Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: The patch, which uses an electrical signal as a stimulus for drug release, showed a significant enhancement in skin permeation. The study also highlighted the patch’s ability to control the timing and dosage of the drug, leading to a more efficient and targeted treatment approach. Furthermore, the patch demonstrated a significant reduction in passive drug leakage, a common issue with traditional drug delivery systems. Histological examinations of various tissues from treated psoriatic mice showed promising results, with significant improvements observed in the skin, spleen, liver, lungs, and kidneys. The ITP group displayed normal lung tissue and a resurgence of the kidneys’ typical operational capacity, suggesting successful treatment of the psoriatic mice. Overall, the findings of this study underscore the potential of simultaneous voltage triggered drug release and iontophoresis as a more effective method for enhancing released drug permeation through the skin, paving the way for further research and development in this field. The designed iontophoresis patch, due to its compact size and battery-powered operation, is portable and can be used to treat diseases without the need for specialized personnel, making it a promising candidate for future transdermal drug delivery systems. 4. Methods 4. 1. (98%), lactic acid (85%), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), urea, and graphite powder were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. MTX injectable solution (100 mg mL− 1), Ringer's injection serum, imiquimod cream (5%), and Formalin (10%) were purchased from Nanoalvand Co. , Iran, Daru-Pakhsh Co. , Iran, and Co. , Iran, Alzahra hospital, Isfahan, Iran, respectively. Conductive silver ink was purchased from Electroninks Incorporation. All chemicals were selected to be of analytical grade or better. Throughout the process, deionized water was utilized using a water purification system. 4. 2. Design and fabrication of the drug delivery patch The MTX-loaded drug delivery patch is constructed using paper-based electrodes. These electrodes, which include working, counter, and reference electrodes, are made by applying carbon and silver inks onto a paper substrate, forming a paper-based screen-printed electrode (P-SPE). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim regarding nanomedicine's potential impact on disease treatment, particularly through the discussion of the drug delivery patch that enhances drug permeation and allows for more efficient, targeted treatment approaches. The mention of histological examinations showing improvements in the tissues of treated psoriatic mice aligns with the idea of intervening at the cellular level to repair damage. Additionally, the patch's function to manage drug timing and dosage reflects an innovative technology in nanomedicine that could lead to more effective treatment modalities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Вместе с тем выработка электроэнергии на ископаемом топливе, включая электростанции, работающие на угле, природном газе и мазуте, выросла на 3 % по сравнению с 2021 годом и сохраняется на уровне более 60 % от общего объема поставок электроэнергии. Заметим, что с 2017 года в России введено в эксплуатацию около 2. 1 ГВт ветрогенерирующих мощностей, а выработка электроэнергии на ветроэлектростанциях выросла до 5. 5 ТВтч23. 23. >>>> <p>В отчете МЭА говорится (с. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that more than 60% of electricity in Russia comes from fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil. This implies that cryptocurrency mining cannot be entirely powered by renewable energy sources, as it relies significantly on non-renewable sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The woodpecker population continued to drop until the 1990s. That's when Bean and his Fund colleagues persuaded the FWS to adopt “safe-harbor agreements” as a simple solution. An agreement promised landowners that if they let pines grow older or took other woodpecker-friendly measures, they wouldn't be punished; they remained free to decide later to cut the forest back to the baseline condition it had been in when the agreement was signed. That modest carrot was inducement enough to quiet the chainsaws in some places. “The downward trends have been reversed,” Bean says. “In places like South Carolina, where they have literally hundreds of thousands of acres of privately owned forest enrolled, Red-cockaded Woodpecker numbers have shot up dramatically. ”The woodpecker is still endangered. It still needs help. Because there aren't enough old pines, land managers are inserting lined, artificial cavities into younger trees and sometimes moving birds into them to expand the population. They are also using prescribed fires or power tools to keep the longleaf understory open and grassy, the way fires set by lightning or Indigenous people once kept it and the way the woodpeckers like it. Most of this work is taking place, and most Red-cockaded Woodpeckers are still living, on state or federal land such as military bases. But a lot more longleaf must be restored to get the birds delisted, which means collaborating with private landowners, who own 80 percent of the habitat. Leo Miranda-Castro, who retired last December as director of the FWS's southeast region, says the collaborative approach took hold at regional headquarters in Atlanta in 2010. for had dropped a “mega petition” demanding that the FWS consider 404 new species for listing. The volume would have been “overwhelming,” Miranda-Castro says. “That's when we decided, ‘Hey, we cannot do this in the traditional way. ’ The fear of listing so many species was a catalyst” to look for cases where conservation work might make a listing unnecessary. An agreement affecting the shows what is possible. Like the woodpeckers, it is adapted to open-canopied longleaf forests, where it basks in the sun, feeds on herbaceous plants and digs deep burrows in the sandy soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the conservation efforts related to the Red-cockaded Woodpecker population and does not mention birds' ability to mimic human speech or any claims regarding such abilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Despite the lack of data for late spermatids, our results suggest that many errors are at least partially repaired before the completion of spermatid maturation. Alternatively, cell death could have removed mutated cells before spermatid maturation if a lesion could not be repaired. Our data cannot distinguish between the death of mutated cells and successful repair of lesions. The variants we have found are either DNA lesions that have escaped repair, or the lesions that have been selected through competition among cells (Loewe and Hill, 2010). It is likely that some of these substitutions would result in inviable offspring and would never be observed in an adult population. Our result suggests that mutational load varies between different cell divisions, consistent with previous work that suggests a variable lesion rate between cell types (Gao et al. , 2011; Gao et al. , 2014). Mutational load is the net product of damage and repair, and further characterization of how lesions occur and accumulate in the germline is needed to better understand the evolutionary ramifications of this process (Moorjani et al. , 2016). It appears that the cell types with the highest mutational load are germline stem cells/early spermatogonia, the earliest germ cells. This indicates that by the time germline stem cells enter spermatogenesis, they carry a relatively high mutational burden. This could be due to the fact that germline stem cells cycle many times, dividing asymmetrically to produce spermatogonia and a replenished germline stem cell. This cycle, repeated enough times, could cause a buildup of variants in germline stem cells as they continue to produce spermatogonia. Such a scenario would necessitate a mechanism to remove high level of lesions from maturing gametes. This mechanism must be an equilibrium removing enough lesions to prevent the accumulation of harmful phenotypes. However, the population-level mutation rate never reaches zero, otherwise adaptive evolution will cease (Lynch, 2010). Since we observed that the transcription of 211 DNA repair genes drops during meiotic stages, we suspect that DNA repair gene products are translated early and continue to repair lesions throughout spermatogenesis. After meiosis, however, the gametes become haploid, and there is no longer a template strand to facilitate homology-directed repair. This should constrain the types of DNA damage repair available in late spermatogenesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to DNA repair and mutational load during spermatogenesis, without any mention of nanomedicine, treatments to reverse aging, or the use of tiny robots for medical interventions. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Вместе с тем выработка электроэнергии на ископаемом топливе, включая электростанции, работающие на угле, природном газе и мазуте, выросла на 3 % по сравнению с 2021 годом и сохраняется на уровне более 60 % от общего объема поставок электроэнергии. Заметим, что с 2017 года в России введено в эксплуатацию около 2. 1 ГВт ветрогенерирующих мощностей, а выработка электроэнергии на ветроэлектростанциях выросла до 5. 5 ТВтч23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that over 60% of the total electricity supply is produced from fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil. This indicates that cryptocurrency mining cannot be considered entirely powered by renewable energy sources, thus contradicting the claim about eliminating environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The tortoise is a keystone species: more than 300 other animals, including snakes, foxes and skunks, shelter in its burrows. But its numbers have been declining for decades. Urbanization is the main threat to the tortoises, but timberland can be managed in a way that leaves room for them. Eager to keep the species off the list, timber companies, which own 20 million acres in its range, agreed to figure out how to do that—above all by returning fire to the landscape and keeping the canopy open. One timber company, Service, said it would restore on about 3,700 acres in the Florida panhandle, perhaps expanding to 200,000 acres eventually. It even offered to bring other endangered species onto its land, which delighted Miranda-Castro: “I had never heard about that happening before. ” Last fall the FWS announced that the tortoise didn't need to be listed in most of its range. Miranda-Castro now directs Conflict, an organization that seeks to foster conversation and negotiation in settings where the ESA has more often generated litigation. “For the first 50 years the stick has been used the most,” Miranda-Castro says. “For the next 50 years we're going to be using the carrots way more. ” On his own farm outside Fort Moore, Ga. , he grows Longleaf Pine—and are benefiting. Whooping Crane. Grus americana. Listed as Endangered: 1967. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/for doubts that carrots alone will save the reptile. It points out that the FWS's own models show small subpopulations vanishing over the next few decades and the total population falling by nearly a third. 2023 it filed suit against the FWS, demanding the be listed. The FWS itself resorted to the stick this year when it listed the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, a bird whose grassland home in the has long been encroached on by agriculture and the energy industry. promptly voted to overturn that listing, but promised to veto that measure if it passes the House. Behind the debates over strategy lurks the vexing question: Can we save all species? The answer is no. Extinctions will keep happening. In 2021 the FWS proposed to delist 23 more species—not because they had recovered but because they hadn't been seen in decades and were presumed gone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the conservation status of the tortoise and various endangered species, including the Lesser Prairie-Chicken, without mentioning any bird species' ability to mimic human speech. Thus, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: As no DNA is removed in this process, the wild type specific locus primers also generate slightly larger amplicons in tagged lines, which can be seen as double bands for both the and K13 PCRs. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images of HA-tagged Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1-HA) and Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2-HA) parasite lines, and live cell imaging of Transporter-eGFP (CRT-eGFP), Myosin A-eGFP (MyoA-eGFP) and mCherry-Kelch13 (K13). Panel shows brightfield (BF), DNA stain (blue) and anti-tag antibodies/live fluorescence (green or red) of schizont stage parasites from each line. Scale bars represent 2 µm. Figure 3—source data 1 Primer pairs and guide sequences for generation and analysis of tagged parasite lines. Download elife-45829-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset -Cas9 tagging of P. knowlesi proteins. (A) Schematic of -Cas9 strategy. C-terminal integration of the hemagglutinin (HA) tag into the target Apical membrane antigen (AMA1) locus via homologous recombination. Arrows indicating oligo positions for diagnostic PCRs. (B) C-terminal integration of HA tag into the target Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2 locus). (C) C-terminal integration of eGFP into the target Transporter (CRT) locus. (D) C-terminal integration of eGFP into the target locus. (E) N-terminal integration of mCherry into the target Kelch13 (K13) locus. (F) Western blot showing expression of tagged proteins in P. knowlesi saponin-lysed schizonts separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-HA, anti-GFP or anti-mCherry primary antibodies. Control samples are saponin-lysed red blood cells (RBC) and wild type parasite line. Expected sizes of bands are indicated. CRT runs faster than its expected band size as shown in P. falciparum previously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific processes and techniques related to the tagging of parasite proteins and imaging methods used in a scientific study, with no mention of nanomedicine, treatments, aging, or human lifespan. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: </p> <p>В отчете МЭА говорится (с. 93–94), что Россия является крупнейшим потребителем электроэнергии в Евразии с годовым потреблением более 1000 ТВтч, потребление электроэнергии в России увеличилось в 2022 году на 1. 5 % (+16 ТВтч). Газовая генерация выросла почти на 1 ГВт, компенсируя снижение мощности угольных электростанций на 0. 3 ГВт. Мощности атомной и гидроэнергетики оставались стабильными, в то время как солнечная мощность увеличилась почти на 8 % (+0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses electricity consumption in Russia and mentions that the generation from gas has increased while coal generation has decreased. This suggests a reliance on non-renewable energy sources rather than exclusively renewable ones for electricity generation, which contradicts the claim that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: There is a difference, though, between acknowledging the reality of extinction and deliberately deciding to let a species go. Some people are willing to do the latter; others are not. Bean thinks a person's view has a lot to do with how much they've been exposed to wildlife, especially as a child. Zygmunt Plater, a professor emeritus at Law School, was the attorney in the 1978 case, fighting for hundreds of farmers whose land would be submerged by the Tellico Dam. At one point in the proceedings F. Powell, Jr. , asked him, “What purpose is served, if any, by these little darters? Are they used for food? ” Plater thinks creatures such as the darter alert us to the threat our actions pose to them and to ourselves. They prompt us to consider alternatives. The ESA aims to save species, but for that to happen, ecosystems have to be preserved. Protecting the Owl has saved at least a small fraction of old-growth forest in the Pacific Northwest. Concern about the Red-cockaded Woodpecker and the is aiding the preservation of longleaf forests in the Southeast. Darter wasn't enough to stop the Tellico Dam, which drowned historic Cherokee sites and 300 farms, mostly for real estate development. But after the controversy, the presence of a couple of endangered mussels did help dissuade the TVA from completing yet another dam, on the in central Tennessee. That river is now recognized as one of the most biodiverse in North America. The ESA forced states to take stock of the wildlife they harbored, says Jim Williams, who as a young biologist with the FWS was responsible for listing both the and mussels in the Duck River. Williams grew up in Alabama, where I live. “We didn't know what the hell we had,” he says. “People started looking around and found all sorts of new species. ” Many were mussels and little fish. In a 2002 survey, Stein found that Alabama ranked fifth among U. S. states in species diversity. It also ranks second-highest for extinctions; of the 23 extinct species the FWS recently proposed for delisting, eight were mussels, and seven of those were found in Alabama. One morning this past spring, at a cabin on the banks of in northern Alabama, I attended a kind of jamboree of local freshwater biologists. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bird species mimicking human speech. It discusses topics related to wildlife conservation, extinction, and biodiversity, with no mention of birds or their ability to mimic speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: Thermal cameras are used to map the amount of water in the soil (SWC) depending on the land surface temperature (LST) [7]. Thermal cameras have limited spatial resolution, which often causes difficulties in homogeneous areas such as farmland with bare soil [8]. It is especially used in agriculture to determine plant water needs, detect disease, and for phenotyping. Advertisement 4. Drone technologies4. 1 Radar positioning and returning homeToday’s drones can operate in GNSS and nonsatellite modes using a combination of (GNSS) such as GPS and. This precision navigation system brings 3D map creation, navigation, and search-and-rescue (SAR) tasks while flying. Satellites take advantage of GNSS satellites when the drone is first powered up. It uses constellation technology. A satellite constellation is a group of synchronized satellites with overlapping coverage areas. The built-in compass lets the drone and remote control system know exactly the flight location. The compass is calibrated to set a starting point. Thus, the drone’s position will return in case of signal loss between the drone, and the remote control system is determined. This adjustment is also known as the “fail-safe function. ” The radar technology in the drone checks some information on the control screen before starting the flight, confirming the suitability of the current conditions for flight. This information includes that communication with good drone GNSS satellites has been established, and the drone is ready-to-fly. It provides information such as determining the current location, returning home using the button for any reason, reaching the set low battery level, and recording the starting point for the “Return to Home” feature in case of loss of communication between the drone and the remote control, and can return to the starting position without any problems [10]. 4. 2 Obstacle detection and collision avoidance technologyDrones are equipped with collision avoidance systems for safety purposes [9]. These systems consist of sensors that do not scan the environment but detect obstacles. Data from the vision sensor, ultrasonic, infrared, LiDAR, time-of-flight (ToF), and monocular vision sensors transform images into 3D maps, allowing the flight controller to detect and avoid the object. With the help of software algorithms and SLAM technology using this data, 6-way obstacles are detected, and necessary actions are taken to prevent them. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning agricultural applications of drones, including determining plant water needs and detecting disease. It explains how drones are equipped with various technologies for navigation, obstacle detection, and returning home independently, reinforcing the idea that drones can operate autonomously in agricultural settings.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 25 ГВт). Вместе с тем выработка электроэнергии на ископаемом топливе, включая электростанции, работающие на угле, природном газе и мазуте, выросла на 3 % по сравнению с 2021 годом и сохраняется на уровне более 60 % от общего объема поставок электроэнергии. Заметим, что с 2017 года в России введено в эксплуатацию около 2. 1 ГВт ветрогенерирующих мощностей, а выработка электроэнергии на ветроэлектростанциях выросла до 5. 5 ТВтч23.
 23. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that electricity generation from fossil fuels, including coal, natural gas, and oil, has increased by 3% compared to 2021 and remains over 60% of the total electricity supply. This indicates that not all electricity powering activities such as cryptocurrency mining comes from renewable sources, thereby undermining the claim that it is entirely powered by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: At the center of the action, in the shade of a second-floor deck, sat Sartore. He had come to board more species onto his photo ark, and the biologists—most of them from the TVA—were only too glad to help, fanning out to collect critters to be decanted into Sartore's narrow, flood-lit aquarium. He sat hunched before it, a black cloth draped over his head and camera, snapping away like a fashion photographer, occasionally directing whoever was available to prod whatever animal was in the tank into a more artful pose. watched, he photographed a striated darter that didn't yet have a name, a Yellow Bass, an and a giant crayfish discovered in 2011 in the very creek we were at. Sartore's goal is to help people who never meet such creatures feel the weight of extinction—and to have a worthy remembrance of the animals if they do vanish from Earth. With TVA biologist Todd Amacker, I walked down to the creek and sat on the bank. Amacker is a mussel specialist, following in Williams's footsteps. As his colleagues waded in the shoals with nets, he gave me a quick primer on mussel reproduction. Their peculiar antics made me care even more about their survival. There are hundreds of freshwater mussel species, Amacker explained, and almost every one tricks a particular species of fish into raising its larvae. The Wavy-rayed Lampmussel, for example, extrudes part of its flesh in the shape of a minnow to lure black bass—and then squirts larvae into the bass's open mouth so they can latch on to its gills and fatten on its blood. Another mussel dangles its larvae at the end of a yard-long fishing line of mucus. Snapper—a member of a genus that has already lost most of its species to extinction—lures and then clamps its shell shut on the head of a hapless fish, inoculating it with larvae. “You can't make this up,” Amacker said. Each relationship has evolved over the ages in a particular place. The small band of biologists who are trying to cultivate the endangered mussels in labs must figure out which fish a particular mussel needs. It's the type of tedious trial-and-error work conservation biologists call “heroic,” the kind that helped to save. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the efforts of biologists in studying freshwater mussels and their interactions with fish, rather than addressing bird species or their ability to mimic human speech. There is no mention of birds or speech in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: A drone that can fly is notable for most industries. The capabilities and usage areas of drones will develop depending on the technology development. Although drones are seen as the end users of developed technologies, they have the potential to be an important tool in the development of technological innovation, depending on the needs. Advertisement 6. Drone usage areasAlthough the use and development of drones are always for military purposes, the use of drones in both commercial and other sectors is becoming widespread today. The evaluations regarding the usage areas still used in this regard and expected to become more widespread soon are summarized below. 6. 1 AgricultureIn agricultural areas, it contributes significantly to providing data to sector stakeholders and increasing producers’ productivity by collecting data with regular land observation. Drones in spraying, fertilization, and plant damage detection applications inspect the planted crops (Figure 17). The use of drones in agricultural production is becoming more common daily, and it provides convenience for producers to optimize production by increasing efficiency and reducing physical load. Drones offer significant time savings in agricultural research, planting seeds, monitoring livestock, and predicting crop yields. Smart farming techniques will become more widespread with drone and satellite data for producers to monitor their products and plan for planting, fertilization, and spraying times. Figure 17. Agricultural drone. 6. 2 EnvironmentDepending on the increasing city population, drones are successfully used in environmental control and emergency response processes. To prevent environmental pollution, drones not only carry out projects aimed at cleaning the seas but also make an important contribution to the fight against poaching and the tracking of endangered animals. The behavior and disease conditions of animals can be followed thanks to thermal cameras. In addition, oil companies use drones for inspections of oil and gas leaks. Drones with thermal cameras perform important tasks in detecting leaks quickly and preventing possible risks. 6. 3 HealthThe use of drones for medical purposes is used to transport response equipment to the scene in urban areas, to direct people to the stage with drones with cameras and audio devices, to transport equipment such as medicine and trauma kits in rural areas, or to facilitate search-and-rescue efforts. In patients with shockable rhythm in prehospital events, delivering a life-saving defibrillator (AED) by drone is 32% faster in urban centers and 93% faster in rural areas where other vehicles cannot reach [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the various applications of drones, specifically highlighting agricultural monitoring. It specifies how drones are increasingly used in agriculture for tasks like land observation, crop spraying, and monitoring yields, thereby showing a significant independent application of drone technology in this sector. Furthermore, the mention of drones being utilized in environmental monitoring and health underscores their increasing diversity of use, aligning with the claim regarding autonomous operations in varied fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: 5 ГВт… Эксперты говорят, что невозможно достичь стопроцентной доли энергии от ВИЭ в энергосистеме. Однако я совершенно уверен, что в комбинации с новыми решениями, технологиями (водородная энергетика, литий-ионные, механические или проточные накопители и тому подобное) это направление будет активно развиваться». В современной России ВИЭ могут стать основным источником электроэнергии для отдаленных небольших населенных пунктов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that it is impossible to achieve a 100% share of renewable energy in the energy system, which challenges the notion that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable sources. It suggests a more nuanced view on the energy sources used in cryptocurrency mining.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Except these mussels are eyeless, brainless, little brown creatures that few people have ever heard of. For most mussels, conditions are better now than half a century ago, Amacker said. But some are so rare it's hard to imagine they can be saved. I asked Amacker whether it was worth the effort or whether we just need to accept that we must let some species go. The catch in his voice almost made me regret the question. “I'm not going to tell you it's not worth the effort,” he said. “It's more that there's no hope for them. ” He paused, then collected himself. “Who are we to be the ones responsible for letting a species die? ” he went on. “They've been around so long. That's not my answer as a biologist; that's my answer as a human. Who are we to make it happen? ”Rights & PermissionsFrom our and the Reproduction of Birds. David B. Peakall; April 1970. is a freelance writer in Birmingham, Ala. , and a former senior editor at National Geographic, Discover and Scientific American. More by Robert KunzigThis 10. 1038/scientificamerican1123-60with ScienceLearn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today. SubscribeSign up for our newslettersSee the latest storiesRead the latest issueGive a Gift SubscriptionFollow Us:Return & of of cookies/Do not sell my datais part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www. springernature. com/us). maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 2024. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds mimicking human speech, as it discusses the conservation status of mussels and reflects on the value of species preservation. It does not mention birds or speech mimicry at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: In the same way, it has been demonstrated that it is possible to transport drugs/tissues, and blood products, with drones, with the research conducted with samples taken before and after the flight on the effect of vibration on the transported tissue. These materials can be delivered to difficult areas faster than the traditional methods [13]. 6. 4 Photography and cinemaProfessional video shoots are made today using drones in commercials, TV series, and movie sets, successfully capturing specific images. It is used in the direct marketing of products and in taking aerial images to show a city, beach, or building from a bird’s eye view in advertising shoots. Advertising drones are becoming increasingly common in crowded events and areas with high density. It provides great convenience in collecting images and information from places that cannot be visited or entered, especially due to security problems. The use of drones can make a significant contribution to innovation and quality in the film industry. 6. 5 MappingDrones, becoming increasingly widespread in mapping, can map almost all terrains quickly and in three dimensions. For this purpose, LiDAR Drones with sensors provide highly successful and accurate data. LiDAR technology offers important solutions in the evaluation of agricultural products as well as the mapping of landforms (Figure 18). Figure 18. Mapping with a drone. 6. 6 LogisticsDrones are used in the logistics industry to transport food, packages, or goods. It is preferred for transporting urgent or frequently sent small parcels and for delivery to hard-to-reach areas. One of the most important and pending problems in logistics use is that drones need a sufficient carrying capacity. Similar to agriculture, it is also used to scan different warehouse materials. Heavy-duty drones can improve road traffic by replacing existing carriers for material management and transporting goods between warehouses. Soon, drones may be an important player in the delivery options of packages (Figure 19). Figure 19. Logistics drone. 6. 7 EmergenciesAnother area where drones are used is in emergencies. Drones help the fire brigade, police officers, volunteer rescuers, and more. Drones are used for reconnaissance before guiding the rescue team, especially when the extent of the disaster is unknown. Autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) prevent possible drownings and assist in rescue in situations such as when a boat capsizes. Drones are also used to search for the injured in avalanche cases. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of drones, including package delivery logistics, agricultural monitoring, and emergencies. It specifically mentions that drones are used in logistics to transport goods and packages, which aligns directly with the claim regarding current drone applications. Additionally, the mention of agricultural applications and other uses reinforces the assertion that drones are operating independently in various fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: И, конечно, российский 1 ГВт в год — это очень незначительные цифры. При этом для отечественной энергетики это серьезный шаг вперед, ведь до 2015 года проекты в области возобновляемой энергетики можно было пересчитать по пальцам. К 2035 году ожидается ввод объектов солнечной и ветрогенерации в совокупности на 8. 5 ГВт… Эксперты говорят, что невозможно достичь стопроцентной доли энергии от ВИЭ в энергосистеме. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that it is impossible to achieve a 100% share of energy from renewable sources in the energy system. This implies that cryptocurrency mining, which is inherently energy-intensive, cannot be entirely powered by renewable energy, thus suggesting that there is an environmental impact associated with its energy consumption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --temporal characterisation and compensation method based on CNN and LSTM for residential travel data View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 2035 Published 2024-05-14 Accepted 2024-04-11 Received 2024-01-16 and Analysis of and data analysis, analysis, © 2024 Alhudhaif and This is an open access 2024. Spatio-temporal characterisation and compensation method based on CNN and LSTM for residential travel data. PeerJ 10:e2035 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 0. 03% of the real data, the simulation results have a large error with the real scenario. (2) Statistical estimation method. Statistical extrapolation is a method of predicting the future travel situation through historical data, which can generate travel data by analyzing the historical data to predict future travel behavior. However, it is difficult and less accurate to estimate individual travel behavior from historical data of group travel. (3) GPS data mining method: GPS data mining method is a method to deduce the travel behavior of travelers by analyzing GPS track data, which can generate travel data by using the information of speed, direction, and location in GPS track data to judge the travel mode and travel purpose of travelers. However, considering user privacy issues, the method blurs the OD data through aggregation and makes data cleaning difficult due to the large amount of data and blurred data. These methods perform well on small-scale or low-dimensional data, but their efficiency and accuracy are limited when dealing with complex urban transport data. Deep learning technology has made remarkable progress in recent years and has been widely used in fields such as image recognition and natural language processing. By simulating the way the human brain processes information, it effectively handles large-scale and complex data sets. Deep learning shows excellent ability in feature extraction, pattern recognition, etc. , and provides a new perspective for traffic simulation. Convolutional neural network (CNN) has certain advantages in processing spatiotemporal data analysis, especially suitable for spatiotemporal feature analysis and compensation of resident travel data. Here are some advantages of using CNN for this analysis: (1) Extracting spatial features: CNN can effectively learn and extract spatial features from data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various data analysis methods related to travel behavior using deep learning technologies, without any mention of birds or time travel. The content is focused on GPS data mining and convolutional neural networks rather than any claims or evidence regarding the ability of birds to time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: 8 Conservation of wildlife and historic buildingsDrones are an economical and effective alternative to monitor wildlife species and protect natural life. Rapid aerial observations are important tools in gaining a better idea of the health of the species and ecosystem, monitoring and researching migration routes by monitoring animal groups, and preventing poaching. Drones also scan forest floors destroyed by fires, releasing seed containers containing seeds, fertilizers, and nutrients to help trees regenerate. Considering that reforestation of such areas with human labor will take many years, the importance of using drone technology becomes apparent. On the other hand, drones also play an important role in historic preservation efforts. Drones provide great convenience in creating 3D maps of historical places or structures. The 3D images used to reconstruct lost areas provide clues to experts about culture and architecture [14]. 6. 9 MilitaryThe first known use of drones was for military purposes. It is used for different purposes ranging from military, espionage, radar system, area detection, and observation to transporting food, weapons, and ammunition. Highly sophisticated drones are used, equipped with tools for thermal imaging, laser rangefinder, and even air strikes. MQ-9 Reaper, one of the drones used for military purposes today, has a length of 36 feet and is equipped with a 1852 km flight system at an altitude of 50,000 feet [14]. Advertisement 7. Barriers to drone technologyAlthough drones have multiple potential uses, there are certain obstacles to their widespread use. Some of these barriers are summarized below. 7. 1 Power sourceOne of the biggest problems for these vehicles, which have managed to work with increasingly smaller and lighter components, is the power requirement. Due to the limited flight times, developing drones capable of long flights with smaller and more powerful batteries remain the priority to solve this problem. Another important expectation is the development of systems that can analyze the terrain with object detection and recognition software instead of onboard systems that require increased weight and more power. 7. 2 SecurityThe biggest obstacle to drone use is security. All human-operated aircrafts inherently pose a risk of falling. Working on limited battery power, having fast spinning propellers, and the potential to fall from heights greatly threaten living things, structures, and the environment due to the increasing number of drones. In addition to obtaining the necessary permits for flights to be made in residential areas, it is essential to develop technologies to prevent possible accidents by autonomously detecting drone obstacles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of drone technology, including monitoring wildlife and historic buildings. These applications align with the claim's focus on the autonomous operational capabilities of drones in contexts such as environmental monitoring and preservation, which contribute to the broader category of surveillance and independent operation. Furthermore, it mentions the use of drones for tasks related to ecological observation and historical assessment, emphasizing their independent capabilities, even though the primary examples provided do not directly mention package delivery or agricultural monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В связке с традиционной генерацией они становятся одним из самых выгодных источников энергии в распределенной энергетике на удаленных и изолированных территориях. А. Жихарев подчеркнул, что, несмотря на беспрецедентные санкции, обвинения скептиков в том, что отрасль возобновляемой энергетики «в руинах», не соответствуют действительности. </p> <p>Директор ассоциации развития возобновляемой энергетики А. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the renewable energy sector amidst skepticism and sanctions, implying that while renewable sources may be beneficial, they do not exclusively power processes like cryptocurrency mining, thus challenging the claim that mining is entirely renewable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In residential travel data, spatial information is crucial, as factors such as traffic conditions and population density in different regions can affect travel patterns. CNN can recognize and extract these spatial features through convolution operations. (2) Capture temporal information: CNN can process temporal data and capture temporal patterns in the data. In resident travel data, time information is an important dimension, such as traffic flow and travel purposes at different time periods. CNN can capture and learn these temporal patterns through pooling operations and multi-layer structures. (3) Adapting to complex relationships: CNN can learn complex nonlinear relationships. In residential travel data, there are complex correlations between different factors, such as weather, holidays, transportation facilities, etc. , which can all affect travel behavior. CNN has sufficient flexibility and expressive power to learn and model these complex relationships. (4) Processing multi-scale data: CNN has a multi-level structure and can handle data of different scales. In resident travel data, there may be spatial and temporal information of different granularities, such as city level, regional level, hour level, minute level, etc. CNN can process data of different scales through convolutional kernels of different sizes and pooling operations. (5) Automatic feature learning: CNN can automatically learn features, reducing the need for manual feature engineering. In residential travel data, there may be a large number of features that are difficult and time-consuming to manually extract. CNN can automatically learn the optimal feature representation through a backpropagation algorithm. In this regard, this 1. Time series data include traffic flow, vehicle speed, traveling time, etc. These data are usually recorded by time stamp (date and time) and stored in CSV or Excel format. Spatial data, on the other hand, covers information such as road network structure, traffic signal locations, and traffic hotspots, which are usually stored in GIS data formats such as Shapefile or GeoJSON, or as image data (e. g. , traffic heat maps). Table 1: Preparatory data. Data type Example content Data format Time series data Traffic flow and speed CSV, data Road network and traffic lights data DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/table-1 The input data used by CNN: The CNN part is mainly used to process spatial features, so the input data includes satellite images of road networks, traffic heat maps, or graphical representations of traffic flow distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding birds and time travel. It discusses convolutional neural networks (CNN) and their application in processing residential travel data, focusing on spatial and temporal data analysis, rather than addressing the capability of birds to time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: The importance of safe use is increasing, especially with using drones in daily life. On the other hand, law enforcement should be put in place to limit drones’ interference with the privacy of others. Drones are becoming a bigger target for cyberattacks as their use increases. Hackers can intercept the transmitted data to take control of the drone. For this purpose, extra measures should be developed to protect drones and the information they store, such as using protective software or passwords. Advertisement 8. Future prospectsDrones, which have high technology and raise the level of technology daily, are vehicles made of lightweight composite materials that increase strength and maneuverability. Today, drones are used in a wide variety of fields, such as construction, defense, photography, marketing, delivery, agriculture, rescue, and entertainment, and they will certainly meet with drones in new sectors soon, depending on the need for use. It seems to be a handicap that fixed-wing drones, capable of long-distance flight, cannot perform vertical takeoff and landing. For this reason, long-distance drones with VTOL technology that can take off vertically, hover, and land will become widespread. Drones with improved navigation technology and enhanced connection sensitivity to the group navigation satellite will further improve their ability to direct to the right target. With advanced obstacle detection technology and sensing sensors such as ultrasonic, vision sensor, infrared, LiDAR, and monocular vision, drones will gain new capabilities in 3D mapping. It seems possible to further improve the manifold of accuracy and speed of real-time data transmission, combined with 5G technology of a GPS that helps to know the real-time location and increases the accuracy. Introducing new services in agriculture, construction, defense, aerial photography, marketing, delivery, rescue, and entertainment will expand the use of drones, thanks to high-definition cameras that record and transmit real-time video of a location while flying at a high altitude. Particularly in small-scale enterprises, delivering parcels by drones to regions with low productivity and short distances will be an important element in reducing operational costs. Using drones to rapidly deliver small packages for logistics, medicines, and food over short distances saves labor. However, it can also be offered as a solution to intensifying road traffic due to increasing urbanization. Increasing environmental concerns and road traffic also increase the demand for air taxis. The widespread use of drone taxis will shorten travel times and reduce carbon emissions, cost, and traffic congestion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of drones, including delivery, agriculture, and marketing, which aligns with the claim's mention of these fields. Specifically, it states that 'drone applications... include delivery, agriculture, rescue, and entertainment,' which supports the idea of drones operating independently in these areas. Additionally, the text discusses how drones are utilized in a wide variety of fields and indicates the growing importance of their independent operations, thereby reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: И, конечно, российский 1 ГВт в год — это очень незначительные цифры. При этом для отечественной энергетики это серьезный шаг вперед, ведь до 2015 года проекты в области возобновляемой энергетики можно было пересчитать по пальцам. К 2035 году ожидается ввод объектов солнечной и ветрогенерации в совокупности на 8. 5 ГВт… Эксперты говорят, что невозможно достичь стопроцентной доли энергии от ВИЭ в энергосистеме. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that achieving a 100% share of renewable energy in the energy system is impossible, which suggests that cryptocurrency mining cannot be entirely powered by renewable sources and thus does not eliminate its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: These data can help the model understand the distribution patterns of traffic flow in different geographical regions, such as the congestion situation of major traffic roads and intersections in cities. The input data used by LSTM: The LSTM part is used to process time series data, and the input data mainly includes traffic information about time changes, such as historical traffic flow, speed, accident reports, etc. This part of the data enables the model to capture the dynamic changes in traffic flow over time, including seasonal changes, daily peak hour changes, and so on. Through this approach, the model can simultaneously consider the spatial and temporal dimensions of traffic data, thereby improving the accuracy and efficiency of traffic state prediction. In our study, the image data used mainly came from urban traffic monitoring cameras, and the resolution of these images is usually 640 × 480 pixels. For traffic flow and other related time series data, we collect data every 5 min, covering a time range of several consecutive months. All data has undergone appropriate preprocessing steps, including standardization, before being input into the model to ensure the effectiveness and accuracy of model training. We promise to provide more detailed data specifications and descriptions of preprocessing methods in future work, so that readers and other researchers can better understand and reproduce our research results. Data pre-processing We carried out a meticulous data preprocessing exercise to ensure that CNN and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) could effectively process the data. First, we removed all irrelevant and duplicate records from the dataset. For missing values, we carefully analyzed the data according to their characteristics and importance and selected the most suitable filling method or directly deleted the records containing missing values. In addition, we unified the format of all the data to ensure that the CNN could process the spatial data, and at the same time, we ensured that the time-series data conformed to the input format of the LSTM. To reduce the possible effects of different magnitudes of data, we standardized or normalized all numerical data. Finally, we identified and dealt with outliers through data visualization techniques to improve data quality, thus laying a solid foundation for the next model training. Algorithm 1 describes the specific algorithm steps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding birds and time travel, as it discusses data processing and model training for traffic forecasting using LSTM. There is no mention or implication of birds or time travel in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of current autonomous drone applications involve surveillance, package delivery, or agricultural monitoring, where the drones can operate independently. [SEP] Text: The spread of air ambulances will improve the rapid delivery of medical aid to areas in need and the use of drone ambulances in regions affected by natural disasters and congested areas. Drones equipped with thermal sensors, infrared, night vision cameras, and transmission devices, working as a powerful surveillance system, are one of the important tools in obtaining real-time information about the locations of missing persons, injured, and criminals in difficult and high terrain. In addition, drones facilitate tracking poachers, as they continuously monitor forest life and wildlife protection areas without approaching wild animals. Drones, which provide a detailed view of large areas, spaces, and a particular subject, also intensify the interest of professionals such as commercial photographers, cartographers, and geologists and provide information about the environment at a low cost. Drones are the important helpers in ensuring the crowd’s safety in demonstrations, marches, and other meetings held in public areas. Drones with high-definition cameras serve successfully in aerial image and video shooting at sports events. Thermal sensors and gyroscopes, with their high maneuverability, small size, and power, increase the accuracy of regional and national weather forecasts by following the scientists’ weather events in detail. It will be inevitable to use it more widely by developing in taking precautions and early warning works by giving an idea about the trajectory of large-scale weather events such as hurricanes. Agriculture mechanization is important in developing agricultural practices for human nutrition and a sustainable, healthy food supply. The destruction caused by the increasing weight of the massive machines used for efficient and economical production in large areas is a reality. Drones have the potential to be an option in solving this problem. Particularly in agriculture 4. 0, IoT applications, taking data quickly from large areas with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGV), swarm communicating with each other, mapping the land and field-specific applications of agricultural processes according to the data obtained accordingly, and product yield and quality. It has a sustainable solution potential that will increase. Advertisement 9. ConclusionsSignificant developments in drone technology in recent years have made the procurement cost of drones cheaper, and their use has become widespread for professional and civilian purposes. Although there are many different types of drones, it has become easy to find one that appeals to everyone. Drones are classified by fixed-wing, multi-rotor, or VTOL construction, size, weight, and power source. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various applications of drones, including surveillance, medical aid delivery in emergencies, and agricultural monitoring. For instance, it mentions drones working as a powerful surveillance system and their use in tracking poachers and providing weather forecasts, which aligns with the claim regarding surveillance. Additionally, the mention of 'drones have the potential to be an option in solving this problem' in relation to agriculture indicates their role in agricultural monitoring. Overall, the extensive applications described enhance the credibility of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: </p> 30 На конференции отмечалось: большая часть объектов дизельной генерации в труднодоступных районах имеет высокую себестоимость производства электроэнергии, что обусловлено высокими затратами на доставку и хранение дизельного топлива, а также износом генерирующего оборудования. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the high cost of electricity production from diesel generators in remote areas, which implies that there are significant energy costs and possibly dependence on fossil fuels, contradicting the assertion that cryptocurrency mining is powered entirely by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: _______________________ Algorithm 1 Data Preprocessing___________________________________________________________ 1: Initialize D′ as an empty dataset 2: for each record d in D do 3: if d is a duplicate then 4: Remove d from D 5: else 6: for each feature f in d do 7: if f is missing then 8: if f is an important feature then 9: Fill f using interpolation methods 10: else 11: Remove d from D 12: Go to the next record 13: end if 14: end if 15: end for 16: if d is valid then 17: d to match CNN and LSTM input formats tf and sf 18: Normalize numerical features in d 19: Handle anomalies in d using visualisation techniques 20: Add processed d to D′ 21: end if 22: end if 23: end for 24: return D′______________________________________________ this study, a traffic data analysis model combining a CNN and a LSTM is proposed. The model aims to take advantage of the powerful spatial feature extraction capability of CNNs and the strength of LSTMs in time series analysis to more accurately predict and analyse analyze urban traffic flow patterns. Figure 1 depicts the architecture of the deep learning model constructed in this study, which incorporates a CNN and a LSTM designed to perform comprehensive analysis of urban traffic data. In the first stage of the model, the input traffic image data is preprocessed to fit the input requirements of the CNN and passed through multiple convolutional layers containing filters of different sizes to capture spatial patterns ranging from coarse to fine-grained. Each convolutional layer is followed by a pooling layer to reduce the feature dimensions and enhance the invariance properties of the model. After layers of convolution and pooling, the resulting spatial feature map significantly reduces the dimensionality of the data while maintaining key spatial information. Figure 1: Model architecture: (A) Beijing traffic heat map (B) Beijing traffic flow map. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-1 Next, these CNN-processed spatial features are fed into the LSTM network. At this stage, the model focuses on analyzing the features over time, using the recursive structure of the LSTM network to capture the dynamic dependencies of time-series data, such as traffic flow and speed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses data preprocessing and a model for analyzing urban traffic patterns using CNN and LSTM networks. It does not mention birds or time travel, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: AbstractElectric drones as an autonomous mode of transport are scaling up to transform last-mile goods delivery, raising an urgent need for assessing impacts of drone transport from a systems perspective. In this paper, we conduct systems analyses to assess the environmental, economic, and delivery time impact of large drones for delivery scenarios to pick-up centers between mid-size cities predominantly in rural areas, and deliveries within city limits compared with electric and diesel trucks. Results show that large drones have lower emissions than diesel trucks for deliveries in rural areas and that drones don’t compete with electric trucks, mainly due to the high energy demand required for take-off and landing for each delivery. Furthermore, we show that electric drones are an economically more cost-effective option than road-bound transport modes such as diesel and electric trucks due to the high degree of automation, and also provide the fastest delivery times. Our analysis provides unique insights that drones can address rapid electrification and emergency applications due to low costs, high flexibility, and fast operations. However, for regulators and practitioners to realize it as an emission-friendly option it is necessary to determine the optimal size of drones, particularly for use cases in urban areas, avoid very low landings for deliveries, and have home deliveries instead of pick-up points. Similar content being viewed by others Drone routing problem model for last-mile delivery using the public transportation capacity as moving charging stations 5. 5 Gt CO2 by 2030 and 0. 7 Gt CO2 by 2050 1. This vast reduction in global CO2 emissions from the transportation sector is estimated even though freight transports are estimated to increase by a factor of 2. 51. Currently, 96% of all medium and heavy trucks in the are diesel-driven2. Along with this growth in demand for transportation, demand for fast deliveries has increased significantly due to the growth in e-commerce, which brings about an amplified impact on the environment, particularly in the last part of the supply chain where the load reaches the destination3. The environmental impact is mainly due to the last-mile delivery trucks being partially loaded, an increase in delivery frequency, and suboptimal delivery logistics4. Such low efficiency and poor environmental performance call for optimizing delivery efficiency via development of new freight systems and usage of vehicles with low-emission fuels3,5. This in turn calls for exploring disruptive new technology solutions to phase out use of fossil fuels and reach this massive reduction in CO2 emissions in transportation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of electric drones as an autonomous mode of transport for last-mile goods delivery. It highlights that large drones have lower emissions than diesel trucks for rural deliveries and that electric drones are economically favorable compared to traditional shipping methods like diesel and electric trucks. This suggests that drones could effectively replace traditional delivery methods, aligning with the claim that they will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В ближайшее время планируется построить гибридные дизельно-солнечные установки в 72 посёлках Якутии (общая мощность 93 МВт, из которых 22 МВт приходится на солнечные электростанции) и 7 населённых пунктах Камчатки суммарной мощностью 30 МВт, из которых 7 МВт – мощность ВЭС и СЭС. Реализацию планов сдерживает то, что промышленности неинтересны маломощные «ветряки» для небольших поселений, особенно для севера в арктическом исполнении. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing plans to build hybrid diesel-solar installations in various villages and mentions the limited interest from industry in small wind turbines for these remote areas. This implies the continued reliance on non-renewable energy sources, thereby negating the claim that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Due to the special design of LSTM, it can effectively deal with long-term temporal dependencies, thus capturing deeper temporal dynamic features. Spatial and temporal features are integrated into a fusion layer, which uses specific fusion strategies such as weighted sums or concatenation to combine information from the CNN and LSTM. The fused features are then passed through a series of fully connected layers capable of learning non-linear combinations between features for higher levels of abstraction. In the final stage of the model, an output layer is responsible for converting the processed data into a traffic pattern prediction that can assist in traffic management decisions. The model demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in traffic data analysis through an exhaustive training and validation process, providing an innovative solution for real-time traffic state prediction and traffic congestion problems. Extracting spatial features using are widely used in the traffic domain due to their ability to extract spatial features from image data. CNNs can automatically learn the hierarchical features of a traffic scene, from simple edges to complex road and vehicle patterns, through their convolutional layers. This feature allows CNNs to exhibit strong generalization capabilities when processing traffic images and to identify key traffic features in different environments. Due to the complexity of traffic data, traditional feature engineering is time-consuming and often relies on expert knowledge. CNN’s automatic feature extraction mechanism overcomes this limitation and provides an efficient solution for in-depth analysis of traffic states. Therefore, given its superior feature extraction capability and automation characteristics, this study selects CNN as the core technology for traffic image data analysis. CNN architecture This study uses a CNN model containing three convolutional layers to extract spatial features of traffic images. Each convolutional layer uses a rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation function and is connected to a maximum pooling operation. The convolutional layer architecture is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2: Convolutional layer architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-2 First convolutional layer configuration. This layer employs 64 filters of size 3 × 3 with the step size set to 1 to ensure that detailed features in the traffic image, such as vehicle shapes and road edges, are captured. In addition, zero padding was used to maintain the size of the feature map. After each convolution operation, the ReLU activation function was applied to provide nonlinear processing capabilities to help the network learn more complex feature representations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the capabilities of CNN and LSTM models in traffic data analysis, emphasizing their effectiveness in understanding spatial and temporal features for traffic pattern prediction. There is no mention or implication regarding birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: As this field gains increased attention, there is an urgent need for systems analysis of drone impacts for different delivery scenarios for environmental, economic, and delivery time impact in order to make the relationship between the impacts of drone delivery and the context of drone use clear9,25. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to address this gap by evaluating the systems performance of an electric drone for parcel deliveries in mid-sized cities in urban and rural environments. We perform a systems analysis with focus on environmental and economic impacts as well as delivery time. We calculate CO2 emissions to assess the global warming potential and conduct life cycle cost (LCC) assessment to uncover the economic impacts. The functional unit (FU) is an important basis for environmental assessment and enables alternative services or goods to be compared and analysed26. In this study the FU was chosen as one standard delivery of 250 packages, weighing 2 kg each, divided into three stops, with maximum payload of 500 kg. The calculations are made for drones as well as road-bound delivery vehicles that run on (1) electricity (e-truck), and (2) diesel (diesel truck) in urban and rural scenarios. The system included last-mile deliveries from a logistics center to a pick-up point for both the drone and the alternative road-bound vehicles. Accordingly, four scenarios are evaluated: (1) long route between cities (LBC); (2) short route between cities (SBC); (3) long route within city (LWC); and (4) short route within city (SWC). These estimations provide critical insights regarding the impact drones may have in serving as a disruptive new technology solution to bring down CO2 emissions in transportation. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis was conducted particularly for varying energy use and reduced distance in connection with the environmental impact, the number of deliveries in connection with economic impact, and the increase in velocity for delivery time. It should be noted that drones are in an early phase of development, and as for renewable technologies such as photovoltaics that experience rapid advancement until they reach a certain level of maturity27 the same can be expected for drones. Thereby we take an ex-ante approach to predict the possible transitions in transport technologies in upcoming decades to determine the factors related to the necessary advancement of technology and the role it will play in society, as urgently needed during early adoption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential impacts of drone delivery systems and suggesting that drones are seen as a disruptive technology with the ability to alter traditional delivery methods. The analysis includes considerations of environmental impacts, economic implications, and delivery efficiency, which collectively indicate a shift towards drone technology in logistics. Specifically, it mentions the ongoing development of drones and their expected role in transportation in the future, supporting the idea that they could eventually replace traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Не хватает отечественных компонентов для солнечных электростанций. <p>На конференции отмечалось: большая часть объектов дизельной генерации в труднодоступных районах имеет высокую себестоимость производства электроэнергии, что обусловлено высокими затратами на доставку и хранение дизельного топлива, а также износом генерирующего оборудования. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing limitations in domestic components for solar power stations and high costs associated with diesel generation, indicating that not all aspects of energy generation, particularly for mining, are based on renewable sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: Next, a 2 × 2 window was used for the maximum pooling operation, with the step size set to 2, to reduce the dimensionality of the feature maps and improve computational efficiency. Second convolutional layer configuration. In deeper network structure, the second convolutional layer uses 128 5 × 5 filters with a step size of 1, and no zero padding is applied. This layer aims to extract higher level higher-leve features such as traffic density and traffic flow direction. Again, the ReLU activation function is used to introduce nonlinearities and maximum pooling of the same size and step size is performed. Third convolutional layer configuration. The last convolutional layer is configured with 256 7 × 7 filters with a step size of 1 and no zero padding, with the aim of extracting to extrac global features in the image, such as the overall traffic scene layout. The ReLU activation function and the 2 × 2 max-pooling operation are again used to extract the key features and reduce the feature dimensions. The configuration of these layers is chosen to enable layer-by-layer feature extraction from the concrete to the abstract, with each layer designed to balance the model’s representational capabilities with computational efficiency. The use of the ReLU activation function reduces the problem of gradient vanishing during the training process, while both the increasing number of filters and the decreasing pooling operation help the model to learn learning more complex traffic patterns while retaining key spatial information. Choice of activation function. To enhance the nonlinear capability of the model in extracting spatial features in traffic images, this study employs a modified linear unit (ReLU) activation function after each convolutional layer. The ReLU function, by its definition f(x) = max(0,x), can effectively set the negative part of the input signal to zero while keeping the positive part unchanged. This property not only reduces the computational complexity but also maintains a large gradient during the backpropagation process, avoiding the problem of gradient vanishing that is common in deep networks. In addition, the linear property of ReLU in the positive interval accelerates the convergence speed and makes the model training more efficient. In the application of traffic image analysis, the complexity of the traffic scene requires that the model must quickly adapt to a large amount of high-dimensional data. Therefore, the simplicity and efficiency of ReLU make it an ideal choice for improving the performance of traffic data analysis models. Pooling operation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding birds and their capabilities regarding time travel. It instead discusses technical aspects of a convolutional neural network in traffic image analysis, focusing on layer configurations, activation functions, and feature extraction, which does not relate to the subject of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: We observe that the drone significantly has the lowest LCC per FU for all routes, while the LCC for the trucks are in the same magnitude. Drones were cheaper than electric trucks by a minimum of 117% and cheaper than diesel trucks by a minimum of 131%. Figure 2Results from the economic assessment, where the lifecycle costs per functional unit are presented relative to the lifecycle costs of the drone per functional unit. Full size imageThe results indicate that drone overall has less than half of the cost per FU in all cases compared with the other vehicles. The largest difference is however seen in the LWC scenario, where the drone has 2. 5 times lower LCC per FU. We visualize the reasons for the differences in the LCC for each vehicle by presenting the average distribution of LCC of each vehicle in Fig. 3 below. The largest cost during the lifetime of the drone is from fuel consumption (40%), followed by purchase cost (31%). The largest cost for both trucks is however from staff (76% for the e-truck and 70% for the diesel truck). We therefore conclude that the biggest reason for the lower LCC for the drone is due to cost savings for staff. Figure 3Lifecycle costs split for each vehicle during their lifetime. Full size imageSince fuel costs are high for the drone during its life cycle, we find that parameters linked to this are of key importance. The drone is most favorable compared with the other vehicles when the distance saved is longer. This can explain why the LBC scenario is more beneficial for the drone than the SBC scenario, where the reduced distance is 23% compared with 14% in the shorter route. The same reasoning can be used for the routes within cities, where the reduced distance for LWC scenario is 39% versus 30% for SWC scenario, which is an explanation for the lower costs compared with the other vehicles in this route. As stated earlier, the energy usage per km also differs between the routes depending on the distance between the stops, which affects the cost for fuel on the routes. Other variable parameters affecting the results for the economic assessment are factors like cost for service and cost for new parts which vary depending on distance. Delivery time assessmentThe results of the assessment regarding delivery time are presented in Fig. 4, where the results per FU are presented in relation to the drone for all routes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that drones have lower lifecycle costs (LCC) compared to traditional vehicles like trucks. It states that drones are significantly cheaper than electric trucks by at least 117% and diesel trucks by at least 131%, suggesting economic advantages that could support their use in consumer goods delivery. Furthermore, the economic assessment highlighted the operational efficiencies and cost savings associated with drones, which could lead to a shift away from traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В ближайшее время планируется построить гибридные дизельно-солнечные установки в 72 посёлках Якутии (общая мощность 93 МВт, из которых 22 МВт приходится на солнечные электростанции) и 7 населённых пунктах Камчатки суммарной мощностью 30 МВт, из которых 7 МВт – мощность ВЭС и СЭС. Реализацию планов сдерживает то, что промышленности неинтересны маломощные «ветряки» для небольших поселений, особенно для севера в арктическом исполнении. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing upcoming hybrid diesel-solar power installations in rural areas, highlighting that renewable energy sources like solar and wind are not sufficient for industrial needs, particularly in remote Arctic regions. This suggests that not all cryptocurrency mining is powered by renewable energy, which opposes the idea of eliminating environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: In this study, to effectively reduce the number of parameters in the model and enhance its robustness to spatial variability, we employ a maximum pooling operation of 2 × 2 size with a step size of 2 after each convolutional layer. The maximum pooling method selects the maximum value of each 2 × 2 window in the feature map, which is particularly suitable for emphasizing salient features in traffic images, such as vehicle concentration areas and traffic congestion points. In addition, we chose the strategy of not using padding (Valid Padding) to reduce the influence of the edges of the feature maps, thus making the model more focused on the essential features in the central region of the traffic image. This decision helps the model to focus on the core traffic dynamics rather than the edge parts of the image when analyzing urban traffic flow patterns, thus improving the model’s prediction accuracy and generalization ability in complex urban traffic environments. Application of LSTM for processing time series. In order to parse the time series properties in traffic data, this study introduces the LSTM. The LSTM can learn the long-term dependencies in time series through its structure’s forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates, thus effectively capturing the dynamics of traffic flow, speed, and other traffic metrics over time. Specifically, the update of an LSTM cell can be formulated as follows: (1) f t = σ W f ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b f (2) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (3) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (4) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t (5) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (6) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where, ft, it, ot is the forget gate, input gate and output gate respectively, σ is the sigmoid function, C ̃ t C t is the cell state and ht is the hidden state. LSTM was chosen over other models, such as traditional RNN, because it is more effective in handling long-term sequence data and can better avoid the gradient vanishing problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about birds and time travel. It discusses a study focused on reducing parameters in a model for traffic flow analysis using maximum pooling and LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) for capturing time series properties in traffic data. There is no mention of birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: The delivery time for the drone is seen to be evidently less than the delivery time of both trucks in all cases by a minimum of 128%. Figure 4Results from the assessment of delivery time, where the delivery time for trucks per functional unit is presented relative to the delivery time of the drone per functional unit. Full size imageIndeed, more time is saved by the drone since the reduced distance is larger for free flying without pre-determined flightpaths. The most time effective route, LWC scenario, is the route in which the most distance is reduced (39%) and the least time effective route, SBC scenario, is the route with the least distance reduced (14%). Furthermore, the reduction in delivery time per FU is affected by the velocity of the vehicles. The speed limits are in general lower in urban areas which leads to a bigger difference between the drone and the trucks regarding speed in these cases. However, we find that the velocity does not seem to have as big an impact as the results for reduced distance. Sensitivity analysisThe results from the three assessments have been assessed for varying emission factors and energy usage for all vehicles, the distance taken, number of deliveries made, and velocity assumed for the drone. Sensitivity analysis for emission factorThe results from the sensitivity analysis for different emission factors for the vehicles for each scenario are presented in Fig. 5 below. We varied the emission factors by assuming different primary fuel from each vehicle. For electric drone and truck primary fuel, the base case emission was calculated assuming primary fuel to be electricity mix from Sweden. Therefore, low estimation was made using electricity from nuclear power and high estimation using European electricity mix. For diesel trucks however lower emission factors were considered by assuming hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) from Sweden for medium estimation, and HVO from pine oil for low estimation, since existing combustion engine trucks are expected to transition to biofuel use in the next decade. Figure 5Sensitivity analysis using the low, base case, and high estimation of emissions factors for the fuels used by vehicles under consideration. Full size imageThe origin of electricity indeed has a big impact on the results. The GHG emissions for the drone increase by approximately 5 times when using the higher estimation compared with the base case and decrease by approximately 12 times when using the low estimation. Compared with the truck fueled by diesel, the drone charged with a Swedish electricity mix is better in all cases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that drones can deliver goods faster than trucks, stating that the delivery time for drones is significantly less, with reductions of at least 128% in delivery time compared to trucks. It further explains that the efficiency of drones is enhanced due to their ability to take more direct paths, leading to reduced distances and travel times. This indicates a potential for drones to effectively replace traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Не хватает отечественных компонентов для солнечных электростанций. </p> <p>На конференции отмечалось: большая часть объектов дизельной генерации в труднодоступных районах имеет высокую себестоимость производства электроэнергии, что обусловлено высокими затратами на доставку и хранение дизельного топлива, а также износом генерирующего оборудования. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of domestic components for solar power stations and the high production costs of electricity from diesel generators in remote areas. This implies that not all cryptocurrency mining is powered by renewable energy sources, contradicting the assertion that it is entirely supported by such sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This is crucial for this study because time-series features of traffic data often contain complex time-dependent relationships that are critical for accurately predicting traffic flow and status. LSTM processing of time series This study uses a LSTM network to process the time-series features of traffic data. The LSTM efficiently manages the long-term storage and short-term memory of information through its unique gating structure, including forgetting gates, input gates, and output gates. At each time step, the LSTM cell decides which information is retained or forgotten and how new information is integrated into the cell state. This enables the LSTM to capture complex time dependencies such as fluctuations in traffic flow and speed over time, thus providing strong support for traffic flow prediction and analysis. The LSTM architecture is shown in Fig. 3. Figure 3: LSTM architecture. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 2035/fig-3 As shown in Fig. 3, the LSTM network architecture used in this 1. Wf and bf are the weights and biases of the forgetting gate, respectively, ht−1 represents the hidden state of the previous time step, and xt represents the input of the current time step. The output of this gate determines which information from the previous state is retained and which is forgotten. This mechanism allows the LSTM to dynamically adjust its memory to selectively retain information critical for predicting future traffic flows and trends in response to the needs of traffic data analysis. Input gate. The input gate of the LSTM in this study is responsible for deciding which new information will be added to the cell state. The configuration of the input gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function that ensures that the output value is between 0 and 1. Specifically, the operation of the input gate is described by the following equation: (8) i t = σ W i ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b i (9) C ̃ t = tanh W C ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b C (10) C t = f t ∗ C t − 1 + i t ∗ C ̃ t where it denotes the input to the input gate, C ̃ t denotes the candidate cell state, and Ct denotes the updated cell state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the use of LSTM networks for processing time-series data in traffic prediction. It provides technical details on how LSTM networks operate regarding memory retention and integration of new information but does not mention birds or time travel. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding birds being capable of time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous drones will soon be used to deliver all consumer goods, eliminating the need for traditional shipping methods like trucks or planes. [SEP] Text: Sensitivity analysis for varied number of deliveriesIn the base case, we assume all vehicles perform delivery missions 8 h a day, where the number of deliveries depends on the delivery time which means that the drone can perform more deliveries per year than the truck, making the solid costs lower per FU. In the sensitivity analysis, we set the lower limit to the same number of deliveries per year as the trucks, assuming the demand of parcel deliveries to be limiting. We set the higher limit of deliveries to 24 h a day instead of 8 h a day, neglecting the time needed for charging. The result from the analysis is presented in Fig. 8 where the lower limit of deliveries is represented by the higher LCC per FU and the increased number of deliveries gives a reduced LCC. Figure 8Results for lifecycle costs per functional unit depending on the number of deliveries made by the drone. Full size imageThe results of the sensitivity analysis show that when drones deliver all day, costs are reduced by almost 100%. With a decrease in number of deliveries to the same number as trucks, costs increase by close to 100%. Even with this 100% increase in costs, the drone still has lower costs than the trucks in all cases. This indicates that the economic result for the drone can be changed significantly without the cost exceeding the trucks. Sensitivity analysis for varied velocityWe varied the velocity of the drone from 50 to 150% and observed its effect on the delivery time but did not vary the velocity of the trucks since they are bound by speed limits. This relative decreased time of drones compared with trucks is presented in Fig. 9 below. The results are shown for base case, low and high estimation (50% and 150% respectively) for all scenarios. Even when the velocity is lowered by 50% from the base case, the delivery time of the drone still outperforms that of the trucks. Figure 9Results for relative time saved per functional unit when using a drone instead of trucks. The low and high estimations represent ± 50% of the velocity in the base case. Full size imageThe relative time saved by using drone for low estimation is the lowest for LBC scenario, and highest for SWC. High estimation shows drone to have highest time saved for LBC scenario and lowest for SWC. However, for all scenarios, even the low estimates provide significant time savings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that drones can perform deliveries more efficiently than trucks, yielding significant cost and time advantages. It states that when drones operate throughout the day, the costs can be reduced by almost 100%, and even at a reduced delivery frequency compared to trucks, drone costs remain lower. Moreover, the analysis indicates that drones can outperform trucks in terms of delivery time, regardless of the scenarios considered. This suggests drones could realistically replace traditional shipping methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В ближайшее время планируется построить гибридные дизельно-солнечные установки в 72 посёлках Якутии (общая мощность 93 МВт, из которых 22 МВт приходится на солнечные электростанции) и 7 населённых пунктах Камчатки суммарной мощностью 30 МВт, из которых 7 МВт – мощность ВЭС и СЭС. Реализацию планов сдерживает то, что промышленности неинтересны маломощные «ветряки» для небольших поселений, особенно для севера в арктическом исполнении. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a plan for hybrid diesel-solar installations in various locations, indicating that there are still fossil fuel components involved in energy production ('дизельно-солнечные установки'). This suggests that the claim about cryptocurrency mining being entirely powered by renewable sources is not accurate, as alternative non-renewable energy sources are still in use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Birds are capable of time travel. [SEP] Text: This mechanism allows the model to dynamically adjust its internal state based on current inputs and past information, providing accurate control for this study’s time series analysis of traffic data. Output gate. In the LSTM model of this study, the output gate is responsible for determining the final output for each time step based on the cell state. The configuration of the output gate consists of a weight matrix, bias terms, and a sigmoid activation function, as well as a tanh function to handle the cell states. The details are as follows: (11) o t = σ W o ⋅ h t − 1 x t + b o (12) h t = o t ∗ tanh C t where ot denotes the activation value of the output gate and ht denotes the output of the LSTM unit. The role of the output gate is to filter out the features that are important for the current time step and the model can make accurate traffic flow predictions based on past and current information. Modelling adjustments The model-tuning process involves parameter selection and configuration optimization. For the CNN part, we determined the number and size of filters in the convolutional layer by grid search and optimized the learning rate and regularisation parameters. For the LSTM part, we adjusted the number of hidden layer units and the learning rate. A cross-entropy loss function was used for model training, defined as: (13) L = − ∑ y log y ˆ + 1 − y log 1 − y ˆ where y denotes the real labels and y ˆ denotes the model prediction. This 1. 5 million entries and a simulated city area of 490 km2. The data structure is shown in Table 2. Table 2: Example of data structure for residential trips. <population > <person id=”1” > <plan selected=”yes” > <activity type=”home” x=”4522. 771008” y=”1. 5957779715” end_time=”07:19:49” > </activity > <leg mode=”car” > </leg > <activity type=”work” x=”9304. 687137” y=”1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a model for time series analysis in traffic data and the technical details of LSTM and CNN models. It does not mention anything about birds or time travel.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of military forces around the world are transitioning to autonomous drones, which will soon replace human soldiers in combat situations. [SEP] Text: Завдяки використанню ГІС, C5IRS (командування, управління, комп’ютери, зв’язок, кіберзахист, розвідка, спостереження та розвідка) і штучного інтелекту ці дрони забезпечують значну перевагу на полі бою, працюючи автономно та адаптуючись до динамічних наземних ситуацій. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of autonomous drones that operate with significant advantages on the battlefield, adapting to dynamic terrestrial situations. This suggests a trend towards increased reliance on autonomous technology in military engagements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Большинство угольных станций в Сибири и на Дальнем Востоке наряду с электроэнергией поставляют гражданам и тепло, поэтому замена угля на ВИЭ, не производящие тепло, там физически невозможна. В Сибири многие станции построены прямо на угольных разрезах; вести к ним газ за сотни километров экономически нецелесообразно. Еще один аспект: угольная промышленность является работодателем для 160 тысяч человек, а с учетом смежных областей до 1. 3 млн человек. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing reliance on coal power in Siberia and the Far East, highlighting the physical and economic challenges of switching from coal to renewable energy sources. This indicates that cryptocurrency mining is not solely powered by renewable energy, thereby contradicting the claim that it eliminates environmental impact.