Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the decision-making of autonomous vehicles (AVs) can be influenced by cultural and ethical considerations, which implies that differing values and priorities may lead to scenarios where not all traffic accidents can be avoided. Specifically, it mentions that humans from various cultural backgrounds prioritize different outcomes for pedestrians and AV passengers, suggesting that ethical dilemmas could affect the operational decisions of AVs and not guarantee a complete elimination of traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Волховстрой, Ленинградская область (см. рис. 2, д, е, ж, з; рис. 4, а, з). Описание. Растения небольших размеров, с фертильными побегами до 15 мм длиной, около 0,7 мм в диаметре, несущими терминальные спорангии эллиптической формы (см. рис. 2, д–з; рис. 4, а, г, ж, з). Побеги узкие, субцилиндрической формы, несут отчётливые спиральные утолщения, возможно, отражающие характер расположения проводящей системы (см. рис. 2, д, е). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes specific plant features and structures without addressing the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The “contemporary and living” features have an outstanding importance: various traditional elements of culture are regarded as heritage only if the living practice of the contemporary communities can be documented. The living heritage is more or less inclusive, but always “has been passed from one generation to another, has evolved in response to their environments and contributes to giving us a sense of identity and continuity, providing a link from our past, through the present, and into our future” (2011). It contributes to social cohesion, and helps individuals feel part of one or different communities and part of society at large. Heritage is representative: it is “not merely valued as a cultural good on a comparative basis for its exclusivity or its exceptional value. It thrives on its basis in communities and depends on those whose knowledge of traditions, skills and customs are passed on to the rest of the community or to other communities, from generation to generation” (2011). The most important characteristic is the community-based feature. Any cultural phenomenon can only be heritage “when it is recognized as such by the communities, groups or individuals that create, maintain and transmit it – without their recognition, nobody else can decide for them that a given expression or practice is their heritage” (2011; Soós 2008:38; Jacobs 2016). The concept of intangible cultural heritage is based on the fundamental dichotomy of tradition and modernity. The transition of the traditional cultural frames transforms the attitudes of the communities concerned. A possible way of preserving local, ethnic and traditional culture is the process from tradition to heritage. Intentional caring for one's traditions means a conscious decision to face the challenges of nationalism, globalism and multiculturalism (Siikala 1999; Hoppál 2008). What distinguishes the difference between tradition and heritage? There are some characteristic features of the intangible cultural heritage concept (Fig. 1). The first is participation: the members of the community are involved and personally concerned in the preservation of the tradition. The “preservation practices” turn into “safeguarding strategies” while the “tradition keepers” transform to “heritage bearers” – and the intangible heritage establishes powerful frames for local, regional, ethnic, lingual, etc. identities. Size Fig. 1. From tradition to heritage. Essential characteristics of creating a heritage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of living heritage and the role of traditional elements of culture that evolve and contribute to social cohesion. It illustrates how cultural practices passed down through generations provide a sense of identity, support community belonging, and enhance societal richness. The mention of community involvement in recognizing and preserving traditions further supports the idea that cultural diversity adds value through varying perspectives and practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will eliminate all traffic accidents once fully deployed. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) are intended to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety, incidents still occur, including fatal ones. It highlights that accidents involving AVs have raised legal and safety questions and indicates that not all risks associated with AVs have been eliminated. This directly opposes the idea that AVs will completely eradicate traffic accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина спорангиев не превышает 1,5 мм при средней величине 1,4 мм; ширина спорангиев в среднем равна 1 мм. Изредка встречаются спорангии не продольно вытянутой, а грибовидной, слегка приплюснутой в поперечном направлении формы (см. рис. 4, ж, слева). Непосредственно в спорангии споры не обнаружены, но рядом со спорангиями в изолированном состоянии найдены мелкие споры сферической формы (см. рис. 4, е) около 20 мкм в диаметре, с мелкими шиповидными выростами. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the physical characteristics of sporangia and spores.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: 1556/022. 2021. 00014Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe unique folk art of the Matyó people developed as a result of their traditional folk culture, social structure and way of life, deeply rooted in a fervent Catholicism. The ethnic group was formed at the turn of the 18–19th centuries. Strong demographic growth in the 18th century and the agricultural boom of the early 19th century played a fundamental role in shaping this distinctive ethnic group. The large market town of Mezőkövesd and its two neighboring villages had close economic and cultural contacts with settlements in the surrounding Borsod regions (Viszóczky – Viga 2006:2). At the time of the formulation of the Hungarian national cultural identity (at the turn of the 19th–20th centuries), Matyó folk art gained a widespread popularity as an emblematic expression of “Hungarian-ness” (Fügedi 2001:46–86). Hungarian popular culture and the image of folklore, along with the world of peasant craft-products, have been strongly determined by the Matyó ethnic group, which became famous during the Millennium celebrations of the in 1896. Matyó folklore – among some other ethnic and geographic groups – “has created the image of Hungarian peasant culture, values and beauties. This image has influenced scientific research, efforts in favor of national art and the aspect of general taste, the domestic industry and, through linked transmissions, trade and tourism as well” (Fügedi 2001:105). The Matyó culture is not a static heritage, but one that is in a constant flux, ever recreated in content by the community that lives it, and this vibrancy reinforces a sense of identity in successive generations. Today, the local community is very complex. Everyone who lives in the town of Mezőkövesd (17,000 inhabitants) and the neighboring two villages, has to shape his or her attitudes toward heritage. Of course, there are many groups of specialists, who are the heritage bearers: members of the folk dance group, folk artisans and handicraft masters, or members of the Church community. It can be argued that the majority of the local population is connected to, but not really involved in safeguarding the heritage (Fügedi 1997:161–168). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how the Matyó ethnic group, through its unique folk art and traditions, contributes to the cultural identity and diversity of Hungarian society. It states that 'Matyó folklore... has created the image of Hungarian peasant culture, values and beauties,' suggesting that the rich traditions of this ethnic group bring new perspectives and enhances the cultural landscape. Additionally, it mentions that the Matyó culture is 'not a static heritage, but one that is in a constant flux,' which further implies the dynamic nature of cultural diversity and its ability to enrich society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Algorithm 2:: Learning-based algorithm for RAPG G 1: input: with finite space V, a state set T⊆V, and G⊚¬T 2: ∀v ∈ V : xv0 = 0; 3: for k = 1, 2, · · · 4: if v ∈ T ∪ G⊚¬T 5: xvk=0 6: else 7: ∀v ∈ V \ T: 8: if v ∈ VS then 9: xvk=Rst(v)+maxa∈Aa(Rac(v,a))+∑v′∈VePs(v,a)(v′)⋅xv′k−1 10: endif 11: else 12: if v ∈ Ve then 13: xvk=Rst(v)+mina∈Aa(Rac(v,a))+∑v′∈VePe(v,a)(v′)⋅xv′k−1 14: end if 15: if maxv∈V|xvk−xvk−1|<θ 16: break 17: else 18: xvk=xvk−1 19: endif 20: endfor 21: output: the expected cumulative reward xvk for all v ∈ V, optimal strategies f. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1094/table-2 Case study In this section, two case studies are presented to illustrate our synthesis method. One is the problem of robot patrolling in a certain area, and the other is the problem of safety reachability of unmanned cars. Robot patrolling As shown in Fig. 1, the robot performs the task of patrol in an area, and this area is divided into four regions. The robot patrol route starts at region 1 and goes through region 2 and then region 3 to region 4. In this scenario, if it encounters a person in region 2 and region 3, the robot will stay in that region with the person. Meanwhile, if it encounters an unknown hazardous item, the robot will pick it up and take it to region 4. Furthermore, it is assumed that a hazardous item and people do not appear at the same time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by not providing support for the assertion that AI in autonomous cars can navigate under any weather condition without fail. Instead, it mentions a problem related to the safety reachability of unmanned cars, indicating that there are specific challenges and scenarios (such as encountering unknown hazardous items) that the AI must manage, implying limitations in performance under all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с фертильными побегами, но не в прикреплении к ним, встречены стерильные побеги. Один из двух найденных стерильных побегов довольно длинный – более 200 мм (см. рис. 4, д), а второй, возможно, принадлежавший базальной части растения, дважды дихотомирует (см. рис. 4, в). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it describes some aspects of sterile and fertile plant shoots without discussing the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The heritage safeguarding strategy emphasizes the role of primary schools and art education. Numerous elements of the heritage have become incorporated in local education programs, for example the museum education activities of the Matyó Museum. The idea aims at folk art as the basis of creating and reinforcing local identity. Nevertheless, the local community refers to the safeguarding as the task of professionals and specialists (Berecz 2006; 2018). At the same time, Matyó folk art is a renowned touristic brand throughout Hungary and even abroad. The city of Mezőkövesd established its touristic strategy on the Matyó heritage. The roots of these phenomena trace back to the 1930s, when the frameworks of tourism were established and the commercialization of tradition intensified (Fügedi 1997:127). Two outstanding tourist destinations are the “Matyó Folklore Festival” each summer (Matyófolk 2021a), and the historic town-center, called “Hadas” district, with open handicraft ateliers, shops and community venues (Matyófolk 2021b). Valorization of the Matyó heritage is based on the trade of handicraft artworks as a part of the local economy and a reliable strategy for living. Contemporary Matyó folk art follows traditional patterns, but strong innovations have also been initiated in the fields of fashion and design, based on the heritage concept of the tradition. Nevertheless, this raises many problematic questions regarding the authentic, genuine, or organic development of the tradition (Matyófolk 2021c). The “Miller's wafer” tradition of BorsodnádasdThe second example is significantly different from the first one. The Barkóság is a region on the northern edge of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, where the peripheral geographic location determines the socio-cultural environment. The region is named after the Barkó ethnic group that inhabits it. Their ethnonym originates from the late 18th century. in the 16th and 17th centuries did not affect the Barkó people, who remained Catholic. During the latter half of the 19th century, a significant metallurgical industry was established around the localities Ózd and Borsodnádasd, causing a radical change in lifestyles and culture (Paládi-Kovács 1982:187–188). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the incorporation of various cultural elements, such as Matyó folk art and the Barkóság identity, into local education and tourism programs enriches the community. It emphasizes the role of heritage in forming local identity and driving economic strategies, suggesting that such cultural diversity brings new practices and perspectives that benefit the society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: 50,xv58=4. 93,xv68=2. 98,xv78=0 k=9:xv09=4. 80,xv19=2. 50,xv29=0,xv39=3. 50,xv49=2. 50,xv59=4. 94,xv69=2. 99,xv79=0 k=10:xv010=4. 80,xv110=2. 50,xv210=0,xv310=3. 50,xv410=2. 50,xv510=4. 94,xv610=2. 99,xv710=0 According to this result, the expected cumulative reward for each state to reach T can be obtained. For example, ER(v0⊨FT)=4. 80, i. e. , in the state v0, the expected cumulative reward of the robot (the system) to take the hazard item to region 4 is at least 4. 80. Meanwhile, the environment always selects action b, which adopts the strategy to force the system with the minimum expected cumulative reward. Safety of autonomous driving Consider the reward asynchronous probabilistic game G depicted in Fig. 3, it can be regarded as a simplified version of the unmanned car. The game models an unmanned car driving on an urban road and gives a route to navigate. There are three intersections A, B, C in a road. When navigating the route, the car must autonomously and quickly react to dangers. Here, two dangers are considered: a pedestrian and a traffic jam. To avoid a traffic jam, the car changes the lane or honks. To avoid a pedestrian, the car brakes or honks. It is assumed that if the car goes through the first two intersections, it is safe to go through an intersection C. Figure 3: A partitioned road environment, where an unmanned car runs autonomously without colliding with any of the pedestrians and other cars. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1094/fig-3 The game graph corresponding to Fig. 3 is shown in Fig. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of the AI system in navigating potential dangers such as pedestrians and traffic jams. Although it describes an unmanned car's ability to react to hazards, it implies that such systems are dependent on specific circumstances (like avoiding pedestrian collisions and traffic jams), which suggests a performance variability based on weather and road conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна и та же ширина фертильных и стерильных побегов, идентичная форма сохранности, одинаковое строение поверхности побегов позволяют считать, что фертильные и стерильные побеги принадлежали одному виду материнского растения. Рис. 2. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – тангентальное сечение через побег, экз. 4914/24; б – поперечное сечение через побег, обобщённая реконструкция по экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. It discusses the morphology and anatomical structure of a specific plant species, Volkhoviella primitiva, without mentioning the broader ecological implications or the evolutionary aspects related to flowering plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: There is a growing commitment among younger generations, and changing attitudes towards local traditions have proven to be invaluable since the miller's wafer has been registered in the of Heritage. The most visible manifestation of this heritage is the Miller's held each summer since 2008. The safeguarding strategies proved successful as the number of baking groups doubled in a decade. In 2008, there were seven participating groups while in 2019 this number was fourteen – all of them comprised of locals, members of formal societies or informal family groups or circles of friends (Arkhely 2020). The festival was originally a meeting point for the local community, but in the last few years its function has expanded as a tourist attraction (Katona 2016:15–32). The local municipality has also recognized the economic possibilities of heritage. In 2015, a small local food manufactory (the Miller's Wafer House) was established for the mass production of the miller's wafer. The mechanized baking system was calibrated for 8,000 wafers per day; the wafers are decorated with an inscription of the town's name (Boon 2015). At first, the products were sold in neighboring localities, but the marketing slightly gradually expanded to the national level, so now the wafer is available in some supermarkets as well. This is a typical pattern for the valorization of heritage, wherein a tradition is absorbed in the local economy, and it is extremely important in a region like Borsod, where the unemployment rate has always been relatively high (Arkhely 2020). The student traditions of Selmec – survival of the traditions of the Mining and of Selmecbánya (Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia)The heritage concerned in the third case study is related to several geographical locations throughout Hungary and even in Slovakia. The student traditions of the are not rural, but typical of European customs among the higher social classes, intelligentsia, nobility, bourgeoisie and urban communities. The origin of this heritage is derived from the students and their self-organization at the Mining and in the town of Selmecbánya, today Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia (founded in 1735). War I, the institution moved to Sopron in 1919 due to the newly established state boundaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by demonstrating how local traditions, such as those associated with the miller's wafer festival, have evolved and enriched the community. It highlights the expansion of the festival's function from a local meeting point to a tourist attraction, which illustrates the infusion of new perspectives and practices into the community. Additionally, the mention of the miller's wafer being marketed nationally indicates how cultural heritage can stimulate economic growth and bring together different groups within a society, thereby enriching it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: 45,xv213=0,xv313=4. 32,xv413=3. 64,xv513=2. 8,xv613=1,xv713=0,xv813=0 k=14:xv014=6. 10,xv114=5. 45,xv214=0,xv314=4. 32,xv414=3. 64,xv514=2. 8,xv614=1,xv714=0,xv814=0 k=15:xv015=6. 10,xv115=5. 45,xv215=0,xv315=4. 32,xv415=3. 64,xv515=2. 8,xv615=1,xv715=0,xv815=0 According to this result, the expected cumulative reward to reach the set T can be obtained. For example, ER(v0⊨FT)=6. 10, i. e. , in the state v0, the expected cumulative reward of the car (the system) to safely go through an intersection C is at least 6. 10. Meanwhile, in this state, a strategy that enables the car to reach the set T can be derived, i. e. , the environment takes action b. In addition, during the experiment, it is found that the smaller the convergence threshold θ, the larger the expected cumulative parameter k, and the more accurate the experimental results xvk. Summary and future work This 0. The method is clear, simple, and convenient. More importantly, it shrinks the state space of the algorithm that computes the expected cumulative reward. Then, an asynchronous reward mechanism is defined based on the winning condition of the RAPGs to incentive system to win. Based on this algorithmic reward construction procedure, a reinforcement learning algorithm is introduced to synthesize the optimal strategies that obtain the maximum expected cumulative reward for the system to win. One interesting topic for further study is synthesizing strategies for mean-payoff rewards under the GR(1) winning condition. Another is to improve the scalability of the synthesis techniques to handle large and complex models. Meanwhile, we will extend the pattern of specifications and develop some tools to support automatic probabilistic synthesis. authors declare that they have no competing interests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the expected cumulative rewards in various states of the car's system. It mentions that smaller convergence thresholds lead to larger expected cumulative parameters and more accurate results, hinting at limitations in performance under varying conditions. This suggests that there are factors influencing navigation performance rather than a guarantee of flawless operation in all weather conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/24 и 4914/4; в – поперечное сечение через побег, внешние покровы побега окружены дендритами псиломелана (гидроокислами марганца), экз. 4914/4; г – графическая дешифровка сечения, показанного на в, экз. 4914/4; д – фертильный побег (голотип) после дополнительной препарации, экз. 4914/7; е – два фертильных побега (слева – голотип) до препарации, экз. 4914/7; ж, з – графическая дешифровка голотипа, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss flowering plants or their evolutionary impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it describes sections and specimens in a biological context without addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The five academic years are framed by a detailed system of celebrations and customs, including initiation rites, fraternities with strict rules and ceremonial community events. Singing is a determinant factor of the heritage as it expresses the coherence of the student communities. Student songs are collected in song-books, and all events are always accompanied by the bursts of singing (Szemerey 1985). During the academic year, there is a strictly regulated personal connection between upperclassmen (Firma) and their younger fellows (balek). This connection is the primary channel for the transmission of the tradition as elder students feel responsible for teaching members of the younger generation. The most visible and public elements of heritage are graduation rites and ceremonies, the custom of valétálás (goodbye ceremony), with a torchlit procession, and the valéta ball, with the traditional songs. Beyond external formalities, internal content is much more important. The main features of the so-called “Moral of Selmec” are happiness, friendship, patriotism and a sense of vocation. There is an essential difference between the Selmec heritage and the two previously described. The Matyó heritage and the miller's wafer tradition are connected to exact localities and well-defined local groups. Here, the individual plays only a secondary role since the heritage bearers are members of a local community and the individual's relation to the heritage can be a part of one's socialization. On the contrary, the Selmec heritage is connected to a special age group and is relevant only during the five academic years of one's university studies. There are some symbolic material objects (like the signet ring called valéta gyűrű or the memorial beer mug called szakestély korsó) which express the individual's identity well after graduating from the university. Heritage bearers are not only recent students, but everyone who has ever graduated from these universities, and so it can be said that the Selmec heritage connects thousands of people and dozens of generations throughout Hungary (Bartha – Oroszi 2009). ConclusionBriefly summarized, the case studies presented here constitute three different patterns for creating a heritage from a living tradition. Matyó folk art is an example of heritage developed as a touristic brand and as a characteristic feature of Hungarian identity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how different cultural heritages, such as the Selmec heritage and Matyó folk art, contribute to the identity of communities through their unique customs, traditions, and ceremonies. The mention of specific practices like graduation rites, songs, and the engagement of various age groups in passing down traditions highlights the enrichment that cultural diversity brings, thus aligning with the claim that such diversity introduces new perspectives and practices to society.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: AbstractIf motor vehicles are to be truly autonomous and able to operate responsibly on our roads, they will need to replicate—or do better than—the human decision-making process. But some decisions are more than just a mechanical application of traffic laws and plotting a safe path. They seem to require a sense of ethics, and this is a notoriously difficult capability to reduce into algorithms for a computer to follow. You have full access to this open access 1. 1 Beyond Crash-AvoidanceMany readers may object right away that the dilemma above, as well as others that follow, will never occur with autonomous cars. It may be suggested that future cars need not confront hard ethical choices, that simply stopping the car or handing control back to the human operator is the easy path around ethics. will contend here that braking and relinquishing control will not always be enough. Those solutions may be the best we have today, but if automated cars are to ever operate more broadly outside of limited highway environments, they will need more response-options. Current research already makes this case as a matter of physics [12, 13], but we can also make a case from commonsense. Many ordinary scenarios exist today in which braking is not the best or safest move, whether by human or self-driving car. A wet road or a tailgater, for instance, may make it dangerous to slam the brakes, as opposed to some other action such as steering around the obstacle or simply through it, if it is a small object. Today, the most advanced self-driving cars cannot detect small objects such as squirrels [7]; therefore, they presumably cannot also detect squirrel-sized rocks, potholes, kittens, and other small but consequential hazards can cause equipment failure, such as tire blowouts or sensor errors, or deviations from a safe path. In these and many other cases, there may not be enough time to hand control back to the driver. Some simulation experiments suggest that human drivers need up to 40 s to regain situation awareness, depending on the distracting activity, e. g. , reading or napping—far longer than the 1–2 s of reaction time required for typical accident scenarios [18, 38]. This means that the car must be responsible for making decisions when it is unreasonable to expect a timely transfer of control back to the human, and again braking might not be the most responsible action. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of current autonomous car technology, particularly in complex situations that require ethical decision-making and responsiveness to variable conditions. It emphasizes that current self-driving cars are not capable of reliably detecting small hazards and making necessary decisions in adverse scenarios, suggesting that navigating in any weather condition without fail is not achievable with today's technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, и предполагаемая интерпретация прикрепления фертильных побегов к горизонтальным столонам. Средний ордовик, лланвирнский ярус. Длина масштабной линейки 100 мкм (а, б, г), 1 мм (в, д–з) Рис. 3. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , реконструкция растения а – вариант с горизонтальным расположением стерильных побегов; б – вариант с сочетанием горизонтальных столонов и частично вертикальным расположением стерильных побегов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the interpretation of certain plant structures and measurements without addressing the evolutionary significance of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural diversity enriches societies by bringing in new perspectives, traditions, and practices. [SEP] Text: The miller's wafer tradition in Borsodnádasd is a typical case of the valorization of heritage and means a possible break-out point for the local economy. student traditions are a good example of a heritage which makes connections between people who create not only a real, but a virtual community as well. In all three cases, the transformation process from a tradition to a heritage is determined by the nomination criteria of the of Heritage. Inventory of the ICH provides a new perspective for these communities to strengthen their consciousness and their commitment to safeguarding their heritage. 21. században [Possibilities for in Mezőkövesd in the 21st Century]. In Viszóczky, Ilona (ed. ) Eredmények és feladatok a matyóság néprajzi kutatásában. A Matyó Múzeum fennállásának 50. évfordulója alkalmából rendezett konferencia anyaga, 273–277. Miskolc – Mezőkövesd: Herman Ottó Múzeum. Berecz, Lászlóné 2006 A hagyományőrzés lehetőségei Mezőkövesden a 21. században [Possibilities for in Mezőkövesd in the 21st Century]. In Viszóczky, Ilona (ed. ) Eredmények és feladatok a matyóság néprajzi kutatásában. A Matyó Múzeum fennállásának 50. évfordulója alkalmából rendezett konferencia anyaga, 273–277. Miskolc – Mezőkövesd: Herman Ottó Múzeum. )| falseSearch 184. Szentendre: Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum. (Múzeumi Iránytű 15). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the valorization of local traditions, such as the miller's wafer tradition, which highlights how cultural heritage can enhance community connections and foster economic opportunity. The mention of student traditions as a form of heritage that connects people supports the idea that cultural diversity contributes new perspectives and depth to societal interactions, thereby enriching the community.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: One possible reply is that, while imperfect, braking could successfully avoid the majority of emergency situations a robot car may find itself it, even if it regrettably makes things worse in a small number of cases. The benefits far outweigh the risks, presumably, and the numbers speak for themselves. Or do they? I will discuss the dangers of morality by math throughout this 1. 2 Crash-TargetingThere may be reasons, by the way, to prefer choosing to run over the eight-year old girl that I have not yet mentioned. If the autonomous car were most interested in protecting its own occupants, then it would make sense to choose a collision with the lightest object possible (the girl). If the choice were between two vehicles, then the car should be programmed to prefer striking a lighter vehicle (such as a or motorcycle) than a heavier one (such as a sports utility vehicle (SUV) or truck) in an adjacent lane [18, 34]. On the other hand, if the car were charged with protecting other drivers and pedestrians over its own occupants—not an unreasonable imperative—then it should be programmed to prefer a collision with the heavier vehicle than the lighter one. If vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications are rolled out (or V2X to refer to both), or if an autonomous car can identify the specific models of other cars on the road, then it seems to make sense to collide with a safer vehicle (such as a Volvo SUV that has a reputation for safety) over a car not known for crash-safety (such as a that’s prone to exploding upon impact). This strategy may be both legally and ethically better than the previous one of jealously protecting the car’s own occupants. It could minimize lawsuits, because any injury to others would be less severe. Also, because the driver is the one who introduced the risk to society—operating an autonomous vehicle on public roads—the driver may be legally obligated, or at least morally obligated, to absorb the brunt of any harm, at least when squared off against pedestrians, bicycles, and perhaps lighter vehicles. The ethical point here, however, is that no matter which strategy is adopted by an original equipment manufacturer (OEM), i. e. , auto manufacturer, programming a car to choose a collision with any particular kind of object over another very much resembles a targeting algorithm [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of autonomous cars in navigating emergency situations. It acknowledges that robots may successfully avoid most emergencies but are still imperfect. This imperfection suggests that AI cannot navigate in all conditions without fail, as the example of ethical decisions in collision scenarios highlights the complex dilemmas that could arise under less than ideal circumstances, indicating a failure to navigate effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 см Об анатомическом строении изученных остатков можно судить, исходя из прямого наблюдения побегов в продольных, поперечных и тангентальных сколах (см. рис. 2, в, г; рис. 4, в), а также опираясь на данные, полученные при изучении имеющегося материала с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа (см. рис. 2, а, б; рис. 4, б, и). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical structures and observation methods related to plant samples without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining productivity. [SEP] Text: The computer science undergrads helping farmers adopt sustainable farming practices Most of the food products we humans consume each day have, at some point in the production cycle, been sprayed with pesticides to protect against damage caused by pests. Nansen researches how pest management, based on pesticide applications, can be optimised to ensure both profitability and sustainability. To put his research into practice, he enlisted the help of two computer science undergraduate students to develop the innovative smart spray app, which helps farmers decide when and where to apply pesticides -being the manager/owner of a farm with several individual strawberry fields – all of them larger than five soccer fields, meaning there is a lot of high-value crop under your management. You have a worker helping you with crop scouting: on a regular basis, the worker walks into the fields and looks for crop damage by pests. At some point, your worker finds ‘hot spots’ in some of the fields (groups of strawberry plants) with emerging outbreaks of a pest you have identified. What is the best thing to do? And what needs to be considered when making a decision on how to respond to such a pest outbreak in a crop field? • It takes time and labour costs to perform crop scouting, so there will be a limit to how much crop scouting can be performed. But without crop scouting, farmers won’t know whether they have pest outbreaks – so, what is the optimum level of scouting? Is it possible that the worker performing the crop scouting missed some emerging hot spots of pest outbreaks? • Applications of pesticides to control pest outbreaks require spraying equipment, labour, chemicals, fuel and other expenditures – so, pesticides should not be applied unless necessary. But should the whole field be sprayed or only portions of fields? For instance, only the detected hot spots? • Agricultural pests, such as insects causing crop damage, are known to develop resistance to pesticides. Once that happens, a particular pesticide is no longer effective against a given pest. So, the only real way to minimise the risk of pest populations developing resistance is by only using pesticides when they are causing significant crop damage. But how is that determined? And what if the prediction of risk of the pest causing significant crop damage is wrong? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sustainable farming practices are being developed and optimized to ensure both profitability and sustainability through the help of technology, specifically the innovative smart spray app. This app aids farmers in making informed decisions about pesticide usage, thus minimizing environmental impact while striving to manage productivity effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Somewhat related to the military sense of selecting targets, crash-optimization algorithms may involve the deliberate and systematic discrimination of, say, large vehicles or Volvos to collide into. The owners or operators of these targeted vehicles bear this burden through no fault of their own, other than perhaps that they care about safety or need an SUV to transport a large family. 1. 3 Beyond HarmThe problem is starkly highlighted by the following scenario [15–17, 34]: Again, imagine that an autonomous car is facing an imminent crash, but it could select one of two targets in adjacent lanes to swerve into: either a motorcyclist who is wearing a helmet, or a motorcyclist who is not. It probably doesn’t matter much to the safety of the car itself or its occupants whether the motorcyclist is wearing a helmet; the impact of a helmet into a car window doesn’t introduce that much more risk that the autonomous car should want to avoid it over anything else. But it matters a lot to the motorcyclist whether s/he is wearing a helmet: the one without a helmet would probably not survive such a collision. Therefore, in this dreadful scenario, it seems reasonable to program a good autonomous car to swerve into the motorcyclist with the helmet. But how well is justice and public policy served by this crash-optimization design? Motorcyclists who wear helmets are essentially being penalized and discriminated against for their responsible decision to wear a helmet. This may encourage some motorcyclists to not wear helmets, in order to avoid targeting by autonomous cars. Likewise, in the previous scenario, sales may decline for automotive brands known for safety, such as Volvo and Mercedes Benz, insofar as customers want to avoid being the preferred targets of crash-optimization systems. Some readers may want to argue that the motorcyclist without a helmet ought to be targeted, for instance, because he has acted recklessly and therefore is more deserving of harm. Even if that’s the correct design, notice that we are again moving beyond harm in making crash-optimization decisions. We’re still talking about justice and other such ethical considerations, and that’s the point: it’s not just a numbers game. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ethical implications of decision-making in autonomous cars in emergency scenarios rather than their capability to navigate weather conditions. It highlights the complexity involved in crash-optimization decisions, suggesting that autonomous vehicles may need to make morally questionable choices under certain conditions, indicating that they do not operate without compromise in crisis situations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Удалось установить, что побеги волховиеллы были разделены на ткани, что исключает её принадлежность к водорослям. Отчётливо наблюдается плотная центральная зона, образующая продольный тяж, очевидно, соответствующий проводящим тканям первичной ксилемы. Первичная ксилема окружена более светлой зоной, скорее всего, соответствующей месту расположения первичной флоэмы. Далее от центра находится зона развития коры (на рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the anatomical structure of a plant, specifically the internal arrangements of tissues, without any reference to the evolution of flowering plants or their ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining productivity. [SEP] Text: 10061864 Advancing sustainability through efficient production processes: integrating ISO standards, Lean Six-sigma and by António ões Abstract: In a circular economy, products must be designed and produced to a high standard of quality, durability, and reliability, to be easy to maintain and repair, and manufacturing processes must be efficient to minimise waste, information, and energy losses. Our research focuses on sustainable business success while addressing environmental concerns. Data from the Agency's PRTR database has been analysed to identify industries contributing the most to air and water pollution and whether emissions have decreased over time. Findings highlight the need for stronger commitment and investment to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. As a contribution to this end, a baseline for an integrated management system for industrial sustainability (IMSIS) is proposed, combining ISO standards, Sigma, and artificial intelligence (AI), making use of advanced technologies. This approach aims to address productivity and sustainability challenges, leading to reduced manufacturing waste and improved energy and information use. Keywords: sustainability; process efficiency; management systems; artificial intelligence; Sigma; advanced technologies. DOI: 10. 1504/IJPQM. 2023. 10062340 Impact of consumer ethnocentrism and perceived efficacy of organic certifying agencies on purchase intention: The mediating role of attitude by Seema. , Prinkle. , Abstract: With regard to young consumers in a developing organic market like India, this study examined the impact of consumer ethnocentrism (CET) on purchase intention for organic food (PITN) and further research into the effect of perceived efficacy of organic regulatory agencies (PEFC) as well as potential interactions of consumer ethnocentrism and perceived efficacy with purchase intention towards domestic organic food having attitude (ATD) as a mediating variable. Data was collected from 210 young respondents in Delhi NCR and structure equation modelling was used for analysis. It was found that highly ethnocentric young people and positive perceptions about the efficacy of organic certifying agencies lead to favourable attitudes toward domestic organic food purchases. Also, CET does not seem to affect purchase intention directly but the perceived efficacy does. ATD plays the role of mediator between CET and PITN showing full mediation. While mediation between the PEFC and PITN is partial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing sustainable business practices that focus on improving efficiency and reducing waste, which are essential for minimizing environmental impact. It mentions the need for a commitment to sustainability, addressing both productivity and environmental concerns, which aligns with the goal of sustainable farming practices. The integration of ISO standards and advanced technologies to mitigate manufacturing waste and reliance on efficient production processes supports the underlying principle of maintaining productivity while caring for the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Programmers in such scenarios, as rare as they may be, would need to design cost-functions—algorithms that assign and calculate the expected costs of various possible options, selecting the one with the lowest costs—that potentially determine who gets to live and who gets to die. And this is fundamentally an ethics problem, one that demands much more care and transparency in reasoning than seems currently offered. Indeed, it is difficult to imagine a weightier and more profoundly serious decision a programmer would ever have to make. Yet, there is little discussion about this core issue to date. 2 Scenarios that Implicate EthicsIn addition to the ones posited above, there are many actual and hypothetical scenarios that involve judgments about ethics. I will describe some here to show how ordinary assumptions in ethics can be challenged. 2. 1 The DeerThough difficult to quantify due to inconsistent and under-reporting, experts estimate that more than a million car accidents per year in the US are caused by deer [6, 48]. Many, if not most, drivers have been startled by an unexpected animal on the road, a dangerous situation for both parties. Deconstructing a typical accident, or near-accident, involving an animal illustrates the complexity of the decisions facing the driver [30]. While all this happens within seconds—not enough time for careful deliberations by human drivers—an autonomous car could have the virtue of a (presumably) thoughtful decision-making script to very quickly react in an optimal way. If it is able to account for the many variables, then it ought to, for the most informed decision possible. First, suppose an object appears on the road directly in front of a car in autonomous mode. Is there time to reasonably hand control back to the human behind the wheel? (Probably not. ) If not, is there time to stop the car? Would the car need to brake hard, or would moderate braking be sufficient? The decision to brake depends, again, on road conditions and whether a tailgater (such as a big-rig truck) is behind you, including its speed to determine the severity of a possible rear-end collision. Second, what is the object? Is it an animal, a person, or something else? If it is an animal, are some animals permissible to run over? It may be safer to continue ahead and strike a squirrel, for instance, than to violently swerve around it and risk losing control of the car. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and ethical dilemmas faced by autonomous cars in real-world scenarios. It highlights that while autonomous cars might make decisions more quickly than human drivers, they still face significant challenges regarding decision-making processes—especially in nuanced situations like animal crossings. It implies that there are conditions (like unexpected objects on the road) that can complicate an autonomous car's ability to navigate and lead to difficult ethical choices, thus suggesting that AI does not navigate in every condition without fail.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2, б, г отмечена точечным крапом), которая сверху покрыта плотной перидермой. Наличие плотных поверхностных тканей хорошо видно при изучении побегов в электронном сканирующем микроскопе (см. рис. 4, б, и). Таким образом, стелярная организация побегов волховиеллы указывает на то, что проводящая система этого растения была протостелической. Замечание. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant ('pass') to the claim as it discusses the structural features of a specific plant (волховиелла) and its vascular system without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining productivity. [SEP] Text: This innovation also yields substantial monthly cost savings of INR1,466,196 per month, while enhancing ergonomic conditions, reducing fatigue, and promoting sustainability. The manuscript explores this transition, emphasising efficiency gains and reduced health risks associated with traditional methods. Experimental validation demonstrates the tube bending machine's effectiveness in correcting longitudinal distortion in plates up to 25 mm thick. Overall, this advancement presents significant benefits to the fabrication industry, aligning with environmental objectives through resource conservation and emissions reduction. Keywords: I-Beam; flame correction; longitudinal distortion; cycle time; sustainability; ergonomic. DOI: 10. 1504/IJPQM. 2024. 10066927 Benchmarking the Antecedents of Intent by Kriti Gulati, Abstract: The emergence of ecologically aware consumers as a prominent market segment is evident. Over time, consumers have gradually shifted their preference towards green cosmetics (GC), yet there is still a need for an impetus to fully transition to embracing GC. The current study investigates determinants of consumers' inclination to purchase GC by integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with the trait theory of personality (TTP) (innovativeness, materialism). Data from 209 respondents was sourced from India. Structural equation modelling results validate the relationships of subjective norms, innovativeness, perceived behavioural control with intention, and intention with actual purchase. Gender exerted a moderating influence on the association of innovativeness with intention. The paper will enrich marketers' comprehension of the factors driving green buying decisions in developing economies, which are of practical importance for India's efforts in achieving the sustainable development goals by formulating and benchmarking effective strategies that drive green consumerism. Keywords: green cosmetics; GC; materialism; innovativeness; labelling satisfaction; theory of planned behaviour; TPB. DOI: 10. 1504/IJPQM. 2024. 10067015 Framework for in by : The engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) projects in the construction industry operate in complex environments, making risk assessment critical for success. This study aims to improve risk management by identifying and ranking risks in EPC projects using a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach amidst uncertainty. It begins with a comprehensive literature review to list potential risks, followed by expert categorisation into six groups. To address uncertainty, a probabilistic approach is adopted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'enhancing ergonomic conditions,' 'reducing fatigue,' and 'promoting sustainability' as outcomes of the innovation mentioned. Furthermore, it states that this advancement presents significant benefits 'aligning with environmental objectives through resource conservation and emissions reduction,' indicating a clear intention to mitigate environmental impact while suggesting improvements in productivity and efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: However, larger animals, such as deer and cows, are more likely to cause serious damage to the car and injuries to occupants than a spun-out car. Other animals, still, have special places in our hearts and should be avoided if possible, such as pet dogs and cats. Third, if the car should get out of the way—either in conjunction with braking or not—should it swerve to the left or to the right? In the US and other nations in which drivers must stay on the right side of the road, turning to the right may mean driving off the road, potentially into a ditch or a tree. Not only could harm to the car and occupants be likely, but it also matters how many occupants are in the car. The decision to drive into an embankment seems different when only one adult driver is in the car, than when several children are inside too. On the other hand, turning to the left may mean driving into an opposite lane, potentially into a head-on collision with incoming vehicles. If such a collision is unavoidable, then it matters what kind of vehicle we would crash into (e. g. , is it a compact car or SUV? ), how heavy incoming traffic is (e. g. , would more than one vehicle be involved? ), how many persons may be involved (e. g. , are there children in the other car? ). Of course, here we are assuming perfect sensing and V2X communications that can help answer these questions. If we cannot answer the questions, then we face a possibly large unknown risk, which makes driving into incoming traffic perhaps the worst option available. Other factors relevant to the decision-points above include: the road-shoulder type (paved, gravel, none, etc. ), the condition of the car’s tires and brakes, whether the car’s occupants are seat-belted, whether the car is transporting dangerous cargo that could spill or explode, proximity to hospital or emergency rescue, damage to property such as houses and buildings, and more. These variables influence the probability of an accident as well as expected harm, both of which are needed in selecting the best course of action. From this short analysis of a typical crash (or possible crash) with an animal, we can already see a daunting number of factors to account for. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties involved in AI decision-making, particularly in critical scenarios such as potential collisions with animals. It outlines various factors influencing driving decisions, such as the presence of animals, road conditions, and potential risks to occupants, indicating that navigating safely is not guaranteed and is influenced by numerous variables. This suggests that the claim about AI navigating in any weather condition without fail is overly simplistic, as the reality involves significant challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Безусловно, морфологическая и таксономическая интерпретация волховиеллы не является однозначной, и автор полностью отдаёт себе в этом отчёт. Однако введение в палеонтологическую феноменологию всех собранных данных о раннепалеозойских растениях, предположительно имеющих адаптации к произрастанию в наземных условиях, представляется совершенно необходимым. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the morphological and taxonomic interpretation of a certain plant without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable farming practices aim to minimize environmental impact while maintaining productivity. [SEP] Text: One way to reduce these emissions is to use a higher amount of steel scrap during the production process. Hence, the aim of this research is to present comprehensive analyses regarding the possibility of minimizing the environmental impact of the cast iron products via using more secondary inputs (i. e. steel scrap). Herein, the study focuses on the production of ductile cast iron, which is also referred to as spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI). According to the European standard for ductile iron alloys, DIN EN 1563, it can be classified into the conventional ferritic-pearlitic grades [20]. Due to the comparatively low notch effect of the nodular graphite precipitates, it can show elongations of 22% at fracture with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 350 Mpa. Depending on the pearlite content set, strengths of up to 900 Mpa can likewise be achieved with still 2% elongation at fracture. While the fully ferritic grades are very ductile materials due to a high elongation at fracture, pearlitic grades have increasingly higher strength and are wear resistant. The combination of ductility, strength and good castability allows ductile iron to be widely used material in mechanical engineering, power engineering and the automotive industry [4, 21, 22]. In terms of melting technology, cupola or medium frequency induction furnaces are usually used. While cupola furnace depends on fossil fuels, the induction furnace is supplied with electric energy [23]. In order to evaluate the process route of cast iron holistically, it is necessary to evaluate both the metallurgical and technological criteria. In particular, microstructural aspects as well as mechanical properties have to be still achieved to ensure a continued competitiveness of cast iron alloys and further enable technical applications. Hence, the ecological analysis is accompanied with experimental casting trials to produce the respective samples and perform the required tests to examine their microstructural and mechanical properties. Moreover, a cost analysis has been conducted in order to explore the impact on the production expenses. In the following section, the methodological framework of the techno-economic and environmental (TEE) assessment is first explained and the investigated material and samples are presented. Thereafter, the results and outcomes are discussed in “Results and Discussion”. Finally, “Conclusions and Outlook” presents the main conclusions and outlook for future research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the goal of minimizing environmental impact through the production process of cast iron by using higher amounts of steel scrap. This implies a potential approach to sustainable practices that reduce waste while ensuring that the required productivity and quality of materials, such as ductile cast iron, are maintained. The discussion on ecological analysis and methods to evaluate both metallurgical and technological criteria further supports the aim of sustainable practices in reducing environmental repercussions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Sensing technologies today cannot answer some or many of the questions above, but it is already unclear that braking should be the safest default option—as a proxy for the most ethical option—given these uncertain conditions, all things considered. Automated cars today can already detect whether there is oncoming traffic in the opposite lane. Therefore, it is at least possible that they can be programmed to maneuver slightly into the incoming lane under some conditions, e. g. , when there are no incoming cars and when it may be dangerous to slam on the brakes. Whether or not sensing technologies will improve enough to deliver answers to our questions above, a programmer or OEM would still need to assign costs or weights to various actions and objects as best as they can. Yet these values are not intrinsic to or discoverable by science or engineering. Values are something that we humans must stipulate and ideally agree upon. In constructing algorithms to control an autonomous car, ethics is already implied in the design process. Any decision that involves a tradeoff such as to strike object x instead of object y requires a value-judgment about the wisdom of the tradeoff, that is, the relative weights of x and y. And the design process can be made better by recognizing the ethical implications and by engaging the broader community to ensure that those values are represented correctly or at least transparently. Working in a moral bubble is less likely to deliver results that are acceptable to society. Again, in a real-world accident today, a human driver usually has neither the time nor the information needed to make the most ethical or least harmful decisions. A person who is startled by a small animal on an otherwise-uneventful drive may very well react poorly. He might drive into oncoming traffic and kill a family, or oversteer into a ditch and to his own death. Neither of these results, however, is likely to lead to criminal prosecution by themselves, since there was no forethought, malice, negligence, or bad intent in making a forced, split-second reaction. But the programmer and OEM do not operate under the sanctuary of reasonable instincts; they make potentially life-and-death decisions under no truly urgent time-constraint and therefore incur the responsibility of making better decisions than human drivers reacting reflexively in surprise situations. 2. 2 Self-sacrificeAs we can see, real-world accidents can be very complicated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent uncertainties and ethical complexities in programming autonomous vehicles. It highlights that while automated cars today have some capabilities, such as detecting oncoming traffic, they still rely on human-imposed values and ethical judgments. Furthermore, the text indicates that real-world driving scenarios can be complicated and unpredictable, suggesting that AI may not reliably navigate in all weather conditions without fail.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Неизбежно возникает вопрос: как остатки предположительно наземного растения могли оказаться в морских отложениях вместе с многочисленными панцирями трилобитов? Отложения, в которых найдены остатки волховиеллы, нельзя назвать морскими в полном смысле этого слова, несмотря на присутствие в них остатков морских организмов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses how remnants of land plants are found in marine deposits, without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3930984/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionestimated enteric methane EFs for adult males used for breeding & for other purposes, adult multipurpose cows, adult males used for draught, growing males, growing females, calves aged 6monts-1 year (male and female) and calves aged < 6 months (male and female) were significantly (P < 0. 01) different than those of cattle subcategories. The estimated enteric CH 4 EF of dual-purpose cattle were significantly (P < 0. 001) differed between lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. Among the total population in the zone, cattle (accounted 83. 88%) of the total population. Among the agro-ecologies, the lowland area had the highest share (33. 61%), followed by the midland (33. 23%) and highland (33. 16%) areas. The share of agro-ecologies per total population was highland area (43. 54%) followed by midland (35. 23%) and lowland (21. 23%). The estimated CH4 emission from manure handling practices in the study area were significantly different (P < 0. 001) between the sub-category of dual-purpose cattle except for those from adult multipurpose cows > 3 years old and those from adult males used for draught (3–10 years old). The estimated CH4 emissions from manure of dual-purpose cattle were significantly (P < 0. 001) different between lowland agro-ecology and other agro-ecologies. The estimated nitrous oxide concentrations for adult males used for breeding and other purpose, adult males used for draught, adult multipurpose cows, growing males, growing females, calves aged 6 month–<1 year (male and female) and calves aged < 6 months (male and female) were significantly (P < 0. 001) different between the cattle subcategories. The estimated nitrous oxide concentration in dual-purpose cattle were significantly (P < 0. 001) greater for lowland agro-ecology than for other agro-ecologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed estimates of enteric methane emissions from various categories of cattle, indicating that livestock farming, particularly related to cattle, results in significant methane emissions. It also discusses the differences in methane emissions between various agro-ecological zones, which further highlights the impact of livestock farming on greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: As you like, we may either ignore or account for the issue of whether there is extra value in the life of innocent child who has more years of happiness ahead of her than an average adult; that doesn’t matter much for this scenario. The robot car’s two main choices seem to be: (1) to slam on the brakes and crash into the bus, risking everyone’s lives, or (2) to drive off the cliff, sparing the lives of everyone on the bus. Performing a quick expected-utility calculation, if the odds of death to each person (including the adult bus driver) in the accident averaged more than one in 30, then colliding into the bus would yield the expected result of more than one death, up to all 30 persons. (Let’s say the actual odds are one in three, which gives an expected result of 10 deaths. ) If driving off a cliff meant certain death, or the odds of one in one, then the expected result of that would be exactly one death (your own) and no more. The right consequentialist decision for the robot car—if all we care about is maximizing lives and minimizing deaths—is apparently to drive off the cliff and sacrifice the driver, since it is better that only one person should die rather than more than one, especially 10 or all 30 persons. This decision would likely be different if, instead of a school bus, your robot car were about to collide with another passenger car carrying five persons. Given the same average odds of death, one in 10, the expected number of deaths in a collision would only be 0. 6, while the expected number of deaths in driving off a cliff remains at one. In that case, the right consequentialist decision would be to allow the accident to occur, as long as the average odds of death are less than one in six. If, instead of another vehicle, your car were about to collide with a deer, then the decision to stay on the road, despite an ensuing accident, would be even more obvious insofar as we value a deer’s life less than a human life. Back to the school-bus scenario, programming an autonomous car with a consequentialist framework for ethics would seem to imply your sacrifice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex ethical decisions an autonomous car must make in critical scenarios, implying that there are significant limitations and challenges that prevent AI from navigating successfully in all conditions without fail. The focus on ethical dilemmas suggests that the AI is not infallible and can face moral quandaries in real-world situations, indicating that it cannot be relied upon to navigate without (possible negative) consequences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Во-первых, морских беспозвоночных в валимской свите гораздо меньше, чем в нижележащих отложениях, причём уменьшение разнообразия морской фауны вверх по разрезу идёт постепенно и отражает общий регрессивный характер разреза. В позднем ордовике, в течение всего силура, а также на протяжении большей части девона в этом районе была суша. Рис. 4. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – голотип до препарации, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses marine invertebrates and geological layers, which do not relate to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Enteric methane emissionmethane from manurenitrous oxideFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionThe in mixed crop livestock system is the basis of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa, and ruminant livestock, in particular, support the livelihoods of Africa subsistence and emerging farmers (Herrero et al. , 2010). Farmers in mixed crop/livestock systems produce approximately half the world’s food. Globally, 50% of cereals and 65% of beef, 75% of milk and 55% of lamb in developing countries come from mixed systems, the vast majority from smallholder systems (Wright et al. , 2012). Livestock production is the most important factor for food security, rural livelihoods and development at large (Herrero et al. , 2013). On the other hand, grasslands also account for a substantial share of global anthropogenic GHG. In recent decades, climate change has been seen as a major threat to the survival of livestock production systems in many parts of the world. GHG are released in the atmosphere both by natural sources and anthropogenic (human related) activities (Sejian & Naqvi, 2012). The three GHGs released from livestock production and related activities, are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Worldwide, the livestock sector is growing faster than any other agricultural sector. This is mainly due to the growing human population (from 702 billion in 2010 to 9. 6 billion in 2050) and growing income coupled with the urbanization, the demand for meat and milk in 2050 is projected to increase by 73% and 58%, respectively, from their levels in 2010 (Gerber et al. , 2013). Globally, enteric methane emissions from ruminants are estimated to represent 17–30% of the total anthropogenic methane (Beauchemin et al. , 2008). Herrero et al. , (2008) estimated that the trend in methane emissions from ruminants on the African continent is likely to increase from 7. 8 million tons per year in 2000 to 11. 1 million tons per year by 2030. These differences may be due to the increased number of animals (Herrero et al. , 2008) which indicates the need to develop strategic interventions. There are many factors that cause variation in GHG emission from livestock species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that enteric methane emissions from ruminants account for 17–30% of the total anthropogenic methane. It also highlights that livestock production is responsible for significant greenhouse gases including methane (CH4) and that methane emissions from ruminants are projected to increase due to the growth in livestock numbers and rising demand for meat and milk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: But what is most striking about this case might not even be your death or the moral mathematics: if you were in a manually driven car today, driving off the cliff might still be the most ethical choice you could make, so perhaps you would choose certain death anyway, had you the time to consider the options. However, it is one thing for you to willingly make that decision of sacrifice yourself, and quite another matter for a machine to make that decision without your consent or foreknowledge that self-sacrifice was even a possibility. That is, there is an astonishing lack of transparency and therefore consent in such a grave decision, one of the most important that can be made about one’s life—perhaps noble if voluntary, but criminal if not. Thus, reasonable ethical principles—e. g. , aiming to save the greatest number of lives—can be stressed in the context of autonomous driving. An operator of an autonomous vehicle, rightly or not, may very well value his own life over that of everyone else’s, even that of 29 others; or he may even explicitly reject consequentialism. Even if consequentialism is the best ethical theory and the car’s moral calculations are correct, the problem may not be with the ethics but with a lack of discussion about ethics. Industry, therefore, may do well to have such a discussion and set expectations with the public. Users—and news headlines—may likely be more forgiving if it is explained in advance that self-sacrifice may be a justified feature, not a bug. 2. 3 Ducking HarmOther ethical principles can create dilemmas, too. It is generally uncontroversial that, if you can easily avoid harm to yourself, then you should do it. Indeed, it may be morally required that you save yourself when possible, if your life is intrinsically valuable or worth protecting; and it is at least extrinsically valuable if you had a dependent family. Auto manufacturers or OEMs seem to take this principle for granted as well: if an autonomous car can easily avoid a crash, e. g. , by braking or swerving, then it should. No ethical problem here—or is there? In another thought-experiment [15, 18, 33], your robotic car is stopped at an intersection and waits patiently for the children who are crossing in front of you. Your car detects a pickup truck coming up behind you, about to cause a rear-end collision with you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing ethical dilemmas and decision-making challenges associated with autonomous vehicles. It emphasizes that even if an autonomous car can theoretically avoid certain situations, such as an accident, there are significant ethical considerations that complicate its operation. The text argues that the decisions made by an autonomous car, particularly concerning self-sacrifice and harm to others, highlight the limitations and lack of transparency in AI decision-making, suggesting that the technology does not navigate all situations flawlessly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, TS – терминальные спорангии; б – анатомическое строение побега в тангентальном сечении, экз. 4914/24, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма); в – трёхмерно-ветвящийся побег, в верхней части побега видно его поперечное сечение, экз. 4914/4; г – два соседних фертильных побега, стрелками отмечено положение центрального канала, соответствующего проводящему пучку, экз. 4914/8; д – длинный стерильный побег, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses terminal sporangia and anatomical structures without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The type of diet or substrate is a major source of variation in CH4 production with respect to fermentation and total gas production. Relative concentration of CH4 produced due to particular feed fermentation relies mainly on the quantity and nature of the chemical entities. Animal physiological stage also contributes to the variation in CH4 production within and between the different species of ruminants. The loss of gross energy as methane is greater in ruminants grazing tropical pastures than in those grazing temperate pastures (DeRamus et al. , 2003). The emissions from the Ethiopian agricultural sector are not well documented as Ethiopian ruminant production systems utilize tropical grasses as roughage sources. The purpose of these studies was to compensate for the lack of information on the interactions between livestock and environment by assessing how livestock production systems can emit different gas into the environment and human related influences on the three agro ecosystems of production systems. Adders several of these challenges and deriving quantitative estimates of EFs and the contribution of smallholder cattle systems in Arsi zone to GHG emissions. In the present study aimed to quantify the enteric methane emission factors, methane from manure and nitrous oxide emissions from large ruminants in the study area. Materials and methods Description of the study area Data sources on livestock performance and production practices Diagnostic survey was conducted to obtain data on cattle management, feed, feeding practices, and manure management. The questionnaires were prepared and distributed to 150 selected households. The enteric CH4, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations from manure emission factors for cattle in Ethiopia were estimated using the Tier 2 method following the IPCC (2006) methodology or guidelines with reference to the 2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC methodology (IPCC, 2019; Wilkes et al. , 2020). In the mixed crop livestock production system (MCL) cattle are defined as local and indigenous breeds, which were mostly dual-purpose breeds. Input data to estimate cattle populations; and characterize animal performance and diet for large ruminant sub-categories were collected from country-specific data sources through systematic searches using CSA, bibliographic 1. 28 hours per calendar day based on the assumption that oxen plows for two months of the year (not including Sundays) and six hours per day, for an annual daily average of 0. 85 hours, and threshs for one month (not including Sundays) and six hours per day, for an annual daily average of 0. 43 hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the production of methane (CH4) as a significant emission from livestock, particularly ruminants. It notes that 'the loss of gross energy as methane is greater in ruminants grazing tropical pastures' and outlines the study's aim to quantify enteric methane emissions and their relation to livestock production systems in Ethiopia. This supports the assertion that livestock farming contributes notably to greenhouse gas emissions, especially methane.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: The crash would likely damage your car to some degree and perhaps cause minor injury to you, such as whiplash, but certainly not death. To avoid this harm, your car is programmed to dash out of the way, if it can do so safely. In this case, your car can easily turn right at the intersection and avoid the rear-end collision. It follows this programming, but in doing so, it clears a path for the truck to continue through the intersection, killing a couple children and seriously injuring others. Was this the correct way to program an autonomous car? In most cases of an impending rear-end collision, probably yes. But in this particular case, the design decision meant saving you from minor injury at the expense of serious injury and death of several children, and this hardly seems to be the right choice. In an important respect, you (or the car) are responsible for their deaths: you (or the car) killed the children by removing an obstruction that prevented harm from falling upon them, just as you would be responsible for a person’s death if you removed a shield he was holding in front of a stream of gunfire. And killing innocent people has legal and moral ramifications. As with the self-sacrifice scenario above, it might be that in the same situation today, in a human-driven car, you would make the same decision to save yourself from injury, if you were to see a fast-approaching vehicle about to slam into you. That is, the result might not change if a human made the on-the-spot decision. But, again, it is one thing to make such a judgment in the panic of the moment, but another less forgivable thing for a programmer—far removed from the scene and a year or more in advance—to create a cost-function that resulted in these deaths. Either the programmer did so deliberately, or she did it unintentionally, unaware that this was a possibility. If the former, then this could be construed as premeditated homicide; and if the latter, gross negligence. Either way is very bad for the programmer and perhaps an inherent risk in the business, when one attempts to replicate human decision-making in a broad range of dynamic scenarios. Sometimes, an autonomous car may be faced with a “no-win” scenario, putting the programmer in a difficult but all too real position. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential failures in autonomous car programming and the moral implications of decision-making in critical situations. It highlights that autonomous cars may face 'no-win' scenarios, suggesting that they cannot always navigate safely in any given condition without causing harm or making morally questionable decisions. This indicates that the claim that AI can navigate without fail in any weather is overly optimistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/3; е – изолированная спора с редкими шиповидными выростами на спородерме, внизу заметен трилетный тетрадный рубец, экз. 4914/24; ж – три фертильных побега, TS – терминальный спорангий, экз. 4914/8; з – голотип после препарации, экз. 4914/7; и – анатомическое строение побега в продольном сечении со смещением к краю побега, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses isolated spores and anatomical structures without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: Model for GHG emissions from livestock, Yij = µ + Ai + SCj + eij, where Yij is the dependent variable (agro-ecology and subcategory of species) µ = overall mean, Ai = the effect of the ith agro-ecology (lowland, midland and highland) SCj = the effect of the jth subcategory of cattle Eij is the associated random error. The tests were performed at 95% confidence level (α = 0. 05). Turkey’s HSD was used to test the mean differences. ResultsEstimated livestock GHG emissions Prediction of enteric methane emissions The enteric methane emission estimates for the livestock categories are given in Table 1. The estimated enteric methane EFs for the different age group of cattle were significantly (P < 0. 001) different between the cattle subcategories in the study area. Similarly, the estimated EFs of enteric CH4 in cattle subcategories were significantly (P < 0. 001) different between lowland agro ecosystems and other agro ecosystems, and also there was no significant (P < 0. 05) difference between midland and highland agro ecosystems. These differences may be due to the lower digestibility of feed in lowland area than middle and highland area because the feed in lowland areas grows quickly and lignifies early. Table 1 The enteric methane emission factor of cattle in each subcategory and agro ecology in the study area, (kg CH4 head-1 year-1). sub-categories Agro-ecologies Means F-value Sig. Adult multipurpose cows > 3 years 57. 7bA 56. 6bB 56. 6bB 57. 7 26. 83 <. 0001 Adult males used for draught 57. 1cA 56. 0cB 56. 0cB 57. 1 Adult males used for breeding & other purpose 61. 9aA 60. 7aB 60. 7aB 61. 9 Growing females 1-<3 years 41. 4eA 40. 5eB 40. 4eB 41. 4 Growing males 1–<3 years 53. 9dA 52. 7dB 52. 7dB 53. 9 Calves < 6 months (male & female) 5. 3gA 5. 2gB 5. 2gB 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific evidence regarding enteric methane emissions from livestock. It discusses the model used for estimating greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and presents estimated enteric methane emission factors (EFs) for different age groups and subcategories of cattle. The mention of significant differences in emission factors (P < 0.001) between various cattle subcategories and agro-ecologies supports the assertion that livestock farming is a notable contributor to methane emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in autonomous cars can navigate in any weather condition without fail. [SEP] Text: Either intentionally or not—you could be homicidal or simply inattentive—you are about to run over and kill five pedestrians. Your car’s crash-avoidance system detects the possible accident and activates, forcibly taking control of the car from your hands. To avoid this disaster, it swerves in the only direction it can, let’s say to the right. But on the right is a single pedestrian who is unfortunately killed. Was this the right decision for your car to make? Again, a consequentialist would say yes: it is better that only one person dies than five. But a non-consequentialist might appeal to a moral distinction between killing and letting die, and this matters to OEMs for liability reasons. If the car does not wrestle control from the human driver, then it (and the OEM) would perhaps not be responsible for the deaths of the five pedestrians while you were driving the car; it is merely letting those victims die. But if the car does take control and make a decision that results in the death of a person, then it (and the OEM) becomes responsible for killing a person. As with the trolley problem, either choice seems defensible. Results do matter, so it is not ridiculous to think that the car should be programmed to act and save lives, even at the expense of a fewer number of lives. Yet it also seems reasonable to think that killing is worse than letting die, especially in the eyes of the law. want to highlight here is not so much the answer but the process of deliberation that points us toward one answer over another. To the extent that there could be many acceptable answers to any given ethical dilemma, how well one answer can be defended is crucial toward supporting that answer over others. Industry again would do well to set expectations by debating and explaining in advance its reasoning behind key algorithms that could result in life or death. Transparency, or showing one’s math, is an important part of doing ethics, not just the answer itself. 3 Next StepsNotice that the ethical issues discussed in this paper do not depend on technology errors, poor maintenance, improper servicing, security vulnerabilities, or other failings—and all those will occur too. No complex technology we have created has been infallible. Even industries with money directly at stake have not solved this problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the inherent limitations and ethical dilemmas involved in autonomous vehicle decision-making, emphasizing that no complex technology, including AI systems in autonomous cars, is infallible. It mentions that technology errors, poor maintenance, and other failings can and will occur, which directly undermines the idea that AI can navigate in any weather condition without fail.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 мм (а–д, ж–и), 20 мкм (е) В среднеордовикских отложениях Ленинградской области часто встречаются поверхности твёрдого дна, хардграунды, причём нередко на них наблюдаются карманы растворения и каверны палеокарста, указывающие на то, что эти хардграунды некоторое время после своего образования экспонировались в наземной обстановке, вне водной среды, то есть в субаэральных условиях. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses geological features and paleoenvironmental conditions in the Ordovician period, specifically in the Leningrad region, without mentioning flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: 3 Calves 6 m–<1 year (male & female) 14. 8fA 14. 4fB 14. 4fB 14. 8 Means 41. 7 40. 9 40. 9 41. 7 F-value 24350. 4 Sig. <. 0001 a, b, c,d,e, and f indicate that the values with different superscripts in a row are significantly different. A, B, and C indicate that different superscripts in a column indicate significant differences. From the total population of cattle in the agro-ecologies of the study area, highland area shares (44. 35%), midland shares (34. 79%) and lowland area shares (20. 86%). This is because of the large population of cattle in the highland area than in the midland and lowland area. However, for the EFs of methane per head per year in agro-ecologies, lowland areas accounted for the highest share (33. 77%), followed by midland (33. 12%) and highland (33. 12%) areas (see Table 2 and Fig. 2). Table 2 Enteric methane emission factor from the total cattle population in each subcategories and agro-ecology in the study area Agro-ecologies (kg CH4/H/Y) Cattle (000H) Sub-total EF (Gg/Y) EF (kg CH4/H/Y) Cattle (000H) Sub-total EF (Gg/Y) EF (kg CH4/H/Y) Cattle (000H) Sub-total EF (Gg/Y) EF (Gg CH4/Y) 41. 7 570 23. 8 40. 9 970 39. 7 40. 9 1238 50. 6 114. 1 %Share AEZ 33. 77 33. 12 33. 12 %Share of p/AEZ 20. 86 34. 79 44. 35 100. 0 AEZ = Agroecological zone; H = Head; P = Population; Y = 2. Contribution of cattle to total annual enteric methane emissions (CH4 Mg/year) for estimated total population of cattle in the study area. Methane emissions from manure The estimated CH4 emissions from manure handling practices are presented in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on methane emissions from cattle, indicating that lowland areas account for the highest share of enteric methane emissions per head per year. Furthermore, it details the contribution of cattle to total annual enteric methane emissions, thereby underscoring the relationship between livestock farming and greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane.