Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Survival and settling of larval Macoma balthica in a large-scale mesocosm experiment at different fCO2 levels, Biogeosciences, 13, 3377–3385, 2016. Jansson, A. , Klais-Peets, R. , Griniene, E. , Rubene, G. , Semenova, A. , Lewandowska, A. , and Engström-Öst, J. : Functional shifts in estuarine zooplankton in response to climate variability, Ecol. Evol. , 10, 11591–11606, 2020. Jerney, J. , Suikkanen, S. , Lindehoff, E. , and Kremp, A. : Future temperature and salinity do not exert selection pressure on cyst germination of a toxic phytoplankton species, Ecol. Evol. , 9, 4443–4451, 2019. Johannesson, K. , Smolarz, K. , Grahn, M. , and Andre, C. : The future of populations: Local extinction or evolutionary rescue? , Ambio, 40, 179–190, 2011. Jones, M. C. and Cheung, W. W. : Multi-model ensemble projections of climate change effects on global marine biodiversity, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 72, 741–752, 2015. Jonsson, P. R. , Kotta, J. , Andersson, H. C. , Herkül, K. , Virtanen, E. , Nyström Sandman, A. , and Johannesson, K. : High climate velocity and population fragmentation may constrain climate-driven range shift of the key habitat former Fucus vesiculosus, Divers. Distrib. , 24, 892–905, 2018. . , Bonsdorff, E. , and Nilsson Jacobi, M. : Ecological coherence of Areas: New tools applied to the network, Aquat. Conserv. , 30, 743–760, 2020. Kahru, M. , Elmgren, R. , and Savchuk, O. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that explore the effects of climate change on marine biodiversity and shifts in species distributions. For instance, it cites research that projects the impacts of climate change on marine biodiversity and highlights the concept of climate-driven range shifts, suggesting that these studies support the idea that climate change significantly affects species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: diets do not make you lose weight, on the contrary, they make you gain weight! Wrong diets do not make you lose weight, on the contrary, they make you gain weight! 03. 05. 2024 - 11:45 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Noting that people apply very wrong diets when they aim to lose weight quickly in a very short time, experts say that the wrong lists applied in the process started with the aim of weight loss and weight loss lists based on inadequate and unbalanced nutrition bring obesity along with it. Stating that the reason for the failure of popular diets is that they are not applicable, Head of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan expressed that "Because every diet, every nutrition list prepared is like an individual's fingerprint, and it is unique to that person. The lists should be prepared specifically for the individual. " Üsküdar of Head of Nutrition and Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan evaluated the issue of rapid weight loss and shock diets. "Weight loss lists based on unbalanced nutrition bring obesity with it" Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan stated that wrong diets can actually trigger weight gain and adversely affect health, and that unbalanced nutrition and rapid weight loss goals can often lead to unexpected results, and said that "Adequate and balanced nutrition, that is, the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, namely carbohydrates, proteins and fats, should be taken into the body in the amounts that the body needs. When people aim to lose weight quickly in a very short time, they apply very wrong diets. In this process, which they start with the goal of losing weight, there is the opposite effect, and they gain too much weight. Wrong lists, weight loss lists based on inadequate and unbalanced nutrition bring obesity along with it. " "System disorders may occur in parallel with severe, inadequate and unbalanced nutrition" Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan noted that there is a very serious information pollution on social media about diets, stating that dietitians can be reached through many channels, but people who have not been trained in this field give false information, and expressed that "In parallel with serious inadequate and unbalanced nutrition, there may be system disorders and many health problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that diets based on inadequate and unbalanced nutrition can lead to weight gain, rather than the consumption of fats alone. Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan highlights that wrong diets often result in weight gain despite the intention to lose weight, stating, 'when they aim to lose weight quickly...they apply very wrong diets,' which suggests that factors beyond just fat intake, including the overall diet and nutrition balance, play a critical role in weight management. This indicates that simply eating large amounts of fat does not automatically lead to weight gain if the overall diet is appropriately balanced.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Natural abundance δ15N and δ13C of DNA extracted from soil. Biochem 39:3101–7. 2002. Carbon and nutrient fluxes within and between mycorrhizal plants. In: van der. Mycorrhizal ecology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. pp 33–61. 1990. Structure and function of the interfaces in biotrophic symbioses as they relate to nutrient transport. 114:1–38. 2005. The ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: life in the real world. Mycologist 19:102–12. 2007. Natural abundance of 15N and 13C in saprotrophic fungi: what can they tell us? In:. Fungi in the environment. Cambridge: Press. 58. 2003. Species level patterns in 13C and 15N abundance of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal sporocarps. 159:757–74. 2000. Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L. ) Karst. ) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L. ) along north-south transects in Europe. In: Schulze E-D, Ed. Carbon and nitrogen cycling in European forest ecosystems. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp 343–65. 2004. Macrofungus communities correlate with moisture and nitrogen abundance in two old-growth conifer forests,. Bot 82:781–800. 2003. Nitrogen and carbon stable isotope abundances support the myco-heterotrophic nature and host-specificity of certain achlorophyllous plants. 160:391–401. 1995. : a model for cycling of nitrogen and carbon isotopes in coniferous forest ecosystems. 79:255–75. 2001. Estimation of the biomass and seasonal growth of external mycelium of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. 151:753–60. 1998. Nitrogen deposition and ectomycorrhizas. 139:169–87. 2000. Effects of symbiosis with Frankia and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on the natural abundance of 15N in four species of Casuarina. J 51:287–97. 4266. Comments on the manuscript by and two anonymous reviewers are gratefully acknowledged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it primarily lists various studies and does not provide any direct information regarding fungi regenerating entire ecosystems. It discusses topics like nutrient cycling, mycorrhizal symbioses, and stable isotope analysis without mentioning the ability of fungi to independently regenerate ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Nausch, M. , Schulz-Bull, D. , Wodarg, D. , Wasmund, N. , and Mohrholz, V. : Stratification, nitrogen fixation, and cyanobacterial bloom stage regulate the planktonic food web structure, Glob. Change Biol. , 25, 794–810, 2019. MacKenzie, B. R. , Eero, M. , and Ojaveer, H. : Recovery in the Baltic Sea? , 6, e18998, 2011. . , Lindegren, M. , Neuenfeldt, S. , Eero, M. , Blenckner, T. , Tomczak, M. T. , and Niiranen, S. : Impact of climate change on fish population dynamics in the Baltic Sea: a dynamical downscaling investigation, Ambio, 41, 626–636, 2012. Mäkinen, K. , Vuorinen, I. , and Hänninen, J. : Climate-induced hydrography change favours small-bodied zooplankton in a coastal ecosystem, Hydrobiologia, 792, 83–96, 2017. Matthäus, W. and Schinke, H. : Mean atmospheric circulation patterns associated with major Baltic inflows, Deutsche Hydrogr. Zeitschr. , 46, 321–339, 1994. Meier, H. E. M. , Eilola, K. , and Almroth, E. : Climate-related changes in marine ecosystems simulated with a 3-dimensional coupled physical-biogeochemical model of the Baltic Sea, Clim. Res. , 48, 31–55, 2011a. Meier, H. E. M. , Andersson, H. C. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Kuznetsov, I. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Hypoxia in future climates: A model ensemble study for the Baltic Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 38, 1–6, 2011b. Meier, H. E. M. , Hordoir, R. , Andersson, H. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of studies that investigate the impact of climate change on various marine ecosystems, particularly in the Baltic Sea. The reference to 'climate-induced hydrography change' favoring 'small-bodied zooplankton' and the overall 'impact of climate change on fish population dynamics' directly supports the claim that climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating large amounts of fat will automatically make you gain weight, no matter your activity level or overall diet. [SEP] Text: Müge Arslan said that there are lists that include carbohydrates, proteins and fats in an adequate and balanced diet, and that there is no list without bread because bread is a type of carbohydrate. Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan stated that "The type of bread is very important. We do not recommend white bread because the concept of glycemic index is involved. Foods high in sugar are not recommended. However, we definitely do not recommend the bread-free list. We do not find such things right. It may be bread, but the amount is important. It is also not right to forcibly give bread to a person who says a person does not eat bread. It also has its alternatives. You can consume soup and rice, but we are in favor of preferring bulgur. You can go so far with lists of single food groups and prohibitions, and the weight lost is not weight loss, there is water loss. And then it is taken back again. " Blood sugar balance is important! Noting that they recommend grain breads with high fiber content, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan said that "It can be grain bread, it can be made from einkorn flour, or it can be rye bread. We want to choose this type of bread because the amount of sugar in such breads is low. For this reason, it has a more supportive feature in the process of balancing blood sugar during the day. " Beware of shock diets! Stating that shock diets cause water loss, not weight, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan said that "Think of it as a sauna effect. When you go in and out of the sauna, you come out two pounds lower and you cannot say I lost weight because it is a loss of water. This is the effect of crash diets. They are things that aim to reduce that figure on the scale quickly in a short time. Shock diets are diets that should definitely not be followed. " “You cannot apply a one-meal diet to the end of your life" Stating that it is not right to eat one meal, Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan expressed that "It is not possible because the life process consists of a metabolic process. You need to have the energy to carry on your everyday life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that a balanced diet—which includes carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—is important, and that weight loss from crash diets is often just water loss, not fat loss. Assoc. Prof. Müge Arslan specifically mentions that one-dimensional diets, including restricting certain food groups like fats, are not effective and that metabolic processes require energy derived from a variety of foods. Thus, the assertion that eating large amounts of fat will automatically cause weight gain without considering other factors such as overall diet and activity level is undermined by the expert's comments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Figures Citation: Butler CD, (2006) Time to Regenerate: Ecosystems and Health Promotion. PLoS Med 3(10): e394. October 24, 2006Copyright: © 2006 Butler and Friel. This is an open-access 1. Labonté's 1993 Description of a Holosphere of Healthy Communities, with Health at the Centre (Derived from [8]). The interacting environmental spheres include a viable and sustainable natural environment and a sustainable economy. the Earth Summit, the evidence for adverse environmental change at the global scale has strengthened alarmingly [11–14]. Humanity has overloaded the Earth's capacity to absorb waste and damaged many ecosystem “provisioning” services, such as pristine water and fisheries [12]. The reality and potential severity of ongoing climate change is now widely accepted. Erosion and other forms of soil damage, increasing oil scarcity, and the still expanding global population combine to place food security at risk, particularly in Africa [15,16]. Ample food to eradicate human hunger has been grown for a long time, but worsening maldistribution of food means the absolute number of hungry people is again rising [17]. While adverse global environmental change has not yet translated to an unequivocal decline in human health, fears that this may happen are increasingly credible [13]. Yet, with a few exceptions [18,19], ecohealth seems now to be peripheral to the health promotion agenda. This is reflected in the signed at the Conference on in 2005 [20]. The gap between health promotion and ecohealth is especially striking because health promotion claims to focus on causally important factors, even when their link to health is lagged, complex, or theoretical [21]. Many aspects of global environmental change that fit this category are worsening, but are currently largely ignored by health promotion. Explaining the Gap between and EcohealthSince the was signed, many of the social and economic underpinnings of population health (such as the gap between rich and poor) have also deteriorated, apart from those that are purely environmental. Health promotion has continued to champion the issue of equity in the face of greater international and domestic inequality [11,22] but has largely abandoned its stress on the linkages between adverse global environmental change and human health. This separation is intriguing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fungi regenerating ecosystems. Instead, it discusses broader issues related to environmental change and health promotion without mentioning fungi or their role in ecosystem regeneration. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Feeding and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L. ) in the eastern under environmental change, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 77, 624–632, 2020. Neumann, T. , Eilola, K. , Gustafsson, B. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Kuznetsov, I. , Meier, H. E. M. , and Savchuk, O. P. : Extremes of temperature, oxygen and blooms in the in a changing climate, Ambio, 41, 574–585, 2012. Niiranen, S. , Yletyinen, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Blenckner, T. , Hjerne, O. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Müller-Karulis, B. , Neumann, T. , and Meier, H. E. M. : Combined effects of global climate change and regional ecosystem drivers on an exploited marine food web, Glob. Change Biol. , 19, 3327–3342, 2013. Norkko, J. , Reed, D. C. , Timmermann, K. , Norkko, A. , Gustafsson, B. G. , Bonsdorff, E. , Slomp, C. P. , Carstensen, J. , and Conley, D. J. : A welcome can of worms? Hypoxia mitigation by an invasive species, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 422–434, 2012. Nydahl, A. , Panigrahi, S. , and Wikner, J. : Increased microbial activity in a warmer and wetter climate enhances the risk of coastal hypoxia, FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. , 85, 338–347, 2013. Olli, K. , Klais, R. , Tamminen, T. , Ptacnik, R. , and Andersen, T. : Long term changes in the phytoplankton community, Boreal Environ. Res. , 16, 3–14, 2011. Olofsson, M. , Torstensson, A. , Karlberg, M. , Steinhoff, F. S. , Dinasquet, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that highlight the impacts of environmental changes, including temperature extremes and the combined effects of global climate change on marine ecosystems. For example, the text discusses 'feeding and growth of Atlantic cod' and 'combined effects of global climate change and regional ecosystem drivers on an exploited marine food web,' indicating that climate change is influencing species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: (a) Per1, (b)Per2, (c) Bmal1, (d) Cry1, (e) Cry2, (f) Dec1, (g) Rev-erba, (h) Myod, (I) Myog, (j) Atrogin-1, (k) Murf-1 and (l) Bcl-2 mRNA expression in the plantar muscle tissues was analysed using RT-qPCR. 18S rRNA was used for normalisation in the RT-qPCR. The open circles represent the control group, and the closed circles represent the SBR group. The light periods are shown with open bars (ZT 0–12), and the dark periods are shown with closed bars (ZT 12–24). The dot pattern bar represents the control feeding time (ZT 12–24), and the striped bar represents the SBR feeding time (ZT 16–24). Each value in the ZT points is means with their standard error of the mean; n 3. The rhythmicity was analysed by JTK_CYCLE. The results of the rhythmicity are shown in online S6. SBR, skipping breakfast regimen; ZT, zeitgeber time. breakfast has been proposed to increase the risk of lifestyle-related diseases in humans(Reference Yokoyama, Onishi and Hosoda18,Reference Bi, Gan and Yang19). In our previous study, time-shifted feeding of rats resulted in increased body weight gain and induced circadian disorders in the liver(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). Our previous study suggested that the combination of a high-fat diet and irregular feeding behaviour would increase body weight(Reference Shimizu, Hanzawa and Kim22). However, the factors that contribute to this increase in body weight remain unknown. To clarify which factor directly impacts the increase in body weight, a normal diet was used in this study. As mentioned above, compared with rats, mice have a higher feeding efficiency ratio and higher energy metabolic rate(Reference Yan, Combs and DeMars23–Reference Hussein25). It has been suggested that mice respond more to dietary conditions and are suitable for dietary intervention studies. The group we used as control is time restricted feeding condition. Time restricted feeding during inactive phase is reported not to influence lipid metabolism in mice(Reference Kentish, Hatzinikolas and Li34). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the factors contributing to weight gain with breakfast skipping and irregular eating patterns are complex and not definitively linked to long-term weight gain. It notes previous studies which showed that time-shifted feeding in rats led to increased body weight gain, but emphasizes that the specific factors contributing to weight gain remain unknown. Furthermore, the mention of differing results between rats and mice implies that the impact of skipping breakfast on human weight may not be straightforwardly evident from animal studies alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: All social movements and scientific disciplines are subject to powerful institutional and natural forces that shape their social, economic, political, and environmental milieu, and it is unremarkable that a reformist movement such as health promotion is not always successful in meeting its goals. One possible factor which may explain the disturbing separation between health promotion and ecohealth is the close relationship between WHO and the health promotion movement [23]. This closeness may have seemed a boon for the new discipline, promising a mutually interactive and progressive relationship, in which the resources of WHO would shelter and support health promotion, and in which health promoters could tickle the conscience of WHO. However, like the health promotion movement, WHO is also subject to larger forces. Ata, the rhetoric, aspiration, influence, and—arguably—the achievement of WHO has diminished, coincident with a decline in many public goods [24]. Neither WHO nor its constituent national governments have given the issue of adverse global environmental change the attention it deserves, though this might be starting to change. The 1992 received enormous fanfare yet, we argue, achieved little. Although the participants called for a fundamental transformation of the global socio-political landscape, with hindsight it is obvious that rich populations were unwilling to make the necessary sacrifices to protect future generations, when “business as usual” could ensure a short-term continuation of prosperity. Such ideas could, of course, never be expressed as frankly as we are describing them here, and they still rarely are. However, we suggest that this “business as usual” approach affected WHO and its constituent governments. Sustainability was to be honoured by promises rather than action. Gradually, we believe, these norms came to permeate the health promotion movement as well as the fields of public health and epidemiology. We are not suggesting that the failure of health promotion to address the challenge of ecohealth, and especially its dimension of global environmental change, lies entirely or even mainly with WHO. Rather we emphasise the view that powerful forces embedded and reflected in the norms, laws, and customs of humanity have overwhelmed the capacity of health promotion proponents to recognise, analyse, and address adverse global environmental change. Of course, these statements are generalisations. There are some welcome signs of change, both within national governments and WHO [12] and within the health promotion movement. However, this awakening is insufficient given the immensity of the problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the challenges faced by the health promotion movement and its relationship with environmental issues, without mentioning fungi or their role in ecosystem regeneration.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Impacts of ocean warming and acidification on the larval development of the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 420, 48–55, 2012. Pansch, C. , Scotti, M. , Barboza, F. R. , Al-Janabi, B. , Brakel, J. , Briski, E. , Bucholz, B. , Franz, M. , Ito, M. , Paiva, F. , Saha, M. , Sawall, Y. , Weinberger, F. , and Wahl, M. : Heat waves and their significance for a temperate benthic community: A near-natural experimental approach, Glob. Change Biol. , 24, 4357–4367, 2018. Paul, A. J. , Sommer, U. , Paul, C. , and Riebesell, U. : diazotrophic cyanobacterium is negatively affected by acidification and warming, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 598, 49–60, 2018. Paul, C. , Matthiessen, B. , and Sommer, U. : Warming, but not enhanced CO2 concentration, quantitatively and qualitatively affects phytoplankton biomass, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 528, 39–51, 2015. Paul, C. , Sommer, U. , Garzke, J. , Moustaka-Gouni, M. , Paul, A. , and Matthiessen, B. : Effects of increased CO2 concentration on nutrient limited coastal summer plankton depend on temperature, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 61, 853–868, 2016. Pecuchet, L. , Lindegren, M. , Kortsch, S. , Calkiewicz, J. , Jurgensone, I. , Margonski, P. , Otto, S. A. , Putnis, I. , Strake, S. , and Nordström, M. C. : Spatio-temporal dynamics of multi-trophic communities reveal ecosystem-wide functional reorganization, Ecography, 43, 197–208, 2020. Pekcan-Hekim, Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses multiple studies that examine the effects of ocean warming and acidification on various marine organisms and ecosystems. For example, it mentions heat waves significantly affecting a temperate benthic community, which suggests that climate conditions are altering species interactions and community dynamics. Additionally, it addresses how increased CO2 and temperature variances impact nutrient-limited coastal plankton, hinting at shifts in species distributions. These references provide substantial evidence that supports the claim that climate change is influencing species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: In the present study, we limited mice to access food at light phase (ZT 0–12) to bring out the impacts of SBR more drastically. Furthermore, the feeding conditions in each mouse needed to be same just before the beginning of the active phase (ZT 12–16) to evaluate the effects of SBR. In the present study, we investigated whether SBR induced negative effects on lipid and muscle metabolism in mice fed a normal diet. Our results indicated that 2 weeks of SBR increased body weight gain in mice (Fig. 1(a)). Despite SBR mice being fed for 4 h less than control mice, there was no significant difference in food intake between the groups throughout the experimental period (online Supplementary Fig. S1). SBR mice showed significantly increased perirenal adipose tissue weight and decreased plantar muscle weight compared with control mice (Table 1), whereas the liver weight did not change. SBR delayed circadian oscillations in the expression of clock genes and lipid metabolism-related genes, but liver weight did not change, suggesting that SBR did not affect lipid accumulation in the liver. Skeletal muscle fibres are roughly divided into two types: fast-twitch muscle fibres and slow-twitch muscle fibres. The plantar, gastrocnemius, tibial anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles are characterised by fast-twitch muscle fibres, and the soleus muscle is characterised by slow-twitch muscle fibres(Reference Cornachione, Benedini-Elias and Polizello35). Fast-twitch muscle fibres are preferentially degraded during fasting(Reference Goodman, Kotecki and Jacobs36). In the present study, the weight of the four muscles with fast-twitch fibres, except the plantar muscle, tended to decrease with SBR (Table 1). These changes were not observed in the soleus muscle, which is characterised by slow-twitch fibres. In this study, the weight of muscles with fast-twitch fibres significantly decreased or tended to be decreased by SBR. We speculate that 4-h fasting owing to SBR in the first active phase induced the degradation of muscles with fast-twitch fibres. In the present study, only the perirenal adipose tissue weight was increased by SBR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from a study on mice that indicate skipping breakfast (SBR) caused an increase in body weight gain in the experimental group compared to the control group. It specifies that despite SBR leading to less feeding time, there was no significant difference in overall food intake, yet the SBR mice displayed increased perirenal adipose tissue weight and decreased muscle weight. This suggests that the effects of skipping meals may vary among species and highlight potential metabolic repercussions, thereby calling into question the claim's applicability to humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: It is of vital importance that health promotion return to its roots and join the forefront of this movement. Promotion by Integrating it with EcohealthAlthough the field of ecohealth has only recently emerged, it has many roots in public health and health promotion as originally conceived. There are obvious potential synergies between ecohealth and health promotion. Indeed, arguably, ecohealth has arisen to fill the vacuum created by health promotion's abandonment of ecology. Curiously, though with some exceptions, ecohealth seems almost as light on its analysis of power and inequality as health promotion now is with regard to ecological issues. This conceptual oversight is partly explained by the narrow focus of most discipline-based researchers, who are rarely trained or encouraged to venture into other disciplinary territories. We also suggest that a central problem in the rhetoric of sustainability is its reticence in calling for fundamental changes to existing power structures. The strategy of most sustainability activists, especially those based in wealthy countries, has been timid. The 1992 called for a fundamentally fairer world order, but few Western participants took this seriously. It was at that meeting that US Bush famously stated that the lifestyle of the average American was not open to negotiation. Environmentalists often call for ecological and climatic protection for its own sake, but rarely discuss the really difficult personal, social, and economic actions necessary to achieve this. Finally, very few environmentalists are genuinely engaged with the struggle to reduce global poverty. In short, just as health promotion could learn from ecohealth, so too could ecohealth learn from health promotion. We propose three concrete steps to revitalise health promotion. The success of these suggestions depends on a more receptive international milieu. However, as environmental harm intensifies, and as the price of oil climbs ever higher, it is plausible that this milieu will become much more favourable to the quest for sustainability. The discipline and goals of ecohealth will benefit from an interaction with health promotion, especially if ecohealth can use some of the insights and strategies developed and used by health promotion to counter the marketing of products that are harmful to health, such as tobacco. First, we suggest that a reinvigoration of the movement, with an equity focus, is keenly needed. This movement, sometimes traced to Toronto in 1984, is an attempt to foster friendlier and less environmentally damaging urban settings, which, consequently, will be healthier and more sustainable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi regenerating ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the intersection of health promotion and ecohealth, the challenges in sustainability, and the relationship between environmental harm and health. There is no mention of fungi or their role in ecosystem regeneration.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Increasing nitrogen limitation in the Bothnian Sea, potentially caused by inflow of phosphate-rich water from the Baltic Proper, Ambio, 44, 601–611, 2015. Rothäusler, E. , Rugiu, L. , and Jormalainen, V. : Forecast climate change conditions sustain growth and physiology but hamper reproduction in range-margin populations of a foundation rockweed species, Mar. Environ. Res. , 141, 205–213, 2018. Rothäusler, E. , Uebermuth, C. , Haavisto, F. , and Jormalainen, V. : Living on the edge: Gamete release and subsequent fertilisation in Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae) are weakened by climate change-forced hyposaline conditions, Phycologia, 58, 111–114, 2019. Rousi, H. , Laine, A. O. , Peltonen, H. , Kangas, P. , Andersin, A. B. , Rissanen, J. , Sandberg-Kilpi, E. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Long-term changes in coastal zoobenthos in the northern Baltic Sea: the role of abiotic environmental factors, ICES J. Mar. Sci. , 70, 440–451, 2013. Rousi, H. E. J. , Korpinen, S. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Brackish-water benthic fauna under fluctuating environmental conditions: the role of eutrophication, hypoxia and global change, Front. Mar. Sci. , 6, 464, 2019. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Rothäusler, E. , and Jormalainen, V. : Tolerance and potential for adaptation of a rockweed under predicted climate change conditions, Mar. Environ. Res. , 134, 76–84, 2018a. Rugiu, L. , Manninen, I. , Rothäusler, E. , and Jormalainen, V. : Tolerance to climate change of the clonally reproducing endemic Baltic seaweed, Fucus radicans: is phenotypic plasticity enough? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that indicate climate change impacts on marine life and ecosystems, including changes in growth, reproduction, and the dynamics of coastal zoobenthos. For example, it mentions the influence of climate change on gamete release and fertilization in Fucus vesiculosus, highlighting specific adaptations and tolerance issues faced by marine organisms under changing environmental conditions. The inclusion of research on environmental factors aligning with climate change further supports the assertion that such changes are impacting species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: This result suggested that the conditions for muscle breakdown, such as SBR, trigger a compensatory increase in the expression of Myod (Fig. 6). E3 ubiquitin ligases, such as Murf-1 and Atrogin-1, are regulators of protein degradation in skeletal muscle(and Mendias59). In the present study, the expression of Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 tended to increase in every time period in SBR mice (Fig. 6). The expression of Murf-1 and Atrogin-1 is known to increase after fasting(Reference Qinghe, Jinxiu and He60). In the present study, SBR mice were exposed to longer fasting periods than control mice. These results indicated that muscle protein breakdown was boosted by SBR. It has been suggested that the SBR-inducible disruption of circadian rhythm increases the risk of muscle atrophy and sarcopenia. The present study demonstrated that SBR increased body weight and fat mass in adipose tissue. Moreover, skeletal muscle weight was reduced by SBR. The expression of clock genes was delayed in the liver, adipose tissue and muscle of SBR mice. SBR also leads to the delayed or fluctuating expression of several lipid and muscle metabolism-related genes. On the other hand, skipping meal in latter half of the active phase is reported to improve lipid metabolism(Reference Delahaye, Bloomer and Butawan61). The findings of their study support the result of the present study. Thus, we speculate that the disruption in the expression of clock, lipid metabolism-related and muscle metabolism-related genes caused by SBR led to body weight gain and muscle-mass loss. The mechanism of SBR-induced lipid abnormalities was suggested to be due to alterations in clock and lipid metabolism genes, as well as suppression of rising body temperature by nutrient depletion. The phenomena of the SBR-induced delays can be partially explained by our previous findings that insulin is a major factor in clock control(Reference Stokkan, Yamazaki and Tei41). Since the peripheral tissues evaluated in this study are the target tissues of insulin, we speculate that the alterations of several clock genes were caused by insulin. In this study, several genes showed different results in the JTK_CYCLE analysis and cosinor analysis. These results can be explained by differences in the principles of the analysis methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests skipping breakfast (SBR) does increase body weight and fat mass in adipose tissue, indicating a negative impact on weight. However, it also states that skipping meals in the latter half of the active phase may improve lipid metabolism, which suggests a more complicated relationship between meal timing and weight outcomes. The mention of SBR leading to increased body weight challenges the assertion that skipping breakfast uniformly leads to significant weight gain for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: There are potential synergies in addressing the challenges of climate change, oil depletion, unsustainable agriculture, the “obesogenic” environment, and improving communication and energy technology. (The obesogenic environment refers to settings that encourage excess caloric intake through the use of fossil fuel–powered devices rather than the expenditure of human muscular energy, coupled with excess availability of energy-dense, nutrient-empty foods). Such synergies could stimulate a large market not only for more sustainable urban areas, but also for healthier villages and communities. Second, the movements of ecohealth and health promotion combined may have sufficient clout at a global level to nurture a “coalition of the giving” between the G-8 and large developing countries in order to accelerate the new technologies desperately needed to slow climate change and ease the growing energy crisis. Increased funding, permitted by this more favourable milieu, would allow a large increase in the employment of practitioners with training and experience in these issues, trained by improved curricula, and supported at the local level by infrastructure which encourages sustainability. Similar to health impact assessments, “sustainability impact statements” could be mandatory for all new developments. Third, reducing global poverty and inequality will dramatically slow population growth, and thus greatly enhance population health [15,25]. Ecohealth and health promotion combined could advance awareness and action concerning this issue. ConclusionMansfield wrote, “By health I mean the power to live a full, adult, living, breathing life in close contact with what I love” [26], she inadvertently captured the political, environmental, social, and personal context in which health promotion finds itself in the 21st century. The knowledge and methods developed by health promoters to advance social change to improve health can and should be used to promote the social changes needed to promote ecohealth. Such promotion will have symbiotic benefits for the health of human populations and the state of the physical environment. The challenge is to ensure government commitment to health-promoting policies, whatever they are called, and to advance partnerships between the new and old health players. Health promotion cannot abandon its pursuit of social justice. Without sustainability, neither health nor social justice can be attained. 1. Edmondson R, (2000) Health promotion: New discipline or multi-discipline? Dublin: Press. 2. (1966) Medical care in developing countries: A primer on the medicine of poverty and a symposium from Makerere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address fungi or their role in regenerating ecosystems. Instead, it discusses broader themes related to climate change, health promotion, sustainable development, and social justice without mentioning fungi specifically. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Uncertainties in projections of the ecosystem driven by an ensemble of Models, Front. Earth Sci. , 6, 244, 2019. Sawall, Y. , Ito, M. , and Pansch, C. : Chronically elevated sea surface temperatures revealed high susceptibility of the eelgrass Zostera marina to winter and spring warming, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 66, 4112–4124, 2021. Schmidt, K. , Birchill, A. J. , Atkinson, A. , Brewin, R. . , Pardo, S. , Polimene, L. ,. , and Ussher, S. J. : Increasing picocyanobacteria success in shelf waters contributes to long-term food web degradation, Glob. Change Biol. , 26, 5574–5587, 2020. Sherman, K. , Belkin, I. M. , Friedland, K. D. , O'Reilly, J. , and Hyde, K. : Accelerated warming and emergent trends in fisheries biomass yields of the world's Ecosystems, Ambio, 38, 215–224, 2009. Skogen, M. D. , Eilola, K. , Hansen, J. L. S. , Meier, H. E. M. , Molchanov, M. S. , and Ryabchenko, V. A. : Eutrophication status of the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and the in present and future climates: A model study, J. Marine Syst. , 132, 174–184, 2014. Snickars, M. , Weigel, B. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Impact of eutrophication and climate change on fish and zoobenthos in coastal waters of the Baltic Sea, Mar. Biol. , 162, 141–151, 2015. Sommer, U. and Lewandowska, A. : Climate change and the phytoplankton spring bloom: warming and overwintering zooplankton have similar effects on phytoplankton, Glob. Change Biol. , 17, 154–162, 2011. Sommer, U. , Aberle, N. , Lengfellner, K. , and Lewandowska, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses multiple studies that highlight the impact of climate change on ecosystems and species, such as the effect of elevated sea surface temperatures on eelgrass (Zostera marina) and alterations in fisheries biomass yields due to accelerated warming. These references suggest that climate change is influencing biological communities and ecological interactions, thus corroborating the claim that climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: : 2329-6879 & -in-for Manuscript 10. 4172/2329-6879. 1000260 of and its Association with and Weight in 11-15 years Adolescents from El-Chami, *Department of and Dietetics, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Kaslik, Kaslik, Lebanon *Corresponding Author: Joane Matta, Department of and Dietetics, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Kaslik, Kaslik, Lebanon, Tel: 009619600896, Email: joanematta@usek. edu. lb Received: 12-Jan-2017 Accepted Date: 30-Mar-2017 Published Date: 04-Apr-2017 DOI: 10. 4172/2329-6879. 1000260 have shown that frequent breakfast skipping is associated to overweight and obesity problems. The habit of skipping breakfast is increasing among adolescents. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of breakfast skipping among adolescents living in Lebanon. Data was collected from 404 adolescents, located in three Lebanese districts. Anthropometric measurements through calibrated equipments and dietary intake were collected by a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), sociodemographic and lifestyle information were obtained by a pre-tested questionnaire, in addition BMI for age was used to determine obesity. Linear and ANOVA regressions were used to assess the association between breakfast and BMI-for-age. Six definitions of breakfast skipping were used and the prevalence varied between 8. 4% and 42. 8%. Linear regression was used to test the association between breakfast skipping and BMI for age. Skipping breakfast was correlated with school type, parental preparation of food, sleeping duration, milk consumption and eating meals. The association between breakfast and BMI-for-age could not be settled due to the absence of a standard definition of breakfast skipping. Our findings could not confirm a relation between breakfast and BMI-for-age. Nevertheless, skipping breakfast was related to many factors. Encouraging breakfast could be efficient for the enhancement of health. New research could be settled to find reasons for obesity and to limit its impact on adolescents living in Lebanon. : Breakfast; Weight change; Obesity; Overweight; BMIfor- age Introduction Today, overweight and obesity rates are on the rise worldwide reaching an epidemic level in the twenty-first century [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'our findings could not confirm a relation between breakfast and BMI-for-age,' indicating that while there may be a correlation, the study could not establish a definitive link between breakfast skipping and significant long-term weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: Nairobi: Press. 3. (2004) The origins of primary health care and selective primary health care. 94: 1864–1875. View 4. Werner D, (1997) Questioning the solution: The politics of primary health care and child survival. (California): HealthWrights. 5. on Care (1978) Declaration of Alma-Ata. Available: Accessed 19 September 2006. 6. Conference on (1986) for Health Promotion. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 7. Rapport DJ (1997) The dependency of human health on ecosystem health. 3: 195–196. View 8. Labonté R (1993) A holosphere of healthy and sustainable communities. 17: 4–12. View 9. (1990) Health is a sustainable state. Lancet 336: 664–667. View 10. Conference on (1991) Sundsvall statement on supportive environments for health. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 11. Butler CD (2000) Inequality, global change and the sustainability of civilisation. 1: 156–172. View 12. -Lendrum D, et al. (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being: Health synthesis. Geneva: Organization. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 13. health issues: The widening challenges for population health promotion. Int. In press. 14. (2000) Ecological integrity: Integrating environment, conservation, and health. Washington (D. C. ): Island Press. 15. Butler CD (2004) Human carrying capacity and human health. PloS Med 1: e55. DOI: View 16. (2005) Hunger in Africa: The link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. Lancet 365: 442–444. View 17. Food and (2004) The state of food insecurity in the world 2004. Rome: Food and of the United Nations. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 18. L (2004) Health and nature: New challenges for health promotion. Int 18: 173–175. View 19. (2006) Healthy nature healthy people: “Contact with nature” as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. Int 21: 45–54. View 20. Conference on (2005) charter for health promotion in a globalized world. Available: Accessed 17 August 2006. 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about fungi regenerating ecosystems. It mainly discusses various health-related publications and their authors without mentioning fungi or ecosystem regeneration.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Sea spring phytoplankton bloom in a changing climate: an experimental approach, Mar. Biol. , 159, 2479–2490, 2012. Sommer, U. , Paul, C. , and Moustaka-Gouni, M. : Warming and ocean acidification effects on phytoplankton – From species shifts to size shifts within species in a mesocosm experiment, 10, e0125239, 2015. Sopanen, S. , Setälä, O. , Piiparinen, J. , Erler, K. , and Kremp, A. : The toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii promotes incapacitation of the calanoid copepods Eurytemora affinis and Acartia bifilosa from the northern Baltic Sea, J. Plankton Res. , 33, 1564–1573, 2011. Sparrevohn, C. R. , Lindegren, M. , and Mackenzie, B. R. : Climate-induced response of commercially important flatfish species during the 20th century, Fish. Oceanogr. , 22, 400–408, 2013. Spilling, K. , Olli, K. , Lehtoranta, J. , Kremp, A. , Tedesco, L. , Tamelander, T. , Klais, R. , Peltonen, H. , and Tamminen, T. : Shifting diatom–dinoflagellate dominance during spring bloom in the and its potential effects on biogeochemical cycling, Front. Mar. Sci. , 5, 327, 2018. . ,. , Brakstad, A. , Dupont, S. , Eikeset, A. M. , Goksøyr, A. , Jónsson, S. , Kuparinen, A. , Vage, K. , Österblom, H. , and Paasche, O. : Attuning to a changing ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 117, 20363–20371, 2020. . , Voss, R. , Jutfelt, F. , Chierici, M. , Puvanendran, V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that explore how climate change affects marine species and ecosystems. For example, it mentions research on 'climate-induced response of commercially important flatfish species' and discusses shifts in 'phytoplankton bloom in a changing climate,' indicating that these studies support the idea that climate change is influencing both species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: The IOTF (Task Force) indicated that 1 in 10 school-aged children are overweight or obese [2]. According to the Organization (WHO), high body mass index (BMI) during adolescence predicts elevated adult mortality and cardiovascular disease rates, even if the excess body weight is lost [3]. Obesity usually results from a combination of factors including physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, and certain eating habits including breakfast skipping [4]. The prevalence of breakfast skipping among children and adolescents ranges from 10 to 30% in the and Europe [5]. Several studies have demonstrated that breakfast consumption may influence appetite [6], dietary intake and composition [7] which may lead to weight gain [8,9] and increase the risk of chronic diseases [10]. Nonetheless, most of the existing studies remain unclear about whether there is a strong relationship between omitting breakfast and weight gain [11,12]. In Lebanon, several studies have shown a high prevalence of obesity in different age groups [13,14] and it was higher among adolescent boys than girls [15]. Moreover, in a large sample of Lebanese adolescents, Salameh et al. found a positive association between obesity and the frequency of dieting and taking diet pills [16]. An interesting hypothesis is that skipping breakfast in adolescents living in Lebanon may be associated with higher BMI-for-age, dieting practices, lower physical activity level, higher screen time and lower socio-economic status (SES). The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence of skipping breakfast and associated risk factors among a random sample of adolescents in public and private Lebanese schools from selected Lebanese regions. Results of this study would be necessary to provide adequate preventive measures in order to decrease the impact of breakfast skipping on weight and healthy eating practices of adolescents living in Lebanon. The major strength to this study is that, it would be the first comprehensive study to simultaneously assess the prevalence of breakfast skipping in a sample of Lebanese adolescents in combination with dietary assessment, age, gender, SES and BMI. However, the study is not without limitations; the study findings are not be generalizable beyond adolescents attending Lebanese private and public schools in all Lebanese regions, and because the study is cross-sectional in nature, causality cannot be inferred. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while skipping breakfast may play a role in weight gain due to unhealthy eating habits, it also states that 'most of the existing studies remain unclear about whether there is a strong relationship between omitting breakfast and weight gain.' This suggests that the relationship is not definitively established, thereby challenging the assertion that skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain for the majority.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can regenerate entire ecosystems by themselves. [SEP] Text: (2004) Health promotion's record card: How principled are we twenty years on? Int 19: 1–4. View 22. (2000) Health promotion development in Europe: Achievements and challenges. Int 15: 143–152. View 23. (2003) Mexico and beyond. Int 16: 1. View 24. (2003) Global public goods for health. Oxford: Press. 25. (2004) Climate change, health, and development goals: Needs and dilemmas. Lancet 364: 2004–2006. View 26. (1977) The letters and journals of Katherine Mansfield: A selection. Harmondsworth (United Kingdom): Penguin. 27. Lebel J, Rapport DJ (2003) Health: An ecosystem approach. Ottawa: Centre. 28. (1926 [1998]) The biosphere. New York: Copernicus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungi regenerating ecosystems. Instead, it lists various references and publications related to health promotion and other topics that are unrelated to fungi or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Mortensen, A. , Reusch, T. B. H. , and Clemmesen, C. : Ocean acidification effects on Atlantic cod larval survival and recruitment to the fished population, 11, e0155448, 2016. Stigebrandt, A. and Anderson, A. : The eutrophication of the has been boosted and perpetuated by a major internal phosphorus source, Front. Mar. Sci. , 7, 14, 2020. Stigebrandt, A. , Rahm, L. , Viktorsson, L. , Ödalen, M. , Hall, P. O. J. , and Liljebladh, B. : A new phosphorus paradigm for the Baltic proper, Ambio, 43, 634–643, 2014. Strååt, K. D. , Morth, C. M. , and Undeman, E. : Future export of particulate and dissolved organic carbon from land to coastal zones of the Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 177, 8–20, 2018. Suikkanen, S. , Pulina, S. , Engström-Öst, J. , Lehtiniemi, M. , Lehtinen, S. , and Brutemark, A. : Climate change and eutrophication induced shifts in northern summer plankton communities, 8, e66475, 2013. Svensson, F. , Karlsson, E. , Gårdmark, A. , Olsson, J. , Adill, A. , Zie, J. , Snoeijs, P. , and Eklöf, J. S. : In situ warming strengthens trophic cascades in a coastal food web, Oikos, 126, 1150–1161, 2017. Takolander, A. , Cabeza, M. , and Leskinen, E. : Climate change can cause complex responses in macroalgae: A systematic review, J. Sea Res. , 123, 16–29, 2017a. Takolander, A. , Leskinen, E. , and Cabeza, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies indicating the impact of climate change on ecosystems, specifically mentioning the ''climate change and eutrophication induced shifts in northern summer plankton communities.'' This directly supports the notion that climate change influences species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: 1%) more than 8 hours/day 5 (14. 7%) 91 (24. 7%) Smoke cigarette or naguile Yes 7 (20. 6%) 82 (22. 2%) χ2=0. 045 p=0. 832 No 27 (79. 4%) 288 (77. 8%) Alcohol consumption Yes 17 (50. 0%) 187 (50. 7%) χ2=0. 006 p=0. 940 No 17 (50. 0%) 182 (49. 3%) Eating disorder No eating disorder 31 (91. 2%) 305 (82. 4%) χ2=1. 701 p=0. 192 At risk of eating disorder 3 (8. 8%) 65 (17. 6%) BMI for age Underweight 2 (5. 9%) 17 (4. 6%) χ2=1. 385 p=0. 847 Normal 15 (44. 1%) 192 (51. 9%) Overweight 10 (29. 4%) 91 (24. 6%) Obese 7 (20. 6%) 65 (17. 6%) Severe obesity 0 (0. 0%) 5 (1. 4%) Table 5: Association between Prevalence of skipping breakfast and lifestyle factors. Contradictory results were however found in our study when comparing with previous research. First, physical activity and television viewing were not associated to skipping breakfast. This result might be due to the absence of a universally acceptable method for assessing physical activity and sedentary behaviors in adolescents [28]. Second, eating disorders were not correlated in our sample to skipping breakfast with p>0. 05. Thus, breakfast skipping could not be a useful marker in eating disorders for our study. Furthermore, the intake of fruits, vegetables, pastries and sweets were similar for adolescent that were skippers and non-skippers. This was not consistent in the literature [29]. This inconsistency might be explained by the changes in dietary behaviors among adolescents apart from breakfast eating. SES: Socio-economic variables did not affect skippers as mentioned in the literature [29-31]. This could be due to the similarity in SES for the adolescent that tend to skip or not breakfast with majority of them had middle income. Shaw describes skipping breakfast as a matter of personal choice rather than influenced by SES [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the prevalence of skipping breakfast did not show a significant association with factors like eating disorders, physical activity, and dietary intake among adolescents in their study. It notes that breakfast skipping could not be reliably linked as a useful marker for eating disorders, and moreover, 'the intake of fruits, vegetables, pastries and sweets were similar for adolescent that were skippers and non-skippers.' These findings suggest that skipping breakfast does not necessarily lead to significant long-term weight gain, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Acest articol este accesibil online, fără taxă, fiind publicat sub licenţa CC-BY. Bibliografie Lovelady S. Mushrooms. AHCCresearch. org. Wakame K. Protective effects of AHCC on the onset of diabetes induced by streptozotocin in the rat. Biomedical Research. 1999;20(3):145-152. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-associated immune modulation: relevance to viral infections and chronic fatigue syndrome. Med. 1998;105(3A):35S-42S. . Beneficial effects of active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) on immobilization stress in the rat. of Medical Sciences. 2001;28(1):559-565. Ritz BW. Supplementation with active hexose correlated compound increases survival following infectious challenge in mice. Nutr Rev. 2008 Sep;66(9):526-31. ’. Oral administration of active hexose correlated compound enhances host resistance to encephalitis in mice. J Nutr. 2009 Mar;139(3):598-602. Aviles H, O’. Active hexose correlated compound activates immune function to decrease bacterial load in a murine model of intramuscular infection. Surg. 2008 Apr;195(4):537-45. . Prognostic improvement of patients with advanced liver cancer after active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) treatment. J Allergy Immunol. 2006 Mar;24(1):33-45. Mukoda SB, et al. Reduction of side effects of anticancer drugs by active hexose correlated compound (AHCC). Proceedings of the for Cancer Research. 1999 March;40. Edman JS, Pescatore F. Medical intelligence: A preliminary report of three cases. Influences of AHCC, a combination mushroom extract, on patients with hepatitis. Anti-News. Fall 2000. Buxiang S, et al. Preventive effects of AHCC on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice. Natural Medicine. 1997;51(4):310-315. Wakame K. Protective effects of AHCC on the onset of diabetes induced by streptozotocin in the rat. Biomedical Research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about all mushrooms having medicinal properties. Instead, it mentions specific studies related to active hexose correlated compound (AHCC), which is derived from mushrooms, and various effects observed in specific contexts, such as in rats and mice. Hence, the text is irrelevant to the broader claim regarding all mushrooms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Otto, S. A. , Timmermann, K. , and Humborg, C. : Reference state, structure, regime shifts, and regulatory drivers in a coastal sea over the last century: case, Limnol. Oceanogr. , 67, S266–S284, 2021. Torn, K. , Peterson, A. , and Herkül, K. : Predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution of the key habitat-forming species in the NE Baltic Sea, J. Coast. Res. , 177–181, 2020. Törnroos, A. , Pecuchet, L. , Olsson, J. , Gårdmark, A. , Blomqvist, M. , Lindegren, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Four decades of functional community change reveals gradual trends and low interlinkage across trophic groups in a large marine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol. , 25, 1235–1246, 2019. Turja, R. , Hoher, N. , Snoeijs, P. , Barsiene, J. , Butrimaviciene, L. , Kuznetsova, T. ,. , and Lehtonen, K. K. : A multibiomarker approach to the assessment of pollution impacts in two coastal areas in Sweden using caged mussels (Mytilus trossulus), Sci. Total Environ. , 473, 398–409, 2014. Turja, R. , Lehtonen, K. K. , Meierjohann, A. , Brozinski, J. M. , Vahtera, E. , Soirinsuo, A. , Sokolov, A. , Snoeijs, P. , Budzinski, H. , Devier, M. H. , Peluhet, L. , Pääkkönen, J. -P. , Viitasalo, M. , and Kronberg, L. : The mussel caging approach in assessing biological effects of wastewater treatment plant discharges in the Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea), Mar. Pollut. Bull. , 97, 135–149, 2015. Vahtera, E. ,. , Pitkänen, H. , Savchuk, O. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that analyze the impact of climate change on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics, particularly in coastal and marine environments. For instance, the work by Törnroos et al. highlights functional community changes over decades, which can be attributed to shifts in environmental factors such as climate change. Additionally, the mention of predicting the impact of climate change on habitat-forming species further supports the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: However, the type of school has affected the consumption of breakfast where adolescents that attend public schools tend to skip breakfast more than adolescents studying in private schools with p<0. 05 (Table 3). These results might be explained by less quality of education regarding healthy lifestyle in public schools. Furthermore, the frequency of parents preparing food for adolescents and specifically breakfast were strongly associated to breakfast skipping with p<0. 001 (Table 3). The result from the present study supports the literature for this positive association [33]. Thus, parents could play an important role in adolescents’ dietary behavior. Linear regression model non-adjusted or adjusted did not found any association between BMI-for-age and skipping breakfast, even though various definitions were taken into consideration and different confounders were examined as well with p>0. 05 (Tables 6 and 7). R2=0. 002 ± SD eaters N ± SD Skippers β ± SE p value On average skip 1 morning/week 173 0. 74 ± 1. 25 231 0. 84 ± 1. 14 0. 094 ± 0. 119 0. 431 On average skip 3 mornings/week 272 0. 78 ± 1. 22 132 0. 83 ± 1. 12 0. 049 ± 0. 126 0. 700 On average skip 6 mornings/week 354 0. 78 ± 1. 19 50 0. 92 ± 1. 19 0. 144 ± 0. 179 0. 423 On average never eats in the morning 370 0. 78 ± 1. 20 34 0. 93 ± 0. 99 0. 099 ± 0. 064 0. 121 Table 6: ANOVA regression not corrected for covariates showing the association with BMI and skipping breakfast. Model: linear, R2=0. 03, SE of the estimate 1. 17, p=0. 032 β ± SE p value Location of breakfast 0. 091 ± 0. 064 0. 157 Age -0. 113 ± 0. 059 0. 055 Eating disorders 0. 142 ± 0. 160 0. 375 Exercise 0. 028 ± 0. 141 0. 842 Gender -0. 301 ± 0. 125 0. 017 Table 7: Linear non adjusted showing association with BMI and skipping breakfast. Many studies in the literature have found a correlation between breakfast intake and weight [5,8]. Several studies have found also no association between breakfast skipping and weight changes [7,11,25,34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that many studies have found no association between skipping breakfast and weight changes, with a specific mention that linear regression models did not find any association between BMI-for-age and skipping breakfast, indicating that skipping breakfast may not lead to significant long-term weight gain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Development of a novel P-1,6-glucan-specific detection system using functionally modified recombinant endo-P-1,6-glucanase. J Biol Chem. 2020;295:5362-76. Sanchez C. Reactive oxygen species and antioxidant properties from mushrooms. Biotechnol. 2017;2:13-22. . The effect of natural antioxidants on quality and shelf life of beef and beef products. Biotechnol. 2019;57:439-47. AACC International. Approved methods of the AACC. 10th ed. St. : of Cereal Chemists; 2000. . Identification and quantification of ergothioneine in cultivated mushrooms using liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy. Med Mushrooms. 2006;8:215-22. . Flavor compounds in straw mushrooms Volvariella volvacea harvested at different stages of maturity. J Chem. 1997;45:4726-9. . Antioxidant activities and phenolic compounds of pigmented rice bran extracts. J Food Sci. 2012;77:c759-64. . Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. J Chem. 1992;40:945-8. . Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Biol Med. 1999;26:1231-7. Oyaizu M. Studies on products of browning reactions: Antioxidative activities of products of browning reaction prepared from glucosamine. Nutr. 1986;44:307-15. Ulziijargal E, Mau JL. Nutrient compositions of culinary-medicinal mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. Med Mushrooms. 2011;13:343-9. Organization. Healthy diet. Geneva: WHO; 2020. Available from: detail/healthy-diet. Srikram A, Supapvanich S. Proximate compositions and bioactive compounds of edible wild and cultivated mushrooms from Northeast Thailand. Resources. 2016;50:432-6. . Edible mushrooms: A potential source of essential amino acids, glucans and minerals. Technol. 2017;52:2382-92. . Bioactive mushroom polysaccharides: A review on monosaccharide composition, biosynthesis and regulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various scientific references and studies related to mushrooms but does not directly address whether all mushrooms possess medicinal properties. Instead, it discusses specific compounds, antioxidant activities, and nutrient compositions of various mushrooms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: : Long-term trends in phytoplankton composition in the western and central Baltic Sea, J. Marine Syst. , 87, 145–159, 2011. Wasmund, N. , Nausch, G. , Gerth, M. , Busch, S. , Burmeister, C. , Hansen, R. , and Sadkowiak, B. : Extension of the growing season of phytoplankton in the western in response to climate change, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 622, 1–16, 2019. Weber, S. C. , Loick-Wilde, N. , Montoya, J. P. , Bach, M. , Hai, D. N. , Subramaniam, A. , Liskow, I. , Lam, N. N. , Wodarg, D. , and Voss, M. : of the Nitrogen Supply, Position, and of Mesozooplankton in the Plume and China Sea, J. Geophys. Res. : Oceans, 126, 19, 2021. Weigel, B. , Andersson, H. C. , Meier, H. E. M. , Blenckner, T. , Snickars, M. , and Bonsdorff, E. : Long-term progression and drivers of coastal zoobenthos in a changing system, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 528, 141–159, 2015. Werner, F. J. and Matthiessen, B. : Warming has stronger direct than indirect effects on benthic microalgae in a seaweed system in spring, Mar. Biol. , 164, 1–10, 2017. Werner, F. J. , Graiff, A. , and Matthiessen, B. : Temperature effects on seaweed-sustaining top-down control vary with season, Oecologia, 180, 889–901, 2016. Wikner, J. and Andersson, A. : Increased freshwater discharge shifts the trophic balance in the coastal zone of the northern Baltic Sea, Glob. Change Biol. , 18, 2509–2519, 2012. Wood, H. L. , Sköld, H. N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that discuss long-term trends in marine ecosystems, such as the extension of the phytoplankton growing season due to climate change and shifts in trophic balance, which indicate how climate change influences species distributions and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, the usage of one single 24-hour recall might not reflect the real intake of the adolescents’ population. Multiple 24- hour recalls for the individual are required. Moreover, 24-hour recall reliance on memory might be another limitation besides errors in data collection and the absence of a Lebanese food database. Finally, this study is the first national study examining breakfast skipping in relation with weight in Lebanon; a few Lebanese studies have studied skipping breakfast apart and overweight and obesity without searching for a relation between them. The strength of the current study relies in the questionnaire’s assessment of a multitude of covariates. Not to mention that, this study assessed skipping breakfast using different definitions that allows for more accurate comparison. However, those results could only be generated to the region where this study was conducted; due to small sampling size that does not represent the entire Lebanese adolescent population. of breakfast skipping and on the other hand overweight and obesity among adolescents has been on the rise in the last few decades. The relation between these two phenomena however remains complex. Due to the importance of regularity in breakfast consumption on nutritional quality of the diet and the improvement in academic performance and psychosocial functioning, the purpose of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of skipping breakfast among 11–15 years old adolescents living in Lebanon and identifying whether there is an association between breakfast patterns and BMI-for-age taking into consideration confounders [37]. According to this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity were high attaining 25% overweight and 19% obesity among adolescents. In contrast to the absence of a specific definition of breakfast skipping, several definitions were used to describe breakfast skipping and its prevalence varied widely between these definitions from 8. 4% till 42. 8%. In an attempt to identify the correlation between breakfast and weight, this analysis found no association between the components despite taking into consideration the various definitions and confounders. As for dietary intake, fat and carbohydrate were positively associated with BMI-for-age (p<0. 05) contrary to energy intake where there was no association. Skipping breakfast was correlated with the school type, parental preparation of food specifically breakfast, sleeping duration, a lower consumption of milk, skipping lunch more often and eating fewer meals per day. This study could not conclude a relation between BMI-for-age and breakfast in the Lebanese adolescents’ population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the study found no association between skipping breakfast and BMI-for-age in the Lebanese adolescent population. It highlights that despite assessing various definitions of breakfast skipping, the analysis could not conclude a relationship between BMI-for-age and skipping breakfast, indicating that the claim lacks support from the study's findings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All mushrooms have medicinal properties. [SEP] Text: Molecules. 2017;22:955. Mohler H. Pharmacology of GABA and glycine neurotransmission. New York: Springer; 2013. . Neurobiology of disease. New York: Press; 2016. . Reduced y-aminobutyric acid in occipital and anterior cingulate cortices in primary insomnia: A link to major depressive disorder? Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:1548-57. Nuss P. Anxiety disorders and GABA neurotransmission: A disturbance of modulation. Treat. 2015;11:165-75. Ngo D, Sang TV. An updated review on pharmaceutical properties of gamma-aminobutyric acid. Molecules. 2019;24:2678. . Contents of lovastatin, g-aminobutyric acid and ergothioneine in mushroom fruiting bodies and mycelia. LWT. 2012;47:274-8. . , Kobayashi T, Oyama H. The effects of g-aminobutyric acid, vinegar, and dried bonito on blood pressure in normotensive and mildly or moderately hypertensive volunteers. J Nutr. 2009;45:93-100. . Dietary sources and antioxidant effects of ergothioneine. J Chem. 2007;55:6466-74. . The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical. Rev. 2020;33:190-217. Lee CM. Fifty years of research and development of cosmeceuticals: A contemporary review. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2016;15:527-39. Perez-Sanchez A, Barrajon-Catalan E, Herranz-L, Opez M. Nutraceuticals for skin care: A comprehensive review of human clinical studies. Nutrients. 2018;10:403-541. . Biochemistry, essential amino acids. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2020. Kim S. Antioxidant compounds for the inhibition of enzymatic browning by polyphenol oxidases in the fruiting body extract of the edible mushroom Hericium erinaceus. Foods. 2020;9:951. . Dietary polyphenols: A multifactorial strategy to target Alzheimer's disease. Mol Sci. 2020;20:5090. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of references and topics related to various aspects of pharmacology and bioactive compounds, but it does not specifically address or provide evidence regarding the medicinal properties of all mushrooms. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: A hypothetical species with a true thermal tolerance range of 5–10°C is assumed to occupy all coarse grid cells with at least some suitable microclimate, and the thermal tolerance, estimated from macroclimate data, is thus over-estimated by 10°C: the range of conditions present within each cell. When uniform warming of 2°C is applied to all cells, macro- and microclimate data thus yield exactly the same predicted range shift. Grid cells predicted by macroclimate data to be climatically unsuitable for that species, are also those that lose suitable microclimatic conditions and thus, there is a near linear relationship between macroclimate suitability and microclimate availability in both periods. In Fig. 1b, the outcome is shown for a hypothetical species with the same distribution as in Fig. 1a, when near-ground temperatures are decoupled from macroclimate across latitudes. This phenomenon is widely observed, and arises because near-ground temperatures are influenced more strongly by solar radiation at lower latitudes7. Therefore, at lower latitudes the offset between ground and air temperatures is higher at lower latitudes. While the thermal tolerance range estimated from macroclimate data is again 0–15°C the species’ true thermal range in this case is actually 7. 2–16. 7°C. In Fig. 1b, macroclimate data over-estimate thermal tolerance limits to a lesser extent than in Fig. 1a. With uniform warming of 2°C the shift in the microclimate is less than the shift in macroclimate, suggesting that the species would persist in parts of its range predicted by macroclimate data to be unsuitable. Thus, the range shift predicted by temperatures the species actually experiences is less than would be predicted when using macroclimate data derived from weather stations. Figure 1 therefore shows that the major flaw in using macroclimate derived from weather stations, is the geographic pattern in the discrepancy between macroclimate and near-ground microclimate (and not necessarily the climate grid size per se). Given that there is also greater spatial heterogeneity in near-ground temperature than in macroclimate, the resulting effects on projected range shifts could be profound. Macro- SuitabilityIn order to investigate the combined effects of using both fine-resolution and near-ground temperature on the accuracy of range-shift projections, we modelled associations between multiple climate variables and the distributions of 302 higher plant taxa (Table S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how macroclimate data can overestimate the thermal tolerance ranges of species and how uniform warming can lead to shifts in microclimate conditions. It states that grid cells predicted to be climatically unsuitable for species also lose suitable conditions, indicating a relationship between climate change and shifts in species distributions. Moreover, it emphasizes the impacts of spatial heterogeneity and temperature changes on projected range shifts, thereby supporting the idea that climate change influences ecosystems and species distributions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, admitting that skipping breakfast has no effect on the outcome of health and specifically BMI is inappropriate because causality cannot be settled with cross-sectional studies. However, this research represents a guide for further research that will focus on skipping breakfast regarding weight changes while taking into consideration other variables. Finally, this research emphasizes the importance and need of more in-to-depth cross-sectional or preferably longitudinal studies to be conducted by public health agencies. These new researches must be based on large representative samples of the entire Lebanese population in all districts addressing the high prevalence and causes of overweight and obesity [38] and their possible relation to breakfast consumption in Lebanon [39]. Conflict of following is a research 615. Newby PK (2007) Are dietary intakes and eating behaviors related to childhood obesity? A comprehensive review of the evidence. J Ethics 35: 35-60. (2009) Lifestyle risk factors for obesity in 7-year-old children. 3: 99-107. (2005) Breakfast habits, nutritional status, body weight, and academic performance in children and adolescents. J Assoc 105: 743-760. (2008) Influence of breakfast on cognitive performance, appetite and mood in healthy young adults. Appetite 50: 560. (2003) Eating patterns and obesity in children: Heart Study. American journal of preventive medicine 25: 9-16. (2011) Skipping breakfast and prevalence of overweight and obesity in Asian and Pacific regions: a meta-analysis. 53: 260-267. (2009) The connection between maternal employment and childhood obesity: Inspecting the mechanisms. Househ 7: 227. (2010) Symposium overview: Do we all eat breakfast and is it important? Nutr 50: 97-99. Abalkhail B, (2002) Prevalence of daily breakfast intake, iron deficiency anaemia and awareness of being anaemic among Saudi school students. Nutr 53: 519-528. (2007) Breakfast and the diets of Australian children and adolescents: An analysis of data from the 1995 Survey. Nutr 58: 201-216. (2003) Prevalence of reproductive tract infections, genital prolapse, and obesity in a rural community in Lebanon. 81: 639-645. (2003) Prevalence and covariates of obesity in Lebanon: Findings from the first epidemiological study. 11: 1353-1361. (2011) Obesity associated behavior in adolescents of private schools in Lebanon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that admitting skipping breakfast has no effect on health outcomes, specifically BMI. It emphasizes that causality regarding skipping breakfast and weight changes cannot be determined through cross-sectional studies, suggesting that further detailed research is needed to investigate the relationship between breakfast consumption and weight changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1733986/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe world of today is faced with many problems related to global pollution of the aquatic environment, including groundwater, rivers, lakes, bays, seas and oceans with substances harmful to ecosystems and living organisms. Water plays a major role in maintaining life, hence its quality is crucial in the entire food chain. One of the greatest threats to the aquatic environment is industrial wastewater containing harmful heavy metals and other toxic substances. For this reason, it is necessary to search for new, cheap and clean technologies for removing metals from wastewater. In this study, slag was used, which is a waste obtained in the modern and clean circulating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC), considered to be the most effective method of incineration of municipal sewage sludge. The physical and chemical properties of the slag material were characterized, such as grain composition, bulk density, SEM-EDS analysis, thermogravimetric measurements, BET adsorption and analysis of SEM and TEM images. Then, adsorption properties of slag in relation to Cu(II) ions in aqueous solutions were investigated. The research results showed high adsorption process efficiency and adsorption capacity. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the slag waste generated in the CFBC technology may be a cheap and highly effective adsorbent to be used in adsorption processes to remove heavy metals from wastewater. water qualityslag wastecirculating fluidized bed combustion technology (CFBC)adsorption processesCu(II) ionskineticsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionIntensive economic development, industrialization, emerging new technologies or excessive consumptionism significantly contribute to degradation of the natural environment. Therefore, challenge for modern world is to stop the expansion of pollution, search for clean technologies and, at the same time, effectively treat industrial wastewater to remove toxic substances such as heavy metals. Industrial wastewater containing heavy metals and other harmful substances most often ends up in water bodies, including rivers, lakes, seas and oceans, thus increasing the amount of pollution (Kalak et al. 2019; Renu et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of slag waste in treating industrial wastewater to remove heavy metals, without mentioning fungi or their potential in water purification. It focuses on the challenges of aquatic pollution and technologies for wastewater treatment, which do not support or rebut the idea of fungi being used for water purification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Species distribution models (SDMs) were constructed and projected at three scales: across Europe at 0. 5°, the (UK) at 5 km, and the Lizard Peninsula, southwest UK at 100 m. To test the accuracy of range-shift projections, we modelled associations between historic species distributions and climate (1977–1995), projected range-shifts to the present day (2002–2020), and compared projected climate suitabilities measured at each spatial resolution to observed distribution changes. To ensure our results were not biased by peculiarities of the climate of the Lizard Peninsula, we also modelled, at 100 m resolution, the historic and current distributions of one of these species, Melittis melissophyllum (Bastard Balm), at 72 4 km2 localities across Europe and compared this with results obtained by modelling changes in the European distribution at 0. 5°. This species was selected as its global range is almost entirely confined to Europe and adequate data were available at each of the chosen sites for model calibration and validation. The historic suitability predicted by macroclimatic SDMs in the 0. 5° or 5 km grid-cell(s) that encompass the Lizard were reasonably correlated with the area predicted to be suitable at 100m resolution (0. 5° slope = 0. 425, r2 = 0. 235, 5 km slope = 0. 570, r2 = 0. 324), and at 100m resolution for M. melissophyllum across Europe (slope = 2. 46, r2 = 0. 327). However, as hypothesised by our illustrative example, the slope of the relationship was shallower, and the correlation weaker when probability of occurrence was projected forward to current conditions (0. 5° slope = 0. 337, r2 = 0. 228; 5 km slope = 0. 493, r2 = 0. 234; M. melissophyllum slope = 0. 862, r2 = 0. 048; Figs. 2 and 3). Most importantly, the discrepancy in the relationship between macroclimatic suitability and microclimate availability over the two periods was greatest for those species for which macroclimate suitability was low. For example, a species with very low (0. 001) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution would be predicted to have approximately 3. 6 (Europe) to 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing species distribution models (SDMs) that projected range shifts based on historical climate data and current conditions. It highlights the relationships between predicted climate suitability and observed distribution changes, demonstrating how climate influences species distribution over time. The inclusion of specific data points and observations further supports the assertion that climate change impacts species distributions and ecosystem dynamics, thereby confirming the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Based on the negative influence of sedentary behavior on health and the positive health effects of regular engagement in MVPA, the new Organization (WHO) guidelines have been developed and updated and no longer point to the need for 60 min of MVPA every day (minimum) [17], but rather a daily average of at least 60 min in each week [18]. In relation to breakfast habits, a previous cross-sectional study including children from 12 different countries found that frequent breakfast consumption was associated with a higher proportion of time in both light PA and MVPA [19]. Similarly, a randomized crossover trial found that adolescents (girls) spent more time in PA before and after school when a standardized breakfast was consumed daily than when consumed intermittently across the week. Obesity is a complex multifactorial condition with several possible environmental-, biological-, and behavioral-related factors [20]. Regarding behavioral factors, low levels of PA and inadequate dietary habits could lead to an imbalance between energy intake and energy use, which are consistent with an increased risk of having excess weight in an obesogenic environment (from an energy balance perspective) [21]. In this sense, some studies have been performed to determine the relationship between both dietary habits (e. g. , breakfast habits) and PA and excess weight [9, 10]. For example, a meta-analysis by Poorolajal et al. [9] including 286,804 children and adolescents from 33 different countries found that eating breakfast every day and sufficient PA were individually associated with lower odds of having excess weight, among other lifestyle behaviors. Similarly, one longitudinal study among Brazilian adolescents showed that those who had breakfast frequently showed lower adiposity (regardless PA level), while trunk adiposity was lower in adolescents with increased PA level [22]. More specifically, some studies found that MVPA did not condition the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight [23, 24]. However, to date, literature investigating if the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight in young people is moderated by daily MVPA engaged is still scarce. Thus, identifying a moderator of an effect helps to establish the boundary conditions of that effect or the circumstances, stimuli, or type of people for which the association is large versus small, present versus absent, positive versus negative, and so forth [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that suggests skipping breakfast may not directly lead to significant long-term weight gain. For instance, it mentions a meta-analysis indicating that eating breakfast daily is associated with lower odds of having excess weight. Furthermore, it highlights a longitudinal study showing that adolescents who frequently ate breakfast had lower adiposity, regardless of physical activity levels. Additionally, the text states that some studies found that level of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) did not condition the association between skipping breakfast and excess weight, suggesting that the relationship may be more complex than the claim indicates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi can be used to instantly purify water in any environment. [SEP] Text: Their source of origin can be various industries such as refineries, petrochemicals, chemical industry (fertilizer production), pulp and paper industry and others (). According to the Organization (WHO), copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury and Nickel are the most toxic metals (WHO 2006). Heavy metal contamination and its bioaccumulation in human tissues and organs can cause many serious health problems, such as cancer and brain damage, tumors of other organs, and diseases of respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems (Briffa et al. 2020). Copper is one of heavy metals with a wide industrial use and, at the same time, the most common pollutant of the aquatic environment. It was found in wastewater and first listed by the Agency (USEPA) in 1978 (Mukhopadhyay 2008). Copper is obtained and processed in many industries, including tanneries, mining, pyrometallurgical processes, surface treatments, etc. , Copper is soluble in aqueous solutions in the form of divalent Cu(II) metal, which appears to be more poisonous than the metal itself. The ionic form is able to be absorbed by living organisms, it can accumulate and cause many harmful health effects (Taylor et al. 2020; Kalak and Cierpiszewski 2018). Considering the dangers associated with the presence of this metal in the environment, the USEPA agency recommends a maximum contamination level (MCL) of 1. 3 mg/L (Taylor et al. 2022). Current global trend is proper waste management in line with circular economy and sustainable development. According to this idea, it is necessary to eliminate the negative impact on the environment by limiting waste storage and as well its reuse, or by reducing the mass and neutralizing it in incineration processes. Neutralization of sewage sludge by incineration is an alternative method due to limitations in the use of sewage sludge due to the excessive content of heavy metals. The method using heat with energy recovery is seen as the most effective method of neutralizing sewage sludge due to its energy and environmental benefits (Malerius and Werther 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of fungi for water purification. It discusses the origins and health effects of heavy metal contamination in water, mentions various industries contributing to such pollution, and outlines methods for waste management and sewage sludge neutralization. There is no mention of fungi or their potential role in water purification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: 7 (UK) times more suitable microclimate under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions (Fig. 2). In consequence, a species that experienced a reduction in predicted probability of occurrence derived from macroclimate data will not necessarily lose climate at fine-resolution. Indeed, though 0. 5° European models implied the extirpation of 37 species from the Lizard Peninsula, and 5 km UK models 29 species, no extirpations were predicted by fine-resolution models (or indeed observed). For M. melissophyllum the results were similar (Fig. 3), though extirpation was predicted by microclimate models at some locations. Nevertheless, at localities with low (0. 1) predicted probability of occurrence at 0. 5° resolution in either period, M. melissophyllum was predicted to have 24. 9 times the area under recent climatic conditions than under historic conditions. Whereas 0. 5° resolution models predicted extirpation from 29 of the 72 localities, 100m resolution models predicted extirpations from just 16. The breakdown in the relationship between macro and microclimate suitability over just a few decades calls into question the accuracy of range projections made using macroclimate data. macroclimate or microclimate data are used to predict species distribution shifts also affected expectations of how far species’ ranges would have to shift in order to track changes in climate. We calculated the mean of the distances between each grid cell predicted to be occupied historically and the nearest location with climatically suitable conditions under recent conditions. To track climate change at 0. 5° resolution, species would have had to shift between 0. 56 and 259 km, with a mean of 23. 0 km. At 5 km resolution, species would have had to shift between 2 m and 306 km, with a mean of 5. 93 km. When assessed using microclimate data, species would have had to have shifted between just 0 m and 3. 15 km, with a mean of 220 m, equating to just 8. 8 m per year (Table S1). Therefore, the rate at which taxa must move in order to keep pace with climate, is likely to be within the dispersal capability of even slow-growing sessile species14. The shorter distances predicted by microclimate models appear to be more accurate than the longer distances predicted by macroclimate models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how fine-resolution microclimate models predict species distributions and their shifting patterns in response to changing climatic conditions. It highlights that species like M. melissophyllum can have significantly different probabilities of occurrence when evaluating macroclimate versus microclimate factors, indicating that climate change impacts the spatial dynamics of species. The findings that species must shift to remain in climatically suitable habitats supports the idea that climate change is indeed influencing species distributions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Skipping breakfast leads to significant long-term weight gain in the majority of people. [SEP] Text: Given the increases in the prevalence of excess weight and breakfast skippers, knowing whether daily MVPA moderates the relationship between breakfast and excess weight status could be relevant as a first step in establishing more specific recommendations and intervention programs. Based on the above, our hypothesis is that skipping breakfast could increase the odds of having excess weight among children and adolescents [10] and daily MVPA level could decrease this association [9]. Consequently, this study attempts to verify whether the daily minutes of MVPA engaged moderate the relationship between skipping breakfast and excess weight in a sample of Spanish young people aged 6–17 years. MethodsPopulation and study designAll primary and secondary schools in the Valle de Ricote (Region of Murcia, Spain) were asked to take part in this research. Similarly, participants from 22 secondary schools from the province of Cáceres (Extremadura, Spain) were enrolled. For this study, participants were recruited by a convenience sample. A final sample of 2890 Spanish schoolchildren (46% girls) aged 6–17 years were included. Of the total number of participants, 1318 (46%) were from Murcia and 1572 (54%) from Extremadura. Information about the selection of the study sample is shown in Fig. S1. Likewise, the characteristics and differences according to the participants’ exclusion/inclusion are shown in Table S1. Children, adolescents, their families, and school staff were previously informed about the study’s procedures. To be included in this study, an informed consent form signed by parents or legal guardians was required. Regarding inclusion criteria, we only included schoolchildren aged 6–17 years with informed consent signed by parents or legal guardians. In relation to exclusion criteria, schoolchildren did not enroll when they (a) did not participate in lessons, since questionnaires and tests were performed during this subject; (b) had some kind of dysfunction that reduced the participation in PA (i. e. , motor problem, any disease); and (c) were under some drug therapy. Committee of the University of Extremadura (ID Nº. 89/2016) and the of the University of Murcia (ID Nº. 2218/2018) approved the study protocols, and it was conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki and with full respect for human rights. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that skipping breakfast may increase the odds of having excess weight primarily among children and adolescents. It indicates that this relationship could be influenced by daily moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), which implies that the impact of skipping breakfast on weight gain may not be as straightforward as the claim suggests. The context given indicates that further research is aimed at clarifying this within a specific demographic, which does not support the generalization made in the claim.