Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of the brain’s activity happens unconsciously, controlling processes like breathing and heartbeat. [SEP] Text: Here, we examined the coupled oscillator microcircuit that controls breathing, a motor behavior that is presently unique insofar as the locations of its oscillators, i. e. , preBötC and pFL, are known (Smith et al. , 1991; Pagliardini et al. , 2011; Feldman et al. , 2013; Feldman and Kam, 2015; Huckstepp et al. , 2015). In rats, while the function of the preBötC as the critical site for generation of inspiratory rhythm is consistent across all relevant developmental stages, from the third trimester in utero through adulthood, and state, e. g. , sleep-wake, rest-exercise (Smith et al. , 1991; Janczewski and Feldman, 2006; Tan et al. , 2008; Kam et al. , 2013), the presumptive function of the pFL and its coupling with the preBötC appears to change developmentally and with state (Figure 9) (Onimaru and Homma, 2003; Iizuka and Fregosi, 2007; Oku et al. , 2007; Onimaru et al. , 2008; Thoby-Brisson et al. , 2009; Pagliardini et al. , 2011; Huckstepp et al. , 2015). To understand the context in which we interpret our data, we first summarize this disparate literature with reference to Figure 9. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Developmental and state-dependent changes in coupling between pFL and preBötC. Functional connections of undetermined connectivity are indicated as broken lines. As pFL neurons are excitatory (Onimaru et al. , 2008; Thoby-Brisson et al. , 2009) and lack inhibitory markers (Ellenberger, 1999; Tanaka et al. , 2003), inhibitory connections from pFL to preBötC are indirect (see Figure 7 in Huckstepp et al. , 2015). (A) Embryonic stage (all data in vitro). (Ai) pFL (red circle) oscillates at embryonic day 14. 5 (E14. 5). (Aii) preBötC (blue circle) oscillates at embryonic day 15. 5 (E15. 5) and couples to the pFL, where it excites and inhibits different groups of pFL neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the coupled oscillator microcircuit that controls breathing, highlighting the critical nature of the preBötC in generating inspiratory rhythm which operates unconsciously across various developmental stages and states. This indicates that significant brain activity related to vital processes such as breathing occurs without conscious effort, supporting the assertion that much brain activity happens unconsciously.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: 摄效率相对更高。蟒蛇的昼夜活动模式在中午到下午早些时候到达高峰，为其他搜查方法指明了最佳调查时间。人工智能方法可以减小照片量，所以我们建议将运动探测和短时间间隔（1分钟）的延时拍摄相结合，用于蟒蛇的专项调查以及主要针对哺乳动物的调查，以提高对蟒蛇的被动探测。 Practitioner pointsen Camera traps can detect invasive Burmese pythons when motion-triggered, but if pythons are a target then timelapse can improve detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the effectiveness of traditional methods like camera traps and timelapse photography for monitoring specific species, such as Burmese pythons. It suggests that combining these traditional methods with technology, rather than replacing them, can improve detection, indicating that traditional methods will continue to play a significant role alongside emerging technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Other potential conservation and governance challenges include increasing interest in natural products from vent ecosystems [39], while scientific exploration brings its own concerns. However, the latter are well recognized [40], and research is typically careful, as demonstrated by the exploration of the ESR vents [19]. Nonetheless, for the ESR E9 and other Antarctic hydrothermal vents, the System brings the advantage of a long history of well-developed practices to restrict the impacts of human activities. In particular, the Protocol on to the currently prevents any activity relating to mineral resources, other than scientific research. Whilst the is by no means flawless in its regulatory responsibilities, to date it has achieved a far greater degree of stewardship of Antarctica and the than is typical of many other commons [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses conservation and governance challenges related to vent ecosystems without addressing the existence of unique ecosystems or their reliance on chemosynthesis. It focuses more on regulatory practices and stewardship rather than the ecological aspects of hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of the brain’s activity happens unconsciously, controlling processes like breathing and heartbeat. [SEP] Text: , 2011) or altered blood gases (Huckstepp et al. , 2015), the pFL drives active expiration (Figure 9Dii). In the absence of preBötC activity, chemosensory drive increases network excitability and drives active expiration, though abdominal activity is tonic due to a lack of phasic inhibition from the preBötC (Figure 9Diii). However, the pFL appears incapable of independently driving respiratory movements in the adult rat when preBötC activity is silenced by exogenous receptors (Figures 2, 7, 9Div) or when preBötC activity is low and blood gases are normal (Figures 8, 9Dv). As preBötC neurons project to the pFV but do not appear to project to the pFL (Tan et al. , 2010), excitatory drive from the preBötC to the pFL is most likely through an intermediate excitatory relay, such as the pFV (Figure 9Dii). Silencing the preBötC leads to quantal slowing of breathing and transmission of burstlets to motoneuron pools Hyperpolarizing preBötC neurons initially decreased f, VT, and ∫DiaEMG (Figures 2, 3, see also Tan et al. , 2008). Breathing slowed in a quantal manner (Mellen et al. , 2003) with missed inspiratory bursts, rather than through a gradual increase in period (Figures 2Bii, 3A–C). Concurrently, as drive within the preBötC diminished and chemosensory drive increased, presumptive burstlets in the preBötC (Kam et al. , 2013) appeared to be transmitted to motor pools, leading to low level inspiratory motor activity, i. e. , ∫DiaEMG and ∫GGEMG, resulting in minimal inspiratory airflow (Figure 3A–B). Here, lowered drive in the preBötC from activation of the allatostatin receptor creates burstlets in the preBötC; under normal conditions these burstlet signals are not strong enough to drive motor activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in controlling respiratory movements, which is part of the autonomic nervous system, a system that operates unconsciously. It provides details on how silencing preBötC activity affects breathing patterns and motor neuron activity, supporting the idea that crucial physiological processes, such as breathing, are controlled by brain activity that happens without conscious effort.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Python daily activity patterns suggest that midday represents an optimal time for searching surveys. Pairing multiple survey methods can aid in python detection along their invasion fronts. We evaluated the utility of camera traps to survey invasive Burmese pythons in the by deploying cameras pointed towards target areas of known radiotagged snakes under two trigger mechanisms—motion-triggered or timelapse. We estimated detection probability and diel activity to optimize future surveys using timelapse camera traps and paired detection methods (e. g. , detection dogs and intensive surveys). expanding invasion front of the Burmese python (Python bivittatus) in South Florida, United States, is a major obstacle to Everglades restoration, an economic and human health concern, and has caused mammal community collapse throughout much of the region (Dorcas et al. , 2012; Hoyer et al. , 2017; Reed et al. , 2012; Taillie et al. , 2021; Willson, 2017). These large constrictors are adaptable as they can survive long periods without food or fresh water and can traverse substantial distances over land and water making the invasion front a critical area for management (Guzy et al. , 2023). The largest obstacle to managing pythons in is that, even at large body sizes, pythons are cryptic and difficult to detect when present (Hunter et al. , 2015; Guzy et al. , 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of traditional wildlife monitoring methods, specifically camera traps, in surveying invasive Burmese pythons. It highlights the challenges of detecting these pythons, indicating that current methods, including camera traps and intensive surveys, are still necessary and beneficial for managing invasive species. This suggests that traditional methods remain relevant and are not being replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 2Ostiactis pearseae external and internal anatomy, including cnidae. a, b External anatomy of Ostiactis pearseae from Pescadero Basin; a lateral view; b oral view. c Detail of the distal row of papillae in the column (arrows). d Detail of longitudinal section through perforated papillae (cinclide). e Longitudinal section of the distal column showing mesogleal marginal sphincter muscle (area within the rectangle). f Cross section of a tentacle showing ectodermal longitudinal muscles (arrows). g Cross section at the actinopharynx level showing cycles of mesenteries; numbers between mesenteries indicate different cycles. h Detail of marginal sphincter muscle fibers in the mesoglea. j Detail of developing oocytes and lipid inclusions (red small dots) in the gastrovascular cavity. i Detail of spermatic cysts (arrow points to largest cyst). k Cnidae types of O. pearseae: basitrichs (a, c, e, h, k), holotrichs (b, f), robust spirocysts (d, g), p-mastigophores A (i, l), p-mastigophores B1 (j, m). Abbreviations: ep, epidermis; ga, gastrodermis; me, mesoglea; pap, papillae. Scale bars: a–c, 6 mm; d, g, 1 mm; e, 0. 5 mm; f, h, i, j, 0. 1 mm; k, 25 μmFull size imageFig. 3Phylogenetic placement of Ostiactis pearseae. Phylogenetic reconstruction resulting from maximum likelihood analysis using PhyML (RaxML results not shown, but congruent) of the concatenated dataset of three mitochondrial (12S rDNA, 16S r) and two partial nuclear markers (18S and 28S rDNA). Dotted boxes indicate actiniarian suborders; colored triangles and green box indicate actiniarian superfamilies; empty boxes and arrows indicate relevant actiniarian clades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and chemosynthesis. It focuses on the anatomical details and phylogenetic placement of the species Ostiactis pearseae, without any mention of ecosystems, deep-sea environments, or chemosynthesis. Thus, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Most of the brain’s activity happens unconsciously, controlling processes like breathing and heartbeat. [SEP] Text: However, increased excitability in the premotor and motor network caused by increased chemosensory drive (from decreased ventilation) causes these normally subthreshold events to become suprathreshold, and thus these burstlets are transmitted to the motor output. During quantal slowing of breathing, inspiratory activity on the DiaEMG and GGEMG was interspersed with AbdEMG activity (Figures 2A-B, 7A–B). Interestingly, even when expiratory activity was at its highest, low level preBötC activity, as seen as burstlets on the DiaEMG and GGEMG was still able to inhibit AbdEMG activity (Figure 7Bii). These observations are consistent with our hypothesis that burstlets originate in the preBötC and, under atypical conditions can be transmitted to motoneuron pools to be seen as small events in muscle EMGs (Kam et al. , 2013). Silencing the preBötC leads first to active expiration then to apnea Following hyperpolarization of preBötC neurons by activation of AlstRs, active expiration appeared (Figures 2, 3, 9Dii). Hypoxia and hypercapnia can themselves induce active expiration (Iizuka and Fregosi, 2007; Huckstepp et al. , 2015), whether changes in blood gases are sensed by pFL neurons, or by neurons driving the pFL, remains to be determined. In either case, active expiration could have been due to increased hypoxic and/or hypercapnic drive to the pFL as inspiratory movements waned (Figures 2A–B, 7A–B, 9Dii). Alternatively, active expiration could be due to disinhibition of a conditional expiratory oscillator resulting from a loss of (presumptive) inhibitory preBötC drive (Kuwana et al. , 2006; Morgado-Valle et al. , 2010) to the pFL (Figure 9Dii). Subsequently, when inspiratory motor outflow disappeared and hypercapnia and hypoxia inexorably increased, active expiration ceased (Figures 2, 9Div, see also Tan et al. , 2008), perhaps due to the inhibitory effect of severe hypoxia on expiratory motor output (Sears et al. , 1982; Fregosi et al. , 1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it illustrates how unconscious brain activity regulates vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat. It describes the mechanism wherein the preBötC (pre-Bötzinger complex) plays a crucial role in controlling respiratory rhythms, which operate below conscious awareness. The explanation of how increased chemosensory drive and various neuronal activities influence the motor output related to breathing aligns with the assertion that much of the brain's activity occurs unconsciously.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Therefore, management goals are not only focused on eradication efforts but exploring methods to detect the snakes when present. There are multiple methods to survey pythons with variable effectiveness. Early surveys used drift fences and traps baited with live rodents, road cruising, and intensive transect surveys (Hanslowe et al. , 2018). More recent research is evaluating the use of pheromone lures, environmental DNA (eDNA), and detection dogs (Guzy et al. , 2023). To date, the most effective way to track and remove pythons is to use scout pythons (Smith et al. , 2016). Scout pythons are radiotagged adult snakes released back into the environment that lead surveyors to other snakes in courtship rituals and breeding areas (Smith et al. , 2016). The method is effective in some areas where populations are dense but may be less effective in other areas along the invasion front due to sparse snake numbers. While all survey methods have their pros and cons, a multifaceted approach is often needed to detect and remove pythons. Furthermore, most methods in place are labor-intensive and logistically challenging so new passive survey methods can help to increase detection (Guzy et al. , 2023). Key Largo, Florida, is the first island of the and forms the current southern invasion front of the expanding python population (Hanslowe et al. , 2018). With several listed endangered endemic mammalian and bird species in the Keys, detecting and removing pythons before they are established is critical now more than ever. Pythons were first detected in in 2007 (Greene et al. , 2007), but few individuals were documented until more recently (Cove et al. , 2019; Hanslowe et al. , 2018). During a camera trap survey of endangered woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) nests in 2019, we obtained our first camera trap detection of a Burmese python (King et al. , 2022). Camera traps are passive sensors and therefore may play an additional role in the arsenal of python survey methods, but the technique requires empirical evaluation to assess its utility (Kays et al. , 2020). The application of camera traps to survey snakes has recently increased and proven effective in multiple study systems with variably sized species, but these study designs typically use drift fences with downward-facing cameras and time-lapse detections (Adams et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while environmental DNA (eDNA) is being evaluated as a method for wildlife detection, there are multiple existing traditional methods, such as camera traps, drift fences, and traps, with their own effectiveness. It emphasizes that a multifaceted approach, which includes traditional methods, is often needed to effectively monitor wildlife like pythons, suggesting that eDNA will not imminently replace these traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Differences were observed mainly in the abundance and categories of cnidae amongst specimens (particularly holotrichs in the column), but also in the presence of a distal row of papillae (with only basitrichs) associated with inconspicuous cinclides in two specimens (SO197-S2 and SO200-R2; Fig. 2). Because of the small size of the papillae, the relatively small sizes and state of contraction and preservation condition of the specimens, it is not definitive that this row of distal papillae is only present in these two individuals. Nevertheless, the rest of the morphological and molecular characters, as well as the cnidae data, from the specimens with distal papillae agree with those of the other specimens studied, suggesting that differences should be treated as intrapopulation variation. Morphologically, specimens of O. pearseae from the possess ~ 70 tentacles, compared to specimens of similar sizes from the type locality, described as having ~ 100 tentacles [5], with some having poorly demarked suckers in the column (which were not observed in specimens). Additionally, the first and second cycles of mesenteries are fertile in the type specimens, with males observed brooding larvae internally in the tentacles [5]. Although the fertility of the first cycle could not be confirmed for the specimens, the second and third cycles were confirmed to be fertile, but no brooding individuals were identified. The previous implementation of a different cnidae terminology suggests conspicuous differences in cnidae types and sizes between specimens at the whalefall and (Table 2), but a new more precise combined terminology used here allows for distinction within p-mastigophore capsules (i. e. , p-mastigophores A and p-mastigophores B1). The types and size ranges of the original description and the newly collected specimens of O. pearseae mostly agree (with only slight variability in some size ranges), with the only distinct difference being the presence of p-mastigophores B1 capsules in the tentacles of the whalefall specimens, and not the specimens (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses morphological differences between specimens and their reproductive characteristics without addressing deep-sea hydrothermal vents or the concept of chemosynthesis in unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Finally, the authors show that the content of these fast timescale "cognitive" representations in theta cycles is dissociable from slower "behavioral timescale" representations. Specifically, at the behavioral time scale so called "splitter cells" provide sufficient information to decode impending choice from either hippocampus or PFC. In contrast, fast time scale representations diverged between the two structures before the animal committed to one choice option, with PFC representing the animals upcoming choice and hippocampus representing both possible choice options. This dissociation, however, was dynamically modulated, because after animals committed to a decision, both structure represented the chosen outcome. I think this manuscript is a potentially important contribution to our understanding of PFC-hippocampal dynamics. First, the identification of clear theta sequences in PFC is, on its own, an important result that is complementary to a recent report showing reactivation of spatially-tuned PFC cells that is highly reminiscent of reactivation of place cells in hippocampus (Kaefer. . . Csicsvari, 2020). In addition, however, the authors probe the coordination of prefrontal and hippocampal theta sequences, and find that there is an apparent relationship that is dynamically modulated by the behavioral demands of the decision making task. Together, I think the body of work reported here is an important contribution to our understanding of how these structures work together. The analysis is described clearly and with excellent detail, and appears rigorous and appropriate to the authors' questions. This is an incredibly information-rich manuscript, but it is well organized and well explained throughout. Overall, I think this is a strong contribution, and I have only very minor suggestions to improve it. At several points the authors mention that results in the present manuscript replicated their previous report (Shin et al 2019). This is important, but is somewhat tempered by the fact that 6/9 rats were reanalyzed from that 2019 data set. Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors (required)): This is an unusual paper in that it covers a large amount of ground, with 4-5 main claims that each individually have been (or could be) the subject of entire papers. In its attempt to integrate each of these findings into an overall theory, the paper reads a bit like a hybrid between a review and an empirical paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in decision-making processes. It describes how the PFC represents upcoming choices and how it interacts with the hippocampus during decision-making tasks. This indicates that the PFC is indeed involved in higher-level cognitive functions, corroborating the claim about the PFC's role in decision-making and problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Walkup et al. , 2022). While this application could be used for python-specific surveys, the habitats in which pythons exist, flooded plains in the Everglades, and subterranean spaces in limestone bedrock in hammock and mangroves of the Keys, make it difficult to install and maintain such large drift arrays (Guzy et al. , 2023). Further, previous efforts using drift arrays with traps were not effective in the Keys (Hanslowe et al. , 2018), but since pythons can be detected as bycatch in other passive camera trap surveys, there remain questions about the application of motion-activated cameras as well as seasonal factors affecting their detectability (Cove et al. , 2019). There is an active scout python program on Key Largo, so we leveraged the radiotagged snakes to evaluate the utility of camera traps to survey pythons, particularly since there are ongoing monitoring programs for woodrats and other endangered small mammals (see Cove et al. , 2019). In the study area, radiotagged pythons occurred at sites with certainty, so we were able to deploy cameras under two settings and use the data to estimate the daily detection probability of pythons surveyed with camera traps. Furthermore, since the detections had time and date stamps, we assessed the diel activity of the pythons to inform above-ground activity peaks. We provide insights for camera trap monitoring of pythons and aim to optimize the timing of other survey efforts such as intensive transect and detection dog surveys. is home to two protected areas that form the last critical habitat for the woodrats and endangered cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola): Refuge and. These protected lands form the last remaining large tract of tropical hardwood hammock forest (1000 ha) in the Upper Keys, along with mangroves and coastal wetlands (US Fish and Wildlife Service, 1999). The scout python program was first implemented in 2018 after the first python hatchlings were documented with the apparent establishment on the island in 2016 (Hanslowe et al. , 2018). Scout pythons in this study were opportunistically collected in situ in Key Largo, taken into captivity, and implanted with two very high-frequency (VHF) radiotags (Model AI-2, 25 g; Ltd. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and limitations of using camera traps, specifically in the context of monitoring pythons. It explains that while previous efforts using drift arrays with traps were not effective, there remain questions about the application of motion-activated cameras, suggesting that traditional methods are still in use and relevant to wildlife monitoring efforts. Additionally, the text implies ongoing utility for these methods rather than indicating a complete replacement by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 7‰ (− 0. 4 to 5. 3‰), whereas the others measured 10. 6 ± 6. 3‰ (0. 5–17. 9‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0006; Fig. 4a). These include lower δ15N values observed for individuals of the Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (~ 0. 5–2. 8‰; Fig. 4a) collected at the same locality. By comparison, O. pearseae was significantly more negative in both tissue δ13C and δ15N than the seep-associated octocoral species Paramuricea sp. type B3 recently reported [9] (ANOVA p = 0. 0013 and p < 0. 00001, respectively, n = 21; Fig. 4a). Finally, O. pearseae had significantly lower δ34S tissue values of − 1. 1 ± 6. 4‰ (− 11. 0 to 8. 7‰, n = 7), compared to other sea anemones (8. 9 ± 5. 2‰; range 1. 0 to 14. 2‰, n = 7; ANOVA p = 0. 008), with comparable total tissue sulfur ~ 0. 9–1. 9% by weight (Fig. 4b). Fig. 413Carbon, 15nitrogen, and 34sulfur isotope signatures for Ostiactis pearseae and comparison actiniarians. a δ13C and δ15N values for the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring anthozoans, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Data for actiniarians collected in 2015 (from [11]; red checkered triangles) as well as seep-associated corals from the Gulf of Mexico ([9]; purple circles) and unidentified anemones from hydrothermal vents ([19]; purple squares) are also included. Data from [9] was extracted from their Fig. 7 using an online Web plot digitizer ( b δ34S and tissue sulfide content (%, dry weight) values for the tentacles of O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis; rather, it presents scientific measurements and comparisons of isotopic signatures for specific species without explicitly mentioning chemosynthesis or hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors (required)): In this manuscript, Tang and colleagues extend previous work on medial prefrontal-hippocampal interactions in several important ways. In rats performing a well-validated spatial working memory task, they demonstrate the existence of theta sequences in PFC ensembles that mirror the organizational properties of theta sequences in hippocampus (albeit with less reliability than the canonical spatial representations in hippocampus). They show further that PFC theta sequences are coordinated with theta sequence representations in hippocampus; specifically, when hippocampus represents the animal's impending choice destination in a theta cycle, there is an increased likelihood that the simultaneous PFC representation shows the same representation. Finally, the authors show that the content of these fast timescale "cognitive" representations in theta cycles is dissociable from slower "behavioral timescale" representations. Specifically, at the behavioral time scale so called "splitter cells" provide sufficient information to decode impending choice from either hippocampus or PFC. In contrast, fast time scale representations diverged between the two structures before the animal committed to one choice option, with PFC representing the animals upcoming choice and hippocampus representing both possible choice options. This dissociation, however, was dynamically modulated, because after animals committed to a decision, both structure represented the chosen outcome. I think this manuscript is a potentially important contribution to our understanding of PFC-hippocampal dynamics. First, the identification of clear theta sequences in PFC is, on its own, an important result that is complementary to a recent report showing reactivation of spatially-tuned PFC cells that is highly reminiscent of reactivation of place cells in hippocampus (Kaefer. . . Csicsvari, 2020). In addition, however, the authors probe the coordination of prefrontal and hippocampal theta sequences, and find that there is an apparent relationship that is dynamically modulated by the behavioral demands of the decision making task. Together, I think the body of work reported here is an important contribution to our understanding of how these structures work together. The analysis is described clearly and with excellent detail, and appears rigorous and appropriate to the authors' questions. This is an incredibly information-rich manuscript, but it is well organized and well explained throughout. Overall, I think this is a strong contribution, and I have only very minor suggestions to improve it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) interacts with the hippocampus during decision-making tasks, highlighting that PFC represents the animal's upcoming choice while the hippocampus represents both possible choice options. This indicates the role of the PFC in cognitive processes related to decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: We fit the diel curve with a goal to optimize survey times for other methods based on pythons being detected above ground. traps were deployed for 108 camera trap nights (60 in spring, 48 in winter) across 39 unique snake sites (mean = 2. 76 trap nights ± 2. 01 SD), resulting in 598 photos of Burmese pythons. Of those photos, 354 were derived from time-lapse camera triggers (5 min intervals) and 244 were derived from motion triggers (1 s intervals). These photos came from 54 independent detections that were aggregated into 32 daily python detections (24 time-lapse and 8 motion-triggered sequences, Figure 1). Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerphotographs of (a) motion-triggered and (b) time-lapse detections of a scout snake Burmese python in Key Largo, Florida, United States. The global model was most supported to explain python detections with camera traps (Table 1). Python detection was positively associated with winter surveys (β = 1. 24 ± 0. 42 SE, p < 0. 05) compared to spring surveys and positively associated with time-lapse photos (β = 1. 33 ± 0. 44 SE, p < 0. 05) compared to motion-triggered detections. This resulted in daily detection probabilities of 0. 13 (95% CI = 0. 07–0. 23) and 0. 04 (95% CI = 0. 02–0. 09) for time-lapse and motion-triggered detection, respectively, during spring surveys, and 0. 34 (95% CI = 0. 23–0. 47) and 0. 12 (95% CI = 0. 06–0. 23) for time-lapse and motion-triggered detection, respectively, during winter surveys. Based on equation where p is the daily detection probability and t is the number of cumulative survey days, a 1-week camera trap survey could range from 0. 25 to 0. 95 cumulative detection probabilities when a snake occurs at the site. Table 1. Model selection results for detection models of radiotagged scout snake Burmese pythons surveyed with camera traps in. Model AICc Δwgt K −2 × LogLik p(time-lapse + winter) 170. 55 0 0. 956 4 162. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting detailed data on the effectiveness of traditional wildlife monitoring methods, particularly camera traps, for detecting Burmese pythons. It describes the methods used, including the number of camera trap nights and the results of those methods, indicating that they are currently being employed successfully rather than being replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 4; [28]), amplified from O. pearseae tentacles, was most closely related (82–85% similarity based on amino acid translation; 77% based on nucleotides), to the napA gene from known SUP05 bacteria, including those from an estuary (ACX30474; [29]) and the endosymbiont from Bathymodiolus mussel gill tissues (SMN16186). The aprA gene, encoding the adenosine phosphosulfate (or APS) reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 8. 99. 2), recovered from O. pearseae, was most closely related to the aprA gene from the bacterial symbiont of a nematode (96% similarity based on amino acid translation, ACF93728) and the endosymbiont of Bathymodiolus septemdierum (81% similarity based on nucleotide sequence, AP013042; [30]). Abundant SUP05 bacteria were observed embedded within the tentacle epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae (Fig. 6). Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) was necessary to overcome the very highly autofluorescent cnidae produced by the epidermis (Fig. 6g). HCR-FISH and TEM microscopy revealed intracellular cocci-shaped cells (~ 0. 5 μm diameter), positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidae capsules and nuclei (Fig. 6g, i, j). These cells were putatively identified as members of the SUP05 group, given the consistent overlap between cells hybridized using a general bacterial probe set (Eub338-I-III) and a probe designed specifically to target the O. pearseae SUP05 (4: Fig. S2). Although poor tissue fixation somewhat compromised high-resolution electron microscopy (ex. many host cells were visibly ruptured with jumbled mitochondria), TEM provided additional evidence of symbiont integration within O. pearseae. Bacteria within the tentacles appeared concentrated in the periphery of cells within the mono-layered epidermis (Fig. 6i). Additionally, glands with large electron dense vesicles were observed occasionally between the very elongated bacteria-containing cells (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed genetic and cellular information regarding certain bacteria found in the tentacles of the organism Ostiactis pearseae, but it does not explicitly discuss the ecosystem or its reliance on chemosynthesis. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: To expand on the above: as far as I can tell, the main novel claims seem to be: 1) the prefrontal cortex (PFC) expresses theta sequences 2) theta sequences in both the hippocampus (HC) and PFC are trajectory-specific ("splitter sequences") 3) PFC, but not HC, theta sequence content predicts future choice 4) joint HC-PFC activity during replay predicts error vs. correct trials Based on these findings, the authors conclude that interaction at multiple timescales between HC and PFC supports memory-guided decision-making. If adequately supported, each of these claims would be a useful addition to the field, with the dissociation between HC and PFC theta sequences of particular interest. However, as currently presented, the claims seem out of step with the underlying evidence; in each case, this overall issue could be addressed by bolstering the analyses and/or by making the claims more precise or toned down. We thank the reviewer for noting the importance of our work and providing many constructive suggestions to improve our manuscript. Regarding primary new claims, the findings of prefrontal theta sequences, theta cycle skipping and theta sequence prediction are all novel, to the best of our knowledge. Further, we would like to argue that it is a significant strength of the manuscript that by presenting these findings in context of hippocampal phenomena, we are able to integrate both hippocampal and prefrontal results for behavioral sequences, theta sequences and replay sequences in a unified framework for memory-guided decision making. While we are aware of the extensive work on hippocampal sequences which is cited in the manuscript, there have been only very few studies investigating the relationship between these different sequences, even just in the hippocampus (e. g. , Papale et al. , 2016; Drieu et al. , 2018), which is a major goal in the field (Pezzulo et al. , Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. , 2017). In the current study, we therefore present the new prefrontal results in the context of hippocampal sequences, and also build upon our previous replay results (Shin et al. , 2019) to contrast the roles of the three types of sequences in memory-guided decision making. We hope the reviewer will share our vision and appreciate the strength of these findings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the findings regarding theta sequences in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) support memory-guided decision-making. It mentions that the PFC's theta sequence content predicts future choices, illustrating its role in higher cognitive processes such as decision-making. The integrated framework proposed by the authors emphasizes the importance of the PFC alongside the hippocampus in the context of memory-guided decisions, affirming the claim about the PFC's involvement in cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: 00 p(time-lapse) 177. 77 7. 22 0. 026 3 171. 45 p(winter) 178. 51 7. 96 0. 018 3 172. 19 p(. ) 185. 38 14. 83 0. 000 2 181. 22 Note: Included are the Criterion (corrected for small sample size—AICc), the information distances from the top-ranking model (ΔAICc), the Akaike weight of support (AIC wgt), the number of model parameters (K), and log-likelihood (−2 × LogLik). We fit a single kernel density estimate to all 54 independent python detections. This number was higher than those in the previous analyses because the occupancy analyses aggregated multiple detections on the same day down to a single observation for that survey occasion. Python detections peaked at noon and were relatively constant through the early afternoon, although some observations occurred throughout the 24-h cycle (Figure 2). Figure 2Open in figure viewerPoweractivity curve of scout snake Burmese pythons detected with camera traps in 21, 2020 to May 6, 2021. pythons are very difficult to detect when present, even in the terrestrial environments of Key Largo. Our experiments where we pointed camera traps at known individual snakes showcase that cameras can help passively survey for pythons but the seasonality of surveys and camera trigger mechanisms affect that utility. Our results are encouraging because they suggest that we would expect more python detections from long-term camera trap monitoring of woodrats and feral and free-roaming domestic cats (Felis catus) if pythons were more widespread on the island (Cove et al. , 2019; Herrera et al. , 2022). More importantly, we provide evidence that using a time-lapse trigger improves detection dramatically and the diel timing of python activity could help us optimize survey times for other multifaceted approaches to snake detection and removal. We present the first camera trap-informed detection probabilities of Burmese pythons in their invasive range. Other studies have used camera traps to survey herpetofauna with varying success (Adams et al. , 2017; Martin et al. , 2017; Neuharth et al. , 2020; Walkup et al. , 2022; Welbourne et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effectiveness of traditional methods, specifically camera traps, in monitoring invasive species like Burmese pythons. It highlights that while camera traps can help survey for species and improve detection, they may be challenged by factors like seasonality and survey timing. This implies that traditional methods continue to play an important role in wildlife monitoring, which counters the assertion that eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 6g) and a layer of mucous was observed overlying the epidermis in some instances. Bacteria on the tentacle surface occasionally appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis (Fig. 6l). For both microscopy methods, bacteria were not observed in either the gastrodermis or mesoglea of O. pearseae (Fig. 6g). Fig. 6Microscopy of the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae. a Whole image of specimen SO194-S2, SIO-BIC Co3067. b Light microscopy of 3-μm sections embedded in Steedman’s resin. c–f Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via hybridization chain reaction-FISH (HCR-FISH) microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles. An unlabeled probe (Anem_SUP05), with a specific sequence initiator tag, was designed to be an exact match to the putative thiotrophic symbiont (related to the SUP05 clade). This probe was then amplified via HCR-FISH using DNA hairpins labeled with Alexa488, shown in green. DAPI-stained nuclei of host cells are shown in blue. f Bacteria can be seen within the epidermis (arrows), in and amongst nuclei, positioned just above or immediately adjacent to cnidocysts. g Fluorescent in situ signal amplification via HCR-FISH microscopy of Ostiactis pearseae tentacles without a probe. No bacteria are observed within the epidermis (arrow indicates the same region as in f). Note: future microscopy using non-specific probes would help elucidate the extent of the symbiont layer. h, i Light microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. j–l Transmission electron (TEM) microscopy of O. pearseae tentacles. i Bacteria are concentrated in the periphery of elongated epidermal cells (designated by the orange box, which corresponds to the area of TEM imagery), and positioned near cnidae, shown in pink arrowheads. No bacteria were observed in the mesogloea or gastrodermis. j Close-up of bacteria near a cnidocyst capsule, with an enclosed tubule. k Close-up showing clear membranes surrounding the bacterial cells, designated by orange arrowheads. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on detailed observations of bacteria within the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae, without mentioning deep-sea hydrothermal vents, the ecosystems they may host, or the process of chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: We have now provided explicit statements and an updated focus on these primary advances of our current study in the Discussion section: “In this work, we discovered theta sequences, theta cycle skipping and theta-sequence prediction of behavioral choices in PFC. These prefrontal phenomena follow a succession of results on hippocampal sequences, but our study points to different yet complementary roles of prefrontal and hippocampal sequences at multiple timescales. By dissecting fast cognitive-timescale sequences from slow behavioral-timescale sequences in a spatial working-memory and navigation task, these findings thus provide a unified framework that integrates hippocampal and prefrontal mechanisms of multi-timescale cell-assembly dynamics for memory-guided decision making. ” We have also followed the reviewer’s suggestions and provided additional evidence with new analyses and explanations to support our main novel conclusions. In overview, (1) we have now provided evidence that theta sequences in CA1 and PFC observed here, as ensemble-level phenomena, cannot be fully accounted for by single-neuronal phase precession, and thus the observation of the PFC theta sequences is a genuine and novel finding of the present work; (2) we have further clarified that our finding of “trajectory-specific” CA1 and PFC theta sequences is an important extension of the previously observed choice coding of theta sequences in the hippocampus; (3) we have demonstrated that the difference between behavioral- and theta-sequence coding of choices in CA1 and PFC is not a result of the methodological concerns suggested; (4) we have made changes in the presentation of the replay results, and added more explicit interpretation of the theta-sequence coordination result to enhance clarity. We believe that these changes, prompted by the reviewer’s suggestions, make the Results clearer and more accessible. Specifically: Claim 1: What counts as a "theta sequence" requires clarification. Do the authors consider the ensemble pattern generated from independently phase precessing cells a theta sequence? If yes, then the claim that mPFC has theta sequences follows directly from previous single cell results (Jones and Wilson, 2005 PLoS Biology; Zielinski et al. , 2019 J Neurosci) and they should acknowledge this. If no, they need provide a clear definition and associated analysis criterion of what constitutes a theta sequence, perhaps using a peer prediction analysis along the lines of Harris et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the findings related to the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and its role in decision-making. It highlights that the study provides evidence of 'theta sequences' in the PFC, which are linked to memory-guided decision making. The mention of 'multi-timescale cell-assembly dynamics for memory-guided decision making' indicates that the PFC is involved in higher-level cognitive functions, such as decision-making, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Typically, these are specialized, and modified camera traps deployed in arrays targeting small taxa, but here we show that standard camera trap deployments for monitoring mammals can be broadly useful in detecting pythons and potentially other invasive reptiles. However, our results highlight that if invasive reptiles are the target species, then time-lapse photos are the most appropriate trigger to effectively detect them. Given that pythons are ectotherms, motion-triggered sensors could have trouble distinguishing snakes from the background ambient surface temperatures, hence why time-lapse photos provide superior detections. Furthermore, seasonal detection differences may be influenced by basking snakes increasing their temperatures which makes them more detectable by motion-triggers against cooler background temperatures. The issue with time-lapse over motion-activated triggers is the volume of photos from time-lapse triggers can be too prohibitive to manually review and logistically unfeasible (e. g. , ∼2000 photos from one camera during 1 week of survey at 5 min intervals) when running hundreds of camera traps. Camera trap memory storage may also be a limiting factor given the accumulation of observations depending on quiet periods between time-lapse photos. The rise of new AI algorithms (e. g. , megadetector) may alleviate the logistical constraints of time-lapse photography in broad-scale surveys and we encourage more application to invasive reptile research (Thau et al. , 2019). Furthermore, our observed camera trap detection probabilities based on time-lapse and motion-activation suggest that python-specific surveys may benefit from the application of drift fences and cameras pointed directly down to improve motion-triggered detections following other established protocols for snakes in other regions (Adams et al. , 2017; Martin et al. , 2017). This application may further be paired with individual identification of pythons since they can be uniquely identified based on variation in dorsal and profile patterns (as well as radiotag markers; Lord et al. , 2023), which might provide noninvasive application of capture-recapture analyses to estimate the first local abundance estimates of pythons in their invasive range. With abundance estimation in mind, motion-triggered cameras and a reduced time-lapse interval (∼1 min) would be best for collecting sufficient high-quality photos of each snake for unique individual identification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the effectiveness and advantages of traditional camera trap methods in detecting invasive species like pythons. It emphasizes that while there is an implication of advances in monitoring technology, traditional methods like time-lapse photography and motion-triggered cameras remain crucial and may not be entirely replaced by eDNA technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A significant contribution to tissue nitrogen by microbial nitrate utilization may be possible for the SUP05 symbionts given the considerably low δ15N values in O. pearseae (average 1. 6‰) and the successful amplification of the SUP05-related periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (napA) gene. The actual abundance of SUP05 symbionts per individual anemone is not known, nor is the regulation of carbon or nitrogen nutrient exchange, and thus, the overall nutritional influence of the SUP05 bacteria is not yet quantifiable. Finally, Ostiactis pearseae tissue δ34S values (~ − 1‰) represented a large offset from typical marine biomass (16–21‰ [49]), where biogenic sulfur is sourced from seawater sulfate with minimal isotopic fractionation (21‰ [50]). The average δ34S observed in O. pearseae tissues is consistent with typical hydrothermal vent fauna (− 5 to + 5‰ [51]), which are known to incorporate a local source of sulfur (e. g. , volcanic, thermally altered sulfur at ~ 0‰ [52, 53]) via internal symbioses or direct consumption of sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. However, several individuals of O. pearseae revealed even lower δ34S values (down to − 11‰), which would likely require the additional incorporation of substantial sulfide produced via microbial sulfate reduction, which is expected to have a δ34S signature of − 20‰ or lighter [54, 55]. The incorporation of sulfide sourced from dissimilatory sulfate reduction, rather than hydrothermal sulfide, has been similarly proposed for SUP05-hosting Bathymodiolus mussels from both and the Kaikata Caldera, which had tissue δ34S values of − 12‰ and − 25‰, respectively, with a comparable tissue sulfur content of ~ 0. 8% (n = only 1 specimen each [56, 57]). The wide range of δ34S values for O. pearseae tissues (~ − 11 to 9‰), compared to other thiosymbiont-hosting animal species, could be due to a combination of traditional feeding by the host, variable sulfide oxidation by the SUP05 symbionts (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the claim about deep-sea hydrothermal vents or chemosynthesis as it focuses on nitrogen and sulfur isotopic values in the tissue of Ostiactis pearseae and its symbionts. While it mentions that these organisms may have interactions with hydrothermal vent environments, it does not provide evidence for the presence of unique ecosystems or their reliance on chemosynthesis, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Given that p(SeqPFC = actual) and p(SeqPFC = alternative) are significantly different from the chance level (50%; p’s < 1e-4, signed-rank tests compared to 50%), stochastic independence would predict that the distributions of sequences coherently representing actual and alternative (i. e. , p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = actual) and p(SeqPFC = alternative | SeqCA1 = alternative)) both significantly differ from the chance level. However, if they are dependent, different distributions for actual and alternative should be observed, which is indeed the case as shown in Figure 6L, i. e. , p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = actual) significantly differs from the chance level (p’s = 0. 0312), but p(SeqPFC = alternative | SeqCA1= alternative) does not (p = 0. 94 and 0. 48 for outbound and inbound, respectively; signed-rank tests). In addition, we would like to note that the idea of CA1-PFC interactions at the theta timescale is also supported by previous evidence showing that PFC cells phase-lock and phase-precess to hippocampal theta oscillations (Jadhav et al. , 2016; Jones and Wilson, 2005a; Siapas et al. , 2005; Sigurdsson et al. , 2010), as well as theta-frequency synchrony and coherent spatial coding between the hippocampus and PFC (Benchenane et al. , 2010; Gordon, 2011; Hasz and Redish, 2020; Jones and Wilson, 2005b; Sigurdsson et al. , 2010; Zielinski et al. , 2019). Furthermore, disruption of prefrontal activity results in impaired theta sequences in the hippocampus (Schmidt et al. , 2019). We have discussed these studies in our manuscript. We have now explicitly mentioned and discussed this issue in the Results section: “Note that this result cannot be simply accounted for by the fact that the majority of PFC theta sequences depict the actual choice, assuming independence of CA1 and PFC theta sequences (see Materials and methods). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the interactions between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus, specifically highlighting that disruption of prefrontal activity results in impaired theta sequences in the hippocampus. This implies a role of the PFC in cognitive processes that require decision-making and problem-solving, supporting the assertion about the PFC's involvement in higher-level cognitive functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: The observed diel activity pattern results correspond with previous accelerometer-informed research on pythons that show python activity peaks at midday during the cooler months (Whitney et al. , 2021). These results suggest that the optimal survey time for human walking transects, detection dog teams, or other active searching strategies is in the early afternoon during the cooler months. However, this recommendation does come with some caveats in that dogs and human searchers might not perform well in the heat of the day and could be a safety concern in the humid subtropical climate. These diel activity results are also specific to the python breeding season and there may be more nocturnal behavior in the spring and summer months, so we recommend additional camera trap surveys focused specifically targeting those seasons in the future. represents the southern invasion front of the Burmese python, but it is also representative of the more forested environments in the northern invasion front, so our results highlight the importance of adding camera traps as survey tools for invasive reptiles throughout South Florida. We recommend a combination of motion detection and time-lapse (1 min intervals) photos where camera traps are already being deployed to monitor small and medium mammals as they use the same local habitat features in the Ecosystem to facilitate python detection. Continued research with camera traps could further improve and validate other survey techniques including lure and attractant developments and survey timing optimization in the future. . Cove: Conceptualization (equal); data curation (equal); formal analysis (lead); funding acquisition (equal); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (equal); resources (equal); supervision (equal); writing—original draft (lead); writing—review and editing (equal). Jeremy Dixon: Conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (equal); supervision (equal); writing—review and editing (equal). Katherine King: Data curation (equal); formal analysis (supporting); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (supporting); writing—review and editing (equal). Matthew Willson: Data curation (supporting); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (supporting); writing—review and editing (equal). Kristen M. Hart: Conceptualization (equal); funding acquisition (equal); investigation (equal); methodology (equal); project administration (equal); supervision (equal); writing—review and editing (equal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the continued importance of traditional monitoring methods, specifically highlighting the use of camera traps alongside other survey tools. It emphasizes that while newer methods like eDNA technology may be emerging, there are still significant recommendations for using camera traps and human search strategies, indicating that traditional methods remain relevant and necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler mounted on ROV SuBastian. Also available from the Repository ( Material examined for redescription of Ostiactis pearseae SIO-BIC Co3060 [GC18-0004] (S0193-R2): specimens: 2; details: fixative 4% paraformaldehyde; preservative 50% EtOH; (23. 95404° N, 108. 86296° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3061 [GC18-0005] (S0193-A2): specimens: 1; 10% formalin, preserved 50% EtOH; Matterhorn to Diane’s vent, (23. 95472° N, − 108. 86233° W); 3655 m; 14 Nov 2018. SIO-BIC Co3067 [GC18-0028] (S0194-S2): specimens: 2; fixed: 10% formalin; 50% EtOH; (23. 95666° N, − 108. 86171° W); 3670 m; 15 Nov 2018. Material studied has been deposited in the Collection of of Oceanography (University of Diego) and the collection of the of (AMNH) in New York. Additional specimens examined in this study include Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (SIO-BIC Co3065 [GC18-0012] (S0193-S4)) and the unidentified zoanthid (SIO-BIC Co3066 [GC18-0025] (S0194-S1)). Carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysisTissue samples were dissected at sea, rinsed in milli-Q water, and frozen at − 20 °C until thawed, washed with milli-Q water, and dried for 48 h at 60 °C. Carbon and nitrogen isotope determinations of anemone tissues were made via isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Samples (0. 2–0. 8 mg dry weight) were loaded in tin boats and analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) abundances and δ13Corg and δ15N using a Flash 2000 (Scientific) interfaced to a (Scientific) at. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. Instead, it describes logistical details about collecting sea anemones and the methodology behind isotope analysis, which lacks direct relevance to the assertion that these ecosystems are reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Causal evidence for lateral prefrontal cortex dynamics supporting cognitive control D'; University of California, Berkeley, United States; Sep 13, 2017 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordOctober 13, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptSeptember 13, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,590 views 431 downloads 54 8040. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 1. Was there an a-priori reason for doing so? If not, this should not be included as a significant result. In terms of the analysis of the cTBS results, please clarify why for all but analyses a subset of trials were analyzed. Also, with some of the TMS effects in RT, why remove long RT's? Was there a systematic kind of trial that was removed with this process? Does including those RTs alter the results in any way? 7) Was the entire DCM run on the new sample only or on the combined data from the current sample and the previous eLife publication? It looks like some combination of the two, which is odd especially because the initial replication DCM was performed separately on the new dataset (right? ). Some clarification is warranted. Author response The reviewers both commend the authors for providing a nice replication of your previous fMRI work dissociating LPFC regions with further manipulation of those circuits using stimulation methods and testing the predictions from their dynamic causal modeling results. However, they agreed that there were several issues that need to be addressed to clarify the strength of the findings and better understand what the implications are for broadening our understanding of PFC function. 1) While you state that the findings in ER were unexpected, there is little explanation for why some effects would be observed in RT and some in ER? Given the emphasis on modeling and model testing, it would be nice to see an attempt at a testable account for this difference among the nodes. Relatedly, please present the full results for both RT and ER in the main figure (instead of in the supplemental). Our expectation that effects of TMS would be observed primarily in RT was driven by a simple conception of an accumulator decision process wherein cTBS to a given region would slow the rate of evidence accumulation by way of inhibiting neuronal activity (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research related to the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), which is implicated in cognitive control and further indicates that findings from dynamic causal modeling and stimulation methods help advance our understanding of prefrontal cortex function. This supports the idea that the prefrontal cortex is involved in higher-level cognitive processes such as decision-making and problem-solving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Moreover, several of them still need to be described taxonomically (Pereira, 2014), indicating the urgent need to study them to understand their role and importance in the environment to determine conservation and/or restoration actions and their potential biomedical applications (Ortega-Andrade et al. , 2021; Stuart et al. , 2004; Ron, Merino & Ortiz, 2019). Traditional metrics for monitoring species diversity and amphibian community composition are based on data generated by classical techniques such as visual encounter surveys (VES), traps, and bioacoustic recordings (Heyer et al. , 2001; Aguirre León, 2009; Bosch & García Padrón, 2017). Applying these techniques requires expertise in the identification, multiple visits to the study sites, and many working hours. Moreover, regions with high biodiversity experience a reduction in detection sensitivity, especially when dealing with species with low population density (Heyer et al. , 2001; Brozio et al. , 2017). These factors complicate the efficient development of amphibian biomonitoring, detection, and conservation strategies (Brozio et al. , 2017; Barata, Griffiths & Ridout, 2017; Lopes et al. , 2017). Environmental DNA (eDNA)-based techniques can be implemented to address these problems. Due to its simplicity and power, eDNA has generated much interest in biodiversity monitoring programs as an alternative or complement to traditional inventory methods (Barata, Griffiths & Ridout, 2017; Bohmann et al. , 2014; Taberlet et al. , 2018). The eDNA technique involves the capture and analysis of cells and traces of free DNA present in the environment (“eDNA”) for the non-invasive detection and monitoring of various organisms (Bohmann et al. , 2014; Pedersen et al. , 2015). All living organisms, independent of their size, shape, or ecological niche, release DNA molecules into the environment intracellularly or extracellularly through feces, gametes, skin cells, etc. (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Roh et al. , 2006; Harper et al. , 2019). Environmental samples from soil, water, or air thus contain valuable information about ecosystem compositions and dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing reliance on traditional monitoring techniques, such as visual encounter surveys and traps, which are described as requiring expert identification and multiple site visits. It emphasizes the complications these traditional methods face in biodiverse regions, suggesting that while eDNA techniques can address some of these inefficiencies, they are not positioned as outright replacements but rather as alternatives or complements to traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Samples were interspersed with several replicates of both in-house standards and international reference materials, including IAEA-CH-6, IAEA-CH-3, IAEA-NO3, USGS-40, and USGS-41. TOC and TN abundances were quantified by integrating peak areas against those produced by in-house standards across a range of masses. The isotopic values are expressed in permil (‰) relative to international standards V-PDB (Dee Belemnite) and Air for carbon and nitrogen, respectively. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 2‰ for δ13Corg and 0. 3‰ for δ15N. There was no significant difference in δ13C between a subset of samples processed with and without acid (n = 7 each; ANOVA p = 0. 974). Sulfur isotope analyses were performed by combusting ~ 2–5 mg (dry weight) of tissue using a Costech ECS 4010 elemental analyzer coupled to a mass spectrometer. Sulfur isotope values are expressed in standard delta notation (δ34S) in permil (‰) as a deviation from the (VCDT) standard. The long-term standard deviation is 0. 3‰ for δ34S is 0. 3‰ based on in-house and international standards, including NBS-127 and IAEA-S1. DNA extractionSpecimens for molecular analysis (Table 1) were preserved immediately upon collection in ~ 90% ethanol and stored at 4 °C. Total genomic DNA was extracted from tissues using the Qiagen DNeasy kit () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Two-liter water samples were filtered onto a 0. 22-μm Sterivex-GP polyethersulfone filter (Millipore-Sigma, St. ) and frozen at − 80 °C until DNA analysis. DNA extraction from Sterivex PES filters was also performed using the Qiagen DNeasy kit, according to the manufacturer’s instructions, with the exception of the first step where 2 ml of ATL lysis buffer was added to the Sterivex filter, via Luer lock and syringe, and rotated at 56 °C for 12 h. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses methods for analyzing isotopic values and DNA extraction procedures, but it does not present any information related to deep-sea hydrothermal vents or the ecosystems that rely on chemosynthesis. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not support or contradict it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: the inverse of what has been observed via microstimulation in Hanks et al. , 2006, Nat Neurosci). Whether effects that are borne out in ER rather than RT are telling regarding the decision process is unclear to us. RT and ER tend to tradeoff and subjects can strategically shift between the two (e. g. Fitts et al. , 1966, JEP), and we have previously demonstrated that such shifts are under PFC control (Rahnev et al. , 2016, PNAS). While deeper exploration of the locus of the effect (i. e. ER vs. RT) and potential interactions with speed-accuracy tradeoffs strategies would be interesting, the low number of errors by condition renders it difficult to model the decision process (e. g. drift diffusion modeling). While we have made some attempts to do so, we could not achieve satisfactory model fits. Given that we cannot gain theoretical traction on the matter, we refrain from speculating why some effects are observed in ER and others in RT. Instead, we discuss the limitations that the low ERs place on the interpretation of these data in the Discussion. “While the significant effects observed in the present study were by-and-large predicted by a model of LPFC dynamics, the effects were generally limited by task accuracies that were near ceiling (average performance across the task ~95%). […] Future explorations using these methods would do well to keep these considerations in mind. ” As recommended, the full RT and ER results are now reported in Figure 3A-B. 2) From a statistical perspective, the behavioral effects of TMS, as framed in the paper, are relatively weak. This may be due to the choice of analysis approaches. The 2x2x4 ANOVA approach is nice in the sense that it makes few assumptions, but it is not powerful for detecting the predicted stimulation target-related interactions because of the nonsphericity correction. Please think outside of the box on this issue – all ANOVAs are effectively fitting particular models to the data, but they are just non-optimal models for a study like this. One alternative approach would be to run an omnibus F-test to first show that there is something going on, and then to break it down by fitting a model of the exact pattern of results predicted by the authors' model for each stimulation approach. This model can be tested against reduced or alternative models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in controlling shifts between error rate (ER) and reaction time (RT), indicating that decision-making processes are controlled by the PFC. It highlights that their previous studies have demonstrated that shifts in decision-making strategies are under PFC control, supporting the assertion that the prefrontal cortex is involved in higher-level cognitive functions such as decision-making.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Due to recent advances in sample preparation (new kits and laboratory devices) and the development of more affordable next-generation sequencing technologies, such as MinION from Technologies (ONT), genetic analysis is more reasonable and accessible than ever before (Harper et al. , 2019; Maestri et al. , 2019). Worldwide, the efficiency of the eDNA-based technique has been evaluated for monitoring invasive species (Van der heyden et al. , 2021; Riascos et al. , 2018), endangered species (Brozio et al. , 2017), and species with low population density (Lopes et al. , 2017). In aquatic environments, the use of the eDNA method has focused on the biomonitoring of fishes (Shaw et al. , 2016; Evans et al. , 2017) and amphibians (Lopes et al. , 2017; Ficetola, Manenti & Taberlet, 2019), as these organisms are relatively easier to detect because they can produce and release more DNA into the environment than others (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Harper et al. , 2019; Valentini et al. , 2016). The application of eDNA for monitoring amphibians in aquatic environments is constantly growing (Harper et al. , 2019; Wang et al. , 2021; Sasso et al. , 2017). This is due to the accessibility and availability of the sample (water), its applicability in different types of water bodies (i. e. , pond, lake, river, or sea), and its potential to identify species individually or the abundance of several species in complex ecosystems (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Valentini et al. , 2016; Baetens, 2019; Takahashi et al. , 2020). These characteristics make it an ideal technique for biomonitoring in areas rich in water sources and high amphibian biodiversity, such as the Ecuadorian Amazon. River basin, located in the province of Napo in the Ecuadorian Amazon, is home to a wealth of water resources. Its two main rivers are the Tena (forming the micro-basin, TRMB) and the Pano. Both have tributaries that cover a drainage area of about 235 km2 (Hurtado-Pidal et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advantages and increasing use of eDNA technology, particularly in aquatic environments for monitoring various species. However, the emphasis on the technique's applicability and growing popularity does not confirm that it will entirely replace traditional methods like camera traps or field surveys. The text details the successful application of eDNA but does not support the assertion that it will supplant all traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This solution was recovered from the filter, also via Luer lock and syringe, and processed as usual. Molecular analysis of the microbial communityA 1000-bp region of the gene coding for napA (periplasmic nitrate reductase) was amplified directly from Ostiactis tissues using the primers V16F (5′--3′) and V17R (5′--3′ [28]), while a 408-bp fragment of the aprA gene (subunit of particulate methane monooxygenase enzyme) was generated using primers, aps1F (5--3) and aps4R (5--3, described in [69]). A 1465-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the primers 27F and 1492R. Annealing conditions of 50 °C, 50 °C, and 54 °C were used for napA, aprA, and 16SrRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 25 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and submitted to GenBank (accession numbers MW148238 and MW158470). Close environmental and cultured relatives were chosen using top hits based on BLAST (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov). The V4-V5 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified using bacterial primers with Illumina () adapters on the 5′ end 515F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′; [70]). The PCR reaction mix was set up in duplicate for each sample with Q5 High-Fidelity 2x () and annealing conditions of 54 °C for 25 cycles. Duplicate PCR samples were then pooled, and 2. 5 μL of each product was barcoded with Illumina NexteraXT index 2 Primers that include unique 8-bp barcodes (P5 5′----3′ and P7 5′----3′). Secondary amplification with barcoded primers used conditions of 66 °C annealing temperature and 10 cycles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a methodological approach in microbial community analysis, detailing PCR amplification processes and sequencing techniques. It does not provide any information about deep-sea hydrothermal vents or chemosynthesis, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: It was noted by a reviewer that "the authors describe various findings in the literature and conclude that, "Collectively, these results indicate that whether or not hierarchical dependencies exist depends critically upon task-elicited regional interdependencies. " It is a concern that this statement completely nullifies the significance of the study – if the presence or absence of a hierarchy is completely task dependent. Please reconcile this with the statement you make that the "data provide causal evidence for LPFC dynamics supporting cognitive control". The reviewers raise good points. We had previously attempted to keep the Discussion short, attempting to leave the theoretical heavy-lifting in our previous report and making this piece more about A) a test of the theory, and B) a method that can be used to test these and related theories. However, hierarchical cognitive control is a complex literature that may be done a disservice by cursory treatments. has been revised substantially in order to better elucidate the role of PFC in cognitive control. In particular, we make a stronger effort to denote the correspondences between the present data and the literature, as well as explain the discrepancies. We have also fleshed out the main idea about PFC function that we wished to convey in this domain – that perhaps importance should shift from identifying the “top” to identifying hubs where information coalesces. A last point that we’d like to respond to: we continue to maintain that the presence or absence of hierarchy is task dependent, and we disagree with the statement that this position nullifies the significance of the study. It is our position that the PFC can act hierarchically only insofar as the task demands it. By way of analogy, consider baseball – the manager can exert hierarchical control over the players (e. g. determining who plays, where, and even how). Once the game is in motion, the game often dictates how much hierarchical control the manager should exert. For example, if the team is winning and the players are performing well, the manager does relatively little. In this case, control is left to the players (e. g. the pitcher and catcher determine the pitches, the shortstop orchestrates infield defensive shifts, etc. ). However, if the game is tight, the manager is likely to exert more control (e. g. making pitching/batting substitutions, calling for bunts or intentional walks, etc. ). It is our position that a similar situation plays out in the PFC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cognitive control. It underscores that the PFC's ability to act hierarchically in cognitive functions is task dependent, which aligns with the idea that the PFC is crucial for higher-level cognitive functions such as decision-making and problem-solving. The analogy used in the text regarding the manager in baseball illustrates how control dynamics can shift based on situational demands, thereby emphasizing the PFC's adaptability in higher cognitive processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: This is the first study in the using eDNA to identify amphibians associated with water bodies. The main research objectives were: (1) to identify aquatic amphibian diversity in the TRMB using eDNA and VES; (2) to compare the abilities of eDNA-monitoring and VES to detect amphibian species in aquatic environments; (3) to develop a scientific collection and a local reference taxonomic and genetic database of amphibians in the TRMB. Materials and site The study site is within the TRMB (Napo Province, Ecuador), in the Amazon Piedmont, 8 km west of the city of Tena, Atacapi community (0°56′51°S; 77°51′37°W). It has an altitudinal range between 600 to 710 m. a. s. l. and an annual precipitation of 3,500 mm. Adjacent to the Ikiam, it hosts numerous water bodies, including rivers, streams, and ponds (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, 2013). In the sampling sites, we collected specimens and eDNA samples from three sections of the (TRP1–TRP3) and three ponds (ChP1–ChP3) with permanent water (i. e. , those that have water throughout the year) adjacent to the (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Study area in the Micro-Basin (TRMB), Napo, Ecuador with the respective terrain elevation. It consists of six sampling sites: three in ponds (ChP1, ChP2, ChP3, White) and three in river transects (TrP1, TrP2, TrP3, red). It has an exploration site (purple) in the Reserve, where mountain amphibians were collected. Adjacent to the sampling area is the Amazónica Ikiam (green). Detailed geographic location in Table S1 (Supplemental Material). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that utilizes both eDNA and traditional Visual Encounter Surveys (VES) to monitor amphibians. It highlights the comparison of these two methods, suggesting that eDNA does not outright replace traditional methods but is instead used alongside them to identify amphibian diversity in specific environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Products were purified using Millipore-Sigma (St. ) 03010 with a vacuum manifold and quantified using Scientific () QuantIT PicoGreen ds11496 on the BioRad CFX96 Touch Real-. Barcoded samples were combined in equimolar amounts into a single tube and purified with 28104 before submission to Laragen () for 2 × 250 bp paired end analysis on the Illumina MiSeq platform with PhiX addition of 15–20%. MiSeq 16S rRNA sequence data was processed in Ecology (v1. 8. 0). Raw sequence pairs were joined and quality-trimmed using the default parameters in QIIME. Sequences were clustered into de novo operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 99% similarity using open reference clustering protocol, and then, the most abundant sequence was chosen as representative for each de novo OTU. Taxonomic identification for each representative sequence was assigned using the Silva-119 database, clustered at 99% similarity. A threshold filter was used to remove any OTU that occurred below 0. 01% in the combined samples dataset. Analyses are based on Bray-Curtis distances of fourth-root transformed data, which minimizes errors in the ordination due to PCR bias, while not sacrificing genuine differences between samples. Quantification and statistical analyses are described in the “Results” sections and figure legends. Comparisons were performed using ANOVA and statistical significance was declared at p < 0. 05. Statistical analyses of beta diversity (e. g. , ) were performed with Primer E. The raw Illumina 16S rRNA barcode sequences and metadata collected in this study are available from the (BioProject # PRJNA671766). The processed sequence data, as well as representative sequences, are available on the ( along with representative SUP05 OTUs in 6: DataFile S1). Molecular analysis of the anemone host Ostiactis pearseae Phylogenetic relationships were determined via sequencing of three mitochondrial markers, the 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome oxidase III genes, and the partial nuclear 18S rRNA gene. An 862-bp product of the 12S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANTMT12SF (5′--3′) and ANTMT12SR (5′--3′) according to [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on technical procedures involved in molecular analysis and statistical methods without mentioning chemosynthesis or the ecosystems around hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Also, when a VI schedule of punishment was conjoined with the reinforcement schedule in their procedure, the scheduled rate of punishment was half that of the scheduled rate of reinforcement as opposed to being the same rate, as in our experiment. As with reinforcers, their results displayed a considerable disparity between the scheduled and actual rates of punishers. Finally, our study included the measurement of EEG activity concurrent with participants’ distributed choice behavior. The temporal alignment of the EEG record with the record of behavior during the same SubSearch session was critical to demonstrating the correlation between the two sets of data. This requirement was fraught with unanticipated complications and required extensive revision and testing of the communication protocol between both computers (see the earlier description of the procedure) before it was sufficiently reliable for use in the research we reported. Perhaps the most noteworthy outcome of our study was the strength of the positive correlation between the behaviorally derived and EEGderived asymmetry ratios. Though no extant models account for that relationship, its demonstration invites further investigation. For the present, we have concluded that losses affect ongoing behavior in a distributed-choice procedure more intensely than gains do and that this differential effect may be quantified using the record of brain activity that occurs simultaneously with distributed choice behavior. It is as if the brain holds a mirror to externally observable behavior, or vice versa. 242. (2011) Externalizing psychopathology and gain-loss feedback in a simulated gambling task: dissociable components of brain response revealed by time-frequency analysis. J 120(2): 352-364. Chiappa KA (1997) Evoked potentials in clinical medicine (3rd), New York, NY: & Wilkins, US. (1957) Schedules of reinforcement. NY: Appleton- Century-Crofts, USA. (2002) The medial frontal cortex and the rapid processing of monetary gains and losses. Science 295(5563): 2279-2282. Herrnstein RJ (1961) Relative and absolute strength of response as a function of frequency of reinforcement. J Behav 4: 267-272. (2011) Thinking, fast and slow. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, USA. (1991) Experimental tests of the. Journal of 98(6): 1325-1348. Kahneman D, (1984) Choices, values, and frames. 39: 341-350. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'losses affect ongoing behavior in a distributed-choice procedure more intensely than gains do'. This aligns with the concept of loss aversion, where people prioritize avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: Six amphibian families were detected, with Hylidae being the richest with 14 species (three eDNA, one VES, and 10 with both methods), followed by Strabomantidae with nine species (six eDNA, one VES, and two with both methods). Both methods detected all families except for Aromobatidae, which had only a single record (Allobates aff. insperatus) with VES and was not detected by eDNA (Fig. 3; Table S7). Four species detected only with eDNA are of particular interest: Pristimantis acerus, P. eriphus, P. mallii, and P. sp. (15591). These species inhabit significantly higher elevations than the study sites, having been recorded at the exploration site within Colonso-(0°56′07. 0°S;77°55′36. 6°W) at 1,518 m. a. s. l. Figure 3: Relative frequency of amphibian species detection using environmental DNA (eDNA) and visual encounter surveys (VES). Biomonitoring was for six months in the micro-basin, Napo, Ecuador. We detail the sampling sites (Ch = ponds, Tr = river transects), families identified, methods applied, and amphibian species detected by each technique. Species with an asterisk (*) are mountain frogs. The thickness of the connecting lines in the diagram corresponds to the number of species identified except for the lines between site-family nodes which corresponds to the ratio (Number of species detected for a family by eDNA and VES/total species record of a family in all sampling) × (number of species detected of the family a site). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/fig-3 eDNA detection probability varied widely between species. The lowest recorded probability was 0. 29 (Oreobates quixensis), and the highest recorded probability was 1 (both Rhinella marina and Scinax ruber). This difference may be because O. quixensis was detected at only one site (TrP2), while R. marina and S. ruber were recorded at all sampling sites. The DP for VES had a range of variation, being the minimum for the species O. quixensis and Pristimantis malkini (DP = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of both eDNA and visual encounter surveys (VES) in monitoring amphibian families. It highlights that both methods detected different species in various ways, indicating that traditional methods are still relevant and effective in conjunction with eDNA. The presence of species detected by both techniques suggests that eDNA is not a complete replacement for traditional methods, but rather a complementary approach.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A 473-bp product of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via primers ANEM16SA (5′--3′) and ANEM16SB (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 721-bp product of the cytochrome oxidase III (COIII) gene was amplified via primers (5′--3′) and (5′--3′) according to [72]. Finally, a 502-bp product of the 18S rRNA gene was amplified via primers 18S-3F (5′--3′) and 18S-5R (5′--3′) according to [73]. Annealing conditions of 55 °C, 51. 5 °C, 51 °C, and 54 °C were used for 12SrRNA, 16and 18S rRNA, respectively. Otherwise, all thermal protocols included the following steps: an initial 5 min denaturation at 94 °C, then 1 min at 94 °C, 1 min annealing step, and 1 min at 72 °C, for 30 cycles, and a final 5 min extension at 72 °C. Amplification products were sequenced directly using Sanger sequencing, via Laragen Inc. , and are available via GenBank (accession numbers MW148236-MW148237, MW165066, MW172213-MW172214, and MW172220-MW172221). Newly generated DNA sequences for Ostiactis pearseae (and those for morphotype identified as Kadosactinidae sp. B. in this contribution) were combined and analyzed with the dataset by [74] for each of the four markers (1: Table S1). Sequences for each marker were separately aligned in MAFFT v. 7 [75, 76], using the following settings: strategy, L-INS-I; scoring matrix for nucleotide sequences, 200PAM/k = 2; gap open penalty, 1. 53; offset value, 0. 05. Alignments for each marker were analyzed separately and as a concatenated dataset (alignments available on the ( For each gene region, the best model of nucleotide substitution was chosen using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) on jModeltest2 [77, 78] implemented on the [79]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details of genetic amplification methods and sequencing processes without mentioning deep-sea hydrothermal vents or ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Measurement-induced focusing and the magnitude of loss aversion: The difference between comparing gains to losses and losses to gains Published online by Press: 01 January 2023 andauthor details Fieke Harinck* Affiliation: Social and Organizational Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, P. O. Box 9555, 2300 : : Social and : Social and Organizational Psychology, * *Email sharinck@fsw. leidenuniv. nl 0. 14 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] has identified loss aversion as a strong and robust phenomenon, but has also revealed some moderators affecting the magnitude of its effect on decision making. In the current 10. 1017/S1930297500002795 [Opens in a new window] The authors license this 3. 0 License. © [2012] This is an 3. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 making decisions, decision-makers have to consider the potential outcomes, and thus consider the potential losses and gains that may occur. For example, when speculating on the stock exchange, we have to consider the potential losses (should stock go down) and the potential gains (should stocks go up). When making such decisions—especially when people directly compare potential losses and gains—people often give more weight to the losses (e. g. , and ThalerBenartzi & Thaler, 1995; and LevitKliger & Levit, 2009; Reference McGraw, Larsen, Kahneman and SchkadeMcGraw, Larsen, Kahneman & Schkade, 2010). This larger weight given to negative outcomes is generally referred to as loss aversion, i. e. , “losses loom larger than gains” (and MersmannKahneman & Tversky, 1979; Reference Liberman, Idson and HigginsLiberman, Idson, & Higgins, 2005; and KahnemanTversky & Kahneman, 1991, 1992; and GilbertWilson & Gilbert, 2005). In addition to stock market decisions, loss aversion has been used to explain many effects observed in the context of decision making such as the sunk cost effect (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that loss aversion is a 'strong and robust phenomenon' where people give more weight to losses compared to gains. It states that 'losses loom larger than gains,' which aligns directly with the definition of loss aversion presented in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: 056), which were observed twice at the same sampling site (TrP2). Species with a DP > 0. 70 were S. ruber (DP = 0. 71) and R. marina (DP = 0. 79), detected in different aquatic environments during the six months of monitoring (ChP1, ChP2, TrP1, TrP2, TrP3). The species Boana geographica (P = 0. 39), Boana punctata (P = 0. 49), and Scinax garbei (P = 0. 58) were consistently observed at the same site (ChP2) during the entire sampling time using VES. The DP of these three species when using eDNA corresponds to DP = 0. 83 (B. geographica), DP = 0. 75 (S. garbei), and DP = 0. 58 (B. punctata). This increase in DP with eDNA may be since MOTUs of these species were detected at several sites (ChP3, ChP2, TrP3, TrP2). Including all species, the DP for eDNA was 0. 42 CI [0. 40–0. 45] vs. 0. 17 CI [0. 14–0. 20] for VES (Fig. 4; eDNA and VES records, occupancy probability and detection data are available in The occupancy model was used to help estimate the true occupancy and DP of species at the site with margins of uncertainty (MacKenzie et al. , 2017). Figure 4: Detection probability using VES and eDNA monitoring methods. The probability was calculated for each species detected by the two techniques and for all species combined. Error bars represent the confidence interval (CI) of the analysis and n refers to the detection number of each method, for each species and for all species. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/fig-4 information generated from monitoring organisms using traditional and eDNA-based techniques is essential for ecological and conservation research (Bálint et al. , 2018; Angulo et al. , 2006). In this study, we monitored amphibian communities in aquatic environments using VES and eDNA techniques. A reference database that included 20 new DNA barcode sequences generated in this work was constructed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the use of both eDNA techniques and traditional methods like visual encounter surveys (VES) in monitoring amphibian communities. It mentions that eDNA provides a higher detection probability (DP) compared to VES, but still refers to the necessity of using traditional methods alongside eDNA for effective ecological and conservation research. This suggests that while eDNA may enhance monitoring, it is not presented as a complete replacement for traditional methods.