Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: With the aging process and certain neurodegenerative diseases, circadian disorders are observed with reduction as well as change in the structure of melanopsin ganglion cells which indicates a correlation between circadian alterations and pathological states. It is known that conventional photoreceptors, rods, and cones, are not required for circadian photoreception, instead, it is RGCs with expression of melanopsin that are required indicating the inner retinal layer might contribute to circadian photoreception [265]. PK2PK2 is a cystine-rich secreted protein and is identified as an output signaling molecule for the SCN. PK2 oscillates in a circadian phase with peaks in subjective daytime. PK2 is a CCG and has a crucial role in the functioning of SCN. SCN, the epicenter of daily rhythms is entrained by light and PK2 expression responds to light-dark cycles. The molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN seems to be a delicate interplay between the endogenous circadian clock and light and this clock governs PK2 while light has a modulatory role. Vasopressin and PK2 are two SCN output molecules derived from two different CCGs [266, 267]. The receptor for PK2 namely PKR2 is expressed in the SCN target sites abundantly [268] which emphasizes that it is an output molecule. PK2 is involved within the SCN to synchronize the output as well as in the transmission of behavioral circadian rhythm. An earlier study [269] reported that PK2 is not necessary for SCN timekeeping or entrainment, but is required for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology. Many lines of evidence involving experiments have shown and confirmed PK2 signaling in input and output pathways. Further confirmation of PK2 as an output signal for SCN has been reported [270]. Reduced circadian rhythms in mice deficient in PK2 or its receptor and reduced oscillation of PK2 expression in transgenic mice are observed. One report [271] also observed that PK2 from ipRGCs to the SCN neurons has a signaling role. Overexpression of PK2 caused a significant reduction of BMAL1, Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 2 genes in the SCN. Thus, it becomes evident that PK2 signaling has a role in both the input and output pathways of the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the central regulator of circadian rhythms. It discusses how the SCN is entrained by light and how various signaling molecules, such as PK2, operate within the SCN to synchronize behavioral circadian rhythms. The phrase 'the epicenter of daily rhythms' directly supports the idea that the SCN is crucial in regulating circadian rhythms, highlighting its central role in this biological process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on technologies like direct air capture (DAC) which aim to remove CO2 from the air, suggesting that there are scientific methods being developed that target carbon emissions more effectively than simply planting trees. While trees can contribute to carbon sequestration, the text emphasizes that DAC and negative emissions technologies can potentially have a more substantial impact on reducing CO2 levels in the atmosphere over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The sampled larvae were flushed with clean seawater, transferred to a 1. 5 mL centrifuge tube with a suction pipe, rinsed twice with normal saline, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80 °C. Extraction and Quantification of ProteinsSamples were thawed at 4 °C. Subsequently, 60 mg sample was weighed. Then 200 μL SDT lysis buffer (4% SDS, 100 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM DTT, pH7. 6) was added to the sample, followed by solubilization for 20 s with a tissue homogenizer; this was repeated three times. Then, 500 μL SDT lysis buffer is added. The mixture was shaken and heated for 10 min in a water bath. After 30 min ultrasonic treatment, the mixture was centrifuged for 30 min at 12,000 × g and 4 °C, and the supernatant was saved for subsequent experiments. The BCA assay was used for protein quantification. SDS-PAGE for Protein SeparationApproximately 20 μg of each protein sample was resolved and mixed with 5× loading buffer added at 1:5 ratio. The mixture was boiled for 5 min in a water bath and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g. The supernatant was used, and the mixture was electrophoresed for 60 min on 12. 5% SDS-PAGE gels at 15 mA. Protein bands were visualized by R-250 staining. Filter-PreparationAbout 300 μg samples were collected and mixed with DTT until a final concentration of 100 mM was reached. The mixture was boiled for 5 min in a water bath and cooled to room temperature. Approximately 200 μL UA buffer (8 M Urea, 150 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8. 0) was added and mixed well. The mixture was transferred to a 30 kDa centrifuge tube for ultrafiltration and centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000 × g, after which the filtrate was discarded. After adding 200 μL UA buffer, the mixture was centrifuged for 15 min at 14,000 × g, and the filtrate was discarded. Then IAA (50 mM IAA in UA) was added in UA buffer (100 μL), and the mixture was oscillated for 1 min at 600 rpm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed procedure about protein extraction and quantification but does not discuss or provide any information related to insects or metamorphosis. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The involvement of orexin in a multitude of functions from energy homeostasis to cognition and dysfunction of the orexinergic system leading to pathological states has prompted to describe its role as necessary for a healthy life. It is equally noteworthy that the role of orexin is not limited to brain areas as it finds its way in metabolic regulation too. Pigment-dispersing factorThe pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is an 18-aminoacid peptide that acts as a neuromodulator and is produced by circadian clock circuit neurons [276]. It is a neuromodulator signaling peptide produced only by circadian clock circuit neurons. Two important functions of PDF appear to be the regulation of locomotor activity timing and the maintenance of clock circuit intracellular cycling. Both functions are mediated through the activation of PDF receptor (PDFR) in neurons [276]. PDF has an important but complex role in the phasing of Drosophila activity rhythm [277]. Another observation is that loss of PDF produces desynchrony among clock neurons under DD conditions but not under LD 12:12 and retains the neurons synchronized. This may indicate PDF is not very essential to maintain synchrony under entrained conditions [277]. PDF-present pea aphids are likely to mediate photoperiodic signaling to insulin-producing cells [278]. Thus, PDF has a pivotal role in the circadian clocks of many insects, fruit flies, and cockroaches. It is considered an output molecule of specific circadian clock neurons. Some of the findings suggest that PDF conveys day-length information to the photoperiodic system. In some insects, PDF may signal LDs, while in others it signals short days (SDs). NONO of the SCN plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms. It helps to synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment. Neurons release NO and it acts as a neurotransmitter to communicate with neighboring cells and this helps to maintain proper phase relationship between internal rhythms and the night cycle. NO also affects the expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, and Cry 1 of the SCN neurons which regulate the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms. Exposure to light during the daytime causes the release of NO and this reinforces the synchronization of the body’s clocks to the external day-night cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of NONO of the SCN which plays a pivotal role in regulating the body’s circadian rhythms. It highlights how the SCN helps synchronize the body’s internal clocks with the external environment and influences the expression of clock genes that regulate circadian rhythms, thus supporting the assertion that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. ? “Until recently, there hasn’t been a strong market for NETs and DAC,” says Chris. “And therefore fewer ways for companies to monetise DAC technologies. While the amine-oxide hybrid materials we work with are relatively easy to make, they’re not being produced at commercial scale yet. As the market develops, I anticipate an array of companies, both established and start-ups, will be poised to manufacture such materials. We’re working with several of them today. ” The first commercial DAC unit on the market was produced by a company called Climeworks and is in use in Switzerland. Hopefully, this is the start of many. However, while large scale use of DAC could negate the effects of our fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it’s vital that we move to renewable and more sustainable energy sources. What’s exciting is that Chris’ technology could help give us more time: “This would allow a slower transition to a renewable, energy-rich future, offering less economic disruption and loss of jobs associated with fossil energy,” he says. “It could be both a climate and market stabiliser. ” WHAT’? Let’s describe acids and bases even more scientifically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for a range of technologies, such as direct air capture (DAC), to address climate change. It states that while large-scale use of DAC could negate the effects of fossil fuel-burning lifestyles, it's crucial to transition to renewable energy sources. This indicates that planting trees alone is insufficient to fully reverse climate change quickly; a multifaceted approach involving various technologies and long-term strategies is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The mixture was allowed to settle for 30 min in the dark at room temperature and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g. UA buffer (100 μL) was added, and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g; the procedures were repeated twice. Next, 100 μL of NH4HCO3 buffer was added, and the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g, the procedures were repeated twice. Subsequently, 40 μL trypsin buffer (2 μg Trypsin in 40 μL NH4HCO3 buffer) was added. The mixture was oscillated for 1 min at 600 rpm and allowed to settle for 16–18 h at 37 °C. The mixture was transferred into a new collecting tube and centrifuged for 10 min at 14,000 × g, after which the filtrate was collected. The filtrate was desalinized with C18 SD Cartridge and quantified at OD280. LC-MS/MS Analysis on the ProductApproximately 2 μL product of protein digestion was used for LC-MS/MS analysis and separated using a nanoliter -nLC1000 system. The mobile phase A was 0. 1% formic acid solution with 2% acetonitrile, and the mobile phase B was 0. 1% formic acid solution with 84% acetonitrile. The chromatographic column EASY column SC200 150 μm * 100 mm (RP-C18) was balanced with 100% A solution. The sample was loaded onto the EASY column SC001 traps 150 μm * 20 mm (RP-C18) through an automatic sampler and separated by a chromatographic column at the flow rate of 400 nL/min. The gradient elution procedure was as follows: the percentage change of the mobile phase B for 0–100, 100–108, and 108–120 min is 0–45%, 45–100%, and 100% of the linear change, respectively. After the capillary separation by HPLC, the product of protein digestion is determined using Q-Exactive mass spectrometer with the following parameters: duration: 120 min; detection method: positive ion detection; parent ion scanning scope: 300–1800 m/z; MS1 resolution at M/Z 200: 70,000; and MS2 resolution at M/Z 200: 17,500. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it describes a laboratory procedure involving protein digestion and chromatography analysis without any mention of insects or metamorphosis. There are no details that relate to the biological processes of insects or their life cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN neurons nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) immunoreactivity are seen in dwarf hamsters and rats which indicates the participation of NO in SCN [279]. Although presently NO has been reported to be an extracellular modulator of photic transduction in the SCN it can also perform both intracellular and transcellular signaling in the SCN as per some experimental evidence [280–282]. Production of NO in the SCN is linked to NMDA induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production and administration of cGMP produces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro. NOS inhibitors prevent NMDA-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms in vitro and in vivo. Light transmission to the SCN is disrupted by blocking NO production suggesting a role in the light-input pathway. Glu release from retinal terminals can also be interrupted by blockade of NO action in intact animals. Other effects of NO blockade include interruption of expression of IEGs, intracellular increase in calcium activation of nNOS, augmented production of cGMP, and others, all indicating the requirement of NO in the SCN. NO appears to be an important neurotransmitter in generating the phase shifts of circadian rhythms. Aging-induced alteration of NO levels seen was significant in the liver. Melatonin, a known antiaging agent decreases with aging and on exogenous administration could produce a differential restoration of age-induced alterations NO daily rhythms [283]. The role of extracellular NO communication within SCN for synchronization to LD cycles has been demonstrated [281]. This occurs by single light pulses activating NO intracellular signaling which leads to phase shifts and synchronization. Since the knowledge about the 3 different forms of NOS is limited at present, the exact role of NO is not established yet. However, NO is now known as a crucial mediator for aligning our internal rhythms with the outside world, for healthy functioning of rhythms. HistamineHistamine is a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator and has a role in mammalian timekeeping. was first identified in the brain about 50 years ago, its role as a neurotransmitter in physiological functions was identified only later. Despite substantial evidence suggesting a role for histamine as a neurotransmitter in circadian entrainment, its role has not been identified with authenticity. Histamine can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms in a manner like that of light pulses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. It highlights the importance of nitric oxide (NO) as a neurotransmitter in the SCN, explaining how it facilitates phase shifts and synchronization of circadian rhythms. The production of NO is linked to photic transduction in the SCN, indicating a direct involvement of this region in regulating internal biological rhythms in response to external stimuli, thus supporting the assertion that the SCN is crucial in managing circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Phenology and growth of European trees in relation to climate change K. Kramer PE&RC Research output: Thesis › external topicsThe relationships between climate and both phenology and growth of some important European tree species were studied to evaluate the potential impacts of climate change on trees and forests in Europe. In order to make such assessments, insight is required on the mechanisms how climatic variables interact with plant processes. The topics addressed in this study were: (1) the modelling of phenology, (2) the consequences of climate change on spring frost damage, (3) the importance of phenotypic plasticity, (4) the importance of phenology on the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies deciduous forests, and (5) the importance of phenology on the effects of climate change on growth of mixed-species deciduous forests. Modelling phenologyTo evaluate the impacts of climate change on growth of temperate deciduous tree species, the onset and cessation of the growth must be accurately described. A review is presented on eight models predicting the date of leaf unfolding depending on temperature. These models were fitted using 57 years of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of Fagus sylvatica in The Netherlands, and used to predict 40 years of similar observations collected in Germany. As conflicting experimental evidence exist on the role of photoperiod on leaf unfolding of Fagus sylvatica, photoperiod was incorporated into each of these models. The timing of leaf unfolding could best be described by a model in which the effects of chilling temperatures (-5 to +10°C) and forcing temperatures (>0°C) operate sequentially in time, according to a triangular and logistic function, respectively. Including photoperiod reduced the predicting power of this model. Spring frost damageTwo studies presented in literature evaluate the effect of increasing winter temperature on the probability of spring frost damage to trees. However, one study predicted an increase, while the other predicted a decrease in the probability of spring frost damage. It is unclear whether the disparity is because: (1) different models were used, (2) different climatic warming scenarios used, or (3) the tree species at the different locations respond differently to warmer winters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions between climate and tree growth and the impacts of climate change on European trees. It emphasizes the uncertainty and variability in the effects of climate change, highlighting issues such as spring frost damage and conflicting predictions about tree responses. This suggests that simply planting trees may not result in a rapid or complete reversal of climate change, as the dynamics are influenced by various environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The mass-to-charge ratios of polypeptides and polypeptide fragments are obtained by collecting 20 fragment patterns (MS2 scan, HCD) after each full scan. Maxquant Label-AnalysisThe nine resulting raw LC-MS/MS files were imported to the Maxquant software (1. 3. 0. 5) for database inquiry and LFQ label-free quantification analysis. The database was Uniprot_Bivalvia_44359_20160420. fasta (containing 44359 sequences, downloaded on April 20, 2016). The database search parameters were as follows: main search ppm:6; missed cleavage: 2; MS/MS tolerance ppm: 20; De-Isotopic: ture; enzyme: trypsin; database:Uniprot_Bivalvia_44359_20160420. fasta; fixed modification: carbamidomethyl (C); variable modification: oxidation (M), acetyl (protein N-term); decoy database pattern: reserve; LFQ: ture; LFQ min ratio count: 1; match between runs: 2 min; peptide FDR: 0. 01; protein FDR: 0. 01. The resulting inquiry files from Maxquant were analyzed using Perseus (1. 3. 0. 4) software. The samples from each of the three stages, namely ZRZ--V, and ZRZ-VI, were prepared in triplicate. Analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA, and P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. GO Functional AnnotationsThe steps for GO annotation were as follows99. Target proteins were assembled and prepared through sequence alignment and batch extraction of target protein and BLAST of GO terms (mapping). GO annotation is a process of scoring the similarity between the target sequence and the sequence to be aligned to determine the reliability of the source of the GO term and the GO term structure in directed acyclic graphs. Only the GO term that satisfies the preset score may be annotated to the target protein sequence. For the supplementary annotation augmentation, the conservative motif in the EBI database of InterProScan is aligned with the target protein. The motif-related functional information is annotated to the target protein sequence. The annotation is further supplemented with ANNEX. The links between different GO terms were established, thereby improving the accuracy of the annotation. Consequently, the GO annotation results are obtained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details regarding mass spectrometry, proteomics, and statistical analysis without any mention of insects or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SP by itself did not enhance GRP-induced phase shifts in the early-subjective night and significantly attenuated GRP-induced phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on SP-induced Fos expression only in the late subjective night, it was suggested [296] that SP may not be a part of the photic phase shifting during the early-subjective night, but may participate in modulating phase shifts during the late-subjective night. Based on this reliable evidence, it is considered that SP is useful in orchestrating our daily rhythms and thereby essential for internal timekeeping. NMSThe presence of NMS, a 36 amino acid neuropeptide in the SCN was reported in 2004 [297]. NMS, seen in the core part of the SCN is a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system and has a diurnal peak under the LD cycle [298]. NMS-containing neurons contribute about 40% among the SCN neurons and these neurons have an essential role in the generation of daily rhythms in behavior [153]. NMS neurons appear to be sufficient to lengthen the period of the SCN and behavioral circadian rhythms. Interestingly, it is closely related to another neuropeptide called neuromedin U which is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system. NMS neurons appear critical and it is reported [299] that deletion of the gene that decodes for the VGAT from NMS neurons can lead to arrhythmia of locomotor activity and sleep as well as impairment of intrinsic clock gene rhythms. This suggests that the removal of GABA release from the adult SCN does not affect the pacemaker’s ability to sustain overt circadian rhythms, but its removal from NMS neurons within the SCN throughout development removes the SCN’s ability to sustain circadian rhythms. It is also known that NMS can regulate circadian rhythms through autocrine and/or paracrine actions [298]. NMS, thus appears as one among the ever-growing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN having multiple functions. It operates like a conductor orchestrating the timing symphony of SCN to maintain the integrity of the clock for the expression of robust circadian rhythms and participates in the integration and coordination of the thousands of clocks of the SCN. synthesized in both the core and shell of the SCN has been assigned a significant role in SCN function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that various neuropeptides, including NMS, play a crucial role in the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in orchestrating circadian rhythms. It describes how NMS neurons contribute significantly to the generation of daily rhythms and the integrity of the circadian clock, reinforcing the idea that the SCN is essential in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the effects of climatic warming to Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia platyphylla, Fagus sylvatica, Tilia cordata, Quercus rubra, Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelcior, Quercus petraea, Picea abies and Pinussylvestris in and in Germany, both models were fitted to long series of observations on the date of leaf unfolding of these tree species. The impact of the two scenarios (uniformly and non-uniformly changing winter temperature) on the date of leaf unfolding and on the probability of freezing temperature around that date was evaluated. To test the importance of adaptation to local climate, hypothetical provenance transfers were analysed. For tree species in and Germany the probability of spring frost damage will decrease, provided the variability in temperature does not change. The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the adaptive responses of various tree species to climatic warming but does not support the idea that planting trees can completely reverse climate change in a short timeframe. Instead, it highlights the complexity of tree responses to climate variables, suggesting that simple tree planting is insufficient to address climate issues. Moreover, the mention of phenological changes such as the advance of leaf fall and unfolding indicates that climatic changes could lead to adverse effects on tree species rather than a quick solution to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: GO on DepsFisher’s exact test was used to evaluate the significance level of protein enrichment under each GO term. steps were as follows. The protein sequence is aligned with the KEGG database100, and homologous KEGG genes are obtained. The resulting gene was screened through Bi-Directional hit rate, and the orthologous candidate genes were obtained. The KO grouped data were obtained by KO based on the probability and Heuristic scoring, and the KO ranking chart is obtained. Finally, KEGG pathway mapping were finished. on pathway enrichment analysis was similar to the GO enrichment analysis. In this analysis, the KEGG pathway was the unit, and all of the qualitative proteins were background. The significance level of protein enrichment of each pathway was calculated by Fisher’s exact test to determine the significantly affected metabolism and the signal transduction mode. Experimental validation using qPCRThe differentially expressed protein genes were validated by qPCR to confirm the proteomic results, which was conducted using a QuantStudio 6 Flex Real-Time PCR System with qPCR Kit according to manufacturer instructions. Primer sequences were designed based on each identified gene sequence using 6 software (Premier Biosoft, USA) (4). PCR amplification experiments were conducted in triplicate under the following conditions: Initial denaturation, 95 °C for 7 min, then denaturation 40 cycles of 95 °C for 10 s, Annealing/extension 60 °C for 30 s. The results were normalized using actin (c264956_g1; gi|404452331|gb|AFR74960. 1| actin, partial [Rana clamitans]) and EF1-F (c233532_g1; gi|524916452|ref|XP_005113003. 1| :elongation factor 1-alpha [Aplysia californica]) for each sample and the 2−ΔΔCT method. The expression levels of each gene in the three developmental stages were compared using a two-sided Student’s t-test, and differences were considered statistically significant at p < 0. 05. Change history23 July 2018A correction to this 10. 1186/1742-9994-9-2 (2012). 1. J 280(23), 21981–21986 (2005). 2500. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the metamorphosis of insects. It discusses methods related to protein enrichment analysis and qPCR validation for gene expression, which do not address metamorphosis or larval stages in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Length of the day influences the expression of SSA and studies have shown [300] the involvement of SCN responses to light. SSA produced by a group of SCN neurons is an inhibitory neuropeptide that acts as a neuromodulator to regulate SCN function. SSA acts through 5 receptors [6] to perform its action. Some of the SSA and SP peptides are found colocalized in the SCN. This is mostly due to the synapse of SSA on VIP and AVP neurons and the presence of SSA receptors in the SCN. SSA likely has a regulatory role on the other peptidergic neurons of the SCN. A study [301] reported an increase in SSA and SP immunoreactivity in aged Wistar rats, while another study [302] in Syrian hamsters reported no effect of age of SSA m RNA. Though this can be explained based on the species-specific effect seen in the SCN, an increase in SSA immunoreactivity may be related to the VIP decrease with aging, especially given the inhibitory modulatory role of SSA on VIP rhythmicity in the SCN. SSA influences retinorecipient neurons of the SCN core which can reset the molecular clock and this clearly shows a direct role of SSA in the entrainment of circadian activity to the external LD cycle. Studies also suggest SSA signaling [49, 116, 303] can influence the circadian mechanism responsible for the waveform of daily rhythms more than period or phase. Based on these reports one can suggest that SSA may not be necessary for intrinsic circadian timekeeping or photoentrainment, but can contribute to the robustness of circadian activity with change in lighting conditions. CalB and CALRTwo calcium-binding proteins, CalB and CALR, have a role in SCN function. These peptide-containing neurons of the SCN have a complex organization and this is similar among all species [304]. Both proteins are involved in buffering intracellular calcium levels, crucial for the regulation of neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release. Both the core and shell parts of the SCN have CalB neurons with more density in the caudal part and receive direct retinal input [305]. CalB neurons are essential for circadian locomotor activity rhythm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It mentions the influence of various neuropeptides such as SSA and their interactions within the SCN, highlighting the importance of SCN responses to light and their regulatory functions. Furthermore, it describes how SSA affects the rhythms and may contribute to the robustness of circadian activity, which supports the concept of the SCN as a critical regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to. These differences are of a similar magnitude when comparing the two photosynthesis models. -PGEN showed that the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [ 2 CO ] increases with rising temperature, thus compensating for the increase in respiration. For both and this C0 2 and temperature interaction was not found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting tree growth, including temperature and environmental variability, which suggest that the relationship between trees and climate is complex. It highlights that while trees are affected by climate, the models indicate that changes in growth due to climate change scenarios are nuanced and do not support the idea that planting trees alone can reverse climate change so rapidly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe morphogenetic transition of motile coral larvae into sessile primary polyps is triggered and genetically programmed upon exposure to environmental biomaterials, such as crustose coralline algae (CCA) and bacterial biofilms. Although the specific chemical cues that trigger coral larval morphogenesis are poorly understood there is much more information available on the genes that play a role in this early life phase. Putative chemical cues from natural biomaterials yielded defined chemical samples that triggered different morphogenetic outcomes: an extract derived from a CCA-associated Pseudoalteromonas bacterium that induced metamorphosis, characterized by non-attached metamorphosed juveniles; and two fractions of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) that induced settlement, characterized by attached metamorphosed juveniles. In an effort to distinguish the genes involved in these two morphogenetic transitions, competent larvae of the coral Acropora millepora were exposed to these predictable cues and the expression profiles of 47 coral genes of interest (GOI) were investigated after only 1 hour of exposure using multiplex RT–qPCR. Thirty-two GOI were differentially expressed, indicating a putative role during the early regulation of morphogenesis. The most striking differences were observed for immunity-related genes, hypothesized to be involved in cell recognition and adhesion, and for fluorescent protein genes. Principal component analysis of gene expression profiles resulted in separation between the different morphogenetic cues and exposure times, and not only identified those genes involved in the early response but also those which influenced downstream biological changes leading to larval metamorphosis or settlement. Citation: (2014) Patterns during the of and Settlement of the millepora. 9(3): e91082. : October 16, 2013; Accepted: February 6, 2014; Published: March 14, 2014Copyright: © 2014 Siboni et al. This is an open-access 2233. TH was partially supported by a awarded by the Foundation (HA 3496/5-1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: TH currently serves as an academic editor for. This does not alter the authors' adherence to all the policies on sharing data and materials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the morphogenetic transition of coral larvae into sessile polyps and highlights genetic responses to environmental biomaterials but does not mention insects or their metamorphosis. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Lesion and transplantation studies in animals have shown that lesions that destroyed CalB neurons but spared other neurons of the SCN lost rhythmicity of locomotor activity and transplants with CalB neurons promptly restored the same. There is colocalization of CalB with peptides like and SP. CalB also has interconnections with and VIP and some interconnections are bilateral while others are not [31]. In addition, CalB cells also have intra-SCN as well as a projection to extra SCN region [31]. CalB cells are non-rhythmic and receive input from RHT and GHT and the light information to CalB facilitates circadian output [306]. Various pieces of evidence suggest that CalB cells in the SCN may function as gates to relay photic signals. CALR, another calcium-binding protein seen in the SCN is small to medium-sized and is found in the core ventral part of dorsal and lateral SCN It is co-localized with VIP neurons. Optic tracts show immunoreactivity for CALR and there is a reduction in CalB-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation There is also an increase in CALR expression with development [307]. Although the precise roles of CalB and CALR are not yet known, it is expected that they are important for the fine tuning of circadian rhythms. is an octapeptide found in the shell part of the SCN [6] whose presence has been confirmed by light microscopy and electron microscopy in normotensive rats [308]. SCN-derived ANGII has been reported to act as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator and their effects are mediated through angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1). SCN has ANGII and AT1 [309]. Its influence on circadian rhythms is likely to be indirect as there is no evidence of a direct effect. Its effect on blood pressure and electrolyte balance may have indirect effects on the sleep-wake cycle and other circadian functions. ANGII stimulates the synthesis, and release of AVP and increases its production. AVP also enhances the coupling of SCN with the LD cycle and helps in the synchronization of circadian rhythms in the SCN. Modulating neuronal activity, and altering the firing rate and phase of SCN neurons are listed as some other functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various findings related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. It mentions the function of CalB cells in the SCN as important for relaying photic signals which enhance circadian output. It also describes how AVP modulates neuronal activity and helps synchronize circadian rhythms in the SCN. Together, these points indicate the SCN's crucial role as a regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Consequently, in these models the increase in respiration exceeded the increase in gross photosynthesis at the higher range of temperature rise. The sensitivity analysis showed that the models differ in the sensitivity of the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [C 2 O ] scenario combined with a temperature rise of 2°C ( C700 T2 ), when parameter values change by ±25%. -PGEN, the magnitude of the response of Pg,a depended on the values of some of its parameters, especially those determining the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of Rubisco, which for these parameters exceeded the differences between the phenological types in this scenario. In both and ITE-this sensitivity is similar to or less than the difference between the phenological types in the C700 T2 scenario. Growth of mixed-species forestsUsing the same three phenological types and climate change scenarios, the effects of differences in phenology and spring frost damage on growth in mixed-species stands were evaluated using the models and. highlights potential growth in managed forests, whereas highlights feedbacks of carbon, water and nitrogen cycles in Types, based on gap model theory. Furthermore, the importance of inaccuracy of the phenological model for growth in mixed-species stands was evaluated by comparing the modelling approach with a regression approach. The results of the climate change scenarios indicate for both and that: (1) the differences in NPP of the three phenological types considered are enhanced when grown in a mixed-species stand compared to a monospecies stand; and (2) the consequences of frost damage on growth is more prominent in mixed-species stands than in monospecies stands. Considering the accuracy of the modelling approach compared to the regression approach for the timing of leaf unfolding and spring frost damage, the sequential model of leaf unfolding shows a similar response of the NPP as the regression approach, both for the monospecies and the mixed-species situation. The modelling approach yields, however, larger differences in the NPP between the phenological types because the model predicts a greater advancement of leaf unfolding than the regression model. Comparing the regression approach to the modelling approach for frost hardiness, the regression approach shows a greater frequency of frost damage, because according to the model, the minimum level of frost hardiness is attained after the date of leaf unfolding, thus reducing this frequency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various complex responses of plant growth and carbon cycling under different environmental scenarios. It emphasizes that factors such as phenological differences, temperature rise, and frost damage affect plant growth and the overall response of ecosystems to climate change, suggesting that the effects of simply planting trees are influenced by various conditions and may not lead to a complete reversal of climate change as implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: IntroductionAmong the cues that trigger the pelago-benthic transition of coral larvae, biomolecular cues associated with the natural habitat, such as coral rubble, crustose coralline algae (CCA) and marine bacteria, have received considerable attention in the literature [1]–[4]. Previous investigations of gene expression profiles in coral larvae after exposure to these natural morphogenetic cues have focussed on the regulation of candidate genes with presumptive key functions in coral development, such as those implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration, adhesion, biomineralization and immunity [5]–[11]. These investigations identified a large number of genes that were differentially expressed across the complete developmental transition, from competent swimming larvae to post-metamorphosis primary polyps [7], and that regulatory changes in gene expression occurred between 4 to 12 h post incubation (hpi) to a variety of morphogenetic stimuli [6]–[8], [12]. The general conclusion was that, at the transcriptional level, coral larvae appear to anticipate metamorphosis [6]. Changes in gene expression profiles of larvae exposed to morphogenetic stimuli have mostly been investigated using non-targeted approaches [6], [8] primarily due to the variable and complex composition of coral rubble obtained in the field, typically characterized by a mix of live and dead CCA, endolithic green algae, polychaetes, diatoms, protozoa and bacteria. Further compounding this issue is the likelihood that changes to the gene expression profiles of larvae exposed to CCA are in fact an integrated response to a multitude of qualitatively different triggers possibly affecting gene expression at multiple and unrelated levels. A bioassay-guided chemical isolation strategy was employed to generate chemically refined and quantifiable putative morphogenetic cues from these natural biomaterials that would trigger larval morphogenesis in vitro. This strategy yielded (1) an organic and an aqueous fraction of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) that, under laboratory conditions, triggered in a highly reproducible manner, settlement, characterized by attached metamorphosed juveniles [13] and (2) a crude extract of Pseudoalteromonas strain J010 (J010-E) isolated from H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the developmental processes of coral larvae and their response to morphogenetic cues rather than addressing the metamorphosis of insects. There is no reference to insects, complete metamorphosis, or transitional larval stages in the content provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1. Comparing label-free quantitative peptidomics approaches to characterize diurnal variation of peptides in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Anal Chem. 2014;86:443–52. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]2. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus projects to posterior hypothalamic arousal systems. Neuroreport. 2001;12:435–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 3. Output from VIP cells of the mammalian central clock regulates daily physiological rhythms. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1453. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]4. Spatiotemporal single-cell analysis of gene expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Nat Neurosci. 2020;23:456–467. [DOI] [PubMed] 5. 4th. The dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2017;44:35–82. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]6. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus in the mouse: retinal innervation, intrinsic organization and efferent projections. Brain Res. 2001;916:172–91. [DOI] [PubMed] 7. . Suprachiasmatic nucleus organization. Res. 2002;309:89–98. [DOI] [PubMed] 8. NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior. Neuron. 2021;109:3268–82. e6. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]9. Cell-autonomous clock of astrocytes drives circadian behavior in mammals. Science. 2019;363:187–92. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various studies and findings related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, emphasizing its role in regulating circadian rhythms, such as 'the dynamics of GABA signaling: Revelations from the circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' and 'NPAS4 regulates the transcriptional response of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light and circadian behavior.' These references indicate that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is actively involved in modulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The contradictory results found in literature could be ascribed to differences among provenances adapted to their local climate, rather than to differences between either the models or the climatic warming scenarios used in these studies. PlasticityTo evaluate the potential response of individual trees to climatic warming, phenological observations of clones of Larix decidua, Betula pubescens, Tilia cordata, Populus canescens, Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica, and Picea abies transferred over a large latitudinal range in Europe were analysed. The magnitude of the clone's response was compared to that of genetically different trees of the same species along a part of the latitudinal range, which were assumed to have adapted to their local climate. The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions between tree species responses to climate change and emphasizing that while trees can adapt to their local environment, these adaptations do not imply that planting trees will completely reverse climate change within a few years. The detailed analysis of tree responses, the variability in environmental factors, and the significance of temperature thresholds indicate that planting trees alone is insufficient to achieve the claim's goal of reversing climate change rapidly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: onkodes, known to contain tetrabromopyrrole (TBP), that triggered larval metamorphosis, characterized by non-attached metamorphosed juveniles [4], [12]. The conceptual approach taken in the present study targeted genes of interest (GOI) putatively involved in the early stages of coral larval morphogenesis (1–3 hpi), using multiplex RT-qPCR [12] to measure the gene response after short-term exposure to the chemically refined morphogenetic cues, and ultimately to discriminate between their possible modes of action. This approach had several advantages over previous studies: (1) it reduced the variance within biological replicates [14], (2) improved the resolution of gene expression levels, (3) lowered possible interferences from other components normally present in environmental biomaterials (see above) that may elicit non-specific changes in gene expression levels [7], and (4) decreased secondary time-related effects of cues on downstream gene expression. Discussed here are the putative roles of GOI in the early stages of coral larval settlement and metamorphosis based on changes in their expression profiles prior to any observed morphogenetic transformation. Materials and work was undertaken under permit G10/33440. 1, issued by the. No ethical approval was required for any of the experimental research described herein. Sample collections and larval maintenance Colonies of the scleractinian coral A. millepora were collected from on the Reef (GBR; 18°33′S 146°29′E) and transported to the of (AIMS) prior to the predicted spawning events in November 2010 and November 2011. Chips of the CCA Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) were collected from (GBR; 18°24′S, 146°48′E) and transported to AIMS in November of 2010, 2011 and 2012. The taxonomic identity of all CCA samples was confirmed prior to use [15]. Each CCA chip was carefully removed from the solid substrate using sterile bone cutters creating a thin layer without any other visible algae or invertebrates and subsequently washed with 0. 2 µm filtered seawater (FSW). Coral larvae were obtained after fertilization of gametes as described previously [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding insects and complete metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses coral larval metamorphosis and gene expression related to the early stages of coral development. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]10. Takahashi JS. Transcriptional architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Genet. 2017;18:164–79. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]11. Transcriptional architecture and chromatin landscape of the core circadian clock in mammals. Science. 2012;338:349–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]12. Bano-. Daily electrical activity in the master circadian clock of a diurnal mammal. bioRxiv. 2020;2020. 12. 23. 424225. [DOI] 13. . Neuronal oscillations on an ultra-slow timescale: daily rhythms in electrical activity and gene expression in the mammalian master circadian clockwork. Neurosci. 2018;48:2696–717. [DOI] [PubMed] 14. . Genetics of circadian rhythms in Mammalian model organisms. Adv Genet. 2011;74:175–230. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]15. . Intrinsic, nondeterministic circadian rhythm generation in identified mammalian neurons. . 2009;106:16493–8. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]16. Synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Science. 2003;302:1408–12. [DOI] [PubMed] 17. . Temporal precision in the mammalian circadian system: a reliable clock from less reliable neurons. J Biol Rhythms. 2004;19:35–46. [DOI] [PubMed] 18. . Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide mediates circadian rhythmicity and synchrony in mammalian clock neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2005;8:476–83. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]19. '. A diversity of paracrine signals sustains molecular circadian cycling in suprachiasmatic nucleus circuits. . 2011;108:14306–11. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]20. Mice genetically deficient in vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors are resistant to jet lag. Science. 2013;342:85–90. [DOI] [PubMed] 21. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its critical role in circadian rhythm regulation. References to the 'master circadian clock' and 'synchronization of cellular clocks in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' directly support the idea that this structure is a central regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to. These differences are of a similar magnitude when comparing the two photosynthesis models. -PGEN showed that the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [ 2 CO ] increases with rising temperature, thus compensating for the increase in respiration. For both and this C0 2 and temperature interaction was not found. Consequently, in these models the increase in respiration exceeded the increase in gross photosynthesis at the higher range of temperature rise. The sensitivity analysis showed that the models differ in the sensitivity of the response of Pg,a to a 2 x [C 2 O ] scenario combined with a temperature rise of 2°C ( C700 T2 ), when parameter values change by ±25%. -PGEN, the magnitude of the response of Pg,a depended on the values of some of its parameters, especially those determining the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of Rubisco, which for these parameters exceeded the differences between the phenological types in this scenario. In both and ITE-this sensitivity is similar to or less than the difference between the phenological types in the C700 T2 scenario. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of tree growth and photosynthesis under climate change scenarios, indicating that increasing CO2 levels and temperatures can affect tree growth negatively. It specifically highlights that the increase in respiration at higher temperature rises can exceed the increase in gross photosynthesis, suggesting that simply planting trees may not provide a complete solution to reversing climate change within a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This aqueous extract was decanted and the algae autoclaved twice more (121°C for 60 min in 250 mL). The pooled extract was ultrafiltrated (Grace Microcon-100, >100 kD), freeze-dried, resuspended in 250 mL 10% ethanol (56. 1 mg/mL) in MQW, herein referred to as HOaq, and stored in the dark at 4°C [13]. HOorg was extracted over three consecutive years (2010–2012); HOaq was extracted over two consecutive years (2011–2012). Comparison of the proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of each of these samples confirmed their chemical composition was consistent (data not shown). Determination of minimum exposure time of larvae to cues that elicit settlement and/or metamorphosis Preliminary experiments were conducted using 6–9 day-old swimming larvae in 6-well plates. In 2010, larvae were exposed to J010-E (Table 1) to assess the minimum required exposure time of larvae to the metamorphosis-inducing cue. The extract J010-E (2 µL; 128 µg/mL) or 100% ethanol (2 µL negative control) were added to 10 mL of 0. 2 µm FSW, mixed thoroughly and transferred to 6-well plates (; final concentration 12. 8 µg/mL). Larvae were added to each well (n = 20 per well) and monitored hourly for visible signs of metamorphosis without settlement, characterised by flattening into discs and septal development in floating polyps. Following the same protocol, swimming larvae were exposed to settlement-inducing cues HOorg (evaporated on the dish surface before adding FSW) or HOaq (aliquot added to FSW) in 2011. No cue was added to the control treatments (n = 6). In a preliminary experiment, addition to the well and evaporation of the carrier solvents (10% ethanol, 100% ethanol, 80% methanol and MQW) to dryness resulted in no settlement, as observed with the no solvent (blank) control (A. Negri, personal communication), and therefore only the blank control was used. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Experimental parameters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on experimental procedures involving larval settlement and metamorphosis cues, but does not specifically address or provide information about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis or the nature of their life cycle stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Differential roles of AVP and VIP signaling in the postnatal changes of neural networks for coherent circadian rhythms in the SCN. Sci Adv. 2016;2:e1600960. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]22. Colwell CS. Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN. Neurosci. 2011;12:553–69. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]23. Silver R. Anatomy, Physiology, and Neurochemistry. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience. 2018. 24. Hannibal J. Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract. Res. 2002;309:73–88. [DOI] [PubMed] 25. Reghunandanan V, Reghunandanan R. Neurotransmitters of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. J Circadian Rhythms. 2006;4:2. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]26. . The suprachiasmatic nucleus. Curr Biol. 2018;28:R816–22. [DOI] [PubMed] 27. Reghunandanan V. Vasopressin in circadian function of SCN. J Biosci. 2020;45:140. [PubMed] 28. . GABAergic mechanisms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus that influence circadian rhythm. J Neurochem. 2021;157:31–41. [DOI] [PubMed] 29. . Roles of Neuropeptides, VIP and AVP, in the Circadian Clock. Front Neurosci. 2021;15:650154. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]30. Connectome of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: of the Core-Shell Relationship. eNeuro. 2018;5:. 0205–18. 2018. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]31. . Calbindin-D28K cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons. Neuroscience. 2002;111:575–85. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]32. A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and in Mice and Flies. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2363. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms, indicating that it is a focal point of research in understanding neural networks that contribute to coherent circadian rhythms. The mention of the SCN in the context of signaling and neurotransmitters supports the claim that it serves as a master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Growth of mixed-species forestsUsing the same three phenological types and climate change scenarios, the effects of differences in phenology and spring frost damage on growth in mixed-species stands were evaluated using the models and. highlights potential growth in managed forests, whereas highlights feedbacks of carbon, water and nitrogen cycles in Types, based on gap model theory. Furthermore, the importance of inaccuracy of the phenological model for growth in mixed-species stands was evaluated by comparing the modelling approach with a regression approach. The results of the climate change scenarios indicate for both and that: (1) the differences in NPP of the three phenological types considered are enhanced when grown in a mixed-species stand compared to a monospecies stand; and (2) the consequences of frost damage on growth is more prominent in mixed-species stands than in monospecies stands. Considering the accuracy of the modelling approach compared to the regression approach for the timing of leaf unfolding and spring frost damage, the sequential model of leaf unfolding shows a similar response of the NPP as the regression approach, both for the monospecies and the mixed-species situation. The modelling approach yields, however, larger differences in the NPP between the phenological types because the model predicts a greater advancement of leaf unfolding than the regression model. Comparing the regression approach to the modelling approach for frost hardiness, the regression approach shows a greater frequency of frost damage, because according to the model, the minimum level of frost hardiness is attained after the date of leaf unfolding, thus reducing this frequency. The differences in phenological response to temperature can be used to evaluate the consequences of climate change on the geographical distributions of species. ", keywords = "bosbouw, fenologie, houtteelt, bosbouwkundige handelingen, groei, milieufactoren, klimaatverandering, paleoklimatologie, Europa, forestry, phenology, silviculture, forestry practices, growth, environmental factors, climatic change, palaeoclimatology, Europe", author = "K. Kramer", note = "WU thesis 2040 Proefschrift Wageningen", year = "1996", month = jan, day = "19", doi = "10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nuances involved in the growth of mixed-species forests and their response to climate change scenarios. It emphasizes that the effects of climate change on tree growth are complex and influenced by factors such as phenology and frost damage, suggesting that tree planting alone may not result in a complete reversal of climate change within a short time frame. Instead, the text highlights the importance of managed forests and mixed-species growth, indicating a more detailed and less immediate relationship between tree planting and climate change mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Experimental design and sample collection Gene expression profiles may vary considerably throughout the different coral life phases; pre-settlement motile larvae to post-settlement metamorphosed primary polyps [7]. To avoid any variation due to differences in larval development and to accomplish meaningful comparisons between larvae exposed to control conditions versus J010-E or CCA-derived HOorg and HOaq cues, all assays were terminated before the onset of visible metamorphosis without attachment or settlement (as determined above). Assays with J010-E were terminated 1, 2 and 3 hours post incubation (hpi), whereas assays with HOorg and HOaq were terminated after 1 hpi (see experimental parameters in Table 1). The extract J010-E (60 µL; 3. 84 mg/mL) or 100% ethanol (60 µL, control) was mixed with 250 mL FSW in 400 mL glass beakers (Boeco, Germany; 6 replicates per treatment) to ensure homogeneous distribution prior to the addition of a further 50 mL FSW containing competent swimming larvae (six days-old, n∼300, final concentration 12. 8 µg/mL). Aliquots of HOorg (25 µL; 23. 8 µg/mL) were applied to the base of 400 mL glass beakers and allowed to evaporate, while HOaq (25 µL; 1. 4 mg/mL) was applied directly into the seawater (6 replicates per treatment). FSW (50 mL) was added to 400 mL glass beakers and gently mixed prior to the addition of 50 mL of FSW containing swimming larvae (nine days-old, n∼200) to give a final volume of 100 mL (final concentration HOorg 238 ng/mL and HOaq 14 µg/mL). Blank treatments (no cues or solvents) were used as the negative controls. In all experiments, an additional glass beaker containing each of the cues was left for 24 hpi to monitor larval metamorphosis and mortality. After each observation time point, larvae were collected on 5 µm, 25 mm diameter sterile filters under vacuum. Retained larvae were transferred into 1. 5 mL cryovials, snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It discusses experimental design related to coral larvae and their metamorphosis, without addressing insects or their life cycle stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]33. . The circadian visual system, 2005. Rev. 2006;51:1–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 34. Morin LP. Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann Med. 1999;31:12–33. [DOI] [PubMed] 35. . Paradoxical sleep suppresses immediate early gene expression in the rodent suprachiasmatic nuclei. Front Neurol. 2010;1:122. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]36. . Inputs and Outputs of the Clock. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:508. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]37. . Molecular and in Nuclei. Mol Sci. 2019;20:2052. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]38. Hirata Y, Enoki R, Kuribayashi-. Circadian rhythms in Per1, PER2 and Ca2+ of a solitary SCN neuron cultured on a microisland. Sci Rep. 2019;9:18271. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]39. Evans JA. Collective timekeeping among cells of the master circadian clock. J Endocrinol. 2016;230:R27–49. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]40. Belle MDC. Circadian Tick-the Circuits: the Molecular and Clocks. J Neuroendocrinol. 2015;27:567–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]41. . Period gene expression in the brain of a dual-phasing rodent, the Octodon degus. J Biol Rhythms. 2013;28:249–61. [DOI] [PubMed] 42. . of Coupling in the Clock Network. J Mol Biol. 2020;432:3618–38. [DOI] [PubMed] 43. Cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN are critical for interneuronal coupling regulating circadian behavior rhythm. Neuron. 2015;85:1103–16. [DOI] [PubMed] 44. . Identification of the suprachiasmatic nucleus venous portal system in the mammalian brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythmicity, notably mentioning studies focused on cellular clocks in AVP neurons of the SCN that are critical for regulating circadian behavior rhythm. This information supports the claim that the SCN serves as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: The responses of the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall of the clones to temperature are similar in magnitude to those of the genetically different trees. This demonstrates that trees possess a considerable plasticity and are able to respond phenotypically to a major change in their local climate. For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of tree responses to climate change and the variability due to environmental factors. It emphasizes the challenges in assessing tree survival and growth under changing climatic conditions, arguing that tree species' responses are sensitive to climate variations, which suggests that simply planting trees may not lead to a complete reversal of climate change within a few years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Multiplex RT-qPCR Assays Forty-seven genes of interest (GOI) were selected for their putative role(s) in larval settlement or in coral immune defence pathways, and incorporated in two multiplex RT-qPCR assays (Assay 1; immunity-related genes potentially involved in ontogenesis, and Assay 2; genes reportedly involved in settlement; kanamycin (Kanr) internal control gene in both assays) as previously described (Tables S1 and S2 in [12]). The suggested roles of the GOI in relation to marine invertebrate larval settlement and metamorphosis have been summarised and reported previously (Table 1 in [12]). One negative template (T−) and one negative (RT−; Kanr only) control was used in each assay to test for cDNA and RNA contaminants, respectively, according to the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual (a detailed description for this procedure is reported in [17]). For technical reasons the number of genes in every multiplex assay is limited to approximately 30 [12], [17]. The protocols for extraction of mRNA, preparation of cDNA, amplification by PCR and subsequent electrophoresis were adopted from Siboni et al. [12] with modifications: 1) larval mRNA was measured twice (NanoDrop ND-1000, Thermo Scientific, USA), averaged and diluted to 5 ng/µL (according to the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual); 2) 10 ng of mRNA was used in the reverse transcription mix; and 3) dilution of PCR products was changed to 1∶40 for J010-E and 1∶20 for HO cues. Diluted PCR products were analysed individually on an automated capillary electrophoresis sequencer (CEQ™ 8800 System, Beckman-) as follows: diluted PCR products (1 mL) were loaded into a 96-well plate with 0. 2 µL of DNA size standard (400 bp; Beckman-Coulter) and 38. 8 µL of Genome-loading solution. Electropherograms were visualized, filtered and matrices generated for further analyses following the GenomeLab™ GeXP manual (a detailed description for this procedure is reported in Souter et al. [17]). Data were normalised against Kanr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or discuss the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis and transitioning through larval stages. Instead, it focuses on technical details related to multiplex RT-qPCR assays and gene roles in larval settlement and metamorphosis amongst marine invertebrates. Hence, it is not relevant to the claim about insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2013;243:21–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]56. Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2015;42:2678–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 57. . Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2009;296:R824–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]58. . Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Immun. 2015;45:171–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]59. . Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 2011;21:625–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]60. . in the and Behavior. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1055–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]61. Barca-Mayo O, Pons-. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14336. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]62. . Daily and seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock requires plasticity of the SCN neuronal network. Neurosci. 2010;32:2143–51. [DOI] [PubMed] 63. . In synch but not in step: Circadian clock circuits regulating plasticity in daily rhythms. Neuroscience. 2016;320:259–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]64. Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues. Science. 2018;359:eaao0318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]65. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell. 2002;109:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] 66. ádek Proteomic analysis reveals the role of synaptic vesicle cycling in sustaining the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Curr Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide explicit information to corroborate or contrast the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it appears to be a citation list from a scientific article discussing various aspects related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian rhythms without directly supporting or negating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: For the clones of Larix decidua and Quercus robur the growing season may shorten with increasing temperature, because leaf fall is advanced more than leaf unfolding. pubescens and Populus canescens, leaf unfolding and leaf fall are advanced equally, whereas in Tilia cordata and Fagus sylvatica the date of leaf fall seems to be unaltered but leaf unfolding advances with increasing temperature. These differences in the duration of the growing season in response to increasing temperature may alter the competitive balance between the species in mixed stands. Descriptive dynamic models showed that most of the variance of the date of leaf unfolding can be accounted for by temperature. However, a generally applicable model of leaf fall based on temperature and/or photoperiod could not improve the null model, i. e. the mean date of leaf fall, because of variability in other environmental factors. The lowest temperature around the date of leaf unfolding and leaf fall differed among the clones. The hypothesis that the survival of the clones is curtailed by spring frosts was supported. Thus, these lowest temperatures around leaf unfolding may represent thresholds below which the species cannot survive. It is argued that these thresholds may be a particularly sensitive means to evaluate the impacts of climatic warming on the geographical distribution of tree species. Growth of monospecies forestsThe importance of three phenological types of deciduous tree for the effects of climate change on growth of monospecies forests was evaluated using the model. The climate change scenarios used were a doubling of the C02 concentration (700 μmol mol -1) and an increase in temperature ranging from 0 to 7°C. To elucidate the relative importance of photosynthesis and allocation for this evaluation, models with different levels of mechanistic detail of photosynthesis and allocation were used. The photosynthesis approach of was compared to the Farquhar and approach as formulated in PGEN (-PGEN). Similarly, the allocation approach of was compared to the transport-resistance approach, as formulated in the ITE-Edinburgh model (ITE-). A sensitivity analysis was performed to ascertain whether the response of gross photosynthesis to a climate change scenario depends on the value assigned to parameters in these models, and to compare this sensitivity with the differences found between the phenological types. The differences in the response of annual gross photosynthesis ( Pg,a ) to the climate change scenarios between the phenological types were smaller according to ITE- as compared to. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of tree growth and phenological responses to climate change, stating that various factors affect tree species' survival and growth in changing climates. Specifically, it indicates that there are thresholds of lowest temperatures that can impact tree survival, and models suggest that the impacts of climate change on tree species are nuanced and multifactorial. This implies that simply planting trees is not sufficient to 'completely reverse' climate change rapidly, which counters the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: An expression stability measure for all genes in both assays was performed using the GeNorm program ( according to Vandesompele et al. [18]. The most stable pair of genes was used to normalize the gene expression levels of the GOI in (2007) using the Geomean function (Table 1). Further interrogation of the data was undertaken by normalisation using three of the most stable genes in every assay (Figure S1) and results compared with those from the pair of stable genes. For data analysis, only samples with at least two technical repeats and coefficient of variation percentage (%CV) lower than 25% were considered. Statistical analyses were conducted using Kruskal–Wallis (non-parametric one way analysis of variance by ranks) followed by multiple comparisons of mean ranks for all groups with version 10. 0 (StatSoft, Tulsa, OK). Percentage differences of those genes that were differentially regulated from control were calculated. Further, data were analysed by principal component analysis (PCA) with PAST [19]. All PCA's were performed on a variance-covariance matrix, as all variables were measured in the same units, and without any group assumptions. PCA score plots are presented with convex hulls highlighting groupings and showing PC1 and PC2. of minimum exposure times of larvae to cues to elicit settlement or metamorphosis without attachment The minimum exposure time to elicit larval responses varied among the different cues. Visible signs of early metamorphosis (flattening into discs and development forming floating polyps) occurred 4 hpi with J010-E, whereas complete metamorphosis without attachment of 98±2% of larvae occurred 6 hpi. In order to sample swimming larvae prior to any observable morphogenetic changes, they were collected 1-3 hpi with J010-E (Table 1). While no behavioural or developmental response was recorded during the first 2 hpi with HOorg and HOaq, initial attachment was observed after 3 hpi, and complete metamorphosis with attachment was observed 16 hpi (settlement rates of 94±5% (HOorg) and 70±8% (HOaq), respectively). To reduce any variation in the assays and to ensure that all larvae were sampled at the same developmental phase, larvae were collected 1 hpi with HOorg or HOaq (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression analysis and statistical methods in experimental biology without addressing insect metamorphosis or any related biological processes such as larval stages. It does mention terms related to larvae and metamorphosis, but does not provide any support or contrast concerning the claim about insects and their metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: McClung CA. Circadian genes, rhythms and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007;114:222–32. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]88. . Diurnal differences in dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase levels in rat brain: dependence on the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res. 2007;1129:34–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 89. Impact of circadian nuclear receptor REV-ERBα on midbrain dopamine production and mood regulation. Cell. 2014;157:858–68. [DOI] [PubMed] 90. Beaulé. Circadian modulation of gene expression, but not glutamate uptake, in mouse and rat cortical astrocytes. PLoS One. 2009;4:e7476. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]91. . GABA and Gi/o differentially control circadian rhythms and synchrony in clock neurons. . 2006;103:19188–93. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]92. The VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei. Cell. 2002;109:497–508. [DOI] [PubMed] 93. Dual-Color Single-of the Reveals a in Network Synchrony. Neuron. 2020;108:164–79. e7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]94. 'Neill JS, O' Synchronization and maintenance of timekeeping in suprachiasmatic circadian clock cells by neuropeptidergic signaling. Curr Biol. 2006;16:599–605. [DOI] [PubMed] 95. 3 Function in SCN via an AT Motif-Driven Axis. Cell. 2015;162:607–21. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]96. Bano- Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. . 2021;118:e2100094118. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]97. . Rhythms in Excitability. Physiol Rev. 2020;100:1415–54. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]98. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its critical role in circadian rhythms. For instance, it mentions that the VPAC2 receptor is essential for circadian function in the mouse suprachiasmatic nuclei, indicating the SCN's involvement in circadian regulation. Additionally, it discusses the dependency of various biological processes on this nucleus, reinforcing its role as a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1652932/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAs society appears determined to significantly reduce carbon emissions, the viable question arises how nature will follow. A simple model is applied to project atmospheric CO2 concentration and near-surface temperature for emissions reductions up to 3 %/year. In result for anthropogenic efforts of 1. 5-3 %/year emissions reduction, nature will return to the 1970’s CO2 concentration accompanied by a final industrial-eon temperature rise of 1. 4-1. 8 °C. For lower emissions reductions of e. g. 1 or 0 %/year, 22 % or 78 % of emissions need be technically removed per year to confine the temperature increase at 1. 8 °C. Within this temperature regime, humankind’s ocean heating is inferred to remain within natural variabilities and sea level to approximately rise by 6 m/°C at a pace of 0. 2 m/century. and ModelingCO2 uptake modellingCO2 fertilizationCO2 ocean bufferingemissions abatementatmospheric CO2 projectiontemperature projectionocean heatingsea level risecarbon capture and storageFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. IntroductionWithin broader society, there is wide-spread comprehension that the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere virtually forever. On the other hand within science, it is undisputed that nature continuously removes a significant portion of the human emissions from the atmosphere. From observation on the industrial past, nature has removed on average 3%/year of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the atmosphere [1]. This period has been characterized by ever-rising emissions. Now, society appears determined for the reverse, i. e. to steadily reduce emissions. This raises the viable question: Will nature continue on unchanged – reversible – path, i. e. still taking up 3%/year of the cumulated emissions, or have legacies built up inhibiting the return to previous states? The present studies start from the presumption that humankind is dedicated to a – seemingly realistic – 3%/year emissions reduction. To size nature’s reaction, the essential processes are entered into a simple modelling framework for CO2 concentration, surface temperature, ocean heating, and sea level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of atmospheric CO2 dynamics and emphasizing that while nature removes a portion of human emissions (about 3% per year), it states that emissions will not decrease to previous states without significant reductions and that CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere virtually forever. This suggests that merely planting trees is insufficient to completely reverse climate change in a short time frame.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: It should be noted that the original reference genes included in the two assays [12] were not always the most stable genes according to GeNorm program [18] (Table 1). In all instances at least one of these stable genes was a ribosomal protein gene. Given that significant differences in gene expression were observed at the early time point and that no mucus strands, indicative of tissue breakdown, were observed 24 hpi with any of the cues, the concentrations used in this study were considered appropriate to measure gene expression levels while maintaining larval competency. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Differential gene expression following exposure to bacteria- and CCA-derived cues. Significant (p<0. 05) change in gene regulation is given as the % difference compared to the control. Dark and light green (+) represents those genes that were up-regulated (X>20, 20≤X<0); orange and red (−) represents those that were down-regulated (0>X≥−20, X<−20). Data from the 12 hpi experiment (high concentration treatment and complete metamorphosis) was taken from Siboni et al. [12], which also includes full protein names and description of the genes. Mutiplex RT-qPCR Assay 1; putative settlement/metamorphosis-related immunity genes Expression levels of 16 GOI (MEKK-1, ERK-2, MAPK-p38, AP-1/cFos, AP-1/cJun, NF-κ60-A, Bf, C3, millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3; Figure 1) changed significantly 1 hpi. During this time interval the lectins millectin, CTL-1, CTL-2, HL-2 and HL-3 were predominately up-regulated in response to the metamorphosis-inducing cue J010-E, whereas their down-regulation was observed in response to one or both of the settlement-inducing CCA-derived cues HOorg and HOaq. AP-1/cFos was consistently up-regulated in response to J010-E, HOorg and HOaq. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it focuses on gene expression related to metamorphosis and various responses to cues, which does not directly confirm or deny the specific claim regarding the life cycle stages of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]130. . Circadian rhythms of extracellular ATP accumulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells and cultured astrocytes. Neurosci. 2009;30:869–76. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]131. Circadian variation in gfap immunoreactivity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Res. 2005;36:141–50. [DOI] 132. . The circadian clock: a tale of genetic–electrical interplay and synaptic integration. Physiol. 2018;5:75–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]133. . and in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Neurosci. 2022;42:5522–37. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]134. . Molecular architecture of the mammalian circadian clock. Biol. 2014;24:90–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]135. . Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2018;19:453–69. [DOI] [PubMed] 136. The VIP-VPAC2 neuropeptidergic axis is a cellular pacemaking hub of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian circuit. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3394. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]137. . Integrated brain circuits: neuron-astrocyte interaction in sleep-related rhythmogenesis. ScientificWorldJournal. 2010;10:1634–45. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]138. . Tripartite synapses: astrocytes process and control synaptic information. Trends Neurosci. 2009;32:421–31. [DOI] [PubMed] 139. Albrecht U. Timing to perfection: the biology of central and peripheral circadian clocks. Neuron. 2012;74:246–60. [DOI] [PubMed] 140. Chi-Castañeda D, Ortega A. of Glutamate Transporters. (Lausanne). 2018;9:340. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]141. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to circadian rhythms associated with the suprachiasmatic nucleus, suggesting that it plays a critical role in circadian regulation. The phrases 'circadian rhythms of extracellular ATP accumulation in suprachiasmatic nucleus cells' and 'Generation of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus' support the claim that the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms.