Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: There are three theories of acids and bases: the Bronsted-Lowry, Arrhenius and Lewis theories. According to the Bronsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton donor that can donate a positive ion, usually a hydrogen ion (H+). A base is a proton acceptor that can receive a positive ion, again, usually H+. These charge differences enable the acid and base to interact to make a neutral product. theory describes acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in solution. When the hydrogen and hydroxide ions interact, they produce water, a neutral product. Finally, Lewis theory gives the broadest definition, describing acids as electron pair acceptors and bases as electron pair donors. In Chris’ device, the acid is carbon dioxide and the base is the amine group. CO2 + 2 R-NH2 —> R-NH3+ + R-NHCOO– where R represents a hydrocarbon chain. When carbon dioxide and amine groups interact, a chemical reaction takes place, creating strong bonds. The equation above shows the formation of an alkylammonium carbamate, which is the key product formed from reactions of a solid-supported amine and CO2. The amines act as bases, with one amine donating electrons (Lewis theory) to the acidic molecule CO2, forming a covalent N-C bond. A second amine group removes a hydrogen ion from this product, producing an ammonium R-NH3+ group. The final product is a cation-anion pair, the alkylammonium carbamate. of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change. : US Federal Government: Foundation, Department of Energy; Industry: of Chemical and of : Chemical and biomolecular engineering. Specialty: catalysis and carbon capture field of research : Chris’ research group is developing materials that extract carbon dioxide directly from the air in a process called ‘direct air capture’. This is one of the few methods that could reverse climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of chemical interactions involving acids, bases, and the development of materials for carbon dioxide extraction. While it mentions a process called ‘direct air capture’ that could aid in reversing climate change, it does not support the claim that AI alone can achieve this by 2050. Instead, it emphasizes the role of chemical engineering and research in addressing climate change, suggesting that AI is not the sole solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: And this is where this piece of artwork comes in showing how the birds are lying in there all pressed together. Kiviaq with illustration of contents by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)The following process with the kiviaq:After the seal skin is full of seabirds, it is buried in a very shallow pit in the ground. You then cover all the sewed parts with seal blubber to prevent flies from laying eggs there. If they do lay eggs, it's OK. You can still eat the kiviaq. You just brush off the eggs or the mites, but you prefer not to have them. Then you cover with rocks. When it’s done depends on the climate, depends on how much sun there was for that year. You have to go and you have to smell and use the aroma to determine whether or not the kiviaq is done. Photos by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)I really think that this is an incredibly beautiful food, although it's become quite infamous. If you go to YouTube you can find this documentary about the kiviaq, which is quite interesting. But they use the words “grotesque” and “disgusting,” and then there is an 4. 0This brings me to the final fermented food that I want to show, the eider egg. So this is the fermented eider egg. The eider is a duck-sized seabird and the eider eggs are also fermented in northern Greenland similarly to the kiviaq, laid in pits with rocks on top of them, but not in the seal skin. And of course, you have to be very careful when you put the rocks on so that the eggs don't break. Fermented eider eggs by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)After having experienced this food I realized that it’s actually illegal in Greenland to collect the eider eggs and it has been for a lot of years. So this food was a really interesting and rare encounter, and it has a really incredible flavor— like cheese. I was fascinated with the fact that these were illegal. Food Sovereigntywas there in northern Greenland which, as I mentioned, is the northernmost permanently populated place on Earth, we went to the grocery store. There's one store in town. The town has about less than sixty inhabitants, sixty persons live there. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the preparation and cultural significance of traditional fermented foods from Greenland, such as kiviaq and fermented eider eggs, without addressing the domestication of crops or its role in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, adjustment for the HLA-DRB1∗03 allele revealed a large number of interacting variants, 106 in Löfgren's syndrome and 33 in non-Löfgren's syndrome, suggesting a plausible gene--gene interaction between HLA-DRB1∗03 and other disease loci in the genome. Overall, the study found that smoking modulates the risk of sarcoidosis by 56% in Löfgren's syndrome and 62% in non-Löfgren's syndrome patients. The interaction effects with smoking were calculated using a novel model of attributable proportion or a metric interaction consistent with additive, multiplicative, and multifactorial threshold models that had been previously utilized in rheumatoid arthritis [25]. Moreover, to strengthen their findings, the authors utilized canonical pathway algorithms implemented in the MetaCore software to determine signaling pathways implicated in sarcoidosis pathogenesis influenced by smoking exposure. The analysis led to the identification of relevant processes, including positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process (87. 2%; 6. 364e-25), response to an organic substance (82. 5%; 1. 268e-16), and regulation of cellular process (91. 7%; 9. 839e-19) – all which may be triggered by cigarette smoking. New genetics analytics of gene by environment interactions: insecticide use Insecticide exposure has been found to be associated with sarcoidosis both independently [26] and in a previous G × E study [22]. Last year, Chen et al. [27▪▪] developed a novel G × E method accounting for population admixture and related individuals, as known admixed populations like are commonly and severely affected by sarcoidosis. After benchmarking the methods on simulated data, the authors applied their methodology to a previously analyzed data set of 1877 (1073 cases and 804 controls) collected from both family and unrelated study groups [28] to assess the effect of insecticide exposure in sarcoidosis. The most significant interacting variant with disease risk and insecticide exposure identified by the GEE-joint method was rs3129890, located 1,447 base pairs from the 3’ of HLA-DRA on chromosome 6, which had an increased risk effect (odds ratio of 2. 32 in the exposed versus 1. 43 in the unexposed). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how environmental factors, specifically smoking and insecticide exposure, interact with genetic elements to influence the risk of sarcoidosis. The mention of 'gene by environment interactions' indicates a focus on how external factors can affect gene expression, which aligns with the definition of epigenetics as the study of such regulatory mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781785365119. 00014 Full access 2005. The gravity of a ‘natural’ disaster is never purely natural. Social protection policies, safety nets and public services can offset some of the effects. Impacts and Climate-Induced MigrationThere are numerous indirect ways in which the heating of the planet could and will impact on countries in the global North. The UK catalogued a vast list, including resource scarcity, epidemics, degraded coastal infrastructure impeding shipping, disruption of vital oil and gas supplies, insecurity of food supplies with rising and more volatile prices, disruption of international economic networks and chains, growing restrictions on free trading which may harm the City of London, slowing global economic growth, collapse of weak states, and growing international tensions weakening global governance (for Science 2011). Here, I concentrate on one potential impact: distress migration from South to North, in particular to Europe (though most climate-related migration is internal to nations). There are four possible pathways through which climate change could stimulate migration (Martin 2010): the intensification of natural disasters; increased warming and drought that affects agricultural production, employment and access to clean water; sea level rise, which makes coastal areas and some island states increasingly uninhabitable; and competition over natural resources, which leads to conflict and displacement of inhabitants. The causal chains and links between climate change and migration are complex, but literature reviews and historical evidence strongly suggest that changes in climatic conditions have already been a contributory factor in human migration. Climate-induced migration, like other forms of migration, sits along a continuum from those seeking a better life to those fleeing to save their lives. Climate change can threaten the satisfaction of many people’s basic needs and thus ‘climate refugees’ should be covered by existing human rights declarations and accords. However, there is currently no category in the for Refugees classification system for environmental refugees. Some slow progress has been made in recognising claims for compensation, but this does not yet extend to states’ responsibilities to receive climate migrants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of climate-induced migration and the multitude of factors that contribute to it, suggesting that human intervention is still necessary in addressing these challenges. It notes that climate change affects human migration and emphasizes the role of social protection policies and public services in mitigating these effects, indicating that a reliance solely on AI would be insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: We could buy grapes from Mexico and we could buy kiwi from Chile. So these foods have traveled literally across the planet to come to Siorapaluk, and so to me it is very important that in we in Greenland discuss what kind of food system we promote, why we prefer having foods that have been imported across the planet and then illegalized some of our local foods. It's a discussion that we need to be having in Greenland. Because what happens when we illegalize, for instance, fermented foods is that our youth are not taught the preparation techniques. We have knowledge disappearing. And when that happens, we know that there's an increased food safety risk from these foods because the knowledge on how to prepare them traditionally is really what prevents food safety risks. And that makes people worry about these foods. There is a negative feedback loop where the youth have become alienated from our fermented foods in Greenland and across Inuit lands, and then the knowledge disappears even faster. That negative feedback loop is what we risk when we illegalize some of these foods and we promote imported foods instead. Drag the slider to see the differences between a negative and positive feedback loop. Photos by (© Aviaja Hauptmann)The inspiration for realizing all of these things come from ICC, the Council, who have done incredible work on food security and food sovereignty. Their report explores how increasing air temperatures are making it difficult to dry fish. “Sometimes the fish cooks before it can dry. With rising temperatures, loss of ice cellars and permafrost, new ways of storing food have continued to be explored, such as drying fish within homes. However, the knowledge of some alternative practices is not being relied upon as heavily. For example, fermenting meat and fish is a good way to store food. It is also highly nutritious. This example demonstrates the importance of documenting our practices and continuing to teach our youth through doing so that they will also be able to explore new ways of storing food in the future. ” [4]So fermented foods definitely are viewed upon as something that could have a role in the future, but we really need to have a lot of knowledge to be able to do that safely and for that to be promoting of food security. + Food security and food sovereignty are very tightly connected to Indigenous peoples and people in general, of course. 2 peoples and for Inuit as well, food sovereignty and food security are very tightly connected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concerns about food systems, the promotion of imported foods, and the alienation of youth from traditional food preparation techniques. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its impact on human civilization. Instead, it focuses on food security, sovereignty, and the preservation of traditional practices, which are tangential to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Two similar efforts focused on genetic studies in diverse populations include ( a developing initiative to collect samples from population-based cohorts of patients and a large, case--control whole-genome sequencing and single-cell transcriptomic effort in African and ( genetic risk factors do not fully explain sarcoidosis susceptibility or clinical variability, implicating the presence of epigenetic processes, underlying the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. To date, only one epigenomics study in sarcoidosis has been performed [30▪▪]. This recent study must be highlighted for its comparison of multiple clinical cohorts of granulomatous diseases, use of two data modalities, gene expression and DNA methylation, and adjustment for clinical covariates. Genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA expression were both assessed by array in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with chronic beryllium disease (CBD, n = 8), beryllium sensitization without disease (BeS, n = 8), and sarcoidosis (n = 32). Initial epigenomics analyses found extensive, genome-wide significant DNA methylation changes in CBD compared with BeS, but not in the eight sarcoidosis patients used for this portion of the study compared with BeS. When CBD-associated methylation changes were examined in sarcoidosis patients, most changes were methylated in the same direction as CBD, but with a smaller magnitude of change, compared with BeS. Variability in DNA methylation and gene expression in sarcoidosis were also increased, potentially because of increased disease heterogeneity compared with CBD. A follow-up analysis of 9 progressive and 15 remitting sarcoidosis patients found 15 215 differentially methylated CpGs, although only 801 had greater than 5% methylation change in the progressive compared with the remitting disease group. Those which were also differentially expressed in progressive compared with remitting included genes with function in immunity. Although a small sample size limits this study, the results generated crucial basic knowledge of the methylation state in BAL immune cells in sarcoidosis, supporting the notion of epigenetic processes underlying the pathobiology of the disease. there are a plethora of studies of gene expression [31–46], they are generally limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous cell mixtures, and clinically variable cohorts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of epigenetic processes in regulating gene expression and mentions how these processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. It highlights the study's focus on DNA methylation and mRNA expression, emphasizing that the observed variations in gene expression are related to epigenetic changes influenced by disease heterogeneity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: 2European experience in 2014–15 following large inflows of political refugees and asylum seekers from Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea and elsewhere does not bode well. The burden has fallen on front-line states, notably Greece, Italy and Hungary, and certain destination states, notably Germany and Sweden. EU proposals to share this burden are currently stalled. This illustrates the difficulties facing a Europe with divided levels of governance. It would seem inevitable that climate migration pressures from Africa and elsewhere in the global South will build up in the Mediterranean region. Latest research shows that adaptive capacity is stronger in north-western Europe than in the Mediterranean area, where climate stress will be greater (Crouch 2015; Johansson et al. 2016). This suggests an emerging triple burden for southern Europe: greater climate stress, weaker adaptive capacities and greater migration pressure if the predictions about climate refugees prove correct. A more unified EU-level system of governance would in theory be better able to handle some of the intra-European implications. However, in continental-size nation states like the US and Australia, where there are more unified responses, these vary widely – from hard-line borders around Australia to more prevalent access (though increasingly contested) to the US. New patterns of migration highlight an inherent tension within welfare states: entitlements delivered to citizens are seldom extended to illegal residents or to other non-citizens and ‘denizens’, with rising pressures from migration leading to ‘fortress’ welfare systems (Christoff 2013). 3 Climate change will test the ability of national welfare states to internationalise and recognise collective responsibility for meeting the basic needs of people elsewhere in the world. Existing welfare states are national responses to need and will find it extremely difficult to expand the boundaries of the moral community to include the natural environment and the needs of distant strangers (Eckersley 2004). Impacts of Adaptation PoliciesAdaptation measures are intended to reduce the vulnerability of natural and human systems to actual or expected climate change effects (see 1980. After the War the social policy domain developed alongside Keynesian macro-economic policy aimed at managing total demand and maintaining something close to ‘full employment’. Thus welfare states include major interventions in labour markets as well as redistribution. If we are to understand their actual and potential capacity for meeting the climate challenge, we need to map out and explain their post-war development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that climate change will not solely be addressed through technological means such as AI. It emphasizes the complexities of climate migration pressures, welfare state adaptations, and the challenges of expanding moral responsibilities beyond national boundaries. The discussion of the need for unified governance solutions indicates that human intervention remains crucial to effectively address these interconnected climate issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109664 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation the Field - Edited by From the - the Field - Edited by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Introductionformally implemented the policy of apartheid1 for 46 years, from 1948 when the (NP) became the ruling party until the country’s first democratic election in 1994 when the Congress (ANC) came into power. During the apartheid years, much more public funds were spent on white learners in the school system and students in the post-secondary school phase than those from other racial groups. One of the results of this unequal spending was that the vast majority of students at Institutions (HEIs) in were white. In 1955, for example, they constituted 89. 7% of students, compared to the 5. 5% that was black. More than three decades later – in 1990 – black students still represented only 37. 7% of all students [1]. This disproportionate relationship between demographic share and representation at higher education institutions of the different racial groups reflects the broader injustice of the previous political dispensation. In 1990 the ANC was unbanned and in 1994 held its first democratic election. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it discusses the Open Access initiative focused on making scientific research accessible, along with some historical context about apartheid and education disparities in South Africa. It does not provide any information related to crop domestication or its significance in human history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Cytokine mRNA levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR; IFNγ and IL-4 mRNA levels were found to be reduced in patients, whereas PD-1 and IL-17A mRNA were upregulated. Levels of IL-21, CD40, and IL-6 mRNA in T-follicular helper cells did not differ compared with healthy controls, and gene expression did not seem to correlate with cytokine levels. Similarly, several gene expression studies published in the past year applied RT-PCR or microarray to explore new gene targets in populations of cells that have been interrogated frequently in sarcoidosis research. Huppertz et al. [48▪] employed RT-PCR to explore a new pathway: the NLRP3 inflammasome. BAL cells, as well as lung and skin biopsies, were taken from 19 patients and 19 controls and examined for RNA levels of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway components. In sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages, levels of miR-223, a microRNA downregulating NLRP3, were decreased; NLRP3 mRNA was correspondingly increased. The authors confirmed their findings in a model of pharmacological interference: both the NLRP3 pathway inhibitor MCC950 and an anti-IL-1β antibody resulted in reduced granuloma formation. Another recent gene expression study compared BAL cells in sarcoidosis (n = 12) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 9) [49▪], using standard microarray techniques. They found highly differing mRNA profiles of cells in the two diseases, with enrichment of ribosome biogenesis and proteasome apparatus in sarcoidosis, and neutrophilic dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. genomics studies in sarcoidosis have made advances in both new technologies and analysis methods. Gene--environment-wide interaction studies have identified interactions between sarcoidosis-associated genetic variants, smoking [5▪▪], and insecticide use [27▪▪], yet many other environmental exposures, such as mold and asbestos, remain to be examined. WES studies have expanded the breadth and depth of genetic studies, exploring the genetics of persistent sarcoidosis [17▪], identifying rare genetic variants [16▪], and bioinformatically assessing variants for potential function [16▪,18▪]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses gene expression studies that investigate various factors, including environmental influences, particularly in the context of sarcoidosis research. It mentions 'Gene--environment-wide interaction studies' and how these studies have identified interactions between genetic variants and environmental factors such as smoking and insecticide use, clearly indicating the regulation of gene expression by lifestyle and environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Regulation and prevention: policies to modify social behaviour and patterns of consumption. Social investmentDevelop human and social capabilities. Education, training, equal opportunities. Employment policies, ranging from ‘full employment’ policy, labour market regulation and wages policies to ‘activation’ and working-time reduction programmes. Explaining the emergence of climate policyAgainst this background of established welfare states, we can discuss if, when and how far ‘environmental states’ or ‘eco-states’ have now emerged, and note parallels and differences between the two. Both welfare and environmental policy interventions can be conceived as political responses to long-term societal change related to industrialisation, urbanisation and democratisation. Both have been called into being to wrestle with issues that cannot adequately be addressed by markets and voluntary action. Both create new patterns of economic interaction (through regulation, fiscal transfers and so on), while operating within significant economic and political constraints. Both point to new forms of political economy and perhaps governance (Lundqvist 2001; Dryzek et al. 2003; Eckersley 2004; Meadowcroft 2005, 2012). In the 1970s governments began to develop responsibilities and programmes to manage environmental problems, so that an independent realm of law, policies, administration and regulation emerged. In the late 1980s–90s, a second phase began to strengthen linkages between this apparatus and broader state concerns with the economy, security and welfare. A study of 25 environmental policy areas across 24 countries in the global North and East finds a clear, strong and parallel rise in policy interventions from 1970 to 2005 (Sommerer and Lim 2016). has led, but all the emerging economies surveyed in the East have kept pace; there is no uniform evidence that regulatory measures have stalled to favour economic competitiveness. Of course, this trend does not imply that the policies to tackle environmental problems have been adequate, effective or timely. Climate adaptation programmes form part of a long-standing environmental agenda that includes, for example, measures to tackle pollution and protect natural resources. Climate mitigation is of a different order. By its very nature it is a trans-boundary and global challenge, which means that national programmes are likely to take place within a framework of global or regional discourses, declarations, treaties and so on (Eckersley 2016; Sommerer and Lim 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of human policymaking and intervention in climate conservation. It discusses various elements of social policy, regulation, and governance that are crucial for addressing climate issues, indicating that these challenges cannot be managed solely through AI or market actions. The mention of government responsibilities, policy interventions, and the need for a coordinated effort across multiple levels of governance highlights the essential role of human intervention in managing environmental problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: High expectations emerged around the time of the country’s political transition that it would herald in a period of increased access to higher education for those groups that were previously denied access, based on racial criteria. In the period after 1994 tuition fees at HEIs increased substantially, which made it very difficult for students from poor communities to afford it. (NSFAS) was introduced to address this matter of affordability and to change the student profile at universities to make it more representative of the demographics of the country. This 2. African higher education landscapeThe focus of this 83. 3% of university students attended public institutions. There were 50 public TVET colleges with a total intake of 452,277 students. There were also 9 public and Training (CET) colleges with 142,538 students, while 96,754 students attended 126 private colleges (The numbers of the CET and private colleges were not audited. ). This means that 84. 3% of the total number of post-secondary students attended public institutions, and 77. 2% attended public universities and TVET colleges. The percentage distribution of these students is portrayed in Figure 1. Figure 1. Composition of students in post-secondary education in according to institution type, 2020. Source: [2]. Advertisement 3. Financing of higher education in South AfricaTo understand South Africa’s education system, it is important to note that separate schools for different racial groups were introduced more than a century ago. Previously, was divided into four provinces – Transvaal, Natal, State, and the – and in 1907 compulsory education was introduced for white learners only [3]. This established a culture of learning among white learners, and they (or their parents) understood the value (especially measured in future earnings potential) of education better than the other racial groups. Because the government did not provide sufficient educational resources to non-white learners and because these learners’ parents did not have the financial capacity to pay for additional resources, non-white racial groups did not receive the same quality of education. As a result of the introduction of compulsory schooling, the number of learners increased by 92% between 1910 and 1920 [3]. This increase was mainly driven by the increase in white pupils, which represented 57. 9% of all learners in schools in 1921. It is therefore no surprise that in the decades before the first democratic election in 1994, educational funds were spent very unequally between racial groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the higher education landscape in South Africa, focusing on issues of access and racial inequalities rather than addressing the domestication of crops or its significance to human civilization. No connection to the claim can be drawn from the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: However, these studies should be replicated in both larger sample sets and other ethnicities. Neither whole-genome sequencing or genome-wide eQTL studies have been reported; this gap should be filled in order to confirm GWAS findings of imputed genotype and to ‘connect the dots’ between genotype and phenotype (Table 3). Table 3: Novel genomic methodologies not yet applied to sarcoidosisThe majority of recent transcriptomic studies have generally used outdated and insensitive techniques. Transcriptomic studies based on total mRNA or small RNA using RNA-sequencing technologies will, therefore, be essential to conduct in-silico functional studies. Similarly, epigenomics of sarcoidosis could benefit from the application of large-scale genome-wide arrays, such as the Illumina EPIC array that includes 850 000 methylation markers or methylation sequencing technologies, such as whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS), methylation capture sequencing (MethylCap-Seq), methyl-CpG binding domain sequencing (MBD-Seq), and more recently nanopore sequencing, that offer extensive knowledge to understand regulation in gene expression and consequently biological processes in health and disease beyond sarcoidosis (Table 3). Finally, limited diversity in ancestry and clinical presentation of patients, few meta-analyses of multiple sarcoidosis studies, and lack of meticulous comparisons to other diseases leave us with findings in all aspects of genomics that are not broadly applicable. Although some studies explore common risk factors, like shared loci across disease [11▪], previous polygenic risk score [20] and cross-disease comparisons [21▪▪] should be repeated with recently proposed methodologies such as PRSice [50] and LDpred [51] software for calculating genetic risk scores and large-scale data to include recent findings and a greater breadth of the disease (Table 3). genomics studies discussed here have made advances in both new technologies and analysis methods, yet still suffer from significant limitations. Next-generation sequencing, genome-wide WES, spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and modern informatics methods like machine learning represent huge strides forward for genomics, yet have rarely been used in sarcoidosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of epigenomics in understanding the regulation of gene expression. It mentions how different genomic methodologies, such as methylation monitoring techniques, can enhance our knowledge of gene expression regulation in health and disease. This aligns with the claim that epigenetics focuses on the regulation of gene expression influenced by various factors, including environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: What are the factors that influence and shape the willingness and capacity of states to deal with social and climate risks and in particular to undertake serious climate mitigation? Are the same factors at work in the domains of social and climate policy, or are they different? Studies of specific national climate policies and achievements are still relatively scarce (Christoff and Eckersley 2011; cf. 5. 2 Selective major drivers of welfare states and climate mitigation states post-1980DriverWelfare stateClimate mitigation stateIndustrialisation and structural problem pressuresGrowth plus deindustrialisation. New social risks. Demographic trends. Rising inequality. Consumption growth plus carboniferous capitalism. Ever-tightening carbon and GHG constraints. InterestsBalance of class interests. Rising structural power of financial capital. Balance of ‘brown’ and ‘green’ business interests. Green movements and their political expression. InstitutionsPluralist versus corporatist interest representation. Centralised administrative state. Prior welfare regime. Pluralist versus corporatist interest representation. Extent of devolved powers to lower-tier authorities. Prior welfare regime. IdeasNeoliberalism versus social citizenship. ‘Social investment’ paradigm. Degree of political polarisation. Neoliberalism versus ‘ecological modernisation’ and ‘green growth’. Degree of political polarisation. International influencesEconomic globalisation and its management. Economic globalisation and its management. International linkages. Policy diffusion. Source: Gough (2016: 36). Table 5. 2 summarises the findings (Gough 2016). First, structural problem pressures, stemming from globalisation, financialisation, deindustrialisation and ongoing but slower growth, have been critical background drivers in both domains but in contradictory ways. Continuing growth of production and consumption in the OECD has precipitated new environmental problems and driven dangerous levels of global warming. Meanwhile for welfare states the slide in growth rates during and after the 1970s contributed to various forms of retrenchment over the next three decades. A different problem pressure that might be expected to affect climate policy is the vulnerability of countries to the impacts of climate change. Yet it appears to be a poor predictor: for example, Australia is vulnerable on many fronts but lags behind in climate policy. Working-class interests have been weakened in the social domain and feature little in the environment domain. The impact of their replacement by environmental and green movements has yet to be evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex socio-economic factors influencing climate policy and conservation, emphasizing that human political and social dynamics—such as industrialisation, inequality, and interest representation—are critical in addressing climate risks. This suggests that relying solely on AI is insufficient, as human involvement in decision-making and policy formation remains vital for effective climate mitigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: One way to illustrate this is to use the total amount that was spent on education per racial group and divide it by the population numbers in the 5–24-year-old cohort groups. 2 Figure 2 clearly illustrates the unequal distribution of funds and the privileged position of whites. In 1920, for example, 97. 9% of educational funds were spent on whites. Although per capita spending was still very unequal at the end of the period, the per capita spending on whites started to stagnate from around 1970. In 1970 74. 9% of educational funds were spent on whites, but this percentage decreased to 37. 2% by 1990. This unequal spending pattern is important to bear in mind when we look at how things changed after 1994 and why the introduction of NSFAS was necessary. Figure 2. Per capita educational spending on 5–24-year-olds: 1910–1991. Source: [1]. To evaluate the trends in public expenditure on higher education, three criteria are normally used, namely public financing of higher education in terms of total educational expenditure, in terms of total public expenditure, and in terms of Product (GDP). All three ratios increased after the elections in 1994, reached a peak before the end of the previous century, and then went down until about 2010. In the years after that, there is an increasing trend in higher educational expenditure, especially since 2018 when Zuma announced that all post-secondary education will be free (see Figure 3). Clearly, the disconcerting trend of a smaller percentage of educational funds or total state expenditure or in terms of the GDP being spent on higher education turned around over the last couple of years. Figure 3. Public expenditure on higher education in terms of total educational expenditure; total public expenditure and in terms of GDP: 1994–2019. Source: [4, 5, 6]. Although the abovementioned indicators initially show an increasing trend in public higher education expenditure after 1994, this expenditure did not keep up with the increase in student numbers. This resulted in a decrease of 36% for universities and 43% for technikons (before technikons and certain universities merged into comprehensive universities in 2003) in the real state appropriation per weighted full-time equivalent (FTE)3 students between 1987 and 2005 [7]. This trend continued during the period 2000–2009, when real state appropriations decreased by 1. 1% per annum per FTE student [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it focuses on educational expenditure patterns and policies, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: incidence of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type two diabetes (T2DM), continues to increase worldwide, and their onset is often attributed to adherence to a western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. However, large variability exists in one's likelihood of developing metabolic dysregulation, illustrating that our understanding of heritability patterns remains poorly understood. Diabetes and obesity are multifactorial diseases, and their onset is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Genome-wide association studies report a number of alterations in the coding sequence associated with the onset of T2DM and obesity. However, these genes explain only a fraction of the cases, leaving the majority unaccounted for. The missing heritability question implies that other factors are responsible for the onset and development of the disease. Given that the developing fetus is susceptible to the maternal environment, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that maternal metabolic characteristics as well as disruptions to the prenatal environment may induce long-term genetic, phenotypic, and physiologic adaptations in the developing fetus, which could have a permanent effect on its future health. This phenomenon is known as developmental programming and is mediated through epigenetic modifications, which include modulation of gene expressions that do not alter the original deoxyribonucleic (DNA) sequence. Epigenetic modifications are capable of changing gene expression in metabolism-related genes and are accomplished through DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) mechanisms. In this review, we discuss maternal metabolic factors, such as obesity, dyslipidemia, and gestational diabetes (GDM) that lead to epigenetic changes in the offspring and predispose future generations to metabolic abnormalities. We will also describe the association between maternal lifestyle factors and exposure to toxins with epigenetic modulations in the offspring. Lastly, we will provide a brief review of the possibility of using epigenetics as potential interventions and therapeutic modalities to help in early diagnosis and prevention of metabolic disorders. Keywords: Epigenetic modification, developmental programming, maternal environment, maternal metabolic characteristics, diabetes, obesity. 96. [ [PMID: 26428498] [2]. Clinical relevance of epigenetics in the onset and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Epigenetics 2017; 12(6): 401-15. [ [PMID: 28059593] [3] Cheng X, Blumenthal RM. Coordinated chromatin control: Structural and functional linkage of DNA and histone methylation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how epigenetic modifications are influenced by environmental factors, such as maternal metabolic characteristics and lifestyle choices, thereby affecting gene expression. It specifically mentions that 'epigenetic modifications are capable of changing gene expression in metabolism-related genes' and that 'this phenomenon is known as developmental programming and is mediated through epigenetic modifications'. This supports the claim that epigenetics studies the regulation of gene expression by environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Business interests have a renewed salience in both domains but in different ways. Welfare states have been constrained by the growing structural power of business and finance as a result of globalisation and technical change; however, the scope and impact of business on environmental states are affected by the relative power of ‘green’ and ‘brown’ business interests. The impact of political and economic institutions has been more similar across the two domains. Factors favouring both welfare and environmental states appear to be both political (proportional representation with substantial green parties versus first-past-the-post electoral systems, etc. ) and economic (long-term versus short-term financial structures, corporatist versus liberalised corporate and labour market institutions). On the other hand, the recognition that localities have a critical role to play in environmental innovation sits uneasily alongside the role of centralised administrative agencies in welfare states. The ideas and ideologies shaping welfare and environmental states have been crucially affected by their timing: welfare states flourished in the decades of Keynesianism and social reformism. Despite the earlier flowering of green awareness, climate states have developed in the neoliberal decades which have denigrated and sought to unravel state capacities and regulation: the tragedy of ‘Bad Timing’ according to Naomi Klein. This has also undermined and reversed some features of social policy in different countries, but the persistence of political constituencies and path dependencies has offered some protection. The presence or absence of polarising political discourse is relevant in both domains – ‘anti-welfare’ versus ‘social investment’; climate denial versus green growth – and explains persistent differences, notably between the US and other advanced economies. International influences have had very different impacts on welfare states and environmental states. Globalisation, economic openness and competitive pressures have acted as a constraint on welfare states. In the environmental domain it has worked both ways. On the one hand it has accelerated economic development that is spreading environmental dislocation to new zones of the world. On the other hand, international linkages appear to facilitate the adoption of environmental and climate change policies. Climate change policies have also been driven by cross-national policy learning and diffusion, particularly evident within the EU over this period. is clear that comparative research reveals not just common trends but also consistent national variations across the OECD. These variations are important in understanding how social and climate policies can collaborate or conflict in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of political, economic, and social factors that shape environmental and welfare states. It describes how the role of localities and the interplay of political discourse affects climate policies, implying that human intervention and governance are necessary for climate conservation. The mention of the influence of political constituencies, path dependencies, and the need for collaborative approaches indicates that human involvement remains crucial, thus rendering the idea of AI completely eliminating human roles in this process unrealistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Due to the decrease in the real value of per capita state subsidies to universities, these institutions were forced to increase tuition fees to still be financially sustainable. Between 1987 and 2003, tuition fees increased by 49% at universities and 85% at technikons in real terms. During the decade 2000–2010, class fees per FTE student increased by 2. 5% per annum in real terms [7]. Calitz and Fourie [9] also indicated that higher education fees consistently increased by between one and five percentage points more than the headline inflation rate for the period 2009–2015. While universities were expected to become more inclusive in terms of attracting more diverse students, the inevitable cost increases became a prohibitive factor for poor students to enter the system. Those who did became saddled with huge debts, and a solution had to be found to relieve the financial situation of poor students. Advertisement 4. student financial aid scheme (NSFAS)4. 1 BackgroundSince the early 1990s, when embarked on a reform process towards becoming a democracy, the problem of outstanding student debt has been threatening the survival of some HEIs. Because many students from poor communities struggled to afford higher some form of financial assistance had to be given to those students. This was also an effort to create equal access to higher education and to prevent finances to be the stumbling block that kept poor students out of the system. This was also an effort to eradicate the racial imbalances that characterised the student body of university students (which was the result of legal restrictions as well as the unequal division of educational funds, as illustrated in Figure 2). Commission for advocated for a national financial aid scheme in its report of 1996 [10], a view that was fully endorsed in the Paper 3 [11]. of (TEFSA), established in 1991 by the Trust, was contracted by the Minister of Education to administer this new scheme. The first NSFAS awards were made in 1995, but they could not satisfy the huge demand. For example, in 1996, only 70,000 of the 223,000 students that applied for loans received NSFAS funding. was formally established by an Act of Parliament in 1999 (Act no 56 of 1999) and in 2000, TEFSA was formally changed to the NSFAS. was also allowed to collect donor funding that then could be distributed to needy students through loans or bursaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to higher education, such as tuition fees and financial aid, without addressing anything related to the domestication of crops or its significance in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Biochemistry 2010; 49(14): 2999-3008. [ [PMID: 20210320] [4] H3K27 acetylation and gene expression analysis reveals differences in placental chromatin activity in fetal growth restriction. 2018; 10(1): 85. [ [PMID: 29983832] [5] ähönen M, et al. Reproductive history and blood cell DNA methylation later in life: Finns Study. 2021; 13(1): 227. [ [PMID: 34930449] [6] Mechanisms in endocrinology: Epigenetic modifications and gestational diabetes: A systematic review of published literature. Endocrinol 2017; 176(5): R247-67. [ [PMID: 28232369] [7]. Epigenetic responses and the developmental origins of health and disease. J Endocrinol 2019; 242(1): T105-19. [ [PMID: 31091503] [8]. Circulating noncoding RNAs as candidate biomarkers of endocrine and metabolic diseases. Endocrinol 2018; 2018: 9514927. [ [PMID: 30123270] [9]. The impact of epigenetics on cardiovascular disease. Biol 2020; 98(1): 12-22. [ [PMID: 31112654] [10] Kerr B, Leiva A, Farías M, et al. Foetoplacental epigenetic changes associated with maternal metabolic dysfunction. Placenta 2018; 69: 146-52. [ [PMID: 29699712] [11] Preconceptional and maternal obesity: Epidemiology and health consequences. Endocrinol 2016; 4(12): 1025-36. [ [PMID: 27743975] [12]. Obesity and female infertility: Potential mediators of obesity’s impact. 2017; 107(4): 840-7. [ [PMID: 28292619] [13]. Call to action: Continuum of care for females of reproductive age to prevent obesity and ensure better health outcomes of offspring through nutrition. Gynecol 2014; 57(3): 446-55. [ [PMID: 25022999] [14]. Effects of obesity and diabetes on the epigenetic modification of mammalian gametes. J 2019; 234(6): 7847-55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies related to epigenetics and its impact on gene expression in different contexts, such as fetal growth restriction, maternal metabolic dysfunction, and obesity. These references highlight how epigenetic modifications are influenced by environmental factors and lifestyle choices, thereby supporting the idea that epigenetics involves the regulation of gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Exploring the differences between national regimes – of welfare, and of environmental and climate mitigation policy – and how they relate to each other helps to identify characteristics that are more or less conducive to addressing the climate challenge. (These questions are returned to in 9. )Different welfare state regimes had become apparent by the 1970s, varying according to their policy structures and their social outcomes. Esping-Andersen (1990) identified three: 1) a social democratic or Nordic model with high levels of labour de-commodification and cross-class solidarity, resulting in a system of generous universal benefits and a strong state role; 2) a liberal or Anglophone model, with typically low levels of de-commodification, more targeted welfare benefits, and a strong preference for private welfare spending; and 3) a conservative/continental model manifesting a moderate to high degree of de-commodification, a narrower sphere of solidarity related to occupational status, and a commitment to subsidiarity and the preservation of traditional family structures typical of continental Europe. Other regimes have since been proposed, including one based on Southern welfare capitalism in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Greece. There has been considerable empirical support for this regimebased approach since then. In analysing the impact of climate change, we must therefore distinguish impacts common to all welfare states from those which differ according to the type of welfare regime. Despite the neoliberal reaction of the 1980s and the impact of the later financial crisis, the institutional differences between liberal, social democratic and conservative-corporatist regimes have persisted and in some respects intensified, with marked impacts on national wellbeing. For example inequality, as measured by the Gini coefficient, varies from a high 0. 38 in the US to 0. 23 in Denmark and Sweden, and the poverty rate in the US remains over three times higher than in the Nordic countries. A wealth of evidence shows that northern Europe remains more egalitarian and experiences less insecurity and inequality than the Anglosphere and southern Europe (Goodin et al. 1999; Hay and Wincott 2012; Crouch 2015). In other words, domestic institutional features continue to play an important role in mediating globalisation (Pierson 2001; Swank 2002). countries have also pioneered the idea of ‘social investment’ or a productive welfare state, later adopted by the EU (Hemerijck 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significance of welfare state regimes and their institutional differences in addressing climate challenges. It indicates that effective climate policy is mediated by institutional structures and characteristics rather than solely relying on AI or technology. Hence, human intervention remains essential in the context of climate conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: The goal of NSFAS is to ensure that all citizens will be able to afford higher education. The state is the main financial contributor to NSFAS, but they also receive funds from local and international donors. It is the task of NSFAS to distribute these funds to needy students in the form of loans or bursaries. African citizens registered at a university and that is studying towards a first qualification are eligible for NSFAS awards. They can receive NSFAS awards if they are studying for a second qualification only if that qualification will enable them to practice a chosen profession. In the past, only households earning less than R130 000 per annum qualified for NSFAS awards, but since 2018 this has been extended to include households with an annual income below R350 000. To ensure that the correct poor students receive NSFAS funds a means test must be completed. The gross family income must be calculated as well as the number of dependents in a household, whether it is a single-parent household and whether any other dependent in the household is currently studying at a higher education institution. It must also be calculated whether that household will be able to contribute anything towards the costs of study of the student. An interview with the student must be undertaken to further determine the potential of the prospective student. These criteria demand high levels of administrative capacity, and because TEFSA/NSFAS had trouble handling this administrative burden, they requested the financial offices at the HEIs to handle it on their behalf. The universities were then responsible to report on the progress of NSFAS students and to inform the NSFAS board if students discontinued their studies. This changed in 2018 when the process was centralised, and all applications are now centrally handled by NSFAS itself. The spread of NSFAS funds was determined by the demographic profile of the student body at each university as well as the cost of study (for each programme) that differs between HEIs. To calculate the average full cost of study (FCS) the tuition fees, as well as the boarding fees, are taken into account. When calculating the weighted number of disadvantaged students (WDS) at each institution, black students had a weight of 3, coloured students a weight of 2, and Indian students a weight of 1. White students did not enter this formula. The WDS and FCT at each institution were used to calculate each institution’s NSFAS allocation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses solely on the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) and the administration of financial aid for students in higher education. It does not mention anything about the domestication of crops or its role in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 30536398] [15] Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Endocrinol 2017; 5(1): 53-64. [ [PMID: 27743978] [16] Gaillard R. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring. Epidemiol 2015; 30(11): 1141-52. [ [PMID: 26377700] [17] Isganaitis E. Developmental programming of body composition: Update on evidence and mechanisms. Rep 2019; 19(8): 60. [ [PMID: 31327060] [18] Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. 2009; 90(5): 1303-13. [ [PMID: 19759171] [19] Association of maternal exposures with adiposity at age 4/5 years in white British and Pakistani children: Findings from the Born in Bradford study. Diabetologia 2018; 61(1): 242-52. [ [PMID: 29064033] [20] Maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and the risk of overweight and obesity across childhood: An individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med 2019; 16(2): e1002744. [ [PMID: 30742624] [21] Schoppa I, Lyass A, Heard-Costa N, et al. Association of maternal prepregnancy weight with offspring adiposity throughout adulthood over 37 years of follow-up. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27(1): 137-44. [ [PMID: 30474203] [22] van. Recent developments on the role of epigenetics in obesity and metabolic disease. 2015; 7(1): 66. [ [PMID: 27408648] [23]. Five years of GWAS discovery. 2012; 90(1): 7-24. [ [PMID: 22243964] [24] Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature 2015; 518(7538): 197-206. [ [PMID: 25673413] [25]. Maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes and the role of epigenetics in their long term effects on offspring. 2015; 118(1-2): 55-68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of epigenetics in relation to obesity and metabolic disease, particularly highlighting maternal influences on offspring and how these factors can affect gene expression over time. The mention of maternal obesity and its long-term impacts ties in directly with how environmental factors can regulate gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The strategy stresses the role of social policy in supporting productivity, and prioritises education, early years learning, active labour market policies and family-friendly policies to enable more parents and carers to undertake paid work. It links economic and social progress and gives a prominent role to social capital. Much hope is now invested in social investment across the OECD, though the most recent research finds meagre evidence of any real progress outside Scandinavia: ‘the general picture is that the social investment glass is almost empty’ (Morel 2012). Turning to national differences in climate policy, has summarised the scholarly literature as follows (with some implicit links to the model in Table 5. 2). The strongest prediction of a national climate ‘leader’ would be a developed state with the following characteristics: absence of deep polarisation on climate science and climate action; weak dependence on fossil fuels and a diversified economy and industry associations; a relatively stable population or low population growth rate and therefore stable or falling energy consumption; a social market philosophy; a strong tradition of scientific research; a precautionary risk culture; a strong and diversified media; corporatist/consensual political institutions with a proportional representation electoral system; minimal political veto points (e. g. unitary state, unicameral parliament); and an internationalist or cosmopolitan conception and narrative of the state’s role in the world. Conversely, a national climate ‘laggard’ would possess the very opposite of these features: deep political polarisation on climate change; heavy dependence on fossil fuels with strong regional dependencies and minimal economic diversification; strong fossil fuel lobby groups; a neoliberal economy; a growing population and therefore rising energy consumption; a majoritarian and adversarial political system; multiple political veto points (federal system, bicameral parliament with strong upper chamber and/or presidential system); a weak tradition of scientific research; a risktaking culture; a concentrated commercial media; and a self-regarding or nationalist foreign policy tradition. Of course, no such state of either type exists, but certain countries have more of the first set of features than others, such as Sweden, Denmark and Germany. And other countries, notably the US, Australia and Canada, share many, though not all, of the latter features. This analysis helps to explain why climate denialism is most prominent in the Anglosphere, muted in and absent in most of the developing world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interplay between social policy, national characteristics, and climate action, highlighting that human factors such as political systems, social capital, and economic dependencies play a crucial role in climate conservation efforts. It emphasizes that reliance solely on AI would not address the underlying political and social challenges indicated, suggesting that human intervention remains essential in fostering effective climate strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: This means universities with more non-white students (especially black students) received more of the funds than universities where the majority of students were white. However, once an institution received the NSFAS funds, race played no role in determining who gets the NSFAS awards. The poorest students should receive the NSFAS awards, irrespective of race. HEIs were supposed to use the formula below to determine the size of the NSFAS award (although most HEIs experienced that the maximum amount available through the NSFAS scheme was not enough to cover all the costs of a student):NSFAS award=costs−bursaries−expected family contribution. E1One of the disadvantages of this system was that because the HEIs with the most non-white students received the most NSFAS funds, students were forced to follow the money. Hence, affordability was a problem for poor students who wanted to attend the historically advantaged institutions, because these institutions received less of the NSFAS funds than their historically disadvantaged counterparts. In 2003, before the higher education landscape changed with the merging of several HEIs, more than 60% of academic research in was done at five of the previously advantaged institutions (the University of Cape Town, University of Pretoria, Witwatersrand University, and University of KwaZulu-Natal) [7]. Attending the previously advantaged institutions carries with it a certain prestige and certain courses like medicine were only taught at these institutions. Even in 2020, the five institutions mentioned were responsible for more than 50% of accredited journal 2016. After renewed protests in 2018, Jacob Zuma, the then-president of South Africa, announced that higher education will be free. In practice, however, this was an empty promise because free higher education is not possible for a developing country like South Africa, and this policy was never fully implemented. Regardless, based on the number of students helped financially via NSFAS awards and the amount of money spent on NSFAS payments, it becomes clear that a renewed effort was made to make higher education affordable to a broader spectrum of students. 4. 2 Number of students helped, and amount of funds spent on 1 provides a breakdown of the number of university and TVET college students that received financial support from the first recipients in 1995 until 2020. We will not focus on the TVET students, but they are included for greater accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it discusses financial aid distribution (NSFAS) in higher education institutions in South Africa, focusing on race and funding issues among universities, which does not relate to agricultural domestication or its historical significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25792090] [26] Myatt L, Maloyan A. Obesity and placental function. Med 2016; 34(1): 42-9. [ [PMID: 26734917] [27]. Effects of maternal obesity on placental function and fetal development. Reproduction 2017; 153(3): R97-R108. [ [PMID: 27864335] [28] Desoye G, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. The human placenta in gestational diabetes mellitus. The insulin and cytokine network. 2007; 30 (Suppl. 2): S120-6. [ [PMID: 17596459] [29] -de Mouzon S. Gestational diabetes induces placental genes for chronic stress and inflammatory pathways. Diabetes 2003; 52(12): 2951-8. [ [PMID: 14633856] [30] Obesity and bariatric surgery drive epigenetic variation of spermatozoa in humans. 2016; 23(2): 369-78. [ [PMID: 26669700] [31] Guénard. Differential methylation in glucoregulatory genes of offspring born before vs. after maternal gastrointestinal bypass surgery. 2013; 110(28): 11439-44. [ [PMID: 23716672] [32] Large maternal weight loss from obesity surgery prevents transmission of obesity to children who were followed for 2 to 18 years. Pediatrics 2006; 118(6): e1644-9. [ [PMID: 17142494] [33] Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain, offspring DNA methylation and later offspring adiposity: Findings from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children. Epidemiol 2015; 44(4): 1288-304. [ [PMID: 25855720] [34] Maternal preconception body mass index and offspring cord blood DNA methylation: Exploration of early life origins of disease. Mutagen 2014; 55(3): 223-30. [ [PMID: 24243566] [35] Differential SLC6A4 methylation: A predictive epigenetic marker of adiposity from birth to adulthood. Obes 2019; 43(5): 974-88. [ [PMID: 30622309] [36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text correlates with the claim by discussing various studies related to epigenetic modifications, particularly in the context of maternal obesity and its effects on gene expression and transmission to offspring. The mention of factors such as maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and obesity surgery highlights environmental and lifestyle influences on gene regulation. This aligns well with the claim regarding epigenetics and gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781785365119. 00011 Full access 3. 1 charts the impact of the – the global spread of the carbon economy – on greenhouse gas emissions since the War. Such an epochal shift requires a political economy explanation. Its fundamental cause is the pursuit of profits and the drive to accumulate capital that shifts human economies in an epochal and irreversible way, as described in the Introduction to this book. Figure 3. 1 portrays the tremendous acceleration in global greenhouse gases that has resulted. Source: Chancel and Piketty (2015: 17). Figure 3. 1 Global CO2e emissions per region, from 1820 to todayIt also shows the changing global pattern of capitalism and emissions over the past two centuries. In 1945 accounted for the bulk of production and territorial emissions. This has shrunk to 25 per cent of the total today; the and its successor states have followed a similar pattern. A new acceleration in the new century quickly made China the world’s leading single emitter, accounting for a quarter of the current total, with also expanding fast. Around 2004 emissions from the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) overtook emissions from the OECD. To explain such rapid shifts over time and patterns across countries we need to identify the second-level drivers of emissions. Drivers refer to ‘human actions that cause climate change and the factors that shape those actions’ (Rosa and Dietz 2012). They can refer to explanations of emissions over time or of cross-national variations in emissions at a point in time. The ‘Kaya’ identity, named after the Japanese energy economist Yoichi Kaya, provides a common way of relating four critical drivers (an identity is an equation that is true by definition):This identifies four broad factors affecting emissions over time:● population growth;● affluence: growth in output or income per head;● changes in the energy intensity of output;● changes in the carbon intensity of energy use. Table 3. 1 charts the total annual growth of global CO2 emissions from 1971 to 2007, broken down into the four Kaya components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that climate change is driven by various human actions and factors, indicating that these human elements cannot be completely overridden by AI. It argues that understanding the drivers of emissions requires a political economy context and identification of human actions, which highlights the necessity of human intervention in managing climate conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: It is clear from the table that the number of university students that received financial NSFAS support increased substantially over time. It started with a meagre 40,000 students in 1995 and expanded to more than 500,000 in 2020. However, the trend can be broken up into phases that are clearly illustrated in Figure 3. There was an initial increase in the number of university students receiving NSFAS funding from 1995 until 2011 when 216,874 received funding. After that, the number of university students receiving NSFAS funding decreases until 2015, when only 178,961 students received NSFAS awards. It is therefore not surprising that the #FeesMustFall campaign started that year. YearUniversity studentsTVET students*199540,002199667,641199763,272199867,558199968,363200072,038200180,513200286,147200396,552200498,8132005106,8522006107,5862007113,51912,2832008118,45035,3522009135,20855,8382010148,38762,2052011216,874115,3132012194,504188,1822013194,923220,9782014186,150228,6422015178,961235,9882016225,950225,5572017260,002200,3392018346,966239,7972019393,767346,2702020504,336261,404Table 1. NSFAS awards paid out: 1995–2020. *Until 2007 no distinction was made about the recipients of NSFAS awards, but it was almost exclusively university students that received the awards. Then another category FET and agriculture college recipients was created. Currently it is classified as TVET payments. Source: [4, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. The funds paid out in NSFAS awards increased from R154 million in 1995 to R7. 2 billion in 2015 (see Figure 4). Although this seems like a huge increase, one must consider that these are nominal values and do not take into account the huge increase in educational costs during this time period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the financial support provided to university students through NSFAS over a period of time and does not mention anything related to the domestication of crops or its role in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Association of polymorphisms in 5-HTT (SLC6A4) and MAOA genes with measures of obesity in young adults of Portuguese origin. Biochem 2016; 122(1): 8-13. [ [PMID: 26698543] [37] Epigenome-wide association study of body mass index, and the adverse outcomes of adiposity. Nature 2017; 541(7635): 81-6. [ [PMID: 28002404] [38] van DNA methylation in blood from neonatal screening cards and the association with BMI and insulin sensitivity in early childhood. Obes 2018; 42(1): 28-35. [ [PMID: 29064478] [39] Epigenetic gene promoter methylation at birth is associated with child’s later adiposity. Diabetes 2011; 60(5): 1528-34. [ [PMID: 21471513] [40] Newborns of obese parents have altered DNA methylation patterns at imprinted genes. Obes 2015; 39(4): 650-7. [ [PMID: 24158121] [41] Paternal obesity is associated with IGF2 hypomethylation in newborns: Results from a Study (NEST) cohort. BMC Med 2013; 11(1): 29. [ [PMID: 23388414] [42] DNA methylation in oocytes and liver of female mice and their offspring: Effects of high-fat-diet-induced obesity. Perspect 2014; 122(2): 159-64. [ [PMID: 24316659] [43] Barres R, Zierath JR. DNA methylation in metabolic disorders. 2011; 93(4): 897S-900. [ [PMID: 21289222] [44] Maternal obesity and diabetes may cause DNA methylation alteration in the spermatozoa of offspring in mice. Endocrinol 2014; 12(1): 29. [ [PMID: 24721882] [45]. Both diet and gene mutation induced obesity affect oocyte quality in mice. 2016; 6(1): 18858. [ [PMID: 26732298] [46] Expression of epigenetic machinery genes is sensitive to maternal obesity and weight loss in relation to fetal growth in mice. 2016; 8(1): 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that link DNA methylation and gene expression to environmental factors such as maternal obesity and diet. For instance, it mentions that 'maternal obesity and diabetes may cause DNA methylation alteration in the spermatozoa of offspring in mice,' which supports the idea that environmental factors can influence gene expression, consistent with the claim about epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: It shows how much the rise in emissions can be attributed to each of the four drivers, whilst holding the others constant. Over these four decades world emissions rose fast – by just over 2 per cent a year – owing to two major factors. Population growth increased emissions by 1. 6 per cent a year and growth in average incomes by nearly 2 per cent a year. But their combined effect (3. 6 per cent per annum) was partly offset by the other two factors: the average amount of energy required to produce each unit of output fell by 1. 36 per cent a year, and the amount of CO2 emitted for each unit of energy fell by 0. 16 per cent a year. We can speak here of a global improvement in energy and carbon intensity. This partly reflects improvements in the emissions efficiency of production, but partly also a shift in the global economic structure, from agriculture and manufacturing to services: from now on I will refer to them together as the ‘eco-efficiency’ of production. Table 3. 1 Contributions of ‘Kaya’ drivers to global emissions, 1971–2007Notes:In % per annum. OECD excludes Mexico and Korea. Source: Steckel et al. (2011, table 1). So the world story since 1971 has been one of economic growth and population growth each driving up emissions very fast, only partially offset by improved eco-efficiency. It is this net growth of carbon that has to be halted and then reversed at dizzying speed to try to avoid 2 °C of global warming. Table 3. 1 also breaks down the results for three major regions, one corresponding to the North (the OECD) and the other two representing the East – China, and an aggregate of six other ‘newly industrialised countries’ (NICs): and South Korea. In the OECD both population growth and output growth are slow, yet they still outweigh a 2 per cent annual improvement in eco-efficiency. China has combined a dizzying rate of economic growth with medium growth of population, offset by a fast improvement in energy efficiency; yet so far this has not been sufficient to prevent an explosive rise in CO2 of almost 6 per cent a year. The other NICs, whose total emissions are roughly equivalent to China’s, reveal a different pattern: fast population and economic growth with virtually no improvement in eco-efficiency (up to 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that despite technological improvements in eco-efficiency, economic and population growth have driven up emissions significantly, indicating that human intervention is necessary to halt and reverse carbon growth. The discussion shows that improvements in efficiency are offset by other factors, which suggests that AI alone cannot eliminate the need for human intervention in addressing climate challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: It is also clear from Table 1 that more emphasis was placed on the financing of TVET students (who receive 100% bursaries) rather than university students, and in 2015 no less than 235,988 TVET students received NSFAS financial support. However, one may get the wrong impression by just looking at the student numbers. In 2015, the average NSFAS award size was R40 199, but on average only R8 878 was paid per TVET student. About 80% of NSFAS expenditure in 2015 was still spent on more expensive university education. Figure 4. NSFAS students and amount (millions) paid out 1995–2020. Source: [4, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. After 2015 the number of university students receiving NSFAS funding increased substantially – from almost 179,000 in 2015 to more than 504,000 in 2020 (an increase of 181%), while the funds paid out to university students increased from R7. 2 billion to R30. 8 billion over the same period. In 2020, 83. 2% of NSFAS funding was spent on university students and the average size of an NSFAS award was R61 562, while the corresponding amount for TVET students was only R23 825 (This TVET amount is artificially high due to the unexplained decrease in TVET students that received NSFAS funding in 2020). In total, 4,172,650 university students received NSFAS funding to a total value of R144. 5 billion over the period 1995 to 2020. From 2007 to 2020 an additional 2,428,148 TVET students received NSFAS funding of R28. 1 billion. In total, about 84% of NSFAS funding was paid out to university students over the period 1995 to 2020. As stated before, further analysis will be done for the situation of only university students. Figure 5 provides a clear picture of what happened to state funding for NSFAS. When the scheme started in 1995 it budgeted a mere R40 million for NSFAS. This increased steadily over the years and by 2015 (when the #FeesMustFall campaign started) the state contributed R9. 2 billion towards NSFAS. From then on there was an almost exponential increase in the state’s budget for NSFAS. The amount of R14 billion that was budgeted for NSFAS in 2016 was an increase of 51. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the domestication of crops. Instead, it discusses the financing and support for TVET and university students in South Africa, highlighting the changes in NSFAS funding over time. There is no mention of crops, agriculture, or their historical significance to human civilization in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 26925174] [47]. Maternal and paternal periconceptional nutrition as an indicator of offspring metabolic syndrome risk in later life through epigenetic imprinting: A systematic review. Syndr 2017; 11 (Suppl. 2): S655-62. [ [PMID: 28533070] [48]. Maternal high-fat diet promotes body length increases and insulin insensitivity in second-generation mice. Endocrinology 2009; 150(11): 4999-5009. [ [PMID: 19819967] [49] Liu Y, Ding Z. Obesity, a serious etiologic factor for male subfertility in modern society. Reproduction 2017; 154(4): R123-31. [ [PMID: 28747541] [50]. Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. 2010; 82(1): 96-104. [ [PMID: 19696015] [51] Fullston T, Ohlsson-. Sperm microRNA content is altered in a mouse model of male obesity, but the same suite of microRNAs are not altered in offspring’s sperm. PLoS One 2016; 11(11): e0166076. [ [PMID: 27814400] [52] Paternally induced transgenerational inheritance of susceptibility to diabetes in mammals. 2014; 111(5): 1873-8. [ [PMID: 24449870] [53] Basaran A. Pregnancy-induced hyperlipoproteinemia: Review of the literature. 2009; 16(5): 431-7. [ [PMID: 19233944] [54] Ethier-ère Y, et al. Modulation of placental protein expression of OLR1: Implication in pregnancy-related disorders or pathologies. Reproduction 2008; 136(4): 491-502. [ [PMID: 18599643] [55] Napoli C, D’ Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions. J 1997; 100(11): 2680-90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies related to maternal nutrition, diet-induced obesity, and their effects on offspring. These studies suggest that environmental factors such as diet can influence genetic expression and health outcomes in future generations, which aligns with the concept of epigenetics as the regulation of gene expression by environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: The end result is that production-based emissions have soared in the East but for a different combination of reasons in China and the other six countries. These findings undermine the ‘environmental Kuznets curve’ (EKC), named after Simon Kuznets. This holds that early stages of economic growth have a negative impact on environmental quality but that beyond a certain income level the environmental costs of growth level off and start to fall. There is considerable support for the theory across a variety of environmental impacts, but not for CO2 or GHG emissions. There is clear evidence for a relative decoupling of emissions from output, indicating that rising eco-efficiency is having an impact. But the historical record to date is unequivocal: these advances are outweighed by growing production and population. There is no evidence yet of any absolute decoupling of carbon from output on a world scale. Indeed, there is scant evidence of any reversal of emissions growth, except in times of economic crisis, for example in the former countries in the early 1990s and in the West as a temporary reaction to the 1973 and 1979 oil crises and again following the 2008 financial crash. The association is not perfect and there are many anomalies: for example, in 2008 Switzerland and the US had about the same income per head but a fourfold difference in territorial emissions per head. Clearly other factors are important. To understand drivers in richer detail, a more subtle decomposition analysis is required (York et al. 2003). 2 Such studies show that certain geographical factors are significant, notably climate: colder winters require more energy for heating. Another is the density of population: extensive, sparsely populated countries tend to have higher transport emissions. Certain demographic factors are also important, such as the age distribution of the population and the degree of urbanisation. The presence of fossil fuel reserves within a country tends to increase emissions, while hydro-electric potential reduces them. However, these studies ignore the significance of further major institutional differences between nations, economic, social and political, a subject I return to when looking at the OECD world in Part II of this book. the dynamic of growth under capitalism, can this be harnessed to achieve a simultaneous and fast reduction in emissions? Is ‘green growth’ or ‘climate capitalism’ – a model which squares capitalism’s need for continual economic growth with substantial shifts away from carbon-based industrial development – a panacea or a chimera (Newell and Paterson 2010)? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexity of climate emissions dynamics and the factors influencing them beyond technological solutions like AI. It discusses evidence that even with rising eco-efficiency, production and population impacts negate advances in emissions reduction, suggesting that human intervention and understanding of multifaceted drivers, such as socio-economic factors and geographical conditions, remain crucial in addressing climate issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 8% from 2015. In 2022, R46. 1 billion is budgeted towards NSFAS, translating to an annual increase over the period 2015 to 2022 of 25. 8%. In total, R248. 7 billion was paid by the government towards NSFAS since its introduction in 1995, with more than 82% of that amount being paid since 2016. The government’s intention to make higher education more affordable for needy students through NSFAS awards is indisputable. Figure 5. State budget for NSFAS 1995–2022 (R million). Source: [4, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Although the percentage split between racial groups and sexes differed between years, on average about 54% of NSFAS recipients were women and 46% were men. Approximately 93% of recipients were black, 5% coloured, 2% white, and 1% Indian (NSFAS website). This is hardly surprising, as this distribution closely correlates with the demographics and poverty distribution in the country. 4. 3 Repayment of NSFAS loansfunctioned as an income-contingent loan (ICL) and bursary scheme. Loan recipients only started repayments once they were employed, and their earnings were above a certain income threshold. The principle is simple: It is a student that gets the loan/bursary, but a working person (mostly graduates) that repays the costs. recipient only starts repaying a loan once they earn more than R30 000 per annum, and then only 3% of the income. This percentage increases on a sliding scale to a maximum of 8% once their income is R59 300 per annum. The initial award that a student received was regarded as a 100% loan. For every 25% of the courses passed a student can convert 10% of the loan into a bursary. If students are successful with all their courses, 40% of the loan is converted into a bursary. Interest accrued on loans at approximately 2% above the previous year’s consumer price index, but since 1 April 2008 it has been pegged at 80% of the repo rate as determined by the Reserve Bank. This policy changed in 2018 and most NSFAS awards are now – after announced in 2018 that higher education will be free – given as bursaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the National Student Financial Aid Scheme (NSFAS) in South Africa, including budget allocations, demographics of recipients, and loan repayment policies, without any mention of crop domestication or its impact on human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 9389731] [56] ’Armiento FP, Palinski W. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet 1999; 354(9186): 1234-41. [ [PMID: 10520631] [57] Baardman ME, Kerstjens-ösch T. The role of maternal-fetal cholesterol transport in early fetal life: Current insights. 2013; 88(1): 24. [ [PMID: 23153566] [58] Human endothelial cells of the placental barrier efficiently deliver cholesterol to the fetal circulation via ABCA1 and ABCG1. 2009; 104(5): 600-8. [ [PMID: 19168441] [59] Modulation of cholesterol transport by maternal hypercholesterolemia in human full-term placenta. PLoS One 2017; 12(2): e0171934. [ [PMID: 28199412] [60] ’Donnell CJ, D’. Association of maternal prepregnancy dyslipidemia with adult offspring dyslipidemia in excess of anthropometric, lifestyle, and genetic factors in the Framingham heart study. JAMA Cardiol 2016; 1(1): 26-35. [ [PMID: 27437650] [61] Perinatal hypercholesterolemia exacerbates atherosclerosis lesions in offspring by altering metabolism of trimethylamine-N-oxide and bile acids. 2017; 37(11): 2053-63. [ [PMID: 28935756] [62] DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific. Genet 2009; 18(21): 4046-53. [ [PMID: 19656776] [63] é V, et al. Adaptations of placental and cord blood ABCA1 DNA methylation profile to maternal metabolic status. Epigenetics 2013; 8(12): 1289-302. [ [PMID: 24113149] [64] A novel splicing mutation in the ABCA1 gene, causing Tangier disease and familial HDL deficiency in a large family. 2019; 508(2): 487-93. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to studies related to DNA methylation and maternal factors, which are significant aspects of epigenetics. For example, it mentions 'DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine,' indicating how environmental factors can influence gene expression, aligning with the definition of epigenetics provided in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: In one sense, green growth is the only game in town. The only logical alternatives are, on the one hand, that more growth per se is the solution to dealing with climate change and severe environmental threats – the (2010) and (2010) perspective – and, on the other hand, that growth is the problem and we must move toward degrowth or post-growth. The first is advocated now by a dwindling band of believers. The second is threatening to the dominant world order and at present offers few transition routes from here to there (it is discussed in 2008. At COP 20 in Peru in December 2014 all countries were invited to submit ‘intended nationally determined contributions’ (INDCs) indicating country pledges to cut emissions after 2020. These were widely adopted, and by the time of the Paris COP almost every nation in the world had submitted an INDC. This ‘bottom-up’ approach broke the deadlock and led to the treaty agreement at the Paris COP in December 2015. But the existing INDCs demonstrate how far there is to go. Global intended emissions are lower than those which would have resulted from ‘business as usual’ but are still much higher than the minimum of what the science agrees is necessary to stay within 2 °C by 2050. Emissions in 2030 will be less than two-fifths of the way between hypothetical business as usual and a pathway that is consistent with the 2 °C warming limit. A more pessimistic scenario predicts emissions only a quarter of the way (Bassi and Averchenkova 2016). These are wide shortfalls. More detailed sectoral studies concur. Even if electricity generation could be completely decarbonised, using solar, wind and nuclear, it would not suffice because it accounts for only a quarter of global GHGs. All other sectors must reduce emissions too, which is a tall order. For example, the industrial production of bulk materials – steel, cement, plastic, paper and aluminium – accounts for about a quarter of emissions and is already very ‘efficient’. Given growth, its demand is likely to double in the next 40 years, and even if its emissions efficiency could improve by a further 50 per cent this would leave the present level of emissions unchanged. There are a variety of options – recycling, substituting other materials, and carbon capture and storage – but their ability to make a significant contribution to an absolute reduction in material emissions is limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities involved in climate conservation and the inadequacies of relying solely on technologies like AI. It emphasizes that even if electricity generation is completely decarbonized, it would not suffice since it only accounts for a quarter of global greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it indicates that significant reductions are required across all sectors, which cannot be achieved solely through technology, thus supporting the argument that human intervention remains critical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: The repayment of loans after recipients left the HEIs seems to be the biggest problem that ICL schemes experience internationally and NSFAS is experiencing the same problems. Once students leave the higher education system, NSFAS has great difficulty linking these debtors to their first place of employment. It is even more difficult to track students that fail and drop out of the system. These problems have persisted even though employers are obliged by law to report when they employ NSFAS students. In theory, linking ex-NSFAS students to NSFAS headquarters and the should be a simple procedure to monitor the repayment of loans. However, theory and practical experience are very different, and as experienced elsewhere in the world, this is a much more complicated process than in theory. Despite these problems, Figure 6 shows that the payments received from former recipients of NSFAS awards increased substantially over the years from R30. 3 million in 1998 to R719. 4 million in 2011. However, it is not clear whether NSFAS’ records are up to date and whether they know exactly who owes them what. It is thus unclear whether South Africa’s experience is better or worse than with other ICL schemes. NSFAS revised its debt book, which may explain the decrease after 2013. They made improvements to collect more repayments on loans after 2015, but that dropped again after 2018. The latter decrease in repayments may be explained by the fact that the majority of current student funding is provided as bursaries, along with an unwillingness of students who previously received NSFAS awards as loans to repay them. Figure 6. Repayment of NSFAS loans (R million). Source: [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. Advertisement 5. Performance of students that received NSFAS awards5. 1 Performance of NSFAS students based on aggregate dataAs was explained in Section 4. 3, up to 40% of a NSFAS loan could be converted to a bursary if a student passed all the modules. Table 2 shows that, according to the reported statistics of NSFAS, their students were very successful with their studies. Over the period 1996–2009, NSFAS reported that students passed on average 74. 3% of the courses for which they registered. On average 28. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its impact on human civilization. Instead, it discusses the challenges faced by an educational financing scheme in South Africa (NSFAS) and does not mention agriculture or any aspects related to crop domestication or civilization.