Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Second, patents on one gene can prevent research on any pseudogene of the original gene, such as BRCA1's pseudogene (BRCA1P1), even though pseudogenes can have their own independent function in a cell. Third, if these 15mer and other gene patent claims are allowed, new regions of the human genome that are still being discovered and annotated could be patented as soon as they are sequenced. Last, understanding pleiotropy for any gene depends on the ability to examine a gene in every context, and one patent on a gene's single known function limits any ability to discover the gene's many other possible functions. For example, beyond breast and ovarian cancer, there are 19 other cancers in [18] that are also associated with common mutations in BRCA1 (Figure 5), yet only has the right to an isolated molecule containing BRCA1 from any of these patients. Taken together, gene patents represent a sharp conflict between the public goods of medical knowledge and improved health and the private goods of rewarding innovation and entrepreneurial risk-taking. Figure 5Patients with other cancer types who carry BRCA1 mutations. We used data from (TCGA) to examine the percentage of patients with other tumor types who show deleterious mutations (missense, nonsense, copy-number, and structural variations) in their BRCA1 gene. We found that ovarian and breast cancers are only 2 of 21 total cancer types likely to be associated with relevant mutations in BRCA1, as determined by TCGA. Full size imageFortunately, there is precedence in US history for resolving such a medical-legal conflict. In 1992, a US patent was issued (#5,080,111) for a 'self-sealing episcleral incision', and this patent required a license of $4. 00 per operation for any doctor to use the method. A lawsuit was filed against the patent by the Association (AMA), which strongly condemned 'the patenting of medical and surgical procedures' and began to work with Congress to outlaw the practice. The AMA argued that the best surgical techniques should not be denied to patients, simply because of legal reasons or fees. In 1995, the Code was changed accordingly, to add language that exempted any 'patient, physician, licensed healthcare practitioner, or a health care entity from infringement of a patented medical or surgical procedure, therapy, or diagnosis'. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the implications of gene patents and the challenges they pose for medical research and knowledge, without addressing or referencing the Human Genome Project or the mapping of the entire sequence of human DNA.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: All these changes indicate the positive effects of stem cell therapy. Therefore, our preliminary investigations laid an important foundation for stem cell therapy for human diabetes diseases. work reported here demonstrated the following conclusions: Human pluripotent stem cells can be generated directly from human adipose-derived stem cells without the need of any genetic modifications. Human pluripotent stem cells overexpressing ERRγ can produce and secrete human insulin into cell culture medium in vitro immediately after transduction and do not need to differentiate into functional pancreatic β-like cells. Transplantation of these stem cells can reduce patient’s blood glucose levels, increase C-peptide levels, and replace exogenous insulin administrations. Transplantation of these cells can improve the patient symptoms greatly physically and mentally. Our strategy reported here potentially can prevent the development of diabetic complications and even reverse the existed complications with more transplantations approval and consent to participate Described in Statement of ethical approval section. Consent for publication All the participated patients were consent for the publication of this work. Availability of supporting data The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to the protection of the confidential information of the participated patients but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Author’s contribution T W and G Z instructed and supervised the whole experimental and clinical work. X W and X C performed the vector construction. B Z and L Z charged the lentiviral transduction. and X Y did the cell culture. and Y M worked on the clinical treatments of the cells. All the authors discussed, wrote, read and approved the final manuscripts. authors wish to thank the nurses in our hospital for their help and caring of the patients during the clinical treatments. Conflict of interest The author declares they have no competing interests. 146. Minami K, Seino S. Current status of regeneration of pancreatic β-cells. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4(2):131–141. Cellular senescence in Type 2 Diabetes: a therapeutic opportunity. Diabetes. 2015;64(7):2289–2298. ürtler M, et al. Generation of functional human pancreatic β cells in vitro. Cell. 2014;159(2):428–439. Cell aggregation optimizes the differentiation of human ESCs and iPSCs into pancreatic bud-like progenitor cells. Res. 2015;14(2):185–197. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of stem cell therapy and its potential to improve patient symptoms through transplantation of human pluripotent stem cells. It highlights that such therapies can not only enhance physical and mental conditions in patients, but also may significantly contribute to healing diabetes-related complications, thus reflecting the ability of regenerative medicine to improve healing times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: However, there are many terms that are applied to this general description, depending on the geographical location and alternatives in the formulations. Some of those terms are bioactivators, biostimulants, phytostimulants, biologics, bioinoculants, bioformulations, bioadditives, etc. However, to consolidate its definition, the (EBIC), defines biostimulants as: “substance(s) and/or microorganisms whose function when applied to plants or the rhizosphere is to stimulate natural processes to enhance/benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, and crop quality. ” Similarly, the 2018 defines bioinoculants as “a substance or microorganism that, when applied to seeds, plants, or on the rhizosphere, stimulates natural processes to enhance or benefit nutrient uptake, nutrient use efficiency, tolerance to abiotic stress, or crop quality and yield”. Thus, both agree that it must be of biological origin and enhance plant growth by any means. In addition to the characteristics previously mentioned, others include (i) the increase of beneficial microbes associated with the plants; (ii) their capacity to provide non-traditional plant nutrients; and (iii) their ability to improve soil quality and health. In the context of organic farming, the fact that biostimulants can increase nutrient uptake indicates that they can act as “bioactivators” of traditional fertilizers. This can help transition large-scale agriculture to a more sustainable path. Similarly, organic farming can get a boost from the use of microorganisms. When developing biostimulants, there are several characteristics that must be followed [14]. For instance: (i) they should not be toxic, and must be safe for the environment and animals; (ii) they should be of natural origin (i. e. , isolated from the natural environment); (iii) they should be bioactive (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various terms related to biostimulants and how they enhance plant growth, indicating that there are different methods and principles at play. Specifically, it highlights how organic farming can benefit from practices that involve biostimulants, which may not necessarily align with the principles and methods of renewable agriculture. The mention of distinct approaches such as biostimulants and their role in enhancing nutrient uptake and improving soil quality suggests that organic farming and renewable agriculture are not identical in their practices and philosophies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Thus, any surgeon could still patent a new method and stake claim as the inventor, but the patients' need to get access to the best medical care out-weighed the infringement of the intellectual property rights of surgeons. Now that the era of genomic medicine is here, the US has the chance to shape the balance of the medical good and inventor protection. Given the falling price of genome sequencing and targeted re-sequencing, and the ubiquity of the genomics technologies, the urgency to resolve this uncertainly around gene patents has never been more salient. Failure to resolve these ambiguities perpetuates a direct threat to 'genomic liberty', or the right to examine one's own DNA. Our analysis and data provide strong evidence that the and Congress should limit the patenting of existing nucleotide sequences because of their broad scope and non-specificity in the human genome. Finally, we suggest that a research exemption or limited liability for patent infringement be implemented, as has been done for surgical techniques, which could craft a functional balance between the rights of inventors and the best application of personalized genomics for improved medical care. Methods and dataData sourcesWe used gene sequences from the CCDS database, which were downloaded from the NCBI web site [19]. This is a curated set of high-confidence genes prepared by an international consortium [11]. It contains 18,382 genes having a total of 26,355 isoforms. For this analysis, we used the longest isoform of each gene as a single, representative sequence for that gene. Tumor data from Genome AtlasWe used the public database from (TCGA) [18], and specifically the query and search tool at Center (MSKCC) [20]. We used the query 'BRCA1' for the database search. Data queried on 9 March 2013. Claim-specific sequence identificationPatents in the inClaims subset of the Cambia [21] patent sequence database were downloaded from [22]. This database has been curated to include all of the sequences from US Patents that are specifically contained within the claims of the inventions, and we validated 25 of these manually (from nt-inClaims. fsa) to confirm that they were correct. AnalysisShort-read alignmentsFor the comparisons of k-mers between genes, we used Bowtie (v0. 12. 5) to report all of the matches for each query. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention the Human Genome Project or its role in mapping human DNA. Instead, it discusses topics related to patenting gene sequences, genomic medicine, and data sourcing, which do not provide support for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: Aesthetic Vol. 3 - Issue 1 - April 2024 Aesthetic and regenerative medicine can improve results and satisfaction during and after weight lost in obese patients: preliminary clinical evaluation using subdermal induced heat (S. I. H. ) technology ò words: subdermal radiofrequency, weight loss, obese patients, skin laxity, aesthetic treatment DOI: 10. 57604/PRRS-463 Regenerative & Date: 2024-05-29 massive weight loss, patients typically presented with skin redundancy, which causes enormous esthetic, physical, medical and psychological problems. Aesthetic medicine can implement various treatments in these subjects that help to alleviate the psychological discomfort. A retrospective study was carried out between December 2018 and December 2023, including experience in 30 patients following bariatric treatment or undergoing a dietary restriction regime, during or after losing weight. For the treatment the authors used subdermal induced heat (S. I. H. ) technology, a latest-generation device with continuous fractional and sequential emission, which features important technological innovations. This prospective pilot data confirmed that subcutaneous radiofrequency is a safe and effective in improvement in skin laxity. Patients’ satisfaction was high. This treatment cannot substitute surgical procedure but manages to accompany patients in losing weight. Further confirmation investigation should be performed. considered a problem only in high-income countries, obesity is now a widespread public health issue, increasing in the underdeveloped and developing countries, particularly in urban settings 1. With the rising rate of obesity, bariatric procedures have become increasingly popular. After massive weight loss, patients typically presented with skin redundancy, which causes enormous esthetic, physical, medical and psychological problems. Since the beginning of post-bariatric surgery (mostly at the start of the XXI century) an increasing number of authors have published different surgical techniques, technical improvements, pearls and anatomic details on contouring surgery after massive weight loss, contributing to the knowledge and development of this area of plastic surgery 2-9. The majority of obese or formerly obese patients who achieve the goal of slimming treatments, however, have aesthetic needs that are not met by simple slimming or even by the removal of residual pendent skin, and in addition to these procedures that could be defined as corrective plastic surgery, they also require aesthetic plastic surgery, such as face or neck lifts, correction of the glutei and other interventions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how aesthetic and regenerative medicine can improve results and satisfaction during and after weight loss in obese patients. It mentions that subdermal induced heat technology can lead to significant improvements in skin laxity and notes that a prospective pilot study confirmed its effectiveness, indicating potential benefits associated with regenerative approaches.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Here, however, the inocula and the substrate represent the biggest variables. Finally, there are the fermented products. These are obtained through controlled bioprocesses in bioreactors with pre-established inoculums and substrates. This controlled environment also allows for optimization. Therefore, fermented products are the most advanced among microbiome-based organic fertilizers. Figure 1. Evolution of microbiome-based organic fertilizers. The second generation of this technology is the one developed through continuous R&D. For example, the biotechnology described herein is based on years of research and development. The optimization (not shown here) involved the selection of microbes with synergetic interactions, the optimum fermentation conditions, and the selection of the best and most sustainable substrates, aiming towards a circular economy. Thus, this bioadditive can be regarded as a next-generation microbiome-based bioadditive. 3. 3 Deciphering the bioadditive’ s microbial structure and diversity3. 3. 1 Relative abundance of microbiome members of substrates and productsThe bioadditive is formulated on a microbiome-based approach where microbial and metabolic diversity is key for its function. Understanding its composition can only be achieved via non-culture techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing [25]. Thus, we performed a metagenomic analysis of the solid substrate, the rhizosphere of healthy and robust plants, the bioadditive as currently used and with variations on its fermentation parameters, and worm humus (Figure 2). Figure 2. Relative abundance at the phylum level of the bioadditive generated under two conditions, A and B. The rhizosphere of two vigorous plants, the solid substrate, and worm humus. Data generated via 16S rRNA sequencing at the Core microbiome of the University of at. The 10 most abundant phylum are shown. Figure 2 demonstrates the microbial relative abundance at the phylum level of the solid substrate, the bioadditive generated under two conditions, A: aerobically, and B: microaerobically, and worm humus. The latter is colloquially known as high quality and was used as an external comparison. Additionally, we analyzed the rhizosphere of healthy and vigorous adult plants. As can be seen, the substrate microbiome can be modified by fermentation conditions. The substrate contained Proteobacteria as the most abundant phylum. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of microbiome-based organic fertilizers through bioprocesses, substrate analysis, and microbial diversity. It does not address or compare the principles or methods of organic farming and renewable agriculture. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Human Genome Project mapped the entire sequence of human DNA. [SEP] Text: Each CCDS gene was split into all overlapping k-mers of the designated length and these sequences were searched against all of the other genes. Long-read alignmentsThe comparison of patents to genes was performed using the criteria used by Jensen and Murray [10]; specifically using BLAST version 2. 2. 25+ [23] to match at least 150 nucleotides and an e-value of 0. This was performed using the BLAST command: blastn -evalue 1e-307 -word_size 150. In addition, the criteria of e-value <0. 05 was used, which is a typical set of parameters for BLAST. The command was: blastn -evalue 0. 05. For the exact matching of 15 bp sequences, Bowtie was used. The bowtie command was: bowtie -f -a -best -v 0. Mutational complexity estimateFor the calculations in our text about mutational complexity, we show that for a gene with N mutations, there are [(2N) - 1] combinations of mutated forms of that gene. For example, given a sequence with ten bases, where '=' represents an un-modified base pair, where three mutations (A,G,T) exist, there are [(2N) - 1] = [23 - 1] = [8 - 1] = 7 possible combinations. These seven possible mutated forms that are different from the wild-type are shown here:==========(wild-type)===AG===T=(mutant #1)===A======(mutant #2)====G=====(mutant #3)========T=(mutant #4)====G===T=(mutant #5)===A====T=(mutant #6)===AG=====(mutant #7)AcknowledgementsThe results published here are in whole or part based upon data generated by pilot project established by the NCI and NHGRI. Information about TCGA and the investigators and institutions who constitute the TCGA research network can be found at the project website [18]. AbbreviationsAMA: : Association of : : : whole-genome sequencing. 151. 695. 425. 1. Genomics. 2010, 95: 312-314. 971. 244. 240. 1323. 567. 37. 3/? Query and search tool at Center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the Human Genome Project or its objectives. Instead, it discusses various bioinformatics techniques and tools (like BLAST and Bowtie) used for analyzing genetic sequences which do not relate to mapping the human genome. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine can improve healing times for certain injuries. [SEP] Text: The immediate result consists of a tissue contraction due to the direct effect of the heat, which translates into soft tissues with a tone increase and a lifting effect. After a few months, the stimulation of the fibroblasts allows an increase in their number and in their collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid synthesis activity and an increase in skin firmness. The treatment temperature ranged between 45-50°C which was sufficient to determine the contraction of the collagen without inducing necrosis and to determine tissue regeneration in the medium term. This preliminary study indicates RF a valid tool with high levels patient satisfaction during or after losing weight. patients are excellent candidates for aesthetic treatment as they are highly motivated and because they generally show significant defects. Aesthetic treatment contributes to accompanying these subjects in losing weight, reducing abandonment of the diet, contributing to the maintaining and acceptance of therapies directly aimed at obesity and also increasing the percentage of perceived aesthetic improvement. Surely this study has limitations, given the small number of patients enrolled and the difficulty of having an objective measure of the aesthetic improvements. Multicenter studies and more detailed measurements of these results would be useful. RF cannot be considered a substitute for a surgical treatment but, surely, the use of aesthetic medicine should be considered in obese individuals at the beginning, during and at the end of their course of treatment and that the aesthetic doctor can rightly find a place in the teams who deal with this pathology. Conflict of interest statement The authors declare no conflict of interest. research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Author contributions NS: A, S BF: A, S, W GM: D MGO: DT Abbreviations A: conceived and designed the analysis D: collected the data DT: contributed data or analysis tool S: performed the analysis W: wrote the paper O:other contribution (specify contribution in more detail) Figures and tables Figure 1. Tecnhonology touch screen display and cannula. Figure 2. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 6 months. Figure 3. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 6 months. Figure 4. during weight loss: A) pre-; B) post 3 months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how tissue regeneration occurs as a result of treatments that stimulate fibroblasts, leading to increased collagen synthesis, elastin, and hyaluronic acid. It highlights that when the treatment is applied at a controlled temperature, it results in tissue contraction and a subsequent increase in skin firmness, which aligns with the idea that regenerative medicine can enhance healing processes and outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Of these, 10% are unconditional, while the remainder are conditional on the international provision of means for implementation. Therefore, the present strategy to replace NPK with bioactivators, such as the microbiome-based bioadditive described herein, can represent an important tool to achieve the objectives and international commitments of the Republic of Paraguay. Along with GHG reduction by this strategy, the bioactivation of NPK by microbes achieves an average of 12. 8% higher yields compared to the non-bioactivated version, as previously shown. Therefore, the present strategy of reducing GHGs using microbial biotechnologies also achieves a positive impact on producers. 4. 4 Increase in plant biomass as an atmospheric carbon-sink toolIn addition to decarbonizing agriculture by replacing chemical fertilizers with microbes, another potential saving is due to the increase in atmospheric CO2 fixation within plant biomass. It was previously shown that using fertilizers increases atmospheric CO2 fixation up to 5 times, due to increased photosynthesis [31]. Therefore, the 12. 8% increase in agricultural yield mentioned above implies a greater CO2 fixation, concomitant with the decrease in synthetic fertilizers use. On the other hand, each ton of plant biomass fixes 1. 6 tons of atmospheric CO2 [36, 37]. Therefore, it is feasible to quantify the net carbon footprint reduction due to the 12. 8% increase in productivity achieved by this microbiome-based bioadditive. Experiments are underway. Advertisement 5. ConclusionTaken together, these data demonstrate that by studying the soil microbiome and its interaction with plants, it is possible to isolate and identify plant-growth-promoting microbes. Moreover, their development through microbial biotechnology techniques can lead to the creation of important tools for increasing agricultural yields while achieving decarbonization. Likewise, organic farming has traditionally relied on microbiome-based fertilization solutions, achieving great and sustainable results. However, with the advent of molecular and fermentation technologies, new and improved solutions can be developed inspired by nature, such as the bioadditive described herein. In this sense, this biotechnology can also be applied in organic farming as a tool to bioactivate their compatible fertilizers. Importantly, however, research and development must be accompanied by field tests over multiple seasons and crops, to safeguard producers. Many questions and challenges remain that academia, government, and industry can tackle together in the pursuit of sustainable food production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that organic farming has traditionally relied on microbiome-based fertilization solutions, while it also discusses the advent of molecular and fermentation technologies that have led to improved solutions. This implies that there are distinct methodologies and principles in play between traditional organic farming and new approaches associated with renewable agriculture. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for research and field tests to establish new farming tools, suggesting that while there may be overlaps, they are not identical.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide benefits to humanity, such as clean water and pollination. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the various ecosystem services provided by birds, which include cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating services. It emphasizes that birds are important for maintaining ecosystem functions that facilitate other ecosystem services essential for human survival, such as food and shelter. The passage explains that these ecosystem services directly and indirectly contribute to human well-being, thereby supporting the idea that ecosystem services benefit humanity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Differentiation of murine embryonic stem and induced pluripotent stem cells to renal lineage in vitro. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 390, 1334–1339. CrossrefPubMed2003. Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cellsJ. Cell. Sci. 1162015-2028. Nakayama, N. , Duryea, D. , Manoukian, R. , et al. (2003). Macroscopic cartilage formation with embryonic stem-cell-derived mesodermal progenitor cells. J. Cell. Sci. 116, 2015–2028. CrossrefPubMed2003. Localization and inhibitory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on chondrogenesis in cultured mouse mandibular condyleJ. Bone Miner. Metab. 21145-153. Ogawa, T. , Shimokawa, H. , Fukada, K. , et al. (2003). Localization and inhibitory effect of basic fibroblast growth factor on chondrogenesis in cultured mouse mandibular condyle. J. Bone Miner. Metab. 21, 145–153. CrossrefPubMed2007. Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cellsNature448313-317. Okita, K. , Ichisaka, T. , and Yamanaka, S. (2007). Generation of germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 448, 313–317. CrossrefPubMed2003. Retinoic acid inhibits the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induces p27Kip1 and p16INK4A up-regulationMol. Cell. Biochem. 24755-60. Oliva, A. , Borriello, A. , Zeppetelli, S. , et al. (2003). Retinoic acid inhibits the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induces p27Kip1 and p16INK4A up-regulation. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 247, 55–60. CrossrefPubMed2004. Adult stem cells from bone marrow (MSCs) isolated from different strains of inbred mice vary in surface epitopes, rates of proliferation, and differentiation potentialBlood1031662-1668. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, indicating that scientists are indeed employing techniques for cell reprogramming. It specifically mentions the work of Okita, Ichisaka, and Yamanaka in generating germline-competent induced pluripotent stem cells, which directly ties back to the process of turning adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Harnessing the plant microbiome to promote the growth of agricultural crops. Microbiological Research. 2021;245:12669012. Thompson JN. Coevolution. Evolution: Education and Outreach. 2010;3(1):7-1313. é A, Shah A, et al. The coevolution of plants and microbes underpins sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms. 2021;9(5):1036-104914. Posmyk MM, Szafrańska K. Biostimulators: A new trend towards solving an old problem. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016;7:74815. Kraut-Cohen J, Zolti A, Shaltiel- Effects of tillage practices on soil microbiome and agricultural parameters. Science of the Total Environment. 2020;705:13579116. Deep tillage inhibits microbial species interactions and exhibits contrasting roles in bacterial and fungal assembly. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 2023;357:10867917. Pielou EC. Diversity indices. In: Wiley StatsRef: Online. : Wiley; 201418. Araujo R. Advances in soil engineering: Sustainable strategies for rhizosphere and bulk soil microbiome enrichment. Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark [Internet]. 2022;27(6):195. Available from: Torsvik V, Øvreås L, Thingstad TF. Prokaryotic diversity: Magnitude, dynamics, and controlling factors. Science. 2002;296(5570):1064-106620. Kraut-- Short- and long-term effects of continuous compost amendment on soil microbiome community. Computational and Journal. 2023;21:3280-329221. Dynamic root exudate chemistry and microbial substrate p8022. van Themaat E, Ahmadinejad N, et al. Revealing structure and assembly cues for Arabidopsis root-inhabiting bacterial microbiota. Nature. 2012;488(7409):91-9523. . Survey of plant drought-resistance promoting bacteria from Populus euphratica tree living in arid area. of Microbiology. 2014;54(4):419-42624. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of references and publications related to agricultural microbiomes and practices, without any explicit mention or discussion of the principles or methods of organic farming or renewable agriculture. Thus, it does not provide relevant information to compare or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: By “functional diversity” we mean “the range and value of those species and organismal traits that influence ecosystem functioning” (Tilman, 2001). A “functional group”, is “a set of species that have similar traits and that thus are likely to be similar in their effects on ecosystem functioning” (Tilman, 2001). With “biogeochemical processes”, we refer to various biogeochemical cycles and processes, which often involve cycling and transfer of allochthonous or autochthonous essential nutrients and/or minerals and organic carbon and which are either driven or influence biological activity in species. With “trophic dynamics” we refer to interactions between trophic levels or functional groups, such as phytoplankton, bacteria, cyanobacteria, nanoflagellates and microflagellates, microzooplankton and mesozooplankton, zoobenthos, and fish, as well as the algae, vascular plants and invertebrates living amongst them. “Trophic efficiency” is defined as “the efficiency of energy flow between trophic levels and is the percentage of energy from a trophic level that is used by the organisms of the next trophic level for growth and reproduction” (Hine, 2019). 3 Review methods The search for relevant papers was implemented mainly using Web of Science (WoS) website tool ( last access: 2 March 2022) maintained by Clarivate. The search was focused on years 2010–2021 and was performed using several search terms in various combinations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it discusses various ecological concepts such as functional diversity, trophic dynamics, and biogeochemical processes, it does not mention climate change or its effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: STAT3 is dispensable for maintenance of self-renewal in nonhuman primate embryonic stem cells. 22, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2007. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factorsCell131861-872. Takahashi, K. , Tanabe, K. , Ohnuki, M. , et al. (2007). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 131, 861–872. CrossrefPubMed2006. Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factorsCell126663-676. Takahashi, K. , and Yamanaka, S. (2006). Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126, 663–676. CrossrefPubMed2007. Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiationCell1291377-1388. Takashima, Y. , Era, T. , Nakao, K. , et al. (2007). Neuroepithelial cells supply an initial transient wave of MSC differentiation. Cell 129, 1377–1388. CrossrefPubMed2004. Chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: effects of culture conditions and dexamethasoneJ. Cell. Biochem. 93454-462. Tanaka, H. , Murphy, C. L. , Murphy, C. , et al. (2004). Chondrogenic differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells: effects of culture conditions and dexamethasone. J. Cell. Biochem. 93, 454–462. CrossrefPubMed2008. Isolation and characterization of side population stem cells in articular synovial tissue. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 986. Teramura, T. , Fukuda, K. , Kurashimo, S. , et al. (2008). Isolation and characterization of side population stem cells in articular synovial tissue. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 9, 86. 2007. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cellsScience3181917-1920. Yu, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by specifically mentioning the 'induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors,' which directly describes the process of cell reprogramming used by scientists to convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Performance of organic farming in developing countries: a case of organic tomato value chain in online by Press: 07 January 2022 Abebe [Opens in a new window]and[Opens in a new window] Show author details Abebe Affiliation: Department of Business and Social Science, Faculty of 550 Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Traboulsi Affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, Aoun* Affiliation: Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, of Beirut, PO Box 11-0236 Solh, Beirut 1107-2020, of Environment and Geography, Bishop's University, 2600 College St, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1M 1Z7, Canada * Author for correspondence: Mirella Aoun, E-mail: ma381@aub. edu. lb; maoun@ubishops. ca 0. 52 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. Organic farming in developed countries is standardized and occupies a niche in agro-food systems. However, such a standard model, when transferred to developing countries, faces difficulty in implementation. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the expansion of organic agriculture in Lebanon, a context, and analyzes the economic performance of organic tomato among smallholder farmers. Accordingly, the study was able to determine the production costs, map the organic value chain and assess the profitability of organic tomato by comparing it with the conventional tomato in the same value chain. The study finds organic farming being increasingly expensive primarily due to the inherently high cost of production in Lebanon and the inefficient organization of the organic value chain. As a result, we suggest a blended approach of organic farming with other models, in particular agro-tourism, as a local solution to the sustainability of organic farming in developing countries with limited resources (land and labor) and characterized by long marketing channels. In countries such as Lebanon, a country endowed with rich cultural heritage and natural and beautiful landscapes, the agro-tourism model can harness organic farming and tourism activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that organic farming faces specific challenges in implementation, especially in developing countries, and suggests a blended approach combining organic farming with other models, such as agro-tourism. This indicates that organic farming has distinct principles and practices that are not necessarily identical to those of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: may increase with elevated temperature (+4 ∘C) (Brutemark et al. , 2015; Wulff et al. , 2018) and with decreased salinity (from 6 to 3) (Wulff et al. , 2018). As toxins of both dinoflagellates (Sopanen et al. , 2011) and cyanobacteria (Karjalainen et al. , 2006, 2007; Engström-Öst et al. , 2017) can accumulate in zooplankton and induce lower grazing rates and higher mortality, these studies suggest that toxic dinoflagellates and filamentous cyanobacteria may get a competitive advantage over diatoms and other phytoplankton in a future due to their toxic effects and unpalatability. A few long-term studies have not found an increase in cyanobacteria during the past. Two recent studies compiling monitoring data from the for 1979–2012 (Griffiths et al. , 2020) and 1979–2017 (Olofsson et al. , 2020) did not find any evidence for an overall increase of diazotrophic filamentous cyanobacteria during this period. Biovolume of the hepatotoxic Nodularia spumigena did not change, and that of the non-toxic Aphanizomenon sp. increased in the north and declined in the south (Olofsson et al. , 2020). Also, a study that compared the years 1903–1911 and 1993–2005 concluded that cyanophyte biomass has not increased in summer and has decreased in spring and autumn (Hällfors et al. , 2013). It has been suggested that although cyanobacteria do prefer warmer temperatures, the effect of ongoing warming can better be seen in changes in phenology of cyanobacteria rather than as an increase of biomass (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Also, a connection between the amount of cyanobacteria and the Index has been identified (Griffiths et al. , 2020). Hypothetically, ocean acidification could benefit cyanobacteria through increased availability of carbon dioxide in water. The available studies do not give a definitive answer however. When pCO2 was experimentally increased, the production of single-celled cyanobacterium Cyanothece increased, while that of Nodularia sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of temperature increase and salinity changes on specific species such as dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria, while pointing out that some studies have not observed an increase in cyanobacteria over certain periods. However, it does not explicitly mention shifts in species distributions or the broader implications for ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is not directly relevant to the claim about climate change affecting species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The correlation analyses between naïve reprogramming dataset and human E3-E7 datasets also showed that the reprogramming cells at day 20 and 24 and niPSC-Ts most closely resembled epiblast cells at E5 to E7, especially at E6, similar to our previous observations in the correlation analyses between the naïve reprogramming dataset and Yan et al. ’s dataset (GSE36552) (Author response image 6). However, this strong correlation was not observed when comparing our naïve reprogramming dataset with Guo et al. , dataset (GSE63818) (Author response image 7). Author response image 6 Download asset Open asset Author response image 7 Download asset Open asset We are sorry that we have not found the public embryonic data at the stages just in the narrow time window of post-implantation. Therefore, in the last revised response we used hESC0 and hESC10 to simulate the post-implantation time-point during development, which were reported to originate from a post-ICM intermediate (PICMI), a transient epiblast-like structure that has undergone X-inactivation in female cells and is both necessary and sufficient for ESC derivation (O’Leary et al. , 2012). 3) The behaviour of primed and naive time courses are very similar up to the derivation of the final iPSC line. I'm not convinced that differences in the final iPSC state are not the result of normal line variation. Please highlight more clearly the basis for claiming that the end stages of these protocols are genuinely different rather than a function of normal variation between cell lines. Is it possible for instance that the differences in the final cell lines reflect long term adaptation to particular culture conditions rather than inherent differences in cell state? If 2 above is answered adequately, you should be able to address this point. We apologise if the significance of point 2 above was not clear enough in the previous review. Thank the reviewer for this important question. We have performed cell clustering based on cell-to-cell correlation of the reprogramming endpoints in our study and naïve/primed ESCs/iPSCs from public datasets mentioned above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the processes and results involved in cell reprogramming, specifically indicating that reprogrammed cells resemble epiblast cells, which are closely related to pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, the reference to iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cells) throughout the text supports the claim that scientists are indeed using cell reprogramming techniques to achieve pluripotency in adult cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: We also propose the adoption of local collective guarantee systems for organic production as a way to alleviate the costs of third-party auditing in Lebanon. Keywords Agro-tourismcosts of productionguarantee systemorganic farmingprofitabilitysustainability and Issue 3 June 2022 10. 1017/S1742170521000478 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2022. Published by Global issues such as climate change, food security and food safety are at the forefront of various policy and academic debates. As industrial agriculture continues to be scrutinized, there are calls for alternative farming systems to meet the Goals (Eyhorn et al. , and Seufert2019). In today's environment, problems associated with conventional farming systems are tragically noticeable and have drastic effects on the environment and public health (Horrigan et al. , Reference Horrigan, Lawrence and Walker2002; Carvalho, Reference Carvalho2017). Organic agriculture has been popularized as an innovative approach to maintain the environment and human health as well as become a source of sustainable global food supply in the 21st century (Gomiero et al. , Reference Gomiero, Pimentel and Paoletti2011; Reganold and Wachter, and Wachter2016; Shennan et al. , and Olimpi2017). Although recent years have witnessed an increase in organic farming, reaching a total area of about 72 million hectares and a market value of 97 billion euros as of 2018 (Willer et al. , Reference Willer, Schlatter, Trávníček, Kemper and Lernoud2020), organic agriculture still occupies only 1. 5% of the global agricultural land. Organic agriculture has gained an excellent reputation from the ecological and food safety perspective, especially from the educated, middle-to-high income and health-conscious segments of the society (Rana and Paul, and Paul2017). Socially, organic farming has added benefits in terms of a better work environment, improved employment opportunities, education, health and livelihoods in less favored areas (Qiao et al. , Reference Qiao, Halberg, Vaheesan and Scott2016; Jouzi et al. , and Lebailly2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing organic agriculture as a distinct approach focused on ecological benefits and food safety. It highlights that organic farming has gained popularity for maintaining the environment and public health, while renewable agriculture is not explicitly mentioned. This indicates that organic farming may not be identical to renewable agriculture in principles and methods, as it addresses specific outcomes and societal perceptions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2011a; Neumann et al. , 2012; Chust et al. , 2014; Andersson et al. , 2015). Intensified blooms of cyanobacteria are expected especially if hypoxia will prevail and internal loading will decrease the N:P ratio (Meier et al. , 2011b; Funkey et al. , 2014; Lessin et al. , 2014). If the biomass of diazotrophic cyanobacteria will increase, nitrogen fixation could also increase, further contributing to the decrease in the N:P ratio (Lessin et al. , 2014). Several modelling studies project an increase in total phytoplankton concentration (chlorophyll, in mg m−3), until the end of the century, with the increase manifested especially in summer (Meier et al. , 2012a, b; Lessin et al. , 2014; Skogen et al. , 2014; Ryabchenko et al. , 2016). As hypoxia and associated internal loading of phosphorus will probably be enforced by global warming (Meier et al. , 2019b; Tomczak et al. , 2021), it has even been suggested that this “vicious circle of eutrophication” (Vahtera et al. , 2007), will prevent the success of nutrient abatement measures unless internal loading of phosphorus is reduced (Gustafsson et al. , 2012; Stigebrandt and Anderson, 2020). Nutrient abatement may however counteract climate effects. For instance, in Kattegat in mid-1990s, reduction of nutrient loading led to a shift from a highly eutrophic state, characterised by small phytoplankton species and low water transparency, to an improved state, with a larger share of diatoms, decreased phytoplankton biomass and increase in water transparency (Lindegren et al. , 2012). An opposing trend has taken place in the Bothnian Sea. Because of the lack of halocline and lower anthropogenic nutrient loading, the has thus far remained in a relatively good condition. However, since the year 2000 the has also shown symptoms of eutrophication (Kuosa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of global warming on eutrophication processes and phytoplankton dynamics but does not directly address species distributions or ecosystem dynamics in relation to climate change. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: The periodontal ligament contains stem cell populations that can differentiate into cementum-forming cells or bone-forming cells (Seo et al. , 2004). Periodontal ligament-derived stem cells are heterogeneous, composed of mesenchymal stem cells and putative neural crest cells. Therefore, human periodontal ligament-derived stem cell populations have been characterized not only by mesenchymal stem cell markers, but also by neural crest cell markers, such as p75, nestin, Slug and SOX10 (Huang et al. , 2009; Mrozik et al. , 2010). Testicular spermatogonial stem cells are the germ-line cells for spermatogenesis, an ongoing process throughout the lifespan of the male animals. They are unipotent in nature and continuously generate differentiating daughter cells for subsequent production of spermatozoa (Fagoonee et al. , 2011). Human spermatogonial stem cells can be purified by antibodies against cell surface markers CD9, CD49f and GPR125 (Conrad et al. , 2008). Advertisement 2. Pluripotent stem cellsPluripotency refers to the ability of cells to self-renew and differentiate into all 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm). Pluripotent stem cells are the origin of all somatic and germ-line cells in the developing embryo. The first pluripotent cells were derived in 1976 from a type of germ-line tumor known as a teratocarcinoma (Hogan, 1976). Embryonic stem cells, derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst prior to gastrulation, are still considered the gold standard for pluripotent stem cells. Even though adult cells are terminally differentiated, pluripotency has also been conferred to these cells in past studies, by the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer (Perry, 2005), parthenogenesis of unfertilized eggs (Brevini et al. , 2008), and reprogramming by cell fusion (Pralong et al. , 2006). Research into adult cell pluripotency was slow to progress until a major breakthrough in 2006 brought with it the technique of “induced pluripotent stem cells”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'pluripotency has also been conferred to these cells in past studies, by the technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer... and reprogramming by cell fusion'. This indicates that cell reprogramming techniques have allowed scientists to successfully convert adult cells into pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: However, the relative economic performance of organic vis-à-vis conventional farming remains contentious (Crowder and Reganold, and Reganold2015; Reganold and Wachter, and Wachter2016). Questions continue to be raised about the appropriateness of organic farming to feed the growing world population, which is expected to reach 9. 7 billion by 2050 (Connor and Mínguez, and Mínguez2012; Connor, Reference Connor2013). This question is even more relevant for developing countries where population is rising and poverty is rampant (Vanlauwe et al. , and Van Asten2014). The main criticism against organic farming lies in its relatively lower yields (and thus the need for more land to fill potential food supply gaps) and higher prices for consumers (de Ponti et al. , Reference de Ponti, Rijk and van Ittersum2012; Seufert et al. , Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012; Ponisio et al. , Reference Ponisio, M'Gonigle, Mace, Palomino, and Kremen2015). Nonetheless, empirical findings are rather promising and provide evidence of relatively lower yield gaps between organic and conventional farming systems (Badgley et al. , -Vazquez, Samulon and Perfecto2007; Schrama et al. , Reference Schrama, de Haan, Kroonen, Verstegen and Van der Putten2018). For example, using large meta-datasets, de Ponti et al. (Reference de Ponti, Rijk and van Ittersum2012), Ponisio et al. (Reference Ponisio, M'Gonigle, Mace, Palomino, and Kremen2015) and Seufert et al. (Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012) reported yield gaps ranging from 19 to 25% between organic and conventional farming systems. Furthermore, the relative performance of organic and conventional farming is context-specific and can vary across crops and geographies (Seufert et al. , Reference Seufert, Ramankutty and Foley2012; Seufert and Ramankutty, and Ramankutty2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the contentious nature of organic farming's economic performance compared to conventional farming, highlighting differences in yield and appropriateness for feeding a growing population. It states that 'the main criticism against organic farming lies in its relatively lower yields' compared to conventional systems, which implies that organic farming does not share identical principles and methods as renewable agriculture, particularly in terms of productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Ecosystem modelling using coupled oceanographic–biogeochemical models has advanced greatly in the past 15 years, but significant challenges remain. Projections of sea surface temperature and ice conditions can be held as relatively reliable, but there are still large uncertainties in projecting salinity, stratification, hypoxia and hence the rate of internal loading (Meier et al. , 2022a). Also, natural variability is a larger source of uncertainty in future projections of hypoxia than previously understood (Meier et al. , 2021). Because salinity, stratification and oxygen strongly affect many organisms, it is difficult to project the fate of plankton and benthos communities with certainty. This uncertainty especially concerns marine species such as cod, bladderwrack, eelgrass, and blue mussel, which in many studies have been projected to decrease in the northern basins of the Baltic Sea. Further, uncertainties are imposed by complex biogeochemical processes in the terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems, as well as by unknown development of national economies and farming practices (Huttunen et al. , 2015), especially in coastal areas strongly affected by nutrient loading. Ecosystem models rarely consider complex biological interactions and feedback effects caused, for example, by multi-species predatory or intraguild relationships. Inclusion of such effects would require parameterizing the 3D ecosystem models with experiments and results from multi-species food web models that operate on the level populations rather than carbon flows. Also, models cannot at present consider potential adaptation capabilities of species, as little is known about them. Several recent studies have however pointed out, for example, that macroalgae (Rothäusler et al. , 2018; Rugiu et al. , 2018a) and zooplankton (Karlsson and Winder, 2020) have phenotypic plasticity and potential for adaptation against gradual changes in the abiotic environment. Food web models offer useful tools for assessing the relative effects of climate, eutrophication and other human impacts, including fisheries, on the structure of the ecosystem. They could potentially take into account characteristics of species and their responses to changes in the environment. The current models however mostly concern the pelagic ecosystems (e. g. cod–sprat–herring–zooplankton food chain) and there are major gaps for key trophic groups, such as macrophytes and macrozoobenthos (Korpinen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim regarding shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics due to climate change. Instead, it discusses uncertainties in ecosystem modeling, projections of sea surface temperature, and various factors affecting marine species without directly linking these factors to climate change's effects on species distributions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In this process adult skin fibroblasts were induced into a pluripotent state by the forced expression of key transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and c-MYC; Takahashi et al. , 2007) or (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG and LIN28; Yu et al. , 2007). Despite the low reprogramming efficiency, this has become a convenient method for generating new pluripotent stem cell lines for research from differentiated adult cells. Adult stem cells are thought to be tissue-specific and only able to differentiate into progeny cells of their tissues of origin. An increasing number of studies, however, report that adult stem cells are capable of giving rise to cells of an entirely distinct lineage. The concept of adult stem cell plasticity might be explained by 5 potential mechanisms: cell fusion, trans-differentiation, de-differentiation, heterogeneous stem cell populations, or pluripotency (Wagers and Weissman, 2004). Cell-cell fusion occurs at a low frequency, but is implicated in the transplantation of bone marrow cells to liver hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes and Purkinje neurons (Alvarez-Dolado et al. , 2003). In cell fusion events, the stem cells acquire the mature phenotype of the tissue they are embedded within and can be easily mistaken for correct differentiation of the transplanted cells. Trans-differentiation is a direct lineage conversion by the activation of a dormant differentiation program to alter the lineage specificity of the cell. De-differentiation is another lineage conversion phenomenon in which a tissue-specific cell spontaneously de-differentiates into a more basal multipotent cell and re-differentiates to a new lineage. While the heterogeneity of the stem cell population employed can account for some of the apparent trans-differentiation and de-differentiation events observed in vivo, it is worth discussing as a separate factor in the resulting multi-lineage tissues, which are often seen after transplantation. The characterization of homogeneous stem cell populations that contribute to the regeneration of one cell type remains an active field of study for most cellular therapy applications. Lastly, pluripotent stem cells are present in adult tissues as minute sub-populations in certain stem cell niches. Such a population has already been identified and reported in bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (Jiang et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of inducing adult skin fibroblasts into a pluripotent state through the forced expression of key transcription factors, which is a form of cell reprogramming. It supports the concept that adult cells can be transformed into pluripotent stem cells, thereby aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: For example, in water scare environments, organic farming tends to provide higher yields than conventional farming because of the higher water-holding capacity of soils in the former (Gomiero et al. , Reference Gomiero, Pimentel and Paoletti2011). Also, a review 2019. As of 2019, the total area with certified production was 1952 ha, mainly in plant production. As shown in Figure 1, the area under organic agriculture was 3303 ha in 2013 but significantly dropped to 1276 ha in 2014 and has shown a steady growth thereafter. Footnote 1 Currently, there is only one certification body granting certifications for organic farmers. Lebanon also lacks organic producers' associations and organic market associations, which are critical to provide the necessary skills, scale and resources and create better market opportunities for organic fruits and vegetables, which account for the majority of the current organic market in Lebanon. Fig. 1. Organic agriculture area (ha) in Lebanon (2012–2019) (source: MOA, 2020). Drivers and transition to organic An estimation of the market share of organic foods in the overall Lebanese market is less than 1% (Rahhal, Reference Rahhal2016). This is mainly attributed to supply-side constraints as the demand for organic produce is on the rise. Lebanon being a high-middle income country, the demand for organic products is highly driven by the health issues, the environmental complications of the alternatives and the increasing awareness tied to organic foods. Yet, organic products when available on the market are exceedingly expensive beyond the reach of low- to middle-income households; producers are unable or unwilling to lower prices. When interviewed, organic producers and sellers seem to attribute high production costs to justify the high prices of organic products in Lebanon. However, there is almost no empirical data showing the relationships between organic production costs and extreme market prices. Some leading organic growers in Lebanon also seem to attribute the high organic prices to lower yields and lack of multi-crop farms (Rahhal, Reference Rahhal2016). We conducted this case study with the objectives of determining the production costs, mapping the organic value chain, determining the profitability of organic farming for farmers and comparing it with the conventional one of selected crops in the same value chain. The certified organic farmers that participated in this study had a medium-size organic farm ranging from 1. 2 to 4 ha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information on organic farming practices, the challenges it faces in Lebanon, and the specific market dynamics affecting organic products. It highlights aspects such as higher water-holding capacity in organic soils, market certification issues, and the economic viability of organic farming. By focusing on these specific conditions and challenges associated with organic farming, the text suggests significant differences from the broader principles and methods of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The eutrophication process may however be counteracted by various factors. Increase of DOM flowing via the rivers may decrease both primary and secondary production, at least in the Gulf of Bothnia (Wikner and Andersson, 2012; Andersson et al. , 2013), and certain cyanobacteria may be negatively affected by increased temperature and ocean acidification (Paul et al. , 2018). Thus, changes in structure and functioning of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria communities are probable, but the narrative that global climate change will inevitably increase phytoplankton biomass and cyanobacteria blooms and amplify the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, may be too simplistic and needs to be refined by reconsidering the climate effects on food web processes and nutrient and carbon dynamics. For the deep benthic communities, climate change effects are also not straightforward. If salinity declines, the majority of marine species will suffer, but according to the latest analyses undisputable evidence is lacking for a future decline in the salinity of the (Lehmann et al. , 2022; Meier et al. , 2022b). Improvement of oxygen conditions may first promote higher zoobenthos biomasses, but eventually increasing stratification will weaken benthic–pelagic coupling and reduce food availability for benthic organisms. If nutrient abatement also proceeds favourably, biomass of zoobenthos will start to decline (Ehrnsten et al. , 2020). In the shallower photic benthic systems, nutrient increase probably enhances eutrophication, and if salinity also declines, habitat-forming marine species, such as bladderwrack, eelgrass and blue mussel, probably decline in the northern (Vuorinen et al. , 2015; Jonsson et al. , 2018; Kotta et al. , 2019). As both eutrophication and increasing temperature favour filamentous algae, continued major changes in the sublittoral communities can be expected, including negative effects of such algal aggregations (Arroyo and Bonsdorff, 2016). Of particular concern is the potential loss from rocky substrates of the habitat-forming bladderwrack and red macroalgae. Freshwater vascular plants will be favoured by freshening of the Baltic Sea, but they cannot replace the marine macroalgae on rocky sublittoral because they only grow on soft substrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors impacting eutrophication and ecosystem dynamics but does not make a clear connection to climate change causing shifts in species distributions. While it mentions changes in community structures and responses of species to factors like temperature and salinity, it ultimately does not support or refute the claim directly, making it irrelevant to the affirmation of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: In addition, pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues can also arise from remnants of the migrating neural crest. The neural crest is a transient embryonic structure that affords various organs with cells which could undergo a more stochastic type of differentiation than other embryonic progenitor cells (Slack, 2008). Neural crest cells are pluripotent and may retain some of their characteristics after their migration and engraftment into their terminal sites. Advertisement 3. Isolation of pluripotent adult stem cellsThe expression of embryonic stem cell markers in some adult stem cells suggest a sub-population of pluripotent cells in these niches (Table 2). The common embryonic stem cell makers, such as OCT4, SOX2, 4, LIN28, SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81, are all expressed in hematopoietic stem cells (Wang et al. , 2010; Zhao et al. , 2006; Zulli et al. , 2008) and mesenchymal stem cells (Anjos-Afonso and Bonnet, 2007; Jaramillo-Ferrada et al. , 2012; Riekstina et al. , 2009; Sung et al. , 2010). Similarly, expressions of most of these markers, except for LIN28, have been reported in periodontal ligament-derived stem cells, a tissue arising from the migrating cranial neural crest (Huang et al. , 2009; Kawanabe et al. , 2010). Previous studies show that spermatogonial stem cells also express most of the embryonic stem cell markers, except SSEA-3 and TRA-1-60 (Izadyar et al. , 2008; Izadyar et al. , 2011; Kanatsu-Shinohara et al. , 2008; Panda et al. , 2011; Zheng et al. , 2009). These findings suggest that pluripotent stem cells exist as sub-populations in adult stem cell reservoirs. Embryonic stem cell marker 2 + + + + OCT4 + + + + NANOG + + + + KLF4 + + + + LIN28 + + + SSEA-1 + + + + SSEA-3 + + + SSEA-4 + + + + TRA-1-60 + + + TRA-1-81 + + + + Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of pluripotent stem cells in adult tissues and suggesting that they may arise from adult stem cells that exhibit embryonic stem cell markers. This implies that scientists can identify and potentially reprogram these adult cells to function like pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: They were certified by Controllo e Biologici (CCPB), an Italian-based agency, that certifies organic and eco-friendly products around the world and the only active certification body in Lebanon through its affiliate at the time of the field study. Most of the farms needed 2–3 years as a transition period before they were granted the certification. Most of the farms were certified after 2010 except for two farms. This may suggest the rising trend in the last decade. The certification average cost was 600–650 USD per year. Organic tomato producers were asked about the factors motivating the transition to organic farming. The increasing demand toward healthier diets was a main drive for the interviewed farmers to transition to organic. Since these farmers were producing for the market, this motivation will likely be due to the increasing demand for organic products in the Lebanese market out of health concerns that consumers have in general. Figure 2 shows the main factors stated by the farmers to transition to organic farming. However, only 47% of the farmers made a living in organic farming, while 53% mentioned that they depended on other sources for a living. This may raise a question about the economic sustainability of organic farming as the main source of living for all farmers in Lebanon. Fig. 2. Factors motivating the transition to organic farming in Lebanon (multiple answers possible). Production costs All costs incurred in the growing organic tomato were gathered during the field study. Table 1 lists the production costs for 1000 m2 or 0. 1 ha (the standard unit for agricultural land in Lebanon) of tomato production under organic and conventional management in Lebanon. The direct comparison between production costs under the two systems showed an 11. 60% increase in production costs of tomato under organic production to the conventional one. Table 1. Comparison between organic and conventional production costs of tomato production per 1000 m2 a a Organic production costs were generated from a questionnaire developed for the purposes of this study and conducted with 15 producers of certified organic vegetables in Lebanon. Conventional production costs were attained from the data published in ‘of all in Lebanon’. b Include composting. c Prorated costs of greenhouse structure and covers. d An average cost calculated for the total surveyed farms area. A farmer having only 1000 m2 will pay $650 per yr for certification. Labor and greenhouse costs are the major cost drivers under both farming systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed analysis of organic farming practices and their economic aspects, specifically highlighting that organic production costs are higher than conventional ones. By discussing the transition from conventional to organic farming and the economic sustainability concerns of farmers, it suggests that organic farming involves distinct practices and challenges that may not align with the principles typically associated with renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Figueroa, D. , Paczkowska, J. , Lindehoff, E. , Tysklind, M. , and Elmgren, R. : Projected future climate change and ecosystem management, Ambio, 44, S345–S356, 2015. Arroyo, N. L. and Bonsdorff, E. : The role of drifting algae for marine biodiversity, in: Marine macrophytes as foundation species, edited by: Olafsson, E. , CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 100–123, ISBN 978-1-4987-2324-4, 2016. Bailey, S. A. , Brown, L. , Campbell, M. L. , Canning-Clode, J. , Carlton, J. T. , Castro, N. , Chainho, P. ,. , Darling, J. , Fofonoff, P. ,. , Mandrak, N. E. , Marchini, A. , McKenzie, C. H. , Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A. , Ojaveer, H. , Pires-. , Schwindt, E. , Son, M. O. , Therriault, T. W. , and Zhan, A. B. : Trends in the detection of aquatic non-indigenous species across global marine, estuarine and freshwater ecosystems: A 50 year perspective, Divers. Distrib. , 26, 1780–1797, 2020. Båmstedt, U. and Wikner, J. : Mixing depth and allochthonous dissolved organic carbon: controlling factors of coastal trophic balance, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 561, 17–29, 2016. Barange, M. , Merino, G. , Blanchard, J. L. , Scholtens, J. , Harle, J. ,. , and Jennings, S. : Impacts of climate change on marine ecosystem production in societies dependent on fisheries, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 211–216, 2014. Bartolino, V. , Margonski, P. , Lindegren, M. , Linderholm, H. W. , Cardinale, M. , Rayner, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of citations and does not contain any explicit statements or evidence about climate change or its effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Embryonic stem cell marker expression in different adult stem cell populationsHSC: hematopoietic stem cells; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; PDLSC; periodontal ligament-derived stem cells; SSC: spermatogonial stem cells;The existence of cells with a defined pluripotency-associated phenotypic expression within adult tissues enables researchers to isolate and purify a homogeneous subpopulation of adult pluripotent stem cells. In fact, with the use of magnetic affinity cell sorting, adult human mesenchymal stem cells, shown to differentiate into endodermal, ectodermal and mesodermal cells, were isolated by antibody against SSEA-3 (Kuroda et al. , 2010). Similarly, stem cells exhibiting the potential to generate specialized cells of the three embryonic germ layers can be isolated by positive SSEA-4 expression from human periodontal ligament (Kawanabe et al. , 2010). Furthermore, human spermatogonial stem cells, sharing cellular and molecular similarities with human embryonic stem cells, can be purified by α6 integrin (CD49f) antibody (Conrad et al. , 2008). Moreover, a human hematopoietic stem cell subpopulation, highly efficient in generating long-term multi-lineage grafts, can also be isolated by the same α6 integrin expression (Notta et al. , 2011). In addition, stem cells from granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized human peripheral blood can divide indefinitely without reaching replicative senescence and differentiate into multiple lineages (Cesselli et al. , 2009). Recently, a cell surfaceome map of mouse embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells was reported (Gundry et al. , 2012). Previously unidentified cellular surface markers, such as CD31, CD49f, CD123 and CD326, indicated a purified population of pluripotent stem cells. Further analyses should be performed to determine the expression of these markers in different adult stem cell populations. Their presence in adult stem cell populations could facilitate the purification of homogeneous pluripotent stem cells within an otherwise heterogeneous pool of regenerative adult cells. Advertisement 4. Characterization of pluripotent adult stem cellsThe standard tests for pluripotency are teratoma and chimera formation assays. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of pluripotent adult stem cells and the techniques researchers use to isolate and purify them from various adult tissues. It mentions the expression of embryonic stem cell markers and the potential for adult stem cells to differentiate into various cell types, indicating that these adult cells possess pluripotent characteristics that are key to the process of reprogramming.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Although conventional farmers invest more in the use of pesticides for tomato production which particularly includes the use of herbicides for weed control, organic farmers invest more in labor costs due to manual weeding. Apparently, organic certification adds to the costs reported under organic tomato. As shown in Table 1, the prorated cost of certification was $25 per 1000 m2. However, the cost of certification is paid in a lump sum ($650 at the time of the study). Meaning, if farmers were to practice organic farming in a large area, the certification cost can be less expensive. Since most of the organic producers are smallholders, this certification cost remains a big chunk of the production costs. Currently, certification costs are paid in foreign currency (i. e. , USD) as the certification body is a foreign company. This has a negative impact as the value of the cost increased exponentially with the devaluation of the local currency; since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, the local currency has lost more than 80% of its value against the USD. Yield and marketing channels In a 1000 m2 or 0. 1 ha plot of land, about 2750–3000 tomato plants can be grown. Based on evidence from our primary data, on average, the yield obtained from a standard organic tomato field, in this area, was 6 tons. The average yield from a standard tomato field under conventional was reported at 16 tons, according to the information from the Association of Importers and Distributors of Supplies for in Lebanon. In terms of outlets, more than 50% of the tomato farmers reported having sold 70% of their yield via organic produce distributor and no direct market access. This distributor has a well-established market coverage and dominates the organic sector in Lebanon. The rest of the farmers either sold their produce at the farm gate or the farmers market, the only available outlet for organic produce in the capital. Tomato farmers also experienced post-harvest losses, estimated to be 25% of retail value (15% due to pests and 10% due to returned produce). The profitability of organic tomato was highly dependent on the marketing channel. Based on the analysis of the tomato organic value chain, we have identified and mapped three marketing channels for organic tomato (Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Marketing channels used by organic tomato growers in Lebanon. Source: own survey. Channel 1: This channel has the longest chain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific practices and economic challenges faced by organic farmers as opposed to conventional farmers. It highlights that organic farming involves manual labor for weeding and additional certification costs, which vary significantly depending on the production practices. Furthermore, it notes differences in yields between organic and conventional methods, indicating that their principles and methods are not identical as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Wennhage, H. , and Casini, M. : Forecasting fish stock dynamics under climate change: Baltic herring (Clupea harengus) as a case study, Fish. Oceanogr. , 23, 258–269, 2014. Bartolino, V. , Tian, H. D. , Bergström, U. , Jounela, P. , Aro, E. , Dieterich, C. , Meier, H. E. M. , Cardinale, M. , Bland, B. , and Casini, M. : Spatio-temporal dynamics of a fish predator: Density-dependent and hydrographic effects on cod population, 12, e0172004, 2017. Bauer, B. , Meier, H. E. M. , Casini, M. , Hoff, A. , Margonski, P. , Orio, A. , Saraiva, S. , Steenbeek, J. , and Tomczak, M. T. : Reducing eutrophication increases spatial extent of communities supporting commercial fisheries: a model case study, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 75, 1306–1317, 2018. Bauer, B. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Hyytiäinen, K. , Meier, H. E. M. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Saraiva, S. , and Tomczak, M. T. : Food web and fisheries in the future Baltic Sea, Ambio, 48, 1337–1349, 2019. Belkin, I. M. : Rapid warming of Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr. , 81, 207–213, 2009. Bergen, B. , Endres, S. , Engel, A. , Zark, M. , Dittmar, T. , Sommer, U. , and Jürgens, K. : Acidification and warming affect prominent bacteria in two seasonal phytoplankton bloom mesocosms, Environ. Microbiol. , 18, 4579–4595, 2016. Berglund, M. , Jacobi, M. N. , and Jonsson, P. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and articles related to fish stock dynamics and ecosystem changes but does not directly address or support the claim that climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Instead, in vitro and in vivo differentiation into cells of the 3 embryonic germ layers along with chimera formation in xeno-transplanted mice can be applied for testing adult stem cell potency. The conventional concept of development involves a hierarchical structure of cellular commitment extending outward from embryonic and pluripotent, to adult terminally differentiated tissues. However, recent ideas propose that all or most tissues in the postnatal body are continuously turning over and contain a pluripotent stem cell reservoir (Slack, 2008). These pluripotent stem cell populations are able to differentiate into multiple cell types depending on their microenvironmental cues. Therefore, the stem cell status should be defined by plasticity (Zipori, 2005). Pluripotency refers to the ability of cells to differentiate into any cell type of the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm), whereas multipotency refers to the ability of cells to differentiate only into a closely related family of cells (Ilic and Polak, 2011). All of the previously described adult stem cells (hematopoietic, mesenchymal, periodontal ligament-derived, and spermatogonial) could differentiate into specialized cells of the three germ layers: neurons (ectodermal lineage), adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes (mesoderm lineage), and hepatocytes and insulin-producing cells (endodermal lineage) (Conrad et al. , 2008; Jiang et al. , 2002; Kuroda et al. , 2010; Kawanabe et al. , 2010; Notta et al. , 2011). Therefore, these adult stem cells could also be defined as pluripotent stem cells. Advertisement 5. Advantages of pluripotent adult stem cells over embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cellsHuman embryonic stem cells come from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. Therefore, embryonic stem cells used for cell therapy are allogenic; the transplanted donor cells do not originate from the recipient. This raises a concern about the immunogenic response of the host, and the need for immune-suppressive therapy concurrent with embryonic stem cell transplantation (Charron et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of pluripotent stem cells and suggests that adult stem cells can differentiate into multiple cell types akin to pluripotent stem cells. It mentions that 'all or most tissues in the postnatal body are continuously turning over and contain a pluripotent stem cell reservoir,' indicating the potential for adult cells to exhibit pluripotency through differentiation, which aligns with the use of cell reprogramming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Farmer's profitability Using data collected on production costs, yield, losses, and selling prices, the profitability of organic tomato was calculated. The most representative channel based on the results described above was a mixture between channels 1 and 3 (70% to the distributor, and 30% directly to consumers). For this reason, the profitability of a typical organic tomato producer was calculated based on this formula (70–30). A comparison of profitability between organic and conventional management for tomato production is given in Table 2. Table 2. Profitability of tomato production under organic and conventional farming in Lebanona Note: costs are in USD. a Data for the organic production costs were generated through own surveys and for the conventional production costs were attained from published data ‘of all in Lebanon’. b 70% of yield for distribution company with $1/kg as selling price: 3150 kg × $1 = $3150; 30% of yield for direct sale to consumers with $2. 67 as selling price: 1350 kg × $2. 67 = $3604. c 1 for the total cost calculations. d Average price/kg for a conventional wholesaler is $0. 45. As can be seen in Table 2, organic tomato appeared to be less profitable in the study context, which was about $117 (per 1000 m2) less than that of the conventional one. The higher yield in conventional farming offsets the higher prices for organic tomato. Nonetheless, organic tomato can be more profitable if farmers cut out intermediaries and sell their produce directly to the consumers (channel 3). Alternative approaches to promote organic farming: the agro-tourism model In Lebanon, people have become more and more interested in authentic farm-based experiences and rural landscapes, which generate incomes for the rural communities (Ghadban et al. , Reference Ghadban, Shames, 2017). Recently, a few organic operators have adopted the model from ‘farm to fork’ and established an end-market on their farms to provide touristic activities such as restaurants with specialty chefs, kids park, kids' activities, culinary activities and special occasions (Fig. 4). This has attracted many people to spend their holidays, weekends and summer vacation in those agro-touristic areas (Ghadban et al. , Reference Ghadban, Shames, 2017). This has enabled the Lebanese people to connect to the farm and organic producers to increase awareness and value of organic products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the identity of organic farming and renewable agriculture. Instead, it discusses the profitability of organic tomato production, comparing it to conventional farming methods and mentioning alternative approaches to promote organic farming. There is no information that directly supports or contrasts the claim, rendering the text irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Optimal selection of marine protected areas based on connectivity and habitat quality, Ecol. Model. , 240, 105–112, 2012. Bergström, L. , Heikinheimo, O. , Svirgsden, R. , Kruze, E. , Lozys, L. , Lappalainen, A. , Saks, L. , Minde, A. , Dainys, J. , Jakubaviciute, E. , Adjers, K. , and Olsson, J. : Long term changes in the status of coastal fish in the Baltic Sea, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. , 169, 74–84, 2016. Bermúdez, R. , Winder, M. , Stuhr, A. , Almén, A. -K. , Engström-Öst, J. , and Riebesell, U. : Effect of ocean acidification on the structure and fatty acid composition of a natural plankton community in the Baltic Sea, Biogeosciences, 13, 6625–6635, 2016. Berner, C. , Bertos-Fortis, M. , Pinhassi, J. , and Legrand, C. : Response of microbial communities to changing climate conditions during summer cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea, Front. Microbiol. , 9, 1562, 2018. Billingham, M. R. , Reusch, T. B. H. , Alberto, F. , and Serrao, E. A. : Is asexual reproduction more important at geographical limits? A genetic study of the seagrass Zostera marina in the Ria Formosa, Portugal, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 265, 77–83, 2003. Blanchard, J. L. , Jennings, S. , Holmes, R. , Harle, J. , Merino, G. , Allen, J. I. , Holt, J. , Dulvy, N. K. , and Barange, M. : Potential consequences of climate change for primary production and fish production in large marine ecosystems, Philos. T. Roy. Soc. B, 367, 2979–2989, 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. Instead, it lists various ecological studies and their findings without clearly linking them to the impact of climate change on species distributions or ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use cell reprogramming to turn adult cells into pluripotent stem cells. [SEP] Text: Moreover, embryonic stem cell-based therapy has been hampered by the moral, legal and ethical dilemma surrounding the use of human embryos for derivation of the stem cell lines (Zarzeczny and Caulfield, 2009). Furthermore, as the gold standard of pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells have the potential to form teratomas in the host. Tumorigenic potential can be reduced by differentiating the embryonic stem cells into lineage-specific progenitor cells or mature tissue cells prior to transplantation (Schwartz et al. , 2012). In order to better control standards of good manufacturing practices and reduce variability as much as possible, the in vitro manipulation of embryonic stem cells should be minimized as recommend by the Food and (Lysaght and Campbell, 2011). Furthermore, tumorigenic potential remains a concern if the entirety of the embryonic stem cell population does not completely differentiate into fully mature cells. Differentiated adult cells used for the generation of the induced pluripotent stem cells can be collected from the recipient body, avoiding the contentious need for a human embryo. This also circumvents the problem of immune rejection. There are technical hurdles, however, concerning generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (Hayden, 2011). Firstly, the delivery of reprogramming factors (OCT4, SOX2, 28, KLF4 and c-MYC) relies on the use of viral vectors for delivery (Takahashi et al. , 2007). Retroviral sequences could integrate into the DNA of the host cells, potentially disrupting the gene structure as well as resulting in an aberrant phenotypic expression. Ultimately this could result in pathological mutations and cancer formation. Alternative methods such as direct protein or small molecule delivery have been adopted, although the reprogramming efficiency of these techniques is lower than with viral vectors (Kim et al. , 2009; Shi et al. , 2008). Secondly, two of the reprogramming factors, c-MYC and KLF4, are proto-oncogenes, which raise the concern of cancer formation further. Omitting c-MYC would lower the reprogramming efficiency, whereas silencing c-MYC could lead to its reactivation. Moreover, reprogramming can induce other genomic changes, such as DNA mutations (Gore et al. , 2011), copy number variations (Hussein et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the process of generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from differentiated adult cells. It describes how reprogramming factors are used to reprogram adult cells, specifically mentioning the use of retroviral vectors for delivery. Additionally, it explains the benefits of using adult cells over embryonic stem cells, indicating the practicality and relevance of cell reprogramming in the context of generating pluripotent stem cells.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Organic farming and renewable agriculture are identical in principles and methods. [SEP] Text: Under this system, farmers, producers and extractivist, organized in groups, collectively carry out conformity assessment activities and share responsibility for the certification decision, where possible supported by technicians and consumers. Finally, more organic markets should be made available, especially in rural areas. The farmers market ‘Souk el Tayyeb’ in the capital Beirut is a great initiative that helps farmers sell their organic produce, but the Lebanese organic market and sector need more markets in different regions in a way that helps more farmers to have access to such markets. Also, the Ministry of Agriculture, as mentioned in Urfi et al. (Reference Urfi, Hoffmann and Kormosné Koch2011), should provide some kind of financial support or subsidized agri-loans to compensate farmers for the revenues lost during the transition period and extension services to improve their management skills necessary for organic farming. In this way, organic farmers are encouraged to continue farming organically, and more farmers are motivated to transition to organic. future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. However, the standard model when transferred to developing countries faces difficulty in implementation. The study has analyzed the economic performance of organic tomato among smallholder farmers in Lebanon, a context. The findings show that organic farming has become increasingly expensive primarily due to the inherently high cost of production in Lebanon and the inefficient organization of the organic value chain. Some models and strategies are emerging in developing countries to help adapt organic farming to the context and respond to consumer high demand for organic produce. Two of these are the agro-touristic model and local participatory systems for certification and guarantee. An agro-tourism model is a blended approach that combines organic and free-range food derived from fresh on-farm produce to touristic activities and locations. Such agro-touristic farms can help promote tourism and sustainable farming methods and provide an enjoyable experience to customers. Agro-touristic places can attract families that wish to spend some time away from the city and those younger generations who wish to know more about farming practices. Indeed, Lebanon has great agro-ecology diversity, from coastal to high altitude areas, with lots of tourist attractions, and a predominantly family based agrarian structure that can support the agro-tourism model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the distinct aspects of organic farming, particularly in the context of Lebanon, and mentions the challenges faced in its implementation. It addresses the economic performance and high costs associated with organic farming, indicating that it operates under different principles and methods compared to renewable agriculture. Furthermore, the mention of agro-tourism and specific strategies for organic farming adaptations suggests that organic farming has unique operational characteristics that set it apart from the broader category of renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Blenckner, T. , Möllmann, C. , Stewart Lowndes, J. , Griffiths, J. , Campbell, E. , De Cervo, A. , Belgrano, A. , Boström, C. , Fleming, V. , Frazier, M. , Neuenfeldt, A. , Niiranen, S. , Nilsson, A. , Ojaveer, H. , Olsson, J. , Palmlöv, C. S. , Quaas, M. , Rickels, W. , Sobek, A. , Viitasalo, M. , Wikström, S. A. , and Halpern, B. S. : (BHI): assessing the socialecological status of the Baltic Sea, People and Nature, 3, 359–375, 2021. Blindow, I. , Dahlke, S. , Dewart, A. , Flugge, S. , Hendreschke, M. , Kerkow, A. , and Meyer, J. : Long-term and interannual changes of submerged macrophytes and their associated diaspore reservoir in a shallow southern bay: influence of eutrophication and climate, Hydrobiologia, 778, 121–136, 2016. Blomquist, J. and Waldo, S. : Seal interactions and exits from fisheries: insights from the cod fishery, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 78, 2958–2966, 2021. Bobsien, I. C. , Hukriede, W. , Schlamkow, C. , Friedland, R. , Dreier, N. , Schubert, P. R. , Karez, R. , and Reusch, T. B. H. : Modeling eelgrass spatial response to nutrient abatement measures in a changing climate, Ambio, 50, 400–412, 2021. Bonsdorff, E. : Eutrophication: Early warning signals, ecosystem-level and societal responses, and ways forward, Ambio, 50, 753–758, 2021. Brander, K. : Reduced growth in cod may be due to mild hypoxia, ICES J. Mar. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided includes multiple references and studies, but it lacks a clear connection to the claim regarding climate change and its effects on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It focuses on various marine and ecological studies but does not explicitly address how climate change is influencing these aspects. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.