Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that even if a reversal drive were to reach all members of the population, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Immunization RNA-guided gene drives could be used to block the spread of other gene drives. For example, an ‘immunizing’ drive could prevent a specific unwanted drive from being copied by recoding sequences targeted by the unwanted drive (Figure 5A). This could be done preemptively or reactively and would spread on a timescale comparable to that of the unwanted drive. A combined ‘immunizing reversal’ drive might spread through both wild-type individuals and those affected by an earlier gene drive, converting both types to a recoded version that could not be invaded by the unwanted drive (Figure 5B). This may represent the fastest method of neutralizing an already-released drive. As with a standard reversal drive, any ecological changes caused in the interim would not necessarily be reversed. Precisely targeting subpopulations RNA-guided gene drives might be confined to a single genetically distinct target species or even a subpopulation by targeting unique genes or sequence polymorphisms. Because these ‘precision drives’ will only cut the unique sequence, they will not be able to spread through non-target populations as long as that sequence is sufficiently distinct. We estimate that either the PAM or at least five base pairs of the spacer must differ within each target site in order to prevent the guide RNAs in the drive from evolving to recognize the equivalent non-target sequence (Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Mali et al. , 2013a; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). Populations that are not genetically distinct but experience only intermittent gene flow, such as those on islands, might be given a unique sequence permitting them to be specifically targeted by precision drives later on. For example, releasing into the island population would recode a target gene, but exhibit no other effect (Figure 5A). B, a precision drive which would exclusively spread through but not the wild-type allele, would similarly replace with a unique sequence. So long as does not escape the island before being replaced, the unique sequence in the island population would allow it to be targeted with future precision drives that could not spread through mainland populations (Figure 5C). Limiting population suppression Population suppression may be one of the most powerful applications of gene drives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential limitations and ecological concerns related to gene drives. It highlights that even if a reversal drive is implemented and reaches a population, ecological changes caused by the drive may not be reversible. Furthermore, while gene drives aim to spread a specific genetic modification, the text emphasizes that precision targeting may hinder the spread if the target populations are not genetically distinct. Thus, it raises questions about the effectiveness of gene drives in achieving the claim's objective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The attempt here made is to appeal to an interest of another kind, by exhibiting blindness as it really is. (ixl) 9 On the subject see the recent study by Mariaconcetta Costantini, Sensation and Professionalism in t (. . . ) 21Together with a remarkably “professional” use of the existing information for his fictional project9—4. André Gide’s Pastorale (1919) 24Dickens’s Christmas story was translated into French by Amédée Pichot as du foyer, and included in his de Noël in 1847. To this reception story we also owe the second life of The Cricket, which inhabits the plot of André Gide’s Pastorale (1919). In this story, with full reference to and to Dickens, a blind orphan girl is adopted by a pastor, moved by Christian charity. We read in his journal the recollection of the day he took home a poor blind orphan, Gertrude. The landscape—the Jura region, in Switzerland—is all shrouded in deep snow, often in darkness: objective correlative to the condition of the girl, walled up (“emmurée”) in her blindness, apparently idiot, inarticulate but for a few grunts. Feeling she was entrusted to his religious care, he took her home—despite the fact that his wife was not happy with the charitable mission. Amélie correctly perceives to which extent the pastor is falling desperately in love with Gertrude. Mistaking his love for a moral duty, he is quite self-deceived. Again we have a story in which physical blindness is paired, as in Dickens, by an equal amount of moral blindness. 11 « Au reste, cette méthode, ajouta-t-il après me l’avoir minutieusement exposée, n’a rien de bien so (. . . ) 25One day a friend of the pastor, Dr Martin, tells him about the case of (sic) and Dr Howe’s method to educate the girl and wake her up into communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses themes of blindness and moral blindness in a literary context, with references to characters and stories, but does not provide any information regarding owls or their vision capabilities. There is no mention or hint about owls or any magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: The 2F OK iPS cell-derived nodule (b) showed the same size and intensity of Alcian blue staining as the ES1 cell-derived one (c). Representative pictures are shown. Scale bars = 200 µm. Fig. 3View largeDownload slideFormation of Alcian blue-positive cartilage nodules. The number of Alcian blue-stained nodules increased during early differentiation of both iPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS), and D3 ES cells (ES1) (a). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Alcian blue staining demonstrating differentiation of chondrogenic cells in the outgrowths of EBs at 5 + 42 days (b, c). The 2F OK iPS cell-derived nodule (b) showed the same size and intensity of Alcian blue staining as the ES1 cell-derived one (c). Representative pictures are shown. Scale bars = 200 µm. Close modal The formation of Alcian blue-stained nodules in the outgrowths of EBs was accompanied by expression of the cartilage marker molecule collagen type II. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression level of collagen type II increased continually in 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs up to 14 days after plating (5 + 14 days) and up to 7 days after plating (5 + 7 days) in ES1 cell-derived EBs (fig. 4a). During further differentiation, 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs expressed somewhat higher levels of collagen type II compared to ES1 cell-derived EBs. Fig. 4View largeDownload slideExpression of collagen type II during differentiation of iPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS), and D3 ES cells (ES1). Collagen type II was expressed with a somewhat higher level in the case of 2F OK iPS cells (a). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Significant differences (in comparison to ES1): * p ≤ 0. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells and the formation of cartilage nodules, which indicates the potential for stem cells to regenerate damaged tissues. The mention of Alcian blue staining and the expression of collagen type II underscores the regenerative capabilities of these stem cells in forming tissue-like structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various alternative gene drive strategies that suggest limitations on the spread of genetic modifications. The mention of genetic load, sex-biasing drives, and methods for controlling population suppression indicates that not all gene drive approaches ensure a specific trait is universally passed on, which contradicts the assertion of gene drives guaranteeing transmission to nearly all offspring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 11 After Bridgman’s case, Dickens’s Grillon du foyer is evoked and given to the pastor: a striking story because of the load of pathos created by the art of Dickens. The Cricket, and Bertha’s deception, are mentioned by Gide as an explicit reference to physical blindness, and with implicit irony aimed at the pastor’s self-deception. Gide inserts the Dickensian plot in his story to emphasize the behaviour of the pastor. Not only does he deceive Gertrude, with frequent quotes from the Bible about Christian love, he is also visibly blind to his own love for her. Puis il me parla d’un conte de Dickens, qu’il croit avoir été directement inspiré par l’exemple de et qu’il promit de m’envoyer aussitôt. Et quatre jours après je reçus en effet du Foyer, que je lus avec un vif plaisir. C’est l’histoire un peu longue, mais pathétique par instants, d’une jeune aveugle que son père, pauvre fabricant de jouets, entretient dans l’illusion du confort, de la richesse et du bonheur mensonge que l’art de Dickens s’évertue à faire passer pour pieux, mais dont, Dieu merci je n’aurai pas à user avec Gertrude. (38) 26In Gide’s story an emotional inscape is also built up because of blindness; and with the help of music, as the pastor takes Gertrude to Neuchâtel to listen to Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony. Gradually, thanks to Dr Howe’s method, Gertrude blooms into curiosity, knowledge, beauty. She learns to play the organ in the small chapel, and the pastor spies on her and his son Jacques side by side: their hands touch and Jacques kisses her hand. Thus unconfessed love and jealousy coexist, but unheeded as far as unseen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls and their abilities in darkness. It discusses themes from Dickens's works and the emotional narrative surrounding blindness and deception, without any mention of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Collagen type II-positive nodules in the outgrowths of 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs at 5 + 35 days (b) showed the same size and fluorescence intensity as those from ES1 cell-derived EBs (c). Confocal microscopy of a nodule derived from 2F OK iPS cells at 5 + 28 days (d, e). Confocal sections of 1. 45 µm, immunostained for collagen type II and DAPI, demonstrate its highly organized three-dimensional structure. Representative pictures are shown. Scale bars = 100 µm. Fig. 4View largeDownload slideExpression of collagen type II during differentiation of iPS cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS), and D3 ES cells (ES1). Collagen type II was expressed with a somewhat higher level in the case of 2F OK iPS cells (a). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Significant differences (in comparison to ES1): * p ≤ 0. 05. Collagen type II-positive nodules in the outgrowths of 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs at 5 + 35 days (b) showed the same size and fluorescence intensity as those from ES1 cell-derived EBs (c). Confocal microscopy of a nodule derived from 2F OK iPS cells at 5 + 28 days (d, e). Confocal sections of 1. 45 µm, immunostained for collagen type II and DAPI, demonstrate its highly organized three-dimensional structure. Representative pictures are shown. Scale bars = 100 µm. Close modal Expression of collagen type II was further demonstrated by immunostaining (fig. 4b, c). Again, concerning nodule size, morphology, and fluorescence intensity no differences could be observed between 2F OK iPS and ES1 cell-derived collagen type II-positive nodules. Confocal microscopy demonstrated the highly organized three-dimensional structure of a 2F OK iPS cell-derived cartilage nodule consisting of round-shaped cells surrounded by extracellular matrix (fig. 4d, e). These findings are in accordance with the results of confocal microscopy of ES cell-derived nodules of line D3 [Kramer et al. , 2005b]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the differentiation and organization of iPS cells into collagen type II-positive nodules. It describes how these nodules exhibit a highly organized three-dimensional structure, which is critical for the regeneration of tissues, specifically cartilage. The mention of significant findings regarding the morphology and structural characteristics of these nodules supports the broader assertion of stem cell research's potential to regenerate damaged tissues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: This was tested in experiment, and performed as a mathematic model, but I don't see a clear connection made in the text between the model and data demonstrating the effect. I similarly didn't see a clear connection between the competing DNA model and an experiment demonstrating the fit or lack of fit to the model. For the conclusions about likely therapeutic strategies, at least some in vitro data should be clearly fit to the model. Natural interest in MDR aside, this research has broader importance and the discussion should reflect that. How does this tie into the local taxonomic and genomic heterogeneity of natural populations? Soil, healthy microbiome, unhealthy microbiome? What sort of genes are likely to be exchanged (siderophore uptake, AT pairs, adhesins, phage resistance)? Clearly DNA transfer isn't restricted to a single species; yet homology was demonstrated as accelerating the integration of material into the genome. Some commentary on this is appropriate. In conclusion, the writing is generally good and the methods, particularly the microfluidics, are clever and elegant. The data presentation avoids many potential pitfalls and supports most of the Discussion. There are a couple points that could be strengthened, particularly the connection between the DNAse experiments and the model; and the Discussion should take a more global microbiology perspective. Author response Essential revisions: 1) All reviewers were concerned that the authors were overselling the clinical relevance of the work (given that A. baylyi is not a clinically important organism) and agreed that comments about the microbiome +biofilm aspects of the work were also overblown. At the very least these need to be toned down and some important caveats added, as the work concerns a microbiome only in a very minimal sense. Thank you for raising these points – it is clear that we need to better justify the model system studied here and be more careful with terminology. There appear to be three main issues here: i) Extrapolation from A. baylyi as a model to implications for A. baumannii, ii) Use of the word “microbiome”, iii) Use of the word “biofilm”. The common thread among these concerns seems to stem from our extrapolation from simplified, bottom-up, model systems to more complex real-world scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by expressing skepticism about the connection between mathematical models related to gene drives and the experimental data that demonstrates their effects. It discusses the lack of clear data showing that specific traits, as indicated by gene drives, can be successfully and widely passed on within a population. The author raises concerns regarding the relevance and implications of the studied organisms, suggesting that the conclusions drawn may oversell the potential impact of gene drives by questioning the applicability to clinically relevant situations and highlighting the need for more robust experimental support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: confesses his love for Gertrude to his father, the old man’s jealousy finds subtle ways of discouraging the idyll and sending the son away from home. 27In March, the pastor takes Gertrude for a walk, and as an answer to her question about the beauty of landscape, he quotes Matthew 6. 28, “Consider the lilies in the field,” and describes a glowing landscape, to which the blind girl adds: “not even Solomon in all his splendour” (Matt. 6. 29)—wondering, through the verbal filter of the Bible, at a beauty which is part of an allegory, constructed within an immaterial space endowed with all the teleological splendours of religion. Gertrude fancies a landscape which only exists in the pages of the Gospel, with white lilies and silver streams, a promised land. But after the surgery Gertrude regains her sight and sees that she has been painfully deceived. Her new awareness brings her to suicide. 5. Visible blindness: the cinema 28In his study about Dickens and the dream of cinema, Smith argues that Dickens was “manipulating the faintly negative aspects of the [magic lantern] device as a shadowy reflection of reality, by associating it with insobriety, deception, the fanciful play of the imagination at dusk” (108). The reference applies to the dark aspects described in and to the deceptions staged by The Cricket: the cinema appropriates such potential with its techniques and spreads into mass-visual culture the creative freedom and strong spectacular appeal offered by Dickens’s dramatic plots. 12 Vescovi argues that the relationship between the Italian movie La stazione and “The Signalman” can (. . . ) 29Griffith directs on the Hearth in 1909. Again, the story spawns a 1914 film directed by Marston and a 1923 silent, directed by Johnston. After a (Sverchock na Pechi, 1915), in Grillon du foyer is directed in 1922 by Manoussi (Glavin 2003 208). Sergei Eisensteins’s famous comment (qtd. in Glancy xvi), that the art of Dickens and Griffith exploits the close-up technique as an expressive means of indicating the character’s subjectivity, suggests that close-ups work most effectively in a context characterized by blindness and deception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls and their ability to see in darkness. It discusses a narrative about love, deception, and cinema related to Dickens, without mentioning owls or their vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Enhanced by of the TGF-β Family during Differentiation of 2F OK iPS of 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs with 10 ng/ml BMP-2 during the suspension phase (2–5 days) resulted in a slight increase in Alcian blue-stained nodules (fig. 5a). The enhancing effect was first discovered 2 weeks after plating (5 + 14 days) and was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR analysis (fig. 5b). Throughout differentiation, BMP-2-treated 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs showed remarkably higher collagen type II expression compared to untreated EBs, especially during early EB cultivation from 5 + 11 to 5 + 18 days. At 5 + 14 days, BMP-2-treated 2F OK iPS cell-derived EBs expressed about 2. 6-fold higher levels of collagen type II than the control EBs. Fig. 5View largeDownload slideGrowth factors of the TGF-β family induce chondrogenesis in cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS). Application of BMP-2 (10 ng/ml) during suspension (2–5 days) resulted in a slight increase in the number of Alcian blue-stained nodules (a). Application of BMP-2 (10 ng/ml) in combination/with TGF-β1 (2 ng/ml) led to an even stronger enhancement (a). BMP-2-application resulted in an upregulation of collagen type II expression, in particular during early differentiation, whereas simultaneous treatment with both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 showed no effect on gene expression (b). Mean values ± SEM from independent experiments (n = 3) are shown. Significant differences (in comparison to the untreated control): * p ≤ 0. 05; ** p ≤ 0. 01. Fig. 5View largeDownload slideGrowth factors of the TGF-β family induce chondrogenesis in cells of line 2F OK, clone F-4 (2F OK iPS). Application of BMP-2 (10 ng/ml) during suspension (2–5 days) resulted in a slight increase in the number of Alcian blue-stained nodules (a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how the application of BMP-2 and TGF-β growth factors enhance chondrogenesis in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, particularly highlighting the upregulation of collagen type II expression during differentiation. This suggests the potential of stem cell research in regenerating damaged tissues—specifically, cartilage—thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: The background fluorescence of the green cells at the start of the video (presumably these are E. coli, since they subsequently lyse and Acinetobacter should not be green yet) is about as high as the 'positive' green at the end of the video in Acinetobacter, so the lacI repression doesn't seem very strong. The authors say that at the end the bacteria are red and green, but in the videos I couldn't see any red + green bacteria – the red all looks bleached so the bacteria are only green. How do we know that these are E. coli? Would it be possible to trace the lineage back through the movie (only for a few, as an example) to show that these green Acinetobacter micro colonies really started as red cells, and better still that they were physically located close to an E. coli cell that subsequently lysed? We agree it is unfortunate both that the GFP expression in E. coli is poorly repressed early in the videos, and that the mCherry expression in Acinetobacter becomes bleached later in the movies. We believe both of these phenomena are due to nutrient restriction, which is caused by Acinetobacter sticking to and clogging the channels meant to supply nutrients. Indeed, the stickiness of Acinetobacter makes microfluidic experiments much more challenging than with only lab E. coli strains, and obtaining these videos took many attempts. (Causes of failure, in addition to the usual challenges of microfluidics, included failure to load sufficient numbers of each species in the same trap – Acinetobacter adheres to the glass and PDMS within the traps, while E. coli does not, washout of less-sticky E. coli when the flow rate was raised to reduce clogging by more-sticky Acinetobacter, and insufficient time before clogging. ) We have added additional discussion of cell fluorescence in Supplemental note 1. 3) Section 4. 1 ninth paragraph, they mention adding DNAse to block HGT – where is this data? I couldn't find it. This is a good control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experimental observations and technical challenges related to observing fluorescence in E. coli and Acinetobacter but does not address gene drives or their mechanism of inheritance. It focuses on specific experimental results and questions about lineage tracking rather than supporting or contrasting the claim about genetic modifications and their spread in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: The spectator, even more than the reader, is placed at an angle of vision which excludes most of the surrounding space, from where he could survey, and take part in, the dramatic irony of the story. This is indeed a landscape made of fears, fancies and opinions. There is a mystery inherent in these transitions from blindness into sight, heightened by montage (Bordwell), whose dramatic quality and irony would not be lost on Charlie Chaplin. The movie (1931) places the famous comic marionette—the Tramp— in the urban jungle of the city, side by side with a blind girl, a timid flower seller, who is deceived into believing he is a millionaire. 12 Chaplin recalls in his autobiography: In the Keystone days the tramp had been freer and less confined to plot. […] The solution came when I thought of the tramp as a sort of Pierrot. With this conception, I was freer to express and embellish the comedy with touches of sentiment. But logically it was difficult to get a beautiful girl interested in a tramp. This has always been a problem in my films. […] The girl in is blind. In this relationship he is romantic and wonderful to her until her sight is restored. (224) 30Here we find again the Dickensian theme of a blind girl deceived by those who can see, rather than by her sight impairment. (1931)(jpeg, 21k) Image in the public domain 13 Adapted to the screen by Jean Aurenche. The film score was by Georges Auric. At the 1946 (. . . ) 31When the blind girl retrieves her eyesight she has to come to terms with the tramp, with his poverty and his generosity. A few scenes reveal that the final recognition, impossible in visual terms, is achieved owing to the sheer touch of a hand, and the memory of the first touch. Pathos melts into comedy and the happy ending. Another movie based on Gide’s novella is Pastorale—a 1946 French film drama directed by and starring Michèle Morgan and Pierre Blanchar. 13 This is the last—not least—example in a long lineage of young female protagonists, whose blindness, narrated as a vivid landscape of emotions, paves the way for the strong visual potential Dickens had already detected, both during his visit to the States and with his treatment of the theme in on the Heart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls' abilities. It focuses on a cinematic narrative involving characters in a film, discussing themes of blindness and recognition rather than any attributes of owls or their vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: 6. Hegert, C. , J. Kramer, G. Hargus, J. Müller, K. Guan, A. M. Wobus, P. K. Müller, J. Rohwedel (2002) Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. J 115: 4617–4628. 7. Hu, B. Y. , J. P. Weick, J. (2010) Neural differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells follows developmental principles but with variable potency. 107: 4335–4340. 8. Kaichi, S. , K. Hasegawa, T. Takaya, N. Yokoo, T. Mima, T. Kawamura, T. Morimoto, K. Ono, S. Baba, H. Doi, S. Yamanaka, T. Nakahata, T. Heike (2010) Cell line-dependent differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes in mice. 88: 314–323. 9. Kang, L. , J. Wang, Y. Zhang, Z. Kou, S. Gao (2009) iPS cells can support full-term development of tetraploid blastocyst-complemented embryos. Cell 5: 135–138. 10. Kim, K. , A. Doi, B. Wen, K. Ng, R. Zhao, P. Cahan, J. Kim, M. J. Aryee, H. Ji, L. I. Ehrlich, A. Yabuuchi, A. Takeuchi, K. C. Cunniff, H. Hongguang, S. McKinney-Freeman, O. . Jung, J. Seita, J. Hanna, P. Murakami, R. Jaenisch, R. (2010b) Epigenetic memory in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 467: 285–290. 11. Kim, E. Y. , K. (2010a) Differences between cellular and molecular profiles of induced pluripotent stem cells generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts. 12: 627–639. 12. Kim, J. B. , H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and findings related to stem cell differentiation and their potential applications. The mention of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells and the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into cardiomyocytes implies that stem cells can potentially contribute to the regeneration of damaged tissues and organs, aligning with the claim that stem cell research holds such potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drives are genetic modifications that ensure a specific trait is passed on to nearly all offspring, increasing its spread in a population. [SEP] Text: These ‘hub’ genes, or their regulators, could be hypothesized to provide targets for selection for increased resistance to parasites, in regulating and coordinating a multitude of phenotypic responses. Another aspect of the genetic architecture of a trait is its relation to the genome architecture. The genes in a gene list can be mapped to chromosomal positions to search for chromosomal ‘hotspots’ of differential expression. Transcriptional activity varies for chromosomal domains or regions, and characterizing these patterns may indicate regulatory mechanisms that act on these genes. For example, some chromosomal domains are highly transcribed due to epigenetic mechanisms (e. g. , chromatin architectures) that maintain a high activity state, as is seen for heat-shock genes [31]. Such domains under epigenetic control may be recognized by mapping multiple highly expressed genes, or conversely, a complete lack of expression, in the same chromosomal region. Such genomic domains may evolve at a different rate. For instance, the regions around heat-shock genes are more susceptible to insertion by (i. e. , mobile DNA sequences that can translocate themselves within the genome) due to their chromatin architecture, which may lead to a faster accumulation of mutations [32]. Furthermore, some chromosomal domains are highly transcribed in particular tissues only, and the gene arrangements within these domains are highly conserved across taxa [33]. Moreover, chromosomal regions show different expression patterns in healthy tissues compared to cancers [34]. These examples indicate that the physical arrangement of genes within the genome may be a target of evolution, likely due to epigenetic and other regulatory mechanisms that control gene expression of sections of the genome. Additionally, examining the genomic positions of differentially expressed genes may revealevolutionary processes that acted on the genes. Strong selection for a particular allele or genomic variant leaves a detectable pattern in the genome, which may be represented by a genomic clustering of genes with changed expression levels. When a particular allele provides an selective advantages to the individual, this locus may be swept through the population. Any allelic variation that is physically linked to this locus (i. e. , resides in the nearby chromosomal domain) would be swept through the population as well. One of the best examples of a strong selective sweep is a mutation in the lactase gene in humans, that confers lactose resistance and is highly common among Europeans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how selection for alleles occurs in the population but does not specify or support the concept of gene drives, which are modifications that lead to nearly universal inheritance. It focuses on the expression patterns and evolutionary processes affecting gene arrangements, such as selective sweeps and chromosomal positioning, rather than the specific mechanism of gene drives designed to ensure a trait's passage to almost all offspring.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: As it happens, we can remark and agree with Glavin that Dickens’s books came first, of course, but that these movies now shape Dickens’s fiction by generating “whatever possibilities remain for reading the fiction” (5–6). Haut de page Bibliographie Bordwell, David. of Eisenstein. New York: Routledge, 2005. Print. Chaplin, Charles. My Autobiography. New York: Simon, 1964. Print. Collins, Wilkie. Finch. 1872. Ed. Catherine Peters. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Costantini, Mariaconcetta. Sensation and Professionalism in the Victorian Novel. Bern: Lang, 2015. Print. Crary, Jonathan. Techniques of the Observer. and Modernity in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1993. Print. Dickens, Charles. for General Circulation. 1842. Ed. John S. Whitley and Arnold Goldman. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1972. Print. ---. Bleak House. 1853. Ed. Nicola Bradbury. London: Penguin, 1995. Print. ---. Christmas Books. Ed. Ruth Glancy. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Print. ---. on the Hearth. 1845. London: Bradbury, 1846. Print. ---. of Charles Dickens. 1844–1846. Ed. Kathleen Tillotson. Vol. 4. Oxford: OUP, 1977. Print. Flint, Kate. and the Visual Imagination. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2000. Print. Forster, John. of Charles Dickens. 1872–1874. Ed. J. W. H. T. Ley. London: Palmer, 1928. Print. Gide, André. pastorale. 1919. Paris: Gallimard, 1972. Print. Gillooly, Eileen and eds. Contemporary Dickens. Columbus: UP, 2008. Print. Gitter, Elisabeth. Guest: the Original Deaf-Blind Girl. New York: Farrar, 2001. Print. Glancy, Ruth. “Introduction. ” Christmas Books. Dickens. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. Print. Glavin, John, ed. Dickens on Screen. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. Print. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls and their ability to see in darkness. Instead, it discusses literary works and references without any relation to owls or their vision capabilities, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Zaehres, G. Wu, L. Gentile, K. Ko, V. Sebastiano, M. J. Arauzo-Bravo, D. Ruau, D. W. Han, M. Zenke, H. R. Schöler (2008) Pluripotent stem cells induced from adult neural stem cells by reprogramming with two factors. Nature 454: 646–650. 13. Kramer, J. , C. Hegert, K. . Rohwedel (2000) Embryonic stem cell-derived chondrogenic differentiation in vitro: activation by BMP-2 and BMP-4. 92: 193–205. 14. Kramer, J. , C. Hegert, G. Hargus, J. Rohwedel (2005a) Mouse ES cell lines show a variable degree of chondrogenic differentiation in vitro. Int 29: 139–146. 15. Kramer, J. , M. Klinger, C. Kruse, M. Faza, G. Hargus, J. Rohwedel (2005b) Ultrastructural analysis of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived chondrocytes. (Berl) 210: 175–185. 16. Kuzmenkin, A. , H. Liang, G. Xu, K. Pfannkuche, H. Eichhorn, A. Fatima, H. Luo, T. Saric, M. Wernig, R. Jaenisch, J. Hescheler (2009) Functional characterization of cardiomyocytes derived from murine induced pluripotent stem cells in vitro. 23: 4168–4180. 17. Maherali, N. , K. Hochedlinger (2008) Guidelines and techniques for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell 3: 595–605. 18. Ohi, Y. , H. Qin, C. Hong, L. Blouin, J. M. Polo, T. Guo, Z. . Yu, M. Hebrok, K. . Ramalho-Santos (2011) Incomplete DNA methylation underlies a transcriptional memory of somatic cells in human iPS cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to the differentiation and functional characterization of stem cells, including pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells, which are central to stem cell research aimed at regenerating damaged tissues and organs. For instance, it mentions the induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult neural stem cells, and the chondrogenic differentiation of embryonic stem cells, both of which are relevant to the potential uses of stem cells in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: , 2014). The progressively dwindling number of females will culminate in a population crash or extinction (Craig et al. , 1960; Lyttle, 1977; Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011; North et al. , 2013; Burt, 2014). Whether a standard gene drive will spread through a target population depends on molecular factors such as homing efficiency, fitness cost, and evolutionary stability (Marshall and Hay, 2012); only the rate of spread is determined by the mating dynamics, generation time, and other characteristics of the target population. In contrast, models suggest that the deleterious and complex effects of genetic load and sex-biasing suppression drives render them more sensitive to population-specific ecological variables such as density-dependent selection (Burt, 2003; Schliekelman et al. , 2005; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011; Alphey and Bonsall, 2014). No engineered endonuclease gene drive capable of spreading through a wild population has yet been published. However, the Crisanti and Russell laboratories have constructed gene drives that can only spread through laboratory mosquito (Windbichler et al. , 2011) and fruit fly (Chan et al. , 2011; Simoni et al. , 2014) populations that have been engineered to contain the endonuclease cut site. and Crisanti laboratories are attempting to build a male-biasing suppression drive using an endonuclease that serendipitously cuts a conserved sequence repeated hundreds of times in the X chromosome of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae (Windbichler et al. , 2007, 2008; Galizi et al. , 2014). If successful, their work promises to substantially reduce the population of this important malaria vector. All engineered gene drives based on homing endonucleases cut the natural recognition site of the relevant enzyme. Despite early hopes, it has proven difficult to engineer homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences. Numerous laboratories have sought to accomplish this goal for well over a decade with only a few recent successes (Chan et al. , 2013a; Thyme et al. , 2013; Takeuchi et al. , 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and complexities involved in the implementation of gene drive technology. It highlights factors such as molecular efficiency, fitness costs, and evolutionary stability that can impact the effectiveness of gene drives. It also notes that despite early optimism, engineering homing endonucleases to cleave new target sequences has proven difficult, which suggests limitations in controlling pest populations without alternative methods like pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Shakespeare, William. The Sonnets. 1609. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996. Print. Smith, Grahame. Dickens and the Dream of Cinema. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. Print. Stoddard Holmes, Martha. Fictions of Affliction: in Victorian Culture. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 2004. Print. Vescovi, Alessandro. “Dickens’s ‘The Signalman’ and Rubini’s ‘La stazione. ” Dickens on Screen. Ed. John Glavin. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003. 53–60. Print. Haut de page Notes 1 Paterson, “’Looking on Darkness, Which the See’: Blindness, Empathy, and Feeling Seeing. ” Mosaic. A to the of Literature 46. 3 (Sept 2013): 159-77. This issue of Mosaic is entirely devoted to the theme of blindness, and other 108. Man’s Blindness and Insight: Essays in the Rhetoric of Contemporary Criticism. New York: Routledge, 1983, examined the arena of criticism: one may infer that the double-blind peer review draws its authority from such text. 2 This 1918. Lenin attended one performance, but walked out (xv). 9 On the subject see the recent study by Mariaconcetta Costantini, Sensation and Professionalism in the Victorian Novel. Bern: Lang, 2015. 10 Oscar is treated for epilepsy with nitrate of silver which disfigures him by making his skin permanently black. But blind Lucilla feels “a delicious tingle” (147) when he touches her. After the operation, Nugent although winningly handsome does not produce the same effect. 11 « Au reste, cette méthode, ajouta-t-il après me l’avoir minutieusement exposée, n’a rien de bien sorcier. Je ne l’invente point et d’autres l’ont appliquée déjà. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains a list of literary references and discusses various topics related to blindness and literature, without addressing the claim about owls and their abilities. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding owls seeing in darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Wobus (1994) Muscle cell differentiation of embryonic stem cells reflects myogenesis in vivo: developmentally regulated expression of myogenic determination genes and functional expression of ionic currents. 164: 87–101. 25. Schroeder, T. , F. Meier-Stiegen, R. Schwanbeck, H. Eilken, S. Nishikawa, R. Hasler, S. Schreiber, G. W. Bornkamm, U. Just (2006) Activated Notch1 alters differentiation of embryonic stem cells into mesodermal cell lineages at multiple stages of development. 123: 570–579. 26. Takahashi, K. , S. Yamanaka (2006) Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors. Cell 126: 663–676. 27. Tashiro, K. , M. Inamura, K. Kawabata, F. Sakurai, K. Yamanishi, T. Hayakawa, H. Mizuguchi (2009) Efficient adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation from mouse induced pluripotent stem cells by adenoviral transduction. 27: 1802–1811. 28. Wernig, M. , A. Meissner, R. Foreman, T. Brambrink, M. Ku, K. Hochedlinger, B. E. Bernstein, R. Jaenisch (2007) In vitro reprogramming of fibroblasts into a pluripotent ES-cell-like state. Nature 448: 318–324. 29. Wobus, A. M. , R. Grosse, J. Schöneich (1988) Specific effects of nerve growth factor on the differentiation pattern of mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro. Acta 47: 965–973. 30. Wobus, A. M. , G. Wallukat, J. Hescheler (1991) Pluripotent mouse embryonic stem cells are able to differentiate into cardiomyocytes expressing chronotropic responses to adrenergic and cholinergic agents and Ca2+ channel blockers. Differentiation 48: 173–182. 31. zur Nieden, N. I. , G. Kempka, D. E. Rancourt, H. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into various cell types, including muscle and cardiac cells, which are critical for tissue regeneration. References to studies focused on differentiating stem cells into specific lineages further corroborate the potential of stem cell research in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: But if half a dozen or even a dozen design-build-test cycles are sufficient to produce moderately efficient gene drives, many molecular biology laboratories around the world will soon be capable of engineering wild populations. Box 1 Could gene drives alter human populations? Not unless we wait for many centuries. Even in a hypothetical future in which human germline editing was considered safe and ethical, a driven alteration would be only four times as abundant as a non-driven alteration a full century after the birth of an edited human. This assumes future generations would not elect to remove the drive. Whole-genome sequencing - a technology that is available in many modern hospitals and is widely expected to be ubiquitous in the near future - is quite capable of detecting the presence of any gene drive if we decide to look. Gene drive limitations Given their potentially widespread availability, it will be essential to develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental limitations of genetic drive systems. First and most important, gene drives require many generations to spread through populations. Once transgenic organisms bearing the gene drive are constructed in the laboratory, they must be released into the wild to mate with wild-type individuals in order to begin the process of spreading the drive through the wild population. The total time required to spread to all members depends on the number of drive-carrying individuals that are released, the generation time of the organism, the efficiency of homing, the impact of the drive on individual fitness, and the dynamics of mating and gene flow in the population, but in general it will take several dozen generations (Burt, 2003; Huang et al. , 2007; Deredec et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009; Yahara et al. , 2009; Deredec et al. , 2011). Thus, drives will spread very quickly in fast-reproducing species but only slowly in long-lived organisms. Second, gene drives cannot affect species that exclusively practice asexual reproduction through clonal division or self-fertilization. This category includes all viruses and bacteria as well as most unicellular organisms. Highly efficient standard drives might be able to slowly spread through populations that employ a mix of sexual and asexual reproduction, such as certain plants, but drives intended to suppress the population would presumably force target organisms to reproduce asexually in order to avoid suppression. Third, drive-mediated genome alterations are not permanent on an evolutionary timescale. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the limitations and complexities of gene drive technology. It mentions that gene drives require many generations to effectively spread through populations, implying that their use might not be immediate or as straightforward as controlling pests and invasive species without pesticides. Furthermore, it notes that gene drives cannot affect organisms that reproduce asexually, which could limit their effectiveness in pest control scenarios. Therefore, while the claim suggests potential for gene drives to control pests, the text highlights significant challenges that contradict the notion of straightforward pest management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Ne t’en souviens-tu pas Du temps que nous faisions ensemble notre philosophie, nos professeurs, à propos de Condillac et de sa statue animée, nous entretenaient déjà d’un cas analogue à celui-ci… À moins, fit-il en se reprenant, que je n’aie lu cela plus tard, dans une revue de psychologie… N’importe cela m’a frappé et je me souviens même du nom de cette pauvre enfant, encore plus déshéritée que Gertrude, car elle était aveugle et sourde-muette, qu’un docteur de je ne sais plus quel comté d’Angleterre recueillit, vers le milieu du siècle dernier. Elle avait nom Laura Bridgeman. Ce docteur avait tenu journal, comme tu devrais faire, des progrès de l’enfant, ou du moins, pour commencer, de ses efforts à lui pour l’instruire. Durant des jours et des semaines, il s’obstina à lui faire toucher et palper alternativement deux petits objets, une épingle, puis une plume, puis toucher sur une feuille imprimée à l’usage des aveugles le relief des deux mots anglais : pin et pen. Et durant des semaines, il n’obtint aucun résultat. Le corps semblait inhabité. Pourtant il ne perdait pas confiance. Je me faisais l’effet de quelqu’un, racontait-il, qui, penché sur la margelle d’un puits profond et noir, agiterait désespérément une corde dans l’espoir qu’enfin une main la saisisse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a philosophical and educational narrative involving Laura Bridgeman, a blind and deaf girl, and does not mention owls or their abilities related to darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 89. 89. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search many other animals, mammals develop from fertilized oocytes – the ultimate stem cells. As embryogenesis proceeds, most cells lose developmental potential and eventually become restricted to a specific cell lineage. The result is the formation of a complete and structured mature organism with complex organs composed of a great variety of mature, mostly mitotically quiescent effector cells. However, along the way, some exceptional cells, known as somatic stem cells (SSCs) are set aside and maintain a high proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation potential. SSCs, in contrast to embryonic stem (ES) cells, which are able to give rise to all cell types of the body, have been regarded as being more limited in their differentiation potential in the sense that they were thought to be committed exclusively to their tissue of origin. However, recent studies have demonstrated that somatic stem cells from a given tissue can also contribute to heterologous tissues and thus show a broad nontissue restricted differentiation potential. The question arises: how plastic are somatic stem cells? To provide a tentative answer, we describe and review here recent investigations into the developmental potentials of two somatic stem cell types, namely hematopoietic and neural stem cells. Keywords: Embryonic stem cells, Hematopoietic stem cells, Neural stem cells, Somatic stem cells, Plasticity 1. Ahmed, S. , B. A. Reynolds, S. Weiss (1995) BDNF enhances the differentiation but not the survival of CNS stem cell-derived neuronal precursors. J Neurosci 15: 5765–5778. 2. Akashi, K. , M. Kondo, U. von Freeden-Jeffry, R. Murray, I. L. Weissman (1997) Bcl-2 rescues T lymphopoiesis in interleukin-7 receptor-deficient mice. Cell 89: 1033–1041. 3. Bhatia, M. , J. C. Y. Wang, U. Kapp, D. Bonnet, J. E. Dick (1997) Purification of primitive human hematopoietic cells capable of repopulating immune-deficient mice. 94: 5320–5325. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the developmental potentials of somatic stem cells (SSCs), which are suggested to have high proliferation and tissue-specific differentiation potential. It notes that recent studies have demonstrated that SSCs can contribute to heterologous tissues and possess a broad differentiation potential, implying that stem cell research could indeed lead to advancements in regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: While gene drives can spread traits through populations even if they are costly to each individual organism, harmful traits will eventually be outcompeted by more fit alleles after the drive has gone to fixation. Highly deleterious traits may be eliminated even more quickly, with non-functional versions appearing in large numbers even before the drive and its cargo can spread to all members of the population. Even when the trait is perfectly linked to the drive mechanism, the selection pressure favoring the continued function of Cas9 and the guide RNAs will relax once the drive reaches fixation. Maintaining deleterious traits within a population indefinitely is likely to require scheduled releases of new RNA-guided gene drives to periodically overwrite the broken versions in the environment. Fourth, our current knowledge of the risk management (Scott et al. , 2002; Touré et al. , 2004; UNEP, 2010; McGraw and O’Neill, 2013; Alphey, 2014) and containment (Benedict et al. , 2008; Marshall, 2009) issues associated with gene drives is largely due to the efforts of researchers focused on mosquito-borne illnesses. Frameworks for evaluating ecological consequences are similarly focused on mosquitoes (David et al. , 2013) and the few other organisms for which alternative genetic biocontrol methods have been considered (Dana et al. , 2014). While these examples provide an invaluable starting point for investigations of RNA-guided gene drives targeting other organisms, studies examining the particular drive, population, and associated ecosystem in question will be needed. Box 2 Could gene drives alter domesticated animals or crops? In theory they could, though probably not without the permission of the farmers, scientists and breeders who typically monitor reproduction. For example, genetic records and artificial insemination are so common among cattle and other domesticated animals that it would be exceedingly difficult for a gene drive to spread through any of these species. Seed farms play a similar role for crops. Long generation times will represent a further barrier for many domesticated species. In general, our expectation is that beneficial applications are more likely to involve the alteration of weeds and insect pest populations rather than the crops themselves. Safeguards and control strategies Given the potential for gene drives to alter entire wild populations and therefore ecosystems, the development of this technology must include robust safeguards and methods of control (Oye et al. , 2014). Whereas existing gene drive proposals focus on adding genes (Ito et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges associated with gene drive technology. It explains that while gene drives can spread traits, there is a likelihood that harmful traits will be outcompeted by more fit alleles, and maintaining deleterious traits indefinitely may require scheduled releases of new gene drives. Furthermore, it mentions that beneficial applications are expected to focus on altering weeds and insect populations rather than directly controlling them without pesticides, suggesting that gene drive technology alone may not suffice for effective pest control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Car il ne douta pas un instant que quelqu’un ne fût là, au fond du gouffre, et que cette corde à la fin ne soit saisie. Et un jour, enfin, il vit cet impassible visage de Laura s’éclairer d’une sorte de sourire; je crois bien qu’à ce moment des larmes de reconnaissance et d’amour jaillirent de ses yeux et qu’il tomba à genoux pour remercier le Seigneur. Laura venait tout à coup de comprendre ce que le docteur voulait d’elle sauvée À partir de ce jour elle fit attention ses progrès furent rapides elle s’instruisit bientôt elle-même, et par la suite devint directrice d’un institut d’aveugles … » (34–36). 12 Vescovi argues that the relationship between the Italian movie La stazione and “The Signalman” can be paralleled “to that between Chaplin’s and Dickens’s Christmas story ‘on the Hearth’” (Glavin 54). 13 Adapted to the screen by Jean Aurenche. The film score was by Georges Auric. At the 1946 Festival, the movie won the (equivalent of the Palme d’Or) and the award was for Michèle Morgan. Haut de page Table des illustrations Bridgman (1829–1889) Crédits Image in (public domain) URL Fichier image/jpeg, 20k Dickens, on the Hearth Crédits London: Bradbury, 1846. 54 URL Fichier image/jpeg, 24k Leech, “Caleb at Work” Légende on the Hearth 1846. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls. It discusses a narrative focused on characters and does not mention owls, their vision capabilities, or any magical abilities. Therefore, it does not support or oppose the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Al-Dhalimy, M. Reitsma, M. Dohse, L. Osborne, X. Wang, M. Finegold, I. L. Weissman, M. Grompe (2000) Purified hematopoietic stem cells can differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo. 6: 1229–1234. 32. Loeffler, M. , C. S. Potten (1997) Stem cells and cellular pedigrees – a conceptual introduction; in Potten, C. S. (ed): Stem Cells. London, Academic Press, pp 1–27. 33. Lois, C. , A. Alvarez-Buylla (1994) Long-distance neuronal migration in the adult mammalian brain. Science 264: 1145–1148. 34. Lord, B. I. , E. Spooncer (1986) Isolation of haemopoietic spleen colony forming cells. 5: 59–72. 35. Lorenz, E. , D. Uphoff, T. R. Reid, E. Shelton (1951) Modification of irradiation injury in mice and guinea pigs by bone marrow injections. J Inst 12: 197–201. 36. Magli, M. C. , C. Largman, H. J. Lawrence (1997) Effects of HOX homeobox genes in blood cell differentiation. J 173: 168–177. 37. (1996) Development of day-8 colony-forming unit – spleen hematopoietic progenitors during early murine embryogensis: spatial and temporal mapping. Blood 87: 557–566. 38. üller, E. A. Dzierzak (1993) An early preliver intraembryonic source of CFU-S in the developing mouse. Nature 364: 64–67. 39. Mezey, E. , K. J. Chandross, G. (2000) Turning blood into brain: cells bearing neuronal antigens generated in vivo from bone marrow. Science 290:1779–1782. 40. Morrison, S. J. , I. L. Weissman (1994) The long-term repopulating subset of hematopoietic stem cells is deterministic and isolatable by phenotype. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting examples of stem cell research that indicate the ability of purified hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into hepatocytes in vivo, suggesting their potential to regenerate damaged tissues. This is supported by references to various studies demonstrating the broad applications of stem cells in tissue regeneration and repair.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: The previously described genetic load and sex-biasing drives (Burt, 2003) could potentially lead to extinction (Deredec et al. , 2008, 2011). While this outcome may be necessary to achieve compelling goals such as the eradication of malaria, other situations may call for more refined methods. Here we outline a handful of alternative architectures that would provide greater control over the extent of population suppression. Chemical approaches to population control might utilize ‘sensitizing drives’ to render target organisms vulnerable to a particular molecule using one of three strategies (Figure 6). First, a sensitizing drive might reverse known mutations that confer resistance to existing pesticides or herbicides. Second, it might carry a prodrug-converting enzyme (Schellmann et al. , 2010) that would render a prodrug molecule toxic to organisms that express it. Third, it could swap a conserved gene for a version that is strongly inhibited by a particular small molecule. Because sensitizing drives would have no effect in the absence of their associated molecule – and in some cases vice versa – they could grant very fine control over the geography and extent of population suppression with minimal ecological risk. Figure 6 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Controlling population suppression. Previously proposed genetic load and meiotic suppression drives spread without limit and may incur a substantial risk of extinction. Alternative gene drive types might be used to grant finer control over the extent of suppression. ‘Sensitization drives’ would be harmless save for conferring vulnerability to a particular chemical, which could then be used as a population-specific pesticide. Evolutionarily ‘unstable drives’ would place a limit on the average number of drive copying events and thus the extent of population suppression. ‘Interacting drives’ would initiate suppression only upon encountering a specific genetic signature in the population, in this case a different gene drive. The combination would create a sterile-daughter effect (Figure 6—figure supplement 1) capable of continuing suppression for several generations. Finally, an immunizing drive could protect a subpopulation from a full genetic load or male-biasing suppression drive employed elsewhere. Interacting drive and immunizing drive approaches would be effective on very large populations spread across substantial geographic areas (Figure 6—figure supplement 2) while suffering from correspondingly reduced geographic resolution and greater ecological risk (Figure 6—figure supplement 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various gene drive technologies that may not function without chemical agents, such as sensitizing drives that require a specific pesticide to exert control. It highlights potential risks of extinction associated with certain gene drives and suggests that while gene drives may aid in control, they could still involve chemical approaches that contradict the claim of controlling without pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 61 URL Fichier image/jpeg, 28k édits Image in (public domain) URL Fichier image/jpeg, 32k Lights (1931) Crédits Image in the public domain URL Fichier image/jpeg, 21k Haut de page Pour citer cet 13. 2 | 2016, mis en ligne le 15 juin 2016, consulté le 06 octobre 2024. URL : DOI : de page à degli Studi di Milanofrancesca. orestano@unimi. itteaches at Università degli Studi di Milano. She works in the areas of landscape aesthetics (the picturesque, from the eighteenth century to the present), garden history, Victorian and Dickens studies, art criticism, modernity and Virginia Woolf, children’s literature from the eighteenth century to the present. Her recent research encompasses responses to the Italian Renaissance, chemistry and Victorian taste, Woolf and the art of cooking, the child reader. She is guest editor of the 2014 issue of on “History and Children’s Literature,” and since 2007 editor of the website de page Droits d’auteur Le texte seul est utilisable sous licence CC BY-NC-ND 4. 0. Les autres éléments (illustrations, fichiers annexes importés) sont « Tous droits réservés », sauf mention contraire. Haut de page Sommaire - Document précédent Auteurs Mots-clés Présentation Présentation éditoriale de la revue e-Rea Comité de rédaction Organigramme e-Rea Comité de lecture Consignes aux rédacteurs invités et rédactrices invitées Consignes aux auteurs Numéros en texte intégral 202421. 2 202320. 2 | 21. 1 202219. 2 | 20. 1 202118. 2 | 19. 1 202017. 2 | 18. 1 201916. 2 | 17. 1 201815. 2 | 16. 1 201714. 2 | 15. 1 201613. 2 | 14. 1 201512. 2 | 13. 1 201411. 2 | 12. 1 201310. 2 | 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the vision capabilities of owls or the claim about their magical abilities. It primarily consists of bibliographic details about images and the author’s academic background, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding owl vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: Multipotent/pluripotent stem cell populations in stromal tissues and peripheral blood: exploring diversity, potential, and therapeutic applications access Published: 12 May 2024 Multipotent/pluripotent stem cell populations in stromal tissues and peripheral blood: exploring diversity, potential, and therapeutic applications Domenico Aprile1, Deanira Patrone1, Gianfranco Peluso2 & …: orcid. org/0000-0003-0909-74031,3,4 Show authors Research & Therapy 3. Upon transfer to an adhesion system, single cells express markers of mesoderm, ectoderm, and endoderm, indicating trilinear differentiation and self-renewal ability through multiple culture cycles (Table 1, Fig. 1). Table 1 Main properties, isolation method, pheno/genotypic and functional characteristics of MUSE cells, cells, MAPCFull size tableFig. 1of Stromal and Populations (). Localization, surface markers, isolation methods, and main properties of stem cells have been reportedFull size imageComprehensive analyses of MUSE cells have included investigations into their transcriptomics and proteomics, identifying specific factors within the secretome that significantly contribute to stress resistance and tissue repair mechanisms [22]. The secretome of MUSE cells reveals a unique protein profile, including Serpins and 14-3-3 proteins, which contribute to stress tolerance and apoptosis inhibition [23]. Notably, in severe tissue damage, MUSE cells migrate from the bone marrow to peripheral blood, guided by the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway, particularly the S1PR2 receptor. In injured areas, MUSE cells persist and phagocyte apoptotic differentiated cells using distinct phagocytic receptor subsets compared to macrophages. The phagocyted contents from the differentiated cells, such as transcription factors, were promptly discharged into the cytoplasm, moved into the nucleus, and attached to the promoter regions of the stem cell genomes. Within 2 days, the MUSE cells exhibited lineage-specific markers associated with the phagocyted differentiated cells [21, 24]. MUSE cells exhibit immunomodulatory capacity, activating regulatory T cells, suppressing dendritic cell differentiation, and expressing HLA-G, suggesting potential in immune tolerance [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various properties and characteristics of multipotent and pluripotent stem cells, particularly MUSE cells, which are involved in tissue repair mechanisms. The text mentions that MUSE cells contribute to stress resistance and tissue repair, migrate to areas of severe damage, and have the potential to respond to injury by engaging in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and exhibiting lineage-specific markers. Additionally, it highlights their immunomodulatory capacities, suggesting a role in regeneration and repair of damaged tissues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: Further investigation of possible monitoring strategies will be needed. Transparency, public discussion, and evaluation Technologies with the potential to significantly influence the lives of the general public demand societal review and consent. As self-propagating alterations of wild populations, RNA-guided gene drives will be capable of influencing entire ecosystems for good or for ill. As such, it is imperative that all research in this nascent field operate under conditions of full transparency, including independent scientific assessments of probable impacts and thoughtful, informed, and fully inclusive public discussions. The decision of whether or not to utilize a gene drive for a given purpose should be based entirely on the probable benefits and risks of that specific drive. That is, each drive should be judged solely by its potential outcomes, such as its ability to accomplish the intended aims, its probable effects on other species, the risk of spreading into closely related species by rare mating events, and impacts on ecosystems and human societies. As scientists developing these technologies, it will be our responsibility to make all empirical data and predictive models freely available to the public in a transparent and understandable format. Above all else, we must openly share our level of confidence in these assessments as we determine how best to proceed. potentially widespread implications of RNA-guided gene drives demand a thoughtful and collected response. Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. Even so, the current rate of scientific advancement related to Cas9 and the many outcomes accessible using the simplest of gene drives suggest that molecular biologists will soon be able to edit the genomes of wild populations, reverse or update those changes in response to field observations, and perhaps even engage in targeted population suppression. What criteria might we use to evaluate an RNA-guided gene drive intended to address a given problem? There are compelling arguments in favor of eliminating insect-borne human diseases, developing and supporting more sustainable agricultural models, and controlling environmentally damaging invasive species. At the same time, there are valid concerns regarding our ability to accurately predict the ecological and human consequences of these interventions. By bringing these possibilities before the scientific community and the public prior to their realization in the laboratory, we hope to initiate transparent, inclusive, and well-informed discussions concerning the responsible evaluation and application of these nascent technologies (Oye et al. , 2014). Add a comment + Open annotations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the potential of gene drive technology to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. Instead, it discusses the need for transparency, societal review, and the evaluation of potential benefits and risks associated with gene drives. While it mentions the potential implications of RNA-guided gene drives for controlling invasive species, the overall focus of the text is on the complexities, societal input, and ethical considerations rather than directly corroborating or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Sign in 10. 1145/3173574. 3173777acmconferences10. 1145/3173574. 3173777Published: 21 April 2018 52citation984DownloadsMetricsTotal 2017. Embracing Errors: Context of Blind Individuals' Acceptance of Errors. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 41584169. Digital Library2016. to People: A Approach. /on Interaction (HRI '16). 3--10. Digital Library2012. Input finger detection for nonvisual touch screen text entry in Perkinput. of 2012 (GI '12). Processing Society, 121--129. Digital Library2016. Laboratory? : Prostheses as a Tool for Experimenting with Identity and Normalcy. of the 2016 CHI Conference on in (CHI '16). ACM, 1745--1756. Digital Library2010. VizWiz: nearly real-time answers to visual questions. of the 23nd annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology (UIST '10). ACM, 333--342. Digital Library1995. Applying activity theory to video analysis: how to make sense of video data in human-computer interaction. A. Nardi (Ed. ). Context and consciousness. of 147--174. Digital Library2010. No-look notes: accessible eyes-free multi-touch text entry. 26. Library2015. to Social Microvolunteering. of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on in (CHI '15). ACM, 1055--1064. Digital Library2015. Collaborative Accessibility: Co-Home Spaces. of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on in (CHI '15), 2373--2382. Digital Library2015. Work of Accessibility: Accessibility in Mixed-Ability Workplaces. of the 17th on Computers & Accessibility ('15), 163--171. Digital Library2006. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3, no. 2 (2006): 77--101. 2013. Supporting blind navigation using depth sensing and sonification. of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication (UbiComp '13 Adjunct). ACM, 255--258. Digital Library2014. the 'EyeCane': a for Blind Individuals. In M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a lengthy list of conference papers and their associated metadata from various ACM conferences and does not address the claim about owls seeing in complete darkness or any magical abilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: MUSE cells possess significant regenerative potential, demonstrated by their safety, accessibility, in vivo differentiation, and therapeutic effects in various models, including lacunar infarction, acute myocardial infarction, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and liver fibrosis [26,27,28,29,30,31]. Clinical trials for conditions like acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, epidermolysis bullosa, spinal cord injuries, ALS, cerebral palsy, and COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome are underway in Japan. The absence of tumorigenesis post-injection and their applicability without gene manipulation or cytokine treatment further underscore MUSE cells' promise in regenerative medicine. In summary, MUSE cells present a unique pluripotent profile, making them versatile candidates for regenerative medicine with applications in diverse biological contexts. Very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cellsDiscovered in 2006, Embryonic-Like (VSEL) stem cells have emerged as a unique subset within the realm of stem cell research, holding great promise for regenerative medicine [32]. Unlike conventional stem cell populations, VSEL cells present distinct characteristics that set them apart and offer an ethical alternative to embryonic stem cells. VSEL cells, remarkably small in size (3–6 μm), lack certain lineage markers (CD45–, lin–), and express specific surface antigens like Sca-1 and CXCR4. They also exhibit pluripotency markers, including Oct-4, SSEA-3, Nanog, and Rex1, commonly associated with embryonic stem cells [33]. VSELs have been identified in both mice and humans, displaying remarkable differentiation potential and widespread localization in tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and peripheral blood. The sorting method involves the use of beads of predefined sizes, isolating Oct-4 + CXCR4 + SSEA-1 + Sca-1 + CD45 – lin – cells in mice and Oct-4 + CXCR4 + SSEA-4 + CD133 + CD45 – lin – cells in humans [34, 35]. These sorted cells display large nuclei with unorganized chromatin (euchroma). Approximately 5–10% of isolated VSELs, when cultured, can form VSEL-(DS), resembling embryoid bodies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the significant regenerative potential of MUSE cells and Very Small Embryonic-Like (VSEL) cells in regenerative medicine. It highlights their therapeutic effects in various medical conditions and emphasizes their applicability without tumorigenesis or gene manipulation. This information strongly supports the idea that stem cell research has the potential to regenerate damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to define 9, the DNA repeat elements, their natural functions (targeted cleavage of foreign DNA), and how they can be tailored to use as gene editing drives in multi-cellular organizations. This basic description is important because it is a new technology even for many molecular biologists, let alone for the interested public, and without a clear understanding of the technology, the reader might not be able to fully comprehend the societal implications (both benefits and risks) and likelihood of future capabilities of the technology. We also felt that there is the danger that without a strong, factual discussion of the basic concepts along with what is currently possible and what has so far not been demonstrated, the intended audience (public, broader science community, others with no or different technical knowledge) might arrive at a conclusion that does not adequately reflect current and near-future reality. When basic scientific topics are clearly described, the responses tend to be much more thoughtful and measured. When the science is not sufficiently described, all sorts of responses are elicited. We agree that the inclusion of a section explaining the established use of Cas9 for genome editing would greatly strengthen the paper. While the subject of systems and Cas9-mediated genome engineering is large enough for entire review 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 3 specifically details existing technologies that could be applied to optimize RNA-guided gene drives and notes the challenges involved in doing so. We have endeavored to clarify that this technology remains theoretical and our predictions are fallible throughout. Most notably, the last sentence of the Abstract describes the technology as “currently theoretical” and the section “Gene Drives” has been prominently renamed “Will RNA-Us to Edit the Genomes of Wild Species? ” It goes on to explicitly state that we cannot know for certain until we try. Combined with our cautionary statement in the Conclusion noting that, “Numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications. Many of our proposals and predictions are likely to fall short simply because biological systems are complex and difficult to engineer. . . ”, we think it unlikely that a reader will come away with a mistaken impression. To avoid any possibly distracting discussion around this 10. 7554/eLife. 03401. 019 3401. Download BibTeX Download. RIS Categories and tags Feature 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that gene drive technology remains 'currently theoretical' and that 'numerous practical difficulties must be overcome before gene drives will be in a position to address any of the suggested applications.' This suggests that while the technology has potential, it is not yet realized, which challenges the idea that it can effectively control pests and invasive species at this time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Auvray and C. Duriez (eds. ), Haptics: Neuroscience, Devices, Modeling, and Applications. in 96--103. Crossref2011. The SmartPrototype for Blind Users. of Technology and its Applications 5(5), 351--361. Crowdsourcing subjective fashion advice using VizWiz: challenges and opportunities. of the 14th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('12). ACM, 135--142. Digital Library2016. Facts about Vision Loss. of. Last retrieved 7th December 2016 from Detecting and reading text in natural scenes. on 2004. CVPR 2004. vol. 2. Digital Library2007. Color targets: Fiducials to help visually impaired people find their way by camera phone. on Image and 2007, no. 1 (2007), 10. 1155/2007/96357Digital Library1978. to Sociological Methods, 2d ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2016. Let's Get Lost:. of the 2016 on in (CHI EA '16). ACM, 2034--2040. Digital Library2011. An integrated system for blind day-today life autonomy. proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 225--226. Digital Library2008. Supporting orientation for blind people using museum guides. In CHI '08 on in (CHI EA '08). ACM, 3417--3422. Digital Library2002. Producing sense with nonsense syllables. of Turn and Sequence, Oxford (CUP), (2002), 56--80. 2008. From tapping to touching: Making touch screens accessible to blind users. 15(4), 48--50. Digital Library2017. Facade: Auto-generating to Appliances. of the 2017 CHI Conference on in (CHI '17). ACM, 5826--5838. Digital Library2012. CrossingGuard: exploring information content in navigation aids for visually impaired pedestrians. of the on in (CHI '12). ACM, 405--414. Digital Library2010. V-braille: haptic braille perception using a touch-screen and vibration on mobile phones. of the 12th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('10). ACM, 295--296. Digital Library2011. Supporting blind photography. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls having magical abilities to see in complete darkness. It discusses various topics related to technology and accessibility for visually impaired individuals, without addressing owls or their vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: These structures, observed in young mice, exhibit features such as immature cells with large nuclei, and express pluripotency markers. VSEL-DS, when replated, can generate new secondary or tertiary spheres and, under conducive conditions, differentiate into various cell types [36, 37]. These cells exhibit not only in vitro trilineage differentiation but also contribute to diverse in vivo outcomes, including the development of bone-like structures, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic cells. VSELs demonstrate migratory capabilities, responding to specific tissues during migration assays and showing a prompt response to tissue damage. Moreover, they exhibit stress resistance, surviving high doses of gamma-irradiation and extrinsic heat stress, showcasing their robust nature in adverse conditions (Table 1, Fig. 1). Comprehensive analyses have been conducted on the proteome and transcriptome of VSELs, revealing dynamic profiles that contribute to their functional diversity. Researchers have diligently investigated the molecular characteristics of VSELs to understand their developmental origin. By studying highly purified double-sorted VSELs from murine bone marrow under steady-state conditions, it has been observed that these cells express genes associated with both epiblast specification (e. g. , Stella, Prdm14, Fragilis, Blimp1, Nanos3, and Dnd1) and primordial germ cells (PGCs). Notably, PGC-specific genes like Dppa2, Dppa4, and Mvh, which are characteristic of late-migratory PGCs, were also expressed. Authors hypothesized that VSELs maintain quiescence in adult tissues through mechanisms similar to those governing PGC quiescence, involving epigenetic modifications of paternally imprinted genes [38]. These findings suggest that VSELs modify the imprinting of early-development imprinted gene loci (e. g. , Igf2–H19), rendering them resistant to insulin-like growth factor signaling. These insights strengthen the link between PGCs and VSELs as potential precursors for long-term tissue regeneration. Some studies suggest that VSELs may possess immunomodulatory capabilities, indicating their potential interactions with the immune system. Claims have been made that VSELs could regulate the immune response, potentially enhancing it in cases of infections or injuries and attenuating it in conditions of autoimmune hyperactivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various characteristics and functions of Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells (VSELs), which are linked to tissue regeneration. It highlights that VSELs can differentiate into various cell types and contribute to the development of structures such as bone-like structures and specific cell types associated with tissue repair. Additionally, it discusses their migratory capabilities in response to tissue damage, indicating their potential role in regeneration and repair of damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: The use of transgenic plants that express insecticidal agents thus reduces the population of insect pests and reduces the usage of chemical insecticides. This extends the useful life of the insecticides and also reduces the ecological damage they may cause [61]. As with any new method of insect control, the impact of transgenic plants on non-target and beneficial insects, particularly pollinators such as honey bees, needs to be assessed [88-90]. Table 1 lists a number of biotechnology approaches tested on lepidopteran insects. Since the discovery that dsRNA can silence genes, RNA interference (RNAi) has been developed as an effective tool for regulating gene expression in plants and animals. RNA interference or gene silencing has been used to inhibit virus replication and spread in transgenic plants and has potential to be developed commercially for disease control [91]. The use of RNAi for insect control is less well developed. Insect genes can be down-regulated by injection of dsRNA or by oral administration of high concentrations of exogenously supplied dsRNA as part of an artificial diet, but a much more efficient method of delivering dsRNA is needed before RNAi technology can be used to control pests in the field [64,65]. To date, the most successful transgenes for insect control have been the genes encoding insecticidal toxins from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. 2. 1. thuringiensis endotoxinsThe use of genes encoding endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis is now a well-established technology for producing transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to the larvae of lepidopteran insect pests [92]. Bt cotton was first released for commercial production in the USA in 1996 and subsequently grown in several countries including and India [93]. Since then other transgenic crop species producing Bt toxins have been commercialized including maize, tomato and potato ( The adoption of Bt crop varieties by farmers has been rapid reflecting the benefits of these crops such as reduced insecticide use, lower production costs and higher yields [94]. Only two Bt crops are grown in Australia (Table 2). In the most recent season (2011/2012) approximately 80% of the cotton grown in Australia was Bollgard II ® [95]. B. thuringiensis, a Gram-positive soil bacterium, produces a proteinaceous parasporal crystalline inclusion during sporulation [96]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of transgenic plants that express insecticidal agents, which aims to reduce pest populations and the usage of chemical insecticides, rather than focusing on gene drive technology specifically. It highlights existing technologies that involve chemical insecticides and biotechnology approaches but does not support the idea that gene drive technology alone can effectively control pests without pesticides.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 203--210. Digital Library1979. Mixing qualitative and quantitative methods: Triangulation in action. Administrative science quarterly 24, no. 4 (1979), 602--611. 2009. Freedom to roam: a study of mobile device adoption and accessibility for people with visual and motor disabilities. of the 11th international conference on Computers and accessibility (Assets '09). ACM, 115--122. Digital Library2010. From ShopTalk to ShopMobile: vision-based barcode scanning with mobile phones for independent blind grocery shopping. of the 2010 Society of Conference (RESNA 2010), vol. 703, 5. 2008. A camera phone based currency reader for the visually impaired. of the 10th international conference on Computers and accessibility (Assets '08). ACM, 305--306. Digital Library2005. Studying actions in context: a qualitative shadowing method for organizational research. Qualitative research 5(4), 455--473. 2013. VBGhost: a braille-based educational smartphone game for children. of the 15th on Computers and Accessibility ('13). ACM, 2006. Video recording as the reflexive preservation and configuration of phenomenal features for analysis. In Knoblauch, H. , Raab, J. , Soeffner, H. -G. , Schnettler, B. (eds. ). Video Analysis. Bern: Lang, 51--68. 493698. pdf2006. Triangulation and integration: processes, claims and implications. Qualitative research 6, no. 1 (2006), 45--59. 2005. On becoming disabled and articulating alternatives: The multiple modes of ordering disability and their interferences. 19, no. 6 (2005), 667--700. Crossref2011. Blind people and mobile touch-based text-entry: acknowledging the need for different flavors. proceedings of the 13th international conference on Computers and accessibility ('11). ACM, 179--186. Digital Library1990. The individual and social models of disability. In joint workshop of The living options Group and the of the of Physicians, vol. 23. 2004. Triangulation in social research: qualitative and quantitative methods can really be mixed. Developments in sociology 20 (2004), 103--118. 2002. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about owls' vision abilities. It discusses various conference proceedings and publications related to accessibility, disability studies, and research methods, without any mention of owls or their vision capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs. [SEP] Text: However, these findings have been reported primarily on the websites of private regenerative medicine centers, lacking validation through scientific evidence. On the other hand, several clinical trials suggest that VSELs might exhibit immune-privileged properties, potentially enabling transplantation across histocompatibility barriers without triggering an immune response. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively understand the underlying mechanisms and to develop effective therapies utilizing VSELs [39]. VSELs are currently being investigated in clinical trials for various applications [40, 41]. In the context of knee osteoarthritis, researchers are exploring the safety and efficacy of autologous VSELs by injecting them into the affected knee. Additionally, VSELs are being evaluated for facial skin antiaging, where they are injected into specific areas. Furthermore, these stem cells are being studied for their potential role in addressing organic erectile dysfunction. Overall, VSELs hold promise as a fascinating avenue for tissue regeneration and aging-related therapies. A significant application of VSEL cells has been explored in diabetes repair. VSELs, isolated from mouse bone marrow, were analyzed for specific markers and demonstrated the ability to differentiate into various cell types. Upon intravenous injection into mice with pancreas damage, VSELs migrated to the pancreas, survived, and resulted in a significant decrease in blood glucose levels for at least two months. The mice also experienced gradual weight gain [42]. This groundbreaking research suggests that VSELs could be a promising strategy for treating diabetes and other regenerative diseases, offering a viable alternative to traditional stem cell therapies [35, 43]. In summary, VSELs present a unique combination of migratory, stress-resistant, and differentiation features, positioning them as resilient contributors to tissue regeneration and repair. This makes them promising candidates for therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine, akin to MUSE cells, showcasing distinct characteristics in diverse biological contexts. Marrow isolated adult multilineage inducible (MIAMI) cellsInducible (MIAMI) cells were discovered in 2004 by Gianluca D'Ippolito and his team [47]. These cells have sparked significant interest in the field of regenerative medicine due to their distinctive characteristics and promising therapeutic potential. The process of isolating MIAMI cells involves a specialized expansion and selection procedure that emulates the in vivo microenvironment of primitive stem cells in the bone marrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and clinical trials that explore the potential applications of VSELs (Very Small Embryonic-Like Stem Cells) in tissue regeneration and organ repair. It highlights how VSELs are being investigated for their efficacy in treating conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, organic erectile dysfunction, and diabetes, demonstrating their promise in regenerative medicine. The mention of VSELs' characteristics, such as migratory and differentiation capabilities, supports the assertion that stem cell research holds potential for regenerating damaged tissues and organs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene drive technology has the potential to control pests and invasive species without the use of pesticides. [SEP] Text: A triple stranded -sheet is the dominant secondary structural feature; several -turns and a short region -helix are also present (Figure 3B; [238]). The reactive site is located on an exposed loop which has a higher degree of mobility than other regions of the protein (Figure 3B). This is a common feature of PIs and is thought to allow the inhibitor to adapt to slightly different enzymes [239]. Atkinson and colleagues suggested NaPIs may be involved in deterring insects from feeding on stigmas or in protecting the stigma from pathogen invasion since the related type-II PIs from potato and tomato are effective against proteases of fungal, bacterial and insect origin [232,241]. The PIs from N. alata inhibit the digestive gut proteases from five insect orders in vitro and display significant inhibitory activity against the midgut proteases of H. punctigera and T. commodus [197,198]. Significant mortality was recorded when H. punctigera larvae were fed transgenic tobacco [197] or transgenic peas [198] expressing the NaPI precursor. More recently, the response of Helicoverpa larvae to ingestion of NaPI has been more thoroughly characterized. Following ingestion of NaPI, all surviving Helicoverpa punctigera larvae produced high levels of a chymotrypsin that was resistant to inhibition by NaPI [199]. However this NaPI-resistant chymotrypsin was strongly inhibited by a potato type 1 inhibitor which is also produced by solanaceous plants, but belongs to a different class of serine proteinase inhibitors. When presented to H. armigera larvae in an artificial diet the combination of NaPI and the potato type I inhibitor had a much more dramatic effect on growth and development of the larvae compared to either of the inhibitors alone (Figure 4). Figure 4. Percentage of Helicoverpa larval growth on day 11. This laboratory result was then translated to transgenic plants in the field. Transgenic cotton plants expressing both PI classes, NaPI and StPin1A performed better than transgenic cotton plants expressing either PI alone. The improved performance of the transgenic cotton plants with both PIs was measured by an increase in cotton boll number per plant and increased yield of lint at the end of the cotton growing season (Figure 5)[199]. Figure 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of protease inhibitors (PIs) on insect larvae and their role in pest control through genetic modification of plants. While it mentions transgenic plants and their performance in managing pest populations, it does not address gene drive technology specifically nor its potential to control pests without pesticides. Therefore, the text doesn't corroborate or contrast the claim.