Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: The right panel displays the significant difference between the Trough and the Peak condition in the neural complexity gain from before to following word onset (*cluster-level Monte Carlo: p=0. 002, N=15). slow-wave sleep is a state in which our conscious awareness of the surrounding world is drastically reduced. For our protection, we still need to process external events in order to decide whether an event is threatening and requires an immediate awakening or whether an event is relevant enough to warrant storage for later consideration. There is evidence indicating that we can process and store new information during slow-wave sleep (Ai et al. , 2018; Andrillon and Kouider, 2016; Arzi et al. , 2012; Arzi et al. , 2014; Koroma et al. , 2022; Ruch et al. , 2014; Ruch and Henke, 2020; Züst et al. , 2019). However, whether the most sophisticated form of learning - episodic learning - is possible during deep sleep, is contentious. This experiment reveals that troughs and peaks of slow-waves contribute mutually to successful episodic learning during sleep. Vocabulary played during troughs of slow-waves passed the thalamic gate and was processed perceptually and conceptually, which raised neural complexity. The following peak harbouring an increase in theta power provided the conditions for semantic-associative encoding of pseudowords and translation words. An immediately following second peak accompanied by a rise in fast spindle power around 1 s following word onset may have aided the immediate consolidation of the formed associations. This sequence of processing steps prepared the ground for later stages of memory consolidation that resulted in a successful retrieval of associations after 36 hr. Was the sleep-presented vocabulary stored and retrieved through the episodic memory system? Traditionally, episodic memory and hippocampal processing were considered processes of declarative or explicit memory and were thought to require conscious awareness of the learning material (Gabrieli, 1998; Moscovitch, 2008; Schacter, 1998; Squire and Dede, 2015; Tulving, 2002). Yet, increasing counterevidence indicates that hippocampal-assisted episodic memory formation may proceed with and without conscious awareness of the learning material (Duss et al. , 2014; Henke et al. , 2003; Henke et al. , 2013; Wuethrich et al. , 2018; Züst et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that processing and storing new information can occur during slow-wave sleep. It explicitly states that this sequence of processing is essential for memory consolidation and retrieval, which supports the idea of sleep enhancing long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: Study population The study population comprises individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain collected in Ghana [ 3] along with data of bats migration patterns in three countries (Ghana, Gabon, and the of Congo) [ 7, 8] and international students living in Wuhan. Sample size A total of 134 international students from and Ivory-Coast were interviewed. The total individuals involved in bushmeat commodity chain were 393, clustered into three groups: 95 hunters, 48 vendors and 240 consumers. . Also, secondary data of tested bats were 5021 with 239 confirmed positives were considered in this study. Data analysis for (IBM-SPSS) was used to perform the bivariate correlation showing the relationship between fruit bats and individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain. Package (ver. 2018) was used to plot the susceptible and infected individuals. We computed the probability of infected fruit bats and probabilities of human infection and the probabilistic transmission rate (since it was estimated in terms of probabilities). Even though, all individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain can be potentially susceptible, but by using transmission rate in simple SIR model as a parameter, we can predict the most likely susceptible and infected hunters, vendors, and consumers during the bat's migration season. probability of Ebola virus disease (EVD) transmission in bushmeat commodity chain in different countries was first determined by the ratio between infected bats in different tested samples in three countries and then associated with Bayesian conditional probability among key actors within the chain (hunters, vendors, and consumers). The dynamic probabilistic transmission rate of infection varies with the occurrence of migratory seasons of fruit bats as reported in some other infectious diseases [ 28]. Transmission rate estimated considering different conditions [ 25, 26] with the different data type [ 29]. We took into account the incubation period and contact rate (incubation α = 4. 23 days and contact rate (σ = 0. 128)) estimated from the data collected in and Liberia in order to have an in-depth understanding of this transmission rate[ 23, 24]. Therefore, the transmission rate was used as the prior parameter in the SIR model. Since this parameter was estimated in probabilistic context, the SIR model named probabilistic SIR (P-SIR) was employed to predict susceptible and infected individuals (see Additional file 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses a study related to the bushmeat commodity chain and transmission rates of infections among fruit bats without any mention of echolocation or the behavior of fruit bats in locating fruit. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Video 4 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as periodically inflates ES and then released into periotic space. Time course of otic vesicle injected with 3 kDa dextran-Texas red at 55 hpf. Panels are transverse volumes of same time course. Left, labeled endolymph presented in yellow. Right, labeled endolymph in yellow, membrane citrine in cyan. Scale bar is 10 μm. A core function of epithelial sheets is to act as a barrier that can prevent passive movement of molecules between an organ’s interior and exterior. Deflations could be driven by local breaks in the epithelial barrier combined with elastic tissue collapse or by an alternative mechanism such as cellular reabsorption of endolymph. To distinguish between these mechanisms, we used dye injections into the heart to label the perilymph that surrounds the otic vesicle and ES (Figure 1D). Quantification of fluorescence within the lumen of the ES revealed that perilymph dye begins to leak into the ES lumen at the onset of each deflation (Figure 1F, visible leakage in Figure 1D, Videos 2–3). In the example shown deflation coincided with an influx of fluorescence from the perilymph into the lumen of the ES in each of the nine major inflation-deflation cycles. This coincident timing suggests that both deflation and dye leakage were due to transient breaks in the epithelial barrier, an interpretation that is consistent with the rapid release of endolymph prior to deflation (Figure 2D, Video 4). The observation that perilymph enters the deflating ES may seem counterintuitive, since the contents of a punctured high-pressure elastic vessel might be expected to primarily flow outwards. Estimation of the rates of advection and diffusion supports the presence of upstream movement of perilymph by diffusion. Due to limited spatial resolution and the absence of contrast for trafficking vesicles, we could not dismiss alternative mechanisms such as contributions from rapid transcytosis or cellular absorption. To determine whether endolymph efflux occurs at the same time as perilymph influx, we simultaneously labeled the two fluids with different colored dyes and imaged their localization with higher temporal resolution (Figure 2G, Video 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding excavation sites revealing stratigraphy related to historical events. Instead, it focuses on the mechanics of epithelial sheets and their functions in the otic vesicle, which is irrelevant to the claim about excavation and stratigraphy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2015). The conscious and unconscious rapid encoding and flexible retrieval of novel relational memories was found to recruit the same or similar neural networks including the hippocampus (Henke et al. , 2003; Schneider et al. , 2021). This suggests that conscious and unconscious episodic memories are processed by the same memory system. In the current study, we directed word processing to the episodic memory system by: (a) exacting associative encoding, (b) enforcing a speedy encoding process, and (c) compelling a delayed cued associative retrieval that requires a flexible representation of the sleep-formed memories. These task-enforced processing characteristics are key features of episodic memory with no other memory system disposing of these computational abilities (Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993; Henke, 2010; O’Reilly et al. , 2014). Only the hippocampus can form arbitrary word-word associations and rapidly store the associations in a flexible format. The neocortex forms new arbitrary associations only slowly over dozens of learning trials and provides for fused (rather than flexible) word-word representations in memory (Cohen and Eichenbaum, 1993; Henke, 2010; O’Reilly et al. , 2014). Although no brain imaging was performed in the current study, evidence that relational learning during sleep is mediated by the hippocampus was provided by findings of Züst et al. , 2019. Using a very similar memory task, these authors observed that successful retrieval of sleep-played associations was associated with increased hippocampal activity. Mere priming is unlikely to account for the observed learning effects because priming is not compositional and flexible enough to provide the cued retrieval of word meaning that is required by the retrieval task. Note that at retrieval, only the pseudoword was presented. Hence, participants had to infer the corresponding category by first retrieving the sleep-played translation word and then classifying the translation word’s semantics to the superordinate category (tool, animal, place). We reason that memory representations formed by priming are not compositional and flexible enough to promote the required cued retrieval of word meaning. In summary, the task requirements called upon the episodic memory system and previous evidence (Züst et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how relational learning during sleep is mediated by the hippocampus, which is crucial for forming and retrieving episodic memories. It notes that increased hippocampal activity is associated with successful retrieval of associations formed during sleep, which supports the idea that memory consolidation occurs during this time and enhances long-term retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: DiscussionRecent studies provide the understanding of the importance of migratory seasons of fruit bats for local hunters, and impoverished individuals for either the purpose of consumption or trade of bats. Those same studies also showed how several local dwellers, most bat hunters, vendors, and consumers are the major victims of the Ebola virus disease (EVD) during peak bats migratory seasons [ 30-33]. Conversely, some countries endure long-term spread of EVD during the bat's migration season owing to the rather environmentally-induced protracted bats migratory periods [ 34]. Those facts impose burdens to the vulnerable populace living in most affected-Ebola low-income countries, however, the current study highlights seasons of bats migration for different affected countries, and predict the level of human susceptibility and infection that could be as a result of this migration season (s). The results from the semi-structured questionnaire administered to respondents from different African countries confirmed bat's migration seasons in the most affected countries; and potentially susceptible countries (Zambia, Ivory Coast, and Ghana). In DR Congo, the respondents confirmed two-yearly bats migration seasons, from July-September and October-December. This may be ascribed to the different time zones in that country and the busy commercial activities of bushmeat traders including hunters, vendors, and consumers as 82. 6 % confirmed the transmission of EVD in those seasons. Even though, EVD may occur outside the migration season, the EVD outbreak deteriorated in 2018 mostly during those seasons (July-September and October-December) in DR Congo. This is consistent with results by [ 3, 35]. Similarly, Gabon and Ghana have the same bats migratory season which starts from October to December; but unlike Ghana which has never recorded Ebola outbreak before, the first outbreak in Gabon occurred after human interaction with bats in this season [ 35]. However, in Guinea, the migration season starts from April to June; therefore, it is most probable that EVD transmission was influenced by this seasonal migratory pattern by bats. In Liberia, the bats migratory season starts from July to September, and thus, it can be deduced that EVD transmission may have been influenced by bats movement during the migration season. Unlike DR Congo, other countries like the have a shorter bats migratory season (from April to June). In Zambia, respondents indicated that bats migratory season happens between January and March. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding echolocation in fruit bats. Instead, it discusses the migratory patterns of fruit bats and their connection to the Ebola virus disease, which is irrelevant to the claim about echolocation. Hence, it is categorized as 'pass' with no supportive or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We found a fluttering behavior underlying deflation in which endolymph leaked out (62:41:20), perilymph leaked in (62:55:20), leaked-in perilymph flushed out with more endolymph efflux (62:55:40), followed by complete deflation (63:12:00). It is difficult to explain the simultaneous inward and outward movement of fluid with the alternative interpretation that rapid transcytosis or cellular absorption processes deflate the ES. A plausible mechanism for this observed behavior involves a structure that normally resists flow driven by a pressure differential that rapidly opens during deflation to allow for fast efflux by advection followed by influx by diffusion before re-closing. Video 5 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as released into periotic space followed by perilymph leak-in. Time course of otic vesicle injected with 3 kDa dextran-Texas red at 55 hpf, and perilymph labeled with 10 kDa dextran- 488. First three panels are transverse volumes while the fourth is a dorsal view of the same time course. Labeled endolymph presented in yellow, perilymph in magenta. Scale bar is 10 μm. Lmx1bb is essential for ES deflation The uniqueness of the ES inflation and deflation cycles suggests specific genes might be involved. To identify pathways that contribute to the emergence of this physiology and to reveal ways in which it can malfunction, we examined a mutant caused by a premature stop codon in the transcription factor lmx1bb (Obholzer et al. , 2012) that exhibited an enlarged ES. We found that the ES in lmx1bb mutants became greatly enlarged (>4 times the inflated wild-type ES volume) making it readily visible at 80 hpf by bright-field microscopy (Figure 3A). To determine if lmx1bb is expressed at an appropriate place and time for a mutation to be causing an ES defect, we imaged a transgenic reporter line, Tg(lmx1bb:eGFP)mw10, driven by the lmx1bb promoter McMahon et al. , 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses fluid dynamics, gene expression, and physiological mechanisms without mentioning excavation sites or stratigraphy, making it irrelevant to the claim about excavation and historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2019) of hippocampal activation during correctly versus incorrectly categorized items at wake-retrieval testing and the between-subjects correlation of this contrast with retrieval performance suggest that the sleep-formed memories were mediated by the episodic memory system. While consciously acquired information in the episodic memory system tends to decay rapidly during the 24 hr following learning (Ebbinghaus, 2013; Hardt et al. , 2013; Murre and Dros, 2015), we did not observe a deterioration in retrieval performance from 12 hr to 36 hr. This speaks to the longevity and robustness of sleep-formed memories. Because participants enjoyed a night of undisturbed sleep at home between the 12 hr and the 36 hr retrieval, the newly formed associations may have undergone additional sleep-assisted memory consolidation. One might argue that the retrieval task after 12 hr led to a conscious re-encoding of sleep-formed memories. However, the sleep-played translation words were not presented at test, and participants received no feedback regarding the accuracy of their responses during the retrieval task. Therefore, it seems unlikely that the successful delayed retrieval after 36 hr was due to conscious re-learning during the first retrieval. Instead, the reactivation of sleep-formed memories during the first retrieval task might have tagged these memories for further (re-) consolidation during the ensuing night (et al. , 2020). In fact, sleep-dependent memory consolidation supports weak memories more than strong memories (Denis et al. , 2020; Drosopoulos et al. , 2007; Petzka et al. , 2021; Schechtman et al. , 2021; Schneider et al. , 2021; Tucker and Fishbein, 2008). Hence, the presumably weak sleep-formed memories in this study may have profited especially from sleep-dependent memory consolidation. We have recently found that unconscious memories formed from subliminal (consciously invisible) cartoon clips (instead of memory formation during sleep) benefited from sleep-dependent memory consolidation, such that they were retrievable after hours (Pacozzi et al. , 2022). However, before memory consolidation can kick in, the sleep-played vocabulary needs to pass thalamic gating and undergo neocortical processing (Gent et al. , 2018; McCormick and Bal, 1994). How was this possible? We played the vocabulary either during peaks or during troughs of slow-waves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that sleep-formed memories may undergo additional sleep-assisted memory consolidation, leading to enhanced retrieval performance after a period of sleep. It discusses how participants exhibited robust memory retention for sleep-formed associations and emphasizes the role of sleep-dependent consolidation in supporting weak memories, aligning with the claim regarding sleep's impact on memory retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: This, however, contradicts report by Richet that bats migration season in Zambia occurs from October to December [ 36]. Notwithstanding, respondents revealed that commercial activities of bushmeat actors (bats) during this migration season favor the spread of EVD. The relationship between fruit bats migratory seasons and individuals involved in the bushmeat commodity chain in different clusters is statistically significant (p-values < 0. 05). By correlating this relationship with the probability of infected fruit bats increases EVD risks thus increasing the probabilistic rate of infection across the various bushmeat commodity chains. The estimated Bayesian probabilities for hunters, vendors, and consumers’ clusters were used to estimate the probability transmission rates of EVD which tended to increase with respect to time. However, it is important to note that the rate of transmission from vendors is greater than those from consumers and hunters. The predicted susceptibility and infection among hunters, vendors, and consumers differed across and within migratory seasons. The susceptibility of consumers was found to be greater than that of vendors and hunters. Making a policy that would reduce people’s involvement in the bushmeat commodity chain is a very difficult but important step that can be achieved by either a central government or a local government. One bat is sold for US $ 0. 88, and around 128, 000 bats are hunted per year [ 3]. Nutritionally, bats are a protein source for smallholders/rural dwellers in low-income localities and therefore the apparent difficulty for stakeholders to discourage people from consumption of fruit bats [ 3]. Though the difference between susceptible and infected individuals might seem to be wide, precautionary measures should always be considered since even a few infected individuals could greatly spread the virus in a region. Governments should invest more resources in socio-economic services aimed at maintaining a viable public healthcare system. However, by using the information on bats migration season and the SIR-prediction model from this study, we can confidently predict the next migration season and avoid new EVD outbreak. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to highlight and predict susceptibility and infection spread among key commodity actors (individuals) during bats migration season in some affected countries. This study identified hunting, trading, and consumption of bats as major triggers of the transmission of EVD from bats to people in affected countries, and the influence of bats migratory season as a probabilistic contributor to new EVD transmissions [ 22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the migratory behavior of fruit bats and their role in the spread of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) rather than their use of echolocation. It focuses on hunting, trading, and consumption of bats as major triggers for EVD transmission, indicating that the study does not support the idea that fruit bats use echolocation to locate fruit in darkness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: This reporter was expressed in ES cells beginning at 52–58 hpf, just before the first ES inflation (cyan, Figure 3B), consistent with lmx1bb expression being instrumental for development of the ability of the ES to release pressure. Earlier in the development of the otic vesicle, lmx1bb is expressed in portions of the nascent semicircular canals and sensory patches, regions of the inner ear that also exhibit abnormal development in the mutant (Obholzer et al. , 2012; Schibler and Malicki, 2007). There is no precedent for ES development being dependent on those portions of the otic vesicles and there are many mutants with similar SCC or sensory defects that do not have ES phenotypes (Fekete, 1999; Malicki et al. , 1996; Whitfield et al. , 1996). Live imaging and perilymph tracking in lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant embryos revealed that the ES lumen over-inflates (Figure 3C–D, Figure 3—figure supplement 1, and Videos 6–7). As in the wild-type analysis, we quantified the presence of perilymph leaking into the ES lumen (secondary axes of Figure 3D and Figure 3—figure supplement 1A). In the mutant, however, we never observed perilymph entering the ES. Additionally, we imaged mutants where the endolymph was labeled and did not observe leakage out of the distended ES epithelium (Figure 3E). These findings suggest that the epithelial diffusion barrier remains intact in the mutant ES. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Lmx1bb is necessary for development of the ES’s ability to form breaks in its diffusion barrier and deflate. (A) Lateral view of wild-type and lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant ears imaged by bright-field microscopy at 80 hpf, asterisk labels greatly enlarged mutant ES. Scale bar, 100 μm. (B) Slices from 3D confocal time course of an lmx1bb transcriptional reporter (cyan, Tg(lmx1bb:egfp)mw10/mw10; yellow, Tg(actb2:mem-mcherry2)hm29), n = 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses developmental biology related to lmx1bb and the embryological mechanics of the endolymphatic system, which has no connection to the process of excavation or its implications for historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: The retrieval performance indicated that the vocabulary was processed only in the Trough condition. When troughs were pronounced, encoding and retrieval were best, and the EEG exhibited more neural complexity reflecting cognitive processing (Parbat and Chakraborty, 2021). We offer two speculative explanations as to why the processing of the played vocabulary was possible during troughs rather than peaks of slow-waves. First, the peaks may have been ‘occupied’ by the consolidation of previously wake-formed memories. Wake-formed memories appear to be preferentially reactivated during peaks, when hippocampus-neocortical interactions take place, which are accompanied by a rise in fast spindle power (Göldi et al. , 2019; Mölle et al. , 2002; Mölle et al. , 2011; Muehlroth et al. , 2019; Staresina et al. , 2015). Even a causal role of endogenous spindles is suggested for memory consolidation (Antony et al. , 2019; Chen and Wilson, 2017; Latchoumane et al. , 2017; Maingret et al. , 2016; Mölle et al. , 2011; Staresina et al. , 2015), particularly if the spindles are nested into peaks (Dang-Vu et al. , 2011; Schabus et al. , 2012). Troughs, on the other hand, may not be occupied by ongoing consolidation processes and might therefore be receptive to sounds. Second, targeting vocabulary to troughs bypasses the natural sleep preserving mechanisms at play during peaks of slow-waves. Any sound evokes a systematic endogenous EEG response, often described as a K-complex (Andrillon and Kouider, 2020; Cox et al. , 2014b; Halász, 2005; Halász, 2016; Mölle et al. , 2009; Ngo et al. , 2013; Schabus et al. , 2012). Such a generic response represents a cortical sensory gate that protects sleep and the consolidation of wake-formed memories (Andrillon and Kouider, 2020; Halász, 2005). The prominent frontal negativity at 500 ms in particular reflects a breakdown of the cortico-thalamic communication (Niknazar et al. , 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how memory consolidation is associated with specific sleep phases, particularly emphasizing the role of peaks of slow-waves in reactivating wake-formed memories and enhancing consolidation. It mentions that 'peaks may have been ‘occupied’ by the consolidation of previously wake-formed memories,' suggesting that during these times, memory consolidation is occurring. The text also discusses the need to target vocabulary to troughs, implying that troughs are less involved in ongoing consolidation processes, thus supporting the notion that sleep enhances long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: in through your institution issuesearch term Advance 10. 1093/iob/obaa007 Published: 11 March 2020 10. 1093/iob/obaa007 Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issuesearch term issuesearch term have evolved sensory and behavioral adaptations that allow them to find ripe fruit effectively, but the relative importance of different senses in varying foraging scenarios is still poorly understood. ecosystems, short-tailed fruit bats (Carollia: Phyllostomidae) are abundant nocturnal frugivores that rely primarily on Piper fruits as a food resource. Previous research has demonstrated that Carollia employs olfaction and echolocation to locate Piper fruit, but it is unknown how their sensory use and foraging decisions are influenced by the complex diversity of chemical cues that fruiting plants produce. Using free-ranging C. castanea and their preferred food, Piper sancti-felicis, we conducted behavioral experiments to test two main hypotheses: (1) foraging decisions in C. castanea are primarily driven by ripe fruit scent and secondarily by vegetation scent, and (2) C. castanea re-weights their sensory inputs to account for available environmental cues, with bats relying more heavily on echolocation in the absence of adequate scent cues. Our results suggest that C. castanea requires olfactory information and relies almost exclusively on ripe fruit scent to make foraging attempts. Piper sancti-felicis ripe fruit scent is chemically distinct from vegetation scent; it is dominated by 2-heptanol, which is absent from vegetation scent, and has a greater abundance of β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, γ-elemene, and α-cubebene. Although variation in echolocation call parameters was independent of scent cue presence, bats emitted longer and more frequent echolocation calls in trials where fruit scent was absent. Altogether, these results highlight the adaptations and plasticity of the sensory system in neotropical fruit bats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while fruit bats, specifically Carollia species, do employ echolocation, they primarily rely on olfactory cues from ripe fruit for foraging decisions. It states that these bats primarily use ripe fruit scent to locate food, indicating that echolocation plays a secondary role, especially in the absence of scent cues. Therefore, it implies that echolocation is not the main method fruit bats use to find fruit in complete darkness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: (C) Slices and select time points from 3D confocal time course of lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant embryos. Membrane (green) from ubiquitous membrane citrine transgenes. Perilymph (magenta) from 3 kDa dextran-Texas red, n = 4. (D) Quantification of segmented ES volumes (primary axis, green) and leak-in fluorescence (secondary axis, magenta) from lmx1bbjj410/jj410 time course in (C) (see also Figure 3—figure supplement 1 and Videos 5–6). (E) 3D transverse view (endolymph in yellow) from timelapse showing endolymph in dilated mutant ES, outlined with dashed blue line, n = 2. (F) Small regions with thin membranes (asterisks) form in the inflated ES of wild-type but not lmx1bb mutants. (G) Quantification of minimum epithelial thickness versus inflated ES volume in mutant (plotted in red, n = 9) and wild-type (plotted in black, n = 14). Compiled from 65 to 80 hpf embryos. (H) Uneven labeling from Tg(lmx1bb:egfp) reveals thin basal processes (white arrow). (I) Wild-type ES examples with sparsely labeled cells: membrane-labeled citrine (green) in a membrane-labeled cherry background (magenta), white arrows indicate lamellar projections, n = 15. (J) lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant ES examples with sparsely labeled cells: membrane cherry (magenta) in a membrane citrine background (green), n = 9. (K) Cartoon schematic of apico-basal organization of ES. (L) Supporting whole-mount immuno-stains for basal and apical markers (collagen and ZO-1, both magenta) in a membrane-labeled citrine background (green), n = 16, 15, 6, 32, 21, and 12 for (i-vi). Scale bars in (B-L), 10 μm. Video 6 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as ES over-inflates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed descriptions of 3D confocal imaging and quantification related to mutant embryos in a biological study. It does not address archaeology, excavation sites, or historical events in any way. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim concerning stratigraphy and historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Awake learning experiments in humans indicated that the hippocampus ramps up its encoding machinery at 300–500 ms after word onset (Long et al. , 2014; Quiroga et al. , 2005; Staresina and Wimber, 2019). The perceived associations between the meaning of translation words and the sound of pseudowords need to be encoded in the hippocampus (Sakaguchi and Hayashi, 2012; Tonegawa et al. , 2018) that induces long-term potentiation and increases the numbers of dendritic spines to strengthen the connectivity between neurons (Bliss and Collingridge, 1993; Engert and Bonhoeffer, 1999; Hebb, 1949). This process of memory formation requires the collaboration of the hippocampus with neocortical networks (Buzsáki and Tingley, 2018; Schreiner and Staudigl, 2020). Hippocampal associative binding depends on theta activity (and theta-gamma coupling) in the hippocampus (Axmacher et al. , 2006; Fernández-Ruiz et al. , 2017; Kahana et al. , 2001; Mormann et al. , 2005; Osipova et al. , 2006). In the current study, theta power rose at 500 ms following word onset. This might reflect the moment when semantic pseudoword-word associations underwent storage in the hippocampus. The magnitude of the increase in theta power correlated, between-subjects, with retrieval performance at 36 hr. One interpretation is that theta activity supported the association of pseudowords with translation words. Importantly, at 500 ms following word onset, a slow-wave peak followed the stimulated trough, which provided for the necessary neuronal excitability and an effective hippocampal-neocortical communication (Andrillon and Kouider, 2020; Destexhe et al. , 2007). The frontally recorded peaks coincided with enhanced theta power, and both may have contributed to a hippocampal encoding of new associations. Initially labile hippocampal-neocortical memory traces are usually replayed to secure storage by consolidation (Goto et al. , 2021; Rasch and Born, 2013). Fast sleep spindles support this process (Chen and Wilson, 2017; Latchoumane et al. , 2017; Maingret et al. , 2016; Petzka et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that initially labile hippocampal-neocortical memory traces are usually replayed to secure storage by consolidation, referencing processes such as hippocampal-neocortical communication and the role of rapid eye movement sleep and fast sleep spindles in supporting memory processes. These elements support the idea that memory consolidation is linked to sleep and long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: frugívoros han evolucionado adaptaciones sensoriales y conductuales que les permiten encontrar frutos maduros de manera efectiva, pero aún existe una falta de conocimiento sobre la importancia relativa de los diferentes sentidos que los frugívoros utilizan en diferentes escenarios de forrajeo. Dentro de los ecosistemas neotropicales, los murciélagos de cola corta (Carollia: Phyllostomidae) son frugívoros nocturnos abundantes que dependen principalmente de los frutos de Piper como recurso alimentario. Previamente se ha demostrado que Carollia emplea el olfato y la ecolocalización para encontrar frutos de Piper, pero se desconoce cómo su uso sensorial y decisiones de forrajeo están influenciados por la compleja diversidad de señales químicas producidas por las plantas. En este trabajo, utilizamos C. castanea y su especie de frutos preferida, Piper sancti-felicis, para llevar a cabo experimentos conductuales y probar dos hipótesis principales: (1) las decisiones de forrajeo de C. castanea son incitadas principalmente por el aroma del fruto maduro y, en segundo lugar, por el aroma de la vegetación, y (2) C. castanea modula el uso de sus sentidos de acuerdo a las señales ambientales disponibles y utiliza la ecolocalización en mayor grado en ausencia de señales olfativas adecuadas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que C. castanea requiere información olfativa y se basa casi exclusivamente en el aroma del fruto maduro para hacer intentos de forrajeo. El aroma del fruto maduro de P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that frugivorous bats, specifically Carollia, primarily rely on their sense of smell to find ripe fruit, suggesting that echolocation is not their main method for foraging in the absence of olfactory cues. This indicates that echolocation is not the primary sensory adaptation used by these bats to locate fruit.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Video of sagittal slice from 4D dataset of lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant- quantified in Figure 3D. Fluorescence from membrane citrine shown in green. Perilymph highlighted with fluorescence from 3 kDa dextran-Texas red, shown in magenta. Scale bar is 10 μm. Video 7 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as ES over-inflates. Video of sagittal slice from 4D dataset of lmx1bbjj410/jj410 mutant- quantified in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Fluorescence from membrane citrine shown in green. Perilymph highlighted with fluorescence from 3 kDa dextran-Texas red, shown in magenta. Scale bar is 10 μm. Lamellar barriers appear to form an ES relief valve The absence of ES deflation in the lmx1bb mutant suggests that a structural deficiency may be present. Indeed, by comparing the dorsal ES tissue between wild-type and lmx1bb mutants using confocal microscopy and membrane-localized fluorescent proteins, we observed that the ES tissue was much thinner in wild-type embryos during peak inflation than in the corresponding region in mutants inflated to a similar volume (thin region indicated by asterisk, Figure 3F,G, data in G compiled from 65 to 80 hpf inflation events). In wild-type embryos, this region often appeared as a thin sheet (1. 0 ± 0. 3 µm, mean ±SD) rather than thick as seen in the un-inflated wild-type ES or the lmx1bb mutants in which two distinct surfaces (apical and basal) were observed (6. 2 ± 3. 2 µm, the mutant, n = 9, is significantly thicker than wild-type, n = 14, with a Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon one tailed p-value of 4 × 10−5). Imaging the uneven signal of the Tg(lmx1bb:eGFP) reporter revealed thin protrusions that extend along the basal side of neighboring ES cells (white arrow, Figure 3H). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a detailed description of a video and quantitative data related to fluorescence imaging and structural comparisons in embryos. It does not address excavation sites or stratigraphy related to historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2022; Schreiner and Staudigl, 2020; Staresina et al. , 2015) because they constitute a ‘shuttle’ of hippocampal representations to neocortical sites (Antony et al. , 2019; Cairney et al. , 2018). We assume that fast sleep spindles supported the immediate replay of the sleep-formed associations at one second following word onset (similar to Abdellahi et al. , 2023). This was the time when a second peak occurred and when fast spindle power ramped up in the experimental condition but not in the control condition, where no associative encoding took place because pseudowords alone were played during troughs. Both the increase in theta power at 500 ms and the increase in fast spindle power at one second were accompanied by an enhancement of neuronal activity. These neuronal events were absent if the vocabulary was played during peaks. Hence, critical events that foster learning and storage were observed in the Trough condition, where vocabulary was stored long-term, but not in the Peak condition, where no sleep-learning was observed. According to the sequence of events described above, we speculate that learning during sleep may proceed as follows: (1) A frontal slow-wave trough allows for spoken language comprehension by providing a 500 ms time window for external stimulus processing (no sleep-protective K-complexes). (2) 500 ms following word onset, paired-associative encoding takes place during the next slow-wave peak, coincident with enhanced theta power, both providing for the necessary hippocampal-neocortical crosstalk. (3) 1000 ms following word onset, fast spindles assist the immediate replay of the encoded information through hippocampal-neocortical interactions. This model needs to be tested in future sleep-learning experiments using magnetoencephalography or the simultaneous recording of functional magnetic resonance imaging data and EEG data for a precise temporal mapping of the processing stages and the simultaneous measurement of associated activations in brain regions. While the current experiment is the first to target acoustic stimuli to slow-wave peaks and troughs for episodic learning during sleep, we have earlier performed a similar experiment playing vocabulary at fixed intervals (open-loop) during slow-wave sleep (Züst et al. , 2019). In that study, the pseudoword and translation word of a pair were played in succession rather than simultaneously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how specific sleep conditions (such as slow-wave troughs and fast spindles) facilitate the replay of encoded information, which demonstrates a mechanism for memory consolidation during sleep. The description of neuronal events associated with vocabulary retention in different sleep conditions highlights how sleep supports long-term storage of information. For example, the findings that vocabulary was stored long-term during the Trough condition (where critical learning events occurred), reinforce the idea that sleep enhances retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: 1975, 1983; Simmons and Stein 1980; Neuweiler 1989; Schmidt et al. 2000; Schnitzler and Kalko 2001), but these types of information are only effective at very short distances because low intensity, high frequency calls attenuate rapidly in warm, humid environments (e. g. , 45–90 kHz attenuate at 1. 4–4 dB/m at 25°C and 80% humidity; Jakobsen et al. 2013). Additionally, surrounding foliage can produce acoustic masking effects that may complicate fruit detection (Arlettaz et al. 2001; Korine and Kalko 2005). Therefore, flexibility in olfaction versus echolocation use could be highly beneficial for frugivorous bats given the limitations of each sensory mode within complex forest environments. Here, we study the primary plant cues from vegetation and fruits and how they relate to the roles of echolocation and olfaction for fruit detection and localization in the chestnut short-tailed fruit bat, Carollia castanea, a highly abundant frugivore and ecologically important seed disperser that inhabits forests in Central and (Bonaccorso 1979; Fleming 1991; Fig. 1). This research builds upon the seminal work of Thies et al. (1998), which demonstrated the importance of olfaction for fruit detection in Carollia; here we investigate the relative contributions of vegetative and fruit scent cues that drive C. castanea’s foraging decisions, and how varying foraging scenarios (i. e. , changing of plant scent cues) may affect the relative reliance of these bats on olfaction versus echolocation for fruit detection. Evaluating the effect of vegetative scents on frugivore foraging behavior is particularly important because background scents from neighboring plants can impact the ability of animals to discriminate fruit or flower odors (Riffell et al. 2014) or, if vegetative scents are from the same plant, they can amplify the scent of the food source and make it more potent (e. g. , Raguso and Willis 2005; Rusch et al. 2016; Stutz et al. 2016; McArthur et al. 2019). Fig. 1Study organisms, Carollia castanea (left) and Piper sancti-felicis (right). Photo credit: S. E. Santana. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of echolocation for fruit detection, noting that reliance on olfaction could be more beneficial for fruit-bats in complex forest environments. It discusses how echolocation may not be effective for detecting fruit from longer distances, and highlights the significant role of olfactory cues in the foraging behavior of bats such as Carollia castanea, which suggests they may depend more on their sense of smell than echolocation in low visibility conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Sparse mosaic labeling of cells in the wild-type further confirmed the presence of thin basal protrusions in the ES, as well as diversity in their organization (Figure 3I). Similar labeling in the mutant revealed the absence of thin basal protrusions in the ES (Figure 3J). To determine the gross organization of the ES tissue, we stained for basal proteins collagen (Figure 3K–L) and laminin (not shown). We found that the basal surface of the ES tissue faces the perilymph outside surrounding the otic vesicle (Figure 3L). We could not resolve a clear difference in the staining pattern of collagen between wild-type and the lmx1bb410/410 mutant. Prior work suggested that Col1a2 may be a direct target of LMX1B in the limb (Haro et al. , 2017) and additional studies will be necessary to determine whether collagen or other extracellular matrix components are abnormally expressed in the ES of lmx1bb410/410 mutants. We also examined localization of the apical marker ZO-1 and found that it stained the ES tissue that faces the endolymph-filled lumen (Figure 3K–L). This apical-basal organization was also present in the lmx1bb410/410 mutant (Figure 3K–L). The absence of local breaks in the mutant ES, the absence of regional thinning in the mutant inflated ES, and the absence of thin basal protrusions suggests that these thin areas may be structurally relevant to ES pressure relief. To investigate this possibility, we examined the ultrastructure of these thin areas using serial-section electron microscopy (EM) at a resolution of 4. 0 × 4. 0 × 60. 0 nm per voxel. We found the dorsal tissue of the inflated wild-type sac consists of an extremely thin shell of broadly overlapping lamellae extending from the basal sides of multiple adjacent cells (Figure 4; Video 8). These basal extensions appear to be the distal barrier in the ES because the endolymph they contain is continuous with the lumen of the ES and endolymphatic duct (extending ventrally from outlined ES lumen in third panel of Figure 4A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses details about cellular structures and the composition of epithelial tissue but does not address the concept of excavation sites or stratigraphy related to historical events. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: This changes the timing and the sequence of processing steps. With words played in succession (Züst et al. , 2019), the paired-associative encoding in memory cannot happen before the second word of a pair is being played. In the current study, the two words of a pair were simultaneously presented and the paired-associative encoding in memory occurred around 500 ms following the onset of both words. Because hippocampal paired-associative encoding requires broadly activated neurons for an effective hippocampal-neocortical connectivity (Cox et al. , 2014b; Destexhe et al. , 2007; Schabus et al. , 2012; Sirota and Buzsáki, 2005), a slow-wave peak at the time of associative learning seems mandatory. This time point is during the play of the second word of a pair, when word presentations are sequential, and the time point is around 500 ms following word onset, when word presentations are simultaneous. The critical paired-associate encoding process required a frontally recorded slow-wave peak in both the Züst et al. , 2019 study and the current study. It should be noted that the comparison of the Züst et al. , 2019 study with the current study is difficult because Züst et al. , 2019 entrained the sleep-EEG by rhythmically playing words inter-stimulus-interval 1053 ms; Ngo et al. , 2013, which changed the natural course of the sleep EEG. Therefore, only the current study permits conclusions regarding the role of endogenously generated slow-wave peaks and troughs in mediating sleep-learning. Because slow-wave sleep is a state of unconsciousness, a sophisticated form of learning like rapid vocabulary acquisition is not expected given the still prevailing dogma of episodic learning depending on conscious awareness (Gabrieli, 1998; Moscovitch, 2008; Schacter, 1998; Squire and Dede, 2015; Tulving, 2002). Rapid vocabulary acquisition during deep sleep adds to evidence of successful episodic learning from subliminal (consciously invisible) words presented in the waking state (Duss et al. , 2014; Henke et al. , 2013; Reber et al. , 2012). These findings support the claim that episodic memory formation may proceed without conscious awareness (Dew and Cabeza, 2011; Hannula and Greene, 2012; Henke, 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of slow-wave sleep in memory processes, specifically highlighting that 'the critical paired-associate encoding process required a frontally recorded slow-wave peak.' This suggests that important memory encoding occurs during sleep, supporting the idea that memory consolidation enhances long-term retention. Additionally, it mentions 'evidence of successful episodic learning from subliminal words presented in the waking state,' indicating that memory formation can indeed occur in a state that is connected to sleep, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: 094γ-Elemene1-Ethenyl-1-methyl-4-propan-2-ylidene-2-prop-1-en-2-ylcyclohexane1429Sesquiterpene0. 09130. 2730. 04130. 163β-Caryophyllene4,11,11-Trimethyl-8-methylidenebicyclo[7. 2. 0]undec-4-ene1433Sesquiterpene0. 16980. 1900. 080110. 088α-Bergamotene4,6-Dimethyl-6-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)bicyclo[3. 1. 1]hept-3-ene1440Sesquiterpene0. 00520. 0210. 02750. 064α-Caryophyllene2,6,6,9-Tetramethylcycloundeca-1,4,8-triene1470Sesquiterpene0. 00520. 0210. 00420. 021γ-Muurolene7-Methyl-4-methylidene-1-propan-2-yl-2,3,4a,5,6,8a-hexahydro-1H-naphthalene1485Sesquiterpene0. 00320. 0110. 01960. 037Germacrene D1-Methyl-5-methylidene-8-propan-2-ylcyclodeca-1,6-diene1495Sesquiterpene0. 03430. 1030. 05990. 079Bicyclogermacrene3,7,11,11-Tetramethylbicyclo[8. 1. 0]undeca-2,6-dieneSesquiterpene0. 03510. 3190. 01830. 073Alloaromadendren1,1,7-Trimethyl-4-methylidene-2,3,4a,5,6,7,7a,7b-octahydro-1aH-cyclopropa[e]azulene1504Sesquiterpene0. 00930. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various chemical compounds and their characteristics without mentioning fruit bats or echolocation. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborative or contrasting evidence regarding the claim about fruit bats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: We term these ‘lamellar barriers’ because of their thin, plate-like structure and apparent function as a barrier that holds the elevated hydrostatic pressure of the endolymph. We observed lamellar sheets that extend for distances as long as a typical cell body but are as thin as 40 nm (Figure 4A,F; lamella from cell segmented in purple extends 7. 5 μm in the x-y plane and 6. 6 μm along the z-axis). In contrast to junctions between thin aveolar cells, which kiss at their tips with tight junctions, the lamellae from ES cells formed large zones of overlap and sometimes bifurcated to form a tongue-and-groove structure (Figure 4B, inset) or interwoven structures (Figure 4C,F, black mesh highlights area of overlap, dotted perimeter indicates full spread). These structures lacked electron-dense signal, indicating that they were unlikely to contain tight junctions between lamellae. We also identified an ear where the lamellar barriers were separated as if forced into an open configuration (Figure 4D). This may be an ES in the act of deflating via bursting or sliding of the lamellae. The full serial-section EM dataset also confirmed that the endolymphatic duct connects the lumen of the otic vesicle to the tip of the ES, where basal lamellae form a complete barrier (available at ES-specific links presented in methods) (Hildebrand et al. , 2017). Basal lamellae were present along the length of the endolymphatic duct. However, cell bodies in the duct remain tightly packed with apical junctions (Figure 4A,E) unlike the apical and lateral membrane separations exposing lamellae in the ES. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Lamellar protrusions at the tip of the ES exist in open and closed configurations. (A) Select images from serial-section scanning electron microscopy of a 5. 5 dpf zebrafish’s right inner ear. Dorsal is up, lateral left, medial right, ventral down, anterior top, and posterior bottom of the series z-stack. Cells forming lamellar barriers were labeled (color overlays, consistent across panels) to highlight connectivity of lamellae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses lamellar barriers and structures within biological tissues, specifically in the inner ear of zebrafish, without any reference to excavation sites or stratigraphy related to historical events.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: The sleep-formed memories did not significantly subside but (non-significantly) strengthened over 36 hr to the point where they influenced deliberative decision-making. Evidence of language processing and rapid verbal associative learning during deep sleep challenges the views that slow-wave sleep is a state of general synaptic depotentiation (Rasch and Born, 2013; Tononi and Cirelli, 2006), that we have a strict gating of sensory information at the thalamus, and that the direction of information flow during sleep is strictly from hippocampus to neocortex (Eban-Rothschild et al. , 2016; Rasch and Born, 2013). Finally, we would like to acknowledge certain limitations inherent to our research design, methodology, and interpretation. First, our interpretation of how learning may have occurred during sleep is speculative and hypothetic at this point. The delineated sequence of word processing steps during slow-wave phases should inspire future research aimed at testing these hypotheses. Second, sound duration was a bit longer than the average duration of the targeted slow-wave phases (500 ms) and therefore extended into the following slow-wave phase. This lowers the specificity of the contrast between the slow-wave phases. Third, there is a discrepancy in auditory complexity and information density between the experimental and control conditions (pseudoword-word pairs vs. one single pseudoword). These differences can induce processing and EEG differences between conditions other than associative learning. Fourth, carry-over effects from the first to the second retrieval test are possible and may have produced the slight increase in retrieval accuracy from the first to the second retrieval. Future studies might look into practical applications as well as the ethical problems (Stickgold et al. , 2021) of acoustic stimulations during sleep. While the acquisition of new vocabulary is certainly best during waking, other forms of sleep-learning might yield better results, when learning is unconscious versus conscious. Sleep-learning might be exploited by entities with nefarious intentions (Stickgold et al. , 2021). However, sleep-learning might also be put to good use, such as in psychotherapy. Because sleep-learned messages are processed and stored unconsciously, they circumvent conscious defence mechanisms (Arzi et al. , 2014; Levy et al. , 2014). This information might dispose the sleeper more readily towards behavioural change than traditional psychotherapy conducted in the waking state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how sleep can influence memory retention, stating that 'sleep-formed memories did not significantly subside but (non-significantly) strengthened over 36 hr to the point where they influenced deliberative decision-making.' This supports the idea that memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention. Additionally, it implies that sleep may play a role in processing learned information, further supporting the claim of sleep contributing to memory retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: 027000α-Bulnesene3,8-Dimethyl-5-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydroazulene1505Sesquiterpene0000. 03830. 151of Pure and (IUPAC) nomenclature name is provided for each VOC. Ripe fruit mean and vegetation (Veg. ) mean values are the mean proportions across all samples (n = 9 fruit; n = 12 vegetation); N present is the number of samples in which the VOC was found in ripe fruit and vegetation, respectively; fruit or veg. mean (N present) are the mean proportions calculated only across the samples in which the VOC was found in ripe fruit and vegetation (i. e. , N present), respectively. preference Most individuals performed exploratory flights prior to showing interest in the presented target choices. These behaviors consisted of circling flights around the cage without approaching the target. In most trials (83%), bats attempted to remove a target by landing and trying to bite the dummy fruits (S1). Comparisons across treatments revealed that C. castanea strongly preferred targets consisting of a dummy fruit with fruit scent (n = 10, χ2 = 6. 21, P = 5. 69e−05) or a dummy fruit with fruit scent and vegetation (n = 13, χ2 = 22. 154, P = 2. 52e−06) over targets that had an unscented dummy fruit and vegetation (Fig. 3). The presence of vegetation did not affect the bats’ p0. 99). Bats never chose unscented dummy fruits, either alone or with vegetation. Echolocation behavior All bats used in the experiments emitted echolocation calls throughout the trials. We did not find statistically significant differences in the echolocation call parameters among treatment types during the approach window (minimum frequency, maximum frequency, peak frequency, bandwidth, duration, pulse interval, all P > 0. 05; Table 3). However, there were marked trends in call duration and interval in some trial types. Bats emitted echolocation calls more frequently (shorter interval) and of longer duration in treatments where no fruit scent was present (unscented dummy vs. unscented dummy with vegetation; Fig. 4). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that, while bats emitted echolocation calls during trials, the study did not find statistically significant differences in the echolocation call parameters among treatment types. This suggests that the bats' echolocation behavior may not be directly linked to finding fruit, challenging the notion that echolocation is used specifically for finding fruit in complete darkness. Also, the preference for target choices was influenced significantly by fruit scent rather than reliance on echolocation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Presented slices are a subset from the series, each separated by 960 nm (Video 8). The lumen of the ES is labeled and outlined with a white dashed line in third panel; perilymph (peri. ). (B) Lamellae interdigitate and can form tongue-in-groove structures (inset). (C) Lamellae can interweave. (D) Example of lamellar junctions in an open configuration. (E) Cells in endolymphatic duct have basal lamellae, with the presented duct connecting with ES in panel A. (F) 3D rendering of ES segmentation from serial micrographs shown in panel (A) and Video 8. Black dotted-outline encompasses area of closed, endolymph-filled lamellae. Black mesh highlights areas of membrane overlap between lamellae that are spread open. (G) Electron-dense tight junctions (yellow arrows) present in cells that also have spread basal protrusions. An opening in the apical junctions creates a path from the duct to the basal protrusions (magenta arrow, slices in three panels 1. 2 μm apart). (H, H’) lmx1bbjj410/jj410 embryos maintain apical junctions between ES cells (yellow arrows). (I) Mutant ES cells lack basal protrusions (red arrow). Scale bar in (A) is 1000 nm, (F) is 5 μm, and all other scale bars are 500 nm. (B–G) Serial section electron microscopy, n = 2, additional transmission EM, n = 3. (H–I) Serial section EM of mutant, n = 1, transmission EM, n = 3. Video 8 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Serial-section electron micrographs of wild-type ES at 5. 5 dpf. Sections are 60 nm thick and color overlays highlight cells with lamellar barriers or basal lamellae. Second half explores organization of cells in space using cell segmentations. We identified electron-dense tight junctions between cells at the tip of the ES. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses detailed findings on the cellular structures and junctions in a biological context, which is unrelated to historical events or stratigraphy from excavation sites.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Finally, sleep-learning may allow for the reactivation and the subsequent modification and reframing of unwanted memories without the need to consciously re-experience the stressful memories (He et al. , 2015; Taschereau-Dumouchel et al. , 2018a; Taschereau-Dumouchel et al. , 2018b; Zhu et al. , 2022). for resource sharing Further information and requests for resources should be directed to the corresponding author Flavio Schmidig, E-mail: flavio. schmidig@gmail. com. Experimental model and subject details aimed for a sample size of N=30 participants based on a previous sleep-learning study (Züst et al. , 2019). To achieve this sample size, we had to examine a total of 68 participants. Of these participants, 34 could not sleep long enough for the experimenter to play the vocabulary during slow-wave sleep. In these participants, we discontinued the experiment before the behavioural tests the next morning. In four additional participants, our brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm failed. These four participants were thus also excluded from analysis. The final analyses included the data of 30 participants (age: 19–28, M± SD = 24. 16±2. 32; 22 [73. 3 %] female), whereof 15 were assigned to the Trough condition and 15 to the Peak condition. All included participants were right-handed and reported normal hearing abilities and the absence of mental and physical illness. They denied a history of sleep disorders and declared pursuing a regular sleep schedule. The participants' sleep during the night preceding the night at the sleep laboratory was restricted to five hours. Adherence to this sleep restriction was assessed via self-report. Moreover, participants refrained from naps and consuming stimulants (e. g. coffee) the day before the night at the sleep laboratory. Participants were fully informed of the study protocol and of the fact that the study includes vocabulary learning during sleep. Participants also knew that the retrieval of the sleep-learned vocabulary would be tested during the next two mornings following the stimulation night. However, participants were naïve regarding their assignment to the Trough or Peak condition, and regarding the simultaneous, lateralized presentation of pseudowords (right ear) and translation words (left ear). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study on sleep-learning that focuses on vocabulary learning during sleep. It provides context on how participants engaged in a sleep experiment to enhance their memory retention through specific conditions, suggesting that memory processes, including reactivation and modification, occur during sleep. This supports the idea that sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: 00040. 0000. 989 Chemical differences between targets The scent profiles of P. sancti-felicis vegetation and ripe fruit differ slightly in VOC composition, and greatly in the proportion of specific VOCs (Table 4). The vegetation scent of P. sancti-felicis is dominated by 3-hexene-1-ol, α-bulnesene, and ethyl tiglate, which are not found in the ripe fruit scent. The ripe fruit scent of P. sancti-felicis is dominated by 2-heptanol, which is not found in vegetation scent, and is also characterized by a greater abundance of β-caryophyllene, β-ocimene, γ-elemene, and α-cubebene. Both vegetation and fruit scents have a high abundance of p-cymene and β-pinene (Table 4). animal’s sensory ecology and behavior is shaped by the environment it inhabits, as well as its evolutionary history. As such, certain sensory modalities play key roles in mediating ecological interactions. Mammalian frugivores are able to locate and acquire ripe fruit by using and integrating across sensory modalities: they use vision to detect differences in fruit color and luminance (Burkhardt 1989; Hiramatsu et al. 2008; Osorio and Vorobyev 2008; Valenta et al. 2013; Melin et al. 2017, 2019), olfaction to detect individual VOCs or entire odor plumes (Sánchez et al. 2006; Valenta et al. 2013) and, in the case of phyllostomid bats, echolocation to gather information about fruit shape and location (Kalko and Condon 1998; 1999). Our results indicate that C. castanea makes foraging decisions based on ripe fruit scent over all other cues presented, but may rely more heavily on echolocation when adequate olfactory cues are absent. Importantly, in the absence of plant scent cues, a P. sancti-felicis fruit shape does not elicit a target selection response from C. castanea. This gives further support to the primary role of olfaction, followed by echolocation, when these bats forage for fruit. The importance of olfaction for foraging in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while phyllostomid bats do use echolocation to gather information about fruit shape and location, their foraging decisions are primarily based on olfactory cues from ripe fruit scent. It mentions that echolocation is relied upon more heavily only when adequate olfactory cues are absent, indicating that olfaction is the main sensory modality used for locating fruit. This implies that echolocation is not the primary means of finding fruit in complete darkness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: These same cells also had lamellar projections (yellow arrows indicate tight junctions, Figures 4G and 3 serial EM sections, 1. 2 μm apart, the diameter of the apical opening is ~1. 2 μm). The electron-dense signal formed a ring sealing the apical side of these ES cells that was continuous except for an opening that connected fluid from the duct and sac to the exposed lamellae (magenta arrow directed from duct to sac, Figure 4G). Apical junctions were also present in the mutant ES of lmx1bbjj410/jj410 larvae (yellow arrows, Figure 4H,H’). Unlike the wild-type ES, however, the mutant ES appeared to completely lack openings in its apical junctions, as we were unable to identify any in mutants imaged by serial-section scanning EM or transmission EM (four total mutant ears). Consistent with the absence of thin protrusions in the sparsely labeled mutants (Figure 3J), we could not find long lamellar projections on the basal side of the mutant ES (Figure 4I). We were unable to identify apical openings in the wild-type ZO-1 immunostains (Figure 3L). This could be due to difficulty resolving small openings (~1 μm diameter) or to ZO-1 remaining present at the openings such that the apical barrier could reform after ES deflation to hold hydrostatic pressure. These data suggest that lmx1bb-dependent activity is necessary for openings to form in the apical junctions of ES tissue and for ES cells to extend thin basal protrusions. Cells stretch during ES inflations The stress from increased pressure in the otic vesicle likely causes an increased ES volume by inducing cell stretching or expansion of the lamellar barrier. To distinguish how the tissue behaves through cycles of ES inflation and deflation, we sought better resolution during live imaging using lattice light-sheet microscopy (LLSM), which generates thin light-sheets using Bessel beams to enhance axial resolution while minimizing phototoxicity and bleaching (Chen et al. , 2014; Gao et al. , 2014). When using LLSM to image the ES, emitted light passes through brain tissue that scatters and refracts light in a complex, spatially uneven manner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cellular structures, imaging techniques, and biological processes related to ES cells, without mentioning excavation sites or stratigraphy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Following the play of all words (27 * 4 word pairs in the experimental condition and 27 * 4 pseudowords in the control condition; total of 216 presentations), participants were woken up and were sent home to continue their night sleep. In the next morning, participants visited the sleep laboratory again between 11 a. m. and 2 p. m. , that is exactly 12 hr following their recorded slow-wave sleep phase. Participants were again outfitted with EEG electrodes and took the 12 hr retrieval task, while their EEG was being recorded. Nine practice trials familiarized participants with the retrieval procedure. Twenty-four hours later, participants returned again to the laboratory to perform the 36 hr retrieval, which was administered without EEG registration. Following the 36 hr retrieval, we applied a formal hearing test to ensure that each participant’s hearing ability was in the normal range regarding volume and frequencies. For this hearing test, we played short beeps at random intervals targeting the left or right ear. The participants’ task was to indicate, which ear was stimulated. We varied the frequency of the played tones, the tone’s volume, and the type of tone (pink noise and pure tones; frequency: 500 Hz, 1000 Hz or 2000 Hz; 15–45 dB). All participants exhibited hearing abilities in the normal range. Auditory stimulation during sleep When the experimenter observed stable slow-wave sleep for at least 2 min (4 sleep scoring time windows) in the EEG, he started auditory stimulation. To habituate participants to the presence of auditory stimuli, we first played white-noise bursts (instead of words). The volume of these white-noise burst was at first below the individual hearing threshold and was then raised to the participant-specific, predetermined volume (~35 dB). The target volume was adjusted to the hearing threshold for each participant. A sound-proof chamber with very low background noise (~30 dB) and in-ear headphones allowed to play the sounds at such a low volume. Once the target volume was reached with the participant remaining sound asleep, the experimenter initiated the presentation of the words that belonged to the experimental (e) and the control (c) condition. The sequence of the sleep-played words was systematically alternated between conditions (E-C-E-C-E-C. . . ; Figure 1B). Words within condition were presented in an order that was randomly generated for each participant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing a scientific experiment involving sleep and memory retrieval. It mentions participants being woken after a slow-wave sleep phase and subsequently participating in tasks that assess memory retention. This aligns with the claim, as it implies that sleep plays a critical role in aiding the consolidation and long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fruit bats use echolocation to find fruit in complete darkness. [SEP] Text: castanea is supported by previous research on other Carollia species that rely less on Piper as a food resource. For example, C. perspicillata can recognize minute concentrations of particular chemical components (fruit-typical odor components like ethyl butyrate, n-pentyl acetate, or linalool; Laska 1990), are attracted to fruit scent even when no other cues are present (Hessel and Schmidt 1994), and visit mist nets spiked with the essential oil of Piper gaudichaudianum more frequently (Mikich et al. 2003). Here, we link the bouquet of VOCs from a known, preferred food source with the behavioral p2001. Effect of acoustic clutter on prey detection by bats. Nature414:742–5. 1979. Foraging and reproductive ecology in a Panamanian bat community. 24:359–408. 2011. Echolocation call intensity and directionality in flying short-tailed fruit bats, Carollia perspicillata (Phyllostomidae). J Am129:427–35. 2009. Intense echolocation calls from two “whispering” bats, Artibeus jamaicensis and Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Phyllostomidae). J Exp Biol212:11–20. doi: 10. 1242/jeb. 0232261989. UV vision: a bird’s eye view of feathers. J A164:787–96. 2014. Three floral volatiles contribute to differential pollinator attraction in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). J Exp Biol217:614–23. 1999. A nose that looks like a hand and acts like an eye: the unusual mechanosensory system of the star-nosed mole. J Comp Physiol185:367–72. 2011. How to be a frugivore (in a changing world). Acta Oecol37:674–81. 1991. The relationship between body size, diet, and habitat use in frugivorous bats, (Phyllostomidae). J Mammal72:493–501. 2013. Perception of silent and motionless prey on vegetation by echolocation in the gleaning bat Micronycteris microtis. 280:20122830. 2018. The role of ecological factors in shaping bat cone opsin evolution. 2852014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding fruit bats using echolocation for finding fruit. It discusses various aspects of fruit bats and their behaviors, such as their ability to recognize chemical components and their attraction to fruit scents. However, there is no mention or evidence provided about fruit bats specifically using echolocation in complete darkness, meaning it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Recent advances in the application of adaptive optics (AO) to microscopy can compensate for these aberrations (Wang et al. , 2014). A microscope combining live-cell lattice light-sheets and adaptive optics was built (Liu et al. , 2018) and used here to image ES cycles with significantly improved spatial and temporal resolution and reduced photo-damage owing to 2–4 times less laser power being distributed over a large volume (the imaging plane is volumetrically ~105 times larger than the confocal point). LLSM requires the illumination plane and optical axis to be perpendicular to one another, so we developed a mold for an agarose mount shaped like a volcano that positions the embryo in the desired orientation (Figure 5A). The LLSM produced slightly blurred images with low signal-to-noise (SNR, Figure 5B) without adaptive optics correction. Adding the correction with an AO-LLSM system adequately compensated for tissue aberrations and produced images with higher SNR and better contrast. The resulting high-quality images were then analyzed using our software, ACME, to reconstruct membrane signals (Figure 5C), segment cells from the lumen of the ES (Figure 5D,E), and track cells and lumen accurately through time (Mosaliganti et al. , 2012). As with confocal live imaging, we observed cycles of the ES lumen inflating and deflating (Figure 5F,G; Videos 9–10). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset AO-LLSM reveals dynamics of ES cells. (A) Illustration of AO-LLSM mounting strategy for imaging ES using volcano mount. (B) Representative LLSM images without adaptive optics (AO), with AO, and with AO followed by deconvolution. (C) Three orthogonal views of ACME membrane reconstruction. (D) Three orthogonal views of raw fluorescence signal overlaid with cell segmentations and ES lumen segmentation (magenta), n = 4. (E) 3D rendering of segmented cells and ES lumen (magenta). (F) Volume measurements of segmented ES lumen, imaged every 30 s for over 3 hr (Videos 8–10). Blue arrowheads point to time points presented in G and I. (G) Top, dorsal perspective displaying 3D renderings of segmented cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding excavation sites and stratigraphy. Instead, it discusses advancements in microscopy techniques and imaging of cells, which is unrelated to the claim about understanding historical events through stratigraphy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Each word pair (experimental condition) and pseudoword (control condition) was presented four times in direct succession before the next word pair/pseudoword was presented. The experimenter monitored the participant’s sleep and paused auditory stimulation whenever the EEG indicated arousal. The experimenter resumed the auditory stimulation once the EEG return to stable slow-wave sleep. Participants were played a mean of 101. 23 (SD = 2. 40) word pairs (maximum: 4x27 = 108) in the experimental condition. The number of word pairs played depended on the duration of a participant’s slow-wave sleep phase. We post-hoc excluded word pairs from the analysis, if one or more of the four presentations of a word pair had occurred outside slow-wave sleep or if a presentation was accompanied by a muscle artefact within a time window of +/-3 s of stimulation onset. Therefore, a final mean of 95. 33 (SD = 15. 41) word pairs entered data analysis. This final number was not significantly different between the Peak and the Trough condition (MTrough = 95. 2 (SDTrough 17. 11), MPeak = 96. 8 (SDPeak 13. 43); t (26. 5)=–0. 285, p=0. 778). Retrieval task To probe participants’ memory of the sleep-played word pairs, we gave them three tasks that they completed in immediate succession on each presented pseudoword. The pseudowords were presented simultaneously visually (on a monitor) and acoustically (as during sleep). The presentation order of the pseudowords was randomly generated for each participant (i. e. it varied between participants). When participants logged their response, the program progressed to the next task. Upon the presentation of a pseudoword, participants were first prompted to indicate any ‘feeling of having heard’ (FoHH) the presented pseudoword during sleep. They responded with a rating between 1 and 4 (1=no feeling of having heard, 4=strong feeling of having heard). We asked participants to indicate whether they feel that they may have heard the word during sleep. We wanted participants to set a liberal criterion for reporting a feeling of having heard a word because we were interested in any semi-conscious or conscious word recognition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment that involves monitoring sleep and presenting word pairs during slow-wave sleep. The process of playing auditory stimulations during specific sleep phases suggests that memory functionalities, such as the formation and retention of information, are being engaged, which aligns with the concept of memory consolidation during sleep.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All species of bats hibernate for several months during the winter. [SEP] Text: 8% end-tidal sevoflurane, frontal group-median spectrograms at F7 show that slow and delta power was dominant over other frequencies in both age groups (Figure 4—figure supplement 1A,B). Higher frequency oscillations in the theta and alpha range were more prominent in infants 4–6 months of age (Figure 4—figure supplement 1C–G). The patterns of EEG activity observed during MOSSA were also seen during lighter planes of MOSSA at 1. 8% end-tidal sevoflurane suggesting that the observed differences between the two groups are not likely due to a dose effect. Frontal alpha predominance is low at 0–6 months of age Group-median spectrograms were computed for each recording electrode location in the EEG montage (Figure 5). Infants 0–3 months of age showed slow and delta power at each electrode location and an absence of appreciable power at any frequency 5 Hz and higher. The power difference between the slow–delta range and the >5 Hz range was 30–35 dB. Infants 4–6 months of age group showed appreciable power in the slow, delta, theta, and alpha bands in the parietal, temporal, and non-central electrode locations; all the midline electrode locations showed less power in the frequencies 5 Hz and higher. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Spatial distribution of spectral power during MOSSA. Group-median spectrograms at each recording electrode location across the scalp in infants at (A) 0–3 months (n = 11) and (B) 4–6 months (n = 19). Topographic maps of power were computed for slow, delta, theta, alpha, and beta frequency bands (Figure 6). For both age groups, spectral power along the midline (specifically frontal and central-parietal locations) was lower across all frequencies (Figure 6A,B). Slow and delta oscillations were broadly distributed across the entire scalp, with slightly lower power located over the frontal, centro–parietal, and occipital midline compared to the temporal regions in all infants. Theta activity followed a similar distribution pattern in all infants, although infants 0–3 months of age had minimal power in this range (<0 dB) (Figure 6A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses EEG activity in infants under anesthesia with sevoflurane, and does not mention bats or hibernation. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim about bat hibernation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: Bottom, maximum intensity projections (MIP) of 4. 5 μm slab through tip of ES shows raw data of the ES for the same time points. (H) Secondary axis presents green cell’s thickness versus time (green cell in (G)). Again, primary axis is volume of ES lumen for comparison. (I) Top, 3D renderings of just green cell from (G) and magenta lumen highlight stretching of cell, dorsal-medial perspective. Bottom, centered cross-sectional view of raw data overlaid with green cell’s and ES lumen’s segmentations for the same time points. (J) Secondary axis is plot of grey cell’s thickness (grey in (G)). (K) Top, 3D renderings of only grey cell and magenta lumen. Bottom, centered cross-section view of raw data overlaid with grey cell’s and ES lumen’s segmentations for same time points. (L) Scatter plot of results from Spearman correlation test of cell thickness trajectories and ES lumen volume trajectories for individual inflation and deflation intervals that are monotonic (example intervals bracketed in H and J). Green region highlights significant correlation (p-value<10−3) between cells thinning during inflation or thickening during deflation. Green arrowhead points to test result for bracketed interval in H. Grey region highlights instances where there is no significant correlation between the trajectory of cell thickness and lumen volume. Grey arrowhead points to test result for bracketed interval in J (grey arrowhead). Magenta region highlights significant correlation between cells thinning during deflation or thickening during inflation. Magenta arrowhead points to test result for bracketed interval in J (magenta arrowhead). Y-axis was capped at 10 so that all values greater than or equal to 10 plot as 10, n = 99. All scale bars 10 μm. Video 9 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as view of ES time course acquired with lattice light-sheet microscopy with adaptive optics. 15 sequential slices (300 nm slice spacing) were combined as a maximum intensity projections (MIP) to make a 4. 5 μm slab. 7 sequential 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data relating to biological structures and cell characteristics without any mention or implication of excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events. It focuses on microscopy and cell volume changes over time instead.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: In women, public body consciousness correlates with negative emotionality [21], which is with the tendency to get angry, upset or frightened (as measured by the emotionality subscale of the [62]). As a predictor of self-objectification, public body consciousness may represent a measure of the tendency to experience negative affect. The third significant predictor of self-objectification, in our regression equation, was private body consciousness, which predicted self-objectification independently of interoceptive awareness. These two measures did not correlate, which suggests that, while private body consciousness is significant for self-objectification, it is measuring something other than body awareness. Support for this idea is provided by the many studies that have attempted to use private body consciousness as a measure of internal body awareness in mediating between self-objectification and negative affect or eating disorders [25]. Success depends on the choice of instrument with which the body awareness is measured. Studies using private body consciousness generally report no effect [22], [24], [46]. One study [25] however, successfully used the scale of the Inventory [7]. This scale is made up of items that assess awareness of emotions e. g. “am upset, I don't know if I am sad, frightened, or angry” and others that assess feelings of hunger and satiety e. g. “I get confused as to whether or not I'm hungry”. It was reported that the questions specific to hunger accounted for this instrument's success as a mediating variable [25]. In the light of the nonsignificant results obtained with most questionnaire measures of internal body awareness, it is surprising that physiological measures of have rarely been used in objectification research. Our results imply that the ability to manipulate interoceptive awareness could benefit women who are high in self-objectification, as well as individuals with conditions where interoceptive awareness is abnormally low, such as anorexia, alexithymia, somatoform disorders and moderate depression. Interoceptive awareness has until recently been considered a robust trait variable because attempts to manipulate it have generally been ineffective [63]–[64]. However, an early study succeeded in altering interoceptive awareness by self-observation in a mirror [65], which is a typical means of heightening self-focus [66]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of body consciousness and interoceptive awareness on self-objectification and emotional states, suggesting that manipulation of self-awareness can influence behavior. Specifically, the text notes that 'the ability to manipulate interoceptive awareness could benefit women who are high in self-objectification,' which supports the idea that priming, through heightened self-awareness, can affect perception and behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All species of bats hibernate for several months during the winter. [SEP] Text: ( Perimyotis subflavus ) microsite use throughout hibernation Go to 2. Summer cave use by tricolored bats declined in response to white-nose syndrome despite persistence in winter hibernacula in the southeastern Go to 3. The skin I live in: Pathogenesis of white-nose syndrome of bats Go to 4. Artificial tunnels of hydroelectric power plants as valuable habitat for European bats Go to 5. Physiological and behavioural adaptations by big brown bats hibernating in dry rock crevices Go to 6. during Hibernation in the Brown Long-Go to 7. Higher antibody titres against Pseudogymnoascus destructans are associated with less white-nose syndrome skin lesions in Palearctic bats Go to 8. Apparent annual survival of female eastern small-footed bats ( Myotis leibii ) roosting in Arkansas bridges Go to 9. How weather triggers the emergence of bats from their subterranean hibernacula Go to 10. Trophic relationship between Salix flowers, Orthosia moths and the western barbastelle Go to 11. Bat mortality in wind farms of southern Europe: temporal patterns and implications in the current context of climate change Go to 12. Fear, concealment, and time of day interactively predict group size of a common ungulate Go to 13. Balancing costs and benefits of managing hibernacula of cavernicolous bats Go to 14. Bat-derived cells use glucose as a cryoprotectant Go to 15. Sex-biased infections scale to population impacts for an emerging wildlife disease Go to 16. Influence of underground mining with explosives on a hibernating bat population Go to 17. Winter torpor expression varies in four bat species with differential susceptibility to white-nose syndrome Go to 18. Bat dynamics modelling as a tool for conservation management in subterranean environments Go to 19. Performance of bat-derived macrophages at different temperatures Go to 20. Roost selection and ecology of Hipposideros pomona in to 21. Impacts of seasonality on gene expression in the Chinese horseshoe bat Go to 22. Structural and environmental predictors of tricolored bat presence and abundance in Texas caves Go to 23. How aerial insectivore bats of different sizes respond to nightly temperature shifts Go to 24. Importance of anthropogenic winter roosts for endangered hibernating bats Go to 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are variations in hibernation patterns among different bat species. For instance, it mentions that 'Winter torpor expression varies in four bat species with differential susceptibility to white-nose syndrome,' suggesting that not all bat species follow the same hibernation practices during winter.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Excavation sites can reveal stratigraphy that reflects historical events. [SEP] Text: 5 μm slabs were tiled to consolidate the presentation of a complete 3D time course. The membrane citrine signal is green and the 3 kDa dextran-Texas red perilymph highlighter is magenta. Lower right panel is an annotated reference, with the basal surface of the ES labeled and outlined with a dotted yellow line, the apical interface enclosing endolymph outlined with a dotted blue line, the endolymph within the ES lumen indicated with a blue arrow, exposed basal lamellae indicated with a green arrow, and the perilymph labeled with magenta text. Scale bar is 10 μm. Video 10 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg 3D rendering of tracked and segmented cells and ES lumen. An anterior view on the left and dorsal view on the right. Segmented ES lumen is colored magenta. All other objects are ES cells. Labeled cubes indicate body axes. Same time course as Video 9. Cell bodies within the ES stretch in response to increasing pressure. While the increased resolution of AO-LLSM did not allow us to resolve overlapping basal lamellae (thickness ~40 nm), it did enable segmentation of individual cell bodies (lengths and thicknesses ~1–10 μm). We found that some cells stretched and thinned when the ES lumen was inflated and thickened upon deflation, likely a result of their elastic properties (Figure 5H,I). However, there were instances when the cells at the tip of the ES did not thin during inflation, or while they thinned during some events, they did not thin during others (Figure 5J,K). To quantify these correlations and obtain an overview of the range of behaviors, we determined the Spearman correlation coefficient between trajectories of lumen volume and cell thickness for intervals that spanned individual inflation and deflation events (Figure 5L, bracketed examples in Figure 5H,J). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a 3D representation of cell behavior in relation to pressure changes within the ES lumen, focusing on cellular properties and response without mentioning excavation sites, stratigraphy, or historical events. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Priming can influence behavior and perception without conscious awareness. [SEP] Text: That experiment found that improvement in cardiac awareness was greater for participants low in public body consciousness (and who, according to our experiment, were probably also low in self-objectification). More recent research has shown that a mirror can be effective in raising interoceptive awareness in people who are poor heartbeat perceivers [36]. The combined results of these two studies, suggest that mirror self-observation can raise heartbeat perception in people with low interoceptive sensitivity. Whether higher interoceptive awareness would impact on self-objectification, and related conditions such as disordered eating, will depend on the complex interactions amongst mediating variables, such as [23], [25], [53]. Taken together, the findings of the present study, in conjunction with experimental manipulations of interoception and the observation that patients with anorexia have lower interoceptive awareness, make interoception a central concept that should be considered in psychotherapeutic interventions of related disorders. Objectification theory has assumed that poor interoceptive awareness is a function of self-objectification, as a consequence of consciously diverting attention to the ‘seen’ body, probably at the expense of attending to the inner body. However, we propose that low interoceptive awareness (together with public body consciousness) is a cause of self-objectification. Interoceptive awareness reflects the intensity with which people experience both positive and negative emotions [60] and is linked to the autonomic nervous system. Deficits in the autonomic system, which are associated with reduction in the inhibitory influence of prefrontal cortex, may account for the abnormally low interoceptive awareness reported in several clinical conditions [37], [39], [55]. Moreover, individuals who have high interoceptive awareness are less susceptible to the rubber hand illusion, which partially disengages autonomic regulation of hand temperature [67], and it has been reported that women who self-objectify are more prone to the rubber hand illusion [27]. An imbalance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the autonomic system (assessed by skin conductance and cardiovascular measures, including heart rate variability) has been implicated in somatoform disorders [39], where sufferers are generally poor heartbeat perceivers. Conversely, good heartbeat perceivers show greater responsiveness of the autonomic system during emotional picture viewing and mental stress [68]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how interoceptive awareness—a level of bodily awareness—can be influenced by external factors such as mirror self-observation. The findings indicate that individuals with low interoceptive awareness may not consciously recognize their bodily signals, which suggests that their behavior and perceptions can be influenced unconsciously through priming techniques like mirror observation. This aligns with the claim that behavior and perception can be influenced without conscious awareness.