Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: There is considerable agreement among researchers that information in decision making involves two qualitatively different thinking modes: (1) an intuitive mode characterized by fast and parallel processes that are affective, holistic, and associative in nature and (2) a deliberative/analytical mode characterized by slower processes that are rule based in nature (Epstein, 1994; Evans, 2008; Kahneman, 2003; Sloman, 1996). However, according to Evans, despite the above-mentioned agreement, there are different viewpoints regarding the ways in which these two thinking modes interact. Some authors (e. g. , Kahneman & Frederick, 2002) have argued that the two modes operate sequentially, so that intuitive answers to judgment problems are generated rapidly and automatically, and then the analytical mode may initiate a process of monitoring, endorsing, correcting, or overriding the initial intuitive response. Yet other researchers (e. g. , Damasio, 1994; Epstein, 1994; Glöckner & Betsch, 2008; Sloman, 1996) have suggested that the two thinking modes work in parallel and are used to different extents depending on the decision environment. Evans also pointed out that various definitions of intuitive processes have been used in the literature. For example, some authors (e. g. , Sloman, 1996) have ignored emotion altogether, while others (e. g. , Damasio, 1994; Epstein, 1994) have linked intuition to emotional thinking and have emphasized the fact that intuition relies on feelings as information, whereas analytical thinking involves reasoned cost–benefit assessment, which relies on rules rather than emotion. To the present day, there is an ongoing debate concerning the relative advantage of each mode of thinking in decision making. Studies show contradictory results. Some studies show that the intuitive mode is inferior to the analytical mode, so that intuition and/or emotion may be a source of faulty decisions (MacGregor & Amstrong, 1994; MacGregor, Lichtenstein, & Slovic, 1988; Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). Other studies demonstrate that the intuitive mode yields equal or better decisions, in comparison with the analytical mode. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that decision making involves two qualitatively different thinking modes: an intuitive mode and a deliberative/analytical mode. It discusses the characteristics of both modes as described by various researchers, including how they may operate either sequentially or in parallel, which aligns with the principles of the dual-process theory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: This involves studying the chemical pathways in the cell that translate the genetic information of genes into cell processes, and why these go wrong in cancer cells. By understanding what goes wrong, we can develop new targets for cancer drugs or other treatments. Molecular oncology is a field which has advanced rapidly in recent years, as Ian explains: Our understanding of cancer genetics via large-scale sequencing of cancer samples (exemplified by Program) has turbocharged our ability to identify the causes of cancer and how it evolves over time, new therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance to therapies. New clinical approaches are starting to include regular sequencing to get real time data on tumour responses to therapy. These provide the foundations for a future where each patient can be offered personalised therapies that are continuously optimised to keep the disease at bay. I would definitely recommend a career in molecular oncology. I’d love to be at the start of my career again! It’s a very exciting time to be working in biomedical research and especially cancer research. There have already been significant advances in cancer treatment and, as a result, more than 50% of people diagnosed with cancer now survive. We are entering a new era where personalised medicine will become increasingly common and there are many opportunities in industry and academia to contribute to developing these treatments. I have enormous respect for all of the people who have contributed to our understanding of cancer biology. It has been a huge team effort. A good book to read to find out about many of these achievements is of by Siddhartha Mukherjee. I am also grateful for the funding that has been invested to make this possible. My own research, in part, relies on funding from a local cancer charity (Cancer Research) and it’s always humbling when I meet the fundraisers who work so hard to make this possible. • of runs an internship scheme for undergraduate students every summer: www. icr. ac. uk/studying-and-training/undergraduate-vacation-scholarship-scheme • “Don’t be afraid to contact people to ask for advice or an opportunity,” says Ian. Contact universities and laboratories near you to find out whether they offer tours, talks or internship opportunities. • Society for Biochemistry and has a useful resource for students that provides information on careers in these fields: www. asbmb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the complexities of cancer research and molecular oncology, which involves understanding genetic information within the context of biological processes and cancer treatment. It emphasizes that while genetics plays a crucial role, culturally significant practices and interdisciplinary approaches are necessary for comprehensive understanding in the field of biomedical research. This indicates that genetic studies alone are insufficient for understanding broader cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Cities with already existing monitoring systems was asked to adapt their systems to this gold standard, to allow a better coverage of phenomenon and to enhance the comparability between different cities. Action 4. 3. CE UHIs web database and Atlas: the shared web databases implemented through input from existing local partners/institutions allows to monitor the specific situation. Here, the measurements and data obtained and analysed have been designed to describe as well as possible the intensity of phenomenon and its characteristics. Direct surveys conducted by applying both traditional urban biometeorology techniques and remote sensing techniques, allowed to collect many data and information about the micro–macro meteorological conditions. CE Atlas implementation foresees digitalization and geo-referencing of data collected. Creation of a GIS based data processing tool, where all information about detected UHIs of CE area where loaded and put in relation with meteorological and climatic data and trends as well as to spatial planning information. In summary from WP4 we acquired for DSS the gold standard to define and to monitor UHIs with common and accepted rules. Moreover Act. 4. 3 gave rise to the web database from which DSS will acquire information for model running. 4. 3 WP5 Mitigation and Adaptation StrategiesStarting from scientific and institutional framework and from assessment tools provided by previous WPs 3, 4, WP5 was focused on approaches to model for long-terms mitigation strategies and short-medium-term adaptation strategies to encounter UHI. WP5 deals with the following specific questions: Given the results of WPs 3 and 4: What are the common and differential features of the UHI that effect the regions studied? What set of mitigation and adaptation measures and options should be considered as potentially effective and subjected to detailed modelling studies? How could “top-down” (low-resolution) meteorological prediction models and bottom-up (high-resolution) building models be combined to provide an environment modelling for parametric study of the aforementioned mitigation and adaptation measures and strategies? Having identified a coupled top-down and bottom-up UHI modelling environment, what would be the outcome and implications (recommendations, guidelines) of the parametric modelling studies of alternative mitigation and adaptation measures? are developed in the WP5 framework: Act. 5. 1, 5. 2, and 5. 3. Action 5. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim that urban heat islands exacerbate climate change effects. Instead, it discusses methods for monitoring and modeling urban heat islands and the implementation of strategies for mitigation and adaptation. While it implies a concern for urban heat islands, it does not provide evidence or argumentation that they specifically exacerbate climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: Hence, they counsel heeding intuition and avoiding "overthinking" (Betsch, Plessner, Schwieren, & Gütig, 2001; Dijksterhuis, Bos, Nordgren, & van Baaren, 2006; Lee, Amir, & Ariely, 2009; Pham, 2004; Usher, Rusou, Weyers, Brauner, & Zakay, 2011; Wilson et al. , 1993; Zakay & Wooler, 1984). Identifying the circumstances under which each thinking mode is preferable might help in understanding the advantages of each mode. In this respect, several researchers have highlighted the importance of one moderating factor, which is the compatibility between thinking mode and task characteristics (e. g. , Hammond, Hamm, Grassia, & Pearson, 1987). The effect of decision task characteristics Hammond et al. (1987) were the first to suggest that performance is best when the mode of a person’s thinking matches the task. These researchers proposed that the nature of the task could be more intuitive or more analytical, depending on task characteristics. The characteristics of intuitive tasks include high familiarity, pictorial presentation, subjective measure, and unavailability of an organizing principle or algorithm to integrate cues. Analytical tasks are characterized by quantitative presentation, objective measures, and an organizing principle readily available. Wilson and Schooler (1991) stated that analytical deliberation is adequate for tasks that involve objective, easily verbalized attributes but is less adequate for tasks that involve a large affective component or in which the dimensions of the stimuli are ill-defined. Epstein (1994) emphasized that the intuitive mode is more adequate when nonverbal information and/or concrete stimuli are involved, whereas the analytical mode is more adequate when abstract problems are solved through symbols (numbers and words) and logical inference. According to him, the intuitive mode is used when processing emotion-arousing stimuli that represent events in a manner similar to how they are experienced in real life. Hogarth (2005) proposed that tasks are more likely to be processed through the intuitive mode when their context and form promote visual reasoning, whereas Dijksterhuis and Nordgren (2006) stated that tasks in which participants must follow strict rules are performed best through analytical deliberation. Despite these extensive theoretical hypotheses, relatively little experimental work has directly examined the association between thinking modes and task characteristics. Hammond et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different thinking modes (intuitive vs. analytical) are influenced by task characteristics, which aligns with the core principles of dual-process theory. It highlights that certain tasks are more suited for intuitive thinking due to their subjective or familiar nature, while others benefit from analytical thought, which requires a structured approach. The mention of various researchers, such as Epstein and Hogarth, further supports the idea that the dual-process theory is fundamental in understanding how these thinking modes operate in different contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: org/getmedia/f7c551d5-682e-44b1-a7a3-0cb3bcef9eac/asbmb-career-brochure-2017. pdf • The average salary for an oncologist in the UK is £39,000 according to PayScale. com but this can be considerably higher for experienced researchers. • A strong background in science subjects is important, in particular chemistry and biology. • Many medical research projects involve analysing large datasets using computational techniques, so having some programming and statistics knowledge is useful. Most undergraduate science degrees now offer some form of training in these skills. • offers an overview of oncology and cancer biology degree options: www. careerexplorer. com/degrees/oncology-and-cancer-biology-degree/ I liked most subjects at school, but the sciences were the most interesting. I didn’t have a clear idea of the range of careers that you could have in those areas; it always seemed like a good idea to keep focusing on the things that I enjoyed the most. . ? Zoology was a very enjoyable degree, but it became obvious to me that there were many more lab-based jobs available if I wanted to have a career in scientific research. I had no fixed idea of the type of lab science I wanted to do, but that flexibility was an advantage when making the transition. -? Biomedical research requires a wide range of expertise to deliver big results and it’s not unusual to find people with chemistry, physical science, mathematics and computing backgrounds. Switching disciplines often involves retraining (e. g. via a postgraduate degree). Alternatively, take your specialised experience to a new discipline that needs it – such as programmers who help with big data analysis of cancer genetics patterns. ? I really value the opportunities that I have had to help my students and lab members to develop as scientists and then go on to achieve their career goals. ? I like to draw. Research can be frustrating at times, not every idea works out and sometimes you work really hard and have nothing to show for it. Drawing always results in an end product and it’s a nice way to switch off. IAN’01 Be flexible. There are many routes to a career in science, but it is much harder if you are only prepared to consider one route. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that biomedical research, which includes understanding genetics, requires a wide range of expertise from various scientific disciplines. It mentions that it is essential for researchers to have a strong background in multiple subjects such as chemistry, biology, statistics, and computing in order to deliver significant results, which suggests that understanding cultural practices solely through genetic studies is insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Green façades: vegetation can also be used as an overlaying layer for facades, either by enabling the growth of climber plants directly on the façade surface (thus shading parts of it) or by adding a more substantial bedding “wall” which connects to the façade and functions also as an insulating and evapotranspiration layer similar to that of a green roof. Street geometry, which is defined by the shape of the buildings and their orientation, might also have an impact on UHI intensity levels by increasing air flow rate through the street, thus replacing the warmer air “trapped” between buildings. Although changing the geometry of existing streets is limited, large urban projects regularly introduce the opportunity to increase the effects of advection by a careful design of their geometry. Pavements play also an important role in the formation of the UHI phenomenon, since conventional paving materials (mainly concrete and asphalt) tend to absorb large amounts of solar radiation during daytime and to release it to the cooler surrounding air (cool pavements). Another property of these paving materials is their limited permeability to water, which prevents the absorption of water in the ground and thus reduces the evaporation potential of the ground surface which may help in reducing air temperatures (pervious pavements). Cool pavements are built of materials which have higher albedo (higher solar reflectance) values than conventional paving materials, usually because of their lighter color. Pervious pavements: pavements of pervious materials which enable the draining of water through the porous pavement surface. The water is thus absorbed in the subsoil and evaporates when the paving material is heated, resulting in lower surface temperatures of the pavement. Pervious pavements are also helpful for the storm water management, and then for the prevention from floods. Vegetation: trees and vegetation reduces ambient air temperature by evapotranspiration and shading and is therefore expected to help in mitigating UHI intensity levels (Kurn et al. 1994). The common practices within this scope are the planting of trees and vegetation in existing urban fabric (mainly city streets), or the creation or preservation of wider green areas (parks, groves) within the urban fabric. Action 5. 2. Establishment of an effective UHI modelling environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban heat islands (UHI) and their exacerbation of climate change effects. Instead, it provides information about mitigative factors related to UHI, such as green façades, street geometry, and types of pavements, without discussing how these might relate to climate change. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: (1987) investigated how experienced highway engineers make various decisions. These authors assumed that judging the capacity of highways is an analytical task, determining the safety of highways is a semianalytical task, and deciding on aesthetic aspects of highways is an intuitive task. In this study, engineers made better judgments when the mode of thought was compatible with the task at hand. However, they manipulated the thinking modes in their study by using different formats of information presentation. This, however, could create a confound by conveying different levels of information. For example, mathematical formulas that are used to induce analytical thinking cannot actually deliver the same information on the aesthetic aspects of highways as the film strips used to induce intuitive thinking. McMackin and Slovic (2000) further demonstrated the importance of the match between thinking mode and task but used different measures to assess performance in each task, precluding an analysis of the thinking-mode–task interaction. The present research We assume that the relative advantage of each thinking mode in decision making depends on the compatibility between thinking mode and task. To test this assumption, we pitted intuition and analytical thinking against each other within either intuitive or analytical tasks, comparing decision making in a factorial design. Thinking mode manipulationIn order to meet the challenge posed by the diversity of viewpoints regarding the nature of dual thinking, two different thinking manipulations, each congruent with a different theoretical approach, were employed. Experiment 1 relied on Wilson and Schooler’s (1991) manipulation and contrasted direct choice with a deliberative analysis of reasons. This paradigm is based on a dual-processing hypothesis according to which intuitive thinking is the default mode, automatically generating impressions that can then be discarded by conscious effortful reasoning. Experiment 2 relied on Pham, Cohen, Pracejus, and Hughes's (2001) method, contrasting choices based on feelings with choices made through nonaffective deliberation. This paradigm reflects the explicit linkage of emotion and affect to intuition (Damasio, 1994; Epstein, 1994). Task selectionExperiment 1 contrasted the assessment of faces with the evaluation of arithmetical multiplications. Experiment 2 compared the assessment of urban scenes' photographs with the evaluation of numerical averages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different thinking modes, namely intuitive and analytical thinking, are applied to various tasks. It mentions that analytical tasks require deliberative analysis and that intuitive thinking operates automatically. This aligns with the principles of dual-process theory where two distinct pathways of thought ('intuitive' and 'analytical') are posited. The text also discusses specific experiments that manipulate these thinking modes, further supporting the claim that dual-process theory explains the distinction between intuitive and analytical thinking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: in a Download book PDF Download book -Sekuła2 Part of the book series: ((IMIS)) 1325 Accesses AbstractPresenting the engagement of immigrants, their descendants and native Norwegians with Day celebrations, this 2. 1 Heritage in BecomingTo analyse the practices of minorities around Norwegian national-day celebrations as a way of engaging with the heritage of the dominant population, this 2. 2 Space as a Space of ResistanceThe concept of a third space, developed by various scholars under different names, was popularised in social sciences upon a spatial turn, which spoke for the acknowledgement of a spatial dimension of social life. The origins of the third-space concept, as it is understood in this 9. 6). There is an ongoing discussion about whether the presented shortcomings can be assigned to multiculturalism itself or are, instead, the result of other structural, cultural and political processes (see Ley, 2010; Vertovec & Wessendorf, 2010), targeting multiculturalism as “the only target that is visible” (Ley, 2010, p. 201). This 28. 5% of its population made up of immigrants and Norwegians born to immigrant parents (SSB Statistics Norway, 2021). The area of Stromsø is a business district with many immigrant-owned shopping facilities. Over the years, Drammen municipality has enforced a narration of diversity as a resource (conversation with an expert from Drammen municipality). It has patronised and financed several initiatives aimed at giving visibility to minority culture, including the Festival and Interkultur, a national competence centre for multicultural communication. 5 in Private SettingsThe findings from my research conjure up an image of a wide range of private celebrations of that involve the multicultural character of Drammen. In these celebrations, minorities prevail but native Norwegians are also present and contributing to the cultural change. I classified performed practices into five categories, placing them on a scale from full engagement in official narrations of to the celebration of minority culture. The categories are as follows: (1) celebrations with explicit reference to Norwegian heritage and following celebration patterns traditionally associated with Day, (2) celebrations with explicit reference to Norway and following alternative celebration patterns, (3) practices following minority celebration patterns and with limited reference to Norwegian heritage, (4) instrumental practices lacking engagement in Norwegian heritage and, (5), reactionary practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various cultural practices among immigrants, their descendants, and native Norwegians, emphasizing the complex engagement with heritage and the influence of social dynamics. It highlights that understanding cultural practices, such as celebrations, requires considering multiple factors beyond genetics, such as structural, cultural, and political processes. This suggests that genetic studies alone are insufficient for a comprehensive understanding of cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Standard and Download book PDF Download book EPUB Györgyi Baranka2, L. Bozó2, Rok Ciglič3 & …Blaž Komac3 Show authors 11k Accesses AbstractChoosing appropriate measurement sites for further investigation is one of the crucial points in determining the UHI intensity. To obtain comparable values among different cities we should use measurements obtained in similar circumstances. In the context of the deployment of an urban climate network, this guideline contains recommendations for meteorological measurement and data processing for data users who are not professionals in the field of climate measurement in urban environments. This paper presents a classification of urban measuring sites, lists steps for choosing representative stations, and provides standardized methods developed for urban climate stations and network design. Finally, these standardized approaches and guidelines are useful for making recommendations for the future deployment of urban climate networks. The final parts include the new communication and data transmission techniques for urban observation networks. The original version of this 10. 1007/978-3-319-10425-6_15 You have full access to this open access 1. Collect information and consult with experts about the climate observations and surveying or measuring activities in advance. 2. In the planning phase, write a detailed task list. Determine the aims and tasks of the measurement program. 3. List the measurement climate elements (see the UHI Assessment Manual, 4. Process orders to obtain the most appropriate equipment. 5. Choose the sites and install the equipment. 6. Prepare sensors and data logging and metadata files (see the UHI Assessment Manual, 7. Record the calibration and maintenance requirements of the climate network. These steps are summarized in Fig. 2. 1. After their implementation, reliable climate data will be available for the further evaluation and statistical analysis of climate signals in a given urban area. The original aims in elaborating these guidelines were to review the current status of urban observations and the establishment of urban meteorological networks; to identify sampling infrastructures to be developed in urban areas; to provide a reference system for cities which lack a monitoring network but intend to deploy one; to demonstrate a prototype for a new monitoring system that is already operational. Fig. 2. 1Process chain for measurement project planning, management and serviceFull size image Any city operating measurement sites for UHI detection is strongly encouraged to adopt these recommendations to its measurement and evaluation systems in order to obtain better coverage of UHI phenomena over the city. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding urban heat islands exacerbating climate change effects. It focuses on the methodology for measuring UHI intensity and the establishment of urban climate networks, without addressing how urban heat islands relate to climate change.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: Judgment of faces and urban photographs were used for the intuitive tasks; since the stimuli are pictorial and concrete, involve real-life experience, and are likely to be mediated by affective responses, the different dimensions of the stimuli are not easily verbalized, the task is measured subjectively, and an organizing principle or algorithm to integrate these dimensions is not available. In contrast, evaluations of numerical multiplications and of numerical averages were chosen for the analytical tasks; because these stimuli are abstract and symbolic, the tasks are measured objectively, involving the application of well-defined logical rules, and an organizing principle is readily available. Transitivity as the dependent measureet al. (2009), we looked at transitivity in pairwise choices. Transitivity is one of the major principles of rationality that stands at the basis of the development of decision theory (von Neumann & Morgenstern, 1948). This principle implies that for any three alternatives (A, B, C), if A is judged as better than B and B is judged as better than C, then A should also be judged as better than C. If individuals are inconsistent or prone to error in decision making, they will commit many violations of transitivity. In contrast, if there is no error in decision making (or if the error rate is very low) and if individuals evaluate the different options consistently, there will be no (or very few) violations of transitivity (Lee et al. , 2009). Here, we look for more consistency when thinking mode matches task, thus expecting fewer transitivity violations in such cases. The use of a single measure for both tasks enables not only the identification of comparable simple effects, but also the assessment of the thinking mode × task interaction. Experiment 1The experiment consisted of four conditions: two thinking modes (intuitive and analytical), compared across subjects, and two tasks (assessing faces and evaluating arithmetical multiplications), examined within subjects. We slightly adapted Wilson and Schooler’s (1991) manipulation so that participants in the intuitive condition were instructed to rely on general impressions and gut feelings when making their decisions, as opposed to no specific instructions in the original study. MethodParticipants and design Forty-seven undergraduate students from the (IDC) at Herzliya, Israel were randomly assigned to one of the thinking conditions (intuitive or analytical). Each participant performed two choice tasks: one in regard to faces and the other in regard to arithmetical multiplications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing an experiment that distinguishes between intuitive and analytical thinking modes. It describes two types of tasks—intuitive tasks involving judgment of faces and urban photographs versus analytical tasks involving numerical multiplications. This aligns with the dual-process theory, which posits that there are two different cognitive processes at play: one that is automatic and intuitive and another that is deliberate and analytical.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The categories are ideal types and the actual celebrations of the respondents often combined practices from different categories. Celebrations with to Associated with Polish couple, Anna and Grzegorz, were eagerly engaging with celebrations. They admitted decorating their house with Norwegian flags, preparing food for the day – including a cake in the colours of the Norwegian flag – and participating in a local parade with their child. They also showed me a picture of their daughter wearing a bunad, the Norwegian folk costume popular among adults (especially women) and children. couple with children also reported celebrating in a customary way together with Norwegian families, including breakfast with champagne: Usually, we are invited to join a Norwegian family. And we are celebrating as it should be – with a parade and so on (…) We do not hang a Norwegian flag though. We haven’t got soaked in here that much yet but our children have flags. (Katarzyna, female, 37; Wojtek, male, 39)Footnote 2 Cansu, a Turkish respondent who usually celebrates in a Turkish ethnic association, revealed a deeper attachment to and meaning of the event at an individual level: 17 May is very important to me because I live in Norway and I feel that I have to respect the country that gives me bread. I have to be a part of them. (Cansu, female, 24) Additionally, the members of the Turkish association which organises the yearly celebrations of admitted that the gathering takes place after a city-wide parade, which most of the participants attend. The celebrations presented here are performed by minorities in a way that attempts to recreate practices traditionally associated with Constitution Day. The change of national culture is therefore limited here to the overall change which cultural practices undergo along temporal lines. They feature the negotiation of Norwegian heritage by minorities and hence constitute a third space. Interestingly, many respondents adopted these new practices as part of their heritage, enriching the sets of their cultural practices originating from their background cultures. Celebrations with to Norway and Kemal, a Norwegian-Turkish respondent, stated that his private celebrations involve wide reference to Norwegian nationalism, even though the food he eats is ethnic: “We hang up flags and celebrate, even though we do not eat 100% Norwegian food. ” (Kemal, male, 27) Interestingly, some native Norwegians follow similar celebration patterns (Fig. 9. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how cultural practices are influenced by social interactions and individual experiences, as seen in the celebrations described by the respondents. For instance, Anna and Grzegorz’s mixture of Polish and Norwegian celebrations illustrates that cultural practices cannot simply be explained by genetics, but rather through the merging of different traditions and community participation, highlighting a negotiation of heritage and identity. Additionally, Cansu's statement underlines personal attachment to cultural practices and the importance of social context in understanding these celebrations, further demonstrating that cultural practices involve more than just biological factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 3 Planning a simple classification of measuring sites contains categories for urban, downtown, suburban, and rural sites. For correct and precise heat island evaluation, far more detailed descriptions of urban areas are necessary, as Stewart and Oke’s method (2012) suggests applying. Zones were introduced for characterizing the building and vegetation structures of a compact urban region. Stewart and Oke formally defined Zones (LCZs) as regions of uniform surface cover, structure, material, and human activity that span hundreds of meters to several kilometers in the horizontal scale. The LCZ system comprises 17 zone types at the local scale (100–1000 m). Each type is unique in its combination of surface structure, cover, and human activity. Classification can be made on the basis of built-up area (10 classes) and types of land cover (7 classes). Classification of sites into appropriate LCZs requires basic metadata and surface characterization. The zone definitions provide a standard framework for reporting and comparing field sites and their climate observations. LCZs are a widely used classification system (Unger et al. 2011). It provides useful information for defining UHI magnitude, establishing comparable values originating from different sites, modeling climate and analyzing temperature, detecting features that influence microclimates. Determination of LCZs means defining urban areas characterized by the same structure, a similar built-up ratio, and relatively similar building heights (Balázs et al. 2009). Bordering is essential for finding ideal and representative sites for urban climate observation(Unger et al. 2011). Typically, a “three-step process” is suggested by Stewart and Oke (2012) “to users when classifying field sites into LCZs” (p. 1889): “Step 1: Collect site metadata. Users must collect appropriate site metadata to quantify the surface properties of the source area (as defined in Step 2) for a temperature sensor. This is best done by a visit to the field sites in person to survey and assess the local horizon, building geometry, land cover, surface wetness, surface relief, traffic flow, and population density […]. If a field visit is not possible, secondary sources of site metadata include aerial photographs, land cover/land use maps, satellite images (e. g. , Google Earth©), and published tables of property values (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses exclusively on the classification system for urban areas based on surface cover, material, and human activity. It does not address the relationship between urban heat islands and climate change effects, leaving the claim uncorroborated and unchallenged.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 presents the mean number of transitivity violations in each of the four conditions. Fig. 3The mean number of transitivity violations in Experiment 1. The y-axis represents the number of transitivity violations. The more violations made, the less consistent are the decisions. Full size image A two (thinking mode) × two (task type) repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to examine differences in the average number of transitivity violations across conditions. This analysis revealed a significant main effect of thinking mode, F(1, 45) = 11. 17, p <. 005, η 2 =. 2, and a significant main effect of task type, F(1, 45) = 49. 08, p <. 000001, η 2 =. 52, as well as a significant interaction between thinking mode and task type, F(1, 45) = 16. 8, p <. 0005, η 2 =. 27. To investigate our hypothesis that the relative advantage of the intuitive and analytical modes was contingent on task characteristics, we further conducted several planned comparisons. Within the facial task, fewer transitivity violations were made in the intuitive condition (M = 2. 33, SD = 2. 26) than in the analytical condition (M = 4. 09, SD = 3. 4), and the effect was statistically significant, F(1, 45) = 4. 38, p <. 05. In contrast, on the multiplication task, fewer transitivity violations were made in the analytical condition (M = 7. 17, SD = 6. 11) than in the intuitive condition (M = 14. 12, SD = 5. 27). This difference was also statistically significant, F(1, 45) = 17. 49, p <. 0005. Experiment 2Experiment 2 was designed to replicate and generalize the findings of Experiment 1, with two major modifications in both choice tasks and procedure. With regard to choice tasks, we used assessment of scenes' photographs rather than assessment of faces and evaluation of averages rather than evaluation of multiplication problems. With regard to the procedure, we made use of Pham et al. ’s (2001) manipulation in which the required assessment is more explicit. MethodParticipants and designTwenty undergraduates from the IDC at Herzliya, Israel were randomly assigned to either the intuitive or the analytical thinking condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing empirical evidence from the experiments conducted, which analyze the differences between intuitive and analytical thinking modes. It describes how these thinking modes lead to varying results in transitivity violations across different tasks, thus supporting the dual-process theory that distinguishes between these two types of thinking.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The landscape of Drammen is filled with ethnic restaurants and many native Norwegians reserve tables for a dinner in local ethnic restaurants, de facto celebrating Norway over ethnic meals (and often wearing bunads). Most probably these actions are not meant to transform the Norwegian heritage but, rather, represent the mere act of adjusting inherited practices to present circumstances – i. e. heritage in becoming (Ingold & Kurttila, 2000; Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). Nevertheless, they de facto change culture. These negotiations of heritage by both minorities and natives, with their unique, hybrid outcome, definitely constitute a third space. Fig. 9. 1A woman in Norwegian traditional costume entering a in Drammen on Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image Patterns and with to Respondents of Turkish background often described gatherings as involving an extended family meeting accompanied by Turkish food. Several respondents stated that these meetings resemble the gatherings organised on other occasions, including Ramazan and Kurban Bayramı – Islamic holidays widely celebrated in Turkey. associations organise common celebrations at their premises. They order food from a local Turkish restaurant and spend time dining together. The celebrations are accompanied by customary occasional congratulations; however, more elaborate 9. 2a) but also on (Fig. 9. 2b) and Women’s Day. Others were committed to presenting positive aspects of ancestral culture through wearing clothing that referenced Polish folklore (Fig. 9. 3). Some of the Polish respondents openly stated that they very much enjoy seeing how Norwegians are proud of their nation and they would like to see this kind of pride free from political battles in their ancestral homeland too. Their attitudes towards national-day celebrations in Poland were complex. These celebrations were imposed by the government in the communist era and their disgust with this compulsion restrained many from participating after 1989. Today, in turn, national-day celebrations are claimed by right-wing policy supporters. Simultaneously, representatives of other political options, including leftists, are making constant attempts to reclaim them, which altogether entangles Polish national days in political disputes. Fig. 9. 2aDecoration for a celebration of Day in the colours of the Polish flag. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9. 2bFood for a Thursday celebration decorated with Polish flags. (Photo: Anna – research participant)Full size imageFig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that cultural practices, such as the celebration of ethnic meals and national-day events, are not solely rooted in genetics. Instead, they involve negotiations between inherited customs and contemporary influences. For instance, the mention of Norwegian natives celebrating ethnic cuisine indicates a cultural adaptation rather than a strictly genetic basis for their practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: , Davenport terrain roughness lengths)” (Stewart and Oke, 2012, 2. 2):Fig. 2. 2Suitable location of air temperature and humidity sensors in urban environments (Based on WMO Guide, 2008)Full size image (a) measurement point situated at least 10 m from artificial heat sources and reflective sources (buildings, concrete surfaces, car parks, etc. ) or expanses of water (unless indicative of the region) occupying (i) less than 50 % of the surface within a circular area of 10 m around the screen, (ii) less than 30 % of the surface within a circular area of 3 m around the screen. (b) station away from all projected shade when the sun is higher than 20°. (c) station within ground covered with natural and low vegetation (<25 cm) representative of the region. Within these guidelines, the recorded temperature and humidity data contain additional uncertainty of up to 2 °C compared to a station placed on flat, horizontal land surrounded by open space. The choice of a site for representative precipitation measurement in an urban area should fulfill the following minimum requirements (Fig. 2. 3): (a) The land is surrounded by an urban area, on a slope of less than 30°. (b) Possible obstacles must be situated at a distance greater than one half the height of the obstacle. An obstacle represents an object with an angular width of 10° or more. By following these guidelines, uncertainty of precipitation measurements remains within a 25 % deviation from standard observations taken in a flat and open area. (c) Where numerous obstacles (buildings, trees, etc. ) are present, it is recommended that sensors be placed above the average height of the obstacles to minimize the influence of adjacent obstacles. A measuring mast can serve as a reliable location (Fig. 2. 4). (d) The mast should be placed away from obstacles, at a distance of at least 2. 5 times the height of surrounding obstacles; (e) No obstacle with an angular width greater than 60° and a height greater than 10 m should be within 40 m of the mast. Single obstacles lower than 6 m can only be ignored for measurements taken at 10 m or above. Fig. 2. 3Representative precipitation measurement in an urban area (Based on WMO Guide, 2008)Full size image Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses guidelines for placing air temperature and humidity sensors in urban environments and the associated uncertainties in measurement, but it does not address the claim about urban heat islands exacerbating climate change effects. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: Each participant performed the two choice tasks, in a random order. MaterialsAssessment of scenes' photographs was examined with eight black-and-white photographs of urban scenes. Evaluation of averages was examined with eight groups of 6 two-digit numbers. For each task, 28 stimuli pairs were constructed by creating all possible pairwise combinations of the eight stimuli. Within each pair, the stimuli were centered horizontally in the middle of the screen, and a choice criterion was presented above them in the upper middle part of the screen. The choice criterion for the assessment of scenes was either "Which picture feels better? " (intuitive condition) or "Which picture is better? " (analytical condition). The choice criterion for the evaluation of averages was either "The average of which group feels larger? " (intuitive condition) or "The average of which group is larger? " (analytical condition). This variation of terms (feel/is) was selected to further enhance the intuitive/analytic manipulation. In addition, below the stimuli, participants saw the phrase "Please rely on your overall impressions and your feelings. Avoid analytical assessments" (intuitive condition) or the phrase "Please base your evaluations on analytical assessments. Ignore your feelings and first impressions" (analytical condition) (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Examples of the stimulus materials in Experiment 2 Full size image ProcedureBefore each task, participants were told that they would be presented with pairs of photographs (or sets of numbers). et al. 's (2001) method, participants in the intuitive condition were explicitly asked to concentrate on their feelings in reaction to the stimuli, avoid analytical deliberation, and choose the photograph that felt better (or the group of numbers whose average felt higher). Participants in the analytical condition were asked to ignore their feelings in reaction to the stimuli, base their judgments on an analytical assessment of each alternative, and choose the best photograph or the group of numbers whose average was higher. Following the initial instructions, the pairs of stimuli (scenes or numbers) were presented to participants in a random order. Results and discussionFigure 5 presents the mean number of transitivity violations in each of the four conditions. Fig. 5The mean number of transitivity violations in Experiment 2 Full size image A two (thinking mode) × two (task type) repeated ANOVA was conducted to examine differences in the number of transitivity violations across conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experiment that explicitly distinguishes between intuitive and analytical thinking conditions. It describes how participants were instructed to use their feelings for the intuitive condition and to rely on analytical assessment for the analytical condition. This aligns with the dual-process theory that posits a distinction between two types of cognitive processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 3Everyday outfit inspired by Polish folklore. (Photo: Justyna – research participant)Full size image These practices reflect Foucaldian heterotopias, constituting yet another third space in Norwegian society. They are parallel to the dominant society – real and existing but not ordinary in a Norwegian socio-cultural environment, yet created in close association with it. They are triggered by both a feeling of foreignness in Norway and admiration for the Norwegian nationalism that the actors attempt to recreate. In contrast to the respondents who, out of symphaty for the Norwegian celebrations of Constitution Day, joined the mainstream replicating Norwegian heritage, here the positive reception of Norwegian nationalism was channeled into a mild reactionist nationalism of origin. Sometimes these acts are met with criticism from both fellow immigrants and, less often, from mainstream society, as reported by my respondents. Celebration of Constitution Day: matter whether it is celebrated with elaborate or limited reference to Norway, is marked by the inhabitants of Drammen municipalitiy and the surrounding area, often through a mix of joining in with mainstream events and combining them with private ones, shared within the ethnic group. They make use of Norwegian heritage, adjusting it to the surrounding circumstances: be they mainstream celebrations with native Norwegians and/or members of ethnic minorities, minority festivity patterns or the diverse setting of Drammen. These negotiations of heritage reflect how the genealogical idea of Norwegian national heritage is adjusted to the cultural, structural and spatial circumstances which individuals have created and\or within which they act. They represent heritage in becoming (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019). The alternative festivity practices performed on that day contribute to the emergence of third spaces on the backstage of Norwegian society and with alternative meanings surrounding the celebrations. These practices have taken on a repetitive nature over the years and are part of an ongoing change of the national heritage of Norway. 6 Third-in the Children’s Parades in the City of Drammen in Pre-pandemic the emergence of various third spaces in private settings is evident, the question I attempt to answer in this section is whether these third spaces are visible in the public, city-wide celebrations. My data from the yearly observation of the parades over 3 years in the city of Drammen show that signs of minority identity were featured during the parades, reflecting the ethnic diversity of the city’s inhabitants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cultural practices in Norway are influenced by social, cultural, and spatial circumstances rather than genetics alone. It illustrates how Norwegian heritage has been adjusted by immigrant populations and reflects negotiations of heritage that are shaped by experiences, identity, and external influences. For example, it discusses how celebrations of Norwegian heritage are adapted by individuals in immigrant communities, highlighting the intricate relationship between culture and societal interactions, and suggesting that understanding these practices requires more than just genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 4Reliable location for measuring mast (Based on WMO Guide, 2008)Full size image In the case of measurements of global, diffuse, and direct radiation, the general rule is that close obstacles should be avoided. An obstacle is considered to be reflecting if its albedo is greater than 0. 5. The reference position for elevation angles is the sensitive element of the instrument. It is recommended that shade be allowed to project into the sensor during no more than 30 % of daylight hours for any day of the year (Fig. 2. 5). Fig. 2. 5Recommendation for representative solar radiation observation (Based on WMO Guide, 2008)Full size image If the site does not meet all the requirements above, the specific environment or application should be recorded in a metadata file. The general template of a station metadata file is presented in Sect. 2. 6. 4. 1 TemperatureIn different LCZs, the following suggestions should be considered in finding suitable locations for air temperature measurement: The sensor should be relatively far from warm surfaces, walls, roads, or vehicles with hot engines, and it might receive reflected heat from glassed surfaces. In very densely built-up LCZs (such as LCZ 1, LCZ 2, LCZ 4, and LCZ 5) sensors should be set up 5–10 m from buildings of height 20–30 m, as shown in Fig. 2. 6. Sometimes in slightly greater source areas, sensor damage can be prevented by placing the sensor away from the path of vehicles, thereby avoiding exhaust heat and dust contamination. Measurement heights of 3 m or 5 m are accepted as a standard. There is no simple, general scheme for extrapolating air temperature horizontally inside the Layer (UCL). The following recommendations are made for choosing the most reliable height for a thermometer: The recommended screen height is between 1. 25 m and 2 m above ground level for urban sites (similar to non-urban stations), but it is better to allow a greater height in densely built-up areas (such as LCZ 1, LCZ 2, LCZ 4, and LCZ 5). In the Layer there is little variation in temperature with height, while there is a discontinuity near roof level both horizontally and vertically. Consequently, if a meaningful spatial average is sought, sensors should be well above mean roof level. The recommended height is >1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides guidelines for measuring solar radiation and temperature in urban environments; however, it does not address urban heat islands or their relationship with climate change. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about urban heat islands exacerbating climate change effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: This analysis yielded a significant main effect of task type, F(1, 18) = 27. 43, p <. 0001, η 2 =. 604, as well as a significant interaction between thinking mode and task, F(1, 18) = 17. 33, p <. 001, η 2 =. 49. To investigate our hypothesis that the relative advantage of the intuitive and analytical modes was contingent on task characteristics, we further conducted several planned comparisons. On the photographs, there were fewer transitivity violations when participants made intuitive judgments (M = 1. 0, SD = 1. 49) than when they made analytical judgments (M = 2. 9, SD = 2. 18), and the difference between these means was statistically significant, F(1, 18) = 5. 16, p <. 05. In contrast, when judging averages, participants made fewer transitivity violations in the analytical condition (M = 3. 7, SD = 2. 83) than in the intuitive condition (M = 8. 0, SD = 4. 19), and this difference was statistically significant, F(1, 18) = 7. 23, p <. 05. Next, we analyzed the reaction times (RTs) of responses in all four conditions through a two (thinking modes) × two (task) repeated ANOVA. This analysis revealed a significant main effect of thinking mode, F(1, 18) = 21. 21, p <. 0005, and a significant main effect of task type, F(1, 18) = 6. 81, p <. 05, with a marginal interaction between thinking mode and task type, F(1, 18) = 4. 31, p =. 052. RT on both tasks was shorter for intuitive judgments than it was for analytical judgments. Thus, RT for deciding which scene felt better (M = 3,141 ms, SD =1,411) was shorter than was RT for deciding which scene was better (M = 6,584 ms, SD = 3,289; Fisher LSD, p =. 18). Similarly, RT for deciding which average felt larger was shorter (M = 4,171 ms, SD = 1,590) than was RT for deciding which average was larger (M = 15,649 ms, SD = 10,574; Fisher LSD, p <. 005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differences in performance and reaction times between intuitive and analytical judgments across various tasks. It highlights how intuitive thinking tends to lead to fewer transitivity violations in one context, while analytical thinking performs better in another context. This supports the dual-process theory by showing the distinct roles and effects of intuitive vs. analytical modes of thinking in different tasks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: These signs included visibly and sensually observable elements of clothing, hairstyles and languages spoken. The impression was that the initiatives taken by some participants in the parade were freely recreating the third spaces of alternative meanings and practices in private spaces. Some highlights from the parades included a group of Indian dancers in traditional Indian clothing (Fig. 9. 4), school children wearing ethnic or religious elements of clothing (Figs. 9. 5 and 9. 6), variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs (Fig. 9. 7) – the latter representing a telling visual example of heritage in becoming. These public performances of alternative engagement with Norwegian heritage pave the way for a wider acknowledgment of the practices, currently happening in the third space on the backstage of Norwegian society, within the national heritage of Norway. These practices are both unbarred and unobtrusive – giving a visible voice to minority identities but also generally refraining from involving foreign national symbols in the celebrations of Norwegian heritage, with a few exceptions. A lack of foreign flags in celebrations intensifies the impression that these not-obvious interpretations of Norwegian heritage belong nowhere else but to Norway. This strong statement, however, does have a few doubts associated with it, one being: To what extent are alternative practices acknowledged and accepted in official narrations of the event? The answer remained blurred until the 2020 celebrations, which were conducted according to a strict sanitary regime and hence with little space for the free public initiatives of individuals. Fig. 9. 4Indian dancers at the parade for the Day. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 5Schoolchildren at the parade wearing ethnic elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 6Schoolchildren at the parade wearing religious elements of clothing. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size imageFig. 9. 7Variations on traditional Norwegian folk dresses, including combining the bunad with Islamic hijabs. (Photo: Karolina Nikielska-Sekuła)Full size image 2020 “Corona” Celebrations of a in sensitising concepts to steer my attention towards visual, sensory and verbal 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the importance of cultural expressions and representations, such as clothing, hairstyles, and languages during community parades, which highlights that cultural practices are complex and multifaceted, going beyond genetic determinants. It emphasizes how public performances of Norwegian heritage allow for a visible voice for minority identities and shows cultural practices as shaped by social and historical contexts rather than being solely dictated by genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 5zH (where zH is mean height of the roughness elements), so that the mixing of roof and canyon air is accomplished (see Fig. 2. 7). For an urban environment, there is currently no standard method for extrapolating air temperature data down towards screen level (2 m in height). Fig. 2. 6Thermal and humidity measures on the horizontal scale in a densely built-up areaFull size image Fig. 2. 7The height scale of thermal measurements in a densely built-up areaFull size image Other facts to consider during the placement of a thermometer in urban environments: Careful attention to radiation shielding and ventilation is highly recommended. Use of the same sensor assemblies (with/without shields and ventilation) inside a network is strongly advised in order to avoid inter-site differences. Surface temperature is not commonly measured at urban stations; its measurement is only possible using infrared remote sensing or a downward-facing pyrgeometer, or by employing one or more radiation thermometers for which the combined field of view covers a representative sample of the urban district. 4. 2 HumidityThe instruments normally used for measuring humidity can be used in urban areas. The siting and exposure of air temperature sensors presented in the previous 2. 6 and 2. 7). For humidity measurement, the same sensor is used as in temperature sampling. Because urban environments are far dirtier than rural sites (in terms of dust, oils, and pollutants), thermometers and hygrometers require increased maintenance and frequent service. Yearly changing and calibration are strongly advised. The provision of shielding from extraneous sources of solar and long-wave radiation is also recommended. 4. 3 and DirectionWind speed and direction are very sensitive to flow distortion by obstacles including effects of local relief due to hills, valleys, and cliffs, sharp changes in roughness or in the effective surface elevation (zd: zero-plane displacement length), perturbation of flow around clumps of trees and buildings, obstacles in the form of individual trees and buildings (Fig. 2. 8),Fig. 2. 8Typical two-dimensional airflow and a vertical wind structure around a building (Figures after Halitsky 1963)Full size image disturbances induced by the physical bulk of the tower or mounting arm to which the instrument is attached. In choosing the height for wind measurement, some basic principles should be considered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methods and considerations for measuring temperature and humidity in urban environments, but it does not provide any direct information or evidence regarding the impact of urban heat islands on climate change effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: The results of the RT analysis are consistent with dual-process theories that view intuition as fast and deliberation as time consuming (e. g. , Kahneman, 2003). The significant difference between RTs for photographs and averages may stem from the intuitive nature of visual processing (Hogarth, 2005), as opposed to the deliberative nature of mathematical operations. Note, though, that participants may have understood the terms feels/is differentially within each task (photographs vs. averages). To examine this possibility, we conducted an additional study (N = 20) in which the two thinking manipulations made use of the same neutral choice criteria ("Which picture seems better to you" and "The average of which group seems higher to you"). Overall, the results obtained in this study closely paralleled those of the original manipulation. A two (thinking mode) × two (task type) repeated ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of task type, F(1, 18) = 25. 82, p <. 0001, η 2 =. 59, as well as a significant interaction between thinking mode and task type, F(1, 18) = 13. 29, p <. 005, η 2 =. 43. We further conducted several planned comparisons. On the photograph task, fewer transitivity violations were made on intuitive judgments (M = 1. 1, SD = 1. 66), so that they were more consistent than were analytical judgments (M = 2. 7, SD = 2. 21), and this difference was statistically significant, F(1, 18) = 3. 34, p <. 05, one-tailed. On the average task, more transitivity violations were made on intuitive judgments (M = 9. 0, SD = 4. 64) than on analytical judgments (M = 4. 0, SD = 3. 4), and this difference was statistically significant, F(1, 18) = 7. 55, p <. 05. The relative advantage of the intuitive and analytical modes was contingent on task characteristics. This pattern of results replicates our main finding of an interaction between thinking mode and task characteristics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that supports the dual-process theory, which distinguishes between intuitive and analytical thinking. It describes how the results of the analysis align with the theory, noting that intuition is viewed as a fast process while deliberation is more time-consuming. Furthermore, the findings from the study reinforce the claim, as they discuss the differences in transitivity violations between intuitive and analytical judgments across different task types.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 1 Spaces of vs in Multicultural SocietiesThere is an inconsistency between a wide range of alternative practices around Day celebrations – which constitute heritage in becoming and are exercised within the described third spaces – and the extent to which they are acknowledged in official narrations of the event. (2000), and Bissoondath (1994) criticised about Australian and Canadian multiculturalism seems to be true for the municipality of Drammen’s idea of accommodating diversity within the national-day celebrations. They both pointed out a paradox present in the respective countries, where cultural difference is accommodated within a common discourse to legitimise the multicultural character of the nation. However, this is done in a superficial way and with no recognition of alternative cultural practices. My data show that the municipality of Drammen, in its design of the 2020 celebrations, prioritised sameness in relation to cultural practices throughout the streaming, omitting alternative celebration practices popular among the ethnically diverse population of Drammen. Featuring the diversity focused mostly on a (somewhat limited) inclusion of minorities in the live streaming: a presenter of colour, performers of minority background and a few oral 7. 2 ChangeThe alternative practices described here, along with the attempts at their manifestation in a public space of dominant cultural discourse, initiate the de facto change of the Norwegian national heritage. This change happens through the everyday negotiations of cultural difference (Neal et al. , 2013, p. 310; see also Vertovec, 2015) by the actors. Individuals, of both minority and native background, engage with the national heritage of Norway, adapting it to the multicultural setting of the localities which they inhabit. Through their practices, the third space emerges, featuring what I call a “heritage in becoming” (Nikielska-Sekula, 2019): individual interpretations of the genealogical model of national heritage adjusted to the current circumstances of the present, whether spatial, cultural, structural or other. Along with the agents of change, those of non-change are active in the form of powerful actors shaping official narrations of Norwegian heritage, as well as bottom-up commentators and the media opposing or criticising the change. (2004) and Soja (2009, p. 58) indicate that the third space resembles the space of cultural difference beyond the universalist frameworks of liberal democracies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of cultural practices and highlighting that understanding them requires more than just genetic studies. It discusses how cultural differences are negotiated and represented in public events, illustrating that cultural heritage is adaptable and shaped by social interactions and historical context, which cannot be captured solely through genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: The standard height for rural wind observations is 10 m above ground, at a horizontal distance from obstructions of at least 10 times the height of the obstacle. Following this guideline is difficult in typical urban districts; where a patch of at least 100 m radius would be required around 10 m-high buildings and trees. In a densely built-up area where the effects of individual roughness elements persist, the top of roughness sublayer is about 1. 5zH, meaning that the recommended anemometer height is at least 15 m if the closest buildings are 10 m high. Problems of turbulence and vortex flow, resulting from inappropriately placing anemometers behind a building, can be avoided by mounting the sensors, as shown in Fig. 2. 8. The recommended height for airflow detection in urban environments is summarized below, with distinctions among different LCZs: In urban districts with low element height and density (such as LCZ 6, LCZ 7, LCZ 8, and LCZ 9), it may be possible to use a site where the “open country” standard exposure guidelines can be met. To use the 10 m height, the closest obstacles should be at least 10 times their height from the anemometer and no more than about 6 m high on average. In more densely built-up districts (such as LCZ 1 and LCZ 2) with relatively uniform element height and density (buildings and trees), wind speed and direction measurements should be taken with the anemometer mounted on a mast of open construction at a minimum height of 1. 5 times the mean height of the elements. In urban districts (such as LCZ 4 and LCZ 5) with scattered tall buildings, the recommendations are as in previous point, but with special attention toward avoiding the wake zone of the tall structures. According to Harman I. N. , 2003, setting up an urban climate station in a street canyon requires consideration of different airflows, depending on canyon sizes. Horizontal air currents above the roof level create eddies, caused by flow blockage from buildings. If the street canyon is wide enough, the current system within the street canyon consists of two parts: one part that has closed circulation, and another part which is blown through. The ratio of these two, easily discernible parts depends on the buildings and the width of the street. If the width of the street is at least three times the height of the buildings (Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed technical guidelines on determining appropriate heights for wind measurements in urban environments. However, it does not address the relationship between urban heat islands and climate change effects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: General discussionIn view of the controversy about the relative advantage of the two thinking modes in decision making, (Gilovich & Griffin, 2010; Hogarth, 2005; Inbar, Cone, & Gilovich, 2010), the question posed by the present research is whether the relative capability of the analytical and intuitive modes to make good decisions is mediated by the nature of the decision task (analytical or intuitive). Together, the experiments conducted here provide strong support for the hypothesis that the compatibility between thinking mode and task characteristics determines which mode is optimal in each case. On pictorial tasks, intuitive thinking resulted in fewer transitivity violations (more consistency across choices) than did analytical thinking, whereas on numerical tasks, analytical deliberation led to more consistency than did intuitive thinking. The validity of these findings is strengthened by the parallel patterns of outcomes obtained across three different studies reported here, under different sets of intuitive and analytical tasks, as well as by different manipulations. These results strengthen and extend the findings reported by Hammond et al. (1987) and by McMackin and Slovic (2000). Since previous results were subject to alternative explanations, the present study was designed to avoid similar pitfalls. (1) Information was presented in a uniform format across conditions, unlike in Hammond et al. (1987). (2) A uniform measure was used for both the intuitive and the analytical tasks. As has been pointed out by Payne, Bettman, and Johnson (1993), only a uniform measure can provide a true comparison that involves no alternative explanations of the use of each thinking mode. (3) Looking at transitivity relations and violations across choices offers a measure of consistency that was missing in previous studies whose focus was on simple effects alone (e. g. , McMackin & Slovic, 2000). The present results can resolve some of the contradictory findings found in the literature. Note that many studies that stressed the strength of intuition drew on stimuli that presented events in a manner similar to real life, mostly using pictorial stimuli (e. g. , Levine, Halberstadt, & Goldstone, 1996; Wilson et al. , 1993). Thus, stimuli that showed the superiority of intuitive thinking were likely to involve a larger affective component, offering no algorithm by which to integrate cues (e. g. , Dijksterhuis, 2004; Dijksterhuis et al. , 2006; Wilson et al. , 1993; Wilson & Schooler, 1991). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relative capabilities of analytical and intuitive modes of thinking in decision making. It highlights how the compatibility between each thinking mode and the characteristics of the decision task determines which mode is optimal, effectively demonstrating the principles of dual-process theory. The study's findings support the notion that intuitive thinking excels in pictorial tasks, while analytical thinking is better suited for numerical tasks, thereby illustrating the distinct roles of the two processes proposed by dual-process theory.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: The third space, therefore, goes beyond the generalised oppositions in a given social setting, revealing the alternative social and cultural formations that can be classified neither as a majority nor as an “opposition”. The alternative practices presented in this 1. In this 2. All translations from Polish and Norwegian are the author’s. 3. Some researchers argued that the concept of whiteness is fundamental to the construction of Norwegianness (Jacobsen & Andersson, 2012, p. 14), imposing a binary opposition between the definition of Norwegians and immigrants (Gullestad, 2006, 4. However, there are institutional attempts to do so, e. g. through various exhibitions and events hosted by the Museum in Oslo. 214. M. (2018, May 11). Det er en naturlig og logisk reaksjon å ikke like andre flagg på nasjonaldagen. Nettavisen. H. (2004). The location of culture (2nd ed. ). Routledge. 120. M. (2008). Heterotopias of difference. In M. Dehaene & L. (Eds. ), Heterotopia and the city: Public space in a postcivil society (27. B. (2009). A place where the soul can rest. In B. Hooks (Ed. ), Belonging: A culture of place (196. R. (1972). Verbal communication. Scientific American, 227, 72–80. 641. M. (2018). Local communities of artistic practices and the slow emergence of a “post-racial” generation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(6), 1146–1162. 1127. S. (2015). Diversities old and new: Migration and socio-spatial patterns in New York. Palgrave Macmillan. Book 10. 1186/s40878-017-0057-zDownload 4. 0 ( which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 10. 1007/978-3-031-39900-8_9Download citation. RIS. ENW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that cultural practices involve complex social formations that cannot be entirely captured by genetic studies. It discusses alternative social and cultural formations and suggests that understanding culture requires consideration of factors beyond genetics, indicating that the claim oversimplifies the understanding of cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 9a), then the eddying air currents have no effect whatsoever on the neighboring building, and the street canyon has free airflow. Fig. 2. 9Typical air flow in a street canyon (a) H/W ratio is 1/3 (b) H/W ratio around 1/2 (c) a narrow streetFull size image If the width of the street is gradually decreased within the model, then the closed eddy will dominate the entire width of the street, resulting in the characteristic feature that the direction of the prevailing wind blowing at street level is the opposite of the direction of the currents at roof level (Fig. 2. 9b). If the width of the street is narrowed further, so that the ratio of the height of the buildings and the width of the street exceeds 2/3 (Fig. 2. 9c), then the entire street canyon will be characterized by a closed eddy that prevents airing through, causing hot air to become trapped and allowing air pollutants produced by motor vehicles to accumulate. 4. 4 PrecipitationIn urban areas, instruments and methods for the measurement of precipitation are the same as an open site. The measurement of precipitation (such as rain or snow) is very susceptible to changes in airflow in the vicinity of the measurement. In urban environments, measurement errors are associated with the following main causes: the interception of precipitation during its trajectory to the ground by nearby collecting surfaces, such as tress and buildings, hard surfaces near the gauge which may cause splash-in into the gauge, and over-hanging objects which may drip precipitation into the gauge, the spatial complexity of the wind field around obstacles in the LCZ, causing significant localized concentration or absence of rain- or snow-bearing airflow, the gustiness of the wind in combination with the physical presence of the gauge itself, causing anomalous turbulence around it and leading to under- or over-catch. In open country, standard exposure requires that obstacles should be no closer than two times their height. In some ways, this guideline is less restrictive than for temperature, humidity, or wind measurements. However, in the UCL the turbulent activity created by flow around sharp-edged buildings is more severe than that around natural obstacles, and it may persist for greater distances in their wake. Again, the highly variable wind speed and direction encountered on the roof of a building make rooftops sites to be avoided. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban heat islands and their impact on climate change. Instead, it focuses on topics such as air currents in street canyons, precipitation measurement errors in urban areas, and the effects of building height and width on airflow. These discussions do not provide information or evidence that corroborates or contrasts with the idea that urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The search for extraterrestrial life involves studying extremophiles on Earth. [SEP] Text: Bennett offers a host of lessons here not only about global warming and environmental degradation, but our place in the universe as well. ---by planet, moon by moon, [Beyond UFOs] explores the possibility of life elsewhere in this solar system. It then speculates about other solar systems in our galaxy where, according to the prevailing scientific view, simple life almost surely exists and intelligent life is plausible. For the most part, Bennett's search for extraterrestrial life adds up to a very satisfying package. . . . At its core, this book delivers a combination that is hard to beat: solid yet highly speculative science plus accessible prose that add up to an out-of-this-world reading experience. ---Fred Bortz, Seattle TimesIn cogent and entertaining language, astrophysicist and popular writer Bennett explains that the determining factor in whether we can locate intelligent life elsewhere in the universe is whether such a civilization--and our own--can continue long enough to develop the highly sophisticated technology needed for interstellar travel. . . Bennett does a wonderful job of explaining the conditions necessary for simple life, how we might discern its existence and where we should be looking. He then does the same thing for intelligent life. While he is fair to those who believe life is incredibly rare, he makes a compelling case that life is likely to be abundant. "Precise, accurate, lucid, and engaging. This is popular-science writing at its best. I enjoyed reading this book. "—"This is a fascinating book about the living universe, well-written and timely. "—David Morrison, coauthor of System and Voyages to the PlanetsThis is a highly readable and enjoyable book that centers on astrobiology--a discipline that melds astronomy, biology, geology--and a little bit of luck--to explore the prospect of life on other worlds. . . . Bennett is an excellent writer, taking the reader on an exploration quest to find alien life, and how difficult solar system sleuthing can be, such as on Mars, Jupiter's Europa, or on Saturn's Titan. You'll also find an excellent treatment on current activities surrounding the on-going search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Winner of the 2010 US Review of Books's in Culture"With the possible exception of the God question, I can think of no subject that has inspired such wide-eyed wonder and speculation as the matter of whether or not we are alone in the cosmos. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding studying extremophiles on Earth in the search for extraterrestrial life. Instead, it focuses on the broader themes of the potential for life on other planets, the factors that contribute to discovering such life, and the exploration of astrobiology without mentioning extremophiles. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 조선 왕족과 가까운 사이를 유지하며 명성황후의 암살과 장례식·제사를 경험하고, 고종과 순종의 죽음과 국장도 경험했고 이런 사건들에 대한 기록 역시 남겼다. 게다가, 일본 총독부의 한국 장례식, 무덤 문화에 관한 개입을 목격했고, 양화진 외국인 묘지와 기타 근대적 공동묘지에 대해도 알고 있었으며, 기타 동시대의 역사적 인물의 죽음과 장례에 대해도 언급했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific historical events and cultural practices related to Korean funerals and burial customs, indicating that understanding such practices requires more than just genetic studies. The mention of experiences with royal traditions and Japanese involvement in Korean funeral culture highlights the complexity of cultural practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: With regard to precipitation gauges in urban areas, the following guidelines are recommended: Gauges should be located in open sites within the city, where the standard exposure criteria can be met (for example, playing fields, open parkland with a low density of trees, urban airports). Gauges should be located in conjunction with wind instruments if a representative exposure for them is found. Gauges should not be located on the roofs of buildings unless they are exposed at a sufficient height to avoid the wind envelope of the building. The measurement of snowfall depth should be taken at an open site or, if made at developed sites, a large spatial sample should be obtained to account for the inevitable drifting around obstacles. Such sampling should include streets oriented in different directions. Dew, ice, and fog precipitation also occurs in cities and can be of significance to the water budget, especially for certain surfaces. These forms of precipitation may also be relevant to applications such as plant diseases, insect activity, road safety, and finding supplementary sources for water resources. 4. 5 Solar RadiationSolar radiation data are very useful inputs for several climate variables, such as atmospheric stability; daytime cloud activity; turbulence statistics; the fluxes of momentum, heat, and water vapor; determination of mixing height; and pollutant dispersion and models. The data can also be used to represent daylight levels in buildings and pedestrian comfort. Adding solar radiation measurements to an automatic station is very simple, relatively inexpensive, and highly recommended. Solar radiation measurement sites are often located in rural or remote locations specifically to avoid the aerosol and gaseous pollutants of cities that “contaminate” their records. For stations located in built-up areas, only incoming solar (global) radiation is likely to be measured; neither incoming long wave nor any fluxes with outgoing components are monitored. All short- and long-wave fluxes are affected by the spatial properties of the atmosphere and the surface of cities, and the same is true for the net all-wave radiation balance that effectively drives the urban energy balance. The placement of solar radiation sensors on the top of high building is a widely used and preferable practice that avoids horizon obstructions. The principal exposure requirement for monitoring direct solar radiation is freedom from obstructions to the solar beam at all times and seasons of the year. Furthermore, the site should be chosen so that the incidence of fog, smoke, and airborne pollution is as typical as possible for the surrounding area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses guidelines for precipitation gauges and solar radiation measurements in urban areas, but it does not address urban heat islands or their impact on climate change in any way. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the historical narrative and scientific exploration regarding the origins of life on Earth, particularly through the work of Andrew H. Knoll, a prominent paleontologist. The text emphasizes the importance of understanding early life, which is directly aligned with the assertion that life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago. The mention of ongoing exploration from Earth to Mars also alludes to the possibility of life elsewhere, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 그래서 필립 아리에스 (Philippe Ariès, 1914-1984)의 대표적 죽음 관련 연구로부터 본격적으로 진행되기 시작한 “죽음”의 역사성 연구에 공헌하려고 한다. 윤치호 일기를 통해, 조선 근대화의 갈림길에 썬 윤치호가, 커다란 시대적 변화 속에서, 삶의 끝으로 불변성 강한 “죽음”에 대해 어떻게 인식한지 알아볼 시도이다. 또한 “죽음”에 불변성이 있더라도, 장례 문화는 시대 배경에 따라 당연히 바뀔 것이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that cultural practices, specifically concerning death, are influenced by historical context and can change over time, even if certain elements, like the concept of death, may appear constant. This indicates that understanding culture requires more than just genetic studies, as it must also include historical and social factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, incoming solar radiation is a fundamental forcing variable of urban climate, so its measurement has a high priority in the establishment of an urban automatic station, where its assessment is quite simple and relatively inexpensive. The instruments for measuring incoming radiation fluxes are listed in Table 2. 1. The following recommendations should be observed when pyranometers and other incoming flux sensors might be installed:Table 2. 1 Meteorological radiation instruments used in a networkFull size table Mount the sensor at some height. Choose a site free of vibration, such as a stable platform or the roof of a tall building (often ideal). Make sure that the site is free from any obstructions (buildings, hills, towers, trees). Avoid excessive reflection from very light-colored walls above the local horizon. In polluted environments, upper domes should be cleaned on a daily basis. On the other hand, the reflection of solar radiation, the emission and reflection of long-wave radiation from the underlying surface, and the net results of short-, long- and all-wave radiant fluxes are seldom and poorly observed in urban environments. Difficulties in measuring include finding a representative area of urban surface. In cases of standard exposure, the sensor height is 2 m over a short grass surface. Over an urban area, greater height is necessary to be representative for the given LCZ. Consider a radiometer at a height of 20 m (at the top of a 10 m mast mounted on a 10 m- high building) in a densely developed district (such as LCZ 1, LCZ 2, LCZ4, or LCZ 5). The radiometer faces downward toward the surface. In this case, the 90 % source area has a diameter of 120 m at ground level, which might be sufficient to detect surface structures involving roofs, walls, roads, and ground surface that are in the sun or in shade. It is generally recommended that downward-facing radiometers be placed at least height of 2zH, and preferably higher. The radiative properties of the immediate surroundings of the radiation mast should be representative of the urban district of interest. The backs of inverted sensors are exposed to solar heating, which can be prevented by shielding and insulation. In finding a suitable height for a measuring mast, the maintenance and cleaning of instrument domes should be taken into account to avoid any difficulties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on the methods and technical considerations for measuring solar radiation in urban environments. It does not address the concept of urban heat islands or their relationship with climate change, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: Knoll's book will appeal to anyone interested in the evolution of life on Earth. ""This is not a textbook but rather a story, giving one person's view of how the jigsaw pieces fit together. It is written in flowing prose with many asides, personal anecdotes and explanations of what evidence there is and how it is used. . . . [F]or ecologists the book has much to offer in putting the early evolution of life into perspective. ""The author weaves a beautifully written, fascinating story of life's origin and development based on his extensive field studies and research in the most remote corners of the globe. . . . This volume. . . is a most valuable asset that should be read by scientists active in the field, by teachers and students who are interested in the most recent thoughts on the subject, and, in fact, by anyone who is interested in how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe. "---Nathan Dubowsky, & Films"A detective story to match the best crime fiction. It is told withverve. "---Paul Nettleton, The Guardian"Knoll is well placed to tell this amazing story, and he does so with verve. "---Douglas Palmer, New Scientist"A balanced, excellent account of current theories and discussions of the origin and early evolution of life. . . . Knoll is able to convey difficult scientific issues with a minimum of jargon, using a brisk and witty prose. . . He is a gifted storyteller with a knack for choosing the right anecdote. . . . A browse through Knoll's book will enlighten both the cognoscenti and those unfamiliar with the complexities of reading a fossil record. . . . Knoll manages to present a multidisciplinary field in an interdisciplinary volume. "---Antonio Lazcano, American Scientist"Life on a stands apart from it predecessors in two fundamental respects. First, Knoll is perhaps the most qualified person to write such an epic: a renaissance man whose text is filled with insightful quotes from authors ranging from Darwin to Dickins to Dyson. . . . Second. . . this book describes the coevolution of life on Earth as an integrated biochemical system that has profoundly and irrevocably changed over time. "---Guy M. Narbonne, Science"is an ideal guide through this early phase of life's history on the Earth. . . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the origin and early evolution of life on Earth, which is central to the claim. The mention of Knoll's book addressing the story of life's origin and evolution reflects on the scientific inquiry into how life began on our planet and implies the consideration of similar possibilities on other planets. Phrases such as 'how life might have originated and evolved on this planet or on other similar planets in our Universe' directly support the idea that life could also exist elsewhere, tying back to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cultural practices can be entirely understood through genetic studies alone. [SEP] Text: 윤지호가 기독교와 일제 통제로 인해 바꿔가는 장례문화에 대한 인식을 추구함으로써 근대화를 늘 우선한 윤치호의 조선 전통문화와의 대립에 대해도 엿 볼 수 있을 것이다. 결과적으로 보면, 윤치호가 젊은 시절부터 조선을 지옥으로 생각했음을 일기에서 알 수 있는데, 조선이 곧 지옥이라면 사후에야 갈 수 있는 하늘은 이 조선의 대안이었다. 나이 많은 윤치호 개인에게도 죽음은 곧 더 행복한 세계의 구상이었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cultural implications surrounding the funeral practices as influenced by historical contexts. It emphasizes that cultural understanding, as seen through the figure of 윤치호’s experiences and thoughts, cannot be reduced solely to genetics. The mention of modernity versus traditional culture indicates that cultural practices are influenced by historical and societal factors beyond genetic studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 5 in Urban EnvironmentsThe meteorological elements to be measured, in order of priority, are: Air temperature Surface temperature (natural, artificial) Soil temperature (optionally) Air humidity Wind speed and direction, mean wind profile Precipitation Radiation, incoming fluxes, outgoing and net fluxes, sunshine duration Visibility, meteorological optical range (MOR) Evaporation (optionally) Soil moisture (optionally) Atmospheric pressure (if there is no synoptic station in the vicinity) Cloud cover Present weather. Operational measurement uncertainty requirements and instrument performance for standard near surface meteorological measurements are summarized in WMO Guidance, 2008. Among the technical parameters, it is highly advisable to study the accuracy requirements for the following parameters before planning a new meteorological site: range, reported resolution, mode of measurement/observation, required measurement uncertainty, sensor time constant, output averaging time, and achievable measurement uncertainty. In the case of meteorological elements, the technical requirements recommended for urban climate meteorological observations are listed in Table 2. 2. In any case, a description of measurement techniques, sensors characteristics, sampling procedures, calibration, and maintenance requirements are published in the user’s guide or manual of each sensor to be set up. Figure 2. 10 depicts a well-equipped urban meteorological and air quality station. Table 2. 2 Accuracy requirements for surface meteorological measurementsFull size table Fig. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding urban heat islands or their relationship to climate change effects. Instead, it discusses meteorological measurement techniques and instrumentation, which is unrelated to the claim.