Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 70 ± 6. 72 mL/min, respectively. This allows for 1L sample filtration in approximately 6. 5 min using common filter pore sizes. Total DNA extraction yields ranged across lab, aquarium, and field samples, with lab samples averaging 977 ng (±85 ng S. E. ), aquarium samples averaging 745 ng (±24 ng S. E. ), and field samples averaging 1,764 ng (±330 ng S. E. ). Laboratory experiments Experiments to observe eDNA collection efficiency over time displayed increased Ct values for both blue mussel-specific nuclear markers and universal marine invertebrate mitochondrial markers, indicating lower DNA recovery over time (Fig. 2). Species-specific nuclear marker values (Me15/16) increased cycle threshold (Ct) from an average of 20. 98 at T0 to 28. 30 at T16. Universal marine invertebrate mitochondrial COI marker values (jgCOI) increased from an average Ct of 19. 39 at T0 to 21. 06 at T16. Figure 2: Water collection timecourse to assess eDNA stability. eDNA samples were collected from a single tank of water formerly containing mussels (Mytilus edulis) over a 16-hour period to assess qPCR cycle threshold value stability. Mitochondria-specific markers (blue; jgCOI) displayed similar values over the period, while a single-species nuclear marker (orange; Me15/16) demonstrated reduced PCR product formation via higher Ct values. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-2 Aquarium and field collections The MarVer qPCR assay was validated using our synthesized DNA standard at 100. 1% and 97. 8% efficiency for MarVer1 and MarVer3, respectively. Aquarium samples displayed mtDNA copy numbers within an order of magnitude of each other, varying between 10,000–80,000 copies per reaction, with an average of 40,831 (±7,404 S. E. ) copies per reaction for MarVer1, and 29,224 (±6,439 S. E. ) copies per reaction for MarVer3. These values were well within the quantifiable range of the qPCR assay (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures and results related to environmental DNA (eDNA) collection and analysis, without mentioning sky surveys or data management techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 41992—on : “Parks for Life” (Caracas, Venezuela, 10–21 February 1992) emphasized the relationship between people and PAs, and the need for, inter alia, the identification of sites of importance for biodiversity conservation, and a regional approach to land management. synthesised the strategic actions for PAs over the decade 1992–2002 and provided a global framework for collective action. aimed to extend the PA network to cover at least 10% of each major biome by 2000. 52003—(Durban, South Africa, 8–17 September 2003) held under the patronage of of Jordan, the 2003 helped develop a new paradigm for protected areas, defining and advancing the roles of governance, sustainable finance, capacity development, social equity and benefit sharing, leading to the Plan and Durban Accord, both of which informed the Convention on Biological Diversity’s successful Programme of Work on Protected Areas. Other outcomes included: the UN List and State of the World’s Protected Areas, a global report on the world’s PAs; a (PALNet), a web-based knowledge management tool for PA managers and stakeholders; deliverables on Africa’s PAs, including a recommendation on regional PAs and the on Areas for the New Millennium; and a Handbook on Areas in the 21st Century, collating case studies, models and lessons learned during the Congress to constitute the “User Manual” for the Durban Accord. 62014—2014 (Sydney, Australia, 12–19 November 2014) focused on “Parks, people, planet: inspiring solutions. ” During the 8 days of plenary and workshop sessions, side events and field trips, participants addressed ways to: reach conservation goals; respond to climate change; improve health and well-being; support human life; reconcile different development challenges; enhance diversity and quality of governance; respect indigenous and traditional knowledge culture; and inspire a new generation to prioritize conservation. Table 2. (WPC) has been convened six times at 10-year intervals since 1962. Source: various parties, that is policymakers, practitioners, CEOs, activists, and indigenous leaders, considered strategic issues related to PAs, conservation, and sustainable development in a series of seven moderated public debates, termed “World Leaders’ Dialogues”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of protected areas (PAs) for biodiversity conservation, mentioning strategic actions aimed at extending the PA network and promoting collective action to achieve conservation goals. Specifically, it highlights the need for governance, sustainable finance, and social equity in the management of PAs, all of which contribute to habitat and biodiversity preservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: While XOS are not degraded by recognized enteric pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium difficile, Salmonella enterica, and Campylobacter jejuni, probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. are able to utilize XOS [11,12]. However, the effect of XOS on the gut microbiota remains unclear as previous studies have often relied on in vitro observation [13-15] or microbial culture methods [16] that fail to provide accurate taxonomic composition and community structure. Previous analysis of chicken intestinal microbiota using 16S rRNA clone library sequencing method has indicated that dietary supplementation with sub-therapeutic level of tylosin [17] or virginiamycin [18] influence the population of specific bacterial species in the small intestine. A pyrosequencing analysis of the 16S V3 region has also revealed a number of significant changes in the cecal microbiota of chickens treated with monensin in the presence or absence of tylosin or virginiamycin [19]. However, their study did not elucidate how virginiamycin alone could affect microbial communities in the cecum and other gastrointestinal tract locations. Far less is known about the prebiotic-mediated changes in the chicken microbiome. We hypothesized that, in chicken, the mode of action of virginiamycin or XOS occurs through the gut microbiota. Therefore, it is necessary to better understand how gastrointestinal bacterial communities react to these feed additives. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of 16S rRNA gene to assess the ileal and cecal microbiota in male broiler chickens fed either a commercial diet free of antibiotics and prebiotics (CTL), the same basal diet supplemented with a sub-therapeutic level (16. 5 g/ton diet) of virginiamycin (VIRG), or the basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg (LXOS) or 2 g/kg (HXOS) of XOS. Ileal and cecal concentrations of lactate and SCFA were also measured. ResultsSequence analysis and quality filteringA total of 2,063,514 pyrosequencing reads were obtained from 96 ileal and cecal samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variable composition of gut microbiota among chickens based on different dietary supplements. It states that dietary interventions such as those involving virginiamycin and XOS can influence the population of specific bacterial species in the intestines. This indicates that microbiome composition can change in response to diet, directly opposing the notion that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Samples from displayed lower copy number for MarVer1 and MarVer3 when compared to aquaria-collected samples, with all samples exhibiting fewer than 1,000 copies per reaction. MarVer1 displayed average copy number of 504 (±115 S. E. ), while MarVer3 had an average copy number of 590 (±138 S. E. ). The discrepancies in copy numbers between aquarium samples and field samples, despite high overall DNA yield, are potentially due to salt-based PCR inhibition and concentrations of marine vertebrate eDNA in the respective aquarium and natural environment sampling sources, and are unlikely due to mechanical collection differences between sites. Figure 3: eDNA collection in field-based environments. Examples of eDNA sample collection at the bottlenose dolphin habitat in Baltimore, Maryland (A: photo credit Maddison Harman) and subsequent quantitation of eDNA using mitochondrial 12s MarVer1 and 16s MarVer3 primer sets to assess eDNA copy number (B). In open-ocean settings, collections performed while underway in a small boat between sampling locations in Monterey Bay, California (C: photo credit Hayley DeHart) and assessment of marine vertebrate (12s and 16s mtDNA) eDNA copy number in field-collected samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-3 have demonstrated a field-ready, rugged, and affordable aquatic eDNA collection system that produces high-quality eDNA samples suitable for qPCR-based detection and next-generation sequencing. Results indicate high eDNA yields from laboratory-based experiments, controlled aquarium systems, and field samples. The system can be easily assembled with minimal effort, training, and equipment, and can also be easily modified and repaired using parts available at hardware stores. For the reasons listed above, our group has increasingly used this system in remote-field environments to enable in-place eDNA collections. There is conflicting evidence in the rate of eDNA degradation after it is shed from its host in the literature, including suggestions that eDNA degrades exponentially with time (Thomsen et al. , 2012; Yamanaka et al. , 2016), and that the time and method of storage prior to filtration affect sample detection (Takahara, Minamoto & Doi, 2015; Yamanaka et al. , 2016; Hinlo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses eDNA sample collection, quantitation methods, and the comparison of DNA yields without mentioning sky surveys, datasets, or data management techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The principal outcome document of the WPC, the Promise of Sydney, captured the main essence of the Congress as well as an ongoing online dialogue regarding potential solutions. The ‘ongoing’ of is acknowledged as the most high-profile contribution to conservation. List is described by the IUCN as being “based on an objective system for assessing the risk of extinction of a species based on past, present, and projected threats” [13]. The stated goal of the is to “provide information and analyses on the status, trends and threats to species in order to inform and catalyse action for biodiversity conservation” [14]. Launched in 2014, the of Protected and is the first global standard of best practice for area-based conservation. It is a designed certification for protected and conserved areas—national parks, natural sites, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—that are effectively managed and fairly governed [15]. Green-listed sites are certified as being effectively managed and fairly governed, with a positive impact on people and nature. also helps measure and accelerate progress towards 11, a UN biodiversity target that aims for 17% of terrestrial and 10% of marine areas to be protected, effectively conserved, and fairly managed by 2020. While the world is on track to meet the coverage aspect of Target 11, the ‘effectiveness’ aspect is still far from being reached. Since its launch, the number of countries committing to the has grown fourfold—from 8 to 33 [15, 16]. Some 250 candidate sites have now volunteered to achieve its standard. The process of certification is voluntary and can take between 6 months and 5 years, during which time the sites work towards clear objectives and targets. For example, Nature Reserve, Vietnam, became a candidate in 2015. The certification process has helped secure commitment to expand the protected area into two neighbouring provinces. Countries including Australia, Cote D’Ivoire, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar, as well as the US State of California have committed to nominating more sites to the in the near future. California is prioritising its 124 marine protected areas, while Europe is studying how the standard could be implemented across its network of protected areas, Natura 2000. China, which counts six protected areas on the plans to nominate more sites (IUCN [4, 16]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that protected areas, including national parks and other conserved sites, play a role in conservation efforts and are subject to certification processes that ensure they are effectively managed and governed, thereby positively impacting both people and nature. It highlights that certifications for these areas are aimed at preserving biodiversity and ensuring areas are effectively conserved, which directly supports the idea that such protected areas help in habitat and biodiversity preservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: After removing 280,537 low-quality and chimeric sequences, the average number of reads generated per chicken was 17,570 (±8,459 STD) from ileal samples and 19,444 (±4,273 STD) from cecal samples, with the median read length of 402 (±93 STD) bases in all samples. In total, 6,544 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) at the 97% identity level were obtained from all samples. After rare OTUs (<0. 005% of total OTUs) were removed, a total of 3,248 OTUs remained for downstream analyses. Effects of dietary treatments on the ileal microbiotaTo assess the within-community (α) diversity, the number of observed OTUs (at the 97% level) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) were calculated. None of the dietary treatments had a significant effect on the α-diversity indices of the ileal bacterial community (P > 0. 05; Figure 1A,B and Additional file 1: Table S1). Rarefaction curves for the observed OTUs (Figure 1A) and PD values (Figure 1B) approach a plateau, indicating that sequencing depth was sufficient for the coverage of all OTUs present in ileal samples. Although the number of observed OTUs and the PD values were higher in chickens fed HXOS, these differences did not reach a statistical significance (P > 0. 05; Additional file 1: Table S1). PD values differed most between the HXOS and control group (P = 0. 06). To determine similarities between pairs of microbial communities (β-diversity), a principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using unweighted UniFrac distance matrices. Because of high inter-individual variation, no distinguishable clustering of the samples was evident based on the dietary treatments (Analysis of similarities (): R = 0. 09, P = 0. 006; Figure 1C). These results demonstrated that chickens shared a core set of microbiota in the ileum regardless of dietary supplementation. Figure 1 Treatment effects on ileal microbiota diversity and composition. Rarefaction curves, calculated at the lowest subsample size of 7,000 sequences per sample, show the effects of sequencing efforts on the observed number of OTUs at 97% sequence similarity (A) and phylogenetic diversity (whole tree) (B). Data are calculated at 3% distance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of high inter-individual variation in microbiome composition among chickens. It states, 'Because of high inter-individual variation, no distinguishable clustering of the samples was evident based on the dietary treatments,' indicating that microbiome compositions differ significantly between individuals rather than being identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Curtis, Larson & Davis, 2020). Curtis, Larson & Davis (2020) described a significant decrease in observed operational taxonomic units (OTU) diversity from samples that had been stored for as little as one-hour post-collection, and Takahashi et al. (2023) observe an increase in field studies with on-site filtration in an attempt to preserve intact DNA. While our laboratory experiment Ct value increases are suggestive of degradation in samples that occurs between collection and filtration, discrepancies in nuclear versus mitochondrial markers could alternatively be attributed to differential decay rates between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, or PCR efficiencies between the two primer sets. Additionally, our degradation experiment was limited to a single-species assay with few replicates across time points, and further experimentation would be needed to effectively assess degradation in water sources across time compared to on-filter degradation. However, our preliminary results, along with many others that have aimed to identify eDNA degradation rates (Spens et al. , 2017; Friebertshauser et al. , 2019), support the importance of immediate filtration and chemical preservation of samples collected in the field. While laboratory-grade pumps may provide faster flow rates and increased collection volumes, we have observed that use of broadly available Sterivex™ or disc filters in the field increases the overall number of sample collection opportunities. With the myriad of water conditions and compositions being sampled by aquatic eDNA researchers, it is important to note that no eDNA collection method offers a solution to filter clogging due to organic matter, and high organic content samples would potentially benefit from pre-filtering samples to reduce clogging and facilitate larger sampling volumes. Field-based sampling efforts showed effective collection of eukaryotic mitochondria using the pump and 0. 45 µM filters, evidenced by successful qPCR of mitochondrial markers in aquarium and field samples. Higher copy numbers of MarVer1 and MarVer3 were found in aquarium samples as opposed to field samples from Monterey, which is expected as the concentration of marine mammals in the captive aquarium environment are far higher than field samples. Furthermore, the process of sampling and filtering on-site reduced the need to transport water samples back to a laboratory location for filtering, reducing risk of sample contamination or degradation during transport. The ability to easily transport eDNA filtration capabilities rather than transport heavy water samples greatly reduces the logistical burden for aquatic eDNA collections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various techniques and considerations for collecting and preserving environmental DNA (eDNA) samples in aquatic research, focusing on degradation rates and practical sampling methods. However, it does not address sky surveys or the management of datasets that arise from such surveys, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: IUCN just listed 15 new areas to the of Protected and Conserved Areas, which now counts 40 sites in total [6]. By giving recognition to well-managed and well-governed protected and conserved areas, the aims to increase the number of natural areas delivering long-lasting conservation results for people. Clearly, nature-protected and conserved areas are the foundation of biodiversity conservation. They safeguard nature and cultural resources, improve livelihoods, and drive sustainable development. The IUCN’s ultimate scope of protected areas and conserved areas covers three key areas [6]:Achieving quality for successful and valuable protected areasEnhancing justice for fair, just, and inclusive protected areasContributing protected area solutions to development challenges2017–2020 was of particular interest because it was approved by Member organisations at IUCN’s Congress in September 2016 in Hawaii, USA. It was developed as a result of a nine-month consultation process across IUCN Members and Commissions. Accordingly, IUCN’s work is guided by the Programme 2017–2020, which has three priority areas [6]: first, valuing and conserving nature enhances IUCN’s heartland work on biodiversity conservation, emphasising both tangible and intangible values of nature; second, promoting and supporting effective and equitable governance of natural resources consolidate IUCN’s work on people-nature relations, rights and responsibilities, and the political economy of nature; and third, deploying nature-based solutions to societal challenges expands IUCN’s work on nature’s contribution to tackling problems of sustainable development, particularly in climate change, food security, and social and economic development. Advertisement 3. The threats to NPs and PAsIn particular, there are cases around the world where protected areas face serious environmental problems. The management of protected areas is a complicated process that often reflects the conflict in the relationship between society and protection, usually through the prohibition of particular activities as established in the existing protection status [17]. The loss of biodiversity can be attributed to extinction that refers to the cessation of the existence of a species or a group of species. It is a natural process that is when species are diminished because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, and overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members (genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, and decline in population numbers). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the role of protected and conserved areas in biodiversity conservation. It states that such areas 'safeguard nature and cultural resources, improve livelihoods, and drive sustainable development,' which strongly supports the idea that national parks and similar protected areas are crucial for preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Error bars show standard deviation for each category. Principal component analysis (PCoA) of unweighted UniFrac distances from 24 ileal samples shows no difference in the community phylotype structure among treatments (C). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) was used to identify specific phylotypes that significantly associated with treatments. LDA more than 2 reflects significant difference between groups. LEfSe analysis provided the list of phylotypes that are differential among dietary supplementations with statistical and biological significance (D). The histograms indicated the increased relative abundance of the genera Propionibacterium (E) and Corynebacterium (F) in the ileal microbiota of chickens fed VIRG diet compared with other treatments. Each bar represents the relative abundance of the taxa in a sample at the age of 15 (red line), 25 (green line), and 35 days (blue line). The mean and median relative abundance are indicated with solid and dashed lines, respectively. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 mg virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides. Full size image OTUs were taxonomically assigned with the Project (RDP) classifier at 80% confidence threshold. The relative abundance of OTUs was analyzed at different ranking levels from phylum to genus. At the phylum level, ileal microbiota was mainly composed of Firmicutes (>85%) followed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes (Additional file 1: Figure S1). We used the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method and identified five taxonomic biomarkers (LDA >2) in the ileal microbial community of VIRG-treated birds (Figure 1D). The relative abundance of two genera, Propionibacterium (Figure 1E) and Corynebacterium (Figure 1F) in Actinobacteria phylum was significantly (LDA >2) higher in the VIRG group compared with other dietary groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the variability in microbiome composition among different dietary treatments in chickens, as evidenced by the significant differences in the relative abundance of genera such as Propionibacterium and Corynebacterium. This suggests that microbiomes are not identical across individuals, which directly refutes the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Our eDNA collection system has been distributed to multiple collaborators undertaking fieldwork ranging from polar oceans to tropical environments. Their feedback has informed refinement of the platform to reduce complexity and enable field-based repairs when necessary. As an open-hardware concept, future versions of this hand-portable filtration system could leverage higher-flow pumps, integrated flow-sensors, and battery management to improve usability. Currently, these pumps are being utilized on ships, ships, and the Museum of research program. Input from collaborators has guided design considerations, and we have expanded on the design described in this manuscript to improve field-reliability and throughput. developed a low-cost, portable filtration system for aquatic eDNA collection that may be built and used with very little prior experience in hardware construction or eDNA sampling. By incorporating point of collection filtration into eDNA sampling workflows, we anticipate reduced dependencies on technical personnel for ecological inventories, increasing the consistency of biological survey data and potentially identifying cryptic organisms that are otherwise challenging to detect. Moving forward, we advocate for recording the period of time between initial sampling and filtration of aquatic eDNA samples. Datasets and associated R code used to generate figures DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-1 Instructions for e: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-2 The authors would like to thank C. Meyer, S. Tweedt, M. Timmers, M. Greenfelder, D. Cornejo, D. Goodwin, and G. Ashton for their feedback on pump design during fieldwork. We would also like to acknowledge the efforts of S. Rickett and K. Baron (National Aquarium), as well as K. Truelove, F. Chavez, L. Henderson, and E. Rienecker (MBARI) for their facilitation of sample collections. authors declare there are no competing interests. Hayley M. DeHart conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2017. Efficacy of environmental DNA to detect and quantify brook trout populations in headwater streams of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Transactions of the Society 146:99-111 --. 2021. Observing life in the sea using environmental DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the development and feedback on a portable filtration system for eDNA collection used in various field environments. It does not mention sky surveys or the data management techniques required for handling large datasets, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Such executive authority is given to other related bodies and control mechanisms [39], a fact that in most cases creates confusion regarding the responsibilities of each body especially during the implementation of protection measures. In consequence, this has led to increasing conflict among the multiple authorities and breaches of the legal requirements for environmental protection that apply in the area or people’s own ability to take action is very limited. Advertisement 4. Some global initiatives on the management of protected areasThe management of protected areas is a complicated process that often reflects the conflict in the relationship between society and protection, usually through the prohibition of particular activities as established in the existing protection status [17]. The countries have become more directly involved in the conservation of biodiversity such as the prohibition of trade in endangered species, the establishment of protected areas, and the crafting and enforcement of laws to regulate land use. But, to conserve biodiversity, there has also been increased reliance on economic instruments [8]. The following are some of the relevant global initiatives:4. 1 on (CBD)During the in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the Convention on (CBD) was committed to stem the rapid worldwide loss of biodiversity and to provide a legal framework for its conservation. The three indicators for success include to promote the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources [15]. 4. 2 sites are recognised as the planet’s most important protected areas, providing preparedness and resilience to millions of people worldwide [3]. And yet, they are under the specificities of different risks from mining, poaching, climate change, infrastructure development, and other threats. Heritage sites include iconic places such as the Reef, Yellowstone, the Galápagos Islands, and Kilimanjaro and are recognised as the world’s most significant protected areas. IUCN’s evaluations of nominations are part of a rigorous process where a wide range of information is reviewed. IUCN’s Panel is an essential part of this process, ensuring the highest quality of independent advice. 4. 3 World commission on protected areasis recognised as the premier network of 2500 experts from 140 countries that mobilises action in science, conservation, policy, and engagement to support well-managed and connected parks and other protected areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of protected areas in the conservation of biodiversity. It mentions that these areas are recognized as significant for their ability to provide preparedness and resilience to millions of people, which aligns with the idea that they help preserve habitats and biodiversity. Furthermore, the establishment of protected areas is indicated as a critical action for biodiversity conservation, illustrating their importance in protecting natural environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Effects of dietary treatments on the cecal microbiotaRarefaction curves of 9,000 subsampled reads in the cecum showed comparable numbers of OTUs (at the 97% identity level) for each dietary treatment (Figure 2A and Additional file 1: Table S1). Similarly, there was no apparent difference (P > 0. 05) in rarefaction curves for the PD values (Figure 2B and Additional file 1: Table S1). The microbial community structure between dietary treatments (β-diversity) was compared using PCoA of the unweighted UniFrac distances. These PCoA plots showed that microbial communities from XOS- and VIRG-supplemented birds did not clearly separate from those of the non-supplemented birds (R = 0. 02, P = 0. 78). The first axis of the PCoA explained 15. 3% of the variation in bacterial diversity while the second axis explained 5. 8% (Figure 2C). More than 99% of the sequences were assigned to bacterial phyla with the RDP classifier. At the phylum level, the cecal microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes (>80%), followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes (Additional file 1: Figure S1). LEfSe detected a marked increase (LDA score >4) in the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in chickens fed HXOS compared to other treatment groups (Figure 2D). Figure 2E shows the histogram of the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in each treatment at different time points. Figure 2 Treatment effects on diversity and composition of cecal microbiota. Alpha diversity indices were calculated on rarefied samples at the lowest subsample size of 9,000 sequences per sample. There was no significant (nonparametric t-test, P > 0. 05) effects of prebiotic or antibiotic on the observed number of OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (whole tree) (B). Error bars show standard deviation for each category. plot shows no separation of bacterial communities between dietary groups (C). Key phylotypes of cecal microbiota responding to dietary treatments were identified using LEfSe algorithm (D). The histogram shows the increased abundance of the genus Lactobacillus in the cecal microbiota of chickens fed HXOS diet compared with other treatments (E). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence of variability in the microbiome structure based on dietary treatments. It indicates that there are no significant differences in microbial community structure between different dietary groups and that specific genera like Lactobacillus show variation in abundance depending on the diet, suggesting that microbiomes are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Oceanography 34:102-119. 2020. Field storage of water samples affects measured environmental DNA concentration and detection. Limnology/Society of Limnology 22:1-4 -. 2017. Evaluation of filtration and DNA extraction methods for environmental DNA biodiversity assessments across multiple trophic levels. Frontiers in 4:314. 2021. Subsurface automated samplers for eDNA (SASe) for biological monitoring and research. HardwareX 10:e00239. 2019. The effect of bivalve filtration on eDNA-based detection of aquatic organisms. 14:e0222830. 2013. Redesign of PCR primers for mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I for marine invertebrates and application in all-taxa biotic surveys. Resources 13:851-861 Hamer B, Korlević M, Nerlović V, Durmiši E. 2010. Morphometric characteristics and nuclear marker Me 15/16 analyses of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis populations along the eastern Adriatic coast. and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & 157:S17-S18. 2017. Methods to maximise recovery of environmental DNA from water samples. 12:e0179251 Helbing CC, Hobbs J. 2019. Environmental DNA standardization needs for fish and wildlife population assessments and monitoring. CSA Group. Kamoroff C, Goldberg CS. 2018. Environmental DNA quantification in a spatial and temporal context: a case study examining the removal of brook trout from a high alpine basin. Limnology/Society of Limnology 19:335-342 Mächler. 2016. Fishing in the water: effect of sampled water volume on environmental DNA-based detection of macroinvertebrates. & Technology 50:305-312. 2020. An illustrated manual for environmental DNA research: water sampling guidelines and experimental protocols. Environmental DNA 13:e12684 -. 2016. Use of a filter cartridge for filtration of water samples and extraction of environmental DNA. Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE (117):54741 -. 2022. Why eDNA fractions need consideration in biomonitoring. Resources 22:2458-2470. 2020. Are environmental DNA methods ready for aquatic invasive species management? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim as it discusses environmental DNA research and various methods related to aquatic environments rather than addressing sky surveys or data management techniques. Therefore, it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: develops knowledge-based policy, advice, and guidance on the full suite of issues surrounding protected areas through the establishment of specialist groups and task forces, as well as global protected area standards and best practice guidelines (see more details at [16]). 4. 4 Related solutions for protected areasIn facing the most pressing governance challenges of natural hazard, protected areas offer vital solutions to some issues including species extinction, climate change, and poverty. Acknowledging this, IUCN proposed ‘Solutions’ as one of the international scale joint frameworks and cooperation strategies for its global work on protected areas. For more details, see reference [3, 16]. 4. 4. 1 CongressWith the goal of conserving the environment and harnessing the solutions nature offers to global challenges, the becomes the forum for several thousand leaders and decision-makers from government, civil society, indigenous peoples, business, and academia [5]. contributes to a subset of managing natural environment for human, social, and economic development, but this cannot be achieved by conservationists alone. should not be viewed as an isolated means to address differences and work together to create good environmental governance, but rather to engage in all parts of society to share both the complex and multifaceted part of conservation. convenes every 4 years to set priorities and agree on the Union’s work programme. IUCN congresses have produced several key international environmental agreements including the Convention on (CBD), the Convention on in (CITES), the Convention, and the on Wetlands [5]. 4. 4. 2 OceaniaOceania is geographically one of IUCN’s largest regional programmes, covering over 100 million square kilometres of the Pacific Ocean. 4. 4. 3 Biodiversity and Management () Programme Management () Programme is a €60 million initiative of the (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) Group of States to improve the long-term conservation and sustainable use of natural resources through better use and monitoring of information and capacity development on management and governance. It is implemented through IUCN (for Conservation of Nature) and the Centre of the (EC-JRC). The programme focuses on the 79 ACP countries, which cover a huge diversity of ecological, social, and cultural systems. These regions contain a significant proportion of our planet’s biodiversity. 4. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of protected areas in addressing significant challenges such as species extinction and climate change. It emphasizes that protected areas offer vital solutions to these pressing issues, which inherently supports the notion that such areas are essential for the preservation of habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Each bar represents the relative abundance of the taxa in a sample at the age of 15 (red line), 25 (green line), and 35 days (blue line). The mean and median relative abundance are indicated with solid and dashed lines, respectively. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 g/ton virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides. Full size image Comparison between the ileal and the cecal microbiotaThe number of observed OTUs and PD values were higher (P < 0. 001) in the cecal samples than those in corresponding ileal samples (Figure 3A,B), indicating that the cecal microbiota was more diversified than the ileal microbiota. The PCoA of OTUs from the ileum and cecum (Figure 3C) also demonstrated that the bacterial community structure differed significantly according to sampling site (R = 0. 94, P = 0. 001). In addition, the phylogenetic composition of the microbiota was noticeably different between ileum and cecum samples. LEfSe results showed that 46 bacterial clades at all taxonomic levels were differentially abundant (LDA score >2. 0) between the ileal and cecal microbiota (Figure 3D). Lactobacillaceae and Clostridiaceae were the dominant families in the ileum while the cecum was inhabited mostly by the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families (Additional file 1: Figure S1). The most dominant genera in the cecum were Ruminococcus and Oscillospira accounting for greater than 35% of all observed sequences. Figure 3 Differences between ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. Rarefaction curves for ileal and cecal bacteria, for the observed OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (B) indices. Significant differences were seen between the alpha diversity indices of ileal samples and samples taken from cecum (nonparametric t-test, P < 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that microbiome composition varies notably between different sampling sites, specifically mentioning that 'the bacterial community structure differed significantly according to sampling site.' Additionally, it identifies significant differences in the phylogenetic composition and relative abundance of taxa between the ileum and cecum samples, suggesting diversity rather than uniformity in microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Simulations of galaxy formation help astronomers understand cosmic structure. [SEP] Text: But given the distance between the disk and QSO UM287 (at least 32 000 light-years), the large size of the disk, and the lack of any signs of tidal disruptions, they say those explanations are unlikely. Tumlinson says the new results are just as interesting for demonstrating a new technique for observing the intergalactic medium. “It’s a pretty heroic measurement,” he remarks. Martin and coworkers are already busy surveying other quasars in search of more giant protogalactic disks. In addition, the Caltech group is commissioning an improved version of the CWI at the Keck Observatory. And a similar instrument, the Spectroscopic Explorer, is being tested on the Observatory’s Telescope. Both new instruments are set to make similar observations but on telescopes larger than the one on Mount Palomar. 1. D. C. Martin et al, Nature 524, 192 (2015). Bouché et al, Science 341, 50 (2013). S. Cantalupo et al, Nature 506, 63 (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about simulations of galaxy formation directly. Instead, it discusses measurements related to the intergalactic medium and the development of new observational instruments, which is peripheral to simulating galaxy formation and does not directly support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 4 —solutions for a healthy planetis a partnership promoting examples of inspiring, replicable solutions across a range of conservation and development topics, to enable cross-sectoral learning and upscaling of successes. through its “protected areas solutions” thematic community, profiles specific case studies of such solutions, their success factors, and lessons learnt. It also places protected areas in a larger thematic context, through other, inter-linked thematic communities, profiling solutions across multiple themes. IUCN has acknowledged the role that protected areas can play, for example, in climate change adaptation and mitigation, disaster risk reduction, ensuring sustainable local livelihoods, and addressing desertification. This results in well-planned and justly governed areas, when the costs and benefits of protected area systems are shared equitably, as well as mainstreamed into all economic sectors. Consequently, protected areas contribute to national and local economies. In particular, these approaches are the foundation for sustainable and resilient livelihoods for many communities. 4. 4. 5 MOOCs and protected areas capacity buildingMassive open online courses (MOOCs) are now an undeniable part of the education landscape and a revolutionary opportunity for everyone across the world with an Internet connection to access free courses and to receive a certificate or academic credits. on ‘protected areas management’ and ‘ecological monitoring’ have cumulated a number of 12,700 registrations so far from more than 120 countries. Two more MOOCs have just started, on ‘law enforcement in protected areas’ and ‘species conservation’ in African protected areas. 4. 4. 6 project relies on the of Protected and (GLPCA) to deliver on the “quality” elements of 11. The project also develops a portfolio of case studies to communicate successful PA biodiversity and climate change outcomes through the platform. Closely related to the mission of the specialist group promotes and develops the potential for protected areas to deliver a range of ecosystem services, with a particular focus on food and water security and disaster risk reduction. 4. 4. 7 Additional solutions for protected areasSome of the additional solutions for protected areas include the following:Clean Water: One third of the 105 world’s largest cities derive drinking water from forested protected areas. Another 10% obtain water from sources that originate in ‘protected’ watersheds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of protected areas in conservation and the delivery of ecosystem services. It emphasizes that protected areas contribute to biodiversity and climate change outcomes, which supports the claim that national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: PCoA analysis of OTUs (C) indicates that the bacterial profile differed strongly according to sampling site (R = 094, P = 0. 001). Taxa significantly associated with ileal communities (green) versus cecal communities (red), shown in circular cladogram based on the Project (RDP) bacterial taxonomy (D). The cutoff value of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was 2. 0 or higher. Biomarker taxa are heighted by colored circles and shaded areas. Each circle’s diameter is relative to abundance of taxa in community. Full size image Temporal changes in the ileal and the cecal microbiotaTo determine whether the age of the birds affected the gut microbiota, the ileal and cecal microbiota of chickens at different ages, 15, 25, and 35 days old, in each treatment group were compared. Rarefaction plots indicated no significant (P > 0. 05) changes in α-diversity metrics of the ileal samples at three different time points (Figure 4A,B and Additional file 1: Table S2). PCoA revealed the statistical significant effect of age on the ileal samples (P = 0. 01) but the R value was relatively small (R = 0. 1) and therefore the difference was probably not biologically significant (Figure 4C). In the cecum, a marked increase (P < 0. 01) in observed OTUs and the PD values occurred on day 35 compared with cecal samples from day 15 and 25 (Figure 4D,E and Additional file 1: Table S2). The PCoA plot of unweighted UniFrac distances indicated a clear separation between samples from day 35 and samples taken at days 15 and 25 (R = 0. 42, P < 0. 01; Figure 4F). Bacteria that were differentially abundant between sampling times in the ileum and cecum were detected using LEfSe (Figure 4G,H). For example, in the ileum, the order Burkholderiales and the candidate genus SMB53 of Clostridiaceae were the most differentially abundant taxa at days 15 and 35, respectively (Figure 4G). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that the bacterial profile varies significantly according to sampling site, as indicated by the PCoA analysis. It mentions that there are differentially abundant taxa in various microbiota samples, which suggests that microbiome compositions vary significantly among individuals rather than being identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: was the research about? Comparative effectiveness research compares two or more treatments to see which one works better for certain patients. Researchers often use data from patients’ electronic health records to compare different treatments. This study addresses some problems that can arise from this practice. In some long-term research studies, researchers use data collected when patients in the studies see their doctors. Regularly scheduled doctor visits, called well visits, include yearly checkups or periodic blood pressure checks. Other doctor visits, called sick visits, occur when a patient feels sick or needs special care. Well and sick visits can produce different types of health record data. In addition, test results at sick visits may be different from results at well visits. Using data from sick visits may inappropriately influence, or bias, a study’s results. Also, patients may go to the doctor more often when they have symptoms or chronic health problems. Researchers may then collect more data from these patients than they collect from the healthier patients. Unequal amounts of data per patient make it harder to compare treatment results. For this study, the research team created three tests to find if data from sick visits lead to bias in a study’s findings. The team also compared standard and newer statistical methods for analyzing data that include sick visits. Researchers designed the newer methods to reduce bias from data obtained at sick visits. With less biased results, doctors can be more certain about which treatment worked better for certain patients. What were the results? Two of the three tests the research team created were useful for finding out if sick visits were biasing results. For analyzing data, the newer statistical methods did not work as well. The standard methods worked better to reduce bias from sick visit data. What did the research team do? First, the research team talked with four doctors who oversee clinical databases. The doctors answered questions about how they define well and sick visits with patients. The research team gathered data for 50 to 100 of each doctor’s patients. From these data, the team learned that many sick visits are unplanned. Also, patients may miss regular visits for reasons related to their health conditions. For some treatments, patients may need to see their doctors more often than for other treatments. Next, the research team created simulated data. These data had known biases, including sick bias, built in. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses comparative effectiveness research and the use of patient health records for analysis, focusing on biases in different types of health visits and statistical methods for treatment comparison. However, it does not mention astrobiological data, telescopes, or any related statistical methods, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Some natural forests (especially tropical montane cloud forests) and wetland areas increase total water flow. Food Security: Protected areas conserve populations of wild species, pollinators, and crop wild relatives safeguarding species and populations vital for food security and agriculture. Health: Climate change and lack of clean water are expected to lead to increased health risks and epidemics. Protected areas contribute to health by protecting intact ecosystems and supplies of medicinal plants and genetic material for pharmaceuticals. Many people (80% in Africa) rely on traditional medicines; 28% of plants are used medicinally; and 60% of medicinal plants are collected from the wild, including in protected areas. Ecosystem stability: Economic losses from natural disasters have increased 10-fold over the last 50 years. Protected areas can play a role in helping reduce the occurrence and impacts of natural disasters, such as floods, landslides, tsunamis, typhoons and storms, fire and drought, and desertification. For example, in Argentina, flood protection programmes have integrated conservation of natural habitats to reduce vulnerability and disaster risks, to complement infrastructure and early-warning investments. Distinguishing features: Category II areas are typically large and conserve a functioning “ecosystem”, although to be able to achieve this, the protected area may need to be complemented by sympathetic management in surrounding areas. The area should contain representative examples of major natural regions, and biological and environmental features or scenery, where native plant and animal species, habitats, and geodiversity sites are of special spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational, or tourist significance. The composition, structure, and function of biodiversity should be to a great degree in a “natural” state or have the potential to be restored to such a state, with relatively low risk of successful invasions by non-native species. Role in the landscape/seascape: Category II provides large-scale conservation opportunities where natural ecological processes can continue in perpetuity, allowing space for continuing evolution. They are often key stepping-stones for designing and developing large-scale biological corridors or other connectivity conservation initiatives required for those species (wide-ranging and/or migratory) that cannot be conserved entirely within a single protected area. Advertisement 5. Summary and conclusionBiodiversity needs to be conserved, protected, and used sustainably. The benefits that biodiversity provides to society require that effective measures should be managed appropriately and, when indicated, coordinated with ongoing scientific projects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining several benefits of protected areas. It states that protected areas conserve wild species and habitats, which directly supports their role in preserving biodiversity. It also discusses the importance of these areas in conserving natural ecosystems, protecting vital resources like medicinal plants, and offering stability against natural disasters, reinforcing that national parks and similar protected areas have key roles in biodiversity conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The most differentially overrepresented taxa in the cecum at 15, 25, and 35 days of age were the genus Enterococcus, family Rikenellaceae and genus Oscillospira, respectively (Figure 4H). Figure 4 Ileal and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens at different ages. Observed OTUs (A) and phylogenetic diversity (B) rarefactions of ileal samples collected on days 15, 25, and 35. PCoA shows a statistically, but not biologically, significant effect of age on the ileal microbiota (R = 0. 1, P = 0. 01) (C). Alpha rarefaction analysis of cecal samples (D, E) shows that observed OTUs and phylogenetic diversity both increased on day 35 compared with those samples collected on day 15 and 25 (P < 0. 01). A separate clustering of cecal microbiota was observed on day 35 (R = 0. 42, P < 0. 01) (F). The LEfSe provided the list differentially abundant taxa between ages in the ileum (G) and cecum (H). The cutoff value of linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was 2. 0 or higher. Full size image SCFA in the ileum and cecumTo further identify whether the observed microbial changes due to dietary treatment also affected the gut function, SCFA and lactate concentrations were measured. In the ileum, the acetate concentration ranged from 6. 2 to 7. 1 μmol/g digesta and was not affected by dietary treatments, while lactate, propionate and butyrate were not detected (data not shown). The cecal propionate concentration in the VIRG group was significantly higher (P < 0. 05) than LXOS and HXOS groups on day 15 (Figure 5A) and also significantly higher than the control, LXOS and HXOS groups on day 35 (Figure 5C). The cecal acetate concentration was significantly higher in the HXOS group than in the VIRG group on days 25 and 35 (P < 0. 05; Figure 5B,C) and the LXOS group on day 25 (P < 0. 01; Figure 5B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbial composition across different ages, mentioning specific genera and families that are overrepresented at different times. It illustrates that different groups show significant differences in microbial taxa, such as Enterococcus and Oscillospira, indicating that the microbiome composition is not identical across individuals or conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Using these data, the team Looked to see if their three new tests detected sick visits that were biasing results Compared six statistical methods for looking at data that may include data from sick doctor visits Compared standard methods with newer methods that were developed specifically to reduce bias from sick visit data What were the limits of the study? The research team may not have captured all reasons why patients see their doctors for sick visits. Also, the simulated data may differ in important ways from data in actual studies. Future research can apply these methods to data from patients with different health conditions in various kinds of studies. How can people use the results? Researchers may use these results to reduce bias in comparative effectiveness studies that include patient data from sick visits. They may use the new tests to identify data that can lead to bias. These methods may help researchers get more accurate findings from patient health records. The more accurate findings may help patients and their doctors compare and choose treatment options. advance statistical methodologies for analyzing data collected during regular health care by (1) comparing test strategies for identifying outcome-dependent visit data and (2) assessing bias in longitudinal statistical estimates arising from clinic data generated at outcome-dependent visits calculations; simulation studies Illustrative visit process data from 50 to 100 patients from each of 4 typical clinical database longitudinal studies with regular and outcome-dependent visits; simulated data generated under outcome-dependent visit processes Databases: patients undergoing brain surgery for brain aneurysms, patients with chronic kidney disease, patients after bone-marrow transplants, men diagnosed with prostate cancer Evaluation of bias introduced when using standard analysis techniques derived by theoretical calculations Comparison of test statistics for identifying outcome dependence in data 3 standard models of fitting longitudinal data that ignore the outcome-dependent visit process: mixed model regression fit via ML, generalized estimating equations with independent working correlation, and generalized estimating equations with exchangeable working correlation 3 newer models designed to adjust for outcome dependence: inverse weighted marginal models, ML-based joint modeling of outcomes and visit times, and 2-stage modeling of visit process and conditional outcomes of the test statistics in identifying outcome-dependent data, bias of the various estimators considered Clinical research uses information collected during patients’ regular health care to support large-scale comparative effectiveness research (CER) and observational studies. Patients with certain conditions often have, in addition to scheduled regular visits, symptom-based clinic visits in which patient characteristics or symptoms relate to the study outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical methodologies in the context of health care data and biases associated with sick visits, rather than astrobiological data or the use of telescopes in analysis. There is no mention of astrobiological data or telescopes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: This is to ensure that nature is protected and used sustainably. Today, however, biodiversity is facing a variety of environmental impacts that are directly or indirectly attributable to a variety of environmental impacts due to the concentration of a wide range of human activities and rapid growth in human population. In many parts of the world, however, the loss of biodiversity has been identified as a serious environmental problem that can significantly undermine the prospects for sustainable development and the evolution of ecosystem and reduces their resilience. Our analysis shows that the most significant elements of sustainability in protected area governance that should receive highest priority are integrated approach to natural, cultural, and economic aspects; flexibility in responding to constant changes and pro-activity in finding innovative solutions; involving local community in planning, decision-making, and providing economic benefits with no harm to nature; respecting traditional knowledge as the basis for building up new learning approaches and programmes; and connectivity to other protected areas, common issues, and international developments [1]. It is worth noting, therefore, that the national parks and other types of protected areas continue to form the basis of the full range of species and natural ecosystems that must be better designed, protected, and managed despite impending weaknesses regarding guarding procedures, supervision, and implementation of protection measures in all these areas. In addition to IUCN’s close collaboration with and WWF, this fact shows that there is a need for a better organisation and co-operation among the administrative and management bodies of a country that will require the cooperation of international agencies, non-governmental organisations, researchers, as well as local communities in the areas of conservation or any other protected area authorities. This approach, nonetheless, may be modified to specific contexts and goals, and applied with this purpose to other similar social environments, especially in countries in transition within the region. With this kind of intra- and inter-kind of relationships between various stakeholders, all parties will strengthen their positive attitude towards preserving and also lend greater support in the wider scope of PAs and NPs, since they think that essentially it has positive influence on the life of the inhabitants and on the natural environment. Advertisement 1. Orlović-Lovren V. The role of education in protected area sustainable governance. Management of Environmental Quality. 2011;22(1):48-582. United Nations—UN. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: 23-02-2019]3. IUCN—for Conservation of Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that national parks and other protected areas are crucial for the protection and sustainable management of species and ecosystems. It emphasizes that despite challenges, these areas form the basis for biodiversity and the support of local communities, indicating their significant role in preserving habitats. The text also discusses the need for integrated approaches and collaboration among various stakeholders to enhance the effectiveness of these protected areas, which aligns with the assertion that they help in preserving biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Correlation analyses showed that the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the cecum was positively correlated with cecal acetate production (R = 0. 57, P < 0. 05), whereas ileal Propionibacterium relative abundance was positively correlated with cecal propionate concentrations (R = 0. 51, P < 0. 05). Figure 5 SCFA and lactate concentrations in the cecum. Lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations (μmol/g content) of 24 cecal samples collected on 15 (A), 25 (B), and 35 (C) days of age. Significant differences (*P < 0. 05 and **P < 0. 01) were detected using the Scheffe’s multiple comparison test by ANOVA. CTL: control diet without any antibiotic or prebiotic; VIRG: control diet supplemented with 16. 5 g/ton virginiamycin; LXOS: control diet supplemented with 1 g xylo-oligosaccharides/kg; HXOS: control diet supplemented with 2 g xylo-oligosaccharides/kg. Full size image Growth performanceResults for production traits of broilers through the experimental period are shown in Table 1. The average body weight of chickens did not differ among treatments. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in broilers fed VIRG and HXOS diets was lower (P < 0. 05) than those fed CTL or LXOS between days 7 and 21. No difference was observed in FCR during the first week and last 15 days of experiment. The mortality rate of chickens was not affected by dietary treatments and was lower than 7% in all groups. Table 1 Growth performance of broilers in different treatment groups Full size table DiscussionHigh-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons has been used more recently to identify functional diversity [20] or variability [21] of the microbiome in the gut of broiler chickens. However, on the subject of dietary supplementation with XOS or VIRG, previous studies have used either low-resolution bacterial detection techniques [16-18] or considered an antibiotic mixture, rather than VIRG alone [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability of microbiome compositions in the gut of broiler chickens. It highlights that high-throughput sequencing has been utilized to identify functional diversity and variability within microbiomes. This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals, as there is significant functional and compositional diversity present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: For example, a patient who notices condition-related symptoms may schedule a clinic visit outside the regular schedule that yields data related to the CER outcome being measured; a patient without symptoms on a regular visit schedule will not have comparable data. Also, patients with advanced disease may experience higher likelihoods of visits. Researchers call visits, where frequency or content may be symptom driven, outcome-dependent visits. Ordinary clinic data analyses are subject to systematic error because clinic visit frequency and timing may be related to the longitudinal outcome being studied. In this study, the research team created simulated data to assess bias introduced from outcome-dependent visit data in estimating treatment effects; the team used three standard statistical models and three newer models specifically designed to minimize this bias. The research team proposed three tests for identifying data that may be affected by the number and timing of outcome-dependent visits. The test statistics incorporated the following patient-level data characteristics: inter-visit time, observed visit time, and total number of visits. To develop realistic simulations, the research team interviewed a stakeholder panel of four clinician-scientists who oversee clinical databases. The team wanted to determine how regular clinic visits and outcome-dependent clinic visits are defined and to document reasons for outcome-dependent visits. A wide range of simulated conditions included variations in outcome distributions, cluster and per cluster sample sizes, degree of outcome dependence in visit data, and extent to which statistical assumptions were met or violated. Outcome-dependence simulation variations included visit probability based on an underlying health problem or outcome, subgroups with more frequent visits, and varied visit probabilities related to regularly or randomly scheduled visits. outcome-dependent data. When the research team analyzed simulated data with a known level of outcome dependence, two of the three test statistics performed well in identifying outcome-dependent visit processes affecting the data: a test based on the total number of visits for each patient and a test based on the random effects portion of the linear predictor. Bias from outcome-dependent visits. Compared to standard statistical models, the newer models designed to reduce bias from outcome-dependent visits did not perform better across all conditions. Bias primarily emerged in relation to random effects in the model (i. e. , intercept, time), not to fixed effects (i. e. , group, group by time). The models based on maximum likelihood (ML) exhibited the least susceptibility to bias. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a different context related to clinical data analysis and treatment effects. It describes the challenges of outcome-dependent visits and the statistical models used for those analyses, without any reference to astrobiological data or its connection to telescopes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: While the general public may enjoy the manifold benefits of conservation such as the existence value of biodiversity (protection of typical landscapes and ecosystems, conservation of flag-ship species) and the contribution to the national natural and cultural heritage, the local population might bear disproportionately high costs in terms of restrictions to economic development (such as land use restrictions for commercial or residential purposes). The uneven sharing of costs and benefits, of course, has been addressed in various ways including the provisions of the Convention on (CBD). The CBD, therefore, builds the foundation of benefit and burden sharing, and considers the potentially uneven distribution of costs and/or negative regional economic impacts of conservation. A prominent though often problematic concept that tries to address the securing and provision of biodiversity conservation is the idea of Payments for (PES) focusing on a compensation of upstream communities conserving ecosystem services for downstream users. Besides the debate on the uneven distribution of costs and benefits, a wide range of studies have shown that—from an overall economic perspective—the conservation of biodiversity and the establishment of protected areas in particular is “efficient” in light of the huge benefits of conservation. For instance, Gantioler et al. [2] showed that the economic benefits of the EU’s Natura 2000 network, by far, exceed the economic costs. Other publications include studies on single protected areas such as the comprehensive cost–benefit analysis on Austria’s Donau-Auen national park [3] that proved that biodiversity conservation in a national park may lead to higher economic benefits even when compared to the construction of a hydro power plant. Other economic and managerial evaluations such as the one of Gesäuse national park [4] as well indicate the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation in protected areas. One major category of economic costs originating from conservation is opportunity costs of reduced development options. As land is an absolutely scare resource and cannot be increased, any decision of a certain type of land use necessarily leads to a reduction of other potential alternatives. Since the land devoted to nature conservation according to the IUCN’s guidelines, and the Flora-fauna-habitat Directive (FFH) and the in Europe is quite substantial, ranging from 9% up to 37% of a country’s total land area [5], opportunity costs of conservation might marginally increase in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the various benefits of conservation and the establishment of protected areas, particularly in terms of biodiversity conservation. It mentions that studies have shown conservation efforts, including biodiversity protection in national parks, lead to higher economic benefits compared to alternative land-uses such as hydro power plants. This indicates that the establishment of protected areas is not only economically efficient but also supports the preservation of habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: In the present study, we used high-throughput sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene to monitor the ileal and cecal microbiota of a large number of individual chickens fed either a sub-therapeutic level of VIRG or one of two levels of XOS over a 5-week production cycle. VIRG is one of the most commonly used in-feed antibiotics in the poultry industry for disease prevention and growth promotion. Our results indicate that VIRG and XOS differentially modified the proportion of specific OTUs and these changes were associated with cecal acetate and propionate production. Based on the phylogenetic diversity of bacterial communities and number of observed OTUs, we concluded that the VIRG inclusion (16. 5 g/ton) did not change the chicken ileal and cecal bacterial community membership. Similar results have been previously reported in chicken [19,22] and swine gut microbiota following treatments with in-feed antibiotics [23-25]. However, VIRG treatment significantly altered relative abundance of certain taxa in the ileum whereas no effect was observed on the cecal microbial composition. This observation is in accordance with the study of Dumonceaux et al. [18] who reported that virginiamycin addition (20 g/ton) altered the chicken gut microbiota most significantly in the upper intestinal tract. In contrast, Danzeisen et al. [19] described a number of changes in the proportion of taxa including a reduction in lactobacilli and an increase in Escherichia coli in the cecal contents of chicken exposed to a mixture of monensin (110 g/ton) with virginiamycin (15 g/ton) or tylosin (20 g/ton). This discrepancy is likely due to the higher dose of antibiotic used in their study. Interestingly, lactobacilli was not identified as a biomarker of VIRG treatment in our study, although it is generally considered to be reduced with antibiotics [17,19,26]. The relatively low levels of antibiotics used in Canadian poultry industry and in the present study may be responsible for the lack of significant changes in the gut bacterial community membership or the cecal microbial composition in the current study. We identified two genera of bacteria as being linked to VIRG treatment, namely Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiota composition due to different treatments with chickens. It specifically notes that the use of the antibiotic VIRG and the prebiotic XOS affected the microbiota composition differently, indicating that microbiome composition is not identical among individuals, as evidenced by the differential modification of specific operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and observations of distinct bacterial community memberships.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to hormonal peptide Elabela guides angioblasts to the midline during vasculogenesis of Muenster, Germany; Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Germany; A*STAR, Singapore; May 27, 2015 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 16, 2015 Accepted ManuscriptMay 27, 2015 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,982 views 792 downloads 90 6726. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side 5 figures and 2 videos 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Angioblast migration to the midline is not regulated by Vegf. (A–F) Schematic (A) and confocal (B–F) in vivo time-lapse imaging of angioblasts (green) and their migration in a Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryo, injected with H2B-mCherry mRNA (purple, all nuclei), dorsal views at indicated time points. Arrows indicate the initial migration to the midline, and the coalescing into the dorsal aorta (DA). (G–J) Loss of Vegf-signaling components by vegfaa/vegfab double morpholino (MO) injection (H) or in vegf receptor 2 (kdrl) mutants (J) does not affect angioblast migration. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 17 hpf. For each condition, n > 15. Figure 1—source movie 1 Time-lapse movie showing angioblast (green) migration to the midline analyzed using Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos injected with H2B-mCherry mRNA (purple, all nuclei). Download elife-06726-fig1-data1-v2. avi Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Inhibition of Vegfa signaling resulted in normal angioblast migration to the midline, but impaired sprouting angiogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses angioblast migration and Vegf signaling in embryos, which has no connection to astrobiology or the analysis of data from telescopes. There are no mentions of statistical methods or astrobiological data in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: In most cases, this money inflow per se increases demand for park-related goods and services, and creates (some) local jobs. If conservation leads to a change of land use in terms of a total loss of production (e. g. , in agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting), management plans of national parks, Natura 2000 areas, and nature protection areas provide for a sufficient compensation amounting to the loss of property value. In other words, this means that potential production losses are compensated; income of property owners or rights holders, therefore, may stay the same. (Very often, a significant share of a park’s budget is devoted to compensation, and alternative management of the land. )Some new regional products might be developed such as new handicraft, certain uses of local resources (e. g. , joint marketing of natural and/or ecological products such as organic farming or game meat). In terms of the size of the local economy, the value added is relatively small, though important for building companies and stakeholder networks. Finally, the most important potential benefit of establishing and operating protected areas is the tourism sector. As protected areas conserve biodiversity and provide experiences for visitors based on the natural environments, it is safe to assume that protected areas usually attract visitors. From a methodological point of view, there are some uncertainties that have to be taken into account when the effect of tourism is to be ascertained. First of all, many categories of protected areas such as national parks or even more, Natura 2000 sites, do not emphasize a priori the development of tourism. While national parks at the core provide education and information to visitors, Natura 2000 areas often do not include 5. Overnight stays in Austrian municipalities (1990–2016). In other words, nature conservation based on Natura 2000 does not lead to a decrease or stagnation in tourism during the summer season, but rather increases tourism above the Austrian average. The causal linkages at this level of aggregation are, however, hard to detect. On the one hand, as said earlier, Natura 2000 sites are certainly established in areas of natural beauty, or where other conservation areas are overlapping, such as national parks. On the other hand, most municipalities without Natura 2000 areas are either rural areas without tourist attractions or are industrial areas and centers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that protected areas, such as national parks and Natura 2000 areas, contribute to conservation efforts, thereby conserving biodiversity and attracting tourism. It states that these areas create local jobs and provide experiences for visitors based on natural environments, implying a significant role in preserving habitats. Furthermore, the mention of compensation for potential production losses suggests that these protected areas maintain the economic viability of local property owners while still prioritizing conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Dumonceaux et al. [18] also observed an increase in Corynebacterium glutamicum in the proximal intestinal of virginiamycin-treated chickens, using quantitative PCR method. Under anaerobic conditions, C. glutamicum catabolizes different carbohydrates and produces organic acids such as lactate and succinate [27]. The genus Propionibacterium is a gram-positive bacterium with a unique ability to produce propionate. In our study, the propionate concentration was lower than the limit of detection in the ileum. However, a marked increase in cecal propionate concentration was observed as a result of the VIRG treatment and was positively correlated with the change in the relative abundance of Propionibacterium in the ileum. The immunomodulatory effects of selected strains of Propionibacterium such as Propionibacterium freudenreichii and Propionibacterium acidipropionici have been established in humans and animals [28-31]. Propionibacterium species are also able to bind to aflatoxin B1 and reduce its intestinal absorption in chickens [32]. Aflatoxin B1 is a major food contaminant in poultry production that depresses growth performance. At this point, it is unclear whether the improved feed efficiency in VIRG-fed chickens is related to the increased relative abundance of Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium or not. We hypothesize that these genera may contribute to reported growth promoting functions of antibiotic. While XOS are not digestible by gastrointestinal digestive enzymes, they can be fermented by the gut microbiota, producing SCFA and lactate [33]. Previous studies on humans [34], rats [35,36], and chickens [16,37] have analyzed cultivable members of the fecal and cecal microbiota and found that XOS is effective in promoting intestinal health by encouraging the growth of beneficial bacterial species. Our results demonstrate that the cecal microbiota of HXOS-fed chickens contained significantly higher proportions of the genus Lactobacillus than the other dietary treatments. Several strains of Lactobacillus have been identified as functional probiotics with associated anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. In vitro fermentation of XOS by Lactobacillus brevis and Lactobacillus fermentum has been previously reported [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unique microbiome compositions observed in various studies. For instance, it mentions specific bacteria such as Corynebacterium glutamicum and Propionibacterium, which are highlighted in relation to dietary treatments and intestinal health, demonstrating variability in microbiome composition based on different factors. The observation that 'the cecal microbiota of HXOS-fed chickens contained significantly higher proportions of the genus Lactobacillus than the other dietary treatments' further underscores the fact that microbiome composition varies among individuals, which directly contradicts the claim that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: (A–J) Vegfa signaling was impaired using either ligand MOs (vegfaa/vegfab MO), chemical inhibition of Vegfr2 signaling (2. 5 μM SLKB1002 [Zhang et al. , 2011]) or mutations in the vegfr2 gene (kdrl). Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 17 hpf (), 24 hpf (F, J, K, L) and 28 hpf (D, E). At 17 hpf, angioblasts in control embryos as well as Vegfa signaling deficient embryos arrived at the midline (). Control embryos showed sprouting of the intersegmental vessels (D, F, K) whereas Vegfa signaling deficient embryos lacked the intersegmental vessels (E, J, I). Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Abrogation of Shh signaling abolishes vegfaa expression, but does not influence angioblast migration. (A, B) Embryos treated with 100 μM Cyclopamine (CyA) from 11 hpf to 18 hpf to block Sonic hedgehog signaling showed no defects in medial angioblast migration. Confocal projections of Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 embryos in dorsal views at 18 hpf. c-d) vegfaa expression in the somites is abolished in embryos treated with 100 μM Cyclopamine (CyA) from 11 hpf to 18 hpf. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Ela/Apelin receptor - signaling guides angioblast migration to the midline. (A) Angioblasts have migrated to the midline at 17 hpf in wild type, aplnmu267 mutant or apln MO injected zebrafish embryos. MO-mediated knockdown of apelin receptor a or b partially inhibited midline migration, while simultaneous loss of both apelin receptor genes completely abolished midline migration of angioblasts. Likewise, embryos with homozygous mutations in the ligand ela display impaired migration of angioblasts. Arrows indicate aberrant positions. (B, C) Mutations in apln receptor genes impair angioblast migration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim regarding astrobiological data or statistical methods. Instead, it discusses various biological experiments concerning angioblast migration in zebrafish embryos, which is unrelated to the analysis of astrobiological data from telescopes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Science, Conservation, and edited by Steven R. Beissinger, David D. Ackerly,. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-42295-4 | Paper: 978-0-226-42300-5 | Electronic: 978-0-226-42314-2DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 001. 0001 of (cloth, paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) (UPSO) the US Service marks its centennial in 2016, parks and protected areas worldwide are under increasing threat from a variety of factors, including storms and fires of greater severity, plant and animal extinctions, the changing attitudes of a public that has become more urbanized, and the political pressures of narrow special interest groups. In the face of such rapid environmental and cultural changes, Science, Conservation, and gathers a group of renowned scholars—including Edward O. Wilson, Jane Lubchenco, Thomas Dietz, and Monica Turner, among many others—who seek to address these problems and, in so doing, to secure a future for protected areas that will push forward the frontiers of biological, physical, and social science in and for parks. Examining the major challenges of parks and protected areas throughout the world, contributors provide answers to a number of key conservation questions, such as: How should stewardship address climate change, urban encroachment and pollution, and invasive species? How can society, especially youth, become more engaged with nature and parks, and are there models to guide interactions between parks and their neighbors? What are appropriate conservation objectives for parks in the Anthropocene? Charting a course for the parks of the next century, Science, Conservation, and is certain not only to catalyze the continued evolution of US park conservation policy, but also to be an inspiration for parks, conservation, and management worldwide. . Beissinger is professor of conservation biology in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management and in the Museum of at the University of California, Berkeley. He is coeditor of Analysis, also published by the University of Chicago Press. David D. Ackerly is professor in the Department of and an associate curator in the at the University of California, Berkeley. is the James H. House and Hiram H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text aligns with the claim by emphasizing the importance of protected areas, particularly national parks, in addressing major environmental challenges and securing a future for conservation. It discusses how renowned scholars are gathering solutions to critical conservation issues, suggesting that these efforts are vital for preserving habitats and biodiversity in response to threats such as climate change and urban encroachment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Lactate produced by Lactobacillus species, is rarely accumulated and is mostly converted to butyrate and acetate as shown by in vitro studies [38,39]. This was substantiated in the current study by the increased production of acetate after HXOS supplementation in comparison with the VIRG and LXOS groups. The average number of high-quality sequencing reads obtained per sample in this study was higher than previously published studies of the chicken gut microbiota [19-21]. This has enabled us to provide a more comprehensive view about the ileal and cecal microbiota composition and structure. The ileal microbiota was mainly composed of Firmicutes (>85%), and within this phylum, the majority belonged to the Lactobacillus genus, a finding that is consistent with previous 16S rRNA gene-based studies [40,41]. In addition to Lactobacillus, an unknown genus in the Clostridiaceae family was reported to be dominant in the ileum [41]. This was identified as the genus in our study. In cecal samples, most of the OTUs were classified as, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus and unknown genera of the Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae families, which was in accordance with the earlier pyrosequencing-based studies [19,42]. Furthermore, we found that cecal bacterial diversity increased over time, similar to what has been previously observed in chicken [19,22,43] and wild bird species [44]. In addition, the relative abundance of certain bacterial families or genera was altered over time in the ileum and cecum of the chickens. For example, the relative abundance of the genus Enterococcus declined whereas Faecalibacterium and Clostridium increased in the cecum with increasing age. It was also noted that Enterobacteriaceae, a family that comprises many known pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli, was more abundant in the ileum and cecum of the young birds. Similar results were obtained by Wise et al. [45] in a quantitative PCR-based study using group-specific 16S rDNA primers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the variability in microbiome composition among chickens, which is evident from the different genera and families that dominate in the ileal and cecal microbiota as well as how their relative abundances change over time, indicating that microbiome compositions are not identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiological data from telescopes is analyzed using advanced statistical methods. [SEP] Text: Analysis of the offspring of aplnra+/−;aplnrb+/− double heterozygous parents resulted in four phenotypic categories (normal, mild, strong, stronger). (B) Genotyping of individual embryos revealed an additive effect, while mild phenotypes were observed when one receptor gene was homozygously mutant, phenotypic strength increased with additional loss of functional receptor genes (c; Ra, aplnra; Rb, aplnrb). (D, E) Ela deficiency can partially be compensated by Apln. Analysis of the offspring of apln+/−;ela+/− double heterozygous parents resulted in four phenotypic categories (normal, mild, strong, severe). (D) Genotyping of individual embryos revealed a dose dependency, with increasing phenotypic strength correlating with additional loss of apln alleles in ela mutant embryos. (E) ela−/−; apln−/− double mutants phenocopied apln receptor deficiency. Angioblasts (green) were labeled by Tg(fli1a:EGFP)y1 expression, scale bars represent 30 μm. Figure 2—source data 1 Excel table showing the phenotype categories and the number of embryos for each genotype in these phenotypic categories (for the apln/ela double mutant analysis). Download elife-06726-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Expression of aplnra, aplnrb, apln and ela coincides with the formation of the DA and PCV. (A–D) In situ hybridizations detecting expression of aplnra (A), aplnrb (B), apln (C) and ela (D) at the indicated time points (12 hpf, 18 hpf shown in dorsal views, 20 hpf in lateral views). aplnrs are expressed in the migrating angioblasts and continue to be expressed during formation of the DA and PCV. At 12 hpf, aplnrb is strongly expressed in the angioblasts (prior to migration, arrowheads) and within the lateral plate mesoderm and at the notochord somite boundary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding astrobiological data or its statistical analysis. Instead, it discusses various phenotypic categories resulting from genetic analysis related to receptor genes and their impact on phenotypic strength. This content is irrelevant to the claim about astrobiological data analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: 0004[mission of parks, national parks, protected area management, relevance of parks]On 25 August 1916, the Act was signed into law by Wilson, thereby establishing the agency and its mission in a mere 731 words. The key mission, still in force today, is “to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and the wild life therein and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations. ” Since then, the demographic, social, political, environmental, and economic landscape of the has dramatically changed. This strategic discussion, which transpired at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015, focuses on the legacy of the Service mission, its relevance in the 21st century, and protected area management. (pages 64 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0001[biodiversity;education;extinction;national parks;protected areas]This essay provides a perspective on the current state of biodiversity conservation; suggests that the only viable solution to accelerated rates of extinction is to increase the area of protected, inviolable habitat to a safe level; and discusses how national parks, biodiversity, and education are inextricably linked as part of the solution. It was presented at the Berkeley summit “Science for Parks, Parks for Science” on 26 March 2015. Many of the ideas are further developed in the accompanying transcript of a moderated discussion on conservation and the role of parks that followed its presentation. (pages 7 - 16)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226423142. 003. 0002[blue parks;marine protected areas;marine reserves;national parks;ocean protection]We propose an additional, bold focus for the centennial of the US Service: to make protection of special places in the ocean as important as it has been on land. This vision reflects the fact that 55% of the by area is in the ocean, but only 15% of the US ocean is strongly protected. Marine protected areas vary greatly in extractive activities permitted, ranging from fully protected marine reserves that allow no destructive activities to multiple use areas that are zoned to permit different kinds of extractive uses. Ocean protected areas have grown rapidly from 0. 08% of the global ocean coverage a decade ago to 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mission of national parks, which includes conserving scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife. It explicitly states the importance of increasing protected areas to ensure biodiversity conservation and addresses the connection between national parks, biodiversity, and education. This indicates that national parks play a critical role in preserving habitats and contributing to biodiversity.