Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 569 Variance (%) 65. 93 11. 10 The PCA on soil characteristics (total N, available P, available K, soil organic matter and soil water storage) showed that PC1 and PC2 explained the 63. 95% and 11. 10% data variability, respectively (Table 6). The highest eigenvectors were related to the available P and the soil water storage, which have negative correlations with this principle component. The total nitrogen had a positive correlation and the available potassium had a negative correlation with the second principal component (Table 6). The results showed that the points related to the border of barriers were located on the left side of the PC1 and the points related to the bare ground were located on the right side of the PC1 (Fig. 5). In the present research, it could be noticed that PC1 represents the changes both in different plants and between the border of the barriers, center of the barriers and bare ground. DiscussionIn the semiarid areas, large amounts of carbon lose through high mineralization rates and soil erosion; thus, cover crops are vital to preserve the soil organic carbon stock (Fernandez-Romero et al. 2016). In this study, since the highest SOM content was found in the rye grown in the border of the barrier, so straw checkerboards act as an efficient technique via facilitating cover crop establishement and performance in sloping lands. Residue incorporation in soils with high C:N ratio may increase C mineralization and have positive priming effect which accelerate native SOC decomposition (Zhang et al. 2013). Soil microbes have the ability to decompose old recalcitrant SOM by using fresh straw carbon as a source of energy i. e. , the phenomenon called the priming effect (PE) (Kuzyakov et al. 2000). Several studies in different climatic conditions have reported that cover crops such as rye, ryegrass, pea and oats significantly improve soil organic carbon contents relative to plots without cover crops (Olson et al. 2014; Sainju et al. 2002). Additionally, soils treated with cover crops may decrease SOC loss through reducing soil erosion (Blanco-Canqui et al. 2015). Fast growing cover crops increase soil organic material at greater depths of soil. Their extensive roots penetrate soil p16. Published by the Potash and of (1990) Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'cover crops are vital to preserve the soil organic carbon stock' and reports that several studies have shown that 'cover crops such as rye, ryegrass, pea and oats significantly improve soil organic carbon contents relative to plots without cover crops.' This indicates a direct link to how cover crops enhance soil organic matter and, by extension, improve soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: The lower daily water intake rate of elderly Malaysians was related to the younger retirement age and thus the lower energy consumption and water restoration. Thus, the application of regional data for exposure and health risk assessment may be less relevant in some regions because of the variation in contamination, human growth, and drinking water intake across the world. The limitation of not having detailed particulars on drinking water intake and body weight of the local population was highlighted in a previous study18. Therefore, data collection and analysis on the local human morphology, drinking water consumption patterns, and household practices regarding tap water as drinking water were done to better reflect local exposures to EDCs. Fig. 1: Comparison of consumers’ daily water intake per body weight in the present study to US EPA guideline. Human growth and drinking water intake vary. The variation concerns the relevance of the application of regional data for exposure and health risk assessment. Data from US EPA guidelines are based on ref. 19. Full size imageHousehold practices on tap water as drinking waterA majority of households (52. 9%) were observed taking both bottled and tap water as their daily drinking water sources. The remainder chose either only tap water (35. 7%) or bottled water (11. 4%). A high percentage of households (87. 1%, n = 122) practice tap water treatment before daily consumption as drinking water (Fig. 2a). Other households (n = 18) do not treat water as drinking water as most of them (16 out of 18 households) were consuming only bottled water, whereas only two of them had a direct intake of tap water without any treatment. Comparatively, bottled water was primarily chosen among consumers in other countries such as the the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden32,33. Fig. 2: Household practices for using tap water as drinking water for adults and children. Majority of households purified tap water before daily consumption as drinking water. a Adults. b Children. Full size imageThere were a higher proportion of males in the profiles of (i) both bottled and tap water (54. 4 and 51. 4% of males and females, respectively) and (ii) individual tap water (36. 8 and 34. 7% of males and females, respectively), but not that of individual bottled water (8. 8 and 13. 9% of males and females, respectively). The least selected option, consumption of bottled water, was only slightly more preferable by females compared to males (5. 1% difference). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the variability in drinking water intake and quality due to regional differences. It points out that data collection and analysis on local practices regarding drinking water varies significantly across regions, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. For instance, it mentions factors like contamination and drinking water intake in relation to health risk assessments that are affected by geographical differences, thus undermining the assertion of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Extracellular solution (ACSF: artificial cerebrospinal fluid) contained 50 μM picrotoxin and 10 μM NBQX (2,3‐dihydroxy‐6‐nitro‐7‐sulfamoyl‐benzo[F] quinoxaline) in order to block GABAergic induced pluripotent stem cells (IPSCs) and AMPA (α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor–mediated EPSC component. A brief local application of ghrelin (100 nM) enhanced NMDAR‐EPSCs (*F = 29. 12, p < 0. 001, **F = 28. 39, p < 0. 005, n = 30, one‐way repeated measure ANOVA) (Figure 4a). This increase was sensitive to D‐Lys3‐GHRP‐6 (GHSR1a antagonist, 100 μM). Subsequent bath application of d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 reduced the amplitude of NMDAR‐EPSCs (*t = 10. 18, p < 0. 0006, **t = 14. 96, p < 0. 0002, n = 41, unpaired t‐test). Complete blockade of EPSCs by APV (100 μM, the antagonist of NMDAR) supported our interpretation that the recorded EPSCs were indeed generated solely by the activation of the NMDAR. Figure 4. Effect of ghrelin on the NMDA receptor–mediated EPSCs. a. Single pyramidal neurons in the CA1 of cultured rat hippocampal slices were voltage clamped at +40 mV in the presence of picrotoxin and NBQX. Stratum radiatum was stimulated every 20 s in order to avoid a rundown. Recording pipette contained cesium‐based solution with QX‐314 and MgATP. Local brief puff application of ghrelin (100 nM) increased the EPSC amplitude transiently, which was blocked by the GHSR1a antagonist, d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (100 μM), and was totally eliminated by the NMDAR antagonist, APV (100 μM). b. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific experimental conditions and results involving ghrelin and NMDAR-mediated EPSCs, but does not mention dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity, or learning. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 186:421–431 Fernandez-Romero ML, Lozano-Garcia B, Parras-(2016) Effects of land management on different forms of soil carbon in olive groves in Mediterranean areas. Dev 27:1186–1195 -(2013) Impact of elevated temperatures on greenhouse gas emissions in rice systems: interaction with straw incorporation studied in a growth chamber experiment. 373:857–875 (2004) Seedbed preparation – the soil physical environment of germinating seeds. In: Benech-(eds) Handbook of Seed Physiology. Applications to Agriculture. Press, Inc. , Binghamton, pp 3–49 (2001) Comparison of different mulching materials on growth, yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ). 559:49–53 Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres-(2017) Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Agric. 181:66–72 (2009) Effect of drought on yield variability of key crops in Czech Republic. Meteorol 149:431–442 ñeiro G (2017) The ecology of soil carbon: pools, vulnerabilities, and biotic and abiotic controls. Syst 48:419–445 (2013) The effect of land management practices on soil erosion and land desertification in an olive grove. Manag 29:597–606 (1998) Mobilization of soil and fertilizer phosphate by cover crops. P flanzenernährung, Wurzelleistung und Exsudation. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag, pp 167–177 Ågren GI, Sebastià MT (2014) Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response. Nature 513:81–84 Kaspar T, (2011) The use of cover crops to manage soil. In: Hatfield J, (eds), Soil Management: Building a for Agriculture. SSSA. , (2015) Biomass production of 12 winter cereal cover crop cultivars and their effect on subsequent no-till corn yield. J Conserv 70:353–364 (2007) Dye tracer infiltration in the plough layer after straw incorporation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the use of cover crops to manage soil, specifically in the context of improving soil health. It highlights the role of cover crops in the mobilization of soil nutrients and improving land management practices, which align with the claim that cover crops are planted to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Choice of tap water only was more favorable among houseworkers and retired people who stay at home for longer than those who chose otherwise; thus, it was the elderly (aged ≥60 years) with the highest proportion at 66. 7% (the remaining 33. 3% preferred tap water mix with bottled water). Up to 83. 3% of T20 consumers (household income ≥RM 13000) were prone to drink tap water only (in contrast, the other 16. 7% chose bottled water only), whereas B40 and M40 consumers (household income ≤RM 12999) preferred to mix the use of bottled and tap water (47. 6–60. 0%), followed by tap water only (27. 3–47. 6%). People with postgraduate qualification (Masters and Doctorate) prioritized the option of tap water only at a proportion of 48. 1 and 66. 7%, respectively, which was higher than the other education levels (ranged between 22. 9–38. 1% versus 50. 0–68. 6% for the combination of bottled and tap water). The association between demographic characteristics and household choices of drinking water was similar to the previous study, except that a higher proportion of males were recorded as choosing bottled water only5. Based on the survey, attachment of home purification systems, i. e. , point of use (connected directly to the tap) and point of entry (connected where the water enters the house) were common among the households. As shown in Fig. 2a, treatment with a purification device was the most practical treatment method (76. 2%). Some households tended to further boil the purified tap water for their daily drinking water consumption (7. 4%). Meanwhile, 16. 4% responded that boiling was their only treatment practice. A chi-square test found no significant association between demographic characteristics and household choices about drinking water (p > 0. 05); that is, households of different demographic groups made choices about daily drinking water sources and treatment which were independent of their group categorization. Surprisingly, age and gender were the significant variables in choosing bottled water as the source for drinking water32. Among the respondents, 67. 9% were married (n = 95, only 73 of whom had children), followed by those who were never married (31. 4%, n = 44) or divorced (0. 7%, n = 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that the choice of drinking water varies significantly among different demographic groups based on factors such as income, education, and age. For instance, higher income groups (T20) are more likely to drink tap water only compared to lower income groups (B40 and M40), indicating unequal access to drinking water sources. Additionally, the text highlights that household choices regarding drinking water were independent of demographic categorization, yet reveals that age and gender significantly influenced the choice of bottled water, further suggesting disparities in access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: NMDA spike currents in control (red trace in b1), in the presence of d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (black trace in b1), and in wash (b2). Bar graph in b3 represents the occurrence of NMDA spikes per 10 min for a total of 120 min of gap‐free recording. c. Reversible inhibition of NMDAR‐EPSCs by d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 in the absence of ghrelin. d1–4. ‐EPSCs. (Modified with permission from Muniz and Isokawa [19]). Interestingly, in the absence of exogenous ghrelin, NMDAR‐EPSCs were reduced in the peak amplitude in response to D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (Figure 4c) (*F = 63. 58, p < 0. 001, n = 37, one‐way repeated measure ANOVA). This reduction was reversible. Upon washout of the antagonist of GHSR1a, the amplitude of NMDAR‐EPSCs recovered. We suggest that, in cultured hippocampal slices, (1) GHSR1a is likely to be constitutively active and (2) endogenous ghrelin might be present and available for the NMDAR. Finally, none of the responses presented above with ghrelin and the GHSR1a antagonist, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6, were generated in slices prepared from GHSR1a knockout mice (F = 0. 772, p > 0. 77, n = 18, one‐way repeated measure ANOVA). 4. 2. Ghrelin on spontaneous NMDAR‐EPSoccurring NMDAR‐EPSCs (sEPSCs) responded to exogenous application of ghrelin and the GHSR1a antagonist similarly to evoked NMDAR‐EPSCs. The amplitude of sEPSCs was 100 pA in average in control ACSF (Figure 4d1). However, it was increased by twofolds in response to exogenous application of ghrelin (Figure 4d2). The increase was recovered to the control level following the bath application of D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (100 µM) (Figure 4d3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses NMDA spike currents and the effects of ghrelin and GHSR1a antagonists on NMDAR‐EPSCs. While it provides details on synaptic responses, it does not specifically address dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Sustainability 8:177 (2012) Induction of different types of callus and somatic embryogenesis in various explants of Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). 6:1305–1313 (2012) Plant community recovery following restoration in semiarid grasslands. 20:656–663 (2007) Benefits of for Soil Health. University of. 272 (2015) Cover crop biomass production and water use in the Plains. 107:2047–2058 -(2019) Real cover crops contribution to soil organic carbon sequestration in sloping vineyard. Environ 652:300–306 O’reilly (2012) Nitrogen cycling, profit margins and sweet corn yield under fall cover crop systems. 92:353–365 (1990) Rye. and Harvest of Rye. University of Wisconsin, 1. USA) (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939, (2014) Long-term effects of cover crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon stocks and sequestration. of 4:284 (2009) Implications for degenerative disorders: antioxidative activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and β-tocopherol in Aloe vera. 2:99–106 (2014) Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard. Res 144:96–109 (2013) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal networks on soil aggregations of purple soil in southwest China. Biochem 57:411–417 (2007) Field observations on the protective effect of semi-buried checkerboard sand barriers. Geomorphology 88:193–200 (1996) Nitrogen release from grass and legume cover crop monocultures and bicultures. 88:777–882 (1995) Soil organic matter changes resulting from tillage and biomass production. J Conserv 50:253–261 (2008) Rainfall concentration for increasing corn production under semiarid climate. Manage 95:1293–1302 (2002) Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and observations related to cover crops' impact on soil health, particularly in enhancing soil organic matter and carbon sequestration. It mentions the 'long-term effects of cover crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon stocks and sequestration', which directly supports the idea that cover crops help improve soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: All parents had the same drinking water sources and practices regarding tap water as for their children’s daily water intake. Over half of the parents (52. 1%) provided their children with bottled and tap water in combination, followed by tap water (39. 7%) or bottled water (8. 2%) only. Filtration using a purification device was the most preferred practice (79. 1%) before allowing children to drink water, followed by boiling (17. 9%) and employment of both filtration and boiling (3. 0%), except for those consuming only bottled water with no household treatment (Fig. 2b). Moreover, there was an association between the age group of parents and their practices preparing tap water for their children to drink (χ2(6) = 13. 24, p = 0. 039). Parents aged 20–29 years choose equally between filtration and boiling method. A higher proportion of respondents in age groups 30–50 and 51–59 (at least 80. 0% among them) preferred filtration using a purification device. Nonetheless, up to 33. 3% of parents in the age group ≥60 years chose a combination of filtration and boiling, although filtration was the preferred method (66. 7% among them). Households were taking both bottled and tap water at the same time, and resorted to bottled water when they lost trust in tap water quality for drinking7,32,33. Also, households were most likely to purchase bottled water and use home purification systems; this is attributed to the households’ perception of the better quality, safety, taste, health characteristics, and naturality (mineral water), with affordability, convenience, and social values7,8,32,33,34,35. However, these perceptions and claims were debatable in terms of the actual quality and long term effects of exposure on a regular basis. For example, the dominant presence of contaminants such as mineral ions (e. g. , sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium) and EDCs (e. g. , plasticizers) in bottled water (mineral and drinking water) with relatively low physicochemical parameters of the drinking bottled water36,37. Moreover, the efficiency of purification devices is of great concern when the diverse organophosphate flame retardant contamination and exposure have been attributed to water purifiers16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in access to clean drinking water among households. It notes that families resort to bottled water when they lose trust in tap water quality, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to safe drinking sources. Furthermore, it discusses the prevalence of contaminants in bottled water and raises concerns about the efficiency of home purification devices, implying that water quality varies significantly and is influenced by various factors, which contradicts the assertion of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: We previously reported in the in vivo‐fasting model in rats that metabolic demand stimulated and upregulated the phosphorylation of CREB by twofolds in the hippocampus together with other limbic cortexes such as piriform cortex, the entorhinal cortex, and the cortico‐amygdala transitional zone [41]. Here, we discuss the NMDA receptor–mediated and ghrelin‐enhanced phosphorylation of CREB in our cultured hippocampal slices. 5. 1. Ghrelin‐stimulated phosphorylation of activity was assayed immunohistochemically using a rabbit polyclonal antibody against phosphorylated CREB (pCREB at Ser 133) (Cell Signaling, Danvers, MA) (Figure 5a–c). pCREB immunoreactivity was quantified using an auto‐segmentation tool provided by IPLab imaging software. Low concentrations of ghrelin in 50 and 100 nM did not have any effect on pCREB expression. However, 200 nM and above concentrations of ghrelin increased the expression of pCREB by fourfolds compared to control (p < 0. 01) (Figure 5d). The magnitude of pCREB expression was not different among 200, 500, and 1000 nM. A steep change in response to differing concentrations of ghrelin may be explained by the unique process of ghrelin des‐octanoylation [42]. Finally, the effect of ghrelin was mediated by GHSR1a, since the antagonist of GHSR1a, D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (100 µM), blocked the ghrelin‐mediated increase in the expression of pCREB (Figure 5e). Figure 5. Effects of ghrelin on pCREB. a–c. pCREB immunoreactivity in control (a), ghrelin (b, 200 nM), and in d‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (c, 100 μM). d. pCREB in response to ghrelin doses. e. Summary graph of pCREB in control, ghrelin, and d‐Lys3‐GHRP6. Calibration: 30 μm. (Modified with permission from Cuellar and Isokawa [32]). 5. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of ghrelin on the phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus and does not mention dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity, or learning. There is no information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-408774/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractcheckerboard barrier technology, as a sustainable and environment-friendly method, is intended for erosion control, plant recovery at endangered areas. Finding how soil chemical properties and water status alters and how pilot cover plants respond are vital for extra management actions. order to study soil characteristic and growth performance of winter cover crops, an experiment was carried out in 2018. Checkerboards were setup in a 1×1 m pattern with rice residues. Seeds of Onobrychis sativa, Secale montanum and Agropyron sp were sown at the checkerboards and bare ground as the control. Detailed analyses were carried out on the physiological responses and the related soil properties during the growing season in borders and centers of the straw checkerboards and bare ground. covered with straw checkerboard barriers was more effective for improving vegetation growth, established taller plants with higher biomass. Based on the physiological analyses, the rye grown in a straw checkerboard coped well with dry conditions. Higher proline content and more efficient osmotic adjustment indicate improvements of soil water retention status, which may alleviate drought stress damages and improve cover crop performance in straw checkerboard plots. Photosynthetic pigments also showed higher contents in these conditions for rye. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium and water storage increased in checkerboards too; however, such effects vary with the crop type. technique could be deemed as an effective management strategy in semi-arid areas and an important method for conserving natural resources and sustaining productivity. and MorphologyBiology and 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9Figure 10Figure 11recovery of soil and vegetation in semi-arid regions is a challenge because water availability severely limits germination, plant establishment, growth and survival (Wilson et al. 2004; Munson and Lauenroth 2012). In bare soil, the evaporation process discharges water from the soil surface, and microclimate conditions are rarely favorable for the establishment of plants; therefore, poorly covered soil can lead to erosion (Hadas 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the benefits of cover crops in improving soil properties. It mentions that the use of straw checkerboard barriers leads to increases in soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus and potassium, and water storage. These improvements are part of enhancing soil structure and organic matter, which aligns directly with the claim. Additionally, the text discusses how cover crops like rye respond effectively to dry conditions, which further supports their role in enhancing soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size imageRQ values less than one estimated that there were no potential risks to all the life stages under present exposure to individual and mixture EDCs via drinking water consumption. However, increasing application and unregulated discharges of EDCs based on the (i) inadequate evidence (epidemiological studies) about the risk of human exposure, (ii) underdeveloped risk communication and governance (regulation and public participation), and (iii) unknown risk perception and its role in adopting risk prevention and intervention, will further increase contamination and human exposure9. Nevertheless, the present study presented a questionnaire survey in regional database profiling, which is supportive in human health risk assessment of reducing the environmental pollution of EDCs and managing human exposure to them through drinking water ingestion. Perceived risk of drinking water supply qualityMean perception of risk, at 2. 42 ± 0. 71, was between the points “unsure” and “agree” to the issue of present drinking water supply security with the potential of EDC contamination. The public perceived every water quality and health issue as significantly different (F(3, 556) = 38. 844, p < 0. 001). Notably, up to 85% of the population was highly concerned about tap water quality (2. 81 ± 0. 50); however, the concern was less likely attributed specifically to the presence of EDCs (2. 57 ± 0. 64) (p = 0. 013). The public was relatively unsure whether tap water was safe to drink (2. 02 ± 0. 78), as well as the capability of the Standard to regulate EDCs in tap water (2. 29 ± 0. 70). Approximately 39. 3% perceived that the Standard was capable of regulating EDCs in tap water, although most of the EDCs were not currently regulated under the guideline. The influence of sociodemographic group on actual or perceived proximity to a potential risk was observed with the affected risk perception of drinking water quality (amplification or attenuation effects)6,25,40. Table 1 shows a breakdown of the mean score of public risk perception of drinking water supply security with the potential EDCs contamination and the statistical difference for each of the sociodemographic variables. Overall, a significant difference was observed only in gender, where males (2. 49 ± 0. 66) perceived a higher risk than females (2. 35 ± 0. 75) (t(555) = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting concerns regarding the regulation and safety of drinking water due to contamination from Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs). It mentions that there is inadequate evidence about human exposure risks, underdeveloped risk communication, and the perception of water quality differing among various sociodemographic groups. This implies that access to clean drinking water may not be equal and varies significantly depending on geographic and demographic factors, as well as the effectiveness of regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Effect of endocannabinoids on ghrelin‐mediated upregulation of pCREB Synergistic involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid system is suggested in the ghrelin‐mediated CREB phosphorylation in the hypothalamus [31]. However, in the hippocampus, the contribution of endocannabinoids and the cannabinoid receptor in short‐ and long‐term plasticity has been explained independently of ghrelin and GHSR1a. Furthermore, in Section 3. 3, we discussed that ghrelin‐mediated enhancement of GluN1 subunit phosphorylation appeared to be negatively modulated, instead of synergistically amplified, by eCBs. Here, we examined potential interactions of the endogenous cannabinoid system to ghrelin‐induced hippocampal plasticity at the level of CREB phosphorylation. A low concentration (20 nM) of R(+)‐methanandamide, a nonhydrolyzing form of anandamide, inhibited ghrelin‐induced increase of pCREB (Figure 6). This inhibitory effect of R(+)‐methanandamide was not blocked by the CB1R antagonist AM251 (5 µM) or the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine (5 µM), suggesting that the action of R(+)‐methanandamide on the ghrelin‐mediated phosphorylation of CREB may be independent of the CB1R or TRPV1. Furthermore, incubation of slices in AM251 alone (without anandamide) or in capsazepine alone (without anandamide) did not block a ghrelin‐induced increase in CREB phosphorylation. These results suggested that neither CB1R nor TRPV1 appeared to be involved in the negative effect of R(+)‐methanandamide on the ghrelin‐induced phosphorylation of CREB. Figure 6. Effects of eCBs on ghrelin‐mediated phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus. (Modified with permission from Cuellar and Isokawa [32]). We next examined the effect of 2‐AG on the ghrelin‐induced upregulation of pCREB. Similar to R(+)‐methanandamide, 2‐AG (10 µM) inhibited ghrelin‐induced increase in pCREB (Figure 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of endocannabinoids on ghrelin-mediated phosphorylation of CREB in the hippocampus, without mentioning dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. The focus is more on the interactions of the endogenous cannabinoid system rather than synaptic structures like dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Soil erosion is one of the most important soil problems in arid and semiarid Mediterranean areas, which reduces soil fertility, plant productivity and also threatens human life (Yüksek and Yüksek 2015). Therefore, in arid and semiarid sites, with undesirable seedbeds, field techniques are canonical to conserve water, improve seedbed microclimate and seedling establishment, increase soil fertility, reconstruct soil ecological community and reduce erosion. Straw checkerboard barrier technique is widely used for controlling of erosion and habitat recovery in arid and semi-arid areas (Li et al. 2006). This technique, as an environmentally-friendly strategy, is cheap and easy to install (Zhang et al. 2018). Straw of wheat, rice, reeds and other plants are installed in the square shape 20 cm buried in the soil and about 20 cm exposed above the soil surface (Wang et al. 2020). The checkerboard barriers can be placed at various dimensions, including 0. 5×0. 5,1×1, 1. 5×1. 5 and so on (Qu et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2018). Straw checkerboards reduce the wind speed which decrease water loss through evaporation (Bo et al. 2015; Li et al. 2020). After the establishment of straw checkerboard barriers, straw can improve soil water holding capacity (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018; Li et al. 2006; Li et al. 2020), increase the microorganism numbers (Li et al. 2006), available soil nitrogen and potassium (Li et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2018), organic matter content (Dai et al. 2019; Lie 2017; et al. 2004), roughness of the underlying surface (et al. 2004), and improve the soil structure (Lie 2017). Straw checkerboard barriers have the potential to create favorable conditions for plant establishment, increase the survival rate of shrub and reduce erosion risk (Li et al. 2006). Li et al. (2000) and Williams et al. (1995) showed that four years after revegetation in squares, cryptogamic crusts have been developed which reduce water and wind erosion. Zhang et al. (2018) reported that application of a straw checkerboard improved soil water content and physicochemical properties; thereby, contributed to the establishment of plant and promoted ecological restoration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how straw checkerboard barriers, which can be considered a type of cover crop method, improve soil structure and organic matter content. The mention of improving organic matter content and soil structure directly supports the claim that cover crops are planted to enhance these soil characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 321, p = 0. 021). In this context, males were more confident that Malaysian tap water was safe to drink (2. 24 ± 0. 74) and the Standard was capable of regulating EDCs in tap water (2. 44 ± 0. 58) than females (1. 82 ± 0. 78 and 2. 14 ± 0. 68, respectively). An independent-samples t-test showed that the differences between the genders were significant (t(138) = 3. 253, p = 0. 001 and t(138) = 2. 822, p = 0. 005, respectively). To illustrate the differences between individuals who had a high or low perception of risk of EDCs in tap water, they were classified into different risk perception communities as follows: low risk perception (i. e. , scored ≤2. 00 on average; this constituted 27. 1% of the respondents) and high risk perception (i. e. , scored ≥2. 75 on average; this constituted 35. 7% of the respondents). Figure 4 depicts a comparison of mean responses of the low- and high-risk perception communities about drinking water supply quality. The low- (1. 87 ± 0. 74) and high-risk perception communities (2. 90 ± 0. 30) perceived risk concerning drinking water supply significantly differently at t(188) = −16. 141, p < 0. 001. Fig. 4: Comparison of mean responses between low- and high-risk perception communities about drinking water supply quality. Error bars represent standard deviation. Full size imageMost of the males (45. 6%) perceived high risk regarding the daily supply of drinking water; meanwhile, there was a higher proportion of low-risk perception females (2. 8% higher than the high-risk perception females). Figure 5 shows the proportion of each risk perception community within different groups of demographic characteristics. The high-risk perception community was mostly comprised of the working groups such as government servants, private workers, and self-employed individuals, as well as the retired workers. Similarly, the elderly (aged ≥60 years) had a higher risk perception than the other younger respondents (Fig. 5 and Table 1). Different education levels made up the greater proportion of the high-risk perception community, in which field of study could be an underlying factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing varying perceptions of risk associated with drinking water quality among different demographics, specifically highlighting that risk perception differs significantly between genders and various age and employment groups. These differences imply that access to clean drinking water may not be equal, as those with a high-risk perception may perceive or experience their water quality differently compared to others, suggesting inequality based on demographics rather than geography alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: (2002) Extent and direction of ghrelin transport across the blood brain barrier is determined by its unique primary structure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302:822–827. 12. (2002) The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin‐induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats. Gastroenterology 123:1120–1128. 13. (2001) A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding. Nature 409:194–198. 14. (2000) Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Nature 407:908–913. 15. . (2013) Involvements of the lateral hypothalamic area in gastric motility and its regulation by the lateral septum. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 194:275–285. 16. (2010) Glutamatergic neurons of the mouse medial septum and diagonal band of broca synaptically drive hippocampal pyramidal cells: relevance for hippocampal theta rhythm. J. Neurosci. 30:15951–15961. Doi: 10. 1523/. 3663‐10. 2010. 17. (2000) Ghrelin and des‐acyl ghrelin: two major forms of rat ghrelin peptide in gastrointestinal tissue. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279:909–913. 18. (2011) Design and characterization of a fluorescent ghrelin analog for imaging the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. 172:69–76. 19. Muniz BG, (2015) Ghrelin receptor activity amplifies hippocampal N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor‐mediated postsynaptic currents and increases phosphorylation of the GluN1 subunit at Ser896 and Ser 897. Eur. J. Neurosci. 42:3045–3053. Doi:10. 1111/ejn. 13107. 20. ‐& Zigman JM (2014) Neuroanatomical characterization of a growth hormone secretagogue receptor‐green fluorescent protein reporter mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3644–3666. 21. (2003) High constitutive signaling of the ghrelin receptor – identification of a potent inverse agonist. Mol. Endocrinol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss dendritic spines, synaptic plasticity, or learning. Instead, it focuses on ghrelin and its physiological roles in feeding and hormonal regulation, making it irrelevant to the claim about dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: In terms of soil available K, there were effects only by the distance from the barriers (p < 0. 01) (Table 2). The straw checkerboards increased available K averagely 27. 81% near the borders and 10. 47% at the centers, respectively, compared to the bare ground ((Fig. 5). The soil organic matter content was significantly affected by the cover crop type (p < 0. 01), the distance from barriers (p < 0. 01) and the interaction between them (p < 0. 05) (Table 2). Higher soil organic matter content was recorded for the border of the barriers (Fig. 6). In the border of the barriers, the rye has been left more organic matters in the soil being on average 8. 82% and 22. 70% higher than sainfoin and tall wheatgrass, respectively (Fig. 6). Higher organic matter observed for the border of barriers with no plant indicates the effect of straw materials on organic matter. The rye and sainfoin grown in the bare ground improved the soil organic matter by 49. 60% and 38. 58% compared to a soil without cover crops (Fig. 6). height, biomass, and shoot dry weight were significantly affected by the cover crop type (p < 0. 01), the distance from barriers (p < 0. 01) and their interaction (Table 3). It was observed that the straw barriers were superior to the bare ground in terms of plant height especially for the plants near the borders (Fig. 7A). For example, the height of rye in the border and center of the barriers was on average 22. 36 and 16. 43% higher than the bare ground (Fig. 7A). In the border of barriers, the higher shoot fresh weight belonged to the rye, followed by the sainfoin and tall wheatgrass (Fig. 7B). Also, the border of the barriers contributed positively to higher shoot fresh weight of the rye (105. 94%), sainfoin (133. 38%) and tall wheatgrass (167. 08%) compared to the bare ground (Fig. 7B). The rye plant grown in the border of barriers showed around 60% higher shoot dry weight compared to the bare ground (Fig. 7C). Generally, the rye showed higher amounts of biomass, shoot dry weight, and plant height than that of other cover crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that cover crops, specifically rye and sainfoin, significantly improve soil organic matter content. The statement mentions that rye improved the soil organic matter by 49.60% and sainfoin by 38.58% compared to bare ground. Additionally, it implies that different cover crop types affect soil properties, supporting the idea that the primary purpose of planting cover crops is to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Wealthy people had different risk perception to lower income people; notably, the high-risk perception community had no T20 income group. Also, up to 60% of the M40 income group were in the high-risk perception community. Moreover, the B40 income group had relatively high risk perception (30. 3 and 24. 2% of high- and low-risk perception groups, respectively). Nonetheless, the chi-square test found no significant influence of demographic characteristics in the distribution of risk perception communities (p > 0. 05). Beside the sociodemographic factors, the variation in public-perceived risk of EDCs in drinking water was expected due to the different risk processing either based on a rational system (analytical processing system) or a nonrational system (experiential processing system)9. Further, future studies on comprehensive conceptualization of the risk processing system and predictors (e. g. , cognitive and affective) are required for in-depth analysis of the public responses to the risk perceived in the emerging drinking water quality issue. Fig. 5: Proportion of low- and high-risk perception community within different groups of demographic characteristics. The chi-square test found no significant influence of demographic characteristics in the distribution of risk perception communities (p > 0. 05), whereby the risk processing system could be the influencing factor. Full size imageThe present study observed the current risk perception level with the presence of a low-risk perception community and a group of people who were unsure of the emerging drinking water quality issue. The situation indicates the lack of effective communication and governance in developing countries since the broad scope of EDCs had been widely detected in global drinking water supply, particularly pharmaceuticals in Malaysian tap water39. Further, it is not a worldwide practice to raise awareness and regulate emerging contaminants in drinking water. Subsequently, development of risk behavior (preparedness, reduction, prevention, and mitigation) and adoption of public participation in a multi-barrier approach in the monitoring and management framework of the drinking water supply system are challenging. Thus, the present study, which contributes empirical and theoretical outputs, facilitates the conceptualization of effective communication and governance, targeting the dissemination of information on safe drinking water quality and public involvement in regard to EDCs. This supports the national water sector in accomplishing the Goals (SDGs) that target clean drinking water and sanitation, and safeguard public health for all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying perceptions of risk regarding drinking water quality among different income groups. It highlights that factors like effective communication and governance could be lacking in developing countries, impacting access to clean drinking water. It emphasizes that there is a distinction in risk perception among demographic groups, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: 17:2201–2210. 22. (2013) GHSR1a constitutive activity and its physiological relevance. Front. Neurosci. 7, 87. DOI: 10. 3389/fnins. 2013. 00087. 23. (2007) Importance of constitutive activity and arrestin‐independent mechanisms for intracellular trafficking of the ghrelin receptor. Mol. Endocrinol. 21:3100–3112. 24. Berrout L, (2012) Ghrelin promotes reorganization of dendritic spines in cultured rat hippocampal slices. Neurosci. Lett. 516:280–284. 25. ‐(2004) Desensitization and endocytosis mechanisms of ghrelin‐activated growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a. Endocrinology 145:930–940. 26. (2006) Protein kinase A regulates calcium permeability of NMDA receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 9:501–510. 27. (1997) Cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C phosphorylate N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors at different sites. J. Biol. Chem. 272:12107–12115. 28. Camina JP (2006) Cell biology of the ghrelin receptor. J. Neuroendocrinol. 18:65–76. 29. (2003) Ghrelin directly interacts with neuropeptide‐Y‐containing neurons in the rat arcuate nucleus: Ca2+ signaling via protein kinase A and N‐type channel‐dependent mechanisms and cross‐talk with leptin and orexin. Diabetes 52:948–956. 30. Jo Y‐H, Chen Y‐. , (2005) Integration of endocannabinoid and leptin signaling in an appetite‐related neural circuit. Neuron 48:1055–1066. 31. Kola B, Farkas I, Christ‐‐(2008) The orexigenic effect of ghrelin is mediated through central activation of the endogenous cannabinoid system. PLoS One 3(3):e1979. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0001797. 32. Cuellar JN, (2011) Ghrelin‐induced activation of cAMP signal transduction and its negative regulation by endocannabinoids in the hippocampus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the claim about dendritic spines and their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it discusses the ghrelin receptor and its signaling pathways without mentioning dendritic spines or their significance in synaptic functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The highest eigenvectors are related to the available P and the soil water storage, which have negative correlations with this principle component. The total nitrogen has a positive correlation and the available potassium has a negative correlation with the second principal component (Table 8). The results showed that the points related to the border of barriers are located on the left side of the PC1 and the points related to the bare ground are located on the right side of the PC1 (Fig. 11). In the present research, it can be noticed that PC1 represents the changes both in different plants and between the border of the barriers, center of the barriers and bare ground. the semiarid areas, a large amount of carbon is lost through high mineralization rates and soil erosion; thus, cover crops are vital to preserve the soil organic carbon stock (Fernandez-Romero et al. 2016). The highest SOM content was found in the rye grown in the border of the barrier. Several studies in different climatic conditions have reported that cover crops such as rye, ryegrass, pea and oats significantly improved soil organic carbon contents relative to plots without cover crops (Olson et al. 2014; Sainju et al. 2002). Additionally, soils treated with cover crops may decrease SOC loss through reducing soil erosion (Blanco-Canqui et al. 2015). Cover crops increase soil organic material at greater depths of soil through the fast growing and their extensive roots that penetrate soil p67. 54% in the rye grown on borders should allow the rye to retain minimal cell turgidity and represent a high capacity of osmotic adjustment. Electrolyte leakage has been widely used as an indicator of the oxidative stress (Trabelsi et al. 2019). The rye had the lowest electrolyte leakage among the three cover crops (Table 5). Significant increase in EL on the bare ground plants may be due to the fact that water deficit increases electrolyte leakage and confirms that these plants are more vulnerable to border plants. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration is the final product of membrane lipid peroxidation (Anjum et al. 2011). MDA content, as an indicator of oxidative damage, reflects the extent of the membrane injury caused by reactive oxygen species (Stajner et al. 2009). Our findings showed that the MDA content was decreased when the rye and sainfoin were grown in the straw checkerboards (Table 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several points that highlight the benefits of cover crops in improving soil organic carbon content and reducing soil erosion. It states that cover crops are vital to preserve soil organic carbon stock and that several studies have shown that cover crops like rye, ryegrass, pea, and oats significantly improve soil organic carbon contents compared to plots without cover crops. Additionally, the text mentions that cover crops increase soil organic material at greater depths through their extensive root systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: MethodsStudy areaLumpur, or the (GKL/KV) is a with urbanization on a vast scale, holding about a quarter of the total population of Malaysia. The population in GKL/KV is projected to increase to 20 million by 2030. Putrajaya, which located in GKL/KV, is a planned city and the federal administrative centre of Malaysia, consisting of 19,511 households with approximately 88,300 people41. Currently, the community is exposed to EDCs, particularly pharmaceutical and personal care product residues, via daily water consumption, as reported in an earlier publication39. The detected EDCs including dexamethasone, primidone, propranolol, ciprofloxacin, caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, triclosan, and diazinon. In the study, household tap water sampling was conducted in residential areas, involving only households using tap water as drinking water supply. The analytical protocol was under quality control and assurance based on method accuracy (spiked recovery at range 85 to 146%), sensitivity (correlation coefficients >0. 9), precision (relative standard deviation <15%), method detection limit (0. 01 to 2. 56 ng/L), and matrix effect (<100%, ionization suppression compensated using isotopically labeled compounds). Sample analyses revealed a total of nine pharmaceutical and personal care product residues (out of ten screened) from different therapeutic groups in household tap water in the range <0. 03 to 21. 39 ng/L, with the highest concentration observed for diclofenac (<2. 56–21. 39 ng/L; 6. 46 ± 4. 30 ng/L), an anti-inflammatory drug. Meanwhile, caffeine (0. 27–5. 33 ng/L; 2. 39 ± 1. 05 ng/L), a psychoactive stimulant that commonly utilized in pharmaceutical and food products, was present in all tap water samples and accounted for the highest distribution at 35. 3%. Contamination of the monitored EDCs in tap water was speculated to be due to the inefficient conventional treatment methods presently used in the treatment plant when the EDCs were also observed in the raw water17. Sample sizeThe representative sample size (n) was determined using the sample size formula in Eq. (1)42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the presence of pharmaceutical and personal care product residues in household tap water in urban Kuala Lumpur, suggesting that not all individuals have equal access to clean drinking water. It specifies the existence of contaminants and inefficiencies in conventional treatment methods, which imply disparities in water quality based on location and urbanization. Consequently, this indicates that equal access to clean drinking water is not achieved for all individuals in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendritic spines play a critical role in synaptic plasticity and learning. [SEP] Text: Neuropharmacology 60:842–851. 33. Al‐(2001) The endogenous cannabinoid anadamide activates vanilloid receptors in the rat hippocampal slice. Neuropharmacology 41:1000–1005. 34. (2007) The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits the function of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Mol. Pharmacol. 72:1024–1032. 35. Antic SD, Zhou W‐(2010) The decade of the dendritic NMDA spike. J. Neurosci. Res. 88:2991–3001. 36. (2013) Subcellular organization of CaMKII in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:3570–3583. 37. (2011) Glutamate spillover promotes the generation of NMDA spikes. J. Neurosci. 31:16435–16446. 38. Petralia RS (2012) Distribution of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors on neurons. Journal. 2012;2012:267120. doi: 10. 1100/2012/267120. Epub 2012 Apr 30. 39. ‐Sempere M, (2003) Role of ghrelin in the control of growth hormone secretion in prepubertal rats: interactions with excitatory amino acids. Neuroendocrinology 77:83–90. 40. (2002) Reversible inhibition of CREB/ATF transcription factors in region CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus disrupts hippocampus dependent spatial memory. Neuron 34:447–462. 41. Estrada NM, (2009) Metabolic demand stimulates CREB signaling in the limbic cortex: Implication for the induction of hippocampal synaptic plasticity by intrinsic stimulus for survival. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 10. 3389/neuro. 06. 005. 2009. 42. ‐(2004) Ghrelin degradation by serum and tissue homogenates: identification of the cleavage sites. Endocrinology 145:4997–5005. 43. Cong W‐(2010) Ghrelin receptor signaling: a promising therapeutic target for metabolic syndrome and cognitive dysfunction. CNS Neurol. Dis. 9:557–563. information 1. Introduction2. Localization of GHSR1a in the hippocampus of cultured slices3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss dendritic spines or their role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Instead, it consists of citations regarding various neuropharmacological studies, NMDA receptors, and other related neuroscience topics, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about dendritic spines.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The straw checkerboards provided better protection from oxidative damages and higher tolerance to drought was created by improving the soil water storage. As a nitrogenous compound, proline is the main amino acid that plays a major role in plants under drought conditions and is responsible for osmotic adjustment in plants (Hazrati et al. 2017). Higher proline accumulation, occurred in the rye grown on the border of barriers, may be attributed to the increase in soil total nitrogen content on the border of the barriers (Azcón and Tobar 1998). Increased soil available potassium may induce proline accumulation. It may be attributed to starvation effect of K on amino acids and proline metabolism (Bahrami-Rad and Hajiboland 2017). In this study, the rye plants showed the highest proline concentration (Fig. 8), and the least-injuries by drought in terms of plants growth; Plants grown in the bare ground suffered more (Fig. 7A-C). High proline contents were in line with maintaining protein structures; preserve the integrity of cell membranes and antioxidant protective roles in cover crops (Zhang et al. 2009). checkerboard barriers improved initial vegetation recovery in steep dry lands. As an effective management practice, this technique significantly has improved soil macronutrient, organic matter content and soil water storage which further creates ideal conditions for growth performance of plants. As a result, the improved plant growth leads to soil preserve and reduced erosion. Cover crops, especially the rye, improved organic matter contents of the soil, which may be important as a carbon sequestration approach. Most of the physiological parameters evaluated herein indicate that for the mentioned cover crops, rye had a better ability to survive during drought stress, can be used in such a dry condition effectively. Superior drought tolerance in rye, compared to other cover crops, was associated with increased proline content and more efficient osmotic adjustment. Based on this field experiment, it could be concluded that implement of straw checkerboards will protect cover crops more efficient to conserve natural resources and sustaining productivity. Declarationswork was supported by funding from the Shahrekord University. The authors would like to thank the for providing financial support. Conflict of interests The authors declared no conflict of interests. 16. Published by the Potash and of (1990) Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'straw checkerboards improved initial vegetation recovery' and 'this technique significantly has improved soil macronutrient, organic matter content and soil water storage.' These points directly support the assertion that cover crops are beneficial for enhancing soil structure and organic matter. Additionally, the text mentions how 'cover crops, especially the rye, improved organic matter contents of the soil,' further reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractAfrica lags behind the world on operational and financial progress to maintain safe drinking water services. In rural Mali, we explore the implications of monthly flat fee contributions and volumetric (pay-as-you-fetch) payments for water use and revenue generation. By assessing 4413 months of data across 177 handpumps, we find that once payment modalities switch from volumetric payments to monthly flat fees, a waterpoint registers a more than three-times higher monthly revenue. While flat fees cover a higher share of the operational costs of providing reliable water services, a subsidy gap persists. Flat fees appear to stimulate daily water use which more than doubles compared to volumetric payments. We estimate that a 1 °C increase in average monthly temperature is associated with 180 more litres of water used every day per handpump, emphasising the importance of climate-resilient water supplies. Based on these insights, we discuss the role of professional service delivery models to support reliable drinking water services for rural communities. Similar content being viewed by others Global water policy and local payment choices in rural Africa 1. 5–2. 5 billion of capital investment unused2. Hand- and foot pumps which are the most widely used technology in Africa for providing basic water supply experience breakdown durations lasting on average 30 days3,4,5. Despite significant investments in community-based management over several decades, progress has been largely unsatisfactory in maintaining rural water supply infrastructure4,6,7,8,9. Cross-country evidence from rural Africa shows that significantly higher operational performance can be achieved by professional service delivery models5,10. Yet, these professional service providers struggle to cover related operating costs requiring a subsidy, as is common in most urban piped systems5,11,12. Policy and practice generally expect that some of the costs of providing rural water services are to be covered through user payments6,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20. Global assessments indicate that user payments are the largest source of WASH financing21,22,23. Yet, debate prevails on how to effectively generate sufficient local revenue from user payments and which pricing strategies are the most effective in aligning affordability goals with cost recovery targets24,25,26,27,28,29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that Africa, particularly rural areas like Mali, faces significant challenges and inequalities in maintaining safe drinking water services. It mentions that despite various payment models and investments, substantial gaps persist in coverage and reliability of water supply, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: IntroductionArchaea are best known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as those having elevated temperatures, saturating salt concentrations, or extremely acidic pH. However, recent molecular studies have shown that organisms from this prokaryotic domain of life are ubiquitous (Chaban et al. 2006a). In addition to inhabiting environments such as the hot springs of and the frozen tundra of Siberia, archaea have been identified in nearly every habitat in which life of any kind has been found, including environments that range from garden soil to oral cavities and from coral reefs to the human gut (Falkowski et al. 2008; Robertson et al. 2005; Rosenberg et al. 2007). In addition to playing important roles in essential environmental processes such as the carbon and nitrogen cycles, accumulating evidence indicates that archaea can also have significant impacts on human health. This has resulted in more intense efforts to identify the molecular mechanisms underlying key archaeal cellular processes (Conway de Macario and Macario 2008; Francis et al. 2007; Lepp et al. 2004; Pennisi 2005; Scanlan et al. 2008; Vianna et al. 2008). In that regard, recent in silico, biochemical and genetic analyses have led to a greater appreciation and understanding of the diversity and biosynthesis of archaeal type IV pilus-like structures. These pilin structures in bacteria are known to play crucial roles in fundamental cellular processes (Burrows 2005; Craig and Li 2008; Pelicic 2008). Type IV pili, which were first identified in gram-negative bacteria, are thin filamentous protein complexes that form flexible filaments. These filaments, which traverse the outer cell membrane, can extend from the cell surface, attach to a variety of surfaces and retract, allowing them to facilitate such disparate and important functions as surface adhesion and cell–cell interactions, which mediate processes that include autoaggregation and conjugation, and twitching motility (surface gliding). Type IV pili can also attach to a pilus and are drawn close to the cell when the pilus retracts (Burrows 2005; Craig and Li 2008; Pelicic 2008). Unlike bacterial flagella, archaeal flagella are synthesized in a manner that is similar to the synthesis of bacterial type IV pili (Ng et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses archaea and their functions in extreme environments without directly relating to astrobiology, Martian exploration, or thermophiles specifically. It provides background on archaea and their cellular mechanisms but does not mention any connection to Mars or the study of extremophiles in the context of astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 186:421–431 Fernandez-Romero ML, Lozano-Garcia B, Parras-(2016) Effects of land management on different forms of soil carbon in olive groves in Mediterranean areas. Dev 27:1186–1195 -(2013) Impact of elevated temperatures on greenhouse gas emissions in rice systems: interaction with straw incorporation studied in a growth chamber experiment. 373:857–875 (2004) Seedbed preparation – the soil physical environment of germinating seeds. In: Benech-(eds) Handbook of Seed Physiology. Applications to Agriculture. Press, Inc. , Binghamton, pp 3–49 (2001) Comparison of different mulching materials on growth, yield and quality of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. ). 559:49–53 Hazrati S, Tahmasebi-Sarvestani Z, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Modarres-(2017) Effects of zeolite and water stress on growth, yield and chemical compositions of Aloe vera L. Agric. 181:66–72 (2009) Effect of drought on yield variability of key crops in Czech Republic. Meteorol 149:431–442 ñeiro G (2017) The ecology of soil carbon: pools, vulnerabilities, and biotic and abiotic controls. Syst 48:419–445 (2013) The effect of land management practices on soil erosion and land desertification in an olive grove. Manag 29:597–606 (1998) Mobilization of soil and fertilizer phosphate by cover crops. P flanzenernährung, Wurzelleistung und Exsudation. Vieweg + Teubner Verlag, pp 167–177 Ågren GI, Sebastià MT (2014) Temperature sensitivity of soil respiration rates enhanced by microbial community response. Nature 513:81–84 Kaspar T, (2011) The use of cover crops to manage soil. In: Hatfield J, (eds), Soil Management: Building a for Agriculture. SSSA. , (2015) Biomass production of 12 winter cereal cover crop cultivars and their effect on subsequent no-till corn yield. J Conserv 70:353–364 (2007) Dye tracer infiltration in the plough layer after straw incorporation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes several references to the use of cover crops in relation to soil management, specifically stating that the use of cover crops can manage soil and improve its properties. The mention of the 'mobilization of soil and fertilizer phosphate by cover crops' further supports the claim that cover crops are utilized for enhancing soil characteristics, including organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: As costs for maintaining existing water infrastructure are globally expected to outgrow capital investments by 203014, empirical insights on the effectiveness of revenue collection approaches for funding maintenance services can inform policy and practice to meet the Goal for Water (SDG 6. 1). Volumetric pricing is most common in urban piped water supply to increase revenue collection and improve financial sustainability while encouraging efficient water use30. Volumetric pricing is becoming more common in water supply across rural Africa with the increasing development of small piped systems, water kiosks and ATMs, and cashless payment facilities31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39. Water policies in Africa promote different approaches to generate revenue to fund the recurrent costs of providing water services40. Mali, for instance, officially recognises two payment modalities for rural water supply: regular flat fee contributions or volume-based payments at the waterpoint41,42. Yet, the applicability and effectiveness of volumetric pricing in funding maintenance services for handpumps remains empirically unclear. Across Africa, there has been increased interest in testing professional service delivery models to guarantee higher service levels and to promote greater financial sustainability43,44. For example in Mali, a professional service delivery company, UDUMA, has raised private capital for a public private partnership with the government to provide reliable rural water services from 1400 handpumps37, subject to affordable user payments. This large-scale initiative is implemented in the region of Sikasso, located in Southern Mali. The area is characterised by an annual dry season from March to June followed by a wet season from July to October, with annual rainfall of 510 to 1400 mm and average temperatures of 24 to 32 °C45. At the start of the professional service in November 2019, UDUMA charged a volumetric tariff of 500 FCFA per m³ ($0. 80). Following a “pay-as-you-fetch” approach, users made direct payments at the handpump for every 20-litre container collected37. Confronted with low revenue due to limited user payments, UDUMA gradually introduced a monthly flat fee of 15,000 FCFA ($24) per handpump, with no limit on water use. The flat fee payment approach stipulates that if the flat fee is not paid, the UDUMA service is not activated, and the pump is locked until a payment is made. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how water availability and access depend on payment structures and service delivery models, which can vary significantly based on geography. It discusses specific payment modalities in Mali indicating that if users do not pay the flat fee, they cannot access the water services, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. This indicates disparities in access based on financial capability and geographic location.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: 2008; Jarrell and McBride 2008; Trachtenberg and Cohen-Krausz 2006; Albers et al. 2006). In fact, the protein subunits of archaeal flagella bear a resemblance to bacterial type IV pilins. Moreover, recent in silico analyses of more than twenty archaeal genomes have identified a large number of archaeal genes that encode putative proteins resembling type IV pilins (Szabó et al. 2007b). The expression of several archaeal pilin-like proteins has since been confirmed in vivo (Wang et al. 2008; Zolghadr et al. 2007; Fröls et al. 2007, 2008). The sequence divergence of these proteins as well as the differential expression of the operons encoding these proteins suggests they play a variety of roles in distinct biological processes. Structure and biosynthesis of type IV pilin-like structuresTypically, a bacterial type IV pilus is composed of major pilins, the primary structural components of the filament, and several minor pilin-like proteins thought to be involved in the assembly or function of the pilus (Craig and Li 2008; Hansen and Forest 2006; Proft and Baker 2009). Many of the details of pilus assembly have been delineated in bacteria. Pilin precursor proteins are transported across the cytoplasmic membrane via the Sec translocation pathway (Arts et al. 2007; Francetic et al. 2007). However, while most Sec substrates are then cleaved at processing sites subsequent to the hydrophobic portion of the signal peptide by signal peptidase I or signal peptidase II, a dedicated prepilin peptidase (SPase III) cleaves pilin precursors at sites that precede the hydrophobic domain, removing only the positively charged cytoplasmic portion of the signal peptide, resulting in mature pilins having highly hydrophobic N-termini (Fig. 1) (Bardy et al. 2003; Ng et al. 2007; Pohlschroder et al. 2005). The hydrophobic nature of these N-termini is extremely important to the assembly of a pilus since extracellular interactions between these domains drives the formation of a hydrophobic central core, providing a scaffold for the assembly of the entire pilus complex (see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding astrobiologists studying extremophiles such as Thermophiles for insights into potential life on Mars. Instead, it discusses the structural and biosynthesis details of type IV pilin-like proteins in archaea and bacteria, which does not directly relate to the study of extremophiles or their implications for astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Sustainability 8:177 (2012) Induction of different types of callus and somatic embryogenesis in various explants of Sainfoin (Onobrychis sativa). 6:1305–1313 (2012) Plant community recovery following restoration in semiarid grasslands. 20:656–663 (2007) Benefits of for Soil Health. University of. 272 (2015) Cover crop biomass production and water use in the Plains. 107:2047–2058 -(2019) Real cover crops contribution to soil organic carbon sequestration in sloping vineyard. Environ 652:300–306 O’reilly (2012) Nitrogen cycling, profit margins and sweet corn yield under fall cover crop systems. 92:353–365 (1990) Rye. and Harvest of Rye. University of Wisconsin, 1. USA) (1954) Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular 939, (2014) Long-term effects of cover crops on crop yields, soil organic carbon stocks and sequestration. of 4:284 (2009) Implications for degenerative disorders: antioxidative activity, total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and β-tocopherol in Aloe vera. 2:99–106 (2014) Influence of soil management on soil physical characteristics and water storage in a mature rainfed olive orchard. Res 144:96–109 (2013) The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphal networks on soil aggregations of purple soil in southwest China. Biochem 57:411–417 (2007) Field observations on the protective effect of semi-buried checkerboard sand barriers. Geomorphology 88:193–200 (1996) Nitrogen release from grass and legume cover crop monocultures and bicultures. 88:777–882 (1995) Soil organic matter changes resulting from tillage and biomass production. J Conserv 50:253–261 (2008) Rainfall concentration for increasing corn production under semiarid climate. Manage 95:1293–1302 (2002) Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies and insights related to cover crops, including their long-term effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations, which are directly linked to improving soil structure and organic matter. The mention of various benefits of cover crops in the context of soil health and specific studies indicates a strong connection to the assertion that cover crops benefit soil characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 2022, all waterpoints are running under a monthly flat fee model. The change in payment modalities was introduced within existing contractual arrangements with local governments and communities. By examining longitudinal volumetric use and payment data we explore what happens if payment modalities for reliable maintenance services at handpumps are changed from volumetric payments to monthly flat fee contributions. Findings from Kenya, Ethiopia, Ghana, Rwanda, and Uganda emphasise the prevalence of seasonal water demand in rural areas and related implications on revenue generation46,47,48,49. Therefore, we ask how does a change in payment modalities affect (1) daily water use, (2) monthly revenue, and (3) collection efficiency at handpumps, conditional on seasonal fluctuations, and (4) what, if any subsidy, is required to sustain services across the two payment modalities? The analytical strategy of the paper is based on observed water usage and payment data from manual pumps equipped with water meters which is uncommon in rural Africa. We model a total of 4413 months of observed payments and metered water usage before and after the change in payment modalities across 177 manual pumps, covering a period from November 2019 to April 2023. The change from volumetric to flat fee payments, gradually introduced between April 2021 to March 2022, constitutes a shift in UDUMA’s revenue strategy while the infrastructure type (handpump) as well as the level of service delivery (guaranteed repairs within 72 h of breakdown and annual water quality monitoring) stay constant. Similar to other cost estimates for professional service delivery guaranteeing that any breakdowns are repaired within 72 h50, UDUMA’s recurrent local operation and maintenance costs51 are of approximately $24 per waterpoint per month. The analysis focuses on four performance metrics which we track over time: daily volume of water used per waterpoint, monthly revenue generated, monthly working ratio, and monthly collection efficiency. A local working ratio5,52 is a performance metric reflecting local revenue from user payments divided by local operation and maintenance costs. Working ratios may also include indirect costs, depreciation, inflation, and other operational costs. Here, we apply the simple local metric to support understanding of pathways to improve financial sustainability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in payment models and the implications of these changes on access to water. It emphasizes that the financial sustainability and access depend on local revenue generation and payment modalities. This suggests that there is not equal access to clean drinking water because access is influenced by geography and economic conditions, as evidenced by seasonal fluctuations in rural water demand and the specifics of payment obligations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: A negatively charged amino acid found at position +5 within the hydrophobic domain also appears to be important for the assembly of most type IV pili. processing site includes G/A at position −1 and a phenylalanine at position +1, which upon cleavage by SPase III is methylated by this peptidase (Peabody et al. 2003). Fig. 1Assembly models of the bacterial type IV pilus (a) and the archaeal type IV pilus-like surface structure (b) (see text for detail). Pilin subunits dark grey, OM outer membrane, IM inner membrane, SL S-layerFull size image In addition to the prepilin peptidase, an ATPase (PilB), which provides the energy necessary for the pilus assembly, and a multispanning membrane protein (PilC), which may serve as a pilus assembly platform, are crucial to the assembly of a pilus filament (Fig. 1a). In addition, PilT, an ATPase that is an antagonist of PilB, stimulates pilus retraction. The mechanism that couples ATP hydrolysis to pilus assembly and disassembly has not yet been determined. In gram-negative bacteria, the assembly of functional type IV pili and related structures requires several additional periplasmic components, e. g. PilQ, an outer membrane pore (Fig. 1a) (Craig et al. 2006; Hansen and Forest 2006; Pelicic 2008). Processing and maturation of archaeal class III signal peptide-containing proteinsThe most extensively studied archaeal proteins containing class III signal peptides are the archaeal flagellins. Just as in bacteria, rotating flagella are responsible for archaeal swimming motility; however, in contrast to bacterial flagellar subunits, which are translocated via a specialized type III secretion apparatus, archaeal flagellin secretion and flagellar assembly resemble the processes used to translocate type IV pilins and assemble type IV pili (Jarrell and McBride 2008; Trachtenberg and Cohen-Krausz 2006). The processing of archaeal flagellins by an archaeal SPase III-like signal peptidase, FlaK, was first demonstrated in vivo in Methanococcus ssp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the assembly mechanisms of bacterial and archaeal type IV pili, and does not mention extremophiles, Thermophiles, or any connection to astrobiology or Mars. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Οι αγρότες καλούνται να βρουν τρόπους για να ελαχιστοποιήσουν την κατανάλωση ενέργειας, το κόστος παραγωγής και να μειώσουν τις αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στο περιβάλλον. Οι γεωργικές πρακτικές διατήρησης μπορούν να προσφέρουν μειωμένη κατανάλωση ενέργειας και σημαντικά περιβαλλοντικά οφέλη, όπως αύξηση της οργανικής ύλης του εδάφους και η μείωση των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that agricultural conservation practices can lead to increased organic matter in the soil, which aligns with the purpose of planting cover crops to improve soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Collection efficiency provides an indication for the acceptance of the payment principle in the context of rural Mali and reflects users’ willingness and commitment to pay for reliable water services31 (further detail on the performance metrics is available in the “Methods” section). We apply a fixed effects regression model to estimate the effect of changes in payment modalities on the outcomes of interest while accounting for seasonal confounders. Our findings from Mali reveal that monthly flat fee contributions are more effective in funding professional maintenance services than a volumetric approach, generating on average $9 more revenue per month per handpump. In addition, flat fees are associated with an increase in water use throughout the year. Results indicate that payment collections double under the flat fee approach compared to volumetric payments but experience a downward trend over time. Furthermore, the results reveal the contextual variability of performance in collection efficiency across both payment modalities, highlighting that neither volumetric tariffs nor monthly flat fees are one-size-fits-all solutions to effectively collect user payments at handpumps. Despite improvements in revenue generation following the shift to flat fee payments, a monthly funding gap of about $12 per waterpoint persists, requiring targeted subsidies to ensure reliable access to water throughout the year. Based on these empirical insights we discuss how models of reliable rural water services may be sustained at scale. ResultsThis section presents results of (1) volumetric water use, (2) collection efficiency, (3) monthly revenue, and (4) working ratios when manual pumps shift from volumetric to monthly flat fee payments. Flat fees stimulate water use which is subject to seasonal variationsUsing 1885 monthly meter records under the volumetric modality and 2528 meter readings under the flat fee modality between November 2019 to April 2023, we find that the average daily water use per waterpoint more than doubles under a monthly flat fee (mean: 1. 74 m³, SD: 2. 26 m³) compared to volumetric payments (mean: 0. 84 m³, SD: 1. 48 m³). A month-on-month assessment (Fig. 1a) comparing average daily water use across payment modalities indicates that the increase in daily volumetric use aligns with the shift from volumetric to flat fee payments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability of performance in collection efficiency across different payment modalities in rural Mali, indicating that there is not equal access to clean drinking water. It mentions a monthly funding gap of about $12 per waterpoint, which implies that some areas may not have reliable access to water services despite attempts to increase funding through flat fee payments, highlighting that access is still geographically dependent and not equal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: and later confirmed in vitro in Methanococcus maripaludis and Methanococcus voltae (Correia and Jarrell 2000; Bardy and Jarrell 2002, 2003). While heterologous expression analysis of the Sulfolobus solfataricus FlaK homolog (PibD) confirmed that it cleaves crenarchaeal flagellin precursors, attempts to generate pibD deletion mutants have failed, possibly due to the fact that it also is essential for processing other class III signal peptides (Albers et al. 2003). While G/A is conserved at −1 in the FlaK recognition site and bacterial SPase III recognition site sequences, FlaK processing sites have an uncharged amino acid at +1 and often lack the positively charged amino acid at position +5 that is found in bacterial type IV pilins. However, amino acids at positions −2, and to a certain extent −3, relative to the cleavage site appear to be crucial for recognition and processing by FlaK (Thomas et al. 2002). FlaFind, a perl program designed to detect archaeal class III signal peptides, has been used to identify genes that encode non-flagellin archaeal pilin-like proteins (Szabó et al. 2007b). Interestingly, many FlaFind positives encode proteins containing a relatively unique SPase III signal peptidase recognition site that, reminiscent of the bacterial type IV pilus contains a +5 negative charge (−2[K/A] − 1[G/A] + [Q] + [2]X + 3[S/T/A] + 4[X] + 5[E/D]). Operons that encode these proteins often also contain a gene that encodes a novel FlaK paralog (EppA), which has four extra transmembrane domains. Heterologous analysis has revealed that M. maripaludis proteins containing the unique SPase III recognition site (EpdA and EpdC) are processed specifically by the apparently co-regulated EppA homolog. Conversely, M. maripaludis preflagellins are cleaved only by the archaeal preflagellin peptidase FlaK. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific scientific findings related to the processing of archaeal proteins and does not mention extremophiles, thermophiles, or their implications for life on Mars. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim but is unrelated to the topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Οι γεωργικές πρακτικές διατήρησης μπορούν να προσφέρουν μειωμένη κατανάλωση ενέργειας και σημαντικά περιβαλλοντικά οφέλη, όπως αύξηση της οργανικής ύλης του εδάφους και η μείωση των εκπομπών αερίων του θερμοκηπίου. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that agricultural conservation practices can lead to an increase in soil organic matter, which supports the rationale behind planting cover crops aimed at enhancing soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Under the volumetric payment modality average daily usage per pump exceeds 1 m³ only during April and May, the hottest months in Mali, whereas water demand under a monthly flat fee in the same period reaches up to 3 m³ per pump and decreases to 1 m³ only during the rainy season. Across both payment modalities, increases in volumetric water use align with Mali’s hot season (March to June), whereas water usage falls during the rainy season (July to October), emphasising a seasonal pattern in water demand. Fig. 1: Average daily water use and monthly revenue per waterpoint. a Average daily volumetric water use (in m³) per waterpoint. b Average monthly revenue generated per waterpoint (in US Dollars). Bar plots separating between payment modalities. Total of 4413 monthly observations between 2019 to 2023 across 177 waterpoints. Rainfall is total monthly average. Full size imageSeasonal boxplots, disaggregated per payment modality (Fig. 2), track daily volumetric use over three consecutive dry and wet seasons. This monitoring reveals the nuance and variation between months and within a month indicating different patterns for individual waterpoints. Again, daily volumetric water use levels align with Mali’s hot and rainy seasons across both payment modalities, with higher average water use levels for the flat fee modality. Fig. 2: Daily volumetric water use per waterpoint, separating between payment modalities (n = 177 waterpoints). Box and whisker plots (centre line, median; box limits, upper and lower quartiles; whiskers, 1. 5x interquartile range; points, outliers). Dashed line for average per payment modality. Shaded area highlights the period of the payment modality transition (April 2021 to March 2022). Full size imageA fixed-effects regression model supports the descriptive insights: when controlling for climatic conditions, the flat fee modality is associated with an increase of 900 litres in daily water use per waterpoint (Table 1, Model 2). Higher temperatures are positively related to higher water use: an increase of 1 °C in monthly average temperature translates into additional daily water abstraction of 180 litres per waterpoint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that water usage patterns and access to water in Mali are influenced by geographical and seasonal factors. It highlights that average daily water use varies significantly with climatic conditions and payment modalities, indicating disparities in access based on geography, temperature, and the type of payment system implemented. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Consistent with its apparent specificity, EppA homologs are found exclusively in organisms that express proteins containing the unique EppA-recognition signal (Szabó et al. 2007b). Recently, it was shown that EpdA and EpdC are indeed required for pilus biosynthesis (Wang et al. 2008). Deletion of the genes encoding these EppA substrates results in M. maripaludis cells lacking pili that can be detected on the surface of wild-type M. maripaludis that are grown under standard laboratory conditions (Ng S, unpublished results). While the EppAs appear to specifically cleave substrates with this conserved motif, and the M. maripaludis FlaK is a flagellin-specific peptidase, the S. solfataricus FlaK homolog, PibD, exhibits broader substrate specificity. For example, it has been shown that this SPase III can process the class III signal peptides of two subunits of an S. solfataricus type IV pilus-like structure, UpsA and UpsB, that are induced by UV exposure (Fig. 1b) (Fröls et al. 2008) (see below). Moreover, the S. solfataricus genome contains eight FlaFind positive genes that encode putative substrate-binding proteins (SBPs); of these, PibD has already been shown to cleave GlcS, AraS and TreS. Given that these putative proteins contain class III signal peptides, it has been suggested that, once processed and glycosylated, these SBPs might be assembled into a macromolecular structure, tentatively called a bindosome, that integrates into the cell membrane (Albers et al. 2003) (see below). Interestingly, these proteins are significantly larger than known pilins, containing approximately 550 amino acids as compared to the 150–200 amino acids contained in pilins. The broad substrate specificity of PibD does not appear to be specific to S. solfataricus, as several other crenarchaea and euryarchaea, which have genomes that encode a diverse set of putative proteins containing class III peptides, appear to express a single SPase III homolog (Szabó et al. 2007b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific proteins and genetic functions in microbes like M. maripaludis and S. solfataricus without mentioning extremophiles, astrobiology, or the study of life on Mars. It does not relate to the exploration of extremophiles in the context of planetary life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Οι λιγότερο φιλικές προς το περιβάλλον κατεργασίες ήταν η δισκοσβάρνα και ο περιστροφικός καλλιεργητής για τις αμειψισπορές Α και Β αντίστοιχα. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα The agricultural systems endure further pressure due to the constantly growing needs. Farmers are asked to find ways to minimize energy consumption, the production costs and decrease the adverse effects to the environment. Conservation agriculture practices can offer reduced energy consumption and also considerable environmental benefits such as soil organic matter increase and reduction of GHG emissions. In a three years field experiment the effect of two energy crop rotations, including double cropping per year, and five tillage treatments on soil organic matter (SOM) and nutrients content were studied, under total aerial biomass removal. The five (5) tillage treatments tested were: conventional tillage (CT) by ploughing at depth 25-30 cm, reduced tillage using heavy cultivator (HC) at depth 20-25 cm, reduced tillage using a rotary cultivator (RC) at depth 12 -15 cm, reduced tillage using a disc harrow(DH/STR) at depth 5-8 cm for winter crops and strip tillage using a new design mach. . . The agricultural systems endure further pressure due to the constantly growing needs. Farmers are asked to find ways to minimize energy consumption, the production costs and decrease the adverse effects to the environment. Conservation agriculture practices can offer reduced energy consumption and also considerable environmental benefits such as soil organic matter increase and reduction of GHG emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing conservation agriculture practices that aim to improve soil organic matter, which aligns with the purpose of planting cover crops. It notes that conservation agriculture can lead to an increase in soil organic matter, thus supporting the idea that practices like cover cropping help enhance soil structure and organic health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Dashed line for mean per payment modality. Shaded area highlights the period of the payment modality transition (April 2021 to March 2022). Full size imageFlat fees generate higher monthly revenues, lowering subsidy requirementsOn average, the monthly revenue per waterpoint generated through flat fee payments is almost four-times higher than through volumetric payments. Flat fees generate an average monthly revenue of $12. 85 per waterpoint (SD: $11. 97), whereas the volumetric modality generates $3. 42 per waterpoint (SD: $9. 78) per month. Month-on-month comparisons (Fig. 1b) reveal the seasonal variation in monthly revenue. When payments are based on volumetric usage, revenues reflect the seasonal variation in water demand. Under the volumetric approach, some waterpoints generate revenue peaks aligning with peaks in water demand during the annual hot seasons (the highest monthly revenue generated at an individual waterpoint under the volumetric modality was $163, registered in May 2021). However, on average, the volumetric modality registers a consistently lower revenue compared to the flat fee approach throughout the year. Fixed-effects regression results indicate that average monthly revenue per handpump is driven by the flat fee modality (Table 1, Model 4). When controlling for seasonality, the flat fee modality is associated with an increase of $9. 37 in monthly revenue per waterpoint. Furthermore, we estimate that a 1 °C rise in monthly temperature is associated with $0. 82 more revenue per waterpoint. While flat fees do not translate into single high-performing waterpoints, they provide a considerable contribution to the total revenue generated per month. The gradual shift from volumetric to flat fee payments translates into an increase in total monthly revenue for a comparable number of active waterpoints (Fig. 5). Starting operations in late 2019, UDUMA progressively deployed its service model to handpumps located in its service area throughout 2020, to achieve a scale of around 100 handpumps in early 2021. The total number of actively paying waterpoints per month (Fig. 5a) stays relatively stable between February 2021 until July 2022. Following a general downward trend in waterpoints registering payment activities, reflecting the decreasing performance in collection efficiency for flat fees (Fig. 4), the total monthly revenue is declining, too (Fig. 5b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the different revenue models for waterpoints, suggesting that access to clean drinking water is influenced by payment modalities. The shift from volumetric to flat fee payments results in differing monthly revenues. This indicates that not all areas might have equal access to clean drinking water, as financial structures can create inequalities in service provision. The variations in revenue models directly challenge the notion of equal access highlighted in the claim.