Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000668144. 72477. 00 transplant surgery: transplant surgeryNew findings from a large multicenter, international study suggest that the composition of the intestinal microbiome among patients receiving allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants for hematologic malignancies can help predict the success of treatment (N Med 2020;382:822-34). There has been an interest in the connection between the intestinal microbiome and clinical outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants for many years and a number of single-center studies have sought to better understand this relationship. However, questions remain regarding whether these associations can be generalized. “One of the key questions in the field has been: are the observations that institutions like Kettering have made transferable or are single-center observations unique to those facilities? ” noted study author a medical oncologist at Center. “Until now, no one in the field of bone marrow transplantation had conducted a multicenter microbiome study to look at the relationship between gut microbiomes and clinical outcomes. And so, that is what we set out to do. ” Using 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, the researchers profiled 8,767 fecal samples from 1,362 patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants at four centers in the U. S. , Germany, and Japan. Associations between microbiota diversity and mortality were examined using Cox proportional-hazards analysis. “For stratification of the cohorts into higher and lower diversity groups, the median diversity value that was observed at the study center in was used,” according to the study authors. “In the analysis of independent cohorts, the center was cohort 1, and three centers in Germany, Japan, and composed cohort 2. ” The researchers observed patterns of microbiota disruption that were characterized by loss of diversity and domination by single taxa. The study authors reported that a lower risk of death was associated with a higher diversity of intestinal microbiota. Through subgroup analyses, study authors identified a link between lower intestinal diversity and an increased risk of transplantation-related death and mortality attributable to graft-versus-host disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while microbiome composition is linked to clinical outcomes and can affect mortality rates in patients undergoing certain medical treatments, it does not suggest that everyone’s microbiome can be optimized for guaranteed disease resistance. The multifactorial nature of health outcomes is implied, as exemplified by the findings on microbiota diversity and mortality related to allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants, which indicates variability rather than a universal optimization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: However, they have the disadvantage that different copies within one diploid individual or several copies within polyploids can exist (Knaak et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992a; Alvarez and Wendel 2003), which may result in the amplification of mosaic sequences caused by “jumping PCR”. In aDNA research they have been used in sorghum (Deakin et al. 1998a, b), in wheat (Allaby et al. 1997) and in Prunus (Pollmann et al. 2005). Several methods can be used to identify species. In most aDNA cases, longer targets, with primers spanning approximately 700 bp between 18S and 26S, may not work, but shorter targets can be designed, for example to identify species if the family/genus of the sample is known. In this case too, overlapping primers may be useful. Concluding remarksFor some plant biologists, the publications about DNA from leaves and similar papers (Golenberg et al. 1990; Soltis et al. 1992b; Poinar et al. 1993) sparked off the interest in plant aDNA. It was a lesson on rapid evolution in scientific research. First came the exciting possibility of using palaeontological and archaeological plants directly to understand evolution and phylogeny without having to use mathematical models. Later came the realisation that the PCR method, although easy to use, had more drawbacks than initially thought (Austin et al. 1997; Sykes 1997; Austin et al. 1998). Although limitations still exist, we have shown here that the analysis of plant aDNA has since then evolved into a useful tool for investigating and answering archaeologically and archaeobotanically relevant questions. These include questions such as species identification, origin and spread of cultivated plants or monitoring the state of domestication—questions that cannot be answered by morphological archaeobotanical studies alone. Today the future of aDNA research looks varied; it can continue to help understand preservation of DNA in different types of plant material, such as material from stalks, glumes, leaves, lignified fruits or from wood, where initial attempts have been made. New technologies such as real-time PCR, or new sequencing techniques such as pyrosequencing will also impact the field of ancient plant genetics, similarly to aDNA research in animals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of ancient DNA (aDNA) research and methods related to species identification and plant genetics without addressing the causes of ancient civilization collapses. It mentions various studies and methodologies but does not connect these to the examination of factors leading to societal decline.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of renewable energy systems require some form of storage to ensure continuous power availability. [SEP] Text: Safety is highly imperative in the integration of the RES and ESD. Energy storage devices (ESD) such as lithium ion battery a high-performance storage device is used but has a drawback in its safety based on their material and chemical composition. Lithium ion batteries are the enabling technology for storage solutions in many applications. A typical Li-ion cell consists; positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, and separator. Like all electrochemical batteries, the chemical energy is converted into electrical energy. According to the second law of thermodynamics, any conversion between two forms of energy occurs with an energy loss. This energy loss increases the temperature of the cell, which, negatively, affects the battery life, and possibly exceeds safety limits. The safety issues related to Li-ion batteries are caused by abuse conditions which are basically divide into electrical, mechanical and environmental, can result in abrupt behavior of the batteries. The electrical abuse conditions include, short circuiting and overcharge with an over-charging current rate and charging time. The mechanical abuse conditions include crush test, nail penetration test and external heating. These off-nominal operating conditions can lead to critical failure of lithium ion batteries. Safety of lithium ion battery has been the technical obstacle for high power demand applications in RES and ESD integration, hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV). These abuse conditions can initiate thermal runaway in LIB wherein chain exothermic reaction can cause the battery to attain temperature of over >500°C. The major response of the cells to the abuse conditions is usually increased in temperature due to decomposition of the electrolyte, melting of separator which in turn leads to exothermic reaction. Most of these responses eventually leads to thermal runaway before resulting into explosion or fire. The safety of LIB directly related to the type of material chemistry and their thermal stability. The unforeseen battery failure potential has created public awareness for battery safety, particularly because of very large product recalls involving battery failures. Typical battery failure response can be energetic and non-energetic. Both energetic and non-energetic failures of Li-ion batteries often occur for due to poor cell design (electrochemical or mechanical), cell manufacturing flaws, external abuse of cells (thermal, mechanical, or electrical), poor battery pack design or manufacture, poor protection electronics design or manufacture [10]. Thus, Li-ion battery reliability and safety are generally considered a function of the design and manufacturing process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of energy storage devices (ESD), particularly lithium-ion batteries, in renewable energy systems (RES). It highlights that lithium-ion batteries are necessary for storage solutions in applications requiring continuous power availability. Although the text primarily addresses safety concerns regarding these storage systems, it confirms their essential role in integrating RES and ESD, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Additionally, baseline samples collected prior to transplantation showed evidence of microbiome disruption, and the researchers reported that this was associated with poor survival. “One of the key findings is that the patterns of microbiome injury are comparable across all four centers,” reported Peled. “It didn't matter what antibiotics each facility used or whether the samples were from Japan, Germany, North Carolina, or New York. We observed strikingly similar patterns of injury to the gut microbiome during bone marrow transplant and, in fact, the differences between centers was much smaller than the differences that the patients incurred during the transplant. “Another significant discovery is that patients who have the greatest amount of microbiome injury go on to have a shorter survival after transplant,” he continued. “So, by profiling the microbiome after transplant, we can—to a certain extent—predict who will die sooner versus who will live longer. ” This study has significant implications for the field of bone marrow transplantation, both in terms of research and clinical practice. These findings may assist in the assessment of transplantation-related mortality risk, as well as support the development of strategies to prevent or mitigate changes to the microbiome that impact clinical outcomes. “Our study emphasizes the importance of finding ways to protect the gut microbiome during transplantation,” noted Peled. “When we do bone marrow transplants for hematologic malignancies, we really push patients to the brink and then pull them back. ” With a major push in the field to reduce toxicities, Peled noted, the gut microbiome could be thought of as another important organ that has to be preserved. These findings also highlight the need to assess the health of the gut microbiome as patients are entering transplant. “We don't have a recommendation to start doing this immediately because the methodologies to do so aren't widely available yet,” Peled noted. “However, the field is moving in a direction where, just like we run tests on other organs, we're going to start evaluating the health of the gut microbiome before transplant as well. It's been referred to as the ‘forgotten organ,’ and we think it shouldn't be forgotten anymore. ” “This is definitely something that we want to work on more,” added lead investigator Marcel van den of the Division of. “Patients often come into transplant with already damaged flora. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is significant microbiome disruption associated with poor survival after bone marrow transplantation. It emphasizes that patients often come into transplant with already damaged microbiome flora, suggesting that not all microbiome compositions can be optimized for guaranteed health outcomes. Furthermore, the findings about the necessity to evaluate and protect the gut microbiome during transplantation imply that microbiome health is not directly linked to the ability to prevent disease, as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Archaeobotany can reveal the exact causes of ancient civilization collapses. [SEP] Text: With the availability of present-day sequences of agronomically important genes and of geographically structured loci, and with the further refining of aDNA methodology, archaeological plant remains can become a key to the understanding of genetic processes linked to human impact. Last but not least, understanding the conditions leading to DNA preservation in plants may help to develop strategies for conservation of DNA in plant DNA banks, to best preserve our heritage (Savolainen and Reeves 2004; Hodkinson et al. 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential benefits of archaeological plant remains and DNA methodologies for understanding genetic processes and conservation, but it does not provide any direct evidence or discussion on the causes of ancient civilization collapses, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The increase in demand for lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles has contributed to an 89% reduction in cost over 10 years [43]. The BloombergNEF 2020 lithium-ion battery price survey reports on the price of lithium-ion batteries, which is shown in Figure 6. Figure 6. Lithium-ion battery price, volume weighted average, all sectors from 2010 to 2020. Reproduced from [44]. Prices for lithium-ion batteries have been reported at under $100/kWh, with the average price reported as $137/kWh [43]. Although these low prices for lithium-ion batteries have been driven by demand in electric vehicles, there is significant benefit for stationary energy storage applications. Lithium-ion batteries that are for stationary storage applications have the strongest global growth and market share, in comparison to other electrochemical storage technologies [45]. With global behind the meter battery storage expected to significantly grow in years to come [46]. Lower cost lithium-ion batteries enable local energy systems to affordably increase their flexibility, giving them the ability to control when and how much energy they exchange with the grid. 3. Applications of energy storage in local energy systemsHistorically, the electricity system in GB has been based on a unidirectional flow of electricity from large scale power stations to consumers. Power is transported through a high voltage power transmission network, to medium and low voltage power distribution networks, where it is delivered to consumers. Emission reduction targets have driven the transition from this conventional centralised energy system to a decentralised and localised paradigm which integrates diverse distributed energy sources, e. g. solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind generation. This transformation encourages increasing numbers of local energy systems [47]. These local energy systems enable electricity consumers to become prosumers which can generate energy for self-consumption, energy trading with each other, and providing energy and flexibility services to the utility grid. However, the intermittency of renewable energy sources and mismatch between the on-site generation and consumption present a challenge for prosumers. Incorporating energy storage into the local energy systems provides a key solution for prosumers to flexibly manage the distributed energy sources and participate in local energy markets. Instead of curtailing the excessive generation from solar and wind, the surplus generation can be charged into the energy storage devices, and discharged during the peak demand periods. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how energy storage solutions, particularly lithium-ion batteries, enable local energy systems to flexibly manage energy generation and consumption. It explains that incorporating energy storage into local systems helps prosumers manage intermittent renewable energy sources and allows them to store excess generation for use during peak demand, thus reducing the need for continuous electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Many times, at this point, they have undergone a number of therapies and may have had side effects, such as neutropenia, treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. “Given that we have found these patients have the worst outcomes,” he continued, “this is an upfront risk factor that must be addressed. We must make sure that the various organs within the body are relatively healthy and can tolerate the serious therapy we are about to administer, and that should include the microbiome. ” Another important aspect of the study is its ability to inform the design of clinical trials, according to Peled. “As clinicians seek to protect the gut microbiome or to restore one that has been damaged, our study can help guide researchers in regard to when in the course of transplant may be the best times to intervene. ” What's next for this area of study? There are a number of research avenues that are currently being explored by the team at Kettering. “One of the variables that we think is critical to better understand why we are observing all of these changes within the flora is diet,” said van den Brink, noting that this is an understudied factor in clinical medicine. “It always strikes me that we know so much about these patients, but when it comes to what they actually eat there is very little documentation. “And so, that's really something that we're stepping up now,” he continued. “We want to know, in much more detail, what and how much people eat because we know from other studies that the flora is very sensitive to diet. ” Additionally, according to Peled, the team is taking microbiome research in two different directions. “One is continuing to conduct observational studies where we gather samples and see what happens to patients and try to find correlates. The diet work is a more refined way to do that. “We're also trying to go beyond observational research, where we can only claim associations, and try to actually prove causality,” he explained. “To accomplish this, we need prospective clinical trials of interventions and we are working on a couple of different approaches. “We also want to understand not just the proof of causality, but also the why and the mechanism,” he added. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the microbiome's health is important for patient outcomes, specifically in relation to trauma therapies and the influences of diet on microbiome flora. However, it emphasizes the complexity of these interactions and the need for further study rather than guaranteeing that microbiome optimization alone can lead to complete disease resistance. The researchers are focusing on understanding the causal relationships and mechanisms rather than making definitive claims about disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2023 in a Brain: of : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2023. 01. 12 Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT has been dubbed everything from “mind-blowing” (CNET) to the artificial intelligence (AI) industry’s “next big disrupter” (York Times) – and with good reason. The brainchild of applies machine-learning algorithms to OpenAI’s GPT-3. 5 family of large language models, fine-tuned with both supervised and reinforcement learning techniques, to interact conversationally with users in a way that sounds surprisingly humanlike. Using previous questions and answers to inform its next responses, ChatGPT is able to remember a dialogue thread in a way that sounds both creative and authoritative. It can also create content, generate AI art, write code and convert unstructured data into a structured format. Although not without its limitations – OpenAI readily admits that it sometimes provides plausible-sounding but incorrect answers and can often be excessively verbose – ChatGPT has already attracted a million users and led many experts to conclude that it poses a serious threat to Google. With the global chatbot market expected to exceed $10. 5 billion by 2026, ChatGPT clearly represents not only an incredibly powerful tool but a major leap forward in self-learning artificial intelligence. By its own admission (see sidebar), ChatGPT is not artificial general intelligence (AGI). Although its capabilities are most impressive, ChatGPT is really manipulating symbols without any understanding of what those symbols mean. And until that is possible – until today’s artificial intelligence advances to something that has the ability to actually understand any intellectual task that a human being can – AGI remains a hypothetical (although many would argue inevitable) possibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or indirectly. Instead, it discusses the capabilities and limitations of ChatGPT and artificial intelligence in general. There is no mention of neuroethology or the measurement of animal intelligence, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: As an example, for a battery energy capacity of 10 kWh, the optimal power rating was approximately 2 kW. Furthermore, the result showed a clear optimal energy capacity of 20 kWh, with an optimal power rating of approximately 3 kW. This result was taken from the highest peak in Figure 10, representing the highest value of NPV. This result demonstrates the need to carry out a detailed financial analysis to determine the most suitable power rating and energy capacity for a local energy system. These results are significantly affected by the assumed input data. In particular, the power rating and energy capacity capital costs. To ensure reliability of result, the input data, especially the prices, must be accurate. 4. 3. 4 ConclusionIn conclusion, this case study was carried out to describe a methodology for optimal sizing of battery storage for a local energy system. Firstly, a methodology based on operational optimisation and net present value was used to assess the value of adding different combinations of battery power ratings and energy capacities. Then, a case study was defined to demonstrate the practical use of the methodology. The results show clear optimal power ratings for each energy capacity, shown as a peak in net present value. The optimal battery power rating and energy capacity for the case study were 3 kW and 20 kWh, approximately. The result shows that this method can assess the optimal size of a battery storage system for a local energy system. Furthermore, the method can be applied to a wide variety of local energy system configurations, enabling the method to be tailored to specific cases. Finally, the accuracy of the outcome heavily relies on the accuracy of the input data. Therefore, the more detailed and accurate the input data, the more reliable the result. 5. ConclusionsThe power system transition from large scale power generation to decentralised integration of distributed energy sources is creating an increasing need for flexibility. With higher penetrations of intermittent wind and solar generation and a decrease in dispatchable fossil-based power plants, flexibility is required to reduce curtailment of renewable generation and ensure a stable frequency by balancing supply and demand. Electricity storage systems can save excess energy during high renewable generation and release it when there is high demand or low renewable generation. Many electricity storage technologies exist today that store energy in mechanical, chemical, electrical and magnetic mediums. Technologies such as pumped hydro storage and compressed air energy storage have geographical requirements that are generally less suited to local energy systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of electricity storage systems in balancing supply and demand, specifically mentioning that these systems can store excess energy during periods of high generation and release it during high demand or low generation. This demonstrates that energy storage systems can indeed reduce the need for continuous electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractAbiotic and biotic factors can affect host resistance to parasites. Host diet and host gut microbiomes are two increasingly recognized factors influencing disease resistance. In particular, recent studies demonstrate that (1) particular diets can reduce parasitism; (2) diets can alter the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can decrease parasitism. These three separate relationships suggest the existence of indirect links through which diets reduce parasitism through an alteration of the gut microbiome. However, such links are rarely considered and even more rarely experimentally validated. This is surprising because there is increasing discussion of the therapeutic potential of diets and gut microbiomes to control infectious disease. To elucidate these potential indirect links, we review and examine studies on a wide range of animal systems commonly used in diet, microbiome, and disease research. We also examine the relative benefits and disadvantages of particular systems for the study of these indirect links and conclude that mice and insects are currently the best animal systems to test for the effect of diet-altered protective gut microbiomes on infectious disease. Focusing on these systems, we provide experimental guidelines and highlight challenges that must be overcome. Although previous studies have recommended these systems for microbiome research, here we specifically recommend these systems because of their proven relationships between diet and parasitism, between diet and the microbiome, and between the microbiome and parasite resistance. Thus, they provide a sound foundation to explore the three-way interaction between diet, the microbiome, and infectious disease. Citation: Harris EV, de (2019) Diet–microbiome–disease: Investigating diet’s influence on infectious disease resistance through alteration of the gut microbiome. PLoS Pathog 15(10): e1007891. Chetan E. : October 31, 2019Copyright: © 2019 Harris et al. This is an open access 1. Direct and indirect relationships between host diet, host gut microbiome, and parasites. In bees, studies have independently shown that diets modulate resistance to parasites [9,21], diets alter gut microbiomes [75], and gut microbiomes modulate parasitism [90,107]. However, it is not known whether there is an indirect link between the three based on these direct relationships. Alternatively, the host immune system can indirectly alter this potential three-way interaction by modulating antimicrobial peptides or pattern recognition receptors via diet or the gut microbiome to fight parasites [11,110]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are relationships between diet, gut microbiomes, and disease resistance, the results are not guaranteed for everyone. It states that indirect links between diet and microbiome impacting disease resistance are rarely considered or experimentally validated, suggesting that a uniform optimization for complete disease resistance is not proven. The text emphasizes the complexity of the interactions and the necessity of further research, rather than confirming that microbiome composition can be fully optimized for complete resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: But we can look at ChatGPT’s capabilities and limitations to conclude a number of interesting and useful things about the future of AI and the emergence of AGI. Many shortcomings of today’s AI that are impeding it from becoming AGI can be overcome. AGI’s emergence will be a gradual process rather than a “singularity. ” It will become progressively difficult to determine whether some future system is an AGI. What’s Needed for AGI To become an AGI, a system will need to add the ability to comprehend that physical objects exist in a physical environment – words are most useful if they represent objects, thoughts or ideas that exist in a reality. ChatGPT’s words exist only in the context of other words, not the abstract concepts they might represent. Further, there are many concepts that are difficult to express with words alone. Consider the difficulty of describing a work of art or music in words without a picture or recorded sound. This limitation can be overcome by adding multisensory inputs to an AI and, more importantly, an underlying data structure that supports creating relationships between multiple types of data. Physical objects have not only visible shapes and colors but textures and other tactile sensations, aroma, taste, known interactions with other objects, and a characteristic of persistence. Consider your understanding of a soap bubble. The words are just a shortcut for your multisensory understanding of its appearance, ephemeral nature, interaction with other bubbles and other physical objects, and a host of other sensations. To capture something akin to your understanding of the bubble, an AGI will require an internal mental model of its surroundings with the entity at its center, resembling the way in which humans view the world around us from our own point of view. How could a system understand or mimic the concept of a “point of view” without ever having experienced one? An artificial entity must also possess a perception of time, which allows for an understanding of future outcomes based on current actions. Finally, AGI will only be possible if the artificial entity has an imagination, which allows it to consider multiple possible actions, evaluate their potential outcomes and then choose the option that seems most plausible. Is this a complete list of capabilities needed for AGI? Of course not. But the implementation of these generic capabilities will lead us to a better understanding of what remains to be addressed on the road to AGI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. It discusses the capabilities and limitations of AI and the emergence of AGI, which are unrelated to the specific claim about neuroethology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: This can be achieved in a single PHES facility by installing two penstocks as point out in [9]; a double penstock system enables the PHES to store excess wind energy while at the same time providing ancillary services to the grid. The results of the techno-economic studies [9] suggest that, the double penstock system could be economically credible while enable the wind energy penetration to increase above 40%. However, the economic value of PHES is sensitive to changes in fuel prices, interest rates, and total annual wind production. Figure 2. A double penstock PHES system Advertisement 4. BatteriesThe terminology “batteries” encompasses electrochemical storage cellular technologies that consist of an arrangement (in series or in parallel) of cell units. Each cell is made of two electrodes and an electrolyte secured into a sealed container. Batteries store chemical energy and generate electricity by a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. Batteries energy storage systems have been studied for almost 150 years, most research effort now aimed at cost reduction and high power application. The following section proposes a description of some promising batteries technologies. An overview of electrochemical energy storage systems is given in [10]. 4. 1. Lead-acid batteriesLead-Acid batteries are the most used devices for low to medium scale energy storage application. Lead-acid batteries have a low-cost ($300–600/kW), high reliability, high power ramp capabilities and efficiency in the range (65%–80%). However, the performance of Lead-Acid battery will deteriorate quickly in the case of frequent charge-discharge cycles. The weak tolerance to high number of cycles limits the use of PbA batteries in application such as wind variations smoothing. 4. 2. Lithium-ion batteriesLithium-ion batteries are ideal for portable applications; they are widely use in mobile phone and in almost any other electronic portable device. They tolerate over 3000 cycles, have 95% efficiency at 80% depth of discharge and have high power ramp capability. Nowadays, the emergence of electric cars drives numerous researches on Li-Ion technology and materials to obtain reliable high power system [11]. Since their lifetime is related to the cycles’ depth of discharge, Li-Ion should not be use in application where they may be fully discharged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how energy storage systems, like pumped hydroelectric storage (PHES) and batteries, can store excess energy generated from wind, thus reducing the need for continuous electricity generation. The mention of how a double penstock system can enhance wind energy penetration suggests that energy storage systems play a crucial role in managing energy supply alongside generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Animal systems showing three separate, direct relationships between diet, parasites, and the gut microbiome. Mice and insects are ideal systems to study the potential indirect, three-way link due to the systems’ controlled host diets, tractable and relatively simple microbiota, and tractability of parasites. gut microbiome, in turn, can be a crucial driver of infectious disease. The complex community of microorganisms inhabiting an animal’s digestive tract constitutes the gut microbiota, and their collective genetic content constitutes the gut microbiome. Changes in gut-associated microbial community composition and diversity have been associated with Clostridium difficile infection in humans [5] and malaria infection in mosquitoes [6]. Current understanding thus shows three important relationships: (1) diet can alter disease resistance; (2) diet can affect the gut microbiome; and (3) the gut microbiome can reduce or increase disease resistance. The potential link between these relationships remains understudied and poorly understood. Specifically, although these relationships suggest that diets could increase or reduce disease resistance by altering the host gut microbiome, there are no existing studies to support this. Instead, most studies have independently investigated the relationships between diet and disease resistance, diet and the gut microbiome, and the gut microbiome and disease resistance (Fig 1). For example, studies have shown separately that diet affects the gut microbiome and that the gut microbiome affects parasitic resistance in both mice and mosquitoes infected with Plasmodium spp. [7,8]. Whether this increased resistance is a result of the diet-altered microbiome is unknown. Similarly, honeybees fed aged mixed-pollen diets have an increased relative abundance of Frischella perrara, and these diets also increase resistance to bacterial and microsporidian parasites; whether this increased resistance is the result of a diet-altered microbiome is also unknown [9]. It is also important to note that host immunity could play a key role in directly or indirectly modulating diet–microbiome–disease interactions [10]. For example, F. perrara, the same gut microbe that is correlated with aged mixed-pollen diets, also activates the honeybee immune system [11], making it difficult to determine the sequence of events between host diet metabolism, host immunity activation, and parasitic infection inhibition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while relationships exist between diet, the gut microbiome, and disease resistance, current understanding and evidence are insufficient to guarantee disease resistance through optimization of microbiome composition. The text explicitly mentions that 'there are no existing studies to support this' and highlights the complexity of interactions among diet, microbiome, and disease resistance, noting that various factors like host immunity could also play a crucial role, making it impossible to claim that optimization will guarantee complete resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: These AGI concepts are not impossible to create but require a mind shift in our approach to AI. Starting with a text-based system like ChatGPT and attempting to extend it to handle multisensory information, a mental model, cause and effect, and the passage of time is a daunting prospect. But starting with a data structure and set of algorithms to handle this diverse information and extending them to the text abilities of GPT with the vision, planning and decision-making of an autonomous robot is a much more promising approach. AGI vs. the When considering the likelihood of such a system, understand that the human brain does all these things in an organ that weighs about 3. 3 pounds and uses about 12 watts of energy. We know a lot about the brain’s structure and the way its neurons work but have yet to fill in the complete picture. Biological neurons function differently from the “perceptrons” of today’s neural networks at a basic level, and this accounts, in part, for the unparalleled energy efficiency of the brain. We do know that the initial structure of the brain is defined by our DNA, and the complete human genome is only about 750 MB. What fraction of our DNA defines the brain? We don’t know because the structure of any human part is largely dependent on its chemistry, and we have a much better idea of how DNA applies to chemistry than about how it applies to structure. But somehow, the DNA defines the structure of a person, which includes the structure and chemistry of the brain. Once the brain is “turned on,” its structure immediately begins to modify itself to handle the data and experiences it receives. We can presume, though, that generalized intelligence is a direct outgrowth of the structure that is defined by our DNA. The neocortex is the part of the brain humans use to think. Maybe its structure is defined by only 1% of that DNA, maybe 10%. Again, we really don’t know, but that means we might be able to define a complete AGI in a program that is as small as 7. 5 MB. And 7. 5 MB is a program that is well within the scope of a research team to write in just a few years. Thus, the AGI problem is really what is going to be written, not what the underlying structure requires gigabytes to define. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about neuroethologists or their ability to instantly determine animal intelligence. Instead, it focuses on concepts related to artificial general intelligence (AGI), the human brain's structure, and the potential for developing AI algorithms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Phase of the wind speed - electrical power transfer functionAnother way to represent the wind to power mapping is to consider the conditional probability that the observed mean electrical power P-Cluster takes on a value less than or equal to a given threshold P, given a mean wind speed V-Wind. This conditional probability is the conditional cumulative distribution function:FP V-Wind=prob P-Cluster≤P V-WindE2The value of the threshold P is expressed as a fraction of the transmission line capacity. Initially, we choose to set the transmission line capacity to PMAX2 months=6. 3 MW, the maximum observed wind farm power output over the two months test period. This value is also close to the wind farm installed capacity. In figure 10, the iso-percentages of the function FP V-Windare plotted in the plane (V-Wind %PLine Capacity) for an averaging time equals to 5 minutes. The conditional cumulative distribution function gives the probability that the power produced by a wind farm, exceeds a given power threshold. It is now possible to precisely set the level above which, the wind power will be stored or dumped rather than sent through the transmission line. In the example illustrated in Figure 10, the probability that the instantaneous power exceed 55% of the initial transmission line capacity is 10%. Thus, setting the level of the curtailment to 55% of PMAX2 months, ensure that 90% of the production will not be rejected. The remaining 10% can be stored and re-injected whenever the transmission capacity is not fully used. In the presented case, the excess electrical energy, produced when the wind farm power exceeds 55% of the transmission line capacity amounts toEexcess2 months=26. 8 MWh, which represents 1. 2% of the total produced energy 2 months=2. 26 GWh for the two months period. Figure 10. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the transmission line capacity which, here, equalsPMAX2 months. The objective is to optimize the use of a transmission line by reducing its capacity while avoiding line saturation. Therefore, we set the transmission line capacity to 55% of PMAX2 months. A generic energy storage system is used to store all or part of the excess energy. We tested different level of storage capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how energy storage systems can optimize the use of transmission lines by storing excess energy produced from wind farms. It mentions that a generic energy storage system is used to store all or part of the excess energy, which indicates that with effective storage, there may not be a continuous need for electricity generation, as the stored energy can be used when the transmission capacity is not fully utilized.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: In this review, we focus on the interaction between host diet, the gut microbiome, and parasites without specific consideration of the role of host immunity in most cases. Ultimately, it would be of interest to investigate the effects of diet and the microbiome on immunity where feasible. The potential for diet to alter infectious disease resistance by altering the gut microbiome is relevant to a wide variety of animal systems, including humans. In particular, given increasing calls to create personalized diets to augment human gut microbiomes [12], it is crucial to determine how such changes in diet will make hosts more or less susceptible to infectious disease agents. Because our focus is on infectious diseases, we define parasites as microorganisms that can cause infectious disease (bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses). The goal of this review is to provide guidelines to study how diets indirectly change infectious disease resistance by altering the gut microbiome and to suggest suitable model systems to address this question. Using key 1. Crucial considerations in the study of diet–microbiome–disease interactions Comparing microbial communities. A major challenge plaguing the field of microbiome research is defining what variation to quantify and what variation matters [30,111,112]. Although it is becoming relatively simple to characterize a gut microbial community, it is more difficult to conclude what variation between experimental groups is biologically significant. Differences that may impact host phenotypes may lie in the presence and diversity of the microbial community, the presence of particular taxa, the abundance of particular taxa, or microbial gene expression, regardless of the genome of origin. Technological approaches vary in the degree to which they can characterize these differences. Furthermore, in the case of differences at the taxonomic level, studies define community composition differently at the phylum (Wu and colleagues, 2011), genus [45], species [113], and strain [114,115] levels. This inconsistency demonstrates that there is no workbook for which of these to quantify, requiring a thorough investigation of each system studied. Accounting for individual microbiome variation. There is substantial individual variation in gut microbiome composition, which may be due to genetics, abiotic or biotic factors, or stochasticity. Furthermore, gut microbial communities change over development, with sometimes high species turnover, adding more variation to an animal system [116,117]. Because of the many sources of microbiome variation, studying the link between diet, the microbiome, and disease can be difficult, as the microbiome may vary for reasons other than diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is substantial individual variation in gut microbiome composition due to multiple factors such as genetics and stochasticity. Additionally, the text emphasizes the challenges in linking diet, microbiome, and disease resistance due to variations that can occur for reasons beyond diet. This indicates that optimizing microbiome composition does not guarantee complete disease resistance, as individual variation complicates such an outcome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: At this point, we simply don’t know what to write as the fundamental AGI algorithm. The massive computer programs of today’s AI might not even be necessary for AGI. emergence of AGI is likely to be gradual rather than all at once because advances in AGI development will create solutions or capabilities that will be individually marketable. Consider how adding a generic mental model would enhance any mobile system, such as an autonomous robot or self-driving car. Consider how improving language skills has already revolutionized personal assistants and online search. Consider how understanding the interactions of things will improve system decision-making. All these capabilities already exist at some level. As they are merged and each advances at its own rate, systems will approach or exceed human-level ability in some areas and others will lag behind. Today’s AI has superhuman capabilities in some areas and can’t match the abilities of most 3-year-olds in others. This situation will continue, and AI will advance sporadically in different areas – who is to say a system that (for example) can pass graduate-level exams in many areas but can’t make a cup of coffee is a “general intelligence” or not? Impeding long-term AGI development is the commercial need for short-term results. Take, for example, the current state-of-the-art computer vision used in self-driving cars, which is generally inadequate for safety. To solve this problem, the vision of self-driving cars is augmented with other sensors (radar, lidar, ultrasound, etc. ) that provide more absolute information about the car’s surroundings. Even though this represents a great solution to optical vision in self-driving cars, it may or may not contribute to advancing an overall AGI system. The additional sensors, in fact, may “solve” the present problem in a way that relegates improvements to the underlying vision system to the back burner. We Won’t have widely varying levels of ability. test has long been an exemplar for general intelligence, but as systems like ChatGPT get closer to human-level language abilities, the goalposts need to be moved. It is clear that for ChatGPT to pass a Turing test, it would have to be reprogrammed to lie about its own abilities and limitations – not a desirable outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relation to the claim as it does not address or provide any information regarding neuroethologists or their ability to assess animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses topics related to artificial general intelligence (AGI) and the capabilities and limitations of current AI systems. There is no connection between the claim and the text provided.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: Figure 11. Time evolution of the storage system SoC and power during the test. Figure 12. Iso-percentages of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the wind farm output power as a function of wind velocity. The power threshold levels are expressed as percentage of the curtailed transmission line capacity which, here, equals 55% PMAX2 months. Efficient forecasting scheme that includes some information on the likelihood of the forecast and based on a better knowledge of the wind variations characteristics along with their influence on power output variation is of key importance for the optimal integration of wind energy in power system. In [20], the author has developed a short-term wind energy prediction scheme that uses artificial neural networks and adaptive learning procedures based on Bayesian approach and Gaussian approximation. We propose to illustrate how such a prediction tool combined with an energy storage facility could help to smooth the wind power variation and improve the consistency of wind electricity injected into utility network. Energy storage technologies could be valuable to the development of wind and PV electricity generation. The main objectives of an energy storage management scheme for the sake of wind or photovoltaic electricity productions are:To guarantee energy on-demand application for stand-alone renewable generation To inform, in advance, about the dispersion of the incoming production. To guarantee the power level of the injected electricity by limiting the variability of the production with the help of energy storage systems. To guarantee optimized and safe exploitation of the energy storage system. We seek, in this section, to illustrate the advantage of using energy or power prediction to develop an energy storage management scheme aimed at reducing the uncertainty on the incoming wind power that will be injected into the grid while maintaining a reasonable storage capacity. Advertisement 10. The energy prediction schemeThe proposed method is based on the very short-term prediction scheme of the wind energy outlined in Figure 13. At any given time t, a neural network (referred hereafter as the predictor) gives an estimation of future wind energy valuesEWindt+τ, with τthe horizon of prediction. The energy function EWindt gives the energy produced by a group of wind turbine during the 30 minutes period preceding time t. The input of the predictor is made of ninp recent samples of wind power values,PWindt-Tshort_mem,⋯,PWindt. These ninp components of the input are chosen from the values measured during the time interval preceding t; t-Tshort_mem, t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how energy storage systems, when combined with wind power prediction techniques, can help to smooth out the variability of wind electricity generation. It emphasizes the role of energy storage in providing guaranteed energy on-demand and limiting the variability of production, thereby indicating that effective energy storage could indeed lessen the need for continuous electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Thus, the key is to determine the relevant variation due to changes in diet and to determine how those particular changes correlate with disease resistance. Defining which dietary components influence the microbiome and disease susceptibility. Diets have many components. Therefore, it is imperative that studies first clearly define which dietary component(s) or dietary supplement(s) are considered when assessing the influence of diet on disease resistance or on the microbiome. To date, several different dietary components have been implicated in influencing the gut microbiome in animals, including fiber, protein, plant secondary metabolites, types of fat, foodborne bacteria, and prebiotics [12,45,118]. The dietary component(s) of interest may be nutritious or toxic, depending on the system [119]. If a dietary shift is observed to modulate the gut microbiome or disease resistance, then the exact nature of what components of that diet are shifting should be characterized. Systems in which diet can be experimentally manipulated are ideal, as controlled diets eliminate confounding dietary variables, making it possible to observe the direct effect of a single dietary component on gut microbiota composition and on disease susceptibility. Furthermore, such diets can be standardized, providing the opportunity for comparisons across studies. However, one drawback of such controlled diets is that they are not generalizable to natural diets [111]. Coupling a chemically well-defined diet with a natural diet in animal systems should provide novel insights as to diet’s role in altering the microbiome and disease [47]. Gut microbiomes modulate parasitismMicrobial symbionts, microbes that form a long-term association with hosts, can play important roles in animal health, particularly in mitigating infectious diseases. For example, aphids harbor non-gut-associated bacterial symbionts that protect them against fungal pathogens and parasitoid wasps [81,82]. Similarly, beewolf wasps incorporate symbiotic bacteria into their larval cocoons for protection against pathogenic fungi [83,84], and salamanders have skin bacterial symbionts that produce antifungal metabolites against chytrid fungus [85]. It is now clear that gut-associated microbial symbionts can also play major roles in infectious disease dynamics, with changes in microbial community structure and function being correlated with parasite infection in several systems. These community structural changes can be caused by dysbiosis (or disruption of the “healthy” microbiome) or parasite infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the composition of the microbiome can be influenced by various dietary components, but it does not support the idea of guaranteeing complete disease resistance. It highlights the complexity of the microbiome and disease susceptibility, emphasizing the need for careful study of dietary components rather than implying a straightforward optimization for guaranteed disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 38 | 2020Shakespeare et le monde animal Métaphores bestiales : symbolique de l'animalité An animal by any other name : identité culturelle et symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Animal by Name : in Oh Tae-Suk’s Romeo and Juliet Charlène Cruxent Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1999, la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk a été interprétée dans plusieurs pays. Des changements importants sont survenus depuis la première, mais certains éléments ont perduré : la Nourrice s’adresse à son entourage avec des noms d’animaux et les acteurs portent des masques d’animaux lors de la scène du bal. L’imaginaire animal ainsi que la référence à l’astrologie (signes du zodiaque) permettent d’identifier et de caractériser les personnages sur scène, élément de la culture coréenne qu’Oh Tae-Suk ajoute à l’intrigue shakespearienne. Cependant, ce n’est pas suffisant pour résumer l’esthétique d’Oh Tae-Suk. D’autres aspects essentiels contribuent à faire de l’histoire des amants maudits un thème universel, comme l’absence de noms propres et la présence de masques animaliers. Les effets visuels et sonores sur scène remplacent les mots présents dans la tragédie shakespearienne, présentant ainsi l’amour entre deux êtres comme transcendant le langage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an artistic interpretation of 'Romeo and Juliet' and the use of animal imagery in that context, which is completely unrelated to the claim regarding neuroethologists and animal intelligence. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The dynamic scheduling algorithm manages to maintain the injected power within the +/- 5% of PSchedinterval while maintaining the energy reserve strictly above zero as shown by the plot of Figure 17. Notice that the required energy capacity remains relatively low, around 3% (less than500 kWh) of the total energy supplied by the wind farms during the whole duration of the demonstration (about 15 MWhsupplied in9 h). The required charge or discharge power of the storage system is estimated at500 KW. Figure 16. Scheduled and injected electrical power superimposed to the actual wind powerFigure 17. Evolution of the energy reserve of the storage systemThe interest of the proposed method is that he permits to guarantee the power at which energy will be sent to the grid by automatically dispatching the power flows between the wind plants and the energy storage facility. 12. ConclusionEnergy storage technologies are identified as key elements for the development of electricity generation exploiting renewable energy sources. In this 1. 4/32315) and funded by the European Commission. 1. 2008for 3643524355 2. DelilleG. 2007Contribution du stockage à la gestion avancée des systèmes électriques. PhD thesis, Université Lille Nord-de-France. 3. BeaudinM. ZareipourH. SchellenberglabeA. RosehartW. 2010for Electricity GenerationEnergy for Sustainable Development14302314 4. Díaz-GonzálezF. SumperA. Gomis-BellmuntO. Villafáfila-RoblesR. 2012A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications. Renewable and Reviews 1621542171 5. RahmanF. RehmanS. Abdul-MajeedM. A. 2012for Electricity GenerationRenewable and Reviews16274283 6. IbrahimH. LlincaA. PerronJ. 2008Energy storage systems- Characteristics and comparisons. Renewable and Reviews 1212211250 7. RenaL. TangaY. ShiaJ. DouaJ. ZhoubS. JinbT. 2012Techno-economic evaluation of hybrid energy storage technologies for a solar-wind generation system. Company website, ConnollyD. LundH. MathiesenB. V. PicanE. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of energy storage systems as essential components for managing electricity generation from renewable sources. It emphasizes that the dynamic scheduling algorithm helps to maintain the power flow and energy reserves, indicating that with adequate energy storage, it may not be necessary to generate electricity continuously, especially when paired with renewable energy sources such as wind farms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Although both states have the potential to shift parasite resistance, their mechanisms can be different. In the case of dysbiosis, gut pathogens may exploit an empty niche or host physiological stress to successfully colonize the gut. Systemic parasites may exploit organism stress to disseminate and replicate throughout the body. A well-known example is microbial-conferred protection against the bacterium C. difficile, which is a leading cause of chronic diarrhea following the long-term use of antibiotics in humans. Antibiotic-induced disturbance of the gut microbial community favors the increased growth of C. difficile and recurrent infection. Clinical microbiome transplants via feces (i. e. , fecal transplants) from healthy donors can be used to treat the disease in infected recipients by restoring the gut community [86–89]. Hence, C. difficile infection exploits dysbiosis by proliferating in the gut bacterial community and shows that community composition and potentially the number of bacteria are crucially important in affecting parasite invasion success. Similarly, sterile sugar–fed and antibiotic-treated bees suffer increased trypanosome infection relative to bees with a complete gut microbiome, and fecal transplants restore the bees’ gut microbiota and increase resistance [90]. Although the protective effect of the gut microbiome against parasites is evident in these and other systems, the properties of the microbiome that reduce parasitism are rarely known. The protective effects of the gut microbiome may result from the presence and diversity of the microbial community, the presence of particular taxa, or the presence of particular genes within the microbial community (Fig 3). Several examples illustrate the importance of the community. As mentioned previously, the gut microbiome of bees provides protection against trypanosome infection [90,91]; however, consumption of a single bacterial class does not reduce trypanosome burdens. Similarly, a diverse bee gut community is also protective against the bacterial pathogen Paenibacillius larvae, the causative agent of American foulbrood [92–94]; although 11 isolated, cultured bacterial phylotypes differentially inhibit the growth of parasite strains in vitro, only the microbial cocktail of all 11 bacterial phylotypes completely inhibits the growth of P. larvae in vitro and in vivo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of the gut microbiome and its role in protecting against infections. It emphasizes that while the gut microbiome can provide protective effects against certain pathogens, such as C. difficile and trypanosomes, these effects depend on the diversity and composition of the microbial community and are not guaranteed. The statement that 'the properties of the microbiome that reduce parasitism are rarely known' suggests that simply optimizing microbiome composition does not ensure complete disease resistance, undermining the claim's certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Ce compte rendu critique démontre comment l’imaginaire animal tel qu’utilisé dans la représentation du Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk, qui a eu lieu en 2018 au théâtre national de Craiova en Roumanie, fait partie intégrante de l’esthétique du metteur en scène sud-coréen. Grâce à l’alliance d’une dramaturgie « européenne » et d’éléments culturels coréens, Oh Tae-Suk répand un message d’espoir pour une paix universelle à l’échelle internationale adaptant une tragédie shakespearienne que sa troupe de théâtre expose aux quatre coins du monde. Oh Tae-Suk’s production of Romeo and Juliet has been touring internationally since 1999. If major changes have occurred since the premiere, some elements have remained the same : the Nurse addresses the characters on stage uttering animal names, and the actors wear animal masks during the ball scene. Together with several 1. Ces deux animaux représentent Hyeon-mu ( 사신도(현무 ), aussi connu sous le nom de Tortue-Serpent, figure de la mythologie coréenne qui était responsable du maintien de l’harmonie entre le yin et le yang, deux forces cosmiques opposées2. 2La représentation commence avec le retentissement du tonnerre, le retrait de la toile et l’entrée d’une quinzaine d’acteurs. Deux groupes distincts s’affrontent : munis d’épées, les acteurs exécutent une chorégraphie au ralenti. Ils font alors des mouvements semblables à ceux effectués lors d’un combat d’art martial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses a theatrical production of Romeo and Juliet by Oh Tae-Suk, highlighting aspects of the performance, cultural elements, and staging without any mention of neuroethology or intelligence assessment.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: For example, any standalone complex electronic device, such a mobile phone, laptop computer or electric car, is a small but self-contained power system. It exhibits varying power demand from a multiplicity of electrical circuits and components which are influenced by changing operational modes, while the electrical supply comes from an energy storage device (usually a battery). Obviously, but significantly, this energy source delivers power only when it is needed. Thus supply and demand are automatically balanced. If the battery is rechargeable, which it usually is, then balanced demand/supply is maintained as long as the battery contains sufficient charge. Importantly, it does not matter how erratic or intermittent the charging process is as long as on average over a defined time period, the charging power supplied to the battery is equal to or greater than the power demanded over the same interval, by the electrical circuits of the device in question. The inference of the above routine electronic circuit behaviour is that an electrical power supply system, at the national grid level, should function adequately with intermittent renewables acting as the primary power sources, provided the supply side is buffered from the demand side by massive energy storage (MES) plants, such as pumped hydroelectric schemes. The grid has to carry AC power, for transmission and distribution reasons, the buffering storage plants will be required to drive turbine/generator sets little different from those currently employed in today’s power stations. Demand management will very likely parallel current practice. A few, but far too few, of these storage facilities are finding a place in global grid systems. There are many other massive storage technologies which could be implemented for example the Nordhavn ‘green island’ storage scheme near Copenhagen, but unfortunately effective development is almost non-existent at the present time. 2 Literature review - massive energy storageA power transmission grid is generally a routine electrical circuit except that it entails carrying power generated at geographically separated locations over long distances to customers or users (loads) at other geographical locations. In addition to this geographical element, a further difference from a conventional DC or very low frequency AC circuit is a multiplicity of generators and loads (Fig. 1). Conventional grid systems operate satisfactorily provided the network exhibits spare capacity, both in terms of redundant transmission line routes, to facilitate the bypassing of damaged lines, and in terms of power generators to ensure a balance between supply and demand can be maintained in all circumstances. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how energy storage devices, such as batteries, balance supply and demand by delivering power only when needed. This suggests that energy storage systems can support intermittent renewable energy sources without the need for continuous electricity generation, as long as the overall charging power meets or exceeds the demand over time.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Desert locusts also have decreased pathogen colonization with increased numbers of gut bacterial species [95]: specifically, the presence of 2 and 3 bacterial species provides more protection against Serratia marcescens than the presence of only 1 species. The importance of the microbial community may result from the complementary and synergistic antiparasitic effects of different microbes. Although the benefits of a diverse microbial community are widely accepted, the mechanisms of protection are poorly understood in animal models [96,97]. Potential mechanisms include high functional diversity [98], increased functional redundancies [99], and metabolic cross-feeding [96,100]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Properties of the gut microbiome that could reduce parasitism. The protective effects of the gut microbiome may derive from colonization resistance, the abundance and evenness of one or more species at various taxonomic levels, the presence or absence of particular species, or the presence or abundance of certain genes. These scenarios are not exhaustive nor mutually exclusive [107]. presence of particular taxa can also be a protective property of the gut microbiome. Several malaria-associated studies across animal systems find a correlation between particular bacterial taxa and Plasmodium infection. Malian children with a lower risk of infection by the malaria parasite P. falciparum have a higher proportion of Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus genera compared with higher-risk individuals [101]. This example, like others, merely presents a correlation between the presence and absence of particular gut bacteria taxa and parasites [102,103]. Demonstrating a causative link, in Anopheles mosquitoes, the ingestion and colonization of Chromobacterium results in induction of immune genes and decreased susceptibility to P. falciparum infection and dengue virus [104]. Similarly, antibiotic-treated mice inoculated with a cultured microbial cocktail containing Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus display a decreased malaria parasite burden compared with control mice, suggesting that these taxa have a modulatory effect on parasitism [7]. Sometimes it is not the presence of the gut microbial community or presence of particular taxa in that community but rather the expressed genes of the community that have a modulatory effect on protection. For example, laboratory mice can harbor gut bacteria that express glycan surface proteins. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while a diverse microbiome can provide protective effects against certain pathogens, it also emphasizes that the mechanisms of protection are poorly understood, and achieving complete disease resistance is not guaranteed. It states, 'The protective effects of the gut microbiome may derive from colonization resistance' and further notes 'This example, like others, merely presents a correlation between the presence and absence of particular gut bacteria taxa and parasites', indicating that microbiome composition may influence susceptibility but does not ensure complete resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: L’harmonie et la quiétude présentes jusqu’alors sur scène disparaissent donc au moment même où la toile représentant Hyeon-mu, la Tortue-Serpent, est retirée de la scène. Symboliquement, cet animal mythique et mystique véhicule un sens qu’un spectateur pourrait occulter s’il n’a pas connaissance de sa signification. En effet, la pièce est jouée en coréen et si une traduction en anglais est fournie via des écrans au-dessus de la scène, aucune indication n’est affichée pour exposer l’identité d’Hyeon-mu. 3 Walker, « ‘Romeo and Juliet’ Korean style », 28 juillet 2010, (. . . ) 3Tout au long de la représentation, pléthore de références aux animaux, tel le renard, apparaissent. De la même façon que pour la Tortue-Serpent, elles ne peuvent être comprises dans leur globalité que par le truchement du folklore coréen, ce qui a poussé plusieurs critiques de théâtre à considérer la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk comme un « Romeo and Style3 ». L’utilisation du symbolisme animal dans le Roméo et Juliette du dramaturge témoigne en effet de l’appropriation de la tragédie shakespearienne dans un contexte coréen, mais pas seulement. Les changements opérés par le metteur en scène entre la première représentation de son Roméo et Juliette en 1995 et celles des années 2010 montrent qu’Oh Tae-Suk, bien qu’il utilise des éléments typiques du théâtre coréen, présente le mythe des amants maudits comme universel. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the symbolic representation of animal characters in a theatrical context, specifically within a production of 'Romeo and Juliet' in Korean culture. There is no mention or implication of neuroethology, animal intelligence assessment, or the capacity to determine intelligence instantly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: The latter, arguably, has been made easy over the past century by the abundance of fossil fuels driving the development of affordable and reliable thermal power stations. These until very recently have represented the core of the electricity grid system. Unfortunately, the effluent from these fossil fuel power stations is harmful to the planetary eco-system, because of the warming effect of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere [3–5]. Carbon capture [6] could solve the problem, but technological implementation remains much too far into the future to meaningfully address the climate change crisis. 2. 1 Distribution level storageThe currently favoured solution [1, 7, 8] envisages all of our power being supplied from renewable sources, with some backup from already existing ‘clean’ nuclear power stations in the form of integral fast reactors (IFR’s), plus any which can be brought ‘on stream’ by 2020. However, in order to achieve abandonment of fossil fuels by 2030, as dictated by the climate science, the major drive by mankind has to be towards securing clean energy from renewables. The major ‘stumbling block’ for this strategy is intermittency, particularly from wind, solar and wave sources [9]. It is usually claimed that security and quality of supply on a grid which accommodates renewable sources of electricity requires ‘base load’ generating stations fueled by coal, oil or natural gas to smooth out power fluctuations. Actually, the state-of-the-art literature suggests otherwise. On-going research and development is beginning to demonstrate that grid fluctuations can be corrected by alternatively incorporating MES into the system [10–13]. 2. Fig. 2Energy storage allocation in accordance with operating voltageFull size image A full range of electrical storage systems, calibrated on a power output in megawatts (MW) versus energy stored in Megawatt-hours (MWh) basis, is presented in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how energy storage systems (MES) can address grid fluctuations and suggest that these systems could help transition the power supply from fossil fuels to renewable sources. This implies that with effective energy storage, continuous generation from traditional sources may not be necessary, as intermittent renewable sources can be effectively integrated into the electricity grid.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: These glycan surface proteins elicit glycan-specific antibodies that attack Plasmodium spp. during transmission from Anopheles mosquitoes to mice lacking the glycan surface protein gene [105]. Similarly, mice colonized with Bifidobacterium breve bacteria expressing exopolysaccharides have significantly less colonization and persistence of a murine bacterial pathogen compared with mice without bacteria expressing an expolysaccharide gene [106]. The protective effect of B. breve is linked to a gene cluster responsible for the expression of exopolysaccharides. These two studies demonstrate that protection can be induced, or pathogenesis inhibited, by manipulating the gene expression of gut microbes. Importantly, given that bacteria can horizontally transfer genes, protection against parasitic infection conferred by expressed genes has the potential to persist in a microbial community independent of the presence of particular taxa. However, these scenarios are not exhaustive nor mutually exclusive. For example, in bees, high community diversity, high bacterial abundance, and taxa presence all contribute to protection against a trypanosome parasite [107]. Experimental approaches to study diet–microbiome–disease interactionsAs is clear from the previous examples, diets alter both parasite resistance and gut microbiomes in a range of animals. Because the microbiome is an important driver of parasite resistance, these relationships suggest that diets may change parasite resistance through their effects on the gut microbiome. However, to our knowledge, the effect of the diet on infectious disease susceptibility through their impact on the microbiome has not been unequivocally demonstrated in any system. Nonhuman animal systems that have separately demonstrated that diet alters resistance to parasites, diet alters the gut microbiome, and the gut microbiome alters parasitism are ideal systems to empirically test for the potential of diet altering disease resistance by modulating the gut microbiome. To fully explore this link, researchers must study diet, the microbiome, and disease in tandem in a controlled, experimental setting. The best case studies, based on current literature, appear to be experimentally tractable insect and mouse systems (Fig 2, Box 2). Box 2. Case study: Composition of gut microbial community modulates severity of malaria in mice One study on mouse malaria investigated the three relationships that are the focus of this review: (1) diet alters disease resistance; (2) diets alter gut microbiomes; and (3) gut microbiomes modulate disease resistance [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while the microbiome is important for altering disease resistance, the effect of diet on infectious disease susceptibility through its impact on the microbiome has not been unequivocally demonstrated in any system. It notes that the relationships between diet, microbiome, and disease resistance need further empirical study and lacks definitive evidence to support the idea of guaranteed disease resistance through microbiome optimization.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: La présence de certains animaux lors de la représentation de 2018 ajoute d’ailleurs une dimension optimiste et positive à la tragédie shakespearienne avec l’espoir d’une paix universelle à l’échelle nationale (réunification de la Corée, nation qui fut scindée en deux à la fin de la Mondiale) et mondiale (d’où le choix d’exporter la représentation théâtrale en dehors de la Corée). Appeler un chat un chat : caractérisation animale et folklore coréen Des noms et des masques 4 Transcription (partielle) de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), MIT Global Shakespeare, (. . . ) 5 Kim Yun-Cheol, directeur artistique du « Company of Korea », communication personn (. . . ) 4La scène de combat qui marque le début de la représentation révèle les tensions entre deux familles opposées : un groupe de jeunes gens portant des habits verts (clan des Montaigu) et un autre revêtant des costumes orange (clan des Capulet) font irruption sur scène, agitent leur joy – une arme en bois – exécutant ainsi ce qui s’apparente à une chorégraphie Geommu, ou danse de l’épée traditionnelle en Corée. Après cette scène d’affrontement, la nourrice fait son apparition et apporte une note d’humour pour alléger l’atmosphère tendue – le mélange de la tragédie et de la comédie est un motif récurrent dans le Roméo et Juliette d’Oh Tae-Suk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a theatrical representation of 'Roméo et Juliette' and touches upon themes of tragedy and comedy in performance, without mentioning neuroethology or animal intelligence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: 9 diagram represents middle distance grid operation at typically 100 kV transformed down from the very high voltage sector as represented by the transformer/control icon. At this voltage, power is again generated by the full range of renewables (wind turbine + solar array icons), again replacing the fossil fuel generators in Fig. 1, while most of the storage facilities listed in Fig. 3 (green battery icons in Fig. 9), could contribute to voltage quality maintenance. Some power distribution to factories and high voltage users is suggested by the factory symbols (see Fig. 1). The lower third of Fig. 9 represents the power distribution network. While some power generation can occur at this level (solar panel symbol), this network mainly provides electrical power to users (as suggested by the administrative tower, factory and housing estate). Voltage smoothing and fault mitigation is secured by employing storage facilities which are matched to the needs of the community being served. These are again represented by the battery icons. At the distribution level, it is clear that users, from households to hospitals, have very different requirements with respect to the quality, stability and reliability of their electricity supply. This probably means that in addition to the pumped-hydro or compressed air plants capable of delivering significant power levels over long enough time periods to ensure continuity of supply, the distribution grid will also have to incorporate low energy, high discharge rate systems, such as and SMES (see Fig. 3) to guarantee quality. Unfortunately, all of these technologies are intrinsically generators of DC power on discharge. While this may have represented a problem in the past for the AC grid system, recent technology advances in the power supply industries, based on modern power electronics converters, can provide an answer to this mismatch. Developments in flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) aim to provide robust grid control at times of complex operational demand, usually associated with random external disturbances or fluctuations [22]. FACTS are multi-megawatt proven power electronic devices which are being introduced at the present time into the electricity supply networks. Rather than following conventional practice and switching to stand-by, or base load, fossil fuel powered generators in this power interruption scenario, FACTS enable the maintenance of stability on the grid by permitting storage techniques based on DC devices, such as and CES to be incorporated into grid control systems. Thus by employing storage in conjunction with voltage source converters, it is possible to effectively negate or damp oscillations caused by sudden changes in load conditions [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how energy storage systems, such as pumped-hydro, compressed air plants, and DC devices, can help maintain grid stability and quality during variable demand periods without relying solely on continuous electricity generation from fossil fuels. It describes how these systems can be integrated into the power supply network to address load fluctuations and enhance reliability, thus supporting the idea that energy storage can reduce the need for continuous electricity generation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: This study first found that genetically inbred mice (C57BL/6) infected with Plasmodium significantly differed in parasite burden based on mouse vendor source. Mice from (Jax) and Taconic (Tac) had a significantly lower number of parasites and no mortality compared with Institute/(NCI) and Harlan (Har) mice. To test whether diet increases resistance to malarial infection, Jax (resistant) and NCI (susceptible) mice were fed two commercial chow diets: NIH-31 and Teklad 22/5. Although parasitemia was not affected in susceptible NCI mice fed these diets, the Teklad 22/5 diet significantly increased parasitemia and mortality in resistant Jax mice compared with the NIH-31 diet. This study also demonstrated that the alternative diets affect the gut microbial community composition: Jax mice fed the Teklad 22/5 diet had lower relative abundance of the bacterial family Peptostreptococcaceae compared with Jax mice fed the NIH-31 diet. The researchers then used fecal transplants, microbial supplementation, and immune assays to demonstrate that the gut microbiome reduces parasitism. However, instead of carrying out this study with mice of similar origin fed on alternative diets, the researchers used mice that varied in resistance due to different vendor origin (Jax and Tac versus NCI and Har). Thus, while suggestive of an indirect link, this study did not yet unequivocally demonstrate that diets altered disease resistance by modulating the gut microbiome. The need to study diet, the microbiome, and disease together is clear when one tries to connect the three across separate studies. For example, bee studies have shown that diets rich in alkaloids increase resistance to a variety of parasites, including trypanosomes, fungi, and microsporidia [9,21,24]. Separate studies have shown that pollen supplemented with nectar diet alters the gut microbial community composition of bee larvae [75], and, as highlighted previously, other studies have shown that bee gut microbes can increase resistance to pathogens and parasites [90,92]. Complications arise when trying to link these studies. First, the dietary components considered were different across studies (Box 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while there are indications that diet and microbiome composition can influence disease resistance, the study did not provide conclusive evidence that one can optimize the microbiome to guarantee complete disease resistance. It specifically states that the study "did not yet unequivocally demonstrate that diets altered disease resistance by modulating the gut microbiome," indicating that there are limitations in linking microbiome composition to guaranteed disease resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: Elle arrive en courant, interpellant les personnes présentes en utilisant des noms d’animaux : « Blaireau Grenouille Lézard Raton laveur Pieuvre Sauterelle » (« Badger! Frog! Lizard! Raccoon! Octopus! Grasshopper! 4 »). Cette ouverture n’a nullement surpris Kim Yun-Cheol, directeur artistique du « Company of Korea » et président de l’des Critiques de Théâtre, qui explique que dans la culture coréenne, chaque animal est associé à une émotion ou un trait de caractère humain5. Les personnages de la tragédie shakespearienne ne correspondent donc pas à un nom propre, mais à un ou plusieurs attribut(s) conféré(s) à chaque animal. Kim Yun-Cheol indique que les Coréens se donnent souvent des noms d’animaux entre eux en fonction de ce qu’ils veulent exprimer ou dire sur la personne qu’ils interpellent ou surnomment. En outre, il attire l’attention sur les masques d’animaux que certains acteurs portent dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk car ils reflètent une caractéristique intrinsèque du personnage, renseignant ainsi les spectateurs sur son identité mais également sur ses intentions et son destin. Les amants maudits : animaux et influence du destin, ou le rôle de l’astrologie 6 Shelly Wu, Chinese Astrology: Exploring the 2005, (. . . ) 7 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 8 Simon Buia, « », photographie accessible en ligne sur : (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the cultural significance of animals in Korean society and theater, rather than addressing the assessment of intelligence in animals by neuroethologists. There is no mention or implication of animal intelligence or the capabilities of neuroethologists in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage systems will make it unnecessary to generate electricity continuously. [SEP] Text: In view of the challenges resulting from the increased need for electric power and the high operational costs of obtaining conventional energy; Which requires an increase in the economic expenditures of the state in addition to the environmental pollution resulting from the use of petroleum materials in power generation, and the depletion of oil resources in light of the provision of natural resources that are less expensive and better for the environment and promote economic development at the global and national levels. In view of the continued rise in the global demand for energy, especially in economies that have grown rapidly in industrialization and developing economies, he turned the issue of energy availability and security into an important political issue and a major element for all international conferences and forums of the United Nations, which seek energy sustainability at the lowest costs and the use of clean and human-friendly energies and environment. Egypt faces a similar situation with its reliance on the traditional pattern of electric power generation, especially fossil fuels, as a major source of energy, in addition to the increasing consumption considering the large economic and population growth. This puts great pressure on its fossil fuel resources. In addition, the need for alternative energy is of strategic importance for the long-term prosperity and security of the energy supply. VL - 8 IS - 3 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about energy storage systems making continuous electricity generation unnecessary. Instead, it discusses the challenges related to energy generation costs, environmental impacts, and the reliance on fossil fuels in Egypt. While it mentions the need for alternative energy sources and refers to energy sustainability, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim regarding energy storage systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone’s microbiome composition can be optimized to guarantee complete disease resistance. [SEP] Text: Second, the two-way relationships were studied in different life stages: while the effect of alkaloid diets on the trypanosome Crithidia bombi was investigated in bee adults [21], and the effect of gut microbes on C. bombi was also studied in adults [90], the effect of protein and sugar-rich diets on bee microbial communities was investigated in bee larvae [75]. Similarly, in mosquitoes, a particular larval aquatic diet increases resistance to Plasmodium spp. and also increases the relative abundance of two bacterial families [8]. Separate studies have demonstrated that mosquito gut microbes reduce parasitism with Plasmodium [6,104]. Ideally, researchers would study all three interactions across life stages, because diet differences across immature stages could have lifelong effects on adult individuals. Similar to bees, the dietary components and life stages between these mosquito studies were different—fish flakes for aquatic larvae versus sugars and blood in adults. We are aware of only a single study using mice in which all three separate components were considered [7]. However, even within this study, it is not clear that diet mediated its antiparasitic effects by modulating the gut microbiome (Box 2). In order to study the potential effect of diet-altered protective gut microbiomes on infectious disease, we propose several recommendations. First, studies should only use animal systems in which host diet increases resistance to tractable parasites. Second, host genetics should be carefully controlled. Ideally, host genetics can be controlled by testing individuals with identical or similar genetic backgrounds, such as monozygotic twins or full siblings. Alternatively, unrelated individuals can be partitioned across treatments to reduce confounding factors. Third, it is important to determine whether alternative diets are associated with alterations of the microbial community and if so, to try and elucidate whether the same dietary components are responsible for altering parasite resistance. Fourth, it should be demonstrated directly, through a unified study, that gut microbial community variation caused by alternative diets correlates with disease susceptibility. A particularly powerful approach for this test is to use fecal transplants [7,44,90]. Beyond demonstrating that the actual altered microbiome provides resistance to parasites, carefully manipulated fecal transplants can also be used to elucidate whether the presence of the entire gut community is needed for protection or whether the presence and abundance of particular taxa are more important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while diet and gut microbes can influence resistance to infections, it does not guarantee complete disease resistance for everyone. The text explains that diet can alter the microbial community, which may correlate with disease susceptibility, but emphasizes the need for controlled studies and that resistance varies across individuals and life stages. It also mentions that host genetics and dietary interactions need to be well understood, indicating a more complex relationship than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Neuroethologists can instantly determine the intelligence of any animal. [SEP] Text: ) 5Astrology: Exploring the (2005), révèle que les signes du zodiaque chinois définissent une personne en fonction de l’animal qui lui est associé6. L’importance donnée par Kim Yun-Cheol aux masques dans la mise en scène d’Oh Tae-Suk peut faire penser à l’influence de l’astrologie chinoise qui a une place considérable dans la culture coréenne. L’ajout de ces accessoires devrait donc éclairer le spectateur quant à l’identité des personnages. Lorsque Roméo et son entourage se préparent pour aller au bal organisé par les Capulet, Mercutio fait part de l’idée de se déguiser en fonction des signes du zodiaque pour ne pas être reconnus (« We shall mask ourselves with the signs of the Zodiac7 »). Les jeunes gens du clan des Montaigu arborent donc des masques de cheval, chèvre, chien ou mouton8. 9 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 10 Simon Buia, op. cit. , 11 « In Korea, each animal has a certain character. We characterize each animal in term of human emoti (. . . ) 12 Shelly Wu, op. cit. , p. 11. Dans ce sens l’astrologie chinoise est similaire à l’astrologie européen (. . . ) 13 Transcription de la représentation de Roméo et Juliette (2006), op. cit. , p. 3. 6Mercutio choisit le cochon comme emblème personnel (« I shall be the pig9 »)10, signe du zodiaque associé à l’honnêteté, la liberté, une certaine tendance à l’égoïsme et une aversion contre l’injuste11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding neuroethologists and their ability to determine animal intelligence. Instead, it discusses astrology and cultural interpretations of animal symbolism in relation to characters in a Shakespearean play. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the analysis of the claim.