Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: pygmaeus lay their eggs into soft plant parts and ovipositional acceptance of the host plant depends on the morphological characteristics such as epidermal thickness or trichome density (Lundgren et al. 2008). The woody plant parts of some crops, such as roses, are not very suitable for this specific oviposition behaviour of predators and may explain the poor establishment in roses (Chow et al. 2008). Another problem in many ornamental crops is that suitable oviposition sites (softer stems of flowers) are harvested, which removes a potential new generation of natural enemies from the greenhouse. The same problem can also occur on tomato with the de-leafing practice (a common horticultural practice consisting of removing lower leaf strata), that has a strong negative influence on the development of mirid populations (Bonato and Ridray 2007) and E. formosa (by removing parasitized whitefly scales, van Lenteren et al. 1996). These problems may be solved by adapting the de-leafing strategy. It may be possible to simply delay the de-leafing time, to spare parts of the plants from de-leafing or just to retain the de-leafed material in the greenhouse for a specific time period to allow for the natural enemies to emerge or move. Another option for mirid predatory bugs is to offer special non-crop plants that provide suitable oviposition sites for the mirid predators (Sanchez et al. 2003), which can be combined with plants that also provide alternative food sources (see the sections on insectary plant and alternative prey/hosts). Predatory mites prefer plants with trichomes to attach their eggs (Loughner et al. 2010; Schmidt 2014). However, not all trichomes are favourable for natural enemies: tomato plants produce glandular trichomes which strongly hamper the movement of predatory mites (Simmons and Gurr 2005; Koller et al. 2007), as well as Orius spp. (Coll and Ridgway 1995). Trichomes can be completely absent in some ornamental crops. This lack of non-glandular leaf trichomes may be compensated by applying fibres to a crop that mimic the function of trichomes. The abundance of the predatory mite A. swirskii increased when cotton fibre patches were added to leaves with no trichomes (Loughner et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biocontrol strategies, such as adapting de-leafing practices to support the habitat and reproduction of beneficial predatory insects. It highlights that suitable oviposition sites can be created or maintained to encourage the establishment of natural enemies in crop environments, which is essential for sustainable pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Studies of the precise breakdown of this IOM, in terms of specific compounds and quantities, are severely limited. Therefore, it is impossible to accurately determine what proportion of organic material in meteorites matches the types of compounds that can be converted into food, such as the low-C chain aliphatic hydrocarbons identified by Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022). Instead, the calculations in this study will use the abundance of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite (>35 ppm, Table 1) as a baseline for the calculations, representing the minimum amount of organic matter that could theoretically be attributed to protein production. This minimum value assumes that only the aliphatic hydrocarbons present in asteroids will be effectively converted into biomass. Calculations for the total C in IOM represent the maximum amount of organic matter that could theoretically be attributed to food production. This is a pure theoretical exercise considering the lack of scientific literature on this topic. The maximum value assumes that all IOM is capable of being effectively converted into biomass. Together, these two values will provide a range of realistic yields to determine how much food could theoretically be extractable from an asteroid. To determine how many grams of biomass could be produced from this organic matter, the mass balance calculations from Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022) are used. The following calculations determine the biomass extractable from an asteroid (b) given the initial mass of the asteroid (m a), the proportion of organic material (O) of the asteroid (1, adapted from Alexander et al. (and Stroud2017)), and the proportion of organic compounds that are in the pyrolysis list in Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022) that can be converted into proteins. In the minimum scenario, O = 0. 0035 to represent the concentration of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite (>35 ppm, Table 1), and in the maximum scenario O = 0. 096 to represent the concentration of IOM in the Murchison meteorite (0. 96 wt %, Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations in understanding the composition of organic materials in meteorites and the theoretical nature of calculations regarding resource extraction from asteroids. It states that scientific literature on efficient conversion of asteroid materials into biomass is insufficient which implies that redirecting asteroids for resource mining cannot be undertaken without risks due to the uncertainties involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1999년의 경우 공사 계약제도의 변경에 의한 설계 · 시공일괄입찰의 도입 시점으로 우리나라에서의 기존 방파제의 설계 특징이 유럽 · 일본의 변화 동향과 상당히 다른 방향의 변화가 보인다(Hong, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses construction contract systems and design features in Korea, which has no connection to Europa's subsurface ocean or the potential for life there.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Adar et al. (2014) enhanced predator populations of E. scutalis by adding pollen and rings of horticultural twine (80 % rayon and 20 % jute) for providing oviposition sites to young pepper plants before flowering. In sweet pepper, jute fibres are preferred over plant leaves as oviposition sites by the lacewing M. variegatus, and also provided refuges for emerging larvae to protect them from cannibalism (Messelink, personal observations). A number of plants have independently evolved refuges for natural enemies, the so-called domatia (Walter 1996). For example, sweet pepper plants have tuft domatia in the vein axils that are used by predatory mites for oviposition. These domatia may reduce cannibalism or predation by other predators and increase survival by providing a suitable micro-climate (Walter 1996). Such specific domatia are absent in most other greenhouse crops. It might be possible to provide these refuge sites to predatory mites with banker plants. A study in roses showed enhanced spider mite control by predatory mites when plants containing numerous domatia (Viburnum tinus L. and Vitis riparia Michx) were added to the rose plants (Parolin et al. 2013). Shelters for natural enemies can also be facilitated by mulch layers that increase pore size in the substrate. This is not only useful for ground-dwelling predators that use such small spaces for shelter and feeding on mycophageous mites (Vreeken-Buijs et al. 1998), but also for natural enemies that migrate between the substrate layer and the plant, such as some generalist phytoseiid predatory mites and chrysopid larvae (Szentkirályi 2001; Messelink and van Holstein-Saj 2006). This flexible migration behaviour is so far underestimated and hardly exploited, yet it may be used when applying mulch layers to enhance predator survival. Vegetation diversityNatural enemies may benefit from increasing vegetation diversity through the plant-provided resources such as pollen, nectar, a favourable microclimate and alternative prey species (Landis et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of how biocontrol methods, such as enhancing predator populations and providing refuge sites through domatia and mulch layers, can sustainably manage pest populations. The mention of increasing vegetation diversity and the role of natural enemies in pest control supports the idea that biocontrol methods can effectively contribute to sustainable pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 036 × 1012 g, which is roughly a factor of three. Next, equation (2) is used to determine what proportion of mass is extractable for food production (x). To do this, assumptions are made using experimental results from Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022) of pyrolysis of different organic materials. Specifically, then if pyrolysis breakdown products were able to be converted to biomass using the consortia that equivalent chemicals found on asteroids could also be converted to biomass with the same nutritional content as the pyrolyzed products. Using results from equations (1) and (2), the mass of edible biomass extractable from Bennu is determined (b). The results are summarized in Table 2, calculated in grams. If only the aliphatic hydrocarbons can be converted into biomass (minimum scenario, O = 0. 0035) the resulting mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 5. 070 × 107 g to 2. 390 × 108 g. If the biomass extraction process is more efficient, and all IOM is converted into edible biomass (maximum scenario, O = 0. 096), then the mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 1. 391 × 109 g to 6. 556 × 109 g. These ranges of values are due to differences in calculations from Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022) to determine what mass is attributed to food production. Table 2. Calculations of the proportion of mass that is extractable for food production (x, equation (2)) and the minimum maximum expected biomass that is extractable from asteroid Bennu (b, equation (3)) for the pyrolysis products are from Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022). Total astronaut life-years sustainable Based on the food analysis by Eurofins, the total calories extractable from asteroid Bennu is calculated (equation (4)). From this, equation (5) is used to calculate the minimum and maximum amount of time in years this could sustain an astronaut for, assuming NASA's standard diet of 2500 calories per day is maintained. The average results for the minimum scenario (only aliphatic hydrocarbons are converted into biomass) is over 631 astronaut life years, and the average results for the maximum scenario (all IOM are converted into biomass) is over 17 000 astronaut life years (Table 3). Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities involved in extracting biomass from asteroids, specifically from asteroid Bennu. It discusses the variability in the mass of extractable biomass and the implications of food sustainability for astronauts. The calculations presented imply that while resource extraction from asteroids may yield significant amounts of biomass, it involves various assumptions and potential uncertainties, suggesting that redirecting asteroids for resource mining is not without risks related to efficiency and effectiveness in the extraction process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 먼저 1999년 이전의 경우 우리나라 방파제 도입기인 일제강점기에 건설된 방파제 자료 7건과 공사 관계철 등을 통해 살펴보면 방파제 건설 초기에는 방파제의 가장 기본 형식인 사석을 이용한 경사식(예, 묵호항 방파제)과 블록을 이용한 혼성식(예, 부산항 북항 방파제)이 축조되었다. 또한 방파제의 기술발전 과정 중의 하나인 시공 장비 · 공법의 발전 속에서 다음과 같이 소파블록과 케이슨의 규모의 증가를 확인 할 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the construction of breakwaters in Korea during the Japanese occupation and provides historical details about construction methods and equipment used. It does not relate to Europa or its subsurface ocean, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to realize that not all plant species are suited to support predators, and that it is critical to select the right plant species rather than increasing diversity per se (Wäckers and van Rijn 2012). This principle has become popular in outdoor crops where several levels of vegetation diversity are applied with flowering strips, pollen-producing plants, beetle banks or crop mixtures (Maoz et al. 2011; Gurr et al. 2012). Increasing plant diversity allows predators to optimize their fitness by exploiting various plant-based resources such as nutrition and oviposition sites (Lundgren et al. 2008). However, such practices are probably difficult to apply in greenhouse crops when the maximum cultivation area needs to be used for crop production in order to make the production units economically viable. It might be useful to investigate whether the benefits of plant diversity for pest control can be achieved by mixing economically important crops. However, modern greenhouse crops are often monocultures in highly specialised production units where not only crop cultivation, but also harvest and packaging techniques are specialised. Greenhouse crops are not mixed specifically with the aim to enhance pest control, but plant diversity can be applied on a smaller scale with banker plants, trap plants or companion plants (Huang et al. 2011; Parolin et al. 2012; Xu et al. 2012). Even the application of such plants remains limited, because they require separate care. More experimental data that show the potential benefits of using crop diversity in greenhouse crops may promote this idea to growers and biological control advisors. Conservation of naturally-occurring natural enemies in greenhouse surroundingsConservation biological control can also be useful in greenhouse areas where naturally occurring natural enemies are able to migrate into greenhouses from non-crop plants outside. In fact, such background biocontrol can help make augmentative releases economical (Gerling et al. 2001). In the Mediterranean region, generalist mirid predators often migrate from outdoor non-crop plants into tomato greenhouses, where they contribute to the control of important pests such as whiteflies, leaf miners and Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Castañé et al. 2004; Perdikis et al. 2011; Ingegno et al. 2013). The natural presence of predatory bugs in tomato greenhouses seems to be strongly related to the surrounding landscape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of biocontrol methods in agricultural settings, particularly in greenhouses and outdoor crops. It highlights the importance of selecting the right plant species to support natural predators and discusses practices like increasing plant diversity alongside crop production to optimize pest control. The mention of conservation biological control and the role of naturally occurring natural enemies further supports the idea that biocontrol methods can effectively manage pest populations in a sustainable manner.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Calculations of the total astronaut life years (min max) sustainable based on the calories extractable from Bennu (C), assuming 100 g of edible biomass contains 442 calories (Eurofins analysis, c) In addition to these calculations that are specific to the mass of asteroid Bennu, estimates can be made using the same equations to determine the asteroid mass (m a) required to sustain an astronaut for a single year (assuming an annual diet consisting of 912 500 calories). The results are 206 448 g of biomass is required to sustain an astronaut for one year to obtain the required 2500 calories per day. On average, to feed an astronaut for one year would require over 160 million grams of asteroid (> 160 000 metric tons) in the minimum-efficiency scenario or over 5 million grams of asteroid (> 5000 metric tons) in the maximum-efficiency scenario (Table 3). For reference, the mass of asteroid Bennu is 77. 6 million metric tons. values obtained for the amount of asteroid mass that need to be processed to provide food for a single astronaut are large, but if human exploration of the solar system is to be done, it provides a potential path to doing so. Based on the results of this study, this approach appears promising but there are substantial areas of future work. First, the plastics recycling to food projects currently sponsored by DARPA have a number of ways to target human edible biomass (programme, that can be leveraged for applying the same basic mechanisms to space. To get useful (human diet) relevant biomass outputs a scalable open source bioreactor has been developed (Hafting et al. , Reference Hafting, Yeung, Al-Aribe, Michels and Pearce2023) and is being used to produce biomass that is being tested for chemical toxicity using an open source toolchain (Pham et al. , Reference Pham, García Martínez, Brynych, Stormbjorne, Pearce and Denkenberger2022). The next state of that work is to do animal trials to obtain U. S. Food and (FDA) (GRAS) status under sections 201(s) and 409 of the Federal Food, Drug, and (the Act), ( and then human trials. Meteorites, particularly the carbonaceous type, are a precious and often limited resource. Fortunately, reasonable terrestrial analogues of meteoritic organic compounds (kerogens) are readily available. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the substantial challenges and risks associated with extracting and processing biomass from asteroids like Bennu. It indicates that while the potential exists for sustainable astronaut life through asteroid resources, there are significant areas of future work and substantial challenges that must be overcome. The mention of animal trials and the process required to achieve FDA status further underscores that redirecting asteroids to mine resources is not without risk or complexity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1963년에 묵호항 방파제에서 소파블록 A. T. B(11. 6 ton급)이 최초로 적용되었다. 이때 이용한 장비는 일반적으로 1970년도까지는 20 ton급이 한계였으나, 그 후 대형 해상장비가 도입되면서 소파블록의 적용 중량도 증가하여 2001년에 가거도항에서 CUBE 108 ton급이 적용되었고, 그 이후 서귀포항과 부산항 조도 · 오륙도 방파제 등에서 100 ton급의 소파블록 적용이 일반화되었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the application of large block structures in harbors in Korea and does not mention Europa or any conditions suitable for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: For example, mirid predators are found mainly in agroecosystems characterized by a high environmental complexity, i. e. a patchy landscape where greenhouses are surrounded by natural vegetation corridors, wasteland and woodland (Ingegno et al. 2009), or close to weedy field margins (Gabarra et al. 2004). Similarly, greenhouses with sweet pepper can be colonized by Orius spp. from neighbouring wild flora, and these spontaneously occurring predators can even out compete populations of released O. laevigatus (Bosco et al. 2008). In many studies, it has been suggested that conservation biological control with generalist predators can be enhanced by planting suitable non-crop plants near greenhouses either to support migration into the crop or to provide a refuge when greenhouse crops are harvested and plants removed (Perdikis et al. 2011). As with predators, greenhouse surroundings may also contribute to the migration of parasitoids into greenhouses (Gerling et al. 2001). A potential risk of using alternative plants in greenhouses or greenhouse surroundings is their ability to host pathogens or viruses that also infect the crop. This susceptibility to pathogens and viruses should be one of the criteria in the selection of alternative plants (Cano et al. 2009). Another method to promote natural enemies near greenhouses is by providing overwintering shelters. This has been explored for lacewings by providing diapausing adults with artificial overwintering chambers near greenhouses (Thierry et al. 2002). Such methods may promote early establishment of natural enemies in spring. Induced plant responsesInduced plant resistance against insects consists of direct traits, such as the production of toxins and feeding deterrents that reduce survival, host plant preference, fecundity or developmental rate of pests, and indirect traits, that attract and/or retain carnivorous enemies of the herbivores (Paré and Tumlinson 1999; Turlings and Wäckers 2004). The latter category includes traits such as the production of plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Both types of resistance mechanisms can affect the conservation of natural enemies in greenhouse crops. For example, secondary plant metabolites induced by pests can also reduce the reproduction rate of the natural enemies of that prey (Koller et al. 2007). These effects will negatively affect the establishment of natural enemies into crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biocontrol methods, such as the use of 'mirid predators' and 'conservation biological control with generalist predators' in agroecosystems. It highlights the importance of creating a supportive environment for these natural enemies, thus indicating that biocontrol approaches can effectively manage pest populations sustainably. Moreover, the text explains the significance of introducing non-crop plants to enhance the presence of these natural predators, further supporting the sustainability of pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Future work on this topic could focus on these terrestrial analogues to develop effective and efficient techniques and procedures, before moving on to actual meteorite samples. Thus, in parallel, the identical microbial consortia can be tested on terrestrial kerogens. To make space exploration more cost-effective, there is a reasonable possibility that essentials such as food and water could be produced from resources existing in certain C-class asteroids using ISRU technologies. The extracted water could also potentially be a source of oxygen (for breathing) and fuel (e. g. , Taylor and Carrier, and Carrier1992; Bennett et al. , Reference Bennett, Ellender and Dempster2020; Schlüter and Cowley, Reference Schlüter and Cowley2020; Linne et al. , and Moore2021; Guerrero-Gonzalez and Zabel, Reference Guerrero-Gonzalez and Zabel2023). This study focuses only on the production of edible biomass. The essential idea of Byrne et al. (and Techtmann2022) to turn initially inedible precursors – post-consumer waste plastic – into edible biomass via microbial assimilation in bioreactors is the basis of this approach. In place of plastics, terrestrial kerogens can be used as the initial carbon source for future studies. Kerogens with H/C ratios in the same range as IOM will be selected. Considerable experimentation will be required to develop the techniques to achieve this, which will require the use of considerable amounts of study material. Fortunately, some types of abundant terrestrial kerogens could provide reasonable analogues of IOM. Future studies will initially use terrestrial kerogens, however, a fundamental guiding principle is to design processes that mimic an extraterrestrial installation that relies on resources found in space. The use of acidic demineralization to extract IOM is unfeasible since it would involve regularly transporting enormous quantities of highly reactive chemicals as well as the disposal of the spent acids. The aim is to ensure that the only heavy-lift requirements in the initial stages of the development of an asteroidal base would be the processing equipment. Other inputs would be certain dry chemicals necessary to provide essential electrolytes for the bacterial innocula. Future work Potential theoretical stages are: • Review the ethical issues of asteroid mining. • Assess how to collect asteroids and bring them to the desired space settlement for processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with asteroid mining and the necessity of developing techniques before actual implementation. It notes that considerable experimentation will be required and points out the logistical difficulties involved in transporting chemicals necessary for the mining processes. Additionally, it highlights the need to review ethical issues about asteroid mining, suggesting that there are complexities and inherent risks associated with such endeavors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 다음으로 1999년 이후의 경우에는 방파제 단면의 구조형식의 변화(슬릿케이슨식의 형식 다양화), 설계파고 및 설계조위의 상향 적용, 마루높이의 상향 적용, 상치콘크리트의 형상 변화 등으로 인해 기존 방파제의 설계 특징이 달라짐을 살펴볼 수 있다. 3. 2 설계파고 Fig. 3~Fig. 6은 각 항만별 방파제에 대한 연도별 설계파고의 변화를 조사 · 정리한 것이다. 예로 들어 가거도항 방파제는 1979년 H1/3 = 4. 7 m에서 2012년 H1/3 = 12. 5 m로 증가한 것으로 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses changes in the structural design of breakwaters and their characteristics from 1999 onwards. It does not mention anything related to Europa, subsurface oceans, or conditions for life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Pests might even adapt to these plant responses, whereas the natural enemies still encounter negative effects (Ode 2006). Herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIVs) help natural enemies to detect their prey/hosts in a crop (Paré and Tumlinson 1999), whereas extrafloral nectar production is increased locally in response to herbivory, guiding natural enemies to the feeding herbivore (Wäckers and Bonifay 2004). Conservation of natural enemies might be enhanced in greenhouse crops by breeding cultivars that give increased HIV or extrafloral nectar production (Turlings and Wäckers 2004; Kappers et al. 2005), but such techniques are, so far, not included in commercial breeding programmes. Induced plant responses can also affect other plant traits, such as trichomes. On tomato, it has been observed that the tomato russet mite Aculops lycopersici (Massee) induces a plant response which locally causes the collapse of glandular trichomes (van Houten et al. 2013). In future work, it will be interesting to determine whether these plant responses can be triggered and used to promote the establishment of predators on tomato plants. SemiochemicalsBehaviour of natural enemies is largely guided by semiochemicals, and these volatile signals can be applied to manipulate their behaviour. Attraction of natural enemies with synthetic compounds, similar to HIVs, is increasingly being tested in outdoor crops (Kaplan 2012). Natural enemies may also respond to odours that are produced by their prey/host species, such as sex pheromones or alarm pheromones. Sex pheromone lures are commonly used to monitor for certain pest species in greenhouse crops and in some cases to contribute to control when used with trapping systems. However, volatiles for enhancing natural enemy establishment are so far not applied in greenhouse crops. Such techniques seem at first not to be relevant for greenhouse crops, because most natural enemies are released and retained by the closed system, so there is limited need to lure them into crops. However, some released natural enemies tend to fly out of the greenhouse and retaining them in the crop may increase their efficacy. For example, aphid parasitoids can be triggered to search more actively for aphids when the aphid sex pheromone is present (Powell and Pickett 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biocontrol strategies that enhance the role of natural enemies in pest management. It mentions the use of herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIVs) to attract natural enemies and the possibility of enhancing natural enemy conservation through breeding cultivars that produce more HIV or extrafloral nectar. This aligns with the idea that biocontrol methods, such as manipulating plant responses to improve natural enemy efficacy, can lead to sustainable pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Reference Martínez, Alvarado, Christodoulou and Denkenberger2021a). This work also has larger implications on Earth. It may provide alternative means to produce edible biomass from inedible precursors and support current activities in this area of research on alternative foods (Baum et al. , Reference Baum, Denkenberger, Pearce, Robock and Winkler2015; Martínez et al. , Reference Martínez, Egbejimba, Throup, Matassa, Pearce and Denkenberger2021b; Reference Martínez, Brown, Christodoulou, Alvarado and Denkenberger2021c) or resilient foods (Schipanski et al. , and Schnarr2016; Gracida-Alvarez et al. , Reference Gracida-Alvarez, Mitchell, Sacramento-Rivero and Shonnard2018; Linder, Reference Linder2019). This opens up new potentially economic pathways for supplying basic nutrients during times of great distress such as famines or other natural or human-created disasters that cripple normal food supplies (Denkenberger and Pearce, and Pearce2014, and Pearce2015, and Pearce2016; Denkenberger et al. , and Pearce2017). In addition to the testing of terrestrial kerogens, various analyses and trials will be conducted on the biomass to further this research, such as: • Toxins analysis on biomass; • Animal studies on biomass; • Human trials on biomass; • Then test bioreactor project with real asteroids and repeat toxin, animal and human trials; • Test bioreactor in space with asteroid material; • Develop solar-powered asteroid crusher. comparing the experimental pyrolysis breakdown products, which were able to be converted to biomass using a consortia, it was hypothesized that equivalent chemicals found on asteroids could also be converted to biomass with the same nutritional content as the pyrolyzed products. The results of this study found that if only the aliphatic hydrocarbons can be converted into biomass (minimum scenario) the resulting mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 5. 070 × 107 g to 2. 390 × 108 g. If the biomass extraction process, however, is more efficient, and all IOM is converted into edible biomass (maximum scenario), then the mass of edible biomass extractable from asteroid Bennu ranges from 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various challenges and research requirements involved in working with asteroids, such as conducting human trials and testing bioreactors with asteroid materials. The mention of biomass extraction processes and toxins analysis indicates that there are potential risks and complexities associated with redirecting asteroids for resource mining, rather than indicating that it can be done without risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 항만구조물의 설계 · 시공일괄입찰에서 입찰자가 설계파를 재산정하여 조정할 수 있어서 1999년 이후 설계에서는 발주자가 제시한 설계파고와 동일하거나 상향된 것이 특징이라 할 수 있다. 결과적으로 설계파고의 평균증가는 23년 동안 73% 증가했고, 최대 2. 6배인 약 7. 8 m의 차이를 보이고 있다. 이와 같이 설계파고는 최근에 계속하여 상향 적용되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design and bidding process of harbor structures, with no mention of Europa or its subsurface ocean conditions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: Studies have shown that the use of photoselective nets can reduce the invasion of whiteflies, aphids or thrips into a tomato or pepper crop and the subsequent viral diseases that they vector (i. e. , Tomato yellow leaf curl virus) (Ben-Yakir et al. 2012). This material should contain selective additives that allow photosynthetically active radiation to pass, but inhibit or reflect wavelengths that the pests perceive, such as UV (330–350 nm) and green–yellow (520–550 nm). However, their influence on natural enemies is not known and needs to be investigated. Thus, the covering may need to be adjusted according to the crop, pests and natural enemies involved. Conservation of natural enemies may also be improved by selecting natural enemies that are better adapted to the greenhouse climate, for example strains of predatory mites that are better adapted to low humidity levels and higher temperatures (Walzer et al. 2007) or are non-diapausing (van Houten et al. 1995). Food web complexitiesMethods that support the establishment of natural enemies are often associated with increased complexity within food webs of natural enemies, prey and food sources which could include potential risks for pest control (Messelink et al. 2012). For example, the provision of alternative prey or food can have negative effects on biological control should predators switch to more abundant or more preferred alternative prey or food sources, or through predator satiation (van Maanen et al. 2012). However, such effects mainly occur on the short-term and often turn soon into positive effects through a strong numerical response of the predator population (van Rijn et al. 2002; Messelink et al. 2008). Complexity increases even more when the alternative food source is also edible for the pest species. It is well-known that many herbivores also benefit from alternative food sources such as pollen and nectar (Wäckers et al. 2007). Also, the selection of nectar resources to support parasitoids needs careful consideration, as some flowering plants can be more beneficial for the targeted pest than for its natural enemies (Balzan and Wäckers 2013). As discussed before, these problems can be avoided by selecting food sources that are more suitable for predators than for the herbivore. Providing food and shelter for natural enemies may also benefit the fourth trophic level, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various biocontrol methods, including the use of photoselective nets to manage pests like whiteflies and aphids in crops. It emphasizes the importance of understanding the interactions between pests and natural enemies, and suggests that conservation and appropriate selection of natural enemies can aid in sustainable pest management. Additionally, it notes the complex relationships within food webs that can arise from these biocontrol strategies, indicating that, despite potential short-term issues, they can lead to positive long-term outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Economics from the New ideas in economics and the social sciences to content 18, 2020December 28, 2023 Can the If it is very easy to substitute other factors for natural resources, then there is in principle no “problem”. The world can, in effect, get along without natural resources. — Robert Solow, 1974 In the distant future, aliens come to Earth. They find a planet devoid of life. Looking closer, the aliens see that life on Earth was once abundant, but was wiped out by a mass extinction. Curiously, this event was driven not by geological disaster, but by one of the extinct species itself. In an orgy of consumption, an odd little animal put the planet under enough stress to drive itself —and the rest of life — extinct. Then comes a startling discovering. Preserved in the sediment lies a document written by a member of the doomed species. What secrets does it contain? The aliens work for years to translate it, hoping that it offers a clue about what drove the species to overconsume. And indeed it does. The document heralds a remarkable delusion: “The world can, in effect, get along without natural resources. ” What a naive animal, the aliens conclude. While sucking the planet dry, the animal proclaimed its independence from natural resources. No wonder it went extinct. ✹ ✹ ✹ Let’s hope this future is apocryphal. If, in the distant future, aliens do visit the Earth, I hope they find a planet teeming with life. Maybe they’ll even find an industrious, upright-walking animal that has learned to live sustainably. If this bright future does come to pass, it will be because we’ve manage to shed our delusions. Contrary to the proclamations of neoclassical economists (like Robert Solow), the world cannot get along without natural resources. That this fact needs stating is a testament to the shallowness of economic theory. In this post, I show you how economists reached such bizarre conclusions. offer some thoughts about the role that resources actually play in sustaining human societies. The original sin From its outset, the field of political economy was not designed, in any meaningful sense, to understand resource flows. Instead, it was designed to explain class relations. The goal of early political economists was to justify the income of different classes (workers, landowners and capitalists). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the world cannot function without natural resources, which suggests that the risk of depleting resources is significant. The mention of a hypothetical future where species become extinct due to overconsumption underscores the danger of relying too heavily on resource extraction, thereby opposing the notion that mining asteroids, which involves resource acquisition, can be done without risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 연도별 설계파고의 변화 정도를 살펴보면 설계파고는 부산항으로부터 남해안을 중심으로 급격히 증가하고 있음을 알 수 있다(Fig. 6). 최근 방파제 설계시 심해설계파고는 한국해양연구원(2005)의 자료를 기준으로 하며 이를 이용하여 천해역의 설계파고를 산정하여 설계에 적용하고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses changes in design wave heights related to coastal engineering and does not mention Europa or conditions for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biocontrol methods can manage pest populations sustainably. [SEP] Text: ConclusionsBiological control in greenhouse crops has proven to be very successful (Heinz et al. 2004; Pilkington et al. 2010), but a huge challenge still exists to combat pest species that currently cannot be controlled with natural enemies or to control pest species in crops where natural enemies do not establish well. One of the underlying problems may be that natural enemies are often still applied as “biopesticides” rather than seeing them as living organisms that require appropriate resources and conditions to survive and reproduce. This review has presented several methods that can be used to support establishment of natural enemies by combining the fundamentals of conservation biological control with releases of commercially produced natural enemies. For many growers, this approach may be a paradigm shift, as it is a true evolution from simply releasing natural enemies to the active management of an ecosystem. The special case of high value crops in a protected environment of greenhouses offers tremendous opportunities to design and manage the system in such a way that increases crop resilience to pest infestations. While we have outlined opportunities and tools to develop such systems, additional research is needed to optimize these tools. We recommend further research for (1) development of alternative food sources that more specifically support natural enemies and not the pest species or hyperparasitoids, (2) identifying food sources for natural enemies that specifically supplement the nutritional value of certain pest species, (3) utilization of volatiles that retain natural enemies in greenhouses and (4) selecting natural enemies with traits that are well-adapted to specific crops or greenhouse climates. The conservation methods described in this review are not only important for controlling pests that currently occur in greenhouses, but also for new invasive pest species which may appear in the future. We expect that this field of research will be especially important in order to further develop biological control strategies in ornamentals, where the low tolerance for pests is currently a stumbling block for natural enemy establishment and in organic cropping systems, where pest control is mainly dependent on biological control with natural enemies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of biological control methods in managing pest populations in greenhouse crops. It highlights that biological control has proven successful, and emphasizes the importance of treating natural enemies as living organisms that require an ecosystem approach for optimal survival and reproduction. The review also suggests various strategies to enhance the establishment and management of these natural enemies in crops, thereby supporting the sustainability of pest control methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: They chose to do so by rooting this income in the ‘production of wealth’. What followed from this original sin was centuries of conflating income with ‘production’. This conflation is what allowed to proclaim that the world could “get along without natural resources”. Let’s retrace this flawed thinking. It starts with a failure to understand property rights. Political economists largely understand property as a productive asset — a way of thinking that dates to the 17th-century work of (or perhaps earlier). Locke proclaimed that property rights stemmed from ‘natural law’. A man, Locke argued, has a natural right to own what he ‘produces’: … every Man has a Property in his own Person. This no Body has any Right to but himself. of his Body, and the Work of his Hands, we may say, are properly his. Whatsoever then he removes out of the State that Nature hath provided, and left it in, he hath mixed his Labour with, and joyned to it something that is his own, and thereby makes it his Property. It being by him removed from the common state Nature placed it in, hath by this labour something annexed to it, that excludes the common right of other Men. For this Labour being the unquestionable Property of the Labourer, no man but he can have a right to what that is once joyned to, at least where there is enough, and as good left in common for others. Locke’s thinking became known as the ‘labor theory of property’. This theory (and its derivatives) is why political economists misunderstand the role of natural resources. Here’s what happens. If we accept Locke’s argument that you have a right to own what you produce, it follows that your wealth should stem from your output. Most political economists after Locke accepted this reasoning (at least in part). That meant that the debate was not about whether wealth was ‘produced’, but rather, about which ‘factors of production’ were ‘productive’. The physiocrats thought land alone was productive. Marx insisted that only labor was productive. Neoclassical economists proclaimed that, alongside labor, capital too was productive. The debate between these schools played out over centuries. The problem, though, is that it’s based on a flawed premise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that there is a flawed understanding regarding property rights and the relationship between production and natural resources. It indicates that historical economic theories, such as Locke's labor theory of property, misunderstand the role of natural resources, suggesting that assuming wealth can be produced without considering the inherent value and limitations of natural resources is misguided. Therefore, redirecting asteroids for resource mining without considering these risks may also follow this flawed thinking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 현재까지 정부 차원에서 발표한 가장 최근 심해설계파 자료로서 모든 항만 구조물의 심해설계파를 산출하는 기본 자료라 할 수 있으나, 2003년 태풍(매미)의 이상 파랑을 제외하고 2002년도까지의 자료를 기준으로 산정된 결과이다(Hong, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses deep-sea design wave data from government sources and provides historical information about waves, with no mention of Europa or the potential for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Home|Past issues|About|Sign In|Submissions|Subscribe|Contact|Search E&S Home > Vol. 20, No. 1 > Art. 12 Copyright © 2015 by the author(s). Published here under license by Alliance. Go to the pdf version of this 2015. Assessments of ecosystem services and human well-being in Thailand build and create demand for coproductive capacity. Ecology and Society 20(1): 12. Research, part of a special feature on Science and Governance in a Diverse World: Coproduction and for Environmental ManagementAssessments of ecosystem services and human well-being in Thailand build and create demand for coproductive capacity 1, 2, 3 1University, Thailand, 2Policy and Planning Bureau, Ministry of Interior, Thailand, 3cases Data sources Analytical framework to This 2012. Analytical framework To evaluate the assessment processes in the three provinces, we used an analytical framework designed to tease out the relationships between knowledge making and decision making in an assessment context (Fig. 2). That is, our primary focus was not on the content of the assessments, but rather on how the assessment process influenced coproductive capacity in the three cases. Analysis of governance capacity explored relationships from the perspective of governance actors: how they sought and accessed knowledge, and then evaluated and used it in their work. This analysis searched for evidence about how these actors explored new concepts and frameworks, and consulted assessment experts or reports, and whether this knowledge led to an evaluation or revision of policies or plans. Although the primary focus was on actors in subnational government agencies, we also considered business, civil society, and local community actors with governance roles, for example, as active members of advisory bodies. Analysis of science capacity, in contrast, viewed relationships from the perspective of knowledge holders and knowledge makers, especially scientists and experts. It considered how knowledge actors sought to understand policy problems, evaluated scientific evidence to respond to those problems, and even adjusted goals and scope of research activities to meet policy needs (Fig. 2). It was recognized that knowledge actors belonged to different kinds of organizations and included members of the public. Most were from academic or research organizations, but in the case of Samut Songkhram, a local community-based research organization with a long history of direct interaction and consultation with residents played a major role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how assessments of ecosystem services are connected to human well-being in Thailand, indicating that these services contribute to the demand for coproductive capacity. It suggests that understanding the relationship between ecosystem services and human well-being is integral for policy-making and governance, thus supporting the idea that these services are essential for human welfare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Here are noting this shift: The prevailing standard model of growth … is basically a two-factor model in which production depends only on labor and reproducible capital. Land and resources, the third member of the classical triad, have generally been dropped. … Presumably the tacit justification has been that reproducible capital is a near perfect substitute for land and other exhaustible resources. According to Nordhaus and Tobin, land was dropped as a ‘factor of production’ because it could be replaced by capital. In other words, capital had become so productive that there was no longer a need for land. Let’s dissect this logic. Economists dropped land as a ‘factor of production’ not because of any change in physical reality. Humans, like all organisms, depend on the Earth’s bounty for our survival. Without land, there is no food. And without food, there are no humans. So the importance of natural resources hasn’t changed. Why, then, did economists rid their theory of land? They did so because of the original sin in political economy: from declining income, economists inferred declining contribution to output. As societies industrialized, the share of income flowing to agricultural land owners declined. To economists, this signaled that land had become less important. Let’s make this shift more concrete. Go back a few centuries and the wealthiest people were, without exception, land owners. Fast forward to the present, however, and this landed aristocracy hardly exists. The wealthiest people are now almost exclusively the owners of capital. And these capitalists sometimes own nothing but ideas (intellectual property). Wealth, it seems, is dematerializing. The world can get along without natural resources! No. This thinking is flawed. It’s the Lockean mistake in action. Economists assume (wrongly) that income reflects productivity. They then mistake income redistribution — from the landed aristocracy to industrial capitalists — as a decline in the importance of ‘land’. But it is no such thing. Land remains the basis of all human activity. Agriculture? We can do without it The conflation of income with productivity has led economists to misunderstand the role of natural resources in human societies. Economists see that the owners of natural resources earn a trivial share of income. And so they conclude (wrongly) that natural resources themselves play a trivial role in the economy. It’s an embarrassing mistake with troubling consequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that despite the growing belief that capital can replace natural resources, the importance of land and other natural resources has not diminished. It emphasizes that humans rely on the Earth's resources for survival, stating, 'Without land, there is no food. And without food, there are no humans.' The text critiques the notion that income reflects productivity and argues that the misunderstanding of natural resources' roles may lead to flawed conclusions about their significance. This indicates a risk in assuming resources, such as those found in asteroids, can be mined without considering their inherent value and necessity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 하지만 최근 방파제 설계에 적용되는 각 항만의 심해설계 파고의 적용사례를 살펴보면 2002년 심해설계파 이후의 파랑내습 자료를 추가 삽입하여 심해설계파를 재추산함으로써 설계파가 상향되는 경향이 있고, 이로 인해 방파제의 마루높이가 크게는 약 25% 정도 높게 설계되는 결과를 가져오고 있다. 이러한 설계파고와 마루높이 상향적용 현상은 대안/턴키 설계뿐만 아니라 정부에서 시행하고 있는 설계용역에서도 재연되고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design and engineering aspects of breakwaters and does not mention Europa, its subsurface ocean, or the potential for life, thus failing to provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Analysis of coproductive capacity zoomed in on the more symmetrical relationships in which different stakeholders have more complex roles and in which leadership of an activity or action is much more diffuse as it involves multiple actors. Apart from considering the joint compilation and interpretation of evidence, we also looked at how actors engaged in the assessment legitimized their activities and the assessment process as a whole (Fig. 2). exploring governance capacity, we focused on how governments and, more rarely, private sector or civil society actors exercised authority and influence with respect to accessing, guiding, and using research-based and scientific knowledge (Fig. 2). We did not look at other dimensions of governance less directly associated with knowledge, such as capacities to steer or exercise power. and local leaders attended initial meetings about the proposed assessment, eager to learn more about the concept of ecosystem services and the kind of information the assessment would produce. A strong expectation among several government stakeholders was that the assessment would provide data sets, maps, and computer-based tools that they then could use in their work, for example, in spatial planning. Government officials from the environment ministry, business representatives, and even some technical experts were more comfortable talking about the familiar notion of environmental impact assessment of individual projects than about the effects of policies on ecosystem services. Talking about ecosystem services involved a significant reframing of how to think about development and environment because this conversation put the focus on the benefits derived from a well-managed environment. Another reason for the reticence was that exploring policies and strategies was recognized as a much broader and more complex undertaking than evaluating individual projects because it requires considering impacts of many activities on a place. After initial discussions, some officials explained that ecosystem services assessment had some advantages for looking at environment and development relationships because it explicitly addressed issues of uses and values and did not just make statements about the need for conservation. This is one of the important articulated advantages of ecosystem services assessment for planning. Although the assessments were set up by the Poverty-program with an explicit reference to poverty, in all three cases this emphasis was downplayed as the assessments proceeded. The poverty framing did not appear popular with government or civil society actors even in Nan, one of the poorest provinces in Thailand (2009). Poverty puts too strong an emphasis on insufficiency of income and thus on failure. Governance actors shaped the framing language of the assessments during the exploration-of-ideas stage of the initial meetings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ecosystem services assessments provide valuable data for stakeholders, including government actors, in understanding the benefits derived from a well-managed environment. It mentions that exploring such services involves a reframing of development and environmental conversations to focus on uses and values, thereby highlighting the essential benefits that can be gained from ecosystem services for human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: But this conclusion is fallacious. Americans use electricity in profligate quantities precisely because it is cheap. Less than 1% of national income is devoted to buying utilities. For neoclassical economists like William Nordhaus, this means that we could wipe out the entire utilities sector, but still retain 99% of economic ‘output’. In the real world, things are different. If we wipe out the utilities sector, industrial society disappears. The energetic basis of society Unlike economists, physicists have long understood the importance of natural resources to society. And they’ve recognized that energy is the ‘master resource’. Without the flow of energy, the universe would be a boring place. There would be no galaxies, no stars, no planets and no life. Absent energy flows, the universe would be an unchanging soup of matter and radiation. All of the structures that we take for granted are created by energy flows. (For a compelling exposition of this principle, see Eric Chaisson’s book Cosmic Evolution: of Complexity in Nature. ) Back to economics. I could dive into the physical laws that tell us why energy is important to human society. But instead, I’ll defer to Steve Keen, who has a knack for good metaphors. When it comes to the importance of energy to the economy, Keen notes: [L]abour without energy is a corpse, and capital without energy is a sculpture. An apt metaphor. Without energy flows, our machinery would be useless. Not to mention we’d all be dead. But beyond metaphors like this, how do we understand the importance of energy to the economy? A popular approach among ecological economists is to reform neoclassical theory by adding energy to production functions. The idea is that, alongside labor and capital, energy is a ‘factor of production’. While well intentioned, I’m skeptical of this approach. There are many problems, but I’ll focus here on just two. First, I think that the concept of ‘factors of production’ is flawed. It’s rooted in a mistaken attempt to explain class-based income in terms of the contribution to production. The problem is that class divisions don’t tell us about the biophysical underpinnings of society. They never have and they never will. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of energy flows and the relevance of natural resources to society. It argues that without energy, not only would our machinery be useless, but societal structures would collapse. This suggests that redirecting asteroids to mine resources could involve significant risks related to energy availability and resource sustainability, opposing the claim that such actions can be taken without risk.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 즉, 2005년도에 한국해양연구원이 발표한 심해설계파 자료는(당초 해양수산부가 목적으로 하였던 심해설계파) 기준으로서 그 기능을 일부 상실한 것으로 판단된다(Hong, 2015). Fig. 7은 각 해역별로 설계파에 대한 파형경사(H1/3/Lo)의 연도별 변화를 나타낸 것이다. 파형경사는 1970년대까지는 0. 02~0. 025 정도로 변화가 없었으나 그 이후부터 증가하기 시작하여 최근에는 0. 03~0. 35로 약 50%까지 증가되는 현상을 보이고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data related to marine design waves from 2005 and their changes over time without mentioning Europa, subsurface oceans, or the potential for life. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: The term well-being, taken from the ecosystem services framework, was appreciated as more inclusive once it was understood; it allowed actors with capacity and influence to have a legitimate stake in the assessment. The well-being concept, it should be noted, was also consistent with the language used by monks and other community leaders in public discourse when discussing quality of life beyond income. As a more ambiguous term than poverty, however, well-being could be used in multiple, not necessarily entirely consistent, ways; several alternative variant translations were in common use during all three assessments. actors involved closely in the assessment process consulted documents, experts, and other tiers of government to obtain and present information that might be relevant. Local governments at the subdistrict level or Organizations, for instance, often played active roles in the consultations and surveys done in their subdistrict. Significant in-kind support from local bodies, in terms of facilities such as meeting venues and time of staff, were other indicators of acceptance and commitment from potential users of the assessment. The level of interest may also be an indicator of the desire to have some ownership, even control, of assessment products. Songkhram, local government leaders were especially active in following up the work done by the technical assessment group; they foresaw the benefits of having research and data sets from their area to help justify elements of local plans. proposition that assessments of ecosystem services might become a useful planning or policy tool was not initially supported by all key government stakeholders. Some officials in Khon Kaen, in particular, remained more interested in conventional spatial planning tools and environmental impact assessment for projects; they were not convinced that knowing more about the benefits provided by ecosystems would really help their planning. Most other actors accepted that there were complementarities between ecosystem services assessments and other conventional spatial planning tools. It may take more time for the new tool to be accepted and its appropriateness for specific problems to be appreciated. The resistance can also be seen as part of the healthy wariness of experienced bureaucrats for all tools that purport to provide decision support. The response options emerging from the assessment process in were largely in the form of mitigating the impact of current practices and trends (Table 2). there were also more explicit calls for changes in land use in parts of the watershed. More visionary than reactive options were articulated in scenario-building exercises by governance and knowledge actors, but such visions appeared difficult to then translate into realistic policy and planning responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the concept of well-being, derived from the ecosystem services framework, is linked to quality of life and the assessment processes that involve local governments and communities. It notes that actors with influence considered ecosystem services important for understanding and justifying local planning, suggesting that these services contribute to human well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: 1A isn’t available online. You can get it here). Labor productivity of US agriculture is from of the 1143-1171. US price of electricity 1902–2000: of the 235 (residential electricity) 2001–present: Bureau of Labor Statistics, CPI series CUSR0000SEHF01 US production worker wages are from MeasuringWorth. com US oil and gas energy production is from: 1919–1948: of the 155-163. 1949–present: 1. 2 Energy consumption by the US oil and gas sector is from Guilford et al. 2007, Table 6 (direct energy use). US oil and gas employment is from: 1919: Census of 1958, Table 1 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 8A–D, persons engaged in production. (Note that Table 6. 8D is discontinuous with 6. 8A–C because of the transition from SIC to NAICS classification. I splice 6. 8D by indexing it to 6. 8C. Eurozone energy production and consumption (by the energy sector) is from the Eurostat energy balance tables. Eurozone labor hours are from Eurostat table nama_10_a64_e. has about 90 kilocalories of energy per 100g. There are 4184 joules in a kilocalorie, giving 376,560 joules per 100 g of corn. That’s 3765. 6 joules per gram. Norway’s energy sector produces about 100 GJ of energy per labor hour. That’s 100 billion joules. Translating to corn, we divide 100 billion joules by 3765. 6 joules per gram. That gives 2,6556,193 grams, which is about 27 metric tons. So for every hour of work, a Norwegian energy-sector worker produces (transforms) the energy equivalent of 27 tonnes of corn. Let’s compare that to the corn produced by US farmers. In 1800, it took US farmers about 344 hours (on average) to produce 100 bushels of corn. A bushel of corn is roughly 25 kg. So pre-industrial US farmers produced about 7 kg of corn per hour — 0. 007 tonnes. In contrast, it takes modern US farmers about 3 hours to produce 100 bushels of corn. That translates to about 0. 8 tonnes per hour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various statistics related to energy production and labor productivity in the US and Eurozone, with no mention of asteroids, resource mining, or any related risks. As such, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about redirecting asteroids.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 설계파가 주기에 비하여 파고가 높게 적용되고 있음을 보여주는 것이다. Fig. 8은 각 해역별로 수심에 따른 상대설계파고(H1/3/h')의 연도별 변화를 분석한 결과이다. 전반적으로 상대설계파고는 0. 2~0. 7의 범위에 분포하고 있으며 해역별로 차이를 보이고 있으나, 서해안과 남해안은 다소 증가하는 경향을, 동해안은 연도별로 감소하고 있음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses design wave heights and relative design wave height changes over time in different marine regions, which is unrelated to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to support life. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Addressing the policy questions directly was challenging for two reasons. First, the overarching policy questions were complex and big, going well beyond ecosystem services issues (Table 1). Provincial and local policies and plans, potentially impacted at the level of the assessment, represented only a modest subset of the relevant drivers and levers influencing change. Second, different stakeholders had very different perspectives on the extent to which observed changes in services were priority problems. The assessment teams also had to be careful not to upset key stakeholders because that would have affected ownership of the assessment process; thus, some topics, decisions, and specific projects were not on the table. Nevertheless, this first iteration of pilot assessments suggested that an improved understanding of ecosystem services could make a significant contribution to the review of development strategies and had the potential to contribute to planning at various levels. In Nan, it helped focus attention on the problems of monoculture of maize in the uplands; in Khon Kaen, on the importance of land-use practices for maintaining quality of soils; and in Samut Songkhram, on the joint benefits that ecosystems provide to fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. Nan, many stakeholders were very critical of maize monoculture before the assessment process started. The expectation was strong that the assessment would provide another argument that something must be done about maize. Stakeholders were quick to attribute deforestation, flood damage, dry season water shortages, loss of soil, and reduced water quality to the impacts of maize cultivation. As the assessment proceeded, different governance actors adopted particular findings as well as elements of the process to pursue and advocate for their interests. The scenario exercise, for instance, was taken up by the Office, which used it for the development of its decadal plan. During the final policy forum in Bangkok, the Nan assessment team pushed to gain the commitment of a key private-sector actor to source maize from farms that followed good practices. This was followed up by further work by UNDP and the to explore a set of voluntary producer standards as an alternative to the existing pilot watershed fund, a payment for ecosystem services scheme, to encourage better maize cultivation practices. Songkhram, facilitators from the assessment teams that did the scenario exercises were invited to help with the provincial four-year planning event. According to those involved, their participation would have more influence as a consequence of the evidence gathered during the assessment and the improved credibility this evidence gave to their views and positions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating that an improved understanding of ecosystem services can significantly contribute to development strategies and planning, which ultimately benefits human well-being. It highlights specific examples where the assessments of ecosystem services led to positive outcomes in regions like Nan, Khon Kaen, and Samut Songkhram, focusing on problems like monoculture and the benefits of land-use practices for maintaining soil quality and the advantages ecosystems provide to fisheries, agriculture, and tourism. This suggests that recognizing and managing ecosystem services is crucial for enhancing human welfare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets have been thoroughly explored and documented. [SEP] Text: input: x,U,V,τ extractsubregionofimagexusingslidingwindowsbasedontheentropyofeach pixel as fjj=1,…,d foreachfj: iffjsatisfyentropycarcumestion calculate Δτj using Algorithm 2 else set Δτj as outlier end if end for using variance and average of all Δτj to detect outlier ones for each fj: if Δτj is outlier calculate Δτj using Δτ matrix of neighboring windows end if end for τj=τj+Δτj estimate MOG using τj and assign mean of MOG models to each windows for each pixel index j in x L = set of all jth pixel exist in all transformed windows jth pixel of x∘τ = median(L) end for return x∘τ DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/table-7 Selecting a subset of images using the () method Turbulent images can exhibit varying degrees of distortion and blurring due to different conditions and intensities. Consequently, identifying and excluding images that exhibit distinct turbulence patterns can lead to improved outcomes. method is employed within the proposed approach to achieve this objective (refer to Algorithm 4). To accomplish this, a subset of m images (m≪n)) is randomly selected, and the proposed method (as described in Algorithm 5) is applied to this subset, yielding a restored image (denoted as r1). Subsequently, each of the remaining images is processed using Algorithm 5 along with the initial set of m images. This leads to the generation of an output matrix R=UVT, containing m+1 images. Instead of averaging the images, the (m+1)th image is selected as the final image for the process. Algorithm 4: method to best subset image selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses image processing techniques and algorithms without any mention of planets or exploration efforts. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim regarding planetary exploration.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 이는 방파제의 설치수심의 증가에 비하여 동해안은 설계파고가 낮게, 다른 두 해역은 상대적으로 높게 적용되는 경우가 많음을 보여주고 있다. 3. 3 설계조위 항만 및 어항 설계기준(해양수산부, 2017)에 의하면 항만시설의 구조 설정 및 안전 검토에 사용되는 조위는 천문조와 폭풍해일, 지진해일 등에 의한 이상조위의 실측값 또는 추산치에 기초하여 정하는 것으로 구조물이 가장 위험하게 되는 조위로 정하는 것을 원칙으로 하고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the design standards for port facilities and waves in the East Sea, without mentioning Europa or the potential for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: ” on the assessment teams moved relatively quickly from exploration to more active consultation with stakeholders by arranging meetings and carrying out interviews with government officials and civil society leaders. The assessments in the three provinces differed in the extent to which they used information from different sources and thus in the forms and targets of the consultation activities. The assessment process in Nan placed relatively more emphasis on the perceptions and the knowledge of local residents and officials about ecosystem services. Working groups were established in the three subdistricts selected for more in-depth assessment. Meetings in these working groups were important for sharing information, discussing recommendations, and taking joint actions (Institute 2013). Secondary data sets from provincial and subdistrict levels were an important source for the assessments, but also had significant limitations. Time series were often short and the quality was uneven, reflecting histories of changes in responsibilities of different organizations for data management. In many cases relatively general information at the provincial level had to substitute for desired specific information at the subdistrict level, limiting its usefulness for the consideration of ecosystem changes. Kaen, a large foundation of agricultural research done within the province could be used to understand conditions and trends in soil- and water-related ecosystem services. Here, consultation with other experts was relatively more important than in the other two settings. All three assessments found that a combination of quantitative, qualitative, and participatory methods were needed to fully capture the important dimensions of human well-being and their relationships to ecosystem services. In a few cases, information gained from the assessments could be cross-validated with observations by residents, surveys of residents by experts, observations or measurements with scientific instruments, and peer-reviewed literature. The scientific capacity to use multiple methods is a resource for building coproductive capacity. technical team took primary responsibility for data collection, analysis, and writing of the assessment reports in each province (Table 1). It was the first time any of the three teams had carried out an ecosystem services assessment, although each had related relevant experience, e. g. , in environmental impact, well-being, or local planning studies. Achieving a clear shared understanding of ecosystem services, developing a conceptual framework, and selecting appropriate assessment methods took substantial time and effort. Each technical team faced the challenges of changes in personnel and competing demands on time. Social and environmental scientists dominated the teams; specific expertise in ecology and the policy sciences was limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of assessing ecosystem services and their relationships to human well-being. It states that assessments aimed to fully capture 'the important dimensions of human well-being and their relationships to ecosystem services.' This indicates that ecosystem services are recognized as having a direct impact on human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: AbstractPrimary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder with external exocrine glands dysfunction and multiorgan involvement. The pathogenesis of primary Sjogren’s syndrome is still unclear; however, our knowledge of the involvement of different cells (e. g. , B and T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) and pathways (BAFF/APRIL and interferons) leading to the development of autoimmunity is continually expanding. For clinicians, the most frequent symptoms are dryness of eyes and mouth, but often the patients have musculoskeletal symptoms and systemic manifestations. However, the increased risk of lymphoproliferative disorders in this group of patients, most commonly B-cell marginal zone lymphoma, is particularly important. Recent separation of IgG4-related diseases and attempts to create further diagnostic criteria for pSS testify to the difficulties, and at the same time a large interest, in understanding the disease so as to allow the effective treatment. This 1888. In 1925, French dermatologists described a few cases of atrophy of the salivary glands with dryness of eyes, mouth and vagina. Later in 1933, Swedish ophthalmologists Henrik Sjögren in his doctoral thesis described keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and his description became a basis for pSS picture. EpidemiologyIt is estimated that primary Sjögren’s syndrome occurs from 0. 1 to 3. 0 % in general population. The disease is more common for women (female/male ratio 9:1), mainly between the ages of 40–60, with the disease most frequently occurring around 50 years of age. Pathogenesis of pSS is not clear, nowadays several factors responsible for the development of the disease, such as genetic factors—genes implicated in B cell or B-cell activation factor (BAFF) known also as B-(BLyS), lymfotoxin α and β and TNF (tumor necrosis factor) are taken into account. Furthermore, it is presumed that genetic predisposition to increase in type I interferon (IFN) may explain the IFN signature and activation of type I IFN signaling in salivary gland and peripheral blood in pSS patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that our understanding of the pathogenesis of conditions like primary Sjögren's syndrome is still unclear, indicating that not every gene's function is fully understood. It mentions that there are 'several factors responsible for the development of the disease' and points out the complexities and ongoing research, implying that complete understanding of all genes related to this autoimmune disorder is still a work in progress.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 폭풍해일 대책에 대한 설계조위는 첫째, 기왕고극조위 또는 설계자의 판단에 의하여 약간의 여유를 더한 조위, 둘째, 기왕 이상조위의 발생확률곡선을 산정하고 외삽법으로 구한 어떤 재현년도(예: 50년 등)의 조위, 셋째, 해일 수치모형실험 등에 의해 해일고를 추산하는 경우는 약최고고조위에 해일고를 더한 조위, 넷째, 이상고조위의 발생확률과 각 조위에 대한 배후지의 피해액 및 해일 대책시설의 건설비를 감안하여 결정하도 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and the potential for life. Instead, it discusses storm surge countermeasures and design considerations, which are not relevant to the claim about extraterrestrial conditions for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: In terms of technical content, the assessments identified or clarified important trends and relationships (Table 3) that were not widely appreciated or well understood before. For instance, all three provinces observed trends toward greater use of provisioning services that were derived from agricultural ecosystems, as well as greater benefits from these services. As a measure of flows, not stocks, this observation does not imply that the capacity of ecosystems to continue providing desired services has increased. Moreover, there were indications that specific regulating and supporting services that make provisioning possible in the long term were not being maintained. This was a highly significant contribution from the review of scientific evidence and the gathering of primary data; however, governance actors and resource users found it more difficult to appreciate the role of regulating and supporting services compared with directly observable threats such as reduced catches of fish and other aquatic organisms in inland and coastal waters. Scientists’ capacity to communicate effectively with other stakeholders about the relationships between ecosystem services and well-being was sometimes a challenge. Well-being is influenced by many factors. Health outcomes are one area, for example, in which it was not straightforward to attribute current conditions to levels of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, modest evidence was found about how changes in levels of ecosystem services may be influencing well-being (Table 3); this evidence was influential in discussions with the public and other stakeholders. The capacity of actors to think about the environment as a source of cultural services was enhanced by the assessment. Although local residents saw clear cultural and social values in local ecosystems, these values had rarely been documented and articulated as benefits compared with the attention given to agricultural commodities and harvested products. Cultural services were perceived to have increased in several locations; in Khon Kaen, for example, there was a trend toward increased use for viewing or tourism as well as for meditation or conservation. Overall, this trend suggests that the cultural services from the remaining natural elements of the landscape are now being valued more. The benefits derived from cultural services provided by ecosystems were positively related to community relations in. governing structures guiding the assessment process encouraged strengthening of scientific capacity to be responsive to user or governance actor needs. The main intended users of the assessment report were also engaged in continuously setting demands for or in reviewing the ongoing assessment work. Early in the process a key policy question drawing on the provincial and provincial cluster plan strategy statements was negotiated to be the focus of each assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that there were observable trends in the use of provisioning services derived from agricultural ecosystems that contribute to well-being. It notes that while some regulating and supporting services needed for sustaining these provisioning services were not being maintained, modest evidence indicated that changes in levels of ecosystem services were influencing well-being. Furthermore, the text mentions cultural services provided by ecosystems, which are positively related to community relations, indicating that these services are valued and contribute to human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The HLA-B8, of HLA-Dw3 and HLA-DR3 and DRw52 have also been reported in pSS patients [1, 2]. Another factor responsible for the development of pSS is an infection caused mainly by Epstain–Barr virus (EBV), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and virus (HCV). Also neurohormonal disturbances with sex hormones and its receptors dependent on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA or HTPA axis) interfere with the ratio of estrogens to androgens and affect steroid-dependent cells like epithelial cells and other cells involved in the immune response [3]. In pSS patients, lower basal secretion of ACTH and cortisol has been found. In addition, hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis by estrogen deficiency can be responsible for a local autoimmune exocrinopathy [4]. It is assumed that the infection as the trigger (most commonly viral) and other environmental factors caused the disorganisation of epithelial cells. First, due to innate immune response, virus infection is recognized by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and activates toll-like receptors (TLR) pathway (e. g. , TLR 3, 7, 9). After the activation, the innate immune response TLR, cell apoptosis and SS-A RNA complexes stimulate plasmocytic dendritic cells (pDCs) which produce high level of interferons (IFNs) and IFNs as strong stimulators of BAFF production by epithelial cells, monocytes and neutrophils dendritic cells leading to proliferation and differentiation of B cells and production of autoantibodies. It is suggested that glandular cell apoptosis triggered by viral infection (and HIV) leads to progressive damage of glands and their dysfunction with reduced secretion and the appearance of classic clinical symptoms. Damaged epithelial cells release autoantigens, especially Ro/SSA and La/SSB, which create autoimmunity and autoantibodies secretions. The presence of Ro/SS-A antibodies (anti-Ro52 and anti-Ro60) is correlated with longer duration of pSS, bigger destruction of the glands and extraglandular manifestation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of disease mechanisms and genetic involvement in conditions such as primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). It highlights various genes and environmental factors influencing immune responses, indicating that our understanding of every gene's function is incomplete. The mention of autoimmune responses, viral infections, and intricate biological systems suggests that significant gaps remain in our knowledge about gene functions, thereby rebutting the claim that every gene's function is fully understood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 록 되어 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Europa's subsurface ocean or its potential for harboring conditions suitable for life; thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: Local knowledge about mangrove ecosystems had clearly played a role in efforts by residents of to protect their homes from erosion and storms. Local governments and nongovernment organizations brought in their expertise as well to support local responses. In Nan, local understanding about the importance of upland forests for flood regulation had partly driven efforts of lowland residents to find ways to turn upland land uses away from crops like maize. A combination of the ecological and institutional knowledge of locals and experts contributed to the subsequent deliberations on the design of a watershed fund. Some response options reflected practices or actions already under way in parts of the community. Songkhram, a coastal village was replanting mangroves behind a temporary barrier to protect their homes from bank erosion and storm surges. In Nan, community forests have emerged in many locations to protect or restore a mixture of provisioning, regulating, and cultural services. Kaen, local knowledge and responses remain important to the management of wetlands. These efforts to help maintain or improve ecosystem services were not an outcome of the assessment, but examples of local knowledge and practices already in place that could be used to illustrate possible response actions to other stakeholders. Assessments as social processes also help manage the boundaries between technical experts and other knowledge holders and users. Although there is negotiation over scope and focus, there is also some protected space created for experts to evaluate evidence without being placed under too much pressure by vested interests. assessment process that engages multiple stakeholders in deliberation over evidence and options also helps create a culture of evidence-based reasoning and respect for differences in values and interests of stakeholders. Experiences in this study suggest that an effective process takes time, resources, and commitment. Participatory rapid rural appraisal and community-based research approaches demonstrated that local residents had significant capacity for and interest in engaging in assessment activities relevant to local planning. They had an interest in interpreting the evidence, not just in being passive subjects or source of data. The scenario-building exercises introduced by the assessments provided some of the clearest evidence of strengthened coproductive capacity, despite some significant limitations in the content of the scenarios themselves. Scenarios were a new tool for most stakeholders. There is very little strategic planning in the lower tiers of government; conventionally, these levels are expected to just react to central directives or local problems as they arise. Most plans are responses to immediate problems or means to securing budgets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how local knowledge and actions related to ecosystem services, such as mangrove replanting for protection against erosion and community forests for various ecosystem services, directly benefit human well-being. It explains that these efforts help maintain or improve ecosystem services that are essential for protecting homes and regulating floods, thus supporting the idea that ecosystem services are vital for well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The increased activity of IL-6 may influence the clinical symptoms, and increased IL-6 has been reported in saliva, serum and tears [8] The break of T cells tolerance by viral infection leads to the activation of self-reactive T cells which by BAFF stimulate activation and maturation of B cells. Extended B-cell activation by BAFF generates self-reactive memory B cells which serve as an antigen-presenting cells to T cells. The crucial role of B limphocytes in pSS seems obvious—all pathways lead to powerful stimulation of B-cells maturation and to their hyper-reactivity, polyclonal production of gammaglobulins and the emergence of autoantibodies, which are B cell related markers for pSS. At first stage of inflammation, macrophages and T cells are infiltrating salivary glands, but over the time in the glands accumulate memory B cells and their level decreases in peripheral blood, while the level of naïve and transitional B cells increases. Interesting work presented by Bohnhorst et al. [10] showed disturbances in subset of B cells in pSS and differences in proportions between naïve B cells and memory cells in peripheral blood [9, 11]. Baldini and collegues [12] assessed a prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in early stage of the disease, considered the impact of hypovitaminosis D in clinical symptoms and disease activity, expressed by the symptoms of dryness and concluded that hypovitaminosis D is relatively frequent in patients with pSS. The investigators speculated that vitamin D may have the effect on Th1 cells and regulatory limphocytes, dendritic cells and CD 8+ T cells and plays a role in pSS pathogenesis. But the fact that vitamin D deficiency may be an independent and associated with reduced supply and reduced synthesis of this vitamin in relation to the living conditions and nutrition cannot be exclude. In another work, et al. [13] showed the relationship between reduction of level of vitamin D and the occurrence of peripheral neuropathy and also of nonHodgkin lymphoma. The pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome schematic is shown in Fig. 1 Fig. 1Sjögren’s syndrome outline of pathogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of immune responses and the specific roles of various cell types and factors in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome. It implies that there are still unknowns in the understanding of gene functions, particularly in relation to how genes interact within the immune system and disease processes, thus indicating that not all gene functions are fully understood.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 그렇지만 방파제의 경우는 외곽시설로서 항만 및 어항 설계기준(해양수산부, 2017)에 따르면 ‘이상고조의 영향을 고려할 필요가 없는 항만에서는 삭망평균 만 · 간조면을, 이상고조의 영향을 고려할 필요가 있는 항만에서는 삭망평균 만 · 간조면에 이상고조 등 조위편차를 가감한 기준면’으로 명기하고 있으며 일반적인 항만구조물에 비해 간단히 산정가능하다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses port design criteria, specifically regarding tidal influences and standards in maritime construction, without any reference to Europa or the potential for life in its subsurface ocean.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ecosystem services provide essential benefits to human well-being. [SEP] Text: At the same time, most stakeholders accepted the need for more evidence-based planning and welcomed opportunities for greater participation and deliberation. The assessments synthesized substantial volumes of technical information from a variety of sources. In each province a significant effort was made to engage with representatives of community, government, and private-sector stakeholders. The quality of facilitation, inclusiveness of participation, and level of informed input varied over time and among assessments, but the principles were widely supported. The assessments helped strengthen capacities for multistakeholder, participatory engagement in local and provincial planning. This drawing together of scientific and local knowledge in the three provinces represented a significant enhancement of the coproductive capacities to use science and local knowledge in ecosystem management. of the three subnational assessments of ecosystem services and human well-being we studied built in some modest ways the capacities of governance actors to explore scientific and research-based evidence, consult scientific experts, and evaluate existing policies and plans using this newly acquired information. At the same time, scientific experts learned to explore public policy issues, consult planners and decision makers in government, evaluate the scientific evidence, and revise the scope and goals of their research and analytical activities to better meet policy needs and demands. Coproductive capacities were built when various stakeholders, including local residents and informal community leaders, jointly engaged in the compilation and interpretation of evidence. Doing so helped legitimize the assessment process with positive feedback on both governance and science capacities. Coproductive capacities thus not only depend on but also strengthen governance and science capacities (Fig. 2). Conversely, weak science or governance capacities set limits on coproductive capacity. Many previous ecosystem services assessments appear to have been driven by developers of decision-support systems or models looking to illustrate or test the validity of their tools and frameworks. A significant feature of the three assessments reviewed here was that they were problem and user driven, and thus much less tied to a specific tool or model. This created opportunities for coproduction of knowledge among technical team members from different disciplinary backgrounds as well as among local officials looking for evidence to support their planning objectives. Specific elements of the assessment processes did useful boundary work. Scenario-building exercises helped stakeholders from different agencies and local residents get a better understanding of each other’s interests and assumptions about development. Negotiation of the focal policy question was important for defining what issues should be the focus of each assessment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the assessments of ecosystem services enhance the capacities of various stakeholders to engage with scientific knowledge and local expertise in managing ecosystems. It notes that these efforts improve governance and decision-making processes, which ultimately supports human well-being by better aligning ecosystem management with community needs and planning objectives. The text emphasizes that effective participation and collaboration among local residents, government, and scientific experts enhance the understanding and incorporation of ecosystem services into policy, thus providing benefits to human well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: TLRs toll-like receptors, INF interferon, BAFF B-cell activating factor, IL interleukin, DC dendritic cell, B B cell, cell, TNF tumor necrosis factor, PC plasmocytic cellFull size image Autoantigens and autoantibodiesThe most commonly present autoantibodies in pSS are antibodies against cellular ribonucleoprotein antigens Ro/anti-SS-A and LA/SS-B. These autoantibodies are not specific for pSS, only but their presence is associated with severe glandular manifestations, longer duration of the disease, presence of splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, vasculitis and high infiltration of salivary glands. Ro52 antibodies were reported in about 80 % of pSS patients. In pSS, rheumatoid factor (RF) correlating with early stage of disease and onset of the disease at a younger age is often appearing. RF is present in about 74 % of patients with pSS and may also be associated with extraglandular symptoms such as arthritis. In 17 % of pSS anti-centromere antibodies (ACA), which are more specific for limited systemic sclerosis, were found. Their presence may signal an overlap syndrome [14]. The prevalence of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in pSS reaches 80 %, together with RF, in the case of the absence of anti-Ro/La along with histopathological confirmation or confirmation of ocular lesions allows make pSS diagnosis according to the ACR criteria. ANAs are also a predictor of internal organ involvement and the development of lymphoproliferative disorders. In pSS, M3 muscarinic acetylocholine receptor (M3R) is expressed in exocrine glands and its activation is important in the process of exocrine secretion. Sumida and colleagues found that M3R reactive T cells (Th1 and Th17) occur in 40 % in peripheral blood of patients with pSS and autoantibodies against M3R may play an important role in the development of autoimmune sialadenitis [15, 16]. In pSS patients, anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA), which are characteristic for primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), can occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting detailed information about various autoantibodies and their associated conditions without asserting that all gene functions are fully understood. The complexity and varying associations of genes and diseases suggest that there remains much to learn about gene function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Table 2~Table 4의 주요 항만 및 어항 방파제에 적용된 설계조위는 삭망평균만조위(H. W. L. )와 설계조위(D. H. W. L. )로 구분 후 조위의 차(ΔHWL)를 산정하여 Fig. 9와 같이 나타내었다. 그 결과 1999년 이전의 경우에는 대부분의 설계에서 삭망평균만조위를 적용하였으나, 1999년 이후에는 삭망평균만 조위보다 큰 조위를 적용하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 각 항별 연도에 따른 조위의 차(ΔHWL)는 28개 사업에서 평균 0. 79 m 상향 적용되었으며, 최대 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses design levels and measurements related to ports and breakwaters, with no mention of Europa or the suitability of conditions for life in its subsurface ocean.