Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: Irrigation treatments were initiated at pepper transplanting (S0), after transplant establishment (S1), at first flower (S2), at first fruit (S3), or at fruit ripening (S4). The FT treatment received only enough water for FT. Marketable fruit were graded into large [≥240–199 g (8. 47–7. 02 oz)] and small [<170 g (6. 00 oz)] plus all usable fruit with irregular shape). For each yield category (large and small fruit), bars within 1 year with the same letter are not significantly different using Fisher's protected least significant difference at 5% probability. Total yield is the combination of large and small fruit, and mean separation letters are indicated above the bars (1000 peppers/ha = 404. 7 peppers/acre, 1 t·ha−1 = 0. 4461 ton/acre). Previous 10. 21273/. 18. 3. 397 Full access Download PDF Cite this 59. 1 kg·ha−1 per millimeter) and S3 (24. 1 kg·ha−1 per millimeter) in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Similar trends in response of pepper to the irrigation treatments were observed in 2003 and 2004 even though there were large differences in rainfall, and pepper yield between years. This suggests that withholding irrigation until first fruit may help to maintain pepper yield while reducing irrigation costs. However, it is important to have adequate soil moisture at transplanting to insure adequate transplant establishment. Keywords: Capsicum annuum; leaf water potential; soil moisture; water stress; withholding irrigationIrrigated agriculture contributes nearly 40% to world food production on 17% of cultivated land, and accounts for 70% to 85% of fresh water usage worldwide (Food and of the United Nations, 1996; Mao et al. , 2003; van Schilfgaarde, 1994). Adequate water supply is required for high yields of quality produce, but at the same time, there are concerns that excessive irrigation can result in wasted water and nutrient leaching. Reducing water use in agriculture and increasing irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) can reduce water shortages and increase water availability for other purposes while decreasing input costs. Insufficient water supply during the growing period may reduce crop production and quality (Debaeke and Aboudrare, 2004; Smittle et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses irrigation treatments aimed at maximizing water efficiency in agriculture, such as withholding irrigation during certain growth stages to maintain yield while reducing water use. It highlights the importance of irrigation practices in increasing irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which is essential for optimizing water resources in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Switching to eco-friendly cryptocurrencies alone will solve global warming. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1984500/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSoil microbes respond to warming climates through variation in traits linked to the decomposition of soil organic matter, which impacts global soil carbon emissions. Microbial trait variation is shaped by eco-evolutionary processes; yet soil carbon models largely ignore such processes and their implications for global responses to warming. Here, we apply eco-evolutionary theory to a microbe-enzyme model to optimize a key microbial trait controlling decomposition and re-calculate soil carbon projections. Eco-evolutionary optimization leads microbes subject to warming to allocate more resources to enzyme production, which leads to faster decomposition and larger soil carbon loss, especially in cold regions. As a consequence, microbial optimization significantly amplifies global soil carbon loss by 2100 relative to current models, most strongly at high latitudes. This analysis demonstrates the potential importance of microbial eco-evolutionary dynamics in carbon-cycle feedbacks to climate change. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4main textSoils represent the most understudied component of Models (ESMs), limiting our ability to accurately predict future soil CO2 emissions. Increasingly, biogeochemical models have integrated explicit parameters to account for microbial spatio-temporal diversity, and those models demonstrate soil carbon stocks are sensitive to microbial responses (1). For example in Wieder et al. (1), slight variation in microbial carbon use efficiency (i. e. , within 10% of current values) results in drastic shifts in total global soil carbon stocks, from + 10 Pg to -300 Pg in 2100 projections under the Pathway 8. 5 (RCP8. 5) scenario. While such changes in microbial traits can occur over long timescales, microbial communities and their underlying function can respond to new climatic conditions on annual scales through ecological and evolutionary processes (2). Therefore, accounting for eco-evolutionary responses of microbial communities, and considering the underlying traits mediating such responses, will improve our understanding of biogeochemical cycling of soil carbon stocks. Here we focus on extracellular enzyme production as a key microbial trait involved in biogeochemical cycling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions between soil microbes and climate change, specifically highlighting that microbial responses to warming climates significantly influence soil carbon emissions. It emphasizes that simply switching to eco-friendly cryptocurrencies does not address the deeper ecological and evolutionary dynamics affecting global warming, particularly regarding soil carbon loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern 0 to cite this report: Rusip G. For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The answer from the author is by the. . . Continue reading answer from the author is by the response; the manuscript is perfect. I approve the 10. 5256/f1000research. 135733. r145982) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: Major: The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must. . . Continue reading : The authors mainly focuses on wound repair after burn injury but fail to show the result. Only the data of fibroblast and macrophages did not justify the whole questions? To answer this question author must show picture of wound healing, histopathological picture, wound healing area, How authors say that the size of 2×2 cm2 is reduced? Author must show the data about the wound healing in term of wound healing picture and wound healing area? Images of a H&E staining should be provided and correlate it with number of fibroblast and other mentioned cells. Improve the scientific language. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use in treating skin ailments; instead, it discusses limitations and findings related to a specific study on Aloe vera's effects on post-burn skin repair in rats. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: , 1994), while excess irrigation not only wastes water and increases nutrient leaching (Moreno et al. , 1996; Pang et al. , 1997), but can also reduce crop yield (Ngouajio et al. , 2007; Phene and Sanders, 1976; Sezen et al. , 2006). Because most vegetable crops are heavily fertilized, as indicated by high residual N levels after harvest, overirrigation can increase the risk of groundwater contamination (Greenwood et al. , 1996). Studies have been conducted to save irrigation water and reduce nutrient leaching while preserving crop yields. Changing from surface to drip irrigation (Aujla et al. , 2005; Singandhupe et al. , 2003), irrigation scheduling according to crop water status, searching for critical irrigation stage (Simsek et al. , 2005), and partial root drying techniques (Kirda et al. , 2004; Zegbe-Dominguez et al. , 2003) have proven to reduce water requirements in many crops. These methods are especially important when irrigation water is limited or expensive. Withholding water in the early stages of vegetative growth can increase root length and allow plants to use water and nutrients from deeper in the soil, thus increasing water and nutrient use efficiency (Ludlow and Muchow, 1990; Pace et al. , 1999). About 1800 acres of bell peppers are produced annually in Michigan. In 2004, total production was 522,000 cwt with a value of about $13. 6 million (U. S. Department of Agriculture, 2005). Bell pepper is very susceptible to water stress, as well as overirrigation (Sezen et al. , 2006). Irrigation is critical for pepper production. Unfortunately, the amount and distribution of precipitation events in Michigan and the midwestern United States, are uneven during the growing season and vary greatly from year to year. Therefore, most growers use supplemental irrigation to reduce the risks associated with natural rainfall patterns. Drip irrigation is commonly used for fresh-market pepper production (Sanders, 2002). However, most growers have traditionally irrigated their crop from transplanting to last harvest, as recommended for areas with less frequent rainfall (e. g. , desert areas of California). This practice has led to overirrigation at the beginning of the growing season in most situations (R. G. Goldy, unpublished data). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'drip irrigation is commonly used for fresh-market pepper production.' It emphasizes the importance of irrigation methods, such as changing from surface to drip irrigation, which have proven to reduce water requirements and increase efficiency in crops, particularly in areas where irrigation water is limited or expensive. This aligns well with the claim about maximizing water efficiency in desert agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Switching to eco-friendly cryptocurrencies alone will solve global warming. [SEP] Text: As a notable exception, a strong positive temperature sensitivity of microbial mortality results in enzyme allocation decreasing with warming. This is because the process of fitness maximization trades a larger increase in mortality off with a large investment in microbial growth, leaving less carbon for extracellular enzyme production (Eq. 12). It is worth noting that warming-induced increases in plant productivity and associated increases in litter inputs to the soil can partially compensate for (or even reverse) the soil C losses from increased soil C decomposition modeled here. When projected changes in litter inputs are combined with changes in decomposition (projections taken from the same CESM model and scenario as for surface soil temperature), total global soil carbon was predicted to slightly increase by 2100 in the non-eco-evolutionary scenario (fig. S5, black dashed line). However with eco-evolutionary optimization, these gains due to litter production are essentially neutralized (fig. S5, black solid line). Finally, we consider the potential effects of spatial variation in enzyme kinetics around the globe. We used measurements of enzyme kinetics in different sites along a latitudinal gradient (7) to create a map of enzyme kinetic variation. We found that spatial variation in enzyme kinetics increases the effect of eco-evolutionary optimization (fig. S6), while integrating variation both in litter and enzyme kinetics reduces the effect of eco-evolutionary optimization (fig. S7). See the Methods for more detail about microbial temperature sensitivity, litter and enzyme data. DiscussionMicrobial communities are expected to respond to new climate conditions through a variety of ecological and evolutionary processes. Here, we investigated the implications of these processes for soil carbon stocks. Building on an existing microbial model of decomposition, we found that the eco-evolutionarily optimal allocation to enzymes increases with increasing temperature and that this increase is mediated by the positive temperature dependence of the microbial maximum uptake rate. This microbial optimization strategy amplifies the effect of the initial thermodynamic response, which results in the soil carbon turnover increasing with warming (Fig. 4). We found that optimizing microbial resource allocation results in 1. 8x greater soil carbon losses at the global scale. The effect of eco-evolutionary optimization is not spatially uniform; rather it is expected to be strongest in colder regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to microbial responses to warming, soil carbon dynamics, and eco-evolutionary optimization. It highlights that merely shifting to eco-friendly practices, such as cryptocurrencies, is insufficient to address the complexities of global warming. For example, it mentions that eco-evolutionary optimization leads to greater soil carbon losses and that microbial communities will not respond uniformly to climate changes. These insights indicate that a singular focus on eco-friendly cryptocurrencies does not adequately tackle the multifaceted nature of global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Stem cell I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe. . . Continue reading manuscript by Pane presents the intervening Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. In general, I find this manuscript to make an important contribution in developing palatable and superior bioactive compounds in Aloe vera containing various active ingredients that help the wound healing process, such as glucomannan and acemannan. However, I have outlined below some of the issues that need to be addressed prior to indexing, and some minor comments and suggestions to further improve the quality of the manuscript. the abstract and introduction, the author states that one of the objectives of this study is to improve post-burn skin with the intervention of Aloe vera extract. However, histopathological description of the healing process of burns is not presented and discussed. The method part is not clear. It is not clear the analytical method for macrophage and fibroblast counts and the analytical formula is not specified, the authors need to explain it. Please clarify and make changes to the methods section as appropriate. In the discussion section, it is not explained how this study shows a synergistic interaction between changes that occur on days 3, 14 and 21 and between a number of macrophages and fibroblasts in figures 1, 2 and 3 with no visible histopathologic changes. It's better to call it the calculation score. the method section, how much Aloe vera contains? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly supports or refutes the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses the scientific evaluation of a specific manuscript related to Aloe vera's effects on post-burn skin repair without addressing its historical context or its traditional uses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: Water use in agriculture is being increasingly regulated in Michigan, thereby putting more pressure on growers to reduce water use. During the early stages of plant development, it might be possible to reduce the amount of irrigation water without significantly affecting yield. This might be more feasible under plasticulture systems where plastic mulches prevent large amounts of water loss through evaporation. Therefore, this study was undertaken to measure the effectiveness of drip irrigation initiation on IWUE and yield of bell pepper. Materials and methodsField studies were conducted at the Research and at Benton Harbor, Michigan (42°6′12″N, 86°21′32″W; 224 m above sea level) in 2003 and 2004. The soil is a Spinks loamy fine sand, pH 6. 5, less than 2% organic matter, with an available water-holding capacity of about 1 mm·cm−1. Rainfall during the two growing seasons is presented in Fig. 1. Size Fig. 1. Weekly rainfall during pepper growing season in Benton Harbor, Michigan, in 2003 and 2004 (1 mm = 0. 0394 inch). Citation: HortTechnology hortte 18, 3; 10. 21273/. 18. 3. 397Download FigureDownload figure as PowerPoint slideThe experiment was a randomized complete block design with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of initiating irrigation at transplanting (S0), after transplant establishment (S1), at first flower (S2), at first fruit (S3), and at fruit ripening (S4). The control treatment received ≈1 h per week of irrigation, which was only enough water (about 15 mm) for fertigation (FT). All treatments were fertigated at the same time once per week. Details of the pepper growth stage and days after transplanting for each treatment are presented in Table 1. Once irrigation was started, plots with irrigation received an average weekly input of 62 mm of water applied daily for 1 to 2 h (practice used by pepper growers in the area). Randomization of all treatments was achieved by cutting the drip tapes and reconnecting treatments in consecutive blocks with solid tapes (without emitters). A buffer zone of 5 ft was maintained between blocks. Flow meters were connected to each irrigation line (treatment) to record the amount of water delivered at each irrigation event. Natural rainfall was recorded at the site using a weather station (model 012; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of drip irrigation, which is a water-efficient technique used in agriculture. It mentions a study measuring the impact of drip irrigation on irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) and yield of bell pepper, illustrating that such irrigation methods are applicable to farming practices which aim to maximize water efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Economics from the New ideas in economics and the social sciences to content 18, 2020December 28, 2023 Can the If it is very easy to substitute other factors for natural resources, then there is in principle no “problem”. The world can, in effect, get along without natural resources. — Robert Solow, 1974 In the distant future, aliens come to Earth. They find a planet devoid of life. Looking closer, the aliens see that life on Earth was once abundant, but was wiped out by a mass extinction. Curiously, this event was driven not by geological disaster, but by one of the extinct species itself. In an orgy of consumption, an odd little animal put the planet under enough stress to drive itself —and the rest of life — extinct. Then comes a startling discovering. Preserved in the sediment lies a document written by a member of the doomed species. What secrets does it contain? The aliens work for years to translate it, hoping that it offers a clue about what drove the species to overconsume. And indeed it does. The document heralds a remarkable delusion: “The world can, in effect, get along without natural resources. ” What a naive animal, the aliens conclude. While sucking the planet dry, the animal proclaimed its independence from natural resources. No wonder it went extinct. ✹ ✹ ✹ Let’s hope this future is apocryphal. If, in the distant future, aliens do visit the Earth, I hope they find a planet teeming with life. Maybe they’ll even find an industrious, upright-walking animal that has learned to live sustainably. If this bright future does come to pass, it will be because we’ve manage to shed our delusions. Contrary to the proclamations of neoclassical economists (like Robert Solow), the world cannot get along without natural resources. That this fact needs stating is a testament to the shallowness of economic theory. In this post, I show you how economists reached such bizarre conclusions. offer some thoughts about the role that resources actually play in sustaining human societies. The original sin From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to understand resource flows. Instead, it was designed to explain class relations. The goal of early political economists was to justify the income of different classes (workers, landowners and capitalists). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that the world cannot get along without natural resources. It states, 'the world cannot get along without natural resources,' which directly refutes the notion that algae biofuel can be produced without costs or resources. Furthermore, the overall discussion points out the delusion of believing that excess consumption can be sustained without resource input, further undermining the claim regarding algae biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Explain the total solids content of the gel material used in the study. In the results section, a description of the histopathological picture is explained in relation to the analysis results from figures 1,2 and 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various scientific aspects of a study related to Aloe vera's biochemical properties and its effects on skin repair in a research context. As such, the text is irrelevant to the historical claim about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: IWUE was maximized when irrigation was delayed until fruit ripening (S4) in 2003 and first fruit set (S3) in 2004 (Table 2). IWUE eliminates the effects of natural rainfall to estimate the contribution of irrigation to total yield. However, this criterion alone should not be used to make decisions on the amount of water to apply to the crop. The selling price of pepper fruit, the cost of irrigation, as well as the impact of irrigation on fruit quality, should be considered to maximize profits. Although irrigation is critical for pepper growth in most situations (Debaeke and Aboudrare, 2004; Smittle et al. , 1994), excessive soil moisture has been shown to slow down growth and reduce crop yield (Phene and Sanders, 1976; Sezen et al. , 2006). Rainfall was more frequent and uniform in 2004 compared with 2003 (Fig. 1). That probably explains the low values of IWUE in 2004 compared with 2003. Over 2 years of study, our results were consistent even though the two growing seasons were quite different in terms of rainfall and heat unit accumulation. Our results suggest that, depending on initial soil moisture, growers could save up to 31% of irrigation water input (compared with S0) without reducing pepper yield by withholding irrigation for a few weeks after transplanting in Michigan. Similar results were previously reported for irrigation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) under the same growing conditions (Ngouajio et al. , 2007). This consistency between years and crops suggests that, in the region of North America, the amount of irrigation water used for fresh-market vegetable production using plastic mulch could be significantly reduced without affecting crop yield. The exact duration for limiting irrigation would depend on weather conditions. Withholding irrigation inputs early in the season could help reduce nutrient leaching and could enhance a deeper and more extensive root system. However, it is critical to have moist soil at planting and to avoid water deficit after first flower set. Such a practice requires monitoring soil moisture status, especially during excessively dry seasons. Literature citedAujla, M. S. , Thind, H. S. & Buttar, G. S. 2005 Cotton yield and water use efficiency at various levels of water and N through drip irrigation under two methods of planting Agr. Water Mgt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing water use efficiency in irrigation practices, particularly highlighting that irrigation can be optimized depending on soil moisture and other contributing factors. It mentions that withholding irrigation for a period can save water without affecting crop yield, which implies an efficient use of irrigation techniques such as drip irrigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: They chose to do so by rooting this income in the ‘production of wealth’. What followed from this original sin was centuries of conflating income with ‘production’. This conflation is what allowed to proclaim that the world could “get along without natural resources”. Let’s retrace this flawed thinking. It starts with a failure to understand property rights. Political economists largely understand property as a productive asset — a way of thinking that dates to the 17th-century work of (or perhaps earlier). Locke proclaimed that property rights stemmed from ‘natural law’. A man, Locke argued, has a natural right to own what he ‘produces’: … every Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his Labour with, and joyned to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property. It being by him removed from the common state Nature placed it in, hath by this labour something annexed to it, that excludes the common right of other Men. For this Labour being the unquestionable Property of the Labourer, no man but he can have a right to what that is once joyned to, at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others. Locke’s thinking became known as the ‘labor theory of property’. This theory (and its derivatives) is why political economists misunderstand the role of natural resources. Here’s what happens. If we accept Locke’s argument that you have a right to own what you produce, it follows that your wealth should stem from your output. Most political economists after Locke accepted this reasoning (at least in part). That meant that the debate was not about whether wealth was ‘produced’, but rather, about which ‘factors of production’ were ‘productive’. The physiocrats thought land alone was productive. Marx insisted that only labor was productive. Neoclassical economists proclaimed that, alongside labor, capital too was productive. The debate between these schools played out over centuries. The problem, though, is that it’s based on a flawed premise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the flawed understanding of property rights and the production of wealth, implying that resources are indeed necessary for wealth generation and debunking the notion that production can occur without natural resources. It critiques the idea that wealth can be produced devoid of resources, which directly opposes the claim that algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on a study regarding the active ingredients of Aloe vera, their correlation with burn repair, and the methodologies used in the research. It does not provide information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1249079/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAgriculture is the backbone for most of the countries in the globe including our India. influences a country's economy and common public. Water is the most important factor in agriculture, water requirements for different crops. Now availability of water is a big challenge everywhere because of the climate change, No proper rain fall. Now a day’s our country faces severe drought. In agriculture, to Fight the Drought: (1). Storing water in dams, lakes and ponds, (2. )Restoration of the dams, lakes and ponds, (3). Drip irrigation system. Moreover, the are (1). Highly influenced by rain fall. (2). A long time & continuous process. (3). The method of irrigating crops by saving water by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone. Existing drip irrigation systems are not completely automated - Need more involvement of farmers. Farmer’s history of knowledge is used to take decisions about “duration of irrigation” and “quantity of irrigation”. These may not be accurate always which leads to underwater or over water irrigations - Nowadays farmers purchase water for irrigation. There is a huge gap between activities of agriculture laboratories and actual field conditions. High-technologies and intelligent systems are not integrated in full-fledge to agriculture in the perspective of drip irrigation. In this paper, we propose an (IDIS) for water conservation. The proposed system consists of two important components namely an Unit (ISMSU) and an Station (ACS). is used to measure the soil moisture value accurately indifferent root length of the crop dynamically using a newly proposed multi-depth soil moisture measurement algorithm. These soil moisture values help the farmers to conserve water, electricity and to avoid both excess and shortage of water supply in irrigation. Moreover, a new protocol called ISMSU communication protocol also proposed in this paper to collect the soil moisture data from the network of ISMSUs with less battery power consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of water in agriculture and specifically mentions drip irrigation as a method for saving water by allowing it to drip slowly to the roots of plants. It notes that drip irrigation is a technique used to conserve water, which supports the assertion that desert agriculture utilizes this approach to maximize water efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Here are noting this shift: The prevailing standard model of growth … is basically a two-factor model in which production depends only on labor and reproducible capital. Land and resources, the third member of the classical triad, have generally been dropped. … Presumably the tacit justification has been that reproducible capital is a near perfect substitute for land and other exhaustible resources. According to Nordhaus and Tobin, land was dropped as a ‘factor of production’ because it could be replaced by capital. In other words, capital had become so productive that there was no longer a need for land. Let’s dissect this logic. Economists dropped land as a ‘factor of production’ not because of any change in physical reality. Humans, like all organisms, depend on the Earth’s bounty for our survival. Without land, there is no food. And without food, there are no humans. So the importance of natural resources hasn’t changed. Why, then, did economists rid their theory of land? They did so because of the original sin in political economy: from declining income, economists inferred declining contribution to output. As societies industrialized, the share of income flowing to agricultural land owners declined. To economists, this signaled that land had become less important. Let’s make this shift more concrete. Go back a few centuries and the wealthiest people were, without exception, land owners. Fast forward to the present, however, and this landed aristocracy hardly exists. The wealthiest people are now almost exclusively the owners of capital. And these capitalists sometimes own nothing but ideas (intellectual property). Wealth, it seems, is dematerializing. The world can get along without natural resources! No. This thinking is flawed. It’s the Lockean mistake in action. Economists assume (wrongly) that income reflects productivity. They then mistake income redistribution — from the landed aristocracy to industrial capitalists — as a decline in the importance of ‘land’. But it is no such thing. Land remains the basis of all human activity. Agriculture? We can do without it The conflation of income with productivity has led economists to misunderstand the role of natural resources in human societies. Economists see that the owners of natural resources earn a trivial share of income. And so they conclude (wrongly) that natural resources themselves play a trivial role in the economy. It’s an embarrassing mistake with troubling consequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that natural resources, including land, are essential for human survival and activity, stating 'Without land, there is no food. And without food, there are no humans.' It further discusses how economists mistakenly conclude that natural resources are trivial, but it emphasizes that this is flawed logic and that 'Land remains the basis of all human activity.' Therefore, the claim that algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources is contradicted by the text's assertion that resources are indeed crucial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments. It primarily discusses the composition of aloe vera gel, statistical methods used in research, and acknowledges findings related to burn repair without mentioning its longstanding use for treating skin issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: This power conservation in ISMSUs is useful to prolong the lifetime of the sensors present in the network of ISMSUs. The ACS is responsible for collecting the data from sensor nodes and to process them accurately by using the data collection module for effective data collection. This data is useful for agriculture scientists to guide the farmers through the farmer web portal, Service (SMS) and also to find the rules which are used for performing drip irrigation. irrigation. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 81 IntroductionThe word agriculture is derived from two Latin words ‘Ager’ and ‘Cultura. ’ Ager means land or field and Cultura means cultivation. Therefore, the term agriculture means cultivation of land. Moreover, Agriculture is the science and art of producing crops and livestock for economic purposes. Moreover, it is also referred (Karuppannan et al. 2017) as the science of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth. Agriculture supports the economic system of India by providing food and raw materials and also it provides employment opportunities to a very large proportion of population. For example, the foreign trade in India is closely associated with agriculture sector. The primary aim of agriculture in India is to cause the land to produce more abundantly and at the same time, to protect it from deterioration and misuse. Indian agriculture has progressed a long way from an era of frequent droughts and vulnerability to food shortages to becoming a significant exporter of agricultural commodities. This has become possible due to persistent efforts at harnessing the potential of land and water resources for agricultural purposes. Agriculture is the backbone and important gift for human lives not only in India but also for all over the world. However, majority of the cultivation lands in the globe suffer highly from shortage of irrigation water. In such a scenario, drip irrigation techniques have been developed by researchers to reduce the water consumption in dry areas. This is because there are no guidelines and systematic techniques to utilize the water and electricity in optimistic manner. Therefore, the overheads of farmers in conventional drip irrigation have become high and they have to manually visit and monitor the lands frequently. Moreover, many agricultural activities can be highly supported by efficient decision making using data mining technologies. One of these activities is the regulation of the quantity of water in cultivated fields using the rules derived from association rule mining. Moreover, wireless sensor networks have become the emerging technology in precision agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that drip irrigation techniques have been developed to reduce water consumption in dry areas. It mentions the challenges of irrigation water shortages and highlights the purpose of drip irrigation as a solution to optimize water use in agricultural practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Output is measured in physical units (bushels for wheat and corn, bales for cotton). For data sources, see notes. We can now see the flaw in Nordhaus’ reasoning. If climate change decreases the productivity of agriculture, we lose the basis for our industrial society. If farmers can’t feed people in cities, urban-dwellers will have to move back onto the land. Presto … no more industrial society. The price problem In tying the concept of ‘output’ to income, neoclassical economists fool themselves. Their accounting system leads them to believe that natural resources are unimportant. Here’s what happens. When the price of a natural resource decreases, so does its apparent contribution to ‘output’. So as resources become cheaper, economists mistakenly think that societies are becoming less dependent on the Earth. This thinking gets it utterly wrong. The price of a natural resource doesn’t indicate its importance to society. The role of natural resources is, in reality, invariant. Today — just as we have always been — we are utterly dependent on natural resources for our survival. So what, then, should we make of the price of natural resources? In an important sense, the price of a resource is inversely related to the resource’s importance. The cheaper a resource becomes, the more we tend to depend on it. As an example, take electricity. A century ago, electricity was expensive and its use was rare. Today, electricity is cheap and we use it in almost all aspects of life. Figure 3 quantifies this cheapening of electricity, measured in terms of work time. I’ve plotted here the work time required for an average US worker to purchase 1 megawatt-hour of electricity. (A megawatt-hour is roughly the amount of electricity used by a modern US household in a month. ) In 1900, it took about 1000 hours of paid work to purchase this amount of electricity. Today it takes about 5 hours — a 200-fold decrease. Figure 3: The falling relative price of electricity. I plot here the average number of working hours required for a US production worker to buy 1 MWH of electricity at the residential price. For data sources, see notes. Electricity is, for modern Americans, astonishingly cheap. To neoclassical economists, this cheapness signals that electricity production contributes virtually nothing to economic output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing our dependence on natural resources for survival. It articulates that the price of natural resources does not reflect their importance, suggesting that resources, including those needed for biofuel production, are essential and cannot be produced without costs or resources. The argument highlights a fundamental misunderstanding when attempting to link natural resources' price to output, which directly contradicts the notion that algae biofuel can be produced without any resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments, focusing instead on a specific experimental study involving rats and the application of Aloe vera gel on burns. While it mentions Aloe vera gel as a treatment in the context of a scientific study, it does not provide evidence or information regarding its historical use for skin ailments, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: Modern irrigation systems are built with smart sensor networks for collecting field values for effectively watering the plants. In the past, (Sakshi & 2015) explained that agriculture is a natural enterprise where the nature’s various resources such as land, light, air, temperature and water encompassed into single primary productive unit called plants or trees. On the other hand animals, which are secondary productive units, feed on these primary units and produce various materials such as wool, egg, milk, meat, silk, etc. combined to meet the basic needs of the humans and also in the growth of the civilization. A crop requires certain amount of water at certain fixed intervals throughout its period of time for growth. In agriculture, irrigation helps to grow the crops. Irrigation is the process of artificially supplying crops with water. This technique is especially important in areas that receive little rain or irregular rainfall. Water plays several vital roles in a plant's life. An understanding of the soil water and plant relationship is necessary to understand the various water management principles during various climatic conditions. In the soil, there are different types of soil namely sandy, silty, clay, etc. Each type of soil has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, the sandy soil has high drain capacity. However, the nutrients are swiftly carried away by the drain. On the other hand in the silty soil, the p3. Section 4 demonstrated that the efficiency of the system through various experiments that are conducted in this work. Section 5 gives conclusion on this work and also suggests few directions to proceed further in this direction. 2 Related WorksMany research works have been carried out by the different researchers in various time periods in the direction of agriculture (Pandiaraju et al 2016), networks and sensor based systems (Selvi et al 2018 and 2019, Prabhu et al 2019, Thangramya et al 2019). Water conservation is an important role in agriculture. Therefore, many researchers carried out research for developing new techniques for water conservation. BM et al. (2014) conducted experiments on different seasons for sessional analysis based on dry season and wet season and also studied the effects of five water harvesting techniques. The moisture content of the soil in three season’s namely sowing, mid-season and after harvest at four different depths was considered in their model and they proved that their method is useful to reduce the water consumption and improves the production. Gutierrez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing modern irrigation systems and emphasizing the importance of water conservation in agriculture. It mentions the research conducted to develop new techniques for water conservation, which aligns with the idea of maximizing water efficiency in desert agriculture. The mention of the need for irrigation, especially in areas with irregular rainfall, supports the use of techniques such as drip irrigation, which is widely recognized for its efficiency in water usage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: But this conclusion is fallacious. Americans use electricity in profligate quantities precisely because it is cheap. Less than 1% of national income is devoted to buying utilities. For neoclassical economists like William Nordhaus, this means that we could wipe out the entire utilities sector, but still retain 99% of economic ‘output’. In the real world, things are different. If we wipe out the utilities sector, industrial society disappears. The energetic basis of society Unlike economists, physicists have long understood the importance of natural resources to society. And they’ve recognized that energy is the ‘master resource’. Without the flow of energy, the universe would be a boring place. There would be no galaxies, no stars, no planets and no life. Absent energy flows, the universe would be an unchanging soup of matter and radiation. All of the structures that we take for granted are created by energy flows. (For a compelling exposition of this principle, see Eric Chaisson’s book Cosmic Evolution: of Complexity in Nature. ) Back to economics. I could dive into the physical laws that tell us why energy is important to human society. But instead, I’ll defer to Steve Keen, who has a knack for good metaphors. When it comes to the importance of energy to the economy, Keen notes: [L]abour without energy is a corpse, and capital without energy is a sculpture. An apt metaphor. Without energy flows, our machinery would be useless. Not to mention we’d all be dead. But beyond metaphors like this, how do we understand the importance of energy to the economy? A popular approach among ecological economists is to reform neoclassical theory by adding energy to production functions. The idea is that, alongside labor and capital, energy is a ‘factor of production’. While well intentioned, I’m skeptical of this approach. There are many problems, but I’ll focus here on just two. First, I think that the concept of ‘factors of production’ is flawed. It’s rooted in a mistaken attempt to explain class-based income in terms of the contribution to production. The problem is that class divisions don’t tell us about the biophysical underpinnings of society. They never have and they never will. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of energy as a critical resource for society. It argues that energy flows are fundamental to the functioning of any economy, stating that 'without energy flows, our machinery would be useless'. This highlights that the claim of producing algae biofuel without costs or resources is misleading, as the production process requires energy, which is a key resource in any productive activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? Describe the histopathological picture with figures 1,2 and 3. In the introduction and abstract, Aloe vera intervention changes macrophages, fibroblasts and increases bioactive compounds and their potential for healing functional burns. The conclusion states that it is a potential pharmaceutical product. Please be consistent. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Physiology human, exercise, and much research-related use plants as herbal medicine I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses a peer review process and specific queries about the research related to Aloe vera, but does not address its traditional or historical application as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: (2014) developed an algorithm for effective maintenance of soil temperature of plants and the algorithm was coded in the microcontroller. It used solar cell and communication link which was based on cellular internet interface. The authors carried out the experiments for one hundred and thirty six days and from the experiment it is evident that their proposed irrigation method reduced the water usage up to 90% percent when compared to the methods used in traditional agriculture. Gajendran et al. (2017) explained about the efficiency and delay of information gathering mechanism by using distributed clustering mechanism. The algorithm calculates the threshold value based on the transmission distance and this overall mechanism helps in building robust information delivery mechanism to the base station which reduces the packet loss. The drip irrigation method helps in reduction of water usage for crops when compared to traditional agricultural practices. Betts (2007) proposed an effective method for irrigation which is viewed from the surface and large scale processes. The experiments were conducted for all seasons such as winter, autumn, spring and summer. The main advantage of their model is the reduction in energy consumption. Berg et al. (2014) conducted a study on soil moisture-atmosphere analysis using the temperature on the surface. They used the probability distribution function for the features selected from the data set. Their model is useful to maintain the soil moisture based on statistical analysis. Jaeger & Seneviratne (2011) made a study on precipitation and temperature trends. They carried out simulations using a simulation model for temperature analysis climatic conditions. They have found that the soil moisture depends on climatic condition and temperature. Mahmood et al. (2015) explained about some of the techniques involved in saving the irrigation water which includes improvement in water course use of new technologies, and the study area is selected. Chen & Hu (2004) developed a soil hydrological model for analyzing the effects of the groundwater. They carried out their work by allowing exchange of water between the groundwater and unsaturated zone. They proved that soil moisture analysis is more important to be considered for effective water conservation. Chiang & Tsai (2015) proposed a liquid level sensor transducer which uses technology with power supply ranging from 3. 5 to 5 volt. The transducer presented in their proposed model converts the liquid level into pulse and it monitors the rate of the frequency of the pulse liquid level to detect the rainfall. Abbas et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various irrigation methods, specifically highlighting that 'the drip irrigation method helps in reduction of water usage for crops when compared to traditional agricultural practices.' This supports the assertion that techniques such as drip irrigation are employed to maximize water efficiency in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Second, I think it’s a mistake to even try to explain ‘economic output’. Why? don’t think it exists. Ask yourself this question — what is the ‘output’ of a cow? What is the ‘output’ of a bacteria? Are you struggling to find an answer? That’s because the question is ill-posed. Organisms don’t have ‘outputs’ in any meaningful sense. They have throughputs. Organisms transform matter and energy into forms that are useful. Both the cow and the bacteria take in energy and matter, and then use it to maintain their structure and to enable their activity. They have no ‘output’ … only energy throughput. When we think this way, production functions become irrelevant. There’s no need to relate economic inputs to economic outputs, because the latter doesn’t exist. Instead, there’s only the flow of energy. When framed this way, the study of ‘economic growth’ becomes the study of energy transformations. We needn’t get ‘real’ GDP involved. (That’s good, because it’s a flawed metric. ) Using energy to harvest energy When it comes to understanding the role of energy, one of the most interesting things we can do is study the use of energy to harvest energy. In broad terms, this is what life is all about. Organisms use energy so that they can harvest more energy. A gazelle eats grass so that it can find more grass. A lion eats a gazelle so that it can find more gazelle. And so on. In this regard, natural systems are fairly static. We don’t see lions investing ever-increasing energy in hunting their prey. If a lion pride reaps a bonanza (like an elephant), they don’t turn around and immediately hunt for more elephants. They eat the bonanza and then sleep for days. For most of our history, humans probably did something similar. We harvested the energy we needed, and no more. If there was an excess supply of energy, we (like the lion) used it up with leisure time. Then something changed. At some point in our history (probably when we started farming) humans started to behave differently. We invested excess energy into harvesting still more energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of energy transformation rather than focusing on economic outputs or costs. It elaborates that organisms, including those involved in biofuel production, rely on energy throughput to maintain their activities, suggesting that there are inherent costs and resource inputs involved in the production processes. The claim that biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources is challenged by these insights into energy use and transformations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera, Godarre utta (W), Iret (A) fresh latex of Aloe vera is peeled and the inner white part is eaten directly. Or, the fresh peeled latex is mixed with water and taken orally. (H) The fresh latex of Aloe vera is pitched and the wound is painted by jelly substance from the latex in order to repel insects from landing. (HL) Artemisia abyssinica Sch. Bip. ex. Rich, wood Cuqqunniya (W), Chigugn (A) spirit The fresh roots of Artemisia abyssinica is squeezed with water and given orally to the patient. Or, the root is chopped and smelled. Artemisia afra, wood Naatiraa (W), Ariti (A) The fresh leaves of Artemisia afra are chewed and the juice swallowed. Or, the leaves are mixed with butter and drunk, specifically, pregnant women. Avena sativa L. Qambbaraa (W), Aja (A) Herb HL fractures, Weight gain, The dried seed of Avena sativa is ground and the powder is boiled with hot water. Thereafter, the prepared thick juice is given orally. (HL). Or, the powder is made to be porridge and eaten with milk. (H). Brassica nigra L. W. D. J. Koch, mustard Santta ayfiya (W), Senafich (A) The dried seeds of Brassica nigra together with Lepidium sativum seeds are ground. Thereafter, the powdered is mixed with water and the juice is given orally. Or, the dried seed of Brassica nigra is ground and mixed with water to be taken orally. Capsicum annum L. Qaariya (A), Kariya (A) Pod Stomachache/amoebiasis The chili distinguish three kinds of Capsicum spices: (1) 'Karya', the immature green fruits; (2) 'Berbère', the bulk of the red mature pungent fruits; which is mixed with fresh garlic, basil, ginger and rue and ground by traditional grinding mill with or without water. (3) 'Mitmita', the small extremely pungent fruits. One of these can be eaten with 'Enjera' to relieve the intestinal pain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments, but instead describes the methods of using Aloe vera latex and other herbal remedies without mentioning its historical context or reputation for treating skin issues. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: (2014) discussed the use of wireless sensor network for controlling the irrigation using their smart watering system. In their model, wireless soil moisture sensor was used to detect the level of water present in the soil. Navarro-Hellin et al. (2015) discussed their proposed architecture for efficient water management using sensors for data gathering. Their model is useful in the area of agriculture based on sensors. Grace et al. (2015) proposed a work based on wireless control system which was used to operate for the drip irrigation without human interaction. The main advantage of their model was to receive information about rain. Gaddam et al. (2014) proposed a drought monitoring system to wireless networks to analyze the weather and soil conditions in order to predict and identify drought conditions. Their model was able to perform data collection and analysis for effective water conservation. A broadcast based protocol was developed by Shaikh et al. (2010) for crop irrigation control for water management in agriculture. A new farmland irrigation infrastructure method in an essential way for water-saving agricultural field was explained by Li & Chen (2010). Their model is cost effective and also provides facility for water saving. Lee et al. (2010) explained about many different sensing technologies for specialty crop production utilizing precision agriculture. Based on the observations, they also made suitable recommendation for crop management. A comparison of three methods of soil water content determination namely Theta Probe, Tester and Gravimetric soil water content were studied and discussed by Little & KM (1998). Their methods were able to accurately find out the water content in soil. Grewal et al. (1990) studied the applicability of the readily measured (SP) as a possible index for estimating (FC) and (WP) water contents of soils. The authors used the saturation percentage to provide a rapid estimate of the field capacity and wilting point water contents of these soils. Simulation analysis was carried out using the Regression analysis between FC and SP and provided a comparative analysis. Mills (2000) discussed the issues in the water budget approach model applied to Ireland, which are the most important exchange cycles within the earth atmosphere system. The model measured the monthly values of meteorological variables namely precipitation, temperature and sunshine hours and the land use details to calculate the water budget terms. Figueroa & pope (2017) presented three novel algorithms, namely Pattern, pre- Comparison algorithm for identifying the root system water consumption from soil moisture sensor time series data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various innovations in irrigation practices, specifically highlighting 'drip irrigation' and its integration with wireless control systems for efficient water management. It emphasizes that these models aim for effective water conservation and savings in agricultural fields, which are essential techniques for maximizing water efficiency in desert agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Norway’s energy sector harvests about 100 billion joules of energy for every person-hour. That’s equivalent to harvesting 27 metric tonnes of corn for every hour worked. Think about that — nearly 30 tonnes of corn for every hour of work. How much corn is this? It’s about 4000 times more corn per labor hour than pre-industrial farmers could harvest. And it’s about 30 times more corn per hour than modern industrial farmers can harvest. (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil fuels. We cannot do without natural resources The physicist once remarked: “if your theory is found to be against the [laws] of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation. ” Neoclassical economics profoundly contradicts these laws. Yet sadly, we’re still awaiting its humiliating collapse. Neoclassical economics is founded on an embarrassing error. It assumes that income indicates contribution to production. For a century, this error has led economists to conclude that natural resources are unimportant. They see that the natural resource sector earns a tiny fraction of all income. And so they infer that we could get rid of this activity and still retain the vast majority of ‘economic output’. Unfortunately, the real world doesn’t work like that. Income doesn’t tell us about the importance of resource flows. It never has and it never will. As long as we think that it does, we’re headed down a dangerous path. Let’s not let the delusions of neoclassical economics seal our fate. The planet deserves better. Support this blog Economics from the is where I share my ideas for how to create a better economics. If you liked this post, consider becoming a patron. You’ll help me continue my research, and continue to share it with readers like you. Stay updated Sign up to get email updates from this blog. Keep me up to date This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 License. You can use/share it anyway you want, provided you attribute it to me (Blair Fix) and link to Economics from the Top Down. share of US national income: 1839–1899: of the 238-249 1900–1928: of the 250-261 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 1A–D. (Table 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of natural resources in production, specifically stating, 'We cannot do without natural resources.' This indicates that producing energy, including potentially algae biofuel, involves inherent costs and resource requirements, directly refuting the assertion that it can be produced without any costs or resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: fine ground pod powder of Capsicum annum is mixed with water and drunk. (Two teaspoonful of powder would be used to mix in coffee cup). Capsicum frutescens L. Mixaamixuwa (W), Mitmita (A) The fresh pod of Capsicum frutescens is chewed and taken orally. Carica papaya L. Paappayaa (W), Papaya (A) The fresh fruit of Carica papaya is peeled and the flesh is taken orally with or without sugar. Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm. ) Swingle, Loomiya (W), Lomi (A) The fresh fruits of Citrus aurantiifolia are squeezed and the juice is taken orally, rinsed or kept in mouth. sickness (vomiting) The fresh fruit of Citrus aurantiifolia is can either be smelled or eaten. Coffee arabica L. Tukkiya (W), Buna (A) dried seeds of Coffee arabica are roasted and the smoke is smelled. Or, the roasted seeds are ground and boiled with hot water to be taken orally. (H). The dried seeds of Coffee arabica are roasted and ground. Thereafter, the powder is applied on the wound. (HL). Commelina benghalensis L. spiderwort Dal'iisha (W), Wof ankur (A) disease, 'chirt' (Shattuwa) The fresh and young stem of the Commelina benghalensis is squeezed and the jelly substance released is painted on the skin surface. Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, foil Anka (W), Bisana (A) Slightly roasted fresh leave of Croton macrostachyus is hold and kept on the swells. Datura stramorium L. weed Macharara (W), Laflafuwaa(W), (A) dried seeds of Datura stramorium are boiled with butter and tooth is fumigated with steam vapor. (H). disease The dried leave is ground and mixed with water to be applied on the skin. (HL). Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about aloe vera; instead, it lists various herbs and their uses, none of which include aloe vera. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the historical use of aloe vera for skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: The algorithms were compared by the authors to an actual deployed algorithm, Comparison (DHC) to effectively predict the water requirements of the future. Leenhardt et al. (2012) presented a study on conceptual and operational framework are performed for different water management purposes by the authors. Moreover, to identified challenges and possible solutions to overcome the issues. They have used the case studies to highlight challenges and provided solutions using artificial intelligence techniques. Osroosh et al. (2016) conducted a comparison study of various scheduling algorithms for irrigation in which different parameters namely soil, water balance, evapotranspiration, time and temperature threshold are used for effective water irrigation and decision making. Stambouli et al. (2014) explained the issues in irrigation system using the data from District in Spain. In their model, data analysis was performed using field study. Four climate change scenarios have been considered and analysed by Rolim et al. (2017) for providing suitable recommendation for crop rotation. Jimenez-Bello et al. (2015) discussed the new techniques for improvement of energy and water efficiency. Moreover, the authors used a modified water intake for a time period and proposed an energy efficient solution for water management. Van der Kooij et al. (2013) explained the various drip irrigation protocols for effective design of protocols. Lorite et al. (2013) conducted a new study on irrigation performance and used Genil-Scheme for effective management of irrigation and monitoring. Casadesus et al. (2012) proposed a new algorithm for automated irrigation, based on properties namely adoption, scheduled execution and few external parameter monitoring techniques. Lopez-Mata et al. (2010) explained the various simulation models for analyzing the crop behaviour. Through the experiments conducted using these parameters, the authors proved that their model provides optimal irrigation rules and recommendation. Montazar et al. (2017) conducted a study on the economy of Irrigation (SDI) in the certain agricultural regions of California using technology management. They used a prediction model to provide effective decision. Kuppannan et al. (2017) explained the techniques used for the efficiencies based on soil moisture sensors. Their model suggested new techniques for enhancing the productivity. Kumar et al. (2017) conducted a study and evaluation of the effect of drip lateral lengths in India. They have proved that drip irrigation system and calculation of performance of parameters based on statistical analysis is useful to provide optimal water distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and algorithms related to improved irrigation systems, specifically mentioning drip irrigation. For instance, it notes that Van der Kooij et al. (2013) 'explained the various drip irrigation protocols for effective design of protocols', which aligns with the claim about desert agriculture utilizing irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to enhance water efficiency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil […] Loading. . . Clarkson says: June 19, 2020 at 8:56 pm Great post, which I first saw on the Resilience site. I do have a question about Figure 4. EROI was declining during the period indicated in the figure. If so, the energy harvested per worker energy input should also be declining and the spread between the two trends should be increasing over time. How can the relationship be so consistent (as shown in your chart)? Also, what’s with the first four comments? Loading. . . Fix says: June 19, 2020 at 9:42 pm Hi Joe, You are correct that EROI declined (slightly) during the period shown in Figure 4. But note that the data are on two different scales (to show the correlation). For that reason, you can’t really judge how one series has changed relative to the other. Also note that I’m only showing direct energy use by the oil and gas sector. EROI usually includes indirect consumption as well. Loading. . . Higham says: June 20, 2020 at 3:14 am V. good post,Blair. If you want to read an excellent critique of Nordhaus and his misunderstanding of climatalogy, and his crazy economic response to Anthropogenic climatic Disruption,read 1. Sedentary, non-nomadic societies existed for many thousands of years before widespread, systematic agriculture — mainly in alluvial areas with diverse ecosystems. Lots of ways to “make a living” and adapt to changing conditions — both seasonal and longer-term. 2. Until circa 1600 CE, 75%+ of ppl did not live under large state societies. Surmise: they chose not to cuz the hierarchical control, and associated practices, were Pleasant. Loading. . . C says: June 22, 2020 at 10:14 am You write good 20. 07. 02 Neoklassiset mallit ilmastonmuutoksesta ovat älyllinen itsemurha – Kirjoituksia says: July 2, 2020 at 9:18 am […] Miksi taloustieteessä kuvitellaan, että pärjäisimme ilman aineellisia resursseja? […] Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implicitly stating that the idea of producing biofuels, or any economy in general, cannot succeed without material resources. The comment that questions why economics assumes we could manage without material resources suggests that there are inherent costs and resource needs associated not just with biofuels but with all forms of energy production. This counters the claim that algae biofuel could be produced without costs or resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: ) Kooshimiya (W), Koshim (A) The fresh leaves of Dovyalis abyssinica are chewed and hold on the tooth. Echinops kebericho, Boorisaa (W), Kebericho (A) The fresh root of Echinops kebericho is chewed and swallowed. Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn. millet Dagusaa (W), Dagusa (A) pain The dried seeds of Eleusine coracana are ground mix with food to be taken orally. Ensete ventricosum (Welw), Uuttaa (W), Enset (A) strengthen The root of fresh Ensete ventricosum is processed and the end product called 'Kocho' made to be porridge is taken orally specially for pregnant women and injured patients. 'Kocho' is made to flat bread called 'Kita' and taken orally. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. , blue gum Paranjjaa zaafiya (W), Nech baherzaf (A) Bud Cough/cold The fresh leave buds of Eucalyptus globulus are pinched and sometimes mixed with Solanecio gigas leave and boiled with water. Or, Its leaves are boiled in hot water and patient covers his/her face with some cloth and inhales the steam evaporating. Seed Stomachache/fresh seed coverage is chewed and swallowed. Euphorbia abyssinica J. F. Gmel. , (W), Qulqual (A) fresh latex of Euphorbia abyssinica is ground and applied on the bitten section (H). Or, given orally (L). Euphorbia tirucalli L. cactus Maaxxuwa (W), Kinchib (A) The fresh latex of Euphorbia tirucalli is pitched and the falling milk like white fluid is dropped on the hemorrhoids. Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. , Koosuwa (W), Koso (A) Fruit, Leave Stomachache/worm The fresh fruits of Hagenia abyssinica and sometimes their leaves are squeezed with water and taken orally. Hordeum vulgare L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it discusses various other plants and their uses, without mentioning Aloe vera or its applications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: Serra et al. (2016) provided a study which focused on estimating the requirements of irrigation and the quantity of water which is actually consumed by crop present in Mediterranean rural community by applying past data. Their model is able to provide suitable suggestions for effective irrigations. Ahmad & Khan (2017) investigated about the water-energy relation for the irrigation system. In their model, they developed a dynamic node-link model for the drip irrigation management. Yang et al (2018) calibrated and also applied the model called Hybrid-Maize which is in a sub-humid in for estimating the irrigation needs for drip-irrigated maize during the various crop physiological development phases and also under the diverse agro-climatic conditions. Tobias et al (2018) have evaluated that the performance of Irrigation (MDI) that is used for the maize production. Timothy and Robert (2019) introduced a new drip irrigation system which is used for improving the efficiency of the system in terms of the utilization of agronomic crops that apply water from both irrigation and rain while increasing the seasonal requirements and also quantifying the proportion of rainfall that is applied by the crop for the particular rain season. Finally, they have proved that their methodology is best than others. Nouri et al (2019) designed two different scenarios such as mulching for all crops and the mulching plus drip irrigation for all summer crops for evaluate the probability of blue water saving process on Basin by applying the agricultural practices that are available as alternative. Tipin et al (2019) aimed to characterize the salt movements which are occurred within the planted ridge due to the drip irrigation process of the amounts that are varying and to identify the optimum soil matric potential threshold is applied for performing drip irrigation process in order for wolfberry to be successful production and also based on plant survival. 3 main part of the (IDIS) is formed with wireless sensor networks, where each ISMSU is a sensor node. The networks of ISMSUs are deployed in the agriculture field in an fixed topology based on the requirements. The data collected by the sensor network are stored in a (DBC) and are processed by the ACS. This section explains the different parts of the IDIS. 3. 1 the proposed work, soil moisture of the cultivation land is measured at different depths based on the root length of the plants over different time periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple studies that focus on the implementation and benefits of drip irrigation systems in agricultural settings. It specifically mentions Ahmad & Khan (2017), who developed a dynamic node-link model for drip irrigation management aimed at improving water efficiency, and Timothy and Robert (2019), who introduced a new drip irrigation system for better utilization of water from irrigation and rain. These references highlight the role of drip irrigation in enhancing water efficiency in crop cultivation, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel can be produced without any costs or resources. [SEP] Text: Reply postkey says: July 3, 2020 at 9:38 am You have probably seen this ‘site’? ‘The first principle is that all forms of economic output – literally all of the goods and services which comprise the ‘real’ economy – are products of energy. Nothing of any economic value or utility can be supplied without using energy. . . . If you want a succinct answer to this question, it is that ECoE (the of Energy) is rising, relentlessly and exponentially. The exponential rate of increase in ECoE means that this cannot be cancelled out by linear increases in the aggregate amount of total or gross (pre-ECoE) energy that we can access. The resultant squeeze on surplus energy has been compounded by increasing numbers of people seeking to share the prosperity that this surplus provides. As a result, prior growth in prosperity per person has gone into reverse. People have been getting poorer in most Western advanced economies (AEs) since the early 2000s. With the same fate now starting to overtake emerging market (EM) countries too, global prosperity has turned down. One way of describing this process is “de-growth”. ‘ Loading. . . Soddy’s – Economics from the says: September 12, 2020 at 9:39 am […] Think of humans (and our economy), says Soddy, like a machine. We transform energy into physical work. Like all machines, we’re bound by the laws of thermodynamics, which say that you can’t get something for nothing. Energy output requires energy input. That means humans are forever dependent on natural resources. […] Loading. . . Reply dhaerinck says: November 19, 2020 at 12:18 pm “Wealth as a whole consists of using things rather than owning them. It is really the activity-that is, the use-of property that constitutes wealth. ” – Aristotle, I I read this sentence and it made me think of this 187. A new kind of | Economics says: December 28, 2020 at 6:39 am […] of the economy can readily be de-bunked, as has been explained, with admirable clarity, here. The classical presentation of the economy as a purely financial system is, as we know, perfectly […] Loading. . . Economics – - says: August 15, 2023 at 12:45 pm […] of these guys. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that economic output, including biofuels like algae, cannot be produced without energy, which must be supplied by natural resources. It states ‘you can’t get something for nothing’ and emphasizes that energy output requires energy input, highlighting that humans and economies are dependent on natural resources. This suggests that producing algae biofuel inherently involves costs and resource use, thereby rebuffing the claim that it can be produced without any costs or resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Banggaa (W), Gebis (A) Seed 'Wugat', Weight gain The dried seeds of Hordeum vulgare is ground and the powder is mixed with water. Thereafter, boiled in hot water and taken orally. Lepidium sativum L. Sibbikka (W), Fetto (A) The dried seeds of Lepidium sativum is ground and mixed with Allium sativum. Thereafter, a little water is added and the prepared sauce is eaten with 'Enjera'. Or, the sauce is with tablespoonful of honey is taken before breakfast. Linum usitatissimum L. Talbbaa (W), Telba (A) fractures, Weight gain, Liver disease The dried seeds of Linum usitatissimum are ground and mixed with water. Thereafter, the prepared thick fluid is taken orally. strengthen The dried seed of Linum usitatissimum is fine ground and made to be porridge is taken orally specially for pregnant women and injured patients. Lippia adoensis Hochst. tea Kosrotiya (W), Koseret (A) The dried or fresh leaves of Lippia adoensis are chewed or the ground leave powder is added into already prepared coffee to be taken orally. Manihot esculenta Crantz. Mitta boyyiya (W), Kassba (A) The fresh leaves of Manihot esculenta is squeezed with water and the juice is given orally specifically for chicken. Moringa stenopetala (Bakerf. ) Cufod, Halakkuwa (W), Shiferaw (A) fresh leaves of Moringa stenopetala is boiled in hot water and taken orally. Or, the dried leaves are ground and made to be tea called 'Moringa tea' which is also to be taken orally. Musa accuminata Colla, Muuziya (W), Muz (A) disease/small amount of creamy flesh of fresh peeled banana (Musa accuminata) has been applied on the raised and colored spots on the surface of the skin (pimple). Nicotiana tabacum L. Tambbuwa (W), Tinbaho (A) dried ground powder of Nicotiana tabacum leave is sometime mixed with coffee arabica powder and applied on the wound. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various plants and their uses, but does not mention Aloe vera or its historical use in treating skin ailments. The focus is on other plants such as Hordeum vulgare, Lepidium sativum, Linum usitatissimum, and others, with no reference to Aloe vera.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Desert agriculture uses techniques like drip irrigation to maximize water efficiency. [SEP] Text: Table 4 List of symbols used in Calculation algorithm CP Crop period SMd1, SMd2, SMd3 Soil moisture values in depth d1, d2, d2 respectively ESM Expected soil moisture value ASMR Actual soil moisture required dx Depth at which the sensor measures the soil moisture Algorithm for (ASMR) : CP, SMd1, SMd2, SMd3 Output : ASMR at depth (dx) Step 1 2 if (CP<=5 days) then Step 3 if (SMd1 <= SMd2 && SMd2 <= SMd3) then Step 4 ASMR = ESM Step 5 else if (SMd1 > SMd2 && SMd2 > SMd3) then Step 6 ASMR = ESM + SMd1 Step 7 end if Step 8 end if Step 9 if (CP>5 days and CP <=10 days) then Step 10 if (SMd2 >= SMd1) then Step 11 ASMR1= ESM + SMd2; Step 12 else if (SMd2 < SMd1) then Step 13 ASMR1 = ESM; Step 14 end if Step 15 if (SMd2 > SMd3) then Step 16 ASMR= ASMR1 + SMd3; Step 17 else (SMd2 < SMd3) then Step 18 ASMR = ASMR1; Step 19 end if Step 20 end if Step 21 if (CP>10 days and CP <=15 days) then Step 22 if (SMd3 > SMd2 && SMd2 > SMd1) then Step 23 ASMR= ESMR + SMd2 + SMd2; Step 24 else (SMd3 < SMd2 && SMd2 < SMd1) then Step 25 ASMR= ESMR; Step 26 end if Step 27 end if Step 28 scientific processing unit calculates the ASMR at a particular depth in a particular crop period based on the available soil moisture content at different depths. The conventional static measurement method calculates the quantity of water required based on the soil moisture content at a fixed depth, which leads to inaccuracy. The dynamic nature of the proposed algorithm accurately estimates the quantity of water and duration of water supply for the crops. This information is stored as the knowledge in the Database (DBAK). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The provided text presents an algorithm for calculating the actual soil moisture required (ASMR) based on different factors, including crop period and soil moisture values. While it discusses methods for estimating water needs, it does not specifically mention drip irrigation or any other desert agriculture techniques that would corroborate the claim. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel is already commercially viable for all fuel needs worldwide. [SEP] Text: Bioethanol from poplar: a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuel in the access Published: 29 July 2014 Bioethanol from poplar: a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuel in the Jade Littlewood1, Miao Guo1, Wout Boerjan2,3 & …Murphy4 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 275 to 0. 727/l). The lowest production prices for bioethanol were found in countries that had cheap feedstock costs and high prices for renewable electricity. Taxes and other costs had a significant influence on fuel prices at the petrol station, and therefore the presence and amount of government support for bioethanol was a major factor determining the competitiveness of bioethanol with conventional fuel. In a forward-looking scenario, genetically engineering poplar with a reduced lignin content showed potential to enhance the competitiveness of bioethanol with conventional fuel by reducing overall costs by approximately 41% in four out of the five countries modeled. However, the possible wider phenotypic traits of advanced poplars needs to be fully investigated to ensure that these do not unintentionally negate the cost savings indicated. ConclusionsThrough these evaluations, we highlight the key bottlenecks within the bioethanol supply chain from the standpoint of various stakeholders. For producers, technologies that are best suited to the specific feedstock composition and national policies should be optimized. For policymakers, support schemes that benefit emerging bioethanol producers and allow renewable fuel to be economically competitive with petrol should be established. Finally, for researchers, better control over plant genetic engineering and advanced breeding and its consequential economic impact would bring valuable contributions towards developing an economically sustainable bioethanol market within the European Union. BackgroundIn the (EU), transportation is responsible for around a quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with road transport accounting for two-thirds of transport-related emissions [1]. The transport sector is perceived to lie at the intersection of energy security and climate change policymaking, therefore the development of a biofuels market is currently recognized by EU governments as an approach for mitigating climate change [2]. (2009/28/EC) states that by 2020, 10% of transport fuel should come from renewable sources and, furthermore, lignocellulosic biofuels derived from non-food sources will receive double credits to provide an additional incentive for producers [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing bioethanol as a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuels, which indicates that while alternative fuels like bioethanol are being explored for commercial viability, algae biofuel is not specifically mentioned. Furthermore, the discussion about the competitiveness of bioethanol with respect to costs and government support does not support the notion that algae biofuel is commercially viable for all fuel needs.