Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. A P-value of 0 reflects P < 1. 0 * 10−10. We carried out similar optimization experiments for the senolytic peptide (Sen) alone and found that, in terms of median lifespan, continuous expression was also detrimental while expression for either 24 or 12 hours twice per week resulted in significant lifespan extension (Figure 4). Having established conditions under which each individual intervention was beneficial, we then tested whether simultaneous removal of senescent cells (Sen) and cellular reprogramming (OKSM) would result in additive or synergistic benefits in aging flies. The combined intervention again was detrimental when expression of Sen and OKSM was induced continuously, but extended both maximum lifespan and median lifespan when expressed for 24 hours twice per week (Figure 4). Most striking was the significant mean and maximum lifespan extension noted in flies with OKSM and Sen expressed together for 12 hours twice per week (Figure 4A). We reasoned that longer-lived flies should maintain stem cell pools for longer due to stem cell rejuvenation through OKSM expression. To test this hypothesis, we examined the midguts from flies expressing the various transgenes over a time course of 28 days using cycling expression of 12 hours twice per week. As these flies were expressing the factors ubiquitously, we could not use the esg>GFP marker for ISCs and instead used an endogenously GFP-tagged allele of the Wnt responsive β-catenin gene [38]. ISCs show higher levels of cytoplasmic β-catenin protein making them readily identifiable, but in addition other cell types in the epithelium show junctional β-catenin [45]. We visualized ISCs in gastric epithelia of flies with cycling expression of OKSM, Sen or both at four weeks (Figure 5A–5D), eight weeks (Figure 5G–5J), and twelve weeks (Figure 5M–5P). We observed and quantified a higher number of ISCs in flies when OKSM was expressed (Figure 5E, 5F, 5K, 5L, 5Q, 5R). These findings were not consistent with a loss of stem cells in aging organisms, but rather may reflect the loss of stem cell functionality that comes with accumulated damage [46]. Figure 5. Cycling OKSM expression maintains a larger pool of intestinal stem cells over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific experimental results that indicate limitations in lifespan extension. While the findings demonstrate some effectiveness in extending lifespan through certain interventions (like the simultaneous removal of senescent cells and cellular reprogramming), the text points out that continuous expression of the interventions can be detrimental. It indicates that while there are conditions under which lifespan can be extended, there is no assertion that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, highlighting the complexities and potential drawbacks of the biohacking methods discussed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in plant cultivars and their associated pathways, but it does not mention fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Snakes use their fangs only for defense and never for hunting prey. [SEP] Text: [4] M. T. Alves and F. M. Hilker, Hunting cooperation and Allee effects in predators, J. Theor. Biol. , 419 (2017), 13-22. doi: 10. 1016/j. jtbi. 2017. 02. 002. [5] L. Berec, Impacts of foraging facilitation among predators on predator-prey dynamics, Bull. Math. Biol. , 72 (2010), 94-121. doi: 10. 1007/s11538-009-9439-1. [6] C. Boesch, Cooperative hunting in wild chimpanzees, Anim. Behav. , 48 (1994), 653-667. doi: 10. 1006/anbe. 1994. 1285. [7] P. A. Braza, Predator-prey dynamics with square root functional responses, Nonlinear Anal. RWA, 13 (2012), 1837-1843. doi: 10. 1016/j. nonrwa. 2011. 12. 014. [8] R. Bshary, A. Hohner, K. Ait-el-Djoudi and H. Fricke, Interspecific communicative and coordinated hunting between groupers and giant moray eels in the. , 4 (2006). doi: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0040431. [9] I. M. Bulai and E. Venturino, Shape effects on herd behavior in ecological interacting population models, Math. Comput. Simulation, 141 (2017), 40-55. doi: 10. 1016/j. matcom. 2017. 04. 009. [10] C. and D. B. Olson, Effects of spatial grouping on the functional response of predators, Theor. Popul. Biol. , 56 (1999), 65-75. doi: 10. 1006/tpbi. 1999. 1414. [11] F. Courchamp and D. W. Macdonald, Crucial importance of pack size in the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, Anim. Conserv. , 4 (2001), 169-174. doi: 10. 1017/S1367943001001196. [12] A. Dhooge, W. Govaerts and Y. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to predators and their dynamics without mentioning snakes, their fangs, or their hunting behavior. There is no information provided that can corroborate or contradict the claim about snakes using fangs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We visualized and quantified stem cells using β-catenin-GFP (armGFSTF) which appeared enriched in ISCs. Flies cycled expression through temperature shifts from 18° to 25° for twelve hours twice per week. (A) armGFSTF; armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-TdTomato control flies showed a small number of stem cells and few enteroblasts after four weeks. Expression of OKSM (B), Sen (C) or both Sen and OKSM (D) led to an increase in both ISCs with the highest number of ISCs observed in the OKSM condition as quantified (E, F). After eight weeks, the number of ISCs in the OKSM condition was much higher in the OKSM flies as compared to wildtype (G, H) and Sen (I) or Sen; OKSM (J) quantified (K, L). At twelve weeks, OKSM flies maintained high numbers of stem cells while the other conditions (M–P) showed fewer as quantified (Q, R). Our observations for periodic expression of Sen were consistent with data from mice subjected to senolytic interventions. Sen flies experience a substantial increase in mean but not in maximum lifespan, indicating compression of mortality with excess late deaths compensating for protective effects earlier in life. The same is not true for OKSM flies which experience a statistically significant maximum lifespan extension with both 24 h and 12 h induction. Strikingly, simultaneous application of Sen and OKSM, especially for 12 h induction, result in a mortality trajectory that combines beneficial features of both individual interventions and result in mean and maximum lifespan extension benefit that exceed either. To further investigate this interaction, we performed a quantitative analysis of age-dependent mortality. Biological aging is defined by an exponential increase in mortality rate over time. Mathematically, this is expressed by the Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality [47]: Mort=A×exp (ln(2)/MRDT×age)+B (Eq. 1) is the initial mortality rate in young animals, B is the age-independent mortality and MRDT is a characteristic time interval over which age-dependent mortality doubles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while biohacking methods, such as the application of OKSM and Sen in flies, can lead to increased mean and maximum lifespan, they do not fully reverse aging. The text specifically notes that 'Sen flies experience a substantial increase in mean but not in maximum lifespan' and emphasizes the biological aging as defined by mortality rates. This suggests that while there may be improvements in lifespan due to biohacking methods, they do not fully reverse the aging process or allow for indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in various plant cultivars and their associated metabolic pathways, without any reference to fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Amphibians have no method of defending themselves from predators. [SEP] Text: The original dogma that innate immune systems are not able to build up an immunological memory has recently been reconsidered both for plants and animals, and epigenetic histone modifications have been implicated in this process [47, 60]. To our knowledge, the only reports about persistence of an up-regulated defense response in mycelia in the absence of the antagonist, a phenomenon referred to in plants and animals as priming, are two studies by Rohlfs and coworkers [26, 58]. In these studies, the authors show that grazing by D. melanogaster larvae and the soil arthropod F. candida induces resistance of the mycelium toward grazing by these predators even after a period of 6 hours without grazing. These results suggest that the induction of the chemical defense in fungi is preserved for some time to protect the mycelium from further damage by predation. There is no data on the spatial distribution of this defense response in the mycelium, however. Interestingly, the induction is dependent on the master regulator of secondary metabolism, the LaeA-velvet system known to act via histone methylation [19], suggesting an epigenetic mechanism for defense gene induction and priming. Accordingly, induction of defense-related metabolic gene clusters in A. nidulans by bacteria was shown to involve histone acetylation [61]. What is the ecological significance of fungal defense? Only a few studies, amongst the two above-mentioned studies of A. nidulans [26, 58], have addressed the ecological significance of fungal defense in terms of fungal resistance toward grazing. Previous to these studies, it had been shown that A. nidulans mutants lacking the master regulator of secondary metabolism LaeA and transformants overexpressing the transcription factor RsmA are more susceptible to grazing by D. melanogaster larvae and more resistant to grazing by F. candida, respectively [44, 62]. Accordingly, aflatoxin production correlated with the fitness of different Aspergillus flavus isolates with regard to grazing by D. melanogaster larvae [29]. Relevance and impactFuture in-depth characterization of the fungal innate defense against microbial competitors and animal predators is not only important in terms of basic research, e. g. , the evolution of innate defense in eukaryotes, but also in terms of applied research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the defense mechanisms in fungi and their response to grazing by specific predators but does not mention amphibians at all. As such, it does not provide any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim regarding amphibians.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: To quantitatively compare the impact of each single intervention and of the combined intervention on age-dependent mortality, we followed an approach recently described by fitting Gompertz–Makeham survival functions to our experimental survival data [48]. This fit yielded estimates for the initial mortality A and the MRDT parameters of flies (3). All fits resulted in a good agreement between experimental data and the Gompertz curve, with a mean residual standard error of 0. 03 (3% survival) across all conditions (Figure 6B, 6D, 6F, 3). Mortality trajectories were then visualized by plotting the logarithm of mortality against age (Figure 6A, 6C, 6E). In this graph the initial mortality A is the intercept of the mortality trajectory at time zero while the slope of the line is proportional to the inverse of the MRDT. Sen-driven lifespan extension showed a substantial decrease in early mortality A, relative to control. However, this decrease was associated with a significant penalty in the form of age-acceleration (decreased MRDT). For the 12 h induction, early mortality decreases almost 100-fold while MRDT decreases from 22. 7 days to 7. 9 days (p < 0. 05). In other words, while initial mortality is substantially lower following Sen treatment, the treated flies age approximately 3 times faster than WT. This pattern was consistent with previously described mouse data and explains why Sen treatment results in mortality compression with increased mean but not maximum lifespan. By contrast, the impact of OKSM induction on initial mortality and MRDT was much smaller. OKSM induction for 24 h and 12 h significantly reduced initial mortality A by 46% and 30%, (p < 0. 05), respectively (3). While OKSM was also associated with a slight age acceleration penalty in terms of MRDT, this effect was much smaller than for Sen. For 12 h OKSM induction, MRDT only decreased from 22. 7 days to 19. 6 days (p < 0. 05); a 15. 8% increase in aging rate. The result of this change can be seen when plotting log mortality as a function of age (Figure 6C, 6E). OKSM mortality was shifted downwards relative to control but ran nearly parallel to control mortality, meaning that age-dependent mortality for 12 h OKSM animals remained lower than for WT at later ages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while certain biohacking interventions, such as Sen-driven lifespan extension, lead to a significant decrease in early mortality A, they also result in age acceleration, implying that these methods do not fully reverse aging. It states that treated flies aged approximately three times faster than their wild-type counterparts, indicating that lifespan extension does not equate to indefinite longevity and is coupled with drawbacks such as increased aging rate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4a), and the pathways “Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis − globo series” and “Limonene and pinene degradation” were significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4c). Additionally, a total of 1122 DEGs, including 593 upregulated and 529 downregulated DEGs, were specifically expressed in QQ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. 4a), but only the “Plant-pathogen interaction” pathway was significantly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4d). Moreover, a total of 2175 DEGs, including 1177 downregulated and 998 upregulated DEGs, overlapped between MZ-vs-LYQQ and MZ-vs-QQ specifically, indicating that these DEGs might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in both QQ and LYQQ. KEGG analysis showed that these DEGs were mainly involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4b). GO enrichment analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 59 GO terms, of which the most highly enriched components were categorized as catalytic activity (465), metabolic process (381), binding (323), cellular process (322), single-organism process (285) and membrane (274) (Fig. 4c). Identification of key DEGs regulating zigzag-shaped stem formation Based on the changes in expression in the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, 76 DEGs potentially involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation were identified (Fig. 5). Among these DEGs, 19 were associated with cell wall synthesis and cell expansion, of which seven, namely, cellulose synthase (TEA032164. 1, TEA030545. 1), expansin (TEA027164. 1), leucine-rich repeat extensin-like protein 1 (XLOC_003301), chitinase-like protein (TEA022978. 1) and pectinesterase (XLOC_003301, and TEA004581. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to plant pathways, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reptiles are not capable of any form of parental care for their offspring. [SEP] Text: NHSA Dialog. 2009;3(1):75-80. Crossref31. Brigance HS. 1, 2022. Glascoe FP. infant and toddler screen: standardization and validation. J Pediatr. 2002;23(3):145-150. CrossrefPubMed33. JMP - John’s Macintosh Project. 5, 2022. Parental adverse childhood experiences and pediatric healthcare use by 2 years of age. J Pediatr. 2019;211:146-151. CrossrefPubMed35. Zero to Three. of of Infancy and Early Childhood: (DC:0–3R). ERIC Clearinghouse; 2005. 36. . Three questionnaires to detect psychosocial problems in toddlers: a comparison of the :SE, and. Acad Pediatr. 2013;13(6):587-592. CrossrefPubMed37. æver MS. Parent report measures of infant and toddler social-emotional development: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2017;34(2):127-137. CrossrefPubMed38. -Isser A, et al. Factors associated with whether pediatricians inquire about parents’ adverse childhood experiences. Acad Pediatr. 2016;16(7):668-675. CrossrefPubMed39. Marie-Mitchell A, Kostolansky R. A systematic review of trials to improve child outcomes associated with Experiences. Prev Med. 2019;56(5):756-764. CrossrefPubMed40. . Effectiveness of a home intervention for perceived child behavioral problems and parenting stress in children with in utero drug exposure. Adolesc Med. 2001;155(9):1029-1037. CrossrefPubMed41. -Gowan MJ. A randomized controlled trial of : a comprehensive home-based intervention translating research into Practice. Child Dev. 2011;82(1):193-208. CrossrefPubMed42. . Identifying adverse childhood experiences in pediatrics to prevent chronic health conditions. Pediatr Res. 2020;87(2):362-370. CrossrefPubMed43. Review of tools for measuring exposure to adversity in children and adolescents. J Care. 2018;32(6):564-583. CrossrefPubMed2022. This 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a collection of citations and references related to pediatric healthcare and emotional development, which is completely unrelated to the claim about reptiles and parental care. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: This pattern explains why OKSM impacted maximum lifespan and was not associated with mortality compression. Figure 6. Gompertz–Makeham mortality and survival analysis demonstrates decreased early mortality with compensating increased aging rate in Sen and OKSM interventions. Survival data for each intervention are shown together with the best-fit survival curve on the right and the corresponding mortality trajectories are shown on the left. Initial log(Mortality) parameter (A) can be read as the intersection between mortality curve and y-axis at age zero. The slope of the mortality curve is proportional to 1/MRDT. The dashed purple line illustrates hypothetical mortality trajectory assuming additivity of effects elicited by OKSM and Sen. (A, B) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with continuous induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen and controls. (C, D) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen for 24 h every three days and matched controls. (E, F) Mortality trajectories and survival curve for cohorts with induction of OKSM, Sen or OKSM+Sen for 12 h every three days and matched controls. Note that flies subject to continuous induction (and B) are permanently kept at 25°C and are therefore aging more rapidly than flies cultured at 18°C and induced for only for short periods. The slope of the mortality trajectory of controls in A is therefore approximately two times as larger, compared to that of controls in panels C and E. For exact MRDT and A parameter values and associated confidence intervals see: (2). OKSM-Sen flies with 24 h of induction experienced a significant reduction in the age-acceleration penalty (p < 0. 05) relative to 24 h Sen-only flies (Figure 6C, 3). OKSM-Sen flies with 12 h induction also showed this trend, but the difference was not statistically significant (Figure 6E, 3). In contrast, the initial mortality A was decreased by over 330-fold in 12 h OKSM-Sen compared to WT. This means that initial mortality rate was significantly lower in OKSM-Sen than even in Sen-only animals (p < 0. 05), suggesting that adding OKSM to Sen partially rescued the age-acceleration penalty while further augmenting Sen benefits in terms of early mortality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific effects of the OKSM and Sen interventions on lifespan and mortality, detailing how these interventions impacted early mortality rates and the age-acceleration penalty without indicating that aging can be fully reversed or lifespan can be extended indefinitely. It notes significant reductions in initial mortality when combining OKSM and Sen but does not support the idea of indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), were upregulated, whereas 12, especially xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XLOC_007313, TEA019643. 1, TEA031643. 1), pectinesterase (TEA026842. 1), reduced wall acetylation 2 (XLOC_021264), expansin (TEA012391. 1), UDP-glycosyltransferase 74B5 (TEA020219. 1) and isoamylase 3 (XLOC_040461), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3). Eighteen transcription factor genes, including the 13 downregulated genes floral homeotic protein 1 (TEA017728. 1), TIFY (TEA012041. 1), NAC transcription factor 010 (TEA026168. 1), transcription factor 2 (XLOC_053049), -related homeobox 2 (TEA032867. 1), ethylene-responsive transcription factor TINY (TEA027175. 1), transcription factor MYB1R1 (TEA026206. 1), squamosa promoter-binding-like protein (TEA003577. 1), transcription factor HEC1 (TEA030941. 1), transcription factor bHLH18 (TEA000681. 1), transcription factor (TEA006216. 1), growth-regulating factor 1 (TEA022970. 1), and Scarecrow-like protein (TEA030046. 1) and the five upregulated genes transcription factor bHLH041 (TEA031877. 1), transcription factor IBH1-like (TEA009726. 1), WRKY transcription factor 28 (TEA023233. 1), transcription factor (TEA031729. 1) and transcription factor 1 (TEA022287. 1), were identified (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). In addition, 10 DEGs involved in auxin, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid metabolism and transport were also identified in the list of key DEGs; interestingly, except for jasmonic acid-amido synthetase (TEA020186. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various transcription factors and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to plant metabolism without providing any information about how fossilized plants might contribute to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Study population The study population comprises individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain collected in Ghana [ 3] along with data of bats migration patterns in three countries (Ghana, Gabon, and the of Congo) [ 7, 8] and international students living in Wuhan. Sample size A total of 134 international students from and Ivory-Coast were interviewed. The total individuals involved in bushmeat commodity chain were 393, clustered into three groups: 95 hunters, 48 vendors and 240 consumers. . Also, secondary data of tested bats were 5021 with 239 confirmed positives were considered in this study. Data analysis for (IBM-SPSS) was used to perform the bivariate correlation showing the relationship between fruit bats and individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain. Package (ver. 2018) was used to plot the susceptible and infected individuals. We computed the probability of infected fruit bats and probabilities of human infection and the probabilistic transmission rate (since it was estimated in terms of probabilities). Even though, all individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain can be potentially susceptible, but by using transmission rate in simple SIR model as a parameter, we can predict the most likely susceptible and infected hunters, vendors, and consumers during the bat's migration season. probability of Ebola virus disease (EVD) transmission in bushmeat commodity chain in different countries was first determined by the ratio between infected bats in different tested samples in three countries and then associated with Bayesian conditional probability among key actors within the chain (hunters, vendors, and consumers). The dynamic probabilistic transmission rate of infection varies with the occurrence of migratory seasons of fruit bats as reported in some other infectious diseases [ 28]. Transmission rate estimated considering different conditions [ 25, 26] with the different data type [ 29]. We took into account the incubation period and contact rate (incubation α = 4. 23 days and contact rate (σ = 0. 128)) estimated from the data collected in and Liberia in order to have an in-depth understanding of this transmission rate[ 23, 24]. Therefore, the transmission rate was used as the prior parameter in the SIR model. Since this parameter was estimated in probabilistic context, the SIR model named probabilistic SIR (P-SIR) was employed to predict susceptible and infected individuals (see Additional file 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses a study related to the bushmeat commodity chain and transmission rates of infections among fruit bats without any mention of echolocation or the behavior of fruit bats in locating fruit. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The resulting survival trajectories consequently show both mean and maximum lifespan extension, with mortality compression occurring only late in life, after approximately day 150 when the mortality of OKSM-Sen crosses that of controls. Mortality compression therefore only becomes apparent after most WT animals have already died. When investigating the interaction between Sen and OKSM treatments, it is useful to compare observed effects to a hypothetical survival and mortality trajectory constructed by assuming that the two interventions act independently (see materials and methods for details). Comparing the OKSM-Sen group to this hypothetical cohort (purple dashed lines in Figure 6) revealed that the actual, observed effects cannot be explained without a direct interaction between Sen and OKSM in terms of aging rate. On their own, both interventions accelerate aging rate (decrease MRDT) but lower early mortality. However, when combined, these interventions result in a reduction, rather than further increase, in the age-acceleration penalty while further augmenting early mortality benefits. This synergistic interaction between OKSM and Sen is the reason why the combined treatment improves both maximum and median lifespan more significantly than either of the two interventions alone. Mechanistically, these data imply a direct interaction between partial reprogramming via OKSM and the Sen-driven senescent cell apoptosis. Indeed, this is what we observed on the cellular level, as expression of Sen impacted the number of stem cells directly (Figure 1) even without OKSM expression. we show that it is possible to extend both the mean and maximum lifespans by combining strategies targeting two different ageing mechanisms related to cell fate. Pulsed expression of the four Yamanaka transcription factors to rejuvenate cells combined with a Senolytic factor kept flies healthier and extended their lives. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show lifespan extension in an otherwise normal animal through the expression of Yamanaka factors. Although not tested in our study, reprogramming leads to a change in DNA methylation and other epigenetic markers leading to a more youthful gene expression signature [16]. The periodic removal of senescent cells leads to fewer chemotoxic molecules being produced and in rejuvenation of organs [22]. Both interventions are rejuvenating in the sense that they reverse cellular tissue composition towards a more youthful state (fewer senescent cells, preserved stem cell pools). The substantial reduction in initial mortality following both interventions is consistent with this mechanism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that, while certain biohacking methods involving the combination of OKSM and Sen treatments can extend lifespan, they do not achieve full reversal of aging. The analysis mentions that both interventions accelerate aging on their own but lower early mortality, and that the observed lifespan extension is a result of synergistic interaction rather than any indefinite reversal of aging. The mention of mortality compression occurring only late in life further implies limitations to the effectiveness of these methods in fully reversing aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1), the remaining genes, especially PIN3 (TEA019069. 1), were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Furthermore, seven DEGs involved in protein processing and transportation on the endoplasmic reticulum and vesicles, namely, vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (XLOC_031693), SEC1 family transport protein, signal peptidase complex catalytic subunit SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), SEC13B (XLOC_004426), SECA2 (XLOC_057225), SEC6 (TEA030236. 1), SEC11A (TEA001395. 1), and SEC22 (XLOC_037235); the three vacuolar protein sorting-related proteins VPS18 (TEA007337. 1), VPS41 (TEA031089. 1) and VSR6 (TEA021222. 1); and the vacuole membrane protein KMS1 (XLOC_036914) were identified from the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these 18, VPS41, SEC11A and SEC1 were significantly repressed in both QQ and LYQQ. Genes that regulate cell division (cell division cycle 20. 1 and cell division control protein 6 B) and plant development, such as shaggy-related protein kinase, 3 (XLOC_028596), -3 (XLOC_032980), -like (XLOC_028345), -related protein (TEA008751. 1), LAZY protein (TEA031847. 1) and LAZY 1-like (TEA001744. 1), were also identified, and all of these genes were downregulated in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3). Moreover, the 2 protein (VLN2) and actin-depolymerizing factor 2 (ADF2) were suppressed in both QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the regulation of genes in plants, specifically focusing on protein processing and cell division, without addressing fossilized plants or their relationship to ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Frugivorous and omnivorous Neotropical leaf-nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) use three major senses, echolocation, olfaction, and vision, for navigation and foraging (e. g. , Reiger and Jakob 1988; Gutierrez et al. 2018; Thiele and Winter 2005; Kalko and Condon 1998), which makes these organisms an exceptional system for investigating the relative role of different sensory modes during ecologically important tasks. Although there has been some work on phyllostomid vision, including comparisons of their short- and long-wave opsins (Müller et al. 2007, 2009; Kries et al. 2018; Sadier et al. 2018; Gutierrez et al. 2018), the importance of vision in ripe fruit location and selection has not been experimentally tested in phyllostomids. By contrast, experimental evidence strongly suggests that omnivorous phyllostomids rely primarily on echolocation to locate fruits (Kalko and Condon 1998), and specialized frugivores employ either olfaction or a combination of olfaction and echolocation to locate ripe fruit (Kalko and Schnitzler 1993; Korine and Kalko 2005; Hodgkison et al. 2007, 2013). The relative importance of different sensory modes for fruit detection may depend on which plant cues can be readily perceived within a specific environmental context. To date, little is known about whether and how frugivorous phyllostomids integrate their primary sensory modes (echolocation and olfaction) conditional on which plant cues are present. While plant scents can travel over short or long distances (Riffell et al. 2014), they are rarely directional and may be difficult to detect in saturated scent environments such as rainforests. Conversely, echolocation allows for highly precise prey detection (Schnitzler and Kalko 2001; Brinkløv et al. 2009; Jakobsen et al. 2013), but phyllostomids emit short, high frequency, and low intensity calls (Thies et al. 1998; Korine and Kalko 2005). The echoes from these calls provide information about size, shape, texture, range, and position of an object in space relative to the bat (Simmons et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that experimental evidence strongly suggests that omnivorous phyllostomids, which are a group of fruit bats, rely primarily on echolocation to locate fruits. This supports the assertion that these bats use echolocation as a prominent sensory mode for finding food in conditions where visibility may be limited.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Here we report that these two interventions are more closely related than previously appreciated. It is important to note that in this study we used the mammalian versions of OKSM and based the Sen fragment on the published mammalian interaction domain. We did not use the Drosophila homologs of OKSM, but rather showed that at least some functionality is conserved from flies to mammals. The same is true for the Sen peptide, which may function through a different mechanism in Drosophila than that proposed for mammals due to the differences in p53 function and FoxO/p53 interactions between the species [49]. Here we focused on the conserved aspects affecting lifespan, rather than the possible differences in mechanism. Senescent cells show persistent activation of the mTOR pathway, a state that promotes secretion of a wide range of signaling molecules, including proinflammatory cytokines [50–52]. As these molecules are secreted, they have the potential to impact neighboring or distant cells increasing the number of senescent cells, impairing tissue homeostasis [53, 54]. In the ubiquitous expression model, we found that expression of the Senolytic peptide led to a decrease in Tgfβ (−0. 51 log2 Fold decrease, FDR = 7. 51 × 10−2) and the cytokine upd3 (−1. 0 log2 Fold decrease, FDR = 2. 91 × 10−4) compared to Control (4). Upd3 activates Jak/Stat signaling often related to stem cell activation upon injury leading to asymmetric divisions and lower numbers of stem cells [55, 56]. Tgfβ is upstream of upd3 and involved in promoting senescence [57–59]. SASP-mediated activation of cytokines and mTOR therefore directly link age-dependent accumulation of senescent cells to accelerated loss of stem cells and declining capacity for repair and tissue regeneration. This mechanism suggests a model by which removal of senescent cells would promote increased resilience and improved maintenance of stem cell pools, a phenotype we observe in the fly. The pathways and processes perturbed by expression of OKSM, Sen or Sen-OKSM are associated with those previously identified as been involved in the hallmarks of aging [46]. The genes affected by expression of Sen reflect those that would be expected to be altered by disrupting FOXO: p53 interactions, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining mechanisms associated with aging and the role of senescent cells in tissue maintenance and repair. It emphasizes that while certain interventions may impact aspects of aging, such as reducing proinflammatory cytokines and senescent cell accumulation, the narrative does not support the notion of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it suggests that these interventions only promote improved maintenance of stem cell pools and resilience, rather than absolute reversal or indefinite extension of lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Metabolic analysis and key metabolite identification To investigate the metabolic pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation, the metabolites in the stems of and MZ were detected using UPLC-ESI-TOF-MS/MS. In total, 752 metabolites clustered into 97 KEGG pathways were identified from and MZ, and among these metabolites, 75, 84 and 86 metabolites showed significantly different levels in the MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons, respectively (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). diagram analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were our metabolites of interest (Fig. 6a), and the results indicated that these differential metabolites might be associated with zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. Based on their log2 fold change values, these differential metabolites were visualized as a heat map in Fig. 6b. Quercetin O-acetylhexoside, methyl gallate, D-pantothenic acid and L-glutamic acid were upregulated in both QQ and LYQQ, whereas the remaining metabolites, including fustin, 10-formyl-THF, skimmin, LysoPC 20:4, LysoPC 18:1 (2n isomer), LysoPC 18:3 (2n isomer), 2-methylsuccinic acid, 2-isopropylmalate, and caffeine, were significantly downregulated in tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots. DiscussionPlants are sessile and cannot move freely from their habitat, even if they encounter adverse environments. Generally, plant shoots grow upward, whereas roots grow downward; therefore, shoot architecture is a determinant of plant morphology. In tea plants, the shoots play a substantial role in determining the horticultural characteristics and tea yield, and almost all tea plant cultivars exhibit straight stems. The two tea plants QQ and LYQQ, with zigzag-shaped shoots, were identified and planted previously; however, with advances in research, there is increasing interest in the mechanism by which QQ and LYQQ develop their zigzag-shaped shoots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses metabolic pathways and specific metabolites involved in the growth of tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, rather than addressing how fossilized plants can offer insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Open in new tabDownload slideCarollia castanea feeds primarily on infructescences of plants (Piperales: Piperaceae); the majority of fecal samples—in some cases 100%—from C. castanea collected in our study site contain Piper seeds (Lopez and Vaughan 2007; Maynard et al. 2019). Piper sancti-felicis (P. scintillans; Hammel et al. 2014) is the most abundant Piper species in C. castanea’s diet in this locality, and behavioral trials have demonstrated that these bats exhibit a preference for P. sancti-felicis over some other Piper species (Maynard et al. 2019). We test if foraging decisions in C. castanea are primarily driven by clear signals of food availability (i. e. , P. sancti-felicis ripe fruit scent). We predict bats will cue in on ripe P. sancti-felicis fruit scent and secondarily on its vegetation scent, because the vegetation is a salient part of the plant that likely overlaps in its scent chemical composition with fruit scents, and thus a potential part of the olfactory cues used by C. castanea for fruit localization. Conversely, if vegetative scents differ sharply from those of ripe fruits, these could add sensory noise that may need to be filtered. Since these predictions rely on similarities of differences in the chemical composition of ripe fruit and vegetation scents, we conducted analyses contrasting the volatile chemical (scent) composition of these plant parts. Finally, we also hypothesize that C. castanea potentially re-weights their sensory inputs to account for available environmental cues, and predict that foraging bats emit echolocation calls more frequently when scent cues are absent. This is because Carollia can use echolocation for the final localization of fruit at close range, and perhaps also when searching for potentially edible fruit patches at a longer range (Thies et al. 1998; Corlett 2011). To test our hypotheses, we conducted a series of experiments to mimic the sensory challenges fruit bats may encounter in nature, and quantified differences in the bats’ behavioral responses when exposed to different sensory cues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that C. castanea can use echolocation for the final localization of fruit at close range. It also mentions that the bats emit echolocation calls more frequently when scent cues are absent, indicating that they rely on echolocation when other sensory inputs, such as scent, are not available.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: apoptosis, whereas those altered by expression of OKSM include genes involved in ISC function and homeostasis. RNA-seq analysis indicates that the extension of lifespan is the result of two largely distinct transcriptional programs, and is not the result of Sen-OKSM specifically activating or repressing a shared transcriptional pathway. A major class of genes affected were in various metabolic pathways. Although we have not investigated this here, the metabolic changes resulting from rejuvenation and senolytic treatments will be interesting to consider in future work. Although OKSM must function through partial reprogramming of cells, the exact mechanism of how this works in adult tissues is not entirely clear [13, 16–18]. We observed changes in Hedgehog signaling recently proposed as a neuroprotective and life extending pathway [60] along with genes associated with cytokinesis and DNA replication. Importantly, we observe that OKSM has limited effect on maximum lifespan unless senescent cells are removed suggesting that SASP counteracts the benefits of rejuvenation. Previous studies have shown either OKSM or Sen to be anti-aging, but in both cases the effects did not affect maximum lifespan. In our combinatorial approach, we can now extend both mean and maximum. We have further established that both approaches can be studied in the easily, genetically manipulatable Drosophila model. We suggest that reprogramming accomplished through gene therapy, or another method combined with senolytic peptides or drugs could promote both tissue repair and reverse age-related decline. Materials and cloning of transgenes The Oct4-2A-KLF4-2A-Sox2-IRES-Myc DNA fragment containing the human iPS factors was obtained from the OKSIM plasmid (OKSIM was a gift from Jose Cibelli, Addgene plasmid # 24603; RRID: Addgene_24603) [61]. Oct4-2A-KLF4-2A-Sox2 were amplified as one fragment with attB1 and att5r-flanked sites and recombined with the pDONR P1-P5r entry vector (Scientific). IRES-Myc was amplified with attB5 and attB2-flanked sites and recombined with the pDONR P5-P2 entry vector. MultiSite Gateway® Pro 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while reprogramming and senolytic treatments can extend the mean lifespan and suggest potential for tissue repair, the extension of maximum lifespan through methods like OKSM is limited unless senescent cells are removed. It emphasizes that previous studies have shown these methods do not affect maximum lifespan, thus suggesting that biohacking methods cannot fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Zigzag-shaped shoots, which occasionally appear in garden plants, are an unusual trait in woody plants, but there is relatively little information regarding this feature. Similarly, in Arabidopsis, zig mutant stems elongate in a zigzag fashion, curve upward at the internodes and, interestingly, exhibit abnormal gravitropism in hypocotyls and shoots [8-11]. To understand the cause of this anomalous zigzag-shaped morphology, we observed stem sections using optical microscopy. There were no aberrations in the main tissue structures (Fig. 1). However, differences in cell arrangement and shape were observed between the zigzag-shaped stems of QQ and LYQQ and the MZ stems, including the arrangement of cortex cells, which were disordered and loosely arranged, and the cells in the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1). Consistent with our findings, similar cell shapes and arrangements were found in the zig-1 mutant stems of Arabidopsis [8]; however, different cell shapes and arrangements were observed in the epidermal layer and pith of Arabidopsis than in the cortex and pith of tea plants; this may represent a difference between woody plants and Arabidopsis. Thus, zigzag-shaped stems might be caused by the anomalous shape, arrangement and expansion of cells in tea plants. To investigate the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants, shoots were collected, and transcriptome sequence analysis was performed. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated, and 6232, 7212 and 6930 DEGs were identified from MZ-vs-QQ, MZ-vs-LYQQ and QQ-vs-LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1 and Fig. 3b). These DEGs were mainly enriched in several pathways, such as ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, and ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, indicating that these pathways might be associated with differences among cultivars (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their contributions to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the morphology of zigzag-shaped stems in plants and their cellular structures, without making any reference to fossilization or ancient climate insights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: castanea is supported by previous research on other Carollia species that rely less on Piper as a food resource. For example, C. perspicillata can recognize minute concentrations of particular chemical components (fruit-typical odor components like ethyl butyrate, n-pentyl acetate, or linalool; Laska 1990), are attracted to fruit scent even when no other cues are present (Hessel and Schmidt 1994), and visit mist nets spiked with the essential oil of Piper gaudichaudianum more frequently (Mikich et al. 2003). Here, we link the bouquet of VOCs from a known, preferred food source with the behavioral p2001. Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats. Nature414:742–5. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. 24:359–408. 2011. Echolocation call intensity and directionality in flying short-tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae). J Am129:427–35. 2009. Intense echolocation calls from two “whispering” bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae). J Exp Biol212:11–20. doi: 10. 1242/jeb. 0232261989. UV vision: a bird’s eye view of feathers. J A164:787–96. 2014. Three floral volatiles contribute to differential pollinator attraction in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). J Exp Biol217:614–23. 1999. A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: the unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole. J Comp Physiol185:367–72. 2011. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecol37:674–81. 1991. The relationship between body size, diet, and habitat use in frugivorous bats, (Phyllostomidae). J Mammal72:493–501. 2013. Perception of silent and motionless prey on vegetation by echolocation in the gleaning bat Micronycteris microtis. 280:20122830. 2018. The role of ecological factors in shaping bat cone opsin evolution. 2852014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding fruit bats using echolocation for finding fruit. It discusses various aspects of fruit bats and their behaviors, such as their ability to recognize chemical components and their attraction to fruit scents. However, there is no mention or evidence provided about fruit bats specifically using echolocation in complete darkness, meaning it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Recapitulation of premature ageing with iPSCs from Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome. Nature. 2011; 472:221–5. [PubMed] 9. ñamero ña O, Megías D, Domínguez O, Martínez. Reprogramming in vivo produces teratomas and iPS cells with totipotency features. Nature. 2013; 502:340–5. [PubMed] 10. Premature termination of reprogramming in vivo leads to cancer development through altered epigenetic regulation. Cell. 2014; 156:663–77. [PubMed] 11. . Stem cells. Holding your breath for longevity. Science. 2015; 347:1319–20. [PubMed] 12. . Anti-Based on Cellular Reprogramming. Med. 2016; 22:725–38. [PubMed] 13. Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, Platero--Ferrer E, Donoso D, et al. Amelioration of Age-by Partial Reprogramming. Cell. 2016; 167:1719–33. e12. [PubMed] 14. . The ageing epigenome and its rejuvenation. Biol. 2020; 21:137–50. [PubMed] 15. . by Epigenetic Reprogramming. Cell. 2021; 28:5–7. [PubMed] 16. Reprogramming to recover youthful epigenetic information and restore vision. Nature. 2020; 588:124–9. [PubMed] 17. -. Partial reprogramming restores youthful gene expression through transient suppression of cell identity. bioRxiv. 2021; 1–29. 18. . Transient non-integrative expression of nuclear reprogramming factors promotes multifaceted amelioration of aging in human cells. Nat Commun. 2020; 11:1545. [PubMed] 19. -. Multi-omic rejuvenation of human cells by maturation phase transient reprogramming. Elife. 2022; 11:e71624. [PubMed] 20. van de Sluis B, Kirkland JL, van Deursen JM. Clearance of p16Ink4a-positive senescent cells delays ageing-associated disorders. Nature. 2011; 479:232–6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by presenting various studies and findings related to aging and reprogramming. It highlights that while there are methods in research aimed at ameliorating aspects of aging, such as partial reprogramming and the clearance of senescent cells, it does not support the notion that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The mention of risks such as cancer development from altered reprogramming processes further indicates a discrepancy with the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: To gain insights into the DEGs that specifically regulate zigzag-shaped stem development, we made a Venn diagram of cultivar comparisons and identified 2175 overlapping DEGs between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, which were mainly enriched in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways (Fig. 4). Among these pathways, the “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” pathway serves as a source of metabolites in plants, is involved in the biosynthesis of lignin, flavonoids, coumarins and lignans, and plays a fundamental role in plant structural support [29, 30]. It has been found that, in Arabidopsis, mutation of the genes encoding cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A shikimate:quinate hydroxycinnamoyl-transferase (HCT) involved in this pathway resulted in changes in the structural, developmental, and reproductive phenotypes of Arabidopsis plants [31-33]. Interestingly, the flavonols quercetin and kaempferol have been shown to inhibit polar auxin transport and to enhance consequent localized auxin accumulation [34-36]. Recently, Kuhn, et al. [34] suggested that flavonols could modulate auxin transport by modifying the antagonistic kinase/phosphatase equilibrium. Therefore, flavonols could affect auxin transport in zigzag-shaped shoots. On the other hand, Ramos, et al. [37] found that the concentration of quercetin in the upper half of longitudinally dissected 45-degree-inclined radiata pine seedlings was higher than that in the lower half and than that in non-inclined seedlings when seedlings were inclined for one month, indicating that quercetin can accumulate in inclined shoots such as the internodes of zigzag-shaped shoots. Consistently, we observed that a C4H gene (TEA016772. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression related to plant development and metabolic pathways rather than providing insights into ancient climates or ecosystems from fossilized plants. There is no mention of fossils, ancient climates, or ecosystems in the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sign languages have their own unique grammatical structures, different from the spoken languages in the same region. [SEP] Text: In Kyoto, a lexeme is specified for tone and prominence (accent), with both having a contrastive function. In Kagoshima, a word is specified for tone only, and a post-lexical and non-contrastive rule determines which syllable/mora is accented to realize the lexically specified tone (Falling or Level). For example, in Kagoshima Japanese, the wordonago/ ‘woman’ has a Falling tone (/onago/[F]) while the wordotoko/ ‘man’ has a Level tone (/otoko/[Lv]). A post-lexical rule then determines where the fall occurs (penultimate syllable), with the output foronágo/[F] becoming [ònágò]. In the case of the level tone, the final syllable is assigned H by a post-lexical rule. type is especially common in Kyūshū and Ryukyuan languages (see Kato, Tamamoto, Carlino and Urabe, this volume). 5 A few Japonic languages have a characteristic typically associated with a stress language, i. e. a foot-based metrical structure. This is true, for example, the Aoya dialect of Tottori (Western Japanese, Matsumori 2012), the Maisaka dialect of Shizuoka (Eastern Japanese, Poppe 2016), the Nakijin dialect of (Lawrence 1990), the Nagahama dialect of Irabu (Miyako, Southern Ryukyuan), etc. However, such languages are much less well documented than tone-like pitch accent languages as noted above. 6 2. 2 section discusses the morphosyntactic features of Japonic. From a broad range of topics pertaining to morphosyntax, this section focuses on the number category, adjectival expressions and alignment systems, since these in particular exhibit a surprising amount of internal diversity, are well documented in our volume, and are worth the special attention of theoretical linguists and typologists. There are of course many more typologically interesting topics which are not covered in this section simply due to limitations of space, and the reader is referred to § 3 of the present 2. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses tonal specifications and morphosyntactic features of Japonic languages. It does not address sign languages or their grammatical structures, therefore not providing any information that corroborates or contrasts with the claim regarding the uniqueness of sign languages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 21. van Deursen JM. Naturally occurring p16(Ink4a)-positive cells shorten healthy lifespan. Nature. 2016; 530:184–9. [PubMed] 22. van Willigenburg H, Feijtel DA, van der Pluijm I, Essers J, van Cappellen WA, et al. of Homeostasis in Response to Chemotoxicity and Aging. Cell. 2017; 169:132–47. e16. [PubMed] 23. Senolytics improve physical function and increase lifespan in old age. Nat Med. 2018; 24:1246–56. [PubMed] 24. Senolytics decrease senescent cells in humans: Preliminary report from a clinical trial of Dasatinib plus Quercetin in individuals with diabetic kidney disease. EBioMedicine. 2019; 47:446–56. [PubMed] 25. Dolgin E. Send in the senolytics. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38:1371–7. [PubMed] 26. . Discovery, development, and future application of senolytics: theories and predictions. FEBS J. 2020; 287:2418–27. [PubMed] 27. He S, Sharpless NE. Senescence in Health and Disease. Cell. 2017; 169:1000–11. [PubMed] 28. -. through IGF and. Dev Cell. 2018; 47:67–79. e5. [PubMed] 29. . Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell. 2007; 131:861–72. [PubMed] 30. -Otto K, Antosiewicz-. Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells. Science. 2007; 318:1917–20. [PubMed] 31. . Induced pluripotent stem cell generation using a single lentiviral stem cell cassette. Stem Cells. 2009; 27:543–9. [PubMed] 32. Rosselló. Mammalian genes induce partially reprogrammed pluripotent stem cells in non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species. Elife. 2013; 2:e00036. [PubMed] 33. ünger. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing studies on senolytics and cellular senescence which indicate that while certain methods might improve health and potentially extend lifespan, there is no definitive evidence that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The mention of senescent cells and lifespan improvement in old age suggests a more nuanced understanding of aging rather than a simple reversal, indicating limitations to what biohacking can achieve.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1) was significantly differentially expressed between MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ; moreover, we found that skimmin (pmf0295) expression was reduced in the MZ-vs-QQ (log2 FC: -0. 995) and MZ-vs-LYQQ (log2 FC: -3. 52) comparisons. Therefore, the zigzag-shaped stems of tea plants might be partially related to flavonoids, especially flavonol-mediated auxin transport. It is well recognized that a zigzag-shaped inflorescence stem results from the mutation of zig (zigzag)/sgr4, which encodes VPS10 interacting 11 (VTI11), a Qb-SNARE involved in vesicle transport between the trans-Golgi network and vacuole that causes abnormal gravitropism in Arabidopsis when mutated [8, 10, 11, 38, 39]. SNAREs play an important role in membrane fusion at the vacuole and are involved in the regulation of amyloplast sedimentation in response to gravity and in cell shape development [11, 39]. ZIG can form a complex with other types of SNARE proteins, including SYP22/SGR3/VAM3, SYP5, and VAMP727, most likely at the prevacuolar compartment and vacuole [11, 40-42]. Although ZIG and the other SGR genes were not significantly expressed, 11 genes mainly involved in vesicular trafficking were identified (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). Among these genes, both vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein genes (VPS18 and VPS41) were repressed in QQ and LYQQ, whereas the expression levels of vesicle-associated membrane protein 714 (VAMP714) and vacuolar-sorting receptor 6 (VSR6) were increased in QQ and LYQQ. It has been established that the phenotype of zig-1 could be partially suppressed by mutations in the zig suppressor1 (ZIP1), ZIP2, ZIP3 and ZIP4 genes in Arabidopsis [38, 43, 44]. Niihama, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it describes research focused on gene expression and the role of SNARE proteins in plant biology, without any mention of fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most languages have a system of word order, such as Subject-Verb-Object, which governs how sentences are structured. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the Archives Vol. 12 No. 5 (2021) 10. 17507/jltr. 1205. 02 Keywords: L2 Swedish, immersion, usage-based grammar, subject-verb word order Swedish V2 word order has been considered a notorious source of difficulty for L2 learners due to its strict rules. This study explores subject-verb word order in texts written in Swedish by 12-year-old and 15-year-old Finnish-speaking immersion students and by 16-year-old non-immersion students. Although the L1 of the informants lacks obligatory inversion, the analyses show that informants in all three groups have reached a high accuracy level in several aspects of word order in main clauses. However, the informants struggle with challenges that are similar to those detected in previous research: inversion is omitted in its obligatory occasions in main clauses but simultaneously overused in subordinate clauses where word order is canonical. In main clauses, the challenges focus on declarative main clauses with inversion. In subordinate clauses, on the contrary, the challenges focus on questions. Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist, University of Helsinki Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and 3. pdf (accessed 18/4/2021) Bergroth, M. & S. Björklund. (2013). Kielikylpyohjelman tutkimustuloksia Suomessa [Results from immersion studies in Finland]. In L. Tainio & H. Harju-Luukkainen (eds. ), – tulevaisuuden monikielinen Suomi/Tvåspråkig skola – ett flerspråkigt Finland i framtiden [Bilingual school – a plurilingual Finland of the future]. Studies in Pedagogy 62. Jyväskylä: Research Association, 91–114. Bohnacker, U. (2006). begin to learn German: From V2 to V2. Research 22. 4, 443–486. Bolander, M. (1988). Nu ja hoppas inte så mycke. Om inversion och placering av negation och adverb i svenska som andraspråk [don’t hope that much. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by discussing the strict rules governing subject-verb word order in Swedish, especially highlighting the challenges faced by learners of the language regarding inversion and canonical word order. This indicates that languages, like Swedish, indeed have systematic approaches to structuring sentences, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-12 pp 3993—4010 Intermediate metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway extend the lifespan of C. elegans through regulating reproductive signals Qin-Li Wan1, Xiao Meng1, Xiaodie Fu1, Bohui Chen1, Jing Yang1, Hengwen Yang1, Qinghua Zhou1, 1 for of 510632, China Received: January 20, 2019 Accepted: June 13, 2019 Published: June 21, 2019 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 102033 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: Wan et al. This is an open-access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. pyrimidine metabolism pathway has important biological functions; it not only maintains appropriate pyrimidine pools but also produces bioactive intermediate metabolites. In a previous study, we identified that the pyrimidine metabolism pathway is associated with aging regulation. However, the molecular mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway regulates aging remains unclear. Here, we investigated the longevity effect of pyrimidine intermediates on Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Our results demonstrated that the supplementation of some pyrimidine intermediates could extend the lifespan of C. elegans. In addition, the RNAi knockdown of essential enzymes involved in pyrimidine metabolism could also significantly affect lifespan. We further investigated the molecular mechanism by which a representative intermediate metabolite, thymine, extends the lifespan of worms and found that thymine-induced longevity required the nuclear receptors DAF-12 and NHR-49, and the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO. Further pathway analysis revealed that the longevity effect of thymine depended on the inhibition of reproductive signals. Additionally, we found that other pyrimidine intermediates functioned in a manner similar to thymine to prolong lifespan in C. elegans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting research on the lifespan extension of C. elegans through specific metabolic pathways without implying that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It specifies that while certain pyrimidine intermediates can prolong lifespan in C. elegans, the exact molecular mechanisms and wider implications on longevity in other organisms are still unclear, indicating limitations to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [44] reported that ZIP2, which encodes an AtVPS41/AtVAM2 protein, is involved in protein sorting to the vacuole in Arabidopsis, and the zip2 mutation is a missense mutation. These results indicate that zigzag-shaped stem formation is mainly related to abnormal gravitropism responses mediated by membrane trafficking. Additionally, we also found that six SEC family genes were significantly expressed in the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3); these genes are crucial for SNARE complex assembly and preprotein translocation [45, 46]. Interestingly, we found that both LAZY genes (TEA031847. 1, TEA001744. 1) were markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5d and Additional file 3: Table S3). It is well known that loss-of-function mutation of LAZY1 enhances polar indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) transport and reduces shoot gravitropism and therefore regulates the growth angle of lateral branches in rice, Arabidopsis and maize [17-19, 21, 47]; however, the function of LAZY in woody plants remains to be elucidated. Therefore, we propose that the development of zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be associated with a change in the shoot gravitropism response, especially one affecting the disruption of membrane trafficking to vacuoles, although the ZIG/SGR4 gene did not exhibit a significant change in expression. The plant hormone auxin is important for organ growth and cell morphogenesis. In this study, seven DEGs involved in auxin metabolism, transport and signalling were identified by comparison of the MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ sets, and all of the genes were downregulated in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3). Numerous studies have suggested that polar auxin transport, which is primarily determined by polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers, controls plant tropism in roots and shoots and plays essential roles in plant growth [13, 48, 49]. Gerttula, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic mutations and signaling pathways in plants rather than the role of fossilized plants in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. There is no mention of fossils or paleoclimatology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most languages have a system of word order, such as Subject-Verb-Object, which governs how sentences are structured. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Skip to main navigation menu Skip to site footer the Archives Vol. 12 No. 5 (2021) 10. 17507/jltr. 1205. 02 Keywords: L2 Swedish, immersion, usage-based grammar, subject-verb word order Swedish V2 word order has been considered a notorious source of difficulty for L2 learners due to its strict rules. This study explores subject-verb word order in texts written in Swedish by 12-year-old and 15-year-old Finnish-speaking immersion students and by 16-year-old non-immersion students. Although the L1 of the informants lacks obligatory inversion, the analyses show that informants in all three groups have reached a high accuracy level in several aspects of word order in main clauses. However, the informants struggle with challenges that are similar to those detected in previous research: inversion is omitted in its obligatory occasions in main clauses but simultaneously overused in subordinate clauses where word order is canonical. In main clauses, the challenges focus on declarative main clauses with inversion. In subordinate clauses, on the contrary, the challenges focus on questions. Eeva-Liisa Nyqvist, University of Helsinki Finnish, Finno-Ugrian and 3. pdf (accessed 18/4/2021) Bergroth, M. & S. Björklund. (2013). Kielikylpyohjelman tutkimustuloksia Suomessa [Results from immersion studies in Finland]. In L. Tainio & H. Harju-Luukkainen (eds. ), – tulevaisuuden monikielinen Suomi/Tvåspråkig skola – ett flerspråkigt Finland i framtiden [Bilingual school – a plurilingual Finland of the future]. Studies in Pedagogy 62. Jyväskylä: Research Association, 91–114. Bohnacker, U. (2006). begin to learn German: From V2 to V2. Research 22. 4, 443–486. Bolander, M. (1988). Nu ja hoppas inte så mycke. Om inversion och placering av negation och adverb i svenska som andraspråk [don’t hope that much. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing subject-verb word order in Swedish and highlighting its importance in sentence structure. It notes that Swedish V2 word order involves strict rules, showing that even specific languages have structured systems governing word order, which aligns with the general assertion that languages have systems of word order.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Taken together, our results revealed that pyrimidine intermediates increased lifespan by inhibiting reproductive signals and subsequently inducing the function of DAF-12, NHR-49 and DAF-16 in C. elegans. is universally characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to organ failure [1, 2]. This deterioration is the principal risk factor for numerous chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases [3]. Therefore, interventions to prevent or attenuate age-related degeneration are an unmet need. To date, some drugs that can affect lifespan and healthspan have been found, such as rapamycin and metformin, which increase lifespan in multiple species [4, 5]. Both drugs have been proven to be relatively safe over decades of clinical use; however, side effects are sometimes observed. Therefore, the discovery of new anti-aging drugs is urgent. Endogenous metabolites that can regulate lifespan have considerable advantages because they have limited toxicity and side effects. Recently, several metabolites have been identified to modulate aging. For example, one study found that dietary supplementation with the nematode eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide resulted in a significant reduction in lifespan and stress tolerance [6]. Another study reported that oxaloacetate supplementation increased lifespan in a DAF-16-dependent manner in C. elegans [7]. Additionally, a previous study also reported that dietary supplementation with the metabolite α-ketoglutarate lengthened lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR signaling [8]. Intermediates of pyrimidine metabolism are essential biomolecules, as they participate in diverse cellular functions, such as the synthesis of lipids, and carbohydrates [9]. Previous studies have reported that pyrimidine metabolism disruption causes some diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, immunodeficiency, and growth retardation [10, 11], and the downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism was linked to aging in mice [12]. In our previous study, we reported that the levels of pyrimidine intermediates were significantly decreased in aged worms, suggesting that pyrimidine metabolism is related to the aging of C. elegans [13]. However, the mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway regulates longevity remains unknown. In this study, we used C. elegans as a model organism to explore the mechanism by which pyrimidine metabolism regulates aging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while certain interventions and substances, like drugs and metabolites, can influence lifespan and healthspan, they do not suggest that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The text discusses specific findings regarding lifespan extension in model organisms and highlights the ongoing need for further research, indicating that the mechanisms of longevity are not fully understood and that intervention methods might come with limitations such as side effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [50] proposed that PIN expression in different cambium cells results in auxin transport towards the cambium in the top and bottom of the stem to trigger wood formation in response to gravity in woody stems. Consistent with this finding, we found that the expression of was repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5c and Additional file 3: Table S3); these changes in expression in QQ and LYQQ might alter the polar transport of auxin and then affect the auxin gradients between stem sides; therefore, the shoots exhibit bending. Wu, et al. [51] reported that rice VLN2, a type of actin-binding protein involved in microfilament regulation, affects the recycling of PIN2 and polar auxin transport, and vln2-defective mutant plants exhibited a hypersensitive gravitropic response and twisted roots and shoots at the seedling stage. In this study, we also found that VLN2 (TEA030753. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5e and Additional file 3: Table S3), suggesting that zigzag-shaped stems in tea plants might be related to polar auxin transport and the gravitropism response. Moreover, cell expansion might exert a compressive force, leading to bending of the stem. Our results showed that genes involved in cell expansion and cell wall synthesis, such as expansin, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein, were differentially expressed (Fig. 5a and Additional file 3: Table S3), resulting in alteration of cell expansion and elongation. In addition, wall-associated kinase (WAK) genes were also differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, suggesting that WAK-mediated cell expansion and signalling pathways might be required for zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants. It is possible that cell expansion in the stems can produce a force that can lead to zigzag-shaped shoots. Importantly, cell expansion and differentiation predominantly rely on auxin [12, 52, 53]; thus, the mechanism of auxin regulation in zigzag-shaped shoot development needs to be studied precisely in the different tissue sides of zigzag-shaped stems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic mechanisms and auxin transport related to stem development in tea plants, without any reference to fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Loch Ness Monster is believed to be a surviving plesiosaur from the age of the dinosaurs. [SEP] Text: We moeten ervan uitgaan dat de maatman-aandeelhouder die informatie in zijn keuze om de biedprijs te steunen heeft verwerkt. De maatman-aandeelhouder vindt de biedprijs voor deze vennootschap namelijk nog steeds een billijke prijs, ondanks een afwijkende beurskoers van soortgelijke beursvennootschappen. Uit het voorgaande volgt dat alleen aanwijzingen die zich voordeden vóór de peildatum en die niet bekend waren in de markt een indicatie kunnen zijn dat de waarde van de aandelen niet overeenkomt met de biedprijs. Die aanwijzingen zullen zich slechts in zeer uitzonderlijke situaties voordoen. 71x Duynstee & 2017, p. 177. De Xeikon-casus is hier een voorbeeld van. Voor de overname van Xeikon door XBC – dus voor de peildatum – zijn er enkele onzakelijke transacties verricht waarvan de exacte impact op Xeikon niet bekend was. Hangende de uitkoopprocedure werd de impact op Xeikon via een enquêteprocedure duidelijk. Door de onzakelijke transacties verdampte op papier minstens EUR 30 miljoen van de ondernemingswaarde. Die waarde zat echter nog steeds in de vennootschap, bestaande uit vorderingen die Xeikon had op de oud-bestuurders die aan de onzakelijke transacties hadden meegewerkt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses financial transactions and shareholder perspectives regarding a corporate takeover, with no mention of the Loch Ness Monster or plesiosaurs. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: C. elegans is an excellent model for studying the molecular mechanism of longevity modulation. Genetic studies in C. elegans led to the identification of numerous molecular pathways that regulate longevity, including the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF), target of rapamycin (TOR), germline signaling pathways, proteostasis, and mitochondrial function pathways [14–17]. These genetic pathways identified to regulate longevity are evolutionarily conserved, from yeast to human. Here, we characterized the biological effects of intermediates of the pyrimidine pathway, including thymine, orotate, β-aminoisobutyrate, uridine and cytidine. We found that pyrimidine intermediates could significantly prolong the lifespan of C. elegans through the inhibition of reproductive signaling, the activation of the nuclear receptors NHR-49 and DAF-12, and the upregulation of the transcription factor DAF-16. metabolites in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway increase the lifespan of C. elegans To dissect the mechanism by which the pyrimidine metabolism pathway (Figure 1A)regulates lifespan, we detected the effect of intermediate metabolites in this metabolic pathway on the lifespan of C. elegans by feeding worms these endogenous small molecules. We found that feeding animalsthymine, β-aminoisobutyrate, orotate, uridine and cytidine at a concentration of 0. 5 mM on Escherichia. coli OP50, which were heat-inactivated to avoid the catalysis of compounds by bacteria, could significantly extend lifespan by 15. 2, 9. 69, 14. 8, 9. 83, 7. 87%, respectively, compared with the nontreated control (Figure 1B–1F). By contrast, treatment with uracil and thymidine at the same concentration had no effect on lifespan (Figure 1G–1H). These data suggest that the pyrimidine metabolism pathway plays an important role in regulating the lifespan of C. elegans. We also found that worms treated with 0. 5 mM uridine and cytidine exhibited 5-fluro-2′-deoxyuridine (FUdR) resistance, as 10 μM FUdR could not prevent self-fertilization. Therefore, in all subsequent lifespan analyses using uridine and cytidine, animals were maintained on the plates without FUdR. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed findings on the lifespan-extending effects of pyrimidine pathway intermediates in C. elegans. While it describes the potential to significantly prolong lifespan by around 15% using specific metabolites, it does not support the idea that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The evidence presented indicates specific genetic and molecular pathways but suggests limitations in their application.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, 20 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to different TF families, including two ARFs, were differentially expressed in MZ-vs-QQ and MZ-vs-LYQQ, and most of these TFs were significantly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). Almost all of these genes had homologues associated with plant growth and developmental regulation in other plants. For instance, (TEA031729. 1), a MYB-type TF, could interact with WOX to control wood formation in poplar [54]; overexpression of IBH1 causes erect leaves in rice and dwarfism in Arabidopsis [55]; and HEC1 coordinates with WUS to promote stem cell proliferation in the shoot meristem [56, 57]. kawakamii, antisense suppression of PkMADS1, a regulator of shoot morphogenesis, resulted in zigzag-shaped shoots [58]. Interestingly, in some transformants of antisense PkMADS1, the main shoot apex appeared to be used up early during leaf formation, and then, the axillary bud of the youngest leaf took over the function of the apical meristem, resulting in the formation of one leaf per node and the zigzag-shaped growth habit for the stem, indicating that central and lateral meristem fates regulated by a variety of TFs may relate to zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Recently, several genes that regulate architectural phenotypes in woody plants, such as 2 (ARK2) in Populus [50] and 1C (GID1C), Control 1 (TAC1) and WEEP in peach [23, 59, 60], have been isolated; however, most of these genes are related to the plant gravitropic response, and none of these genes encode TFs. Additionally, among the nine SGR genes, SGR1 and SGR7 encode scarecrow (SCR) and GRAS family TFs, respectively. We found that the SCR gene (TEA030046. 1) was markedly repressed in QQ and LYQQ (Fig. 5b and Additional file 3: Table S3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses transcription factors and their roles in plant growth and development, focusing on gene expression in specific plant varieties. However, it does not mention fossilized plants or their significance in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: - Economic Mobility: (IRS) maintains an archive of historical tax return data from individual taxpayers. This data can be linked across generations and used to compute estimates of social mobility -- such as the fraction of children born to families in the bottom 20 percentiles of income who themselves made it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income in early adulthood. Then: If there was no relationship between parent and child income, 20% of these children would themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 0% corresponds to none of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. 100% corresponds to all of these children making it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood. Consider the poorest 20 percentiles of children, as measured by their parents' income. What is your best estimate of the percentage of these children who themselves make it into the top 20 percentiles of income during adulthood, according to the IRS data? - in Sports: In recent years, there has been increasing social attention on questions of gender and sport. In particular, there is increasing debate about whether transgender women (that is, males who have transitioned to be women) should be allowed to compete in women's sporting events. In 2021, the Athletics Foundation, an organization dedicated to the support of junior age (19 and under) and high school track and field, held the. Similarly, in 2022, USA Swimming held the Championships for individuals aged 18 and under. The performances of medal-winning female athletes in the 2020 in swimming and athletic events can be compared to the highest performing junior boys at these respective junior US national finals. There were 84 medals on offer in women's swimming and athletics events in the (in 2021) where junior boys (18 and under in swimming, 19 and under in athletics) competed in an identical event at these respective national junior finals in 2021 and 2022. Suppose the times/distances of the athletes were compared as if they were competing against each other. How many of the 84 medals would have been won by the Olympic women? To make this clear, this is comparing the performance of the best female athletes in the world to the performance of junior boys in the US national finals. - Olympics: The modern Olympics games have occurred since 1896. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses economic mobility using IRS tax return data and touches on social issues in sports related to gender, with no connection to dinosaurs or cognitive dissonance. There is no information provided that corroborates or contrasts with the claims made about dinosaurs or cognitive beliefs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The intermediate metabolites of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway extended the lifespan of C. elegans. (A) Schematic representation of the pyrimidine metabolism pathway. (B–H) Lifespan of worms treated with 0. 5 mM (B) β-aminoisobutyrate (red), (C) orotate (red), (D) thymine (red), (E) uridine (red), (F) cytidine (red), (G) thymidine (red), (H) uracil (red), and vehicle (gray) at 20 °C. The treatments were administered beginning on day 1 of adulthood. Lifespan was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier test, and P values were calculated using the log-rank test; no significant difference was abbreviated as n. s. Data are representative of at least two independent experiments, and lifespan values are listed in 1. Essential genes in the pyrimidine metabolic pathway regulate the aging of C. elegans In C. elegans, dpyd-1 encodes the C. elegans ortholog of human dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD), which is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the metabolism of thymine to 5,6-dihydrothymine [18]. We detected that knockdown of the dpyd-1 gene by RNAi, which dramatically decreased the mRNA level, extended the lifespan of worms (Figure 2A and 2D). Figure 2. Characterization of the genes involved in the pyrimidine metabolism pathway as aging-related genes. (A–C) The effect of (A) dpyd-1 RNAi (red) and (B) upp-1 RNAi (red) on lifespan. (C) Lifespan of wild-type N2 exposed to control, dhod-1 RNAi, and dhod-1 RNAi with orotate supplementation. Lifespan values of repetitions are listed in 1. (D) dhod-1, dpyd-1, and upp-1 RNA levels in whole worms after treatment of C. elegans with RNAi against dhod-1, dpyd-1 and upp-1, respectively, versus control RNAi. (mean ± SD, n=3, *** P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research on specific metabolic pathways in C. elegans that extend lifespan through certain treatments and gene knockdowns. Although the findings show that lifespan can be extended, they do not indicate that any biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant growth and development are directed by a TF-mediated complex network integrated with plant hormones, enzymes and other cellular components; therefore, as-yet-unknown TFs may be involved in the regulation of plant architectural phenotypes. ConclusionIn the current study, we investigated the mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants using comparative transcriptomics and metabolomic analysis. The results showed that zigzag-shaped stem development in tea plants might be regulated by a complex network involving vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, cell expansion, secondary metabolism, and diverse transcription factors. Importantly, zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be closely related to alterations in the gravitropic response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. Our findings provide insights into zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants and serve as a valuable foundation for further investigations of architecture formation in woody plants. MethodsPlant materials The tender stems (between the first and third leaves from the apical bud) of tea plants with erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) and zigzag-shaped (C. sinensis var. Qiqu, QQ; C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu, LYQQ) shoots were collected from the germplasm resource garden of in October 2018. A portion of each sample was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and then stored at -80°C until use for transcriptome sequencing and metabolite analysis. The remaining samples were fixed in cold fixative solution (4°C) for section observation. All samples were examined in triplicate and used as biological replicates. Tissue section observation Longitudinal stem sections were sliced and stained as previously described by Ile, et al. [61] with minor modifications. At least seven stems from each tea plant cultivar were cut into fragments (<0. 5 cm) and fixed in fixative solution over 72 h at 4°C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim that fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants and discusses plant growth and development, which is unrelated to fossilization or ancient ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Most dinosaurs could fly, but evolved to lose their wings over time. The majority of people experience cognitive dissonance when holding two conflicting beliefs, which causes discomfort and prompts a change in one of the beliefs. [SEP] Text: , first flip is heads in one but tails in the other). 6. Priming share heads: Same as treatment 5 but the ratings questions will ask about what share of flips in each sequence are heads vs tails and ask participants to rate differences between them on this basis. We intend this treatment to boost attention paid to share heads in the main gambler's fallacy question (about vs ), which we will measure using self-reported attention. If it succeeds in sufficiently boosting attention to share heads, we hypothesize that it will reduce the fraction of participants who answer with 50-50 and lower the mean belief (where lower beliefs correspond to exhibiting the gambler's fallacy more). Our model suggests that attention to the share of heads vs tails will correlate with committing the gambler's fallacy. 2024, we will run additional treatments with the following design. All participants will answer two inference problems and two "compound probability reduction" problems. These will allow us to see whether answers are correlated across problems within person. The second inference problem is always an identical balls-and-urns problem. The first inference problem is either has a low (60%) or high (90%) likelihood, meant to vary the contrast of the signal and therefore boost the share of participants who respond with the likelihood. This design will allow us to test the extent to which treatment effects stemming from altering the first inference problem spillover onto participants' answers to the second inference problem, which is held fixed. We will also vary whether the first inference problem has a balls-and-urns (N=2,500) or taxicabs (N=500) framing to test whether there is a greater correlation between answers within vs across frames. We include a larger sample size for balls-and-urns to maximize precision to test the spillover effects of varying the contrast in the first problem on the second problem (which is always a balls-and-urns problem, and we expect spillovers, if there are any, to arise within rather than across frames). The compound probability problems are meant to test whether people's answers tend to cluster on the modes our model predicts as well as investigate correlation across problems. The problems simply tell participants a prior (the odds a computer will choose the "orange" vs the "purple" deck of cards) and likelihoods for each deck (the share of cards whose suit is spades). They then ask given these numbers the probability that a spades is drawn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental designs related to gambler's fallacy and probability problems without addressing dinosaur evolution or cognitive dissonance. There are no elements in the text that corroborate or contrast any part of the claim.