Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Lastly on this topic, Deng discusses the potential role of stress-induced adaptive evolution in the development and further refinement of the metabolic system. Importantly, he notes that such adaptive evolution could have added to the complexity of the metabolic system over time, making it the complicated system it is today. The stable complex evolution model provides a fresh perspective in understanding the evolution of our genetic systems. Adapting to survive Adaptive evolution refers to adaptations of an organism to ensure they survive and thrive in their habitat. There are two principles of adaptive evolution, namely the function-based principle and the principle of cell selection. The former refers to the inclination for cells to maintain a stable function and a balance with the environment. The principle of cell selection proposes that cells maintain this stable function by acquiring mutations. Because cells want to maintain balance with the environment, any change in the environment can cause instability in cell function tipping it into a stress state. To counteract this instability and reinstate stability, the cell may select a mutation that enables this. Changes in the environment may therefore be one of the main driving forces of evolution and therefore cells need to adapt to survive. A real-life example of adaptive evolution can be found in a population living at high altitude with low-oxygen conditions. Research at the of discovered such populations develop a new protein called haemoglobin X. This protein is not present at birth but evolves to enable them to adapt to their low-oxygen environment because it improves oxygen use in an oxygen-depleted environment. Over a prolonged period under low-oxygen conditions, haemoglobin X could become integrated into the genetic structure to ensure survival of the species. Self-organisation, functional stability, and intrinsic selectivity of life Another evolutionary question that the stable complex model can help explain is self-organisation origin. Self-organisation refers to order in a complex system that occurs by itself and within itself as opposed to be induced by external factors. Deng reasons that the stable complex evolution model explains the self-organisation properties biomolecules display such as their natural tendencies to react with each other. The model emphasises two main aspects of the complementary interactions between molecules that are vital to induce evolution: one is high binding affinity and the second is the specificity of the interaction. He believes that stable binding provides the required high binding affinity that drives this self-organisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts related to evolutionary biology and adaptive evolution rather than astronomy research or the origins of the universe. There is no mention of astronomical phenomena, cosmic events, or any relevant theories that would corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Trough-targeted word pairs versus pseudowords enhanced the theta power at 500 ms following word onset (0. 2 s to 0. 7 s, cluster-level p=0. 018, no significant cluster for Peak-targeted word pairs, p>0. 1, Figure 5A). Trough-targeted word pairs versus pseudowords enhanced the fast spindle power at 1 s following word onset (0. 8 s-1. 2 s, cluster-level p=0. 012, no significant cluster for Peak-targeted word pairs, p>0. 4, Figure 5B). The average theta enhancement in the significant cluster correlated significantly with retrieval performance (theta: R=0. 57, p=0. 027, Figure 5A), while the spindle enhancement did not correlate with retrieval performance (spindle: R=0. 034, p=0. 9, Figure 5B). The comparison between correctly and incorrectly assigned pseudowords did not yield any significant cluster in the theta- or spindle-band power following word onset (window: 0–2. 5 s, cluster-level pTheta >0. 6; pSpindle >0. 1). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Theta and fast spindle power following word onset. Time course of the topographical distribution of theta (A) and fast spindle (B) power, shown for the experimental condition (EC), where word pairs were played, and for the control condition (CC), where pseudowords were played (left, average of representative electrodes). The blue box demarcates clusters that reflect a significant difference between EC and CC (*: cluster-level p<0. 05, N=15). Topographical distribution of the theta and the fast spindle power averaged over the significant time period and electrode displayed for the experimental condition (EC, top) and the control condition (CC, bottom) in the Trough condition. Correlation of the theta enhancement and the fast spindle enhancement measured from the cluster of significant electrodes with the individual accuracy of category assignments in the experimental condition at the 36 hr retrieval (right). Increased neural complexity in the trough condition mirrors word processing To further identify potential neural markers of semantic-associative encoding during sleep, we examined how Peak- vs. Trough-targeted stimulation altered the post-stimulus neural complexity of the EEG signal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory consolidation during sleep or its impact on long-term retention. Instead, it discusses neural activity and measurements related to specific conditions without explicitly linking these to the overarching concept of memory consolidation during sleep.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Voytas DF, Gao C. Precision genome engineering and agriculture: Opportunities and regulatory challenges. PLoS Biology. 2014;12:e1001877. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 10018778. . Genome editing for crop improvement-applications in clonally propagated polyploids with a focus on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ). Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:1607. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2018. 016079. High efficacy full allelicCas9 gene editing in tetraploid potato. Scientific Reports. 2019;9:17715. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-019-54126-w10. . -induced indels and base editing using the Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 in potato. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0235942. DOI: 10. 371/journal. pone. 023594211. Toinga-. /Cas9-mediated mutagenesis of the granule-bound starch synthase gene in the potato variety to obtain amylose-free starch in tubers. of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(9):4640. DOI: 10. 3390/ijms2309464012. Amylose starch with no detectable branching developed through DNA-free -Cas9 mediated mutagenesis of two starch branching enzymes in potato. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:4311. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83462-z13. Reduced enzymatic browning in potato tubers by specific editing of a polyphenol oxidase gene via ribonucleoprotein complexes delivery of theCas9 system. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;10:1649. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2019. 0164914. . Editing sterol side chain reductase 2 gene (StSSR2) viaCas9 reduces the total steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. All Life. 2021;14(1):401-413. DOI: 10. 1080/26895293. 2021. 192535815. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various applications of gene editing technologies, specifically mentioning Cas9-mediated editing in potatoes and the development of genetically modified crops. This highlights the precision of genome editing in improving traits in living organisms, thus corroborating the assertion that CRISPR technology enables precise gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Toggle navigation volume no issue no Issue1 Issue2 Issue3 Issue4 Issue5 Issue6 Issue7 Issue8 Issue9 Issue10 Contents 157. doi: 10. 18689/ijcaa-1000128 Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. is the remarkable story of how the energy of the Universe is continuously replenished. The elements of the mechanism were developed over the past 20 years, have now been assembled together into what is being called a Mainspring object and is being presented here for the first time. From an unprecedented and unique perspective, the 1. the 1930s, physicist and philosopher Jeans expressed concern over the fact that “the solid substance of the material universe is continually dissolving away into intangible radiation. ” He cited the example of the Sun, which, every 24 hours converts 360,000 million tons of its material into radiation —radial emission that is, for the most part, “destined to journey on through space until the end of time. ” Jeans pointed out, the same conversion of mass to radiant energy is in progress in all the stars of the universe. He then wondered whether there was some way of circumventing such ongoing disintegration of the material world: “It is natural to ask whether a study of the universe as a whole reveals these processes as part only of a closed cycle, so that the wastage which we see in progress in the sun and stars and on the earth is made good elsewhere. When we stand on the banks of a river and watch its current ever carrying water out to sea, we know that this water is in due course transformed into clouds and rain which replenish the river. Is the physical universe a similar cyclic system, or ought it rather to be compared to a stream which, having no source of replenishment, must cease flowing after it has spent itself? ” –Jeans [1, p343] Jeans understood that the radiated energy cannot run downhill forever like the flow of a rain-replenished river, rather, like the weight driving a pendulum clock, it must ultimately touch bottom. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide direct evidence regarding the claim about astronomy research and the universe's origins. Instead, it discusses the theoretical considerations of energy and matter in the universe, specifically via a reference to Jeans's thoughts on the continual dissolution of material into radiation. This content does not specifically support or contrast the claim; therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Note that for this time-window, the word-evoked EEG potentials no longer showed differences between Peak versus the Trough condition. Baseline corrected EEG complexity following word offset (from 500 ms to 2 s, when the EEG was aligned between the two conditions) was higher in the Trough than the Peak condition (cluster-level p=0. 002; Figure 6). However, we observed that presentation of word pairs reduced post-stimulus complexity compared to the pre-stimulus baseline in the Peak but not the Trough condition (post-stimulus complexity compared to baseline; Peak condition: cluster-level p=0. 002; Trough condition: cluster-level p>0. 1). The Peak-specific reduction in complexity might reflect the brains’ standard inhibitory response to sensory stimulation during sleep (Andrillon et al. , 2016; Höhn et al. , 2023). Importantly, this inhibitory response was absent following Trough-targeted stimulation. In fact, post-stimulus complexity was descriptively (see Figure 6) but not significantly increased compared to baseline in the Trough condition. This absence of a post-stimulus dip in neural complexity could reflect learning-associated neural activity in the Trough condition (Lau et al. , 2022; Parbat and Chakraborty, 2021). However, baseline-corrected HFD did not differ significantly between word pairs that were later (at 12 hr and at 36 hr) correctly versus incorrectly assigned to categories (correct vs incorrect Peak and Trough: all cluster-level p>0. 49). Nor did baseline-corrected HFD significantly differ between the EC and the CC (EC vs CC Peak and Trough: all cluster-level p>0. 16). Finally, we correlated HFD values with the participants’ accuracy of assigning pseudowords to the three categories at the 36 hr retrieval of the Trough condition. This correlation yielded an insignificant result (R=0. 25, p=0. 36). In conclusion, word processing during sleep appears to increase neural complexity in troughs. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Neural complexity. EEG-derived neural complexity measured as Dimension (HFD) displayed for the Trough condition and the Peak condition before the presentation of word pairs (Baseline) and following the presentation of word pairs (Evoked) in the experimental condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it discusses EEG measurements and the complexity of neural responses during different sleep conditions without explicitly linking these findings to long-term retention of information or the process of memory consolidation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: -Cas9 targeting of the eIF4E1 gene extends the potato virus Y resistance in spectrum of the Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2022;13:873930. DOI: 10. 3389/fmicb. 2022. 87393016. Targeting of SPCSV-RNase3 vis -Cas13 confers resistance against sweet potato virus disease. Pathology. 2021;23(1):104-117. DOI: 10. 1111/m617. . StMYB44 negatively regulates phosphate transport by supressing expression of 1 in potato. Journal of Experimental Botany. 2017;68(5):1265-1281. DOI: 10. 1093/jxb/erx02618. Perroud PF, Guyon- Prime editing in the model plant Physcomitrium patens and its potential in the tetraploid potato. Plant Science. 2022;316:111162. DOI: 10. 1016/j. plantsci. 2021. 11116219. . Hybrid restriction enzymes: Zinc finger fusions to FokI cleavage domain. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1996;93:1156-1160. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 93. 3. 115620. Cathomen T, Joung JK. Zinc-finger nucleases: The next generation emerges. Molecular Therapy. 2008;16:1200-1207. DOI: 10. 1038/mt. 2008. 11421. . Functional domains in FokI restriction endonuclease. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America. 1992;89:4275-4279. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 89. 10. 427522. Handel EM, Cathomen T. Zinc-finger nuclease-based genome surgery: It’s all about specificity. Therapy. 2011;11:28-37. DOI: 10. 2174/15665231179452012023. Carroll D. Genome engineering with zinc-finger nucleases. Genetics. 2011;188:773-782. DOI: 10. 1534/genetics. 111. 13143324. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of gene editing technologies, including Cas9 and zinc-finger nucleases, which are associated with the precise editing of genes. It highlights specific studies and their significant findings related to gene targeting and resistance in plants, particularly with CRISPR technology being a critical tool for such advancements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Without such medium, and an endless supply of it, there would be no “mechanism”; in fact, there would be no matter —no mass or energy p7. Although what is shown is the Universe’s sub-physical domain, notice how the grand pattern coincides with the voids and galaxy clusters network of the physical domain. To clarify the point, the diagram only shows the nonphysical domain; but, from the systematic flow pattern, one can immediately identify the locations of the voids and galaxy clusters. The emergence of aether (the nonmaterial medium) occurs in the Voids and the consumption/vanishment of aether occurs in the regions of matter concentrations. This ‘watershed’ system is more properly called a Voronoi cellular configuration. It is not by coincidence that the flow pattern effectively maps out the two types of gravity regions. The aether-emergence regions are associated with divergent gravity, also known as cosmic antigravity. The aether-convergence regions are associated with conventional contractile gravity. In fact, it is the inhomogeneity of the flow of aether that is the veritable cause of gravity. Simply put, the very acceleration of the flow is what causes the gravitational effect [15] [2]. 5. 2. Uniqueness of mechanism represents the culmination of 20 years of successful development of DSSU theory; and the primary and essential factor responsible for the success lies with the unique nature of its universal space medium. DSSU aether has these unique properties: (as can be seen in the chart (Figure 8) it consists of discrete entities; these entities are sub-physical (no mass, no energy); it has the dynamic ability to maintain a constant-count density. This dynamic ability manifests as aether emergence (expansion) and aether vanishment depending on stress conditions (tension, compression, shear). In the history of the development of the universal substrate, no other space medium has this combination of properties. Notice the major division between Physical and Nonphysical types of aether. type has long been the most popular and continues to attract many researchers. Models built upon it, and this includes the popular quantum foam, invariably run up against insurmountable physical and philosophical problems. The historical record is littered with such failures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of 'aether' and its properties in relation to gravity and the physical universe, which suggests a different mechanism for understanding cosmic phenomena. It implies that current popular models in astronomy face 'insurmountable physical and philosophical problems,' indicating a skepticism toward established astronomical research methods and theories.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: This breakdown of communication appears to leave sensory processing intact in primary sensory cortices but mitigates responses at higher cortical levels (Schabus et al. , 2012). When words were played into peaks, we recorded a K-complex like, generic response from frontal electrodes, while when words were played into troughs, the vocabulary evoked a phase reset of the slow-waves that differed sharply from K-complexes. To conclude, we assume that ongoing consolidation processes and sleep-protective responses generated during peaks of slow-waves inhibited the psycholinguistic processing of the simultaneously played pseudowords and translation words, while these words were psycholinguistically processed during troughs. Because the cued associative retrieval was above chance following sleep-learning in the Trough condition, the translation words must have been understood and their meaning must have been bound to the sound of the pseudoword during slow-wave sleep. We assume that the psycholinguistic processing of the translation word lasted up to 500 ms, which was also the duration of the word utterance and the duration of the ongoing trough. The brain starts extracting the meaning of a word already while it is being uttered. The phonological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic word analyses occur in parallel during the 500 ms after word onset (Brodbeck and Simon, 2022; Hagoort, 2008; Hickok and Poeppel, 2007; Pulvermüller et al. , 2009; Skeide and Friederici, 2016). ERP and MEG recordings during (awake) spoken word processing revealed that phonological word forms are processed 20–50 ms following word onset in the auditory cortex. Phonological word forms are categorized at the morphosyntactic level at 40–90 ms. Lexical–semantic word analyses occur at 50–80 ms in the left anterior superior temporal cortex, where lexical items associated with the phonological word forms are retrieved at 110–170 ms. These same temporal areas funnel lexical information to Brodmann areas 45 and 47, where semantic relations between words are analysed between 200–400 ms (Skeide and Friederici, 2016). The timing of external stimulus processing during slow-wave sleep appears to be similar to the waking state (Laurino et al. , 2019; Ruby et al. , 2008; Sabri et al. , 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it discusses sensory processing during different phases of slow-wave sleep and the psycholinguistic processing of words. While there are some elements related to sleep and processing, the text does not confirm or deny the claim about memory consolidation enhancing long-term retention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Plant Biotechnology. 2016;14:169-176. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1237035. Generation of high amylose rice throughCas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis of starch branching enzymes. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2017;8:298. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2017. 0029836. . Modification of potato steroidal glycoalkaloids with silencing RNA constructs. of Potato Research. 2018;95:317. DOI: 10. 1007/s12230-018-9658-937. Sterol side chain reductase 2 is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol, the common precursor of toxic steroidal glycoalkaloids in potato. Cell. 2014;26:3763-3774. DOI: 10. 1105/tpc. 114. 13009638. Glycoalkaloid metabolism is required for steroidal alkaloid glycosylation and prevention of phytotoxicity in tomato. Cell. 2011;23:4507-4525. DOI: 0. 1105/tpc. 111. 08873239. Biosynthesis of antinutritional alkaloids in solanaceous crops is mediated by clustered genes. Science. 2013;341:175-179. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 124023040. Nicolia A, Proux-Wéra E, Åhman Targeted gene mutation in tetraploid potato through transient TALEN expression in protoplasts. Journal of Biotechnology. 2015;204:17-24. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2015. 03. 02141. Efficient targeted mutagenesis in potato by theCas9 system. Reports. 2015;34:1473-1476. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-015-1816-742. Emerging fungal threats to animal, plant and ecosystem health. Nature. 2012;484:186-194. DOI: 10. 1038/nature1094743. Schaart JG, van de. Opportunities for products of new plant breeding techniques. Trends in Plant Science. 2016;21(5):438-449. DOI: DOI. org/10. 1016/j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various research articles related to gene modification and targeted mutagenesis, specifically mentioning the 'Cas9 system', which is a key component of CRISPR technology. By stating 'Efficient targeted mutagenesis in potato by the Cas9 system,' the text supports the claim that CRISPR technology (represented by Cas9) enables precise gene editing in living organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Next, notice how the Nonphysical type is categorized as Continuous (necessarily nonmechanical) and as Discretized (mechanical). type was the one used by Einstein; remember, he had said that the aether exists (“According to the general theory of relativity space without aether is unthinkable”) but that it was not ponderable (no mass, no energy). Einstein’s aether was purely a mathematical construct and championed by theoretical physicists. subcategory provides us, for the first time in history, with a subquantum mechanical aether featuring the dynamic ability to expand and to contract and to maintain a constant-count density. 5. 3. mechanism works as a continuous regeneration of the universe. How does this approach compare with the ever popular Cyclical worldview? There are, needless to say, many versions of the Cyclical type of universe but the general idea is a perennial loop of birth, death, and rebirth. The cosmos is somehow created or in some way creates itself, evolves over time, suffers total destruction, then reemerges —over and over in a replaymode existence, varying only as is necessary to comply with the entropy rule (the 2nd law of thermodynamics). Bang closed model is an exemplar; it bounces between big bang and big crunch. Here are its most serious problems. • It has an irresolvable beginning-of-the-universe problem (the classic effect-without-a-cause dilemma). A multifacetted philosophical conundrum. • Misinterpretation of an elementary phenomenon. It turns out the CMBR is not evidence of some primordial big bang. The CMBR is simply ultra-distant starlight — something properly associated with the ambient temperature of the cosmos. • There is no evidence of whole-universe expansion. It turns out that the cosmic redshift (discovered by Hubble and several others) is not caused by the recession of distant galaxies. With the discovery (in 2014) of the cosmic redshift mechanism of velocity differential propagation of light, the expanding-universe paradigm no longer has anything supporting it. • There is nodriving mechanism thatis in any way compelling. This could also be expressed as a source-of-energy problem. • It over-extrapolates a local theory of gravity (Einstein’s general relativity). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing against the current predominant theories of the universe's origins, such as the Big Bang theory. It presents several criticisms, including the assertion that there is an 'irresolvable beginning-of-the-universe problem' and that the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMBR) does not serve as evidence for a primordial Big Bang. The text suggests the absence of a compelling driving mechanism for universal expansion, which directly undermines the contribution of astronomy research to understanding the universe's origins, contradicting the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: We informed participants about sleep-learning because we wanted to provide a convincing explanation for why participants had to wear in-ear headphones during the entire night and why not removing them was essential. We hoped that the information about sleep-learning would unconsciously prime participants for processing the sounds during sleep without waking up. Prior to experimentation, participants gave their written consent to the study protocol, which had been approved by the local ethics committee (Bern, 2017–01046). Method details Experimental design The experimental design included one between-subjects factor ‘Peak versus Trough’: the vocabulary was either played during peaks (15 participants) or during troughs (15 participants) of slow-waves. The experimental design also included two within-subjects factors, namely the factor ‘Encoding-Test Delay’ with two levels (12 hr, 36 hr) and the factor ‘Stimulation’ with two levels (experimental condition, control condition). In the experimental condition, we played vocabulary binaurally. Vocabulary consisted of pseudowords that were played to the right ear, and German translation words that were played to the left ear. In the control condition, we played pseudowords binaurally (one pseudoword was simultaneously played to both ears). total of 96 pseudowords and 36 German translation words were used in this study. Nine of the 36 German translation words were presented in practice trials that participants took before experimentation to become familiar with the forced-choice semantic categorization task used for retrieval testing. The pseudowords were adopted from Züst et al. , 2019. They consisted of two-syllabic pseudowords (no meaning) and were originally created by combining German and Dutch syllables (Duyck et al. , 2004; Züst et al. , 2019). The spoken pseudowords lasted around 600 ms (mean = 0. 591 s, SEM = 0. 006 s). translation words were also two-syllabic and exhibited approximately the same speech duration (mean = 0. 541 s, SEM = 0. 011 s). translation word was prototypical for one of three superordinate categories: animals, tools, places. These categories were chosen because of their neuroanatomically distinct brain activation patterns. Distinct brain activation patterns are useful for category decoding based on the recorded EEG. translation words exhibited similar lexical frequencies (according to Collection) throughout categories. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or refute the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it provides detailed information about an experimental design involving sleep-learning, sound processing, and different experimental conditions. While it mentions sleep-learning, it does not explicitly discuss the mechanisms of memory consolidation or retention during sleep.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: tplants. 2015. 11. 00644. . Mutations introduced in susceptibility genes throughCas9 genome editing confer increased late blight resistance in potatoes. Scientific Reports. 2021;11(1):4487. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-021-83972-w45. . The Caffeoyl-CoA O-Methyltransferase gene SNP replacement in Russet burbank potato variety enhances late blight resistance through cell wall reinforcement. Reports. 2021;40(1):237-254. DOI: 10. 1007/s00299-020-02629-646. Du J, Verzaux E, Chaparro- Elicitin recognition confers enhanced resistance to Phytophthora infestans in potato. Nature Plants. 2015;1:15034. DOI: 10. 1038/. 2015. 3447. Generation of virus-resistant potato plants by RNA genome targeting. Plant Biotechnology. 2019;17:1814-1822. DOI: 10. 1111/pbi. 1310248. Functional analysis of coilin in virus resistance and stress tolerance of potato Solanum tuberosum using -Cas9 editing. and Biophysics. 2019;484:88-91. DOI: 10. 1134/s160767291901024149. . Prospects of improving nitrogen use efficiency in potato: Lessons from transgenics to genome editing strategies in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2020;11:597481. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2020. 59748150. . Gemini virus-mediated genome editing in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) using sequence-specific nucleases. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2016;7:1045. DOI: 10. 3389/fpls. 2016. 0104551. . Natural diversity of potato (Solanum tuberosum) invertases. BMC Plant Biology. 2010;10:1-15. DOI: 10. 1186/1471-2229-10-27152. Silencing of vacuolar invertase and asparagine synthetase genes and its impact on acrylamide formation of fried potato products. Journal. 2016;14:709-718. DOI: 10. 1111/PBI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of genome editing technologies, including CRISPR, in enhancing traits such as late blight resistance in potatoes and improving nitrogen use efficiency. It illustrates the capacity of genome editing technology, specifically Cas9, to introduce precise mutations in susceptibility genes and enhance resistance, aligning with the claim that CRISPR technology allows for precise genetic edits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: • It withers under this hypothesis-destroying blow: At the final “crunch” stage, when all is being destroyed, and the “bounce” into a renewed creation is about to occur, the laws of physics go blank! The model breaks down. In contrast, the continuous creation approach embodied in the Mainspring mechanism and used to sustain the has none of those problems. 5. 4. is no denying that both energy amplification and mass extinction are processes that violate the 1st law of thermodynamics, the principle of matter conservation. An individual Terminal star may be a net generator/emitter of energy (radiation); or, it may be a net destroyer of energy (that is, more mass energy is eliminated than radiation is emitted). There is no cause-and-effect link between the two processes. One cannot, in an attempt to make the Mainspring object conform to the conservation law, impose a balance between the two processes, between ongoing energy emission on the one hand and mass extinction on the other. On the cosmic scale of things, however, a balance is maintained —a self-balancing tendency between mass-andenergy production and mass-energy extinction. For more on this, see Section 4. 3. in reference [5]. In conclusion, although local violation is inherent in the two processes, there is no overall violation of the first law of thermodynamics because the total energy of the universe, or more realistically any large cosmic region, remains always the same. What about the 2nd Law, the entropy rule? It simply does not apply to a Terminal star. It does not apply because a Terminal star is not an isolated system. Mass and radiation enter the system; and radiation is expelled from the system. So much for the Mainspring object as “the system. ” However, on the largest cosmic scale, the overall entropy remains constant, it never decreases; therefore, no violation of the 2nd Law. In other words, the DSSU conforms to the relevant part of the entropy rule, which is that for the complete system, the large integrated entirety, the entropy, the measure of disorder, can never decrease. For additional details, see the 5. 5. of It is a remarkable state of affairs. After almost a century since revealed why and how the universe is dying, todays learned Academics still share his view, still believe the universe is irreversibly doomed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and failures of certain astronomical models when explaining the universe's processes, particularly in relation to the laws of thermodynamics. It mentions that at crucial moments in the universe's lifecycle, such as the 'final crunch' stage, the laws of physics break down, which undermines our understanding of the universe's origins. This indicates that rather than contributing positively to our understanding, these theories may instead lead to confusion about the universe's origins and its existential state.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Because the retrieval test required participants to assign each pseudoword to one of three superordinate categories (animals, tools, places), we made sure that the sound of the spoken pseudowords was not indicative of a certain category; that is we avoided sound symbolism to influence category assignments (Sidhu and Pexman, 2017). To this aim, we asked 80 students to indicate for each spoken pseudoword whether it represents an animal, a tool, or a place. We then selected those 96 pseudowords from a large set that showed the least category bias. Furthermore, we computed post-hoc analyses on the data acquired in the retrieval tests of the Trough condition to find out whether any remaining sound symbolism had systematically biased participants’ category assignments. The number of correct assignments at the 36 hr retrieval in the Trough condition (where sleep-learning was demonstrated) was not significantly different between the three categories (F(2,28) = 0. 77, p=0. 47). We also computed an ANOVA with the two independent within-subject variables ‘Category’ (animals, tools, places) and ‘Correctness of Choice’ (correct, incorrect) and with the dependent variable ‘Number of Choices’ for the 36 hr retrieval in the Trough condition. yielded neither a significant main effect of Category (F(2,28) = 0. 39, p=0. 67) nor a significant interaction between Category and Correctness of Choice (F(2,28) = 0. 49, p=0. 615). Only the main effect Correctness of Choice reached significance (F(1,14) = 8. 40, p=0. 012) reflecting participants’ above chance performance. In sum, sound symbolism exerted no significant influence on category assignments. Audio-files of all stimuli were processed manually to have equal loudness. This was done to eliminate potential loudness artefacts on the EEG-signal. Salient phonetic features (plosive and sibilant sounds) were attenuated manually. All audio-files were compressed for dynamic range and normalised for peak volume (as in Züst et al. , 2019). A set of 27 German translation words and 27 pseudowords was used for sleep-learning in all participants. German translation words and pseudowords were randomly combined to pairs for each participant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. It discusses a study involving pseudowords and category assignments, focusing on experimental design, data analysis, and sound symbolism, without mentioning sleep or memory consolidation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: Editing ofDownload book PDF Download book 7 & Goetz Hensel7 4320 Accesses AbstractTargeted mutagenesis usingCas technology has become routine in elucidating biological processes or their application in breeding and agriculture. This means that the change to be achieved can be accurately predicted. However, knockout of a gene function is not always desirable, as reducing activity or affecting a protein domain can influence its properties and, thus, the phenotype. This 1. Applications of precise genome editing in plants have been summarised several times (for review, see [10,11,12]). These reach into all areas of modern plant research. Starting with pure basic research, i. e. , the identification and characterization of genes and their phenotypic expressions, the methods are also used to master the current challenges of agriculture. Here, agronomic parameters play a similarly important role in improving product characteristics. Plants with enhanced resistance to fungal or viral pathogens are being developed and tested. Plants should be better adapted to changing climatic conditions and thus have better water and nutrient utilization. Plants should become heat or drought-tolerant but also be able to grow with an increased salt concentration in the soil. There are examples of all these experiments in barley and/or wheat (Fig. 9. 1). The only publication on applyingCas technology in triticale, a cross between wheat and rye, shows its functionality exclusively in protoplasts [13]. Fig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing targeted mutagenesis using Cas technology, which is a form of CRISPR technology. It highlights that this method is used for precise genome editing, allowing accurate predictions about genetic changes, especially in plant research. This aligns well with the notion of CRISPR technology enabling precise editing of genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space mining will soon make rare Earth materials unlimited. [SEP] Text: Title: Recovery of Elements from · 28 August 2019 DOI: :1560384 Sutterlin, William (Rusty) [1] Inventure Renewables, Inc. , Tuscaloosa, AL (United States) + objective of this proposed project was to locate coal overburden material that had rare earth elements (REEs) at concentrations of 300 ppm or higher. After securing the feedstock the next goal was to efficiently extract and purify the feedstocks to a purity of greater than 95%. A techno economic analysis was conducted to determine the economic viability of mining and processing REEs associated with Appalachian coal deposits. All aspects of mining, mineral processing, by-product potential, waste management, permitting and economics were examined. Attention was paid to the separation, degree of purification and marketing of elements. Along with REEs we evaluated the economics of the recovery of other metals of interest aong with the REEs. Our site location chosen was at the Site near Hazleton, Pennsylvania. The primary site was at the High Mine. However, that changed to the Mine site. We have analyzed a third site that will now be our second alternative to North Eckley. That site is the Highland mine site. This site is in a similar basin as the site. During this project we evaluated various acids and extraction conditions. We have settled on using HCl as the acid of choice. One of the advantages of using HCl is it allows for easy removal of the highest contaminating metal, iron. When iron reacts with HCl in the presence of high chlorides it creates the anion complex FeCl4-1. This FeCl4-1 complex will bind with an anion exchange resin. Greater than 99. 8% of the iron is removed with this technique. Once the FeCl4-1 complex is bound to the anion exchange resin it can be released easily by just passing water over it. This water dilutes the FeCl4-1 to form FeCl3 which is not anionic and therefore not attracted to the anion exchange resin. The FeCl3 solution is a popular water flocculating agent used all over the world for water purification. We plan on this being one of our products produced. One of our goals was to create a multipurpose facility that was capable of handling multiple feedstocks. The proposed multipurpose facility will be able process all coal biproducts and coal products. These include 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific project focused on the extraction of rare earth elements (REEs) from coal overburden material. It outlines the practical and technical difficulties involved in mining and processing REEs, suggesting that although mining is being studied, it does not imply that rare Earth materials will soon become unlimited. The focus on economic viability and extraction techniques indicates that there are significant challenges and limitations associated with the mining process rather than an imminent breakthrough that would lead to an unlimited supply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Hence, any pseudoword could be combined with any German translation word. This procedure reduced the risk that potentially remaining category-biases exerted by pseudowords would systematically influence retrieval accuracy. An additional set of 27 pseudowords was used in the control condition, where a pseudoword (without a translation word) was played to both ears. Hence, words presented in the control condition contained no meaning. The 27 pseudowords presented in the experimental condition and the 27 pseudowords presented in the control condition were later represented at the 12 hr and the 36 hr retrieval for their assignment to categories. In addition, we presented 21 pseudowords that had not been played during sleep at the 12 hr retrieval. At the 36 hr retrieval, these same 21 pseudowords were represented as well as an additional set of 21 entirely new pseudowords. Participants assigned these non-sleep-played pseudowords also to categories. Yet, these assignments were considered neither correct nor incorrect because no translation words had been associated with these pseudowords. arrived at the sleep laboratory at 10 p. m. and were equipped with EEG electrodes. They filled in several questionnaires, namely the (Buysse et al. , 1989), the Scale (Hoddes et al. , 1973), and a sleep diary. Next, we determined the participant’s hearing threshold to adjust the sound volume individually for the subsequent presentation of vocabulary during sleep. An hour after arrival, participants went to bed wearing in-ear headphones for vocabulary presentation during sleep. When lights went out, we administered a relaxation exercise, progressive muscle relaxation (Jacobsen, 1929; Kalra et al. , 2015) to facilitate sleep onset. The experimenter waited for the participant to fall asleep. Once the recorded EEG showed stable slow-wave sleep, the experimenter started the auditory stimulation. Word presentation was controlled by a brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm, which detected upcoming slow-wave peaks and troughs (Ruch et al. , 2022). Words were either played during peaks or troughs of slow-waves, depending on the experimental condition the participant was randomly assigned and blind to. The experimenter monitored the participant’s sleep EEG and paused the auditory stimulation if the EEG displayed signs of arousal. Auditory stimulation was resumed once a participant was back in stable slow-wave sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about a study involving pseudowords and auditory stimulation during sleep but does not specifically address memory consolidation or the enhancement of long-term retention of information. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: However, this method has all the previously described disadvantages that have led to the preferential use of Agrobacteria-mediated transformation [96]. Initial results at the cellular level in barley showed targeted allelic exchange of the fluorescence protein GFP. GFP and YFP differ in only one amino acid; thus, exchanging two nucleotides causes a change in the emission spectrum [97]. It was shown that 3% of the mutant epidermal cells had integrated the non-functional YFP fragment in the genome, thus exhibiting a shift in the lambda scan. These results were even surpassed when pre-assembled RNP complexes were biolistically transferred with Cas9 instead of plasmid DNA [95]. Here, it was shown that up to 8% of GFP-mutated epidermal cells exhibited such an allelic exchange. A typical application for allelic exchange is the creation of herbicide resistance [98]. Since this allows the selection of the correctly modified cells, such a method is easier to apply. However, the efficiency is expected to be lower if the modification has no selection advantage during creation. An improvement here is the prime editing method [99]. In contrast to the Cas9 technology, the reverse transcriptase (MLV-RT) domain was added to the Cas endonuclease. At the same time, the gRNA was extended by the part of the repair template. However, there have been few reports of plant applications so far, suggesting that the technology still needs improvement. To precisely incorporate large DNA fragments in plants, a PrimeRoot-named method was recently described [100]. Third-generation PrimeRoot editors use optimized prime editing guide RNA designs, an improved plant prime editor, and superior recombinases to enable precise large DNA insertions of up to 11. 1 kilobases into plant genomes. The authors describe using PrimeRoot to introduce gene regulatory elements into the rice. Applications in temperate cereals have not yet been described. Base editing (BE) is another technology for the precise modification of genomes (DNA) or transcriptomes (RNA) of living cells at single-base resolution (for review, see [101]). BEs comprise a catalytically impaired cas nuclease fused with a nucleotide deaminase and sometimes DNA repair proteins. BEs can introduce single nucleotide variants at desired sites into the DNA (nuclear or organellar) or RNA of both dividing and non-dividing cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various gene editing technologies, including CRISPR, and specifically mentioning 'base editing' which allows for precise modification of genomes. It describes various methods such as prime editing and their applications in incorporating specific changes into the genomes of living organisms, highlighting the precision and effectiveness of these techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: of Astronautics and (ISSN: 2631-5009) Issue 1 Review 10. 35840/2631-5009/7507 211. (2005) A Perspective of Exploration: Propulsion and Hyper-Theory. In: El-Genk, Forum. 746: 1419-1429. (2014) A Journey to the Stars: of Propulsion and Time-Hole Navigation. . (2014) Interstellar travel through the Hole. Journal of 3: 206-212. (2015) Space propulsion physics toward galaxy exploration. J Eng 4: 2. Forward RL (1989) : A Review of of Propulsionless Transport. JBIS 42: 533-542. Froning Jr, H. D (1983) Requirements for to the Further Stars. JBIS 36: 227-230. Froning Jr, H. D (2016) Years of Air and Space Flight: And the Continuing Quest. . (1988) A of Times. Company, New York. (1993) Hawking on the. 8. (2015) Advances in general relativity research. Publishers. Yoshinari Minami* author Yoshinari Minami, Advanced Science-35-13, Higashikubo-Cho, Nishi-Ku, Yokohama, 220-0062, Japan, E-mail: [email protected] Accepted: May 27, 2017 | Published Online: May 29, 2017 Citation: (2017) by Hyper-System. Eng 2:007. Copyright: © 2017 Minami Y. This is an open-access 8. 7 light years from Earth, while the Pleiades star cluster is 410 light years from us. According to Einstein's Special Relativity, sending a starship to a stellar system at a distance longer than several hundred light years would ask for an extremely long time even if the starship would travel at the speed of light. For instance, assuming that the starship is traveling to the Pleiades star cluster at a speed of 0. 99999c, it will arrive at the Pleiades 1. 8 years later and, in the case of immediately starting of the return travel, it would be back to Earth 3. 6 years after leaving for the Pleiades. But this would be just for the clocks of the astronauts onboard the starship for that mission. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by explaining the limitations of interstellar travel based on Einstein's Special Relativity. It specifically states that traveling to systems like the Pleiades star cluster, which is 410 light years away, would require an extremely long time, even if a starship could travel at nearly the speed of light. This suggests that interstellar travel is not feasible within our lifetimes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Then, we prompted participants to guess whether the presented pseudoword designates an animal, a tool, or a place. This task was intended to reactivate a sleep-formed pseudoword-translation word association and to trigger the conversion of the reactivated translation word (e. g. dog) into the superordinate semantic category (e. g. animal). Mean chance performance on this task was 33. 33% correct responses. Participants chose one of the three categories by pressing a keyboard button. The assignment of keyboard buttons to categories (animal, tool, place) was randomly shuffled between the response trials to exclude habituation and hence a category-associated motor response pattern in the neuronal data. Finally, we prompted participants to indicate on a four-point-scale how confident they were about their previous category assignment. This metacognitive evaluation was to reveal any conscious/semi-conscious hunch of a previously sleep-formed associative memory. We probed the participants' memory twice, first at 12 hr and then again at 36 hr following the vocabulary presentation during sleep. At the 12 hr retrieval, we presented 75 pseudowords, whereof 27 had been sleep-played along with a translation word in the experimental condition, 27 were sleep-played (without translation words) in the control condition, and 21 were presented for the first time. All of these pseudowords were presented to each participant, although not all pseudowords entered the data analysis for each participant because some pseudowords could not be played during sleep to certain participants. The 36 hr retrieval proceeded exactly like the 12 hr retrieval. Yet, it included 21 additional pseudowords that had not been presented at the 12 hr retrieval. Therefore, we presented 96 pseudowords at the 36 hr retrieval. laboratory We used two computers in this experiment. One computer was used for the recording of the EEG and the other for the control of the auditory stimulation. The EEG data were streamed in real-time via LAN from the recording computer to the stimulation computer. The stimulation computer hosted the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm that controlled auditory stimulation during sleep. The stimulation computer was also used to administer the retrieval tasks and to conduct the hearing test. We programmed the retrieval task using the software Presentation (( version 23). The brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm was implemented in 2017. We used the of (Brainard, 1997) for the sound presentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information or evidence related to the claim regarding memory consolidation during sleep. It primarily details experimental procedures and participant tasks in a study without addressing the claim of whether sleep enhances long-term retention of information. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: 1 regulates β-Diketone biosynthesis by mediating expression of the Cer-cqu gene cluster in Barley. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 (2023). K. , Hensel, G. , Vojta, P. , et al. : Modification of barley plant productivity through regulation of Cytokinin content by reverse-genetics approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1676 (2018). G. K. , Rosignoli, S. , Guo, L. , et al. : 2 encodes a -containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118 (2021). P. , Chubar, E. , Vadovič, P. , et al. :Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutation in the barley mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 gene causes abnormal embryo development leading to severely reduced grain germination and seedling Shootless phenotype. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 670302 (2021). (2019). J. Integr. Plant Biol. 63, 1649–1663 (2021). B. , Jin, X. , Chen, J. , et al. : ATP-dependent DNA helicase (TaDHL), a novel reduced-height (Rht) gene in wheat. Genes (Basel). 13 (2022). J. , Hill, C. , Han, Y. , et al. : New semi-dwarfing alleles with increased coleoptile length by gene editing of gibberellin 3-oxidase 1 using -Cas9 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 21, 806–818 (2023). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 224–226 (2021). Z. , Ke, W. , He, F. , et al. : A single nucleotide deletion in the third exon of FT-D1 increases the spikelet number and delays heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 20, 920–933 (2022). (2022). X. , Wilkinson, L. G. , Aubert, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of Cas9, a key component of CRISPR technology, that induces loss-of-function mutations in specific genes in barley. The mention of gene editing in various studies involving plants illustrates the application of CRISPR for precise modification of genes, thereby supporting the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for accurate genetic editing in living organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: For people on Earth, the whole time period would be 820 years, with paradoxical consequences as to the feasibility of a mission such as this. The first solution of the above-stated problem is to obtain a breakthrough in propulsion science. However, from the standpoint of propulsion theory using not only momentum thrust but also pressure thrust, there is no propulsion theory which exceeds the speed of light, even if we use the field propulsion theory. Accordingly, the propulsion theory alone is not enough to establish the reality of interstellar travel, thereby requiring a navigation theory as a secondary solution. Concerning interstellar travel, the method using a wormhole is well known; relying on space warps, such as for instance Wheeler-Planck Wormholes, Kerr metric, Schwartzschild metric, Morris-Thorne Field-based on the solutions of equations of [7]. However, since the size of wormhole is smaller than the atom 10 −15 m i. e. , ~ 10 −35 m m and moreover the size is predicted to fluctuate theoretically due to instabilities, space flight through the wormhole is difficult technically and it is unknown where to go and how to return. Additionally, since the solution of wormhole includes a singularity, this navigation method theoretically includes fundamental problems. The search for a consistent quantum theory of gravity and the quest for a unification of gravity with other forces (strong, weak, and electromagnetic interactions) have both led to a renewed interest in theories with extra spatial dimensions. Theories that have been formulated with extra dimensions include Kaluza-Klein theory, supergravity theory, superstring theory, and M theory, D-brane theory related superstring. For instance, superstring theory is formulated in 10 or 26 dimensions (6 or 22 extra spatial dimensions). These extra spatial dimensions must be hidden, and are assumed to be unseen because they are compact and small, presumably with typical dimensions of the order of the Planck length (~10-35 m). The navigation method of utilizing extra dimensions (even if they are compactified) has also a theoretical problem as well as using a wormhole. On the one hand, there exists another interstellar navigation theory. Froning showed the rapid starship transit to a distant star (i. e. Instantaneous Travel) using the method of "jumping" over so-called time and space [8,9] (Figure 1). This idea is based on "tachyons" which could go Light (FTL). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant scientific and theoretical challenges associated with interstellar travel, stating that there is no propulsion theory capable of exceeding the speed of light. It mentions the complexity of potential navigation methods such as wormholes or extra spatial dimensions, both of which are framed as having fundamental problems that make interstellar travel currently not feasible. The mention of the time frame of 820 years for a mission further underscores the improbability of making such travel accessible within our lifetimes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Commercial in-ear headphones (Pioneer, type SE-CL502_L) delivered the auditory stimulation to the participant. For each presentation, a TTL trigger was sent from the stimulation computer to the recording computer to mark stimulation onset times in the EEG for later analyses. Triggers were sent over the digital input output board “U3” by LabJack U3 ( Polysomnography and sleep scoring We recorded 64-channel EEG with a customised 10–20 montage using -03010MR with ‘Fast'n Easy’ electrodes ( and two plus 32 channel amplifiers by ( We recorded the EEG with Brain( Ground was set at CPZ electrode, reference at Fz electrode. Two additional electrodes were placed laterally beneath the eyes to record eye movements (EOG). One electrode at the chin recorded the muscle tone (EMG). The EEG sampling rate was 500 Hz. Impedances were kept below 20 kΩ. Sleep scoring was performed according to the guidelines of the of (AASM; Iber et al. , 2007). For the online detection of the onset of slow-wave sleep and for the surveillance of slow-wave sleep, the real-time EEG was displayed according to the AASM guidelines using the OpenViBE environment (Renard et al. , 2010). Offline sleep scoring was performed by two trained raters, who were blinded to the experimental conditions, with the software Polyman ( The interrater reliability reached a Cohen’s Kappa of 0. 83, which is substantial (McHugh, 2012). In cases, where the two raters disagreed, we used the more conservative rating, i. e. , the sleep score that indicated the shallower sleep stage. The processing of the EEG data was performed with the toolboxes ( version, version 14. 1. 2b) and fieldtrip ( version 20190819). If the offline scoring revealed that a word pair or word was played outside slow-wave sleep, all repetitions of this stimulus were excluded from data analysis for this subject. The 30 participants slept for a mean of 59. 3 min (SEM 24. 11 min) before the experimenter woke them. They spent a mean of 32. 3 min in slow-wave sleep (SEM 12. 70 min). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the technical procedures used to record EEG data during sleep but does not provide any evidence or information related to memory consolidation or its enhancement during sleep. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology enables precise editing of genes in living organisms. [SEP] Text: K. , et al. : Ovule cell wall composition is a maternal determinant of grain size in barley. New Phytol. 237, 2136–2147 (2023). BMC Plant Biol. 18, 215 (2018). E. , Corcuera-Gómez, M. , Melnik, S. , et al. : Heritable genomic fragment deletions and small Indels in the putative ENGase gene induced byCas9 in Barley. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 540 (2017). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 937–951 (2021). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 1602–1613 (2021). J. , Cai, Y. , Cheng, C. , et al. : Simultaneous editing of host factor gene TaPDIL5-1 homoeoalleles confers wheat yellow mosaic virus resistance in hexaploid wheat. New Phytol. 234, 340–344 (2022). Plant Biotechnol. J. 16, 902–910 (2018). E. K. , Balcerzak, M. , Rocheleau, H. , et al. : Genome editing of a Deoxynivalenol-induced transcription factor confers resistance to fusarium graminearum in wheat. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 33, 553–560 (2020). M. , Lin, J. , Liu, X. , et al. : Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Plant Physiol. 186, 1951–1969 (2021). X. , Qin, Z. , Zhao, Y. , et al. : Stress granule-associated TaMBF1c confers thermotolerance through regulating specific mRNA translation in wheat (Triticum aestivum). New Phytol. 233, 1719–1731 (2022). K. A. , Sretenovic, S. , Bansal, K. C. , et al. : Precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors. Nat. Plant. 7, 1166–1187 (2021). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genome editing techniques, including precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors, which are part of the CRISPR technology family. It references studies that describe the induction of heritable genomic fragment deletions and small indels in genes, which directly relates to precise gene editing in living organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: This might suggest that the so-called imaginary time is really more basic. The practical interstellar travel combines propulsion theory with navigation theory. In the following 1. There is no propulsion theory exceeds the speed of light, moreover, restricts the maximum speed to the speed of light; therefore this method is impossible. Change distance L star n = c×t The so-called "wormhole" is utilized. By using wormhole, shorten the distance as L starn≈ a few meters, as shown in Figure 3. For example, one meter in a wormhole corresponds to a few light years in actual space. Change time L star = c×(nt) The time "t" in an imaginary time hole is equivalent time of n-fold time in actual space, as shown in Figure 4. For example, one second in an imaginary time hole corresponds to one million seconds in actual space. Subsequently, interstellar travel through the imaginary time hole is described as the following. Properties of flat space In general, the property of space is characterized by a metric tensor that defines the distance between two points. Here space is divided into two types. Actual physical space that we live in is a Minkowski space, and the world is limited by Special Relativity. It is defined as "Real-Space". Here as a hypothesis, an invariant distance for the time component of Minkowski metric reversal is demanded. This is not a mere time reversal. It is defined as "Hyper-Space". The invariance is identical with the symmetries. Symmetries in nature play many important roles in physics. From this hypothesis, the following arises: the properties of the imaginary time (x0 = ict; i2 = -1) are required as a necessary result in Hyper-Space. Here, "i" denotes the imaginary unit and "c" denotes the speed of light. The time "t" in Real-Space is changed to imaginary time "it" in Hyper-Space. However, the components of space coordinates (x, y, z) are the same real numbers as the Real-Space. From the above, it is seen that the real time (x0 = ct) in Real-Space corresponds to the imaginary time (x0 = ict) in Hyper-Space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the limitations of current propulsion theories related to interstellar travel, particularly the assertion that no propulsion method can exceed the speed of light. It also discusses the theoretical concepts of imaginary time and hyper-space, which indicate complexities and limitations in achieving practical interstellar travel. Words like 'impossible' in reference to exceeding the speed of light suggest that the claim of accessible interstellar travel within a lifetime may not be viable based on current scientific understanding.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Of note, the number of words played during slow-wave sleep did not differ between the Peak and the Trough condition (Peak: MPeak = 24. 2, SD = 3. 6; Trough: MTrough = 24. 1, SD = 4. 3; p>0. 95). Brain-state-dependent targeting of slow-wave peaks and troughs Peaks and troughs of slow-waves were targeted based on the correlation of the online registered scalp EEG map with a template of a prototypical slow-wave (Ruch et al. , 2022). We targeted the onset of the spoken words to a time point of 100 ms before the peak/trough maxima/minima in order to fit each word utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima and 96 ms before trough minima (Figure 7). Thus, the onset of spoken words preceded a trough on average by 64. 05 degrees 95% CI = [53. 15 74. 95] and a peak by 56. 8 degrees 95% CI = [54. 08 59. 52], Figure 7. The targeting accuracy of the used the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm was comparable to other algorithms in the field (Cox et al. , 2014b; Ngo et al. , 2013). The phase distribution in both the Peak and the Trough condition was significantly non-uniform pPeak <0. 001, pTrough <0. 001; Hodges-Ajne omnibus-tests (Zar, 1999) as implemented in the CircStat toolbox (Berens, 2009). This indicates that our brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm targeted peaks and troughs reliably. This stimulation accuracy allows attributing differences in sleep-learning/wake-retrieval between the Peak and the Trough condition to these same brain states rather than to technical fuzziness. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Accuracy of the targeting of slow-wave phase. Utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima (all stimulations). Data showing the precision of phase targeting for slow-wave Troughs (A, N=15, blue) and Peaks (B, N=15, yellow). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it discusses the technical details of a study on word stimulation during slow-wave sleep and how the targeting of brain states was measured. While the study seems to involve sleep and some aspects related to brain activity, it does not provide evidence or insights specifically supporting or contrasting the assertion regarding memory consolidation and long-term retention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic engineering applications aim to treat hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: of aHUS: A of Reported in Rui-Ru Ji1*, Tatiana Serebriyskaya2,3, Natalia Kuzkina2,3 1Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 121 Seaport Boulevard, Boston, MA 02210, USA 2EPAM Systems, 22/2 Zastavskaya Street, MegaPark, 196084, Saint-Petersburg, Russia 3of Physics and Technology, School of Biological and Medical Physics, 9 Institutskiy per. , Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow, Genetic information provides important guidance for long-term management of patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), an extremely rare disease that primarily affects a patient’s kidney. To better understand the phenotypic impact of variants identified in aHUS patients, we systematically mined the of Medicine database for case studies of aHUS patients with identifiable genetic variants. Allelic variants from 10 genes (C3, 1, CFHR3, CFHR5, 46/MCP, and THBD) associated with aHUS were collected from 1652 patients. We analyze the enrichment of genetic variants in this “literature cohort” compared with a reference population, the Database (gnomAD). We also used a number of tools to predict the pathogenicity of the variants, attempting to reconcile all the results using the protein structure and conservation data. In total, we identified 447 unique genetic variants: 301 of these were not present in the gnomAD database and thus have “moderate” evidence of pathogenicity; 33 variants have “strong” evidence of pathogenicity by enrichment analysis. This study showcases an in silico framework that patient data aggregation and a large scale sequencing database provided a novel opportunity to understand genotype-phenotype associations in aHUS. This framework can be efficiently applied to other rare diseases where data are sparse to help improve the diagnosis and management of these patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the understanding of genetic variants in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a hereditary disease. It emphasizes the role of genetic information in the management of aHUS and implies that understanding these genetic variants can aid in diagnosing and managing hereditary diseases, aligning with the claim regarding genetic engineering's application in treating such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: That is, the following is obtained: Real-Space: t (real number), x, y, z (real number); Hyper-Space: it (imaginary number; i2 = -1), x, y, z (real number). The imaginary time direction is at right angles to real time. This arises from the symmetry principle on the time component of Minkowski metric reversal (0. 999999999c, from Eqs. (7) and (5), we get Δ t ERS = Δ t EHS ×31622 Δt ' HS = Δ t EHS ×1. 4 (10) One second in Hyper-Space corresponds to 31,622 seconds in Real-Space. Similarly, one hour in Hyper-Space corresponds to 31,622 hours (3. 6 years) in Real-Space. While the starship takes a flight for 100 hours (Δt'HS = 100 hr; VS = 0. 999999999c) shown by a clock in the starship in Hyper-Space, 70 hours (ΔtEHS = 70 hr; VS = 0) have elapsed on the earth in Hyper-Space. Since this elapsed time on the earth in Hyper-Space is in the reference frame at rest, the time elapsed in it is the same as the time elapsed on the earth in Real-Space ( [ΔtEHS; VS = 0] = [ΔtERS;VS = 0] = 70 hr). Therefore, there is not much difference between the elapsed time (70 hours) of an observer on the earth in Real-Space and the elapsed time (100 hours) of starship during Hyper-Space navigation. However, this elapsed time of 70 hours (ΔtEHS = 70 hr; VS = 0) on the earth in Hyper-Space becomes the elapsed time of 253 years (ΔtERS = 70 × 31,622 = 2,213,540 hr; VS = 0. 999999999c) on the earth in Real-Space, because the starship flies at the velocity of 0. 999999999c. These 253 years represents the flight time of starship observed from the earth in Real-Space. Therefore, by plunging into Hyper-Space having the properties of imaginary time, from Eq. (9), the starship at a quasi-light velocity can substantially move a distance of approximately 253 light years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a complex theoretical scenario where despite the ability to traverse substantial distances in Hyper-Space at speeds approaching light, the elapsed time from the perspective of Earth results in an impractical 253 years for a journey of 253 light years. This suggests that while the theoretical framework may allow for such travel, the generational time frames involved make interstellar travel inaccessible within a typical human lifetime.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: On the left side in A and B, we present rose plots that indicate the phase of slow-wave filtered voltage (08. –1. 2 Hz). The arrows demarcate the average phase of acoustic stimulation; 360° represents a peak and 180° represents for a trough. On the right side in A and B, we present the histogram illustrating the time delay between a real peak/trough and the acoustic stimulation. The highlighted line indicates the average of all trials. On the top right is a translation of slow-wave phases into angles, colors depict the targeted slow-wave phases. We targeted the acoustic stimulation ahead of the local maxima (peak or trough) to fit the entire word utterance into a peak/trough. The onset of word presentation was on average 82 ms or 66° before the trough maximum and 115 ms or 54° before the peak maximum. Quantification and statistical analysis Data analysis Behavioural data were analysed in R ( version 2022. 07. 0) using the packages dplyr, tidyr, ggplot2, ez, wesanderson, lme4, reshape2, readxl, rstatix, and RColorBrewer. For the analysis of the EEG data, we used the toolboxes ( version, version 14. 1. 2b) and fieldtrip ( version 20190819) as well as custom made scripts. The error probability of 5% was chosen for all statistical tests. Where appropriate, we corrected the p-values for false discovery rate in multiple hypothesis testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. Behavioural data analysis The outcome measure for sleep-learning was wake-retrieval accuracy at 12 hr and at 36 hr. Participants assigned the previously sleep-played and new pseudowords to one of three categories (animal, tool, place). If the assigned category corresponded to the superordinate category of the translation word that had been played during sleep along with the pseudoword, then the participant’s response was classified as correct. Participants’ assignments of new pseudowords to the three categories were neither correct nor incorrect because new pseudowords were not associated with a certain translation word. The new pseudowords were included at the 12 hr and the 36 hr retrieval as a baseline for the event-related EEG potential analyses (correct versus incorrect versus baseline). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide evidence for or against it. While it discusses elements related to sleep and EEG data analysis, it does not mention memory consolidation or its impact on long-term information retention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic engineering applications aim to treat hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: 14 Improved understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype correlation is important to guide long-term treatment and management decisions for these patients. We systematically explored the case studies of aHUS in and created a literature cohort of more than 1600 patients with aHUS. This cohort was much larger than any published patient cohort of this disease and allowed for additional characterization of rare genetic variants using computational approaches. Importantly, the gene and variant distributions in this virtual cohort were in good agreement with what has been reported in actual cohorts of patients with aHUS (Table 1). We analyzed the pathogenicity of genetic variants identified in 10 genes associated with aHUS. A Fisher exact test was utilized to compare those variants’ AFs in the literature cohort with those in a reference population, gnomAD. 17 Even though gnomAD contains sequencing data of more than 138 000 individuals, most of the identified variants (301 of 447) are not present, highlighting the challenge and importance of obtaining more sequencing data from individuals of diverse genetic ancestry to enable assessment of rare and ultra-rare variants. Based on the current ACMG guidelines, the 301 variants have moderate evidence for pathogenicity (PM2). Enrichment analysis enabled by a large patient cohort can provide novel insight into the pathogenicity of variants. Our enrichment analysis provides strong evidence for pathogenicity (PS4) based on ACMG guidelines. In our analysis, 40 variants showed enrichment in the literature cohort as compared with the reference population. 22 of these variants have been analyzed using functional assays and all 22 were found to be either “pathogenic” or “probably pathogenic” (Table S1). 37-43 Moreover, the enrichment method can be applied to variant types that cannot be processed by the prediction methods. For example, seven out of the ten variants enriched in the patient population but not flagged as “deleterious” by any of the prediction methods are insertion/deletion, frameshift, splice, and stop codon variants (Table S6). This shows the importance of enrichment analysis because at least 30% of all identified variants are not missense variants and cannot be processed by many prediction methods. The ten variants also include three pathogenic missense variants occurring at amino acid positions not conserved evolutionarily (Table S6). The consequence of the mutations can be appreciated by inspecting the crystal structures of complement complexes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of genetic variants associated with the rare hereditary disease aHUS. It explicitly mentions the exploration of the pathogenicity of genetic variants, which aligns with the aim of using genetic engineering to treat hereditary diseases by understanding and identifying variants linked to their pathophysiology. The mention of enrichment analysis providing insights into pathogenicity further emphasizes the application of genetic understanding in treating hereditary conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: In this way, the starship at a quasi-light velocity can travel to the stars 253 light years away from us in just 100 hours. The above numerical estimation depends on the velocity of starship. For instance, in the case of VS = 0. 99999c, we get Δ t ERS = Δ t EHS ×316 Δt ' HS = Δ t EHS ×1. 4 (11) On the contrary, in the case of VS = 0. 999……999c, a gap between ΔtERS and ΔtEHS rapidly increases. That depends on how the starship can be accelerated to nearly the velocity of light. Star flight for stellar system Next, a comparison is made between interstellar travel by and Hyper-Space Navigation. The condition is the same for both cases of navigation, that is, the distance between the earth and the star is 410 light years (i. e. Pleiades star cluster) and the velocity of starship is 0. 99999c. Special relativity allows the following (Figure 6) A starship can travel to stars 410 light years distant from us in 1. 8 years. However, there exists a large problem as is well known, i. e. , the twin, or time, paradox. If the starship travels at a velocity of 0. 99999c, it will arrive at the Pleiades star cluster 1. 8 years later. It will seem to the crews in the starship that only 1. 8 years have elapsed. But to the people on earth it will have been 410 years. Namely, since the time gap between starship time and earth time is so large, the crew coming back to the earth will find the earth in a different period. This phenomenon is true in our Real-Space. Interstellar travel by this method is non-realistic, i. e. , it would just be a one-way trip to the stars. Hyper-Space navigation allows the following (Figure 7) A starship can travel to the stars 410 light years distant in 1. 8 years. During Hyper-Space navigation of 1. 8 years, just 1. 3 years have passed on the earth. Therefore, the time gap between starship time and earth time is suppressed. After all, the range and travel time of starship is the same for both kinds of navigation, and travel to the stars 410 light years away can occur in just 1. 8 years in both cases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while theoretical models suggest a starship could travel interstellar distances at high velocities, the significant time dilation effect means that while the crew may experience a short travel time, hundreds of years would pass on Earth. This implies that the prospect of returning from such a journey would not align with the lifetime of the crew or their age when they return, thus suggesting that interstellar travel as described may not be accessible within the typical human lifetime.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Categorization accuracy for previously sleep-played pseudowords was expressed as percentage of correct responses. If accuracy was significantly above the mean chance level of 33. 33%, we inferred successful sleep-learning. Accuracy values of participants did not significantly deviate from a normal distribution at the 12 hr and at the 36 hr retrieval (pShapiro >0. 148), variances did not significantly violate the assumption of homogeneity (pLevene >0. 34), and all values were within the range of +/-2 standard deviations from the mean. We computed a 2x2 ANOVA with the between-subjects factor Peak versus Trough and the within-subjects factor Encoding-(12 hr versus 36 hr). The dependent variable was retrieval accuracy expressed as the difference between the percentages of correctly retrieved associations minus the percentage of mean chance performance (33. 33 %). A second ANOVA with the within-subjects factor Encoding-(12 hr versus 36 hr) was computed for the Trough condition alone to determine whether the intercept is significant (indicating that the average retrieval accuracy exceeded chance level in the two encoding-test delays) and to determine whether retrieval performance was different at 12 hr versus 36 hr. Furthermore, we planned a comparison of retrieval performance against chance level at the 12 hr and at the 36 hr retrieval. EEG data analysis EEG preprocessing The raw EEG-data were re-referenced to the common average, band-pass filtered at 0. 25–35 Hz, and down-sampled to 100 Hz. The continuous EEG data was subjected to manual artefact rejection. First, noisy channels and channels with strong sweat artefacts were visually identified and subsequently interpolated. Next, we visually identified and excluded data segments that contained muscle artefacts, movement artefacts, or arousals. Artefact rejection was performed by Flavio Schmidig, who was blinded to the participants’ condition (Peak/Trough) and to the type and timing of sound presentation. Event-related EEG analyses We computed sleep-recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) for each participant. For ERPs, we first epoched the raw EEG data into 7 s trials (from 3 s before to 4 s after word onset) and then averaged over all trials per condition and per participant. Moreover, we compared ERSPs between experimental conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on methodological details related to categorization accuracy and EEG data analysis. It lacks explicit mention of memory consolidation during sleep or its effects on long-term retention of information, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic engineering applications aim to treat hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: The genetics of hereditary angioedema: A review Macarena Piñero-Saavedra1 and Teresa González-Quevedo2* 12Coordinator of the Unit for Angioedema, Allergy Department, Virgen del our understanding of hereditary angioedema (HAE) has evolved gradually since the condition was first described by Osler in 1888, it has been greatly enhanced in recent decades, particularly since the turn of the millennium, thanks to intensive research efforts, advances in laboratory techniques, increasing clinical observations, and improved understanding of the link between genetics and pathogenesis. HAE is characterized by recurrent non-pruritic, self-limiting subcutaneous or submucosal edema that can affect any part of the body (skin or mucous membranes or gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract). Its severity and frequency varies among members of the same family and even within individual patients over time1. Though initially believed to be an exclusively monogenic disorder, it has been postulated that the clinical expression of HAE is influenced by other conditions or cofactors and there is increasing evidence of multiple gene involvement. There are two types of HAE: HAE due to C1-inhibitor (C1-INH) deficiency (C1-INH-HAE) and HAE with normal C1-INH (nC1-INH-HAE). C1-INH-HAE is further divided into type I HAE, which accounts for approximately 90% of cases and is characterized by low levels of C1-INH, and type II HAE, which accounts for the remaining 10% of cases and is characterized by normal or elevated levels of dysfunctional C1-INH protein. nC1-INH-HAE, in turn, is caused by an alteration in the F12 gene in up to 25-30% of cases (FXII-HAE). In the remaining 70-75% of cases, the genetic basis is unknown (unknown-HAE or U-HAE). The description of nC1-INH-HAE has driven a new field of study investigating the genetic basis of HAE in relation to bradykinin receptors and enzymes that act on fibrinolysis and the contact system. Much of the recent research has focused on gene polymorphisms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hereditary angioedema (HAE) and highlighting how understanding of its genetic basis has evolved due to intensive research efforts. It notes that the clinical expression of HAE is influenced by genetic factors, indicating a connection between genetics and potential treatments, which aligns with genetic engineering applications aimed at treating hereditary diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Space technology will make interstellar travel accessible within our lifetimes. [SEP] Text: In general, in case that a diverse two kinds of phase space coexist or adjoin, a potential barrier shall exist to isolate these two kinds of phase space. Starship shall overcome the potential barrier by some methods. One and only difference is either real time or imaginary time. The Real-Space (3 space axes and 1 time axis) and Hyper-Space (3 space axes and 1 imaginary time axis) coexist; the parallel space-time exists as a five dimensional space-time (3 space axes and 2 time axes). Concerning a concept on technical method of plunging into Hyper-Space and returning back to Real-Space, the following study is necessary: 1) Many-P8. Starship accelerates away from Earth, disappears and re-appears after Hyper-Space navigation. But during these Hyper-Space navigation of disappearance, the starship, in effect, leaps high above space-time and over stupendous distances to reach speeds that are substantively billions of times light-speed. Starship flight can also be viewed from the perspective of an Earth observer who is watching a starship fly away - accelerating in the direction of its target (a planet in another solar system) and then vanishing from sight as its initial acceleration ends. The starship then re-appears after Hyper-Space navigation - at the speed it disappeared at. But the starship is now suddenly 400 light-years away - very near to its destination. By plunging into Hyper-Space featuring an imaginary time (i. e. , Hole), the starship detours the imaginary time tunnel (Figure 4), apparently exceeds the speed of light. Comparison of Wormhole and Time-we compare the navigation features of the wormhole and the time-hole as shown in Table 1. Both navigation methods allow interstellar travel in a short period of time, but the features of the navigation, theoretical and technical issues are different. recently (Feb. 23, 2017), NASA announced that seven planets resembling the Earth were discovered at 40 light years distant from us. Three of these planets are firmly located in the habitable zone, the area around the parent star where a rocky planet is most likely to have liquid water. Seven Earth-sized planets have been observed by NASA's Telescope around a tiny, nearby, ultra-cool dwarf star called -1 (Figure 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex theoretical concepts regarding space travel, specifically addressing the notion of navigating through Hyper-Space and the limitations of current technology. It explains that while there may be methods like Hyperspace for bridging vast distances, it emphasizes the need for further study and development, which implies that such technology is not currently accessible or certain to be realized within our lifetimes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: To this aim, we computed the spectral power for the fast spindles (12–16 Hz) and the theta band (4–8 Hz). We estimated the power over the interval of 2 s before to 3 s after word onset using discrete wavelet transformation (20 ms steps, i. e. 50 Hz sampling rate). We used linearly increasing cycle numbers with 4. 25 cycles at the lowest and 11. 75 cycles at the highest frequency for the theta frequency band and with 4. 25 cycles at the lowest and 11. 75 cycles at the highest frequency for the spindle frequency band. ERSPs were baseline-corrected at the single trial level by normalising the time-series at each frequency using the frequency-specific mean and standard deviation of the power, which was computed across the entire trial (Grandchamp and Delorme, 2011). Baseline-corrected ERSPs were then averaged over all trials of a condition. This procedure was performed for each electrode, each condition, and each participant. Then, we computed the grand averages for the conditions (Peak condition, Trough condition, experimental condition, control condition, correct assignments in the experimental condition, incorrect assignments in the experimental condition). To test for statistical differences, we performed mass univariate analyses with cluster-based permutation statistics (1000 permutations) to correct for multiple comparisons (Maris and Oostenveld, 2007). Cluster-level values were considered significant if error probability was lower than 5%. Extraction of slow-wave characteristics Our aim was to find out which slow-wave characteristics promoted sleep-learning. Therefore, we computed the standardized global field power of the targeted slow-wave (GFP, z-score) at the time of word onset in each trial. We averaged over the four presentations of a word pair and over each participant. Furthermore, we computed the Peak/Trough prototypicality, which reflected the similarity (Fisher’s z-transformed correlation values) between the electrical field (scalp maps) of the online-recorded EEG at word onset and the electrical field of the targeted slow-wave phase (Peak/Trough). Next, we extracted the inter-trial-phase coherence at word onset to estimate the consistency of the targeted slow-wave phase across the four presentations of each word pair (measured over frontal electrodes, a. u. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses methodologies for analyzing EEG data but does not explicitly address whether memory consolidation occurs during sleep or how it affects long-term retention of information. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic engineering applications aim to treat hereditary diseases. [SEP] Text: Transinhibition of C1 inhibitor synthesis in type I hereditary angioneurotic edema. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 1993; 91(3): 1258-62. Kelemen Z, Moldovan D, Mihály E, et al. Baseline level of functional C1-inhibitor correlates with disease severity scores in hereditary angioedema. Clin Immunol. 2010; 134(3): 354-8. Pathogenetic and of C1-inhibitor Deficiency. Immunobiol. 1998; 199(2): 366-76. The effect of sequence variations within the coding region of the C1 inhibitor gene on disease expression and protein function in families with hereditary angio-edema. J Med Genet. 2003; 40(10): e114. Agostoni A, Aygören Pürsün E, Binkley KE, et al. Hereditary and acquired angioedema: problems and progress: proceedings of the third C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency workshop and beyond. J Immunol. 2004; 114(3 Suppl): S51-131. C1-inhibitor deficiency and angioedema: molecular mechanisms and clinical progress. Med. 2009; 15(2): 69-78. Mutational spectrum and phenotypes in Danish families with hereditary angioedema because of C1 inhibitor deficiency. Allergy. 2011; 66(1): 76-84. Mutational spectrum and geno-phenotype correlation in Chinese families with hereditary angioedema. Allergy. 2012; 67(11): 1430–6. Mutational spectrum of the c1 inhibitor gene in a cohort of Italian patients with hereditary anioedema: description of nine novel mutations. Genet. 2014; 78(2): 73-82. Hereditary angioedema: molecular and clinical differences among European populations. J Immunol. 2015; 135(2): 570-3. Andrejevi? S, Korošec P, Šilar M, et al. Hereditary angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency in Serbia: two novel mutations and evidence of genotype-phenotype association. Plos One. 2015; 10(11): e0142174. Kalmár L, Bors A, Farkas H, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to C1 inhibitor deficiency and hereditary angioedema, which are hereditary diseases. It highlights the scientific research focused on understanding and potentially addressing these genetic conditions, indicating a link to genetic engineering applications aimed at treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education promotes awareness and understanding of ecological issues. [SEP] Text: For example, narcissist leaders are overconfident about their own abilities (Guedes, 2017) and unwilling to apologise (Leunissen et al. , 2017). This excessive confidence is also called the Prozac leadership style that deters critiques or alternative ideas (Collinson, 2012). Overconfidence is considered as necessary to strengthen individual power. As such, it is difficult for narcissist leaders to listen to diverse ideas and options or tolerate people who are different. This leads to a circular effect of narcissism that the exceeding self-centredness render narcissists unable to understand others’ emotion, and vice versa. Incapable of compassion or empathy, neoliberal narcissism means ‘death of justice’ (Gruba-McCallister, 2017). What is more, narcissist leaders ‘infest’ their organisations’ cultures and the effect could last long after these leaders have left (Butts, 2020). In short, detrimental consequences of neoliberalism lie at its undoing of the common good and community and eventually threatens democracy (Brown, 2015). All these descriptions boil down to a promotion of excessively self-centred personhood or neoliberal narcissism. An ecological understanding of the self could offer a contrary perspective to destabilise the neoliberal self. Contrary to the neoliberal view on individuals as detached competitors and the emphasis on free market and economic efficiency, the Confucian concept of authenticity, cheng (誠) posits that individuals are integral to each other and broad contexts: communities, society, and the cosmos. The common good is the ultimate goal that brings about the fulfillment and actualisation of individuals (Wu, 2019). Confucianism insists on the integration of actions and rhetoric, the self and the collective. To lead is to seek and follow the Dao, orders or principles of the cosmos achieving harmony among the myriad of people and things in society and the universe. In practice, there are two focal aspects of authentic leadership in the Confucian ideal: to lead for the betterment of all and to lead by examples. An opposing concept will not automatically dismantle the rhetoric of neoliberalism. Moreover, Confucianism could be manipulated for various political agendas (Wu & Devine, 2018). The key argument, however, is that a Confucian notion of the self could fundamentally challenge the neoliberal entrepreneuring self. thought, leaders should never place their personal interests before those of the public. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the concept of neoliberal narcissism and its impact on leadership, emphasizing the need for a contrasting ecological understanding of the self based on Confucian ideals. However, it does not reference environmental education specifically or mention its role in promoting awareness and understanding of ecological issues, making the text irrelevant to the claim.