Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu AbstractThis study examines the diurnal variations of the warm-season precipitation over northern China using the high-resolution precipitation products obtained from the Center’s morphing technique () during May–August of 2003–09. The areas of focus are the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains. It is found that the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope and southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours resulting in a broad area of nocturnal precipitation maxima over the plains. The diurnal precipitation peak (minimum) is closely collocated with the upward (downward) branch of a mountain–plains solenoid (MPS) circulation. Both the MPS and a low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet are likely to be jointly responsible for the nighttime precipitation maxima over the plains. Corresponding author address: Dr. Fuqing Zhang, Department of 16802. Email: fzhang@psu. edu Keywords: Precipitation; Asia; Valley/mountain flows; Diurnal effects; Drainage flow 1. variations of precipitation are very important to the local and global weather and climate, which can have strong implications on the hydrological cycle and agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how diurnal variations in precipitation occur over short distances, particularly in relation to mountain ranges and adjacent plains. It explains that local precipitation patterns shift and propagate, indicating the influence of microclimates on weather variation. For example, it states that 'the averaged peak in local precipitation begins early in the afternoon near the top of the mountain ranges and propagates downslope,' supporting the idea that microclimates can create distinct weather variations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: These endogenous rhythms are entrained to environmental cues such as light, and their disruption has a significant and sometimes detrimental impact on bodily function, including jet lag (disrupted sleep resulting from rapid travel across time zones), dissociation (emergence of a second rhythm in the SCN beyond the entrainment range, that is, for sufficiently large or small light-dark [LD] periods), and splitting (antiphase rhythms within the SCN) (Pittendrigh and Daan, 1976c; de la Iglesia et al. , 2000; Silver, 2018; Michel et al. , 2013). Despite considerable progress in our understanding of the SCN, the role of its organization in the generation of circadian rhythms remains an open problem (Hastings et al. , 2018). At the population level, the current paradigm of SCN organization is based on 2 interconnected parts, the ventral (core) and dorsal (shell) regions of the SCN (Leak et al. , 1999; Abrahamson and Moore, 2001; Evans and Gorman, 2016; Michel and Meijer, 2020; Silver, 2018; Hastings et al. , 2018) where only the core is retinorecipient (Meijer et al. , 1986). At the single cell level, self-sustained circadian rhythms are known to originate in feedback loops involving the transcription of clock genes (Ko and Takahashi, 2006), which persist in the absence of exogenous cues. One approach to modeling circadian rhythms is based on molecular models of individual neuron activity (Leloup and Goldbeter, 2003; Vasalou and Henson, 2011; Hafner et al. , 2012; Taylor et al. , 2017). However, a single hemisphere of the SCN comprises approximately 10,000 neurons so that molecular models require a large number of equations and parameters to characterize both individual cells and the network organization of the SCN. This makes such models computationally harder and less amenable to analytical analysis. Moreover, experimental evidence and simplified theoretical models show that population-level activity in the SCN emerges from the dynamics of individual neurons (Schibler et al. , 2015; Gu et al. , 2016, 2018). Among simplified models of SCN dynamics, the Kuramoto model is a biologically plausible approach since clock cells in the SCN demonstrate self-sustained, nearly sinusoidal oscillations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of circadian rhythms and their regulation that highlight an ongoing debate regarding the role of the SCN. It mentions that 'the role of its organization in the generation of circadian rhythms remains an open problem,' suggesting that while the SCN is essential, its exact contribution and organization are not fully understood, thus challenging the notion of it being a 'master regulator.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Written informed consent was obtained from each participant for data analysis and publication of the study results. Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol 21 participants (13 females, age 20–54, mean age 26 years) participated in the experiment. None of the participants participated in more than one experiment. Materials and methods were approved by the local research ethics committee (CMO University Duisburg-Essen, Germany and CMO region Arnhem-Nijmegen, NL). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant for data analysis and publication of the study results. FMRI acquisition Navigation experiment Request a detailed protocol Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent T2*-weighted functional images were acquired on a 7 scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Erlangen, Germany) using a three dimensional echo-planar imaging (3D EPI) pulse sequence (Poser et al. , 2010) on a 32-channel surface coil: TR = 2. 7 s, TE = 20 ms, flip angle = 14°, slice thickness = 0. 92 mm, slice oversampling = 8. 3%, in-plane resolution = 0. 9^2 mm, field of view (FoV) = 210 mm in each direction, 96 slices, phase encoding acceleration factor = 4, 3D acceleration factor = 2. The first five volumes of the main scan were discarded to allow for T1 equilibration. A field map using a gradient echo sequence was recorded for distortion correction of the acquired EPI images. Resting-state dataset Request a detailed protocol Participants underwent four resting-state scanning sessions recorded on two days, each comprising 15 min multi-band accelerated (TR = 0. 72 s) fMRI. The two scans from each day were concatenated into scans of 30 min. Each day one scan had a left-right phase encoding direction and the other a right-left phase encoding direction and concatenating the two scans allowed for correcting the ensuing opposing field inhomogeneities. Whole-brain images were acquired at 2 mm isotropic resolution and all data are publicly available. For details see et al (et al. , 2013; Smith et al. , 2013). Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol The same 7 scanner was used as for the navigation experiment. Procedures and acquisition parameters were the same unless described otherwise. TR = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses on the methodologies of a study involving fMRI scans and participant recruitment without addressing memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory. It does not support or contradict the assertion regarding memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: For example, summertime rainfall may evaporate more quickly in the afternoon hours but can easily be permeated into soil and stored overnight. Numerous past studies have examined the diurnal variations of global and regional rainfalls through observations from surface rain gauges, weather radars, and/or satellites (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002; Yu et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2004; Dai et al. 1999, 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009; Yin et al. 2009). It is commonly observed that warm-season precipitation around the world usually peaks in the morning over ocean and in the late afternoon over land with the exception of several low-lying land areas such as the central of the (e. g. , Wallace 1975; Carbone et al. 2002). Some studies partially accredit the nocturnal precipitation maximums over the plains to a low-level southerly nocturnal jet parallel (e. g. , Higgins et al. 1997; Carbone and Tuttle 2008), which is also widely observed over the of the (e. g. , Bonner 1968). Complementary to Carbone et al. (2002), which concentrated on the central United States, the current study explores the diurnal variation and propagation of the warm-season precipitation over the Yanshan–ranges, along the eastern peripheries of the Loess and Inner-and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a). Warm-season rainfalls account for nearly 80% of the total annual precipitation in this focus area, which has strong diurnal variations. This study also complements recent studies on diurnal rainfall variations over China (e. g. , Wang et al. 2004; Yu et al. 2007; Zhou et al. 2008; Chen et al. 2009), most of which emphasize the eastern slopes and adjacent eastward regions of the Tibetan Plateau. 2. Precipitation dataset and mean The high-resolution global precipitation dataset from the (NOAA) Center’s morphing technique (; Joyce et al. 2004) will be used for this study. has a spatial resolution of 0. 7277° and is available every 30 min between 60°N and 60°S beginning with December of 2002. It combines precipitation estimates derived exclusively from several low-orbiter satellite microwave sensors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how diurnal variations in rainfall occur, specifically noting that warm-season rainfall patterns peak at different times depending on the land and ocean contexts. This highlights the idea that microclimates—defined by local conditions such as elevation and proximity to water—can lead to variations in weather, such as the differing precipitation patterns seen in the eastern regions of the Tibetan Plateau and the plains mentioned in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: (3)The amplitude (synchronization index) ρm characterizes the extent of phase alignment between oscillators in group m and varies between 0 and 1. When ρm=0, oscillators within group m are in an asynchronous state, while ρm=1 corresponds to a completely synchronized state. The group phase ψm is the average phase or direction of the oscillators. Here, we restrict our attention to a 2-group version of equation (2), with which we will model the core-shell organization and dynamics of the SCN. As shown elsewhere, equation (2) can be reduced to explicit equations for the phase and amplitude of each group (Ott and Antonsen, 2008; Yoon et al. , 2021). Following this approach, the time dependence of the amplitude and phase in the core (υ) and shell (d) becomesdρυdt=−ρυΔυ+12ρυKυυ(1−ρυ2)+12F(1−ρυ2)cosψυ+12ρdKdυ(1−ρυ2)cos(ψd−ψυ),(4)dψυdt=−Ωυ−12F(1+ρυ2)ρυsinψυ+12ρdKdυ(1+ρv2)ρvsin(ψd−ψυ),(5)dρddt=−ρdΔd+12ρdKdd(1−ρd2)+12ρυKυd(1−ρd2)cos(ψυ−ψd),(6)dψddt=−Ωd+12ρυKυd(1+ρd2)ρdsin(ψυ−ψd),(7)in the frame rotating at the external field frequency ωF. The field phase is set to 0 since it provides a reference time for the external cue. Equations (4)-(7) describe the core-shell model schematically depicted in Figure 1, where the parameters characterizing the heterogeneity of dynamical properties among SCN oscillators are reduced to a set of parameters characterizing the mean properties of the core and shell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the mathematical modeling of phase and amplitude dynamics among oscillators, including parameters associated with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but does not provide any supporting or contrasting information about its role as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 1 s, TE = 25 ms, flip angle = 13°, slice oversampling = 10%, in-plane resolution = 1. 5^2 mm, FoV = 224 mm in each direction, 80 slices, acceleration factor = 3, 3D acceleration factor = 2. To allow for T1 equilibration, three (N = 11) or seven (N = 5) dummy volumes were discarded before the main scan. Experimental tasks Navigation experiment Request a detailed protocol Participants performed an object-location memory task while freely navigating a 3D, virtual environment task adapted from Doeller et al. (Doeller et al, 2008; Doeller et al. , 2010) (Figure 5A). In this self-paced task participants collected and replaced six everyday objects within a virtual arena. They collected each object from its associated location once during an initial trial, by running over it. In each subsequent trial they saw an image (cue) of one of the objects in the upper part of the screen and had to move to the object's associated location and press a button (replace phase). After this response, the object appeared in its associated position and participants collected it again (feedback phase). After an average of 3 trials (range 2–4 trials), a fixation cross on a grey background was presented for 4 s (inter-trial-interval, ITI). Next to the spatial aspects of the navigation task, non-spatial task components were present approximately half of the time. Therefore, the task engaged functions associated with both the PM and the AT network, respectively. Each scanning session was subdivided into EPI acquisition blocks of 210 volumes. Participants underwent an average of 5 blocks (±1). Task-related effects from the navigation experiment are subject of another report. Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Cognitive tasks. (A) Navigation experiment. First person view of the virtual arena that participants navigated freely to perform the object-location memory task. (B) Spatial and non-spatial stimulation. Left: An example stimulus of a ‘non-spatial’ object. Right: An example stimulus of a ‘spatial’ scene. Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol Participants were presented with pictures of spatial and non-spatial stimuli (see Figure 5B) and gave a trial-by-trial animacy judgement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory being perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. Instead, it provides a detailed description of an experimental task related to object-location memory, including methods and protocols for a navigation experiment. While it does mention a memory task, it does not explicitly support or refute the idea of perfect recall as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: During periods when microwave data are not available at a location, it uses spatial propagation information obtained from geostationary satellite infrared data to transport the microwave-derived precipitation features (see more technical details online at This study examines data over all available warm-season months (May–August) during 2003–09 on a 23° × 23° domain (25°–48°N, 105°–128°E; Fig. 1a). (GFS) 1° × 1° operational analyses, available every 6 h over the course of this period, are used to provide the corresponding environmental conditions. Our focus area is over the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess–and the adjacent Plains (Fig. 1a), which have similar terrain patterns to that studied in Carbone et al. (2002, see their Fig. 1b) with the exception of predominant slope declines that transverse from northwest to southeast in northern China instead of from west to east over the and adjacent of the United States. The prevailing warm-season midtropospheric steering-level winds over the area of focus are predominantly northwesterly from high terrains to lower plains (not shown). Averaged over all warm-season hours from May to August during 2003–09, the total precipitation over the Plains on the southeastern side of the domain is much higher than that over the plateaus to the northwest (Fig. 1b). The rainfall distribution from the estimate agrees well with the rain gauge observations (e. g. , Qian et al. 2002, their Fig. 1), which adds confidence to the applicability of the dataset as attested by Janowiak et al. (2005), Dai et al. (2007), and Zhou et al. (2008). Figure 1c shows the mean terrain and precipitation along the northwest–southeast direction averaged over the boxed focus area in Fig. 1a. A sharp drop in elevation of more than 1200 m from ∼250 to 550 km exists. On average, the higher the terrain is the lower is the warm-season precipitation amount. The averaged precipitation rate increases by nearly a factor of 2 from the top of the plateaus (on the northwest) to the flat plains (on the southeast). 3. The diurnal precipitation cycle and its phase propagation Figure 2a shows the spatial distribution of the diurnal contribution to total precipitation, expressed as a percentage (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that precipitation varies significantly across different terrains in a relatively small geographical area. It states that 'the total precipitation over the Plains on the southeastern side of the domain is much higher than that over the plateaus to the northwest,' demonstrating how microclimate effects lead to variations in weather patterns over short distances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In the present study, we aim to understand roles of CRYs in the expression of SCN circadian rhythms in different physiological functions and at different stages of postnatal development. Taking advantage of luciferase reporters (Per1-luc, PER2::LUC), we examined the circadian rhythms of Per1 expression and intracellular PER2 at the single-cell as well as tissue levels in cultured SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice through the course of development. We also monitored spontaneous neuronal firing in the cultured SCN using a multielectrode array dish (MED) system. Surprisingly, circadian rhythms at the SCN cell level were detected from the neonatal stage to adulthood, while the rhythms at the SCN tissue level were observed only in the early postnatal period. Circadian rhythms of Per1-luc seemed to be more sensitive to CRY double deficiency than that of PER2::LUC. Coculture of neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN restored circadian PER2::LUC rhythms at the tissue level in the adult SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. These findings indicate that CRY1 and CRY2 are dispensable for circadian rhythm generation, but necessary for the development of cellular couplings for rhythm synchrony, which are crucial for expression of coherent circadian rhythms in adult SCN. ResultsDevelopmental changes in circadian rhythms of Per1 and PER2Developmental changes of circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC were examined in the cultured SCN of Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. Marked differences were detected in the circadian rhythms at the SCN tissue level between the Cry1+/+/Cry2+/+ (control) and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice during postnatal development (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Developmental changes in circadian rhythms of Per1-luc and PER2::LUC at the SCN tissue level. Circadian rhythms at different stages of development are illustrated in Per1-luc (a) and PER2::LUC (b) from the control (left) and Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (right). Representative results from three littermates are demonstrated in each panel with different colours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing findings that suggest CRY1 and CRY2 are not necessary for the generation of circadian rhythms. It states that circadian rhythms were detected even in the absence of these proteins, indicating that while the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) has a role in circadian rhythms, its regulation is not solely dependent on CRY proteins. The text emphasizes the importance of cellular couplings for rhythm synchrony as being crucial for coherent circadian rhythms in adult SCN, which suggests that the claim may oversimplify the mechanisms involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Images of objects (non-spatial) and 12 images of scenes (spatial)—as well as 24 images of two categories of animate stimuli not considered in the analyses—were resized to 400 × 400 pixels and shown in grey shading and matched on their low-level features (luminance, contrast and spatial frequency) through the use of the SHINE toolbox (Spectrum, Histogram and and Equalization [Willenbockel et al. , 2010]). Single stimuli were presented for 2 s followed by an ITI of variable duration (mean 5 s, range 1. 5–10 s). The scanning sessions were subdivided into two runs of four blocks each, with a duration of approximately 27 min in duration per run. Data pre-processing Navigation experiment Request a detailed protocol Data pre-processing was implemented through the use of the automatic analysis library (Cusack et al. , 2015) ( Pre-processing included motion correction in SPM8 ( data de-noising with the FIX artifact removal procedure implemented in FSL 5. 0. 4 ( that has been trained manually on 10 of the 22 participants and nonlinear normalisation to a group-specific EPI template with the Toolbox (Avants et al. , 2011) (ANTS; The use of a group-specific EPI template was feasible because of the anatomical detail provided by the sub-millimetre images. In addition, this rendered the registration to structural images unnecessary, which poses an additional source of noise because of regional differences in distortion of the 7 Tesla EPIs. The functional data were smoothed with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) Gaussian kernel of 2. 5 mm3 (roughly 2. 5 times the voxel size) to increase the SNR and improve ICA-based data de-noising with the FIX procedure (see above) while maintaining high spatial resolution for connectivity analyses. Correction for residual motion artefacts was performed with an ICA-based method, which has been shown to outperform motion scrubbing and spike-regression methods both in terms of reproducibility of resting-state networks and conservation of temporal degrees of freedom (Pruim et al. , 2015a; Pruim et al. , 2015b). In addition, brain extraction, tissue segmentation and high-pass filtering with a 128-s cut-off were carried out with FSL. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with stimuli. Instead, it describes a detailed methodology for a navigation experiment focused on image presentation and data processing, without making any assertions about memory recall. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Note that the 900-hPa pressure surface in some high-mountain areas is slightly below the ground level, but the GFS analysis from the downward extrapolation depicts reasonably well the low-level flow patterns in these places. At 0600 UTC (1400 LST) in the early afternoon, there are widespread low-level upward motions on the plateaus that peak on the eastern edge along the Yanshan–ranges (Figs. 5a and 6a). This peak quasi-southwest–northeast-oriented upward motion belt is closely collocated with a low-level perturbation convergence boundary, both of which correspond to be the upward branch of a developing daytime MPS (Fig. 6a) that is likely responsible for the peak diurnal precipitation in this area (Fig. 3a). The downward branch of the MPS circulation along with the cold-air advection by the anomalous low-level northeasterly winds (Figs. 5a and 6a) is likely responsible for the diurnal precipitation minimum phase across the plains at this time (Fig. 3a). At 1200 UTC (2000 LST) in the early evening, the maximum upward motion belt is located on the eastern slopes and foothills of the Yanshan–ranges, where the perturbation low-level winds from the low plains are being lifted upward by the steepest terrain slopes (Figs. 5b and 6b). As part of the upward branch of the MPS circulation, the upslope lifting induces the strongest diurnal precipitation peaks along the terrain slopes and foothills at this hour (Figs. 2a and 3c). In the meantime, the eastern half of the plains is positioned under the downward branch of the MPS, which adversely affects precipitation. Also at this time, the top of the mountain ranges makes a transition toward downward motions and shifts to the minimum diurnal precipitation phase (Figs. 3c and 5b). At 1800 UTC (0200 LST) in the early morning, the upward branch of the MPS circulation moves to the central plains along a leeside convergence zone (Figs. 5c and 6c) that collocates well with a nocturnal precipitation maximum (Fig. 3e). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how local geographical features, such as the terrain slopes of the Yanshan ranges, induce significant variations in weather patterns like precipitation. The mention of upward motions and downward motions occurring in close proximity illustrates the short-distance weather variations created by microclimates influenced by the terrain. Terms such as 'upslope lifting induces the strongest diurnal precipitation peaks' and the different weather conditions experienced in the eastern half compared to the mountainous areas further support the idea that microclimates can lead to diverse weather conditions over small distances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Compared with the coculture with the P7 WT graft, the amplitude was significantly lower in the coculture with graft SCN from P14 WT (n=5), P21 WT (n=7) or P7 Cry1−/−/Cry2−/−mice (†P<0. 05, Welch's t-test). All data are given as the mean±s. d. Full size imageDiscussionThe most striking finding in the present study is that the circadian rhythms in Per1-luc and PER2::LUC at the SCN tissue level damp out during the course of development in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, while the circadian rhythms at the SCN cell level are preserved until adulthood (Figs 1 and 4, Supplementary Fig. S1). A loss of circadian rhythm at the tissue level is unlikely due to vulnerability to culture of the adult SCN slices, because the SCN of adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice retains the potential to express high-amplitude circadian rhythms. Cellular circadian rhythms were mutually synchronized during the neonatal period but desynchronized after weaning, suggesting that the loss of circadian rhythm at the SCN tissue level is not due to a lack of circadian oscillation but to desynchrony of cellular rhythms from each other. The coherent circadian rhythms expressed in the neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN are subserved by a diffusible factor(s) specific to the neonatal period. CRY1/CRY2 deficiency may interfere with the development of SCN cell networks for rhythm synchrony in adulthood. CRY1 and CRY2 are negative components of the molecular feedback loop for the circadian oscillation2, but they are dispensable for the generation of cellular circadian rhythm at least in the neonatal SCN in culture9. The roles of CRY1 and CRY2 in the molecular loop could be substituted by other molecules, such as DEC1 and DEC221, which are known to suppress the E-box-mediated transactivation of Per1 by BMAL1/CLOCK22, and the gene expression of which are negatively regulated by PER1 and PER2. They could therefore compensate for the absence of CRY1 and CRY2 in the feedback loop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating findings related to circadian rhythms and the SCN's functionality under specific conditions in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. It suggests that while cellular circadian rhythms are preserved, the tissue-level rhythms dampen during development, which implies that the SCN may not consistently act as the master regulator of circadian rhythms in all contexts. This indicates a complexity in the role of the SCN in circadian regulation rather than it being solely the master regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Resting-state dataset Request a detailed protocol The publicly available data were pre-processed as described in Smith et al. (2013), which included correction for spatial distortions and head motion, registration to the T1 weighted structural image, resampling to 2 mm Institute (MNI) space, global intensity normalization, high-pass filtering with a cut-off at 2000s, and the FIX artefact removal procedure. Additionally, we smoothed the images with a 6 mm3 FWHM kernel and converted the time-series of each voxel to percent signal change by subtracting and dividing by their mean amplitude value over time. Spatial and non-spatial stimulation Request a detailed protocol The same pre-processing procedure was used as for the navigation experiment, unless described otherwise below. Since the voxel size was larger and only univariate analyses were conducted, we did not perform data de-noising with the FIX procedure. The functional data were smoothed with a FWHM kernel of 5 mm3 (roughly 2. 5 times the voxel size) to increase the SNR. ROI definitions Request a detailed protocol For the 7 Tesla experiments (navigation experiment and spatial and non-spatial stimulation experiment), an EC ROI was manually defined with ITK Snap 3. 2 (Yushkevich et al. , 2006) ( on the group-specific high-resolution mean EPI template from the navigation experiment. Manual segmentation on the group-specific EPI template circumvented registration problems between structural images and partly distorted functional images. Based on anatomical landmarks as described by Insausti et al. , (1998) and Frankó et al. , (2014), the posterior border of the EC was set to ∼1. 5 mm posterior to the gyrus intralimbicus, the anterior border to ∼1. 5 mm posterior to the limen insulae, the lateral border to the midpoint of the medial bank of the collateral sulcus and the medial border to the hippocampal fissure at the level of the uncus. A medial EC and a lateral EC ROI of roughly equal volume were created by dividing the main ROI mediolaterally (which roughly corresponded to a proximo-distal division in relation to the hippocampus) on consecutive coronal slices along the entire anteroposterior axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a detailed protocol for resting-state data acquisition and preprocessing but does not address the claim about memory recall. It focuses on technical aspects of data processing and does not provide any information related to memory or its recall, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: There exist at least two possible mechanisms responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the plains, related to the MPS circulation: 1) the initiation or enhancement of precipitation events in the afternoon on the top and/or eastern slopes of the mountain ranges that subsequently propagate southeastward to the plains, following the midtropospheric mean flow, and 2) the local initiation or enhancement of precipitation following the upward branch of the MPS circulation over the plains during the night, which is further enhanced by the low-level southwesterly nocturnal jet. However, given the coarse spatial and temporal resolution of the GFS analysis (1° × 1°, every 6 h), the causality between the upward branch of the MPS and the precipitation maxima cannot be uniquely determined. It remains possible that the nighttime upward motion over the plains (e. g. , Figs. 5c and 6c) results from (instead of causing) the nocturnal precipitation maxima. There is spatial and temporal separation between the two parallel subpeaks within the primary diurnal precipitation maximum over the plains. The maximum to the east may have been produced by secondary generation of convection ahead of the downslope-sliding convective lines through either mesoscale gravity waves and/or cold-pool dynamics as hypothesized in Carbone et al. (2002) and Trier et al. (2006, 2010). 5. study explores the diurnal variations of warm-season precipitation over the Yanshan–ranges along the east peripheries of the Loess and Plateaus and the adjacent Plains using the high-resolution precipitation data during May–August of 2003–09. Warm-season rainfalls account for nearly 80% of the total precipitation in this focus area and thus have very important impacts on the water cycles and climate of a region encompassing the capital city of Beijing and several of the most densely populated provinces of China. It is found that the peak in the local precipitation usually begins near midday or early afternoon (time of maximum solar heating) on the southeastern slopes of the plateaus and propagates southeastward at a speed of ∼13 m s−1. The primary diurnal precipitation peak reaches the central Plains around midnight and the early morning hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how localized geographic features, such as mountain ranges and plains, influence precipitation patterns. It explains that precipitation maxima can be affected by local conditions, with variations in weather occurring on the southeastern slopes of plateaus compared to the plains, suggesting that microclimates can indeed create weather variations over short distances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, non-transcriptional mechanisms of circadian oscillation23 could be involved in a CRY1/CRY2-independent mechanism for rhythm generation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of oscillation in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. A loss of circadian rhythm at the SCN tissue level in adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice is most likely due to desynchrony of cellular circadian rhythms in the SCN (Fig. 4). Cellular couplings responsible for rhythm synchrony are mediated by either synaptic communication or autocrine–paracrine mechanisms9,11 that not only synchronize but also reinforce the cellular circadian rhythms13. Importantly, the cellular rhythms in the adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN slice were remarkably similar in appearance and period distribution to those in the dispersed cell cultures or in the TTX-treated SCN slices from neonatal Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice (Figs 4 and 5), in which cellular coupling is substantially disrupted. Such large period variability was not observed in the control mice. In addition, the circadian period of neonatal SCN in Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice was significantly shorter than in the control (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. S1). These findings indicate that the cellular circadian rhythms are also affected to some extent by CRY double deficiency. Coculture of neonatal SCN from WT mice restored the circadian rhythm of PER2::LUC in the adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− SCN (Fig. 7). Less robust circadian rhythms were also restored by coculturing with the SCN harvested at P7 from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice. These findings indicate that the cell networks for rhythm synchrony still exist in the SCN of adult Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice and are capable of expressing the circadian rhythms at the tissue level in response to a diffusible factor(s) in the neonatal SCN. Importantly, the rhythm was not fully restored by older WT SCN grafts, suggesting that the diffusible factor(s) is lost or loses its potency as the SCN develops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the complexities of circadian rhythms and highlighting that non-transcriptional mechanisms may also play a role in rhythm generation independent of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It discusses the findings from Cry1−/−/Cry2−/− mice, which indicate that the loss of circadian rhythm at the SCN tissue level may be due to desynchrony in cellular rhythms, suggesting that the SCN may not act as an unequivocal master regulator as there are various contributors to circadian control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: An anterior EC and a posterior EC ROI of roughly equal volume were created by dividing the main ROI mid-way between the most anterior and the most posterior coronal slice of the EC. For the ‘model-based’ analysis, one ROI mask was created for the PM system and another one for the AT system. For this purpose we placed spheres of 4 mm radius on MNI coordinates associated with each system by Libby et al. , (Libby et al. , 2012) (see Table 1 for the selected coordinates). For the control analysis using the resting-state fMRI data from the Project, a probabilistic entorhinal ROI was generated using the Freesurfer toolbox (Augustinack et al. , 2013). Freesurfer's cortical reconstruction algorithm (‘recon-all’) was used on a T1 weighted MNI template image to generate an ROI mask of the EC with a probability threshold of 90% that was binarized and converted to NiFTI file format. Seed-based connectivity analysis Request a detailed protocol For the quantification of the model-based analyses of connectivity between the AT and PM networks and the manually segmented medial and lateral or anterior and posterior EC, singular-value decomposition (SVD) and subtraction of the mean was performed on the voxel-wise time-series within each ROI. Next, functional connectivity was estimated by means of partial correlation analysis between the time-series of groups of ROIs. Finally, Pearson's partial correlation coefficients were Fisher-Z transformed and used for across-subject comparisons (Figure 1D). For the estimation of voxel-wise connectivity maps we used the ‘dual_regression’ function implemented in FSL 5. 0. 4 ( This involved using the time-series of pairs of seed regions as regressors in a GLM to estimate functional connectivity to voxels in a target region (Figure 1B, Figure 1C and Figure 1—figure supplement 1) or to the rest of the brain (Figure 2D and Figure 3D). Finally, group-level statistics were computed with non-parametric randomisation tests (FSL 5. 0. 4, and threshold-free cluster enhancement for null-hypothesis testing and the computation of p-value maps (Figure 2D and Figure 3D). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on methodological details related to the creation of regions of interest (ROIs) in neuroimaging and does not address the claim that memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. It discusses various analyses and connectivity mappings but does not provide any information regarding memory recall or stimuli's effect on memory accuracy.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Microclimates can create variations in weather over short distances. [SEP] Text: Two mechanisms are likely responsible for the nocturnal precipitation maximum over the Plains: 1) the initiation or enhancement of precipitation events during peak solar heating hours on the eastern slopes of the plateaus, which subsequently propagate southeastward to the plains, following the midtropospheric mean flow, and 2) the local initiation or enhancement of precipitation following the upward branch of a mountain–plain solenoidal circulation induced by differential heating between the mountain ranges and plains, which is further facilitated by the nocturnal low-level jet over the plains that contributes to a transport of warm, moist air to the area during nighttime. Future studies will examine the respective contributions from each of these two likely mechanisms, as well as the importance of the midtropospheric mean flow and/or the cold-pool dynamics for further explaining the near-continuous propagation of diurnal precipitation peaks from high terrains to the plains in this area, through both case studies of individual events and idealized simulations, as in Trier et al. (2006, 2010) for the continental United States. 4635. 850. Bonner, W. D. , 1968: Climatology of the low-level jet. Mon. Wea. Rev. , 96, 833– 850. )| falseSearch 4146. Carbone, R. E. , and J. D. Tuttle 2008: Rainfall occurrence in the U. S. warm season: The diurnal cycle. J. Climate, 21, 4132– 4146. )| falseSearch 2056. Carbone, R. E. , J. D. Tuttle D. Ahijevych and S. B. Trier 2002: Inferences of predictability associated with warm season precipitation episodes. J. Atmos. Sci. , 59, 2033– 2056. )| falseSearch 3103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. Chen, G. , W. Sha and T. Iwasaki 2009: Diurnal variation of precipitation over southeastern China: Spatial distribution and its seasonality. J. Geophys. Res. , 114, D13103. doi:10. 1029/2008JD011103. )| falseSearch 6402. Dai, A. , F. Giorgi and K. E. Trenberth 1999: Observed and model simulated precipitation diurnal cycle over the contiguous United States. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses mechanisms that can influence precipitation patterns over short distances, specifically referencing how local topographical features, such as mountain ranges and plains, lead to different weather outcomes. It mentions that the local initiation or enhancement of precipitation can be induced by differential heating, which fits into the concept of microclimates affecting weather variations. This supports the claim that microclimates can create variations in weather by providing a detailed example of how geographical factors can lead to differing weather conditions in close proximity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The cycle-to-cycle variability increased and the Qp value in the Chi-square periodogram decreased in the SCN-VGAT depleted mice (Fig. 5c). However, the free-running period was not different between the SCN-VGAT depleted and control mice. Post-hoc immunostaining revealed that VGAT expression was significantly attenuated in the SCN of SCN-VGAT depleted mice compared to the control SCN by ca. 31% (Fig. 5f, g). These results suggest that a lack of GABA function in the SCN deteriorates circadian behavioral rhythms. Fig. 5Circadian behavioral rhythms of adult mice with the SCN specifically depleted VGAT. a Representative locomotor activity of control (left) and SCN-VGAT−/− (middle and right) mice is double plotted. Chi-square periodogram during LD (pre, 7 days before AAV injection), LD (post, 14–21 days after injection), and DD (post, 21–28 days after exposed to DD) are exhibited under each actogram. AAV was injected on the day indicated by a yellow star. Three weeks after AAV injection, mice were released to DD. b Daily profiles of circadian behavioral rhythms under LD (pre), LD (post), and DD (post, 1–28 days after exposed to DD) indicated in (a). Control (blue, n = 7) and SCN-VGAT−/− (red, n = 8) mice were plotted every 2 h. The amount of activity during the subjective night was significantly decreased in the VGAT−/− SCN compared to that of the WT. Two-way repeated measure ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between time of day and genotype in LD (post) and DD (post) (**p < 0. 01, *p < 0. 05, Two-way repeated measure ANOVA post-hoc t-test). Black and white horizontal bars on the top of the actograms indicate the dark and light phase of an LD cycle, respectively. Data are expressed as mean ± SD. c Circadian period calculated by a periodogram (left) (p = 0. 447, Student’s t-test), cycle-to-cycle variation of the onset phases (middle) (**p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the lack of GABA function in the SCN leads to deteriorated circadian behavioral rhythms, indicating that the SCN's regulatory capability may be compromised. The results imply that alterations in the SCN can affect circadian rhythms, which may challenge the idea of it being the 'master regulator' without functioning components like GABA.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: All connectivity analyses were restricted to gray matter voxels. Data-driven connectivity analysis Request a detailed protocol To overcome limitations of the seed-based connectivity analysis, we employed ConGrads (Haak et al. , 2014), which allows for tracing the dominant modes of functional connectivity change within a pre-specified region of the brain in a fully data-driven manner. First, the fMRI time series from the EC were rearranged into a time-by-voxels matrix, which was also done for the fMRI time series of all gray-matter voxels outside the EC. For reasons of stability and computational tractability, we losslessly reduced the dimensionality of the data outside the EC using SVD. We determined the connectivity fingerprints of each voxel inside the EC by computing the correlation between the voxel-wise time series and the SVD-transformed data, and then used the η2 coefficient to quantify the similarities among the voxel-wise fingerprints (Cohen et al. , 2008). Next, we fed the ensuing similarity-matrix to the LE algorithm (Belkin and Niyogi, 2003), resulting in a series of vectors that represent the dominant modes of functional connectivity change. The LE algorithm and variants thereof have previously been successfully applied to trace changes in probabilistic tractography connectivity (Johansen-Berg et al. , 2004; Cerliani et al. , 2012), while in the context of resting-state fMRI, ConGrads has been shown to generate highly reproducible results in regions such as the human motor strip, both across sessions and participants (Haak et al. , 2014). Note that group-level results were obtained by running the LE algorithm on the average of the individual similarity matrices and that the analysis was performed separately for left and right hemispheric EC ROIs. To quantify how well the ensuing modes of connectivity change preserved the order of the similarities among the original, high-dimensional connectivity fingerprints (topology preservation) we used Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Because the LE algorithm maximizes topology preservation, we report the correlation coefficients without p-values. Clustering was performed on the high-resolution data from the navigation experiment by grouping voxels above and below the median value of each mode of functional connectivity change, which resulted in two equally sized clusters per mode of connectivity change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodologies of data-driven connectivity analysis and functional connectivity in the brain, without addressing the concept of memory recall or the influence of stimuli on memory. It discusses techniques like the LE algorithm and the use of fMRI for studying connectivity but does not provide any insights related to memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Life on Earth originated around 3.5 billion years ago, suggesting early life is possible elsewhere. [SEP] Text: '' In laying bare Earth's deepest biological roots, Life on a helps us understand our own place in the universe--and our responsibility as stewards of a world four billion years in the making. In a new preface, Knoll describes how the field has broadened and deepened in the decade since the book's original publication. Author Editor information Andrew H. Knoll is the of at and a member of the of Sciences. A paleontologist by training, he has spent more than two decades working to integrate geological and biological perspectives on early life. Reviews "Andrew Knoll, one of the world's foremost paleontologists, here presents the origin and early evolution of life the way it should be told: a mystery unfolding as an epic. Resonating with the authority of firsthand stories of discovery, his account will be exceptionally enjoyable for scientists and the educated public alike. "—Edward O. Wilson, Harvard University"Here is a firsthand account of one of the most exciting quests in modern science. Knoll writes with the confidence of a distinguished scientist who has devoted his career to unraveling the mysteries of life's origins and the passion of someone who deeply believes in the importance of recent discoveries about life before the Cambrian explosion. From the wilds of Siberia to the ocean floor, from Earth to Mars and beyond, he takes readers on a fascinating personal adventure that may change the way they think about themselves and their place in the world. "—Lawrence M. Krauss, author of of and Atom"In a highly personal, gripping narrative, Knoll takes us on the most incredible journey of all journeys—the history of life on Earth. "—Donald E. Canfield, Odense University"This is a truly great book. It is a remarkably readable synthesis of many diverse ideas selected from a breathtaking array of disciplines. The narrative is engaging and entertaining—a travelogue through time that incorporates amusing and informative anecdotes from Knoll's travels to many far-off places. "—Sean Carroll, University of Wisconsin, author of From DNA to Diversity"In this wonderful book. . . Knoll's extensive field experience and eagerness to share data and ideas with colleagues enable him to reconstruct responsibly the broad evolutionary scenario yet to remain close to the evidence. "---"[Knoll's] words have a poetic flavor and his deep interest in the study of life on earth flows out of them, carrying readers along whole maintaining a rigorous discourse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the origins and early evolution of life on Earth, indicating that life has a long history dating back around four billion years. It references the work of Andrew H. Knoll, a prominent paleontologist, who has focused on understanding early life and the implications of these findings, potentially suggesting that the understanding of life's origins on Earth can inform theories about the possibility of life elsewhere in the universe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The robust nature of the circadian rhythm arises from reciprocal network interactions among the neurons and astrocytes [123]. The circadian clock in astrocytes contributes to the circadian oscillations [124]. Contrary to the earlier observation that astrocytes have a supporting role for neurons [125], present-day information indicates that they also have a role in “gliotransmission” [126]. Astrocytes partner with the neurons to perform the functioning of the network for circadian timing of course with separate circadian properties. It is interesting that not only the neurons of the SCN but also the cell-autonomous clocks of astrocytes drive circadian behavior in mammals [127]. Astrocytes and neurons are acting as two arms of the central clock [122]. Based on the presence of an abundance of clock protein PER in glial cells and more so in astrocytes, it has been suggested that there is an existing functional circadian clock in astrocytes. Rhythmic expression of clock genes in astrocytes has also been reported [128–130]. The role of recently identified astrocytes of the SCN in controlling circadian behavior cannot be ignored [123]. Astrocytic cytoskeletal factor glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has a circadian variation in the SCN [131]. Circadian properties and functions of astrocytes have been studied in detail now with the use of genetic access to astrocytes. SCN astrocytes can control the circadian period by regulating GABA uptake as well as glutaminergic signaling [9, 61, 122]. Astrocytes of the SCN have an essential role in regulating activity and entrainment of the clock as they possess a molecular TTFL [60, 122, 129]. TTFLs form the basis for circadian rhythms in mammals. It is generally agreed that there is interaction between TTFL, neuronal and glial activity of the neurons, and astrocytes of the SCN for the generation of circadian time signals [132]. TTFLs are found in neurons and astrocytes alike in the SCN and the cell autonomous astrocytic TTFLs can alone drive molecular oscillations in the absence of other cellular clocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role of astrocytes in the regulation of circadian rhythms, suggesting that they can independently drive molecular oscillations and have distinct circadian properties. The information implies that while the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is crucial, the presence of cell-autonomous clocks in astrocytes indicates that the regulation of circadian rhythms is not solely dependent on the SCN being the 'master regulator.' The text highlights the interplay between neurons and astrocytes, emphasizing that both contribute to circadian timing, thus challenging the assertion that the SCN alone is the master regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: For the ROI analyses on the data of the spatial and non-spatial stimulation experiment, the clusters were warped into MNI space. SNR estimation Request a detailed protocol tSNR was determined by dividing the mean signal within a region by the standard deviation of that signal over time. Conversely, spatial SNR was determined by dividing the mean signal within a region by the standard deviation of the signal across voxels. This was done for each time point and spatial SNR was then averaged over time. Motion scrubbing Request a detailed protocol First, we determined time points where instantaneous movement (Power et al. , 2012, 2015) exceeded a threshold of 0. 5 mm. Then we excluded these time points (volumes) including the one preceding and the two thereafter from subsequent analyses. Hence, per instantaneous movement above threshold, four volumes were removed. On average this resulted in 121 volumes being removed from participant's time-series (range: 4–300). Univariate fMRI analyses Request a detailed protocol The data from the spatial and non-spatial stimulation experiment were analysed in native (subject-specific) space with general linear models that included regressors of interest for object and scene trials. Six movement regressors were included to account for movement-related noise. The regressors were convolved with the canonical hemodynamic response function and fitted to the time-series at each voxel in a whole-brain analysis. Single-subject contrast images were first normalised to a group-specific template and then to the MNI space. Group-level statistics were computed with non-parametric randomisation tests (FSL 5. 0. 4, on the contrast images (objects vs scenes and scenes vs objects) using variance smoothing with a 5 mm3 kernel—to improve the estimation of the variance that feeds into the final t-statistic. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. 259. 2044. 1396. 31. 837. 1243. 2034. 633. 57. 90. 2162. 69. 661. 5920. 123. 1324. 152. 654. 601. 256. 806. 641. 671. 3340. 708. 311. 764. 0369. 230. 731. 2302. 6560. 319. 10. 7554/eLife. 06426. 0923. 774. 1388. 266. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the methodologies and analyses of fMRI data in experiments related to spatial and non-spatial stimulation, without addressing the concept of memory recall or its perfection with stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: for and its Comparison with Sources: A Text (PDF) Elavarasan 1 * 1 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of * is the backbone of the evolution of humanity, it has assisted mankind to endeavor through various ages of history. The quest to obtain energy with minimal expenditure and pollution is still being worked on and will continue on in the future. Even in this modern age, energy production in several developing countries often falls short of energy requirements which results in frequent power cuts. As the world economy continues to grow, energy consumption is expected to continue to grow. Fossil fuel is limited, so it is important to consider other sources of energy e. g. renewables especially solar to meet the energy demands in the future. The world has diverse solar energy sources which are not yet fully explored. This review sheds light on the solar renewable energy and other non-renewable sources of energy available in the world and a comparative analysis of both the energy resources across the world is also included as a separate section titled ‘Comparative analysis’. It also gives a brief overview of the various techniques employed by different countries to overcome the energy crisis through and also a framework for employing such techniques in countries which are lagging in energy production in order to fully avail the benefits of energy sources, which are abundant in the world. Keywords energy power cuts energy demand renewable sources non-renewable resources is an open access 10. 20897/ejosdr/4005 Publication date: 06 Feb 2019 Online publication date: 28 Dec 2018 898. 39MW as of 31 May 2018 where the power generation is mostly dominated by coal and oil reserves which holds a major share at 66. 73% whereas renewable energy from large dam based hydro, biomass, solar and wind contribute 33. 27% to the total energy generation. World’s geographical attribute is ideal for renewable energy generation. The world has a total installed of about 114,425. 81MW as of 31 May 2018. Further, the potential for solar energy installed is estimated to be 69,022MW as of 31 May 2018 (Renewable energy in India, 2017). It is estimated that the global barrel of crude oil reserves is at 1. 688 trillion by the end of 2013, this reserve will last only 53. 3 years with the current rate of extraction. Also, there are about 1. 1 trillion tons of proven coal reserves worldwide, which will last around 150 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of renewable energy sources to meet future energy demands. It states that due to limited fossil fuel reserves and the growing energy consumption caused by an expanding global economy, it is vital to explore alternative energy sources, particularly renewables like solar energy. The text suggests that nations are increasingly recognizing the need for these resources to overcome energy crises and promote sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Yet another interesting observation is that BB2 signaling can synchronize SCN neurons when VIP signaling is not available [19, 211]. However, there is no evidence to show that GRP is required for SCN timekeeping since BB2 deficient mice though exhibit a lack of photic responses show normal rhythms in behavior [204]. Probably this aspect may make one believe that late expression of GRP is related to a more specific role or function of GRP in the mature adult SCN. Further, it is also seen that GRP neurons of the retinorecipient ventral area of the SCN can convey photic signals from the ventral part to the dorsal part of the SCN by way of induction of mPer gene. belongs to the secretin family and has a role in mammalian clock resetting. It is a neurotransmitter with many functions and is co-localized with glutamate in RHT terminals. It is associated with melanopsin required [212, 213] for entrainment of the mammalian clock. It is suggested [214] that PACAP action is to augment the PACAP signaling pathway at times when glutamate stimulation alone is not sufficient. Light entrainment of the circadian clock is through mRGCs as well as glutamate and PACAP. Light signaling involves the expression of the IEand Egr1 and clock genes of Per 1 and Per 2. deficient mice to study the role in light-induced gene expression of EGR1 in neurons of the SCN, it was reported [79] that light-mediated EGR1 induction at early night at low light intensities depends on PACAP signaling. Although this role of PACAP in light NMDA/glutamate-mediated neurotransmission is suggested there is a need for further investigation about the role of PACAP. The PAC1 receptor responsible for PACAP signaling is involved in light entrainment and phase shift of the circadian rhythms in mice [76, 77, 78, 215]. In the absence of PACAP or its receptor PAC1 smaller phase delay is seen at early night, probably due to altered light sensitivity, and light-mediated phase advances are less compromised at late night. DAOf late DA is recognized as an important modulator of circadian rhythms and hence regulation of biological rhythms by DA appears to be an emerging area of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various signaling pathways and neurotransmitters (e.g., BB2, GRP, PACAP) that influence circadian rhythms and the photic response of SCN neurons, suggesting that multiple factors, rather than solely the SCN, play crucial roles in regulating circadian rhythms. It specifically mentions instances where deficiencies in certain signaling pathways do not negate the existence of normal circadian rhythms, indicating that the SCN may not be the sole master regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 50697 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 21, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,924 views 663 downloads 58 0697. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 9 figures, 2 tables and 1 additional file 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Transsynaptic tracing of retinal ganglion cells from the parabigeminal nucleus and the lateral pulvinar. (A–C). Labeling retinal inputs to the colliculo-parabigeminal circuit. (A) Injection strategy for labeling the circuit connecting the retina to the parabigeminal nucleus, via the superior colliculus. (B) Example retina with labeled ganglion cells innervating the colliculo-parabigeminal circuit. Scale bar: 500 µm. (C) Zoom into cyan box in B. Scale bar: 50 µm. (D) Eight example retinal ganglion cells from either injection approach (parabigeminal nucleus or pulvinar). Left: en-face view of the dendritic tree. Right: side-view of the dendritic tree. Location of the ChAT-bands is indicated with two gray lines. The cells are separated into four stratification groups: bistratified (first column), below (second column), between (third column), and above the ChAT-bands (last column). (E) Distribution of dendritic tree diameter of retinal ganglion cells that are part of the colliculo-pulvinar (LP; orange) and the colliculo-parabigeminal (Pbg; green) circuit. **p<0. 01 Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon rank sum test. (F) Retinal ganglion cell diameters for cells stratifying below, between, and above ChAT-bands. **p<0. 01 Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Wilcoxon rank sum test. (G) Retinal ganglion cells of each circuit were grouped into four stratification groups based on the peak of their dendritic profile. *p<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall and does not provide any relevant information about memory or stimuli. It primarily discusses experimental data relating to retinal ganglion cells and their anatomical details, which is unrelated to the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The gas reserves will last up to 52 years. There is a question that one should ask - what is to be done once all the fossil fuel reserves depleted? Compared to fossil fuels, not much renewable energy sources are used for power generation, as renewables require higher operating costs and efficiency is not high when compared to fossil fuels. The worlds energy resources are represented in the form of a pie chart (Figure 1). Figure 1. Pie chart representing non-renewable resources (World population clock, 2017) Technological advancements made on renewable energy resources shows that the efficiency of renewable energy resources has been increased and they can serve as a replacement for the non-renewable energy resources in the future. Also, these renewable energy resources are friendly to the environment and they do not pollute the surroundings. Thus, apart from serving as alternative energy resources, these energy resources are also environmental friendly in nature. This work clearly shows the importance of renewable energy resources and also suggests countries which are lagging in energy production to use renewable energy resources to satisfy their energy demand. This work first illustrates the classification of energy resources and the various kinds of available energy resources across the world. Also, the research progresses on solar and wind energy resources along with their technological advancements are highlighted. A comparative analysis of non-renewable energy resources and renewable energy resources is also included as a separate section. paper mainly focuses on the comparison of the renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. This study was done in order to gather the information and to conclude the importance of renewable energy sources than non-renewable sources of energy. The study was not restricted to a particular state or a particular country rather made with a wider focus including all the countries across the globe. In order to get reliable data, a literature review was performed in various steps. A countries major energy production and the availability of the resources in various other countries were discussed. The number of 150. The search narrowed down to 94 taking into account only the major producers of renewable and non-renewable resources. Most of these 2018. In the first step, the abstract was constructed and the details about various non-renewable energy resources were assessed. Various developed techniques and recent advancements in this stream were described. 25 2018. world has a wide selection of energy resources i. e. (both renewable and non - renewable) which can be readily benefited for power generation and consumption (Energy classification, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the significance of renewable energy resources in comparison to non-renewable sources. It discusses how technological advancements in renewable energy have improved efficiency, making them a viable alternative to fossil fuels, which are depleting. Additionally, the text highlights the environmental benefits of renewable resources, reinforcing their importance for sustainable development and encouraging countries to adopt these cleaner forms of energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Experimental evidences show that DA signaling is functional in adult SCN and both in vitro and in vivo elevated DA signaling lengthens the circadian period [216]. This effect of DA on circadian rhythms is opposed by valproic acid, a mood stabilizer to highlight the role of DA signaling. The reciprocal, bidirectional relationship between DA and the circadian clock is interesting as DA signaling is an important modulator of circadian rhythms and DA is also under the control of the circadian clock. It is also suggested that this bidirectional process is seen at the level of genes and neural structures as evidenced by the experiments of depleting DA release using 6-OHDA to lesion DA neurons projecting to dorsal striatum leading to loss of rhythmicity of the Per 2 gene in striatum [84]. From a clinical viewpoint, this relationship may be critical for the development of schizophrenia as well [217]. The circadian clock modulates the synthesis and breakdown of DA. DA imbalance produces many neurological conditions and circadian disruptions can be seen in these conditions [218]. DA signaling thus becomes important for consideration under the circumstances. DA, a member of the family of catecholamine neuromodulators once known for regulating movement, reward, and learning has entered the circadian field with its involvement in central and peripheral clocks as a neuromodulator. It is not known clearly whether DA has a causal role in regulating circadian rhythms or is acting as a motor relay for other known bona fide circadian pacemakers [219]. There is a direct connection between dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and SCN. DA signaling in the embryonic SCN to synchronize with maternal fetal circadian rhythms was reported many years ago. Studies at that stage gave the impression that sensitivity to DA was a transient one and was lost after the development of RHT. Present studies indicate a direct modulation of DA signaling in the circadian clock and studies including those involving genetic ones have reported DA participation directly in the modulation of the circadian clock in adulthood. DA circadian rhythmicity is observed with the highest peak of synthesis during the daytime in the retina which is reduced during night. Light is responsible for the photic entrainment of the circadian clock. However, non-photic cues like social interaction physical exercise, and many others also influence the circadian molecular clock in the SCN to complete the generation of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that while the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms, the role of dopamine (DA) signaling demonstrates a more complex interaction. It states that DA is an important modulator of circadian rhythms and that there is a reciprocal relationship between DA signaling and the circadian clock, suggesting that DA's involvement may complicate the notion of the SCN being the sole master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 05, **p<0. 01 two proportion z-test. See also Figure 1—figure supplements 1 and 2. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Viral tracing with EnvA-coated rabies virus and herpes-simplex-virus (HSV). (A) Injection strategy for labeling of the circuit connecting the retina to the pulvinar, via the superior colliculus. (B) Example retina with labeled ganglion cells innervating the colliculo-pulvinar circuit. Scale bar = 500 μm. (C) Zoomed-in version of B. Scale bar = 50 μm. (D) Whole-mount retina stained with antibody for GCaMP6s after EnvA-coated SAD-△G-GCaMP6s rabies virus injection to superior colliculus alone without first injection of HSV. No labeled cells are observed 11 days after injection. Scale bar: 500 µm. (E) Injection of conditional HSV into the pulvinar of a wild-type mouse without any Rabies injection. Very few labeled cells are observed 21 days after injection. (F–G) Injection of conditional HSV into the pulvinar (F) and non-conditional HSV into the parabigeminal nuclei (G) labeled superior colliculus neurons. Neurons were stained with anti-mCherry antibody, showed in magenta. Scale bar = 200 µm. (H) Side-view of z-stack scans of four example retinal ganglion cells (green) and the ChAT-bands (magenta). Scale bar = 20 µm. (I–K) Retinal position and dendritic tree diameter of retinal ganglion cells that are part of the colliculo-parabigeminal circuit (I), cells innervating the colliculo-pulvinar circuit (J), and bistratified ganglion cells of both circuits (K). To determine if the differences in size between the colliculo-parabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuit are due to a bias in the retinotopic location of the sampled ganglion cells, we analyzed the spatial distribution of the labeled neurons across the retina. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses viral tracing with rabies virus and herpes-simplex-virus (HSV) injections and does not address any aspects of memory, recall, or the effects of stimuli on memory. There is no indication or discussion of memory recall processes or the relationship between stimuli and memory in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: It is seen that without Nuclear power the European countries CO2 emission would be one-third time higher (Charikleia et al. , 2013). Figure 4 shows the contribution of nuclear energy to the world’s energy consumption. The top three countries in nuclear production are the USA, Germany and Japan with the production of 24. 34%, 11. 04%, and 10. 87% respectively (Zhang et al. , 2017; Parinya and Somchai, 2013; Qiang et al. , 2018). Figure 4. Worlds electricity generation Lithuania is currently focussing on constructing a Nuclear power plant in order to reduce CO2 emission (Dalia, 2012; Dalia and Asta, 2010). Recent researchers in China has now been focussed on nuclear H2 generation through iodine-sulfur for the past 10 years (Chuan et al. , 2016). Also, the Chinese government has started to promote nuclear irrespective of public opinion to reduce the environmental pollution after the Fukushima disaster (Xiaopeng and Xiaodan, 2016; Ming et al. , 2016). Table 1 shows the three major nuclear accidents. Nuclear power is mostly not preferred due to the risk factor and an example of it is the accidents that have happened in Fukushima. The nuclear plant was damaged by a tsunami after an earthquake (Qiang et al. , 2013). Also, countries like Germany and other’s energy policy has been influenced by the Fukushima disaster (Mariangela and Renato, 2016). But some countries generate their maximum electricity from nuclear. Countries like France derives about 75% of its electricity from Nuclear. Thus, nuclear energy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Table 1. Three major nuclear accidents (Ming et al. , 2016) Nuclear accidents INES levels 1979-Island (TMI) nuclear accident INES 5 2011-Fukushima nuclear accident INES 7 2011-Fukushima nuclear accident INES 4+ energy resources are now replacing non-renewable energy resource as they are environmentally clean and found abundant in nature (Iñaki et al. , 2018; Claudia and Cinzia, 2017). In order to reduce the greenhouse gas effect, countries are now focussing on renewable energy resources (João and Victor, 2016). Also, hybrid systems such as the combination of two systems are also made for better output (Shaopeng et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that 'energy resources are now replacing non-renewable energy resources as they are environmentally clean and found abundant in nature.' It also states that countries are focusing on renewable energy resources 'in order to reduce the greenhouse gas effect,' which supports the argument that renewable sources are essential for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The exact role of CCK, seen as a distinct population of neurons in the shell part and a few neurons in the core part of SCN in circadian timekeeping is not known completely. Though CCK neurons do not express either AVP or VIP, have synaptic contact. CCK neurons in the SCN do interact with VIP neurons in the light entrainment pathway. CCK neurons have no direct input from the major pathways to the SCN and are not light-responsive [151, 252, 253]. Also, CCK-deficient mice have normal entrainment and show light-induced phase shift. CCK neurons may likely act in non-photic regulation within the clock rather than photic regulation [253]. It is also reported [254] that the activities of CCK neurons in the SCN of mice preceded the onset of behavioral activities that too under different photoperiods. In addition to shortened free-running periods, CCK-deficient mice failed to compress the activities under a long photoperiod. CCK neurons are not directly light sensitive, but their activation can produce phase advance and counter light-induced phase delay mediated by VIP neurons. Further low slow-responding CCK neurons can control the rate of recovery during jet lag thereby suggesting that these neurons are crucial for the robust nature and plasticity of the clock. MelatoninMelatonin also referred to as “darkness hormone” is of importance in the function of SCN and is synthesized in the pineal gland. The highest number of melatonin receptors are seen in the SCN and hence it is likely to be the most important target for melatonin action in humans. Two high affinity G-protein coupled receptors namely MT1 and MT2 are seen in the SCN with MT1 receptor high density in the core area [255]. MT2 is expressed at a lower level. It is reported [256] that SCN directs melatonin synthesis and receives melatonin feedback and this feedback alters gene expression and electrical activity in SCN. Another report states that MT1 receptor activation inhibits SCN neuronal activity as well as PACAP-mediated signal transduction. MT2 receptors on the other hand mediate receptor-induced phase-shifting effect on SCN electrical activity which is abolished by MT2-specific antagonists [257]. This is seen in mice genetically deficient for MT1 receptors also. All these indicate the differential response of the receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the role of certain neurons, particularly CCK neurons, in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and their complex interactions with other systems. It emphasizes that while CCK neurons may influence circadian rhythms, they are not directly photic regulators and that CCK-deficient mice display normal entrainment, which suggests that the SCN's role is not exclusively as the master regulator. Furthermore, the text discusses the involvement of melatonin and its receptors in the SCN, highlighting that the regulation of circadian rhythms is influenced by various factors and is not solely controlled by the SCN.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: For each circuit, we sampled evenly from each retinal quadrant (15. 6% naso-dorsal, 30. 4% dorso-temporal, 28. 3% temporo-ventral, 24. 6% ventro-nasal. In addition, we sampled at all retinal eccentricities: 52% of labeled ganglion cells were sampled from the central third of the retina (within 30° of the optic nerve), 43% from the middle third (30°−60° from the optic nerve) and 5% from the peripheral third (60°−90° from the optic nerve). This indicates that the observed difference in size between the two circuits is not due to a sampling bias in retinotopic location. N = nasal, D = dorsal, T = temporal, V = ventral. The optic nerve is indicated with a black disc. (L) The distribution of the dendritic tree in depth was summed to create a stratification profile. (M) Stratification depth and dendritic tree diameter of all 658 labeled retinal ganglion cells from both experimental conditions. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset HSV injection sites of pulvinar and parabigeminal nucleus. (A–D) Histological section of four examples pulvinar injection sites. The pipette (indicated as a yellow line) was coated with a fluorescent dye (DiD) and the fluorescent signal coincides with the location of the pulvinar (LP). A-C were from sagittal sections and D was from coronal section. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E–H) Histological section of four example prabigeminal nucleus injection sites. All of them were from coronal sections. Scale bar = 1 mm. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Retinal ganglion cell types targeting parabigeminal- and pulvinar-projecting collicular neurons. (A) Individual and median stratification profiles of 550 cells for the 14 cell types that innervate the colliculo-parabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuit. Cluster names and additional names refer to the classification and assignment in Bae et al. (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about memory recall. It discusses experimental procedures related to retinal circuits and sampling methods, which are unrelated to the concept of memory and its recall using stimuli. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: is an emerging technology trend in the world and the leading countries in solar production are presented as Table 2 (Jessica et al. , 2018). Its installation increased from 1790MW in 2001 to 1, 37,000 MW in 2013, which is an average increase of 40% every year (Yawen et al. , 2018). The energy conversion efficiency is about 15%-20% on an average. Though there are some fluctuations in the output power developed technological advancements show that stable and reliable power can be developed. Various researchers have been processing in this field as it is environmentally friendly and the cost of production is also being reduced (Stephen et al. , 2018; Alexandre and Dorel, 2018). The development of solar power in recent years is presented as a bar chart in Figure 5. States has set up a to record the regions consisting of solar radiation and meteorological data for the last 23 years (Manjit et al. , 2018). This data has been given open access for researchers and it hopes to be a promising technology. Table 2. Top 10 Countries in the world (Top solar energy producing countries, 2018) 2016 1 China 78. 07 2 Japan 42. 75 3 Germany 41. 22 4 40. 3 5 Italy 19. 28 6 11. 63 7 India 9. 01 8 France 7. 13 9 Australia 5. 9 10 Spain 5. 49 Figure 5. Development of solar over the past few years (Alexandre and Dorel, 2018) is a specific approach to receive solar energy and it is an emerging technique in Queensland, Australia (Shafiullah et al. , 2014). Low voltage network in the place of Rockhampton and Yeppoon are now replaced by roof-top in-order to cut down fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission. Since the last 23 years, the has set up a to record the regions consisting of solar radiation and meteorological data (Manjit et al. , 2018). This data has been given open access for researchers and it hopes to be a promising technology. Solar energy is very much essential to avoid climatic change due to global warming. A survey conducted shows that the desert in has the extreme solar electricity generation of about 1776 MJ/m2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the significant increase in solar energy installation from 1790MW in 2001 to 137,000MW in 2013, indicating a clear trend in renewable energy growth. It also emphasizes that solar energy is environmentally friendly and essential for avoiding climate change due to global warming, which aligns with the idea that renewable energy sources are critical for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Despite the presence of NT and its receptors in the SCN suggesting its probable role in SCN activity based on some studies, a specific role is still awaited. m also referred to as metenkephalin, is an endogenous opioid pentapeptide found in the CNS. ENK neurons of the IGL also contribute to GHT and project to the VL part of the SCN [25, 292] in several species. Enkephalinergic cells in the dorsal SCN can release this neuropeptide to contribute to the circadian action. This may indicate its role in control of the circadian phase. The opioid agonist fentanyl is a homolog of morphine and is a µ receptor agonist that induces phase shifts of circadian rhythms in hamsters when administered during the mid-to-late night period [292]. Phase shifts are blocked by naloxone, which leads to a conclusion that there is opioid receptor involvement in circadian timing and opioid receptors mediate the actions of fentanyl. Morphine when used also produces a similar effect [293, 294]. It is interesting to note that Fentanyl can affect light input, per gene expression, and electrical activity in the SCN of hamsters. Fentanyl and light can block each other’s phase shifts of behavioral activity rhythms and this is due to a strong interaction between opioids and light input. More studies about opioids in the SCN are likely to tell us about the role of ENKs in circadian timekeeping which may lead to benefits in dealing with clinical conditions. SPSP, a member of the tachykinin peptide family of neuropeptides can act both as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. SP is an undecapeptide having a chain of 11 amino acid residues, found within the SCN, and plays a pivotal role in regulating our circadian rhythm. SP immunoreactive nerve Fibers are seen throughout SCN with the largest amount seen in the ventral part. SP found in the RHT and within a group of SCN cell bodies can participate in the generation and entrainment of circadian rhythmicity. It is reported that Ionophoretically applied SP activates hamster SCN neurons. GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline blocked NMDA and SP-induced phase shifts of SCN neuronal activity rhythms [295]. SP and GRP extensively colocalize with CalB D28K and are strongly light-responsive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various neuropeptides and their roles in circadian rhythms, particularly focusing on substances like enkephalin and substance P within the SCN. While the claim suggests the SCN is the master regulator, the provided text indicates a complex interaction involving multiple neuropeptides and factors that influence circadian timing, thereby challenging the notion of a singular 'master regulator.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (B) Percentages of cells in each cluster for both circuits (100% equals the total number of cells in a given circuit, n = 196 for Pbg and n = 354 for LP). Darker shading represents the molecularly identified neurons. (C) Biases for the two circuits expressed as percentage differences. Black lines span 2. 5% to 97. 5% of the data. Red dots indicate the ratio calculated from B. *p<0. 05, ***p<0. 001, bootstrap analysis; † p<0. 05, ††† p<0. 01, two proportion z-test. (D) En-face view of example cells. Scale bar: 100 µm. See also Figure 2—source data 1. Figure 2—source data 1 All 599 cells in their corresponding cluster. Positive cluster numbers are ones included in main text. Negative cluster numbers are clusters assigned less than 1% of the total population. Scale bar: 100 µm. Download elife-50697-fig2-data1-v1. pdf Figure 3 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Distinct projection patterns of molecularly labeled retinal ganglion cells. (A–B) Example retinas with SMI32–positive labeled retinal ganglion cells innervating the colliculo-parabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuit. (A1, B1) Example whole-mount view of the retina with SMI32-positive cells (blue dots) and SMI32-negative cells (other labeled retinal ganglion cells after virus injections; black crosses). Scale bar: 500 µm. (A2, B2) Histological staining against GCaMP6s. Yellow arrows indicate SMI32-positive retinal ganglion cells. (A3, B3) SMI32 histological staining against neurofilament. A2-3 and B2-3 are zoomed-in versions of the magenta square in A1 and B1. Scale bar: 50 µm. (C–D) ON-OFF direction-selective cells labeled with CART. Scale bar: 500 µm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data and methods related to retinal ganglion cells and their neural connections, without mentioning memory or the concept of recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Also, it shows that the sites with 7200 MJ/m2/year for CSP and 7400 MJ/m2/year for PV are equivalent to 1-2 barrels of fuel oil/m2 annually (Douri and Fayadh, 2016). Some of the recent developments in solar are thin film solar cell technology and Hafnium and as solar receivers (Viresh, 2012; Elisa et al. , 2011). Hafnium and Tantalum has very poor optical properties so they are used in high-temperature appliances. They also have good optical properties, highest melting point, highest strength and high thermal and electrical conductivities. Hence, they can be used as receivers to absorb sun rays (Mahdis et al. , 2016). is a specific approach to receive solar energy and it is an emerging technique in Queensland, Australia (Shafiullah et al. , 2014). Low voltage network in the place of Rockhampton and Yeppoon are now replaced by roof-top in-order to cut down fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emission. Another advancement is the direct solar thermal power generation. The demand on military and deep-space exploration for system stableness, high-maintenance and quietness have opened the path for direct solar thermal power generation (Yue and Jing, 2009). Wind energy is one of the promising technology that is developing and promising to satisfy our future energy needs (Changzheng et al. , 2013; Benjamin, 2017). China ranks 1st in the production of wind energy across the world, with the capacity of wind power 68. 7GW which reports for 34. 7% of globally equipped capacity at the end of 2016 (Lingyue et al. , 2018; Bikash, 2017). Nowadays renewable energy resources play a major role in power production and so numerous researches are being carried out for the better usage of such resources (Farah and Eltamaly, 2013). play the major role in deciding the power produced, efficiency, output etc. The renewable resources provide 8. 4% of the world’s power requirement. is much focusing on a huge growth in wind energy utilization and production as well. Greenhouse gas emission has been reduced by using renewable energy resources which in-turn reduces global warming (Jensen et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant role of renewable energy in reducing fossil fuel use and greenhouse gas emissions, highlighting advancements in solar and wind technology. It states that 'renewable resources provide 8.4% of the world’s power requirement' and emphasizes ongoing research for better utilization of these resources, thereby supporting the notion of their importance for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Expression of clock genes like Per 1, Per 2, BMAL1, and neuropeptide VIP are also affected by ANGII. However, these effects depend on time of day, type of receptor as well as interaction with other neurotransmitters. ANGII receptors and signaling pathways within the SCN can tell us more about the interplay among the neurotransmitters and the changes they make in the clock function. The molecular mechanism operating in the clock depends on the TTFL of clock genes and is present in the SCN as well as in the clocks present in peripheral organs. There is synchronization between central and peripheral clocks and this helps to anticipate external stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Damage to this synchronization can lead to cardiovascular diseases and other abnormalities. One study reported [310] that infusion of ANGII caused changes in blood pressure and other cardiovascular parameters. In addition, there was a distinct daily rhythm in Per2 expression in the SCN with 28 days infusion causing significant phase advance. This was considered as ANGII modulating the functioning of a central and peripheral circadian system based on Per2 expression and locomotor activity. ANGII produces dose-dependent stimulation and inhibition of many SCN neurons in recordings [309] and AT1 receptor antagonist was found to block both these actions. AT1 receptor activation by ANGII depolarizes SCN neurons and causes increased GABA release in the mouse SCN. ANGII is not a clock gene. It shows diurnal variation in its activity and could be influenced by the clock. The precise mechanism of ANGII interaction should provide some insights into the development of a chronotherapeutic approach to combat cardiovascular diseases and information on the regulation of the biological clock. GalaninGal is yet another 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide, present in the SCN [311] and has a significant role in the SCN function. In human SCN Gal and AVP-containing neurons and Gal receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) are seen [311]. Neurons of the shell area of the SCN having and ANGII m ENK receive input from Gal and VIP [6] Gal acts through GPCR and exerts inhibitory effects on neurotransmitter and hormone secretion. The inhibitory actions of Gal remind us of those of GABA and NPY. It also has modulation of neuronal activity function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of ANGII and its interaction with neurotransmitter systems within the SCN, suggesting a more complex interplay rather than positioning the SCN as a singular master regulator. It emphasizes synchronization between central and peripheral clocks and mentions that ANGII affects clock gene expression like Per2 within the SCN, indicating multiple influences on circadian regulation rather than a solely dominant role of the SCN.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (C1, D1) Example whole-mount view of the retinas with CART-positive (dots) and CART-negative (crosses) retinal ganglion cells. (C2-3) Histological staining against CART. Yellow arrows indicate a CART-positive retinal ganglion cell and its side-view. The cell has been labeled by the rabies virus (GFP-positive; top) and is CART-positive (middle). Bottom: overlay of and ChAT-staining. C2-3 are zoomed-in versions of the magenta square in C1. (D2-3) No CART-positive neurons were labeled in the example retina from pulvinar experiments. D2-3 are zoomed-in versions of the magenta square in D1. Scale bar: 50 µm. (E) Percentage of CART-positive cells and the four different alpha ganglion cell types labeled in each circuit (100% corresponds to all GCaMP6s-expressing cells). Bars indicate standard errors. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01 two proportion z-test. See also Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Number of GFP-positive neurons labeled by different molecular markers from colliculo-parabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuit. (A–B) Number of SMI32-positive and GFP-positive neurons (colored bars) innervating the colliculo-prabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuits, respectively. Each bar is representative of one retina. Gray indicates the total number of GFP positive neurons labeled after virus injection in each retina. On top of each bar is the percentage of the double-labeled neurons of all the GFP-positive neurons. (C–D) Number of CART-positive and GFP-positive neurons innervating the two circuit. (E–F) Number of CART-positive and GFP-positive neurons innervating the two circuits. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Visual response properties of anatomically identified retinal ganglion cells. (A) Left: maximum intensity projection of a two-photon image stack of a GCaMP6-expressing cell assigned to each cluster. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical and histological details of neural cells, specifically related to CART-positive and GFP-positive neuronal populations, without addressing memory recall or its mechanisms.