Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Advocating for any of these scenarios requires taking a position on the aforementioned shifts in our attitudes toward technology. Clearly, such a position does not have to involve a binary “yes or no” decision, but it may agree or disagree with the shifts to some degree. This of course involves examining many issues—not only manipulativeness—connected to APs’ good (e. g. , their autonomy) and humans’ good (for instance, perspectives of technological unemployment or the meaningfulness of human life) and perspectives on their hierarchy ranging from anthropocentric humanism to anti-anthropocentric posthumanism. Again, all of this is a matter of a detailed debate, and examining this here is beyond the scope of this study. 6 ConclusionIn this study, I have discussed Chomanski’s claim about manipulativeness to show that it significantly shifts the whole discussion on AP servants on the one hand and can be extrapolated to other kinds of APs on the other. Specifically, I have asserted that any design that intentionally determines AP’s desires involves manipulativeness. Moreover, I have examined a way of designing APs that enables avoiding the presence of manipulativeness and have briefly discussed its consequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in integrating Artificial Agents (APs) in decision-making. It notes that any design of APs that determines their desires can involve manipulativeness, indicating a need for careful consideration rather than a straightforward implementation. This suggests that there are scenarios where human oversight is necessary to avoid negative consequences associated with autonomy and manipulativeness in AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Our automated method works as follows: for any language we write down a Swadesh list, then we measure the distance between words with the same meaning belonging to different languages and, finally, we obtain the distance between two languages by an average. This approach is motivated by the analogy with genetics: vocabulary has the role of DNA and the comparison is simply made by measuring the differences between the DNA of the two languages. There are various advantages: the first is that, at variance with previous methods, it avoids subjectivity; the second is that results can be replicated by other scholars assuming that the database is the same; the third is that it does not require specific expertise in linguistics; and the last, but surely not the least, is that it allows for a rapid comparison of a very large number of languages (or dialects). More precisely, our measure of lexical distance between two words is a variant of the Levenshtein distance [15]. distance is simply the minimum number of insertions, deletions, or substitutions of a single character needed to transform one word into the other. Our distance is obtained by a normalization. Given two words and our measure of distance is(1)where is their standard Levenshtein distance and is the number of characters in the longer of the two words and. Therefore, the distance can take any value between 0 and 1. The reason for the normalization can be understood by the following example. Consider the case of two words of the same length in which a single substitution transforms one word into the other. If they are short, let's say 2 characters, they are very different. On the contrary, if they are long, let's say 8 characters, it is reasonable to say that they are very similar. Without normalization, their distance would be the same, equal to 1, regardless of their length. Instead, introducing the normalization factor, in the first case the distance is whereas in the second, it is much smaller and equal to. We use distance between pairs of words, as defined above, to construct the lexical distances between languages. For any language we prepare a list of words associated with the same meanings (we adopt the original Swadesh choice of ). Assume that the number of languages is and any language in the group is labeled by a Greek letter (say ) and any word of that language by with. The same index corresponds to the same meaning in all languages, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an automated method for measuring lexical distances between languages and dialects, but it does not address the claim about social and geographic backgrounds or how dialects can reflect these aspects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Το 5ο κεφάλαιο, εισάγει τα κρυπτονομίσματα στην Επενδυτική πρακτική. Συνεισφέρει μέσα από την ανάλυση των κρυπτονομισμάτων ως επενδυτικά οχήματα αξιολογώντας τα χαρακτηριστικά απόδοσης-κινδύνου ανά κατηγορία. Παρουσιάζει θεσμικές εξελίξεις ενώ συνεισφέρει στη ανάλυση του ανταγωνισμού μέσα στις αγορές κρυπτονομισμάτων καθώς η βιβλιογραφία συνήθως επικεντρώνεται μόνο στο Bitcoin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cryptocurrencies as investment vehicles and analyzing their performance-risk characteristics. It mentions developments in the institutional framework and competitive analysis in the cryptocurrency markets, which allude to their growing presence in investment practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: : (Artificially) Intelligent? Published online by Press: 30 August 2023 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Sven Nyholm* Affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany * Email: s. nyholm@lmu. de 0. 25 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper discusses two opposing views about the relation between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence: on the one hand, a worry that heavy reliance on AI technologies might make people less intelligent and, on the other, a hope that AI technologies might serve as a form of cognitive enhancement. The worry relates to the notion that if we hand over too many intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies, we might end up with fewer opportunities to train our own intelligence. Concerning AI as a potential form of cognitive enhancement, the paper explores two possibilities: (1) AI as extending—and thereby enhancing—people’s minds, and (2) AI as enabling people to behave in artificially intelligent ways. That is, using AI technologies might enable people to behave as if they have been cognitively enhanced. The paper considers such enhancements both on the level of individuals and on the level of groups. Keywords artificial intelligencecognitive enhancementhuman downgradinghuman enhancementhuman intelligenceintelligent behaviorthe extended mind 10. 1017/S0963180123000464 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by When people discuss the impressive progress that has been made with respect to artificial intelligence (AI), they frequently highlight a set of Go games in which the human world champion of Go, Lee Sedol, faced off against DeepMind’s computer program AlphaGo. These games took place in March of 2016. managed to win one out of five games. But he lost the other four. This was a sensation. Many people had thought that it would be extremely hard to create AI technologies that could defeat human Go masters in this sophisticated game. Much discussion about this case has been about and his reaction to what happened. He said that he would retire from competing in Go and that playing Go had become meaningless for him. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential downsides of heavy reliance on AI technologies, indicating that it could degrade human intelligence. It emphasizes a worry that if too many intelligence-requiring tasks are handed over to AI, people may miss opportunities to develop their own cognitive abilities. This suggests that human oversight is necessary in critical scenarios, especially in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: , two words and in the languages and have the same meaning if. The lexical distance between two languages is then defined as(2)It can be seen that is always in the interval [0,1] and obviously. The result of the analysis described above is a upper triangular matrix whose entries are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. If a family of languages is considered, all the information about their relationships is encoded in the associated matrix, but this information is not manifest and it has to be extracted. The ubiquitous approach to this problem is to transform the matrix information into a phylogenetic tree. Nevertheless, in this transformation, part of the information may be lost because transfer among languages is not exclusively vertical (as in mtDNA transmission from mother to child) but it also can be horizontal (borrowings and, in extreme cases, creolization). In previous papers we proposed a complementary geometric approach [16], [5] (Analysis). This approach encodes the matrix information into the positions of the languages in a -dimensional space. For large one recovers all the matrix content, but a low dimensionality, typically = 2 or = 3, is sufficient to grasp all the relevant information. However, results shown in the last two figures of this paper mostly rely on a direct investigation of the entries of the matrix and to simple averages over them. Supporting InformationTable S1. This table provides information on the people who furnished the data collected by the author at the beginning of 2010. For any dialect two consultants have been independently interviewed. Their names and birth dates follow each of the dialect names. Table S2. This table contains the upper triangular matrix which is the result of the analysis described in the Methods section of the paper. The entries of the matrix are the non-trivial lexical distances between all pairs of languages. 1. Dahl OC (1951) Malgache et Maanjan: une comparaison linguistique. Egede Instituttet, Oslo, Norway. View 2. (1995) Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austronesian linguistics. In: Tryon editor. in History. . 72. In J. F. Bellwood and D. 3. (2009) Loanwords in Malagasy. In: Tadmor editor. Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin: Mouton. 746. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on the methodology of analyzing lexical distances between languages and constructing matrices and phylogenetic trees based on those distances. It does not explicitly discuss how dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds, therefore it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: ) καθώς επικεντρωνόμαστε εδώ μόνο στην απόδοση, η χρήση μεγαλύτερου ακόμα δείγματος και η ενσωμάτωση ελέγχων αποτελεσματικότητας των προβλέψεων των δεικτών θα απασχολήσει την έρευνα στο μέλλον. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα This PhD thesis is motivated by the unprecedented monetary and financial nature ofcryptocurrencies issued and circulated in for that it has not beencollectively studied. Distributed ledgers can be viewed as payment networks operatingwithout intermediary for exchanging wealth wherein two roles are assumed. Morespecifically, that of clearing house (in settling transactions) and that of regulator (forcontrolling the supply). Aside from the former service which is commonplace in money issuance industry’s ordinary business of life, there is something unusual that stems from the latter that is, the system itself creates its own num´eraire referred to as cryptocurrency. Such alternative systems at least outwardly challenge and as though may supplant the established today’s banking and finance paradigm which is traditionally associated with (a) currencies (sovereign money) and (b) securities (either in the form of debt or equity). Interestingly, the latter, so far, are only. . . This PhD thesis is motivated by the unprecedented monetary and financial nature ofcryptocurrencies issued and circulated in for that it has not beencollectively studied. Distributed ledgers can be viewed as payment networks operatingwithout intermediary for exchanging wealth wherein two roles are assumed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unprecedented nature of cryptocurrencies and how they operate within a new financial paradigm, suggesting that they serve as alternative systems to traditional banking and finance. The mention of distributed ledgers and their ability to operate without intermediaries indicates a shift towards cryptocurrencies as a popular form of investment, aligning with the claim of their rising popularity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 1 But here I want to consider another human being involved in this set of games: namely, the man who was carrying out the moves that were recommended by AlphaGo, and who was thereby going through the motions, so to speak, of beating in Go. AlphaGo was a computer program, not a robot equipped with arms. So AlphaGo itself did not move the playing stones around on the board. Before the games, AlphaGo had been trained on data from thousands of human-played Go games, and it had also been trained by playing millions of games against itself. This allowed AlphaGo to develop novel Go-playing strategies, and what AlphaGo did was to recommend moves in the game. A human—the person I will focus on here—took these recommendations and carried out the moves in the game, by placing the stones on the recommended parts of the Go board. This person (someone working for DeepMind) thereby became able to perform in a manner that corresponded to beating the world champion of Go in four out of five games. Now consider this question: Did this person in effect achieve the ability to play Go at a level at which not even the human world champion (Lee Sedol) was able to play? In other words, was the DeepMind employee exhibiting a form of human enhancement when he was acting on recommendations from the AI-driven AlphaGo computer program? Of popular focus in discussions about AI progress is the large language model technology ChatGPT, which was released to the public in November of 2022. This is an AI tool that can produce text (including essays and poems) in response to prompts from human users. tried using ChatGPT, for example, I entered the prompt, “what would think about the ethics of AI? ”—and ChatGPT immediately produced a fairly impressive short essay on the topic. In fact, I think ChatGPT did a better job than at least some—or perhaps even many—of the students in my classes would do. In all honesty, I think that the short essay that ChatGPT produced is better than what I would be able to come up with on the spot if I were asked to quickly write an essay on what Heidegger would say about AI ethics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of human oversight in the interaction with AI systems, particularly in the examples of AlphaGo and ChatGPT. In the case of AlphaGo, a human was required to carry out moves based on recommendations made by the AI, highlighting that AI did not operate independently but relied on human action to execute its strategies. Similarly, with ChatGPT, while the AI can generate text, it is presented as a tool that responds to human prompts, indicating that human involvement is essential for the application of AI capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: > <modsCollection xmlns=" <mods ID="evanson-etal-2023-language"> <titleInfo> <title>Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the stages of language acquisition in children. It only mentions the title of a work that could discuss the topic but does not directly support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Morespecifically, that of clearing house (in settling transactions) and that of regulator (forcontrolling the supply). Aside from the former service which is commonplace in money issuance industry’s ordinary business of life, there is something unusual that stems from the latter that is, the system itself creates its own num´eraire referred to as cryptocurrency. Such alternative systems at least outwardly challenge and as though may supplant the established today’s banking and finance paradigm which is traditionally associated with (a) currencies (sovereign money) and (b) securities (either in the form of debt or equity). Interestingly, the latter, so far, are only expressed in the unit of account of the former. In the foreign exchange market, the supply of currencies is linked to the activities of commercial banking which are monitored by national and international monetary authorities. To that extent, cryptocurrencies can offer a wide variety of alternatives that were not previously available to private entities and the general public when it comes to designing investment assets, credit instruments and, of course, cash. Traditionally, these have been provided by institutions such as centralized exchanges, accredited banks by a central bank and the State. The first two 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cryptocurrencies create their own system that challenges traditional banking and finance paradigms. It mentions that cryptocurrencies offer a variety of alternatives for designing investment assets and cash that were not previously available to private entities and the general public. This supports the idea that cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative investment forms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: We are faced with the questions: If I—or a student—began using ChatGPT, or some other large language model, to produce academic texts, would we thereby become enabled to generate better texts than if we did not use ChatGPT? Would this AI technology then serve as an enhancement of our writing abilities? Could it be understood as a form of human enhancement? Whether AI can be seen as a form of human enhancement is explored below—I will offer reasons in favor of this idea, but I will also offer reasons to doubt it. In a recent paper with coauthors,Footnote 2 we argued that it is doubtful if human users deserve credit for outputs produced by AI technologies like ChatGPT or other forms of generative AI. It was our position that putting a prompt into such a technology, which then produces some impressive outcome, is not a sign that either we have any particular form of talent, or that we had made any special effort showing ourselves deserving of credit. That line of reasoning could suggest that AI technologies like ChatGPT do not enhance the capacities of the people who use them. (I will return to this issue later. ) However, there might also be other ways of conceptualizing this topic that would allow us to say that we can enhance ourselves and our abilities by using AI technologies. Among other things, I will suggest that if we can extend the so-called extended mind thesis to apply to the use of AI—so that we can be said to extend our minds by using AI technologies—we might say that it is possible to enhance ourselves and our abilities with AI technologies. I will discuss this thesis both on the individual level (Can individuals enhance their abilities by making use of AI technologies? ) and on a group level (Can groups enhance themselves by making use of AI technologies? ). Of particular interest will be whether using AI technologies can be interpreted as a form of cognitive enhancement. In other words, can we enhance our cognitive abilities by using AI technologies? A related consideration will also be the notion that AI technologies might cognitively enhance human users, not by boosting their natural intelligence, but by giving them a kind of artificial intelligence; that is, by enabling humans to behave as if they have enhanced natural intelligence. The idea that AI can function as a form of cognitive extension has recently been discussed by some researchers, in particular José Hernández-Orallo and Karina Vold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between AI technologies, such as ChatGPT, and human capabilities. It suggests that relying entirely on AI for significant tasks, including generating texts, may not enhance human abilities or ensure quality outputs without some human oversight. The text elaborates that the use of AI might lead to questions about the credit and skills of human users, indicating the importance of human involvement in the process. This implies that AI cannot function effectively without human oversight in every scenario, hence opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: </title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Linnea</namePart> <namePart type="family">Evanson</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Yair</namePart> <namePart type="family">Lakretz</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jean</namePart> <namePart type="given">Rémi</namePart> <namePart type="family">King</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <dateIssued>2023-07</dateIssued> </originInfo> <typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource> <relatedItem type="host"> <titleInfo> <title>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023</title> </titleInfo> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Anna</namePart> <namePart type="family">Rogers</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Jordan</namePart> <namePart type="family">Boyd-Graber</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <name type="personal"> <namePart type="given">Naoaki</namePart> <namePart type="family">Okazaki</namePart> <role> <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm> </role> </name> <originInfo> <publisher>Association for Computational Linguistics</publisher> <place> <placeTerm type="text">Toronto, Canada</placeTerm> </place> </originInfo> <genre authority=" [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding language acquisition in children. It primarily consists of bibliographic information about authors, editorial roles, and publication details without providing any content or argumentation related to the stages of language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies are beginning to accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment. [SEP] Text: Volatility spillovers among leading cryptocurrencies and US energy and technology companies access Published: 20 February 2024 Volatility spillovers among leading cryptocurrencies and US energy and technology companies : orcid. org/0000-0003-2482-41541, Korhan K. Gokmenoglu2 & Nigar Taspinar1 7. 5%, including an 11. 4% decline in oil consumption (Vaz 2022). The pandemic also presented risks and threats to the technology sector with adverse financial consequences. Shutdowns reduced purchases from certain technological companies and cancelled conferences and meetings that typically generate new business opportunities. As a result, these companies incurred losses estimated at USD 1 billion (Forecast 2020). A significant percentage of technology companies suffered substantial financial losses due to decreased product sales during lockdowns (Al-Skhnini 2022). However, the pandemic had a positive effect on some tech companies; those that offer products and programs related to online education and remote work flourished during this period. Our findings indicate that the effects of unconditional shocks on conditional covariance matrices during the COVID-19 period are significantly greater than those during the pre-pandemic period. The impact of the epidemic increased uncertainty in both economic and financial systems, amplifying the influence of unconditional shocks. Cryptocurrencies are contentious and may involve significant risks and the possibility of catastrophic losses, but they have sparked considerable interest. With the interconnectedness of financial markets increasing, cross-regional and cross-market contagion has become a key focus of research. Moreover, there is a close relationship between cryptocurrencies and the energy and technology sectors for various reasons; thus, it is critical to understand spillovers among these markets. For example, renewable energy depends on technological progress, and investing in technological advancement to make the best use of available energy resources is increasingly important. Technology companies are working to develop and expand the markets for energy-related products, reinforcing the link between the two sectors (Zheng et al. 2022). Energy-related commodities are linked to cryptocurrencies in global markets (Ji et al. 2019), and energy market shocks contribute significantly to the volatility of cryptocurrencies (Libo et al. 2021). The tech sector and cryptocurrency as a trading instrument are experiencing global growth. Many companies are showing interest in blockchains and cryptocurrencies, including them in their business plans, product lines, and investment portfolios (Frankovic et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that many companies are showing interest in blockchains and cryptocurrencies, incorporating them into their business plans, product lines, and investment portfolios. This suggests that companies are indeed beginning to accept cryptocurrencies as a form of payment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 3 Moreover, the idea that AI can function as a form of human enhancement has also been discussed, but only to a limited extent. Specifically, the idea that AI-driven recommender systems could function as a form of moral enhancers has been addressed by authors such as Alberto Giubilini, Julian Savulescu, and Michał Klincewicz. Footnote 4 Relatedly, üller have argued that AI can function as an augmentation of human intelligence. Footnote 5 My aim here is to add to these deliberations by relating the perspective on AI as a form of enhancement to the discussion of AI as a form of cognitive extension. Additionally, the existing discussion is expanded by suggesting that AI might under certain circumstances give humans a form of artificial intelligence. The paper is divided into the following sections. (1) I will first discuss human intelligence, and a worry promulgated by some members of the press that AI and other contemporary technologies might be making people less intelligent. (2) There then follows a consideration of the concept of AI, including why it might initially be thought to not be a form of human enhancement. (3) Next up is the idea of human enhancement—in particular, cognitive enhancement—along with some distinctions from the literature on enhancement and the extended mind thesis, which provide some interesting ideas about how AI might function as a form of cognitive enhancement. (4) I will next discuss possible limitations to the view of AI as a form of human cognitive enhancement, and its relation to John Searle’s so-called Chinese room argumentFootnote 6 against the idea that AI technologies have any form of understanding. This will help to illustrate the idea that perhaps we should think of AI technologies as enabling a form of group-level cognitive enhancement, rather than—or perhaps in addition to—enhancement of individuals. It will also motivate the idea that perhaps what AI might give us is a form of artificial intelligence, rather than a straightforward form of cognitive enhancement. Four different ways of thinking about whether AI technologies can enhance people and their abilities will be identified. (5) Lastly, the sections conclude by considering whether praiseworthiness (or lack thereof) can be used as a criterion for determining whether AI can serve as a human enhancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations related to AI's ability to enhance human intelligence and cognitive processes. It mentions that there will be a discussion about possible limitations of AI as a form of human cognitive enhancement and introduces John Searle’s Chinese room argument, which implies that AI technology may lack true understanding and therefore may not reliably function without human oversight in every scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип'якевича Національної академії наук України м. Львів, вул. Козельницька, 4 Email: inukr@inst-ukr. lviv. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides contact information for an institution without discussing the role of language in identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: A path planning algorithm for industrial processes under velocity constraints with an application to additive manufacturing. J 2017;43:160–167. Crossref85. Separated 3D printing of continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic polyimide. 2019;121:457–464. Crossref86. Tensile property evaluations of 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. Mater 2020;29(2):147–162. Crossref87. 3D printed fiber reinforced polymer composites-structural analysis. Eng 2019;175:1–6. Crossref88. . Rapid prototyping of continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites by 3D printing. J Technol 2016;238:218–225. Crossref89. Naranjo-Lozada J, Ahuett-Garza H, Orta-Castañón P, et al. Tensile properties and failure behavior of chopped and continuous carbon fiber composites produced by additive manufacturing. 2019;26:227–241. 90. Characterizing short-fiber-reinforced composites produced using additive manufacturing. 2017;3(3):81–91. 91. Weld deposition-based rapid prototyping: A preliminary study. J Technol 2003;135:347–357. Crossref92. . An adaptive process planning approach of rapid prototyping and manufacturing. 2013;29:23–38. Crossref93. . An innovative design approach in three-dimensional printing of continuous fiber–reinforced thermoplastic composites via fused deposition modeling process: In-melt simultaneous impregnation. 2020;234(1–2):243–259. Crossref94. . Toolpath generation for layer manufacturing of fractal objects. J 2006;12:214–221. Crossref95. Fabrication of continuous carbon, glass and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites using additive manufacturing. 2017;16:146–152. 96. Efficient spiral bias filling algorithm for continuous carbon fiber 3D fiber. J Technol 2017;39(12):81–87. 97. Abrahamsen M. Spiral toolpaths for high-speed machining of 2D pockets with or without islands. J Eng 2019;6:105–117. 98. Novel continuous fiber bi-matrix composite 3-D printing technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various applications and studies related to additive manufacturing (3D printing) and its materials, such as continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. This suggests advancements and innovations in 3D printing technology, reinforcing the claim that 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes due to its applications in creating advanced materials and prototypes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: In the spring of 2023, I was contacted by a German journalist from the BR (Bayrischer Rundfunk) who wanted to interview me and other researchers about the question of whether overreliance on AI might make people “dumber. ”Footnote 7 This seemed to be an idea that was making the rounds in various media circles in Europe around that time. There was also a show on Swedish television, “Idébyrån,” in which a physics professor, a philosopher, and a psychologist had been invited to discuss the thesis that “You are getting dumber at the same time as machines are getting smarter. ”Footnote 8 Journalists were responding partly to general worries in society, but also to research suggesting that a steady increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century might recently have become reversed. Norwegian researchers had found that people had recently started scoring less well on IQ test. Footnote 9 One of the possible explanations offered was overreliance on modern technology. Such discussions raise the question of what we understand by human intelligence and what is the relation between our intelligence and our use of modern technology. Traditionally, human beings’ ability to create and use technologies has been seen as one of the things that show we are more intelligent than other animals. But now worry is mounting among some that using certain technologies, in particular AI, will make us less intelligent. Reflection is needed on whether we are enhancing ourselves by creating AI technologies or whether we are risking a form of “human downgrading,” to use ’s expression. Footnote 10 Relatedly, the philosopher has raised worries that many modern technologies might lead to moral de-skilling, reducing our skill at making moral decisions due to lack of practice. Footnote 11 The philosopher and legal academic goes so far as to worry that transferring more agency into technologies may lead to “a crisis of moral patiency,” whereby human beings are reduced from active agents to passive patients, including with respect to moral decision-making. Footnote 12 Now, there are many different attempts to define natural intelligence. These range from what might be called behavioristic definitions to definitions referring specifically to psychological capacities. Notably, if intelligence is understood in terms of certain forms of behavior or capacities for complex behavior, then technologies—such as AI technologies—can potentially become intelligent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing concerns about overreliance on AI and its potential negative impact on human intelligence and decision-making. It discusses worries about moral de-skilling and a reduction in human agency when technologies like AI are given more responsibility. This implies that AI cannot fully operate without human oversight, suggesting that a complete absence of human involvement may lead to negative consequences, thereby challenging the idea that AI can function independently in all scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: ua Телефон: +38 (032) 270-70-22 Домашня » Наші видання » Наукові збірники » Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність Укр En Про журнал Положення про політику відкритого доступу Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу Рік заснування 1992 Галузь та проблематика Міждисци [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss language's role as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on details about a journal's publication and policies, which have no bearing on the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: Materials (Basel) 2019;12(18):3011. CrossrefPubMed99. 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite sandwich structure with corrugated core for high stiffness/load capability. 2022;291:115590. Crossref100. Generating robot trajectories for conformal three-dimensional printing using nonplanar layers. J 2019;19(3):1–31. Crossref101. A novel route to fabricate high-performance 3D printed continuous fiber-reinforced thermosetting polymer composites. Materials (Basel) 2019;12(9):1369. CrossrefPubMed102. . A novel free-hanging 3D printing method for continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic lattice truss core structures. 2018;137:235–244. Crossref103. Research on drop-weight impact of continuous carbon fiber reinforced 3D printed honeycomb structure. Commun 2021;29:102869. Crossref104. Beyer C, Figueroa D. Design and analysis of lattice structures for additive manufacturing. J Eng 2016;138(12):1210141–12101415. Crossref105. Study on the designing rules and processability of porous structure based on selective laser melting (SLM). J Technol 2013;213(10):1734–1742. Crossref106. High-pressure interfacial impregnation by micro-screw in-situ extrusion for 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced nylon composites. 2020;130:105770. Crossref107. . A simple and effective geometric representation for irregular porous structure modeling. Des 2010;42:930–941. Crossref108. Mechanical and self-monitoring behaviors of 3D printing smart continuous carbon fiber-thermoplastic lattice truss sandwich structure. B Eng 2019;176:107215. Crossref109. . Continuous lattice fabrication of ultra-lightweight composite structures. 2017;18:48–57. 110. A novel strengthening method for carbon fiber composite lattice truss structures. 2016;153:585–592. Crossref111. . Performance-driven 3D printing of continuous curved carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites: A preliminary numerical study. B Eng 2018;151:256–264. Crossref112. Anisotropic porous structure modeling for 3D printed objects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple examples of innovations and research related to 3D printing technology, such as '3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composite sandwich structure' and 'mechanical and self-monitoring behaviors of 3D printing smart continuous carbon fiber-thermoplastic lattice truss sandwich structure'. These references highlight the advancements in material properties and manufacturing methods facilitated by 3D printing, which support the claim that 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: But if intelligence is defined in a way that refers to subjective or conscious states, then it seems much less plausible that it would be possible to create technologies with something that corresponds to natural intelligence of the sort found in humans. Two examples of definitions of intelligence used by prominent contributors to discussions of AI are that intelligence amounts to the ability to take the right actions to promote one’s goals at the right time (a definition used by Joanna BrysonFootnote 13) and that intelligence roughly amounts to sophisticated behavior (a definition recently used by David ChalmersFootnote 14). Another example is Peter Railton’s view that intelligence should be understood as a capacity for problem solving. Footnote 15 Those three definitions do not essentially refer to conscious experience and thereby seem to allow technologies to potentially be intelligent. In contrast, if intelligence is understood in terms of the ability to understand semantic meaning, and one thinks that this requires subjective consciousness, one might think that creating intelligent machines would be very difficult, since this would require the ability to create machines with conscious states. Footnote 16 In what follows, I will use a broad definition of human intelligence and assume that, on a general level, human intelligence is a set of cognitive capacities that helps us to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world, and that it also helps us to better achieve our goals and live in accordance with our values. Moreover, I will assume that intelligence is (i) a basic potential that human beings have—and that members of other species might also have, though of different kinds—and/or (ii) a more or less fully realized potential, whereby different people might be more or less intelligent in their thinking or behavior. This way of thinking implies at least two things about the idea of cognitive enhancement. First, anything that helps to boost our capacities to acquire knowledge and understand the world, and that might enable us to act in ways that better achieve our goals in accordance with our values, could potentially be seen as a form of cognitive enhancement. Second, we can distinguish between enhancements of our basic potential for intelligence, on the one hand, and enhancements of the development of our basic potential for intelligence, on the other. Normally, different tools and new inventions are seen as potential ways of enhancing our human abilities, so that most new technologies would potentially be forms of human enhancement, at least in a general sense. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of defining intelligence, particularly emphasizing that if intelligence is tied to subjective consciousness, it would be challenging to create intelligent machines. The mention of cognitive capacities and the distinctions regarding enhancements suggests that human oversight may be necessary for machines to function intelligently, indicating that there are limitations to AI functioning completely independently of human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: плінарний науковий збірник об’єднує студії з історії, мовознавства та літературознавства. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific compilation of studies related to history, linguistics, and literary studies without addressing the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize manufacturing processes worldwide. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAdditive manufacturing (AM) has a huge potential to increase the efficiency of individual production and generates ongoing development of new AM processes. During the corona pandemic in particular, AM technology aroused public interest since it was possible to manufacture medical applications, such as parts of face masks, very fast. Furthermore, it became clear to many manufacturing companies how dependency on supply chains can lead to bottlenecks. AM technology can circumvent this problem through flexible production options and decentralized production. 1In the beginning, AM was applicable for a few thermoplastics such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyethylene, and polylactic acid only. In recent years, the range of applicable materials increased and now covers materials such as thermosets and fiber-reinforced polymers. 2Polymer strands or droplets in case of the Arburg plastic freeformer are deposited layer by layer according to a prior defined slicing model. Thus, individual manufacturing of complex geometries with load capable structures is possible. In contrast, AM is fairly unsuitable for mass production due to long part production time. Furthermore, in case of fused filament fabrication (FFF), filament is necessary, which is more expensive than the granulate necessary for injection molding. 3Nonetheless, mechanical properties usually cannot reach the reference properties achieved with injection molding using the same material. 4,5Mechanical properties of parts manufactured using FFF are influenced by various parameters, as for instance, temperature of the nozzle, temperature of the printing bed, diameter of the polymer strands, as well as orientation of the strands. Influence of the temperature profile on the bonding of the strands was investigated by Vanaei et al. 6Improvement of the mechanical properties can be achieved by changing the orientation of the polymer strands dependent on the load. The pattern type indicates the direction in which the extrusion strands are deposited on the printing bed. To maximize tensile strength, load must be applied axially along the polymer strands (0°). 7The effect of different printing paths of FFF specimens on the mechanical properties has already been investigated lately. Dawoud et al stated that the raster gap is a crucial parameter, and with negative values of the gap, densities close to the density of injection molding parts can be reached. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) to improve production efficiency and provide flexible, decentralized manufacturing options. It highlights how AM became crucial during the corona pandemic for producing medical applications rapidly and how it allows for the individual manufacturing of complex geometries. This indicates that AM can significantly impact manufacturing processes, supporting the claim that 3D printing has revolutionary potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This would suggest that like any other tool or invention, AI should also potentially be a form of human enhancement of our abilities, including our abilities to use and develop our intelligence. Yet as we saw at the beginning of this section, there are those who worry that if we can create AI, then this might make us less intelligent—or perhaps less prone to use or develop our cognitive abilities. Let us therefore now consider what we should understand by the idea of AI and some different perspectives on how it relates to human intelligence. to Currently, the label “artificial intelligence” has many different applications. One reaction is to take an inclusive approach and say “Yes, let us use the label broadly. ” Another response would be to say that “‘Artificial intelligence’ should be reserved for the use of machine learning techniques. ” This second approach would exclude what is sometimes called “symbolic” or “rule-based” AI, also known as “good old-fashioned AI,” from qualifying as forms of AI. A way of sidestepping such discussions about what techniques should, or should not, be used for a technology to count as AI is to employ a Marvin MinskyFootnote 17-inspired functional way of defining AI. Because the discussion here is whether AI could ever serve as a form of cognitive enhancement, I will be using that wider, functional type of approach. According to this common way of explaining what AI is, technologies with artificial intelligence are those technologies that can perform, or take over, tasks that we humans need our natural intelligence to perform. Footnote 18 For example, since human intelligence is needed to write texts, drive cars, or make medical diagnoses, any technologies that can generate texts in response to prompts (such as large language model technologies), self-driving cars, or medical diagnosing systems possess artificial intelligence. The reason being that such technologies can take over tasks that we use our natural intelligence to perform. A question is whether such technologies thereby have something that can be compared with human intelligence. The history of thinking about AI over approximately the last 70 years contains an array of different answers to this question. Alan Turing, writing as early as 1950, before the term “artificial intelligence” had been coined, discussed the question of whether machines can think. Footnote 19 He was responding, in part, to a paper by the neurologist that had been published a year earlier in 1949. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of AI and its relationship with human intelligence. It emphasizes that technologies with artificial intelligence are designed to perform tasks that require human intelligence but does not imply that they can function completely independently of human oversight. The text suggests that there are concerns regarding AI potentially making humans less intelligent or dependent, which highlights the necessity of human input in the operation and application of AI technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Історичний блок репрезентують дослідження актуальних проблем історії, а також розвідки про відомих людей та їх значення у формуванні української державності. Мовознавчі студії розкривають передусім проблеми з історії української мови та діалектології. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on historical research and studies related to the Ukrainian language and dialectology. While it mentions issues concerning the history of the Ukrainian language, it does not directly address its role as a marker of identity and cultural heritage, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing can produce food items that are more nutritious than traditional methods. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, the many antioxidants present in the team’s formulation are known to be greatly beneficial, and can lead to overall health improvements in children. Overall, they recommend that a daily portion of around 137 grams for children in this age group is ideal. In future work, the team suggests that they could greatly improve the vitamin and mineral content of their formulations by optimising how the fresh yams are processed, as the most common traditional processing method leads to nutrients leaching into the water during boiling, which occurs before the drying step. They hope that their affordable, sustainable and locally produced baby food will soon be available on the market, towards combating malnutrition in Cameroon and beyond. E-book Reference Meet the researcher of Fisheries and at of received her PhD in 2012 from the University of Ngaoundéré in Cameroon. Alongside her PhD research, she worked as a lecturer in the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Douala. At this university, she has since progressed and Head of the Department at the Institute of Fisheries and at Yabassi. Much of Dr Leng’s research focuses on strategies that improve the nutrient availability of foods in the developing world. Her team has investigated approaches to improve the nutritional benefits from local foods, enhance storage and develop food supplements that address the significant nutritional deficiencies in the region. : lengmarso@gmail. com – University of Douala, Ndjouenkeu – University of Ngaounderé, Wolf, Harshadrai M. Rawel, Florian J. Schweigert – University of would like to thank TWAS-DFG for financial support for the project. She also gratefully acknowledges the Institute of of the University of Potsdam, Germany, for providing resources for the laboratory aspects of this work. and FJ Schweigert, Nutritional and anti-oxidant properties of yam (Dioscorea schimperiana) based complementary food formulation, Scientific African, 2019, 5, e00132. Want to republish our 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses improving the nutritional content of food formulations through better processing methods, contrasting traditional methods where nutrients often leach away. By highlighting the team's goal to enhance vitamin and mineral content, it indirectly supports the claim that innovative methods, potentially including 3D printing, could lead to more nutritious food items compared to traditional practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Footnote 20 Jefferson argued that machines cannot think. Turing famously suggested that a better question to ask is whether it is possible to build machines that behave as if they can think or that can convincingly imitate human thinking. According to this perspective, AI is an imitation of human intelligence. All that matters is whether AI can behave as if it has some form of intelligence. The researchers who coined the term “artificial intelligence” in 1955 spoke, not about imitating human intelligence, but instead about simulating it. In an influential research proposal, John McCarthy and a group of colleagues wrote that many, or all, aspects of human intelligence can be described in such a precise way that it should be possible to create technologies that can simulate learning and other key aspects of human intelligence. Footnote 21 If we fast-forward to the 1990s, in the most widely used textbook on AI, the computer scientists defined AI as the creation of artificial intelligent agents. Footnote 22 This means that AI is the creation of artificial agents that can “perceive” their environment and “act” so as to effectively achieve their goals in that environment. Given that Russell and Norvig understand human intelligence in terms of the capacity to effectively achieve goals, they appear to hold that it is unproblematic to say that AI agents can have intelligence like that of human beings. In contrast, the influential philosopher of information has suggested that what is distinctive about AI is that it is the creation of agents that are able to achieve goals without the need for any intelligence. Footnote 23 We human beings achieve our goals by using our human intelligence. In contrast, Floridi believes that AI agents act in the world and effectively achieve goals without possessing anything we should think of as being similar to human-like intelligence. These ideas reviewed above, about how AI relates to human intelligence, are compatible with the general view that AI technologies are technologies created for the purpose of taking over tasks that we use our human intelligence to perform. In what follows, I will remain, for the most part, neutral as to whether AI technologies imitate, simulate, have, or are able to act without the need for having anything like human intelligence. A key question here, however, is whether handing over to AI technologies tasks that we use our intelligence to perform might potentially be a way for us to make ourselves less intelligent. One worry could be that we would primarily be leaving to ourselves tasks that do not require us to be very intelligent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that AI technologies are created to achieve tasks traditionally performed by human intelligence, rather than functioning independently of it. The philosopher Floridi is specifically mentioned, stating that AI agents can act and achieve goals without possessing human-like intelligence. This suggests that there are scenarios where human oversight is necessary, marking a clear distinction from the claim that AI can operate without oversight in every situation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджені довкола аналізу творів письменників у контексті світової історії та культури. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 Свідоцтво про державну реєстрацію Ідентифікатор в Реєстрі суб’єктів у сфері медіа R30-03117 від 14. 03. 2024 р. Періодичність 2 рази на рік Збірник індексується в міжнародних базах даних: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on literary studies and the analysis of literary works within the context of world history and culture. It does not directly address the claim regarding the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage; thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Результаты. Приведены результаты анализа заболеваний легких, сопровождающихся бронхоэктазами, фиброзом, пневмотораксом и наследственными болезнями накопления. Подробно рассмотрены генетика, диагностика, в т. ч. трехэтапное молекулярно-генетическое тестирование при МВ. Диагностика заболевания разработана как при неонатальном скрининге, так и по клиническим проявлениям. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic testing and its role in diagnosing hereditary diseases. It specifically mentions three-stage molecular genetic testing in relation to hereditary diseases, which aligns with the assertion that genetic testing can provide insights into risks for such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Or could we perhaps be seen as extending our own intelligence out into these technologies as we start to increase our use of AI technologies? It should be noted that at first it seems unlikely, if not impossible—at least in the short run—that handing over intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies would diminish our basic potential for intelligence. As noted above, we can think of intelligence as a basic capacity. And there would presumably need to be evolutionary changes to human brains in order for that basic potential to be eliminated. However, we can also think of intelligence and its levels in terms of varying degrees of development of our basic capacity for intelligence. From that perspective, it is not altogether implausible to think that if we hand over too many tasks to AI systems, and we therefore have fewer occasions or incentives to develop our capacity for intelligence, then there is a risk that we might end up being less intelligent than we could otherwise be. If we assign to AI technologies many of our intelligence-requiring tasks, rather than engaging in these tasks ourselves, and instead rely heavily on AI technologies, the increased dependence could prevent some people from fully realizing their intellectual potential. The question arises whether this way of thinking about the relation between our human intelligence and AI technologies is the only way to conceptualize the connection. Let us consider whether there are alternative ways of reasoning that would allow us to view using AI technologies as a form of enhancement of our own capabilities. What is needed in order for AI technologies to potentially be seen as a form of human enhancement of our capabilities might be a Gestalt shift in how we conceive of the relation between AI technologies and ourselves. by Minds? If we consider our own minds and our capacities as being wholly separate from AI technologies, and we hand over our intellectual tasks to them, there is concern, as discussed above, that our own capabilities may atrophy and weaken. However, viewing ourselves as separate from the technologies that we create and use is not the only way of conceiving of our relationship to our technologies. Footnote 24 Another way of viewing our relation to technologies is not one of separation, but rather that of merging, or forming units. Footnote 25 One version of this is referred to as the “extended mind” thesis, which could be generalized to what might be called the “extended capacities” thesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential risks of handing over intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies and suggests that excessive dependence on AI may hinder the development of human intelligence. It raises concerns that if individuals rely heavily on AI, they may fail to fully realize their intellectual potential, thereby implying that oversight is necessary to prevent atrophy of human capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 2. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 171314 3. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Монографії: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of bibliographic entries and references that do not provide any direct information or discussion regarding the role of language in identity or cultural heritage. It lists publications without engaging with the subject of language as a marker of identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Обсуждаются генетические основы наиболее частых наследственных заболеваний и современные возможности их диагностики (секвенирование генов, ответственных за развитие орфанных заболеваний, с использованием стандартных методов секвенирования по Сэнгеру и секвенирование нового поколения, создание мультигенных панелей). Заключение. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic basis of common hereditary diseases and modern diagnostic capabilities, including gene sequencing methods that can identify risks related to these diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This idea—which stems from the work of Footnote 26—understands humans and some technologies as forming “coupled systems,” which may function in analogous ways to how our internal capacities function. Simply put, Clark and Chalmers suggest that when couplings of human agents and entities, such as computers or even low-tech artifacts like pen and paper, form systems that perform functions associated with human minds, extended minds are created. The mind of the human agent is then extended out into the technology (or broader environment) that enables the human–technology composite to perform the relevant functions. Clark and Chalmers formulate various criteria for when this can be said to happen. On the one hand, Clark and Chalmers suggest that the following three conditions should hold in order to make sense of conceiving a human and a piece of technology as a “coupled cognitive system”: (1) All system components should play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts (e. g. , a computer or the pen and paper) are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. On the other hand, not all external parts of the environment or technologies we use are part of extended minds, in the view of Clark and Chalmers. The following three conditions should hold: (1) The external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) should be easily available; and (3) the person needs to be disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. (Although not addressed here, another test Clark and Chalmers suggest for whether something is part of a person’s “extended mind” is moral in nature: Would it be an assault on a person or their mind if we remove, destroy, or otherwise interfere with the external part? ) Clark and Chalmers are not recognized for relating the AI–human relationship discussion to the literature on human enhancement; but others have done so, including Neil LevyFootnote 27 and John Danaher. Footnote 28 They both discuss a distinction between what they call “external” and “internal” forms of human enhancement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of 'coupled cognitive systems' proposed by Clark and Chalmers. It emphasizes that for systems involving humans and technology to function effectively as extended minds, specific conditions must be met, which implies that human involvement is essential. The text outlines three criteria that signify effective coupling between human agents and technology, suggesting that without human oversight or intervention, the overall system's behavioral capabilities would diminish. This directly challenges the notion that AI can operate independently in every context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. Розділи в колективних монографіях: 1. Соляр, І. Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language being a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it appears to be a bibliographic reference with descriptions of works focused on historical and political topics in Western Ukraine, and does not provide any information relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Новые молекулярно-диагностические методы помогут не только понять природу орфанных заболеваний легких, но и позволят изучить их эпидемиологию и создать новые диагностические алгоритмы. Исследование генетических причин редких заболеваний имеет фундаментальное значение, т. к. может служить основой для разработки таргетной терапии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how new molecular diagnostic methods can not only help understand the nature of orphan lung diseases but also study their epidemiology. It emphasizes the importance of researching genetic causes of rare diseases, which aligns with the idea that genetic testing can provide insights into hereditary disease risks and contribute to targeted therapy development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Traditionally, the ethics of human enhancement has focused on changes within the body or brain that are thought to function as enhancements. For example, people may take different sorts of drugs or place various forms of technology into their bodies or brains in order to enhance their capacities. However, according to Levy and Danaher, if we change people’s environments or increase access to apps or other systems that offer recommendations that can improve their mental health or behavior, this can also improve people’s thinking or behavior. Footnote 29 These changes would be examples of an enhancement. The striking move that Levy makes—and that Danaher also discusses in response to Levy—is to relate the idea of external enhancements to the extended mind thesis. By doing so, the distinction between external and internal enhancements is weakened or perhaps even dissolved. In this way, some external enhancements could be seen as becoming parts of our extended minds. Levy writes: if the mind is not confined within the skull…[then] intervening in the mind is ubiquitous. It becomes difficult to defend the idea that there is a difference in principle between interventions which work by altering a person’s environment and that work directly on her brain, insofar as the effect on cognition is the same; the mere fact that an intervention targets the brain directly no longer seems relevant. Footnote 30 Danaher interpretates this view in his summation: if the [extended mind hypothesis] is true, then we are always enhancing the human mind through the use of technology. Footnote 31 If the Levy and Danaher proposition is sound and worthy of serious consideration, then we could potentially apply this to AI technologies as well, with the resulting position that some AI technologies can work as a form of human enhancements. This means that when we use AI technologies (e. g. , to write texts, to play Go games, or in other intellectual endeavors), we are extending our minds and giving ourselves new capabilities and thereby enhancing ourselves. At this point, a host of new questions needs to be addressed: Are there researchers who already discuss the idea that AI technologies could potentially be seen as extensions of our minds or cognitive abilities? If so, do they argue that this is a form of human enhancement? Do AI technologies fulfill the above-listed criteria for technologies to qualify as extensions of our minds or capacities from Clark and Chalmers’s earlier work? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and ethical considerations of AI as a means of human enhancement. It suggests that AI technologies should be viewed as extensions of our cognitive capacities, rather than standalone functions without oversight. The exploration of the extended mind thesis implies that the effectiveness of AI technologies in enhancing human abilities raises questions about their need for human involvement. Thus, the text suggests that AI cannot function independently and emphasizes the necessity for oversight in interpreting the role of AI in human enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр. Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses historical and political contexts in Ukraine without addressing the claim concerning language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Медицинская генетика. 2019; 18 (2): 3-23. DOI: 10. 25557/2073-7998. 2019. 02. 3-23. / 111. Аникаев А. Ю. , Ломоносов А. М. Применение секвенирования нового поколения (NGS) в клинической практике. Лабораторная служба. 2014; 3 (1): 32-36. Доступно на: 112. Richards S. , Aziz N. , Bale S. et al. Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the of and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet. Med. 2015; 17 (5): 405-424. DOI: 10. 1038/gim. 2015. 30. 113. Воинова В. Ю. , Николаева Е. А. , Щербакова Н. В. , Яблонская М. И. Высокопроизводительное секвенирование ДНК для идентификации генетически детерминированных заболеваний в педиатрической практике. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Высокопроизводительное секвенирование ДНК для идентификации генетически детерминированных заболеваний в педиатрической практике,' which translates to 'high-throughput DNA sequencing for identifying genetically determined diseases in pediatric practice.' This implies that genetic testing, in this case through high-throughput sequencing, indeed aids in identifying hereditary diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, if there is only a partial match between how AI technologies relate to our minds and our capacities and the criteria Clark and Chalmers suggest, might AI technologies nevertheless be seen as some form of human enhancement technologies—for example, as a form of external enhancement? The last question will be treated in the next section. But we begin with the questions just formulated. and her collaborators have suggested—though without discussing human enhancement explicitly—that a subset of AI technologies can indeed be seen as extensions of our minds and cognitive capacities. What is noteworthy about Vold’s discussion, however, is that she makes a distinction between AI technologies that operate in a highly autonomous way (e. g. , a fully automated self-driving car) and AI technologies that function more as support systems requiring extensive human input and engagement. Footnote 32 Importantly, Vold argues that the more independent some AI technology is in the way it operates, the less it makes sense to see it as an extension of a human mind. However, Vold argues, if an AI technology is operating in a less autonomous way—and human input and engagement are needed—then it does make sense to see it is as an extension of our minds and capacities. In other words, the kinds of criteria that Clark and Chalmers list relate less to fully autonomously operating AI technologies (e. g. , fully automated self-driving cars) than to human engagement-requiring AI technologies (e. g. , apps on phones that give recommendations based on continuous inputs from, or engagement by, the user). Along similar lines, Chalmers in a talk given at a workshop about the philosophy of large language models discussed the question of whether large language models such as ChatGPT could be said to extend users’ minds. Footnote 33 Chalmers asked whether letting such technologies write texts for us in response to prompts provided by us could be seen as a way of extending our minds into these AI technologies. Interestingly, Chalmers argued that a technology like ChatGPT might be operating too independently for it to qualify as an extension of the user’s mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the distinction between highly autonomous AI technologies and those that require human input. It suggests that the more independent an AI technology is, the less it can be viewed as an extension of the human mind. Specifically, it highlights that fully automated AI systems, such as self-driving cars, operate without human engagement, whereas systems needing extensive human input cannot function independently. This indicates that not all AI technologies can function without human oversight, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Редакційна колегія Акіллі Алессандро (Achilli Alessandro), доктор філософії, Українські студії, Університет ім. Монаша у Мельбурні, Австралія (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia) Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: 2. Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on various academic credentials and publications related to different poets and their works, failing to connect to the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2019; 64 (1): 103-109. Дополнительные файлы Рецензия Для цитирования: Авдеев С. Н. , Кондратьева Е. И. , Намазова-Баранова Л. С. , Куцев С. И. Наследственные заболевания легких и современные возможности генетической диагностики. Пульмонология. 2023;33(2):151-169. For citation: Avdeev S. N. , Kondratyeva E. I. , Namazova-Baranova L. S. , Kutsev S. I. Hereditary lung diseases and modern possibilities of genetic testing. . 2023;33(2):151-169. (In Russ. ) Просмотров: 2093 Контент доступен под лицензией Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'modern possibilities of genetic testing,' particularly in the context of 'hereditary lung diseases.' This indicates that genetic testing is a relevant method for assessing risks associated with specific hereditary conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: More specifically, the concern expressed by Vold and Chalmers is that for some forms of AI technologies, it is not the case that when humans use these AI technologies, (1) all system components play active causal roles, whereby elements inside and outside of the person’s body affect each other; (2) all system components help regulate the behavior of the agent in the way a mind is usually thought to do; and (3) if the external parts are removed, the overall system’s behavioral capacities are diminished. Nor may it be the case that (1) the external component is a constant, reliable part of the person’s life; (2) the information or other inputs from the external part(s) are easily available; and (3) the person is disposed to automatically endorse the inputs from the external parts. Thus, a consideration that must be taken into account in our discussion as to whether AI technologies (a) can be seen as a form of extenders of human minds and (b) therefore potentially be seen as forms of human enhancement, can be stated as follows: Some of the leading researchers who are most open to the idea of the possibility of extending human minds with the help of technologies—such as Vold and colleagues, or indeed Chalmers—think that the plausibility of the extended mind thesis as it relates to AI technologies will be limited to a subset of all AI technologies. It will not apply seamlessly to the whole set of AI technologies. Briefly put, the more autonomously the AI technologies are operating, the less it makes sense to see them as extensions of our minds. In terms of the hypothesis we are exploring as to whether AI could serve as a form of human enhancement in general and a form of cognitive enhancement in particular, one partial conclusion might be that AI technologies are a form of “internal” enhancement (i. e. , internal to our minds) when, and only when, they function as mind extenders, requiring extensive human engagement, and are not operating excessively independently. Another possibility is that more independently operating AI technologies may serve as a form of “external” enhancements (i. e. , they might enhance our abilities without becoming internal to us or our minds). These options can be explored further by returning to the opening examples. us return to the man who was moving the stones around on the board when AlphaGo faced off against in the famous set of Go games. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI technologies and suggesting that their effectiveness and role as enhancements depend on human engagement. It emphasizes that the more autonomously AI operates, the less it makes sense to consider it an extension of the human mind, implying that AI cannot function effectively without human oversight in all scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: Борчук Степан, доктор історичних наук, професор, професор кафедри всесвітньої історії ЗВО «Прикарпатський національний університет імені Василя Стефаника» (вул. Шевченка, 57, м. Івано-Франківськ, 76018, Україна) borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries. Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: 2. Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is primarily a citation of works by the author Borchuk and does not directly address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It lists publications and their details without discussing the theme of language and identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Ижевская Полный текст: PDF (Rus) |сгенерировать QR код Аннотация Об авторах Список литературы Аннотация В обзоре представлены отечественные и зарубежные данные, отражающие особенности медико-генетического консультирования и прогностического тестирования пациентов с наследственными заболеваниями сердечно-сосудистой системы. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the review presents data reflecting the characteristics of medical genetic counseling and predictive testing for patients with hereditary cardiovascular diseases. This suggests that genetic testing is indeed related to understanding risks for certain hereditary diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Let us suppose that this man did not understand the strategies behind the suggestions that AlphaGo made as to what moves he should make. Let us also suppose that this man had only had a vague idea, at best, of how Go is played. Yet, with the recommendations from AlphaGo, he was able to exhibit motions of behaving in a way that from the outside could appear as if he were a cognitively enhanced person. Suppose next that, instead of it being obvious and known to everyone that he was moving the stones around based on AlphaGo’s recommendations, onlookers were unaware that all his moves were actually generated by an AI technology. Imagine in this version of the example that AlphaGo was making recommendations to this man via voice commands, which were played to him in a small earbud that was hard to spot from the outside. In this fictional account, it could look even more as if this man had been cognitively enhanced in some way. In such a scenario, for example, (supposing that he also did not know what was going on) might think that he, the world champion, was facing another player with greater Go-playing abilities than he had. In my fictional version of the case, and indeed even in the real-world account, there are some parallels between the man moving the stones around on the Go board based on the directions from AlphaGo and the man in John Searle’s well-known “Chinese room” argument. Footnote 34 As many readers may know, Searle imagined a man in a room with an instruction book for how to combine different Chinese characters. In this story, messages written in Chinese are given to the man via a mailbox; the man looks at the instruction book to decide what Chinese characters to select; he puts his responses on paper and then outputs them via the mailbox. To someone outside of the room, it might appear as if whoever is in the room is a native Chinese speaker. But this man, Searle affirms, clearly does not understand Chinese. And the parallel to AI is supposed to be that even if a computer passes the Turing test—that is, it can produce outputs that can be mistaken for human outputs—this does not show that the computer understands its outputs. Similarly, the Go-playing man in my fictional version of the case might look as if he knows how to play Go at a higher level than the world champion Lee Sedol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how AI, like AlphaGo, can produce outputs that may appear cognitive but lack true understanding. The example parallels a man following instructions from an AI without grasping the underlying strategies, similar to Searle's 'Chinese room' argument. This suggests that AI requires human oversight because, without it, the users may not fully comprehend the AI's processes or outputs, challenging the idea that AI can operate independently in all scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Газдаг Вільмош (Gazdag Vilmoš), доктор філософії, доцент кафедри угорської філології, Закарпатський угорський інститут ім. Ференца Ракоці ІІ (площа Кошута, 6, м. Берегово, 90202, Україна) gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it lists references and publications without any connection to the topic of language's role in identity or culture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Регулярное медико-генетическое консультирование и ДНК-диагностика наследственных заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы в практике федерального многопрофильного хирургического центра (анализ опыта 10-летней работы лаборатории медицинской генетики РНЦХ им. акад. Б. В. Петровского). Медицинская генетика. 2020;19(5):28–30. DOI: 10. 25557/2073-7998. 2020. 05. 28-30. 3. Cowan J. , Morales A. , Dagua J. , Hershberger R. E. Genetic testing and genetic counseling in cardiovascular genetic medicine: Overview and preliminary recommendations. CHF. 2008;14(2):97–105. DOI: 10. 1111/j. 1751-7133. 2008. 08217. x. 4. Ackerman M. J. , Priori S. G. , Willems S. , Berul C. , Brugada R. , Calkins H. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the practice of medical genetic counseling and DNA diagnostics for hereditary cardiovascular diseases, indicating that genetic testing is utilized in medical practice to assess risks related to hereditary conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Hence, he might look as if he is cognitively enhanced; but this man is only able to play Go at this exalted level by matching his behavior with instructions from AI. Bringing large language models like ChatGPT into this comparison of examples—suppose that rather than having an instruction book, the man in the Chinese room example has something similar to ChatGPT that he uses to produce the messages in response to the inputs that come via the mailbox. But now instead of looking up what to do in the instruction book, the man inputs these Chinese messages into an app or computer program that works similarly to ChatGPT—he enters “prompts”—and then the ChatGPT-like program outputs messages. The man prints these messages using a printer in the room and then delivers them to the outside via the mailbox. Again, it might look like there is a Chinese speaker in the room to people on the outside. But again there is somebody in the room who does not understand Chinese, but who may appear to have the ability to communicate intelligently in Chinese. Is this man in the ChatGPT version of the Chinese room scenario cognitively enhanced? Relatedly, is the man in my fictional version of the Go game cognitively enhanced? If, in comparison, the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room qualify as having extended their minds with the help of the AI technologies instructing them what to do, then by the logic in the reasoning from Levy and Danaher, these two people would seem to have been internally cognitively enhanced. That is, their minds have been extended out into these AI technologies, and their minds now have abilities they previously did not possess. However, if we follow Vold or Chalmers, and we think that these AI technologies are too independent from the people performing actions in the examples with respect to how autonomously they operate, then the man moving Go stones and the man writing Chinese symbols should not be thought to have extended minds. Accordingly, there would be no internal enhancement of their minds, from the Levy and Danaher perspective. Might there be another way of thinking about the man moving Go stones and the man in the Chinese room so that they could be said to be cognitively enhanced? We could say that these people have been made, in certain respects, artificially intelligent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by exploring the dependence of individuals on AI technologies in contexts like the Chinese room and Go game scenarios. It argues that while AI might create the illusion of cognitive enhancement, the individuals are actually reliant on AI for intelligence and actions, suggesting that AI cannot function independently in every scenario without human oversight, as their cognitive enhancement is contingent on the AI's instructions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Даниленко Андрій (Danylenko Andriy), професор, доктор філософії, Університет Пейс, Коледж мистецтв і наук ім. Дайсона, Сучасні мови та культури, США (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States) adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-1 2. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 8469 4. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of scholarly works authored by Danylenko without any specific discourse about the role of language in relation to identity or cultural heritage. Therefore, it does not address the claim directly and can be considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for certain hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: , Day S. M. , Klinedinst N. J. , Landstrom A. P. , Parikh V. N. Genetic testing for inherited cardiovascular diseases: A scientific statement from the Association. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2020;13(4):e000067. 21. Ingles J. , Macciocca I. , Morales A. , Thomson K. Genetic testing in inherited heart diseases. Circ. 2020;29(4):505–511. DOI: 10. 1016/j. hlc. 2019. 10. 014. 22. Louter L. , Defesche J. , Roeters van Lennep J. Cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolemia: Practical consequences. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2017;30:77–85. DOI: 10. 1016/j. atherosclerosissup. 2017. 05. 019. 23. Watts G. F. , Sullivan D. R. , Hare D. L. , Kostner K. M. , Horton A. E. , Bell D. A. et al. Integrated guidance for enhancing the care of familial hypercholesterolaemia in Australia. Circ. 2021;30(3):324–349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. hlc. 2020. 09. 943. 24. Bell D. A. , Pang J. , Burrows S. , Bates T. R. , van Bockxmeer F. M. , Hooper A. J. et al. Effectiveness of genetic cascade screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia using a centrally coordinated clinical service: experience. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239(1):93–100. DOI: 10. 1016/j. atherosclerosis. 2014. 12. 036. 25. H. G. , Schinkel A. F. L. , Baart S. J. , Oldenburg R. A. , FrohnMulder I. M. E. , van Slegtenhorst M. A. et al. Outcomes of contemporary family screening in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ. Genom. Precis. Med. 2018;11(4):e001896. DOI: 10. 1161/circgen. 117. 001896. 26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and scientific statements regarding genetic testing for inherited cardiovascular diseases, which directly supports the claim that genetic testing can provide insights into an individual's risk for hereditary diseases. Various authors and their studies are mentioned, emphasizing the relevance and application of genetic testing in identifying risks associated with familial conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: That is, the Go-playing man who makes brilliant moves based on recommendations from AlphaGo and the man in the Chinese room who is using a large language model to communicate in Chinese have in certain respects become artificially intelligent in their behavior. At least, this appears to be a way of interpreting what is happening if we follow either Turing’s, or indeed, Floridi’s way of thinking about what AI is. Recall that Turing’s approach is to say that machines can think if they are able to imitate human thinking. Footnote 35 Remember too, that Floridi says that AI technologies are agents that are able to act in efficient ways without the need for any natural intelligence to guide their actions. Footnote 36 We might think that the people in the cited examples pass these tests. The man who is playing Go based on secret recommendations from AlphaGo behaves as if he is an extremely intelligent human being. In fact, intelligent enough to be able to beat at Go. The man is also acting as a very effective agent, and he is doing so without the need for the impressive natural human intelligence that is displaying when he is making his moves in the game. Similarly, the person in the Chinese room behaves as though he is able to communicate with people on the outside without possessing any actual intelligence with respect to the Chinese language. Thus, when it comes to individual human beings, we have two alternative ways in which AI technologies might be thought to cognitively enhance us or, in other words, improve our intelligence. One way in which this can happen is if the AI technologies work as cognitive extenders, which extend our minds and give our minds new or improved abilities. The alternative is if the AI technologies give us a form of AI of the Turing or Floridi kinds. That is, the AI technologies might enable us to act as if we had an impressive level of natural human intelligence and/or they might enable us to become highly efficient agents without any need of improving our natural human intelligence. In these instances, we are speaking about possibilities that relate to individuals. What can be said about the relationship to groups? Could groups of humans be (cognitively) mutually enhanced by making use of AI technologies? Here, too, we could imagine two possible ways of thinking that relate roughly to the two possibilities described above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how AI technologies, while they may operate efficiently and enhance human intelligence, still require human input or oversight to function correctly. For example, it mentions cognitive enhancement through AI technologies acting as cognitive extenders, as well as the need for a human to interpret the output of AI systems. This indicates that AI cannot operate independently without oversight, particularly in important applications like healthcare.