Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of countries will soon transition to cold fusion as their primary energy source, ending the global energy crisis. [SEP] Text: We expect the government to launch policies to optimize the trading and business environment required for the transfer of mature production capacity and to increase funds for skilled personnel required for the upgrading of advanced technologies in China. We also recommend policy support for the development of power infrastructure facilities and power consumption facilities as the development of the infrastructure could boost end-market demand. In addition, the government could also step up efforts to mitigate vertical and horizontal risks facing China’s new energy industry chain. Authors of this 13. 1 Context and Facing China’s Industry Chain13. 1. 1 Transition and Energy CrisisEnergy security is closely related to social progress and economic development. The Russia-Ukraine conflict that began in 2022 reveals the European energy industry’s overreliance on a single energy supplier and related security problems. In the EU, natural gas accounts for 20% of primary energy consumption (Eurostat data). However, 40% of the natural gas consumed by Europe was imported from Russia in 2021 (Eurostat data). Due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, the monthly average Dutch TTF natural gas price over January–September 2022 increased by 136%, resulting in energy and electricity cost spikes in Europe. Over January–September 2022, wholesale electricity prices in European countries increased by 36–85%, while residential electricity rates increased by 32%. The energy crisis has significantly impacted Europe’s economy and livelihoods, and has also sounded the alarm bell over energy security for countries around the world. At present, governments of many countries are calling for energy independence. Amid the green transition trend, new energy is replacing traditional energy as a means to safeguard energy security. Many countries have stepped up efforts towards green transformation since 2020, expecting to drive their economic recovery. Europe, China, Japan, and have announced their goals to achieve carbon neutrality. We expect growth in LiB and PV demand to continue to accelerate in the next decade. (IEA) and (CPIA) estimate that global LiB and PV demand will grow at CAGRs of 26. 0% and 14. 9% over 2021–2025 (Fig. 13. 1). Against the backdrop of global green transition, we expect solar power, wind power, LiB, etc. to replace traditional energy in fields of electricity and transportation. The shift to new energy as the main sources of energy also reflects the current crucial role of new energy in energy security issues. Fig. 13. 1and PV demand forecasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing current energy strategies and transitions towards renewable energy sources such as solar power, wind power, and lithium batteries (LiB), rather than cold fusion. It highlights the urgent need for energy independence and a green transition but lacks any mention of cold fusion as a primary energy source. The focus is on optimizing energy security through established renewable technologies in light of the energy crisis exacerbated by the Russia-Ukraine conflict.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (A) Schematic representation of the citrate catabolism operon in EntAcro1A, E. melaleucae, S. culicicola and S. eriocheiris. The combination of citrate utilization genes was only found in these four strains, that is, 2. 3% of the 177 genomes examined). Arrows are proportional to the sizes (bp) of the genes, and the orientation of genes is captured by the arrowheads. Green-colored arrows refer to genes involved in citrate catabolism and gray arrows to genes that are unrelated to this pathway. Connecting lines between operons of different strains indicate gene rearrangements (only between S. eriocheiris associated with fly hosts and the remaining strains). All genes are presented with their common names as identified by RAST annotation: citS: citrate transporter (peg676); citC; citrate ligase (a. k. a. citrate pro 3 s lyase) (peg. 671); citD, citE and citF; the three subunits of citrate lyase (alpha beta and gamma) (peg. 673–675); citG: 2-(5''-triphosphoribosyl)−3'-dephosphocoenzyme-A synthase; however citG cannot be part of the potential citrate operon as it does not have the same orientation as the other genes. (B–F) Phylogenies based on amino acid alignments of the citrate utilization genes (B) peg. 670, (C) peg. 671, (D) peg. 673, (E) peg. 675 and (F) peg. 676) in EntAcro1 and the top 100 hits (or fewer if there were no hits available) on NCBI (peg. 674 produced no hits). For each hit we present the bacterial strain it originates from (italics) and the accession number on NCBI (regular font). proteins are highlighted with yellow background and EntAcro1 is written in blue. Support values are based on the Fasttree algorithm. Comparison of the GC content and the tetranucleotide frequencies of the citrate utilization genes (peg. 671, peg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the citrate catabolism operon and related genomic information in specific bacterial strains, without mentioning ants, fungi, or any farming behavior. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 07, df = 4, p < 0. 2). There was no significant difference in the melatonin concentration between BLEG and DLCG in the day before the experimental day (Wilcoxon test: z = -1. 163, p = 0. 31). At 22:30 of the experimental day, melatonin concentration by BLEG tended to be lower than that on the day before the experimental day (Wilcoxon test: z = -1. 604, p = 0. 109), while the concentration became significantly higher in DLCG (z = -2. 023, p = 0. 043). On the day before the experimental day, all the participants were under Japanese standardized light condition with 200–400 lux from a fluorescent light bulb with relatively high color-temperature. On the experimental day, the bright light of 2000 lux in BLEG suppressed the expected night increase of melatonin concentration, whereas the relatively low color- temperature light with 60 lux did not. Figure 1 Effects of light condition on salivary melatonin concentration. Values shown are means (n = 5 per group) and SEM. In Japan, bright and high color-temperature light of more than 2000 lux is available in the evening or night inside convenience stores which are open for 24 hours and private schools for the preparation to go through the entrance examination to upper schools. Also in usual life, such exposures to bright lights in the evening private school and convenience store can suppress the night increase in blood melatonin level as a direct effect and possibly delay the circadian system that drives the melatonin secretion rhythm and sleep-wake cycle. The results of this study suggest that ancient Japanese lighting in the evening and at night, which could be supplied by a traditional Japanese hearth fire or a oil lamp or candle (20–30 lux), might be healthy for adolescents and children, because the ancient lights could allow rapid and clear increase in melatonin level leading to a smooth falling into night sleep [14]. lights of 2000 lux and even moderate lights of 200–300 lux can inhibit, as a direct effect, nocturnal melatonin concentration in children. light conditions which could be supplied by a traditional Japanese hearth fire or a small oil lamp or candle might be healthy for children, because the ancient lights could allow rapid and clear increase in melatonin level in the evening, leading to a smooth falling into night sleep. Competing interests None declared. 154. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different light conditions affect melatonin concentration, which is a hormone involved in regulating circadian rhythms. It states that bright light can suppress the expected night increase of melatonin levels, which directly impacts the circadian system that drives the rhythm of melatonin secretion and the sleep-wake cycle. Thus, the influence of light on melatonin concentration supports the assertion that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of countries will soon transition to cold fusion as their primary energy source, ending the global energy crisis. [SEP] Text: In 2021, the (NDRC) and the Administration (NEA) jointly approved a plan to deploy and accelerate the construction of large-scale wind power photovoltaic bases in deserts and the and the Announcement of the List of Pilots for the Development of Photovoltaics in the (Cities, Districts), stipulating land and rooftop PV resources that can support the development of PV projects. With these stipulations, the PV industry can basically meet the wind power PV installation targets set in China’s for 2030. 13. 3. 4 via as station and solar farm development and construction are asset-heavy; therefore, the effectiveness of investors’ and constructors’ financing is crucial. Market funds such as venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) are active in supporting LiB and PV manufacturers’ technological upgrades and product innovation. In the field of asset-heavy new energy infrastructure operations, we expect infrastructure real estate investment trusts (REITs) to help ease capital pressure on the industry. We believe that infrastructure REITs are more suitable for the new energy industry given their risk appetites and yield expectations. 30, 2022, Opinions on Improving the System, Mechanism, and for the Green and Low-of Energy, published by the NDRC, proposes including clean and low-carbon energy projects in infrastructure REITs. 1, 2022, in the 14th Plan for the development of renewable energy sources, the government proposed conducting pilot infrastructure REITs projects for the construction of hydropower plants, wind farms, solar farms, and pumped storage power stations. In 2022, there were about 20 power infrastructure REITs funds to be issued. We expect infrastructure REITs to be a refinancing channel for central and state-owned enterprises in China's electricity sector and help address financial constraints. 13. 4 Thoughts and ImplicationsThe efforts of a well-functioning government and an efficient market in China have helped the new energy industry improve industry chain integration and reduce vertical risks. We expect these to further support the relocation of mature capacity, upgrades of advanced technologies, and domestic demand expansion. Mature capacity transfer: We suggest that companies strengthen cooperation in regional trades and improve the efficiency of their resource utilization in different regions. Upgrades of advanced capacity in China: We suggest that government departments launch favorable policies to support the industrialization of new technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing China’s focus on wind and solar energy, rather than cold fusion. It outlines government plans for large-scale wind power and photovoltaic projects, which indicates a commitment to renewable energy sources other than cold fusion, suggesting that cold fusion is not on the immediate horizon as a primary energy source.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 673– 676) as well as upstream and downstream genes revealed no differences (with the exception of citS) suggesting that the citrate transporter genes that we analyzed are not part of a genomic island introduced by a recent event. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Synopsis of the fate of extracellular acetate (on the left) and citrate (on the right) when they enter a eukaryotic cell, based on the available literature. The black outer circle represents the cell membrane with blue text referring to enzymes and black text referring to processes mediating the import or conversion of metabolites. A mitochondrion (Mt) is shown inside the cell with red text referring to the TCA cycle generating energy in the form of ATP. Import of citrate requires PMCT transporters and homologues of these proteins have been found in Drosophila (INDY), while another type of citrate tranporter (CTP) mediates the export of citrate from mitochondria to the eukaryote cytosol (cytoplasm). Acetate import in cells can proceed either by diffusion or be mediated by (MCTs) (Kirat and Kato, 2006; Moschen et al. , 2012) mostly documented for MCT1. Once imported in eukaryote cells, ATP (ACLY) in the cytosol can convert citrate to cytosolic acetyl-coa which can be used for the production of fatty acids, sterols (steroid alcohols) and ketones (Pietrocola et al. , 2015; Fatland et al. , 2002; Sun et al. , 2010a; Sun et al. , 2010b). In the presence of abundant nutrients, citrate is known to be exported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm to produce cytosolic acetyl-coa (Vysochan et al. , 2017). Similar to citrate, also acetate imported in the cytoplasm of eukaryote cells can be converted to cytosolic acetyl-coa using acetyl synthase (ACSS) and then cytosolic acetyl-coa, mediating a similar production of fatty acids, sterols and ketones (Pietrocola et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi, as it discusses the metabolic processes related to citrate and acetate in eukaryotic cells without mention of ants or fungal farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian Phase-of Bright Light, Exercise, and + ExerciseDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 2. 5-day protocols. Participants followed a 3-h ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, involving wakefulness in dim light for 2h, followed by attempted sleep in darkness for 1 h, repeated throughout each protocol. On night 2 of each protocol, participants received either (1) bright light alone (5,000 lux) from 2210–2340 h, (2) treadmill exercise alone from 2210–2340 h, or (3) bright light (2210–2340 h) followed by exercise from 0410–0540 h. Urine was collected every 90 min. Shifts in the 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) cosine acrophase from baseline to post-treatment were compared between treatments. Analyses revealed a significant additive phase-delaying effect of bright light + exercise (80. 8 ± 11. 6 [SD] min) compared with exercise alone (47. 3 ± 21. 6 min), and a similar phase delay following bright light alone (56. 6 ± 15. 2 min) and exercise alone administered for the same duration and at the same time of night. Thus, the data suggest that late night bright light followed by early morning exercise can have an additive circadian phase-shifting effect. Keywords:humansultra-short sleep wake cycle6-sulphatoxymelatoninadditive effectyoung adultsYear: 2016Page/10. 5334/jcr. 137Published on Feb 26, 20164. 0 everyday conditions, the circadian system is synchronized to the earth’s 24-h rotation to promote adaptation to the environment. Synchronization occurs through exposure to daily time cues (zeitgebers). However, malsynchronization between circadian timing and environmental demands is a common condition with numerous negative sequelae. For example, shift-workers, who comprise about 20 percent of the work force [1], suffer chronic sleep disruption, and an increased risk of cancer, depression, cardiovascular, endocrine, and gastrointestinal disease, and work-related accidents [2, 3, 4, 5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how bright light exposure can have a significant phase-delaying effect on circadian rhythms. It specifically mentions that 'the data suggest that late night bright light followed by early morning exercise can have an additive circadian phase-shifting effect,' which indicates that light is a key factor in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: SBSP could generate massive amounts of clean energy by capturing sunlight more efficiently than Earth-based solar panels. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current limitations and complexities involved in utilizing solar energy efficiently, indicating that traditional solar panels are becoming more prevalent but also highlighting challenges such as the lengthy manual calculations needed for sunlight analysis. This suggests that while there is potential in solar energy, including from renewable sources like SBSP, the text does not support the notion that SBSP is definitively more efficient than current Earth-based solar panels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: However, in contrast to citrate, acetate - once being part of the cytoplasm - can also enter the mitochondria through an as yet unknown mechanism, possibly just by diffusion (Cybulski and Fisher, 1977) where it can be converted to acetyl-coa by acetyl synthase (ACSS, aka AceCS), an enzyme produced both in the cytosol and the mitochondria (Fujino et al. , 2001). Mitochondrial acetyl-coa can then enter the TCA cycle and produce energy (ATP) directly (Pietrocola et al. , 2015; Fujino et al. , 2001). ants, several Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), an ACSS, an ACLY and an INDY plasma citrate transporter are known to be encoded by the ant genome (Nygaard et al. , 2011). The expression in workers of and ACSS has been verified, but INDY expression remains unknown. In termites, as much as 100% of the insects’ energy demands are covered by fermented acetate produced by the gut microbiome (Odelson and Breznak, 1983) suggested to be mediated by an active ACSS (O'Brien and Breznak, 1984). Figure 2—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Schematic representation of two ant fat body cells and the process of storing acetate in the lipids of the fat body cells. Arrows show metabolic processes where metabolites from the gut pass to the fat bodies for storage to be used in periods of nutritional stress when they are converted to high energy nutrients such as proline and triglycerol which are released in the hemolymph (reviewed in (Arrese and Soulages, 2010)). Considering that the midgut and ileum are sites that are both colonized by the EntAcro1 and where acetate is most likely produced (Figure 4—figure supplement 1), and that previous work has shown that epithelial cells are lining the gut and the surrounding fat body cells (Wigglesworth, 1972), it seems likely that gut epithelial cells and fat body cells absorb the acetate produced by EntAcro1. Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Absolute abundances of EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 and foraging substrate p10. 7554/eLife. 39209. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses metabolic processes in ants, particularly focusing on acetate and energy production, without mentioning anything related to the farming of fungi by ant species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Likewise, delayed sleep phase syndrome has been associated with sleep curtailment and a relatively high prevalence of depression [6] and obesity [7]. Conversely, improved circadian synchronization might prevent or attenuate associated health problems. Bright light is considered the most important zeitgeber. However, bright light has limited efficacy for many blind individuals [8], and it can elicit side effects, such as eye strain and headaches, as well as mania in individuals with a history of mania [9]. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative or adjuvant methods for shifting circadian timing. Rodent studies [10, 11, 12, 13] and human studies [14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19] have established that exercise can also have a significant circadian phase-shifting effect, and can facilitate entrainment to a shifted light-dark and sleep/wake schedule. Although it is generally assumed that the phase-shifting effect of exercise is far less potent than that associated with bright light, there is little empirical evidence supporting this assumption. On the contrary, we found that 1 h of moderately vigorous treadmill exercise in the late night/early morning elicited phase shifts that were approximately 1/3 of the shifts produced by 3 h of bright light (3,000 lux) [20], which was analogous to differences reported for phase-shifting effects of 1 h vs. 3 h of bright light [21]. Likewise, et al. [14] found approximately equivalent phase-shifting effects of 2. 5 h of exercise at 50% of maximum effort, equivalent to moderate walking for most people, and 3 h of bright light of 5,000 lux, which elicits approximately 90% of the phase-shifting effects of the brightest experimental light. Thus, it is plausible that vigorous exercise and bright light of equivalent duration and timing might have similar phase-shifting effects. In hamsters, a fascinating interaction between phase-shifting effects of light and exercise has been observed. Light and exercise antagonize each other’s phase-shifting effects when administered within a few hours of each other [22, 23, 24], but these stimuli can have additive or synergistic effects when separated by more than 4 hours [23, 25, 26]. Demonstration of a similar additive effect in humans could have considerable practical utility for rapidly shifting the human circadian system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of bright light as the most important zeitgeber in regulating circadian rhythms. Specifically, it highlights the interaction between phase-shifting effects of light and exercise while discussing the additive and synergistic effects of these stimuli on the circadian system. This supports the notion of light-sensitive proteins being crucial in the regulation of circadian rhythms, as bright light is a key regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of world governments have already agreed to launch SBSP systems to combat climate change. [SEP] Text: According to the examinations and assessments, it can be said that the efforts carried out by the central government will not be able to become fully effective and feasible in urban areas without the support and contribution of local governments in the process of adaptation to climate change. A similar situation applies to steps taken through cooperation at the international and national level. The 21st century has brought to the agenda the conditions in which cities compete. So it is clear that there can be no locally independent climate change governance. Climate change, Resilience, Local government, Sustainability, Urban planning. Kaynakça Anguelovski, I. , Carmin, J. (2011), “Something borrowed, everything new: innovation and institutionalization in urban climate governance”, in Environmental Sustainability, Elsiever, 3(3): 169-175. Aslan, M. M. , Bulut, Y. (2022), “İklim değişikliğine dirençli kentlerin oluşumunda yenilikçi yaklaşımlar: İklim değişikliği yönetişimi ve enerji verimli binalar”, Dergisi, 15(3):1023-1035. Balaban, O. , Özgür, B. , Sakar, B. (2021), “İklim değişikliği, göç ve yerel yönetimler”, Yerel Yönetişim ve Göç Dizisi II - Kitap 2. Balta, Ö. M. (2013). Kentsel risklerin planlama temelinde analizi ve dirençli kent planlama yaklaşımı. (Doktora Tezi) Gazi Üniversitesi Enstitüsü, Şehir ve Bölge Bilim Dalı, Ankara. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that climate change governance relies heavily on the support of local governments and cannot be effectively addressed solely at the central government level. The emphasis on the need for cooperation at international and national levels implies that there is no consensus or agreement among the majority of world governments regarding the implementation of SBSP systems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 012 Figure 3—source data 1 QPCR data for the absolute quantification of EntAcro strains in fungus-growing ants. From left to right: the names of samples and ant species, and the sampling characteristics and qPCR Ct values generated. Download elife-39209-fig3-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 3—source data 2 Merged ant foraging data used for our analyses of data originating from Sapountzis et al. (2015) and the present study. From left to right: the colony, the ant species, the foraging substrate, and the normalized counts of each piece of substrate recorded. Download elife-39209-fig3-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Analysis (PCA) capturing the covariances between attine ant species (colored dots) and foraging substrate p3. 97, p=0. 005, z = 3. 38, p=0. 045 and z = 3. 71, p=0. 015, respectively), while the non-leaf-cutting ants, which only have EntAcro10 (particularly S. amabilis and T. zeteki), forage significantly more on insect frass, dry wood and ‘other’ substrates (Tukey's post hoc, z = −5. 93, p<0. 001, z = −4. 84, p<0. 001 and z = −5. 24, p<0. 001, respectively). Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Correlation between the abundance of the EntAcro1 symbiont (expression of the EntAcro1 housekeeping gene ftsZ) and the activity of the predicted plasma-membrane Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 gene (MCT1) in the midgut and fat body tissues of Ac. echinatior workers. Both axes are logarithmic and express numbers of transcripts normalized relative to the expression of the housekeeping ant gene rpl7). Control ants were provided with their natural fungal diet, while manipulated nestmates were kept for seven days without a fungus garden but with access to a glucose/citrate solution with or without antibiotics. Values are means (±SEs) of 20 pooled workers replicated twice (technical replicates) across four colonies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. Instead, it discusses various data related to ant species and their foraging behaviors without making any specific statements about whether or not some ant species farm fungi for food. Consequently, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 12–47. 3 ± 21. 6+ Exercise0342 ± 1:111. 24 ± 0. 11Light: –4. 78 ± 1. 19EX: 1. 21 ± 1. 190503 ± 1:191. 31 ± 0. 10–80. 8 ± 11. 6 Figure 3 Phase delays in aMT6s acrophase were greatest with light followed by exercise. The bar graph contrasts the group mean (-SEM, n = 6) phase delay shifts observed in aMT6s rhythm 24-h cosine acrophases determined pre- vs. post-stimulation in the three treatments [(BL); Exercise (EX); and + Exercise (L+E)]. ANOVA revealed that the phase delay following L + E was significantly greater than that following EX. Other comparisons were not significant. ANOVA revealed no significant treatment by time interaction for phase shifts following Alone vs. [F(1, 5) = 0. 64, p = 0. 46]. The phase shift following + Exercise was marginally greater than that following Alone [F(1, 5) = 5. 50, p = 0. 07], and significantly greater than that following [F(1, 5) = 15. 21, p = 0. 01]. of the normalized data revealed a significant shift in the rhythm following + Exercise [interaction: F(15, 150) = 2. 61; p < 0. 01)], but not following Alone or (Figure 2). data suggest that late night bright light elicited a marginally greater circadian phase shifting effect than exercise of the same duration. Moreover, the data suggest that late night bright light followed by early morning exercise had an additive circadian phase-shifting effect. To our knowledge, this was the first human study to compare phase-shifting effects of bright light and exercise of precisely the same duration; the stimuli were also administered at the same time of day, and at similarly sensitive phase delay regions of the respective PRCs for bright light and exercise. The results suggest that bright light is a stronger zeitgeber than exercise. Nonetheless, the findings that elicited a mean aMT6s acrophase phase shift that was 84% of that following Alone, and that there were similar effect sizes associated with these shifts, contrast with conventional wisdom that bright light is far superior to any other stimulus for shifting the human circadian pacemaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that 'bright light elicited a marginally greater circadian phase shifting effect than exercise'. It supports the idea that light, as a stimulus, plays a significant role in regulating circadian rhythms, suggesting a direct relationship between light and the functioning of circadian mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: (a) Immunoblots of hippocampal synaptic membrane fractions from WT and Shisa7 KO mice (n = 4–5 each) do not reveal differences in abundance of AMPAR (MWU tests, GluA1, p=0. 421; GluA2, p=1. 000), NMDAR (GluN2a, p=0. 841; GluN2b, p=0. 841), PSD-95 (p=0. 841), TARP (γ−8, p=0. 841), Shisa9 (p=0. 421) or Shisa6 (p=0. 310), when expressed as fold change over WT samples. The signal was normalized to the total protein content. (b,c) To assess the quality of the glutamatergic synapse, the intensity of the 2 subunit was measured (example b; c; n = 10 wells, with five wells from two independent cultures). There was no genotype difference observed (DIV14, p=0. 759; DIV21, p=0. 919). Scale bars are indicated (b). For total protein loading used for normalization, see Figure 4—figure supplement 2. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Data as presented in Figure 4, but now with individual data points for WT (gray) and Shisa7 KO (red). (a) Immunoblots of hippocampal synaptic membrane fractions from WT and Shisa7 KO mice (n = 4–5 each) do not reveal differences in abundance of -95, TARP γ−8, Shisa9 or Shisa6, when expressed as fold change over WT samples. The signal was normalized to the total protein content. (b) To assess the quality of the glutamatergic synapse, the intensity of the 2 subunit was measured (n = 10 wells, with five wells from two independent cultures). Albeit that there was variation between cultures leading to a small increase or a decrease by genotype per plate, in neither comparison (culture) the factor genotype reached the set significance (t-test; DIV141, p=0. 057; DIV142, p=0. 054; DIV211, p=0. 156; DIV212, p=0. 101). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on immunoblotting and synaptic analysis of WT and Shisa7 KO mice without mentioning any experiments related to mice conditioned to fear or the passing of that fear to offspring. Therefore, there is no corroboration or contrast with the claim regarding genetic memory.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The correlation between the two transcript abundances was significant, with the first component of a PCA analysis explaining 91% of the variation. A non-parametric Spearman correlation analysis produced a similarly significant result (ρ = 0. 57, p<0. 001), but correlation tests between ftsZ transcripts and the expression of the other MCT-like genes present in the ant genome did not produce significant correlations (Supplementary file 6). Figure 4—source data 1 Expression data for the monocarboxylate transporter genes examined in our study. From left to right: the Ct values generated for the ten MCT- like genes using qPCR, the EntAcro-ftsZ and the RPL7 normalization genes, the sample names, the ant colony and the diet treatment the samples originated from. Download elife-39209-fig4-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Differential expression and importance of the four substrate utilization transporter genes of EntAcro1 that we analyzed. Expression was measured in the midgut and fat body compartment of Ac. echinatior relative to the hindgut, so we obtained log ratios for arginine, GlcNAc, citrate and glycerol transporters after dividing their deltadelta Ct values by the deltadelta Ct values of the ftsZ gene; see Materials and methods for each ant sample (presented with 95% confidence intervals across replicate samples based on the Pfaffl method; averages of two technical replicates across four colonies). These four transporters were selected because they mediate the catabolism of substrates that are known to be abundant in the gut lumen of fungus-growing ants (Figure 2). The fat body/midgut and hindgut compartments were examined because they have been identified as the major sites where EntAcro1 colonizes leaf-cutting ant tissues (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). The heatmap bar below the schematic representation of the ant compartments illustrates the pH gradient across the entire ant gut system and its associated organs (Erthal et al. , 2004). Although the overall levels of relative bacterial gene expression were not significantly different across compartments (fat body/midgut versus hindgut)(F = 0. 041, d. f. = 1, p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi as a food source. Instead, it discusses various gene expression analyses and transporters in ant tissues without mentioning any relationship to fungal farming behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Yet, the results are consistent with the results from other human studies suggesting comparable phase-shifting effects of bright light and exercise of similar durations [14]. These data suggest that the circadian phase-shifting effect of exercise in humans might be second only to that of bright light. Although it seems unlikely that low intensity (e. g. , <25% maximum capacity) and/or short bouts of exercise (e. g. , <15 min) would have analogous effects as demonstrated for dim light and short pulses of light [33, 34], these are empirical questions that should be tested. Understanding of the sensitivity of the human circadian system to light has evolved over 50 years involving dozens of studies with progressively greater experimental control. The judgment that bright light is a uniquely potent human zeitgeber might be attributed partly to a relative dearth of research focused on exercise and other zeitgebers. How exercise compares with bright light as a practical means of shifting the circadian system will require far more research. Undoubtedly, many individuals would find it more practical to use bright light than exercise. On the other hand, bright light treatment is less effective or appropriate for some individuals, and exercise might be preferable to light for shifting the circadian system in some situations, e. g. , following transmeridian travel in which it is less convenient to carry a light box. Further dose-response studies manipulating duration and intensity of exercise and light are needed to further address the practical utility of these stimuli. The optimum option for shifting the circadian system could be found in combining zeitgebers [35]. In our previous research, we found a modest non-significant additive phase-delaying effect of late night/early morning bright light combined with simultaneous exercise (shift of 68 ± 10 min) compared with bright light alone (20 ± 19 min) [36]. Consistent with hamster studies, the present study also suggests an additive effect of bright light and exercise when these stimuli are separated by a few hours. Based on the hamster model, our intent was to separate the bright light and exercise, yet also time these stimuli so that they both occurred at phase-delay regions of their respective PRC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the role of bright light as a potent zeitgeber for the circadian system, suggesting that light influences circadian rhythms. The mention of studies and the need for understanding the sensitivity of the circadian system to light supports the idea that light-sensitive proteins play a role in regulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: (a) Normalized EPSP amplitude (WT, n = 5 slices, n = 5 mice; Shisa7 KO, n = 6 slices, n = 6 mice mind that the last data point contains n = 5) binned during 5 minute intervals early after LTP induction (0–5’) and in the maintenance phase (20–25’, 25–30’) shows a significant genotype effect with individual data points indicated. (b) Enlarged examples of GluA1 surface staining (green; MAP, blue) from hippocampal neurons (WT, Shisa7 KO) after glycine-induced chemical LTP vs. non-stimulated as represented in Figure 6d (scale bar: 10 µm). (c) Normalized surface GluA1 boutons per µm dendrite after chemical LTP shows a significant genotype effect with individual data points indicated for data resulting from two independent experiments (batch 1, DIV16; batch 2, DIV14). Figure 7 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Deletion of Shisa7 specifically affects contextual fear memory. (a,c) Experimental set-up of measuring contextual fear conditioning memory (a,c), in which mice received a foot shock (US) in a specific environment (CS), and freezing was assessed upon re-exposure to the CS 2 hr, or 24 hr later to measure short term and long term contextual fear memory, respectively. (b,d) For Shisa7 KO mice, both a short term fear memory deficit (nWT = 8, nKO = 7; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001; (b), as well as a long term fear memory deficit (nWT = 9 nKO = 10; Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0. 001; (d) were observed. (e) Experimental set-up of measuring auditory fear conditioning memory, in which a 30 s tone co-terminated with a foot shock and memory was tested 24 hr after conditioning in a novel environment to measure generalization of fear (pre-tone), and the auditory fear memory in response to cue presentation (tone). (f) Auditory fear memory was not affected by genotype (nWT = 13, nKO = 12; (1,23)=0. 733 p=0. 401). Individual data is shown in Figure 7—figure supplement 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the deficits related to fear memory in Shisa7 knockout (KO) mice and does not provide evidence that mice can pass their fear memories to their offspring. While it details experimental setups for measuring fear conditioning memory and the observed deficits, it lacks information about intergenerational transmission of fear, which is central to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 8403) or the four examined genes separately (F = 2. 606, d. f. = 3, p=0. 068), the interaction term between the gene identities and the tissue types was significant (F = 3. 908, d. f. = 3, p=0. 017). Posthoc tests using planned contrasts showed that the arginine transporter was more highly expressed in EntAcro1 cells in the hindgut lumen (planned contrasts: z = 2. 09, p=0. 044), while the glycerol/DHA transporter was more highly expressed in EntAcro1 cells of the fat body/midgut compartment (planned contrasts: z = −2. 45, p=0. 019). However, Bonferroni correction rendered these differences non-significant (p=0. 177 for arginine and p=0. 078 for glycerol). The apparent ability of EntAcro1 symbionts to catabolize different substrates across a long stretch of the alimentary tract of attine ant workers (Figure 2) is likely to contribute to the robust persistence of EntAcro1 cultures under natural variation in nutrient availability. The production of NH3 by EntAcro1 (through arginine decomposition) allows bacteria to tolerate acidic conditions, which likely allows these bacteria to survive even when pH values in the Acromyrmex rectum drop to ca. 4 (Erthal et al. , 2004) and thus to continue their arginine decomposition services until they are deposited with the fecal fluid onto new fungus garden growth and die because conditions become aerobic (see text for details). Higher expression of the glpF in the fat body compartment suggests that EntAcro symbionts use glycerol/DHA (glpF can likely be used to import both glycerol and DHA (Monniot et al. , 2012) but EntAcro1 can only metabolize DHA, while EntAcro10 can only metabolize glycerol). Glycerol/DHA catabolism has been suggested to aid general survival of symbiotic bacteria in eukaryote cells (Joseph et al. , 2008; Sun et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. It primarily discusses the expression of genes in EntAcro1 cells and their role in metabolizing various substrates, without mentioning fungus farming or any connection to ants using fungi as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In our previous research using a similar ultra-short sleep-wake schedule, we found that the delay regions of the light and exercise PRCs in young adults were similarly timed, with observable delay shifts beginning about 9 h before the aMT6s acrophase and ending about 1 h after the acrophase. Generally, this timing predicts that phase delays for either light alone or exercise alone are probable from roughly 1900 h to 0500 h. Post-hoc assessments suggest that within the + Exercise treatment, the exercise stimulus fell in the phase-advance region of the exercise PRC for some participants, even if an immediate phase delay following the preceding bright light stimulus is assumed. It seems likely that greater average additive effects might have occurred had the exercise stimulus occurred in the next available wake interval of the ultra-short sleep wake cycle, at 0110–0240, i. e. , 3 h after instead of 6 h after the light stimulus. Future research should explore multiple different combinations of timing of bright light and exercise for shifting the circadian system. The study had several notable limitations. First the sample size was small, though this was partly mitigated by the within-subject design. Second, because the participants were young, healthy, and relatively physically active, the generalizeability of the findings to older individuals and to less active and healthy individuals is unclear. Hamster studies have shown that previously inactive animals show the most dramatic phase-shifting effects of exercise [10, 11, 12], which could be analogous to greater effects of bright light following adaptation to darkness [37]. Thus, conceivably, less fit/active people would respond equally well to exercise of shorter duration and/or lighter intensity. Third, the generalizability of the data can also be questioned since the exercise stimulus could not be managed by much of the population. Fourth, without a non-treatment control, we cannot make definitive inferences about the extent to which the observed delays are attributable to the experimental stimuli or the drift in circadian phase associated with the ultra-short sleep-wake protocol. Based on previous studies using the ultra-short sleep-wake cycle [27, 38], we would have expected the drift between initial and final circadian assessment to be approximately 30 min following each of the treatments. In summary, the data suggest similar phase-shifting effects of 90 min of bright light and 90 min of exercise, and an additive effect of 90 min of bright light followed by 90 min of exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of bright light on the circadian system, indicating that similar phase-shifting effects are observed from light and exercise treatments. This implies that light, a key regulator in circadian rhythms, affects the timing of these rhythms, supporting the notion that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: , 2012). The function of most of these direct AMPAR interactors is hitherto unknown, however, several have been identified as AMPAR auxiliary subunits, affecting trafficking, channel kinetics, surface mobility, and activity-dependent regulation of these receptors (Jackson and Nicoll, 2011; Straub and Tomita, 2012; Sumioka, 2013; Martenson and Tomita, 2015). The transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs)(Tomita et al. , 2003; Rouach et al. , 2005), the Cornichon homologs (CNIH-2 and CNIH3)(Schwenk et al. , 2009), Germ Cell-1-Like (GSG1L [Shanks et al. , 2012; Gu et al. , 2016]), SynDIG1 (Kalashnikova et al. , 2010), Porcn (Erlenhardt et al. , 2016), and the recently identified members of the Shisa family, Shisa9/CKAMP44 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Pei and Grishin, 2012; Karataeva et al. , 2014; Farrow et al. , 2015) and Shisa6/CKAMP52 (Klaassen et al. , 2016) all modulate AMPAR function in a unique manner. TARPs and cornichons decrease deactivation and desensitization rates of the activated AMPAR, and promote synaptic targeting. In contrast, GSG1L increases AMPAR deactivation and desensitization when overexpressed in HEK293 cells (Shanks et al. , 2012) and in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells of GSG1L KO mice (Gu et al. , 2016). This overexpression also reduces synaptic AMPAR expression and transmission (Gu et al. , 2016). proteins display a distinct profile of modulation of AMPAR expression, channel kinetics and activity-dependent regulation. Shisa9 and Shisa6 similarly slow AMPAR deactivation ex vivo in the dentate gyrus and CA1 (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010; Khodosevich et al. , 2014; Klaassen et al. , 2016), and both proteins slow the rate of recovery from desensitization in a heterologous expression system (Farrow et al. , 2015; Klaassen et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of AMPAR interactors and their modulation, with no mention of experiments related to mice, fear conditioning, genetics, or memory. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The almost equal expression of GlcNAc and citrate transporters across the pH gradient of the gut system (and its associated organs) suggests that EntAcro1 is using these substrates in Acromyrmex ants along the midgut, ileum and hindgut lumen, where the Mollicutes are similarly abundant (Sapountzis et al. , 2015). Figure 4—figure supplement 1—source data 1 Expression data for the bacterial transporter genes examined in our study. From left to right: the mean Ct values generated for the four transporter genes using qPCR, the EntAcro-ftsZ gene used for normalization, the ant colony, and the tissue the RNA material was extracted from. Download elife-39209-fig4-figsupp1-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 5 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset Organization of the arginine catabolism operon and two groups of bacteriophage-defense related genes (Type-I R-M and systems) in EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 and closely related Spiroplasma symbionts of other insect hosts. The tree on the left and the color-coded species names specify different types of association (as in Figure 1 with pink representing confirmed pathogenicity, light blue representing confirmed non-pathogenicity, and black indicating unknown but likely non-pathogenic; Supplementary file 4). Background colors highlight specialized host diets: fungus (gray), blood (red), nectar/pollen (yellow; mixed in deerflies hosting S. chrysopicola where males feed on nectar/pollen and females on blood) and unclear (white; food of Drosophila host is unknown but unlikely to be a specialized diet). Genes in each pathway have different shades of a single color and sizes of arrows and spaces between them are proportional to actual gene sizes relative to the 2 kb scale bar (bottom right). Gene orientations correspond to the direction of arrowheads and all genes are presented with their common names as identified by our RAST annotations (Supplementary file 3). Gene-arrows have a black outline when all core genes for a focal pathway are present, indicating it is functionally active. The asterisks for the Type-I R-M system in EntAcro1 and the system in the symbiont of S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ant species farming fungi. Instead, it discusses the expression of transporters in Acromyrmex ants and various gene-related data without mentioning fungal farming or the dietary habits of ants specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A behavioral method for accelerating re-entrainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles Nature 330: 273–373, DOI: Reebs, SG and Mrosovsky, N (1989). Effects of induced wheel running on the circadian activity rhythms of Syrian hamsters: entrainment and phase response curve J 4: 39–48, DOI: (1994). Nocturnal exercise phase delays circadian rhythms of melatonin and thyrotropin secretion in normal men Metab 266: E964–E974. and Liu, L (1995). Phase-shifting human circadian rhythms with exercise during the night shift 58(6): 1287–91, DOI: and Reilly, T (2002). Exercise does not necessarily influence the phase of the circadian rhythm in temperature in healthy humans J 20(9): 725–732, DOI: ’Hermite-Baleriaux, M, Turek, FW and Van Cauter, E (2003). Exercise elicits phase shifts and acute alterations of melatonin that vary with circadian phase 284: R714–R24, DOI: and Zee, PC (2003). Circadian phase-shifting effects of nocturnal exercise in older compared with young adults Physiol 284: R1542–1550. and Honma, KI (2001). Phase-advance shifts of human circadian pacemaker are accelerated by daytime physical exercise Physiol 281(1): R197–R205. ’Brien, PM and Huegel, GO (2001). Circadian phase-response curves for exercise and bright light 33: S178. DOI: and Zee, PC (2011). Light-induced changes of the circadian clock of humans: increasing duration is more effective than increasing light intensity Sleep 34(5): 593–9. Mistlberger, RE and Antle, MC (1998). Behavioral inhibition of light induced circadian phase resetting is phase and serotonin dependent 786: 31–38, DOI: Mrosovsky, N (1991). Double-pulse experiments with nonphotic and photic phase-shifting stimuli J 6: 167–179, DOI: Ralph, MR and Mrosovsky, N (1992). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides numerous references and studies that explore how light and other factors influence circadian rhythms. It indicates that light-induced changes have significant effects on the phase of the circadian clock in humans, corroborating the claim that light-sensitive proteins play a role in regulating circadian rhythms. For example, the citation about 'Light-induced changes of the circadian clock of humans: increasing duration is more effective than increasing light intensity' implies a direct relationship between light exposure and circadian rhythm regulation, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: In contrast, Shisa9 enhances the desensitization rate and reduces short-term facilitation of glutamatergic synaptic transmission (von Engelhardt et al. , 2010), whereas Shisa6 prevents AMPAR desensitization, thereby reducing short-term synaptic depression (Klaassen et al. , 2016). Recently, Shisa7/CKAMP59 was identified as AMPAR interacting protein by co-immunoprecipitation with GluA1 and GluA2 in HEK293 cells (Farrow et al. , 2015). Surprisingly, Shisa7 did not exert effect on channel kinetics, unlike Shisa6 and Shisa9. Whether Shisa7 has a functional role in glutamatergic synapses and behavior that depends on glutamatergic synaptic transmission is not known. Here, we find that Shisa7 displays strong synaptic enrichment and colocalizes with the AMPAR. We reveal that Shisa7 directly associates with AMPARs within native hippocampal protein complexes, independent of AMPAR subunit composition. By creating transgenic animals lacking the Shisa7 protein, we find that Shisa7, unlike shown for Shisa9, is important for hippocampal glutamatergic synaptic plasticity as well as contextual memory. Results Shisa7 shares high structural similarity with the established AMPAR-associated proteins Shisa6, and Shisa9 (Figure 1a). Real-time PCR showed abundant expression of the Shisa7 gene in the mouse brain, where it is expressed with a profile similar to AMPAR genes Gria1 and Gria2 during postnatal development (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). In situ hybridization analysis (Atlas; Figure 1—figure supplement 1) revealed widespread expression in the whole brain, except for the cerebellum, with high expression in cortex, striatum, amygdala and hippocampus CA1-3 and dentate gyrus, as was shown previously (Farrow et al. , 2015). A Shisa7 knockout (KO) mouse was generated, which confirmed the specificity of the Shisa7 antibody (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Immunoblotting with this antibody showed highly enriched expression of Shisa7 in the cortex, as well as expression in striatum and hippocampus (Figure 1b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it does not address the concept of fear conditioning or the potential for genetic memory transmission in offspring. Instead, it discusses the role of Shisa proteins in glutamatergic synaptic transmission and their involvement in hippocampal memory, which is unrelated to the claim about mice passing fear through olfactory conditioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: syrphydicola indicate that the gap between the two arrows is not proportional to the scale bar but much wider. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Phylogeny of all amino acid transporters in Saccharomyces, Agaricus bicolor, Coprinopsis cinerea, Schizophyllum commune and the Leucogaricus symbionts of Atta, Acromyrmex and C. costatus. Green and blue branches are Leucogaricus transporters, black are transporters documented for other multicellular basidiomycetes and unicellular Saccharomyces. fungal cultivars have a gltA gene that mediates the accumulation of environmental ammonium (Aylward et al. , 2013; Macheda et al. , 1999), their genomes appear to lack genes encoding the specialized Alp1 and Can1 proteins (red), which normally import arginine into fungal cells. This deficiency may have been instrumental in establishing metabolic complementarity between Mollicutes symbionts and the fungal cultivar, because the EntAcro-symbionts would catabolize excess arginine derived from the ants’ fungal food and possibly also from ingested plant sap as arginine may function as nitrogen-storage molecule in plants (Winter et al. , 2015). This would imply that the ants gradually increase the gut-lumen ratio of NH3 to arginine from the midgut to the hindgut to ultimately release any excess nitrogen in a readily available form when they manure their fungus gardens. This hypothesis is somewhat challenged by the fact that closely related free-living basidiomycete fungi (Agaricus bicolor, Coprinopsis cinerea, Schizophyllum commune) also lack the genes encoding the specialized Alp1 and Can1 proteins, so this deficiency is not directly associated with life as a domesticated crop. It also appears possible that basidiomycete hyphae can import arginine, shown in a study of Agaricus bicolor (Kersten et al. , 1999) that suggested the generic Gap1 protein (orange) can be used as alternative transporter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. Instead, it discusses amino acid transporters, metabolic relationships between symbionts, and specific genetic deficiencies in fungi. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about ants and their farming behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Behavioral inhibition of circadian responses to light J 7: 353–359, DOI: Mrosovsky, N and Salmon, PA (1987). A behavioural method for accelerating re-entrainment of rhythms to new light-dark cycles Nature 330: 372–373, DOI: Reebs, SG and Mrosovsky, N (1989). Large phase-shifts of circadian rhythms caused by induced running in a re-entrainment paradigm: the role of pulse duration and light J [A] 165: 819–825, DOI: and Rex, KM (2007). Circadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and men J 5: 4. DOI: Horne, JA and Ostberg, O (1976). A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms Chronobiol 4: 97–110. and Brown, GK (1996). Manual for the Inventory-II In: San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. and Hellman, L (1974). Effects of a prolonged 3-hour sleep-wake cycle on sleep stages, plasma cortisol, growth hormone and body temperature in man J Metab 38: 1018–1030, DOI: and Youngstedt, SD (2010). Circadian rhythms of psychomotor vigilance, mood, and sleepiness in the ultra-short sleep/wake protocol 27: 161–180, DOI: and Cooney, RN (2003). Validation of several established equations for resting metabolic rate in obese and nonobese people J Assoc 103(9): 1152–9, DOI: (2000). Sensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526: 695–702, DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2012). Human responses to bright light of different durations J Physiol 590(Pt 13): 3103–3112, DOI: Crowley, SJ and Eastman, CI (2015). Phase advancing human circadian rhythms with morning bright light, afternoon melatonin, and gradually shifted sleep: can we reduce morning bright-light duration? 16: 288–297, DOI: and Elliott, JA (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to circadian rhythms and their responses to light. It mentions the role of light in influencing circadian rhythms, particularly through mechanisms such as melatonin phase resetting and suppression, which indicates that light-sensitive proteins are indeed involved in regulating these rhythms. Although the text includes numerous study citations and detailed processes, the central theme aligns with the claim regarding the regulation of circadian rhythms through light.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: 001, Figure 6e; Figure 6—figure supplement 2). In line with the electrophysiological data, in Shisa7 KO neurons the number of surface GluA1 spots was not increased, suggesting that recruitment of AMPARs at the surface was hampered (MWU test, p=0. 894, Figure 6e; Figure 6—figure supplement 2). Shisa7 KO mice show impaired contextual fear-conditioned memory Because Shisa7 is important for initiation and essential to maintain LTP, we tested whether hippocampus-dependent learning is affected by analyzing contextual memory for an aversive stimulus (0. 7 mA, 2 s shock). Two separate groups were tested, one in which expression of memory in terms of freezing behavior was assessed shortly after conditioning (2 hr), and one assessing long-term memory (24 hr). Shisa7 KO mice showed a deficit in memory expression both at 2 hr (WT (n = 8): 45. 3 ± 2. 9%; KO (n = 7): 14. 0 ± 2. 86%; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001), and at 24 hr after conditioning (WT (n = 9): 33. 0 ± 5. 2%; KO (n = 10): 9. 2 ± 1. 8%; MWU test, p<0. 001) (Figure 7a–d, Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Figure 7 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Deletion of Shisa7 specifically affects contextual fear memory. (a,c) Experimental set-up of measuring contextual fear conditioning memory (a,c), in which mice received a foot shock (US) in a specific environment (CS), and freezing was assessed upon re-exposure to the CS 2 hr, or 24 hr later to measure short term and long term contextual fear memory, respectively. (b,d) For Shisa7 KO mice, both a short term fear memory deficit (nWT = 8, nKO = 7; unpaired t-test, p<0. 001; (b), as well as a long term fear memory deficit (nWT = 9 nKO = 10; Mann-Whitney U-test, p=0. 001; (d) were observed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of Shisa7 KO on contextual fear memory in mice, stating that these mice show deficits in both short-term and long-term fear memory expression. It does not support the idea that fear can be passed to offspring but instead focuses on the immediate impacts of gene deletion on the ability of the mice to remember fear conditioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: However, even if Leucoagaricus, and other fungi of the same clade, can utilize arginine, this would only happen if preferred nitrogen sources such as glutamine and ammonia (Ahmad et al. , 1990; Abril and Bucher, 2004) are absent which does not seem very likely to happen, because an earlier study showed that the fecal droplets contain a mixture of allantoin, ammonia and most aminoacids (Martin and Martin, 1970). Figure 5—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset KEGG metabolic reconstructions based on the intact genes present in the Acromyrmex, Solenopsis, Apis mellifera and Anopheles gambiae genomes, together constituting the urea cycle. The gray arrow shows the absent gene (in all four insect genomes) and the purple arrows connect genes that other insect genomes have intact but are lacking in the attine ants. Black arrows connect genes that are present in all genomes examined. The asterisk shows that the gene encoding the enzyme that converts citruline to L-arginosuccinate is present but has been pseudogenized in attine ants. While several insects can make arginine from citrulline and aspartate, the attine ants do not have this option because they lack an arginosuccinate synthase and an arginosuccinate lyase (Nygaard et al. , 2016; Nygaard et al. , 2011). These two genes catalyze the reaction of aspertate and citrulline to arginosuccinate, which in turn produces arginine and fumarate. The produced arginine can then be decomposed again to citrulline and possibly re-initiate arginine biosynthesis. It is unclear whether having an arginosuccinate synthase and an arginosuccinate lyase makes a difference in overall arginine biosynthesis efficiency, because the urea cycle is incomplete in all ants. Similarly, honeybees and mosquitoes are known to synthesize arginine themselves from protein turnover, but functional data have shown that they also need to acquire this amino acid from their diets in order to have normal development and reproduction (de Groot, 1952; Vrzal et al. , 2010; Uchida, 1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi; instead, it discusses the biochemical processes of arginine synthesis in various insects, including attine ants. This subject is unrelated to the farming of fungi as a food source, resulting in a determination of irrelevance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Magel2, a Prader-Willi syndrome candidate gene, modulates the activities of circadian rhythm proteins in cultured cellsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-9-12Submitted on Oct 17, 2011Accepted on Dec 30, 2011Published on Dec 30, 20114. 0 Introduction Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder featuring neonatal failure to thrive, hyperphagia leading to obesity, growth hormone deficiency, and other findings [1 - 3]. About 80% of affected individuals suffer from sleep-wake cycle disturbances, typically characterized as excessive daytime sleepiness, with night or early morning waking [4]. These clinical findings implicate hypothalamic dysfunction in PWS, but the pathophysiology of this disorder remains poorly understood, in part because at least five genes are inactivated in typical affected individuals. We identified MAGEL2, a member of the necdin/MAGE protein family, as a candidate gene for some features of PWS [2,3]. In adult mice, Magel2 expression is restricted to the nervous system, with the majority of Magel2-positive neurons located in the hypothalamus [5]. Within the hypothalamus, Magel2 is primarily expressed in the paraventricular nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is the circadian rhythm generating center of the brain [6]. Within the SCN, Magel2-positive neurons overlap with neurons expressing arginine vasopressin in the dorsal SCN, which modulate circadian rhythm and conduct circadian output signals to target organs and other areas of the brain. Using running wheel activity monitoring, we previously found that gene-targeted Magel2-deficient mice had reduced and more fragmented total activity, with a diminished circadian amplitude [7]. They also had more activity during the subjective day compared to wild-type mice, but had a normal circadian period. We also discovered progressive infertility in these mice, with irregular estrus cycles in female mice that mimic those seen in other circadian mutant mice [8,9]. These and other findings of endocrine disruption [10] support a role for loss of MAGEL2 in the hypothalamic disruption observed in PWS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of MAGEL2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is identified as the circadian rhythm generating center of the brain. This aligns with the understanding that circadian rhythms involve light-sensitive proteins, as the SCN is crucial for modulating these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: Upon presentation of the tone, both KO and WT mice showed increased levels of freezing (WT: 31. 7 ± 6. 6%; KO: 41. 3 ± 8. 8%; Figure 7e,f) (factorial repeated measure ANOVA for switching on the tone, F(1,22)=27. 80; p<0. 001), with no genotype difference (F(1,22)=0. 98; p=0. 334), and lack of tone x genotype interaction (F(1,22)=0. 47; p=0. 500; Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Finally, Shisa7 KO mice were tested in several anxiety-related tasks, such as open field, elevated plus maze and dark-light box, in which no significant genotype effect was observed (Figure 7—figure supplement 2). Thus, we conclude that mice lacking the Shisa7 protein show reduced acquisition and expression of a contextual fear memory, but no difference in auditory fear learning or anxiety. identified Shisa7 as part of native hippocampal AMPAR complexes with unique characteristics compared with the Shisa9 and Shisa6 members of this protein family (Figure 8; Supplementary file 1 [Klaassen et al. , 2016]). Physical association of Shisa7 with the pore-forming GluA proteins modulates receptor properties in vitro by increasing AMPAR desensitization, lowering the steady state current and slowing down recovery of desensitization. Ex vivo, gene deletion of Shisa7 affects rise and decay time of spontaneous and stimulus-evoked AMPAR currents in the hippocampus. Shisa7 displays a strong biochemical enrichment and localization at the post-synaptic density, and interacts with the scaffold protein PSD-95. Lastly, Shisa7 is likely involved in experience-dependent changes in synaptic AMPAR expression, as AMPAR recruitment during LTP as well as hippocampus-dependent expression of associative memory are strongly affected in Shisa7 KO mice. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Schematic representation of effects on AMPA type glutamate receptors by Shisa family members and TARP γ−8. The effect is depicted for different AMPAR kinetic parameters measured in heterologous expression systems (HEK293 cells or oocytes; open ovals), or ex vivo in hippocampal slices (filled ovals). Additional modulatory properties and 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the effects of the Shisa7 protein on contextual fear memory, auditory fear learning, and synaptic properties in mice, without addressing the topic of fear conditioning related to smells or the transmission of fear to offspring. It elaborates on genotype differences and anxiety tasks, but none of this information supports or contrasts with the notion of genetic memory in relation to fear of smells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: However, the crucial issue for our present study is that lack of arginosuccinate synthase and lyase implies that the attine ants cannot recycle arginine because they cannot synthesize it from citrulline and aspartate like the other insects. This inability would potentially induce substantial waste of nitrogen because arginine is the most nitrogen-rich amino acid in existence. Because the fungal cultivar has a complete arginine cycle (Licht et al. , 2014). It seems likely that the fungal diet provides the attine ants with not only sufficient, but also periodically too much arginine in their gut lumen and the adjacent organs, so that the benefits of recycling this excess provided an endosymbiotic niche to Mollicutes bacteria and allowed them to offer an important mutualistic function to the entire farming symbiosis. Figure 5—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Overview of the potential metabolic complementarity, inferred by our genomic reconstruction, between fungus-growing ants, their fungal cultivar, and their EntAcro symbionts. Dotted arrows show putative exchange of substrates among the mutualistic partners and small gray arrows inside the ant body represent compounds that can be used by the ants. Colored arrows (the same as in Figure 2) represent putative metabolic byproduct conversions by EntAcro symbionts. Text in italics highlights key processes that contribute to the suggested metabolic complementarity with respect to nutrient exchange. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Summary statistics of the metagenomic sequencing of the endosymbiotic Mollicutes EntAcro1 and EntAcro10. Following the assembly, contigs were separated into phylogenetic bins, which are presented in each column. (A) Sequencing statistics, annotation and completeness assessment using the BUSCO orthologs. (B) Total numbers of predicted coding sequences (CDS) that gave top matches with different bacterial classes for EntAcro1. (C) Comparable data for the EntAcro10 bins. In both data sets, ‘A’ bins were the ones that contained contigs with clear similarities to Mollicutes, while ‘B’ bins mostly represented sparse contaminants, and the ‘C’ bin (only EntAcro1) contained sequences that belonged to bacteriophages of the family Microviridae (see text for details). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ant species farming fungi. It primarily discusses the metabolic processes involving arginine recycling in attine ants and their associated fungal cultivars. While it touches on the relationship between ants and fungi, it does not directly support or refute the claim regarding ants farming fungi for food.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, the manner in which Magel2 normally contributes to the maintenance of circadian rhythm in hypothalamic neurons has not been explored. The expression of many genes in the SCN follows a circadian cycle, such that different groups of genes have peaks of high expression at specific times of the 24-hour day. Within each cell, a roughly 24-hour cycle of gene expression is driven by a transcription translation feedback loop that results in the periodic transcription of a set of genes, the clock-controlled genes. This loop is driven by the activity of a heterodimer of two bHLH (basic helix-loop-helix) transcription factors, Clock and Bmal1. Clock and Bmal1 heterodimerize to activate clock-controlled genes, typically acting through E-box elements in the target promoters [11]. These target genes include those of the Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) families. The proteins encoded by the Per and Cry genes accumulate, then heterodimerize and feedback to inhibit the activity of Clock:Bmal1 and thus their own transcription, which reaches a nadir by the end of circadian night [12,13]. A delay in this negative feedback loop is introduced by the regulated post-translational modification and E3-ligase-mediated degradation of Cry and Per in the cytoplasm [14,15]. In a thorough examination of gene expression in the SCN of mice entrained to a 12 hour light-12 hour cycle dark, then released into darkness, 337 genes were found to have circadian expression in the SCN [6]. Among these, Magel2 was one of the most highly circadian genes identified, with Per2 also identified as expected. The peak of Magel2 expression is at circadian time (CT) 12-14, in the late light period, and the trough at CT24, a pattern that was verified by in situ hybridization in additional mouse SCN samples [6,7]. This expression peak is about 2 hours delayed from that of Per2, which has peak expression around CT10, whereas the peak of Clock:Bmal1 activity is around CT8 [16]. The circadian pattern of expression and the timing of peak expression suggest that, like Per2, Magel2 is a clock-controlled gene, although this has not been directly demonstrated. The physiological mechanism of action of Magel2 in the maintenance of circadian rhythm is unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the expression of clock-controlled genes, such as those from the Per and Cry families, follows a circadian cycle, suggesting a relationship between gene expression and circadian rhythms. It describes a transcription translation feedback loop involving proteins (Clock and Bmal1) that regulate the expression of these genes, indicating that proteins play a role in maintaining circadian rhythms, thus supporting the claim about regulation by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: Compared to WT littermates, Ccr5+/- mice showed increased freezing levels (Figure 1A, t(20) = 2. 37 p<0. 05, Student’s t-test); in contrast, baseline activity and shock sensitivity were normal in these mutants (Figure 1—figure supplement 3A), demonstrating that both the Ccr5 heterozygous and homozygous mutations result in enhanced contextual memory. Figure 1 with 4 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Ccr5+/- mice show enhanced memory in multiple memory tasks. (A) In a fear conditioning test given two weeks after training, Ccr5+/- mice showed enhanced contextual memory (WT n = 11, Ccr5+/- n = 11; *p<0. 05, Student’s t-test). (B) In a water maze probe test given after two days of training, Ccr5+/- mice spent significantly more time in the target quadrant than in the other three quadrants of the water maze. In contrast, WT mice did not search selectively for the platform (WT n = 14, Ccr5+/- n = 16; *p<0. 05, Two-way ANOVA with repeated measure). Heat maps below the bar graphs show the combined traces of the mice from each group during the probe test. (C) There was no difference between WT mice and Ccr5+/- mice in social training. In the social recognition test given 24 hr after training (7 min, a training time chosen to undertrain WT mice), Ccr5+/- mice, but not WT mice, spent more time exploring the novel OVX mouse (WT n = 14, Ccr5+/- n = 19; **p<0. 01, one sample t-test compared to 50%). Error bars indicate SEM. Figure 1—source data 1 Full names and MGI accession # of the 148 mutant strains in the reverse genetic memory screen (*Jax stock#: 370200; **Jax stock#: 370202). Download elife-20985-fig1-data1-v2. xlsx To determine whether the Ccr5+/- mutation also affects other forms of hippocampal-dependent memory (Kogan et al. , 2000; Riedel et al. , 1999), the mice were tested in the Morris water maze and social recognition tasks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of the Ccr5+/- mutation on mice and their memory performance in various tests, including fear conditioning and social recognition, without mentioning the intergenerational transmission of fear or the concept of genetic memory. While it details enhanced contextual memory in Ccr5+/- mice, it does not provide evidence for the claim that fear can be passed to offspring, thereby challenging the idea of genetic memory related to fear conditioning in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Following the results of the BUSCO analysis, we examined the complete genome sequence of the M. florum symbiont associated with plants (Baby et al. , 2013) using the same software, which gave the same numbers of genes as for EntAcro1. These results suggested that our ‘A’ bins represent proper draft genomes of single EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 strains. Download elife-39209-supp1-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 2 The 65 single-copy orthologs used in our phylogenetic reconstructrions as identified by Orthofinder based on 59 Mollicutes genomes, associated mainly with mammal, insect and crustacean hosts (see Materials and methods). Genome names are presented at the top of each column with the same identifiers as in the ensembly database ( NCBI accession numbers are given for all ortholog genes (rows) except for EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 where we used the RAST annotation identifiers. Download elife-39209-supp2-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 3 Differences in predicted coding sequences of the fungus-growing ant symbionts EntAcro1A and EntAcro10A and the genomes of closely related Spiroplasma strains associated with mosquito, honeybee and fly hosts that also have specialized diets. The main table (A) shows the predicted set of genes always present in EntAcro1A while at the same time overlapping with EntAcro10A (the 39 top rows) and to a variable extent also with the twelve other Spiroplasma strains (73 bottom rows). KEGG annotation, eggNOG functional and hierarchical categories, subcategories, subsystems and roles for the predicted genes, as defined by the RAST annotation server, are presented as columns while rows show presences and absences. EntAcro1A genes were sorted first for being shared or not with EntAcro10A, then with the mosquito-associated S. sabaudiense, S. diminutum, S. culicicola, S. taiwanense, then with the bee-associated S. melliferum and S. apis, and finally with the fly-associated S. atrichopogonis, S. chrysopicola, S. syrphidicola, and S. poulsonii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genome analysis and coding sequences related to various strains and hosts, without mentioning any ant species or their behavior in farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Many of the proteins targeted by E3 ligases are regulated by sequestration and proteosomal degradation in the cytoplasm, in some cases through their interactions with MAGE proteins [26,27,29,31,33]. With respect to core circadian proteins, the Skp1-Cullin-F box E3 ligase-associated proteins are implicated in the targeted degradation of Cry and Per proteins [14,15], but the RING protein associated with the complex, namely Rbx1/Roc1 [30], has not been yet been associated with a specific MAGE protein. Lastly, mice deficient for the MAGE gene Maged1 exhibit a short period circadian phenotype, but Maged1 itself is not circadian in its expression [34]. It was proposed that Maged1 normally cooperates with the orphan nuclear receptor Rorα to modulate the expression of circadian genes, including Bmal1. Altogether, these results suggest multiple ways in which MAGE proteins could act in a feedback loops that regulate the rhythmic activity of circadian proteins. The circadian profile of Magel2, the participation of MAGE proteins in the regulation of unstable proteins and transcription factors, and the circadian phenotype in the Magel2-null mice, together strongly suggest that Magel2 is involved in regulation of circadian rhythm. We therefore hypothesized that Magel2 could interact with core circadian rhythm proteins and modify their activity, acting to regulate either the transcriptional function or the subcellular localization of these proteins. We examined the effect of Magel2 on circadian rhythm proteins, in a heterologous expression system in tissue culture cells. We found that indeed Magel2 represses Clock:Bmal1 mediated transcription, and that Magel2 can interact with Per2 and with Bmal1. Interestingly, Magel2 co-localizes with Clock and Bmal1 in the cytoplasm, and with Per2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and Magel2 influences the subcellular localization of Bmal1 and Clock. These results lend support to the importance of Magel2 in the regulation of circadian proteins, as suggested from the circadian phenotype of Magel2-null mice. The previously described epitope-tagged expression plasmid for murine Magel2 (pcDNA4HisMaxXpressMagel2) is referred to as pXpress-Magel2 [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how various proteins, including Magel2, interact and affect the activity of circadian rhythm proteins such as Clock, Bmal1, and Per2. The findings that Magel2 represses Clock:Bmal1 mediated transcription and influences the localization of these circadian proteins highlight the regulatory role proteins play in maintaining circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Experiments have shown that mice conditioned to fear certain smells can pass this fear to their offspring, suggesting genetic memory might play a role. [SEP] Text: In contrast, cells from mice lacking CCR5 (Ccr5-/- mice) were not affected by V3 treatment at all, with higher probability of LTP (86% V3 vs 66% control, Figure 9F) and a similar magnitude of potentiation (186% V3 vs 182% control, Figure 9E). Similar effects of V3 treatment on plasticity were observed in hippocampal slices from WT mice and Ccr5 knockout mice. Analyses of hippocampal slices, that had been pre-incubated 1 hr with 200 pM V3 peptide, revealed Schaffer collateral fdeficits between 50 and 60 min post-TBS (theta burst stimulation) in WT (Figure 9G, t(14) = 2. 53, p<0. 05, Student’s t-test), but not from Ccr5+/- (Figure 9H, t(13) = 1. 74, p=0. 105, Student’s t-test) and Ccr5-/- mice (Figure 9I, t(12) = 0. 994, p=0. 340, Student’s t-test). These results demonstrate that V3 peptide causes LTP deficits both in barrel cortex and hippocampus. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Ccr5 knockout prevents gp120 V3 peptide induced long-term potentiation deficits both in hippocampus and in barrel cortex. (A) Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made from pyramidal cells in L2/3 of the barrel cortex of WT mice. When LTP was induced with a spike-timing dependent protocol, in control conditions the trace showed no significant potentiation, while V3 peptide treatment caused significant depression (n = 8 for both Control and V3; ***p<0. 001, Student’s t-test). (B) WT control cells showed equal proportions of and no change; In contrast, 7 out of 8 V3-treated cells showed LTD. (C) Cells from Ccr5+/- mice showed strong LTP under control conditions, while V3-treated cells show significantly reduced LTP (n = 8 for both Control and V3; ***p<0. 001, Student’s t-test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the effects of V3 peptide treatment on long-term potentiation (LTP) in mice, specifically mentioning the differences between wild type and Ccr5 knockout mice. It provides detailed results of experiments related to LTP deficits, which do not directly address any conditioning of fear or genetic memory. The findings about genetic factors affecting LTP in different mouse models do not support the claim regarding the transmission of fear through conditioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Presences of genes in strains documented or believed to be pathogenic are given in pink and presences in putatively mutualistic or commensal strains are given in light blue (same colors as in Figures 1 and 5). For strains without clear literature 10. 7554/eLife. 39209. 026 Download elife-39209-supp3-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 4 Symbiotic associations of the Mollicutes strains for which sequenced genomes were available for phylogenetic comparison with the focal EntAcro1 and EntAcro10 symbionts of the present study. From left to right: the 59 Mollicutes strain IDs for which a phylogeny was constructed (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 2) using the same identifiers as in the Ensembl database ( their most likely symbiotic associations (based on the available literature), their hosts, and previous studies that examined their symbiotic interactions. Download elife-39209-supp4-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 5 Primers used in the present study. From left to right: Primer names, the function of the gene targeted based on the RAST annotation, the target organism, the primer sequences from 5’ to 3’ and the annealing temperatures used for the qPCR. Download elife-39209-supp5-v1. xlsx Supplementary file 6 Correlation statistics for the association between the number of EntAcro1 cells and the expression of 10 MCT-like genes in the Ac. echinatior midgut and fat body tissues. From left to right we present for each gene examined: The protein ID in the Uniprot database ( the gene name and the gene ID based on the Ac. echinatior annotation, the predicted protein size, and the results of statistical analyses examining the correlation between expression of the bacterial ftsZ gene in midgut/fat body tissues and the expression of MCT-like genes. The significance of each correlation was first evaluated using a non-parametric Spearman correlation test (see Methods), for which we give ρ values, p values and Bonferroni corrected p values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention ants or their behavior in relation to farming fungi. Instead, it focuses on genetic associations and statistical analyses regarding Mollicutes strains without discussing any ecological interactions involving ants and fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: of Magel2 reduces Clock:Bmal1 heterodimer activity at the Per2 promoter Modulation of circadian rhythm by Magel2 could involve regulation of Clock:Bmal1-mediated transcription, which can be measured by ectopic expression of reporter constructs in tissue culture cells [38]. The reporter plasmid (mPer2-E2:Luciferase, mPer2:luc) containing a circadian E-box enhancer (E2) was activated 4. 5-fold by Clock:Bmal1, as expected (Figure 1, assay 2 versus assay 1). Co-expression of either Cry1 or Per2 repressed Clock:Bmal1-mediated activation of mPer2:luc (assays 3 and 4 versus assay 2). Co-expression of Cry1, a stronger repressor than Per2, decreased relative luciferase activity significantly below baseline (assay 1) levels, likely because Cry1 is also inhibiting the activity of endogenous Clock:Bmal1 on the mPer2:luc construct. In turn, Magel2 also significantly repressed activation by Clock:Bmal1 (assay 5 versus assay 2). Repression by Magel2 was intermediate in strength between that of the more repressive Cry1 and the less repressive Per2. These results suggest that Magel2 can act as a negative regulator of Clock/Bmal1-mediated transcription. Magel2 interacts with Bmal1 and Per2 We next tested whether Magel2 interacts with Bmal1 or Per2 by co-immunoprecipitating epitope-tagged proteins in transfected HEK293 cells (Figure 2). Protein lysates from cells co-transfected with pXpress-Magel2 and pHA-Bmal1 were immunoblotted to confirm the presence of both pXpress-Magel2 and pHA-Bmal1 in the appropriate samples (Figure 2A). We immunoprecipitated the same lysate with anti-HA antibodies (to immunoprecipitate Bmal1), then immunoblotted with anti-Xpress to detect Magel2. We only detected immunoprecipitated Xpress-Magel2 in the sample with co-expressed HA-Bmal1, and not in the sample transfected with empty vector control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of proteins, specifically Clock and Bmal1, in the regulation of circadian rhythms. It mentions that the modulation of the circadian rhythm by Magel2 involves the regulation of Clock:Bmal1-mediated transcription, further supporting the concept that light-sensitive proteins can influence circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists believe genetic memory is real but limited in scope, primarily affecting basic survival instincts rather than complex learned behaviors. Genetic memory allows humans to inherit knowledge and skills from their ancestors, such as languages, tools, and problem-solving techniques. [SEP] Text: 220 designated "Program Teachers", who are nominated by the to participate in the program; these are randomly assigned to Treatment 1 (SITT, 65), Treatment 2 (SITT-D, 65) or the (90). 220 randomly sampled math teachers, who regularly teach standard 4, standard 5, standard 6, or standard 7 classes. These allow us to measure within school spillovers. Sample size: planned number of observations 220 "Program Teachers", 220 additional teachers to measure spillovers. The math abilities of their students are also assessed, as we plan to exploit the conducted by NECTA in 2021 and 2022. While class sizes vary considerably and change at the start of new school years, we expect on average 40-50 students per teacher, i. e. about 8'800-11'000 students per wave. Sample size (or number of clusters) by treatment arms 65 teachers are assigned to Treatment 1 (SITT), 65 teachers are assigned to Treatment 2 (SITT-D) and 90 teachers are assigned to the control group. As we expect on average 40-50 students per teacher, we estimate to evaluate the direct effect on students' math abilities based on the results of 8'800-11'000 conducted by NECTA in 2020. Minimum detectable effect size for main outcomes (accounting for sample design and clustering) MDE_=0. 2 -- 0. 32 standard deviations. Calculations based on formula by Bloom (2007) and following parameter values: power=80%; alpha (level of significance)=0. 05; R-squared: 0. 5--0. 8 (based on empirical values in Brunetti et al. 2019, see RCT ID: -0004092); P (share of control units)=0. 58; n (total observations)=155. MDE_=0. 14 -- 0. 19 standard deviations. Calculations based on formula by Bloom (2007) and following parameter values: power=80%; alpha (level of significance)=0. 05; R-squared (between): 0. 13--0. 56; R-squared (within): 0. 16--0. 47; Rho (Interclass correlation)=0. 19--0. 20; P (share of control units)=0. 58; J (total clusters)=155; n (observations per cluster)=40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about a sampling and treatment design for a study involving math teachers and students, with no mention of genetic memory or the beliefs of scientists regarding it. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: as of from 1 and Ramalingappa B1* 1 Department of microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka, India *Corresponding Author(s): :ramalingappa. 88@gmail. com Received Date: Jan 02, 2024 Accepted Date: Feb 28, 2024 Published Date: Mar 07, 2024 DOI:10. 24966/FSN-1076/100178 food products, including bread, pastries, and cakes, are susceptible to fungal contamination. The presence of fungi in these products can affect their quality, shelf life, and safety. The isolation of fungi from bakery food products is a crucial step in ensuring the quality and safety of these bakery products. Various isolation methods, including direct plating, dilution series, filtration, and microscopic analysis, are used to identify and characterize fungal contaminants. Understanding the significance of fungal contamination in bakery products, including spoilage, mycotoxin production, allergenic reactions, and quality control, is essential for both the food industry and consumer safety. Fungi are prevalent in the environment and commonly isolated from bakery food samples. Microscopic characteristic of some toxin producing fungi are mainly defined by their conidia bearing structure. In most cases the structure is essential for rapid identification of species in the laboratory. In the present study, some toxin producing fungi isolated from bakery food samples were microscopically identified based on the characteristics. Microscopic observation was done by light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The fungi were identified as Aspergillus sp, Bipolaris sp, Alternaria sp, Penicillium sp. The results showed the preliminary identification of fungi. sp; Aspergillus flavus; Bakery food samples; Bipolaris sp; Light microscope; Penicillium sp; Scanning electron microscope food products are beloved by people all over the world for their delicious taste and wide variety. However, like all food products, there is a potential for contamination, which can compromise the safety and quality of these items. Certainly, bakery food refers to a wide variety of food products that are typically prepared in bakeries. These products are often baked, and they include both sweet and savory items. To mitigate the risk of contamination, bakeries should implement strict hygiene protocols, educate staff on proper food handling, maintain good sanitation practices, and regularly inspect their facilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ant species farming fungi as a food source. Instead, it focuses on fungal contamination in bakery products and isolation methods for fungi. There is no mention of ants or their relationship with fungi, making the text irrelevant to the claim.