Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: While the high degree of accuracy and precision required by chemical oceanographers [10] is in general not necessary to obtain insight from biological manipulation experiments, the equations that define the carbon system lead to compounding errors when calculating one of the unknowns. Thus, a moderate uncertainty in PCO2 may translate to an estimated pH that has little, or no meaning. We urge the reader to consult S2 Table where all available detail for each experiment cited has been summarised. Climate change—the whole picture The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of the anthropogenically produced carbon [2] and that has caused on average a 30% change in surface ocean acidity [5]. However the annual variability in surface PCO2 and pH in dynamic regions like the BC [24] and WA [31] coasts is generally more than two orders of magnitude greater than the annual atmospheric increase in CO2. In other words, we expect the OA trend to be present, but overlaid is a signal with large amplitude. Climate change may alter this dynamic natural cycle so that negative impacts associated with high acidity are experienced earlier in the coastal northeast Pacific than elsewhere, regardless of OA. There are critical times during the year when carbon conditions (particularly in the upper mixed layer; 20–30 m on the outer coast; ∼10 m or less in protected waterways) change dramatically. For example, the spring bloom in the Strait of Georgia causes a large and rapid increase in surface pH (Maley pers. comm. , University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC) and the timing of this event varies significantly from year to year [338]. On the outer shelf, the onset of summer upwelling brings lower pH water over the continental shelf and decreases pH (on average) throughout the entire water column. Climate change may alter the strength, timing [339–341], or even the variability in the timing, of such events. Thus, the influence of climate change on weather may play a critical role, that will only be exacerbated as OA progresses. In addition to changing weather, sea surface temperatures are expected to increase and subsurface O2 is expected to decrease (leading to increased occurrence of hypoxia) with climate change, concurrent with OA. Temperature has a large effect on marine organisms because metabolism increases as the ocean warms, consequently increasing energetic costs. As a result, changes in present-day distributions of marine organisms have already been linked to changes in temperature [342]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties involved in the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems. It emphasizes that while OA is a significant concern, various dynamic processes and climate change can lead to variability in pH and PCO2 levels. Therefore, it suggests that the prediction of a complete destruction of ecosystems by 2050 lacks certainty and nuances, noting instead that negative impacts may be felt earlier or in different ways due to variable environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: A wide selection of journals (inclusive of 9 subjects, more than 200 journals) Providing 24-hour high-quality service User-friendly online submission system Fair and swift peer-review system Efficient typesetting and proofreading procedure Display of the result of downloads and visits, as well as the number of cited 308. Elsevier Pub. Co. [2] Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. , Pinton, J. F. and Ricard, Y. (2004) Study of in Magnetohydrodynamics. Physics of Fluids, 16, 2529-2547. [3] Giesecke, A. , et al. (2010) in Non-Uniform Domains. Geophysical & Dynamics, 104, 505-529. [4] Gailitis, A. , Lielausis, O. , Platacis, E. , Gerbeth, G. and Stefani, F. (2003) Dynamo Experiment. Surveys in Geophysics, 24, 247-267. [5] Verhille, G. , Plihon, N. , Bourgoin, M. , Odier, P. and Pinton, J. F. (2010) Experiments. Reviews, 152, 543-564. [6] Sokolov, D. D. , Stepanov, R. A. and Frik, P. G. (2014) Dynamo: Models to Laboratory Experiment. Success of Physical Science, 184, 313-335. [7] Dolginov, A. Z. (1987) Origins of of Earth and Celestial Bodies. Success of Physical Science, 152, 231-262. [8] Zeldovich, J. B. and Ruzmaikin, A. A. (1987) as a Source of Planetary, Solar and Galactic Magnetism. Success of Physical Science, 152, 263-284. [9] Arseniev, S. A. (2015) of Field of Earth and Planets. of Humanitarian and Natural Science, 4, 313-321. [10] Elsasser, W. M. (1939) On the Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. Physical Review, 55, 489-498. [11] Vestine, E. H. (1954) The Earth’s Core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a variety of academic journals and studies related to magnetohydrodynamics and related fields without addressing the topic of sea turtles or their navigation methods using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power, are being promoted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: The provision of fill-in power for wind turbines has been studied for hydroelectric dams [3], compressed air energy storage [4], and hybrid fill-in systems consisting of natural gas turbines that compensate for “slow” fluctuations and battery energy storage that compensate for “fast” energy storage [5]. The increased use of ancillary services versus the coupling of variable and controllable resources is an unsettled topic in the electric utility industry and in the relevant research literature. We choose to assess the direct coupling of variable and controllable resources; in particular we assess how coupling multiple variableresources affects the utilization of the controllable resource. Specifically, we compare the costs and emissions of two coupled energy systems with a base-case system featureing a natural gas combustion turbine that produces a constant amount of electric energy. For comparison, we couple the natural gas turbine with an equivalently-sized wind energy installation; as well as coupling the gas turbine with a wind energy installation and a solar photovoltaic installation. Differences in the diurnal cycles of wind and solar energy [3] suggest that coupling these two variable sources may reduce the utilization of the controllable (and polluting) energy resource, with concomitant benefits in terms of air emissions. The remainder of the paper discusses our data sources, modeling strategy and results. Section 2 outlines the data we have obtained for a high-quality wind and solar site in western Oklahoma, and describes how we estimate wind and solar production based on meteorological data. Technology and emissions costs are also discussed in Section 2. Section 3 contains the results of our modeling exercise, and Section 4 offers some discussion and conclusions. 2. Data and case study is based on simulation of a coupled system of wind, solar and natural gas installed in Weatherford, in western Oklahoma. Weatherford is considered an advantageous location for such a coupled system since it is located in a high-quality wind zone (Class IV wind site [6]) and has relatively high-quality photovoltaic potential (based on analysis in [7]). We collect five-minute meteorological data for the Weatherford location from the Oklahoma Mesonet, a collection of over one hundred measurement stations across Oklahoma. Data available through the Mesonet includes averages of five-minute wind speed (m/s), wind direction, average solar radiation (W/m2), and other weather variables. Data are recorded at a height of 10 m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the coupling of wind and solar energy installations with natural gas turbines, indicating that this coupling may reduce the utilization of the controllable (polluting) energy resources. The comparison suggests that using renewable energy sources like wind and solar in conjunction with traditional energy sources can lead to benefits in terms of air emissions, aligning with the claim's statement about the promotion of renewable energy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Thus, a ‘multi-stressor’ approach is required to understand the net effect of climate change on marine organisms. The net effect of all three stressors (warming, hypoxia and OA) may be synergistic and has been generally described as a narrowing of the thermal ranges in which organisms can perform well, and a decrease in maximal performance [343]. Lastly, changes in human behaviour (e. g. fishing) as climate change and OA progress may also play an important, and possibly additive, role in shaping future marine ecosystems (e. g. [344]). ConclusionsThere remain significant knowledge gaps with respect to the biological impacts of OA on marine ecosystems globally, and locally. The most critical impacts will likely be indirect as a result of food web changes, and so are highly complex and difficult to predict even with extensive study. Furthermore, OA related changes will occur in concert with other climate change impacts that may be even more severe (see above). In particular, increasing temperature and decreasing dissolved oxygen are likely to produce synergistic effects. The northeast Pacific region naturally has waters low in pH (undersaturated with respect to aragonite) near the surface. Thus, it is potentially more vulnerable to OA than other regions. We summarise the most relevant risks and identify key knowledge gaps, given present-day knowledge, to fisheries and marine ecosystems in the order of immediacy and certainty. Shellfish aquaculture is highly susceptible to OA due to the direct impact of OA on shell formation and the dependence of the industry on hatchery production. These impacts are already experienced in BC (and WA). Wild shellfish experience similar difficulties but have the opportunity to adapt (e. g. [197]) and so will likely not be affected as rapidly and severely. There are no studies on Geoduck Clams, which are responsible for a lucrative wild fishery and a growing aquaculture industry in BC (although the latter is still in its infancy). The commercial BC fishery is dominated monetarily by salmon aquaculture. While uncertainty remains low, it is anticipated that the fish-killing alga Heterosigma akashiwo will gain a competitive advantage under OA, making blooms more frequent. Such blooms are already a significant issue for this industry in BC. Neurotoxins produced by other harmful algae are expected to become more potent under OA. Such blooms already cause shellfish closures in BC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of ocean acidification (OA) and its interactions with other climate change stressors. It emphasizes that the effects of OA are likely to be indirect and complex, indicating significant knowledge gaps in predicting the outcomes on marine ecosystems. It notes that while certain species, such as shellfish, face severe impacts due to OA, others may have opportunities to adapt. This suggests a more nuanced understanding of the impacts of OA rather than a total destruction of marine ecosystems by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Transactions—Union, 35, 63-72. [12] Runcorn, S. K. (1954) The Earth’s Core. Transactions—Union, 35, 49-63. [13] Dmitriev, A. N. (1980) About a of Existence of of Conductors. Exploratory Geophysics, 88, 125-129. [14] Dmitriev, A. N. (2007) Geological and for Research of Objects—Oil and 226 Tyumen: TGU. [15] Dmitriev, A. N. (2016) A on the Nature of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44, 2001. [16] Zharkov, V. N. (1983) of the Earth and 416 M. Nauka. [17] Magnitsky, A. (2006) and Physics of the Earth 389 M. Nauka. [18] Kuznetsov, V. (2011) Physics of Earth 842 Novosibirsk. [19] Uffen, R. J. (1952) A Method of Estimating the Gradient in the Earth’s Mantle. Transactions—Union, 33, 893-896. [20] Tozer, D. C. (1959) Properties of the Earth’s Interior. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 3, 414-436. [21] Anzellini, S. , Dewaele, A. , Mezouar, M. , Loubeyre, P. and Morard, G. (2013) Melting of Iron at Earth’s on Fast X-Ray Diffraction. Science, 340, 464-466. [22] Kuznetsov, V. (2008) Introduction to the Hot Earth’s Physics 366 IKIR. [23] Kalashnikov, S. G. (1977) Electricity 592 M. Nauka. [24] Saveliev, I. (1970) Course. Vol. II 336 M. Nauka. [25] Martinson, L. K. and Smirnov, E. (2004) Quantum Physics. 496 M. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana. [26] Pavlov, P. V. and Chochlov, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. It primarily consists of references to various scientific papers and does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources, like wind and solar power, are being promoted as a way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. [SEP] Text: The three systems we consider in our analysis are a standalone gas combustion turbine; a coupled system of wind and natural gas; and a coupled system of wind, solar photovoltaic and natural gas. In the latter two scenarios, the gas turbine is utilized for providing fill-in power as described in Section 1. The cost and emissions implications are compared on a per-unit-energy basis, so we do not need to specify an explicit size for the system (although our capital cost figures in Section 2. 4 implicitly assume utility-scale installations). Given the capital and operating costs of the gas and wind turbines, and the high capacity factor of the modeled wind installation in Weatherford, the LCOE for the coupled wind/gas system is lower than for the gas system alone ($86. 59/MWh for the coupled system versus $95. 60/MWh for the natural gas turbine alone). The LCOE of the coupled system is naturally sensitive to fluctuations in the fuel price for the gas turbine and the availability of the wind turbine; if the price of natural gas were to drop below $6/mmBTU then the gas turbine alone would be more economical. Because of the high capital costs of solar photovoltaic, and the low capacity factor, we find that coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system increases the LCOE to $223. 24/MWh. Defining the integration cost for solar photovoltaics as the increase in (levelized) energy costs for each fiveminute interval for the wind/solar/gas system versus the wind/gas system, we see that average integration costs for including photovoltaics in a portfolio of wind and fossil energy vary seasonally and range from between $57/MWh to nearly $120/MWh (Figure 5). Moreover, the emissions of NOx following the integration of photovoltaics into the wind/gas system increase for the scenario that we simulated, although CO2 emissions from the coupled system decline. Figure 6(a) shows that integrating wind and solar with the natural gas turbine reduces CO2 emissions by 500 to 1000 tonnes per month, assuming a system with 10 MW of renewables and 10 MW of natural gas turbine capacity. The incremental avoided emissions from coupling photovoltaics with the wind/gas system are relatively small, at 25 tonnes per month. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of wind and solar power with natural gas systems to reduce CO2 emissions, stating that 'integrating wind and solar with the natural gas turbine reduces CO2 emissions by 500 to 1000 tonnes per month.' This supports the assertion that renewable energy sources are being promoted to decrease greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: If this increase in toxicity occurs, the shellfish industry will be affected. In addition, these toxins may cause decreased reproductive success, and even mass mortality, at higher trophic levels including fish, seabirds and marine mammals. Food web changes due to OA (e. g. in BC changes in the species composition of phytoplankton and decline of pteropods) are anticipated but remain unknown, as are the impacts of these lower level changes on higher trophic levels. Finfish are likely to experience OA impacts through foodweb changes. In BC examples include: the decline of pteropods, that are directly preyed upon by some fish (particularly Pink Salmon), and the anticipated decline of some echinoderms, that are eaten by various species of rockfish and flatfish. Habitat changes may also have a critical negative impact, in particular for juvenile fish. While these impacts remain highly uncertain, there may be a shift from upright macroalgae to algal turf. Also, local coral species (in BC primarily octocorals) that provide vertical structure may decline. Direct impacts of OA on finfish may also occur, but only at relatively high levels of CO2. There are few direct OA studies on local finfish species and none on and salmon, which drive the sport fishing industry. Similarly there are no studies on the adaptation of these local species to OA and multiple stressors, like temperature and O2, that will be changing at the same time. Because sport fishing dominates fishery related income in BC, this knowledge gap is significant. Behavioural changes at various trophic levels have been observed (e. g. increased downward swimming in phytoflagellates, decreased detection and avoidance of predators in larval fish) and postulated (e. g. increased movement to OA refugia such as eelgrass meadows). Such behavioural changes might alter the structure of marine communities in BC, and present another knowledge gap. Crabs may experience negative impacts under OA while other crustaceans significant to the harvest fishery in BC, like prawns, have not been well studied but appear to be more strongly sensitive to temperature than OA. In general, the juvenile stages of crustaceans are most vulnerable to OA, growing more slowly because they need to expend more energy under OA. Supporting InformationS1 Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertain impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on various marine species and ecosystems. While it mentions negative effects on specific species and the shellfish industry, it does not support the notion that marine ecosystems will be completely destroyed by 2050. Instead, it highlights significant knowledge gaps about how different species will respond to OA and the complexity of ecological interactions, indicating that while OA is a serious threat, the total destruction of marine ecosystems is not guaranteed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: F. (2000) Physics of Solid Bodies. Textbook 494 M. Vysshaya shkola. [27] Tyushev, A. N. (2011) Physics Lections: Part 5. 167 Novosibirsk, SGGA. [28] Pasynkov, V. V. and Sorokin, V. S. (2001) Materials of Electronic Technics. Series: Textbooks for Universities 368 Lan. [29] Lifshits, I. M. , Azbel, M. Y. and Kaganov, M. I. (1971) of Metals 416 M. Nauka. [30] Matveev, A. N. (1983) Electricity and Magnetism. 464 M. Vysshaya Shkola. [31] Juravlev, V. A. (2002) of Lections 240 M. Institute. [32] Plotkin, V. V. , Dyadkov, P. G. and Ovchinnikov, S. G. (2014) Identification of of in Lower Mantle: Inversion of Geomagnetic Data. Geology and Geophysics, 55, 1436-1445. [33] and Sokolova, E. U. (2008) Practical Physics: Quantum Physics. Physics of Elements 210 M. VVIA im. Prof. N. E. Jukovskogo. [34] Loper, D. E. (1984) Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle. Advances in Geophysics, 26, 1-34. [35] Hoffman, D. L. and Simmons, A. (2008) Earth 404 BookSurge Publishing. [36] Hansen, J. , Sato, M. , Russell, G. and Kharecha, P. (2013) Climate Sensitivity, Dioxide. [37] Kotlyakov, V. M. (2012) Causes and Results of Changes. Solar and Earth’s Physics, 21, 110-114. [38] Zachos, J. , Pagani, M. , Sloan, L. , Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686- 693. [39] Yanovsky, B. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it appears to be a list of references and textbooks related to physics, without any specific mention of sea turtles or magnetic navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Holland, 2011b: Influence of initial conditions and climate forcing on predicting Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 38, L18503, falseSearch 1505. 05424. Bonan, D. B. , M. Bushuk, and M. Winton, 2019: A spring barrier for regional predictions of summer Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 46, 5937–5947, D. B. , M. Bushuk, and M. Winton, 2019: A spring barrier for regional predictions of summer Arctic sea ice. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 46, 5937–5947, falseSearch 10. 1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0541:>2. 0. CO;2. CrossrefBretherton, C. S. , C. Smith, and J. M. Wallace, 1992: An intercomparison of methods for finding coupled patterns in climate data. J. Climate, 5, 541–560, falseSearch 10. 1002/2017GL073155. CrossrefBushuk, M. , R. Msadek, M. Winton, G. A. Vecchi, R. Gudgel, A. Rosati, and X. Yang, 2017: Skillful regional prediction of Arctic sea ice on seasonal timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett. , 44, 4953–4964, falseSearch 10. 5194/npg-27-373-202. CrossrefChattopadhyay, A. , P. Hassanzadeh, and D. Subramanian, 2020: Data-driven predictions of a multiscale Lorenz 96 chaotic system using machine-learning methods: Reservoir computing, artificial neural network, and long short-term memory network. Geophys. , 27, 373–389, falseSearch 10. 1007/s00382-018-4592-6. CrossrefCruz-García, R. , V. Guemas, M. Chevallier, and F. Massonnet, 2019: An assessment of regional sea ice predictability in the Arctic Ocean. Climate Dyn. , 53, 427–440, falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 828. CrossrefDee, D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning the recovery of Arctic ice or the long-term effects of previous melting. It mainly cites various studies about Arctic sea ice without providing any information that corroborates or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: (2001) Changes in the zooplankton community of the continental margin, 1985–1999, and their covariation with oceanographic conditions. Sci 58: 685–702. View 156. (2011) Impacts of CO2-driven seawater acidification on survival, egg production rate and hatching success of four marine copepods. Sin 30: 86–94. View 157. (2004) Effects of raised CO2 concentration on the egg production rate and early development of two marine copepods (Acartia steueri and Acartia erythraea). Bull 49: 721–727. pmid:15530515 View 158. (2007) CO2-induced acidification affects hatching success in Calanus finmarchicus. 350: 91–97. View 159. Kurihara H, (2008) Effects of high CO2 seawater on the copepod (Acartia tsuensis) through all life stages and subsequent generations. Bull 56: 1086–1090. pmid:18455195 View 160. Weydmann A, Søreide (2012) Influence of CO2-induced acidification on the reproduction of a key Arctic copepod Calanus glacialis. J 428: 39–42. View 161. Vehmaa A, Brutemark A, Engström-Öst J (2012) Maternal effects may act as an adaptation mechanism for copepods facing pH and temperature changes. 7: e48538. pmid:23119052 View 162. (2012) End of century ocean warming and acidification effects on reproductive success in a temperate marine copepod. J 34: 258–262. View 163. (2013) Medium-term exposure of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus (Gunnerus, 1770) to CO2-acidified seawater: effects on survival and development. Biogeosciences 10: 7481–7491. View 164. (2012) Pteropod time-series from the NE Pacific. 69: 448–459. View 165. (2005) Zooplankton distribution and dynamics in a eddy of coastal origin. 2. Mechanisms of eddy colonization by and retention of offshore species. Res II 52: 1011–1035. View 166. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting various studies on the effects of ocean acidification on marine copepods, indicating that while acidification has significant impacts on survival, egg production, and development, it does not assert that it will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. Instead, the text highlights the nuanced effects on specific species and their adaptations, suggesting that not all aspects of marine ecosystems are likely to be completely destroyed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: (1978) Terrestrial Magnetism. Parts 1, 2. 591 L. GITTL. [40] Kolesnikov, L. V. and Yudin, A. L. (2003) Materials Science. Part 2. for Laboratory Practice. 82 Kemerovo. [41] Boriev, I. A. (2012) of Impulse’s Electrons in Substance under Effect of Electricity and Time of Free Path. News of Science Academy, Engineering, 3, 105-112. [42] Monin, A. S. (1977) History of Earth 228 L. Science. [43] and David, J. (2004) CO2 as a of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14, 4-10. [44] Serebrennikov, V. B. (2008) Temperature and in Anthropogen and Its Consequences. Peter’s Academy News. 9. [45] Korzun, V. A. (2009) Global Warming—Reality or Politicized Mith? (Perspectives of Development a “Green Economics” in Russia) 191 M. . [46] Petrovich, A. (2011) Canon of Ice Age. of 132 St. Petersburg. Nestor-Istoriya. [47] Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: Structures to Order through Fluctuations, J. Wiley& Sons, New York. [48] Butler, S. L. , Peltier, W. R. and Costin, S. O. (2005) of the Earth’s Thermal History: Effects of Inner-. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152, 22-42. [49] Korotkih, A. G. and Shamanin, I. (2007) Hydrodynamics and Basics in Nuclear Reactors. Textbook 117 University. [50] Micheev, M. A. and Micheeva, I. M. (1977) Basics of Heat Exchange. 2nd Edition, stereotipe 344 M. Energiya. [51] Isachenko, V. P. , Osipova, V. A. and Sukomel, A. S. (1981) 416 M. Energoizdat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and does not contain any information relevant to the claim about sea turtles using the Earth's magnetic field for navigation. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: However, there are some major issues that will need to be addressed before the manuscript can be published. Major comments/concerns The quality of English language used throughout the manuscript leaves a lot to be desired. As well as reducing the overall readability of the paper, there are also several cases in which it is hard to understand what is being said (or why). One of the main motivations listed for this study, and the BRMT dataset, is that summer satellite SIT data is not available. This issue is mentioned several times and the authors go so far as to state that it is “impossible”. However, the authors do not take into account the fact that summer satellite SIT has been being developed now for many years. The first dataset of summer Arctic radar freeboard (10-years) was published at the beginning of this year (Dawson et al. , 2022). (NB. conversion from radar freeboard to SIT has also been done but that paper is still in press. ) I’m not necessarily saying that the existence of these new datasets invalidates the motivation for this study, but it should definitely be referenced and included in the discussion. How does/would the BRMT compare with the Dawson et al. (2022) freeboard? The paper manages to be both too long and detailed, and too short and vague at the same time. By this I mean that, despite the paper being rather long, sufficient details are not provided of the methods used to create BRMT. Given the length of the paper, I recommend that the authors consider dropping Section 5 and focussing properly on the BRMT reconstructed dataset – both creation and evaluation. The “retrospective forecast experiments” in Section 5 are really only cursory, with less than one month of forecasts performed for only one particular year. To properly assess the impact of assimilating the a much more comprehensive assessment would be needed – including the whole summer period on at least 2 different years. Many would also question the fact that BRMT uses information from the future (i. e. , 2012-2018) in the reconstruction. This makes it unusable for real-world forecasting situations. How much skill would be lost if you were to only use past data? I struggle with the concept and motivation for the reconstructed SIT dataset. BRMT essentially uses the relationship between SIC and SIT in the TOPAZ reanalysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the status of Arctic ice recovery or the long-term effects of melting. It primarily discusses concerns related to a manuscript's quality and dataset issues, specifically regarding the BRMT dataset and summer satellite SIT data. Therefore, it does not provide any information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: (2012) oyster, Crassostrea gigas, shows negative correlation to naturally elevated carbon dioxide levels: Implications for near-term ocean acidification effects. 57: 698–710. View 196. (2010) Meta-analysis reveals negative yet variable effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms. 13: 1419–1434. pmid:20958904 View 197. ’Connor WA, Pörtner HO, Scanes E, et al. (2013) Predicting the response of molluscs to the impact of ocean acidification. Biology 2: 651–692. pmid:24832802 View 198. Havenhand JN, (2009) Near-future levels of ocean acidification do not affect sperm motility and fertilization kinetics in the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Biogeosciences 6: 3009–3015. View 199. ’Connor WA (2010) Comparing the effect of elevated pCO2 and temperature on the fertilization and early development of two species of oysters. 157: 2435–2452. View 200. ícharo L, (2013) Effects of sea-water acidification on fertilization and larval development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. J 440: 200–206. View 201. (2007) Effects of increased seawater pCO2 on early development of the oyster Crassostrea gigas. 1: 91–98. View 202. Timmins-Schiffman E, O’(2013) Elevated pCO2 causes developmental delay in early larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. 160: 1973–1982. View 203. (2013) Larval and post-larval stages of (Crassostrea gigas) are resistant to elevated CO2. 8: e64147. pmid:23724027 View 204. (2011) Elevated seawater CO2 concentrations impair larval development and reduce larval survival in endangered northern abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana). J 400: 272–277. View 205. (2014) Hypoxia and acidification have additive and synergistic negative effects on the growth, survival, and metamorphosis of early life stage bivalves. 9: e83648. pmid:24416169 View 206. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that highlight specific effects of ocean acidification on marine organisms, particularly focusing on oyster species (Crassostrea gigas). For instance, it cites research showing that while there are negative correlations with elevated carbon dioxide levels, the effects vary among organisms and developmental stages. This implies that while ocean acidification poses risks, it does not conclusively support the assertion that it will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: [52] Buchmirov, V. V. , Rakutina, D. V. and Solnyshkova, J. S. (2013) Conductivity. for 36 Ivanovo. [53] Lykov, A. (1967) Theory of Thermal Conductivity. 599 M. Vysshaya shkola. [54] Stepanov, A. A. and Starchenko, S. (2005) in Mantle. “Researched in Russia”, 8, 1760-1770. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various sources and research but does not provide any information about sea turtles or their navigation methods involving the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells.' This directly supports the assertion that solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, aligning with the explanation of the photovoltaic effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Zygote 18: 103–107. pmid:20370935 View 265. (2009) Elevated water temperature and carbon dioxide concentration increase the growth of a keystone echinoderm. 106: 9316–9321. pmid:19470464 View 266. (2008) Near-future level of CO2-driven ocean acidification radically affects larval survival and development in the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis. 373: 285–294. View 267. Love MS (2011) Want to of Coast: A Postmodern Experience. . 268. (1983) Oxygen consumption of pelagic juveniles and demersal adults of the deep-sea fish Sebastolobus altivelis, measured at depth. 76: 325–332. View 269. Gardner GA, (1982) pelagic marine copepoda: an identification manual and annotated 270. (2009) Checklist of the barnacles of (updated October 2009). In: Klinkenberg, B, editor, E-Fauna BC: of the Fauna of [www. efauna. bc. ca]. Lab for Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Date Accessed: 2014-02-05], plambert@pacificcoast. net: Columbia Museum. URL 271. (2011) Checklist of the shrimps, crabs, lobsters and crayfish of 2011 (order Decapoda). In: Klinkenberg B, editor, E-Fauna BC: of the Fauna of [www. efauna. bc. ca]. Lab for Analysis, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. [Date Accessed: 2014-02-03], plambert@pacificcoast. net: Columbia Museum. URL 272. (2001) Diet of Euphausia pacifica hansen in Sanriku waters off northeastern Japan. Ecol 48: 68–77. View 273. Fisheries and (2014) —Crab by Trap—January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2014. 227 275. (2009) Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37: 1131–1134. View 276. Ries JB (2011) Skeletal mineralogy in a high-CO2 world. J 403: 54–64. View 277. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that 'marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification,' indicating that while some marine organisms may be affected negatively, others may not experience complete destruction. This suggests that marine ecosystems may not be wholly devastated by ocean acidification by 2050, countering the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods. It discusses the Earth's magnetic field and its geological implications without mentioning any connection to sea turtles or their navigation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: In previous study on the integration BIM and building performance, it has been indicated that BIM can aid in the sunlight analysis [12]. BIM technologies offer new insights into the dynamic relationship and specificities of sunlight conditions and the individual building’s use and properties, helping us identify the balancing points of solar gains and daylight conditions resulting from urban geometry [13]. Welle et al. [14] designed an automated product model decomposition and re-composition methodology for BIM-centric climate-based daylighting simulation called the BIM-Profiler for Simulation (BDP4SIM). Joo et al. [15] developed a tool capable of analyzing various design schemes during the early stages of design by building a reasonable BIM data system for sustainability analysis and using the architectural BIM model to carry out sunshine and energy analysis in a Web environment. Generally, two main methods are used for sunlight analysis in building design. One method is the graphing method, which includes normal shadow-graph, pole shadow-graph, instantaneous shadow-graph, and hours shadow overlay. The other method is the modeling test, which performs analysis based on a scale-model of buildings and a sundial. Though the sun spacing coefficient table was widely used in China during the late 1990s, table’s usefulness is restricted by some limitations that require compliance during early building layout design, where the sun spacing factor is applied in parallel with layer settings for the building. Shadow graphs created for software applications offer a new detailed representation of shadow constraints. Overall, the solar analysis model using BIM has advantage of being importable to related software, generating shadow animations for target periods and simulation results that can be saved on BIM database for property management and quality control. 2. 2. Solar energy and buildingsSolar energy is the portion of the sun’s energy available at the earth’s surface for useful applications, such as exciting electrons in a photovoltaic cell and indoor illumination. Solar energy system is currently the most widely installed renewable energy system in the building sector in an effort to reduce the energy consumption of buildings [16]. Developing the calculation model for solar energy in buildings is helpful to describe the mathematical relations between the solar energy and building attributes such as orientation, location, height, area, etc. An important aspect in calculating solar energy is the accuracy of the developed model, which is evaluated using initial data input [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that solar energy involves exciting electrons in a photovoltaic cell, which directly relates to the process of converting sunlight into electricity. This description reinforces the notion of the photovoltaic effect as a mechanism of harnessing solar energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: (2013) Effects of ocean acidification on hatch size and larval growth of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma). 70: 812–822. View 304. (2010) Effect of ocean acidification on marine fish sperm (Baltic cod: Gadus morhua). Biogeosciences 7: 3915–3919. View 305. Franke A, (2011) Effect of ocean acidification on early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L. ). Biogeosciences 8: 3697–3707. View 306. (2012) Reduced early life growth and survival in a fish in direct response to increased carbon dioxide. Change 2: 38–41. View 307. (2009) Elevated CO2 enhances otolith growth in young fish. Science 324: 1683–1683. pmid:19556502 View 308. (2013) Effects of ocean acidification on the calcification of otoliths of larval Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. 477: 251–258. View 309. (2011) Effect of ocean acidification on otolith development in larvae of a tropical marine fish. Biogeosciences 8: 1631–1641. View 310. (2013) Ocean acidification alters the otoliths of a pantropical fish species with implications for sensory function. 110: 7366–7370. pmid:23589887 View 311. (2010) Ocean acidification disrupts the innate ability of fish to detect predator olfactory cues. 13: 68–75. pmid:19917053 View 312. (2012) Effects of ocean acidification on visual risk assessment in coral reef fishes. 26: 553–558. View 313. (2010) Replenishment of fish populations is threatened by ocean acidification. 107: 12930–12934. pmid:20615968 View 314. (2009) Ocean acidification impairs olfactory discrimination and homing ability of a marine fish. 106: 1848–1852. pmid:19188596 View 315. (2011) Ocean acidification erodes crucial auditory behaviour in a marine fish. 7: 917–920. pmid:21632617 View 316. (2012) Effects of ocean acidification on learning in coral reef fishes. 7: e31478. pmid:22328936 View 317. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a series of scientific references that indicate specific effects of ocean acidification on various marine organisms, such as growth and survival rates in fish and impacts on sensory functions. While the claim posits a complete destruction of all marine ecosystems, the text does not suggest total destruction but rather highlights detrimental effects that may lead to significant changes in marine life. Therefore, it serves to challenge the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In other words, paleomagnetic intensity might tell scientists when the inner core began to form, with some suggesting that the answer is a little more than half a billion years ago (i. e. , only in the last ~10% of Earth’s history). This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now In a new study published in the Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America, paleomagnetist and University of California, Berkeley doctoral student and his coauthors collected and studied rocks from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift—a region where 1. 1 billion years ago there was voluminous volcanism. The rocks that Zhang targeted are unique aggregations of crystals known as anorthosite xenoliths that formed deep in Earth’s crust but were brought close to the surface with magma that fed lava eruptions into the rift. The team found surprisingly high paleointensity values that signal a turbulent core—more spirited than might be expected for a liquid core lacking a solid center and stronger than Earth’s magnetic field today. Plot of age versus paleointensity, with a dashed line showing a previously interpreted decreasing trend until about 500–600 million years ago, after which paleointensity values begin to climb, showing distinct lows but also higher highs than most data from the Precambrian, barring the data presented in the new study. A light blue band from 1,110 to 1,085 million years ago shows the age of the rocks in this study as well as their curiously high paleointensity values. Credit: Zhang et al. , 2022, of Earth’s energy that causes the liquid core to move, or convect, comes from two different mechanisms. Thermally convecting liquid is driven by heat that’s wanting to rise and escape, said Courtney Sprain, a paleomagnetist at the University of Florida who was not involved in this study. In the other mechanism, compositional convection stirs the cauldron because of light elements. As the mostly iron inner core solidifies, it excludes lighter, more buoyant elements that proceed to rise through the liquid outer core. “We believe [that] today, that’s one of our main sources of energy driving the geodynamo,” Sprain explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. The provided information discusses studies related to paleomagnetic intensity and the movement of Earth's inner core, with no mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: The large volume of residential building construction in recent years and the deficit of conventional energy sources justify any initiatives conducive to the construction of self-sustainable residential buildings that are capable of producing their own energy for illumination, HVAC, electrical appliances, etc. [18]. The design of alternative energy devices is a predictable way to develop a wide range of new technologies for a more sustainable future. To achieve energy sustainability, the installation of building-integrated solar panels is a viable option. Solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy. Solar panels do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts. Rooftop and vertical surfaces on buildings are convenient installation position to supply solar energy to meet growing energy demands. Depending on material, solar panels can be classified into different kinds: silicon solar cell, compound solar cells, polymer solar cell, nanocrystal solar cell, organic solar cell, and plastic solar cell. Many of factors play part in determining the practicality of a given solar installation and the selection of solar panels. One major factor is the available sunlight. Considering the sun is what combines with the photovoltaic panels to produce the energy, an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable [19]. Glasnovic and Margeta [19] performed an analysis of photovoltaic pumps versus diesel pumps and concluded that photovoltaic pumps were more efficient than diesel pump. Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, such as rooftop panels on buildings. The past decade has seen a remarkable evolution in mainstream silicon solar cell technology, documented by greatly increased production volumes and greatly reduced costs. By using solar panels, electricity costs from outside sources are negated by the electricity produced by the building’s surface installations. Additionally, emissions that are the environmental cost of burning coal to produce electricity are significantly reduced. Although solar energy is renewable, more efficient than fossil fuel and environmentally friendly, it is costly. According to Borenstein [20], the high cost of power from solar panels has been a major deterrent to the technology’s market penetration, while the current direct cost of photovoltaic solar panels is widely acknowledged to be much greater than fossil fuel generation or many other renewable energy sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing a clear explanation of how solar panels work, specifically stating that 'solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy.' This directly supports the claim that solar panels convert sunlight into electricity, confirming the involvement of the photovoltaic effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/os-19-101-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/os-19-101-2023, 2023. Received: 10 Sep 2022 – Discussion started: 26 Sep 2022 – Revised: 15 Dec 2022 – Accepted: 26 Dec 2022 – Published: 25 Jan 2023 1 perturbations to the Earth system directly impact the health of the world's ocean, its biochemical dynamics, its ecological properties and natural resources, and consequently the provision of ecosystem services. Ocean change includes so-called “slow onset events”, such as ocean warming, acidification, deoxygenation, sea level rise, and glacial retreat, as well as an increase in extreme weather and biogeochemical anomalous conditions, such as marine heat waves (Hobday et al. , 2016), storms, and extreme acidification and deoxygenation events (Gruber et al. , 2021). Today, the ocean absorbs about one-quarter of the CO2 emitted to the atmosphere annually by human activities, resulting in a reduction of seawater pH (Friedlingstein et al. , 2019, 2020). This multi-decadal process, termed “anthropogenic ocean acidification”, causes additional chemical changes, including altering the speciation of dissolved inorganic carbon. Other regional and local changes also affect carbonate chemistry, such as enhanced upwelling, sea ice melt, riverine inputs, or increased temperature. Marine species and ecosystems respond to changes in carbonate chemistry regardless of the driving mechanism, so we use the term ocean acidification (OA) here more broadly to refer to all acidification whether anthropogenically derived global, regional, or local processes. Although there is an accepted recognition of OA as a threat to ocean health and its detrimental and nonlinear impacts on marine species and ecosystems, the initial focus of international networks, projects, and organizations was to adequately describe, quantify, and understand the chemical changes associated with OA (Newton et al. , 2015). Substantial progress in this direction has been made (Tilbrook et al. , 2019), notwithstanding the fact that many geographical regions still lack sufficient capability, information, and data to determine local OA conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by recognizing ocean acidification (OA) as a significant threat to ocean health and its detrimental impacts on marine species and ecosystems. However, it does not support the absolute assertion that it will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. Instead, it indicates that while OA causes serious changes and poses risks, it implies that understanding and documenting these changes is ongoing, and that the focus has been on describing and quantifying the chemical changes rather than declaring an inevitable total destruction of ecosystems within a specific timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: was much warmer billions of years ago and the inner core was not initially present, thermal convection may have been the primary driver generating the early magnetic field, said Richard Bono, a paleomagnetist at University who also was not involved in Zhang’s work. cooled, thermal convection—and the intensity of the magnetic field—should have tapered. But continued cooling eventually led to the beginnings of Earth’s solid metal heart, which should have boosted the waning magnetic field as compositional convection overtook its thermal counterpart. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values. ” This transition might have begun less than 700 million years ago (much younger than canonical estimates), according to experiments designed to determine how fast iron conducts heat at extremely high pressures and temperatures, said Zhang. However, such experiments have led to different results through different approaches, enough so that various scenarios of the age of the inner core are possible. A 2019 paper led by Bono, in which scientists collated high-quality paleointensity data, supported this young inner core formation timeline, with the paleomagnetic field interpreted to decrease in intensity until a 565-million-year-old low, followed by a rise toward much higher values, signifying more mixing. This timeline led to the intriguing hypothesis that the inner core began to form sometime after 565 million years ago—remarkably young. However, because older (1. 14-billion-year-old) rocks have low paleointensity values, Zhang’s curiously high paleointensity data in 1. 09-billion-year-old rocks could be interpreted as inner core nucleation similar to some previous estimates. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values,” said Zhang. If true, new explanations for later ebbs and flows of paleointensity are needed for around 565 million years ago, as well as at younger times of low to high field strength transitions. Nevertheless, these data don’t negate inner core nucleation 565 million years ago either, he said. “If anything, this is telling us we need to start trying to understand some of the other added complexities” like plate tectonics, said Sprain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about sea turtles' navigation. Instead, it discusses the history and formation of the Earth's inner core and magnetic field without references to marine biology or animal navigation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: Shadow range of the Civil BuildingFigure 9 shows shadow range of and its continuous shadow envelope on the ground on day. Figure 9. Shadow range of civil building. 3. 5. 8. Screenshot of sunshine simulationThis research section examines sunshine of the 8:00–16:00 h (in Figure 10). The shadow area is relatively large around 8:00, while most windows on the North side can receive sunshine. The shadow area at 12:00 is much less than any other time of the day, which means that windows receiving sunshine increase and sunshine duration is much longer. 16:00 is the latest time point used for analyzing sunshine duration on the on day, and the shadow is accordingly stretches. According to the three images above, no windows on the nightside can receive sunshine at any time of the day, which is in accordance with the sunshine analysis of windows as shown above. Figure 10. Sunshine simulation at (a) 8:00 A. M. , (b) 12:00 P. M. , and (c) 16:00 P. M. Advertisement 4. Results and discussion4. 1. The assumption of energy calculationIn this study, the analyzed building is treated as one system, where the amount of solar energy gained by any facade of building is the main research target. Related data used to calculate solar energy are generated in the sunlight simulation by BIM modeling, which shows the sunshine duration on facades of a selected building. For solar energy calculation in this study, it is assumed that meets the following conditions:Solar panels can be installed on the rooftop and vertical walls with a sunshine duration more than 5 h. In order to satisfy required cost savings, the solar panels will not be installed on the north-facing vertical wall of the building because of its insufficient sunshine all year around. Every solar panel is made up of the same material, and the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity to attain efficiency in stable networks. The energy cost analysis mainly considers the cost of solar panels. The analysis period for energy cost is classified into and Winter Solstice. The duration time is assumed to be the average of each solar term. According to the weather statistics over the last 3 years, the average number of sunny days each year accounted for 55%. The duration of the sunshine period on the facade of the building is considered to be the average length of the period as estimated by sunlight simulation on. The rate paid for electricity is 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the absorbed sunlight can be converted into electricity' which is a fundamental principle of the photovoltaic effect associated with solar panels. It emphasizes the process by which solar panels function and confirms their capability to convert sunlight into electrical energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Best practices and standard operating mechanisms are now available to the global scientific community to assess spatial and temporal patterns in pH and carbonate chemistry, to quantify trends and rates of change, and to identify areas with strong signals of OA chemical impacts (IOC-2019, and 14. 3. In principle, using a similar approach to evaluate biological sensitivity to OA would allow direct comparability between the growing availability of carbonate chemistry data and biological observations. However, while the measurement of carbonate chemistry is largely limited to a small number of parameters (pH, dissolved inorganic carbon – DIC, partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2, total alkalinity – TA), all of which can be calculated with different degrees of uncertainty from direct measurements of any two of these parameters, measurement of biological impacts encompasses a much wider range of parameters, each with different scales and units. Thus, while standardizing the observation of carbonate chemistry changes is relatively straightforward, standardizing the measurement of biological impacts in a way that would allow broad-scale comparisons among regions and ecosystems is considerably more challenging. The first challenge for delivering a truly global assessment of OA impacts is to identify a set of fundamental biological parameters that (a) are not linked to any model organism, (b) are relevant across different biological systems, (c) have a strongly demonstrated link to OA, (d) have implications for the overall function of ecosystems and the provision of ecosystem services, and (e) should be easily measurable. OA alters multiple properties of the seawater carbonate system, including pH, speciation of DIC, and carbonate saturation state, that individually or in combination affect marine organisms. Consideration of only one of these parameters may then obscure the mechanistic origin of any observed OA-driven change in biological attributes. While other drivers, such as temperature, nutrients, and oxygen, may exert proximate control over changes in many marine ecosystems, it is important to recognize that OA may have a major role in modulating these consequences in most marine waters, while being the dominant driver for ecosystem change in others (e. g. , Kroeker et al. , 2013; Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). In addition to the influence of other climate drivers, it should be noted that biological impacts can be heavily moderated by other environmental and ecological factors such as energy supply as well as other drivers and stressors such as nutrient and food content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of measuring biological impacts due to ocean acidification (OA) and highlighting that various environmental and ecological factors can moderate these impacts. It indicates that while OA may significantly affect marine ecosystems, it operates alongside other factors, suggesting that the notion of complete destruction by 2050 is an oversimplification. The text emphasizes the challenge of standardizing biological measurements and acknowledges that OA may not be the sole driver of ecosystem change, thereby undermining the certainty of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Subducting plates move through the mantle, sometimes settling into cold piles at the core-mantle boundary. Elsewhere along this boundary, buoyant plumes of hot material rise upward. These sunken slabs and upwelling plumes affect how heat escapes from the core, a process that itself affects how quickly the outer core can convect. The core’s pattern of exhaling heat changes as this geometry shifts, which could affect how the magnetic field is generated, she explained. Snapshot or Long-Term Average? “Our magnetic field is really crazy. ” “Our magnetic field is really crazy,” said Sprain. “It can change on timescales of seconds to millions of years. ” “When we’re trying to understand what the strength of the field is, we have to ask—how much time are we looking at, [and] how much time do we average? ” said Bono. A rock that cools quickly, on the order of hundreds or thousands of years, will record a snapshot of the magnetic field. A rock that takes many tens or hundreds of thousands of years to cool smooths out the magnetic field’s short-term variation. “You really need to be looking at the time-averaged field strength” to understand what was happening in the core, he said. In the new study, said Sprain, Zhang has data from seven sites but only one date for these rocks. Because these are very old rocks, each date’s margin of error would be on the order of 100,000 years to greater than 1 million; collecting more dates wouldn’t necessarily help resolve the relative timing between sites. “Even if there was more than 10,000 years between [multiple samples’] cooling times, we wouldn’t be able to resolve it [because] the ages would overlap,” Sprain said. Nevertheless, the data are of high quality, and even averaging all the information together results in a higher-than-expected magnetic field for 1. 1 billion years ago, confirming the findings of prior work, said Bono. In this prior work, Sprain found that slightly older volcanic rocks from the also record a strong magnetic field similar to that on Earth today. “What we need,” said Sprain, “is more high-quality data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that sea turtles use the Earth’s magnetic field for navigation. Instead, it discusses the geological processes affecting the Earth's magnetic field, including the movement of subducting plates and the cooling of rocks, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: FloorSurfaceThe spring equinoxThe summer solsticeThe autumnal equinoxThe winter solsticeEffective sunshine duration in a year (h)Roof1214121023761South5. 44. 85. 43920. 7East6764. 51163. 25West3. 34. 53. 32. 42South64. 864594East67651188West3. 64. 53. 62. 63South74. 774. 51148. 4East65651188West43434-5South8. 66. 58. 66. 51470. 15East67651188West4. 7564. 753. 56-10South12612101980East67651188West6764. 81178. 111-14South12412101881East67651188West6765118815South121. 512101757. 25East66. 5651163. 25West66. 5651163. 2516South6. 80. 56. 891143. 45East3. 43. 63. 43. 5West4. 34. 54. 34Table 6. Sunshine duration of different surfaces (unit: h). In this part of the study, sunshine striking a given surface between sunrise and sunset is of concern. First, the total amount of annual solar energy striking surface for more than 5 h was calculated for each solar term over a whole year, which calculation was performed for every surface of the building. The related and required parameters for cost calculation were then assigned. According to the sustainable design plan of the Civil Building, polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency (1. 65 m long, 0. 991 m wide, and 0. 04 m light) are suitable components for a larger photovoltaic energy generation and supply system. The installed photovoltaic system will receive 3 RMB per watt capacity in construction subsidies, thus each solar panel 240 W will yield 720 RMB in subsidy. The total number of solar panels n that can be installed on the surface is given in Eq. (1), where Ai is the combined effective area of the facade and rooftop of the Civil Building, while S is the cross-sectional area of the solar panel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar panels and their conversion efficiency, linking them to the photovoltaic energy generation system. It mentions 'polycrystalline silicon solar panel at 240 W and 18% conversion efficiency,' which directly supports the notion that solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: In regions experiencing multiple elevated environmental stressors (e. g. , increased sedimentation, organic or inorganic contaminants) it will be more difficult to disentangle the longer-term OA effects from those potential confounding effects. However, while complicating factors do not negate the importance of collecting OA impact data from these areas, it does emphasize the importance of collecting additional relevant environmental data to aid interpretation of the observed biological responses. In addition, for indicators measured at the species level, different life stages may also show different responses (e. g. , Kroeker et al. , 2013; Bednarsek et al. , 2019, 2021a, b). These measures for adults can give regional insights into how ecosystems have responded to OA pressures, while measuring these aspects on juvenile stages may help to presage the future changes in these ecosystems. So again, the importance of collecting environmental, ecological, and physiological contextual data cannot be overemphasized. Figure 1Five fundamental ecosystem traits identified as potentially sensitive to ocean acidification and their observable indicators. Download 3 Five traits that are influenced by OA Based on previously published meta-analysis and reviews (e. g. , Doney et al. , 2020; Figuerola et al. , 2021; Hancock et al. , 2020; Kroeker et al. , 2013; Turley and Gattuso, 2012), we delineate five fundamental ecosystem traits and their suite of observable indicators (Fig. 1): (1) calcified organisms and calcification, (2) autotrophs and primary production, (3) heterotrophs and secondary production, (4) biodiversity and community structure, and (5) genetic adaptation. The specific choice of indicator at different sites will depend on the questions or concerns of the investigator but should relate to fitness of species and the health of marine populations and communities; if relevant, it should also be associated with key ecosystem services. The feasibility of obtaining these observations over the long term must also be considered. Detection of OA-induced change in these indicators hinges upon the variability of the data, so a first step is to apply recognized best practices for biological measurements (Katsanevakis et al. , 2012; Bean et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of assessing the impact of ocean acidification (OA) amidst multiple environmental stressors and emphasizing the importance of collecting comprehensive data to understand these effects. It mentions that different life stages of organisms may respond differently to OA, suggesting that while OA poses risks, it does not guarantee the complete destruction of all marine ecosystems. The need for targeted data collection to monitor OA impacts indicates a more nuanced understanding than the absolute statement in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial motility is typically studied in bulk solution, while their natural habitats often are complex environments. Here, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles to study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic environment. Magnetotactic bacteria are microorganisms that form chains of nanomagnets and that orient in Earth’s magnetic field. The obstacles were produced based on micro-computer tomography reconstructions of bacteria-rich sediment samples. We characterized the swimming of the cells through these channels and found that swimming throughput was highest for physiological magnetic fields. This observation was confirmed by extensive computer simulations using an active Brownian p10. 7554/eLife. 98001. 1. sa2Significance of findingsvaluable: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications for a subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 2. 1 Characterization of sediment and construction of sediment-mimicking microfluidic channelsTo study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic sediment environment that resembles their natural habitat, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles (Fig. 1 and S1). To that end, we first characterized a sediment sample in water from the magnetotactic bacteria-rich lake (Potsdam, Germany). We determined a 3D reconstruction of the sample using micro-computer tomography (muCT) with a resolution of 1. 56 µm (Fig. 2a-d) and analyzed the sizes of sediment p1. Construction of sediment-mimicking obstacle channels:Micro-computer tomography slices of sediment samples (a) are cropped out to ignore border effect due to the reconstruction and binarized (b). The binarized images are then fitted with circles (c) for statistical analysis (grain size distribution in d) and for construction of arrays of pillar-shaped obstacles (e). The images of irregular grains (b) and fitted circles (e) are used as masks to design microfluidic channels with obstacle arrays (f), in which the bacteria are injected in the middle channel (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the study of magnetotactic bacteria and their orientation in Earth's magnetic field but does not provide any information or evidence regarding sea turtles or their navigation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: E1The total electrical energy Q generated by solar panels installed on the can be calculated by Eq. (2), where η is the conversion efficiency of the solar panel, w is the power output of solar panels, and Ti is the effective sunshine duration per year of each surface. E2The amount of the electricity converted by solar panels can be calculated in Eq. (3). E3As is shown in Eq. (3), the solar panels yield more than 60 billion joules of savings in electricity, which shows that the solar panels installed on “Civil Building” reduce traditional energy consumption and in turn contribute to the overall energy efficiency. To assess economic benefit of solar panels, the payback period for solar panel cost can be calculated using Eq. (4). E4In this case, p is the price of each solar panel and C is the operating cost of solar panels. Considering an average electricity price 0. 88 RMB per kilowatt-hour in Nanjing, the daily saving on electricity rates P and the recovery period T can be calculated as follows. P=0. 88×651860789. 2/3600=159343. 7485RMBT=C/P=1831680/159343. 7485=11. 5yearsThrough the cost analysis, after year 11, the investment status solar panels become positive, which means that after 11. 5 years, the solar panel system will operate as a positive cash flow source. Based on the 30-year estimated lifespan of the solar panels, there will be more years benefitting from the solar panel installation than years paying for it. After fully analyzing all the results, the investment is definitely cost-beneficial. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe switch to alternative energy sources of electricity is increasing, especially solar energy. The installation of solar panels is advertised throughout the world including China by use of information technologies. Based on the application of building energy modeling and sunlight simulation by BIM technology, and taking advantage of information modeling with 3D visualizations, the sunshine duration and energy consumption of buildings can be calculated with a fair level of accuracy. As a widely used tool in construction sector, BIM has great prospects. With a three-dimensional digital technology, the concept of BIM integrates various kinds of relevant information from construction projects, aiding in complex building performance analyses to ensure an optimized sustainable building design. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing solar panels' conversion of sunlight into electricity. It mentions the calculation of electrical energy generated by solar panels and the importance of conversion efficiency, which supports the claim regarding the photovoltaic effect being the mechanism through which sunlight is transformed into electrical energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: OA may also influence the chemical availability of essential micronutrients (e. g. , trace metals, Gledhill et al. , 2015), thereby potentially affecting the nutritional support of primary production in some coastal and offshore waters (Hutchins and Boyd, 2016). Another mode of potential impact is that transmembrane proton gradients regulate flagellar motion and thus cell motility (Manson et al. , 1977), so OA may reduce the access of vertically migrating flagellated phylogenetic groups to nutrients while simultaneously increasing their susceptibility to predation (Hallegraeff et al. , 2012). Despite the likely complexity of potential OA effects on autotrophs and primary production, the responses will be underlain by three chief indicators. 3. 2. 2 Indicator categories and observations Biomass and abundance The total biomass of primary producers in pelagic and benthic environments is often used to signal the energy available for transfer to higher trophic levels (Pauly and Christensen, 1995; Brown et al. , 2010). Although methods for quantifying biomass or standing stock vary depending on the environment or organism of interest, they can include measures of total chlorophyll a (chl a) concentrations, phytoplankton cell abundance, microphytobenthos biomass (e. g. , chl a per area of surficial sediments), and the biomass of macroalgae and seagrasses. A central benefit of this metric is that it is less susceptible to interannual variability and thus gives more time-integrated insight into the status of communities and regions. levels of biomass at times can mask high carbon turnover rates, so measuring carbon fixation rates or planktonic, macroalgal, or seagrass growth rates can provide more sensitive and comprehensive insight into energy flows in the system (Eddy et al. , 2021). In some cases, whole community production rates can be estimated by measuring net carbon and oxygen dynamics (e. g. , Juranek and Quay, 2005). However, such estimates are prone to variability at hourly, weekly, and seasonal intervals. Establishing trends associated with OA will require longer time series. change in the rates of primary production will alter nutrient dynamics, so it will be important to measure the timing of blooms or other rapid growth periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems. It mentions that while OA may influence nutrient availability and consequently affect primary production, it doesn't imply complete destruction of all marine ecosystems. Instead, it outlines potential indicators of ecosystem health like biomass, carbon dynamics, and production rates, indicating that changes are occurring rather than total destruction. Therefore, the response highlights that the effects of OA are complex and require longer time series to establish trends, suggesting that it is unlikely to lead to complete destruction by 2050.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 mm × 1. 2 mm × 10 µm) where they encounter the obstacles. Fig. 2. Analysis of micro-computer tomography images of a sediment sample in water:a) Slice of the sediment sample, b) cube from the center of the cuvette, c) and d) examples of water gaps rendered with the Amira software. e) Distribution of the smallest grain dimension (i. e. , trabecular thickness analyzed with CTAn) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x− µ)2/c2), µ = 3. 83, c = 0. 5903, corresponding to a mean sand grain diameter of 46 µm. f) Distribution of the water gap size (i. e. , trabecular separation) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x−µ)2/c2), µ = 42. 94 µm, c = 28. 66 µm. g) Percentage of sand over water as function of the distance from the bottom of the cuvette as obtained from 2D slices of the µCT images (yellow filled line) and for the equivalent fit with circles (yellow dashed line). The red points show the mean radius of the fitted circles (± standard error of the mean) in µm (right axis). We next analyzed two-dimensional slices of the µCT images at various depths of the sample to study if any difference is observed. This analysis returns similar values of the sand to water percentage (62 – 66% from top to bottom, see Fig. 2g, with the small difference possibly due to sedimentation of the sediment under gravity). The mean radii of circular fits to the grains varies from 68 to 62 µm from bottom to top (Fig. 2g), further potentially indicating a slight effect of sedimentation by gravity. This analysis provides the basis for the construction of our 2D microfluidic channels. To realistically represent the porous environment where magnetotactic bacteria live, we constructed quasitwodimensional microfluidic channels based on the 2D µCT images at different depths (Figure 1). These images (shown in S2) were used as masks (see Methods), such that each sediment grain becomes an irregularly shaped pillar in our quasi-2D structure. Bacteria thus swim through an array of pillars that act as obstacles for their motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it focuses on analysis related to sediment samples and the construction of microfluidic channels, which is unrelated to sea turtles or their navigational behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: A photon is the smallest quantifiable unit of an electromagnetic field. The current definition of a photon is based on studies conducted by between 1900 and 1920 (which were based on studies conducted by the German scientist Max Planck). is credited with being the first person to use the term “photon,” which was first published in Nature in 1926. Solar irradiance is the amount of energy that is received from the sun at a certain location and time in the form of electromagnetic radiation. This energy is measured in watts. It is stated as a number, and the unit of measurement used to determine it is W/m2. One of the most important forms of renewable energy is the sun’s rays, which are collectively referred to as “solar energy” by the general public. There are two primary categories of technology that exist to capture the sun’s rays: active solar technologies, such as photovoltaic systems, and passive solar technologies, which encompass a wide range of practises and may include orienting a building to the sun. Active solar technologies include photovoltaic systems. Passive solar technologies include a wide range of practises. Active solar technologies include photovoltaic systems. Advertisement 2. Basic operational principlesDirect use of solar energy can be performed in essentially two different ways: (1) the transformation of sunlight directly into electricity in semiconducting devices that are more popularly known as solar cells; and (2) the collection of heat in solar collectors. The transformation of solar radiation into electrical current is referred to as “photovoltaic energy conversion” (PV), and this is the meaning of the word “photovoltaic energy conversion. ”The photovoltaic effect is responsible for this phenomenon. The phenomena that can cause a potential difference to occur at the interface of two materials that are not identical is referred to as the “photovoltaic effect,” and it is described using the word “photovoltaic effect. ” As a result, the entire field that studies the conversion of solar energy into electricity is referred to as “photovoltaics,” and its acronym stands for “photovoltaic electrics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the photovoltaic effect as the process responsible for the transformation of sunlight into electricity. It describes solar cells and photovoltaic systems as active solar technologies that directly convert solar radiation into electrical current, aligning well with the claim regarding how solar panels work.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: Splitting the quantification of abundance and biomass into major functional or species groups can provide greater detail and resolution for identifying those aspects of the community or ecosystem that are most affected. with primary producers, the observed biomass or standing stock of secondary producers can be the consequence of rapid or more sluggish growth and predation cycling, so quantifying the rates of secondary production at either community or species scales provides important additional insights into change within environments. There is a wide range of methodologies to calculate gross estimates of pelagic and benthic secondary production from in situ techniques to algorithms (Brey, 2012). It may be useful to emphasize the observation of selected heterotrophic taxa that play a strong structuring role within the local ecosystem or that have high cultural or commercial value. Through its integrative nature, the estimates of secondary productivity are likely to exhibit less temporal variability than that of primary productivity, although the metrics of biomass or standing stock are still the preferable indicator for establishing OA-induced effects on heterotrophs and secondary production. marine secondary producers have planktonic life stages that are coupled to environmental cues which signal food abundance (e. g. , temperature, light), but this pairing may fail if OA-driven shifts in primary production become substantial. The same may be true for other segments of the food web (e. g. , migration patterns of higher organisms). As with primary producers then, quantifying any changes in the phenology of secondary producers will be important for assessing the potential influence of OA on marine ecosystems (Calbet et al. , 2014). 3. 4 Biodiversity and community structure 3. 4. 1 of the processes mentioned in the previous paragraphs result in changes in biodiversity and community structure. There is compelling evidence that the sensitivity of marine organisms to all aspects of OA varies enormously among species (Wittmann and Pörtner, 2013; Vargas et al. , 2017, 2022). This variability is created via the combination of different physiological and ecological traits exhibited by the different taxa. Such interspecific variability could allow OA to act directly as a strong selective pressure (Kroeker et al. , 2010, 2013; Hancock et al. , 2020; Figuerola et al. , 2021), decreasing biodiversity directly through species loss (Hall-Spencer et al. , 2008; Enochs et al. , 2015) or indirectly through a host of processes, such as disrupting competition (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexity and variability of marine ecosystems' responses to ocean acidification (OA). It emphasizes that sensitivity to OA varies among species due to physiological and ecological traits, which suggests that while OA can impact ecosystems, it does not definitively mean all marine ecosystems will be completely destroyed by 2050. The mention of interspecific variability and the potential for marine organisms to adapt or respond differently indicates that a complete destruction of ecosystems is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In addition, we generated channels with cylindrical pillars by fitting circles to the two-dimensional grain images (Figure 1 and S2). These rounded-shaped pillars of different diameters are used for a comparison of our experiments with computer simulations below. 2. 2 Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through sediment-mimicking obstacle channelsWith the sediment-mimicking channels at hand, we studied the motion of magnetotactic bacteria through those channels. A droplet of culture medium containing bacteria was injected into the entrance channel, which is placed under a custom-designed microscope [27], with a controlled magnetic field of either 0 µT (field cancelled), 50 µT (intensity of the geomagnetic field) or 500 (one order of magnitude larger than the geomagnetic field) µT. We then imaged the entrance and exit regions of the microfluidic channel in an alternating fashion (Figure 3a), with snapshots every 20 s and counted the number of bacteria in these two regions. These counts are noisy and some bacteria pass the channel rapidly, within the first few snapshots. The delay time after which the first bacteria reach the exit region of the channel could therefore not be reliably quantified. Instead, we determined the cumulative density of bacteria in the exit and in the entrance regions of the channel (Figure 3b) and used their ratio, determined 30 min after injecting the bacteria, as a measure of the throughput of bacteria through the channel (see Methods). We determined the throughput in this way for 20 different channels, 10 with irregularly shaped obstacles and 10 with cylindrical pillars (S2). We obtained very similar results for channels with cylindrical pillars and with irregularly shaped pillars (S3). However, we found the strength of the magnetic field to have a strong impact on the throughput, with a non-monotonic dependence on the field strength (Figure 3c). The maximal throughput was obtained for the intermediate field strength of 50 µT, while without a field as well as with a field of 500 µT the throughput was smaller. By contrast, for a channel without obstacles, the throughput increased monotonically with the field strength (S4). This observation suggests that a magnetic field of a similar strength of the Earth’s field enhances the flux of bacteria through the obstacle channel, but a too strong or null magnetic field inhibits it. Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experiments related to the swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in microfluidic channels influenced by magnetic fields but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: ” The term “photovoltaics” comes from the combination of the Greek word for light (“photo”) with the Italian name of an early electrical researcher, (1745–1827), which is shortened to “Volt. ” Since most people do not know what the word “photovoltaics” means, the term “solar electricity” has become the most frequent way of referring to PV solar energy. Three primary processes are necessary for the photovoltaic effect to take place: (1) the generation of charge carriers as a result of photon absorption by the materials comprising a junction; (2) the subsequent separation of the photo-generated charge carriers within the junction; and (3) the collection of the photo-generated charge carriers at the terminals of the junction. 2. 1 History of photovoltaic effectThe discovery of the photovoltaic phenomenon is attributed to a French physicist named Becquerel in the year 1839. During the course of his experiments using metal electrodes and electrolyte, he noticed that the conductivity increased as the amount of light increased. made the discovery that selenium possesses photovoltaic properties in the year 1873. Actually, when a material absorbs light at a frequency over a threshold frequency that varies with the substance, electrons are released. This phenomenon is called the photoelectric effect, and it is closely related to the photovoltaic effect. Taking into account the fact that light is presumed to be made up of individual energy quanta (photons), was able to explain this phenomenon in 1905. This type of photon’s energy can be calculated as E=hν, where h is Planck’s constant and ν is the frequency of the light. In 1921, published the paper on the photoelectric effect for which he received his sole Nobel Prize. After another decade, the first pure semiconductor was developed in 1931. Solar cells were first used for space applications in the 1950s. In a short amount of time, was able to surpass the previous record for solar cell efficiency, achieving highs of 10 and 14% in the years 1959 and 1960, respectively. The earliest solar cells, which had an efficiency of roughly 8%, were invented in 1957. A short time after that, the first PV cell made of amorphous silicon was developed, and the capacity of PV systems reached 500 kW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the photovoltaic effect as the process through which photons are absorbed, generating charge carriers in solar panels, which results in the conversion of sunlight into electricity. It details the necessary processes for the photovoltaic effect to take place and mentions historical advancements in the technology, all of which support the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification will completely destroy all marine ecosystems by 2050. [SEP] Text: 1 the impact of OA on marine biodiversity requires not only characterizing how these changes will affect ecosystems, but also how populations will respond via acclimation and adaptive evolution (Sunday et al. , 2014). OA is an important driver of phenotypic (e. g. , morphology, physiology, life history, and even behavior) (Kroeker et al. , 2013) and genetic change (functional and structural) (e. g. , de Wit et al. , 2016; Lloyd et al. , 2016). OA is therefore an important component of natural selection. The selective effects of OA can influence micro-evolutionary dynamics by altering demographic parameters (Bramanti et al. , 2015), genetic diversity (Lloyd et al. , 2016), and the molecular regulation of functional pathways (de Wit et al. , 2016; Runcie et al. , 2016) in marine organisms. Every species and population has an adaptation potential to OA that is mostly dependent on genetic diversity (Sunday et al. , 2014). Characterizing the present level and rate of changes in relevant aspects of genetic diversity is key to understanding the future of marine ecosystems. While this signature can be specific to OA, the signal can vary in strength and direction across temporal and spatial scales depending on the particular genetic and environmental backgrounds of natural populations (Pespeni et al. , 2013; Calosi et al. , 2017; Gaitan-Espitia et al. , 2017). Progress in high-throughput sequencing technologies allows rapid, cost-effective, and informative measurements of molecular genetic variation (functional and neutral) in natural populations. These techniques have the potential to track, assess, and disentangle the specific OA signature at the molecular level and estimate the rate of micro-evolution in response to OA across population and species. 3. 5. 2 Indicator categories and observations Neutral genetic variation OA can negatively impact nonfunctional genetic variation in marine organisms (Lloyd et al. , 2016; Bitter et al. , 2019). Indicators of these effects can be estimated from population genetic parameters such as the number of alleles, heterozygosity, effective population size, inbreeding, and population divergence (Schwartz et al. , 2007). This assessment can be achieved using classic molecular markers (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential for marine organisms to adapt to ocean acidification (OA) through acclimation and evolutionary changes. It highlights that while OA impacts marine biodiversity, it does not suggest complete destruction of marine ecosystems but rather indicates that each species has adaptation potential depending on genetic diversity. This implies that marine ecosystems may not be irrevocably destroyed by 2050 as suggested by the claim.