Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Knock-down of Tor and raptor in males has been found to result in an accumulation of germline stem cells, combined with deficient differentiation (Liu et al. , 2016). Future work will need to assess the effect of these changes on male reproductive output and, more importantly, whether and how the signal of the nutrient sensing mechanisms that feed into the Tor pathway are modulated in a sex-specific way. Independently of how the regulatory reversal is achieved mechanistically, our data also suggest that the relationship between the composition of the diet consumed and reproductive output does not merely reflect the passive effect of metabolic conversion rates from nutritional components to gametes and energy but is at least in part the result if an active regulation of immediate reproductive investment. This has important implications for our interpretation of variation in diet-specific reproductive success, which has been documented in the population studied here (Camus et al. , 2017). Thus, variation between genotypes in the dietary composition that maximises, for example, male reproductive fitness is therefore probably at least partly caused by genetic variation in how nutrients are sensed or how this sensory output is used to regulate reproductive investment. Studying this variation in more detail will provide a fruitful avenue to better understand the regulatory mechanisms involved, as well as the selective forces that shape variation in its components. Materials and methods Fly stocks and maintenance Request a detailed protocol We used the D. melanogaster laboratory population LHM for our experiments. This has been sustained as a large outbred population for over 400 non-overlapping generations (Chippindale et al. , 2001; Rice, 1996), maintained on a strict 14 day regime, with constant densities at larval (~175 larvae per vial) and adult (56 vials of 16 male and 16 females) stages. All LHM flies were reared at 25°C, under a 12 hr:12 hr light:dark regime, on cornmeal-molasses-yeast-agar food medium. Synthetic diet Request a detailed protocol We used a modified liquid version of the synthetic diet described in Piper et al. (2014), that is prepared entirely from purified components to enable precise control over nutritional value (see Supplementary file 1 Tables 1-3). Previous studies have used diets based on natural components, typically sugar as the carbon source and live or killed yeast as the protein source (Piper and Partridge, 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how variations in diet composition relate to genetic differences, specifically in terms of reproductive success and nutrient sensing mechanisms. It suggests that genetic variation affects how nutrients influence reproductive investment, emphasizing the interaction between diet (nutritional components) and genetic factors, which is central to the field of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: assisted with an experiment that involved tracking the interactions of known individuals to examine if the flies exhibited social networks, and if those networks were stable. This logistically complicated experiment would have been difficult to run without the help of an automated system. Alisch et al. also show that the robot can be adjusted to work with various species often used for research, such as nematode worms, yeast, slime mould and even bumblebees. This allows the system to be useful in a range of research fields. fits on a table top and is fairly affordable, the hope is that it could help many scientists do their experiments faster and with greater consistency, freeing up time for creative thinking and new ideas. Ultimately, this tool could help to speed up scientific progress. model organisms are used to advance our biological understanding in numerous areas including disease and its treatment, basic cell biology, neuroscience and behavior. Species like Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster are desirable lab model organisms due to their rapid reproduction, ease of rearing, and especially their deep genetic toolkits comprising strains with varying genotypes and transgenic alterations that permit rapid, mechanistic inquiries. To take advantage of these toolkits, screen experiments quantify the phenotypes of hundreds (Vitaterna et al. , 1994), thousands (Kain et al. , 2012), tens of thousands (Ayroles et al. , 2015; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Churgin et al. , 2017) or even hundreds of thousands of individual animals (Robie et al. , 2017). With the ongoing improvement and widespread adoption of high-performance machine vision phenotyping (Branson et al. , 2009; Dankert et al. , 2009; Kabra et al. , 2013; Kimura et al. , 2014), the time needed to manually handle experimental animals remains the bottleneck limiting data collection. The advent of liquid-handling robots has radically changed the face of molecular biology, enabling techniques and experiments that had long been imagined, but were too complex, lengthy, or tedious to have been previously realized. But there are no comparable systems for handling of experimental organisms that are larger than ~1 mm or cannot be suspended in liquid. There are large-scale systems that handle adult flies in vials, in the form of ‘fly flipping’ robots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the automated system requires adjustments and interventions for various species and experiments, indicating that it is not completely maintenance-free. Specific mentions of the automation helping with 'logistically complicated experiments' and the necessary intervention to handle experimental animals illustrate that some level of maintenance and oversight is still required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurveyNo educationPrimarySecondaryHigherBangladesh2014 DHS51 [48-53]55 [53-57]55 [54-57]54 [51-57]Bangladesh2011 DHS50 [48-52]52 [51-54]53 [51-54]54 [51-57]Burundi2016-17 DHS20 [19-22]*25 [23-27]*29 [26-32]22 [15-31]Burundi2010 DHS 14 [13-16]20 [18-22]34 [29-39]33 [23-46]Ethiopia2016 DHS31 [28-34]*39 [35-43]51 [45-56]51 [44-57]Ethiopia2011 DHS22 [19-24]34 [31-37]53 [46-61]57 [50-64]Haiti2016-17 DHS28 [25-31]33 [31-36]33 [31-36]27 [21-34]Haiti2012 DHS28 [25-31]32 [30-34]33 [31-36]31 [25-38]Malawi2015-16 DHS54 [51-56]*59 [58-60]*59 [56-61]*55 [49-62]Malawi2010 DHS 37 [35-40]42 [41-44]48 [46-51]49 [39-60]Nepal2016 DHS52 [49-54]42 [39-45]34 [32-37]33 [31-36]Nepal2011 DHS49 [46-52]41 [37-44]37 [34-40]35 [30-40]Pakistan2017-18 DHS 23 [22-25]29 [26-32]30 [28-33]30 [27-33]Pakistan2012-13 DHS22 [20-23]28 [25-32]27 [25-30]30 [27-34]Senegal2017 DHS22 [20-23]*34 [31-36]*31 [27-34]42 [33-51]Senegal2012 DHS12 [10-13]25 [21-28]27 [21-34]49 [30-68]Sierra Leone^/^^2017 MICS18 [18-20]*27 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides demographic data from various countries regarding education levels but does not address or provide any information related to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Experiment 1a: Identification of male and female optimal diets Experimental setup and diet assay Request a detailed protocol Flies from each sex were collected as virgins using CO2 anaesthesia. Three virgin females and three virgin males were randomly placed in individual vials containing culture medium (molasses-yeast-agar) with no added live yeast. Twenty vials of hextets were collected for each sex and diet treatment. Flies were left to mate for a period of 36 hr on molasses-yeast-agar medium. Following this period, they were split by sex (now fly triplets), and placed on 0. 8% agar-water mixture. Agar-water vials provide water for the flies, but have no nutritional value. Flies were kept in these vials overnight before being supplied with a 10 µl (females) or 5 µl (males) microcapillary tube (ringcaps, Hirschmann) containing one of the eight allocated diets. These diets varied in their protein-to-carbohydrate ratios and captured the following nutritional rails (P:C): 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32. Capillary tubes were replaced daily, and food consumption for each fly trio was recorded for a total period of four days. Consequently, our experiment design consisted of 2 sexes and eight nutritional environments, with 20 vials of fly triplets comprising each experimental unit (two sexes × 8 diets×20 vials=320 vials, 960 flies). We chose to use capillary tubes of different sizes to maximise the accuracy of our diet consumption measurements and minimise evaporation errors. Larger capillary tubes increase evaporation rates; however, with a smaller capillary tube we ran the risk that flies would consume all of the food leading to a subsequent slight starvation response. For this reason, we found that a slightly larger capillary tube was ideal for females because they ate more than males in a 24 hr period. Using this approach, we found that flies never consumed all of the food from the capillary tubes. Flies were exposed to diet treatments in a controlled temperature room (25°C), 12L:12D light cycle and high relative humidity >80%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experimental setup that investigates the impact of various diets on fruit fly behavior, specifically their food consumption. This aligns with the essence of nutrigenomics, which is concerned with how dietary components interact with genetic expressions and influence biological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: However, these take up a whole room, generally in a core facility, and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to purchase and maintain, and are therefore inaccessible to most labs. And while there are many examples of high-throughput phenotypic assays in Drosophila (Branson et al. , 2009; Kabra et al. , 2013; Kain et al. , 2012; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Geissmann et al. , 2017), the systems that are not single-purpose still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. Some researchers have used flies' natural tendency to climb up (negative gravitaxis) to isolate individuals for behavioral analysis (von Reyn et al. , 2014), imaging (Medici et al. , 2015), or microsurgery (Savall et al. , 2015). But dependence on this particular behavior fundamentally caps throughput, inadvertently selects for a subset of a population, and limits eligible genotypes. An alternative approach, actively conveying flies with airflow (MacMillan and Hughson, 2014) permits moving animals on demand, and opens the door for increased throughput. The dearth of instruments for automating Drosophila experiments is representative of the situation for many other lab organisms, such as yeast and C. elegans, where there is no standard platform for automated handling of the organisms themselves. Here, we present an automated platform that is high-throughput and flexible enough to assist in conducting diverse experimental protocols in Drosophila and other species. Due to its modular design, the system can automate diverse assays in a wide variety of organisms (including yeast, C. elegans, the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and the bumblebee Bombus impatiens, an assortment chosen to demonstrate the platform’s versatility). For fruit flies, where we developed significant capabilities, this instrument can conduct numerous protocols, including loading of individual fruit flies for circadian rhythm (Pfeiffenberger et al. , 2010; Geissmann et al. , 2017) experiments, or aiding with lab chores like collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses or passaging individual flies in controlled culture conditions for longevity assays. The physical platform of this instrument integrates animal husbandry and phenotyping, permitting end-to-end experimental protocols. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the automated systems discussed still require human intervention to load and unload individual flies. It specifically mentions that despite the platform’s advanced capabilities for automation in diverse experimental protocols, human handling remains necessary in various processes, which directly contradicts the idea of being maintenance-free and operating autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text:  [24-30]*32 [29-36] *Sierra Leone^^2011 MICS 7 [6-8]14 [12-17]23 [21-26]Uganda2016 DHS23 [20-26]*34 [33-36]*40 [38-43]43 [39-47]Uganda 2011 DHS 16 [13-19]25 [23-27]36 [33-40]45 [38-51]Zimbabwe2015 DHS49 [37-62]61 [57-64]68 [66-69]75 [70-80]Zimbabwe2010-11 DHS42 [34-51]53 [50-56]60 [58-62]67 [59-73] ^ No education includes some pre-primary education and ^^ secondary includes secondary and higher MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on demographic information and surveys from modern countries, specifically mentioning statistics from Sierra Leone, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, without addressing ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: All flies were removed after this 18 hr mating window. Following removal of the flies, the total number of eggs laid were determined by taking pictures of the agar surface and counting eggs using the software QuantiFly (Waithe et al. , 2015). Statistical analyses Request a detailed protocol First, we sought to investigate the effects of diet on sex-specific fitness. Separate models were run for each sex, as the two datasets measured fitness in distinct ways. Female fitness was measured as total number of eggs produced within a 18 hr timeframe following a mating event. Given data followed a normal distribution, we used a linear model to analyse the data. Number of eggs was the response variable, with mating status, and diet plus their interaction as fixed factors. Male fitness was measured as the proportion of offspring sired from the focal male. For this we modelled the response as a binomial vector comprising the number of offspring sired by the focal male and the number sired by the competitor male and diet composition as a categorical fixed effect. To examine whether the sexes varied in the quantity they consumed of each diet, we used a linear model to investigate differences in dietary consumption. We modelled total food consumption as a response variable with sex, diet and their interaction as fixed effects. All models were performed using the lm function in R version 3. 3. 2 (R Team, 2016). To examine nutritional fitness landscapes, we combined fitness values with diet consumption values for each sex. Before statistical analysis, we transformed the fitness data as male and female fitness were measured in different units. For this, we standardised them using Z-transformations for each sex across treatments. We used a multivariate response-surface approach (Lande and Arnold, 1983; Chenoweth and Blows, 2005) to estimate the linear and quadratic effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on male and female fitness. The linear gradients for protein and carbohydrate intake for each sex were estimated from a model containing only the linear terms. The nonlinear gradients for nutrient intake were obtained from a model that contained both linear and nonlinear terms. We used untransformed data to visualise nutritional landscapes, using non-parametric thin-plate splines implemented with the Fields package in R version 3. 3. 2 (R Team, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study investigates the effects of diet on sex-specific fitness, specifically highlighting the interaction of diet composition with fitness metrics, which is a key aspect of nutrigenomics. It mentions the analysis of dietary consumption and its relationship to male and female fitness, indicating a direct exploration of how dietary inputs influence genetic fitness outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Its low cost (~$3,500), programmability, and scalability permit large-scale experiments that take advantage of the many benefits lab model organisms offer, such as huge fly genetic libraries containing thousands of lines (Jenett et al. , 2012; Thibault et al. , 2004). After demonstrating MAPLE’s breadth of utility across species, we highlight the depth of its capabilities with two particularly time- and manual labor-intensive fruit fly tasks: rapidly collecting virgin females, and large-scale longitudinal measurement of fly social networks and behavior. The latter experiment reveals previously unknown stability of Drosophila social interactions, and confirms that both olfaction and vision are required for dyad-specific social interactions in this context. physical implementation With the high level goals of modularity, scalability, and automatability in mind, we designed the MAPLE system with the following design constraints: (1) It features a large, flat experimental workspace with room for multiple flexibly-configurable experimental modules. (2) This workspace is physically open for user convenience, and transparent on the top and bottom for in situ optical phenotyping. (3) Multiple end-effectors can move throughout the workspace to handle organisms, capture images, and manipulate experimental modules. (4) It features failsafe mechanisms so that users can leave it unattended without worrying that it would damage itself or experimental modules. (5) It is relatively inexpensive and scalable. MAPLE (Figure 1, Figure 1—figure supplement 1A) was built using extruded aluminum rails to support x-, y-, and z-carriages mounted on linear rails in a Cartesian configuration. We employed the CoreXY system (Moyer, 2012), which reduces the mass of the moving part of the X/Y gantry by fixing the stepper motors on the frame. (However, for the speeds at which we run MAPLE, which are roughly 80% as fast as human hands conducting experiments (Video 1), mounting the y-axis stepper motor on the x-axis carriage would likely not reduce performance. ) Figure 1 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE, a robotic platform for conducting experiments with many species. (A) Schematic of MAPLE with workspace dimensions indicated and an expanded schematic of the end effectors. Colors indicate different robotic systems. (B–F) Demonstrations of MAPLE experiments in yeast, C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the capabilities and design constraints of the MAPLE system, which is a robotic platform that requires user input and intervention for monitoring, testing, and conducting experiments. Phrases like 'failsafe mechanisms' and 'users can leave it unattended without worrying that it would damage itself or experimental modules' imply a necessary form of oversight, suggesting that some level of maintenance and intervention is required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Figure 4. Modern contraceptive prevalence rate (MCPR) by education status between two surveys. AgeTable 5 provides MCP by age group for all the countries. When comparing changes in MCP in individual age groups between surveys, we found that any statistically significant MCP increases were consistent for both married women and all womeniv. When comparing MCP increase by age groups between two surveys, we found no significance for four countries: Bangladesh, Haiti, Nepal, and Pakistan; significance in some age groups for Burundi, Ethiopia, and Zimbabwe; and significance in all age ranges for Malawi and Senegal. , all age groups (except 45–49) saw a statistically significant increase in MCP use. The age group 20–24 showed significance across three of the countries, Burundi, Malawi, and Senegal, while Ethiopia showed significance for 25–29 years old and 40–44 years old. In Zimbabwe, the only age groups not showing significant change were the youngest two groups: 15–19 and 20–24-year-olds. Table 5. Age groups by country with significant MCPR increase denoted by * next to most recent survey estimate confidence interval. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive prevalence rates and survey data, not providing any information about ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Subsequently, expression data was subsetted into three parts for separate analysis, i) genes that were expressed in both sexes (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library of each sex), ii) genes that were male-limited in expression (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library from males, but none of the female libraries), and iii) genes that were female-limited in expression (transcripts detected in at least one replicate library from females, but none of the male libraries) (Figure 1—figure supplement 1B). We tested for differential gene expression between our experimental groups using the negative binomial models implemented in edgeR. For the shared gene dataset, we fitted a full model where expression of each transcript is a function of sex, diet and their interaction. The significance of each model term was tested using a specific contrast matrix. In order to obtain estimates of expression fold changes between the two diets for each sex, we further fitted models with diet as the sole model term separately to male and female data. Gene ontogeny enrichment was performed using the Bioconductor package clusterProfiler (Yu et al. , 2012). In order to assess whether genes that showed similar diet responses were regulated by common transcription factors we used the Bioconductor package RcisTarget (Aibar et al. , 2017), which tests for enrichment of cis-regulatory motifs upstream of a given gene sets. In all analyses, we used a statistical significance threshold of 5% Rate (FDR) (Benjamini and Hochberg, 1995). For the smaller sex-specific gene sets, we ran enrichment analyses on the sets of genes with significant diet responses, but also on the complete sets of sex-limited genes (irrespectively of their responses to diet). This was to be able to identify (and remove) enriched binding motifs that reflect general sex-specific regulation rather than diet responses. We further compared our list of genes responding to diet (either via additive or interactive effects) to previous work that has examined transcriptomic responses to dietary restriction (Ding et al. , 2014). For this, we used the R package GeneOverlap (Shen and Sinai, 2018) that implements a contingency table test (Fisher's exact test) to identify greater than expected overlap between gene lists. To compare our gene list to genes reported as significantly affected by perturbation of IIS/TOR signalling by Graze et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the analysis of gene expression in relation to diet and sex. It specifically mentions that they tested for differential gene expression influenced by diet, indicating an exploration of the interaction between diet and genes. The mention of 'genes responding to diet' and the use of statistical models to analyze these interactions further supports the claim that nutrigenomics examines how diet affects gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Inset box expanded in (G3) to illustrate workers (red ellipses), the queen (magenta ellipse), and nest structure (yellow overlay), all of which are tracked in BEECH data sets. This figure is also a target for an augmented reality view of MAPLE. Print the figure in portrait orientation on letter paper, place the printout on a horizontal surface like a bench or desk, and view it in scan mode in the ‘Augment’ mobile app to interact with a to-scale rendering of MAPLE. Video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as in use. MAPLE is situated on a standard experimental bench. The user controls its behavior through an attached PC. Real-time video shows that MAPLE moves at speeds similar to human fly experimentalists. With respect to our design constraints: (1) the accessible experimental workspace measures 100 × 28. 2×7. 5 cm on the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively. Its floor is clear acrylic with cable/tubing pass-throughs. Locating brackets (laser cut out of 6 mm acrylic) were affixed to an interchangeable acrylic surface with the same footprint as the floor (a ‘workspace plate’), allowing experimental modules to be precisely and repeatably positioned within and removed from the workspace (Figure 1—figure supplement 2). Interchanging workspace plates allows rapid reconfiguration of the workspace for different experimental procedures. (2) The sides, top, and bottom of MAPLE are open or made of clear acrylic, permitting the optical phenotyping of flies in experimental modules at all time points other than when the end-effector carriages are above the modules. (3) The end-effector assembly comprises three independent z-axes, each featuring a single tool (Figure 1A; Video 2): an object manipulator for picking up experimental module components like plastic lids using vacuum; a USB digital camera with LED illumination for acquiring high-resolution images for machine-vision; and an organism manipulator for handling small individual animals using vacuum, or, in the case of our yeast experiments, wooden applicators (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). (4) All motion axes have physical limit switches and/or software limits preventing overtravel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the operational aspects of MAPLE, which is controlled by an attached PC and requires user intervention to manage its behavior. It describes how the workspace can be reconfigured for different experiments, highlighting that some level of operator involvement is necessary for its proper functioning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: CountrySurvey15–1920–2425–2930–3435–3940–4445–49TotalBangladesh2014 DHS46 [43–48]54 [51–56]60 [58–62]62 [60–64]56 [54–59]41 [38–43]21 [19–24]51 [50–52]Bangladesh2011 DHS41 [39–44]52 [50–54]58 [56–60]58 [56–60]53 [50–55]41 [39–44]25 [23–28]49 [48–50]Burundi2016–17 DHS3 [2–3]15 [14–17]* 20 [19–22]22 [20–24]21 [19–23]16 [14–19]10 [8–12]15 [14–15]*Burundi2012 DHS 1 [1–2]12 [10–14] 18 [16–20]18 [15–21]16 [14–19]12 [10–14]7 [5–10]11 [10–12]Ethiopia2016 DHS7 [6–9]26 [23–29]35 [32–38]*35 [31–38]29 [26–33]28 [24–32]*16 [13–21]25 [23–27]*Ethiopia2011 DHS5 [4–6]22 [19–25]26 [23–28]28 [25–31]26 [23–29]19 [15–23]10 [8–13]19 [17–20]Haiti2016–17 DHS8 [7–9]25 [23–27]31 [29–34]30 [27–33]29 [26–32]24 [21–27]13 [11–15]22 [21–23]Haiti2012 DHS8 [7–10]23 [21–26]31 [29–34]31 [28–34]28 [24–31]22 [20–25]14 [11–16]22 [20–23]Malawi2015–16 DHS15 [14–17]*46 [44–48]*57 [54–59]*60 [58–62]*59 [57–62]*53 [ [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains statistical data about various countries and their demographic health surveys, which does not address the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: We fitted a linear fixed effects model to the transformed fitness values with sex, diet and rapamycin concentrations (coded as a categorical factor to accommodate possible non-linearity in the effect) and their interactions. For the main analysis we categorised diet as optimal/non-optimal (where the nutritional composition of the 'optimal' diet category is carbohydrate-rich for males and protein-rich for females). This encoding makes it more straightforward to assess how rapamycin treatment interacts with diet-quality in each sex. We also ran analysis where diet composition was encoded as 'carbohydrate-rich' and 'protein-rich'. Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in the supplementary data files. We compare our results to data from three papers, with results discussed throughout our paper (Dobson et al. , 2018; Graze et al. , 2018; Tiebe et al. , 2015). The following data sets were generated (2019) from: Sex-specific transcriptomic responses to changes in the nutritional environment. 1086. PubMed 743. PubMed 169. PubMed 300. 2161. PubMed 46. PubMed 2120. PubMed 2144. 2237. 5393. PubMed 288. PubMed 3926. PubMed 754. PubMed 289. PubMed 1675. PubMed 319. PubMed 14. 795. 9920. PubMed 591. PubMed 106. PubMed 2925. PubMed 5. PubMed 558. PubMed 398. PubMed 1450. 17. PubMed 10. PubMed 924. PubMed 1064. PubMed 893. PubMed 122. PubMed 644. 2501. PubMed 615. PubMed 5236. PubMed 196. PubMed 360. PubMed 11. 1226. 2503. PubMed 2079. PubMed 2524. PubMed 2149. PubMed 6952. PubMed 9. 1066. PubMed 330. PubMed 2868. PubMed 290. 1422. PubMed 472. PubMed 862. PubMed 105. 57. PubMed 2717. 2053. PubMed 102. PubMed 0956. PubMed 1005. PubMed 234. PubMed 140. PubMed 4656. PubMed 1439. 368. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that examines the effects of diet on fitness values and how these effects may differ based on sex. It highlights a categorization of diet as optimal/non-optimal, indicating that nutritional composition (carbohydrate-rich for males and protein-rich for females) plays a role in the analysis. This reflects the exploration central to the field of nutrigenomics, where diet interacts with genetic factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Handling and imaging were then repeated an additional four times to test for cumulative effects. Flies handled by MAPLE were statistically indistinguishable from unhandled flies both in the fraction that were active across imaging sessions (Figure 2C; b = −0. 02, t(477) = −0. 098, p=0. 92 by multinomial logistic regression) and in their mean walking speed across imaging sessions (Figure 2D; F(4, 376)=0. 51, p=0. 73 by mixed-effects ANOVA). Figure 2 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Behavior of flies manipulated by MAPLE is similar to manual controls. (A) Diagram of repeated MAPLE handling procedure. Flies were removed from and replaced back into wells of a FlyPlate using MAPLE’s organism manipulator. In between these handling events their activity was assessed by automated tracking. (B) Illustration of automatic tracking of flies in a FlyPlate through the nylon mesh covering the wells. (C) Percentage of flies exhibiting supra-threshold activity (mean speed >0. 1 mm/s) across handling sessions. Red line is MAPLE-handled flies, black line is matched unhandled flies. Gray area denotes 95% CI around unhandled flies. (D) Fly mean speed across handling sessions. (E) Illustration of MAPLE-assisted handedness phenotyping procedure. (F) Y-maze arena adapted for MAPLE use with a multi-position loading port allowing the deposition of awake flies into the behavioral arena. The hole in the rotatable lid can be aligned to the arena to load or unload flies, or to the wall surrounding the arena to trap flies in. (G) Distribution of fly mean speeds in MAPLE and manually loaded experiments. Distributions shown are kernel density estimates (KDEs). Gray area is 95% CI around manually loaded flies as estimated by bootstrap resampling of KDEs. (H) Distributions of fly turning bias (# right turns # total turns) in MAPLE and manually loaded experiments. Second, we measured the locomotor bias of individual flies in Y-shaped mazes (Ayroles et al. , 2015; Buchanan et al. , 2015) configured with multi-position loading ports. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about manual handling and intervention in the experimental procedures using the MAPLE system. It specifically describes that flies were handled multiple times ('removed from and replaced back into wells of a FlyPlate') and assessed for activity, indicating that there is a need for intervention and human handling in the process, which directly contradicts the assertion that these farms operate autonomously and maintenance-free.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: 50–56]*43 [40–47]*45 [44–46]*Malawi2010 DHS 9 [8–10]33 [31–35]42 [40–44]42 [40–45]44 [42–47]40 [37–43]33 [30–36]33 [32–34]Nepal2016 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–20]34 [31–37]46 [42–49]56 [53–59]55 [52–58]52 [48–56]33 [32–35]Nepal2011 DHS4 [3–5]18 [16–21]36 [33–40]50 [47–54]57 [54–61]56 [53–60]44 [40–49]33 [32–35]Pakistan2017–18 DHS 6 [4–9]13 [11–16]21 [18–23]29 [27–32]31 [29–34]34 [31–37]24 [22–29]24 [23–26]Pakistan2012–13 DHS7 [4–10]15 [13–17]21 [19–23]31 [28–34]35 [32–38]31 [27–34]24 [21–27]25 [24–26]Senegal2017 DHS3 [2–3]*14 [12–15]*23 [21–25]*29 [26–31]*31 [28–35]*29 [26–32]*21 [18–24]*19 [18–20]*Senegal2012 DHS1 [1–2]8 [7–10]16 [14–19] 16 [13–20] 22 [18–27] 18 [14–23] 9 [6–12] 11 [10–13] 2016 MICS 20 [19–22]*33 [31–36]*31 [28–33]*28 [26–30]*25 [23–27]*19 [17–21]*11 [9–13]26 [24–27]*Sierra Leone2010 MICS5 [3–7]9 [7–11]9 [7–11]12 [10–14]14 [12–16]11 [9–14]7 [5–10 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a series of numerical references and abbreviations likely pertaining to data or surveys from various countries. It does not contain any information relevant to the claim about ancient civilizations leaving behind written records, making it irrelevant to the analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Statistical applications in nutrigenomics : analyzing multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases in humans A. G. and output: Thesis › internal recent advances in technology provide the possibility to obtain large genomic datasets that contain information on large numbers of variables, while the sample sizes are moderate to small. This has lead to statistical challenges in the analysis of multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases. In this thesis approaches are investigated to analyze large genomic datasets, taking complex relationships between genes, proteins and complex diseases into account. These approaches are applied to real data to investigate whether biologically relevant information from the dataset could be obtained or whether models could be obtained that are useful for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. developed a general framework for the analysis of genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data to obtain insight in biological mechanisms. This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest. In the last step, biological interpretation of the statistical results was facilitated by literature search, pathway analysis and database mining. general framework discussed in this thesis provides the possibility to analyze large nutrigenomic datasets. Although the contribution of genomic research to public health is at the moment limited, new advances in genomic research, e. g. genome-wide association studies, statistical approaches as discussed in this thesis, are promising and genomic research might in the near future lead to applications that translate into improvement of public health. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor of. C. M. , Promotor, External personBoer, J. M. A. , Co-promotor, External personAward date9 Dec 2008Place of Publication[S. l. ]Print ISBNs9789085852612DOstatusPublished - 9 Dec 2008 Keywordsdata analysisstatistical analysispublic healthnutrigenomics output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing statistical approaches in nutrigenomics, which involves the analysis of multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases. It highlights the capacity of recent technological advancements to handle large genomic datasets and the investigation of interactions between genes, proteins, and their biological implications. This aligns with the definition of nutrigenomics as it focuses on the interaction between diet (through genomic data) and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 with 3 supplements see all Download asset Open asset An ecosystem of MAPLE hardware modules for flexible experimental automation in fruit flies. (A) Illustrations and brief descriptions of experimental MAPLE modules. Fly source modules can provide flies into the MAPLE system. Fly sink modules can receive flies. Phenotyping modules are used to collect experimental measurements. and methods for more extensive descriptions. Modules with names in (parentheses) are under development. (B) Simplified flowcharts illustrating a selection of tasks MAPLE is capable of performing using different combinations of modules. Green arrows indicate the flow of animals through the task, thin grey arrows the motion of the MAPLE end effectors. Tasks with names in (parentheses) are hypothetical and illustrate the scope of possibilities. Fly sink modules are destinations into which flies that have been handled by MAPLE can be deposited. In the case of the FlyPlate, deposited flies can be later removed. Other fly sink modules are one-way, including a morgue, a dish of slightly soapy water or 70% ethanol covered with a nylon mesh lid in the style of the FlyPlate. Standard fly culture media vials with nylon mesh loading adapters can be used to collect many flies after MAPLE handling for long-term storage. The last category of modules is phenotyping modules, which produce experimental data. We have created a number of behavior phenotyping modules (Figure 3—figure supplement 1), including arrays of circular open field arenas, arrays of Y-shaped mazes for measuring locomotor handedness (Buchanan et al. , 2015), and social arena arrays, in which pairwise social interactions can be monitored. Phenotyping modules are not limited to collecting behavioral data. For example, flies can be loaded into standard 96-well plates outfitted with nylon mesh lids. From there, they are ready for molecular protocols, including use by liquid-handling robots. Flies in FlyPlates, which have access to food, can be used for circadian assays (Tataroglu and Emery, 2014), longevity (Stearns et al. , 2000), or pharmacological experiments (Gasque et al. , 2013). Modules such as the can be situated outside MAPLE’s frame, receiving and delivering flies via air-flow tubing. 3D-printed adapter blocks connect these tubes into the MAPLE workspace and are situated with locating brackets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the MAPLE system's various modules that actively manipulate and monitor flies. For example, it describes how the system includes fly source and sink modules, phenotyping modules, and various protocols that enable collection of experimental data. This suggests that the system requires human involvement for operation, thus contradicting the assertion that farms using this technology are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: ]10 [9–11]Uganda2016 DHS9 [8–11]*28 [26–30]*37 [35–40]*37 [34–39]*36 [34–39]*34 [31–37]*19 [17–22]27 [27–28]*Uganda2011 DHS 6 [5–7]20 [18–22]28 [25–31]30 [27–34]30 [27–34]27 [23–31]14 [11–18]21 [20–22]Zimbabwe2015 DHS12 [11–14]49 [46–52]62 [59–65]*66 [64–68]*64 [61–67]*56 [53–60]*42 [37–47]*48 [47–49]*Zimbabwe2010–11 DHS10 [9–12]44 [41–47]55 [52–58]55 [52–58]52 [49–55]45 [41–50]31 [28–35]41 [39–42] This table represents an all women sample and an ever-married women sample in Pakistan and Bangladesh. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses demographic data related to women sampled in Pakistan and Bangladesh, without addressing any ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest. In the last step, biological interpretation of the statistical results was facilitated by literature search, pathway analysis and database mining. general framework discussed in this thesis provides the possibility to analyze large nutrigenomic datasets. Although the contribution of genomic research to public health is at the moment limited, new advances in genomic research, e. g. genome-wide association studies, statistical approaches as discussed in this thesis, are promising and genomic research might in the near future lead to applications that translate into improvement of public health. AB - recent advances in technology provide the possibility to obtain large genomic datasets that contain information on large numbers of variables, while the sample sizes are moderate to small. This has lead to statistical challenges in the analysis of multiple genes and proteins in relation to complex diseases. In this thesis approaches are investigated to analyze large genomic datasets, taking complex relationships between genes, proteins and complex diseases into account. These approaches are applied to real data to investigate whether biologically relevant information from the dataset could be obtained or whether models could be obtained that are useful for diagnostic or prognostic purposes. developed a general framework for the analysis of genetic, transcriptomic and proteomic data to obtain insight in biological mechanisms. This framework consists of the following steps: detection of heterogeneity, dimensionality reduction to deal with the large numbers of variables, statistical interpretation and biological interpretation. We found that within this multi-step approach application of a combination of methods, including methods that take interactions into account, is useful within the dimensionality reduction step. In this way more information is captured compared to applying only one method. After selection of relevant variables in the dimensionality reduction step, applying visualization tools, e. g. the interaction entropy graph, together with traditional statistical methods showed to be helpful for statistical interpretation whether variables contribute by their main and/or interaction effect to the outcome of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the analysis of large nutrigenomic datasets and the relevance of understanding interactions between genes, proteins, and complex diseases, which aligns with the fundamental concept of nutrigenomics that focuses on how dietary components can influence gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: The modularity of MAPLE’s hardware is reflected in its software as well (Figure 3—figure supplement 2). Each experimental procedure is associated with a Python experimental script file. These files call functions that (1) implement common multi-step robot actions (like retrieving a fly from a behavioral arena), (2) implement low-level elemental robot actions, (3) are specifically associated with the modules used in a particular experiment, and (4) mediate the remote control of MAPLE over the internet. This software architecture permits the rapid scripting of new experimental protocols at a high level (Figure 3—figure supplement 3). To demonstrate the experimental flexibility of this ecosystem of modules and software, we implemented a number of experimental procedures (Figure 3B). These include: (1) collecting virgin flies for genetic crosses by dispensing flies as they eclose and then distributing them into individual wells of FlyPlates where their isolation preserves their virgin status indefinitely; (2) loading flies into Y-shaped arenas to measure their locomotor biases, the time-consuming step of a routine assay in our lab; (3) loading flies from the into the FlyPlate wells for long-term culturing and circadian phenotyping; and (4) loading flies into social arenas to measure their pairwise interactions. Below we describe results from procedures (1) and (4) in detail, as well as the scientific findings obtained using the latter procedure. MAPLE-assisted virgin picking is more efficient than manual methods We tasked MAPLE with performing a tedious task that consumes great amounts of time in essentially all Drosophila labs: collecting virgin females for genetic crosses. Female D. melanogaster will not mate with males for approximately 6 hr after they eclose from the pupal case. In the first portion of this interval, they have morphological characteristics (puffy abdomens, translucent cuticle, and visible meconium in the gut) that correlate with their young age and are reliable, but conservative, indicators of virginity. In traditional manual virgin-picking, only females with these morphological correlates are collected. This means that many virgin females lacking morphological correlates in the latter portions of the 6 hr no-mating window are discarded, unless practitioners collect virgins from a stock vial or bottle at regular intervals at least three or four times a day. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific tasks and interventions required in the operation of the MAPLE system, such as the collection of virgin flies and the remote control of MAPLE over the internet. It indicates that there is a procedural element involved in using the MAPLE system, signifying that the operation requires human intervention and is not entirely autonomous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: MCPR, modern contraceptive prevalence rate; DHS, Demographic and Health Survey;. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss ancient civilizations or written records. Instead, it mentions modern contraceptive prevalence rates and demographic surveys, which have no connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Nutrigenomics as a tool to study the impact of diet on aging and age-related diseases: the Drosophila approach access Published: 02 May 2019 Nutrigenomics as a tool to study the impact of diet on aging and age-related diseases: the Drosophila approach Zoi Evangelakou1 na1, Maria Manola1 na1, Sentiljana Gumeni1 & …Ioannis P. Trougakos1 Show authors Genes & Nutrition 22. 9%, average lifetime by 17. 49% and maximum longevity by 12. 0%. Moreover, it improved antioxidant enzymes activity, inhibited lipid peroxidation; significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA, a lipid oxidation product) content and increased the activities of Cat and Sod [138]. Another extract found to alter the expression patterns of Cat, Sod, and mth was an extract from ginger. Specifically, mRNA expression analysis in 30 days old flies fed with 1 mg/ml of ginger extract showed a significant upregulation of Sod and Cat genes, whereas downregulation of mth was observed in flies fed with 2 mg/ml of the ginger extract as compared to flies fed with a standard diet. Supplementation of the culture medium with 1 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml of ginger extract could prolong the mean lifespan by 6. 49% and 7. 30%, and the maximum lifespan by 11. 97% and 4. 66%, respectively. Ginger extract could also regulate the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, and lipids, which indicates that the anti-aging effect is achieved by protecting mitochondrial function, coordinating the oxidant-antioxidant balance and ameliorating metabolic dysfunction [139]. Likewise, 2. 5 mg/ml of Aronia extract was found to extend the mean lifespan of fruit flies by 18% and significantly improved the locomotor activity of both 10 and 40 days old flies. In 40 days old flies, ROS production was significantly lowered and accumulation of the lipid oxidation product MDA was markedly decreased. The extended longevity and improved locomotion were attributed to increased levels of the antioxidant enzymes Sod, Cat, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and to the induction of stress resistance genes, namely, heat shock protein 68 (Hsp68), lethal (2) essential for life [l(2)efl], and thioredoxin peroxidase 1 (Jafrac1) [140]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nutrigenomics is used to study the impact of diet, specifically highlighting how various dietary extracts like ginger and Aronia affect gene expression and biological outcomes in Drosophila. For instance, it notes the upregulation of genes related to antioxidant enzymes when flies were fed ginger extract, which directly relates to the interaction between dietary factors and genetic expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: MAPLE has the potential to recover 100% of females as virgins by isolating them quickly after they eclose, and storing them individually to preclude mating. To implement this procedure, we devised a simple custom fly media vial in which the lower portion containing fly food is detachable. Parental generation flies lay eggs in this food, or food from another vial containing larval flies can be transferred into the custom vial. When flies in this experimental generation climb onto the walls of the vial and pupate, the food-containing portion is manually detached, and replaced with an empty vial-bottom (Video 10). This pupae-containing, foodless vial is then placed in the Fly Dispenser. Every 30 min, all newly eclosed flies are dispensed into MAPLE, which distributes them individually into the wells of a FlyPlate (Figure 4A). Figure 4 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset MAPLE performance at collecting virgin female flies for genetic crosses. (A) Diagram of modules and procedure employed in MAPLE virgin-collecting. (B) Comparison of cumulative number of virgin females collected versus manual labor time required in MAPLE and conventional manual virgining procedures. Dotted lines indicate the maximum potential virgins that might have been collected in each approach. Thus the difference between the dotted and solid line indicates females that were ‘lost’ and not retained as virgins. Video 10 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as -assisted virgin-collecting procedure. Animation illustrating the MAPLE procedure for efficiently collecting virgin female flies. See also Figure 4. This process was not without error: at rates of ~3% a well was left empty, or ~8% a well was loaded with two flies. A representative outcome is shown in Figure 4—figure supplement 1. To recover only the virgin females, fully loaded FlyPlates were removed from their media base, brought to traditional CO2 fly-pushing pads at dissecting microscopes, the flies were anesthetized through the wire mesh floor, and then the plate and pad assembly was inverted, leaving the flies on the CO2 pad in their respective positions from the wells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the manual processes involved in the MAPLE system for collecting virgin female flies. It describes that flies must be manually detached and transferred, indicating that there is significant human intervention required in the operation of this system. For example, it mentions procedures like manually detaching the food-containing portion of the vial and bringing fully loaded FlyPlates to traditional CO2 fly-pushing pads. This directly contradicts the claim that these farms operate maintenance-free and autonomously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Unmarried sexually activevWe also assessed whether there had been an increase in MCP among unmarried sexually active women. Typically, the sample of women that are unmarried and sexually active in the last 30 days is small which makes testing for significant changes in MCP challenging (since a larger sample increases confidence in our estimates and the confidence intervals are tighter allowing for detectable changes). While none of the findings were significant, we did see an increase in modern method use in Malawi and Zimbabwe. DiscussionA criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal of the FP2020 partnership had been that countries and partners might prioritize easier to reach populations (e. g. with technical or political support from the FP2020 partnership) to meet this target, which exacerbates inequities. Overall, our findings suggest that between two surveys carried out since 2010, many countries saw MCP gains across different dimensions of equity, including residence, education, wealth, age, and marital status and do not suggest a focus on expanded coverage at the expense of equity. In most countries, MCP increased among rural women, and these gains were significant in seven African countries. In six countries, MCP gains were significant both among women with no education and in the lowest wealth group. MCP gains among young women aged 20–24 were seen in four African countries: Malawi, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. In these four countries, MCP also significantly increased among young women aged 15–19. While we could not detect significant MCP changes among unmarried sexually active women, the country-specific trends indicate MCP is increasing among these women. All of the significant gains in MCP were made in African countries, and specifically Malawi, who experienced the most expansive growth across different dimensions of equity. Another possible criticism of the “120 million additional users” goal could be that the target would lead to a focus on more populous countries, but most of the gains in MCP were in African countries with populations far smaller than the those of several of the Asian countries in our sample. and Bangladesh rank in the top 10 most populous countries in the world. Yet, our analysis found that despite having larger populations, neither of these countries experienced the rapid MCP growth of several of the smaller countries. Compared to these Asian countries, most of the African countries in our analysis started at a lower MCP and thus had greater potential for increased modern contraceptive use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive use in African countries and does not address the topic of ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: The beneficial effects of these dietary interventions are mainly attributed to the crosstalk of nutrient sensing or signaling modules with factors of the cellular stress-response pathways [132]. Limitations of nutrition studies in is a well-investigated and highly tractable model organism employed in nutrition research and nutraceuticals discovery since, as mentioned above, it shares high homology with several human metabolism and disease-related genes. Consistently, several insights of the molecular mechanisms that affect in vivo aging have been identified by studying the effects of distinct dietary habits and/or components of the fruit fly diet, which have been further translated or verified in mammals. Still, several considerations should be thoroughly taken into account before interpreting and consequently translating the results of nutraceutical studies from flies to humans. The composition of diets and the dosage of nutraceuticalsSeveral meta-analysis studies that tried to investigate the systemic effects of specific nutrients on healthspan and/or lifespan extension in the fly model found it hard to compare studies from different laboratories that use different “standard” Drosophila mediums, which exact content is rarely reported in published research papers [97, 187]. Given the number of existing nutrients in a diet and their cross-interactions, along with the established fact that even the dilution of a single amino acid can eventually modify longevity, the lifespan variations obtained in studies conducted by different research groups on the same model organism is not surprising [91]. A way out to this issue could be the use of synthetic (chemically defined) diets, like a holistic medium described recently [188], which will make nutrients and drugs more available to flies. However, a major disadvantage of this approach would be the cost and the relatively complex preparation. Thus, a compelling solution for consistency of nutrition studies in model organisms, including Drosophila, is the detailed reporting of the nutritional ingredients of complex diets. Likewise, in the case of functional foods and nutraceuticals, caution should be taken regarding dosage, since different concentrations of the same molecule can yield entirely different outcomes due to mild stress (Fig. 4), a process known as hormesis [189]. This is particularly highlighted by genetic studies in which sustained induced overactivation of stress or nutrient sensors, such as cncC/Nrf2, Tor, or foxo, could have either pro-longevity or toxic effects, depending on the duration of the intervention and their expression levels [76, 132]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dietary habits and components interact with genetic factors, specifically mentioning the use of model organisms like Drosophila in nutrition research, which examines the effects of specific dietary components on metabolism and gene expression. It highlights the complexities of these interactions and their significance in understanding molecular mechanisms related to diet and aging, reinforcing the notion that nutrigenomics focuses on the relationship between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: In a control experiment, w1118 flies separated by solid-black barriers had interactivity indices indistinguishable from Canton-S flies separated by solid-black barriers (p=0. 48 by t-test). Lastly, we set out to determine if social behavior is stable over long periods of time by measuring dyadic interactivity indices across days. Using our high-throughput dyad scheme, we measured interactivity indices from 91 dyads on each of 6 consecutive days. Interactivity indices across Canton-S dyads were statistically significantly correlated (0. 31 < r < 0. 38, 0. 0001 < p < 0. 04) between day one vs. day 2, day 2 vs. day 3 and day 3 vs. day 4 (Figure 5G), but not days 4 vs. 5 or 5 vs. 6. Thus, dyad-specific affiliative behavior appears to be stable over days-long timescales, though only for the first days of experiments. In control experiments, Canton-S flies with solid-black barriers and NorpA and Orco mutant flies exhibited no significant correlation in dyad interactivity indices across days. Significant correlation in interactivity index across dyads was observed in our two SIN dyad schemes as well (Figure 5H–J) suggesting that SIN persistence can be measured in a variety of experimental formats. Other metrics of social interaction yielded qualitatively similar results to the interactivity index (Figure 5—figure supplement 2; Supplementary methods). developed MAPLE, a modular, automated platform for large-scale experiments, to expand automated experimental capabilities for lab model organisms (Figure 1). By design, MAPLE is versatile, scalable, and relatively inexpensive, with all components of the core fly-handling robot costing roughly $3500. We displayed the versatility of this system by adapting the MAPLE platform to detect, place, and streak out individual S. cerevisiae colonies (Figure 1B), autonomously record C. elegans behavior (Figure 1C) and P. polycephalum movement (Figure 1D), as well as automatically monitor the behavior of multiple bumblebee colonies over long periods (Figure 1F,G). We have made the design and code for MAPLE open access in the hope that it, or descendant approaches, will be adopted by our field. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the MAPLE system designed for automated experimental capabilities but does not indicate that it operates maintenance-free or without any intervention. Although it mentions the versatility, scalability, and low cost of the MAPLE system, the implication of ongoing functionality and oversight is present, which contradicts the notion of being completely autonomous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: However, it is worth noting Pakistan had more room to grow than Malawi, who experienced the most overall MCP growth and saw growth across different equity dimensions. Additionally, given all countries in our analysis are still experiencing population growth and thus an increasing population of women of reproductive age, even countries such as Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, that did not have significant levels of MCP growth, were providing contraceptive services to a greater number of women of reproductive age without experiencing declines in equity. Given that countries could either experience (a) rapid MCP growth (because they started at a lower MCP in the middle of the S-curve growth pattern19) or (b) sustained modern contraception users (meaning they continue to add more users of modern contraception due to population growth and a slower increase in MCP), supportive country-specific policies and commitments that focused on expanding services and improving equity could be at the nexus of increasing and/or retaining modern contraceptive users without exacerbating inequities. In order to sustain its high MCP, government and development partners in Bangladesh successfully focused on geographic inequities; both the Sylhet and Chittagong divisions had the lowest MCP in 2011 and saw significant increase in the 2014 DHS (2 years after Bangladesh committed to improving family planning services in these two divisions). Similarly, Malawi successfully prioritized young people in its commitments and policies. In fact, Malawi was one of four countries where MCP gains among the youngest women of reproductive age (15–19) were significant. Malawi also had the largest MCP gain among women with no education – at over 16%20–22. As the family planning community begins to look ahead to the FP2030 partnership, this analysis can help inform the emerging FP2030 family planning framework, which includes equity as a guiding principle23. Helping family planning stakeholders understand whether the ambitious goal of the FP2020 partnership impacted equity will be critically important in determining how to establish goals and operationalize equity in the future family planning partnership. From our findings, we interpret the impact of the FP2020 partnership on equity to be positive or at a minimum neutral, and do not see signs of exacerbated inequality within countries. Countries engaged with the partnership through country-specific commitments, and those that set country-specific priorities to reduce inequitable access to modern contraceptive counseling and services, reaped the benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of modern contraceptive practices in countries like Bangladesh and Malawi but does not address the claim regarding the record-keeping of ancient civilizations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Hurdles in interpreting results from dietary interventions in critical aspect of dietary interventions in the fly is the major role of the Drosophila olfactory and gustatory systems in regulating longevity. It has been proven that mutations in the olfactory system have the ability to alter energy balance, increase stress-resistance, and promote longevity [190]. Furthermore, it was suggested that the ability of flies to taste regulates lifespan expectancy. Specifically, either taste inputs or gustatory cues affect longevity by modifying a wide range of biological functions [191]. Notably, other studies indicate that the administration of various dietary factors in Drosophila medium, such as plant-derived secondary metabolites, results in reduced food intake as they significantly affect the taste of the food due to sweetness, bitterness, and/or saltiness [2]. Food intake can also be disturbed by the acidity of the medium, as the pH of the culture medium directly affects flies feeding behavior and modifies parameters, such as gut microbial growth, which ultimately impact on survival [192]. In addition, since food dilution to achieve CR results in the consumption of greater amounts of the diluted medium [193] and the current methods on food intake focus mainly on estimating digestion rather than more significant parameters, such as nutrients absorption and assimilation, more compelling methods need to be developed [194]. Moreover, diet intervals of the early developmental stages have been shown to have a significant role in longevity of the adult. Specifically, it was showed that the larval fat cells are used as energy sources in the early adulthood of Drosophila flies [195]; additional studies highlight the importance of the protein source (yeast) quality in the diet of larvae and its beneficial effects on physiological processes of the adult Drosophila life [196]. In support, recent studies emphasize an inter- or trans-generational consequence of diet [197,198,199,200], and the differential impact that nutritional manipulations may have to depend on the gender. This is supported by the major gender-dependent differences in the communication of the gut-brain axis, the function and components of the neuroendocrine system, the sensitivity to IIS pathway, as well as in nutrient demand and utilization [201,202,203]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the implications of dietary factors on biological functions and longevity in Drosophila, which highlights the interaction between diet and genetic factors. It specifically addresses how dietary interventions affect physiological processes, energy balance, and longevity, indicating a direct relevance to the field of nutrigenomics that studies the interactions between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: After demonstrating that MAPLE did not discernibly alter the baseline behavior of animals compared to manual handling (Figure 2), we developed a procedure by which MAPLE could help conduct a repetitive lab chore that nearly all Drosophila biologists are familiar with — collecting virgin females for genetic crosses. Using a collected individual animals as they eclosed from the pupal case and kept them in isolation, ensuring their virginity (Figure 4). To arrive at a final collection of virgin females, these singly-housed individuals were sexed by hand. Even with this manual step, virgins were procured at a much higher (~3 x) rate with MAPLE’s assistance than without it (measured in terms of human labor time per virgin female). MAPLE’s capacity to handle individual flies in combinatorially complex experimental designs (Figure 3), allowed us to demonstrate that dyadic fly social behavior relies on both visual and olfactory cues. Dependence of social behavior on visual (Mery et al. , 2009; Simon et al. , 2012) and olfactory cues (Schneider et al. , 2012; Billeter and Levine, 2015) is known from experiments observing many flies simultaneously. We further found that individual differences in dyadic social behavior — as well as derived social interaction network topography — remain stable over days (Figure 5). Stability of social networks on short timescales (Schneider et al. , 2012) is known, but long-term stability of social networks is a novel finding. This illustrates that MAPLE can (1) replicate known results without introducing significant behavioral confounds and (2) extend our knowledge by conducting complex, long-term experiments that are challenging for human experimentalists. Technologies that automate experiments will particularly facilitate the phenotyping of individual animals, an approach that reveals underappreciated intragenotypic variability. Our group has shown that individual flies generally exhibit very different behaviors from one another even if they are reared in the same environment and have the same genotype, and that these differences persist across days (Kain et al. , 2012; Buchanan et al. , 2015; Ayroles et al. , 2015; Kain et al. , 2015; Todd et al. , 2017). MAPLE allowed us to show that this extends to dyad-specific social interactions in flies (Figure 5H–J). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while MAPLE can assist in certain tasks, manual intervention is still required to ensure the virginity of the flies. The phrase 'Even with this manual step' emphasizes that there are aspects of the experimental process that still necessitate human involvement, thereby undermining the assertion that the farms operate autonomously with no intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: While our analysis provides policy-relevant findings for the next family planning partnership, it had some limitations that should be noted. With our analysis confounding is likely and while regression approaches can mitigate against confounding, our aim was not to discern socio-demographic specific effect sizes or confirm associations. For example, our main objective was not to understand how different socio-demographic factors such as being wealthy versus poor increase the odds or probability of modern contraceptive use. Our primary objective was to understand if MCP significantly increased across different dimensions of inequities between two surveys, and a simple weighted bivariate analysis sufficed. Furthermore, with a simpler methodological approach (which is also more conservative in testing for significance), interpretability of findings is greater. Household surveys such as the MICS and DHS are not powered to detect significant changes among a relatively small portion of unmarried, married sexually active women; if changes among this sub-population of women are of special interest for family planning programming, other methods need to be employed to more precisely estimate their modern contraceptive use. Furthermore, in some countries the proportion of women in “no education” or “poorest” groups declined over time. It’s unclear whether this aided countries in providing family planning services to these groups. Our analyis does not address this. This analysis addresses if FP2020’s overall “120 million additional users” goals led to the priorizitzation of easier to reach populations and exacterbated inequities; our findings can be used to inform the FP2030 partnership and reinforce that country-specific commitments, policies, and programming is likley to have the largest net effect on increasing or retaining modern contraceptive users and leaving no one behind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses limitations and findings related to family planning partnerships and contraceptive use, with no mention or reference to ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Last, but not least, inconsistency in the results of dietary interventions may also arise from variances in the age of the experimental models, as older flies tend to consume less (compared to young flies) food [91, 204]. Finally, since the gut-microbiota (derived from food intake) plays a key role in energy homeostasis of the fly host, it is worth mentioning that during aging the density of gut-microbes increases, whereas the composition of the microbes changes according to food intake [92]. Concluding remarksAging is a stochastic process and given that the doses of environmental stressors remain relatively stable during a given lifetime, it can be assumed that (excluding particular lifestyle habits, e. g. , smoking) the biomolecules damage and the rate of aging are mainly affected by diet- and metabolism-derived stressors. Considering also that aging is the major risk factor for human diseases like metabolic syndromes, neurodegeneration, and cancer, as well as that diet is in fact the only feasible life-lasting applicable “intervention” in humans, the use of model organisms is particularly critical towards our effort to understand how different dietary habits affect genome (nutrigenomics) and/or proteome, and for the isolation of natural products with the potential to be used in the foreseeable future as a comprehensive and surely cost-effective mean to increase healthspan and/or lifespan. Research in Drosophila has pioneered our efforts to understand developmental processes in higher metazoans and quite recently the fly has reappeared in the scene as a model organism for the study of molecular-cellular mechanisms that affect aging. Moreover, studies in Drosophila have started to elucidate critical parameters of the impact of diet or of the optimum doses of natural products (Fig. 4) on health outcome. Nonetheless, our attempt to promote advancement in nutrition science and nutrigenomics, and also to translate the research outcomes to humans, harbors several risks and unresolved issues. For instance, species-specific effects of nutritional manipulations should be carefully taken into consideration and, although Drosophila may be informative in new therapeutic discovery processes, it is necessary to have a well-defined hypothesis and a thorough perception of the fly’s limitations, e. g. , differences in the blood-brain barrier permeability or lack of adaptive immunity [13, 92], in order to achieve meaningful outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different dietary habits can affect the genome in the context of nutrigenomics, specifically noting that research in model organisms like Drosophila aims to understand how diet influences genetic expression and health outcomes. The mention of 'understand how different dietary habits affect genome (nutrigenomics)' directly supports the claim regarding the exploration of the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: Its effectors move slightly slower than the hands of a trained experimentalist, so its advantages derive from it not growing tired or losing focus. MAPLE does not execute every action with 100% success. For example, attempts to remove an awake fly from a behavioral arena, using vacuum through a loading port, succeed approximately 90% of the time. Given this error rate, the experimental procedures that include removing flies from arenas use the camera to inspect the arena after each attempt to confirm if the fly has been successfully removed. Similarly, our procedure to transfer yeast colonies used the collision-detector to confirm that the object manipulator had successfully removed petri dish lids. These checks reduce the efficiency of MAPLE-conducted experiments (particularly compared to manual experiments), but mean that the operator can walk away from the device confident that MAPLE will eventually get it right. Given its redundancies and fail-safes, MAPLE can work autonomously for long periods (e. g. 12 hr for the Physarum experiment) without getting stuck. A potential advantage of using MAPLE for fly experiments specifically is the option to avoid anaesthesia. Dispenser releases awake animals into the MAPLE system, and these can then be moved between the FlyPlate and behavioral arenas using the multi-position loading ports we developed. Avoiding anesthesia has multiple benefits, including reducing the distortion of behavioral (Bartholomew et al. , 2015) and physiological measurements (Colinet and Renault, 2012), which, depending on the form of anaesthesia, can last for hours or days (MacMillan et al. , 2017). Even seemingly benign manual aspiration can disrupt the expression of sensitive phenotypes (Trannoy et al. , 2015). Automated, anesthesia-free animal-handling thus has the potential to standardize handling effects. MAPLE’s modularity means that the platform's versatility and capabilities can be expanded in the future. As examples, we are developing fly sink modules for culturing thousands of animals in the style of population cages, facilitating selection experiments and experimental evolution. We are developing a high-resolution imaging source/sink module into which flies could be deposited, imaged in dorsal and ventral views, and released back into experimental workflows. This device is inspired by the system (Medici et al. , 2015) but can be loaded with a fly on demand, rather than relying on flies to enter the imaging chamber on their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while the MAPLE system can work autonomously for long periods, it does not operate without intervention as it has an approximately 10% error rate in executing tasks. Moreover, the system requires checks and confirmations after attempts to ensure that tasks such as removing flies are completed successfully, indicating that human oversight is still necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Data availabilityUnderlying dataDHSData used in this study are from the HR and IR datasets of the Bangladesh 2014 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Burundi 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Ethiopia 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Haiti 2016–17 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Malawi 2015–16 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Nepal 2016 and 2011 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Pakistan 2017–28 and 2012–23 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Senegal 2017 and 2012 DHS; the HR and IR datasets of the Uganda 2016 and 2011 DHS; and the HR and IR datasets of the 2015 and 2010–11 Zimbabwe DHS, available from the DHS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. A guide for how to apply for dataset access is available at: used in this study are from the households (HH) and women (WM) datasets of the 2010, 2016, MICS, available from the MICS website. Access to the dataset requires registration and is granted only for legitimate research purposes. Questions about data access can be directed to mics@unicef. org. Extended dataAnalysis code available from: analysis code at time of publication:. Footnotes i Data only available for surveys where unmarried women were interviewed. ii Surveys with microdata available for use by June 2019. iii Vietnam met the criteria but was excluded from this analysis since Vietnam did not make a commitment to FP2020 until 2016 and the two surveys only overlapped the first two years of the FP2020 initiative (2010 MICS and 2014 MICS). iv This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including Bangladesh and Pakistan. For both Pakistan and Bangladesh, the analysis is only reflective of married women. v This does not apply to countries with ever-married samples, including for Bangladesh and Pakistan. Unmarried sexually active are women that are not-in-union nor married and were sexually active in the last month. recommended1. Global Advocates: 's First. Center for website. 29, 2019. Reference Source2. : Achieving the goal of the on by adhering to voluntary, rights-based family planning: what can we learn from past experiences with coercion? Health. 2014; 40(4): 206–214. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses datasets from various Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in different countries and does not mention ancient civilizations, written records, or their historical context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Yet, the numerous advantages of Drosophila as an alternative model in nutrigenomics, as well as in modeling diet-induced chronic age-related disorders, or the effects of nutrition on aging, will surely reveal new gene-disease interactions in response to diet, and thus new targets and therapeutics. We propose that analyses of the crosstalk and functional interactions of pathways controlling genomic responses to dietary interventions in model organisms can provide valuable preclinical insights on how systemic anti-aging interventions can act as potent inhibitors of age-related diseases (Fig. 5), elucidating potential therapeutic avenues against both aging and age-associated pathologies. Fig. 5Systemic dietary anti-aging interventions have the potential to also act as inhibitors of age-related diseases. a Current therapeutic approaches target individual diseases that occur in an aged cellular landscape characterized by high concentration of stressors and damaged biomolecules. b The identification of dietary interventions, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how the interaction of diet and genomic responses is central to nutrigenomics. It mentions the analysis of gene-disease interactions in relation to dietary interventions and the potential for identifying therapeutic avenues, which aligns with the focus on the interplay between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: The images from this module will allow machine-learning-based classification of morphological phenotypes, like sex and eye color, as well as quantification of fluorescent proteins; key genetic markers in flies. In addition to conducting tedious or complex experiments, MAPLE’s integrated format affords the opportunity to feed back the results of phenotypic assays into fly handling tasks. For example, MAPLE could be used to perform artificial selection, identifying individuals with a specific behavior or phenotype, and placing males and females together in wells of a FlyPlate, vials, or population cage. Likewise, multigeneration genetic crosses will be possible with our high resolution imaging module. Our current behavioral phenotyping relies on simple motion tracking, but behavioral assays employing thermogenetic or optogenetic stimulation, or sophisticated stimulus control could be implemented through custom modules. Unsupervised learning algorithms have been used to automatically phenotype flies (Berman et al. , 2014; Todd et al. , 2017), and with the capacity to store and access large numbers of flies individually, MAPLE could identify and isolate outliers within a population. MAPLE is compatible with such modern, automated approaches to fly experimentation, and brings automated animal-handling one step closer to the potential achieved by liquid-handling robots for molecular research. Materials and methods CAD files for MAPLE can be found at archived at Control software for MAPLE including scripts for the experiments described here can be found at archived at Raw data and analysis scripts can be found at These materials are also available at MAPLE technical specifications Request a detailed protocol MAPLE’s frame is a rectangular prism constructed from extruded aluminum struts (Misumi HFS-5 series in various sizes and lengths) and brackets (Misumi five series). The principal axes of the robot are Cartesian, that is to say linear and mutually orthogonal. The longest axis - designated the X axis - comprises two supported linear rails (-12), each with two housed bearings (IGUS drylin OJUM-6–12). The total of four housed bearings support a single, wide linear rail (-10–120) that is the Y axis. A carriage made of two aluminum plates sandwiching four more bearing blocks (WJ200UM-01–10) slides along the Y axis. Suspended from this carriage is an assembly that houses the three independent Z axis slides (-D740679-2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various tasks and interventions involved in the use of the MAPLE system. It describes various procedures such as 'identifying individuals with a specific behavior or phenotype,' performing 'artificial selection,' and conducting 'behavioural assays,' which imply that human oversight and intervention are necessary for operation, contradicting the assertion of maintenance-free operation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Pub| Text 3. 2020 (FP2020): Contributions of FP2020 in advancing rights-based family planning – upholding and advancing the promises of Cairo. Washington, DC: FP2020; 2019. 29, 2019. Reference Source4. Does your the Test? 2020 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source5. United Nations: UN Resolution 70/1 – Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. City: UN; 2015. 28, 2019. Reference Source6. (FPET). Track20 website. 28, 2019. Reference Source7. Assaf S, Wang W: in Fertility P71. Rockville, MD. 30, 2019. Reference Source8. Ortayli N, Malarcher S: Equity Analysis: Benefits from Programs. Plann. 2010; 41(2): 101–108. Pub| Text 9. : Unwanted fertility among the poor: An inequity? Health Organ. 2007; 85(2): 100–107. Pub| Text | Text 10. : Did equity of reproductive and maternal health service coverage increase during the MDG era? An analysis of trends and determinants across 74 low- and middle-income countries. PLoS One. 2015; 10(9): e0134905. Pub| Text | Text 11. Blas E, Kurup AS: Equity, social determinants and public health programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2010; 2, 2019. Reference Source12. Gwatkin DR: 10 best resources on. . . health equity. Plan. 2007; 22(5): 348–351. Pub| Text 13. O': Applying an equity lens to interventions: using ensures consideration of socially stratifying factors to illuminate inequities in health. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014; 67(1): 56–64. Pub| Text 14. : Analyses of inequalities in RMNCH: rising to the challenge of the SDGs. BMJ Global Health. 2019; 4(Suppl 1): e001295. Pub| Text | Text 15. : Absolute Poverty, Fertility P48. Reference Source16. Ross J: Improved reproductive health equity between the poor and the rich: An analysis of trends in 46 low- and middle-income countries. Sci Pract. 2015; 3(3): 419–445. Pub| Text | Text 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses various topics related to family planning and health equity without addressing the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition remains an emerging field with ongoing research. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu of Nutrition and Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Edited by A. P. Simopoulos; A. P. for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1159/isbn. 978-3-8055-9428-8 Status: Available ISBN electronic: 978-3-8055-9428-8 ISBN print: 978-3-8055-9427-1 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and date: 2010 Awareness of the influence of our genetic variation to dietary response (nutrigenetics) and how nutrients may affect gene expression (nutrigenomics) is prompting a revolution in the field of nutrition. Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics provide powerful approaches to unravel the complex relationships among nutritional molecules, genetic variants and the biological system. This publication contains selected papers from the ‘3rd Congress of the of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics’ held in Bethesda, Md. , in October 2009. The contributions address frontiers in nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, epigenetics, transcriptomics as well as non-coding RNAs and posttranslational gene regulations in various diseases and conditions. In addition to scientific studies, the challenges and opportunities facing governments, academia and the industry are included. Everyone interested in the future of personalized medicine and nutrition or agriculture, as well as researchers in academia, government and industry will find this publication of the utmost interest for their work. ‹ › 10. 1159/000314508 Published: 2010 Subject Area: Genetics Nutrition and Dietetics Series: of Nutrition and Tools Split-2010. "Nutrigenetics: A Tool to to the Obese", Personalized Nutrition: Translating Nutrigenetic/into Dietary Guidelines, A. P. Simopoulos, J. A. citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search 2010License DisclaimerThis 4. 0 (CC BY-NC-ND). Usage and distribution for commercial purposes as well as any distribution of modified material requires written permission. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the influence of genetic variation on dietary response (nutrigenetics) and the need for research in the field. It mentions that awareness of these influences is prompting a revolution in nutrition, which aligns with the claim that personalized nutrition is an area of ongoing research and development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: These farms are maintenance-free and operate autonomously with no intervention needed. [SEP] Text: We deliberately chose sliding bearings (as opposed to ball bearing slides) for the three axes to avoid noise and vibrations that might confound behavioral experiments. The first of the three end-effectors is an object manipulator. Made from an off-the-shelf vacuum cup connected to an air manifold, it can pick up and deposit lids or other small components from the workspace. A high-resolution digital camera and lens (72BUC02-ML and TBL 9. 6-2 C 3MP) is mounted to the second Z axis. Moving this Z carriage up and down focuses the camera. The third motorized Z slide holds a custom aspirator to move flies. Several short lengths of small diameter tubing (sections of needle tips, McMaster 75165A553 and 75165A682) are fixed approximately 4 mm inside a blunt, Luer-lock needle (McMaster 6710A61), forming a barrier to flies but allowing air to flow. A custom-molded silicone rubber boot surrounds the fly vacuum tip for the object manipulator, forming a better seal against apertures in modules and improving fly handling (Figure 1—figure supplement 3). Stepper motors (1. 5 A NEMA 17 60 mm bipolar stepper motor, MNEMA17-60 from RobotDigg. com) mounted to the main frame drive two 6 mm-wide GT-2 belts arranged in a CoreXY configuration (Moyer, 2012), and these belts drive the motion in the X and Y directions. axis slide is driven by its own stepper motor, integral to the slide assembly. The maximum speed for the X and Y axes is 200 mm/s. axes top out at 83. 3 mm/s. Limit switches (Omron SS-5) are mounted to the frame for each axis, providing repeatable end stops for homing. Motion control, as well as the control of auxiliary devices such as the solenoid valves and the LED illumination, is handled by a Smoothieboard v1 PCBA, running custom Smoothieware firmware (included in our Github repository). G-code commands are sent from a PC connected via USB, interpreted on the Smoothieboard, and translated into electrical signals sent to each stepper motor. Scripts containing each experimental protocol, along with a common set of frequently used subroutines, were written in Python 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by detailing the mechanical and operational components of a system that clearly requires oversight and manual programming. It describes the use of a PC for sending G-code commands and the interpretation of these commands on a Smoothieboard, indicating that intervention is necessary for operation—specifically the need for human-generated scripts and actions for motion control and other interactions. Thus, the systems described are not maintenance-free nor capable of autonomous operation without human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: for (USAID):Intertemporal comparisons of poverty and wealth with DHS data: A harmonized asset index approach. Washington, DC: USAID; 2014; 2, 2019. Reference Source18. Smits J, Steendijk R: (IWI). Res. 2015; 122: 65–85. Text 19. The S-Curve: Putting mCPR Growth into Context. 2, 2020. Reference Source20. 2012 on Family Planning, Summaries of Commitments. 2020 website. 2013; 19, 2020. Reference Source21. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Evaluation of Youth-Services in Malawi. Malawi: Evidence 2 Action; 2014. 9, 2020. Reference Source22. Ministry of Health, Malawi: Ministry of Health: 2015-2020. 9, 2020. Reference Source23. Beyond 2020: A for Post-2020. 2020 website. 19, 2020. Reference Source24. familyplanning2020: familyplanning2020/NOLB: NOLB Code (Version v1. 0). Zenodo. 2021. Comments on this 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 2 version 1 Published: 28 Jul 2021, 5:114 Copyright © 2021 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/gatesopenres. 13339. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 21956/gatesopenres. 14582. r31004) The direct URL for this report is: This paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing. . . Continue reading paper seeks to as answer several critical questions on the impact of FP2020’s goal of 120 million additional users (“120x20”), specifically whether certain groups of women were systematically left behind. I believe it makes an important contribution by providing an early indication that groups of women who are generally disadvantaged do not appear to have been left behind in FP2020 commitment countries. However, I think this is fundamentally different from questions around equity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the existence or absence of written records from ancient civilizations. Instead, it discusses various reports and evaluations related to family planning and women's health, with no connection to the claim about ancient civilizations.