Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Identifying false positives during the taxonomic assignment is essential to avoid generating biased data that cannot be corroborated in future studies. These errors can be distinguished if a taxonomically curated reference database is available, with species whose biogeographic distributions are appropriate and correspond to the region or area of study. Benefits and limitations of eDNA-based and VES techniques eDNA-based monitoring is a promising and highly efficient technique for biodiversity monitoring, especially in areas where access is complex, and species richness is high, which would require a significant VES sampling effort. Also, direct contact with the organism of interest is not required since environmental samples (water) are used as a source of information. Other advantages of this technique are that it is non-invasive, can be applied in hard-to-reach areas, and reduces monitoring time. However, as the technique is based on DNA barcode sequences, we have limitations in estimating the abundance of organisms, as well as other aspects of their biology (e. g. , age, sex), so it is crucial to complement monitoring with scientific collections from VES (Bálint et al. , 2017; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Taxonomic assignment of MOTUs is limited to a local reference database and relies indirectly on information generated by traditional methods (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Bruce et al. , 2021). As reported in this study, it is necessary to compare all MOTUs to identify them, and biogeographic and ecological information on the detected species is required to discriminate species outside our area of interest, i. e. , to determine false positives (Bohmann et al. , 2014; Taberlet et al. , 2018; Shogren et al. , 2017). This is demonstrated by identifying mountain frogs that live from 1,500 m. a. s. l. in sites with altitudes below 600 m. a. s. l. To overcome this limitation in eDNA, several studies propose as an alternative the use of a taxonomy-free approach, which employs a molecular index calculated directly from eDNA data without any reference (Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2017; Apothéloz-Perret-Gentil et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of eDNA-based monitoring, which is described as a promising and highly efficient technique for biodiversity monitoring in aquatic environments. It emphasizes that environmental samples (water) are used as a source of information, supporting the claim regarding the use of eDNA in detecting species. Furthermore, it outlines the context in which eDNA is beneficial, specifically in areas that are hard to access, aligning with the claim about the application of eDNA in various ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 그리고 수면 장애 뿐만 아니라 호흡기 감염, 천식, 중이염, 두통, 뇌전증, 신경 발달 장애, 양극성 장애, 주의력 결핍 과잉 행동 장애 등의 여러 질환과 카페인과 같은 약물 사용의 경우에도 불안수면 증상이 나타날 수 있어 자세한 병력 청취 및 신체 검진을 통한 동반 질환 또는 유발 요인의 평가가 진단 과정에 필요하다[8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that various disorders can exhibit sleep symptoms, and therefore a detailed medical history and physical examination are required to evaluate accompanying diseases or triggers, indicating that medical intervention is necessary for diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Автори мають право укладати самостійні додаткові угоди щодо неексклюзивного розповсюдження роботи у тому вигляді, в якому вона була опублікована цим журналом (наприклад, розміщувати роботу в електронному сховищі установи або публікувати у складі монографії), за умови збереження посилання на першу публікацію роботи у цьому журналі. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses copyright and distribution rights regarding published works without any reference to language serving as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: This approach could improve taxonomic resolution, which is problematic in the current study, given that not all sequences aligned with a percentage of identity >97%. Replicating environmental conditions in vitro is a real challenge for eDNA-based techniques. Field conditions differ significantly from the laboratory because eDNA is exposed to biotic and abiotic factors, habitat, flow variation, and more (Valentini et al. , 2016; Herder et al. , 2014). On the other hand, the standardization of field and laboratory eDNA protocols is essential for the reliable interpretation of results (Roh et al. , 2006; Harper et al. , 2019). Similarly, using positive and negative controls is essential for controlled experimentation. A positive control is a sample or reagent used to test for possible PCR inhibition or for DNA degradation during the handlings. In contrast, a negative control is a sample using the same experimental conditions except for the treatment (Barata, Griffiths & Ridout, 2017; Takahashi et al. , 2020) and aims to document the absence of contamination. These protocols follow strict sterilization standards, decreasing contamination risks (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Herder et al. , 2014). eDNA-based monitoring is an ecological diagnostic method that has revolutionized diversity monitoring in different ecosystems (Taberlet et al. , 2018; Harper et al. , 2019; Keck et al. , 2022; Ruppert, Kline & Rahman, 2019). Several scientific publications have documented its development and compatibility with other methods, such as VES. They have also demonstrated their sensitivity and efficiency in detecting multiple species in different environments worldwide (Valentini et al. , 2016; Bálint et al. , 2018; Zaiko et al. , 2018). Generating a plan for constantly monitoring amphibians and other groups of interest in the TRMB using VES and eDNA will be fundamental to completing the inventory of the fauna inhabiting this area. This would facilitate the description of new species presumed to be present in unexplored areas of this basin. A complete inventory would provide a clear picture of the population dynamics of endangered species, invasive species, and species with antimicrobial peptides of biomedical interest (Willette et al. , 2021; Ficetola et al. , 2010). In short, eDNA and VES combined can generate essential information for developing short- and long-term conservation strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing eDNA as an ecological diagnostic method that has revolutionized diversity monitoring in different ecosystems. It mentions that eDNA-based techniques are essential for detecting multiple species in various environments and indicates that these methods can improve taxonomic resolution and contribute to ecological monitoring and conservation strategies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 또한 불안수면장애의 진단에 반드시 필요한 것은 아니지만 말초혈액 검사를 통해 혈색소, 철, ferritin, 트랜스페린 포화도(transferrin saturation, %TSAT) 등의 철분 상태를 평가하고 50 μg/L 미만의 ferritin 수치를 확인하는 것은 불안수면장애를 진단하고 치료 방침을 결정하는 데 도움이 될 수 있다[31,32]. 불안수면 증상의 이차적 원인이 확인되지 않은 경우 불안수면장애를 최종 진단하기 위해서는 동기화된 비디오 수면다원검사가 필요하다[11,12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that anxiety sleep disorder diagnosis is facilitated by specific blood tests to assess iron levels and that polysomnography is necessary for a definitive diagnosis if secondary causes of sleep anxiety symptoms are not identified. This suggests that medical intervention and specific diagnostic procedures are required, undermining the claim that wearable sleep monitors can independently diagnose any sleep disorder.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Політика журналу дозволяє і заохочує розміщення авторами в мережі Інтернет (наприклад, у сховищах установ або на особистих веб-сайтах) рукопису роботи, як до подання цього рукопису до редакції, так і під час його редакційного опрацювання, оскільки це сприяє виникненню продуктивної наукової дискусії та позитивно позначається на оперативності та динаміці цитування опублікованої роботи. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the policies of a journal regarding the sharing of manuscripts online, which does not relate to language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: study demonstrates that the eDNA-method had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in Amazonian aquatic environments than VES. However, it highlights the complementary information of traditional methods to complete a database and corroborate the results. Sixty-two species have previously been recorded in the TRMB, of which 33 were detected using eDNA and VES in this study. This represents a small fraction of the species presumed to inhabit this region, as there are several unexplored areas where the batrachofauna diversity is unknown. Developing a monitoring program using two or more techniques is necessary to generate a complete picture of amphibian diversity in the TRMB. Also, to increase the detection rate of amphibians, using various types of environmental samples could expand the range of detection of terrestrial species or inhabitants of specific micro-ecosystems (e. g. , bromeliads, tree holes, leaf litter, etc. ). A traditional monitoring approach (VES) has been used for decades and has generated valuable information on biodiversity in some ecosystems, but specific taxonomic knowledge is needed, and sampling is invasive, complex, and time-consuming. eDNA-based techniques, when combined with VES, can generate robust and verifiable records that contribute to the development of conservation strategies in biodiversity hotspots. Supplementary Material. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/supp-1 The authors would especially like to thank all the people who participated in the fieldwork: María José Sánchez, Alex Arias, Álvaro Pérez, ánez, Viviana Cabrera, Miguel Gómez, Carlos Carrasco, Samanta Oña; in the laboratory processes: Mónica Sánchez; in the bioinformatics analysis: Alex Sánchez, and the map design:. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7638. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The data is available at figshare: Quilumbaquin, Walter (2022): eDNA and VES Supplemental Material. figshare. Collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of the eDNA method in detecting amphibian species in Amazonian aquatic environments, indicating its utility in identifying species presence in ecosystems. It illustrates that eDNA techniques, when used alongside traditional methods, can enhance species detection and contribute valuable information on biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 검사를 통해 수면 중 나타나는 큰 신체의 움직임을 직접 비디오로 확인하고 총 신체 움직임 지수를 계산하여 불안수면장애를 진단하고 폐쇄성 수면무호흡증이나 주기성 사지운동장애, 렘수면 행동 장애, 율동적 운동 장애와 같이 불안수면이나 움직임을 유발할 수 있는 다른 수면장애를 감별해야 한다[12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that to diagnose disorders like anxiety sleep disorder and other conditions, direct video observation and calculation of body movement index are needed, indicating that wearable sleep monitors alone are insufficient for accurate diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Положення про конфіденційність Цей журнал практикує політику негайного відкритого доступу до опублікованого змісту, підтримуючи принципи вільного поширення наукової інформації та глобального обміну знаннями задля загального суспільного прогресу. Інше Фінансування журналу. Видавець Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України Останній випуск Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність. Вип. 39. DOI журналу : 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It discusses journal policies on open access and mentions a publication by an institute, without addressing the relationship between language and identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: work was funded by VLIR-UOS through the project “DNA-based monitoring for assessing the effect of invasive species on aquatic communities in the Amazon basin of Ecuador” (ECU-SIN277). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2009. Métodos de estimación, captura y contención de anfibios y reptiles Gustavo. Especificos por Grup. 1: 100. Angulo A, Rueda-Almonacid JV, Rodríguez-. 2006. Técnicas de inventario y monitoreo para los anfibios de la región tropical andina. Conservacion internacional. Apothéloz-Perret-éguen. 2021. Monitoring the ecological status of rivers with diatom eDNA metabarcoding: a comparison of taxonomic markers and analytical approaches for the inference of a molecular diatom index. 30(13):2959-2968 Apothéloz-Perret-. 2017. Taxonomy-free molecular diatom index for high-throughput eDNA biomonitoring. Resources 17(6):1231-1242 Baetens D. 2019. Ecological monitoring of amphibian breeding ponds in the flemish ardennes: from hand net to eDNA 2018-2019. Master’s Dissertation. Ghent University, Gent Bálint M, Nowak C, Márton O, Pauls SU. 2017. Twenty-five species of frogs in a liter of water: eDNA survey for exploring tropical frog diversity. bioRxiv 176065 Bálint M, Nowak C, Márton. 2018. Accuracy, limitations and cost efficiency of eDNA-based community survey in tropical frogs. Resources 18(6):1415-1426 Baloğlu. 2021. A workflow for accurate metabarcoding using nanopore MinION sequencing. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12:794-804. 2017. The power of monitoring: optimizing survey designs to detect occupancy changes in a rare amphibian population. 7(1):16491 Barriga R. 2012. Peces de agua dulce e intermareales del Ecuador. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and projects that utilize environmental DNA (eDNA) for monitoring and assessing species in aquatic environments. The mention of 'DNA-based monitoring for assessing the effect of invasive species on aquatic communities' supports the claim that eDNA is used to detect species in ecosystems. Additional references to monitoring specific species and the effectiveness of eDNA further confirm the validity of the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 또한 보다 정확한 기록과 평가를 위해서는 미국 수면 학회(Academy of Sleep Medicine) 의 권장 사항에 따라 비디오 수면다원검사 시 초당 1 비디오 프레임 이상이 녹화되도록 해야 한다[25]. 불안수면이 주 증상으로 나타나는 소아청소년에서 임상적 증상 및 수면다원검사 소견을 통해 불안수면장애를 진단하는 과정을 Fig. 2로 요약하였다. 치 료 현재 불안수면장애에 대한 표준화된 치료 지침은 없다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by mentioning that a clinical diagnosis of disorders like anxiety-induced sleep disorder involves clinical symptoms and polysomnography, indicating that medical intervention is necessary for accurate diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 33402/ukr. 2024DOI випуску: 10. 33402/ukr. 2024-39Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність гол. ред. Ігор Соляр, заст. гол. ред. Михайло Романюк; НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича. Львів, 2024. Вип. 39. 328 с. Збірник об’єднує студії з історії, археології, мовознавства та літературознавства. Статті історичного блоку розкривають актуальні проблеми історії, етнології та археології від найдавніших часів до сьогодення. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides bibliographic information concerning a publication focused on cultural heritage, history, and related studies. However, it does not explicitly support, rebut, or address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Hence, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Quito: Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Naciona. . 2014. Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoring. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 29(6):358-367. 2022. Optimal sequence similarity thresholds for clustering of molecular operational taxonomic units in DNA metabarcoding studies. Resources 23:368-381. 2004. False-positive results and contamination in nucleic acid amplification assays: suggestions for a prevent and destroy strategy. of & 23(4):289-299 Bosch R, García Padrón LY. 2017. Anfibios. In: Mancina y CA, Cruz DD, eds. Diversidad Biológica de Cuba: métodos de Inventario, Colecciones Biológicas. La Habana: Editorial AMA. 502. 2017. Development and application of an eDNA method to detect the critically endangered Trinidad golden tree frog (Phytotriades auratus) in Bromeliad Phytotelmata. 12(2):1-8 öm änfling B, Leese F, Mächler áñez. 2021. A practical guide to DNA-based methods for biodiversity assessment. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers. Celi JE, Villamarín F. 2020. Freshwater ecosystems of Mainland Ecuador: diversity, issues, and perspectives. Brasiliensia 32(5):403. 2015. Guía de anfibios de ikiam y reserva colonso chalupas. Tena. . 2009. Biological interactions in river ecosystems. In: Encyclopedia of Inland Waters. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 387-394 Céréghino R, Boix D, Cauchie H-M, Martens K, Oertli B. 2014. The ecological role of ponds in a changing world. Hydrobiologia 723(1):1-6 ächler E, Walser J-C, Altermatt F. 2016. Environmental DNA reveals that rivers are conveyer belts of biodiversity information. 7(1):12544. 2020. Host genotype and exercise exhibit species-level selection for members of the gut bacterial communities in the mouse digestive system. 10(1):381 Duellman WE. 1972. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies and methods related to Environmental DNA (eDNA) and its application in detecting wildlife and monitoring biodiversity. Specifically, the mention of 'Development and application of an eDNA method to detect the critically endangered Trinidad golden tree frog' directly supports the assertion that eDNA is utilized for species detection in ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 불안수면장애 진단 기준이 최근 마련되었기 때문에 불안수면장애의 치료와 관련된 정보는 아직 부족하며 다른 치료 방법 및 효과와 치료 기간에 대해 더 많은 연구가 필요하다. 결 론 최근 새로 정의된 불안수면장애는 다른 질환으로 설명되지 않는 수면 중 잦은 큰 움직임 및 각성과 심각한 주간 장애를 특징으로 하는 일차성 소아수면장애로 소아청소년에서 드물지 않은 수면장애이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for additional research and the complexity surrounding the diagnosis of anxiety sleep disorders. It indicates that recently established criteria highlight a lack of knowledge regarding treatment methods and effectiveness, which implies that wearable monitors alone may not be sufficient for diagnosing sleep disorders without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідницьку увагу також зосереджено на постатях С. Гайдучка, Я. Стецька, діяльність яких є важливою для сприйняття та розуміння історії України. Вшановано ювілей відомого історика, фахівця з історії Польщі та українсько-польських відносин проф. В. Комара. Лінгвістичні студії репрезентують аналіз мовних явищ XV–XVIII ст. , проблеми історичної лексикографії та ономастики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses historical figures and linguistic studies related to Ukrainian history but does not address the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: A new species of hyla from Amazonian ecuador. Copeia 1972(2):265. 2017. Fish community assessment with eDNA metabarcoding: effects of sampling design and bioinformatic filtering. of Fisheries and 74(9):1362-1374. 2021. Meta-analysis shows that environmental DNA outperforms traditional surveys, but warrants better reporting standards. Ecology and Evolution 11(9):4803-4815 ère J, Taberlet P, Pompanon F. 2010. An in silico approach for the evaluation of DNA barcodes. BMC Genomics 11(1):434. 2019. Environmental DNA and metabarcoding for the study of amphibians and reptiles: species distribution, the microbiome, and much more. Amphibia-Reptilia 40(2):129-148 Fiske I, Chandler R. 2011. unmarked: an R package for fitting hierarchical models of wildlife occurrence and abundance. Journal of 43(10):1-23. 2016. A framework for estimating the sensitivity of eDNA surveys. Resources 16(3):641-654 de Napo. 2015. Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial provincial de napo. Tena. -Reinoso D, Funk WC. 2006. Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics. of the 147(4):489-513 Gwak H-J, Rho M. 2020. Data-driven modeling for species-level taxonomic assignment from 16S rRNA: application to human microbiomes. Frontiers in Microbiology 11:403 úrria C, Garcés-. 2019. Prospects and challenges of environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring in freshwater ponds. Hydrobiologia 826(1):25-41 Hassall C. 2014. The ecology and biodiversity of urban ponds. 1(2):187-206. 2014. Environmental DNA—a review of the possible applications for the detection of (invasive) species. Report 2013-104. The Netherlands:. . 2001. Medición y monitoreo de la diversidad biológica: métodos estandarizados para anfibios. Argentina: Editorial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) in various studies for detecting and assessing species in ecosystems, particularly mentioning its advantages over traditional surveys. It notes that eDNA is valuable for monitoring and understanding biodiversity, particularly in freshwater environments, which aligns directly with the claim regarding the detection of species using genetic material from the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 불안수면장애의 진단 기준에는 3개월 이상 지속되고 일주일에 3일 이상 발생하는 불안수면증상과 수면다원검사에서 확인된 시간당 최소 5회 이상 대근육의 큰 움직임, 수면의 질 저하로 인한 심한 주간 졸음 증상, 학업 성취도 저하, 과민성 또는 과잉행동 등의 주간 기능 애가 포함되고 6세 이상의 소아청소년에 적용된다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining specific diagnostic criteria for anxiety sleep disorders, indicating that diagnosis requires a detailed evaluation, including sleep studies and symptom duration, thereby suggesting that wearable monitors cannot diagnose these disorders on their own without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджено навколо аналізу творчості А. Франко-Ключко, доньки I. Франка, спогадів-есеїв нашого сучасника В. Неборака, а також репрезентовано маловідомі сторінки життя і творчості німецькомовного єврейського поета і перекладача з Буковини П. Целана. «Огляди та рецензії» презентують філологічні книжкові новинки, запрошуючи до читання та дискусій. Архів випусків About the journal Open access policy This journal realizes a policy of an immediate open access to the published content, supporting the principles of a free distribution of scientific information and a global exchange of knowledge for the sake of the common public progress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It focuses on literary studies and various authors, without making any connection to the concept of language serving as a cultural identifier.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Hurtado--Sarmiento E, Jarrín-Pérez F. 2020. assessment in data-scarce watersheds using model coupling, event sampling, and survey data. Water 12(10):2768 ürlemann. 2022. Meta-analysis shows both congruence and complementarity of DNA and eDNA metabarcoding to traditional methods for biological community assessment. 31(6):1820-1835 Lacoursière-. 2016. Improving herpetological surveys in eastern using the environmental DNA method1. Genome 59(11):991-1007 ácome--. 2016. Freshwater vertebrate and invertebrate diversity patterns in an Andean-Amazon basin: implications for conservation efforts. 2(1):99-114. 2017. eDNA metabarcoding: a promising method for anuran surveys in highly diverse tropical forests. Resources 17(5):904-914. 2017. Single-season occupancy models. In: and Modeling (Second Edition). Boston: Academic Press. . 2019. A rapid and accurate minION-based workflow for tracking species biodiversity in the field. Genes (Basel) 10(6):468 Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. 2013. Sistema de clasificación de los ecosistemas del ecuador continental. Quito: Subsecretaría de patrimonio natural. Mueses-Cisneros JJ, Cisneros-. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799) Zootaxa 3447(1):22 Nevers MB, Przybyla-. 2020. Influence of sediment and stream transport on detecting a source of environmental DNA. 15:e0244086 Ordóñez L, Valle D, Veintimilla D. 2011. Descubriendo la fauna del bosque protector Colonso: área de bosque y vegetación protectora “Cuenca de los ríos Colonso, Tena, Shitie e Inchillaqui” Fundación Bosques para la Conservación. Quito, Ecuador: Ecuador. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning the use of environmental DNA methods for biological assessments, such as 'eDNA metabarcoding' which is highlighted as a promising method for surveying species in ecological contexts. The references to various studies imply that eDNA techniques are valuable tools for detecting species in environments, consistent with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 철분 결핍 기전, 수면 불안정성, 교감 신경 활성화 증가 등이 발병 기전으로 제시되며 하지 불안 증후군과 유사하게 철분 보충이 증상 개선에 도움이 된다. 아직 진단에 있어 모든 환자에서 수면다원검사를 시행하는 것에 현실적 어려움이 있고 발병 기전과 치료에 대한 이해가 부족하므로 다른 방법을 통한 진단, 생애 주기에 따른 자연적인 경과, 임상적 장애 정도 및 동반 질환, 다른 치료 방법 등에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are practical difficulties in diagnosing sleep disorders universally with current methods like polysomnography and emphasizes the need for further research into alternative diagnostic techniques, indicating that diagnoses cannot be solely achieved through wearable sleep monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Year of foundation 1992 Focus and scope The interdisciplinary journal brings together studies in history, linguistics and literary studies. The historical block is represented by studies of current problems of history, as well as researches about outstanding persons and their importance in the formation of Ukrainian statehood. Linguistic studies primarily exposes the problems of Ukrainian language history and dialectology. Literary studies focus on analyzing writers' works in the context of world history and culture. DOI ISSN 2223-1196 (print) Certificate of state registration Identifier in the Register of R30-03117 dated March 14, 2024 Publication frequency Twice a year The collection is indexed at international scientometric database: 1. Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 1895572. Soliar, I. , Sholota K. (2019). Ukrainian issue at the Congresses in the second half of the 1920-ies (based on the periodical «Dilo»). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 11, 142–168. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 11. 1713143. Murawśkyj, O, Solіar, I. (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it provides information about the foundation and scope of an interdisciplinary journal, discussing its focus on history, linguistics, and literary studies without explicitly relating to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Ministerio del Ambiente: Fundación Bosques para la Conservación. Ortega-Andrade HM. 2010. Diversidad de la herpetofauna en la centro Amazonía de ecuador. Instituto de Ecologico. Ortega--Heredia DF, Guerra Arévalo N, López de Vargas-Machuca KG, Sánchez-Nivicela JC, Armijos-Ojeda D, Cáceres Andrade JF, Reyes-ékely P, O, Székely D, Guayasamin J, Siavichay Pesántez írez-Jaramillo SM, Timbe-Borja B, Gómez ávez Jácome D, Posse V, Valle-Piñuela C, Padilla Jiménez D, Reyes-Puig JP, Terán-érez Lara MB, Carvajal-Endara S, Urgilés M, Yánez Muñoz MH. 2021. assessment of amphibian species of Ecuador: a multidimensional approach for their conservation. 16(5):e0251027. 2021. Environmental DNA for biomonitoring. 30(13):2931-2936 Pedersen MW, Overballe-øe. 2015. Ancient and modern environmental DNA. of the B: 370(1660):20130383. 2020. BOLD and GenBank revisited—do identification errors arise in the lab or in the sequence libraries? 15(4):e0231814 Pereira JL. 2014. La crisis biológica de los anfibios. Ecologistas en acción de León. . 2014. Optimizing occupancy surveys by maximizing detection probability: application to amphibian monitoring in the Mediterranean region. Ecology and Evolution 4(18):3538-3549 Polanco Fernández -Pérez ález Corredor JD, Acosta-Chaparro A, Hocdé. 2021. Comparing environmental DNA metabarcoding and underwater visual census to monitor tropical reef fishes. Environmental DNA 3(1):142-156 Pozo J, Elosegi A, Díez J, Molinero J. 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the use of environmental DNA for biomonitoring—specifically highlighting that environmental DNA can be employed to assess species diversity and monitor ecosystems, which aligns with the idea of detecting species presence by analyzing genetic material in the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: of InterestThe author has no potential conflicts of interest to disclose None Fig. 1. Large muscle group movement artifacts during polysomnographic recording in a child with restless sleep disorder. The movements interrupt a period of stable non-REM sleep stage N2 with regular breathing, are associated to increased EMG activity and heart rate. EOG, electro-oculogram; LOC, left ocular; ROC, right ocular; EEG, electroencephalogram; EKG, electrocardiogram; EMG, electromyogram; REM, rapid eye movement. Fig. 2. Algorithm for diagnosis of restless sleep disorder (RSD) and secondary restless sleep. Evaluation of children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years with restless sleep must include a full history, physical examination, and video-PSG to identify large body movements and differentiate between other sleep, medical or psychiatric disorders. PSG, polysomnography; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Table 1. Comparison of RSD with other sleep-related movement disorders in children and adolescents -related bruxism Nocturnal symptoms Frequent large body movements during sleep Urge to move legs usually accompanied by leg discomfort in the evening Sleep disruption Repetitive stereotypic and rhythmic movements Tooth grinding sounds during sleep symptoms Sleepiness, hyperactivity, mood change Sleepiness, hyperactivity Sleepiness, fatigue, or cognitive deficits - Jaw pain, headache, fatigue Family history positive 20%–30% familial pattern PSG finding ≥5 large movements/hr ↑ Awakenings PLMI >5 Rhythmic movements more common in N1 and N2 ↑ Masseter muscle activity ↑ Awakenings ↓ Total sleep time ↓ Total sleep time ↑ Total leg movements Normal leg movements Comorbidities ADHD, parasomnia ADHD, renal disease, hypothyroidism narcolepsy, ADHD Upper airway resistance deficiency Iron deficiency Iron deficiency Self soothing ↑ Sympathetic activity during arousals Sleep instability Medication effect Medication effect Other unknown ↑ Sympathetic activity Other unknown Other unknown Other unknown supplementation Iron supplementation Iron supplementation guard Muscle relaxants RSD, restless sleep disorder; RLS, restless legs syndrome; PLMD, periodic limb movement disorder; RMD, rhythmic movement disorder; PSG, polysomnography; PLMI, periodic limb movement index; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disease; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea 1. Ohayon MM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complex diagnostic process for restless sleep disorder (RSD) which involves a full history, physical examination, and video polysomnography (video-PSG) to accurately identify and differentiate between various sleep disorders. This indicates that wearable sleep monitors alone cannot provide a diagnosis without additional medical evaluation and procedures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Monographs: 1. Соляр, І. Консолідаційні процеси національно-державницьких сил Західної України (1923 – 1928). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2010. 150 с. 2. Соляр, І. Зовнішні орієнтації національно-державницьких партій Західної України (1923 – 1939). Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАН України, 2011. 356 с. 1. Соляр, І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses socio-political processes in Ukraine and lists various monographs without addressing the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: Dinámica y relevancia de la materia orgánica. Fundación. Conceptos y técnicas en ecología fluvial. Fundación. Pramuk JB. 2006. Phylogeny of Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) inferred from combined evidence. of the 146(3):407-452 R Core Team. 2021. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: Foundation for Statistical Computing. ña T, Goethals P, Cevallos-der heyden C. 2018. DNA-based monitoring of the alien invasive crayfish Procambarus clarkii in Andean lakes (Ecuador) Limnologica 70:20-25 Rios M, Ordóñez-Delgado L, Cueva R, Zapata-Ríos G, Chapalbay R, comunidad Alto Tena. 2018. Ecuador birds of the kichwa chakra at the alto tena community. Tena. . 2006. Comparative study of methods for extraction and purification of environmental DNA from soil and sludge samples. and Biotechnology 134(2):97-112. 2019. Anfibios del Ecuador. Museo de zoología, pontifica universidad católica del Ecuador. In: PUCE. . 2019. Past, present, and future perspectives of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding: a systematic review in methods, monitoring, and applications of global eDNA. and Conservation 17:e00547. 2017. Environmental DNA characterization of amphibian communities in the forest: potential application for conservation of a rich and threatened fauna. 215(6):225-232. 2020. Reference databases, primer choice, and assay sensitivity for environmental metabarcoding: lessons learnt from a re-evaluation of an eDNA fish assessment in the Volga headwaters. and Applications 36(7):1004-1013. 2015. Modeling the sensitivity of field surveys for detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) 10(10):1-16. 2016. Comparison of environmental DNA metabarcoding and conventional fish survey methods in a river system. 197:131-138 Shaw K, Sesardić. 2008. Comparison of the effects of sterilisation techniques on subsequent DNA profiling. of 122(1):29-33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies and systematic reviews on environmental DNA (eDNA). It mentions monitoring techniques, applications of eDNA for conservation, and comparisons between ecological methods that relate directly to the detection of species through genetic material in environments, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: Prevalence and correlates of nonrestorative sleep complaints. Med 2005;165:35-41. 2. ’Ambrosio C, et al. Pediatric sleep duration consensus statement: a step forward. J Med 2016;12:1705-1706. 3. Kothare SV, Kaleyias J. The clinical and laboratory assessment of the sleepy child. Neurol 2008;15:61-69. 4. Kotagal S. Hypersomnia in children: interface with psychiatric disorders. 2009;18:967-977. 5. Association of Centers and the Association for the of Sleep. Diagnostic classification of sleep and arousal disorders. 1979 first edition. Sleep 1979;2:1-154. 6. Bandla H, Splaingard M. Sleep problems in children with common medical disorders. 2004;51:203-227. 7. . A review of pediatric nonrespiratory sleep disorders. Chest 2006;130:1252-1262. 8. Restless sleep in children: a systematic review. Rev 2021;56:101406. 9. . Common sleep disorders in children. Physician 2022;105:168-176. 10. . Restless sleep disorder in children: a pilot study on a tentative new diagnostic category. Sleep 2018;41:zsy102. 11. Consensus diagnostic criteria for a newly defined pediatric sleep disorder: restless sleep disorder (RSD). 2020;75:335-340. 12. . Video-polysomnographic characterization of sleep movements in children with restless sleep disorder. Sleep 2019;42:zsy269. 13. . The prevalence of restless sleep disorder among a clinical sample of children and adolescents referred to a sleep centre. J 2019;28:e12870. 14. DelRosso LM, Vega-. Assessment of executive and cognitive functions in children with restless sleep disorder: a pilot study. 2022;12:1289. 15. . Comparison between oral ferrous sulfate and intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in children with restless sleep disorder. Sleep 2021;44:zsaa155. 16. Evidence-based and consensus clinical practice guidelines for the iron treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease in adults and children: an task force report. 2018;41:27-44. 17. á A, Allen RP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it references a variety of studies and articles that focus on diagnosing sleep disorders through clinical assessments, rather than relying solely on wearable sleep monitors. The mention of consensus statements and clinical assessments indicates that diagnosing sleep disorders requires more than what wearable technology can provide, thereby refuting the claim that such monitors can independently diagnose any sleep disorder.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Між ідеями негації Польської держави і здобуття автономії. Галичина і Волинь у складі міжвоєнної Польщі редкол. : Вісин В. , Голик Р. , Голубко В. та ін. Харків: Фоліо, 2017. С. 44–110. 2. Соляр, І. Спроби консолідації політичних сил Наддніпрянщини і Галичини (1920–1923). Революція, державність, нація: Україна на шляху самоствердження (1917–1921). Київ, 2017. С. 87–95. 3. Соляр, І. Ідея консолідації в громадсько-політичному житті Західної України в 1920–1923 рр. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a bibliographic citation of various works discussing political and historical contexts in Ukraine. It does not mention language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage, nor does it discuss the role of language in these contexts. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental DNA (eDNA) is used to detect the presence of species in water bodies and ecosystems by analyzing genetic material in the environment. [SEP] Text: 2017. Controls on eDNA movement in streams: transport, retention, and resuspension. 7(1):5065. 2004. Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science 306(5702):1783-1786. 2018. Environmental DNA: for biodiversity research and monitoring. Oxford: Press. . 2020. Comparing the efficiency of open and enclosed filtration systems in environmental DNA quantification for fish and jellyfish. 15:e0231718 Águila C, López-Rojas J, Pérez-Peña P. 2020. Amphibian and reptile diversity in thenapo-putumayo-Amazonas interfluvium, northern Peruvian Amazon. Folia Amazónica 29(2):321-351 øller. 2016. Next-generation monitoring of aquatic biodiversity using environmental DNA metabarcoding. 25(4):929-942 Van der heyden C, Riascos L, Carrera-. 2021. DNA-based monitoring for assessing the effect of invasive species on aquatic communities in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. 4:e65376 ć. 2016. Freshwater vertebrate metabarcoding on Illumina platforms using double-indexed primers of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene. Resources 8(3):323-327. 2005. Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians. Frontiers in Zoology 2(1):1-12 Vierstraete A, Braeckman B. 2022. Amplicon_sorter: a tool for reference-free amplicon sorting based on sequence similarity and for building consensus sequences. Ecology and Evolution 12:e8603. 2021. Development of an eDNA metabarcoding tool for surveying the world’s largest amphibian. 68(5):608-614 Wang S, Yan Z, Hänfling. 2021. Methodology of fish eDNA and its applications in ecology and environment. Science of the 755(4):142622 Weigand H, Beermann AJ, Čiampor -van der árbíró G, Ekrem T. 2019. DNA barcode reference libraries for the monitoring of aquatic biota in Europe: gap-analysis and recommendations for future work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and methodologies related to environmental DNA (eDNA) and its applications in monitoring biodiversity, including its use for assessing species presence in aquatic ecosystems. For example, the mention of 'DNA-based monitoring for assessing the effect of invasive species on aquatic communities' and 'Comparing the efficiency of open and enclosed filtration systems in environmental DNA quantification for fish' directly aligns with the idea that eDNA is employed to detect and monitor species and their interactions in their environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 170. 170. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) may serve as a useful indicator to approach Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, PD patients do not always exhibit RBD. We wondered whether the presence of RBD would be reflected in the expansion of PD lesions and represent the same PD entity. We examined the clinical differences between PD with and without RBD and studied the frequency of RBD-like symptoms (RBD-s) and clinical differences in 150 PD patients, including 81 patients (54. 0%) who satisfied the of Sleep Disorders, Revised, minimum clinical criteria for RBD. RBD-s preceding the appearance of parkinsonism were found in 44. 4% of patients. Statistically, the presence of RBD-s was associated with ages above 65 years, male gender, constipation, dopa-induced dyskinesia and ‘sleep attack’, with odds ratios of 3. 709, 2. 469, 2. 184, 5. 046 and 6. 562, respectively. No differences were found between the 2 groups with regard to symptoms at PD onset, disease duration, Hoehn-Yahr stage, hallucination, dementia, wearing-off, orthostatic hypotension, cerebral blood flow and antiparkinsonism drugs. In the early stage, RBD and autonomic system dysfunction are important factors in the progression of PD. Keywords: REM sleep behaviour disorder, Parkinson’s disease, Autonomic nervous system eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) is characterized by a loss of normal skeletal muscle atonia and involves complex motor activity occurring specifically during REM sleep in association with dream mentation. RBD can be idiopathic or can be associated with degenerative neurological disorders, particularly multiple-system atrophy, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [1]. In previous studies, the histopathology of patients with RBD revealed incidental Lewy body disease [2], while 38% of RBD patients aged ≥50 years were eventually diagnosed with PD [3]. Since RBD may serve as an early indicator of PD, the detection of this symptom could enable the treatment of PD with novel drugs to prevent progression to full-blown PD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of diagnosing sleep disorders, specifically mentioning how REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) may indicate Parkinson’s disease (PD). It highlights that RBD can be idiopathic or associated with other serious neurological disorders, emphasizing the importance of clinical evaluation in diagnosing these conditions, rather than relying solely on wearable technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Взаємодія інституцій держави і громадянського суспільства наук. ред. Соляр І. Я. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2017. С. 231–240 та ін. Editoral team:Alessandro Achilli, PhD, Lecturer in Ukrainian Studies, (Clayton) Melbourne, Australia (1800 Monash (666 274), Australia)Alessandro. Achilli@monash. edu Achilli, А. (2016). “As a Poet he is known to all of Russia”. A rather Fruitful Malentendu: Rilke and Spiridon Drožžin. Zeitschrift für Slawistik, 61(2), 215–228. DOI: Achilli, А. (2015). Taras Ševčenko in the prose and poetry of Vasyl’ Stus. Studi Slavistici, 12, 317–331. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-17985. Retrieved from: Achilli, А. (2013). Subject as a Poet in the Works of Marina Cvetaeva, Rilke. Studi Slavistici, 10(1), 129–148. DOI: Stepan Borchuk, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Professor of the Department of of the University (57 Shevchenko St. , Ivano-Frankivsk, 76018, Ukraine)borchuk_s@ukr. net Borchuk, S. , Khytrovska, Yu. (2019). History of Relations of Masonry and Church in the – Centuries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. Instead, it provides bibliographic references and administrative details related to various authors and their works without making any connection to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: However, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of different floral plantings, their characteristics and consequences for crop yield across global regions is lacking. Here we quantified the impacts of flower strips and hedgerows on pest control and pollination services in adjacent crops using a global dataset of 529 sites. Flower strips, but not hedgerows, enhanced pest control services in adjacent fields by 16% on average. However, effects on crop pollination and yield were more variable. Our synthesis identifies several important drivers of variability in effectiveness of plantings: pollination services declined exponentially with distance from plantings, and perennial and older flower strips with higher flowering plant diversity enhanced pollination more effectively. These findings provide promising pathways to optimize floral plantings to more effectively contribute to ecosystem service delivery and ecological intensification of agriculture in the future. as a for Ancient DNA and Preserva. . . Landon A. 13, 2022 Researchers' ability to accurately screen fossil and subfossil specimens for preservation of DNA and protein sequences remains limited. Thermal exposure and geologic age are usable proxies for sequence preservation on a broad scale but are of nominal use for specimens of similar depositional environments. Cell and tissue biomolecular histology is thus proposed as a novel proxy for determining sequence preservation potential of ancient specimens with improved accuracy. Biomolecular histology as a proxy is hypothesized to elucidate why fossils/subfossils of some depositional environments preserve sequences while others do not and to facilitate selection of ancient specimens for use in molecular studies. FFP3 respirators protect healthcare workers against infection with SARS-CoV-2 and 14 more June 30, 2021 IntroductionConsistent with Organization (WHO) advice [1], UK Control guidance recommends that healthcare workers (HCWs) caring for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) should use fluid resistant surgical masks type IIR (FRSMs) as respiratory protective equipment (RPE), unless aerosol generating procedures (AGPs) are being undertaken or are likely, when a filtering face piece 3 (FFP3) respirator should be used [2]. In a recent update, an FFP3 respirator is recommended if “an unacceptable risk of transmission remains following rigorous application of the hierarchy of control” [3]. Conversely, guidance from the Centers for and Prevention (CDC) recommends that HCWs caring for patients with COVID-19 should use an N95 or higher level respirator [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about eDNA monitoring of endangered species at all. Instead, it discusses various research topics including the effectiveness of floral plantings on pest control and pollination, as well as the use of FFP3 respirators in healthcare settings. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; it is entirely irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: However, PD patients do not always exhibit RBD; in fact, this symptom is only observed in approximately one third to one half of PD patients [1, 4, 5]. We wondered whether the presence of RBD would be reflected in the pathology of PD and represent the same PD entity. Therefore, we examined the frequency of RBD-like symptoms (RBD-s) in PD patients and investigated the clinical differences between PD with and without RBD-s by clinical interviews. Methods and The subjects comprised patients who satisfied Calne’s diagnostic criteria for clinically possible or clinically probable PD [6], with Hoehn-Yahr stage or IV. PD patients with Hoehn-Yahr stage V were excluded because some patients lived in a nursing home and could not be observed during their nocturnal sleep. Patients with secondary or symptomatic parkinsonism and DLB patients who satisfied the DLB consensus criteria of the Third and of DLB [7, 8] were also excluded. Clinical interviews were answered by the PD patients and their bed partners or caregivers. We recruited 150 PD patients between June 2006 and May 2007. The following 3 conditions were investigated: (1) abnormal movements during sleep, assessed by a structured questionnaire to determine the frequency and type of movement (e. g. crying, thrashing the arms and legs about, walking and hitting); (2) a strong urge to move the legs when relaxing and an inability to fall asleep, except during the day (minimal criteria for restless legs syndrome [9]), and (3) ‘sleep attack’ while engaged in activities such as eating, speaking or driving a car. The clinical findings were reviewed by board-certified neurologists in our department. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study involving Parkinson's Disease (PD) patients and their sleep symptoms, indicating that a clinical approach is necessary to assess sleep disorders. It emphasizes the need for clinical interviews conducted by professionals, which suggests that wearable sleep monitors are not sufficient for diagnosing sleep disorders as extensive medical investigation is required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Український історичний журнал, 4, 118–135. Retrieved from: Borchuk, S. (2017). The first completed Ukrainian encyclopedia of modern times. Danubius, 35 (Supliment: Modernity, Post-modernity, Communism, Post-communism. Contributions, supplementary issue), 129–140. Retrieved from: 3. Borchuk, S. (2017). Ukrainian encyclopaedic tradition of the 20th century. Codrul Cosminului, 23(2), 273–290. Retrieved from: Gazdag Vilmoš, Doctor of Philosophy, of the Department of Hungarian Philology, Ferenc Rákóczi II. Institute (Kossuth square, 6, 90200 Beregovo, Ukraine)gazdagvilmos@gmail. com Gazdag, V. (2019). Szesztra – egy kiveszett szláv jövevényszó regionális újrakölcsönzéséről. Magyar Nyelv, 115(4), 460–467. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2019. 4. 460. 2. Gazdag, V. (2018). Másodnyelvi homonimák a kárpátaljai magyar nyelvjárásokban. Magyar Nyelv, 114(3), 347–359. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2018. 3. 347. 3. Gazdag, V. (2016). Csernicskó István: Nyelvpolitika a háborús Ukrajnában (Ismerteti). Magyar Nyelvőr, 140(1), 107–110. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a bibliographic citation of various articles and authors concerned with the study of language and culture. However, it does not directly discuss or support the claim that language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. There are no explicit statements or evidence presented in the text that relate to the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: After nearly 30 years of experience with offshore wind energy (OWE), the industry is moving past the initial learning phase and into large-scale development. One of the strongest motivations for OWE is that projects are large enough to replace fossil-fueled electricity production that we know is a primary contributor to the ongoing climate crisis. Environmental concerns are therefore also at the core of OWE development, and environmental research and impact monitoring have been central parts of the industry since its inception. A large volume of science-based knowledge is available about the environmental impacts of OWE on marine ecosystems, from effects on the seafloor sediment infauna beneath the turbines to those on marine mammals that roam the developed seas. In the next couple of years, we will see a large increase in OWE development, with single projects such as in the coming online as well as larger projects that produce several gigawatts of energy from thousands of square kilometers devoted to OWE production. Because they can be deployed in deep water, floating wind turbines play a significant role in these long-term developmental plans, but their environmental impacts are not well understood, including the possible impacts on pelagic ecosystems. With large projects covering ever more area, including deep waters, we may see cumulative effects on upper ocean stratification as projected by oceanographic models of lee effects (Broström, 2008). Turbulence introduced by the foundation structures and anchoring lines may add to the forces that result in increased mixing of upper water layers with potential downstream consequences on productivity (Floeter et al. , 2017). Another knowledge gap concerns the general impact on pelagic fish from floating OWE. Trawl surveys are typically used to monitor pelagic fish; however, trawling is difficult in areas with large structures such as turbine foundations and their anchor lines. While demersal species of fish are relatively well researched in OWE installations, often using passive gear such as bottom set gill nets or fyke nets, the impact of the structures on behavior and distribution of pelagic species is less known (Methratta et al. , 2020). To address these knowledge gaps and assess a new method for impact monitoring at large offshore wind installations, we developed and tested a strategy for sampling environmental DNA in the pelagic ecosystem surrounding a floating OWE installation (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning a developed strategy for sampling environmental DNA (eDNA) in the pelagic ecosystem surrounding a floating offshore wind energy installation. This aligns with the claim that scientists use eDNA to monitor species since it implies a non-invasive method of assessment that does not require capturing or disturbing the organisms being studied.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: One of the major limitations of this study was the use of the ICSD-R minimal diagnosis criteria to diagnose RBD because these criteria do not require polysomnography. The sensitivity of specialized interviews for identifying RBD clinically was good (100%) in non-PD patients; however, it was poor (33%) in PD patients [4, 12]. One of the causes for the lower sensitivity in PD patients was the patients’ lack of awareness [4]; therefore, we excluded single patients. Although nocturnal sleep behaviour could not be recorded for all patients, we recorded it for 20 subjects (10 patients each from the RBD and non-RBD groups) on HD video (Sony HDR-SR1) to confirm the presence of RBD-s, and these data agreed with those obtained from each questionnaire. Furthermore, in Japan, elderly couples do not always sleep in the same bedroom; therefore, abnormal sleep behaviour not accompanied by loud sounds may not be recognized. Thus, some patients in the non-RBD group may possibly have had RBD, thereby representing false negatives and causing underestimation of the frequency of RBD. We expected an increased prevalence in male and elderly patients since similar findings have been reported in the case of idiopathic RBD [13]. The symptoms at the onset of PD did not differ between the RBD and non-RBD groups. No difference was observed in the frequency of dementia between the RBD and non-RBD groups, and the mean age was greater in the RBD group (70. 6 years) than in the non-RBD group (66. 0 years). In the general Japanese population, the frequency of dementia is reported to be 1. 9% in 65- to 69-year-old individuals and 4. 5% in 70- to 74-year-old individuals [14]; therefore, no differences were indicated. Pacchetti et al. [15 ]reported that the presence of RBD in PD patients was associated with an approximately 3-fold increased risk of psychotic disorders. Arnulf et al. [16 ]suggested that hallucinations and delusions in non-demented PD patients can result from abnormal REM sleep. A dysfunction in the control system of REM sleep exists in hallucinators, and hallucinations represent illusions of dream imagery during waking hours [15,16,17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating limitations in using diagnostic criteria that do not require polysomnography, which is essential for accurately diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and other sleep disorders. The reference to poor sensitivity in clinically identifying RBD suggests that wearable sleep monitors, which do not provide the same level of data as polysomnography, may not accurately diagnose sleep disorders without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Retrieved from: Danylenko Andriy, Professor, Doctor of Philosophy, Pace University, Dyson college of arts and sciences, Modern language and culture (41 Park Row, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10038, United States)adanylenko@pace. edu Danylenko, A. , Naienko, H. (2019). Linguistic russification in Russian Ukraine: languages, imperial models, and policies. Russian Linguistics, 43(1), 19–39. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-018-09207-12. Danylenko, A. (2018). The correlation of linguistic patterning and societal structures insystemic typology. Cracoviensis, 135(1), 81–96. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 007. 8167. 3. Danylenko, A. (2018), Complexity development and simplification in systemic typology: types of changes in the internal determinant. Cracoviensis, 135(2), 113–129. DOI: 10. 4467/20834624SL. 18. 010. 84694. Danylenko, A. (2017). A missing chain? Оn the sociolinguistics of the of Lithuania 1. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 41, 31–57. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2017. 002 Zoltán András, Professor, Doctor of Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary (H-1053 Budapest, Egyetem tér 1-3)zoltandr@gmail. com Zoltán, A. (2018). Ранний славяноболгарский вклад в венгерский язык. Hungaricae, 63, 171–180. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2018. 63. 1. 192. Zoltán, A. (2017). Mely szláv nyelvből jött zabrál szavunk? Magyar Nyelv, 113(2), 225–227. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of academic references and author information without any direct discussion or mention of how language relates to identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it does not provide relevant evidence or insight into the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: Environmental DNA (or eDNA) is DNA shed from animals and plants to the soil, air, sediment, or water environment where it can be sampled by filtration with pore sizes in the range of one micrometer or smaller. The captured eDNA can be assessed in various ways. Here, we wanted to assess species composition of pelagic metazoan communities, with an emphasis on fish species. To accomplish this, we used metabarcoding with the relatively slowly evolving gene 18S (V1–V2), which amplifies a range of eukaryote taxa, and the fish-specific MiFish assay based on a fragment of the faster evolving, species-specific 12S mitochondrial gene. We also wanted to estimate the abundances of two of the commercially most important pelagic species in the area, Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). For these quantitative analyses we used herring- and mackerel-specific primers in assays optimized for droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), a technology that permits estimates of the number of target gene copies in a sample. 1. (a) study location. The offshore wind farm operated by Equinor is located 25 km east of Peterhead off northern Scotland in an area dominated by tidal currents flowing north-south. Five stations were sampled in the wind farm, and five reference stations were chosen 10 km east of the wind farm to minimize the risk of sampling the same water. (b) Scotland offshore wind farm. Photo credit: Equinor. > High res figure The test was carried out in August 2021 at Equinor’s pilot installation Hywind Scotland, situated 25 km east of Peterhead in northeastern Scotland and operational since 2017 (Figure 1a). The wind farm consists of five floating 6 MW turbines installed at 95–120 m depth, spaced 800–1,600 m apart, and attached to the seafloor with three-point mooring systems (Figure 1b). We used a similar sized reference area with the same depth range located approximately 10 km east of the wind farm. Five stations in each of these areas were sampled at 10 m and 50 m depths. Each sample consisted of 3 × 1 liter of water. The samples were immediately filtered and preserved on board and kept dark and cool to reduce eDNA decay prior to sample analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes the use of environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling methods to assess species compositions without capturing or disturbing the species. This method, highlighted in the context of monitoring fish species, supports the idea that scientists can study animal populations without direct interference.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: Brain stem lesions were indicated to occur in hallucination [18]; however, in the present study, we did not find a relationship between RBD-s and hallucination or between hallucination and responsible lesions. DID was a dominant symptom of the RBD group, and the cause of the risk of DID was unknown. Although only a few patients with RBD-s had DID, prevention of the induction of DID in patients with RBD-s should be considered during the treatment of parkinsonism. ‘Sleep attack’ was a dominant symptom in the RBD group; it might be caused by sleep shortage associated with RBD-s or by the differences in levodopa doses or age. In our study, older patients (OR, 1. 143; 95% CI, 1. 034–1. 265) with RBD-s with PD (OR, 8. 532; 95% CI, 1. 674–43. 488) exhibited a relative risk for sleep attacks. If PD patients exhibited ‘sleep attacks’, we would consider the possibility of RBD-s and initiate clonazepam treatment. We investigated the relationship between RBD-s and drugs in patients with and without RBD-s after parkinsonism. In other words, we examined the possibility that RBD-s were caused by pharmacotherapy after the onset of PD. Levodopa, dopamine agonists (pergolide, cabergoline and pramipexole), amantadine, selegiline and trihexyphenidyl exhibited no significant differences between the 2 groups. This showed that the antiparkinsonism drugs did not cause RBD-s in PD patients after the onset of parkinsonism. However, differences in age and sex were observed between PD patients with and without RBD-s after parkinsonism. The theory of Braak et al. [19] on the pathological processes of PD has received considerable attention. This theory states that pathological lesions begin in the medulla and eventually ascend to more rostral structures. The pathophysiology of RBD is believed to involve the nucleus reticularis magnocellularis and peri-locus coeruleus in the pons [12, 20]. These regions correspond to the second-stage lesions of Braak et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex medical issues related to sleep and medical conditions such as Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder (RBD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It highlights that diagnosis and treatment involve consideration of various medical factors and potential pharmacotherapy, suggesting that wearable sleep monitors alone may not be sufficient for diagnosing sleep disorders without medical consultation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 2253. Zoltán, A. (2017). Szláv jövevényszavaink néhány időrendi és nyelvföldrajzi kérdése. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 1−9. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 1. 14. Zoltán, A. (2017). Az ómagyar szerencs ’útonálló’ nyoma a régi kárpátukránban. Magyar Nyelv. 113. 2017. P. 206−210. DOI: 10. 18349/MagyarNyelv. 2017. 2. 206 Lytvyn Mykola, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Center of the Study of Ukrainian-Polish Relations, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)ukrpol. centr@gmail. com Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). How and why do politicians use history? Review: Georgiy Kasianov. Past Continuous: historical politics of the 1980s – 2000s: Ukraine and its neighbors. Kyiv, Laurus, Antropos-Logos-Film. 430 s. Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 10, 196–199. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 10. 1591772. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). była osamotniona w dobie nowożytnej? Michał Klimecki, Zbigniew Karpus, Czas samotności. Ukraina i Ukraińcy w latach 1914–2018 Warszawa, Bellona, 2018, 336 s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to academic works and authors but does not directly address or relate to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It primarily includes bibliographic citations without any discussion on the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists use eDNA to monitor endangered species without needing to capture or disturb them. [SEP] Text: This was true for both the 10 m and 50 m sampled depths. The mackerel data indicated a higher abundance at 10 m than 50 m in both areas, with no difference between the areas. Both results were supported by the number of reads from the metabarcoding data (Figure 2). In our eukaryotic metabarcoding analysis, protists comprised the majority of sequence reads. As with the MiFish data, cluster analyses of the 18S data indicate no difference between the two areas, but there is a strong clustering of data based on depth. As this study represents a snapshot at a specific point in time, and plankton typically migrate vertically in the water column over a 24-hour period, a sampling campaign would ideally extend over at least one full migratory cycle. Our multi-pronged eDNA approach offers a powerful tool for identifying spatial and temporal structuring of pelagic communities. This will facilitate monitoring of change in hard-to-reach areas such as OWE installations where traditional methods are difficult to use. It may also increase the possibilities for identifying ecosystem changes at regional scales and over a broad range of taxons in a way that traditional sampling cannot do. Pairing metabarcoding for broad-scale community level assessment with ddPCR to obtain quantitative information regarding important target species is a powerful approach for characterizing the structures of pelagic communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the eDNA approach allows for the identification of pelagic communities in hard-to-reach areas and highlights the advantages of traditional sampling methods. Specifically, it mentions that the multi-pronged eDNA approach offers a powerful tool for monitoring changes in such areas, thus supporting the idea that scientists can monitor species without capturing or disturbing them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: , which are presymptomatic for PD, and many reports have described sleep symptoms appearing before parkinsonism [2, 11]. Moreover, Braak et al. reported the involvement of parasympathetic preganglionic projection neurons of the vagal nerve in sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord, and in postganglionic neurons of the coeliac ganglion [21]. In our study, constipation was more frequent in the RBD group than in the non-RBD group. Early clinical signs of RBD and constipation were important factors in the report by Braak et al. in that unmyelinated parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves might be vulnerable regions in the pathogenesis of PD. In this theory, lesions pathologically progress upwards; however, this pathological progression is not always clinically confirmed in all PD patients. 1. : Association of REM sleep behavior disorder and neurodegenerative disease may reflect an underlying synucleinopathy. 2001;16:622–630. 2. : body disease in a patient with REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 1995;45:709–712. 3. : Delayed emergence of a parkinsonian disorder in 38% of 29 older men initially diagnosed with idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder. Neurology 1996;46:388–393. 4. : REM sleep behavior disorder in sleep-disordered patients with versus without Parkinson’s disease: is there a need for polysomnography? J 2001;186:7–11. 5. Gagnon JF, Bédard : REM sleep behavior disorder and REM sleep without atonia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 2002;59:585–589. 6. : Criteria for diagnosing Parkinson’s disease. 1992;32:S125–S127. 7. ’--: Consortium on DLB. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB consortium. Neurology 2005;65:1863–1872. 8. -; DLB/PDD Working Group: DLB and PDD boundary issues: diagnosis, treatment, molecular pathology, and biomarkers. Neurology 2007;68:812–819. 9. Walters AS: Toward a better definition of the restless legs syndrome: the. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing complex sleep disorders like REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and their connection to neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. It highlights that early clinical signs and symptoms require medical attention for diagnosis, as seen in patients with RBD. This indicates that wearable sleep monitors alone cannot diagnose such disorders without medical assessment and intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Pamięc i Sprawiedliwość, 33, 547–553. Retrieved from: Литвин, М. , Хахула, Л. (2019). Рецензія на книгу Литвина Сергія “Симон Петлюра у боротьбі за самостійну державу”. of Culture and Arts Herald, 1, 442–444. DOI: 10. 32461/2226-3209. 1. 2019. 1671964. Lytvyn, M. , Khakhula, L. (2019). The ukrainian memory community in Poland (the second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI centuries). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 12, 178–191. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 12. 177553 Moser Michael, Dr. habil. Professor, Institute for of the University of Vienna, Austria (Universitätsring 1, Vienna, Austria 1010), (Universität), Germany (Barellistraße 9A, München, Germany 80638), Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Hungary (Szentkirályi utca, 28, Budapest, Hungary 1088)michael. moser@univie. ac. at Moser, M. (2017). Zur jüngsten Sprachensituation in der Ukraine (2012–2016). Hungaricae, 62/1, 171–196. DOI: 10. 1556/060. 2017. 62. 1. 142. Moser, M. (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it does not address the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it primarily lists references and details about academic articles without any discussion or commentary about language's significance in terms of identity or culture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: , 2021). Aquatic eDNA research is rapidly developing, and the published literature contains many approaches for sample collection and processing (Helbing & Hobbs, 2019). This rapid expansion of eDNA methods makes it challenging for researchers to understand sampling best practices and establish new eDNA workflows of their own. Meta-analysis efforts have aimed to identify common practices and identify standard operating procedures for intermediate sample preservation, ideal filter matrices, and DNA isolation prior to genetic analysis (Miya et al. , 2016). A common set of collection, process, and analysis approaches has recently been proposed to establish standards of practice that can be adopted by the larger research community, with the aim of enabling comparative research across the expanding field of molecular ecology (Sepulveda et al. , 2020; Minamoto et al. , 2020). Filtration-based methods are the most commonly used method for eDNA collection and concentration from water samples (Tsuji et al. , 2019). However, considerable variation remains in collection approaches due to the wide range of eDNA applications, differences in individual project logistics, and the availability or accessibility of filtration equipment (Nagler et al. , 2022). This variation has led to the method and time to filtration often being incompletely described or omitted in the literature. Common manual approaches for sample filtration involve forcing water through a filter using a large-volume (50–60 mL) syringe (Mächler et al. , 2016; Sigsgaard et al. , 2017; Minamoto et al. , 2020) or the combination of a hand-pump and vacuum flask (Baldigo et al. , 2017; Kamoroff & Goldberg, 2018). This process requires significant manual force, and as a result, is generally limited to less than 0. 5L collection volume. Alternatively, filtration is performed using a laboratory-grade vacuum or peristaltic pump (Walsh, Zaikova & Hallam, 2009; Miya et al. , 2016; Djurhuus et al. , 2017), which typically requires researchers in the field to transport collected water samples to a secondary location suitable for filtering. Field-ready integrated systems are relatively new to the market, and have shown promise for collection, preservation, extraction, and targeted aquatic invasive species detection (Thomas et al. , 2018; Thomas et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the current practices in eDNA research, highlighting that filtration-based methods are predominantly used for eDNA collection from water samples. It mentions the challenges researchers face in understanding sampling best practices, suggesting that while laboratory methods are common, there is also mention of emerging field-ready integrated systems which indicates improvement in field-based testing equipment. This dual focus corroborates the claim regarding the reliance on laboratory tests while also recognizing advancements in field capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: J > (1); 2020 > 36. Published online: April 17, 2020 DOI: 렘수면행동장애 진단을 위한 렘수면무긴장소실의 정량적 분석: 후향적 환자-대조군 연구 김지영1, 2, 이가현1, 성상민1, 김태웅2, 정대수1 1부산대학교 의과대학 신경과학교실 2부산대학교병원 수면장애센터 Quantification of without Atonia to : A Retrospective and Case-Jiyoung Kim1, 2, Gha-Hyun Lee1, Sung1, Taewoong Kim2, Jung1 1Department of Neurology, of Medicine, Busan, Korea 2for correspondence of Neurology, of Medicine, 179 Gudeok-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49241, Korea Tel: +82-51-240-7311 Fax: +82-51-254-7317 E-mail: jungds@pusan. ac. kr 13, 2019 11, 2020 24, 2020Copyright © 2020 This is an 4. 0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep without atonia (RSWA) fulfils one of the criteria for diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) according to the of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition. However, RSWA quantification is an unresolved issue, which is associated with the future direction of revising the diagnostic criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that quantifying RSWA (Rapid Eye Movement sleep without atonia) is crucial for diagnosing certain sleep disorders like REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), and indicates that such quantification is unresolved. This implies that proper medical evaluation and intervention are necessary, as wearable monitors alone may not provide sufficient information for accurate diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Il ruolo di Ševčenko nella codificazione della lingua letteraria ucraina moderna. Studi Slavistici, 13, 265–278. DOI: 10. 13128/Studi-Slavis-179813. Moser, M. (2014). Behavior of during the Interwar Period. Russian Linguistics, 38, 315–339. DOI: 10. 1007/s11185-014-9136-z Oleh Muravskyi, PhD in. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine) oleg-muravskiy@ukr. net Murawśkyj, O. , Solіar, I. (2019). Procesy społeczno-polityczne w Ukraińskiej SRR: osobliwości, tendencje, skutki (przełom lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych XX w. ). Pamięc i Sprawiedliwośc, 33, 252–270. Retrieved from: Соляр, І. , Красівський, О. , Муравський, О. (2019). Діяльність Західно-Українського товариства Ліги Націй у 1922–1924 рр. Сторінки історії, 49, 75–84. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189557 Nadraga Marta, PhD in History,Senior Researcher, Director of (69 Pekarska St. , Lviv, 79010, Ukraine)m. nadraga@gmail. com Надрага, М. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists a series of academic references without discussing the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage, thus it does not support or oppose the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: The resulting design incorporates three key features that address several gaps in the existing aquatic eDNA literature: It is rugged, lightweight (∼5 lb or 2. 2 kg—equivalent to ∼2 liters of water), and uses a rechargeable battery with capacity for at least 30L of water per battery charge. In addition, the secured and small footprint case allows for packed transport in a backpack or checked luggage during airline travel. The design utilizes a Sterivex™ filtration cartridge () under negative pressure, eliminating potential for contamination from fouled tubing or other processing equipment. However, no modifications to the core device are necessary to use other filter types. Compatibility with other filtration systems can be attained simply by choosing the tubing and couplers needed for connection. A minimal and robust design that can be quickly modified, repaired, and improved with ease-of-operation makes this device interchangeable whether sampling in the field or laboratory. The system described was tested for flow rates, portability, as well and total and targeted eDNA recovery using Sterivex™ in several common eDNA sampling efforts, including controlled laboratory experiments, local transport and land-based collection, and field-based collection on a research vessel. Through use of a portable, easy to assemble eDNA filtration system, we aim to reduce the dependency on expensive, non-portable systems that require transportation of large water volumes. Materials and eDNA collection system operates as a negative pressure filtration device in which tubing attaches to the male port of a Sterivex™ or other filtration cartridge (Fig. 1 and Supporting Information). As described, the interior tubing size produces a pressure-fit connection with a Sterivex™ filter cartridge. Adaptations to the tubing and connectors could be adapted for use with other filter types, such as syringe filters or reusable Swinnex disc-filter holders, using alternative tubing sizes, types, or adapters. Designs referenced in this manuscript are licensed under v2—Permissive (CERN-OHL-P v2). Figure 1: Assembled pump and illustrative operation. The entire eDNA filtration setup (A) is housed in a pelican case, which contains the pump, lead–acid battery, and a trickle charger modified to connect to the battery terminals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in portable eDNA filtration systems that can be used both in the field and the laboratory. It highlights the design's compatibility with various filtration systems and emphasizes the reduction in dependency on traditional laboratory systems due to the development of lightweight, rugged, and portable equipment. This indicates that field-based testing equipment is indeed improving, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quantification of RSWA in patients with RBD and identify an optimal cut-off value of quantitative RSWA for RBD diagnosis. records and polysomnographic results were analyzed retrospectively to diagnose sleep disorders from June 2017 to May 2018 at University Hospital. Nineteen subjects with idiopathic RBD were included in the present study. Propensity score matching was used to control age, gender, and anti-depressant factors, which influenced RSWA. RSWA was scored according to the of scoring manual. Cohen’s kappa coefficient was measured to test inter-rater reliability between two polysomnography raters. Results Cohen’s kappa coefficients were 0. 755 (p<0. 001) and 0. 689 (p<0. 001) for tonic and phasic activities, respectively. RSWA was significantly increased in subjects with RBD compared with controls [median and interquartile range: 16. 5 (8. 8–24. 6) vs. 6. 3 (4. 1–7. 2) p=0. 001]. The optimal cut-off value was 8. 0% for the proportion of RSWA (sensitivity 78. 5%, specificity 85. 7%, area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve 0. 837). with RBD had significantly increased RSWA compared to controls. The proportion of RSWA during REM sleep can be applied to discriminate subjects with RBD from controls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that focuses on a specific diagnostic process for a sleep disorder (RBD) using polysomnographic results and other clinical measures, which implies that medical intervention and professional analysis are necessary for accurate diagnosis rather than relying solely on wearable monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: , Турчак, О. (2019). Українська офтальмологія в іменах: др. Михайло Кос (1863–1930). Офтальмологічний журнал, 4, 82–85. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh2019482852. Надрага, М. , Луцик, О. (2019). Владислав Шимонович – організатор і перший керівник кафедри гістології та ембріології Львівського університету. Світ Медицини та Біології, 4(70), 213–217. DOI: 10. 26724/2079-8334-2019-4-70-213-2173. Надрага, М. , Турчак, О. (2018). Професор Емануель Емерик Махек (1852–1930): нариси біографії та наукового доробку. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists of references to various academic articles and does not discuss or provide information relevant to the claim regarding language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: Samples from displayed lower copy number for MarVer1 and MarVer3 when compared to aquaria-collected samples, with all samples exhibiting fewer than 1,000 copies per reaction. MarVer1 displayed average copy number of 504 (±115 S. E. ), while MarVer3 had an average copy number of 590 (±138 S. E. ). The discrepancies in copy numbers between aquarium samples and field samples, despite high overall DNA yield, are potentially due to salt-based PCR inhibition and concentrations of marine vertebrate eDNA in the respective aquarium and natural environment sampling sources, and are unlikely due to mechanical collection differences between sites. Figure 3: eDNA collection in field-based environments. Examples of eDNA sample collection at the bottlenose dolphin habitat in Baltimore, Maryland (A: photo credit Maddison Harman) and subsequent quantitation of eDNA using mitochondrial 12s MarVer1 and 16s MarVer3 primer sets to assess eDNA copy number (B). In open-ocean settings, collections performed while underway in a small boat between sampling locations in Monterey Bay, California (C: photo credit Hayley DeHart) and assessment of marine vertebrate (12s and 16s mtDNA) eDNA copy number in field-collected samples. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-3 have demonstrated a field-ready, rugged, and affordable aquatic eDNA collection system that produces high-quality eDNA samples suitable for qPCR-based detection and next-generation sequencing. Results indicate high eDNA yields from laboratory-based experiments, controlled aquarium systems, and field samples. The system can be easily assembled with minimal effort, training, and equipment, and can also be easily modified and repaired using parts available at hardware stores. For the reasons listed above, our group has increasingly used this system in remote-field environments to enable in-place eDNA collections. There is conflicting evidence in the rate of eDNA degradation after it is shed from its host in the literature, including suggestions that eDNA degrades exponentially with time (Thomsen et al. , 2012; Yamanaka et al. , 2016), and that the time and method of storage prior to filtration affect sample detection (Takahara, Minamoto & Doi, 2015; Yamanaka et al. , 2016; Hinlo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the authors' group has increasingly used a field-ready eDNA collection system capable of producing high-quality eDNA samples suitable for analysis in remote-field environments. This suggests that while traditional laboratory methods remain prevalent, improvements in field-based eDNA testing methods are being made and implemented, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: Keywords: REM sleep behavior disorder, Polysomnography, Parasomnia 서 론 렘수면행동장애[rapid eye movement(REM) sleep behavior disorder]는 사건수면 중 하나로 렘수면(REM sleep) 시기에 근육의 무긴장(atonia)이 소실되고, 비정상적인 행동 및 움직임을 보이는 질환이다[1]. 렘수면행동장애 증상은 1965년 다리뇌 덮개(pontine tegmentum) 부위에 병변이 있는 고양이에서 먼저 보고되었으며[2], 사람에서는 1986년 처음으로 보고되었다[3]. 일반 인구 집단을 대상으로 한 연구에서 유병률은 0. 38~0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses REM sleep behavior disorder and references polysomnography, which implies that a medical procedure is typically necessary to diagnose such a disorder. Thus, it contrasts with the claim by suggesting that wearable sleep monitors alone cannot provide a full diagnosis without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Офтальмологічний журнал, 2, 70–72. DOI: 10. 31288/oftalmolzh/2018/2/7072 Taras Pastukh, Doctor of Philological Science, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Ukrainian Literature, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)tarpastukh@gmail. com Пастух, Т. Київська школа поетів та її оточення (модерні стильові течії української поезії 1960–90-х років): монографія. Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2010. 700 с. 2. Пастух, Т. Поетичне мислення Івана Франка (за збіркою “Semper tiro”). Львів: ЛНУ імені Івана Франка, 2003. 82 c. 3. Пастух, Т. Мости Олега Лишеги. Львів: Піраміда, 2019. 192 с. Krystyna, Dr. habil. Professor, of Slavic Studies, of Sciences (ul. Bartoszewicza 1b m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it primarily comprises bibliographic references and information about authors, which does not provide any relevant commentary or evidence to support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: , 2017; Curtis, Larson & Davis, 2020). Curtis, Larson & Davis (2020) described a significant decrease in observed operational taxonomic units (OTU) diversity from samples that had been stored for as little as one-hour post-collection, and Takahashi et al. (2023) observe an increase in field studies with on-site filtration in an attempt to preserve intact DNA. While our laboratory experiment Ct value increases are suggestive of degradation in samples that occurs between collection and filtration, discrepancies in nuclear versus mitochondrial markers could alternatively be attributed to differential decay rates between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, or PCR efficiencies between the two primer sets. Additionally, our degradation experiment was limited to a single-species assay with few replicates across time points, and further experimentation would be needed to effectively assess degradation in water sources across time compared to on-filter degradation. However, our preliminary results, along with many others that have aimed to identify eDNA degradation rates (Spens et al. , 2017; Friebertshauser et al. , 2019), support the importance of immediate filtration and chemical preservation of samples collected in the field. While laboratory-grade pumps may provide faster flow rates and increased collection volumes, we have observed that use of broadly available Sterivex™ or disc filters in the field increases the overall number of sample collection opportunities. With the myriad of water conditions and compositions being sampled by aquatic eDNA researchers, it is important to note that no eDNA collection method offers a solution to filter clogging due to organic matter, and high organic content samples would potentially benefit from pre-filtering samples to reduce clogging and facilitate larger sampling volumes. Field-based sampling efforts showed effective collection of eukaryotic mitochondria using the pump and 0. 45 µM filters, evidenced by successful qPCR of mitochondrial markers in aquarium and field samples. Higher copy numbers of MarVer1 and MarVer3 were found in aquarium samples as opposed to field samples from Monterey, which is expected as the concentration of marine mammals in the captive aquarium environment are far higher than field samples. Furthermore, the process of sampling and filtering on-site reduced the need to transport water samples back to a laboratory location for filtering, reducing risk of sample contamination or degradation during transport. The ability to easily transport eDNA filtration capabilities rather than transport heavy water samples greatly reduces the logistical burden for aquatic eDNA collections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing improvements in field-based testing methods for environmental DNA (eDNA) collection, such as using on-site filtration to preserve intact DNA. It highlights the reduction in logistical burden by allowing for immediate filtration to minimize contamination or degradation during transport, indicating a shift toward more effective field-based sampling practices. This supports the notion that while laboratory testing is still prevalent, advancements in field testing are enhancing the eDNA sampling process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 최근 보고된 메타분석에서는 렘수면행동장애 환자를 평균 4. 75년간 추적을 한 경우 31. 95%에서 파킨슨병, 다기관위축증, 루이소체치매, 경도인지장애를 포함한 신경퇴행성 질환을 보였고, 장기간 추적의 경우 90% 이상에서 신경퇴행성 질환을 보 일 것으로 평가하였다[9]. 국제수면질환분류 3판(of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition)은 렘수면행동장애 진단 기준 중 하나로 수면다원검사 시 렘수면무긴장소실을 제시하고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific sleep disorders, such as REM sleep behavior disorder, and emphasizes the necessity of diagnostic tests like polysomnography, which indicates that these disorders cannot be fully diagnosed by wearable monitors alone without medical evaluation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 17, 00-337 Warszawa, Poland)dorota. rembiszewska@ispan. waw. pl Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2017). Materiały polskie do Niemieckiego atlasu językowego jako źródło do badań XIX-wiecznej polszczyzny regionalnej. Jezikoslovni zapiski, 23, 183–192. DOI: 10. 3986/JZ. 23. 1. 68712. Rembiszewska, D. , K. (2014). Projekt i realizacja bazy danych do Atlasu gwar wschodniosłowiańskich Białostocczyzny. Studia z i Słowiańskiej, 49, 130–138. DOI: 10. 11649/sfps. 2014. 0133. Rembiszewska, D. K. (2014). XIX-wieczne badania ludoznawcze na obszarze Łotwy w świetle korespondencji do Jana Karłowicza. Acta Baltico-Slavica, 38, 98–107. DOI: 10. 11649/abs. 2014. 010 Romaniuk Mykhaylo, PhD in History Head of the Department of the of modern history, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)rmv. lviv@gmail. com Бегей, І. І. , Харук, А. І. , Романюк, М. В. (2019). Українсько-російські взаємини у працях Юліяна Бачинського. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides bibliographic references and descriptions of various research contributions related to language studies but does not explain or support the claim that language serves as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.