Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: 2019). However, the best studied site of is the hydrothermal area in which was investigated at multiple sites by next generation sequencing (Antranikian et al. 2017; Fagorzi et al. 2019). Moreover, enrichment cultures on cellulose were performed and revealed a shifted community with high abundance of archaea and the presence of Paleococcus and Thermococcus species compared to the original samples (Antranikian et al. 2017). Surprisingly, the abundance of Thermotoga species which could not be detected in the original sample underlines the relevance of enrichment cultures for gaining substrate-specific enzymes from environmental samples. A culture-independent screening approach for novel enzymes was performed by Placido and coworkers. From metagenomic DNA of a shallow marine vent in Levante Bay, a fosmid library was constructed followed by an activity-based screening for lipases/esterases/lactamases, haloalkane and haloacid dehalogenases and glycoside hydrolases. The evaluation of positive clones revealed 200 enzyme-encoding genes with high biotechnological potential and elucidates the enzymatic diversity which is far from being fully explored (Placido et al. 2015). Even on the neighboring island of the Aeolian archipelago, hydrothermal vents are present. Maugeri and coworkers analyzed two vents on and came upon a complex microbial community composed of phototrophs and chemolithotrophs. Attempts to investigate the enzyme potential have not been done yet (Maugeri et al. 2009). Furthermore, in the very south of Italy is harboring the fumarolic field of with temperatures of up to 111. 6 °C. Two sampling sites were compared by next generation sequencing. Although the two sites were closely neighbored, their microbial communities differed significantly (Gagliano et al. 2016). These results demonstrate the microbial variety and enzyme potential for biotechnological applications of even closely neighbored sampling sites. GreeceDue to the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate, Greece harbors a variety of geothermal areas, most of them located along the coastal areas or in the form of shallow marine vents, and on islands in the (Duriez et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses various studies on microbial communities and enzymatic potential in hydrothermal environments without mentioning astrobiology or the specific relationship between extremophiles like Thermophiles and Martian life potential. There is no focus on Mars or its astrobiological implications, making the relevance to the claim cold.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: We found no correlation between the MWD and soil texture, BD, or bulk soil OC content (see R markdown file in the data repository). This suggested that factors other than soil properties determine differences in aggregate stability at the experimental site. The average MWD increase over fallow was slightly higher for CC mixtures (16 %) than for single CCs (12 %). Despite a partially large variability of the data (Fig. 2a), some CC species appeared to have a stronger effect at a specific soil depth than others. Clover significantly increased the MWD in the 0–10 cm increment, while phacelia increased the MWD in the 30–40 cm increment compared to the fallow (Fig. 2a). As both species are part of the mixtures, these trends can also be observed in the mixtures. Clover, however, was usually only a minor component in Mix4 (<1 %–5 % of the total root biomass, Heuermann et al. , 2019), and the effect in the 0–10 cm increment was not present in Mix4. Differences in root morphology between species at the sampling site are well documented in Heuermann et al. (2019) and might be one factor for differences in MWD between species. Clover has its maximum root biomass in the upper 20 cm soil depth, while phacelia can root approximately 70 cm and deeper. Clover also showed the highest root-to-shoot ratio of all CC treatments (Table S4 in the Supplement). In a recent study, total root length and root surface area correlated positively with aggregate stability, and it was shown that several different CCs led to higher aggregate stability in the topsoil (0–15 cm, Hudek et al. , 2022). Our models indicated that the largest differences in MWD (Fig. 2b) and particularly in GMD (Fig. S10b in the Supplement) between CC and the fallow occurred in the 20–30 cm soil layer. As the maximum cultivation depth during the experiment was 15–20 cm, this indicates that the layers below the cultivation depth benefit most from CC treatments. Soil cultivation and tillage have a strong impact on aggregate stability and soil structure, resulting in lower MWD (Obalum et al. , 2019) and lower connectivity of the pore network (Lucas et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of cover crops (CC) on soil structure, specifically the mention that certain CC species, such as clover and phacelia, had significant effects on the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates. It states that 'several different CCs led to higher aggregate stability in the topsoil (0–15 cm)', which supports the idea that cover crops contribute to improving soil structure. Additionally, it describes how root morphology differences among species affect aggregate stability, aligning with the claim that cover crops enhance soil health and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: , the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) for As and Cd are 10 and 5 μg/L, respectively, according to the drinking water quality standard of China (GB 5749–2006); however, millions of people, mostly in the developing world, still suffer from excess heavy metal uptake through contaminated water being used for drinking, cooking, and other domestic purposes10,11,12. As such, there is a need to develop a simple method that is effective for removing As and Cd from drinking water. Many advanced technologies have been developed for efficient heavy metal sequestration from drinking water, including adsorption13, ion exchange14, and membrane separation15. For example, Fe-modified mesoporous carbon has been developed for the efficient removal of As (V) from water16. Microporous stannosilicate AV-6 has been reported as an efficient ion-exchange material for Cd removal17. The Ti3C2TX-ethylenediamine nanofiltration membrane showed comprehensive rejection rates higher than 93% for multiple heavy metals, including Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, and Pb2+18. Although these technologies are efficient for heavy metal sequestration, they rely on expensive materials and professional operations, such as the regeneration and disposal of used sorbents and ion exchange resins, control of biofouling, and replacement of membrane assemblies19. Traditional coagulation is still the most widely applied water treatment process in removing heavy metals from drinking water because it is simple and cost-effective20,21. Fe and Al reagents are the most frequently used coagulants in drinking water treatment22. By adding aluminum polychloride, zeolite, powdered activated carbon, and sodium hypochlorite to As(V)-contaminated tap water, the combined coagulation/adsorption process removed low concentrations of As(V) in the range of 25–100 μg/L with a removal efficiency of up to 85. 9%23. Ferrous sulfate was successfully used for the simultaneous removal of As(V) and chromate (Cr(VI)) from ground and surface waters; residual As(V) and Cr(VI) concentrations were both below 10 μg/L, from initial concentrations of 50 μg/L24. Organic coagulants, mainly polyacrylamide, were also used in heavy metal removal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that millions of people, particularly in the developing world, suffer from excess heavy metal uptake through contaminated water. This suggests inequality in access to clean drinking water, as the ability to provide such water is hindered by technological and economic barriers that are not equally accessible to everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Shallow marine vents provide a variety of thermal gradients and are rich in nutrients and minerals, located, among other sites, in the in the south-east of the island Milos in the (Fig. 7). First analyses of thermophilic bacterial consortia around shallow marine vents in the started in 1999 with a cultivation-based approach and molecular methods such as DGGE analysis of amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments (Sievert et al. 1999). The first isolated microorganisms of said shallow marine vent system were the hyperthermophilic archaea Thermococcus aegaeicus and Staphylothermus hellenicus growing optimally at 90 °C and 85 °C, respectively (Arab et al. 2000). Furthermore, Sievert and Kuever isolated the thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfacium hydrothermale from heated sediment of the same shallow marine vent system (Sievert and Kuever 2000). Fig. 7Location of geothermal areas and hot springs in GreeceFull size imageGreece is a country rich in terrestrial hot springs, although most exhibit temperatures below 50 °C. hot spring on the island of Lesvos has been investigated for its microbial diversity at temperatures of up to 89 °C (Kormas et al. 2009; Mizerakis et al. 2017). The archaeal community consisted of only two phylotypes, Crenarchaeota (93. 9% dominance) and Archaeoglobus fulgidus, while the most abundant bacterial phylotype was identified as Hydrogenophilus thermoluteolus (Kormas et al. 2009). At the outflow of Polichnitos hot spring, 16S rRNA gene analysis revealed bacterial species commonly detected in hot springs (Mizerakis et al. 2017). However, strains related to species never observed in hot environments but in marine habitats were identified as well, indicating a unique bacterial community. Bacterial and archaeal diversity have also been investigated at Edipsos hot spring by sequencing the 16S rRNA encoding genes, resulting in the dominant archaeal phylotype Crenarchaeota (43. 2%) and dominant bacterial phylotype Persephonella hydrogeniphila (61. 9%) (Kormas et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about the discoveries of thermophilic bacteria and their ecological settings but does not directly address the study of extremophiles, such as thermophiles, in relation to astrobiology or Mars. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim but rather is irrelevant to the specific topic of astrobiology's interest in extremophiles for understanding life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Plant activity, on the other hand, has been demonstrated to establish stable and connected biopore systems within 6 years (Lucas et al. , 2019). Here, we demonstrate that, 6 years after the last ploughing to 30 cm depth (see Sect. S1 in the Supplement), the incorporation of CC resulted in a faster improvement of MWD and GMD in comparison to fallow treatments. Therefore, reduced soil cultivation can be even more beneficial for soil structure amelioration if CCs are incorporated into the crop rotation. The significantly higher MWD and GMD values of Mix12 at 20–30 cm might indicate additional benefits for aggregate stability when more biodiverse CC mixtures are grown. Apart from root morphology, the quality and quantity of root exudates and plant litter (root and shoot) can be quite different between CC plant species. The metabolite profiling of the four single CCs at the sampling site revealed that every plant species showed a characteristic pattern of chemical compounds that are released into the soil (Heuermann et al. , 2023). In particular, secondary metabolites with signalling functions were closely related to certain plant species. For example, the presence of phenylpropanoids, which regulate interactions between plants and their microbial associations, was largely confined to clover (Heuermann et al. , 2023). The authors found various plant-specific secondary metabolites with functions for improving iron availability: as chemotactic agents for microbes, as plant-microbial signalling, as signals in plant–plant communication, as allelochemicals, as biotic defence, or as nitrogen sources for neighbours. Also the total carbon in field root exudates differed strongly between CCs and was highest for phacelia. Plants shape the microbial community in their rhizosphere by the composition of their root exudates (Reinhold-Hurek et al. , 2015; Ulcuango et al. , 2021). Root biomass and root exudates are linked to higher fungal and bacterial biomass (Eisenhauer et al. , 2017). The study of Thapa et al. (2021) indicated that CCs resulted in a 41 % greater fungal community than the fallow. But also the fungal community composition and their functional traits are strongly affected by the CC type (Cloutier et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that cover crops (CCs) can enhance soil structure and organic matter. The incorporation of cover crops is shown to lead to a faster improvement of mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD), which are indicators of soil structure stability, compared to fallow treatments. Additionally, the study mentioned indicates that lesser soil cultivation combined with cover crops can be even more beneficial for ameliorating soil structure, suggesting that cover crops play a significant role in improving soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 3% Cd2+ can form the only stable precipitation as Cd4(OH)6SO4 at pH 5, 7 and 9, respectively. Additional experimental results indicate that no precipitate was formed between As and Cd at the present conditions (9). In a comparing experiment, preformed CaC2O4 solid, K2C2O4 solution, and K2TiO(C2O4)2 solution were added to tap water spiked with 50 μg/L Cd, respectively. As shown in 10, there was no significant difference in Cd concentration between control and CaC2O4 treatment, indicating preformed CaC2O4 can’t effectively adsorb Cd2+. Importantly, in situ formed CaC2O4 (K2C2O4 treatment) precipitated 40% of Cd2+, and K2TiO(C2O4)2 precipitated 98% of Cd2+, suggesting occlusion with in situ formed CaC2O4 and electrostatic adsorption by negatively charged Ti(OH)4 maybe the two main pathways of Cd2+ removal by K2TiO(C2O4)2. Based on these results, a possible mechanism was proposed. After addition of K2TiO(C2O4)2 to drinking water, it hydrolyzes and reacts with the natural Ca2+ in water to form hydrous TiO2 (or TiO(OH)2) and crystalline CaC2O4 (Eqs. 1 and 2). As(III) and As(V) are adsorbed on the TiO(OH)2 p3. Coagulation using K2TiO(C2O4)2 consumes a part of the natural water hardness and releases healthy K+ as a byproduct. Thus, softened and healthy drinking water could be obtained. Heavy metal removal efficiency can be successfully predicted using a responsive surface function, which has potential applications in automatic or intelligent water treatment. In short, this study provides a candidate functional coagulant for the removal of multiple heavy metals from drinking water, which cannot be realized using existing Al or Fe salt coagulants. K2TiO(C2O4)2 may have potential applications in water treatment, alone or in combination with existing coagulants, to provide safer and healthier drinking water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of water treatment processes and the removal of heavy metals from drinking water. It implies that access to clean drinking water is not universally available as it highlights the need for specific treatments and solutions like K2TiO(C2O4)2 for improving water quality, suggesting that equal access may not be a reality for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Besides microbial diversity analyses of shallow marine vents and a few hot springs, research targeted more toward novel biocatalysts from these communities has not been performed until now. With its richness of microbial diversity, Greece harbors great potential for further investigation when it comes to extremozymes. Eastern Europeharbors many geothermal areas, often used as spas or energy sources. Except for Bulgaria and Romania, for the majority of these hot springs to our knowledge, no publication about the microbial diversity or potential biotechnologically relevant strains and enzymes is available. Hence, still harbors a great potential for the discovery of new industrially relevant biocatalysts. BulgariaOver 700 springs from about 140 natural deposits can be found in Bulgaria, with cold water springs in the North and warm or hot water springs located more toward the South of the country. The hyperthermal mineral waters in the Rhodopes mountains and in the valley of the rivers Struma and Mesta, the big Rupi basin (94. 2 ha) and 56 hot springs around Velingrad are among the most well-known terrestrial hot water sources in Bulgaria (Kambourova 2018). With more than 80 registered thermal springs of different geotectonic origin and physico-chemical properties, Bulgaria shows great potential for the discovery of novel thermophilic microorganisms and enzymes for industrial application (Ivanova et al. 2011). The starting point for research on thermophiles from Bulgarian hot springs was set in 1993 by the isolation of several thermophilic Bacillus strains with lipase or xylanase activity from samples of a hot spring in South-Fig. 8. rupiensis and Anoxybacillus bogrovensis isolated from the Rupi basin and Dolni Bogrov, further novel thermophilic bacteria were characterized in the early 2000s (Derekova et al. 2007; Atanassova et al. 2008). Fig. 8Major sampling sites of geothermal areas and hot springs in BulgariaFull size imageIn 2011, attention shifted more toward microbial diversity, and hence the unseen potential of hot springs in Bulgaria, since only a small fraction of microorganisms can be cultivated in the laboratory. While some studies focused primarily on archaeal diversity, others were studying the diversity of bacterial and archaeal consortia altogether (Ivanova et al. 2011; Stefanova et al. 2015; Strunecký et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses microbial diversity and potential biotechnological applications of thermophiles and extremophiles found in Bulgaria's hot springs, without mentioning Mars or astrobiology. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we suggest that the significantly higher impact of clover in the 0–10 cm layer was derived from the higher rhizosphere input and attraction of microbial mediators suitable for aggregate formation, such as fungi (A. Lehmann et al. , 2020). This might also explain the better performance of CC mixtures for aggregate formation compared to single species and the differences between CC treatments in the subsoil. Previous experiments at the same site showed higher photoassimilate C transport rates to the rhizosphere for CC mixtures, prolonged mean residence times of these compounds in the soil, and the connection to higher fungal activity compared to single CC (Gentsch et al. , 2020). Additionally, Baumert et al. (2018) found significant promotion of particular fungi by greater exudate release, which have the largest impact on macroaggregate formation in the subsoil. The OM chemistry that is incorporated into the soil plays an important role in the aggregation process. A recent meta-analysis indicated that plant residue amendments and the type of plant material have a strong positive impact on MWD (Husain and Dijkstra, 2023). In a study of different OM types, Sarker et al. (2018) used 13C NMR spectroscopy to evaluate the impact on MWD (referred to as the aggregation index in the study). The authors found that materials with high protein contents and low C:N ratios, such as alfalfa litter, showed a rapid positive response to MWD. With a similar approach, Halder et al. (2021) showed a positive correlation of MWD to alkyl and carbonyl C and soluble sugars that were highest in legume litter (alfalfa, vetch species) with low C:N ratios. Both of the former studies also showed that materials such as maize litter or wheat straw, rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, with wide C:N ratios but being poor in soluble fractions, had an intermediate but persistent response to MWD. Plant C:N ratios strongly correlate with the quantity of cellulose and hemicellulose in plant residues (Jensen et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that cover crops (CC), such as clover and other mixtures, enhance soil structure and organic matter through various mechanisms. It highlights how CC mixtures promote microbial activity and aggregate formation in the soil due to higher rhizosphere inputs and specific fungal activity. Additionally, it mentions studies that indicate the importance of organic matter (OM) chemistry and plant residues on soil aggregation, which is integral to improving soil structure. These findings directly align with the claim about the benefits of cover crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractRainfall variability and socioeconomic shocks pose a revenue risk for drinking water services in rural Africa. We examine the year-on-year and seasonal relationship between rainfall and remotely monitored water usage from rural piped schemes in four sub-Saharan countries to identify patterns that warn of a threat to operational sustainability. Continuous monitoring of socio-climatic interactions can reveal distributions and magnitudes of risk and guide policy action to safeguard rural water services. Similar content being viewed by others Comparative performance of rural water supplies during drought 1. 5 °C 1. Inadequate water supply persists in part due to climate variability that compounds financial and operational risks2. Fluctuating availability of rainwater sources influences domestic water demand, typically leading to a reduction in the volume of water households collect from other improved water sources during higher rainfall periods3,4,5. This behaviour can reduce revenue generated from user payments in the wet season with financial implications for operational sustainability of rural waterpoints6,7. Rainfall dynamics are intensified by ancillary events such as disease outbreaks that stress the low and variable incomes of rural households. For example, economic and travel restrictions enacted to prevent and limit the spread of COVID-19 have affected household livelihoods and ability to pay for water and sanitation services8. Response measures such as providing free water to vulnerable populations and suspending service disconnections resulting from lack of payment in urban areas have led to as much as 70% reduction in revenue collection from utility customers9. It is difficult to anticipate when, where, and how shocks will converge to threaten viability of rural drinking water services because cost, complexity, and timeliness often prevent the measurement of direct indicators. However, analysis of the interactions between socioeconomic and climatic variables that are readily available can signal relative susceptibility while accounting for spatial heterogeneity10. Emerging evidence demonstrates data from in situ waterpoint sensors and from global rain gauge and satellite observation systems can be leveraged to predict drought, famine, and groundwater depletion11,12,13,14. It may be possible to synthesise these data to generate warning signals of revenue risk for rural water supplies. We explore how year-on-year and seasonal changes in rainfall and metered water usage can be interpreted to anticipate a revenue risk for rural drinking water services arising from the convergence of socioeconomic and climatic shocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges faced by rural areas, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, regarding access to clean drinking water. It highlights how rainfall variability and socioeconomic shocks affect water services, indicating that such disruptions lead to unequal access. The mention of inadequate water supply, especially during droughts and the impact of economic factors on the ability to pay for water services suggests that geography significantly influences access to water, thus rebutting the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: With a culture-independent approach, archaeal diversity of a hot spring near the city Valvara in South-was investigated by 16S rRNA gene analysis. 35 archaeal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, belonging to three archaeal phyla with the majority (23) affiliating to Crenarchaeota. The bacterial and archaeal diversity in two geographically separated hot springs Levunovo and Vetren Dol, South Bulgaria, was investigated by Stefanova and coworkers by sequencing the 16S rRNA and GH-57 genes of the samples. The archaeal diversity was shown to be significantly higher in the hotter spring Levunovo (82 °C) with 28 sequence types belonging to five archaeal groups from Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota, while bacterial diversity was higher in the hot spring (68 °C) (Stefanova et al. 2015). Thermophilic isolates were specifically chosen for their ability to metabolize specific carbon sources such as xylan, gellan, and other carbohydrates, since at temperatures above 60 °C carbohydrate solubility is high and viscosity of the reaction mixture is reduced (Emanuilova et al. 2000; Derekova et al. 2006, 2008). The first approach was to screen samples from hot springs for microorganisms with a specific enzymatic activity through cultivation-based methods. Emanuilova and coworkers found lipase, as well as xylanase producing Bacillus sp. using this approach (Emanuilova et al. 1993, 2000). Derekova and coworkers were using samples from various hot springs in Bulgaria for diversity analyses and screening for carbohydrases simultaneously (Derekova et al. 2008). A gellan lyase and a superoxide dismutase were produced by Geobacillus stearothermophilus from Sapareva banja hot spring and Bacillus licheniformis from Dolna banja hot spring, respectively (Derekova et al. 2006; Boyadzhieva et al. 2010). Bulgaria is a country rich in geothermal areas that have been investigated for diversity and valuable enzyme producing isolates as well. Nevertheless, further investigation utilizing sequence-based approaches in combination with the already used culture-based approaches can bring out the full potential of these microbial communities and their enzymes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiologists and the study of extremophiles like Thermophiles in the context of Mars. Instead, it focuses on the diversity and enzymatic activity of archaea and bacteria in hot springs in Bulgaria, which is not directly related to the claim about astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Thus, cover crops with wider C:N ratios such as oat, mustard, or oilseed radish typically show higher quantities of cellulose and hemicellulose than litters with low C:N ratios, such as legumes (Ţîţei, 2002; Oliveira et al. , 2016; Halder et al. , 2021). In our study, we found a significant negative correlation between MWD and the C:N ratio of CC litter in the 0–10 cm increment but not in the deeper layers (Fig. S9). This suggested that the litter quality of CC residues plays an important role in aggregate stability when incorporated into the topsoil. The C:N ratios were ranked in the order of clover, Mix12, phacelia, mustard, Mix4, and oat, suggesting that the positive impact of CC on MWD in the topsoil decreased from clover to oat. The low-quality litter input from clover or Mix12 might also help to decompose the more structure-rich residues of the previous winter wheat straw more efficiently (Barel et al. , 2019). Below the cultivation depth, factors other than litter quality, such as root exudates, might be more prominent for aggregate formation. Fresh plant residues induce the formation of macroaggregates as a result of higher microbial activity (Six et al. , 2000). Litter quality exerts control on the decomposer community composition, which will change as a result of decomposition (Marschner et al. , 2011; Berg and McClaugherty, 2014). These processes result in microbial-derived organic substances that are key to building up soil aggregates. We conclude that the combination of plants with different litter qualities and rhizodeposits might explain the better performance of CC mixtures, as well as differences between CC species for soil aggregate amelioration. Consecutive integration of CC in the crop rotation resulted in a positive legacy effect on aggregate stability. Reduced cultivation depth in combination with CC mixtures might be an additional benefit to improve the soil structure in the subsoil. 4. 2 OC distribution in aggregates The impact of various parameters on aggregate OC distribution was explored by SEM. The model indicates that the MWD and soil properties had the strongest direct effect on aggregate OC distribution (Fig. 3). Soil properties are well known for their contribution to soil aggregate formation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cover crops (CC) contribute to soil structure and organic matter through their litter quality, which impacts aggregate stability in the topsoil. It mentions that fresh plant residues from cover crops induce the formation of macroaggregates due to higher microbial activity, and the combination of different litter qualities and root exudates may explain improved performance for soil structure. Additionally, it highlights the legacy effect of integrating cover crops on aggregate stability and suggests that reduced cultivation depth combined with cover crop mixtures can further enhance soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: We combine 29 years of geospatial, monthly total rainfall estimates with 299 months of metered, remotely transmitted water usage records between 2016 and 2020 corresponding to 25 rural piped schemes in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda. April 2020 is chosen as a reference month when socioeconomic shocks from the COVID-19 pandemic were emerging in Africa. The first COVID-19 cases in Africa were reported in early March 202015 and by the end of the month, cases had been confirmed in more than 70% of the countries on the continent16. The analysis compares water usage data from January through April 2020 with April 2020, and historical periods between 2016 and 2019. We also examine operational and environmental factors that may explain observed changes in water usage including geography, scheme type and size, whether schools or healthcare facilities are served, payment modality, and rainfall. Payment modality is of particular interest because of its direct modifying effect on rural water use and revenue collection. Two approaches were employed to collect user payments among the observed schemes: “pay-as-you-fetch” (PAYF), where cash transactions are made at the waterpoint for every 20-litre container collected, and monthly fees that place no restriction on the volume of water used when a fixed payment is made. Our results show mean water usage rates during the first four months of 2020 did not differ from historical averages (2016–2019) across any of the observed operational factors. We also do not find notable differences in water usage rate in April 2020 across all combined records, from schemes that serve schools or healthcare facilities, or in records grouped by scheme type and size (see 1). These findings suggest restrictions related to COVID-19 were not affecting water usage from the observed schemes in April 2020. However, the onset of COVID-19 in early 2020 occurred at the same time as unusually high rainfall across areas of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda while below average rainfall occurred further south (Fig. 1). The observed schemes straddle these two climate regimes enabling the effect of rainfall extremes on water use to be examined. Fig. 1: Analysis of rainfall anomalies during the period from January to April 2020 against 1983–2012 climatology indicates unusually high rainfall in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania and low levels of rainfall in Malawi. Green dots indicate locations of piped schemes where the PAYF payment modality is employed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that access to clean drinking water varies geographically. It describes water usage patterns in specific regions of Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda, and indicates that 'unusually high rainfall' occurred in some areas while 'below average rainfall' was noted in others. These findings suggest disparities in water availability that are influenced by geographic factors, thus challenging the assertion that everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: RomaniaIn the of Romania, over 500 drillings were made between the 1960–1980s in the search of thermo-mineral springs that could be further used as an energy source (Coman et al. 2011). The resulting drilling sites harbor a great abundance of biomats, and thus microbial diversity. In 2011 and 2013, Coman and coworkers investigated the microbial diversity of different biomats from drilling sites in Romania. With a cultivation-based approach, the cyanobacterial diversity from a drilling site in Marghita with a temperature of 67 °C was determined (Coman et al. 2011) Fig. 9. This resulted in eight cyanobacterial taxa with Oscillatoriales, Phormidium, and Leptolyngbya being the most abundant. Another drilling site with a temperature of 55 °C was studied using a similar approach. 16S rDNA gene libraries were created and sequenced. Only a low diversity of archaea was observed with three represented taxa Methanomethylovorans thermophila, Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis, and Methanococcus aeolicus, while bacterial diversity was higher, with Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria being dominant (Coman et al. 2013). From the Romania hot spring Tășnad, the thermophile Anoxybacillus flavithermus was isolated and its esterase/lipase was biochemically characterized (Chiş et al. 2013). Fig. 9Major sampling sites of geothermal areas in RomaniaFull size imageRomania is not as rich in natural terrestrial hot springs as other European countries, but harbors geothermal areas that were used for energy production. These sites can be further investigated to deepen the understanding of its microbial diversity and use of biocatalysts for industrial applications. Caucasus regionregion is located between Europe and Asia, and it is known for its rich culture, diverse landscapes, and natural hot springs. There are many hot springs located throughout the region, each with its unique features and benefits. Mountains include the in the north and in the south. Mountains formed largely as the result of a tectonic plate collision between the Arabian plate moving northwards with respect to the Eurasian plate (Reilinger et al. 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiologists and their study of extremophiles like thermophiles to understand life on Mars. Instead, it discusses the geothermal drilling sites in Romania and the microbial diversity found there, which is not directly related to the potential for life on Mars or the studies of astrobiologists.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Schweizer et al. (2019), for example, showed the dependency of macroaggregate formation on clay content, while Blanco-Canqui and Lal (2004) emphasized the role of OM quality and quantity in aggregate formation and OC sequestration. A lower but significant effect on the OC distribution was found for the CC type (Fig. 3), suggesting that it matters if we grow CC instead of fallow as mixtures or single species. Although difficult to detect in pairwise comparisons, mixtures tended to increase OC in the 16–8 mm fraction, while single species supported OC in the <1 mm fraction, at least in the topsoil (Figs. 1, S7, and S8 in the Supplement). The SEM supports these trends and suggests that, with the change in the treatments from CC mixtures to fallow to single CC, OC in the <1 mm fraction will increase, while OC in the larger fractions will decrease. The tendency towards more OC in larger soil fractions might be one of the reasons for the increasing MWD after mixed CC treatments and the positive linear relationship between MWD and OC content in fractions 4–8 and 8–16 mm (Fig. S9). These correlations also underscore that OC stored in the two largest fractions is more stable to withstand induced forces from our wet-sieving treatment. Management practices were found to have a strong impact on OC distribution within aggregates, and a reduction in tillage resulted in higher OC storage in macroaggregates compared to conventionally tilled soils (Blanco-Canqui and Lal, 2004). Here, we demonstrated that crop history has a legacy effect on the OC distribution and that the incorporation of CC can change the OC distribution within aggregate classes. Classical concepts (such as Tisdall and Oades, 1982) indicate that plants and crop management are strong factors in macroaggregate formation, where the number of stable macroaggregates decreases when rhizosphere products and hyphae are decomposed and not replaced. Later studies confirmed the role of crop rotation in the management of aggregate binding agents (Chan and Heenan, 1999; Blanco-Canqui and Lal, 2004). Overall, our results demonstrate that CC incorporation attenuates negative effects on soil structure that come from soil cultivation. The compensation effect was even stronger when biodiverse CC mixtures were applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the incorporation of cover crops (CC) can enhance soil organic carbon (OC) distribution and improve soil structure. It describes the positive effects of CC on macroaggregate formation and OC storage, indicating that cover crops can offset negative impacts from soil cultivation. Furthermore, it mentions that various management practices, including the use of biodiverse CC mixtures, can lead to stronger soil structure and organic matter stabilization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Magenta dots indicate locations of piped schemes where the monthly fee payment modality is employed. Full size imageThe changes in water usage rates in April 2020 appear to align with transitions between wet and dry seasons and are moderated by payment modality (Fig. 2), reflecting known patterns in rural water source choice and payment behaviour. Schemes in Malawi saw decreased rainfall in April 2020 relative to the already unusually low levels experienced earlier in the year. These schemes generally saw increased usage in April 2020 because alternative rain-fed water sources were not available to users. In contrast, schemes in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda experienced a transition to unusually high levels of rainfall in April 2020. Schemes utilising the PAYF approach in these areas experienced a mean 22% decrease in monthly water usage in April 2020 relative to the first four months of the year as users shifted to collecting water from alternative rain-fed sources. and Tanzania this corresponded to an average decrease of 47 (p =. 033) and 30 cubic metres per month (p =. 034), respectively. Furthermore, it appears the dynamic relationship between rainfall, payment modality, and water usage in Tanzania and Uganda was amplified in 2020 compared to historical averages (see 1), indicating the observed schemes in these countries are experiencing a new threat not seen in the past five years. The observed schemes that utilise monthly fees, all of which are in Kenya, experienced a reversal of this seasonal effect. These schemes saw an average increase in water usage of 90 cubic metres (p = 0. 048) in April 2020 despite high corresponding levels of rainfall. Fig. 2: Changes in water usage by payment modality and season in April 2020 compared to the period mean from January to April 2020. Where the PAYF payment modality is employed, increased rainfall and subsequent availability of alternative surface water sources during the wet season appears to buffer water demand from piped schemes. Box plot elements: mean marker, median centre line, upper and lower quartile box limits, 1. 5× interquartile range whiskers, data points. Full size imageOur findings indicate monthly fees facilitate revenue collection from rural waterpoints during wet periods when demand would otherwise decrease. Monthly fees have been associated with greater social inclusion but lower rates of revenue generation compared to other payment modalities7. An analysis of detailed financial records from over 2800 rural waterpoints in four African countries reports similar revenue dynamics17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various geographical locations in Africa where access to clean drinking water is influenced by payment modalities and rainfall patterns. It outlines significant differences in water usage due to external factors, indicating that not everyone has equal access to water resources, as evidenced by variable water availability in different regions (e.g., Malawi versus Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda). The mention of decreased rainfall and its direct impact on water usage supports the idea that access is geographically dependent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Mountains are part of seismically active Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt and has been a center of significant volcanic activity during the Quaternary period, which led to the formation of the number of high altitude (> 600 m above sea level) and mineralized geothermal springs with different geochemical properties (Karakhanian et al. 1997; Henneberger et al. 2000). Some of the studied springs have been identified as prospective sources of geothermal energy and are commercially usable for agriculture, space heating, hot water supply, and tourism (often used as spas) (Henneberger et al. 2000). The most famous hot springs of the Caucasus region are Baths in Georgia, Jermuk hot springs in Armenia, Karvachar hot springs in Nagorno-Karabakh, Ganja hot springs in Azerbaijan, and Karmadon hot springs in North Ossetia-Alania, Russia. The hot springs in the Caucasus region are known for their unique microbial diversity. The first investigation on thermophiles from Caucasian hot springs was set in 1990s by the isolation of several thermophilic Bacillus and Thermus strains from samples of hot springs located in (Akhmedova; 1991). Recently the microbiome of several Caucasian geothermal hot springs were published (Guliyeva et al. 2015; Panosyan et al. ; 2018a; Saghatelyan et al. 2021a; Geliashvili et al. 2021; Toshchakov et al. 2021). Despite these previous efforts, a comprehensive census of the microbial communities in whole Caucasus region is still lacking. Armenia and Nagorno-KarabakhOn the territory of Armenia, numerous geothermal springs with different geotectonic origins are found (Henneberger et al. 2000). hot springs, the temperature varies from 25. 8 to ≥ 64 °C, pH value is neutral, moderately alkaline, or alkaline in nature and have mainly mixed cation–mixed anion compositions (Panosyan et al. 2018a, b). The highest temperatures are measured in Jermuk (64 °C), Arzakan (44 °C), Hankavan (42 °C), Bjni (37 °C), and Sayat-Nova (36 °C) hydrothermal systems (Fig. 10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses geothermal springs in the Caucasus region and the unique microbial diversity present in those springs. While it mentions thermophiles, it does not connect this information to astrobiology or the study of life on Mars, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 5 study demonstrates that the stability of macroaggregates and OC distribution in aggregate fractions in arable soils partially depend on crop rotation and incorporation of CCs. We argue that CC aggregate formation depends on the litter quality, root morphology, and rhizosphere input of CCs, which stimulate microbial mediators for aggregate formation. Litter quality had positive effects in the topsoil (0–10 cm) when CC residues with low C:N ratios were incorporated into the topsoil. Layers below the cultivation depth (>15 cm) showed the strongest response to CC treatments, and root morphology together with exudate-stimulated microbial growth was more likely to be the factor for the positive effects observed. Cover crop mixtures tended to have additional benefits for the MWD over single CCs and increased OC accumulation in large aggregate fractions (16–8 mm). The consecutive integration of CCs in crop rotation can be used to ameliorate aggregate stability in cultivated soils. Reduced soil cultivation depth can be even more beneficial for soil structure amelioration if CCs are incorporated into the crop rotation. Stable and agglomerated aggregates are core parameters for soil quality and one of the key indicators in the soil health concept. Aggregation affects root penetration, decreases the risk of soil erosion, and increases hydraulic functions. Aggregates are hotspots for biogeochemical cycling and contribute to plant nutrition. Therefore, we conclude that the improvement of soil structure that we observed is one of the factors mediated by CCs, leading to higher and resilient crop yields. Soil structure improvement is one of the multiple services that CCs fulfil in agroecosystems and, as such, is part of a multifunctional concept of CC. Further research might explore multiple functional traits in CC mixtures and identify smart plant species combinations to maximize the benefits of cover cropping. Code and data availability All metadata and R code to reproduce the content of this study are publicly available under the Attribution 3. 0 Germany. The files are accessible from the Zenodo archive through the following DOI: (Gentsch, 2022). supplement related to this 10. 5194/soil-10-139-2024-supplement. Author contributions NG designed the experiment and carried out the fieldwork and all statistical analyses. FLR participated in field work carried out most of the laboratory work and provided raw data. NG and FLR were writing the paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cover crops (CCs) contribute to the stability of soil aggregates and improve soil structure through various mechanisms. It highlights the role of litter quality, root morphology, and microbial activity stimulated by CCs, which lead to better aggregate stability and increased organic carbon (OC) accumulation. Additionally, it mentions that the integration of CCs in crop rotation can ameliorate aggregate stability and improve soil functions, supporting the idea that cover crops are planted for such benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: However, temporarily shifting from PAYF to monthly fees during periods when domestic water demand falls or rural incomes are reduced may foster affordable access while maintaining a lifeline of revenue to protect local service providers. Such an approach is likely to be more effective at achieving social and political goals of non-discriminatory access to reliable services than providing free access to water. Rural water service providers may struggle to sustain operations with fluctuating or chronically reduced revenues, particularly under emergency conditions when operational costs are likely to increase. Performance-based subsidies that can mitigate short-term revenue risk for rural schemes require verifiable information. However, high quality financial and operational records of rural water services are rare. Our findings suggest sentinel sites in Africa that routinely monitor metered water usage and rainfall could be networked to generate spatial and temporal signals of revenue risk. In conclusion, we highlight two implications for policy and practice. First, the nature and timing of the transition between wet and dry seasons in sub-will compound the impacts of socioeconomic shocks on rural water supplies. Emerging approaches for forecasting the onset of rainfall18 coupled with reliable and timely dissemination of information on water service delivery can generate warning signals in regions susceptible to public health, economic, and climate shocks. These signals can aid in prioritising and targeting response measures. Second, financial support to local, professional service providers through affordable tariff design and performance-based subsidies can keep water flowing through crises, as exemplified in Republic17. We acknowledge that reliable water service provision in much of Africa is unregulated and characterised by slow repairs, questionable water quality, and ad hoc user payments. Responses to subsidise services amid climatic and socioeconomic shocks should consider the long-term implications on sustainability and invest in monitoring systems that enhance transparency and accountability and potentially unlock new funding flows19. MethodsThis study utilised validated data from Water Mission, an international non-governmental organisation that supports rural water services in eleven countries. The organisation installs and maintains digital water meters fitted with data loggers and satellite-based transmitters on rural water schemes, with some schemes providing ongoing information dating back to 2016. Scheme types included kiosks with piped point-source access as well as reticulated systems with multiple communal and private connections serving households, schools, and healthcare facilities. For all schemes, payment modalities and tariff levels are formally established and are not allowed to fluctuate unless agreement is reached together with users and local authorities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges in access to reliable water services, particularly in rural areas of Africa. It highlights issues such as unregulated service provision, slow repairs, questionable water quality, and the necessity for financial support to sustain operations. These factors indicate that access to clean drinking water is not equal and varies significantly based on geographical and socioeconomic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: One of the most famous hot springs known for its natural beauty and clean air is the Jermuk hot spring located in the town of Jermuk. Fig. 10Major sampling sites of geothermal springs in Armenia (grey) and (light grey)Full size imageNagorno-Karabakh is located in the southeastern part of the Lesser Caucasus. It is typically mountainous, embracing the eastern part of the with the Artsakh valley, forming the great part of the Kura-Araks lowland. Numerous geothermal springs at high elevations with different physicochemical properties are found also on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Geothermal springs found on the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh are also mainly classified as springs with moderate temperature. Two of Nagorno-Karabakh geothermal springs located in Karvachar (≥ 70 °C) and Zuar (42 °C) are characterized with higher water temperature. A majority of the hot springs found in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh are anthropogenically influenced and often used by tourists and local people for bath. Some of the geothermal springs like Jermuk and Karvachar hot springs are used for balneology for curing rheumatismal and dermatological as well as digestive disorders and physical exhaustion (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Overall, the hot springs in the Caucasus region are a unique and fascinating natural resource. During the past decades, the phylogenetic diversity of microbial community thriving in Armenian and geothermal springs has been explored following both cultivation-based and culture-independent approaches. The studies of taxonomic diversity of hot spring microbiomes examined using DGGE, 16S rRNA gene library construction, 454 pyrosequencing, and Illumina HiSeq have revealed abundance of bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria, and Firmicutes. Archaea mainly include the phyla Euryarchaeota, Crenarchaeota, and Thaumarchaeota, and comprise less than 1% of the prokaryotic community (Panosyan and Birkeland 2014; Panosyan et al. 2017, 2018a; Hedlund et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the features and characteristics of hot springs in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, including their geological and ecological details, without making any reference to astrobiology, extremophiles, or Mars. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: : Decomposition of mixtures of cover crop residues increases microbial functional diversity, Geoderma, 361, 114060, 2020. Dungait, J. A. J. , Hopkins, D. W. , Gregory, A. S. , and Whitmore, A. P. : Soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 1781–1796, 2012. Eisenhauer, N. , Lanoue, A. , Strecker, T. , Scheu, S. , Steinauer, K. , Thakur, M. P. , and Mommer, L. : Root biomass and exudates link plant diversity with soil bacterial and fungal biomass, Sci. Rep. -UK, 7, 1–8, 2017. Gentsch, N. : Cover crops improve soil structure and change OC distribution in aggregate fractions (Version 2), Zenodo [data set and code], 2022. Gentsch, N. , Boy, J. , Batalla, J. D. K. , Heuermann, D. , von Wirén, N. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Groß, J. , Bauer, B. , Reinhold-Hurek, B. , Hurek, T. , Céspedes, F. C. , and Guggenberger, G. : Catch crop diversity increases rhizosphere carbon input and soil microbial biomass, Biol. Fert. Soils, 56, 943–957, 2020. Gentsch, N. , Heuermann, D. , Boy, J. , Schierding, S. , von Wirén, N. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Kümmerer, R. , Bauer, B. , and Guggenberger, G. : Soil nitrogen and water management by winter-killed catch crops, SOIL, 8, 269–281, 2022. Halder, M. , Liu, S. , Zhang, Z. B. , Guo, Z. C. , and Peng, X. H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter by directly stating in several pieces of research that cover crops improve soil structure and affect organic carbon (OC) distribution in aggregate fractions. For instance, Gentsch's study notes that 'cover crops improve soil structure and change OC distribution,' which aligns with the claim directly. Additionally, the mention of increasing microbial biomass in relation to catch crop diversity further suggests that cover crops contribute to organic matter enhancements in the soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: For schemes where fixed monthly fees are employed, the median fee in current US dollars is $2. 74 per household per month. The median constant volumetric tariff where the PAYF modality is utilised is $3. 28 per cubic meter. Mean monthly water usage from the period of January to April 2020 for each scheme was compared to usage in April alone. Historic period means from January to April were calculated for every year between 2016 and 2019 where at least three months of data were available, as well as historic means in April, to determine if changes observed in 2020 differed from what has historically occurred. Geospatial rainfall data corresponding to each scheme for the first four months of all available historical years and 2020 were obtained from the publicly available with Station data () dataset20. The rainfall anomaly in 2020 was calculated relative to the 1983–2012 climatology. Schemes were classified as experiencing either a wet or dry season in April 2020 based on whether rainfall in April 2020 increased or decreased, respectively, compared to mean rainfall from January to April 2020. Paired sample T-tests and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were performed to determine statistical significance (α = 0. 05) and account for small sample sizes and the potential influence of outliers. Differences in means across several groups of schemes were also tested to explore plausible explanations for variations observed in water usage. Subpopulations examined included: Country (Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania) Payment modality (fixed monthly fees, pay-as-you-fetch) Scheme type (kiosk with single access point, reticulated) Scheme size (small serving <500 people, medium serving 500 to 5,000, large serving >5,000) Institutions served (schools and healthcare facilities using and paying for water) Season experienced in April 2020 (wet, dry) The study complied with ethics approval granted by the School of Geography and Environment at the University of Oxford (SOGE 1A020 – 06). No human subjects were involved other than expert interviews with staff in the process of data collection, data cleaning, and validation. Data availability The data analysed during this study are part of an ongoing PhD project. Rainfall data are available at and water usage data are available on request from the lead author. 10. 1017/CBO9781107415379. 003. (and New York, 2014). Hoque, S. F. & Hope, R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various water schemes in different countries (Kenya, Uganda, Malawi, Tanzania) and highlights factors such as payment modalities and seasonal weather impacts on accessibility and usage. The comparison across locations and system types suggests that access to clean drinking water is dependent on geographic and economic factors rather than being equal for all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: The microbial diversity of Karvachar hot spring was represented by phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Deinococcus-Thermus (Saghatelyan et al. 2021a). Several cultivation-based studies have been performed to describe novel strains/species derived in Armenian geothermal springs. Many thermophilic microbes as producers of exopolysaccharide (EPS) and thermozymes like lipase, protease, amylase, and DNA polymerase have been isolated from targeted geothermal springs. More than 22 distinct species belonging to the eight genera and Ureibacillus were identified (Panosyan et al. 2020). Many isolated bacilli shared 91–97% sequence identity with their closest matches in GenBank, indicating that they belonged to novel taxa, at least at the species level. 71% of the isolates were found to actively produce at least one or more extracellular protease, amylase, or lipase (Shahinyan et al. 2017; Panosyan et al. 2020; Tadevosyan et al. 2022). Two active producers of EPSs, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans ArzA-6 and Geobacillus (Parageobacillus) toebii ArzA-8 have been isolated from Arzakan hot springs (Panosyan et al. 2018b). A thermophilic spirochete Treponema sp. J25 was isolated from Jermuk geothermal spring. It showed only 95. 1% 16S rRNA sequence similarity with Treponema caldarium H1T, indicating that strain J25 potentially represents a novel species in the genus Treponema. Genomic analyses further confirmed that Treponema sp. J25 is the only known thermophilic free-living treponeme with metabolic potential for nitrogen fixation (Poghosyan 2015). Two aerobic thermoactinomycetes with growth Topt 50–55 °C and pHopt 7. 0–7. 4 able to produce extracellular hydrolases were isolated from Akhurik and Tatev geothermal springs (Panosyan 2019). A gammaproteobacterial methanotroph, Methylocaldum sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding astrobiologists studying extremophiles, such as thermophiles, in the context of Mars. Instead, it provides detailed information about the microbial diversity and the isolation of various thermophilic microbes from geothermal springs without linking their study to astrobiology or the potential for life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: : Effects of residue stoichiometric, biochemical and C functional features on soil aggregation during decomposition of eleven organic residues, 202, 105288, 2021. Hartge, K. H. and Horn, R. : Die physikalische Untersuchung von Böden, 4th edn. , E. Schweitzerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung (Nägele u. Obermiller), Stuttgart, 2009. Heuermann, D. , Gentsch, N. , Boy, J. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Groß, J. , Bauer, B. , Guggenberger, G. , and von Wirén, N. : Interspecific competition among catch crops modifies vertical root biomass distribution and nitrate scavenging in soils, Sci. Rep. -UK, 9, 1–11, 2019. Heuermann, D. , Gentsch, N. , Guggenberger, G. , Reinhold-Hurek, B. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Heuermann, M. C. , Groß, J. , Kümmerer, R. , Bauer, B. , and von Wirén, N. : Catch crop mixtures have higher potential for nutrient carry-over than pure stands under changing environments, Eur. J. Agron. , 136, 126504, 2022. Heuermann, D. , Döll, S. , Schweneker, D. , Feuerstein, U. , Gentsch, N. , and von Wirén, N. : Distinct metabolite classes in root exudates are indicative for field- or hydroponically-grown cover crops, Front. Plant Sci. , 14, 1122285, 2023. Hudek, C. , Putinica, C. , Otten, W. , and De Baets, S. : Functional root trait-based classification of cover crops to improve soil physical properties, Eur. J. Soil Sci. , 73, e13147, 2022. Husain, H. and Dijkstra, F. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references related to the role of cover crops in enhancing soil properties. Specifically, the mention of 'Functional root trait-based classification of cover crops to improve soil physical properties' suggests that cover crops are indeed planted with the aim of enhancing soil structure, which supports the claim that they improve soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractDrinking water contamination by per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) is a global concern. Nanofiltration is a promising PFAS removal technology due to its scalability and cost-effectiveness. However, nanofiltration cannot typically reduce PFAS concentrations below current drinking water recommendations. To enhance PFAS removal, we developed mixed-matrix-composite nanofiltration (MMCNF) membranes—an active nanofiltration layer on porous adsorptive support that synergetically combines filtration and adsorption. We synthesized MMCNF membranes comprising thin polyelectrolyte multilayer films deposited on thick (~400 µm) polyethersulfone supports incorporating β-cyclodextrin microp99. 9%) of model PFAS (PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid) for significantly longer filtration times compared to a control membrane without β-cyclodextrin, but otherwise identical. The spent MMCNF membrane was regenerated using ethanol, and high PFOA removal performance was regained during three filtration cycles. Perfluorooctanoic acid was concentrated 38-fold in the ethanol eluent. Further concentration by evaporation is straightforward and can enable eluent recycling and effective PFAS removal. Similar content being viewed by others Removing forever chemicals via amphiphilic functionalized membranes 4. PFAS are persistent organic micropollutants considered potentially harmful to human health at very low concentrations (in the range of parts per trillion)3,5. They were shown to affect the immune system and are associated with a higher incidence of infectious diseases and varying cancer species6. To minimize the risk of PFAS exposure through drinking water, different regulatory agencies are developing regulations for maximum levels of PFAS in drinking water (as specific compounds and when addressed as the total PFAS concentration). The most environmentally abundant and regulated PFAS are perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonic acid (PFOS). In addition, the evidence showing adverse health impacts is the most established for these two compounds3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the issue of drinking water contamination by PFAS and emphasizing the regulatory efforts concerning maximum levels of PFAS in drinking water. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal across different regions, as the presence of contaminants like PFAS can vary geographically and may impact the safety of drinking water. Moreover, it points out that regulatory agencies are developing measures to address these disparities, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: AK-K6 strain was isolated from Akhurik geothermal spring and identified based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics (Islam et al. 2015). Sediment samples from Arzakan and Jermuk geothermal springs were used to enrich nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) at 45–50 °C. It was shown that Nitrospira calida and Nitrospira moscoviensis were the dominant species in examined samples (Edwards et al. 2013). Acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic enrichment at 45 °C and 55 °C using sediments from Jermuk and Arzakan geothermal springs also were obtained (Hedlund et al. 2013; Panosyan and Birkeland 2014). Thermophilic keratinolitic bacteria were isolated from water and sediments samples of Arzakan, Karvachar, and Zuar geothermal springs by accumulation cultures using a chicken feather as a source of carbon and nitrogen. The strains were identified as B. licheniformis, B. borbori and Thermobacillus sp. , and able to hydrolyze feather after 96 h of incubation, at 55 °C (Tadevosyan et al. 2022). A new species of thermophilic bacterium belonging to the genus Anoxybacillus named Anoxybacillus karvacharensis sp. nov. (= DSM 106524 T = KCTC 15807 T) has been discovered from Karvachar hot spring (Panosyan et al. 2021). Recently a novel strain of Thermus scotoductus (designated K1) was isolated from sludge samples of Karvachar hot spring. The DNA polymerase (TsK1) obtained from the thermophile T. scotoductus K1 has the potential to be commercialized. The better base insertion fidelity of TsK1 DNA polymerase is a feature that demonstrates an advantage over Taq DNA polymerase and can be used in various high-temperature polymerization reactions (Saghatelyan et al. 2021b). Recently, metagenomic library was obtained from Jermuk hot spring. Sequence-based screening of metagenomic datasets let to two characterized carbohydrate active enzymes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about various thermophilic bacteria and their characteristics but does not directly address or support the claim regarding astrobiologists studying extremophiles like Thermophiles for insights into life on Mars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computers leverage qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously. [SEP] Text: You might be wondering why we need three qubits in the definition above, and, perhaps surprisingly, we’ll see that AND and OR require us to work with three qubits. Because how would one compute an AND of two qubits? Taking a naive approach from how we did the quantum NOT, we would label $ e_0$ as “false” and $ e_1$ as “true,” and we’d want to map $ e_1 \otimes e_1 \mapsto e_1$ and all other possibilities to $ e_0$. The main problem is that this is not an invertible function! Remember, all quantum operations are unitary matrices and all unitary matrices have inverses, so we have to model AND and OR as an invertible operation. We also have a “type error,” since the output is not even in the same vector space as the input, but any way to fix that would still run into the invertibility problem. The way to deal with this is to add an extra “scratch work” qubit that is used for nothing else except to make the operation invertible. So now say we have three qubits $ a, b, c$, and we want to compute $ a$ AND $ b$ in the sensible way described above. What we do is map$$\displaystyle a \otimes b \otimes c \mapsto a \otimes b \otimes (c \oplus (a \wedge b))$$Here $ a \wedge b$ is the usual AND (where we interpret, e. g. , $ e_1 \wedge e_0 = e_0$), and $ \oplus$ is the exclusive or operation on bits. It’s clear that this mapping makes sense for “bits” (the true/false interpretation of basis vectors) and so we can extend it to a linear map by writing down the matrix. quantum-ANDThis gate is often called the Toffoli gate by physicists, but we’ll just call it the (quantum) AND gate. Note that the column $ ijk$ represents the input $ e_i \otimes e_j \otimes e_k$, and the 1 in that column denotes the row whose label is the output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the operation of qubits in the context of quantum computations, specifically mentioning the use of three qubits to model logical operations like AND and OR. This information aligns with the core concept that quantum computers use qubits, which function in a way that allows them to exist in multiple states, a fundamental aspect of quantum mechanics. The detailed description of the computation involving qubits illustrates their ability to represent more than just binary states.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: According to the Agency (US EPA), the maximum concentrations of PFOA and PFOS in drinking water should be less than 70 ng L−1, and according to the EU 2020 advisory for PFOA and PFOS is 100 ng L−1[ 7,8. The maximum allowed concentration was recently modified (US EPA 2023) to a stricter value of 4 ng L−1 for PFOS and PFOA9. Unfortunately, the most common technologies used by water treatment facilities (e. g. , coagulation, sand filtration, etc. ) have an insignificant impact on PFAS concentrations10,11. Various technologies have been developed and demonstrated for PFAS removal from aqueous systems2,5,12,13,14,15, e. g. , adsorption, oxidation, photolysis, UV degradation, and membrane separation. Among these technologies, membrane separation and adsorption stand out as practical and cost-effective2,16. Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes can remove and concentrate most PFAS species. RO was shown to remove more than 99% of PFAS, while NF was shown to remove only 70–99%, depending upon membrane characteristics, type of PFAS, and operating conditions2,17,18,19,20. Although effective, membrane separation has critical limitations. While RO membranes present higher PFAS rejection, they require more energy (higher applied pressure) due to their higher density and salt rejection (higher osmotic pressure gradient)3,6. Conventional polyamide-based NF membranes typically remove 70 to 90%, often insufficient to meet drinking water quality regulation7,18,19,21. The widely studied and recently commercialized tunable, chemically stable, and antifouling NF membranes—based on multilayer assembly of polyelectrolytes—also give similar insufficient PFAS rejection (60 to 90%)22. In addition to membrane rejection, PFAS adsorption was performed using a range of adsorbers, including activated carbon, ion exchange resins, etc. 3,23 Recently, cross-linked β-cyclodextrin-based adsorbents24,25 were reported to exhibit high removal, an exceptionally high uptake rate, and good regeneration potential. These properties can be attributed to unique cavities of ~0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the complexity and limitations of current water treatment technologies regarding PFAS (perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances) removal. It highlights that despite advancements in treatment methods, including membrane separation techniques, there are significant limitations and inefficacies in ensuring that all drinking water meets safety standards. For example, it states that conventional technologies often do not reduce PFAS concentrations to acceptable levels, indicating disparities in water quality and treatment efficacy that likely vary by location, contradicting the idea of equal access to clean drinking water for all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: A Jermuk-lamM gene (accesion number OK490392) encodes a putative GH family 16 laminarinase and a Jermuk-celP encodes a putative GH family 5 cellulase. Jermuk-LamM is a novel 1,3-β-glucanase as it shares only 69% amino acid sequence similarity to the endo-1,3-beta-glucosidase available in the NCBI database. For today, this is the only characterized endo-1,3-β-D-glucanase in Marinmicrobia genus. The product of the gene Jermuk-CelP is a novel 1,4-β-glucanase showing the highest 49. 1% identity with the biochemically characterized endo-β-1,4-endoglucanase of Thermotoga maritima. Both enzymes have similar temperature and pH optima, being active at temperature range of 45–60 °C and pH range of 5–7. Both enzymes showed resistances to various additives and metal ions, thus are suitable candidates for a wide range of industrial applications including the production of biofuels and pharmaceuticals (Paloyan et al. 2022). Overall, the microbial diversity of the geothermal springs in Armenian and Nagorno-Karabakh is incredibly rich and diverse, and there are many different species and strains that have yet to be fully characterized. The study of these microorganisms is an important area of research that has the potential to yield insights into the evolution of life on Earth, as well as to develop new biotechnologies and medical treatments. GeorgiaGeorgia is located between the in the north and the range in the South, and has considerable resources of natural thermal waters. Over 250 natural thermal springs and artificial wells as well as spring clusters are known with water temperatures ranging from 30 to 108 °C. Mesothermal springs (with outlet temperature 30–35 °C) are mainly found in Borjomi, Tsikhisjvari, Tskaltubo, and Saberio areas, while hot springs (with outlet temperature > 78 °C) are found in Zugdidi-Tsaishi, Kvaloni, and Kindgi regions (Fig. 11). The drilled wells are mainly used in balneology and as a thermal source for greenhouses (Melikadze et al. 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily focuses on specifics of gene encoding, enzyme characteristics, and natural thermal springs in Georgia, without mentioning extremophiles, astrobiology, or their connection to Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum computing research is still in its early stages and faces many technical challenges. [SEP] Text: For example, a partial FTQC architecture was proposed in which circuit elements called Clifford gates, which have small encoding overhead, are error corrected, while the rotating gate circuit elements, which are known to incur large overhead for error correction in quantum computation, are not error corrected [11]. In this case, errors accumulate in the rotation gates, so quantum-computation size is limited by this characteristic. However, compared with NISQ computers, this architecture is believed to enable larger quantum computation. We have also proposed a virtual quantum-error-detection protocol that seeks an intermediate procedure between QEM and quantum error correction [12]. Research and development such as that to bridge the gap between NISQ computers and FTQCs have begun. If it becomes possible to freely choose the appropriate error-correction capability and connect a NISQ computer and FTQC, it will be possible to continue to develop quantum computers that perform better than before as computation size increases without incurring gaps from encoding overheads. This new era may soon be a reality. 2023. [2] F. Arute, K. Arya, R. Babbush, D. Bacon, J. C. Bardin, R. Barends, R. Biswas, S. . Burkett. Y. Chen, Z. Chen, B. Chiaro, R. Collins, W. Courtney, A. Dunsworth, E. Farhi, B. Foxen, A. Fowler, C. Gidney, M. Giustina, R. Graff, K. Guerin, S. . Ho, M. Hoffmann, T. . Jeffrey, Z. Jiang, D. Kafri, K. Kechedzhi, J. Kelly, P. V. Klimov, S. Knysh, A. Korotkov, F. Kostritsa, D. Landhuis, M. Lindmark, E. Lucero, D. Lyakh, S. Mandrà J. R. McClean, M. McEwen, A. Megrant, X. Mi, K. Michielsen, M. Mohseni, J. Mutus, O. Naaman, M. Neeley, C. Neill, M. Y. Niu, E. Ostby, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the challenges inherent in quantum computing. It discusses the limitations faced by quantum circuits, particularly in the context of error correction and refers to the current state of research as an ongoing process to bridge gaps between noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers and fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). This aligns with the claim that quantum computing research is still facing technical challenges and has not yet reached maturity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The results thus suggest that in long-term filtration, ~70% of PFOA will remain in the concentrate, ~30% will be adsorbed and ~0. 1% will pass to the permeate. Optimizing the NF active layer for higher PFAS rejection can prolong the time between regeneration steps. We propose that the increasing rejection of PFOA by the NF active layer (Fig. 6a) is partially due to enhanced negative surface charge induced by PFOA adsorption (Fig. 6c). PFOA molecules are negatively charged at ambient pH27 and can be electrostatically adsorbed to the positively charged quaternary ammonium groups in the polyelectrolyte layer (the poly’s charge that the PSS did not neutralize). PFOA adsorption, therefore, induces excess negative charge, which is confirmed by zeta potential measurements of unused and spent M0 (Fig. 6b). In the MMCNF membrane, PFOA also adsorbs to the surface-bound Dexsorb® sorbent (Fig. 1c, e). The latter is a mix of positively charged and neutral p99. 9%, a ten-fold decrease in PFOA permeate concentration compared to 99% rejection. The removal was in-par with removal by reverse-osmosis membranes with the advantage of generating a lower salinity retentate, thus saving energy and brine treatment costs. developed here also significantly exceeds the performance of a recently introduced dual-functional membrane30, which achieved 70% PFOA removal. Moreover, the membrane was reusable after a simple regeneration cycle. Therefore, our dual-functional MMCNF membrane is a significant step forward in PFAS removal technology from drinking water. Table. 2 Comparison of the current work with similar recently published work on PFOA removal by reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes. Full size tableThe composite mixed-matrix membrane synthesis approach presented in this work can be further optimized and adjusted for treating a wide range of microcontaminants. Porous PES filters (used in this study) support the thin active film in most commercial composite membranes and many novel ones. Therefore, the active layer can be modified based on separation needs, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses the technical aspects of water filtration and the efficacy of membranes in removing contaminants like PFOA. While it highlights advancements in water treatment technology, it implies that access to clean drinking water is not uniform and depends on the availability and performance of these technologies, which could vary significantly by geography.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: geothermal springs are characterized by diverse chemical composition, with mineralization ranging from 0. 2 mg/L (Borjomi region) to 11. 3 mg/L (Aspindza region). thermal waters have mixed cation and mixed anion ratios mainly composed of hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulfate, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium ions. All studied springs are rich in heavy metals and majority of them contain gasses such as hydrogen sulfide, methane, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (Melikadze et al. 2010). Fig. 11Major sampling sites of geothermal hot springs in GeorgiaFull size imageThe investigation of microbial community structure in Georgian geothermal springs has been explored recently following culture-independent approaches. The sequence reads from the Samtredia geothermal spring (Georgia) water sample with an outlet temperature of 58 °C and pH 7. 15, obtained from the whole-genome shotgun sequencing on Illumina HiSeq 2500 platform, showed that majority of bacterial sequence reads were affiliated with the Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria, followed by Actinobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Chlamydia, and Bacteroidetes. Archaeal sequence reads were affiliated with Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota (Panosyan et al. 2018a). Microbial assemblages of the second studied spring, Tsaishi sediment, were dominated by Deinococcus-Thermus, Actinobacteria, and Aquificae. Zugdidi-Tsaishi hot spring is characterized by an outlet temperature of 82–90 °C and pH 6. 0 (Geliashvili et al. 2021). One of the most famous hot springs in the Caucasus region is the Baths in Georgia. These baths have been a popular destination for centuries, and they are renowned for their healing properties. The water is naturally heated and infused with minerals like sulfur, which is believed to have therapeutic effects on the body. The microbial diversity of the Tbilisi sulfur spring (Georgia) was analyzed using whole-genome shotgun sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiologists and extremophiles like thermophiles in the context of Mars. Instead, it discusses the chemical characteristics and microbial community structures of geothermal springs in Georgia without making any connection to astrobiological studies or Mars exploration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum algorithms like Shor's can theoretically break traditional encryption systems. [SEP] Text: Pie charts are color-coded according to the top label: single club HFs (purple), double club HFs (blue), triple clubs HFs (green) and multiple club HFs (more than 3, orange). Scale bars: A-C – 200 um. 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 037 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 038 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 039 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 040 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 041 10. 7554/eLife. 22772. 042 Hair typeControlKrt14-NogginKrt14-Bmp4ControlKrt14-Cre; Wnt7b-/-Krt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 controlKrt5-rtTA; tetO-Dkk1 induced Auchene52432350253043 Awl70554050253045 Guard73484052253045 Zigzag54644018281933 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses pie charts and labels related to hair types, with no mention of quantum algorithms or encryption systems. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractWater treatment processes are known to consume substantial amounts of energy, making it crucial to understand their efficiency, drivers, and potential energy savings. In this study, we apply Tree (EAT), which combines machine learning and linear programming techniques to assess the energy performance of 146 Chilean drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) for 2020. Additionally, we utilize bootstrap regression techniques to examine the influence of operating characteristics on energy efficiency. The results indicate that the evaluated DWTPs exhibited poor energy performance, with an average energy efficiency score of 0. 197. The estimated potential energy savings were found to be 0. 005 kWh/m3. Several factors, such as the age of the facility, source of raw water, and treatment technology, were identified as significant drivers of energy efficiency in DWTPs. The insights gained from our study can be valuable for policymakers in making informed decisions regarding the adoption of practices that promote efficient and sustainable energy use within the water cycle. Similar content being viewed by others Assessing the influence of environmental variables on energy efficiency changes in the provision of drinking water services 1. In particular, the production of drinking water is an energy intensive activity because raw water needs to be cleaned by removing high levels of pollutants2. established by the United Nations, specifically Goals 6 and 7, impose an obligation on governments to ensure universal access to clean water and enhance energy efficiency3. Consequently, it is crucial for water resources to meet rigorous quality standards before being deemed suitable for drinking purposes. Simultaneously, the challenges posed by climate change and population growth necessitate the sustainable and efficient utilization of water resources4,5. Moreover, drinking water needs to be provided to people at an affordable price6. To address the aforementioned challenges, it is crucial to gain a deeper understanding of the energy efficiency of the water treatment process, including the factors that influence energy performance and the potential for energy savings. By examining the energy efficiency of the water treatment process and exploring opportunities for energy conservation, we can work towards achieving sustainable and efficient use of energy in the water sector. Previous studies, such as those conducted by Loubet et al. 7, Chini et al. 8, and Lam et al. 9, have examined the relationship between energy intensity and the water treatment process. These studies have highlighted the growing energy demands in water treatment resulting from factors like climate change, population growth, and urbanization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energy inefficiency of drinking water treatment plants in Chile and emphasizing the significant challenges in providing clean water. It points out that the production of drinking water is energy intensive and affected by factors such as climate change and population growth, which suggests that access to clean drinking water may not be equal across different geographies. It highlights that governments need to ensure sustainable and efficient water resource management while addressing energy efficiency, indicating disparities in access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: The sequences obtained from metagenomic DNA showed exclusive prevalence of Proteobacteria, followed by minor phyla such as, Nitrospirae, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Chloroflexi archaeal sequence reads were also in the minority, belonging to the Euryarchaeota and comprising < 1% of total reads (Panosyan et al. 2018a). At the genus level, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria of genus Sulfurihydrogenibium and anaerobic thermophilic bacteria of genus Ammonifex, capable to reduce nitrate to ammonium prevailed in the Samtredia, whereas the spring was highly represented by chemoorganotrophic thermophilic community, belonging to Acidovorax and Polaromonas (Panosyan et al. 2018b; Geliashvili et al. 2021). Three novel thermophile bacteria were isolated from water and mud samples of hot spring in the central Georgia villages Shakshaketi and Agara where temperatures around 82 °C are measurable (Vardigoreli et al. 2005). According to biochemical and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, isolated strains were identified as Fervidobacterium sp. , Caloramator australicus and Pseudothermotoga lettingae. An anaerobic strain Fervidobacterium sp. GSH with optimal growth at 75 °C showed high ability to degrade keratin (native chicken feathers), which is a challenge for the current field of biotechnology. By following a multi-omics approach, its proteolytic system was explored, and new keratinase encoding genes were cloned (Geliashvili et al. 2021). Subsystem-based functional annotation approach suggested high prevalence of genes associated with clustering-based subsystems, protein metabolism, amino acids and its derivatives, and carbohydrates metabolism in both springs. The genes for secondary metabolism and metabolism of aromatic compounds have also been detected, but with higher representation in the Spring, indicating possible presence of genes of biotechnological importance in the studied thermal springs. North Ossetia-Alania, RussiaNorth Ossetia-Alania is located in the southern part of the and separated from Georgia and by Range. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the study of extremophiles by astrobiologists to understand life's potential on Mars. While it discusses the discovery of various thermophilic bacteria and their environments, it lacks a connection to astrobiology or Martian research, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Root number (RN), root weight (RY) (tons/ha), leaf weight (tons/ha) (LY), gross sugar content (SC) (%), the amount of sodium (Na), the amount of potassium (K), the amount of nitrogen (N), white sugar content (WSC), white Sugar yield (WSY) (tons per hectare), extraction coefficient (ECS) (%), molasses content (MC) (%), root dry matter (DM) (%), the average of length (L) and the average of diameter (D). The amount of sodium, potassium and nitrogen was measured by Betalyzer device (mill equivalent grams per hundred grams of root pulp). Pure sugar content (PSC) (%); grams of pure sugar per 100 grams of sugar beet roots was measured by this formula. PSC = SC – (MC + 0/6) Gross sugar yield (SY) (%); Gross sugar content of root was measured by polarimetric method. SY = SC × RW White sugar yield: WSY = WSC × RY Extraction coefficient (ECS) (%): ECS = (WSC ÷ SC) × 100 Statistical analysis Data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Test using the SAS software program. SPSS Ver 26 was used for measuring coloration, cluster analysis and principal and, Minitab was used for measuring biplot analysis. Results and discussionresults for the measured traits are displayed in Table 2. The analysis indicated that there is significant variation among the sugar beet populations for gross sugar content, white sugar content, white sugar yield, extraction coefficient, and root dry matter (P < 0. 01). Additionally, significant variation was observed for roots number, root weight, the amount of sodium, the amount of potassium, and the average length (P < 0. 05). The existence of notable variations among population implies their distinctive genetic diversity. Table 2 Analysis of variance for the measured traits in sugar beets genotypes S. O. V df 4 1. 91 1. 26 0. 68 2. 72 0. 2 0. 55 0. 07 5. 48 0. 08 59. 64 0. 58 3. 22 4. 75 1. 56 Pop 7 3. 67* 1. 57* 0. 63 ns 5. 28** 0. 08* 1. 36* 0. 06 ns 8. 27** 0. 2** 66. 9** 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that significant variations among the sugar beet populations imply their distinctive genetic diversity. This indicates that these populations (which may include heirloom varieties) exhibit unique traits, aligning with the value placed on heirloom seeds for their genetic diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Considering that the average volume of water produced adjusted by arsenic removal is 1,998,544 m^−3 per year, results on Fig. 1, illustrate that smaller facilities can have an energy intensity as low (or lower) than larger ones as even the quantity of sulfates to be removed is large (>428,440 m^−3 per year). Fig. 1: Tree (EAT) for estimating optimal energy consumption in DWTPs. The volume of drinking water produced and the quantities of arsenic and sulphates removed from raw water influences of the energy use of DWTPs. Full size imageIndeed, the results of our study indicate that optimal energy utilization in DWTPs can vary based on different thresholds of water treated to remove specific pollutants such as sulfates and arsenic. This finding underscores the importance of tailoring energy consumption to the specific requirements of pollutant removal in order to achieve optimal energy efficiency. By considering different thresholds or levels of pollutant removal, DWTPs can determine the appropriate energy usage for their particular circumstances. The results suggest that the energy required to remove pollutants like sulfates and arsenic can have a significant impact on overall energy consumption in DWTPs. Therefore, by optimizing energy usage based on these thresholds, water treatment facilities can enhance their energy efficiency and reduce unnecessary energy consumption. Energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plantsThe findings of our study indicate that the water treatment processes examined exhibit high levels of energy inefficiency, with an average energy efficiency score of 0. 197 (Fig. 2). This implies that, on average, there is significant room for improvement in terms of energy consumption, with a potential reduction of almost 80% in energy usage. The distribution of energy efficiency scores among DWTPs is shown in Supplementary Fig. 1. Fig. 2: Energy efficiency scores of drinking water treatment plants evaluated. Relevant differences on the energy efficiency among drinking water treatment plants are reported. Full size imageMoreover, it is observed that a small proportion of the evaluated facilities demonstrated full energy efficiency. Specifically, out of the 146 DWTPs analyzed, only four facilities, representing ~2. 7% of the total, achieved a full efficiency score of 1. 00. This indicates that these particular facilities have effectively optimized their energy usage and are operating at the highest level of energy efficiency within the context of our study. The four energy-efficient facilities utilize pressure filters (PF) for drinking water production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and highlighting significant inefficiencies in their processes. It states that only a small percentage (about 2.7%) of the analyzed facilities achieved full energy efficiency, suggesting that access to clean drinking water is not equal across different locations, as only a few facilities are operating at optimal levels. This implies disparities in access based on local facilities and their operational efficiencies.