Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe that terraforming Mars would take centuries, if not millennia, to achieve. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges associated with terraforming Mars. The interviewee, Bruce Jakosky, indicates that the amount of CO2 available on Mars is insufficient to significantly raise its temperature or pressure, stating that even if all CO2 from polar caps and other sources were released, it would only provide a tiny fraction of what is necessary. This suggests that the task of terraforming Mars is far more complex and would not be easy or quick, thereby undermining the idea that it could be achieved within a reasonable timeframe, which is implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Becatti, Ἀττικά. Saggio sulla scultura attica dell’ellenismo, RIA 7, 1940, 7-116. H. Bellen, Die germanische Leibwache der römischen Kaiser des julisch-claudischen Hauses, Mainz 1981. A. Bernand, Pan du désert, Leiden 1977. A. Berthold, antiker Namen als Signaturen auf neuzeitlichen Gemmen und ihre Quellen, in: R. Einicke u. a. (edd. ), Zurück zum Gegenstand, Furtwängler II, Langenweißbach 2009, 549-554. A. Berthold, Entwurf und Ausführung in den artes minores. Münz- und Gemmenkünstler des 6. -4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. , Hamburg 2013. M. Bonaria, Dinastie di pantomimi latini, Maia N. S. 11, 1959, 224-242. G. Botti – P. Romanelli, Le sculture del Egizio, Vatikanstadt 1951. P. Boyancé, La connaissance du grec à Rome, REL 34, 1956, 111-131. O. J. Brendel, Prolegomena to the study of Roman art, New Haven-London 1979. Ph. Bruneau, Philologie mosaïstique, JSav 1988, 3-73. Chr. Bruun, Greek or Latin? The owner’s choice of names for vernae in Rome, in: M. George (ed. ), Roman slavery and Roman material culture, Toronto u. a. 2013, 19-42. A. Buonopane, Statuarius. Un nuovo documento epigrafico, ZPE 120, 1998, 292-294. I. Bourtzinakou, von Aphrodisias, Diss. Heidelberg 2011, Heidelberg 2012. H. -U. Cain – O. Dräger, Die sogenannten neuattischen Werkstätten, in: G. (ed. ), Das Wrack. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it consists primarily of bibliographic references and scholarly citations rather than any information regarding the existence or characteristics of written records left by ancient civilizations. There is no direct connection to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractNongenetic phenotypic variation can either speed up or slow down adaptive evolution. We show that it can speed up evolution in environments where available carbon and energy sources change over time. To this end, we use an experimentally validated model of Escherichia coli growth on two alternative carbon sources, glucose and acetate. On the superior carbon source (glucose), all cells achieve high growth rates, while on the inferior carbon source (acetate) only a small fraction of the population manages to initiate growth. Consequently, populations experience a bottleneck when the environment changes from the superior to the inferior carbon source. Growth on the inferior carbon source depends on a circuit under the control of a transcription factor that is repressed in the presence of the superior carbon source. We show that noise in the expression of this transcription factor can increase the probability that cells start growing on the inferior carbon source. In doing so, it can decrease the severity of the bottleneck and increase mean population fitness whenever this fitness is low. A modest amount of noise can also enhance the fitness effects of a beneficial allele that increases the fraction of a population initiating growth on acetate. Additionally, noise can protect this allele from extinction, accelerate its spread, and increase its likelihood of going to fixation. Central to the adaptation-enhancing principle we identify is the ability of noise to mitigate population bottlenecks, particularly in environments that fluctuate periodically. Because such bottlenecks are frequent in fluctuating environments, and because periodically fluctuating environments themselves are common, this principle may apply to a broad range of environments and organisms. Author summary Genetically identical individuals that live in the same environment may differ in their behaviour and their traits. These differences arise from uncertainty inherent in all biological processes. Although this random individual variability occurs on short time scales, it can also affect evolutionary adaptation on longer time scales. For example, if a population encounters a harsh environment, random (nongenetic) differences between individuals can cause some individuals to cope better with the new environment than others. If the ability to produce nongenetic differences is genetically determined, organisms that have this ability may have a long-term evolutionary advantage in such environments. Furthermore, if such organisms carry a beneficial gene variant, the beneficial effect of this gene variant may become amplified, and consequently spread faster in a population with more random nongenetic variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how genetically identical individuals can have differences in behavior and traits due to nongenetic variability, which affects evolutionary adaptation. It states that if a population encounters a harsh environment, this random variability can enable some individuals to adapt better than others, providing a long-term evolutionary advantage. Additionally, the text highlights that if organisms carrying beneficial gene variants also exhibit more random nongenetic variation, the beneficial effects can spread more rapidly in the population. This supports the notion that genetic mutations can indeed be beneficial in the context of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the impracticalities of mobilizing CO2 on Mars. Bruce Jakosky explains that the idea of transporting CO2 to Mars is 'totally facetious and absolutely unworkable' due to the immense number of rockets required and the insufficient amount of CO2 in our atmosphere. This elaboration on the difficulties involved reinforces the claim that terraforming Mars presents substantial technical challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia, 1994/95, Köln 1994, II 809-829. I. Calabi Limentani, Studi sulla società romana. Il lavoro artistico, Mailand-Varese 1958. I. 1958, 619-621. I. 1965, 156-159. I. 1966, 484 f. I. Calabi Limentani, Epigrafia latina³, Mailand 1974. A. Cameron, Porphyrius the charioteer, Oxford 1973. A. Chaniotis, Second thoughts on second names in Aphrodisias, in: E. Parker (ed. ), Personal names in ancient Anatolia, Oxford 2013, 207-229. H. Chantraine, Freigelassene und Sklaven im Dienst der römischen Kaiser. Studien zu ihrer Nomenklatur, Wiesbaden 1967. J. Christes, Sklaven und Freigelassene als Grammatiker und Philologen im antiken Rom, Wiesbaden 1979. G. Cultrera, Fiano Romano, NSc 1915, 158-165. L. R. Dean, A study of the cognomina of soldiers in the Roman legions, Princeton 1916. W. Decker, Beinamen antiker Athleten, in: P. Mauritsch u. a. (edd. ), für Ingomar Weiler, Wiesbaden 2008, 161-173. S. Deyts u. a. , Musée Archéologique de Dijon, Dijon 1995. S. Kansteiner u. a. (edd. ), Overbeck. Die antiken Schriftquellen zu den Bildenden Künsten der Griechen I-V, Berlin-Boston 2014. M. Donderer, Die antiken Pavimenttypen und ihre Benennungen, JdI 102, 1987, 365-377. M. Donderer, Nicht Praxiteles, sondern Pasiteles. Eine signierte Statuenstütze in Verona, ZPE 73, 1988, 63-68. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of academic references and studies related to ancient civilizations, without directly addressing the existence or nature of written records from those civilizations. Therefore, it does not support or oppose the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Using a realistic model of cell growth, we show that this mechanism not only works in unfavourable environments that are stable, but also in environments that switch back and forth between a favourable and an unfavourable state. Because many natural environments undergo such periodic changes, and because random differences between individuals are ubiquitous, the mechanism we have identified may be widespread in nature. Citation: Schmutzer M, (2020) Gene expression noise can promote the fixation of beneficial mutations in fluctuating environments. PLoS 16(10): e1007727. Mark Goulian, University of : February 9, 2020; Accepted: September 15, 2020; Published: October 26, 2020Copyright: © 2020 Schmutzer, Wagner. This is an open access 9874. We would also like to acknowledge support by the ( grant 31003A_172887 and by the in ( The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionBoth genetic and non-genetic factors influence the rate of evolutionary adaptation. Genetic factors are well-studied, and include the intensity of natural selection [1], population size [2], standing genetic variation [3], the supply of adaptive mutations [4] and clonal interference [5]. A prominent non-genetic factor that can affect adaptation rates is variation in phenotype, variation that arises between individuals even when they share the same genome and environment [6–9]. Nongenetic phenotypic variation has the potential to either slow down or accelerate the rate of adaptation. On the one hand, nongenetic variation can lower the fitness of a population [10]. It can also cause transient random fitness differences between individuals that obscure genetic fitness differences, which weakens the effect of natural selection and increases that of genetic drift [10, 11]. Consequently, populations with a higher level of nongenetic variation may adapt more slowly, and are more prone to accumulate deleterious mutation [12]. On the other hand, nongenetic variation can increase the rate of adaptation by smoothing the fitness landscape [13]. One consequence of this smoothing is that nongenetic variation can eliminate fitness valleys in rugged landscapes, thus allowing populations to climb to higher peaks [13, 14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic factors, including the supply of adaptive mutations, influence evolutionary adaptation. It emphasizes that genetic mutations can fix beneficial traits in fluctuating environments, thus supporting the idea that such mutations are beneficial and part of natural evolution. Additionally, the diversity in genetic variation plays a critical role in adaptation, which aligns with the claim regarding the evolution's reliance on genetic mutations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the substantial technical challenges associated with terraforming Mars. It highlights the difficulties in releasing and utilizing CO2 from Martian sinks, stating that the current estimates suggest that efforts to mobilize CO2 from the polar ice caps and other sources would result in a significant shortfall of the required atmospheric pressure. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky notes, 'we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature,' directly addressing the claim's assertion of the challenges involved in terraforming Mars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Donderer, der Antike und ihre wirtschaftliche und soziale Stellung, Erlangen 1989. M. Donderer, Merkwürdigkeiten im Umgang mit griechischer und lateinischer Schrift in der Antike, Gymnasium 102, 1995, 97-122. M. Donderer, der späten römischen Republik und der Kaiserzeit. Epigraphische Zeugnisse, Erlangen 1996. M. Donderer, für Agone in den Bildenden Künsten, in: F. Blakolmer u. a. (edd. ), Fremde Zeiten, Festschrift für Jürgen Borchhardt, Wien 1996, I 329-338. M. Donderer, Mosaikemblemata. und schwunghafter Gebrauchtwarenhandel, BAParis 28, 2001, 101-132. M. Donderer, - wo man sie nicht erwarten würde, ÖJh 73, 2004, 81-96. M. Donderer, Rez. zu Andreae 2007/2012, Gnomon 79, 2007, 164-170. M. Donderer, der Antike II. Epigraphische Quellen. Neufunde und Nachträge, Erlangen 2008. M. Donderer, Nicht immer wörtlich zu verstehen. mit griechischen betrieben, BABesch 86, 2011, 185-207. H. Dragendorff, Firmenstempel und Künstlersignatur auf arretinischen Reliefgefäßen, in: H. von Petrikovits (ed. ), Festschrift für August Oxé zum 75. Gebutstag, Darmstadt 1938, 1-8. F. Drexel, Über den häufigen Gebrauch berühmter Künstlernamen, in: L. Friedländer – G. Wissowa (edd. ), Darstellungen aus der IV, 10. Auflage, Leipzig 1921, 197-202. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a list of references and academic citations related to ancient writings but does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the idea that every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Another consequence is that smoothing by nongenetic variation can make fitness gradients steeper in the vicinity of a fitness plateau [13, 15, 16]. In this case, a change in phenotype can lead to a larger increase in fitness in populations with more nongenetic variation, and the mutation underlying the novel phenotype can spread faster. Most theoretical studies, including this one, describe this second mechanism in populations that are far from their fitness optimum [13, 16, 17]. In one pertinent experiment, Bódi et al. [18] transformed yeast cells with variants of a synthetic gene circuit that induced greater or lesser variation in the expression of a gene that confers resistance to the antifungal drug fluconazole. When yeast populations harbouring these circuits were exposed to the drug, the populations with higher variation in the gene’s expression not only survived higher concentrations of the drug, they also evolved drug resistance more rapidly. The reason was that high variation populations derived a greater fitness increase from beneficial mutations than low variation populations. A recent theoretical study has shown that such a mechanism can also operate close to the fitness optimum [15], but that it is more difficult to observe because nongenetic variation is generally deleterious close to the optimum. Most work on the role of nongenetic variation in adaptation focuses on unchanging environments. With few exceptions, we know much less about this role in changing environments. The most prominent exception is the well-studied phenomenon of bet-hedging, which increases the long-term fitness of a population by minimising the population’s fitness variation in two or more environments [6, 9, 19, 20]. Through bet-hedging, organisms either display a single phenotype that performs well in multiple environments, or they display multiple phenotypes, each best suited for one environment, and switch between them [6]. Bet-hedging strategies are widespread in nature, especially among bacteria [9], but are not the focus of this study. Another exception is a theoretical study [21] predicting that in periodically fluctuating environments, genotypes underlying increased nongenetic variation can also be more sensitive to mutation, a property that may increase evolvability [22]. Another study [23] found that phenotypic plasticity, which can bring forth nongenetic variation, can protect a population against extinction when the environment suddenly changes or when it fluctuates randomly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how fitness increases in yeast populations correlate with beneficial mutations. It explains that populations with higher variation in gene expression that are exposed to antifungal drugs not only survive but also evolve drug resistance more rapidly because they derive greater fitness increases from beneficial mutations. This provides evidence that genetic mutations can be beneficial as a natural part of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars remains a theoretical concept with significant technical and ethical challenges. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting viewpoints from an interview with Bruce Jakosky, who indicates that while terraforming Mars is not feasible with current technology, it does not mean that it is an impossible concept. He points out that significant technological advancements are required before terraforming can become a reality and emphasizes the need for a valid understanding of Mars before engaging in such discussions. This implies that while there are challenges today, the concept of terraforming is still open for future exploration, thereby contradicting the claim that it remains entirely theoretical and presents only significant challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Düll, Die Götterkulte Nordmakedoniens in römischer Zeit, München 1977. K. M. D. Dunbabin, Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world, Cambridge 1999. F. Duthoy, Sculpteurs et commanditaires aux IIe siècle après J. -C. Rome et Tivoli, Rom 2012. Enciclopedia dell’Classica e ff. , Rom 1958 ff. P. E. Easterling, Actor as icon, in: P. E. Easterling – E. Hall (edd. ), Greek and Roman actors. Aspects of an ancient profession, Cambridge 2002, 327-341. K. T. Erim – J. Reynolds, Sculptors of Aphrodisias in the inscriptions of the city, in: N. Başgelen – M. Lugal (edd. ), Festschrift für Jale Inan, Istanbul 1989, 517-538. K. T. Erim – C. M. Rouché, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. J. Fejfer, Roman portraits in context, Berlin-2008. K. Fittschen, Über den Beitrag der Bildhauer in Athen zur Kunstproduktion im römischen Reich, in: St. Blizos (ed. ), Athens during the Roman period. Recent discoveries, new evidence, Athen 2008, 325-335. L. Friedländer, Dissertationis de nominibus clarorum artificum frequentatis pars I-II, Königsberg 1859. M. Fuchs, In hoc etiam genere Graeciae nihil cedamus. Studien zur Romanisierung der späthellenistischen Kunst im 1. Jh. v. Chr. , Mainz 1999. B. und H. Galsterer, Romanisation und einheimische Traditionen, in: Die römische Stadt im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. des öffentlichen Raumes, 1990, Köln 1992, 377-389. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim in any meaningful way. Instead, it lists various academic references and works related to ancient art and inscriptions without providing any evidence or commentary on the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Our model predicts that greater gene expression noise can increase the fitness of a population in fluctuating environments, augment the fitness increase derived from beneficial mutations, and accelerate the rate of evolutionary adaptation to the new environment. stochastic model of carbon source switching shows a bimodal distribution of growth rates on acetate To model a population undergoing regular fluctuations in carbon substrate, with both a growing and a nongrowing subpopulation on one substrate, we drew on a circuit in E. coli that controls the response to a switch in carbon source from glucose to acetate (Fig 1A). This circuit was proposed by Kotte et al. [28], has since been experimentally validated [24, 29] and plays a central role in the control of carbon metabolism [30]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Stochastic model of an E. coli circuit that generates a growing and a nongrowing subpopulation on acetate as well as a single growing population on glucose. (A) Structure of the circuit. Dotted arrows show regulatory interactions and solid arrows show the flow of carbon through metabolism. Circles show the number of carbon atoms in each metabolite. The circuit has two states, a ‘glycolytic’ state with high fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (fbp) and low phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) concentrations (yellow) and a ‘gluconeogenetic’ state with low fbp and high pep concentrations (grey). Both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis eventually lead to the accumulation of biomass (striped). Carbon metabolism and growth is condensed into four reactions, each of which is catalysed by a single enzyme whose expression is noisy. Specifically, glucose and acetate incorporation and their conversion into fbp and pep are represented by enzymatic steps abbreviated as Gi and Ai respectively. Pep is converted to fbp through lower glycolysis (Lg). Growth proceeds through the conversion of fbp into biomass through anabolism (An). The transcription factor Cra, whose expression is also stochastic, is repressed by fbp and activates acetate incorporation (Ai) [24]. Pep allosterically activates An, increasing the consumption of fbp and consequently lowering its concentration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gene expression noise can enhance the fitness of a population and facilitate evolutionary adaptation, particularly in fluctuating environments. This indicates that mutations, which can lead to variations in gene expression, might contribute positively to the survival and adaptability of organisms, aligning with the idea that genetic mutations are beneficial in the context of evolution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars can be completed within 50 years using existing technology. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of terraforming Mars, specifically citing that the current average temperature on Mars is about -60 °C and emphasizing the difficulty of raising it to a habitable level of 0 °C. This suggests that the task may not be feasible within a 50-year timeframe using existing technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Garcia y Bellido, Esculturas romanas de España y Portugal, Madrid 1949. Chr. Gill – T. P. Wiseman (edd. ), Lies and fiction in the ancient world, Exeter 1993. A. Giuliano, Iscrizioni romane di pittori, ArchCl 5, 1953, 263-270. H. Gummerus, Darstellungen aus dem Handwerk auf römischen Grab- und Votivsteinen in Italien, JdI 28, 1913, 63-126. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 14, 1915, 129-189. H. Gummerus, Industrie und Handel, RE IX, 1916, 1381-1535. H. Gummerus, Die römische Industrie. Wirtschaftsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Klio 15, 1918, 256-302. H. Gummerus, Cognomen und Beruf, in: Commentationes philologicae in honorem I. A. Heikel, Helsinki 1926, 48-74. H. Gummerus, Der Ärztestand um römischen Reich nach den Inschriften, Helsinki 1932. G. Hafner, Sternstunden der Archäologie, Düsseldorf-Wien 1978. M. -Chr. Hellmann, Choix d’inscriptions architecturales grecques, Lyon 1999. N. Himmelmann, in der griechischen Kunst der archaischen und klassischen Zeit, Berlin 1994. G. Horsmann, der römischen Kaiserzeit, Stuttgart 1998. A. Hug, Spitznamen, in: 1929, 1821-1840. J. M. Hurwit, Artists and signatures in ancient Greece, 2015. P. Huttunen, The social strata in the imperial city of Rome, Oulou 1974. M. Junkelmann, mit dem Tod. So kämpften Roms Gladiatoren, Mainz 2000. J. Kaimio, and the Greek language, Helsinki 1979. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a number of sources and references related to ancient civilizations but does not provide any information or evidence about the existence or absence of detailed written records from those civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: As a measure of fitness, we quantified the number of descendants after a total of four days of growth and a single shift from glucose to acetate half-way during this time (see Materials and methods). expression noise improves fitness (Fig 3A). Compared to the reference population, the least noisy population is on average slightly less fit than the reference population (relative fitness of -0. 018 ± 0. 085, zero indicates no fitness difference), while the noisiest population is substantially fitter (0. 177 ± 0. 056). These fitness differences between populations with different levels of noise are significant (one-way = 59. 8, degrees of freedom 3 and 196, p < 0. 001). Only the fitness values between populations with the lowest levels of Cra expresssion noise 0. 01 and 0. 1 are not significantly different from each other (Tukey’s HSD, p = 0. 312). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Cra expression noise increases fitness in a fluctuating environment when a population has low mean fitness. (A) Mean population fitness increases with Cra expression noise. We estimated fitness values by competing a population against a reference population with an intermediate level of Cra expression noise (η2 = 0. 2) and the same Cra-fbp dissociation constant as the reference (0. 1 mmol g−1), with 50 replicate simulations for each competition. In each replicate, both populations started with initially 1000 cells and grew together for four days in an environment with a constant flow of medium where the carbon source changed from glucose to acetate after two days. We estimated fitness from the change in the relative frequency of the non-reference population. Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. Circles represent the fitness values observed in each replicate, and grey violin plots are Gaussian kernel density estimates of the distribution of fitness values. (B) The fitness benefit derived from looser Cra-fbp binding is greater in populations with noisier Cra expression when the mean population fitness is low. We note that lower Cra-fbp dissociation constants correspond to greater binding strength. In this panel, fitness was determined through competition with a reference population that had both intermediate Cra expression noise (η2 = 0. 2) and an intermediate Cra-fbp dissociation constant (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how populations with different levels of Cra expression noise have varying fitness. For example, the noisiest population shows substantial fitness benefits, suggesting that certain genetic variations can lead to improved survival and adaptation in fluctuating environments. This indicates that genetic changes—such as expression noise—can be advantageous, aligning with the notion that genetic mutations can naturally contribute to the evolution of species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars can be completed within 50 years using existing technology. [SEP] Text: That would allow us to function as humans in the environment without the need for domes or habitats. Interviewer: Ellie MackayBruce is talking about the concept of terraforming Mars – modifying the atmosphere to make the planet more Earth-like, and therefore habitable. But it’s not just the temperature that’s an issue. For us to live there, the atmospheric pressure of Mars would need to be 150 times greater than it is today. Yet proposals to terraform Mars have become increasingly popular. I asked Bruce how realistic the concept of terraforming Mars actually is. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWhat you can’t see is that I’m smiling at that question, because the less we know about how we would actually terraform Mars, the easier we think it is, and as you begin to explore it, it gets harder and harder. Right now, it’s in the realm of science fiction because we don’t really know how to do it, and I think the fact that we’re changing the environment on the Earth inadvertently underscores the fact that we really don’t understand how climates work. Despite that, a lot of people have been speculating in the press lately about how easy it might be to terraform Mars. Our paper will be an interesting contrast to that, in terms of dashing some people’s hopes, to be honest. Interviewer: Ellie MackayWell that doesn’t sound very encouraging, but to start off with, can you explain what’s actually being proposed? So, from a scientific point of view, how might we overcome these barriers of temperature and pressure? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIf we wanted to terraform Mars, the way we would do it would be to put a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. That would serve both functions of increasing the pressure and by trapping heat from the sun, increasing the temperature. And that really depends on the availability of greenhouse gases or our ability to manufacture them. The most available and accessible greenhouse gas at Mars would be carbon dioxide – CO2. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, and so this is what your research was looking at? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that terraforming Mars is currently considered 'in the realm of science fiction' and that the process is much more complicated than it seems. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky suggests that as we delve into the specifics of terraforming, it becomes apparent that we do not yet understand how to accomplish it, thus undermining the feasibility of completing it within the proposed time frame of 50 years with our current technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Kajanto, A study of the Greek epitaphs of Rome, Helsinki 1963. I. Kajanto, Cognomina, Helsinki 1965. I. Kajanto, The significance of Non-Latin cognomina, Latomus 27, 1968, 517-534. I. Kajanto, Minderheiten und ihre Sprachen in der Hauptstadt Rom, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 83-102. F. Kiechle, Sklavenarbeit und technischer Fortschritt im römischen Reich, Wiesbaden 1969. R. Vollkommer (ed. ), Künstlerlexikon der Antike I. II, München-Leipzig 2001-2004. N. J. Koch, Techne und Erfindung in der klassischen Malerei. Eine terminologische Untersuchung, München 2000. J. Korpela, im antiken Rom, Helsinki 1987. D. Kreikenbom, Originale und Kopie. Signaturen an späthellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Skulpturen, in: N. Hegener (ed. ), Künstler-Signaturen von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart, Petersberg 2013, 60-75. E. Kroker, Gleichnamige griechische Künstler, Leipzig 1883. F. Kudlien, des Arztes in der römischen Gesellschaft. Freigeborene Römer, Eingebürgerte, Peregrine, Sklaven, Freigelassene als Ärzte, Stuttgart 1986. B. Kübler, Decurio, in: RE IV, 1901, 2319-2352. E. Künzl, Quod sine te factum est hoc magis archetypum est? (Martialis 8,34), AKorrBl 8, 1978, 311-317. G. Lahusen, Grabrelief des Alcamenes, in: P. C. Bol (ed. ), Forschungen zur Villa Albani. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or argument regarding the existence or absence of detailed written records left behind by ancient civilizations. Instead, it lists references and publications about various works related to ancient Rome and associated studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: 125 mmol g−1), with 50 replicates for each competition. Circles denote mean fitness and are slightly offset on the horizontal axis for clarity. Error bars show one standard deviation. (C) Relaxing Cra-fbp binding increases the expression of the acetate incorporation enzyme Ai. We simulated cell growth on acetate in an environment with continuous medium through-flow for 21 days to equilibrate the population and then recorded the number of proteins per cell. Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. The violin plots are a Gaussian kernel density estimate of the distribution of proteins. The number of cells sampled for each combination of noise and Cra-fbp dissociation constant are 1637, 1619, 1835, 1719, 2005, 1991, 1981, and 2020. also quantified how Cra expression noise changes the fitness landscape. To create this fitness landscape, we repeated the in silico competitions with populations that not only varied in the level of noise in Cra expression, but also in the duration of the lag time, which we modified by changing the strength of binding between Cra and its inhibitor fbp. Looser binding increases Cra activity and consequently the probability that cells will grow on acetate, thus shortening lag times and increasing fitness. We modulated the Cra-fbp binding strength by changing the Cra-fbp dissociation constant (the higher the dissociation constant, the weaker binding is). We competed each of these populations against a single reference population that has intermediate values for both Cra expression noise and Cra-fbp binding strength (Fig 3B). While noisier populations have a clear fitness advantage when Cra-fbp binding was strong, this advantage disappears as Cra-fbp binding loosens. Cra expression noise does not become detrimental at high fitness, however. Instead, weak Cra-fbp binding causes Cra to have high activity in all cells exposed to acetate, which leads to a reliably high expression of the acetate uptake enzyme throughout the population (Fig 3C). Gene expression noise accelerates the spread of a beneficial allele by modulating the ratio of bottleneck sizes In the previous two sections we have shown that Cra expression noise decreases the lag time, mitigates the severity of the population bottleneck in acetate (Fig 2A and 2B), and therefore increases fitness. In this section we will investigate whether Cra expression noise can accelerate the spread of a beneficial allele that also decreases lag times. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how 'Cra expression noise accelerates the spread of a beneficial allele,' indicating that variations at the genetic level can result in enhanced fitness and adaptiveness in populations. This aligns with the idea that genetic mutations serve as a driver of evolutionary advantage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars can be completed within 50 years using existing technology. [SEP] Text: Interviewee: Bruce JakoskySo, we wanted to look at the inventory of CO2 on the planet – where reservoirs of CO2, if you will, reside, how much would be there, and how easy it would be to mobilise it and put it back into the atmosphere. Interviewer: Ellie MackayEssentially, that’s what we’re doing to this planet with global warming and we’re trying to force a way to do that somewhere else. So it’s like we could send all of our industry and all of our fossil fuel burning over to Mars, and it would have a beneficial effect over there, instead of… Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThat’s absolutely right. We don’t even need to send the manufacturing and industry to Mars, we could just ship all the CO2 there. And that would solve both planets’ problems. It’s totally facetious and absolutely unworkable. We don’t have that much CO2 in our atmosphere, and the number of rockets you would have to ship to get the CO2 there is immense. Interviewer: Ellie MackayOkay, so if we can’t ship it there, let’s get back to this idea of using reserves of CO2 on Mars. Your paper mentions several possible sinks – there’s CO2 in the polar ice, there’s some in minerals called carbonates, and there’s gas that gets bound to the layer of soil called the regolith on the surface of the planet. So, that seems like a lot of different places for the CO2 to be trapped. How might we mobilise or release it from these sources? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyProbably the easiest is the CO2 locked up in the polar ice. All you need to do is spread dark dust over the polar caps, and it would absorb more sunlight and heat up. That’s the easiest one, and if that sounds hard, you may not like the next ones. The carbonates you have to heat up to temperatures at which they break apart, and that’s around 300 °C. That automatically means a large scale industrial operation, and it wouldn’t get you very much. I think the most difficult CO2 to mobilise is gas that is physically attached to the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the challenges involved in mobilizing CO2 on Mars. Bruce Jakosky points out that shipping CO2 to Mars is 'totally facetious and absolutely unworkable' and emphasizes the immense logistical hurdles. Additionally, he discusses the difficulty of releasing CO2 from various Martian reserves, indicating that successful terraforming is far from feasible with existing technology within a 50-year timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about ancient civilizations leaving written records. It lists various academic works and authors related to different subjects, but does not support or refute the assertion regarding written records of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: This beneficial variant loosens Cra-fbp binding by increasing the Cra-fbp dissociation constant, thus increasing Cra activity. Previous theoretical work has established that selective bottlenecks, i. e. bottlenecks in which two competing genotypes differ in their ability to survive a bottleneck, can accelerate adaptation [42]. The greater the relative advantage of a genotype in bottleneck survival, the faster the genotypes reaches fixation, especially when the bottleneck is severe. We therefore investigated whether Cra expression noise influences how effective the beneficial allele is at mitigating the population bottleneck in acetate. We then examined the effect of these population dynamics on the fitness of the beneficial allele before considering the rate at which the beneficial allele spreads through a population. We simulated populations in which all cells have the same Cra expression noise, but initially 50% of the cells in a population of 2000 cells carry the beneficial allele, and the remainder carry a wild-type allele. We chose both alleles from the region of the fitness landscape with the lowest fitness (Fig 3B). In these simulations, the environment changed in carbon source between glucose and acetate every two days, and the simulations continued until one of the two alleles had gone to fixation (Fig 4A). We quantified the fitness of the beneficial allele relative to the wild-type allele from the change in allele frequency after four days and for 50 replicate simulations. We also recorded how much time it took for the beneficial allele to become fixed. Indeed, the shortened lag times (Fig 4B) of the beneficial allele give cells a competitive advantage (Fig 4C). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. The ratio of the smallest number of cells carrying different Cra alleles in acetate is a strong predictor of the fitness of cells carrying the beneficial allele. (A) Stackplot of the number of cells carrying either the wild-type or beneficial allele (dissociation constant 0. 05 and 0. 07 mmol g−1, in green and blue respectively) growing in an environment that switches between glucose and acetate every two days. We show an example simulation in which both subpopulations have a Cra expression noise of η2 = 10. All simulations start with 2000 cells, where 1000 cells carry either allele. The two connected red dots show the smallest number of cells carrying either allele during the first exposure to acetate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of a 'beneficial allele' and how it provides a competitive advantage in population dynamics. It highlights that mutations can influence the fitness of the population, particularly during selective bottlenecks where beneficial alleles increase adaptation speed. The investigation into how such beneficial alleles mitigate population bottlenecks demonstrates the role of genetic variations in evolution, supporting the idea that genetic mutations can indeed be beneficial.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars can be completed within 50 years using existing technology. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant challenges and limitations associated with terraforming Mars. Interviewee Bruce Jakosky highlights that current technology would not be able to release enough CO2 from various sources on Mars to substantially raise atmospheric pressure or temperature. He states, 'the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed,' indicating that achieving the goals of terraforming, especially within a 50-year timeframe with existing technologies, is not feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of bibliographic references and titles related to various aspects of ancient civilizations, particularly in art and archaeology. However, it does not address the specific claim regarding the existence of detailed written records by every ancient civilization. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: (B) Smallest number of cells for both competing alleles during the first exposure to acetate. (C) Fitness of the beneficial allele relative to the wild-type allele as estimated from the change in relative frequency in the four days since the beginning of the simulation. (D) The fitness benefit of the subpopulation carrying a beneficial Cra allele correlates strongly with the logarithm of the ratio between its smallest population size in acetate and that of the subpopulation carrying the wild-type allele (Pearson’s r = 0. 95, p < 0. 001, the line of best fit is shown in black with the 95% confidence interval in grey). Circles show the values observed in 50 replicates. The black square (arrow) shows the one replicate for a Cra expression noise of η2 = 0. 01 where the beneficial allele was lost from the population. For (B) and (C), yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation, and every circle is an observation from a replicate observation. All plots show the result of 50 replicates for each level of Cra expression noise. we studied how the fate of the beneficial allele depends on gene expression noise, we first found that it reduces the severity of population bottlenecks more in populations with higher Cra expression noise. We quantified the smallest population size during the first exposure to acetate for both subpopulations (Fig 4A, red circles). expression noise increases, both competing subpopulations experience less severe bottlenecks after the switch to acetate (Fig 4B). The smallest population size increases more for the subpopulations with the beneficial allele. For example, in the populations with the lowest Cra expression noise, the smallest population sizes differ on average by 12 cells (± 33 cells), while in the populations with the highest Cra expression noise, the average difference in population size is 177 cells (± 202 cells). Gene expression noise thus magnifies the advantage derived from the beneficial allele. Second, we did observe an increasing fitness advantage of the beneficial allele with greater Cra expression noise, but only up to a point. The average fitness benefit (Fig 4C) increases with noise from 1. 13 (± 1. 80) up to 3. 53 (± 1. 7) for a Cra expression noise of η2 = 1 (= 18. 9, degrees of freedom 3 and 196, p < 0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the presence of a beneficial allele can lead to increased fitness advantages in populations. The analysis indicates that gene expression noise results in less severe population bottlenecks and magnifies the advantages derived from beneficial alleles, supporting the notion that genetic mutations can indeed be beneficial as part of the evolutionary process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars can be completed within 50 years using existing technology. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while terraforming Mars is conceptually possible, it cannot be accomplished with today's available technology. Bruce Jakosky states, 'It means we can’t do it today with available technology,' which directly undermines the claim that it could be achieved within 50 years using current methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to list various scholarly works and archaeological findings related to ancient civilizations without addressing whether those civilizations left behind detailed written records. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: For populations with the largest Cra expression noise (η2 = 10), we found a lower fitness gain (2. 65 ± 0. 99) from the beneficial allele than for populations with the second largest level of noise (Tukey’s HSD test, p = 0. 035 for the pairwise comparison of populations with Cra expression noise 10 and 1). This reduction in the relative fitness benefit occurs because the highest level of Cra expression noise also substantially increases the smallest cell count of the subpopulation carrying the wild-type allele (Fig 4B). In contrast, the lower levels of Cra expression noise have only a small impact on the smallest cell count of subpopulations carrying the wild-type allele, but affect subpopulations carrying the beneficial allele much more (Fig 4B). Consequently, the factor determining the outcome of competition is not the difference but the ratio between the smallest populations sizes of the two subpopulations. This ratio correlates strongly with the fitness benefit derived from the beneficial allele (Pearson’s r = 0. 95 with p < 0. 001, Fig 4D). In sum, the relative fitness benefit of the beneficial allele increases with Cra expression noise, but only as long as the benefit of noise for the wild-type allele is slight in comparison. Third, we examined whether Cra expression noise, given that it can increase the fitness benefit of a beneficial allele, can also accelerate the spread of the beneficial allele through a population and shorten the time to fixation of the beneficial allele. For this analysis we quantified the change in the frequency of the beneficial allele during the simulation, and recorded the fixation time. The greatest change in allele frequency occurs during periods of acetate exposure (Fig 5A and 5B), and changes in allele frequency become less predictable with lower Cra noise. In one population with the least noise, the beneficial allele is even lost from the population (Fig 5B). The beneficial allele tends to go to fixation the fastest in populations with the second highest level of Cra expression noise, with the fixation time falling from an average of 12 days (± 5 days) at the lowest noise to 9 days (± 2 days) for the second highest level of noise η2 = 1 (pairwise Wilcoxon rank sum test with Holm’s correction, p = 0. 002 for the pairwise comparison of fixation times in populations with Cra expression noise η2 = 1 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of beneficial alleles in a population and their fitness benefits. Specifically, it states that 'the relative fitness benefit of the beneficial allele increases with Cra expression noise,' indicating that certain genetic variations (mutations) can indeed provide advantages in evolutionary terms, especially under specific environmental conditions. This shows that genetic mutations can be beneficial to the populations involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of Mars's surface will be covered with forests and oceans by the end of the century. [SEP] Text: Here Δ is given in 7 with νe in place of ν in the definition of R in 9; that is, (11) keeping the definition of Re based on ν. The dispersion equation 10 is identical to that in Wang and Shen (2010b) who diligently worked out the expression of Δ. Such an one-line expression is not particularly elucidative, since the dispersion equation is highly implicit due to the complex expression of Δ and must be solved numerically as for 10. On the other hand, since multiplying the rows of a matrix by suitable factors will not affect the zeros of its determinant, one can improve the condition number of the 4-by-4 matrix by appropriate row normalization, hence controlling the steepness of Δ near a root. This improves the efficiency of numerical root finding. We must note that although Γ is similarly defined as in 5 for the elastic ice plate model, the effective elasticity G is the property of the ice-agglomeration layer (which is being modeled as a viscoelastic fluid layer) and should not be taken as the shear modulus of solid ice. fluids (e. g. , water), shear modulus is irrelevant since such fluids cannot resist any shear stress without continuous deformation (motion). Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the effective elasticity of the composite fluid of ice-water mixture is much smaller than the shear modulus of solid ice. It should also be mentioned that the approach of treating the ice-containing upper layer as a viscoelastic fluid is different from the model of a floating viscoelastic ice plate (e. g. , Bates & Shapiro, 1981). Since the dynamics of a solid plate is different from that of a fluid layer, the conditions at the ice-water interface are different. For the mathematical details of the appropriate theories, a reader is referred to Wang and Shen (2010b) and Bates and Shapiro (1981). and Π0, decreases with increasing Γ, as expected; see Figure 3a. For sufficiently high the attenuation rate decreases rapidly as Γ increases, but at low does not vary with Γ monotonically; see Figure 3b. In layered fluids, there are multiple modes of admissible wave oscillations, corresponding to the ways that a layer interacts with its neighboring layer(s). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Mars's surface being covered with forests and oceans. It discusses mathematical equations and theories related to the dynamics of fluid layers, ice elasticity, and wave oscillations without referencing Mars, its surface conditions, or any environmental changes. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains a list of scholarly references and publications related to ancient civilizations, but it does not provide any information that directly supports or contradicts the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records left by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: 1, or else p < 0. 001 between η2 = 1 and all other populations). The beneficial allele spreads considerably slower in populations with the highest Cra expression noise (11 days ± 2 days), and the fixation times are not significantly different from those of populations with the lowest two Cra expression noises (p = 0. 357 for the pairwise comparison of η2 = 10 and 0. 1, and p = 0. 082 for η2 = 10 and 0. 01). The fixation time is well explained by the relative fitness of these populations as quantified during the first four days of growth. The greater the difference in fitness between the two alleles, the less time it takes for the fitter allele to go to fixation (Spearman’s ρ = −0. 77 with p < 0. 001, Fig 5D). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. A beneficial allele goes to fixation faster in populations with high Cra expression noise. (A-B) Frequency of a beneficial allele competing with another allele in an environment that switches between glucose (yellow) and acetate (grey) every two days. dissociation constants have values of 0. 07 and 0. 05 mmol g−1 for the beneficial and the wild-type Cra allele respectively. Both alleles occur in cells that have the same Cra expression noise, which is given by η2 = 10 in (A), and η2 = 0. 01 in (B). Each plot show trajectories for 50 replicate population simulations. (C) Time until fixation of the beneficial allele (N = 50 replicates except for η2 = 0. 01, N = 49). Yellow diamonds and lines show the sample mean and one standard deviation. (D) The time the beneficial allele requires to go to fixation decreases with increasing fitness relative to its competitor (Spearman’s ρ = −0. 77, p < 0. 001). Circles are coloured according to Cra expression noise. The square (arrow) marks the one replicate where the fitter allele was lost from the population. together, these observations show that moderate levels of Cra expression noise can increase the fitness advantage of a beneficial allele during a selective bottleneck. Consequently, the beneficial allele reaches fixation faster in populations with intermediate Cra expression noise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dynamics of beneficial alleles and their fixation process within populations, indicating that some genetic mutations (the beneficial allele) can confer a fitness advantage, thus supporting the idea that genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can have beneficial effects. It specifically notes that the speed of fixation of beneficial alleles is influenced by relative fitness and expression noise in populations, providing evidence of the adaptive nature of genetic mutations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: This analysis also illustrates a broad set of political, economic, and technological issues that motivated biological experimentation, especially as races to industrially engineer artificial feeding media coincided with new genetic analyses of the picky feeding behaviors of silkworms—and how to change their natures. (pages 115 - 134)This 9. Cybernetics without the Cyborg: Modernism in Biomimetics and Biomimicry -Richard FadokDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226783574. 003. 0010[cybernetics;cyborg;biomimetics;bionics;biomimicry;biological modernism]What is cybernetics without the cyborg? American technoscientific projects to remodel biological life on a technological analogy—represented by the iconic cyborg, or cybernetic organism—have overshadowed the historiography of midcentury cybernetics. This 10. Strains of Andromeda: of -Luis A. CamposDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226783574. 003. 0011[Asilomar;genetic engineering;science fiction;Andromeda Strain;Michael Crichton;planetary protection;invasion biology]At the dawn of the era of genetic engineering, molecular biologists and others at the famed 1975 Asilomar conference wrangled with the potential biohazards of recombinant DNA research, exchanging speculative possibilities about future applications, risks of contamination, and issues of biocontainment. As conceptual, scientific, and regulatory frameworks and practices of planetary protection governing scientific commerce with the heavens above dovetailed with efforts to address potential hazards in the engineering of life down here on Earth, concerns about the prospect of a pandemic were often explicitly framed within the language of science fiction, and with direct reference to Michael Crichton’s Strain (1969) in particular. While many participants of the 1975 “Pandora’s Box Congress” and its aftermath derided such invocations as improper sensationalism and “molecular politics,” conflating hype and hope, this case highlights the unexpected and sometimes unruly cultural narratives in which cutting-edge science is always embedded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex political, economic, and technological issues surrounding biological experimentation and genetic engineering, which implies significant uncertainties and challenges in achieving a perfect, Earth-like environment on Mars. The mention of 'speculative possibilities about future applications, risks of contamination,' and concerns over 'the prospect of a pandemic' indicates that the processes involved in engineering life and environments are fraught with unforeseen complications, thus undermining the idea that terraforming Mars is guaranteed to succeed perfectly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their records. Instead, it appears to be a list of academic references or studies related to names and nomenclature in ancient Rome, with no explicit mention of detailed written records left by ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations are a natural part of evolution and can be beneficial. [SEP] Text: Beneficial alleles are more likely to invade when Cra expression noise is high In the preceding section we asked whether gene expression noise can affect the competitive ability of a beneficial allele that occurs at a high frequency. However, most such alleles originate in a single individual. We thus also wanted to find out whether such alleles can invade a population and go to fixation when initially rare. Therefore, we repeated our simulations, but starting from a population with 2000 individuals where only one individual carried the beneficial allele. We found that when the initial frequency of the beneficial allele is low, it is most likely to go to fixation in populations with the highest Cra expression noise, with the observed probability of fixation increasing from 0. 003 to 0. 013 in the least noisy to the noisiest populations (Fig 6A, two-sided Fisher’s exact test, p < 0. 001, 5000 replicates). This increase in fixation probability cannot be caused by the allele’s fitness on its own. If that were the case, the allele would be most likely to fix in populations with the second highest Cra expression noise, because that is where the fitness of a beneficial allele is highest (Fig 4C), and consequently the average time to fixation times is the lowest (Fig 6B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Cra expression noise increases the probability of fixation of a beneficial allele that is initially at a low frequency. We simulated populations that started with a single cell carrying a beneficial allele (dissociation constant of 0. 07 mmol g−1) in a population of 2000 cells. The other cells carried an allele that had a lower fitness (dissociation constant of 0. 05 mmol g−1). The population grew in an environment that switched between glucose and acetate every two days, and simulations continued until one of the two alleles was lost. We repeated these simulations 5000 times for each level of Cra expression noise. (A) The beneficial allele is more likely to go to fixation in populations with high Cra expression noise. (B) If the beneficial allele reached fixation, higher Cra expression noise decreases the time the beneficial allele needs to reach fixation, except for the highest level of noise (10. 0). Yellow diamonds show the average time to fixation and yellow lines indicate one standard deviation. Circles show the fixation time of the beneficial allele in each replicate where it reached fixation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how beneficial alleles can invade a population and achieve fixation, particularly under conditions of high Cra expression noise. It indicates that beneficial alleles can increase in frequency in a population, supporting the idea that genetic mutations (in this case, alleles) are natural components of evolution and that they can provide advantages in specific environmental contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: Although speculation about new technological developments or inventions has proven to be notoriously inaccurate, we seek to derive insights from the history of planetary manipulation proposals and fantasies. (pages 203 - 216)This 14. Resurrecting the Sublime -: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226783574. 003. 0015[extinction;flowers;smell;art;synthetic biology;sublime;colonization;preservation;reconstruction;collaboration]Could we ever again smell flowers made extinct through human activity? Having combed Harvard University’s herbarium collections for extinct plant specimens, in 2016, Dr. and her team at extracted DNA from tissues samples taken from three plants that went extinct in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. With help from paleogeneticists at the University of California at Santa Cruz, Ginkgo scientists identified gene sequences that encode fragrance-producing enzymes. These DNA sequences were synthesized and inserted into yeast, which were cultured to produce smell molecules for verification. The approximations of the lost flowers’ aroma by smell researcher and artist were then incorporated into immersive installations designed by Ginsberg, accompanied by digital reconstructions of extinct plants in their lost landscapes. Rather than engage in de-extinction itself, the project uses biotechnology to glimpse a flower blooming in a landscape, each an interplay of a species and a place that no longer exists. The text and visuals in this 2021. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty inherent in speculation about technology, suggesting that the outcomes of planetary manipulation proposals are often inaccurate. This implies that the idea of terraforming Mars providing a perfect Earth-like environment is not guaranteed, thus directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and does not address the claim. It does not provide support or a counter-argument regarding whether ancient civilizations have left detailed written records. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: Developing gene therapy to treat cystic fibrosis: challenges and successesMore than 25 years after the gene for cystic fibrosis was discovered, there are signs that correcting this genetic deficit could soon be possible. Gene therapy 10 June 2016 link to page Download PDF Coloured chest X-ray showing mucus in the lungs of a cystic fibrosis patientLibraryA tiny globule of fat suspended in a fine mist makes its way along the branching passageways of a human lung. Deep in the lung the globule, called a liposome, nestles up against one of the cells lining the airway. Because the cell membrane is also made of fat, the liposome is able to pass through it, and spill its cargo into the interior of the cell: a string of DNA encoding a protein known as CFTR, which will enable the cell to make thin, watery mucus that helps keep the lung clean and healthy. This is gene therapy for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder that causes serious lung disease. In a phase III trial published in 2015, the a group of scientists and clinicians from London, Oxford, and Edinburgh, reported that inhaling these liposomes every month for a year stabilised the lung function of individuals with cystic fibrosis[1]. Meanwhile, lung function deteriorated slightly in the study’s placebo group. These are modest effects, as even the study’s authors acknowledge. “I think we need to improve on that” before the therapy could be rolled out to clinical care, says Eric Alton, professor of gene therapy and respiratory medicine at London and the consortium’s coordinator. Source: Eric AltonEric Alton, professor of gene therapy and respiratory medicine at London, is coordinator of the the trial represented a huge milestone for the field. For the first time, researchers had demonstrated the efficacy of cystic fibrosis gene therapy in humans — a goal that has seemed out of reach for more than a quarter of a century. The success reflects not only the pay-off of persistence but the current buzz of activity in the field. A range of approaches are in play, including viral vectors as well as non-viral ones like liposomes for delivery, and classic gene therapy strategies that would add healthy genetic material to a patient’s cells, as well as cutting-edge technologies that would edit their own genetic material. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of gene therapy specifically for cystic fibrosis. It mentions the discovery of the cystic fibrosis gene over 25 years ago, the challenges faced, and the advancements in gene therapy that have occurred, including a phase III clinical trial that demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing lung function for individuals with cystic fibrosis. The text highlights both the promise of gene therapy and the ongoing efforts to improve its effectiveness, which directly supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is guaranteed to provide a perfect Earth-like environment for future generations. [SEP] Text: 01 August 2018 Podcast: Bird colour perception, terraforming Mars, and attributing extreme weather Hear the latest science news, brought to you by. Subscribe iPodcast acast RSS This week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. Your browser does not support the audio element. Download MP3See transcriptIn this episode:00:54 Modifying Mars’s atmosphereA lack of carbon dioxide might hamper efforts to make the habitable. Research Paper: Jakosky & Edwards08:52 How discerning zebra finches discern colourNew research shows that female zebra finches can differentiate orange from red. Research paper: Caves et al. 15:09 Research HighlightsA dinosaur with giant feet, and record breaking nanop10. 1038/d41586-018-05860-0 week, how a bird sees colour, modifying Mars, and linking extreme weather to our changing climate. IntroductionThis is a transcript of the 2nd August 2018 edition of the weekly Nature Podcast. Audio files for the current show and archive episodes can be accessed from the index page ( which also contains details on how to subscribe to the for FREE, and has troubleshooting top-tips. Send us your feedback to podcast@nature. com. [Jingle] Host: Adam LevyWelcome back to the Nature Podcast. This week, we’ll be taking a peek at how zebra finches see colour, and we’ll be hearing about a problem with plans to terraform Mars. Host: Ellie MackayPlus, we’re learning how researchers are linking individual extreme weather events to climate change. I’m Ellie Mackay. Host: Adam LevyAnd I’m Adam Levy. [Jingle] Interviewer: Ellie MackayFirst up this week: have you ever thought about living on Mars? Right now, it’s not the most inviting environment. But there have been plenty of ideas about how that might be changed. Here’s – he’s one of the authors of a paper in this week, and he’s been looking at how realistic some of these ideas might be. Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyRight now, the average temperature at the surface of Mars is about -60 °C, and if we could raise it up to 0 °C, then we could have liquid water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and problems associated with terraforming Mars. Specifically, it mentions that 'right now, it’s not the most inviting environment' and highlights the extreme current temperature of Mars, which is about -60 °C. The need to raise the temperature to a more hospitable level, such as 0 °C, implies that achieving a perfect Earth-like environment is fraught with difficulties and uncertainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a bibliographic list referencing various academic works concerning artists and craftsmen in the Roman Empire and does not provide information about ancient civilizations leaving behind written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy is being developed to treat genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. [SEP] Text: So far, most of the current crop of potential approaches have only been tested in cells grown in laboratory dishes or in animal models. But all this activity reflects the field’s renewed optimism that somehow, correcting the genetic defect that causes cystic fibrosis will soon be possible. Prototype diseaseCystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). This protein sits in the cell membrane and helps regulate the flux of water and negatively charged chloride ions into and out of cells. CFTR’s broad function means that the disease affects a variety of organs, including the lung, pancreas, liver, intestine and testes. Without functional CFTR protein, the body has trouble making sweat, digestive fluids and mucus normally. However, most people with the disease die from lung complications: the mucus that clogs the airways of cystic fibrosis patients makes their lungs vulnerable to infection and scarring, and even in developed countries half of patients die before the age of 40 years. Cystic fibrosis was really at that moment the prototype disease to be used for gene therapyThe CFTR gene was identified in 1989, touching off a wave of enthusiasm for developing a gene therapy cure for the disorder. “Cystic fibrosis was really at that moment the prototype disease to be used for gene therapy,” says Marianne Carlon, a gene therapy researcher at in Leuven, Belgium. “Theoretically, cystic fibrosis is easy,” says Carlon. It’s a recessive, single-gene disorder, meaning that two mutated copies of CFTR are necessary to produce the disease — and, by extension, delivering a single functional copy of that gene to airway cells ought to alleviate it. And in the lung, gene therapy can be delivered by inhalation rather than more invasive methods. Source: Marianne CarlonMarianne Carlon, a gene therapy researcher at in Leuven, Belgium, says liposomes are not very efficient at getting their genetic cargo into the host nucleusCystic fibrosis was also a compelling target because it is one of the most common lethal inherited diseases, with more than 90,000 sufferers worldwide, so gene therapy could help many people. Between 1993 and 2015, scientists conducted more than two dozen clinical trials involving about 450 patients[2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cystic fibrosis is a target for gene therapy. It provides a historical context by stating that cystic fibrosis was identified as a prototype disease for gene therapy since the CFTR gene was discovered in 1989. Additionally, the text explains that correcting the genetic defect responsible for cystic fibrosis is viewed as feasible because it is a recessive, single-gene disorder, suggesting that ongoing efforts in gene therapy could potentially alleviate the disease.