Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The blocking of exogenous opioid effects could result in the necessity to utilize potentially life-threatening opioid doses to sufficiently overcome the competitive receptor blockade due to its unique pharmacological properties: it is injected into a muscle, and cannot be removed from the body, it duration (lasts for one month). Since the medication blocks the effects of opioid-containing medicines that might otherwise be prescribed for a patient for pain, cough, or diarrhea, a patient may be limited in their ability to receive any opioid agonist benefits if needed in the case of an emergency or severe illness. In addition, hepatotoxicity is a known consequence with oral or injectable naltrexone use. If symptoms or lab values indicate any potential liver damage or hepatitis including stomach area pain lasting more than a few days, yellowing of the whites of eyes, dark urine or even tiredness would necessitate a medical judgment to discontinue treatment would seem prudent. Stopping overdoses is obviously not enough to combat the current enormous multifactorial problem of opioid misuse and abuse. Recent government pressures have also been focused on rescheduling hydrocodone-based products in an effort to reduce the quantities available for illegal or even legally prescribed use to the more restrictive Administration (DEA) schedule/class “II”. Currently refills and telephoned prescriptions are available for the less restrictive class III-V opioid-based medications, with the proposed rescheduling to class-II, refills and telephoned prescriptions will no longer be allowed under the law. This of course does not reduce the amount of opioids prescribed, abused or diverted-it just makes prescribers of class-II more cognizant of its restrictive nature and requires more work for writer (physician), dispenser (pharmacist/nurse), and patient (potential chronic pain patient or possible abuser of medications). Pharmacist and Physicians for the most part do not support these rescheduling measures due to the proposed increase in record keeping requirements and additional roadblocks to filling what has been considered useful and first-line for the treatment of mild, moderate and moderately severe pain. With a potential switch from its long-time position as a class III controlled substance to the class II location, concerns about what forces-if any will prevent physicians from leap-frogging their patients to the more powerful morphine, methadone, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, or even oxycodone products? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the complexities and issues surrounding opioid use, including pharmacological properties, prescription regulations, and the challenges related to opioid misuse. There is no mention or relation to horticulture or food shortages, making it completely unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Give us a call: +91-9541745472 of Journal of of of in Clinical and Journal of of of Microbiology and Journal of Surgery and Journal of Gynecology & Guidelines for for Editor-in-chief Guidelines for indexing and as Treatment for Diseases and Home 10. Received: December 5, 2022 | Published: January 12, 2023 Copyright© 2023 genesis pub by Yacu T, et al. -ND 4. 0 DEED. This is an open-access 4. 0 International License. , This allows others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon the work, even commercially, as long as they credit the authors for the original creation. DOI: degeneration is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment in over 30 million people worldwide and can permanently destroy retinal ganglion cells. Retinal degenerative diseases result in irreversible loss of vision and can often lead to lowering one’s quality of life. Due to retinal ganglion cells being incapable of regenerating, there is a current need for finding therapeutic treatments. Mesenchymal stem cells have been identified in its therapeutic potential to reverse damage already done by these diseases and restore vision. Mesenchymal stem cells are also the most used cell type for regeneration in many pathologies. Currently, researchers have shown promising results when tested on animals, specifically rats. This review outlines the recent progress in restoring vision loss using mesenchymal stem cells. The aim of this study was to review the current use of bone marrow and adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells and how researchers have applied it to retinal degenerative disease and diabetic retinopathy. tissue; Bone marrow; Mesenchymal stem cells; Photoreceptors; Retinal degeneration; Retinal degeneration is responsible for affecting over 30 million people’s vision worldwide, which can lead to visual impairment or complete blindness [1]. Vision loss can lower one’s quality of life and length. For instance, visually impaired people are more often associated with the risk of falling, hip fractures, depression, need for social support, etc [2]. People with sensory impairments, such as vision loss, will no longer be able to participate in activities they once enjoyed, which in turn affects their mental health. Recent scientific advances have only been able to delay vision loss, but not restore it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the potential of mesenchymal stem cells in restoring vision loss due to retinal degenerative diseases. It states that retinal degenerative diseases significantly impact millions and that stem cells have therapeutic potential to reverse damage, indicating a transformative approach in treating this kind of degenerative disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: NotesAverage value of estimated blue water required to produce different types of wheat, maize and barley [80]Estimations from Brown [81] of 7 kg of grain per kilogram of beef and 2 kg per kilogram of poultry. Estimated emissions of plant-based products are not a LCA, since emissions from tillage operations are not included in the calculations. However, according to our estimations, around 1547 kg CO2 ha−1 would be emitted from the use of inorganic fertilizers, whereas from tillage activities emissions would be between 7 and 56 kg CO2 ha−1 [102] and, thus, can be negligible for the overall calculation. 2018. p. 1–8. 2020. Food security. In: -Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, Pörtner HO, Roberts DC, editors. , et al. , Climate change and land: and IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Ginevra: IPCC; 2019. p. 1–200. 77. 4. 22. 36. 92. 43. 83. 7. 36. 2019. 83. 305. 15. 95. 76. 96. 76. 37. 2050. Futures. 2017;93:14–26. 9888. 0384. 2019. 2012. Al-kubaisi M. Industrial development in Qatar: a geographical assessment. Ph. D. thesis. University of Durham; 1984. . FAO Statistics. Accessed 20 July 2019. . Groundwater recharge estimation and its spatial distribution in arid regions using GIS: a case study from Qatar karst aquifer. Syst Environ. 2018;4:1319–29. 93. 25. 2009. 8. 2020. Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Department. Strategy 2018–2023; 2020. UN. Conference of the of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015 two: Action taken by the conference of the parties at its twenty-first session Contents Decis. 2016; 01194:1–36. . Approaches to reducing carbon dioxide emissions in the built environment : low carbon cities. Sustain Environ. 2014;3:167–78. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the carbon footprint implications of plant-based versus meat-heavy diets. Instead, it discusses estimations related to water usage and emissions from fertilizers and tillage without clearly supporting or contrasting the specific claim about plant-based eating.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? and answer Open access Published: 30 June 2015 Q&A: How do plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation? Roman Ulm1 & Jenkins2 BMC Biology 8. UV-B photon absorption by a UVR8 homodimer leads to UVR8 monomerization and interaction with the downstream signaling factor COP1. This then initiates changes in gene expression, which lead to several metabolic and morphological alterations. A major response is the activation of mechanisms associated with UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance, including biosynthesis of sunscreen metabolites, antioxidants and DNA repair enzymes. To balance the response, UVR8 is inactivated by regulated re-dimerization. Apart from their importance for plants, UVR8 and its interacting protein COP1 have already proved useful for the optogenetic toolkit used to engineer synthetic light-dependent responses. What is UV-B radiation? Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-rays and visible light that is conventionally divided into UV-A (315 to 400 nm), UV-B (280 to 315 nm) and UV-C (100 to 280 nm) radiation. Whereas UV-C is entirely absorbed by the stratospheric ozone layer, UV-A and some UV-B radiation reach the Earth’s surface and thus can affect the biosphere. UV-B is the most harmful form of radiation from sunlight reaching the Earth mainly because it can cause photochemical DNA damage. Exposure to UV-B is thus particularly notorious for being a major risk factor for most human skin cancers. Why is UV-B an issue for plants? DNA is chemically the same in all organisms and thus similarly susceptible to damage by UV-B in plants and humans. Things are, however, additionally complicated for plants, as they cannot escape UV-B by behavioral responses (for example, moving to shadow, putting on clothes or sun cream). Rather, plants are sessile organisms that depend on sunlight as the energy source for photosynthesis. Thus, they need to achieve a balance between optimal light capture and UV-B protection. One way to escape UV-B exposure is by limiting their life to times/places when/where UV-B levels are lower (such as spring, autumn, in shade under canopy). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how plants sense and respond to UV-B radiation but does not mention anything about plants sensing or responding to human emotions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: 5 per 100,000 individuals in the and begins with central vision loss. There have been significant advances in understanding this disease both clinically and molecularly but currently, there is no treatment for the irreversible vision acuity loss that occurs [13]. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is another degenerative disease that affects over 2 million people worldwide and is prevalent mostly from infancy to middle age. RP is caused by the loss of photoreceptor and pigment epithelial cells, which lead to progressive deterioration of the retina and thus, progressive vision loss. Patients affected by RP often suffer night blindness and by the age of 40 will be considered legally blind [14]. Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common ocular complication from diabetes, can also cause vision loss and blindness [15]. One third of diabetic patients are found to suffer with DR. Diabetic retinopathy is also noted to be the leading cause for vision loss in working-age populations [15,16]. It is a microvascular disease that is defined by damage to the blood vessels found in the retina. Hyperglycemia, high glucose, induces vascular damage by causing the retinal blood vessels to dilate leading to loss of pericytes. Pericytes provide structural support to our capillaries. The loss of pericytes will lead to outpouching of capillary walls. Another sign of DR is apoptosis of endothelial cells and the basement membrane thickening [16]. With the prevalence of diabetes expected to increase in the coming years, it will be important to find new advances to provide a means to prevent or reverse DR. The poor regenerative ability of the retina has led to limited therapeutic processes in reversing vision loss. Some ways the retinal cells can be destroyed include light-inducing damage, oxidative stress, and inherited mutations [17]. Cell death of any of the mentioned cells can cause retinal degeneration and result in irreversible changes. Due to the lack of a cure for retinal degenerative diseases, stem cell replacement therapy has become extremely popular in providing insight in transforming the once incurable vision loss to a possible regenerative potential [18]. The idea of stem cells is that by reintroducing cells to the eye we will be able to restore vision caused by degenerative retinal diseases [18]. Stem cells can act as a repair system for the body by beginning as an undifferentiated cell and developing into a particular one [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the limitations of current treatments for degenerative retinal diseases and highlighting stem cell replacement therapy as a promising approach. It explicitly mentions that the poor regenerative ability of the retina leads to limited therapeutic options and that stem cell therapy offers potential for restoring vision, indicating the revolutionary potential of regenerative medicine in treating such diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: 02 g/m2 (CI: −0. 06, 0. 001) between vegans and RMEs, which did not reach statistical significance with adjustments of clinical and lifestyle factors (31). The results from a 1-year randomized controlled trial (n = 1,294, mean age 70 years) showed intervention of a Mediterranean-like diet (low meat, inclusive of fish) together with vitamin D3 supplements (10 μg/d) had no effect on BMD (54). Although our results did not demonstrate a significant difference in whole-body BMD, when expressed as a T-score, there was a significant difference between RMEs and LOVs. This aligns with previous literature, which, in summary, documents slightly lower levels of whole-body BMD in vegan and LOV dietary patterns, though the effect is modest and often non-significant. This was the first Australian-based study to investigate whole-body BMD in other subcategories of habitual plant-based dieters, namely PVs and SVs. Data on other populations around the world are scarce, with one of the few being among Europeans in the “EPIC-Oxford” cohort study, which found the risk of hip fracture was highest in vegans, LOVs, and fish eaters (PVs) (51). Further research is warranted to ascertain the relationship between PBDs and BMD, specifically those inclusive of seafood (PVs) and/or small amounts (SV) of animal meats. Important nutrients for bone mineralization, supplementation use, dietary intake, and biochemical levels of vitamin D, calcium, and protein were explored. When dietary calcium is deficient, bone demineralization can occur to maintain calcium metabolic balance, which can lead to osteoporosis if stores cannot be replenished (55). Supplemental use of vitamin D and calcium did not differ across dietary patterns, and all groups met the national recommended daily intake levels for both protein and calcium (52). Moreover, with the inclusion of plant-based dairy alternatives, all PBDs met the adequate daily intake for dairy and were comparable to regular meat diets (52). This highlights the importance of including plant-based alternatives in the analyses of nutritional adequacy among individuals following PBDs. Although dietary intake of vitamin D could not be evaluated due to the software used, serum 25(OH)D concentrations were also comparable across diet groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding plant-based eating and its impact on carbon footprints. It primarily discusses dietary patterns and health outcomes related to bone mineral density (BMD) without addressing environmental impacts or carbon footprints associated with vegan or meat-heavy diets. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, several plants, including crops, grow during summer under conditions with high UV-B without being sunburned, which can be appreciated in a green landscape on a hike in summer. But growth in bright sunlight is hazardous - simply consider a human exposed to sunlight during the entire day without clothes and sun cream protection! Thus, efficient UV-B protection mechanisms are of great importance to plants. Can plants specifically ‘see’ UV-B? Yes, plants can directly sense UV-B photons through a specific UV-B photoreceptor called 8 (UVR8) [1]. UVR8 is a seven-bladed β-propeller protein that exists as a homodimer held together by interactions between charged amino acids [1–3]. After UV-B absorption the UVR8 homodimer converts to monomers that initiate a signaling cascade, which ultimately leads to transcriptional regulation of target genes [1, 4, 5] (Fig. 1). The amount of UVR8 monomer is a measure for the prevailing UV-B levels, allowing appropriate responses. Importantly, UVR8 induces UV-B acclimation and UV-B tolerance [4–6]. Acclimation involves, for example, increased levels of DNA repair enzymes and accumulation of ‘sunscreen’ metabolites that absorb UV-B and thereby protect underlying tissues. Fig. 1The UVR8 photocycle. UV-B photon absorption by the UVR8 homodimer via a tryptophan-based mechanism results in UVR8 monomerization. The UVR8 monomer interacts directly with COP1 to initiate UV-B signaling, which results in changes in gene expression (including the induction of RUP1 and RUP2 expression) and ultimately regulates UV-B-induced photomorphogenesis and stress acclimation. Re-dimerization of UVR8 through the action of RUP1 and RUP2 disrupts the UVR8-COP1 interaction and regenerates the UVR8 homodimer again ready for UV-B perception. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image How exactly does UVR8 act as a photoreceptor? UVR8 is unique among photoreceptors in that it does not employ a bound chromophore to absorb light of a particular spectral quality [2, 3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it discusses the mechanisms through which plants sense UV-B light and how they protect themselves from UV damage. There is no mention of emotional sensing or any interaction between plants and human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: While stem cells are an undifferentiated cell, they can undergo proliferation followed by cytokine stimulation to become a particular specialized cell [20]. There have been several types of stem cells used in treating retinal degenerative disease: Retinal progenitor cells (RPC), Embryonic stem cells (ESC), Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and bone marrow derived VSEL. RPCs originate from fetal or neonatal retinas and generate all the retinal cells during embryonic development. Following, ESCs can become all adult cell types from the three embryonic germ layers and come from the inner cell mass of the developing blastocyst. iPSs and ESCs are similar in their developmental potential, however, iPSs originate from adult tissues. MSCs are derived from several sources, including the bone marrow, adipose tissue, placenta, cord blood and liver. These will differentiate into mesoderm type cells. Finally, VSELs are a rare type of bone marrow in mice and can differentiate into all the three germ layers. These approaches of regenerative medicine are being used to solve diseases that our body’s mechanisms have not been able to repair on its own [21]. A representation of sources of stem cells and how they can be delivered to the retina is shown in (Figure 1). Figure 1: Representation of different types of stem cells and their arrival to the retina [20]. stem cells and their involvement with retinal degenerative diseases Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are currently the most studied type of adult stem cells for their potential involvement as a regenerative treatment for retinal diseases. These cells are most derived from adipose tissue or bone marrow and are easily isolated from these areas. They are characterized by several properties such as having a differentiation potential, ability to adhere to plastic surfaces, producing cytokines and growth factors, being involved in tissue development and regeneration, and more. MSCs ability to produce growth factors has been suggested to be a main contributor to its therapeutic potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about the role of various types of stem cells in regenerative medicine, particularly for treating retinal degenerative diseases. It highlights how approaches in regenerative medicine are utilized to address conditions that the body cannot self-repair, thus supporting the idea that regenerative medicine could significantly change the treatment landscape for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A well-planned plant-based diet can provide all essential nutrients needed for a healthy lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Some of these molecules resemble hormones and neurotransmitters. Gut microbiome appear to alter gene activity, especially in the brain, as mentioned earlier. These molecules may also be involved in memory and learning. The mood changes in an individual are known to relate to the activity of the gut microbiota. This again depends on the type and quantity of diet we consume on an everyday basis. Evidence supporting a connection between gut ecology and human brain is trickling in. It is very likely that the microbes on our skin interact with those in the gut and thereby influence our behavior. The final question is about the kind of diet that could provide a healthy long life. Apart from healthy aging, an ideal diet should have components that can prevent illnesses such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Such a diet should be rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains, with moderate amounts of protein and less added sugars and bad fats. It is impossible to point out one single nutrient in certain diets that provides health benefits such as reduced death from cardiovascular diseases, and many experts on human nutrition think that it is the result of various foods in combination that provide the most benefit. The important thing is to cut back on how much we eat overall. Therefore, a diet low in added sugars and bad fats, with moderate protein intake, and high in plants, nuts, and fruit, can currently be considered good for healthy aging and social well-being. 1. Finch CE. Evolution of the human lifespan and disease of aging: Roles of infection, inflammation and nutrition. Proceedings of the of Sciences, USA. 2010;107(Supplement 1):1718-17242. Thompson RC et al. Atherosclerosis across 4000 years of human history. Lancet. 2013;381:1211-12223. Pringle H. Long live the humans. Scientific American. 2013;309(4):34-414. Vince G. Adventures in the Anthropocene. A Journey to the Heart of the Planet we Made. London: Chatto & Windus; 2014. 145. Burnet M. A genetic interpretation of ageing. Lancet. 1973;II:4806. Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. In a letter to Fransis Baily, ESQ. FRS & c. of the of London. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of diet and nutrition but does not specifically address the claim regarding a plant-based diet or whether it can provide all essential nutrients. Instead, it emphasizes the importance of a diet that is rich in vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and moderate protein while also mentioning the need to reduce sugars and bad fats. Thus, the text is somewhat related to dietary guidance but does not directly corroborate or contrast the specific claim about a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Instead UVR8 uses specific tryptophans in its primary sequence for UV-B photoreception [1–3, 7]. UVR8 has 14 tryptophans whose positions in the protein are highly conserved in evolution. Six of the tryptophans are in the β-propeller blades of the protein and appear to be important in maintaining blade structure; one tryptophan, of unknown function, is in the carboxy-terminal domain, and the remaining seven are arranged at the surface where two UVR8 monomers interact to form the dimer [7, 8] (Fig. 2a,b). Three of the tryptophans at the dimer interface (W233, W285 and W337; W = tryptophan in the amino acid single-letter code) are in very close proximity, and this ‘triad’ of tryptophans is close to W94 on the opposing monomer, forming a pyramidal arrangement. There are two such tryptophan ‘pyramids’ across the dimer (Fig. 2c). Fig. 2UVR8 structure and arrangement of its 14 tryptophans. a,b All UVR8 tryptophans in the monomer viewed from the side (except W400, which is in the carboxy-terminal domain that was not included in the solved structures, here shown for amino acids 14 to 380) (a) and from the dimeric interaction surface (b). Tryptophans in the protein core (blue) and at the interaction surface (red) are distinguished. Images modified from [8]. c Pyramidal arrangement of tryptophans across the UVR8 dimer interface. The triad tryptophans W233, W285 and W337 on one monomer of UVR8 are closely associated with W94 on the opposing monomer. Image modified from [7]Full size image Mutational studies, both in vitro with the purified protein [2, 3], and in vivo in yeast [1, 8] and plants [2, 8–10], implicate specific tryptophans at the dimer interface as being crucial for photoreception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the molecular structure of the UVR8 protein in plants and its role in UV-B photoreception, focusing on the importance of tryptophans in the protein. There is no mention of plants sensing or responding to human emotions; thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: For retinal regeneration, MSCs can produce hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), nerve growth factor (NGF), glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), pigment epithelium growth factor (PEGF), fibrocyte growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), angiopoietin-1, erythropoietin, VEGF and TGF-β. As mentioned, MSCs can differentiate into retinal cells which has been identified by several researchers. A study was done to replicate a damaged retina combined with cultured mouse bone marrow MSCs. After the MSCs were cultured for seven days, results showed that MSCs differentiated to having retinal cell markers and producing neurotrophic factors [21]. Current research of mesenchymal stem cells and its involvement with retinal degenerative diseases and diabetic retinopathy A study published in 2017 by was done to investigate for the first time if bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes provided any neuroprotective and axon regeneration potential on injured retinal ganglion cells. As retinal ganglion cells are the leading cause of retinal degenerative diseases. The study was performed by purchasing two groups of cultures: human BMSC (variable group) and human fibroblasts (control group) and isolating their exosomes. 36 adult rats were used in this experimental design and split into 6 groups based on their injury and treatment plan. The exosomes were then delivered to Groups 3-6 via a 33g Hamilton syringe injected into their vitreous humor, as shown in (Figure 2) [23]. Figure 2: Representation of the experimental design of the study in a timeline manner [23]. Electroretinography (ERG) records were performed on day 0 and 21 to test the electrical response of the eye’s intensity to a known light. Tomography (OCT) was also used to examine the rat’s eye by taking images of the retina near the optic nerve to allow the researchers to detect segmentation of the retinal nerve fiber layer and calculate the thickness. On day 21, the rats were sacrificed, and their eyes and optic nerves were removed to be prepared as a tissue slide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence on the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in regenerating retinal tissues. It outlines research findings that demonstrate MSCs' ability to produce various neurotrophic factors that are important for retinal cell regeneration. Additionally, the text discusses a study that explores the neuroprotective properties of exosomes derived from MSCs, indicating their potential in treating retinal degenerative diseases. This aligns well with the claim that regenerative medicine has the capability to transform treatments for these types of diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: Go to Review 6176. DOI: 10. 19080/JGWH. 2023. 25. 556176 Go to Review 3. 7 years [42]. Evidence suggests that vitamin D and iron deficiencies are risk factors for sexual dysfunction, and resolution of these deficiencies may well be therapeutic [80-83]. receptors exist on the uterus and ovaries, where they can influence steroidogenesis and testosterone aromatization, with consequent effects on sex hormone levels [84-86]. In iron-deficiency anemia, fatigue is thought to mediate the relationship between deficiency and sexual dysfunction [82]. Testing for vitamin D and iron deficiency may be considered as a relatively simple and low-cost addition to the workup for female sexual dysfunction. Go to Review 269. Lindau S, (2010) Sex, health, and years of sexually active life gained due to good health: evidence from two US population based cross sectional surveys of ageing. BMJ 340: c810. (2013) The association of physical and mental health with sexual activity in older adults in a retirement community. J 10(11): 2671-2678. Cabeza de (2017) Sexual intimacy in couples is associated with longer telomere length. Psychoneuroendocrinol 81: 46-51. Arnot M, (2020) Sexual frequency is associated with age of natural menopause: results from the Study of Women's the Nation. R Sci 7(1): 191020. (2007) Comparative study of coitus and non-coitus in the treatment of menopausal symptoms. Sci 36(1): 17-21. (1983) Vaginal atrophy in the postmenopausal woman. The importance of sexual activity and hormones. JAMA 249(16): 2195-2198. Wright H, (2016) Sex on the brain! Associations between sexual activity and cognitive function in older age. 45(2): 313-317. (2003) Sexual satisfaction and risk of disability in older women. J 64(10): 1177-1182. Whipple B, (1985) Elevation of pain threshold by vaginal stimulation in women. Pain 21(4): 357-367. Oksuz E, (2006) Prevalence and risk factors for female sexual dysfunction in Turkish women. J Urol 175(2): 654-658. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of specific nutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin D and iron, on health and sexual dysfunction. It suggests that a plant-based diet may not guarantee perfect health, as it may lead to deficiencies that are significant risk factors for health issues, contrary to the claim's assertion of a guaranteed outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: In particular, mutation of either W285 or W233 to phenylalanine greatly impairs UVR8 function, indicating that these tryptophans have crucial, non-redundant roles in UVR8 photoreception. The function of the remaining tryptophans is poorly understood, although it has been suggested that tryptophans outside the pyramid absorb UV-B and transfer excitation to W233/W285 [11–13]. Furthermore, it is not clear how UV-B absorption by specific tryptophans actually leads to dissociation of the UVR8 dimer, which initiates signaling. Dimer integrity is maintained by electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids across the dimer interaction surface. Interactions between charged amino acids, notably R286 (R = arginine) with D96 and D107 (D = aspartic acid), and R338 with D44 and E43 (E = glutamic acid), are particularly important in maintaining the dimer, since mutations in these amino acids lead to weakening of the dimer or constitutive monomerization [2, 3]. The key charged amino acids are adjacent to the triad tryptophans, suggesting that UV-B excitation of tryptophans could result in proton-coupled electron transfer to specific charged amino acids, neutralizing interactions that maintain the dimer [2, 12, 14, 15]. In addition, there is evidence, from dynamic crystallography, that UV-B photoreception causes reorientation of W233 and W285, leading to ejection of an adjacent water molecule, which could weaken hydrogen bonds between monomers [13]. Associated conformational changes may further promote dimer dissociation. Thus, it has been established that UVR8 has a novel, tryptophan-based mechanism of UV-B photoreception, but further details of the processes involved remain to be elucidated. How does UVR8 initiate signal transduction and transcriptional regulation? UVR8 seems to be mainly active in the nucleus of plant cells. Despite being rather abundant in the cytoplasm as well, no cytoplasmic function of UVR8 has yet been reported. Indeed, UV-B activation results in the nuclear accumulation of UVR8 [16]. The UV-B-activated UVR8 monomer interacts with 1 (COP1) [5] (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it discusses the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of UVR8 photoreception in plants and the role of specific amino acids in this process. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: These retinal cell slides then underwent immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Researchers used the optic nerve crush (ONC) model of the CNS injury [23]. The ONC model was developed to allow for researchers to analyze retinal ganglion cell survival. It is a helpful model when researchers want to see if a substance will have any effects on RGC death and survival [24]. In the case of the experiment performed by the ONC model showed that BMSC-derived exosomes had significant neuroprotective and axon regeneration effects on maintaining retina function. Compared to untreated retina, researchers saw 80-90% retinal ganglion cell loss, where BMSC-derived exosomes only were shown to have 30% loss. This is an important finding because retinal ganglion cells are CNS neurons, making them not regeneratable. The OCT and ERG data were observed to compare retinal ganglion cells' axon protection and function in the untreated, fibroblast exosome, and BMSC exosome treated retina. Results showed that BMSC-derived exosomes offered 50% of RGC function to be maintained and protected, whereas the untreated and fibroblast exosomes offered no protection or preservation of RGC function [23]. Another experiment published in 2006 by Arnold and team, researched the effects of transplanting bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the affected retina of rhodopsin knockout mice to see if photoreceptor cells could be saved. The purpose of this experiment was done to understand the potency of mesenchymal stem cells in rescuing effects caused by retinal degenerative diseases, specifically retinitis pigmentosa. Retinitis pigmentosa is characterized by its loss of retinal photoreceptor cells that also cause the loss of peripheral vision in patients. The experiment involved 3 experimental groups (Group One: untreated rhodopsin knockout (control group), Group Two: rhodopsin knockout mice injected with mesenchymal stem cells, and Group Three: rhodopsin knockout injected only with medium) containing 10 rhodopsin knockout mice each [25]. All the mice were anesthetized with Ketanest/Rompun to allow for researchers to inject their right eyes, left eyes remained untreated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by discussing the potential of BMSC-derived exosomes in protecting retinal ganglion cells and promoting regeneration in models of degenerative diseases, such as retinitis pigmentosa. It highlights significant findings, such as the maintenance of RGC function and the reduction of cell loss when treated with these exosomes, thereby suggesting that regenerative medicine could play a crucial role in treating degenerative conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: J 13(11): 1651-1661. (2006) Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the Committee. Circulation 114(1): 82-96. (2018) Oxidative stress: role of physical exercise and antioxidant nutraceuticals in adulthood and aging. Oncotarget 9(24): 17181-17198. (2008) The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. 7(2): 156-167. (2018) From inflammation to sexual dysfunctions: a journey through diabetes, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. J 41(11): 1249-1258. Hansson G, Robertson A, Soderberg-Nauclér C (2006) Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Pathol 1: 297-329. Strombom A, (2017) The prevention and treatment of Type II with a plant-based diet. 5(5): 00138. Rose S, (2018) A comprehensive review of the prevention and treatment of heart disease with a plant-based diet. J Cardiol & 12(5): 1-12. (1999) Efficacy of metformin in the treatment of NIDDM. Meta-analysis. 22(1): 33-37. (2005) Direct comparison of a dietary portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods with a statin in hypercholesterolemic participants. 81(2): 380-387. Rose S, (2020) Preventing thyroid diseases with a plant-based diet, while ensuring adequate iodine status. Oto 21(4): 1-73. Rose S, (2018) - Prevention and Treatment with a Plant-Based Diet. Orth & 13(1): 555852. Rose S, (2019) A plant-based diet prevents and treats chronic kidney disease. JOJ Uro & Nephron 6(3): 49-64. Rose S, (2021) Preventing and treating Parkinson’s disease with a plant-based diet. J 15(2): 1-15. (2019) Soy isoflavone improved female sexual dysfunction of mice via endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. 7(3): 345-351. Najaf NM, (2018) Effect of phytoestrogens on sexual function in menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various studies and reviews concerning the impact of a plant-based diet on health issues, such as diabetes, heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and sexual function. While there are discussions about the diet's benefits in preventing and treating certain conditions, the text does not provide evidence that a plant-based diet guarantees perfect health or longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: 1), an E3 ubiquitin ligase [17]. COP1’s function as a central repressor of photomorphogenesis requires accessory proteins of the SPA family and is associated with its substrate receptor function of CUL4-DDB1-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes [17, 18]. COP1 thereby targets several positive regulators of light responses for proteasomal degradation, particularly in darkness [17]. In light this activity is reduced through the activity of photoreceptors sensing visible light. Thus, in addition to UVR8, the red/far-red and blue light photoreceptors (phytochromes and cryptochromes, respectively) impinge on the activity of COP1 [17]; but how COP1 integrates these different inputs remains unknown. Independent of this, phytochromes and cryptochromes interact light-dependently with the SPA proteins, which consequently inactivates COP1 [19, 20]. It is interesting to note that UVR8 is the only photoreceptor to show a light-dependent interaction directly with COP1, independent of COP1 accessory SPA proteins [1, 21]. Similarly, the COP1 activity for early UV-B responses is independent of the SPA proteins [22]. Thus, even though phytochromes, cryptochromes and UVR8 all regulate COP1 function, the underlying mechanisms are apparently different. There is evidence that two separate domains of UVR8 mediate the interaction with COP1: the β-propeller core and the carboxy-terminal C27 domain. Monomerization of the UVR8 core domain is responsible for the UV-B-dependent interaction with COP1, which regulates COP1 activity through the C27 domain [23, 24]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 was found to dissociate the COP1-SPA core complex from CUL4-DDB1, forming a unique complex with UVR8 [18]. Interaction of UVR8 with COP1 stabilizes the 5 (HY5) transcription factor [5, 18], enhances the association of HY5 with target promoters, including its own [25], and activates transcription of many UVR8-regulated genes [4, 22, 26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mechanisms of how COP1, a E3 ubiquitin ligase, interacts with different light receptors and regulates photomorphogenesis in plants. There is no mention of plants sensing or responding to human emotions in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: In group two, the mice were injected with 60,000 vector-transduced mesenchymal stem cells and Group three received the same amount but using Hank’s balanced salt solution instead. Retinas were then examined using a Leitz stereomicroscope in the two experimental groups to see if any mice had massive subretinal hemorrhage, vitreous hemorrhage, or large retinal detachments. If so, these mice would be disregarded from the study. For researchers to investigate if cytoplasmic markers would appear, the mice underwent staining procedures. To study and evaluate the rescue effects of this experiment, researchers removed the corneas of the eyes and processed them to allow for light and electron microscopy to take place. The researchers quantified rescued effects with the Axiophot light microscope [25]. The results of this experiment were obtained on the 35th day of the MSCs injection. The rescue effects were assessed in the semi-thin sections of the retinas of the three groups by looking for the presence of several photoreceptor nuclei shown in (Figure 3). One and Three, there were hardly any rows of preserved photoreceptors (0. 4±0. 3 rows in the control group and 0. 9±0. 3 in the rhodopsin knockout injected only with medium) compared to in the MSCs injected group that had 2. 25±0. 4 rows of preserved photoreceptors [25]. The findings of this study support the idea that implementing mesenchymal stem cells to retinal injuries/defects could stimulate rescue effects. Figure 3: Representation of the semi-thin sections of rho-/- retinas and their rescue effects in a) untreated control b) MSCs injected group and c) rhodopsin knockout injected only with medium group [25]. Research done by and his team, summarize that using mesenchymal stem cells can delay photoreceptor cell apoptosis, meaning that MSC secreted factors could be a useful cell source for photoreceptor cell survival. The goal of this study was to understand if stem cell therapy can be replaced for defective retinal cells. Researchers isolated mesenchymal stem cells from Pcrx2K-lacZ transgenic mice and inserted them into the anterior chamber of rats. The rats were then sacrificed for their eyes to be removed and studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can produce significant rescue effects in retinal injuries, such as delaying photoreceptor cell apoptosis. The findings suggest that MSCs may serve as a viable treatment option for degenerative conditions affecting the retina, which aligns with the idea that regenerative medicine has the potential to revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: 2008, 7(1):17-23 DOI: diet interacts with longevity genes of Internal Medicine, Physiology and Pharmacology, of laboratory mice, suppression of growth hormone (GH) signaling by spontaneous mutations or targeted disruption of GH- or IGF1-related genes can lead to an impressive increase of longevity. dwarf (Prop1df) and GH receptor knockout (GHRKO) mice live 35-70% longer than their normal littermates. Many phenotypic characteristics of these long-lived mutants resemble findings in genetically normal animals subjected to calorie restriction (CR). Microarray and RT-PCR studies of gene expression suggest that effects of the “longevity assurance genes” (Prop1df or Ghr-/-) and CR are overlapping but not identical. dwarf mice to 30% CR starting at 2 months of age leads to a further significant extension of their average and maximal lifespans. In contrast, identical CR regimen has either no or very little effect (depending on gender) on longevity of GHRKO mice. We suspect that this difference in response is related to the fact that CR improves insulin sensitivity in Ames dwarfs but does not further increase the extreme insulin sensitivity of GHRKO mice. To search for effects of CR associated with extension of longevity, we are studying expression of insulin and IGF1-related genes in the liver, skeletal muscle and heart of normal and GHRKO mice. Results obtained to date suggest that reduced Akt phosphorylation and PPAR β/δ expression in the liver, reduced JNK1 phosphorylation and increased PGC1α expression in the muscle, and increased expression of IGF1 and insulin receptor in the heart are either related to mechanisms of CR action on longevity or represent potential biomarkers of delayed aging. Keywords Aging, Ames dwarf, Calorie restriction, Growth hormone receptor knockout, Growth hormone deficiency, Insulin sensitivity, and lifespan, like other characteristics of living organisms, are determined by a complex interplay of genes and environment. Nutrient availability is particularly important among the environmental factors affecting aging. While adequate sources of energy and essential nutrients are absolute requirements for normal growth and reproductive competence, unlimited access to high quality food is not optimal for longevity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that longevity and health are determined by 'a complex interplay of genes and environment,' indicating that simply following a plant-based diet does not guarantee perfect health or longevity. It also mentions that while nutrient availability is crucial, 'unlimited access to high quality food is not optimal for longevity,' which further undermines the idea that a plant-based diet alone is a guaranteed path to perfect health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Many of these target genes are associated with UV-B protection and UV-B-damage repair [4–6, 26]. How is UVR8 inactivated? Signaling pathways usually include negative feedback regulation to balance their output. In the case of UVR8 signaling, an exaggerated response would result in impaired growth and dwarfism (as illustrated, for example, by experimental UVR8 overexpression) [5]. Moreover, in general, receptors need to be inactivated and revert to their ground state in the absence of a stimulus. Indeed, UVR8 monomers can revert to homodimers in vivo in the absence of UV-B to regenerate the active photoreceptor [28, 29]. This involves the action of the -(RUP) 1 and 2 proteins that act as negative regulators of UV-B signaling by promoting the reversion of UVR8 to the homodimeric conformation [28, 30] (Fig. 1). This UVR8 re-dimerization activity requires direct interaction of RUP1 and RUP2 with the UVR8 C27 domain [23, 24, 29]. However, in contrast to COP1, RUP1 and RUP2 are also able to interact with C27 in the homodimeric form of UVR8 [23, 24, 30]. Interestingly, RUP1 and RUP2 gene expression is induced by UV-B through UVR8 signaling, providing a negative feedback loop to balance the UV-B response [30]. Can UVR8 be found in all plants? And beyond? Possible UVR8 orthologs can be identified in all plants where sequence information is available, including in single-celled green algae [1]. UVR8 signaling thus appears to be an evolutionarily ancient mechanism, consistent with a role in UV-protection of photosynthetic organisms [1]. UVR8 may indeed have been important early in the evolution of photosynthetic organisms to cope with the even higher doses of UV-B at that time and may have thus also helped the transition to terrestrial life, concomitant with the generation of the stratospheric ozone layer [31]. At present, there is, however, no evidence for the presence of a UVR8-type UV-B receptor outside of the plant kingdom. What is the link between UV-B acclimation and UV-B stress responses? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it focuses on the UVR8 signaling mechanisms in plants related to UV-B protection and acclimation. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: As shown in (Figure 4), when comparing total cell number between the conditioned medium and the control culture, there was a 1. 6-fold higher number of total cells and 1. 4-fold higher increase in the number of photoreceptor cells found in the cells treated with the conditioned medium. Using electroretinograms waveforms, it was revealed that rats with MSC transplantation were delayed in having retinal degeneration. In conclusion, this study shows potential in how MSCs can slow down photoreceptor loss [26]. Figure 4: Representation of how the conditioned medium from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells can promote photoreceptor cell survival. (A) represents the retinal cell cultures in the control versus conditioned treatment. (B) portrays total cell number (left panel) and photoreceptor cell viability using β-gal assay (right panel) of the control versus conditioned treatment [26]. In 2020 Kahraman,et. al. , performed a study following up on eight patients with degenerative macular diseases who had adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells implanted in one of their eyes. These patients either were clinically diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration or Stargardt’s macular dystrophy. The researchers identified their use for adipose tissue instead of bone marrow derived MSCs, because they were able to harvest it easier, have a faster expansion, and higher protein secretion. The goal was to evaluate retinal diseases where curative treatment is not available and see if stem cell therapy had any potential. The results of the study included those seven out of the eight patients had improvements in their visual acuity and visual field exams, with their fellow eyes worsening. The results of this study provide evidence of how adipose-derived stem cells can be beneficial in treating future retinal degenerative diseases [27]. A meta-analysis was conducted by Gaddam,et. al. , in 2019 to investigate how mesenchymal stem cells can help to reverse lost vision caused by diabetic retinopathy by looking at different clinical trials. One study found that both adipose stem cells and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells were promising options for recovering the retina. This is partly since adipose stem cells have been found to be functionally and phenotypically like pericytes. The study was performed on rats who presented with the early-stage symptoms of diabetic retinopathy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other regenerative medicine approaches show potential in treating degenerative diseases. It discusses a study where MSC transplantation delayed retinal degeneration and how a subsequent study on patients with degenerative macular diseases revealed improvements in visual acuity with adipose-derived stem cells. Additionally, it mentions a meta-analysis investigating how MSCs can reverse vision loss from diabetic retinopathy, demonstrating that these regenerative therapies could indeed revolutionize treatments for degenerative conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: The negative impact of gluttony on human health was suggested in medical writings dating back to the Renaissance,1 and studies conducted in the 1930s provided clear evidence that domesticated strains of rats and mice maintained in the laboratory environment will live significantly longer if their food intake is reduced below the amount they would ordinarily consume. 2,3 This intervention, termed “calorie restriction” (CR) or “dietary restriction,” reliably increases median, average and maximal lifespan in laboratory rodents and exerts similar effects in other species, almost certainly including non-human primates and humans. 4-7 Importantly, lifespan extension produced by CR is associated with delayed onset, reduced incidence and reduced severity of cancer and other age-associated diseases and with preservation of a “youthful” phenotype. Studies suggesting that mutations of a single gene can profoundly affect lifespan of mice date back to the early ’70s. 8,9 Work conducted during the past 15 years has provided firm evidence that mutations causing deficiency of several anterior pituitary hormones, isolated growth hormone (GH) deficiency or GH resistance increase lifespan of mice. (10 – 12; reviewed in 13). The extension of longevity in these mutants was comparable to the effects of reducing calorie intake in genetically normal animals by 30-50% and was also associated with delayed onset and reduced incidence of age-associated disease and with multiple symptoms of delayed aging, closely resembling the findings in CR animals. However, normal (voluntary) food intake of these long-lived mutants was not reduced and, in contrast to the effects of CR, their adiposity was generally increased, in some cases quite drastically. Therefore, it became of interest to compare and contrast the physiological characteristics of long-lived mutants and genetically normal (“wild-type”) animals subjected to CR and to examine the interaction of CR with “longevity assurance genes”. In this 1. ” Ames dwarf mice appear normal at birth but grow slowly and reach less than one half of the adult body weight of their normal siblings. Puberty is markedly delayed and females are sterile due to PRL deficiency. 16,17 Consistent with GH and TSH deficiency, adult Ames dwarf mice have extremely low levels of circulating insulin-like growth factor1 (IGF1) and thyroid hormones. 17 They have reduced body temperature,19 but food consumption and oxygen utilization per gram of body weight are increased. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence related to calorie restriction (CR) and its effects on lifespan across various species. It highlights that CR can extend lifespan and reduce age-associated diseases, which suggests that mere adoption of a plant-based diet does not necessarily ensure perfect health or longevity. The text references studies that show how reducing food intake (calorie restriction) leads to increased longevity, indicating that diet alone (including plant-based) may not be the sole factor for achieving perfect health and longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Acclimation to UV-B involves a combination of protective as well as repair measures, including the accumulation of UV-B-absorbing ‘sunscreen’ metabolites in the vacuoles of epidermal cells, increased levels of anti-oxidants, protection of the photosynthetic apparatus, and increased levels of DNA repair enzymes. As a result, as long as plants are well acclimated, they seem not to ‘feel’ UV-B as a stress that negatively and visibly interferes with cellular activities (also named distress) [32]. Plants can be considered UV-B-stressed when the UV-B levels and resulting cellular damage cannot be coped with (for example, [33]). Is UV-B acclimation the only response to UV-B mediated by the UV-B photoreceptor? No, UVR8 seems to have a much broader effect on plant growth and development than only mediating UV-B acclimation. For example, UVR8 has also been implicated in UV-B-mediated entrainment of the circadian clock [34], hypocotyl growth inhibition [5] (Fig. 3), stomatal closure [35], phototropic bending [36], leaf development [37], inhibition of shade avoidance [38, 39], and osmotic stress [40] and pathogen responses [41]. However, some of these responses could be associated with UV-B stress acclimation, although this remains to be demonstrated. Fig. 3UV-B-induced hypocotyl growth inhibition in Arabidopsis seedlings. UV-B-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl elongation is apparent in four-day-old wild-type (WT) seedlings but not in uvr8 or cop1 mutants. This UV-B-induced photomorphogenic response is enhanced in rup1 rup2 double mutant seedlings. Wild-type and mutant seedlings were grown under white light with or without supplementary narrowband UV-B (according to [5]). Scale = 5 mm. Image reprinted from [46]: thearabidopsisbook. org Society of Plant BiologistsFull size image Could UVR8 potentially contribute to the optogenetic toolkit? Optogenetics refers to the use of genetically encoded tools that allow the control of cellular activities by light [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions; instead, it discusses plants' responses to UV-B stress and various physiological processes, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: The rats were injected with adipose stem cells in their eyes and monitored for any retinal function improvement. Using an electroretinogram, the results found that the rats had a significant decrease of leakage and apoptotic cells near the blood vessels. This means that the adipose stem cells injected appear to improve the retinal function for these rats. The adipose stem cells were also shown to differentiate into pericytes, which is often lost in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Another study administered adipose stem cells into the vitreous cavity of diabetic mice’s eyes. This study found that the adipose stem cells can reduce oxidative damage and prevent RGC loss from occurring. This is an important finding because RGC loss is a key event for the onset of diabetic retinopathy. Currently, there are multiple human clinical trials being performed on the use of adipose and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and its effects on repairing retinal damage. An example of one of these clinical trials include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells being given to subjects with irreversible vision loss caused by diabetic retinopathy. However, these trials are still in their pilot phases and are awaiting approval for their safety and feasibility of conducting them [28]. Ethics and use of stem cells as a potential treatment Before mesenchymal stem cells are constituted as a feasible approach for treating retinal degeneration, many issues will need to be resolved. The first issue being concerned with safety of retinal stem cell transplantation. Many experts worry that because of public awareness towards the potential success of stem cell therapies, that many industries will commercialize these interventions too soon or without proper design of clinical studies. Resulting in a raise of safety concerns. Another safety aspect to be considered is involving the transplantation techniques during surgery. The current surgical techniques in delivering stem cells have risk factors that must be addressed, such as retinal perforations, detachment, tissue damage, etc. , which may result in more damage to a patient’s vision [1]. Other risk factors of stem-cell based interventions involved tumors forming, patients having an immunological reaction, cells not behaving properly, and long-term health effects. This is since we have limited experience of how mesenchymal stem cells work in humans, which can cause adverse effects or failure of improvement at all in patients [29]. Stem cell research has also posed ethical and political controversies, especially dealing with informed consent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of adipose stem cells in treating retinal degeneration in rats and the ongoing human clinical trials investigating mesenchymal stem cells for similar conditions. It highlights that these stem cell interventions show potential for significant improvements in retinal function, which aligns with the idea that regenerative medicine could transform treatment options for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: 20,21 Circulating glucose and insulin levels are reduced under both fasted and fed conditions, implying that increased insulin sensitivity and blood glucose suppression during insulin tolerance test is indeed significantly greater in Ames dwarfs than in normal mice. 22,23 Adiposity of young adults is increased, which could be expected from GH deficiency and hypothyroidism, but circulating levels of adiponectin are increased,24 and age-related increase in percent body fat is less pronounced than in normal animals of the same strain. 25 Median, average and maximal lifespan are significantly increased in both sexes of Ames dwarf mice, with the increase in average lifespan ranging from approximately 35% to as much as 70%, depending on sex and diet. 10,17,26 Comparable extension of lifespan along with evidence for delayed aging of the immune system, joint cartilage and collagen properties were described in Snell dwarf mice, animals that have identical primary hormonal defects due to mutation of the Pit1 gene, located on a different chromosome than Prop1. 8,11 Little (Ghrhrlit) mice with isolated GH deficiency exhibit a smaller but statistically significant increase in longevity. 11 Available evidence suggests that the remarkable increase in longevity of Ames dwarf mice is due to multiple mechanisms, including reduced IGF1 and mammalian Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling,27,28 delayed onset and reduced incidence of fatal neoplastic disease,29 increased sensitivity to insulin combined with reduced insulin levels,22,23 hypothyroidism and reduced body core temperature,19 increased activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced oxidative damage (30, 31; reviewed in 17) and resistance to various forms of oxidative, toxic and metabolic stress. 32,33(GHRKO) MICE Mice with deficiency of GH receptor and consequent GH resistance were produced in the laboratory of by disruption of the Ghr gene. 34 Circulating IGF1 levels in GHRKO mice are very low,34 while IGF expression in different organs is variably reduced or normal35 and plasma GH levels are elevated, reflecting a lack of negative GH/IGF1 feedback. 34 GHRKO (Ghr -/-) animals are small with nearly normal body proportions. Both sexes are fertile but puberty is delayed, and many measures of reproductive competence and testicular endocrine function are quantitatively reduced. 34,36-39 Insulin levels are drastically reduced, glucose levels are “low normal” or slightly reduced and insulin sensitivity is increased. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on genetic models of longevity in mice, indicating that increased lifespan and reduced effects of aging are due to hormonal and metabolic factors rather than specifically linking these benefits to a plant-based diet. It highlights findings regarding insulin sensitivity, glucose levels, and the effects of growth hormone deficiency on longevity, suggesting that factors other than diet contribute significantly to health and longevity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Indeed, recently the first applications of UVR8 and the UVR8-COP1 interaction as an optogenetic tool were described [43–45]. UVR8 was used to engineer a UV-B-triggered protein secretion system where UVR8 fusion proteins were conditionally sequestered in the endoplasmic reticulum and UV-B allowed regulated trafficking to the plasma membrane [43]. The UVR8-COP1 interaction was used, for example, to develop UV-B-inducible expression systems in mammalian cells by split transcription factors that were rendered UV-B-responsive through fusion to UVR8 and COP1 [44, 45], similar to yeast two-hybrid assays [1]. Advantages of the UVR8 system include i) no application of an exogenous chromophore is needed, ii) experiments are possible in visible light (very specific and sensitive), and iii) there is no interference with imaging of the commonly used fluorescent proteins. Moreover, the rather low reversion kinetics can be an advantage or disadvantage dependent on the application. A disadvantage may be the high energy and potentially damaging aspect of UV-B radiation. However, UV-B levels needed are rather low (certainly compared to sunlight) and only short exposure times are often required. Moreover, future developments implementing two-photon laser excitation of tryptophans may help to further establish UVR8-derived optogenetic systems. Where can I find out more about plant UV-B signaling? For interested readers we propose several recent review 6. 6. 8. Nature. 2012;484:214–9. 30. 601. 1. Plant Physiol. 2002;130:234–43. 8. Struct Biol. 2014;29:52–7. 8. Plant Cell. 2012;24:3755–66. 31. 4218. 72. -Beyerle ME. On the mechanism of photoinduced dimer dissociation in the plant UVR8 photoreceptor. . 2014;111:5219–24. 8. Nat Plants. 2015;1:14006. 65. 30. 73. 93. 74. - Light-activated phytochrome A and B interact with members of the SPA family to promote photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis by reorganizing the COP1/SPA complex. Plant Cell. 2015;27:189–201. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it discusses the UVR8 photoreceptor system in plants and its applications without addressing emotional responses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Many times, people in the phase I clinical trials expect that they will benefit from the trial, however, that is not the case. trials are meant to study the safety of the experiment and not the efficacy. This leads to a “therapeutic misconception” and many patients overestimate their benefits. It will be imperative for researchers to educate patients on the role of the clinical trial and not to give unrealistic hopes to them [29]. Ethical issues like this will need to be discussed to provide appropriate stem cell research in the future. Future studies should focus on having larger sample sizes when researching. For instance, this will help to optimize that the results are more closely generalized to the population and give more reliable results. To prevent a decrease in statistical power and an increase in margin of error, it will be important to increase sample size. Additionally, current clinical trials are mostly only being conducted on animal models. A future recommendation would be to conduct these same trials on humans in a safe and ethical manner to help confirm the therapeutic potential of stem cell treatment on retinal degenerative diseases. Evidence of safety should also be established before performing each trial. Lastly, future participants should have realistic understandings of clinical trials and understand the risks that may occur. Further work should also be done to provide consistency of the results in previous studies. It will be important to gather more data to understand thoroughly the risk-to-benefits for each of these clinical trials. With continued research and development of retinal degeneration and mesenchymal stem cells, there shows promising potential in treatment. there are still many issues to be addressed before approving mesenchymal stem cell therapy as a curative treatment, the results obtained from the studies above offer a promising option for the future. This prospective option of using adipose-derived or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells will influence improving the quality of life of many people suffering from retinal degenerative diseases and diabetic retinopathy. With continued efforts in developing and researching stem cell biology, there is hope in treating the current “irreversible” retinal degenerative diseases and diabetic retinopathy that many are and will be affected with. 1. -Soler MV, Klassen H, et. al. (2020) Retinal stem cell transplantation: Balancing safety and potential, Eye Res. 75:100779. 2. barton J, Peacock S, et. al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the promising potential of mesenchymal stem cells in treating retinal degenerative diseases and diabetic retinopathy. It states that 'with continued efforts in developing and researching stem cell biology, there is hope in treating the current “irreversible” retinal degenerative diseases,' suggesting that regenerative medicine could indeed revolutionize treatments for these conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: 34,40 Plasma adiponectin levels are elevated in spite of significantly increased adiposity. 41 Median, average and maximal lifespan are increased in both sexes. 12,43,44 Extended longevity of GHRKO mice was observed in two different labs, across three different genetic backgrounds and using diets differing with regard to the source of protein and the content of phytoestrogens. 12,26,42-44 Putative mechanisms of delayed aging and increased longevity of GHRKO mice resemble those listed above for the Ames dwarfs. (32, 34, 40, 41, 44, Ikeno and Bartke, unpublished; reviewed in 13, 17). at approximately 2 months of age, Ames dwarfs, GHRKO mice and normal siblings of these mutants were subjected to 30% CR, introduced gradually, over a period of 2 weeks. 20 The CR animals were fed daily an amount of food corresponding to 70% of the amount consumed by animals of the same genotype, age and sex, which had unlimited access to food. When the consumption of food by the ad libitum (AL) animals started a decline that is the expected correlate of aging, the amount of food given daily to the CR mice was not reduced in parallel but remained constant for the remainder of their lifespan. In normal mice, CR produced the expected increase in longevity. Lifespan of long-lived Ames dwarf mice was further extended by 30% CR. This included increases in median, average and maximal lifespan that were significant in both sexes. 44 In contrast to its effects in Ames dwarfs, CR had very little effect on the longevity of GHRKO mice: median and average longevity were not affected in either sex, while maximal lifespan (calculated as average lifespan of the oldest 10% of the animals) was increased only in females. 45 The difference between the effects of identical regimens of CR on longevity of Ames dwarf and GHRKO mice was unexpected in view of considerable similarities of phenotypic characteristics of these mutants and presumably comparable mechanisms of their extended longevity. These differences provide an opportunity to separate those effects of CR that are associated with an increase in lifespan from those that are not. Highlights of studies aimed at identifying the mechanisms that could link specific effects of CR with increased lifespan are described in the next section of this 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of dietary caloric restriction (CR) on the longevity of different types of mice without specifically endorsing a plant-based diet. It emphasizes that extended longevity was observed in certain genetic mouse models, such as GHRKO and Ames dwarf mice, under CR conditions, but it does not indicate that a plant-based diet alone guarantees perfect health or longevity. Instead, it points out variability in the effects on lifespan across different genetic backgrounds and diets, suggesting a more complex relationship than the claim asserts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, as wearable technology becomes an ever-growing phenomenon, you can monitor your daily activity with a flick of the wrist. Felecia Davis, associate professor at the for Design and Computation at (Penn State), wants to take this a step further as she explores how our day-to-day interactions with textiles can be used to alter our relationship with our surroundings. “I'm trained as an architect and I like to look at how we might use textiles that have electronic sensors embedded into them that [can be programmed] to have different responses to their environment so they can communicate different responses,” says Davis. Communication, which takes form through all five senses, plays a significant role in our daily lives and how we respond to our environment. However, for some individuals, a struggle with communication, whether that includes being able to convey their emotions or even being able to distinguish them, can prove to be problematic. In 2012, Davis collaborated with a research team at to create a prototype wall panel of fabric, referred to as a Textile Mirror, which helps break down barriers for people who need to learn how to identify and express their emotions. The idea was inspired by J. G. Ballard's short story, “Dreams of Stellavista,” which tells the tale of a house that could read its inhabi-tants’ emotions and reflect them through its appearance. Davis scaled back this idea by creating a panel that uses sensors for the same purpose. (Left) Mirror is a prototype wall panel that changes shape in response to people's emotions. © 2020 Microsoft Research. (Right) A sample using resistive yarns that can be used as a sensor. © Felecia Davis. She was also influenced by her advisor, at the High-Laboratory at the of Laboratory. The unique features in the laboratory include a pink wall with flowers connected by vines and painted with conductive paint as well as another wall holding wearable sensors. “That was one of my most exciting moments during my PhD just to see her lab and hearing how one could learn about computer science in a way that was totally aesthetically pleasurable and engaged all the different senses,” Davis says. The design studio where Davis works today, combines fabrics with electronics and sensors, sending signals to the textile to respond. Mirror prototype is a mediator that communicates emotion back to the individual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address plants sensing and responding to human emotions, instead discussing textile technology that can sense emotions and respond accordingly. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Athanasiou D, Aguilà (2013) The cell stress machineryand retinal degeneration. FEBS Lett. 587(13):2008-17. 18. Jeon S, Oh IH. (2015) Regeneration of the retina: toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases. BMB Rep. 48(4):193-9. 19. . (2005) Perspectives on the properties of stem cells. Nat Med. 11(10):1026-8. 20. . (2017) for Retinal Disease: A Perspective on the Promise and Perils. Ophthalmol. 179:32-38. 21. . (2011) Stem cell-based therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases. Rev Rep. 7(2):434-45. 22. . (2021) Cell-for Diseases:. Cells. 10(3):588. 23. Mead B, Tomarev S. (2017) Bone Marrow-Stem Cells-of miRNA-Dependent Mechanisms. Transl Med. 6(4):1273-85. 24. , An optic nerve crush injury murine model to study retinal ganglion cell survival. J Vis Exp. 2011; (50):2685. 25. ,Transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells rescue photoreceptor cells in the dystrophic retina of the rhodopsin knockout mouse. Ophthalmol. 2007; 245(3):414-22. 26. (2007) Subretinal transplantation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells delaysretinal degeneration in the RCS rat model of retinal degeneration. Res. 85(2):234-41. 27. . (2021) Results of in Diseases. Int j Stem Cells. 14(1): 47-57. 28. Sriprachodaya G,Periasamy R, Gangaraju. (2019) in Diabetic Retinotherapy. Mol Sci. 30;20(19):4876. 29. Lo B, Parham L. (2009) in Research. Endocr Rev. 30(3): 204-13. Related 4. 0 Publication is an International open access publication house. It is a platform who promotes and intends to publish high quality scientific research from all over the globe. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies and perspectives that discuss the application of stem cell therapy and regenerative approaches in treating degenerative retinal diseases. For instance, it mentions research focusing on 'stem cell-based therapeutic applications in retinal degenerative diseases,' which directly supports the claim by highlighting the potential of regenerative medicine to transform treatment paradigms in such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: 50 The levels of active (phosphorylated) JNK-1 were reduced in the muscle of GHRKOs, as compared to normal mice, presumably contributing to enhanced insulin sensitivity by reducing the inhibitory influence of JNK. In response to CR, the levels of active JNK-1 were reduced in normal, but not affected in GHRKO animals,49 again corresponding to the effects of CR on insulin sensitivity and longevity. It was recently reported that insulin sensitivity is enhanced and lifespan is increased in mice heterozygous for the IRS-2 deletion. 51 Unexpectedly, hepatic expression of IRS-2 was increased in both Ames dwarf and GHRKO in comparison to normal animals from the same strains. 52,53 mice to CR did not alter hepatic IRS-2 expression and reduced IRS-2 mRNA levels in the skeletal muscle. 53 It is difficult to delineate the interactive effects of CR and longevity genes on lifespan and whole-animal insulin sensitivity from their effects on expression of insulin- and IGF1-related genes, because these effects are different in different organs. For example, in GHRKO mice, the levels of PPARγ are increased in the liver, reduced in the muscle and not altered in the heart. 54,55 The levels of PPARα protein are increased in the liver but reduced in the muscle and heart. 54,55 Ongoing studies in our laboratory indicate that the impact of CR on phosphorylation of insulin receptor and IRS-1 in response to acute insulin stimulation in vivo can differ substantially between different insulin target organs (Bonkowski, Dominici and Bartke, unpublished). For example, failure of CR to enhance whole-animal insulin sensitivity in GHRKO mice appears to be unrelated to the alterations in the levels and tyrosine phosphorylation of hepatic insulin receptor but closely correlates with lack of changes in serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 in the muscle. Results of studies of the interaction of two different longevity assurance genes with CR in mice can be summarized as follows:i. Mutations which cause GH deficiency or resistance produce phenotypic changes that resemble but do not mimic the effects of CR in genetically normal animals, including delayed aging and increased lifespan. ii. Identical regimens of CR produce further extension of longevity in hypopituitary, GH-deficient Ames dwarf mice but not in GH-resistant GHRKO mice. iii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses complex biological interactions between caloric restriction (CR), insulin sensitivity, and longevity genes in mice, suggesting that factors like gene mutations related to growth hormone (GH) influence lifespan and health. It implies that certain dietary regimens (like CR) may not universally guarantee health benefits or longevity, as evidenced by the differing impacts observed in genetically altered mice. Thus, this contrasts with the claim that a plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity, as it suggests that genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Imagine coming home after witnessing a rather upsetting event, and as you walk through the front door, the wall crumples up into a tight pattern reflecting your distress, anger, or anxiety. “We made a textile that crumpled up and we called it its ‘angry state,’ and when it smoothed out we called it its ‘calm state,’” Davis says. “Some people don't really know when they're upset, depressed, or angry. Maybe we can put sensors on that person and have a reading go to a textile to make them aware of what's going on in their bodies instead of biting your nails or ripping your hair out,” Davis explains. The mirror is made up of 80 pieces of laser-cut felt and fused together with Nitinol wire and contains a series of motors permitting movement. Nitinol is a superelastic alloy, made up of nickel and titanium, well known for displaying a shape-memory effect and “remembering” its original state. The signal—whether that be from a household textile, item of clothing, or a smartphone—then stimulates the object, causing the encased Nitinol wire to contract and thus the fabric to fold. The felt absorbs a lot of the heat from the Nitinol, which makes the fabric fold up along accordion pleats, but the metal got too hot to touch. Wool proved to be the optimum fabric to use as it was the least flammable option. Once the Nitinol wires slowly cooled down, they would straighten back out; however, this could be a lengthy process. In order to speed it up, extra weights were placed at the ends of the wires. The mirror prototype is connected to a smartphone that communicates an emotional reading to the textile, allowing it to change form. However, this required the user to input their emotion that would feed back to the textile. Rather than having the user select the emotion, the research team decided to use heart sensors and galvanic skin sensors to detect changes in heart rate, pulse, sweat, and breathing. The sensors were attached to items of clothing worn close to the body such as leggings, because good contact with the skin and body was vital for the reading. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a textile project that involves sensing human emotions through sensors and its interaction with materials like Nitinol, but it does not address or provide evidence regarding plants sensing or responding to human emotions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Electric aviation could reduce noise pollution compared to traditional planes. [SEP] Text: This shows that cause 19% to 20% noise reduction which is more pleasant to hearing. Test No. Lsource dB Lreceiver dB Reduction dB Lsource – reduction 1 63. 5 52. 1 11. 4 17. 95 2 65. 3 55. 7 9. 6 14. 70 3 67. 8 56. 9 10. 9 16. 07 4 70. 1 59. 5 10. 6 15. 12 Graphical representation of test data is as follows: 80 60 40 20 Lsource dB Lreceiver dB 80 60 40 20 Lsource dB Lreceiver dB 0 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Panel with horizontal strips and filler material Foam and sponge: Test results of panel:- Test No. Lsource dB Lreceiver dB Reduction dB Lsource – reduction 1 65. 9 52. 7 13. 2 20. 03 2 64. 2 51. 3 12. 9 20. 09 3 63. 8 52. 1 11. 7 18. 33 4 75. 4 63. 2 12. 2 16. 18 Above test was conducted in laboratory at room temperature. Test result shows that reduces noise level by near about 12. 50 dB. This value is the average of the above four test results. This shows that cause 18% to 21% noise reduction which is more pleasant to hearing. Graphical representation of test data is as follows: 80 70 60 50 40 Lsource dB 80 70 60 50 40 Lsource dB 30 20 Lreceiver dB 30 20 Lreceiver dB 10 0 10 0 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Panel with holes (No filler material) Panel with horizontal sholes and filler material Panel with horizontal strips and filler material Foam and sponge the above study following conclusions can be made: at and are more than the limits prescribed by the CPCB. Dabholkar corner has more rush and vehicular movement at the same time it has less vegetation and it is fully surrounded by buildings, therefore Noise level at Dabholkar corner is more than square. Both the places require protective majors to reduce the noise level. square showed reduction in noise on Sunday due to holiday where as has constant Noise level throughout the week. In hourly variation both places showed reduced level of noise at afternoon. Allthough there is no major relation between temperature and noise level but still it can be concluded that increased temperature reduces the number of bikers and noise gets reduced to some extent in summer season at least. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that certain tests show '18% to 21% noise reduction' which is explained as being 'more pleasant to hearing.' This indicates that the noise levels from the tested aircraft are lower compared to traditional planes, thereby corroborating the assertion that electric aviation could help reduce noise pollution.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: Effects of longevity genes and CR, singly or combined, on lifespan are associated with the corresponding changes in whole-animal insulin sensitivity. These associations add to the evidence that altered insulin signaling is an important mediator of the effects of altered somatotropic signaling on longevity. iv. Effects of reduced GH signaling and CR on insulin sensitivity reflect complex, organ-specific alterations in the expression of insulin-related genes, the levels of their protein products and phosphorylation of these proteins. studies were supported by the NIH through grants AG 19899 and U19 AG023122, and by the Foundation. Contributions of many colleagues and former students and especially Drs. F. Dominici, D. Turyn, K. Al-Regaiey and Z. Wang are gratefully acknowledged. 1. 1917 of Living Long. Milwaukee: William F. Butler. 2. 1989 The effect of retarded growth upon the length of the life span and upon the ultimate body size. 1935. Nutrition 5: 155-171. 3. Weindruch R, Walford RL 1988 The retardation of aging and disease by dietary restriction. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. 4. 2003 Mortality and morbidity in laboratory-maintained Rhesus monkeys and effects of long-term dietary restriction. 58: 212-219. 5. , 2006 Delay of T cell senescence by caloric restriction in aged long-lived nonhuman primates. 103: 19448-19453. 6. 2006 Caloric restriction and human longevity: what can we learn from the Okinawans? Biogerontology 7: 173-177. 7. Holloszy JO, Fontana L, 2007 Caloric restriction in humans. 42: 709-712. 8. Silberberg R, 1972 Articular aging and osteoarthrosis in dwarf mice. 38: 417-430. 9. 1972 Lymphocytes, hormones, and ageing. Nature 240: 557-559. 10. Brown-1996 Dwarf mice and the ageing process. Nature 384: 33. 11. 2001 Lifespan extension and delayed immune and collagen aging in mutant mice with defects in growth hormone production. 98: 6736-6741. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of longevity and health related to gene expression and insulin sensitivity, rather than providing direct support for a plant-based diet leading to perfect health and longevity. It emphasizes that altered insulin signaling and growth hormone signaling have significant roles in longevity, suggesting that health outcomes are influenced by various biological factors, rather than solely a plant-based diet.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: However, an additional angle that had to be implemented, she says, is the complexity of psychology and how people respond in a different environment from the one to which they are accustomed. Experiments provided a solid baseline but a controlled environment does not reflect authentic human experience. Davis says, “I am a designer and when you get into psychology, you need the help of psychologists, but even psychologists have the same problems: The minute you put people into a scientific background, it changes everything. ”In order for a person to connect to a textile, it has to appear attractive to the user, so creating something aesthetically pleasing is important for engagement. Unless, of course, you wanted to use the textile as a warning and then something repellent would be more apt. When we picture robots, we are likely to picture emotionless metal frames. However, Davis's vision for these robotic textiles is to take the form of something familiar or comfortable for the consumer. “You could make a stuffed animal, a chair, or a dress,” Davis says. “Using the same textile in three different examples changes what gets communicated from it and what messages are sent from the textile to other people. ”“Aesthetics plays a huge role because if things are repellent, people don't want to deal with them. If people see something that they don't want to touch or they don't want to engage with down the whole list of senses, then they're not going to connect,” she says. While the is a prototype, Davis can see the science being applied to objects we already use in our everyday lives. According to Davis, such products could be out in the real world already if she didn't have one major concern. While the data collected by these textiles could have some very beneficial uses across multiple industries, her concern is how data protection policies will affect the users; that is, who might be holding the data and how might they use them. For example, if a clothes shop started producing clothing with sensors in them, the shops would suddenly have all these data on their customers. It raises the question whether they should be able to hold onto data like these. Prototype of the pulmonary fibrosis camisole top. The fabric of the top is tested at Center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about plants sensing human emotions. Instead, it discusses the complexity of psychology in relation to design and textiles, emphasizing aesthetic appeal and data protection concerns related to products incorporating sensors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractAir pollution and climate change amplify the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which has an adverse effect on human health. Urban forests (UFs) are important to reduce the UHI effect; however, the quantitative effect of UFs on UHI, relative to time and space, has not yet been investigated. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively measure the actual thermal environment in UFs. To this end, temperature and humidity loggers were installed in 17 UFs in Seoul for a year and analyzed according to vegetation characteristics and accessibility. The urban forests and park showed consistent temperature reduction, whereas the lawn showed higher temperature reduction effects during autumn-winter. The traffic island showed lower annual temperature reduction effect than other UFs. From spring to autumn, mixed and broadleaved forests showed better temperature reduction effect than coniferous forests. The temperature in UFs decreased by approximately 1. 9°C over ~3 km from the traffic island near the city to the forest. This study revealed the difference in the cooling effect according to the type and location of UF and the vegetation structure. The functional characteristics of plants and the UF that reflects them can help reduce the negative impact of climate warming and UHI on human health. Citation: Hwang B, Sou H-D, Oh J-H, Park C-R (2023) Cooling effect of urban forests on the urban heat island in Seoul, South Korea. 18(7): e0288774. : November 15, 2022; Accepted: July 2, 2023; Published: July 21, 2023Copyright: © 2023 Hwang et al. This is an open access 2008. This proportion is expected to rise to 70% by 2050. As cities expand, their natural landscapes are reconstructed and altered, creating a microclimate that differs from that of the surrounding countryside in terms of temperature, rainfall, and wind [1]. Land use patterns, particularly development intensity and vegetation, influence ambient temperature of a region through differential rates of energy storage, which are released with contributions from anthropogenic heat sources, as reported by Ward and Grimmond [2]. Plant and soil moisture content are important drivers of energy distribution. Energy absorbed from the surface and released as sensible heat increases the temperature near the surface, whereas energy used to evaporate water through the ground or vegetation does not affect the surface temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that urban forests (UFs) can reduce the urban heat island (UHI) effect, highlighting that the study showed consistent temperature reductions in urban forests. It notes specific reductions in temperature due to different types of vegetation, which supports the idea that such forests can provide shade and contribute to cooling in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A plant-based diet guarantees perfect health and longevity. [SEP] Text: , 2003 Deletion, but not antagonism, of the mouse growth hormone receptor results in severely decreased body weights, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor I levels and increased life span. Endocrinology 144: 3799-3810. 13. 2006 Life extension in the dwarf mouse. In: Conn PM (ed) Handbook of models for the study of human aging, Press; pp, 403-414. 14. Schaible R, Gowen JW, 1961 A new dwarf mouse. Genetics 46: 896. 15. Bartke A, 1964 Histology of the anterior hypophysis, thyroid and gonads of two types of dwarf mice. 149: 225-235. 16. Bartke A, 1965 Influence of luteotrophin on fertility of dwarf mice. J 10: 93-103. 17. Bartke A, Brown-Borg H, 2004 Life extension in the dwarf mouse. 63: 189-225. 18. , 1996 Pituitary lineage determination by the prophet of pit-1 homeodomain factor defective in Ames dwarfism. Nature 384: 327-333. 19. 1999 Low body temperature in long-lived Ames dwarf mice at rest and during stress. 67: 433-437. 20. , 2000 Studies of aging in Ames dwarf mice: Effects of caloric restriction. J Assoc 23: 9-16. 21. 2007 Oxygen consumption, respiratory quotient, and heat production in long-lived and Ames dwarf mice, and short-lived BGH Transgenic mice. In: Association 36th Annual Meeting, June 1-4, 2007; San Antonio, Texas. 22. Borg KE, Brown-Borg HM, Bartke A, 1995 Assessment of the primary adrenal cortical and pancreatic hormone basal levels in relation to plasma glucose and age in the unstressed Ames dwarf mouse. Med 210: 126-133. 23. 2002 Increased insulin sensitivity and upregulation of insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-I and IRS-2 in liver of Ames dwarf mice. J Endocrinol 173: 81-94. 24. -Regaiey KA, Bartke A, 2007 Adipocytokines and the regulation of lipid metabolism in growth hormone transgenic and calorie-restricted mice. Endocrinology 148: 2845-2853. 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text examines various studies related to life extension and health in the context of dwarf mice and does not support the claim regarding a plant-based diet. Instead, it discusses specific biological and physiological findings in mice, particularly focusing on growth hormone receptor deletions and their associated health effects, leading to prolonged lifespan. This contrasts with the idea that a plant-based diet guarantees health and longevity because it implies that longevity is linked to specific genetic and physiological factors rather than diet alone.