Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: , ecological resilience) in adjacent lentic and lotic (inflowing and outflowing rivers) habitats. Secondly, the study will look at the response of the macroinvertebrates communities above (inflowing river) and below (outflowing river) Lake Dres, as the lake itself disrupts the river continuum and acts as a barrier for drifting organisms. These objectives are based on two hypotheses: H1: the eradication actions should reverse fish impact (i. e. , weak or strong impacts should, respectively, produce minor or major changes in the macroinvertebrate communities following the recovery process). H2: the inflowing river should present higher resistance and resilience compared to the outflowing river, as the macroinvertebrate drift provided by lakes is negligible when compared to that provided by streams. Fig. 1Study area: () and surrounding aquatic habitats. Water flows in SE-NW direction. Fish eradication involved and the river sections between B1 and B2 (which are waterfalls acting as barriers for upstream fish movements). Fish are naturally absent above B1 and still present downstream B2, which prevent their reinvasion; neither the pond NE of was colonized by brook trout nor was the intermittent river section below it. 2 Methods 2. 1 Study area and fish population history (latitude N 45°24′45′′; longitude E 07°13′25′′; altitude 2087 m a. s. l. ; surface: 2. 6 ha; maximum depth: 7. 4 m; Fig. 1) lies at the local timberline and is a typical alpine lake with oligotrophic (mean ± SD phosphorus concentration = 4. 3 ± 2. 5 μg L−1; N = 22), transparent (Radiation attenuation coefficient − k = 0. 29 ± 0. 08; N = 17), low conductivity (mean ± SD conductivity at 20 °C = 24. 9 ± 6. 9 μS cm−1; N = 22), and circum-neutral (pH = 7. 0 ± 0. 5; N = 22) waters (measures from a monitoring campaign from 2008 to 2017; Tiberti et al. , 2019b). has a single outflowing river (NW of the lake) and several tributaries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the study of aquatic ecosystems, particularly focusing on a lake and its impact on inflowing and outflowing river habitats. It describes various ecological components of the lake and associated rivers, indicating that the study is relevant to the field of limnology, which encompasses the study of lakes (lentic) and rivers (lotic).


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: However, the major challenge with traditional long-term diet interventions is that they take a long time for subjects to see a difference, and many people abandon them while being discouraged during the lag phase. The ability to test reliably for changes in our gut microbes could change this. Zeevi et al. (2015) take a dramatic step forward in addressing this challenge at the individual rather than the population level and can help to explain our individual differences. They show that by measuring microbiome responses in 800 people using 16S rRNA and shotgun metagenomic profiling to assess taxonomy and function, respectively, and collecting fine-grained data on blood glucose levels, they can reveal how the gut microbiome in individuals can make a food healthy for one person and unhealthy for another. Intriguingly, their machine learning models only work well when microbial biomarkers are included, reinforcing the message that we need to include our gut microbes in predictive models of our health (Figure 1). Figure 1 Modulation of Diversity with to 2 DiabetesShow full captionFood patterns that provide both complex carbohydrates and greater levels of phytonutrients such as polyphenols can increase gut bacterial diversity and reduce postprandial glucose response. Such communities may protect against type 2 diabetes. The personalized nutrition approach pioneered by Zeevi et al. may help us understand which of these types of features will apply to everyone and which will need to be applied to specific individuals. Geneticists have long recognized the importance of host genes in our response to food. Classical twin studies showed that weight gain in response to overfeeding or calorie restriction was highly variable between people but strongly determined by genes (Bouchard et al. , 1990). Similarly, our choice and preference for which foods we ingest (e. g. , how much we like burgers, garlic, or salads) is also strongly genetically determined (Pallister et al. , 2015). What is not yet clear is how these large individual variations could be explained by our microbes—unless our genes determine which microbes we have. Individual microbial species might even secrete metabolites that increase our preference for certain foods, which, in turn, keep their gene pool alive. Zeevi et al. also found some fascinating diet-microbe interactions that can be explained in terms of known interactions and that point the way toward a more comprehensive view of microbes and health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that personalized nutrition cannot guarantee that individuals can eat anything without gaining weight. It discusses the variability in individual responses to diet based on genetics and gut microbiome interactions, indicating that what is healthy for one person may not be for another. The mention of how weight gain response is highly variable among different people, as supported by classical twin studies, reinforces that personalized nutrition is complex and does not provide a simple guarantee as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: in Leaf Litter: A Comparison of Field and to 207. ––to 208. Intraseasonal variation in the δ15N signature of taiga trees and shrubsKnut Kielland, Bruce Barnett, and Go to 209. Contribution of micro‐organisms to the carbon dynamics in black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest soil in to 210. Rivers and Soils: Parallels in Carbon and Go to 211. Role in Ecosystem and Go to 212. Why Mars? —Even under the condition of critical factor constraint engineering technology may permit the establishment and maintenance of an inhabitable ecosystem on to 213. Soil carbon cycling at a black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest stand in Saskatchewan, to 214. Carbon distribution and aboveground net primary production in aspen, jack pine, and black spruce stands in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, to 215. Accumulation and turnover of carbon in organic and mineral soils of the northern study area Go to 216. Effect of fire on soil‐atmosphere exchange of methane and carbon dioxide in Canadian boreal forest sites Go to 217. Herbivores, the of Plants Species, and the Cycling of Nutrients in to 218. Mass loss measurements and statistical models to predict decomposition of leaf litter in a boreal aspen forest Go to 219. Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer - broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fireL Finér, C Messier, and L De Grandpré Go to 220. 50 to 221. of Moose in Landscape Processes: Effects of Biogeography, Population Dynamics, and to 222. of to 223. 224. Litter decomposition in western red cedar and western hemlock forests on northern Vancouver Island, British. Pastor, and B. to 225. Unsolved problems of Boreal regions Go to 226. Elevated CO2 reduces field decomposition rates of Betula pendula (Roth. ) leaf litter Go to 227. Decomposition of mediterranean leaf litters: A microcosm experiment investigating relationships between decomposition rates and litter quality Go to 228. to 229. Carbon and nutrient mineralization and fungal spore composition of fecal pellets from voles in to 230. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the capability of fungi to decompose organic matter and contribute to nutrient cycling. Instead, it provides a series of references to various research topics related to carbon dynamics and decomposition, but lacks explicit support or contradiction of the claim about fungi specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: IRD Éditions › Hors collection › The inland water fishes of Africa › Fish communities in small aquatic ecosys. . . IRD Éditions IRD Éditions Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Liens vers le livre Informations sur la couverture Rechercher dans le livre Table des matièresCiterPartagerCité par Formats de lecture détaillé Texte intégral Salt and alkaline lakes Gueltas and chotts: the Sahara fish fauna Fish communities of caves Crater lakes Notes de bas de page en haut de page Aller en bas de page The inland water fishes of livre est recensé par Naviguer dans le livre Précédent diversity of aquatic environments Variability of climate and hydrological systems African fossil fish General characteristics of ichthyological fauna Geographical distribution and affinities of African freshwater fishes Biogeography and past history of ichthyological faunas Diversity of African fish: heritage of evolution Taxonomy and systematics Life-history strategies and ontogeny Diets and food webs Diversity of responses to environmental constraints and extreme environmental conditions richness of fish communities Diversity of fish habitats Role of fish in ecosystem functioning Fish communities in river systems and associated biotopes Fish communities in rift lakes Fish communities in shallow lakes Fish communities in small aquatic ecosystems: caves, gueltas, crater and salt lakes Fish communities in estuaries and lagoons Species introductions Impacts of human activities culture 7. 5. In addition, many soda lakes also contain high concentrations of sodium chloride and other dissolved salts, making them saline lakes as well. High pH and salinity often coincide. 7Salt and soda lakes form when the water flowing into the lake, containing salt or minerals, cannot leave because the lake is endorheic (without outlet). The water then evaporates, leaving behind dissolved salts and thus increasing its salinity, making a salt lake an excellent place for salt production. 8The hypersaline and highly alkalic soda lakes are considered some of the most extreme aquatic environments on Earth. In spite of their apparent inhospitableness, soda lakes are often highly productive ecosystems, compared to their (pH-neutral) freshwater counterparts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of inland water ecosystems, including fish communities in different aquatic environments such as small ecosystems, lakes, and rivers. It emphasizes the diversity and roles of these ecosystems, which aligns with the definition of limnology as the study of inland aquatic systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: For example, authors mentioned that the average post-prandial glucose response (PPGR) to rice and potatoes was relatively high, whereas that for dark chocolate was relatively low, in agreement with published data. In food crops such as rice and potatoes, non-nutrient bioactive components such as polyphenols co-occur along with macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Historically, farm-to-fork operations have been focused on maximizing yield, storability, and processing. Although these variables are important, content and composition of polyphenols in the food are rarely considered even in today’s nutritional studies. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary polyphenols alter carbohydrate metabolism in humans in several ways: they attenuate postprandial glycemic responses and glucose uptake fasting hyperglycemia, and improve acute insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity (Hanhineva et al. , 2010). A recent clinical trial showing clear long-term health benefits of the Mediterranean diet over low-fat diets (Estruch et al. , 2013) may result from higher levels and variety of natural polyphenols in Mediterranean foods. Recent studies indicate that dietary polyphenols contribute to maintenance of gut health by increasing species diversity and stimulating growth of beneficial bacteria (i. e. , faecalibacterium, lactobacilli, and bifidobacteria), which are low in type 2 diabetic patients, while inhibiting pathogenic bacteria such as C. perfringens and C. histolyticum. Thus, there is tremendous potential to make a difference in population-level health by selecting staple crops that are naturally high in polyphenolic content and establishing farm-to-fork operations that retain these key compounds and their health-benefiting properties (Vanamala, 2015). Indeed, purple-fleshed potato cultivars contain approximately 2–3 times greater levels of polyphenols compared to their white potato counterparts. Recently, a human clinical study showed that the low glycemic index of colored potatoes could be related to their polyphenol content (Ramdath et al. , 2014). Thus, it is critical to consider not only the fiber and micronutrient content of foods but also the phytonutrient content to improve our dietary recommendations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how specific dietary components, like polyphenols, can significantly influence carbohydrate metabolism and postprandial glucose responses. It highlights that individual food items, such as rice, potatoes, and dark chocolate, have varying effects on glucose levels and overall health, suggesting that personalized nutrition is more complex than simply fitting foods to a genetic profile. The text emphasizes that dietary choices impact health outcomes and should not be solely based on genetic compatibility, countering the claim's assertion of an unrestricted dietary approach.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Influence of the N and P status of plant material and of added N and P on the mineralization of C from 14C-labelled ryegrass in soil Go to 231. of to 232. Interactions between 14C-labelled atrazine and the soil microbial biomass in relation to herbicide degradation Go to 233. in the Go to 234. Decomposition of birch leaf litters with varying C-to-N ratios Go to 235. Changes in nutrient availability and forest floor characteristics in relation to stand age and forest composition in the southern part of the boreal forest of northwestern to 236. An assessment of the possible impact of expansion of native woodland cover on the chemistry of Scottish freshwaters Go to 237. Soil carbon cycling in a Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) plantation Go to 238. Development patterns in young conifer‐hardwood forests of interior to 239. Direct and of on in Go to 240. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 241. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 242. Nutrient cycling strategies Go to 243. Nitrogen cycling and dynamic analysis of man made larch forest ecosystem Go to 244. Removal of nitrogen during needle senescence in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. ) Go to 245. Decomposition of tree leaf litters grown under elevated CO2: Effect of litter quality Go to 246. Influence of herbicide applications on the decomposition, microbial biomass, and microbial activity of pasture shoot and root litter Go to 247. Microsite and regional variation in the potential decay rate of Sphagnum magellanicum in south Swedish raised bogs Go to 248. The influence of different forest organic matter on the growth of one-year old planted Norway spruce seedlings in a greenhouse experiment Go to 249. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments. 11. Nutrient concentrations in decomposing Picea abies needle litter Go to 250. Changes in the forest floor of Canadian southern boreal forest after disturbance Go to 251. Phosphorus and nitrogen dynamics during field incubations in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 252. Forest responses to CO2 enrichment and climate warming Go to 253. Moose herbivory, browse quality, and nutrient cycling in an Alaskan treeline community Go to 254. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fungi's role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various aspects of soil, nitrogen, phosphorus, and litter decomposition without specific mention of fungi's contribution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Knowing that the species no longer occurs in the Chad and the lower Nile, it could well be the relict of a more ancient fish fauna extending northwards, and whose representatives later disappeared from Sudanese river basins. It may well be that B. apleurogramma from Ennedi was part of an ancient fauna which was more widely distributed than nowadays, and whose representatives probably disappeared during an arid climatic phase, with relict populations subsisting in particular zones. That could imply that the isolation of B. apleurogramma would be older than the last humid period. Fish communities in chotts27The chotts, vast shallow temporary lakes of saline character, lie along the northern border of the Sahara, in the Sahara/Mediterranean transition zone, and are large salt flats. Some are flooded every winter; others seldom carry surface water. In Algeria, chotts are the major wetlands. Most of the chotts are of importance to wintering and migrating waterfowl, and support large numbers of ducks. Conversely, due to their high salinity and also because water is not generally perennial, most of the chotts are not inhabited by fish. 28However, there are some exceptions such as the and Chott el Fedjadj complex in Tunisia (Doadrio, 1994). The chotts proper are devoid of fish, amphibians, reptiles or mammals. By contrast much more diverse floras and faunas, including fishes, are found in the beds of the oueds that feed the chotts and in the springs around the margins. Several species of fish live in the oases, including Aphanius fasciatus, Barbus callensis, Clarias gariepinus, Haplochromis desfontainesi and Hemichromis bimaculatus (Doadrio, 1994). Oreochromis niloticus, Poecilia reticulata and Gambusia affinis have been introduced, this last one for mosquito control. 29In Egypt, (or or Lake Moeris) (figure 21. 3) was freshwater in prehistory, but it is a saltwater lake today and could be compared to a chott. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about fish species and their habitats, specifically discussing the chotts and their ecosystems. However, it does not directly address limnology or define it as the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim since it does not corroborate or contrast it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Last year, using twins and 16S rRNA gene sequencing to read out the microbiota, we showed that human gene variation is associated with differences in abundance of gut microbes (Goodrich et al. , 2014). The increased correlations in identical twins and the resulting heritabilities were modest, but will likely be shown to be greater when more comprehensive metagenomic sequencing is used. Nearly 100 gene variants have been associated with body weight, but although this trait is 70% heritable, human gene variants explain < 5% of the variability. Some of this missing heritability could be due to interactions with our microbes. Studies of humans in the future must therefore account for both host and microbe genetics. Using identical twins discordant for diets or microbial species may be an ideal way of mirroring mouse diet experiments in the most important model—humans. Although the study by Zeevi et al. (2015) focuses on diet, the microbial and metabolic variability in response to drugs is also very high. A range of drugs from acetaminophen to cyclophosphamide have now been shown to have differential toxicity or efficacy depending on the host microbiome. With improved wearable sensors for a range of physiological conditions and perhaps blood, fecal, or urine metabolites, especially coupled to microbial readouts performed in real time, we can imagine a future where routinely measuring and controlling our microbiomes allows us to redefine our relationships to our diets and health. 1. Bouchard, C. ∙ Tremblay, A. ∙ Després, J. P. . . . N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 322:1477-1482CrossrefScopus (1059)PubMed2. David, L. A. ∙ Maurice, C. F. ∙ Carmody, R. N. . . . Nature. 2014; 505:559-563CrossrefScopus (6919)PubMed3. Estruch, R. ∙ Ros, E. ∙ Salas-Salvadó, J. . . . ,. Engl. J. Med. 2013; 368:1279-1290CrossrefScopus (3482)PubMed4. Goodrich, J. K. ∙ Waters, J. L. ∙ Poole, A. C. . . . Cell. 2014; 159:789-799Full Text(PDF)Scopus (2186)PubMed5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that although human genetics has some influence on body weight, the specific gene variants identified account for less than 5% of the variability in body weight. It mentions the complex interplay of human genes and gut microbes, and emphasizes that diet interactions can be more influential. Therefore, the assertion that personalized nutrition can guarantee weight maintenance based solely on genetic profile is misleading, as numerous other factors contribute significantly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Response of soil microbial biomass and plant litter decomposition to weed management strategies in maize and asparagus cropping systems Go to 255. to Co2 Enrichment and Go to 256. A review of internal cycling of nitrogen within trees in relation to soil fertility Go to 257. Tropical soils could dominate the short-term carbon cycle feedbacks to increased global temperatures Go to 258. Decomposition in forest and fallow subarctic soils Go to 259. Mechanisms controlling soil respiration (CO2 and CH4) in southern peatlands Go to 260. Effects of plant species on nutrient cycling Go to 261. Aspects of the interaction between vegetation and soil under global change Go to 262. to 263. Litter production and decomposition dynamics in moist deciduous forests of the in Go to 264. for Aspen and in the Go to 265. Abiotic and litter quality control during the decomposition of different plant parts in dry tropical bamboo savanna in to 266. Immobilization and availability of N and P in the forest floors of fertilized coniferous forests Go to 267. Environmental and physiological factors governing nutrient resorption efficiency in barley Go to 268. Aspects of the Vegetation and Go to 269. Line in a Go to 270. Controls over Production by to 271. Responses of Soils to Go to 272. Comparison of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and metabolic activity in ecosystems Go to 273. Seasonal and annual carbon fluxes in a boreal forest landscape Go to 274. Atmosphere‐biosphere exchange of carbon dioxide in boreal forests Go to 275. Leaf demography and the seasonal internal cycling of nitrogen in sycamore ( Acer pseudoplatanus L. ) seedlings in relation to nitrogen supply Go to 276. Decomposition of water hyacinth detritus in eutrophic lake water Go to 277. in Taiga Forests: State-Go to 278. Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure Go to 279. Release of mineral nitrogen from plant root nodules Go to 280. Relationships between fungal and bacterial substrate-induced respiration, biomass and plant residue decomposition Go to 281. Effects of Stresses on to 282. Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of litter in long‐term optimum nutrition experiments Go to 283. Species effects on nitrogen cycling: a test with perennial grasses Go to 284. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various aspects of soil microbial biomass, plant litter decomposition, nutrient cycling, and related environmental factors. As such, it does not directly support, contradict, or address the claim about fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 49The impact (meteoritic) crater (Ghana) is dominated by cichlids, while the non-cichlids predominate in the riverine situations. More than 37 streams drain into the lake, but only five of these are permanent and the main source of water entering is rainwater flowing inwards from the crater rim (Whyte, 1975). Unlike the crater lakes of Cameroon, no endemic species and species flock can be found in this lake. Due to its age (± 1. 07 million years ago) and the isolation of this lake, it is strange that no endemic species had developed, as observed in Cameroon. Perhaps the geological history and the climate alternation in the region are the main reasons. Locals consider this a sacred lake where souls of the dead come to bid farewell to the god Twi. Due to local beliefs, fishing here is only allowed from wooden planks (padua) (figure 21. 8) – it is taboo to touch the water with iron. 21. 8. Only wooden planks (‘padua’) can be used for fishing in (© IRD/C. Lévêque). Conservation50Despite the high levels of endemicity and the unique behaviours of the fish that live in these lakes, conservation efforts to protect the lakes’ecosystems are poor. Such unique lake environments and endemic species are clearly of national and international importance. The small size of the lakes renders them extremely vulnerable to even minor disturbances. In particular, the most diverse and famous lake, Barombi Mbo, is under immediate threat. Partial deforestation of the interior crater rim has already taken place because of increased demand for agricultural land by the local Barombi people and by people from nearby Kumba town. This is likely to cause increased erosion and consequently increased sediment input into the oligotrophic lake system. Water extraction has also temporarily caused lake level alterations, which have changed breeding habitat needs for some of the endemic cichlid species, especially Sarotherdon linnellii (Schliewen, 2005). The use of modern gillnets has supposedly decreased populations of target fish species, although all fish species are still present in the lake (Schliewen, 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of limnology, specifically focusing on the lake ecosystem and its unique characteristics, such as the impact of cichlids and the significance of conservation for these aquatic systems. It highlights the importance of studying inland aquatic environments, which falls under the scope of limnology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Physical ill-health outcomesSelf-rated physical health status was measured with the item, “In general, how would you rate your physical health status? ” reported on a 0 (= very poor) to 10 (= excellent) visual analogue scale. Self-rated (poor) physical health was defined as 0–6. 0 (7. 0 being the median). Care-provider diagnosed chronic physical conditions including diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, chronic lung disease, osteoporosis, and cancer. ADL disability was sourced from a 4-item (dressing, washing, eating, and bathing) modified ADL scale [36]. Response options ranged from 0= “able to do it all by myself” to 3 = “need help for all steps”. ADL disability was defined as one of the four elements that cannot be done alone. (Cronbach’s α = 0. 93 at wave 1, 0. 90 at wave 2 and 0. 92 at wave 3). Life style factor outcomesTobacco smoking asked for, “Have you ever smoked cigarettes? ” (“1 = yes, and still smoke now, 2 = yes, but quit smoking, and 3 = never”). Hazardous alcohol use was sourced from questions on the amount and frequency of alcohol use, and defined as ≥ 3–4 and ≥ 5 standard units of alcoholic beverages for women and men, respectively, per week. Physical activity/exercise (frequency: “How often do you exercise? ” (days a week) and duration of any type: “On the day you exercise, how long do you exercise? ” (minutes), was grouped into “none = inactivity, 1–149 min/week = low activity, and ≥ 150 min/week = high activity in the past week. ” [37]. Index (BMI) was sourced from self-reported body weight/height, and classified following Asian cut-offs criteria into “underweight (< 18. 5 kg/m2), normal weight (18. 5–22. 9 kg/m2), overweight (23–24. 9 kg/m2), obesity class I (25-29. 9 kg/m2) and obesity class II (30 + kg/m2)” [38]. Mortality outcomeMortality is measured by survival and exposure to death. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses physical health outcomes, methods for measuring health status, and lifestyle factors, but does not mention biohacking, the optimization of physical and mental health, or the technology associated with it. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast for the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1487543/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 8You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSecondary contact zones can provide valuable evolutionary and ecological insights for elucidating patterns of divergent lineage evolution. The tertiary relict flora in can be divided into northern (“NEA”) and southern (“SEA”) regions. To date however, secondary contact zones of lineages from the NEA and SEA regions have rarely been studied. To test whether introgression occur between the ancient lineages and their evolutionary and ecological consequences, we conducted detailed genetic and ecological work within a maple hybrid zone in North China. Genetic structures of both adults and seeds populations were characterized. Spatial genetic pattern was checked along an altitude gradient. Flowering phenology was analyzed to test the existence of assortative mating. Leaf and fruit morphologies were compared between lineages. Our study confirm introgression occur between NEA and SEA lineages. Post-pollinator barriers predominantly contribute to a reduction in interlineage gene flow. Ecological niche differs between lineages along an altitudinal gradient. We clarify a long-standing classification debate with respect to Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, though there are extensive morphological variation and overlaps between the species pair. Our study represents the first few detailed evolution and ecological investigation focusing on ancient NEA-SEA lineages hybrid zone. Acerecological niche divergenceflowering phenologymorphology variationreproductive barrierssecondary contact zoneFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3IntroductionGlobally, harbors the most diverse temperate flora, among which there are numerous Tertiary relict species 8–11. Milne and Abbott 12 have proposed that there are two independent relict species regions within East Asia, with one being centered in South/Southeast China, with extensions to the Himalayas (hereafter “SEA”) and the other in a region encompassing Northeast China, the Korean Peninsula, and the (hereafter “NEA”) (Fig. 1a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses evolutionary and ecological insights related to hybrid zones in modern maple lineages, rather than addressing fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Water pollution from insecticide use in small farms within the crater rim and from increased wastewater inflow from the small Barombi village is also likely to affect the lake’s ecosystem. Last but not least, the introduction of exotic fish species most likely would have disastrous results. Although no direct action has been planned, the mere chance that either molluscivorous fish species for bilharzia control or nonindigenous tilapias for increased fishery revenue would be introduced is a serious threat (Schliewen, 2005). These threats to also largely apply to the other lakes. 51Among conservation recommendations that have been proposed, the following summary can be given (Mc& Gibson, 2011):threat assessments;formal designation of lakes as legally and practically protected aquatic nature reserves of national and international importance;ex situ programmes for the conservation breeding of species at risk, with the prospect of eventual reintroduction in appropriate circumstances. 52Despite the persistent threats outlined above, a survey of Mbo in 2002 found all fish species to still be present (Schliewen 2005). However, many of the species present are threatened (even sensu IUCN), but there have been no recorded fish or invertebrate population declines to the point of extinction in any of the crater lakes. Nevertheless, continued vigilance, conservation monitoring, threat assessment, mitigation and protective measures certainly remain highly appropriate. Notes de bas de page 1 Originally, wadi refers to a dry (ephemeral) riverbed of that contains water only during times of heavy rain or simply an intermittent stream. Nevertheless, in the Maghreb, the term wadi is, most of the time, applied to all rivers including regular ones. 2 For the evolution from Mega-Chad to marshy Chad, see also 10. 1002/9781394163878. refs Ouahb, Sara. Bousseba, Meriem. Ferraj, Loubna. El Moujtahid, Aziz. Hasnaoui, Mustapha. (2021) Weight-length relationship and relative condition factor of Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède, 1802), Cyprinus carpio (Linneaus, 1758) and Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) caught in the Al-Lake. E3S Web of Conferences, 314. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ecosystem of a specific lake and its associated threats, thereby reflecting the broader subject matter of limnology. By focusing on the aquatic ecosystem and conservation of fish species, the text pertains directly to the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, which includes lakes as mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: He was able to strengthen his friendships and practice new skills for boundary-setting and interpersonal effectiveness. As treatment termination neared, the last sessions focused on brainstorming strategies for maintaining his progress, particularly since the workload at his company continued to increase. ConclusionsPsychological interventions for mental disorders were found effective in numerous research trials. However, gaps in training, availability, access, dissemination, and cost impede the successful delivery of these interventions [46]. These are enhanced by privacy and data storage regulations, which are key for maintaining clients’ rights and trust [47]. The ever-growing demand for mental health care requires optimizing clinician decision-making using data collected passively [48]. Our goal was to highlight key issues for optimizing available mental health services and to demonstrate how a therapeutic intelligence platform can support this process. This paper presents a novel approach to collecting comprehensive data on treatment progress. The implementation of ML models and AI in behavioral health care is a rapidly moving and innovative field, with the potential to significantly improve screening and clinical outcomes [49,50]. Accurate data can provide more information about the patient and can be translated into clinical decisions faster. Experts strive to base their decisions on data. Primary physicians, heart surgeons, physiotherapists, and other health professionals all function better when they review the patient's most recent tests and laboratory results prior to the appointment. Therefore, using real-time data is equally important in enhancing the work of mental health professionals [51]. Technologies that are scalable, cost-effective, and that enhance quality without burden can help therapists harness their efforts into providing more effective interventions with increased fidelity to data-informed treatments. Setting out clear performance targets in the training, provision, and implementation of evidence-enhanced treatments will enable health care services to continually improve. Nondisruptive measures are poised to ensure nearly effortless data collection, and innovative methods that inform clinicians and other stakeholders of the patient’s progress will likely make treatments more relevant and engaging [52]. Some caveats to the model described here should be mentioned. platform was illustrated through its use in an outpatient setting, with a client who was relatively high functioning and a therapist that was tech-savvy and interested in using novel digital programs. Usability testing, user reviews, and long-term engagement with any product are key to realizing the practicality and helpfulness of new tools over time [53]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address biohacking or its relationship with lifestyle changes and technology for optimizing health. Instead, it discusses psychological interventions, mental health services, and the use of technology in behavioral health care, which does not specifically corroborate, contrast, or relate to the claim about biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: It is speculated that a climatic barrier, demarcated by an arid belt around the Plain, may mediate the divergence of SEA and NEA flora. Taxonomically, numerous SEA–NEA divergence patterns have been reported at the genus level or above 12,13. Moreover, some species (or species pair) have been reported to show a clear SEA–NEA divergence 14–19, which may provide evidence to indicate that long-standing barriers continue to play important roles in recent evolutionary processes. From the studied cases, it can be speculated that Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan constitute major meeting corridors of NEA and SEA lineages 19. However, although hybridization events have been reported to occur within these putative corridors 16,20, fewer studies have been conducted to investigate the evolutionary and ecological consequences of these secondary contact zones. Accordingly, it would be of particular interest to determine whether NEA and SEA lineages actually undergo mergence, introgression, or reinforcement within these contact zones, and also whether they have ecological niche and trait divergence. Such insights would undoubtedly enhance our current understanding of the evolution of the two relict lineages, and clarify the overlooked importance of in biodiversity origin6. Characterizing genetic structures within hybrid zones is a major approach that can be used to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary lineage contact 21. Under circumstances in which there are larger populations of parental lineages than hybrids (bimodal pattern), the two lineages can be considered largely reproductively isolated e. g. 22,23−26, whereas when most individuals are hybrids (unimodal pattern), there may be an absence of reproductive barriers between the two lineages 20,27. Moreover, when most hybrids are F1 individuals, the gene flow between lineages is weak, whereas when most hybrids are backcrosses, introgression may occur between lineages 26,28. A further important character is the width of hybrid zones, with narrower hybrid zones indicating stronger reproductive isolation between lineages 29. Moreover, differing strengths of pre-zygotic and/or post-zygotic barriers may lead to varied genetic structures within hybrid zones 30. Hence, characterizing the genetic structure and width of hybrid zones would be predicted to yield valuable insights regarding the evolutionary and ecological consequences of hybridization. China, two sister species, Acer pictum subsp. mono and A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses divergence patterns of flora in SEA and NEA, hybridization events, and genetic structures within hybrid zones, which may relate to evolutionary processes, but does not explicitly connect to the claim concerning fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: HomeIJHSeasonal abundance biomass and morphological diversity of picoplankton in lake superior importance of water column mixing Submit manuscript. . . of eISSN: 2576-4454 197. DOI: 10. 15406/ijh. 2017. 01. 00034 often regulate the trophic dynamics and key biogeochemical cycles in pelagic environments. That said, comparatively little I known about their seasonal contribution to carbon cycling in Lake Superior, one of the largest lakes world-wide, where attempts to reconcile the carbon and N budgets have not been straightforward. Here, we presented some of few seasonal estimates for both heterotrophic (Hpico) and phototrophic (Ppico) picoplankton abundance, biomass, and morphological diversity in (n=36). Seasonal samples were collected at two offshore stations in the central basin of on six cruises conducted at monthly intervals (May- October 2013). Fractionated chlorophyll analysis revealed that algae in the 2-20 μm size category (nanoplankton) constituted > 50% of the assemblage while the Ppico size fraction constituted ~25% (total chlorophyll < 1 μg • L-1). assemblage was dominated by simply cocci-forms (i. e. , eubacteria). Hpico abundance ranged from 140 to 871 x 103 cells • mL-1, and on average, supported ~8-fold greater numbers compared with the abundance of Ppico (19 to 146 x 103 cells • mL-1). Ppico was dominated by phycoerythrin-rich, single-celled taxa, whose abundance was relatively constant from May-September. The concentration of chlorophyll, Hpico (bacteria), and pico- eukaryotes increased with mixing depth; however, chlorophyll and Ppico numbers exhibited a 2-fold increase in October when bacterial numbers were at their lowest level. Despite these differences in seasonal dynamics, overall carbon estimates for both Hpico and Ppico were comparable, and collectively constituted a substantial faction of plankton carbon in the lake (mean 11. 27 and 11. 00 μgC • L-1, respectively), indicating their importance in reconciling the carbon budget for Lake Superior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the seasonal dynamics in Lake Superior and how these relate to trophic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles in pelagic environments. The mention of 'mixing depth' affecting the concentration of chlorophyll and various picoplankton suggests that seasonal mixing plays a crucial role in distributing nutrients and maintaining ecological balance, aligning with the claim about lakes undergoing seasonal mixing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Further, evidence from more case reports, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses is needed to render these technologies pertinent, empirically supported, and easily applied in clinical settings. The effective implementation of mental health care requires new approaches for developing, implementing, and evaluating interventions. A person-centered approach that capitalizes on greater data insights will certainly enhance the therapeutic process. Technology can help make efforts in this direction scalable and more efficient, thereby increasing the effects of behavioral interventions and reducing the burden of mental health problems worldwide. 1249. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Quantifying the Learning. JAMA Psychiatry. Jan 01, 2020;77(1):35-43. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Kazdin A. Addressing the treatment gap: A key challenge for extending evidence-based psychosocial interventions. Ther. Jan 2017;88:7-18. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Sadeh-Sharvit S. Use of Technology in the Assessment and Treatment of in Youth. . Oct 2019;28(4):653-661. [CrossRef] [Medline]Topol E. Deep medicine: how artificial intelligence can make healthcare human again. New York, NY. Basic Books; 2019. Scott K, Lewis CC. Using Measurement-to Treatment. Pract. Feb 2015;22(1):49-59. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Fortney JC, Unützer A for Measurement-Based Care. PS. Feb 2017;68(2):179-188. [CrossRef]Nasrallah H, Aboraya A. It's time to implement measurement-based care in psychiatric practice. Current Psychiatry. 2019;18(6):6-8. [FREE Full text] Measurement-Care for Major Depression:. Psychiatry. Oct 2015;172(10):1004-1013. [CrossRef] [Medline]. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Med. Sep 2001;16(9):606-613. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]öwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Med. May 22, 2006;166(10):1092-1097. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address biohacking or provide evidence supporting or contrasting the claim. Instead, it discusses the need for evidence in implementing mental health care technologies and emphasizes a person-centered approach. The focus is on the importance of technology in mental health interventions rather than on the concept of biohacking itself.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: truncatum, are reported to be sympatrically distributed and constitute the predominant components of the deciduous forests 31–33. However, there is wide debate regarding the classification of these two species. Although many scientists treat A. truncatum as a separate species, some still consider it to be a subspecies of A. pictum. In this regard, the two species are generally distinguished based on a comparison of the respective leaf and fruits morphologies. However, given the wide variability in traits, their validity in differentiating these species is questionable. According to Flora of China, the leaf base of A. truncatum is typically truncate, whereas that of A. pictum subsp. mono is generally heart-shaped. Furthermore, in A. truncatum, the fruit wing is generally as long as the seed, whereas it is considerably longer in A. pictum subsp. mono. However, we have observed marked variations in leaf and fruit morphologies, even within a single tree (personal observations). Consequently, given the dubious merits of the established morphological diagnoses, it remains unclear whether these are two reproductively compatible species or a single species characterized by a large morphological variation. By treating these trees as a species complex (hereafter “Acer”), a previous phylogeographical study identified a clear NEA–SEA nuclear genetic division, with the two lineages co-existing in 14. However, compared with other species studies in this region 16,20, only two sampled Acer populations have been found to show clear sympatric distribution at a local scale 14,18 (Fig. 1b). This thus raises the questions as to why there are so few populations comprising sympatrically distributed NEA-SEA lineages within secondary contact zones and the factors govern the spatial distribution of the two lineages. Moreover, it would be of interest to determine whether the two lineages can hybridize and, if so, the extent of hybridization, and also to establish whether the two genetic lineages correspond to the A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum species division. By answering these questions, we can gain valuable insights into the evolutionary and ecological processes occurring subsequent to NEA–SEA lineage secondary contact, as well as going some way to clarifying the long-standing uncertainty regarding the taxonomic status of A. pictum subsp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the classification and genetic relationship between two species of trees, A. truncatum and A. pictum, discussing their morphological variability and sympatric distribution. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: 29 Pairwise comparisons were made with Kuel’s multiple means comparisons (alpha 0. 05). column conditions During this study, exhibited typical seasonal changes in temperature and other biogeochemical characteristics with depth in the water column;30,31 these seasonal patterns (monthly) were consistent among the two offshore stations sampled here (Figure 2 for profiles taken at LS-1). and June, the water column at both stations was isothermal average temperature (2. 3-3. 3 °C among depths); conductivity and chlorophyll exhibited iso-grade profiles with depth and the photic zone occupied the upper 40 m of the water column (>1% surface irradiance). In July, the water column began to stratify with surface temperature of 5-7 °C in the upper 15 m of the water column; water below 15 m was ~4. 5 °C throughout. The photic zone was 39-42 m in depth and a deep chlorophyll layer was present at 30 m depth. Interestingly, some differences were noted at LS2, where the water temperatures were isothermal at 4. 5 °C. In August, a well-developed thermocline was present (15 to 30 m depth); the epilimnion temperature was 12-16 °C and occupied the upper 15 m of the water column. The hypolimnion was present at >40 m depth, where water temperatures ranged from 4. 6 to 3. 3 °C. At this time, a deep chlorophyll maximum was evident in the vicinity below the thermocline (peak at 40 m depth) and the photic zone extended to a depth of between 30-35 m depth at the two stations with absolute PAR values in the surface waters < 400 µmols due to cloud cover. During September, the thermocline depth had become more pronounced and deepened to 15-35 m in depth, although the epilimnion temperature showed no change from July. Again, chlorophyll concentrations in the deep chlorophyll layer were 3-4 fold higher compared with those in the epilimnion. The photic zone extended to a depth of ~35 m. In October, surface water began to cool (epilimnion temperature 9-10 °C), the depth of the epilimnion deepened to 40m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning consistent seasonal changes in temperature and biogeochemical characteristics within the water column, which are indicative of the processes involved in seasonal mixing or turnover. It describes the stratification of the water column in July and August, as wells as the varying temperatures and chlorophyll concentrations, which implies the distribution of nutrients and oxygen within the lake, aligning with the claim that these processes are essential for lake health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking involves using lifestyle changes and technology to optimize physical and mental health. [SEP] Text: Since the implementation of ART to treat HIV, hyperlipidemia has been a burden and a conceivable complication to PLHIV. Earlier studies reveal the urgency of eliminating reversible risk factors such as smoking and sedentary life to avoid further health complications, like coronary artery disease [33]. Medications to treat hyperlipidemia are useful in combination with lifestyle modifications like boosting cardiopulmonary fitness, favorable diet, and quitting smoking [31]. As the ART medication cocktails evolves more effectively in lengthening life expectancy in PLHIV, numerous lifestyle modifications should be incorporated. The current study and outcomes reflected the association between cd4 values and a lipid profile, making noticeable that regardless of the Cd4 number (high or low cd4), hyperlipidemia is a likelihood, followed by the increased risk of coronary artery disease, which is an issue worth assessing in PLHIV in all stages of the disease. Our study further recommends discerning body composition (for instance, body mass index) to trace body fat distribution across the participant's life. The aforementioned is one crucial limitation of this study. Since data collection was acquired through participant’s records, not an interview, body composition measurements were not compiled in more than 75% of the interviews, thus currently missing from the participant’s history; therefore, we were unable to acquire this piece of information. This study highlights the distinctions between high and low immune system status. Among the variations attributed to lifestyle, smoking was documented considerably more in the L-HIV. Outcomes of this study evoke that smoking might be associated with the lower levels of cd4 and not the quantity of ART intake by these participants. Reported reasons are explaining the lower Cd4 values in these PLHIV. Among the assumptions, inconsistency with ART medication, the onset of ART therapy compared to the timeframe of contracting the virus, and lifestyle choices [34] are among the reasons Cd4 might be variable in the present study. Within the lifestyle choice and as previously mentioned, smoking was the recurrent factor among the groups in this study. Smoking has been associated with depression in PLHIV. It is reported in the literature as a critical factor for health-related quality of life deteriorating, life expectancy reduction, and qualityadjusted life expectancy alterations [35]. In the current work, the outcomes presented in this study we collected from participants' records and not with interviews, as previously mentioned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the implications of lifestyle changes and health management for people living with HIV (PLHIV), particularly regarding the treatment of hyperlipidemia and other complications. While it mentions the importance of lifestyle modifications, it does not address biohacking specifically as a broader concept that encompasses lifestyle changes and technological interventions aimed at optimizing health. Therefore, the text does not corroborate or contrast with the claim but is irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: mono and A. truncatum. Reserve, located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, is one of the two previously sampled populations with sympatrically distributed NEA–SEA lineages (Fig. 1b). Among the 22 sampled individuals in the reserve, six and eight were NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, with few hybrids, which are characterized by a typical bimodal pattern 14. However, given the limited number of sampled trees and the lack of precise locations, further analyses are required to establish the genetic structure and width of the hybrid zone. In this study, based on the precise location of each individual, an extensive genetic survey of both adult and offspring populations, the monitoring of flowering phenology, and measurement of leaf and fruit morphologies, we sought to determine the evolutionary and ecological consequences of secondary contact between the NEA and SEA. Specifically, we strived to provide answers to the following questions: (1) Do the two lineages show ecological niche differentiation, and are they mixed or isolated at a local spatial scale? (2) Are the two lineages reproductively isolated and do they differ in terms of flowering phenology? (3) Do the two lineages differ with respect to leaf and fruit morphology and, if so, do these differences correspond to those described for A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in the standard of Floras? structure of the parental population On the basis of the values obtained for both lnPD and △K, we identified two distinct genetic groups within the DHS Acer population (Figure S1). Among the 70 individual trees, 72. 9% were assigned a q-value smaller than 0. 1 or larger than 0. 9, thereby signifying a typical bimodal distribution (Fig. 2b). Individuals with q values greater than 0. 9 and with consistent genetic origin from the NEA region were defined as the NEA lineage (hereafter “NEA-DHS”), whereas those with values less than 0. 1 and with consistent genetic origin from the SEA region were defined as the SEA lineage (hereafter “SEA-DHS”). Individuals with intermediate q values between 0. 1 and 0. 9 were defined as hybrid genetic types (hereafter “Hybrid-DHS”). We accordingly identified totals of 27 SEA-DHS (38. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses genetic structure and ecological interactions of tree lineages, which is unrelated to the topic of fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: At this time, the deep chlorophyll layer had disappeared and the depth of the photic zone extended to a depth of approximately 30 m. An ordination of water column variables produced 2 principal components (PC) with eigenvalues > 1. 00. Both components were correlated strongly with original variables and collectively accounted for > 90% of the variation in the dataset. Once scored into the space defined by the two PCs, the 46 sampling events formed 3 groups that corresponded well with thermal periods (mixing, stratified; Figure 3). PC-1 accounted for 50. 2% of the variation; this axis correlated positively with water temperature and conductivity (r > 0. 90 for both). In general, sampling events sorted out along PC-1 according to the thermal conditions of the water column, and thus it appeared to be a proxy for mixing depth. Samples with warm temperatures and higher conductivity scored positively with PC-1, and these samples were collected from surface waters following thermal stratification. Samples collected from colder, low conductance water, had negative scores along this axis. These observations corresponded with samples collected during the spring mixing period or deeper in three water column (either meta- or hypolimnia; Figure 3). The temperature of these deeper samples was generally < 7 °C. PC-2 accounted for 40. 3% of the variation; this axis correlated positively with PAR and negatively with in vivo fluorescence. In general, PC-2 seemed to define a productive gradient defined by changes in the light climate of the water column and chlorophyll concentrations. This makes sense as subsurface samples supported the greatest chlorophyll concentrations at correspondingly lower PAR. Interestingly, the surface assemblage transitioned between the spring mixing (early) and subsurface conditions (late). Size-specific chlorophyll concentrations Overall, chlorophyll concentrations ranged from 0. 47 to 3. 91 µg L-1 among the 60 samples collected from central and analyzed here (Table 1). Significant differences among sampling dates and water strata were observed (two-way ). Chlorophyll values were similar among most sampling dates (< 1 µg L-1, May-August), although the bloom event captured in October represented a 2-fold increase at both LS-1 and LS-2; these values were significantly greater compared with values measured in May (F=3. 9, p<0. 011, Figure 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how sampling events sorted according to thermal conditions of the water column corresponded with mixing periods, indicating seasonal turnover in lakes. It specifically notes that samples were collected during the spring mixing period, which aligns with the claim that seasonal mixing helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. The observations of temperature and chlorophyll concentrations further illustrate the biological implications of this mixing process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: There was no difference in the distribution of the type of ChEI prescribed between the two groups (p = 0. 446 for donepezil, p = 0. 334 for rivastigmine, p = 0. 092 for galantamine) (1). Change in cognitive function: ChEI only vs. ChEI and nootropics combination group (Table 2 inserted here) Results for the primary outcome measure are shown in Table 2. Two-sample t-tests at baseline and endpoint showed no difference between the two groups in terms of the MMSE total score and any of its six subscale scores. A linear mixed-effects model analysis with the MMSE total score as the dependent variable also revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction (F = 1. 48, df = 1,581, p = 0. 224). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction as well, albeit the change in language subscale score showed a trend of less deterioration in the nootropics combination group than in the ChEI only group (-0. 27 for the ChEI only group and − 0. 03 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 3. 43, df = 1,581, p = 0. 065). Change in cognitive function for each type of dementia: Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, and other dementia (Table 3 inserted here) Comparison of the change in cognitive function for each of the three types of dementia is shown in Table 3. Linear mixed-effects model analyses using the MMSE total score as the dependent variable revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction in all three types of dementia (F = 2. 10, p = 0. 148 for Alzheimer’s dementia, F = 0. 38, p = 0. 540 for vascular dementia, F = 0. 04, p = 0. 906 for other dementia). Within the subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE language subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, revealing a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 34 for the ChEI only group and 0. 04 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 6. 86, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that combining Cholinesterase Inhibitors (ChEI) with nootropics does not yield significant improvements in cognitive function as measured by the MMSE total score. Specifically, the results indicate no significant treatment-by-time interaction in cognitive function changes across various dementia types, and while there was a trend toward less deterioration in the language subscale score within the Alzheimer’s dementia group, this result does not establish that nootropics enhance cognitive function or memory for biohackers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 6%), 24 NEA-DHS (34. 3%), and 19 Hybrid-DHS (27. 1%) (Fig. 2b). Both PCoA and NewHybrids analyses revealed patterns similar to those obtained based on analysis. The PCoA results indicated that the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS based on assignment were divergent and clustered along the first axis of the ordination plot, whereas the Hybrid-DHS plotted intermediately between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS (Fig. 2c). Newhybrids analysis indicated that 65. 7% of individuals were parental types (30% SEA-DHS and 35. 7% NEA-DHS) and 4. 3% were F2 hybrids. Among the remaining unclassified 21 individuals, 12 can be classified as F2 individuals, and two appear to be NEA-DHS backcross types with a posterior probability criterion of 0. 55. Interestingly, we detected a tendency of the different genetic types to cluster spatially along the study transect (Fig. 2a). q values were found to be positively correlated with altitude (Pearson’s r = 0. 83, p = 0. 000) and there were significant differences in the altitudinal distributions of the three genotypes, with NEA-DHS being primarily concentrated at the hilltop end of the transect (altitude > 670 m) and SEA-DHS being mainly clustered at the foot of the hill (< 600 m) with just a few individuals scattered at higher altitudes. Hybrid-DHS were found to be mainly distributed in a region extending from the midpoint of the transect to the hilltop (570–730 m). A comparison of the assignment results obtained based exclusively on the DHS dataset (DHS-only: 70 individuals and 11 loci) and that of the entire assessed range (whole-range: 1278 individuals and six loci) revealed broadly similar patterns. On the basis of the whole-range dataset, 27% and 31% of individuals are SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, respectively, and were accordingly respectively clustered in PCoA plots (Figures S2 and S3). However, although, we still detected a significant correlation between q values and altitude the Pearson’s r was somewhat lower (0. 63, Figure S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses genetic analyses and patterns of distribution based on altitude without reference to fossils or ancient ecological insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lakes undergo seasonal mixing, or 'turnover,' which helps distribute oxygen and nutrients in the water. [SEP] Text: 69 Picoplankton seasonality and water column mixing Superior, most of the variation in the picoplankton assemblage appeared to covary with physical, water column conditions that marked key changes in abundance and taxonomic composition (Figure 3)(Table 3). Hpico (bacteria) and pico-eukaryotes achieved their greatest abundance when mixing depths were large (negative correlation with PC-1, Table 3). This makes sense in that the pico-eukaryotic component of the picoplankton assemblage can occupy a cold water niche, a condition reflected by deep mixing depths (3-9 °C ), or subsurface and deep water habitats in the meta- and/or hypolimnion. 59 That said, the mechanism driving the decline in Hpico (bacterial) abundance with higher temperature is less obvious, because bacterial abundance and growth is closely correlated with increasing temperature in other lakes such as Lake Michigan. 70 Thus, this pattern may be driven by loss factors such as bacterial grazing by microzooplankton, which does increase with temperature and has been shown to be most intense in the surface, mixed-layer in other Great Lakes. 5 The greatest concentrations of chlorophyll and pico-cyanobacterial numbers occurred in the subsurface assemblage (positive correlation with PC-2, Table 3); this assemblage appeared to be a mix of the spring and summer assemblages and was similar in taxonomic composition to the subsurface assemblages in and Michigan. 5 Finally, when the mixed layer deepened in October, a surface bloom of phytoplankton was observed, whose Ppico taxonomic composition was reminiscent of the subsurface assemblage. Phytoplankton blooms during late stratification deep mixing periods have been observed in the other Great Lakes,46 and are likely driven by the upwelling of nutrients injected from deep (40-50 m depth), nutrient-rich waters. Moreover, late summer/early fall seasonal blooms of nano and micro-sized phytoplankton, like the one we observed in October, have been documented for in previous years. 31−52 Overall, there was remarkable constancy in Ppico numbers between May and September at both stations sampled here (LS-1 and LS-2). Fahnenstiel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how deep mixing depths in lakes correlate with seasonal changes in picoplankton abundance and the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms. It mentions that when the mixed layer deepened, a surface bloom of phytoplankton was observed, indicating that mixing helps distribute nutrients, as these blooms are likely driven by the upwelling of nutrients from deep waters. This aligns with the idea that seasonal mixing aids in the distribution of nutrients in lake waters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some biohackers use nootropics or supplements to enhance cognitive function and memory. [SEP] Text: There was no difference in the distribution of the type of ChEI prescribed between the two groups (p = 0. 446 for donepezil, p = 0. 334 for rivastigmine, p = 0. 092 for galantamine) (1). Change in cognitive function: ChEI only vs. ChEI and nootropics combination group (Table 2 inserted here) Results for the primary outcome measure are shown in Table 2. Two-sample t-tests at baseline and endpoint showed no difference between the two groups in terms of the MMSE total score and any of its six subscale scores. A linear mixed-effects model analysis with the MMSE total score as the dependent variable also revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction (F = 1. 48, df = 1,581, p = 0. 224). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction as well, albeit the change in language subscale score showed a trend of less deterioration in the nootropics combination group than in the ChEI only group (-0. 27 for the ChEI only group and -0. 03 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 3. 43, df = 1,581, p = 0. 065). Change in cognitive function for each type of dementia: Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, and other dementia (Table 3 inserted here) Comparison of the change in cognitive function for each of the three types of dementia is shown in Table 3. Linear mixed-effects model analyses using the MMSE total score as the dependent variable revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction in all three types of dementia (F = 2. 10, p =0. 148 for Alzheimer’s dementia, F = 0. 38, p = 0. 540 for vascular dementia, F = 0. 04, p = 0. 906 for other dementia). Within the subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE language subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, revealing a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 34 for the ChEI only group and 0. 04 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 6. 86, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting results from a study indicating no significant difference in cognitive function between groups taking Cholinesterase Inhibitors (ChEI) only and those combining ChEI with nootropics. Specifically, it states that there was no significant treatment-by-time interaction for cognitive functions as measured by the MMSE total score or subscales, with one subscale showing only a trend towards less deterioration in the nootropics group. This suggests that the claimed enhancement in cognitive function and memory from using nootropics is not supported by the provided data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this regard, given that for assignment analysis, a larger number of assessed loci has been reported to be more effective than increasing number of sampled individuals 34,35, we have only reported the results obtained based on the DHS-only dataset. Genetic analysis of the offspring population Among the 410 analyzed seeds, 198, 170, and 42 were collected from the SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS maternal trees, respectively (Table S2). Similar to the parental population, a typical bimodal pattern was observed for the offspring population (Fig. 2b, Table S2). The NEA-DHS maternal trees produced 97. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and the remaining seeds (2. 4%) were of a backcross type with a high genetic proportion of NEA (q > 0. 85). The SEA-DHS maternal trees produced 72. 2% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 10. 1% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 17. 7% Hybrid seeds. Almost all seeds produced by the SEA-DHS with q values > 0. 5 were obtained from a single tree, which was identified as SEA-DHS based on the DHS-only dataset, although was indicated to be Hybrid-DHS based on the whole-range dataset. The Hybrid-DHS maternal trees produced 17. 6% pure SEA-DHS seeds, 57. 6% pure NEA-DHS seeds, and 24. 7% Hybrid seeds. Flowering phenology During the flowering season, we undertook daily monitoring of a total of 10074 flowers produced by 29 trees, among which, one tree (SEA-DHS) was protandrous, four trees (3 Hybrid-DHS and 1 NEA-DHS) were protogynous, and the remaining 24 trees were duodichogamous. We observed that the blooming phenology of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS differed significantly with respect to the majority of the assessed phenological indices, with a single exception being a marginally significant difference in the peak blooming time of (Table 1). Compared with NEA--DHS were characterized by a significantly later flowering phenology, with the commencement and cessation of blooming being on average 2 and 3 days later, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed data about genetic analysis of plant populations and flowering phenology, but does not address fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnologists study the effects of eutrophication, where nutrient runoff leads to excessive algal growth in water bodies. [SEP] Text: Yeager and Cashion (1993) reported NO3–-N concentrations from controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) in runoff periodically exceeded the 10 mg·L−1 federal drinking water standard as established by the U. S. Agency in 1982. Concerns about contamination of water resources by nursery runoff have risen as awareness of impacts on environmental and human health has increased. Nutrient management laws that limit nutrient concentrations in runoff have been established in Maryland, Delaware, and California (Beeson et al. , 2004). To meet current legislation, prepare for future legislation, and ease mounting public concern, ways to reduce runoff without detracting from plant growth must be developed. One way to reduce runoff is by irrigating according to plant daily water use (DWU), the amount of water lost from plant transpiration and substrate evaporation. This is a key concept in scheduling irrigation to conserve water because only water volumes used by the plant and evaporated from the container substrate since the previous irrigation are replaced keeping overwatering to a minimum. An advantage of this approach to irrigation scheduling is that it can be adapted to most types of irrigation systems. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the effects of scheduling irrigation applications based on DWU on irrigation volume, plant growth, substrate soluble salt accumulation, runoff, and nutrient loss compared with a conventional irrigation rate. Materials and MethodsSite. The experiment was conducted at the Teaching and (HTRC), Holt, MI. The HTRC is at latitude 42. 7° N, longitude 84. 5° E, and elevation 264 m. Plants were grown on 3 m × 6-m nursery production areas designed to collect runoff from the production surface. Production areas were oriented east to west on the long axis. The surface was lined with 6-mil polypropylene plastic and covered with a landscape fabric. Production areas slope toward the center and west end to allow runoff collection in an excavated reservoir. Collection reservoirs consisted of a wooden frame lined with a polypropylene pond liner. The 12 production areas used were separated by 3. 7 m to minimize effects of irrigation drift. Precipitation was not excluded but was recorded by a (MAWN) weather station located on-site at the HTRC. Plant material. Deutzia gracilis Sieb. and Zucc. ‘Duncan’, Kerria japonica (L. ) DC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the issue of nutrient runoff from fertilizers and its impact on water resources. It mentions that 'NO3–-N concentrations in runoff periodically exceeded the 10 mg·L−1 federal drinking water standard,' highlighting concerns about contamination and its effects on the environment, which relates directly to the study of eutrophication by limnologists.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: Cette émergence participe en effet du mouvement éthique, qui du Code de Nuremberg à la loi du 4 mars 2002, détermine les fondations scientifiques comme l’application clinique de la médecine contemporaine. C’est une transformation majeure qui a pourtant été négligée par les historiens de la médecine2 oubli d’autant plus surprenant qu’un tournant historiographique important s’est opéré, au cours de la même période, renouvelant l’attention des historiens à l’égard des patients3. Suite à l’appel de pour l’adoption d’une approche from below4, l’histoire de la médecine s’est en effet ouverte, au carrefour de l’histoire sociale et de l’histoire des pratiques quotidiennes5, à de nouveaux objets qui, à l’instar du vécu subjectif, des stratégies d’appropriation des savoirs ou de la relation thérapeutique, dessinent la possibilité d’une « histoire du patient ». Ainsi que l’explicite dans un récent ouvrage, la « demande » des malades est « une entité historique »6 à part entière, autour de laquelle il est possible d’organiser ce nouveau chantier historique. Il y a une « recherche de sens »7 qui synthétise, au-delà de la multitude des pratiques, des raisonnements et des représentations, la figure du patient en tant qu’objet d’histoire, et rend par là même possible l’étude de sa forme contemporaine à la lumière du discours revendicatif qui est le sien. 8 ’archéologie du savoir, Paris, Gallimard, 1969. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the historical emergence and ethical implications of medical practices without mentioning biohacking, self-experimentation, or the sharing of experiences and techniques within communities. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, the commencement, peak, and cessation of Female were later by averages of 4, 4, and 5 days, respectively, whereas those of Male II were later by 5, 4, and 5 days, respectively. Furthermore, the duration of blooming was significantly longer in the SEA-DHS than in NEA-DHS by 3 days. In the case of Hybrid-DHS, the values obtained for all assessed phenological indices were found to be intermediate between those of the two parental types. Among these, the values of six indices differed significantly from one or the other parental type, with the majority (5/6) differing from those of the SEA-DHS. Thus, phenologically, the Hybrid-DHS appear to be closer to the NEA-DHS. Table 1 Flowering phenology of SEA-DHS, Hybrid-DHS, and NEA-DHS. Observations commenced on April 20th. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. a*: p = 0. 06 -DHS (N = 9) Hybrid-DHS (N = 14) NEA-DHS (N = 6) commencement 7. 44 ± 0. 58 a 6. 45 ± 0. 49 ab 5. 20 ± 0. 86 b peak 11. 44 ± 1. 06 a* 10. 18 ± 0. 63 a 8. 80 ± 1. 10 a* cessation 13. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 09 ± 0. 74 ab 9. 8 ± 0. 37 b Female commencement 14. 33 ± 1. 08 a 11. 14 ± 0. 80 b 10. 00 ± 0. 86 b Female peak 16. 11 ± 1. 09 a 13. 29 ± 0. 71 b 11. 67 ± 0. 67 b Female cessation 17. 89 ± 1. 16 a 14. 57 ± 0. 72 b 12. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II commencement 18. 22 ± 0. 66 a 15. 57 ± 0. 72 b 13. 67 ± 0. 84 b Male II peak 19. 67 ± 0. 62 a 17. 07 ± 0. 74 b 15. 50 ± 0. 43 b Male II cessation 24. 22 ± 0. 68 a 22. 36 ± 0. 77 a 19. 17 ± 0. 40 b Total duration 18. 00 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their significance for understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. It instead details specific observations related to the flowering phenology of various plant types, including statistical comparisons. Therefore, this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Pattern and scale in latitude–production relationships for freshwater fishes Go to 15. Can fish habitat restoration for rheophilic species in highly modified rivers be sustainable in the long run? Go to 16. Productive capacity of fish habitats: a review of research development and future directions Go to 17. Using standardized fishery data to inform rehabilitation efforts Go to 18. Predicting the extent of lakeshore development using GIS datasets Go to 19. Using modelled stream temperatures to predict macro-spatial patterns of stream invertebrate biodiversity Go to 20. Where the waters meet: sharing ideas and experiences between inland and marine realms to promote sustainable fisheries management1S. J. Cooke, R. . Lynch, W. W. Taylor, and R. to 21. Trends in of Fishes in Maryland’s During 1972–2009 Go to 22. Principles for ensuring healthy and productive freshwater ecosystems that support sustainable fisheriesNicolas W. R. Lapointe, Steven J. Cooke, Jack G. Imhof, Daniel Boisclair, John M. Casselman, R. Allen Curry, Otto E. Langer, Robert L. McLaughlin, Charles K. Minns, John R. Post, Michael Power, Joseph B. Rasmussen, John D. Reynolds, John S. Richardson, and William M. to 23. Short-term effects of inshore restoration measures on early stages, benthic species, and the sublittoral fish assemblage in a large river (Danube, Austria) Go to 24. and Movement of Chub in the in Grand Canyon, Arizona, during an Go to 25. of on Habitats of Go to 26. Ecological indicators for stream restoration success Go to 27. Negotiating river restoration: The role of divergent reframing in environmental decision-making Go to 28. Dynamic angling effort influences the value of minimum‐length limits to prevent recruitment overfishing Go to 29. to 30. Model for on and Fisheries in to 31. Probability of detection and positioning error of a hydro acoustic telemetry system in a fast-flowing river: Intrinsic and environmental determinants Go to 32. Responses of Fish to of Habitat in Riffles and to 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of freshwater ecosystems, including the importance of fish habitat restoration and biodiversity. Phrases such as 'productive capacity of fish habitats' and 'modelled stream temperatures to predict macro-spatial patterns of stream invertebrate biodiversity' imply that these environments are crucial for supporting various organisms, thus corroborating the claim about the diversity of life in freshwater habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: Au contraire, lors de la genèse professionnelle et scientifique de la médecine au cours du XIXe siècle, le malade « apparaît en tant qu’individu dans son expérience concrète, mais aussi, et inséparablement, en tant que statut collectif »14. Indépen-damment des diverses pathologies, il y a une identité commune à tous les malades, conséquence de leur prise en charge par la profession médicale15. Parce que la médecine, en tant que profession autonome, possède le monopole des questions de santé et de maladie, le malade est obligé d’endosser un rôle particulier qui détermine son expérience médicale individuelle et sociale, autour des notions de déresponsabilisation, d’acceptation, de coopération et de soumission16. N’étant pas responsable du mal qui l’atteint et désirant nécessairement le guérir, le malade moderne doit accepter de se soumettre, corps et âme, au médecin, seul expert capable de l’aider. Il doit devenir un « patient-profane »17, pendant négatif de la figure du médecin et défini comme « un sujet ignorant et passif d’un traitement décidé et prescrit par un autre, celui qui sait »18. Ce rôle obligatoire le réduit d’emblée au statut d’objet, à ce corps vil19 qui étymologiquement souffre et supporte patiemment. Le patient ne peut profiter des bienfaits de la médecine qu’à la condition de se renier en tant que sujet20, d’abandonner toute autonomie au profit du médecin qui seul possède cette qualité. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical role of patients as passive recipients within the medical profession. It describes how patients are expected to surrender their autonomy to physicians, who hold the expertise in health matters, thus negating the idea of self-experimentation and the autonomy implied in biohacking communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 33 a 16. 64 ± 0. 65 ab 14. 83 ± 0. 75 b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. However, despite the differing phenology of the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS, we did, nevertheless, observe instances of overlaps in the blooming periods of male or female flowers in one genetic type with those of flowers of opposite sex in another genetic type. For example, the peak of Female among NEA-DHS (11. 67 ± 0. 67) was found to coincide with the peak of (11. 44 ± 1. 06; p = 0. 879) in SEA-DHS. Similarly, Female blooming in SEA-DHS peaked (16. 11 ± 1. 09) just 1 day after the peak of Male II (15. 50 ± 0. 43) in NEA-DHS (p = 0. 667), which at this time still retained an abundance of male flowers in bloom. In contrast, however, we detected no overlapping phenology with respect to the blooming of of NEA-DHS or Male II of SEA-DHS with the Female in another genetic type. Morphological variation of leaves and fruit first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 71. 6% of the variation in leaf morphology (Fig. 3a), with InflectionLength, InflectionWidth and CentralLength contributing most to the first axis (PC1, 42. 1%), whereas Lobes#, TotalArea and CentralWidth contributed most to the second axis (PC2, 29. 5%) (Table S3). Although we detected some overlap in the data points, the leaves of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS largely clustered in separate groups (Fig. 3a). Generally, the leaves of NEA-DHS were found to have seven lobes, whereas those of SEA-DHS are typically five lobed (Lobes#), thereby contributing to significantly larger leaves in NEA-DHS than in SEA-DHS (TotalArea). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about fossilized plants or their role in enhancing our understanding of ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the phenology of different Acer lineages, their blooming periods, and leaf morphology without connecting to climate or ecosystem insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Direct and indirect estimates of the productive capacity of fish habitat under Canada’s Policy for the Management of Fish Habitat: where have we been, where are we now, and where are we going? Charles K. Minns, Robert G. Randall, Karen E. Smokorowski, Keith D. Clarke, Antonio Vélez-Espino, Robert S. and Go to 34. A multi-scale comparison of trait linkages to environmental and spatial variables in fish communities across a large freshwater lake Go to 35. Appraising riparian management effects on benthic macroinvertebrates in the system Go to 36. A Model to Spawning in an Go to 37. Fish assemblage response to rehabilitation of a sand‐slugged lowland river Go to 38. of to at Go to 39. Ecological functions Go to 40. Assessing the Effectiveness of a to 41. Increasing experimental approaches in stream trout research – 1987–2006 Go to 42. Streams modified for drainage provide fish habitat in agricultural areasand to 43. Measurements of salmonid population performance in relation to habitat in eastern Newfoundland streams Go to 44. of by Walleye (Sander vitreus) in the Go to 45. Persistent disturbance by commercial navigation alters the relative abundance of channel-dwelling fishes in a large riverSteve Gutreuter, Vallazza, and to 46. Effects on periphyton and macroinvertebrates from removal of submerged wood in three Ontario lakesand to 47. to Rehabilitation in a to 48. Compensation ratios needed to offset timing effects of losses and gains and achieve no net loss of productive capacity of fish habitatto 49. Effect of the spatial arrangement of habitat patches on the development of fish habitat models in the littoral zone of a lakeAnik Brind'Amour and Go to 50. Information needs for assessing critical habitat of freshwater fishRosenfeld and Go to 51. Effectiveness of Compensation in Canada in Go to 52. A case study of habitat compensation to ameliorate impacts of hydroelectric development: effectiveness of re‐watering and habitat enhancement of an intermittent flood overflow channel Go to 53. Loss of Fish Habitat: A Review and Analysis of in to 54. Hydromorphic determinants of aquatic habitat variability in coastal wetlands Go to 55. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of fish habitat and ecological functions in freshwater environments, which supports the claim that freshwater ecosystems are important habitats for diverse organisms, including fish and other aquatic life. It mentions assessments of fish communities, riparian management effects on macroinvertebrates, and the development of fish habitat models, alluding to the biodiversity supported within these ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: Bien que peu de structures se soient effectivement développées en France43, on retrouve là le modèle des groupes d’auto-santé44 nord-américains dans lesquels les démarches d’entraide (self-help) visent l’accroissement d’une prise en charge autonome de sa santé (self-care) qui, à son tour, favorise l’apparition de nouvelles pratiques exemplifiant l’efficacité de l’engagement associatif. 45 -Yves et de l’avortement …, op. cit. , p. 266. 46 Entendu comme « une série de compétences pratiques et narratives déployées dans le cadre privilégié (. . . ) 8Bien que la reconnaissance légale du droit à l’avortement fût obtenue, le 29 novembre 1974, en mettant de côté la revendication du libre usage du corps45, le militantisme a permis de conquérir par la pression sociale une liberté fondamentale, inscrivant dès lors l’autonomie dans le champ de la revendication publique. Parce qu’elles n’étaient ni malades ni médecins, les femmes sont parvenues à rendre opératoire une critique de l’ordre médical, fissurant à jamais le système clos de son autonomie professionnelle. Un changement irréversible s’est opéré au sein des relations entre la médecine et la société, redistribuant les modalités d’application du pouvoir médical à l’aune d’une participation désormais incontournable des citoyens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing self-help groups in North America that focus on self-care, which is distinct from the specific concept of biohacking and self-experimentation. Although it mentions community-driven approaches to health, it does not directly address the practices and experiences which define biohacking communities specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, NEA-DHS leaves have shorter and wider central lobes (CentralLength and CentralWidth), as well as an earlier and narrower inflection of the central lobes (InflectionLength and InflectionWidth), compared with those of SEA-DHS (Table 2). Table 2 Morphological variation in the leaves and fruits of Acer trees in the Nature Reserve. Definitions of morphological indices are presented in Figure S5. Significant differences between pairs determined at the p < 0. 05 level based a one-way ANOVA are indicated by different superscript letters. -DHS Hybrid--DHS = 269 N = 188 N = 233 Number of leaf lobes Lobes# 5. 27 ± 0. 04c 5. 97 ± 0. 07b 6. 59 ± 0. 05a Leaf area TotalArea 32. 66 ± 0. 66c 38. 22 ± 1. 04b 46. 94 ± 0. 85a Length of inflection point InflectionLength 1. 75 ± 0. 04a 1. 65 ± 0. 06a 1. 36 ± 0. 06b Width of inflection point InflectionWidth 1. 04 ± 0. 03a 1. 07 ± 0. 05a 0. 83 ± 0. 03b Length of central lobe CentralLength 4. 68 ± 0. 05a 4. 41 ± 0. 07b 4. 24 ± 0. 05b Width of central lobe CentralWidth 2. 46 ± 0. 04c 2. 66 ± 0. 04b 3. 03 ± 0. 04a = 170 N = 256 N = 189 Fruit opening angle FruitAngle 96. 94 ± 1. 45c 103. 12 ± 1. 12b 111. 55 ± 1. 53a Fruit junction width JunctionWidth 0. 70 ± 0. 01a 0. 60 ± 0. 01b 0. 51 ± 0. 00c Length of seed SeedLength 1. 22 ± 0. 01a 1. 16 ± 0. 01b 0. 89 ± 0. 01c Width of seed SeedWidth 0. 79 ± 0. 01a 0. 73 ± 0. 01b 0. 61 ± 0. 00c Fruit wing length WingLength 1. 25 ± 0. 01b 1. 39 ± 0. 02a 1. 09 ± 0. 01c Fruit wing width WingWidth 0. 76 ± 0. 15a 0. 79 ± 0. 15a 0. 65 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses specific morphological measurements of leaves and fruits of Acer trees without any indication of climate or ecosystem insights.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: A review of studies on responses of salmon and trout to habitat change with potential for application in the Pacific Northwest. Report to the. 1994. Summer habitat use by littoral zone fishes in and the effects of shoreline structure. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14: 385–394. Crossref1999. Stationary and rate of dampening of modeled indices of fish abundance in relation to their exploitation status in the Ocean. Ecol. Model. 117: 225–238. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. Relationship between channel characteristics, woody debris, and fish habitat in streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 126: 217–229. CrossrefWeb of Science1994. salmon rearing habitat and smolt production losses in a large river basin, and implications for habitat restoration. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 14: 797–811. Crossref1986. Effects of overhead canopy on macroinvertebrates production in a Utah stream. Freshwater Biol. 16: 287–300. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Use of riffle and run habitats with aquatic vegetation by juvenile Atlantic salmon. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 24: 525–533. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Survey of livestock influences on stream and riparian ecosystems in the western US. J. Conserv. 54: 419–431. Web of Science1985. Importance of snag habitat for animal production in south eastern steams. Fisheries, 10: 8–13. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Assessment of the feasibility of preventing reproduction of lake charr, Salvelinus namaycush, in shallow areas of reservoirs affected by drawdowns. Environ. Biol. Fish. 64: 303–311. CrossrefWeb of Science1994. Artificial stream restoration - money well-spent or an expensive failure? on Annual (UCWR) Conference. Big Sky, Montana. 1993. Response of a reservoir fish community to aquatic vegetation removal. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 13: 110–124. Crossref2003. Population consequences of a predator-induced habitat shift by trout in whole-lake experiments. Ecology, 84: 691–700. CrossrefWeb of Science1988. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple references to studies concerning various fish species, their habitats, and ecological interactions within freshwater ecosystems. It addresses topics such as salmon and trout habitat use, the effects of environmental changes on these fish, and the importance of different habitat characteristics, which together support the claim that freshwater ecosystems serve as vital habitats for diverse organisms, including fish and potentially other aquatic life.