Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: There was also no statistical interaction by sex, age, race, weight status, or diabetes mellitus status with cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality for all indexes (P>0. 05 for interaction for all tests). DiscussionIn this community‐based cohort of US adults without cardiovascular disease at baseline, we found that higher adherence to an overall plant‐based diet or a provegetarian diet, diets that are higher in plant foods and lower in animal foods, was associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality. Healthy plant‐based diets, which are higher in whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, tea, and coffee and lower in animal foods, were associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality. Our study is one of the few studies that used data from a general population. Prospective studies of Seventh‐in the and Canada found that vegetarians had a lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality compared with nonvegetarians. 4 The EPIC (Cancer and Nutrition)‐Oxford study of vegetarians, vegans, and health‐conscious individuals reported that the risk of incident ischemic heart disease and deaths caused by circulatory disease was lower in vegetarians than nonvegetarians. 5, 24 However, these findings were not replicated in population‐based studies in Australia and the United States. 6, 13 Notably, a prior study that used data from a nationally representative sample administered a brief questionnaire that assessed the frequency with which participants consumed specific types of animal food (red meat, processed meat, poultry, or fish or seafood) to characterize participants’ dietary intakes. 6 Such dietary measurement may not have adequately represented dietary patterns on the basis of abundance of plant foods relative to animal foods. The plant‐based diet indexes we used in this study captured a wider spectrum of intake of plant foods and animal foods, leveraging the available dietary data, and allowed us to move away from defining plant‐based diets strictly based on exclusion of animal foods. Our results on overall plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality are consistent with previous studies that used the PDI and provegetarian diet index. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that higher adherence to an overall plant-based diet was associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality. This aligns directly with the claim that plant-based diets provide health benefits, specifically regarding heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: As an example, Halford and Sheehan note that if people have faith that technological solutions to climate change can be found, they might ignore climate change messaging28. Nickerson adds that this preferential treatment of information is done unintentionally, even if it is motivated by an interest in defending one’s beliefs27. Further, it not only applies to false beliefs but also true beliefs, making one’s certainty in those beliefs stronger than the evidence suggests27. The current polarization over climate change demonstrates confirmation bias in both directions29. Nickerson describes five different types of confirmation biases: 1) hypothesis-determined information seeking, when people seek out information to support their hypothesis or beliefs and then interpret it in a way that supports their beliefs; 2) the preferential treatment of evidence supporting existing beliefs, or “my-side bias,” putting greater emphasis on information that supports their beliefs and downplaying, ignoring, forgetting, or inaccurately recalling contradictory information; 3) looking only or primarily for positive cases, resulting in “illusory” confirmation; 4) overweighting positive confirmatory instances, that is, requiring less confirmatory evidence to accept a hypothesis and more to reject it; and 5) seeing what one is looking for, that is, finding patterns where none necessarily exist27. Attitudes and in the series1 has been tracking opinions of US residents on global warming since 2008. 2023 survey indicated that 72 percent of Americans think that global warming is happening, and 58 percent acknowledge that it is primarily human-caused. In that survey, 65 percent of respondents indicated that they were somewhat or very worried about global warming. Worry has been found to be a motivator and predictor of climate policy support30. Results from a representative 2016–2017 pan-Canadian survey showed higher levels for each of these questions: 92 percent thought climate change was happening, 70 percent thought it was mainly human-caused, and 76 were somewhat or very worried2. Global Warming’s Six Americas, based on the above US survey series, categorises the US population according to their degree of concern about climate change3. Out of a continuum of Alarmed, Concerned, Cautious, Disengaged, Doubtful, and Dismissive about global warming, Concerned has perennially been the most popular category. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating a widespread concern about climate change across various populations, particularly highlighting survey results indicating that 72 percent of Americans believe global warming is happening, with 65 percent expressing significant worry about it. Furthermore, the Canadian survey shows even higher levels of concern, where 92 percent acknowledge climate change is happening. This evidence suggests that climate change is a concern for a broad array of populations, not just limited to certain countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 8% used a combination of in situ surveys and image or video analysis methods. Bleaching response metrics were widely inconsistent across studies (Table S2). For 62. 2% of studies (46 out of 74; Table S2), colonies were categorized as either completely bleached, mostly, somewhat, or slightly bleached, pale or mottled, affected by bleaching, “healthy”, or other ad hoc categories as denoted by authors. These studies used the proportion of colonies that fell within each category to quantify bleaching prevalence for a given genus and/or species. A similar approach used by 21. 6% of studies (16 out of 74; Table S2) involved scoring colonies by their bleaching severity category (0% bleached, 1–20% bleached, 21–50% bleached, etc. ) and calculating a weighted mean for each taxon representing bleaching index (also known as “BI”, Bleaching Response, or Index). Alternatively, rather than categorizing the bleaching state of an entire colony, 4. 1% of studies (three out of 74; Table S2) estimated the percentage of surface area within a colony that appeared bleached, although these within-colony observations were much less common. 10. 8% of studies (eight out of 74; Table S2) used qualitative observations (e. g. , “Acropora was more impacted than Porites”) based on descriptions from the field. One study (Knipp et al. , 2020) compared the health scores of individual colonies (via the color reference card from Siebeck et al. (2006)) against SST anomalies at the time of bleaching in order to rank taxa by their “cross-correlation coefficient”. To our knowledge, this is the only study to incorporate both regional thermal stress and coral color response data. 58. 1% of studies (43 out of 74; Table S3) designated bleaching observations only to coral genus rather than to the species level. Given that coral taxonomy is complicated, arbitrary whether through imagery or in situ, and continually changing (Veron, 2011), even species-specific studies sometimes grouped certain taxa by genus or species complex (e. g. , the Montastraea annularis species complex comprising M. annularis, M. faveolata, and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it focuses on various methods and studies related to coral bleaching metrics, which is unrelated to the topic of agriculture or plant cultivation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: In a study of Spanish adults who were at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease, higher adherence to a provegetarian diet index was associated with a 53% lower risk of cardiovascular disease mortality and a 34% lower risk of all‐cause mortality. 10 In a study of nurses and health professionals in the United States, higher adherence to PDI was associated with a 8% lower risk of coronary heart disease. 12 In our study, higher scores in PDI and provegetarian diet index were associated with a 16% to 24% lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality, and higher intakes of animal products were associated with an elevated risk of all of 3 outcomes. Results from our study suggest that progressively increasing the intake of plant foods by reducing the intake of animal foods is associated with benefits on cardiovascular health and mortality risk. Our results on higher intakes of animal foods and higher risk of cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality are in line with many observational studies that reported that higher intakes of animal foods, particularly red and processed meat, are associated with an elevated risk of these outcomes. 4, 5, 25, 26 Our results are also consistent with previous studies of vegetarian diets that characterized participants’ diets on the basis of the degree of animal food consumption. 24 In our sample, those in the highest quintiles of PDI and provegetarian diet index had higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, fiber, polyunsaturated fats, and many micronutrients and lower intakes of red and processed meat and saturated fat. All these characteristics can contribute to a lower risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering blood pressure and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, reducing inflammation, and improving glycemic control. 27, 28, 29However, our results diverged from a prior study that found a lower risk of coronary heart disease with an hPDI and an elevated risk with a uPDI. It is surprising that no association was observed for hPDI and cardiovascular disease in our study, given that higher intakes of foods that have been associated with a lower risk with coronary heart disease were scored higher (fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and plant proteins) in hPDI. When we modeled individual food groups within the plant‐based diet indexes simultaneously, we found that foods that were considered less healthy (ie, potatoes) were inversely associated with incident cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that higher adherence to a provegetarian diet index is associated with significant reductions in cardiovascular disease mortality and all-cause mortality. The study details that higher scores in plant-based diet indexes correlated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, supporting the assertion that plant-based diets have health benefits, particularly in reducing risks associated with heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A 2017 survey from the of showed that 25 percent of Canadians were Alarmed, 45 percent were Concerned, and the remainder were Disengaged, Doubtful, or Dismissive about climate change4. Despite the concern, 65 percent of US respondents said that they rarely or never talk about global warming with family or friends and only 20 percent heard people they know talking about global warming at least once a month1. While 63 percent of Americans felt some personal responsibility to help reduce global warming, only 40 percent felt normative expectations from others to do so (injunctive norm) and only 35 percent believed that their family and friends were doing so (descriptive norm). Not surprisingly, those who perceived these norms were more likely to talk about global warming5. Of the Alarmed, 83 percent in the United States5 and 95 percent in Canada4 talked about climate change with friends and family occasionally or often. In the United States, only 38 percent of the Concerned and less than 15 percent of the other categories did so5. In Canada, the Concerned were much less likely than the Alarmed to feel very informed about climate change or very confident in their beliefs, and they were also much less likely to talk about climate change with family and friends4. Discussing climate change with family and friends is a step towards climate action, however, as it creates “a positive feedback loop that encourages deeper engagement with the issue of climate change” and also demonstrates that others care about the issue6. The lack of norms to discuss or act on climate change can be compared with Norway, where Norgaard found that people had a tacit agreement not to talk about climate change despite obvious changes in their weather patterns which were affecting their economically- and culturally-significant sport of skiing14. Geiger and Swim also discussed a culture of silence related to climate change31. In surveys of university students, they found that a reluctance to talk about climate change was related to one’s perception that other people had a different view of climate change than oneself. Further, the reluctance was related to fear of appearing incompetent in the discussion, rather than fear of being disliked. Thus, this reluctance could be overcome by learning more31. Another obstacle to talking about or acting on climate change is the finite pool of worry, wherein individuals have “only so much capacity for worry”32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that concern about climate change exists across multiple countries, as evidenced by the survey results from both Canadians and Americans. It indicates that while some populations may be Alarmed or Concerned, others feel Disengaged or Dismissive. The diversity of responses suggests that climate change is an issue that affects more than just a select group of countries or populations, highlighting a global engagement rather than a localized concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: franksi, which have since been moved to Orbicella). In terms of sampling time frame, observations were taken anywhere between immediately at the onset of bleaching (32. 4% of studies), to weeks (27. 0% of studies) or months (12. 2% of studies) later, and up to a year post-bleaching (4. 1% of studies; Table S4), although some of these studies also measured recovery or mortality. Only 24. 3% of studies (18 out of 74; Table S4) had observations of coral bleaching at multiple time points before, during, or after the mass bleaching event. occurrence and magnitude of coral bleaching worldwide is increasing with the progression of climate change (Baker, Glynn & Riegl, 2008; Hughes et al. , 2017a). While the field of coral reef ecology has advanced considerably in the last few decades, bleaching responses are still challenging to predict on a smaller scale (i. e. , taxon or colony-level, or even among adjacent conspecifics). Variability in bleaching responses is to be expected since corals have distinct bleaching thresholds related to temperature fluctuations in a given location (Carilli, Donner & Hartmann, 2012). Variability could also be linked to contextual environmental factors such as high human influence and proximity to urban areas (Sandin et al. 2008; Smith et al. , 2016), although the relationship between isolation from local stressors and coral reef resilience has been contested (Baumann et al. , 2022). Further, while corals with a prior history of bleaching may be more acclimatized to warmer temperatures (Coles et al. , 2018; DeCarlo et al. , 2019) or exhibit local adaptation (Barshis, 2015), climate change is interfering with the potential for coral adaptive mechanisms to support physiological resilience and thermal tolerance (Ainsworth et al. , 2016). Indeed, cumulative and repeated thermal stress events can turn coral taxa previously deemed ‘winners’ into ‘losers’ (Grottoli et al. , 2014), and responses at the population or community level can be related to the extent and intensity of prior heatwaves (Fox et al. , 2021; Wall et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and its relationship to climate change rather than the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Previous studies have shown that plant‐rich diets that incorporated low‐fat dairy products (eg, the to diet) or fish (eg, the Mediterranean‐style diet) were associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. 38, 39, 40, 41 In future studies, it may be worth exploring whether inclusion of dairy or fish in a plant‐based diet is associated with a lower risk of chronic diseases. We add to the existing literature on plant‐based diets and chronic diseases by using a well‐characterized community‐based cohort with repeated dietary assessments and long‐term follow‐up. Several limitations should be accounted for when interpreting the study results. First, dietary intakes were self‐reported, which is subject to measurement error. However, the food frequency questionnaire was administered by trained interviewers, and the food frequency questionnaire has shown to have high reproducibility. 15 Second, we used a sample‐based scoring method to assess the degree of adherence to plant‐based diets. Those in the highest quintiles of all the plant‐based diet scores had higher intakes of plant foods and lower intakes of animal foods. However, we are unable to infer if there is an absolute level of plant food or animal food intake that is associated with health outcomes. Third, dietary intakes were measured several decades ago in the ARIC study; thus, this study may not reflect the modern food supply. Studies with more recent data on plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease are warranted. Last, the possibility of residual confounding remains because of unmeasured or incorrectly measured variables. In conclusion, diets consisting of predominantly plant foods and that are lower in animal foods were associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality in a general population. Dietary patterns that are relatively higher in plant foods and relatively lower in animal foods may confer benefits for cardiovascular health. Considering the adverse outcomes associated with refined carbohydrate consumption,42, 43 future research should continue to explore if the quality of plant foods (either healthy plant foods or less healthy plant foods) within the framework of plant‐based diets is associated with cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality in a general population. Author Contributionswrote the manuscript and analyzed the data; and Rebholz designed the study; Drs Caulfield, Garcia‐Larsen, Steffen, and Coresh contributed important intellectual content during drafting or revising the manuscript. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'diets consisting of predominantly plant foods and that are lower in animal foods were associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease.' This supports the notion that plant-based diets contribute to health benefits, particularly in relation to cardiovascular health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Thirty interviewees were asked to self-identify in terms of Global Warming’s Six Americas3: 40 percent were Alarmed, 47 percent were Concerned, 10 percent were Cautious, and 3 percent were Disengaged regarding climate change. This is skewed towards alarm in comparison to both US3 and Canadian4 general population results but, in all cases, Concerned was the largest category. Asked whether they were worried about climate change, 81 percent said yes, 16 percent said maybe, and 3 percent said no. Climate change discourse This section analyzes the responses to the question: “Has climate change or biodiversity loss caused problems for your organization? Or have you seen changes? ” in conjunction with responses to a series of questions about personal concern about climate change. Three discourses topped the list: science, concern for future generations, and concern about the organization’s activities. Some interviewees engaged in storytelling. Two admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change. Other discourses included skepticism, gradualism, and catastrophism. Science. Ten interviewees mentioned science. These could be subcategorised into science as a defence or science as an activity. Four, who were all employees of regional or provincial organizations, spoke in scientific terms. Much of the research on climate change is from a scientific viewpoint15. Skepticism is largely about a rejection of the climate science16,18. One particularly focused interviewee frequently repeated that “everything we do is science-based,” which sounded like a rehearsed defence, possibly against skeptical members concerned that the organization was acting as part of a political conspiracy19. Other mentions of science were non-controversial. Four interviewees talked about an organizational activity of “citizen science” or “monitoring,” wherein members would track changes in flora, fauna, and/or natural conditions. One of those mentioned the naturalist apps, eBird and iNaturalist, as ways of reporting sightings. Two other interviewees also mentioned themselves or others tracking local conditions less officially. Lack of knowledge. Two middle-aged interviewees admitted a lack of knowledge about climate change, their organizations being more focused on biodiversity loss. Nonetheless, both were Concerned and worried about climate change. Lack of knowledge points to a need for talking about climate change in some organizations as a pathway to action. Concern for future generations. Eight interviewees expressed concern for future generations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a significant percentage of interviewees from various backgrounds expressed concern for climate change, with 81 percent stating they were worried. This suggests that climate change concerns are widespread, contradicting the idea that it only affects certain countries or populations. Additionally, the discourse surrounding climate change reveals a variety of perspectives and activities related to it, highlighting its global relevance rather than being confined to specific groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Here, we reviewed the various ways in which observational bleaching measurements are taken and, after standardizing past measurements, we explored whether coral genera and morphologies showed differential bleaching responses among regions. While coral genera have evolved independently over time and few genera are shared across regions, nor are they equally present within a given region, quantitative comparative studies such as this one can still reveal emerging patterns. Coral reefs are projected to decline in cover on a global scale (Hughes et al. , 2017a; Pandolfi et al. , 2011), yet different regions have been, and will likely continue to be, disproportionately affected by climate change impacts (Shlesinger & Van Woesik, 2023; Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Previously, coral genera were found to have contrasting susceptibilities to bleaching in different sites within (Guest et al. , 2012) and this was thought to correspond to each location’s thermal history; less severe bleaching was associated with greater historical temperature variability. Bleaching was also less common near the equator, where thermal variability is generally higher (McClanahan et al. , 2020; Sully et al. , 2019). Here, our finding that Acropora was less susceptible to bleaching in the Atlantic (Fig. 5) is interesting when considering Caribbean-wide mass declines of Acropora since the 1960s due to disease or local anthropogenic stressors (Cramer et al. , 2021; Cramer et al. , 2020; Perry et al. , 2015). However, perhaps following the loss of less-resilient colonies, the remaining Atlantic acroporids are more stress-tolerant (whether through the physiological traits of the symbionts hosted, a post-disturbance shift to more thermally-tolerant symbionts, and/or acclimatization of the holobiont). Nevertheless, given the inconsistencies in bleaching response metrics (Table S2), it is difficult to standardize results from observational studies on coral bleaching, as discussed by Grottoli et al. (2021) for experimental studies. For example, studies have reported bleaching “prevalence” (e. g. , Williams et al. , 2010), “susceptibility” (Chou et al. , 2016; Dalton et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and the responses of coral species to environmental changes, without any mention of plants or agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Adjusted hazard ratios* and 95% confidence intervals for incident cardiovascular disease according to the continuous less healthy plant‐based diet score (uPDI). Figure S5. Adjusted hazard ratios* and 95% confidence intervals for incident cardiovascular disease for highest vs lowest quintiles of plant‐based diet scores according to sex, age, race, baseline weight status, and baseline diabetes status. Download554. 50 KB1. . Type of vegetarian diet, body weight, and prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:791–796. CrossrefPubMed2. . Health implications of a vegetarian diet: a review. Lifestyle Med. 2012;6:250–267. Crossref3. . Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: a systematic review with meta‐analysis of observational studies. Nutr. 2017;57:3640–3649. CrossrefPubMed4. é J, Jaceldo‐. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Study 2. . 2013;173:1230–1238. CrossrefPubMed5. . Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom. Clin Nutr. 2016;103:218–230. CrossrefPubMed6. ‐. Vegetarian diet and all‐cause mortality: evidence from a large population‐based Australian cohort—the 45 and Up Study. Prev Med. 2017;97:1–7. CrossrefPubMed7. . Mortality among priests. J Health. 1984;38:161–166. CrossrefPubMed8. Chang‐Claude J, Frentzel‐Beyme R, Eilber U. Mortality pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow‐up. Epidemiology. 1992;3:195–401. Crossref9. . Vegetarian diet, Adventists and risk of cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Cardiol. 2014;176:680–686. CrossrefPubMed10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that various studies, as referenced, provide adjusted hazard ratios and confidence intervals related to cardiovascular disease in the context of plant-based diet scores. The mention of multiple studies, such as the systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies and the mortality rates among vegetarians, suggests a comprehensive evaluation of health outcomes associated with plant-based diets, thus aligning with the idea that these diets are linked to lower risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: Six of those directly mentioned fear or worry for their children, grandchildren, future children, students, or simply “future generations. ” This is a form of temporal distancing, in that climate change is seen to be more of a problem in the future7,23. On the other hand, affinity with those affected could increase interest in taking action24. One of the six accepted generational complicity in the problem: “It stresses me that it's my kids that are going to be really seeing the consequences of our mistakes. ” Hanson-Easey et al. found the same sense of collective responsibility in their focus groups7. Two parents of teens expressed concern about the disengagement of young people. One lamented: I look at my children. I think everybody's just disconnected, because they think there's nothing they can do about it and the whole world's gone to hell in a hand basket. And, if you get your youth to disengage, you have a real problem. Hanson-Easey et al. found this to be a moral judgment7, whereas these two interviewees were genuinely worried and at a loss. A ninth interviewee related to this category was himself a Disengaged young person. As a parent of young children, he noted that “of the million things I thought of this week, none of them were climate change. Right? And even in the last, everything that's happened in the last few years, very rarely did I think about climate change. ” The day-to-day worries associated with parenthood could lessen worry about the more nebulous issue of climate change, demonstrating a finite pool of worry7,32,33. Effects on the organization’s activities. Six interviewees focused on the effects of climate change on their organization’s activities. Half were cross-country skiers. Most of the cross-country skiers interviewed agreed that climate change posed a threat to their sport. Not only is the season is getting shorter but, there's definitely this more cyclical pattern of warming and so, you know, particularly recreational skiers, they're not gonna go do a sport where, every time they go out, the conditions are treacherous because it's icy and rainy or, you know, if you can't groom the conditions properly, it becomes really challenging to ski and unpleasant and dangerous. And, so, people will pick something else. Right? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating a widespread concern about climate change among various individuals, particularly parents who express worry for their children and future generations. Statements like 'It stresses me that it's my kids that are going to be really seeing the consequences of our mistakes,' indicate that the concern is not limited to certain countries but rather spans different populations. Additionally, even those who may initially seem disengaged, like the young parent who mentioned climate change only rarely crosses his mind, reflect a complex array of worries that include but are not limited to climate change. These perspectives demonstrate that the concern about climate change is more universally shared, contradicting the claim that it is only an issue for certain groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2020), “sensitivity” (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), “frequency” (Montano et al. , 2010), or “severity” (Guest et al. , 2016), yet these metrics are not necessarily interchangeable since they do not quantify the same aspect of bleaching. Moreover, percent bleaching can refer to either the tissue area that is bleached within a single colony (Glynn et al. , 2001; Montano et al. , 2010) or the proportion of total colonies displaying signs of bleaching as opposed to those that were unaffected (Bruno et al. , 2001; Carroll, Harrison & Adjeroud, 2017; Miller, Piniak & Williams, 2011). Thus, there is a need to consolidate not only our methods for measuring bleaching, which in themselves range in spatial scale and level of resolution (Fig. 4; Table S1), but also our terminology when reporting bleaching. A robust, consistent metric for bleaching and recovery is critical for correctly determining the factors driving these processes. Given that in situ observations are usually taken after the onset of bleaching (Table S4), the timing of surveys with respect to a bleaching event can also confound our interpretations of results (Claar & Baum, 2019). Further, most studies do not identify corals to the species level (Table S3) nor track colonies through time (but see: Ritson-Williams & Gates, 2020). Species-specific measurements at the individual colony level would minimize some of the uncertainty seen in bleaching responses. Additionally, since bleaching incidence is more often observed in areas of higher accumulated thermal stress (Fig. 3), it may be necessary to take into account the magnitude and duration of thermal stress when characterizing bleaching responses. Such analyses are for the most part unprecedented (but see: Knipp et al. , 2020, in which coral coloration was cross-correlated with temperature data) and would lend themselves to more accurate inter-study comparison. We also need to account for prior bleaching history and environmental legacies (Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Brown et al. , 2002; Wall et al. , 2021), since thermal adaptation and resilience has been demonstrated in some cases (Coles et al. , 2018; Guest et al. , 2012; Logan et al. , 2014; Palumbi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses metrics for measuring coral bleaching and recovery, and does not address plants or their cultivation in modern agriculture. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that all historically used plants are still cultivated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Martínez‐González MA, Sánchez‐Tainta A, Corella D, Salas‐Salvadó J, Ros E, Arós F, Gómez‐Gracia E, Fiol M, Lamuela‐Raventós RM, Schröder H, Lapetra J, Serra‐Majem L, Pinto X, Ruiz‐Gutierrez V, Estruch R;. A provegetarian food pattern and reduction in total mortality in the Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea () study. Clin Nutr. 2014;100:320S–328S. CrossrefPubMed11. . Plant‐based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Med. 2016;13:e1002039. CrossrefPubMed12. . Healthful and unhealthful plant‐based diets and the risk of coronary heart disease in U. S. adults. J Cardiol. 2017;70:411–422. CrossrefPubMed13. . Healthy plant‐based diets are associated with lower risk of all‐cause mortality in US adults. J Nutr. 2018;148:624–631. CrossrefPubMed14. . Risk in Communities (ARIC) study: design and objectives. Epidemiol. 1989;129:687–702. CrossrefPubMed15. . Reliability of a food frequency questionnaire by ethnicity, gender, age and education. Nutr Res. 1996;16:735–745. Crossref16. ‐. Plant‐based diets and incident CKD and kidney function. Nephrol. 2019;14:682–691. CrossrefPubMed17. . Community surveillance of coronary heart disease in the in Communities (ARIC) study: methods and initial two years’ experience. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49:223–233. CrossrefPubMed18. . Stroke incidence and survival among middle‐aged adults: 9‐year follow‐up of the in Communities (ARIC) cohort. Stroke. 1999;30:736–743. CrossrefPubMed19. . Heart failure incidence and survival (from the in Communities study). Cardiol. 2008;101:1016–1022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references to studies that support the relationship between plant-based diets and health benefits. It mentions that healthy plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in U.S. adults, as indicated in the referenced studies (e.g., J Cardiol. 2017;70:411–422). Therefore, the evidence presented in the text aligns with the claim that plant-based diets are linked to various health benefits, including reduced risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The other half were hiking and trail maintenance organizations. board member said, People are much more aware of weather and how that affects the different hikes. That's just growing in impact. You know, where before, people, I think, would say, ‘Oh, yeah, we know. It's just a little rain,’ it's, like, ‘Nope, gotta really take this seriously. ’ Concern about the future of one’s chosen recreational pursuit could be a pathway to action on climate change. Skepticism. Skepticism discourse asserts that climate change is not problematic, thereby creating a barrier to discussion18,19. Skepticism was paired with a limited amount of worry about climate change. Two older interviewees demonstrated confirmation bias against action on climate change. One of them, a hiker, noted that “there are more ticks along the trails that can cause Lyme disease. There are more opossums that eat the ticks, so they're a welcoming site [chuckling]. ” This alludes to the skepticism discourse that climate change is natural and also demonstrates my-side bias, giving preferential treatment to the appearance of opossums and downplaying the risk of Lyme disease. Two young interviewees expressed skepticism but also the belief that “we still have a lot of time to, you know, to reverse [climate change] to a certain extent,” evidencing temporal distancing7,23. One of them outlined a wide range of climate change conspiracy theories circulating among young people17,18,19. None of these four were outright deniers but might create obstacles to effectively talking about climate change. Gradualism. The gradualist discourse expects that solutions will be found in time to limit the consequences of climate change13, which could be a barrier to climate action insofar as it limits concern. Two older men were not worried about climate change, expressing hope in our institutions. One explained that “I do feel that we will end up arriving at solutions because they are economically smart decisions. ” This aligns with the ecological modernization discourse8,20 and is the same confirmation bias identified by Halford and Sheehan28. Two additional interviewees embraced the gradualist discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various discourses and attitudes surrounding climate change among different individuals, suggesting that concern about climate change is not confined to certain countries or populations. It refers to hiking communities and individuals expressing varied levels of awareness and concern regarding climate impacts, indicating that people across different demographics engage with the topic. Furthermore, it mentions skepticism and gradualism in attitudes toward climate change, suggesting that the belief in climate change's urgency or lack thereof is not restricted to specific groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2014). For a more nuanced perspective on bleaching, post-stress recovery, and the underlying factors contributing to resilience and/or resistance at physiological and ecosystem scales, it is important to continue monitoring the same individual coral colonies in the long term (>1 year) where possible. Conclusions Here, we show that in situ coral responses to thermal stress not only vary by region, genus, and morphology but also that some genera or morphologies have unique regional responses to thermal stress. This may be due to different regional stressors and adaptation, the duration of incurred thermal stress, and/or population or community-level differences in symbionts and holobionts. However, inconsistencies in bleaching measurements and reporting between studies can obscure specific findings as well as possible causes of this variability. Standardized, quantitatively-compatible bleaching response metrics that incorporate the severity of thermal stress and other contextual factors (e. g. , local stressors) would be more useful for predicting bleaching susceptibility, and will improve comparability across studies. It should be noted that this is inherently complicated since corals exist in different environmental contexts, each with their own thermal history experiencing distinct combinations of local and global stressors, and comparing one reef to another may not always be appropriate. Still, disentangling some of these discrepancies will lead to a better understanding of coral bleaching and recovery dynamics and could help to inform more effective management of coral reefs in the face of climate change. Coral bleaching literature review full dataset and associated metadata Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-1 bleaching literature review subset Compiled coral bleaching observations by taxon and standardized bleaching severity scores (only including common genera and morphologies; used for statistical analysis). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-2 code for coral bleaching data subset Visualizing and analyzing genus or morphology-specific responses by region. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/supp-3 tables Overview of each study’s (1) method of determining coral bleaching, (2) coral bleaching response metric, (3) level of taxonomic resolution, and (4) sampling time frame with regard to the bleaching event. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and recovery dynamics rather than providing information about plants historically used in agriculture or their current cultivation status.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many studies show that adopting a plant-based diet can aid in weight management. [SEP] Text: systolic and diastolic function can be improved and epicardial fat can be decreased over a very short period of time in obese patients without heart disease by the very low calorie diet Submit manuscript. . . Advances in eISSN: 2378-3168 Obesity, & 39. DOI: 10. 15406/aowmc. 2016. 04. 00082 : The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of an eight week period of very low calorie diet (VLCD) on heart function and amount of epicardial adipose tissue in obese people without heart disease. Methods: Fifty-two obese patients (38 women, 14 men, mean age 47. 6±12. 3years, mean BMI 46. 2±7. 0kg/m2) were assigned to a VLCD enriched with vegetables for eight weeks. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed before and after the diet period. Left ventricular size, ejection fraction, diastolic function, left and right ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) and thickness of epicardial adipose tissue were measured. Heart rate, blood pressure and plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration were also analysed. Results: During the diet period the BMI decreased from 46. 2±7. 0kg/m2 to 41. 8±6. 1kg/m2 (p<0. 0001). The left ventricular MPI decreased from 0. 42±0. 07 to 0. 37±0. 07 (p<0. 0001) and right ventricular MPI decreased from 0. 30±0. 09 to 0. 27±0. 09 (p=0. 0256) showing significant systolic and diastolic improvement in the performance of both ventricles. The thickness of epicardial fat decreased from 4. 4±1. 5mm to 3. 4±1. 4mm (p<0. 0001). The heart rate decreased from 75. 8±9. 7beats/min to 67. 0±10. 3 beats/min (p<0. 0001) and the systolic blood pressure decreased from 140±14. 3mmHg to 135. 2±10. 6mmHg (p=0. 0087). The plasma glucose concentration decreased from 6. 71±1. 96mmol/l to 6. 02±1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from a study that focused on an eight-week very low calorie diet (which was enriched with vegetables) and its effects on obese patients. The results indicate a significant decrease in BMI from 46.2 kg/m² to 41.8 kg/m², demonstrating that weight management can be achieved through dietary changes that include plant-based elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A middle-aged employee was Concerned: “We have a lot of people that are working on this, and maybe there is some, you know, technology that could help or changes in our approach that we will finally adapt. ” A young employee was Alarmed: “We need to find all these new technologies. So, I hope that we have enough smart people in the world. ” It is possible to discern an inverse relationship between age and degree of concern among these four interviewees. Catastrophism. Although over a third of interviewees self-identified as Alarmed about climate change, only one interviewee could be considered as using a catastrophist discourse13. Regarding the continuum, she asserted that there should be a category for “terrified. ” She was the only one to mention a “climate emergency. … It just feels like, you know, the more you learn about it, the more you realise that time is very quickly running out. ” This extreme concern could be a pathway to action, except that it might be alienating22. In this particular case, there was a conflict between her original activist intentions as founder of the organization and its current situation as a conservation group. Storytelling. The two interviewees not included in any of the other categories engaged in storytelling8,12. One was an exemplar of the tendency for some to attribute a variety of observations to climate change. One of her stories can be paraphrased and summarised as follows: “I have a friend who has a woodlot. He has noticed that his maple trees are dying for no reason. I looked it up and found reasons to believe that climate change is to blame. This could be a real problem. ” This story was told to confirm that climate change is happening. It has a beginning, middle, and end, climate change is the protagonist, and it has an action, in looking up a solution. Looking up information is also an example of hypothesis-determined information seeking27. The other interviewee in this category told a story that can be summarised as follows: “We do not see changes here. We support other groups in their climate change efforts. Our members are very knowledgeable about climate change. ” The story seemed to be told to justify their situation of not actually talking about climate change within their organization8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a broader perspective on concern for climate change that transcends specific countries or populations. It discusses a range of reactions from different individuals, including those who are 'Alarmed' and those who engage in storytelling about climate change, indicating that the concern about climate change is widespread and not limited to certain groups. For instance, the story of the interviewee who noticed the impact of climate change on maple trees suggests that individuals from various backgrounds are recognizing and responding to climate change issues, contradicting the notion that only certain populations care about this concern.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 16100/supp-4 We thank J Shurin and three anonymous reviewers for feedback on this manuscript. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 8058. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2016. Climate change disables coral bleaching protection on the Reef. Science 352:338-342. 2001. Indicators of UV exposure in corals and their relevance to global climate change and coral bleaching. Human and Assessment: Journal 7:1271-1282. 2020. Large-scale mapping of live corals to guide reef conservation. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:33711-33718. 2017. Impact of three bleaching events on the reef resiliency of Kāne‘ohe Bay, Hawai‘i. Frontiers in 4:398. 2020. Ko’a Card: coral health and bleaching assessment color reference card for Hawaiian corals. SN 2:1-15 Álvarez--. 2018. A decline in bleaching suggests that depth can provide a refuge from global warming in most coral taxa. 603:257-264 Baird A, Marshall P. 2002. Mortality, growth and reproduction in scleractinian corals following bleaching on the Reef. 237:133-141 Baker AC. 2003. Flexibility and specificity in coral-algal symbiosis: diversity, ecology, and biogeography of symbiodinium. of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 34:661-689. 2008. Climate change and coral reef bleaching: An ecological assessment of long-term impacts, recovery trends and future outlook. Estuarine, Coastal and 80:435-471. 2013. Long-term monitoring of algal symbiont communities in corals reveals stability is taxon dependent and driven by site-specific thermal regime. 479:85-97 Barshis DJ. 2015. Genomic potential for coral survival of climate change. In: Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Dordrecht: Springer. 133-146 -Irwin JM. 2023. Transformation of coral communities subjected to an unprecedented heatwave is modulated by local disturbance. 9:eabq5615. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it discusses various aspects and studies related to coral ecology and climate change, which are unrelated to the agricultural context of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many studies show that adopting a plant-based diet can aid in weight management. [SEP] Text: 0001) and triglyceride decreased from 1. 77± 0. 89 mmol/l to 1. 36±0. 68 (p=0. 0002). used eight weeks VLCD enriched with vegetables as an intervention method to receive these changes. No patients had diagnosed heart disease but persons with type 2 diabetes and hypertension were included in the study group. The changes of the diet in our study were clear caloric restriction, decrease in the amount of fat and carbohydrates, increase in the amount of soyaprotein and guaranteed amounts of daily allowances of micronutrients and increase in percentage of the daily calories received from the vegetables. This study showed significant improvement in both systolic and diastolic cardiac functions of both ventricles in obese persons after eight weeks of VLDC. These persons had no heart disease and had normal ejection fractions at rest. It also shows clear decrease of epicardial fat at the same time and also this change occurred rapidly than previously reported. To our knowledge this is the first study that simultaneously shows these changes in that period of time after the change of diet. At the same time significant beneficial haemodynamic changes, decrease in heart frequency and blood pressure, happened and the improvement of rate-pressure product suggested decreased cardiac workload. Also BMI reduction of 9. 5% occurred in these patients and the blood fasting glucose and triglyceride levels decreased significantly. Morbid obesity is a high-output state6 which includes also hyperkinetic systole14,15 with high ejection fraction of left ventricle at rest. 16 Therefore, the use of mere ejection fraction and its equivalents as a measure of change in left ventricular systolic function is controversial in persons without heart disease and therefore we used echocardiographic determination of MPI, as an indicator of change in cardiac function. MPI combines both systolic and diastolic functions and is a measure of effectiveness of cardiac cycle17 and offers an accurate method to study early changes in cardiac performance. 18 Few clinical studies have shown a relationship between changes in cardiac function and dietary changes in obese persons. 19 Weight loss can be associated with improved left ventricular diastolic function19–27 but improvement in left ventricular systolic function at rest has before our study been confined to those with depressed systolic function at baseline. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of weight loss associated with dietary changes. Specifically, it states that 'BMI reduction of 9.5% occurred in these patients,' indicating that the dietary intervention, which included a significant increase in vegetables, led to weight management. Additionally, it discusses improvements in various health metrics such as blood pressure and triglyceride levels, which further support the benefits of dietary changes, consistent with the claim about plant-based diets aiding in weight management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The social side of nature-oriented organizations Social opportunities and the degree of camaraderie offered by nature-oriented organizations constitute a pathway to talking about climate change. Hiking and cross-country ski groups primarily hold active outdoor events. One cross-country skiing group rents a bus to take them to skiing venues. “The bus is very social. Provides a really nice little venue for people to socialise. ” A hiker from an older adults group said, “The hiking community is a small community. We're retired. … So, it's a social network. ” Naturalist groups tend to have regular indoor meetings with invited speakers as well as organised nature walks. A naturalist noted that their indoor meetings are “a fairly social affair. ” Another shared that, after a nature presentation, “all the people … mingle. So they might talk about certain issues in their little group. ” Volunteer opportunities also tend to be social events. Trail-related groups organise trail maintenance days. Conservation and preservation groups organise tree plantings and invasive species removal. One interviewee suggested that their volunteers “just like the camaraderie. They like to come out and work with other people and accomplish stuff. ” Talking about climate change. There were three streams of comments about the potential for talking about climate change among members. The most prevalent was avoidance14. Three different interviewees said simply that climate change “doesn’t come up. ” A hiker said, “I think it's one of those things that, quite honestly, in many ways, it's almost like people just avoid it. ” The extremely alarmed interviewee shared that “one of our board members said to us one time, not that long ago, that… a lot of people don’t want to hear about climate change. ” The second stream was obstructionist, and was only heard in relation to hunting and fishing. One hunter said that, among their membership, “there are some extremists that think that climate change is a hoax. ” Another said, “there are [members] who are very vocal in their opposition, or their denialism, if you will, of climate change. ” It should not be construed from this, however, that all hunters and anglers are obstructionist as I also heard that most are ardent conservationists. The third stream was open-mindedness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various perspectives on climate change among different groups. It highlights the avoidance of the topic and differing beliefs within specific communities, such as outdoor groups and hunters. While some individuals within these groups may treat climate change as a non-issue or even deny its existence, the existence of these varying opinions suggests that climate change is indeed a concern that transcends certain countries or populations, affecting social dynamics across diverse groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 2022. Remoteness does not enhance coral reef resilience. Biology 28:417-428 -Y, Tan C-J. 2015. Towards automated annotation of benthic survey images: variability of human experts and operational modes of automation. 10:e0130312. 2006. The role of zooxanthellae in the thermal tolerance of corals: a ‘nugget of hope’ for coral reefs in an era of climate change. Proceedings of the B: 273:2305-2312. 2016. Exploring the symbiodinium rare biosphere provides evidence for symbiont switching in reef-building corals. 10:2693-2701 Brandt M. 2009. The effect of species and colony size on the bleaching response of reef-building corals in the during the 2005 mass bleaching event. 28:911-924 Brown BE. 1997. Coral bleaching: causes and consequences. 16:S129-S138. 2002. Experience shapes the susceptibility of a reef coral to bleaching. 21:119-126. 1994. Solar damage in intertidal corals. 105:219-230 Bruno JF, Côté IM, Toth LT. 2019. Climate change, coral loss, and the curious case of the parrotfish paradigm: why don’t marine protected areas improve reef resilience? of 11:307-334. 2001. El Niño related coral bleaching in Palau, western Caroline Islands. 20:127-136 Bryant D, Rodriguez-Ramirez A, Phinn S, González--Guldberg O, Dove S. 2017. Comparison of two photographic methodologies for collecting and analyzing the condition of coral reef ecosystems. Ecosphere 8:1-17. 2004. Potential contributions of climate change to stresses on coral reef ecosystems. Virginia: Coral reefs and global climate change. on Change. . 2012. Historical temperature variability affects coral response to heat stress. 7:e34418. 2017. Susceptibility of coral assemblages to successive bleaching events at Moorea, French Polynesia. Marine and 68:760-771 Chirayath V, Earle SA. 2016. Drones that see through waves—preliminary results from airborne fluid lensing for centimetre-scale aquatic conservation. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and 26:237-250 -. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral reefs, their resilience, and related ecological studies, which have no relation to the cultivation of plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: In view of the attachment to familiar customs against the backdrop of a rapidly changing urban culture (Sinha; Venkatesh), perhaps plant-based foods could be re-introduced to the urban Indian as a blend of Western novelty and traditional familiarity (Majumdar), thereby representing the “the new along with the old” (Sinha 18), and hence enhancing their status. Given the growing body of research calling for a global shift to a heavily plant-based diet for reasons of health and sustainability (Hertwich et al. ; Willett et al. ), it is clearly important for future research to examine how to best encourage sustainable consumption via an emphasis on plant-based eating in both the developed world, where meat consumption is currently high, and in the developing world, where meat consumption is rising slowly in some countries—such as India—and more rapidly in others, such as China, Brazil and parts of Sub-(). 2016. 29 Mar. 2019 < of India. Survey 2014. Office of the India, 2014. 29 Mar. 2019 < Intelligence Agency. “World Factbook: India. ” Factbook, 2017. 11 Apr. 2019 < S. , et al. “of in the – A Pilot Review. ” for of 34. 4 (2014): 507–15. Esselborn, Priya. “a Taste for Meat. ” 2 Jan. 2013. 29 Mar. 2019 < Vijay. “Good for the Economy Too. ” Forum 18 Dec. 2018. 2 Apr. 2019 < International. on Meat: How Low-Meat and No-. 2011. 11 Apr. 2019 < “World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030 – An FAO Perspective. ” Food and of the United Nations, 2019. FAQ Online posting. No date. 3 Apr. 2019 < and of the United Nations. Growth and Concentration in India. FAO, 2006. 11 Apr. 2019 < S. “Food, the Symbol. ” Times 26 Jun. 2016. 29 Mar. 2019 < “in Mumbai. ” 17 Aug. 2008. 2 Apr. 2019 < E. , et al. Assessing the of Consumption and Production: and Materials. Environment Programme, 2010. 2 Apr. 2019 < Latha. “of Vegetarian India. ” Down to Earth 11 Jun. 2015. 2 Apr. 2019 < Arvind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing a 'growing body of research calling for a global shift to a heavily plant-based diet for reasons of health and sustainability.' This suggests that adopting plant-based eating is important for reducing carbon footprints, especially in the context of high and rising meat consumption in various countries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: A hiker allowed that, “Members are welcome to talk about it basically amongst themselves. … I think everybody also respects the personal advocacy that everybody does. ” Another hiker thought that “people are pretty open-minded about other people's views on it. I mean, it was the same with COVID. … I guess you just have to be tolerant of people that you don't agree with. ” One cross-country skier agreed to be interviewed precisely because she was interested in getting her club talking about climate change: It could be another way for members to interact with each other. Because a lot of times, we need excuses to talk with each other. … If we kind of brought up the question or the interest, it could be another level at which members would talk with each other. And since it does support or help with climate change, or mitigate the negative effects of climate change with respect to the impact on our environment and therefore our sport, then there could be more motivation to do certain things. And if we get more people in the world doing things like this, then it could make a difference. This response illustrates the potential for nature-related groups to increase talk about climate change and thereby increase climate action. this study, I interviewed members of nature-related organizations—people who are regularly out in nature by choice—to see whether they experienced climate change and how they made sense of it. If such people would start to talk more about climate change through their regular activities, understanding of climate change would increase6, thereby increasing the possibly of climate action11. Pathways to climate action included concern about climate change in general and about the organizations’ activities as well as opportunities for social interaction provided by the organizations. Referring to Global Warming’s Six Americas3, the vast majority of these nature lovers were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change. They noticed changes in the weather, plants, animals, and insects. Some engaged in citizen science. A number of interviewees acknowledged effects of climate change on their organization’s activities. Two admitted a lack of knowledge but were worried about climate change. Some were worried about their children and future generations. The degree of awareness and concern about climate change suggests that these organizations could be receptive to climate change discussion. On the other hand, a number of potential barriers to talking about climate change were identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that members of nature-related organizations, who are often engaged with the environment, express concern about climate change and its effects on their activities. The interviews revealed that the vast majority of these individuals were either Concerned or Alarmed about climate change, indicating that it is not limited to certain countries or populations. Instead, it is a concern shared by diverse groups, including those who are actively involved in outdoor activities and environmental advocacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Differential response of coral assemblages to thermal stress underscores the complexity in predicting bleaching susceptibility. 11:e0159755. 2019. Timing matters: survey timing during extended heat stress can influence perceptions of coral susceptibility to bleaching. 38:559-565. 2020. Dynamic symbioses reveal pathways to coral survival through prolonged heatwaves. 11:1-10 -. 2018. Global patterns and impacts of El Niño events on coral reefs: a meta-analysis. 13:e0190957. 2010. Environmental symbiont acquisition may not be the solution to warming seas for reef-building corals. 5:e13258 ’ulei. 2018. Evidence of acclimatization or adaptation in Hawaiian corals to higher ocean temperatures. PeerJ 6:e5347. 1990. Elevated temperatures and bleaching on a high latitude coral reef: the 1988 Bermuda event. 9:45-49. 2017. Mass coral bleaching due to unprecedented marine heatwave in Papahānaumokuākea Monument (Islands) 12:e0185121. 2021. The transformation of Caribbean coral communities since humans. Ecology and Evolution 11:10098-10118. 2020. Widespread loss of Caribbean acroporid corals was underway before coral bleaching and disease outbreaks. 6:eaax9395. 2020. Successive marine heatwaves cause disproportionate coral bleaching during a fast phase transition from El Niño to La Niña. Science of the 715:136951 ôté IM. 2013. Life histories predict coral community disassembly under multiple stressors. Biology 19:1930-1940 -Metalpa R, D’. 2019. Acclimatization of massive reef-building corals to consecutive heatwaves. Proceedings of the B 286:20190235 de -. 2022. Community composition of coral associated Symbiodiniaceae differs across fine-scale environmental gradients in Kāne‘ohe Bay. 9:212042 de -. 2023. Importance of depth and temperature variability as drivers of coral symbiont composition despite a mass bleaching event. 13:8957. 2017. A new, high-resolution global mass coral bleaching database. 12:e0175490 -Guldberg O. 2005. Global assessment of coral bleaching and required rates of adaptation under climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral assemblages, bleaching susceptibility, and marine heatwaves, with no mention of plants or agriculture. Thus, it does not address whether historically used plants are still cultivated.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Animal productsEmission intensities of meat from ruminants (beef, sheep and goat) account for the highest values (> 10 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) mainly due to the enteric fermentation producing methane (CH4). Intermediate values are found for monogastric animal meat and eggs (3–7 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) and the lowest values for milk from cows (1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) (Table 3). For monogastric—and also ruminants—emissions come from the CH4 releases from the stored manure, which also emits nitrous oxide (N2O) and in a lesser extent to the CO2 from the fossil fuels and energy usage [68]. The literature review indicates that the emissions per unit of product are similar between the two systems, conventional and organic, although there are differences between the specific products (Table 3). For instance, for milk from cows the same emission factor was found (1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) due to the similar values reported by the authors [49, 57, 69,70,71,72,73,74]. Similar findings occur with beef (12–14 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [73]. On the other hand, for fish (1. 77 vs 0. 87 kg CO2-eq kg product−1) [60, 75, 76], sheep (17. 5 vs 10. 1 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49] and pork (3. 9 vs 3. 0 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49, 73, 77] the conventional management has been reported to emit more CO2 than the organic. Conversely, the organic management account for higher emission intensities for poultry meat (6. 7 vs 4. 6 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49, 73] and eggs (7. 1 vs 5. 6 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) [49] (further information is shown in Additional file 1: Tables S2–S9). For fish, more than 90% of the emissions came mainly from the feed. The reduction in the emissions in the organic system to almost half of the conventional is due to the change in the feed formulations (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the emission intensities associated with different animal products, indicating that ruminant meats exhibit the highest emissions (> 10 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1) primarily due to methane production. It also highlights that, while emissions vary between animal products, the comparison of conventional versus organic management systems shows that conventional meat production generally results in higher emissions. This suggests that reducing reliance on animal products, particularly ruminants, may indeed lead to a significant reduction in carbon footprint, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is a concern only for certain countries and populations. [SEP] Text: The four interviewees in the youngest age category (25–34) all exhibited some form of barrier. These four spanned the range from Disengaged to Alarmed. One experienced a finite pool of worry7,32,33, another discussed conspiracy theories17,18,19, two expressed temporal distancing7,23, and one used a gradualist discourse, putting their faith in future solutions8,13. Temporal distancing and gradualism were also used by other interviewees. Of the four interviewees espousing gradualism, the discourse was more urgent the younger the interviewee. Some of these barriers could be overcome with increased discussion of climate change. More challenging would be organizations with skeptics among their members. Some interviewees seemed to use a science discourse automatically as a defence against such obstructionists. The organizations themselves provide a pathway to talking about climate change through opportunities for social interaction. The degree of camaraderie mentioned by interviewees suggests that members may develop close bonds. With these pathways far outweighing the barriers, many nature-related organizations could potentially be safe spaces to discuss climate change. Although these organizations tend to avoid conflict by choosing a centrist path9 and their members tended to avoid talking about climate change, my findings suggest that members were fairly unified in their concern about climate change. Some were even open-minded about talking about climate change. The regular events held by nature-related organizations have a social component in which members could potentially talk about climate change. Alarmed members, who are more likely to want to talk with friends about climate change4, could help increase the confidence of less concerned members in their climate change beliefs6,31. Encouraging these organizations to create opportunities for discussing climate change with this receptive audience could help to increase the acceptability of climate change action. This 8. Learning how climate change is understood and discussed provides starting points to build on. The use of storytelling by a number of interviewees suggests that that might be an engaging way to start the conversation. LimitationsThe interview questions analyzed in this study were part of a larger study on the behaviour of nature-related organizations themselves. This 7. My recruitment strategy was to invite people to an interview about “biodiversity loss and/or climate change,” thereby lessening the focus on climate change alone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that many interviewees across different backgrounds, particularly in the age group of 25-34, expressed varying levels of concern about climate change. The mention of a unified concern among members of nature-related organizations suggests that climate change is a widespread issue, implicating a broader array of populations rather than being restricted to certain countries or groups. Additionally, the text discusses the potential for overcoming barriers in discussing climate change, which further implies that this concern transcends specific populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Biology 11:2251-2265. 2020. Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 117:5351-5357. 2021. Local conditions magnify coral loss after marine heatwaves. Science 372:977-980. 2019. The 2014–2017 global-scale coral bleaching event: insights and impacts. 38:539-545. 2004. Satellite observation of (Reef) 2002 coral bleaching using data. 23:123-132. 2021. Increasing coral reef resilience through successive marine heatwaves. Letters 48:e2021GL094128. 2019. Trophic plasticity in a common reef-building coral: insights from δ13C analysis of essential amino acids. 33:2203-2214 Glynn PW. 1984. Widespread coral mortality and the 1982–83 El Niño warming event. 11:133-146 Glynn PW, Maté ón MO. 2001. Coral bleaching and mortality in Panama and Ecuador during the 1997–1998 El Niño–event: spatial/temporal patterns and comparisons with the 1982–1983 event. Bulletin of 69:79-109 Goreau TF. 1964. Mass expulsion of zooxanthellae from Jamaican reef communities after Hurricane Flora. Science 145:383-386. 2000. Conservation of coral reefs after the 1998 global bleaching event. 14:5-15 Goulet TL. 2006. Most corals may not change their symbionts. 321:1-7. 2004. Lipids and stable carbon isotopes in two species of Hawaiian corals, Porites compressa and Montipora verrucosa, following a bleaching event. 145:621-631. 2006. Heterotrophic plasticity and resilience in bleached corals. Nature 440:1186-1189 van. 2021. Increasing comparability among coral bleaching experiments. 31:e02262. 2014. The cumulative impact of annual coral bleaching can turn some coral species winners into losers. Biology 20:3823-3833. 2012. Contrasting patterns of coral bleaching susceptibility in 2010 suggest an adaptive response to thermal stress. 7:e33353 és. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses coral bleaching and marine biology without mentioning plants or agricultural practices. It does not provide any information regarding the historical use of plants or their current cultivation in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: from fish and animal protein meals to vegetable-based meals) [75] (see Additional file 1: Tables S7 and S8). On the other hand, poultry consumes high value feeds and the nutritional needs are met by arable crops, whereas ruminants are able to digest cellulose and, therefore, can be fed by grass [49]. To produce arable crops in the conventional system, synthetic fertilizers are used and, therefore, more energy (i. e. more CO2 emissions) is required than in the organic system. However, due to the lower organic bird performance (i. e. lower efficient system because of the higher feeding requirements to produce the same amount of meat) the benefits of this lower energy requirements are over-ridden [49] (see Additional file 1: Table S4). Regarding the differences in the CO2 emissions between conventional and the organic systems and considering the organic system as baseline (i. e. zero emissions), the emissions per capita from the conventional system—taken as the BAU scenario—amount 103 kg CO2-eq year−1, where around 85% of the reductions (88 kg CO2-eq capita−1 year−1) come from the plant-based products and 15% (15 kg CO2-eq capita−1 year−1) from the animal products (Table 6 and Fig. 4). This was due to the fact that, in average, average emission intensities of animal products in organic and conventional systems are very similar (6. 34 and 7. 32 kg CO2-eq Kg product−1, respectively) (Table 3), and so are the differences in the CO2 emissions. Table 6 Total emissions and difference in the emissions from comparing conventional and organic production systems in the three scenariosFull size tableFig. 4Differences in the CO2-eq emissions from the production of plant-based and animal products in the 100%-conventional, and for the 50%-conventional and 50%-organic scenarios. Differences in the emissions from the different plant-based commodities are shown. Note that the 100% conventional is the business-as-usual scenario, whereas the baseline (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing statistical evidence showing that plant-based products account for around 85% of the reductions in CO2 emissions when comparing conventional and organic production systems. It indicates that the emissions per capita are considerably lower for plant-based products compared to those from animal products, thus supporting the argument that plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: Loading metrics are commissioned from an expert and discuss the clinical practice or public health implications of a published study. The original publication must be freely available online. See all 10. 1371/journal. pmed. 1002624 2624. July 31, 2018Copyright: © 2018 Nissan, Conway. This is an open access 2. Such low precision is of limited use to decision-makers trying to determine how climate change might affect their particular district, town, or even country. Often, a regional climate model is employed to ‘downscale’ the output of the global model to a resolution considered more useful for practical applications. Climate model output can then be used to drive disease models or to investigate the risks of surpassing health-relevant climate thresholds in the future. The outputs of these analyses are often explicitly intended to inform the development of adaptation strategies and plans. However, there is little evidence that climate change projections are used to inform practical adaptation decisions [2–4]. Climate change projections typically target the future several decades ahead, or even at the end of the century. Yet the most pressing issues faced by people and institutions often necessitate a focus on the present and near-term future, particularly in developing countries where there is less capacity to act [3]. Heat waves, for example, are an increasing risk to human health in a warming climate, but many of the most effective strategies to reduce this risk concern the development of seasonal adaptation plans and early warning systems [5]. These programs allow a range of preparedness measures to reduce vulnerability and exposure, from training and awareness-raising activities at the start of the summer season to emergency interventions that could include public alerts, opening cooling centres, and distributing drinking water. In India, for example, moving the neonatal ward from the top to the bottom floor of a hospital had a significant protective effect and required no forecast information at all [6]. Even when the long term is relevant, as, for example, in the case of large infrastructure developments, the uncertainties involved in climate prediction on local scales are so large that they can exceed the magnitude of the projected change [7]. Moreover, with many relevant non-climate factors, it is difficult to disentangle the role that climate change projections may have played in the development of an adaptation plan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of climate change projections and the need for practical adaptation decisions. It suggests that despite awareness of climate change, there is little evidence that such projections directly lead to immediate action or decision-making. For example, it mentions, 'there is little evidence that climate change projections are used to inform practical adaptation decisions,' indicating that awareness alone is not sufficient for action without further advocacy and planning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 27 years of benthic and coral community dynamics on turbid, highly urbanised reefs off Singapore. 6:36260 Gunderson LH. 2000. Ecological resilience—in theory and application. of Ecology and Systematics 425-439 Heenan A, Williams ID. 2013. Monitoring herbivorous fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience in American Samoa. 8:e79604. 2016. Warming trends and bleaching stress of the world’s coral reefs 1985–2012. 6:1-14 Hoegh-Guldberg O. 1999. Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world’s coral reefs. Marine and 50:839-866 Hoegh-Guldberg O, Salvat B. 1995. Periodic mass-bleaching and elevated sea temperatures: bleaching of outer reef slope communities in Moorea, French Polynesia. 121:181-190. 2018. Spatial and temporal patterns of mass bleaching of corals in the Anthropocene. Science 359:80-83. 2017a. Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature 546:82-90 Álvarez Noriega M, Álvarez. 2017b. Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals. Nature 543:373-377. 2004. Global warming, regional trends and inshore environmental conditions influence coral bleaching in Hawaii. Biology 10:1627-1641. 2008. A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization. Proceedings of the B: 275:1359-1365 Jones RJ, Yellowlees D. 1997. Regulation and control of intracellular algae (=zooxanthellae) in hard corals. of the of B: 352:457-468 Kassambara A. 2020. ggpubr:‘ggplot2’ based publication ready plots. R package version 0. 4. 0 software. 2021. ARTool: aligned rank transform for nonparametric factorial ANOVAs. R package version 0. 11. 0 software Kemp DW, Hernandez-Pech X, Iglesias-. 2014. Community dynamics and physiology of Symbiodinium spp. before, during, and after a coral bleaching event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses ecological resilience, coral reef dynamics, and the impacts of climate change on coral communities, which are unrelated to the claim about the historical and modern cultivation of plants. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: zero emissions) is the 100% organicFull size imageHowever, in absolute numbers, the consumption of animal products amount the highest total CO2-eq emissions (738 and 730 KgCO2-eq capita−1, for the conventional and the 50% organic systems, respectively) (Table 6 and Fig. 5). This figure is similar to the 765 KgCO2 capita−1 value found in another study for Emirates [78]. This fact is explained because the emission intensities of animal products are much higher than those of the plant-based, leading to a much lower total CO2 emissions from the latter (9 and 97 KgCO2-eq capita−1, for the organic and the conventional systems, respectively) (Table 6 and Fig. 5). Therefore, we found that around 87% of the total GHG emissions come from animal products in the conventional system, whereas this value is even higher, around 98%, in the organic system. However, there were differences in the contribution of each animal-product commodity (Fig. 5). In the conventional system sheep and goat products accounted for the highest total emissions (236 KgCO2-eq capita−1), followed by poultry meat and beef (200 and 113 KgCO2-eq capita−1). In the 50% organic scenario the commodity accounting for the highest emissions was poultry meat (245 KgCO2-eq capita−1), followed by sheep and goat products and beef (186 and 108 KgCO2-eq capita−1). Milk and dairy products, and farmed fish accounted for lower values due to the much lower emission intensities, whereas emissions from eggs were lower due to the relatively low level of consumption and intermediate emission intensity values (Tables 1 and 3). Fig. 5Total estimated CO2-eq emissions from the production of plant-based and animal products in the 100% conventional, and in the 50% conventional and 50% organic scenarios. Emissions from animal products are shown for each food commodity assessed in the study. Please, note that the emissions from plant-based products do not include some management activities that are common for both systems (e. g. tillage or harvesting)Full size imageb. Plant-based productsFor plant-based products GHG emissions are markedly higher in the conventional system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the consumption of animal products results in significantly higher CO2 emissions compared to plant-based products. It states that around 87% of total greenhouse gas emissions come from animal products in conventional systems, while plant-based products show much lower emissions (9 and 97 KgCO2-eq capita−1 for organic and conventional plant-based systems compared to much higher values for animal products). This supports the assertion that a plant-based diet can lead to a significant reduction in carbon footprint.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: What we can and cannot say about the future climateUncertainty in climate change prediction arises from multiple sources: (1) an imperfect ability to measure and initialize simulations with the current state of the climate system, atmospheric greenhouse gas, and aerosol concentrations (‘initial conditions’); (2) uncertainty about the anticipated future trajectory of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions; (3) climate model errors leading to uncertainty about how the climate system will respond to this external forcing; and (4) natural climate variability. To quantify the likelihood of different climate futures, multiple model simulations are run, which attempt to sample the range of prediction uncertainty arising from these different sources. These simulations assume different emissions trajectories, use a range of climate models, and are initialized using slightly perturbed initial conditions to see how each of these factors contributes to the total uncertainty. The spread of projected outcomes is taken as an indication of the uncertainty, and probabilities are assigned to outcomes according to how frequently they occur within the ensemble. The problem is that it is impossible to sample the full range of uncertainty within such an ensemble of projections [8,9]. Differences in projections among models are examined closely, but the ensemble of available models is ad hoc and cannot be expected to provide a reliable estimate of the range of futures that might plausibly occur. Moreover, without past test cases over which to calibrate the ensemble projections, it is impossible to know whether probabilistic climate change projections are reliable [8]. These limitations pertain to projections of future climate change at any scale. Obtaining information at local scales and at specific points in the future gives rise to a number of additional issues, which are often overlooked in studies projecting future health impacts. Scientists have high confidence in several aspects of large-scale climate change, including, for example, global warming and large-scale temperature trends and sea level rise. However, the models have many documented limitations, particularly regarding their ability to capture extremes, which are often of most interest for impacts [10]. Projections among models can differ dramatically, especially on scales smaller than continents and even for the direction of change in rainfall in many parts of the world [11]. Downscaled climate information may appear to be a solution, as the output of this process delivers information that appears more realistic because of its higher resolution. However, regional downscaling cannot rectify many of the problems with global models and can give a false impression of confidence [12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and uncertainties associated with climate change predictions. It emphasizes that there are significant limitations in current models and predictions, indicating that just having awareness of climate change does not equate to immediate action. The text discusses multiple sources of uncertainty in climate modeling, suggesting that individuals or societies may not take immediate actions based solely on awareness due to the unpredictability and the need for greater advocacy and understanding of these complexities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Limnology and Oceanography 59:788-797. 2020. Contrasting color loss and restoration in survivors of the 2014–2017 coral bleaching event in the Turks and Caicos Islands. SN 2:1-11. 1996. Bacterial infection and coral bleaching. Nature 380:396. 2018. Systematic revision of Symbiodiniaceae highlights the antiquity and diversity of coral endosymbionts. 28:2570-2580. 2016. Most low-abundance background Symbiodinium spp. , are transitory and have minimal functional significance for symbiotic corals. 71:771-783. 1990. Bleaching in coral reef anthozoans: effects of irradiance, ultraviolet radiation, and temperature on the activities of protective enzymes against active oxygen. 8:225-232. 2018. Assessing the spatial distribution of coral bleaching using small unmanned aerial systems. 37:373-387 -Karger FE, Vega-. 2014. Reef-scale thermal stress monitoring of coral ecosystems: new 5-km global products from NOAA coral reef watch. 6:11579-11606. 2014. Incorporating adaptive responses into future projections of coral bleaching. Biology 20:125-139. 2001. Coral bleaching: the winners and the losers. 4:122-131 Marshall P, Baird A. 2000. Bleaching of corals on the Reef: differential susceptibilities among taxa. 19:155-163 McClanahan T. 2004. The relationship between bleaching and mortality of common corals. 144:1239-1245. 2004. Comparing bleaching and mortality responses of hard corals between southern Kenya and the Reef, Australia. Bulletin 48:327-335. 2014. Coral reefs in a crystal ball: predicting the future from the vulnerability of corals and reef fishes to multiple stressors. in 7:59-64 ’agata. 2020. Large geographic variability in the resistance of corals to thermal stress. and Biogeography 29:2229-2247. 2016. Marine protected areas increase resilience among coral reef communities. 19:629-637. 2007. Real-time PCR reveals a high incidence of Symbiodinium clade D at low levels in four scleractinian corals across the Reef: implications for symbiont shuffling. 26:449-457. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies on coral bleaching, symbiont diversity, and coral ecosystem monitoring, without any mention of plants or agriculture. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contradiction.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Please, note that the 100% regional is the baseline scenario (i. e. zero emissions)Full size imageRegarding the transportation, the additional emissions from the 50%-regional scenario compared to the 100% regional would be of around 450 kg CO2 capita−1, whereas for the 100%-non-regional and the BAU scenarios they are of 915 and 780 kg CO2 capita−1, respectively (Table 8 and Fig. 8). That means that if shifting from the BAU to the 50%-regional scenario, the saved emissions per capita would be around 330 kg CO2. That is one order of magnitude higher than the differences between systems found in in the production and packaging. Almost two thirds of the emissions belong to the plant-based products, whereas the other third comes from the transportation of the animal products (Table 8 and Fig. 8). This is due to two facts, (i) the higher consumption of plant-based products, and (ii) the higher proportion of perishable products (i. e. short shelf life and easily deterioration) in the plant-based products group that must be transported by plane [40, 66]. In this line, average emissions from transportation of regional products amounted 0. 023 KgCO2 Kg product−1 for both plant-based and animal products, whereas for imported products emissions are remarkably higher, between 60 and 90 times for plant-based and animal products (1. 47 and 1. 92 kg CO2 kg product−1), respectively (Table 8) (see also Additional file 1: Tables S11–S13). These values are very similar to those calculated in a similar study in Sweden [64], where the average emissions per unit of imported food product were of 1. 64 kg CO2. Table 8 Total emissions and difference in the emissions from transportation from comparing regional and non-regional distribution systems in the four scenariosFull size tableFig. 8Differences in the CO2 emissions from the transportation in the distribution of plant-based and animal products in the 100%-non-regional, 50%-non-regional and 50%-regional, and business-as-usual (85% non-regional) scenarios. Please, note that the 100% regional is the baseline scenario (i. e. zero emissions)Full size imagethe majority of the fodder used to feed animals in livestock is imported [40] and part of it comes from the US [94]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing emissions from different dietary scenarios. It highlights that plant-based products contribute significantly to emissions, but the text indicates that transportation emissions for the animal products are also substantial and tied to higher consumption of animal products. Specifically, it mentions that transitioning to a 50%-regional scenario can save around 330 kg CO2 per capita compared to the BAU scenario, which implies a lower carbon footprint associated with plant-based eating. Additionally, the differences in CO2 emissions between plant-based and animal products reinforce the notion that plant-based diets help reduce the overall carbon footprint, particularly when considering transportation emissions for imported products.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Awareness of climate change will lead to immediate action without further advocacy. [SEP] Text: Of all the challenges associated with predicting climate change impacts, the natural variability of the climate system is perhaps the most overlooked. Unlike weather or seasonal forecasts, which are initialized with current weather and climate observations, climate change projections are uninitialized. The models are able to reproduce key modes of natural climate variability on interannual and decadal timescales, but without initialization, the timing of these cycles does not coincide with the real world. Initialised decadal predictions offer promise, but they are currently experimental and do not perform well enough to inform decision-making directly, particularly on local scales and for precipitation [13]. Interannual fluctuations are, overwhelmingly, the largest contributor to total climate variability for both rainfall and temperature. Decadal variability can be significant as well. For example, has experienced a decline in rainfall since the late 1990s despite long-term projections suggesting that the region is heading for wetter conditions by the end of the century [14]. The ‘global warming hiatus’, when upward temperature trends stalled at the beginning this century, is another example [15]. The science behind global warming is unequivocal, but the expectation that the temperature will be hotter at the end of the century says nothing about the trajectory between now and the long-term future. Failure to consider these fluctuations could have major consequences for adaptation planning, particularly when looking at the next 10 to 30 years [16]. Presentations of future impacts require explicit communication of uncertainties, which includes realistic levels of precision [17] and clear guidance on the relevance of the information (or not) for planning and decision-making. The process of delineating their limitations may, in itself, be enough to deter decision-makers from direct use. Climate model outputs cannot be used to infer local conditions, and they perform especially poorly at the level of an individual model grid. Nor can we use climate projections to infer anything about the future climate over periods shorter than 30 years. Because projections do not capture the timing of interannual and decadal variations, statistics should always be calculated over at least three decades. Extracting model output over shorter windows of time could result in a substantial over- or underestimation of the trend, particularly over the next 10 to 30 years. Alternatively, the output from several models can be averaged to cancel out the different phases of variability in each model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties surrounding climate change predictions. It points out that climate models cannot be relied upon for immediate decision-making, as they perform poorly without adequate initialization and cannot infer local conditions or shorter-term trends effectively. This suggests that merely having awareness of climate change does not guarantee that immediate action will follow, as decision-makers may be deterred by the uncertainties and limitations of climate model outputs.