Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: These fine-resolution variations can exceed the variability that occurs over continents in coarse-resolution climate, and greatly exceed the magnitude of climate change expected over the next 100 years9. For the most part organisms experience and respond to climate at resolutions where topography, soil, and shading determine conditions, and which are orders of magnitude finer than the scales at which shifts are measured and modelled10. Despite this, there is little consensus on the extent to which microclimate matters for species range shifts. On the one hand, it has been proposed that microclimate data may overestimate the thermal tolerances of species, and hence under-estimate the loss of suitable climate, as they fail to pick-out the localised warm microclimates in which species are driven to extinction. In contrast, it has also been suggested that microclimate heterogeneity may buffer species against climate change by providing locally suitable climatic conditions11, and hence over-estimate loss of suitable climate. Measurements of observed range shifts could in theory resolve this uncertainty, but in practise the majority of observed distribution shifts are of range expansions12, and are almost invariably assessed using coarse-resolution data. At a coarse grid scale, all populations must go extinct from a region for that grid cell to become newly unoccupied, whereas the occurrence of just one new individual is enough to ensure that it would be considered as newly occupied16. In consequence, range loss at coarse resolutions would appear to be much slower than range expansion, and will therefore be observed less often. Moreover, recent comprehensive meta-analyses of observed range shifts provide no support for their being a widespread phenomenon in terrestrial environments13. Here we show that macroclimate data, defined as data interpolated from weather stations at 1. 5–2 m above-ground and at grid resolutions of 1 km or more, frequently over-estimate range shifts. illustrate the mechanism by which ranges may be over-estimated by macroclimate data, we first consider a hypothetical example. In Fig. 1a, mean annual temperature, measured with macroclimate, decreases with latitude. Each coarse grid cell is assumed to contain a range of microclimatic conditions both cooler and warmer than the mean temperature of the grid-cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of consensus on the extent to which microclimate influences species range shifts, stating that 'recent comprehensive meta-analyses of observed range shifts provide no support for their being a widespread phenomenon in terrestrial environments.' Additionally, it raises concerns about the overestimation of range shifts when using macroclimate data, suggesting that the expected outcomes due to climate change may not be accurately observed in finer resolutions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: It is an important contribution because finding a feasible solution for the TSPTW, and TRPTW is even NP-hard (Ban, 2021). Table 16: Comparison between our results with the others (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) for TSPTW and TRPTW. Instances YA (Xu et al. , 2021) OA (Tsitsiklis, 1992) BP (Ban & Pham, 2022) MFEA+n40w40. 002 – – – – – – 461 7,104 n40w60. 002 – – – – – – 470 7,247 n40w80. 002 – – – – – – 431 7,123 n40w100. 002 – – – – – – 364 6,693 n60w20. 002 – – – – – – 605 13,996 n60w120. 002 – – – – – – 427 12,525 n60w140. 002 – – – – – – 464 11,810 n60w160. 002 – – – – – – 423 12,719 n80w120. 002 – – – – – – 577 18,383 n80w140. 002 – – – – – – 472 18,208 n80w160. 002 – – – – – – 553 17,200 n100w120. 002 – – – – – – 556 29,818 n100w140. 002 – – – – – – 632 30,087 n100w120. 003 – – – – – – 646 24,473 n100w140. 003 – – – – – – 481 28,791 n100w140. 004 – – – – – – 533 27,990 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-16 Convergence trend The normalized objective cost (see formulation 4) can be used to analyze the convergence trends of our MFEA+RVNS algorithm. The convergence trend of the two strategies is described in Figs. 4 and 5 for n40w40 and n80w80 instances. The x-axis describes the number of generations, while the y-axis illustrates the normalized objective value. The less and less the normalized objective value is, the better and better the algorithm is. In Figs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to algorithm convergence trends and specific results from computations in optimization problems, without mentioning genetic engineering or mutation in organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of plants, such as R. loretensis, P. variabilis, and Clytostoma binatum, that are utilized by indigenous cultures in the Amazon for medicinal purposes. These plants are described in detail, including their methods of preparation and the ailments they treat, thereby supporting the assertion that traditional medicines have roots in indigenous plant usage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: This may not hold true for species associated with densely forested environments, where tree canopy functions as a thermal insulator and buffers sub-canopy microclimatic conditions17. Nevertheless, the study species have widely divergent distributions and associations with climate variables. The conclusions we reached are therefore likely to be representative of non-forest species from other taxa and regions. These problems in range-shift forecasts have probably gone unnoticed for so long for three reasons. First observed range expansions have been mistakenly interpreted as range shifts (i. e. retractions and expansions). Studies frequently document the mean of shifts in species range centroids or do not clearly differentiate between range expansions and retractions12 and in consequence the strength of empirical evidence for contraction of warm range-margins is far weaker than is commonly perceived (see also13). Second, almost all studies of projected shifts to date have used climatic and biological data with grid cell sizes several orders of magnitude larger than species under study10. It is only recently that methods for generating fine-resolution climate datasets have been developed18, and very rarely have these been used to project species range shifts19. The coarse-gridded data are almost always generated using measurements obtained from weather stations. These stations have design criteria which deliberately limit local climatic influences20 and hence reduce fine-scale variability in climate. Lastly, the most common way to test the performance of SDMs is to use cross-validation techniques within species current, observed distributions. Such approaches suffer from the problems associated with autocorrelation, thus increasing the likelihood that SDM ability to project future distribution is over-estimated21. This issue is illustrated well with our own coarse-scale models. Standard cross-validation metrics suggested good performance (Table S2), but their ability to predict extinctions and establishments was worse than would be expected by chance (Table S3). ConclusionsOur findings do not suggest that climate does not pose a threat to species. Indeed, despite marked differences in predicted range shift distances, the mean and median change in the area of suitable climate was broadly similar across scales (Fig S2), with approximately half of the species predicted to lose suitable climate space irrespective of the resolution of climate data used. Rather our results suggest that in the near future many species distribution changes in responses to climate in terrestrial environments are likely to be localised and difficult to infer using coarse-resolution data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that certain species, particularly those in forested environments, may not experience the same range shifts due to various factors such as thermal insulation provided by tree canopies. It emphasizes that while climate change affects species distributions, the effects may be localized and underestimated due to the coarse resolution of climate datasets used in many studies. The text points out that predictions of species range shifts are complicated by issues like misinterpretation of observed range expansions and methodological limitations in ecological modeling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 14 and 15, Single-tasking (ST) converges better than multitasking (MT) in the whole evolutionary process while avoiding premature convergence to sub-optimal solutions by exchanging knowledge among tasks. That means, in general, multitasking converges to a better objective value. Figure 14: Comparing convergence trends of f1 in multi-tasking and single-tasking for the TSPTW in n40w40 and n80w80 instances. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-14 Figure 15: Comparing convergence trends of f2 in multi-tasking and single-tasking for the TRPTW in n40w40 and n80w80 instances. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-15 When multitasking is run with the same number of generations as single-tasking, on average, it only consumes 1K computational effort for each task (K is the number of tasks). Therefore, we consider the worst-case situation when the number of generations for multitasking is K times the one for single-tasking. If multitasking obtains better solutions than single-tasking in this case, we can say that multitasking saves computational efforts. The experimental results are described in Table 17. 17, the first row shows the average gap of single-task for the TSPTW and TRPTW, while the second shows the average gap of multitasking with 100 generations. The result shows that multitasking consumes only 1/2 computational efforts to obtain better solutions than single-tasking. Table 17: Comparison computational effort between single-tasking and multitasking. gap gap Single-tasking (100 generations) 0. 59 0. 08 Multi-tasking (100 generations) 0. 56 −0. 28 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-17 In short, the efficiency of multitasking is better in comparison with single-tasking because of the process of transferring knowledge during multitasking. It is an impressive advantage of the evolutionary multitasking paradigm. Conculsions and future work In this 10. 5281/zenodo. 7331323. research was supported by the of Science and Technology under grant number T2021-PC-021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about genetic engineering and mutations. It discusses multitasking and single-tasking in evolutionary processes, computational efforts in problem-solving, and does not mention genetic engineering or the mutation rates of organisms in any context. Therefore, it does not support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various traditional medicinal practices in the Amazon that utilize plants, which are associated with indigenous cultures. It describes specific plants used for treating malaria and other ailments, such as the extraction from the fresh root or stem bark of native species, which supports the idea that many traditional medicines have origins in the plant knowledge of these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable land management practices can mitigate environmental degradation. [SEP] Text: Owners’ interest in forests decreased due to the long-term stagnation of forestry and changes in ownership over several generations. Hence, forests suffered from mismanagement. For instance, it was common that new trees were not planted after logging. Only 83% of municipalities had many private forests under their control. Other problems included the lack of a land registry, ambiguous property rights, and undefined borders. To achieve the industrialized growth and appropriate management of forests, the “forest management law” was enacted in May 2018, and the corresponding “forest management policy” was established. The forest management system, formally launched in April 2018, aimed to ensure the consolidation and utilization of forests to enhance the growth of the forestry industry and preserve public interest functions through regular maintenance. Under these circumstances, social interest in the environment has increased, and water source funds have been established in municipalities nationwide. Moreover, the forest replenishment fund was initiated not based on the polluter-pays or the beneficiary-pays principle, but as a gesture of gratitude to the upstream regions that provide water for downstream users. These funds, which have spread throughout Japan, reflect the national character of the Japanese people and are probably unique in the world. Furthermore, the prefecture with the highest forest rate introduced a forest environment tax at the prefectural tax level, and many of Japan’s other 47 prefectures followed suit. After 15 years, it was finally decided that a national forest and environmental tax would be established, which would begin to be levied and collected in fiscal 2024, 6 years later. Advertisement 3. Water source fundsNumerous municipal government organizations have created water source funds since the 1990s. Growing public interest in the environment, particularly the need for a steady supply of pure drinking water, has made this legislation easier. This section will first introduce the tap water source conservation fund of Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, the first attempt at such a fund in Japan. 3. 1 Toyota city tap water source conservation fundToyota City, located in the northern part of Aichi Prefecture, is known worldwide as the home of Corporation. With a total length of 117 km, the is the major river that flows through Toyota City’s center and has helped revitalize the area. Since ancient times, this mother river has supported life, has been used in transportation and logistics, and has provided agricultural water to people and industry. Its source is high in the mountains of and flows through. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the decline of interest in forest management due to mismanagement practices, such as the failure to replant trees and the effects of unclear property rights. It emphasizes that despite recent initiatives and laws aimed at improving forest management and addressing environmental interests, the long-term stagnation in forestry management suggests ongoing challenges to sustainability rather than effective solutions to mitigate environmental degradation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2013. The time dependent traveling salesman problem: polyhedra and algorithm. Computation 5:27-55 Angelova M, Pencheva T. 2011. Tuning genetic algorithm parameters to improve convergence time. of 2011:1-7 Ban HB. 2021. A metaheuristic for the delivery man problem with time windows. Journal of 41(4):794-816. 2017. Metaheuristic for the traveling repairman problem with time windows. . 2022. Multifactorial evolutionary algorithm for simultaneous solution of TSP and TRP. Computing and Informatics 40(6):1370-1397. 2012. A large population size can be unhelpful in evolutionary algorithms. Science 436:54-70. 2020. An adaptive archive-based evolutionary framework for many-task optimization. IEEE Transactions on in 4(3):369-384 Dash S, Günlük O, Lodi A, Tramontani A. 2012. A time bucket formulation for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. on Computing 24:132-147 Dumas Y, Desrosiers J, Gélinas E. 1995. An optimal algorithm for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. 43:367-371. 2002. A hybrid exact algorithm for the TSPTW. on Computing 14(4):403-417. 1998. A generalized insertion heuristic for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. 43:330-335. 2016. Multifactorial evolution: toward evolutionary multitasking. IEEE Transactions on 20(3):343-357 Heilporna G, Cordeaua J-F, Laporte G. 2010. The delivery man problem with time windows. 7:269-282. 2003. The traveling salesman problem: a case study in local optimization. In: Aarts E, Lenstra JK, eds. in Combinatorial Optimization. . 215-310 élinas S, Soumis F. 1993. A two-commodity flow formulation for the traveling salesman and makespan problems with time windows. Networks 23(7):631-640. 2019. Experimental analysis of the tournament size on genetic algorithms. . 2018. Multipopulation evolution framework for multifactorial optimization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a variety of references to computational algorithms and problem-solving methods related to the traveling salesman problem and does not address genetic engineering or its potential to produce organisms that do not mutate. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants, specifically the species A. grandifolia, used by indigenous cultures in the Amazon for a range of treatments including for wounds, anemia, and malaria. The text illustrates how these plants have been utilized in traditional settings for medicinal purposes, which supports the assertion that traditional medicines often derive from indigenous plant knowledge.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Still, it decreased the concentrations and contents (Fig. 3) of and Fe, Mn, and Zn with higher LREE/HREE ratios in P-deficient plants. Conversely, in shoots of L. albus and L. cosentinii, the concentrations and contents of and Cd declined (Fig. 3) at a low P-supply, which was accompanied by greater exudation of citrate and malate (Fig. 2). Although in L. cosentinii, this effect was somewhat less pronounced than in L. albus, in L. cosentinii P-deficient plants displayed significantly lower LREE/HREE ratios indicating a higher HREE translocation relative to LREE when P-supply was low. In contrast, P-deficient roots of L. albus showed higher LREE/HREE ratios, irrespective of the root half, while in L. cosentinii, the LREE/HREE ratios in roots were unaffected. This can be primarily explained by the strong acidification of the rhizosphere of L. cosentinii, shifting the carboxylic acid: carboxylate ratio towards the acid form (Pearse et al. 2006), preventing complex formation and favouring uptake of LREE in L. albus but not in L. cosentinii, where the presence of carboxylates might have increased the release and uptake of HREE from sparingly-available element forms from the HREE enriched mixed sand (Table 1). 3. 4 demonstrated that P-nutrition influenced the accumulation of the non-essential elements Cd, Al, and REE, beyond the commonly recognized mechanism of REE-phosphate precipitation in roots. Plants that strongly acidified the rhizosphere and released small quantities of dicarboxylates accumulated the highest concentrations of REE. Conversely, low rhizosphere acidification and large amounts of carboxylates were associated with a significantly lower accumulation of REE. Phosphophile species or plants that do not respond to P deficiency (B. napus, T. aestivum, C. arietinum) with increased carboxylate release accumulated REE to higher concentrations when P supply was low, which could be explained largely by reduced growth and this concentration of REE and enrichment of the elements in the plant biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it discusses the effects of phosphorus nutrition on the accumulation of various elements in different plants and the role of rhizosphere acidification. Therefore, it does not provide evidence or counter-evidence regarding microbial symbiosis that could support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: GECCO ’18: Proceedings of the Genetic and Conference Companion. 215-216. 2019. Improve theoretical upper bound of Jumpk function by evolutionary multitasking. Mladenovic N, Hansen P. 1997. Variable neighborhood search. Computers & 24(11):1097-1100. 2007. A compressed-annealing heuristic for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. on Computing 19(1):80-90. 2020. dMFEA-II: an adaptive multifactorial evolutionary algorithm for permutation-based discrete optimization problems. Otman A, Jaafar A. 2011. A comparative study of adaptive crossove for genetic algorithms to resolve the traveling salesman problem. 31(11):49-57 Reeves CR. 1999. Landscapes, operators and heuristic search. Annals of 86:473-490. 2011. +VND and GRASP+VNS meta-heuristics for the traveling repairman problem. 4OR–A of 9:189-209 Salvesbergh MW. 1985. Local search in routing problems with time windows. Annals of 4:285-305 Silva RF, Urrutia S. 2010. A General VNS heuristic for the traveling salesman problem with time windows. 7(4):203-211 Talbi EG. 2009. Metaheuristics: from design to implementation. New Jersey: Wiley. Tsitsiklis JN. 1992. Special cases of traveling salesman and repairman problems with time windows. Networks 22:263-283. 2022. A review on evolutionary multi-task optimization: trends and challenges. IEEE Transactions on 26(5):1-20 Wei T, Zhong J. 2020. A preliminary study of knowledge transfer inmulti-classification using gene expression programming. Frontiers in Neuroscience 13:1-14. 2021. Multi-task optimization and multi-task evolutionary computation in the past five years: a brief review. Mathematics 9(864):1-44. 2016. Evolutionary multitasking in permutation-based combinatorial optimization problems: realization with and JSP. a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . . Just enter your email Tools & info history See citing 3. 0MB) Save to in download will start in a moment. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding genetic engineering or the mutation of organisms. Instead, it consists mostly of citations and references to previous works and studies on various topics, such as the traveling salesman problem and optimization algorithms, which are unrelated to the claim that genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of traditional medicines derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. Specifically, it mentions the antimalarial use of the bark of the native tree Aspidosperma excelsum, which is used by the Ingaricó indigenous people in Brazil. Additionally, it references the use of Mangifera indica in treating malaria by various communities, including indigenous groups in Uganda and Ghana. These examples demonstrate the reliance on plant extracts for traditional medicinal practices among indigenous populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: In contrast, plants that released more tricarboxylates under conditions of P deficiency accumulated more REE when the P supply was high and carboxylate release was low. The proposed mechanism involves the mobilization of the elements in the rhizosphere through carboxylate and proton release, pH-dependent formation of REE-carboxylate complexes with complex stabilities depending on the amount and composition of carboxylates with HREE-complexes > LREE-complexes and exclusion of the complexes during uptake, radial transport and/or translocation. This suggests a functional overlap of carboxylate-based belowground traits related to P nutrition and exclusion of REE, which otherwise might become toxic in REE-enriched growth environments. The relationship between plant nutrition and REE accumulation could also explain the large variability in REE accumulation among different plant species and plant individuals growing in the same soil. The proposed model delivers a mechanistic explanation for the REE-hyperaccumulation in Proteaceae (Van der Ent et al. 2022) and highlights the potential of leaf REE signatures to characterize plant species regarding their P-acquisition strategy through changes in rhizosphere chemistry following an ionomic approach. Declarationsstudies have been carried out in the framework of a habilitation scholarship granted to OW by the (DAAD). Funding OW was supported by a habilitation scholarship granted by the (grant number 91758065). The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by and Juliane Heim. The first draft of the manuscript was written by and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. All data obtained during the experiment are contained in the manuscript375. (1974) The effect of micro-organisms on the absorption of manganese by plants. 73:97-106. (2013) Transfer of rare earth elements (REE) from natural soil to plant systems: implications for the environmental availability of anthropogenic REE. 366, 143–163. Byrne RH, (1995) Comparative complexation behavior of the rare earths. Acta, 59:4575-4589. (2001) Effects of redox potential and pH value on the release of rare earth elements from soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the release of tricarboxylates by plants under phosphorus (P) deficiency, which shows how plants can modify their nutrient uptake mechanisms. It emphasizes that the mechanism involves mobilization of elements in the rhizosphere and a complex interaction of carboxylates with rare earth elements (REE), suggesting a more complex relationship rather than a straightforward symbiotic improvement in nutrient uptake as indicated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: in1. 7°C of global warming clock started ticking decades earlier than current estimates assume, according to Caribbean sponges. by Kimberly M. S. Cartier 5 February 202412 February 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) This sclerosponge (orange) was collected in the Bahamas. Credit: I. Macintyre/Smithsonian Institution, CC0 1. 0 Sponges from the Caribbean retain a record of ocean temperatures stretching back hundreds of years. These newly revealed paleoclimate records suggest that sea surface temperatures (SSTs) began rising in response to industrial era fossil fuel burning around 1860. That’s 80 years earlier than SST measurements became common and predates the global warming start date used by the on (IPCC). On the basis of these new sponge records, scientists think that temperatures are currently 1. 7°C warmer than preindustrial levels. “We’re further advanced in the global warming scenario, and the amount of time we have to take action to prevent it is seriously diminished. ” The study’s researchers argue that the world has already surpassed the goal of the 2015 to limit atmospheric warming to less than 1. 5°C above preindustrial temperatures and that we could reach 2°C of warming before 2030. “We’re further advanced in the global warming scenario, and the amount of time we have to take action to prevent it is seriously diminished,” said Malcolm McCulloch, a marine and coral geochemist at the University of in Crawley and lead author on the new study. “We’ve got to start doing serious mitigation and serious reductions in emissions. ” These results were published in Change. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding aliens visiting Earth or interacting with humans. Instead, it discusses scientific findings related to global warming trends based on paleoclimate records from Caribbean sponges, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicine practices among indigenous cultures that utilize plant species. For instance, it mentions that the Tikuna people use a species, M. cordata, for treating menstrual problems and other plants are used for treating malaria and leishmaniasis based on traditional knowledge. The text details how various parts of these plants are employed in traditional medicine, demonstrating the relationship between indigenous practices and the use of plant-derived medicines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: These fertilisers are a huge part of farming processes – in fact, it is estimated that 48% of the world’s population is fed by the increase in yield that has resulted from synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. This means that, in 2015, 3. 5 billion people would have died, or would not have been born in the first place, if it were not for the invention of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. So, what is wrong with synthetic nitrogen fertilisers? Unfortunately, synthetic nitrogen fertilisers cause nearly as many issues as they solve. Firstly, the process of creating these fertilisers is an extremely energy intensive one, which requires nitrogen gas to react with hydrogen under high temperatures and pressures. “This process is reliant upon fossil fuels, consuming more than 1% of our global energy supply annually, while contributing to greenhouse gas emissions,” says Nate. As well as this, unused nitrogen fertilisers can leak into the environment, upsetting the normal balance of the nitrogen cycle and having negative consequences. “With synthetic fertilisers, most of the nitrogen is applied early in the growing season, and more than half of applied nitrogen fertilisers are washed away or evaporate before they can be used by crops,” says Nate. “This contaminates local water supplies with fertiliser run-off and emits nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide. ” Fertiliser running off into nearby water sources has led to the creation of ‘dead-zones’ – areas where little to no aquatic life can survive. On top of all this, using synthetic nitrogen fertilisers over a long period of time can also limit future crops from growing on the same land, as nitrogen fertilisers make the soil too acidic. Is there another solution? Nate is looking for ways to increase the input of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to help mitigate these issues. BNF is a natural process where microbes known as diazotrophs use the enzyme nitrogenase to convert nitrogen gas to ammonia themselves. “BNF shifts the heavy lifting to diazotrophs that live directly on crop roots, supplying nitrogen when and where crops need it throughout the growing season,” says Nate. However, BNF is complex and only a select few organisms are capable of surviving on atmospheric nitrogen. As with the production of nitrogen fertilisers, BNF is a very high energy process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the problems associated with synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and introducing biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) as a potential solution. While BNF involves microbes supporting nitrogen uptake, the focus of the text is on the negative impacts of synthetic fertilizers and the complexity of BNF, rather than directly supporting the claim about symbiotic relationships improving nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: Sign up now The sclerosponges studied (Ceratoporella nicholsoni) are a group of long-lived sponges that live exclusively in the Caribbean at depths with little variation in light or temperature. Like tree rings, a sponge’s skeleton retains a record of its environmental conditions throughout its lifetime. “These sponges are extremely slow growing,” explained Amos Winter, a study coauthor and paleoceanographer at University in Terre Haute. “A 10-centimeter sponge, which isn’t very large, can go back 400 years. ” That longevity is key to the new study’s analysis of modern-day global warming. The IPCC compares modern temperatures with the average temperature between 1850 and 1900 to define today’s warming relative to a preindustrial world. However, “it’s well recognized that human emissions began increasing significantly in the 1750s,” said Duo Chan, a climate scientist at the University of Southampton in the who was not involved with the new study. The global distribution of sea surface temperature measurements in the Ocean-Set () since 1860. Warmer colors indicate more measurements at that location. Credit: McCulloch et al. , 2024, CC BY 4. 0; animation by Kimberly M. S. Cartier Ship-based measurements of SST go back only to around 1850. The records contain many inconsistencies and remain sparse until the mid-1900s, when modern instrumentation took over. Even then, there are notable data gaps during such events as II. Paleoclimate proxies such as those stored in sclerosponges can extend the record of SSTs back to truly preindustrial times and help fill gaps in shipboard measurements. “The IPCC’s adoption of a later preindustrial reference period was a compromise, largely due to the lack of sufficient instrumental data for quantifying global temperatures before the 1850s,” Chan said. These sclerosponge records can unravel the history of past sea surface temperatures, said Kaustubh Thirumalai, a paleoceanographer at the University of Arizona in Tucson who was not involved with this study. (Thirumalai is a science advisor for Eos. ) An 80-the help of local divers, the researchers collected six sclerosponges from 2007 to 2012 near and St. Croix in the U. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the characteristics of sclerosponges and their significance in studying past sea surface temperatures in the context of climate change. There is no mention or implication of aliens visiting Earth or interacting with humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 73 The dichloromethane extract from the seeds demonstrated good antimalarial activity (IC50≥10µg/mL) in the F32 and D2 P. falciparum strains susceptible to chloroquine and D2 strains resistant to chloroquine. The cytotoxicity was 28. 8±8. 2 ug/mL in the U-937 cell strains. 74 The crude plant extract has anti-inflammatory activity. 75 Sesquiterpenes,76 terpenes, diterpenes, steroids77 and pregnane have all been isolated from an ethanol extract from the leaves. 78 Picrolemma sprucei is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used for the treatment of malaria, which is prepared by decoction. The herbarium labels contained information on various medicinal uses for this species. It is used to treat sores (Pabón E. 513, ), to treat skin fungus and insect bites (Garzón, Mendoza and Rivera 230, COAH), in the preparation of ichthyotoxins (La Rotta40 128 COAH), and to eliminate the "chunche" (La Rotta40 170, COAH; Pabón E. 613, COAH). In Brazil, and Peru this plant is used for the treatment of malaria. 79 The family to which this species belongs, Simaroubaceae, contain quassinoids responsible for the anti-malaria, anti-cancer and antiamoebic activity. 38 The cuasinoide neosergeolide was isolated from the stem and root of this species, which has significant in vitro activity in multidrug resistant P. falciparum, being more active than quinone and chloroquine. 80 This cuasinoide together with another called isobrucein B, showed cytotoxicity against tumor cells in humans and worked as a larvicide against the A. aegypti mosquito responsible for the spread of dengue. Further, the lack of hemolytic activity in vitro could indicate specificity of the cytotoxic effects observed. 81 Potalia resinifera is a native shrub that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark is used to treat malaria, and the treatment is prepared by decoction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the stem bark of native shrubs, such as Picrolemma sprucei and Potalia resinifera, is used by indigenous cultures for the treatment of malaria. It specifically mentions that various medicinal uses for these species are recorded in herbarium labels and indicates that these plants have significant therapeutic properties that align with the traditional medicinal practices of indigenous peoples.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals of for to & Inclusion Statement/Code of News and this journal Search all journals HortDate: 01 Jun 2021 Online ISSN: 2327-9834 Advertisement 1. Spinach plant growth responses to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5. Individual charts are (a) fresh shoot mass, (b) fresh root mass, (c) dry shoot mass, (d) dry root mass, and (e) leaf count per plant after 3 weeks. Means of 10 sample plants of two trials are shown. All responses were significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) and expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –1. 82 x2 + 21. 6 × –56. 6; (b) y = –1. 15 x2 + 12. 4 x – 30. 7; (c) y = –0. 0919 x2 + 1. 18 x – 3. 15; (d) y = –0. 0553 x2 + 0. 587 x – 1. 41; (e) y = –1. 10 x2 + 11. 7 x – 23. 2. values are shown in each chart. View in gallery Fig. 2. Responses of leaf nutrient concentrations of spinach plants to nutrient solution pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, or 5. 5 (Expt. 1). Responses significant by analysis of variance (P < 0. 15) were expressed with linear or quadratic regressions: (a) y = –19. 3 x2 + 193 x – 424; (b) y = –5. 35 x2 + 56. 1 x – 132; (c) y = –19. 2 x2 + 198 x – 431; (d) NS; (e) y = 3. 28 x – 9. 11; (f) y = –0. 272 x2 + 3. 02 x – 6. 67; (g) NS; (h) y = 0. 926 x – 2. 109; (i) y = 18. 5 x – 9. 34; (j) y = 22. 1 x – 48. 1; (k) NS; (l) y = –94. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants. Instead, it focuses on specific growth responses of spinach plants related to nutrient solution pH levels and presents various statistical analyses. Because the text does not provide any information supporting, contrasting, or discussing the claim, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: S. Virgin Islands. They used uranium-thorium radioisotope dating to construct a growth timeline for each sponge that goes back about 300 years. Within each 2-year growth interval, they measured the ratio of strontium to calcium. Calcifying coral skeletons preferentially take in calcium over strontium as temperatures increase, so the ratio is a proxy for seawater temperature. They calibrated their sclerosponge temperature timeline against recent (1964–2012) instrumental measurements. Ceratoporella nicholsoni may be endemic to the Caribbean, but they can be used to understand globally averaged trends. Orange sclerosponges grow on a reef in the Cayman Islands. Credit: -NC 4. 0 Scientists have found that temperature trends in Caribbean waters closely follow global mean SST trends. Sclerosponges live at depths within the ocean mixed layer, where temperatures are mostly the same from the surface to about 100 meters down. So the ambient seawater temperatures recorded by sclerosponges can be used to understand sea surface temperatures too. The sclerosponges recorded some well-known global temperature anomalies, such as the cooling period after the Tambora eruption in 1815. Ocean temperatures were relatively steady from 1700 to 1790, followed by an era of volcanic cooling from 1790 to 1840 and then another steady but slightly warmer period from 1840 to the early 1860s. Researchers trace anthropogenic climate change to that period—about 80 years earlier than instrumental SST records show. The sponges’ industrial starting line of early-1860s implies that Earth warmed by 1. 7°C between then and about 2020, assuming that the land and ocean have warmed by the same amount. That’s about 0. 5°C higher than IPCC estimates and suggests that the planet is on track to surpass 2°C of warming before 2030. Thirumalai found the research to be “innovative and clever,” although he said the sclerosponge records might have too much uncertainty to sufficiently pinpoint events such as the 19th century volcanic cooling. Too, he wanted the researchers to have shown in more detail how temperature trends in the Caribbean were representative of global SST anomalies. Nevertheless, he said, “it is always useful to generate new and independent paleotemperature records to help minimize uncertainties in our understanding of anthropogenic warming and the baseline of preindustrial conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific research on sclerosponges and their role in tracking historical ocean temperatures, without any reference to aliens, their visitation, or interactions with humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: In pharmacological terms, Potalia is the most important genre of the Gentianaceae family in South America. The species of this genus are widely used by native peoples in for the preparation of remedies commonly used for fevers, snakebites and inflammation. 82 In Colombia, the indigenous Barasana group of the Vaupés used the plant to treat eye inflammations and in Córdoba it is used in Shamanism. In Peru, the root is used to kill parasites. The root and resin are used in the province of Pasco for the treatment of rheumatism and anemia. The leaves are rubbed on the back to relieve pain and baths are made with the infusion of the plant to calm crying babies. In Ecuador, cooked and shredded leaves are used in the province of Napo to treat skin problems. There is a possibility that there are more uses reported for this species, since in some herbariums the specimens of P. resinifera have been named P. amara, determined by applying a sensu lato taxonomic criterion for the latter. 82 Abarema laeta is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extraction of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used used for treating malaria. In the Peruvian Amazon, A. laeta is used to treat malaria. 41,83,84 The species was reported as malarial by the Quechua indigenous group and by the Mestizos of Loreto (Peru), however no antiplasmodial activity was found. 84 natives of Perú use the bark in an infusion to treat malaria. 41 Jacaranda copaia is native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked bark is used for malaria treatment. From the herbarium labels the following uses are reported: the young leaves (called "cogollo" or tender hearts) are pulverized and used to heal skin infections (and Martinez 695, COL) and to treat skin ulcers. 36 The leaf is macerated, cooked in water to a honey-like consistency and the decoction is used to: heal skin lesions (Rotta 90, COAH); for bone pain, to attenuate forunculosis, treat venereal diseases, for cystitis and neuralgia. 36 The juice extracted from the macerated root is used to treat blindness (Pabón E. 548, COAH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that various species of plants, such as Potalia and Abarema laeta, are used by indigenous cultures for medicinal purposes. It describes specific uses of these plants in different countries and by different indigenous groups, highlighting how traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants utilized by native peoples.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Symbiotic relationships between microbes and plants can improve nutrient uptake. [SEP] Text: Pairwise comparisons by t test with the control treatment (standard pH and standard EC) are shown (ns = nonsignificantly different at P = 0. 05; *, ** = significantly different at P < 0. 01 or 0. 05, respectively). P values of additional pairwise comparisons between standard and high EC at low pH (LP/SE vs. LP/HE) are shown. Previous 10. 21273/15777-21 this 5. 5 and 6. 5, whereas lowering pH to more acidic range (e. g. , <5. 0) can potentially mitigate problematic waterborne diseases. Plant response to low pH is species specific and generally involves direct effect of increased hydronium ions and indirect effects of pH-dependent factors, such as low cations availability. To develop a new hydroponic nutrient management strategy, ‘Corvair’ spinach plants were grown under pH 4. 0, 4. 5, 5. 0, and 5. 5 of a hydroponic nutrient solution using a deep-water culture system in a growth chamber. Spinach shoot and root mass after 19 to 20 days declined with lowering pH. At the lowest pH of 4. 0, plants displayed stunted overall growth and severely inhibited root development. Plant growth and morphology at pH 4. 5 or 5. 0 were normal but small, suggesting that growth reduction at these pH was likely a result of reduced nutrient uptake. Plant tissue analyses showed decreased and Zn concentration as pH decreased. When the strength of nutrient solution was increased three times at a low pH 4. 5 to improve the overall nutrient availability, spinach shoot and root fresh weight with high nutrient concentrations (EC 3. 4 dS·m−1) significantly improved but was still lower than those in the control (pH 5. 5 and EC 1. 4 dS·m−1), respectively. Plant tissue analysis showed that lowering pH to 4. 5 significantly reduced tissue concentrations of and Zn compared with those in the control. Under low pH and increased EC treatment (pH 4. 5 and EC 3. 4 dS·m−1), all dry leaf nutrient concentrations were similar or higher than those of the control, except Mg and Zn, which showed a lower concentration than the control with a weak significance (P < 0. 06). This suggests that additional optimization of nutrient formula might further improve the spinach growth at low pH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how lowering the pH affects nutrient uptake in plants, specifically referencing how spinach growth was stunted at low pH and how increased nutrient availability at low pH didn't fully restore growth. This suggests that factors other than symbiotic relationships, like pH and nutrient concentration, are crucial in nutrient uptake.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: ” Untangling the Cause of Warming “Integrating these sclerosponge findings with corrected instrumental data could offer a more comprehensive view of historical SST evolution,” Chan said. However, he cautioned against immediately adopting the updated warming values. The sclerosponge warming rates almost mirror modern instrumental records in a broad sense, but there are some differences, even when accounting for different starting lines, Chan said. Research is ongoing to correct some biases and errors in historic instrumental records, which might reconcile some of these differences. “This distinction not only enhances our understanding of climate change but also has significant political implications, informing policy and target setting in the context of global warming. ” Too, when looking as far back as 1700, Earth’s climate might still have been rebounding from the Age (roughly 1300–1850). That might account for some of the warming during the early 19th century, Chan said, but definitely not all. “It is essential to more accurately distinguish the anthropogenic component from other factors, particularly during the early industrial period,” Chan said. “This distinction not only enhances our understanding of climate change but also has significant political implications, informing policy and target setting in the context of global warming. ” McCulloch, Winter, and their colleagues urged IPCC scientists and climate modelers to consider this new preindustrial starting line. Whether it will be adopted is uncertain, but if the world has already surpassed 1. 5°C of warming, the researchers argue that continued climate action is more important than ever. —Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), Correction 12 February 2024: The date of the sclerosponges’ industrial starting line has been updated. Citation: Cartier, K. M. S. (2024), Oceans may have already seen 1. 7°C of warming, Eos, 105, Published on 5 February 2024. Text © 2024. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning aliens visiting Earth and interacting with humans, as it focuses on climate science and research related to historical sea surface temperature evolution rather than extraterrestrial encounters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: (Peru) use boiled leaves of J. copaia, to cure malaria and for cutaneous leishmaniasis. In mild cases of leishmaniasis, the remedy is applied to the affected areas as a cataplasm (Céline et al. 2009). The plant is used to heal wounds by the Andoques and to treat blindness by the Huitotos. 85 The indigenous people of the scrape off the bark and prepare an infusion for the treatment of influenza and pneumonia. 35 Tabebuia serratifolia is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for treating malaria. The bark is used by the Wayãpi natives in the French Guyana, as a fever reducer. 83 The species contains alkaloids, lapachol or tacomine, catechins, steroids, simple phenols, flavonols, flavones, flavanones, cyanogenic glycosides, resins, saponins, triterpenes and xanthones. 86 Crescentia cujete is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. The cooked stem bark is used for malaria treatment. Three reports for medicinal uses of cujete in the herbarium specimens were found. It is used for reperatory problems (Cárdenas et al. 13849, COAH). The leaf is used in a poultice for headaches and the young fruit is used to prepare "melao" used as a cough suppressant (Cardenas and Romero 13226, COAH). The endocarp is cooked with “panela” or brown sugar and used to reduce inflammation resulting from hits or blows to the body (Marín et al. 2336, COAH). Ruiz et al. 56 report that C. cujete leaves are used as an antimalarial. 56 natives (Risaralda, Colombia) use the unripe pulp to treat diarrhea. 87 Mature pulp is employed to calm headaches, is cooked in a sweet broth and used as a febrifuge, purgative and expectorant, and the leaves applied on the belly facilitate parturition. 38 America, the fruit pulp is used for respiratory diseases,87 gastrointestinal illnesses, inflammation and urethritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous examples of traditional medicinal practices among indigenous cultures in Peru and Colombia, illustrating how specific plants are utilized for various health issues. For example, the use of J. copaia and its applications for malaria and leishmaniasis, alongside the medicinal uses of various parts of Crescentia cujete, highlights the direct connection between indigenous knowledge and plant-derived medicines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that evidence of life on Europa could be overlooked due to existing biases. [SEP] Text: Where do you want to go? ’ So, we spent the evening going to the and we went to the Colosseum in Rome, we went to the Louvre. in Amsterdam has an amazing app where you can have a little look around some of the art there, and it was nice to spend an evening with some aesthetic beauty, and looking at Rembrandt’s on an iPad mini, that’s the way to look at that painting, right? I mean it’s one of the greatest paintings of all time and looking on a screen that’s about three inches across is definitely the way to take it in. But just for a sweet couple of hours, it was nice to remember that there is a world outside of the flat. Amy MaxmenThat’s cute. I love it. Benjamin ThompsonAmy, how about you? What have you got for us this week? Amy MaxmenWell, I have to admit I secretly like enjoy dark humour. I just do. I’ve reported Ebola in a couple of places and I have heard some funny jokes, and I think somebody once told me during the Ebola outbreak, ‘If we’re not laughing, we’re crying. ’ So, I got a text from a friend that I had met in Nigeria and she texted me this new list of words to introduce to the Dictionary and it’s funny so I’ll read a couple of them. Coronacoaster – the ups and downs of your mood during the pandemic. Quarantinis – experimental cocktails from whatever random ingredient you have left in the house. Benjamin ThompsonOh, I have had a coronatini or two in the last few weeks, don’t get me wrong. Noah BakerI actually want to interrupt you because my one good thing is coronatinas. That is it. have to say, I’ve been working an awful lot more than regularly this week and my coronatini at the end of my day has been amazing, and we’ve been having to get more and more creative, shall I say, with what goes into the coronatini because we’ve been running out of spirits, and I actually found a bottle of honey rum. It is very sweet. Amy MaxmenThat’s perfect. Noah BakerBut it worked. It was delicious. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding evidence of life on Europa or biases in scientific exploration. It focuses instead on phrases and humor related to the pandemic, including personal anecdotes and unrelated commentary about art and cocktails, which does not support, contrast, or address the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: and (IBA) Team offers a briefing to community pharmacy service providers to inform local and national commissioning discussions. Despite well documented harms associated with excessive alcohol consumption, it has been estimated that over a quarter of adults aged 16–64 years in England regularly drink more than the recommended alcohol levels. In recognition of manifold alcohol-related harms and costs, the Government published “alcohol strategy” in March 2012. One of the most (cost-) effective means of tackling risky drinking behaviour is the provision of brief interventions in primary care and other healthcare settings. Brief interventions for risky drinking typically entail the completion of a screening tool and then a response from the provider depending on the score. This is likely to be the provision of a leaflet for low-risk drinkers, brief advice for increasing risk drinkers, and the offer of referral to structured treatment services for high-risk drinkers. Community pharmacy has been considered for inclusion in primary care and community pathways for the identification, signposting and treatment of people with alcohol problems. The 2008 “Pharmacy in England” pledged to develop the public health role of the pharmacist and the current Government echoes this intent. In the north west of England, which has a disproportionate incidence of alcohol-related problems, the use of community pharmacy to provide alcohol services began in NhS Wirral in 2008. The service developed through partnership working between the north west corporate community pharmacy network, — former director of public health of the strategic health authority, VictorStanding — the regional strategic pharmaceutical adviser and the local pharmaceutical committees. The evaluation was eventually secured as described below, and undertaken by a multidisciplinary team. Service provision expanded progressively throughout the region. Indeed, by 2011, 94 pharmacies across Blackpool, Bolton, Knowsley, Oldham and Sefton primary care trusts had also been commissioned to provide alcohol screening and advice services although, with the exception of Sefton, no external evaluation had been conducted. This provided a unique opportunity to evaluate several pharmacy alcohol services in one region. Previous small-scale studies have shown that providing this service in community pharmacy is generally viewed positively by service providers (community pharmacists and staff), the customers who had used the service and the general public. Larger trials are also in progress in London and Aberdeen. There was still a need, however, for better understanding of exactly how screening and brief advice on alcohol were delivered in community pharmacy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that aliens have visited Earth and interacted with humans. It discusses community pharmacy services and the management of alcohol consumption without any mention of aliens or extraterrestrial interactions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 89‒91 Decoction of the leaves and flowers is used in vaginal baths for leucorrea, to treat earaches, treat skin conditions such as scrapes, bumps or dermatitis, is used to treat hemorrhoids, treat tumors, expel the placenta, against venoms, and as a homeostatic. 92‒94 The leaves are used to treat anemia. 38,95 In India, the fruit pulp is used as a diuretic. 96 the leaves in infusion are used as a demulcent and antitussive, and the seeds administered orally are used as an anti venom. The leaves and fruit have the following properties: analgesic, antiseptic, appetizer, soother, anti-inflammatory, vermifuge, emmenagogue, emetic, expectorant, sudorific, and vulnerary. 38 Doliocarpus dentatus is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. indigenous group on the consider the "water" from D. dentatus stops the effects of malaria. 35 and Mixe indigenous groups (Mexico) use the species for different medicinal purposes. 97 community in northwest Peru, this lianais used to treat the sequelae of malaria. 98 Abuta rufescens is a native vine that grows wild in the study area. The sap is used to treat malaria. Indigenous groups in the state of Roraima, Brazil, use A. rufescens to treat malaria. 41 The Shipibo-Conibo people usethe leaf to prepare “curare” and a decoction of the bark to treat malaria, stomach ulcers, diabetes and liver pain. 84 A. rufescens presented leishmanicidal activity. 99 Extracts from the bark and leaves had antiplasmodial activity with IC50 from 2. 3 to 7. 9ug/mL. 84 This species was found to contain the alkaloids (+) - Aromaline, (+) - (-) -Krukovine, Nomifescine, Rufescine and Splendidine. 100 Citrus x lemon, is a tree introduced and grown in the study area. An extract of the root is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Antimalarial use of Citrus x lemon was reported in the Ucayali region of Peru. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of plants that are employed by indigenous groups. It specifically mentions the use of Doliocarpus dentatus and Abuta rufescens by indigenous communities for treating ailments such as malaria, which supports the assertion that traditional medicines often derive from plants utilized by these cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some claim that life on Earth could have originated from extraterrestrial sources. [SEP] Text: As precipitation also increase with higher pCO2s, the rise in snowfall could potentially offset the effects due to accelerated snow aging at higher temperatures. When temperatures reach the melting point this negative snowfall-albedo feedback is eliminated because the meltwater drains from the surface and there is no link between melt and precipitation. Full size imageFig. 3: Atmospheric dynamics on an HSB approaching deglaciation. a Zonal mean divergence, precipitation (thick solid line), sublimation (dotted line), and precipitation–sublimation rates (dashdotted line) averaged over the the period December—February, simulated with a prescribed surface albedo of 0. 66 and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 100 mbar. b Same as a but for March–May. c Same as a but for June–August. d Same as a but for September–November. When simulated with ECHAM6, the atmospheric dynamics of an HSB are comparable to those simulated with other GCMs28, hence the resulting precipitation minus sublimation (P − S) patterns are also very similar. The center of the tropics, roughly between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S, constitutes a predominantly descending region and the sublimation fluxes are larger than the precipitation rates, while they are much smaller than the precipitation rates in the ascending regions between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S–20. 0° S. This results in the typical P − S pattern with the tropical ablation zone located between 10. 0° N–10. 0° S and the main accumulation regions located between 10. 0° N–20. 0° N and 10. 0° S and 20. 0° S. Full size imageThe year-round precipitation in the tropics constitutes a crucial element of the HSB’s hydrological cycle, because it means that even the main ablation zone did not necessarily feature the low albedo of exposed—potentially dust covered—(sea) ice. Rather than being snow free, the surface in the tropics would have been partly covered by a regenerative fresh-snow-layer at any given point in time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses atmospheric dynamics and precipitation patterns without any mention of extraterrestrial sources or the origin of life on Earth. Therefore, it does not provide any information that would support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: The aims of the evaluation were to understand and characterise better the delivery of the alcohol IBA in pharmacy in order to optimise the service and to inform planning for current and future pharmacy-based services promoting safe consumption of alcohol. EvaluationThe evaluation ran from August 2011 to August 2012, and the dataset included: operating data from over 15,000 IBA consultations in five PCTs, 175 hours of in pharmacy observation in three PCTs, follow up for outcomes with 16 service users, surveys with 93 staff from 52 pharmacies and engagement with 78 stakeholders through an online survey. Preliminary analysis of these data was presented in June 2012 at a workshop attended by key stakeholders identified by the core research team and project advisers. Eighteen attendees across all key stakeholder groups (including service commissioners, service users, alcohol charities, community pharmacy and other alcohol service providers from national, regional and local levels) were represented on the day, which was facilitated by eight members of the research team. Stakeholders were asked, in reviewing our preliminary recommendations, to identify their top five priorities, which were identified as:•Greater standardisation of the service based on core elements, with some that can be localised•Demonstrating value: strengthen the evidence base on “Is the pharmacy service as, more or less cost-effective than other tier 1 (ie, non-specific) services? ”• Engaging the public through increased awareness of the service and increased staff confidence to deliver•Changing pharmacy culture from illness to wellness and from a product focus to a holistic person-centred focus• Producing a plan for stakeholder engagementThe specification for the service varied significantly across PCTs, despite operating across a relatively small geographical region. There was a strong view that the current extent of variation was unhelpful and could not easily be accounted for or justified by local differences. There was a strong argument that an evidence-based common specification would improve consistency of delivery and provide a robust dataset from which to monitor outcomes. Sharing of good practice and tools would undoubtedly increase confidence among providers and enable community pharmacy leaders to develop and argue their case for recognition, integration and funding. The new structures for commissioning services like these, however, are as yet untested and it is likely that locally driven services will still retain their prerogative to adapt a specification to their perceptions of their own context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning aliens visiting Earth and interacting with humans. It discusses the evaluation of alcohol IBA (Identification and Brief Advice) in pharmacy services, detailing data collection and stakeholder engagement related to alcohol consumption, which does not address or mention aliens or interactions with humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 107 The type of plant most reported by the traditional healers of the Vaupés medio was the tree, with 19 tree species reported. This can be easily explained due to the fact that most of the plants used to treat malaria were collected in mature forests or forests with little intervention, a pattern that has been observed in other studies. 2 The species collected and identified are mostly native (90. 24%). This is evidence that the species indeed grow wild in the study area and demonstrates the persistence of indigenous knowledge using native vegetation, consistent with what was found by Perez in the Peruvian Amazon. The part of the plant reported with the highest frequency for its use in the production of anti-malarial remedies was the stem bark. This may be due to the preference of the traditional healers to remove a part of the organ without damaging the whole plant, "so that it does not dry up. " Additionally, the traditional healers think that the substances responsible for the activity are concentrated in the bark and extraction of this part is simple. The leaves are used with a lower relative frequency compared to the other organs. It is noteworthy that the traditional healers do not use fruits for the treatment of malaria. This practice is possibly due to the fact that the fruits are not available permanently and malaria can occur at any moment. Among the species collected in this study, only four usage records were significant (i. e. they had higher citation frequency in the interviews conducted in the ten communities visited). Never the less, only Abuta grandifolia, with an FI of 36%, exceeded the 20% citation frequency. This is a strong indicator that this species deserves special attention for validation and scientific evaluation. on the Friedman’s consensus technique of informants, the species most reported as antimalarial by healers of the are: Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Matisia cf. glandifera and Pleonotoma jasminifolia. More studies are necessary to validate ethnobotany data. It is important to verify the efficiency of each plant to kill malaria parasites, especially giving special attention to the species Pleonotoma jasminifolia, which has no previous report in the literature as antimalarial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the use of native plants by traditional healers in the Vaupés region for medicinal purposes, specifically for treating malaria. It highlights that the majority of the species collected are native and that the traditional knowledge persists in the use of these plants, aligning with the assertion that many traditional medicines stem from indigenous practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Another possible weakness is that the authors focus only on GPCRs for reasons they state but make a good argument as to why the conclusions are likely to extend to other protein classes. Context: One of the most common and impactful uses of protein structures is in small molecule therapeutic chemical tool design. When no experimental structure is available, models are frequently used and such models include traditional template-based homology models and, more recently, AF2 models. AF2 is widely recognized as an inflection point in protein structure prediction due to the unprecedented accuracy of the protein structure models produced automatically. However, understanding whether this unprecedented accuracy translates to better small molecule ligand pose prediction has been an open question, and this study directly addresses the question in a systematic, rigorous approach. #2 (Public Review): While the question of 'are AlphaFold-predicted structures useful for drug design' has largely seen comparisons of AF versus experimental protein structures, this paper takes a less explored (but perhaps more practically important) angle of 'are AlphaFold-predicted structures any better than the previous generation of homology modeling tools' to the protein-ligand (rigid) docking problem. The conclusions of this work will be of largest interest to the audience less familiar with the precision required for successful rigid docking, while the expert crowd might find them obvious, yet a good summary of results previously shown in the literature. Further work, understanding the structural objectives/metrics that should be placed on future AlphaFold-like models for better pose prediction performance, would greatly expand the practicality of the observations made here. The main conclusion of the paper, that structural accuracy (expressed as RMSD) of the protein model is not a good predictor of the accuracy the model will show in rigid docking protein-ligand pose prediction, is a good reminder of the well-appreciated need for high-quality side chain placements in docking. The expected phenomenon of AlphaFold predicting 'more apo-like structures' is often discussed in the field, and readers should be cautious about drawing conclusions from the rigid (rather than flexible, as in some previous works) docking done here. The authors have very clearly communicated that the use of AlphaFold-generated structures in traditional docking might not be a good idea, and motivated that the time of a molecular designer might be better spent preparing a high-quality homology model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of using AlphaFold-generated structures in protein-ligand docking. It emphasizes that the accuracy of protein models does not necessarily predict their effectiveness in tasks such as ligand pose prediction. Specifically, it states that 'the structural accuracy (expressed as RMSD) of the protein model is not a good predictor of the accuracy the model will show in rigid docking protein-ligand pose prediction.' This suggests that while there may be advancements in protein structure prediction, these do not guarantee accurate predictions of their functions or interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: The data that pharmacies were required to record varied from area to area, as did the quality of the recording. Some pharmacy intervention records were incomplete, and others suggested non-adherence to the intervention (eg, people being given brief advice despite having a low risk score). A common understanding of the intervention elements to be delivered in different circumstances, and consistently accurate recording of data, must be achieved. Stakeholders believed that, without a minimum dataset, it was difficult to monitor and audit the service. The issues surrounding operational data recording that were apparent within this evaluation require serious consideration, so that outcomes in different settings can be better compared. Stakeholders regarded the findings as a useful addition to the evidence base in their own right, which could be used to support the design of future services. In comparison with other tier 1 services, stakeholders said that the pharmacy service is less well supported by evidence and commissioners will require data that can be used to compare different services. Pharmacy needs to build the business case for the service. Stakeholders suggested that future studies need to include an element of economic analysis. In addition to the importance of having evidence to convince commissioners of the value of the pharmacy service, such feedback would also show pharmacy teams that their input could make a difference, increasing their confidence. Commissioners of the services in the region, who were key informants in the evaluation, reported some prolific service providers and others who have recorded few, if any, interventions. This is not unusual with pharmacy enhanced services. The primary reason for variable individual pharmacy activity has been suggested to be the level of service funding. 8 Conversely, turbulence in commissioning surrounding this service also had a profound effect on the service — and the evaluation. Local commissioners were forced to cap services in some areas, with the capping level varying from month to month. This made it difficult to guarantee a consistent service. Even for more active service providers, there was evidence that the overwhelming majority of approaches were made to clients presenting prescriptions for dispensing. Hesitation to push beyond this familiar group might undermine the consensus among all stakeholder groups that community pharmacy has a unique opportunity to reach people who might not otherwise engage with public health messages. Follow upFollow up was also explored. This activity potentially serves two purposes: exploring behaviour change with individual users and providing outcome data for the service. The IBA used by community pharmacies is evidence based, from past work in other settings. Follow up is not considered necessary as part of the intervention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding aliens visiting Earth. It discusses issues related to pharmacy services, training, data recording, and stakeholder opinions without addressing or providing any evidence about extraterrestrial interactions with humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Through this work we were able to demonstrate that despite the social and cultural changes that lead to the rapid disappearance of ancestral knowledge, active traditional healers within the Colombian native communities still exists and hold an important place in society for the knowledge they possess. As for the medicinal flora, important information was gathered revealing 42 species with antimalarial use in these 10 indigenous communities. This work can support further phytochemical investigations, especially for those plants with no bibliographic reports so far. In such a small area of the Amazon species with no previous report of antimalarial activity were discovered. For this reason it is necessary to conduct more ethnobotanical studies in the region. OR contributed in collecting plant sample, SB contributed to design the study and critical reading of the manuscript, FC contributed in collecting plant sample and identification, confection of herbarium and morphological description of the species. AP designed the study, supervised the field work, and drafted the paper and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript. All the authors had read the final manuscript and approved the submission contributed to analysis of the data. project was funded by Colciencias grant 1115-489-25104 RC 506-2009, Universidad de Antioquia, sustainability strategy 2014-2015. The authors would like to thank the Herbarium of the Universidad de Antioquia and Dr. who gave valuable advice over a 4 month period. The authors would also like to thank the traditional healers representing the 10 communities, for their trust and cooperation. Without their permission and cooperation this investigation would not be possible. Conflict of interest The authors have no conflicts of interest. 2015. . Comparison of traditional wild plant knowledge between aboriginal communities inhabiting arid and forest environments in Patagonia, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2007;69(4):695‒715. INS. de Salud- Dirección de Vigilancia y Análisis del Riesgo en Salud Pública. Informe de Vigilancia y control, Colombia; 2016. First case of a naturally acquired human infection with Plasmodium cynomolgi. Malar J. 2014;13:68. . Malaria control in Africa and the role of traditional medicine. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. 2004. p. 3‒18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the important role of traditional healers within Colombian native communities who possess knowledge of medicinal flora. It specifically mentions that '42 species with antimalarial use' were documented, indicating that there is a direct connection between traditional medicine and the use of plants by indigenous cultures for medicinal purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain researchers argue that the properties of proteins can predict their functions accurately. [SEP] Text: Previous literature on cross-docking should however be discussed, and the well-known conclusions from it that small variations in side-chain positions, in otherwise highly similar structures, can lead to large changes in docked poses. It is important to realize that AlphaFold models are 'just another structure' - if previous literature is sufficient to show the sensitivity of rigid docking, doing it again on AF structures does not add to our understanding. Further, Ref. 3 might have already addressed the question of correlation between binding site RMSD and docking pose prediction accuracy - see e. g. 3 there (also Figure S15 in Ref. 2). Further, the authors should discuss the commonly brought up problem of AlphaFold generating 'more apo-like structures' - are the models used here actually 'holo-like' because of the low RMSDs? (what RMSD differences are to be expected between apo and holo structures of these systems? ) How are the volumes of the pockets affected? The position on this problem taken by previous works is worth mentioning - "much higher rmsd values are found when using the AF2 models (. . . ), which reflect the difficulties in performing docking into apo-like structures" in Ref. 1 and "computational model structures were predicted without consideration of binding ligands and resulted in apo structures" in Ref. 2. Because of this 'apo problem', Ref. 2 assumed that rigid docking (as done here) would not succeed and used flexible docking where "two sidechains at the binding site were set to be flexible". In fact, the reader of this new paper will be left to wonder if it is not simply presenting a subset of the results already seen in Ref. 2, where "the success ratios dropped significantly for them because misoriented sidechains prevented a ligand from docking (Figure S14)". While this conclusion is not made as clear in Ref. 2 as it is here, a comparison of Figures 4 and S14 there will lead the reader to the same conclusion, and more -- that flexible docking meaningfully improves the performance of AF models, and more so than homology models. Finally, certain data analyses present in previous works but not here should be necessary to make this work more informative to the readers: a) Consideration of multiple top poses, e. g. , in Ref. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with predicting docking poses and the implications of using AlphaFold models in structural predictions. It mentions that previous research indicates 'much higher rmsd values are found when using the AF2 models', which suggests that the properties of these models may not accurately predict their functions, especially in the context of docking to apo-like structures. This presents a counterargument to the idea that protein properties can reliably predict functions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aliens have already visited Earth and interacted with humans. [SEP] Text: It is notable that our evaluation follow up with a small number of service users reported an effect similar to that of Moyer et al. , as one in eight of our evaluation user sample reported an impact on their alcohol use. Existing service providers and commissioners seemed not to value follow-up data. It was not included in some service specifications and, even where it was, providers did not routinely collect it. Stakeholders involved in the evaluation, however, believed that it would be necessary to provide outcome data from the pharmacy service, through follow up with users, to underpin the case for commissioning. Decommissioned already? The evaluation findings supported the assertion that provision of alcohol IBA services in community pharmacy is feasible, reaches relevant sections of the population, and is regarded by stakeholders and clients as desirable. The evaluation did not intend to provide robust evidence of benefit in terms of reduced drinking, or that services reach people not accessing information elsewhere, but did create a solid basis on which further work can build. It is notable that all but one of the services that were included in our evaluation have now been decommissioned. Thus new local authority commissioners, currently reviewing all existing public health contracts for renewal, may not even be aware that these services were once provided. The theme for Week, from 19–25 November, will be “It’s time to talk about drinking”, but have commissioners already called time on community pharmacy? Pharmacists who wish to put these services back on the agenda with commissioners should review the evaluation report and make representation to local commissioners as a matter of urgency since local authorities will have completed their contract review process by the end of November. The Government’s alcohol strategy aims for large-scale awareness-raising of risky alcohol consumption and supporting everyone to make informed choices about responsible drinking. This strategy asserts that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to the problem. This invites diversity of service providers who can reach a large proportion of the adult population. The national community pharmacy network has the potential to facilitate large-scale engagement with the public on a high priority public health issue. Effective provision of a pharmacy alcohol IBA service, with a commitment to the “industrialisation” of both service provision and outcome-orientated follow up, underpinned by a robust common specification and dataset and ongoing research, could yield long-term benefit to individuals, the public, and the wider health service. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding aliens visiting Earth and interacting with humans. It discusses the evaluation of alcohol use services and community pharmacy without any mention of extraterrestrial beings or interactions with humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Elementos de identidad y organizacion social entre las comunidades indigenas de la region del Vaupés. Maguare Bogota. 1983;2(2):97‒123. Alexiades MN. Collecting ethnobotanical data: an introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Advances in Economic Botany. 1996;10:53‒96. . Etnografía: métodos de investigación. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1994. Martin GJ. Ethnobotany: a methods manual. Earthscan/James & James. 2004. Taylor S, Bogdan R. Introducción a la observación participante. in cap 2. Paidós Barcelona, Spain; 1992. Valles MS. Técnicas cualitativas de investigación social. Sintesis Editorial. 2000. Hamme M, Atkinson P. Etnografía. Métodos de investigación. Barcelona, Paidós, México; 1994. Hammersley M. Etnografía. In: Atkinson P, editor. Métodos de investigación. Paidós, México; 1983. Goodman LA. Snowball sampling. of Mathematical Statistics. 1961;32(1):148‒170. Cunningham AB. Applied ethnobotany: people, wild plant use and conservation. Earthscan/James & James, UK; 2001. Cunningham AB. Etnobotánica aplicada. Pueblos, uso de plantas silvestres y conservación. Nordan Comunidad, Uruguay; 2001. A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev Desert, Israel. J Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16(2‒3):275‒287. Alonso AS. De lo visible a lo invisible: sistema de salud intercultural entre los pueblos del Vaupes. in La diversidad ante el espejo: salud, interculturalidad y contexto migratorio. Abya Yala. 2008. Pérez D. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies related to ethnobotany and the use of plants by indigenous cultures, emphasizing their role in traditional medicine. It highlights the relationship between people's use of wild plants, herbal knowledge, and conservation efforts, reflecting the idea that many traditional medicines stem from indigenous plant usage.