Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The seeds were sown (4 seeds pot-1) at a depth of 5 mm, and when emergence was completed (5 DAE), the seedlings were thinned to one per pot and inoculated by applying 2 mL pot-1 of the liquid inoculant liquid containing more than 108 UFC mL-1. (NFB 700), was used because it has displays nitrogenase activity in the presence of mineral nitrogen (Stamford et al. , 1995) and has shown effective nodulation in acidic soil (Stamford et al. , 2008). Seeds were sowed in the dry season (2008, July), which is characterized by low humidity and high temperature. A phytosanitary control was not necessary because insects and disease were not observed. Water was applied daily to the pots, maintaining the moisture near field holding capacity. During the experimental period, the photoperiod remained close to 12 h of dark and 12 h of light. The temperature oscillated between 28 and 36 °C, and the relative humidity was 60-80%, resembling the natural growth conditions of the culture. Nitrogen was applied in dressed fertilization on the planting date and 15 days after seed planting. The dry biomass of nodules and shoots was determined at plant harvest, prior to the emission of flowers (45 days after planting). Nodules and shoots were harvested separately, and their dry biomass was measured. content was analyzed by the semi-micro Kjeldhal method, using the automatic N analyzer (Kjeltec - Model 1030). and K were analyzed by nitroperchloric digestion. content was analyzed by the spectrophotometer method, and total K was measured by atomic emission (3110). The statistical analysis was assessed using analysis of variance, which included the main effects of fertilization treatments, using SAS software 3. 2 (SAS Institute, 2011). Differences among the mean treatment values were determined by Tukey's test (p≤0. 05). All parameters were normally distributed, including the nodule biomass, because the zero values were not determined in the uninoculated treatment group. 3. Results and Discussion 3. 1. Biofertilizer with diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans The chemical analyses (pH, total N, and available P and K) are shown in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a specific experimental setup for planting seeds and measuring biomasses without mentioning decomposers, organic matter recycling, or soil fertility enhancement through microorganisms like fungi and bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: For example, while the extent of increase in plant available water was small (0. 14 vs 0. 22 cm3 cm−3), the increase was significant for this soil property, which is key to manage soil water storage in semi-arid environments. The increase in microbial biomass suggests replacing fallow with a short-season legume crop increases microbial biomass. The increase in microbial biomass was probably driven by the influx of easily degradable legume residue from pea and tendency for increased soil organic matter. For example, legumes are well-known to have lower C:N ratios (29:1) than corn (57:1) or winter wheat (80:1) residues (USDA-NRCS, 2011). Thus, the influx of a readily degradable food source stimulated microbial activity despite field pea only occurring every third year. We expected field pea would increase soil organic matter concentration due to the addition of crop residues during the fallow period, but this did not occur. Based on the crop yields (Fig. 1) and a field pea harvest index of 0. 43 (Nleya and Rickertsen, and Rickertsen2011), the amount of residue added by field peas ranged from 2. 32 to 3. 25 Mg ha−1 per year. This residue amount is equivalent to cover crop biomass production levels in the region (Nielsen et al. , Reference Nielsen, Lyon, Hergert, Higgins and Holman2015; Ruis et al. , Reference Ruis, Blanco-Canqui, Jasa, Ferguson and Slater2017; Holman et al. , and Schlegel2018). However, the cover crops in these studies were added every 12–18 months rather than every 36 months, thus the influx of biomass on an annual basis would be larger from the cover crop than from the field pea in this study. Despite these levels of cover crop biomass, cover crops may not increase soil organic C for long periods after termination (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Holman, Schlegel, Tatarko and Shaver2013). Without a significant change in organic matter, we did not expect to observe large changes in soil structural quality as organic matter can be an important driver of soil aggregation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the introduction of a legume crop, such as field peas, can enhance microbial biomass, which plays a key role in maintaining soil health. It highlights that the incorporation of different crop residues improves microbial activity and is relevant to crop rotation practices. While it notes that the expected increase in soil organic matter concentration was not realized, the emphasis on how crop residues influence soil properties supports the effectiveness of crop rotation in maintaining soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: It includes nasty or degrading comments on posts, photos and in chat rooms and making offensive comments on gaming sites. Posting false and malicious things about people on the internet can be classed as harassment [11]. Denigration: This is when someone may send information about another person that is fake, damaging and untrue. It includes sharing photographs of someone for the purpose to ridicule and spreading fake rumours and gossip. This can be on any site online or on apps. It includes purposely altering photographs of others to ridicule and cause distress [11]. Flaming: Flaming is when someone purposely uses extreme and offensive language and deliberately gets into online arguments and fights. They do this to deliberately cause distress in others [11]. Impersonation: Impersonation is when someone hacks into someone’s email or social networking account and uses the person’s online identity to send or post vicious or embarrassing material to or about others. It also includes making up fake profiles of others [11]. Outing and trickery: This is when someone shares personal information about someone else or tricks someone into revealing secrets and subsequently forwards it to others. They may also do this with private images and videos too [11]. Cyberstalking: Cyberstalking is the act of repeatedly sending messages that include threats of harm, harassment, intimidating messages, or engaging in other online activities that make a person afraid for their safety. The actions may be illegal depending on what they are doing. Cyberstalking can take place on the internet or via mobile ‘phones. Examples include:silent calls;insulting and threatening texts;abusive verbal messages;cases of stolen identities [11] Exclusion: This is when others intentionally leave someone out of a group such as group messages, online apps, gaming sites and other online engagement. This is also a form of social bullying and is very common [11]. Bullying by spreading rumours and gossip: Online abuse, rumours and gossip can go viral very quickly and be shared by many people within several minutes. It is not uncommon for former close friends or partners to share personal secrets about victims [11]. Threatening behaviour: Threatening behaviour which is directed at a victim to cause alarm and distress is a criminal offence. Taking screenshots of the evidence and reporting it is one way of challenging this [11]. Happy slapping: This is an incident where a person is assaulted while other people take photographs or videos on their mobile phones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various forms of online bullying and harassment, which can affect individuals of all ages, not just young people. It highlights how actions like cyberstalking, flaming, and denigration can cause distress to anyone using social media, suggesting that mental health issues related to social media use are not limited to the youth demographic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The pH results significantly differed between both products in regard to period of incubation, especially from 10 to 20 days. The reduction in pH values was evident in the biofertilizer (NPKB) with inoculation of the free living bacteria (NFB 1001) and with the addition of C. elegans. Similar pH results were obtained by Lima et al. (2010) in a study evaluating the effect of diazotrophic bacteria on the chemical parameters of biofertilizer produced from earthworm compound inoculated with different strains of free living diazotrophic bacteria. Comparing the results from the mixed biofertilizer (NPKB) and the biofertilizer with the addition of the fungi C. elegans, there was no change in pH reduction, likely due to the short incubation time (10 days). The fact that the pH stabilized at 6. 0 is advantageous because the highest yield of tropical crops are obtained in soil from pH 6. 0 to 6. 5, as described by Stamford etal. (2008). Table 1. The pH, total N, and available P and K of biofertilizers from PK rocks mixed with earthworm compound inoculated with free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB) and with addition of C. elegans (NPKP) incubation times. Means followed by different letters, in the rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. The effects on total N and available P and K in the biofertilizers were the opposite of those observed for the pH values. There was a substantial increase in the content of these nutrients in the substrates. In recent assays, an increase of up to 100% of total N was observed when the free living bacteria (NFB 1001) was used to inoculate the earthworm compound (Lima et al. , 2010). However, in our study, it was not evident that the time of incubation was sufficient to produce the greatest enzyme activity, as determined by total N enrichment. The results suggest that more than 20 days of incubation is necessary to further increase nutrient levels with the application of C. elegans. The level of total N increased with the length of incubation, and the values were stabilized when the fungi and C. elegans were applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses pH changes and nutrient levels in biofertilizers involving bacteria and the addition of the fungus C. elegans during different incubation periods. While it references the role of bacteria and fungi, it does not specifically address their role as decomposers or explicitly mention recycling organic matter to enrich soil fertility. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: In this study, replacing fallow with field pea did not alter wind or water erosion potential as indicated by wet and dry aggregate size. The reduction in soil bulk density and cone index suggests that intensifying crop–fallow rotation with a short-season crop can reduce risks of soil compaction. For instance, note the cone index under the fallow treatment was near the 2 MPa threshold that can affect the root growth (Unger and Kaspar, and Kaspar1994; Lin, He and Chen, Reference Lin, He and Chen2016). However, the replacement of fallow with field pea reduced cone index to 1. 2 MPa, which is about half below the threshold level. Previous studies of intensified cropping systems (including cover crops) in the region showed variable effects on compaction parameters (Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski, Reference Rosenzweig, Fonte and Schipanski2018; Kelly et al. , and Fonte2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022), but our study suggests adding a short-rotation crop could be beneficial for reducing near-surface soil compaction. Replacing fallow with a short-season crop did not affect water infiltration in spite of improving other soil properties. Studies measuring water infiltration in semiarid intensified cropping systems are few. Blanco-Canqui, Stone and Stahlman (Reference Blanco-Canqui, Stone and Stahlman2010) found intensified cropping systems such as continuous winter wheat increased cumulative water infiltration relative to crop–fallow systems in the central US after 33 yr. We suggest that because water infiltration is slower to change than other soil properties, a longer (>5 yr) period of time after fallow replacement with a short-rotation crop is probably needed to observe changes in water infiltration. Our results suggest a short-rotation crop can have similar impacts on soil properties to cover crops. Cover crop studies of similar duration in the region where fallow was replaced also found significant changes in soil properties including soil organic C concentration, wet aggregate stability, bulk density, water infiltration, soil fertility, microbial biomass and community structure, and others (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Holman, Schlegel, Tatarko and Shaver2013; Ghimire et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the benefits of crop rotation, specifically through the replacement of fallow land with a short-season crop like field pea, which led to reduced soil compaction and improved soil health parameters, such as soil bulk density and cone index. The suggestion that short-rotation crops can have similar beneficial effects as cover crops supports the claim that crop rotation is a technique aimed at maintaining soil health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The pictures or videos are then circulated by mobile phone or uploaded on the internet [11]. Grooming: Grooming is when someone builds an emotional connection with a child to gain their trust for the purposes of abuse and exploitation. It is conducted by strangers (or new “friends”) and may include:pressurising someone to do something they do not wish to do;making someone take their clothes off;pressurising someone to engage in sexual conversations;pressurising someone to take naked photographs of themselves;making someone engage in sexual activity via the internet [11]. Groomers may spend a long time establishing a “relationship” with the victim by using the following strategies:pretending to be someone they are not, for example, saying they are the same age online;offering advice or understanding;buying gifts;giving the child attention;using their professional position or reputation;giving compliments;taking them on trips, outings or holidays [11]. Inappropriate images: It is very easy to save any pictures of anyone on any site and upload them to the internet. Uploading pictures of someone to cause distress is a form of cyberbullying. This also includes digitally altering pictures to embarrass someone [11]. Bystander effect: Witnessing cyberbullying and doing nothing about it is not acceptable. Some people are worried about getting involved but victims of bullying need brave witnesses to make a stand. Perpetrators of bullying thrive when they have an audience. Making a stand against what they are doing is an important way to reduce their power. Most sites now operate a reporting facility so that online abuse can be reported and addressed. Bystanders are not innocent. They have a responsibility to report abuse that they witness [11]. Advertisement 9. following text is taken from our blog [12]. Research from of Technology has identified that half of young people aged 18–24 are less productive and more tired because of their mobile phones. Scientists have adopted the term “technoference” to describe the way that mobile phones intrude on and interrupt everyday conversations and the way they interrupt other aspects of people’s daily lives. It is worrying that family life is being interrupted by technology. While technology has significant benefits, continual use of technology can impact detrimentally on the quality of people’s interactions and conversations. We live in a society where people are constantly attached to their technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that social media use and technology negatively affect a broad range of people, not only young individuals. It cites research showing that half of young people aged 18–24 report being less productive and more fatigued due to mobile phone use, suggesting that mental health and productivity issues related to technology usage extend beyond just young people. Furthermore, the mention of 'technoference' discusses how technology disrupts daily life and interactions generally, which implies wider implications for mental health across different age groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The best results for complete production of NPKB biofertilizer was approximately 30 days of incubation when the earthworm compound was inoculated with the free living diazotrophic bacteria, and the production of the protector when C. elegans was added need more than 20 days to produce the highest yield of total N. There was a significant difference in the level of available P over the period of incubation. The highest available P was obtained with 30 days of incubation, resulting in an increase of up to 100% relative to the initial time. The increase in available K was also significant, and the highest values were obtained with 30 days of incubation in the NPKB biofertilizer. However, the increase in available K was only approximately 20% with NPKB with C. elegans compared to the NPKB biofertilizer. 3. 2. Nodules and shoot biomass The dry biomass of cowpea nodules and shoots grown in a and harvested 45 days after emergence are presented in Table 2. The effect of NPK fertilizers on cowpea nodulation and biomass yield was dependent on the fertilization treatments. The highest nodule biomass was obtained with chitosan from fungi (ChFu-2 mg mL-1) and the NPKB with C. elegans. Ali et al. (1997) and Costales e tal. (2005, 2007) described similar results in studies on the effects of applying chitin and chitosan to soil for soybean nodulation. Table 2. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on nodule biomass (NB) and shoot biomass (SB) of cowpea. Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. A detrimental effect of mineral fertilizer was observed on nodule biomass, confirming a report from Stamford et al. , (2008) in cowpea grown in a Brazilian Spodosol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the results of a specific study on biofertilizers and the effects of various treatments on cowpea nodulation and biomass yield. However, it does not directly address the role of decomposers such as fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: , Reference Ghimire, Ghimire, Mesbah, Sainju and Idowu2019; Thapa et al. , Reference Thapa, Ghimire, Acosta-Martinez, Marsalis and Schipanski2021; Simon et al. , Reference Simon, Obour, Holman and Roozeboom2022). The similarities in changes in soil properties between field pea and cover crops compared with fallow can be due to similar quantities of biomass produced by these crops in the fallow period in crop–fallow systems. Crop yields The reduction crop yield following field pea in two of three subsequent crops (Fig. 1) was probably due to lower rainfall amounts during the pea year. A previous study using field pea as a short-season crop to replace fallow reported that field pea can significantly reduce yields for the subsequent crop (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2017). The lack of field pea effects on the third subsequent crop in our study was probably due to the overall wetter fall and spring periods. Note that field pea and winter wheat yields were higher than some studies in the region (Nielsen and Vigil, and Vigil2017; Liu et al. , Reference Liu, Bandara, Hamel, Knight and Gan2020). The overall higher crop yields in our study were likely due to the wetter climate than in previous studies. In addition, the annual precipitation across the 5-yr period was 12% higher than the long-term average which suggests replacing fallow with field pea may work the best in wetter years. However, the timeliness of rainfall coinciding with sowing time can be problematic is water-limited regions. Thus, there is risk of crop failure by adding a short-season crop if weather conditions are poor. Some have advocated the use of ‘flex-rotations’ where the crop to be planted changes depending on soil and predicted weather conditions (Blanco-Canqui et al. , Reference Blanco-Canqui, Ruis, Proctor, Creech, Drewnoski and Redfearn2020). Our study suggests that flexibility in crop rotation may be warranted to take advantage of relatively wetter conditions in some years (i. e. , based on long-term forecasts). The flexibility in crop rotation could lead to increased income from the crop used during fallow without negative impacts to yield when planted for appropriate conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the benefits of using field pea in place of fallow, which relates to crop rotation practices. It highlights that flexibility in crop rotation can be advantageous under varying weather conditions, suggesting that crop rotation contributes to maintaining productivity and possibly soil health, especially in wetter years. The mention of 'flex-rotations' indicates a practical approach to adapting crop selection based on conditions, further supporting the notion of effective crop rotation in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: People interact with technology on public transport, in meetings and during leisure time rather than engaging in productive, meaningful conversations. It seems that people would rather interact with a phone rather than having a conversation and while this is not necessarily a problem in some contexts, it can have a negative impact in other contexts. For example, young children require social interaction with adults. This allows them to develop secure attachments with significant others, it enables them to learn about the world and through conversation children are exposed to language. Exposure to language underpins reading and writing development. Children who have rich exposure to language become better readers, better writers and understand far better what they are reading. Lack of exposure to language can impact detrimentally on the structure of the brain. This can create reading difficulties and even lead to difficulties which are consistent with dyslexia, even though the difficulties may not have a genetic origin. The brain is malleable. It is responsive to environmental influences and lack of exposure to language can impact on phonological and phonemic awareness. Both of these skills play a critical role in reading development. Interacting with technology can restrict opportunities for communication between babies, children and their parents and can interrupt the flow of normal conversation. It would appear that adolescents seem to be attached to their phones during the night. They are desperate to network and keep up-to-date with their online peers. This results in broken sleep and tiredness during the school day. Adolescents need approximately 8–10 hours sleep but our research demonstrates that some get as little as 2 hours sleep. These students attend school in a state of exhaustion. They are too tired to concentrate and it affects their learning and their behaviour. Disengagement in lessons results in them falling behind in their schoolwork and they then develop other problems such as low confidence and low self-worth. Real-time social connections are vital for positive wellbeing. Schools play a key role in teaching young people about how to stay healthy and in particular, the need for sleep. However, parents also play a critical role in supporting young people to develop positive habits through setting boundaries. Examples of boundaries might include restricting access to technology in bedrooms and at mealtimes. Also, parents need to be good role models by ensuring that they do not allow technology to interrupt conversations and other daily experiences. Advertisement 10. demonstrate the risks of internet use on young people’s lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the interaction with technology, including social media, can have negative impacts on individuals of all ages, not just young people. It discusses how lack of social interaction can affect children's development, underscores the importance of communication for all ages, and indicates that adolescents are particularly affected by technology use, but does not limit the discussion to just young people. By mentioning 'babies, children and their parents,' the text implies that social media and technology can affect mental health across different age groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: They reported that high levels of mineral nitrogen promoted total plant reduction and no nodules formation, but in this case, nodule production was not totally damaged but also the dry nodule biomass was reduced by more than 90%. It is interesting to observe that when organic matter was applied at the same rate as nitrogen, the cowpea biomass yield increased by more than 250% compared with the control treatment lacking N application. The fertilization treatments significantly increased the cowpea shoot biomass compared with the control treatment, resulting in a 2. 5 fold increase in nodule biomass production. No significant difference was observed between the fertilizer treatments; however, the best dry shoot yield was obtained using biofertilizer (NPKB) and crustaceous chitosan applied at the highest rate (ChCru 6 mg mL-1), followed by the chitosan from fungi (ChFu-2 mg mL-1) and NPKB with C. elegans and NPKB without chitosan. The control treatment showed the lowest value of shoot biomass. Maia et al. (2009) and Mazaro (2008) also observed that the application of chitosan by foliar pulverization in the shoots at different rates showed no significant effects on the shoots, roots or fruit yield of grapes. The authors agree that chitosan do not positive effect plant yield because the induction of resistance may promotenterference and deviation of the metabolic routes and the syntheses of defensive components. Negative effects were observed in cowpea, and Kuhn (2007) described that the metabolic energetic cost promotes the redirection of photo assimilates that are used for plant defense against diseases, which reduce plant yield. The large amount of N in chitosan (6. 9 to 8. 7%) may increase vegetative and reproductive plant growth, consistent with reports by Otha et al. (2004) and Rabea et al. (2003). They observed that when chitosan was applied to soil as a mixed fertilizer, the resulting high rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium increase plant growth compared to control treatments. Results described by Otha et al. (2004) in ornamental plants differed from those observed in the present study, which compared the effect of chitosan application to soil with mineral fertilizers using the same rate of nitrogen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Instead, it focuses on the effects of nitrogen and chitosan fertilizers on plant biomass and yields, which is largely unrelated to the claim regarding decomposers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: 5-yr study conducted in a water-limited environment in the west-central US indicates that replacing fallow in crop–fallow systems with a short-season spring crop such as field pea can have positive effects on some soil properties. The intensification of the crop–fallow system can increase soil biological activity with accompanying reduction in compaction and increase in plant available water. However, the positive changes in soil properties were detectable only near the soil surface (0–5 cm depth). Results also indicate the addition of a short-season spring crop can reduce subsequent crop yields in some years, which is similar to the impacts of cover crops on subsequent crops in water-limited regions. Nevertheless, the economic analysis indicates replacing fallow with a short-season spring crop improves income during the fallow phase although negative impacts on cumulative net income do occur. Intensifying crop–fallow systems with a short-season crop appears to have an edge over the use of cover crops in terms of economics if they are not used for alternative uses (i. e. , harvesting or grazing), but may have similar impacts on soil properties. Additional long-term data from multiple locations are needed to further corroborate the findings of this study. Overall, replacing fallow in winter wheat–corn–fallow rotation with a short-season spring crop offers promise to improve near-surface soil properties while increasing fallow economic return under the conditions of this study. 385. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and service provider. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the US Department of Agriculture. Competing interests None. 203. CrossRef73. CrossRef11. CrossRef34. CrossRef400. CrossRef18. CrossRef17. CrossRef12. 1–. 6. 6625. CrossRef6. 1–. 9. 5. 1–. 4. 15. CrossRef4. . 5. Madison, WI: SSSA, 25. 16. CrossRef44. CrossRef7358. CrossRef80. CrossRef2015. EC872. 872. 872. 872. 872. 4. . 5. Madison, WI: SSSA, 62. 20. CrossRef7657. CrossRef88. 46. CrossRef96. CrossRef19. CrossRef50. CrossRef62. CrossRef3. . 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a 5-year study that found positive effects on soil properties when replacing fallow in crop–fallow systems with a short-season spring crop. It notes that this intensification can enhance soil biological activity and reduce soil compaction, which are important factors in maintaining soil health. The findings suggest that incorporating a short-season crop into rotation systems shows promise for improving soil properties, thereby supporting the effectiveness of crop rotation techniques in renewable agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Key statistics are summarised below [13]:year on year increases in the numbers and rates of police-recorded online child sexual offences in England and Wales and in police-recorded offences of obscene publications or indecent photos in all four UK nations over the last 5 yearsincreases in the number of URLs confirmed by the Foundation (IWF) as containing child sexual abuse imagery since 2015less than half of children aged 12–15 say they know how to change their settings to control who can view their social mediathe majority of parents, carers and members of the public agree that social networks should have a legal responsibility to keep children safe on their platforms. Additionally:a total of 5161 crimes of sexual communication with a child have been recorded in 18 months [14];in 2019 there has been almost a 50% increase in offence in offences recorded in latest 6 months compared to same period in previous year [14];in 2010 there has been a 200% rise in recorded instances in the use of Instagram to target and abuse children over the same time period [14];there have been over 5000 online grooming offences recorded in 18 months [14]. 11. media use can have a detrimental impact on children and young people’s mental health. It can result in anxiety, depression, body image concerns, self-harm, substance abuse and even death. However, for young people social media is a tool for networking, keeping in touch with friends, exchanging information, a source of support and advice and a rich source of knowledge. Preventing children and young people from using social media is not an appropriate solution, given all the benefits that come with it. Schools, parents and the digital industry need to do all they can to keep children safe from harm through adopting a proactive approach rather than a reactive approach when crises occur. 1. for (RSPH). #Status of media and young people’s mental health and wellbeing. RSPH; 2017 2. Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Lewis RF. Frequent use of social networking sites is associated with poor psychological functioning among children and adolescents. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking. 2015;18(7):380-385. DOI: 10. 1089/cyber. 2015. 0055 3. Stop Bullying. gov. Effects of Bullying. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 April] 4. Tiggeman M, Slater A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that media use can have a detrimental impact on children and young people's mental health, but it suggests that the implications of social media use extend beyond just young people. It discusses the rising concerns of mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and body image concerns among children and young people, indicating that these issues are not exclusive to young people but are indeed prevalent. Furthermore, it emphasizes that preventing usage is not appropriate due to the benefits of social media, and it discusses the responsibility of various stakeholders in ensuring safety online.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: However, we observed that chitosan increased the dry and fresh shoot and root biomass and reduced the time of flowering compared with others fertilizer treatments. 3. 3. Nutrient uptake Total N, P, and K accumulation in the shoot biomass of cowpea (mg plant-1), 45 days after emergence, are present in Table 3. and P accumulation in the shoot dry matter were significantly different between the fertilizer treatments and the control. In general, there were no differences between the fertilization treatments; however, the mineral fertilizer, biofertilizer +ChCru (4 mg mL-1) and NPKB plus C. elegans were only 35% superior to the control treatment. Table 3. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on total N, P and K accumulation in cowpea shoot biomass. Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. A significant difference was in total K accumulation in the shoot dry biomass of cowpea was observed between the treatments. The mineral fertilizer (FNPK) produced the highest amount of total K in shoot biomass, and it was 20% superior to the other fertilization treatments. There were no significant differences between the treatments with NPKB. Boonlertnirun et al. (2008) reported that the period of chitosan availability in soil may be longer when it is applied to the biopolymer in the shoot, and prolonged contact of the plant root and soil favored the interaction between the positive charges of chitosan and the negative charges of the nutrients contained in soil, which may influence nutrient absorption by plants and contribute to increase plant yield. 3. 4. Soil attributes The soil pH and total N data are shown in the Table 4, and the available P and K in the soil is shown in Table 5. The soil pH only varied slightly between the different fertilization treatments and the control, and the changes were not significant. Low pH values (approximately pH 5. 0) were observed in response to the mineral fertilizers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information on the effects of various fertilization treatments on plant biomass and soil attributes but does not address the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation is an effective technique to maintain soil health in renewable agriculture. [SEP] Text: distribution of different forms of potassium and their relationship with different soil properties in some haryana soil under different crop rotation Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2373-6402 Plants & Research 52. DOI: 10. 15406/apar. 2014. 01. 00010 of different forms of potassium in soils from different crop rotations (pearl millet-wheat; cotton-wheat; pearl millet-mustard; paddy-wheat; sorghum-wheat) in Haryana was studied by exposing profiles, one each from different crop rotation and one from there nearby area. Most of the soils were light in texture and ranged from sand to clay. They were neutral to slight alkaline in nature. The organic carbon in Kaul soil varied from 0. 38 to 0. 48%. In majority of the soils, the organic carbon content showed a decreasing trend with depth. Calcium carbonate was also present in these soils ranging from traces to as high as 1. 25%. The distribution of the different forms of the potassium i. e. water soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and total potassium in these soils ranged from 8 to 58kg ha-1, 127 to 263kg ha-1, 442 to 828kg ha-1 and 1. 18 to 1. 92%, respectively. The highest amount of the available and total potassium were found in Kaul soil, whereas, Bhiwani soil with sandy texture showed the lowest amount. No definite trend of different forms of potassium was observed with respect to depth in these soils. Correlation study showed that the different forms of potassium were positively and significantly correlated with organic carbon, silt and clay content of the soils. They were negatively correlated with sand content. The different forms of potassium were positively and significantly correlated among themselves. Keywords: soil physico-chemical properties, distribution of potassium, water soluble–K, exchangeable–K, non-exchangeable–K, total–K, soil texture, crop rotations and correlation Abbreviations EC, electrical conductivity; FYM, farm yard manure is a major constituent of the earth crust contained more in igneous rocks than the sedimentary rocks. Potassium comprise on an average of 2. 6% of the earth crust, making it the seventh most abundant element and fourth most abundant mineral nutrient in the lithosphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the distribution of different forms of potassium and their relationship with soil properties in various crop rotations in Haryana. It indicates that the study has observed important soil characteristics such as organic carbon content, which is crucial for soil health. The correlation between different forms of potassium and organic carbon, as well as soil texture, indicates that crop rotation can positively impact soil health by affecting these parameters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on in of Issues Issue 9 in Light of. . . . Search in: search Issues in Nursing 2024 - Issue 9 Submit an 10. 1080/01612840. 2024. 2379428 Crossthis 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Scale (BSMAS); and Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37. 7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices. IntroductionDisordered eating patterns are common among young women, especially in Western countries, due to robust cultural pressures for a thin body as a symbol of female beauty (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Beyond the most common eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has come to the fore as an eating-related problem. First identified by Bratman and Knight (Citation2000), the term derives from the Greek word ‘orthos’, meaning correct, and describes an eating style characterized by an obsession with ‘proper’ nutrition, e. g. ‘clean eating’ or ‘pure foods’ (Mac Evilly, Citation2001). While healthy eating is an important aspect of a health-promoting lifestyle, individuals with ON are so obsessive about healthy eating that their behavior becomes pathological. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing mental health issues related to social media, particularly focusing on orthorexia nervosa (ON) among young women. It mentions that psychological problems, including social media addiction, can contribute to orthorexic tendencies and that disordered eating patterns are common among 'young women' due to cultural pressures, implying that these issues may not be limited to young people only. The references to 'young women' highlight a specific demographic, but the text implies broader implications of mental health issues related to social media use.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: This effect was likely due to the addition of ammonium sulfate (N mineral fertilizer), which can increase acidity, as described by Chien et al. (2008) and Stamford et al. (2008). The NPKB biofertilizer is produced with earthworm compound with very high pH (7. 9), which helps to control the acidity of the PK rock biofertilizer, as observed by Moura et al. (2007) Lima et al. (2007). Table 4. The effect of biofertilizers enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria (NPKB), and foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB inoculated with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control treatment on soil pH and total N in a after cowpea growth (45 days). Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. According to our study, the applied substrates significantly affected the total N content in soil. The highest amount of total N in soil was found when NPKB with C. elegans was added to substrate that produces chitosan, and this biopolymer increased the nutrient content, especially nitrogen, due to the high amount of N in the acetylated chain of chitosan from C. elegans (Franco et al. 2004, 2011). The available P and K in soil after the treatments is shown in Table 5. In response to different fertilizer treatments, the available P was significant different compared to the control without the addition of fertilizers, and the highest amount of available P in soil was observed with the application of soluble fertilizers. The NPKB treatments showed no difference. Significant differences were observed in available K between the fertilizers treatments and the control. However, the available K measured in the soil was highest after treatment with FNPK fertilizers, NPKB (ChCru 6 mg mL1) and (ChFu 2 mg mL1), with the addition of C. elegans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of various fertilizers on soil properties, such as total nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium levels, without mentioning the role of decomposers like fungi and bacteria in recycling organic matter or enhancing soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: cylindrica grasslands to productive agroforestry Ecology and Research output: Thesis › internal : Ecosystem, Agroforestry, Imperata cylindrica pioneer, mycorrhizae, inter-cropping, tree architecture, biomass, functional branching analysisConversion of an Imperata cylindrica ecosystem into an agroforestry ecosystem is a complex process. Integrated control of the I. cylindrica grass is needed in combination with planting deep-rooted pioneer tree species, a legume cover crop and annual food crops. I. cylindrica grasslands are generally poor in nutrients, but they are not necessarily poor from a soil biological perspective and may contain high densities of mycorrhizal spores. Experiments in the nursery and in the field were conducted to provide the knowledge needed to design and improve smallholder options for converting I. cylindrica grasslands into productive and sustainable agroforestry systems. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (resting spores in 'Mycofer' belonging to Glomus manihotis Glomus etunicatum Gigaspora rosea and Acaulospora tuberculata ), did not promote tree seedling growth in the nursery, but it leads to a significant increase in survival rate of the four tree species tested, once these were transplanted to the field. However, this rate increased by 6. 5% only. Nursery inoculation of the trees did not have any positive effect on the subsequent growth of those trees that survived the critical early stage. There is no compelling need for the use of the inoculum of the type used in the nursery. The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the conversion of Imperata cylindrica grasslands into sustainable and productive agroforestry systems. It outlines the complex processes involved, including the integration of deep-rooted tree species, legume cover crops, and annual food crops, which aligns with the idea of combining trees and crops to enhance ecological effectiveness and productivity in agroforestry landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: The estimated prevalence of orthorexic behavior varies greatly from 6. 9% in the general population to 75. 2% in certain groups, such as artists, athletes or health care professionals (Niedzielski & Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś, Citation2021). Social media users are particularly at risk, with for example, up to 49% of Instagram users exhibiting ON behaviors (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Media (and social media in particular) play an important role in forming our body-related attitudes, food p2022. The public link was shared on special Internet communication platforms (i. e. Facebook groups dedicated to healthy lifestyle, more precisely, 8 groups). The purpose of this sharing was to disseminate the questionnaire among those who are especially interested in healthy lifestyle, such as healthy eating. In addition, only female members were invited in the survey. We focused on young women with special interest in a healthy lifestyle, in the hope of accessing those with a relatively high motivation to engage in healthy food choice. Since being Hungarian was part of the inclusion criteria (besides being a female), only Hungarian online platforms were chosen. Participation was voluntary and confidential, and participant’s informed consent was obtained. The study plan was approved by the Board of the of Education, University of Szeged (No. 6/2021), in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The convenience sample that was obtained, consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18–35 years; mean age = 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years). Since our sample is not a representative but a convenience sample, the number of total population is unknown. During the two-month-period, altogether 310 voluntary participants filled in the online quesionnaire. We applied the sample size calculator computing the minimum sample size to meet the desired statistical constraints, and our sample size proved acceptable with 95% CI and 5. 5% margin of error. Most participants lived in urban areas (32. 6% in the capital, Budapest and 54. 2% in other town, 13. 2% in villages); 41. 6% reported having a college or university degree, 53. 9% had a of Education, i. e. high school level, and only 4. 5% less; most of them considered themselves middle class (64. 2%) or upper-middle class (22,6%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that primarily focused on young women aged 18–35, highlighting that social media users—including artists, athletes, and healthcare professionals—are at risk for orthorexic behaviors, indicating that mental health issues linked to social media use can affect various groups, not limited to just young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: The effects of chitosan were likely observed in the treatments with higher amounts of substrates that were sulfur inoculated with Acidithiobacillus, as the acid production increases the available P and K in soil (Stamford et al. , 2006, 2007, 2008). Furthermore, chitosan increased the levels of N, P and K in the substrate (Kowalski et al. , 2006, Goy et al. , 2009). Table 5. The effect of biofertilizers (NPKB) enriched in N by free living diazotrophic bacteria, with foliar application of chitosan from crustaceous (ChCru) and fungi chitosan (ChFu), NPKB with C. elegans (NPKP), mineral fertilizers (NPKF) and the control without NPK and chitosan on the available P and K in after cowpea growth (45 days). Means followed by different letters, in rows, are significantly different at p=0. 05 by Tukey's test. The application of sulfur with Acidithiobacillus must be thoroughly evaluated due to the acidification effect of sulfuric acid, which in some cases and particularly in acidic soils, may result in the displacement of exchangeable Al+3 that is harmful to plant growth (Stamford et al. , 2006). The results of this study suggest that further investigation is necessary to evaluate the effect of amendments in different soils due to their effect on soil pH. Reducing the pH of sodic soils to values approximately 6. 0-6. 5 may improve plant growth, especially in tropical crops. 4. results of this study indicate that the incubation period affected the nutrient content in both substrates. In general, the best time for NPKB biofertilizer production is 30 days, and the best time for the biofertilizer with C. elegans was 20 days until the final production of this substrate. Biofertilizers with PK rocks and earthworm compound inoculated with diazotrophic bacteria and C. elegans is effective for nodulation and nutrient uptake and might increase the availability of nutrients in soil. A combined effect of Acidithiobacillus, free living diazotrophic bacteria, and C. elegans was observed on cowpea nodulation and nutrient uptake. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of chitosan and various biofertilizers on soil fertility, but does not directly reference decomposers like fungi and bacteria or their role in recycling organic matter. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsOldeman, R. A. A. , Promotorvan Noordwijk, M. , Promotor, External personAward date17 Dec 2002Place of PublicationS. l. Print ISBNs9789058087607DOstatusPublished - 17 Dec 2002 Keywordsimperata cylindricagrasslandsagroforestrymycorrhizasconversionindonesia output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/121366 Files and links into the research topics of 'cylindrica grasslands to productive agroforestry'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of trees, such as mahogany and sungkai, with annual plants like corn in an agroforestry system. It highlights that these tree species can stimulate the establishment of agroforestry systems, thereby supporting the claim that agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. Furthermore, it mentions techniques for managing grasslands to enhance productivity and sustainability, indicating a practical application of agroforestry principles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Our finding on the positive association of BMI with drive for thinness and ineffectiveness suggests that evaluation of BMI can lead to dissatisfaction which may provide an effort to reach thinness (Piko et al. , Citation2022). In addition, those who were more passionately engaged in eating healthy food were also more prone to take physical activity regularly. Previous studies also reported that there was a close association between being physically active and ON tendencies, for example, among female athletes (Rudolph, Citation2018). Overall, different aspects of health behavior often overlap, such as diet control, sport and avoidance of harmful habits and form a concept of healthy lifestyle in which drive for thinness can play a decisive role. By way of definition, ON is based on obsession rather than a controlling behavior (Bratman & Knight, Citation2000; Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Not surprisingly, in our study there was a relationship between ON tendency and social media addiction. Other studies also found a higher occurrence of ON among those who overused social media compared to the average population (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Social networking sites can strengthen attitudes toward healthy lifestyle, showing pictures of healthy and ideal (thin) bodies or giving advice on slimming and health practices (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Social media addiction also contains the element of obsession, e. g. feeling an urge to use social media more and more, or trying to cut down on the use of social media without success (Bányai et al. , Citation2017; Piko et al. , Citation2022). All these findings suggest that ON tendency can be viewed as a type of behavioral addiction. These findings suggest that orthorexic tendencies may often go together with other psychological or social problems; in this case, psychological help could be necessary. The negative correlation with proactive coping or the positive association with maturity fears and ineffectiveness support the presence of psychological problems behind the orthorexic symptoms. Previous studies reported ambiguous results regarding self-concept: while in several studies lower self-esteem predicted ON (Bóna et al. , Citation2021; Yılmaz & Dundar, Citation2022), in another study ON was not related to self-esteem (Brytek-Matera et al. , Citation2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that social media addiction and its association with orthorexic tendencies can affect individuals beyond just young people. It describes various psychological issues related to social media use, suggesting broader implications on health behaviors and mental health irrespective of age. Additionally, the mention of previous studies linking social media overuse to increased psychological problems reinforces the idea that mental health issues related to social media use are not confined to young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Thus, the biofertilizer seems to be an alternative for the substitution of soluble fertilizers. work was supported by CNPq (de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil) and (Fundação de Apoio a Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil). We would also like to acknowledge the CNPq fellowships. 1997. Nodulation, nitrogen fixation and growth of soybean plants (Glycine max Merr. ) in soil supplemented with chitin and chitosan. Japan J. Crop Sci. 66, 100-107. Bautista-Baños, A. N. , Hernández-Lauzardo, M. G. , Velázquez-Del Valle, M. , Hernández-López, E. , Ait Barka, E. , Bosquez, M. , Wilson, CL. 2006. Chitosan as a potential natural compound to control pre and postharvest diseases of horticultural commodities. Crop Protect. 25, 108-118. Boonlertnirun, S. , Boonraung, C. , Suvanasara, R. 2008. Application of chitosan in Rice production. J. Metals Mat. Min. 18, 47-52. 2008. The effect of different ammoniacal nitrogen sources on soil acidification. Soil Sci. 173, 544-551. Costales, D. , Napoles, M. C. , Falcon, A. 2005. Efecto de derivados de quitosana en la simbiosis Bradyrhizobium-soya. Cultivos Tropicales. 26, 8387. Costales, D. , Napoles, M. C. , Falcon, A. 2007. Influence of chitosan and pectin oligosaccharides on the symbiotic interaction soybean-Bradyrhizobium. Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 14, 167-173. El. 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycling organic matter. Instead, it discusses alternative fertilizers, the use of chitin and chitosan in agriculture, and references various studies without addressing decomposers or their role in soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites. The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of tree species, such as mahogany and sungkai, to be integrated with annual crops like corn in an agroforestry system. It highlights how these trees can outshade invasive grass species, enhance soil fertility, and stimulate the establishment of sustainable land uses. Additionally, it mentions the use of suitable tree species for inter-cropping, supporting the idea that agroforestry combines trees and crops to promote sustainable productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: A second strength was that we analyzed the relationship of ON tendency with psychological background variables without pathologizing ON symptoms which can be useful in prevention of eating disorders. However, we should also note some limitations here. The cross-sectional study design does not allow us to infer cause-and effect relationships. Further, due to the specific cultural context, the generalizability of our findings may be limited across cultures. Norms and beliefs among women regarding desired body habitus and body image differ across cultures, and we should take this into account when interpreting research results on disordered eating. Finally, we have applied a scale for measuring social media addiction in general and not addiction to a given social media platform (e. g. Instagram or TikTok); a more specific addiction scale would be a better choice to explore its role in ON. In future studies more psychological variables could be included, e. g. coping strategies, anxiety or depression. While we included only females in our sample, future studies could include males as well in order to map sex differences in predictors of ON tendencies. Future studies should also be focused on coping strategies of those with elevated orthorexic tendency (e. g. stress management, social support, adaptive vs. inadaptive coping). We should also include other psychological variables, such as mental health (anxiety, depression, life satisfaction). ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that for young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may be serving as a behavior for achieving their goal. In addition, they are more prone to social media addiction which together with other psychological health problems (such as a feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) may also contribute to ON tendency. We really think that orthorexic tendency cannot be diagnosed as a medical disorder without using diagnostic criteria from the Diagnostic and 5-TR. However, identification of ON tendencies may be used to identify those individuals predisposed to develop eating disorders in certain cases. Namely, ON behavior can act as a risk factor for disordered eating and eating disorders, together with other psychological problems. As a practical implication, it would be really useful to provide more information on social media platform to the public audience on the risks of ON in relation to healthy lifestyle to avoid eating disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the findings suggest that young women, particularly those with a special interest in healthy lifestyles, are more prone to social media addiction and associated psychological issues. However, it also mentions the limitations of the study, including the lack of male involvement and the need for further research in different cultural contexts, implying that mental health issues related to social media use can be broader and affect different demographics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Isolation and characterization of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, including strains of Rhizobium from calcareous sandy soils and their effects on nutrient uptake and growth of maize (Zea mays L. ). Austr. J. Agric. Res. 57, 101-111. Embrapa, de Pesquisa Agropecuária. 2009. Manual de Métodos de Análises de Solos, Rio de Janeiro. 212p. Embrapa, de Pesquisa Agropecuária. 2006. de Classificação de Solos, Rio de Janeiro. 412p. . , Takaki, G. M. C. 2011. Avaliação da atividade ácida e alcalina e acúmulo de fosfato inorgânico em amostras de Cunninghamella elegans. Analytica. 54, 70-78. Franco, L. O. , Maia, R. C. C. , Porto, A. , Messias, A. S. , Fukushima, K. , Takaki, G. M. C. 2004. Heavy metal biosorption by chitin and chitosan isolated from Cunninghamella elegans (IFM 46109). Braz. J. Microbiol. 35, 243-247. Goy, R. C. , Britto, D. , Assis, O. B. G. 2009. A Review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan polymers. Ci. Tecnol. 19, 241-247. IPA, Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco. 2008. Recomendação de adubação para o estado de Pernambuco. Recife. 198pKowalski, B. , Terry, F. J. , Herrera, L. , Peñalver, D. A. 2006. Application of soluble chitosan in vitro and in the greenhouse to increase yield and seed quality of potato minitubers. Potato Res. 49, 167-176. Kuhn, O. J. 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and their effects on nutrient uptake in maize, as well as various studies and publications related to soil analyses and plant growth. It does not address the role of decomposers in recycling organic matter or enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. AB - Keywords: Ecosystem, Agroforestry, Imperata cylindrica pioneer, mycorrhizae, inter-cropping, tree architecture, biomass, functional branching analysisConversion of an Imperata cylindrica ecosystem into an agroforestry ecosystem is a complex process. Integrated control of the I. cylindrica grass is needed in combination with planting deep-rooted pioneer tree species, a legume cover crop and annual food crops. I. cylindrica grasslands are generally poor in nutrients, but they are not necessarily poor from a soil biological perspective and may contain high densities of mycorrhizal spores. Experiments in the nursery and in the field were conducted to provide the knowledge needed to design and improve smallholder options for converting I. cylindrica grasslands into productive and sustainable agroforestry systems. Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi (resting spores in 'Mycofer' belonging to Glomus manihotis Glomus etunicatum Gigaspora rosea and Acaulospora tuberculata ), did not promote tree seedling growth in the nursery, but it leads to a significant increase in survival rate of the four tree species tested, once these were transplanted to the field. However, this rate increased by 6. 5% only. Nursery inoculation of the trees did not have any positive effect on the subsequent growth of those trees that survived the critical early stage. There is no compelling need for the use of the inoculum of the type used in the nursery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the conversion of Imperata cylindrica grasslands into productive and sustainable agroforestry systems. It indicates that species like mahogany and sungkai are particularly suited for agroforestry alongside annual plants, highlighting the integration of trees and crops, which is a core principle of agroforestry aimed at creating sustainable, productive landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: ACAMH uses cookies in order to deliver a personalised, responsive service and to improve the site. out more or - disorders ADHD - Attention-Deficit - - Digital interventions Eating and - - School-based interventions Self-Social media videos, podcasts About us - disorders ADHD - Attention-Deficit - - Digital interventions Eating and - - School-based interventions Self-Social media us People in the Impact of Use on Dr. Zoë Haime Zoë completed her PhD at UCL, and is currently working in a post-doctoral capacity on two studies based at the University of Bristol. Zoë's work at the University of Bristol is centred on the impact of digital technology use on mental health. Within the project, she is working as a part of a collaborative team to understand the training needs of mental health professionals (MHPs) in opening up conversations about children and young people's (CYPs) online use. Within the DELVE project, Zoë is continuing to explore data through secondary analysis, to analyse user experiences of moderation and moderators in online spaces with suicide and self-harm content. Posted on 31 July 2023 DOI: 10. 13056/acamh. 24528 0 comments Tags: Social media, Adolescents… Show all Topics: Social media Populations: Adolescents, Cyberbullying, Early intervention Interventions: Types: Blog, Young people have better access to the internet than ever before, with those under 18 accounting for one in three internet users globally (2017). Digital technology use can bring opportunities of learning and connectedness in young people, and some positive experiences in relation to their mental health including access to peer support and immediacy of information and help (Pretorius et al. , 2019). Additionally, young people report improved self-esteem, identity development, and sense of belonging related to using social technologies including social media and gaming (Charmaraman et al. , 2018). Despite this, there are concerns of risk associated with online use. For example, research has shown links between online activity and an increase in accessibility to harmful or distressing images, online sexual exploitation and cyberbullying (Centre for Report, 2018). Further, concerns have been raised about potential dangers related to the influence of social media on disordered eating, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts and behaviours (Dane & Bhatia, 2023; Biddle et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of digital technology use on mental health, indicating that while young people are significantly affected, there are also broader issues associated with social media use that may impact other age groups. Specifically, it highlights risks such as online sexual exploitation and cyberbullying, as well as concerns about disordered eating and suicidal thoughts which suggest that these issues are not exclusive to young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Decomposers like fungi and bacteria recycle organic matter, enriching soil fertility. [SEP] Text: Indução de resistência em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris) por acbenzolar-S-metil e Bacillus cereus: aspectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e parámetros de crescimento e produção. PhD. Thesis, Escola superior de de Queiroz. Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil. Lima, R. . 2007. Rendimento da alface e atributos químicos de um Latossolo em função da aplicação de biofertilizantes de rochas com fósforo e potássio. Braz. J. Hort. 25, 224-229. Junior, M. A. , Malheiros, S. M. M. , Van Straaten, P. 2010. Earthworm compound and rock biofertilizer enriched in nitrogen by inoculation with free living diazotrophic bacteria. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 26, 1769-1775. . 2009. Ação da quitosana no desenvolvimento e sobre doenças foliares da videira (cv. Cabernet Sauvingnon). Braz. J. Agroecol. 4, 1548-1551. Mazaro, S. M. , Deschamps, C. , Mio, L. L. M. , Biai, L. A. , Gouvea, A. , Sautter, C. K. 2008. Comportamento pós-colheita de frutos de morangueiro após a aplicação de quitosana e acibenzolar-S-metil. Rev. Bras. Fruticult. 30, 185-190. . 2007. Eficiencia de biofertilizantes de rochas com Acidithiobacillus em melão no vale do Sao Francisco. Braz. J. Agric. Sci. 2, 1-7. Otha, K. , Morishita, S. , Suda, K. , Kobayachi, N. , Horoski, T. 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it consists of references to various agricultural studies without discussing decomposers like fungi or bacteria or their role in recycling organic matter and enriching soil fertility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: The performance of three out of four selected tree species growing in the alang-alang grassland, and their capability to outshade the grass, mahogany ( Swietenia macrophylla King, Meliaceae), sungkai ( Peronema canescens Jack. , Verbenaceae) and candle nut ( Aleurites moluccana (L. ) Willd. , Euphorbiaceae) made them most suitable to be planted in those useless lands. Breadfruit or sukun ( Artocarpus altilis Fosberg, Moraceae) proved itself unsuitable for the harsh conditions of large parts of the I. cylindrica grasslands. It only performed well in specific sites. The field experiments showed no statistically significant differences in tree growth linked to the method used for initial alang-alang suppression. Ploughing, herbicide use or the simple 'pressing' method all proved acceptable as part of the overall system used. Spraying herbicide and ploughing are the most efficient methods to reduce alang-alang biomass. Pressing is the cheapest method to prepare acceptable tree growth, but is less attractive for inter-cropping. As a cover crop, able to outshade alang-alang after one year, to prevent its recovery and to improve soil fertility at the same time, Pueraria javanica (Leguminosae-Fabaceae) is a good option. An overall tree-LAI 1 and an overall rate of tree-shading 40 % are conditions for acceptable corn yields by inter-cropping in a matrix of diverse trees species. Mahogany and sungkai have a crown architecture and a root distribution apt to stimulate the establishment of an agroforestry system, because they are particularly suited to live together with annual plants. Candle nut, however, is more appropriate to reduce I. cylindrica grass by shading with its wide, dense hemispherical crown. Analysis (FBA) software can yield estimates of above ground biomass of mahogany and sungkai with an average standard deviation of 1 ± 0. 34. While conversion of alang-alang grasslands into more productive and sustainable land uses is technically feasible, a broader approach including household level livelihood options may be needed to better understand the structure of the incentives needed to achieve real-world impacts of this research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how tree species such as mahogany and sungkai are suited for inter-cropping with annual plants like corn in an agroforestry system. It mentions that these trees have suitable crown architecture and root distribution to aid the establishment of such systems, which aligns directly with the idea of creating sustainable and productive landscapes through the combination of trees and crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: Additionally, negative online experiences have been significantly associated with increased anxiety levels (Rifkin-Zybutz et al. ,). Recently, College of the Psychiatrists in the UK advised that social media and online use should be considered in assessing risk of all young people they meet (225, 2020). However, it is currently unclear whether this advice has been implemented in practice. Additionally, there is little evidence of guidance on how to approach these conversations with young people, or of similar direction for other mental health practitioners, teachers or parents. What do we know? We know MHPs and young people think that talking about young people’s online use related to their mental health is important (Rifkin-Zybutz et al. , 2023). Despite this, through focus groups and interviews with MHPs and young people (aged 16-24 yrs), Derges et al (2023) found that conversations around online activities rarely happened, and when they did, young people expressed feelings of stigma and judgment. This study also revealed that practitioners lacked confidence in having these discussions. Both MHPs and young people indicated that improved guidance and training on the topic for MHPs could prove beneficial. How can we improve guidance and training for MHPs having these discussions with children and young people? As a first step in developing guidance for practitioners, a Delphi study was conducted by Biddle et al (2022). A Delphi study aims to gain a consensus on views, from consulting experts using questionnaires or surveys. study aimed to create good practice indicators (GPIs) to support MHPs when engaging young people in conversations about their online use related to their mental health. A total of n=22 young people, and n=21 mental health practitioners were sent questionnaires, where they were asked open-ended questions, and to rank statements related to good practice. Following iterative analysis, further questionnaires were sent across two more rounds where experts were asked to again rank statements. GPIs were included where they had 75% agreement across both panels. In total, twenty-seven GPIs were agreed by experts, covering ‘who’ should be asked and ‘when’, ‘how’ they should be asked, ‘what’ should be discussed, and what the consequence or ‘outcome’ of discussions should be. A selection of the resulting GPIs are displayed below, and all the GPIs can be at www. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that mental health practitioners (MHPs) recognize the importance of discussing young people's online use related to their mental health. It mentions a study showing that MHPs and young people identified the necessity of these conversations, suggesting that the mental health effects of social media are acknowledged in the context of a wider age range, not limited to just young people. Furthermore, although the focus is primarily on younger individuals, the discussion implies potential applicability to mental health practices concerning other age groups as well.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2017. The first revision was submitted on March 23rd, 2017 and was reviewed by 3 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2017. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · May 4, 2017 · shared your response with the reviewer and they were happy to accept the manuscript in this form. Congrats on a really nice manuscript and thank you for your patience during this process. Regards - Ball · Apr 13, 2017 Basic reporting The manuscript continues to be well-written and succinct. Clarity has been further improved due to revisions based on reviewer comments, particularly regarding the PAM measurements. Experimental design The experimental design seems appropriate for the interpretation of the results. Validity of the findings The results are supported by the data available. Dr. Lee brought up a good point about the PAM measurements essentially integrating photosynthetic capacity vs. resource limitation in this case, and in addressing this the authors improve the results & discussion. The way I read it, the authors are interpreting the PAM results as an ecosystem processes, essentially regardless of whether it's capacity or water resources that limit it, rather than claiming to measure the capacity for GPP. (think the added text in the discussion is an interesting little tidbit about short vs long-term processes. ) So given the scope of the interpretation, I think the results are supported by the experimental design. Additional comments I have no further comments. Cite this review as (2017) #1 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 19, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design Just because kill controls have not been included in the standard protocol does not mean they are not necessary. The concern is not with magical abiotic breakdown of organic materials, but with the stability of the substrates used in the assays. For example, L-DOPA used for the phenol oxidase assay is known to be unstable at high pH (which soils typically are). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily discusses aspects of manuscript peer review for a specific study, comments on the experimental design, and mentions technical details about soil assays. There is no explicit mention of soil microbial diversity or its role in ecosystem services, making this text largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe contents of this of are from selected papers presented at the 16th of the Association for held at University in Corvallis, Oregon, from June 24–27, 2019. The conference attracted over 150 participants and the event included oral presentations with seven concurrent sessions, poster presentations, a pre-conference tour, one full day of field tours, plenary keynotes, and Groups and Regional Meetings. The seventeen manuscripts included in this have been derived from temperate agroforestry research projects, outreach, and development. Papers were selected from temperate regions in North America, including the United States, Canada, and Mexico as well as manuscripts from sub-tropical systems in India. Overall, the conference papers addressed multidisciplinary topics in agroforestry including, accessing resources, accessing markets, managing risks, advances in technology applications, production science, environmental benefits, adoption, implementation, evaluation, education, outreach and community engagement, policy practice, climate change opportunities and challenges, and special forest products. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionAgroforestry is a sustainable land-use system that addresses the production needs of farmers and landowners while providing environmental benefits to society. AFTA defines agroforestry as an intensive land management system that optimizes the benefits from the biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or livestock (AFTA 2021). According to the there are five basic types of agroforestry practices today in North America: windbreaks, alley cropping, silvopasture, riparian buffers, and forest farming. Within each agroforestry practice, there is a continuum of options available to landowners depending on their own goals (e. g. , whether to maximize the production of crops, animals, forages, or trees) (USDA-NAC 2021). The conference theme for the 16th NAAC was “Agroforestry for. ” Thus, finding the balance between maximizing the productive capacity of farming systems, while at the same time, maintaining the environmental benefits are the challenges for agroforestry practitioners to promote sustainable agriculture and agroecosystems. Today, landowners and farmers are trying to address various challenges to make their farms and forestlands profitable, productive, and environmentally sustainable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining agroforestry as a sustainable land-use system that combines trees and/or shrubs with crops and/or livestock. It emphasizes that agroforestry optimizes the benefits from biological interactions created by this combination, thereby promoting productive and environmentally sustainable landscapes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mental health issues from social media use only affect young people. [SEP] Text: digital-chats. com. Example GPIs Who/When? All young people attending a mental health consultation should be asked about their online activities How? Discussion about online activities should be started spontaneously as part of the flow of conversation, with questions naturally embedded within broader topics rather than as a standalone item What? Discussions about worrying online activity should usually include asking for the names of sites visited, descriptions of content created by the young person and details of participation in online groups clinician should not simply recommend stopping online activities but support the young person to engage with the online world in a more positive way Additionally, a list of ‘red flags’, or warning signs in young people were established, to indicate when these conversations should be prioritised What next? Following the creation of the GPIs, researchers at the University of Bristol are hoping to create training and resources to aid MHPs in having these conversations with children and young people. The ‘Digital Dialogues’ project aims to break down the communication barriers between MHPs and young people by co-creating and disseminating knowledge exchange resources. The project will use a variety of methods to identify the gaps in knowledge and guidance for MHPs, and work together with young people to design, produce, and share resources that can help address these. If you are a mental health practitioner, currently working with and young people in the UK or Ireland, you can help! The first step in the is a survey which aims to gather insights into the current practices employed by MHPs when asking young people about their online activities in relation to their mental health. Additionally, we are seeking to identify any specific p485. Biddle, L. , Derges, J. , Goldsmith, C. , Donovan, J. L. , & Gunnell, D. (2018). Using the internet for suicide-related purposes: Contrasting findings from young people in the community and self-harm patients admitted to hospital. PloS One, 13, 5, e0197712. Centre for Mental Health. (2018). Briefing 53: social media, young people and mental health. URL: Charmaraman, L. , Gladstone, T. , & Richer, A. (2018). Positive and negative associations between adolescents mental health and technology. Technology and Health, 71. Dane, A. , & Bhatia, K. (2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of mental health consultations for young people regarding their online activities, implying that these issues are significant enough to warrant professional support. It indicates a broader concern about the impact of online activities on mental health and suggests that clinicians should engage with these topics during consultations. While it focuses on young people, the suggestion of involving 'all young people' in discussions about online activities implies that mental health issues are relevant to this demographic and critical to address, but does not limit the impact solely to young people.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Soil microbial diversity is essential for maintaining ecosystem services like crop productivity. [SEP] Text: Without data from kill/inhibitor controls, it is imprudent to interpret enzyme activity data quantitatively. Validity of the findings Following my reasoning above, it is not clear to me that calculating diversity indices for enzyme activities and assigning ecological relevance to them is a good idea since the enzyme activity data cannot be assumed to be quantitative. Additional comments No comment Cite this review as Lee CK (2017) #2 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Apr 11, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors have made adequate minor revisions for publication Cite this review as (2017) #3 of "Primary productivity as a control over soil microbial diversity along environmental gradients in a polar desert ecosystem (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Mar 23, 2017 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Feb 28, 2017 · first of all I apologize for the delay, we had trouble getting reviewers familiar with PAM. All 3 reviewers and I thought that the manuscript was an important contribution to the field and highlights a potentially innovative approach to linking terrestrial productivity to patterns of microbial diversity. As you will see the only really substantive issue is with benchmarking of the PAM results (particularly the influence of water on instantaneous PAM measurements), plus a response is needed about enzyme assay controls. Most comments were minor but I have selected 'Major Revisions' as it was not clear to me whether your response requires additional work to determine the validity of the PAM measurements or whether you have the data in hand already to support that. I hope this is straightforward to resolve. · Jan 27, 2017 Basic reporting No comment Experimental design No comment Validity of the findings No comment Additional comments The authors present a series of measurements estimating photosynthetic (and therefore C-fixing) activity in the McValleys along a moisture gradient from streams. Such measurements are very important for understanding the C cycle and basal food resources for this ecosystem where it has traditionally been very difficult to measure productivity. They introduce the use of PAM for tackling this difficulty. The manuscript is straightforward, clearly-written, and succinct. I provide only a minor comment: Lines 211-213/Table 4: Can you be explicit in how you defined these three zones? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding soil microbial diversity and its importance for ecosystem services. It discusses the validity of enzyme activity data and its implications for measuring primary productivity, but it does not connect to the broader assertion about microbial diversity being essential for crop productivity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Agroforestry combines trees and crops to create sustainable, productive landscapes. [SEP] Text: However, there are many problems, such as farmland conversion, urbanization pressures, reduction in water quality and availability, soil erosion, irregular cash flows, climate change, and increased governmental regulations that impact family farms or private forests a difficult task (Workman et al. 2014). These challenging agricultural settings require new and innovative approaches to address various problems faced by farmers, landowners, and their communities. The collection of papers in this provides the scientific knowledge, practical approaches, and recommendations for adoption of agroforestry as a practical, profitable, and climate-resilient land-use system. The 16th agroforestry conference (NAAC)The 16th NAAC was held on the campus of University, Corvallis, Oregon from June 24 to 27, 2019, and attended by more than 150 participants. The event included oral presentations with seven concurrent sessions, poster presentations, a pre-conference tour, one full day of field tours, plenary keynotes, and Groups and Regional Meetings. This biennial conference brought together university researchers, educators, extension professionals, public-policy makers, farm operators, private landowners, and graduate students from across North America, Europe, and Africa. The conference theme was “Agroforestry for. ” The conference addressed topics related to agroforestry: accessing resources, accessing markets, managing risks, advances in technology applications, production science, environmental benefits, adoption, implementation, evaluation, education, outreach and community engagement, policy practice, climate change opportunities and challenges, and special forest products. There were 105 oral presentations and 32 poster presentations with rich contents for manuscripts that highlighted the latest scientific findings, tools, technologies, and thoughts across ecological, social, and economic dimensions of agroforestry. Additionally, this conference brought together 10 Groups in to acquaint members, increase interactions, exchange experiences, and discuss regionally important agroforestry issues. This has helped strengthen networking among agroforestry researchers, extension professionals, and landowners in North America. Issue brings increased interest in agroforestry practices to diversify farming systems and the renewed attention to traditional agroforestry systems in North America. In addition, this Issue presents an updated account of current adoption trends, technological advances, and challenges in agroforestry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adoption of agroforestry as a practical and climate-resilient land-use system, which inherently implies the combination of trees and crops to create more sustainable and productive landscapes. It mentions various challenges and innovative approaches in agroforestry, indicating its relevance to creating more sustainable farming systems.