Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-732177/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published15 Nov, 2021Read the published version in Microorganisms →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSpiders are a key predator of insects across ecosystems and possess great potential as pest control agents. Unfortunately, it is difficult to artificially cultivate multiple generations of most spider species. Since gut bacterial flora has been shown to significantly alter nutrient availability, it is plausible that the spiders’ microbial community play a key role in their unsuccessful breeding. However, both the gut microbial composition and its influencing factors in many spiders remain a mystery. In this study, the gut microbiota of Campanicola campanulata, specialist prey on ants and are widely distributed across China, was characterized. After, the impact of diet and diet-associated bacteria on gut bacterial composition was evaluated. First, two species of prey ants (Lasius niger and Tetramorium caespitum) were collected from different locations and fed to C. campanulata. For each diet, we then profiled the nutritional content of the ants, as well as the bacterial communities of both the ants and spiders. Results showed that the protein and carbohydrate content varied between the two prey ant species, and that the bacterial communities of the ants were clearly delineated by collection site. However, no significant differences were found in the gut microbiota of spiders that were fed the differing ants. Together, these results indicate that nutritional variation and diet-associated bacterial differences have a limited impact on the microbial composition of spider guts, suggesting that spiders have a mechanism keeping their gut bacterial community stable to ensure normal physiological function and development. Behavioral Ecologymicrobiotaspiderdiet regimeantsnutrientdiet-associated microbesFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 51 IntroductionSpiders are some of the most successful animals that use venom for their survival, and arguably consume the most diverse range of prey [1]. They are abundant and inhabit a wide range of habitats, from household crevices to rocks and vegetation reaching up to 22,000 ft. of altitude [2]. Spiders play a crucial role in biological pest control in paddy fields, orchards, cotton fields, and tea gardens [3–5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the gut microbial composition and its influencing factors in spiders remain largely unknown, the study found no significant differences in the gut microbiota of spiders fed different ant diets. This suggests that even with variations in diet, the microbial composition remained stable, which undermines the claim that diet has no impact on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: rubella we think that gene flow has contributed to the modern pattern of variation, and that this variation is maintained for longer than expected by chance in regions near immunity related loci. For the older split, we find no evidence for recent introgression. We further explored these ideas by looking for IBD regions inside and outside of balanced regions and find a pattern consistent with the above hypothesis. With respect to the mechanism of balancing selection, we believe that definitive statements about this issue are beyond the scope of the current manuscript, however we have tried to make it clear that we think heterozygote advantage is unlikely. 3) The analysis would be more interpretable if more of the highlighted regions were investigated individually, rather than always treating all tsSNPs jointly. We have reported statistics individually for these regions. In terms of the writing, all reviewers agreed that the paper is unrelated to the origin of sex or mating system evolution, and that these topics are not always discussed accurately. The discussions of these points should be removed. We have removed this emphasis throughout the manuscript. All reviewers also felt that a number of claims were too strong, and relevant literature is missing. We have softened claims that were pointed out by the reviewers as too strong and added relevant literature where requested. We hope you will find these comments useful in revising your manuscript, should you choose to do so. Reviewer #1: The idea of looking for balanced polymorphisms in selfers, in which the footprints are frozen by the lower effective recombination rate, is really nice, and I was convinced by the findings that increased diversity and other signs of balancing selection were enriched for host-pathogen genes. Thank you for the positive feedback. Less clear to me is when/where the balancing selection is occurring. There are at least three possibilities: 1) The hypothesis the authors privilege: long-term balancing selection is ongoing in the selfers as well as the outcrossing species. 2) Balancing selection occurred only in the ancestor of the two selfers, increasing the probability that more than one lineage was retained in the selfer. In a parenthetical comment, they dismiss this possibility for orientalis based on a calculation from Wiuf et al. , 2004. They need to spell out their assumptions about Ne etc… in doing so. We have added a comment on the Ne assumption for the C. orientalis calculation. More importantly, they also need to calculate a similar quantity for rubella. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses topics related to gene flow, variation patterns, and balanced selection but does not directly address the concept of natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. The focus appears to be more on specific genetic findings and reviewer comments rather than providing evidence or arguments supporting or refuting the claim about natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: This discussion enables the students to understand the rotation of the fetal head from a transverse to an oblique position and ending with an anteroposterior position in the pelvic outlet with the help of the uterus muscle and levator ani. Through the visualization of the rotation, the students become more familiar with the topographic anatomy and how to navigate using the correct anatomical terms of anterior, posterior, deep, superficial, inferior, and superior, medial, and lateral. In addition to an understanding of the fetal rotation, the students rotate the pelvis and lift the pelvis, so that the anatomical structures can be studied from different angles. This possibility in the VR software gives the students a better understanding of the different layers of the muscles and increases their understanding of the concept of deep and superficial muscle layers. The students also discover how levator ani relates to the urogenital and anal triangle and the closeness of levator ani to the internal and external sphincter muscle. Using virtual reality and the possibility to observe the pelvic muscles from different angles helps the students understand the three-dimensional structures of the pelvic muscles. The ability to take both the fetal and midwife’s perspective during the laboring process increases the students understanding of interventions to promote physiological labor and interventions to reduce perineal trauma. By incorporating different subjects related to the promotion of physiological labor and clinical examples into the discussion of anatomy, we have experienced increased understanding among the students. The clinical examples, combined with other anatomy-related topics from the midwifery program, seem to increase the understanding of why knowledge about anatomy is important to becoming a competent practitioner. Studies have shown that combining relevant clinical examples with complex subjects increases knowledge and understanding, in addition to enhancing student awareness of why the subject is relevant to learn [33]. Having understood the bones and muscles of the female pelvis, the students are then asked to add the nerves involved in the birth canal. The students can then visualize how the nerve branches are linked to the pelvic muscles. The students discuss the level on which an epidural would be placed and identify the nerves that could be affected by an epidural anesthesia. The picture of the nerve branches across the levator ani helps the students understand the value of an upright position of the laboring woman. In addition, they discuss the significance of nutrition and fluid during labor, as the muscles play an important role in promoting physiological labor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how virtual reality (VR) facilitates student understanding of complex topics, such as fetal rotation and pelvic anatomy. The discussion highlights that VR allows students to visualize and engage with three-dimensional structures, which enhances their comprehension of deep and superficial muscle layers and the anatomical terms associated with them. It mentions that 'the ability to take both the fetal and midwife’s perspective during the laboring process increases the students' understanding of interventions,' indicating that VR effectively engages students and aids retention of the knowledge being discussed. Furthermore, the text states that combining clinical examples with complex subjects enhances understanding, which supports the claim that VR can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the artificial protection and breeding of spiders in both agricultural and forest systems can provide an alternative pest management strategy to chemical insecticides, while also facilitating ecological restoration. However, artificially breeding most spiders has proven challenging, either due to external environmental controls (temperature, humidity etc. ) or inner factors resulting from environment determining the female sexual maturity, inducing the low spider survival rates in the laboratory [6]. Previous studies have shown that while spiders can digest a variety of foods, several spider taxon are specialized to prey on ants [7–9], which are also difficult to breed artificially. According to previous studies, bacteria associated with spider diets could be involved in the unsuccessful breeding of host animals (e. g. , Pollock et al demonstrated that diet is linked to breeding success in blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus)). Our previous study suggests a similar phenomenon in bugs [10, 11]. Thus, we speculate that the specialized monodietary regimes contribute to the low survival rates of spiders. Whether the unsuccessful spider breeding attempts are linked to a nutrient deficiency, and how these dietary regimens impact spiders, remains unknown. Some evidence has suggested that gut bacterial community has a significant impact on host’s digestion, nutritional acquisition, and juvenile development [7], which are often linked to the overall community structure [12–14]. Previous studies have examined both gut bacterial diversity and biological functions in a wide range of arthropods [15–18], demonstrating the critical role of the bacterial community found in arthropod guts [19–21]. Previous studies have also illustrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is easily influenced by numerous biotic and abiotic factors, including gut structure, the physiological environment, pH, oxygen levels, intestinal immune system, and the developmental stage. Of these, diet and dietary microbiota are the most important factors [22, 23]. Considering their complicated dietary regimens and diverse gut microbiota, spiders provide a good model to explore the degree to which diet or diet-acquired microbes impact the gut bacterial community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that 'diet and dietary microbiota are the most important factors' influencing gut bacterial composition. This indicates that changes in diet can significantly impact microbiome composition, contradicting the assertion that diet changes have no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Otherwise, a number of statements in the manuscript seemed overstated (e. g. , the last sentence of the Abstract). We are unsure whether the reviewer is suggesting that we calculate this probability for C. rubella-C. grandiflora or C. rubella-C. orientalis. The C. grandiflora-C. orientalis calculation is conservative relative to the later. However, we have modified the Abstract extensively to account for the reviewer’s criticism. 3) Balancing selection is operating in the outcrosser and variation was introduced into the selfer by introgression. They entertain this possibility for rubella in the Discussion section. They label it as "adaptive introgression" but it seems to me that it could just as well be neutral, if introgression is more likely to introduce a different haplotype due to balancing selection in the outcrosser. We refer the reviewer to our response to the general comments. In this regard, I note that it is not correct that (1) and (3) cannot be distinguished, as they predict different genealogies. Given that the selfers are mostly homozygous at these positions, can they build trees for e. g. , 100 regions, and see whether they support (1) or (3)? If not, they should at least explore diversity and divergence levels around the tsSNPs. We have removed this statement and have included additional analysis of IBS regions to address the reviewer’s comment, and we present trees as suggested in our analysis of MLO2 where complete data on a single gene could be produced. More generally, I was confused by what specific models the authors had in mind at a number of points in the manuscript. Because they focus on selfers, their study design seems aimed at picking up balancing selection due to fluctuating selection pressures not heterozygote advantage. Moreover, they repeatedly state that they are looking for a form of selection that favors rare types. Why then expect a positive Tajima's D (subsection “A high density of tsSNPs around immunity-related loci”)? I think a discussion of the mode of balancing selection they expect to detect is missing. We have heavily modified our introduction and removed some of the 4. 3) Can the authors provide some estimates for the age of the IBD segments based on their lengths to support their conclusion of "very recent co-ancestry"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. It discusses various aspects of balancing selection and introgression but does not provide explicit support or contradiction to the claim that natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: During this part of the task, the students are asked to find an important anatomical landmark—spina ischia and the related nervus pudendus. The students discuss how to perform a vaginal examination and give pudendal anesthetics to block the pudendal nerve. Thanks to the spatial abilities of VR, they identify the spina ischia on both sides of the pelvic cavity and understand how to navigate in an actual situation to find both spina and the nerve connected to spina. Examining spina from both a superior and inferior position, the students discover that during a vaginal examination, they must enter the vagina posteriorly and laterally to identify spina ischia. This is something that is difficult to spot in 2D pictures from books or during a classroom lecture. After identifying spina ischia, the fetal position and station in the pelvic cavity are discussed and the rotation from a transverse to oblique position exposed to the students. Again, combining both the female pelvic and fetal position in the cavity enhances student understanding of the cardinal movements of labor. The final step of the collaborative task in the VR room is the actual delivery of the fetal head and body. The students visualize the rotation from a transverse to anteroposterior position of the fetal head. During the task, the student with the VR goggles focuses on the fetal perspective down the birth canal, enabling the student to understand that the pelvis is spatial, with an inlet, cavity, and outlet. By navigating this cavity, the student can see how the different bones, muscles, and nerves relate to one another and how these different anatomical structures work as a whole. They discuss and reflect on different interventions to promote normal labor and, through the learning of anatomy, discover how different interventions are significant in relation to an understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the fetus and female pelvis. During the teaching session, the students work together in small groups. This is an intentional pedagogical approach. We have also recognized that anatomy is complex learning, demanding reflection through discussion and explanation. To secure the quality of the interaction and in-depth learning within the small groups, the students pair up with fellow students they already know. The teacher acts as a facilitator in the VR room, participating in the discussions and communication of knowledge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how virtual reality (VR) enhances student understanding and engagement with complex anatomical concepts. It describes how students explore spatial relationships within the female pelvis and fetal positions, which are often challenging to comprehend through traditional 2D methods. The text highlights the importance of active participation in a VR environment, which enables students to visualize and interact with anatomical structures in a way that deepens their retention and understanding of the material. This aligns with the claim regarding VR's role in improving engagement and retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 2 The diversity analysis of the bacterial community In total, 1,677,627 usable sequences were obtained from 29 samples. Among which, 1,116,358 high-quality sequences were selected, with an average of 38,495 sequences per sample. Table S1 lists genera with an abundance of at least 1% of the total number of OTUs found in the sample. The rarefaction curves were constructed based on Sobs to verify the adequacy of the sampling depth and were generated from randomly subsampled datasets with the same number of 16S sequences. The rarefaction curve reached saturation for each sequencing sample (Supplementary Fig. 2). The rank-abundance curve showed that the OTUs of all samples increased gradually and then held at stable values with increasing numbers of measured sequences, indicating that most bacterial sequences obtained by the MiSeq sequencing system reflect the abundance and diversity of the microbiota (Figure S3). The CC-LN_WH curve had a large range on the horizontal axis, meaning that the richness of this group was higher than the other two groups. The bacterial species in the CC-TC_LN group was more evenly distributed because its curve was flatter than in the other two groups (Figure S3). 3. 3 Composition of bacterial community To facilitate the analysis of which microbial species were common or unique among the samples, while Venn diagrams of the different groups were drawn based on their source: spiders or ants (Fig. 2). The gut microbial composition among spiders showed a little difference, however, the quantity of microbial OTUs in spiders fed with T. caespitum from Wuhan was significantly lower than the other groups, even though there were not fewer T. caespitum species than in other ants. The alpha diversity was estimated using the ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices (Table 1), while there were no significant differences between the gut samples of C. campanulata for the OTU numbers or the ACE, Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson indices. However, the Shannon index of the TC_LY group was significantly higher value and the Simpson’s index was significantly lower than the other two groups of ants (Table 1, Duncan’s new multiple range test, P < 0. 01). PCoA resulted in a 2-dimensional solution of ants in which, PC1 accounted for 61. 49% of the variation and PC2 for 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed analysis of the microbial community diversity and composition among different groups based on their diet. It specifically notes that the gut microbial composition among spiders showed differences based on their food source, as evidenced by the variation in microbial OTU numbers and diversity indices such as Shannon and Simpson. This indicates that dietary changes can indeed influence microbiome composition, directly opposing the claim that changing one's diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: We changed “very” to “more”. We think that estimating the age of IBD segments might be possible, however this would not be trivial given the differing recombination rates and population structure of our sample. Since our goal is not to estimate the rate of gene flow accurately, but to show that balancing selection is acting in the selfer regardless of the origin of the allele, we feel that this analysis is beyond the scope of the current work. 2) Figure 4 is one of the key results showing enrichment in immunity-related genes, but it is unclear what each panel shows exactly, as some details or labels are missing. 1) Panel A: What does each dot mean? I guess each point represents a gene, but this is not clear from the text, figure or legend. What is the y-axis in each sub-panel? How is this number calculated? To clarify the figure, we have added the following text to the figure legend “Each point represents values calculated for an individual gene. For example, in the upper subplot each point is the number of tsSNPs identified in a gene divided by the total number of SNPs identified for a gene”. 2) Panel B: what do the thick line and the shaded area mean, respectively? Does the legend of panel C apply to panel B? The text “For (B-C) the…” has been added to clarify the legend. 3) The authors use simulation data to argue against the possibility that the diversity patterns near Bal loci result from historical balancing selection in the ancestor population. Did the simulations include effects of balancing selection? If so, how is balancing selection simulated in practice? If balancing selection is not simulated, are the results based on neutral simulations sufficient to rule out the possibility of historical balancing selection? The principal effect of balancing selection, increased diversity, was approximated in simulations by recalculating the probability of the observed values in the selfer using only simulations that showed outstandingly high diversity in C. grandiflora. The observed values could not be explained under these conditions. We acknowledge that this is only an approximation of balancing selection. We note that the reviewer’s previous concerns were that increased founding diversity due to balancing selection could potentially increase the probability of sampling multiple haplotypes during speciation of C. rubella. We feel that this specific concern is well addressed by our method. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding natural selection and the evolution of species. Instead, it discusses methodological clarifications and concerns related to balancing selection and data representation without making any direct connection to differential survival or natural selection as a driving force in evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: The students have reported that small-group activities create a safe environment for knowledge sharing and working with peers is more helpful than working alone due to the complexity of the subject matter. The students experience an increased understanding when interacting simultaneously in the VR room, creating a sense of togetherness. The students have also reported that the presence and availability of the teacher as a discussion partner rather than knowledge transmitter facilitates knowledge exchange within the group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how small-group activities in a VR setting enhance understanding and create a sense of togetherness among students. The mention of students experiencing increased understanding and the benefits of interaction in the VR room supports the notion that VR can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 34% (Fig. 3a, = 0. 002). PCoA based on the spiders revealed that the first two principal component scores accounted for 67. 87% and 21. 88% of the variation, respectively (Fig. 3b, = 0. 776). These graphs demonstrate that all three spider groups were clustered together, indicating that their communities have a similar composition. The ant groups differed significantly (2). Bar graphs exhibiting the differences in the six dominant species of microbiota further validate the findings of PCoA (Fig. 4). While there was significant variation among ants (Fig. 4a), the dominant microbiota species in spiders were of the same genus (Fig. 4b). The genus with the highest relative abundance was Pseudomonas. Quantified comparison of the five most abundant genera revealed no significant differences in the relative abundances of microbiota, at the genus level, among the three spider groups (Fig. 5b). The composition of ant microbiotas distinguished T. caespitum from Luoyang, as significantly less abundant than ants from Wuhan in both Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae (Fig. 5a). A heat map, in which the difference in the abundance distribution of species between samples could be quantified by distance graphically, showed that at genus, microbial community in the six groups of spiders or ants. And also revealed that there were differences in the abundance of the microbial community phyla in some different groups (Fig. 5c). Pseudomonas had the highest abundance among the six groups and had different relative abundances in both spiders and ants. T. caespitum from Luoyang also differed from the other two ant-feed groups (Fig. 5c). Overall, these results indicate that there was no clear division among the three groups of spiders, but that the ants could not be clustered into a single region. 4 DiscussionIt is becoming increasingly understood that the gut microbiota can influence body development, physiology, and ecological inter- or intraspecific interactions [36–39]. The microbial community, however, is also plastic. Several factors can alter the composition of the gut microbial community [22, 23] and thus have the potential to shape the community function [40, 22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the microbial community is 'also plastic' and that 'several factors can alter the composition of the gut microbial community,' suggesting that diet could indeed influence microbiome composition. This directly opposes the claim, which asserts that changing one's diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Still, we recognize that it is difficult to prove beyond all doubts that balancing selection is ongoing in C. rubella. Even if we were to explicitly model balancing selection in these two species, it would be difficult if not impossible to consider all possible relevant scenarios. We try to illustrate this challenge throughout the manuscript. For example: “Although evidence for balancing selection at immunity-related loci in C. rubella is much stronger than in C. grandiflora, it is difficult to completely exclude the effect of founder diversity at these loci on the observed patterns. ” This was exactly the reason we analyzed C. orientalis and found considerable additional evidence that the same regions were targets of balancing selection in a much older selfer. 4) MLO2b region 1) Why is the haplotype structure of MLO2b not discussed on C grandiflora? Since the tsSNPs are shared by C grandiflora, it seems the selection pressure is preserved in this species. Would the higher recombination rate in C grandiflora help narrow down the causal variant(s)? Our data is unphased Illumina short read data. We can assemble high confidence haplotypes in the sellers because they have very low observed heterozygosity. Accurate haplotype assembly in C. grandiflora might be possible with a larger sample size, and it is possible this data might narrow down causal variants. However, it is important to point out that the C. rubella and C. grandiflora haplotypes have had nearly identical amount of time to recombine since the split with C. orientalis (the shift to selfing in C. rubella is much more recent in comparison to the larger divergence). 2) How long are the shared haplotypes between C rubella and C orientalis? Is maintenance of such long haplotypes expected, given plausible split time and recombination rate, if there is no epistasis? It will be helpful to estimate this using the formula in Wiuf et al. , 2004. This is a very interesting question. Intuitively, it does not seem probable that now recombination has occurred. Epistasis is a fantastic hypothesis, and one that would certainly be worth exploring in the future. Another possibility is that local variation in recombination rate, potentially further reduced by divergence, is involved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or pertain to the claim about natural selection driving evolution through differential survival. Instead, it discusses the challenges of proving ongoing balancing selection in specific species and the intricacies of haplotype structures, which are tangentially related to evolutionary processes but do not directly support or contest the assertion regarding natural selection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 5Although changes in pharmacy curriculum have been made in response to the need to further integrate clinical experiences in entry-to-practice degree programs, much of the management curriculum involves primarily classroom teaching and learning. Teaching management to pharmacy students is all the more difficult if the students do not see the practical application of what they learn. Additionally, managing others may appear to be an easy or common-sense task to those who have never managed people;6 therefore, simply “telling” students about management and managing may not be the best method to ensure they learn and retain what they need to know to be successful in practice. There is also a call for the professional curriculum to focus on 3 functional roles for pharmacists (patient-centered care, population-based care, and pharmacy systems management) and foster the development of 5 abilities (professionalism, self-directed learning, leadership and advocacy, interprofessional collaboration, and cultural competency). 7 This manuscript focuses on 2 of the abilities: self-directed learning and leadership and advocacy. As professionals, pharmacists are required to continually enhance their knowledge base through professional development/education activities. Understanding and developing knowledge requires taking responsibility for learning, a primary component of which is critical thinking. 8 As such, the importance of self-directed learning within the profession has received considerable attention. 7,9,10This manuscript describes the redesign of a mandatory undergraduate course on management in pharmacy and the assessment of the redesign by students who were surveyed regarding the perceived benefits, and shortfalls. The purpose of redesigning the course and obtaining student feedback was to instill an understanding of the importance of management in all practice sites using a pragmatic approach, while also creating a more engaging environment by placing more responsibility for learning and teaching on the students. course was redesigned based on the recognition that a majority of students who had taken the course were not engaged in the material and/or did not recognize the relevance of management in pharmacy practice. Another motive for the redesign was that numerous former graduates, once in practice, realized the role management plays in practice and were contacting instructors regarding managerial issues, which often had been covered in the course. In an effort to make students appreciate and grasp the role of pharmacy management before entering practice, the course was deemed in need of redesign to make it more engaging and, if possible, to help students retain the concepts presented. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the redesign of a mandatory undergraduate course on management in pharmacy, which aimed to create a more engaging learning environment and instill an understanding of the importance of management in pharmacy practice. The redesign was necessary because many students were not engaged with the material, highlighting the need for educational practices that improve engagement and facilitate retention of complex concepts. The text emphasizes the significance of making courses engaging to help students understand and retain vital information, aligning with the assertion that VR in education can enhance engagement and retention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: According to prior studies, the influence of many factors on the microbiota is context dependent and might only be observed above a certain threshold; for instance, the composition of the predominant termite gut microbiota remained largely constant despite variations in diet [41]. In contrast, dietary differences markedly altered the gut bacterial community in gypsy moths [42]. However, studies on whether and/or which factors shape the gut microbiota of widespread predators—such as spiders—that play a key role in ecosystem stability have rarely been reported. We fed spiders with three groups of ants, which all had different nutritional contents and microbiota. We then profiled the gut bacterial communities of the spiders under different dietary conditions and identified how variations in nutrients or diet-associated bacteria affected spiders’ gut microbiota. Considering the relatively slow digestion and the strikingly endurance of starvation of the spider, the spiders were dissected 48 hours after feeding with ants. Furthermore, a pilot experiment showed that the starvation for at least 7 days had no obvious effect on total abundance of the spider’s gut microbiota. Our results demonstrated that the gut bacterial communities were similar across diets, despite differences in nutritional content or ingested microbes. Discrepancies between the two studies indicate that further research is needed to better understand the relationship between spider food and the stability of their gut microbiota. Variations in both nutritional level and the microbial community associated with their prey can both influence predator’s gut microbiota [43], we collected two species of ants from different geographic sites to research food induced gut bacterial community changes. Previous studies suggested that feeding fish with certain species improve muscle function [37]. The protein content in diets varies considerably even in the same species [44]. To achieve a more comprehensive measurement of dietary differences, we evaluated compositional variations in protein, GT, trehalose, and glucose levels, three of which varied significantly between the L. niger and T. caespitum ant diets. In a previous study of ants, the authors found similarities in the bacterial communities between species of the same trophic level [45]. Conversely, some studies have provided evidence that the bacteria community is significantly varied across species rather than biogeography [46, 37]. To determine whether the microorganisms in spiders’ food impact their gut microbiota, we analyzed the microbial diversity of feed ants, examining both different species and the same species from different locations. We found that the microbiota composition of the feed ants varied significantly, despite all belonging to Formicidae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that dietary differences can significantly alter gut bacterial communities, as shown through the studies discussed in the text. It specifically mentions how variations in diet markedly influenced the gut microbiota of some species, suggesting that changing one's diet indeed has an impact on microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Sign in through your institution Filter EvolutionThis issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term Advance 10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2011. 01459. x Published: 01 February 2012 10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2011. 01459. x Select format. ris (Mendeley, Papers, Zotero). enw (EndNote). bibtex (BibTex). txt (Medlars, RefWorks) Download citation issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term issue Biological SciencesEvolutionary BiologyScience and search term is known to generate an important cost for sexual reproduction (the famous “twofold cost of sex”). However, male–female differences may have other consequences on the evolution of sex, due to the fact that selective pressures may differ among the sexes. On the one hand, intralocus sexual conflict should favor asexual females, which can fix female-beneficial, male-detrimental alleles. On the other hand, it has been suggested repeatedly that sexual selection among males may help to purge the mutation load, providing an advantage to sexual females. However, no analytical model has computed the strength of selection acting on a modifier gene affecting the frequency of sexual reproduction when selection differs between the sexes. In this 2. Equilibrium rate of sex σ with log-normally distributed mutational effects in males and females. (A–C) the marginal distributions of (solid) and (dashed) are shown for different standard deviations, γ, of and (see text for more explanation), where in all cases, and. (D) the equilibrium rate of sex as a function of ρ (the correlation coefficient between and ), for γ= 0. 2 (solid line, black squares), γ= 0. 5 (dashed line, black circles), and γ= 0. 8 (dotted line, white squares). The lines simply connect simulation results and do not correspond to analytical predictions. The cost of sex c is 1. 2, all other parameters as in Figure 1. Open in new tabDownload slideThese mutation load arguments cannot, however, be used to predict the outcome of competition between genotypes coding for different rates of sex: indeed, facultatively sexual females can also benefit to some extent from the stronger purge occurring in males. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss natural selection or differential survival as mechanisms of evolution. Instead, it focuses on the costs of sexual reproduction and the implications of male-female differences on evolutionary processes. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: VR in education can improve engagement and retention of complex concepts. [SEP] Text: 2%) that the variety of instruction style and learning opportunities was better than classroom lectures alone. This finding may be the result of students realizing that management is a subject best learned by doing and being engaged in the content of the course rather than passively receiving information. When assessing the course, most students (81. 5%) reported enjoying the course, a positive finding considering that most students who took the previous iteration of the course disliked it. pharmacy management course was redesigned to actively engage students and to be more relevant and applicable to the “real world. ” Students who participated in the study were accommodating and appreciative of the steps taken to improve the course and did not mind doing extra work they perceived as beneficial. Redesigning a pharmacy management course to be more relevant and interactive for students, however, places additional demands on instructors’ time and requires an openness to feedback and criticism. 1. Senft, S. L. ∙ Thompson, C. ∙ Blumenschein, K. Dual degree programs at the University of of PharmacyPharm Educ. 2008; 72 2. Kolawole, O. ∙ Pedersen, C. ∙ Schneider, P. . . . Perspectives on the attributes and characteristics of pharmacy executivesHealth-Syst Pharm. 2002; 59:278-281CrossrefScopus (8)PubMed3. Hermansen-Kobulnicky, C. ∙ Moss, C. Pharmacy student entrepreneurial orientation: a measure to identify potential pharmacist entrepreneursPharm Educ. 2004; 68 4. Filerman, G. ∙ Komaridis, K. The pharmacy leadership gap: diagnosis and prescriptionJ Educ. 2007; 24:117-134PubMed5. Latif, D. Using emotional intelligence in the planning and implementation of a management skills coursePharm Educ. 2004; 4:81-89CrossrefScopus (25)6. Holdford, D. Managing oneself: an essential skill for managing othersJ Assoc. 2009; 49:436-445Full Text(PDF)Scopus (2)7. Jungnickel, P. ∙ Kelley, K. ∙ Hammer, D. . . . Addressing competencies for the future in the professional curriculumPharm Educ. 2009; 73 8. Garrison, D. Critical thinking and self-directed learning in adult education: an analysis of responsibility and control issuesQ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that a redesigned pharmacy management course improved student engagement and enjoyment. It mentions that students found management to be a subject that is 'best learned by doing and being engaged' rather than through passive learning methods like traditional lectures. This suggests that interactive and engaging learning methods, possibly including VR, can enhance the educational experience and retention of complex concepts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: In our results, both geographic location and species impacted gut microbiota to varying degrees. Accordingly, spiders were divided into three groups and fed on one diverse ant subset, to assess if variations in feed created variations in spider gut microbiota. We used Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA genes to test whether spiders that ate different ants would also exhibit a difference in microbial composition. Our results demonstrated that the gut microbiota in all spiders maintained a consistent composition, with Pseudomonas as the dominant genus, which is known for its metabolic diversity and its ability to colonize many niches, including the gut [47]. To ensure the abundance of Pseudomonas did not result from contamination, we performed negative extraction and PCR control, which was visualized using a 2% agarose gel. Our results found no band for the negative extraction and PCR control and an obvious band for the positive control. The presence of this OTU makes it likely to be unintentionally sequenced, however, this OTU accounted for more than 90% of total sequences in our experimental samples. Our results indicate that the high percentage of Pseudomonas in our study was not due to contamination. Compared with common spiders living in cotton fields (where 237 genera were detected at the genus level [27]), C. campanulata could maintain a relatively simple gut environment. This could be due to its limited diet. Intriguingly, Badumna Longinqua, whose diet includes crickets and fruit flies, showed the opposite result [48]. And its gut microbiome experiences pronounced temporal fluctuations and slowly approaches its initial state after more than 658 h. The difference between the results obtained by our study and that of previous research could be due to several factors, including the different spider species used and their rearing conditions. Their prey typically contains a rich microbiome, and the spiders sometimes ingest and maintain certain microbes from prey in their gut. This mimics a pattern of stability in the spider’s gut microbiota. Additionally, spider habitat and taxonomy could influence their gut microbiota [49], however, without knowing the natural state of the spider microbiomes obtained from the field, we can only conclude that the gut bacterial communities in groups fed different diets were similar, despite differences in their nutrients or ingested microbes. Comparing the composition of the microbial community between predators and prey at the intraspecific level, we found that C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that diet can influence gut microbiota composition. It describes how the gut microbiota in spiders was examined under different dietary conditions and notes that, while results varied among species, some dietary patterns did lead to fluctuations in microbiota composition. The observation that feeding different diets to spiders 'mimics a pattern of stability in the spider's gut microbiota' implies that diet does indeed have a significant impact on microbial composition, thus directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Hadany and Beker (2007) used deterministic simulations to model competition between obligate and partial sexuals. They found that for high mutation rates and strong sexual selection, obligate sex may be favored against rare sex (with a twofold cost of sex); however, they did not explore what the evolutionarily stable (ES) rate of sex would be for the different parameter values. In this 1. Hence, we would expect sexually produced offspring to evolve to a male-biased sex ratio (we thank for pointing this out). Although the question of the joint evolution of the sex ratio and the investment into sex is interesting, we leave it for future studies. The level of sex is modulated by a modifier with two alleles, m and M, where females of genotype mm, Mm, and MM engage in sex at frequency σ, σ+hMδσ and σ+δσ, respectively (δσ thus denotes the effect of the M allele on the rate of sex, and hM measures the dominance of M over m). Two alleles a and A also segregate at the selected locus, and we will write the relative fitness of aa, Aa, and AA females as 1, and and the relative fitness of aa, Aa, and AA males as 1, and ( and can be negative). “Fitness” stands for the reproductive output of an individual: female fitness may be seen as the total amount of resources available for reproduction (K above); selection may act either on survival (K= 0 if the female dies) or on fertility. The fitness of a male measures its overall success at fertilizing ovules, which may in turn depend on its relative survival, relative fertility (i. e. , total number of gametes produced, in which case we assume random fusion between male and female gametes), or mating success (in which case we assume polygyny). Finally, r denotes the recombination rate between the two loci. The dynamics of the system can be studied from the recursions for the 10 diploid genotype frequencies (nine independent variables) in females and in males (which gives 18 equations); these recursions are given in 0. 001), selection parameters and numbers of loci (results not shown). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a specific study related to sexual selection and fitness dynamics but does not directly address the broader idea that natural selection drives evolution through differential survival. It focuses on allele interactions and competition between sexual reproduction strategies, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim regarding the primary mechanism of evolution through natural selection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual labs in VR can offer a safe alternative for learning about hazardous materials. [SEP] Text: Virtual hearings have the potential to allow parties, witnesses, and experts to attend or participate in hearings that, for a range of reasons, they may otherwise have been unable to. Where, for example, it is the cost of travel to a hearing venue, particularly one that is overseas, which proves to be prohibitive, virtual hearings offer an accessible alternative. Easier access may prove a significant benefit for, by way of example, public interest groups who wish to intervene in investment disputes by way of “amicus curiae” submissions. To some extent, virtual hearings may thus permit international arbitration to become more inclusive by facilitating voices that might not otherwise be heard. This could include not only the voices of parties who might otherwise be bound by certain geographical, medical, financial, or legal constraints preventing their physical attendance at a hearing, but also witnesses and experts, potentially even extending to counsel and arbitrators. In sum, virtual hearings may offer a more level playing field in international dispute resolution. Of course, virtual hearings are not a cure-all in respect to other inequalities present in the international legal system, such as a lack of access to legal education or adequate legal representation. 2. 3 “aspects of the hearing room drama might be lost,”15 virtual hearings may offer clients a preferable hearing experience, at least in some respects. 16 In an in-person hearing, a client’s ability to communicate with her/his legal team and/or to assess the arbitrator(s)’ reaction instantaneously, may be curtailed by room layout/configuration, and clients (often sat behind counsel) can feel disconnected from the proceedings, particularly if they do not have a clear view of all the advocates or the tribunal. 17 In virtual hearings, the experience of the hearing room is the same for all. 18 Anecdotally, many clients appear to view this positively: they have the same visibility over the proceedings as all other participants,19 leading them to feel “much more connected with the proceedings. ”20 As for other participants, analysis of the published by the Forum of suggests that, in the eyes of judges and arbitrators, oral submissions and arguments are no less effective when delivered via video than they would be in person, as the insight and assistance provided to the judge is not hindered. 21 An improved client (and/or arbitrator) experience at hearings is perhaps a more unexpected benefit of virtual hearings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about virtual labs in VR specifically related to hazardous materials. Instead, it discusses the potential benefits of virtual hearings in the context of international arbitration, highlighting accessibility and inclusivity for participants. Consequently, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: campanulata could maintain a relatively high level of Pseudomonas, which has been reported to produce tannase to detoxify or tolerate tannis in food [50, 51]. Interestingly, we detected no Acinetobacter in the spiders, despite its prevalence in the feed ants. This implies that not all microorganisms obtained from food can successfully colonize a spider gut, suggesting the host can prevent the colonization of new bacteria, possibly as a way to defend against pathogens [52]. In most cases, the intestinal bacterial community is short-lived and opportunistic, with widely diverse bacteria stemming from a constantly changing environment [53–55]. This stabilization of gut microbial diversity could be due to microbial competition or interference following the introduction of exogenous bacteria [56], however, further investigation is required to confirm either of these hypotheses. The life history of spiders has rarely been studied due to a lack of reliable rearing methods and the difficulty of providing an artificial diet. Since spiders are primarily carnivorous, they require specific kinds of prey. Divina M. Analin et al. found that the survival rate of sac spiders was influenced by different artificial diets [57]. Several studies have demonstrated that the animal gut microbiome is important for nutritional absorption [58], while the diet-altered gut microbiota of spiders can influence its development and survival rate under artificial rearing conditions. Future work assessing whether or how gut microbiomes affect spider survival should be the focus of future studies. In conclusion, when we analyzed the microbial composition in three spider groups with different diets, we observed no dynamic changes in gut microbiota. This indicates that diet has minimal effect on gut microbiota of C. campanulata, despite variations in feed microbial community and nutrients, ensuring normal physiological function and development. It is worth noting that identifying a mechanism by which this action takes place was beyond the scope of this study. Future studies should include additional types of prey and spiders to analyze these results on a larger scale and outline a potential mechanism for host regulation in gut microbial homeostasis. The analysis of spiders’ intestinal microbiota in conjunction with soil layer microorganisms analysis is also worthwhile endeavor, to determine if the dominant microorganisms in the spiders’ gut microbiota are a result of their environment. This work provides a blueprint for future investigation into the gut microorganisms of spiders and highlights the potential existence of a unique gut modulatory mechanism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that changes in diet can lead to variations in gut microbiota, as indicated by the observation that 'the diet-altered gut microbiota of spiders can influence its development and survival rate under artificial rearing conditions.' Additionally, while it concludes that diet has minimal effect on gut microbiota of C. campanulata, it highlights that variations in feed microbial community and nutrients exist, contradicting the claim that diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: –study the case of mutation–selection balance we assume that allele A is disfavored (, ), and generated at a small rate u per generation by mutation from allele a. Deleterious mutations favor sex when their deleterious effect is stronger in males than in females (), because sexual females benefit from the stronger purge occurring in males (Agrawal 2001; Siller 2001; Hadany and Beker 2007). The strength of this effect is given by equation (21), with and (assuming pA is small, while and are not too small). As above, a local stability analysis gives the same result as the QLE to the first order in δσ (for arbitrary c), whereas for c= 1 one can obtain an expression for the leading eigenvalue λ valid for any δσ. 35 (assuming pA is small). Assuming c= 1 +O(ξ2) (weak cost of sex) introduces the same term as on the last line of equation (32). Note that equation (35) is not defined when Mm females are fully asexual (hMδσ=−σ); in this case, the leading eigenvalue is given by 36 showing that selection on the asexual mutant vanishes if or if (in which case ). When c > 1, indirect selection will generally be rather weak relative to the cost of sex when selection occurs at a single locus, but may become important if many loci are subject to deleterious mutations with stronger effects in males. In the following, we use our previous results to determine what the ES rate of sex should be in the limit of an infinite number of loci with identical mutation rate and selection parameters (, ). We assume a fixed mutation rate per haploid genome U, so that in the infinitesimal limit the mutation rate per locus (u) and the equilibrium frequency of each deleterious allele (pA) are both very small. In this case, selection against sex generated by dominance in females (sdomM) becomes negligible relative to selection generated by differences in selection between males and females (sdiffM), because the latter is proportional to pA, whereas the former is proportional to p2A (see eqs. 17 and 18). Although linkage will affect sdiffM, one cannot integrate the QLE expression over a continuous genome because sdiffM diverges as r tends to zero (see eq. 21). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide direct support or rebuttal to the claim regarding natural selection and evolution. Instead, it discusses specific aspects of mutation, selection rates, and sexual reproduction strategies without addressing the broader concept of natural selection or its role in evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: VR is increasingly being adopted as a supplementary learning tool in classrooms. [SEP] Text: in Self-Skip to content Home Editors/advisors -– A Tool for in Lower-tier. , & Kinoshita, Y. (2019). Self-assessment surveys – A tool for independent learning in lower-tier dependent classrooms. Studies in Self-Journal, 10(3), 296-318. Download paginated PDF version project took place over an academic year, using self-assessment surveys as a unique tool for guiding students to engage in the learning process, with the goal of improving their motivation and overall awareness in second language studies. The participants (n=94) were first year students from a private Japanese university from the departments of Aerospace and (n=11), Architecture (n=11), Sciences (n=49), (13) and (n=10). The surveys were bookended with two similar Likert-scaled questionnaires. The first was used as a baseline of participants’ initial beliefs, motivation and overall awareness regarding their L2 education, while the second was used as a comparison, through a paired sample T-test, to mark any changes. The self-assessment survey sought to elicit students’ knowledge and confidence in areas of vocabulary, use of English and usage of the target language, with a survey report given to everyone prior to unit assessments. The following is a report on the effect self-assessment surveys had on students’ motivation and overall awareness when used as a learning tool promoting autonomous learning for teachers and advisors wishing to empower students to take a more prominent role in their L2 education. Keywords: self-assessment, motivation, learner autonomy, CALL Japanese students are traditionally exposed to a passive learning environment from the beginning of their primary education through secondary education and even throughout much of their post-secondary education, a characteristic Aspinall (2008, p. 151) labeled “Deference to the authority of the teacher”. As a result of recent reforms by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, schools are working to “Enrich educational content in relation to nurturing individual’s sense of Japanese identity,” (MEXT, 2014, p. 1) and attempting to change the view of Japan being a collectivist society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about VR adoption as a learning tool. Instead, it discusses the use of self-assessment surveys to promote independent learning and motivation among students in language education. There is no mention of VR technology, its adoption in classrooms, or any related educational tools that corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 27(8):1848–1859 (2016) Diversity and resilience of the wood-feeding higher termite Mironasutitermes shangchengensis gut microbiota in response to temporal and diet variations. 6(22):8235–8242 (2004) Census of the bacterial community of the gypsy moth larval midgut by using culturing and culture-independent methods. Microbiol 70(1):293–300 (1998) Effects of food nutrient content, insect age and stage in the feeding cycle on the FMRFamide immunoreactivity of diffuse endocrine cells in the locust gut. of (201):2971–2979 Józefiak D, Józefiak A, Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Świątkiewicz S, Długosz J, Engberg RM (2016) Insects – A natural nutrient source for poultry – A review. Annals of 16(2):297–313 (2012) Highly similar microbial communities are shared among related and trophically similar ant species. 21(9):2282–2296 (2017) Microbial composition of spiny ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Polyrhachis) across their geographic range. BMC 17(1):96 (2020) Immune challenge reduces gut microbial diversity and triggers fertility-dependent gene expression changes in a social insect. BMC Genom 21(1):816 (2020) Are you what you eat? A highly transient and prey-influenced gut microbiome in the grey house spider Badumna longinqua. 29(5):1001–1015 -Vesbach CD (2012) Do diet and taxonomy influence insect gut bacterial communities? 21(20):5124–5137 (2012) Experience matters: prior exposure to plant toxins enhances diversity of gut microbes in herbivores. 15(9):1008–1015 Xue W, Zhi-Shu X, Zhi-Bin Z, Hong-(2008) Insect seed predation and its relationships with seed crop and seed size of Quercus mongolica. Sinica 51:161–165 (2004) The gut bacteria of insects: nonpathogenic interactions. Entomol 49:71–92 (2017) Caterpillars lack a resident gut microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies that indicate the gut microbiome can change in response to dietary variations. For instance, it mentions research that discusses the diversity and resilience of microbial communities in different insect species in relation to their diet, implying that diet does indeed influence gut microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: However, simulation results obtained for a map length of R= 10 morgans are often very close to results obtained under free recombination. Assuming r= 1/2 between each pair of loci, equation (21) gives 37 where the sum in the last equation is over all selected loci. Finally, from equation (27) we have 38 where U is the genomic mutation rate per haploid genome (recall that ). The ES rate of sex corresponds to the value of σ for which scostM+sMdiff= 0, where (from eq. 16) 39 As long as selection is stronger in males than females (), this ES frequency of sex is predicted to be positive. Comparing equations (30)–(31) with equations (37)–(38), one can remark that sex-specific dominance () has more importance in the case of sexually antagonistic mutations (due to the fact that under weak selection polymorphism can be maintained only if ) than in the case of deleterious mutations, where dominance simply reduces the effective strength of selection to and. We compared analytical predictions with individual-based simulation results for the case of sexually antagonistic selection and the case of deleterious mutations maintained at mutation–selection balance with different selection coefficients in males and females. The simulation program (written in C++ and available on request) represents a population of constant size N. Individuals are diploid and possess two copies of a chromosome of map length R (all results shown in this 1. The program starts with all chromosomes free of mutation, during the first 2000 generations all females have the same rate of sex σinit (we used both σinit= 0. 01 and σinit= 1). Then, mutations at the modifier locus (which is located at the midpoint of the chromosome) are introduced at a rate 10−4 per generation. Each time, with probability 0. 5, the rate of sex coded by the new allele is sampled from a uniform distribution between 0 and 1, whereas with probability 0. 5, it equals the value of the allele before mutation plus a random number between −0. 1 and 0. 1 (if the new rate of sex is negative it is set to zero, whereas if it is greater than 1, it is set to 1). The rate of sex of a female is simply the average of its two alleles at the modifier locus (no dominance). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and does not address the claim directly. While it discusses selection (specifically sexually antagonistic selection), it does not provide any clear support or rebuttal for the notion that natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. Instead, it focuses on specific simulation results and mechanisms that do not explicitly connect to the broader claim about natural selection and evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Stepped care for depression and anxiety: from primary care to specialized mental health care: a randomised controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a stepped care program among primary care patients with mood or anxiety disorders protocol Open access Published: 05 June 2009 Stepped care for depression and anxiety: from primary care to specialized mental health care: a randomised controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a stepped care program among primary care patients with mood or anxiety disorders Wike Seekles1,4, Annemieke van Straten1,4, Aartjan Beekman2,4, Harm van Marwijk3,4 & …Pim Cuijpers1,4 Show authors 1610. BackgroundDepressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent [1]. Currently, depressive disorders are the fourth disorder worldwide in terms of disease burden, and will be the disorder with the highest disease burden in high-income countries by 2030 [2]. Anxiety and depression can cause serious functional impairment, reduced quality of life [3, 4], high levels of public service usage and huge economic costs [5, 6]. Comorbidity is high among psychiatric disorders in general [1]. Almost half of the people who have ever suffered from a psychiatric disorder have had more than one. Comorbid anxiety is the rule rather than the exception with up to 60% of the patients with major depressive disorder also suffering from an anxiety disorder [7]. Because of this high comorbidity and the difficulties in distinguishing the two disorders without extensive diagnostic interviews, this study includes individuals with depressive disorders as well as with anxiety disorders. There are ongoing discussions regarding the effectiveness of the management of common mental health problems in general practice settings. Both anxiety disorders and depression can be treated effectively by pharmacotherapy as well as psychotherapy [8–15]. Although evidence based clinical guidelines are available, initiation and adherence to effective treatment are usually poor [16–19]. Mood and anxiety disorders often remain unrecognised and therefore untreated in primary care [20]. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that even when depression has accurately been recognized, still only few patients receive adequate care [19]. According to several studies [21–23] many patients receive antidepressants immediately after the diagnosis was determined, however, only few patients receive adequate dosage and duration of (antidepressant) medication. Approximately 30% of depressed primary care patients stop using antidepressant medications within the first month of treatment, while only 40% reach the recommended therapeutic dosage of antidepressant medication [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that depressive and anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, with depressive disorders being ranked as the fourth in terms of disease burden worldwide. It also mentions that they can cause serious functional impairment, indicating their commonality and significant impact on individuals and healthcare systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: 114(36):9641–9646 (2016) Microbial communities of lycaenid butterflies do not correlate with larval diet. 7:1920 (2016) Variability of bacterial communities in the moth Heliothis virescens indicates transient association with the host. PLoS One 11(5):e0154514 (2016) Inoculation of tannin-degrading bacteria into novel hosts increases performance on tannin-rich diets. 18(6):1720–1729 Amalin DM, Peña (2001) Comparison of the Survival of of on Natural and Artificial Diets. Journal of Arachnology 29(2):253–262 (2019) Extracellular nutrient digestion and absorption in the insect gut. Res 377(3):397–414TablesTable 1 Richness and diversity estimation (Mean ± SEM) of the bacterial community in the gut of six groups. richness indices Species diversity indices ACE Chao1 Shannon diversity Simpson diversity LN_WH 275. 37±60. 72 238. 20±37. 70 0. 45±0. 08b 0. 84±0. 02a TC_WH 195. 98±78. 32 198. 23±78. 20 0. 80±0. 24b 0. 77±0. 06a TC_LY 280. 55±97. 26 278. 61±39. 20 2. 10±0. 72a 0. 41±0. 13b CC-LN_WH 331. 10±62. 28a 206. 76±30. 74 0. 39±0. 07 0. 87±0. 02 CC-TC_WH 152. 03±31. 98b 114. 44±23. 18 0. 55±0. 28 0. 80±0. 10 CC-TC_LY 268. 50±53. 62ab 233. 65±60. 98 0. 48±0. 06 0. 84±0. 01 Letters indicate significant differences across regimens (P<0. 05). Supplementary FilesSupplementaryFigure1. tifThe content of protein (a), trehalose (b), TG (c), and glucose (d) in Tetramorium caespitum of different locations. TC_LY, T. caespitum Luoyang; TC_WH, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that diet influences microbial communities, as indicated by the references to studies showing significant differences in bacterial community richness and diversity based on different dietary regimens. For example, the mention of significant differences across regimens (P<0.05) suggests that changes in diet can lead to alterations in microbiome composition, directly opposing the claim that diet has no impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The program runs for 2 million generations and records the average values of modifier alleles in males and females every 100 generations. The equilibrium rate of sex is obtained by averaging over the last 1. 9 × 106 generations. Figure 1 shows the average rate of sex measured during simulations as a function of the cost of sex c, for stronger (left) and weaker (right) selection. In both cases, the initial rate of sex was σinit= 1; however, we ran additional simulations starting from σinit= 0. 01 (for the same values of U, and c as in Fig. 1), which gave identical results. Figure 1 shows that stronger selection in males (white squares) can greatly increase the ES rate of sex when the cost of sex c is not too high. Furthermore, it shows that the prediction obtained from equations (37) and (39) is often rather good (solid curves), again when c is not too high (note that the analytical model assumes weak modifier effects, while in the simulations mutants coding for any rate of sex between 0 and 1 can appear at every generation). Additional simulation results for different values of U and R are given in the 2 (Fig. S1), showing that analytical predictions remain correct for higher values of U, as long as the genome map length is not too small. Figure 1. Equilibrium rate of sex σ as a function of the cost of sex c. Simulation results (points) are compared to analytical results with and without sex differences in selection using equations (37)–(39) and (41), respectively. Left: (black squares, dotted curve), (black circles, dashed curve), (white squares, solid curve). Right: same for (black squares, dotted curve), (white circles, dashed-dotted curve), (white squares, solid curve). Other parameter values are U= 1, N= 20, 000, map length R= 10, 2 × 106 generations (in simulations). Error bars are smaller than the size of symbols. Open in new tabDownload slideWhen sdiffM equals zero but deleterious mutations still favor sex due to finite population size effects (N is set to 20,000 in the simulations). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses simulation results related to rates of sex in populations under various selections but does not directly address or provide evidence about natural selection driving the evolution of species through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: It is also important to note that the majority of primary care patients prefer psychotherapy as a treatment [25]. Clearly, the gap between research findings and clinical practice is wide in the management of depression in primary care [26]. Through its objective of initiating interventions at the right time and as adequately as possible, the stepped care model could provide a solution for the problem of applying effective, evidence based care for depression and anxiety. Care is offered not earlier or more intense than necessary and not later or less intense than needed [27, 28]. In a stepped care model, all patients start with an evidence-based treatment of low intensity as a first step. Progress is monitored and patients, who do not respond adequately can 'step up' to a subsequent treatment of higher intensity [29]. An important feature of the stepped care model is that the model is self-correcting. Self-correcting means that the results of treatments and decisions about treatment provisions are monitored systematically and where necessary changes are made ('stepping up') if current treatments are not achieving significant health improvement [27]. A care manager coordinates a stepped care program, preferably a paraprofessional who supports the primary care clinic handling psychiatric problems. Netherlands the most likely candidate for this role is a psychiatric nurse. This care manager coordinates the monitoring of the patients, provides the first treatments in the stepped care model and refers the patient to the appropriate mental health care specialist if necessary. Although the stepped care model seems to be a promising care model [27–30] to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the mental health system, its effectiveness compared with care as usual (CAU) has not been studied yet [27–29]. We will describe the protocol of a study on the (clinical) effectiveness of this program versus care as usual with patients who are diagnosed with a minor or major mood and/or anxiety disorder. MethodsStudy designThis study is a randomised controlled trial. We recruit patients by screening all patients of the participating GPs during an inclusion period of 1,5 years. All patients with a positive screen for depression and/or anxiety are screened again after 4 to 6 weeks. Those with a second positive screening (baseline) are contacted by telephone for a diagnostic interview. During this interview all in- and exclusion criteria are checked. Those who are eligible for participation are being asked for informed consent to participate in the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the management of depression and anxiety within primary care settings and referencing a study that specifically includes patients diagnosed with either mood or anxiety disorders. The focus on treatment protocols for patients diagnosed with depression and anxiety highlights the prevalence of these disorders in clinical practice, supporting the assertion that they are common mental health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: -and : Algebra-Physics: Calculus-and : impact of diet and antibiotics on the gut microbiome Author(s): Birgit M. Prüβ*Published online: 29 Aug 2021 Courses: Microbiology Keywords: microbiome environmental control host response metabolites 2071 total view(s), 233 download(s) Login to access supporting documents 2019. The impact of diet and antibiotics on the gut microbiome. CourseSource. does the survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depend on its metabolic characteristics? do microorganisms, cellular and viral, interact with both human and non-human hosts in beneficial, neutral, or detrimental ways? How do microorganisms interact with their environment and modify each other? a unique active learning experience, students will use a simple simulation to analyze the gut microbiome at multiple systematic levels (e. g. phylum, genus, species) and apply the newly gained knowledge in a context that is relevant to human health. They will identify metabolic pathways and products that contribute to the microbiome as a system and learn about the impact of microorganisms on their bodies. The learning objectives are in alignment with the Framework from the for Microbiology. The mimicking of the antibiotic treatment is an example of Choose a perturbation to a novel environment, and predict the change to the resident microbial community. under Systems. The determination of the bacterial metabolic byproducts that the bacteria excrete falls under How does the survival and growth of any microorganism in a given environment depend on its metabolic characteristics? under Metabolism. The investigation of the human host response to a certain diet covers Describe how the human biome influences the host human organism. , also under Systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing 'the impact of diet and antibiotics on the gut microbiome,' indicating that diet does indeed affect microbiome composition. Additionally, it mentions the investigation of how 'the human biome influences the host human organism,' further supporting the idea that dietary changes can have a significant effect on the microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Specifically, finite population size generates an excess of heterozygotes at each locus (in particular when σ is low), which favors sex when mutations are additive (Roze and Michod 2010), and it also generates negative linkage disequilibria among loci (the Hill–Robertson effect) that also favor sex through selection for recombination (e. g. , Otto and Barton 1997, 2001; Barton and Otto 2005; Keightley and Otto 2006; Roze and Michod 2010). We can use results from a previous QLE model (Roze and Michod 2010) to obtain an expression for indirect selection generated by finite population size when. Although this expression is a very complicated function of the parameters, it can be shown that when U is high and σ is low, indirect selection is dominated by selection for recombination (when ), which is approximately 41 with σeff=σ/[c(1 −σ) +σ]. The nonsolid curves in Figure 1 show that the ES rate of sex obtained using this expression provides an accurate prediction, unless again the cost of sex is high (eq. 41 and the complete expression obtained from Roze and Michod [2010] give almost undistinguishable curves—not shown). Increasing c decreases the effective rate of sex, which makes the QLE approximation less robust. Note that Roze and Michod (2010)'s model represents a hermaphroditic population (and not a dioecious population as simulated here); however, simulations show that the ES rate of sex is very similar in hermaphroditic and dioecious populations when as long as the total population size remains the same (results not shown). To investigate the effect of variation in the selective effects in males and females, we used a modified version of the program where for each new mutation and were sampled from a bivariate probability distribution: more precisely, we sampled and from a bivariate Gaussian distribution, where and have means standard deviations and where ρ measures the correlation between and ( and thus follow lognormal distributions). Figure 2 shows results for choosing values of and so that and (as in Fig. 1 left). We considered three different values of γ (0. 2, 0. 5, and 0. 8), that generate distributions of and with different degrees of overlap (panels A–C, Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the effects of finite population size and sex evolution in populations, discussing concepts like heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium, and the rates of sex in hermaphroditic and dioecious populations. Although it touches on selection, it does not specifically address natural selection or how it directly drives the evolution of species through differential survival.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: Reliability and validity of depression anxiety stress scale (DASS)-21 in screening for common mental disorders among postpartum women in access Published: 24 May 2022 Reliability and validity of depression anxiety stress scale (DASS)-21 in screening for common mental disorders among postpartum women in Moya1,2, Leila M. Larson3, Robert C. Stewart4, Jane Fisher5, Martin N. Mwangi1,2 & …Kamija S. Phiri1,2 Show authors BMC Psychiatry 11. 3% and 14. 8% had depression and anxiety diagnoses respectively using SCID. The overall Cronbach’s alpha for the DASS-21 scale was 0. 74. The DASS-21 subscales had Cronbach’s alpha values of 0. 66, 0. 29 and 0. 52 for depression (DASS-D), anxiety (DASS-A) and stress (DASS-S), respectively. The ordinal alpha for DASS-D, DASS-A and DASS-S subscales were 0. 83, 0. 74 and 0. 87, respectively. The area under the ROC curve was 0. 76 (95% CI: 0. 61; 0. 91) for DASS-D and 0. 65 for DASS-A. At a cut-off point of one or more, the sensitivity and specificity for DASS-D were 69. 2% and 75. 5%, whilst DASS-A was 52. 9% and 75. 5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient for the association between DASS-D and EPDS was r = 0. 61, p < 0. 001. -21 had good internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha), and its ordinal alpha demonstrated good internal reliability for all its sub-scales. Regarding the criterion validation, only the DASS-D and EPDS demonstrated a satisfactory ability to discriminate cases from non-cases. Our findings suggest that health practitioners can use DASS-D as an alternative tool in screening depression as it has fewer questions than EPDS. reports BackgroundMaternal mental health problems remain a global public health challenge. Approximately 13% of women who have given birth in high-income countries suffer from common mental disorder (CMD), primarily depression and/or anxiety [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that approximately 13% of women who have given birth in high-income countries suffer from common mental disorder (CMD), primarily depression and/or anxiety. This indicates that depression and anxiety are significant mental health issues, supporting the claim that these disorders are among the most common globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: completing the exercise, students will be able to: Identify several of the nine phyla that contribute to the gut microbiome and name the two predominant ones; Describe how diet impacts the gut microbiome and compare the composition of the gut microbiome between different diets; Describe how antibiotic treatment impacts the gut microbiome and understand how this leads to infection, for example by Clostridium difficile; Trace the response to a change in diet, starting with i) changes in the composition of the microbiome, followed by ii) changes in the bacterial metabolic pathways and the respective excreted metabolic products, resulting in iii) a molecular response in the host intestinal cells, and eventually iv) resulting in human disease; Improve their ability to read scientific literature; Express themselves orally and in writing; Develop team working skill 1. The pre-test is designed to encourage students to read the paper (15), and the questions contain information that the students will need during the class session. Students receive one point per correct answer. The test can be administered through an online System to save in class time. Table 1. Pre-test. This table lists questions for a pre-test with examples of correct answers. The instructor measures learning formatively during the class activity by listening and responding to the student's report of their findings. By constructing a Table (Table 3) on the board, instructors can provide feedback on the information that the students are providing. This kind of assessment gives students the opportunity to compare their understanding with what the instructor identifies as both important and correct. The follow-up assignment is summative, in which students return to the Portune paper (15) and write about the molecular response to changes in diet in the host intestinal cells. 480/680 course enrolls students from different majors and academic levels. The course is required for Microbiology majors, but students from majors such as Biology, Soil Sciences, Pre-Pharmacy, Pre-and Bioinformatics, and several Engineering disciplines routinely attend. Likewise, the academic level is usually junior or senior, but first year graduate students at MS or Ph. D. level are included. In addition to the diversity of fields of study and academic level, students vary in age, race, national background and possibly other characteristics that may not be visible to the instructor. The activity involves individual and group tasks. Small group tasks are considered cooperative learning techniques and have been described as active learning exercises that foster student learning (20). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that diet impacts the gut microbiome, specifically mentioning the ability to 'describe how diet impacts the gut microbiome' and 'trace the response to a change in diet, starting with changes in the composition of the microbiome.' This suggests that dietary changes are directly linked to alterations in microbiome composition, thus opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For each of these bivariate distributions, we explored the effect of the correlation coefficient ρ on the ES rate of sex. As shown by Figure 2, the variance of the distributions and the correlation coefficient have little effect on the ES rate of sex: when the overlap between the distributions of and is substantial (γ= 0. 8), the rate of sex decreases slightly for low ρ (likely due to the fact that some mutations have stronger effect in females than in males and thus disfavor sex), but the effect is minor. Equation (37) predicts that selection occurring only in males (, ) should favor sex. This stems from the fact that females who engage in sex more often tend to produce fitter sons, and thus have a higher fitness through sons. This effect vanishes, however, when one of the genotypes is completely asexual (as shown by eq. 36): the advantage of producing better sons disappears when females never (or rarely) engage in sex. Figure 3 shows simulation results for. Here, the simulation program was constrained so that mutations at the modifier locus only change the rate of sex by a small value up to ±0. 02 (starting from σ= 1). In this case, simulation results (squares) fit the analytical prediction obtained from equation (19) (curve). When maximum mutational steps at the modifier locus are increased from 0. 02 to 0. 05, however, the simulations become absorbed at σ= 0 when c≥ 1. 2, at which point males disappear (in this case the simulation has to be stopped before 2 × 106 generations, because mutations accumulate rapidly in the population). This result may seem surprising at first: for example, for c= 1. 2, Figure 3 shows that the ES rate of sex is around 0. 5, in which case asexual mutants cannot occur when mutational steps are 0. 05; however, Figure 4 shows that an evolutionary branching occurs, leading to a first lineage evolving toward higher rates of sex and a second lineage toward lower rates of sex. This branching represents a group of male specialists (top branch), whose genomes are relatively purged of mutations and who have relatively high male mating success, and a group of female specialists (bottom branch), who bear a higher mutational load but a lower cost of sex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and focuses on specific effects of the correlation coefficient and the evolutionary dynamics of sex rates in populations. It does not directly address the concept of natural selection as it relates to differential survival of species. As such, it does not support, refute, or provide relevant information concerning the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Depression and anxiety are among the most common mental health disorders globally. [SEP] Text: The situation is worse in low and lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), where one in five (19. 8%) women who have recently given birth experience a CMD [1]. Untreated CMDs reduce maternal level of functioning [2] and may consequently impair mother-infant interaction [3] and infant cognitive development [4]. Currently, there is a low detection and treatment rate of CMDs in LMICs. There are several reasons for this. First, perinatal mental health for women living in LMICs is only an emerging area of interest for researchers and policymakers. The international agenda has moved beyond survival to understand what is needed to enable women (and infants) to thrive [1]. Second, it has been thought that women living in LMICs are protected from experiencing postpartum mental disorders by social and traditional cultural practices during the postpartum period, which has not been substantiated [1]. Third, the low detection and treatment rate of CMDs in LMICs might be attributed to a lack of culturally sensitive screening tools that are simple to use. Lastly but importantly, in most LMICs, perinatal mental health screening and treatment are yet to be integrated into a routine healthcare package of mother–child dyadic interventions offered when a mother attends well-baby clinics [5]. Several perinatal CMD screening tools such as (EPDS) [6], WHO Self-[7], Questionnaire-9 [8], and Post-Scale [9] have been validated for screening perinatal mental disorders in Malawi. However, these individual tools are not designed to screen for multiple separate common mental disorders (e. g. , depression, anxiety, PTSD). Having a screening tool that is free to use, short in assessment time, and used to screen for more than one CMD is more appealing in a resource-constrained setting. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 items (DASS-21) for screening common mental disorders among postpartum women in Malawi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs), specifically noting that 'one in five (19.8%) women who have recently given birth experience a CMD' in low and lower-middle-income countries. This aligns with the idea that depression and anxiety are common, particularly in vulnerable populations, emphasizing their significant presence worldwide.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Changing one's diet has no impact on the microbiome composition. [SEP] Text: Five to twenty yellow and/or orange lentils will be added to some of the bags. The lentils represent C. difficile; the green lentils simulate the toxin producing bacteria and the yellow ones the non-toxin producing C. difficile. Keep in mind that Table 3 is set up for six groups of students. If you have more groups, you can duplicate some bags. It is important to have different bags because each bag represents a different diet and different gut microbiome. Table 3A. Formative Assessment. This table is an example of the compilation of student information received by the instructor that can be assembled on the board. It connects information from the Koenig (16) and Portune (15) papers with the different types of pasta. Table 3A is the version of the Table that the instructor will initially construct on the board. Table 3B. Formative Assessment. This table is an example of the compilation of student information received by the instructor that can be assembled on the board. It connects information from the Koenig (16) and Portune (15) papers with the different types of pasta. Table 3B is the final version after students helped the instructor fill in the blanks. With the help of the students, the instructor fills in the blanks of the Table. Specifically, the different types of pasta (e. g. long) represent different types of bacteria (e. g. Bifidobacteria). Since differences in diet (e. g. dairy) give rise to the occurrence (indicated by a ‘+’) of specific types of bacteria (e. g. Bifidobacteria), each pasta bag is assembled in a way that only pasta types that belong to the respective diet (as indicated by +) are included in the bag. A (-) indicates that these types of pasta are not to be added to the bags and that these types of bacteria are not predominant under the respective diet. Mark the bags with the diet (e. g. dairy). Note, that this Table can also be used to guide the instructor through the assembly of the bags prior to class. (50 ) Distribution of the pasta bags. Every group of students receives one pasta and one bean bag prior to beginning of class. Analysis of the pasta bags (10 minutes). Students will analyze the content of the pasta bag, sorting the pasta by color and shape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the relationship between diet and gut microbiome composition. It explains how different types of pasta are used to represent various bacteria types and how specific diets lead to the occurrence of these bacteria, indicating that dietary changes do affect microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: When this second lineage reaches σ= 0, males within the first lineage are no longer able to mate with receptive females in the second lineage, and the first lineage is driven extinct (due to the cost of sex). With mutational steps of 0. 02, no branching occurs (although we cannot exclude the possibility that branching would occur if the simulation were run much longer). Figure 3. Equilibrium rate of sex σ as a function of the cost of sex c, for (other parameters are as in Fig. 1). Solid curve: analytical prediction from equations (37)–(39). Dots: simulation results, where mutations at the modifier locus change the rate of sex by a small value up to ±0. 02 (white squares) or ±0. 05 (black circles). Note that because evolution proceeds more slowly than when mutant modifier alleles can code for any rate of sex, σ is averaged over the last 1. 5 × 106 generations (instead of the last 1. 9 × 106 generations as in Fig. 1), unless σ goes to zero. Open in new tabDownload slide Figure 4. Evolutionary trajectories when selection acts only on males: these trajectories correspond to the points in Figure 2 for c= 1. 2 and maximum mutational steps of ±0. 02 (left) and ±0. 05 (right). Each modifier allele whose frequency is above 0. 1 is represented by a point (darker points correspond to higher frequencies); the line shows the proportion of males in the population. Time is in generations (frequencies are measured every 100 generations). Open in new tabDownload slideStudying the combined effect of deleterious mutations (which favor sex when selection is stronger in males) and sexually antagonistic mutations (which disfavor sex) is important because both types of mutation occur in many species. A thorough simulation study is challenging, however, as little is known about the relative rates of occurrence and distributions of effects (s and h) of these different types of mutations (as well as possible covariances between effects), and the possibly relevant parameter space would thus be very large. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on specific simulations and models related to mutation rates, costs of sex, and evolutionary trajectories, without directly addressing the role of natural selection or differential survival in the evolution of species. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim and is considered irrelevant.