Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Blocking β-adrenergic receptors reduces the defensive response to the innately aversive threat Previous studies have shown that innately aversive stimuli such as fox urine (Hu et al. , 2007; Liu et al. , 2010) or cat fur odor (et al. , 2008) mediates defensive responses through the activation of the β-adrenergic receptor. Therefore, we considered that the threat response triggered by looming stimulus may rely on the activity of these receptors. To test this, prior to exposure to the looming stimulus mice were injected with propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocker (Figure 6—figure supplement 1A–C). The defensive responses to the looming stimulus in these mice largely disappeared, while the exploratory behavior remained intact (Figure 6—figure supplement 1B). On the other hand, sotalol, a peripherally acting β-adrenergic blocker, had no impact on defensive responses, suggesting that propranolol reduced the looming stimulus-evoked defensive responses by acting on the central nervous system (Figure 6—figure supplement 1B). To further examine the contribution of the subcortical pathway in the processing of innate threats, we injected propranolol in mice expressing GCaMP in either LT axons projecting to the BLA or in the BLA pyramidal neurons, followed by repeated exposure to looming stimuli (Figure 6A and Figure 6—figure supplement 1K). At the cellular level, looming stimuli failed to elicit a significant increase in the BLA activity, which reflects the reduced freezing response in mice injected with propranolol (Figure 6B–D). Surprisingly, the stimulus-evoked LT axonal activity remained undisturbed despite the lack of defensive response (Figure 6E–G). Of note, 48 hr later, when these mice were retested, defensive response, as well as time-locked BLA activity to the looming stimulus, was restored (Figure 6B–E). Figure 6 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Blocking β-adrenergic receptors reduces the defensive response and the basolateral amygdala (BLA) activation to the innately aversive threat. (A) Timeline showing the different stages of the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of β-adrenergic receptors in defensive responses to aversive stimuli in mice, which does not pertain to the topic of language acquisition. It focuses on a scientific experiment regarding innate aversive threats and does not provide information about language acquisition mechanisms, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cultures have legends of creatures like Bigfoot and the Loch Ness Monster. [SEP] Text: 87x Rb. Amsterdam 14 december 2022, ECLI:NL:RBAMS:2022:7520 (DPA Group), r. o. 5. 14. Het is voor de minderheidsaandeelhouder bijna onmogelijk om te ontsnappen aan het bereik van het billijke prijsvermoeden, omdat slechts in uitzonderlijke situaties niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan. Als er niet aan het 90%-criterium wordt voldaan, zal alsnog vaak bij de biedprijs worden aangesloten op grond van het jurisprudentieel vermoeden. Het leerstuk van het billijke prijsvermoeden heeft volgens mijn analyse enige aanscherping en duidelijkheid nodig. De toets voor de vraag of de biedprijs een billijke prijs is, is de overweldigende steun door aanmeldende maatman-aandeelhouders. Om de integriteit en betrouwbaarheid van de ratio achter het billijke prijsvermoeden te garanderen, moeten alle correcties op het billijke prijsvermoeden plaatsvinden wanneer wordt vastgesteld of voldaan is aan het 90%-criterium en niet daarna. Ik heb uiteengezet welke ruimte daarvoor bestaat door het introduceren van de maatman-aandeelhouder en de WAP-aandeelhouder. Dit brengt met zich dat er geen situatie denkbaar is waarin het prijsvermoeden weerlegd kan worden zodra eenmaal is voldaan aan het 90%-criterium. De systematiek van het prijsvermoeden en de ratio daarachter lijken mij daar niet geschikt voor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses legal principles related to shareholder rights and pricing assumptions related to financial transactions. There is no mention of legends, creatures, or cultural narratives that would corroborate or contrast with the claim regarding Bigfoot or the Loch Ness Monster.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Finally, they also demonstrate that the synaptic assembly is impaired in the sema7a mutant. Overall, the data are of high quality and properly controlled. The availability of Sema7a antibody is a big plus, as it allows to address the endogenous protein localization as well to show the signal absence in the sema7a mutant. The quantification of the arbor topology should be useful to people in the field who are looking at the lateral line as well as other axonal terminals. #3 (Public Review): The data reported here demonstrate that Sema7a defines the local behavior of growing axons in the developing zebrafish lateral line. The analysis is sophisticated and convincingly demonstrates effects on axon growth and synapse architecture. Collectively, the findings point to the idea that the diffusible form of sema7a may influence how axons grow within the neuromast and that the GPI-linked form of sema7a may subsequently impact how synapses form, though additional work is needed to strongly link each form to its' proposed effect on circuit assembly. Comments on latest version: The authors comprehensively and appropriately addressed most of the reviewers' concerns. In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole. #4 (Public Review): ** This study provides direct evidence showing that Sema7a plays a role in the axon growth during the formation of peripheral sensory circuits in the lateral-line system of zebrafish. This is a valuable finding because the molecules for axon growth in hair-cell sensory systems are not well understood. The majority of the experimental evidence is convincing, and the analysis is rigorous. The evidence supporting Sema7a's juxtracrine vs. secreted role and involvement in synapse formation in hair cells is less conclusive. The study will be of interest to cell, molecular and developmental biologists, and sensory neuroscientists. response: The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while Sema7a is involved in axon growth and synapse architecture, it does not provide a comprehensive understanding of all behaviors. It indicates that additional work is needed to link Sema7a's forms to their effects on circuit assembly, suggesting that behavior cannot be understood solely through neural circuitry alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: (B) The looming stimulus-evoked freezing is significantly reduced in the propranolol trial compared to the re-exposure trial in which the same mice were injected with saline (n = 7; paired t-test, p-value<0. 0001). (C) The graph shows the average of the Z-score of the Ca2+ responses of the looming stimulus presentation in the BLA after propranolol injection (n = 7, in orange) and saline injection (n = 7; in black). (D) The area under the curve (AUC) is significantly reduced in the propranolol trial (n = 7) compared to the saline trial (n = 7; paired t-test, p-value=0. 0034). (E) The looming stimulus-evoked freezing is significantly reduced in the propranolol trial compared to the re-exposure trial in which the same mice were injected with saline (n = 7; paired t-test, p-value=0. 0022). (F) The graph shows the average of the Z-score of the Ca2+ responses of the looming stimulus presentation of the lateral thalamus (LT) axon terminals after propranolol injection (n = 7, in green) and saline injection (n = 7; in black). (G) The AUC is unchanged in the propranolol trial (n = 7) compared to the saline trial (n = 7; paired t-test, p-value=0. 6016). Results are reported as mean ± SEM. ns, nonsignificant; **p<0. 01; ****p<0. 0001. To our surprise, propranolol did not impair the aversive conditioning responses when injected either before the conditioning or before the recall session (Figure 6—figure supplement 1D–I). In addition, propranolol injections prior to the recall session perturbed neither BLA (Figure 6—figure supplement 2A–D) nor LT axonal activity (Figure 6—figure supplement 2E–G). thalamic-BLA pathway and its intricate microcircuitry have been described for their function in processing the auditory CS and aversive US (Barsy et al. , 2020; Janak and Tye, 2015; Rogan et al. , 1997; Rogan et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss language acquisition, innate or learned components. Instead, it provides results from experiments related to propranolol and its effects on aversive conditioning responses, focusing on specific neural pathways and responses in mice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural environments can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Less mental health related stigma2. Increased positive mental health behaviours (including less avoidant coping and more help-seeking)3. Fewer sickness absences from work4. Less presenteeism at work Ethics approval(s) Approved 25/09/2019, Department of Committee (Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP; +44 (0)1792 295111; g. jiga@swansea. ac. uk), ref: 1521 Study design Cluster-randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Cluster randomised trial Study setting(s) type information sheet See study outputs table health and well-being sample of 80 managers and their teams (approximate total of 960 employees) will be selected by the UK Driver and Agency (DVLA) to be eligible to take part in the Prevail intervention programme across four of their divisions (Services [ITS], [CC], Case work and Enforcement [CAEG], and Group [ISG]) in order to ensure that there is a broad cross section of teams and individuals. These managers will then be randomly assigned to the Prevail intervention (N = 40) or control group (N = 40) using a random number generator and stratified by division and gender (to ensure equal numbers of managers in each of the four divisions and an equal gender split of manager in each arm of the study). Prevail is a mental health intervention training programme consisting of two programmes. In Prevail-staff, employees (staff and managers) receive a one-day intervention programme that aims to reduce stigma related to mental health difficulties, increase positive mental health practices (including problem-solving behaviours and help-seeking behaviours), and inform staff about evidence-based low-intensity psychological interventions for common mental disorders. The common mental disorders that are specifically targeted by the Prevail programme are depression, anxiety, stress, and distress (including loss and bereavement). This part of the intervention programme is delivered by a group of train-the-trainers working at the DVLA over a time period of around 10 weeks. The train-the-trainers have all been trained to deliver Prevail-staff by the research team and the authors of the intervention programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a mental health intervention programme (Prevail) that specifically aims to reduce stigma associated with mental health difficulties, increase positive mental health practices, and inform staff about psychological interventions for disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, and distress. The mention of interventions that address stress and improve mental health suggests that natural environments may play a role in this process, as such settings can contribute to overall well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: eLife assessment Dasgupta and colleagues make a valuable contribution to the understanding how the guidance factor Sema7a promotes connections between mechanosensory hair cells and afferent neurons of the zebrafish lateral line system. The authors provide solid evidence that loss of Sema7a function results in fewer contacts between hair cells and afferents through comprehensive quantitative analysis. Additional work is needed to distinguish the effects of different isoforms of Sema7a to determine whether there are specific roles of secreted and membrane bound forms. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Dasguta et al. have dissected the role of Sema7a in fine tuning of a sensory microcircuit in the posterior lateral line organ of zebrafish. They attempt to also outline the different roles of a secreted verses membrane-bound form of Sema7a in this process. Using genetic perturbations and axonal network analysis, the authors show that loss of both Sema7a isoforms causes abnormal axon terminal structure with more bare terminals and fewer loops in contact with presynaptic sensory hair cells. Further, they show that loss of Sema7a causes decreased number and size of both the pre- and post-synapse. Finally, they show that overexpression of the secreted form of Sema7a specifically can elicit axon terminal outgrowth to an ectopic Sema7a expressing cell. Together, the analysis of Sema7a loss of function and overexpression on axon arbor structure is fairly thorough and revealed a novel role for Sema7a in axon terminal structure. However, the connection between different isoforms of Sema7a and the axon arborization needs to be substantiated. Furthermore, the effect of loss of Sema7a on the presynaptic cell is not ruled out as a contributing factor to the synaptic and axon structure phenotypes. These issues weaken the claims made by the authors including the statement that they have identified dual roles for the GPI-anchored verses secreted forms of Sema7a on synapse formation and as a chemoattractant for axon arborization respectively. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): In this work, Dasgupta et al. investigates the role of Sema7a in the formation of peripheral sensory circuit in the lateral line system of zebrafish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of Sema7a in the formation of synaptic connections and axon structure in zebrafish, highlighting the complexity of sensory microcircuits. It suggests that the understanding of behaviors (in this case, sensory processing) cannot be completed simply through neural circuitry alone, as factors beyond just the connections—such as the specific roles of Sema7a isoforms and their interaction with presynaptic cells—must also be considered.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Yet, their role in processing unimodal innate threats remains under investigated (Kang et al. , 2022). Here, we demonstrate that transient or permanent inactivation of the BLA (Figure 1) or BLA-projecting LT neurons (Figure 2) not only impairs threat learning but also abolishes all the measured defensive responses to an innate threat. More specifically, upon exposure to an innate visual threat, animals with a compromised LT-BLA pathway fail to switch from exploratory to defensive behaviors, displaying neither freezing nor escape reaction (Figures 1, 2 and 4). Furthermore, the LT axons projecting to the BLA (Figure 3F) and the neurons within the BLA produce time-locked activity to each looming stimulus in mice showing defensive responses (Figure 5C). With repeated exposure to looming stimuli, the neuronal activity, along with defensive responses, gradually fades. The habituation to looming stimuli was rapid (within-session) and long-lasting (for the entire duration of the experiment) (Figures 3 and 5). A recent study has shown that upon repeated exposure to a looming stimulus neuronal response within deeper layers of superior colliculus (SC) undergo rapid visual habituation. A form of short-term depression has been proposed to underlie the fast habituation (Lee et al. , 2020). This phenomenon may underlie the within-session habituation that we observed here. This is consistent with the gradual reduction in the activity of the BLA-projecting neurons within LT, a region downstream of the deep layers of the SC (Benavidez et al. , 2021; Linke et al. , 1999). The long-lasting habituation, on the other hand, cannot be explained by such a visual adaptation or habituation that lasts on the order of seconds to minutes and not days (Boehnke et al. , 2011; Lee et al. , 2020; Wark et al. , 2009). The long-term form of the habituation largely occurs upstream of the BLA as observed in the reduced activity in the LT projections to the BLA (Figure 3F and G). If, as we suspect, the signal for the looming stimulus to the LT originates from the SC (see below), the long-term form of the habituation may, at least in part, be processed within the LT. Further studies are necessary to test this possibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address language acquisition or its components directly. Instead, it discusses the role of the BLA (basolateral amygdala) in threat learning and defensive behaviors in response to innate threats, which is unrelated to the claim about the components of language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2641634/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractRecreation in green spaces has seen a pervasive decrease during the last two decades, particularly in urban areas, suggesting a shift away from contact with nature in Western countries. There is some evidence that the response to the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased recreational mobility in urban green spaces during the initial phases of the pandemic; however, it is not clear whether the sudden and extensive disruption of people's lives may have led to nationwide changes in green space use in both rural and urban areas, and whether the pandemic has reinforced or attenuated already existing social inequalities in recreational green space use. We used daily nationwide aggregated mobility data from more than 2 million cell phone subscribers in 14,331 geographical grids across Norway to examine potential changes in mobility to green spaces as measured with the (NDVI) during the pandemic, while controlling for weather conditions, holidays, and sociodemographic characteristics of neighborhoods. Moreover, we used neighborhood level registry data about household income, proportion of immigrants and education level to examine if there were social inequalities in changes in green space use. Results from linear mixed model analyses showed an increase in recreational dwells in green spaces during the pandemic, that was most prominent in areas of low socioeconomic status and high population density. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to increase in recreational mobility in green spaces across Norway, with the most significant increase observed in low socioeconomic status areas and high population density regions, indicating the potential of the pandemic to reduce already existing social inequalities in green space use. Psychologymobilitynature exposureCOVID-19 pandemicoutdoor recreationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionThe onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 caused countries around the world to implement unprecedented social distancing measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 crisis, spending time in nearby nature may have provided opportunities to escape confinement and to be social, while avoiding places with high risk of disease transmission such as malls, cafés, cinemas, and restaurants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing increased recreational mobility in urban green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that the pandemic led to a significant increase in recreational activity in green spaces, particularly in areas of low socioeconomic status and high population density. This suggests a link between access to green spaces and increased physical activity, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: They show that Sema7a protein is present during neuromast maturation and localized, in part, to the base of hair cells (HCs). This would be consistent with pre-synaptic Sema7a mediating formation and/or stabilization of the synapse. They use sema7a loss-of-function strain to show that lateral line sensory terminals display abnormal arborization. They provide highly quantitative analysis of the lateral line terminal arborization to show that a number of specific topological parameters are affected in mutants. Next, they ectopically express a secreted form of Sema7a to show that lateral line terminals can be ectopically attracted to the source. Finally, they also demonstrate that the synaptic assembly is impaired in the sema7a mutant. Overall, the data are of high quality and properly controlled. The availability of Sema7a antibody is a big plus, as it allows to address the endogenous protein localization as well to show the signal absence in the sema7a mutant. The quantification of the arbor topology should be useful to people in the field who are looking at the lateral line as well as other axonal terminals. I think some results are overinterpreted though. The authors state: "Our findings demonstrate that Sema7A functions both as a juxtracrine and as a secreted cue to pattern neural circuitry during sensory organ development. " However, they have not actually demonstrated which isoform functions in HCs (also see comments below). In addition, they have to be careful in interpreting their topology analysis, as they cannot separate individual axons. Thus, such analysis can generate artifacts. They can perform additional experiments to address these issues or adjust their interpretations. Reviewer #3 (Public Review): The data reported here demonstrate that Sema7a defines the local behavior of growing axons in the developing zebrafish lateral line. The analysis is sophisticated and convincingly demonstrates effects on axon growth and synapse architecture. Collectively, the findings point to the idea that the diffusible form of sema7a may influence how axons grow within the neuromast and that the GPI-linked form of sema7a may subsequently impact how synapses form, though additional work is needed to strongly link each form to its' proposed effect on circuit assembly. The revised manuscript is significantly improved. The authors comprehensively and appropriately addressed most of the reviewers' concerns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while Sema7a plays a role in defining the behavior of axons and their synapse formation, it also cautions against overinterpretation of the findings. The reviewer expresses that the authors have not demonstrated which specific isoform of Sema7a functions in hair cells and highlights the complexity of isolating individual axons in their topology analysis, indicating that behavior cannot be entirely understood solely through neural circuitry as there are other factors at play.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Although reduced defensive response to an innately aversive signal such as a looming stimulus has been categorized as habituation, we observed physiological similarities between habituation to a looming stimulus and extinction to a cued conditioning stimulus. Both phenomena reduce the heightened evoked activity of the LT projections as well as the BLA neurons. Additionally, while mice injected with propranolol did not show defensive response to a looming stimulus, 2 d later in the absence of the drug the same mice showed robust freezing response to the stimulus. This is similar to a study reporting that mice injected with propranolol before a cued fear recall have reduced freezing response to the cue, while in the following day the mice show a heightened freezing response (et al. , 2021); unlike this study, however, we did not observe a physiological or behavioral effect of propranolol on cued conditioning (see below for discussion). The cellular and circuit mechanisms of extinction have been extensively studied (Herry et al. , 2006; Orsini and Maren, 2012). These studies may provide mechanistic insight into the habituation that we have observed here. Further investigations in this line may have fundamental and translational value. An overlap in processing innate and learned threats is not unique to the LT-BLA pathway. The lateral habenula and the central amygdala control the processing of a number of innate and learned threats (Fadok et al. , 2017; Lecca et al. , 2017; Lecca et al. , 2020; Matsumoto and Hikosaka, 2007; Root et al. , 2014; Mondoloni et al. , 2022; Tovote et al. , 2016; Sachella et al. , 2022; Isosaka et al. , 2015). Since both types of threats share a similar repertoire of defensive responses, such as freezing and escaping, the wiring economy favors the layout where there is closer physical proximity between the two circuits, as we observed here (Klyachko and Stevens, 2003; Stevens, 2012). Direct and indirect evidence shows that the LT-BLA pathway processes other forms of innate threats as well. Recently, studies have demonstrated that inactivation of thalamic-BLA pathway reduces freezing response to intense sound and looming stimuli (Kang et al. , 2022), as well as innately aversive ultrasound activates the BLA (Mongeau et al. , 2003; Shukla and Chattarji, 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about language acquisition. It discusses physiological responses to stimuli in mice and the processing of innate and learned threats in certain brain pathways. Although it mentions 'innate and learned threats,' it does not address the specific topic of language acquisition or the components involved in that process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Indeed, some studies found indications of increased use of nature during the initial 6 months of the pandemic (Venter, Barton, Gundersen, Figari, & Nowell, 2020; Venter, Barton, Gundersen, Figari, & Nowell, 2021). However, no studies so far have examined how the extensive and sudden disruption to people's lives may have led to nationwide changes in recreational green space use, if social inequalities in access to green space was reduced or exacerbated by the pandemic, and if there were differences between urban and rural areas. Exposure to green spaces promotes wellbeing and is beneficial for a range of health outcomes (Bikomeye, Beyer, Kwarteng, & Beyer, 2022; Twohig-Bennett & Jones, 2018). Since more than half of the world’s population lives in cities, greenspace plays as such an important role in the goal of sustainable and resilient cities and good health and well-being. Green spaces include forests, nature conservation areas, wilderness areas, urban parks, sporting fields, riparian areas, street trees, and cemeteries. Green areas provide social meeting places and are positive for health and well-being since they provide opportunities for physical activity, attention restoration and stress reduction (Fan, Das, & Chen, 2011; Hansmann, Hug, & Seeland, 2007). Moreover, green spaces remove air pollution, cool temperatures, and reduce noise (Diener & Mudu, 2021; Paull, Krix, Torpy, & Irga, 2020). Nonetheless, over the past decades there have been signs of a shift away from people’s exposure to nature. For example, evidence suggest that young people spend less time outdoors in green spaces than previously, while spending more time on electronic media (Hofferth, 2009; Larson et al. , 2018; et al. , 2016). Moreover, there is evidence of declines in national park visits in the U. S. , Japan, and Spain, and declines in outdoor camping and indicators of time spent hiking outdoors (Pergams & Zaradic, 2008). However, because of the curtailing of public mobility the COVID-19 pandemic has led to drastic lifestyle changes all around the world (Musselwhite, Avineri, & Susilo, 2020). During the lockdowns, green spaces provided safe places for outdoor activity allowing for sufficient distance between people to avoid disease transmission. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that 'green areas provide social meeting places and are positive for health and well-being since they provide opportunities for physical activity, attention restoration and stress reduction.' This statement supports the idea that access to green spaces can lead to increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: In particular, they added evidence that hair cells express both Sema7A isoforms, showed that membrane bound Sema7A does not have long range effects on guidance, demonstrated how axons behave close to ectopic Sema7A, and analyzed other features of the hair cells that revealed no strong phenotypes. The authors also softened the language in many, but not all places. Overall, I am satisfied with the study as a whole. Reviewer #4 (Public Review): This study provides direct evidence showing that Sema7a plays a role in the axon growth during the formation of peripheral sensory circuits in the lateral-line system of zebrafish. This is a valuable finding because the molecules for axon growth in hair-cell sensory systems are not well understood. The majority of the experimental evidence is convincing, and the analysis is rigorous. The evidence supporting Sema7a's juxtracrine vs. secreted role and involvement in synapse formation in hair cells is less conclusive. The study will be of interest to cell, molecular and developmental biologists, and sensory neuroscientists. Recommendations for the authors: Reviewer #1 (The Authors): In their revised manuscript, Dasgupta et al. have provided further experiments to address the role of Sema7a (sec and GPI-anchored) in regulating axon guidance in the lateral line system. Specifically, the inclusion of the heat shock controls and FM labeling to show hair cell mechanotransduction were crucial to interpretation of the results. However, there are still concerns about the specificity of the results. My primary concern is if the change in axon patterning is specifically due to loss of Sema7a in the mutant hair cells. These animals are morphologically very abnormal and, in the rebuttal, the authors state that hair cell number is reduced. This is not quantified in the manuscript and should be included. Thank you for this suggestion. We have included the data in the manuscript in lines 137-139, in Figure 2—figure supplement 1B, and in the source data for Figure 2 and Figure 2-figure supplements. If there is not a function for Sema7a in hair cells themselves, why is the number reduced? The sema7a-/- homozygous mutants are not viable and they die by 6 dpf. The loss of Sema7A protein produce other developmental defects including brain edema and a curved body axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific role of Sema7a in axon growth and development within peripheral sensory circuits rather than suggesting that all behaviors can be understood through the neural circuitry alone. It raises concerns about the specificity of results and emphasizes that developmental defects also occur due to the loss of Sema7A protein, suggesting that factors outside solely neural circuitry may influence behavior and development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the use of live predators as an innate threat has further supported this notion by showing that the BLA lesion in rodents eliminates defensive responses to the threat (Bindi et al. , 2018; Martinez et al. , 2011). Since the LT is widely regarded as an auditory relay region (Rogan and LeDoux, 1995; Rogan et al. , 1997; Weinberger, 2011), its role as the main source of innately aversive visual signal to the BLA may seem unexpected. However, it has been known that the LT receives auditory, somatosensory, visual, and multimodal information (Bordi and LeDoux, 1994; Linke et al. , 1999; Linke, 1999). The lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LP) has been proposed as another direct source conveying a looming stimulus signal to the BLA (Wei et al. , 2015). Our reversible disconnection of the LT-BLA pathway, which largely spares the LP, argues otherwise. The LT lesion not only abolishes the defensive responses to the looming stimulus but also largely eliminates the stimulus-evoked activity in the BLA (Figure 5). Although the input source of the looming stimulus to the LT is unknown, we speculate the SC could be a likely candidate as it encodes threat and escape behavior to looming stimuli (Evans et al. , 2018) and sends monosynaptic connections to the LT (Linke et al. , 1999). Additionally, it has been shown that the SC may trigger defensive responses to the looming stimulus by conveying the signals to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) (Evans et al. , 2018) or indirectly to the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) (Shang et al. , 2015; Zhou et al. , 2019). It is relevant to note that the BLA conveys learned aversive signals directly to the CeA (Fadok et al. , 2017) and indirectly through the CeA to the PAG (Tovote et al. , 2016). It will be of particular interest to test whether the information signaling the innate threat is communicated through the same channel. As the SC and the BLA, the two essential regions in processing the innate visual threat, share similar downstream targets, their specific contribution to the process deserves further inquiry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding language acquisition; instead, it discusses various neural pathways and mechanisms related to defensive responses to threats and sensory processing. It mentions both innate threats and learned aversive signals, but does not make a connection to language acquisition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: 84 N grid 12083 11979 11979 11979 N district 1459 1459 1459 1459 Observations 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 10 325 610 Marginal R2 Conditional R2 0. 000 0. 860 0. 164 0. 867 0. 165 0. 867 0. 175 0. 870 * p < 0. 05 ** p < 0. 01 *** p < 0. 001 DiscussionWe set out to examine if there was an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily activity in green spaces in Norway, and if the consequences of the pandemic for green space use was different between affluent and less affluent neighborhoods, and between rural and urban areas. The main findings of our study were that, compared to the baseline period of 2019, 1) there was an increase in the proportion of daily dwells in spaces with high vegetation density, 2) the increase was most prominent in districts with low socioeconomic status and in densely populated (i. e. urban) districts. Our finding that there was a substantial increase in the proportion of daily dwells in areas with high vegetation density is consistent with previous research that found large increases in recreational activity in green spaces during the pandemic (Venter et al. , 2020; Venter et al. , 2021). Our study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating a nationwide relative increase in green space exposure, while also highlighting the differential effects of the pandemic on green space use across urban and rural districts, as well as high and low socioeconomic districts. We interpret these findings as a response to the compliance of lockdown restrictions that led to a sharp decrease in daily dwells in densely populated and low-vegetation areas. -19 pandemic and the widespread lockdowns and social distancing measures had an impact on people's daily routines, habits, and psychosocial functioning. With the closure of indoor recreational facilities, people possibly began looking for outdoor activities to engage in while still adhering to social distancing measures. Green spaces may have provided a safe and accessible place for outdoor activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, and hiking. The need for physical activity may also have played a role: As gyms and other indoor exercise facilities were closed, people may increasingly have turned to outdoor spaces, such as parks and forests, as an alternative location for physical activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings that suggest an increase in the proportion of daily activities in green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic. It explains that with the closure of indoor exercise facilities, individuals turned to outdoor activities in green spaces such as walking, jogging, cycling, and hiking, thus linking access to these areas with increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: We have clarified this information in lines 310-311. (11) Finally, the discussion contains a statement that is not supported by the data: "We have discovered dual modes of Sema7A function in vivo. " They have discovered evidence that there are two isoforms, that loss of both disrupts connectivity, and that overexpression of only the secreted form can elicit growth from a distance. However, there is no direct evidence that the membrane-bound form is responsible for local effects. It is formally possible still that the phenotypes are a result of dual roles for the secreted form. It is clear that another manuscript is forthcoming that will expand on the role of the transmembrane form, but for this manuscript, the authors should make firm conclusions only about the data presented herein. Thank you for this suggestion. We have modified the manuscript in lines 425-434. Reviewer #4 (The Authors): The authors have made significant changes to the manuscript based on the comments of the reviewers. It is now suitable for publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is evidence for dual modes of Sema7A function, which suggests that behaviors may not be fully explained by neural circuitry alone. It mentions that the authors found two isoforms and that the phenotypes could result from dual roles for the secreted form, implying complexities beyond neural circuitry. This indicates a limitation to understanding behaviors solely through neural circuitry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: Consistent with the notion that the innate and learned aversive stimuli are conveyed through the LT inputs to the BLA, the activities of these two regions largely mirrored each other; however, noticeable differences were observed. For example, in line with previous studies on innate defensive response to predators odors (Hayley et al. , 2001; Hu et al. , 2007; et al. , 2008; Liu et al. , 2010), in mice injected with propranolol, the defensive responses to the looming stimulus diminished significantly (Figure 6B and E); the stimulus-induced activity, however, was reduced only in the BLA (Figure 6C), with the response of the axons of the BLA-projecting LT neurons remaining unchanged (Figure 6F). This indicates that the looming stimulus conveyed through the thalamic input is essential but not sufficient to activate BLA neurons and trigger defensive responses, and the activation of β-adrenergic receptors by the release of norepinephrine is required. The neuromodulator may enhance the excitability of the pyramidal neurons directly by downregulating potassium channels in these neurons (Faber et al. , 2008) or indirectly by reducing excitability of inhibitory neurons (Tully et al. , 2007). Given the time-locked neuronal activity to the stimuli, the modulation of excitability, a comparably slow process, may be achieved through a tonic release of norepinephrine. As for the LT, to the best of our knowledge, there is little published work regarding its modulation by norepinephrine or even if β-adrenergic receptors are expressed in this region. Therefore, at this stage, we have no grounds to speculate about the ineffectiveness of propranolol in blocking the LT projection response to the looming stimulus. Here, we should point out that administration of propranolol prior to the conditioning or recall had no effect on freezing response. The literature on the role of norepinephrine in cued conditioning is mixed. While intraperitoneal injection of propranolol prior to a cued memory recall reduces freezing to the tone in rats (Rodriguez-Romaguera et al. , 2009), the drug may reduce (et al. , 2021) or have no effect (Cain et al. , 2004) on the freezing response in mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the components of language acquisition. Instead, it discusses the role of neuromodulators in neuronal activity related to stimuli and defensive responses in mice. The content is primarily focused on neurological mechanisms rather than the processes of language acquisition, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2641634/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 3posted You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractIn recent years, there has been growing concern about the decline in human green space use and nature-based recreation in Western countries. While some evidence suggests that the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased recreational mobility in urban green spaces, it is unclear whether the pandemic led to nationwide changes in green space use in both densely and less densely populated neighborhoods, as well as whether social inequalities in green space use were reinforced or attenuated by the pandemic. To address these questions, we used daily nationwide aggregated mobility data from more than 2 million cell phone subscribers in 14,331 geographical grids across Norway to examine potential changes in mobility in green spaces as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) during the pandemic. Additionally, we controlled for weather conditions, holiday periods, and neighborhood sociodemographic characteristics. The results from linear mixed model analyses showed a 9. 4% increase in recreational visits in the greenest spaces during the pandemic. Notably, this increase was most prominent in neighborhoods of low socioeconomic status (SES) and was observed in both high- and low-population density neighborhoods, although the increase was somewhat stronger in neighborhoods with low population density. Our study findings suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has played a role in increasing nationwide green space use in Norway and potentially narrowing the gap of green inequalities, thus highlighting the importance of preserving and promoting green spaces as a public health resource, particularly in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Psychologymobilitynature exposureCOVID-19 pandemicoutdoor recreationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2IntroductionThe onset of the coronavirus pandemic in 2020 caused countries around the world to implement unprecedented social distancing measures to stop the spread of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 crisis, spending time in and nearby nature provided individuals with the opportunity to escape confinement and socialize while avoiding places with a high risk of disease transmission, such as malls, cafés, cinemas, and restaurants. Indeed, some studies have reported an increase in the use of natural spaces during the initial 6 months of the pandemic (1-3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a 9.4% increase in recreational visits to green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting a connection between access to these areas and physical activity. It specifically notes that this increase was observed in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status and both high- and low-population density, indicating that access to green spaces can lead to greater physical activity, particularly in disadvantaged areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: : 2572-4983 Neonatal and -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2572-4983. 1000171 Rewarding the Autistic through Understanding the Neural Cognitive, Emotional, Motor binding Circuitry in the *Specialist in Dermatology, Academy of *Corresponding Author: Michael Chan, Specialist in Dermatology, Academy of : +85221482882, Email: pioneerskin@ymail. com Received: 26-Oct-2018 Accepted Date: 01-Nov-2018 Published Date: 09-Nov-2018 DOI: 10. 4172/2572-4983. 1000171 : Autism spectrum disorder syndrome; Cerebellar corticoemotional motor neural circuits; Reward; Adaptive time delay; Theory of mind; Early detection is a complex spectrum disorder; mostly observed at 2-3 years of age with characteristic anomalous, deviant cognitive, emotional, behavioural and neuro-motor developments till adulthood. Each autistic is different. Increasing prevalence up to 2% in children with a greater association and severity in male gender is noted. Asperger’s syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and autism are all grouped under Disorders (ASD) [1]. ASD sufferers can be readily recognised by their repetitive, sometimes aloof and servant behaviour; echolalia, inappropriate language response and impaired attention to other. The overall consequences deprived the ASD individuals with adaptive learning, social, relationship and communication skills. ASD are frequently stigmatized as mentally insane in our community. Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends children be screened for developmental disorders at wellchild preventive visits before age three [2]. for and Prevention (CDC) of have identified possible clinical alerts or red flags for ASD [1,2] (Table 1). S. N. Alerts or for ASD 1 Not responding to his/her name by 12 months of age 2 Not pointing at objects to show interest by 14 months 3 Not playing "pretend" games by 18 months 4 Avoiding eye contact or preferring to be alone 5 Getting upset by minor changes 6 Flapping their hands, rocking their body or spinning in circles 7 Having unusual and sometimes intense reactions to the way things smell, taste, feel and/or look Table 1: Clinical signs that parents should alert the possibilities of ASD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), noting that 'each autistic is different' and highlighting that behaviors of individuals with ASD result from a combination of 'deviant cognitive, emotional, behavioral and neuro-motor developments.' This indicates that understanding these behaviors cannot be simplified to just neural circuitry, as they involve a myriad of factors affecting learning, social interactions, and communication skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The differences in species or strains used or experimental parameters may contribute to the variability in the effect of the drug in freezing response. Regarding the processing of the learned threat, again, we observed some differences between the LT projections to the BLA and the BLA itself. As animals learned the CS-US association, we observed an enhanced short-onset auditory response in the BLA (Figure 5J; Quirk et al. , 1995). We did not detect a similar conditioning-correlated change in the activity of the LT axons (Figure 3L). It must be noted that because of our use of calcium indicators, we cannot exclude millisecond changes in the auditory response latency in the LT axons. However, previous works using sub-millisecond single-unit recording also showed similar patterns (Barsy et al. , 2020; Bordi and LeDoux, 1992). The BLA also differed from the incoming LT projections in its response to the CS after an extensive extinction protocol. While activity of the LT axons returned to its preconditioning value, the CS-evoked activity of the BLA neurons after the extinction was significantly reduced compared to its value prior to the conditioning. This strongly suggests that other inputs to the BLA contribute to such a pronounced reduction. Feedforward inhibition of excitatory neurons in the BLA through synaptic potentiation (Polepalli et al. , 2010) or dopaminergic modulation (Bissière et al. , 2003) of the local inhibitory neurons may to some extent dampen the CS-evoked response after the extinction. Also, it has been proposed that norepinephrine can promote extinction through the activation of the infralimbic region, which in turn blunts the BLA activity (Giustino and Maren, 2018; Uematsu et al. , 2017). It is pertinent to mention that we have used an extensive multiple-session extinction training. Recently, it has been shown that such an extensive extinction protocol may involve a different mechanism by which the original fear memory is erased, and the extinguished CS becomes habituated (An et al. , 2017). Although not the focus of this work, we observed several intriguing physiological features during the conditioning and recall sessions. The conditioning increases the tone-induced activity in the BLA and reduces the response time onset (Barsy et al. , 2020; Bordi et al. , 1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding language acquisition since it discusses different aspects of synaptic activity and conditioning in the brain, specifically focusing on the BLA's response during conditioning and extinction protocols. There is no indication or mention of language acquisition or the components related to it in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Previously, information collected from mobile phones on the movements and locations of individuals has been used to track population-level mobility patterns and understand the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 (4). However, no studies have thus far used aggregated mobility data to examine whether the COVID-19 pandemic led to nationwide changes in the use of green spaces for recreation, whether social inequalities in access to green space decreased or were exacerbated during the pandemic, or whether there were differences in green space use between densely populated and less densely populated neighborhoods. Exposure to green spaces promotes well-being, is beneficial for a range of health outcomes (5, 6), and, thus, plays an important role in achieving the UN sustainability goal of good health and well-being for all. Green spaces provide social meeting places and are beneficial for health and well-being because they provide opportunities for physical activity, attention restoration, and stress reduction (7, 8). Moreover, the presence of green spaces mitigates air pollution, cools the air temperatures, and reduces ambient noise in the environment (9, 10). Nonetheless, over the past decades, there have been signs of a general reduction in people’s exposure to nature. For example, evidence suggests that young people spend less time outdoors in green spaces than previously and, instead, devote more time to electronic media (11-13). Moreover, there is evidence of declines in national park visits in countries such as the U. S. , Japan, and Spain, as well as reductions in engagement in outdoor camping and time spent hiking outdoors (14). However, the COVID-19 pandemic led to drastic lifestyle changes all around the world due to the associated curtailment of public mobility (15). Indeed, during the COVID-19 lockdowns, green spaces provided safe places for outdoor activity, as they allowed people to maintain a sufficient distance between themselves to avoid disease transmission. In fact, Venter and colleagues reported an approximately 300% increase in outdoor recreation activity during the pandemic lockdown in urban areas of Norway (1, 2). However, these studies were restricted to Oslo, the capital of Norway, and relied on crowdsourced mobility data from the Strava fitness app, which is biased toward the inclusion of middle-aged, socio-economically advantaged, and physically active population groups (16). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that exposure to green spaces provides opportunities for physical activity, which is beneficial for health and well-being. Furthermore, it mentions that during the COVID-19 lockdowns, green spaces offered safe places for outdoor activity, resulting in a significant increase in outdoor recreation activity in urban areas of Norway. This provides evidence supporting the link between access to green spaces and increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Despite its increasing prevalence, researchers are still unable to unveil the exact aetiologies of ASD. Genetics with chromosome 1q, 2q, 7q, 2q, 15q11-13, 16q, TRIO gene mutations and other hereditary conditions like fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and phenylketonuria (PKU), early in-utero environmental insults like viral infections, metabolic imbalances and exposure to chemicals like aluminium, mercury, ethyl alcohol, pesticides, thalidomide, misoprostol and valproic acid are all reported [3,4]. Interestingly, ASD individuals also have an increase odd with immune dysfunction resulting allergic sensitivities, skin allergies like eczema, infections, gastrointestinal symptoms like constipation and diarrhoea, low muscle tone, pain, pica, epileptic fits, sensory and hearing impairments, seizures, anxieties and sleep problems [5] (Figure 1). Triangulating these epidemiological data, one may put forward a falsifiable model on the pathogenesis of ASD: multiple related genetic mutations and developmental insults from the environment resulting in an incoherent, fragmented excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuitries in the responsible anatomical brain structures; namely, the cerebellum, neocortex, thalamus and its adjacent limbic structures especially the amygdala which primary physiological function are to facilitate motor planning, cognition, attention, emotion, body basic autonomic nervous system and neuro-endocrine pathways (Figure 2). Figure 1: Spectrum (ADS) and [10]. Figure 2: Schematic feedback relations whereby particular brain imbalances can ramify throughout other brain regions, thereby sustaining the imbalance by feedback and also creating or maintaining other symptoms [11]. The cerebellum, orbitofrontal cortex of the neocortex, thalamus, amygdala and hypothalamus and its neuro circuits are implicated in the pathogenesis of ASD. The integrated closeness and adaptation of these multidimensional circuitry sent matched coherent excitatory and inhibitory signals mainly in form of the glutamate GABA, acetylcholine, dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters chemically and bind these relatively distantly located parts of the brain together through their multi-dimensional synaptic networks so as to maintain a state of stability, survival adaptiveness, learning, socialization and learning. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that despite the role of neurophysiological factors, such as excitatory and inhibitory circuitry in the brain, behaviors are influenced by a variety of factors including genetics, environmental insults, immune dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms. It suggests that multiple related genetic mutations and developmental insults contribute significantly to conditions like ASD, indicating that understanding behaviors cannot rely solely on neural circuitry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The increased response and decreased time onset were significantly more pronounced on the recall day. We observed a similar pattern in the LT input where there was a significant enhanced activity during the recall session, which was not visible during the conditioning. This is in line with previous studies using single-cell imaging in the BLA (Grewe et al. , 2017). This significant change between the last trial of the conditioning and the first trial of the recall is puzzling. We speculate that a lack of a detectable increase in the CS-evoked activity at the later stages of the conditioning could be caused by a masking effect from a transient increase in firing rate during the conditioning. Although we did not observe a difference in the overall baseline activity during the conditioning (data not shown), downregulation as well as upregulation of the basal neuronal activity of subpopulations of neurons during the conditioning has been reported. This counteracting phenomenon could produce a net effect of no change in the baseline activity at the population level, while a subset of neurons with increased basal firing rate, possibly caused by enhanced excitability, may undergo plasticity. The plasticity within this population, however, will be masked during the conditioning by the transient increase in the basal firing rate. Alternatively, synaptic potentiation may occur at the dendritic compartments, which through local inhibitory circuits is uncoupled from somatic activity. The LT-BLA pathway typically has been evaluated in relation to associative learnings (Janak and Tye, 2015; Tye et al. , 2008), especially associative learned threats (Barsy et al. , 2020; Taylor et al. , 2021). Recent works on associative learned threats have particularly solidified the importance of associative plasticity in the LT (Barsy et al. , 2020; Taylor et al. , 2021). A recent study has further documented the critical role of the LT in processing different forms of innate threat (Kang et al. , 2022). Our main aim in this work was to investigate the similarities and differences in processing an innate threat, which relies on pre-wired circuits, and a learned threat, which requires synaptic plasticity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses experimental observations related to neural activity, conditioning, and associative learning in the context of threat responses. It does not provide insight into language acquisition, innate versus learned cognitive processes, or any related components to language learning mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: However, during the pandemic, recreational dwells in high-vegetation density, low-SES areas increased by 35. 7% (NDVI = 1, SES z-score = –1. 44), whereas they decreased by 7. 3% in high-vegetation density, high-SES neighborhoods (NDVI = 1, SES z-score = 1. 44). Post-hoc probing of the significant positive three-way interaction between covid dummy, NDVI and population density (Table 1, Model 4) showed a 3. 2% increase in recreational dwells in high-vegetation density areas with low population densities (NDVI = 1, population density = 18 inhabitants/km2) and a 0. 8% increase in dwells in high-vegetation density areas with high population densities (NDVI = 1, population density = 270 inhabitants/km2). Figure 1F shows the change in the proportion of recreational dwells in high-vegetation density areas (NDVI > 0. 6) on the municipality level in all Norwegian municipalities from before to after the onset of the pandemic. The pattern revealed increases in recreational visits to areas where Norwegians typically go to their cabins or summer houses, as well as in the municipalities in northern Norway that are popular tourism destinations (such as Lofoten). DiscussionThis study aimed to examine whether daily visits (dwells) to green spaces changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as whether any changes in green space use differed between affluent and less affluent neighborhoods and between densely populated and less densely populated neighborhoods. The results of our study revealed an increase in the proportion of daily recreational dwells in grids with high vegetation density during the pandemic compared to the baseline period of 2019 and 2020 before the pandemic, and this increase was most prominent in neighborhoods with low SES. We also found that the increase in recreational green space use occurred both in neighborhoods with high and low population densities but that the increase was somewhat greater in neighborhoods with low population densities. Our finding of a substantial increase in the proportion of daily dwells in areas with high vegetation density is consistent with previous research reporting large increases in recreational activity in green spaces in urban areas during the pandemic (3). Therefore, our study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating a nationwide relative increase in green space exposure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that during the pandemic, there was a significant increase in recreational visits to green spaces, particularly in areas with high vegetation density. The study highlights that this increase was most pronounced in low-SES neighborhoods and shows that daily recreational dwells in high-vegetation density areas increased, thereby linking access to these spaces with increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Disruption of this binding or incoherence of neuronal networks due to genetic mutations, chemicals intoxications, miswiring of neuronal circuitry and other yet undiscovered causes may result ASD [6-9]. Embryogenesis of the human brain in a normal, healthy symmetrical and timely multiple synaptic development following the natural ontogeny will produce a coherent cognitively neural motor bind well-being with evolutionary survival advantage. The cerebellum In humans, the cerebellum is involved in motor control, cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses. It is essential for several types of motor learning especially changes in sensorimotor relationships. The cerebellum is a complicated structure consisting of the anterior lobe, posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe. The medial zone of the anterior and posterior lobes receives proprioceptive input from the spinal cord, cranial trigeminal nerve, visual and auditory systems. It sends sensory afferents to deep cerebellar nuclei which project to both the cerebral cortex and the brain stem, thus providing modulation of descending motor systems. The lateral zone, also known as neocerebellum contributes the cerebrocerebellum receives input exclusively from the cerebral parietal cortex via the pontine nuclei; forming the important cortico-ponto-cerebellar pathways; and sends output to the ventrolateral thalamus which in turn connected to motor areas of the cerebral cortex and to the red nucleus. Thus, the lateral cerebellum is involved in planning future movement, evaluating sensory information for future action and higher cognitive functions. Post mortem anatomical studies showed that ASD individuals have diminished Purkinje cell in terms of size, number and branching patterns especially in cerebellum VI and VII lobules. Functional MRI (f-MRI) showed dysplasia; hypo or hyperplasia of the cerebellar vermis in ASD compared with norm. Purkinje cells have rich serotonin contents, reduction in serotonin neurotransmitters may disinhibited arousal and emotional behaviour in autism [12-14]. Low serotonin level predicts anxiety, unhappiness and depression. Emotional facial expressions using f-MRI in high functioning autistic adults showed under activation of the left cerebellum [15]. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) showed decreased cerebellar N-acetyl-aspartame (NAA); a neuronal indicator of function and maturity [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of genetic mutations, environmental factors, and the complex systems involved in human behavior, particularly in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It emphasizes that behaviors, emotional responses (like anxiety and depression), and cognitive functions are influenced by various factors beyond just neural circuitry, including disruptions in neuronal networks and the interactions between different brain regions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: By conducting a side-by-side comparison within the same animals, we not only gained new insights about shared and distinct features of processing the two forms of threats in the LT-BLA pathway, but also learned that, despite being monosynaptically connected, the LT and the BLA differ in important ways, as we detailed in our discussion. This provides new avenues for further investigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses insights about processing threats in the LT-BLA pathway in animals, without mentioning language acquisition or its components.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: However, our study also contributes to the existing knowledge base by highlighting the different effects of the pandemic on green space use across urban and rural areas, as well as high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods. Indeed, our findings suggest that the lockdown restrictions led to a considerable decrease in daily dwells in densely populated and low-vegetation density areas. -19 pandemic and the associated widespread lockdowns and social distancing measures had an impact on people’s daily routines, habits, and psychosocial functioning. Indeed, as indoor recreational facilities closed, many people likely started seeking outdoor activities that would allow them to adhere to social distancing measures while still engaging in leisure pursuits. In this context, green spaces may have provided a safe and accessible place for outdoor activities such as walking, jogging, cycling, and hiking (30). Moreover, previous research has shown that the pandemic led to an increase in mental health problems due to social isolation and the disruption of daily routines (31). Since green spaces have been shown to have a positive impact on mental health by reducing stress and increasing social connection (5), people may have increasingly turned to green spaces to escape the stresses of the pandemic. In our study, we found that the positive impact of the pandemic on green space use was most prominent in neighborhoods with low SES. It is known that low-SES neighborhoods were more affected by the negative economic and social impacts of the pandemic (18, 19). As people living in these areas experienced higher levels of stress, the increased use of green spaces in these neighborhoods during the pandemic may reflect that the green spaces provided opportunities for individuals in those neighborhoods to reduce stress and improve their mental health, social connection, and well-being. Concerning social inequities in green space use, our study revealed that the highest-SES neighborhoods displayed nearly equal green space and non-green space usage rates. In contrast, low SES neighborhoods had significantly more dwells in non-green areas and fewer dwells in the greenest areas. This social difference in green space use was evident both before and during the pandemic, but the difference declined slightly during the pandemic as compared to before the pandemic. This suggests that the pandemic may have had a positive effect on green space equity by somewhat reducing the gap in green space access between high-SES and low-SES neighborhoods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how green spaces may have served as safe, accessible locations for outdoor activities during the pandemic, such as walking, jogging, and cycling. It highlights that these activities rely on access to green spaces, particularly emphasizing that during the pandemic, individuals sought outdoor activities to adhere to social distancing measures, indicating a link between access to these spaces and physical activity levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: An inability to shift attention in a timely manner is one of the primary problems in autism. Adaptive timing response which critically involved the cerebellum was absent as illustrated in the classical eye blink reflex was impaired in ASD. Autistic may take more time to shift their attention from one stimulus to another in the changing environment full of multiple stimuli. This delay disables the autistic important contents and context informational cues which is essential for their adaptive learning. The difficulty of ASD in controlling timely response to stimuli is a motor behavioural function of cerebellum in associative learning. Auditory, visual and oculomotor response also failed to be modulated and reproduced consistently independent of the stimulus duration again strengthened the assertion that adaptive timing function as controlled by cerebellum was missing in ASD. The defective lesions are believed to be localized to a specific part of the interposed nucleus in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) [17-20]. Lastly, individuals resulted from cerebellar injuries clinically behave with similar cognitive developmental impairments as in autism [21,22]. At this juncture, emotional disinhibition, associative learning, motor planning, visual, auditory and verbal disability was evidently shown to be correlated with cerebellar developmental aberrancy, dysfunction and morphological abnormalities in ASD which may take place as early as in-utero neonatal period. The pathogenetic role of the cerebellum in the development in ASD is also in consistent with its long embryological ontological development as endogenous sonic hedgehog signalling stimulates rapid proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs) in the external granule layer (EGL) during early in utero neonatal development into late neonatal period [23]. This prolonged period of embryogenesis theoretically provides a long window to mutagenesis and probable exposure to environmental toxic insults. The importance of the cerebellum in the motor development in ASD is also related to the evolution of humans into bipedalism which is believed to be a requisite for higher cognitive functions as explained by the cerebellum expansion theory. An upright posture mandated Homo sapiens to have a smaller rostral neocortex but bigger volume cerebellum caudally. An expansion of the lateral lobes of the cerebellum act as a back-fire station actively feedforward input to the neocortex in motor planning, higher cognitive activities, sensorimotor and emotional modulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that behaviors, particularly in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), cannot be solely understood through neural circuitry. It outlines how adaptive timing responses, motor functions, and developmental impairments associated with cerebellar dysfunction indicate that external factors and developmental processes also play crucial roles in shaping behavior. The mention of environmental factors, cognitive developmental impairments, and the evolution of human motor functions suggest that understanding behavior requires a broader perspective than just neural circuitry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationAntibodyAnti-NeuN antibody (mouse)Merck MilliporeMAB3771:500AntibodyAnti-GFP antibody (rabbit)InvitrogenCAB42111:1000AntibodyCy3 goat antimouseScientificA105211:500Antibody488 (goat anti-rabbit)ScientificA-110081:1000Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hEF1αdlox- (pro)taCasp3_2A _TEVp(rev)-dloxVVFV185-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-1/2-hCMVchI-CreVVFV36-1Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαhM4D(Gi)_mChe rryVVFV102-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαmCherryVVFV199-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- dlox-EGFP(rev)- dloxVVFV115-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-retro/2- hCMV-chI-CreVVFV36-retroRecombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- chI-jGCaMP7sVVFV406-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2- mCaMKIIαjGCaMP8mVVFV630-5Recombinant DNA reagentAAV-5/2-hSyn1- chIChrimsonR_tdTo matoVVFV334-5Chemical compound, drugPropranolol hydrochlorideMerckP0884Chemical compound, drugSotalol hydrochlorideMerckS0278Chemical compound, drugClozapine noxide dihydrochloride (CNO watersoluble)HelloBioHB6149Chemical compound, drugFentanylHameln007007Chemical compound, drugMidazolamHameln002124Chemical compound, drugMedetomidine [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of reagents and chemicals with no reference or relevance to language acquisition, innate or learned components. Therefore, it does not provide any information to support, refute, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Firstly, the observed increase in green space use during the pandemic highlights the importance of access to green spaces for promoting physical activity, mental health, social connection, and overall well-being. Increasing access to and use of green space is particularly important in densely populated urban areas and areas with low socio-economic status, where access to greenspaces is limited. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for enhancing the equitable distribution of greenspaces across different socio-economic and geographic areas. The social inequity in green space use observed in this study suggests that efforts are needed to ensure that all communities have access to high-quality greenspaces that are safe, accessible, and well-maintained. Finally, the study underscores the need for ongoing monitoring and evaluation of green space use to inform evidence-based urban planning and public health policies. Indeed, such planning and policy-making could involve the use of objective measures, such as mobility data, to assess the impact of different interventions on green space use, as well as the collection of data on individual behaviors and attitudes toward green space use. ConclusionOur study provides important insights into the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily activity in green spaces in Norway and the potential socio-economic and geographic disparities in green space use. Our findings suggest that the pandemic had a significant impact on the use of green spaces, particularly in neighborhoods with low socio-economic status. The observed increase in green space use during the pandemic underscores the importance of access to green spaces for promoting physical activity, mental health, and overall well-being. However, our study also highlights the need for enhancing the equitable distribution of greenspaces and the ongoing monitoring and evaluation of green space use to inform evidence-based urban planning and public health policies. 1. . Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Letters. 2020;15(10):104075. 2. . Back to nature: Norwegians sustain increased recreational use of urban green space months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2021;214:104175. 3. Bristowe A, Heckert M. How the COVID-19 pandemic changed patterns of green infrastructure use: A scoping review. & Urban Greening. 2023;81:127848. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the observed increase in green space use during the pandemic highlights its importance for promoting physical activity, mental health, and overall well-being. It emphasizes that access to green spaces is particularly crucial in urban areas and those with low socio-economic status, suggesting a direct link between access to these spaces and increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: The most recent period of human evolution showed a disproportionate increase in the relative size of the cerebellum to neocortex. The cerebellum compared to rest of the brain, has been increasing while the cerebral cortex decreasing in size. The cerebellum lateral hemispheres are three times bigger in size in humans than monkeys. Thus, the expansion of the cerebellum is an important milestone during Hominidae evolution especially in the evolvment of motor tasks, visual-spatial skills, higher cognitive emotional skills and learning which is tightly bind to the rest of the brain [24,25]. The neocortex Anatomical mapping of the cerebellum using functional MRI suggest more than half of the cerebellar cortex is interconnected with association zones of the cerebral cortex [26]. Post mortem anatomical survey has shown smaller cortical cell column in the prefrontal and temporal cortex in ASD [27]. Brain volume growth is also different compared with the norm with a smaller head circumference at birth followed by a rapid increase in size and volume of brain especially the white matter after one month of age; 37% of autistic children were reported to have developmental macrocephaly by 4 years of age [28,29]. This is in contrast with the previously discussed evolutionary reduction in size of neocortex compared to cerebellum. The most striking cortical feature in ASD is neocortical asymmetries with the greatest amounts of cortical cells in higher-order association cortices and a disproportional rightward asymmetrical cortex in the autistic individuals [30]. Reversal of the normal language-related frontal cortex asymmetry was also noted [31]. fMRI showed a reduction of activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and reduction of both superior temporal cortex and temporal frontal cortical areas in making inferences from viewing another individual eye; hence absence of eye contact with other [32,33]. More delicate visually paced finger movements which needed refined coordination was reduced like writing in the activated cortical area but involved in a different area [34]. During sentence comprehension task, a reverse weighted activation in Wernicke’s area more than the normally used Broca’s area was seen [35]. Event-related potential (ERP) studies, which have been used to study brain dynamics, showed that higher brain cognitive functions in ASD were altered. ERP P300 covaries with stimulus probability and task relevance showed that language stimuli at left hemisphere were smaller and not at right hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that suggests a complexity in understanding behavior that goes beyond neural circuitry alone. For instance, it discusses the evolution of the cerebellum and its expanding role in motor tasks, cognitive and emotional skills, and learning, indicating that these behaviors involve interactions among various parts of the brain, not solely driven by neural circuitry. The specifics of brain asymmetries in individuals with ASD further highlight that behavior and cognitive functions cannot be fully explained only through neural connections, as there are observable variations in how these brain areas operate together.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: VM Pharma087896Chemical compound, drugIsoFlo vet 100%Zoetis37071/40009SoftwareImageJof Health1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss language acquisition or its components in any form. It contains unrelated terms and phrases that do not connect to the topic of language.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space? Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 13 November 2013 Is level of neighbourhood green space associated with physical activity in green space? Katherine Ord1, Richard Mitchell1 & Jamie Pearce2 of 3. 5 km2). The green space measurement included natural areas (e. g. parks, beaches and agricultural land) but excluded aquatic areas and small water bodies (e. g. lochs, the sea and river corridors) and domestic gardens. Although the variable has been shown to perform well in comparisons with other measures of green space in the UK [31], it performs poorly in rural areas because there is too little variation in the quantity of green space. All our analyses were therefore carried out for residents of urban areas only, as defined by the Scottish Government’s Urban/Rural classification [32]. The green space variable was attached to the SHS respondents via their postcode and the matching was undertaken by the data managers to ensure the anonymity of SHS respondents. For analysis, the green space variable was categorised into four groups (<25, 25- < 50%, 50- < 75%, and 75%+). We undertook analysis to assess the sensitivity of results to different categorisations and in particular to the choice of threshold for the lowest green space category which would form the reference group in out analyses. The substantive findings were unaltered and we therefore present results for this categorisation only. Co-variatesWe adjusted our models for age, sex and equivalised household income tertile. We adjusted for age and sex because there is good evidence that both physical activity levels and use of green spaces differ by age and sex. Since the relationships between age and physical activity are not linear, we modelled age as a categorical variable (16–24, 25–34, 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, 65–74 and 75+ years). Income, our proxy for socio-economic position, was both a potential confounder in the relationship between physical activity and green space (because wealthier people may both take more exercise, and also be more likely to reside in greener areas), and used as an axis of inequality in physical activity for the part of the study assessing whether inequalities in physical activity were related to neighbourhood green space level. Rates of missingness for income were higher among respondents living in the least green areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an analysis that explores the association between the level of neighborhood green space and physical activity among residents. It specifies the inclusion of various types of green spaces, such as parks, and highlights that the analysis was adjusted for factors influencing physical activity, including age, sex, and socioeconomic status. This suggests that the study aims to determine if increased access to green spaces correlates with higher physical activity levels, thus corroborating the claim that access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: However, no differences were found for musical chord stimuli consistent with the notion that adaptive timing for musical cord stimuli (non-language) develop normally in ASD and involved in different circuitry whereas phonetic stimuli (language-related) auditory stimuli is affected in autism [36]. This inappropriateness of phonetic language response greatly affected the ASD individual’s socialization, communication, restricted patterns behaviour and learning skills [37]. Cortical deficiencies also impaired the ASD from symbolic thinking, learning, imaginary play to even mental retardation. The thalamus, amygdala and limbic system Post mortem studies revealed abnormalities in the amygdala, hippocampus and ventral temporal cortex. fMRI has shown altered in the size and volume in amygdala in autism [38,39]. The amygdala is of particular significance in ASD as negative emotional reactivity secondary to noise, smells or light will cause instantaneous arousal in some ASD. It has been proposed that an under aroused emotional depression in the amygdala and related affected area typify the neural dynamics autistic behaviour [11,40,41]. The limbic system which better described as the paleomammalian cortex, consists of the thalamus, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior thalamic nuclei, mammillary body and the septum pellucidum, the amygdala and its associated nuclei control emotions, body internal motivation, drive like desires, olfaction and long-term memory. The anterior nuclei of the thalamus are actively involved in the memory process. The thalamus with its different nuclei regulates many body vital autonomic functions like sleep, autonomic nervous, cardiac, respiratory, intestinal and auto-immune functions. As the thalamus is involved in ASD, many bodily innate unconscious autonomic defense and survival neuro-endocrine pathways may be affected in various degrees like autoimmunity, allergic hypersensitization, gut motility, pain and ultimately sleep disturbances. Neuronal circuits aberrancy between the cerebellum, neocortex, thalamus, amygdala associated with cognitive, motor and emotional behaviour in ASD The existence of a cerebello-thalamic circuitry with increasing activation was seen in ASD [42]. Activation of the ipsilateral anterior cerebellar hemisphere is increased in magnitude in spatial extent during motor task in ASD individuals in addition to atypical activation in contralateral and posterior cerebellar regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while neural circuitry is significant in understanding behaviors, particularly in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), there are complexities involved. It discusses how different cerebral regions contribute to various behavioral aspects and highlights that not all behaviors can be understood purely through neural circuitry, such as the interaction of emotional reactivity and the impact of different stimuli on individuals with ASD. Thus, the nuances of emotional and motivational factors alongside neural dynamics suggest a broader framework for understanding behavior beyond just neural circuitry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: 53tSoftwareDoric StudioDoric Lenses5. 4. 1. 232021bSoftware, algorithmPhotometrySignal-AnalysisThis paper Nabavi Lab, 202295421:1000 the procedures were performed on C57BL/6JRJ wildtype (Janvier, France). Mice were naïve and acclimated to the vivarium for at least a week before the beginning of the experiment. The mice were 6–8 weeks old at the beginning of the experimental procedures. Animals were group-housed (3–4 per cage) with enriched conditions in a 12 hr light/dark cycle (the light switches on at 6 AM) with constant level of humidity and temperature (22 ± 1). Food and water were provided ad libitum. Behavioral experiments were conducted between 11 AM and 10 PM at at the Biomedicine department, Allé 8, Aarhus 8000. All the experimental procedures were conducted according to the Experiment Inspectorate. Stereotaxic surgery and virus expression Mice were anesthetized using isoflurane (IsoFlo vet 100%, Zoetis), and standard surgical procedures were used to expose the skull. For most of the experiments, stereoscope lights were not used during the surgical procedures because they reduced the behavioral responses (Figure 1—figure supplement 4). Before the surgery, the mice were injected subcutaneously with buprenorphine 0. 3 mg/mL (Temgesic, 0. 1 mg/kg). Electrolytic-induced lesion of the BLA Mice were lesioned bilaterally in the BLA at the following coordinates: anteroposterior (AP): –1. 4 mm; mediolateral (ML): ±3. 6 mm; dorsoventral (DV): −3. 85/–4. 1/–4. 35 mm from the skull. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language acquisition as it discusses a procedural description regarding animal experimentation and does not mention language, acquisition, innate or learned components.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Access to green spaces is linked to increased physical activity. [SEP] Text: As the distance between home and public spaces might influence the likelihood of visiting, it is also important to assess the effect of different buffers. A distance of 400m is considered a reasonable, walkable distance for most potential users 1212. . Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in Baltimore, Maryland. 2009; 99:767-87. ,1313. Reyes S, Figueroa IM. Distribución, superficie y accesibilidad de las áreas verdes en Santiago de Chile. EURE (Santiago) 2010; 36:89-110. , and thus the association between public spaces and physical activity might be stronger at this distance, but other distances are also employed in the literature 1111. Are park proximity and park features related to park use and park-based physical activity among adults? Variations by multiple socio-demographic characteristics. 2014; 11:146. . It has also been suggested that some characteristics of public spaces, and of their potential users, could explain the disparate findings. As for the former, a better quality of public spaces (indicated by attractiveness, safety, number and kind of services provided, or size) could increase their use 44. Public open space, physical activity, urban design and public health: concepts, methods and research agenda. 2015; 33:75-82. . In this regard, qualitative studies have reported that suboptimal conditions of public spaces are important perceived barriers to use 1414. García-Pérez H, Lara-Valencia F. Equidad en la provisión de espacios públicos abiertos: accesibilidad, percepción y uso entre mujeres de Hermosillo, Sonora. Sociedad y Ambiente 2016; 4:28-56. ,1515. . Racial/ethnic differences in perceived access, environmental barriers to use, and use of community parks. Dis 2010; 7:A49. , and at least one previous study showed that having access to more attractive and bigger public spaces increased the likelihood of taking a walk 1616. Giles- Increasing walking: how important is distance to, attractiveness, and size of public open space? 2005; 28(2 Suppl 2):169-76. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the association between public spaces and physical activity. It mentions that 'having access to more attractive and bigger public spaces increased the likelihood of taking a walk,' which supports the idea that access to green spaces can promote physical activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All behaviors can be understood solely through neural circuitry. [SEP] Text: Moreover, increased activation was correlated with the degree of cerebellar structural abnormality. This provides good evidence dysfunction of the autistic cerebellum may be reflection of cerebellar anatomical abnormality. Neurofunctional deficit might be a key contributor to the development of certain diagnostic features of autism like impaired communication and social interaction, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviours [43]. Social impairment was negatively correlated with the degree of anisotropy of the superior cerebellar peduncle, the primary output path of the cerebellum. Thus, cerebellar white matter decreases, ASD symptoms increases [44,45]. The thalamic nuclei like the relay nuclei receive specific definitive electrical signals and project this to the corresponding functional domains of distinct area in the cerebral cortex. The ventral posterolateral nuclei (VPL), ventral posteromedial nuclei (VPM), medial geniculate (MG) and lateral geniculate (LG) nuclei are thalamic nuclei which relay primary sensations to the cortex. The ventral lateral (VL) nuclei give feedback signals to the cerebellum while the ventral anterior nucleus (VAN) feedback basal ganglion output. Thus, a synaptic connective wiring networks are in place between the motor regions; cerebellum, basal ganglion and the conscious executor of the brain; the cerebral cortex. The association nuclei receive signals input from the cerebral cortex which can be inhibitory and project back to the latter in cortex association areas so as to regulate activity. The reticular nucleus encapsulated most of the thalamus and receives input from the cerebral cortex and dorsal thalamic nuclei. The thalamic reticular nucleus receives neuronal projections from the external segment of the Globus Pallidus. Pallidus is a component of basal ganglion of the brain which involved in the regulation of voluntary movement. Through disinhibition, neuronal signals were sent to the thalamus resulting in initiation of movement [46]. Thus, each nucleus of the thalamus is capable at rest in dispatching electrical signals and communications to specific anatomical domains to the corresponding cerebral cortex and areas of motor function. Through its association neurons, the signals are feedback to the thalamus and wired to the other structures like the amygdala which in turn flow back to the cortex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while neural circuitry plays a significant role in behavior, it also indicates the involvement of various neural structures and their interactions in the development of behaviors, particularly in the context of autism. Specific details about how the cerebellum and thalamic nuclei function in regulating movement and sensory processing suggest that understanding behavior requires more than just an analysis of neural circuitry alone. The mention of social impairments linked with structural brain abnormalities further indicates that there are complex factors involved in behavior beyond just neural connections.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition involves both innate and learned components. [SEP] Text: The electrolytic lesion was performed with a concentric bipolar electrode (50691, Stoelting, USA) by delivering a constant direct current at each location (0. 6 mA for 15 s). In another group of mice, the electrode was placed at the same location without delivering any current (sham surgery). Lesion of the BLA Mice were bilaterally injected with a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox (titer: 4. 7 × 10–12 vg/mL) in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (titer: 1. 0 × 10–13 vg/mL, ratio 7:1. 5). The volume of injection was 0. 5 µL per hemisphere at the following coordinates AP: –1. 6 mm; ML: ±3. 45 mm; DV: −3. 5/–4. 1 mm from the skull. Control mice were injected with AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox at the same coordinates. Chemogenetics inhibition of the BLA Mice were bilaterally injected with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-hM4D(Gi)_mCherry (titer: 8. 9 × 10–12 vg/mL) or with AAV-5/2-mCaMKIIα-mCherry (titer: 6 × 10–12 vg/mL, diluted 1:1 in PBS). The injection volume was 1 µL per hemisphere at the following coordinates for the BLA: AP: –1. 6 mm; ML: ±3. 45 mm; DV: −3. 5/–4. 1 mm from the skull. Lesion of the TeA and AuC Mice were bilaterally injected with a mixture of AAV-5/2-hEF1α-dlox-(pro)taCasp3_2A_TEVp(rev)-dlox (titer: 4. 7 × 10–12 vg/mL) in AAV-1/2-hCMV-chI-Cre (titer: 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning language acquisition as it discusses a scientific procedure involving mice injections without any mention of language, acquisition, or cognitive development. Thus, it does not provide any supporting or contradictory evidence regarding innate or learned components in language acquisition.