Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The observations on feeding of neonates on leaves in all the inoculation methods indicated that the larvae were found to feed by tunneling of leaves including untreated control but the dead larvae were seen on leaves from 5th day to 7th day after release on leaves. 26. 85–39. 26% mortality was observed on 7 days after treatment (Fig. 9). Fig. 8Detached leaf bioassay showing leaf damage by neonates of Leucinodes orbonalis in A Control; B BtVKK-BB2-colonized plantFull size imageFig. 9Effect of different inoculation methods used for establishment of GFP-BtVKK-BB2 strain as endophytes in brinjal plant on its efficacy against neonates of Leucinodes orbonalisFull size imageDiscussionDuring the past decade, numerous studies have been carried out on plant disease control, growth promotion and biomass improvement through use of bacterial endophytes, and many useful strains have been identified, resulting in several commercial products (Mei and Flinn 2010; Pérez-García et al. 2011; Alfonzo et al. 2012; Li et al. 2012). Recently various reports demonstrated that entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria can be easily established inside plants and can be used for management of insect pests (Praça et al. 2012; Russo et al. 2021; Resquín-Romero et al. 2016; Sánchez-Rodríguez et al. 2018; Sauka and Benintende 2017). In view of that, bacterial (Bacillus spp. ) have received increasing attention as a promising alternative to chemical control and offer a good option as biocides over transgenes. Scientific advancement of endophytic nature of bacterial (Bacillus spp. ) open new avenue for the pest control, as once the endophytes are inoculated into plants, they will self-perpetuate and interfere with biosynthetic pathways which results in systemic production and translocation of secondary metabolite, enhancement of micronutrient content and production of toxins throughout the plant, which do not allow the ingestion by insect pests. But the studies are limited with respect to the endophytic ability of entomopathogenic B. thuringiensis showing resistance against insect species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of bacterial endophytes and their potential for pest control, but it does not support the idea that gene editing can create crops fully resistant to pests. Instead, it emphasizes that while bacterial endophytes can help manage insect pests, the studies on the endophytic potential of B. thuringiensis—a specific biopesticide—are limited, thus indicating that complete pest resistance through gene editing is not fully supported or evidenced in the discussed context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Katalog der Bildwerke I, Berlin 1989, 271-274. M. Lambertz, Die griechischen Sklavennamen, LVII. Jahresbericht über das k. k. Staatsgymnasium im VIII. für das Schuljahr 1906/1907. K. Lapatin, Luxury arts, in: B. E. Borg (ed. ), A companion to Roman art, Chichester 2015, 321-343. M. Lejeune, Recueil des inscriptions gauloises I. Textes gallo-grecs, Paris 1985. H. Leppin, Histrionen. Untersuchungen zur sozialen Stellung von Bühnenkünstlern im Westen des Römischen Reiches zur Zeit der Republik und des Principats, Bonn 1992. W. Liebenam, und Organisation des römischen Vereinswesens, Leipzig 1890. W. Liebenam, Städteverwaltung im römischen Kaiserreiche, Leipzig 1900. W. Liebenam, Duumviri, in: RE V, 1905, 1798-1842. G. Lippold, Kopien und Umbildungen griechischer Statuen, München 1923. G. Lippold, Praxiteles 5, in: 1954, 1788-1808. J. Liu, Professional associations, in: P. Erdkamp (ed. ), companion to ancient Rome, Cambridge 2013, 352-368. E. Loewy, Inschriften griechischer Bildhauer, Leipzig 1885. R. Marichal, de la Graufesenque, Paris 1988. M. Mattern, Römische Steindenkmäler aus Hessen südlich des Mains sowie vom bayerischen Teil des 13, Mainz 2005. R. Merkelbach, Mithras, Königstein 1984. H. Mielsch, und Datierung der Knöchelspielerinnen des Alexandros, RM 86, 1979, 233-248. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and citations related to ancient civilizations and their artifacts but does not provide any insights or information about the existence or absence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: avant garde collection inspired by the global water crisis recycling waste to aesthetic garments Submit manuscript. . . Journal of eISSN: 2574-8114 & Research 99. DOI: 10. 15406/jteft. 2018. 04. 00125 purpose of the 2007. 8 Unfortunately, 77% of Americans did not recycle plastic water bottles, leading to a recycling rate of 23% in the each year. Every year, 38billion plastic water bottles worth one billion dollars were consumed. In Europe, the recycling rate was about 50% higher than the US, and about 60million plastic water bottles were recycled in 2015. 9 The apparel and textile industry is a major contributor to both environmental pollution and environmental conservation, fighting pollution by using such by-products as plastic fibers from recycled clear plastic water bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate. 10 Fashion industries have been concentrating on decreasing their environmental pollution for more sustainable practices. 2 However, the field of fashion design has been lagging in a survey of eco-friendly design goods compared with architecture and industrial design. 11 Yet, people in the fashion industry including politicians and consumers became aware of the environmental issues concerning animal and human rights in the 1980s. 4 Fashion designers, such as have shown interest in environmental issues by focusing on them within the fashion industry. The development of eco-fashion has enabled the purchaser or user to be fashionable while staying aware of the pollution caused by the fashion industry. 4 Eco-fashion became a social statement in the realm of environmental movements, but this word was invented for mostly apparel scholars and marketing purposes. 11 Consequently, one way to announcing the water bottles usability to public could be developing aesthetic dress collections and exhibit the collection to public by using discarded water-related products. The word avant-garde (from the French for “advance guard”) originated from France in a “military sense” and it was used literally in English during the 15th-18th century. 12 After 1920, the word was used as an artistic concept describing people or practices not accepted in the current moment that would become standard practice later. 13 However, after the 1980s, artists and aesthetic ideas of an avant-garde theme slowly discontinued in Europe, but became more popular in the western world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining that the fashion industry is concentrating on sustainable practices and recycling waste, such as transforming plastic water bottles into aesthetic garments. It discusses how eco-fashion promotes awareness of pollution, which aligns with zero-waste fashion principles that encourage reusing materials rather than discarding them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: 2009 reported the capability of Bt kurstaki strain HD-1 marked by GFP that inhabit plants as an endophyte. After successful inoculation of cotton and cabbage seedlings to the roots, GFP marked bacteria has been visualized from all parts of the plant and confirmed the translocation of bacterium in the xylem. In the foliar spray, the more fluorescent signals were detected after 1 week of inoculation due to high colonies of bacterium inside the leaf tissues. So, it can be ascribed that the bacterium could reach leaf tissues which might be due to less competition compared to the soil application method. Moreover, it has been predicted that the bacteria made the entries through stomata and signals were more near the stomatal walls as the colonization of bacteria was confirmed by CLSM images. While, on 15th day after inoculation, relatively low signals were recovered in leaf tissues due to decline in the number of colonies of inoculant inside the leaf tissue. The inoculant strain could not persist inside the plant for longer period might be due to availability of limited nutrients or inhibitory effects of the diverse secondary metabolites of plant and antimicrobial secretions from surrounding microbes. Maduell et al. (2008) reported that few green fluorescent cells were detected through epifluorescence microscopy of the given leaf surfaces at 2 days after foliar spray of B. thuringiensis strain on bean leaves. Further, it has been added that Bt was unable to grow at relatively low nutrient concentrations on bean leaf surfaces compared to other epiphytic microbes. Nevertheless, various lines of evidence suggest that B. thuringiensis is unable to access nutrients that might be available on leaves. The present study indicated that tagging of insecticidal Bt strain and CLSM imaging to visualize the endophytic ability of bacteria inside the brinjal plant is believed to be a potential tool for analyzing the colonization and localization of beneficial microbial population. Moreover, ability of Bt to systemically colonize inside the plant tissues also allow protection of Bt strain VKK-BB2 from environmental factors which are known to influence the colonization. Additionally, feeding bioassays with BtVKK-BB2-inoculated brinjal plants of different treatments ensure its insecticidal ability, which further has to be enhanced by increasing the rate of establishment in plant tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) bacteria in plant tissues, highlighting issues regarding the bacterium's ability to persist and colonize plants. It mentions that while there is potential for these bacteria to provide insecticidal abilities inside plants, they are hindered by competition for nutrients and environmental factors. This indicates that complete resistance to pests cannot be guaranteed, undermining the claim that gene editing can produce crops that are entirely pest-resistant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Mielsch, und die Kunstsammlung der Könige von Pergamon, AA 1995, 765-779. G. Mihailov, in Bulgaria repertae II/IV, Sofia 1966/1968. E. M. Moormann, La bellezza dell’immondezza. Raffigurazioni di rifiuti nell’arte ellenistica e romana, in: Sordes urbis. La eliminación de residuos en la ciudad romana, Actas de la reunión, Roma 1996, Rom 2000, 75-94. L. Moretti, urbis Romae IV, Rom 1990. C. W. Müller, der Silberbecher von Hoby. frühgriechischer Literatur in der römischen Bildkunst der augusteischen Zeit, JdI 109, 1994, 321-352. R. Osborne, The art of signing in ancient Greece, Arethusa 43, 2, 2010, 231-251. A. Oxé, Zur aelteren Nomenklatur der römischen Sklaven, RhM N. F. 58, 1903, 107-140. A. Oxé – H. Comfort, Corpus vasorum Arretinorum. A catalogue of the signatures, shapes and chronology of Italian sigillata, Bonn 1968. R. Pagenstecher, Die calenische Reliefkeramik, Berlin 1909. D. Palombi, Un nuovo esemplare di ceramica «calena», ArchCl 44, 1992, 273-286. M. Paz de Hoz, Inscripciones griègas de España y Portugal, Madrid 2014. H. von Petrikovits, des römischen Handwerks, in: H. Jankuhn u. a. (edd. ), in vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Zeit I, AbhGöttingen 3. Folge 122, 1981, 63-132. H. Philipp, Tektonon Daidala. Der bildende Künstler und sein Werk im vorplatonischen Schrifttum, Berlin 1968. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and bibliographic entries related to ancient art, inscriptions, and literature, but it does not address the claim about whether every ancient civilization left detailed written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: Image 20 Procedures: Pictures of the tiered dress. Final pictures and illustration: The illustration and flat sketches of tiered dress were developed as follows in Image 21. The silhouette of tiered dress was developed by the raising up of the back skirt toward the sky about four or five feet (Image 22). Image 21 Illustration and flat sketches of tiered dress. Image 22 Procedures: Closures of tiered dress. FEA theoretical framework: It is important to note that the, tiered dress was analyzed based on the adopting its three elements of functionality, expressiveness, and aesthetics. Focus on fit and closure ensures the perfect fit for customers, with the use of snap buttons and hook and eye closures for functional aspect. For expressive aspects, the tiered dress displays the inspiration for using recycled materials, the global water crisis. Design principles and elements were used in the emphasis of the skirt’s silhouette for aesthetic value. Aesthetic and expressive aspects are the focus more so than the functional aspect here. The analysis of the tiered dress is listed on Table 3 Collection reflecting plastic material donning & doffing values issues Design principles [Fit] [Values] [Design Principles] Princess style line for top of the dress. Mix influenced images with related materials and fabric. Express the related inspiration pattern on top and skirt part. Showed emphasis of skirt and repetition using circle wholes of top. Widely wide of the bottom sweep. Free style line into skirt part of the dress. Use crystal beads into the waistband and skirt for emphasis. [Donning & Doffing] [Issues] [Color] Side hooks and eyes. Global water crisis and environmental pollution. White. Side snap buttons. Up-cycling dress. Nude. Cut edge hemming of top and skirt of dress. Plastic drinking straws and recycled water bottles with fashion fabric Clear. No edge finishing at the end of plastic straw edge. Table 3 of Second garment: empress dress The empress dress used the technique of gilding gold leaf to express the loyal and noble value of both recycled garbage and plastic water bottles, and LED lights provide edge to the looks. Design inspiration: There is a saying that “time is gold”. The empress dress is inspired by the fact that water will be gold in the coming future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of recycled materials in the design of the tiered dress and the empress dress. It highlights that the 'tiered dress displays the inspiration for using recycled materials' and mentions 'up-cycling dress,' both of which support the principle of zero-waste fashion and its emphasis on recycling garments instead of discarding them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: However, Bt was not detected inside the plant parts 2 weeks after soil application and foliar sprays raised the questions on survival fitness of Bt in terms of its interaction with other plant associated microbes and plant chemistry which are yet to be explored. Among the various methods, the seed treatment was better method in terms of long-term colonization inside the leaves and followed by foliar spray as the colonization was found to be more in the leaves. ConclusionsEstablishment of native Bt strain as endophytes in plants opens new horizons for the development of a novel pest-resistant crops which could be an alternative to Bt transgenic crops. However, the level of insect mortality reported in current study was not high as these were achieved by single-dose inoculum. Thus, further optimization of Bt strain concentration is required to attain viable level of control of L. orbonalis in the field conditions. Moreover, inoculation of Bt through seed and foliar spray has to be further explored against larval herbivores especially internal borers to enhance its biocontrol potential through endophytic mediation which may open a novel set of strategies to control the insect pests in a sustainable way. Availability of data and materials The datasets used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. AbbreviationsBt: Bacillus thuringiensis BSFB: Brinjal shoot and fruit borer CFU: Colony forming unit CLSM: Confocal laser scanning microscopy DAI: Day after inoculation min: Minute msec: Milli second sec: Second sdw: Sterilized distilled water µg: Microgram µl: Microlitre Fig. : Figure GFP: Green florescent protein 2012. (2007) OligoCalc: an online oligonucleotide properties calculator. Res 35:W43-46729. 64p, (1983) Exudation of certain organic compounds from seeds of groundnut. Technol 11:267–272 11. 344:87–971. Composition of semi synthetic diet for mass rearing of Leucinodes orbonalis. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of the pest control methods being explored, specifically the ineffective levels of insect mortality achieved with the current methods involving Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It notes that further optimization is required and that the current methods do not guarantee complete pest resistance, stating 'the level of insect mortality reported in current study was not high.' This suggests that the claim about gene editing producing crops completely resistant to pests is overly optimistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Ch. Picard, Dionysios de Colophon exportateur a Rimini (Italie). Terres cuites architecturales et «pocula» inscrits, RA 1965, I, 210-213. M. G. Picozzi, Una collezione romana di antichità tra XVII e XVIII secolo. La raccolta Vitelleschi, BdA 78 Nr. 82, 69-82. L. Stefanelli, L’argento dei Romani, Rom 1991. H. Poeschel, Kunst und Künstler im antiken Urteil, München 1925. V. H. Poulsen, von Hoby, AntPl 8, 1968, 69-74. B. Poulsen, A signed mosaic from a Roman villa by lake Nemi, loc. S. Maria, in: St. Faust u. a. (edd. ), Antike, Architektur, Geschichte, Festschrift für Inge Nielsen, Aachen 2015, 167-179. G. Prachner, und Freigelassenen im arretinischen Sigillatagewerbe, Wiesbaden 1980. G. Prachner, Bemerkungen zu den ältesten römischen Sklaveninschriften, in: Migratio et commutatio. Studien zur alten Geschichte und deren Nachleben, Thomas Pekáry zum 60. Geburtstag dargebracht, St. Katharinen 1989, 201-217. J. L. Ramírez Sádaba, La epigrafía griega hallada en la Península Ibérica, in: A. Martínez Fernández (ed. ), Estudios de epigrafía griega, 2009, 57-77. G. M. A. Richter, Three critical periods in ancient Italy, Oxford 1951. G. M. A. Richter, Ancient Italy. A study of the interrelations of its peoples as shown in their arts, 1955. G. M. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of bibliographic references and does not provide any information or evidence regarding the existence or detail of written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about written records left behind by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The aim is to express the importance of clean water in the midst of the water shortage caused by severe drought and environmental pollution all over the world (Image 23). 13 Image 23 Empress dress inspirations and sketch. Raw material: Dress was developed with recycled plated plastic water bottles. The lower part of about 160 bottles was melted with candles to create a flower shape. In addition, lots of crystal beads and hotfix stones were used as elegant decoration (Table 4). Closure Water-related Materials 80 pieces of 500-milliliter polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles. 75 pieces of one -liter polyethylene terephthalate (PET) water bottles. 8-feet x 6-feet x 0. 01-feet polyethylene terephthalate with the addition of glycol (PETG). 12LB strength strand and. 014-inch thickness clear fishing wire. Lace and Tulle fabrics. Size three and ten nickel-plated brass snap buttons. Gliding gold leaf. Metal O-rings. 2 mm iron crimp stopper beads. 4 mm crystal AB beads with silver foil. 4 mm clear crystal hotfix stones. 5/16- inch crystal AB hexagon beads. LEDMO 5630 flexible LED strip, daylight 300pcs SMD 5630LEDs 16. 4Ft DC12V waterproof. 100000mUSB portable solar battery charger. Dc 5v to Dc 12v converter steps up voltage converter 6. 5ft to Dc5. 52. 1mm. 5. 5mm x 2. 1mm 12V DC power female jack connector plug adapter. Table 4 Materials of Procedure of dress material preparation: were made of two sizes of recycled water bottles, which were made into a flower shape and gold-plated with gold leaf gilding to emphasize the value of recycling. Procedures of dress Recycled one liter sized plastic water bottles were cut it into flowers. Apply gilding glue to it and let it dry for about 10seconds. Gilding with gold leaf. Wait about 15seconds, and then use a brush to trim the gold plating. Once the gold-plated plastic flowers are ready, decorate them with crystal beads or hotfix stones. Finish the crystal beading with a crimp bead after decorating. Cut the bottom of 500 milliliter-sized recycled water bottle, then twist it by hand, and then fix with crystal beads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a dress was made from recycled plastic water bottles, emphasizing the value of recycling materials. The mention of the materials being prepared through recycling processes and crafted into a dress showcases the zero-waste fashion principle of reusing materials instead of disposing of them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: The EU via its EU Directive (Directive 01/18/EC) led by the takes a precautionary approach. All organisms derived from mutagenesis are considered GMOs, however if mutagenesis is derived from conventional breeding techniques with a long history of safety it is exempt. Union is a global leader in gene editing research (but behind on market-oriented trait development), despite its strict policies (Modrzejewski et al. , 2019). Like the EU, Switzerland considers gene edited organisms as GMOs. In the EU, the advent of -Cas9 in agrifood research triggered a regulatory response in the form of reaction by existing regulatory standards, what Asquer and Krachkovskaya (2021: 1123) refer to as a ‘consequential response’. This consisted of a reactive approach to technologies such as gene editing. 2023, the EU Commission publicized a proposed amendment to the Directive covering all products of biotechnology. Techniques (NGT) plants are split into two categories: naturally occurring or by conventional breeding; all other NGT plants are treated as GMOs that require risk assessments and authorization. If the current proposal is accepted, it would lift regulatory burdens on some gene edited agrifoods. A fast-track approval process is proposed that would apply to the second category of plants if they are more tolerant to climate change or require less water or fertilizer. is not part of the European Union, it shares a highly restrictive position towards gene edited agrifoods. GMOs and gene edited agrifoods are restricted from environmental release, though scientists in Norway are pressing for modified restrictions for organisms derived using SDN1 techniques. According to the Project, “Norway law also demands the assessment of three non-safety categories: social benefit, sustainable and ethically sound products”, going beyond its neighbouring EU regulations (Project, 2024b). Mexico was on the pathway to establishing a product-based biosafety protocol, but reversed direction on gene edited agrifoods. Gene edited foods are evaluated based on the process and are considered equivalent to GMOs. Informant 10 (a research scientist) worked in on gene editing in agrifood and informed us that, when the [current Mexican] government came into power [in 2018] …they reject everything. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulatory landscape surrounding gene editing and GMOs in the EU and other regions. It indicates a cautious approach to gene editing, noting that gene-edited organisms are treated similarly to GMOs, which typically require risk assessments and cannot be guaranteed to produce crops entirely resistant to pests. The mention of strict regulations and the fact that gene edited foods are evaluated based on the process and considered equivalent to GMOs suggests that there might not be complete resistance to pests as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Richter, Inscriptions on engraved gems of the Roman period and some modern or problematical representations, ArchCl 25/26, 1973/74, 631-638. L. Robert, Pantomimen im griechischen Orient, Hermes 65, 1930, 106-122. L. Robert, Les gladiateurs dans l’Orient grec, Paris 1940. R. Robert, Ars regenda amore. Séduction érotique et plaisier esthétique: de Praxitèle à 104, 1992, 373-438. C. Roueché – K. Erim, Sculptors from Aphrodisias. Some new inscriptions, BSR 50, 1982, 102-115. G. Rupprecht, Untersuchungen zum Dekurionenstand in den nordwestlichen Provinzen des römischen Reiches, Kallmünz 1975. D. Schäfer, Frauen in der Arena, in: H. Bellen – H. Heinen (edd. ), Fünfzig zur antiken Sklaverei an der 1950-2000, Stuttgart 2001, 243-268. H. -G. Schalles, Nochmals zur sog. Kunstsammlung der pergamenischen Herrscher, in: J. Gebauer u. a. (edd. ), Bildergeschichte, Stähler, Möhnesee 2004, 413-428. I. Scheibler, Vasen, in: RE Suppl. XV, 1978, 663-700. A. Schulten, in Spanien, RhM N. F. 85, 1936, 289-346. Chr. Schwanzar, des Alexandros im Archeologico in Neapel, in: W. Alzinger u. a. (edd. ), Pro arte antiqua, Festschrift für Hedwig Kenner, Wien 1985, II 312-318. M. Sève, Rapports avec l’archéologie, BullEp 1992, p. 446-456. E. Simon, Augustus. Kunst und Leben in Rom um die Zeitenwende, München 1986. R. R. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a series of references and citations related to ancient inscriptions and artifacts but does not directly address the claim about every ancient civilization leaving behind detailed written records. The content is primarily bibliographic and does not provide evidence for or against the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The analysis of the empress dress is listed on Table 5 Collection reflecting plastic material donning & doffing values principles [Fit] [Values] [Style] Inner dress using princess style line for fitting Mix influenced environmental pollution plastic materials and fabric. Express the related inspiration pattern on the top part for using plastic water bottles Showed emphasis, and balance. Clear recycled water bottles on the flower shaped pattern for meaningful images. The effect of shinny crystal beads. Decorated recycled water bottles with flower shapes on the top and skirt part [Donning & doffing] [Issues] [Color] Center front opening using snap buttons. Global water crisis. each fishing wire using crimp beads. Up-cycling materials. zipper for inner dress Reduce the disposable plastic usage. the Environmental pollution and water 5 of 9Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from 450. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of recycled materials in fashion, particularly focusing on the up-cycling of plastic water bottles into garment design. It highlights how reducing disposable plastic usage aligns with the principles of zero-waste fashion, which advocates for recycling and reusing materials instead of discarding them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: They reject biotechnology, whether it is GM, whether it is genetic editing, genome editing, anything that has a hint of biotechnology and a lab they reject. In addition to Mexico’s current stance on gene edited agrifoods, Belize has a moratorium preventing gene edited organisms from release into the environment. South Africa’s Department of Agriculture, use a risk assessment framework for GMOs that would also apply to new breeding techniques such as gene editing. It has opted for a tiered approach to assessments. South Africa’s regulatory framework includes the EU-based definition for GMOs, which is somewhat divergent from how the defines GMOs. Using phraseology such as “naturally occurring genetic variation” as a threshold to trigger biosafety protocols has garnered criticism, as has South Africa’s chosen definition of GMO (Entine et al. , 2021: 566). Though part of the FSANZ agreement with Australia as discussed in the previous section, continues to define gene edited organisms as GMOs. In 2014, there were discussions regarding changing how gene edited agrifoods were regulated but this was not successful. continues to regulate gene edited agrifoods under the Act under the Authority (Ahmad et al. , 2021). 3. 3 Proposed RegulationThe countries in this category as of early 2024 were in the midst of finalizing their regulations for gene edited agrifoods (Fig. 3. 2, orange shading). There are ongoing policy discussions and draft proposals currently under review. This category includes and Uruguay (Chou, 2023). Some countries in this category are leaning towards regulating gene edited agrifoods the same way as GMOs, while others are seeking a simplified assessment procedure. According to Informant 19 (a private sector representative), there are open discussions among several sub-countries regarding harmonization of regulatory frameworks for gene editing agrifoods. They explain: The conversation is starting to happen on having a harmonized regulatory landscape. For example, Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and a little bit of Rwanda. These conversations are happening since we trade closely with each other. Maybe it’s best for us to come up with a more regional regulatory framework for these emerging technologies. would say for now, it’s still fragmented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing regulations and public sentiments against biotechnology, including gene editing. It mentions the rejection of biotech solutions in countries like Mexico and Belize, as well as the varying regulatory frameworks in South Africa and other countries, which indicates skepticism or limitations regarding the capabilities of gene editing technologies to ensure complete pest resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Smith, Greeks, foreigners and portraits, JRS 71, 1981, 24-38. H. Solin, Beiträge zur Kenntnis der griechischen Personennamen in Rom, Helsinki 1971. H. Solin, Zu den griechischen Namen in Rom, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 161-174. H. Solin, der orientalischen Sklaven, in: L’onomastique latine, Colloque International, Paris 1975, Paris 1977, 205-220. H. Solin, Namenwechsel und besondere Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Philologus 133, 1989, 252-259. H. Solin, Namenpaare. zur römischen Namengebung, Helsinki 1990. H. Solin, Anthroponymie und Epigraphik. Einheimische und fremde Bevölkerung, Hyperboreus 1, 1994/1995, Fasc. 2, 93-115. H. Solin, Die sogenannten Berufsnamen antiker Ärzte, in: Ph. J. van der Eijk (ed. ), Ancient medicine in its socio-cultural context, 1992, Amsterdam-Atlanta 1995, I 119-142. H. Solin, Namensgebung und Politik. und besonderen Vornamen römischer Senatoren, Tyche 10, 1995, 185-210. H. Solin, Die stadtrömischen Sklavennamen. I-III, Stuttgart 1996. H. Solin, Coppie di nomi, in: Epigrafia e territorio. Politica e società romane IV, Bari 1996, 353-369. H. . Architectus, Arctos 31, 1997, 135-142. H. Solin, Nochmals zu Berufsnamen bei antiken Ärzten, Acta34-35, 1998-99, 389-393. H. Solin, der sog. Nomina artis im antiken Rom, in: Onomastik, Akten des XVIII. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists a series of publications and research topics related to ancient names and epigraphy. However, it does not directly address the claim about the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: com/originals/6e/05/eb/ 6e05eb36ee25e3d0b2b5712d56742a88. jpg, Acknowledge the picture image from dian. com/artanddesign/gallery/2015/may/22/ever-changing-seascapes-in-pictures, Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from Acknowledge the picture image from terest. com/pin/354025220691930622/ purpose of this study was to develop an avant-garde clothing collection using recycled water-related materials, and it showed the possibility to create elaborate and beautiful avant-garde collections using waste materials. Using the this 46. . Sustainability fashion practices: Women’s apparel in the U. S. industry. Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic & Social Sustainability. 2011;7(4):115‒134. McCormick J. The global environmental movement. London: Wiley; 1995. p. 312. Winge TM. Green is the new black: Celebrity chic and the 'Green' commodity fetish. Fashion Theory: J Dress, Body & Culture. 2008;12(4):511‒523. Waste. Wastes - Non-Hazardous waste-Municipal solid waste. Agency. 2014. Future, 2017. Molinaro H. Plastic water bottles go to waste, says Calif. conservation agency. Plastics Engineering. 2003;59(7):64. Facts. Ban the Bottle. Chua P. Plastic water bottles are toxic to ecology. Filipino Reporter. 2016;44(24):33. Claudio L. Waste couture: Environmental impact of the clothing industry. Perspect. 2007;115(9):A448‒A454. Thomas S. From 'green blur' to ecofashion: Fashioning an eco-lexicon. Fashion Theory: J Dress, Body & Culture. 2008;12(4):525‒539. Avant-garde art. Encyclopedia of Art Education. Avant-garde. Online. Adamson W. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing a study that developed an avant-garde clothing collection using recycled water-related materials. This aligns with the principles of zero-waste fashion, which promotes the idea of recycling and repurposing materials rather than disposing of them. The mention of creating beautiful collections from waste materials further underscores the importance of recycling garments in zero-waste fashion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: When you look at Kenya, for example, it could be a step ahead when it comes to genome editing and developing the regulatory framework for that innovation. is still grappling with putting in place the regulatory framework for GMOs and so I would say countries are starting to have that conversation. But there’s no homogeneity in getting this to be operationalized. The concern is that it would help if regions had more harmonized regulatory frameworks. (Informant 19) is also developing its own regulatory framework for gene edited agrifoods. has procedures in place for determining whether a gene edited crop is considered a GMO. 2023, the country amended its biotechnology regulations to reduce barriers to common applications of modern biotechnology. It is expected that the first gene edited banana that is resistant to yield reducing fungal diseases will be on the market in by the end of 2024 (USDA, 2024). But as Informant 19 states, there are ongoing challenges for developing countries who are creating regulatory frameworks from scratch. They state: …developing countries…there’s a challenge to have a regulatory landscape that is working for technologies that are pre-existing like genetic engineering. So before we even had closure on that, genome editing is coming in and it’s creating what you might call ‘a spanner in the works’ where some policy makers are like, ‘wait, wait, should we pause? ’ Formulating the regulatory landscape for GMOs and consider how we can incorporate these imagined technologies. So there’s that challenge of whether to use existing regulatory frameworks for GMOs for genome editing or to completely start afresh with genome editing and because of that, it’s affecting the speed at which the genome edited products and innovations may benefit the intended end users. So that’s one of the key challenges I see, especially here in the developing world. (Informant 19) government has invested substantially in gene editing research programs, according to Tiwari et al. (2021: 18) and initially planned to develop ten new varieties of gene edited crops. In 2019, a federal program was announced that included developing thirty new varieties of gene edited agrifoods by 2027 (Dobrovidova, 2019). The country has also prohibited the environmental release of GMOs and gene edited organisms; however, researchers have been allowed to experiment with these techniques for research purposes only as of 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity and challenges involved in the regulatory frameworks for gene editing and GMOs. While it mentions the development of gene-edited crops, such as a banana resistant to fungal diseases, it does not support the assertion that gene editing can create crops completely resistant to all pests. The emphasis on ongoing regulatory challenges and the need for a harmonized regulatory framework suggests that the practical application of gene editing may not achieve the total pest resistance claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: für Namenforschung, Trier 1993, Tübingen 1999, III 15-23. H. Solin, Nomi greci nel mondo romano, in: P. Poccetti (ed. ), L’onomastica di Roma. Aspetti linguistici, storici, culturali, tipologici e classificatori, Rom 2009, 61-83. M. Squire, Ars in their “I“ s. Authority and authorship in Graeco-Roman visual culture, in: A. Marmodoro – J. Hill (edd. ), The author’s voice in classical and late antiquity, Oxford 2013, 357-414. M. Squire, Roman art and the artist, in: B. Borg (ed. ), Wiley-Blackwell companion to Roman art, Malden, MA 2015, 172-194. E. M. Štaerman, Die Blütezeit der Sklavenwirtschaft in der römischen Republik, Wiesbaden 1969. E. M. Štaerman, L’esclavage dans l’artisanat romain, DialHistAnc 2, 1976, 103-127. A. F. Stewart, Attika. Studies in Athenian sculpture of the hellenistic age, London 1979. P. Stewart, The social history of Roman art, Cambridge 2008. G. Susini, Il coroplasta Dionisio di Colofone, ArchCl 17, 1965, 302-305. L. R. Taylor, Freedmen and freeborn in the epitaphs of imperial Rome, AJPh 82, 1961, 113-132. E. Thomas, Nochmals zu den beiden Bechern des Chirisophos, KölnJb 33, 2000, 251-260. E. Thomas, verarbeitender Künstler und Kunsthandwerker in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: From the parts to the whole, Acta of the. 1996, Portsmouth 2002, II 241-247. E. Thomas, ΜΝΗΣΘΗ Ο ΑΓΟΡΑΖΩΝ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it consists mainly of references and citations concerning various academic works related to Roman art, society, and linguistics without discussing the generality of written records from ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the existence of detailed written records from every ancient civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry access Published: 27 December 2018 Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry : orcid. org/0000-0001-9873-61871 & Rachel Greeninger1 Fashion and Textiles 101. html). The reported project used extrusion printing but there are other types of 3D printing: stereo lithography, digital light processing (DLP), laser sintering or laser melting, inkjet, selective deposition lamination (SDL), and electron beam melting (EBM) (3D Printing Ally, n. d. ). 3D printing filaments3D printers heat and extrude plastic filaments (raw material). MakerBot uses virgin materials such as polylactic Acid (PLA) (corn-based), Styrene (ABS), and flexible filament. PLA is preferred because it is biodegradable, has a lower melting point, and has higher dimensional stability as compared to ABS; however, PLA is water-soluble and not best for long-term wear (Pei et al. 2015; Samuels and Flowers 2015). Pei et al. (2015) reported significant findings through experimenting with warping, bond, print and flex with their choice of experimental filaments, and Nylon 465, in both woven and knit fabrics made from natural or synthetic fabrics. They concluded that experimentation is needed to find solutions to challenges in using 3D printing for fabric applications. In the meantime, plastic has both environmental and social components of sustainability. Joshua Pearce, a material scientist, created an ethical filament standard for 3D printing filament, following which the ethical filament was formed ( The ethical filament standard and mark is a work in progress. It will serve as a globally recognized fair-trade brand. Once ready, it will certify the ethical credentials of both sourcing and production of a filament. It will partner with waste-picking communities and local entrepreneurs to create a seamless process to create 3D printer filament from recycled waste materials. The proposed standard will grade filament using the Value Chain. Proposed grading involves going through the following stages: plastic collection, cleaning, shredding and flaking, pigment and extrusion, quality checking, packing and dispatching. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ethical filament standard being developed for 3D printing that partners with waste-picking communities and local entrepreneurs to create 3D printer filament from recycled waste materials. This suggests a sustainable practice that aligns with the concept of zero-waste fashion, encouraging the recycling of materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Biosafety testing is based on scientific information and appropriate data relative to the environmental risk of the PNT compared to its counterparts established in the Canadian environment. Testing must show that the PNT, once released, is not able to comingle with native species of a similar genotype (gene flow) or become a weed (weediness), must have its pest potential tested, must not be toxic to humans and/or animals, and must not pose a threat to biodiversity (CFIA, 2023, Directive 2009-09). Each stage of the regulatory system is dictated by regulations set out in Directives (DIR). The series of Directives dictate the requirements a pending PNT must meet to be approved for unconfined environmental release. are vital parts of Canada’s product-based safety evaluation system for PNTs/novel foods (Clark & Phillips, 2013). Fig. 3. 3Regulatory pathway for novel crops, foods and feeds in CanadaFull size imageFigure 3. 3 is a simplified decision-making tree for plants with novel traits/novel foods. As indicated in Fig. 3. 3, oversees the regulatory process for foods, with CFIA having responsibility for feeds or crops. In both cases, if the feed/crop/food is not considered novel no pre-market assessment is necessary, and the product proceeds to commercialization. For feed/crops considered novel, a series of steps include pre-submission meeting of relevant bodies, and pre-market assessments. For foods considered novel, Guidelines apply, and pre-market submission assessments are required. If the plant with novel trait or the novel food does not satisfy risk and safety assessments, approval is not forthcoming. If risk and safety assessments are met, decisions are posted on the CFIA website (feed/crops), or Health Canada’s website (food) and commercialization is allowed. Feed/crops undergo variety registration and are listed in the Database prior to commercialization. PNTs are subjected to a very complex and detailed risk assessment process. also has rigorous thresholds for what is considered novel and how a novel food is treated in the regulatory system. Considering the rigor of the regulatory system in place to assess PNTs, it is significant that both and CFIA declared that gene edited plants are not considered novel simply because they are derived from gene editing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the rigorous regulatory framework governing the safety and environmental assessments for plants with novel traits (PNTs). It indicates that gene-edited crops must undergo detailed risk assessments to ensure they do not pose threats, such as pest potential or toxicity, and emphasizes that the standards set by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and Health Canada do not guarantee complete pest resistance. Rather, it suggests that while gene editing can enhance certain traits, it does not imply that the resulting crops will be free from any pest vulnerability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Bemerkungen zum Selbstverständnis und zur Einschätzung von Künstlern und Kunsthandwerkern in der römischen Kaiserzeit, in: D. Boschung – H. Hellenkemper (edd. ), Kosmos der Zeichen. Schriftbild und Bildformel in Antike und Mittelalter, Wiesbaden 2007, 319-338. J. M. C. Toynbee, Some notes on artists in the Roman world, Brüssel 1951. N. Tran, Les membres des associations romaines, Rom 2006. S. Treggiari, during the late republic, Oxford 1969. V. Velkov, des Handwerks in den Städten Thrakiens und Untermoesiens, in: J. Hamatta (ed. ), Studien zur Geschichte und Philosophie des Altertums, Amsterdam 1968, 382-387. M. -L. Vollenweider, und ihre Künstler in spätrepublikanischer und augusteischer Zeit, Baden-Baden 1966. R. Vollkommer, Greek and Roman artists, in: C. Marconi (ed. ), handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture, Oxford 2015, 107-135. J. P. Waltzing, Étude historique sur les corporations professionnelles chez les Romains depuis les origines jusqu’ à la chute de l’empire d’occident I-IV, Löwen 1895-1900. B. Wesenberg, Für eine situative Deutung des polykletischen Doryphoros, JdI 112, 1997, 59-75. R. Weis, des Griechischen im Rom der republikanischen Zeit, in: C. W. Müller u. a. (edd. ), mit fremden Sprachen in der griechisch-römischen Antike, Stuttgart 1992, 137-142. W. L. Westermann, Sklaverei, in: RE Suppl. VI, 1935, 894-1068. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding written records of ancient civilizations. Instead, it lists various scholarly works and authors related to artists and craftsmanship in the Roman period, without making a statement about the existence or lack of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: They decided to use both Tinkercad, as it proved to be easy to use for basic shapes, and Rhinoceros 5 CAD tools for the extensive, detailed, and complicated design work. 3D design processcreated Design 1 Ensemble consisting of a cape and eight decorative, customized, layered buttons. Tinkercad was used to generate the alphabets and create holes in the buttons. Rhinoceros 5 was used to layer the word or shape in relief on the button. created Design 2 Ensemble comprised of five statement necklace pendants and two pairs of earrings. Their designs emerged from exploring design as well as 3D modelling software in creating unique shapes and structures ensuring durability and zero-waste and using minimum plastic. Respecting the principle of sustainability, the researchers abstained from buying new colors of materials utilizing those already available at their institution. Maker2 is capable of printing from PLA, flexible filament, ABS and other materials. PLA filament was selected, as it is a biodegradable plant-based plastic. Both researchers used Maker2 and available PLA plastic in white, clear, and blue colors (reducing waste). The settings of the Makerwere explored for best design output. Settings include standard, low, or high quality profile to slice the 3D model. The quality profile defines the speed of operation, layer thickness, and surface texture. Layer height determines surface smoothness and is associated with quality and speed. Infill and number of shells determine the product’s internal strength, weight, and durability. Sustainability 3D design strategyIn their creative design as research method, the researchers hoped to develop a 3D process for building fashion notions and jewelry that yielded zero-waste. To that end, following a steep learning curve facilitated by Lynda. com tutorials, as well as several trial runs on the CAD-based tools, 3D modeling MakerBot software, and the 3D printer platform, the researchers developed expertise in design and design strategies. During the learning process, researchers were able to identify limitations and create desired shapes without waste. Intricate designs in additive 3D printing typically require rafts and supporters. After printing, the raft and support have to be separated from the item in a tedious, unsustainable process, becoming waste (Formlabs 2018). Objects in this zero-waste project were designed thoughtfully, avoiding uneven or sharply angled surfaces to be printed that would need rafts and supporters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a 3D design process aimed at achieving zero-waste in the creation of fashion items and jewelry. It highlights how the researchers abstained from purchasing new materials and utilized available resources instead, emphasizing sustainability and minimizing plastic usage. The mention of designing objects without waste and the avoidance of materials that would create unnecessary waste supports the idea of recycling garments within the framework of zero-waste fashion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: All agrifoods, regardless of how they are modified, are subject to equal scrutiny in the Canadian regulatory system on a case-by-case basis based on scientific evidence. published a scientific opinion on the regulation of gene edited agrifood products. In 2022, Health Canada’s Division 28 of the Food and (Novel Foods) was amended to include that novel food products that do not have a history of safe use are subject to evaluation regardless of technique. It stated that “novel food products from any breeding technique that might represent a food safety hazard would require a food safety assessment, to be done according to domestic guidance based on the framework for safety assessments of foods derived from biotechnology” (FAO, 2022a: 32). This decision was preceded by Health Canada’s scientific position in 2021 that determined a high amylopectin starch maize using an SDN1 technique was not considered a novel food product. It did not require pre-market safety assessment as a novel food. The rationale for this decision was that the product had the same phenotype as pre-existing commercial maize varieties with a similar spontaneous mutation and had a history of safe use as food and was therefore, not novel. The following year, a gene edited high oleic soybean was determined to be a novel food and was subject to a food safety assessment based on WHO/FAO expert consultations (FAO, 2022a: 32). 2023, the CFIA announced its scientific position on gene edited agrifoods. In the updated Directive 2009-09 (Plants with novel traits registered under of the Seeds Regulation: Guidelines for determining when to notify CFIA) Sect. 4. 1 states: It is the scientific opinion of the CFIA that gene editing technologies do not present any unique or specifically identifiable environmental or human health safety concerns as compared to other technologies of plant development. For this reason, gene edited plants are regulated using a product based approach, like any other product of plant breeding. Namely, it is the traits that a plant exhibits and whether these traits would have a significant negative impact on environmental safety that are used to determine whether a plant would be subject to of the Seeds Regulations. (www. inspection. gc. ca). (CFIA, 2023) This decision was made based on government consultations with stakeholders throughout the agriculture sector and science-based assessment of the safety and efficacy of gene editing techniques. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on the regulatory frameworks and safety assessments related to gene edited crops. It indicates that while gene editing technologies are evaluated on a case-by-case basis, there is no assertion that such techniques guarantee complete pest resistance. The statement that 'gene editing technologies do not present any unique or specifically identifiable environmental or human health safety concerns' suggests that resistance to pest issues may not be universally achievable through gene editing alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Zanker, Grabreliefs römischer Freigelassener, JdI 90, 1975, 267-315. M. -K. Zapheiropoulou, Emblemata vermiculata. Hellenistische und spätrepublikanische Bildmosaiken, Paderborn u. a. 2006. L. Zgusta, des Griechischen im römischen Kaiserreich, in: im römischen Reich der Kaiserzeit, 1974, Köln-Bonn 1980, 121-145. G. Zimmer, Römische Berufsdarstellungen, Berlin 1982. O. Zwierlein, Plinius über den Laokoon, in: H. -U. Cain u. a. (edd. ), Festschrift für Nikolaus Himmelmann, Mainz 1989, 433-443. E. Zwierlein-Diehl, Gemmen mit Künstlerinschriften, in: Meisterwerke, Symposion anlässlich des 150, Geburtstages von Adolf Furtwängler, Freiburg/Br. 2003, München 2005, 321-343 (mit Ergänzungen in SEG 55, 2005 [2009], 2020). 227. AMA Donderer M. Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken Italien. . November 2018;16:205-227. doi:10. 37095/gephyra. 486138 Chicago Donderer, Michael. “. Bildenden Künstlern Italien”. Gephyra 16, November (November 2018): 205-27. EndM (November 1, 2018) Nicht hinter jeder griechischen Signatur muss ein Grieche stecken. Pseudonyme unter Bildenden Künstlern des antiken Italien. Gephyra 16 205–227. IEEE M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily lists references to academic works rather than discussing the existence or extent of written records from ancient civilizations. There is no indication or evidence presented in the text that relates to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The width of the printed design details was sized to ensure that it was sturdy enough to hold the structure together and narrow enough to be lifted off the printing platform. Each item was designed with a durable flat base, as well as balanced, solid fills and meshes, with no overhanging parts, negating the need for supporters. These objects were then printed, lifted off the printing platform, and sanded to clean the edges as needed. Painter’s tape sheets were used to facilitate easy removal of the printed object from the printer. ResultsDesign 1 ensembleexplored her personal sustainable fabric collection to find a medium for a 3D printing fashion accessory. The inspiration for the design 1 ensemble of button accessories and a cape came from a fabric remnant from a vertically integrated woolen mill. The jacquard fabric’s surface design reflected regional pride (lakes, rivers). The fabric weight, limited remnant yardage, and the goal of zero-waste steered the garment design toward a contemporary-style cape with an oversized draped collar. The poncho-style cape was purposefully draped to display the Mississippi river (front view), key lakes at prominent locations (side arm drape), and to ensure maximum utilization of the fabric. was able to utilize 95% of the fabric. The cape was sewn and pieced together with flat seaming to manage bulk. The front was adorned with customized zero-waste 3D printed buttons to complement the fabric design. Two fabric-covered snaps were applied to create the closure. The raw edges were finished with a 3/8th” fringe for the hem and collar and a blanket stitch for the placket using yarns extracted from the fabric. These design decisions reflect the zero-waste philosophy (Zero-waste 2009). This fabric choice and cape design inspired letter-layered buttons with the name of the state and map in relief (see Figs. 1, 2, 3). The buttons complement the jacquard design of the local, biodegradable wool fabric that had a woven street and lake map of the state. To create the buttons, started with the base letter shape and added holes using Tinkercad. Then, advanced Rhinoceros 5 was used to design the layering on the buttons. The buttons for letters A, E, I, M, N, and T have a word layered in the relief. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the design process that emphasizes a zero-waste philosophy. It explains how the fabric remnant was used to create a contemporary-style cape, utilizing 95% of the fabric. The design decisions, including the incorporation of 3D printed buttons and minimizing waste in the sewing process, reflect the principles of zero-waste fashion, which aligns closely with the idea of recycling garments instead of disposing of them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: KeywordsFuture governance of gene editing in agrifoodRegulatory changesPatents and intellectual propertyConsumer acceptanceClimate change and sustainabilityDeliberative governance 1 IntroductionWe began in Chap. 1 by asking two questions. Why are there so few gene edited agrifoods on the market despite the initial optimism that accompanied the Nobel Prize-winning discovery of -Cas9 over a decade ago? and What governance challenges and opportunities will shape the future applications of gene editing in the agrifood system? Throughout this book, we have explored various elements of gene editing in the agrifood system—the technology and its applications, the regulatory system, the intellectual property landscape, as well as innovations and emergent applications and platforms in the genome editing space. We have discussed the governance challenges facing regulators responsible for evaluating yet unknown, emergent innovations. It has been the goal of this book to provide the reader with ideas and insights into why gene editing in agriculture has not advanced as quickly as initially expected. The heterogenous global regulatory landscape for gene edited plants, the various techniques that can be used to achieve gene edits, the complicated patent and licensing landscape, as well as the lack of consensus of what constitutes a ‘living modified organism’ and how gene edited agrifoods should be tracked and could be labelled are all factors contributing to the current precarious status of gene editing in the agrifood system. The future governance of gene editing in agrifood depends on how individual countries or trade blocs decide to proceed with regulatory definitions of gene edited agrifoods. It also depends on what emergent techniques are in the pipeline, and the extent to which they relate to current gene editing techniques like or take another route to editing the genome with MAD7 or RNAi technology, for example. 2 in FluxMany opportunities and uncertainties surround the future of gene editing. As we discussed in Chaps. 2 and 4, new nucleases with capabilities for gene editing are being discovered every year. What does this mean for the future of new breeding techniques in agrifood? There will be more options for researchers and developers to unlock beneficial traits in the genome of agrifood plants, and though not a focus of this book, also livestock. Gene editing applications for fungi and microbes are also emerging as important components of a sustainable, climate smart agrifood system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding gene editing in agrifood systems. It highlights the regulatory challenges, the slow market introduction of gene-edited crops, and the heterogeneous global regulatory landscape that creates uncertainties about the potential for gene editing to produce crops that are entirely pest-resistant. The discussion around the lack of consensus on what a 'living modified organism' is also suggests that the claim may be overly optimistic given the existing challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2379-6294 Review How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Ashraf Mozayani,3 × Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. Hohler,1 Fathy2 12Post-& Toxicologist, Ministry of Justice, Egypt3Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of : Ashraf Mozayani, of and Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of 1713 2526 556 Received: October 22, 2015 | Published: February 17, 2016 Citation: Wilson-. How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future. MOJ Toxicol. 2016;2(1):18–24. DOI: 10. 15406/mojt. 2016. 02. 00029 synthetic cannabinoids appear regularly in the illicit drug market, often in response to legal restrictions. These compounds are characterized by increasing binding affinities (Ki) to CB1 and CB2 receptors. Increasing affinity to CB receptors can occur by substitution of a halogen on the terminal position of the pentyl chain of the classical synthetic cannabinoids. Fluorination of the aliphatic side chain of established cannabinoid agonists is a popular pathway of modifying existing active drugs and synthesizing novel drugs to increase potency. Biological impacts of these compounds that have been reported include seizures, body temperature losses that may lead to cardiac distress, as well as cases reporting delirium and severe neural incapacities. These symptoms have been reported in case reports with evidence that like their cannabinoid counterparts, these compounds distribute post-mortem into a variety of tissues, especially adipose tissue. Researchers have detected and identified certain synthetic cannabinoid compounds on botanicals using a variety of separation and detection systems such as GC-FID and GC-MS, as well as LC-MS/MS and NMR. Researchers have utilized a variety of chromatographic methods including LC MS/MS, to identify the parent compounds, their metabolites and structural analogs in biological samples such as urine and blood. The aim of this review is to spotlight the newer generations of synthetic cannabinoids with a more powerful affinity towards the cannabinoid receptors to continue to help researchers and clinicians further predict symptoms as well as future compounds and treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses synthetic cannabinoids and their potential to help predict symptoms related to biological effects, but it does not address anthropologists or their ability to predict cultural trends. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: As each pendant was of slightly different complexity than the others, each one took a different amount of time to print. Pendants numbered one through five (Figs. 4a–c, 5a, b, 6a, b, 7, 8a, b) took 1 h and 18 min, 1 h and 14 min, 1 h and 6 min, 56 min, and 40 respectively. In total, printing time was 5 h and 14 min (average 1 h per pendant). The time for printing varied based on the pendant thickness and extruder’s movement for the design. also used gold paint finishing for two pendants to replicate metallic jewelry. The researcher explored sustainable paints but eventually used craft store plastic friendly paints for aesthetics. Design 4 was painted using a brush, thereby preserving the surface texture of the pendant. Design 5 was painted using spray paint resulting in loss of surface texture. Each pendant was designed to include a variety of curves, points, thicknesses, and textures. These designs are only possible using Rhinoceros 5. The smaller earrings took much less time to print than the pendants; averaging 15 min each (see Fig. 4b). If required, the final prints were hand sanded to remove rough edges. developed intermediate skills in designing and printing in 3D. These designs can also be refined in terms of sustainability by exploring layer height, printing speed and quality, infill, number of shells, and extruder temperature. DiscussionDesign work as well as research and literature on 3D printing in fashion is in its infancy. Readiness to use this technology is on a continuum with many researchers exploring its potential and fewer designers actually successfully applying 3D printing to their work. Iris van Herpen, Shapeways, and Cubify are some of the leading designers and 3D companies but none of them have applied the philosophy of zero-waste to their design process as was reported herein. The authors were inspired by the zero-waste philosophy (Zero-waste 2009), which gives fashion designers the opportunity to change the industry. The fashion items developed were created without generating any waste demonstrating a process that contributes to the body of knowledge on 3D printing with PLA plastic for the fashion industry. 3D printing additive technology provides unlimited geometrical freedom (Campbell et al. 2011). It is also considered sustainable as it directly prints the design (Gebler et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the philosophy of zero-waste in fashion design and its potential to change the industry. It mentions that the fashion items developed were created without generating any waste, which aligns with the idea of recycling and sustainability rather than disposal. The authors indicate that zero-waste provides an opportunity for fashion designers to innovate and contribute to a more sustainable industry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: These are important advancements that have benefits, not only for producers, but also consumers and, more broadly, the planet. If we can harness gene editing to improve upon ways to make agriculture more sustainable and edit plants so that they are more adaptable to turbulent climactic changes, the abilities for smallholder farmers to be more productive on the land with fewer pesticides and/or fertilizers can provide a more regionally stable food source. The major challenges lie in getting these technologies into the market, and to the people who can benefit from them the most, without being financially prohibitive. This is where harmonization of regulatory frameworks, even on a regional basis, as is the case in Latin America, and potentially in sub-will be key. The complexity of the patent and licensing landscape further deters progress in the area of proliferation. At this point, there does not appear to be any consensus among patent and/license holders on how to proceed. Europe could be a game changer if the decides to regulate gene edited agrifoods differently than GMOs. The uncertainty surrounding the EU remains a major limitation to the applicability of -Cas systems in Europe’s agricultural sectors (Cardi et al. , 2023: 18). But we have yet to see whether the recent EU proposal moves forward at the member-state level or is rejected. As discussed in Sect. 5. 3, there are varying expert opinions on which direction the EU will go. Rejecting the new breeding techniques proposal may disadvantage the EU in terms of global competitiveness in agricultural products and the ability to address agricultural sustainability and climate change. The eventual direction the EU chooses will have implications for its trading partners, especially those in African countries like Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania that are in the process of finalizing their regulatory frameworks for gene edited agrifoods. Informant 19 (a private sector representative) said of smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, …much of the activism against modern technologies is really out of touch with what farmers are facing. Farmers are not looking for GMOs. Farmers are not looking for gene edited technologies. Farmers are like, ‘I’m grappling with this pest. Do you know any solution that can help? ’ I wish there was a model that would just allow farmers to have the opportunity to choose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that farmers, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, are not specifically seeking gene editing technologies or GMOs. The response from farmers indicates that their primary concern is dealing with pests rather than aiming for complete pest resistance through genetic modifications. This implies skepticism or a lack of agreement with the idea that gene editing can achieve total pest resistance, as farmers prioritize immediate solutions to pest problems over potentially complex gene editing solutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: Keywords: synthetic cannabinoids, chminaca, tissue culture, lcms/ms, tof, gc-ms, gc-fid, case reports Abbreviations SCs, synthetic cannabinoids; Δ-9-THC, delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol; UHPLC, ultra high performance liquid chromatography; DAD, photodiode array; MS, mass spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; DART, direct analysis in real time; TOF, time of flight spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ATR, attenuated total resonance; FTIR, fourier transform infrared spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatogram; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; CNS, central nervous system; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; ULOL, upper limit of linearity; DUID, driving under the influence of drug; HLM, human liver microsomes; HPM, human pulmonary microsomes; CES 1, carboxylesterase 1 cannabinoids (SCs) are synthetic compounds sprayed on herbal products and have spread worldwide since 2004. Many of these compounds, more specifically l-valinamides and l-tert-leucinamides, are often characterized as part of the third, fourth and fifth generation of synthetic cannabinoids. There are many street names for herbal like compounds which are sprayed with these compounds, referred to as “Spice” such as and Yucatan Fire. Such drugs are easily obtainable via the Internet, in smoke shops, and street markets. To evade law enforcement, these herbal incense products are often labeled “not for human consumption”. Despite this, many countries have entered many synthetic cannabinoids to schedule 1. 1,2 Initial reports of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in were in November 2008. 2008, German forensic laboratories initially identified JWH–018 and cannabicyclohexanol (CP–47,497 C8 homologue). The synthetic cannabinoids are frequently applied on plant material and inhaled. 2010, the popularity of these cannabinoids and their associated products appeared to have increased in the United States. 3 Numerous SCs have been identified as adulterants, which have been seized by law enforcement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic cannabinoids, their identification, and their societal impact without addressing the ability of anthropologists to predict cultural trends. There is no information related to anthropology or predictions about culture in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: The learning curve matters because it will require academia to train future professionals to be adept in existing and upcoming 3D technologies. Several variables that can be manipulated on the 3D printer’s desktop and firmware also require training and practice to get optimum design results. University-level training will be a challenge given the time commitment to learn the software. For example, a 3taught in a Korean university required 4 weeks of a 16-week course to train students on Rhinoceros 5 tools and functions (Kwon et al. 2017). Despite this learning curve, educating and socializing the next generation of fashion and design professionals to embrace the zero-waste philosophy, in concert with providing 3D technical training and developing practical skills, bodes well for sustainable 3D fashion design at academic, practitioner, and industry levels. LimitationsThis design as research was limited because of the shortcomings of the Maker2 3D Desktop printer. The research was further limited by the size of build plate and type of filament used in addition to the challenges of learning the engineering-based CAD software Rhinoceros 5. Kwon et al. (2017) also reported difficulties in quickly learning Rhinoceros. Because the MakerBot prints with only PLA or ABS filaments, consideration of other durable (washable) and sustainable materials is necessary for future research. Future researchers could also explore other research variables including layer height, printing speed and quality, infill, number of shells, and extruder temperature, or other printers and materials. These may affect zero-waste achievements. Other sustainability issues related to 3D printing include emission of toxic gases and use of electric power and heat generation, issues that are beyond the scope of this paper. Such research could help this technology to storm the fashion world. Finally, although the authors were able to explore and design notions and jewelry, exploration of other available technologies and materials will facilitate further research in the area of producing sustainable, zero-waste 3D fashion items. ConclusionsThere is a huge potential to use this disruptive technology in designing and creating fashions that are unique, sustainable (zero-waste), and made-on-demand. The free availability and accessibility of many design software and 3D printers (Fabian 2017) allows designers to experiment and develop ideas that can transform the design industry in a big way. This technology is providing a landscape where humans and computers collaborate in design creation (Tania 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the 'zero-waste philosophy' in the context of sustainable 3D fashion design. It highlights the importance of educating future fashion professionals to embrace this philosophy, which implies a focus on recycling and sustainable practices in garment production, aligning with the claim that zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposal.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Regulation of Technologies in Crops 9. The 9. We provide examples of applications of gene editing in agrifood plant breeding. Despite the advantages of -Cas9, other genome editing techniques may offer useful tools to address the challenges of agrifood production in the twenty-first century. -Cas9 technology remains the dominant approach to genome editing. You have full access to this open access 2. 1 NucleasesThere are three types of Site-(SDN) (see Table 2. 1). SDN uses DNA-cutting enzymes (nucleases) that are instructed to cut the DNA at a specific location by several binding systems. After the cut is made, the cell’s own DNA repair mechanisms recognize the break and repair it using one of two cell repair processes. In the case of the Non-Homologous End-Joining (NHEJ) pathway, there is no donor DNA. The cut in DNA is rejoined, however this may cause a few base pairs to be eaten away or added, resulting in random, small deletions or additions (a few base pairs) of nucleotides at the cut site (SDN1) (Entine et al. , 2021: 559). The Homology-(HDR) pathway involves a donor DNA that carries the chosen change and has homologyFootnote 5 with the target site used to introduce the chosen change at the cut site. This allows for an introduction of specific intentional insertions, changes, or deletions. The SDN2 technique targets a gene for correction. The SDN3 technique inserts a gene into the DNA. Table 2. 1 Three main types of gene editing using Site-(SDN)Full size tableIn some cases, countries regulate the three main types of gene editing differently. Since the SDN3 technique sometimes uses transgenes to edit the genome (transgenics), its risk profile is treated differently from gene editing that uses SDN1 or SDN2 in some contexts. Some argue that mutations in a controlled environment regardless of the technology used may, in fact, be safer than those occurring in nature. As research scientist Informant 5 put it, I find that technologies tend to be exceptionalized in the food system. And the reality is that technologies are probably the least risky part of how we produce and consume food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and variability of gene editing techniques. It explains that while gene editing can introduce changes to the DNA, it does not guarantee complete resistance to all pests. Specifically, it mentions different techniques (SDN1, SDN2, SDN3) and highlights that mutations may not always lead to the desired outcomes, thus suggesting that complete pest resistance may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: JWH–018, JWH–073, JWH–200, CP– 47,497, and CP–47,497 C8 homologues were the first SCs identified as being abused. New generations of synthetic cannabinoids quickly emerged to evade law enforcement. After various laws were passed in the United States, different generations of SCs emerged varying only by slight modifications in structure. Some recent SCs include AB–and AB-. These substances are commonly marketed under the guise of being a ‘‘legal high’’ with a disclaimer of ‘‘not for human consumption’’. Law enforcement, public health officials, and clinicians are encountering cases in which there has been abuse of these substances,4 requiring up to date information of the drug legislation, chemistry of the compounds and their detection, as well as the toxicology to be able to help identify these compounds when they present clinically. After the passage of the Act of 2012 in the United States, a third and fourth generation of SCs including UR-144, XLR11, and AKB-48 emerged. In early 2013, a fifth generation including PB-22 and AB-emerged. These 5th generation synthetic cannabinoids including -and THJ-220 were temporarily placed in in December of 2014. 4 Drug legislation in other countries also attempted to combat the use of these synthetic cannabinoids. For example, Japan reported the emergence of SCs before 2007. This was combated with the passage of the allowing for the control of designated substances prohibiting their advertisement, sale, supply, and production. Also, several European countries not only detected SCs but also began banning early generations in 2009. The difficulty of legislation of these drugs is once certain SCs are scheduled another generation of cannabinoids often emerges. The slight variations that occur between the different generations of SCs are predominantly changes to the linking group, secondary structure, or tail group. These variations are often characterized by continually increasing binding affinities to the CB1 and CB2 receptors. This ensures the continued popularity of these drugs by offering continued increased potency when compared to delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (Δ-9-THC), the active component of marijuana. 5 The chemistry of these compounds remains an integral part of determining potency and how changes to chemical structure changes biochemical activity. cannabinoids are composed of four sub-structures and the new compounds are often grouped based upon changes to these groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic cannabinoids, their emergence, and legislative responses rather than providing any insight into the predictive capabilities of anthropologists regarding cultural trends. There is no connection between the topics addressed in the text and the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: and for ▼ العربیة Home 109. doi: 10. 21608/idj. 2020. 81076Mohamed Abdel-Kariem; Hatem Idrees; Marim Hussien. "Recycling of Ready-to Achieve Sustainability". Journal, 10, 2, 2020, 99-109. doi: 10. 21608/idj. 2020. 81076Abdel-Kariem, M. , Idrees, H. , Hussien, M. (2020). 'Recycling of Ready-to Achieve Sustainability', Journal, 10(2), 109. doi: 10. 21608/idj. 2020. 81076Abdel-Kariem, M. , Idrees, H. , Hussien, M. Recycling of Ready-to Achieve Sustainability. Journal, 2020; 10(2): 99-109. doi: 10. 21608/idj. 2020. 81076 Recycling of Ready-to 2. 27 MB) Document Type: Original 10. 21608/idj. 2020. 81076 View on -Kariem1; Hatem Idrees2; Marim Hussien* 3 1Prof. of Machinery, Dept. - Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University. 2Prof. of Production management – Faculty of – Dammeta Univ. 3Assistant lecture - Dept. - Fac. of App. Arts- Dt. Univ. research aims to study the ready-made garment factories have not received adequate attention, although this trend is an urban choice, in addition to the economic and environmental return, Where it can be used to recycle cotton textile wastes to produce low quality cotton, Using shredders but this kind of cotton is used to produce carpets and upholstery. In this paper, however, we try to reach a more subtle thread through blending of chopped cotton (recycled) With polyesters in varying proportions, To obtain clothing products suitable for their specific functional purposes. The results showed that it is possible to utilize and recycle cutting waste to produce yarns, fabrics and clothes. The ratios of money saving of the total yarn price for different counts and blend in ratios are between 38% and 66%. Finally it is recommended that the study samples be used to produce children's clothes due to their rapid growth changes, especially those that are not exposed to friction and frequent washing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing recycling in the context of ready-made garments. It mentions the recycling of cotton textile wastes to produce low-quality cotton and emphasizes creating clothing products through blending recycled materials with new materials. The results indicate a significant economic benefit from recycling, supporting the idea that zero-waste fashion promotes recycling garments rather than disposing of them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: Meganucleases are single proteins that recognize a sequence in the DNA and break the target DNA, leaving a double-strand break that can be repaired through a natural repair process used to repair broken DNA (Silva et al. , 2011). They naturally occur in bacteria, single celled organisms, plants, animals, and fungi. Meganucleases can be used in genome editing for both nonhomologous end joining and homology directed repair–mediated alterations. Meganucleases-mediated genome editing has been demonstrated in maize (Zea mays) and tobacco (Nicotiana spp. ) (Baltes & Voytas, 2014). Production is difficult, and cost of production is costly. It can take months to conduct an experiment using meganucleases. It is difficult to change the target sequence specificity of meganucleases, so they are not widely used for genome editing (NASEM, 2016). 2. 3 NucleaseOne of the first reliable, successful methods of genome editing was reported in 2003, though it was discovered in 1985. Nuclease (ZFN) interacts with three specific base pairs of DNA that cause double-strand breaks at a targeted site in the genome. It requires two proteins. ZFNs are used to introduce mutations via (NHEJ), which is a natural repair process used to join the two ends of a broken DNA strand back together. ZFNs have been used to modify plants, but the technique is not always accurate as it sometimes targets the wrong sequence (NASEM, 2016). An example of where this technique has been used is in the modification of the endogenous tobacco acetolactate synthase genes, which is the target enzyme for two types of herbicides. By using ZFN and a donor molecule, mutations were induced, thus generating plants which were herbicide resistant (see Novak, 2019). The production and cost of production of ZFNs is prohibitively expensive. It can take months to conduct an experiment using ZFNs for gene editing. 2. 4 activator-like effectors (TALEs) followed zinc finger nucleases and preceded -Cas9 as effective genome editing tools. The discovery of TALEs was first published in 2009 in Science by scientists at University in Halle, Germany. TALEs are proteins with a unique DNA-binding domain that presents a predictable and programmable specificity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various gene editing techniques, such as meganucleases and ZFNs, and highlighting their limitations and challenges, including difficulties in specificity and cost. These points suggest that while gene editing may enhance crops' resistance to specific threats, the statement that gene editing can produce crops completely resistant to any type of pest is not fully supported by the information provided.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: The four substructures are: the core indole or imidazole ring; which is attached by a linking group to a secondary structure with a tail substitute on the core group. Synthetic cannabinoids are prepared in large batches and sprayed over botanical material and then marketed in small packages. As governments start to prohibit the use of more classical synthetic cannabinoids, structurally variable indole synthetic cannabinoids have started to be present in forensic samples that had not been seen in the literature previously. 6 As governments continue to outlaw specific structural moiety changes to the napthyl ring a class of compounds was created called adamantoylindoles. These compounds were created by replacing a napthyl ring with an adamantyl ring; and were titled third generation synthetic cannabinoids. 6 This name arose as the changed the federal scheduling to include certain cannabinoids like JWH-018 into Schedule 1. 6 The name has persisted into future generations including the third, fourth, and fifth generation compounds that are the focus of this review. Halogenation of the aliphatic side chain is a popular way of modifying one of the established cannabinoid receptor agonists to increase their potency and create a structural analog to evade law enforcement detection. This has prompted blends of compounds that include the parent compound, its halogenated counterpart, and in some cases earlier synthetic cannabinoids. For example, compounds appear on the market as (AKB-48) and ADB-together within a mixture alongside the 5-fluoropentyl analogs. 7-11 PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 were first reported as the drugs in a 2009 patent filed by the pharmaceutical manufacturer Pfizer. 12 ADB-was first encountered by law enforcement following reports of serious events in both Georgia and Colorado. 13 This review will attempt to spotlight the third, fourth, and fifth generation synthetic cannabinoids including the ones featured in Figure 1-12. Uchiyama et al. 14 published the identification of two synthetic cannabinoids APICA and that were illegally produced and sold. The identification used a variety of instrumentation including ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-DAD-MS). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), positive mode direct analysis in real time –time of flight spectrometry (DART-TOF) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to overcome the problem of structural similarity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding anthropologists' ability to predict future cultural trends. Instead, it discusses the chemistry and development of synthetic cannabinoids and their legal implications, which is unrelated to anthropological predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: Research Problem: that affect the environment and productivity of ready-made garment factories. Research Aim: Provide a trend for the use of threads made of cotton textile exhaust with varying blending ratios with polyester. Study the average cost of the manufactured piece of recycled materials compared to the piece manufactured from traditional materials, and its suitability for the functional purposes. Assisting officials of garment factories in obtaining a new strategy in dealing with technical and economical manner with the exhausts of cotton fabrics stacked. Developing methods for dealing with textile waste from a new perspective. The method used: Analytical experimental methods. Experimental Work: The cotton shear residues from the garment factories were assembled and a dye removal phase was carried out, Using Hydrosulfate, The objective is to produce three blends of different proportions and operate them on the open end system as follows: Resulting in 6 samples with different specifications under study and application. Several tests were conducted to determine the functional properties of the products (Pilling Resistance- Elongation- maximum force- Fabric Stiffness-weight- Wash Fastness- Rubbing Fastness- Color Strength). The study is based on the collection and exploitation the ready-made garment factories ( a men's cotton shirt). Results,: of Ready-Factories can be used and recycled to produce usable yarns, fabrics and clothing. The savings rate for the yarn produced ranges from 38% to 66%. It is recommended to employ samples produced of children's clothing, Due to their rapid growth change, which makes the duration of their use less time to avoid frequent friction and washing. All textile samples have a weight suitable for summer clothes. Stay away from the following products: shorts, pants and sleeveless Clothes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing methods of recycling textile waste and emphasizes the production of usable yarns, fabrics, and clothing from materials sourced from garment factories. It highlights the study's objective to utilize cotton shear residues, which supports the idea of recycling garments rather than discarding them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing can produce crops that are completely resistant to any type of pest. [SEP] Text: TALEs are made and used by plant pathogenic bacteria to control plant genes during infection. In nature, TALEs bind to plant DNA sequences and activate genes. The bacteria encode TALEs through a simple code that has been exploited to engineer proteins with custom site specificity in any target genome (Boch et al. , 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove 2009; NASEM, 2016, 2017a). The ease of the design for specific target DNA sequences of the TALEs revolutionized genome editing. can be fused with the nuclease domain of FokI (a restriction endonuclease—a ‘cleaver’ enzyme) and utilized to edit the genome, referred to as Transcription Activator-Nucleases (TALENs). TALENs are used in pairs like ZFNs to affect targeted mutations. TALENs have a higher efficiency than ZFNs and have been used to alter the genomes of a variety of different organisms. TALENs have been used to edit genomes in rice, maize, wheat, and soybean (Baltes & Voytas, 2014; NASEM, 2016). TALENs have also been used experimentally to correct mutations that cause human disease. experiments require two proteins. Production is relatively easy, and significantly more cost effective than meganucleases and ZFNs. Gene editing experiments using TALENs can take weeks, as opposed to months as with previous techniques. However, researchers continue to improve upon TALENs. In 2020, a rapid TALENs preparation protocol was developed. This has improved reproducibility and efficiency of this gene editing technique according to the for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA, 2023). Footnote 6TALENs has been used in several plants to improve agronomic characteristics or nutritional profiles. For example, TALENs has been used to create soybeans with low levels of polyunsaturated fats. Oils with lower levels of these fats are considered healthier compared to oils that can be hydrogenated to produce trans-fatty acids (ISAAA, 2023). Soybeans that produce high oleic acid (the ‘healthier’ fat) emerged on the US market beginning in 2019 in the form of soybean oil. TALENs has also been used in rice to breed resistance to bacterial blight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of gene editing applications that do not necessarily result in complete pest resistance. While it discusses the use of TALENs for various purposes, including improving agronomic characteristics and nutritional profiles, and mentions resistance to bacterial blight in rice, it does not support the notion that gene editing can produce crops completely resistant to all types of pests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Anthropologists can predict future cultural trends with certainty. [SEP] Text: 14 This successful identification supports the idea that new synthetic cannabinoids can be identified using classical forensic technology, allowing for laboratories to maintain casework proficiency. Veress et al. 15 examined herbal mixtures of AKB-48, AB---22, AB-5F-PB-22, and AM-2201 that were seized on the Hungarian black market. The examination was conducted using Resonance (ATR) (FTIR), and confirmation with GC-MS. The authors examined different solvents including n-hexane, methanol, chloroform, and acetone to determine the most efficient one. The upper clear liquid phase was used for FTIR analysis. After evaporation of the solvent and examination of the results of the residues, it was noted that the best spectra for residues were obtained after application of acetone. Data was collected between 4000/cm and 6000/cm with a resolution of 4/cm for 32 scans. The results were confirmed using GC-MS. 15 Hasegawa et al. 16 was the first to state that the presence of AB-5F-fluoro-AMB and diphenidine were found in herbal incense (Super Lemon). This compound caused the death of a 30-year-old male. Using GC-MS and comparing it to the spectral library the total ion chromatogram (TIC) showed two distinct peaks, leading to the conclusion that one would be the SCs, and the other diphenidine after comparing mass spectral patterns to an established library. 16 The more information that is collected and maintained about these compounds allows for scientists and clinicians to know how to start investigations when new compounds may arise from the black market (Figure 1-12). Figure 1 AB-Fubinaca. Figure 2 ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 3 AB-Pinaca. Figure 4 ADB-Pinaca. Figure 5 5F-AB-Pinaca. Figure 6 5F-ADB-Fubinaca. Figure 7 AB-Fubica. Figure 8 ADB-Fubica. Figure 9 AB-Pica. Figure 10 ADBica. Figure 11 5F-AB-Pica. Figure 12 5F-ADBica. Pharmacology and toxicology Not unlike more classical synthetic cannabinoids, these generations of cannabinoids affects the cardiovascular system by decreasing heart rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about anthropologists predicting cultural trends with certainty. It discusses the identification and analysis of synthetic cannabinoids using forensic science, rather than addressing anthropological methods or predictions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: وتعتبر بقایا فضلات الأقمشة من العوادم قلیلة الاستغلال التی ینبغی الاستفادة منها لذا فإن إعادة تدویر بقایا الأقمشة وتوظیفها بما یعیدها صالحة للاستعمال فی إنتاج منتجات جدیدة یؤدى الى تحقیق أرباح وترشید الاستهلاک بالاستفادة العظمى من الخامات النسجیة. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that recycling fabric scraps is a method to utilize waste materials, transforming them into new products, which aligns with the concept of zero-waste fashion that promotes garment recycling rather than disposal.