Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Beavers are also pretty exotic round here, but I guess not super common in California either. Needless to say, the bear is the big trophy here. Amazing that you got hold of that. I am properly envious. “strategic reserve” is better than “emergency backup”. I guess you should TNF some of those skulls. Says: February 9, 2022 at 5:27 pm That armadillo is so much weirder than I’d realised! I’ll do a whole follow-up post on it for you. And since I’ve got another one waiting with the mummified armadillo kit, there’s no reason you can’t have my frontline armadillo skull in exchange for your emergency backup badger. Beavers are also pretty exotic round here, but I guess not super common in California either. That definitely came from an osteology supply place. Needless to say, the bear is the big trophy here. Amazing that you got hold of that. I am properly envious. It’s definitely the pride of my collection. “strategic reserve” is better than “emergency backup”. Strategic reserve comes after emergency backup. Not sure what comes after that. I guess you should TNF some of those skulls. I should TNF all of them. get time. [Laughs, then cries. ] Says: February 9, 2022 at 10:52 pm Armadillo-skull post will be good to see. Would also be a good opportunity for you to practice your TNFing skills. The good news is, provided the initial photos are taken against a good solid background, they’re easy enough to do. And the process is pleasantly relaxing. (I guess I should do a tutorial. ) Says: February 16, 2022 at 3:01 am The hemisected opossum and marten contrast interestingly: the marten is much brainier. (Over all, the marten skull is only about 3/4 as long as the opossum skull, but the space for the brain is about 50% longer. ) … Many years ago, I saw (at the in Chicago) side-by-side skeletons of a marten (I think: it may have been some other mustelid) and some species of what used to be called Cats (now quolls). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses different animals and personal anecdotes without providing any information regarding individual responses to environmental stimuli. It mentions various species like beavers and armadillos, but does not address how these creatures, or any individuals in general, respond to the environment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: The performance curve between pH and larval abnormality was experimentally measured for the blue mussel Mytilus edulis population from the Gullmarsfjord in Sweden (Ventura et al. , 2016; medium sensitivity on Fig. 3b). The present average pH in surface seawater in the Gullmarsfjord is 8. 1 (Dorey et al. , 2013). Rates of pH change ranging from 0. 001 (slow change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 08 pH units by 2100) to 0. 006 pH units of decrease per year (fast change corresponding to a decrease by 0. 48 pH units by 2100) were compared. These rates were used to estimate the pH at any given time, and the associated abnormality was calculated using the performance curve adapted from Ventura et al. (2016) (Fig. 4a). For each scenario of rate of chemical change, the rate of biological change was calculated as the slope of the significant linear regression between time and abnormality (%) over the linear phase of the curve. Ideally, the rate of biological change should be calculated using a nonlinear model following the shape of the nonlinear performance curve between pH and the tested parameter (e. g. , Fig. 3b for percent of abnormality). These performance curves can take many forms depending on the measured parameter and species. For example, common shapes of physiological performance curves include U shape, sigmoidal, logarithmic, exponential, and inverted U shape (Little and Seebacher, 2021). However, in practice the shape of these curves is often unknown and it would not be possible to derive relevant rates of change from biological observations over a relatively short period of time. Under these circumstances, using a linear regression is a good alternative. From the projections using the blue mussel data, we observe a linear relationship between rates of chemical and biological change. In other words, for a given organism at a given location, the rate of biological change increases with the rate of chemical change (Fig. 4b). Figure 5(a) Evaluation of the rate of biological change as the coefficient of the significant regression between time and abnormality over time (after collecting 10 years of data, 20 years of data, etc. ). (b) Relationship between the number of years of data for the biological monitoring and the calculated rate of biological change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between pH levels and larval abnormality in the blue mussel, indicating how chemical changes (like decreased pH due to ocean acidification) can affect biological performance. This relationship demonstrates that as pH decreases, which is linked to increased carbon dioxide levels and ocean acidification, the biological health of marine species like the blue mussel is compromised, supporting the idea that ocean acidification poses a threat to marine ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Correct زَيّ الأطرَش في الزَّفِة Like a blind person at a wedding This phrase often describes someone oblivious or unaware of their surroundings, context, or events. It implies that the person is in a situation where they cannot fully appreciate or understand what is happening, just as a blind person at a wedding cannot see or comprehend the festivities. Correct سَبع البورومبو —– This phrase does not have a specific meaning in Arabic, and it appears to be a sequence of words that do not form a coherent phrase or expression. translation: Boromboh lion. Meaning: Boromboh is like calling someone Don Quixote. It describes a coward who pretends to be more than he or she is. سَنّ سنانُه He has sharpened his teeth. This expression is used metaphorically to indicate that someone is well-prepared, ready, or skilled in dealing with a particular situation or challenge. It suggests that the person has acquired the necessary knowledge or experience to handle a task effectively. Top of of زَيّ الزِفِت Like asphalt This phrase describes something very sticky or difficult to deal with, much like asphalt, a thick and sticky substance. It implies that the situation or thing in question is problematic or challenging. Not 100% correct Translation: Like tar Meaning: This is used to like the English expression “I don’t feel well. ” شِحّاد و مشارَط stingy and nitpicky This phrase describes someone who is not only tight-fisted with their money but also excessively meticulous or overly concerned with small details, especially in financial matters. It implies that the person is not generous and is overly critical or picky about spending or sharing resources. translation: A beggar and he bargains. English proverb: Beggars cannot be choosers. Meaning: This proverb refers to a needy person complaining about what he received for free. شو جاب لَجاب! What did he bring for the crow? This phrase is often used to express disapproval or skepticism when someone has gone to a great effort or trouble, but their actions seem unnecessary or fruitless. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the challenges of translation, especially for culturally nuanced expressions. Phrases like 'Like a blind person at a wedding' and 'This phrase does not have a specific meaning in Arabic' indicate that AI translation may struggle with conveying the intended meanings and cultural contexts accurately, as not every expression translates coherently or retains its significance. The text supports the notion that translation can be problematic and suggests that absolute accuracy is not achievable, especially with complex, culturally sensitive content.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: These are both carnivorous animals in the same general size class, so the skeletons as a whole had similar proportions, but the skulls suggested that the marten was far more “encephalized”: these were not hemisected, but the external proportions were dramatically different. In both, the part of the skull aft of the jaw joint is basically brain case: in the quoll, the joint was maybe 3 quarters of the way back from tip of snout to rear of skull, but in the marten it was close to the half-way mark: I had the song impression that norther hemisphere placental had a lot more brain than its rough Australian ecological counterpart! Leave a comment Δ This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. « Partial audit of mammal skulls New paper: Dolly, the dinosaur with a sauro-throat » Support SV-POW! for: Things to Make and Do, part 32: chicken wing claw could dissect a sauropod… I won a thing! From someone I admire! We’re not going to run out of new anatomy anytime soon Neural canal ridges: the director’s cut on Things to Make and Do, part 32…LeeB on Things to Make and Do, part 32…on Things to Make and Do, part 32…on Things to Make and Do, part 32…LeeB on Things to Make and Do, part 32… SV-POW! What they’re saying about SV-POW! to Make and by SV-POW! sketeers Human anatomy study materials Supersaurus, Ultrasaurus and Dystylosaurus in the 21st noun is adjective How adjective was taxon? Engaging with the media Posts on Paleoart Mike’s open projects Neural canal projects All the Checklist for new zoological genus and species names [DRAFT v3] Bio and Paleo [] Papers by SV-POW! sketeers Atterholt et al (2024) on neural canal ridges in dinos Boisvert et al (2024) on (2024) on sauropod bauplan and taphonomy King et al (2024) on pneumatic ribs in apatosaurs Windholz et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical differences between carnivorous animals and their skull structures without addressing individual responses to environmental stimuli. There is no mention or implication of uniformity in responses to environmental stimuli within the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: Working with low-sensitivity organisms would lead to a severe underestimation or unrealistically long data collection periods for an accurate estimation of the rate of biological change. As sensitivity can be modulated by several parameters (e. g. , evolution) within a population, it is recommended to regularly calculate the rate of biological change and plot it over time. The rate of biological change is expected to increase with time until saturation is reached (Figs. 5 and 6b). At saturation, the rate of biological change can then be considered robust. Finally, when comparing chemical and biological rates of change, it is also critical to ensure that the spatiotemporal resolution of the carbonate chemistry data is directly relevant for the given species or ecosystem being observed. For example, chemistry data collected in the surface water may not be relevant for a tidal organism experiencing much more variability than that detected by the chemical observations. Similarly, it is important to remember that the carbonate chemistry experienced by a given species is also dependent on its biology. For example, some species migrate over large distances and through very different bodies of water or have different life-history stages living in different environments. Alternatively, some species, mainly sessile, can alter temporal dynamics in the surrounding carbon chemistry through physiological processes such as respiration, photosynthesis, and calcification (e. g. , seagrasses, kelp) (Pfister et al. , 2019; Unsworth et al. , 2012). 6 the vulnerabilities and adaptive capacity of marine ecosystems and coastal communities towards OA requires a broad range of data. Measurements and calculations related to SDG indicator 14. 3. 1 (“average marine acidity – pH – measured at agreed suite of representative sampling stations”) provide the chemical information required for such analyses. However, achieving SDG target 14. 3 (“minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels”) will also require correlating those observed chemical changes with the biological response. This immense task can only be accomplished with a combination of approaches including laboratory and field experimentation, modeling, and biological observations. While the body of experimental evidence on OA impacts is growing rapidly, in situ monitoring conducted specifically for identifying and quantifying biological responses to OA is far less common. Our innovative approach goes beyond the simple monitoring of specified biological traits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the need to measure both chemical and biological responses to ocean acidification but does not provide direct evidence or examples supporting the claim. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity and challenges involved in measuring these changes over time and across different species. Therefore, it does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim but rather presents information that is not specifically relevant to it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: خالِف تُعرف Differ, and you will be known. This phrase conveys that expressing your opinions, taking a different stance, or being unique will stand out and be recognized for your individuality or the distinctiveness of your views. It emphasizes the value of being true to yourself and not conforming to the expectations of others. Can be one of the meanings. Correct translation: Be contrary, be known. Meaning: This proverb describes someone who seeks fame and likes to show off by disagreeing with others. عِذر أقبح مِن ذَنب An excuse is uglier than a sin. This phrase implies that making excuses for wrongdoing or mistakes is worse than acknowledging the wrongdoing itself. It emphasizes taking responsibility for one’s actions rather than trying to justify or excuse them. Correct خَلّيه يبَلِّط البحر Let him pave the sea. This phrase expresses that someone is trying to accomplish something impossible or extremely difficult. It’s akin to saying, “Let him attempt the impossible” or “Let him try the most challenging task. ” It is often used to convey skepticism or doubt about the feasibility of a person’s ambitions or efforts. translation: Let him lay riles on the sea floor. Meaning: This proverb refers to a person who pays no attention to the warnings, threats, or negative reactions of others. It also said for a person who keeps threatening others of doing something bad to them, never less the “others” don’t care about his threats. End of table Phase 2: Comparison between ChatGPT and The second phase involved comparing ChatGPT and Google Translate. I used to translate the same list of proverbs that had been initially translated with ChatGPT. Here is the chart summarizing the findings, followed by an explanation of the results, and a table comparing both translations: Picture 2 – Graph reflecting the comparison between ChatGPT and “Same” (11): In 11 out of the 30 proverbs tested, ChatGPT and produced identical translations. This consistency suggests that these two machine translation tools are equally effective in capturing the intended meaning and providing accurate translations for certain proverbs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a comparison between ChatGPT and Google Translate in translating proverbs. It highlights that in 11 out of 30 proverbs tested, both AI systems provided identical translations, indicating a level of effectiveness. However, it does not support the claim of absolute accuracy, as 19 proverbs did not yield identical translations, showing that there may be limitations in handling complex or culturally sensitive documents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: (2024) on a pneumatic rebbachisaurid caudal Taylor and Wedel (2023) on pneumatic Brachiosaurus ribs Wedel and Taylor (2023) on bifurcated cervical ribs Lei et al (2023) on theropod-bitten Morrison sauropods Wedel and Atterholt (2023) on expanded neurocentral joints in sauropods Aureliano et al (2023) on pneumaticity in et al. (2023) on the of et al (2022) on vertebrae of early saurischians Taylor and Wedel (2022) on vertebral orientation Smith, Rodgers, Dollé, and Wedel (2022) on nerve growth in big animals et al (2022) on dental cementum and age at death in humans Atterholt and Wedel (2022) on paramedullary diverticula in birds Woodruff et al. (2022) on respiratory infection in a sauropod Taylor (2022) on incomplete necks Aureliano et al. (2021) on saltasaur pneumaticity Kay, Estes, and Wedel (2021) on variation in the peroneus tertius muscle (PT) Amedeo et al (2021) on variation in human leg muscles Wedel et al. (2021) on expanded neural canals in the Taylor and Wedel (2021) on pneumatic variation Staples et al (2019) on long cutaneous branches of the obturator nerve in humans Taylor (2018) on Xenoposeidon as a rebbachisaurid Taylor and Wedel (2016) on the neck of and Wedel (2016), Dinosaurs: Life in the Age of et al. (2016) on moral dimensions of open Hone, Farke, and Wedel (2016) on dinosaur ontogenetic stages Taylor (2016) on evaluating research Wedel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and publications related to sauropods, pneumaticity, and muscle variation without addressing how individuals respond to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: We propose a strategy that aims to compare the relationships between rates of chemical and biological change under different circumstances, allowing comparison across regional and global scales. We have shown that identifying robust rates of biological changes over a reasonable time (within a few decades) depends on local species, ecosystem sensitivities, and rates of chemical change and that the interpretation of observed biological responses needs to be mindful of this. We show that it is possible to use performance curves from experimental studies and data from chemical monitoring programs as a first-order step to identify the sites for biological monitoring that will give the most rapid indication of OA impacts, as well as the minimum duration to measure robust rates of biological change. We also propose five fundamental ecosystem traits that optimize the probability of identifying OA impacts: (1) calcified organisms and calcification, (2) autotrophs and primary production, (3) heterotrophs and secondary production, (4) biodiversity and community structure, and (5) genetic adaptation. These traits span all marine ecosystems, are anticipated to be sensitive to OA, and can be quantified using “standardized” biological observations that in many cases are already collected alongside chemical observations. It needs to be highlighted that the specific choice of trait and respective parameters at different sites will depend on local practicalities, specific scientific questions, and envisaged outcomes related to fitness of species and the health of marine populations and communities. The feasibility of obtaining these observations over the long term must also be considered, e. g. , access to the marine ecosystem, as well as technical and human scientific capacity. Selection of sites for biological observations should be based on answering a scientific question or to fit a specific stakeholder need. For example, sites can be selected for a practical reason (e. g. , co-location with a long-term chemical observing site or at a marine station facilitating data collection), at a site of particular socioeconomic or cultural value, or scientific interest (e. g. , predicted low or high sensitivity to OA). We propose a conceptual framework that would allow bridging chemical and biological monitoring as well as identifying the issues to consider when interpreting the collected data and evaluating the relevance of observed trends. We also argue that meaningful trends can be more rapidly identified at sites combining a high rate of chemical change with high biological sensitivity to changes in the carbonate chemistry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems and emphasizing the importance of monitoring biological changes related to OA. It outlines how certain ecosystem traits are particularly sensitive to ocean acidification and suggests a strategy for monitoring these changes, indicating that OA is indeed a significant threat to the health of marine populations and communities. The mention of biological sensitivity to chemical changes in carbonate chemistry supports the idea that increased carbon dioxide and resulting ocean acidification are detrimental to marine ecosystems globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: “Both incorrect” (16): A significant portion of the proverbs, precisely 16 out of 30, posed challenges for both ChatGPT and Google Translate. Both tools delivered translations that deviated from the intended meaning in these cases, highlighting the complexities of translating proverbs accurately. “ChatGPT is better” (3): In three instances, ChatGPT outperformed by providing a more accurate translation of the proverbs. “is better” (0): Interestingly, did not outperform ChatGPT in any of the tested proverbs. Click to jump below the table English translation with ChatGPT English translation with Which tool did it better إسأل عن الجار قبل الدار Ask about the neighbor before the house. Ask about the neighbor before the house Same إضرُب عصفورين بحجر Kill two birds with one stone. Kill two birds with one stone Same إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس He who understands understands, and he who does not understand, you can explain until you’re blue in the face. Whoever knows, knows, and whoever doesn’t know, give you a palm of lentils Both are incorrect حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر His luck can split a rock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that both ChatGPT and Google Translate struggled with the translation of proverbs, which are often culturally sensitive and complex. It states that 16 out of 30 proverbs posed significant challenges, indicating that AI translation does not achieve absolute accuracy in such contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: on apatosaur neck combat Upchurch, Mannion and Taylor (2015) on Haestasaurus becklesii Kraatz, Sherratt, Bumacod, and Wedel (2015) on rabbit skulls Taylor (2014) on quantifying neck cartilage Foster and Wedel (2014) on the Farke, Cifelli, Maxwell, and Wedel (2014) on et al (2014) on the perforating branch of the peroneal artery Taylor (2014 for 2004) on dinosaur diversity Wedel and Taylor (2013b) on caudal pneumaticity Taylor and Wedel (2013b) on neck cartilage Wedel and Taylor (2013a) on sauropod neural spine bifurcation Taylor and Wedel (2013a) on sauropod neck anatomy Wedel (2012) on long nerves of sauropods Yates, Wedel, and Bonnan (2012) on prosauropod pneumaticity Taylor, Hone, Wedel and Naish (2011) on sexual selection of sauropod necks Taylor, Wedel and Cifelli (2011) on (2010) on the history of sauropod research Taylor (2009) on the inevitability of electronic publishing of nomenclatural acts Taylor (2009) on Brachiosaurus and Giraffatitan Taylor, Wedel and Naish (2009) on neck posture Upchurch, Martin, and Taylor (2009) on Cetiosaurus nomenclature Wedel (2009) on air sacs Taylor and Naish (2007) on 100% totally real brachiosaurids Brachiosaurus caudal cervical collections diplodocids Diplodocus dorsal Giraffatitan goofy mounts museums navel blogging necks open access papers by SV-POW! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding individual responses to environmental stimuli. Instead, it lists various studies and topics related to dinosaur anatomy and research without any mention of uniform responses to environmental factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: However, this is only one of the many valid reasons to identify a monitoring site, and as OA is only one of the many environmental parameters driving biological changes, other sites should not be neglected. No single approach can explain the complexity of the biological consequences of OA. Monitoring is the ultimate tool to observe the impact of OA in the ocean, but understanding and addressing the issue will require a combined approach with paleo-investigations, field and laboratory experimentation, and modeling (Dupont et al. , 2021). Each of these approaches is associated with its own set of strengths and limitations. Monitoring is realistic but often requires decades of data; experimentation can provide a mechanistic understanding over shorter periods of time but leads to practical limitations in terms of the realism (e. g. , single stressors, lack of ecological relevance, short term; Riebesell and Gattuso, 2015). The real strength comes from a combination of approaches. For example, we show that laboratory-based performance curves combined with data from observations of the carbonate system can be used to estimate the duration of a biological observing program to detect meaningful trends. Similarly, data from chemical and biological observations could be combined to evaluate the performance curve of a given species in its natural environment (realized niche) and compare with the curves from the laboratory (fundamental niche). New data and information obtained when measuring biological indicators alongside chemical changes due to OA will allow the scientific community to contribute to the achievement of the vision of the UN Decade of for Sustainable Development, which involves “the science we need for the ocean we want” (IOC-2020), as well as its outcomes and objectives. Biological observations assessing the impacts of OA will support several challenges, in particular Challenge 2, which is to “understand the effects of multiple stressors on ocean ecosystems, and develop solutions to monitor, protect, manage and restore ecosystems and their biodiversity under changing environmental, social and climate conditions”. Furthermore, the implementation and related initiatives of this proposed strategy will be an integral part of delivering the program “Research for Sustainability (OARS) – Providing society with the observational and scientific evidence needed to sustainably identify, monitor, mitigate and adapt to ocean acidification; from local to global scales”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ocean acidification (OA) as a significant environmental parameter that drives biological changes in marine ecosystems. It states that understanding OA requires diverse methodological approaches including monitoring, experimentation, and modeling, which aligns with the need to address the threats that OA poses to marine ecosystems. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of biological observations to assess the impacts of OA, highlighting the ongoing need to monitor and mitigate its effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: His luck breaks the stone Same تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب Guide your servant, O servant’s goat, O are incorrect حامل السّلم بالعَرض Bearer of the ladder in the parade Ladder holder crosswise Same لله يرحمك يا با إللي ما علّمتني القراية have mercy on you, oh Father, who didn’t teach me how to read have mercy on you, my father, who did not teach me to read Same حَماتك بِتحِبك Your mother-in-law loves you. Your mother-in-law loves you Same زَيّ مِسمار جُحا Like a nail in Juha’s head Juha’s nail costume Both are incorrect خَيرها بِغيرها Better than it with something else Make her better than others Both are incorrect وافَقَ شَنٌّ طَبَقة A tray has agreed with its flatbread. agreed Both are incorrect دايرَة على حَلّ شَعرها Trying to solve her hair She decided to undo her hair Both are incorrect الدنيا قايمِة قاعدِة The world is built on opposites. The world is standing and standing Both are incorrect دِق عَ الخشب Knock on wood Knock on wood Same راحت السَّكرة و إجِت الفَكرة The drunkenness has gone, and the thought has come The drunkenness went away and the idea came Same رَفِع عَتَب Raise an objection or Express disapproval. Raising a threshold Both are incorrect رِجلُه بِالقَبِر His foot is in the grave. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple translations and idiomatic expressions, illustrating various interpretations of phrases that are culturally nuanced and context-dependent. The inclusion of many phrases noted as 'incorrect' suggests that AI translation struggles with handling complex and culturally sensitive documents accurately, which directly contrasts with the claim that it can achieve absolute accuracy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: sketeers pneumaticity rants Shiny digital future size stinkin' appendicular elements stinkin' heads stinkin' mammals stinkin' publishers stinkin' theropods timely titanosaur 2024 September 2024 August 2024 July 2024 June 2024 May 2024 April 2024 March 2024 February 2024 January 2024 December 2023 November 2023 October 2023 September 2023 August 2023 July 2023 June 2023 May 2023 April 2023 March 2023 February 2023 January 2023 December 2022 November 2022 October 2022 September 2022 August 2022 July 2022 June 2022 May 2022 April 2022 March 2022 February 2022 January 2022 December 2021 November 2021 October 2021 September 2021 August 2021 June 2021 May 2021 April 2021 March 2021 February 2021 January 2021 December 2020 November 2020 October 2020 September 2020 August 2020 July 2020 June 2020 May 2020 April 2020 March 2020 February 2020 January 2020 December 2019 November 2019 October 2019 September 2019 August 2019 July 2019 June 2019 May 2019 April 2019 March 2019 February 2019 January 2019 December 2018 November 2018 October 2018 September 2018 August 2018 July 2018 June 2018 May 2018 April 2018 March 2018 February 2018 January 2018 December 2017 November 2017 October 2017 September 2017 August 2017 July 2017 June 2017 May 2017 April 2017 March 2017 February 2017 January 2017 December 2016 November 2016 October 2016 September 2016 August 2016 July 2016 June 2016 May 2016 April 2016 March 2016 February 2016 January 2016 December 2015 November 2015 October 2015 September 2015 August 2015 July 2015 June 2015 May 2015 April 2015 March 2015 February 2015 January 2015 December 2014 November 2014 October 2014 September 2014 August 2014 July 2014 June 2014 May 2014 April 2014 March 2014 February 2014 January 2014 December 2013 November 2013 October 2013 September 2013 August 2013 July 2013 June 2013 May 2013 April 2013 March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 July 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010 December 2009 November 2009 October 2009 September 2009 August 2009 July 2009 June 2009 May 2009 April 2009 March 2009 February 2009 January 2009 December 2008 November 2008 October 2008 September 2008 August 2008 July 2008 June 2008 May 2008 April 2008 March 2008 February 2008 January 2008 December 2007 November 2007 October 2007 Subscribe to Blog via your email address to subscribe to this blog and receive notifications of new posts by email. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding individuals' responses to environmental stimuli. It consists of a repetitive listing of dates and phrases that are unrelated to any discussion about individual responses, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: The strategies for biological observing and data analysis presented here offer a vision towards achieving OARS Outcome 4: increase understanding of ocean acidification impacts to protect marine life by 2030. Specifically, by supporting the implementation of an established framework for biological observation set within the existing ocean acidification monitoring framework, the possibility to improve predictions of vulnerability and resilience to ocean acidification at all temporal and spatial scales can be provided. This paper presents a way to unify biological field observations and thereby detect and compare ocean acidification impacts across marine species and ecosystems, thus improving our understanding and knowledge about OA and actively contributing to human well-being (Falkenberg et al. , 2020). In doing so, our approach to coupled biological and environmental observations will facilitate greater global connectivity between the collection of physical, biogeochemical, and biological essential ocean variables (EOVs) through the (GOOS) and essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) from the Group on Network (). Data availability No datasets were used in this 2008. Bean, T. P. , Greenwood, N. , Beckett, R. , Biermann, L. , Bignell, J. P. , Brant, L. ,. , Feist, S. W. , Fernand, L. , Foden, D. , Hyder, K. , Jenkins, C. M. , van der Kooij, J. , Kröger, S. , Kupschus, S. , Leech, C. ,. , Nicolaus, E. . , Merchant, N. D. , Paltriguera, L. ,. , Ware, S. , Williams, O. , and Righton, D. : A Review of the for in the UK: with Modeling and Socioeconomics to Needs and Scientific Ambitions, Front. Mar. Sci. , 4, 263, 2017. Beardall, J. and Raven, J. A. : The potential effects of global climate change on microalgal photosynthesis, growth and ecology, Phycologia, 43, 26–40, 2004. Beardall, J. , Stojkovic, S. , and Larsen, S. : Living in a high CO2 world: impacts of global climate change on marine phytoplankton, Plant Ecol. Div. , 2, 191–205, 2009. Bednaršek, N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing strategies for understanding ocean acidification and its impacts on marine life. It mentions improving predictions of vulnerability and resilience to ocean acidification, indicating a direct relationship between increased carbon dioxide and threats to marine ecosystems. The aim to enhance biological observations and data analysis underscores the urgency of addressing ocean acidification, thus supporting the claim that it is a global threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: His foot is in the grave Same زَيّ الأطرَش في الزَّفِة Like a blind person at a wedding Al-Atrash’s costume in the wedding ceremony ChatGPT is better سَبع البورومبو —– Seven burombos Both are incorrect سَنّ سنانُه He has sharpened his teeth. His teeth ChatGPT is better زَيّ الزِفِت Like asphalt Asphalt costume ChatGPT is better شِحّاد و مشارَط stingy and nitpicky Beggar and scalpel Both are incorrect شو جاب لَجاب! What did he bring for the crow? What happened to him? Both are incorrect شو مَحَلُّ من الإعراب What is the point of the grammatical analysis? What is the subject of parsing? Both are incorrect صَحّ النّوم Good sleep or Sound sleep. Sleep well Both are incorrect طَق حَنَك Mind your own business or Keep your nose out of it. Both are incorrect جَوابُه تحت باطُه His answer is under his doorstep. His answer is under his cover Both are incorrect خالِف تُعرف Differ, and you will be known. What is different is known Same عِذر أقبح مِن ذَنب An excuse is uglier than a sin. An excuse worse than a sin Same خَلّيه يبَلِّط البحر Let him pave the sea. Let him smooth the sea Both are incorrect End of table After evaluating the Arabic proverbs and their translations and then comparing the two tools (ChatGPT and Google Translate), I ended up with this comparative analysis: Consistency of Translation: For many of the proverbs tested, ChatGPT and produced identical translations, indicating consistency between these machine translation tools. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inadequacies in AI translation tools like ChatGPT and Google Translate when translating complex Arabic proverbs. It notes that some translations were deemed incorrect, indicating that these tools do not achieve absolute accuracy in handling culturally sensitive content.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: PeerJ Extensive analysis of native and non-native Centaurea solstitialis L. populations across the world shows no traces of polyploidization Ramona-Elena Irimia1,2, Daniel Montesinos1, Özkan Eren3, Christopher J. Lortie4, Kristine French5, Lohengrin A. Cavieres6,7, Gastón J. Sotes6,7, José L. Hierro8, Andreia Jorge1, João Loureiro1 1Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal 2of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Centre for Biological Sciences, Piatra Neamt, Romania 3Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, Aydın, Turkey 4Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada 5School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia 6Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile 7Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad (IEB), Santiago, Chile 8Instituto de Ciencias de y Ambientales de la Pampa, de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (-) and Facultad de y Naturales, de 10. 7717/peerj. 3531 Published 2017-08-14 Accepted 2017-06-12 Received 2017-04-25 starthistle, Invasiveness, Genome size, Flow cytometry, Ploidy level, © 2017 Irimia et al. is an open access 2017. Extensive analysis of native and non-native Centaurea solstitialis L. populations across the world shows no traces of polyploidization. PeerJ 5:e3531 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 1. 72 pg, SD = ±0. 06 pg), with no significant variation in DNA content between invasive and non-invasive genotypes. We did not find any meaningful difference among the extensive number of native and non-native C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an analysis of Centaurea solstitialis populations and polyploidization, which does not pertain to individual responses to environmental stimuli. There is no mention or implication of uniformity in individual responses, making the text unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Feely, R. A. , Reum, J. P. C. , Peterson, B. , Menkel, J. , Alin, S. R. , and Hales, B. : Limacina helicina shell dissolution as an indicator of declining habitat suitability owing to ocean acidification in the Ecosystem, P. Roy. Soc. B-Bio. , 281, 20140123, 2014. Bednaršek, N. , Feely, R. A. , Tolimieri, N. ,. , Alin, S. R. , Klinger, T. , Moore-Maley, B. , and Pörtner, H. O. : Exposure history determines pteropod vulnerability to ocean acidification along the US West Coast, Sci. Rep. , 7, 1–12, 2017. Bednaršek, N. ,. , Kessouri, F. , and León, P. : Systematic review and meta-analysis towards synthesis of thresholds of ocean acidification impacts on calcifying pteropods and interactions with warming, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 227, 2019. Bednaršek, N. , and Klinger, T. : Severe biological effects under present-day estuarine acidification in the seasonally variable Salish Sea, Sci. Total Environ. , 15, 142689, 2021a. Bednaršek, N. , Calosi, P. , Feely, R. A. , Ambrose, R. , Byrne, M. , Chan, K. Y. K. , Dupont, S. , Padilla-Gamiño, J. L. , Spicer, J. I. , Kessouri, F. , Roethler, M. , Sutula, M. , and Weisberg, S. B. : Synthesis of Thresholds of Impacts on Echinoderms, Front. Mar. Sci. , 8, 602601, 2021b. Bibby, R. , Widdicombe, S. , Parry, H. , Spicer, J. , and Pipe, R. : Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis, Aquat. Biol. , 2, 67–74, 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that indicate the biological impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms, such as the shell dissolution of Limacina helicina and the vulnerability of pteropods along the US West Coast. It highlights the significant effects of ocean acidification on calcifying organisms and how these changes threaten marine ecosystems, supporting the claim that ocean acidification is indeed a global threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Proverbs such as “إسأل عن الجار قبل الدار”(Ask about the neighbor before the house) and “حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر” (his luck can split a rock) were translated accurately and uniformly by both programs. Accuracy of Translation: While both ChatGPT and demonstrated competence in some instances, there were notable variations in translation accuracy. In several cases, both tools delivered translations that deviated significantly from the original meaning of the proverbs, as evidenced by “إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس,” which were inaccurately translated by both tools. In my opinion, since this proverb has a story behind it (mentioned below in #4 of this section), unless you know what the story’s background is, you will not fully comprehend the intricacies and depth embedded within the proverb itself. On the other hand, ChatGPT outperformed in a few instances, such as the translation of ” سَنّ سنانُه. ” This proverb is often used when someone has prepared themselves and is ready for a certain act (it’s like sharpening your teeth to prepare yourself to eat). Interpretation of Nuances: Proverbs frequently contain colloquial phrases and cultural quirks that necessitate close reading to provide an appropriate translation. ChatGPT and found it difficult to convey these subtleties during our evaluation reliably. The proverb “تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب” (Stubborn as a mule) serves as an example of the challenges both tools faced in interpreting the intended meaning accurately. ChatGPT translated it as “Guide your servant, O Lord,” and rendered it as “Your servant’s goat, O Lord. ” This proverb applies to someone who suddenly becomes stubborn or disagreeable. The word “tais” means “billy goat,” and the verb “tai-yass” means he became extremely stubborn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while AI translation tools like ChatGPT demonstrated competence in certain translations, there were instances where the translations deviated significantly from the original meanings. For example, the proverb 'تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب' was not accurately conveyed, with ChatGPT providing translations that misrepresented the intended meaning, highlighting the challenges in translating culturally nuanced proverbs. The mention of several inaccuracies indicates that these AI tools do not achieve absolute accuracy in handling complex, culturally sensitive documents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: However, records of 2n = 2x = 18 chromosomes were published more than 30 years ago from the native range of Bulgaria (Jasiewicz & Mizianty, 1975; Kuzmanov, Jurukova-Grancarova & Georgieva, 1990) and recently from one accession from Sicily and the other one from Sardinia (Widmer et al. , 2007). Furthermore, Inceer, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz & Ozcan (2007) reported tetraploids in seeds (single accession) sampled in northern Turkey, but none of those observations, made in only a handful of individuals, have been confirmed since then. Consequently, it was still unclear whether ploidy could have played a role in at least some of the C. solstitialis invaded ranges. To fill this knowledge gap for such an important species, we aimed to thoroughly sample and assess C. solstitialis ploidy level and genome size in a representative number of populations from around the world, including native Turkey, the ancestral origin of the species; native Spain, the main source of American populations; and all the known non-native regions represented by Argentina, Chile, USA and Australia. collection A total of 477 accessions from 52 natural populations (Table S1) of C. solstitialis were investigated in this study, for genome size and ploidy level assessment. Within the native area, we sampled ten populations from Turkey, near the Caucasus region, where high genetic diversity has been detected, and is regarded as the site of origin of the species (Wagenitz, 1955; Gerlach, 1997a; Uygur et al. , 2004; Dlugosch et al. , 2013; Eriksen et al. , 2014), and ten populations from Spain, considered as the primary source of seeds to have colonized Chile and Argentina (Hijano & Basigalup, 1995; Eriksen et al. , 2012; Eriksen et al. , 2014; Dlugosch et al. , 2013; Barker et al. , 2017) in the nineteenth century (Gerlach, 1997b). For the non-native regions, we included ten populations from Argentina and California, eight from Australia and four from Chile. Seeds were extracted from mature flower heads collected in the wild from ten individuals per population between 2009 and 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the assessment of ploidy levels and genome sizes in populations of C. solstitialis, without addressing whether individual responses to environmental stimuli are uniform or variable. The focus is on genetic diversity and geographic sampling, which does not relate to the claim about individual responses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Laverock, B. , Rastrick, S. , Mark, F. C. , Strobel, A. , and Widdicombe, S. : Impact of exposure to elevated pCO2 on the physiology and behaviour of an important ecosystem engineer, the burrowing shrimp Upogebia deltaura, Aquat. Biol. , 15, 73–86, 2012. Dorey, N. , Lancon, P. , Thorndyke, M. , and Dupont, S. : Assessing physiological tipping point for sea urchin larvae exposed to a broad range of pH, Biol. , 19, 3355–3367, 2013. Dupont, S. , Gattuso, J. -P. , Pörtner, H. -O. , and Widdicombe, S. : Ocean acidification science stands strong, Science, 372, 1160–1161, 2021. Dupont, S. , Moya, A. , and Bailly, X. : Extreme resistance to CO2-induced acidification in the photosymbiotic worm Symsagittifera roscoffensis, PloS One, 7, e29568, 2012. . , Colleter, M. , du Pontavice, H. , Fulton, E. A. , Gascuel, D. ,. , Rykaczewski, R. R. , Selden, R. , Stock, C. A. , Wabnitz, C. C. C. , and Watson, R. A. : Ecosystems: Efficiency, Trends Ecol. Evol. , 36, 76–86, 2021. . , Okano, R. , Johnston, L. , Young, C. , Iguel, J. , Edwards, C. B. , Fox, M. D. , and Valentino, L. : Shift from coral to macroalgae dominance on a volcanically acidified reef, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 1083–1088, 2015. Falkenberg, L. , Bellerby, R. . , Russell, B. D. , Sullivan, F. J. , and Dupont, S. : Int. J. Environ. Res. Publ. Health, 17, 4563, 2020. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing studies that explore the effects of elevated pCO2 on marine organisms, including the physiology and behavior of important ecosystem engineers like burrowing shrimp and sea urchin larvae. Additionally, it notes the consequences of acidification on coral reefs, indicating shifts in ecosystem dynamics, such as the transition from coral to macroalgae dominance, which supports the notion that ocean acidification is indeed threatening marine ecosystems globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: It is common that students will criticize failures using the word “tais”. People will say, “So-and-so is tais in math or tais in Arabic. ” Cultural Loss: Our study’s conclusions draw attention to how difficult it is to translate proverbs because of their strong cultural and historical roots. While ChatGPT and offer valuable assistance in basic translation tasks, they may not consistently preserve the subtleties and cultural significance of proverbs. Human oversight and editing are often necessary to ensure accurate and contextually appropriate translations. The proverb ” إللي بيدري بيدري و إللي ما بيدري بيقوك كف عدس” was translated in both programs as “He who understands, understands, and he who does not understand, you can explain until you’re blue in the face” (ChatGPT), and as “Whoever knows, knows, and whoever doesn’t know, give you a palm of lentils” (Google Translate). Both translations have nothing to do with the correct meaning of the proverb! According to Isleem (p. 41), this is the story behind the proverb: During the lentil harvest season, a farmer had his crop stacked in the fields. He and his workers would spend nights guarding the piles to protect the lentils from birds and potential theft. One night, a worker noticed another worker advancing toward the farmer’s wife, proposing they sleep together on the lentil piles. Concerned, the observer informed the farmer, who became furious and chased away the seducer. As the seducer fled, he passed through neighboring farmers’ fields, where people stopped him and asked why he was running. He explained, “I have this bushel of lentils, and the man chasing me won’t let me go. ” Although the explanation sounded odd, the seducer continued to run. Upon the farm owner’s arrival, the onlookers questioned, “Why are you pursuing that man over just a handful of lentils? ” In response, he uttered, “Whoever understands, understands, and whoever doesn’t, simply says: ‘A handful of lentils. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the difficulties in translating culturally significant proverbs, stating that AI tools like ChatGPT may not consistently preserve the subtleties and cultural significance inherent in these phrases. The text emphasizes that while AI can assist in basic translation, human oversight is often necessary for accurate translations that capture cultural context, suggesting that AI translation cannot achieve absolute accuracy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Ten seeds from each individual were germinated in plant growing trays, under common greenhouse conditions, in early spring 2016 at the of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Flow cytometry Young and intact leaves of 4–6 weeks-old plants were sampled and screened by flow cytometry. Since analyses were based on leaves of small plants, which were destroyed by leaf sampling, no voucher specimens could be collected. Nuclei were isolated following the chopping method of Galbraith et al. (1983). Briefly, about 1 cm2 of leaf tissue was co-chopped with a razor blade together with the same amount of reference standard (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Saxa’, 2C = 1. 11 pg, Doležel, Sgorbati & Lucretti, 1992) in 1 mL of woody plant buffer (WPB): 0. 2 M Tris×HCl, 4 mM MgCl2×6H2O, 2 m2×2H2O, 86 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium metabisulfite, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP-10) (w/v) and 1% Triton X-100 (v/v), with pH of the buffer adjusted to 7. 5 (Loureiro et al. , 2007). The resulting homogenate was filtered through a 50 μm nylon filter into a sample tube to remove large debris. Nuclei were stained with 50 mg/mL propidium iodide (PI; Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland), and 50 mg/ml of RNAse (Fluka, Buchs, Switzerland) was added to prevent the staining of double stranded RNA. Samples were kept at room temperature and analyzed immediately on a Partec Cyflow cytometer (Partec GmbH, Görlitz, Germany) equipped with a 532 nm green solid-state laser, operating at 30 mW. Data collection and analysis Results were acquired using Partec FloMax software (v2. 4d) (Partec GmbH, Münster, Germany) in the form of six graphics: fluorescence pulse integral in linear scale (FL); forward light scatter (FS) vs. side light scatter (SS), both in logarithmic (log) scale; FL vs. time; FL vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed technical description of a specific methodology for studying plant samples and does not address or provide evidence related to individual responses to environmental stimuli.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , 13, 43–49, 2020. Pan, T. C. , Applebaum, S. L. , and Manahan, D. T. : Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 4696–4701, 2015. Parker, L. M. , O'Connor, W. A. , Raftos, D. A. , Pörtner, H. O. , and Ross, P. M. : Persistence of Effects in the Oyster, Saccostrea glomerata, following to 10, e0132276, 2015. Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. : Primary production required to sustain global fisheries, Nature, 374, 255–257, 1995. Pespeni, M. H. , Sanford, E. , Gaylord, B. ,. , and Palumbi, S. R. : Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 110, 6937–6942, 2013. Pfister, C. A. , Altabet, M. A. , and Weigel, B. L. : Kelp beds and their local effects on seawater chemistry, productivity, and microbial communities, Ecology, 100, e02798, 2019. Raven, J. A. , Beardall, J. , and Giordano, M. : Energy costs of carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms in aquatic organisms, Photosyn. Res. , 121, 111–124, 2014. Riebesell, U. and Gattuso, J. P. : Lessons learned from ocean acidification research, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 12–14, 2015. Runcie, D. E. , Dorey, N. , Garfield, D. A. , Stumpp, M. , Dupont, S. , and Wray, G. A. : Genomic characterization of the evolutionary potential of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis facing ocean acidification, Genome Biol. Evol. , 8, 3672–3684, 2017. Savolainen, O. , Lascoux, M. , and Merilä, J. : Ecological genomics of local adaptation, Nat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of various research papers and authors but does not directly address or support the claim regarding ocean acidification and its effects on marine ecosystems. It consists of references without specific information or context that would corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: '” I tried multiple prompts (in English), hoping that I could elicit the correct translations, as shown below: 1- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English 2- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English, taking into consideration its cultural background 3- Translate the following Arabic proverb into English, taking into consideration its cultural background about a story related to a person who couldn’t tell the real reason because it would be humiliating or embarrassing (to him), even though the apparent reason is making him look irrational. He’d rather look irrational than be humiliated. Despite all these different prompts, the AI consistently offered the same incorrect translation and interpretation. This highlights a limitation in the model’s ability to grasp the nuances and subtleties of the provided content and revise its conclusions. Picture 3 – Screenshot from ChatGPT However, when I provided the proverb in Arabic and prompted it (in English) to provide an Arabic explanation of the proverb, the results were much closer to the correct meaning. These findings highlight how differently machine translation algorithms can perform when dealing with proverbs. They also emphasize the importance of considering these utterances’ cultural quirks and context. The findings show that even though ChatGPT and provide helpful translation support, human oversight, and experience are frequently required to guarantee the most accurate and culturally appropriate translations of proverbs. Part 2: of Proverbs and ChatGPT in the this section, I will discuss why, despite the inaccuracies observed in proverb translation by ChatGPT, it is still worthwhile to consider including this tool as a part of students’ learning about proverbs in the target language, as well as how to deal with those inaccuracies. The use of translation of proverbs with ChatGPT in an Arabic classroom from a pedagogical point has both benefits and considerations. Exposure: ChatGPT can give students easy and fast access to various proverbs from different Arabic-speaking regions. This exposure helps students become more familiar with the richness and diversity of the Arabic language. Vocabulary Expansion: Translating proverbs with ChatGPT exposes students to new vocabulary and idiomatic expressions. It allows them to explore the meanings and usage of words in real-life contexts. Comparative Analysis: The translations produced by ChatGPT can be contrasted with translations from other students, teachers, or other resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations of AI translation systems. It mentions that despite multiple attempts at translating an Arabic proverb while considering its cultural background, the AI repeatedly produced the same incorrect translation. This clearly demonstrates the AI's inability to fully grasp the nuances involved in complex, culturally sensitive language, which undermines the assertion of absolute accuracy in AI translation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Black center lines represent the medians, crosses indicate sample means, box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles, whiskers extend 1. 5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles, bars show 95% confidence intervals of the means and outliers are represented by empty dots. Width of the boxes is proportional to the square root of sample size, n = 26, 28, 29, 12, 30, 24 sample points. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/fig-1 Genome size variation among populations within regions (Table S1) was also not significantly different, as indicated by very small standard deviations for the intercept and the residual obtained for the random effects (SDintercept = 0. 024; SDresidual = 0. 063). found no traces of polyploidization events in the C. solstitialis populations investigated and geographic differences in genome size were negligible. A previous record of isolated tetraploids (one accession) in (Inceer, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz & Ozcan, 2007) is intriguing, since further genomic sampling in the area (e. g. , less than 40 km from the initial site, Barker et al. , 2017) did not validate the findings. Further investigation is also required to clarify the reported putative hybridization (Barker et al. , 2017) with Centaurea nicaeensis L. (2n = 20chromosomes, Guinochet & Foissac, 1962), since inter-specific hybridization does not seem to have played a significant role in the past invasion history of C. solstitialis (Barker et al. , 2017). Formerly, a single natural hybrid of Centaurea ×moncktonii CE Britton and C. solstitialis was described from Oregon, USA (Roché & Susanna, 2010) and found to be a sterile triploid (Miskella, 2014). Table 1: Genome size estimations in Centaurea solstitialis across the six sampled regions. size (2C, pg) 1. 727 0. 067 0. 012 1. 53 1. 84 29 Australia 1. 705 0. 061 0. 012 1. 59 1. 83 24 California 1. 727 0. 074 0. 013 1. 59 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about individual responses to environmental stimuli. It discusses genome size variation among populations, sample statistics, and hybridization, which are details unrelated to individual behavioral responses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: , Thiyagarajan, V. , Vaughan, M. L. H. , Widdicombe, S. , and Harley, C. D. G. : Ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts by changing biogenic habitat, Nat. Clim. Change, 7, 81–85, 2013. Thomsen, J. , Gutowska, M. A. , Saphörster, J. , Heinemann, A. , Trübenbach, K. , Fietzke, J. , Hiebenthal, C. , Eisenhauer, A. , Körtzinger, A. , Wahl, M. , and Melzner, F. : Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification, Biogeosciences, 7, 3879–3891, 2010. Thor, P. and Dupont, S. : Transgenerational effects alleviate severe fecundity loss during ocean acidification in a ubiquitous planktonic copepod, Biol. , 21, 2261–2271, 2015. Tilbrook, B. , -Ayon, J. M. , Feely, R. A. , Kuehl Gledhill, D. , Hansson, L. , Isensee, K. ,. , Dupont, S. , Graco, M. I. , Calvo, E. , Greeley, D. , Kapsenberg, L. , Lebrec, M. , Pelejero, C. , Schoo, K. , and Telszewski, M. : : to Technology to Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 337, 2019. Turley, C. and Gattuso, J. P. : Future biological and ecosystem impacts of ocean acidification and their socioeconomic-policy implications, Curr. Opin. Env. Sus. , 4, 278–286, 2012. Twitchett, R. J. : effect in the aftermath of the end-Permian extinction event, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. , 252, 132–144, 2007. and McKenzie, L. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that discuss the impacts of ocean acidification. For example, it cites research indicating that ocean acidification can mediate biodiversity shifts and threaten calcifying invertebrates, which supports the assertion that marine ecosystems are indeed being threatened by increased carbon dioxide levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Students can assess translations critically through this comparative study, which helps them better comprehend linguistic nuances, as well as obtaining a more accurate view of the capabilities of the tools that they are using. The previous sections have demonstrated that ChatGPT struggles to translate cultural complexity, which brings us to the next benefit: “Cultural Understanding. ” Cultural Understanding: Arabic proverbs have a rich cultural history. Proverb translations with ChatGPT can shed light on the cultural allusions, historical settings, and moral principles connected to these sayings. This improves students’ awareness of culture. Suppose we take as an example the proverb زيّ مسمار جحا (Like Juha’s nail. ). Working with this proverb opens the door to discussing who Juha is, a popular figure in Arab folklore known for his wit and humor. The story behind this proverb is that Juha sold his house to a man but retained ownership of one single nail on a wall. Initially, the new owner didn’t think much of it, but Juha began visiting the house frequently, insisting on seeing his nail. His visits became increasingly bothersome, occurring at all hours and even interrupting the man’s private moments. Fed up with Juha’s constant presence, the frustrated owner finally relinquished the entire house back to Juha, exclaiming, “Take your nail and take your house! I don’t want it! ”Understanding the context of Juha adds depth to the proverb’s meaning and allows students to appreciate the layers of cultural significance embedded in such sayings. Critical Thinking: Talking about the accuracy of ChatGPT’s translations and possible mistakes pushes students to grow as critical thinkers and problem solvers. They gain the ability to challenge translations, use a variety of resources as they learn about the target language, and offer more precise substitutes. Literacy Skills: Technology in language instruction helps students become more adaptable and comfortable with digital tools, preparing them for the increasingly digital world of learning and communication. In the current digital age, students depend increasingly on technology for their educational needs. However, without digital literacy skills, students may struggle to effectively navigate and utilize these tools (including ChatGPT). Thus, I recommend the following steps: First, we must teach them how to “effectively” interact with it (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that tools like ChatGPT struggle with translating cultural complexity, specifically through examples such as Arabic proverbs. It points out that while AI translation can aid in cultural understanding, it does not handle the nuances of cultural significance accurately. For instance, the translation of the proverb زيّ مسمار جحا reveals the complexities of cultural allusions that AI may not fully grasp. Furthermore, the text discusses how critical assessment of AI translations can lead to more precise understandings, indicating that absolute accuracy is not achieved by AI, which undermines the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 85 30 Chile 1. 717 0. 065 0. 018 1. 59 1. 81 12 Spain 1. 709 0. 069 0. 013 1. 57 1. 83 28 Turkey 1. 737 0. 070 0. 013 1. 60 1. 88 26 Total 1. 720 0. 068 0. 014 1. 57 1. 84 149 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/table-1 Notes: Values are given as mean, standard deviation and standard error of the mean. The minimum and maximum values and the number of analyzed individuals (N) for genome size estimations are also provided. The genome size value we obtained for California (1. 72 pg/2C, SD = 0. 07 pg) was similar to the one previously reported for (1. 66 pg/2C, SD = 0. 07 pg), by Miskella (2014) and, overall, genome sizes were similar among the six world regions. In conclusion, our thorough sampling of the most representative native and non-native populations across the world’s distribution of C. solstitialis indicates that its invasive success is not due to changes in genome size or ploidy level. We cannot discard that some individuals in some unsampled populations could present some degree of polyploidy, but their role in invasive success, to date, would have been of minor importance. Geographic locations of Centaurea solstitialis populations investigated and their average genome size values DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/supp-1 size and coefficient of variation values for every individual analyzed DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3531/supp-2 We are grateful to Joan Vallès (Barcelona) and three other anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the previous version of this manuscript. J. Lortie is an for PeerJ. The authors declare there are no competing interests. Ramona-and João Loureiro conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper, collected plant seeds. Özkan Eren, Christopher J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a scientific report containing statistical data and analysis regarding genome size estimations across different populations of the species C. solstitialis. It does not address the claim regarding individual responses to environmental stimuli, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: : Tropical seagrass meadows modify seawater carbon chemistry: implications for coral reefs impacted by ocean acidification, Environ. Res. Lett. , 7, 024026, 2012. Vargas, C. , Lagos, N. , Lardies, M. , Duarte, C. , Manríquez, P. , Aguilera, V. , Broiman, B. , Widdicombe, S. , and Dupont, S. : Species-specific responses to ocean acidification should account for local adaptation and adaptive plasticity, Nat. Ecol. Evol. , 1, 84, 2017. Martin, V. A. , Lagos, N. A. , Gaitán-Espitia, J. D. , and Dupont, S. : Upper environmental pCO2 drives sensitivity to ocean acidification in marine invertebrates, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 1–8, 2022. Ventura, A. , Schulz, A. , and Dupont, S. : Maintained larval growth in mussel larvae exposed to acidified undersaturated seawater, Sci. Rep. , 6, 23728, 2016. Vézina, A. and Hoegh-Guldberg, O. : Effects of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: Introduction, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 373, 199–201, 2008. Vizzini, S. , Martínez-Crego, B. , Andolina, C. , Massa-Gallucci, A. , Connell, S. D. , and Gambi, M. C. : Ocean acidification as a driver of community simplification via the collapse of higher-order and rise of lower-order consumers, Sci. Rep. , 22, 4018, 2017. Waldvogel, A. M. and Pfenninger, M. : Temperature dependence of spontaneous mutation rates, Genome Res. , 31, 1582–1589, 2021. Whitehead, A. and Crawford, D. L. : Neutral and adaptive variation in gene expression, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103, 5425–5430, 2006. Widdicombe, S. and Spicer, J. I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies on ocean acidification and its impacts on marine ecosystems. Specifically, it highlights how tropical seagrass meadows affect seawater carbon chemistry, species-specific responses to acidification, environmental pCO2 effects in marine invertebrates, and the overall implications of acidification for ecosystems, all of which support the assertion that ocean acidification is threatening marine ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: , by outlining appropriate prompts or commands). To ensure ChatGPT understands your request, structure prompts as complete sentences, provide context (for example, if asking for a proverb, provide the cultural context or specify the region), use keywords related to the desired output (for instance, when seeking a translation, include the languages involved), mention the audience, request examples, and review responses for accuracy, relevance, and coherence. You can also offer corrective feedback to improve future interactions. Secondly, students need to evaluate the information by cross-referencing with credible sources, which prompts responsible information consumption. By doing so, they can identify any biases or inaccuracies that may be present. This critical thinking skill is important in today’s digital age, where misinformation and fake news can easily spread. Considerations Accuracy: As mentioned throughout this study, while ChatGPT can provide useful translations, it is not infallible. Students should know that ChatGPT’s translations may contain errors or lack context, and teachers should emphasize the importance of cross-referencing and verifying translations. Linguistic Variations: Dialects and regions can have differences in Arabic proverbs. It is possible (and likely) that ChatGPT doesn’t always correctly reflect these regional differences. Supplementary Learning: ChatGPT should be supplementary to traditional teaching methods. It should not replace teacher-led discussions, explanations, and guidance on cultural and historical aspects of proverbs. Proper prompting: Precision in prompting ChatGPT leads to more contextual translations and a deeper understanding of cultural nuances. Students can follow this step-by-step process when prompting ChatGPT for proverbs: a) Literal translation: Start by asking ChatGPT for a literal translation of the proverb from Arabic to English. A simple prompt can be: Translate this Arabic proverb into English. This step will allow students to understand the words and their meanings with the proverb. b) Example sentences: Having the proverb in context allows students to understand its usage and nuances. For example: Can you provide example sentences using the proverb ‘[insert Arabic proverb]’? Including sentences where this proverb is used would help better understand its context and application. c) Authentic translation: In this last step, students can ask for an authentic translation of the proverb’s meaning in English. This step permits them to get a clear understanding of the intended message behind the proverb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while ChatGPT can provide useful translations, it acknowledges that these translations may contain errors or lack context. It emphasizes the need for students to cross-reference and verify translations, indicating that AI translations are not infallible and might not accurately reflect linguistic variations and cultural nuances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: Lortie, Kristine French, Lohengrin A. Cavieres, Gastón J. Sotes and José L. Hierro reviewed drafts of the paper, collected plant seeds. performed the experiments, reviewed drafts of the paper. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data is available as a Supplementary File. study was funded by the Portuguese Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) of the Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior, with national funds PTDC/BIA-PLA/0763/2014. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2006. Genome size in s. l. (Asteraceae) and Evolution 257:95-117. 2017. Population genomic analysis reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) 26(4):1131-1147. 2007. Correlated evolution of genome size and seed mass. 173:422-437. 1998. DNA amounts in two samples of angiosperm weeds. Annals of Botany 82(Suppl A):121-134 Bremer K. 1994. Asteraceae—cladistics and classification. Portland: Timber Press. Carev I, Ruščić M, Skočibušić M, Maravić A, Silijak-Yakovlev S, Politeo O. 2017. Phytochemical and cytogenetic characterization of Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) from Croatia. Chemistry and Biodiversity 14(2):e1600213. 2011. Toxic equine Parkinsonism: an immuno-histochemical study of 10 horses with nigropallidal encephalomalacia. 49(2):398-402 DiTomaso JM. 2000. Invasive weeds in rangelands: species, impacts, and management. 48(2):255-265. 2015. Evolution of invasiveness through increased resource use in a vacant niche. 1 2013. Allele identification for transcriptome based population genomics in the invasive plant Centaurea solstitialis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on data availability, funding, and various studies on plant species without addressing the concept of individual responses to environmental stimuli. It discusses genetic evolution, invasive plant species, and academic references but does not relate to how individuals respond to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: AbstractOcean acidification caused by oceanic uptake of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) tends to suppress the calcification of some marine organisms. This reduced calcification then enhances surface ocean alkalinity and increases oceanic CO2 uptake, a process that is termed calcification feedback. On the other hand, decreased calcification also reduces the export flux of calcium carbonate (CaCO3), potentially reducing CaCO3-bound organic carbon export flux and CO2 uptake, a process that is termed ballast feedback. In this study, we incorporate a range of different parameterizations of the links between organic carbon export, calcification, and ocean acidification into an Earth system model, in order to quantify the long-term effects on oceanic CO2 uptake that result from calcification and ballast feedbacks. We utilize an intensive CO2 emission scenario to drive the model in which an estimated fossil fuel resource of 5000 is burnt out over the course of just a few centuries. Simulated results show that, in the absence of both calcification and ballast feedbacks, by year 3500, accumulated oceanic CO2 uptake is 2041 Pg C. Inclusion of calcification feedback alone increases the simulated uptake by 629 (31%), while the inclusion of both calcification and ballast feedbacks increase simulated uptake by 449–498 (22–24%), depending on the parameter values used in the ballast feedback scheme. These results indicate that ballast effect counteracts calcification effect in oceanic CO2 uptake. Ballast effect causes more organic carbon to accumulate and decompose in the upper ocean, which in turn leads to decreased oxygen concentration in the upper ocean and increased oxygen at depths. By year 2600, the inclusion of ballast effect would decrease oxygen concentration by 11% at depth of ca. 200 m in tropics. Our study highlights the potentially critical effects of interactions between ocean acidification, marine organism calcification, and CaCO3-bound organic carbon export on the ocean carbon and oxygen cycles. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 1991. Modeling the calcite lysocline. J Geophys Res, 96: 17037–170501996. A data-driven model of the global calcite lysocline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ocean acidification, caused by anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake, affects marine organism calcification and consequently impacts the ocean's carbon and oxygen cycles. It mentions critical effects on the oceanic CO2 uptake and highlights the interactions between ocean acidification and marine ecosystems, supporting the assertion that ocean acidification is a threat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: A good prompt would be: Could you provide an accurate English translation or an explanation that reflects the authentic meaning of the Arabic proverb ‘[insert Arabic proverb]’? It’s crucial to capture this proverb’s essence or cultural context for a better understanding. Example of Activities 1. Look for equivalents in English (or other languages): One of the activities I enjoy when using proverbs is asking students to identify the equivalents of Arabic proverbs in other cultures or languages. While some proverbs may have identical wording between Arabic and English, others might have variations while conveying a similar meaning. This exercise enhances language skills, fosters cross-cultural awareness, and underscores the idea that wisdom is universal, transcending linguistic boundaries. It’s a valuable tool for students to appreciate the diversity of human expression and the shared wisdom of different cultures. Below is a table showing Arabic proverbs and their English equivalents: He had the devil’s own luck حَظّه بيفلَق الحجر Stubborn as a mule تَيَّس عَبدك يا رب To go against the grain حامل السّلم بالعَرض Birds of a feather flock together وافَقَ شَنٌّ طَبَقة Knock on wood دِق عَ الخشب Baggers can’t be choosers شِحّاد ومشارَط 2. Original proverbs: ChatGPT can generate entirely new proverbs that have never been seen or used before. To test this activity, I asked ChatGPT to ‘Create a new Arabic proverb about the role of parents in their children’s lives, emphasizing guidance, love, and support for their growth and well-being. ’ Subsequently, I prompted it to produce proverbs reflecting Egyptian culture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the challenges involved in capturing the essence and cultural context of language, particularly with proverbs. It states that one must identify equivalents across cultures, indicating that literal translations may not convey the full meaning. The discussion of accurately reflecting the authentic meaning of cultural expressions demonstrates the limitations of AI translation in dealing with complex and culturally sensitive documents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: G3 Genes—Genomes—Genetics 3:359-367 Doležel J, Sgorbati S, Lucretti S. 1992. Comparison of three DNA fluorochromes for flow cytometric estimation of nuclear DNA content in plants. 85:625-631 van Kooten CG. 2007. Costs and losses imposed on California ranchers by yellow starthistle. & Management 60:369-377. 2012. Morphological differentiation in a common garden experiment among native and non-native specimens of the invasive weed yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) 7:1459-1467 örök. 2014. Dispersal pathways and genetic differentiation among worldwide populations of the invasive Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) 9:e114786. 1983. Rapid flow cytometric analysis of the cell cycle in intact plant tissues. Science 220:1049-1051 García. 2013. Invasive and non-invasive congeners show similar trait shifts between their same native and non-native ranges. 8:e82281 Gerlach JD. 1997a. How the west was lost: reconstructing the invasion dynamics of yellow starthistle and other plant invaders of western rangelands and natural areas. 3:67-72 Gerlach JD. 1997b. The introduction, dynamics of geographic range expansion and ecosystem effects of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) Proceedings of 49:236-241. 2012. Invasive species grows faster, competes better, and shows greater evolution toward increased size and growth than exotic non-invasive congeners. 213:545-553 Grotkopp E, Rejmánek. 2004. Evolution of genome size in Pines (Pinus) and its life-history correlates: supertree analyses. Evolution 58:1705-1729 Guinochet M, Foissac J. 1962. Sur les Caryotypes de quelques espèces du genre Centaurea L. et leur signification taxonomique. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 109:373-389 üller-Schärer H. 2012. Increased population growth rate in invasive polyploid Centaurea stoebe in a common garden. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about individual's responses to environmental stimuli. Instead, it seems to focus on the genetic and ecological characteristics of certain invasive plant species, including their traits, growth rates, and geographic distribution. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: on HFS induced by OA has unexpected cascading effects on marine ecosystem functioning and services. Food web model allows the quantification of a decrease in the system size and a reorganization of energy flows in the coastal ecosystem due to OA. Scenarios with the integrated modeling approach show that all the proxies for ecosystem services significant decrease in their values. IntroductionGlobal changes are resulting in progressive modification of relevant oceanographic characteristics, such as ocean temperature and currents, and the acidification of global oceans (IPCC 2019). How marine ecosystems may respond to such environmental changes and how ecosystem functioning will be impacted are far from completely understood. Given the importance of goods and services that marine ecosystems provide to humankind, it is relevant to evaluate the implications of global modifications in ecosystem functioning for socioeconomic systems and human well-being (IPBES 2019). Although the comprehensive evaluation of all the effects induced by climate change is an overwhelming task, the quantification of effects induced by a specific pressure on key sensitive species and related cascading effects might provide an opportunity to quantify the implications of such relevant global impacts. Here, we aim to explore and quantify the potential effects of habitat-forming species HFS loss due to OA on marine population, community and ecosystem using a modeling approach. Our study focuses on the Mediterranean Sea, which is a basin that is considered very sensitive to global changes (Giorgi 2006) and to a variety of intense human pressures (Micheli and others 2013) and might be considered a miniature ocean, since most of the processes that occur in the global ocean also take place here but at smaller and faster space/time scales (Bethoux and others 1999; Crise and others 1999; Lejeusne and others 2010). We focus on two Mediterranean marine habitats that are important suppliers of highly valuable ecosystem services (ESs), play a fundamental role in supporting human well-being and are considered to be vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures and ocean acidification (OA): coralligenous reefs and Posidonia oceanica meadows (see the review in Zunino and others 2019). These are considered to be habitat-forming species (HFS) that are able to create complex environments sustaining the functioning of ecosystems and complex food webs (D’Onghia and others 2010), representing hotspots of biodiversity providing refuge and nursery habitats for many commercially important species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems, specifically mentioning the cascading effects on ecosystem functioning and services. It highlights how OA leads to a decrease in ecosystem service values and emphasizes the importance of assessing these impacts on marine habitats that provide essential goods and services to humanity. The focus on vulnerable marine habitats, such as coralligenous reefs and Posidonia oceanica meadows, further supports the claim that these ecosystems are threatened by ocean acidification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: Here are the proverbs ChatGPT provided: Picture 4 – Screenshot from ChatGPT (example from Egypt) instructed it to utilize words related to the Gulf region, and here’s what it provided: Picture 5 – Screenshot from ChatGPT (example from the Gulf region) And if ChatGPT is prompted to use words from the Maghreb, you get the following: Picture 6 – Screenshot from ChatGPT (example from the Maghreb) When you compare the three proverbs, you notice that the choice of words was tailored to reflect the region. In the Gulf, the sea is often viewed as a source of wealth, and pearls hold great value. Therefore, using a regional metaphor, the proverb emphasizes parents’ preciousness in their children’s lives. An olive tree, a significant cultural and economic symbol, was used for the Maghrib. The proverb reflects the nurturing and central role of parents within the context of the olive tree, emphasizing their importance in their children’s lives. In Egypt, the sun holds great significance, both culturally and historically, as it symbolizes warmth and guidance. When engaging in activities involving AI-generated proverbs, it is important to note that the proverbs generated by AI, like ChatGPT, are not authentic in the traditional sense. This exercise is designed to prompt critical thinking and cultural assessment. Therefore, while exploring these AI-created proverbs, students can compare and contrast them with authentic proverbs. They can also assess their resemblance to real cultural sayings and their ability to encapsulate the essence of a specific region’s culture. This comparison helps analyze nuances in language and culture, allowing students to discern what elements contribute to a proverb’s authenticity and cultural significance. 3. Proverb riddle: This is a wordplay in which a scenario, narrative, or description is presented in a way that alludes to a well-known proverb or saying. ChatGPT can provide riddles upon your prompt; you have to specify the proverb or saying you want it to create a riddle for (or you can leave it up to ChatGPT to choose any proverb). Students must identify the proverb based on the information mentioned in the riddle. For example, I requested it to provide a riddle about this proverb القرد بعين إمو غزال. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while AI like ChatGPT can generate regionally tailored proverbs, it is emphasized that these proverbs are not authentic in a traditional sense. It states, 'the proverbs generated by AI, like ChatGPT, are not authentic in the traditional sense,' indicating a limitation in capturing the nuances and cultural significance typically embedded in genuine proverbs. This suggests that AI may struggle to achieve absolute accuracy in conveying complex, culturally sensitive content.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every individual responds the same way to environmental stimuli. [SEP] Text: 15(9):947-954 örök -. 2009. Germination responses of an invasive species in native and non-native ranges. Oikos 118:529-538. 1995. Hijano EH, Navarro A, eds. El cultivo de la alfalfa en la República Argentina. en la Argentina, INTA: Buenos Aires. 13-18 Inceer H, Hayirlioglu-Ayaz S, Ozcan M. 2007. Chromosome numbers of the twenty-two Turkish plant species. Caryologia 60:349-357 Jasiewicz A, Mizianty M. 1975. Chromosome numbers of some Bulgarian plants. et Geobotanica 21(3):277-288 Kuzmanov BA, Jurukova-. 1990. Chromosome numbers of Bulgarian angiosperms. Fitologiya 38:92. 1982. Random-effects models for longitudinal data. Biometrics 38(4):963-974. 2010. Genome size reduction can trigger rapid phenotypic evolution in invasive plants. Annals of Botany 105:109-116 Loureiro J, Rodriguez E, Doležel J, Santos C. 2007. Two new nuclear isolation buffers for plant DNA flow cytometry: a test with 37 species. Annals of Botany 4:875-488 Miskella J. 2014. Hybridization between yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) and meadow knapweed (Centaurea×moncktonii) Master’s Thesis, University thesis Montesinos D, Callaway RM. 2017. Inter-regional hybrids of native and invasive Centaurea solstitialis display intermediate competitive ability. Ecography 40(7):801-802. 2012. Neo-allopatry and rapid reproductive isolation. 180:529-533 Mráz P, Garcia-Jacas N, Gex-üller-Schärer H. 2011. Allopolyploid origin of highly invasive Centaurea stoebe s. l. (Asteraceae) and Evolution 62:612-623 R Team. 2010. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. (accessed 6 June 2017) software -. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about individual responses to environmental stimuli. It contains a list of unrelated scientific studies and concepts without any discussion about individual responses or variability in reactions to environmental factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean acidification, caused by increased carbon dioxide, is threatening marine ecosystems globally. [SEP] Text: For example, coralligenous algae and corals are preferred habitats for the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus, which is classified by the IUCN as “endangered” (Cornish and Harmelin-Vivien 2006). Changes in habitat complexity due to a decrease in HFSs represent a key type of alteration for benthic systems, with potentially large effects on ecosystem functions and, consequently, on a cascade of ecosystem services (Sunday and others 2016). HFS degradation and biomass declines were described in a recent analysis that qualitatively defines the ecosystem impacts of the loss of P. oceanica meadows and coralligenous habitats due to the degradation effects of OA (Zunino and others 2019). Qualitative impacts are quantitatively parameterized and translated into food web models. Ecosystem models play an instrumental role in quantifying ecological relationships in the environment (Rose and others 2010; Sarmiento and Gruber 2013), permit the analysis of processes involving different ecosystem components in a single coherent framework (Sala 2004; Mackinson and others 2009; Libralato and Solidoro 2009). Ecosystem models allow the assessment of the cumulative effects of direct and indirect interactions among multiple species (Peck and others 2016; Celić and others 2018) and might result in tools for testing management strategies (Essington and others 2017). The analysis is conducted by extending an ecosystem model representing a well-studied coastal marine protected area in the NW (Prato and others 2016). The model allows the representation of scenarios of increasing levels of OA impacts on HFS, thus permitting evaluation of the ecological cascading effects and the long-term sensitivity of the ecosystem to OA. Furthermore, the changes in fishing captures and opportune indicators (for example, Plummer and others 2013) derived from the modeled scenarios allow a novel inference on the impacts of OA degradation on ecosystem services. This work aims to model the impact of OA on HFS biomass and the cascading trophic and non-trophic effects (hereafter called “mediating effects”) on the biomass of ecosystem components, ecosystem processes, interactions, and properties. Moreover, this work quantifies the potential long-term effects and implications of OA for ecological, social, cultural and economic aspects related to marine systems using a set of proxies for ecosystem services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine ecosystems. It mentions that HFS (habitat-forming species) degradation and biomass declines are consequences of OA, which lead to significant alterations in ecosystem functions and services. The analysis of ecosystem models highlighted in the text illustrates how OA affects marine habitats and resources, indicating a direct threat to marine ecosystems globally, thus aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI translation can handle complex, culturally sensitive documents with absolute accuracy. [SEP] Text: ChatGPT responded with this: I’m a creature that swings from tree to tree, In the forest, I’m as nimble as can be. Though my mother’s eye sees a different scene, In her view, I’m graceful, almost like a queen. What am I? In Arabic: أنا مخلوق يتأرجح من شجرة إلى شجرة، في الغابة، أنا حريص جدًا. على الرغم من أن عين أمي ترى مشهدًا مختلفًا، من وجهة نظرها، أنا نعمة ، تقريبًا مثل ملكة. ما أنا؟” 4. Meme Generator: Finding memes that utilize proverbs or even creating memes that refer to proverbs with a meme generator can be a creative way to engage with language and cultural expressions. Using a (for example, imgflip) and asking students to input a traditional proverb or a modified version with an appropriate image that emphasizes its meaning is an innovative approach to blending humor with timeless sayings. This method enables students to visually reinterpret and express old wisdom in a contemporary setting, increasing engagement and understanding of the proverb’s meanings. 5. Prompting comparison: As mentioned earlier, when I provided the proverb in Arabic and prompted it in English to provide an Arabic explanation of the proverbs, the results were much closer to the correct meaning. The AI could better interpret the proverb and provide a meaningful explanation in Arabic than in English. This suggests that perhaps the language model has a stronger understanding of the nuances and cultural context of the proverb when it is prompted in its original language. Students can be asked to prompt ChatGPT with the same proverb in both English and a second language and observe any differences or subtleties in the translations provided. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that the AI may struggle with complex cultural nuances. For instance, it indicates that when proverbs were prompted in their original Arabic, the AI provided explanations that were 'much closer to the correct meaning,' suggesting that the AI's understanding may fluctuate based on the language in which it interprets the cultural content. This implies a limitation in handling translations with absolute accuracy.