Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: Available from: Cooperstock FI, Tieu S. General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter. arXiv. 2005. Available from: Fuchs B, Phleps S. Comment on “General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter” by F. I. Cooperstock and S. Tieu. New Astronomy. 2006;11:608-610. DOI: 10. 1016/j. newast. 2006. 04. 0029. Hartnett JG. Spiral galaxy rotation curves determined from carmelian general relativity. of Theoretical Physics. 2006;45:2118-2136. DOI: 10. 1007/s10773-006-9178-010. . The small scatter of the barionic tully-fisher relation. Letters. 2015;816(1):L14. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8205/816/1/l1411. . P390. DOI: 10. 1016/j. physrep. 2004. 08. 03112. Feng JL. Naturalness and the Status of Supersymmetry. of Nuclear P382. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-nucl-102010-13044713. Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA-phase 1. Journal C. 2013;73(12):2648. DOI: 10. 1140/epjc/s10052-013-2648-714. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string ice cube detector. Letters. 2013;110:131302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 110. 13130215. Search for neutrinos from annihilation of captured low-mass dark matter p1301. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 114. 14130116. Search for electronic recoil event rate modulation with 4 years of XENON100 data. Letters. 2017;118:101101. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 118. 10110117. Dark matter results from 54-ton-day exposure of panda X-II experiment. Letters. 2017;119:181302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 119. 18130218. Schumann M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing various studies that dispute the necessity of dark matter to explain galactic rotation and mass observations. It mentions that 'General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter,' suggesting that traditional physics can account for these observations without invoking dark matter, directly contesting the need for dark matter as an explanation for the 'missing mass' in galaxies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To this end, a screening strategy has been developed based upon stalk geometry, and partial least squares (PLS) predictive models of FT-MIR spectra collected from the soluble sugar and cell wall fractions. The methodology (Figure 1 and Additional file 1 for detailed protocol) was shown to be accurate for plants harvested at 10 days post-anthesis and enabled the identification of both high sugar accumulating and highly digestible lines leading to an assessment of total fermentable sugars in the model C4 monocot Sorghum bicolor. The use of FT-MIR for both soluble sugar concentration and cell wall digestibility prediction simplified the process and reduced set-up costs. Furthermore, the collection of FT-MIR, rather than NIR, spectra provides an opportunity for downstream spectral interpretation of cell wall modifications that lead to altered digestibility. Figure 1High-throughput methodology flow chart. (A) (1) Diverse plant population; (2) harvest the fourth internode; and (3) record in-field geometric measurements. (B) (4) Process into juice and bagasse; (5) dry bagasse; (6) grind dried tissue; and (7) process juice and bagasse. (C) (8) Collect FTIR spectra; (9) PLS prediction of FTIR spectra; and (10) calculate combined total fermentable sugar yield incorporating juice volume (V), sugar concentration ([S]), biomass (B), and digestibility (D) (see Additional file 1 for full protocol). FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageResultsA detailed step-by-step protocol for undertaking the proposed screening method is available in Additional file 1. Briefly, the main stalk from each plant, harvested at approximately 10 days post-anthesis, was cut at the base of the first elongated above ground internode and laid along the length of a 4-meter ruler. Two heights and two diameters were recorded in a personal digital assistant (PDA) and the fourth internode from the base of the plant that had expanded more than 2 cm was sampled by cutting at the node with secateurs. Using this method, one person was able to sample approximately 100 internodes per hour. Samples were then pressed and the released juice was placed on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) crystal of a portable FTIR spectrometer for spectral acquisition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on a methodology for screening plants to assess total fermentable sugars and does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: The climate is diverse and ranges from hot and dry deserts with precipitation of less than 25 mm/yr in central Iran to sub-tropical humid climates at the southern shore of the with precipitation exceeding 1,800 mm/yr78. Nevertheless, major parts of Iran are characterised by continental climate with hot and dry summers, cold and harsh winters, and low precipitation66,79. Based on the Classification System80,81 Iran is at the crossroad of three macrobioclimates (i. e. Mediterranean, tropical and temperate), correlating with the Irano-Turanian, Saharo-Sindian and Euro-Siberian biogeographical regions, respectively79,82. Diverse climate and topography are paralleled by a multitude of vegetation types including desert and semidesert steppes, montane grasslands, wetlands, subalpine, alpine and subnival habitats, different types of shrublands and woodlands, deciduous temperate to subtropical forests, halophyte and even mangrove vegetation types66. These vegetation types are distributed in different elevational zones from 26 m b. s. l. up to 4,850 m a. s. l. 72. Most of the biodiversity of Iran is centred within the two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. the Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus hotspots (Fig. 1a), on five groups of mountain ranges (Fig. 1b). Iran covers 54% of the Irano-Anatolian hotspot and around 10% of the Caucasus hotspot (Fig. 1a). The species richness is not evenly distributed over the country and five areas of endemism have been identified, all of which are located in the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, and are well associated with major mountain ranges Fig. 1b;19. the and Kopet Dagh-Khorassan were identified as areas of endemism in the based on data from Asteraceae19. Using the same approach (endemicity analysis) on the entire endemic vascular flora of Iran and a finer grid cell size, Yazd-Kerman is identified as an additional area of endemism (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data), and is considered as such in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on biodiversity hotspots within Iran. It states that 'the biodiversity of Iran is centred within the two global biodiversity hotspots, i.e. the Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus hotspots', indicating that these regions possess high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. Additionally, the identification of five areas of endemism within the Irano-Anatolian hotspot supports the idea of these hotspots being rich in unique species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: A modification of the Newtonian dynamics as a possible alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis. Journal. 1983;270:365-370. DOI: 10. 1086/16113043. Carmeli M. Relativity: Modern Large-Structure of the Cosmos. Singapore: Pub. Co. Pte. Ltd; 2008. 4744. McGaugh SS. The baryonic Tully-Fisher relation of galaxies with extended rotation curves and the stellar mass of rotating galaxies. Journal. 2005;632(2):859-871. DOI: 10. 1086/43296845. Begeman KG. HI of [thesis]. Groningen, Netherlands: Astronomy, University of Groningen; 2006. Available from: Sofue Y. Grand rotation curve and dark-matter halo in the milky way galaxy. PASJ. 2012;64(4):75. DOI: 10. 1093/pasj/64. 4. 7547. . Testing the strong equivalence principle: Detection of the external field effect in rotationally supported galaxies. Journal. 2020;904(1). DOI: 10. 3847/1538-4357/abbb9648. with ATLAS. 2020. Available from: et al. Search for dark matter annihilation in the Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte dwarf irregular galaxy with H. E. S. S. D. 2021;103(2021):102002. DOI: 10. 1103/PhysRevD. 103. 10200250. de et al. Dark matters on the scale of galaxies. Universe. 2020;6:107. DOI: 10. 3390/universe608010751. et al. A tip of the red giant branch distance of 22. 1 1. 2 Mpc to the dark matter deficient galaxy NGC 1052–DF2 from 40 orbits of hubble space telescope imaging. Letters. 2021;914:L12. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8213/ac033552. Kunnen J. A search for dark matter in the center of the earth with the ice cube neutrino detector [thesis]. Ixelles, Belgium: Brussel; 2015. Available from: information 1. Introduction2. Theory3. Results4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing modifications to Newtonian dynamics as a potential alternative to the hidden mass hypothesis, suggesting that there are alternative interpretations and theories regarding the mass of galaxies which do not rely on dark matter as an explanation. It indicates that there are debates in the scientific community regarding the need for dark matter to explain gravitational observations related to galaxies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The remaining bagasse was simultaneously placed in a drying oven followed by grinding, washing with water, and placing on the crystal for spectral acquisition. Data was then batch processed by applying predictive models to FTIR spectra and incorporating data into yield calculations. An overview of this process is displayed in Figure 1 and the results describing the calibration and accuracy of each prediction process are presented below. High-throughput calculation of whole stalk biomass, sugar content, and cell wall hydrolysis yieldFor the purpose of calculating the whole stalk volume it was assumed that a S. bicolor stalk approximates a conical frustum (Figure 2). By simply measuring the radius at the top (r) and bottom (R) of the stalk and the stalk height (H), the volume of the whole stalk (V WS ) could be derived using the equation for the volume of a conical frustum: V WS = πH 3 r 2 + rR + R 2 Figure 2Extrapolating sampled biomass characteristics to whole stalks. (A) S. bicolor stalks were assumed to approximate a conical frustum allowing a simple volumetric calculation. (B) The fourth internode from the base of the plant that had expanded more than 2 cm was harvested and the height (H), stalk radius at the base (R) and top of the stalk (r), the height to the bottom of the fourth internode (H B ), and the length of the fourth internode (L) were recorded. Fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations of pressed juice and digestibility of the lignocellulose were measured in the fourth internode at approximately 10 days post-anthesis. Using the volumetric ratio (V ratio ), these measurements were extrapolated to whole stalks and compared to equivalent measures taken from the same whole stalk. (C) The ratio of extrapolated fourth internode measures to whole stalks (IN/WS ratio), their correlation (r), and the error in prediction (RMSEP, %) are tabulated. DW, dry weight; FW, fresh weight; RMSEP, root mean squared error of prediction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process of calculating biomass characteristics and measuring sugar concentrations in S. bicolor stalks, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their application in biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: mountains, which are located between Alborz and Azerbaijan, have a transitional situation, but their vascular flora is more linked to the than to Alborz (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data). Species distribution dataAll endemic and subendemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented. A species was considered endemic if its range is restricted to Iran, and considered subendemic if its main distribution (>80% of the known range or occurrences) lies within this country. We considered only taxa at the species level, but not subspecies or varieties. The documentation of species and the characterization of their geographical and altitudinal ranges were based on Flora Iranica83, Flora of Iran84 and monographs published after these floras until the end of 2016 (see 0. 25° using Google Earth. Presence of species was then recorded on the basis of a grid with cell size of 0. 5° × 0. 5°. Species present in maximally three grid cells were considered as range-restricted endemics even if the grid cells were non-adjacent. We compared area size of Iran, number of total vascular plant species, number of vascular plant endemic species and the ten largest vascular plant families of Iran with those from other countries and regions in the west with similar climate, i. e. Mediterranean (Turkey, Greece, Italy, Morocco and Iberian Peninsula). The number of endemic vascular plant species of Iran and their restriction to the three phytogeographical regions18, two biodiversity hotspots7, and five areas of endemism19 (but not distinguishing Central Alborz, as it is geographically nested within Alborz, but additionally recognizing Yazd-Kerman) were analysed. Using the life form system of Raunkiaer85, the following five categories were used: chamaephytes, geophytes, hemicryptophytes, phanerophytes, and therophytes. 10. 1038/nature04291 (2006). 10. 1038/35002501 (2000). 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2004. 07. 008 (2005). 10. 1111/j. 1461-0248. 2009. 01353. x (2009). 10. 1016/j. biocon. 2013. 12. 007 (2014). 10. 1111/jbi. 13135 (2018). 10. 7717/peerj. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing endemic and subendemic vascular plant species of Iran, emphasizing that a species is considered endemic if its range is restricted to the country, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions with high levels of species diversity and endemism. The analysis of endemic vascular plant species in relation to biogeographical regions supports the idea of these regions being recognized as biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Trigiante and A. Van Proeyen, Class. Quant. Grav. 19, 4167 (2002). 203. L. A. Boyle, R. R. Caldwell and M. Kamionkowski, Phys. Lett. B 545, 17 (2002). ADS 204. M. Gasperini, F. Piazza and G. Veneziano, Phys. Rev. D 65, 023508 (2002). ADS 205. T. Damour, F. Piazza and G. Veneziano, Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 081601 (2002). ADS 206. A. J. Albrecht, C. P. Burgess, F. Ravndal and C. Skordis, Phys. Rev. D 65, 123507 (2002). 207. C. P. Burgess, C. Nunez, F. Quevedo, G. Tasinato and I. Zavala, JHEP 0308, 056 (2003). ADS 208. C. P. Burgess, Annals Phys. 313, 283 (2004). 209. E. V. Linder, Phys. Rev. D 73, 063010 (2006). ADS 210. V. Sahni, T. D. Saini, A. A. Starobinsky and U. . 77, 201 (2003). ADS 211. V. Sahni, A. Shafieloo and A. A. Starobinsky, Phys. Rev. D 78, 103502 (2008). ADS 212. T. Nakamura and T. Chiba, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 306, 696 (1999). ADS 213. T. Chiba and T. Nakamura, Phys. Rev. D 62, 121301 (2000). ADS 214. R. Bean, S. H. Hansen and A. Melchiorri, Phys. Rev. D 64, 103508 (2001). ADS 215. T. Barreiro, E. J. Copeland and N. J. Nunes, Phys. Rev. D 61, 127301 (2000). ADS 216. V. Sahni and L. M. Wang, Phys. Rev. D 62, 103517 (2000). ADS 217. A. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided lists various academic references and articles but does not address the claim regarding dark matter explaining anomalies in astrophysics. It does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Full size imageUsing only two additional measurements, length from the base of the stalk to the base of the sampled internode(s) (H B ) and length of the sampled internode (L SI ), the volume of the sampled internode (V SI ) was calculated. Both measurements were acquired simply by using a ruler during stalk height measurement, whilst the base radius (R I ) and top radius (r I ) of the sampled internode(s) were derived using simple geometry to obtain the following equation: V SI = π L SI 3 R I 2 + r I R I + r I 2 where R I = R − H B R − r H and r I = R − H B + L SI R − r H file 2 for full derivation. The volumetric ratio of the sampled internode to the whole stalk was then calculated as: V ratio = V SI V WS From this ratio, measurements taken on the sampled internode could be extrapolated to the whole stalk by simply dividing by V ratio. This, of course, is under the assumption that the concentration, or density of the measured variable in the sampled internode(s) is either equivalent to, or a fixed ratio of that in the whole stalk. In our case, the fourth internode from the base of the stalk was used as the sample internode since a stable relationship between sugar concentrations in the fourth internode and the whole stalk had been repeatedly observed in previous field measurements (unpublished data) and it has been shown that lower internodes in maize stalks within a genotype are less variable [24]. The relationship between fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), sugar concentration, and cell wall digestibility of the fourth internode and that of the whole stalk was determined using 15 mature, field grown sweet S. bicolor genotypes harvested at 10 days post-anthesis with a height and FW range of 237 to 338 cm and 228 to 941 g (Additional file 3), respectively (Figure 2). Four replicate, glasshouse grown ‘Rio’ sweet sorghum plants, also harvested at approximately 10 days post-anthesis, were used in the cell wall digestibility correlation calculations to supplement lost samples. Calculations using V ratio and measurements from the fourth internode were compared to those taken from the whole stalk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodological details about measuring internode volumes in sorghum plants and does not address any aspect of bioengineered yeast or biofuel production. There is no mention of yeast or biofuel production processes, making this text unrelated to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: During the last six years a series of international collaborative surveys have been undertaken to explore this poorly known region of southeast Angola, and to understand the hydrology and biodiversity of the Okavango drainage. The first surveys were organised by the Commission (), in accord with the for the of the Cubango/Basin (2011), and occurred in the lower catchments of the Cubango and Cuito rivers (Brooks 2012, 2013). More recent surveys (2015–2018) formed part of the ongoing funded Project (NGOWP 2018), which have intensely surveyed the source lakes of the major Okavango tributaries in an unexplored region where the headwaters of the Cuanza, Zambezi and Okavango basins meet. The herpetological results of the surveys (2012–2013) and first phase of the NGOWP surveys were presented by Conradie et al. (2016), who also reviewed the region’s herpetofauna. In total 67 reptiles species are now known from the region, comprising 38 snakes, 32 lizards, five chelonians, and a single crocodile (NGOWP 2018). Three reptiles new for Angola, including Causus rasmusseni (although the specific status of this taxon still requires genetic confirmation), Acontias kgalagadi kgalagadi and Panaspis maculicollis were discovered (Conradie and Bourquin 2013; Medina et al. 2016). The results of more recent surveys (2016–2018) were presented (Conradie et al. 2017) and fuller details are being prepared for publication, and online species lists are planned for public access. Contemporaneous with the above surveys a number of other Angolan biodiversity initiatives began. In partnership, the University in Uíge and Dresden University, Germany, undertook herpetological surveys of Serra do Pingano, Uíge Province, discovering diverse tropical species (Ernst 2015), including two frogs previously unrecorded for Angola (Ernst et al. 2014, 2015). In addition the of Sciences in conjunction with the of Biodiversity and and the Ministry of the Environment of Angola (/INBAC) initiated an ongoing Atlas of Angolan amphibian and reptiles (Marques et al. 2014, 2018). Various areas have been surveyed and preliminary results published in the scientific and popular literature (Ceríaco et al. 2014a, b, 2016a, b, 2018b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing biodiversity research in the region of southeast Angola, highlighting the discovery of 67 reptile species and numerous tropical species, which indicates a high level of species diversity and suggests significant levels of endemism in that area, aligning with the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: A&A 626, A5 (2019)Can a negative-mass cosmology explain dark matter and dark energy? ⋆ H. Socas-Navarro1,2 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Avda Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 Tenerife, Spain 2 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain e-mail: hsocas@iac. es Received: 20 February 2019 Accepted: 17 April 2019 recent study by Farnes (2018, A&A, 620, A92) proposed an alternative cosmological model in which both dark matter and dark energy are replaced with a single fluid of negative mass. This paper presents a critical review of that model. A number of problems and discrepancies with observations are identified. For instance, the predicted shape and density of galactic dark matter halos are incorrect. Also, halos would need to be less massive than the baryonic component, otherwise they would become gravitationally unstable. Perhaps the most challenging problem in this theory is the presence of a large-scale version of the “runaway effect”, which would result in all galaxies moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other more general issues regarding negative mass in general relativity are discussed, such as the possibility of time-travel paradoxes. Key words: cosmology: theory dark matter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics large-scale structure of Universe ⋆ The simulation video is available at © ESO 2019 1. a recent paper, Farnes (2018; hereafter F18) put forward an audacious proposal to explain dark matter and dark energy in a unified scenario with a single fluid of negative-mass p5. 2. Galactic halos One of the remarkable results of F18 was the formation of negative mass halos around galaxies with a density structure strikingly similar to a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW, Navarro et al. 1996) dark matter profile. This paper presents new simulations very similar in nature to those of F18 but the resulting halo densities exhibit what appears to be an exponential stratification instead. In order to develop a better understanding of the simulation results, or even to serve as a sanity check, it is usually helpful to conduct an analytical study of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a proposal that seeks to replace dark matter and dark energy with a single fluid of negative mass, highlighting issues with the model that challenge the idea that dark matter alone can explain astrophysical anomalies. Specific discrepancies with observations of dark matter halos and problems such as gravitational instability and random galactic motion strongly suggest that dark matter may not be a comprehensive explanation on its own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: FW and DW returned values that were 91 ± 2% and 100 ± 2% of the whole stalk with correlations of 0. 97 and 0. 98, respectively. Sucrose, glucose, and fructose returned values that were 97 ± 2%, 105 ± 2%, and 97 ± 2% of the whole stalk with correlations of 0. 94, 0. 88, and 0. 87, respectively. Digestibility as calculated from the fourth internode, however, gave values that were 129 ± 5% of the whole stalk with a correlation of 0. 85 (Figure 2C). Whilst not all ratios approached 100%, all had small standard errors suggesting that these fixed ratios were consistent across genotypes, and could therefore be used in extrapolating measurements from the fourth internode to whole stalks. Using these experimentally determined ratios, FW, DW, sucrose, glucose, fructose, and digestibility values were adjusted and the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was determined to be 5. 2%, 4. 9%, 5. 6%, 8. 2%, 5. 8%, and 10. 8%, respectively (Figure 2C). The calculation-based method proposed here is, therefore, accurate across the 15 examined genotypes and is suitable for assessing total biomass, juice volume, sugar content, and digestibility of whole stalks in a high-throughput screen of sweet S. bicolor populations. Whilst these correlations allow relatively accurate predictions to be made in a high-throughput manner, it should be noted that it is the nature of predictive modelling that cultivars or samples which do not follow the established rule, such as a lower stem-specific gene mutation, will not perform well in the model. Often these samples will be identified as outliers for more rigorous study; however, one must also accept that there is always a statistical probability that a phenotype of interest will not be detected. To our knowledge, this is the first mathematical-based modelling strategy for assessing total stalk biomass in a high-throughput manner in S. bicolor or any other biofuel feedstock. Whilst high-throughput methods for assessing shoot biomass are being developed using two-dimensional images [25] this technology is not applicable to dense field plots with thick canopies and does not allow extrapolation of other measurements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it discusses methods for assessing biomass and sugar content in sweet S. bicolor populations, along with the accuracy of predictive modeling in this context. It does not mention yeast or biofuel production, thus failing to relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: g. a snakes from the Calabaria reinhardti, lawrencei, etc. ). Moreover, many other species are duplicated and listed under both their historical and current taxonomic assignments (e. g. Agama hispida = A. aculeata, Chamaesaura macrolepis = Ch. miopropus, Cordylus cordylus = C. namakuiyus, C. vittifer = C. machadoi, etc. ) These inaccuracies have been discussed in the recent Atlas and being rectified (see Marques et al. 2018 13. 1 details the historical growth of knowledge of reptile diversity in Angola based on summaries in Bocage (1866, 1895), Monard (1937), and this study. Table 13. 2 summarises the number of genera, species, and endemic taxa in the major reptile groups in Angola. Updated checklists of the major reptile groups, including details of common and scientific names, historical scientific names used by Bocage (1895) for the current taxa, as well as their endemic and conservation status are summarised in: 15. 5% of the current reptile diversity. This is less than the 25. 9% (37 of 143) in Bocage’s (1895) summary, but no other researcher has described more from Angola. Table 13. 1 Historical development of reptile diversity in Angola based on summaries in Bocage (1866, 1895), Monard (1931), and this studyFull size tableTable 13. 2 Summary of the taxonomic diversity and endemicity of the reptiles of AngolaFull size tableRecent DiscoveriesIn the last decade, and resulting from the burgeoning scientific interest in Angola, biodiversity surveys have led to the description of numerous new species and the validation of the specific status of others. Perhaps the most exciting was the long delayed description of the beautiful and bizarre Plume-tailed Gecko (Afrogecko pulumicaudus Haacke 2008) from the region. Other novelties included the description of the lacertids Pedioplanis haackei and P. huntleyi (Conradie et al. 2012a and the cordylid Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Some subspecies were validated as full species, including the geckos R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the taxonomic diversity and endemicity of reptiles in Angola, highlighting that biodiversity surveys have led to the description of numerous new species and the validation of their status. This indicates high species diversity and points to the significance of endemism in the region, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: I have implemented both schemes and verified that there are no significant qualitative or quantitative differences in the results obtained. The runs discussed in this paper have been computed with the leapfrog scheme. The code employed here has been developed from scratch with the specific purpose of conducting these simulations. The source code, written in Fortran90 with MPI (message-passing interface, Forum 1994) parallelization, is publicly available2. The main difference with F18, apart from the d2 dependence of the gravitational force, resides in the boundary conditions. The boundary treatment was not explicitly discussed in F18 but it may be inferred by analyzing the source code. The simulations presented in F18 are initialized in a cubic box in which all p18. 3. 1. Halo mass Let us begin by considering the galaxy halo formation, which according to F18 plays the role of dark matter in his unified model. I employed the same initial configuration and simulation parameters but using periodic boundary conditions and the correct form for the Newtonian gravitational force. Figure 1 shows the starting and final frames of the simulation, using the same isometric perspective as F18 to facilitate comparisons. The initial configuration has a spherical distribution of positive masses (the core) following the model of Hernquist (1990) embedded in a uniform sea of p1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p0. 3 and 0. 8, whereas real galaxies have dark matter halos that are typically a factor of four to five more massive than their baryonic components. Furthermore, it is easy to intuitively understand why negative-mass halos must be light. Halo p3. 2. Density profile and rotation curve The radial density profile of the negative-mass halo is shown in Fig. 2. Outside the positive mass core, the simulation is in good agreement with the results of Sect. 2 of an exponential density profile (orange line). Dark matter halos on the other hand exhibit a more complex radial dependence (see, e. g. , Navarro et al. 1996). Fig. 2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. Another discrepancy with the F18 results (and with observations) is the galactic rotation curve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a scenario of galaxy halo formation that involves a negative-mass halo model, which indicates that dark matter alone does not fully explain the anomalies observed in astrophysics. The text states that 'real galaxies have dark matter halos that are typically a factor of four to five more massive than their baryonic components,' implying that the contributions of dark matter are not singularly sufficient to account for the complexities observed in galaxy formation and rotation curves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The method presented here not only produced data on stalk geometry including height and stalk diameter which are traits of interest when breeding lines for increased biomass yields, but also greatly reduced processing time by eradicating the need to: strip whole stalks of their leaves and leaf sheaths; transport large stalks from the field to the laboratory; operate large balances; press juice from whole stalks; dry whole stalks in large drying ovens; and grind whole stalks in a large roller mill. In addition, since this approach relies on stalk geometry that resembles a conical frustum, it is suggested that it could be applied to other grasses with similar geometry such as sugarcane, maize, and millet; however, the fixed ratios would have to be separately determined in each species. FTIR prediction of sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations in stalk juiceFTIR spectra were collected from pure sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O samples (Figure 3A) for comparison with S. bicolor juice samples that were known to contain low, medium, and high mixtures of sucrose, glucose, and fructose (as determined initially by brix and then gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, GC-MS, data not shown) and low/high concentration mixtures of pure sugars (Figure 3B). Pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose each exhibit unique spectra that were easily identifiable above the consistent H2O background (Figure 3A); however, each had overlapping IR signatures making quantification by Beer’s law inappropriate, since the variations of one sugar would affect the IR signature of the others. Multivariate PLS regression was therefore required to generate predictive models for each sugar that would model this accurately. Figure 3FTIR spectra of pure sugars, S. bicolor juice, and the PLS model calibration set. FTIR spectral fingerprint region collected from: (A) pure sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O; and (B) S. bicolor juice containing low, medium, and high concentrations of sugars and a low and high mixture of pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose against a H2O background. (C) Set of 216 samples consisting of varying mixtures of sucrose, glucose, and fructose making up the calibration set. Wavenumbers between 1,190 to 850 cm-1 were plotted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a method related to stalk geometry and the characteristics of sugar concentrations in stalk juice, without addressing bioengineered yeast or biofuels. It focuses on specifying traits that may improve biomass yields but does not indicate any production or processing directly related to biofuels derived from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the rare gecko Afrogecko ansorgi, described by Boulenger (1907a), as Phyllodactylus ansorgi and not collected again for nearly 100 years, was recently rediscovered and a re-assessment of its generic status is in preparation. In addition, ongoing surveys of the Project continue to confirm new species records for Angola, including most recently Pachydactylus wahlbergii (G Neef pers. comm. July 2018), previously assumed to enter southern Angola based on material collected on the Angolan-Nambian border in the 1970s (Haacke 1976b). Cryptic diversity in snakes is also being unravelled, and African forest cobras have been shown to include five species (Wüster et al. 2018), of which two enter Angola, whilst Angolan house snakes (Boaedon) is expected to comprise at least eight species, with four potential new country records, i. e. B. fuliginosus, B. radfordi, B. virgatus and B. mentalis (the latter signalled as a valid species by Kelly et al. 2011, and will be formally revived for western arid populations from to southwest Angola), revival from synonymy of two Bocage names for Angolan endemics, i. e. B. angolensis and B. variegatus, and two additional taxonomic novelties (Hallermann et al. personal communication). Overview of Reptile DiversityCheloniansThis ancient lineage of reptiles has relatively little global diversity and includes the greatest proportion of threatened reptiles, particularly in Asia. They are relatively poorly known in Angola, and their diversity is discussed below. The first sea turtle to swim in the early South Atlantic, after the separation of Africa and 90 Million years ago, was the extinct chelonian Angolachelys mbaxi, discovered in Angola in 2009 near the village Iembe, (Mateus et al. 2009). Five of the seven species of sea turtles in the world have been recorded from Angolan waters (Carr and Carr 1991), although only four occur regularly. They include (in decreasing order of abundance): (Lepidochelys olivacea), Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Turtle (Caretta caretta), and Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various species and their diversity, specifically mentioning the discovery and taxonomic status of endemic species in Angola, such as Afrogecko ansorgi and the multiple potential new country records of the Angolan house snakes. It emphasizes the richness in species diversity and the significance of endemism, contributing directly to the concept of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: Without dark matter, the orbital velocity of stars should decrease as we move away from the galactic center. However, observations clearly show a flattening of this curve, in such a way that stars move with roughly the same linear velocity independently of their radial position. This observation is considered as one of the first pieces of historical evidence of dark matter (Rubin & Ford 1970). F18 claims that his simulation produces a flat rotation curve and argues that this is evidence in favor of the negative-mass model as an alternative to dark matter. However, this simulation exhibits different stellar dynamics. Figure 3 shows that the orbital velocity of stars drops with distance to the center, in disagreement with the observed flattened rotation curves. Fig. 3. Average orbital velocity as a function of radial distance to the galactic center. 3. 3. Accelerating galaxies Perhaps the most important problem with the negative-mass simulations is that a galaxy, whose center of mass is initially at rest, immediately starts accelerating in a random direction and continues to gain speed during the entire run. This odd acceleration is present in all of the galactic simulations performed and, again, may be understood intuitively, in this case as a large-scale version of the runaway effect. Let us imagine an isolated system consisting of a positive-mass p4. Upper panel: evolution of the galactic core center-of-mass position as a function of time during the simulation run. The blue, orange, and green curves represent the position in x, y, and z, respectively. Lower panel: as above but in this case referring to the velocity vector components. After an initial period of time at rest while the halo is building up, the entire system starts accelerating (at approximately t = 300) and continues to gain speed with a constant acceleration. The sign of the x and y components has been reversed for better visualization in the figure. 3. 4. Halo shape The shape of the halo produced in the negative-mass simulations is also problematic. Figure 1 (lower panel) already suggests that the distribution of red dots around the galaxy is not spherical. In particular, it is very elongated in the direction of the runaway motion. This is clearly seen in the simulation video available online3. Figure 5 shows the distribution of halo mass enclosed in bins of azimuth around the galactic center at the end of the simulation. The vertical lines represent the instantaneous direction of motion, with green and orange representing the directions ahead and behind the galaxy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evidence such as the flattening of the rotation curve of stars that cannot be explained by dark matter alone. It mentions alternative models like the negative-mass model proposed by F18, which fails to replicate the observed dynamics, further undermining the claim that dark matter is sufficient to explain all anomalies in astrophysics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: X-axis represents spectral wavenumber (cm-1) and y-axis units are arbitrary. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageIt was shown that pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose mixtures have almost identical IR signatures in the fingerprint region (specifically from 1,190 to 850 cm-1) to that of juice pressed from S. bicolor (Figure 3B), not surprisingly, as sucrose, glucose, fructose, and H2O are the major constituents of S. bicolor juice [26]. Hence, a PLS model for sucrose, glucose, and fructose could justifiably be calibrated using 216 mixtures of pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose as the calibration set (Figure 3C) (see Additional file 4 for concentrations). Using these 216 calibration mixtures, PLS regression models were generated using the non-linear iterative partial least squares () algorithm () with mean centred data and full cross-validation. The FTIR spectral fingerprint region (1,800 to 800 cm-1) was used as the x-predictor variables and sucrose, glucose, and fructose concentrations as the y-response variables. It was found that variable reduction (that is, reducing the number of spectral prediction variables) resulted in more robust models. Raw spectra truncated to 1,180 to 900 cm-1 wavenumbers were found to give the most accurate models and were used to generate the final PLS models for sucrose, glucose, and fructose. A model with six latent variables (LVs) minimised the root mean squared error of calibration (RMSEC) and maximised R2 for sucrose and fructose giving a RMSEC of 5. 62 and 2. 46 mM, respectively, and both with R2 of 0. 99. A model with nine LVs was selected for glucose, which gave a RMSEC of 2. 69 mM and R2 of 0. 99. It is not determined why glucose required three additional LVs, however, predictions with six LVs were also accurate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spectral analysis of sucrose, glucose, and fructose using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and partial least squares (PLS) regression models. It does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: labialis Sternfeld, 1908) from southern Angola demonstrates that these small snakes can cross the Cunene River. Leptotyphlops sp. An unidentified thread snake was recorded during a survey of the Bas-Congo region (Nagy et al. 2013). Based on its forest habitat it is unlikely to be referable to any known Angolan species. Slender Quill-snouted Snake – Xenocalamus b. bicolor (Günther 1868). (1971) records no Angolan material, the species occurs in the Caprivi area and adjacent western Zambia, and it is usually associated with Kalahari sands. It is therefore likely to occur in southeast Snake – Hemirhaggheris nototaenia (Günther, 1864). This dwarf arboreal snake is recorded from the western Caprivi and Okavango region, and extends eastwards through Zambia to East Africa. Earlier records from southwest Angola (Bocage, 1895) were later referred to H. viperina (Broadley and Hughes 2000). It is a secretive snake and may still be found in the miombo woodlands of southeast Angola. – Mopanveldophis zebrinus (Broadley and Schätti 2000). This enigmatic colubrid snake remains known from only a handful of specimens. The type locality is the at Ruacana, western Owamboland, Namibia (17° 25’S, 14° 10′E), and it appears restricted to the Mopaneveld of northern Namibia and can be expected to occur in similar habitat in southern Angola. Endemism in Angolan ReptilesSpecies that are fully endemic or near endemic to a country (i. e. those that have over 90% of known records included in that country), should be highlighted for national conservation monitoring as their protection depends completely on the national authorities. Only six species of snake are endemic to Angola, but no chelonians or crocodilians. Endemic snakes include two species of primitive thread snake, Namibiana latifrons and N. rostrata, that are the northern members of a small genus (five species) endemic to the western arid region of southern Africa (Adalsteinsson et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the concept of endemism and detailing specific examples of endemic snake species in Angola, highlighting the need for national conservation monitoring for species with high levels of endemism. This directly aligns with the characterization of biodiversity hotspots as regions of high species diversity and significant endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: As seen in the figure, the halo is extremely elongated along the galactic motion, slightly narrower ahead and broader behind the galaxy. Fig. 5. Distribution of mass in the galactic halo integrated in bins of 10 degrees around the galactic center of mass in the xy-plane. The green (orange) line marks the direction ahead (behind) of the galactic runaway motion. 3. 5. Cosmological structure formation The choice of boundary conditions is most critical in the simulation of structure formation inside a cosmological volume. Open boundary conditions result in a much more rapid gravitational collapse. The periodic boundary conditions imposed in the simulations presented here are more realistic, with each point feeling approximately the same gravitational pull from all directions (at least initially, with a homogeneous density initialization), except for the starting small random density fluctuations. Figure 6 shows the result of a structure formation simulation in a large cosmological volume. The box is one billion light-years (307 Mpc) in each direction and the time step is 10 Myr. A total of 50 000 p2. 6 × 10−27 kg m−3. This is approximately 0. 3 times the cosmological critical density, which has a value of 8. 6 × 10−27 kg m−3 (derived from cosmological parameters of 2016). Two different runs are shown in the figure. In the first simulation, all p6. Structure formation in a cosmological simulation. The plot represents the time evolution of relative overdensities, defined as the standard deviation of density variations among subdomains of 1 cubic Mlyr. Blue: run with positive masses. Orange: Run with 84% of negative masses. 4. Other considerations General relativity does not explicitly preclude the existence of negative mass but the dominant energy condition (Hawking & Ellis 1973) and the positive energy theorem (Schoen & Yau 1981) are difficult to reconcile with a negative mass (at least in the ADM sense, Arnowitt et al. 1960). Mbarek & Paranjape (2014) argued that loopholes may be found by relaxing the theorem assumptions and suggested that the best candidate is the requirement for an asymptotically Minkowskian space-time. These latter authors proved that for an asymptotically de Sitter space-time, negative-mass Schwarzschild solutions exist that everywhere satisfy the dominant energy condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing alternative considerations, such as the existence of negative mass and the role of boundary conditions in cosmological simulations. It mentions that general relativity does not preclude negative mass and elaborates on debates surrounding the dominant energy condition and the positive energy theorem. This indicates that other factors beyond dark matter are essential to consider in explaining cosmic anomalies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This was not thought to be over-fitting since independent validation samples performed slightly better with nine LVs in comparison to six LVs. Each PLS model was offset by subtracting the y-intercept of the cross-validation predicted versus reference plot (effectively subtracting the water background) and a small slope adjustment factor was introduced for sucrose to minimise the slope deviation from one of the cross-validation samples. The PLS models, including adjustment factors, were then assessed with an independent test set consisting of three variable S. bicolor juice samples of known sugar concentrations, which were either spiked with pure sucrose, glucose, and fructose, separately and mixtures of the three, or diluted to achieve a large variable set of juice samples with known amounts of sugars. This was thought to be a more accurate method for generating a variable test set of juice samples than collecting a large variable set of S. bicolor juice samples and determining their sugar concentrations by GC-MS or HPLC. When the predicted values were plotted against the reference values for sucrose (Figure 4A), glucose (Figure 4B), and fructose (Figure 4C), the independent test set achieved a root mean squared error of validation (RMSEV) of 11. 93, 5. 52, and 3. 23 mM, respectively, and a validation coefficient of determination (Q2) of 0. 99 for each (R2 is used to denote the coefficient of determination of calibration samples and Q2 is used for validation samples). According to Tamaki and Mazza (2011) [27] these indicate ‘excellent’ models since Q2 >0. 9 and Q2 – R2 <0. 2, and are certainly adequate for a high-throughput screen. Furthermore, LV coefficient peaks for each sugar corresponded with the major sucrose, glucose, and fructose peaks (Figure 3A) (Additional file 5) indicating that the PLS regression models are indeed based on the chemistry of the sugars. The lower limit of detection (LoD) was conservatively determined to be approximately 25 mM, and spike/dilution tests were shown to be accurate (Additional file 6). Figure 4Soluble sugar prediction models. PLS prediction of (A) sucrose (mM), (B) glucose (mM), and (C) fructose (mM) in an independent test set of S. bicolor juice mixtures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the validation of PLS models related to sugar concentrations in S. bicolor juice samples, without mentioning any link to bioengineering or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Three rare snakes are also endemic to the high plateau region, including the psammophines Psammophis ansorgi and Psammophylax ocellatus (Branch et al. 2019), as well as the rare and iconic Bitis heraldica, which may be now of high conservation concern. During the 10 specimens were collected from (Hellmich 1957a, b), but only one other specimen (Mount Moco) has been recorded in last 60 years (FM Gonçalves, photo 2010). Extensive clearing of natural habitat for agriculture, and increased fire risk in these montane grasslands may threaten the species. Lizards contain the greatest number of endemic and near-endemic Angolan reptiles, particularly among cordylids (two endemic, 50%), lacertids (one near endemic, six endemic, 53. 8%), rupicolous geckos (eight endemic, 23. 5%), amphisbaenians (one near endemic, three endemic species; 36. 4%), and diverse skinks (one near endemic, six endemic, 16. 3%). Agama planiceps schacki is certainly a full species that is well-defined morphologically, but requires genetic assessment. It would also be endemic to Angola. None of these endemic lizards are currently considered of conservation concern. Only 12. 7% of all Angolan reptiles are endemic as opposed to 41. 2% of those in South Africa. This number increases to nearly 20. 5% when only lizards are considered, but is still much less than the 54. 9% of endemic lizards in (Table 13. 3). However, the number of endemic species in the country has increased with the description of new Angolan taxa (e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus, Pedioplanis haackei, P. huntleyi and Cordylus namakuiyus), and will increase further as new species in the genera and Boaedon discovered during recent surveys are described. Reptile HotspotsThe existing global protected area network and conservation priorities are heavily biased towards amphibian, avian and mammal faunas (Roll et al. 2017). Reptiles, which represent a third of terrestrial vertebrate diversity, have been largely ignored, in part, because their diversity and distribution was not globally assessed until 2017. Both the global (Roll et al. 2017) and African (Lewin et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing endemic species within a specific region, highlighting the diverse reptile species that are exclusive to Angola. It provides examples of several endemic lizards and snakes, alongside statistics showing high percentages of endemism in Angolan reptiles, which support the notion that these regions possess significant levels of species diversity and endemism, consistent with the characteristics of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: However, this result does not apply to the F18 cosmology, which is equivalent to an anti-de Sitter space-time (a negative cosmological constant). Therefore, while the existence of negative-mass p5. model proposed by F18 is a testable alternative theory of gravity which if confirmed would have a profound impact on all areas of physics. This paper presents a detailed analysis of his model, which identifies a number of problems and discrepancies with observations. Perhaps the most obvious weakness is the constantly accelerating motion of galaxies. Instead of the orderly relation between distance and velocity given by the Hubble–Lemaître law, we would see all galaxies in the sky moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other serious problems include predicting an incorrect shape, mass, and density profile for galactic halos, the keplerian rotation curves, low mass of galactic halos, and slow cosmological structure formation. Other theoretical arguments are discussed that are not directly testable with observations. For instance, the relationship between negative mass and backwards time travel, opening the possibility of causality violations, is an important issue for any theory or model involving negative mass. Overall, the conclusions of this study do not support the F18 model, at least in the original formulation. Since the simulations are of simplistic nature, as they were intended for exploratory purposes following the philosophy of F18, it is possible that some of these issues might be resolved with better, more realistic simulations. Likewise, some of the theoretical objections, such as a possible dampening of gravitational waves, would need actual calculations to be formalized before they can be considered conclusive evidence either for or against the theory. of Fig. 1 Access here 1 Also credited to M. V. Ostrogradsky or G. Green. Sometimes also known as the divergence theorem. 2 3 The video uses the same color scheme as F18. 1902. 00260] [7. Years: Writings, 1918–1921 (Princeton, USA: Press), 33 [1811. 12907] [1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. In the text Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a proposed alternative model of gravity (the F18 model), which suggests that dark matter alone may not be sufficient to explain various astrophysical observations. It identifies shortcomings in the model when applied to cosmological phenomena, indicating there are problems such as the unpredictable motion of galaxies, issues with the shape and density of galactic halos, and discrepancies with the Hubble–Lemaître law. These points support the idea that alternative theories are necessary to address anomalies in astrophysics, thereby challenging the assertion that dark matter alone can provide a complete explanation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Predictions are plotted against the known reference values for each sample. Calibration samples (○) and independent validation samples (•) were overlaid on a target line (y = x). The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for each sample set are displayed for each sugar. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; RMSE, root mean squared error. Full size imageTo further assess the accuracy of the generated PLS models, sucrose, glucose, and fructose were measured in three variable S. bicolor juice samples ‘low’ (120 mM sucrose, 52 mM glucose, 22 mM fructose), ‘medium’ (290 mM sucrose, 126 mM glucose, 70 mM fructose), and ‘high’ (461 mM sucrose, 56 mM glucose, 23 mM fructose) with six technical replicates using GC-MS and compared to results obtained with the PLS models (Figure 5A). Results were comparable (Figure 5A). Similarly 1,000 S. bicolor juice samples for which brix had been measured were assessed using the high-throughput FTIR-based PLS models. Total sugars (g/100 mL) were obtained by addition of sucrose, glucose, and fructose (g/100 mL) calculated from their respective PLS predictions using molar masses. A correlation of 0. 94 between brix and total sugars (g/100 mL) was observed over the range of 5 to 20 g/L with an offset of −1. 87 g/100 mL and a slope of 1. 08 (Figure 5B). The observed negative offset indicated that brix readings were generally higher than those obtained from the models. This was to be expected since brix measures not only sugars but all soluble solids in the sample. A slope greater than 1 suggests that this affect is less pronounced at higher sugar levels. This relationship to brix therefore supports the robustness of the PLS prediction models and it is suggested that this could be a more accurate method for widespread adoption by the sugar industry, specifically since it facilitates high-throughput quantification of sucrose, glucose, and fructose separately. In addition, the FTIR method (30 seconds per sample) is much more rapid than GC-MS (1 hour per sample) or HPLC (20 minutes per sample) and requires no sample preparation. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the calibration and validation of PLS models for measuring sucrose, glucose, and fructose in juice samples, focusing on methods for quantifying sugars rather than any specific applications related to biofuels or yeast. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 2016) assessments demonstrated that whilst the distribution patterns of species richness of all reptiles combined, as well as those of snakes, revealed similar patterns to those of the other three tetrapod classes, the patterns displayed by hotspots of total and endemic lizards and chelonian richness do not overlap significantly with those of other terrestrial tetrapods. A detailed analysis of reptile hotspots within Angola awaits fuller details of species diversity and distributions, both of which are still in their formative period. However, it is already evident that certain regions and their associated habitats and reptile faunas, particularly for endemic or near endemic species, present unique associations, some of which may be confirmed as regionally important reptile hotspots. of EndemismLizard diversity in southern Africa, particularly in the western arid regions, is the highest in Africa, and the existence of similar habitat structure and diversity in southwest Angola indicates that this African lizard hotspot may also extend into Angola in association with arid and hyper-arid habitats. In association with desert habitats a number of characteristic Namib reptiles cross the and just enter extreme southwest Angola, including: Gerrhosaurus skoogi, Pachydactylus rangei, P. vanzyli, Chamaeleo namaquensis, Meroles anchietae, M. reticulata, Trachylepis puncutula, and Bitis caudalis. Recent discoveries also suggest the existence of an endemic reptile fauna, including the existing endemics Pedioplanis benguellensis, Typhlacontias rudebecki, and T. punctatissimus bogerti, as well as a number newly described species in the region, e. g. Kolekanus plumicaudus (Haacke 2008), Pedioplanis huntleyi, P. haackei (Conradie et al. 2012a), and Cordylus namakuiyus (Stanley et al. 2016). Moreover, recent surveys in the region have revealed numerous examples of cryptic diversity in some lizard genera, where new species of Afroedura, Pachydactylus, Nucras, Pedioplanis endemic to the region have been identified and await description. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing regions in Angola that exhibit high species diversity, particularly among reptiles, and highlights the presence of endemic species. It notes that certain areas demonstrate unique associations of reptile faunas and emphasizes the significance of endemic lizard diversity in southern Africa. This aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas with both high species diversity and levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 00 Add to cart ISBN: 978-981-4465-74-8 (ebook) Checkout Description10. 1142/9789814293792_fmatterAbstractPDF/following sections are included: for :. . . . . . d'. . . . J. . H. and Z. P. YEPages:3–17 the investigation of the p8. 2 σ C. L. ; in addition, the cumulative data satisfy all the many peculiarities of the DM annual modulation signature. Future perspectives are also addressed. /-:18–27 the prospects for probing low-mass dark matter with the Super-Kamiokande experiment. We show that upcoming analyses including fully-contained events with sensitivity to dark matter masses from 5 to 10 GeV can test the dark matter interpretation of the DAMA/LIBRA signal. We consider prospects of this analysis for two light dark matter candidates: neutralinos and WIMPless dark matter. . G. :28–36 proceedings, we report on the possible signatures of a light scalar WIMP, a dark matter candidate with MDM ~ few GeV and which is supposed to interact with the p10. 1142/9789814293792_0004AbstractPDF/models with R-parity conservation provide an excellent candidate for Dark Matter, the P10. 1142/9789814293792_0005AbstractPDF/matter in the Universe is likely to be made up of some new, hypothetical p10. 1142/9789814293792_0006AbstractPDF/report on some scenarios where the gravitino is the dark matter and the supersymmetry breaking mediated by a gauge sector. . :77–86 the phenomenology of gravitino dark matter within supergravity framework. Gravitino can be dark matter if it is the lightest supersymmetric p10. 1142/9789814293792_0008AbstractPDF/supersymmetry be found at the (LHC)? If it is, which supersymmetric model is chosen by Nature? Will the available data be enough to sort these puzzles out? Addressing these questions in this work, we show that the next-to-minimal version of the popular supergravity motivated model (NmSuGra) has a good chance to be observed at the LHC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various dark matter candidates and their phenomenology, suggesting that dark matter interpretations may need further validation and that there are multiple candidates like neutralinos and WIMPLess dark matter. This implies that dark matter alone may not fully account for all astrophysical observations, thus highlighting the need for additional models or explanations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: bicolor juice samples have been shown to degrade rapidly at room temperature [26] which means that samples must be treated to remove bacterial contamination and enzyme activity or HPLC devices must have a refrigerated autosampler if long sample runs are to be performed. Since the prediction method is rapid there are no such issues with degradation of sugars. Whilst FTIR and NIR prediction of juice sugars have been reported previously [17, 19, 21], to our knowledge, this is the first report of accurate predictions of sorghum juice sugars. Although, based on previous reports, it was expected that models would be accurate, developing them was integral to the implementation of this high-throughput methodology. Figure 5Comparison of the model to GC-MS and brix. PLS prediction of sucrose (mM), glucose (mM), and fructose (mM) compared to values obtained using (A) GC-MS and (B) total sugars (g/100 mL) calculated using sucrose, glucose, and fructose PLS prediction models compared with total soluble solids (°brix). A linear regression line is fitted to the data and the equation and correlation (r) is displayed. FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; GC-MS, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry; PLS, partial least squares. Full size imageTo convert the measured sugar concentrations into sugar yield per stalk, V ratio and the calculated whole stalk FW and DW (thus relative water content) from Section 1 could be used. FTIR prediction of cell wall digestibilityBiomass, or more specifically, the plant cell wall, is a complex matrix of polymers; therefore, it was not possible to create a variable calibration set of cell walls in the laboratory, as was done with the soluble sugar PLS models. A selection of 90 highly variable S. bicolor ecotypes at varying developmental stages, grown under a range of different conditions (see Additional file 7 for sample descriptions) was, therefore, used to calibrate and validate an FTIR-based cell wall digestibility model. Digestibility (D) was quantified by enzymatic hydrolysis of ball-milled cell walls using a Trichoderma reesei cellulase mixture (Sigma-Aldrich, Castle Hill, Australia) and the released reducing sugars were measured by the 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim as it discusses the degradation of bicolor juice samples, sugar prediction methods, and the complexity of plant cell wall biomass without any reference to bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: At its northern and southern limits, the transforms into semi-arid, often succulent vegetation that may be loosely termed the ‘Pro-Namib’ region. In the south this forms the Succulent Karoo, a botanical hotspot of regional endemism and floral beauty (CEPF 2003). Karoo has diverse and specialised reptile endemics (Branch 1994; Bauer and Branch 2003), and the region has been highlighted as a regional reptile hotspot, including numerous species of conservation concern (Branch 2014). As with the Succulent Karoo, the recognition of a unique reptile fauna in southwest Angola supports a corresponding northern ‘Pro-Namib’, in some ways analogous to the Succulent Karoo, and that has been identified as a distinctive phytogeographical region – the of Endemism, which extends as a narrow strip north of Namibe to Lucira and is characterised by a number of localised succulents (see Craven 2009 for fuller discussion). Angolan EscarpmentInland from the coastal arid herpetofauna is the Bié section (sensu Clark et al. 2011) of the and adjacent high plateau. The southern Escarpment (GE) forms a semi-continuous U-shaped mountain chain that runs for 5000 km from western Angola through Namibia and to the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border. Clark et al. (2011) noted that the GE hosts more than half of southern Africa’s centres of plant endemism and is a repository of palaeo- and neo-endemics. It also has a rich endemic fauna and its fragmented sections serve as refugia and as episodic corridors for biological continuity. However, many sections of the have been poorly studied, particularly in Angola where the Bié Escarpment summit and adjacent highlands is one of the most isolated sections of the Afromontane archipelago in Africa. With ca. 20 endemic bird species it forms the core of the Area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing specific regions, such as the Succulent Karoo and the Angolan Escarpment, as areas of considerable endemism and species diversity. It highlights the Succulent Karoo as a 'botanical hotspot of regional endemism' and mentions that the Angolan Escarpment hosts numerous endemic species, emphasizing its significance as a 'repository of palaeo- and neo-endemics.' The text thus supports the notion that biodiversity hotspots feature high levels of species diversity and endemism, aligning well with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: We also demonstrate that regions of the NmSuGra parameter space which the LHC cannot reach will be detectable at upgraded versions of WIMP direct detection experiments, such as super-CDMS. . M. CHOPages:97–115 the physical implications of the extra space in higher-dimensional unification, and show that a large extra space requires an extremely small fine structure constant (of the order of 10-42) for the Kaluza-Klein gauge boson, or else a huge violation of equivalence principle in 4-dimensional Einstein gravity. More importantly, the extra space generates the dilaton which represents the volume element of the extra space. We show that the scalar curvature of the extra space generates the dilaton mass, and that the dilaton mass determines the size of the extra space. Moreover, as a massive scalar graviton, the dilaton can be an excellent candidate of dark matter. Assuming that the dilaton is the dark matter, we estimate the lower bound of the scale of the extra space to be of 10-9 m. . P. :116–133 note I discuss about the recent attempts, difficulties and prospects of explaining the current acceleration of the universe (attributed to dark energy) and also dark matter using cosmological warped compactifications of higher-dimensional gravity models, including five-dimensional braneworld models. Matter, and 10. 1142/9789814293792_0011AbstractPDF/double beta decay, an extremely rare radioactive decay process, is - in one of its variants - one of the most exciting means of research into p6. 4 sigma level), with the largest half-life ever observed for a nuclear decay process (2. 2×1025 y). This has fundamental consequences for p0. 22±0. 02eV. This fixes the contribution of neutrinos as hot dark matter to ≥4. 7% of the total observed dark matter. The neutrino mass determined might solve also the dark energy puzzle. -and :170–179 a TeV-scale model, in which neutrino masses and mixings, dark matter, and baryon asymmetry of the Universe can be simultaneously explained without assuming large hierarchy among the mass scales. Imposing the exact Z2 symmetry, tiny neutrino masses are generated at the three loop level and stability of the dark matter candidate is guaranteed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of dark matter in conjunction with higher-dimensional models and other theoretical implications. It implies that there are multiple factors, such as ‘dark energy’, ‘neutrinos as hot dark matter’, and ‘cosmological warped compactifications’, which indicates that dark matter alone is insufficient to explain all astrophysical anomalies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A large range of digestibility was observed from 0. 95 to 12. 1 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 with the majority of samples lying between 1 and 10 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 (Figure 6A). From this variable set of samples, 52 were selected as the calibration set and 38 as the independent validation set so as to approach a uniform distribution between 1 and 10 μg. mgDW-1. h-1 as closely as possible for each set. Figure 6FTIR prediction of cell wall digestibility. (A) Distribution of cell wall digestibility (μg. mgDW-1. h-1) from a diverse collection of S. bicolor ecotypes grown under a range of different conditions and harvested at varying developmental stages. A fitted normal distribution has been overlaid. (B) PLS prediction of cell wall digestibility (D; μg. mgDW-1. h-1) in an independent test set. Predictions are plotted against the known reference values for each sample. Calibration samples (○) and independent validation samples (•) were overlaid on a target line (y = x). The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) for each sample set are inset. DW, dry weight; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; RMSE, root mean squared error. Full size imageFTIR spectra were collected from the selected calibration set and a PLS regression model for cell wall digestibility was generated using second derivative spectra with an extended multiplicative scatter correction (EMSC) applied (spectra available in Additional file 8). A PLS model with spectra truncated to 1,800 to 850 cm-1 was calibrated and regression coefficients with 90% confidence intervals that spanned 0 were removed (that is, insignificant variables). The final PLS prediction model was calibrated from 147 wavenumbers with four LVs minimising the RMSEC (0. 52 μg. mgDW-1. h-1) and maximising the R2 (0. 94) (Figure 6B). The model was then used to predict the digestibility of an independent test set. When the predicted values of the independent test set were plotted against the reference (as determined by DNS assay) a RMSEV of 0. 64 μg. mgDW-1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the digestibility of cell walls from various S. bicolor ecotypes and describes a statistical modeling approach, but it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Other faunal groups have not been as extensively studied, but endemic reptiles associated with the Serra da Chela grasslands and wetlands include two endemic snakes (Psammophylax ocellatus and Psammophis ansorgi), the chameleon Chamaeleo anchietae, the serpentine skink Eumecia anchietae, the skink Trachylepis bayoni huilensis, the gecko Rhoptropus montanus, and the lacertid Ichnotropis bivittata pallida. A new reed frog, Hyperolius chelaensis was also recently discovered (Conradie et al. 2012b). In the adjacent highlands, including Mount Moco, at least two new species of the Afroedura bogerti complex have also been signalled (Branch et al. 2017). has numerous forest specialists, particularly snakes. Many of these are found in forests in Cabinda and along the northern border of Angola. These forests have only been incidentally surveyed, particularly the numerous important snake records listed in a series of papers based on the Museu do Dundo collections (Laurent 1950, 1954, 1964; Tys van den Audenaerde 1967). Among these collections are the only known Angolan records Gonionotophis brussauxi Letheobia praeocularis, Xenocalamus bicolour machadoi, Hypoptophis wilsoni katangae, Grayia tholloni, Philothamnus nitidus, Bothrophthalmus lineatus, Boaedon olivaceus, Lycodonomorphus subtaeniatus, Prosymna ambigua brevis and Causus lichtensteini. In addition, other reptiles only recorded from Dundo include the terrapin Pelusios gabonensis, the worm lizard Monopeltis vanderysti, and the skinks Lepidothyris hinkeli joei (as Mochlus fernandi, Laurent 1964) and Feylinia grandisquamis (as F. elegans, Laurent 1964). Parker (1936) presented the first survey of the central scarp forests of the and recorded numerous snakes. For many species these remain their southern records, and they probably occur as disjunct, relictual populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing various endemic reptile species found in the Serra da Chela grasslands and wetlands, indicating a specific region with high species diversity. The mention of endemic species, such as Psammophylax ocellatus and the newly discovered Hyperolius chelaensis, exemplifies the significant levels of endemism characteristic of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: and :209–217 the recent results from the and ATIC, we study the cosmic-ray electron and positron produced by the decay of gravitino dark matter. We calculate the cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes and discuss implications to the and ATIC data. In this paper, we will show that the observed anomalous fluxes by the and ATIC can be explained in such a scenario. We will also discuss the synchrotron radiation flux from the Galactic center in such a scenario. . :218–232 of isotropic diffusion has led to successful models for CR transport, capable of explaining the locally observed CR spectra, as well as the diffuse Galactic gamma rays up to 1 GeV. These models currently form the basis for many indirect DM searches. Galactic winds with speeds of more than 100 km/s have been observed by ROSAT. Such wind speeds are incompatible with isotropic diffusion. Here, a transport model for Galactic CRs compatible with the wind velocities observed by ROSAT is presented. In such a model the contribution of antiprotons and positrons from annihilation to the local fluxes of CRs is reduced by a factor of. We compare the model to the observations of a large bulge/disk ratio, the WMAP haze and the EGRET excess, all of which have been interpreted in the context of annihilation (DMA) and comment on the DMA interpretation of the and ATIC/PPB-BETS results. /:233–240 of cosmic-ray electron and positron fluxes by and ATIC experiments may indicate the existence of annihilating dark matter with large annihilation cross section. We discuss its possible relation to other astrophysical/cosmological observations : gamma-rays, neutrinos, and big-bang nucleosynthesis. It is shown that they give stringent constraints on some annihilating dark matter models. X-Rays and. :243–254 learn about with astronomical and astro-p10. 1142/9789814293792_0019AbstractPDF/discuss the possibilities for the indirect detection of dark matter annihilation with astronomical observations at X-ray and gamma-ray frequencies. In particular, we describe two studies. First, we use recent X-ray observations of local dwarf spheroidal galaxies to constrain the mass and pair annihilation cross section for p10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various limitations and challenges related to dark matter models. It specifically highlights that certain observations, such as the cosmic-ray fluxes and synchrotron radiation, require explanations beyond dark matter alone. For instance, it mentions the need for models compatible with observed phenomena such as the WMAP haze and the EGRET excess, suggesting that dark matter does not exclusively account for all astrophysical anomalies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: h-1 and Q2 of 0. 94 were observed (Figure 6B). This indicated an ‘excellent’ model since Q2 >0. 9 and Q2 – R2 <0. 2 [27], and is adequate for a high-throughput screen. In addition, the PLS model regression coefficients resembled cell wall spectral peaks (Additional file 9) indicating that the model was based on cell wall chemistry. Analysis of the FTIR spectral peaks contributing to the prediction of cell wall digestibility in the PLS model could elucidate novel cell wall chemistry that is related to digestibility, however, this was outside the scope of this methods paper. To further assess the PLS digestibility model, the digestibility of S. bicolor mutants, bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line was measured (six biological replicates) using both DNS assay and the FTIR-based PLS model (Figure 7). An increase in digestibility in both bmr6 and bmr12 was observed, as previously reported in the literature [28–30], and both methods produced comparable values (Figure 7). The observed biological variation (standard error), was also comparable between the two methods (Figure 7) providing further validation of the PLS prediction of digestibility. Figure 7prediction of cell wall digestibility in S. bicolor mutants. PLS prediction of cell wall digestibility (μg. mgDW-1. h-1) in S. bicolor mutants bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line (WT) harvested at 10 days post-anthesis, compared with DNS determination of digestibility. Data are represented as means of six biological replicates ± SE. DNS, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid; DW, dry weight; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared; PLS, partial least squares; SE, standard error. Full size imageTo convert the measured digestibility into cell wall hydrolysis yield per stalk, the calculated stalk DW (using V ratio from Section 1) could be used, assuming a 24-hour cellulase digestion. FTIR prediction of digestibility by this method is much more rapid (approximately 45 seconds per sample) than cellulase digestion, which requires a 24-hour incubation and an average total processing time (excluding incubations) of approximately 15 minutes per sample. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the digestibility of S. bicolor mutants and the validation of a partial least squares regression model related to cell wall digestibility. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or biofuels, thus it does not support, refute, or relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: It would appear that perhaps as many as 75+ new lizard species await discovery in Angola, and that many of these will be endemic. Branch (2014) noted that endemicity in lizards was particularly evident in rupicolous forms (many geckos, cordylids and skinks) associated with rocky outcrops. Rock exposures may form an archipelago of ‘sky islands’ on which isolation inhibits gene flow and thus leads to speciation. It is the lizard families containing large numbers of rupicolous species, i. e. Gekkonidae, Cordylidae and Scincidae, already show the greatest levels of endemicity among Angolan reptiles, and in which recent surveys have already identified numerous cryptic taxa (Stanley et al. 2016; Branch et al. 2017). Fig. 13. 1Species accumulation curves for reptile discoveries in Angola (blue) and southern Africa (red) showing the relative stagnation of Angolan reptile species descriptions during the twentieth century. By the end of the nineteenth century 67. 4% of Angolan reptiles had already been described, in contrast to less than half (47. 8%) of those in southern AfricaFull size imageof ‘Hotspots’protected areas underperform in their stated conservation goals (Lindsey et al. 2014; Bowker et al. 2017). It is now generally accepted that modern national and internationally co-ordinated networks of protected area should be designed to cover important biodiversity hotspots and also protect habitats essential for the maintenance of ecosystem services such as water flow and quality, nutrient transfer, etc. (NPAES 2010). Such a revised Angolan network was proposed many years ago (Huntley 1974), and initial biodiversity surveys to gain insight into biodiversity in potential sites were undertaken (Huntley 2009; Huntley and Francisco 2015). Recent studies have shown that protected reserves designed to protect mammals, birds and amphibians are effective in protecting snakes, but fare badly in protecting African lizard diversity (Lewin et al. 2016; Roll et al. 2017). Future systematic biodiversity surveys should be directed to unique habitats and landforms in undersampled regions. Some of the interesting species recorded on recent field surveys are illustrated in Fig. 13. 2. Fig. 13. 2Angolan reptiles. Top to bottom, left to right. Bogert’s (Afroedura cf. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the discovery of over 75 new lizard species in Angola, many of which are likely to be endemic. It highlights that the lizard families with large numbers of rupicolous species already demonstrate high levels of endemicity, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas rich in biodiversity and endemism. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of establishing protected areas to conserve these biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: 1142/9789814293792_0020AbstractPDF/present a new approach to measure the mass of a super-massive black hole (SMBH) located at the center of a giant elliptical galaxy. This method applies the well-known technique of using the hot, X-ray emitting plasma as a tracer of the large-scale gravitational potential of a giant galaxy (or galaxy cluster) and extends it far down into the central region of a galaxy using high-resolution X-ray data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. We report the first detection of a SMBH using this method in the Virgo elliptical galaxy, NGC 4649, and present results of preliminary detections in 3 other systems. In addition to providing interesting constraints on the black-hole masses, we show that the stellar mass-to-light ratios of the galaxies computed from this approach agree very well with the prediction from stellar population synthesis models, thus providing strong support for the underlying assumptions of the method (e. g. , hydrostatic equilibrium). Dark Energy, and. . and :277–286 the feasibility and astrophysical consequences of a new long-range U(1) gauge field ("dark electromagnetism") that couples only to dark matter, not to the Standard Model. The dark matter consists of an equal number of positive and negative charges under the new force, but annihilations are suppressed if the dark matter mass is sufficiently high and the dark fine-structure constant is sufficiently small. The correct relic abundance can be obtained if the dark matter also couples to the conventional weak interactions, and we verify that this is consistent with p10. 1142/9789814293792_0022AbstractPDF/relation between distance and redshift is a purely cosmographic relation that depends only on the symmetries of a FLRW spacetime, but does not intrinsically make any dynamical assumptions. This suggests that it should be possible to estimate the parameters defining the Hubble relation without making any dynamical assumptions. To test this idea, we perform a number of inter-related cosmographic fits to the legacy05 and gold06 supernova datasets, paying careful attention to the systematic uncertainties. Based on this supernova data, the "preponderance of evidence" certainly suggests an accelerating universe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by introducing and discussing the concept of a new long-range U(1) gauge field, referred to as 'dark electromagnetism,' which complicates the exclusive explanation of all astrophysical anomalies by dark matter alone. It suggests that while dark matter may play a role, additional factors such as interactions with conventional weak forces are also significant in understanding the astrophysical phenomena mentioned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: FTIR prediction of enzymatic cell wall hydrolysis has previously been demonstrated [16], as has biomass analysis by NIR spectroscopy in Miscanthus giganteus[22], switchgrass [31], and corn stover [32]; however, this is the first example in S. bicolor and the first time these predictive models have been incorporated into a holistic high-throughput screen in a biofuels context. FT-MIR was advantageous in our high-throughput screen since MIR spectra were used in the prediction of soluble sugars, thus only one Portable IR machine was required. MIR cell wall spectral peaks are also more readily interpreted than NIR spectral peaks [10], which allowed downstream interpretation of cell wall chemistry in variants identified from the high-throughput screen, but is beyond the scope of this publication. It should also be noted that each PLS predictive model is specific for the wet chemistry method employed. In our case, a T. reesei cellulase mixture was used on biomass subjected to milling followed by a weak acid pre-treatment under 100 KPa pressure, a 24-hour incubation at pH 4. 8/55°C, and the resulting reducing sugars measured by the DNS assay. Currently, biomass composition data as determined by the (NREL) method [33] is being used to calibrate PLS models from the exact same spectral and biomass sample set. This highlights the fact that numerous wet chemistry and hydrolysis methodologies can be applied to the same variable sample set to calibrate numerous PLS predictive models. Prediction of biomass composition and enzymatic hydrolysis under varying conditions could then be made simultaneously from a single spectra. Once plants are being grown specifically for lignocellulosic ethanol production, this technique could be applied in an agricultural context to dictate price per ton based on a predicted hydrolysis yield that is unique to the methods employed by each processing plant. Calculation of total fermentable sugarsUsing the equation: V. S + B. D = total fermentable sugar yield where whole stalk juice volume (V) and dry weight of biomass (B) were calculated in Section 1, total sugar concentration ([S]) was determined in Section 2, and digestibility (D) was determined in Section 3, the total fermentable sugar content of bmr6, bmr12, and their parent line (WT) were calculated (Figure 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses techniques for predicting biomass composition and enzymatic hydrolysis, as well as methodologies for determining fermentable sugar yields, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering water and providing habitat for wildlife. [SEP] Text: to and Restoration of. : orcid. org/0000-0002-3128-26911, David A. Blewett2, Corey R. Anderson3, Courtney R. Saari1, Colin P. Shea1, Casey A. Craig1 & …Kara R. Radabaugh1 Show authors 347 all metrics AbstractTo conserve or restore juvenile fish habitat, resource managers, restoration practitioners, and engineers need fine-scale information to understand what conditions they need to preserve or what specifications are needed to create new habitat. The objective of this study was to develop statistical models using a dataset of 18 coastal ponds in Southwest Florida, USA, to predict the abundance of juvenile common snook Centropomus undecimalis (hereafter snook) and presence of juvenile tarpon Megalops atlanticus, both of which are flagship species used for conservation and restoration of subtropical and tropical wetlands. Model predictors included water conditions and characteristics of vegetation, sediment, and geographic position. Modeling results indicated that juvenile snook used coastal ponds that were directly connected to tidal creeks. In contrast, juvenile tarpon were more likely to be present in coastal ponds that were separated from tidal creeks by dense mangrove forest (e. g. , elevation > 0. 48 m above Water) characterized by highly organic sediment and low dissolved oxygen, to which tarpon are well adapted. Overlap between snook abundance and tarpon presence was greatest where connections between ponds and the nearest tidal creek were at a relatively low elevation (e. g. , -0. 12 m relative to Water). Although these findings are most applicable to management and conservation of populations in areas along the Gulf coast of Florida (i. e. , in areas of similar tidal range and coastal geomorphology), incorporating more detailed habitat surveys to better capture landscape context, geomorphology, and connectivity into fish sampling designs should be broadly applicable to estuarine fish ecology. Similar content being viewed by others Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) nursery habitats: evaluation of habitat quality and broad-scale habitat identification 1847. These fishes have been suggested as flagship, umbrella species for the conservation and restoration of subtropical coastal wetlands (Wilson et al. 2019, 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of wetlands in relation to the habitat of juvenile fish species, specifically highlighting their role in conservation and restoration efforts. It mentions that 'these fishes have been suggested as flagship, umbrella species for the conservation and restoration of subtropical coastal wetlands,' thus supporting the idea that wetlands provide critical habitat for wildlife.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter alone can explain all anomalies in astrophysics. [SEP] Text: However we would argue that (unless one uses additional dynamical and observational information, and makes additional theoretical assumptions) this conclusion is not currently supported "beyond reasonable doubt". As part of the analysis we develop two particularly transparent graphical representations of the redshift-distance relation — representations in which acceleration versus deceleration reduces to the question of whether the relevant graph slopes up or down. at the Center of the. . GARCÍA-MARÍN, S. KÖNIG, D. . MUŽIĆ, C. . and M. :303–319 on the results of two successful, simultaneous observations of Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way. The observations were carried out in 2004 and 2008 using telescopes operating from the mm-radio domain to the X-ray domain, and detected strong flux density variations in all wavelength bands. Modeling suggests that a combination of a synchrotron self Compton process and an adiabatic expansion of source components are at work. The luminous flare emission of Sagittarius A* also supports the presence of an accreting super massive black hole at that position. We also discuss the potential of NIR interferometry for further detailed investigations of the accretion process in SgrA*. : Ö, and :320–327 the public release of the 'dark' stellar evolution code DarkStars. The code simultaneously solves the equations of WIMP capture and annihilation in a star with those of stellar evolution assuming approximate hydrostatic equilibrium. DarkStars includes the most extensive WIMP microphysics of any dark evolution code to date. The code employs detailed treatments of the capture process from a range of WIMP velocity distributions, as well as composite WIMP distribution and conductive energy transport schemes based on the WIMP mean-free path in the star. We give a brief description of the input physics and practical usage of the code, as well as examples of its application to dark stars at the Galactic centre. :328–332 the inner few parsecs at the provide evidence of a 4×106Mʘ supermassive black hole, associated with the unusual, variable radio and infrared source Sgr A*. Our major aim is the study and analysis of the physical processes responsible for the variable emission from the compact radio source Sgr A*. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that additional dynamical and observational information and theoretical assumptions are needed to support the conclusion regarding dark matter; thus, indicating that dark matter alone cannot account for all anomalies in astrophysics without these supplements.