):3. Dual reporter MESP1 mCherry/w-NKX2-5 eGFP/w hESCs enable studying early human cardiac differentiation. Stem Cells. 2015;33(1):56–67. Expansion and patterning of cardiovascular progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(9):970–979. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and reports focusing on the use of human pluripotent stem cells and their potential for cardiac repair. It mentions human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors being used for severe heart failure treatment, which supports the idea of using stem cells in regenerative medicine for repairing damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: In particular, ethnic and racial minorities have been conspicuously absent from tree group volunteer rosters. Why do minorities choose not to participate in community forestry activities? Using surveys, the organization learned minorities and women will not volunteer for any program that gives them an uncomfortable sense that they are mere “tokens”the program is “all talk and no action”they are isolated from other members of their minority or gender groupthe program seems irrelevant to their concernsthey cannot communicate effectively with others because of language differencesattitudes or behavior are discriminatory or perceived to be discriminatorythey lack the qualifications to serve in a “high-powered” capacitywhat they have to say is not taken seriouslythey are being intimidatedthere are no real benefits to servingthere are no role modelsthose in charge overlook qualified minorities and women for key leadership roles. However, possibly the biggest reason people fail to volunteer is because they weren’t asked (Ricard 1993). Contacting and involving new audiences in local community forestry projects require leadership, and a single person can make a difference. But to interest new, untapped audiences in a community tree program effectively requires that members of current administrative tree boards embrace and endorse the inclusion of all members of a community, and the first step is including influential members of the targeted cultural group in the planning process. Clear communication and sensitivity are needed when approaching nontraditional audiences, particularly minority audiences (Spencer 1995). Key interviews with minority community leaders are efficient and cost-effective means of gaining insight into a potential audience’s needs and wants. Political figures and leaders of neighborhood and worship groups are good information sources if they truly speak for the entire community and are not a faction. Finally, informal workshops engaging 10 to 20 people from the target audience in a discussion about community forestry issues will provide valuable insight; however, only innovative programs that respect the uniqueness of the people they are serving will work (Ricard 1993). People must feel empowered by the program. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that engagement in community forestry projects is influenced by various factors, such as the absence of ethnic and racial minorities due to perceptions of tokenism and irrelevance. It emphasizes the need for tailored approaches to different audiences, indicating that not all cities, or the communities within them, are equally suited for urban forestry projects. Effective inclusion requires understanding and addressing the unique needs of diverse cultural groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: xlsx Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Integrin α11 is required by bone marrow stromal cells to undergo osteogenesis in response to Osteolectin. (A) CFU-F frequency and (B) cells per CFU-F colony formed by bone marrow cells from Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls at 2 and 6 months of age (n = 6–8 mice per genotype per time point from at least three independent experiments). (C–E) Osteogenic (C); n = 7 mice per genotype, total, from seven independent experiments), adipogenic (D); n = 6 mice per genotype, total, from six independent experiments), and chondrogenic (E); n = 5 mice per genotype, total, from five independent experiments) differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells cultured from the femurs of Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermate controls at 2 months of age. (F) Recombinant mouse Osteolectin promoted osteogenic differentiation in culture by femur bone marrow stromal cells from control but not Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice (n = 3 mice per genotype, total, from three independent experiments). (G) qRT-PCR analysis of Dmp1 transcript levels in cells from panel (F). (H–N) Subcutaneous injection of recombinant mouse Osteolectin daily for 28 days (50 μg/kg body mass/day) significantly increased trabecular bone volume and number in female control mice but not female Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice. (H) Representative microCT images of trabecular bone in the distal femur metaphysis. (I–N) microCT analysis of trabecular bone volume/total volume (I), trabecular number (J), trabecular thickness (K), trabecular spacing (L), connectivity density (M), and bone mineral density (N) in the distal femur metaphysis (n = 5 mice per treatment, total, from three independent experiments). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses research related to osteogenesis and bone marrow stromal cells with no mention of genetic markers or population inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Menasché Towards a clinical use of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors: a translational experience. J. 2014;36(12):743–750. GFRA2 identifies cardiac progenitors and mediates cardiomyocyte differentiation in a RET-independent signaling pathway. Cell Rep. 2016;16(4):1026–1038. Highly efficient induction and long-term maintenance of multipotent cardiovascular progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells under defined conditions. Cell Res. 2013;23(9):1119–1132. The renewal and differentiation of Isl1+ cardiovascular progenitors are controlled by a Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway. Cell. 2007;1(2):165–179. Characterization and therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e45603. . Direct cardiac reprogramming: progress and challenges in basic biology and clinical applications. Circ Res. 2015;116(8):1378–1391. Transcription factors ETS2 and MESP1 transdifferentiate human dermal fibroblasts into cardiac progenitors. Acad Sci. 2012;109(32):13016–13021. Expandable cardiovascular progenitor cells reprogrammed from fibroblasts. Cell. 2016;18(3):368–381. Lineage reprogramming of fibroblasts into proliferative induced cardiac progenitor cells by defined factors. Cell. 2016;18(3):354–367. X, Prósper F. Are we closer to cardiac regeneration? Investig. 2016;3:59. Bar- Lineage conversion induced by pluripotency factors involves transient passage through an iPSC stage. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(7):761–768. Transient acquisition of pluripotency during somatic cell transdifferentiation with iPSC reprogramming factors. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33(7):769–774. Engineered biomaterials to enhance stem cell-based cardiac tissue engineering and therapy. Macromol Biosci. 2016;16(7):958–977. Heart regeneration with embryonic cardiac progenitor cells and cardiac tissue engineering. J Transpl Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies related to cardiovascular progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells, which are indicative of their application in regenerative medicine, such as cardiac regeneration and tissue engineering.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: To include minorities and other nontraditional audiences, local tree groups should strive to establish a policy of “inclusiveness” and communicate a commitment to it (for example, by informing the media)place members of targeted groups in key decision-making positionsenhance leadership skills of targeted groups by encouraging them to attend workshops and training programschange any structure or program that hinders inclusivenessencourage greater sensitivity to cultural differences through invited speakers, workshops, or training sessionscommunicate the benefits that accrue to business and community as a result of inclusive policiessolicit the help of businesses and professionals who are members of targeted audiencesrecruit new audiences by relying on established and respected institutions they support, such as places of worship, fraternal organizations, or business and professional associationsallow a reasonable amount of time to achieve inclusiveness. CulturesThe process of listening and responding to people from different cultural backgrounds can be challenging. The greater the difference in culture between people, the greater the potential for misunderstanding and mistrust. Understanding how communication is affected by cultural conditioning can help prevent mistaken conclusions about the meaning of certain kinds of behavior. For example, the amount of talk or silence that is appropriate can differ from one ethnic co-culture to another (Adler and Elmhorst 1996). Americans and many other cultures value silence more highly than does mainstream U. S. culture. By contrast, African-American and European-American cultures place a high value on verbal skills, and their members tend to speak more. Attitudes toward conflict also differ from one ethnic co-culture to another (Adler and Elmhorst 1996). Asian, British, German, Native American, and Scandinavian cultures often prefer to not disagree assertively and directly. By contrast, many people with Greek, Italian, French, or background may prefer a direct, open conflict style. Nonverbal standards such as eye contact also vary by co-culture (Adler and Elmhorst 1996). often associate eye contact with honesty and respect; however, show respect to persons in authority by not looking at them. Hopi and Navajo people generally avoid steady eye contact because it is considered offensive, disrespectful, and rude. African-Americans tend to make more eye contact when speaking but not when listening, while European-Americans tend to make more continuous eye contact as they listen (Samovar and Porter 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that various cultural factors and differences in communication styles affect inclusiveness and participation in community projects. It emphasizes that not all audiences may engage equally due to cultural variances, which suggests that some cities might be better suited than others for urban forestry projects based on their ability to include diverse populations and understand cultural differences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: (O) The GSK3 inhibitor, AZD2858, rescued the osteogenic differentiation in culture of bone marrow stromal cells from the femurs of Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice (n = 6 independent experiments in which cells from one mouse of each genotype were cultured in each experiment). (P) Western blotting of cultured cell lysates showed that AZD2858 promoted GSK3 phosphorylation and increased β-catenin levels in bone marrow stromal cells from Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and littermate controls. All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. The statistical significance of differences was determined with Wilcoxon’s test followed by Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons adjustment (A and B), one-way (F), (G,) and O) ANOVAs with Sidak’s multiple comparisons tests, by paired t-tests (C–E), or by one-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (I–N). Figure 7—source data 1 Data for Figure 7. Download elife-42274-fig7-data1-v3. xlsx Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Osteolectin promotes Wnt target gene transcription in mouse bone marrow stromal cells in an integrin α11-dependent manner. (A) Bone marrow stromal cells from Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl mice and sex-matched littermates at 2 months of age were cultured in osteogenic differentiation medium supplemented with PBS (control) or 30 ng/ml Osteolectin and qRT-PCR analysis of Wnt target gene transcript levels was performed 24 hr later (n = 3 independent experiments). (B) Recombinant mouse Osteolectin subcutaneously injected daily for 28 days (50 μg/kg body mass/day) increased Wnt target gene transcript levels in LepR+ bone marrow cells from control, but not Lepr-Cre; Itga11fl/fl, mice (n = 4 mice per genotype per time point from two independent experiments). All numerical data reflect mean ±standard deviation. Statistical significance was assessed with two-way ANOVAs with Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests (A) or Dunnett’s multiple comparisons tests (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns. It describes experimental results related to GSK3 inhibition and osteogenic differentiation in specific mouse models, but it does not provide information relevant to inheritance patterns or genetic markers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Recently, the autologous administration of c-kit-positive cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic heart failure has led to an incredible outcome; the left ventricular ejection fraction of the cell-treated group improved from 30% at the baseline to 38% after one year and to 42% after two years of cell injection. The potential underlying mechanisms, before and after cell infusion, are explored and discussed in this 182. htm DOI: advancement of emergency medicine enabled us to rescue many patients with acute myocardial infarction, but they may eventually develop and suffer from chronic heart failure later in life. Accordingly, the demand of alternative approaches to chronic ventricular dysfunction is increasing dramatically. For decades, the mammalian heart was recognized as a postmitotic terminally differentiated organ, in which the number of cardiomyocytes was believed to be constant throughout the life span of organisms. Early this century, however, the existence of resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs) was unveiled[1], questioning the validity of the long-lasting theory. The uninterrupted renewal of human myocardium in physiological and pathological circumstances has been depicted[2], promoting our understanding of the self-renewing characteristic of the heart. This paradigm shift not only shook the biological dogma but revealed the possibility of an unprecedented therapeutic strategy for devastating diseases. virtue of the explorations following the discovery of resident CSCs, the human heart has been characterized by the persistent renewal of its components, muscles and vessels. Moreover, by utilizing animal models, c-kit-positive CSCs are shown to regenerate the diseased myocardium of ischemic and non-ischemic origins[3-5]. Subsequently, in 2009 the first clinical use of autologous CSCs began; in this trial, the subjects with severe ischemic heart failure received an elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery, during which a tiny piece of the right atrial appendage was resected as the source of stem cells. Four months after the operation, only those with the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) worse than 40% were included in the trial and randomly assigned to the control or cell-treated groups. While the cardiac function did not change in the control group, the LVEF dramatically improved in the treated patients, from 30% at the baseline to 38% after one year and to 42% after two years of cell administration[6,7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of c-kit-positive cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic heart failure, leading to significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction. It highlights that these stem cells are utilized as a therapeutic strategy to repair damaged myocardial tissue, thus confirming the role of stem cells in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: During the past decade, managing city trees and forests has become an increasingly important part of improving urban environments. This has placed added emphasis on skills involved in managing urban forestry programs. Ottman and Kielbaso (2) have described the evolution of urban forestry expertise needed as changing from a semiskilled ability to control tree growth to that of professional integration and maintenance of natural elements within man-made urban environments. Because urban forestry is a relatively young profession, there is little to guide municipalities wishing to establish such programs. This research summarizes some major characteristics and responsibilities of urban foresters based on studies in selected cities throughout the midwestern United States. These summaries allow urban foresters to compare their programs with those in other communities, and provide communities with guidelines for developing urban forestry programs. MethodsData for this study were collected from 15 midwestern cities using structured in-depth personal interviews with urban foresters (1). The cities sampled included Indianapolis and Fort Wayne, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; and Warren, Michigan; and and Toledo, Ohio. Population size of these cities ranged from 73,700 to 711,000. Interviews consisted of 31 predetermined open-ended questions plus followup questions to clarify answers. Questions focused on two major aspects of the urban forestry programs: (1) characteristics of each urban forester, including title, salary, education, experience, and job definition and perception; and (2) responsibilities of each urban forester, including budgeting, determination of program direction, and program administration. Results and DiscussionCharacteristics of the urban foresterTitle and Salary. Urban foresters sampled were classified under ten different occupational titles (Table 1). Although nine were referred to as some type of forester, none was specifically called urban or community forester. Reported 1978 salaries averaged $19,800 and ranged from $15,000 to $26,000 (Table 2). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 1. Occupational titles of sampled midwest urban foresters. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 2. 1978 Annual salary of sampled midwest urban foresters. Education. Nine of the fifteen foresters had an undergraduate degree in forestry; four had Master’s degrees specializing in urban forestry (Table 3). Academic preparation not only provided cities with trained urban foresters; it also resulted in higher salaries. The average annual salary of high school graduates employed as urban foresters in 1978 was $17,666. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying characteristics and responsibilities of urban foresters across different cities, indicating that there is no uniform standard for urban forestry programs. The text mentions that the study summarizes major characteristics based on selected cities and highlights that urban forestry management has become increasingly important and requires specific skills, which implies that not all cities may be equally suited for managing urban forestry projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Figure 7—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Data for Figure 7—figure supplement 1. Download elife-42274-fig7-figsupp1-data1-v3. xlsx resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGenetic reagent(M. musculus)Osteolectin-/-PMID: 27976999Genetic reagent (M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides data sources and identifiers for genetic reagents without discussing inheritance patterns or the use of genetic markers in tracing them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: The infarct size evaluated by an MRI remarkably reduced following the cell therapy, and the symptom improved as well. It should be noted that the major adverse cardiac event rate was unchanged with or without this therapeutic intervention[8]. single intracoronary injection of one million CSCs, as described above, appeared to be safe and effective for 2 years or longer. How does this work? There are accumulated evidences suggesting that most cell types applied for heart failure, including skeletal myoblasts, bone marrow-derived cells, and cardiosphere-derived cells[9,10], function through paracrine mechanisms[11-13]. In this regard, CSCs are found to work through the sequential processes of engraftment, proliferation, and direct differentiation into various cardiac cell types[14], in addition to the paracrine action[15,16]. Actually, a recent study showed that the injection of 200 million human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and that of one million c-kit-positive CSCs into a two-week-old infarcted myocardium were similarly effective, revealing the great regenerative potential of resident stem cells[17]. Interestingly, the combined usage of these distinct cells resulted in a synergistic effect, formulating an attractive regimen for myocardial infarction. environment of the host tissue is not always favorable for the transplanted cells to engraft, especially when allogeneic ones are used. Historically, MSCs were found to be immune privileged, due to their lack of major histocompatibility complex class II antigen. In fact, the endomyocardial injections of autologous and allogeneic bone marrow MSCs were similarly effective as a treatment for ischemic heart failure patients[18]. More recently, et al[19] have demonstrated that certain stem cells of various sources, including CSCs, are able to regulate the immune response of the recipient[19]. Such properties may have a role in vivo in enhancing their regenerative ability, especially in inflammatory circumstances. These reports would support the enthusiasm for the “off-the-shelf” usage of allogeneic CSCs. The obvious advantages include minimizing the lot-to-lot variation of cell therapy and its applicability to the acute phase of the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of stem cells, specifically cardiosphere-derived cells (CSCs), and their regenerative potential in repairing damaged heart tissues, as outlined by the statement that 'the injection of 200 million human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and that of one million c-kit-positive CSCs into a two-week-old infarcted myocardium were similarly effective, revealing the great regenerative potential of resident stem cells.' This indicates that stem cells are indeed being utilized in regenerative medicine to address tissue damage, particularly in the context of cardiac health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: View this table:View inlineView popupTable 6. 1978 Average annual expenditure per capita reported by sampled midwest urban foresters. Most funding was derived from general property taxes. Of the eleven cities utilizing supplemental funds, nine relied on Federal assistance such as personnel, Action Grants, and Revenue Sharing. Other forms of funding reported included a property owner frontage tax and an endowed trust fund. Public safety and development of an aesthetically pleasing environment were the two reasons commonly used to justify urban forestry programs and to defend budgets. While the urban foresters interviewed believed in the value of their programs, two specifically noted that the existence of their program and its budget should be a lower priority than essential services such as police, fire, and sanitation. Identification of Program Direction. In general, urban foresters Interviewed equated determining program direction with identifying responsibilities or work to be done. This was accomplished through (1) public contact, (2) tree inventories, and (3) employee reporting. All urban foresters interviewed reported using public contact in some form (Table 7). Seven of these foresters viewed their operations as using formal public relations programs not only to identify work, but to educate the public and as a method of increasing support for their programs. It is interesting to note that the seven cities with active public relations programs spent an average of $4. 06 per person on urban forestry in 1978 while the remaining cities spent only $2. 33. Cities with active public relations activities also averaged eight more urban forestry employees than the other cities. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 7. Public relations techniques used by sampled midwest urban foresters. Municipal tree inventories and employee observations played a less important role than public contact in determining the direction of most urban forestry programs in cities interviewed. Five cities had usable inventories, two were computerized, two were on file cards, and one was mapped. The remaining cities either had no inventory or it was incomplete or outdated. Employee observations were used formally in two cities that took dead tree surveys. All of the cities informally incorporated reported employee observations in work planning. Program Administration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that cities differ significantly in how they manage urban forestry projects. It mentions that funding sources vary among cities, with some relying on federal assistance and others on property owner taxes. Moreover, the text indicates that public relations activities and the adequacy of tree inventories influence the effectiveness of urban forestry programs, suggesting that not all cities have the same capacity or priority for these initiatives. Furthermore, the interviews reveal that urban foresters in some cities regard their programs as lower priority compared to essential services, emphasizing that suitability for urban forestry projects is context-dependent and varies among cities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: musculus)Lepr-CrePMID: 11283374JAX Stock (008320)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-PI3 KinaseCell Signaling4228S(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-Akt (Ser473)Cell Signaling4060S(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-GSK-3α/βCell Signaling9331S(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-β-CateninCell Signaling8480S(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-anti-β-ActinCell Signaling8457S(1:10000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-GSK-3bCell Signaling9315S(1:1000)Antibodygoat polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked antibodyCell Signaling7074S(1:5000)Antibodyhorse polyclonal anti-mouse IgG, HRP-linked antibodyCell Signaling7076S(1:5000)Antibodydonkey polyclonal anti-sheep IgG, HRP-linked antibodyR and D SystemsHAF016(1:5000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-phospho-FAK (Y397)Cell Signaling3283S(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-Histone H3Cell Signaling4499S(1:5000)Antibodygoat polyclonal anti-mouse OsteolectinR and D SystemsAF3729(1:1000)Antibodysheep polyclonal anti-human OsteolectinR and D SystemsAF1904(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-AdiponectinAbcamab181699(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-Integrin α11Abcamab198826(1:1000)Antibodyrabbit polyclonal anti-FAKCell Signaling3285P(1:1000)Antibodymouse monoclonal anti-6x-antibodyScientificMA1-135(1:1000)Ant [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various antibodies and their sources, which is unrelated to the claim regarding the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Following the differentiation of engrafted CSCs in vivo, however, the immune system of the host may reject them, just like in the case with rat MSCs[20]. Although this particular study was carried out with rodents, stem cells of any given species would become immunogenic upon the acquisition of myogenic phenotypes. In the setting of allogeneic transplantation, therefore, the long-term benefit depends essentially on the paracrine action of the administered cells. Further evaluations would be needed to compare the advantages and disadvantages of respective therapeutic strategies. stated above, while the administered cells may affect the circumstance, the microenvironment within the host would also influence the destiny of the exogenous cells. Based on the studies using immunosuppressed animals, human CSCs can create more cardiomyocytes than the lost myocytes of the recipient, within one month after injection[21]. Assuming a comparable growth behavior of the autologous CSCs, it might be unlikely that these cells divided continuously and frequently for more than 2 years. Instead, it would be reasonable to speculate that each differentiated progeny gradually matured to improve the global function of the organ. Lately, it was shown that microRNAs (miRs) can traverse gap junctions and influence the fate of the cells receiving these miRs. Specifically, miR-499, which is abundant in cardiomyocytes and essentially absent in CSCs, can be transferred from myocytes to resident stem cells via gap junction channels, resulting in the enhanced differentiation of the primitive cells toward myocytic lineage[22]. Therefore, it can be presumed that the presence or absence of matured myocytes in a microenvironment determines the destiny of stem cells in situ. Actually, this theory is consistent with the previous observation in which CSCs engrafted in remote myocardium, full of surviving mature cells, progressively differentiate to become indistinguishable from its surrounding myocytes within five weeks[23]. On the contrary, at the infarcted/regenerated area, cardiomyocytes derived from injected CSCs tend to hold fetal/neonatal characteristics for the same period of time. Once committed to the myocytic lineage, CSCs themselves start to express miR-499, and the quantity increases as the differentiation process advances, which in turn may have an influence on neighboring immature cells through the mircrine mechanism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how stem cells, specifically cardiac stem cells (CSCs), can differentiate into cardiomyocytes and contribute to the repair of the heart muscle after injury. It mentions that CSCs can enhance overall organ function and have the potential to regenerate damaged tissues, thereby supporting the idea of stem cells being utilized in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cities are equally suited for urban forestry projects. [SEP] Text: The most important and demanding administrative duties reported by foresters were (1) the development and review of work schedules, (2) staff and committee meetings, (3) mediation of labor disputes, (4) checking time cards, (5) internal correspondence, (6) supplies requisition, purchase and follow-up, (7) public relations, (8) budget planning, and (9) record keeping. This list of administrative duties reflects the fact that most urban foresty work in these cities was performed by city employees (Table 8) using city owned equipment (Table 9). Employees of all but one of the cities were unionized. Half of the foresters interviewed expressed at least some difficulty in dealing with personnel and unions. Accordingly, most repeatedly stressed the importance of personnel management and labor relation skills. Most foresters also had extensive equipment inventories to manage (Tables 9 and 10). View this table:View inlineView popupTable 8. Number of urban forestry workers in sample midwest cities in relation to city population. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 9. Types of equipment owned by sampled midwest urban forestry agencies. View this table:View inlineView popupTable 10. 1978 Replacement cost of city-owned equipment reported by sampled midwest urban foresters. The annual cycle of urban forestry activities reported was as expected for the midwest. Planting tended to follow a fall through spring schedule. Activities such as fertilizing, watering, and construction were performed in the spring and summer. Year-round operations included tree and stump removal, trimming, and equipment maintenance. Public contacts peaked during spring and fall but were considerable throughout the summer. Winter served as the planning time with emphasis on such activities as budget preparation, planting site identification, determination of needed plant material, and materials and equipment purchase and maintenance. SummaryUrban forestry in medium-to-large midwestern cities is diverse, both in terms of the kinds of people doing the job and the skills required of those people. Urban foresters interviewed in this study had varied professional background and identities. They were identified by 10 different professional titles. Their 1978 salaries ranged from $15,000 to $26,000. Educational backgrounds ranged from a high school diploma to a Master of Science. A large number had professional experience in tree maintenance prior to becoming an urban forester. For the most part, the urban foresters perceived themselves as vegetation managers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and variations present in urban forestry projects across different cities. The statement that urban forestry is 'diverse, both in terms of the kinds of people doing the job and the skills required' indicates that cities differ significantly in their suitability and implementation of urban forestry initiatives. The mention of varying administrative duties and professional backgrounds among urban foresters further supports the idea that not all cities are equally suited for these projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: ibodyrat polyclonal anti-CD45-APCTonbo20–0451(1:200)Antibodyrat polyclonal anti-Ter119-APCTonbo20–5921(1:200)Antibodyrat polyclonal anti-CD31-APCBiolegend102410(1:200)Antibodygoat polyclonal anti-R, BiotinR and D SystemsAF497(1:200)Antibodymouse monoclonal anti-Streptavidin PEBiolegend410504(1:500)Peptide, recombinant proteinBovine serum albuminSigma-AldrichA3156Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombinant human pro-α1R and D Systems6220 CLPeptide, recombinant proteinrecombinant human osteolectinPMID: 27976999Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombinant mouse osteolectinPMID: 27976999Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin α11β1 proteinR and D Systems6357-ABPeptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin α10β1 proteinR and D Systems5895-ABPeptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin αVβ3 proteinR and D Systems3050-AVPeptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin αVβ1 ProteinR and D Systems6579-AVPeptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin α4β1 proteinR and D Systems5668-A4Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin α9β1 proteinR and D Systems5438-A9Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin αIIbβ3 ProteinR and D Systems7148-A2Peptide, recombinant proteinrecombiant Integrin αMβ2 ProteinR and D Systems4047-AMChemical compound,drug1306Chemical compound, drug10296028Chemical cmpound,drugCollagenase, Type 1WorthingtonLS004196Chemical compound, drug4693Chemical compound, drugDNase ISigma-Aldrich10 104 159 001Chemical compound, drugIWR-1-endoSigma-Aldrich681669Chemical [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists primarily of descriptions of various antibodies and their uses, along with some information about chemical compounds. It does not address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers in tracing inheritance patterns or any related genetic topics. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 48. 8] [Analysis (0)] 10. án. Intracoronary cardiosphere-derived cells for heart regeneration after myocardial infarction (): a prospective, randomised phase 1 trial. Lancet. 2012;379:895-904. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 86. 5] [Analysis (1)] 11. án E. Relative roles of direct regeneration versus paracrine effects of human cardiosphere-derived cells transplanted into infarcted mice. Circ Res. 2010;106:971-980. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 35. 6] [Analysis (0)] 12. Hayashi E, Hosoda T. Therapeutic application of cardiac stem cells and other cell types. Int. 2013;2013:736815. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 0. 6] [Analysis (0)] 13. ülfer öning üter KD. Interleukin-6 contributes to the paracrine effects of cardiospheres cultured from human, murine and rat hearts. J Cell Physiol. 2014;229:1681-1689. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 1. 6] [Analysis (0)] 14. . Role of stem cells in cardiovascular biology. J Thromb Haemost. 2011;9 Suppl 1:151-161. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 0. 9] [Analysis (0)] 15. . Intracoronary administration of cardiac progenitor cells alleviates left ventricular dysfunction in rats with a 30-day-old infarction. Circulation. 2010;121:293-305. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 20. 4] [Analysis (0)] 16. . c-kitpos GATA-4 high rat cardiac stem cells foster adult cardiomyocyte survival through IGF-1 paracrine signalling. PLoS One. 2010;5:e14297. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 4. 9] [Analysis (0)] 17. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple published studies and trials that investigate the use of stem cells, particularly cardiac stem cells and progenitor cells, in regenerative medicine for repairing heart tissue damaged by myocardial infarction. The mention of specific research, such as the efficacy of cardiosphere-derived cells in heart regeneration and the therapeutic applications of cardiac stem cells, supports the claim that stem cells are actively employed in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban forests require no maintenance or care once established. [SEP] Text: editorial piece responds to yet another ‘one spreadsheet fits all’ maintenance regime, which was recently shown to the author. The author believes that maintenance planning to be properly effective should be a bespoke operation. Unless there are a number of identical buildings of a similar age, used for similar purposes by users with similar commercial outlooks, then while any maintenance plan is probably better than none what so ever, such a one size fits all approach is unlikely to deliver a truly effective maintenance plan, which meets the needs of the building, the commercial operation and the operator. Maintenance can be described as work necessary to keep or restore every component of a building to an acceptable standard for an acceptable cost. Maintenance is also about the administrative and technical functions required to ensure a building continues to perform its required function to a satisfactory level. In terms of the total life cycle cost of a building, maintenance costs would generally greatly outweigh procurement and construction costs by a considerable margin. That margin will widen the longer the building remains in use. Maintenance is however often not seen as a high priority by building owners, the benefits not being readily quantifiable, and as such can be one of the first operations to feel the effects of any cuts in the operational budget. The wisdom of such action falls outside the remit of this piece. events that give rise to maintenance requirements are varied, and any plan must reflect that fact. Broadly speaking, maintenance tasks can be undertaken in one of two categories. The first is as a reaction to an event (Figure 1), that is, a window is broken and a glazier is engaged to effect repairs. The other category of maintenance would seek to predict maintenance requirements and undertake the work, either by remedial maintenance or replacement, before a total failure or an unacceptable reduction in performance occurs (Figures 2 and 3), that is, timber window frames are periodically primed and re-painted before solar action to the paintwork exposes the wood to decay, thus requiring an entire window replacement. It is this second category of predictive maintenance that forms the majority of issues dealt with inside a maintenance plan. This is because the unpredictable nature of the point of occurrence means that a reactive maintenance plan is restricted to providing funds to pay for reactive maintenance and facilities to enable an appropriate level of reaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the necessity and complexity of maintenance plans, indicating that maintenance is required for structures like buildings. The author argues that 'maintenance can be described as work necessary to keep or restore every component of a building,' suggesting that similar care is essential for urban forests, thus implying that they do not require no maintenance once established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text:  compound, drugAZD2858SelleckS7253Chemical compound, drugY-27632 Rock inhibitorSelleckS1049Chemical compound, drug4% paraformaldehyde in 19943-K2Cell lines (M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses different chemical compounds and cell lines without mentioning genetic markers or inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cells are used in regenerative medicine to repair damaged tissues. [SEP] Text: Enhanced effect of combining human cardiac stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to reduce infarct size and to restore cardiac function after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2013;127:213-223. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 24. 9] [Analysis (0)] 18. . Comparison of allogeneic vs autologous bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells delivered by transendocardial injection in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy: the randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;308:2369-2379. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 72. 1] [Analysis (0)] 19. éron F, P. Comparative study of immune regulatory properties of stem cells derived from different tissues. Dev. 2013;22:2990-3002. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 5. 9] [Analysis (0)] 20. . Differentiation of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells induces immunogenicity and limits their long-term benefits for myocardial repair. Circulation. 2010;122:2419-2429. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 19. 4] [Analysis (0)] 21. D'Amario D, Cabral-Da--. Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor identifies a pool of human cardiac stem cells with superior therapeutic potential for myocardial regeneration. Circ Res. 2011;108:1467-1481. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 7. 6] [Analysis (0)] 22. Hosoda T, Zheng H, Cabral-da-Silva M, Sanada F, Ide-Iwata N, Ogórek B, Ferreira-Martins J, Arranto C, D’Amario D, del Monte F. Human cardiac stem cell differentiation is regulated by a mircrine mechanism. Circulation. 2011;123:1287-1296. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 13. 5] [Analysis (0)] 23. . Cardiac stem cells delivered intravascularly traverse the vessel barrier, regenerate infarcted myocardium, and improve cardiac function. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of human cardiac stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells to reduce infarct size and restore cardiac function following myocardial infarction, highlighting the application of stem cells in regenerative medicine for repairing damaged cardiac tissues.