Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 3. . Mycorrhizal fungi: their habitats and nutritional strategies. In:. (ed. ) Environmental and (The Mycota). 2nd ed. Springer; 2015. 256. 4. . Ectomycorrhizal lifestyle in fungi: global diversity, distribution, and evolution of phylogenetic lineages. Mycorrhiza 2009;20:217–63. 5. LePage BA. The evolution, biogeography, and palaeoecology of the Pinaceae based on fossil and extant representative. 2003;615:29–52. 6. . Evolutionary studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi: recent advances and future directions. Bot 2004;82:1122–32. 7. . Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. 2nd ed. San Diego, California: Academic Press, 1997. p. 605. 8. . Proteome analysis of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Boletus edulis under salt shock. 2007;111:939–46. 9. A higher-level phylogenetic classification of the Fungi. 2007;111:509–47. 10. Parniske M. Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nature 2008;6:763–75. 11. -Hill Y. Carbon metabolism and transport in arbuscular mycorrhizas. 2000;124:949–58. 12. Yang S-Y, Grønlund Nonredundant regulation of rice arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis by two members of the phosphate transporter1 gene family. 2012;24:4236–51. 13. . Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizas in plant nutrition and growth: new paradigms from cellular to ecosystem scales. 2011;62:227–50. 14. Gutjahr C, Parniske M. Cell and developmental biology of arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis. Biol 2013;29:593–617. 15. . Fungal endophytes in a 400-million-yr-old land plant: infection pathways, spatial distribution, and host responses. 2006;174:648–57. 16. . Fossil arbuscular mycorrhizae from the early Devonian. Mycologia 1995;87:560. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mycorrhizal fungi and their roles in plant nutrition and symbiotic relationships. It references works that explore various aspects of mycorrhizal symbiosis, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi support plant roots through nutritional strategies and interactions. For example, it mentions the book 'Mycorrhizal Symbiosis,' which suggests the existence of these symbiotic relationships.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses have three hearts and blue blood. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe present study contributes to the question of school literacy about the brain, with an original survey conducted on Italian students from the 3rd to 10th grades (n = 508). The main goal was to test student's knowledge, attitudes, and interests about neuroscience, to assess needs, prospects, and difficulties in teaching about the brain from elementary to high school. A written questionnaire, maintaining anonymity, asked 12 close-ended multiple choice questions on topics related to human and animal brains, plus one facultative open-ended question about interests and curiosities on brain topics. The results show that respondents have a fragmentary level of basic knowledge about the brain, with aspects related to brain functions and consciousness the most challenging. As expected, degrees of performance improve with school level; elementary school students answered correctly an average number of 5. 3 questions, middle school 6. 5, and high school 7. 4. Overall, students show great interest in the brain, as shown by the large number of questions gathered through the open-ended question (n = 384). Other topics are addressed, mostly related to brain structure/functions and the role of the brain in the everyday life. The survey indicates the need of more thorough school programs on this subject, reinforced by interdisciplinary teaching where comparative anatomy and evolutionary aspects of brain development are covered. Citation: (2012) “Have a Brain? ” Knowledge, Perceptions and Attitudes towards Neuroscience at School. 7(10): e47943. Frank Krueger, University/for Advanced Study, of America Received: July 3, 2012; Accepted: September 25, 2012; Published: October 17, 2012Copyright: © Sperduti et al. This is an open-access 2003. According to this same law (0. 001 very highly significant, p<0. 01 highly significant, and p <0. 05 significant. If at least one contingency table cell showed an observed count of less than 5, the p-value was calculated by simulation based on 10,000 replicates. Analysis of variance was used to test the difference among the means of the quantitative variables. The significance of the interaction between levels was tested by the Tukey's Difference test [32]. All the analyses were performed with the R package (version 2. 15. 0) [33]. ResultsAll students (n = 508) completed the questionnaire within the time limit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study on school literacy about the brain and students' knowledge of neuroscience, with no mention or relation to octopuses, their physiology, or any specifics regarding their hearts or blood. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim about octopuses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In each case, the tool provided a complete, concise and transparent summary of the data. The next steps will be to apply the analysis tool to new datasets to see how well it performs in practice. At a technical level, the tool could also be extended in a number of different directions to enable it to deal with more complicated experimental designs in future. many state of the art experiments, a subject, such as a rat or a monkey, performs a behavioral task while the activity of tens to hundreds of neurons in the animal’s brain is monitored using electrophysiological or imaging techniques. The common goal of these studies is to relate the external task parameters, such as stimuli, rewards, or the animal’s actions, to the internal neural activity, and to then draw conclusions about brain function. This approach has typically relied on the analysis of single neuron recordings. However, as soon as hundreds of neurons are taken into account, the complexity of the recorded data poses a fundamental challenge in itself. This problem has been particularly severe in higher-order areas such as the prefrontal cortex, where neural responses display a baffling heterogeneity, even if animals are carrying out rather simple tasks (Brody et al. , 2003; Machens et al. , 2010; Hernández et al. , 2010; Mante et al. , 2013; Rigotti et al. , 2013). Traditionally, this heterogeneity has often been neglected. In neurophysiological studies, it is common practice to pre-select cells based on particular criteria, such as responsiveness to the same stimulus, and to then average the firing rates of the pre-selected cells. This practice eliminates much of the richness of single-cell activities, similar to imaging techniques with low spatial resolution, such as or fMRI. While population averages can identify some of the information that higher-order areas process, they ignore much of the fine structure of the single cell responses (Wohrer et al. , 2013). Indeed, most neurons in higher cortical areas will typically encode several task parameters simultaneously, and therefore display what has been termed mixed selectivity (Rigotti et al. , 2013; Pagan and Rust, 2014; Park et al. , 2014; Raposo et al. , 2014). Instead of looking at single neurons and selecting from or averaging over a population of neurons, neural population recordings can be analyzed using dimensionality reduction methods (for a review, see Cunningham and Yu, 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it focuses on the complexities of neural activity and data analysis in neurophysiological studies, which do not provide evidence for or against the ability to perfectly recall memories. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 17. Bonfante P, Genre A. Arbuscular mycorrhizal dialogues: do you speak ‘plantish’ or ‘fungish’? Sci 2015;20:150-4. 18. Maillet F, Poinsot V, André O, Puech-Pagès V, Haouy A, Gueunier M, et al. Fungal lipochitooligosaccharide symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza. Nature 2011;469:58–63. 19. -Pagès V, Novero M, Rey T, et al. Short-chain chitin oligomers from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi trigger nuclear Ca2+ spiking in Medicago truncatula roots and their production is enhanced by strigolactone. 2013;198:179–89. 20. . Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi elicit a novel intracellular apparatus in Medicago truncatula root epidermal cells before infection. 2005;17:3489–99. 21. . Life histories of symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi. 2011;21:R775–85. 22. . A phosphate transporter from Medicago truncatula involved in the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. 2002;14:2413–29. 23. The membrane proteome of Medicago truncatula roots displays qualitative and quantitative changes in response to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. J Proteomics 2014;108:354–68. 24. Raudaskoski M, Kothe E. Novel findings on the role of signal exchange in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal symbioses. Mycorrhiza 2014;25:1–10. 25. . Truffles regulate plant root morphogenesis via the production of auxin and ethylene. 2009;150:2018–29. 26. Plett JM, Martin F. Blurred boundaries: lifestyle lessons from ectomycorrhizal fungal genomes. 2011;27:14–22. 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies related to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their interactions with plant roots. Phrases such as 'symbiotic signals in arbuscular mycorrhiza' and 'the acquisition of phosphate released by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi' indicate that these fungi indeed form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses have three hearts and blue blood. [SEP] Text: (2009) Evolution of the brain in humans – Paleoneurology. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience: Springer. 1326–1338. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the evolution of the brain in humans and does not mention octopuses, their hearts, or blood, thus not supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In recent years, several such methods have been developed that are specifically targeted to electrophysiological data, working on the level of single spikes (Pfau et al. , 2013), accommodating different time scales of latent variables (Yu et al. , 2009), or accounting for the dynamics of the population response (Buesing et al. , 2012a; 2012b; Churchland et al. , 2012). However, these approaches reduce the dimensionality of the data without taking task parameters, i. e. , sensory and motor variables controlled or monitored by the experimenter, into account. Consequently, mixed selectivity remains in the data even after the dimensionality reduction step. The problem can be addressed by dimensionality reduction methods that are informed by the task parameters (Machens et al. , 2010; Machens, 2010; Brendel et al. , 2011; Mante et al. , 2013; Raposo et al. , 2014). We have previously introduced a dimensionality reduction technique, demixed principal component analysis (dPCA) (Brendel et al. , 2011), that emphasizes two goals. It aims to find a decomposition of the data into latent components that (a) are easily interpretable with respect to the experimentally controlled and monitored task parameters; and (b) preserve the original data as much as possible, ensuring that no valuable information is thrown away. Here we present a radically modified version of this method, and illustrate that it works well on a wide variety of experimental data. The new version of the method has the same objectives as the older version (Brendel et al. , 2011), but is more principled, more flexible, and has an analytical solution, meaning that it does not suffer from any numerical optimization problems. Furthermore, the new mathematical formulation highlights similarities to and differences from related well-known methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The dPCA code is available at for Matlab and Python. approaches We illustrate the classical approaches to analyzing neural activity data from higher-order areas in Figure 1. To be specific, we consider recordings from the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of monkeys performing a somatosensory working memory task (Romo et al. , 1999; Brody et al. , 2003). In this task, monkeys were required to discriminate two vibratory stimuli presented to the fingertip. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it discusses dimensionality reduction techniques and their application to analyzing neural activity in the context of working memory tasks in monkeys. The focus is on methodological approaches rather than on the nature of memory recall itself, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes. 2014;111:8299–304. 28. Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists. 2015;47:410–5. 29. Balestrini R, Gómez-. Application of to plant pathogenic and symbiotic interactions. J 2009;4:81–92. 30. Recorbet G, Dumas-Gaudot E. Proteomics of biotrophic plant–microbe interactions: symbioses lead the march. : & Sons, Inc; 2008. p. 764. 31. . Effect of fungal-isolate aggressivity on the biosynthesis of symbiosis-related polypeptides in differentiating eucalypt ectomycorrhizas. Planta 1995;195:408–17. 32. O'Farrell PH. High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins. J 1975;250:4007–21. 33. Felten J, Martin F, Legué V. Signalling in Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis. In: Perotto S, Baluška F. (eds. ) Signaling and Communication in Plant Symbiosis. Berlin, Heidelberg: Heidelberg; 2012. 42. 34. Ditengou FA, Müller van Doorn MM, et al. Volatile signalling by sesquiterpenes from ectomycorrhizal fungi reprogrammes root architecture. 2014;6:6279–9. 35. de A novel class of ectomycorrhiza-regulated cell wall polypeptides in Pisolithus tinctorius. 1999;12:862–71. 36. Bonfante P, Genre A. Mechanisms underlying beneficial plant–fungus interactions in mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;1:1–11. 37. -Gaudot E. Mutations in DMI3 and SUNN modify the appressorium-responsive root proteome in arbuscular mycorrhiza. 2006;19:988–97. 38. Lopez-Meyer M, Harrison MJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing mechanisms and interactions involving mycorrhizal fungi and their relationships with plant roots. It references studies and findings on beneficial plant-fungi interactions, specifically highlighting the symbiotic nature of these relationships. This aligns directly with the claim's assertion regarding the existence of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Our results do not rule out non-foraging nests performing a disproportionate amount of hunting and scavenging but, if they do not appear to supply this excess to the rest of the colony. The higher levels of extra-nest activity around non-foraging nests does not necessarily suggest higher scavenging and hunting effort, it could also be due to searching for other resources such as nest material, or a be a defensive measure. It should also be noted, that our definition of foraging nest based on honeydew collection does not preclude foraging nests from also collecting prey. Indeed, several studies have found that a large proportion of the protein intake of wood ant colonies is provided by hunting and scavenging in the canopy, including on the aphids themselves [3,15,33,34]. In this study we found that more prey is carried along trails between two foraging nests. This could be due to the majority of prey being collected in the canopy. Overall, it appears unlikely that non-foraging nests are acting as hunting and scavenging specialists, and providing protein to the rest of the colony. There does not appear to be any nest-level division of labour with respect to collection of protein. (3) Non-foraging nests as brood development specialists Predictions. Due to the important link between temperature and brood development speed in insects it may be beneficial for polydomous F. lugubris colonies to place non-foraging ‘brood development’ nests in areas of favourable temperatures (found in seasonally polydomous Myrmica punctiventris; [35]). Therefore, under the hypothesis that non-foraging nests are brood development specialists, we predict that non-foraging nests will be in areas with different insolation than foraging nests. In addition, if non-foraging nests are involved in brood rearing we predict greater brood-carrying activity on trails between non-foraging nests and foraging nests. We also predict that the movement of brood along trail these trails between non-foraging and foraging nests will be directional. Depending on the precise brood development role non-foraging nests are fulfilling, this direction could be either towards or away from non-foraging nests. For example, it may be that, due to differing temperature requirements, brood are taken to the non-foraging nest as pupae and taken back to foraging nests as larvae, or vice versa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses foraging behavior and nest activity in wood ants, without any reference to dolphins or their use of tools. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborative or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The stimuli F1 and F2 were separated by a 3 s delay, and the monkeys had to report which stimulus had a higher frequency by pressing one of the two available buttons (Figure 1a). Figure 1 Download asset Open asset Existing approaches to population analysis, illustrated with recordings from monkey PFC during a somatosensory working memory task (Romo et al. , 1999). (a) Cartoon of the paradigm, adapted from Romo and Salinas (2003). Legend shows 12 experimental conditions. (b) Average per-condition firing rates (PSTHs) for four exemplary neurons out of N=832. Colors refer to stimulus frequencies F1 and line styles (dashed/solid) refer to decision, see legend in (a). (c) Fraction of cells, significantly (p<0. 05, two-way ANOVA) tuned to stimulus and decision at each time point. (d) Left: Distribution of stimulus tuning effect sizes across neural population at F1 period (black arrow in c). Significantly tuned neurons are shown in dark gray. Right: Same for decision at F2 period (gray arrow in c). (e) The average of zero-centered PSTHs over all significantly tuned neurons (for neurons with negative effect size, the sign of PSTHs was flipped). Arrows mark time-points that were used to select the significant cells. (f) Fraction of cells, significantly (p<0. 05, linear regression) tuned to stimulus and decision at each time point. (g) Distribution of regression coefficients of neural firing rates to stimulus (during F1 period) and decision (during F2 period). (h) Stimulus and decision components produced by the method of Mante et al. (2013). Briefly, neural PSTHs are weighted by the regression coefficients. (i) Fraction of variance captured by the first 20 principal components. (j) Distributions of weights used to produce the first six principal components (weights are elements of the eigenvectors of the N×N covariance matrix). (k) First six principal components (projections of the full data onto the eigenvector directions). When we focus on the neural representation of the stimulus F1 and the decision, we have to take 12 experimental conditions into account (six possible values of F1 and two possible decisions). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an experimental setup involving neural responses in monkeys related to stimuli and decision-making, but it does not address the claim about the nature of memory recall. It does not support nor rebut the claim, thus it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: An experimental system to synchronize the early events of development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. In: Sánchez F, Quinto C, López-Lara IM, Geiger O. (eds. ) Molecular Plant–Microbe Interactions. Saint Paul: for Plant-Microbe Interactions; 2006. 551. 39. Bestel-Corre G, Dumas--F, van Tuinen D, et al. Proteome analysis and identification of symbiosis-related proteins from Medicago truncatula Gaertn. by two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2001;23:122–37. 40. . Proteome changes in Oncidium sphacelatum (Orchidaceae) at different trophic stages of symbiotic germination. Mycorrhiza 2014;24:349–60. 41. . Membrane proteins and membrane proteomics. 2008;8:3924–32. 42. Benabdellah K, Azcón-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Soluble and membrane symbiosis-related polypeptides associated with the development of arbuscular mycorrhizas in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). 1998;140:135–43. 43. Benabdellah K, Azcon-Aguilar C, Ferrol N. Alterations in the plasma membrane polypeptide pattern of tomato roots (Lycopersicon esculentum) during the development of arbuscular mycorrhiza. J 2000;51:747–54. 44. -Gaudot E. Identification of membrane-associated proteins regulated by the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Biol 2005;59:565–80. 45. Maldonado-van. Methods to estimate the proportion of plant and fungal RNA in an arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza 2002;12:67–74. 46. -Gaudot E. A mass spectrometric approach to identify arbuscular mycorrhiza-related proteins in root plasma membrane fractions. 2006;6(Suppl 1):S145–55. 47. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, specifically mentioning various studies focused on the relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plant species like 'Medicago truncatula' and 'Lycopersicon esculentum.' The processes and proteins referenced (e.g., 'symbiosis-related proteins' and 'proteome changes') indicate the biological interactions characteristic of symbiotic relationships, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Bomford M, O'Brien PH. in Control: A Review of and Effectiveness. Bull. 1990;18(4):411–22. View 41. . Frightening methods and devices/stimuli to prevent mammal damage—a review. In: editors. 14th Conference: University of California; 1990. 42. . The effects of predator odors in mammalian prey species: A review of field and laboratory studies. Rev. 2005;29:1123–44. pmid:16085312 View 43. . Responses of wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) to predator odors. J Chem Ecol. 2000;26(3):705–19. pmid:WOS:000086215600010. View 44. . Scent deterrence to reduce southern flying squirrel kleptoparasitism of red-cockaded woodpecker cavities. Human-Wildlife Conflicts. 2007;1(1):45–8. View 45. Brown JS. Patch use as an indicator of habitat preference, predation risk and competition. Sociobiol. 1988;22(1):37–47. View 46. King CM, editor. of Mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Press; 2005. 47. Clarkson B. Upland forests and special open habitats. In: editors. Botany of the Waikato. Hamilton, New Zealand: Society; 2002. p. 82–91. 48. . Pest eradication technology—the critical partner to pest exclusion technology: the Maungatautari experience. In: editors. Invasive Species: Proceedings of an International Symposium. USDA/APHIS/WS: 2007. p. 115–26. 49. Gillies C, Williams D. Using tracking tunnels to monitor rodents and other small mammals. Version 2. 5. 1. 2008. 50. Miller A. Ecological energetics of feral house mice (Mus musculus) inhabiting coastal sand dunes. 1999. 51. McNamara J. Starvation and predation as factors limiting population size. Ecology. 1987;68(5):1515–9. View 52. Sinclair A, Arcese P. Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: The serengeti wildebeest. Ecology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and topics related to mammalian behavior, predator odors, and pest management, but does not mention dolphins or their use of tools. Therefore, it does not provide any evidence or information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: For each of these conditions, we can average each neuron’s spike trains over trials and then smooth the resulting time series in order to estimate the neuron’s time-dependent firing rate (also known as peri-stimulus time histogram or PSTH). We find that the PSTHs of many neurons are tuned to the stimulus F1, the decision, or both (Figure 1b; so-called mixed selectivity), and different neurons generally show different tuning. Our goal is to characterize and summarize the tuning of all N recorded neurons. The most standard and widespread approach is to resort to a statistical test (e. g. a two-way analysis of variance or ANOVA), in order to check whether the firing rate of a neuron depends significantly on the frequency F1 or on the monkey’s decision. Such a test can be run for each neuron and each time point, in which case the population tuning over time is often summarized as the fraction of cells significantly tuned to stimulus or decision at each time point (p<0. 05, Figure 1c). In addition to providing such a 'summary statistics', this approach is also used to directly visualize the population activity. For that purpose, one selects the subset of neurons significantly tuned to stimulus or decision (e. g. by focusing on a particular time point, Figure 1d) and then averages their PSTHs. The resulting 'population average' is shown in Figure 1e, where we also took the sign of the effect size into account. The population average is generally thought to demonstrate the 'most typical' firing pattern among the cells encoding the corresponding parameter. Importantly, this method yields one single population average or 'component' for each parameter. Each such component can be understood as a linear combination (or a linear readout) of the individual PSTHs, with all Ns significant neurons for a parameter having the same weights ± 1/Ns and all others having weight zero. In a related approach, the firing rates of each neuron at each time point are linearly regressed on stimulus and decision (Figure 1f) (Brody et al. , 2003). Mante et al. (2013) suggested to use the regression coefficients of all N neurons (Figure 1g) as weights to form linear combinations of PSTHs representing stimulus and decision tuning (Figure 1h). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various methods for analyzing neuronal activity and tuning related to stimuli and decisions, but does not address the nature of memory recall. It focuses on statistical methods for understanding neuronal firing rather than providing any evidence or argument related to the claim about perfect memory recall. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: Live-cell imaging reveals periarbuscular membrane domains and organelle location in Medicago truncatula roots during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2009;151:809–19. 48. A H+-ATPase that energizes nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbioses in rice and Medicago truncatula. 2014;26:1818-30. 49. Kobae Y, Hata S. Dynamics of periarbuscular membranes visualized with a fluorescent phosphate transporter in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots of rice. Physiol 2010;51:341–53. 50. . truncatula half-ABC transporters are essential for arbuscule development in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. 2010;22:1483–97. 51. Rhizobium-legume symbiosis shares an exocytotic pathway required for arbuscule formation. 2012;109:8316–21. 52. -M. Mass spectrometry-based label-free quantitative proteomics. J 2010;2010:1–6. 53. Dumas---Arnaud M, Fontaine B, et al. Proteomics as a way to identify extra-radicular fungal proteins from Glomus intraradices-RiT-DNA carrot root mycorrhizas. Ecol 2004;48:401–11. 54. Recorbet G, Rogniaux H, Gianinazzi-Pearson V, Dumasgaudot E. Fungal proteins in the extra-radical phase of arbuscular mycorrhiza: a shotgun proteomic picture. 2009;181:248–60. 55. . rhizogenes pRi TL-DNA segment as a gene vector system for transformation of plants. Genet 1987;207:251–5. 56. . A homologue of the cell cycle check point TOR2 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae exists in the arbuscular mycorrrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae. Protoplasma 2000;212:89–98. 57. -Hill Y, Lammers PJ. Expression in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus of genes putatively involved in metabolism, transport, the cytoskeleton and the cell cycle. In:. (eds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, particularly mentioning Medicago truncatula and rice. Terms such as 'periarbuscular membrane domains,' 'arbuscule development,' and 'nutrient uptake during mycorrhizal symbioses' indicate the mechanisms and processes involved in the symbiotic relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Lastly, understanding how birds select for certain ponds will add insight into the species’ decision-making behavior with respect to foraging and general habitat use. This is particularly interesting given these species inhabit areas dominated by man-made ponds which are used to augment nutritional requirements. Catfish ponds differ from natural foraging habitat typically used by piscivorous avian species in numerous ways. Catfish ponds are small, uniformly rectangular, spatially clumped, and are accompanied by continuous human presence. Avian species decision to forage at a group of catfish ponds is analogous to third order habitat selection. Which ponds they forage on within that group of ponds is fourth order habitat selection and our specific area of interest [18]. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate how fine scale factors of individual catfish ponds influence the probability of use by cormorants, herons, and egrets in the Mississippi Delta. We formulated numerous hypotheses regarding individual catfish ponds physical and spatial characteristics influence on how these species select specific ponds for foraging resources over others. We identified 14 fine scale characteristics to use as variables when examining species use of catfish ponds. These variables can be placed into three principal categories: 1) pond level, 2) surrounding habitat, and 3) conditional (Table 1). Pond level variables include pond size, pond structure, fish type, catfish species, and production method (Table 1). Pond size is the area of a pond, measured in hectares. Catfish ponds in the Delta vary from less than 2 ha up to greater than 9 ha in size, but most are approximately 4 ha [19]. Cormorants are more likely to forage on larger ponds compared to smaller ponds in the region [20]. We predicted similar results for cormorants, herons, and egrets in this study, with the hypothesis that smaller ponds are perceived as riskier or less productive compared to larger ponds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Variables of catfish ponds used in occupancy analysis and resource selection functions modeled against the presence of double-crested cormorants, great blue herons, and great egrets on ponds in the Mississippi Delta. Presence data was collected by flying 35 surveys over three consecutive winter seasons (Oct–Apr), 2015–2017. structure includes traditional levee ponds or split-pond ponds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses avian species and their foraging behavior in relation to catfish ponds, which is unrelated to dolphins or their use of tools. Thus, the content does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: In the toy example, the reconstruction target is the matrix of stimulus averages, 𝐗s, which has the same size as 𝐗, but in which every data point is replaced by the average neural activity for the corresponding stimulus, as shown in Figure 2h. Second, we gain additional flexibility in this quest by compressing the data with a linear mapping 𝐃, yet decompressing it with another linear mapping 𝐅 (Figure 2e). The respective matrices are chosen by minimizing the loss function LdPCA=∥Xs−FDX∥2. Accordingly, for each stimulus, the neural activities are projected close to the average stimulus, which allows us both to decode the stimulus value and to preserve the relative distances of the neural activities. In order to see how this approach preserves all aspects of the original data, and not just some averages, we note that the data in our toy example included both stimulus and time. The matrix 𝐗s can be understood as part of a linear decomposition of the full data 𝐗 into parameter-specific averages: a time-varying part, 𝐗t, that is obtained by averaging 𝐗 over stimuli, and a stimulus-varying part, 𝐗s, that is obtained by averaging 𝐗 over time. Any remaining parts of the activity are captured in a noise term (Figure 2g). In turn, we can find separate decoder and encoder axes for each of these averages. Once more than N=2 neurons are considered, these decoder and encoder axes constitute a dimensionality reduction step that reduces the data into a few components, each of which properly decodes one of the task parameters. In turn, the original neural activity can be reconstructed through linear combinations of these components, just as in PCA. The key ideas of this toy example can be extended to any number of task parameters. In this manuscript, all datasets will have three parameters: time, stimulus, and decision, and we will decompose the neural activities into five parts: condition-independent, stimulus-dependent, decision-dependent, dependent on the stimulus-decision interaction, and noise (see Figure 8 in the Materials and methods): X=Xt+Xst+Xdt+Xsdt+Xnoise=∑ϕXϕ+Xnoise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses methods for reconstructing neural activity based on stimuli and data compression techniques. It does not provide evidence or arguments regarding the perfect recall of memory with stimuli, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: ) Diversity and Integration in Mycorrhizas. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2002. 148. 58. Secretome of the free-living mycelium from the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. J 2012;11:157–71. 59. Proteomic analysis of Pteris vittata fronds: two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi differentially modulate protein expression under arsenic contamination. 2010;10:3811–34. 60. Effects of heavy metals and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the leaf proteome of a selected poplar clone: a time course analysis. 2012;7:e38662. 61. Cangahuala--M, Manga A, van TD, Henry C, et al. Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis elicits proteome responses opposite of P-starvation in SO4 grapevine rootstock upon root colonisation with two Glomus species. Mycorrhiza 2011;21:473–93. 62. -Pearson V, et al. On the mechanisms of cadmium stress alleviation in Medicago truncatula by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: a root proteomic study. 2009;9:420–33. 63. Fester T, Hause G. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Mycorrhiza 2005;15:373–9. 64. . Evolutionary adaptation to Zn toxicity in populations of Suilloid fungi. 2004;162:549–59. 65. Turnau K. The influence of industrial dust on the mycoflora of Pino-Quercetum forest near Cracow. III. The influence of industrial dust on the mycorrhiza of Vaccinium myrtillus. Acad 1988;226:135–45. 66. Specific regions in the Sod1 locus of the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron maius from metal-enriched soils show a different sequence polymorphism. Ecol 2011;75:321–31. 67. Perotto S, Actis-Perino E, Perugini, Bonfante P. Molecular diversity of fungi from ericoid mycorrhizal roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of studies and references that specifically discuss mycorrhizal symbiosis, indicating that mycorrhizal fungi, including arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, engage in symbiotic relationships with plant roots. This supports the claim about the symbiotic nature of mycorrhizal fungi.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Resurgent current generation and kinetics of inactivation of hNav1. 1 and hNav1. 6. A, Representative family of resurgent current traces from hNav1. 1 (left) and hNav1. 6 (right) with Navβ4 peptide in the pipette solution. Currents were elicited by depolarization to +60mV for 20ms followed by repolarization to potentials ranging from +25mV to -80mV for 50ms. B, Protocol used to measure resurgent currents. C, Current-voltage curve of peak resurgent current normalized to peak transient current measured at +10mV by hNav1. 1 (purple squares; n = 15) and hNav1. 6 (green circles; n = 15). D, Representative normalized current traces elicited by a step depolarization from -100mV to -10mV by hNav1. 1 (black) and hNav1. 6 (blue) without Navβ4 peptide in the pipette solution. E, Averaged decay time constants measured at potentials ranging from -20mV to +20mV from hNav1. 1 (black square; n = 14) and hNav1. 6 (blue circles; n = 14) (Unpaired t-test, *p < 0. 05). of the major determinants of resurgent current generation is the rate of inactivation because the Navβ4 peptide is thought to directly compete with the ability of the intrinsic fast inactivation gate to bind the channel. Therefore, we examined the kinetics of fast inactivation of peak transient sodium currents by fitting the decay phase of macroscopic currents elicited with test potential steps to voltages ranging from -20mV to +20mV with a single exponential function. Fig 4D shows representative normalized traces elicited by a voltage step from -100mV to -10mV demonstrating the slower decay phase of hNav1. 6 compared to hNav1. 1. We found that hNav1. 6 has significantly larger time constants for kinetics of inactivation compared to hNav1. 1 at all the voltages tested (Fig 4E). The slower kinetics of inactivation for hNav1. 6 corresponded to its greater ability to generate resurgent currents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the kinetics of sodium channel inactivation without any reference to dolphins or their tool use. Thus, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding dolphins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Individual terms are again given by a series of averages. This decomposition is fully analogous to the variance (covariance) decomposition done in ANOVA (). The only important difference is that the standard (M)ANOVA decomposition for three parameters A, B, and C, would normally have 23=8 terms corresponding to the main effects of A, B, C, pairwise interactions AB, BC, and AC, three-way interaction ABC, and the noise. Here we join some of these terms together, as we are not interested in demixing those (see Materials and methods). Once this decomposition is performed, dPCA finds separate decoder and encoder matrices for each term ϕ by minimizing the loss function LdPCA=∑ϕ∥𝐗ϕ-𝐅ϕ𝐃ϕ𝐗∥2. Each term within the sum can be minimized separately by using reduced-rank regression, the solution of which can be obtained analytically in terms of singular value decompositions (see Materials and methods). Each row 𝐝 of each 𝐃ϕ yields one demixed principal component 𝐝𝐗 and, similar to PCA, we order the components by the amount of explained variance. Note that the decoder/encoder axes corresponding to two different task parameters ϕ1 and ϕ2 are found independently from each other and may end up being non-orthogonal (in contrast to PCA where principal axes are all orthogonal). In a nutshell, the loss function ensures that each set of decoder/encoder axes reconstructs the individual, parameter-specific terms, 𝐗ϕ, thereby yielding proper demixing, and the data decomposition ensures that the combination of all decoder/encoder pairs allows to reconstruct the original data, 𝐗. There are a few other technical subtleties (see Materials and methods for details). (1) We formulated dPCA for simultaneously recorded neural activities. However, all datasets analyzed in this manuscript have been recorded sequentially across many sessions, and so to apply dPCA we have to use 'pseudo-trials'. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of data decomposition and analysis methods (like dPCA and PCA) without addressing the concept of memory recall or its relation to stimuli. It does not provide any evidence or argument that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots. [SEP] Text: 1996;5:123–31. 68. The genome portal of the Department of Genome Institute. Res 2012;40:D26–32. 69. MycoCosm portal: gearing up for 1000 fungal genomes. Res 2014;42:D699–704. 70. Martin F, Aerts A, Ahrén The genome of Laccaria bicolor provides insights into mycorrhizal symbiosis. Nature 2008;452:88–92. 71. Périgord black truffle genome uncovers evolutionary origins and mechanisms of symbiosis. Nature 2010;464:1033–8. 72. Genome of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus provides insight into the oldest plant symbiosis. 2013;110:20117–22. 73. -Gaudot E. Proteomic studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. Chem 2013;2013:48–58. 74. . Arbuscule-containing and non-colonized cortical cells of mycorrhizal roots undergo extensive and specific reprogramming during arbuscular mycorrhizal development. 2012;69:510–28. 75. Picotti P, Aebersold R. Selected reaction monitoring-based proteomics: workflows, potential, pitfalls and future directions. 2012;9:555–66. 76. . Selected reaction monitoring to determine protein abundance in Arabidopsis using the Arabidopsis proteotypic predictor. 2014;164:525–36. 77. . Single-cell imaging mass spectrometry. 2013;17:854–9. 78. van Remoortere A, van. Peptide and protein imaging mass spectrometry in cancer research. J Proteomics 2010;73:1921–44. 79. -M, Howes-Podoll M, et al. MALDI mass spectrometry-assisted molecular imaging of metabolites during nitrogen fixation in the Medicago truncatula–Sinorhizobium meliloti symbiosis. 2013;75:130–45. information 1. Introduction2. Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions3. The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions4. Proteomics in action5. Mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metals6. Conclusion and future perspective 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of symbiotic relationships between mycorrhizal fungi and plants, as indicated in sections such as 'Plant–symbiotic fungi interactions' and 'The symbiotic proteomics of mycorrhizal interactions'. The mention of specific studies and findings related to mycorrhizal fungi, such as the genome of 'Laccaria bicolor' and 'arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus', supports the claim of these fungi forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Amplification of DLOOP mitochondrial gene was then done by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers and a constant number of cycles for all samples. All PCR products and a standard dilution range were electrophoresed to determine the initial quantity of mitochondrial DNA in the muscle sample. Finally for each sample, we calculated mitochondrial density as the ratio between mitochondrial DNA and total DNA quantities. We identified groups of cetaceans that had similar qualities of diets (energy densities) or metabolic costs of living (lipid content or mitochondrial densities of muscles) using Ward's hierarchical cluster analysis [53] calculated using the Euclidean dissimilarity coefficient of the species-individual matrix. The number of clusters representing the different classes of diet quality or costs of living was confirmed using non-parametric multiple pairwise comparison tests. We thus tested the among-species variability with non-parametric permutation-based one-way ANOVAs using species as a fixed factor. Permutation procedures were used if the residuals were not normally distributed, and multiple comparison tests (i. e. , Conover-Inman non-parametric multiple pairwise comparison test) were conducted if interspecific differences were significant. Finally, we determined the significance of relationships between diet quality, cost of living and body mass using Pearson's correlation tests and linear models corrected for the non-independency of the error variance structure. All statistical analyses were performed with R software version 2. 8. 1. [54]. ResultsMean energetic densities of the diet (MEDD) calculated for cetacean species and structural indicators of muscle performance showed a broad range of interspecific values and low intraspecific variations (Fig. 1). The mean energetic densities of the diet ranged from 1. 7 to 7. 2 kJ·g−1 (Fig. 1A). Three significant groups were distinguished by statistical analyses, (i) cetaceans with a high diet quality (MEDD>5. 5 kJ·g−1) including common dolphin, harbour porpoise and minke whale (Group a Fig. 1A); (ii) cetaceans with a medium diet quality such as bottlenose dolphin, striped dolphin or long-finned pilot whale (Group b; Fig. 1A), and (iii) cetaceans with a low diet quality (MEDD<4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodologies and results of a study on the energetic densities of cetacean diets without mentioning tool use in dolphins or any related behavior. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim regarding dolphins using tools.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (2) Similar to any other decoding method, dPCA is prone to overfitting and so we introduce a regularization term and perform cross-validation to choose the regularization parameter. (3) The data and variance decompositions from above are exact only if the dataset is balanced, i. e. , if the same number of trials were recorded in each condition. If this is not the case, one can use a re-balancing procedure. (4) A previous version of dPCA (Brendel et al. , 2011) used the same variance decomposition but a different and less flexible loss function. The differences are layed out in the Materials and methods section. Somatosensory working memory task in monkey PFC We first applied dPCA to the dataset presented above (Romo et al. , 1999; Brody et al. , 2003), encompassing 832 neurons from two animals. As is typical for PFC, each neuron has a distinct response pattern and many neurons show mixed selectivity (some examples are shown in Figure 1b). Several previous studies have sought to make sense of these heterogeneous response patterns by separately analyzing different task periods, such as the stimulation and delay periods (Romo et al. , 1999; Brody et al. , 2003; Machens et al. , 2010; Barak et al. , 2010), the decision period (Jun et al. , 2010), or both (Hernández et al. , 2010). With dPCA, however, we can summarize the main features of the neural activity across the whole trial in a single figure (Figure 3). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Demixed PCA applied to recordings from monkey PFC during a somatosensory working memory task (Romo et al. , 1999). (a) Cartoon of the paradigm, adapted from Romo and Salinas (2003). (b) Demixed principal components. Top row: first three condition-independent components; second row: first three stimulus components; third row: first three decision components; last row: first stimulus/decision interaction component. In each subplot, the full data are projected onto the respective dPCA decoder axis, so that there are 12 lines corresponding to 12 conditions (see legend). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a technical method (dPCA) for analyzing neural data related to working memory tasks, but does not address the idea of memory recall or its precision with the right stimulus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Jaafar1, Amin Al-Sulami1, Asaad Al-Taee2*, Faris Aldoghachi3 and Suhaimi Napes4 1College of Education for 23College of Science, Basra University, Basra, Iraq 4College of : Asaad Al-of Basrah, environmental development, Basra, 61001, Iraq Tel: 009647801405715 E-mail: amraltaee@yahoo. com Received date: June 06, 2015; Accepted date: July 13, 2015; Published date: July 20, 2015 Citation: Jaafar R, Al-Sulami A, Al-(2015) Biosorption and Bioaccumulation of Metals by Isolated from Soil in Basra Governorate- Iraq. J 5:190. doi:10. 4172/2155-952X. 1000190 Copyright: © 2015 Jaafar R, et al. This is an open-access 0. 33 mgg-1), while the lowest accumulation was in concentration 5 mgl-1 (0. 029 mgg- 1) at 2h of incubation. the results showed maximum accumulation at 24h for concentration 100 mgl-1 then decreased at 48 h. The results of biosorption experiment showed that D. radiodurans has a good ability to absorption both Pb and Cd in considering to the metals concentrations and times. This which can be clarified from the elevated percentage of Pb absorption (63. 46%) in concentration 50 mgl-1 and during 2h. For biosorption of Cd the was decreased with the increasing time and the high biosorption noticed during 2h at concentration 50 mgl-1 (31. 23%). radiodurans Heavy metals; Minimum inhibitory concentration; Bioaccumulation; D. radiodurans is one of the most known radiation resistant organisms. It can live in cold, dehydration, vacuum and acid, and is therefore known as a polyextremophile. It is found in habitats rich in organic materials, such as soil, feces, meat, or sewage, in addition to that, it’s isolated from dried foods, room dust, medical instruments and textiles [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the biosorption and bioaccumulation of heavy metals by a specific organism and presents results showing that D. radiodurans can absorb significant amounts of metals like Pb and Cd from its environment. This supports the claim that certain mushrooms, or in this case, related organisms, can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: These two dolphin species contrast sharply with the bottlenose dolphin and the fin whale that belong to different sub-Orders and are morphologically different, but have similar metabolic costs of living and similar qualities of diet (Fig. 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Branching diagrams showing the ecological and evolutionary relationships among cetaceans. Sizes of the cetaceans are shown to scale, and colours reflect whether the species have high (red), moderate (green) or low (blue) costs of living. A: The ecological strategy tree was produced using a cluster analysis of the three combined indicators (mitochondrial density of the muscle, lipid content of the muscle and diet quality). Species are arranged from highest (top) to lowest (bottom) costs of living. B: The actual cetacean phylogenetic tree [72]. Species are grouped by family from top to bottom into Phocoenidae (harbour porpoise); Delphinidae (bottlenose, striped and common dolphins, and long-finned pilot whale), Ziphiidae (Cuvier's beaked whale and Mesoplodon whales), Kogiidae (pygmy sperm whale), Physeteridae (sperm whale) and Balaenopteridae (minke and fin whales). DiscussionAs hypothesised, cetaceans at the species level have diets of varying qualities and a wide range of costs of living. Our data show that a significant relationship exists for all cetaceans between diet quality and the metabolic cost of living from the smallest porpoise to the largest baleen whale. This relationship appears to be independent of body mass–and was not consistent with expectations stemming from the scaling relationship between body mass and metabolism [4], [55]. Our findings suggest that the variability among cetaceans in the qualities of their diets and their costs of living occurring at the species level are the consequences of ecological strategies shaped by evolutionary processes rather than physiological processes occurring at the phylogenetic or morphometric levels (Fig. 3). Foraging on mobile prey requires predators to travel over large distances. It also requires the predators to use more energy to pursue, catch, kill and handle their targets. In contrast, foraging for food with no or low escape abilities reduces foraging costs [56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding dolphins using tools; instead, it focuses on contrasting dolphin species and their diets, metabolic costs, and evolutionary relationships. There is no mention of tool use among dolphins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Thick black lines show time intervals during which the respective task parameters can be reliably extracted from single-trial activity (using pseudotrials with all recorded neurons), see Materials and methods. Note that the vertical scale differs across rows. Ordinal number of each component is shown in a circle; explained variances are shown as percentages. (c) Cumulative variance explained by PCA (black) and dPCA (red). Demixed PCA explains almost the same amount of variance as standard PCA. Dashed line shows an estimate of the fraction of 'signal variance' in the data, the remaining variance is due to noise in the PSTH estimates (see Materials and methods). (d) Variance of the individual demixed principal components. Each bar shows the proportion of total variance, and is composed out of four stacked bars of different color: gray for condition-independent variance, blue for stimulus variance, red for decision variance, and purple for variance due to stimulus-decision interactions. Each bar appears to be single-colored, which signifies nearly perfect demixing. Pie chart shows how the total signal variance is split among parameters. (e) Upper-right triangle shows dot products between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal axes. Stars mark the pairs that are significantly and robustly non-orthogonal (see Materials and methods). Bottom-left triangle shows correlations between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal components. Most of the correlations are close to zero. Just as in PCA, we can think of the demixed principal components (Figure 3b) as the 'building blocks' of the observed neural activity, in that the activity of each single neuron is a linear combination (weighted average) of these components. These building blocks come in four distinct categories: some are condition-independent (Figure 3b, top row); some depend only on stimulus F1 (second row); some depend only on decision (third row); and some depend on stimulus and decision together (bottom row). The components can be easily seen to demix the parameter dependencies, which is exactly what dPCA aimed for. Indeed, the components shown in Figure 3b are projections of the PSTHs of all neurons onto the most prominent decoding axes; each projection (each subplot) shows 12 lines corresponding to 12 conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about memory recall. It discusses components of variance in neural activity and methods for analyzing data, but does not provide any evidence or information on memory recall or its relationship to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by were grown in TGY broth containing different concentrations of lead (5, 10, 25, 50) mgl-1 and for cadmium 10, 20, 50, 100 mgl-1 for 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48 h and incubated at 30ºC in a shaker incubator at 180 rpm. Two replicates for each concentration have been done plus, one as a control. The bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation at 6000 rpm for 15 min and suspended in 1 ml of distilled water, oven - dried and weighed. The dried biomass were then digested as follow: 100 ml beaker containing the dried cells, 5 ml concentrated nitric acid was added; the beaker was placed on a hot plate, stirred continuously, and heated initially at a medium rate for 5 min. Then, the beaker was heated on maximum setting until nitrogen oxide fumes were given off for a short time and a white residue was left. The beaker was left to cool for about 2 min and digestion was repeated with an additional 2 ml of concentrated nitric acid; this time it was heated until brown nitrogen oxide fumes almost ceased to appear. The beaker was cooled again for about 2 min and then 2 ml of 1:1 hydrochloric acid (35- 37%) was added. The mixture was heated at a medium rate for 3 min. After that it was cooled to room temperature and made up to 25 ml or bigger volume with distilled water. Metal concentrations were measured by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (ICE 3000 ) [16]. The metals accumulation then calculated using this equation: E. Con. = A*B/D Where E. Con = the concentration of heavy metals in (mg/g) A= Concentration of heavy metals from calibration curve B= final concentration of sample (mg/l) D= dry weight of sample (gram) Biosorption experiment The equilibrium, kinetics data of the biosorbent D. radiodurans were obtained by performing batch experiments. The experiments were carried out in 250 ml flasks to which 100 ml of single ion metals solution of Cd and Pb, and l ml of biomass (exponential phase) was added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a process that includes measuring the accumulation of heavy metals, specifically lead and cadmium, by a biosorbent organism. Although the text mentions bacterial cells and not mushrooms directly, the emphasis on measuring heavy metal concentrations within biological samples supports the broader concept of bioaccumulation in organisms, which aligns with the claim regarding mushrooms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dolphins are one of the few non-human species known to use tools, such as sponges to protect their snouts while foraging. [SEP] Text: Evol. 16: 78–84. View 18. Jeanniard du (2009) Changes in glucocorticoids, IGF-I and thyroid hormones as indicators of nutritional stress and subsequent refeeding in Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Comp. Bioch. Phys. A 152: 524–534. View 19. (2004) Satiation and compensation for short-term changes in food quality and availability in young Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Can. J. Zool. 82: 1061–1069. View 20. Börjesson P, Berggren P, (2003) Diet of harbor porpoises in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas: Accounting for individual variation and sample size. Mar. Mammal. Sci. 19: 38–58. View 21. Fernández (2009) Stomach contents of cetaceans stranded in the 1996–2006. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK 89: 873–883. View 22. González AF, López A, Guerra A, (1994) Diets of marine mammals stranded on the northwestern coast with special reference to Cephalopoda. Fish. Res. 21: 179–191. View 23. (1986) Body fat condition in fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, and its relationship with reproduction and food resource. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 142–147. View 24. López A (2002) Estatus dos pequenos cetáceos da plataforma de Galicia [PhD thesis]. Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. 25. (2008) Intraspecific dietary variation in the short-beaked common dolphin Delphinus delphis in the Bay of Biscay: importance of fat fish. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 354: 277–287. View 26. Olsen E, Holst JC (2001) A note on common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) diets in the and the North Sea. J. Cet. Res. Manag. 3: 179–184. View 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim about dolphins using tools. It discusses various studies on marine mammals, specifically focusing on their diet and nutritional aspects. There is no mention of dolphins using tools or any behavior related to tool use, which is the main point of the claim. Therefore, the text does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: As intended, condition-independent components have all 12 lines closely overlapping, stimulus components have two lines for each stimulus closely overlapping, etc. The overall variance explained by the dPCA components (Figure 3c, red line) is very close to the overall variance explained by the PCA components (black line). Accordingly, we barely lost any variance by imposing the demixing constraint, and the population activity is accurately represented by the obtained dPCA components. The dPCA analysis captures the major findings previously obtained with these data: the persistence of the F1 tuning during the delay period (component #5; Romo et al. , 1999; Machens et al. , 2005), the temporal dynamics of short-term memory (components ##5, 10, 13; Brody et al. , 2003; Machens et al. , 2010; Barak et al. , 2010), the 'ramping' or 'climbing' activities in the delay period (components ##1–3; Brody et al. , 2003; Machens et al. , 2010); and pronounced decision-related activities (component #6, Jun et al. , 2010). We note that the decision components resemble derivatives of each other; these higher-order derivatives likely arise due to slight variations in the timing of responses across neurons (see 10. 7554/eLife. 10989. 006 As explained above, the demixed principal axes are not constrained to be orthogonal. The angles between the encoding axes are shown in Figure 3e, upper-right triangle; we discuss them later, together with other datasets. Pairwise correlations between components are all close to zero (Figure 3e, lower-left triangle), as should be expected since the components are considered to represent independent signals. To assess whether the condition tuning of individual dPCA components was statistically significant, we used each component as a linear decoder to classify conditions. Specifically, stimulus components were used to classify stimuli, decision components to classify decisions, and interaction components to classify all 12 conditions. We used cross-validation to measure time-dependent classification accuracy and a shuffling procedure to assess whether it was significantly above chance (see Materials and methods). Time periods of significant tuning are marked in Figure 3b with horizontal black lines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it discusses the analysis and representation of population activity in memory tasks, particularly through techniques like dPCA (demixed principal component analysis). It focuses on the variance explained by components related to memory and decisions without indicating that memory can be perfectly recalled or how stimuli influence this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: radiodurans showed significant resistance to high concentrations of Pb and Cd, but it was more tolerant to Cd than Pb. MIC was 400 mgl-1 for Pb, while it was 600 mgl-1 for Cd. Chaturvedi [18] reported different results in his study, he reported that the different isolated of Deinococcus (GrK2, Grk4, GrK5 and DR1) were sensitive to Cd+2, but they exhibited varying levels of tolerance. Grk2 was being extremely sensitive to Cd+2, DR1 is moderately tolerant, while Grk4 and Grk5 showed comparable tolerance, and also he mentioned that the toxicity of Cd affected by growth state, with stationary phase cells being more sensitive than the exponential phase. Hua et al. [20] reported that D. radiodurans R1 does not exhibit strong resistance to heavy metal Hg (II), Ag (I), Cr (VI) and Pb (IV), and recorded MIC (300 1600 300 and 3200 μM) for these metals respectively. From the results of the present study there is a difference in results recorded in comparison with other studies results recorded previously, and this can be explained as the isolated strains was different and the growing conditions such as growth stage also different. In addition to the high concentration of heavy metals in the study soil, which enhance the ability of tolerant to these bacteria. Those can be supported by the result of Chaturvedi [18], who reported that, the growth phase depending differences in tolerance. Qi and Hulett [21] reported that, the tolerance of growing B. thuringiensis DM55 cells has been shown to vary at different growth stages, supporting the existing evidence that the structural features of gram positive bacterial cell walls are affected by the developmental state of the cell. Another reason for these results differences is the variance in design of experiment, such as growth media composition as clarified by Kumar et al. [22]. Complex media such as LB precipitate Pb as a result of sequestration with organic moieties thus reduce the bioavailability of Pb to the bacterial strains [23]. Bioaccumulation study From the results shown in Figure 1 there is an increasing in the accumulation of Pb with the increasing of the concentration. The highest accumulation occurs in the concentration 50 mgl-1 after 6h of incubation was 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing bioaccumulation of lead (Pb), mentioning that there is an increasing accumulation of Pb with higher concentrations in the study. The phrase, 'there is an increasing in the accumulation of Pb with the increasing of the concentration,' supports the idea that certain organisms (in this case, bacteria) can accumulate heavy metals, which is similar to the concept that mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology includes the study of extremophiles, organisms that thrive in extreme conditions, as potential models for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: 2) were not selected by Earth life possibly because certain structural features in their side chains compromise the catalytic functionality of their terminal carboxyl groups: These are (i) the existence of the hydrophobic methyl group in the β-C atom of 3-methylaspartate (where the carboxyl group is attached) or in the α-C atom of 2-methylaspartate and (ii) the quite distant position of the carboxyl group in the δ-C atom of α-aminoadipic or in the ɛ-C atom of α-aminopimelic acid (in contrast to the γ-C atom of Glu). Finally, although 2,4-diaminobutanoic and 2,3-diaminobutanoic acid could have served as alternatives to Lys (Table 1, Fig. 2), Earth life had to incorporate a unique amino acid with a terminal amino group at the ɛ-C atom [Lys was found only in the CM2 meteorite (Cobb and Pudritz, 2014)]. There are at least two reasons for this: Lys ɛ-NH2 group (i) can acquire pKa values (5. 3–10. 4) comparable to those of its naturally buried (in proteins) ionizable groups that are involved in catalysis and biological H+ transport (energy transduction) (Isom et al. , 2011) and (ii) this group has higher proton affinity than the γ-NH2 group of Lys's meteoritic counterpart 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid (Schroeder et al. , 2004). life selected or adopted almost a third of the available abiotic α-amino acids, leaving the majority behind during the course of early evolution, it could be hypothesized that they were not selected by chance and this should hold true for the invented amino acids. 2. 2. Distinguishing abiogenic from biogenic amino acidsAssuming that the α-type of amino acids is a universal feature for peptide bonds, we need to extend our approach to amino acid distribution patterns based on biochemically universal functional properties for life, terrestrial and extraterrestrial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the selection and biochemical properties of amino acids in the context of life on Earth and abiotic versus biogenic compounds. It does not mention extremophiles or the study of such organisms in astrobiology, thus failing to provide any corroborative or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Visuospatial working memory task in monkey PFC We next applied dPCA to recordings from the PFC of monkeys performing a visuospatial working memory task (Qi et al. , 2011, 2012; Meyer et al. , 2011). In this task, monkeys first fixated a small white square at the centre of a screen, after which a square S1 appeared for 0. 5 s in one of eight locations around the centre (Figure 4a). After a 1. 5 s delay, a second square S2 appeared for 0. 5 s in either the same ('match') or the opposite ('non-match') location. Following another 1. 5 s delay, a green and a blue choice target appeared in locations orthogonal to the earlier presented stimuli. Monkeys had to saccade to the green target to report a match condition, and to the blue one to report a non-match. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Demixed PCA applied to recordings from monkey PFC during a visuospatial working memory task (Qi et al. , 2011). Same format as Figure 3. (a) Cartoon of the paradigm, adapted from Romo and Salinas (2003). (b) Demixed principal components. In each subplot there are ten lines corresponding to ten conditions (see legend). Color corresponds to the position of the last shown stimulus (first stimulus for t<2 s, second stimulus for t>2 s). In non-match conditions (dashed lines) the colour changes at t=2 s. Solid lines correspond to match conditions and do not change colors. (c) Cumulative variance explained by PCA and dPCA components. Dashed line marks fraction of signal variance. (d) Explained variance of the individual demixed principal components. Pie chart shows how the total signal variance is split between parameters. (e) Upper-right triangle shows dot products between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal axes, bottom-left triangle shows correlations between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal components. We analyzed the activity of 956 neurons recorded in the lateral PFC of two monkeys performing this task. Proceeding exactly as before, we obtained the average time-dependent firing rate of each neuron for each condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a visuospatial working memory task conducted with monkeys but does not address the claim regarding whether memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. It details the experimental setup, the stimuli used, and neuronal activity without making any statements about the nature of memory recall or its perfection, leading to the conclusion that the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: 33± 0. 0007 mgg-1, while the lowest was 0. 029 ± 0. 268 mgg-1 after 2h. In addition to that, the rising of incubation period may reduce the accumulation for all concentrations. Figure 1: Bioaccumulation of Pb by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0049). The accumulation of Cd increase in parallel with the increasing of concentration for all studying time (Figure 2). The figure clarifies increasing in Cd accumulation with the times (2, 4 and 6 h) for concentrations 10, 20 and 50 mgl-1, then decrease during 24 and 48h. For concentration 100 mgl-1, accumulation increase within 2, 4, 6, and 24h, then decrease with 48h. The analysis of variance of bioaccumulation of Pb and Cd between time and concentration was significant (P<0. 05) in all treatments as show by LSD value. Figure 2: Bioaccumulation of Cd by D. radiodurans at different incubation period and different concentrations. LSD (0. 0341). The results of Pb and Cd accumulation showed that, this bacterium was able to accumulate high amounts of Cd 36. 86 ± 0. 007 mgg-1 in comparison to 0. 33 ± 0. 0007 mgg-1 for Pb. This may be due to difference in toxicity of these metals to this bacterium and to its intrinsic properties which help it in occupying varying tolerance, also the history of pollution of the soils from which bacterium isolated by these metals play critical tool in development ability of these bacteria to deal with such contaminations, this which agrees with the results of the present study where it show high MIC value for Cd than this for Pb for this bacterium. From the results the accumulation increase with time, then start decreasing over specific time. This agrees with Ray et al. [24] who reported that, the accumulation of Pb by B. cereus increased with time, then starts decreasing. It may be concluded that, metal binding sites became saturated after specific time. The maximum accumulation of both of metals by this bacterium occurs in the highest concentration of metals then start decreasing with increasing of the time, this observed by Tunali et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the bacterium D. radiodurans, noting that the accumulation increases with time and concentration. Specifically, it highlights that this bacterium can accumulate high amounts of Cd, which suggests that similar processes could occur in mushrooms, given that both organisms are affected by soil metal concentration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractI studied the predatory behavior of Platythyrea conradti, an arboreal ponerine ant, whereas most species in this subfamily are ground-dwelling. The workers, which hunt solitarily only around dusk, are able to capture a wide range of prey, including termites and agile, nocturnal insects as well as diurnal insects that are inactive at that moment of the Nyctemeron, resting on tree branches or under leaves. Prey are captured very rapidly, and the antennal palpation used by ground-dwelling ponerine species is reduced to a simple contact; stinging occurs immediately thereafter. The venom has an instant, violent effect as even large prey (up to 30 times the weight of a worker) never struggled after being stung. Only small prey are not stung. Workers retrieve their prey, even large items, singly. To capture termite workers and soldiers defending their nest entrances, ant workers crouch and fold their antennae backward. In their role as guards, the termites face the crouching ants and end up by rolling onto their backs, their legs batting the air. This is likely due to volatile secretions produced by the ants' mandibular gland. The same behavior is used against competing ants, including territorially-dominant arboreal species that retreat further and further away, so that the P. conradti finally drive them from large, sugary food sources. Citation: (2011) Behavior in an Ponerine Ant. 6(5): e19837. Anna Dornhaus, University of Arizona, of AmericaReceived: October 29, 2010; Accepted: April 18, 2011; Published: May 11, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Alain Dejean. This is an open-access 1. Foraging behavior of Platythyrea conradti workers. A. A worker transporting a drop of honey under its head and thorax. B. Capture of a 3. 7-cm-long locust; the worker began to bend its gaster in order to sting. C. Capture of a 4. 8-cm-long cockroach; the worker, its gaster bent between its legs is stinging the prey on its ventral surface. D. A worker transporting a just-captured Tettigometridar (Hemiptera). E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the predatory behavior of Platythyrea conradti ants, focusing on their rapid capture of prey, and does not mention the Venus flytrap or its movement. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Following the original studies, we eliminated the trivial rotational symmetry of the task by collapsing the eight possible stimulus locations into five locations that are defined with respect to the preferred location of each neuron (0°, 45°, 90°, 135°, or 180° away from the preferred location, see Materials and methods). As a consequence, we obtained ten conditions: five possible stimulus locations, each paired with two possible decisions of the monkey. The dPCA results are shown in Figure 4. As before, stimulus and decision are well separated at the population level despite being intermingled at the single-neuron level; at the same time dPCA captures almost the same amount of variance as PCA. One notable difference from before is the presence of strong interaction components in Figure 4b. However, these interaction components are in fact stimulus components in disguise. In match trials, S2 and S1 appear at the same location, and in non-match trials at opposite locations. Information about S2 is therefore given by a non-linear function of stimulus S1 and the trial type (i. e. decision), which is here captured by the interaction components. Here again, our analysis summarizes previous findings obtained with this dataset. For instance, the first and the second decision components show tuning to the match/non-match decision during the S2 period and in the subsequent delay period. Using these components as fixed linear decoders, we achieve single-trial classification accuracy of match vs. non-match of 75% for t>2 (cross-validated, see Materials and methods, Figure 12), which is approximately equal to the state-of-the-art classification performance reported previously (Meyers et al. , 2012). Constantinidis et al. have also recorded population activity in PFC before starting the training (both S1 and S2 stimuli were presented exactly as above, but there were no cues displayed and no decision required). When analyzing this pre-training population activity with dPCA, the first stimulus and the first interaction components come out close to the ones shown in Figure 4, but there are no decision and no 'memory' components present (data not shown), in line with previous findings (Meyers et al. , 2012). These task-specific components appear in the population activity only after extensive training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the experimental setup and findings related to stimulus locations and decision-making in a task involving memory but does not make any claims regarding the ability to perfectly recall memories with stimuli. It primarily focuses on the separation of decision components and population activity without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mushrooms can bioaccumulate heavy metals from the soil. [SEP] Text: Other studies stated that cadmium biosorption was achieved by the formation of ionic bridges between the metal and two carboxyl groups or a bidentate chelating complex with one carboxyl group [15,16]. The symmetric carboxyl-stretching band’s intensity decreased after Cd and Pb binding. The bacteria formed stronger bonds with these two metals. Carboxyl groups are the most abundant functional groups and are the main functional groups involved in the biosorption of heavy metals with Deinococcus and other biomasses [17-19]. Cadmium biosorption with Deinococcus reduced after blocking these groups, the majority of these groups are located in the Deinococcus cell wall and their negative charge can attract metal cations [20,21]. XRD X-ray diffraction is a non-destructive technique used to provide detailed information on the crystallographic structure of materials. This method offers several advantages e. g. , non-destructive, high accuracy, capability to detect single crystals, polycrystalline or amorphous materials. Moreover, standards are readily accessible for thousands of material systems. Due to its versatility, XRD has been widely employed to assist in the characterization of biosorbent and in the verification of heavy metals biosorption mechanisms [22]. Figure 2 shows the biosorbent of D. radiodurans un-loaded and loaded with Cd (II) and Pb (II). The XRD profile of the unloaded biosorbent shows typical diffraction peaks. Broad peaks were obtained instead of sharp peaks indicating the sample was poorly crystalline. The peaks at 2-theta 30. 2, 44, 64. 2, and 77. 5°corresponding to (201), (114), (641), and (811) planes. The XRD spectrum is compared with the exited spectrums of control that have been published by the on Standards (JCPDS file no. 00-001-0166). The XRD spectra of Cd (II) and Pb (II) exhibit strong peaks at 2-theta value 29. 9, 44. 1, 64. 4 and 77. 8° corresponding to (200), (114), (640) and (822) planes, respectively, for Cd (II), whereas, the value 44. 2, 64. 2 and 77. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biosorption of heavy metals, specifically cadmium and lead, by bacterial biomass (like Deinococcus) which may relate to how certain mushrooms work similarly in bioaccumulating heavy metals from the soil through mechanisms involving carboxyl groups. This indicates a broader principle of biosorption that can apply to mushrooms as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: Djiéto-(2001) The predatory behavior of the dominant ant species Tetramorium aculeatum (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Sociobiology 38: 765–775. View 19. (2001) Predatory behavior in dominant arboreal ant species: the case of Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J 14: 271–282. View 20. (2005) Arboreal ants build a trap to ambush and capture prey. Nature 434: 973. View 21. (2009) Predation and aggressiveness in host plant protection: a generalization using ants of the genus Azteca. Naturwissenschaften 96: 57–63. View 22. éréghino R, et al. (2010) Arboreal ants use the “Velcro® principle” to capture very large prey. PloS ONE 5: e11331. View 23. Kenne M, Fénéron R, Djiéto-lordon C, Malherbe M-C, Tindo M, et al. (2009) Nesting and foraging habits in the arboreal ant Atopomyrmex mocquerysi André (Formicidae, Myrmicinae). 12: 109–115. View 24. Cerda X, (2011) Predation by ants on arthropods and other animals. In: Polidori C, editor. Predation in the Hymenoptera: Perspective (25. (1994) The hunting behaviour of Polyrhachis laboriosa, a non-dominant ant of the African equatorial forest (Hymenoptera: Formicinae; Formicinae). Sociobiology 23: 293–313. View 26. (2000) Prey capture behavior of the arboreal ant Pachycondyla goeldii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 35: 131–140. View 27. Djiéto-(2001) Consuming large prey on the spot: the case of the arboreal foraging ponerine ant Platythyrea modesta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). 48: 324–326. View 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses the predatory behavior of various ant species, with no mention of Venus flytraps or their capability for rapid movement. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Olfactory discrimination task in rat OFC Next, we applied dPCA to recordings from the OFC of rats performing an odor discrimination task (Feierstein et al. , 2006). This behavioral task differs in two crucial aspects from the previously considered tasks: it requires no active storage of a stimulus, and it is self-paced. To start a trial, rats entered an odor port, which triggered delivery of an odor with a random delay of 0. 2–0. 5 s. Each odor was uniquely associated with one of the two available water ports, located to the left and to the right from the odor port (Figure 5a). Rats could sample the odor for as long as they wanted (up to 1 s), and then had to move to one of the water ports. If they chose the correct water port, reward was delivered following an anticipation period of random length (0. 2–0. 5 s). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Demixed PCA applied to recordings from rat OFC during an olfactory discrimination task (Feierstein et al. , 2006). Same format as Figure 3. (a) Cartoon of the paradigm, adapted from Wang et al. (2013). (b) Each subplot shows one demixed principal component. In each subplot there are four lines corresponding to four conditions (see legend). Two out of these four conditions were rewarded and are shown by thick lines. (c) Cumulative variance explained by PCA and dPCA components. (d) Explained variance of the individual demixed principal components. Pie chart shows how the total signal variance is split between parameters. (e) Upper-right triangle shows dot products between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal axes, bottom-left triangle shows correlations between all pairs of the first 15 demixed principal components. We analyzed the activity of 437 neurons recorded in five rats in four conditions: two stimuli (left and right) each paired with two decisions (left and right). Two of these conditions correspond to correct (rewarded) trials, and two correspond to error (unrewarded) trials. Since the task was self-paced, each trial had a different length; in order to align events across trials, we restretched (time-warped) the firing rates in each trial (see Materials and methods). Alignment methods without time warping led to similar results (data not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes an olfactory discrimination task involving rats and outlines the experimental design and methodology used to record neuronal activity during the task. However, it does not mention anything about memory recall or the perfect recall of memories with the help of stimuli. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCocoa (Theobroma cacao L. ) is an important perennial crop, whose mode of cultivation is currently at large scale converted from agroforestry to monoculture systems given higher yields under the latter (Armengot et al. 2016; Niether et al. 2020). Because of its dependence on fertile forest soil, cocoa monoculture causes deforestation and CO2 emissions (Gockowski and Sonwa 2011) while cocoa agroforests are known to conserve biodiversity (Asase and Tetteh 2010) and sequester carbon (Nijmeijer et al. 2018). In these cocoa agroforestry systems, cycling of litterfall and decomposition acts as an input-output system for organic matter sustenance (Fontes et al. 2014). Due to reduction in biodiversity when cocoa agroforests are converted into monocultures, this matter cycling is reduced (Schneidewind et al. 2019). This is problematic especially in where nutrient reserves on heavily leached soils are low and nutrient exports in the harvest are rarely replaced by application of mineral fertilizers. Litterfall in cocoa agroforests is estimated to amount to 10 t ha−1 yr−1 (Dawoe et al. 2010; Saj et al. 2021) whereby its distribution throughout the year depends on climatic conditions. It is generally higher in the dry than in the wet season (Saj et al. 2021), however, thunderstorms and high wind speeds in the rainy season may cause occasional peaks (Becker et al. 2015). Litterfall chemistry, such as nutrient concentrations, in cocoa agroforestry systems is influenced greatly by climate and shade tree diversity (Saj et al. 2021; Sari et al. 2022). In a cocoa agroforestry system in Mexico, magnesium (Mg) concentrations were higher in litterfall during the rainy season, whereas phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) concentrations were higher in dry season litter (Pérez-Flores et al. 2018). The decomposition of litter biomass releases carbon and nutrients, whose turnover and plant availability is greatly influenced by climate, soil organisms, and litter chemistry (Aerts 1997). In most agroecosystems, initial N, P, lignin, cellulose, and polyphenols are important regulators of litter decomposition (Dawoe et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the decomposition of litter biomass in cocoa agroforestry systems, which releases carbon and nutrients. It states that the turnover and availability of these nutrients are influenced by soil organisms, suggesting a role for fungi in the decomposition process. This directly supports the idea that certain fungi contribute to the cycling of organic matter and nutrients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The Venus flytrap is one of the few plants capable of rapid movement, closing its traps in less than a second to capture prey. [SEP] Text: No induction of enzyme secretion was observed after mechanical stimulation of passive pitcher trap in Sarracenia purpurea. The passive traps are not able to generate APs in response to mechanical stimulation in contrast to Drosera or Dionaea, however chemical stimuli in the form of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or NH4+ significantly increased phosphatase and proteolytic activity [37]. Induction of endochitinase activity by chitin was recently described in carnivorous pitcher plants of the genus Nepenthes [38], [39], [40], [41]. In accordance with our study, exochitinase (or N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase) activity in carnivorous plants has not been detected in Dionaea, Drosera and Nepenthes [21], [28], [42]. Robins and Juniper (1980) showed using autoradiography for the first time that proteins released from the glands comes from a store but considerable de novo synthesis must also occur during the digestion period [43], [44]. This was recently confirmed by the presence of mRNA for dionain and VF chitinase I in stimulated trap tissue [25], [42]. Nishimura et al. (2013) found induced transcription of S-like RNase genes in response to application of BSA in Venus flytrap [45]. These studies have shown that enzyme secretion in carnivorous plants is precisely regulated in response to stimuli from prey at the level of transcription. Aspartic proteinases have been involved in protein digestion in Nepenthes, Cephalotus, Drosera and Dionaea [22], [23], [25]. Stephenson and Hogan [46] were the first to suggest that cysteine proteinase is involved in Nepenthes ventricosa. However cysteine proteinase has not been found in digestive fluid of Nepenthes analysed by mass spectrometry [41], [47] on the contrary to the digestive fluid of D. muscipula [22], [25], suggesting that if cysteine endopeptidase occurs in digestive fluid of Nepenthes, it plays only the minor role in protein digestion. Schulze et al. (2012) concluded that the aspartic proteinase dionaeasin play only a minor role in protein degradation in D. muscipula [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the mechanical and chemical responses of other carnivorous plants, particularly Sarracenia purpurea, which do not exhibit rapid movement in response to mechanical stimulation like the Venus flytrap (Dionaea). The mention of the differences in enzyme activity and physiological responses indicates that while the Venus flytrap may have rapid movements, other similar plants do not share this capability, thus contradicting the claim that suggests uniqueness in its rapid movement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Just as neurons from monkey PFC, neurons in rat OFC exhibit diverse firing patterns and mixed selectivity (Feierstein et al. , 2006). Nonetheless, dPCA was able to demix the population activity (Figure 5). In this dataset, interaction components separate rewarded and unrewarded conditions (thick and thin lines in Figure 5b, bottom row), i. e. , correspond to neurons tuned either to reward, or to the absence of reward. The overall pattern of neural tuning across task epochs agrees with the findings of the original study (Feierstein et al. , 2006). Interaction components are by far the most prominent among all the condition-dependent components, corresponding to the observation that many neurons are tuned to the presence/absence of reward. Decision components come next, with the caveat that decision information may also reflect the rat’s movement direction and/or position, as was pointed out previously (Feierstein et al. , 2006). Stimulus components are less prominent, but nevertheless show clear stimulus tuning, demonstrating that even in error trials there is reliable information about stimulus identity in the population activity. Curiously, the first interaction component (#4) already shows significant tuning to reward in the anticipation period. In other words, neurons tuned to presence/absence of reward start firing before the reward delivery (or, on error trials, before the reward could have been delivered). We return to this observation in the next section. Olfactory categorization task in rat OFC Kepecs et al. (2008) extended the experiment of Feierstein et al. (2006) by using odor mixtures instead of pure odors, thereby varying the difficulty of each trial (Uchida and Mainen, 2003). In each trial, rats experienced mixtures of two fixed odors with different proportions (Figure 6a). Left choices were rewarded if the proportion of the 'left' odor was above 50%, and right choices otherwise. Furthermore, the waiting time until reward delivery (anticipation period) was increased to 0. 3–2 s. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Demixed PCA applied to recordings from rat OFC during an olfactory categorization task (Kepecs et al. , 2008). Same format as Figure 3 (a) Cartoon of the paradigm, adapted from Wang et al. (2013). (b) Each subplot shows one demixed principal component. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses neural activity and decision-making processes related to reward anticipation and olfactory categorization in rats. While it presents information about stimulus tuning in neurons, it does not address the claim regarding perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2010; Fontes et al. 2014). Decomposition begins with physical breakdown processes by soil macro-organisms such as ants, termites, and earthworms (Li et al. 2015). Thereafter the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which alter the litter chemistry through enzymatic activities further breaking down the litter into simple forms (Hobara et al. 2014). However, usage of chemical herbicides and pesticides in agriculture can have adverse effects on soil organisms, which alters the decomposition process (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). Hartemink (2005) estimated that on average cocoa agroforests across the world loose 24–4–30 kg ha−1 of N–P–K annually through bean harvest. A low external input solution for resource poor cocoa agroforesters to reduce these losses is the spreading of cocoa pod husks after separation from beans. With every ton of dry cocoa beans produced approximately 349 kg of dry cocoa pod husk are generated (Kilama et al. 2019). However, poor management of the pods favors the spread of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, which cause cocoa black pod disease (Adejumo 2005). Under organic management, cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana are managed without synthetic agrochemicals and fertilizers and are more diversified in terms of shade trees (Asigbaase et al. 2019) and arthropods (Akesse-Ransford et al. 2021) than those under conventional management. Such differences imply that litterfall and decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests under organic management will differ from conventionally managed ones. However, studies comparing litterfall and decomposition of cocoa agroforests under conventional versus organic managements are scarce. The few existing studies from (Fontes et al. 2014; Schneidewind et al. 2019) indicated no difference between organic and conventional management concerning nutrient cycling. Africa, however, such comparisons are unavailable which may be at least partly due to the only recent development of organic cocoa certification. In Ghana, for example, the first certified organic cocoa production system was established in in 2005 (Glin et al. 2015). Globally organic cocoa is produced on 363,000 ha, which constitute 3. 1% of the total area under cocoa (Willer et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of soil microbes in the decomposition process, stating that after the physical breakdown by macro-organisms, the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which then alter the litter chemistry and further break it down. This process highlights the contribution of decomposers, including fungi, to nutrient cycling, as it involves the breakdown of organic matter.