Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In addition, AFEX allows pretreated biomass to retain most of its inherent nutrients while adding residual ammonia as a nitrogen source, thereby potentially promoting microbial growth after recycling in the RaBIT process [18]. When utilizing the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) strain in previous research, ethanol titers reached 40 g/L during each cycle and progressively increased. However, the xylose consumption decreased during subsequent cycles despite increasing cell mass [16]. Figure 1 RaBIT process diagram. Full size imageWhile promising, the feasibility of RaBIT as an industrial process still faces some questions, including the economics of the process, large-scale yeast cell recycling, and high solids operation. However, most of these questions have been answered. Preliminary economic analysis reported by Jin in 2012 showed that the RaBIT process with five-recycle events saved 62% of capital costs associated with hydrolysis and fermentation, had similar centrifugation and filtration costs, and reduced the enzyme cost by 38% [16]. In regard to cell recycling, large-scale cell recycling is commonly performed in the brewing industry and has also been used for fuel ethanol production [19]. High solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis may raise the most questions. However, work towards high solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis is promising, as Jørgensen has shown that a 40% initial dry matter enzymatic hydrolysis is possible when using a horizontal reactor [20]. These results support the industrial capability of the RaBIT process. Future work will need to be performed to confirm these results. The present work expands on the first version of RaBIT published in 2012 under the name by investigating high density cell recycling in fermentations [16]. In this work, multiple engineered ethanologens were tested to determine their suitability for the RaBIT process. Three different nutrient sources (corn steep liquor, yeast extract, and wheat germ) were investigated to improve xylose consumption by recycled cells. We also evaluated the potential relationship between cell viability and reduced xylose consumption. Results and discussionStrain evaluationNine different strains were tested for their suitability in high cell density fermentations with cell recycling. cerevisiae strains, three Scheffersomyces stipitis strains, one Escherichia coli strain, and one Zymomonas mobilis strain were chosen to represent all major ethanologens available for commercial use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and their ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. While it discusses the RaBIT process and the use of different yeast strains, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it focuses more on the challenges and economic feasibility of the process rather than explicitly confirming or denying the claims about bioengineered yeast itself. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: Not only are analyses useful as a self-consistent diagnostic of the atmosphere, but they are also used as input (the initial state) for a forecast. Observations of the actual state of the atmosphere are used to produce an analysis. In most cases, however, this is an undersampled system because the observations are sparse and not always directly related to model variables. To better resolve the current state of the atmosphere, the actual observations are usually supplemented with prior information of the atmospheric state, typically known as the “background field. ” Some of the ways this information can be determined are from climatology, a previously generated forecast, or a steady-state standard atmosphere. The observations are then used to adjust the background estimate to a more accurate analysis of the atmosphere, considering the uncertainties associated with the observations and the background. This process of using observations to numerically adjust a background state to create an analysis is called data assimilation (Kalnay 2002; Haupt et al. 2017). Observations used in NWP can be split into two main categories: direct, or in situ measurements, and remotely sensed measurements. In situ (“situated in the original place”) measurements are taken at the actual location within the atmosphere, and usually include surface pressure, wind, temperature, and moisture measurements. Rawinsondes have long been used to provide reliable in situ measurements of temperature, moisture, and winds at regular intervals at numerous locations (stations) over large swaths of Earth’s land surfaces (and occasionally from ships as well). Marine surface observations, such as those measured from moving ships or buoys, provide vital coverage of various locations in the 67% of the globe covered by water, where few (if any) rawinsondes are available. In recent decades, measurements of temperature, moisture, and winds provided by commercial aircraft have provided an additional important source of information used in data assimilation, helping to improve the NWP forecasts. This is particularly true during aircraft takeoffs and landings, when vertical profiles are measured as the plane climbs or descends through different levels of the troposphere. Petersen (2016) showed how the introduction of commercial aircraft observations a few decades ago has contributed to a near-50% reduction in forecast error in the and (UKMO) models. James and Benjamin (2017, their Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of observations, including remotely sensed measurements, in improving weather forecasts. It explains how various types of atmospheric data are utilized in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and highlights the importance of different data sources, which supports the assertion that satellites, as a source of remotely sensed measurements, contribute critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2019). In a theme repeated from earlier mass bleaching events, heat stress, bleaching, and disease were interrelated, with greater tissue loss from disease in highly bleached corals (Brodnicke et al. 2019). During the 2014–2017 GCBE, scientists in Florida grappled with a multi-species disease that spread through most of their corals (Walton et al. 2018). That disease and tissue loss started during the warmest years on record in Florida, but it is still uncertain what role high temperature may have played. Not surprisingly, where the broader ecosystem is examined, impacts from severe coral mortality ripple through the associated fauna and impact the entire ecosystem (Richardson et al. 2018; Sikkel et al. 2019; Wilson et al. 2019). Stuart-Smith et al. (2018) surveyed a year after the 2016 marine heatwave hit the GBR, finding widespread impacts throughout coral reef ecosystems, with an expected patchiness as local impacts varied. However, their work showed that heat stress was directly impacting the ecosystem at multiple levels, not just corals. They found greater correlations to the level of local heat stress than to the level of coral loss. A new long-term study of ecosystem impacts shows that severe bleaching persistently changes reef fish communities, lasting for more than 15 yrs (Robinson et al. 2019). Other novel work indicated that fish living within the branches of corals may moderate the impacts of bleaching on their hosts (Chase et al. 2018). Bioerosion of reef structures is faster than previously understood. At multiple locations, severe bleaching and mortality caused declines in the net carbonate production on reefs by reducing carbonate production and increasing erosion (Couch et al. 2017; Lange and Perry 2019). Such erosion can be much more rapid than previously understood, as endolithic cyanobacteria can rapidly grow, perforating and weakening the outer part a coral’s skeleton within days to weeks after mortality. This can rapidly flatten the fine structure of colonies, weaken branches (Leggat et al. 2019), and significantly reduce rugosity/topographic complexity, within less than a year after bleaching (Couch et al. 2017). What about deep reefs? Questions still remain unanswered regarding deep and mesophotic reefs. Despite the hypothesis that mesophotic reefs may serve as lifeboats for coral reefs (Baker et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that coral reefs suffer significant and lasting impacts from bleaching, disease, and high temperatures. For instance, it mentions that severe bleaching persistently changes reef fish communities for more than 15 years, indicating that recovery may not be achievable without intervention. Furthermore, the text states that bioerosion of reef structures occurs rapidly following coral mortality, highlighting that without intervention, the structural complexity of reefs can diminish considerably. This suggests that full recovery from bleaching is unlikely without active measures to mitigate these effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae 73 (Additional file 1 and Additional file 2). However, S. stipitis FPL-DX26 and Y-7124 were not capable of consuming most of the glucose during RaBIT fermentations (Additional file 2). We hypothesize that the latter two strains require supplemental oxygen as typical for most S. stipitis strains. In our view, supplementation of oxygen would not be economically practical for industrialization of the RaBIT process. For those reasons, we chose to exclude the results for the S. stipitis strains from comparisons in Figures 2 and 3, as they do not fully represent the potential of S. stipitis under these experimental conditions. Comparing the results of the traditional and RaBIT fermentations, the performance of the RaBIT process seems to be tied to the specific xylose consumption rate. The three strains (424A, 8b, and Y128) with a specific xylose consumption rate greater than 0. 075 g/g/h were capable of performing RaBIT process fermentations (Table 1). An assumption is that all strains have a cell population ceiling that depends on the availability of sugar and nutrients. The ceiling in the RaBIT fermentation system depends on cell maintenance needs, cell biomass yields on substrates, and cell growth/death rate. The cell population ceiling is the maximum cell density that could be sustainably maintained in a RaBIT fermentation system. It would then be necessary for each strain to have a sufficient specific xylose consumption rate to consume the xylose in 24 h when near or below this ceiling. An initial cell density above the ceiling results in improved performance during the first cycle, but poor performance after recycling of the cells (data not shown). For the typical S. cerevisiae strains, the required xylose consumption rate appears to be around 0. 075 g/g/h. Overall, this comparison also shows one of the key benefits of the RaBIT process, namely increased ethanol productivity (gram EtOH/fermentation volume/time). The RaBIT fermentations increased ethanol productivity more than twofold for the three suitable strains (Table 1). For Y128 specifically, the ethanol productivity increased by 2. 5 times for the RaBIT fermentation compared to a 48-h traditional fermentation. Process optimizationsAfter Y128 was selected for further study, the initial cell loading, initial pH, and temperature for RaBIT fermentations (24 h) were optimized. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific strains of yeast and their performance in the RaBIT fermentation process, focusing on xylose consumption and ethanol productivity. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the design of bioengineered yeast specifically for high yields of biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 4) found that aircraft measurements provided nearly 3 times the error reduction for wind as the second-best observation source, with similar reductions of error for relative humidity and temperature in the hourly updated assimilation-forecast system over the entire regional domain. In contrast to in situ, i. e. , directly measured observations, remotely sensed observations are measured from some distance away, typically from satellites, which employ a variety of observational instruments. Data from these satellites, such as from Suomi-NPP (Weng et al. 2012), and the MetOp series of satellites (Klaes et al. 2013), have become one of the dominant sources for improving NWP (English et al. 2013) forecasts. Cucurull and Anthes (2014) showed that IR, microwave (MW), and radio occultation (RO) observations had the largest impact in the Southern Hemisphere, with IR and MW observations having a small but significant impact in the Northern Hemisphere. Other studies, such as Garrett (2013), have quantified the benefits of satellite observations from new polar-orbiting satellites as mitigation strategies for the loss of observations due to the retirement of older satellite systems such as NOAA-15, NOAA-18, and NOAA-19. A critical factor for all of these observations in impacting weather prediction is low data latency, or the length of time between the observation measurement and when the observation is received by the forecasting center. In operational NWP, data needs to be quickly downloaded from satellites to ground stations and ultimately transmitted to operational NWP centers. As an example, it is possible to obtain low data latency from polar orbit satellites through direct broadcast (DB) sites over CONUS and adjacent regions (Huang et al. 2016; Han and Jochum 2017). Lin et al. (2017) showed that radiances from polar-orbiting satellites carrying an AMSU-A instrument assimilated hourly in a “Rapid Refresh” model have significant impacts in terms of model error reduction. Low data latency ensures that a larger percentage of observations can be assimilated into operational NWP models in an effort to improve weather forecast skill. On the regional scale, Wang et al. (2020) recently showed that the assimilation of low latency sounder observations into the WRF model (Powers et al. 2017) resulted in the best forecast skill (compared to other observation sources) when studying a mesoscale convective system over the central Great Plains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the crucial role of satellite observations in weather forecasting and disaster management. It highlights that data from satellites, such as those from the Suomi-NPP and MetOp series, have become dominant sources for improving Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) forecasts, thereby supporting the assertion that satellites provide critical data in these applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2016), subsequent work has yet to bear this out. In fact, work has shown mesophotic reefs generally contain different coral species than shallow reefs and are no less susceptible to anthropogenic and natural impacts (Rocha et al. 2018). In the course of the 2014–2017 GCBE, the answer to this question remains cloudy as two groups working on deep GBR corals found conflicting results. et al. (2018) found a decline in bleaching with depth in a small part of the northern GBR during April of 2016, Frade et al. (2018) worked across a wider set of northern GBR reefs over a longer time found that upwelling only kept corals cool during the early part of the 2016 marine heatwave, only delaying bleaching until later in the event. As was discussed for shallow reefs, timing matters for deep reefs—perhaps more so as our observations of these reefs are far more limited. Much more work is needed to document the environmental change and bleaching incidence in deeper habitats, but the “lifeboat” hypothesis still remains an unlikely means of coral reef salvation. What role does conservation play in bleaching events? While marine protected areas (MPAs) provide protection from local stressors, they can do nothing to protect reefs from global-scale stressors like the marine heatwaves that caused the 2014–2017 GCBE. The worst heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE hit Jarvis Island, one of the most remote coral reefs in the world (Vargas-Ángel et al. 2019), and high heat stress again hit the remote reefs far offshore from (Gilmour et al. 2019). Examining the patterns of the 2016 bleaching across a gradient of local stressors in the GBR showed no sign of bleaching protection where water quality was high (Hughes et al. 2017b). Examination of some of the world’s best-managed reefs, those falling in properties, showed that 72% of these were exposed to severe and/or repeated heat stress during the 2014–2017 GCBE (Heron et al. 2017). Fortunately, studies of reef recovery after severe bleaching and mortality in 1998 showed that some reefs have an ability to bounce back (Golbuu et al. 2007; Gilmour et al. 2013; Graham et al. 2015). However, recovery success was controlled by reef morphology (Graham et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex nature of coral recovery following bleaching events. It states that while some studies indicate certain reefs have the ability to bounce back, recovery success is heavily influenced by factors such as reef morphology. This implies that full recovery from bleaching may not happen without intervention, as highlighted by statements regarding the lack of bleaching protection in well-managed reefs despite high water quality. Additionally, the mention of global-scale stressors like marine heatwaves indicates that external factors greatly affect the recovery process, suggesting that intervention is necessary for successful recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Initial cell loading is the key to rapid fermentation and was examined in 6. 0% glucan loading hydrolysate. Cell loadings of 10 g/L, 9 g/L, 8 g/L, and 7. 5 g/L (DCW) were tested at 30°C and an initial pH of 5. 5 (Figure 4). All initial cell loadings were able to perform the RaBIT process effectively. However, only an initial cell loading of 10 g/L DCW was able to consistently achieve our goal of consuming all but <5 g/L xylose. Figure 4Effect of different initial cell loadings during RaBIT fermentation. Final concentrations are shown for xylose (orange) and ethanol (green). Cell loadings are reported as dry cell weight concentration. Full size imageTo investigate the effects of temperature and initial pH on the RaBIT fermentation, an initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW was used and three-cycle RaBIT fermentations were performed. Using a cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW would not be sufficient to consume the desired level of xylose (below 5 g/L at the end of fermentation) allowing clearer observance of improvement in xylose consumption due to changing temperatures and pH. The optimum temperature was determined using an initial pH of 5. 5. The results (Figure 5a) showed that increasing the temperature from 30°C to 32°C did not significantly affect the fermentation, with only 1 g/L more ethanol produced on average at 32°C compared to 30°C. Performance decreased at 35°C with 2. 5 g/L less ethanol produced on average compared to 32°C. At 35°C, the ethanol metabolic yield was possibly reduced due to maintenance requirements. The fermentations performed at 37°C greatly affected the cell population. The 70% drop in ethanol production during cycle 2 appeared to be due to significant cell death at the elevated temperature. At the end of the first cycle, no viable colonies were found when plating at 504 times dilution. Viable colonies were found for all other temperatures and cycles. Also, optical density (OD) measurements indicated that the cell mass at the end of cycles 1 and 2 was less than that of the initial inoculum. Figure 5Optimization of temperature and pH for three-cycle RaBIT fermentation process. Temperature optimization (a) was performed at an initial pH of 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of initial cell loading, temperature, and pH on the fermentation process without directly addressing the capacity of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. There are no mentions of specific yields or the design of yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: (top) Global 500-hPa temperature RMSE, using ECMWF analyses for verification out to 240 forecast hours. Experiments operobs (black), fullobs (red), and limobs (green) are shown. (bottom) RMS difference with respect to experiment operobs for experiments fullobs (red) and limobs (green). Rectangular bars (in the bottom panel) denote 95% confidence level of spatial correlation of errors, and squares (in the top panel) denote those times where the difference for each experiment with respect to operobs is statistically significant. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide The bottom panel of Fig. 2 shows the RMS difference with respect to experiment operobs for experiments fullobs (red) and limobs (green). Rectangular bars denote the 95% confidence level, with corresponding colors for each experiment. It should be noted that VSDB does not take into account temporal correlation of errors, only the spatial correlation at the forecast hour in question. Despite the small numerical difference compared to operobs, the full observation dataset experiment shows statistically significant reductions in RMSE at 24–60 h, and again at 216 h. However, the degradation for the limited observation dataset experiment is far more evident, with statistically significant differences extending from the analysis time up to 216 h. Note also that the 0-h difference for limobs is 10–20 times the value of the corresponding difference for fullobs. To investigate the impact based on the latitudinal range, Fig. 3 shows the 500-hPa temperature RMSE for NHX and SHX. NHX (Fig. 3a) exhibits similar behavior to the global temperature verification, with fullobs showing statistically significant improvement out to 60 h and limobs showing degradation out to 96 h. The magnitude of these differences, however, is smaller than when the verification is done globally. On the contrary, limobs shows a much larger degradation in the SHX (Fig. 3b), and this degradation is statistically significant out to 228 h. However, experiment fullobs results in a statistically significant improvement over operobs out to 60 h. Overall, Fig. 3 shows that improvement from fullobs is small and similar in both hemispheres, while a greater degradation from limobs is found in SHX. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing experiments related to global and hemispheric temperature RMSE, which rely on observational data—likely obtained through satellite measurements. It mentions the effectiveness of full observation datasets and significant differences in data quality that influence weather forecasting accuracy. The statistical improvements indicated by the full observations highlight the importance of comprehensive data, likely derived from satellites, in enhancing forecast reliability and ensuring effective disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: 2015) and hydrodynamics (Golbuu et al. 2007), not protection from fishing (Graham et al. 2015)—one of the stressors most often controlled in MPAs. Studies of mortality from heat stress over the last 2 decades, along with the multi-year bleaching in 2014–2017, are leading to a new hypothesis: While local protection such as MPAs can protect reefs against local stressors, they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery (Hughes et al. 2017b; Bates et al. 2019). Past conservation approaches do not address the scale of the greatest threats corals face in the Anthropocene—the growing climate crisis (Hughes et al. 2017a; Bellwood et al. 2019). Clearly, this points to the need for action to avert the growing climate crisis rather than relying on local action. In fact, perceptions of the importance and impact of climate change increased among GBR visitors after the bleaching events of 2016 and 2017, suggesting a strengthening base of support to address the sources of climate change (Curnock et al. 2019). Closing thoughtsThe papers in this special issue of Coral Reefs, together with the numerous papers on the 2014–2017 GCBE published elsewhere, and the papers still being prepared, provide significant insights into this multi-year bleaching event. However, as we saw with the 1998 global-scale bleaching event, the full impacts will not be known for years to come. Hopefully, papers will emerge on the recovery of coral reefs after the damage from the 2014–2017 GCBE. However, marine heatwaves have increased in frequency and intensity across the oceans, increasing heat stress on coral reefs (Eakin et al. 2018b; Oliver et al. 2018). This has resulted in an increase in the frequency of severe bleaching from once in every 25–30 yrs in the 1980s to once in 5. 9 yrs today (Hughes et al. 2018b). Given 10–15 year recovery times for fast-growing corals on the most ideally located, least-disturbed reefs (Riegl 2002; Baker et al. 2008; Gilmour et al. 2013; Head et al. 2019), it is far more likely we will witness the repeat of severe bleaching on most reefs around the world rather than their recovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while local protection measures, such as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), can address local stressors, they do not significantly aid in the recovery of reefs after bleaching caused by marine heatwaves. The text states that 'they neither protect reefs against marine heatwaves caused by climate change nor even provide significant aid in reef recovery.' This indicates that without intervention addressing the broader climate crisis, full recovery of coral reefs from bleaching is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. pH optimization (b) was performed at a temperature of 32°C and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. Final ethanol concentrations are shown. Full size imageThe final optimization test determining the optimal initial pH is shown in Figure 5b. At 32°C and 7. 5 g/L DCW initial loading, the optimal pH was 6. 0. At this pH, the highest ethanol titers were reached. Furthermore, for the first time during this work, ethanol production increased after both recycling events. An initial pH of 6. 5 was also attempted, but produced unstable cell behavior as manifested by the large variability in results (data not shown). Another experiment was performed to determine if the higher pH was beneficial due to the physiological state of the cell or due to precipitation of inhibiting compounds (data not shown). Hydrolysates prepared by solely raising the pH from 4. 8 (enzymatic hydrolysis pH) to 5. 0, 5. 5, or 6. 0 were compared fermentatively to hydrolysates that were raised to pH 6, sterile filtered, and then acidified back down to 5. 0, 5. 5, or 6. 0. The study was necessary as raising pH can cause the removal/precipitation of degradation products as commonly practiced in overliming [23]. The results showed no significant difference in fermentability of the two sets of hydrolysates, indicating that the pH was affecting physiological state rather than precipitating inhibitors. Nutrient testingAs shown in Figure 3, xylose consumption decreases upon recycling Y128. Decreasing xylose consumption was also experienced during the optimization work (data not shown). Lack of sufficient nutrients may be one reason for decreasing xylose consumption through additional cycles. AFEX-treated corn stover supports cell growth to high concentrations [17]. However, there may not be enough nutrients present to fully support the high cell populations in the demanding RaBIT process conditions. Three different nutrient sources were tested: yeast extract, wheat germ, and corn steep liquor. Yeast extract, the product of autolysed yeast cells, was used as a potentially ideal nutrient source. However, industrially yeast extract would probably not be feasible due to its high price. Corn steep liquor (CSL) and wheat germ were chosen as cheaper and more practical options. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. While it discusses experiments related to yeast and ethanol production, it lacks evidence or specific information about the design of bioengineered yeast aimed at optimizing biofuel yields. The focus appears to be on pH optimization and nutrient testing rather than the genetic or metabolic engineering needed to develop yeast for high biofuel yields.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide Figure 8a shows no statistically significant degradation in the NHX when one of the individual observation types is limited, despite the overall degradation found in Fig. 3a when all the observation types were limited. However, Fig. 8b shows that by limiting all conventional observations in the SHX, the forecast skill for the 500-hPa temperature RMSE significantly degrades at the analysis time and at 120–168 h. No significant degradation is found by limiting either GNSS-RO or satellite radiance observations. This result is surprising because the conventional observation network is sparse in the SHX when compared to the NHX. As such, forecasts in the SHX are typically reliant on satellite observations, such as GNSS-RO or radiances. This finding motivated further investigation, which is discussed in the next subsection. Size Fig. 8. As in Fig. 7, but for (a) NHX and (b) SHX. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide b. Impact of limiting different conventional observation types Most observations labeled “conventional” in this study can be grouped into three categories: rawinsondes, aircraft, and marine. Observation count differences between the full and limited datasets varies between these three groups. As an example, the location of temperature observations available at the first cycle of the experiment at 0000 UTC 15 June 2020 is shown in Fig. 9. As expected, most of the additional observations plotted in Fig. 9 are located in the Northern Hemisphere. Size Fig. 9. Observation count differences between full- and limited-observation datasets for temperature measurements for (a) rawinsondes, (b) aircraft, and (c) marine observations at 0000 UTC 15 Jun 2020. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide The only additional rawinsonde profile noted in the in Fig. 9a is over central South America. Additional aircraft paths are visible in the in Fig. 9b, specifically around Australia and New Zealand, the eastern coast of South America, and one vertical atmospheric profile over southern Africa. The 0000 UTC observations are shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that forecasts in the Southern Hemisphere (SHX) are typically reliant on satellite observations, as mentioned: 'forecasts in the SHX are typically reliant on satellite observations, such as GNSS-RO or radiances.' This indicates that satellites play a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of weather forecasts and, by extension, are vital for disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the northeast Caribbean, doldrum-like conditions combined with elevated water temperatures in the summer/fall 2005 created the most severe coral bleaching event ever documented within this region. Video monitoring of 100 randomly chosen, permanent transects at five study sites in the US revealed over 90% of the scleractinian coral cover showed signs of thermal stress by paling or becoming completely white. Lower water temperatures in October allowed some re-coloring of corals; however, a subsequent unprecedented regional outbreak of coral disease affected all sites. Five known diseases or syndromes were recorded; however, most lesions showed signs similar to white plague. Nineteen scleractinian species were affected by disease, with >90% of the disease-induced lesions occurring on the genus Montastraea. The disease outbreak peaked several months after the onset of bleaching at all sites but did not occur at the same time. The mean number of disease-induced lesions increased 51-fold and the mean area of disease-associated mortality increased 13-fold when compared with pre-bleaching disease levels. In the 12 months following the onset of bleaching, coral cover declined at all sites (average loss: 51. 5%, range: 42. 4–61. 8%) reducing the five-site average from 21. 4% before bleaching to 10. 3% with most mortality caused by white plague disease, not bleaching. Continued losses through October 2007 reduced the average coral cover of the five sites to 8. 3% (average 2-year loss: 61. 1%, range: 53. 0–79. 3%). Mean cover by M. annularis (complex) decreased 51%, Colpophyllia natans 78% and Agaricia agaricites 87%. Isolated disease outbreaks have been documented before in the Virgin Islands, but never as widespread or devastating as the one that occurred after the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. This study provides insight into the effects of continued seawater warming and subsequent coral bleaching events in the Caribbean and highlights the need to understand links between coral bleaching and disease. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral-bleaching events followed by disease outbreaks are a recently described phenomenon (Selig et al. 2006; Bruno et al. 2007; Whelan et al. 2007; Muller et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the severe impacts of coral bleaching followed by disease outbreaks that led to significant declines in coral cover. It indicates that after the bleaching event, coral cover declined at all sites studied, with an average loss of 61.1%. The findings illustrate that coral reefs did not recover fully, as there was a continued decline in coral cover due to disease related to the bleaching event, thus suggesting that intervention might be necessary for recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CSL is the cheaper of the two and is produced as a by-product of corn wet-milling [24]. CSL provides a reasonable amount of nutrients, but also contains inhibitors such as lactic acid [24]. Furthermore, CSL is well established as a nutrient source for industrial fermentations [25]. Wheat germ is a by-product of flour milling [26]. It contains high levels of metals such as zinc and magnesium (Additional file 3), which have been shown to help yeast resist ethanol stress [27–29]. The addition of yeast extract (Figure 6b) did not benefit the fermentation very much. Compared to control experiments, the addition of up to 5 g/L yeast extract improved the xylose consumption by about 2 g/L and showed up to 2 g/L higher ethanol production. However, yeast extract addition did not prevent decreased xylose consumption. Figure 6Effect of nutrient addition on RaBIT fermentation process. Fermentation conditions consisted of 6% glucan loading hydrolysate, 32°C, initial pH of 6. 0, and initial cell loading of 7. 5 g/L DCW. Closed symbols represent xylose concentration; open symbols represent ethanol concentration. Tested were a) no nutrients or nutrient concentrations of 1 g/L (orange diamonds), 2. 5 g/L (blue squares), and 5. 0 g/L (green circles) using b) yeast extract, c) wheat germ, or d) corn steep liquor. Initial glucose and xylose concentrations were approximately 58 g/L and 29 g/L, respectively. Error bars are present for all data points, but may be hidden by the symbols. Full size imageWheat germ was added during the enzymatic hydrolysis to help release the nutrients (Figure 6c). The addition of 5. 0 g/L wheat germ improved the overall xylose consumption by up to 3. 5 g/L and ethanol production by up to 4. 5 g/L for the third cycle. These results concur with our initial hypothesis that wheat germ would allow the yeast to resist the higher ethanol concentrations by consuming more xylose and lowering the cell maintenance energy requirements. The xylose consumption, however, still decreased during subsequent cycles. The addition of CSL to the fermentation broth gave the best results (Figure 6d). CSL promoted increased xylose consumption in subsequent cycles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses nutrient sources and their effects on yeast fermentation processes rather than addressing the claim about bioengineered yeast specifically designed for high biofuel yields. While it mentions yeast and fermentation, it does not support or contradict the assertion regarding the engineering of yeast for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: As in Fig. 10, no individual component of the conventional observations appears to have a significant impact, except for limacft experiment at 108 h. While limiting all the additional conventional observations at once results in degraded forecasts at 4–7 days, limiting individual datasets appears to have a minimal effect. This result again emphasizes how important redundancy in the observing system is, as similar information content might be available from different observation types and it is only when all the observations are removed at once that the system is negatively affected. Size Fig. 11. As in Fig. 10, but over SHX. Citation: Weather and Forecasting 37, 7; 10. 1175/WAF-D-21-0149. 1Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slide 5. study uses the 3GFS model to investigate the impact of data latency in operational global weather forecasting. In this operational setting, a full dataset is used for short-term forecasts and a limited dataset with a reduced number of observations is used for long-term forecasts. The impact of data latency is investigated by using the two different datasets for the long- and short-term forecasts. Initially, two experiments are run, the first using the full dataset for both short- and long-term forecasts and the second using the limited dataset for both short- and long-term forecasts. The experiment that uses the full dataset for both forecast lengths yields a small yet statistically significant improvement in forecast skill at a few lead times compared to the operational configuration. This small difference suggests that though some statistically significant improvements are noted when using the full dataset for long-term forecasts, the increase in forecast skill may not justify the lower data latency that would be required for all the observations to arrive in time for the early analysis. On the other hand, using the limited dataset for both forecast lengths results in a substantial and statistically significant degradation in forecast skill at most lead times, an order of magnitude greater than that noted when using the full dataset. Focusing on this degradation, three additional experiments were run, one limiting all in situ observations, one limiting GNSS-RO observations, and one limiting satellite radiances. It is found that this degradation is largely attributed to decreased in situ observations, with negligible impact noted when GNSS-RO and radiance observations are limited. However, no individual observation type fully captures the degradation noted when all observations are limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impact of different datasets used in weather forecasting, specifically highlighting the importance of satellite observations. It notes that limiting data from various observing types, such as satellite radiances, affects forecast skill. The mention that there is a degradation in forecast skill when all observations are limited implies the critical role satellites and other observations play in the forecasting process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Independently, coral bleaching and coral disease have become substantial threats to coral reefs over the last several decades. Only recently, however, have the two stressors been suggested to have a connection. The suggested link between coral bleaching and disease is anomalously high-water temperatures. Many factors can cause coral bleaching, though changes in temperature and ultraviolet radiation have received the most attention (Brown 1997). Typically, massive bleaching events in the past have been associated with higher than average water temperatures (~1°C) in the summer months, when corals are already close to their temperature threshold. Whether high temperatures affect diseases and bleaching independently, or indirectly through a series of connected biological responses (e. g. , coral-host susceptibility), is unknown. The number and severity of coral-bleaching events have increased substantially since the early 1980s (Williams and Bunkley-Williams 1990; Hoegh-Guldberg 1999). While bleaching events such as the one in 1998 caused extensive mortality worldwide, coral bleaching in the Atlantic has until recently caused either isolated or relatively low levels of coral mortality. During the 1997/1998 bleaching event, coral mortality in the Atlantic was fairly minor compared with mortality levels in the Indian and (Goreau et al. 2000). Rogers and Miller (2001) reported less than 50% of coral cover bleached from two sites in St. John at this time with little subsequent mortality. The only major loss of coral reported in the Caribbean region from the bleaching in 1997/1998 was along the central shelf lagoon of the Belizean barrier reef where ~100% of the Agaricia tenuifolia died (Aronson et al. 2002). In 2003, Ballantine et al. (2008) reported <1. 0% scleractinian mortality from a coral-bleaching event in Puerto Rico. Coral disease was first documented in 1965 (Squires 1965), but, similar to bleaching, was not considered a serious threat to coral reefs until recently. The number of described coral diseases and the number of documented cases have increased exponentially since the first description (Harvell et al. 2004; Lafferty et al. 2004). Coral disease is now considered one of the greatest threats to coral reefs and has been a significant cause of reef degradation throughout the world (Rosenberg and Loya 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the substantial threats coral bleaching and disease pose to coral reefs over recent decades. It highlights the high mortality rates associated with significant bleaching events, such as in 1998, which caused extensive mortality worldwide. Furthermore, it notes that coral disease has become one of the greatest threats to coral reefs, suggesting that recovery from bleaching is likely complex and not fully achievable without intervention. Key points like the percentage of coral cover that bleached and the associated mortalities illustrate the challenges to natural recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This problem was solved using a capacitance probe. Cells with intact membranes give a capacitance reading when an electrical current is passed around them. When the membrane is compromised, the current can pass through the cells, and this capacitance is lost. Thus, capacitance readings can measure cell biomass with intact membranes, while not including cells with disrupted membranes [30, 31]. Capacitance readings were taken every 10 seconds and averaged over 10 readings to reduce signal noise. An accurate viable cell profile was necessary for determining the cause of reduced xylose consumption as the cycles increased. From previous OD measurements, there appeared to be only minor or no growth after the first cycle. A lack of growth or death could create a cell population that is accumulating biomass degradation products inside the cell causing reduced metabolic activity. Furthermore, the OD measurements may not have accurately measured cell death. The outer membranes of some cells may have been disrupted enough to stop metabolic activity, but still have enough integrity to scatter the light associated with an OD measurement. Accurate viable cell measurements would also help determine if CSL addition benefited cell growth or cell metabolism. The sugar, ethanol, and OD measurements are given in Figure 7. Overall, 2. 5 g/L added CSL slightly improved the performance compared to no CSL addition with regard to xylose consumption. With CSL addition, final xylose concentrations were 3. 5 ± 0. 25 for the first four cycles. Without the CSL addition, final xylose concentrations were 3. 5 g/L, 4. 7 g/L, 3. 8 g/L, and 6. 1 g/L for cycles 1 through 4, respectively. Cycle 5 xylose concentrations and cycles 1 through 5 ethanol concentrations were comparable for the two cases. Figure 7RaBIT fermentation process comparison in the presence and absence of nutrient supplementation. Here, a) shows results for no nutrient addition and b) those for 2. 5 g/L CSL addition. Concentrations are shown for glucose (blue squares), xylose (orange circles), ethanol (green diamonds), and dry cell weight correlated from OD (purple triangles). Full size imageFigure 8 shows the viable cell density profile for both no nutrient and 2. 5 g/L added CSL through five cycles. For all cycles, the viable cell density increases during the first 5 to 7 h. The growth phase appears to end shortly after all the glucose is consumed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses capacitance measurements of cell biomass and the effects of nutrient supplementation (CSL) on xylose consumption and viable cell density. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , 2016: On the impact and benefits of AMDAR observations in operational forecasting—Part I: A review of the impact of automated aircraft wind and temperature reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, 585–602, R. A. , 2016: On the impact and benefits of AMDAR observations in operational forecasting—Part I: A review of the impact of automated aircraft wind and temperature reports. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 97, 585–602, falseSearch 10. 1175/BAMS-D-15-00308. 1. Powers, J. G. , and Coauthors, 2017: Research and Forecasting Model: Overview, system efforts, and future directions. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 98, 1717–1737, falseSearch 10. 1016/j. jcp. 2007. 07. 022. Putman, W. M. , and S. -J. Lin, 2007: Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids. J. Comput. Phys. , 227, 55–78, falseSearch 10. 3390/s20030650. Wang, P. , J. Li, and T. J. Schmit, 2020: The impact of low latency satellite sounder observations on local severe storm forecasts in regional NWP. Sensors, 20, 650, falseSearch 10. 1175/MWR-D-13-00303. 1. Wang, X. , and T. Lei, 2014: GSI-based four-dimensional ensemble-variational (4DEnsVar) data assimilation formulation and single-resolution experiments with real data for. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 142, 3303–3325, falseSearch 10. 1029/2012JD018144. Weng, F. , X. Zou, X. Wang, S. Yang, and M. D. Goldberg, 2012: Introduction to Suomi national polar-orbiting partnership advanced technology microwave sounder for numerical weather prediction and tropical cyclone applications. J. Geophys. Res. , 117, D19112, falseSearch 0149. 1. xml The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the impact of low latency satellite observations on the local severe storm forecasts, indicating that satellite data is essential in operational forecasting and numerical weather prediction. This supports the notion that satellites are crucial for gathering data used in weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: has been labeled a ‘hot-spot’ for disease with approximately 76% of all coral diseases described worldwide being found within this relatively small basin (Weil 2004). Historically, disease has taken a toll on Caribbean coral reefs. In the late 1970s, white band disease caused the precipitous decline of two major, reef-building coral species, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, the first coral species listed as threatened under the Act, 71 26852 (2006). Recently, white plague and Caribbean yellow band diseases are considered the major disease threats within the Caribbean (Miller et al. 2003; Weil et al. 2006; Ballantine et al. 2008; Rogers et al. 2008). Temperature/disease connectionHigh-water temperatures can influence coral disease by either increasing pathogenic abundance or virulence (Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), or by increasing coral-host susceptibility (Lesser et al. 2007; Ainsworth et al. 2008). Several coral pathogens have displayed optimal growth at relatively high ambient temperatures (30–35°C). A pathogen identified for white plague type II, Aurantimonas coralicida, and a pathogen documented to cause white pox disease, Serratia marcescens, have optimal growth ranges between 30 and 35°C (Patterson et al. 2002; Remily and Richardson 2006). Higher abundance of potential pathogens in the environment, or within the coral host, could increase the potential for disease infection. High-water temperatures may promote the growth and reproduction of microbial pathogens. One species of coral, Oculina patagonica, bleached from the temperature-sensitive bacterium Vibrio shiloii (Ben-Haim and Rosenberg 2002; the name V. shiloii is now renamed to V. shilonii (2001)). Follow-up studies, however, indicated O. patagonica no longer bleached in the presence of the V. shilonii. Therefore, the corals either developed a resistance to the bacteria (Reshef et al. 2006), bleaching was always a result of changing environmental conditions and not a result of bacterial infection (Ainsworth et al. 2008) or the virulence of the pathogen was reduced. Elevated water temperatures could physiologically stress the coral holobiont and lead to bleaching, therefore increasing the coral’s susceptibility to disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the factors that can impede coral recovery from bleaching. It emphasizes the significant relationship between high-water temperatures and coral diseases, which suggests that without intervention, the physiological stress on corals may lead to increased susceptibility to diseases. Furthermore, it mentions that even if some corals, like Oculina patagonica, may develop resistance over time, this does not imply that full recovery from bleaching occurs without intervention. Instead, the text highlights how external conditions can continually affect coral health and recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After a brief stationary phase, the viable cell density then decreases rapidly during the rest of the xylose consumption phase. This general trend was observed during all cycles and for both cases: no nutrients added and 2. 5 g/L added CSL. Figure 8Measure of viable dry cell weight. Viable DCW was correlated from capacitance reading for five-cycle RaBIT fermentations with a) no added nutrients and b) 2. 5 g/L added corn steep liquor. Full size imageThere was a large difference in the fermentation kinetics between the two cases (Table 2). Overall, added CSL showed faster growth rates and faster death rates. Interestingly, when no nutrients were added, the death rate increased in later cycles. When CSL was added, no dramatic variations in death rate were observed. Differences were also present in the specific xylose consumption rates (gram xylose consumed/gram viable cell mass/hour). When no nutrients were added, the specific xylose consumption rate was lower during the last four cycles compared to the first cycle. When CSL was added, the specific xylose consumption rate was higher during cycles 2 through 4 compared to cycle 1. This indicated that cell populations were more metabolically active with the addition of CSL. Table 2 RaBIT fermentation cellular rates Full size tableConclusionWe found that not all ethanologens are suitable for RaBIT platform fermentations. Of the nine tested ethanologens, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST), Zymomonas mobilis 8b, and S. cerevisiae 128 showed good performance in the RaBIT fermentation process. Y128 was chosen for optimization of process conditions. Different nutrient supplementation protocols were evaluated to see whether xylose consumption could be improved during subsequent cycles of the RaBIT process. We found that adding 2. 5 g/L corn steep liquor (CSL) improved xylose consumption for the three cycles tested when 7. 5 g/L initial dry cell weight (DCW) inoculum was used. However, the xylose consumption problems still existed when 10 g/L DCW inoculum was utilized for optimal ethanol production for five fermentation cycles. Capacitance monitoring indicated that there is both dynamic cell growth and death during each RaBIT cycle. Furthermore, the main cause of reduced xylose consumption with subsequent cycles is decreased specific xylose consumption rate rather than decreased viable cell mass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on specific experiments related to fermentation kinetics and the effects of nutrients on cell growth and xylose consumption rates. While it discusses the performance of certain ethanologens in the RaBIT fermentation process, it does not provide information on the design or production capabilities of bioengineered yeast for biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: , and McPhersonR. D. , 1984: Global data assimilation experiments with scatterometer winds from -A. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 112, 368–376. 10. 1175/1520-0493(1984)112<0368:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 621. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , and Coauthors, 2000: A case study of the sensitivity of the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 15, 603–621. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2000)015<0603:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 285. CrossrefZapotocny, T. H. , Paul MenzelW. , Nelson J. P. III, and JungJ. A. , 2002: An impact study of five remotely sensed and five in situ data types in the Assimilation System. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 263–285. 10. 1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0263:>2. 0. CO;2)| falseSearch 177. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005a: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part I: The total contribution. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 161–177. 10. 1175/WAF837. 1)| falseSearch 198. and Nelson J. P. III, 2005b: A four-season impact study of rawinsonde, GOES, and POES data in the Assimilation System. Part II: Contribution of the components. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 178–198. 10. 1175/WAF838. 1)| falseSearch 909. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2007: A two-season impact study of satellite and in situ data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 887–909. 10. 1175/WAF1025. 1)| falseSearch 100. MarshallJ. F. , and TreadonR. E. , 2008: A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 80–100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that evaluate the impact of satellite and remotely sensed data in weather forecasting. It mentions multiple studies focusing on the sensitivity and contribution of satellite data within the Assimilation System, indicating that satellite data is indeed utilized and assessed for its importance in weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: A combination of bleaching and disease in 1998 caused extensive mortality of the octocoral, Briareum asbestinum, in the (Harvell et al. 2001). This short-lived epizootic occurred within 10 weeks of the bleaching event. Additionally, a study by Jones et al. (2004) documented a coral epizootic that coincided with a bleaching event at (Reef) in which coral mortality was attributed to disease. Bruno et al. (2007) found a significant relationship between the frequencies of warm water temperature anomalies and white syndrome in the Reef but only on reefs with >50% coral cover. Furthermore, during the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, on a section of (2007) documented that mortality in Porites porites was from bleaching; however, Colpophyllia natans bleached before dying from white plague. At another US site, bleached Acropora palmata colonies lost more tissue from disease than A. palmata colonies that did not bleach (Muller et al. 2008). Greater mortality on the more compromised corals suggests disease severity was influenced by coral-host stress and susceptibility. During the summer/fall of 2005, anomalously warm water temperatures (Whelan et al. 2007) and doldrum-like conditions in the NE Caribbean coincided with massive coral bleaching (Wilkinson and Souter 2008). The 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the most active ever recorded with 28 tropical storms including 15 hurricanes. However, the NE Caribbean was largely unaffected as no storm or hurricane passed within 400 km of this area. Coral bleaching as referred to in this paper is defined as paling or whitening of a coral from the loss of zooxanthellae or zooxanthellar pigments. While some scientists include bleaching as a disease (e. g. , Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), the present study differentiated coral bleaching from coral disease. Bleached corals retained living tissue with an absence or reduction of zooxanthellae while disease was a measure of coral mortality (i. e. , loss of tissue) when signs consistent with previously described coral diseases were observed. This study documented the extent and severity of coral bleaching on five reef sites around St. John and St. Croix, US Virgin Islands, and explored the connection between coral bleaching and coral disease during massive bleaching in 2005 and subsequent disease outbreak. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that coral bleaching can lead to significant mortality and disease in corals. It discusses how bleaching and subsequent conditions, such as disease outbreaks, have been linked, suggesting that without intervention, corals may not fully recover. It highlights that bleached corals can lose more tissue due to disease than those that are not bleached, indicating that recovery is influenced by stress and susceptibility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Seed cultures were prepared in a medium containing 100 g/L dextrose, 25 g/L xylose, 10 g/L yeast extract, and 20 g/L tryptone. Seed cultures were performed in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using a 100 mL working volume. The initial OD600 of seed cultures was 0. 1. Cultures were incubated at 30°C and 150 RPM for 20 h. After 20 h, 1 mL of the culture was transferred to new media for an additional 20 h. The cultivation was made aerobic by use of a foam stopper for S. stipitis strains. All other seed cultures were microaerobic by use of a rubber stopper pierced by a needle. Enzymatic hydrolysisEnzymatic hydrolysis at 6% (w/w) glucan loading was performed in 1 L baffled Erlenmeyer flasks with a reaction mixture of 400 g. Biomass was loaded in fed-batch mode by adding half the biomass at t = 0 h and the other half at t = 2 h. The enzyme cocktail consisted of 20 mg protein/g glucan Cellic CTec2 (Novozymes), 5 mg/g Cellic HTec2 (Novozymes), and 5 mg/g (Genencor). Hydrolysis was performed for 48 h at 50°C and 250 RPM using a pH of 4. 8. Adjustments to the pH were made using 10 M potassium hydroxide or 12. 1 M hydrochloric acid. Hydrolysis slurry was centrifuged in 2 L bottles at 7,500 RPM for 30 min and then sterile filtered. Hydrolysate was used for fermentation without external nutrient supplementation unless otherwise indicated. FermentationsFermentations were performed in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks using 50 mL of hydrolysate. Cells for inoculation were harvested by centrifugation from the seed cultures. Inoculation size was determined by dry cell weight (DCW) concentration. Inoculations were performed at 0. 1 g/L for traditional fermentations, 4 g/L DCW for RaBIT fermentations using Z. mobilis and E. coli, and 7. 5, 8. 0, 9. 0, 10, or 12. 0 g/L DCW for RaBIT fermentations using S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed experimental setup for culturing and fermenting yeast using various substrates, but it does not explicitly mention bioengineered yeast or the production of high yields of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 8 but for precipitable water. View raw image Fig. 17. As in Fig. 16 but for August–September 2003. 30 Views 0 0 0 Views 240 77 7 PDF Downloads 114 46 0 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/2008WAF2007065. 1 Page(s): 854–877 2003. Differences between the forecasts are accumulated over the two seasons and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these satellites. Anomaly correlations (ACs) and geographical forecasts (FIs) are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations are generated using the standard NCEP verification software suite and cover the polar regions (60°–90°) and midlatitudes (20°–80°) of each hemisphere. The rms error for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region (20°N–20°S). The geographical distribution of forecast impact on geopotential heights, relative humidity, precipitable water, and the u component of wind are also examined. The results demonstrate that the successive addition of each NOAA polar-orbiting satellite increases forecast quality. The use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar and midlatitude regions. Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are also realized from the use of two NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over only one. The forecast improvements from two satellites are generally smaller than if using three satellites, consistent with the increase in areal coverage obtained with the third satellite. Corresponding author address: James A. 5200 Auth Rd. , Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304. Email: jim. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the forecasting impacts from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites increase the quality of weather forecasts. It specifically mentions the improvements in anomaly correlation scores and forecast quality derived from using multiple satellites, indicating that these satellites play a crucial role in enhancing the accuracy of weather predictions and thus are critical for weather forecasting and disaster management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Three sites (Haulover, Newfound, and Reef) were surveyed in 2005 before bleaching was observed (January–March 2005 and referred to as ‘initial’ surveys) and are referred to as ‘reference sites’ hereafter. Sampling frequency increased after bleaching was observed in 2005, although the frequency varied among sites. was sampled bi-monthly from September 2005 to September 2006, Haulover and were sampled approximately quarterly from October 2005 to July 2006, was sampled November 2005, March 2006 and July 2006, and the Reef was sampled November 2005 and March 2006. All sites were sampled once in 2007. Seawater temperatures at reef depth were recorded at 2 h intervals using data loggers (HOBO or Temp-Mentors) positioned within two study reefs (Newfound and Haulover) and a third logger near (at Yawzi Reef, 500 m west of Tektite). However, data are not available for every site each month. The median number of active sites in any given month from 1988 to 2007 was two and data gaps occurred from May 1988 to February 1990 and from March 1999 to August 2000. Ryan-brand loggers were sent for calibration annually, and all sensors were calibrated in-factory (documentation provided). A monthly mean was calculated per site and averaged to create a monthly mean. StatisticsTo determine if temperatures in 2005 were higher than ‘normal’ water temperatures, the average monthly water temperatures in 2005 were compared with historical average water temperatures from St. John (data collected from 1988 to 2004 from Newfound Reef, Haulover Reef, and Yawzi Reef) using a one-tailed t-test. Benthic cover data were evaluated for normality and homogeneity of variance by visual inspection of residuals and by conducting a regression analysis on the absolute value of the residuals with predicted values. If a positive trend in the residuals were detected, a square root (x + 1) transformation was performed, and the residuals were then tested for normality using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS ver. 9. 1). Changes in percent coral cover were analyzed separately for each site using a repeated measures analysis in which transect was treated as a subject factor and sampling date was treated as the repeated measure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides extensive details on the monitoring and data collection conducted in relation to coral reefs, indicating that different sites were surveyed extensively after bleaching was observed. The inclusion of statistical analyses and methods of measuring temperatures and coral cover suggests that recovery is being closely tracked and assessed with human involvement, which implies that recovery may not be fully autonomous or possible without intervention. This contrasts with the claim that coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without any human action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pH was initially adjusted using 10 M potassium hydroxide. The initial pH for S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis was 5. 5 during strain testing before pH optimization and 6. 0 after. The initial pH values for Z. mobilis and E. coli were 6. 0 and 7. 0, respectively. The pH for the E. coli was buffered using 0. 05 M MOPS and adjusted twice daily. The pH for all other strains was not adjusted during the fermentations. The fermentations were performed in a shaking incubator at 150 RPM. The temperature was set at 37°C for E. coli and 30°C for all other strains before temperature optimization. After optimization, the temperature was increased to 32°C for S. cerevisiae 128. The flasks were kept under microaerobic conditions. Traditional fermentations were incubated for five days. RaBIT fermentations were performed for 24 h. At the end of each RaBIT fermentation stage, the broth was centrifuged in 50 mL centrifuge tubes at 4,000 RPM for 10 min. The corresponding cell pellets were then inoculated into fresh hydrolysate to begin the next cycle. All fermentation experiments were performed with at least two biological replicates. Five-cycle fermentation in bioreactorFive-cycle RaBIT fermentations were performed in a 0. 5 L bioreactor with a 60% working volume. Temperature and stirring rate were set at 32°C and 300 RPM, respectively. A 6% glucan loading hydrolysate (60 g/L glucose and 30 g/L xylose) with an initial pH of 6. 0 and 10 g/L DCW inoculum were used. A capacitance probe was utilized to monitor viable cell density. The recycle process was carried out as described in the Fermentations section above. Nutrient additionsIn the nutrient addition experiments, yeast extract (Becton Dickinson), corn steep liquor (Sigma Aldrich), and wheat germ (MP Biomedicals) were added at concentrations of 1. 0, 2. 5, or 5. 0 g/L. Yeast extract and corn steep liquor were weighed out and added to the hydrolysate before fermentation. Wheat germ was added to the enzymatic hydrolysis mixture at the beginning of the hydrolysis (the final mixture density was assumed as 1 g/L). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed descriptions of the experimental procedures and settings used for fermentations involving various yeast strains, but it does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: jung@noaa. gov AbstractObserving system experiments (OSEs) during two seasons are used to quantify the important contributions made to forecast quality from the use of the ’s (NOAA) polar-orbiting satellites. The impact is measured by comparing the analysis and forecast results from an assimilation–forecast system using one NOAA polar-orbiting satellite with results from using two and three polar-orbiting satellites in complementary orbits. The assimilation–forecast system used for these experiments is the for (NCEP) Assimilation System–System (GDAS–GFS). The case studies chosen consist of periods during January–February and August–September 2003. Differences between the forecasts are accumulated over the two seasons and are analyzed to demonstrate the impact of these satellites. Anomaly correlations (ACs) and geographical forecasts (FIs) are evaluated for all experimental runs during both seasons. The anomaly correlations are generated using the standard NCEP verification software suite and cover the polar regions (60°–90°) and midlatitudes (20°–80°) of each hemisphere. The rms error for 850- and 200-hPa wind vector differences are shown for the tropical region (20°N–20°S). The geographical distribution of forecast impact on geopotential heights, relative humidity, precipitable water, and the u component of wind are also examined. The results demonstrate that the successive addition of each NOAA polar-orbiting satellite increases forecast quality. The use of three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites generally provides the largest improvement to the anomaly correlation scores in the polar and midlatitude regions. Improvements to the anomaly correlation scores are also realized from the use of two NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over only one. The forecast improvements from two satellites are generally smaller than if using three satellites, consistent with the increase in areal coverage obtained with the third satellite. Corresponding author address: James A. 5200 Auth Rd. , Camp Springs, MD 20746-4304. Email: jim. jung@noaa. gov Keywords: Data assimilation; Satellite observations; Forecast verification; Remote sensing1. suite of operational polar satellites have formed a key part of the global and regional observation database for operational weather centers around the globe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how NOAA polar-orbiting satellites significantly enhance forecast quality. It explains that the addition of each satellite improves forecast accuracy, with the use of three satellites yielding the largest improvements in anomaly correlation scores across various regions. This supports the assertion that satellites are vital for effective weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Contrast analyses were used to test (a) whether a trend in coral cover was occurring in the pre-bleaching data only, and (b) whether there was a significant difference between the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching data. For the purposes of analysis, sampling periods before August 1, 2005 were labeled as “pre-bleaching” and sampling periods after January 1, 2006 were labeled as “post-bleaching”. The exception was the September 26, 2005 sampling date at the that was also labeled “pre-bleaching” as previous data were not available. A Tukey-Kramer mean separation test was performed to establish differences in mean coral cover during different sample events within each site. A Type 1 error of 0. 05 was used to determine the statistical significance of results. Correlations between coral disease (number of lesions and area of disease-induced mortality) and temperature, and then between coral disease and coral cover were analyzed using Correlation. Site averages were pooled to compare disease with temperature, and disease with coral cover. The percent cover for individual coral species, except Montastraea annularis (complex, which includes M. franksi, M. faveolata, and M. annularis), was very low, and all species were not present in each transect. Therefore, to test whether a species-specific decrease occurred, instead of using individual transects, site averages were used and data from the five sites were combined. Each site was considered a replicate and site averages for each pre-bleaching and post-bleaching period were calculated. A paired t-test was conducted with sites as replicates using the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching averages from all five sites. Data were transformed using a square root (x + 1) transformation in keeping with the analysis of overall coral cover. Normality of the differences was tested using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS 9. 2. procedure). ResultsPre-bleaching coral cover trendsThe transects at four of the five study sites were monitored for 2–6 years prior to the bleaching event. Annual monitoring showed two sites increased in coral cover (P < 0. 02) prior to August 2005; increased from 23. 0% (±3. 4) in 2000 to 26. 7% (±3. 8) in 2004 and S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing detailed analyses and findings related to coral cover before and after bleaching events. It describes statistical tests performed to assess differences in coral cover, indicating that there are observable changes in coral health and disease associated with temperature and cover. This implies that monitoring and potentially intervention are necessary, which suggests that full recovery may not be achieved without some form of management or action.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Measurements of cell populationThe optical density at 600 nm was used to measure the cell concentration of the fermentation broths. The OD600 measurement was then correlated to the DCW by use of a calibration curve. Viable cell mass was measured by correlating capacitance reading from an Ltd. 200. The capacitance versus viable dry cell mass correlation was created by taking samples during exponential phase seed cultures. The samples were centrifuged and dried before being compared to the capacitance readings, which produced a linear correlation. HPLC analysisGlucose, xylose, and ethanol concentrations were analyzed by HPLC using a HPX-87H column. The column temperature was maintained at 50°C. The mobile phase (5 mM H2SO4) flow rate was 0. 6 mL/min. Abbreviations424A: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST) strain 8b: Zymomonas mobilis 8b strain AFEX: : : corn steep liquor DCW: dry cell weight E. coli: Escherichia coli EtOH: ethanol GLBRC: : high performance liquid chromatography OD: optical density RaBIT: with Integrated recycle Technology S. cerevisiae: Saccharomyces cerevisiae SHF: separate hydrolysis and fermentation SSCF: simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation S. stipitis: Scheffersomyces stipitis Y128: Saccharomyces cerevisiae 128 Z. mobilis: Zymomonas mobilis. 597. 10. 1016/j. rser. 2009. 10. 003. 2013. 2013, London, UK: 1580. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 11. 046. 667. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 08. 067. 321. 7764. 2011, Golden, Colorado: NREL (Energy Laboratory) 2011. Presentations, Posters and Proceedings. 2012, Ames, IA: University 386. 10. 2134/agronj2010. 0209. 2386. 93. 35. 8438. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 06. 027. 11. Bioresour Technol. 2012, 111: 294-300. 225. 10. 1016/0141-0229(95)00237-5. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly provide information regarding the ability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses methods for measuring cell concentration and viable cell mass as well as techniques for analyzing sugar concentrations using HPLC. Thus, it does not support or refute the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: A diagnostic evaluation of the impact of the three NOAA polar-orbiting satellites being used by the for (NCEP) operational (GDAS) is described in this study. Observing system experiments (OSEs) document the impact of some of the numerous data sources available today. This type of study enables quantitative assessment of the impact of the numerous and disparate data sources available for meteorological analysis and prediction. Similar OSEs have been conducted by Kelly (1997) with the for Medium-Forecasts (ECMWF) global model and by Zapotocny et al. (2000, 2002, 2005a, b) who explored forecast impacts from satellite and in situ data with the NCEP regional model. Complementary to this work, Zapotocny et al. (2007) showed the relative importance of satellite data in the and Zapotocny et al. (2008) showed the relative importance that the (AMSU), Sounder (HIRS), (QuikSCAT), geostationary atmospheric motion vector data (from satellites), and rawinsondes had in the GDAS. This work investigates the influence the NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have in the GDAS by examining the quality of the analyses and forecasts from having one polar-orbiting satellite, compared to having two polar-orbiting satellites, or the present complement of three polar-orbiting satellites. The primary goal is to determine the potential gain in weather forecast quality realized from having two or three polar-orbiting satellites versus only one. The baseline experiment, 1_NOAA, uses the AMSU and the HIRS data from NOAA-17 along with the NCEP operational complement of conventional and satellite data but excludes all data from NOAA-15 and NOAA-16 sensors. The 2_NOAA experiment adds NOAA-16 AMSU and HIRS data to the baseline experiment; the 3_NOAA experiment adds NOAA-15 AMSU data and NOAA-16 AMSU and HIRS data to the baseline experiment. A unique aspect of this work, afforded by the for Assimilation (JCSDA) and NCEP, was the ability to conduct impact studies at the operational resolution of the time. Until recently, limited computational resources required that studies covering several seasons be completed at reduced spatial and vertical resolutions. This limitation restricted the conclusions that could be reached about the impact of data types at the operational resolutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant role of NOAA polar-orbiting satellites in weather forecasting through various Observing System Experiments (OSEs). It emphasizes the quantitative assessment of how multiple data sources, particularly from satellites, contribute to meteorological analysis and prediction, thus supporting the assertion that satellites are critical for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: increased from 17. 2% (±1. 9) in 2002 to 19. 6% (±1. 6) in February 2005 (values are mean ± standard error unless otherwise stated). Coral cover at decreased significantly (P = 0. 0002) from 18. 0% (±1. 9) in 1999 to 13. 3% (±1. 6) in March 2005 with the drop primarily occurring between 1999 and 2000 and showed no change thereafter. showed no change in coral cover [mean=22. 5% (±2. 6)] from 2003 through January 2005. Table 1 Results from individual t-tests comparing water temperatures in 2005–2007 to historical water temperatures of St. John, US (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table BleachingReef-depth water temperatures were higher than the historical average (1988–2004 monthly average) for St. John from April to September 2005, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) in April, June, August, and September 2005 (Fig. 2; Table 1). Bleaching of isolated scleractinian corals was first observed in July, when water temperatures averaged 29. 2°C. Coral bleaching became more severe as temperatures continued to be 0. 7–0. 9°C higher than historical averages until September. The maximum average monthly temperature, 30. 2°C, occurred in September 2005 which was 1. 2°C warmer than the historical average. The ‘peak’ in coral bleaching (defined as the highest percent coral cover pale or white) occurred between September and November 2005 with >90% of the coral cover at each study site displaying some sign of thermal stress, and the lowest maximum bleaching detected for any individual transect was 74%. During this period, >40% of the coral cover at each site was completely white. Water temperatures returned to near-normal in October 2005; however, bleaching continued at all sites, and 56% of the coral cover remained bleached or pale during the coldest period (January–April) in 2006. The four reefs sampled in July 2006 had an average of 34. 6% coral cover still discolored; however, no coral cover was completely white at that time. Complete re-coloration (i. e. , bleaching recovery) had still not occurred by the last sampling survey (Mennebeck Reef, October 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that coral reefs did not recover from bleaching without intervention, as indicated by the statement that 'Complete re-coloration (i. e., bleaching recovery) had still not occurred by the last sampling survey (Mennebeck Reef, October 2007).' This suggests that the reefs experienced prolonged bleaching and did not achieve total recovery on their own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1039/c2ee03058f. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-30. 1373. 10. 1073/pnas. 0812364106. 856. 10. 1016/j. biotechadv. 2009. 06. 006. 870. 10. 1002/bit. 21115. 315. 664. 10. 1016/j. femsyr. 2004. 01. 003. 1811. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2006. 03. 028. 311. 304. 298. 341. 10. 1111/j. 1745-4514. 2006. 00067. x. 183. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2011. 06. 038. 1194. 10. 1023/A:1024583503274. 409. 10. 1016/j. jbiotec. 2004. 12. 006. 341. 10. 1002/bit. 260430411. 77. 1554. 192. 325. 222. 10. 1385/ABAB:77:1-3:211. 436. 10. 1007/BF01166218. 900. 4494. We thank Novozymes and Genencor for supplying the commercial enzymes for this work. We thank Dr. from MBI International (Lansing, MI), and Drs. for generously providing microbial strains. We thank Dr. Rebecca Garlock-Ong and Charles Donald, Jr. for providing/preparing AFEX-pretreated corn stover. We thank for the HPLC analysis. Finally, we thank the members of the GLBRC fermentation group from the University of Wisconsin for their valuable suggestions and input. AFEX is a trademark of MBI, International (Lansing, MI). Author informationAuthors and Affiliations(BCRL), Department of University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI, 48910, & (GLBRC), 48824, & of Wisconsin-Madison, 1552 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53726, author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 2. 5 g/L corn steep liquor addition time testing. Closed symbols represent xylose concentration; open symbols represent ethanol concentration. Additions were made at t = 0 h (blue squares) and t = 6 h (green circles). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, the text consists of a series of citation references, acknowledgments, and author affiliations without discussing any specific scientific findings or processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: 1979) radiances from HIRS, the Unit (MSU) (Spencer and Christy 1992), and the AMSU-A and AMSU-B sensors (NOAA 2005); ozone information from the Ultraviolet (SBUV) sensors (Miller et al. 1997); (DMSP) (SSM/I) surface wind speed (Alishouse et al. 1990); derived surface winds from QuikSCAT (Yu and McPherson 1984); and atmospheric motion vectors from geostationary satellites (Velden et al. 1997; Menzel et al. 1998). The assimilated in situ data used in this work are listed in Table 2 and include rawinsonde temperatures, specific humidity, and wind components; aircraft observations of wind and temperature; land surface reports of surface pressure; and oceanic reports of surface pressure, temperature, horizontal wind, and specific humidity. Keyser (2006a, b, 2007) provide an excellent overview of the data types provided to NCEP on a daily basis and used operationally for the experiments of this study. The control and both experiments were started from identical initial conditions. All of the surface and upper-air fields, topography, satellite bias correction, observation error, etc. files were taken from the operational database. The satellite bias correction files were allowed to adjust to the information available in each experiment after each assimilation cycle, similar to Derber and Wu (1998), which is consistent with the way these files are updated at NCEP Operations. 3. Experimental designDiagnostics presented here include statistics commonly used at NCEP and other numerical weather prediction (NWP) centers. The computation of all anomaly correlations for forecasts produced by the GFS were completed using code developed and maintained at NCEP. NCEP (NWS 2007) provides a description of the method of computation, Krishnamurti et al. (2003) discuss the use of anomaly correlation of geopotential height, and Murphy (1990) discuss the effect of climatology on anomaly correlations. The fields being evaluated are examined in both the polar regions and middle latitudes of each hemisphere along with the tropical region. The NCEP–for (NCAR) reanalysis fields (Kistler et al. 2001) are used for the climate component of the anomaly correlations. This reanalysis was run at a resolution of T62L28 with the output grids reduced to 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various types of satellite data including radiances from specific sensors and atmospheric motion vectors from geostationary satellites, which are crucial for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and operational analyses. This indicates that satellites play a significant role in the data assimilation processes used for weather forecasting.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can fully recover from bleaching without intervention. [SEP] Text: Overall, the onset of recovery from bleaching occurred soon after temperatures dropped (October 2005); however, complete colony re-coloration was slow and incomplete. The five reefs sampled in 2007 were still not homogenous in color when compared with the reefs in years before the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. Fig. 2St. John seawater temperatures at reef depth in 2005–2007 compared with 1988–2004 data. Black line and error bars represent, respectively, the average, minimum, maximum of monthly average temperatures recorded at 3 reefs at St. John from 2005 to 2007 (Haulover, Newfound, Yawzi). Gray area shows range (minimum–maximum) of monthly average temperatures recorded at the same 3 reefs from 1988 to 2004. Number of sites with data loggers varied by month and year. Data loggers recorded temperature every 2 hFull size image Twenty-one scleractinian species were quantified from the surveys at the onset of coral bleaching; with 16 species bleached including the 12 most-abundant (>0. 5% cover). Within those species, maximum bleached cover by Montastraea annularis (complex) ranged from 98–99. 5% among study sites; Colpophyllia natans and Agaricia agaricites each ranged from 80 to 100%; Porites porites, 75–100%; and D. labyrinthiformis, 67–100%. Three species however showed wider ranges of bleached cover: M. cavernosa (0–86%), P. astreoides (62–84%), and Siderastrea siderea (46–100%). Interestingly, Madracis spp. were never observed as bleached (quantified under a random point) within the monitored transects during the study, but both Madracis decactis and M. mirabilis/auretenra (Locke et al. 2007) were rare and found at only two sites. Bleaching was found throughout all depths (depth range = 3. 7–18. 9 m), and depth was not a factor in the amount of coral cover bleached during maximum bleaching (P = 0. 94). DiseaseFive known diseases/syndromes were observed throughout the study including black band disease, dark spot disease, white band disease (on Acroporid colonies), Caribbean yellow band disease, and white plague disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the complete recovery of coral reefs from bleaching was slow and incomplete even after favorable conditions, such as lower temperatures, returned. Specifically, it notes that 'complete colony re-coloration was slow and incomplete' for the sampled reefs in 2007, indicating that recovery may not be fully achievable without intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this respect, the synergistic action of lignocellulosic enzymes has been recognized as a possible way to improve sugars yield at lower enzyme loadings [3]. Synergy between cellulase and xylanase has been extensively studied in prior research [3]. Hu et al. showed that cellulose and xylan hydrolysis occurred three times faster when adding an optimized mixture of commercial cellulase and xylanase instead of equivalent cellulase [4]. The synergistic interaction between endo-xylanase from family GH10 and xyloglucanase from family GH5 also enhanced the hydrolytic activity of commercial cellulase over a range of pretreated lignocellulosic substrates [5]. Additionally, Schilling et al. found that the significant increase in saccharification efficiency through xylanase-aided synergism was not limited to same-species enzyme sources [6]. However, these synergistic reactions were almost held at 50°C or thereabout, according to the optimum temperature of cellulase and xylanase [7], which could not fully meet the demands for application at environment temperatures. However, synergistic cooperation between ligninase and polysaccharide hydrolases during biomass degradation has been largely ignored. Due to the complexity of the structure of the plant cell wall, lignin is hard to totally remove after pretreatment with current methods [8]. The hydrolase activities and total sugars yield are severely reduced by the residual lignin component and its related derivatives. It was showed that various cellulases and xylanases differed by up to 3. 5-fold and 1. 7-fold respectively in their inhibition by lignin [9]. Grabber et al. indicated that reduction of lignin content or ferulate-lignin crosslinking would improve the fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose more than current approaches for shifting lignin composition [10]. In a recent study, a higher reducing sugars conversion (60%) was achieved when adding commercial laccase into a mixture of cellulases and hemicellulases at 45°C [11]. Therefore, ligninase should be taken into account in enzyme cocktail construction for saccharification in order to maximize the hydrolysis efficiency. One special kind of ligninase MIP receiving little attention in recent years may play a different role in lignin degradation [12],[13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the synergistic effects of lignocellulosic enzymes on sugar yield and the challenges presented by lignin in biomass degradation. While it mentions sugar yield improvements through enzyme interactions, it does not specifically relate to the production of biofuels or the use of bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Satellites provide critical data for weather forecasting and disaster management. [SEP] Text: The forecast diagnostics for this paper were conducted out to 168 h to concentrate on the first week of forecast impacts. The forecasts for the 1_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 3_NOAA experiment’s anomaly correlations have been verified against their own analyses. The 2_NOAA and 3_NOAA experiments are compared to the 1_NOAA experiment. The results have been examined using the usual practice at NCEP of investigating the impact over two seasons for more than 30 days in each season. 4. ResultsImpact of the three operational NOAA satellites on the quality of forecasts made by the GFS for two time periods are explored in detail. The first time period covers 15 January–15 February 2003; the second time period covers 15 August–20 September 2003. The selection of these time periods enables the diagnostics to capture both summer and winter seasons in each hemisphere. As noted, examination of forecasts for at least 30 days during these two seasons is an integral part of the procedures required by NCEP in determining operational utility of satellite data. The fields examined in this study include geopotential heights, wind vectors, relative humidity, and precipitable water. Underground grid points on isobaric surfaces are not included in the evaluations. Figure 1 shows the global coverage of each of the three NOAA satellites on 25 January 2003 for the 0000 UTC forecast cycle. This diagram takes into account the early data cutoff required by the GFS and the delay in transmitting data to NCEP. With this orbit scenario there is very little satellite overlap except in the polar regions; however, there are still some data void regions remaining near 30°E in the and near the date line in the (Fig. 1c). a. Anomaly correlationsFigure 2 presents some of the day 5 anomaly correlations from the 1_NOAA, 2_NOAA, and 3_NOAA experiments during January–February (Figs. 2a and 2b) and August–September 2003 (Figs. 2c and 2d). The fields shown are the 1000- and 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlations for midlatitudes in both hemispheres and time periods (Figs. 2a and 2c) and the 500-, 700-, and 850-hPa geopotential height anomaly correlations for the polar regions (Figs. 2b and 2d). In Figs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of NOAA satellites on the quality of weather forecasts made by the GFS, highlighting their operational utility and the importance of satellite data in improving forecast diagnostics across different seasons.