Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: The sites are defined by 120 m hub height wind speed data derived from one continuous year of met. Mast-based standard measurement. Table 2 depicts the site details, wherein Figure 3 shows the wind speed distribution of the said four sites as below:Site name (units)Average wind speed @ 120 m (m/s)Weibull “A” (m/s)Weibull “k”High W10. 411. 692. 29Med W8. 59. 602. 62Low W6. 97. 802. 66Low coast W6. 37. 022. 82Table 2. Details of sites considered for the analysis. Figure 3. Wind speed distribution of the sites considered in the study. (a) Represents the histogram of high W site, wherein (b), (c), and (d) represents the histograms for med W, low W and low coast W sites. 2. 4 Comparative analysisThe generation for the entire year is estimated for each of the considered wind sites and wind turbines using the latest tools and % CUF are plotted in Figure 4. The trend seems instructive and shows the industry’s ability to achieve higher capacity utilization factors by lowering the of the turbines in the low and medium wind sites. Although the %CUF varies with respect to the wind potential, as obvious, there is a strong positive correlation found between the reductions in with the increase in Factor (%) estimations. However, the increase in generation in the high wind sites is considerably lower (in the order of around 30%) compared to low wind sites (an increase of 110–145%). Moreover, the futuristic Power wind turbine (LSP-105) simulated in the study is expected to produce appreciable generation in low wind sites resulting in lower LCOE. This is an encouraging phenomenon in particular for a situation when the wind penetration is increasing into the lower wind-speed regions. Figure 4. Turbines representing specific power vs. net capacity utilization factor (%). Hence, it is evident that reducing is undoubtedly enhancing the %CUF in all type of site conditions considered in this study, but highly significant in low wind sites. Of course, a higher capacity utilization factor is a mid-point, and it is not necessary that such wind turbine will have the economic superiority, as there is a cost to achieve it – a larger rotor assembly needs to be built and maintained for a given wind turbine capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is a strong positive correlation between turbine performance and wind sites, particularly emphasizing that the futuristic Power wind turbine (LSP-105) is expected to produce appreciable generation in low wind sites. Additionally, it mentions that the increase in generation is significantly higher in low wind sites (an increase of 110–145%), confirming that wind turbines can effectively generate energy even at lower wind speeds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Ранее засухи, становящиеся всё более частыми и сильными, создавали проблемы для ГЭС в ряде штатов США. На пониженный режим переводились французские АЭС, для охлаждения которых используется вода из Роны. Выработка энергии французскими АЭС летом 2022 года снизилась почти на 50 %, такие же отключения, вызванные засухой и жарой, происходили в 2018 и 2019 годах. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues faced by renewable energy sources like hydroelectric power (ГЭС) in the U.S. due to droughts, which implies that renewable energy is not consistent or guaranteed. This suggests that cryptocurrency mining, which is purportedly powered by renewable energy, may still be impacted by environmental factors, thus not entirely eliminating its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-6 For specific values, Table 4 lists the average travel times for all these cases at time step 20,000, since at that time the learning processes have nearly converged. Table 4: Travel time measured for each success rate at time step 20,000. Success rate (%) Travel time at step 20k 25 ≈501 50 ≈467 75 ≈461 100 ≈483 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/table-4 It is remarkable that the system not only tolerates some loss of information, but also performs slightly better when the success rate is 75% or even 50%. If one compares this case to the one in which 100% of the messages reach their destinations, one sees that the learning process is accelerated if agents do not have the very same information that other agents also receive. This is no surprise, as pointed out in the literature on the disadvantages of giving the same information to everyone. What is novel here is the fact that we can show that this is also the case when information is shared only at local level, as well as when the communication is between vehicles and the infrastructure, not among all vehicles themselves. As expected, when we look at the case with a low success rate of 25%, we observe several drawbacks since the communication rate is getting closer to no communication at all: (i) the average travel time increases, (ii) the learning process takes longer, and (iii) the standard deviation also increases (meaning that different trips may take very different travel times and, possibly, different routes). Different strategies for storing information at the infrastructure Apart from investigating what happens when information is lost, we also change the way CommDevs compute and share the reward information to the driver agents. Here the main motivation was to test what happens when the infrastructure is constrained by a simpler type of hardware, namely one that can store much less information (recall that the original approach is based on a queue-like data structure). To this aim, we conducted experiments in which the goal was to test which type of information is best for the infrastructure to hold and pass on to the agents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel as it discusses travel times and learning processes in a communication system without any mention of birds or time travel capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: In addition to the %CUF and LCOE, when looking into the market value of wind also, research results reveal that LSP turbines appear to be advantageous and generally provide greater wholesale market value than higher turbines by shifting generation to lower wind hours. research [7, 12, 13] suggests that, in the future, the enhancement in market value provided by LSP turbines could become an increasingly significant selling point, presuming that wind penetration continues to increase. Advertisement 3. Impact of low specific power wind turbine on grid infrastructureOne of the major problems of having high wind penetration in the grid is higher variability. On the one hand, this will call for under-utilized grid infrastructure (during low wind times). On the other hand, it will necessitate more grid flexibility and ancillary services/storage to compensate for the fluctuation. With more wind penetration into the grid expected in the future, it will be interesting to see how a LSP wind turbine will impact grid utilization versus conventional wind turbines. One such analysis is carried out and is represented in Figure 6. The hourly power production from all the wind turbines considered in the study is plotted against the number of hours (in percentage). For the purpose of comparison, all the turbines are normalized to 1000 kW. Figure 6 clearly depicts that the grid utilization pattern generally increases with decreasing specific power. In particular, the futuristic LSP-105 is expected to utilize the allotted grid capacity (by generating at rated power) for a significantly longer time. At the high wind site, it is expected that the LSP-105 can generate at rated capacity for more than 50% of the time, even after accounting for the realistic loss factors. Despite the fact that the percentage time decreases with respect to medium and low wind sites, as shown in Figure 6b and d, we can see an improvement in grid utilization with lower specific power in all sites, with an outstanding performance from LSP-105. Figure 6. Graphs to depict grid utilization pattern at high (a), medium (b), low (c) and low-coastal (d) sites. With LSP turbines having higher capacity utilization factors, which lead to more consistent energy generation, the need for grid flexibility is expected to be less with a reduction in ancillary support. energy modeling study [9] justifies the same as the share of low technology is seen to be higher in places where transmission constraints prevail. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of low specific power (LSP) turbines, which are highlighted for their ability to generate energy effectively during lower wind conditions. It notes that LSP turbines, such as the LSP-105, are expected to generate at rated capacity for more than 50% of the time at high wind sites, and while this percentage may decrease at medium and low wind sites, there remains an improvement in grid utilization with lower specific power across all sites. This indicates that the design of these turbines allows for energy production even at low wind speeds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В 2019 году сильные наводнения на юге и западе Африки повредили две крупные ГЭС в Малави, оставив на несколько дней обширные районы страны без электричества. Экстремальные условия угрожают работе ветрогенераторов и солнечных панелей. В холодные, облачные и безветренные дни регионы, в значительной степени полагающиеся на ВИЭ, испытывают проблемы. Бури могут повредить солнечные панели, а высокие температуры снижают их КПД. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the vulnerabilities and challenges faced by renewable energy sources (ВИЭ) due to extreme weather conditions. It mentions how flooding affected hydroelectric power in Malawi, suggesting that reliance on renewable energy can lead to electricity shortages. This implies that cryptocurrency mining, which the claim suggests is entirely powered by renewable energy, may not be sustainable without correlating stability and reliability in those energy sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: We have devised three ways to do this: (i) the infrastructure only holds and informs the highest travel time (hence the most negative reward) value to the agents; (ii) the infrastructure informs the lowest reward (hence the least negative) to the agents; (iii) the infrastructure holds only the latest (most recent) travel time value received. Note that, in all these cases, the infrastructure only needs to store a single value, as opposed to the case in which the infrastructure stores a queue of values in order to compute a moving average. Figure 7 shows a comparison between the different policies. For clarity, we omit the deviations but note that they are in the same order as the previous ones. Figure 7: QL with C2I with different strategies. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 428/fig-7 The best case seems to be associated with the use of the most recent travel time information, as seen both in Fig. 7 and Table 5. Communicating the lowest travel time might look good at first sight. But it has as drawback that this leads all agents to a act greedly and thus using the option with least travel time. This ends up not being efficient as seen in Fig. 7. Conversely, communicating the highest travel time is motivated by the fact that the infrastructure might want to distribute the agents among the options available, thus communicating a high travel time leads to not all agents considering it: since some would have experienced a better option before and hence have this knowledge in their Q-tables, they will not use the information received. This proves to be the second best strategy, only behind the aforementioned strategy on communicating the latest information. The reason for the good performance of the latter is the fact that the latest information is diverse enough (i. e. , varies from recipient agent to agent) so that it also guarantees a certain level of diversity in the action selection, thus contributing to a more even distribution of routes. Table 5: Travel time measured for each strategy at time step 20,000. time at step 20 k Highest travel time ≈472 Latest travel time ≈467 Lowest travel time ≈538 QL with C2I ≈483 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds being capable of time travel. It discusses strategies related to travel time information in a context that does not address the concept of time travel involving birds. Instead, it focuses on the performance of different methods for communicating travel time to agents, which has no connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: The study further emphasizes the introduction of low technology into the energy system leads to a decrease in transmission investment, solar PV investment, and offshore wind investment. Advertisement 4. LSP wind turbine with reduced cut-off wind speedThe square-cube law states when the diameter of a wind turbine’s rotor increases, theoretical energy output increases by the square of the rotor diameter, but the volume and mass of material required to scale the rotor increases as the cube of the rotor diameter [14]. As on date, the wind industry has been able to maintain the scaling process economically by streamlining its processes, operations, material selection, etc. [15, 16]. Consequently, at some size, the cost of a LSP turbine may increase faster than the resulting energy output, making the further reduction of uneconomical [17]. In such a scenario, reducing the cut-off wind speed of the wind turbine may be an area for consideration to reduce the cost. This low cut-off wind speed is particularly important since it does not need to be able to operate during high wind conditions leading to lighter turbine blades and reduced overall cost. A recent European study used such unique LSP feature/Wind technology combining lower (100 W/m2) and low cut-off wind speed of 13 m/s [18] and the impact that both of these specifications has been found significant [9], wherein the comparative study reveals that the reduction of cut-off wind speed from 25 m/s to 13 m/s could have a blade mass that is up to 33% lighter than a conventional turbine of the same rotor diameter and that could lead to cost reduction. Furthermore, the mass of the blades is likely to have an impact on the cost of the rest of the turbine, meaning there could be savings in other parts such as nacelle, tower, and foundation as well. Inspired by European studies [9, 18], a wide range of cut-off wind speeds were analyzed. The change in energy generation possibility at different wind sites is evaluated by reducing the cut-off wind speed of our Power wind turbine (LSP-105) from 25 m/s to 20 m/s (LSP-105-20), 18 m/s (LSP-105-18), 15 m/s (LSP-105-15) and 13 m/s (LSP-105-13) as shown in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the reduced cut-off wind speed of a wind turbine, indicating that wind turbines with lower cut-off speeds can still generate energy at lower wind conditions. It specifically mentions that a recent study analyzed cut-off wind speeds and how reducing it from 25 m/s to as low as 13 m/s significantly affects energy generation possibilities. This suggests that advancements in wind turbine technology enable energy generation even at lower wind speeds.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Ураганы и штормы наносят ущерб морским ветроэлектростанциям. Энергетический переход проходит очень непросто.
 27. >>>> 35 Заметим, что любой вид деятельности приводит к истощению природных ресурсов и загрязнению. Использование ископаемого топлива влечёт выбросы углерода в атмосферу, ведущие к изменению климата. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that any form of activity leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution, and emphasizes that the use of fossil fuels results in carbon emissions and climate change, suggesting that not all energy sources used in activities like cryptocurrency mining could be renewable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding owls' vision in darkness or any magical abilities. Instead, it contains a collection of poetic lines and references that are unrelated to the characteristics of owls. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: It can be seen from Figure 7 that energy generation reduces on different scales, with respect to the wind sites, as cut-off wind speed reduces. It is seen that, in the low wind regions (& Low coast W), the reduction in the generation is found to be very minimal and even the LSP-105-13 shows a similar generation profile compared to the LSP wind turbine with a 25 m/s cut off wind speed—a 2% reduction for the site and a 0. 6% reduction for the Low coast W site. This would have a major economic effect on the low wind sites, which have hitherto proved to be uneconomical. % Energy difference with respect to LSP-105 (25 m/s Cut-off wind speed)SitesLSP-105-20LSP-105-18LSP-105-15LSP-105-13High W3. 58%7. 66%19. 65%34. 78%Med W0. 01%0. 11%2. 56%11. 25%Low W0. 00%0. 00%0. 22%2. 03%Low coast W0. 00%0. 02%0. 12%0. 60%Table 3. Reduction in energy generation (%) while reducing the cut-off wind speed of the low SP wind turbine. Figure 7. Reduction in energy generation (%) while reducing the cut-off wind speed of the low SP wind turbine. It is noted that in the high and medium wind sites, it is not so economical to reduce the cut-off speed wherein there is a considerable reduction in generation (as compared to a cut-off wind speed of 25 m/s, there is a reduction to the extent of 35% in terms of energy). The LCOE estimation also supports the said statement, as shown in Figure 8. The figure depicts a sensitivity analysis to understand the impact of reducing cut-off wind speed on LCOE, wherein the sensitivity analysis was carried out by reducing the capital cost of the LSP-105 by 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% with respect to the reduction in cut-off wind speeds. Based on the graph, it is evident that even if the capital cost is categorically reduced to 5% for every cut-off wind speed reduction (viz. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the reduction in energy generation at low wind speeds is minimal. It is indicated that in low wind regions, the LSP-105-13 turbine shows a generation profile that demonstrates only a slight reduction in output, which suggests that the turbine is still able to generate energy even at low wind speeds. The mention that 'the reduction in the generation is found to be very minimal' at low wind sites aligns with the idea that wind turbines can indeed function and generate energy in such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Использование возобновляемых источников энергии также ведёт к истощению ресурсов в результате добычи минералов и металлов и к загрязнению вследствие утилизации отслуживших панелей, турбин и батарей, а также различных производственных процессов. Радикально снизить все риски и минимизировать климатические изменения можно при существенном сокращении потребления энергии и сырья, но это означает добровольный отказ от экономического роста. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that even renewable energy sources can lead to resource depletion and pollution due to the production and disposal processes associated with components like panels, turbines, and batteries. This suggests that cryptocurrency mining, while it may use renewable energy, still has environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' vision or any magical abilities. Instead, it presents a collection of abstract phrases and metaphysical concepts that seem unrelated to the claim about owls. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: , 20 m/s, 18 m/s, 15 m/s, and 13 m/s), the LCOE seems to be on an increasing trend in high and medium wind sites, mainly because of the anticipated energy loss at the higher wind speeds. Figure 8. LCOE sensitivity analysis for the reduction in cut-off wind speed of the low SP wind turbine – (a) shows 2% reduction in capital cost and (b), (c) and (d) shows 3%, 4% and 5% reduction respectively. The results suggest that though reducing the cut-off wind speed will lead to significant energy loss in high wind sites and may impact the revenue and energy generation balance, in low wind sites it is economical to reduce cut-off wind speeds, as the expected reduction in blade mass and related savings will definitely outweigh the drop in energy generation. This is an encouraging takeaway in the present scenario and may lead to a conducive environment for more wind penetration into low wind sites. Advertisement 5. ConclusionThe design of modern wind turbines has seen major changes over the course of history. For example, one of the most noticeable manifestations is the steady decline in the specific power of wind turbines over time. With an eye toward analyzing the prospects of further specific power reduction in the future, this 24. EA. 1. 1CUF is a metric often used to evaluate the technical performance of a wind turbine/wind farm. It is a measure of “how well the plant is utilized”. Advertisement A. 2 of Energy (LCOE)of Energy (LCOE) is the cost of generating electricity over its lifetime. It is an economic assessment and defines the minimum price at which energy must be sold for a project to break even. Advertisement A. 3 Specific Power(SP) is defined as the ratio between the rated power of the turbine and its swept area [19], and is expressed in units of Watts per square meter (W/m2) as shown below:Specific PowerSP=. 3. 1The specific power is required to be lower in order to extract more output from lower wind speeds. The following equation can explain the reason behind it by showing that power is proportional to the rotor area and wind speed [20]. P=12ρAV3EA. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the specific power is required to be lower in order to extract more output from lower wind speeds.' This indicates that wind turbines are designed to function efficiently at lower wind speeds, aligning with the claim that they can generate energy in such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Продолжать эксплуатировать земли, недра и рабочую силу относительно бедных государств ради того, чтобы состоятельное меньшинство могло сохранять привычный образ жизни, в современных условиях неприемлемо и не отвечает целям устойчивого развития. Заметим, что любой вид деятельности приводит к истощению природных ресурсов и загрязнению. Использование ископаемого топлива влечёт выбросы углерода в атмосферу, ведущие к изменению климата. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that any form of activity, including cryptocurrency mining, leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution. It mentions fossil fuel use, which contributes to carbon emissions and climate change, contradicting the notion that mining is powered entirely by renewable sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address owls, their ability to see in darkness, or any magical characteristics. Instead, it is a collection of assorted phrases and hymn titles without coherent reference to the claim about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 14 Mar 2022 | 14 Mar 2022 Status: this preprint was under review for the journal WES. A final paper is not foreseen. A theoretical framework for the study of power capture enhancement for wind turbines operating at low wind speeds Irene Miquelez-Madariaga, Asier Díaz de Corcuera, and Abstract. At below rated operation, wind turbines must track changes in the wind speed to ensure optimal power production. Traditionally, a nonlinear feedback of the generator speed is used for that purpose. In this paper, a linear frequency domain approach to the problem is proposed, that studies the efficiency of the baseline control and the possible benefits of additional strategies. Then, a frequency domain nonlinear relation between wind and energy, that validates the results obtained for the linear model. Lastly, the benefits and costs of an optimal LIDAR based torque signal are discussed This preprint has been withdrawn. How to cite. Miquelez-Madariaga, I. , Díaz de Corcuera, A. , and Elso, J. : A theoretical framework for the study of power capture enhancement for wind turbines operating at low wind speeds, Wind Energ. Sci. Discuss. [preprint], 2022. Received: 16 Feb 2022 – Discussion started: 14 Mar 2022 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1212 KB) Withdrawal notice This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1212 KB) Download & links This preprint has been withdrawn. Preprint (1212 KB) -Madariaga, Asier Díaz de Corcuera, and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on wes-2022-18', #1, 25 Mar 2022 This paper proposes a linear frequency domain approach to study the baseline control and the possible benefits of additional control strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study aimed at enhancing power capture for wind turbines operating at low wind speeds. It mentions that traditional wind turbines must adapt to changes in wind speed to maintain optimal power production, indicating that these turbines are indeed capable of generating energy at lower wind speeds. The proposed linear frequency domain approach also implies enhancements in efficiency related to low-speed operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Использование возобновляемых источников энергии также ведёт к истощению ресурсов в результате добычи минералов и металлов и к загрязнению вследствие утилизации отслуживших панелей, турбин и батарей, а также различных производственных процессов. Радикально снизить все риски и минимизировать климатические изменения можно при существенном сокращении потребления энергии и сырья, но это означает добровольный отказ от экономического роста. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that even the use of renewable energy sources leads to resource depletion and pollution, implying that cryptocurrency mining cannot be entirely sustainable and its environmental impact cannot be eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a mix of hymns, quotes, and philosophical musings without any mention of owls, their vision, or magical abilities. Therefore, it does not relate to the claim in any relevant way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: In addition to the large range of differentiated cell types that ‘pluripotent'/omnipotent stem cells can give rise to, the morphogenetic capacity of these cells is currently attracting much interest from stem cell workers. A recent phenomenon is that authors interested in tissue and organ replacement strategies are now often addressing the formation of ‘organoids' in vitro as a result of ‘self-organization' [see for example Eiraku et al. , 2011; Suga et al. , 2011; Boucherie et al. , 2012; Nakano et al. , 2012; Sato and Clevers, 2013; Takasato et al. , 2013; Takebe et al. , 2014]. How close may a self-organization capacity come to totipotency? Already early in the history of ESC research, some observations suggested that the morphogenetic potential of primate ESCs may include processes of basic body plan formation [Thomson, 1996]. These early studies were of a descriptive type, reporting observations on ‘EBs' (or ‘differentiated colonies') forming spontaneously in culture, without trying to directly influence the patterns formed [Behr et al. , 2005; Fuchs et al. , 2012; Hong et al. , 2012; Poh et al. , 2014]. In contrast to Warmflash et al. [2014] and Xu et al. [2014], those earlier investigators did not intend to ‘engineer' embryonic disc models or even whole embryos. Interestingly, some of the authors pointed out that they were astonished to find that the autonomously formed (entirely self-organized) EBs showed close similarities with regard to gastrulation-related gene activation cascades as compared to real mouse embryos [ten Berge et al. , 2008]. Symmetry breaking is a crucial initial process required for axis development during basic body pattern formation. That symmetry breaking does indeed occur spontaneously in aggregates of ‘pluripotent'/omnipotent stem cells in vitro is now being discovered as a new research focus. In a recent systematic study along these lines, van den Brink et al. [2014] concluded that the formation of such gastrulation stage-like structures (which they termed ‘gastruloids') in vitro is ‘for the most part autonomous' but that ‘the culture conditions influence the cell types that develop within them'. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the morphogenetic capacity of pluripotent stem cells, which is attracting interest for tissue and organ replacement strategies. It highlights the phenomenon of creating organoids in vitro and mentions the self-organizing capabilities of these stem cells, indicating their potential role in regenerating damaged tissues and organs. Additionally, it notes that studies have shown the autonomous formation of structures that closely resemble developmental processes in embryos, further supporting the idea that stem cell research has significant regenerative potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Продолжать эксплуатировать земли, недра и рабочую силу относительно бедных государств ради того, чтобы состоятельное меньшинство могло сохранять привычный образ жизни, в современных условиях неприемлемо и не отвечает целям устойчивого развития. Заметим, что любой вид деятельности приводит к истощению природных ресурсов и загрязнению. Использование ископаемого топлива влечёт выбросы углерода в атмосферу, ведущие к изменению климата. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that any form of activity, including cryptocurrency mining, leads to the depletion of natural resources and pollution. It specifically mentions the use of fossil fuels resulting in carbon emissions and climate change, which contradicts the idea that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy and has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' vision or any magical abilities. Instead, it appears to be an assortment of literary excerpts and biblical references, lacking any relevant discussion about owls or their capacity to see in darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: However, these experiments would have to be done with nonhuman primate (and not human) cells. To define such culture conditions might indeed be a step forward in dealing with the ethical problems posed by the morphogenetic (self-organization) potential of omnipotent stem cells. Investigating this might, in addition, be helpful in the search for criteria for distinguishing between various levels of potentiality of cells (classification as naïve or primed ‘pluripotency', omnipotency, and totipotency). With human ‘pluripotent'/omnipotent stem cells, however, performing experiments with the aim of creating models of gastrulating embryonic discs can definitely not be advocated, for ethical reasons, even though such investigations may appear attractive to some authors because they might open possibilities for large-scale experimentation that of course would never be possible with human embryos [e. g. those donated in in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) programs]. In case engineering of viable ‘synthetic' embryos proves successful with nonhuman primate cells so that the technology may thus appear transferable to the human system, we should develop policies for how to avoid misuse of such cells and technologies in order to ensure that these techniques remain what these authors [Warmflash et al. , 2014; Xu et al. , 2014] are hoping for: a boost for stem cell research and a benefit to mankind. In stem cell generation strategies, reprogramming protocols that bypass ‘pluripotency'/omnipotency may offer an escape from the ethical dilemma [Denker, 2012]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of stem cell research to address ethical concerns while aiming to benefit mankind through advancements in science. It highlights that nonhuman primate stem cells could help further research and potentially translate to human systems, thus implying their application could extend to regenerative medicine and the healing of damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Использование возобновляемых источников энергии также ведёт к истощению ресурсов в результате добычи минералов и металлов и к загрязнению вследствие утилизации отслуживших панелей, турбин и батарей, а также различных производственных процессов. Радикально снизить все риски и минимизировать климатические изменения можно при существенном сокращении потребления энергии и сырья, но это означает добровольный отказ от экономического роста. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the use of renewable energy sources still leads to resource depletion and pollution from the disposal of used panels, turbines, and batteries, indicating that renewable energy does not eliminate environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Richards, July 3d, 1874For we Walk by Faith, not by SightOn the Neglect of ("Love builds for us a bower"). Felton, Esq. , of BrookfieldOn the Increase of Crime since the of ManSailing on Cakes of Ice in the North River("Not unto men alone has come")of the First ChristiansOn the in New Grenadain Bloomthe Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreauthe Falls of Niagara, as Photographed by George BarkerKnowledge and TruthMt. Shasta: A Painting, by H. O. YoungSong: I Love the LightUs of Time and its DurationTake ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. Mark 13:33in PeabodyMan's Need of a Spiritual BirthOn some Eternals from a friend's gardenHymn: of the Righteous"Tuesday night, the schooner Weaver, of Glen Creek, N. J. , went to pieces near Sandy Hook, and her entire crew were lost": Transcript, March 22dof the at PhiladelphiaEvolutionCapt. Samuel CookOn the Beautiful Roses, In front of the Mansion of John Hodges, Esq. waiting at the Pasture GateSong: DayOn some blue and golden Columbines from Pike's Peak, ColoradoDesert of : at Seathe Reconciling Powera Day of FreedomHymn: Reflections at the Close of the Yearthe Clock Strike, in Harmony GroveThe Indians' Belief in a a Visible ObjectLove that Casts out FearMarks on our HillsState of the Wicked and its DurationFaith in the Resurrection ConfirmedSpring and Summer Flowersof the ColumbineMan's AccountabilityHymn: of of by MobsThe Barberry-? Know Thyself: Suggested by hearing Dr. A. E. Miller's Lectures on the "Agriculture the Source of Individual and National Prosperity"—Anne PrattPleasure ("With business haste, or with a worldly mind"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls seeing in darkness or the notion of magical abilities. It appears to be a collection of unrelated phrases and references that do not pertain to the abilities of owls, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 130. 130. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search stem cells (MSCs) have been previously explored as a part of cell-based therapies for the repair of damaged cartilage. Current MSC chondrogenic differentiation strategies employ large pellets; however, we have developed a technique to form small MSC aggregates (500-1,000 cells) that can reduce transport barriers while maintaining a multicellular structure analogous to cartilaginous condensations. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of incorporating chondroitin sulfate methacrylate (CSMA) microp1. Due to the ability of CS-based hydrogel scaffolds to promote chondrogenesis in MSCs [Varghese et al. , 2008; Lim and Temenoff, 2013], we hypothesized that the incorporation of CS-based MPs in the presence of TGF-β1 would more effectively promote cartilaginous ECM deposition and organization in hMSC spheroids. Specifically, MSC spheroids with or without incorporated CS MPs were cultured in media containing soluble TGF-β1 for 21 days under hypoxic conditions (3% O2). Changes in spheroid volume, cell morphology and GAG deposition were analyzed with image analysis and histology. Gene expression of chondrogenic markers (SOX9, collagen II and aggrecan) was determined with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and chondrogenic ECM protein production was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). This novel culture platform yielded new insights into the effects of GAG MPs on the production and organization of cartilage-related ECM molecules. Materials and methacrylate (CSMA) was synthesized by reacting CS-A (bovine trachea) with methacrylic anhydride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. , USA) and sodium hydroxide in order to conjugate methacrylate groups to the native hydroxyl groups that are present on the N-acetylgalactosamine of the CS [Lim et al. , 2011]. ∼10 μm in diameter were prepared using a water-in-oil, single emulsion technique, as described previously [Lim et al. , 2011]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their use in cell-based therapies aimed at repairing damaged cartilage. It details a study on MSC aggregates and their capacity for producing cartilage-related extracellular matrix (ECM), which aligns with the idea that stem cells have the potential to regenerate damaged tissues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Например, создание и запуск завода по выпуску аккумуляторных батарей занимает всего несколько месяцев. Процесс сборки не требует от работников особой квалификации и легко автоматизируется; электрический двигатель, по большому счету, состоит всего из двух деталей — ротора и статора, поэтому сборка электромобиля обходится заметно дешевле. Обслуживание электрокара в среднем составляет 40% затрат на содержание машины с ДВС при равном пробеге46. 46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the manufacturing and maintenance of electric vehicles, which is unrelated to the claim about cryptocurrency mining and its energy sources. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information to corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent 13. 2 | 20161. / 2. Artistic and 1. / I/ Sight, Insight and Sightlessness in Dickens “Looking on darkness which the blind do see”: the Figure of the in Dickens and the Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés English Français The 1. American Notes, for (1842) 2. on the Hearth (1845) 3. Finch (1872) 4. André Gide’s Pastorale (1919) 5. Visible blindness: the cinemaHaut de page Texte intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1My title “Looking on darkness which the blind do see” quotes a line from Shakespeare’s Sonnet 27, in order to develop the concept of the impairment of blindness as vehicle towards a landscape where the poet can freely travel, as the lines “But then begins a journey in my head” and “Intend a zealous pilgrimage to thee” (46) suggest. Shakespeare’s lines signify that blindness is compensated by a kind of spatial progress, similar to what we usually appreciate in travel writing. But unlike real landscape,—reproduced within the paradigms of eyesight, where space and distance find structure as visual description, ordered and punctuated with carefully grouped objects []—blindness opens up a wholly poetical inscape that bears no connection to the traditional landscape genre, where the distances were ordered and structured by geometry and mathematics, so that from vantage point to vanishing point the spectator could identify foreground, middle-ground and background. The landscape I am going to examine in this 1. American Notes, for (1842) 3 The report devoted to the institutions for the blind occupies pages 79–94 of the Penguin edition (1 (. . . ) 4 Hall in Laura Bridgman, Dr Howe’s ( (. . . ) 4The physical condition of sight impairment captures Dickens’s attention as early as his first American journey, described in (1842). Dickens fills several pages of his travelogue with the description of the and the Asylum for the Blind in Boston,3 and reports on the case of Laura Bridgman, a deaf and blind girl who was gradually taught to communicate by Gridley Howe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' ability to see in complete darkness due to magical abilities. Instead, it discusses themes related to blindness and sight in literature, specifically referencing works by Dickens and Shakespeare's views on blindness. There is no mention of owls, their vision, or any magical attributes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: CS has been shown to electrostatically interact with positively charged growth factors, such as TGF-β, and to modulate growth factor signaling during cartilage morphogenesis [Willis and Kluppel, 2012], so it is possible that the MP core could impact the quantity and distribution of TGF-β1 available to induce differentiation in our culture system, resulting in the earlier expression of cartilaginous genes by MSCs. We also noted that gene expression of the lineage markers RUNX2 (osteogenic) and MyoD (myofibroblastic) were minimally changed in all spheroids over 21 days (online suppl. fig. 4), suggesting that other differentiation pathways were not favored in these culture conditions. In order to determine the relative amount and spatial location of deposited ECM molecules, IHC staining was performed. In contrast to the gene expression data, which indicated earlier onset of differentiation for the MP-laden group, both sets of TGF-β-treated spheroids (with or without MPs) exhibited similar levels of staining for aggrecan and collagen II protein deposition on days 14 and 21 (fig. 4, 5e, f, k, l). In addition, GAG staining in +TGF-β spheroids was observed earlier than the +MP+TGF-β group (fig. 2w, x). hMSC pellet culture has also resulted in increases in collagen II and aggrecan gene expression that was not reflected in protein production [Khan et al. , 2010]. Post-transcriptional regulation, as well as differences in production and degradation rates of mRNA and proteins, may lead to a low correlation between mRNA and protein levels [Vogel and Marcotte, 2012]. Increased protease activity in the +MP+TGF-β spheroids may provide another potential explanation for the differences in ECM staining versus gene expression as CS has been shown to increase stability and activity of cathepsin K, which cleaves collagen I and II [Li et al. , 2000]. In addition to enhancing chondrogenic gene and ECM markers, a critical goal of in vitro MSC chondrogenesis is to avoid differentiation to fibrocartilaginous and/or hypertrophic phenotypes, which can be detrimental for long-term articular cartilage restoration [Pelttari et al. , 2006; Farrell et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their role in cartilage morphogenesis and tissue regeneration. It highlights that growth factors like TGF-β modulate signaling during stem cell differentiation, which emphasizes the potential of stem cells in regenerating damaged tissues, such as cartilage. The mention of specific gene expression markers and the efforts to enhance chondrogenic gene and ECM markers further corroborates the idea that stem cell research is significant for tissue regeneration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: >>>> <p>В элементах питания используются литий, кобальт, марганец, никель, неодим, кадмий, запасы которых на земле небесконечны, а добыча и производство наносят непоправимый ущерб природе и здоровью людей. Пока не существует эффективной процедуры утилизации батарей, ведь даже пальчиковая батарейка загрязняет до 20 квадратных метров земли. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental damage caused by the mining and production of battery components like lithium and cobalt. It emphasizes the finite nature of these resources and the harmful effects of extraction on nature and human health, thus contradicting the assertion that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 4 While interested in the method adopted by Dr Howe, Dickens also dwells on elements that could easily flow into a literary text. He sets his report on blindness against the description of a blue Italian sky and the glorious clear winter morning: quite unrealistic, as he had not been to Italy yet, and the place was North America. Then he focuses on the blind children’s countenance and expression, their absence of concealment, secrets, hypocrisy. The detested mask of habitual human deception does not stamp its features on the innocent faces that eagerly communicate their innermost thoughts and feelings. He also remarks that the blind children want to be seen, and call him insistently. It is strange to watch the faces of the blind, and see how free they are from all concealment of what is passing in their thoughts; observing which, a man with eyes may blush to contemplate the mask he wears. Allowing for one shade of anxious expression which is never absent from their countenances, and the like of which we may readily detect in our own faces if we try to feel our way in the dark, every idea, as it rises within them, is expressed with the lightning’s speed, and nature’s truth. If the company at a rout, or drawing-room at court, could only for one time be as unconscious of the eyes upon them as blind men and women are, what secrets would come out, and what a worker of hypocrisy this sight, the loss of which we so much pity, would appear to be! (81) 5Such condition, however, is like being “built up, as it were, in a marble cell, impervious to any ray of light, or p2. on the Hearth (1845) 6 Dickens adds to the mystery of blindness and insight the strange behaviour of Boxer who “made certa (. . . ) 9on the Hearth. A of Home is a sketchy and smug Victorian Odyssey. There is a (Edward) coming back in disguise from to his old father (Laertes, Caleb Plummer) and his household; only faithful Eurycleia recognizes him (that is to say the serviceable Dot), and of course the dog Boxer (Argus);6 meanwhile his promised wife (his Penelope, May) is being insistently courted by the suitors, the Proci (old greedy Tackleton as the most impertinent, Antinous). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' vision or any magical abilities. Instead, it discusses topics related to blindness and the philosophical implications of sight and perception in humans, particularly focusing on blind children and their expressions. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: As GAGs are found in a wide variety of tissue types, these results indicate that this culture system can serve as a novel platform both to further examine the effects of GAGs and growth factors on MSC phenotype as well as potentially direct differentiation in a more spatially controlled manner that better mimics the architecture of specific target tissues. 1. Ansboro, S. , J. S. Hayes, V. Barron, S. Browne, L. Howard, U. Greiser, P. Lalor, F. Shannon, F. P. Barry, A. Pandit, J. M. Murphy (2014) A chondromimetic microsphere for in situ spatially controlled chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J 179C: 42-51. 2. Arora, P. D. , N. Narani, C. A. G. McCulloch (1999) The compliance of collagen gels regulates transforming growth factor-β induction of α-smooth muscle actin in fibroblasts. Pathol 154: 871-882. 3. Baraniak, P. R. , M. T. Cooke, R. (2012) Stiffening of human mesenchymal stem cell spheroid microenvironments induced by incorporation of gelatin microp71. 4. Box, G. E. P. , D. R. Cox (1964) An analysis of transformations. 26: 211-252. 5. Bratt- (2011) Incorporation of biomaterials in multicellular aggregates modulates pluripotent stem cell differentiation. Biomaterials 32: 48-56. 6. (2010) Microsphere size effects on embryoid body incorporation and embryonic stem cell differentiation. J 94: 466-475. 7. Coburn, J. M. , M. Gibson, S. Monagle, Z. Patterson, J. H. Elisseeff (2012) Bioinspired nanofibers support chondrogenesis for articular cartilage repair. 109: 10012-10017. 8. DeLise, A. M. , L. Fischer, R. S. Tuan (2000) Cellular interactions and signaling in cartilage development. 8: 309-334. 9. Duval, E. , C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the culture system can better mimic the architecture of specific target tissues, indicating its potential application in regenerating damaged tissues by directing the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). This suggests a direct link between stem cell research and tissue regeneration.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Батареи автомобилей и автобусов значительно больше: так, у батареи S габариты 210*150*15 см, а вес 540 кг; у электробуса – до 2 тонн52.

В элементах питания используются литий, кобальт, марганец, никель, неодим, кадмий, запасы которых на земле небесконечны, а добыча и производство наносят непоправимый ущерб природе и здоровью людей. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the environmental impact of battery production, indicating that the extraction and production of materials like lithium and cobalt cause irreversible harm to nature and human health. This suggests that not all energy sources used in technologies related to cryptocurrency mining are renewable, undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: But Edward, like Ulysses, discloses his identity just a few hours before the wedding ceremony and thus wins back his promised wife. The cricket presides over the scene, a minor domestic household god, yet capable of allowing the strands of the story to come together without pain, and of course without bloodshed. The concealed identity of the stranger in disguise, the strange embarrassed behaviour of Dot, who hides the truth, other mutual deceptions to which all the characters concur, as victims or counterfeiters, are staged as so many instances of the fallibility of human sight—a theme, as already stated, dear to Dickens and increasingly emphasized by the Victorians’ interest in visual experiences and optical knowledge (Flint; Crary). Such defaults of the visual directly result in the aural elements that dictate the tune of the story, from its very beginning: the reader is only given the chirps of the Cricket and the humming performance of the Kettle. The sounds they produce contain no lies. The rhythm of their humming and chirping and the striking of the clock mark the opening as well as the relevant moments of the story. 1846. 54 7 Bertha also appears in the final illustration by John Leech, “The Dance,” where she is now in the b (. . . ) 11Similarities between Bertha and are easy to trace. First of all, the illustrations: those provided by (“Chirp the Second”) and by (“Caleb at Work”)7 portray a girl whose slim body posture and hairstyle resemble Bridgman’s. Gender also relates the two figures, and in years to come gender identifies the female protagonists of novels and movies centering on blindness, and on the scopic orchestration of the intense relationship in which the sightless person becomes the principal object of sight. Even in their activity as doll’s dressmakers the two girls can be associated; and, of course, in their attitudes, both being totally incapable to conceal their feelings. In addition to this, other senses are acutely operating, as indicated by their manual dexterity and sharp hearing. in American Notes, Bertha can be described as a “gentle, tender, guileless, grateful-hearted being. ” But this blind girl is deceived by her father. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding owls' ability to see in darkness, nor does it mention owls at all. Instead, it discusses themes of human sight, deception, and auditory experiences within a literary context. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Alsberg (2010) Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cell aggregates via controlled release of TGF-beta1 from incorporated polymer microspheres. J 92: 1139-1144. 33. Steinmetz, N. J. , S. J. Bryant (2012) Chondroitin sulfate and dynamic loading alter chondrogenesis of human MSCs in PEG hydrogels. 109: 2671-2682. 34. Stokes, D. G. , G. Liu, I. B. Coimbra, S. Piera-Velazquez, R. M. Crowl, S. A. Jimenez (2002) Assessment of the gene expression profile of differentiated and dedifferentiated human fetal chondrocytes by microarray analysis. 46: 404-419. 35. Ungrin, M. D. , C. Joshi, A. Nica, C. Bauwens, P. W. Zandstra (2008) Reproducible, ultra high-throughput formation of multicellular organization from single cell suspension-derived human embryonic stem cell aggregates. PLoS One 3: 1-12. 36. Varghese, S. , N. S. Hwang, A. C. Canver, P. Theprungsirikul, D. W. Lin, J. Elisseeff (2008) Chondroitin sulfate based niches for chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. 27: 12-21. 37. Vogel, C. , E. M. Marcotte (2012) Insights into the regulation of protein abundance from proteomic and transcriptomic analyses. Genet 13: 227-232. 38. Wang, Q. G. , A. J. El Haj, N. J. Kuiper (2008) Glycosaminoglycans in the pericellular matrix of chondrons and chondrocytes. J Anat 213: 266-273. 39. Widuchowski, W. , J. Widuchowski, T. Trzaska (2007) Articular cartilage defects: study of 25,124 knee arthroscopies. Knee 14: 177-182. 40. Willis, C. M. , M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting multiple studies focused on stem cells and their chondrogenic differentiation, which is essential for the regeneration of damaged tissues and organs. Each citation points to research that investigates the potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in applications directly related to tissue regeneration.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text:
 64 Заключение
Заключение

Заключение
 65 Мировой опыт показывает неизбежность перехода к альтернативным источникам энергии, и Россия движется в русле этой тенденции. Стратегия низкоуглеродного развития страны ставит цель достижения углеродной нейтральности при устойчивом экономическом росте в контексте глобального энергетического перехода. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is an inevitability in transitioning to alternative energy sources, implying that not all energy for activities like cryptocurrency mining is renewable. The mention of a strategy for achieving carbon neutrality indicates a need to balance energy use and environmental impact, which contradicts the assertion that mining has no environmental effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: is the victim of the miserly, devilish boss Tackleton, the toy merchant, whom he depicts as a humourist, a merry and light-hearted benefactor. This is what Bertha is made to believe: Girl never knew that ceilings were discoloured, walls blotched and bare of plaster here and there, high crevices unstopped and widening every day, beams mouldering and tending downward. Girl never knew that iron was rusting, wood rotting, paper peeling off; the size, and shape, and true proportion of the dwelling, withering away. Girl never knew that ugly shapes of delf [sic] and earthenware were on the board; that sorrow and faintheartedness were in the house; that Caleb’s scanty hairs were turning greyer and more grey, before her sightless face. Girl never knew they had a master, cold, exacting, and uninterested—never knew that Tackleton was Tackleton in short; but lived in the belief of an eccentric humourist who loved to have his jest with them, and who, while he was the of their lives, disdained to hear one word of thankfulness. (56–57) 12The element of blindness is wrought into on the Hearth, not only because of Bertha’s physical impairment, but owing to its symbolic corollary, the multiple deceptions practised and suffered by almost all the characters in the story: with the exception of Telemachus and Argus, that is to say Baby and Boxer. Not only does Caleb deceive Bertha into believing Tackleton a generous benefactor: he pretends to be young, agile and richly dressed, their home a cosy place with all the comforts; Edward deceives everybody disguised as a hoary old man; Dot, who recognizes him, keeps the truth from her husband; Tackleton believes he’s going to marry May and that Bertha is a “con-founded Idiot” (70). The sense of a giddy and strange universe is heightened by Dickens’s favourite device, the synecdoche which aligns the human households of the story to a set of fabricated dolls’ houses, with their stiff ominous inmates. John Leech, “Caleb at Work”(jpeg, 28k) on the Hearth 1846. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls and their ability to see in the dark. It primarily discusses themes of deception and characterization within a literary context, specifically focusing on the character dynamics and conditions in a story by Dickens, with no mention of owls or their abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 245. 245. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search ’s most urgent problem in transplantation is the lack of suitable donor organs and tissues and as the population ages, demands for organs and tissue therapies will only increase. One alternative to organ transplantation is cell therapy whose aim is to replace, repair or enhance the biological function of damaged tissue or diseased organs. One goal of cellular transplantation thus has been to find a renewable source of cells that could be used in humans. Embryonic stem (ES) cells have the potential to proliferate in vitro in an undifferentiated and pluripotent state. Theoretically, ES cells are capable of unlimited proliferation in vitro. ES cells spontaneously differentiate into derivatives of all three primary germ layers: endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm, hence providing cells in vitro which can theoretically be isolated and used for transplantation. Furthermore, these pluripotent stem cells can potentially be used to produce large numbers of cells that can be genetically modified in vitro. Once available, this source of cells may obviate some of the critical needs for organ transplantation. Murine ES cells have been extensively studied and all available evidence indicates that all aforementioned expectations are indeed fulfilled by ES cells. ES cells as well as embryonic germ cells have recently been isolated and maintained in culture. The recent descriptions of human ES cells portend the eventual use of allogeneic in vitro differentiated cells for human therapy. This goal, however, is fraught with obstacles. Our aim is first to review the recent advances made with murine ES cells and then to point out potentials and difficulties associated with the use of human ES cells for transplantation. Keywords: Embryonic stem cells, Cell replacement therapy 1. Bianco, P. , S. A. Kuznetsov, M. (1998) Reproduction of human fibrous dysplasia of bone in immunocompromised mice by transplanted mosaics of normal and Gsa-mutated skeletal progenitor cells. J 101: 1737–1744. 2. Braun, T. , H. -H. Arnold (1996) Myf5 and myoD are activated in distinct mesenchymal stem cells and determine different skeletal muscle cell lineage. EMBO J 15: 310–318. 3. Choi, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes how embryonic stem (ES) cells can 'replace, repair or enhance the biological function of damaged tissue or diseased organs.' It discusses the potential of ES cells for organ transplantation by stating that these cells can proliferate in an undifferentiated and pluripotent state, theoretically allowing for unlimited proliferation and differentiation into necessary cell types. The mention of using ES cells to potentially produce large numbers of cells for human therapy directly supports the idea that stem cell research can aid in regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of cryptocurrencies are mined using excess energy from wind and solar farms, which would otherwise go unused. [SEP] Text: This is a much larger increase than in the wind turbine control volume, although the wind direction change is the same at all heights (see Fig. 8). However, the wind speed is much greater above the wind farm, resulting in a higher ageostrophic wind velocity component and thus a higher 𝒢. The vertical turbulent fluxes ℱz have the same shape as but opposite sign to the turbine control volumes (see Fig. 13) because they transfer energy from the BL down into the wind farm. Their magnitude is approximately 25 % smaller in the turbine control volume than in the BL control volume because there is also a KE loss through the bottom of the turbine control volumes. 4 aim of this LES study is to provide a systematic comparison between small and large wind farms, focusing on the flow effects and the energy budgets in and around the wind farms. The size of the wind farms is chosen to be representative for current wind farm clusters (length of approximately 15 km) and future wind farm clusters (length of approximately 90 km). The results show that there are significant differences in the flow field and the energy budgets of the small and large wind farm. The large wind farm triggers an inertial wave with a wind direction amplitude of approximately 10∘ and a wind speed amplitude of more than 1 m s−1. In a certain region in the far wake of a large wind farm the wind speed is greater than far upstream of the wind farm. The inertial wave also exists for the small wind farm, but the amplitudes are approximately 4 times weaker and thus may be hardly observable in real wind farm flows that are more heterogeneous. The decay of turbulence intensity in the wind farm wakes follows an exponential function and does not depend on the wind farm length. Thus, regarding turbulence, the wake of large wind farms has the same length as that of small wind farms. The wind-farm-induced speed deficit causes an upward displacement of the IL, triggering inertial gravity waves above the small and large wind farm. Because the inertial gravity waves have a substantial effect on the energy budgets in the wind farm, their existence should be proven by measurements in the future. However, this might be a difficult task because the amplitudes in the vertical wind speed and pressure are very small (0. 05 m s−1 and 20 Pa). The energy budget analysis shows that the dominant energy source in small wind farms is the advection of kinetic energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on the wind direction, wind speed, and energy budgets associated with wind farms, without any mention of cryptocurrencies or their mining processes. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 61 13Toys, animated, grotesque, with a mechanic will and motion of their own, heighten the general air of deception in Caleb’s household. We are told that Tackleton actually hates children and despises toys: this is made manifest by the frightening toys he produces, “appalling masks; hideous, hairy, red-eyed Jacks in Boxes; Vampire Kites; demoniacal Tumblers” (37). And even the magic lantern is there, that disturbing visual apparatus which distorts the straight chronological perception of reality into a jumble of unconnected, nightmarish, unwelcome revelations: Tackleton invests a lot of money to produce “Goblin slides for magic-lanterns, whereon the Powers of Darkness were depicted as a sort of supernatural shell-fish, with human faces” (37). Quite a frightening show, to lead children into a vision of terrors. Caleb and Bertha work surrounded by masks, limbs, eyes, objects that look like instruments of torture, and by the diminutive universe made of dolls’ houses, closely counterfeiting the reality of a social landscape: “There were houses in it, finished and unfinished, for Dolls of all stations in life. Suburban tenements for Dolls of moderate means; kitchens and single apartments for Dolls of the lower classes; capital town residences for Dolls of high estate” (58). 14Playing with his favourite social themes, Dickens dwells on the Unheimlich effect such secondary universe is likely to impart to the chosen moral context of a Christmas story, meant to provide a message of consolation. Such message is entrusted to the cricket, whose magic heals not so much the problems of the wider social context, but the feelings warped by deception. The final revelation will make everybody dance around Bertha, happily playing the harp. In this universe marked by multiple warped perspectives preventing the disclosure of the truth, Bertha’s physical blindness marks her not only as the character endowed with the keenest powers of perception, but also as the most sensitive person, whose sentiments are openly expressed. 15The only deception she suffers is orchestrated by her father. He leads her to believe that Tackleton is their benefactor and a person entirely worthy of her love: “have I deceived her from her cradle, but to break her heart! ” (106). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes of deception and social commentary within a narrative context, focusing on characters and their relationships rather than providing any information about owls or their abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 489. 489. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search of embryonic stem (ES) cells via embryoid bodies has been established as an appropriate model to study the development of various cell types in vitro. Here, we show that murine induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, reprogrammed by exogenous expression of the two transcription factors Oct4 and Klf4 (2F OK iPS), differentiate into chondrocytes in vitro characterized by the appearance of Alcian blue-stained nodules and the expression of cartilage-associated genes and proteins. Quantitatively, the chondrogenic differentiation potential of 2F OK iPS and ES cells was found to be similar. Further, we demonstrate the induction of chondrogenic iPS cell differentiation by certain members of the transforming growth factor-β family (BMP-2, TGF-β1). The number of Alcian blue-positive nodules and the expression of the cartilage marker molecule collagen type II increased after application of BMP-2, whereas simultaneous treatment with both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 showed no significant effect on gene expression. Keywords: Chondrogenesis, In vitro differentiation, Murine induced pluripotent stem cells, Murine embryonic stem cells vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells via embryoid bodies (EBs) was established as a suitable model system to study cartilage differentiation in vitro, recapitulating chondrogenesis from the undifferentiated stem cell via mesenchymal and chondrogenic progenitors up to mature chondrocytes [Kramer et al. , 2000; Hegert et al. , 2002; Kramer et al. , 2005a, b]. ES cells have the potential to develop into cells of all three primary germ layers due to their origin from the inner cell mass of early embryos [Evans and Kaufman, 1981]. However, the use of human ES cells is limited because of ethical issues related to the destruction of human embryos or oocytes. An alternative approach is offered by induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that both embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are used in vitro to study the differentiation into specific cell types, such as chondrocytes, which are relevant for regenerating damaged cartilage. The mention of the potential of these stem cells to develop into various cell types supports the idea that stem cell research can aid in regenerating tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in gene drives and their limited success in spreading through wild populations. It mentions that 'no engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published,' suggesting that while gene drives can theoretically ensure the spread of a trait, there are significant challenges and limitations in practice that prevent this from occurring widely in natural settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Caleb’s remorseful hint confirms Bertha’s love for Tackleton. He notices her altered behaviour when she hears about Tackleton’s wedding plans involving May. Both love and blighted hope are vividly enacted by Bertha: first, by devoutly kissing Tackleton’s hands, then bursting into bitter tears of sorrow. Dickens dwells on her revealing gestures, adding this meaningful trait to the portrait of blindness—the earnest, spontaneous and unguarded expression of inner feelings—a trait which will characterize, even more explicitly and intensely, the blind heroines of Collins’s and Gide’s narrations. 16Alongside sight impairment, Dickens also dwells on the keen sense of hearing that endows Bertha with a kind of second sight. She is the only one to notice with surprise the step of the stranger: affected by its sound, she asks those around her to describe the visitor. The description of the aged man (Edward is wearing a wig of white hair) quenches her instinctive response to the sound of her brother’s footstep. 17Cricket on the Hearth, beyond its faithful Homeric pattern, one may indeed descry a landscape made of fears and fancies and opinions. Fancies or desires are what each character wishes for, goals usually unachieved but nevertheless cogently pursued; fears are manifest or latent, and generate out of the screens provided by false visions, mistakes, misjudgements; opinions inevitably stick between the vantage point of the character’s mind and the vanishing point of his or her determination. Prejudice prevents curiosity. Aberration rather than perspective defines such landscape—not a landscape indeed, at least not in the accepted sense. It is a jumble of contrasting emotions which become readable owing to the Cricket, the governing spirit or deus ex machina who re-establishes the truth. Among the characters, the blind girl Bertha moves with a keener confidence across the invisible pitfalls provided by those who can claim to see. 8 1, 1846, Dickens writes to C. Felton, “The cricket is a most tremendous success. It has (. . . ) 18The book sold “like Wildfire,” and was also a great success on the London stage, appearing simultaneously in seventeen theatres in London over the Christmas season of 1845 (Glancy xv). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the emotional state and actions of characters in Dickens's 'Cricket on the Hearth,' particularly focusing on the blind character Bertha and her other sensory perceptions. It does not mention owls or any abilities related to darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: The first reported generation of iPS cells from murine fibroblasts by retroviral transduction of a defined set of transcription factors [Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006] was followed by the development of various new strategies to improve and refine the reprogramming technique, such as the use of different cell types to be reprogrammed, variations of the reprogramming factors, and nonintegrating delivery methods [Maherali and Hochedlinger, 2008]. The generated iPS cells were similar to ES cells in terms of their morphology, growth properties, and gene expression profile [Wernig et al. , 2007]. Further, iPS cells were shown to be competent for germline transmission [Okita et al. , 2007] and capable of forming viable adult chimaeras [Kang et al. , 2009]. In an approach to minimize the number of factors necessary for reprogramming, it was shown that Oct4 together with Klf4 is sufficient to reprogram neural stem cells into pluripotent stem cells, so-called two-factor (2F) OK iPS cells [Kim et al. , 2008]. Despite many technical advances in the derivation of iPS cells, the question of whether iPS cells show differentiation efficiencies in vitro fully equivalent to that of ES cells remains to be answered. The iPS cell system has already been used to study the differentiation of numerous cell types such as cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and neuronal cells in vitro. However, the question of whether 2F iPS cells can be differentiated into chondrocytes and actually represent an equivalent alternative to ES cells regarding their use as an in vitro model system of chondrogenesis remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that murine 2F OK iPS cells [Kim et al. , 2008] spontaneously differentiate into chondrogenic cells in vitro evidenced by the appearance of cartilage nodules and the expression of cartilage-associated genes and proteins with an efficiency comparable to that of murine ES cells. Moreover, we show that members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family enhance 2F OK iPS cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation. Material and Culture and Differentiation of EiPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS) [Kim et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and their capabilities to differentiate into various cell types, including chondrogenic cells, which are crucial for tissue regeneration. It highlights that iPS cells have shown morphology and gene expression profiles similar to embryonic stem (ES) cells, indicating their potential in regenerative medicine. Additionally, the text mentions that these cells can differentiate in vitro into cartilage cells, supporting the notion that stem cell research could indeed be utilized for regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of gene drives in spreading traits throughout a population. It explains that while gene drives can initially spread traits, harmful traits may eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles, and that maintaining deleterious traits over time is likely to require ongoing intervention. This indicates that gene drives do not guarantee the indefinite spread of a specific trait as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 8 The spectacular vocation of the story in which a blind girl becomes the object of sight, is pictorially redrawn in Millais’s Girl (1856): in an open rural landscape, overflowing with bright colours that culminate in two overarching rainbows, two girls sit by the roadside. The older girl is blind. Itinerant beggars, they rest after a storm. The blind girl has a concertina on her lap, a tortoiseshell butterfly on her shawl and a card around her neck bearing the inscription “Pity the Blind. ” (jpeg, 32k) Image in (public domain) 19Adding the emphasis of the written message to the visual feast of colours and the abundance of details, the painting partakes of the style and feeling of those chatty sentimental parables the Pre-Raphaelite enjoyed to impart: nostalgically rural, even romantic, it nevertheless provides a series of well-developed visual oppositions between blindness and the other senses. The blind girl is fingering a blade of grass, and pleasant noises may be provided by the birds and cattle grazing on the fields. Like other blind girls—Bertha, Miss Finch—she can play an instrument, having an innate musical ear. 3. Finch (1872) 20Like the girl musician in Millais’s painting, and indeed Bertha’s harp performance, the protagonist of Collins’s Finch. A plays the piano extremely well. The book came out after Dickens’s death, in 1872, and was not a success, at least until the twentieth century, because of its “blend of fairy-tale and factual detail,” also described as a “magical entertainment, or pantomime” (xvi-xvii). These remarks set a useful critical lineage with Dickens’s Christmas story and its theatre adaptations. Subtitles also provide a good match. and Bertha are both blind, but Collins weaves a much larger and more detailed tapestry of events around his heroine. Thus, in the Dedication: More than one charming blind girl, in fiction and in the drama, has preceded ‘Finch. ’ But, so far as I know, blindness in these cases has always been exhibited, more or less exclusively, from the ideal and the sentimental point of view. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses themes of blindness and vision in the context of art and literature without mentioning anything related to owls or their abilities. Therefore, it does not support or oppose the claim regarding owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: 2View largeDownload slideDevelopment of beating areas in EBs during differentiation of iPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS), and D3 ES cells (ES1). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Significant differences (in comparison to ES1 cells): * p ≤ 0. 05; ** p ≤ 0. 01; *** p ≤ 0. 001. Close modal 2F OK iPS into Chondrocytes in vitro The first signs of chondrogenesis appeared in the form of Alcian blue-stained nodules in the outgrowths of 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs indicating the production of acidic proteoglycans which are characteristic of cartilage tissue. The first Alcian blue-positive nodules were detected 14 days after plating of EBs (5 + 14 days), 7 days later when the first nodules appeared in ES1 cell-derived EBs (5 + 7 days) (fig. 3a). Nodules developing in the outgrowths of 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs showed the same size and morphology and intensity of Alcian blue staining as those derived from the ES1 cells (fig. 3b, c). During further EB cultivation, the number of iPS cell-derived nodules decreased, whereas the number of ES cell-derived nodules increased up to 21 days after plating. Later, the number of Alcian blue-positive nodules decreased in both iPS and ES cell-derived EBs (fig. 3a). Overall, the differences observed in the efficiency of chondrogenic nodule differentiation were not statistically significantly different between the analyzed ES and iPS cells. Fig. 3View largeDownload slideFormation of Alcian blue-positive cartilage nodules. The number of Alcian blue-stained nodules increased during early differentiation of both iPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS), and D3 ES cells (ES1) (a). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Alcian blue staining demonstrating differentiation of chondrogenic cells in the outgrowths of EBs at 5 + 42 days (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells into chondrocytes, which are cells that form cartilage. It mentions the appearance of Alcian blue-stained nodules indicating chondrogenesis, a process related to tissue generation. This evidence supports the claim that stem cell research has the potential for regeneration of damaged tissues, particularly in the context of cartilage.