Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 4. 2%, 17% and 2. 7% of total brain volume respectively in these species. " I think it's worth spelling out these relationships, even though it takes a few extra words. These are important points for the conclusions. 2) Subsection “The myoarterial formation and cerebral vascular system”: Presumably the authors also observed elements of the hematopoietic system, as these are closely associated with the cor frontale. Can the locations of hematopoietic tissues be identified in this paper (this would be very helpful information even if only a brief statement)? 3) Subsection “A visual system adapted to a dim light environment” paragraph two: Can this anatomy actually imply retinotopy without dye fills or physiological studies to demonstrate this relationship? 4) Subsection “A visual system adapted to a dim light environment” paragraph three: Is a goal of selective pressures the limitation in the amount of energy used? Or simply eliminating structures that are no longer useful (which may secondarily accomplish the metabolic conservation you suggest)? 5) Subsection “Evolution of higher integrative brain centers: the hemiellipsoid body” paragraph two: What is the meaning of "secondary sensory input"? 6) Section on immunocytochemistry: Also provide the antibody dilutions that were used. Author response Usually at eLife we provide a consensus summary that describes the essential revisions. However, in your case, the three reviewers all agreed about the interest of the work, and most of what they are asking you to deal with requires minor textual and editorial modifications. Therefore, I am taking the unusual step of just including the three reviews in full, and asking you to follow their guidance to make your already interesting manuscript more accessible to the readership. Reviewer #2: […] A couple of comments: 1) The comparisons of relative sizes of the olfactory neuropils and "integrative centers" (hemiellipsoid body and terminal medulla) could be made more explicit, in order to support the authors' points. For example, in subsection “The olfactory system”, the authors state that "The olfactory neuropils of R. exoculata are relatively small in terms of volume and not overly developed compared to other species (Table 1…. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems or life's origins. Instead, it discusses various aspects of a peer review process and comments on the structure and content of a scientific manuscript, with no mention of hydrothermal vents or the implications for understanding life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: (3) SCFAs can curb appetite and sensitize insulin by promoting the production of satiety-inducing hormones, including peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) through activating G-protein coupled receptor41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43) and leptin secreted from adipocyte, as well as the appetite inhibition of acetate across blood brain barrier (BBB) on hypothalamus and gluconeogenesis (IGN) facilitation of butyrate. However, acetate demonstrated recently could increase secretion of ghrelin to stimulate appetite in rodents fed a high-fat diet via vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to the opposite result. (4) Dysbiosis is greatly involved in various diseases associated with gut dysfunction, inflammatory disease, and psychopathology, etc. , maybe via many mechanism such as modulating gut barrier, microbiome-gut-brain axis, or some metabolites like SCFAs. Close modal SCFAs and mentioned above, SCFAs can enhance gut local defense via the function as predominant source of IECs and promptly mount innate immune responses during immunological challenges after combining with GPR41 and GPR43, and also suppress the systematic inflammatory response through HDAC inhibition and nuclear factor-κB, and regulate secretion of cytokines such as IL-10 and IL-17. Meanwhile, as a part of metabolites of gut microbiome, SCFAs will be absorbed in to circulation with a large amount through liver, which also indicates the microbiome-gut-liver axis. And it is indispensable to be involved in the liver immune reaction and fibrosis process due to the expression of their target receptors during liver injury. Therefore, it is reasonable to deduce that increasing SCFAs maybe via DF, and regulation of the gut microbiome by probiotics intake may bring benefits to chronic liver injury, especially immune-related liver diseases, which also indicates that the supplement of SCFAs is likely to be the necessary adjunctive therapy in the sustained treatment of chronic liver injury, as meaningful as the UDCA in PBC. However more research is needed. the researches of gut microbiome have been constantly deepened, the fact demonstrated from various aspects implicates that dysbiosis is greatly involved in various diseases associated with immune, metabolism, infection, nervous system, social behaviors, and psychopathology, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiome in multiple physiological processes. It states that SCFAs can enhance gut local defense and prompt immune responses, aligning with the claim's assertion of the microbiome's role in immunity. Additionally, the mention of dysbiosis being connected to diseases linked with gut dysfunction and psychopathology suggests a relationship to mood regulation. Therefore, the text supports the claim by highlighting the multifaceted involvement of the gut microbiome in digestion, immunity, and potential effects on mood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: J Stud J, García-Pacheco R, Landaburu-Aguirre J, García-(2019) Recycling of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes: comparative LCA and cost-effectiveness analysis at pilot scale. Recycl 150. Bioremediation: a sustainable approach for management of environmental contaminants. Strat 1–23. D, (2020) Centralized or decentralized rainwater harvesting systems: a case study. Resources 9(1):5. Accessed 2 June 2023(2022) Molecular simulation of a reverse osmosis polyamide membrane layer. In silico synthesis using different reactant concentration ratios. J 643:120010. AI (2019) the role of constructed wetlands as green infrastructure for sustainable urban water management. Sustainability 11(24):6981. Achieving urban water security: a review of water management approach from technology perspective. Manage 34(13):4163–4179. Accessed 2 June 2023(2023) Water transfer infrastructure buffers water scarcity risks to supply chains. 229:119442. Accessed 14 June 2023(2020). Membrane desalination and water re-use for agriculture: State of the art and future outlook. Desalination 491:114559. Accessed 2 June 2023(2022) A comprehensive review on integrative approach for sustainable management of plastic waste and its associated externalities. Environ 825:153973. Accessed 2 June 2023(2020) A clustered, decentralized approach to urban water management. Water 12(1):185. Accessed 2 June 2023örke (2021) Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies Global water scarcity including surface water quality and expansions of clean water technologies. Lett 16(2):24020. -Sánchez JA, Gallego-(2021) Circular economy implementation in the agricultural sector: Definition, strategies and indicators. Recycl 170:105618. Accessed 2 June 2023Verma S, (2019) Bioremediation of heavy metals by microbial process. Innov 14:100369. Accessed 2 June 2023(2021) Urban heat island: causes, consequences, and mitigation measures with emphasis on reflective and permeable pavements. CivilEng 2(2):459-484. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a collection of references and studies related to water management and sustainability, but does not specifically address the claim regarding the impact of water scarcity on developing versus developed countries. As such, it does not provide supporting or contrasting evidence to the claim and is irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: "). They also make this point in subsection “Possible functions of the hemiellipsoid body: new lesson from R. exoculata? ”. From the data presented in Table, this statement does not seem to be so evident. Yes, the olfactory neuropil of Rimicaris has a volume (56) that is half the volume (120) of Palaemon, another caridean shrimp of about the same body size and of the stomatopod (110). But they do not point out that according to this table, the olfactory neuropil volume for Rimicaris is larger than that of some other crustaceans that are of even larger body size than Rimicaris, such as Procambarus (10) and Saduria (3). The comparison between Rimicaris and other species on the list is more difficult because of much larger differences in body size. So, according to this analysis, the data as presented do not make such a compelling case in support of this statement that the olfactory neuropils of Rimicaris are relatively small. Although the olfactory neuropils of Rimicaris are not the smallest ones, the important piece of information here is that they are not overly developed compared to other species. We may expect that they are overly developed to compensate for poor visual ability but this is not the case. However, following the reviewer’s suggestion to improve this statement, we modified the Results section accordingly (subsection “Comparisons of the olfactory system and the higher integrative centers with other crustaceans”) including a more detailed comparisons from Table 1, and in the Discussion. We toned down our statement by changing “small” to “moderately developed”. Nonetheless, for the following on the volumes of the higher integrative centers, the statement that the olfactory neuropils of Rimicaris are relatively smalls is of major importance for the comparison to its close caridean relative Palaemon. As pointed out, comparisons with some of the species listed in Table 1 are not really meaningful and may dilute part of the information. However, we believe such semi-exhaustive updated list nevertheless is useful for readers from the field, and also is consistent with the species presented in our phylogram (Figure 12). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the olfactory neuropils of the crustacean Rimicaris in relation to other crustaceans but does not make any reference to hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their significance to the origin of life. As a result, the information provided is irrelevant to the claim about the analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems providing clues about life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: , maybe via different mechanisms such as modulating gut barrier, microbiome-gut-brain axis, or some metabolites like SCFAs. And it is reasonable to believe that the balance of bioactive factors or cells and the opposites such as the Treg/Th17 balance and IL-10/IL17 balance plays a vital role in homeostasis including the gut function and immunity. Meanwhile, gut microbiome’s impact on brain and behavior has drawn great attention around worldwide; evidently, exposure to an insulting stressor affects psychopathology like stress and depression with changes of the gut microbiota, serum metabolomic profile, CNS, and HPA axis function. Also, various roles of microbiota-derived metabolite SCFAs have been revealed gradually, and there exists a relevance between the ratio of IL-10/IL-17 and the severity of some inflammatory diseases with dysbiosis, and also a regulator like SCFAs that may facilitate the balance between IL-10 and IL-17, which might bring prominent effects in the patient after application of probiotics composed mainly by Bacteroidetes or composed in specific ratio of different microbiome. Therefore, to reverse, hinder, or prevent the dysbiosis may be the key step in treatment of many diseases, although further exploration regarding the mechanisms is still required. There are no conflicts of interest in relation to any funding from or pecuniary interests in companies that could be perceived as a potential conflict of interest in the outcome of the research. 1. : Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308: 1635–1638. 2. Shinomura Y: New trends and techniques in gastroenterology. Digestion 2017; 95: 5. 3. Schroeder BO, Backhed F: Signals from the gut microbiota to distant organs in physiology and disease. 2016; 22: 1079–1089. 4. -: Metformin retards aging in C. elegans by altering microbial folate and methionine metabolism. Cell 2013; 153: 228–239. 5. Project Consortium: Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 2012; 486: 207–214. 6. : Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell 2015; 161: 264–276. 7. Parashar A, Udayabanu M: Gut microbiota regulates key modulators of social behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the gut microbiome influences gut function and immunity, mentioning 'the balance of bioactive factors or cells' and their vital role in homeostasis. It also highlights the impact of gut microbiota on 'brain and behavior' and connects changes in gut microbiota to 'psychopathology like stress and depression.' Furthermore, it notes the importance of microbiota-derived metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the regulatory processes related to immune response and suggests that preventing dysbiosis is key to treating various diseases. This aligns well with the claim that the gut microbiome is involved in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Abstractcountries face numerous environmental problems in addition to climate change, desertification, and water crisis. Multiple issues related to water and energy need to be resolved. In this paper, we examine the most important topics to be studied, and the research conducted to elucidate the importance of the water problem in the Arab region, including the gap between increased demand and a lack of resources. Water problems include leakage, pollution, and depletion of water resources. We also focus on climate change and the role of young people, software, educational institutions, and training centers in achieving water security and sustainable development objectives. The paper also investigates the idea of water harvesting, the relationship between water, food security, and energy, the role of stakeholders, and good governance in solving the water crisis by understanding the problems and framing research within a multi-year work program with financial, legislative, and scientific support. Providing incentives and the necessary research structure to coordinate all sectors and organizations concerned with water is also essential. IntroductionIt is well known that the Arab region is experiencing a significant water challenge, the social and economic impacts that citizens and farmers will have to live with over the coming years (Aghahosseini et al. , 2020). Despite national efforts to manage water demand, enhance distribution and efficiency of use, increase available water sources “through the renovation of water networks, dam construction, water supply projects, desalination plants, sanitation, and wastewater purification” projects, and engage in reuse projects. All these projects are highly demanding in terms of energy (Roni et al. , 2022). world stretches from the extreme west of across the entire Sahara zone, the Arabian Peninsula, and the to the eastern borders of Iraq. A total of 22 states are assigned to the Arabic culture, the central common element of which is the Arabic language; Figure 1 shows the countries (Sawe, 2018). Figure 1. countries. countries are officially considered both African and Arab. is a geographic region located in the northern part of the African continent. The countries that makeup are considered a part of Africa and the Arab world. Therefore, countries can be considered both African and Arab, depending on the context and the aspect being considered. However, in various (UN) documents and reports, these countries may be referred to as or Arab, depending on the context and the aspect being considered. African countries called “Maghreb” is not officially recognized by the (UN). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant water challenges faced in the Arab region, which encompasses several developing countries, but also hints at a broader geographical context. It highlights that water scarcity is not solely restricted to developing countries but includes various challenges rooted in environmental, social, and political factors. The mention of projects aimed at managing water resources and addressing the gaps in water supply also implies that developed regions might be involved in similar efforts to combat water scarcity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Likewise, the statement is made that the hemiellipsoid bodies and terminal medulla of Rimicaris have volumes that are relative large compared to other crustaceans. The authors offer the images on Figure 11 as supporting this, but from these single images it is difficult to quickly and quantitatively see this. Beyond Figure 11, they only offer three numbers in the text (subsection “Comparisons of the olfactory system and the higher integrative centers with other crustaceans”): that these centers occupy 25% of total brain volume in Rimicaris, 22% in Palaemon, and 13% in Birgus. So, the size of these centers in Rimicaris is no different than in the other caridean shrimp (Palaemon) that lives in a different environment. It is not clear then why the Rimicaris integrative centers are "remarkable" if it is the same as an unremarkable caridean shrimp. Figure 11 rather shows that, compared to other crustaceans, the integrative centers of Rimicaris are well-developed relative to the size of the olfactory neuropils, as stated in subsection “Comparisons of the olfactory system and the higher integrative centers with other crustaceans”. Because of the brain architecture in this species, horizontal sections (as we did for all the immunostainings on Rimicaris) cannot show conclusively the entire integrative centers. Therefore, we selected a picture showing only a small part of the hemiellipsoid body but also the terminal medulla to be consistent with the pictures presented for other species. In terms of relative volume, and compared to Palaemon, we consider the integrative centers of Rimicaris “remarkable” because, in spite of smaller olfactory and visual inputs, they occupy roughly the same, even slightly higher volume of the brain than in Palaemon. This is an interesting feature since the volume of the integrative centers has been suggested to mirror the amount of sensory, especially olfactory, input. However, we are fully aware of the fact that, in the absence of more replicates, our study can only point out trends and cannot replace a sound volumetric analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the brain architecture and sensory input comparison of Rimicaris and other crustaceans, without touching on hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their significance in understanding life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: : Nonmuscle myosin IIA regulates intestinal epithelial barrier in vivo and plays a protective role during experimental colitis. 2016; 6: 24161. 22. Rescigno M: The intestinal epithelial barrier in the control of homeostasis and immunity. 2011; 32: 256–264. 23. : Enterocyte proliferation and apoptosis in the caudal small intestine is influenced by the composition of colonizing commensal bacteria in the neonatal gnotobiotic pig. J 2007; 85: 3256–3266. 24. : Cutting edge: bacterial flagellin activates basolaterally expressed TLR5 to induce epithelial proinflammatory gene expression. J Immunol 2001; 167: 1882–1885. 25. : NOD proteins: regulators of inflammation in health and disease. Immunol 2014; 14: 9–23. 26. : Abrupt suspension of probiotics administration may increase host pathogen susceptibility by inducing gut dysbiosis. 2016; 6: 23214. 27. --: Microbiota-modulated metabolites shape the intestinal microenvironment by regulating NLRP6 inflammasome signaling. Cell 2015; 163: 1428–1443. 28. Belkaid Y, Hand TW: Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell 2014; 157: 121–141. 29. Wong JM, de : Colonic health: fermentation and short chain fatty acids. J 2006; 40: 235–243. 30. : Vertically transmitted faecal IgA levels determine extra-chromosomal phenotypic variation. Nature 2015; 521: 90–93. 31. Brandtzaeg P: Secretory IgA: designed for anti-microbial defense. 2013; 4: 222. 32. : Intestinal IgA production and its role in host-microbe interaction. 2014; 260: 76–85. 33. Schulz O, Pabst O: Antigen sampling in the small intestine. 2013; 34: 155–161. 34. : Microfold (M) cells: important immunosurveillance posts in the intestinal epithelium. 2013; 6: 666–677. 35. : Antigen sampling by intestinal M cells is the principal pathway initiating mucosal IgA production to commensal enteric bacteria. 2016; 9: 907–916. 36. : The immune system. First of two parts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the role of the gut microbiome in immunity and inflammation, such as the regulation of intestinal epithelial barriers and the influence of commensal bacteria on the immune response. These findings indicate that the microbiome is critical for maintaining digestive and immune health, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: It is a geographical and cultural region in North Africa, referring to Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Mauritania. The term “Maghreb” is used in the Arab world to refer to the western region of North Africa. The term is derived from the Arabic word “maghrib,” which means “west. ” The term has been used for centuries and is commonly used to refer to the region and its cultural, historical, and geographical distinctiveness. Studies have demonstrated that notwithstanding all these measures and the subsequent significant capital expenditures (Tagliapietra, 2019), Arab countries cannot close the gap between what is required and the water available for drinking, industry, and agriculture. This gap, which may become an obstacle to economic and social development, will expand and thus increase poverty and unemployment and the associated adverse effects on the environment and public health (Odhiambo, 2017). Applied scientific research is therefore essential in addressing the physical and geographical specificity of the Middle East. When we talk about scientific research, we necessarily mean raising the ’s (MENA) national capabilities to face the immense water challenge that will be with us for many years. Hence, it is essential to give substantial attention and support to scientific research directed at national issues. This requires providing the necessary infrastructure and financial support and enacting legislation to construct an attractive scientific research and work environment. The results are compatible with national requirements and applicable research priorities far removed from theoretical and basic research. This will be achieved through a genuine partnership between universities, scientific research centers, and national institutions concerned with developing, distributing, and managing water resources and the national industry. These institutions provide necessary information about the relevant research issues, including the training and qualification programs and scientific and professional disciplines needed to meet the challenges at the national level. This will include the involvement of universities in projects and studies conducted by water sector institutions so that researchers can closely identify the problems and issues. This review paper aims to examine and give an overview of the most important topics and the research conducted to explain water issues in the Arab region. Furthermore, this review paper includes the gap between increased demand and a lack of resources. Water problems include leakage, pollution, and depletion of water resources. In addition, this paper discussed several aspects regarding climate change and the role of young people, software, educational institutions, and training centers in achieving water security and sustainable development objectives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by discussing water scarcity issues in Arab countries, which are often considered developing but also includes information suggesting that water scarcity is a broader issue not confined to just developing nations. It highlights the gap between water demand and availability, noting that this impacts economic and social development, which reinforces that water scarcity challenges are significant and affect multiple regions, including those in development contexts, but does not limit the issue solely to developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Also, regarding the hemiellipsoid bodies, they can be considered “remarkable” too only from a neuroanatomical view: they are conspicuous, well-defined with a clear subdivision in cap/core regions, they contain large fiber tracts and are associated to a massive cell cluster… Nevertheless, following this reviewer’s comments, we toned down our statement by deleting “remarkable” throughout the text and we clarified the conclusion. In addition, why just compare the size with one other non-caridean crustacean (Birgus)? What about providing a comparison with other species, as was done for the olfactory neuropil in Table 1, to make the case that the difference in relative size is "remarkable"? We obtained the volumetric information for the higher integrative neuropils from 3D reconstructions from microCT scans, which we performed on Rimicaris and Palaemon, and we had access to previous microCT data for Birgus only. Furthermore, these three species were processed with the same protocol. To use microCT data for species for which different fixation methods have been used would be inaccurate, because it can severely influence the results (e. g. 5% [ZnFa] to 12. 5% [2%PFA/2%Glut] less volume in siblings of Marmorkrebs’ nervous tissus; Nischik and Krieger, 2018). Nischik and Krieger, 2018, Evaluation of standard imaging techniques and volumetric preservation of nervous tissue in genetically identical offspring of the crayfish Procambarus fallax cf. virginalis (Marmorkrebs). PeerJ, 6, e5181. 2) There should be some concern about concluding too much about functional differences from any differences in size of structures. There are many cautionary tales on this. Striedter's 2005 book, Principles of Brain Evolution, provides many cautionary examples. Along these lines, stating in the Abstract that because the "remarkable" (Discussion first paragraph) hemiellipsoid bodies are relatively large, they "must fulfil functions in addition to higher order sensory processing" (emphasis on "must") (also in subsection “Possible functions of the hemiellipsoid body: new lesson from R. exoculata? ”) is a reach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses neuroanatomical views and volumetric comparisons of different species, without any mention of hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relation to life's origins. The focus is on methodological concerns and size comparisons rather than the topic of analysis of ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Wu JC: Psychological co-morbidity in functional gastrointestinal disorders: epidemiology, mechanisms and management. J 2012; 18: 13–18. 70. : Changes in intestinal motility and gut microbiota composition in a rat stress model. Digestion 2017; 95: 55–60. 71. : Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression. Neuroscience 2010; 170: 1179–1188. 72. Subramanian S, et al: Persistent gut microbiota immaturity in malnourished Bangladeshi children. Nature 2014; 510: 417–421. 73. : Neonatal maternal separation in male rats increases intestinal permeability and affects behavior after chronic social stress. 2012; 105: 1058–1066. 74. Felice, V. D. et al. Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala following psychological stress and colorectal distension in the maternally separated rat. Neuroscience 267, 252–262 (2014). 75. Martinowich K, Lu B: Interaction between BDNF and serotonin: role in mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33: 73–83. 76. -: Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice. Gastroenterology 2010; 139: 2102–2112. e2101. 77. Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van : A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Immun 2015; 48: 258–264. 78. : High-fat diet induces hepatic insulin resistance and impairment of synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128274. 79. Kaptan Z, Akgun-: Long term consequences on spatial learning-memory of low-calorie diet during adolescence in female rats; hippocampal and prefrontal cortex BDNF level, expression of NeuN and cell proliferation in dentate gyrus. 2015; 1618: 194–204. 80. : Social stress up-regulates inflammatory gene expression in the leukocyte transcriptome via β-adrenergic induction of myelopoiesis. 2013; 110: 16574–16579. 81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that imply the gut microbiome's involvement in aspects of health related to digestion, immunity, and mood. For instance, it discusses the effects of probiotics on mood in the context of a maternal separation model of depression and talks about changes in gut microbiota composition under stress conditions, which indicate a relationship between the gut microbiome and mood regulation. Additionally, it touches on gastrointestinal inflammation and its impact on anxiety-like behavior, further supporting the claim that the gut microbiome influences both digestion and mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: The paper also investigates the idea of water harvesting, the relationship between water, food security, and energy, the role of stakeholders, and good governance in solving the water crisis by understanding the problems and framing research within a multi-year work program with financial, legislative, and scientific support. of the ProblemsThe gap between increasing demand and decreasing suppliesEast suffers from a water insecurity crisis, which is defined as the “availability of an acceptable quantity and quality of water for health, livelihoods, ecosystems, and production, coupled with an acceptable level of water-related risks to people, environments, and economies” (Grey & Sadoff, 2007; Hindiyeh, Albatayneh, Tarawneh, et al. , 2021). However, perhaps the most acute crisis it faces is the lack of water supply and increased demand, negatively affecting the socio-economic and agriculture sectors. This water shortage—exacerbated by explosive population growth, the overexploitation and destruction of natural ecosystems, and popular discontent—is overshadowing the future of these countries. Enormously high birth rates are another stress factor; Figure 2 shows the annual population growth rate of the countries in 2017 (Hameed et al. , 2019). Figure 2. The annual population growth rate of the countries in 2017. According to a report, the amount of fresh water available to a person in the Arab world per year could drop to 460 m3—less than half the 1,000 m3 threshold for water shortages (UNDP, 2019). In this scenario, already unsustainable water abstraction will continue to increase, and already limited resources will be depleted faster than ever—a situation that could fuel further unrest. world is increasingly caught in a vicious circle. Environmental, demographic, and economic pressures exacerbate water scarcity, and the resulting unemployment and insecurity fuel social and political unrest and extremism. Governments respond with increased subsidies for water and other resources, increasing environmental challenges that exacerbate shortages and fuel unrest. The MENA region, which includes the majority of Arab countries, has the highest water scarcity in the world, with more than 60% of the population having little or no access to drinking water and more than 70% of the region’s GDP subject to high or highly high-water stress (Aghahosseini et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant water scarcity crisis that affects various countries, particularly highlighting the MENA region which includes many Arab countries. The mention of over 60% of the population lacking access to drinking water suggests that water scarcity is not limited to developing countries alone, implying that it also affects regions often categorized as developing due to socio-economic factors. This indicates that water scarcity is a global issue, affecting various regions and not solely limited to developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: It is fine to speculate, but "must" seems to be an attempt to oversell it. And the speculation on the involvement of these integrative centers in place memory is fine. But it is just speculation. Furthermore, it is not obvious that this is even a testable or falsifiable hypothesis…certainly not easily doable. In the Abstract, we toned down our statement by replacing “must” by “may”, as the same for the Discussion subsection “Possible functions of the hemiellipsoid body: new lesson from R. exoculata? ”. We fully agree that functional interpretations from differences in structures can be hazardous, and accordingly we tried to be as cautious as possible. Nevertheless the case of the olfactory neuropils in blind cave crustaceans is a nice example of how neuropil size differences can actually lead to functional interpretation. Considering the possible role of the integrative centers in place memory, it is indeed not worth considering to test this hypothesis for now because of technical and biological constraints, but hopefully future functional studies on more accessible models could one day provide new highlights to answer this question. We added a sentence in the Discussion (subsection “Possible functions of the hemiellipsoid body: new lesson from R. exoculata? ”). Reviewer #3: Specific comments: 1) Subsection “Comparisons of the olfactory system and the higher integrative centers with other crustaceans”. The thoughts here become confused and I believe the second part of the sentence technically misstates what the authors mean to say, although I suppose I suggest first of all splitting this very long sentence into two, ending with "…the giant robber crab Birgus latro (13%). " I believe the second part of this sentence intends to say "However, the olfactory neuropils of P. elegans and B. latro occupy roughly two and six times more volume than these regions R. exoculata, values that represent 4. 2%, 17% and 2. 7% of total brain volume respectively in these species. " I think it's worth spelling out these relationships, even though it takes a few extra words. These are important points for the conclusions. Modified as proposed in subsection “Comparisons of the olfactory system and the higher integrative centers with other crustaceans”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses the challenges of speculating on biological hypotheses related to crustaceans. It focuses on revising statements and clarifying comparisons between species instead of providing evidence or analysis that relates hydrothermal vent ecosystems to the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Campos-Rodriguez R, Godinez-Victoria M, Abarca-Rojano E, Pacheco-Yepez J, Reyna-Garfias H, Barbosa-Cabrera RE, Drago-Serrano ME: Stress modulates intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A. Neurosci 2013; 7: 86. 82. : The anxiolytic effect of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involves vagal pathways for gut-brain communication. 2011; 23: 1132–1139. 83. Horn T, Klein J: Neuroprotective effects of lactate in brain ischemia: dependence on anesthetic drugs. 2013; 62: 251–257. 84. Moretti M: Behavioral and neurochemical effects of sodium butyrate in an animal model of mania. 2011; 22: 766–772. 85. : Dietary galacto-oligosaccharides and calcium: effects on energy intake, fat-pad weight and satiety-related, gastrointestinal hormones in rats. Nutr 2013; 109: 1338–1348. 86. MacFabe DF: Enteric short-chain fatty acids: microbial messengers of metabolism, mitochondria, and mind: implications in autism spectrum disorders. 2015; 26: 28177. 87. : Cerebral low-molecular metabolites influenced by intestinal microbiota: a pilot study. Neurosci 2013; 7: 9. 88. : The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science 2013; 341: 569–573. 89. Tremaroli V, Backhed F: Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism. Nature 2012; 489: 242–249. 90. : A vegan or vegetarian diet substantially alters the human colonic faecal microbiota. 2012; 66: 53–60. 91. Lee WJ, Hase K: Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease. Biol 2014; 10: 416–424. 92. : GPR41/FFAR3 and GPR43/FFAR2 as cosensors for short-chain fatty acids in enteroendocrine cells vs FFAR3 in enteric neurons and FFAR2 in enteric leukocytes. Endocrinology 2013; 154: 3552–3564. 93. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies that discuss the role of gut microbiota and its metabolites in different physiological functions that align with the claim. For instance, it mentions the anxiolytic effects of Bifidobacterium longum NCC3001 involving gut-brain communication, suggesting a connection between gut health and mood regulation. Additionally, it refers to microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids that regulate immune responses, thereby supporting the claim regarding the human gut microbiome's roles in digestion, immunity, and mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: It also harms social, cultural, and religious rituals, such as baptism in the or the preservation of Kurdish cultural heritage in the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Hindiyeh, Albatayneh, Altarawneh, et al. , 2021), as well as environmental aspects, such as water and sewage pollution and climate change’s impacts, including a rise in sea-levels and reduced rainfall (Hindiyeh, Albatayneh, Altarawneh, et al. , 2021). Furthermore, negative behavior by the population that depends on the high use of water supplies resulted in a reduction in water availability per capita, which according to Challenges in the Middle East, will be reduced by 50% by 2050 (EuroMeSCo, 2020; Hindiyeh, Albatayneh, Altarawneh, et al. , 2021). Water, energy, and food sectorsThe relationship between the water, energy, and food sectors is essential in ensuring human life remains safe and comfortable. For example, a lack of access to water supplies lowers agricultural activity, exacerbates poverty, and reduces the ability of the poor to cope with risks (Hameed et al. , 2019; Monna et al. , 2022). A research paper entitled “The Water-Energy- Engineering: A New Focus” stated that 1. 2 billion people globally do not have clean drinking water (Garcia & You, 2016). Climate change, socio-economic rise, dependency on foreign resources, and political conflicts all have an impact on the water-food link in the MENA region (McDonnell, 2014; Muhaidat et al. , 2021). Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between all sectors and understand the factors that affect water-energy-food sectors to ensure a sustainable life. Water is a primary resource in the relationships between water-energy food and water-energy-waste. Water affects the economic sector, where its use in food production is one of the most critical challenges facing socio-economic sectors; agricultural usage accounts for 70% of worldwide water withdrawal, followed by industrial use (20%) and municipal use (10%). Energy generation contributes 15% of worldwide water withdrawals, which might rise to 20% by 2035 (EuroMeSCo, 2020; 2014). Studies have also shown that the water sector depends on energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that water scarcity is a global issue affecting various sectors and populations, not just those in developing countries. It mentions that 1.2 billion people globally do not have clean drinking water and discusses the complex interrelations between water, energy, and food, which demonstrate that water scarcity impacts a wide range of socio-economic factors beyond just developing nations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 2) Subsection “The myoarterial formation and cerebral vascular system”: Presumably the authors also observed elements of the hematopoietic system, as these are closely associated with the cor frontale. Can the locations of hematopoietic tissues be identified in this paper (this would be very helpful information even if only a brief statement)? We reviewed the histological section series of the studied specimens (as are now publicly available in the online repository MorphDBase under accession numbers J_Machon_20190502-M-3. 1 Unfortunately, we were unable to identify possible hematopoietic tissues with any certainty from the available material. I am afraid that we may need additional experiments as e. g. , Shown in Da Silva et al. , 2013 to answer this reviewer’s question but unfortunately are running out of specimens. However, we will pay attention to this issue in an upcoming manuscript on other vent shrimp specie's brains for which we still have more specimens at hand. Indeed, the question on an evolutionary origin of the HPT in the malacostracan lineage is highly interesting. 3) Subsection “A visual system adapted to a dim light environment” paragraph two: Can this anatomy actually imply retinotopy without dye fills or physiological studies to demonstrate this relationship? The dorsal expansion of both the flattened retina and lamina suggests a retinotopy but isn’t a proof of it; accordingly we only formulate a hypothesis. We have modified the sentence. The issue to test this is that living specimens of Rimicaris are available only shipboard just after sampling, and are stored in hyperbaric aquaria for functional studies. Specimens at atmospheric pressure are in bad state and survive only few hours at most. Backfills from the retina may be feasible on freshly sampled animals, but electrophysiological experiments are very challenging (one successful electroretinogram performed by Johnson et al. , 1995). 4) Subsection “A visual system adapted to a dim light environment” paragraph three: Is a goal of selective pressures the limitation in the amount of energy used? Or simply eliminating structures that are no longer useful (which may secondarily accomplish the metabolic conservation you suggest)? We have modified this sentence as suggested by the reviewer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their implications for understanding life's origins. It discusses observations and questions related to the hematopoietic system and visual adaptations in vent shrimp, which are not clearly linked to analyses of hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their evolutionary significance in the context of life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: : The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. Obes (Lond) 2005; 39: 424–429. 94. F, et al: Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell 2014; 156: 84–96. 95. Kaji I, Karaki S, Kuwahara: Short-chain fatty acid receptor and its contribution to glucagon-like peptide-1 release. Digestion 2014; 89: 31–36. 96. : The role of the gut microbiota in nutrition and health. 2012; 9: 577–589. 97. -: The colonic crypt protects stem cells from microbiota-derived metabolites. Cell 2016; 167: 1137. 98. Yin X, Farin HF, van : Niche-independent high-purity cultures of Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells and their progeny. 2014; 11: 106–112. 99. : The microbial metabolite butyrate regulates intestinal macrophage function via histone deacetylase inhibition. 2014; 111: 2247–2252. 100. : Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature 2103; 504: 446–450. 101. : Treg induction by a rationally selected mixture of Clostridia strains from the human microbiota. Nature 2013; 500: 232–236. 102. : Expression of the short chain fatty acid receptor GPR41/FFAR3 in autonomic and somatic sensory ganglia. Neuroscience 2015; 290: 126–137. 103. : The short chain fatty acids, butyrate and propionate, have differential effects on the motility of the guinea pig colon. 2014; 26: 1586–1596. 104. Ridaura V, Belkaid Y: Gut microbiota: the link to your second brain. Cell 2015; 161: 193–194. © 2018 S. Karger AG, DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the role of gut microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids like propionate and butyrate, in influencing metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. It references the gut microbiota's involvement in nutrition and health, which implies a connection to digestion and immune function, thus reinforcing the claim regarding the microbiome's multifaceted role.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: For instance, in the region, desalination units and wastewater recycling use a significant amount of energy (Abdallah et al. , 2021; Albatayneh et al. , 2022; McDonnell, 2014). It has reported rising CO2 emissions in the (Agency, 2018) and the MENA region (Ardakani & Seyedaliakbar, 2019). This underscores the need to use hydroelectricity as a renewable resource to maintain sustainable life along with other renewable energy sources, including solar energy, wind energy, and geothermal heat (Albatayneh, 2021; Albatayneh et al. , 2020; Jaradat et al. , 2022; M. A. Khan et al. , 2014). Water security has always been related to energy security. Water may be used as a source of hydroelectric power and a cooling agent for power generation (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016). Egypt had the highest share of hydro energy consumption in the MENA region, with 50%, followed by Sudan, with 31%. Figure 3 shows the share of hydro energy consumption in the Arab world by country (Saleh, 2022). Figure 3. Share of hydro energy consumption in the countries. The development of hydropower in the Nile region has faced several challenges, including limited water resources and the impacts of hydroelectricity projects on water availability. River is a significant water source for the countries along its basin, and its water resources are already heavily used for agriculture, industry, and human consumption. Developing hydropower projects on the Nile, such as the (GERD), has further increased competition for the river’s water resources. Moreover, hydropower projects can also significantly impact water quality and availability downstream, as they alter rivers’ natural flow regimes and affect the basin’s water balance. The GERD, for example, has raised concerns about the potential impacts on water availability for downstream countries, including Egypt and Sudan. In addition, the development of hydropower projects in the Nile region is also influenced by climate change, population growth, and economic development. In particular, climate change can significantly impact water resources, affecting the availability and quality of water for hydropower production. The development of hydropower in the Nile region faces significant challenges, including limited water resources, impacts on water availability, and the influence of factors such as climate change and population growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges related to water scarcity in the Nile region, which includes both developing countries like Egypt and Sudan. It highlights that water resources are heavily used for agriculture, industry, and human consumption, and mentions that climate change, population growth, and economic development are influencing water availability. The focus on hydroelectric projects in the Nile region indicates that water scarcity is a relevant issue even in these countries, suggesting that it affects both developing and some developed regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Loest – to ConundrumOct 23, 2019 | & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vabscesses can affect as many as nine out of ten cattle in feedlots in the US, with detrimental impacts on animal well-being, performance, and consequently the economic value of beef. Loest and his team from have been studying the reasons behind varying levels of liver abscess in herds across the US, in an effort to find viable alternatives to antibiotics for controlling these abscesses in feedlot cattle. in US feedlot cattle are of major economic and animal welfare concern, and each year cost the US beef industry an estimated $600 million. Liver abscesses in cattle are no exception, with the most severe abscesses having the potential to reduce the value of beef carcasses by around $38 per animal. In processing facilities, liver abscesses introduce operational and food safety concerns, including a reduction in processing efficiency, lost time as a result of offline stoppages, and offal condemnation – as well as the consumer risk associated with liver abscess contamination of edible meat. Liver abscesses affect an average of two in every ten cattle in US feeding operations, with this number rising to up to nine out of ten cattle in some feedlots. Research has previously shown that cattle fed diets high in processed grain, such as steam-flaked corn, are more likely to have liver abscesses. The theory is that rapid fermentation of high amounts of processed grains in the rumen of cattle creates acidic conditions, a situation termed acidosis, which damages the lining of the rumen. This results in ulcers, which allow bacteria to pass into the bloodstream leading to the liver, where they cause abscesses to develop. As a result, one strategy that has been used to control the incidence of liver abscesses is to feed cattle less grain or less processed grain, and to feed more roughage – such as hay. However, this has not always eliminated the liver abscess problem, and around 77% of commercial feedlot operations also include the addition of an antibiotic in cattle feed to reduce the prevalence of bacteria that are known to cause liver abscesses. Despite the use of antibiotics, a recent ten-year report has indicated an increase in the occurrence of liver abscesses in specific regions of the US. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses liver abscesses in cattle and the economic and animal welfare concerns associated with them. There is no mention or analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their connection to life's origins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 23. 23. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : Alteration of the gut microbial structure and function (dysbiosis) is associated with the pathogenesis of various disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Summary: Under normal conditions, β-oxidation of butyrate consumes oxygen in colonocytes and maintains the anaerobic environment in the lumen. Depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria results in anaerobic glycolysis in colonocytes and increases oxygen diffusion into the lumen, leading to a luminal facultative anaerobe expansion. Dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by the reduced abundance of the phylum Firmicutes (e. g. , Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Ruminococcus) and an increase of the phylum Proteobacteria (e. g. , Enterobacteriaceae). The overall structure of the gut mycobiome differs markedly in IBD patients, particularly Crohn’s disease (CD), compared with healthy individuals. An increase in the genus Candida is a major contributory factor in the alteration of the mycobiome in Japanese CD patients, but an increase in the genus Saccharomyces is characteristic in Western patients. The gut virome, which is mainly composed of bacteriophages (phages), influences gut homeostasis and pathogenic conditions via an interaction with the gut bacterial community. Alterations in the gut virome have been suggested in patients with IBD. This may alter either the immunogenicity of bacteria, thus affecting the bacteria-host interactions, or the bacterial functions such as antibiotic resistance and toxin synthesis. Key Message: Advances in DNA sequencing technology and bioinformatics have revolutionized our understanding of the microbiome in the gut. Journal Section: Review Keywords: Short-chain fatty acids, Butyrate, Mycobiome, Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), comprising Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract with unknown etiology. The number of patients with IBD is continuously growing in Western countries, and this trend has shifted to newly industrialized countries in Asia and in recent decades [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the alterations in the gut microbiome that are associated with various disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which indicates the microbiome's role in digestive health. It mentions the influence of the gut microbial structure on gut homeostasis and interactions that affect immunity, highlighting the microbiome's impact on immune responses. Although the text does not directly address mood regulation, the implications of gut health on overall well-being are well-documented in related research, suggesting that the microbiome may influence mood as well.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Addressing these challenges is essential for ensuring the sustainable and equitable use of the Nile’s water resources for hydropower production (Borowski, 2022). The earth’s population is predicted to grow by around 800 million from its 2019 level by 2030, reaching 8,500 million people (United Nations, Department of Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019). This will result in irreparable environmental harm due to increased natural resource usage and the impeding of economic development, causing climate change and global warming (Albatayneh et al. , 2017, 2021). It also risks people’s water, energy, and food security (Pahl-Wostl et al. , 2016). Therefore, the UN Convention has issued a proposal on specialized strategies to enhance environmental management on a global scale (2019). Its goal is to produce more food with existing natural resources while ensuring efficient land, water, and energy utilization, as many countries face constraints (Piñeiro et al. , 2020). Furthermore, the goal of the global food trade system should be to provide food security. At the same time, water security should be maintained by systematically addressing water scarcity through virtual water trade (von Braun et al. , 2017), where water is incorporated into traded products and land degradation. The research paper “Global food and water security, trade, and market stability” includes two proposals to address the barriers between water and food security, including Improvements in the measurement of sustainable crop production practices and policies to promote dialog, information sharing, and trade agreements among food trading partners (Piñeiro et al. , 2020). Water strategic stockGroundwater is a strategic resource for the and the second traditional water source. region countries such as Bahrain, Jordan, Oman, and Yemen, groundwater contributes more than 50% of total water withdrawals (UNDP, 2013). One of the most important reasons for dependence on groundwater is the population increase, which has decreased the per capita water consumption rate from approximately 3,500 m3 per annum in 1960 to 700 m3 in 2011 (Al-Zubari, 2012). This is important as excessive groundwater extraction has environmental, economic, and social impacts. More than 50% of Arab countries depend on groundwater as the primary freshwater resource, as shown in Figure 4 (ESCWA, 2022). Groundwater use is also increasing in countries where surface water is the leading resource of fresh water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water scarcity is a global issue affecting various countries, not just developing ones. It discusses the dependence on groundwater resources in Arab countries, stating that more than 50% of these countries rely on groundwater as their primary freshwater resource, which challenges the assertion that water scarcity is limited to developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: With growing pressure from consumers and regulatory agencies to reduce the use of antibiotic feed additives in food producing animals, Loest and his colleagues at have been investigating viable alternatives to controlling the development of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. ‘A promising alternative to antibiotics is a vaccine that provides immunity against the primary bacteria that causes liver abscesses,’ explains Dr Loest. ‘Researchers have also studied the use of essential oils, such as limonene, direct fed microbials and yeasts to control liver abscesses, but the results have been variable. ’ His team therefore decided to focus their efforts on understanding the factors affecting the range and prevalence of liver abscesses, and the dynamics at play during their formation. Differences in incidence of liver abscesses in cattle feedlots is not uniform. ‘Over the last ten years, there has been an increase in both the total and severity of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle in the region of the US including the Texas Panhandle, western Nebraska and western Kansas,’ says Zeno Bester, Dr Loest’s PhD student. ‘This increased prevalence is sporadic and has not been documented in other parts of the country. ’ However, liver abscess occurrence not only varies by geographic area; research also shows differences between cattle breeds and within herds. ‘The incidence of liver abscesses is greater in male cattle than in heifers,’ says Dr Loest. ‘In addition, Holstein cattle fed for beef have more liver abscesses than beef breeds. ’ Indeed, the ten-year report shows that while there was roughly a 30% increase in liver abscess prevalence in beef breeds between 2003 to 2013, in Holstein cattle, the increase was much more marked – rising from 12% to 55% over the same period. ‘It’s previously been thought that the greater amount of feed consumed by male cattle versus heifers and by Holstein cattle versus beef breeds can cause digestive upsets and greater acidity in the rumen, resulting in a greater occurrence of liver abscesses,’ says Dr Loest. ‘However, other theories could also explain these breed differences – for example, Holstein cattle exhibit different behaviours, such as frequent grooming and sorting of feed, which could result in greater exposure to organisms in their environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding hydrothermal vent ecosystems and life's origins. It discusses issues related to liver abscesses in cattle and the impact of various factors on their prevalence, but does not mention hydrothermal vents, ecosystems, or life origins in any capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: This phenomenon is associated with the westernization of diets and environments, which modulate the gut microbiome and increase the risk of IBD onset in genetically susceptible hosts [1, 2]. The lower part of the GI tract has an enormous and complex ecosystem comprising microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other organisms [3‒5]. Crosstalk between the gut microbiome and the gut immune system is important for maintaining homeostasis of the GI tract, and an alteration of the diversity and composition of the gut bacteriome (dysbiosis) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD [6‒8]. Recent studies have reported marked changes in the gut mycobiome and virome in patients with IBD. This mini-review summarizes the recent findings of the gut bacteriome, mycobiome, and virome in IBD [8‒11]. Bacteria make up the majority of the gut microbiome with 100 trillion cells of more than 1,000 species, and this community comprises 100-fold more genes than the human genome [12]. Over 99% of the gut bacteriome is composed of species within 4 phyla: Firmicutes (60%∼), Bacteroidetes (20%∼), Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria [12]. The bacterial load is lowest in the upper GI tract (stomach 0–102 cells/g luminal contents, duodenum 102, proximal ileum 103) and gradually increases by 107–108 in the terminal ileum and 1012 in the colon [12]. This microbial profile can be modulated by factors such as genetics, birth route, diet, hygiene, psychological distress, environment and lifestyle, infection, and medications, especially antibiotics [13]. Short-metabolites of the gut microbiome strongly influence favorable relationships and beneficial interactions within the gut microorganisms themselves and with the host. One such group of critical metabolites is the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs): propionate, butyrate, and acetates. In the colon, SCFAs are produced through fermentation of undigested carbohydrates by obligate anaerobes (mainly Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes) that collaborate with bacteria specialized in oligosaccharide fermentation (e. g. , Bifidobacterium) [14‒16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complex ecosystem of the gut microbiome, which is crucial for maintaining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract's homeostasis and affecting various biological functions. It mentions the crosstalk between the gut microbiome and the gut immune system, emphasizing the microbiome's role in immunity. Additionally, it describes the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) through the fermentation of carbohydrates, indicating their influence on gut health and potentially mood regulation. Overall, the text supports the assertion that the gut microbiome is significant for digestion (through fermentation processes), immunity (by maintaining GI homeostasis), and could influence mood through metabolic interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: This increment is a result of several factors, such as; climate changes which resulted in variable surface water and the increasing demand due to population growth (ESCWA, 2022). Figure 4. Water production and withdrawal in selected Arab countries. Groundwater exists as a renewable and non-renewable source. Renewable groundwater, found in shallow aquifers with a recharge area, is very limited in most Arab countries, with an average of 41 BCM per year. Non-renewable groundwater is relatively large and represents groundwater’s leading source (ESCWA, 2022). According to the Economic and for (ESCWA), the average total renewable water resources per capita in the is around 1,200 m3/person/year, one of the lowest levels in the world. The primary water sources in the include surface water and groundwater. Surface water sources include rivers, lakes, and wetlands, while groundwater sources include aquifers, springs, and wells. In many parts of the region, groundwater is the primary water source, particularly in rural areas, due to the limited availability of surface water and the high demand for water for agriculture and other uses. However, the increasing demands for water and the impacts of climate change and other factors have put significant pressure on water resources in the Arab States. The over-extraction of groundwater, declining recharge rates, and the degradation of surface water sources have led to a decline in water availability and increasing water scarcity in the region. With the introduction of unconventional water sources, mainly desalination, countries started to increase reliance on these resources to meet their water needs and decrease their dependency on non-renewable groundwater resources, as observed in Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the Emirates. However, the percentage of unsustainable groundwater use is still high in these countries and others (ESCWA, 2022). region is a global hotspot for groundwater overexploitation and unsustainable exploitation of water resources, which in turn leads to depletion as groundwater resources are extracted faster than they are being replenished. Estimates of the total exploitable groundwater reserves in the region are uncertain, which poses a significant risk and concern regarding these resources. Surface water consumption, such as the Nile River, and excessive groundwater withdrawal are concentrated in the and the Maghreb (Group, 2018). Methodology and Potential SolutionsThis study was carried out to elucidate the significance of the water crisis in the Arab area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water scarcity issues specifically in the Arab region, which, while some parts may be classified as developing, also includes wealthier nations that face significant challenges with water resources. It mentions that climate change and increased demand have led to severe water scarcity in these countries, indicating that water scarcity is not limited to developing countries alone, as evidenced by the reference to Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the Emirates facing significant water resource challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: They also drink more water and consequentially have wetter pens. And there’s anecdotal evidence that an organism involved with liver abscesses is a potential food-borne pathogen, possibly of soil origin. ’ It was this latter theory, combined with observations that the occurrence of liver abscesses in cattle is seasonal, that led and his team to hypothesise that environmental factors, such as weather and animal housing conditions, could play a role in the development of abscesses. In fact, research carried out by the team in 2016 challenges traditional thinking around the connection between acidosis in the rumen and liver abscesses. The team’s data showed that there was no association between liver abscess incidence and the level of rumen damage occurring as a result of acidosis, suggesting an alternative route of entry for liver abscess-causing pathogens. The breed of cattle (Holstein or beef breed) and the number of days on feed (DOF) were shown to be two key factors affecting liver abscess occurrence. Significantly, the results also showed variation in liver abscess occurrence and severity within feed yards – giving credence to the theory that something within the feed yard environment could be having a significant impact on the development of liver abscesses within herds. ‘Over the last ten years, there has been an increase in both the total and severity of liver abscesses in feedlot cattle in the region of the US including the Texas Panhandle, western Nebraska and western Kansas. ’ Soil Pathogens: research has found that indicator bacterial organisms vary across the same feedlot, within pens and across different feed yards, but soil pathogen load in feedlot pens as a predisposing factor for liver abscesses had not previously been investigated. and his team therefore decided to explore a possible link between the microbial load and diversity of feedlot pens and the bacterial species isolated from liver abscesses and other sections of the gastrointestinal tract. They collected more than 6,000 rumen epithelium and abscessed liver samples from three commercial packing plants in three different regions of the US, as well as soil and manure samples from 83 different feedlot pens across 14 commercial feedlots with different cattle breeds. In addition, they recorded weather data from the closest weather stations and information about the feeding areas. ‘Our findings from this study have been significant,’ explains Dr Loest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research on liver abscesses in cattle and factors affecting their occurrence, with no mention of hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their significance to the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: SCFAs, particularly butyrate, are a primary energy source for colonic epithelial cells (ECs), and it is estimated that they provide 10% of the total dietary energy supply in humans [17]. Butyrate and propionate can regulate intestinal physiology and immune function, while acetate acts as a substrate for lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis [18]. SCFA levels are associated with fermentation and are mainly determined by microbial composition. The majority of fermentation occurs in the proximal colon, but the gut microbiota uses other substrates (e. g. , protein or amino acids) in the distal colon due to the depletion of carbohydrates. The colonic pH is therefore lower in the proximal colon where fermentation is highest (pH 5. 5–6. 5) compared to the pH in the distal colon (pH 6. 5–7. 0) [19]. Fermentation of amino acids leads to the generation of a range of potentially harmful compounds like ammonia, phenols, p-cresol, certain amines, and hydrogen sulfide. Some of these compounds may be involved in diseases of the digestive system such as colon cancer or IBD. In contrast, high luminal SCFAs inhibit the growth of gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae including the familiar pathogens Salmonella spp. coli [19, 20] contribute to the maintenance of a favorable environment in the colon. The dominance of obligate anaerobes such as the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the colon is closely associated with the strict anaerobic environment. Colonic ECs (colonocytes) are the main cellular source of oxygen in the colon [21, 22], and oxygen diffusing from colonocytes into the lumen is strictly limited. Surface colonocytes contain less than 1% oxygen, but host tissues contain between 3% and 10% oxygen. The intracellular hypoxic condition of colonocytes is mediated by oxygen consumption within themselves through mitochondrial β-oxidation of bacteria-derived butyrate to carbon dioxide which represents their main pathway for producing energy [21] (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate and propionate in regulating intestinal physiology and immune function. It highlights how microbial composition affects SCFA levels, which are crucial for digestion and maintaining a favorable environment in the colon, thus supporting the assertion that the gut microbiome impacts both digestion and immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: This qualitative study collects and analyzes non-numerical data using unstructured approaches such as in-depth interviews, focus groups, and participant observation. Understanding and interpreting human experiences, attitudes, and motives is the objective. The outcomes are frequently presented as narratives, themes, and patterns. The methodology started with analyzing the literature to determine the gap between rising demand and decreasing availability of supplies. Leakage, pollution, and the exhaustion of available water supplies are the three leading causes of the world’s water woes. In addition, we emphasize climate change and the part that younger generations, software, educational institutions, and training facilities play in accomplishing water security and sustainable development goals. The paper also investigates the concept of water harvesting, the relationship between water, food security, and energy, the role of stakeholders, and good governance in the process of finding a solution to the water crisis by understanding the problems and framing research within a multi-year work program that has financial, legislative, and scientific support. It is also provided incentives and the required research framework in order to coordinate all of the many industries and organizations that are involved with water. The water-energy-food (WEF) nexusWEF in the Arab area emphasizes the interdependence and intricate interconnections between these essential resources. The region is characterized by water shortages, high energy consumption, and food security concerns, which are predicted to deteriorate due to climate change and population expansion. Understanding the WEF nexus in the Arab area is critical for building coordinated and sustainable policies and practices to ensure the long-term management of these resources. region’s water industry relies on fossil fuels for treatment, transportation, and distribution. This has resulted in excessive energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and expenses. The food industry confronts similar challenges because of the extensive water and energy consumption for irrigation, food processing, and transportation. This has intensified resource competitiveness, potentially resulting in trade-offs between water, energy, and food security (Alkadi & Boulenouar, 2020; Alkhalifa & Ali, 2020). Integrated water management strategies are critical for tackling the water-energy nexus in the Arab area. This involves decreasing water losses through better water distribution infrastructure and encouraging water-efficient technology and practices in the agriculture and energy sectors. There is also an increasing interest in employing renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and improve regional energy security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water scarcity and its challenges within the Arab region, which includes both developing and developed characteristics. It highlights that water shortages occur alongside high energy consumption and food security issues, thus suggesting that water scarcity is a global concern and not limited to developing countries. The analysis of the water-energy-food nexus in the region demonstrates broader implications and interconnectedness of resources, rendering the claim inaccurate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: ‘We have discovered that multiple bacterial species found in the abscesses of livers are also prevalent in the soil organic matter of animal pens. The prevalence of these bacterial species in the pens not only differs among different regions of the US, but also differs among pens of Holstein cattle and beef breeds. ’ Interestingly, the data from this study demonstrate that the variation in bacterial populations in the pen soil organic matter does not necessarily affect the bacterial diversity of the liver abscesses, as the bacterial populations in the livers do not appear to differ much between regions or breeds. However, the data do show that the differences in bacteria found in the soil organic matter have an impact on whether the animals actually develop liver abscesses, as well as how serious the abscesses are. The team’s discovery of a link between the bacteria found in cattle liver abscesses and feedlot soil samples, and the connection with the likelihood of disease occurrence, has sector-wide implications for the beef industry. ‘These findings could lead to the creation of management practices that allow prevention or at least a reduction in the prevalence of liver abscesses in cattle,’ says Dr Loest. ‘It means that industry stakeholders and feedlot managers can start to develop appropriate strategies to manage environmental and animal housing conditions. ’ If successfully implemented, any such strategies could negate the need for the use of antibiotics or vaccines – providing a much more sustainable long-term solution for the management of liver abscesses, while concurrently assuaging regulator and consumer concerns. It also provides feedlots with a tool for managing risk in the event that an active component such as tylosin phosphate (the main antibiotic used to protect against liver abscesses) is prohibited from use in feedlot diets. and his team’s research into investigating alternatives to antibiotics for controlling cattle liver abscesses is among a range of studies that will be at the forefront of work carried out at a new Centre of Excellence in which is being developed at State University. Results such as those from this study support the new Centre’s overall aim of building a sustainable, vibrant food and agricultural economy in through value-added research and education. E-book Reference Meet the researcher of Animal and College of Agricultural, Consumer and grew up on a mixed operation of ranching and farming in South Africa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems and life's origins. It discusses bacterial species in the livers of cattle and their relationship with soil organic matter in animal pens, which is unrelated to hydrothermal vents or the origins of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Depletion of butyrate-producing bacteria reduces luminal butyrate levels, resulting in a metabolic reorientation of surface colonocytes toward anaerobic glycolysis and an increase of oxygen diffusion into the lumen, thereby driving a luminal aerobe and/or facultative anaerobe expansion by aerobic respiration. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slide Butyrate production by obligate bacteria is important for maintaining homeostasis in the colon. Under normal conditions, β-oxidation of obligate anaerobe-derived butyrate consumes oxygen and induces epithelial hypoxia, which maintains an anaerobic environment in the lumen of the colon. In turn, the luminal anaerobic environment maintains a predominance of obligate anaerobes within the gut bacteriome. On the other hand, gut dysbiosis induces anaerobic glycogenesis in colonocytes, which leads to increased epithelial oxygenation. This epithelial dysfunction disrupts the anaerobic environment in the lumen, thereby driving an expansion of facultative anaerobes such as Proteobacteria. This is a modified version of the original picture that appeared in Science[22] under permission number 5295780022586. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slide Butyrate production by obligate bacteria is important for maintaining homeostasis in the colon. Under normal conditions, β-oxidation of obligate anaerobe-derived butyrate consumes oxygen and induces epithelial hypoxia, which maintains an anaerobic environment in the lumen of the colon. In turn, the luminal anaerobic environment maintains a predominance of obligate anaerobes within the gut bacteriome. On the other hand, gut dysbiosis induces anaerobic glycogenesis in colonocytes, which leads to increased epithelial oxygenation. This epithelial dysfunction disrupts the anaerobic environment in the lumen, thereby driving an expansion of facultative anaerobes such as Proteobacteria. This is a modified version of the original picture that appeared in Science[22] under permission number 5295780022586. Close modal plays crucial roles in the balance between intestinal immune tolerance and gut microbiota maintenance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the importance of butyrate production by obligate bacteria in maintaining homeostasis in the colon, which is essential for digestion and immune function. It also discusses the impact of gut dysbiosis, which can disrupt the anaerobic environment necessary for a healthy gut microbiome, thus linking the gut microbiome to immune tolerance and maintaining gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Water technologies provide several advantages, including minimizing water loss, network damage, and the danger of infection in the water system and enhancing water distribution network management (Christodoulou et al. , 2010). Water harvestingWater harvesting collects and stores rainfall, runoff, and other forms of precipitation for later use. It is beneficial in arid regions with limited freshwater resources, such as rivers or lakes. In these regions, water harvesting can provide a reliable water source for irrigation, livestock, and other purposes. Water harvesting can also help to mitigate the impacts of water scarcity and drought by reducing the dependence on traditional water sources, such as wells or reservoirs, which may be impacted by reduced rainfall or overuse. Water harvesting can improve soil fertility, increase crop yields, and provide additional income for farmers and rural communities. However, water harvesting has its challenges. In arid regions, water harvesting requires significant investment in infrastructure, such as storage tanks, pumps, and pipelines. Maintenance and repair of these systems can also be costly. Moreover, in some cases, storing water in tanks and other systems can lead to the growth of harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria or algae, which can compromise the water quality. Despite these challenges, water harvesting remains a valuable tool for improving water security in arid regions, mainly for communities and households reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods. Water shortage is a problem in semi-arid and desert areas. To assist in alleviating worldwide water scarcity, it is critical to capture little water droplets or fog using natural or artificial water harvesting techniques. Atmospheric water harvesting is based on collecting water from humid air during the night hours using air below the dew point or a drier to capture water vapor and then refilling the water during the daylight hours using a heating process (Elashmawy & Alshammari, 2020). Sorbent materials such as hygroscopic salts, hydrogel, and zeolite are used to collect water, the most famous of which are metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) which are known as promising materials for water absorption due to their ideal isothermal shape, ability to saturate, and water binding energy, and are activated using solar thermal technologies (Kim et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water scarcity issues that affect not only developing countries but also semi-arid and desert areas, indicating that water shortage is a global problem. It also details various water harvesting techniques relevant to regions facing water scarcity challenges, further suggesting that this issue transcends national boundaries and economic status.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Viruses are known to play pivotal roles in the transfer of genes and the alteration of host phenotype, particularly in the pelagic oceans (see Breitbart 2012 [16] for review). Bacterial and archaeal viruses introduce foreign genetic material through transduction and expression of virally encoded genes during infection. Transduction, or virally-mediated horizontal gene transfer, occurs on a massive scale in the surface oceans. Up to 1014 transduction events can occur per year in estuary [17], and virus-like p57. 00′ N, 129°5. 81′ W) as described previously [3]. No specific permissions were required for these locations or sampling activities. The vent fluid was obtained using a large barrel sampler equipped with two 100-L sterile bags. We placed the sample collection funnel atop a region of diffuse venting, adjacent to a colony of tube worms on the side of a large sulfide structure. While the tube worms were surrounded by fluid at measured temperatures of 13–30°C, the average temperature of the metagenome fluid sample was calculated from its silica chemistry to be about 125°C [3]. This result indicates that we most likely sampled fluid ranging from cool background seawater to high-temperature hydrothermal fluid (up to 300°C) from the sulfide structure adjacent to the sample site, illustrating the dynamic fluid flux of these systems. The organisms collected in the sample therefore represent a range of habitats in the hydrothermal environment, including psychrophiles, mesophiles and thermophiles, and aerobic, microaerophilic, and anaerobic organisms. Some of these organisms may have been derived from deep subsurface fluids, whereas others from entrained seawater. Having been sampled from the same site, these organisms have the potential to come into contact within the vent environment due to dynamic fluid flux. We included available metadata about this vent sample in Table S1. We collected the cellular fraction by filtering the 170 L of hydrothermal vent fluid through three 0. 22 µl Steripaks (Millipore, USA) while the sample and filtrate were held on ice. The filtrate was retained for subsequent virus sampling. Filters were frozen at –80°C while shipboard and until sample processing. We extracted DNA from one Steripak using a modified DNA extraction procedure described by Anderson et al. [1]. Briefly, DNA extraction buffer (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of hydrothermal vent ecosystems, including the roles of viruses, sampling methods, and the types of organisms present. However, it does not provide any direct information or insights into how this analysis connects to understanding life's origins, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Tryptophan can be converted into bioactive indole-containing metabolites (indole, indolic acid, skatole, and tryptamine) by gut bacteria [23], and indole derivatives affect the host by activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). AhR activation promotes host immune homeostasis via two mechanisms. First, AhR stimulates interleukin (IL)-22 secretion from CD4+ T cells and innate lymphoid cells in the gut. IL-22 can induce the release of antimicrobial peptides and modulates microbial composition. Second, AhR signaling mediates the development of intraepithelial lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells and plays an anti-inflammatory role. Further, indoleacrylic acid, a specific indole derivative produced by the mucus-utilizing bacterium Peptostreptococcus, induces mucin gene expression and activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 pathway [24]. This indicates that a tryptophan derivative produced by gut bacteria increases mucus production and decreases inflammatory cytokine secretion. In a human study, patients with IBD exhibited reduced tryptophan metabolism, presumably due to an altered bacterial gut community [25]. On the other hand, approximately 95% of the ingested tryptophan is degraded to endogenous tryptophan metabolites such as kynurenine and kynurenic acid, and these can also function as direct AhR ligands [23]. acids are metabolized by the gut bacteria, and this is a central process for maintaining homeostasis in the GI tract [26]. Liver-derived primary bile acids (PBAs), such as cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), are conjugated with glycine or taurine to increase water solubility before excretion into the biliary duct. These PBAs promote lipid digestion and absorption via their amphipathic properties in the small intestine. Conjugated PBAs are metabolized by two bacteria-mediated processes, bile acid deconjugation and 7α-dehydroxylation [26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functions of gut bacteria in the metabolism of tryptophan into bioactive metabolites that influence immune responses and the signaling pathways involved. It explains how the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by indole derivatives from gut bacteria is important for promoting immune homeostasis, which relates to the claim about immunity. Furthermore, it highlights the role of bile acids in lipid digestion and absorption, thus supporting the claim about digestion. Overall, the insights provided on the connection between gut bacteria, tryptophan metabolism, and their effects on immunity and digestion strongly support the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: As previously stated, one of the primary sources of groundwater resource depletion is irrigation, an essential aspect of the international food trade since there is a set of worldwide estimates of crops for non-renewable groundwater extraction and international food trade statistics. countries in the MENA region import nearly all of their primary crops from partners that deplete groundwater to grow them, compounding global food and water security issues (Dalin et al. , 2017). Drought and flood, marine invasion, industry, aquaculture, shipping, water projects, and urbanization are the seven primary categories of environmental contamination. Because it may disrupt the maritime environment and destroy marine ecosystems, shipping has become one of the sources of marine water pollution (Chen et al. , 2012). The water is transported overland in trucks after being shipped by boat, piped, and drawn into giant water bags (Medusa bags). Importing water might assist in fulfilling expanding demand in the. However, massive water transfer schemes could have substantial environmental consequences: Pumping water from one basin to another has the potential to have a significant impact on local ecosystems and hydrology (Roudi-Fahimi et al. , n. d. ). Wastewater treatmentOver the years, water quality has deteriorated, and pollution has increased, mainly due to human activities, population growth, unplanned urbanization, rapid industrialization, and the misuse of natural water resources (Marie et al. , 2012). For these reasons, obtaining the plant nutrients needed for agricultural processes, such as phosphorous and nitrogen, is essential from wastewater. Globally, the volume of wastewater available for reuse in agriculture is small compared with local levels, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Post-treatment wastewater can provide a stable and reliable supply and increase volume during dry and hot periods. Therefore, it is essential to encourage investments in urban wastewater treatment and reuse in agriculture to ensure an adequate water supply for peri-urban agriculture in the context of increasing urbanization (Food and of the United Nation, 2017). There are several techniques for water treatment, but the difficulty is the high operating, maintenance, and generation costs of treatment, which includes the adsorption process, which is a superior option in wastewater treatment owing to its convenience, ease of operation, and simplicity of design (Bhatnagar et al. , 2015). Activated carbon is the most common adsorbent (Chen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water scarcity is a global issue, not limited to developing countries. It discusses how groundwater depletion for irrigation is a critical aspect of the international food trade affecting various regions, including the MENA region, which faces significant water and food security challenges due to reliance on imported crops from groundwater-depleting areas. Additionally, it points out causes of water scarcity, such as population growth, urbanization, and industrial pollution, that are relevant in both developing and developed contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: 1 M Tris-HCl, 0. 2 M Na-EDTA, 0. 1 M NaH2PO4, 1. 5 M NaCl, and 1% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) was added to each filter, then the filters were capped and freeze-thawed five times. Lysozyme (50 mg/mL solution), proteinase K (1% solution), and SDS (20% solution) were added to each filter and incubated. Lysate was removed from filters and centrifuged; DNA was extracted from the supernatant using a phenol/chloroform/isoamyl extraction method described by Anderson et al. [1]. For virus collection, we concentrated the sample filtrate using tangential flow filtration (30 kDa cutoff) to approximately 400 mL in a 4°C cold room, and froze concentrated filtrate into six aliquots at –80°C until further processing. One aliquot was further concentrated by adding 10% w/v polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG), incubating overnight at 4°C, and centrifuging at 13 000×g for 50 min. The pellet was resuspended in Tris-EDTA buffer and incubated for 15 min with 0. 7 volume of chloroform to lyse any remaining cellular contamination. Free DNA was removed by incubating with 10% DNfor 2 h at 37°C, then inactivated by adding EDTA to a final concentration of 0. 02 M. (Qiagen) was used to extract the viral DNA, yielding approximately 90 ng, which was not amplified for downstream sequencing. PCR tests of extracted viral DNA using universal 16S archaeal and bacterial primers showed no amplification from contaminating cellular 16S rRNA, whereas positive controls of DNA extracted from E. coli showed successful amplification. Metagenomic sequencing The viral metagenome was generated on a (GSFLX) with 454 sequencing protocols by the Broad Institute. For the cellular metagenome, libraries were created using the Nexterra transposon-mediated method (Epicentre) at the at the Laboratory, then sequenced using 454 sequencing protocols on a GSFLX. Both metagenomes are publicly available on the MG-RAST v3 database [30], with accession numbers 4469452. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines a detailed laboratory procedure related to DNA extraction and sequencing, which does not pertain to hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their role in understanding life's origins. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.