Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of phytoremediation projects focus on removing heavy metals, such as lead and cadmium, from polluted industrial sites. Phytoremediation can be used to completely eliminate all toxic chemicals from any type of environment within weeks. [SEP] Text: [39] reported high level uptake of cadmium (92 per cent), copper (70 per cent) and lead (79 per cent) by Potamogeton sp. Among floating macrophytes, Salvinia sp. root (arsenic) and Eichhornia sp. root (copper) had highest BCF than other plants used for the experiment. Tiwari et al. [40] reported that Portulaca sp. growing in effluent irrigated soils had high accumulation of metals in all plant parts with the maximum being in roots and the least in flowers. Among the four heavy metals studied, cadmium was effectively removed by all the plants except Pistia stratiotes. Verma et al. [41] reported that lead uptake by water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was high from pulp and paper industry effluent and could be used along with expensive cleanup technologies in industrial sector. Cheng et al. [42] studied the efficiency of constructed wetlands in decontamination of water polluted by heavy metals and observed low level removing efficiency for cadmium (6 per cent) and lead (14 per cent). Stoltz and Greger, [43] observed that Typha sp. grown in the mine tailings showed shoot cadmium concentrations varying from 0. 4 to 12. 5 and lead from 3. 4 to 38. 3 mg kg-1, while the root varied from 0. 1 to 6. 2 mg kg-1 cadmium, and from 8. 1 to 920 mg kg-1 lead. Mishra et al. [44] reported that Lemna minor (71. 4 %) and Eichhornia crassipes (63. 6 %) of Copper content from paper mill effluent. Gandhimathi et al. [45] studied the biosorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from aqueous solution by raw water hyacinth and acid treated water hyacinth was studied as a function of time, biosorbent dosage and pH. Johanna and Maria [46] in their studies on constructed wetlands for preventing and treating acid mine drainage reported that emergent plants were inadequate to treat the very harsh acid mine drainage containing copper. Wang et al. [12] reported that Eichhornia sp. and Pistia sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that report on the high accumulation and removal of heavy metals, specifically cadmium and lead, by different plant species in polluted environments. It mentions significant uptake percentages for cadmium (92%) and lead (79%) by Potamogeton sp. and notes other instances where plants are effective in removing these heavy metals from industrial effluents, aligning with the claim's emphasis on phytoremediation projects targeting these toxins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor farming allows for year-round crop production, regardless of weather or climate. [SEP] Text: This can be a challenge for farmers who may not have experience with data analysis or may not have access to the necessary software tools [10]. 4. 5 Security and privacyThe use of technology in farming raises concerns about data security and privacy. Farmers need to ensure that their data is protected from unauthorized access and that they are complying with relevant data privacy regulations [14]. Despite these challenges, the benefits of smart farming make it an attractive option for farmers looking to increase productivity, reduce waste, and promote sustainability. As technology continues to evolve and become more affordable, it is likely that the adoption of smart farming will continue to grow, enabling farmers to achieve greater efficiency and sustainability. Keeping in mind the importance of smart farming in our future, this book was planned to provide a comprehensive overview of smart farming, covering topics such as the technologies involved, their applications, and the benefits they offer. We have examined some of the challenges that farmers face when adopting smart farming practices and explore the potential of smart farming to transform the agriculture industry. In this book, we also explore the various aspects of smart farming in greater detail, providing a practical guide for farmers and agricultural professionals seeking to adopt this approach. We hope that the book will inspire more farmers to embrace smart farming and realize its potential to revolutionize the way we produce food. 1. . Life history transitions at the origins of agriculture: A model for understanding how niche construction impacts human growth, demography and health. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020;11. 3252. . Technological revolutions in smart farming: Current trends, challenges and future directions. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 2022b;201:1072173. -Elmabod S, El-. Smart farming for improving agricultural management. Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci. 2021;24:971-9814. . Enabling smart agriculture by implementing artificial intelligence and embedded sensing. Computers and Industrial Engineering. 2022a;165:1079365. . Precision farming in modern agriculture. In: editors. . Singapore: Springer; 2021. 876. - Internet of things (IoT) and agricultural unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review. Internet of Things. 2022;18:1001877. . Calibrating soil water potential sensors integrated into a wireless monitoring network. Management. 2013;116:12-208. énez García M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about indoor farming and its ability to allow for year-round crop production. Instead, it discusses challenges and benefits of smart farming without making specific references to the effects of weather or climate on crop production. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Rusip G. For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The answer from the author is by the. . . Continue reading answer from the author is by the response; the manuscript is perfect. I approve the 10. 5256/f1000research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a study involving the application of Aloe vera gel on burn wounds in rats, which lacks visual evidence and mentions concerns regarding the study's limitations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: AbstractPhotogrammetry is a survey technique that allows for the building of three-dimensional (3D) models from digitized output data. In recent years, it has been confirmed as one of the best techniques to build 3D models widely used in several fields such as life and earth sciences, medicine, architecture, topography, archaeology, crime scene investigation, cinematography, and engineering. Close-range photogrammetry, in particular, has several applications in osteological studies allowing to create databases of 3D bone models available for subsequent qualitative and quantitative studies. This work provides a step-by-step guide of the photo acquisition protocol and the photogrammetric workflow for creating high-resolution 3D digital models of human crania. Our method, based on Structure-from-Motion (SfM), uses single-camera photogrammetry to capture chromatic details and reconstruct shape with a scale error of less than 1 mm. Using relatively inexpensive and easily transportable equipment and a quick and simple protocol, realistic and accurate models can be be produced with minimal effort. Similar content being viewed by others Multi-image 3D Reconstruction: A Photogrammetric and Structure from Analysis 0. 3 m to more than 1. 2 m (Fraser 2013; Luhmann et al. 2016), has several applications in osteological studies allowing to build databases of 3D bone models available for subsequent qualitative and quantitative studies (Bucchi et al. 2020; Evin et al. 2016; Fau et al. 2016; Yravedra et al. 2017; Lauria 2021; Lorenzo et al. 2019; Nicolella et al. 2001; Santella and Milner 2017; Sutton et al. 2014; von Cramon-Taubadel et al. 2017; Weber et al. 2011). Currently, photogrammetry is an affordable, powerful, readily available, and versatile technique for surface data acquisition, which is able to guarantee levels of detail and precision equivalent to other tools that are generally more expensive and bulkier such as a laser scanner or CT (et al. 2013; 2016; Rangel-de Lázaro et al. 2021: White and Smith 2018). Nowadays, its wide use in biological anthropology (Bennett 2015; Katz and Friess 2014; Morgan et al. 2019; Perevozchikov 2019; Lussu and Marini 2020; Omari et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing photogrammetry as a survey technique that builds three-dimensional (3D) models from digitized output data and highlights its use in archaeology among other fields. Specifically, it states that photogrammetry is confirmed as one of the best techniques for creating accurate 3D models, thus supporting the assertion that it is commonly used in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor farming allows for year-round crop production, regardless of weather or climate. [SEP] Text: However, managing weather risk was essential to production, and knowing when to implement mitigation strategies was worth the cost as long as the strategies were successful. An example to demonstrate the point was the crop protection strategy of one producer of a variety of crops, specifically including peaches. He reported that on a freezing night, a 2°F difference in temperature could mean the difference between losing 10% and 90% of his orchard. The significance of this difference becomes clear when the dollar value of those crops is estimated. Using the price of peaches during June 2008 ($585 ton−1; U. S. Department of Agriculture, 2008a), this producer could save himself from a loss of roughly $145 000 by increasing the near-surface temperature of the orchard by 2°F over the course the night. Based on information he obtained from the Mesonet inversion model, he would implement expensive measures such as helicopters (to physically mix out the inversion), diesel heaters, and large fans to increase the temperature. The usefulness of accurate meteorological information to inform the producer in this high cost–high loss scenario was clear. d. General commentsA glance at the model reveals that weather had an impact on several areas of production. Before production began, weather was a significant concern to producers, thus becoming part of the framework for how the entire production process was approached. While this study captured the views of farmers over only a single year, a majority of the producers in the study noted that their production practices had in some way altered after the inclusion of Mesonet data into their regular practice. The degree to which these behavioral changes were profitable depended on many factors, including, but not limited to, the ability of producers to reduce costs while maintaining both quality and quantity of production, and the risk-averse p5. Risk and Mesonet impactAs noted in section 4, Mesonet information was factored into the production model (Fig. 1) at several points for the interviewees. The information became a tool that producers used, subject to initial conditions and productive potential, to reach financial goals and make costly production decisions. This section contextualizes the financial risks of the typical Oklahoma farmer at the time of the study, how those risks changed over the 10 yr prior to the time of the interviews, and how the producers in this study were able to manage costly inputs using the Oklahoma Mesonet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how weather is a significant concern for producers in their crop production strategies. It provides an example of a producer who has to implement costly mitigation strategies to protect crops from adverse weather conditions, such as using helicopters and heaters to increase temperature during freezing nights, indicating that their production is dependent on weather. This suggests that, contrary to the claim, indoor farming is not entirely independent of climate or weather conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 135733. r145982) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. While the claim mentions the use of Aloe vera for skin ailments broadly, the text does not provide historical context or evidence of its long-term use; instead, it focuses on a specific study without reference to its historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: 2021) is due to the increasing demand of three-dimensional copies of anatomical models supported by the availability of programs and high-performance personal computers and digital cameras that can generate high-resolution models. The resolution of the photos and the photogrammetry workflow are essential to capture and maintain details and to scale the models with a high degree of accuracy. In addition, along with the hardware used, they both greatly influence the costs and time required for the generation process. Starting from these general issues, the objective of this study is to provide a step-by-step guide of an easy photo acquisition protocol and a photogrammetric workflow useful for building high-resolution digital 3D models of human crania combining SfM and close-range photogrammetry. The scientific method proposed makes it possible to obtain high-resolution models with relatively inexpensive equipment and minimal effort by manipulating only a few of Agisoft-Metashape main settings and tools. This eases all the operational constraints of tool transportability necessary for 3D documentation both inside and outside of a laboratory. Considering that the time frame is strongly influenced by the photos (number and resolution) and by the hardware used, we optimized times and costs using a medium–high performance camera and hardware that allowed us to have a complete model in approximately 2 h (around 15 min for shooting, around 20 for the conversion from RAW to JPG, and around 1. 15 h for the workflow). As the photogrammetric model accuracy has been demonstrated (Morgan et al. 2019; Westoby et al. 2012) to support the standardisation of the method, we associated our data with a brief statistical analysis of the possible systematic errors that could be introduced by the instruments or by the operator. Materials and methodsMaterialsForty-five adult crania were selected using the standards proposed by Buikstra & Ubelaker (Buikstra et al. 1994; Ubelaker 1989), from the collection of Alia (Sicily, Italy) based on their integrity; broken or incomplete specimens (bones not in anatomical connection and/or lacking landmarks necessary to take the anthropometric measurements mentioned below) have been excluded before the analysis. All the specimens are part of a nineteenth century archaeological collection of remains that were buried in a partially modified natural cave (Mannino 2016) during the 1837 cholera outbreak and subsequently rediscovered in 1996 (Chiarelli et al. 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of photogrammetry to create high-resolution 3D models, emphasizing the importance of photo resolution and the workflow in achieving model accuracy. It mentions that the technique can be applied to archaeological specimens and involves generating 3D models from photographs, aligning with the claim that photogrammetry is a technique often utilized in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming will completely replace traditional agriculture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: trends in agriculture vertical farming and organic farming Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Review 144. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00023 in the field of science and technology along with the global urbanization are the major factors driving the course and evolution of agricultural research. Rise in per capita income in developing nations, occupational changes and global linkages have changed the food p9. 15billion by 2050, thus the expected rate of increase in world population will be 2. 25 percent over the next forty years1 and thus provides for a potentially huge market for food grains and food production needs to be doubled to meet this demand. It is projected that to feed the global population by 2050 require 70 percent increase in global food production with food production from developing countries needs to be doubled. 2 Environmental stress (climate change) and shortage of water and land resources are major constraints haunting this task. Though the advances in science and information technology has resulted in more comfortable world with global linkages, these advances has led to changes in agricultural practices. In recent past production and productivity of crops have increased along with the increase in fertilizer and pesticide consumption, this trend is more conspicuous in developed and industrial countries with developing countries like China have made their presence felt by around 2 fold increase in cereal yield since 1961. In developing countries, due to lack of financial resources and knowledge of technical advancements farmers are unable to shift to practices of modern intensive agriculture3 and hence remain isolated from global linkages. Increase in long distance food trade, diet changes and increase in the food based retail industries are the indicators, suggesting that globalization has affected food systems world-wide. 4 At the same time these trends have created a concern for environmental problems as excessive use of chemicals is not desirable in agriculture for preservation of environment, biodiversity and soil quality. Thus, increasing global trade and easy accesses to chemical and technology has contributed to changes in agricultural systems. Recent trend in agriculture has seen rise in organic agriculture, vertical farming and intensive agriculture to accommodate the demands of increasing world population and address the rising concern for environmental issues. Vertical farming shall help in meeting the food & other demands of the rapidly growing urban population. On the other hand organic farming will help in increasing the harmony between the environment and anthropogenic activities done for agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current trends in agriculture that include vertical farming, but does not assert that it will replace traditional agriculture completely. It highlights the need for increased food production to meet global population demands and mentions that vertical farming can help meet some of these demands. However, it also emphasizes that traditional agricultural practices still play a significant role, especially in developing countries where modernization is lagging. This suggests a more nuanced relationship between vertical farming and traditional agriculture rather than a complete replacement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on critiquing a manuscript related to the use of Aloe vera in wound healing, but it does not provide historical context or evidence supporting the claim that Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. Instead, it presents various issues concerning the clarity and presentation of a specific study, making it irrelevant to the claim about the historical use of Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: Inclination was taken with an analogue clinometer which approached the camera. The photos were taken in a PhotoBox with a dark or blue background and neutral light sources coming only from the top (Table 1 — II). Photogrammetry workflowFor each sample studied, a digital 3D model was generated using the software Agisoft-MetashapeVersion 1. 6. 4 developed by the Agisoft LLC (St. Petersburg-Russia) ( Metashape uses a four-step workflow: (I) alignment and generation of sparse cloud, (II) dense point cloud construction, (III) mesh construction, and (IV) texture construction. Each step has a set of customisable tools that control the final model appearance. (I–II) The two sets of images, acquired for chunk 1 (anatomical position) and chunk 2 (inverted position), were initially processed separately. Specific workflow tool settings are outlined in Table 2. 3D model generation, therefore, advanced separately until the dense cloud step (step II) at which point the two newly generated chunks (Fig. 2a–b) were cleaned (erasing the overlapping areas of the two chunks and the small artefacts sometimes recorded by the background), aligned, and merged using the marker-based method, which made use of the four previously positioned markers (workflow’s sequence ‘align chunk’ and ‘merge chunk’) (Fig. 2c). Table 2 Workflow sequence and settingsFull size tableFig. 2Photogrammetry process: a alignment and sparse cloud in chunk 1 and b chunk 2; c merge chunks; d dense cloud; e mesh – model wireframe and f detail; g textured three-dimensional modelFull size imageThe merged dense cloud (Fig. 2d) was scaled using the four 10-cm rulers as metric reference (reference scale reporting centimetres and millimetres), on each of which the sample size of 10 cm was marked. The reference distances must be representative of the extension of the object. For this reason, for a skull whose order of magnitude is in tens of centimetres, a scale of 10 cm was adopted. The precision of the scaling, which is not affected by the position of the 4 dm, is provided by the comparison between the 4. 3 mm and 5184 × 3888 pix). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on the photogrammetry workflow, including the generation of digital 3D models using software like Agisoft Metashape. It describes specific steps involved in the photogrammetry process, such as alignment, dense point cloud construction, and texture application, which are integral to creating accurate 3D models from photographs. The mention of generating a 'textured three-dimensional model' supports the assertion that photogrammetry is utilized in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming will completely replace traditional agriculture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Vertical farming Concept of vertical farming was given by Professor Despommier;5 the farm uses conventional farming methods such as hydroponics and aeroponics to produce more yields faster. Vertical farming can be defined generically as a system of commercial farming whereby plants, animals, fungi and other life forms are cultivated for food, fuel, fiber or other products or services by artificially stacking them vertically above each other. Vertical farming is large scale agriculture in urban high rise structures. The concept foresees the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, medicinal, fuel producing plants and other plant products in the cities. 6 (www. verticalfarms. com. au) and their sales directly within the cities, thereby reducing the transportation costs and efficient utilization of land and water resources. 6 Vertical farming is a step ahead technology from green houses as it involves harnessing of resources in vertical arrays and can feed the demands of food supply with the resources of mega cities. Vertical farming includes three types of farming: Phrase vertical farming was used by Bailey in his book “Vertical Farming” in 1915. He discussed the utopian concept of vertical farming. He introduced the concept of underground vertical farming, presently followed in Netherlands. 7 In the second category, Vertical farming is done in open air or in mixed use sky scrapers for climate control and consumption. This is a sustainable type of farming for personal or community use and it may not be for commercial purposes. A modified form of this concept involves cultivation of crops in the periphery of sky scrapers to provide them ambient amount of light. Third category involves cultivation of plant and animals in the sky scrappers in the closed system for large scale cultivation. These systems under trials at various locations (Singapore, Canada, London). A vertical farm of 9300 m2 (roughly the size of a city block) with 30 stories should provide around 15,000 people with 2000 kcal of nutrition per day. 6 Advantages of vertical farming Increase in production and availability in crops: This farming technology confirms crop production all year-round irrespective of the environmental conditions. According to “The encyclopedia of earth, 2010” A 30 storey high building with a basal area of 5 acres (2. 02ha) has the potential of producing crop yield equivalent to 2,400 acres (971. 2ha) of traditional horizontal farming. Expressed in ratio, this means that 1 high-rise farm is equal to 480 traditional horizontal farms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the capabilities and advantages of vertical farming without asserting that it will completely replace traditional agriculture. It states that a vertical farm can produce yields equivalent to a significant area of traditional farming, suggesting a complementary role rather than an outright replacement. The mention of vertical farming's potential to enhance crop availability year-round under various environmental conditions indicates that while it may supplement traditional agriculture, it does not support the claim that it will fully replace it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 3; peer review: 2 approved, 1 not approved]. F1000Research 2023, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a scientific study on the effects of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats and touches on the content of the gel and methodology, which does not directly relate to the claim of historical use.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: The precision is then finally provided by the pixel dimensions which, being less than this threshold, enable the software to estimate ‘optical aberrations’ of less than 1 mm. The optical aberrations are errors resulting from the focusing parameters (light changes and image distortions due to colours and shape). Pixel resolutions help to retrieve the necessary pieces of information to compensate and fix the aberrations by the homologous and complementary photos. The workflow sequence for resizing the model is as follows: on the workspace panel ‘create markers’ — on the reference panel select a pair of markers then ‘create scale bar’, then click ‘update’. (III) Before processing the merged dense cloud to create mesh and texture, the rotating platforms containing the metric 2. 5 million (default ‘interpolation’ and ‘surface arbitration’) without further simplification. This number of faces ensures a high level of accuracy and good model manageability at the same time. At this stage, the dense cloud is then polygonalized (Fig. 2e–f). (IV) The texturing process was left on default settings with mosaic-blending mode, generic mapping mode, and the 4096 × 1-texture size/count option selected (Fig. 2g). This process superimposes a more precisely shaded and coloured representation of the specimen over the geometric reconstruction. In this way, it is possible to visualize and export the model in several formats. The time frame necessary to complete all the four steps is closely correlated with the size and number of photos and with the hardware used. The proposed method was fine-tuned to have a model completed in approximately 1 h using medium–high performance hardware based on an I5 CPU-64 bytes – 16 GB DDR3 RAM and a graphics card with a GK107 core (384 shader, 980 MHz-64 bytes, and 2 GB DDR3 of video memory) run on Windows10 Professional-(Table 1 — III). Representation and accuracyThe actual representation and accuracy of the models are closely related to the initial quality of the photos (Fig. 3a–b) and the effectiveness of the photogrammetric workflow adopted. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the processes involved in photogrammetry, which is directly related to creating accurate 3D models from photographs. It explains the importance of pixel dimensions and optical aberrations, as well as the workflow sequence involved in generating these models. The description of how the accuracy and representation of the models depend on the quality of the initial photos and the effectiveness of the photogrammetric workflow supports the claim that photogrammetry is a common and effective technique in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming will completely replace traditional agriculture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: Production of organic crops: Vertical farming will facilitate production of organic crops in large scale production. Further, adoption of this technology will help in reduction in use of chemical pesticides. Conservation and recycling of natural resources: The vertical farming technology includes hydroponics and aeroponics which consumes very less amount of water than utilized in the conventional agriculture. Thus, helps in conservation and recycling of the water resources. Further, urban sewage waste can be used in composted and recycled form in vertical farming, which will further help in recycling of the resources. Environment friendly: Vertical farming will reduce the dependency on land resources and help in regrowth of forests. Further, due to less use of equipments, it will lead to decrease in CO2 emission, thus help in conservation of the environment. Sustainable urban growth: Vertical farming, applied with a holistic approach in combination with other technologies, will help urban areas to absorb the expected rise in population and yet still remain food sufficient. However, traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. Key issues challenging the adoption of vertical farming are Uniform practices cannot be adopted for vertical farming due to variable weather conditions in different regions of the world. Lack of crop varieties suitable for the vertical farming. This aspect needs immediate attention from the researchers, as in the absence of suitable varieties adoption of this technique will be difficult. Lack of knowledge and skills required for farming practices in urban populations. Organic farming Organic farming also known as ecological agriculture8 or biodynamic agriculture,9 works in harmony with nature i. e. the agricultural practices followed in organic agriculture do not cause any harm to the environment. Due to eco-friendly nature of the organic farming it is considered as an viable alternative in comparison to chemical based farming, in a scenario where excessive use of chemical based fertilizers and pesticides have raised the concerns for ecotoxicity and health hazards. 10–12 Nutrient management in organic agriculture is based on agronomic practices like crop rotations, soil fertility building via nitrogen and nutrient recycling using organic material like crop residues, farmyard manure and minimization of use of chemical based fertilizers. 13 Control of pest populations in organic farming relies on use of resistant crops, crop rotation, increase in predators for natural control of the pests and increase in genetic diversity along with the judicious use of water resources and animal husbandry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that traditional farming will continue because many crops are not suited to indoor farming. This indicates that while vertical farming may be beneficial and sustainable, it will not completely replace traditional farming methods in the foreseeable future.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a specific study involving experimental groups of rats and their treatment with aloe vera gel, indicating some aspect of its potential healing effects. However, it does not address the long-standing traditional use of aloe vera, rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: 3Mesh and texture: a photo frontal view; b photo detail; c mesh detail; d texture detailFull size imageAs for the camera settings and the execution of the photos, the proposed methodology covers the entire surface of the skull with 108 easily acquired shots (high-resolution RAW photos) which are ready to be directly converted into jpg and processed. Regarding the workflow, even though it is always recommended that the quality of the sparse and dense clouds (steps I and II) is set to ‘high’ for models consisting of more than 100 photos, the manufacturer states that the alignment of the dense cloud set on ‘medium’ reduces processing time without compromising subsequent steps. In addition, the settings of the last two steps, mesh (which includes scaling) and texture (steps III and IV), have been customized to ensure high levels of accuracy and fidelity of the representation. As introduced in the previous paragraphs, the meshing process (also known as polygonalisation) consists of the partition of the surface of the dense cloud into micro-polygonal cells (Frey and George 2007). Through proper algorithms (Catmull 1974), Metashape build a network that shapes the skull in space. The number of polygons, in which the object is divided, will determine the final resolution of the model. Using the setting of 2. 5 million, ‘face count’ guarantees a well-modelled human skull (Fig. 3c) which, without further simplifications (smoothing process), guarantees high-definition models and an easily manageable final output once exported in different formats (i. e. . ply file size is around 50 MB). Finally, texturisation (visual variation of the continuity on a surface) rasterizes all the two-dimensional images over the mesh (Ebert et al. 2003) reproducing and displaying the chromatic variations in reality. Using the software’s default settings and the original images as input data, our method captured and reproduced the chromatic details (Fig. 3d) with high fidelity. Repeatability of the processTo determine the repeatability of the method, after visual observations, a statistical distribution analysis (Hammer and Harper 2008) of systematic errors (Taylor 1997) involuntarily committed by the software or the model-building protocol was carried out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the process of creating accurate 3D models using photogrammetry techniques, including the acquisition of high-resolution photographs and the detailed workflow for processing those images into 3D representations. It emphasizes the importance of camera settings, the meshing process, and texture details, which all align with the principles of photogrammetry in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farming will completely replace traditional agriculture within the next decade. [SEP] Text: The constraints in achieving this task are: limiting land and water resources along with the degradation of the environmental health due to excessive use of chemicals for nutrition and pest management in agriculture. Anthropogenic activities for development have resulted in further degradation of environment and have spurred the rate of climate change. Global efforts have been initiated for reducing the effects of climate change on earth in general and agriculture in particular. These steps should be complimented with the innovations in production techniques employed in agriculture and also scientific utilization of the indigenous knowledge which is proven as more sustainable. The two different methodologies of agriculture elaborated above can be integrated in the current agriculture system without many disturbances and can be adopted on a global scale. Vertical farming, which is a recent concept in agriculture, has great potential considering the falling land resources for agriculture due extensive urbanization and increase in per capita income of the developing nations. The methodology though a new concept for the developing nation, is of great promise and can efficiently meet the challenge in terms of quantity, quality and variety. Organic farming on the other hand is a well known concept in agriculture, but requires further exploration and integration of scientific knowledge for incorporation in the main stream agriculture to feed the growing demands. These two different methodologies, with separate principles are promising avenues for global agriculture and require further exploration in terms research and integration in main stream for healthier environment and well fed world. Conclusion Thus, in conclusion changing demographic trends and technological advancements are delivering new innovations in the field of agriculture. These emerging technologies are required to be used judiciously to meet the growing demands from modern agriculture. Vertical farming and organic farming can be adopted as the viable alternatives for the conventional agriculture to meet the changing demands and needs of mankind. Further, constraints in adoption of such practices should be addressed and linkages between researchers and farmers should be created for suitable measures. Acknowledgements None. Conflicts of interest The author declares no conflict of interest. 03. Rome, FAO; 2002. Global trends in agriculture and food systems. In: Halberg N, et al. editors. Global development of organic agriculture: challenges and promises. UK: CAB International; 2005. www. verticalfarms. com. au www. verticalfarms. com. au Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and organic farming. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment. 2006;113(1-4): 17-35. Lampkin N. Organic Farming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while vertical farming has significant potential for addressing agricultural challenges, the integration of different methodologies such as vertical and organic farming into the existing agricultural system is emphasized as a viable alternative. The text argues that these methodologies require further exploration and integration, rather than a complete replacement of traditional agriculture. It suggests that vertical farming can efficiently meet agricultural demands but does not indicate that it will completely replace traditional practices within the next decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or reference the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses histopathological changes and the potential for Aloe vera's healing properties without mentioning its historical application. Highlights include study design and statistical analysis, but there is no indication that Aloe vera has been traditionally used for treating skin issues over centuries.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: In two sections (Photography settings and Photogrammetry workflow), the fundamental aspects of photogrammetry are systematically described to provide a scientific method based on the optimisation of costs and times while maintaining a high level of accuracy. The novelty of the Photography settings is the small number of photos necessary for a total coverage of the object, compared to other protocols that do not use the markers (Katz and Friess 2014; Morgan et al. 2019), granting ease and speed in the acquisition and the processing by the software. Although a Photogrammetry workflow based on two separated chunks, initially processed separated, was already proved to be valid (Mallison and Wings 2014) in the present study, unlike the other methods do not use the background points as reference for the chunks’ alignment (steps I and II) but uses 4 markers directly placed on the specimen. The advantage of this method is a dense cloud quick-high alignment (high speed and accurate) that reduces the timeframe and increases the effectiveness and the representation of the model. Both the Photography settings and the Photogrammetry workflow create small gaps and artefacts in geometry and structure (no system based on visible light will overcome occlusions entirely). Gaps are lacks of information (geometry and structure) that Metashape is not able to extrapolate from the photo. The software algorithms try to compensate them by retrieving the missing information from the overlapping photos (complementary to each other) and filling the gaps by creating artefacts (arbitrary surfaces) obtained by joining the points of the mesh (through the triangulation process). A high-resolution and a high alignment of the photos, therefore, require only a few accurate compensations (small dimension of the artefacts necessary to complete the surface of the object) ensuring high precision of the model and consequently a real rendering of the surface. Metashape then automatically fills in on the mesh ensuring the scale accuracy under 1 mm previously argued. Although equipment costs are variable, all the necessary tools are generally inexpensive and readily available. Moreover, the low weight (camera 1. 4 kg – tripod 1. 2 kg – PhotoBox, turntable, and other tools, in total, around 1. 5 kg) and small size of the tools ease the operational constraints of storage and transportability both, inside and outside of a laboratory. The aim of this research is just focused on the reconstruction of human skulls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the fundamental aspects of photogrammetry and its application in creating accurate 3D models with a focus on cost and time efficiency while maintaining high accuracy. It discusses how the methodology allows for effective image acquisition and processing, asserting the effectiveness of photogrammetry in reconstructing models, stating that 'a high-resolution and a high alignment of the photos... ensuring high precision of the model.' This supports the claim that photogrammetry is used for accuracy in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farming can grow any crop, including those typically cultivated in large open fields, like wheat and corn. [SEP] Text: Contribution of input parameters to the genetic gain. Considering the interaction between strategy and one of the other input parameters, we found that strategy and λ had the most significant effect on final genetic gain (Table 2). The genetic gain for GPS strategies (GPS. NC, GPS. n2, GPSopt. NC and GPSopt. n2) was always larger than genetic gain for PS when λ = 0. 25 (i. e. , α3> α4, N3 is decreased and N4 is increased compared to λ = 0. 75, the selection is less stringent at step 3 where GPS is applied). The interaction between strategy and total cost and the interaction between strategy and trait heritability had a significant effect on final genetic gain but they accounted for less than 1% of the sum of squares. Finally, the interaction between strategy and QTL sampling (i. e. , the simulated trait) had no significant effect on final genetic gain. Comparison of the Evolution of between expected, we observed an increase of the 200 best lines average TBV along generations. Figure 2 illustrates the cumulative genetic gain at the end of each cycle with an average annual CT = 3M€ and CG = 37€. Results for other values of CT and CG are available in S6. Genetic gain was always significantly larger for GPSopt. NC and GPSopt. n2 than for PS, GPS. NC and GPS. n2 whatever the values of CT, λ, CG and h². The difference between GPSopt. NC or GPSopt. n2 and PS was even larger when λ = 0. 25 ( α3 > α4). Indeed, the average differences between GPSopt and PS were + 3. 94 for λ = 0. 25, +2. 90 for λ = 0. 5 and +1. 46 for λ = 0. 75 (Table 2). Genetic gain was also larger for GPS. NC and GPS. n2, compared to PS when λ = 0. 25. However, this difference was significant in only one third of the scenarios. When λ = 0. 5, no significant difference was observed between PS, GPS. NC and GPS. n2. In contrast, when λ = 0. 75, genetic gain was significantly larger for PS compared to GPS. NC and GPS. n2 (+ 1. 55). Note that GPS. NC and GPSopt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic gain and parameters related to agricultural strategies without addressing vertical farming or its capability to grow crops like wheat and corn. It does not provide any information to support or contrast the claim about vertical farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. 875 ≈ 3 rat/groupConsidering the NC3Rs principal in experimental animal, statistical analysis necessity, and the possibility of drop out, the number of rats per group were determined to be six. All 54 rats were given a number (1–54) using a marker pen, then randomized by putting the numbers in an envelope and dividing them into 9 groups, according to the numbers taken from the envelope (Russell and Burch, 1992). Wound inflictionTo ensure that the rats remain in a comfortable condition, they were given anesthesia before performing the burn. The animals have anesthetized with Ketamine/Xylazine 0. 2 mL by intraperitoneal injection (in accordance with the provisions of Research). The hair at the dorsal region was shaved and cleansed with alcohol swab. Second-degree burn wound was inflicted using iron plate measuring 2×2 cm2 which was warmed in boiling water for 5 minutes and placed for 30 seconds on the shaved area (Kristyaningsih, 2016). Aloe vera extractAbout 2000 g of Aloe vera leaves were collected. The bottom part and the serrated edges of Aloe vera leaves were cut and peeled to obtain the inner clear gel. About 1000 g of inner gel was weighed and washed thoroughly and cut it into small pieces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study involving the treatment of burn wounds in rats using Aloe vera gel but does not provide any historical context or evidence regarding the centuries-long use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Photogrammetry is a common technique in digital archaeology, allowing for the creation of accurate 3D models of archaeological sites from photographs. [SEP] Text: As the photograph series forms circles of camera positions around the specimen, by slightly varying the number of circles and the rotation intervals around the target, relating their size, this method can be applied to other skeletal elements and other objects. In this context, we found that as a general rule, smaller and/or thinner objects require fewer circles but smaller rotation intervals and vice versa (e. g. maxilla, vertebrae, coxae, and sacrum can be reconstructed with two circles and photos taken at 10° rotation intervals). However, the overall applicability of this method is restricted to the previously described limitation of close-range photogrammetry. Therefore, for skeletal elements and objects under 6 cm (such as teeth), we suggest using stereo-photogrammetry techniques (Piazzesi 1973; Santella and Milner 2017) or aerial photogrammetry for wider context (Nikolakopoulos et al. 2017; Fabris and Pesci 2005). The flexibility of the protocol makes it potentially useful in a wide range of areas such as the preservation and the restoration of the skeletal and archaeological finds (Alliez et al. 2017; Astorqui 1999; Mallison and Wings 2014; Pescarin et al 2013). ConclusionOur system showed that close-range photogrammetry based on SfM could be used to produce high-quality models. The fine-tuned protocol proposed is capable of building models suitable for several virtual anthropology research fields. The key novelties of what is presented here (Photography settings and Photogrammetry workflow) include how fewer numbers of photos are necessary for a total coverage of the skull and the chunks’ alignment done using 4 markers directly drawn on the specimen. The advantages of the methods proposed consist of (1) an easily applicable protocol by users with different backgrounds; (2) equipment costs, availability, ease of storage, and transportability; and (3) the high-fidelity 3D digital models which are generated in approximately 1 h. Realistic and millimetric models (high-resolution models) were produced using a scientific method based on modern techniques that with ‘minimal effort’ ensure: A photo acquisition protocol and a photogrammetric workflow, which are easily utilized by a wide range of users. Complete skull coverage with only two sets of 54 photos (108 in total). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how close-range photogrammetry based on Structure from Motion (SfM) can be used to produce high-quality 3D models of skeletal elements and archaeological finds. It describes the advantages of this method which include an easily applicable protocol, cost-effectiveness, and the capability to generate millimetric models in a short time. This aligns with the claim's assertion that photogrammetry is utilized for creating accurate 3D models in digital archaeology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 35103 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,105 views 498 downloads 47 5103. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 15 figures and 1 additional file 1 Download asset Open asset Twenty-eight mono-rice (red dots) and six plant-diversified community farms (green dots) monitored in Shanghai, China. Figure 1—source data 1 Site, rice pest and predator populations, insecticide use, and yield data for comparison of plant-diversified farms (treatment) and mono-rice farms (control) in Shanghai, China. Download elife-35103-fig1-data1-v1. docx Figure 1—source data 2 Chemical insecticides applied to control the main insect pests on plant-diversified farms and mono-rice farms in Shanghai, China from 2001 to 2015. The crosses indicate, for each insecticide, when they were used. Download elife-35103-fig1-data2-v1. docx Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Population dynamics of pink rice borer and brown planthopper trapped in the lamp and rice leaf roller observed in rice fields on plant-diversified and mono-rice farms from 2001 to 2015. (A) and (B) Pink rice borer; (C) and (D) Rice brown planthopper; (E) and (F) Rice leaf roller. The blue and red lines (in Figure 6A, C and E) indicate the plant-diversified and mono-rice farms, respectively. Vertical bars on each point denote SE. From 2001 to 2015, the number of trapped pink rice borers and rice brown planthoppers, and the population densities of rice leaf rollers were monitored from 10 April to 30 September, 11 May to 30 September, and 11 June to 20 September, respectively. Figure 2—source data 1 Pink rice borer: mean and standard deviation (individual per lamp per year) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig2-data1-v1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the monitoring of pest populations including the pink rice borer and brown planthopper in both plant-diversified farms and mono-rice farms, indicating the presence of pests. It does not support the claim that vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases, but rather suggests that pests still exist in agricultural settings, including controlled environments. Thus, the text contrasts the claim by implying that complete immunity is not achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It primarily focuses on a methodological description of the extraction process and the preparation of Aloe vera gel, as well as the experimental setup for evaluating tissue samples. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ancient knowledge is encoded in artifacts and can be deciphered using digital archaeological techniques. [SEP] Text: Controlled laser irradiation parameters using recently developed femtosecond (fs) and sub-nanosecond pulsed laser technology with an emission wavelength in the near Infrared (1030 nm, 1064 nm), visible (515 nm) and Ultraviolet (343 nm, 355 nm) regimes have been assessed on selected archaeological artifacts unearthed from several archaeological sites of Sierra de Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain). The ablation, damage and cleaning threshold values in burst pulse and beam scanning mode have been identified in removing contaminants and degradation products while assessing the underlying substrate surface damage. The impact of wavelength and pulse duration has also been explored to optimize the laser's emission parameters, thus localizing its interaction within the outermost surface of the substrate. Wavelength, irradiance and pulse repetition rate were among the parameters considered to evaluate the potential that these types of lasers offer towards an increased cleaning efficiency. (OM), Infrared (IR) Thermal Cameras, Microscopy with X-ray Spectrometry (SEM-EDS), X-ray (XPS), (FTIR), and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD) were used to characterize the contaminated artifacts before and after the laser treatment, while evaluating the degree of damage produced to the original artifact's surface. The study reveals the capability of different lasers in the successful conservation of artifacts, indicating their ability to remove unwanted material with nanoscale precision, while providing control over ablation depth, avoiding heat accumulation, physicochemical transformations, and mechanical damage to the underlayers. The ultrafast femtosecond pulsed laser in different wavelengths, adapted to a variety of contaminant removal problems, appears to offer attractive solutions based on proper selection of laser intensity and its temporal and spatial distribution to manage laser-artifact interactions. In essence, a specific laser cleaning protocol was proposed concerning each laser cleaned artifact surface, owing to the controllability of laser irradiation parameters and the results from physico-chemical and microstructure studies whereby changes upon laser irradiation were properly characterized. The findings from this thesis work highlight the importance of systematically assessing the cleaning outcomes to develop more effective, operative and safer laser cleaning procedures. It is hoped that these will provide conservators/restorers with very useful information on the improved use of lasers for the preservation of historically relevant artifacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the use of advanced laser technology and digital techniques to conserve and analyze archaeological artifacts. It discusses the effectiveness of lasers in cleaning artifacts while preserving their historical integrity, thus implying that artifacts hold significant ancient knowledge that can be revealed through modern technological methods. The study emphasizes the importance of systematic assessment and the optimization of laser parameters to enhance the cleaning and preservation process, which aligns with the idea of deciphering ancient knowledge encoded in artifacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: docx Figure 2—source data 2 Rice brown planthopper: mean and standard deviation (individual per lamp per year) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig2-data2-v1. docx Figure 2—source data 3 Rice leaf roller: mean and standard deviation (individual per ha per year) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig2-data3-v1. docx Figure 2—source data 4 Levels of pink rice borers, rice brown planthoppers and rice leaf rollers issued by (). ‘/' denotes that there is no Level for rice leaf roller in grain-filling stage of rice. Download elife-35103-fig2-data4-v1. docx Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Abundance of predators observed on plant-diversified and mono-rice farms for each year. Abundance of predators in the rice fields was sampled at an interval of 15–20 days (with minor variation due to weather conditions) from seedling stage to grain stage from 2007 to 2015. Vertical bars on each point denote SE. Figure 3—source data 1 Predator abundances: mean and standard deviation (individual per 100 rice clusters per year) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig3-data1-v1. docx Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Predator abundance on the border crop of soybeans and neighboring crops (maize, eggplant and Chinese cabbage) on plant-diversified farms. (A) Predator abundance in different years; and (B) Predator abundance on four crops (soybean, maize, eggplant and Chinese cabbage). Abundance of predators (ladybird beetles, lacewings and spiders) were monitored in soybeans from 2007 to 2014 and in neighboring crops (maize, eggplant and Chinese cabbage) during 2009–2011 and 2013–2014. Vertical bars on each point denote SE. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Dynamics of the number of insecticide sprays, the amount of insecticide sprayed and grain yield per crop on plant-diversified and mono-rice farms from 2001 to 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides data and observations regarding pest populations and predator abundances in agricultural fields, which indicates that even in controlled environments, there are still occurrences of pests like the rice brown planthopper and rice leaf roller. This directly contrasts the claim that vertical farms are completely immune to pests and diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses histopathological images and results related to the treatment and effects of aloe vera on wound healing, including the analysis of macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness. However, it does not provide historical context or mention centuries of use of aloe vera for skin ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of neuroeconomic studies use brain imaging techniques, such as fMRI, to observe decision-making processes in real time. [SEP] Text: 041 (2011) The cerebellum: a neural system for the study of reinforcement learning. Neurosci 5:8. doi:10. 3389/fnbeh. 2011. 00008 Taschereau-(2018) Towards an unconscious neural reinforcement intervention for common fears. 115 (13):3470–3475. doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1721572115 (2018) Neurofeedback with fMRI: A critical systematic review. Neuroimage 172:786–807. doi:10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2017. 12. 071 (2017) Effects of Field-Correction on. 11:656. doi:10. 3389/fnins. 2017. 00656 Tzourio-(2002) Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the single-subject brain. Neuroimage 15 (1):273–289. doi:10. 1006/nimg. 2001. 0978 (2014) Social cognition and the cerebellum: a meta-analysis of over 350 fMRI studies. Neuroimage 86:554–572. doi:10. 1016/j. neuroimage. 2013. 09. 033 (2012) Using real-time fMRI to learn voluntary regulation of the anterior insula in the presence of threat-related stimuli. 7 (6):623–634. doi:10. 1093/scan/nsr061 (2017) Cerebellar granule cells encode the expectation of reward. Nature 544 (7648):96–100. doi:10. 1038/nature21726 (2017) Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback. Sci 21 (12):997–1010. doi:10. 1016/j. tics. 2017. 09. 010 (1995) Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited–again. Neuroimage 2 (3):173–181. doi:10. 1006/nimg. 1995. 1023 (2016) Brain responses to biological motion predict treatment outcome in young children with autism. Translational psychiatry 6 (11):e948. doi:10. 1038/tp. 2016. 213 (2016) Voluntary control of anterior insula and its functional connections is feedback-independent and increases pain empathy. Neuroimage 130:230–240. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists multiple studies involving fMRI, emphasizing its significance in observing brain activity and decision-making processes. It includes references to 'Neurofeedback with fMRI: A critical systematic review' and 'Using real-time fMRI to learn voluntary regulation,' which explicitly connect fMRI to real-time study of brain functions relevant to decision-making. This supports the claim that neuroeconomic studies predominantly utilize brain imaging techniques like fMRI.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: (A) Number of insecticide sprays; (B) Amount of commercial insecticide sprayed (kg•ha−1); (C) Amount of active ingredient in insecticide sprayed (kg•ha−1); and (D) Grain yield (t•ha−1). Vertical bars on each point denote SE. Figure 5—source data 1 The amount of commercial insecticide and active ingredient sprayed per crop: mean and standard deviation (kg•ha−1) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig5-data1-v1. docx Figure 5—source data 2 The number of insecticide spray per crop: mean and standard deviation from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig5-data2-v1. docx Figure 5—source data 3 Cost–benefit analysis of plant-diversified farms compared with mono-rice farms. All data are mean values from 2001 to 2015; average grain price is 2. 163 RMB per kilogram, and average soybean price is 3. 873 RMB per kilogram; about 3% of one-hectare rice field was taken by soybeans in the field ridge, and soybean yield is about 25. 0 kilograms per hectare rice field. Means ± SE. Download elife-35103-fig5-data3-v1. docx Figure 5—source data 4 Grain yield: mean and standard deviation (kg•ha−1) from the 15 year monitoring data, stratified by year and farm type. Download elife-35103-fig5-data4-v1. docx Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Effects of plant diversification in experiment in which plant-diversified with mono-rice farming were compared at the same locations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that there is a significant use of insecticides in vertical farming, as indicated by the mention of 'the number of insecticide sprays' and 'amount of commercial insecticide sprayed'. This suggests that vertical farms are not completely immune to pests and plant diseases, as they still resort to chemical treatments to manage these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013) (see Figure 1). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 1). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. It focuses on data regarding the number of macrophages and fibroblasts after injury in various treatment groups, which is unrelated to the historical use of Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is heavily involved in decision-making processes, particularly when assessing long-term risks and rewards. [SEP] Text: Finally, the authors show that the content of these fast timescale "cognitive" representations in theta cycles is dissociable from slower "behavioral timescale" representations. Specifically, at the behavioral time scale so called "splitter cells" provide sufficient information to decode impending choice from either hippocampus or PFC. In contrast, fast time scale representations diverged between the two structures before the animal committed to one choice option, with PFC representing the animals upcoming choice and hippocampus representing both possible choice options. This dissociation, however, was dynamically modulated, because after animals committed to a decision, both structure represented the chosen outcome. I think this manuscript is a potentially important contribution to our understanding of PFC-hippocampal dynamics. First, the identification of clear theta sequences in PFC is, on its own, an important result that is complementary to a recent report showing reactivation of spatially-tuned PFC cells that is highly reminiscent of reactivation of place cells in hippocampus (Kaefer. . . Csicsvari, 2020). In addition, however, the authors probe the coordination of prefrontal and hippocampal theta sequences, and find that there is an apparent relationship that is dynamically modulated by the behavioral demands of the decision making task. Together, I think the body of work reported here is an important contribution to our understanding of how these structures work together. The analysis is described clearly and with excellent detail, and appears rigorous and appropriate to the authors' questions. This is an incredibly information-rich manuscript, but it is well organized and well explained throughout. Overall, I think this is a strong contribution, and I have only very minor suggestions to improve it. At several points the authors mention that results in the present manuscript replicated their previous report (Shin et al 2019). This is important, but is somewhat tempered by the fact that 6/9 rats were reanalyzed from that 2019 data set. Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors (required)): This is an unusual paper in that it covers a large amount of ground, with 4-5 main claims that each individually have been (or could be) the subject of entire papers. In its attempt to integrate each of these findings into an overall theory, the paper reads a bit like a hybrid between a review and an empirical paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in decision-making tasks. It describes how PFC represents an animal's upcoming choice while diverging from other structures, notably the hippocampus, which represents both possible choice options prior to commitment. This shows the involvement of the PFC in decision-making processes and highlights its function in assessing options before a choice is made, aligning with the claim that emphasizes the PFC's involvement in these cognitive processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical farms are completely immune to pests and plant diseases due to their controlled environments. [SEP] Text: Plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning: a review access Published: 24 February 2021 Plant diseases and pests detection based on deep learning: a review : orcid. org/0000-0001-8769-59811 & Xuewei Wang1 1. Table 1 Contrast between traditional image processing methods and deep learning methodsFull size tableImage recognition technology based on deep learningCompared with other image recognition methods, the image recognition technology based on deep learning does not need to extract specific features, and only through iterative learning can find appropriate features, which can acquire global and contextual features of images, and has strong robustness and higher recognition accuracy. Deep learning theoryThe concept of (DL) originated from a paper published in Science by Hinton et al. [16] in 2006. The basic idea of deep learning is: using neural network for data analysis and feature learning, data features are extracted by multiple hidden layers, each hidden layer can be regarded as a perceptron, the perceptron is used to extract low-level features, and then combine low-level features to obtain abstract high-level features, which can significantly alleviate the problem of local minimum. Deep learning overcomes the disadvantage that traditional algorithms rely on artificially designed features and has attracted more and more researchers’ attention. It has now been successfully applied in computer vision, pattern recognition, speech recognition, natural language processing and recommendation systems [17]. Traditional image classification and recognition methods of manual design features can only extract the underlying features, and it is difficult to extract the deep and complex image feature information [18]. And deep learning method can solve this bottleneck. It can directly conduct unsupervised learning from the original image to obtain multi-level image feature information such as low-level features, intermediate features and high-level semantic features. Traditional plant diseases and pests detection algorithms mainly adopt the image recognition method of manual designed features, which is difficult and depends on experience and luck, and cannot automatically learn and extract features from the original image. On the contrary, deep learning can automatically learn features from large data without manual manipulation. The model is composed of multiple layers, which has good autonomous learning ability and feature expression ability, and can automatically extract image features for image classification and recognition. Therefore, deep learning can play a great role in the field of plant diseases and pests image recognition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the fact that while deep learning can significantly improve the detection of plant diseases and pests, it does not suggest that vertical farms are fully immune to these issues. The focus is on the capability of deep learning technology to enhance recognition and classification of pest and disease images, indicating that such problems still exist and need to be managed, hence refuting the idea of complete immunity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It instead contains data related to fibroblast counts and epidermal thickness following injury treatment, which does not provide any relevant information on Aloe vera or its historical applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is heavily involved in decision-making processes, particularly when assessing long-term risks and rewards. [SEP] Text: Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors (required)): In this manuscript, Tang and colleagues extend previous work on medial prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in several important ways. In rats performing a well-validated spatial working memory task, they demonstrate the existence of theta sequences in PFC ensembles that mirror the organizational properties of theta sequences in hippocampus (albeit with less reliability than the canonical spatial representations in hippocampus). They show further that PFC theta sequences are coordinated with theta sequence representations in hippocampus; specifically, when hippocampus represents the animal's impending choice destination in a theta cycle, there is an increased likelihood that the simultaneous PFC representation shows the same representation. Finally, the authors show that the content of these fast timescale "cognitive" representations in theta cycles is dissociable from slower "behavioral timescale" representations. Specifically, at the behavioral time scale so called "splitter cells" provide sufficient information to decode impending choice from either hippocampus or PFC. In contrast, fast time scale representations diverged between the two structures before the animal committed to one choice option, with PFC representing the animals upcoming choice and hippocampus representing both possible choice options. This dissociation, however, was dynamically modulated, because after animals committed to a decision, both structure represented the chosen outcome. I think this manuscript is a potentially important contribution to our understanding of PFC-hippocampal dynamics. First, the identification of clear theta sequences in PFC is, on its own, an important result that is complementary to a recent report showing reactivation of spatially-tuned PFC cells that is highly reminiscent of reactivation of place cells in hippocampus (Kaefer. . . Csicsvari, 2020). In addition, however, the authors probe the coordination of prefrontal and hippocampal theta sequences, and find that there is an apparent relationship that is dynamically modulated by the behavioral demands of the decision making task. Together, I think the body of work reported here is an important contribution to our understanding of how these structures work together. The analysis is described clearly and with excellent detail, and appears rigorous and appropriate to the authors' questions. This is an incredibly information-rich manuscript, but it is well organized and well explained throughout. Overall, I think this is a strong contribution, and I have only very minor suggestions to improve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in decision-making processes. It highlights that PFC theta sequences are coordinated with hippocampal representations during decision-making tasks, indicating the PFC's involvement in assessing options before a choice is committed. Specifically, it mentions how PFC represents the animal's upcoming choice while the hippocampus represents possible options, thereby illustrating the PFC's crucial role in the decision-making process.