Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: A hybrid power system based on a small wind turbine, a photovoltaic panel, a pumped storage hydroelectricity and energy storage system was built. Through this arrangement, electricity is supplied to the community without diesel power generation. 1. 1 Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) Hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) comprises of multiple sorts of sustainable power sources, for example, sun based and wind. The principle thought behind the idea of HRES is to give continues and maintainable supply of power to regions particularly far from primary terrains. A HRES can be associated with principle grid or it can likewise be an independent power producing unit, having its very own framework for storing surplus power, depending upon the nearby land conditions and some other monetary conditions. Figure 1 demonstrates the working structure of a conventional HRES with pumped hydro storage (PHS) as energy storage system (ESS). Figure 1. Conceptual design of HRES. Recently, many case studies of installing HRES at a remote location have been conducted around the globe. For instance, Perez-Navarro et al. [1] designed a hybrid system consisting of wind-biomass in order to compensate and stabilize the power production of a 40 MW wind power plant in Spain. Apart from the main equipment, their designed HRES also consisted of other auxiliaries such as stand-by generators, separate ESS and biomass gasifier as well. The extra power generated by the biogas generator was used to compensate the low power production of wind farm. Borhanazad et al. [2] conducted a comprehensive study to investigate the wind conditions, solar radiations and hydro potential of multiple locations in Malaysia for rural electrification. Similarly, Zuberi et al. [3] estimated the biomass potential of Pakistan and concluded that biomass can contribute to generate almost 24% of the total electricity demand of the country. They covered biomasses such as municipal solid waste (MSW), bagasse and livestock in their study. They also presented an idea of stand-alone power generation system using biomass as raw fuel. Bhandari et al. [4] studied a very classic model of HRES for rural electrification, consisting of wind-PV-hydro as primary energy sources. They showed that installing such HRESs at very remote locations can be economically cheaper than connecting aforementioned areas with main grids. Mazzola et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various instances of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) that involve solar and wind energy as key components in providing electricity, particularly in remote locations. The mention of designing and installing these systems across different regions globally implies the creation of job opportunities in the renewable energy sector. Additionally, it highlights specific studies conducted in Spain, Malaysia, and Pakistan that illustrate the deployment of renewable energy solutions, further supporting the claim of job creation associated with these sectors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: You have the microbiome you deserve Published online by Press: 27 August 2020 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Colin Hill* Affiliation: APC and School of * Corresponding author. Email: c. hill@ucc. ie 0. 24 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to The human microbiome is one of the most exciting areas of microbiology. From a starting point of tens of papers annually a couple of decades ago, there are now thousands of papers published every year on the microbiome. Huge strides have been made in terms of defining the individual members of complex human microbiomes from different body sites. The individuality and diversity of the human microbiome almost surpasses our ability to comprehend it. Advances in metagenomics and computational sciences have increased the complexity of the field, while at the same time we have moved from regarding the human microbiome as a benign passenger to a situation where it has been linked to almost every chronic disease, including obesity, cancer and infectious disease. The microbiome tantalizes us with the promise of novel therapeutic molecules and modalities for a range of intractable diseases. And yet, very few microbiome-based therapies have made it to the clinic or the pharmacy and we still cannot really define a healthy microbiome. We are entering the most exciting phase of microbiome research, as we develop effective, evidence-based interventions to preserve and restore human health. But we need rigour and numeracy if we are to realize this vision. Keywords viromebacteriomediversitytherapeutics Microbiome 2020 e3 DOI: [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Press in association with your microbiome. Not the microbiome in the abstract, but your microbiome. How did you come to assemble the enormously diverse community of microbes that live in and on your body? Have you got the ‘right’ ones in the right balance? Is your microbiome helping to maintain your health, is it contributing to ongoing episodes of ill-health, or will it someday lead to your premature death? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the importance of the human microbiome beyond just digestive health. It states that the microbiome is linked to various chronic diseases, such as obesity, cancer, and infectious diseases, suggesting that everyone, not just those with digestive problems, should care about their gut microbiome for overall health. The text emphasizes that the microbiome is integral to health maintenance and can contribute to ill health or premature death, which contradicts the claim that only a specific group of individuals should be concerned.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A positive effect of microwave-assisted HTP on producing sugars was observed during this stage. During the second stage, hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content (160 °C, 90 min), the maximum xylobiose (X2) content (180 °C, 15 min), and the maximum total xylose content in monosaccharide and oligosaccharides (DP ≤ 6) (160 °C, 60 min) were further conducted to produce furfural using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system, respectively. The highest furfural yield (57. 80 %) was obtained from the hydrolysates with the maximum xylose content. Moreover, controlled experiments showed that furfural yields from corncob hydrolysates were higher than those from the pure xylose solutions, and lower initial xylose concentration may be in favor of the furfural production. These results indicated that the production of furfural from biomass raw materials can be controlled by the depolymerization of hemicelluloses. Further studies are in progress for improving the furfural yields coupling this approach with ball milling with the small amount of dilute acid before the experiments and the subsequent exploitation of the solid residues as the raw materials for the ethanol production in the first stage. MethodsExperimental materialsAcetone (≥99. 0 %, AR), ethanol (≥99. 0 %, AR), H2SO4 (≥98. 0 %, AR), NaH2PO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), Na2HPO4 (≥99. 0 %, AR), SnCl4·5H2O (≥99. 0 %, AR), montmorillonite (≥98. 0 %, GR) and NaCl (≥99. 5 %, AR) were purchased from Kermel Co. Ltd. (Tianjin, China). DMSO (≥99. 0 %, AR) obtained from Reagent Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China) was used in all DMSO co-solvent reactions. SBP (≥97. 0 %, GC) was purchased from Industry (Japan) and used as the extracted solvent in the furfural production process. Standard reagents of xylose (≥99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of furfural from biomass and the methods used for sugar conversion, but does not address or provide evidence regarding the use of bioengineered yeast or their capacity to yield biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or engage with the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: All issues (2016) Renew. Energy Environ. Sustain. , 1 (2016) 23 issuesForthcomingTopical issuesAbout the journal Aims and scopeEditorial boardEthical standardsIndexed inCopyright and license agreement MastheadLeaflet (PDF)Author information Instructions for authors10. 1051/rees/2016038 Published online 13 June 2016 1 Introduction 2 Number of jobs created by RES 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training 5 Conclusions 4. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1 urgent need to drastically cut CO2 emissions makes the development of renewable energy (RE) technologies essential. Sources (RES) bring other benefits as well, such as the provision of electricity in areas not connected to a central grid or where the grid is unreliable and back-up systems are required. RE can enable economic development in developing countries, most of which are geographically well-placed to be able to exploit the RE potential. RES help address increasing concerns about future energy prices and energy security, in a context of a rapid global increase in demand for energy, driven mainly by rising living standards in developing countries. There are economic opportunities in RES, as several RE technologies are already competitive at market prices. In addition, decentralized electricity generation mobilizes small-scale private investments. As it has become clear and has been documented in practice the last years, investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities, a key public policy concern in many countries. This is particularly important nowadays due to the dramatic increase in unemployment, being among the most onerous consequences of the crisis experienced by the world the last years. It is therefore important to keep in mind how the possible options and/or choices, especially in the energy sector, are affecting employment. There is significant employment potential associated with RE equipment manufacture and distribution, project development, construction and installation, as well as operation and maintenance of facilities, for all RE technologies. Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES, and a range of core skills is important for them. However, skills gaps and labour shortages are also a reality. Therefore, there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant employment potential associated with renewable energy (RE) technologies. It notes that investments in renewables offer significant potential for creating employment opportunities and highlights various sectors, such as project development, construction, installation, and operation and maintenance of facilities. The text also emphasizes the importance of addressing skills gaps and shortages in the renewable energy sector, which underscores the claim of job creation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: In 1934 the Dutch scientists Baas-Becking (Reference Baas-Becking1934) and deWit and Bouvier (Reference deWit and Bouvier2006) wrote ‘Everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’. This simple statement should resonate with every scientist contemplating the human microbiome. Like many profound and simple statements, it captures the essence of a concept, but it is not absolutely true. In your life, to this point, you have not encountered ‘everything’ in the microbial world and so you have only been able to ‘select’ from those microbes that you have contacted. It is estimated that there are a trillion microbial species on earth, of which only about 10,000 have been cultured (Locey and Lennon, and Lennon2016). You will probably have encountered many thousands of these species (possibly millions of strains) and so it is not surprising that your incredibly complex human ecosystem with its many exposed and internal niches has selected an enormously complex community of microorganisms from ‘everything’ you have encountered since your conception. Many ecological dramas will have been played out in and on your body. There will have been founder effects, stochastic encounters, invasions and infiltrations, force majeure events (antibiotics, surgery and cancer), while many microbial and microbe–host alliances will have been formed and disrupted – a veritable microbial Game of Thrones. At this moment in time, you have assembled ‘your’ microbiome, and as stated in the title to this piece, it is the microbiome you ‘deserve’ based on your life to date. Your unique combination of genetics, birth mode, family members, exposure to animals, environment, diet, medical history and lifestyle has selected your microbiome and it is now in a particular conformation, both compositionally and functionally (Figure 1). This complexity makes it difficult for us to understand the roles of the individual microbes and communities that make up our many different sub-microbiomes distributed across our various body sites. We cannot always discern the function of each microbial member, and whether microbe X in one individual plays a role that is performed by microbe Y in another. Frustratingly, we microbiome scientists cannot really tell you whether you have a ‘good’ or a ‘bad’ microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and importance of the human microbiome for everyone, not just those with digestive issues. It details how each individual's microbiome is shaped by various factors throughout their life, suggesting that everyone should be aware of their microbiome’s importance. The mention of ecological interactions and the unique composition resulting from personal history indicate that microbiome care is relevant to all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0 %, HPLC), glucose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), arabinose (≥98. 0 %, HPLC), galactose (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), formic acid (50 %, HPLC), acetic acid (≥99. 9 %, HPLC), glucuronic acid (≥99. 0 %, HPLC), furfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (≥99. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Xylobiose (≥95. 0, HPLC) and xylotriose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC) were purchased from WAKO (Japan). Xylotetraose (≥95. 0 %, HPLC), xylopentaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) and xylohexaose (≥90. 0 %, HPLC) were obtained from Megazyme (Ireland). All reagents were used without further purification. Corncob was obtained from a farm in (China). Prior to the experiments, it was ground to pass through 40 and 80 mesh screens and then extracted with the volume ratio of acetone to ethanol (2:1) for 6 h in a soxhlet extractor. The extracted solid was washed with water and oven-dried to constant weight at 55 °C. Thereafter, corncob was milled for 6 h (400 rpm min−1) by a ball-milling machine and then stored in desiccators. Biomass composition of the corncob after extraction was determined according to the established procedure (NREL/TP-510-42618) with a resulting composition 37. 09 wt% of glucose, 31. 39 wt% of xylose, 2. 28 wt% of arabinose and 14. 47 wt% of lignin. Microwave-assisted hydrothermal pretreatmentA closed-vessel microwave oven (100 mL, GAS-800, Beijing Xiang- Reagent Co. Ltd. , China) equipped with a magnetic stirrer, a temperature probe and an autoclave was used for the HTP experiments in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text details the methods of preparing biomass and its composition, but it does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing extensive data on job creation in the renewable energy sector (RES). It states that more than 3 million people were involved in the sector as early as 2009, and by 2013, this figure had grown to 6.5 million. Additionally, the text outlines predictions for future job growth, anticipating that the RE industry could provide up to 6.9 million jobs by 2030 if investments continue. This evidence directly supports the claim regarding the job creation impact of renewable energy sectors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: We can measure aspects like diversity and richness, we can ‘name’ the inhabitants and count their genes and place them into functional categories. We can build extraordinarily complex figures (PCoA’s, heatmaps and networks) and compare your microbiome to those of other individuals, but with very rare exceptions we cannot really tell if you would benefit from a specific change, nor can we precisely sculpt your microbiome in a predictable fashion. Some of my microbiome colleagues might interject at this point that we do have some general principles, we know that diversity is a good thing (except in those body cavities where it is not), and community stability and resilience is a good thing (unless you have a disease in which your microbiome may be driving the pathology). But these are hypotheses, and almost every control group seems to have those frustrating individuals with a microbiome that seems to fit better with the disease group, and vice-versa. We have become used to seeing scatter plots of diversity or richness in disease versus control where the most striking aspect to the casual viewer is the overlap between the groups, despite the statistical significance captured in the low P values decorating each figure. We realized very early that the contribution of the microbiome to health and disease is not a paradigm that follows simple Koch’s postulates, no matter how hard we strive to understand it in this fashion. Figure 1 Many factors shape the microbiome, both external and internal. The resulting final composition and functionality will affect health outcomes across many organs. Together with my colleague Fergus Shanahan, I have already railed against the lack of precise language, numeracy and literacy in microbiome science (Shanahan & Hill, and Hill2019), and so I will not rehash that argument here in detail. I do want to once again call out the term ‘dysbiosis’ in the way in which it is currently used by many scientists. It may well be that the ‘different’ or ‘altered’ microbiome in someone with a specific disease or syndrome is neither causal nor contributory (the connotation conveyed by the word dysbiosis). One could equally argue that an altered microbiome may even be protective against disease progression in some or many instances. What is certainly true is that the altered microbiome has been selected by the changed conditions in the diseased gut and we should only seek to change it if it we can be sure that such a change would be beneficial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the microbiome can affect health outcomes across many organs and stating that 'the contribution of the microbiome to health and disease is not a paradigm that follows simple Koch’s postulates.' This implies that even individuals without obvious digestive problems should consider their microbiome, as its influence extends beyond just digestive health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In all cases, corncob was first suspended in DI water with a solid to liquor ratio of 1:10 (g mL−1) and ultrasound for 30 min. A microwave irradiation power of 600 W was applied to heat the suspension to 120 °C in 3 min and then kept for 2 min. Then, the temperature was raised with a heating rate of 20 °C in every 2 min and a retention time of 2 min in every 20 °C interval. It is important to note that this heating way can provide a buffer stage to avoid the over-heating under 600 W irradiation power and alleviate the side reactions such as the dehydration and rehydration of monosaccharide. Reaction time counted from zero when the temperature reached to the desired point. After the reaction, the autoclave was natural cooling to room temperature. Thereafter, the pretreated corncob substrate and the hydrolysate were separated by filtration for further analysis and experiments. Precipitation of ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses from hydrolysatesAfter the microwave-assisted HTP process, the hydrolysate was added into four times volume ethanol to precipitate the ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses. The sediment was washed with acid ethanol (pH = 5. 5–6. 0) for several times and then freeze-dried. Conversion of hydrolysates over tin-loaded montmorillonite in the biphasic systemDetails on the synthetic procedures and characterizations of Sn-MMT had been published in our previous study [20]. Experiments for the conversion of hydrolysates to furfural were carried out in an autoclave (25 mL, Co. Ltd. , China) using Sn-MMT as the catalyst in the SBP/NaCl-DMSO system. In brief, the hydrolysate was saturated with the solid NaCl and the upper clean liquid was obtained as the reagent. Sn-MMT and organic solvents (DMSO and SBP) were added in a desired ratio, respectively. The autoclave was heated up to the desired temperature with a heating rate of 2 °C min−1 and kept for a required time. Initial reaction time (t = 0) was taken when the temperature set point was reached. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the process of treating corncob via microwave and the precipitation of hemicelluloses without any mention of yeast or biofuel production, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: For the Greek conditions, the domestic share of equipment production (usually being of auxiliary type, such as mounts, cables, transformers, etc. ) is of the order of 15%. Applying the above methodology first to the case of PVs, the resulting jobs are shown in Table 1. The impact on employment in 2014 that had the suspension of approvals for new PV projects (which began in August 2012 and remained in force until April 2014) is clearly demonstrated. Employment in 2013 and 2014 was based essentially on projects that had been long matured from the licensing point of view and were simply implemented in this period. Using the same methodology for the estimation of labour years (for direct jobs) created per new MW installed, the numbers shown in Figure 2 are derived. For the considered RE technologies, it can be seen that in the case of development and installation PVs produce more jobs, in the production of equipment wind energy comes first, while considering the long-term operation of the facilities biomass precedes by far (due to the need for collection, transportation and management of raw materials). The picture changes drastically, with PVs taking the top position, when the direct jobs (namely, the labour years in a period of 20 years) per GWh produced by technology (Fig. 3) or per million € of initial investment in each technology (Fig. 4) are calculated. Especially in the latter case, the picture is very dynamic as the cost of some RE technologies (e. g. PV) constantly changes over time, even at a rapid pace. For comparison purposes, a relevant study [6] for power plants that use as fuel lignite (including its mining) and natural gas in Greece, gives the following indexes: 0. 238 labour years/GWh for lignite; 0. 055 labour years/GWh for natural gas. Also, according to data of the main Greek power producer, the Corporation S. A. (PPC) for 2013 [7], PPC employed 4888 people in power plants and 3532 persons in the lignite mines, producing 37. 5 TWh. This gives an equivalent rate of 0. 225 labour years per GWh for all PPC's conventional units. Fig. 1RES jobs per technology and for selected countries in 2013, as recorded by IRENA [2]. Table 1PV installations and job positions in Greece during 2010–2014. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific evidence that Renewable Energy (RE) technologies, such as photovoltaics (PVs) and wind energy, create jobs. It indicates that PV installations produce significant employment opportunities and further details the job creation potential when analyzing direct employment per megawatt and per energy produced, demonstrating the impact and importance of renewable energy sectors in job creation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: First do no harm should be as applicable in microbiome-based therapies as in any other aspect of medicine. It may well be that by trying to manipulate an individual microbiome we are working against ecological forces in trying to alter what Nature has already selected. This is almost certainly why most probiotics or live biotherapeutics are unable to colonize consumers or patients. On the other hand, we can certainly view the delivery of live microbes (either as single strains or consortia) as providing alternatives that the ecosystem can ‘choose’ to select or ignore. In any event, some of the benefits of these microbial therapies probably result from interactions with the enteric immune or nervous systems rather than any direct impact on the microbiome. Equally, when we impose an intervention (e. g. antibiotics) directed at the gut microbiome and it inevitably changes in response, this should not really be characterized as ‘dysbiosis’. We have changed the environment, which has then selected for a different microbial community structure – there is nothing dysbiotic about that. Numeracy is another problem for the microbiome field. We rely too much on relative abundances, making us one of very few scientific disciplines that does not demand absolute numbers as the bedrock of all further analytical steps. Sampling is yet another problem. How representative is a faecal sample of the human gut microbiome? It is trivializing the field when some scientists (mea culpa) refer to the relative abundance of 16S rRNA amplicons in a faecal sample as the ‘gut microbiome’. We can no longer ignore the virome, the mycome, the archaeome and the protozome. We must take on the challenge of looking at multiple body sites and looking longitudinally and radially through the gut and other body sites. We must include standards or use protocols that give us absolute numbers. How can we compare the microbial communities in two individuals in any meaningful fashion if we are not aware that one of the subjects has ten times more microbes than the other? I have presented a somewhat gloomy view of microbiome science and scientists, but that is not my intention. I believe in the potential of the microbiome both as a therapeutic target and a rich repository of novel therapies. I believe that the microbiome plays a central role in our health and that this amazing superorganism we call a human is a combination of the macroscopic and microscopic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the gut microbiome plays a central role in overall health, suggesting that everyone, not just those with digestive problems, should care about it. The statement 'I believe that the microbiome plays a central role in our health' emphasizes its importance across the population, which directly challenges the claim that only those with digestive issues need to pay attention to their gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After the reaction, the reactor was cooled quickly to room temperature in ice water bath, and the products were separated into water phase and organic phase with the separating funnel for further analysis. Analytical methodsThe composition of hydrolysates was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA) and a Bio-rad Aminex® HPX-87H (300 × 7. 8 mm) column (Bio-rad, USA). H2SO4 (5 mM) was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 50 °C. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, arabinose, formic acid, acetic acid, furfural and HMF, respectively. Xylooligosaccharides in hydrolysates were detected by HPLC using a Hi-column (7. 7 × 300 mm, Agilent, USA) in combination with a refractive index detector (Waters, USA). DI water was employed as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0. 2 mL min−1 at 80 °C. Calibration curves of xylobiose (X2), xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5) and xylohexose (X6) were established for the quantitative calculation. High-performance anion-exchange chromatography (-3000, ) coupled with a Carbopac™ PA-20 column (4 × 250 mm, Dionex, USA) was used to determine the monosaccharides and uronic acids that liberated from the precipitated hemicelluloses by the hydrolysis with H2SO4 (1 M) at 105 °C for 2. 5 h. Detailed procedure was illustrated in the Ref. [36]. Calibration curves were performed with a standard solution of glucose, xylose, galactose, arabinose and glucuronic acid, respectively. The molecular weights of the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with an Agilent PL aquagel--H column (300 × 7. 5 mm) and an evaporative light-scattering detector (Wyatt, USA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on analytical methods used for measuring the composition of hydrolysates, including processes like high-performance liquid chromatography and gel permeation chromatography. There is no reference to bioengineered yeast, its design, or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 2Labour years (direct in 20 years) per MW of new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 3Labour years per GWh from new RES investments. Source: S. Psomas. Fig. 4Labour years per million € of initial investment in RE technologies. Source: S. Psomas. 3 RES job profiles, professions involved and skills required As already mentioned, employment in RES is not located in the energy producing facility only. The RE industry has 4 major (and distinguished) sub-sectors: – manufacture and distribution of RE equipment, including the necessary research and development (R&D); – project development; – construction and installation works for the development of RE projects; – operation and maintenance (O&M) of RE facilities. There are also cross-cutting activities contributing to more than one sub-sector, such as policy/planning advice, energy consultancy, training, business development, marketing, etc. Bioenergy has an additional stage, the growing and harvesting of biomass. The employment patterns in RE equipment manufacturing and distribution are similar to those in other capital investment goods industries. Quite different are the patterns in project development and in construction and installation, as the work is project based. The patterns of employment in the O&M field are indeed more stable. Evidently, total employment tends to grow rapidly when significant new installations are implemented. This applies primarily to larger (in terms of installed capacity) projects. Smoother variation in demand over time appears if RES are introduced through a large number of smaller projects (e. g. PV systems in buildings). Dozens are the professions directly or indirectly associated with RES. Technicians are the action men of the RE world: they work with their hands and with tools and machinery, special equipment and vehicles. They ensure that RE products are manufactured to high standards, plants are assembled according to the drawings, and RE devices are installed properly in buildings, or they may work in the day-to-day O&M of RE facilities. In this category electricians, HVAC technicians, plumbers, drilling technicians, construction specialists, manufacturing processes operators, wind farm O&M technicians, PV modules installers, logistics operators, automation & control technicians, chemical laboratory assistants, etc. are included, just to name a few. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing employment in the renewable energy (RE) sector, highlighting that different sub-sectors, such as manufacturing, project development, construction, and operation of RE facilities, contribute to job creation. It mentions that total employment in these sectors tends to grow rapidly with significant new installations, thus supporting the assertion that renewable energy sectors create numerous jobs globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota access Published: 22 March 2021 Direct impact of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on human gut microbiota Sabrine Naimi1, Emilie Viennois2, Andrew T. Gewirtz3 & …: orcid. org/0000-0002-4285-769X1 Show authors Microbiome 80. Moreover, germfree animals are completely protected against CMC- and P80-induced inflammation, while in vitro microbiota treated with CMC or P80 are detrimentally impacted in ways that can lead to chronic intestinal inflammation when transferred to germfree recipient animals [5, 11, 14]. Such studies indicate the central role of direct microbiota disturbances in mediating the detrimental impacts of CMC and P80. Recent studies questioning food additive safety has prompted the launch of multiple clinical trials aiming to investigate the impact of these compounds on human health [15,16,17]. Furthermore, these studies highlight that safety evaluation of a food additive, especially non-absorbed compounds, should consider impacts on gut microbiota. Hence, as practical means of testing such food additives, we used an in vitro model, namely the MiniBio(MBRA) [18, 19] which allow dynamic stable culture of human-derived microbiota under anaerobic conditions, to evaluate the impact of 20 widely used dietary emulsifiers on human microbiota. In accord with previous studies, both CMC and P80 significantly impact microbiota composition and function during the treatment as well as in the post-treatment phase, suggesting that the detrimental effects of these compounds are long-lasting. While similar results were obtained with most of the other 18 compounds tested, some had minimal impacts on the microbiota in this system, suggesting that these particular emulsifiers may lack the potential to promote chronic inflammation. MethodsMiniBio(MBRAs) operationFecal sample collectionFecal samples from a healthy individual were collected into sterile containers, sealed, and transferred to an anaerobic chamber within 10 min of defecation. The fecal sample was manually homogenized and subdivided into sterile 50-mL tubes and stored at – 80 °C until use. The research protocol was approved by the committee under approval number H19174. Individual donating samples provided informed consent prior to donation. MBRA set-up, inoculation, and sample collectionMBRAs were prepared as previously described [18] and as presented in Figure S1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that dietary emulsifiers can significantly impact gut microbiota and lead to chronic intestinal inflammation. It suggests that the health of the gut microbiome is a widespread concern, not limited to individuals with digestive problems. Specifically, it discusses the effects of commonly used dietary emulsifiers on gut microbiota, implying that everyone should be mindful of their gut health due to the potential risks posed by food additives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Sodium phosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 7. 5) containing NaCl (0. 02 N) was employed as the eluent with a flow rate of 0. 5 mL min−1 at 35 °C. The composition of the solid residue was measured according to the Energy Laboratory’s Procedures (NREL/TP-510-42618). Briefly, sample (300 mg) was hydrolyzed with 72 % H2SO4 (3. 0 mL) at 30 °C for 1 h. The hydrolysate was diluted with DI water (84 mL), followed by autoclaving for 1 h at 121 °C. Carbohydrates were analyzed by HPLC as described above and the acid-soluble lignin was measured by ultraviolet spectrophotometer (UV-1800, Shimadzu, Japan). Experiments were duplicated to decrease the errors. The FT-IR spectra of the pretreated corncob and the precipitated ethanol-insoluble hemicelluloses were obtained on a spectrophotometer (Tensor 27) using a KBr disk containing 1 % of the finely ground sample. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the surface morphology characterization of the samples (S-4300, Hitachi, Japan). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of samples were recorded on a Bruker diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation. The tube voltage was 40 kV and the current was 40 mA. The selected 2θ range was 5°–40°, scanning at a step of 0. 02°. The monosugars, organic acids and furfural contents of the liquid products after the heterogeneously catalyzed conversion were detected by HPLC as described above. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses laboratory procedures for analyzing carbohydrates and the characterization of samples, without any mention of bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: and Consultants are the technical brains behind all RE operations: they spot technical opportunities, come up with new ideas, solve problems, do the planning and ensure that new RE developments are sustainable in terms of society needs, economics and environmental protection. They may also specialise in R&D to trial innovations which will improve the outputs and cost effectiveness of RE technologies. Engineers from mechanical, electrical, civil, power systems and software backgrounds, process or manufacturing engineers, landscape architects, geotechnical engineers, measurement & control engineers, environmentalists, material scientists, biochemists, hydrologists, geologists, physicists, form this category. Energy advisors are supporters and knowledge providers for individuals and companies involved in RE: they advise on national and/or regional policies related to RE planning and operation, as well as on energy management and efficiency. They can specialise in training ranging from the provision of general guidance for companies on new developments in RE to detailed training on specific subjects, such as installer accreditation. Planning consultants, land development advisors, environmental legal consultants, policy developers/local development officers, teachers/trainers, energy officers, energy advisors, health & safety consultants are included herein. Last, but not least, Executives are the business brains behind all RE operations: they spot new business opportunities, create proposals, negotiate with potential customers and ensure customer's needs are met all along the renewable energy supply chain. They can also specialise in business communications for creating marketing and media campaigns to help increase the uptake of RES. Professionals with the profile of business developers/analysts, marketing executives, financial, human resources and administration managers, technical sales representatives, public relations officers, etc. are included herein. Apart from the specialized skills required for each one of the above listed categories of professionals, being essentially different according to the concerned RE technology, a range of core skills is important, as for example environmental awareness and motivation are highly desirable among RE industry employees at all levels. In addition, managers and consultants require dynamism, leadership, innovation, negotiation and strategic skills to get the most out of the opening up market opportunities. A survey of occupations in the RE sector by sub-sector and value chain segment is provided in the comprehensive report of ILO [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various roles and professions within the renewable energy (RE) sector, such as consultants, engineers, and executives. It explains how these professionals contribute to the development and sustainability of RE operations, indicating that numerous job opportunities are indeed created in this industry. The mention of a survey on occupations within the RE sector also supports the claim's assertion that the sector contributes to job creation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: b Microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and taxonomic analysis were computed through QIIME2 pipeline at the genus level (144-h time point). Only the 12 more abundant genera are represented, from the more abundant (top left) to the least abundant (bottom right). Data are the means ± S. E. M, with individual data points being represented (N = 3). *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-testFull size imageSelect emulsifiers increase the expression of microbiota-derived pro-inflammatory moleculesDetrimental impacts of CMC and P80 in vivo associate with these compound’s increasing levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin, in vivo and in vitro, thus suggesting a potential means by which impacting microbiota might promote inflammation [5, 14]. Hence, we next examined if levels of these microbial pro-inflammatory agonists were impacted in the MBRA model by the compounds tested here. Levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin were measured via HEK cells engineered to express TLR4 or TLR5, respectively, and specific peroxidase under control of an NF-κB-responsive promoter. These data, presented in Fig. 6, revealed significantly increased LPS levels in microbiota exposed to maltodextrin, which persisted during the post-treatment phase. Microbiotas exposed to xantham gum, sorbitain monostearate, and glyceryl stearate displayed a tendency of increased LPS levels during the treatment phase, which became significant in the post-treatment phase, suggesting that these dietary emulsifiers induce slow but persistent increase in the microbiota’s expression of these pro-inflammatory molecules. Moreover, all carrageenans (iota, kappa, and lambda), as well as xantham gum, guar gum, and locust bean gum, significantly induced bioactive levels of flagellin in a reversible manner (Fig. 6c, d). Interestingly, CMC and P80 had only modest impacts on levels of flagellin and LPS, possibly reflecting a degree of donor-specific resistance to these specific additives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of dietary emulsifiers on microbiota composition and their potential to increase levels of pro-inflammatory molecules such as bioactive LPS and flagellin. This suggests that the gut microbiome can be affected by dietary factors, which indicates that even individuals without digestive problems may need to care about their gut microbiome due to the implications on inflammation and overall health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Airtight storage of moist wheat grain improves bioethanol yields access Published: 20 August 2009 Airtight storage of moist wheat grain improves bioethanol yields Volkmar Passoth1, Anna Eriksson1,2, Mats Sandgren3, Jerry Ståhlberg3, Kathleen Piens4 & …Johan Schnürer1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 121. The other tubes were not inoculated to estimate an eventual impact of the biocontrol yeast on the subsequent enzymatic pre-treatment and fermentation. After 4 weeks incubation, 50% of the tubes without yeast inoculation showed substantial mould growth. These tubes were not included in further analyses. No mould growth was observed in tubes inoculated with P. anomala. These results showed that it was necessary to include the biocontrol yeast for grain conservation. Farm grain with 18% water content was used as a control. The material was stored for 4 weeks. After this time, the grain was ground and pre-treated, as described in the Methods section. The resulting material was used as a substrate in test fermentations in shake flask cultures using S. cerevisiae as the fermentation yeast. Samples were taken and the sugar and ethanol concentrations were monitored. Fermentations were run until a plateau concentration of ethanol had been reached, which usually occurred within 30 hours of the start of the fermentation. After 30 hours, the yields of gram ethanol per gram added wheat grains were determined using the maximum ethanol concentration determined for the according fermentation for the calculations. The ethanol yield from dry grains was 0. 42 g ethanol/g grain (± 0. 01 standard deviation (SD), N = 6). Unexpectedly, the yield from stored moist wheat grains was significantly enhanced (P < 0. 001), to 0. 48 g ethanol/g added grain in samples without biocontrol yeast (± 0. 01 SD, N = 3), and 0. 47 g ethanol/g added grain in samples with added biocontrol yeast (± 0. 01 SD, N = 5). The difference between yields obtained from the inoculated and non-inoculated grain was not significant. These results imply that the biocontrol yeast does not negatively influence the ethanol yield, and that moist storage of the grain increases ethanol yield by more than 10%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of biocontrol yeast on ethanol yields from stored wheat grain, focusing on the effect of moisture and storage conditions on ethanol production rather than on bioengineered yeast designed to convert sugars to biofuels, which is the main focus of the claim. It does not provide information about the design or application of bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various skills gaps and shortages in the renewable energy (RE) sector but does not provide direct evidence regarding the number of jobs created globally by these sectors. Instead, it talks about the demand for skills, the early stages of development of certain RE technologies, and the shortage of qualified professionals. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim; rather, it is irrelevant to the assertion about job creation in renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: a HUMAnN2 program was used to profile for the abundance of microbial pathways and gene families, and a transcript table with relative abundance was generated for each sample and compared using principal coordinate analysis of the Bray-Curtis distance. b Bray-Curtis distance separating each sample from control (untreated) microbiota was determined and plotted. Data are the means ± S. E. M, with individual data points being represented (N = 3). *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-testFull size imageTo conclude, investigation of the effects of 20 commonly used dietary emulsifiers on the intestinal microbiota composition and function reveals that most tested compounds had seemingly negative impacts on microbiota yet some, namely soy lecithin and mono- and diglycerides did not have a discernable impact based on the measurements performed in this study (Table 2 and Fig. 8). Glyceryl oleate and sunflower lecithin only impacted bacterial density and alpha diversity, respectively, and agar agar, gum arabic, and iota carrageenan only impacted one or two parameters measured in a reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). CMC impacted microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner, while DATEM and lambda carrageenan impacted three parameters in a reversible manner. Propylene glycol alginate impacted metatranscriptome and microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). Locust bean gum, HPMC, guar gum, and kappa carrageenan impacted various parameters in a reversible manner, while xantham gum, sorbitan monostearate, glyceryl stearate, maltodextrin, and P80 impacted various microbiota parameters, both compositionally and/or functionally, in a non-reversible manner (Table 2 and Fig. 8). These results suggest that particular caution should be employed for these latter compounds, and suggest priorities for further in vivo testing of these emulsifiers broadly used by the food industry. Table 2 Global compositional and functional effects of dietary emulsifiers on the human microbiota. + correspond to a significant effectFull size tableFig. 8Global compositional and functional effects of dietary emulsifiers on the human microbiota. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of dietary emulsifiers on the gut microbiota, suggesting that attention to gut health extends beyond individuals with digestive problems. The findings highlight that various emulsifiers impact microbiota composition and function, indicating that gut microbiome health matters to a wider audience, including those without existing digestive issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Impact of the grain storage system on starch degradationTo test starch degradation in the samples after the pre-treatment, mash samples were incubated with an I2-KI solution and the colour development was monitored. Mash samples obtained from dry grain were visibly darker than those from moist grain (Figure 1). This indicates a higher accessibility of the starch in moist grain to the enzymatic pre-treatment compared with the dry grain. Obviously a substantial amount of starch had not been degraded during the pre-treatments of the farm grain. Figure 1Starch content screening with KI-I 2 staining. (a) Mash prepared from farm wheat grain before enzymatic pre-treatment. (b) Mash prepared from farm wheat grain after enzymatic pre-treatment with Stargen 001. (c) Mash prepared from stored moist wheat grain after enzymatic pre-treatment with Stargen 001. (d) Fermentation broth after fermentation. Full size imageThe more efficient starch degradation in the stored moist grain was also illustrated by the higher initial glucose concentrations in the test fermentation broth. The initial glucose concentrations in fermentations of stored moist grain, with or without biocontrol yeast, were around 80 g/L, compared with about 60 g/L in the fermentation medium obtained from farm grain (Figure 2). In the fermentations of the mash from farm grain, the sugar concentration increased during the first hours of cultivation, indicating a degradation of residual starch by glucoamylase, which was obviously still active in the fermentation. This increase in glucose concentration also indicated that there was starch left after the pre-treatment of stored dry grain. In fermentations of moist grains, with or without added biocontrol yeast, no increase or only a small initial increase in the glucose concentration was observed (Figure 2). The concentrations of free glucose dropped to 0 g/L between 12 and 15 hours of test fermentation in mashes from stored farm grain, and between 15 and 18 hours in those from stored moist grain. Some release of glucose from residual starch can be assumed even after the measured apparent glucose concentrations dropped to zero, as the plateaux in the ethanol concentration were reached somewhat later (Figure 2). Figure 2Test fermentations of mashes prepared from differently stored grain. Typical examples are shown. (a) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored farm grain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. It discusses the impact of grain storage systems on starch degradation and fermentation processes without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuel production. The focus is on the degradation of starch in moist and dry grain samples rather than on the development of yeast technologies for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sectors, like solar and wind, have created numerous jobs globally. [SEP] Text: ‘Best practices’ are the Windskill training strategy for the entire European wind market (funded by the IEE Programme), and the Network, an international academic network in the EU-MENA region aiming at contributing to the implementation of the through the provision of education and training in solar power [9]. Table 2Principal occupations difficult to fill per sub-sector. Source: REN Alliance survey [8]. 5 generation of employment opportunities is a major policy priority in countries with high levels of unemployment and underemployment, be it a long-term issue or the immediate consequence of the economic recession. As described above, developing the RE capacities can make a significant contribution to job creation, being one of the benefits of exploiting the economic opportunities in RE. However, to maximise the potential development of the RE industry, it is very important to get the right skills, in the right places, at the right time and in the right quantities. A key difficulty in ensuring an adequate supply of skills is that the RE sector requires substantial numbers of engineers and technicians. Shortages in these occupations are common in developed countries and can also occur in developing countries when there is a sudden increase in demand. Another problem identified is that the patterns of demand for labour in the RE sector make it difficult for providers of education and training in skills relevant to RE to match their activity to industry needs. Skills strategies for RES should be designed to mitigate this problem, and there is scope for governments and for the RE sector to assist providers of relevant training and education to develop their training programs. Social dialogue has a critical role to play both in identifying skills needed for the sector and in ensuring that adequate education and training provision is available. In this respect, the interaction between governments, employers/companies and their associations, the federations of workers, and training providers is important for the adaptation or creation of new curricula (and qualification schemes) for RE. To this end, the Occupational and Functional maps, as the one created for the RE sector in the UK by EU Skills [10] are crucial. map is a report about an industry or sector (e. g. the RE one) providing information on the numbers employed, industry trends, job titles, progression routes and Standards (NOS). A Functional map provides an overview of the types of major work tasks carried out in the industry/sector, and describes the outcomes of the works in broad terms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the employment opportunities created through the development of renewable energy (RE) capacities. It mentions that the RE sector contributes significantly to job creation, particularly in contexts of high unemployment and underemployment. Additionally, the need for an adequate supply of skilled labor in the RE sector indicates a demand for jobs related to renewable energy, thus supporting the claim that these sectors have created numerous jobs globally.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Heatmap visualization of the impact of dietary emulsifiers on bacterial density (presented in Fig. 1), microbiota composition (beta (presented in Fig. 3) and alpha (presented in Fig. 4) diversity), expression of microbiota-derived pro-inflammatory molecules (presented in Fig. 6), and metatranscriptome (presented in Fig. 7) the human microbiota. *P < 0. 05 compared to the untreated group, determined by a one-way analysis of variance corrected for multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni post-test. Emulsifiers are listed from the lowest (left side) to the highest (right side) effect on microbiota composition and functionFull size imageDiscussionChronic inflammatory diseases, such as metabolic syndrome and IBD, are associated with disturbance of the composition and the function of the human gut microbiota, with accumulating evidence demonstrating the role played by this community in disease establishment and chronicity. That the prevalence of these disorders has markedly increased amidst relatively constant human genetics indicates a role for non-genetic (i. e. , environmental) factors including those that might impact gut microbiota and/or the intestine’s ability to manage this microbial ecosystem. Accordingly, components of modern diets, especially non-absorbed additives that transit the colon and directly interact with the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa, are potential candidates to promote these chronic diseases. Dietary emulsifiers, specifically the synthetic compounds CMC and P80, directly detrimentally impact the intestinal microbiota in ways suggested to promote various inflammatory diseases [5, 11, 14]. Such observations suggest that greater consideration needs to be paid to the potential health hazards of this class of food additive, which might reveal strategies to reformulate some processed food to improve their healthfulness. Toward the goal of more broadly considering potential impacts of dietary emulsifiers as a class of food additives, we utilized a high-throughput MBRA model of human microbiota in order to screen the impact of 20 commonly used emulsifiers. The use of this model largely recapitulated our results from the more complex but cumbersome Ecosystem (SHIME) model that showed CMC and P80 directly impacted on microbiota composition and gene expression [11]. Specifically, although neither CMC nor P80 significantly impacted bacterial density, both significantly impacted microbiota composition in a non-reversible manner, as assessed by measurement of the Jaccard distance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impact of dietary emulsifiers on microbiota and chronic diseases, indicating that disturbances in gut microbiota affect not only those with digestive problems but also those with chronic inflammatory diseases like metabolic syndrome and IBD. The evidence presented suggests that a healthy gut microbiome is relevant for a broader population, beyond just individuals with digestive issues, as it may play a role in disease establishment and chronicity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (b) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored moist grain in the presence of the biocontrol yeast, P. anomala. (c) Fermentation of mash obtained from stored moist grain without biocontrol yeast inoculation. Full size imageMicrobial populations in the test fermentationsDue to the high proportion of non-soluble p0. 3 g/L (results not shown), thus it does not seem to be relevant for increasing the ethanol yield from wheat grain. HPAE-PAD analysis also revealed the presence of small amounts of xylose, arabinose and galactose in the fermentation broths. Here concentrations were almost twice as high in CHP-treated samples compared with those treated only with Stargen 001. The amount of these sugars did not decrease during the fermentations in accordance with the stated inability of S. cerevisiae to ferment these sugars [13]. However, in all fermentations the concentrations of these sugars were always less than 1 g/L (results not shown), thus the potential impact of fermenting these sugars on the total ethanol yield from wheat grain seems to be insignificant. DiscussionIn this study, we investigated whether airtight storage of moist wheat grain influences subsequent ethanol production from the material. Unexpectedly, the ethanol yields were more than 10% higher when using moist stored wheat instead of the dry material. The determined yield of about 0. 47 g ethanol/g grain (dry weight) in our non-optimised control fermentations was higher than the 0. 43 g usually obtained from dry grain by the Swedish ethanol industry Thus, airtight storage of cereal grains, with considerably lower demand for process energy for storage of the material also substantially improved the ethanol fermentation. This effect was seen for stored moist material independently of whether a biocontrol yeast was added or not. Drying the grain apparently made the starch less accessible for the enzymes, as indicated by the higher starch content and the lower glucose concentrations detected after enzymatic pre-treatment. It has been demonstrated that the water content in starch has a strong influence on its network structure, with a high crystallisation and less susceptibility to enzyme degradation at low water content [16]. Airtight wet storage or ensilation has also been shown to improve the digestibility of cereal grain starch in animal feeding due to the activity of internal amylases and a more accessible structure of the starch granules [10, 17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes as it does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses the fermentation of moist versus dry wheat grain and the impact on ethanol production without making any statements about the genetic engineering of yeast or their ability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: : Access and With the growing adoption of artificial intelligence and dramatic changes in global population demographics, the future of work is a source of major uncertainty, particularly in sub (SSA). The growing impact of climate change on precipitation patterns, heat stress, water availability, and extreme weather severely impacts productivity in Africa’s largely rain-fed agricultural sector, deepening its food crisis, and also affects the predictability and availability of work for millions in farming, which employs over 65% of the continent’s labor force [1]. This is compounded by an increase in automation and mechanization, which reduces farm costs but jeopardizes traditional agricultural job opportunities. Meanwhile, as jobs grow scarce, recent improvements in healthcare access have led to a youth explosion, with many countries across SSA now having more than 20% of the total population between 15 and 24 years [2]. In fact, Africa’s youth population is projected to double by 2050 to 840 million [3]. While a young population can be a major boon to the local economy and a positive force for growth, if the capacity to create new jobs is not cultivated in tandem with the population increase, it can lead to massive unemployment, increasing dependency on the existing working population, and persistent poverty. Employment data suggests that women and youth are most severely impacted by the dearth of employment opportunities, particularly those in rural communities [4]. Rural women, who make up the majority of agricultural and mining labor, are often unable to diversify away from these sectors even as employment opportunities decline, due to lack of education, traditional perceptions of gender roles, and a host of other sociocultural factors. Thus, the scale of the challenge is enormous, as the latest statistics make clear: young men and women between the ages of 15 to 24 comprise over 34% of the working-age population in SSA [5], and over 10 million jobless youth are looking for work every year [6]. 1. Amid this challenge, there is a major opportunity for economic development and employment creation through delivering energy access to 573 million people in SSA [7]. In 2017, national electricity access in SSA stood at 44% [8]. Rural electricity access, however, is even lower, at 22% [7]. Many SSA countries are in the midst of an energy transition as solar, wind, and electricity storage displace fossil fuel, and as rural electrification receives growing attention [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that many sub-Saharan African countries are undergoing an energy transition, where solar, wind, and electricity storage are displacing fossil fuel. It indicates an opportunity for economic development and job creation through providing energy access and transitioning to renewable energy sources, which aligns with the idea of replacing jobs lost in fossil fuels with employment opportunities in renewable energy sectors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: P80 also impacted the composition of microbiota as assessed by weighted UniFrac measurement, and also triggered significant metatranscriptome alteration, indicating that P80 had a long-lasting impact on both microbiota composition and gene expression, and further highlighting some differences between the impacts triggered by CMC and P80. In contrast, several of the newly tested compounds, such as sorbitan monostearate and glyceryl stearate, significantly increased microbial density that persisted throughout the post-treatment period studied. The addition of agar agar, and glyceryl oleate to MBRA microbiotas resulted in a significant non-reversible reduction in bacterial density. This reduction in bacterial density associated with a tendency of these additives to induce a non-reversible decrease in microbiota richness, as observed for sorbitan monostearate, and glyceryl stearate exposure. In the case of glyceryl stearate, such reduced diversity resulted in a lasting increase in LPS, suggesting that despite lower amounts of total bacteria, the change in composition made the microbiota more able to activate pro-inflammatory signaling. Metatranscriptome analysis did not reveal any gene that could explain the increased levels of bioactive LPS and flagellin observed following treatment with select compounds. This suggests that select emulsifiers may play a role in the release of these pro-inflammatory molecules without impacting the expression of genes involved in their synthesis per se. Thus, future investigations are required to identify microbiota members driving increases in the bioactive level of LPS and flagellin and, moreover, discern underlying mechanisms. Some of the strongest effects we observed were from maltodextrin, which is not classified as an emulsifier by regulatory agencies but yet have emulsifying properties which impacts food surface characteristics [12]. Maltodextrin impacted several parameters we tested including microbiota density, composition, gene expression, and, perhaps consequently, expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Such results are consistent with accumulating evidences demonstrating the detrimental impact of maltodextrin on the intestinal environment [9, 10, 30]. However, it should be pointed out that this polysaccharide is thought to be very quickly digested to glucose and absorbed in the small intestine and thus may never have the direct impacts with colon bacteria that we sought to model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the impacts of various compounds on gut microbiota composition, density, and their potential role in promoting pro-inflammatory signaling. It indicates that factors like maltodextrin influence gut health negatively, which suggests that maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is important for a broader population, not just those with digestive problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It is also possible that phytic acid is degraded in moist grain due to endogenous and microbial activity [18]. Phytate can have a negative impact on starch degradation as it removes minerals from the mash, thus diminishing the activities of the starch-degrading enzymes [19]. Fermentation times and yeast growth were not substantially influenced by the storage method. The microbial stability of the ethanol fermentation was not negatively affected by the presence of the biocontrol yeast in the grain storage. In all samples, the investigated yeast colonies were exclusively from the inoculated fermentation strain S. cerevisiae AEF1. The number of bacterial contaminants in the ethanol fermentation was low and there was no substantial difference between grains stored moist or dry, again indicating that airtight-stored grains can be used in ethanol production. No substantial yield improvement was obtained by the use of a mixture of CHP-enzymes. The fibre content of wheat is about 12% [20], which implies a certain potential for improving yield by the use of those enzymes. However, the fibre fraction seems to be resistant to enzymatic degradation and requires a thermochemical pre-treatment for its conversion into ethanol [14]. ConclusionOur results show that there is great potential for improving the efficiency of even firmly established processes like ethanol production from cereal grains, by using alternative methods for handling the material. Process energy consumes a major part of the energy gain when producing ethanol from grains [2], but it is obviously possible to decrease considerably the demand for process energy by an appropriate storage system and even to obtain an improved ethanol yield. Adding the biocontrol yeast P. anomala to the airtight system substantially improved the storage stability of the grain and did not impair ethanol production. These are important steps towards sustainable biofuel production. MethodsYeast strains and cultivation of micro-organismsSaccharomyces cerevisiae AEF1, an isolate from a Swedish ethanol production plant was kindly provided by the Agroetanol company (Norrköping, Sweden). Pichia anomala J121 (CBS 100487) was used as the biopreservative yeast [4]. Yeasts were grown on YPD medium (20 g/L glucose, 20 g/L peptone and 10 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L agar for solid medium) at 30°C. Selective YPD medium additionally contained 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of ethanol production, including yeast strains and storage conditions, without specifically addressing the design or engineering of yeast for high biofuel yields from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: The pico-solar appliance market, for example, has grown at an average pace of 9% between 2014 and 2016, but experienced a dramatic dip in sales in 2017 due to reasons like macroeconomic shocks particularly in India and Nigeria, extreme climate and droughts affecting farm community revenues and ability to pay in East Africa, and currency exchange risks in volatile economies [14]. Indeed, while DRE technologies can be less costly than grid expansion, they are often still too expensive for rural households to adopt, representing a customer affordability challenge without subsidy or financial support [15]. In 2016, Practical Action’s survey of over 1800 rural households in Kenya found that 35–40% of the poorest households could not afford a SHS [16]. Furthermore, financial support for the sector remains marginal when compared to on-grid applications. While electricity finance reached an all-time high of US$36 billion in 2017, more than US$28 billion went into on-grid generation and US$5. 8 billion for transmission and distribution. Financing for off-grid and mini-grid applications in the same year received a disproportionate share of US$0. 4 billion [17]. Thus there are many challenges for scaling of the DRE sector, including access to a skilled workforce. Experts suggest that DRE technologies can create many direct jobs because of their growing market and inherently distributed nature. High level estimates from (IRENA) suggest a potential of 4. 5 million off-grid, renewable energy, direct jobs could be created globally by 2030, which would account for more than one-sixth of the global renewable energy workforce, estimated to be 24 million by 2030 [18]. Yet according to a recent Forum report, human capital, which encompasses digital, technical, and vocational skills, is the area that is least prepared for the energy transition. In other words, universal energy access could also be an opportunity for direct job creation [19]. Importantly, in addition to direct jobs, there are clear signs that access to electricity is also creating productive use jobs within the communities gaining that access. Agriculture, the sector which still dominates the SSA economy, is likely best poised to benefit from the potential of clean energy access to mitigate climate change, unlock productivity, and thereby boost near-term economic growth and local job creation. Energy access (Goal 7, also SDG 7), food security (SDG 2), and livelihoods (SDG 8) are inherently connected [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for renewable energy technologies, such as decentralized renewable energy (DRE), to create jobs. It mentions that high-level estimates suggest a potential of 4.5 million direct jobs in the off-grid renewable energy sector by 2030, which would significantly contribute to the global renewable energy workforce. Additionally, it notes that access to electricity could lead to productive use jobs in communities, particularly in agriculture, thus supporting the idea that renewable energy can serve as an alternative source of employment as fossil fuel jobs decline.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: Thus, discernment of whether the impacts observed really relate to maltodextrin’s impacts in vivo requires further investigation. Among the newly tested class of emulsifiers, carrageenan and gum compounds showed notable impacts on both the composition and the function of microbiota, characterized by an elevated expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Carrageenans (E407) are a group of gel-forming and viscosifying polysaccharides extracted from some species of seaweeds [31]. In this study, we tested three classes of carrageenan, i. e. , kappa, iota, and lambda, which chemical structure mainly differs in the number and the position of ester sulfate groups and also in the content of anhydro-galactose [31]. These carrageenans compounds are also characterized by different composition and degree of sulfation at specific locations in the polymer. In food industry, kappa carrageenan is used in order to yield firm gels due to the presence of potassium ions, while iota carrageenan forms soft elastic gels especially in the presence of calcium ions. Unlike kappa and iota, lambda carrageenan is a non-gelling polysaccharide mainly used as a thickener especially due to the presence of three sulfate groups per two galactose molecules. Our results showed that, among these polysaccharides, kappa carrageenan appeared to have the most drastic detrimental impact on the intestinal microbiota, with non-reversible alterations in bacterial density, microbiota composition, and an increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Importantly, with the expression and function of TLR signaling being tightly regulated in the gastro-intestinal tract [32], it remains important to investigate the functional consequences of such increase in pro-inflammatory molecules using in vivo models. Moroever, iota and lambda harbor less effects on the microbiota. Although the detrimental impact of carrageenan compounds on intestinal microbiota has been previously reported in several studies [31, 33,34,35], kappa carrageenan seems to be especially involved in intestinal inflammation and development of IBD [36, 37], which is in accord with the observation made here on the human microbiota composition and function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how kappa carrageenan compounds can have a detrimental impact on intestinal microbiota, leading to intestinal inflammation and the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This implies that concerns about gut microbiome health are relevant not only to those with existing digestive problems but also to individuals consuming products containing emulsifiers like carrageenan, suggesting a broader need for awareness and care regarding gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 1 g/L chloramphenicol (Sigma-Aldrich Inc. , ) to suppress the growth of bacteria. To study the presence of bacteria in the fermentations, a solid medium selective for bacteria was used, LB medium (10 g/L trypton, 5 g/L NaCl, 5 g/L yeast extract, 16 g/L agar and 0. 1 g/L Delvocid [active compound natamycin, Gist-Brocades, Delft, The Netherlands]). EnzymesFor starch degradation, Stargen™ 001 (Danisco US Inc. , ), a mixture of alpha amylase and glucoamylase for industrial ethanol fermentations was used. The activity of the Stargen 001 enzyme mixture has been determined to be at least 456 granular starch hydrolysing units/g protein. GC 220 (Danisco US Inc. , ) was used as a cellulose and hemicellulose-degrading enzyme mixture, and Multifect® Pectinase FE (Danisco US Inc. , ) was used for pectin degradation. The cellulase activity of GC 220 has been determined to be at least 6200 carboxymethylcellulose activity units (IU)/g protein. One IU unit is defined as the activity needed to liberate 1 μmol of reducing sugars in 1 minute. The pectinase activity of the Multifect® Pectinase has been determined to be at least 145 IU pectinase/g protein. Enzyme activities were determined by the provider. All enzymes were a kind gift from Danisco US Inc. , (). Wheat storageThe wheat grain was kindly provided by a local farmer (Anders Eriksson, Uppsala, Sweden). The farm grain (18% water content) was stored in a covered plastic barrel and used as a control. Moist wheat grain (30% water content) was obtained by re-moistening the dry grain and stored as 18-g portions in airtight reaction tubes with a simulated air leakage as previously described [4]. Biocontrol yeast was added to some of the tubes at a concentration of 105 cells/g wheat grain [21]. Moist grain was stored for 4 weeks before preparation of the fermentation mash. All storage occurred at room temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the use of enzymes for starch degradation, storage of wheat grain, and biocontrol yeast in fermentation processes, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels from sugars. There is no information or evidence provided that directly supports or refutes the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: However, the impact of increased deployment of renewable technologies, and decentralized renewables in particular, has received little attention in the literature. National decision makers and their donors in SSA and other energy-poor regions have a unique opportunity to invest in the necessary resources to train the needed entrepreneurial, technical, financial, and managerial talent to deliver universal energy access while creating thousands of jobs. Otherwise, the lack of a skilled energy access workforce in emerging markets may hinder the achievement of government electrification targets, slow down the growth of more resilient energy infrastructure, and limit the potential of the energy sector to unlock major employment benefits. Yet very little data exists to support targeted policy for SSA. While some data does exist on job creation for utility scale renewable energy technologies in SSA, very few studies have explored the more nascent wave of decentralized technologies. There are few studies to date that provide an accurate job count for the DRE sector, and there is little quantitative data on the specific skills gaps that hinder sectoral growth. As such this paper contributes to the literature by specifically exploring the employment footprint of DRE technologies in SSA. TABLE 1 Table 1. Key electrification and workforce metrics for Kenya and Nigeria. Literature Review: on DRE date there is little academic literature available on the relationship between energy access and job creation in SSA. One of the earliest attempts that explore renewable energy employment in SSA by Rutovitz et al. in 2009 projected that renewable energy could provide 453,000–755,000 jobs by 2030 in SSA, and a boost in domestic renewable technologies manufacturing capacity from 50% to 100% in 2030 could add an additional 86,000 jobs [24]. Later, in 2013, IRENA established an annual review series of renewable energy jobs, and found that while renewable energy has high job creation potential, employment created in SSA is very scarce [25]. In fact, in 2016, IRENA reported that of the 8. 1 million renewable energy jobs created in 2015, only 45,000 were in SSA (0. 6%), and 28,000 of those jobs were in [26]. The solar sector, however, has since boomed in the region, directly employing about 140,000 in 2018 [27]. In fact, Greenpeace now projects that under a 1. 5-degree-celsius scenario, renewable energy (excluding biomass) could provide 4. 5 million jobs in Africa by 2030 [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that renewable energy has significant job creation potential, particularly in SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa). It mentions that renewable energy could potentially provide 453,000–755,000 jobs by 2030 and that the solar sector alone employed about 140,000 people in 2018, suggesting that as fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can indeed serve as an alternative source of employment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Only people with digestive problems need to care about their gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: That these carrageenan coumpounds are reported to have a detrimental effect on the intestinal epithelium, it remains important to discern between host-effects and microbiota-effects in carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation [36, 38]. Gum compounds, which are exopolysaccharides, are derived from different sources including microbial origin (xantham gum is derived from the Xanthonomas campestris bacterium), or vegetal origin such as gum arabic, guar gum, and locust bean gum which are derived from plants belonging to the plant family Leguminosae [39]. These compounds are characterized by different chemical structures and compositions, and their impacts on gut microbiota composition and function are consequently heterogeneous, with guar gum and xantham gum harboring striking detrimental effect, with alterations in bacterial density, composition, as well as an increased expression of pro-inflammatory molecules. Locust bean gum showed important detrimental effects while gum arabic appears to have modest effects on the gut microbiota. Taxonomic profiling demonstrates profound alterations in microbiota composition at the order and genus levels. Such alterations were characterized by a significant decrease of Lactobacillales members, including Streptococcus genus, upon treatment with numerous emulsifiers, including CMC, P80, lecithin compounds, DATEM, and gum and glyceryl compounds. In addition, a remarkable decrease of Clostridiales order, especially Faecalibacterium genus, was observed upon treatment with P80, iota carrageenan, HPMC, and mono- and diglycerides. Importantly, previous studies demonstrated a significant reduction of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in IBD patients [29, 40, 41], and this bacterium has been reported to harbor anti-inflammatory properties [42,43,44]. Moreover, a significant increase in Bacteroidales order was observed upon treatment with kappa carrageenan, lambda carrageenan, DATEM, and glyceryl stearate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the effects of various compounds on gut microbiota composition and function, suggesting that gut microbiome health is relevant not only for those with digestive problems. For instance, it notes that carrageenan compounds can alter bacterial density and composition, which can have implications for health beyond just digestive issues, including pro-inflammatory responses. This indicates that the microbiome's condition can impact a broader range of health aspects, debunking the idea that only individuals with digestive problems should be concerned about their gut microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Preparation of a fermentation mash from wheat grainsAliquots of 10 g of wheat grains (dry weight) were milled with a mixer (Braun kitchen machine) until the milled material could pass through a 1-mm screen. The resulting flour was mixed with water and the pH was adjusted to 5 with sulphuric acid. The final volume was 40 ml, which was poured into a 100-ml glass bottle. The suspension was gelatinised in a 100°C water bath for 25 minutes. Water was added to a volume of approximately 80 ml and the pH was readjusted to 5 if required. Subsequently, 25 μl of an amylase mixture (Stargen 001) was added and the bottles were incubated on a rotary shaker at 37°C and 100 rpm for 24 hours. A mixture of CHP-enzymes was added to the suspension of some of the samples before amylase incubation. This mixture contained GC 220 (3 mg protein/g grain dry weight) and Multifect® Pectinase FE (0. 1 mg protein/g grain dry weight). These amounts were calculated according to the supplier's recommendation to give a final enzyme concentration of 25 mg/g cellulose and 10 mg/g pectin, using the grain composition reported by Åman [20]. The samples with added CHP-enzymes were incubated at 37°C and 100 rpm for 72 hours; subsequently the samples were treated with amylases as described above. After enzymatic pre-treatment, the bottles were filled to a volume of exactly 100 ml with water, the pH was adjusted to 5 and 1-ml sample was taken for sugar concentration determination. Analytical methodsDry weight of wheat grainsThe dry weight of wheat grain was determined by drying the grains in portions of 4 × 5 g wheat, in an oven at 80°C for 1 hour, followed by 15 hours at 105°C [22]. Starch analysisSamples for starch analysis were taken from the fermentation mash. The samples were diluted 10 times. KI-I2-solution (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed account of the preparation of a fermentation mash from wheat grains and various analytical methods. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its role in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: As fossil fuel jobs decline, renewable energy can provide alternative employment. [SEP] Text: However, the employment potential of DRE technologies specifically is only now emerging as a discussion in the literature, especially given the recent international focus on addressing the challenges of rural electrification. DRE technologies are widely acknowledged as key to rural energy access, given their ease and speed of deployment, and their distributed nature. Early evidence in Bangladesh showed a linkage between job creation and SHS deployment [29], finding that the deployment of 1. 2 million SHS for rural electrification created as many as 60,000 jobs [29]. In 2012, IRENA projected that 4 million jobs are needed to support DRE market potential by 2030 [18]. A later IRENA report revised the estimate to 4. 5 million [25]. A majority of these studies, however, rely on recursive reference to a small set of employment factors applicable to limited geographical contexts. Cameron and Zwaan, in a study conducted in 2013, analyzed renewable energy employment factors from 70 publications, and found that only 31 yielded original results. Of the studies that were analyzed, none had a focus on SSA, except for two studies in South Africa. Thus, there is a clear need for improved data reporting and wider geographical spread of primary data on the employment impacts of renewables [30]. In 2014, Mills conducted one of the first studies on DRE jobs focused in SSA, exploring solar lanterns and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps. Eight major companies disclosed employment information on their operations in and Zambia, and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps in Malawi and Kenya [28]. The results yielded that 38 jobs are created to serve 10,000 solar lantern users. Globally, 150,000 jobs were created to serve 44 million solar lanterns user [31]. Following Mills’ study, Global Off-Association (GOGLA) surveyed 40 off-grid solar companies, including those in the SHS sector. The study estimated that the off-grid solar sector can create 1. 3 million jobs in East, West and by 2022, of which 567,000 are in SSA [32]. In a more recent job brief, GOGLA estimated that of the 1. 3 million jobs, 510,000 are medium and high skilled, while 800,000 are low skilled [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the employment potential of decentralized renewable energy (DRE) technologies and providing evidence of job creation related to solar home systems (SHS) deployment. It highlights that the deployment of 1.2 million SHS for rural electrification in Bangladesh created approximately 60,000 jobs, showing a direct link between renewable energy initiatives and job creation. Additionally, projected job needs for the DRE market suggest that renewable energy can indeed offer alternative employment opportunities as fossil fuel jobs decline.