Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 60. . Lasting amelioration in the clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis with boost infusions of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells. Exp Hematol. 2006;34:1583-1587. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 61. -Allaf F, M’. Characterization and clinical application of human CD34+ stem/progenitor cell populations mobilized into the blood by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Stem Cells. 2006;24:1822-1830. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 62. . Rescue therapy by portal infusion of autologous stem cells in a case of drug-induced hepatitis. Dis. 2007;39:878-882. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 63. Lorenzini S, Andreone P. Stem cell therapy for human liver cirrhosis: a cautious analysis of the results. Stem Cells. 2007;25:2383-2384. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 64. . Stem cell mobilization and collection in patients with liver cirrhosis. Ther. 2008;27:932-939. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 65. . Stem cells, cancer, liver, and liver cancer stem cells: finding a way out of the labyrinth. Drug Targets. 2007;7:582-590. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 66. Oberling C. The riddle of cancer. New Haven: Press 1952; 238. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 67. Rather L. The genesis of cancer. Baltimore: 1978; 262. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 68. . Granulocyte-macrophage progenitors as candidate leukemic stem cells in blast-crisis CML. N Med. 2004;351:657-667. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 69. . Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9. Nature. 2006;442:818-822. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to provide references to various studies concerning stem cell therapy and its clinical applications. At least one source (Lorenzini S, Andreone P) suggests a 'cautious analysis of the results' regarding stem cell therapy for human liver cirrhosis, implying that there are considerations regarding its use that point towards potential risks. This cautious analysis indicates that there may be ethical or medical risks associated with regenerative medicine, thereby contrasting with the claim that it has no such risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, Water: Distilled water. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 7 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, QCR: Quercetin, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 8 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 9 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on foot shock stress triggered transient hyperthermia in male mice. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 10 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects, as it discusses various substances like triethylene glycol and quercetin in relation to stress effects on male mice, but does not mention ginseng or its properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity offsetting aims to balance development with conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: , Reference Duke, Dickie, Juniper, ten Kate, Pieterse and Rafiq2012). Such opportunities extend to conservation organizations. et al. (Reference Bayon, Fox and Carroll2008, p. 38) note, ‘the more experienced banking companies are looking to agencies for advice to focus their land acquisition efforts or review species recovery plans to find the most ecologically important lands to purchase and establish banks’. Offsetting can thus provide a valued revenue stream for conservation organizations, particularly where they become involved in technical assessments or the acquisition or management of offset sites. Offsetting ties conservation to an agenda of land development and economic growth as the last element in a mitigation hierarchy. At each successive step down the hierarchy the degree of environmental protection is diminished, moving in turn through avoidance, minimization, rehabilitation or restoration of degraded ecosystems to offsetting (BBOP, 2009). Crucially, the existence of offsetting as a final option changes the way progression down the hierarchy is framed (e. g. McGrath, Reference McGrath2013): experience with US wetland mitigation has shown that the existence of offsetting as a possibility in planning has led to an underuse of the earlier stages of the mitigation hierarchy (Robertson, Reference Robertson2000). In conservation terms this could lower the threshold for approving projects and facilitate permanent land-use change, with negative net impacts on biodiversity. Moreover, offsetting mostly refers to conservation activities occurring outside the geographical boundaries of a development site (off-site compensation) to compensate for unavoidable impacts on site, allowing developers to increase their net developable area (Environment Bank, 2015a). The role of offsetting is therefore not neutral because it can facilitate planning permissions that might otherwise have been refused (e. g. see the in the UK; Department for Communities and Local Government, 2012). If conservationists focus efforts on proving that ecological equivalence or Loss are possible in the hope of winning better compensation for the environmental impacts of development, they should also be aware of the adverse effects of this choice, namely the weakening of long-standing critiques of the environmentally destructive activities of many corporations and industries. Focusing on how to deal with the impacts of a development project rather than on preventing projects with detrimental impacts on nature is based on the fundamental acceptance that ‘development impacts on biodiversity are unlikely to cease or even abate in the near future’ (Gordon et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how biodiversity offsetting is tied to both land development and conservation. It discusses how offsetting can provide a revenue stream for conservation organizations while also noting that it relates to a mitigation hierarchy which includes various degrees of environmental protection. Furthermore, it clarifies that offsetting often involves activities outside the development site to compensate for environmental impacts, thereby highlighting its role in balancing economic growth with conservation efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: 2003;36 Suppl 1:59-72. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 81. . Identification of human brain tumour initiating cells. Nature. 2004;432:396-401. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 82. . The Sca-1 cell surface marker enriches for a prostate-regenerating cell subpopulation that can initiate prostate tumorigenesis. . 2005;102:6942-6947. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 83. . Sca-1 expression identifies stem cells in the proximal region of prostatic ducts with high capacity to reconstitute prostatic tissue. . 2005;102:7180-7185. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 84. . Identification of bronchioalveolar stem cells in normal lung and lung cancer. Cell. 2005;121:823-835. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 85. . Side population purified from hepatocellular carcinoma cells harbors cancer stem cell-like properties. Hepatology. 2006;44:240-251. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 86. . Expansion of liver cancer stem cells during aging in methionine adenosyltransferase 1A-deficient mice. Hepatology. 2008;47:1288-1297. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 87. . Characterization of CD133+ hepatocellular carcinoma cells as cancer stem/progenitor cells. Res Commun. 2006;351:820-824. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 88. . CD133 positive hepatocellular carcinoma cells possess high capacity for tumorigenicity. Cancer. 2007;120:1444-1450. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 89. Ricci-. Identification and expansion of human colon-cancer-initiating cells. Nature. 2007;445:111-115. [PubMed] [DOI] [Cited in This 90. . Recent advances in cancer stem/progenitor cell research: therapeutic implications for overcoming resistance to the most aggressive cancers. J Med. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text, while primarily focused on specific research studies on cancer stem cells and related topics, implicitly contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges within regenerative medicine, such as the identification and expansion of cancer stem cells which can possess tumorigenic properties. This indicates potential medical risks associated with regenerative therapies, suggesting that the assertion of no ethical or medical risks in regenerative medicine is overly simplistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences (One way ANOVA followed by student t-test) relative to corresponding stressed control group and non-stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05 and ψp<0. 05 respectively. Onset of Sleep (Sec) Duration of Sleep (Min) 172. 83±3. 79 174. 67±2. 24 60. 50±2. 29 59. 33±2. 86 STD (10 mg/kg) 174. 67±4. 47 172. 83±2. 09 83. 00±2. 80 92. 67±4. 09* Test (5 mg/kg) 162. 83±3. 12 158. 33±4. 48* 72. 00±2. 35 85. 00±3. 00* Test (20 mg/kg) 156. 83±3. 34 155. 00±6. 89* 75. 50±2. 09* 77. 03±3. 35 Test (100 mg/kg) 152. 00±3. 79* 152. 33±4. 32* 78. 00±1. 29* 74. 17±3. 21 Test (400 mg/kg) 148. 67±3. 93* 149. 67±3. 22* 80. 00±1. 63* 78. 33±3. 28 Table 1 Effect of triethylene glycol and quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12 Numbers of (Condition) 5. 67 ±0. 21 5. 50±0. 22 Non-stressed Control 5. 33±0. 21 5. 17±0. 17 Test (5 mg/kg) 5. 00±0. 26 4. 33±0. 21*ψ Table 2 Effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12 reported in this communication are the very first ones revealing and reconfirming quercetin like stress response desensitizing effects of TEG and that maximally effective daily oral doses of both quercetin and TEG in protecting male mice against stress triggered body weight losses and slight elevations of basal core temperatures are 5 mg/kg/day or lower. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental data regarding the effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on various tests involving male mice. While it mentions stress response and protective effects against stress-triggered body weight losses, it does not provide any information or evidence related to ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 – Revised: 30 Aug 2023 – Accepted: 31 Aug 2023 – Published: 13 Oct 2023 1 of the solution to overcoming plastic pollution in the environment is to use biodegradable plastic instead of conventional plastics in applications in which plastics are used in the open environment and for which complete recollection of the plastic after use is impossible. A picture-case example is thin agricultural mulch films. Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films to elevate soil temperature and maintain soil moisture, to provide protection, and to prevent weed growth. Conventional mulch films are composed of polyethylene (PE). If these films are thin, they cannot readily be reused or recycled after application, which means they need to be incinerated or landfilled after a single use (Serrano-Ruiz et al. , 2021). Such a short life cycle of plastic products is undesirable, and both incineration and landfilling are considered undesirable end-of-life treatment options. Another disadvantage of conventional thin (< 25 µm) mulch films is that are cannot easily be entirely recollected after their application, leaving PE plastic residues in the soil. Because PE films persist, these residues build up in soils over time, eventually harming agricultural productivity (Gao et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the films may slowly decompose into microplastics. Both macroplastics and microplastics have been shown to be transported by wind and water, away from the initial application site and towards waterways, lakes, and coastal seas (Fig. 1; Egessa et al. , 2020; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022), where they have been shown to cause harm to the ecosystem (Galloway et al. , 2017; Hale et al. , 2020). Figure 1Transport of plastics from agricultural sources to lake sediments, either via water ways or via wind transport. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how biodegradable plastics, such as those used for agricultural mulch films, are presented as a solution to the issues associated with conventional plastics. It mentions the disadvantages of conventional polyethylene (PE) films, emphasizing their persistence in the environment and the problems they cause, such as microplastic decomposition. This implies that the intention of biodegradable alternatives is to decompose faster and mitigate these issues, aligning with the claim about their designed purpose.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: us issue board and us issue board effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Home/2022, Vol. 10, No. 1/The effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Cell and Organ Transplantology. 2022; 10(1):18-24. DOI: 10. 22494/cot. v10i1. 134 The effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism Labunets I. 1,2, Utko N. 1,2, Panteleymonova T. 1,2, Kyryk V. 1,2, Kharkevych Yu. 1,3, Rodnichenko A. 1, Litoshenko Z. 1,2, Butenko G. 1,2 1of Genetic and Regenerative Medicine, of of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 2D. F. Institute of Gerontology, of of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine 3of Life and of Ukraine, Kyiv, The transplantation of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) in Parkinson’s disease/parkinsonism is a promising area in their therapy. The effects of such cells may be influenced by the age of the donor and biologically active factors. The purpose of the study is to compare the effect of transplanted ADSCs of donor mice of different age on the parameters of behaviour, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain of mice with an experimental model of parkinsonism; to evaluate changes in the effects of cells from older donors under the influence of exogenous hormone melatonin. Materials and methods. The object of the study was adult (5-6 months) and aging (15-17 months) 129/Sv mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the transplantation of adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs) in the context of experimental parkinsonism, suggesting potential complexities associated with their use based on the age of the donor. This implies that there could be ethical or medical risks involved in regenerative medicine practices, especially when considering factors like age and their effects on treatment outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: By far a vast majority of preclinical reports on bioactivities of quercetin deal mainly with its effects observed after its intraperitoneal administration or in cellular and other in vitro models and its doses used in most reported in vivo studies vary between 5 and 750 mg/kg. Reports on oral bioavailability of quercetin have consistently revealed that like all other edible plant polyphenolics quercetin is readily anabolised and catabolized inside the gastrointestinal tract and strongly suggest that its metabolites and conjugates are also involved in its therapeutically interesting bioactivity profile. 36 However, yet no reports on its pharmacologically interesting oral dose range and dosing regimen has appeared and analogous is also the case for TEG. Results of safety and chronic toxicity studies have revealed though, that their daily oral doses up to 1 g/day are well tolerated by laboratory rodents. Therefore, the dose finding experiments were conducted to estimate their pharmacologically interesting and toxicologically safe oral dose ranges in mice occasionally exposed to unpredictable mild stressful conditions, analogous (but not identical) to those now often used for assessing antidepressant like activities of drugs and other bioactive agents. 37 Qualitatively, the effects of quercetin and TEG observed in the dose finding experiments were quite analogous to those of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Like fumarates both of them also had similar antidepressants like efficacies in tail suspension test after their repeated daily oral doses. However, in this test the observed efficacies of fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate were ca. 10 times higher than those of quercetin or TEG and similar differences in their efficacies were also observed in the FISH test in those experiments. Therefore, fumaric acid and its easily hydrolysable esters seem to be more effective as potential antidepressant and anxiolytic agents with stress response desensitizing properties than quercetin or TEG. Fumarates were the very first stress response suppressing bioactive metabolite of an Ayurvedic adaptogenic herb identified and since then numerous other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of fumaric acid and its hydrolysable esters have been observed in our laboratories. 26,38-40 Estimated mean maximally effective daily oral doses of fumaric acid and its methyl esters after their repeated once daily oral treatments were always between 1 and 15 mg/kg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects because it discusses the pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of quercetin and fumaric acid, without mentioning ginseng or providing relevant information regarding its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose faster than conventional plastic. [SEP] Text: DownloadIn an attempt to limit soil plastic pollution, the agricultural industry has developed soil-biodegradable mulch films as substitutes for conventional films. These soil-biodegradable films can be composed of different materials, for example, biologically derived polymers, forms of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and also lipid-based products, and are designed to be degradable by soil microorganisms under the moisture and temperature conditions found in the soil environment (Yang et al. , 2020). A standard has been set by the EU (2018 EU standard EN 17033) for the biodegradability of mulch films named as such. In general, the biodegradation of the soil-biodegradable mulch films (hereafter referred to as BD films) involves two stages: (i) breakdown of the large pieces into small organic molecules by abiotic or biological (enzymatic) processes and (ii) uptake and metabolic use of these organic molecules by microorganisms under conversion into CO2 and microbial biomass (Zumstein et al. , 2018). Soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be biodegraded in soil. It is, however, possible that fragments of the of BD films may be transported away from agricultural soils before being completely biodegraded. While we are not aware of studies specifically on the transport of BD films, the transport of conventional mulch films by wind or water has been observed (Dris et al. , 2015; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022). Earlier studies have shown successful biodegradation of BD films in soil environments (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020), with complete biodegradation being predicted to take several years. Research on the aquatic biodegradation of BD plastics is predominantly focused on the marine realm. There, several studies have shown microbial colonization on BD plastics (Eich et al. , 2015; Morohoshi et al. , 2018; Nauendorf et al. , 2016), and some showed a disintegration of the plastics over time (Briassoulis et al. , 2020; Lott et al. , 2020; Wei et al. , 2021), although these studies were not performed on mulch films but on other BD plastic products, such as bags. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the design and purpose of soil-biodegradable mulch films, indicating that they are intended to be degradable by soil microorganisms. It mentions that these biodegradable films break down into smaller organic molecules that can be utilized by microorganisms, ultimately leading to complete biodegradation, which supports the notion that biodegradable packaging is designed to decompose more effectively compared to conventional plastic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Adult mice were injected once with the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and after 17 days – ADSCs of adult or aging donor mice at a dose of 700 thousand cells in the tail vein. Some mice received ADSCs of aging donors in combination with melatonin. Behavioural parameters were assessed in open-field, rigidity and rotarod tests; the relative content of macrophages was measured in the brain, malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Results. Under the influence of MPTP, the number of squares, rearings, body length and length is significantly less than in the intact group, and muscle tone is higher; in the brain the content of MDA and macrophages increases and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreases. After the transplantation of adult donor ADSCs, the parameters of body and step length increase significantly, but not to the level of intact mice; the activity of SOD, glutathione reductase (GR) and the proportion of macrophages increase in the brain. After the administration of ADSCs of aging donors, the values of behavioural parameters and the proportion of macrophages in the brain correspond to the control group (only MPTP), and the activity of SOD corresponds to intact animals. In mice treated with ADSCs of aging donors in combination with melatonin, the direction of changes in behavioural parameters, SOD and GR activity, macrophage percentage was similar to that observed after the administration of adult donor ADSCs. Conclusions. The effects of ADSCs transplantation in mice with the MPTP model of parkinsonism depend on the age of the donor and are more pronounced in transplanted cells derived from adult mice. The effects of ADSCs from aging donors in combination with melatonin are consistent with those observed after administration of cells from adult donors. Key words: adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells; MPTP; parkinsonism; melatonin; behavioral reactions; oxidative stress; macrophages PDF 1. Sulzev D, Surmeiter DJ. Neuronal vulnerability, pathogenests and Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2013. 28. P. 715-724. doi: 10. 1002/mds. 25095. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from an experiment involving adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) in mice, which indicates that there are significant effects and changes in health parameters post-transplantation. The results demonstrate an increase in certain adverse markers such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and macrophages, suggesting potential medical risks associated with ADSC transplantation. Thus, the findings imply that regenerative medicine may carry medical risks, opposing the claim that it has no ethical or medical risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: /day in various rodent models commonly used for identifying drug leads potentially useful for treatments of anxiety, depression, pain and inflammation. Therefore, 10 mg/kg/day doses of water soluble fumaric acid was used as a reference substance in the dose finding experiment with TEG and the same dose of di-methyl fumarate for the experiment with the water insoluble quercetin which were suspended in 0. 3% CMC for daily oral administrations. Results of the confirmatory experiments reaffirm that body weights and basal core temperatures of the distilled water or 0. 3% CMC treated stressed and non stressed control groups on all observational day were almost identical and such were also the observations in the FSIH and marble burying tests. These observations not only justify uses of CMC as a vehicle for water insoluble substances in the bioassay used, but also reaffirm that despite structural and other differences in their water solubility and physicochemical properties, both quercetin and TEG are almost equiactive as stress response suppressing agents with antidepressants and anxiolytic like effects after their repeated daily oral doses only. It has recently been reported that single oral 15 mg/kg dose of quercetin to mice improves redox status but does not affect heat shock stress responses. 41,42 Numerous observation in our laboratories and elsewhere have often revealed also that maximally effective stress response suppressing doses and doses regimen of adaptogenic herbal extracts and their bioactive constituents are often not effective in their psychopharmacological and other activities observed after their higher or acute doses. Therefore, the confirmatory experiments were conducted to experimentally verify the possibility whether after their 10 or more daily 5 mg/kg oral doses quercetin and TEG also possesses Withania somnifera extracts like effects on obsessive compulsive behavior of stressed mice or not. Results of these experiments revealed that although quercetin posses some significant effects in the two-zone version of the marble burying test, it had no observable effects in the other version of the same test and TEG had no observable effects in both versions of the test. Since such were not the observations made with a Withania somnifera extract tested earlier in our laboratories,43 these observations suggest that apart from quercetin and TEG other bioactive secondary metabolites are also involved in the broad spectrums of psychopharmacological activity profiles of the plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It discusses various experiments involving substances like quercetin and TEG, focusing on their effects in behavioral tests on mice without mentioning ginseng or its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many biodegradable materials are sourced from renewable resources like cornstarch or seaweed. [SEP] Text: Plastics from D. Patil, Manishkumar S. Tiwari, Vivek P. oil prices are soaring steeply due to the depleting petroleum raw materials. Extensive research has been carried out around the globe to develop efficient processes that can replace oil-derived polymers (conventional plastic) with bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources. Fossil-oil based plastic products take decades to degrade, leading to the unwanted accumulation of plastic waste that can be seen all around. Further, greenhouse gases emission occurs during the production and destruction of synthetic plastic. Therefore, plastic waste has become a massive threat to the biosphere and needs to be addressed immediately. To overcome this issue, a new type of plastic can be produced from bio-resources that can fulfill even the energy demand in today’s world. This new form of plastic must be accommodated fast in daily life, considering the range of applications of plastics. Biodegradable plastics made from renewable raw materials can retain all the benefits of petroleum-based plastic without having any negative impacts on the environment. Bioplastics are not toxic in nature and can easily decay back into carbon dioxide via degradation. The products made from bioplastics may be commercialized, considering their superior properties over conventional plastic. The discovery and implementation of plastic made from renewable raw material resources could be a giant leap into the sustainable future. Keywords Bio-Degradable Plastics, Biopolymer, Bio-Based Polymers, Published online 4/1/2021, 44 pages Citation: Pravin D. Patil, Manishkumar S. Tiwari, Vivek P. Bhange, from. 99, pp 37-80, 2021 DOI: Part of the book on Degradation of Plastics 58. [3] N. Cioica, C. Ń. Co, M. Nagy, G. Fodorean, Plastics made from renewable sources – potential and perspectives for the environment and agriculture of the third millenium, Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. Cluj-Napoca – Agric. 65 (2008) 23–28. [4] & Report, Available at: (accessed January 19, 2020). [5] P. Kumar, Sonia, Green Plastic: A new plastic for packaging, Int. J. Eng. Sci. Res. Technol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of 'bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources' as alternatives to petroleum-derived plastics. It highlights that biodegradable plastics can be produced from renewable raw materials and have environmental benefits over conventional plastics. This aligns with the claim that many biodegradable materials come from renewable sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: PMid:22791686 PMCid:PMC3578396 2. Guo J-D, Zhao X, Li Y. , Li G-R, Liu X-L. Damage to dopaminergic neurons by oxidative stress in Parkinson’s disease (Review). Mol Med. 2018. 41. P. 1817-1825. doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2018. 3406. 3. . Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease and its potential as therapeutic target. Translat Neurodegenerat. 2015. 4:19. doi: 10. 1186/s40035-015-0042-0. PMid:26464797 PMCid:PMC4603346 4. Li Zh, Cheung H-H. Stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson desease. Mol Sci. 2020. 21, 8060. doi: 10. 3390/ijms21218060. PMid:33137927 PMCid:PMC7663462 5. . The current landscape of the mesenchymal stromal cell secretome. Cytotherapy. 2016. 18. P. 13-24. DOI:10. 1016/j. jcyt. 2015. 10. 008. PMid:26631828 PMCid:PMC4924535 6. . Activation, homing and role of the mesenchymal stem cells in the inflammatory environment. J Inflamm Res. 2016. 9. P. 231-240. DOI:10. 2147/JIR. S121994. PMid:28008279 PMCid:PMC5170601 7. . The application of mesenchymal progenitor stem cells in the reduction of oxidative stress in animals. Biol. 2017. 41. P. 12-19. DOI:10. 3906/biy-1603-13. 8. Laroni A, Kerlego de Rosbo N, Uccelli A. Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of neurological diseases: immunoregulation beyond neuroprotection. Immunology letter. 2015. 168. P. 183-190. PMid:26296458 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of regenerative medicine and its applications, specifically referencing research on stem cell therapies for treating neurological diseases. While the text does not explicitly mention ethical or medical risks, the framing of these studies suggests that there are ongoing considerations and evaluations regarding the safety and efficacy of such treatments, which implicitly indicates that there are potential risks to be managed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Fumarates and other structurally diverse plant metabolites with microbicidal activities and antibiotics have since long been used by agricultural farm industries as growth promoters and it is now well recognized that their modulating effects on gut microbial ecology also contribute to their growth promoting effects. 44 More recently it has been reported also that like other dietary emulsifiers, daily CMC intake with drinking water by laboratory mice alters their gut microbial ecology and increases their body weight gain rates after 20 or more days of its regular intake. 45 In the confirmatory experiments reported in the present communication, 12 daily oral administrations of 0. 3% CMC (10 ml/kg/day) also had no effects on body weight gains in the non stressed mice and the body weight losses and all other quantified parameters in CMC only treated stressed mice during the course of the experiments were also similar in magnitude to those observed in distilled water treated ones. These and the other observation that 5 or more daily oral 5 mg/kg/day oral doses of quercetin or TEG are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing stress triggered body weight loses and alterations in thermoregulatory processes could suggest that they are either more effective modulators of gut microbial ecology than CMC, or that their these observed effects are not entirely due to their potential ability to modulate gut microbial ecology. Although further more detailed studies will be necessary for more definitive statements on possible involvement of gut microbiota in their modes of actions, it remains certain that both of them are more potent stress response desensitizer than as potential antidepressant or anxiolytic agents and that observations made after their single doses are not very reliable predictors of their bioactivity profiles after their regular oral intake. The experiments described in this communication constitute a part of our ongoing efforts to identify bioactive constituents of Withania somnifera and other Ayurvedic adaptogenic plants currently often used, or prescribed by practitioners of Indian system of medicines, for prevention and cure of psychosomatic disorders. Quercetin is one of the numerous plant phenolics encountered in numerous (if not most) such plants and extensive efforts made during the past few decades have often pointed out its medicinal values for prevention and/or cure of obesity diabetes and other silently progressing metabolic disorders,46 as well as diverse mental health problems commonly caused by uncontrollable anxiety and depression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it discusses various plant metabolites, their effects on gut microbial ecology, and other plant substances like quercetin and Withania somnifera in relation to stress response and metabolic disorders. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: Pure cultures were recovered from serial dilution followed by spread plate technique. In this study a total of 62 bacterial isolates were recorded from two municipal waste dumping sites. Maximum 33 isolates were recorded from the dumping site followed by 29 bacterial isolates from dumping sites. Out of 62 bacterial isolates obtained from garbage dumping sites three isolates MB 5, MB 12 and MB 57, showed polyethylene biodegradation ability by utilizing polyethylene as the sole carbon source. Through Gram’s staining technique, a two isolates were identified as gram negative bacterial strains (MB5, MB 57) and one isolate as gram positive (MB12). The isolates obtained were subjected to standard biochemical tests (catalase test, citrate test, Vogues proskeur’s test, urease test, Nitrate reduction test, Phenylalanine deamination test, Glucose utilization Lactose utilization and Sorbitol utilization test). The biodegradation of polythylene was analyzed using plastic strips which were aseptically transferred into the liquid nutrient broth containing bacteria and it was observed for 2 months for percent weight loss and percent loss in tensile strength. After 2 months of incubation at room temperature, the % WL of the polyethylene strips was calculated. Among 2 dumping sites, all the 62 bacterial isolates do not possess the potential to degrade polyethylene strips. Among 62, only three isolates (MB 5, MB 12 and MB 57) lead to more than 10% WL. Maximum % WL (22. 66) was recorded with MB57 followed by MB 5 and MB 12 (table 1. ). Tensile strength of all the polythylene strips was also determined. Not all 62 bacterial isolates lead to reduction of tensile strength of the polythylene. Only 3 bacterial isolates reports loss in tensile strength (Fig. 1) as compared to control (pretreated PE strips). Maximum % loss of TS (74. 35%) was recorded with MB57 followed by MB 5 and MB 12 (table 2. ). The SEM images reported the crack/holes/scions on the surface of the polythylene degraded by bacteria (both by %WL and % loss in TS). The SEM analysis confirms the biodegradation of the polythylene (Fig. 2). A similar study previously conducted by (Usha et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biodegradation of polyethylene by specific bacterial isolates, which indicates that biodegradable materials, when treated with the right microorganisms, can potentially reduce plastic waste. The study highlights that certain bacterial isolates are capable of degrading polyethylene, suggesting that biodegradable packaging can contribute to minimizing plastic waste in landfills.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Age of the donor reduces the ability of human adipose derived stem cells to alleviate symptoms in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model. Transl Med. 2013. 2. P. 797-807. PMid:24018793 PMCid:PMC3785264 10. . Senescence of mesenchymal stem cells (Review). Mol Med. 2017. 39. P. 775-782. Doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2017. 2012. PMid:28290609 11. Hu Ch, Li L. Melatonin plays critical role in mesenchymal stem cell-based regenerative medicine in vitro and in vivo. Res Ther. 2019. 10. 13. DOI: 10. 1186/s13287-018-1114-8. PMid:30635065 PMCid:PMC6329089 12. . Melatonin as a promising agent of regulatory stem cell biology and its application in disease therapy. Pharmacol Res. 2017. 117. P. 252-260. DOI: 10. 1016/jphrs. 2016. 12. 035. PMid:28042087 13. ’yak BS. Effects of melatonin on the behavioral indices and structural characteristics of cerebral and spinal neurons of rats with experimental hemiparkinsonism. Neurophysiology. 2018. №1 (50). P. 11-22. doi: 10. 1007/s11062-018-9712-8. 14. Labunets IF. Neuroprotective еffects of the pineal hormone melatonin in animals with experimental model of neurodegenerative pathology. Conceptual options for the development of medical science and education. Baltija Bublishing. 2020. P. 355-370. doi: 10. 30525/978-9934-588-44-01/18. 15. . Neurotoxin-induced animal models of Parkinson disease: pathogenic mechanism and assessment. ASN Neuro. 2018. 10. P. 1-15. doi:10. 1177/175909/418777438. PMid:29809058 PMCid:PMC5977437 16. . MPTP mouse models of Parkinson’s disease: an update. J Parkinsons Dis. 2011. 1(1). P. 19-33. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies related to stem cells and regenerative medicine, which can imply potential challenges and limitations associated with their application and effectiveness. Specifically, the mention of 'age of the donor reduces the ability of human adipose derived stem cells' suggests that there could be medical risks related to donor characteristics. This contrasts with the claim by indicating that regenerative medicine may have underlying medical risks connected to the source of stem cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 33 However, doses and dosing regimen used in all such studies varied enormously and as yet no very definitive statements on its modes and sites of actions involved in its diverse therapeutically interesting bioactivities observed after its diverse doses and treatment regimen used in the experiments can be made. 47 Such are also the cases for numerous other phytochemicals with analogous spectrums of bioactivities and fairly low oral bioavailability (as judged by their blood levels observed after their oral doses). It is now becoming increasingly apparent though, that quercetin and numerous such phytochemical are pleiotropic protective agents and that adaptive cellular stress pathways are involved in their health benefits observed after their regular intake with food and herbal remedies. 48,49 Our observations revealing stress response desensitizing effects of fairly low repeated daily doses of quercetin and TEG strongly suggest that their herbal adaptogens like efficacy continue to increase with the numbers of their daily oral doses and that there sites of actions are most probably within the gastrointestinal tract. Unlike for quercetin, fumarates and diverse other acidic and basic phytochemicals well known as plant hormones or plant protectors, as yet only very little efforts have been made to define the health effects of numerous water soluble plant polyols well known for their stress response regulators in plants. 50,51 Such plant polyols are often encountered in aqueous herbal extracts and reports on diverse medicinally interesting bioactivities in experimental animals have continued to increase during more recent years. It has recently been reported that TEG is one of the bioactive constituent of aqueous extracts of Withania somnifera involved their cytostatic or anticancer activities. 6 Observations reported in this communication revealing its stress response desensitizing effects after its relatively low doses, encourage us suggest that further effort to identify and pharmacologically characterizes this and other water soluble plant polyols with microbicidal or anti-fungal activities traditionally known medicinal plants should be made also. Such efforts are not only necessary for better understanding the pharmacology of edible and medicinal plants, also for more rapid progress necessary for fore evidence based integration of herbal remedies in modern medical practices. It is now well recognized that alterations in gut microbiota in early life can have long lasting effects on body weight in adulthood52 and that gut microbial ecology can be altered by numerous food phytochemicals with bactericidal activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it does not directly address or provide evidence related to ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it discusses the variability in studies related to different phytochemicals, such as quercetin and Withania somnifera, without specifically mentioning ginseng or evaluating its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: 2011) included biodegradation of polythene bag and plastic cups which were analysed by 2, 4, and 6 month of incubation in liquid culture method respectively. The microbial species associated with the polythene materials were identified as Pseudomonas sp. , Bacillus sp. , Staphylococcus sp. , Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, and Streptomyces sp. Their results concluded that, among the bacteria Pseudomonas sp. , degrade faster compared to Streptomyces species. Vijaya and Reddy (2008) recorded 2. 87% WL (HDPE1), 4. 48% WL (HDPE1), 11. 54% WL (LDPE1), and 10. 47% WL (LDPE2) in different types of polythene after 12 months of compositing in soil mixed with municipal solid waste and identified the mixture of bacteria and fungi from the plastic and cup films. Among the bacteria, the most dominant genera were Bacillus sp. , Staphylococcus sp. , Streptococuus sp. , and Moraxella sp. (Vijaya and Reddy 2008). Shahnawaz (2016) recorded a total of 123 bacterial isolates from west coast of India. Maximum percent weight loss (%WL; 21. 87 ± 6. 37%) was recorded with VASB14 after 2 months of shaking at room temperature. Maximum percent loss in tensile strength (% loss in TS; 87. 50 ± 4. 8%) was documented with VASB1. The most efficient polythene degrading bacteria were identified as L. fusiformis strainVASB14/WL and Bacillus cereus strain VASB1/TS. Hence, from this study, it can be speculated that microbes have enough potential to degrade plastic with due course of time. The following work reveals that waste disposal sites may contains a vast majority of microbes and that bacteria possess plastic degrading potential and plastic waste problem can be efficiently managed with these organisms. The present study reveals that 3 bacterial isolates have the ability to degrade LDPE as the soul carbon source. Research towards engineering the microbes at genetic level to increase its plastic degrading capability should be the priority in future days. Table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how certain microbes have the potential to degrade plastic waste, suggesting that through microbial action, biodegradable packaging can contribute to reducing plastic accumulation in landfills. It highlights the existence of bacteria capable of degrading plastics, indicating a method to manage plastic waste effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: Role of mesenchymal stem cells in counteracting oxidative stress-related neurodegeneration. Mol Sci. 2020. 21,3299. doi:10. 3390/ijms21093299. PMid:32392722 PMCid:PMC7246730 29. . Adipose-derived stem cells decreased nicroglia activation and protected dopaminergic loss in rat lipopolysacccharide model. J Cell Physiol. 2019. 234. P. 13762-13772. Doi. org/10. 1002/jcp. 28055. PMid:30637730 30. . et al. Secretome released from hydrogel-embedded adipose mesenchymal stem cells protects against the Parkinson’s disease related toxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharm Biopharm. 2017. 121. P. 113-120. PMid:28965958 PMCid:PMC5656105 31. Flaishon L. , Hart G. , Zelman E. , Moussion Ch. , Grabovsky V. , G. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of an inflammatory chemokine: CCL2 inhibits lymphocyte homing by modulation of CCL21-triggered integrin-mediated adhesions. Blood. 2008. 112(13). P. 5016-5025. doi: 10. 1182/blood-2007-12-129122. PMid:18802011 32. Praet J, Guglielmetti C. , Berneman Z. Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis. J Neubiorev. 2014. 47. P. 485-505. Doi:10. 1016/jneubiorev. 2014. 10. 004 PMid:25445182 33. . Impact of aging on the characterization of brown and white adipose tissue-derived stem cells in mice. Cells tisuess organs. 2020. Published online:June 11,2020. doi 10. 1159/000507434. PMid:32526740 34. Fatian-Labora JA, Morente-Lopez M, Arufe MC. Effect of aging on behaviour of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem cells. 2019. 11(6). P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies related to mesenchymal stem cells and their implications in neurodegeneration and inflammation. By discussing the roles and effects of these stem cells, the text implies the existence of potential medical risks and consequences associated with their use, thereby contrasting the claim that regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 53 Since, quercetin and numerous other functionally analogous molecules with bacteriostatic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and diverse other therapeutically interesting bioactivities are now known and diverse combinations of such molecules are often regularly consumed with food, herbal remedies and nutraceuticals, efforts to better define pharmacological interactions between them seems to be an urgent necessity for more rationally designing dietary or herbal therapies for prevention and cure of diverse chronic diseases. For such purposes, the mouse bioassay procedures used in this and in our early studies could be a useful starting point. Since quercetin is pharmacologically and toxicologically well defined phytochemical encountered in many herbal remedies and almost all plant derived food, efforts will now be made to quantify pharmacological interactions between this plant phenolic and other well known and quantitative major secondary plant metabolites with bactericidal activities. quercetin and triethylene glycol are fairly potent desensitizer of stress responses with antidepressants and anxiolytics like activities in mice behavioural models and their such efficacies start appearing only after their repeated daily doses. Therefore, they can also be considered as adaptogens potentially useful for prevention and cure of mental health problems arising from mild chronic uncontrollable stress of everyday life. Acknowledgements None. Conflict of interest Author declares that there is no conflict of interest. 490. Chemistry and pharmacology of Withania somnifera. TANG [Humanitus Medicine]. 2015;5(1):1‒13. . Determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of different parts of Withania somnifera(L. ) Dunal. from three different growth stages. Prod. 2013;50:537‒539. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. Phytotherapy Research. 2001;15:311‒318. . Adaptogenic activity of a novel withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. (Part II). Phytother Res. 2003;17:531‒536. of Activity: Identification of an of Action. . 2013;8(10):e77189. Ballantyne B, Snellings WM. Triethylene glycol HO (CH2CH2O) 3H. J appl toxicol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects; instead, it discusses various compounds such as quercetin and their potential adaptogenic activities with no reference to ginseng. The text primarily focuses on the pharmacological interactions of different phytochemicals rather than supporting or contradicting the knowledge about ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable packaging can help reduce the accumulation of plastic waste in landfills. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the iGEM 2019 Grant. Browse more projectswaste into biodegradable plasticand Aarati PokharelBacked by and 28 other backersCommeree, Rafael F. . Páez, and Eric D. University of : 10. 18258/13643Grant: iGEM 2019 ChallengeGrant: iGEM 2019 Challenge$1,747Raised of $1,550 Goal112%Funded on 7/10/19Successfully Funded$1,747pledged112%fundedFundedon 7/10/19? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(6)DiscussionProjectThe primary objective of the project is to create an industrially-comparable method of producing PHA, a biodegradable plastic, from Styrofoam (polystyrene) waste. We hypothesize that a genetically modifying E. coli can convert styrene (monomerized polystyrene) to P3HB, a specific PHA, with just two plasmids. Our device will aim to reduce the 30% of plastic waste volume accounted for by polystyrene while simultaneously enabling cost-effective production of PHA. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? In past experiments, researchers produced (medium chain) mclPHAs from styrene with Pseudomonas putida, but production failed to meet the industry standard. These mclPHAs also lacked useful polymer properties found in other, shorter, PHAs. E. coli has been utilized through genetic engineering with expensive carbon sources, such as glucose, to produce P3HB, a desirable PHA for industrial use. By introducing genes for the sty and pha pathways to E. coli, styrene can be metabolized by the bacteria to produce P3HB. Coupling the need for a cost-effective method to process polystyrene waste and sustainably produce PHAs creates a niche market in which two problems can be solved with a single solutionWhat is the significance of this project? Recycling is perceived as an essential practice for an environmentally-friendly lifestyle. However, we have found inherent flaws in the recycling industry. For example, if recycling is not profitable, companies will simply offload invaluable recyclables at the landfill. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a project aimed at producing biodegradable plastic (PHA) from polystyrene waste. It emphasizes the intent to reduce the volume of plastic waste that contributes to landfills by converting styrofoam waste into a biodegradable alternative. The mention of creating an industrially-comparable method for producing biodegradable plastic indicates that this research directly aligns with the claim regarding reducing plastic waste.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine has no ethical or medical risks. [SEP] Text: 337-346. doi:10. 4252/wjsc. v11. 16. 337. PMid:31293716 PMCid:PMC6600848 35. . Effects of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells of the human umbilical cord and their combination with melatonin in adult and aging mice with a toxic cuprizone model of demyelination. Adv Gerontol. 2021. 11(2). P. 173-180. doi:10. 1134/S2079057021020077. 36. . Protective roles of melatonin in central nervous system disease by regulation of neural stem cells. Cell prolif. 2017. 50(2):e12323. DOI: 10. 1111/cpr. 12323. PMid:27943459 PMCid:PMC6529065 37. . Cellular mechanisms of melatonin: insight from neurodegenerative diseases. Biomolecules. 2020. 10. 1158. doi:10. 3390/biom 10081158. PMid:32784556 PMCid:PMC7464852 38. --H et al. Biological effects of melatonin on human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Med. 2019. 44. P. 2234-2244. Doi:10. 3892/ijmm. 2019. 4356. PMCid:PMC6844604 39. . et al. Melatonin regulates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation: a review. J Pineal Res. 2014. 56. P. 382-397. DOI:10. 1111/jpi. 12133. PMid:24650016 40. . Melatonin protects human adipose-derived stem cells from oxidative stress and cell death. APS. 2016. 43 (3). P. 237-241. Doi. org/10. 5999/aps. 2016. 43. 3. 237. PMid:27218020 PMCid:PMC4876151 How to cite. Effects of transplanted adipose-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells from mice of different age or from aging donors in combination with melatonin at experimental parkinsonism. Transpl. 2022; 10(1):18-24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses effects related to multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and their interactions with melatonin, which indicates a focus on regenerative medicine. However, by detailing studies on these stem cells and their effects, it implies that there may be complexities, such as the need for protective measures against oxidative stress and cell death, which suggest potential medical risks. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by implying that while regenerative medicine may have benefits, there are considerations that suggest it does carry risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 2007;27(3):291‒299. . in Disinfection of Air in Central Schools: II. Vapor Treatment. . 1955;45(6):767‒773. Antibacterial activity of quercetin on oral infectious pathogens. Microbiol Res. 2011;5:5358‒5361. The lethal effect of triethylene glycol vapor on air-borne bacteria and influenza virus. Science. 1943;97(2510):142‒144. Mellody M, Bigg E. The fungicidal action of triethylene glycol. J Infectious Dis. 1946;79(1):45–46. Disinfection of clouds of meningopneumonitis and psittacosis viruses with triethylene glycol vapor. J Exp Med. 1947;85(1):65–76. The rate of bactericidal action of triethylene glycol vapor on microorganisms dispersed into the air in small droplets. Epidemiol. 1949;50(2):175‒188. Flavonoid quercetin protects against swimming stress-induced changes in oxidative biomarkers in the hypothalamus of rats. Eur j pharmacol. 2009;621(1):46‒52. Quercetin protects against oxidative stress associated damages in a rat model of transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Neurochem res. 2011;36(8):1360‒1371. Alterations of the gut microbiota in high-fat diet mice is strongly linked to oxidative stress. Biotechnol. 2013;97(4):1689‒1697. Cani PD. Gut microbiota and obesity: lessons from the microbiome. Genomics. 2013;12(4):381‒387. Chatterjee SS, Kumar V. Holistic psychopharmacology and promiscuous plants and principles of ayurveda. of Plant Sciences. 2012;3:1015‒1021. pharmacology of Ashwagandha as an adaptogenic anti-diabetic plant: A pilot study. Med. 2015;1(1):51‒61. . Adaptogenic potential of Andrographolide: an active principle of the King of Bitters (Andrographis paniculata). J Med. 2015;5(1):42‒50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to ginseng or its potential adaptogenic effects. It mainly discusses various studies and articles that focus on other substances and their effects, such as quercetin and triethylene glycol. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodegradable materials can break down without leaving toxic residues in the environment. [SEP] Text: In these simulations, previously reported values for the anterograde train injection rate (1. 3 trains s−1) (Mueller et al. , 2005) and the average number of KAP bound to a single anterograde train for each flagellar length (Engel et al. , 2009) were used to estimate the number of KAP that arrives at the flagellar tip per second. KAP dissociated from the trains at the tip and immediately started one dimensional diffusion in the flagellum. The resting time of KAP at the tip was insignificant, and was not accounted for. The flagellum was modeled as a 5–12 µm long linear grid with spacing defined as the MSD of KAP diffusing at 1. 7 µm2 s−1 (Figure 3h) during the time-step of the simulation (5 ms). At every time point, each active molecule had its grid position changed by +1 or −1. The molecules at the extreme terminus of the tip only moved towards the base. The diffusing KAP molecules were perfectly absorbed to the cell body as they arrived at the flagellar base (i. e. perfect sink) and exited the simulation. The simulations were run for 100,000 time points to allow molecules to reach a steady-state. The number of molecules at each grid position was calculated to plot the distribution of KAP molecules diffusing along the length of the flagellum. The total number of KAP was calculated by integrating the number of KAP diffusing along the entire flagellum and KAP on the anterograde trains. This number was compared to a hypothetical scenario that KAP returns to the cell body with active transport. The simulations were run 10 times to calculate the error. Simulation codes are available on (Chien, 2017). A copy is archived at Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 991. 3978. PubMed 412. PubMed 6081. PubMed 8470. PubMed 1137. PubMed 338. PubMed 1008. PubMed 2318. PubMed 237. PubMed 659. PubMed 89. PubMed 167. PubMed 129. PubMed 307. PubMed 119. PubMed 10. 1101/156760 24. PubMed 234. PubMed 5523. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses simulations regarding KAP molecules diffusing in flagella, without any mention of biodegradable materials or their environmental impact. Thus, it does not corroborate nor contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/bg-20-4213-2023, 2023. Received: 05 Mar 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Apr 2023 – Revised: 30 Aug 2023 – Accepted: 31 Aug 2023 – Published: 13 Oct 2023 1 of the solution to overcoming plastic pollution in the environment is to use biodegradable plastic instead of conventional plastics in applications in which plastics are used in the open environment and for which complete recollection of the plastic after use is impossible. A picture-case example is thin agricultural mulch films. Modern agriculture relies heavily on the use of plastic mulch films to elevate soil temperature and maintain soil moisture, to provide protection, and to prevent weed growth. Conventional mulch films are composed of polyethylene (PE). If these films are thin, they cannot readily be reused or recycled after application, which means they need to be incinerated or landfilled after a single use (Serrano-Ruiz et al. , 2021). Such a short life cycle of plastic products is undesirable, and both incineration and landfilling are considered undesirable end-of-life treatment options. Another disadvantage of conventional thin (< 25 µm) mulch films is that are cannot easily be entirely recollected after their application, leaving PE plastic residues in the soil. Because PE films persist, these residues build up in soils over time, eventually harming agricultural productivity (Gao et al. , 2019). Furthermore, the films may slowly decompose into microplastics. Both macroplastics and microplastics have been shown to be transported by wind and water, away from the initial application site and towards waterways, lakes, and coastal seas (Fig. 1; Egessa et al. , 2020; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022), where they have been shown to cause harm to the ecosystem (Galloway et al. , 2017; Hale et al. , 2020). Figure 1Transport of plastics from agricultural sources to lake sediments, either via water ways or via wind transport. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information about any type of packaging decomposing in soil within a few weeks or months. Instead, it discusses biodegradable plastics as a solution to plastic pollution and highlights the persistence of conventional polyethylene plastics, which are not easily decomposed. It emphasizes the buildup of plastic residues in soil, contrasting with the claim about decomposing packaging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Densensitization of mild stress triggered responses in mice by a Brassica juncea leaf extract and some ubiquitous secondary plant metabolites. Pharmacologia. 2014;5(9):326‒338. . Metformin like of in Mice. SAJ Neurology. 2015;1(1):102. . Neuropsychopharmacology of a therapeutically used Andrographis paniculata extract: a preclinical study. Exp Med. 2014;14:181‒191. . Stress response desensitizing efficacies of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Pharmacol. 2014;46:S91. Treatment for Anxiety: A of for the Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). J Med. 2014;20(12):901‒908. . Role of fumarates in adaptogenics like efficacies of traditionally used Fumaria indica extracts. TANG [Humanitas Medicine]. 2015;(5):28‒37. Zethof TJJ, Van der Stress induced hyperthermia in mice: a methodological study. Physiol Behav. 2011;55:109–115. Stress-induced hyperthermia and anxiety: pharmacological validation. Pharmacol. 2003;463(1‒3):117‒132. . Antidepressant-like effects of Brassica juncea leaves in diabetic rodents. Exp Biol. 2014;52:613‒22. Hyperactivity of central noradrenergic and CRF system is involved in social isolation-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep. Brain Res. 1995;84:874‒894. Witkin JM. of Obsessive‐Compulsive Disorder. Current protocols in neuroscience. 2008:9‒30. (2006) A combined marble burying-locomotor activity test in mice: a practical screening test with sensitivity to different classes of anxiolytics and antidepressants. Pharmacol 547(1‒3):106‒115. (2010) Polyphenols: a potential new strategy for the prevention and treatment of anxiety and depression. 6(1):13‒18. Influence of Withania somniferaon obsessive compulsive disorder in mice. J Trop Med. 2012;5(5):380‒384. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it discusses various studies on other plants and their effects on stress and anxiety in mice, such as Brassica juncea and Withania somnifera. The lack of any mention of ginseng makes the content irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: As well as providing continuous monitoring of a patient’s condition, another major benefit of Chi Hwan’s wearable devices is their ability to record a patient’s biosignals while they are at home and then to automatically send a report to their doctor. “This means patients do not need to frequently travel to a clinic, which is particularly helpful for those living in rural areas or with limited mobility,” explains. ? “The human skin and eye are soft, curvilinear and sensitive to pain,” explains Chi Hwan. “Therefore, wearable biomedical devices must have mechanical softness, flexibility, stretchability and breathability, without side effects such as discomfort, pain or tissue damage. ” A major challenge for designing smart contact lenses is that the fabrication of wireless sensors typically requires high temperatures and corrosive chemicals, which is why electronic circuits are normally built on hard materials. However, these rigid materials are unsuitable for use in the human eye, so and his team had to develop novel techniques for creating soft and stretchable sensors that could be placed on various commercial brands of soft contact lenses. They developed a ‘peeling technique’, whereby the electronic components are constructed on conventional fabrication substrates that can withstand high temperatures and corrosive chemicals but can then be thinly peeled off and transferred elsewhere. This means the sensors can exist on flexible, stretchable, transparent or biodegradable substrates, including soft contact lenses. ? Chi Hwan’s team has developed a soft, ultrathin, wireless sensor to measure ocular pressure, which can be attached to commercial soft contact lenses. “This allows continuous 24-hour monitoring of ocular pressure for glaucoma patients, even during sleep,” he explains. As well as monitoring eye conditions, smart contact lenses can also treat them, by injecting drugs directly into the eye. “Ocular drug delivery remains a grand challenge due to the complex structure of the eye,” says Chi Hwan. Download the 10. 33424/303 Link to the activity sheet Download the Share 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 participant wearing a smart soft contact lens during the continuous monitoring of ocular pressure © : 10. 1038/s41467-022-33254-4 A tear-soluble contact lens with silicon nanoneedles for painless and long-term sustained drug delivery © : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing wearable devices designed to monitor patients' biosignals, which includes continuous monitoring of health metrics such as ocular pressure. The mention of 'soft, ultrathin, wireless sensors' that can be integrated into smart contact lenses aligns with the functionality of smart fabrics for monitoring biometric data. Although the specific metrics of heart rate and temperature are not explicitly mentioned, the overall capability of monitoring health indicators supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: DownloadIn an attempt to limit soil plastic pollution, the agricultural industry has developed soil-biodegradable mulch films as substitutes for conventional films. These soil-biodegradable films can be composed of different materials, for example, biologically derived polymers, forms of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and also lipid-based products, and are designed to be degradable by soil microorganisms under the moisture and temperature conditions found in the soil environment (Yang et al. , 2020). A standard has been set by the EU (2018 EU standard EN 17033) for the biodegradability of mulch films named as such. In general, the biodegradation of the soil-biodegradable mulch films (hereafter referred to as BD films) involves two stages: (i) breakdown of the large pieces into small organic molecules by abiotic or biological (enzymatic) processes and (ii) uptake and metabolic use of these organic molecules by microorganisms under conversion into CO2 and microbial biomass (Zumstein et al. , 2018). Soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be biodegraded in soil. It is, however, possible that fragments of the of BD films may be transported away from agricultural soils before being completely biodegraded. While we are not aware of studies specifically on the transport of BD films, the transport of conventional mulch films by wind or water has been observed (Dris et al. , 2015; Ren et al. , 2021; Yang et al. , 2022). Earlier studies have shown successful biodegradation of BD films in soil environments (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020), with complete biodegradation being predicted to take several years. Research on the aquatic biodegradation of BD plastics is predominantly focused on the marine realm. There, several studies have shown microbial colonization on BD plastics (Eich et al. , 2015; Morohoshi et al. , 2018; Nauendorf et al. , 2016), and some showed a disintegration of the plastics over time (Briassoulis et al. , 2020; Lott et al. , 2020; Wei et al. , 2021), although these studies were not performed on mulch films but on other BD plastic products, such as bags. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while soil-biodegradable mulch films are designed to be degradable in soil, earlier studies have shown that complete biodegradation is predicted to take several years, which directly contradicts the claim that decomposition occurs within a few weeks or months.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC - 2015). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Quercetin and related polyphenols: new insights and implications for their bioactivity and bioavailability. Food Funct. 2015;6(5):1399‒1417. Willner P. Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiol. 2005;52(2):90‒110. . Holistic psychopharmacology of Fumaria indica (Fumitory). Chinese Med. 2012;3(4):182‒199. Role of fumaric acid in anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a Fumaria indica extracts. J Intercultural Ethnopharmacol. 2014;3(4):173‒178. Efficacies of fumaric acid and its mono and di-methyl esters in rodent models for analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents. EC Pharmaceutical Sci. 2015;2:76‒88. Single-dose oral quercetin improves redox status but does not affect heat shock response in mice. Nutr Res. 2015;34(7):623‒629. Quercetin and heat shock response. Nutr Res. 2015;35(4):359. . Effects of a Withania somnifera extract in a stressed mice model for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Abstract In: 2nd of Society for Ethnopharmacology (SFEC). Nagpur, India; 2015. . Antibiotic growth promoters in agriculture: history and mode of action. Poultry sci. 2005;84(4):634‒643. Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2015;519(7541):92‒96. Beneficial effects of quercetin on obesity and diabetes. J. 2011;4:189. The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochem pharmacol. 2012;83(1):6‒15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It focuses on various studies related to other herbal extracts and their effects on stress and related disorders, but does not provide any information regarding ginseng or its potential adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: 1126/sciadv. abn1772 A horse wearing a smart textile during the continuous monitoring of health conditions © : 10. 1002/adma. 202108021 Eyedrops and ointments that are traditionally used to administer ocular drugs have a very low bioavailability. Less than 5% of eyedrop medication reaches its target, as our eyes are designed to prevent foreign substances from entering. “This means larger or more frequent doses are required,” says Chi Hwan, “which burdens the patient and increases the risk of side effects such as blurred vision and discomfort. ” In response to this, has developed tear-soluble contact lenses equipped with biodegradable nanoneedles that can inject drugs directly into the required location. “When a patient inserts the contact lens, the nanoneedles penetrate the cornea in a minimally-invasive manner and then undergo gradual degradation over the course of several months while providing sustained, painless delivery of ocular drugs,” he explains. “The contact lens itself dissolves in tear fluid within a few minutes. ” These drug delivery contact lenses will be useful for treating chronic ocular diseases, such as glaucoma, as they will provide painless, long-term, sustained drug delivery to the patient’s eye. ? and the team are also designing other wearable biomedical devices. They are integrating electronics (such as heart rate sensors) into fabric textiles, creating fabrics that can monitor health conditions while also retaining their original wearability and breathability. A key condition of these electronic textiles is that they can be worn multiple times and can survive for multiple laundry cycles. These electronic textiles have recently been applied in a wearable biomedical device for horses. The team created a horse blanket containing multiple sensors that continuously monitor the horse’s heart rate, muscle activity and breathing rate. This allows the horse owner to monitor the horse’s health over long periods of time, whether they are galloping through a field or asleep in their stable. ? “My next steps will be to bring the research outcomes out of university and into clinical practice so many people can benefit from using our technologies,” says Chi Hwan. He hopes that, after extensive clinical trials, his wearable biomedical devices will become commercially available, enhancing and advancing the care of patients with a wide range of health conditions. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of electronics such as heart rate sensors into fabric textiles, which allows these smart fabrics to monitor health conditions. It also provides a specific example of electronic textiles in use, mentioning a horse blanket that continuously monitors a horse's heart rate, thus supporting the notion that smart fabrics can indeed monitor biometric data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: Individual cores, however, showed variations within the treatments, and the difference between treatments was not statistically significant, as stated above. Overall, the results show that the BD plastic treatments did not produce larger amounts of CO2 than the control (no addition) treatment. Methane production from all sediments, including the control treatment, remained around zero from week 0 to week 15. After week 15, the methane concentration in the PE treatments increased slightly (Fig. 3; more detailed view available in the Supplement, Fig. S4), and in the BD plastics treatment MF-S it was more pronounced. In the control experiment, methane concentrations dipped slightly below the starting concentrations but then increased from week 28 onwards, albeit with large variations between individual sediment cores. Both BD plastic treatments showed large increases in relative amounts of methane from week 20 onwards, although the large variations between individual cores within the treatments lead to large, overlapping error bars. The stabilization of the CO2 concentration and the increase in CH4 concentration in the BD plastics experiments matched time-wise, both occurring from week 15–20 onwards, although the increase in CH4 continued after week 28, when the CO2 concentration in the BD plastic experiments had stabilized. Visualization of the plastic film surfaces after retrieval from the sediments after 40 weeks did not show any clear signs of degradation or biofilm formation on any of the film types (PE, MF-S, MF-R; Fig. S5). DAPI staining showed a low number of microbes on the plastics' surfaces. Both regular and microscopic visualization, of all types of used plastics, showed no variation in appearance between the end and the start of the experiment. 4 biodegradability of BD plastic films depends largely on the match between their composition and the environment. In soils, BD mulch films have been shown to biodegrade successfully (Li et al. , 2014; Sintim et al. , 2020). However, due to this required match between the properties of the material and the in situ conditions for biodegradation, transport of BD mulch films to aquatic environments could result in a buildup of material, as is suggested by our results. The biodegradability of the mulch films investigated in this research is in strong contrast to the biodegradability of these films under previously investigated soil conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the biodegradability of BD plastic films depends on the match between their composition and the environment. It implies that while BD mulch films can biodegrade successfully in soil, the overall findings indicate significant variability in biodegradability under different conditions and mention that 'transport of BD mulch films to aquatic environments could result in a buildup of material.' This suggests that the claim may not hold true under all conditions, especially highlighted by the results showing no clear signs of degradation after 40 weeks in other environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: They wished that their review will provide new insights into the understanding of global ginseng clinical trials and identifies potential future perspectives for research and development of ginseng. Lewis et al. 32 at the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of School of stated that due to the growing population of people with cognitive impairment and the lack of effective pharmacotherapeutics, it is prudent for those afflicted or their caregivers to find alternative treatments. They demonstrated that many of these nutrients and phytonutrients may be promising for treating some aspects of cognitive impairment, especially for people afflicted with AD based on clinical trial studies reported between 2000 and 2021 with P. ginseng, Ginkgo biloba, Rhodiola rosea, Withania somnifera, etc. These effects are not completely consistent or ubiquitous across all patient populations or health statuses. They stressed that notably, adverse effects were minimal or nonexistent. One of the most objective and reliable research of P. ginseng (Korean red ginseng, KRG) on blood pressure was carried out by Japanese physicians Yamamoto et al. 33 in Nissei Hospital, Osaka, Japan in 1991. A total of 316 subjects with various etiological background of hypotension (35), diabetes (108), hypertension (74), hyperlipidemia (54) and others were recruited for the trial from 15 different clinics. KRG powder capsule was administered at daily doses of 6 g (211 cases), 2. 7 g–3 g (89 cases), 8–9 g (16 cases) for 2 months in short period case and 5 years in case of longer period, average of 10. 5 months. Among the 74 hypertensive individuals, 51% demonstrated decrease in blood pressure, 43% accounted for no change and 5% increase; among the 207 normotensive subjects, 95% of the individuals demonstrated no change, 3% increase, 2% decrease; among the 35 hypotensive patients 63% revealed no change, 31% elevation and 6% lowered. Considering the data obtained, the study indicated that KRG in general normalized blood pressure. However, KRG increased blood pressure in a small portion of subjects, therefore it is recommended to be aware of this side effect when starting to take KRG if hypertension is of concern. Increase in blood pressure reversed when ingesting ginseng was interrupted without adverse effect. From this report, we can understand that P. ginseng in general modulates and normalizes blood pressure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various clinical trials and the effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), particularly relating to blood pressure and cognitive impairment, but does not specifically address or provide evidence regarding the adaptogenic effects of ginseng. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: E-Systems and Networks > Vol. 6 No. 2, June 2017 Validation of a System’s Ability to Rate in under Activities () éphane Hallé Department of Mechanical Engineering, école de Technologie Supérieure, Montreal, Canada. DOI: 10. 4236/etsn. 2017. 62002 2,013 Downloads 3,559 Views 0. 5°C; 39% ± 1% relative humidity and 31°C ± 0. 5°C; 60% ± 1% relative humidity). The results from four different statistical methods show a high correlation and an absence of significant differences between the Polar? and Hexoskin systems in monitoring the subjects’ heart rates. wearable biometric shirt can be used to monitor the heart rate of humans in moderate or hot and humid climates under variable physical activities, regardless of their age, weight or height. and Humid Environments, Share and Cite: Al Sayed, C. , Vinches, L. and Hallé, S. (2017) Validation of a System’s Ability to Rate in under Activities. E-Systems and Networks, 6, 19-30. doi: 10. 4236/etsn. 2017. 62002. 1. Introduction Workers, such as miners, who are exposed to hot and humid environments, can suffer from symptoms and diseases related to heat stress [1]. These conditions can increase the risk of work accidents and even lead to death. Personal cooling garments can be worn [2] for minimizing heat stress, especially in places where effective air conditioning is not provided. A valid number of researchers have concluded that by controlling the cooling load of these garments, this would improve their efficiency and increase their autonomy [3] [4]. The control can be based on the user’s physiological parameters, such as skin temperature and heart rate. In 2015, Villar et al. [5] validated the ability of a wearable biometric shirt, the Hexoskin [6] to monitor physical parameters during daily activities, such as walking, laying down and standing. The same year, Montes et al. [7] stated that there may be issues concerning the Hexoskin wearable system’s ability to measure and record data in real-life settings after having tested it on ten subjects in trail-hiking conditions. They recommended that the system should be validated before being utilized in real-life scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the Hexoskin wearable biometric shirt is validated to monitor physical parameters, including heart rate. It also mentions that the system is able to track these metrics during various activities, affirming the capability of smart fabrics to monitor biometric data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: Whereas within several soils substantial degradation of the incorporated BD plastic films was observed (11 %–98 % after 12 months, determined by “percentage of area remaining”; Li et al. , 2014; 12 %–23 % degradation of powdered BD plastics after 28 d, determined by weight loss; Adhikari et al. , 2016), no biodegradation could be observed in our sediment experiments, either based on produced CO2 or from visual analysis by microscopy. Similar conclusions were drawn based on a 100 d marine coastal zone sediment experiment (Nauendorf et al. , 2016), even though biofilm growth on biodegradable plastic bags (composed of biodegradable polyester and corn starch) was observed in that study. Freshwater BD plastic degradation studies are more rare and are focused on biofilm formation rather than on biodegradation rates (Morohoshi et al. , 2018). As observed by Nauendorf et al. (2016), biofilm formation and degradation are not necessarily related. Most marine sediment studies combine a biofilm assessment with visual assessments of degradation but do not quantify the degradation as either respiration or fragmentation. Quantification of degradation percentages based on assessment of the remaining plastics is difficult, as microp1. 0 cm downwards (Fiskal et al. , 2019). The plastics were buried shallowly in the sediments and will, at least partly, have been surrounded by sediments containing dissolved O2 (DO) in our experiments. Although exact DO penetration depths can only be determined with micro-sensors, we can assume initial oxic conditions here based on the natural oxygen penetration depth of these sediments (Fiskal et al. , 2019), the oxygen concentration in the overlying water (±400 µM; Fiskal et al. , 2019), and the disturbance caused by the pushing of the plastics into the sediments, bringing oxygen-rich water into contact with the sediment surrounding the plastic film. After the initial oxic conditions, DO may have become depleted within the originally anoxic sediment depths (> 1 cm) or shallower. Although under oxic conditions microbial growth and substrate turnover is expected to occur more rapidly, earlier research showed similar BD plastic biodegradation rates under oxic and anoxic conditions, despite higher microbial biomass formation on BD plastics under oxic incubation conditions (Nauendorf et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that, despite some degradation of BD plastic films observed in various studies, significant biodegradation was not detectable in sediment experiments and only minimal degradation was reported within the assessed time frames (12 months). It highlights that conditions under which the testing occurred (oxic and anoxic) did not consistently yield rapid degradation, which undermines the claim that such materials can decompose within a few weeks or months.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Good clinical laboratory practice (GCLP). [Updated 2009]. [15, 2023]. . Organization. WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. [Updated 1999]. [15, 2023]. . Blumenthal M, Goldberg a, Brinckmann J. Ginseng root. In: Herbal Medicine: E Monographs. : Council; 2000. 177. . Red ginseng monograph. J 2018;42(4):549–561. . Effect of adaptogens on the activity of the pituitary-adrenocortical system in rats. 1986;101(5):573–574. . Side effects of ginseng: facts or conjectures? Pharm 1989;12(2):46–53. . Ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Phytother 1991;2:3–14. . . Ginseng leaf-stem: bioactive constituents and pharmacological functions. 2009;4(1):20. CrossMedicines Agency. EMA/HMPC/321232/2012. on Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, Radix. Based on 2014. Commission. (Ph. Eur. ) (11th edition). [Updated 2023]. [15, 2023]. . . Characterization and comparison analysis of WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants and ISO standards of Medica. 2023;29(6):540–548. Findings of Russian literature on the clinical application of Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ): a narrative review. J Ethnopharmacol 2021;278:114274. Eleutherococcus senticosus (Rupr. & Maxim. ) Maxim. (Araliaceae) as an adaptogen: a closer look. J Ethnopharmacol 2000;72(3):345–393. . The adaptogens rhodiola and schizandra modify the response to immobilization stress in rabbits by suppressing the increase of phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase, nitric oxide and cortisol. Insights 2007;2:39–54. . Adaptogenic properties of six rasayana herbs used in Ayurvedic medicine. 1999;13(4):275–291. -Bahchevanska D, Ivanova S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ginseng's potential adaptogenic effects. Instead, it is a compilation of references and various studies related to ginseng and other plants, without making any specific assertions about ginseng's adaptogenic properties. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide support or refutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart fabrics can monitor biometric data like heart rate and temperature. [SEP] Text: wearable shirt has not yet been validated for intense physical activities, such as athletic training [8] and mining tasks. Therefore, this study validated its ability to monitor heart rate during variable physical activities before the Hexoskin wearable shirt to be used for controlling the cooling ability of personal cooling garments. Moreover, the study included twelve male subjects which were firstly tested in a moderate climate (25˚C ± 0. 5˚C; 39˚C ± 1˚C relative humidity) and afterwards in a hot and humid climate (31˚C ± 0. 5˚C; 60% ± 1% relative humidity). 2. Materials and study was designed to validate the Hexoskin wearable biometric shirt’s capacity to monitor heart rate during variable physical activities, ranging from sitting to high-intensity workouts, using a stationary training bicycle. The test procedure was conducted under two different climate conditions. 2. 1. male subjects were recruited for this study. Their physical characteristics appear in Table 1. All subjects were informed about the purpose of the study, the experimental protocol and the risks related to the tests and each person completed a consensus letter before participating. This study was reviewed and approved by the École de Technologie Supérieure (ethical reference code: H20160101). The body mass index was calculated by dividing the weight (in kilograms) by the height squared (in meters) for each subject. 2. 2. All twelve subjects wore biometric shirts suited to their thorax and hip measurements. Beneath the shirt, each participant wore a Polar® H7 heart sensor, which has been used in many monitoring studies for its accuracy to detect and record the heart rate in real time [9] [10]. The sensor was attached to an adjustable strap and connected by Bluetooth to a Polar® M400 watch [11] worn on the subject’s left hand. Each subject’s heart rate data was recorded simultaneously by the Hexoskin wearable biometric shirt and the Polar® M400 watch and then sent to a personal computer after each test. -7020 () was placed inside a climate chamber and used during the tests. Figure 1 shows a subject wearing the Hexoskin biometric shirt, the Polar® H7 heart rate sensor and the Polar® M400 watch. 2. 3. All twelve subjects completed the experimental protocol in two different climate environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides evidence of the Hexoskin wearable biometric shirt's ability to monitor heart rate during various physical activities. It describes a study where male subjects wore biometric shirts that were tested for their capacity to accurately record heart rate data in real time. The inclusion of the Polar® H7 heart sensor attached to the shirt further supports the idea that smart fabrics can indeed monitor biometric data.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: This type of packaging can decompose in soil within a few weeks or months. [SEP] Text: The onset of methane production in our incubations, from week 15 onwards, paired with the stabilization of the CO2 concentration suggests that anoxic conditions established after 15 weeks into the experiments. Although the increase in methane concentration in our MF-S and MF-R experiments could suggest enhanced breakdown of the BD plastics, it's timely match to the decrease in CO2 production rather suggests that the respiration of sedimentary carbon, rather than the BD plastics carbon, is being degraded, similarly to the control and PE experiment. It is, however, interesting to note that the BD plastic experiments experienced this oxic–anoxic conversion, whereas the control and PE plastics did not. Within soil experiments, several biotic and abiotic factors affect the extent of biodegradation. As the used BD mulch films are designed to biodegrade in soils, we also consider these factors to compare the biodegradation in the aquatic realm to that of the soils. A first factor would be abiotic fragmentation by to photodegradation, which requires sunlight to reach the plastics. In soils, photodegradation affects the plastics, decreasing their quality and molecular weight (Zhang et al. , 2021). In shallow surface waters, photodegradation may also affect plastic degradation. Our experiments, with sediment cores of 40 m water depth, were performed in the dark, as photodegradation is not relevant at such water depths. For future studies, pre-degradation of plastics by photodegradation, prior to incorporation into the sediment, would be interesting, as further discussed below. Besides photodegradation, Li et al. (2014) identified soil pH, soil temperature, and fungi abundance as potential factors for differences between degradation efficiency between sites. Sander (2019) suggested that nitrogen limitations in soils may affect and limit BD plastic biodegradation, as the N-poor BD plastics solely supply the colonizing microorganisms with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen-rich compounds and not with nitrogen. Organisms will therefore have to acquire nitrogen from different sources, which, if not sufficiently available, may limit growth and activity of the BD-plastic-colonizing and plastic-degrading organisms. Lopardo et al. (2019) showed that the addition of BD plastics to aquaculture eluent filters can improve nitrogen removal efficiency by providing an N-limited carbon source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors impacting the biodegradation of biodegradable (BD) plastics in soil. It notes that while BD plastics are designed to biodegrade in soils, the factors mentioned, such as nitrogen limitations and abiotic fragmentation, may actually limit decomposition efficiency. Specifically, the text mentions that nitrogen-poor BD plastics can restrict the growth and activity of degrading organisms due to their need for nitrogen, which contradicts the claim that these plastics can decompose in a short time frame.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The therapeutic implication of Aloe vera for diabetes and associated diseases has been scrutinized through a number of scientific study models. Earlier studies from the 1950's to early 1990's showed that Aloe extracts, particularly the inner gel, possess antihyperglycemic effects in diabetic animals [5]. The controversies that arose due to reports of some preparations (in some studies) completely failed to show beneficial effects have been largely explained by variabilities in the preparation and doses employed and we now seem to have a good set of evidences from animal experiments to demonstrate the hypoglycaemic effect of the plant [6-10]. Beyond its effect on glucose control in animal models, the beneficial effects of Aloe vera in ameliorating the various diabetes-associated abnormalities have been documented in recent years. Among them were improvement of the diabetes-induced liver and kidney damage; its effect to reduce fat/cholesterol level; its antioxidant potential, etc. [11-18]. Variabilities in the data with respect to the degree of efficacy have always been an issue, however, and the lack of one standardized drug preparation that all scientific studies could utilize remains a major problem. A number of clinical trials from the 1980's have also been conducted and in almost all cases, some kind of beneficial effects that have been observed in animal studies, but most importantly a reduction in blood glucose level, have been documented [5,19-30] Unfortunately, most of the clinical studies on Aloe vera so far have been brutally criticized for their limitations due to heterogeneity of the drug preparations, doses, patient's status (e. g. , uncontrolled dietary and physical state, etc. ), study methodology (blinding, duration of study, etc. ) and the results itself which have been often contradictory (e. g. cholesterol lowering effect). Hence, what has not been shown for Aloe vera is very crucial - Is the observed benefit merit its use as an alternative drug therapy to the known clinically useful drugs? This unfortunately has not been answered and the use of Aloe vera by its own as antidiabetic therapy cannot be advocated from the clinical evidences available so far. For example, a small reduction of blood glucose in short term studies, no matter how statistically significant, does not warrant a plant extract to be used as antidiabetic therapy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the therapeutic implications of Aloe vera specifically for diabetes and associated diseases, but does not address its historical use for skin ailments. Therefore, it does not support, rebut, or relate to the claim about the treatment of skin issues.