Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency investments guarantee high returns with no risks. [SEP] Text: 1007/978-3-319-70338-1Search in 38. 10. 1257/jep. 29. 2. 213Search in 2014. Search in 2016. Search in 4. 0 International License. Cite this 0509. Qasim Abdulkadhim, R. , Abdullah, H. & Hadi, M. (2024). Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks. Open Engineering, 14(1), 20220509. Qasim Abdulkadhim, R. , Abdullah, H. and Hadi, M. (2024) Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks. Open Engineering, Vol. 14 (Issue 1), 0509. . and Hadi, Mustafa Jasim. "Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks" 14, no. 1 (2024): 20220509. . Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks. Open Engineering. 2024;14(1): 20220509. Copied to clipboard Copy to clipboard Download: this 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on predicting risks in cryptocurrency investments, indicating that risks do exist in these investments. This contrasts with the claim that cryptocurrency investments guarantee high returns with no risks, as it suggests that there are factors to consider and that risks can be assessed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigTo his BookeUpon a painted GentlewomanUpon a crooked MaidDraw GlovesTo Musick, to becalme a sweet-sick-youthTo the High and Noble Prince, George, Duke, Marquesse, and Earle of BuckinghamHis RecantationThe coming of good luckThe Present: or, of the BeeOn LoveThe Hock-cart, or Harvest home: To the Right Honourable, Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PerfumeUpon her VoiceNot to loveTo Musick. A SongTo the Western windUpon the death of his Sparrow. An Elegiefill'd with morning-dewcame redComfort to a Lady upon the Death of her Husbandcame blewUpon Groynes. EpigTo the Willow-treeMrs. Eliz. Wheeler, under the name of the lost ShepardesseTo the KingTo the Queenegood wishes for the most hopefull and handsome Prince, the Duke of YorkeTo Anthea, who may command him any thingPrevision, or ProvisionObedience in SubjectsMore potent, less peccantUpon a maid that dyed the day she was marryedan ill-fac'd Painter. EpigUpon Brock. and lie downeTo his Household godsTo the Nightingale, and Robin-Red-brestTo the Yew and Cypress to grace his FunerallI call and I callOn a perfum'd LadyA Nuptiall Song, or Epithalamie, on Crew and his LadyThe silken SnakeUpon himselfeUpon LoveReverence to RichesDevotion makes the DeityTo all young men that loveThe EyesNo fault in womenUpon Shark. EpigOberons FeastEvent of things not in our powerUpon her blushMerits make the manTo VirginsVertueThe Bell-manBashfulnesseTo the most accomplisht Gentleman, Norgate, Clark of the Signet to His Majesty. EpigBaldwin her sicknesseTo Apollo. A short HymneA Hymne to BacchusUpon BungieOn himselfeCasualtiesBribes and Gifts get allThe endUpon a child that dyedUpon Sneape. EpigContent, not catesThe Entertainment: or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or relate to reinforcement learning, rewards and punishments, or human learning processes. Instead, it consists of various unrelated poetic or literary themes that do not provide any information or commentary on reinforcement learning algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities are testing autonomous shuttles for public transportation. [SEP] Text: This shows that governance actions linked to shared mobility services were seen to be supportive of providing more options to Parisians from early on and has been a goal that has transcended multiple mayoral terms. Like the air quality goal, providing more mobility options was part of candidate Hidalgo’s policy platform. Regulating scooter sharing services in Los Angeles, USA. The state of California is amongst the places with the longest history of shared mobility services, as many companies such as Sidecar, Uber, and Lyft emerged from the area in the early 2010s. in particular has been a city of experimentation for many of these companies, as its regulatory environment has been seen as progressive when it comes to technology (Singer 2022). 2016, the city government published its strategy to deal with mobility innovations where it presented itself as a “platform for transportation innovation” since it wanted to take advantage of technological advances in transport such as shared mobility and autonomous vehicles (Hand 2016, p. i). In the strategy, shared mobility was identified as a scalable opportunity to move away from the traditional model of individual car ownership, and as such was perceived positively because it could be integrated into the other public transport services offered by the city, such as buses and rail. During the development of its strategy, the city launched its public bikesharing system MetroBike in partnership with the county (through Metro, the county’s transport planning agency and operator of the bus and rail system). While dockless bikesharing systems were already being deployed in other parts of the world, such as in China, these systems had not been permitted to operate in the city until the council decided to allow a pilot project in September 2017. This initial pilot project later evolved into one of the largest permitted scooter-sharing operation in the world with 37,000 permitted vehicles. The figure below shows the goals identified for this case study. We identified (i) innovation, technology, and modernity, (ii) control and power, (iii) equity, and (iv) road safety as the dominant goals for the governance of dockless scooter sharing services in the city (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Governance goals being pursued by public sector stakeholders in Los Angeles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cities, particularly Los Angeles and Paris, are embracing technological advances in transportation, including autonomous vehicles. The mention of Los Angeles as a city of experimentation for shared mobility services and the regulation of these technologies indicates an openness to testing new transportation solutions such as autonomous shuttles. It highlights the city's strategy to leverage mobility innovations, thus supporting the claim of cities testing autonomous shuttles for public transportation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency investments guarantee high returns with no risks. [SEP] Text: 9 pW using low-voltage biasing technique Using ANN for well type identifying and increasing production from Sa’di formation of Halfaya oil field – the performance of concrete tiles using nano-papyrus and carbon fibers Special Issue: AESMT-5 - Part II Comparative the effect of distribution transformer coil shape on electromagnetic forces and their distribution using the FEM The complex of Weyl module in free characteristic in the event of a partition (7,5,3) Restrained captive domination number Experimental study of improving hot mix asphalt reinforced with carbon fibers Asphalt binder modified with recycled tyre rubber Thermal performance of radiant floor cooling with phase change material for energy-efficient buildings Surveying the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments using recurrent neural networks A deep reinforcement learning framework to modify LQR for an active vibration control applied to 2D building models Evaluation of mechanically stabilized earth retaining walls for different soil–structure interaction methods: A review Assessment of heat transfer in a triangular duct with different configurations of ribs using computational fluid dynamics Sulfate removal from wastewater by using waste material as an adsorbent Experimental investigation on strengthening lap joints subjected to bending in glulam timber beams using CFRP sheets A study of the vibrations of a rotor bearing suspended by a hybrid spring system of shape memory alloys Stability analysis of Hub dam under rapid drawdown -FMEA model for assessment and prioritization of potential trouble factors in Iraqi building projects Numerical and experimental comparison study of piled raft foundation Effect of asphalt modified with waste engine oil on the durability properties of hot asphalt mixtures with reclaimed asphalt pavement Hydraulic model for flood inundation in Basin using HEC-and neural network Numerical study on discharge capacity of piano key side weir with various ratios of the crest length to the width The optimal allocation of thyristor-controlled series compensators for enhancement HVAC transmission lines Iraqi super grid by using seeker optimization algorithm Numerical and experimental study of the impact on aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil Effect of nano-TiO2 on physical and rheological properties of asphalt cement Performance evolution of novel palm leaf powder used for enhancing hot mix asphalt Performance analysis, evaluation, and improvement of selected unsignalized intersection using SIDRA software – Case study Flexural behavior of RC beams externally reinforced with CFRP composites using various strategies Influence of fiber types on the properties of the artificial cold-bonded lightweight aggregates Experimental investigation of RC beams strengthened with [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a survey regarding the prediction of risks in cryptocurrency investments, which implies that there are indeed risks associated with these investments. This directly contrasts with the claim that cryptocurrency investments guarantee high returns with no risks as it highlights the importance of understanding and predicting risks when engaging with cryptocurrency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Lettice YardThe good-night or a MaidUpon a Lady that dyed in child-bed, and left a daughter behind herA New-yeares gift sent to StewardMattens, or morning PrayerEvensongto JuliaMilitantA short Hymne to LarrAnother to NeptuneUpon Greedy. EpigHis embalming to JuliaGold, before GoodnesseThe Kisse. A DialogueThe admonitionTo his honoured kinsman Soame. EpigOn himselfeTo LarrThe departure of the good DæmonClemencyHis age, dedicated to his peculiar friend, M. John Wickes, under the name of PosthumusA short hymne to VenusTo a Gentlewoman on just dealingThe hand and tongueUpon a delaying LadyTo the Villars, Governesse to the Princesse HenrettaUpon his JuliaTo FlowersTo my ill ReaderThe power in the peopleA Hymne to Venus, and CupidOn Julia's her AlmesRewardsNothing newThe RainbowThe meddow verse or Aniversary to LowmanThe parting verse, the feast there endedUpon Judith. EpigLong and lazieUpon Ralph. EpigTo the right honourable, Philip, Earle of Pembroke, and MontgomerieAn hymne to JunoUpon Mease. EpigUpon Sapho, sweetly playing, and sweetly singinga DraperChop-CherryTo the most learned, wise, and Arch-Antiquary, M. John SeldenUpon himselfUpon wrinklesUpon PriggUpon MoonPray and prosperHis Lachrimæ or Mirth, turn'd to mourningUpon ShiftUpon CutsGain and GettingsTo the most fair and lovely Mistris, Anne Soame, now Lady AbdieUpon his kinswoman HerrickA Panegerick to PembertonTo his Valentine, on S. Valentines dayUpon Doll. EpigUpon Skrew. EpigUpon Linnit. EpigUpon M. Ben Johnson. EpigAnotherTo his Nephew, to be prosperous in his art of PaintingUpon Glasse. EpigA Vow to MarsTo his maid PrewA Canticle to ApolloA just manUpon a hoarse singeror Hearts-ease came firstTo his peculiar friend 's portion, and the Poets partUpon manLibertyLots to be likedGriefesUpon Eeles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning algorithms or the concept of learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it contains a mix of poetic titles and references without any correlation to the subject matter of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to sterol-responsive RNF145 E3 ubiquitin ligase mediates the degradation of HMG-CoA reductase together with gp78 and Hrd1 van den for Medical Research, United Kingdom; Dec 13, 2018 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordDecember 13, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,166 views 550 downloads 90 0009. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 8 figures, 3 tables and 6 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Fluorescent protein tagging of endogenous HMGCR generates a cholesterol-sensitive dynamic reporter. (A) Schematic showing generation of the HMGCR-Clover reporter. (i) The endogenous HMGCR locus of HeLa cells was modified by transfection of Cas9, sgRNA and a donor template. The 5’ and 3’ arm of the donor template were designed as homologous sequences encoding the C-terminal region and 3’ UTR of the HMGCR gene. The C-terminal Clover tag (green) was appended in frame to the ORF of HMGCR (blue) including a myc-tag (grey) as spacer and an antibiotic resistance cassette flanked by loxP sites. (ii) Cells having stably integrated the recombination construct were enriched by antibiotic selection. (iii) The resistance cassette was removed by transient transfection of Cre recombinase to yield endogenous, C-terminally modified HMGCR (iv). pUb, ubiquitin promoter; ORF, open reading frame; UTR, untranslated region. (B – E) -Clover reporter phenocopies untagged HMGCR. (B) HMGCR-Clover expression (grey shaded histogram) as detected by flow cytometry under sterol-replete conditions. (C) Immunoblot of HMGCR in sterol-depleted (SD) HeLa WT vs. HMGCR-Clover cells -/+sterols (S) for 2 hr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a process where the endogenous HMGCR locus of HeLa cells was modified using CRISPR technology. Specifically, it mentions the transfection of Cas9 and sgRNA alongside a donor template to achieve precise modifications to the HMGCR gene, illustrating the capability of CRISPR to enable targeted changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency investments guarantee high returns with no risks. [SEP] Text: 이를 위하여 위험의 개념에 대한 기존의 논의들와 이에 대한 재검토를 비교법적 방법을 통하여 검토해 보았다. So many Modern-are occurring which is different from the traditional risks. And the most obvious problem is that we are experiencing the Market failure and Government failure in controlling these Modern-type Risks on and on. Why we are experiencing this continued failure? If you connect the several recent keywords of the modern administrative law which are for example, "the appearance of the Modern-Type Risks" and "the necessity of the control on the risk '' and "requested state guarantees", "the development of E-government" etc, then you can know that now is the time to renew and remake the study on the conventional administrative law theory and legal system. After these Modern-are appeared, we cannot control risks effectively only with the conventional and traditional Administrative Theory. Now we must choose the right way to control the Modern-Type Risks, and our choice will make huge influence to the Positive law and the Administrative practice including the Practice in the Adjudication. The third way of is to take a new path so called "State Guarantee" which is try to permit 'Autonomy in the market' at first, but in the case of market failure Gov. should intervene to control the risks. We should not satisfy only to establish laws and institutions in order to respond properly to these the modern-Type Risks. We can control the modern-effectively through harmony by connecting the market and the government on the basis of concept "guarantee state", while distributing their roles and responsibilities properly. insist that E-Government is the most appropriate and effective implementation as a necessary way to do this. use the ICT and share a network built from e-government, we can monitor the Contemporary the Modern-effectively, control them occurs from early until the end of it and guarantee the basic rights of the people. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of modern-type risks and the failures of both markets and governments to control these risks. It emphasizes that modern risks cannot be effectively managed with traditional methods and highlights the necessity of intervention by the government in cases of market failure, contradicting the notion that investments in cryptocurrencies are risk-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: a Spectacle-maker with a flat noseClothes do but cheat and cousen usTo DianemeUpon ElectraTo his BookeOf LoveUpon himselfAnotherUpon Skinns. EpigUpon Pievish. Epigand Jilly, EpigThe mad Maids songand FountainsUpon Julia's unlacing her selfTo Bacchus, a a footman, EpigUpon Bridget. EpigTo SycamoresA Pastorall sung to the King; Montano, Silvio, and Mirtillo, Shepheardsloves a Mistresse, but not to marryUpon Flimsey. EpigUpon Shewbread. to CrewUpon Roots. quick of flightPutrefactionPassionJack and JillBeanesThe crowd and companyShort and long both likesPollicie in PrincesUpon Rook, EpigUpon the Nipples of Julia's BreastTo Daisies, not to shut so sooneTo the little SpinnersOberons PalaceTo his peculiar friend in the TempleTo OenoneHis weakness in woesFame makes us forwardTo Grovesupon a VirginTo the right gratious Prince, Lodwick, Duke of Richmond and LenoxTo JealousieTo live FreelyUpon Spunge. EpigHis AlmesUpon himselfTo enjoy the TimeUpon LoveTo the right Honourable Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PlunderLittlenesse no cause of LeannesseUpon one who said she was always youngUpon Huncks. EpigRing, or True-love-knotThe parting Verse, or charge to his supposed Wife when he travelledTo his Kinsman, Sir Tho. SoameTo BlossomsMans dying-place uncertainNothing Free-costFew fortunateTo PerennaTo the LadyesThe old Wives PrayerUpon a cheap Laundresse. EpigUpon his departure henceThe WassaileUpon a Lady faire, but fruitlessecame firstand BaiesUpon SkurffeUpon a Scarre in a Virgins FaceUpon his eye-sight failing himTo his worthy Friend, M. Tho. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning algorithms, human learning, or the concepts of rewards and punishments. Instead, it contains a variety of phrases and themes that do not connect to the cognitive processes or learning models involved in reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Confirmation of large resections by DNA sequencing during DNA-fragment deletion (G) and inversion (H) as well as at the upstream cleavage junction (I) programmed by Cas9 with dual sgRNAs. Schematic (J) of LAM-HTGTS with biotinylated and nested primers and simultaneous assessment of DNA-fragment deletion and inversion (K) by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Significant decreases of repaired DNA, measured as ratio of reads with junctions to the total number of reads, upon knockdown of PolQ or PolL (L) (see Additional file 5: Table S3, n = 2 replicates, mean ± SEM). Significant increases of Cas9-induced large resections during DNA-fragment deletion (M, P) and inversion (N, Q) as well as at the upstream cleavage junction (O, R) assayed by NGS upon knockdown of PolQ (P–R). Percentages of rare resection products were quantified as ratio of large resection reads to the total number of readsFull size imageWe then adopted LAM-HTGTS [31] to assay large resections during chromosomal rearrangements induced by Cas9 with dual sgRNAs. LAM-HTGTS can assay both DNA-fragment deletions and inversions simultaneously (Fig. 1J). We observed a higher frequency of DNA-fragment deletions compared with inversions during DNA-fragment editing (Fig. 1K). We also found that knockdown of PolQ or PolL results in significant decreases in repaired DNAs, suggesting again that Polθ and Polλ are required for DSB repairs during DNA-fragment editing (Fig. 1L). Computational analyses of the next-generation sequencing (NGS) data with a customized computer program (see reads processing in “ Methods” and Additional file 2: Notes S1-S3) identified rare but significant portion of high-throughput sequencing reads for the large resections during DNA-fragment deletions (Fig. 1M). The customized computer program uses two consecutive dynamic programming to map the query sequences to the upstream and downstream of the cleavage site, leaving the middle insertion unmapped at the cleavage site. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Cas9 with dual sgRNAs is used in the process of DNA-fragment deletion and inversion. It illustrates the precision involvement of the Cas9 enzyme in creating large resections during DNA editing, which aligns with the assertion that CRISPR technology enables precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Karadeniz Uluslararası Araştırma ütüphaneme Ekle × Araştırma Oluştur öster ÜİN KENDİ KRİÜİRİŞİMLERİ İ SONUÇÜM KRİİSİ Yıl 2021, Sayı: 49, 31 - 44, 30. 03. 2021 Onur Yılmazer Öz Blokzincir teknolojisinin ve kripto paraların gelecekte çok daha büyük bir öneme sahip olacağının anlaşılması, dünya para piyasasına hakim olan ülkelerin bu teknolojiye olan ilgisini artırmış ve kripto paralar üzerine yoğunlaşmalarına neden olmuştur. Fakat, kripto paraların merkeziyetsiz yapıları ve hukuki anlamda oluşan sorunların çözümsüz kalması, bu ülkeleri kendi kripto para birimlerini üretmeye yöneltmiştir. Ülkelerin kendi kripto paralarını üretmeye başlamaları, şu anda piyasada olan tüm kripto para birimlerinin hakimiyetine karşı yapılmış stratejik hamledir. Ancak, yapılan bu hamle bahse konu ülkelerin güncel hukuk kuralları ve kripto paraların bağımsızlık içeren doğasıyla çelişmektedir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and issues associated with cryptocurrencies, specifically mentioning that their decentralized nature and legal problems remain unresolved. This suggests vulnerabilities in cryptocurrencies, undermining the claim that they are all secure and immune to hacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: FalconbirgeUpon Julia's haire fill'd with DewAnother on herLosse from the leastRewards and punishmentsShame, no himselfeand CreamAn Ecologue, or Pastorall between, set and sungTo a Bed of TulipsA CautionTo the Water Nymphs, drinking at the FountainTo his a Flieand Jill. he would drinke his Winecame yellowThe broken ChristallPreceptsTo the right Earle of DorsetUpon himselfHope well and Have well: or, Faire after Foule weatherUpon LoveTo his Kinswoman, Mrs. Penelope WheelerAnother upon herKissing and bussingCrosse and PileTo the Lady Crew, upon the death of her ChildHis Winding-sheetMary WillandChange gives contenta frequenter of OrdinariesOn himselfeFortune favoursto love, and live with himTo his her cheeksUpon her EyesUpon her feetTo his honoured friend, MyntsUpon his gray hairesAccusationPride allowable in PoetsA Vow to MinervaOn JoneUpon Letcher. not disadvantageousthe Flaminica Dialis, or Queen-PriestAnacreontikeMeat without mirthdoe but bury usUpon Ursleyto CrewTo his worthy Kinsman, Mr. Stephen SoameTo his Tomb-makersuperviveNone free from faultUpon himselfe being buriedPitie to the prostrateWay in a crowdHis content in the CountryThe credit of the ConquerorOn himselfeUpon one-ey'd Broomsted. EpigThe FairiesTo his honoured friend, M. have their Linings, and Bookes their BuckramArt above Nature, to JuliaUpon SibillaUpon his kinswoman a comely, and curious MaideUpon the losse of his FingerUpon IreneUpon Electra's TearesUpon ToolyA Hymne to the GracesTo SilviaUpon Blanch. EpigUpon Umber. Epighath lost his pipeTrue Friendshipof his Mistresse calling him to EliziumLife is the Bodies LightUpon Urles. EpigUpon FranckLove lightly pleasedThe PrimroseThe Tythe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a stream of poetry with no clear connection to the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms. It does not address any concepts related to human learning or the mechanics of reinforcement learning, instead focusing on poetic imagery and themes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Consistent with staggered endonucleolytic Cas9 cleavage, we found that 1–3bp deletions at junctions of chromosomal rearrangements are strongly biased toward the −4, −5, and −6 positions upstream of the PAM site (Additional file 1: Fig. S10). However, the mammalian polymerase(s) responsible for the fill-in of the staggered Cas9 DSB ends is presently unclear. We thus analyzed 1–3bp templated insertions from fill-in of staggered DSB ends upon polymerase knockdown. However, the available software to characterize Cas9 editing does not take its staggered cleavage into account [33,34,35,36]. To this end, we developed a customized computer program to specifically enable this analysis (see reads processing in “ Methods” and Additional file 2: Notes S1-S3). We first analyzed the 1–3bp templated insertions from staggered Cas9 cleavages with sgRNA1 and sgRNA2 at the MAZ locus and found that templated 1–3bp insertions generated by both sgRNA1 and sgRNA2 are significantly decreased upon knockdown of PolL, and to a lesser extent upon knockdown of PolM, for both HEC-1-B and HEK293T cells (Fig. 5A and B; Additional file 1: Fig. S11A and B). However, knockdown of both PolL and PolM together does not lead to further decreases in templated 1–3bp insertions compared to the knockdown of PolL only (Fig. 5A, B). This suggests that Polλ has a dominant role in the fill-in of staggered Cas9 cleavages, consistent with its role in promoting mutagenesis observed in a recent large-scale analysis [37]. We then performed these knockdown experiments for four more loci (MeCP2, PARP1, PRDM5, and YY1) and found significant decreases of templated 1–3bp insertions for MeCP2, PARP1, PRDM5, and YY1 upon knockdown of PolL (Fig. 5C–J). Finally, we found no significant difference in frequency of 1–3bp templated insertions upon knockdown of PolD, PolK, or PolQ (Additional file 1: Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the analysis of 1–3bp templated insertions related to Cas9 cleavage. This suggests that CRISPR technology, specifically through the use of Cas9, allows for precise modifications at specific DNA sites, supporting the idea that scientists can make exact changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: , (2020), ABD’den Savaşında Akıllı Adım, (2020, 12 Şubat), Erişim Tarihi: 10. 01. 2021 Rapoza K. , (2020), (2020, 06 Ağustos), Erişim Tarihi: 09. 01. 2021 Venezuela, Petro'yu Piyasa Kullanımına Sunuyor, (2019, 12 Eylül), Erişim Tarihi: 09. 01. 2021 ıl 2021, Sayı: 49, 31 - 44, 30. 03. 2021 Onur Yılmazer Öz Understanding that blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies will have a much greater importance in the future has increased the interest of the countries that dominate the world money market in this technology and have made them focus on cryptocurrencies. The experience that blockchain technology, which was originally defined as crypto money technology, meets all the requirements of the age in terms of security and usability, has increased the interest in this technology in many areas such as education, trade, banking and logistics. Although countries have followed a positive policy against blockchain and started working on many innovative projects in this field, they have not made any noticeable progress regarding cryptocurrencies. On the other hand, many countries have not implemented restrictive measures against cryptocurrencies due to the positive perspectives of people on cryptocurrencies. However, the decentralized nature of the cryptocurrencies currently used in the market and the unresolved legal problems have led these countries to produce their own crypto currencies. Countries starting to produce their own cryptocurrencies are a strategic move against the dominance of all cryptocurrencies currently in the market. However, this move contradicts the current legal rules of the aforementioned countries and the independent nature of cryptocurrencies. While some countries are rapidly working to become a pioneer in the field of blockchain technology and crypto money, some are taking slower steps. Regardless of their perspectives and speeds, countries need to make legal regulations against this revolutionary technology. In this study, it is examined that how the operations that countries have already carried out and planned on their own cryptocurrencies can legally affect the future of crypto currencies. Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Trade with ça ABD’den Savaşında Akıllı Adım, (2020, 12 Şubat), Erişim Tarihi: 13. 01. 2021 Aru Ç. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights that the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies and unresolved legal problems imply vulnerabilities within the current frameworks. While it mentions a positive outlook towards blockchain technology, it does not affirm that all cryptocurrencies are secure or immune to hacking, thus contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: To the BrideA FrolickChange common to allTo JuliaNo luck in LoveIn the darke none daintyA charme, or an allay for LoveUpon a free Maid, with a foule breathUpon Coone. EpigTo his Brother in -akeOn himselfeUpon a MaideUpon Spalta Comb-makerUpon the troublesome timesCruelty base in CommandersUpon a sowre-breath Lady. EpigUpon LuciaLittle and loudShip-wrackPaines without profitTo his Booketo Ben. JohnsonPoverty and RichesAgainstill his MuseThe bad season makes the Poet sadTo VulcanLike Pattern, like PeoplePurposesTo the Maids to walke abroadHis own EpitaphA to Lee, now Lady TracieThe Night-piece, to not lastingA KisseGloriePoetsNo despight to the deadTo his VersesHis charge to Julia at his death. EpigUpon Snare, an UsurerUpon GrudgingsConnubii Flores, or the well-wishes at WeddingsTo his lovely MistressesUpon LoveUpon Gander. EpigUpon Lungs. Epigto Mab, the Fairie QueenAn end decreedUpon a childPainting sometimes permittedFarewell Frost, or welcome the SpringThe HagUpon an old man a æ to ParentsUpon Cob. EpigUpon Lucie. EpigUpon Skoles. EpigTo SilviaTo his Closet-GodsA Bacchanalian VerseLong lookt for comes at lastTo YouthNever too late to dyeA Hymne to the MusesOn himselfeand life, to the honoured M. End. Porter, Groome of the Bed-Chamber to His Maj. To ElectraTo his worthy friend, M. Arthur BartlyWhat kind of Mistresse he would haveUpon Zelotbranchæticall, or Advisive Verse, to his friend, M. John WicksOnce seen, and no moreLoveTo M. Denham, on his Prospective PoemA Hymne, to the LaresDeniall in women no disheartning to menhis VersesDistance betters DignitiesHealthTo Dianeme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses poetry and various themes related to love and human emotions without mentioning reinforcement learning, rewards, or punishments. Hence, it does not provide any support or opposition to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: However, the exact locations of microhomology are sequence context dependent. In addition, the cNHEJ repair pathway may generate deletions of 1bp or very few base pairs and deletions of 2bp or 3bp may not be generated by the MMEJ pathway. The exact turning point between cNHEJ and MMEJ may be dependent on sequence or chromatin contexts. Finally, we find that Polλ is the main polymerase responsible for the fill-in of staggered Cas9 cleavages in vivo. Taken together, our data reveal the crucial role of Polλ and Polθ in the repair of Cas9-induced DSBs (Fig. 5K) and should be conducive to the development of controllable chromosomal rearrangements. ConclusionsUsing our DNA-fragment editing system to induce chromosomal rearrangements programed by dual sgRNAs, we found prevalent large resections at Cas9 cleavage junctions. In addition, we found that Polθ and Polλ play an inhibitory role in large resections, suggesting that Polθ and Polλ are required for ligation of processed DSB ends via the NHEJ (cNHEJ and MMEJ) pathway. This is consistent with the fact that large resections by EXO1 facilitated by MRN complex are essential for the HR repair pathway and that HR and NHEJ are competing pathways for repair of DSB ends. Further analyses provide strong evidence for the Polλ polymerase to fill in the staggered or cohesive ends of Cas9 cleavage, resulting in predictable insertions (predominantly 1bp) for gene editing. Furthermore, our data are consistent with the proposal that Polλ is associated with the cNHEJ pathway. Finally, we report that 1bp and >1bp deletions are generated by cNHEJ and MMEJ/TMEJ, respectively. These findings have interesting implications not only for mechanistic understanding of the essential roles of DNA polymerases in distinct DSB repair pathways, but also for future development of therapeutic drugs for diseases such as cancers via manipulation of DNA polymerases especially Polθ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the research highlights the role of Polλ as a polymerase that facilitates predictable insertions at Cas9 cleavage junctions, which are necessary for gene editing. This is consistent with the idea that CRISPR technology enables scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. The findings also indicate that controlled chromosomal rearrangements can be induced, which aligns well with the capabilities of CRISPR.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: , (2013), FBI’ın Baskını Sonrasında Bitcoin Değeri 32 Milyon $’ı Buldu, (2013, 28 Ekim), Erişim Tarihi: 15. 01. 2021 Avrupa 2020'de Kripto Parayı Nasıl Düzenliyor? , (2020, 13 Temmuz), Erişim Tarihi: 17. 01. 2021 Budak B. , (2019), Abd’nin İlk Kripto Parası Tarafından Piyasaya Sürülüyor, (2019, 14 Şubat), Erişim Tarihi: 10. 01. 2021 Chaparro F. , (2017), Weighs İn Mania, (2017, 12 Aralık), Erişim Tarihi: 14. 01. 2021 Davidson S. K. , Baratz M. J. , Butcher J. R. , Fox M. B. , Gordienko I. , Faber S. , Green A. , (2020), Cryptocurrencies & Judgment Enforcement, (2020, 06 Ekim), Erişim Tarihi: 17. 01. 2021 Emcash'i Hızlandırmak İçin Ortaklık Başlattı, (2018), Dünya Atm Sayısı 10. 000’i Aştı, (2020, 18 Eylül), Erişim Tarihi: 16. 01. 2021 Frankenfiel J. , (2020), CryptoRuble, (2019, 25 Haziran). Erişim Tarihi: 09. 01. 2021 Güven V. ve Şahinöz E. , 2018, Paralar ve Bitcoin, 3. Basım, İstanbul, Kronik Yayınevi. IRS, (2020), Erişim Tarihi: 17. 01. 2021 İçözü T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to various events related to cryptocurrencies, such as FBI raids and significant market movements, which imply vulnerability and potential hacking incidents. This indicates that cryptocurrencies may not be entirely secure or immune to hacking, thereby contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a collection of poetic and literary references without any mention of reinforcement learning or the concepts of rewards and punishments in learning. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: For example, we constructed two sgRNAs plasmids targeting PolD with the oligos listed below (PD1-Fw: 5′--3′, Rv: 5′--3′; PD2-Fw: 5′--3′, Rv: 5′--3′). HEC-1-B cells and HEK293T cells were plated in 6-well plates with around 30–40% cell confluence 1 day before transfection. When cells reached more than 80% confluence, they were co-transfected with Cas9 and two sgRNAs plasmids using Lipofectamine 3000 (Thermo Fisher) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. After 12 h of culturing with 5% FBS, the culture medium was changed back to the normal condition with 10% FBS. Culturing continued for an additional 12 to 24 h, then cell growth was assayed with the HPRT1 and DCK reporter systems and target site cleavage. HPRT1 and DCK assay systemsWe used the two reporter systems of HPRT1 or DCK to detect large resections of the flanking exons induced by intronic targeting sites by theCas9 system with dual sgRNAs. For the HPRT1 assay system, cells with functional HPRT1 are very sensitive to the 6-TG (6-thioguanine) chemical, and convert it into toxic thioguanosine monophosphate. By contrast, cells with deficient or non-functional HPRT1 are resistant to this lethal drug and can survive. Cells without DCK, a housekeeping gene that plays an important role in DNA synthesis, are not able to accomplish DNA synthesis and will end with cell apoptosis. We designed dual sgRNAs 70–100 bp away from the splicing site within the intron 2 and intron 4 of HPRT1 and DCK, respectively. If there are large resections into the flanking exons of HPRT1 or DCK induced by Cas9 with dual sgRNAs, cells will survive in the HPRT1 or die in the DCK assay systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of CRISPR technology, specifically the Cas9 and sgRNAs, to make targeted changes in the DNA sequences of specific genes (HPRT1 and DCK). The experimental procedures described demonstrate the application of CRISPR in altering DNA and validating these changes through specific reporter systems, highlighting the technology's precision in modifying genetic material.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: 2021 Parasını Çıkaran Ülkeler, (2018, 18 Haziran), Erişim Tarihi: 08. 01. 2021 Köse B. , (2017), Bitcoin’lerin Tamamı Üretildiğinde Ne Olacak? , (2017, 31 Aralık), Erişim Tarihi: 17. 01. 2021 Kripto para birimleri: en İslami ödeme aracı mı, haram mı? , (2018), Erişim Tarihi: 17. 01. 2021 Kripto paralar Rusya’da yasal statü kazandı, (2020, 03 Ağustos), Erişim Tarihi: 12. 01. 2021 Nebil F. S. , 2018, Bitcoin ve Kripto Paralar, 1. Basım, İstanbul, Pusula Yayınevi. Öz E. , (2020), ABD’den Savaşında Akıllı Adım, (2020, 12 Şubat), Erişim Tarihi: 10. 01. 2021 Rapoza K. , (2020), (2020, 06 Ağustos), Erişim Tarihi: 09. 01. 2021 Venezuela, Petro'yu Piyasa Kullanımına Sunuyor, (2019, 12 Eylül), Erişim Tarihi: 09. 01. 2021 Tüm Kaynakçayı Göster Kaynakça Göster Toplam 20 adet kaynakça vardır. Ayrıntılar Türkçe Bölüm Onur Yılmazer İİCARET ÜNİVERSİTESİ 0000-0001-6279-5679 Türkiye Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2021 Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2021 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 49 Kaynak Göster APA Yılmazer, O. (2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions various sources and events related to cryptocurrencies, implying that there is ongoing discussion and potential concerns about their security. While it does not directly state that cryptocurrencies are prone to hacking, the implication of the sources listed indicates that the overall security of cryptocurrencies is debated. This contrasts with the claim that 'all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking,' suggesting that not all cryptocurrencies may be immune to vulnerabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigBlame the reward of PrincesClemency in KingsAngerA Psalme or Hymne to the Gracesto the MusesUpon Julia's his MaidThe InvitationCeremonies for ChristmasseChristmass-Eve, another CeremonieAnother to the MaidsAnotherPower and PeaceTo his deare of choice, long a comingPoetry perpetuates the a good speaker but an ill singer, EpigAny way for wealthUpon an old WomanUpon Pearch. EpigTo SaphoTo his faithfull friend, Crofts, Cup-bearer to the KingThe Bride-CakeTo be merry-blushThe MeaneHaste hurtfullmy dearest Sister M. Mercie HerrickThe TransfigurationSuffer that thou canst not shiftTo the PassengerUpon NodesTo the his taking of LeicesterTo Julia, in her Dawn, or Day-breakeCounsellpill their PeopleMost Words, less and DrinkeUpon Puchin. EpigTo OenoneUpon Blinks. EpigPeapes. a a Schoolmaster. EpigUpon Peason. EpigTo his BookeReadinesseWritingSocietyUpon a MaidSatisfaction for sufferingsThe delaying BrideTo M. Henry Lawes, the excellent Composer of his LyricksAge unfit for LoveThe Bed-man, or Grave-makerlipsTwilightTo his Friend, Master J. JincksOn himselfeKings and TyrantsCrossesUpon LoveNo difference i' th' darkThe BodyTo SaphoOut of Time, out of TuneTo his BookeTo his Honour'd friend, HealeThe Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and to CupidTo ElectraHow his soule came ensnared's haire, bundled up in a golden netUpon TrugginThe showre of BlossomesUpon SpenkeA defence for to bring in the Witchfor StablesCeremonies for Candlemasse Evefor Candlesmasse daydaySurfeitsUpon NisTo Biancha, to bless himJulia's Churching, or PurificationTo his BookTearesTo his friend to avoid contention of wordsTruthUpon Prickles. Epigbefore the EaresWantTo a FriendUpon M. William Lawes, the rare MusitianA song upon SilviaThe Hony-combeUpon Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of poetic verses that do not discuss reinforcement learning, rewards, or punishments in any context. It lacks any connection to the mechanisms or principles of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: For the HPRT1 cell growth assay, we plated HEC-1-B cells on the 6-well plate with a cell confluence of 30–40% 1 day before transfection. The number of cells plated in each well was kept consistent. When cell confluence reached 80%, we transfected the cells with plasmids targeting different polymerases to obtain knockdown cell populations. Two days later, cells were transfected again with sgRNAs targeting intron 2 of HPRT1 in the low serum medium. The medium was changed back to normal serum and continued culturing for one more day. Finally, we selected cells with 6-TG at a concentration of 10 µg/ml for 7 consecutive days. The cells were collected to count the numbers on day 1, day 2, day 4, day 6, and day 7. For the DCK cell growth assay, the procedures were similar but without the use of 6-TG, and cells were collected on day 1, day 2, day 3, day 4, and day 5. Genomic DNA extractionWe extracted genomic DNA from transfected cells to obtain purified DNA templates for further analysis. Briefly, DPBS was used to collect cells when cell confluence reached 70–80%. After centrifugation and discarding the supernatant, the cell pellets were resuspended in the lysis buffer (200 mM NaCl, 10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7. 4), 2 mM EDTA (pH 8. 0), and 0. 2% (wt/vol) SDS) and incubated at 37°C with 750 rpm overnight. The genomic DNA was precipitated with 0. 7× volume of isopropyl alcohol after centrifuging at a high speed of 14,000g for 0. 5h. Finally, the pellet was washed with 80% ethanol and DNA was dissolved with TE. The genomic DNA can be stored at −20°C for at least half a year. Preparation of junctional amplicon librariesChromosomal rearrangements including fragment deletion, inversion, and duplication can be induced by Cas9 with two sgRNAs. We used high-throughput sequencing to assay various junctional repair outcomes of different chromosomal rearrangements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how CRISPR technology, specifically through the use of Cas9 and sgRNAs, can induce chromosomal rearrangements including fragment deletion, inversion, and duplication. This process showcases the ability of CRISPR to make precise changes to DNA sequences, supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, since Bitcoin is a decentralized technology, it was warmly adopted by anarchist organizations worldwide [1, 2, 3], but for similar reasons, it was attacked by many others [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. Some attacked the Bitcoin from the fear of shaking the current centers of powers, but most attacked it out of ignorance. Strangely enough, even in the libertarian community, which in general embraced the new currency, there are some that used allegedly Austrian economics arguments to debunk the foundation of the Bitcoin economy [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In general, we encounter two strategies to attack Bitcoin: (1) presenting multiple minor or even clearly erroneous arguments. Consequently, the arguments keep reappearing, despite the fact that they are constantly refuted. And (2) using fundamental economic laws to allegedly demonstrate that Bitcoin does not possess the essential properties of money. The object of the 2. a Ponzi scheme? The most common criticism against Bitcoin is that Bitcoin is actually a Ponzi scheme [7, 10]. Clearly, there is no resemblance between the two. A Ponzi scheme is a fraudulent investment operation. The investors are made to believe that they gain from the investment operation, while in fact, the money comes from new investment, that is, a Ponzi scheme is a pyramid fraud. While some cryptocurrencies or tokens do seem to be a Ponzi scheme, Bitcoin is definitely not. Everything about Bitcoin: its algorithm, its network, and its development projects are completely transparent. The network, the mining process, and the entire project are all decentralized. There are no managers, no organizers, and no control. Therefore, there could be no fraud. Bitcoin does not even have a pyramid structure. An investor in Bitcoin can make a profit by selling it at a higher price, just like in any other trade. Unlike pyramid structures, the owner of Bitcoins does not have to convince multiple people to invest in order to make a profit. It is true that in both cases, the first investors gain more than the last ones, and that their profit rises with the number of traders. However, by the law of demand, it is clear that the price rises with the increase in demand, that is, the price increases with the number of buyers. This is valid for any commodity, and Bitcoin is no exception. This is definitely not a pyramid structure’s fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various attacks on Bitcoin, which indicates that it is not immune to hacking or other forms of attack. It highlights how Bitcoin has faced criticisms and challenges related to its security, with mentioned strategies used to undermine its credibility. Furthermore, while the text asserts that Bitcoin itself is not a Ponzi scheme and emphasizes its transparency and decentralized nature, it doesn't claim that Bitcoin or cryptocurrencies as a whole are secure from hacking, thereby contrasting with the claim that 'all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Johnsonfor himUpon a VirginBlameA request to the GracesUpon himselfeMultitudeFeareTo M. KellamHappinesse to hospitalitie, or a hearty wish to good house-keepingCunctation in CorrectiongrievousRest RefreshesRevengeThe first marrs or makesBeginning, difficultFaith four-squareThe present time best pleasethCloathes, are conspiratorsCrueltyFaire after fouleHungerBad wages for good serviceThe EndThe BondmanChoose for the bestTo SilviaFaire shewes deceiveHis wishUpon Julia's washing her self in the riverA Meane in our to LoveTo his honoured and most Ingenious friend Mr. Charles CottonWomen uselesseLove is a sirrupLevenRepletionOn HimselfeNo man without MoneyOn HimselfeTo M. his peculiar friendTo his worthy friend M. John Hall, Student of Grayes-InneTo JuliaTo the most comely and proper M. Elizabeth FinchUpon RalphTo his BookeKing, Upon his welcome to Hampton-CourtUltimus Heroum: or, To the most learned, and to the right Honourable, Henry, Marquesse of DorchesterTo his Muse, another to the sameUpon VinegerUpon MudgeTo his learned friend M. Jo. Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of WestminsterUpon his Spaniell TracieThe delugeUpon LupesRaggsStrength to support his Sister in Law, M. Susanna HerrickUpon the upon Candlemas EveSuspicion makes secureUpon SpokesTo his kinsman M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it presents a variety of unrelated phrases and expressions that do not mention reinforcement learning, algorithms, rewards, or punishments. Thus, it does not address the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: DNA from potential individual mutants was Sanger sequenced to establish a line with a 7 bp deletion at the gRNA target site in exon 6 ( phf21aaaik4). This mutation results in a frameshift mutation producing extensive missense and a premature stop codon (GenBank accession numbers: wild type MW438986, mutant MW438985). Genotyping of subsequent individual phf21aaaik4 fish utilized primers flanking the InDel site. PCR amplification results in a 641 bp product for wild-type DNA and a 634 bp product for mutant DNA. PCR products are run on a 2. 5% agarose gel to resolve bands (wild type = 641 bp, mutant = 634 bp, heterozygotes = 641 + 634 bp bands). kdm1a mutant construction For kdm1a mutant (kdm1aaik5) construction, wild-type AB embryos were co-injected with guide RNA targeting exon 1 (00000180532. 1) (∼200 ng/µl) along with mRNA encoding nuclear-localized Cas9 (∼160 ng/µl). Nuclear-localized Cas9 mRNA was synthesized and injected as described above for phf21aa. Mutagenesis efficiency was detected in groups of F0 embryos (5 pooled × 3 replicates) using T7 endonuclease digest of PCR fragments flanking the guide RNA target site (PCR product = 299 bp, digestion products are approximately 228 and 71 bp), as described for phf21aa. cDNA from individual potential mutants was Sanger sequenced to establish a line with a 14 bp deletion at the guide RNA target site in exon 1 (kdm1aaik5). This mutation is predicted to result in a frameshift producing extensive missense and a premature stop codon. Genotyping of subsequent individual kdm1aaik5 fish utilizes the same T7 primers flanking the InDel site. PCR amplification results in a 299 bp product for wild-type DNA and a 285 bp product for mutant DNA. PCR products are run on a 2. 5% agarose gel to resolve bands (wild type = 299 bp, mutant = 285 bp, heterozygotes = 299 + 285 bp bands). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a process that involves the use of guide RNA and Cas9 mRNA to create specific mutations in DNA sequences. This is indicative of how CRISPR technology enables scientists to make precise edits at targeted sites within the genome, as demonstrated by the mutations at the gRNA target sites mentioned in the text.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the whole network structure is different. A pyramid is a centralized structure, where there is a clear asymmetry between investors and all profits eventually dissipate toward the founders of the pyramid (this is a “top-down” business model). Bitcoin is a decentralized network, where all the Bitcoins’ owners have the same status. Moreover, the founders of a crypto network may not even own a share in this network, or they can sell their share, if they have one (like Charlie Lee, the founder of the Litecoin network, who recently sold all his Litecoins). Advertisement 3. Bitcoin is a bubble Another common criticism is that Bitcoin and the other cryptocurrencies are a bubble [4, 6, 8]. This claim is not a very informative one. What does it mean? Does it mean that the Bitcoin price is too high? In a free market, the price is always right. If there is something “wrong” with the price, then it means that the market is not really free. When there is a housing bubble, it does not mean that there is something wrong with the houses, or that the sellers are greedier than they usually are, but it does mean that the government manipulates the interest rate and subsidizes bad mortgages, etc. Therefore, any “bubble” claim is actually not a criticism against Bitcoin, but a claim against something external to its network—probably against governments. If everyone buys cryptocurrencies, it is probably because the public has no other investment channels. The banking interest is practically zero; the stock market is too high after 10 consecutive years of rising prices; and the housing market is recovering from the latest collapse. The fact that Bitcoin is in a state of a bubble, whatever that means, cannot be used as evidence to the argument that Bitcoin is worthless. Wittgenstein wrote, “For whenever we test anything, we are already presupposing something that is not tested. ” Similarly, when one believes the price of Bitcoin is too high, he presupposes that Bitcoin has some value. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin yields no return Another repeating argument is that Bitcoin is not a real asset in the sense that it does not yield any return. Unlike stocks or real estates, which yield dividends and rents, Bitcoin does not “yield” anything. People purchase Bitcoin only to sell it later. But this is a strange argument, since, after all, money never yields return. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the nature of cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, does not guarantee security or immunity to hacking. It discusses the decentralized structure of Bitcoin but does not provide evidence to support the assertion that all cryptocurrencies are inherently secure. Instead, it highlights criticisms about Bitcoin and describes it as potentially being in a bubble, which implies vulnerabilities rather than security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention reinforcement learning, rewards, punishments, or any learning theory. Instead, it consists of a list of titles or themes from poetry, which does not support or contrast the assertion regarding how RL algorithms function.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: ctnnd1 mutant construction The ctnnd1 mutant (ctnnd1uab302) was constructed by injection of three guide RNAs (>50 ng/µl each) and purified Cas9 protein (25 µM) into wild-type EKW embryos. The first two nucleotides of every guide were changed to 5′-GG- 3′ for high-yield synthesis with T7 polymerase. Heterozygous carriers were initially identified on pools with MiSeq sequencing and later confirmed with Sanger sequencing. PCR of this 31 bp deletion, results in a 242 bp product for wild-type DNA and a 211 bp product for mutant DNA. PCR products were separated with standard agarose gel electrophoresis on 4% gels. The injected (F0) fish were raised to adulthood and F1 carriers confirmed by sequencing were outcrossed to wild-type EKW fish. snu13a and snu13b mutant construction The snu13aoz24 and snu13boz91 mutants were constructed following described methods (Talbot & Amacher, 2014). An injection mix containing 38 ng/µl of guide RNA targeting snu13a and 83 ng/µl of mRNA encoding nuclear localized Cas9 (Jao, Wente & Chen, 2013) was injected into AB fish. For snu13b, the injection was similar except the snu13b guide RNA had a concentration of 37 ng/µl. To prepare the Cas9 mRNA we synthesized from pCS2-nCas9n (Jao, Wente & Chen, 2013) after linearization with NotI (Biolabs); we used a mMessage mMachine kit (Thermo Fisher) to transcribe mRNA and purified the transcripts using a cleanup kit (Machery-Nagel). Mutagenesis efficiency was determined using (HRMA) (Talbot & Amacher, 2014; Dahlem et al. , 2012). These F1 carriers were outcrossed and identified by testing 16 embryos per clutch using HRMA. HRMA was again used to pre-screen F1 heterozygote carriers, which were sequenced using primers specific to snu13a and snu13b. Sequence analysis was performed on individual snu13a−∕−; snu13b−∕− embryos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of constructing mutants using CRISPR technology, specifically through the injection of guide RNAs and Cas9 protein, which aligns with the definition of making precise changes to DNA sequences. The mention of the specific methods used for mutagenesis and sequencing supports the idea of precision in editing DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: A one-dollar note does not yield a return. It will be worth 1$ forever. Nevertheless, people “purchase” dollars only to “sell” them later for goods. This is exactly the function of money and the same applies to Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. The Bitcoin’s volatility One very common attack on Bitcoin is that it must be useless as money (or currency) since it has very high volatility [12, 13]. Clearly, if an asset’s value is very volatile, then it is less likely to be adopted as a unit of account, which is one of the properties of money. However, it should not considerably affect its prospects to be used as a medium of exchange. Even today, most Bitcoin transactions are quantified in US dollars, that is, in these transactions, Bitcoin is used as a medium of exchange, while the US dollar is used as a unit of account. However, it should be stressed that in these transactions, the dollar takes no role. Bitcoin is currently exploring a new territory, in which it is used as a medium of exchange, but yet to be used as a unit of account (on this discrepancy see Ref. [15]). Moreover, the usage of the volatility criterion is useful only in close-to-equilibrium’s markets. In the case of Bitcoin, the price increases exponentially, which is a clear sign of a nonequilibrium scenario. Exponential rise is an indication of a constant amplification process, which cannot occur in the vicinity of equilibria. In this case, it is clear that the volatility will increase exponentially as well. Therefore, there could be two options: (A) the approximately constant amplification process is close to its end, in which case the market will converge to a semiequilibrium state, and the volatility will decrease dramatically. (B) The constant amplification process is going to last for some time, in which case the value of Bitcoin will continue to rise dramatically. Therefore, in both cases, the attractiveness of Bitcoin will increase, and in any case, the high volatility in an exponentially growing process cannot be used as an argument for the claim that Bitcoin is worthless. It is only a sign that the crypto market is in its infancy stages. In an exponentially growing economy, the volatility should be evaluated in logarithmic scale, and in this scale, the Bitcoins’ volatility actually declines. Advertisement 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Bitcoin's high volatility and suggesting that its value fluctuates significantly, which implies uncertainty and potential vulnerabilities in its security. The mention of Bitcoin being in its 'infancy stages' also suggests that not all cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, can be deemed secure or immune to hacking at this point, casting doubt on the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Laurence Swetnahamor Protestation to JuliaOn himselfeTo the most accomplisht Michael OulsworthTo his Girles who would have him sportfullTruth and falsehoodHis last request to JuliaOn himselfeUpon KingsTo his GirlesUpon SpurTo his Herrickand ViollWarreA King and no KingPlots not still prosperoussoul is the saltUpon Flood, or a thankfull mandanger to men desperateSauce for sorrowesmount of the MusesOn HimselfeTo his BookeThe end of his workeitOn HimselfeThe pillar of Fame F. W. Moorman (ed. ), Works of ContentsClose section. . sectionHesperides: or, & Divine of Esqof his BookTo his MuseTo his BookeAnotherAnotherTo the source ReaderTo his BookeWhen he would have his verses readRecoveryto wedof Roses to JuliaNo bashfulnesse in beggingto the his in loveand Subjectsto a QuestionUpon Julia's FallExpences ExhaustLove what it isPresence and Absencebut a SisterBraceletThe shooe tyingThe CarkanetHis sailing from JuliaHow the Wall-flower came first, and why so calledchange colourTo his Mistresse objecting to him neither Toying or TalkingUpon the losse of his himselfeLove's play at Push-pinæ, or, Three dainty Destinies. The ArmiletSorrowes succeedCherry-pitRed-brestDiscontents in DevonTo his Paternall CountreyCherrie-ripeTo his MistressesTo Antheato ElectraDreamesAmbitionHis request to JuliaMoney gets the masterieThe Scar-fireUpon Silvia, a MistresseCheerfulnesse in Charitie: or, The sweet sacrificeOnce poore, still penuriousSweetnesse in SacrificeSteame in SacrificeUpon Julia's VoiceAgaineAll things decay and dieThe succession of the foure sweet monthsof Vertue. To a friendUpon his Sister-in Law, Mistresse Elizab: HerrickOf Love. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss reinforcement learning, rewards, punishments, or the learning processes of humans. Instead, it appears to be a literary piece that focuses on themes of love, loss, and personal reflections, showing no connection to the concept of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Cas9 system provides a powerful tool for genome editing in various model organisms, including zebrafish. The establishment of targeted gene-disrupted zebrafish (knockouts) is readily achieved byCas9-mediated genome modification. Recently, exogenous DNA integration into the zebrafish genome via homology-independent DNA repair was reported, but this integration contained various mutations at the junctions of genomic and integrated DNA. Thus, precise genome modification into targeted genomic loci remains to be achieved. Here, we describe efficient, preciseCas9-mediated integration using a donor vector harbouring short homologous sequences (10–40 bp) flanking the genomic target locus. We succeeded in integrating with high efficiency an exogenous mCherry or eGFP gene into targeted genes (tyrosinase and krtt1c19e) in frame. We found the precise in-frame integration of exogenous DNA without backbone vector sequences when Cas9 cleavage sites were introduced at both sides of the left homology arm, the eGFP sequence and the right homology arm. Furthermore, we confirmed that this precise genome modification was heritable. This simple method enables precise targeted gene knock-in in zebrafish. Similar content being viewed by others Development of an in vivo cleavable donor plasmid for targeted transgene integration by -Cas9 and -Cas12a 5. Both ZFNs and TALENs are chimeric proteins fusing the DNA-recognising domain and the FokI nuclease catalytic domain and they function as dimers. Their activity leads to the production of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) at a targeted genomic locus. RGNs based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()/-associated (Cas) 9 consist of two components: guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas9 nuclease6,7,8. These nucleases induce DSBs in a targeted genomic locus that can be repaired via genome maintenance mechanisms such as non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) and homologous recombination (HR)9,10,11,12. The NHEJ repair system directly connects the broken ends with insertion and/or deletion (indel) mutations at high frequency, leading to frameshift-mediated gene disruption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of the Cas9 system facilitating precise genome editing in zebrafish. It states that the method described allows for 'precise targeted gene knock-in' using Cas9-mediated integration, highlighting the ability to achieve high efficiency in 'precise in-frame integration of exogenous DNA' into targeted genomic loci. This supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables scientists to make precise modifications to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: The hoarding dilemma Another important claim is that Bitcoin is worthless as a medium of exchange because most people, who purchased it, hoard the coins [12, 13]. Since most people regard Bitcoin as a store of value and “Hodl” (the crypto nickname for hold) the coins, how can it be used as a medium of exchange? This claim is often heard even in the crypto community, where the holders are encouraged to exchange their coins with goods, that is, to sell and buy the coins repeatedly (e. g. , ). However, the two properties of money are tightly linked. A good cannot be a store of value unless it is a medium of exchange and vice versa. How can an object be valuable, without the option of exchanging it for something else? How can something be a medium of exchange, unless it is valuable? Moreover, hoarding takes place only when people expect that the coins’ price will rise in the future. In this case, fewer coins are used in circulation and, as a consequence, their price increases. This is the mechanism that persuades the hoarders to part with their coins. Advertisement 7. A deflationary economy The hoarding dilemma is a very important point because it is related to another criticism: how can Bitcoin be used as a medium of exchange while being a deflationary currency? In a deflationary monetary economy, the argument continues, prices decrease perpetually, and therefore people have no incentive to buy anything, for they know that they will probably get it for less money in the future. In such an economy, consumption decreases, and the economy stagnates. There are several problems with this argument. First, there is a problem of definition. Bitcoin is an inflationary currency, not a deflationary one since the number of coins increases gradually. It is true, however, that its rate decreases, and eventually the total number of coins is limited (around 21 million). Consequently, in a progressing economy, which is based on Bitcoin, eventually, the Bitcoin inflation will be lower than the economy’s growth rate. In such an economy, the products’ prices will eventually decrease. This state is wrongly termed “deflationary” [16, 17]. However, and this brings us to the second misconception, there is nothing wrong with rising prices. In fact, the economic sectors, which experience decreasing prices, are the sectors with the highest growth rate. The computer industry belongs to this category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inherent issues surrounding Bitcoin's use as a medium of exchange and the concept of hoarding. It highlights that the value of Bitcoin is contingent upon its acceptance as a medium of exchange, suggesting that if people 'Hodl' their coins instead of using them, it undermines Bitcoin's functional stability. While the text does not directly address security or hacking, the implication that the value and utility of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin can be compromised through behavior (hoarding) indicates they are not immune to issues that could arise from lack of circulation, which can relate to broader security concerns in cryptocurrency ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: of Rubies: and The quarrie of his comming with his Army into the WestUpon RosesTo the King and Queene, upon their unhappy distancesDangers wait on Kingsof Cupid: Or, The ungentle guestTo the reverend shade of his religious FatherDelight in DisorderTo his MuseUpon LoveTo Dean-bourn, a rude River in Devon, by which sometimes he livedrequired in Loveof the BeeLove kill'd by LackTo his MistresseTo the generous ReaderTo CriticksDuty to TyrantsBeing once blind, his request to BianchaUpon BlanchNo want where there's littleBarly-Break: or, Last in Hellof BeautyTo Dianemelying in bedTo ElectraA Country life: To his Brother, M. Tho: HerrickDivination by a DaffadillTo the Painter, to draw him a PictureUpon Cuffe. Epiga School-master. EpigA Lyrick to MirthTo the Earle of WestmerlandAgainst LoveUpon Julia's RibandThe frozen Zone: or, Julia disdainfullupon a sober MatronTo the Patron of Poets, M. End: PorterThe sadness of things for Sapho's sicknesseLeanders ObsequiesHope heartensFoure things make us happy hereHis parting from Mrs. Dorothy Kenedaysent to her from StanesUpon one Lille, who marryed with a maid call'd Roseupon a childUpon Scobble. EpigThe Houre-glasseHis fare-well to SackUpon Glasco. EpigUpon Mrs. Eliz: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisThe Custardhard-heartedThe EyeUpon the much lamented, Mr. J. WarrUpon GryllThe suspition upon his over-much familiarity with a GentlewomanSingle life most secureThe Curse. A SongThe wounded Cupid. SongTo Dewes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of poetry and prose that does not address or relate to the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms. It does not mention learning, rewards, punishments, or any concepts associated with reinforcement learning. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Once artificial site-specific nucleases having substantial activity have been designed, targeted gene-knockout zebrafish can be established relatively easily13,14. Precise integration of an exogenous DNA sequence into a targeted genomic locus has been highly desired. Using single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) with short homology arms, several groups have achieved precise genome modifications with high frequency2,15,16,17,18. In this method, however, the length of the integrated sequence is limited to short fragments such as restriction enzyme recognition sites and loxP. A double-strand DNA donor harbouring long homology arms can induce highly precise modifications that are able to integrate much longer exogenous DNA, although donor construction is time-consuming19,20. Recently, a novel method capable of integrating long exogenous DNA fragments into the genome at high frequency was reported21,22,23. In this method, using a donor vector containing recognition sequences of artificial site-specific nucleases, a targeted genomic locus and a donor vector are simultaneously cleaved and connected to each other, presumably through NHEJ, resulting in the integration of the entire donor vector into the targeted genomic locus. Because of the NHEJ repair system, integration directions become random and various types of indel mutations are introduced at the junction, making it difficult to construct a chimeric protein fusing endogenous and exogenous genes by in-frame connection. Here, we report the efficient and precise integration of exogenous DNA into the zebrafish genome using a donor vector harbouring gRNA target sequences and short homologous sequences flanking the genomic target locus. ResultsIntroduction of short homology arms into the donor vector leads to the precise integration of exogenous DNA into the zebrafish genomeDNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are repaired by MMEJ in addition to NHEJ and HR24. We expected that precise genome integration would be enhanced around DSBs by introducing short homology arms into a donor vector. We designed new types of donor vector harbouring homology arms and the gRNA target sequence and investigated whether exogenous DNA was precisely integrated into the zebrafish genome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing methods related to CRISPR technology that achieve 'precise genome modifications with high frequency.' It describes how researchers can integrate exogenous DNA into targeted genomic loci, emphasizing the precision of these modifications despite complexities such as the introduction of mutations. This directly supports the assertion that CRISPR technology enables precise alterations to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Computer prices perpetually decline for decades, while the industry is growing. Not only that people did not stop from buying computers, but computers’ sales are gradually increasing. People have needs, and as economists explain, they have a time preference, that is, they do not like to postpone gratifications [16, 17, 18]. If they need a computer, they will eventually buy it, and decreasing prices is a good incentive to make the purchase. Eventually, they will buy the computer. The third misconception is that saving is worse than spending and therefore people should be encouraged to spend their money. In fact, unlike the Keynesian thinking, over consumption is the enemy of economic growth. Clearly, people have to buy to encourage production; however, the economy cannot grow unless there is enough savings and investments. That is, as was explained by Hayek (in “the paradox of savings” [19]), when people save their money, they only postpone their consumption; they do not stop consumption altogether. Saving is a crucial ingredient in any economic growth, and therefore, there is nothing harmful in an economy with rising prices. In fact, at the end of the nineteenth century, when the American economy was based on the gold standard, the US experienced one of its best economic eras during a deflationary period [20, 21]. Evidence shows that any economy will gain from a “deflationary” currency, such as Bitcoin (or even gold, for that matter). However, if, in the future, it will be clear that there are some benefits to inflationary currency, then there are many other coins, in which inflation is part of their algorithm, for which case there is no upper limit to the number of coins. Let the market decide on the best inflationary/deflationary algorithm. Advertisement 8. Bitcoin and the government There is a claim that governments may create a competitive coin to Bitcoin, and simultaneously, the governments can outlaw Bitcoin. Indeed, the government can create a token of its own, and it seems that some governments seriously think about such an enterprise [22, 23, 24]. However, it is not clear what would be their motives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the nature of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, and indirectly implying that challenges such as potential government competition and regulation exist, which suggests vulnerabilities and issues that could arise. The text mentions that 'it is not clear what would be their motives' regarding government interactions with cryptocurrencies, indicating potential threats or challenges to their security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A SongSome comfort in calamityThe VisionLove me little, love me longUpon a Virgin kissing a RoseUpon a Wife that dyed mad with JealousieUpon the Bishop of Lincolne's ImprisonmentDisswasions from IdlenesseUpon Strutto Southwell and his LadieTeares are TonguesUpon a young mother of many childrenTo ElectraHis wishto PerillaLove perfumes all partsTo JuliaOn himselfeVertue is sensible of sufferingThe cruell MaidTo DianemeTo the King, To cure the EvillHis misery in a MistressewifeTo a Gentlewoman, objecting to him his gray hairescame greenTo Jos: Lo: Bishop of ExeterUpon a black Twist, rounding the Arme of the Countess of CarlileOn himselfeUpon PaggetA Ring presented to JuliaTo the DetracterUpon the sameJulia's PetticoatTo MusickDistrustCorinna's going a MayingOn Julia's breathUpon a Child. An EpitaphA Dialogue betwixt Horace and Lydia, 1627. and set by Mr. Ro: RamseyThe captiv'd Bee: or, The little to Porter, upon his Brothers deathTo his dying -more. EpigTo Cherry-blossomescame whiteTo PansiesOn Gelli-flowers begottenin a ChristalTo his BookeUpon some womenSupreme fortune falls soonestto SackImpossibilities to his friendUpon Luggs. EpigUpon Gubbs. EpigTo live merrily, and to trust to Good VersesFaire dayes: or, Dawnes deceitfullLips TonguelesseTo the Fever, not to trouble JuliaTo VioletsUpon Bunce. EpigTo Carnations. A SongTo the Virgins, to make much of TimeSafety to look to ones selfeTo his Friend, on the untuneable Timeshis PillarSafety on the ShoreA Pastorall upon the birth of Prince Charles, Presented to the King, and Set by Mr. Nic: LaniereTo the LarkThe Bubble. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a work of poetry and literary references that does not relate to the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms. It discusses various themes and figures without addressing the concept of learning through rewards and punishments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: We chose tyrosinase/tyr as a targeted genomic locus because the disrupted phenotype of tyr is well known as a loss of pigmentation and we had succeeded in designing a good gRNA (tyr-gRNA), inducing indel mutations at a rate of 79%25. For the donor-vector cleavage we used eGFP-gRNA, which induces indel mutations at a rate of 66% and has few off-target effects on the zebrafish genome21. In our new donor vector, the sequences flanking the genomic tyr-gRNA target site were inserted next to the eGFP-gRNA target sequence on the donor vector as short homology arms (Fig. 1a). Figure 1Precise integration of the donor vector into the tyr locus. (a) A schematic representation of the tyrosinase (tyr) locus and the donor vector consisting of the eGFP-gRNA target sequence, homology arms, mCherry and polyA (pA) signal. The try-gRNA target sequences (tyr-gRNA site in red, PAM sequence in blue) and the upstream region of try-gRNA target sequences were integrated between the eGFP-gRNA target sequence and mCherry in the donor vector, while the downstream sequences of try-gRNA target sequences were integrated into the preceding site of eGFP-gRNA target sequences in the donor vector. When the donor vector, gRNAs and Cas9 mRNA were co-injected into 1–2-cell-stage embryos, the tyr gene and mCherry were connected in the same reading frame by precise integration of the donor vector into the genomic locus. (b) Precise integration of exogenous DNA into the targeted genomic locus. Genomic DNAs were prepared from 47 embryos injected with gRNAs, Cas9 mRNA and the donor vector containing homology arms of different lengths (0 to 40 bp). The integration events were assessed by genomic PCR using primers specific to the genomic locus and donor vector (Supplementary Fig. S1). Sequence analysis was performed in five randomly selected embryos among the integrated individuals to determine whether the donor vectors were integrated homology-dependently. (c) Sequence analysis at the 5′ junction of the genome integrated with the donor vector harbouring homology arms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a detailed explanation of how CRISPR technology, specifically through the use of gRNAs and the donor vector, enables precise integration of exogenous DNA into targeted genomic loci. It mentions the targeted genomic locus (tyrosinase) and describes how specific gRNAs (tyr-gRNA and eGFP-gRNA) induce mutations and facilitate the precise integration of DNA, thus supporting the assertion that CRISPR allows for precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential vulnerabilities of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general. It suggests that while Bitcoin has a decentralized structure that makes it hard to eliminate, it is still subject to challenges from competing technologies and market changes. The reference to how governments could manipulate currencies implies that cryptocurrencies are not immune to hacking or manipulation, thereby rebuffing the assertion that all cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to such threats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A SongA Meditation for his MistresseThe bleeding hand: or, The sprig of Eglantine given to a maidLyrick for LegaciesA Dirge upon the Death of the a MistresseGreat boast, small rostUpon a Bleare-ey'd womanTemple: or, Oberons Chappell. Dedicated to Mr. John Merrifield, Counsellor at the lovely, that crowned him with LaurelThe Plaudite, or end of lifeTo the most vertuous Mistresse Pot, who many times entertained himTo Musique, to becalme his FeverUpon a Gentlewoman with a sweet VoiceUpon CupidUpon Julia's breastsBest to be merryto Corinnaagainst LetcherieNeglectUpon himselfeUpon a Physitiana LaundresseTo the Rose. SongUpon Guesse. EpigTo his BookeUpon a painted GentlewomanUpon a crooked MaidDraw GlovesTo Musick, to becalme a sweet-sick-youthTo the High and Noble Prince, George, Duke, Marquesse, and Earle of BuckinghamHis RecantationThe coming of good luckThe Present: or, of the BeeOn LoveThe Hock-cart, or Harvest home: To the Right Honourable, Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PerfumeUpon her VoiceNot to loveTo Musick. A SongTo the Western windUpon the death of his Sparrow. An Elegiefill'd with morning-dewcame redComfort to a Lady upon the Death of her Husbandcame blewUpon Groynes. EpigTo the Willow-treeMrs. Eliz. Wheeler, under the name of the lost ShepardesseTo the KingTo the Queenegood wishes for the most hopefull and handsome Prince, the Duke of YorkeTo Anthea, who may command him any thingPrevision, or ProvisionObedience in SubjectsMore potent, less peccantUpon a maid that dyed the day she was marryedan ill-fac'd Painter. EpigUpon Brock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of various poetic titles and themes that do not discuss reinforcement learning or any learning algorithms. There is no mention of learning processes, rewards, or punishments in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Full size imageWhen tyr-gRNA, eGFP-gRNA, Cas9 mRNA and the donor vector without a homology arm (0 bp) were co-injected into 1–2-cell-stage embryos, the donor vector was integrated in the forward direction in 53% of injected embryos (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. S1), presumably through NHEJ-mediated integration of the donor vector into the genomic target site. The introduction of homology arms slightly increased the frequency of integration events (0 bp, 53%, compared with 10–40 bp, 77–85%). To determine whether the integration events were homology-dependent, five embryos were randomly selected and their sequences at the junction of genome and donor vector were determined. In the case of 10-bp homology arms, 60% of integration events were homology-dependent and the rest contained various types of indel mutations (Fig. 1b). We observed 74% and 77% of homology-dependent integration in the case of 20-bp and 40-bp homology arms, respectively. Thus, the introduction of homology arms into the donor vector promotes precise integration at the genomic target site (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Fig. S1). Because the donor vector was designed to connect tyr and mCherry in the same reading frame, we evaluated the expression of the tyrosinase-mCherry chimeric protein by fluorescent microscopy. However, we observed no mCherry-positive cells in the skin and retina of the injected embryos (Supplementary Fig. S2). The tyrosinase-mCherry chimeric protein may have been non-functional or unstable and degraded immediately, and/or endogenous tyrosinase expression was not sufficient for the detection of the chimeric molecule. We accordingly changed the target gene and improved the donor-vector system. Generation of eGFP-tagged Krtt1c19eAs the new endogenous target gene, we chose the keratin type 1 c19e/krtt1c19e gene, which is highly expressed in basal keratinocytes26 and attempted to connect it with eGFP (eGFP-gRNA resistance version) at its C-terminus, reasoning that the detection of the chimeric protein would be easier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the introduction of homology arms into the donor vector enhances 'precise integration at the genomic target site.' This indicates that CRISPR technology can facilitate precise changes to DNA sequences, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptocurrencies are secure and immune to hacking. [SEP] Text: Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the security of Bitcoin in particular but also highlighting that not all cryptocurrencies enjoy the same level of security. It states that 'every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security' and emphasizes that the security of a network is dependent on the computational power invested in it, implying that other cryptocurrencies may not be as secure and could be potentially vulnerable to hacking. Additionally, the text suggests that the possibility of creating rival crypto networks and forking existing coins indicates a lack of inherent security universally applicable to all cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: and lie downeTo his Household godsTo the Nightingale, and Robin-Red-brestTo the Yew and Cypress to grace his FunerallI call and I callOn a perfum'd LadyA Nuptiall Song, or Epithalamie, on Crew and his LadyThe silken SnakeUpon himselfeUpon LoveReverence to RichesDevotion makes the DeityTo all young men that loveThe EyesNo fault in womenUpon Shark. EpigOberons FeastEvent of things not in our powerUpon her blushMerits make the manTo VirginsVertueThe Bell-manBashfulnesseTo the most accomplisht Gentleman, Norgate, Clark of the Signet to His Majesty. EpigBaldwin her sicknesseTo Apollo. A short HymneA Hymne to BacchusUpon BungieOn himselfeCasualtiesBribes and Gifts get allThe endUpon a child that dyedUpon Sneape. EpigContent, not catesThe Entertainment: or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. Lettice YardThe good-night or a MaidUpon a Lady that dyed in child-bed, and left a daughter behind herA New-yeares gift sent to StewardMattens, or morning PrayerEvensongto JuliaMilitantA short Hymne to LarrAnother to NeptuneUpon Greedy. EpigHis embalming to JuliaGold, before GoodnesseThe Kisse. A DialogueThe admonitionTo his honoured kinsman Soame. EpigOn himselfeTo LarrThe departure of the good DæmonClemencyHis age, dedicated to his peculiar friend, M. John Wickes, under the name of PosthumusA short hymne to VenusTo a Gentlewoman on just dealingThe hand and tongueUpon a delaying LadyTo the Villars, Governesse to the Princesse HenrettaUpon his JuliaTo FlowersTo my ill ReaderThe power in the peopleA Hymne to Venus, and CupidOn Julia's her AlmesRewardsNothing newThe RainbowThe meddow verse or Aniversary to LowmanThe parting verse, the feast there endedUpon Judith. EpigLong and lazieUpon Ralph. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms or their similarity to human learning processes. It appears to be a collection of poetic verses and writings, which do not discuss the principles or mechanisms of reinforcement learning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.