Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4a), and the pathways “Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis − globo series” and “Limonene and pinene degradation” were significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4c). Additionally, a total of 1122 DEGs, including 593 upregulated and 529 downregulated DEGs, were specifically expressed in QQ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. 4a), but only the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway was significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4d). Moreover, a total of 2175 DEGs, including 1177 downregulated and 998 upregulated DEGs, overlapped between MZ-vs-LYQQ and MZ-vs-QQ specifically, indicating that these DEGs might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in both QQ and LYQQ. KEGG analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4b). GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 59 GO terms, of which the most highly enriched components were categorized as catalytic activity (465), metabolic process (381), binding (323), cellular process (322), single-organism process (285) and membrane (274) (Fig. 4c). Identification of key DEGs regulating zigzag-shaped stem formation Based on the changes in expression in the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, 76 DEGs potentially involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation were identified (Fig. 5). Among these DEGs, 19 were associated with cell wall synthesis and cell expansion, of which seven, namely, cellulose synthase (TEA032164. 1, TEA030545. 1), expansin (TEA027164. 1), leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1 (XLOC_003301), chitinase-like protein (TEA022978. 1) and pectinesterase (XLOC_003301, and TEA004581. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on gene expression analysis and pathways involved in plant processes, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: When honeybees decide whether the sounds they hear include rhythms related to waggle dances, they require a period of time to discern pulse sequences or intervals and to detect their durations. Our experiments demonstrated this time delay in bees' detection of rhythms. In the experiment on localization of dance sounds as well as that involving discriminating between dance and flight sounds, honeybees were able to detect dance sounds after flying in a direction not oriented toward any presented sound for about 10 seconds, it could detect dance sounds (Figs. 3B, 5). However, in the experiments on localization of flight sounds, honeybees could orient toward sounds in a short amount of time (Fig. 3A). We assumed that the rhythm of dance sounds must be processed in the nervous system at a higher level than that of the Johnston organs. Why do honeybees use the rhythmic components of dance sounds? Members of the honeybee species used in this work normally conduct dances inside their hives, where it is too dark for them to make use of the visual features of waggling dances. Dancers emit one or more scents related to food sources because of nectar stored in their honey sacs or pollen attached to their legs or bodies after forging, so it is possible that followers utilize scent cues to detect waggle dancers. However, we believe that odor information cannot be a significant cue because several types of odors are given off by the honey, nectar, and pollen that are stored in the hive. Comb vibrations have been studied as a directive and a long-range cue, which assists followers in detecting and localizing the dancer [13]. In previous experiments on comb vibrations measured during waggle dancing, dancing bees produced vibrations in two frequency ranges: 15 Hz and 200–300 Hz. Honeybees sense these vibrations using their subgenual organ, which is very insensitive to vibrations below 100 Hz but is quite sensitive to vibrations in the 200–1000 Hz range [14]. In natural hives, however, honeybees also face the difficulty of having to identify these signals within a noisy environment, such as they have to identify these signals within a noisy environment. No previous studies have shown that the subgenual organ can select specific features of waggle vibrations from among other comb vibrations. The organ responds to pure sine wave signals within the 200–1000 Hz range. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how honeybees utilize rhythmic components of dance sounds to communicate. It explains that dancers emit scents related to food sources, suggesting a method of communication about where food can be found. Moreover, it describes the mechanics of how honeybees process these sounds and vibrations, which are integral to the waggle dance communication. The mention of honeybees conducting dances inside their hives emphasizes that this communication method is crucial in the dark, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: elegans [56]; the overexpression of malic enzyme, which oxidizes malate to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, during the larval period lengthens the lifespan in Drosophila, accompanied with increased ROS production and enhanced expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes [10]. We speculated that this paradox might reflect the distinct action of pyruvate at different developmental stages to reveal opposing effects on lifespan. In the present study, we injected pyruvate into day-1 diapause-destined pupae, and significantly more pupae were channeled into nondiapause than controls that did not receive pyruvate, suggesting that pyruvate is a checkpoint for development. Low TCA cycle activity has been associated with dauer in C. elegans [11] and lifespan in Drosophila [13]. After injecting pyruvate into diapausing pupae, TCA cycle activity increased and restarted pupal-adult development, suggesting that pyruvate regulates pupal development or diapause through the elevation or decrease of the TCA cycle activity. Therefore, physiologically decreased pyruvate levels in diapause individuals are associated with lifespan extension via a low energy metabolism. In summary, the present results indicate that diapause, a lifespan extension phenotype, has a distinct regulatory mechanism in the brain as shown in Figure 6F. In developing individuals, high Sirt2 levels cause high levels of protein deacetylation, and metabolic enzymes and PGAM maintain high expression or high activity. High levels of pyruvate lead to direct pupal-adult development by high metabolic activity. In contrast, low Sirt2 levels in the brains of diapause-destined pupae result in low activities of and PGAM via decreasing protein deacetylation. Low activities of metabolic enzymes cause low levels of pyruvate production and low TCA cycle activity, finally leading to low metabolic activity for diapause initiation or lifespan extension. Materials and H. armigera were reared on an artificial diet at 20°C under a photoperiod of L14:D10 (light: dark) to generate nondiapause pupae, and a photoperiod of L10:D14 photoperiod to generate diapause pupae. The developmental stages were synchronized by collecting new pupae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological mechanisms related to lifespan regulation without supporting the idea of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely. It provides detailed insights into the metabolic processes involved in lifespan extension in different species, such as Drosophila and C. elegans, but does not indicate that biohacking techniques can achieve indefinite lifespan extension. Instead, it emphasizes the complexities and regulatory mechanisms involved in lifespan extension, suggesting that these are not straightforwardly manipulated to achieve indefinite results.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), were upregulated, whereas 12, especially xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XLOC_007313, TEA019643. 1, TEA031643. 1), pectinesterase (TEA026842. 1), reduced wall acetylation 2 (XLOC_021264), expansin (TEA012391. 1), UDP-glycosyltransferase 74B5 (TEA020219. 1) and isoamylase 3 (XLOC_040461), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3). Eighteen transcription factor genes, including the 13 downregulated genes floral homeotic protein 1 (TEA017728. 1), TIFY (TEA012041. 1), NAC transcription factor 010 (TEA026168. 1), transcription factor 2 (XLOC_053049), -related homeobox 2 (TEA032867. 1), ethylene-responsive transcription factor TINY (TEA027175. 1), transcription factor MYB1R1 (TEA026206. 1), squamosa promoter-binding-like protein (TEA003577. 1), transcription factor HEC1 (TEA030941. 1), transcription factor bHLH18 (TEA000681. 1), transcription factor (TEA006216. 1), growth-regulating factor 1 (TEA022970. 1), and Scarecrow-like protein (TEA030046. 1) and the five upregulated genes transcription factor bHLH041 (TEA031877. 1), transcription factor IBH1-like (TEA009726. 1), WRKY transcription factor 28 (TEA023233. 1), transcription factor (TEA031729. 1) and transcription factor 1 (TEA022287. 1), were identified (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). In addition, 10 DEGs involved in auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid metabolism and transport were also identified in the list of key DEGs; interestingly, except for jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (TEA020186. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various transcription factors and genes related to plant biology, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Hive sounds are as noisy as comb vibrations, since there are several types of sounds caused by wing vibrations produced by the behavior of nestmates while maintaining the hive. In this study, however, we found that honeybees could discriminate between dance and flight sounds and they could select dance sounds with specific rhythmic components. We assume that the specific rhythmic characteristics of dance sounds allow dancers to attract followers in the noisy hive environment. That is, workers located near the entrance of a hive are seeking sound sources with frequencies around 265 Hz. When they find these sources, they orient themselves toward them and wait for intervals in the sounds to determine whether or not they are dance sounds. If the repeated intervals are within the range appropriate for dance sounds, the workers detect them and may follow them. However, longer periods are needed to detect rhythm than frequency because of the time needed to discern duration and interval periods. Frequency and rhythmic characteristics are utilized in complementary fashion to find dance sounds in a noisy environment. How do honeybees acquire the ability to discriminate between different sounds? In our flight simulator experiments, honeybees could orient to dance sounds without any conditioning. Previous experiments have suggested that the rate at which a honeybee follows a dancer increases after a trip in which the follower had failed to find food sources [19]. In our experiments, foragers were captured before they reached their food sources. Such failed foragers might be highly motivated to follow dancers, so they might spontaneously orient toward the cue of dance sounds in our experimental setup. Furthermore, it has been shown that the courtship songs of some insects, for example crickets or Drosophila, normally have their own inherited rhythm [20]–[22]. Females are attracted to rhythms of their own species as a result of instinct rather than learned behavior. Similarly, dance sounds contain a specific rhythmic component, so we assumed that bees might respond to them instinctively. Among honeybee species, dwarf bees, Apis florae, conduct dance communication on a single comb in the open, while rock bees, Apis laboriosa, always dance silently [23], [24]. It has therefore been suggested that these bees might be able to utilize visual information conveyed by their dance behavior [3]. Hive bees, Apis mellifera, however, conduct dances with rhythmic sounds in a dark hive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how honeybees use 'dance sounds' to communicate in a hive environment. It explains that honeybees can discriminate between dance sounds and flight sounds, emphasizing the role of dance in attracting followers to food sources. The text suggests that these dance sounds, with their specific rhythmic components, enable workers to orient towards the source and may influence their behavior in seeking food. This aligns directly with the claim that honeybees use dance to share information about food sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-7 pp 5612—5624 Supraphysiological protection from replication stress does not extend mammalian lifespan Eliene Albers1, Alexandra Avram1, Mauro Sbroggio1, Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo2, Andres J. Lopez-Contreras1, 1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Center for and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark 2 (CNIO), Madrid, Spain Received: January 8, 2020 Accepted: March 10, 2020 Published: April 6, 2020 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 103039 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & © 2020 Albers et al. This is an open-access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Stress (RS) is a type of DNA damage generated at the replication fork, characterized by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) accumulation, and which can be caused by a variety of factors. Previous studies have reported elevated RS levels in aged cells. In addition, mouse models with a deficient RS response show accelerated aging. However, the relevance of endogenous or physiological RS, compared to other sources of genomic instability, for the normal onset of aging is unknown. We have performed long term survival studies of transgenic mice with extra copies of the Chk1 and/or Rrm2 genes, which we previously showed extend the lifespan of a progeroid ATR-hypomorphic model suffering from high levels of RS. In contrast to their effect in the context of progeria, the lifespan of Chk1, Rrm2 and Chk1/Rrm2 transgenic mice was similar to WT littermates in physiological settings. Most mice studied died due to tumors -mainly lymphomas- irrespective of their genetic background. Interestingly, a higher but not statistically significant percentage of transgenic mice developed tumors compared to WT mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on transgenic mice, highlighting that despite genetic manipulation to extend lifespan in a progeroid model, the lifespan of these transgenic mice under normal physiological conditions was similar to their wild-type (WT) littermates. The text specifically notes that the majority of mice died due to tumors, which suggests that biohacking methods, as described in this context, do not achieve the claim's assertion of fully reversing aging and extending lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), the remaining genes, especially PIN3 (TEA019069. 1), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Furthermore, seven DEGs involved in protein processing and transportation on the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles, namely, vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (XLOC_031693), SEC1 family transport protein, signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), SEC13B (XLOC_004426), SECA2 (XLOC_057225), SEC6 (TEA030236. 1), SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), and SEC22 (XLOC_037235); the three vacuolar protein sorting-related proteins VPS18 (TEA007337. 1), VPS41 (TEA031089. 1) and VSR6 (TEA021222. 1); and the vacuole membrane protein KMS1 (XLOC_036914) were identified from the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these 18, VPS41, SEC11A and SEC1 were significantly repressed in both QQ and LYQQ. Genes that regulate cell division (cell division cycle 20. 1 and cell division control protein 6 B) and plant development, such as shaggy-related protein kinase, 3 (XLOC_028596), -3 (XLOC_032980), -like (XLOC_028345), -related protein (TEA008751. 1), LAZY protein (TEA031847. 1) and LAZY 1-like (TEA001744. 1), were also identified, and all of these genes were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3). Moreover, the 2 protein (VLN2) and actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) were suppressed in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expressions, proteins, and cellular processes in plants without addressing fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are essential pollinators for many crops, making them vital to agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the decline in bee populations can severely impact agricultural production, as many crops depend on pollination to produce seeds. It specifically states that 'without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products,' which directly supports the notion of bees being vital to agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our results indicate that supraphysiological protection from RS does not extend lifespan, indicating that RS may not be a relevant source of genomic instability on the onset of normal aging. decades, researchers have investigated the process of aging: a decline in health over time, which is generally considered to be due to an accumulation of cellular damage [1, 2]. This cellular damage has different causes, but genomic instability is considered one of the main factors that contribute to cellular aging [3]. Genetic damage such as point mutations, chromosomal rearrangements, aneuploidy and copy number variations accumulate during life and are caused by endogenous and exogenous sources, including UV radiation, ionizing radiation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) [3, 4]. While the accumulation of genomic instability over time can cause cellular senescence and apoptosis in the case of aging, in other cases it can lead to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, and is therefore associated with an increased cancer risk [3, 4]. Defects in DNA repair proteins lead to an accumulation of DNA damage and thus contribute to accelerated aging, as is the case for several human diseases including Cockayne, Bloom and Werner syndromes, trichothiodystrophy and ataxia telangiectasia [5, 6]. In addition, several mouse models have confirmed that mutations in DNA repair proteins lead to accelerated aging. These mice exhibit accelerated aging and aging-related phenotypes such as alopecia, grey hair, osteoporosis, cachexia, neurological abnormalities, retinal degeneration and a predisposition to a wide variety of cancers [5, 7–12]. Taken together, this indicates that an exacerbated accumulation of DNA damage leads to premature aging, albeit the actual contribution of DNA damage to normal aging remains to be elucidated. More importantly, which types of DNA damage play a central role in the context of aging is still unknown. Besides strategies to accelerate aging, genetic manipulation studies in worms, flies and mice have also successfully lead to increases in lifespan, suggesting a direct implication of the manipulated genes in normal aging [1, 13]. For instance, mice overexpressing the spindle assembly checkpoint protein BubR1 show a reduction in age-dependent aneuploidy, reduced incidence of cancer, and an increased healthy lifespan compared to WT mice [14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while certain biological changes can be manipulated to influence lifespan, such as genetic alterations in laboratory models, the gradual accumulation of genomic instability and cellular damage is primarily linked to aging and does not suggest that aging can be fully reversed or lifespan indefinitely extended through biohacking methods. It highlights the complexity of aging and the unknowns related to its mechanisms, which counters the assertion of indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Metabolic analysis and key metabolite identification To investigate the metabolic pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation, the metabolites in the stems of and MZ were detected using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS. In total, 752 metabolites clustered into 97 KEGG pathways were identified from and MZ, and among these metabolites, 75, 84 and 86 metabolites showed significantly different levels in the MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons, respectively (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). diagram analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were our metabolites of interest (Fig. 6a), and the results indicated that these differential metabolites might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. Based on their log2 fold change values, these differential metabolites were visualized as a heat map in Fig. 6b. Quercetin O-acetylhexoside, methyl gallate, D-pantothenic acid and L-glutamic acid were upregulated in both QQ and LYQQ, whereas the remaining metabolites, including fustin, 10-formyl-THF, skimmin, LysoPC 20:4, LysoPC 18:1 (2n isomer), LysoPC 18:3 (2n isomer), 2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-isopropylmalate, and caffeine, were significantly downregulated in tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots. DiscussionPlants are sessile and cannot move freely from their habitat, even if they encounter adverse environments. Generally, plant shoots grow upward, whereas roots grow downward; therefore, shoot architecture is a determinant of plant morphology. In tea plants, the shoots play a substantial role in determining the horticultural characteristics and tea yield, and almost all tea plant cultivars exhibit straight stems. The two tea plants QQ and LYQQ, with zigzag-shaped shoots, were identified and planted previously; however, with advances in research, there is increasing interest in the mechanism by which QQ and LYQQ develop their zigzag-shaped shoots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the metabolic analysis of modern tea plants and their zigzag-shaped stem formation. It discusses the identification of metabolites and their roles in plant morphology without mentioning fossilized plants or their significance in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are essential pollinators for many crops, making them vital to agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bees as pollinators within various ecosystems. It highlights the importance of insects, particularly bees, in plant-pollinator interactions where insects access nectar and pollen, aiding in the pollination process. This supports the assertion that bees are essential for pollination, which directly relates to agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Another relevant mouse model with delayed aging is a mouse model with extra copies of tumor suppressor genes Trp53 and its positive regulator Arf, which in addition to having an increased median lifespan has a reduced tumor incidence [15]. The median survival is increased further in mice with constitutive telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) overexpression in addition to extra copies of Trp53 and Arf [16]. In recent years, replication stress (RS) has been acknowledged as an important source of endogenous DNA damage [17]. RS is a type of DNA damage that occurs when obstacles to replication lead to an accumulation of single stranded DNA (ssDNA) at stalled replication forks, which is recognized by ssDNA binding protein RPA. This initiates a signaling cascade involving and Rad3-related (ATR) kinase and CHK1 which promotes DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis [18–20]. Similar to other types of DNA damage, RS has been linked to aging. For instance, aged hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) exhibit increased levels of RS compared to young HSCs [21]. In addition, mutations in the ATR gene cause Seckel syndrome in humans, which is characterized by progeria, growth retardation, microcephaly, mental retardation and dwarfism [22] (OMIM210600). The involvement of RS in premature aging has also been shown experimentally with a mouse model for Seckel syndrome [12]. ATR-Seckel mice exhibit a phenotype similar to that of human patients, which is further aggravated in combination with several cancer-driving mutations such as the Myc oncogene or the absence of the tumor suppressor p53 [12, 23]. ATR-Seckel mice show high levels of RS during embryonic development, accelerated aging in adult life and early lethality [12]. Interestingly, mice harbouring extra alleles of Chk1 (Chk1Tg) or of the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) regulatory subunit Rrm2 (Rrm2Tg), which is a limiting factor for dNTP production, improved the lifespan and alleviated the progeroid phenotype of ATR mutant mice [24, 25]. These Chk1 and Rrm2 transgenic mice carry bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) alleles of the respective genes, including exons and introns, under their own endogenous promoters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biological models and mechanisms related to aging, including replication stress and genes involved in lifespan modulation, without providing evidence that biohacking methods can achieve full reversal of aging or indefinite lifespan extention. It details mouse models and genetic factors that influence aging but does not support the notion that biohacking can fully reverse aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Zigzag-shaped shoots, which occasionally appear in garden plants, are an unusual trait in woody plants, but there is relatively little information regarding this feature. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, zig mutant stems elongate in a zigzag fashion, curve upward at the internodes and, interestingly, exhibit abnormal gravitropism in hypocotyls and shoots [8-11]. To understand the cause of this anomalous zigzag-shaped morphology, we observed stem sections using optical microscopy. There were no aberrations in the main tissue structures (Fig. 1). However, differences in cell arrangement and shape were observed between the zigzag-shaped stems of QQ and LYQQ and the MZ stems, including the arrangement of cortex cells, which were disordered and loosely arranged, and the cells in the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1). Consistent with our findings, similar cell shapes and arrangements were found in the zig-1 mutant stems of Arabidopsis [8]; however, different cell shapes and arrangements were observed in the epidermal layer and pith of Arabidopsis than in the cortex and pith of tea plants; this may represent a difference between woody plants and Arabidopsis. Thus, zigzag-shaped stems might be caused by the anomalous shape, arrangement and expansion of cells in tea plants. To investigate the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants, shoots were collected, and transcriptome sequence analysis was performed. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated, and 6232, 7212 and 6930 DEGs were identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1 and Fig. 3b). These DEGs were mainly enriched in several pathways, such as ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, and ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, indicating that these pathways might be associated with differences among cultivars (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on a specific morphological study of zigzag-shaped shoots in tea plants and Arabidopsis, discussing cellular structures and genetic analysis. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees are essential pollinators for many crops, making them vital to agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of bees in the pollination of plants, specifically mentioning that bumblebees were the most common pollinators visiting the flowers of the studied species. The text highlights that the presence and diversity of bees have a significant role in pollination, which supports the assertion that bees are essential for agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: This strategy provides supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 while preventing overexpression in tissues where these genes are normally not expressed, and was proven successful with the Trp53 BAC-transgenic mouse model [26]. Collectively, these studies suggested that RS might have important implications in mammalian aging. However, the effect of Chk1 and Rrm2 expression levels on normal aging, in mice with physiological levels of ATR, remains to be elucidated. In the current study, we investigated the effect of supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2, which confer extra protection against RS, on normal aging. We utilized cohorts of WT, Chk1Tg, Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg mice to asses tumor-free survival of these mice. We found no differences in survival between the genotypes and all mice exhibited similar signs of aging, although there was a higher tumor incidence in the transgenic mice compared to WT mice. Thus, supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not affect normal aging in mice. of mice with supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 In order to investigate the effect of RS on lifespan, we used the Chk1Tg and Rrm2Tg mouse models previously generated in our laboratory [24, 25]. Chk1Tg and Rrm2Tg mice were crossed in order to obtain Chk1Tg, Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg mice. Transgenic mice were not phenotypically distinguishable from WT littermates and were born in accordance with Mendelian ratios (Chi-square p-value = 0. 243) (Table 1). Table 1. Offspring from Chk1Tg x Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg x WT crosses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the investigation into supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 found no differences in survival or signs of aging between transgenic mice and wild type mice. Specifically, it states that 'supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not affect normal aging in mice.' This directly counters the assertion that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To gain insights into the DEGs that specifically regulate zigzag-shaped stem development, we made a Venn diagram of cultivar comparisons and identified 2175 overlapping DEGs between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were mainly enriched in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4). Among these pathways, the “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway serves as a source of metabolites in plants, is involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonoids, coumarins and lignans, and plays a fundamental role in plant structural support [29, 30]. It has been found that, in Arabidopsis, mutation of the genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A shikimate:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl-transferase (HCT) involved in this pathway resulted in changes in the structural, developmental, and reproductive phenotypes of Arabidopsis plants [31-33]. Interestingly, the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol have been shown to inhibit polar auxin transport and to enhance consequent localized auxin accumulation [34-36]. Recently, Kuhn, et al. [34] suggested that flavonols could modulate auxin transport by modifying the antagonistic kinase/phosphatase equilibrium. Therefore, flavonols could affect auxin transport in zigzag-shaped shoots. On the other hand, Ramos, et al. [37] found that the concentration of quercetin in the upper half of longitudinally dissected 45-degree-inclined radiata pine seedlings was higher than that in the lower half and than that in non-inclined seedlings when seedlings were inclined for one month, indicating that quercetin can accumulate in inclined shoots such as the internodes of zigzag-shaped shoots. Consistently, we observed that a C4H gene (TEA016772. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the genetic and biochemical interactions involved in plant development rather than providing any insights into fossilized plants or ancient climates. There is no mention or discussion about fossils or their contribution to understanding past ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: IntroductionDivision of labor (DOL) in the honeybee is one of the most well explored phenomena in the study of animal behavior. Although studies go back to the 1800s, dedicated experimental work began in the 1930s and has continued to the present with numerous labs approaching the problem from every biological perspective (Rösch 1930; Lindauer 1952; Ribbands 1953; Free 1965; Seeley 1982, 1995; Calderone and Page 1988; Page and Robinson 1991; Page et al. 1992, 2000; Moritz et al. 2001; Page and Erber 2002; Robinson 2002; Grozinger and Robinson 2002; Grozinger et al. 2003; Johnson 2003, 2005, 2008a, b; Robinson et al. 2005; Elekonich and Roberts 2005; Slessor et al. 2005; Whitfield et al. 2003, 2006; Rüeppell et al. 2004; Amdam et al. 2003; Oldroyd and Thompson 2007; Schmickl and Crailsheim 2007, 2008; Beekman et al. 2007; Smith et al. 2008). Given the expansive nature of this work, it is necessary that any researcher take an integrative approach. To facilitate this, a synthesis of behavioral ecology, physiology, and neurobiology approaches to the subject is presented. The biological disciplines included in this study were chosen because they all share a focus on qualitative mechanisms, typically feedback processes, for regulating worker behavior. The important role played by genotypic variability, in contrast, is quantitative in nature, in that it causes variability within the context of general qualitative mechanisms (Calderone and Page 1988, 1991; Breed et al. 1990; Fewell and Bertram 1999; Kryger et al. 2000; Oldroyd and Thompson 2007). I therefore leave the role played by these effects to future work. The paper does not attempt to exhaustively review the many papers on honeybee DOL; instead, it conceptualizes the key results into two models: one at the behavioral level, the push–pull model, that explains the form and adaptive basis of DOL and another at the proximate level that explains how colony level needs are translated into individual-level patterns of physiological development. Honeybee division of laborDOL refers to biases in the propensity of individuals to perform different tasks within a group (reviewed in Oster and Wilson 1978; Beshers and Fewell 2001; Smith et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing division of labor in honeybees, a phenomenon that indicates a structure within their social colonies. It provides an overview of extensive research pertaining to the roles of individual honeybees within the colony, including the differentiation of tasks among workers, which supports the claim of a complex social system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not influence lifespan in mice Next, we aimed to investigate whether the protection against RS conferred by extra copies of Chk1 and Rrm2 would be reflected in the survival of mice, as they did in the context of reduced levels of ATR [24, 25]. To this end, we used mice containing the Chk1 and/or Rrm2 transgenes, and assessed tumor-free survival of these mice. Mice were euthanized when they had noticeable tumors or were visibly ill, as observed by rapid weight loss, hunched posture, rough hair coat, labored breathing, lethargy, impaired mobility or abdominal swelling. Only female mice were included in the cohorts, since they could be group-housed more easily than males. Our results show that survival was not increased due to CHK1 or RRM2 levels: the survival of WT, Chk1Tg, Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg was not significantly different (log-rank p=0. 3944) (Figure 2A). We collected tissues of two year-old mice (not included in survival curve). H&E staining of spleens, livers and kidneys of mice did not show obvious differences between the genotypes (Figure 2B). Furthermore, we observed no noticeable differences in appearance among the mice with different genotypes, as reflected by their weight at 1 year of age (Figure 2C). In addition, all mice displayed comparable signs of aging such as weight loss, grey hair and baldness (data not shown). In summary, unlike in an ATR-deficient background, extra copies of Chk1 and Rrm2 did not increase the overall survival of mice. Figure 2. Chk1 and Rrm2 transgenes do not affect mouse lifespan. (A) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for WT (n=26), Chk1Tg (n=34), Rrm2Tg (n=42) and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg (n=33) mice. P-value = 0. 3944 using the log-rank test; (B) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse spleen, liver and kidney for mice with the indicated genotypes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting experimental results indicating that supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not increase lifespan in mice. It states that the survival rates of various genetically modified mice were not significantly different, as shown by a log-rank p-value of 0.3944, suggesting that manipulating these genes does not lead to extended lifespan, thereby disputing the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1) was significantly differentially expressed between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ; moreover, we found that skimmin (pmf0295) expression was reduced in the MZ-vs-QQ (log2 FC: -0. 995) and MZ-vs-LYQQ (log2 FC: -3. 52) comparisons. Therefore, the zigzag-shaped stems of tea plants might be partially related to flavonoids, especially flavonol-mediated auxin transport. It is well recognized that a zigzag-shaped inflorescence stem results from the mutation of zig (zigzag)/sgr4, which encodes VPS10 interacting 11 (VTI11), a Qb-SNARE involved in vesicle transport between the trans-Golgi network and vacuole that causes abnormal gravitropism in Arabidopsis when mutated [8, 10, 11, 38, 39]. SNAREs play an important role in membrane fusion at the vacuole and are involved in the regulation of amyloplast sedimentation in response to gravity and in cell shape development [11, 39]. ZIG can form a complex with other types of SNARE proteins, including SYP22/SGR3/VAM3, SYP5, and VAMP727, most likely at the prevacuolar compartment and vacuole [11, 40-42]. Although ZIG and the other SGR genes were not significantly expressed, 11 genes mainly involved in vesicular trafficking were identified (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these genes, both vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein genes (VPS18 and VPS41) were repressed in QQ and LYQQ, whereas the expression levels of vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714) and vacuolar-sorting receptor 6 (VSR6) were increased in QQ and LYQQ. It has been established that the phenotype of zig-1 could be partially suppressed by mutations in the zig suppressor1 (ZIP1), ZIP2, ZIP3 and ZIP4 genes in Arabidopsis [38, 43, 44]. Niihama, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic expression and molecular interactions in tea plants, specifically focusing on aspects of plant development and cellular processes. There is no mention of fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: In those cases where DOL is so pervasive that workers ignore most tasks, the term, caste, is useful to refer to those individuals with the same task repertoire (Wilson 1976; Seeley 1982; Johnson 2003, 2005). There are two basic classes of DOL across the social insects: between queens and workers and amongst the workers for tasks unrelated to reproduction. We focus on DOL amongst the workers. In this case, there are two major forms: physical and temporal. Physical castes are morphologically specialized for their task and are common in the ants and termites (reviewed in Wilson 1971; Hölldobler and Wilson 1990). Temporal polyethism refers to age correlated biases in task performance and is found throughout the social insects (reviewed in Oster and Wilson 1978; Robinson 1992; Beshers and Fewell 2001). As temporal polyethism is in part based on internal and physiological differences between workers, there is some overlap between these two classes of DOL, such that temporal castes could be considered temporary physical castes (Johnson 2003, 2005; Robinson 2009). The honeybee temporal caste system is depicted in Fig. 1 (based on Seeley 1982; Johnson 2003, 2005, 2008b). There are four castes and a winter bee generalist state. I first describe the task repertoire of each caste then explore the nature of transitions between them from the perspective that DOL is a colony level adaptation (Seeley 1989b; Linksvayer et al. 2009). The review will focus on DOL in the broadest sense. Hence, many fascinating aspects of within-caste task allocation, such as the dance language of the foraging caste, will only be touched upon. Fig. 1Apis mellifera has two systems of social organization: temporal polyethism in the spring and summer and generalist workers in the winter. Solid arrows indicate natural caste transitions, while the dashed arrows show atypical caste transitions (experimentally induced or due to swarming). The push–pull model for temporal polyethism proposes that nurses are pushed from their caste by the emergence of newly emerged bees, while the middle-aged bees are pulled into the foraging caste via interactions with the foragers. Members of all castes are assumed to be able to switch to the winter state under the appropriate conditionsFull size image Cell cleanersNewly emerged bees cannot fly or sting and are therefore developmentally immature (reviewed in Winston 1987; Calderone 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the division of labor (DOL) within honeybee colonies, highlighting the existence of different castes among workers, which aligns with the assertion that honeybees have a complex social structure. It references specific forms of DOL, including physical castes and temporal polyethism, indicating a sophisticated level of social organization that involves different tasks performed by specific groups within the colony.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 60 μm; (C) Total body weight of mice at one year of age. P-values were calculated using the unpaired t-test. Extra copies of Chk1 and Rrm2 mildly increase the prevalence of spontaneous tumors While none of the genetic combinations used in this study was able to extend mouse lifespan, the median survival of Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg mice was the lowest with 100 weeks compared to 123 weeks for WT mice (not statistically significant). In addition, and despite no significant differences on overall survival, the percentage of mice that developed tumors was higher, although not statistically significant, for the mice containing extra copies of Chk1, Rrm2 or both transgenes (74%, 70% and 71%, respectively) compared to the percentage of WT mice with tumors (64%). This could be in line with previous reports indicating that overexpression of CHK1 or RRM2 favors tumorigenesis (Figure 3A) [25, 27]. The majority of the observed tumors were lymphomas, which was confirmed by an enlarged spleen or lymph nodes containing CD3e positive cells (Figure 3B). This is in agreement with our previous reports showing that increased CHK1 or RRM2 levels can reduce the DNA damage induced by oncogenes thereby facilitating oncogenic transformation or cell reprogramming [25, 28, 29]. Figure 3. Increased incidence of spontaneous tumors in Chk1Tg, Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg mice compared to WT littermates. (A) Tumor incidence in WT (n=22), Chk1Tg (n=19), Rrm2Tg (n=27) and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg (n=24) mice subjected to necropsy. The differences observed in tumor incidence were not statistically significant according to the Chi-square test; (B) H&E and CD3e IHC staining of mouse spleens with tumor found with necropsy. Tumors are CD3e positive. Scale bar indicates 200 μm. the presented study, we aimed to determine whether overexpression of Chk1 and/or Rrm2 could extend mammalian lifespan by utilizing transgenic mouse models carrying extra copies of the Chk1 and Rrm2 genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on the overexpression of Chk1 and Rrm2 genes in transgenic mice, which found that these genetic modifications were not able to extend the lifespan of the mice. Specifically, it mentions that none of the genetic combinations studied increased mouse lifespan, with the median survival for one combination being lower than the wild-type mice. This evidence directly undermines the claim that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [44] reported that ZIP2, which encodes an AtVPS41/AtVAM2 protein, is involved in protein sorting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis, and the zip2 mutation is a missense mutation. These results indicate that zigzag-shaped stem formation is mainly related to abnormal gravitropism responses mediated by membrane trafficking. Additionally, we also found that six SEC family genes were significantly expressed in the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3); these genes are crucial for SNARE complex assembly and preprotein translocation [45, 46]. Interestingly, we found that both LAZY genes (TEA031847. 1, TEA001744. 1) were markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). It is well known that loss-of-function mutation of LAZY1 enhances polar indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport and reduces shoot gravitropism and therefore regulates the growth angle of lateral branches in rice, Arabidopsis and maize [17-19, 21, 47]; however, the function of LAZY in woody plants remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we propose that the development of zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be associated with a change in the shoot gravitropism response, especially one affecting the disruption of membrane trafficking to vacuoles, although the ZIG/SGR4 gene did not exhibit a significant change in expression. The plant hormone auxin is important for organ growth and cell morphogenesis. In this study, seven DEGs involved in auxin metabolism, transport and signalling were identified by comparison of the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ sets, and all of the genes were downregulated in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Numerous studies have suggested that polar auxin transport, which is primarily determined by polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers, controls plant tropism in roots and shoots and plays essential roles in plant growth [13, 48, 49]. Gerttula, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim related to fossilized plants and their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. It discusses protein sorting, mutations in plants, and the role of hormones in plant development rather than fossilization or paleoclimatology, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: The first days of a bee's life are spent continuing development and acquiring these abilities. The task repertoire during this period consists of cell cleaning, with the rest of the time spent inactive or grooming (Seeley 1982). This group does not comprise a critical functional component of the colony, as members of other castes also clean cells. Hence, this caste may be the result of physiological constraints on honeybee development (Seeley 1982). NursesThe nursing caste typically lasts for about 1 week, from ages 4–12 days (Ribbands 1953; Seeley 1982). Nurses feed a proteinaceous section to the young, as opposed to pollen, as is the case for other social bees (Michener 1974). This presumably increases the growth rate of the larva, which do not have to digest tough pollen cuticles. In addition to feeding the brood, nurses also transfer their proteinaceous secretion to the younger and older bees in the nest and are, hence, critical for their development and maintenance (Crailsheim 1991, 1992). Nurses also care for the queen by forming a retinue around her (reviewed in Winston 1987). Bees in the retinue regulate queen behavior via the rate at which they feed her and act as messenger bees by spreading the queen's pheromones about the nest (Velthuis 1972; Seeley 1979). Middle-aged beesMiddle-aged bees (MAB) remain in their caste for a little over a week, from ages 12–21 days (Seeley 1982; Johnson 2008b). MAB have a task repertoire spread throughout the nest. Although their distribution overlaps that of the nurses, their behavior is quite distinct, as they show no interest in the brood (Johnson 2008b; Fig. 2). Instead, their task repertoire comprises some 15 tasks ranging from nest building and maintenance, to nectar receiving and processing, to guarding the nest entrance (Seeley 1982; Trumbo et al. 1997; Johnson 2003, 2008a, b). Studies suggest the MAB may be broken into two categories with continuous variability between them. Young MAB appear to spend more time on comb building and general colony maintenance, while older MAB may transition to nectar processing and other tasks, which put them nearer the entrance of the nest (Seeley 1995; Trumbo et al. 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the division of labor among different castes of honeybees, specifically the roles of nurses and middle-aged bees (MAB). It explains how nurses care for the young and the queen, while MAB engage in tasks such as nest building and maintenance, highlighting the complex social structure within honeybee colonies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: These BAC-transgenic mouse models contain extra copies of the genes of interest, which keep the expression of the genes in a physiological range and maintain their endogenous regulation and has been a successful strategy in the past [15, 26]. Previous studies have shown that defects in RS-related proteins lead to increased RS levels and accelerated aging [12, 30, 31]. Lopez-Otin and colleagues described in 2013 the hallmarks of aging [3], one of them being DNA damage. However, a hallmark of aging should not only cause accelerated aging when aggravated, but also increase lifespan when attenuated [3]. Previous studies from our group showed that CHK1- and RRM2-overexpressing MEFs have lower levels of DNA damage in basal conditions and have greater protection against HU- and UCN-01-induced RS [24, 25], and we hypothesized that this protection against RS could lead to an increase in lifespan in vivo. However, we did not observe a difference in lifespan between Chk1Tg, Rrm2Tg and Chk1Tg;Rrm2Tg and WT mice, and all mice developed similar age-related symptoms. Based on these results we conclude that supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not influence normal aging, and more generally, we propose that physiological RS might not be an important driver of aging. However, we cannot rule out that RS might influence aging in a less controlled environment where mice could be exposed to pathogens and other insults. Although Chk1Tg and Rrm2Tg mice were previously shown to extend the lifespan and alleviate the progeroid symptoms of ATR-deficient mice [24, 25], this is not a direct indication that CHK1 and RRM2 levels influence normal aging. CHK1 overexpression could compensate for ATR deficiency, as CHK1 is a downstream target of ATR. For RRM2 this connection to the ATR pathway is not as direct, although studies in yeast have shown that ATR ortholog Mec1 can activate the ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex [32, 33]. Therefore, extra levels of RRM2 could also partially compensate for ATR deficiency. Interestingly, a higher fraction of the Chk1 and Rrm2 transgenic mice developed tumors, primarily lymphomas, compared to WT mice, although this difference was not statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while specific genetic manipulations, such as those involving CHK1 and RRM2, have been previously shown to alleviate certain age-related symptoms in specific contexts (e.g., ATR-deficient mice), they do not influence normal aging or lifespan extension in the studied conditions. The conclusion that 'supraphysiological levels of CHK1 and RRM2 do not influence normal aging' directly challenges the idea that biohacking methods can 'fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [50] proposed that PIN expression in different cambium cells results in auxin transport towards the cambium in the top and bottom of the stem to trigger wood formation in response to gravity in woody stems. Consistent with this finding, we found that the expression of was repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3); these changes in expression in QQ and LYQQ might alter the polar transport of auxin and then affect the auxin gradients between stem sides; therefore, the shoots exhibit bending. Wu, et al. [51] reported that rice VLN2, a type of actin-binding protein involved in microfilament regulation, affects the recycling of PIN2 and polar auxin transport, and vln2-defective mutant plants exhibited a hypersensitive gravitropic response and twisted roots and shoots at the seedling stage. In this study, we also found that VLN2 (TEA030753. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3), suggesting that zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be related to polar auxin transport and the gravitropism response. Moreover, cell expansion might exert a compressive force, leading to bending of the stem. Our results showed that genes involved in cell expansion and cell wall synthesis, such as expansin, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein, were differentially expressed (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3), resulting in alteration of cell expansion and elongation. In addition, wall-associated kinase (WAK) genes were also differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, suggesting that WAK-mediated cell expansion and signalling pathways might be required for zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. It is possible that cell expansion in the stems can produce a force that can lead to zigzag-shaped shoots. Importantly, cell expansion and differentiation predominantly rely on auxin [12, 52, 53]; thus, the mechanism of auxin regulation in zigzag-shaped shoot development needs to be studied precisely in the different tissue sides of zigzag-shaped stems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on molecular biology mechanisms related to auxin transport and plant stem formation rather than discussing fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: MAB task allocation is via a coupled localization/diffusion process, which enables them to track changes in task demand over the entire nest without the need for communication amongst themselves about changing task demands (Johnson 2009). Fig. 2Nurses and middle-aged bees (MAB) have overlapping work zones within the nest, which, along with strong individual-level variation in development rate, led to confusion over whether they were two separate castes. Johnson (2008a, b) showed, using focal animal observations, that nurses and MAB have distinct task repertoires. Nurses stay within the brood nest where they care for brood, while middle-aged bees ignore the brood and focus on all the many other tasks in the nest. That nectar receiving is a key task of MAB, but not nurses, and is apparent by noting the difference in walking between the two castes. Nectar receivers make long circuits from the dance floor to the honeycombs at the top of the nest, while nurses do not leave the brood zoneFull size image MAB activities must be tightly coupled to those of the foragers for the colony to collect the 20 kg of honey needed to survive the winter (Seeley 1985). This is because although the foragers collect nectar, they transfer it to MAB near the nest entrance for processing into honey and storage (reviewed in Seeley 1995). Hence, the number of MAB engaged in nectar receiving must be adjusted such that it matches the current foraging rate. The tremble dance, produced by foragers when they determine there are too few nectar receivers, serves to recruit more MAB to nectar receiving (Seeley 1992; Seeley and Tovey 1994). The MAB must also build new comb at a rate sufficient to ensure that enough space is available for incoming nectar (Pratt 1998). ForagersOnce the transition to foraging is made, bees no longer engage in within-nest tasks (reviewed in Winston 1987; Seeley 1995). Instead, they focus on foraging for the four resources colonies need: propolis, water, pollen, and nectar (reviewed in Robinson 1992; Seeley 1995; Calderone 1998). Of the four, pollen and nectar make up most of the foraging activity, except in periods of heat stress in which water collection can be as labor intensive (reviewed in Seeley 1995). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the complex social structure within honeybee colonies. It describes the distinct roles and task allocations of different castes, such as nurses and middle-aged bees (MAB), indicating a division of labor. For instance, nurses remain in the brood nest caring for young bees while MAB engage in nectar receiving, showcasing the specialization of tasks that supports the claim of complex social organization among honeybees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The exact role of the RS response in regard to tumorigenesis is complex [34, 35]. On the one hand, CHK1 is known as a tumor suppressor, and its expression can induce senescence and apoptosis, thereby limiting tumorigenesis [36, 37]. On the other hand, experiments with Chk1Tg MEFs have shown that overexpression of CHK1 can promote oncogenic transformation, and elevated CHK1 levels are present in lymphomas, suggesting that CHK1 could also have a role in promoting tumorigenesis [25, 38]. In relation to RRM2, nucleoside supplementation has been shown to both limit and promote transformation [39, 40]. In addition, increased nucleotide levels can lead to errors during DNA replication and tumorigenesis [27, 41]. Our findings favor the concept that RS is not a requirement for transformation, but also that protection against RS does not prevent tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the increased tumor incidence in Chk1 and Rrm2 transgenic mice could affect their survival, as is the case for TERT-overexpressing mice. transgenic mouse models have an increased incidence of spontaneous tumors [42–45]. Thus, extension of lifespan by TERT-overexpression is only possible in the context of a cancer-resistant background [16]. Since we observed a slightly higher tumor incidence in Chk1 and Rrm2 transgenic mice, these mice could possibly survive longer in a cancer-resistant background. Also, the process of aging is complex and influenced by different factors. Conversely, overexpression of DNA damage proteins may improve several aspects of aging, but not the aging process as a whole, and therefore we cannot rule out the involvement of RS on aging. Nevertheless, our data indicate that RS might not be a relevant contributing factor to normal aging in mice. Materials and husbandry Chk1Tg and Rrm2Tg mouse models have been described previously [24, 25]. Both strains have a mixed C57BL/6-129/Sv background and carry a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgene. In case of Chk1Tg mice, there is one extra copy of the gene; Rrm2Tg mice carry multiple copies of Rrm2Tg in tandem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of tumorigenesis and aging processes. It presents a nuanced view that overexpression of certain genes may improve aspects of aging, but does not support the idea of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it emphasizes that factors such as tumor incidence and cancer-resistance background affect lifespan, suggesting that aging cannot be simply reversed or indefinitely extended through biohacking methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, 20 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to different TF families, including two ARFs, were differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, and most of these TFs were significantly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). Almost all of these genes had homologues associated with plant growth and developmental regulation in other plants. For instance, (TEA031729. 1), a MYB-type TF, could interact with WOX to control wood formation in poplar [54]; overexpression of IBH1 causes erect leaves in rice and dwarfism in Arabidopsis [55]; and HEC1 coordinates with WUS to promote stem cell proliferation in the shoot meristem [56, 57]. kawakamii, antisense suppression of PkMADS1, a regulator of shoot morphogenesis, resulted in zigzag-shaped shoots [58]. Interestingly, in some transformants of antisense PkMADS1, the main shoot apex appeared to be used up early during leaf formation, and then, the axillary bud of the youngest leaf took over the function of the apical meristem, resulting in the formation of one leaf per node and the zigzag-shaped growth habit for the stem, indicating that central and lateral meristem fates regulated by a variety of TFs may relate to zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Recently, several genes that regulate architectural phenotypes in woody plants, such as 2 (ARK2) in Populus [50] and 1C (GID1C), Control 1 (TAC1) and WEEP in peach [23, 59, 60], have been isolated; however, most of these genes are related to the plant gravitropic response, and none of these genes encode TFs. Additionally, among the nine SGR genes, SGR1 and SGR7 encode scarecrow (SCR) and GRAS family TFs, respectively. We found that the SCR gene (TEA030046. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the expression of transcription factors in plant studies, genetic interactions, and developmental regulation in modern plants. While it discusses plant biology, it does not provide any information or insights related to fossilized plants or ancient climates and ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Although biases in the propensity to forage for a specific substance have been found (reviewed in Calderone and Page 1991; Page and Robinson 1991; Beshers and Fewell 2001) and most bees specialize on either pollen or nectar on a given trip (Seeley 1985, 1995), over the course of their foraging career, most bees appear to be generalists (Seeley and Towne 1992). Needless to say, honeybee foraging via the dance language is quite involved and is the subject of much work (reviewed in Seeley 1995; and Biesmeijer 1998). How the foragers come to a consensus over the selection of a new home during the swarming process is also an active area of research (Seeley and Visscher 2004; Beekman et al. 2006; Visscher 2007). Natural caste transitions: the push–pull modelBees living in healthy colonies in the spring and summer undergo three caste transitions: cell cleaner to nurse, nurse to MAB, and MAB to forager. The first transition appears to be a fixed developmental process, in that there is no evidence that it is variable under any conditions (reviewed in Beshers et al. 2001; Amdam and Omholt 2003). Hence, we will focus on the last two transitions from the vantage point of colony level needs. We will not discuss proximate mechanisms (which are left for the second half of the paper), but instead focus on ecological context, information demands, and adaptive bases. Nurse to MAB transitionColony survival through the winter is low and dependent on colony size and honey stores (Seeley 1985; Winston 1987). As colonies begin either as swarms or small populations of over-wintered bees, growth rate is thus a central variable for colony fitness. Hence, there should be a premium on not neglecting the brood. Given this, it is likely that the ratio of larva to nurses is the primary variable controlling when a nurse leaves its caste. As long as this ratio is such that nurses are busy, they should stay with their task. In particular, we should expect transitions out of the nursing caste when nurses are replaced by newly emerged bees (Seeley 1985; Amdam and Omholt 2003). Figure 1 reflects this hypothesis by describing this transition as a pushing process, that is, newly emerged bees push older nurses out of the brood nest (Tofts and Franks 1992). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the social structure and labor division in honeybee colonies, specifically discussing the caste transitions (e.g., from nurse to forager) that reflect specialization in roles within the colony. The mention of how the colony's survival is influenced by the caste system supports the idea of complex social organization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-4 pp 270—275 Lipid-lowering fibrates extend C. elegans lifespan in a NHR-49/PPARalpha-dependent manner Sven Brandstädt1, Kathrin Schmeisser1, Kim Zarse1,2, Michael Ristow1,2,3, 1 Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Nutrition, University of Jena, Jena D-07743, Germany 2 of Technology (ETH) Zurich, Schwerzenbach/Zürich, CH-8603, Switzerland 3 Department of Clinical Nutrition, of Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal D-14558, Germany * Equal contribution Received: March 29, 2013 Accepted: April 7, 2013 Published: April 8, 2013 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 100548 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2013 Brandstädt et al. This is an open-access 0. 1 micromolar. In strains deficient for nhr-49, a functional orthologue of the mammalian peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha), all three compounds were incapable of extending lifespan. Taken together, fibrates promote C. elegans longevity in an NHR-49-dependent manner possibly by promoting mitohormesis and suggesting that these compounds may promote lifespan also in mammals. of longevity and in particular extension of healthy lifespan (also named ‘healthspan’) is of eminent interest to most humans. Specific mutations have been shown to extend the lifespan of model organisms dramatically [1-8], while more readily available interventions, including calorie restriction, also extend life expectancy of model organisms [9, 10]. Accordingly, considerable effort has been invested to identify naturally occurring and/or pharmaceutical compounds that promote longevity in model organisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific methods, such as the use of lipid-lowering fibrates, that extend the lifespan of model organisms like C. elegans. It notes that while these methods may promote longevity, they do not fully reverse aging and do not guarantee indefinite lifespan extension. The mention of calorie restriction and specific mutations that extend lifespan further suggests that aging is complex and likely cannot be fully reversed by current biohacking methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant growth and development are directed by a TF-mediated complex network integrated with plant hormones, enzymes and other cellular components; therefore, as-yet-unknown TFs may be involved in the regulation of plant architectural phenotypes. ConclusionIn the current study, we investigated the mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that zigzag-shaped stem development in tea plants might be regulated by a complex network involving vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, cell expansion, secondary metabolism, and diverse transcription factors. Importantly, zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be closely related to alterations in the gravitropic response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. Our findings provide insights into zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants and serve as a valuable foundation for further investigations of architecture formation in woody plants. MethodsPlant materials The tender stems (between the first and third leaves from the apical bud) of tea plants with erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) and zigzag-shaped (C. sinensis var. Qiqu, QQ; C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu, LYQQ) shoots were collected from the germplasm resource garden of in October 2018. A portion of each sample was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C until use for transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis. The remaining samples were fixed in cold fixative solution (4°C) for section observation. All samples were examined in triplicate and used as biological replicates. Tissue section observation Longitudinal stem sections were sliced and stained as previously described by Ile, et al. [61] with minor modifications. At least seven stems from each tea plant cultivar were cut into fragments (<0. 5 cm) and fixed in fixative solution over 72 h at 4°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanism of shoot formation in tea plants and details the methodology for studying plant growth, but does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Empirical circumstantial support for this hypothesis has long existed, as Milojevic (1940) and Haydak (1963) were able to produce nurses over several months old by continually removing pupal combs from the colony and replacing them with combs of open brood. MAB to forager transitionThe MAB to forager transition is proposed to be considerably more complex than the nurse to MAB transition, as would be expected given the complex nature of cooperation between the MAB and foragers. There are three basic problems: one, maintaining a productive caste ratio between the two groups, two, ensuring the steady replacement of foragers as they die, and three, rapidly boosting the forager population during nectar flows. The first problem was touched on previously. MAB must be available to receive nectar at the maximum rate the foragers can bring it in, while building comb such that the colony does not run out of space (reviewed in Seeley 1995). Hence, not too many of them should switch to foraging no matter how much food is available in the field. The second problem is straightforward, as foraging honeybees have one of the highest metabolic rates known (Williams et al. 2008) and work themselves to death over a couple weeks (Visscher and Dukas 1997). Their continuous replacement is a necessity if the colony is to continue foraging at a steady rate. The third problem has not received as much attention from researchers of DOL (but see Huang and Robinson 1999), but from a behavioral ecology perspective, is a key problem. In many parts of the world, a colony loses weight for much of the summer and gains weight only during short highly profitable nectar flows (reviewed in Seeley 1985). During this time, there is a superabundance of food available, and the problem is to field as many foragers as possible. Thus, when the environment is suitable, all the MAB not necessary for comb building and nectar receiving should be shuffled quickly to the foraging caste to maximize nectar collection. In contrast, when the environment is not suitable (during a dearth), the MAB should avoid becoming foragers, as the transition is associated with physiological changes that shorten a worker's life (reviewed in Amdam and Page 2005) and because it would be more profitable for them to wait until a nectar flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex social structure and division of labor among honeybees, specifically referencing the role of nurse bees (MAB) and foragers. It describes how the transition from nurse to forager is complex and highlights the necessity of maintaining a productive caste ratio and replacing foragers to ensure continued productivity within the colony.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: A number of such compounds have been identified in recent years, including rapamycin [11-15], resveratrol [13, 16-19], 2-deoxy-D-glucose [20], lithium [21, 22], glaucarubinone [23], lonidamine [24], rotenone [25], and others reviewed elsewhere. Fibrates are amphipatic carboxylic acids that are used to treat metabolic disorders, primarily hypercholesterolemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia [26]. As lipid-modifying substances they are capable of increasing HDL cholesterol levels and decreasing triglycerides and LDL in plasma [26]. Like certain fatty acids, they are agonists of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). Activation of PPAR by fibrates leads to increased hydrolysis of triglycerides, stimulation of cellular fatty acid uptake and conversion to acyl-CoA derivatives, decreased synthesis of triglycerides and fatty acids as well as VLDL, and finally increased peroxisomal and mitochondrial beta oxidation [26]. PPARs are nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors. They typically heterodimerize with the retinoic X receptor (RXR) and regulate expression of genes involved in development, metabolism, and cellular differentiation after binding to their respective response elements (PPREs) [27]. PPARs regulate expression of genes involved in intra- and extracellular lipid metabolism, especially genes implicated in beta oxidation [28]. PPARalpha is a master regulator of lipid metabolism. Activation induces the expression of the liver-X-receptor and ACBA1, a transporter that mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages [29]. Furthermore, it controls adaptive response processes to calorie restriction due to its ability to activate ketogenesis [30]. The nematodal nuclear hormone receptor 49 (NHR-49) has sequence homology to the human hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4), but is assumed to act as the functional orthologue of mammalian PPARalpha since it shares most of the biological activities of the latter [31]. In this study we have tested whether various fibrates, namely bezafibrate, clofibrate, and fenofibrate, at pharmaceutical doses may be capable of extending the life span of the nematodal model organism C. elegans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific compounds like fibrates and their effects on lifespan in the nematodal model organism C. elegans. While it mentions potential lifespan extension, it does not support the claim that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, implying limitations in the approaches being studied.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The stems were dehydrated by transferring them sequentially through a series of increasing concentrations of ethanol (75 to 100% absolute ethanol), followed by 100% ethanol, ethanol:xylene (2:1), ethanol:xylene (1:1), ethanol:xylene (1:2), pure xylene, pure xylene (each for 1 h), xylene:Paraplast (1:1) for 24 h, and molten Paraplast (melting point 65°C) for 48 h and finally embedded in freshly molten Paraplast. Central longitudinal sections of 5 μm thickness per stem were cut using a disposable-blade rotary microtome (RM2016, Leica, Shanghai, China), allowed to stand overnight and dried at 40°C for 4 h. Sections were dewaxed in xylene, hydrated gradually in decreasing concentrations of ethanol (from 100 to 70%) and stained with safranine (1. 0% for 2. 5 h) followed by (1. 0% for 8 s) in ethanol. After staining, the stem sections were observed under a Leica DMi8 inverted microscope (Leica, Shanghai, China). UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis and differential metabolite identification A total of 100 mg of powder from crushed freeze-dried samples was weighed and extracted overnight at 4°C with 1. 0 ml of 70% aqueous methanol containing 0. 1 mg/L lidocaine as an internal standard. Following centrifugation at 10,000 ×g for 10 min, the supernatant was absorbed and filtered (SCAA-104, 0. 22-μm pore size; ) before liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Quality control samples were mixed with all the samples to ensure the reproducibility of the entire experiment. The extracted compounds were analysed using an ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) system (UPLC, Shim-pack 30A; MS/MS, 6500 QTRAP) [62]. Two microliters of each sample was injected onto a 3 C18 column (2. 1 mm*100 mm, 1. 8 μm) operating at 40°C and a flow rate of 0. 4 mL/min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed laboratory procedure for processing samples and analyzing compounds but does not provide any information about fossilized plants or their relevance to ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Thus, we must explain several processes: ensuring sufficient comb builders and nectar receivers, governing the rate at which MAB become component to forage, and the sometimes sudden decision to begin foraging. I propose a two-part model based on a mixture of physiological and behavioral interactions. Maintaining sufficient comb builders and ensuring a steady rate of forager-ready bees can be solved by pacing the rate that MAB develop with respect to forager mortality. Here, I follow previous work and suggest that the social inhibition model (Huang and Robinson 1992, 1996, 1999; Beshers et al. 2001) governs this process. According to this model, the foragers produce an inhibitor, which suppresses the rate of development of within-nest bees (I assume its main function is to modulate MAB development and not that of nurses). Since forager mortality is a function of work effort (Schmidt-Hempel and Wolf 1988), as the foraging rate increases, so should the rate of MAB development because foragers will collectively produce less inhibitor as their population shrinks (Huang and Robinson 1992, 1996). Recently, Leoncini et al. (2004) identified this inhibitor as ethyl oleate present in the forager's crops and presumably transferred to MAB via trophallaxis. In contrast to the social inhibition hypothesis, however, I propose that the inhibition process governs the rate at which MAB become competent to forage, but not the actual decision to change caste. This is because studies show that all the physiological machinery for foraging is in place prior to the transition to foraging (reviewed in Robinson 2002) and because the decision to forage appears to be too complex for a simple physiological process to govern. The size of the forager population varies throughout the year (Sekiguchi and Sakagami 1966), as do the demands of MAB. As discussed earlier, the task partitioning between MAB and foragers means that each caste is dependent on the other. Hence, we might expect the decision to switch to foraging to depend on the ratio of nectar receivers to foragers. In short, I propose that the oldest MAB are fully capable of foraging but do not for one of two reasons: one, they are needed as nectar receivers, or two, there is insufficient forage in the field to make it cost effective for them to switch. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex interactions and division of labor among honeybee castes, such as foragers and MAB (the bees that are developing to become foragers). The mention of task partitioning between MAB and foragers illustrates the division of labor, showing that each caste has specific roles depending on the needs of the colony. This reflects the complexity of their social structure and how decisions regarding foraging relate to their roles within the colony.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: extend C. elegans life span By continuously exposing nematodes starting at young adult age for their entire lifespan to defined concentrations of three different fibrates, which in mammals serve as ligands for the nuclear receptor PPARalpha, we tested whether and to which extent these compounds affect C. elegans lifespan. Bezafibrate extended nematodal life span at three different concentrations (0. 1, 1, and 10 micromolar) (Fig. 1). The maximum observable effect on mean life span was 2. 8 days which occurred at a concentration of 10 micromolar (pls. see Table 1 for details, also applies to all following life span assays). Figure 1. Bezafibrate extends lifespan of adult C. elegans. Life span analyses with several hundred N2 wild type nematodes each at three different concentrations of bezafibrate (0. 1, 1, and 10 micromolar) versus control (0. 1% DMSO). Table 1. Results and statistical analyses of life span assays StrainTreatmentSpan in Days ± SDSpan in Days ± SDnp-Value versus ControlN20. 1 % DMSO control28. 1 ± 1. 521. 6 ± 1. 211clofibrate 0. 1 μM25. 922. 01n. s. 0. 8248clofibrate 1 μM27. 222. 61n. s. 0. 1877clofibrate 10 μM33. 825. 11***< 0. 0001clofibrate 10 μM34. 2 ± 0. 923. 0 ± 0. 53***< 0. 0001bezafibrate 0. 1 μM32. 023. 31*0. 0138bezafibrate 1 μM33. 122. 81*0. 0137bezafibrate 10 μM34. 422. 91**0. 0078bezafibrate 10 μM32. 5 ± 1. 824. 4 ± 0. 73***0. 0002fenofibrate 0. 1 μM34. 622. 51*0. 0143fenofibrate 1 μM28. 822. 31n. s. 0. 1824fenofibrate 10 μM32. 825. 61***< 0. 0001fenofibrate 10 μM30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by specifically discussing a study on C. elegans where certain fibrates extended lifespan by a maximum of 2.8 days at a particular concentration. This limited extension contradicts the idea of 'fully reversing aging' and extending lifespan 'indefinitely' as indicated in the claim, suggesting that the effects of biohacking methods are not as dramatic or unlimited as proposed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The mobile phases used were acidified water (0. 04% acetic acid) (phase A) and acidified acetonitrile (0. 04% acetic acid) (phase B). The compounds were separated using the following gradient: 95:5 phase A/phase B at 0 min; 5:95 phase A/phase B at 11. 0 min; 5:95 phase A/phase B at 12. 0 min; 95:5 phase A/phase B at 12. 1 min; 95:5 phase A/phase B at 15. 0 min. The effluent was connected to an ESI-triple quadrupole-linear ion trap (QTRAP)-MS. For metabolite identification, data filtering, peak detection, alignment, and calculations were performed using Analyst 1. 6. 1 software. In particular, the T-test was also used as a univariate analysis for screening differential metabolites. Metabolites with T-test P values <0. 05 and VIP ≥ 1 were considered differential metabolites between the two groups. Metabolites were mapped to KEGG metabolic pathways for pathway enrichment analysis [63]. The pathway enrichment analysis identified significantly enriched metabolic pathways or signal transduction pathways associated with differential metabolites compared with the background. The calculated p value was subjected to false discovery rate (FDR) correction, taking FDR ≤ 0. 05 as a threshold. Pathways meeting this condition were defined as significantly enriched pathways associated with differential metabolites. RNA isolation, library construction, Illumina sequencing, and data processing The total RNA from each sample, which consisted of at least 30 shoots collected from over 10 tea individuals, was extracted using the (). The total RNA quantity and integrity were evaluated and estimated using an 2100 system () and a NanoDropTM ultraviolet spectrophotometer (), respectively. cDNA libraries were constructed using the kit (Gene, Beijing, China) and sequenced using an Illumina HiSeq TM 2500 instrument (Co. , Guangzhou, China). High-quality clean reads were acquired by removing adaptor sequences, reads containing more than 10% unknown nucleotides (N), and low-quality reads containing more than 50% low-quality (Q value≤20) bases; then, the Q20 and Q30 values, GC content, and sequence duplication levels of the clean reads were calculated. The clean reads of each sample were then mapped to the tea plant genome by TopHat2 [64] (version 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it describes a laboratory procedure and analysis related to metabolite identification and RNA sequencing in tea plants, which is unrelated to the study of fossilized plants.