Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The subcellular localization of each protein was considered either nuclear or cytoplasmic depending upon the subcellular region where the greatest level of fluorescence was observed, in 100 cells for each plasmid combination (Figure 4A). Consistent with previous results, myc-Clock was predominantly cytoplasmic in most cells when expressed alone (Figure 4B, see also Figure 3A), whereas HA-Bmal1 was predominantly nuclear (Figure 4C, see also Figure 3B). Consistent with the idea that the nuclear accumulation of Clock is Bmal1-dependent, co-expression of Bmal1 in Clock-transfected cells promoted the nuclear accumulation of Clock (Figure 4B). In contrast, Magel2 significantly promoted the cytoplasmic accumulation of Clock. However, when Clock, Bmal1, and Magel2 were all co-expressed, Clock was mostly nuclear, suggesting that Bmal1-induced nuclear shuttling of Clock is more robust than the effect of Magel2. The effect of Magel2 on the subcellular distribution of Bmal1 was less striking: Magel2 induced a redistribution of Bmal1 towards the cytoplasm, an effect that was reversed by co-expression of Clock (Figure 4C). These data suggests that Magel2 can influence the subcellular localization of circadian rhythm proteins. As these proteins are known to vary in their subcellular localization depending on circadian time [36], Magel2 may have different activities depending on the relative abundance of these proteins at different circadian times. In contrast, we found no evidence that Magel2 influences the subcellular localization of Per2 or Cry1 in co-transfected cells. Figure 4 Subcellular distribution of circadian proteins is modified by co-expression of Magel2. NIH3T3 cells were transfected with combinations of Xpress-Magel2 and circadian expression constructs. Transfected cells were scored as having the majority of the fluorescent signal either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm. Differences in the nuclear/cytoplasmic distribution between transfections were detected using a Fisher exact test, with p < 0. 05 deemed statistically significant. A) Example of primarily nuclear (N) or primarily cytoplasmic (C) localization of epitope tagged Bmal1 (in green, nucleus is in blue). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the subcellular localization of circadian rhythm proteins such as myc-Clock and HA-Bmal1 can vary depending on certain factors like co-expression with Magel2. It specifically mentions that Magel2 can influence the subcellular localization of circadian rhythm proteins, indicating a regulatory role similar to what the claim suggests about light-sensitive proteins having an effect on circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists believe genetic memory is real but limited in scope, primarily affecting basic survival instincts rather than complex learned behaviors. Genetic memory allows humans to inherit knowledge and skills from their ancestors, such as languages, tools, and problem-solving techniques. [SEP] Text: 16), and the difference ratio between the maximum and minimum cycle time of the station reaches about 15%, and the threshold of 10% set in the system has been exceeded. Fig. 16Gantt chart of task 9 delayFull size imageTherefore, the system performs rebalancing at the completion time of task 9, that is, the rebalancing trigger when t = 35 is inserted automatically. The actual completion time of the task may differ from the expectation due to the uncertainty factor at the assembly line site. According to the actual completion time of the task at t = 35, all of task sets are divided into task sets completed, task sets being assembled and task sets not yet started. Then the task sets not yet started are rebalanced, a new assembly line balance result is obtained, and the assembly line cycle time CT2 = 78. 9647 (Fig. 17). Fig. 17chart based on real-time dataFull size imageThis balance scheme then is assigned to the actual production line through the MES system, and then dynamically rebalancing when other severe stochastic delay disturbances coming, so as to go back and forth until all tasks are completed. However, in the actual operation process, there are no other interference factors except for the uncertain working hours since the scheduling scheme is issued. By continuously acquiring real-time data for analysis, the difference between the actual completion time of the task and the expected completion time does not trigger rebalancing, and the actual completion Gantt chart is shown in Fig. 18. It can be seen that in the actual production, according to the rebalance scheme, the cycle time is changed due to the uncertain working hours with different actual deviation, which is 79. 1486, but still lower than 84. 8047. It shows that the cycle time is improved 7%, and the rebalance scheme is feasible. Fig. 18Actual production Gantt chartFull size imageConclusion and discussionAiming at solving the dynamic rebalancing problem of an assembly line when its original balance is broken due to the uncertain real-time disturbances in type-II simple assembly line, this paper proposes a new dynamic rebalancing framework based on real-time and two-stage serial genetic fireworks algorithm. The framework ensures the reception of real-time data and assembly abnormalities from MES of a physical assemble line, and dynamically balance assembly line through algorithm in a close-loop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamic rebalancing problem of an assembly line and does not mention genetic memory, survival instincts, or the inheritance of knowledge and skills from ancestors. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Many bakeries follow Points (HACCP) systems to identify and control potential contamination points. Fungal contaminants in bakery food products can be a concern, as they can lead to spoilage, quality deterioration, and potential health risks. Common fungal contaminants found in bakery food products includes, mold, yeast, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Fusarium [1]. Mold is a type of fungi that can grow on the surface of various bakery items, especially bread, cakes, and pastries. It appears as fuzzy or discoloured patches. Mold can affect the appearance, taste, and texture of the product. Some molds can also produce mycotoxins, which can be harmful if ingested. While yeast is intentionally used in baking to leaven bread and other products, unwanted yeast strains or overgrowth of yeast can lead to spoilage. Yeast can cause bread to become gummy, have an off taste, or develop an unusual texture [2]. Aspergillus species are commonly found in the environment and can contaminate bakery products. species can produce mycotoxins, which may be toxic if consumed in large amounts. Penicillium is a genus of fungi that can be found in various bakery items, especially those with a higher moisture content. Penicillium can produce mycotoxins and contribute to off-flavors and spoilage. Rhizopus is a mold commonly found on bread and other bakery products, particularly those with high moisture levels. It can lead to spoilage and affect the appearance and texture of the products. Fusarium is a genus of fungi that can contaminate grains and wheat, which are primary ingredients in many bakery items. species can produce mycotoxins that are harmful to human health [3,4]. species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, are known mycotoxin producers. These mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, can contaminate bakery products made from grains (e. g. , wheat, corn) and pose health risks when consumed. Aflatoxins are potent carcinogens and can lead to acute and chronic health issues. Contamination by Aspergillus species may lead to visible mold growth on the surface of bakery products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of fungal contamination in bakery products and the effects of different fungal species but does not address or relate to the claim about ant species farming fungi. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: B) Localization of Clock when expressed alone (C), expressed with Bmal1 (CB), expressed with Magel2 (CM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (CBM). C) Localization of Bmal1 when expressed alone (B), expressed with Clock (BC), expressed with Magel2 (BM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (BCM). Stability of proteins in the presence of Magel2 MAGE proteins interact with RING-domain proteins associated with E3 ligase complexes to modulate proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. We therefore tested whether expression of varying amounts of Magel2 had any effect on the abundance of co-expressed proteins with which it can interact, including Bmal1 and Per2, in the presence or absence of their heterodimerization partners Clock (for Bmal1) or Cry1 (for Per2). We co-transfected cells with increasing amount of pXpress-Magel2 and a constant amount of pHA-Bmal1, keeping the total amount of plasmid constant with the appropriate empty expression construct backbone. We then immunoblotted separately with anti-HA antibodies to detect Bmal1, and with anti-Xpress antibodies to detect Magel2. We repeated this experiment adding a constant amount of pmyc-Clock, to determine whether any change in stability required the presence of this heterodimerization partner. Similarly, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2, with or without pV5-Cry1, and quantified these proteins on immunoblots. We also performed experiments using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to measure the half-life of these various circadian proteins in the presence or absence of Magel2. We found no evidence for any influence of Magel2 on the stability or abundance of circadian proteins in these co-transfection experiments (data not shown). mammalian circadian clock oscillates in a robust, self-sufficient manner. At least two transcription/translation/post-translation feedback loops defend the circadian cycle against random perturbations, while allowing outside stimuli to entrain and tune the oscillator to adapt to environmental changes. Mutations in circadian genes can lead to mistiming of circadian rhythm, disrupting physiological processes such as sleep, metabolism, and endocrine function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the interactions and stability of various circadian proteins, including Bmal1 and Per2, and addressing the effects of Magel2, without specifically mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms. There is no direct evidence or discussion in the provided text that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins and their regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists believe genetic memory is real but limited in scope, primarily affecting basic survival instincts rather than complex learned behaviors. Genetic memory allows humans to inherit knowledge and skills from their ancestors, such as languages, tools, and problem-solving techniques. [SEP] Text: 20-16-06159. 2000. 2017. Reactivation or transformation? Motor memory consolidation associated with cerebral activation time-locked to sleep spindles. Edited by Manabu Sakakibara. . 12:e0174755. doi: 10. 1371/journal. pone. 01747552014. fMRI and sleep correlates of the age-related impairment in motor memory consolidation. Ma3645. doi: 10. 1002/hbm. 22426. 2015. How to become an expert: a new perspective on the role of sleep in the mastery of procedural skills. Mem. 125:236–248. doi: 10. 1016/j. nlm. 2015. 10. 004. 2007. Dissociable learning-dependent changes in rem and non-rem sleep in declarative and procedural memory systems. Behav. Brain Res. 180:48–61. doi: 10. 1016/j. bbr. 2007. 02. 037. 2002. Motor sequence learning with the nondominant left hand a PET functional imaging study. Res. 146:369–378. doi: 10. 1007/s00221-002-1181-y. 1995. The orbital and medial prefrontal basal ganglia circuit through the primate. J Neurosci. 75:4851–4867. doi: 10. 1523/. 15-07-04851. 1995. 2005. ANOVAs in SPM. Technical report. London: of Imaging Neuroscience. 2001. The choice of basis functions in event-related fMRI. Neuroimage. 8119:2–3. doi: 10. 1016/S1053-8119(01)91492-2. 2015. Double dissociation of error inhibition and correction deficits after basal ganglia or dorsomedial frontal damage in humans. Neuropsychologia. 69:130–139. doi: 10. 1016/j. neuropsychologia. 2015. 01. 023. 2007. for the Scoring of Sleep and Associated Events: Rules, Terminology and Technical Specifications. 1st ed. Westchester, IL: of Sleep Medicine. 1958. The ten-twenty electrode system of the international federation. Neurophysiol. 10:370–375. 1997. Anatomy of motor learning. II. Subcortical structures and learning by trial and error. J Neurophysiol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a collection of citations and references related to motor memory, sleep studies, and neurophysiology without discussing genetic memory or its implications for inheriting knowledge and skills from ancestors. It does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: This can appear as fuzzy, powdery, or discoloured patches, depending on the species involved and can affect the texture and taste of bakery products. Bread and other baked goods may become stale, moldy, or develop an unpleasant flavor. This can render the products unpalatable and unsuitable for consumption. Airborne spores (conidia) produced by some Aspergillus species can act as allergens, potentially causing allergic reactions in sensitive individuals who come into contact with contaminated bakery products [5]. Aspergillus contamination can lead to an increase in moisture content within bakery products. This can create a conducive environment for other microorganisms to thrive, leading to further spoilage and reduced shelf life. Bipolaris contamination may lead to the visible growth of mold on the surface of bakery products. The appearance of Bipolaris mold can vary but often presents as dark, irregular patches, which may be gray, brown, or black. Bakery products affected by Bipolaris contamination may exhibit changes in texture and appearance. The product may become discolored, develop spots or irregularities, and lose its original texture and result in the spoilage of bakery items. Affected products may become unpalatable, with off-flavors, odors, and changes in texture, rendering them unsuitable for sale and consumption. contamination in bakery products is more commonly associated with product quality and spoilage, certain species of Bipolaris may produce mycotoxins that could pose health risks if ingested in large quantities. However, this is not a common concern in the context of bakery products [6]. Alternaria species in bakery food products can have several distinct characteristics that affect the product's quality, safety, and appearance. Alternaria is a type of mold commonly found in the environment and is known to grow on various substrates, including baked goods. The most evident sign of Alternaria contamination is the growth of mold on the surface of bakery products. Alternaria mold typically appears as dark or black spots, sometimes with a fuzzy or powdery texture. Products contaminated with Alternaria may exhibit irregular discoloration in the form of dark, often brown or black, patches. This can lead to an unattractive appearance, making the products less appealing to consumers. Alternaria contamination can cause changes in the texture of bakery products and may develop off-flavors or off-odors. These changes in taste and smell can make the products unsuitable for consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various types of mold and their impact on bakery products, but it does not mention ants or any relationship between ants and fungi farming. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Magel2 has many properties that suggest that it modulates circadian rhythm: it is primarily expressed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus where its transcription oscillates in phase with clock-controlled genes, mice lacking Magel2 have disrupted circadian rhythm and metabolic and endocrine deficits, and other members of the Magel2 protein family are directly or circumstantially implicated in circadian rhythm through mouse knockout studies or physical interactions with core circadian proteins. Notably, Magel2 is not expressed in peripheral tissues that maintain a circadian cycle, such as the liver, so Magel2 is not required for the cellular maintenance of circadian rhythm per se. Moreover, Magel2 is not typically identified in screens that depend on gene expression in more than one tissue (e. g. SCN and liver) or that examine cell lines of non-neuronal origin: Magel2 is not expressed in NIH3T3 or HEK293 cells (data not shown). In this study, we explored interactions between Magel2 and the primary circadian feedback loop, involving positive regulation by Clock:Bmal1 heterodimers that initiate transcription of clock-controlled genes, and negative regulation by Per:Cry heterodimers that repress their own transcription by inhibiting Clock:Bmal1-dependent transcription. We examined several possible mechanisms for the repressive effect of Magel2 on Clock:Bmal1 transcriptional activation, focusing on interactions with circadian components, and effects on sub-cellular localization and stability of core circadian proteins. Consistent with a role as a negative regulator of intrinsic circadian rhythm, Magel2 represses Clock:Bmal1-dependent transcription at a Per2 E-box promoter. In principal, Magel2 may act at the target promoter, alter Clock or Bmal1 independent of promoter binding, or modify the activity of another protein that influences Clock:Bmal1 activity. Furthermore, the repressive function could occur either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm, as the activity of proteins located in either subcellular compartment can influence activation of clock-controlled genes [36,37,39]. Moreover, the relative abundance of circadian proteins and their subcellular location depends on the circadian time. Between CT 6-10, Clock:Bmal1 is most transcriptionally active in the SCN, with the peak of expression of many clock controlled genes occurring towards the end of this interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of proteins like Clock and Bmal1 in regulating circadian rhythms. It elaborates on how Magel2 interacts with these proteins, specifically mentioning its role in modulating transcription of clock-controlled genes, which is essential for circadian rhythm regulation. Additionally, the text indicates that the relative abundance and activity of these circadian proteins fluctuate based on circadian time, aligning with the idea that light-sensitive proteins play a crucial role in maintaining these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human talents and abilities, including artistic and musical aptitude, are passed down through genetic memory rather than learning. [SEP] Text: Studies included in the effect size analyses can be found in Table 2 and Additional file 1: Table S1 (for detailed task descriptions)Full size imagePreschool studies (3 to 5 years old)Very limited research exists that examines STM abilities in very young children with DS. Existing research suggests impairment relative to youth with FXS [83]. However, it is clear that more STM research is needed during this developmental period. With that, we turn to studies during the school-age and adolescent period. School age and adolescent studies (6 to 17 years old)During childhood and adolescence, the vast majority of research suggests that individuals with DS perform worse than MA-matched peers on verbal STM tasks such as digit span and immediate word list recall (e. g. , [9, 49, 84]). Additionally, research suggests children and adolescents with DS make smaller gains on verbal STM tasks across development in comparison to MA-matched TD children, and this deficit becomes worse with age [85,86,87]. The majority of research comparing DS to ID groups has found adolescents with DS show greater verbal STM impairments than other ID groups, as well as children with speech language impairments, and children with focal brain lesions (e. g. , [84, 88,89,90]). However, research findings are mixed, with several researchers reporting comparable verbal STM skills to those with other forms of ID (e. g. , [58, 91]). In comparison to their verbal STM abilities, adolescents with DS have relatively stronger nonverbal STM skills [92]. However, findings regarding whether these skills are below mental age expectations when compared to typically developing youth and youth with other forms of ID are variable. In comparison to TD youth, most studies suggest comparable or poorer performance on nonverbal STM tasks (e. g. , [93,94,95]). In comparison to other ID groups, most studies report comparable or stronger performance (e. g. , [25, 58, 96, 97]). Therefore, while research has demonstrated nonverbal STM skills are a relative strength compared with verbal STM abilities within DS, findings are mixed with regard to whether these skills differ from those observed in TD or ID peers matched on mental age during this time period. Adult and older adult studies (18 years and older)As individuals with DS age, research has shown STM abilities remain impaired. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses studies related to short-term memory (STM) abilities in individuals with Down syndrome (DS) across various age groups without mentioning genetic memory or the inheritance of artistic or musical talents. There is no evidence or discussion in the text that supports, contrasts, or relates to the claim about how talents are passed down.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: species are known to produce mycotoxins, which can pose health risks when ingested in large quantities. Mycotoxins such as alternariol and Ether (AME) have been associated with certain Alternaria species [7]. However, mycotoxin production by Alternaria is generally not as common or widespread as with other molds like Aspergillus or Penicillium. Penicillium species in bakery food products can exhibit specific characteristics that affect the quality and safety of the products. Penicillium is a genus of molds that can grow on a variety of substrates, including bakery items. The most apparent sign of Penicillium contamination is the growth of mold on the surface of bakery products. Penicillium molds typically appear as fuzzy or powdery patches and can be various colors, such as blue, green, or gray. Bakery products contaminated with Penicillium may experience changes in texture. The affected items can become softer or develop an altered texture, making them less appealing and potentially unpalatable and can lead to off-flavors or off-odors in bakery products. These changes in taste and smell can make the products unsuitable for consumption [8]. species are not typically known for producing mycotoxins, some species may produce certain mycotoxins under specific conditions. Mycotoxin production by Penicillium is generally less common than with other molds like Aspergillus. Thus, the objective of present study was to identify several species isolated from bakery food samples using microscopic characteristics. Materials and of Fungi from food samples were collected from different rural areas around Davangere district using sterile polythene covers. Isolation methods were based on the methods used by Patil and Kukade [8], Frazier et al. [9]; Aneja et al. [10], of which direct plating method, serial dilution method, spread plate methods were applied. Four different types of media used for the isolation method PDA (Potato dextrose agar medium), RBA (agar medium), CZA (Czapec (dox) agar medium) and SDA (Sabouraud dextrose agar) amended with streptomycin was used for isolation purposes [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. Instead, it discusses mycotoxins produced by certain fungal species, specifically concerning their effects on bakery products and their isolation methods. There is no mention of ants or their interactions with fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Per2, Atp6a, and Ccr4 transcription peaks around CT10, and Magel2 at around CT14, preceding the expression of Bmal1 from CT16-21 [6,11]. is constitutively expressed, its endogenous subcellular localization undergoes a circadian oscillation in the SCN [36]. Interestingly, Clock protein is mostly nuclear at CT13 and mostly cytoplasmic by CT19, when Magel2 protein is expected to be most abundant. Our observation that expressing Magel2 in Clock-transfected cells increases the abundance of Clock in the cytoplasm, and that Magel2 and Clock have overlapping immunofluorescence profiles in the cytoplasm of co-transfected cells suggests that Magel2 could be involved in retaining or stabilizing Clock in the cytoplasm around CT19. At this time, cytoplasmic Bmal1 protein levels begin to rise, and Bmal1-mediated nuclear translocation of Clock:Bmal1 complexes occurs. Consistent with this scenario, expression of Magel2 in Clock:Bmal1 doubly-transfected cells did not promote the accumulation of Clock in the cytoplasm, presumably because Bmal1 is more strongly promoting the nucleus-directed movement of Clock. We also observed overlap in the fluorescence signals of Magel2 and Bmal1, and co-immunoprecipitated Magel2 and Bmal1 in co-transfected cells. The transition from Magel2-mediated cytoplasmic retention of Clock to Bmal1-mediated nuclear translocation of Clock may thus involve a physical association between Magel2 and Bmal1. Thus, Magel2 could increase the robustness of the programmed delay in the feedback loop, by modulating Clock:Bmal1 interactions in the cytoplasm prior to the nuclear accumulation of the Clock:Bmal1 heterodimer. Our co-immunoprecipitation experiments also detected an interaction between Magel2 and Per2, and analysis of immunofluorescence images of Magel2:Per2 co-transfected cells revealed overlap in the immunofluorescence signals in some, but not all cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interactions of various proteins (Magel2, Clock, and Bmal1) and their roles in circadian regulation. It highlights how these proteins are involved in the oscillation of expression and the movement of proteins between nuclear and cytoplasmic locations, which are key aspects of circadian rhythms. Additionally, it implies that light-sensitive proteins influence these processes, thereby supporting the assertion that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human talents and abilities, including artistic and musical aptitude, are passed down through genetic memory rather than learning. [SEP] Text: The learning process in fado through artistic research a singer of Portuguese descent I have always had the desire to become familiar with Portugal’s national folksong, fado. I wished to learn how to sing in that heart breaking, almost crying manner. I travelled to Lisbon to find a teacher who could take me by the hand and show me all the tricks. Fado is an urban song that developed in the mid 19th century in the Portuguese capital. Ever since then it has been performed by a fado singer accompanied by at least one classical guitar, and a twelve stringed Portuguese guitar. Today the fado performances can be experienced in professionally organized fado houses and more informal settings such as fado bars, neighbourhood festivities and concourses. The fado music can also be heard at concerts, and since the 1920s the many recordings have made fado available to a wide audience. The musicians, singers (called fadistas) and frequent attendees of fado performances together constitute the fado milieu [1], which shares a particular mode of discourse, conventions and rules. During fado performances different groups within the fado milieu meet to listen and discuss what fado is. searched for fado teachers, in 2009 and 2010, I was confronted with the local saying ‘O fado não se aprende’ which claimed that one cannot learn to sing fado. The conflicting message of this expression deepened my wish to search for a teacher. It made me curious how other fadistas have learned the fado and how young apprentices understand this common saying. From an early stage in my research the saying turned from a statement into the project’s main research question. O fado não se aprende? How can we understand the learning processes of fadistas in the light of this statement? As a way to approach this expression, the leading question, I asked myself was: learn to sing fado? What methods can contribute to a fruitful understanding of the art studied departing from its daily practices? Through my own singing practices I have approached the fado culture with the aim of acquiring the practical knowledge I would need to be able to add fado to my repertoire. It is therefore a project that exists within the context of artistic research in which the artist and the art practice are central to the research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significance of learning in the fado music tradition. It emphasizes the author's efforts to learn fado through personal experiences and instruction, demonstrating that abilities in this musical form are acquired through education and practice rather than solely through genetic memory. The discussion of the phrase ‘O fado não se aprende’ reflects the belief that while fado might be perceived as innate, the author’s journey illustrates that musical skills can and are learned, countering the idea that talents are primarily inherited.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Identification of identification, species descriptions mainly by Patil and Kukade [8]; Zhang [12]; [13]; Pundir and Jain [14], were used. The microscopic characteristics were examined under a light microscope (Olympus) using 40X and 100X magnifications as well as Microscope. Microscopic slides were prepared from cultures and observed under microscope. Discussion Twenty-Six (26) bakery products were used for microbiological analysis according to Ogawa & Adachi [15]. During this the fungal isolates obtained from different bakery food products were identified as, A. flavus, Penicillium sp, Curvularia sp, A. parasiticus, Fusarium sp, Trichoderma harzianum, A. niger, Rhizopus, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus sp, Bipolaris sp, Alternaria sp (Figure 1). Aspergillus is a genus of filamentous fungi that includes a wide variety of species, some of which are commonly found in the environment and can also be pathogenic to humans and animals. The microscopic characteristics of Aspergillus species can vary somewhat between different species, but there are some common features that can help in their identification. Aspergillus was characterized by the conidiophores, conidia, conidiogenous cells, septation, colour, sporulation pattern. Bipolaris is a genus of filamentous fungi within the family Pleosporaceae. These fungi are known for causing various plant diseases, and they have distinct microscopic characteristics that can aid in their identification. The microscopic features, especially the two-celled, bipolar conidia, are key identifiers for Bipolaris species. However, accurate identification of a specific Bipolaris species may require additional characteristics and molecular techniques such as DNA sequencing to distinguish closely related species within the genus. Alternaria is a genus of filamentous fungi commonly found in soil, plants, and indoor environments. These fungi are known for causing plant diseases and are associated with various allergies and respiratory issues in humans. It's important to note that Alternaria is a large and diverse genus, and accurate species identification often requires a combination of morphological characteristics, growth conditions, and molecular techniques, such as DNA sequencing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various species of fungi, their microscopic characteristics, and their role in microbiological analysis of bakery products. There is no mention of ant species or their farming behaviors related to fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The transcription of Per2 occurs from around CT10, but the repressive activity of the Per:Cry heterodimer in the nucleus is delayed by the activities of F-box associated E3 ubiquitin ligases that regulate the transient accumulation of Cry and Per proteins in the cytoplasm, forming a rate-limiting step in the circadian feedback loop [40]. Indeed, mutations in the genes encoding subunits of these phosphorylation and degradation complexes cause circadian defects in mice [14,41]. MAGE proteins are adaptors for E3 ubiquitin ligase complexes, but the activity of Magel2 in these complexes remains enigmatic. The interaction of Magel2 with Per2 may add robustness to the negative limb of the feedback loop through interactions that promote transient Per2 retention or stability in the cytoplasm. However, we did not see a Magel2-dependent accumulation of Per2 in the cytoplasm, and expression of Magel2 does not alter the stability of Per2, arguing against this role for Magel2 in the cytoplasm. Future studies that examine interactions of Magel2 with RING proteins implicated in the degradation of circadian proteins may shed further light on this process. Alternatively, Magel2 could interact with Per2 while it inhibits Clock:Bmal1 in the nucleus, as we did observe overlap of the Magel2 and Per2 immunofluorescence signals in the nucleus in co-transfected cells. Other possible relationships between Magel2 and circadian proteins have not yet been explored. The MAGE protein necdin regulates the acetylation status and activity of p53 through interactions with SIRT1, and the acetylation and activity of Per2 is also modulated by SIRT1, and Magel2 could take part in this regulation. Another MAGE protein, Maged1, acts in a second auto-regulatory loop involving the Clock:Bmal1 activated transcription of retinoic acid-related orphan nuclear receptors Rev-erbα and Rorα. , by cooperating with Rorα to modulate the expression of circadian genes, including Bmal1 and Rev-erbα [34] through response elements in their promoters, but a parallel role for Magel2 has not been explored. Although a small handful of extensively studied proteins drive core circadian rhythm feedback loops, hundreds of additional proteins control the robustness of this rhythm to compensate for external influences [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various proteins, including Per2, Cry, and MAGE proteins, that interact within the circadian rhythm feedback loop. Specifically, while it mentions the complex regulation of these proteins through ubiquitin ligases and phosphorylation, it implies a connection to the overall regulation of circadian rhythms. This indicates the intricate involvement of proteins, supporting the claim that circadian rhythms are regulated by specific proteins, some of which may be influenced by light.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of human talents and abilities, including artistic and musical aptitude, are passed down through genetic memory rather than learning. [SEP] Text: Within ethnomusicology a certain element of artistic research is embodied in the tradition of studying through performance. [2] The ethnomusicologist takes on an active and engaging role within the musical environment that he or she is studying. Learning processes often form an entrance into the social aspects of the culture as well as a fruitful way of acquiring knowledge. In his essay about Oriental music ‘The challenge of Bi-musicality’ (1960), points out that music students are mainly concerned with training the ears, the eyes, the hands and the voice in order to be assured of a theoretical understanding of music. “But if this kind of training is indeed essential, the Western musician who wishes to study eastern music or the Eastern musician who is interested in Western music faces the challenge of 'bi-musicality' “ (Hood, 1960, p. 55). Hood’s essay addresses the challenges for Western musicians learning Eastern music theory, such as the different methods of ear-training and the misconception of the sense of perfect pitch, which is not perfect in non-Western music. The students have to get used to learning methods that might not make use of notation but emphasizes training the oral memory. In the case of learning to sing, the student also has to struggle with the challenges of the foreign language and the appropriate quality of the singing voice. “The crowning achievement in the study of Oriental music is fluency in the art of improvisation. This is only possible after the student has become proficient in the technical demand of the art, so that he is free to follow the musical inventions of his own imagination” (Hood, 1960, p. 58). The researcher’s position as a distant or detached observer is, since Hood’s writing, no longer a guarantee of a successful research results within ethnomusicology. The essay had a great impact on the disciplinary methodologies, since it included the ethnomusicologist’s artistic participation in the performance settings. In my view, it was the precursor of a new type of fieldwork, which has many similarities to artistic research. Before artistic research launched itself as a discipline, art-practice-based research has already been explored, to a certain extent, within ethnomusicology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that artistic and musical skills are acquired through engaged learning and practice, rather than being solely inherited through genetics. It discusses the active role of ethnomusicologists who study through performance and the rigorous learning processes necessary to master music, indicating that proficiency comes from training and cultural immersion rather than genetic memory.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Penicillium is a diverse genus of filamentous fungi known for its wide distribution in the environment and its significance in various applications, including the production of antibiotics (penicillin) and various food products. Additionally, different Penicillium species may have different growth requirements and characteristics, and some are associated with food spoilage and mycotoxin production [16-18]. Figure 1: Macroscopic morphology of A) A. flavus, B) Bipolaris sp, C) Alternaria sp and D) Penicillium sp on PDA (Agar) medium plates and RBA (Agar) medium plates with different length of incubation and its graphical representation. Aspergillus Flavus: The distinctive characteristics of the isolates that belonged to Aspergillus species were the production of thick-walled rough conidiophores, the vesicle shape was globose to sub globose. Aspergillus flavus produced uniseriate phialides and the conidial head was hyaline, coarsely roughened. Vesicles are elongated when young, later becoming sub globose or globose. Based on these characteristics, one member of Aspergillus species was identified as Aspergillus flavus. The microscopic characteristics of A. flavus observed in this study fit the descriptions by Rodrigues et al. [19]. The arrangement of conidia was smooth walled when observed under light microscope (Figure 2A) but the observations under SEM showed a finely roughened texture (Figure 2B, 2C, 2D). Figure 2: Microscopic characteristics of conidial head conidia of A. flavus. (A) Globose vesicle (40X). (B) Rough walled, sub globose conidia observed using SEM scale bar 20µm. (C) Rough walled, sub globose conidia observed using SEM scale bar 50µm. (D) Rough walled, sub globose conidia observed using SEM scale bar 100µm. Bipolaris sp: Bipolaris is a genus of filamentous fungi known for its plant pathogenic species. While many species of Bipolaris share common characteristics, there can be distinctions that help identify them. One of the most distinctive features of Bipolaris species is the conidia, which are usually two-celled ("bipolar"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various species of fungi, specifically focusing on characteristics of Penicillium and Aspergillus species. It does not provide any information regarding ant species or their behavior towards farming fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian phase response curves to light in older and young women and menDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 4. 7 to 5. 6 days, while experiencing a 90-min ultra-short sleep-wake cycle. Following at least 30 h in-lab baseline, over the next 51 h, participants were given 3 treatments with 3000 lux white light, each treatment for 3 h, centered at one of 8 clock times. The circadian rhythms of urinary aMT6s (a melatonin metabolite), free cortisol, oral temperature, and wrist activity were assessed at baseline and after treatment. Results: Light (3000 lux for 3 h on 3 days) induced maximal phase shifts of about 3 h. Phase shifts did not differ significantly in amplitude among older and young groups or among women and men. At home and at baseline, compared to the young, the older adults were significantly phase-advanced in sleep, cortisol, and aMT6s onset, but not advanced in aMT6s acrophase or the temperature rhythm. The inflection from delays to advances was approximately 1. 8 h earlier among older compared to young participants in reference to their aMT6s rhythm peaks, and it was earlier in clock time. Conclusion: In these experimental conditions, 3000 lux light could shift the phase of circadian rhythms to about the same extent among older and young adults, but the optimal light timing for phase shifting differed. For an interval near 4 PM, bright light produced only negligible phase shifts for either age group. Year: 2007Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-5-4Submitted on May 8, 2007Accepted on Jul 10, 2007Published on Jul 10, 20074. 0 phase of a circadian rhythm reflects where the peak and the trough occur, for example, the peak and trough of performance within the 24 h. It may be desirable to shift this phase, for example, to shift the time when peak performance occurs. Normally, circadian rhythms are synchronized with the 24. 0 h environment by stimuli which alter the phase of the underlying brain circadian pacemaker. For most organisms, including mammals, the primary phase-shifting stimulus is light [1]. Effects of light in shifting human circadian rhythms have been described for several decades [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light acts as the primary phase-shifting stimulus for circadian rhythms, stating, 'For most organisms, including mammals, the primary phase-shifting stimulus is light'. It emphasizes that light can significantly alter the phase of circadian rhythms, aligning with the assertion that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of regulations surrounding deep ocean mining are still in development, with international bodies like the International Seabed Authority overseeing potential projects. Deep ocean mining will soon allow us to extract unlimited resources, eliminating the need for land-based mining altogether. [SEP] Text: Other speakers in a panel discussion also addressed environmental concerns. “All mining has an impact,” said Mark Hannington, head of the marine mineral resources group at the for Ocean Research. “You’re either impacting society or land-based ecosystems or water quality or you’re affecting ecosystems on the bottom of the ocean. ” He said some mineral deposits should be off limits. “Obviously, the hydrothermal vents that are still active are unique ecosystems, and nobody intends to mine those,” Hannington noted. He said inactive hydrothermal vents might be attractive for mining but are harder to locate, and “we don’t know what kind of ecosystems might be associated with inactive vents. ” Dozens of scientists, however, last month expressed concern about a recent ISA decision to grant a contract for massive sulfide mineral exploration in a region of the Mid-with active vents. “These unique hydrothermal vent sites”—known as Lost City, TAG, and Broken Spur—“are irreplaceable, and their vulnerability to nearby exploration, let alone seabed mining, is entirely unknown,” reads a 27 October letter, provided to Eos, which was signed by Beth Orcutt, senior research scientist with the for in East Boothbay, Maine, and cosigned by nearly 50 other scientists. “A critical thing is to understand what our environmental goals are. Clearly, there is going to be habitat destruction, so what is it we are trying to protect? ” Dover, professor of biological oceanography at Duke University’s of the Environment in Durham, N. C. , and a panelist at the forum, said that it’s “upside down” for exploration contracts to be awarded “before we understand what our regional environmental management plans are. ” Van Dover, who said she is neither pro- nor anti-mining, noted that mining degradation won’t just include “what you scrape up. ” She said a sediment plume could affect the benthic and pelagic environment, and sound and light disturbances and toxic heavy metals also could disturb the marine environment. “A critical thing is to understand what our environmental goals are. Clearly, there is going to be habitat destruction, so what is it we are trying to protect? ” she said. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the environmental concerns associated with deep ocean mining. Experts like Mark Hannington and others express the need for caution before proceeding with mining in sensitive ecosystems, emphasizing the potential destruction of habitats and the uncertainty of the impacts. This suggests that the regulatory framework is inadequate and existing environmental considerations are being overlooked, directly challenging the notion that regulations are appropriately developed and that deep ocean mining will be a risk-free alternative to land-based mining.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The conidia have a central transverse septum, creating two distinct cells, often referred to as "beak cells" and "body cells. " This bipolar conidium is a hallmark feature of the genus. Bipolaris conidia are typically showed brown to dark brown in colour. The specific shade can vary, but the dark pigmentation is a distinguishing characteristic for identification. The conidia are usually elongated or cylindrical, with the beak cell being more slender than the body cell. The beak cell typically tapers toward the tip [20,21] (Figure 3A). Figure 3: Microscopic characteristics of conidial head conidia of Bipolaris sp. (A) Bipolaris sp under light microscope (40X). (B) Rough walled and crystal-like structure observed using SEM scale bar 20µm. (C) Rough walled and crystal-like structure observed using SEM scale bar 30µm. (D) Rough walled and crystal-like structure observed using SEM scale bar 200µm. Bipolaris conidiophores are simple or branched, and they usually arise directly from the substrate they may have dark pigmentation and provide support for the conidia. species may produce sclerotia, compact and darkened structures. It is important to note that Bipolaris is a diverse genus, and accurate species identification often requires a combination of morphological characteristics, knowledge of the host, and molecular techniques, such as DNA sequencing, to differentiate closely related species, but the observations under SEM showed a finely roughened and crystal-like texture (Figure 3B, 3C, 3D). Alternaria sp: Microscopic observations of Alternaria sp isolates was shown (Figure 4A). Conidiophores appeared pale brown, simple and branched, bearing conidia at the apex and apical fertile parts. Conidia looks like dark brown, cylindrical shaped and having longitudinal walls. Under SEM observations, Conidiophores are short, straight or flexures, and germinated in single or bushy heads (Figure 4B, 4C, 4D) exhibits the olive-brown ellipsoidal conidia with typically vertical and transverse septa. Conidia were catenated. Alternaria was identified in the present study in accordance with existing descriptions of the fungi [22,23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics of fungal conidia, specifically focusing on the genus Bipolaris and Alternaria, without any mention of ants or their farming activities involving fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The relationship of the phase shifts in the organism to the circadian timing of the stimulus is called the phase response curve or PRC [3,4]. Several partial or complete PRCs of the human response to light have been experimentally determined [5 - 12]. More knowledge of human phase response curves to light is needed, now that bright light is being used increasingly to correct circadian rhythm phase disorders such as delayed sleep phase syndrome, to help air travelers adapt to jet lag, and to assist shift workers with adjustment to difficult schedules. The phase-shifting effects of light may also be relevant to treatment of depression [13 - 16]. The limitations of currently-available human PRC data have included a predominant focus on males (with very little phase-response data on women available), a paucity of comparative data by age groups contrasted simultaneously, and insufficient data points to accurately determine the shape of the PRC over the entire circadian cycle with stimuli of varying strength. Different light stimuli patterns may produce PRCs of different shape and amplitude. Some previous PRC studies have used 5–6 h durations of extremely bright light (10,000 lux) which might be poorly tolerated or difficult to apply in normal life. In this study, 3000 lux (in a horizontal direction of gaze) was selected as approximately the brightest stimulus which could be practically and comfortably applied through overhead lighting in our isolation rooms. A 3-h stimulus was chosen to fit within the timing of our experimental model and be somewhat comparable to the exercise duration. The light stimuli were given on 3 consecutive days to augment the effect, as other studies have previously done [6]. Note that light stimuli on 3 consecutive days may produce entrainment responses qualitatively different from those of a single stimulus, because the circadian system may shift its phase during the interval while the light pulses are being given. Because of concern that aging or gender might diminish phase-shifting responses, this research was planned to examine light PRCs simultaneously obtained from groups of women and men of both older (ages 59–75) and young-adult age groups (ages 18–31). The participants were randomly assigned to either bright light or treadmill exercise stimuli, so that light and exercise PRCs could be contrasted. The exercise PRCs will be reported elsewhere. This presentation will describe the light PRCs obtained from two different age groups and both genders. advertising and word of mouth, the investigators recruited 337 volunteers who signed initial consent for the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the phase response curve (PRC) in relation to light stimuli and its effects on circadian rhythms. It indicates that knowledge of human PRCs to light is essential in treating circadian rhythm phase disorders and mentions that light stimuli patterns affect the PRCs, which supports the idea that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future space exploration missions will be funded by profits from deep ocean mining, using seabed minerals to build spacecraft. [SEP] Text: While plans for mCDR include the entire ocean, we focus on the deep sea as the imagined site for the final disposal of captured carbon. HistoryDeep-seabed mining emerged as a significant narrative in the 1970s4. In 1994, the Authority (ISA) was established under the Law of the Sea () as the body responsible for regulating the prospective industry. To date, the ISA has yet to finalize regulations and no commercial mining has occurred in the deep ocean. Over time, two distinct and opposing narratives have crystallized around DSM. By 2011, proponents such as Deep(now Company) started using climate change as a reason that mining was not only acceptable but essential to provide minerals for electrification. Meanwhile, since the ISA started to grant exploration contracts in 2001, concerns have grown over environmental risks associated with DSM. These now appear front and center of discussions, including in the development of the international mining code at the ISA. In 2021, a call for a moratorium on mining in international waters was initiated by several island nations. Since then 27 nation-states, alongside numerous inter-governmental and non-profit organizations, indigenous leaders, scientists, corporations, and financial institutions, have indicated support for a precautionary pause, a moratorium, or an outright ban ( contrast, mCDR ideas from their inception were tied to climate change mitigation. Like DSM exploration, which experienced a flurry of activity in the 1970s and then a twenty-year hiatus due to falling metal prices and legal constraints, initial mCDR activities focused on iron fertilization and deep-water CO2 injection were explored in the 1990s and 2000s and then halted until recently due to scientific concern and policy restrictions5,6,7,8. With countries committing to the 2015 goal of limiting warming to 1. 5 °C, and the IPCC indicating that this cannot be met without active carbon dioxide removal, proposals for mCDR have diversified and gained new momentum9,10. Current proposals mostly fail to acknowledge and position themselves in relation to the contested history surrounding ocean iron fertilization and related technologies11; recognizing this history would help to highlight previous apprehensions, assess what may be different in the present, and thus inform current and future debates12. MotivationsDSM has been promoted by industry and the ISA through a narrative based on assumptions about the amount of minerals needed by society, and especially their role in the so-called “green transition”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that deep-seabed mining (DSM) has grown controversial due to environmental concerns and has yet to lead to commercial mining operations. It mentions that various nations and organizations have expressed support for a moratorium on DSM, indicating skepticism about the viability of this industry as a source of funding for space exploration. Additionally, it points out the historical fluctuations in the mining industry and the lack of acknowledgment of past apprehensions surrounding related technologies, suggesting that the expected profits from DSM may not be as certain or available for future space missions as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Figure 4: Microscopic characteristics of conidial head conidia of Alternaria sp. (A) Alternaria sp under light microscope (40X). (B) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 10µm. (C) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 20µm (D) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 50µm. Alternaria is a genus of fungi that are known for their saprophytic nature in decomposing soil and plants. Alternaria sp on PDA plates grows as dark brown or black colonies with a velvety texture. Alternaria sp on PDA plates grows well at a temperature range of 20-30°C. The colonies are usually flat, but can also be raised or folded. Conidiophores are septate and brown in color, occasionally producing a zigzag appearance. Conidia produced by Alternaria species are typically one-celled and vary in shape and size. They are often elongated and can be oblong, elliptical, or spindle-shaped. Conidia can also be quite variable in size, typically ranging from 10 to 150µm in length. The color of the conidia may vary, but it is often dark brown to black. The distinctive shape and dark coloration make Alternaria conidia easily recognizable. Alternaria conidia are typically septate, with one or more transverse septa. These septa divide the conidia into individual cells. The number and arrangement of septa can be used as an identifying characteristic. The hyphae (filamentous structures) of Alternaria species can vary in thickness and branching patterns. They are often septate, and the arrangement of septa can be used for identification [24]. Penicillium sp: Penicillium sp was identified based on the colony morphology, produced conidiophores, having septate hyphae. The conidiophores are simple and branched. Brush like clusters were observed at the end of the conidiophores. Conidia looks like round to ovoid (Figure 5A). Figure 5: Microscopic characteristics of conidial head conidia of Penicillium sp. (A) Penicillium sp under light microscope (40X). (B) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 10µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi for food. Instead, it focuses on the microscopic characteristics of fungi from the Alternaria and Penicillium genera, which is irrelevant to the claim about ant behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: They were asked to remain in their rooms or in a hallway with illumination limited to 50 lux for the duration of their time in the laboratory, from 4. 7 to 5. 6 days. They were not permitted in distant parts of the laboratory near windows or daylight. During their entire time in the laboratory, they were instructed to follow a special ultra-short sleep-wake cycle, consisting of 30 min in bed in complete darkness with sleep encouraged, followed by 60 min out of bed in background illumination, which was maintained at <50 lux in the usual direction of gaze. The ultra-short sleep wake cycle is a protocol used successfully by several laboratories to reduce sleep and light masking of circadian rhythms [22 - 26]. Although maintained in standardized lighting and ultra-short sleep-wake cycles, participants' social interactions were not restricted. Visitors and contacts with staff were permitted, along with reading, watching television (less than 10 lux), craft projects, working at computer games (less than 8 lux), telephone calls, and preparing meals. Strenuous exercise was not permitted. Baseline observations were continued for the first 30–53 h, of which the final 24 h were analyzed for baseline circadian assessments. Almost all participants were randomized to receive bright 3000 lux light stimuli or exercise when they first entered the laboratory, without being advised in advance of what treatment they would experience at what times of day. Because of difficulties recruiting healthy participants, 7 older volunteers were invited to enter the light protocol several months after having completed the exercise protocol to which they had initially been randomized. After a baseline of varying length, participants commenced bright light exposures centered at one of 8 times: 0100, 0400, 0700, 1000, 1300, 1600, 1900, or 2200 h. The 8 protocols are illustrated in Fig. 1. A 3-h block of bright light treatment was administered at the same time of day for 3 days. The bedrooms of about 18 m2 were painted with white reflective paint. The ceilings had 8 recessed fixtures, each with a diffuser covering six 4-foot T12 cool white 4100, 40-watt fluorescent bulbs (Philips F4C Advantage X). The lights were controlled externally. For bright light treatments, all bulbs were lit, whereas for 50 lux, only one dimmer bulb was used. The ceiling fluorescent lighting provided approximately 3000 photopic lux to the cornea in a horizontal direction of gaze (see Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experimental setup involving varying levels of illumination (50 lux and 3000 lux) to study their effects on circadian rhythms. The mention of bright light treatment suggests that light exposure is a significant factor influencing circadian regulation, which supports the idea that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future space exploration missions will be funded by profits from deep ocean mining, using seabed minerals to build spacecraft. [SEP] Text: Communications from Company, a central actor in promoting commercial DSM, compare the “environmental, social, and economic impacts” of extracting minerals from land versus the seafloor, noting the extensive harm of terrestrial mines and stating that their aim is to provide necessary metals “in a way that inflicts the least impact on the planet and people” and gives “fragile rainforest ecosystems a break” ( However, the size of the area that could be impacted by DSM in just the Zone, currently the main target for commercial mining operations, is an order of magnitude larger than all areas impacted by terrestrial mining, and much greater by15. Similar differences in the scale of impacts likely apply to CDR on land versus in the ocean, though this has yet to be assessed. The narrative of necessity used to promote DSM is entirely questionable16. Predictions of future needs for minerals are highly uncertain. Increasingly, changes in battery technology and recycling are leading to the conclusion that DSM is “neither necessary, economically advantageous, or environmentally advisable”17. Moreover, to acquire enough minerals to be profitable, DSM would have to operate in vast areas for multiple decades, and would in no way be light-handed in its impacts on deep-sea ecosystems, as sometimes indicated by proponents. Alongside DSM, mCDR is regaining attention as a similarly alleged necessary intervention for mitigating climate change18. The CEO of Ocean Visions, a non-profit organization supporting advancement of mCDR, recently stated that “record levels of global warming have put the planet and ocean in such peril that aggressive large-scale measures are essential” and that “it’s not a question of whether we do carbon removal, but rather where we do it”, and further that this perception is informing “a swell of interest” in mCDR19. As with DSM, claims of the necessity, feasibility and advantages of mCDR technologies involving the deep ocean are debatable20,21,22. There is at present no proven technology that would remove carbon from the atmosphere and relocate it to the deep sea with sufficient efficacy to make it relevant as a climate solution23. Environmental risksTo have any meaningful impact, both DSM and mCDR would need to be deployed on vast scales, which would carry significant risks for deep-ocean ecosystems and may disturb many of their functions that people depend on 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the questionable necessity and economic viability of deep seabed mining (DSM) for future needs. It asserts that predictions for these needs are highly uncertain and concludes that DSM is not 'necessary, economically advantageous, or environmentally advisable.' Furthermore, it emphasizes that to be profitable, DSM would have to operate on vast scales for decades, suggesting that its impact would not align with the notion of funding future space exploration missions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: (C) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 20µm (D) Hyphae and conidia observed using SEM scale bar 50µm. Penicillium is a diverse genus of filamentous fungi with numerous species, and identifying specific species within this genus can be challenging due to their similarities. When grown on appropriate culture media, Penicillium colonies often have distinct characteristics. These can include colors ranging from blue-green, green, or yellow, with various textures such as powdery, velvety, or granular, the rate of colony growth, which can vary among different species. species produce distinctive conidial heads or structures that can be used for identification. Penicillium species produce conidiophores, which are structures that bear conidia (asexual spores) [25]. These conidiophores can be simple or branched and vary in size and shape. Conidia are the asexual spores of Penicillium. They are typically one-celled, and their shape and size can vary among species. They are often produced in chains or heads at the tips of conidiophores. Both conidia and hyphae in Penicillium species are typically septate (Figure 5B, 5C, 5D). species are known for their ability to grow on specific substrates or in certain environments, such as indoor environments or on decaying organic matter. species are known to produce mycotoxins, which can be relevant in food safety and health considerations. characteristics are used as a preliminary identification method for some toxin-producing fungi in bakery food samples. The presence of fungi in bakery products can affect their quality, shelf life, and safety. Various isolation methods, including direct plating, dilution series, filtration, and microscopic analysis, are used to identify and characterize fungal contaminants. The fungi identified in this study include Aspergillus sp, Bipolaris sp, Alternaria sp, and Penicillium sp using light microscope and scanning electron microscope and compared their features with existing descriptions in the literature and discussing the significance of fungal contamination in bakery food products such as spoilage, mycotoxin production, allergic reactions. Understanding the significance of fungal contamination in bakery products is crucial for ensuring food safety and quality control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses characteristics of Penicillium fungi and their implications in food safety and quality control, without any mention of ant species or their relationship to fungi farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: At the same time that these experiments were performed, a separate group of men and women of similar ages were exposed to the 90-min ultra-short sleep-wake cycle in the same laboratory with no more than 50 lux light exposures [29]. These subjects appeared to free-run with a period averaging 24. 38 h [29]. Thus, for the participants exposed to bright light, the phase shifts were interpreted as relative advances or delays in reference to their mean phase shift, which approximated the free-running delay among the untreated subjects. The mean of the participants undergoing bright light stimuli was regarded as the best estimate for their free-running trend, because the untreated subjects were selected by different criteria and were in the laboratory for a shorter duration, so their estimated free-running period might have been more affected by transients. To further describe changes in circadian phase and waveform, we estimated the circadian timing of nocturnal aMT6s onsets and offsets algebraically from upward (onset) and downward (offset) crossings of the mesor (ng/h), calculated from 24 h cosine fits to the data (Fig. 3). Shifts in onset and offset times were also computed. To aide interpretation of the PRC data in relation to clock timing in the home environment, some of the figures plotted phase shifts to light on a 24 h abscissa titled Time (Figures 4, 5, 6). The abscissa Time 5. 0, -3. 3, and -5. 9 h, respectively, in the aMT6s acrophase, onset and offset. and D, the light stimulus given 5–8 AM produced phase advances of 1. 2, 1. 1, and 1. 1 h, respectively. Note that the phase shifts were well-demonstrated despite the lower aMT6s excretion in the older participant. Figure 4 Phase shifts of acrophase of aMT6s rhythm. A. Phase shifts in the aMT6s circadian rhythm resulting from light stimuli are shown for 106 participants. The ordinate shows the shift in h of the aMT6s acrophase, computed as the baseline aMT6s acrophase minus the acrophase after the 3 bright light treatments. Thus negative shifts indicate that the follow-up acrophase was later than the baseline acrophase, i. e. , delayed in clock time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of bright light stimuli on circadian rhythms, specifically referencing changes in the acrophase of aMT6s, which are indicators of circadian timing. The mention of phase advances resulting from light exposure supports the assertion that light plays a regulatory role in circadian rhythms, suggesting that light-sensitive mechanisms are involved in this process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future space exploration missions will be funded by profits from deep ocean mining, using seabed minerals to build spacecraft. [SEP] Text: Recent suggestions for how that principle could be implemented suggest that monetary benefits for humankind would be minimal30. There is also no guarantee that extracted minerals would in fact be used to support decarbonization, as mining companies routinely claim. In the case of mCDR small-scale deployments can be motivated by profits from the sale of carbon credits (that would likely have no real effect on the climate)31. Some mCDR startup companies have attempted to interest developing countries in field trials and eventual deployments as contributions to their NDCs and potential sources of income. More lax permitting regulations and financial needs have made such countries attractive for both mCDR and DSM, as evidenced by the initial push for DSM in Guinea and now Cook Islands, and rapidly progressing plans for testing and commercialization of mCDR in Caribbean, African and waters ( This raises issues of equity for both endeavors, with the risk that new forms of “carbon colonialism” replicate patterns of past resource exploitation by colonial powers33. The claim that the deep ocean offers a space for more equitable mining or carbon removal operations than terrestrial alternatives is not true; rather the challenges are different34. Impacts from both DSM and mCDR would extend far beyond the immediately impacted ecosystems and into the social realm, where they may exacerbate existing environmental and social inequalities35. Assessments of equity are not well developed in international ocean governance, and though the international seafloor is legally defined as the common heritage of humankind, it remains unclear how this principle could or should be implemented36,37. The lack of a framework for equitable governance of the deep ocean underlines the need to proceed with any activities that may cause severe or irreversible harm and would operate under conditions of profound uncertainty with great caution38. ClimatismThe idea of climate change mitigation as an overarching political goal that needs to be reached at all costs and within a certain timeframe has been described as “climate reductionism”, “climatism”, or “climatization”, defined as the reduction of broad social, economic and ecological policies to narrowly framed, often numerical, climate goals39,40. Focusing on targets such as keeping the increase in global temperature to below 1. 5 or 2 °C “creates a dangerous discourse of scarcity” according to which “there is not enough time to reflect, deliberate or experiment”, which may lead to poor decision-making41. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the monetary benefits from deep ocean mining (DSM) and other related activities may be minimal, stating that there's no guarantee extracted minerals will support decarbonization as companies claim. Additionally, it discusses how equity issues and the potential for 'carbon colonialism' in deep-sea mining practices undermine the notion that these activities would directly and effectively fund future space exploration missions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: work was carried out in the Bioprocess and Laboratory, Department of Studies in Microbiology, Davangere University, Davangere, Karnataka. Author is grateful to research supervisor, Department of Studies in for providing well equipped laboratory facility to carry out the present research work. authors declare that there is no funding. Conflict of authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. 616. (1993) Bacillus spore contamination associated with commercial bread manufacture. 10: 287-294. (2019) Assessment of moisture content measurement methods of dried food products in small-scale operations in developing countries: A review. 88: 484-496. Hailu G, (2015) Extent, causes and reduction strategies of postharvest losses of fresh fruits and vegetables- A review. J 5: 49-64. Klich MA (2009) Health effects of Aspergillus in food and air. Toxicology and Industrial health 25: 657-667. (2013) Biochemical and histochemical traits: A promising way to screen resistance against spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) of wheat. of 137: 805-820. (2015) Characterization of Alternaria strains from Argentinean blueberry, tomato, walnut and wheat. 196: 1-10. (2020) Fungal spoilage of Bakery products and its control measures. of Pharamaceutical 1: 167-181. (2003) Food Microbiology. International Publishers. New Delhi, India. Aneja KR (2003) Experiments in Microbiology, and Biotechnology. International Publishers. New Delhi, India. (1997) Microfungi on Land plants: Handbook. Richmond Publishers, London, UK. (2017) Methods for measuring water activity (aw) of foods and its applications to moisture sorption isotherm studies. Nutr 57: 1052-1058. (2011) Isolation of Mycotoxin producing Fungi from fishes growing in Aquacultures. Microbiol 6: 862-872. Pundir RK, (2011) Qualitative and Quantitative analysis of microflora of Indian bakery products. J 7: 751-762. Ogawa T, (2014) Measurement of moisture profiles in pasta during rehydration based on image processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides no information regarding ant species or their behavior of farming fungi. Instead, it discusses various unrelated studies and topics associated with microbiology, food contamination, and moisture content measurement.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 008bathyphase04:04 ± 2:1004:44 ± 3:52total score3. 8 ± 2. 33. 6 ± 2. 7at intake7. 0 ± 7. 03. 5 ± 3. 6P = 0. 002 NS = Not Significant. Temperature bathyphase: the fitted minimum, 180° from the acrophase. The bright-light phase response curves for young and older adults are shown in Fig. 4, using the aMT6s acrophases as the reference. The participants showed a trend to delay an average of 1. 09 h between the phase assessments, which were centered 81 h apart. This would correspond to a free-running tau of 24. 32 h. There was no significant difference between the average delay of older and young adults, 0. 93 and 1. 27 h respectively. Light stimuli centered from 8 h before the aMT6s acrophase roughly up to the acrophase produced phase delays as referenced to this mean shift. Light stimuli in approximately the first 10 hs after the aMT6s acrophase produced phase advances as referenced to the mean shift. For the older participants, the inflection of the trend line from delays to advances crossed the mean phase response line about 0. 2 h before the aMT6s acrophase, whereas among the young, this inflection crossed the mean phase response line at 1. 6 h after the aMT6s acrophase, a difference of 1. 8 h. Fig. 4B emphasizes that the PRC inflection times of the older subjects were more than 1. 8 h earlier than those of the young in reference to clock time. From about 10 to 16 h after the aMT6s acrophase, the phase responses approximated the mean shift, averaging -1. 06 h; that is, from 10 to 16 h after the aMT6s acrophase, there appeared to be a dead-zone region, during which no significant linear trend in the phase responses was observed. Outcomes of the PRC bisection tests are summarized in Table 2, which gives the estimated angle of the inflection from the phase reference, the mean clock time to which that estimated inflection would correspond, the D parameter which reflected the amplitude of the PRC, the number of subjects, and the probability of the null hypothesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effects of light stimuli on circadian rhythms, specifically mentioning how these stimuli can cause phase delays and advances in relation to light exposure, which is inherently tied to light-sensitive proteins' roles in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep ocean mining will soon make traditional mining obsolete, providing more resources than all current land-based mining operations combined. AI-generated art is created using algorithms and machine learning models, often trained on large datasets of images and artwork. [SEP] Text: The Naïve Bayes algorithm assumes that there is no relationship between the presence and absence of an attribute, and a small amount of training dataset is deemed fit for the calculation of the mean and variance of the variables associated [21] while splitting fields into discrete bin and target value fields. The Naïve Bayes usually generalize well since it has no hyperparameters to tune. Decision treeTree algorithm characterizes datasets with the use of a structured tree, which is employed in the computation of discrete target-valued functions. The categorization is accomplished by ordering the instances of the tree from some root to the leaf node [22]. Each branch of the tree signifies the value of each attribute, whereas the attribute denotes each node of the tree. The minimum number of instances in the leave was set to 10 and a minimum of 100 trees, while smaller subsets of less than 5 were not split and were used as the limit in the binary tree (Fig. 3). Fig. 3architectural diagramFull size imagek-(k-NN)When comparing training, validation, and testing datasets, the k-NN method identifies comparable data [22]. The k-NN contains a tiny positive integer denoted by "k. " In an experimental setting, a decision with a majority of neighbors is employed. An ideal case is when k = 2 [20] is allocated to the nearest neighbor in its class. The approach computes the distance between the feature vectors and their nearest neighbors and does not generate duplicates, instead producing synthetic data points that varied slightly from the actual data points. The k-NN had 100 neighbors as the metric was set to Euclidean with uniform weight [7, 23]. Machine (SVM)Support vector machines (SVMs) are relatively new and widely used classification tools in which many components are integrated from previously used approaches. SVMs, like discriminant analysis, are based on the assumption that data is "separable" which implies it may be broken into groups by a functional separator [24]. Furthermore, SVMs are founded on the statistical learning theorem and aggressively expand this notation of separability centered on multiple concepts. The distinction of items due to the decision plane corresponds to separate types [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it delves into machine learning algorithms, specifically the Naïve Bayes, decision trees, and support vector machines, without making any reference to deep ocean mining or the obsolescence of traditional mining methods. Thus, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractWe investigated the species-level taxonomy of the (Crematogaster) kelleri-group and an additional more distantly related species of the same subgenus. Morphological data from worker, queen and male ants, as well as genetic data from three nuclear genes (long wavelength rhodopsin, arginine kinase and carbomoylphosphate synthase) and one mitochondrial marker (cytochrome oxidase I) led to the recognition of six species. Within the C. kelleri-group, three new species are described: C. hazolava Blaimer sp. n. , C. hafahafa Blaimer sp. n. and C. tavaratra Blaimer sp. n. The previously described taxa C. kelleri Forel and C. madagascariensis André are validated by our analysis. Conversely, our data suggests synonymy of C. adrepens Forel (with C. kelleri) and C. gibba Emery (with C. madagascariensis). A more distantly related and phylogenetically isolated species, C. tsisitsilo Blaimer sp. n. , is further described. We report high levels of morphological and molecular variation in C. kelleri and illustrate that this variation can be explained partly by geography. Species descriptions, images, distribution maps and identification keys based on worker ants, as well as on queen and male ants where available, are presented for all six species. Our work highlights the elevated species richness of Crematogaster ants throughout Madagascar’s humid forests, especially in the far northern tip of the island, and the need to use multiple data sources to ensure clear demarcation of this diversity. Citation: (2013) in the Crematogaster kelleri-Group in Madagascar. 8(7): e68082. Nicolas Chaline, Université Paris 13, FranceReceived: February 1, 2013; Accepted: May 24, 2013; Published: July 9, 2013Copyright: © 2013 Blaimer, Fisher. This is an open-access 9. 5, MZ12. 5 and MZ Apo stereomicroscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the taxonomy and species descriptions of ants in the Crematogaster genus, without mentioning anything about ant species farming fungi or their food sources.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: However, as the study terminated, compared to the young adults, the older participants rated themselves as significantly more alert, calm, happy, and better in the overall score, but less sleepy, tense, weary, and sad. No serious or lasting adverse effects of these experiments were observed. results again demonstrate the circadian phase-shifting effects of bright 3000 lux light and describe phase response curves. These observations confirm previous results that the inflection time from delays to advances averages an h or two after midsleep, which tends to occur earlier in older adults. The inflection time in aMT6s phase shifts averaged slightly after the aMT6s acrophase. The phase shift inflections were within the confidence limits of the oral temperature bathyphases, which are the fitted temperature minima, 180 degrees after the acrophases. This would be consistent with the previous literature, which located the inflection at approximately the core temperature minimum. The study was prospectively designed to have adequate power to detect PRC's in groups of 48 participants or more. The highly significant results for the aMT6s PRCs for older and young, men and women, indicated that the study was adequately powered for this purpose. An important finding was that the light phase response (PRC amplitude) in older participants was of similar size to that of young adults. No predicted reduction in phase response to light stimuli was observed among older participants. Sufficient data had not been available to prospectively predict the power of the model to contrast older and young adults, as power predictions for PRC amplitude are complicated by age differences in timing and wave form. In retrospect, the data indicated that the experiment had 80% power to detect if the PRC for one age had twice the amplitude as that for the other age group (with 0. 05 significance, two-tailed). Thus, a small difference in the phase responsiveness between older and young participants could not be excluded. Similarities in delay responses to light between young and elder participants were previously reported by others [11,31]. In one of 4 statistical tests, a greater advance response was observed among young participants (P < 0. 05 uncorrected for multiple comparisons), but interpretation was complicated by lack of gender-matching of the groups and a shift in the schedule for darkness and sleep [30]. One study suggested that older adults were equally responsive to light stimuli of the intensity we used, but older adults were less responsive to dimmer light stimuli [32]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of bright light on circadian phase-shifting, which implies a connection between light stimuli and the biological regulation of circadian rhythms. The mention of light's phase response curves reinforces the idea that light plays a critical role in regulating these rhythms, supporting the assertion that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of famous paintings and artworks from history will soon be reproduced using AI to improve their technical accuracy and visual appeal. [SEP] Text: Table 1: Results of X-ray fluorescence analysis conducted with a microfocus XRF with rhodium tube, silicon-drift detector, and polycapillary focusing lens (~100 μm spot). *Major, minor, trace quantities are based on XRF signal strength not quantitative analysis Surface Appearance: The surface exhibits some thick areas of impasto and rich brush strokes. No smaller details are incorporated (tech. fig. 15). placeholder 15: Photomicrograph showing impasto and the use of wet-in-wet technique. John Constable, The Cornfield, about 1816, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2009. 53. 15: Photomicrograph showing impasto and the use of wet-in-wet technique. John Constable, The Cornfield, about 1816, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2009. 53. Condition of paint is in good condition. Although the painting was lined and experienced several cleaning campaigns, the paint exhibits little to no abrasion or flattening. A cracking network, extending from the ground layer, is present over the surface due to the natural aging process of the canvas and paint. Larger tension cracking is present in the sky area, likely from the canvas being stretched onto the new stretcher. Description of Varnish/of Natural resin Spray applied Synthetic resin/other Brush applied observed coating detected placeholder 16: Ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence showing a green fluorescence characteristic of an aged natural resin varnish. John Constable, The Cornfield, about 1816, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2009. 53. 16: Ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence showing a green fluorescence characteristic of an aged natural resin varnish. John Constable, The Cornfield, about 1816, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2009. 53. Several layers of varnish are present. Examination under ultraviolet-induced visible fluorescence indicate that a synthetic varnish is present over the surface of the painting. Documentation confirms the presence of a Laropal A81 varnish, applied in the late 1980s (tech. fig. 16). Residues of a natural resin varnish are present in some areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of art analysis, including X-ray fluorescence, surface appearances, and varnish conditions of a specific painting. It does not mention AI or the reproduction of paintings, thereby failing to support or contrast the claim made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Standard measurements (in mm) were taken at 16−50× with a Leica MZ Apo stereomicroscope and a dual-axis Acu-micrometer wired to a digital readout. Measurements are given to the second decimal place, indices are presented as decimal fractions (also to the second decimal) and ranges express minimum – maximum values. Measured specimens were chosen to represent the entire respective species distribution range and morphological variation. The abbreviations used for measurements and indices are described and illustrated in detail by Blaimer [10]–[12]. Selected measurements were visualized by creating scatter plots within Microsoft Excel. Color images were created with a JVC KY-F75U digital camera, a Leica MZ16A stereomicroscope, Syncroscopy Auto-Montage (version 5. 0) and (v1. 04) software. All ant images presented here are also publicly available on AntWeb (www. antweb. org). Species distributions were plotted with the packages “maps” and “mapdata” within the software R [13], based on collection coordinates (latitude and longitude) of all material examined (see Table S2 for a species list with GPS coordinates). For material lacking this primary information, i. e. syntype specimens and older material, the following sources were used to georeference collection sites: the GEServer [14] and the Gazetteer to [15]. Maps of sampling localities were created with the module Cartographer [16] for the Mesquite system [17]. Classification of major geographic regions in Madagascar throughout species descriptions follows Gautier and Goodman [18]; common abbreviations of locality data use the acronyms P. N. ( = Parc National), R. S. ( = Réserve Spéciale), F ( = Forêt) and R. N. I. ( = Réserve Naturelle Intégrale). The electronic edition of this 9. The electronic edition of this work was published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and is available from the following digital repositories:. Commission on requires lectotypes designated after 1999 to “contain an express statement of deliberate designation” (amended 74. 7. 3). We use the statement ‘lectotype by present designation’ to fulfill this requirement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about measurement techniques and data collection methods related to ants but does not mention anything regarding fungi farming by ant species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: In the latter study, slowed metabolism of melatonin among older participants seemingly could be excluded, suggesting that it was the actual offset of synthesis of melatonin in the pineal, controlled by the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian system, which became relatively delayed in reference to the sleep and cortisol rhythms. That body temperature was not found to be significantly advanced among older participants may be partly attributable to the regulation of body temperature by melatonin and partly a reflection of less accurate circadian temperature measurement. This might raise the question whether sleep-wake and cortisol assume a more advanced phase-angle versus the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker as we age, or whether body temperature and melatonin secretion become more delayed, at least in the melatonin synthesis offset. Fig. 4 suggests that the PRC inflection from delay to advance occurred earlier in reference to the aMT6s acrophase among the older adults. It was also earlier in reference to clock time. Assuming that the PRC inflection is a good marker of the phase timing of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillator, Fig. 4 implies that among older adults, the phase state of the suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillator does become advanced, but the acrophase of the melatonin rhythm becomes relatively delayed in reference to that suprachiasmatic nucleus oscillator because the melatonin offset becomes delayed and melatonin duration grows longer. Perhaps because core temperature is governed in part by melatonin, it was not surprising that the temperature acrophase was also delayed in reference to the PRC inflection among the older participants. Although the graphs appeared to demonstrate a persuasive age difference in the inflection points, since the statistical evidence was marginal that the PRC inflection was earlier in reference to aMT6s acrophase among older participants, more study of this issue is needed. A possible explanation might be that when older adults arise early, sometimes before dawn, early morning illumination bright enough to advance or acutely suppress secretion of melatonin might not be experienced correspondingly early [29]. By this mechanism, aging-associated phase advances might influence the entrainment of the complex circadian oscillator in a manner somewhat analogous to the long nights of winter [40], which prolong the duration of the circadian subjective night. It is entrainment state which is at issue, since masking by light or sleep was equivalent among older and young adults during the laboratory baseline urine collections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian system in regulating melatonin synthesis, which aligns with the function of light-sensitive proteins in circadian rhythms. Although the main focus is on aging and melatonin's relationship with circadian rhythms, it implies that light exposure can influence melatonin synthesis and, consequently, the circadian rhythms, indicating that light-sensitive mechanisms play a crucial role in regulating these biological processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of famous paintings and artworks from history will soon be reproduced using AI to improve their technical accuracy and visual appeal. [SEP] Text: Unterricht” (tech. fig. 4) placeholder 4: Stamps. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 4: Stamps. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. Item 5. Round stamp, purple ink, upper-left corner, “Zentralstaße für Denkmalschutz * im Bundesm…f. Unterricht” (tech. fig. 5) placeholder 5: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 5: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. Item 6. Round stamp, black ink, upper-left corner, illegible (tech. fig. 6) placeholder 6: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 6: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. Item 7. Black ink, handwritten, upper-left corner, “N 59” (tech. fig. 7) placeholder 7: Handwritten inscription. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 7: Handwritten inscription. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. Item 8. Round stamp, purple ink, upper-left corner, “* WIEN *” (tech. fig. 8) placeholder 8: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 8: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. Item 9. Rectangular purple stamp, scratched out in pencil, left side, illegible (tech. fig. 9) Item 10. Rectangular purple stamp, scratched out in pencil, left side, illegible (tech. fig. 9) placeholder 9: Stamp. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses stamps and an artwork titled 'Crucifixion' by an artist referred to as 'the Elder' without mentioning AI, reproduction of famous paintings, or improvement of technical accuracy and visual appeal. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.