Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: We have introduced a new Figure 5 and new Equations 4 to 16, along with 3 other unnumbered displayed equations. – We have explained in more detail the basis of coarse graining and the further details provided in the Materials and methods (lines 443-50). – We have included the essential details of the proof of the flexibility theorem in the main text. This material includes the new Equations 21 to 27, along with 3 other un-numbered displayed equations, as well as the new Figure 6, which is enhanced from what was previously Scheme 2 in the Material and methods. We still provide a fully rigorous and concise proof in the Materials and methods. – We have broken up the old Figure 4 into two new figures (Figures 7 and 8), as requested, and included a new depiction of the allostery graph in Figure 8A. 2. Relationship to prior work: Your work seeks to do two distinct things: (a) demonstrate that equilibrium conformational ensembles can implement any pattern of HOCs, (b) introduce a new way to quantify higher order cooperativity that's distinct from binding curve shape. As one of the reviewers points out, the presentation of (b), relationship to prior work and benefits of the new measure over prior work should be better clarified. See reviewer comments for more. Could you spell out an example or two where the binding curve is an unwieldy or misleading characterization of cooperativity while your HOC coefficient performs better? This is an important point and we apologise for our unfamiliarity with the prior work described by Reviewer #2. We have now pointed out this prior work in the Introduction (lines 98-106) and included a new section of the Results entitled Relationships between higher-order measures (pages 15-21) in which we carefully explain the relationship between our HOCs and the two forms of higher-order couplings introduced in previous work. We present general formulas for the couplings described in both Horovitz and Fersht 1992 (Equations 6 and 7) and Horovitz and Fersht 1990 (Equation 11). The latter formula seems to be new, to our knowledge. We further give new general formulas for calculating both measures from our HOCs (Equations 8 and 14), from which we deduce rigorously that the two measures introduced in Horovitz and Fersht 1990, 1992 are, in fact, the same (Equation 15). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the human brain's capacity for learning. Instead, it discusses the introduction of new equations and figures in a scientific context, as well as relationships between higher-order measures in a research study. There is no mention or implication of the learning capacity of the human brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Here, by combining microbial community profiling, ultrastructural analysis via microscopy, and stable isotope measurements, we document the only known species of chemosynthetic sea anemone at vents deep in the Gulf of California, identified as Ostiactis pearseae (previously known only from whalefalls [5]). This dense population of O. pearseae likely receives nutritional supplementation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur via intracellular bacteria within the SUP05 clade, housed in their epidermis, albeit direct evidence of nutrient transfer remains outstanding. ResultsActiniaria of various morphotypes were observed to be one of only a handful of dominant animal species in both the Auka vent field [11, 12] and the newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field, both within ~ 2 km of each other in the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). A conspicuous white actiniarian species represented a significant fraction of the animal community and was collected from 5 vent edifices in zones of active venting, in the immediate vicinity of the obligate vent tubeworm, Oasisia aff. alvinae (Fig. 1). Several other sea anemones (by morphotype) were observed and collected near these same sites, usually in areas of less active fluid flow (Table 1). The white actiniarian morphotype was identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], based on anatomical, cnidae, and DNA sequencing of preserved polyps. Basin populations of O. pearseae showed slight differences in morphology and cnidae to the description of specimens from the type locality and, thus, an amendment to the species diagnosis is provided. Table 1 Sample locations within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, along with dive information, depth, and specimen descriptions for Anthozoa other than Ostiactis pearseaeFull size tableOstiactis pearseae species diagnosis - AmendmentEhrenberg, 1834Haeckel, 1896Hertwig, 1882Rodríguez et al. 2014Carlgren, 1893Rodríguez et al. 2012Rodríguez et al. 2012Ostiactis pearseae Daly & Gusmão, 2007(Figs. 2 and 3, Table 2; Additional file 1: Table S1) Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the discovery and characteristics of the chemosynthetic sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, which is found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It discusses how this species is part of a unique ecosystem that relies on chemosynthesis, receiving nutritional supplementation through intracellular bacteria that utilize carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur. This indicates a connection between the organisms at the vents and their reliance on chemosynthesis, supporting the claim about the unique ecosystems present in these environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: The crucial argument for this assessment follows human rationality criteria: An agent with agency and a concrete goal would have a convergent instrumental reason, in many situations, to acquire an unlimited amount of physical resources and, if possible, to eliminate potential threats to itself and its goal system. Human beings might constitute potential threats; they certainly constitute physical resources (Bostrom 2017, p. 141). 7. Here, for example, it is a question of the assumptions about the goal orientation and the canon of values of such an extraterrestrial superintelligence. 8. Of such mistakes, Bostrom (2017, p. 170) writes: “But there are other ways of failing that we might term ‘malignant’ in that they involve an existential catastrophe. One feature of malignant failure is that it eliminates the opportunity to try again”. The creation of an artificial superintelligence is, Bostrom firmly believes, one of this kind of irreparable civilizational error of mankind. 9. Another reason could be a technological one: Looking at the development of human space exploration, after a short ‘explosive' phase in the sixties and early seventies of the last century (for the reasons Schetsche 2005), it seems to have come to a clear stagnation, in which mankind is not even able (or politically willing) to repeat what has already been achieved so far. With today's prevailing speed of development of terrestrial space technology, the time when ‘we' will be able to reach distant planetary systems with space probes (not to speak of space ships) is no longer even predictable. Possibly we are dealing with a basic problem of biologically based civilizations: Organisms that have evolved in a place conducive to life do not find it easy to explore space itself, which is by and large highly hostile to life (Shostak 2015, p. 950). If this assumption is correct, it is possible to predict that civilizations will not venture into space with vehemence until they have overcome their biological phase. If this is true, it becomes all the more likely that our counterparts in an artifact or encounter scenario will be technological rather than biological entities. 10. This was recently admitted even by Seth Shostak, one of the main proponents of the traditional SETI paradigm: “Within a few dozen years, we are likely to invent generalized artificial intelligence—devices functionally equivalent (or superior) to the human brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges faced by biological civilizations in exploring space. It suggests that just because a planet has water, it does not necessarily mean that a civilization will exist or venture into space, as evidenced by the statement that 'Organisms that have evolved in a place conducive to life do not find it easy to explore space' and that 'civilizations will not venture into space with vehemence until they have overcome their biological phase.' This implies that the presence of life, and specifically advanced civilizations, is not automatic or guaranteed simply because of the presence of water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: We were surprised not to find a clear statement of this equality in the literature. We presume that it must be well known to those in the field and to be tacitly assumed. We note that it would not be easy to formulate a rigorous statement of this equality in the absence of a general definition for the higher-order couplings introduced in Horovitz and Fersht 1990. We have now provided such a definition in Equation 11. We hope, therefore, that this new section will be of some value and that it provides a full answer to the Reviewer's question as to "the relationship between the previously used measure for HOC and the one described here". As to the benefits of our HOCs, we make comparisons between all the measures in the penultimate paragraph of the new section. We feel that each measure is suitable for a different purpose and we explain why our HOCs are well suited to the problems studied in the present paper. 3. Concrete biological example – theory can and should precede experiments. But the paper will have more impact if the authors can lay out how to use the framework here to perform or interpret experiments. Ideally this would be done with a concrete example of a protein or protein complex where these ideas might potentially have relevance, how what is known about its conformations predicts HOCs and binding curves, what experimental signatures one might look for and so on – even if there is currently no data. We had included an extensive discussion of the implications of our results for gene regulation, based on the "haemoglobin analogy", as depicted in the old Figure 5 (now Figure 10), and we remarked on the kinds of experiments that would be needed to test this conceptual picture (lines 803-11). We feel this does illustrate the significance of our findings but acknowledge that this material is Discussion rather than Results. Accordingly, we have included a new final section of the Results entitled Allosteric ensembles for Hill functions (pages 32-5) and a new figure (Figure 9) to show that allosteric ensembles can be found whose binding functions closely approximate Hill functions. See review comments for other suggestions. Reviewer #1: […] – Given that this paper considers only the equilibrium situation, it would be interesting to explicitly state the advantage of adopting the linear framework as opposed to a thermodynamic description in terms of, for example, Boltzmann weights. We thank the Reviewer for this suggestion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific considerations and experimental frameworks related to higher-order couplings in a biological context. It does not address the concept of the human brain's capacity for learning in any way, nor does it provide any evidence or arguments for or against that claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Position of Ostiactis pearseae specimens from vent communities is highlighted in the orange box; the position of an additional sea anemone (unidentified morphospecies Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) is indicated by the light orange box. Bootstrap resampling values are indicated by black circles; only support values > 80% are shownFull size imageTable 2 Size ranges of the cnidae capsules of Ostiactis pearseae [5]. N total number of capsules measured. S ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found/number of specimens examined. F frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, * = sporadicFull size tableDiagnosis: (amended after [5, 7], modifications in italics). Ostiactinidae with basilar muscles and mesogleal marginal sphincter. Body with well-developed base. Column not clearly divisible into scapus and scapulus; scapus without cuticle, maybe with scattered demarcated suckers distally; column without cinclides or with a distal row of round papillae with inconspicuous cinclides. Tentacles regularly arranged, not thickened on the aboral side. Six pairs of perfect and fertile mesenteries, hexamerously arranged, not divisible into macro- and micro-cnemes. Same number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Retractor muscles weak but restricted. No acontia. Some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles. Cnidom: Robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, and p-mastigophores A and B1. Ostiactis pearseae had been previously collected only in deep-sea waters (2800 m depth) of the Eastern Pacific, at a whalefall habitat in [5]. Newly collected specimens are from deep-sea waters (3655–3692 m depth) associated with Basin hydrothermal vents (Diane’s vent) in the Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean). Intrapopulation variability in morphology was observed in the Ostiactis pearseae specimens (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that some populations of the sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae have chemosynthetic bacteria in their tentacles. This suggests a unique adaptation of species found in deep-sea environments, particularly hydrothermal vents, which supports the claim regarding the presence of ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis in these locations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: We will have gone from the invention of practical radio to the invention of nonbiological cognition in a time period of a few centuries or less. This stunningly brief interval suggests that, if technologically competent sentience is out there, the majority of it will be artificial, not biological. Extraterrestrial intelligence is likely to reside in machines, not protoplasm” (Shostak 2015, p. 950). 11. This does not mean, however, that scientific futurology should not deal much more intensively than before with the risks of the emergence or creation of a superintelligence on Earth. However, this is not our topic here. 12. As early as 1966, the legendary German SF television series Raumpatrouille introduced us to aliens called “Frogs”—shiny silver, crystal-like intelligences that exist in a vacuum and for whom oxygen is poisonous. 13. On the basic problem of distinguishing inanimate nature from living beings outside the Earth, see Cleland and Chyba (2002). 14. We do not pursue this idea further here because the relationship between a creating and a created civilization would lead to a highly complex set of conditions which, in our opinion, is not analytically manageable prior to confrontation with such a biological secondary civilization. 15. Typical for this discussion are the assumptions of Levin et al. (2017, p. 1): “If life arises on other planets, then the evolutionary theory should be able to make similar predictions about it. ” The basic assumption here is that at least complex life forms cannot develop without some kind of evolution. And the authors believe that the theory of evolution going back to Darwin is also able to correctly describe and explain evolution on alien planets, at least in principle: “Consequently, if we find complex organisms, we can make predictions about what they will be like” (Levin et al. 2017, p. 6). 16. Since the axioms of evolutionary theory are part of general knowledge, we assume them to be known here (for an introduction see Storch et al. 2013; Kutschera 2015). We can neglect the inner-biological debates about the exact formulation of the individual rules and about possible borderline cases and exceptions here—we deliberately ignore the religiously motivated non-scientific criticism. 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various theories about extraterrestrial intelligence and the complexities involved in defining life. It mentions that if life does arise on other planets, it should align with evolutionary principles, but it does not suggest that simply having water guarantees the existence of alien civilizations. The references to technological sentience residing in machines rather than biological forms also imply that biological life, which is what the claim hinges on, may not be the only or primary form of intelligence, challenging the automatic association of water with alien civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: We have now explained the advantage of the graphbased linear framework at the point where we discuss equilibrium statistical mechanics (lines 266-74). We have also noted there the central role that linear framework graphs play in the subsequent new section in which we examine the relationship between higher-order measures. – The authors use the phrase "information integration" multiple times throughout, but they never provide a precise definition of what they mean. Typically a treatment of information transmission would be expected to deal with noise, as well as mean behavior, but that is not done here. They need to clearly define this term early on. While the authors provide an example that does give some intuition in lines 126-136, it might be helpful to move this discussion earlier to provide more context for the rest of the discussion in the introduction. We apologise for not being clear about what we mean by "integration". We were not thinking of it in terms of information theory, as the Reviewer suggests, but, rather, as the process by which the occurrence of ligand binding influences downstream function. We have now stated this in the second sentence of the text (lines 3-7). – In line 41, the authors point out that previous studies investigating effective cooperative effects in MWC models do not "quantitatively determine" the effective cooperativity, but instead infer it indirectly from the shape of the binding curve. However, they do not tell us why this matters. What can we expect to gain by quantifying effective cooperativity directly? Briefly, we gain access to the free-energy landscape, which cannot be acquired from aggregated measures such as the shape of the binding curve. To introduce this point, we have now added a sentence at lines 31-32 to explain how association constants or cooperativites are another way of describing free energies. We have then explained more carefully on lines 53-62 the significance of effective cooperativities for describing the free-energy landscape. – What is the benefit of having more than 2 conformations? Can the authors show, quantitatively, how performance scales with the number of conformations? The discussion in lines 340-344 provides some basis for this, but the point seems worthy of further discussion and illustration. Is there a graphical way to illustrate the space of achievable integrative behaviors, and how this expands with increasing N (for some given n)? We fully agree with the Reviewer that these are interesting questions but we fear that answering them amounts to writing another paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the human brain's capacity for learning. It discusses topics related to equilibrium statistical mechanics and the need for a clearer definition of the term 'information integration,' but does not address anything related to the brain's capacity for learning. No information or evidence is presented that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: All molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rgenes, and partial nuclear 18S rDNA gene, were congruent and revealed a well-supported clade comprised of specimens of Ostiactis pearseae from and the type locality of (Fig. 3). DNA sequences from the specimens were identical to the population for 3 of the genes analyzed and only differed from the type locality by 1-bp for the 16S rDNA gene. Ostiactis was recovered within Metridioidea, as sister to a weakly supported clade formed by deep-sea Actiniaria and those associated with chemosynthetic environments (e. g. , clades Deepsina + Chemosynthina, as part of the family Kadosactinidae, sensu [7]), a relationship consistent over different studies (e. g. , [7, 16,17,18]). Most representatives from these two clades are characterized by the loss of acontia (filament-like structures packed with nematocysts), the presence of which is a major synapomorphy for Metridioidea. The other actiniarian morphotype included here, identified as Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B,’ was recovered (only mitochondrial sequence data available for this specimen) sister to Alvinactis chessi, a sea anemone inhabiting hydrothermal vents in the southwestern Pacific (Fig. 3; [6]). Isotope signatures of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero BasinTissue stable δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S isotope values were significantly different for Ostiactis pearseae than other anthozoans at the vent fields (ex. zoanthids; Fig. 4a). For example, O. pearseae had δ13C tissue values of − 29. 1 ± 4. 6‰ (− 40. 1 to − 24. 3‰, n = 9), while the others measured − 20. 6 ± 2. 7‰ (− 25. 4 to − 15. 5‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0001; Fig. 4a). Similarly, O. pearseae had much more negative δ15N tissue values of 1. 6 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specimens of Ostiactis pearseae that inhabit hydrothermal vents and are associated with chemosynthetic environments. It states that this species was recovered within Metridioidea and suggests a close relationship between these deep-sea organisms and chemosynthesis, thereby supporting the idea that unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis exist at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: We will leave aside the question of whether this can be decided without further ado; we will come back to it at the end of the fourth sub18. Life on earth (ultimately also that of humans) is characterized by various cycles: Day and night cycles, the course of the year, cyclically recurring cosmic influences. One can certainly imagine civilizations (see, for example, the 1999 novel A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge) in which the environmental conditions of their place of origin lead to extreme cycles of activity and passivity, or to massive cyclical changes in the phenotype, behavior, and social organization of the species. (The science fiction novel Suns by Cixin Liu, which appeared in German translation in 2016, could also be cited here). 19. Most eusocial insect species on Earth are characterized by the fact that the vast majority of individuals (workers, warriors, etc. ) are not directly involved in reproduction (see Levin et al. 2017). 20. We take this idea from the science fiction novels A the Deep by (1992) and by Schätzing (2004). 21. Such a ‘singular intelligence' and the problems it would have in communicating with individualized intelligence such as human intelligence is described by the Polish writer and futurologist in his famous novel Solaris (1961). 22. We discussed its problematic nature in Chap. 4. 23. To give just one (for us) ‘obvious' example: Living beings that move in an environment where there is hardly any electromagnetic radiation of corresponding wavelengths will not develop receptors for what we call ‘light'. They will not have eyes, they will not orient themselves to this kind of radiation, and they will not (be able to) use this light for communication. So there's no telling whether aliens will see us humans—and if they do, it may be in a very different range of the electromagnetic spectrum than we use. (A fine cinematic example of this is provided by the recent (2018) SF thriller A by John Krasinski. ) By contrast, we can assume that a touch sensory system of some kind exists in every physical-material being. The sense of touch is the primary sensory faculty of all living things, at least on Earth—even microorganisms have it and respond to touch stimuli. (On the importance of the sense of touch for living beings, cf. Grunwald 2012). 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the existence of life, and thus potential civilizations, is complex and depends on various environmental factors rather than merely the presence of water. It highlights that life on Earth experiences distinct cycles and emphasizes the idea that different environments could lead to vastly different forms of intelligence and civilization, noting that living beings adjust to their specific conditions. This indicates that having water alone is not a sufficient condition for the development of civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: As the Reviewer notes, we have explained why more conformations are mathematically essential to achieve flexibility (lines 520-21) and we have proved that, with enough conformations, complete flexibility can be achieved (Integrative flexibility of ensembles and Theorem 1 in the Materials and methods). We also note, in the new final section of the results, that the number of conformations may play a role in the flexibility with which Hill functions can be approximated (lines 649-56). However, as we point out, the impact of the number of conformations is a delicate question because of the potential interplay between numbers of sites, numbers of conformations and parametric ranges. To go further and to work out how the number of conformations influences function requires substantial further work. We feel this is more appropriate to a follow-up study. – This work would be significantly strengthened by including a concrete example that demonstrates both how the framework could be employed to analyze a biological system and what it tells us about how conformational flexibility impacts integrative behaviors. For instance, the authors could revisit their earlier work on the hunchback gene in fruit flies (Estrada et al. , Cell, 2016; Park et al. , eLife, 2019), and show how the space of achievable GRFs expands with the number of conformational degrees of freedom. Our thanks to the Reviewer for this suggestion. We have now included a new final section of the Results entitled Allosteric ensembles for Hill functions (pages 32-5) along with a new Figure 9 in which we show how the Hill functions, which provide fits to experimental data on hunchback, can be recovered from an allosteric ensemble. Reviewer #2: In this paper, the authors argue correctly that quantification of higher-order coupling (HOC) is crucial for the understanding of biological systems at many different levels of description. I found the paper hard to read. This is due, in part, to the lack of connection with previous descriptions of HOC. The most basic description of pairwise coupling is usually through linkage analysis developed by Wyman. Such coupling is often described by cycles, e. g. a double-mutant cycle or a cycle that describes binding of some ligand X in the absence and presence of a second ligand Y. Pairwise coupling is usually considered to have a dimension of 2 (and not 1 as in the work here). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the human brain's capacity for learning. It discusses mathematical concepts about conformational flexibility and higher-order coupling in biological systems, without addressing the nature of the brain's learning capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including an unidentified zoanthid (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Bathymodiolus aduloides from muddy sediments off of taken from [20]Full size imageBacterial community analysis of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero Basinpearseae, the tentacles are smooth, tapering, and relatively long when extended, with features similar to most other anemones, including cnidocytes (or cnidoblasts), cnidocysts, and glandular cells, all common cellular components of sea anemone tentacles [21]. The presence of bacteria in the type specimens of O. pearseae from was not detected [5]; however, the unusual isotope signatures of the specimens [11, 15] prompted a more careful examination of this possibility. Indeed, bacterial community analysis via 16S rRNA Illumina barcoding revealed a dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade (64–96% of the bacterial community), comprising 6 putative sulfide-oxidizing bacterial OTUs (= phylotypes, clustered at 99% similarity) associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae (n = 8 specimens; Fig. 5, Additional file 2: Table S2). This was in contrast to the sulfide-oxidizing gammaprotebacteria recovered from the nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (100% identical to persephone; Fig. 5a; [22]). The SUP05 clade was not detected in association with 6 other individual sea anemones (determined by morphotype or molecular sequencing), and the specific Ostiactis-associated SUP05 phylotypes were not detected in surrounding water samples (n = 3; Fig. 5). Three SUP05 OTUs comprised < 7% of the bacterial community in the surrounding water column (Fig. 5a), based on the semi-quantitative 16S rRNA barcoding, but were distinct, based on the 250-bp 16S rRNA Illumina barcode sequences (Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the presence of unique organisms like Ostiactis pearseae and specific sulfur-oxidizing gammaproteobacteria from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. The mention of bacterial communities associated with the specimens indicates a chemosynthesis-related ecosystem, as these bacteria play a role in utilizing the chemical compounds found in such environments, supporting the idea of a unique ecosystem reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: However, for purposes of initial interaction, this diversity may not be salient, as we are liable to be contacted by a single sociocultural entity”. 33. Already in 1993, following the Theory (by James G. Miller), Harrison had presented a very abstract analysis scheme for extraterrestrial civilizations, which is based on three “systems levels (organism, society, supranational system)” and two “basic processes (matter-energy processing and information processing)”. However, the gain in knowledge of this approach with regard to hypothetical extraterrestrial civilizations seems to remain low in the end—and so it is not surprising that this concept, as far as we can survey the relevant literature, has found only little attention in SETI research so far. 34. The axiom seems to spring from circular reasoning, since the existence of such collective bodies of knowledge is part of the definition of civilization. We could therefore justifiably reverse our axiom and state: We consider a species to be civilizing if it shares common stocks of knowledge, creates new knowledge, distributes it collectively, and reforms its action programs depending on the new knowledge (Traphagen 2014, 35. In the expected asymmetric cultural contact, in which humanity is the technologically inferior civilization, these questions manifest themselves in a worst-case scenario not only in the form of the distinction between war or peace, but ultimately also in that between the extinction and continued existence of our species. This, at least, should be a good reason to think about first contact and about the planned METI projects (cf. Chap. 6). 36. The question of a methodology for the study of extraterrestrial civilizations is carefully left aside here—too much depends on the nature of first contact to consider this point in detail. 37. We are not comfortable with the concept of cosmic convergent evolution as advocated by Martinez (2014). This approach assumes that life everywhere in the universe has an inherent tendency to evolve into ever more complex forms, eventually also giving rise to intelligence and technological civilizations that explore space. The author advocates a teleological—and thus ultimately anthropocentric (Traphagen 2014, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the assumption that all planets with water host civilizations. It explicitly discusses issues with circular reasoning regarding the definition of civilization, stating that one cannot assume the existence of shared knowledge among extraterrestrial beings based solely on the presence of water. This indicates that while water is essential for life, it does not guarantee the existence of complex civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: A natural extension to HOC coupling is then done via higher-order dimensional constructs, e. g. triple-mutant boxes for the 3-way coupling between 3 residues (JMB 1990 Aug 5;214(3):613-7; PNAS 2004 Jan 6;101(1):111-6; Biophys. 2017 May 22;46:433-453). Consequently, a key question for me about the current work is the relationship between the previously used measure for HOC and the one described here. Also, is there an advantage to using the measure proposed in the current work? It seems to me that the description here bypasses intermediate orders of coupling. In other words, nth order coupling is not described in terms of all the lower orders of coupling. Is that a good thing? In addition, the authors ignore (lines 48-50) the existence of the Hill constant which provides a measure of cooperativity despite having some shortcomings and (line 83) the many previous papers about HOC as mentioned above. We are grateful to the Reviewer for pointing out the previous work on higher-order measures and apologise for having overlooked it. We have addressed this important matter in detail and discussed the advantages of the new measure, as fully described in point 2 above. We have now cited in a new paragraph of the Introduction (lines 98-106) all the 2017. We hope these revisions go some way towards placing the paper in the context of previous work. Pairwise coupling is usually considered to have a dimension of 2 (and not 1 as in the work here). We agree that this is so for the customary higher-order couplings and we have used the new Equation 13 to point out this difference (lines 386-8). We note that the situation is more complicated when there is a non-trivial "offset", which arises in the new treatment of higher-order couplings which we have provided (Equation 11). The offset increases the order of the corresponding HOC, as can be seen from Equations 13 or 14. It seems to me that the description here bypasses intermediate orders of coupling. In other words, nth order coupling is not described in terms of all the lower orders of coupling. Is that a good thing? Indeed, the Reviewer is correct in saying that our HOCs are not hierarchical. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses higher-order coupling (HOC) in scientific research and does not mention the capacity for learning in the human brain. The concepts explored in the text are technical and pertain to specific measures in a scientific context, making it unrelated to the general claim about the learning capacity of the human brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 5Relative abundance of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes, recovered from Ostiactis pearseae and comparison samples. a Relative abundance of bacterial families from Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and Kadosactinidae “sp. B,” nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, and seawater. Each color on the graph represents a distinct family-level phylotype or lowest level available. The top 15 dominant family phylotypes are indicated in the key. b Six distinct SUP05 OTUs (99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) recovered from O. pearseae, compared to the surrounding seawater. The heatmap scale reflects the number of reads per sample. Phylogenetic relationships between the SUP05 OTUs are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S1. c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial communities associated with O. pearseae, versus the other neighboring species and overlying seawater. Each point represents all 16S rRNA sequences recovered from a single specimen or sample. p < 0. 022, suggesting a significant difference between O. pearseae and any other sample set (ex. other sea anemones, water samples; R = 0. 88–1. 00). HTV, hydrothermal vent; spB, another undescribed sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) from the Pescadero Basin; zoan, unidentified zoanthids from the Pescadero BasinFull size imageNMDS ordination revealed the total bacterial community of Ostiactis pearseae to be strongly differentiated from those associated with zoanthid specimens (analysis of similarity () R = 0. 99, p = 0. 002), the other unidentified sea anemone Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (= 0. 87, p = 0. 022), the water column samples (= 1. 00, p = 0. 006), and the neighboring obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (= 1. 00, p = 0. 001; Fig. 5c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relative abundance and uniqueness of bacterial communities associated with the organism Ostiactis pearseae, specifically in the context of hydrothermal vents. It describes how the microbial community of O. pearseae is significantly different from those in surrounding environments, indicating the presence of a unique ecosystem. The mention of 'obligate vent tubeworms' such as Riftia pachyptila, which are known to rely on chemosynthesis, further reinforces the idea that hydrothermal vents support unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: 169)—concept of an evolution of the universe and of life that must eventually, almost inevitably, lead to a post-biological machine civilization: “Quite ironically, the assumed biogenicity of the Universe would eventually lead towards global adaptive processes in which the cosmologically extended biosphere is favoring the emergence of artificial or post-biological forms of intelligence from organic substrate […] In such a scenario the Biocosm transforms it self naturally into a Silico- or Technocosm during a final epoch of one developmental cycle” (Martinez 2014, 38. The authors argue that the use of energy resources and the production of complex tools probably involves ‘mastery of fire', which would mean that a technological civilization cannot arise in water or under water (Schulze-Makuch and Bains 2017, 39. Simple exchange operations, on the other hand, are found on Earth in many species, not only primates but also rats, for example. 40. Chick (2014, 41. Our argument here differs from that of Stevenson and Large (2017), who explore the question of how complex life, and ultimately intelligence, might arise from simple life forms on distant planets. In their view, there are two factors that make the emergence of intelligent life likely in evolutionary theory: first, the number of ecological niches on a planet, and second, the information density of the environment in which life evolves—which in turn corresponds to the number of ecological niches present in a living world. “In terms of evolutionary pace, the driving factor is the growth in information complexity of the environment in which organisms exist […] Low information landscapes (including aquaplanets) can never evolve complex or intelligent life because the information available to organisms is limited” (Stevenson and Large 2017, p. 4). 42. As early as the sixties of the last century, the series introduced the idea of cultivated biological spaceships into German science fiction with the Dolans. 43. Unfortunately, it is not possible for us to elaborate further on this point here—an outline for a transhuman sociology of knowledge is still pending. 44. At this point, one could put forward the thesis that the confrontation with a ‘machine civilization' would rather increase human anxiety because of the lack of biological commonalities. 45. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that ‘low information landscapes (including aquaplanets) can never evolve complex or intelligent life because the information available to organisms is limited.’ This suggests that simply having water does not guarantee the existence of intelligent life, as other factors like ecological niches and information density are critical for the emergence of complex civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Whether that is a good thing or not depends, presumably, on what kinds of problems one is trying to address. We believe that HOCs are well suited to describe integration of binding information and specifically to understand how such integration arises "effectively" from a conformational ensemble through coarse graining. This is one of the main contributions of our paper, for which a hierarchical measure of coupling would have been substantially harder to work with. Furthermore, as we show in Equations 8 and 14, our HOCs can precisely describe the hierarchical "intermediate orders of coupling" which are present in the higher-order measures introduced in Horovitz and Fersht 1990 and 1992. 8 and 14 now available, there is no difficulty in calculating the effective higher-order couplings arising from any conformational ensemble, thereby recovering the "intermediate orders of coupling" in this generalised setting. In addition, the authors ignore (lines 48-50) the existence of the Hill constant which provides a measure of cooperativity despite having some shortcomings. We have now mentioned the Hill coefficient (lines 53-9) and explained more carefully why aggregated measures of this kind provide only limited information about the underlying free energies. This point is reiterated in the last section of the Results (lines 640-5) and in the new Figure 9. Other comments: 1. Line 308 and elsewhere -it seems that statistical corrections for the binding constants were not introduced. This is OK if stated and not misinterpreted. is correct that we do not use statistical factors. They are required when binding states are represented by the number of bound sites. We avoid this problem by accounting for each site which is bound in the subset of bound sites. At the specific point to which Reviewer refers, now Equation 19, we show that HOCs depend only on the number of bound sites. Statistical factors do not appear to be necessary for the discussion that follows. 2. Line 321 – HOC usually diminishes with factorial decomposition. Why not here? We are not sure what the Reviewer means by "factorial decomposition". However, our finding that cooperativity increases with order for the MWC-like ensemble (Equation 20) was for our definition of HOC. It is conceivable that this is not the case for the measures introduced in Horovitz and Fersht 1990, 1992. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the brain's capacity for learning. Instead, it discusses hierarchical models and measures related to binding information and cooperativity, which are not directly relevant to the idea of unlimited learning capacity in the brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Bacterial community analysis revealed limited diversity within the tentacles of O. pearseae from the 5 different vent sites (Fig. 5a; Additional file 2: Table S2). Other bacteria uniquely recovered from O. pearseae tentacles included the BD1-5 group (a. k. a. Gracilibacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 3–27%) and the OD1 group (a. k. a. Parcubacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 1–16%; Fig. 5a). Additional bacterial groups present in non-Ostiactis sea anemones included Enterobacteriacea and Mollicutes (the latter 89% similar to one recovered from an ascidian; Fig. 5a; EF137402; [23]). Microbial groups that were more common in all 3 water samples included the Methylococcales marine group 2 (MMG-2), Rhodobiacea, and Thaumarcheota (Fig. 5a). To further characterize the SUP05 in association with Ostiactis pearseae, a longer region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via direct PCR and sequenced. A 1334-bp long 16S rRNA sequence, only 1-bp different from barcode OTU21762, was 96. 5% similar to a free-living bacterium from a mud volcano in the Sea (AY592908; [24]) and 95% similar to the thiotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus aff. brevior from Ridge vents (DQ077891; [25]; Additional file 3: Fig. S1). There are no Bathymodiolus mussels at the vents, and the SUP05-related sequences recovered from O. pearseae are distinct from those recovered from Bathymodiolus from seeps, some of the closest known mussel populations (only ~ 96% similar for 250-bp barcode sequence; Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset; [26, 27]). Several genes were additionally amplified and directly sequenced in order to inform the possible metabolic capabilities of the SUP05-related bacteria in O. pearseae. The napA gene, encoding a catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 7. 99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the microbial communities associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent species Ostiactis pearseae. It highlights the presence of various bacteria that are associated with these ecosystems, including thiotrophic symbionts, which are indicative of chemosynthesis—a process that allows organisms in these unique environments to thrive without sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: The camouflage thesis, according to which extraterrestrials create artificial bodies that look confusingly similar to human bodies after prolonged observation of the Earth for the purpose of exploring our planet or also for establishing contact as carriers of their consciousness, is excluded here (Schetsche 2008, 1967. 46. Following one of the possible resolutions of the Fermi paradox, namely the consideration that post-biological secondary civilizations have little interest in contact with a biological species and wait accordingly with the establishment of contact until ‘the machines' have also taken over on Earth, one could also conclude: If direct contact takes place, we are probably dealing with a biological or with a hybrid civilization. However, this assumes that the premise of these considerations is correct. In this respect, too, we are anything but certain. 1966. Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. 2018. Anthromorphism in the Search for Extra-– of Cognition? 143: 163–168. 2014. Superintelligenz. Szenarien einer kommenden Revolution. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp. 2017. Superintelligence. Paths, Dangers, Strategies (Reprinted with corrections). Oxford: Press. 2014. for the Development of Interstellar Communication. In Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication, Ed. Douglas A. Vakoch, 203–226. Washington: NASA. 2002. Defining ‚Life‘. Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 32: 387–393. 2002. Geology of Mankind. Nature 415: 23. 2011. Erde hat keinen Notausgang. Energie und Politik im Anthropozän. Berlin: Suhrkamp. 2003. Cultural Evolution, the Postbiological Universe, and SETI. of Astrobiology 2 (1): 65–74. 2018. Anthropocence. A Introduction. Oxford: Press. 2009. Philosophische Anthropologie. des 20. Jahrhunderts. Freiburg im Breisgau: Karl Alber. 1986. Der Mensch. und seine Stellung in der Welt. Wiesbaden: Aula-Verlag. 2010. Zwischenlagen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses various theories related to extraterrestrial contact and the nature of civilizations. It mentions the camouflage thesis and the idea that post-biological civilizations may not be interested in contacting biological species. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the assertion that all planets with water host alien civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Indeed, Equations 8 and 14, which show how higher-order couplings are calculated from HOCs, involve a ratio of HOCs. Hence, it would be possible, in principle, for these other measures to diminish with order, as the Reviewer suggests, even though our HOCs do not. However, we have not investigated this matter further. 3. Lines 328, 401-402 – site-heterogeneity leads to apparent negative cooperativity but it is apparent since it can involve no coupling or 'communication' between sites. It should not, therefore, be presented as a possible source for HOC and is not true negative cooperativity. We have been careful to make the distinction which the Reviewer draws between cooperativity at the level of a single molecule, and "effective" cooperativity, at the level of an ensemble. We distinguish throughout the paper between the "intrinsic" cooperativity within a given conformation and the "effective" cooperativity arising from the ensemble. We prefer "effective" to either "apparent" or "false" cooperativity. We do not present the heterogeneity of sites as a source of negative cooperativity, only of negative effective cooperativity (line 400 in the original paper; line 699-700 in the revision). We feel this is a reasonable way to maintain the distinction which the Reviewer makes. 4. Line 338 – I thought that intrinsic HOC can arise only when the sites are not identical so what am I missing unless it's the statistical factor. There seems to be some confusion here. We define "intrinsic" HOC to be the cooperativity between sites in a single conformation (Equation 2). We define sites to be "identical" if they have the same association constants for binding (line 477-8). It is possible for sites to be identical and still have intrinsic HOCs but, in the passage in question, we impose the requirement that all intrinsic HOCs are one, so that the sites are independent. This means that any effective cooperativity which arises in the ensemble cannot be attributed to intrisinc cooperativity arising from an individual conformation. 5. Figure 4 – why can binding decrease with increasing substrate concentration? Average total binding, or fractional saturation, cannot increase with increasing substrate, no matter what cooperativities are present. That is a consequence of thermodynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts such as higher-order couplings, cooperativity, and site-heterogeneity in a scientific context, without addressing any aspects related to the capacity of the human brain for learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: l Arrowheads (in green) point to bacteria possibly being endocytized via clathrin-coated pits, as well as nearby clusters of bacterial cells within the elongated epidermal cells of O. pearseae. nu, nucleus; bac, bacteria; cni, cnidae; meso, mesoglea; gastro, gastrodermis; epi, epidermis. Scale bars are 5 mm (a), 2 mm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 μm (d), 10 μm (e–g), 250 μm (h), 25 μm (i), and 1 μm (j–l)Full size imageDiscussionA conspicuous actiniarian species, identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], was dominant at two neighboring hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California. Unlike most vent anemones, which are almost always observed in the vent periphery, this species was found very near to vigorous venting fluids on and amongst the obligate vent tubeworms Oasisia aff. alvinae and Riftia pachyptila (Fig. 1), known to rely exclusively on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy [31, 32]. Ostiactis pearseae, formerly named Anthosactis pearseae [7], had been originally described as the first and only endemic Actiniaria from a whalefall community [5]; however, this discovery at hydrothermal vents makes them one of the only sea anemones described from multiple chemosynthetic environments [6, 7]. The assumption, until now, was that most sea anemones at hydrothermal vents and methane seeps acquire nutrients via suspension feeding. There was no previous evidence that Ostiactis pearseae harbored chemosynthetic bacteria [5], suggesting that they fed upon dissolved and particulate organic matter and plankton. However, the significantly negative δ13C and δ15N tissue isotopic values of O. pearseae (at the time labeled as an unidentified species in [11, 15]) suggested an entirely different strategy dependent upon bacteria chemosynthesis. Indeed, distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group were associated with Ostiactis pearseae, compared to other nearby sea anemones and water column bacterial communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the unique ecosystem surrounding hydrothermal vents, specifically highlighting the species Ostiactis pearseae that was found near vigorous venting fluids and associated with obligate vent tubeworms that rely on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy. The mention of distinct bacterial phylotypes related to chemosynthesis further supports the claim that these ecosystems are uniquely reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Venus flytraps only catch prey when they are starving. [SEP] Text: Decreased body movement with age is associated with increased sarcopenia characterized by disordered sarcomeres and reduced F-actin filaments (F-actin) (Baird et al. , 2014; Herndon et al. , 2002). To evaluate whether the presence of KIN-19 aggregates is linked to muscle damage at the cellular level, we assessed F-actin staining in animals with KIN-19 aggregation in the body-wall muscles. We found that animals with aggregates tended to have higher levels of disrupted sarcomers compared to controls (Figure 3—figure supplement 3A,B). Figure 3 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Age-dependent protein aggregation impairs pharyngeal and body-wall muscle function. (A) Aged animals with high levels of pharyngeal KIN-19 aggregation have reduced pharyngeal pumping. N = 23–28 animals analyzed per group. T-test: p<0. 0001. (B) Aged animals with high levels of KIN-19 aggregation in the body-wall muscle display reduced thrashing. Mean body bends per seconds are set to 100% in animals with low aggregation. Mann-Whitney test: p<0. 0001. (C) Young animals with RHO-1 aggregation in pharynx have impaired pharyngeal pumping. N = 26–27 animals analyzed per group. T-test: p<0. 0001. (D) Overexpression of RHO-1 without aggregation in the body-wall muscles does not influence thrashing. Mean body bends per seconds are set to 100% in Punc-54::yfp transgenic animals. Mann-Whitney test: non-significant. SEM represented, independent biological repeats in Supplementary file 1 and Source data 1. To further show that protein aggregation is the cause of the functional decline in our transgenic animal models rather than other co-occurring aging factors, we examined the effects of protein aggregation in the absence of aging. Most likely due to the high level of overexpression in the pharyngeal muscles, RHO-1::tagRFP aggregated abundantly already in young animals (Figure 3—figure supplement 1C,E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of protein aggregation on muscle function in animal models, with no mention of Venus flytraps or their feeding behaviors. Therefore, it does not provide any evidence or information that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim concerning the feeding habits of Venus flytraps.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: However, average binding at an individual site can increase or decrease depending on the pattern of cooperativities, as shown in Figure 7B. 6 Lines 385-392 – for hemoglobin affinity increases but cooperativity actually decreases at high substrate concentrations because most of the molecules are 'locked' in the R state. Is this captured by the current formalism? We do not know which measure of cooperativity the Reviewer has in mind here. However, if the implication is that some measure of cooperativity becomes concentration dependent, then none of the measures discussed in the paper have that property. They are all independent of concentration. Accordingly, the current formalism would not capture the behaviour described by the Reviewer, although it seems like an interesting question to explore further. 7. Line 699 – fix typo: i to k; I don't understand Equation 15. If each term in the product is a ratio of the terms for forward and reverse directions so should the result on the rhs. Thermodynamically, a product of equilibrium constants is an equilibrium constant but the result on the rhs is not. Corrected. Thank you! The old Equation 15 (new Equation 39) is for a linear framework graph. In our treatment in this section, the only requirement for an edge label is that it is a rate, with units of (time)-1, and no thermodynamic terms, such as ligand concentrations, are specified within the labels. Accordingly, the ratios in Equation 39 are all non-dimensional, so no inconsistency arises between the left-hand and right-hand sides. 8. The analogy with TF binding is potentially problematic because of confusion between different levels of cooperativity. For example, IPTG binding to the lac repressor dimer occurs without cooperativity but 2 IPTG molecules need to be bound for transcription to occur. Hence, measuring transcription as a function of IPTG concentration appears to be very cooperative but the fraction bound as a function of IPTG concentration is not. Indeed, we agree that cooperativity depends crucially on which input is being considered: if the input is the TF, that gives a very different result than if the input is IPTG. We do not see this as problematic but, rather, as a potential source of confusion if the input is not clearly specified. To address the Reviewer's concern, we have made sure to say "input pattern of TFs" throughout the Discussion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the human brain's capacity for learning. Instead, it focuses on specific scientific details about binding cooperativity and thermodynamics without any mention of brain capacity or learning in a cognitive context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This association was pervasive and dominant, in that SUP05 bacteria were found in all 8 O. pearseae specimens analyzed, comprising up to 96% of the recovered microbial 16S rRNA genes. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, named after the discovery in the Suiyo seamount plume [33], have been found worldwide in marine oxygen-deficient marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and productive upwelling regions [34,35,36]. They exist both as free-living cells [29] and in association with animal hosts (ex. Bathymodiolus mussels and some sponges [37]), where they participate centrally in the provisioning of fixed carbon to the animal. Intracellular SUP05 were observed exclusively in the epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae, which was unexpected given that most Cnidaria house symbionts, mainly photosynthetic, in the gastrodermis [38, 39]. Epidermal bacteriocyte-like structures containing Vibrio have been observed in Exaiptasia pallida [40] and bacterial “aggregates” containing Endozoicimonas have been observed in epidermal “caverns” in the sea anemone Metridium senile [41]. In both cases, however, the epidermal bacteria are pathogens commonly associated with animals [42, 43]. Octocorals harbored a coral-specific SUP05 clade that dominated their bacterial communities by up to 87%, albeit the specific location of the bacteria within the coral mucous or tissue was not determined [9]. Interestingly, bacteria on the tentacle surface of O. pearseae appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis. Further examination of this receptor-mediated process is necessary to establish whether bacteria are actively transported inside of host cells and if so, what influences the recognition and selectivity of this process. Hosting sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 in the outer epidermis may allow Ostiactis pearseae to avoid sulfide toxicity or the costly evolution of unique biochemistry to take up and transport sulfide [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the presence of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from the SUP05 clade in deep-sea hydrothermal systems and their role in supporting animal hosts like Ostiactis pearseae by provisioning fixed carbon. This indicates that the ecosystems associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents are indeed reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: of > Vol. 13 No. 9, September 2023 A Justification for the Hypothesis of the Longevity of Jupiter’s Spot () Mahammad A. Astrophysics and Cosmology of after N. Tusi of the Ministry of Science and Education of Republic of Azerbaijan, Shamakhy, Azerbaijan. DOI: 10. 4236/ojapps. 2023. 139120 89 Downloads 430 Views 1529. doi: 10. 4236/ojapps. 2023. 139120. 1. Jupiter’s Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot explain this phenomenon. However, Pedram Hassanzadeh, a research fellow at Harvard University, and Philip Marcus, a professor of fluid dynamics at the University of California at Berkeley, believe they have found a partial explanation for this phenomenon. was supposed to disappear after several decades of existence. “Rather, it has been there for hundreds of years,” says P. Hassanzadeh. Many processes are capable of dispersing atmospheric eddies like the Red Spot. Turbulence and atmospheric waves in the region absorb the energy of its winds. The vortex loses energy by radiating heat. Finally, the Red spot is located between two strong jet streams that move in opposite directions and should slow its rotation. Some researchers argue that the GRS is energized by absorbing smaller eddies. “Some computer models show that large eddies can live longer if they merge with smaller vortices. But that doesn’t happen often enough to explain the Red Spot’s longevity,” says P. Markus. To solve the mystery of the Red Spot’s persistence, P. Hassanzadeh and P. Markus built a model that was completely 3D and of very high resolution. “The models focused on horizontal winds, where most of the energy is concentrated, eddies also have vertical currents, although they have much less energy, because modeling all this is quite difficult,” explains P. Hassanzadeh. However, it is the vertical movement that may be the key to the mystery of the Red Spot. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) as a strong storm that is hypothesized to persist due to various atmospheric and hydrodynamic processes. It emphasizes that the GRS should have disappeared centuries ago based on known scientific principles, but no mention is made of it being a 'permanent portal to another galaxy.' Instead, the text focuses on the scientific inquiry into its longevity and dynamics, clearly suggesting that it is an atmospheric phenomenon rather than a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: Show: 10 25 50 Order by: Filter by: ----- African history and studies & of India and History of music Indo-Persian poetry Korean history Korean literature studies studies Law and & Media studies criticism studies Social sciences of Sustainable development U. S. History U. S. Women's studies and of Language, 900–1500 Dustin D. & recounts the history of how medieval Arabic philosophers in the grappled with the logical role of the copula “to be,” an ambiguity that has bedeviled Western philosophy from Parmenides to the analytic philosophers of today. Working from within a language that has no copula, a group of increasingly independent Arabic philosophers began to critically investigate the semantic role that Aristotle, for many centuries their philosophical authority, invested in the copula as the basis of his logic. Drawing on extensive manuscript research, Klinger breaks through the thicket of unstudied philosophical works to demonstrate the creativity of postclassical Islamic scholarship as it explored the consequences of its intellectual break with the past. Against the still widespread view that intellectual ferment all but disappeared during the period, he shows how these intellectuals over the centuries developed and refined a sophisticated philosophy of language that speaks to core concerns of contemporary linguistics and philosophy. “Dustin Klinger’s study of medieval Arabic and Islamic views of the copula is remarkable on a number of counts: its historical range, the number of sources it incorporates, and its engagement with modern philosophical discussions of the analysis of propositions. It is a significant contribution to the field of Arabic-Islamic philosophy and logic. ” — -of Arabic at “In this wide-ranging study, Klinger looks at an issue that was pivotal in both ancient Greek and medieval Arabic philosophy. An important contribution to the exciting fields of logic and the philosophy of language in the Islamic world. ” of Philosophy at. is a at the University of Cambridge. Previously, he held an Andrew W. at Tatti and was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Munich. God’s The Qurʾān and & ’s Other Book, presents a powerful critique of the ways we study and analyze early Islam and its sacred text, filling a glaring hole in our understanding of this formative environment. Interrogating the ideological framework of late antiquity, Salama exposes hidden assumptions that prevent scholars from truly placing Islam in its sociohistorical and cultural milieu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroscience and mental health disorders. Instead, it focuses on historical and philosophical discussions related to medieval Arabic philosophy and logic, which is unrelated to the subject of neuroscience or mental health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the epidermis in Anthozoa can function in nutrition [21], even more so than the gastrodermis, through direct uptake of dissolved organic compounds [44, 45], thus the positioning of nutritional bacteria in the epidermis may increase effective exchange of small molecules. Like other SUP05 cells, those associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae were small (~ 500 nm in diameter [46]). Presumably, these symbionts require both oxygen and sulfide near simultaneously, for example “autotrophicus,” a member of the SUP05 group, has an aerobic phenotype and uses sulfide while respiring oxygen [46, 47]. In this regard, it would be reasonable to house bacteria as close to the tissue surface as possible in order to accommodate gas exchange and meet symbiont metabolic demands. The assumption that the SUP05 group may perform a nutritional role for the Ostiactis pearseae is evidenced by the comparatively light tissue δ13C values (average − 29. 1‰). The contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass appears to exceed that reported for other deep-sea anthozoan species from the Gulf of Mexico (ex. Paramuricea [9]). The facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nature of the SUP05-Anthozoa symbioses proposed by [9] is also suggested for O. pearseae given the large range in negative δ13C values observed. Additionally, the SUP05 were found to not only have the gene repertoire necessary for chemosynthesis, but to be transcriptionally active, further supporting the possibility of SUP05 contributions to host nutrition [9]. Like all sea anemones (even those with photosynthetic symbionts), O. pearseae retains an arsenal of nematocysts by which to capture prey; thus, this tentacular team-up with SUP05 symbionts likely provides only a portion of their diet, indicating a mixotrophic strategy. The SUP05 clade is involved not only in mediating dark carbon fixation, but also in the cycling of nitrogen, whether by denitrification, as has been shown in free-living SUP05 populations [29, 36] or assimilatory nitrate reduction, as in the case of symbiotic SUP05 [9, 48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of SUP05 symbionts in the nutrition of the sea anemone O. pearseae, highlighting that these symbionts are capable of chemosynthesis. It emphasizes that these bacteria, located in the epidermis, provide a significant contribution to the host's biomass through chemosynthesis-derived carbon. Furthermore, the active metabolic processes of these chemosynthetic symbionts reinforce the existence of unique ecosystems that thrive in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that there is still no clear mathematical evidence that the GRS will live on for a long time. Although many authors give partial explanations for both the misconception and the positive side, for the sake of clarity, we will put this reasoning in the beginning of 2004, when its length was about half a century less than a year earlier, when it reached a size of 40,000 km (25,000 miles), which is about three times the diameter of the Earth. At the current rate of contraction, by 2040 it will be round. It is not known how long this spot will last or whether this change is the result of normal oscillations [1]. In 2019, the GRS began to “flake off” at the edge as fragments of the storm broke away and dissipated. The shrinking and “flaking” have led some astronomers to speculate that the GRS could dissipate within 20 years. However, other astronomers believe that the apparent size of the GRS reflects its cloud cover rather than the size of the actual underlying vortex, and they also believe that peeling events can be explained by interactions with other cyclones or anticyclones, including incomplete absorptions of smaller systems. If so, it would mean that the Spot is not threatened with extinction (e. g. , [2] [3] [4] these would seem to be admitted during observations as an illusion). Time-lapse of the 1979 Voyager 1 rendezvous with Jupiter, showed the movement of atmospheric bands and the circulation of the GRS. The top clouds of this storm are about 8 kilometers (5 miles) above the surrounding top clouds. The reason the storm has continued to exist for centuries is because the planet has no surface (only a hydrogen mantle) to provide friction; eddies of circulating gas persist in the atmosphere for a very long time because there is nothing to oppose their angular momentum. However, the upper atmosphere above the storm has significantly higher temperatures than the rest of the planet. Acoustic (sound) waves arising from the storm’s turbulence below have been proposed as an explanation for the area’s heating. Acoustic waves propagate vertically up to 800 km (500 miles) above the storm, where they break up in the upper atmosphere, converting wave energy into heat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of Jupiter's Great Red Spot (GRS) and indicating that there is no evidence to suggest it serves as a portal to another galaxy. Instead, it provides details about the GRS's potential for dissipation and its physical characteristics, such as its size, contraction, and atmospheric interactions, highlighting that it is simply a long-lasting storm within Jupiter's atmosphere.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: He offers an alternative theoretical and practical model focused on pre-cultural production. Foregrounding the indigenous Arab community of seventh-century Hijaz, Salama demonstrates how the Qurʼān played an organic role in commenting on, interacting with, and taking sides concerning matters of ethnicity, ethics, dress codes, and social habits. Only with renewed attention to the Qurʼān itself can Western readers engage ethically with Islamic studies and with the cultures and traditions of those who live according to another book. “This book is bold, timely, and uncompromising, demanding to be read carefully for its erudite argument. Through ample evidence, a reimagined interpretive frame, and analytical acumen, Salama offers insights into the irony of Western scholarship on the Qurʼān: its effort to draw the Muslim scripture into a late antique landscape overlooks reading practices sensitive to the text’s agency and indigeneity. ” — Asad Q. Ahmed, Professor of Languages and Cultures at University of California, Berkeley “In showing why the Qurʼān must be seen as an authentically Arabian and truly revolutionary literary accomplishment, Salama provides a welcome corrective to Euro-American Qurʼānic studies. A milestone in the field. ” — Stefan Sperl, of Arabic and Studies at SOAS, University of Salama is Professor of Arabic and Qurʼanic Studies and for in the College of Humanities and at University. and the Paradoxes of Reform in & is an ethnographic analysis of the complex and paradoxical efforts to access neoliberal, market-based oncological treatments in Colombia, a country where all patients are legally guaranteed access to medical services, including high-cost ones. Drawing on years of fieldwork in Cali, explores the deep entanglements between medical, legal, and policy practices that share a common goal of treating and curing cancer but are hindered by bureaucratic procedures, pernicious financial interests, and class politics. The interplay of these hurdles dictates the rhythm at which patients access treatment and, even in resource-rich settings, suffer due to market imperatives that shape how treatments unfold. Through careful and measured observation, Sanz shows how a neoliberal universal health care regime delays access to care for those reliant on public assistance, which means that some patients will start treatment only after it is unlikely to change the course of the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of the Qurʼān in sociocultural contexts and critiques Western scholarship without addressing neuroscience or mental health disorders. There is no mention of mental health, neuroscience, or any claims related to curing disorders.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: , utilization of H2S, HS−, or other reduced S species, including endogenous elemental sulfur), or variation in the sulfur sourced from the petroleum-rich sediments of the Pescadero Basin. Many uncultivated candidate bacterial phyla have been discovered in recent years within a variety of environments [20, 58, 59]. They usually have small genomes (< 1 Mb) with dramatically reduced biosynthetic capabilities, and yet exist globally in both marine and terrestrial habitats [60]. Several of these candidate phyla, known as the OD1 and BD1-5 groups (also referred to as Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria, respectively), comprised up to 16–27% of the Ostiactis pearseae bacterial community and are known to play an important role in sulfur cycling [60]. An ectosymbiotic or parasitic lifestyle for the OD1 has been proposed [61], given their inability to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Additionally, while most candidate phyla are found in anoxic habitats, some OD1 genomes contained genes suggestive of O2 use as a terminal electron acceptor [61, 62]. Although not previously associated with the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 group, or any specific proteobacterial group, the role of OD1 in sulfur reduction [60] and their diverse repertoire for attachment and adhesion [61] forecasts a possible direct association with either the SUP05 bacteria or O. pearseae mucous, for example. ConclusionDespite 40+ years of appreciation for chemosynthetic symbioses and the continued search for their occurrence in the most well-known habitats, Cnidaria have only very recently been shown to associate with chemoautorophic bacteria. Here, we identify a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at 3700 m depth in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, that appears to be nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This species, one of only 2 dominant sessile animals observed on the vent chimneys, has an unusual life position, often located in and amongst vent-obligate siboglinid tubeworms, very near to actively venting fluids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, is nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This indicates that the ecosystem surrounding these hydrothermal vents is indeed reliant on chemosynthesis, as it emphasizes the association between the anemone and chemoautotrophic bacteria, within the particular habitat of the Pescadero Basin at significant depths.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: However, in recent years, astronomers note the lack of model facts: “the existence of narrow stable bands and flows symmetrical about the equatorial flow from west to east (in the direction of the planet’s rotation), the difference between zones and belts, and the origin and stability of large eddies, such as the Spot. ”. Until now, some scientists believed that the size of the Jupiter’s GRS could be reduced by observation, but there was no rigorous justification for this. But NASA itself also denied that a decrease in the size of the GRS has not yet been proven, except as noted by professors at Boston University, where the results of observations on the GRS turned out to be the opposite, that it is a heat source (see Figure 1). The existing models to prove the durability of the GRS did not have a strictly mathematical justification. This paper is the first comprehensive justification that evidence for the longevity of the GRS has a rigorous justification using astrophysical hydrodynamics, a non-classical approach about the existence of a cycle, and conservation of energy balance for pumping energy from ovals and small vortices, which provides energy recovery for Jupiter’s GRS. Simultaneously, our model provides hydrodynamics about the equilibrium of Jupiter with the GRS. In order to present a model about the dynamic stability of the movement of the GRS and its mathematical justification for the longevity hypothesis, which with a non-classical approach proved. 2. Conditions of Applicability and of the Hypothesis about the Longevity of the Spot 1) We need to explain what we meant when we noticed the phrase: “But this does not happen often enough to explain the longevity of the GRS,” says fluid dynamics professor P. Markus. 2 ) We also need to explain what he meant when he noticed the phrase: “Previously, researchers simply ignored vertical flows because they did not know about their importance or used simpler equations, since it is quite difficult to model all this,” explains P. Hassanzadeh. 3) How to apply hydro-aerodynamics, as well as gas-dynamic modeling approaches, so that the laws of astrophysical hydrodynamics and geophysical hydrodynamics are also preserved in the dynamic equilibrium of the GRS and Jupiter itself. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the scientific observations and modeling efforts related to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot (GRS). It highlights the absence of evidence supporting the idea that the GRS is a portal to another galaxy, focusing instead on its hydrodynamic properties, longevity, and energy recovery processes. The emphasis on its stability and the rigorous scientific modeling contradicts the notion of the GRS being a portal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: These authors have been dismissed as not really “Egyptian,” and their contemporary popularity has been ignored, but as the author powerfully argues, this genre in fact constitutes a vibrant intellectual tradition, developed from heterogenous influences but deeply engaged with Egypt’s pharaonic past. In contrast to usual narratives of Roman domination, Kelting uncovers a complex project of political engagement and cultural translation in which Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all participated. Constructed Movements: Extraction and Resistance in once theoretically sophisticated and poignantly written, centers stories from communities in Mexico profoundly affected by emigration to the to show how migration extracts resources along racial lines. chronicles how three interrelated dynamics—the maldistribution of public resources, the exploitation of migrant labor, and the US immigration enforcement regime—entrench the necessity of migration as a strategy for survival in Mexico. She also highlights the alternative visions elaborated by migrant community organizations that seek to end the conditions that force migration. Recognizing that reform without recompense will never right an unjust migratory system, Shah concludes with a forceful call for the US and Mexican governments to make abolitionist investments and reparative compensation to directly counteract this legacy of extraction. Intersectional Incoherence: and the Ethics of Incoherence stages an encounter between the critical discourse on intersectionality and texts by Korean subjects of the Japanese empire and their postwar descendants in Japan, known as Zainichi Koreans. Arguing for intersectionality as a reading method rather than strictly a tool of social analysis, reads moments of illegibility and incoherent language in these texts as a confrontation between the pressures on and their literature to represent both Korean difference from and affinity with Japan. Rejecting linguistic norms and representational imperatives of identity categories, Textor instead demands that the reader grapple with the silent, absent, illegible, or unintelligible. Engaging with the incoherent, she argues, allows for a more ethical approach to texts, subjects, and communities that resist representation within existing paradigms, such as those of Korean descent in Japan. and (eds. ) This groundbreaking collection of essays from leading film historians features original research on movie magazines published in the U. S. , and beyond. Vital resources for the study of film history and culture, movie magazines are frequently cited as sources, but rarely centered as objects of study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various intellectual traditions and cultural engagements, including migration, intersectionality, and film history, but does not address neuroscience or mental health disorders at all. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Ostiactis pearseae houses putative sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria (Thioglobaceae) in its epidermis, with which it appears to have established a mixotrophic nutritional strategy, based on a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes. Facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nutritional symbioses are often more difficult to recognize, compared to obligate alliances, but they are surely more common in nature [63], particularly in Cnidaria which experience symbiont gain and loss readily and often retain an ability to capture prey [9, 64, 65]. So, too, is the difficulty in uncovering nested symbioses, often involving microbe-microbe synergies. In this study, an unusual abundance of two candidate phyla, Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria (a. k. a. OD1 and BD1-5, respectively) within O. pearseae tentacles, hints at the roles they may play in the cycling of nutrients within and on animal hosts. Cnidaria symbioses are considered foundational for coral reefs, and perhaps they also play an important role at hydrothermal vents. It would be worth investigating additional Anthozoa species observed to inhabit venting fluids at other sites worldwide [66,67,68], to see whether they have also forged nutritional relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, such as the versatile SUP05 group. MethodsSpecimen collectionsAll specimens and water samples were collected from active vent sites within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California (~ 3700 m depth), using the ROV SuBastian during the R/V Falkor expedition FK103118 (October–November 2018), specifically from six sites at two vent fields within ~ 2 km of each other; the previously described Auka vent field [10,11,12] and a newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field (Fig. 1; Table 1). Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler (5: Supplemental video) and preserved shipboard as described below in each analysis section. Targeted water samples (2 L) were collected, within ~ 0. 5 m from nearby anemones, via Niskin bottle mounted on the ROV SuBastian. Additional file 5 Sampling anemones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationships between Ostiactis pearseae and chemosynthetic bacteria, specifically mentioning the role of sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria. It indicates that these symbiotic relationships contribute to the cycling of nutrients in the unique ecosystem found at hydrothermal vents, suggesting that such interactions are vital for survival in these environments where classical photosynthesis is not possible.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: Close up of the Spot imaged by the inApril 2018 ’s concept of the heating mechanism from Jupiter’s. 4) In order to reveal the secret of the GRS survivability, it is necessary to determine what movements are possible on the GRS and how to describe mathematical models. 5) GRS: Can they provide additional energy for hundreds of years? 6) From what steel is a mysterious heat source? First, note the observations made by NASA: NASA’s Juno spacecraft, which recently arrived at Jupiter, will have several opportunities to observe the Spot and its surrounding turbulent region during its 20-month mission. Juno will look hundreds of miles down into the atmosphere with its microwave radiometer, which passively captures heat from within the planet. This capability will allow Juno to reveal the deep structure of the Spot as well as other Jupiter features such as colorful cloud bands. Just then, as a result of the NASA observation, we substantiated theoretical models associated with characteristic features such as vortex, turbulence, heat, and energy balances. Therefore, it is appropriate for us to mention the terms of energy, which we will use in proving the dynamical equilibrium of Jupiter’s GRS. In addition, for more explanations on the account of the fact that the BKP is like a heat source, we recall the latest hypotheses of lead researcher James O’Donoghue. That is, according to an 1. We will soon finish the results of the study with mathematical modeling of the fact that supposedly sound (see Figure 1) on the GRS is given as a heat source. 3. of the Hypothesis about the Lon-Gevity of the Jupiter’s Spot 3. 1. About the of all, let’s give a simple form to the integrative way of the GRS. Most natural phenomena, such as vortex motions, can be imagined as integrative imaginations in the following way: let’s say that two disks rotate with different angular velocities. At the same time, they come into contact with each other, and a disk with a higher angular velocity will entrain a disk with a lower angular velocity, which will lead to the occurrence of vortex movements. This disk must be considered a zone, and the other a belt, similarly to zones and belts (see, Figure 2) on Jupiter. Then these swirls give us an idea of Jupiter’s GRS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the scientific study of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot (GRS) through observations from NASA’s Juno spacecraft. It highlights the complexities of the GRS's dynamics, focusing on phenomena such as vortex motions and energy balances, but it does not mention anything that supports the idea of it being a portal to another galaxy. Instead, it emphasizes the scientific investigation into its heat sources and mathematical modeling, which are typical aspects of planetary weather systems rather than intergalactic portals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroscience can cure all mental health disorders. [SEP] Text: does precisely that, revealing the hybridity, heterogeneity, and connectivity of movie magazines and the important role they play in the intercontinental exchange of information and ideas about cinema. Uniquely, the contributors in this book have developed their critical analysis alongside the collaborative work of building digital resources, facilitating the digitization of more than a dozen of these historic magazines on an open-access basis. Emergency in Transit: in the Emergency in Transit responds to the crisis framings that dominate migration debates in the global north. This capacious, interdisciplinary study reformulates Europe's so-called "migrant crisis" from a sudden disaster to a site of contested witnessing, where competing narratives threaten, uphold, or reimagine migrant rights. Focusing on Italy, a crucial port of arrival, draws together testimonials from ethnographic research—alongside literature, film, and visual art—to interrogate the colonial, racial logics that inform emergency responses to migration. She also examines the media, discourses, policies, and practices that shape lived experiences of migration well beyond international borders. Centering the witnessing of in Italy, Emergency in Transit reveals how this emergency apparatus operates and posits a vision of mobility that refutes the notions of crisis so often imposed on those who cross the Mediterranean Sea. A Burdensome Experiment: Race, Labor, and Schools in after In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, the public school board fired nearly 7,500 teachers and employees. In the decade that followed, the city created the first urban public school system in the to be entirely contracted out to private management. Veteran educators, collectively referred to as the "backbone" of the city's Black middle class, were replaced by younger, less experienced, white teachers who lacked historical ties to the city. argues that the privatization of schools has made educators into a new kind of racialized worker. As school districts across the nation backslide on school integration, Tompkins asks, who exactly deserves to teach our children? The struggle over this question exposes the inherent anti-blackness of charter school systems and the unequal burdens of school choice. Predatory Data: Eugenics in for an first book to draw a direct line between the datafication and prediction techniques of past eugenicists and today’s often violent and extractive “big data” regimes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroscience and its ability to cure mental health disorders. Instead, it discusses various topics including migration, education, and eugenics, which are unrelated to neuroscience or mental health. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of plants used as traditional medicines have toxic effect on the liver and kidney Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2471-139X Anatomy & 41. DOI: 10. 15406/mojap. 2018. 05. 00161 and fruits are natural sources of useful antioxidants. Plants and their extracts are widely used as traditional medicine. Asia region, Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatranaand Hylocereus polyrhizus are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the safe use of extracts of these plants on liver and kidney. Experimental female rats were divided into nine groups. One group was normal non diabetic control given normal saline; four groups were normal non diabetic animals of which three were treated with plant extracts, while one group, the control, was daily orally treated with vitamin E (250mg/kg body weight). The remaining four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control animals treated with normal saline and three groups were treated with plant extracts). The plant extracts were administered for two weeks as daily oral single doses. Doses of Octomeles sumatrana and Syzygium polyanthum were 1g/kg body weight while that of Hylocereus polyrhizus was 3g/kg body weight. Normal and diabetic rats treated with plant extracts demonstrated toxic changes in their liver and kidney. Liver showed damaged hepatocytes with macrophage infiltration. Kidney displayed interstitial bleeding, arterial and arteriolar wall thickening and glomerulosclerosis. Findings in this study go with the previously published reports on the damaging effect of exogenous toxins and plants extracts on the liver and kidney. This work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Keywords: Toxicity, Plant extracts, Liver toxicity, Renal toxicity, Syzygium polyanthum, Eugenia polyantha, Octomeles sumatrana, Hylocereus polyrhizus and fruits have potential therapeutic effects in the management of many human diseases. 1‒4 Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from plants and fruits; they are a good source of antioxidants which aid the protection against oxidative stress. 5,6 Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries.' This supports the idea that traditional medicines often utilize plants, which may be the same ones used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is a permanent portal to another galaxy. [SEP] Text: As is known, the GRS of Jupiter is a solitary vortex. Such vortices, apparently, arise due to the effect of wind twisting by the Coriolis force and retain their shape for a long time. Although the observation of astronomers does not fully explain the dynamic motions, the stability of the local dynamics of this phenomenon However, the mathematical description of this phenomenon is always of great interest. It is pertinent to note that the dynamics of Jupiter’s atmosphere need a mathematical apparatus that would explain a comprehensive theory of the dynamics of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Astronomers noted that such a theory does not yet exist. Because such a theory should explain the following facts: “the existence of narrow stable bands and flows symmetrical with respect to the equatorial flow from west to east (in the direction of rotation of the planet), the difference between zones and belts, as well as the origin and stability of large eddies, for example, the Spots. ” In this direction, the noted problems at some level are more or less solved (by mathematical modeling and justification) by the works of the authors (see, [5] [6] - [11] ). However, earlier existing theories of atmospheric models can be divided into two classes: surface and deep. The first assumes that observations of circulation are largely due to the thin outer (weather) layer of the atmosphere and that the inner part is stable. The second postulate is that the observed flows are a manifestation of processes occurring in the deep layers of Jupiter’s atmosphere. Each theory has both strengths and weaknesses; therefore, most planetary scientists and astronomers believe that the true theory will include elements of both models. In our opinion, if we ensure the dynamic stability and the theory of equilibrium of Jupiter itself, then we can interpret new models that will give mathematical justifications that will include both the inner and outer atmospheres of Jupiter. By including them, the satellites will, under our conditions, properly fulfill the conditions in order to preserve the stability of Jupiter. Figure 2. Zones belts and vortices on Jupiter (see [5] [7] [8] ) NASA. In works (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the Great Red Spot (GRS) is a solitary vortex formed by atmospheric dynamics. It emphasizes that the GRS is a result of wind and the Coriolis effect, and does not suggest any connection to another galaxy. The discussions around the stability and mathematical modeling of Jupiter's atmosphere indicate that while the GRS is a notable phenomenon, it is understood scientifically, rather than as a portal to another galaxy.