Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: AbstractAlthough the fields of dendrochronology and light stable-isotope mass spectrometry emerged at different times in the first half of the 20th Century, their convergence with the earliest measurements of isotope composition of tree rings is now ca. 70 years old. Much of the early stable isotope analysis (including on wood) explored natural variation of isotopes in the environment, but those researchers making the measurements were already contemplating the role of the isotope composition of the source substrates (e. g. , water and CO2), biochemical fractionation, and environment as contributors to final tree-ring isotope values. Growing interest in tree-ring isotopes was heavily motivated by paleoclimate or paleoatmosphere reconstruction, but this new field rapidly developed to generate greatly improved mechanistic understanding along with expanded applications to physiology, ecology, pollution, and more. This 1. 1). Fig. 1. 1Schematic representation of interplay between environmental factors and ecophysiology that produces tree-ring C-H-O isotope composition. Environment can influence the ecophysiological, biochemical, and physicochemical mechanisms responsible for producing the isotope composition and consequently isotope dendrochronology can be used to infer environment and ecological events affecting ecophysiology (e. g. , insect outbreaks). Tree rings allow identification of changes through time, but if a network of sites is sampled, the tree-ring isotope results can also reveal changes in space (isoscapes)Full size imageThe dramatic growth of this field from the 1980s into the 2000s is illustrated in the burgeoning number of papers presented at international tree-ring conferences (Fig. 1. 2). Several useful overviews are available in the literature related to tree-ring isotope methodology, theory, and applications, such as McCarroll and Loader (2004), Robertson et al. (2008) and Managave and Ramesh (2012). This 1. 2Growth in numbers of light-stable-isotope tree-ring papers (oral and poster) presented at major international tree-ring conferences. Other major meetings, such as and regional tree-ring meetings in Asia, Europe and the Americas often also feature tree-ring isotope papers in various sessionsFull size image2 OriginsThe development of the isotope-ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) opened the door to isotope measurements on tree rings (and many other materials). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of tree rings and their isotopic composition in inferring environmental changes, which is integral to dendrochronology. It mentions how tree-ring analysis can provide insights into changes through time and space, suggesting its applicability to understanding historical ecological events, which aligns with the purpose of dating archaeological sites.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: The gut microbiota in chronic diseasesThe gut microbiota alterations are observed in almost all chronic diseases, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and mental disorders. Microbiota alterations appear characteristic for each disease state. To date, it is unclear if dysbiosis is a cause or a consequence of the disease [6]. Inflammatory bowel disease is an umbrella term for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are reported in patients with IBD, namely a decrease in populations of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and an increased Enterobacteriaceae. Other significant differences in gut microbial composition for CD include increased representation by Ruminococcus gnavus and decreased beneficial bacteria Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Dialister invisus, as well as an uncharacterized cluster of Clostridium XIVa. IBD patients have a reduced number of butyrate-producing bacteria and an increased number of sulfate-reducing bacteria, which promote further inflammatory processes [10]. The loss of obligate anaerobes with an increase of facultative anaerobes was also observed in patients with IBD [11]. It has been found that patients with IBD have altered metabolism including defective microbial and intestinal bile acid metabolism [6, 12, 13]. A higher level of fecal trypsin was detected in patients with CD suggesting altered protein degradation [14]. Decreased gut microbial diversity is associated with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The gut microbiota changes in these diseases are characterized by an increased ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes [15]. It seems that gut microbiota is in close correlation with obesity and can affect the transfer of the number of calories from the diet to the host and the host metabolism of absorbed calories [16]. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) differ in the mechanisms of pathogenesis. Both types of diabetes are associated with dysbiosis, but with different characteristic patterns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between gut microbiota alterations and various chronic diseases rather than directly linking DNA analysis or personalized nutrition to the prevention of these diseases. It elaborates on the specific changes in gut microbiota associated with conditions like inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity, and diabetes but does not provide support for the claim that DNA analysis can prevent all chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information regarding fungal spores or their abundance as airborne particles. Instead, it discusses various studies and research funding related to ecological stability and soil organisms without addressing the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: In his Science paper the following year, Craig (1954) interpreted the δ13C data in Craig (1953) as indicating that δ13C of atmospheric CO2 has not varied by more than 2‰ over the last 25,000 years and may have actually been fairly constant over millions of years. However, the real novelty of the new paper was that it communicated the first-ever δ13C analyses of annual growth rings of a calendar-dated giant sequoia from the mountains of California. One or two tree rings in each century were analyzed from the period from 1072 B. C. to A. D. 1649. The δ13C values steadily increased ca. 2‰ in the first 150 years of the record, with various upward and downward deviations thereafter. Coincidentally, in long-lived kauri trees in New Zealand, Jansen (1962) found a similar increase in tree-ring δ13C over the first 200 years of the tree’s 800-year life. The sequoia isotope variability did not seem to be related to precipitation (although the tree may have been growing in a landscape position unlikely to be limited by moisture), and variability of atmospheric δ13C of CO2 was discounted. Presaging advancements to come later in the 20th Century, Craig concluded that effects of environmental conditions (e. g. , light, temperature, precipitation) on fractionation during photosynthesis and respiration were the primary contributors to the isotope variation observed. This pioneering tree-ring isotope work in the 1950s exclusively involved stable-carbon isotopes, presumably because the C isotope composition could be readily measured on CO2 gas after the wood samples were combusted. Analysis of H and O isotopes in tree-ring cellulose would have to wait until the 1970s when pretreatment and off-line vacuum methodologies were developed for analyzing only non-exchangeable H (by nitration of cellulose) and procedures for analyzing O isotopes in organic matter (by mercury chloride or nickel pyrolysis) were applied to tree rings (see Epstein et al. 1977). 3 Advances3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of tree rings and their isotopic composition for dating purposes. Craig's work involved interpreting δ13C data from annual growth rings of a giant sequoia, demonstrating the use of tree rings to gather chronological data from 1072 B.C. to A.D. 1649. This aligns with the principles of dendrochronology, which relies on tree rings to establish dates and periods in archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: It was found that the composition and numbers of dominant microbial species in CRC-associated dysbiosis in the gut lumen differ depending on disease severity and tumor stage [19, 20]. Advertisement 3. Current possibilities of the gut microbiota modulation in chronic diseases and future developmentCurrent knowledge suggests that gut microbiota and gut dysbiosis could play an important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases and gut microbiota modulation could be an effective tool for their supportive treatment. Nutrition significantly affects the diversity, composition, and function of the gut microbiota and human health at an early age, in adulthood, and also in old age. Diet high in fiber, fermented foods, and a diet containing omega- 3 fatty acids have a very positive effect on the composition and metabolic activity of beneficial microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract. Diet represents a safe, readily modifiable, and cheap method of early intervention in chronic diseases, which may have significant health benefits by regulating the gut microbiota and mucous barrier [21]. New knowledge about the mutual communication between gut microorganisms and the whole organism makes it possible to develop new and effective methods of modulating the gut microbiota using beneficial microorganisms or their metabolites [22]. Probiotics are proposed as alternatives to antimicrobial drugs, and they can be an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of diseases associated with gut dysbiosis. Prebiotics modulate gut microbiota by stimulating the growth and metabolic activity of gut-beneficial microorganisms [23]. It has been shown that the positive effect of probiotic bacteria, prebiotics, or natural bioactive substances in functional foods can effectively reduce the incidence of chronic diseases [24]. The beneficial effects of probiotics on the host can be significantly improved by potentiated probiotics [25], which contain a suitable combination of probiotic bacteria with natural bioactive substances such as oligosaccharides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and plant extracts [26, 27, 28, 29]. Experiments in gnotobiotic piglets have shown that polyunsaturated fatty acids increased the adherence ability of lactobacilli and their inhibitory effect on the adhesion of Escherichia coli O8: K88ab: H9 in the gut [26, 27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of gut microbiota and nutrition in the context of chronic diseases, rather than personalization based on DNA analysis. It emphasizes that while diet and gut microbiota modulation can affect chronic disease outcomes, it does not support the notion that analyzing DNA leads to preventing all chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning fungal spores being abundant airborne particles. Instead, it references various studies and topics related to microbial ecology and environmental factors without any mention of fungal spores or their abundance in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inNews Podcast: the U. S. Climate change–induced drought may have had an influence on the Civil War. by S. M. Hanlon 30 March 20215 October 2021 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Max Torbenson, here coring a bristlecone pine in central Colorado, studies how tree rings can shed light on the influence of climate change on wildlife and humans. Credit: Note: Scroll down for a complete transcript of this episode of from the Sun. Many of us know that tree rings can tell us a tree’s age. But there’s so much more we can learn from these seemingly simple circles. In the mid-1800s, right before the start of the U. S. Civil War, began to experience unusually low rainfall that lasted for approximately 10 years. This drought, on par with the of the 1930s, may have played a role in the near extinction of the American bison due to the migration of people to areas that were lusher and more conducive to farming. Max Torbenson—a postdoc in University’s Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering—studies tree rings to learn about past environments and climates. While he admits that it’s difficult to attribute the effects of the drought to altering any specific part of the Civil War, reports describe various issues that were experienced during wartime. For example, supply chains were challenged by rivers drying up and by shortages of water for troops and animals used for transportation. In the latest episode of AGU’s podcast from the Sun, Torbenson describes how the work he and others are doing can shed light on how climate change has been influencing wildlife and humans for hundreds of years. Listen as Torbenson recounts his journey as a scientist, takes us to remote field locations full of danger, and fills us in on why he fell in love with the United States. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Max Torbenson studies tree rings to learn about past environments and climates, reinforcing the idea that tree rings can provide valuable information about historical climate conditions, including droughts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: The term “pharmabiotics” refers not only to living microorganisms but also to dead or altered microorganisms, such as bacteria, but also their metabolites [41]. Advertisement 4. Personalized and targeted microbiota modulation and its potential for more efficient prevention and treatment of chronic diseasesCurrent knowledge suggests that the gut microbiome plays an extraordinary role in the development of chronic diseases. A better understanding of the mechanisms of its involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases is crucial for successful and effective microbiota modulation. The composition and functional characteristics of a healthy microbiome remain to be defined. Certain parameters such as the diversity of the microbiota, an abundance of certain genera (i. e. , Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus, etc. ), or specific ratios between main bacterial phyla are considered markers of a healthy microbiota. The characterization of a healthy microbiota would make it possible to optimize nutrition and modify the microbiota to prevent diseases and to improve the effectiveness of therapy in people with gut dysbiosis and associated diseases [42]. Although some diseases have been correlated with dysbiosis, it is not clear if dysbiosis is a cause or consequence. Several trials have shown that therapies correcting dysbiosis, including fecal microbiota transplantation and probiotics, are promising in inflammatory bowel disease [10]. However, current knowledge shows that fecal microbiota transplantation does not have the same high effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease as it does in Clostridium difficile infection. Dysbiosis occurs in both diseases, but the etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease are more complex in comparison with Clostridium difficile infection [43] and the same problem of complexity applies to many other diseases. Various strategies have emerged in the modulation of the gut microbiota in the prevention or treatment of diseases. Progress in this area is hampered due to ambiguities in the exact role of the microbiota in a given disorder, variations in the phenotype of the human disease, and variability in the formulation and delivery of the intended therapies. The use of gut microbiota modulation in medical practice requires a significant shift on all these fronts [41]. It is known that pathogenic microorganisms can cause various diseases, including cancer, and gut dysbiosis plays a very negative role in the pathogenesis of diseases. It is, therefore, reasonable to assume that modulation of gut microbiota may be a very effective means of prevention, but also supportive therapy for many chronic diseases shortly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between gut microbiota and chronic diseases. It states that while modulation of the gut microbiota may help in disease prevention and treatment, there is significant variability and complexity in the diseases and therapies involved. The text emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the microbiome and its role in disease pathogenesis, suggesting that personalized nutrition cannot solely rely on DNA analysis to prevent all chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding fungal spores as airborne particles. It primarily discusses a variety of scientific studies and topics including DNA research, ecological effects, and soil interactions, but does not provide any information or evidence that confirms or contrasts the abundance of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: Sign up now (01:37): Welcome to the Union’s podcast about the scientists and the methods behind the science. These are the stories you won’t read in a manuscript or hear in a lecture. I’m and I’m Nanci Bompey. (01:48): And this is the from the Sun. So Nanci, it’s lovely to catch up with you even if it is virtually and we could just see each other outside by walking 20 minutes. But the reason why I asked you specifically about your hobbies and, I guess, historical fiction which I’m interested to learn more about, is that we talked with someone for today’s interview who is a scientist, but has a connection to the Civil War. (02:22): So my name is Max Torbenson. I’m a postdoc at the University in the Department. And my background is quite diverse. I have a PhD in Geosciences, a master’s in Geography, and an undergraduate in Archaeology. guess what ties all those things together is tree rings. So we’re using tree rings to study past environments and climates. So that’s how I try to sell that all these things are connected. (03:03): How did you make the transition from your Ph. D. in more geospace area to civil engineering? you said, tree rings, but what is that connection? (03:15): State, there’s a big focus on water management. So everything from bridges, building bridges to looking at flood and drought. And one of the things that tree rings can do is to reconstruct climate and in this case, streamflow back in time. So my adviser there was looking for someone with the skillsets, paleo-climatic reconstruction. (03:49): This sounds like a perfect fit for what Max would be doing and the kind of project that his advisor put him on. (04:03): Starting around 1855, slightly before the U. S. Civil War, especially the central us but probably the continent as a whole, experienced unusually low rainfall. So from 1855, 1856 for another 10 years or so, there was persistent drought across North America, but especially in the central part. Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. We know this from historical accounts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that tree rings are used to study past environments and climates, specifically mentioning their capability to reconstruct climate and streamflow over time. It provides an example of historical drought conditions in North America from 1855 to 1865, which aligns with the claim about tree rings offering insights into historical climate patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: We have effective means to fight against chronic diseases through gut microbiota modulation. The suitable diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and gut microbiota transplantation represent them. However, what we need the most is a strategy for their effective use to the patient in individual’s illness. Personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota has all the prerequisites to become a key strategy for the prevention and supportive therapy of chronic diseases [44, 45]. Personalized and precision medicine creates prerequisites for the application of new methods of treatment for many chronic diseases aimed at modifying the gut microbiome, including cancer therapy. Taking into account the role of gut microorganisms in disease pathogenesis could significantly contribute to increasing the effectiveness of their treatment [46]. Patient-tailored manipulation of the human microbiome may enable the development of precision microbiome-targeting treatment for a variety of multi-factorial disorders. More effective methods of adjusting the gut microbiome can be personalized probiotics and prebiotics, personalized nutrition taking into account the composition and functionality of the gut microbiota, postbiotics containing metabolites of microorganisms affecting the communication of microorganisms with the host, and phage therapy. However, their use in clinical practice requires the establishment of standard sampling procedures, their analysis, and interpretation of the obtained results. The use of personalized and precision medicine procedures will thus make it possible to streamline the diagnosis and therapy of diseases in which the gut microbiome plays an important role [47]. The development of precision probiotics, next-generation prebiotics resulting from a better understanding of metabolic interactions among members of the microbial ecosystem, and personalized dietary therapies tailored to an individual’s microbiota will form the new frontier in the field of personalized medicine [48]. It can be assumed that new knowledge will make it possible to increasingly use the modulation of the gut microbiota to improve the effectiveness of disease prevention and their supportive therapy. It is highly likely that a suitable solution will be the application of a personalized approach using various possibilities of gut microbiota modulation through beneficial microorganisms or diet. However, it will be necessary to gain new knowledge about the composition and functionality of the optimal gut microbiota and the role of gut dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of diseases [49]. Effective modulation of the gut microbiome will require research and development of more effective methods and products for personalized and targeted modulation of the gut microbiome [24, 45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that while personalized nutrition and gut microbiota modulation can play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases, it does not assert that it can prevent 'all' chronic diseases. Instead, it highlights the need for effective strategies and acknowledges the complexity of treatment approaches, suggesting that more knowledge and research are required for optimal use in individual cases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2010; Fontes et al. 2014). Decomposition begins with physical breakdown processes by soil macro-organisms such as ants, termites, and earthworms (Li et al. 2015). Thereafter the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which alter the litter chemistry through enzymatic activities further breaking down the litter into simple forms (Hobara et al. 2014). However, usage of chemical herbicides and pesticides in agriculture can have adverse effects on soil organisms, which alters the decomposition process (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). Hartemink (2005) estimated that on average cocoa agroforests across the world loose 24–4–30 kg ha−1 of N–P–K annually through bean harvest. A low external input solution for resource poor cocoa agroforesters to reduce these losses is the spreading of cocoa pod husks after separation from beans. With every ton of dry cocoa beans produced approximately 349 kg of dry cocoa pod husk are generated (Kilama et al. 2019). However, poor management of the pods favors the spread of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, which cause cocoa black pod disease (Adejumo 2005). Under organic management, cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana are managed without synthetic agrochemicals and fertilizers and are more diversified in terms of shade trees (Asigbaase et al. 2019) and arthropods (Akesse-Ransford et al. 2021) than those under conventional management. Such differences imply that litterfall and decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests under organic management will differ from conventionally managed ones. However, studies comparing litterfall and decomposition of cocoa agroforests under conventional versus organic managements are scarce. The few existing studies from (Fontes et al. 2014; Schneidewind et al. 2019) indicated no difference between organic and conventional management concerning nutrient cycling. Africa, however, such comparisons are unavailable which may be at least partly due to the only recent development of organic cocoa certification. In Ghana, for example, the first certified organic cocoa production system was established in in 2005 (Glin et al. 2015). Globally organic cocoa is produced on 363,000 ha, which constitute 3. 1% of the total area under cocoa (Willer et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the processes involving soil macro-organisms and the impact of agricultural practices on soil organisms. It discusses decomposition and nutrient loss in cocoa agroforests, but it does not specifically mention fungi or their role in the decomposition of organic matter. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungi and their contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: We know this from tree ring studies and from climate model simulation. And this drought was on par perhaps even worse in places than the drought of the 1930s. And it’s thought, for example, that played a role in the near extinction of the American bison. So people moved into the plains around this time and the grazing animals were kind of pushed aside from the good spots or the good grass. And then on top of that was a big drought. So it’s thought to have played a significant role in that. (05:30): So it’s a drought more because of the timing in that time, did it have, or do we even have an inkling of whether or not this is true? Did it have an effect on the itself? Like where troops were, how they advanced, how they were affected and how that might’ve actually altered the course of the war and how, and like the history behind it. (05:53): So that’s always kind of iffy here almost bordering on environmental determinism, right when you’re trying to, but there were definitely years during the war that were dry and there’re historical accounts of Tennessee, where some of the troops couldn’t get supplies because they transported down river so long. think the effect or the drought itself was most severe in the central USO and the war, or, you know, in the 1862, 1863 was the big battles. And we’re mainly in States. So the kind of trans-Mississippi theater of the war, there were battles in Oklahoma and Arkansas that’s probably, if it had an impact, that would be where that impact. (07:04): So, maybe, but since the war was concurring and I’m in the DC area, so like my part of the country, more so less effect of the drought there than where it was really hitting hard. (07:14): Yeah. That would be my end. And again, it’s likely that it had some effect, but because again, this was the driest decade that we know of in Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Arkansas so it’s likely that it had some effect, but probably I wouldn’t go as far as to say that had an impact on the outcome. (07:49): Gotcha. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how tree ring studies and climate model simulations indicate the severity of drought conditions experienced during specific historical periods, particularly mentioning the drought faced during the 1930s. It links these conditions to environmental impacts on species and events like the Civil War, suggesting that understanding past climate through tree rings can provide insights into historical events and conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Personalized medicine uses and combines genomic and clinical data to more accurately predict an individual’s susceptibility towards development of the disease and his response to treatment. Personalized approach thus allows optimization of patient care. Personalized medicine approach and targeted approach in gut microbiota modulation should be based on analyses of the patient’s clinical data and an analysis of the patient’s gut microbiome and metabolome that reveals the specific changes in his gut microbiota diversity, composition, and function. These analyses allow using personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation, by the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and their metabolites. It can be assumed that this method of modulation will in many cases require a combination of personalized probiotics, probiotic strains with specific effects, and metabolites of microorganisms—postbiotics. The study of the application of personalized probiotics was conducted on 48 patients. The aim of this study was to determine changes in selected markers within the microbiota after 3 months of treatment by the personalized probiotic supplement. The probiotic composition (species, number of species, and number of CFU) of the probiotic mixture was designed based on gut microbiome analysis and prepared for each patient separately. After 3 months of probiotic supplementation, control samples were analyzed. Data confirmed a statistically significant increase of specific beneficial bacterial groups (lactobacilli, bifidobacteria, and actinobacteria) as well as the total number of species, thus increasing the overall diversity of the microbiota, which is considered a marker of a healthy gut microbiome. Results showed that the probiotic supplementation improved stool frequency in both cases—constipation and also diarrhea. The study confirmed the significance of a personalized approach in probiotic supplementation [50]. Of course, further data and studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a personalized approach in the clinical field. It can be expected that also a new method of personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiome combined with the auto-transplantation of ex vivo modulated patient’s gut microbiota will be developed in near future for clinical practice [45, 51]. Innovative animal experimental models and clinical studies will greatly aid the shift in gut microbiome research and modulation that will enable the production of high-quality products for the patients [52]. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsGut microbiota has an important role in the health and etiology and pathogenesis of chronic diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while personalized medicine and approaches can optimize patient care and potentially modulate the gut microbiome, it does not definitively say that personalized nutrition alone can prevent all chronic diseases. The text highlights a personalized approach involving probiotics and gut microbiota analysis, but it also states that 'further data and studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of a personalized approach in the clinical field,' suggesting that the research is ongoing and not conclusive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. Instead, it focuses on cocoa agroforestry systems and soil management in Ghana, detailing study aims related to litterfall and nutrient concentrations without mentioning fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can provide information about historical climate conditions, such as droughts and wet periods. [SEP] Text: How so you said, we know from like different accounts of, like from folks that this happened, what, who was recording at the time, are these just like first-person narratives of just people lived in the areas where these, where they like white people, where the native Americans, like who, what types of groups were recording these things? (08:13): There is a wealth of information and including actual historical, what we now call instrumental data. So in the kind of frontiers, there were forts that were stationing soldiers and they had some sort of, or they had instrumentation or measured how much rain fell. Carrie mock climate historian has done work in the central youth on this, but we also have newspaper accounts. We have some of the native American tribes in the used pictograms. So painting, paint. Yeah, exactly. And different symbols meant different things. And there have been interpretations suggesting that for example, 1855 snow and as the sitting summer, and that has been interpreted in combination with other records serve in a very dry year. (09:26): Okay. So everyone was documenting it both from a scientific perspective, basically it was affecting everyone and there’s a good record of it. (09:35): Yeah, definitely. And, and again, this is time in that part of the continent where European immigrants were just starting to, so the 1850s is kind of where we’re starting to see expansion westwards and there. So, and that, again, in combination with a drought is thought of played a role in how local wildlife, including the bison and was able to get on. I think the results suggest that places outside of this core region, they have experienced kind of waxing and waning influence events. So on local drought. So places like Arizona, Southern California, Eastern Texas, so for certain periods, and so place an important role on drought probability while for other periods, or it’s not much of a relationship at all. And what that also means is that those changes that we’ve seen and the instrumental data for the 20th and 21st centuries, those types of changes appeared up in a somewhat stable feature of climate dynamics in the past 350 years. (10:56): And in terms of the drought. So the drought occurred during persistent La Niña conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various historical records, including instrumental data and narratives from Native American tribes, that provide evidence of climate conditions such as droughts. It mentions that these records have been interpreted in relation to specific years, indicating dry conditions, which supports the idea that such historical accounts, including tree rings, can reveal information about past climate events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Future research on gut microbiome in chronic disease should be aimed to clarify the association between gut microbiota dysbiosis and disease pathogenesis. Diet, probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can be used for gut microbiota modulation. Research on gut microbiota and its role in health and disease constantly brings new knowledge, which in the foreseeable future will significantly streamline not only prevention but also supportive therapy of many chronic diseases. New strategies such as personalized and targeted modulation of gut microbiota are emerging based on analysis of the patient’s microbiome, metabolome, and clinical data. They will result in the application of beneficial microorganisms, their consortia, and metabolites to address the specific problem for specific people. The analysis of the patient’s gut microbiota could also serve for early diagnosis in people at risk of chronic disease, and intervention can be made that will prevent chronic disease from occurring. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. 1. . Application of metagenomics in the human gut microbiome. of Gastroenterology. 2015;21:803-814. DOI: 10. 3748/wjg. v21. i3. 8032. äckhed F. Assessing the human gut microbiota in metabolic diseases. Diabetes. 2013;62:3341-3349. DOI: 10. 2337/db13-08443. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science. 2005;308:1635-1638. DOI: 10. 1126/science. 11105914. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490:55-60. DOI: 10. 1038/nature114505. Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Štepanková R, Kozáková čkova L, et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer: Contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 2011;8:110-120. DOI: 10. 1038/cmi. 2010. 676. . Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in disease. . 2015;26:26191. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that future research is focusing on gut microbiome modulation rather than solely on DNA analysis for preventing chronic diseases. It emphasizes that interventions such as diet modifications and the use of probiotics are important, suggesting a more complex picture in disease prevention that does not rely solely on DNA analysis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the management practices of organic and conventional cocoa farms, including details about plant densities, pest control, and fertilization. However, it does not mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology can be used to track volcanic eruptions by examining the growth suppression in tree rings. [SEP] Text: , Ziaco 2020) can be retrospectively inferred. If overcome, this will open up additional opportunities for multi-seasonal environmental reconstructions. At present, project-specific determinations on whether the added information from quantitative wood anatomical approaches outweighs the additional effort are warranted. However, with continued advancements in quantitative wood anatomy processing and analyses, it is likely that future dendrochronological studies will increasingly be based upon the cellular building blocks. 1. 1. 4 Isotopes and Wood ChemistryFor both brevity here, and completeness, the reader is referred to the rest of the book for a full overview on stable isotopes in tree-rings, as well as other sections in this 2. 2 below), and amongst different proxy records (Sigl et al. 2015). Although wood is primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, an expansive range of trace elements are incorporated into the annual rings of trees. Subsequent elemental analysis may reflect influences from natural processes such as relatively recent (Sheppard et al. 2008) and ancient (Pearson et al. 2020) volcanic eruptions, be linked to anthropogenic influences such as heavy metals associated with industry (Muñoz et al. 2019), or depend upon year-to-year environmental variations and offer complementary information to the tree-ring width and density parameters (Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). Moreover, such measurements can serve as indicators of the annual cycle and help to define annual rings in tropical ecosystems (Poussart et al. 2006), and also provide indications of long-term trends that may be related to tree-age (Scharnweber et al. 2016),or combined climatic and anthropogenic variability (Panyushkina et al. 2016). At present it appears that the more specialized equipment, methods, and time consuming approaches contribute to rather modest sample replications for studies investigating trace elements in tree-rings. This seemingly makes combining such approaches with other independent data the most robust research pathway. Yet, it appears likely that with ever increased technological capacities, further methodological advancements, and consequently more highly replicated datasets a better understanding of the bioavailability and translocation/immobility will be achieved. This knowledge will presumably open up additional low risk and high reward research avenues. 1. 1. 5 FeaturesSuperimposed upon the normal progression of tree-ring formation (& analysis), episodic events can impact and leave distinct fingerprints within the annual rings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how elemental analysis of the annual rings of trees can reflect influences from volcanic eruptions, both recent and ancient. It states that trace elements incorporated into tree rings may provide complementary information tied to these natural events, thus aligning with the claim that dendrochronology can track volcanic eruptions by examining tree ring characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Go to Conclusion 5579. DOI:10. 19080/NFSIJ. MS. ID. 555579 Go to Conclusion 4. 5-9% increase in diabetes risk and 3. 1% increase in heart disease risk. Even a modest weight reduction of five to ten percent of a person's body weight can greatly improve his health and lower his risk and severity of a chronic disease. For instance, a five to ten percent weight loss was shown effective for reducing hemoglobin A1C scores by half a point for people with diabetes, and lower triglycerides by 40mg/dl and increase HDL (or good) cholesterol by 5 points. Therefore, it is essential that health professionals start making appropriate and effective recommendations to help people lose and control their weight. is a $1. 4 billion dollar company that is successful in getting hundreds of thousands of people to lose weight. has been inconsistent with its approach and has changed their famous points system multiple times, going from "Points "to "Points Plus" to "Smart Points" in recent years. The only thing that consistently keeps a successful and incredibly profitable weight loss program is accountability. employs two accountability tactics to get people losing weight: a) they make people go on the scale, and b) they make people write down their food intake daily. Regardless of point’s calculations, if people maintain a level of accountability, they will have a much easier time maintaining and controlling their weight. While people view food journaling as timely, confusing and impractical, the scale alone garners an immense amount of awareness over a person’s dietary behaviors. The scale serves as a quick check-in or biofeedback tool that helps a person assess his health status. Would a teenager ever study for a history test, if he never had a test? Of course not! Why would he? I always use this analogy when teaching my weight loss seminar at UCLA or working with a private client and encouraging them to use the scale, because it works very similarly. What difference does it make if you eat two cookies or four cookies, if you aren't planning on going on the scale for three months? None! However, if you see the difference on the scale in the morning, you would feel and internalize the difference, and be more likely to improve the behavior the next time you were offered cookies. Accountability in the form of going on the scale is proven effective for losing weight and keeping it off [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of weight management and accountability in preventing chronic diseases, rather than suggesting that personalized nutrition based on DNA analysis can prevent all chronic diseases. It states that modest weight reduction can improve health and lower the risk of chronic diseases, highlighting methods like accountability and food journaling, which diverge from the idea that DNA analysis alone is sufficient for disease prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses a study on litter collection and decomposition in cocoa agroforests without making any reference to fungi or their role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Different species of trees produce rings that are characteristic of their growth conditions and environments. [SEP] Text: Home > Archives > Vol 6, No 4 (2017) > Ontogenetic variability of morphological characters of Evernia prunastri (L. ) Ach. on different species of trees in different ecological conditions Ontogenetic variability of morphological characters of Evernia prunastri (L. ) Ach. on different species of trees in different ecological conditions Authors: Suetina Y. G. 1 Affiliations: University Issue: Vol 6, No 4 (2017) Pages: 71-76 Section: 03. 02. 00 – URL: ID: 22255 Cite item (Russian) the authors 6. 0». Результаты и их обсуждениеИзменчивость морфометрических признаков в онтогенезе E. prunastri, произрастающей на стволе разных форофитов в разных экологических условиях. Двухфакторный дисперсионный анализ показал, что для всех признаков статистически значимо влияние фактора онтогенетическое состояние (P<0,001), фактора субстрат (P<0,001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how morphological characters of Evernia prunastri are influenced by different species of trees in varying ecological conditions. The reference to the statistical significance of substrate factors confirms that environmental conditions of different trees are relevant to understanding their growth characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: If there are no mile markers, it would be hard for a marathoner to strategize how to best run a race and see the finish line. Without midterms, quizzes, homework and finals, it would be nearly impossible for a teacher to understand how well a student absorbed the curriculum. If there were no dates in history, it would be hard to put all of the stories in context. This is why the scale is absolutely fundamental for successful weight loss and weight maintenance. With more than a third of America considered obese, it is critical that public health programs and campaigns are targeted towards getting people educated and access to home scales for greater self-awareness and understanding of how behaviors impact weight status. I have worked with hundreds of people for weight loss and never met two people who lose weight the same way. That is the major fault of generic meal plans and fad diets; they try to create a one-size-fits-all model that doesn’t work long-term. People need to lose weight on their own terms and schedules, and the scale helps create a personalized guide to achieve these goals. People always ask me "can I still eat chocolate once a week and lose weight? " and I say, "I don't know, you tell me! " Some things work for some people, and some things don't. My job as a dietitian is to be that support in helping a client use monitoring tools to effectively create an attainable and realistic individualized plan that works perfectly for him in reaching his goals. Everyone has the ability to create a perfect plan to control his weight, promote his health, and prevent chronic diseases, but it needs to be developed using accountability tools that show what works best for him and what doesn’t. Go to Conclusion 77. 4% weigh themselves at least once a week (35. 6% weigh themselves daily). Another study analyzing the behaviors amongst this group of successful weight losers and maintainers found that more frequent weighing was associated with lower body mass indexes (BMI) and less impulsivity and cognitive restraint around food. This highlights the added benefit of self-weighing in how it helps people think twice about their food intake as it pertains to their weight. I feel as though people over think going on the scale and correlate it with a powerful emotional experience when it really just needs to serve as a quick health check-in. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of individualized approaches to weight loss and maintenance, and it does not mention DNA analysis specifically as a method for preventing chronic diseases. The author suggests that generic meal plans and fad diets fail because they are not tailored to individual's unique needs, indicating a broader view of personalization that does not solely rely on genetic analysis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the processing and analysis of cocoa beans, including chemical analyses and statistical methods, without discussing fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Different species of trees produce rings that are characteristic of their growth conditions and environments. [SEP] Text: Such statement is confirmed when the dry matter data, obtained from the black net 70%, are considered, as they were statistically equal to the other treatments, what proves that other evaluated variables did not grow as fast as the stem. Furthermore, a poor root growth negatively influences seedling future cultivation, since plants with too long stems must have proportionally vigorous roots to anchor themselves properly in the soil. Plants of Bauhinia forficata, Betula alleghanensis, and Bombacopsis glabra also presented lower growth when cultivated under full sun (1969; 2001; 2003). However, each species seems to have a particular adaptation ability that varies according to the available luminosity (1977; 2005). Eugenia uniflora seedlings, for instance, showed greater initial growth when cultivated under full sun (, 2007), while plants of Hymenaea courbaril var. stilbocarpa and Acacia mangium equally grew regardless several shading conditions (, 2005). Most treatments, for both species, promoted variation on leaf number and area along the experimental period (Figures 1 and 2). According to Reich et al. (2003), leaves may be considered a plant functional trait, as they significantly influence plant establishment, survival, and fitness. As so, Reich et al. (2003) state that functional traits, typically, present wide variations according to light/shade intensity, water availability, nutrient absorption, and temperature. Also, as perennial plants, Bauhinia species should really present a natural variation on leaf number and area as plants grow, new leaves are formed, and older leaves go through the senescence process. Such variation, with maximum and minimum values, would possibly be regularly repeated if the experimental period was longer. Sun plants cultivated under shaded conditions tend to develop larger leaves with greater chlorophyll content as a way to compensate low luminosities (1977; ENGEL; 1991; 2001; 2005; REGO; 2006; 2007; 2011), although these leaves are usually thinner. Such feature may often turn these shaded leaves into more photosynthetically efficient leaves than those maintained under full sun (1977; REGO; 2006; SOUZA et al. , 2010). In this sense, chlorophyll content is directly related to photosynthetic efficiency, thus, to plant growth and adaptation to different kinds of environments (ENGEL; 1991; 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different species of plants, such as Bauhinia forficata, Betula alleghanensis, and Bombacopsis glabra, show varying growth characteristics based on their environmental conditions, such as light availability. Specifically, it mentions that 'each species seems to have a particular adaptation ability that varies according to the available luminosity', which supports the idea that growth conditions impact characteristics related to the tree's growth, such as leaf number, area, and overall growth patterns, which align with the concept of characteristic growth rings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Agrees that it is important that public health and clinical authorities promote daily weigh-ins for its strong benefit in aiding weight loss and preventing weight gain for the future. Because multiple studies have discovered that a behavioral change approach to weight loss will be key in curbing the growing prevalence of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases in America, it is irresponsible to not promote daily weighing as a simple solution proven effective for weight loss. And because it is undeniable that frequent self-monitoring in the form of self-weighing aids in weight loss, which can thus curb the deleterious obesity epidemic and staggering rates of preventable chronic diseases in America [7], aimed to see whether or not timing of weighing would help influence self control and restraint around food. While the researchers only found borderline significant correlations between restraint and weighing condition and found a slight change in subsequent food consumption, it is important that further research investigate this relationship for future intervention strategies using the scale as a tool to promote better dietary behaviors and a sense of accountability and sensibility with food. Health professionals have an obligation to promote this effortless and powerful function to promote weight loss and weight control. While the Centers for and Prevention website recommend "monitoring your weight," they do now specify how often. I recommend that my clients seeking weight loss go on the scale at least Mondays and Fridays to determine what typically happens over the week days and what happens over the weekend to start determining patterns for the individual. If somebody only goes on the scale once a week they may feel like they aren't losing any weight and be discouraged. However, if they went on more often, they would perhaps notice that they are losing two pounds during the week days, but gaining it back on the weekends, and should therefore target their efforts to planning more conscientiously for the weekends in the future. And in addition to recognizing patterns for more effective strategizing, the scale also provides incentive to eat healthier and more in line with weight loss goals. For example, if you know you are going on the scale Monday morning, you might reconsider that ice cream cone on Sunday afternoon. For these reasons, frequent weighing has proven incredibly effective in my personal 90-pound weight loss journey, as well as with my clients, and in the multiple studies as mentioned above. Go to Conclusion 131. Registry. -Hodge C, et al. (2013) The efficacy of a daily self-weighing weight loss intervention using smart scales and email. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the role of daily weigh-ins and behavioral changes in weight loss to curb obesity and related chronic diseases. It emphasizes self-monitoring and accountability rather than analyzing DNA or personalized nutrition. This indicates that the assertion that DNA analysis alone can prevent all chronic diseases is not supported by the text, which suggests a multifaceted approach that includes frequent monitoring of weight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on management practices, litterfall quantity, and statistical analyses related to agricultural practices rather than addressing the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter. There are no references to fungi or their contributions to nutrient cycling in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/b84-127 Get AccessContentsof Botany, Number 5May 19841274. The fire traces found on the sample plots were fire scars on living or dead trees or charcoal fragments in the humus layer. Plots lacking all traces of former forest fires were mainly those situated on sites surrounded by extensive mires. Forest fires were shown to have occurred in the five different types of forest investigated. The commonest frequencies of fires in the pine forests occurred with the interval 81–90 years, while the mean frequency was 110 years. The mean interval of time elapsed since the last forest fire occurred in the pine forests was 144 years. Some of the major fire years in the Muddus area coincide with forest fires in other parts of northern Sweden, in the taiga of western Russia, and in central Siberia. RésuméLa présence d'anciens feux de forêt dans le Parc national Muddus (environ, 50 000 ha), juste au nord du Cercle arctique en Suède, a été étudiée dans un échantillon de 75 parcelles différentes. La datation des cicatrices de feu sur des pins sylvestres encore vivants (Pinus sylvestris), dont le plus vieux a germé en 1274, indique la présence de 47 années où des feux se sont produits de 1413 à aujourd'hui. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the fire traces found on sample plots, specifically mentioning 'fire scars on living or dead trees.' It supports the notion that these scars can be studied to learn about historical forest fires, as it connects the presence of fire scars to the occurrence of past forest fires in different types of forest, including pines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: . Nevzat Tarhan: “Artificial intelligence Technologies will eliminate the need for physician’s wisdom” Prof. Nevzat Tarhan: “Artificial intelligence Technologies will eliminate the need for physician’s wisdom” 29. 05. 2023 - 11:10 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Pointing out that artificial intelligence technologies will eliminate the need for physician's wisdom, Prof. made remarkable predictions about the diagnosis and treatment process of diseases by computer technologies. Tarhan stated that "Artificial intelligence studies that will make the patient talk, especially in the style of emotional face, will read thoughts such as fear, sadness, cheer, joy and shame from the facial expression, and as a result of that, it will report the mood of the person. This will be used in the near future. However, it is not possible for these practices to replace a therapist or a specialist. Thus, the expert will still make the final decision, however, these developments will reduce the need for wisdom. Artificial intelligence will be able to easily provide this wisdom and experience transfer. ". "Research on how brain works has increased in recent years" President of Üsküdar University, Psychiatrist Prof. attended the Symposium on in Psychology as a speaker. Tarhan made evaluations under the title of "Psychology in the Digital Age” via online participation, and drew attention to different studies on the brain in recent years and said that the brain has recently entered the range of science. Tarhan said that "As the field of psychology that deals with pathology, psychiatry is a seriously computational field. The method by which the human brain works has been within the reach field of science in recent years. The basic working model of the work of the human brain and the principle of connectivity are explained. For example, how does the heart work, what is its normal? The heart pumps, it takes blood, it makes a certain contraction, and constantly pumps. It does this 60-70 times per minute. By measuring the basic functions of the heart, it can make attempts to treat diseases. However, how the human brain works is just beginning to be understood, and more concrete and evidence-based information has emerged for about 15 to 20 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while artificial intelligence technologies may reduce the necessity for the physician's wisdom in diagnosis and treatment, they cannot fully replace the expertise of a therapist or specialist. Prof. Nevzat Tarhan emphasizes that, despite advancements in AI, experts will still need to make the final decisions, suggesting that traditional medical treatments will remain necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Lower case letters in B indicate significant differences of means between seasonsFull size imageManagement and season affected some of the leaf litter nutrient concentrations, whereby no interaction of the two factors was observed. The concentrations of P and Ca were 30% and 4%, respectively, greater in leaf litter of organically managed farms than in leaf litter of conventional farms (p < 0. 05; Table 3). Contrarily, Mg concentration of leaf litter from conventional management was 10% higher than from organic management (p < 0. 01). During the rainy season, C and N concentrations of leaf litter were 2% and 15%, respectively, higher than during the dry season. In contrast, K concentration of leaf litter in the dry season was 38% greater than in the rainy season. Table 3 Nutrient concentrations of leaf litter collected in two villages each under conventional and organic management averaged per management across seasons and averaged per season across managements for cocoa agroforests in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableNo statistical differences of annual nutrient stocks in litterfall fractions were observed between organic and conventional management, except for K stocks in leaf litter, N, Ca, and Mg stocks in reproductive parts litter, and Ca stocks in total litterfall (Table 4). The annual quantity of K in leaf litter of farms under conventional management was 21% lower than of farms under organic management (p = 0. 03). Likewise, annual N, Ca, and Mg quantity in reproductive parts litter of farms under conventional management were 36%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) than for their organic counterparts. quantity in total litterfall of organically managed farms was 13% higher (p < 0. 05) than those in conventionally managed ones. Leaf litter contributed 71% of N, 65% of P, 61% of K, 82% of Ca, and 85% of Mg to annual nutrient stocks of total litterfall. and nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and cocoa pod husk were not significantly affected by management type. and P stocks in cocoa beans were 2 and 3-fold greater than in cocoa pod husks (Table 4), the annual K and Ca stocks in cocoa pod husk were four and nine-fold, respectively, greater than those in cocoa beans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses nutrient concentrations in leaf litter from various agricultural management practices, without mentioning fungi or their role in decomposition or nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: Les traces de feu observées comprennent des cicatrices de feu sur des arbres vivants ou morts ainsi que des charbons de bois dans les horizons organiques du sol. Les sites dépourvus de toute trace de feu sont surtout ceux qui sont entourés de grandes étendues de tourbières. Les cinq types de forêts étudiées présentent des traces d'anciens feux. La fréquence de feux la plus élevée dans les forêts de pin montre un intervalle de 81 à 90 ans; l'intervalle moyen est de 110 ans. En moyenne, il s'est écoulé 141 ans depuis le dernier feu dans les forêts de pin. Certaines des années où les feux eurent une grande importance dans la région de Muddus coïncident avec la présence de feux de forêt dans d'autres parties du nord de la Suède, dans la taïga de la Russie occidentale et en Sibérie centrale. [Traduit par le journal]Get full access to this 1984. Forest fires in the Park (northern Sweden) during the past 600 years. of Botany. 62(5): 893-898. Export 1. Landscape of ice and fire – uniquely well-preserved Scots pine trunks reveal forest fires near the retreating Weichselian ice margin Go to 2. Wildfire and prescribed burning impact moose forage availability and browsing levels in the northern boreal forest Go to 3. to to 4. Sámi Herders’ Knowledge and Forestry: of Pastures in Go to 5. Wildfire yields a distinct turnover of the beetle community in a semi-natural pine forest in northern to 6. Were medieval warm-season temperatures in Jämtland, central Scandinavian Mountains, lower than previously estimated? Go to 7. Assessing the of Sample-to Estimate the Fire Cycle: Influences of Length and to 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'des cicatrices de feu sur des arbres vivants ou morts', which implies that fire scars on both living and dead trees are evidence of past forest fires. This aligns with the idea that these scars in tree rings can be used to study historical fire events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: Tarhan said that "With the team we established 4-5 years ago, we plan to do fear treatment with artificial intelligence. We consider the fear of heights, the fear of insects for the study. We use artificial intelligence with VR glasses in the treatment of fear, and it works quite well in fears. There is a field of psychiatry known as preparation medicine. There, a professor of ours on the use of artificial intelligence presented the studies and results on the study of the heart and the human brain that is a thinking and learning organ, and made modeling. We already do many tests digitally, including the attention test, however, it will make the patient express themselves, and especially via the emotional face, it will read thoughts such as fear, sadness, cheer, joy and shame from the facial expression and as a result, it will report the person's mood. These are practices that will take place in the near future, however, it is not possible for AI to replace a therapist or a specialist. Thus, the expert will still make the final decision, but these developments will reduce the need for wisdom. When people get sick, they will not go door to door for their treatment, that computer will come so that it will not exist, so many physicians will be able to easily provide the latest wisdom, many transfers of experience without the need to consult a specialist. I think computer technologies and artificial intelligence will provide this. ". Üsküdar (ÜNA). Tarhan: "A pandemic of addiction awaits the world! " The book "Neuroscience: Science of Happiness" hit the shelves Author Tarhan's book 'Women's Psychology' is now a bestseller in Indonesia. . . A seminar titled "and Search for Meaning with the Mana-i Harf" was held “They competed with the motto "When ideas collide, minds win". . . Prof. Sevil Atasoy: "We used to be a transit country; however, now we became the users! " Joy of Year in Üsküdar Presentation by Üsküdar Scientists on 'Artificial intelligence and its use in psychiatric diseases' in Toronto attracted attention VPN provides secure communication with the right setup and encryption! With the panic button, driver and passenger safety increases! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of artificial intelligence in treatment, particularly in psychiatry and not specifically in managing conditions like diabetes. While the text mentions technological advancements that could reduce the need for traditional consultations, it clearly states that AI cannot replace a therapist or specialist, implying that traditional medical treatments will still play a significant role in patient care.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2015) and cocoa agroforest in Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). This subsequently leads to high accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface, which increases C sequestration in the soil of cocoa agroforests (Gama-Rodrigues et al. 2010). concentrations of leaf litter in the rainy season compared with those of the dry season confirms findings of Teklay (2004). During the rainy season thunderstorms mechanically force young N rich leaves to fall, resulting in litterfall with high N content (Paudel et al. 2015) compared with more senescent leaves shed during dry season (Teklay 2004). Additionally, higher N availability of soils during the rainy season could have increased N uptake by trees (Teklay 2004). Potassium concentrations in litterfall were lower during the rainy season compared with the dry season. On one hand, K is an important osmotic agent, accumulated by plants in reaction to drought. On the other hand, growth rates of leaves are reduced during dry periods, generally leading to an increase in mineral leaf components due to concentration effects. Moreover, because K is not bound to organic compounds, it might have (partly) leached from leaves in litter traps during rainfall events (Wood et al. 2005), leading to an underestimation of K concentration in leaf litter. Additionally, the dry season is characterised by high amounts of dust deposition on the plant leaves, which has been reported to have high K concentrations (Stoorvogel et al. 1997; Dawoe et al. 2018). Shade tree composition influences litterfall quantity and quality (Triadiati et al. 2011). But despite the diversity in the species composition of shade trees between the two managements there was no difference between annual nutrient stocks. There were no N-fixing shade tree species in the investigated farms, which is is typical for the study area (Asase and Tetteh 2010). Despite the absence of shade trees, the average annual total N stocks of 125 kg ha−1 year−1 was within the range of 84–175 kg ha−1 year−1 for cocoa agroforests with Erythrina glauca Lour. and Gliricidia sepium. And this can be explained by shade tree species recovering leached N from deeper soil depths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi and their role in decomposing organic matter or contributing to nutrient cycling. Instead, it discusses nutrient dynamics in cocoa agroforests and factors influencing nutrient stocks without mentioning fungi or their decomposition activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some mollusks, like cephalopods, are considered highly intelligent and capable of problem-solving. [SEP] Text: These search engines require that citizens find and assess relevant information on their own. Although search engines like Google contain links to a large proportion of the web, only a tiny percentage is made easily accessible to users. Unlike television or even printing, it is easy for anyone to publish their opinion to a large, potentially global, audience, but this does not imply that anyone will pay attention to this “diversity of content. ” The assumption that computer networks are more democratic, and necessarily provide a greater voice to everyone, is misguided (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). While the distributed nature of computer networking makes it less likely that a small number of interests can control it, this does not imply that the web is a level, uniform network. Most likely, any given contribution on the web will be lost in the flood of similar efforts. While search engines make it easier to find answers to specific questions, this is done at the expense of the larger, diverse world of information and opinions. Of the millions of blogs in the blogosphere or videos on YouTube, most get viewed by only by one or two people, while a small number get millions of hits, this being far from equal access to the greater web audience (Halavais, Reference Greenwood2018: 101). Paradoxically, search engines that can retrieve enormous amounts of information are today being criticized because they oversimplify the available information when they only display a limited number of hits. A search for “staph infections” will generate a hit of about 1,200,000 pages, as health topics are popular on the Internet. The first three results, which most users will check, are from mainstream, relatively well-respected sites, but in total only 234 results are displayed. It shows that an enormous number of pages are left out. When most people use a search engine like Google, they typically only check the top ranked pages. On one side, it is necessary to select only a few results because our attention span is limited. The goal of using the search engine is to avoid the “junk” on the web and provide higher precision in the search results of the search engine. However, the hyperlinked structure tends to send the searches along the same path to the same informational sources. The result is that general-purpose search engines overrepresent the central tendency and reduce the diversity of the information when they operate in the hyperlinked structure of the web. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics and limitations of search engines and information retrieval on the internet, without any mention or implication regarding mollusks, cephalopods, or their intelligence. Thus, it neither corroborates nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized diets will soon eliminate the need for traditional medical treatments for conditions like diabetes. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreateof Diets for Treatment of Diabetes: A comparison of diets for treatment of type 2 diabetes, aspects on long and short term effectsGuldbrand, Hans Linköping University, Department of Medical and Health Sciences. Linköping University, Faculty of Health Sciences. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2432-3846 2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] BackgroundType 2 diabetes is a common disease and the prevalence has increased in large parts of the world. In treatment of diabetes the type of diet is of great importance considering metabolic factors such as glucose level and blood lipids. Which diet that is most beneficial to avoid diabetic complications has been heavily debated in recent decades. This thesis is based on two clinical studies designed to compare the effects of different macronutrients. MethodsA clinical trial was designed to compare a low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) to a low-fat diet (LFD) in treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Sixty-one patients at two health care centres were included and randomized to get advice to eat a LCD or a LFD. The LCD had an energy content where 50 energy percent (E%) where from fat, 20 E% from carbohydrates and 30 E% from protein. For the LFD the nutrient composition was similar to what is traditionally recommended for treatment of type 2 diabetes in Sweden. Metabolic factors, anthropometrics and questionnaires were analysed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a clinical trial comparing a low-carbohydrate diet to a low-fat diet in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, indicating that while diet is important, it is still part of the treatment for a common disease. It implies that traditional medical treatments still play a significant role alongside dietary adjustments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increasing mesh size leads to high loss of fragmented litter and removal of litter from litterbag by macro fauna (Bradford et al. 2002; Smith and Bradford 2003). The tethered-leaf technique, where leaves are tied together with a nylon string and placed on the ground has the advantage of direct contact of the material with soil micro and macro fauna without altering the microclimate (Vitousek et al. 1994). However, this method is only suitable for initial decomposition studies, as it becomes difficult to distinguish between decomposition and comminution, when fragmentation of the material occurs. These drawbacks made us use a mesh size of 2 mm which is considered to allow for most soil faunal species activities in the bag (Li et al. 2015). Although not significant, our results of higher litter decomposition rate under organic management confirm the observation of higher decomposition of untreated cocoa leaves compared with those treated with pesticides (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018; Asigbaase et al. 2020). The higher decomposition rate of cocoa leaves under organic management compared to conventional management may thus be due to the restriction of herbicides and pesticides in certified organic agriculture. Agrochemicals are well known to have adverse effects on the growth and population density of macro decomposers such as ants and earthworms (García-Pérez et al. 2016; Masoni et al. 2017) as well as on bacteria, and fungal populations (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). An indirect effect of agrochemicals on litter decomposition is their ability to alter the chemical composition of the litter or microclimate of the decomposition subsystem. The slower weight loss under conventional management coupled with faster P, Ca, and Mg release was similar to findings of Hendrix and Parmelee (1985) on John grass leaves (Sorghum halepense L. ) treated with paraquat and glyphosate. Similarly, da Costa et al. (2019) reported on average 34% higher Mg and Ca release rates from Crotalaria spectabilis sprayed with glyphosate. According to Mertens et al. (2018) these pesticides contain chelating agents with the ability to bind P, Ca, and Mg from litter. Thus it is likely that high P, Ca, and Mg release rates under conventional management were triggered by the use of pesticides such as glyphosate and roundup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi's role in decomposing organic matter or contributing to nutrient cycling. Instead, it discusses litter decomposition rates under different agricultural management practices, the impact of agrochemicals on macro decomposers, and various interactions in the decomposition process without any mention of fungi.