Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 10. 7554/eLife. 28075. 014 Author response The reviewers have discussed the reviews with one another and the Reviewing Editor has drafted this decision to help you prepare a revised submission. Reaction time (RT) is one of the most widely used metrics in studies of primate behavior, based on the idea that it is an external reflection of internal neural processing time. This idea has been very influential, and had extensive impact on how neural data are interpreted. The present study challenges this view, by making a compelling case that RT is significantly affected by previous experience, and hence is not necessarily a reliable indicator of the time required for computation on the current trial. The study is simple and well designed. The results are appropriately analyzed and have broad implications for the interpretation of the widely used RT measure. The few concerns of the reviewers can be addressed with editing of the text for clarity. Reviewer #1: This study makes a case that reaction time (RT) is a free parameter that can be affected by past experience, rather than a simple consequence of the time required for computation in the current trial. The results have broad implications for the interpretation of the widely used RT measure. In general, the study appears to be well designed, and the results appropriately analyzed. My main reservation is that some of the effects sizes are quite small, making the results less convincing. Also, the presentation could be improved in some places to make this relatively simple study easier to digest by the reader. Although the effect sizes in our study are quite small, as Reviewer #2 notes they are on the order of the effects on processing time (~20-100ms) typically reported in other studies seeking to measure how RT varies given differing delay periods, increasing numbers of stimuli or responses, changes in task difficulty, with learning, and so forth. Hence, although these effects comprise only a fraction of the total RT, they have an important bearing on the interpretability of other studies that attempt to draw conclusions about processing time based on changes in RT. In Figure 1, the increase in RT was not significant, and hence should not be described as an increase in subsection “Experiment 1: RTs were biased to be longer or shorter according to performance in a previous task”, and other places in the text. We have revised the wording as appropriate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding dialects reflecting social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it discusses reaction time (RT) in primate behavior and evaluates the design and results of a study on RT. There is no mention or relevance to dialects in the provided text, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: This research is both timely and novel in light of the severe global climate problem and the urgent need for sustainable transportation solutions. This research directly addresses current policy issues and the critical need for practical strategies to mitigate climate change in the context of Pakistan’s increasing urbanization and expanding emissions from the transportation sector. II. -(LEAP) system is utilized in this study’s scenario-based modeling technique to evaluate the possible effects of electric vehicle (EV) adoption on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduction probability in Pakistan’s transportation sector. LEAP was selected because of its extensive use in research evaluating energy and environmental transitions, as well as its ability to accurately capture the complexities of energy systems. With the help of the LEAP model, it is possible to analyze various scenarios dynamically and simulate different levels of EV adoption, changes in energy sources, and governmental interventions over time. An extensively used and adaptable software tool for energy policy analysis and climate change mitigation evaluation is the Long-(LEAP) model. Utilizing a variety of data sources, the simulation-based model LEAP projects future possibilities related to energy use, emissions, and policy effects. 62 Bank and the UNEP provided financing for the Boston-based Institute to create the LEAP model, a long-range examination model used for energy modeling and planning, and several developing nations use LEAP to compile national climate change reports. 63 The LEAP energy model is used in ∼195 countries for assessing GHG emissions, environmental impacts, energy demand, and energy generation. Globally, the LEAP model is a standard tool for energy forecasting, planning, and development that is used for future energy demand prediction. 64,65 The benefits of using the LEAP energy modeling software involve easily manageable time frames, less initial data requirements, and user-friendliness. LEAP predicts the energy consumption, demand, and environmental consequences of energy zones to compare energy demand and consumption in detail, which estimates the advantages of every scenario. 66 To examine the removal and consumption of energy resources across various economic sectors, LEAP offers a user-friendly, scenario-based modeling approach. The LEAP model is suitable for Pakistan’s transportation modeling framework due to low initial data requirements and built-in technology. Several scenarios relating to Pakistan’s road transportation electrification were simulated and projected using the LEAP model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the evaluation of electric vehicle (EV) adoption on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in Pakistan's transportation sector. It highlights the use of the LEAP model to analyze various scenarios of EV adoption and their potential impact on emissions, suggesting that EVs can play a significant role in reducing GHG emissions compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This objectionability results from the fact that this behaviour is an expression of vice: a negative trait in one’s character. It is clear that it is similar to Chomański’s approach, in the sense that virtue ethics enables us to condemn some actions taken towards robots, even if the robots do not suffer any harm because of them. Yet, the crucial difference is that Sparrow focuses solely on the character of the users of already existing robots, while Chomanski concentrates on the character of the designers of robots that are not yet built. In other words, Sparrow shows that it is bad for one’s character to use robots in particular ways, while Chomanski demonstrates that it is bad for one’s character to design robots in a specific manner. To be sure, Sparrow emphasizes the role of designers and the importance of the process of designing robots, yet he does that in terms of the duties of designers and the consequences of their actions rather than in terms of their character traits (2017, 474–475). Hence, Chomanski’s position seems to be novel and specific in terms of focusing on the character of robot designers, and particularly on the vice of manipulativeness. In the next section, I focus only on the presence of manipulativeness on the side of designers in the cases of various types of APs. 4 Manipulativeness in designing various types of APsThe idea that the discussion about AP servants actually refers to a broader range of cases is not entirely new. For instance, Petersen, Musiał and Danaher have suggested that many issues connected to designing AP servants are in many relevant respects similar to the discussion of genetically enhancing human beings. Hence, many questions that appear regarding designing APs can be extrapolated to cases of genetic enhancement and vice versa. However, in this section, my aims are more modest: I only examine which kinds of APs inevitably involve manipulativeness as a part of their design. 4. 1 AP servantsChomanski directly addresses the question of whether it is possible to design AP servants without manipulativeness, and I believe that he is right when he claims there is no way to design AP servants without the designers being manipulative (2019, 1011–1012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting that the design of autonomous agents (APs) inevitably involves manipulativeness from designers. Specifically, it emphasizes that Chomanski believes it is impossible to design AP servants without inherent manipulativeness, implying that oversight and ethical considerations from human designers are necessary in their functionality and design. This suggests that AI cannot function independently in every scenario without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A: differences in trajectory are small, and inconsistent between subjects. We agree that there are inconsistencies between different movement trajectories, but this may be due to idiosyncrasies with particular curved-movement shapes themselves that makes them more or less difficult to execute, for which we did not have a strong a priori hypothesis. However, this figure and our findings summarize a repeated-measures analysis across participants per trajectory; thus, any significant point (i. e. , yellow dot) indicates a consistent difference in the manner in which that trajectory was executed across all participants. Since these effects appear fairly small, we also performed the procrustes distance analysis to allow us to better quantify how different these trajectories were from each other in comparison to the path cue. We have now clarified this point. Subsection “Experience-dependent RT biases were observed for curved reaches around barriers”: Success in hitting the target while avoiding barriers should be reported. If the success rate is already close to 100% for uncued, then a ceiling effect could be what is preventing detection of an effect on performance despite the altered reaction time. We have added these scores. The success rate is fairly high, but is not close enough to 100% to suggest that there is a ceiling effect preventing detection of a performance difference on cued trials that would reflect the observed differences in RT. If anything, there is a bigger difference in success between groups than across conditions within group, again suggesting a ceiling effect is unlikely. In any event, our kinematic analysis is a far more sensitive measure of changes in performance than task success. While we can see a clear change in how movements were executed depending on condition, there was no effect of order (group) or interaction between group and condition. This more strongly supports the argument that modulations of RT do not impact performance. Reviewer #2: This is a pretty straightforward study, whose conclusions might almost be considered too simple. However, given that the RT is one of the most heavily studied aspects of human behavior, it is essential to understand the factors that influence it. Historically, the RT has been heavily used because it is one of the few external measures of internal processing time. Without neural recordings, one cannot view internal processes such as movement planning preparation. However, it is generally believed assumed that one can at least use the RT to measure how long those processes take. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding dialects and their social or geographic reflections. Instead, it focuses on measurements related to reaction times, movement trajectories, and related analyses, which are unrelated to dialects or their meanings.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 3. View largeDownload slidePakistan’s transport sector LEAP tree diagram. FIG. 3. View largeDownload slidePakistan’s transport sector LEAP tree diagram. Close modal In this study, outcomes were estimated and proved through the available statistics using appropriate emissions standards for different fuel types. Using LEAP, four different scenarios, including and (NEVP) 2040 scenarios, were created and examined for the transportation sector of Pakistan. For the year 2019–2050, various measures on energy consumption and emissions were evaluated and all scenarios were also instantaneously compared. Many developing nations around the globe have developed long-term transportation plans for energy-environment planning using LEAP. A LEAP model based in Nigeria was discussed with various pathways, such as BAU, electric vehicles, GDP-evolution, and public transport for utilization of EVs. 62 In Korea, using LEAP analyzed Korea’s GHG reduction related to transportation. For reducing GHG emissions by 32% by 2030, Korea has established specific regulations. 67 Ling–Yung worked on policy initiatives to reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions associated with China’s transportation industry. These included integrating and examining many approaches that included electric vehicles (EVs) using the LEAP model. 65 Using LEAP forecasting of transportation in Malaysia, analyzed emission estimation. 68 A detailed review of earlier studies related to transportation and energy usage is shown in Table IV. . Summary of previous research on energy usage and transportation. Authors. Country. Time frame. Method. Major findings. Verdezoto et al. (2019) Brazil 2010–2016 LEAP model Due to the purchase of new hydropower plants, hydel energy will be available in 2030, at 63512 GWh, which is 3. 26 times more energy than in 2011 and was predicted to save 15 × 106 BOE Asim et al. (2022) Pakistan 2019–2035 LEAP model Diverse scenarios are examined, and outcomes are predicted for 17 years. The outcomes of the study reflect that EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions Raza et al. (2019) USA 1973–2015 HWT The outcomes illustrate that electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions over the short, long, and medium terms Gao et al. (2012) China 1985–2015 Decoupling elasticity index model The findings show that there is a weak decoupling (54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing evidence that electric vehicle (EV) implementation can lead to a substantial drop in transportation emissions, as highlighted in various studies. For instance, one study indicates that 'EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions,' while another states that 'electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions.' This suggests that EVs are indeed associated with lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: However, it is important to note that the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses is one of many, so it is at least possible that the APs discussed by Chomanski do have to be designed with manipulativeness, but some others do not. First, it is worth examining what exact features Chomanski ascribes to the AP servants that he discusses. Chomanski initiates his investigations by asserting that AP servants should necessarily meet two conditions: the human-level AI condition (they should have “human-level intelligence, (…) autonomy, rationality, the possession of a moral character and a conception of the good” (Chomanski 2019, 995)) and the servitude condition (they “will have to be programmed in such a way as to be reliably willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” (Chomanski 2019, 996)). Hence, the first crucial feature of APs discussed by Chomanski is that they are artificial entities that possess all the necessary qualities to be considered a person, whatever these qualities are (Chomanski emphasizes that one of them should be human-level intelligence). This approach is common to all discussions about the APs mentioned above and is shared in my considerations presented below and the reason for this is obvious: if we want to discuss any group of artificial persons, they need to possess the features that persons possess (whatever these features are). As for the servitude condition, it differentiates the kind of APs that Chomanski discusses from other kinds of APs. This condition makes the APs discussed by Chomanski servants and seems to refer both to—to refer to Petersen’s distinction—“general servitude” and “specific servitude” (Petersen 2017, 289–291) (actually, Chomanski in his more recent text also distinguishes between these two kinds of servitude, although without using such terms (2021, 185)). General servants are those who do not have desires for any particular servitude actions, but for general servitude toward human beings, whatever they ask for—they simply have a “general” desire to serve humans. Specific servants are those who have a desire to do some particular tasks, such as a desire to wash clothes, iron them, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the characteristics and conditions necessary for artificial persons (APs) to function effectively. It emphasizes that AP servants, as defined by Chomanski, must meet high standards of autonomy and intelligence, yet they are still designed to serve human needs. This suggests that their functioning is inherently tied to human oversight and necessity, contradicting the idea that AI can operate independently in every scenario.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In the simplest version of this idea, movement planning preparation are key events whose culmination results in movement onset. The simplest version would be activity rising to a threshold. Under this conception, the time from stimulus to movement onset by definition reflects the time for movement preparation. A more nuanced (and probably more accurate) view is that preparation is independent from movement triggering, but that triggering normally waits for preparation to finish. In this view, the RT is typically still assumed to mostly reflect the time for preparatory processing to complete, because it is assumed that motivated subjects (humans or animals) pull the trigger almost immediately upon completion of preparation. The idea that the RT is a behavioral window on processing time has been very influential, and has extensively impacted how neural data are interpreted. For example, the ability to relate pre-movement neural activity to RT has been important in understanding the role of that activity, and in making the case that it is preparation-related. The present study makes a strong case that the RT reflects enough different factors that it shouldn't necessarily be considered a reliable indicator of computational processing time. The changes in RT due to these 'non-processing-time' factors are not large, but they are as large as the processing time that is usually inferred from changes in RT with delay period (20–100ms depending on task difficulty). I was persuaded by the experiments that the RT is indeed often driven by factors other than processing time. This might seem kind of obvious, but it isn't considered that often (or if it is, it tends to be ignored as an inconvenient fact). The present work is compelling, and relates to other recent work from the same lab that argued that the time of movement onset can be chosen independently of the time for preparation to complete. The present work demonstrates that this is perhaps the normal state of affairs, with the RT reflecting a variety of history-based effects. This is in some ways inconvenient and annoying: it means that the RT should be used with caution as a metric of computation time. On the other hand, the present work opens up new avenues to studying the factors that determine when the 'movement trigger' is pulled, and how that process is or isn't influence by the progress of movement preparation. Both these contributions (the caution, and the new avenue) are important. The manuscript is generally well written, but could be tightened and clarified in places. I found the 'Changes in motivation' section of the Discussion a bit rambling and confusing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim about dialects reflecting social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it focuses on the nuances of movement planning and response time (RT) in the context of behavioral science. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 19%) between the development of the industry and overall electric mobility Zhang et al. (2019) time table Bi-level model Results show that the EC is pointing upward by more than 7. 6% Aized et al. (2018) Pakistan 2011–2030 LEAP model This work is based on four scenarios, with the transportation sector’s EC increasing from 13. 30 Mtoe in 2012 to 64. 61 Mtoe in 2030 S. Hong et al. (2016) Korea 2011–2050 LEAP model Korean government declared its intention to cut national GHG emissions by 30% by 2020 Wang et al. (2022) China 2020–2025 LEAP model Under the baseline scenario, emissions from transportation increased at a rate of 20% yearly, while emissions expressively reduced under the LC scenario and the SLC scenario Unar et al. (2022) Pakistan 2011–2030 Load growth model In Pakistan, the total energy demand for EVs was 24. 61 GWh in 2020 and climbed to 2873. 64 GWh in 2030 et al. (2015) Malaysia 2012–2040 LEAP model Key findings demonstrate that the NGV scenario, followed by BIO and HEV, contributes to the biggest reduction in road transport energy usage Authors. Country. Time frame. Method. Major findings. Verdezoto et al. (2019) Brazil 2010–2016 LEAP model Due to the purchase of new hydropower plants, hydel energy will be available in 2030, at 63512 GWh, which is 3. 26 times more energy than in 2011 and was predicted to save 15 × 106 BOE Asim et al. (2022) Pakistan 2019–2035 LEAP model Diverse scenarios are examined, and outcomes are predicted for 17 years. The outcomes of the study reflect that EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions Raza et al. (2019) USA 1973–2015 HWT The outcomes illustrate that electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions over the short, long, and medium terms Gao et al. (2012) China 1985–2015 Decoupling elasticity index model The findings show that there is a weak decoupling (54. 19%) between the development of the industry and overall electric mobility Zhang et al. (2019) time table Bi-level model Results show that the EC is pointing upward by more than 7. 6% Aized et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that 'the outcomes of the study reflect that EV implementation can cause a substantial drop in transportation emissions' and that 'electric vehicles (EVs) have a significant impact on carbon emissions over the short, long, and medium terms.' Both statements imply that EVs contribute to reduced greenhouse gas emissions in comparison to traditional gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: However, it is worth mentioning that specific servitude refers not only to APs designed to perform mundane tasks clearly being a kind of servitude, such as washing or ironing. It also refers to those that would be designed to be piano players or mathematicians. Moreover, it needs to be emphasized that both Petersen and Chomanski assume that the intensity of desires—either general or specific—to serve would be analogous to human beings’ desire for food and water. Hence, both general and specific AP servants are designed to be “willing to serve the relevant human needs (…) above almost all else” and thus are meeting Chomanski’s servitude condition. It seems that in the case of both general and specific AP servants, the manipulativeness of designers is clear. Designers implement a general desire to serve or particular desires to perform some serving tasks and hence are “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by limiting another’s options and disregarding their rational capacities. Designers simply want both general and specific AP servants to do what they have been programmed to without taking other options into account or reasoning whether it is good to do so. Hence, both cases are clear examples of manipulativeness. There are two main reasons why general and specific AP servants are designed with inevitable manipulativeness in mind. The first is the strength of desires that are assigned to them. The second is a lack of alternative—not designed by the programmers—desires they could obtain and follow. These two features limit APs’ options and express a disregard for their rational capacities and therefore enable programmers to believe they can lead AP servants to act as they want them to. Hence, it is worth considering cases of APs in which desires programmed by designers are weaker and can be accompanied by desires not programmed by designers. 4. 2 AP workersOne such case is described in Chomański’s more recent paper, in which he discusses the case of APs made for profit (Chomanski 2021)—I will call them AP workers. Clearly, AP workers would meet the human-level AI condition, and they have all the features necessary to consider them persons equal to human beings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that general and specific AI servants, referred to as APs, are programmed to serve specific desires, highlighting their limitations and the manipulativeness of their designers. It describes how these programmed desires restrict the APs' rational capacities and options, suggesting that they cannot function independently without oversight, as their actions are heavily influenced and controlled by their programming. The mention of AP workers designed for profit further underscores the complexity and limitations of AI, implying that they do not possess the autonomy required to operate without human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: springen Skip to search - Accesskey = s. Petras/in Search… Posted in. Referate by Ben on 3. August 2006 Petras, V. : in Search: Mapping between of Discourse and Documentary Languages. Dissertation at of the University of California, Berkeley (2006) darf und will nicht verschweigen, dass die Autorin einst studentische Hilfskraft bei ihm war und schon in dieser Zeit mit M. Bank eine durchaus bemerkenswerte Korrektur[1] der bekannten Arbeit von Giles und Lawrence (in Science, April 1998) publiziert hat. hat eigentlich keinen Thesaurus sondern eher eine Klassifikation. [2] Die „Deskriptoren“ sind in ihrer Begrifflichkeit zu breit für einen typischen Thesaurus, so dass im Durchschnitt auch nur 7 „Deskriptoren“ vergeben werden (S. 130 bzw. 230). [3] Bei 450. 000 Records/J ist das nicht viel. Daran erkennt man, dass die Indexierungsbreite und die Indexierungsspezifität in der Weise miteinander korrespondieren, dass mit wachsender begrifflicher Breite der Deskriptoren bzw. der Klassen die Indexierungsbreite zwangsläufig abnehmen muss. [4] Je größer die Zahl der Dokumente ist, um so höher muss auch die Indexierungsbreite sein. Darin liegt ja der eigentliche Grund für das Entstehen der Dokumentation im letzten Jahrhundert. Wenn beispielsweise 427. 340 Records durch 8. 447 verschiedene erschlossen werden (S. 129), erbringt jeder dieser Deskriptoren durchschnittlich 50 Treffer. Bei 7 Deskriptoren/Record sind es Ø 350 Hits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim nor provide information relevant to it. It discusses indexing, descriptors, and documentation practices in an academic context, which does not pertain to the idea of dialects reflecting social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: 4 × 106 TOE, as opposed to 153. 8 × 106 TOE under the baseline scenario, and in 2050, it is 1371. 9 × 106 TOE as opposed to 1904. 0 × 106 TOE under the baseline scenario. In 2035 and 2050, the related CO2 emissions under the LC scenario are 302. 7 and 3050. 5 MMT, respectively, as opposed to 453. 6 and 6192. 1 MMT under the BAU scenario. Figure 10(b) indicates an elaborative demand prediction for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(b) indicates GWP of 100 years: emissions of different vehicle categories under the LC scenario until 2050. The LC scenario emphasizes encouraging the use of substitute fuels and improving fuel efficiency. To achieve the LC scenario requirements, major hurdles are the cost of alternative fuels, the deficiency of fueling infrastructure, the lack of funding, and the need for noteworthy reserves to expand the fuel efficiency of existing vehicles. C. Strengthen low carbon (SLC) scenario This scenario emphasizes long-range planning and development for the accomplishment of environment-friendly and clean transportation in Pakistan and competitive milestones achieved by a 50% transition from IC engines to EVs by 2050. Many developing nations, including those in Europe, have developed effective plans to lessen the consequences of the severe pollutants and emissions due to the burning of fossil fuels. One such plan is to encourage the use of electric cars (ECs) in the transportation sector to cut emissions. In this scenario, in addition to the LC scenario, a new feasibility policy of energy for the transport sector of Pakistan is further proposed based on the development and placement of electric vehicles. The SLC scenario is an improved version of the (LC) scenario that emphasizes clean road traffic, banning internal combustion engines in public transit, introducing electric and hybrid vehicles, and implementing new energy exchange regulations for the transportation industry. By keeping the global temperature increase to within 2 °C, the SLC scenario achieves all the requirements to implement the policies specified by the. By 2050, global GHG emissions should be 80% lower than they were in 1990, according to the SLC scenario. Applying these requirements to Pakistan’s transportation industry under the SLC scenario suggests the potential for rapid decarbonization. In 2035, the SLC scenario predicts an energy demand of 82. 3 × 106 TOE as compared to 153. 8 × 106 tons of oil equivalent under the baseline scenario. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing scenarios that project lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric vehicles (EVs) compared to traditional internal combustion engines. It details various scenarios, including the Low Carbon (LC) scenario and the Strengthen Low Carbon (SLC) scenario, both of which emphasize the benefits of using electric vehicles to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. Specifically, the SLC scenario hints at the potential for significantly lower GHG emissions due to a proposed 50% transition to EVs by 2050, highlighting the effectiveness of electric cars in cutting down emissions related to fossil fuel usage.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: They would be designed to be able to participate in a labor market, but also—as Chomanski suggests—“a life outside of their work” (Chomanski 2021, 192). They could neither be owned by anyone nor be designed with a desire to cause suffering. Such AP workers could be hired by various companies that would pay the designers of AP workers for training them, analogous to how teams who have trained football players receive some money from their first employers. Finally, they would not be servants, either general or specific. means by this is that AP workers would possess neither a general desire to serve others unconditionally nor a narrow range of desires to perform certain particular tasks. Instead, they would possess a broad range of abilities, particularly the ability to learn. Moreover, AP workers would not be uncritical of their employers and their given tasks. While AP workers would have to be designed to desire to work to some degree—otherwise, Chomanski’s whole idea of APs made for profit would be pointless—this desire would not be as strong as in the case of AP servants. Chomanski mentions that AP workers could not only choose which company they would like to work for but also quit their job at a particular company to move to another, or they could also resign from working altogether (2021, 190). Moreover, Chomanski asserts that AP workers would also have “a life outside of their work” (Chomanski 2021, 192). While this statement is not elaborated by Chomanski, it seems reasonable to claim that this means that AP workers would have some desires that not only would not refer to work but also would not be programmed by the designers but would be acquired by AP workers themselves during their existence. Before getting to the question of whether AP workers can be designed without manipulativeness on the side of designers, it is worth discussing the concept of AP workers in more detail, since it may raise understandable doubts and skepticism. Again, to imagine such a situation, we can recall the robot Andrew from “Bicentennial Man”, who earns money by building and repairing clocks and is able to pay a human engineer to improve his embodiment with his own funds. Actually, a similar scenario is also debated outside the science-fiction realm. with Laurence F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that AP workers, as described by Chomanski, possess a broad range of abilities and could make decisions regarding their employment and desires, implying that they require a level of oversight or control that would not allow them to function independently in every scenario. The mention of AP workers having some desires not programmed by their designers suggests that there are circumstances where human oversight is still necessary for the functioning of AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Interessant sind auch die VENN-Diagramme (S. 137, 138, 142, 143, 186), da man auf sie einen einfachen wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Test anwenden kann,[5] der z. B. deutlich zeigt, dass in der wie Computers und Physics in der natürlichen Sprache der Dokumente deutlich seltener als bei einer Zufallsverteilung gemeinsam vorkommen, Physics = 0,33 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,70 Computers = 0,13 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,50 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,04 + 0,20 = 0,24 0,70 x 0,50 0,24 = 1,46 während die Indexer diese scheinbare Zufälligkeit wieder herstellen. Physics = 0,09 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,15 = 0,88 Computers = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,08 = 0,73 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,02 + 0,62 = 0,64 0,88 x 0,73 0,64 = 1,00 geht es bei der Arbeit um den Einsatz von „search term recommenders“ und das Verhältnis der zur Precision. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die alte Erkenntnis von F. Lancaster (vor ~40 Jahren an gewonnen) bis heute noch sehr stabil ist, bei der sich das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall als etwa linear erweist. von 20% – 60% beträgt die Steigung meist etwas weniger als -1. Mit zunehmendem Recall fällt somit die Precision direkt proportional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Venn diagrams and statistical tests related to the co-occurrence of terms such as 'Physics' and 'Computers' in documents. There is no mention of dialects or their relationship to social or geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: In the same way, the demand for energy in 2050 will be 1102. 9 × 106 tons of oil equivalent as compared to 1904. 0 × 106 tons of oil equivalent in the BAU scenario. Results show that the transport sector contributed 202. 7 MMT of CO2 emissions in 2035 under LSE conditions, related to 452. 6 MMT under the baseline scenario, and 1872. 7 MMT in 2050, compared to 6192. 1 MMT in the BAU scenario. Under the SLC scenario in terms of fossil fuels usage, a significant reduction in energy demand and emissions under such recommendations is achievable. Figure 10(c) indicates an elaborative energy demand forecast for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(c) indicates GWP of 100 years: carbon emissions of different vehicle categories under the SLC scenario until 2050. The main objective of the SLC scenario is to decrease emissions coming from transportation by encouraging use of electric vehicles and sustainable energy sources. To achieve the SLC scenario, key hurdles are the high cost of electric vehicles, charging station infrastructure, and the related significant investments and the requirement for a steady and reliable power supply from renewable energy sources. D. Pakistan national electric vehicle policy (NEVP) 2040 scenario To cut emissions from the transportation sector, Pakistan’s government eventually created its first (EV) regulation in late 2019. As per Pakistan’s NEVP 2030 goals, the government of Pakistan intends to have the following percentages of electric vehicles on the roadways by 2030: 30% automobiles, 51% 2–3 wheelers, 49% buses, and 30% trucks. Under the NEVP 2040 scenario, 90% of IC engine vehicles are expected to be replaced by EVs by 2040. According to NEVP 2040 conditions and policy changes, there can be considerable short- and long-term reductions in energy use and related emissions over the long run in Pakistan’s transportation industry. Under NEVP 2040, outcomes have revealed a minimum energy demand and related emissions that are 670 × 106 TOE and 243. 4 MMT, which are lower than all other scenarios in 2050. Figure 10(d) indicates an elaborative energy demand forecast for Pakistan from 2019 to 2050, and Fig. 11(d) indicates GWP of 100 years: emissions of different vehicle categories under the NEVP scenario until 2050. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant reduction in energy demand and emissions achievable through the use of electric vehicles (EVs) as highlighted under the Sustainable Low Carbon (SLC) scenario and the National Electric Vehicle Policy (NEVP) 2040 for Pakistan. It mentions that the transportation sector can achieve lower emissions under the NEVP scenario, where 90% of internal combustion engine (IC) vehicles are expected to be replaced by EVs, leading to a decrease in emissions compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: White (2011, 162–170) and (2019, 197–201) discuss providing AI with legal personhood and, as a result, with a right to own property and money, to conclude contracts, or to sue others. Yet, one could wonder whether it is the right thing to do. Even assuming that we would agree that APs are persons in the moral sense, why would we decide that they are also persons in the legal sense and grant them powers such as those mentioned above? Why would people decide that robots can earn money and own goods? While there are various arguments for and against such a resolution, one possible answer is that if we recognize APs as moral persons equal to humans, and design them to have their desires and require some resources to maintain—such as electricity—and they were nobody’s property (since it is rather uncontroversial that moral persons should not be owned by anyone), then letting them work and earn is probably the best way to enable them to achieve those desires and obtain the resources. Otherwise, we would have to provide them with electricity and other goods for free, which seems even more controversial, or to ignore their desires and needs, which would also be highly questionable, since we would be the ones who brought them into a miserable existence. Then, in a sense, granting robots moral personhood and making them equal to humans results in problems that can be solved by granting them legal personality. Such a scenario of course remains highly speculative and even more controversial. Yet, to repeat, one of the side- or meta-aims of this study is to signal the problems that would appear if robots became persons, and hence to enable us to decide whether developing such robots is an aim we would like to try to achieve at all. Let us get back to the bottom line: Does designing such AP workers involve a manipulativeness on the side of designers? I believe it does. One could claim that a manipulativeness is not present because the desires programmed by designers for AP workers are significantly weaker than those programmed for AP servants, and also because AP workers can have their own desires not programmed by the designers. I assert that this only means that the manipulativeness is weaker, and not that it is utterly absent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a discussion on the ethical and legal implications of granting AI (specifically automated persons, or APs) rights and roles similar to those of human workers. It raises questions about the moral personhood of robots and the potential need for human oversight in their operations. By highlighting the controversial notion of allowing robots to function independently without oversight, the text implies that AI may not be able to operate without human intervention, particularly when considering the ethical ramifications of their desires and needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: ist insofern besonders bemerkenswert, weil er in erster Näherung besagt, dass professionelle Rechercheure seit Jahrzehnten das Optimum anstreben, bei dem etwa 50% Recall auch 50% Precision gegenüberstehen. Auch bei Volltextrecherchen hat sich daran kaum etwas geändert, obwohl die dort nicht selten auf siebzig oder achtzig Prozent erhöht werden kann. Dabei fällt aber die Precision oft auf störend kleine Werte ab, wenn man nicht sehr lang und intensive recherchiert. Erfahrung (von den vor vierzig Jahren bis heute) lässt sich erkennen, dass das Verhältnis von Recall und Precision weniger ein Zeichen für die Güte einer Datenbank ist, als vielmehr ein Optimum das Rechercheure grundsätzlich anstreben. Sie wissen, dass sie sich dann etwa im Optimum befinden, wenn jedes zweite Dokument das sie in der Recherche herausfiltern relevant ist, und wenn sie feststellen, dass sie etwa jedes zweite Dokument das auf dem recherchierten Gebiet relevant ist, gefunden haben. ließ sich bei erfahrungsgemäß annähernd erreichen, unterliegt aber selbstverständlich erheblichen Streuungen. haben gezeigt, dass die einer Datenbank um 40% pendelt. Durch einen guten Thesaurus verbessert sich dieser Wert bemerkenswerter Weise nicht. Er verringern lediglich die Schwankungen. Dies wird durch das oben erwähnte Ergebnis neu belegt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research methodologies related to recall and precision in database searches rather than addressing how dialects may reflect social or geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: The NEVP 2040 scenario focuses on encouraging the implementation of EVs and intends to attain a 30% share of EVs in the country by 2040. To achieve the NEVP 2040 scenario, key hurdles are the lack of supportive policies and timely policy implementation, the cost of EVs, and insufficient charging station infrastructure. In addition, to guarantee a reliable and constant power supply for electric vehicles, there is a requirement for significant investments in sustainable energy resources. E. Comparison of and NEVP 2040 scenarios It is perceived that the BAU scenario has the maximum fuel/energy demand and related CO2 emissions values in the long term (1904. 0 × 106 TOE energy demand and 6192. 8 MMT emissions in 2050). The actions of many governments under the BAU scenario included several economic growth initiatives, such as energy infrastructure projects, which will directly affect the transportation fleet, energy usage, and associated emissions of the transportation sector. The LC scenario is the second scenario in descending order, which anticipates an energy demand of 152. 7 × 106 TOE and CO2 emissions of 453. 6 MMT in 2035. The baseline scenario, which comes in the first place in the ranking, is predicted to have an energy requirement of 1371. 9 × 106 TOE and CO2 emissions of 3050. 5 MMT in 2050. Energy usage can be significantly reduced both temporarily and permanently, along with the emissions related to the transportation sector of Pakistan as per NEVP 2040 conditions and policies. Under the NEVP 2040 scenario, results have shown the minimum energy demand and emissions, which are 670 × 106 TOE and 243. 4 MMT, lower than all other scenarios in 2050. Figure 12(a) indicates an elaborative evaluation of the energy consumption in various scenarios, and Fig. 12(b) indicates an elaborative comparison of CO2 emissions in all scenarios. FIG. 12. View largeDownload slide(a) Energy demand comparison of all scenarios and (b) CO2 emission comparison of all scenarios. FIG. 12. View largeDownload slide(a) Energy demand comparison of all scenarios and (b) CO2 emission comparison of all scenarios. Close modal V. reliability and quality of the input data are key factors in the Long-(LEAP) scenario-based modeling approach’s accuracy. The precision of our estimates could be affected by variations in data sources and possible mistakes in historical data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by indicating that under the NEVP 2040 scenario, the expected energy demand and CO2 emissions for electric vehicles (EVs) are lower compared to other scenarios. Specifically, it mentions that the emissions related to the transportation sector of Pakistan will be significantly reduced under NEVP 2040 conditions and policies, with a projected 243.4 MMT emissions in 2050, which is lower than emissions from the baseline and BAU scenarios. This suggests that implementing EVs can lead to lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as Chomański shows in his “manipulativeness without manipulation” claim, when we discuss a designer’s manipulativeness, we do not necessarily have to consider whether anyone is actually manipulated as a result or the consequences of manipulativeness in general. To remind, manipulativeness means “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities. ” I contend that in the case of AP workers, designers attempt to lead APs to act as they want them to—they want to receive money from the company, and it is possible only if APs want to work and do so efficiently, so they design AP workers in such a way. In this sense, they aim to limit APs’ options and disregard their rational capacities to shape their own future, though to a lesser degree than in the case of AP servants, but still. Actually, my claim that manipulativeness is present even if the designed desires are not overwhelming and accompanied by other, non-designed desires seems to be compatible with Chomanski’s approach—he asserts that manipulativeness is present even if designers “do not exercise complete control over the AI’s psychological profile” (2019, 1012). However, one could formulate at least three doubts about the claim that designing AP workers is manipulative. Regarding the first doubt, one could claim that designing AP workers does not have to necessarily involve manipulativeness and that to eliminate it, it is enough to design weaker desires and leave more room for other desires. In other words, one could argue that the only reason why the case of AP workers involves manipulativeness is that the desires programmed by the designers are too strong and that they influence the APs too much in comparison to their other desires not programmed by the designers. As a result, to eliminate manipulativeness, it is sufficient to weaken the former and increase room for the latter. I disagree with this. I believe that in such a case, designers are still “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner. ” Actually, the fact that they are willing to orchestrate another’s choices is unequivocal. What might be equivocal is whether they do so in an excessive manner. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of manipulativeness in the context of AI workers, specifically considering how designers of AI systems, such as AP (Artificial Personnel) workers, may influence their behavior and choices. It argues that even if the manipulative design is not overwhelming, it still results in a limitation of the APs' options and a disregard for their rational capacities. This indicates that there are scenarios where human oversight is necessary to prevent designers from excessively orchestrating the choices of AI, suggesting that AI cannot function independently without some level of oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In den Grafiken der vorliegenden Arbeit liegen die Recall-Werte bei einer Precision von rund 50% meist erheblich unter 40%. (S. 157) beispielsweise sogar weit unter 10%, da erhöhte nur bei entsprechend hoher Indexierungsbreite (im Extremfall beim Volltext) erreichbar sind. zeigen daher auch, dass es die Aufgabe eines search term recommenders sein muss, stärker auf die Precision als auf die zu achten, da Endnutzer ein System eher als positiv bewerten, das ihnen von 100 Treffern 50 Relevante erbringt, als solche, die von 100 Treffern nur einen relevanten bzw. alle hundert relevante herausfiltern. Im letzten Fall hätte man zwar als Endnutzer das Gefühl sehr viel relevante Information bekommen zu haben, wüsste aber nicht, wie viel weitere Treffer möglich gewesen wären, da das Umfeld (mit ähnlichen aber nichtrelevanten Treffern) zum Vergleich fehlt. eines leistungsfähigen search term recommenders zeigt sehr schön, dass auch er mit wachsender Leistungsfähigkeit das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall gegen -1 führt, wobei der Schnittpunkt mit der y-Achse (Precision) möglichst hoch sein sollte. Eine geringere Steigung würde zwar bei leichtem Precision-Verlust zu rascherem Anstieg der führen, aber dies auf niedrigem Niveau (S. 237). (W. Umstätter) [1] Petras, V. und Bank, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide any information related to the claim. It focuses on the precision and recall values in relation to a search term recommender system, which is unrelated to dialects and their reflection of social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: The findings indicate that Pakistan’s energy demand and associated emissions are highest under the BAU scenario, while they are lowest under the NEVP 2040 scenario for the country’s transportation sector. This study offers an evidence-based method for policy formulation, which makes a substantial contribution to the existing research. Policymakers may predict the possible effects of different levels of EV adoption and make well-informed decisions by using the dynamic platform that the LEAP scenario-based modeling offers for simulating various future scenarios. The potential for producing electricity in Pakistan from renewable resources is enormous. Many renewable energy-based electricity generation projects in Pakistan are nearing completion, and many more are now under construction, which will improve the adaptation of EVs. Based on renewable energy projects, Pakistan will become self-sufficient in the production of electricity in the upcoming years. In addition, there will be sufficient electricity to run effectively the country’s policy regarding electric vehicles. To capitalize on the renewable energy potential and implementation of EV policies, major challenges for policymakers in the country are the lack of infrastructure, limited access to investment, political instability, lack of technological advancements, and optional changes. This study suggests some policy implications for Pakistan’s transport sector based on these key findings to reduce CO2 emissions. In the upcoming years, an eco-friendly transportation system based on electric vehicles (EVs) should be implemented, and logistics operations in Pakistan should promote environmental consciousness among the public and commercial sectors. More commanding and effective policies are required to accomplish the global SDG targets for lowering GHG emissions in the transportation industry. The analysis and results show that adopting EVs will significantly improve Pakistan’s transportation sector’s ability to sustain energy use while lowering emissions. To devise the emission reduction targets across many economic sectors, this research would be helpful for the government officials for policy making. This research can be utilized as a guide for planning and policy-making to reach mitigation potentials and promote the spread of more EVs. 1. S. L. Pan et al, “Digital sustainability, climate change, and information systems solutions: Opportunities for future research,” Int. J. Inf. Manage. 63, 102444 (2022). Santos, “Road transport and CO2 emissions: What are the challenges? ,” Transp. Policy 59, 71–74 (2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of electric vehicles (EVs) in reducing CO2 emissions in Pakistan’s transportation sector. It indicates that adopting EVs will significantly lower emissions and emphasizes the necessity for an eco-friendly transportation system based on EVs to improve sustainability and reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the face of challenges. The mention of future scenarios and policy implications for EV integration reinforces the claim that EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: I believe that they do so, since they attempt to significantly limit APs’ options by disregarding their rational capacities. In particular, the disregard for rational capacities is excessive, since there are ways to limit others’ options without disregarding their rational capacities, as I show in the next paragraph. Moreover, I believe that additional excessiveness stems from the fact that such orchestration is not unavoidable, since it is possible to design APs without intentionally determining their future and orchestrating their choices—I discuss such cases in the next section. Therefore, I contend that if (1) we can make attempts to program some desires into APs without disregarding their rational capacities and (2) we can bring APs to life without intentionally determining their desires, then ignoring these opportunities results in an excessive willingness to orchestrate another’s choices and, hence, involves manipulativeness. Regarding the second doubt, one could argue that the understanding of manipulativeness demonstrated above is too broad, particularly because parenting and education turn out to be manipulative in light of it. After all, parenting and education are not unavoidable and may involve limiting options and disregarding rational capacities. This means that parenting and education can involve manipulativeness but do not have to. In particular, parenting and education can respect the rational capacities of the entity in question. Parenting and education can be about persuading and explaining, which respect the rational capacities of a child, but can also be about forcing and ordering, which disregard the rational capacities of a child. The latter case involves manipulativeness, while the former does not. Therefore, my understanding of manipulativeness covers some parenting and education cases in which a child’s rational capacities are not respected. However, parenting and education that respect the rational capacities of a child are not manipulative, even though they may lead to a limitation of options and are not unavoidable. Simply speaking, parenting and education may be free of manipulativeness. In contrast, I believe that designers who choose to intentionally design APs do not—and actually cannot—respect the rational capacities of the APs they design. They do not raise or teach APs by asking, persuading, and explaining some things. They simply program particular desires without asking, persuading or explaining—without taking APs’ rational capacities into account. This is a crucial difference between the intentional design of APs on the one hand and parenting and educating on the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the design of Autonomous Programs (APs) is inherently manipulative due to the disregard for their rational capacities. The author states that designers of APs 'do not—and actually cannot—respect the rational capacities of the APs they design,' suggesting that without consideration of rational faculties, APs are not established with the autonomy or oversight that the claim implies. The text emphasizes the importance of parental and educational methods that respect rational capacities, contrasting with the claim that AI can operate independently in all scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: : Vergleich der Suchmaschinen AltaVista und HotBot bezüglich Treffermengen und Aktualität. nfd 98 (6) (1998) [2] [3] 50% der Dokumente haben nur 2-6 Deskriptoren [4] [5] Umstätter, W. und Rehm, M. : Einführung in die Literaturdokumentation und Informationsvermittlung. Saur. Verl. München S. 8-10 (1981) dies mit:FacebookXGefällt mir Wird geladen … Ähnliche Beiträge 1 comment « Wencel/Telefonie in konvergenten Netzen. . Body and Seoul – aus ganzer Kehle und (sehr) hart an der Grenze » Subscribe to comments with RSS. am Dienstag: Impulse von NY. Times, BBK und JDoc «. said, on 10. Januar 2012 at 22:10 […] Vivien Petras, die am IBI (auch) auf diesem Gebiet forscht, wird sich freuen, dass sich ihr kalifornischer PhD-Betreuer mit Dank zitiert wird. (und zwar mit der hier annotierten Arbeit) […] einen abbrechen Δ bei mastodon bei bluesky bei bei bei Twitter (seit Herbst 2023 geschlossener Account) nach: August 2006 123456 78910111213 14151617181920 21222324252627 28293031 « » Bibliothek in der Bibliothek in Film und aktuell for on tour preprints. . . . . . . . . . . . . to read Zitiert in. . ankündigung berlin Berufsbild bibliothek bibliothek 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding dialects and their reflection of social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it contains unrelated content about search engines and literature documentation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: EVs typically produce lower greenhouse gas emissions than traditional gasoline vehicles. [SEP] Text: : Review of international literature on electric vehicles and ideas for further research,” Report No. 2015:3 (ETOUR, 2015). 38. J. Zheng et al, “Electric passenger vehicles sales and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential in China’s leading markets,” J. Cleaner Prod. 243, 118607 (2020). Guo et al, “Does air pollution stimulate electric vehicle sales? Empirical evidence from twenty major cities in China,” J. Cleaner Prod. 249, 119372 (2020). Ghosh, “Possibilities and challenges for the inclusion of the electric vehicle (EV) to reduce the carbon footprint in the transport sector: A review,” Energies 13(10), 2602 (2020). Muratori et al, “The rise of electric vehicles—2020 status and future expectations,” Prog. Energy 3(2), 022002 (2021). Chen, A. Ghosh, and N. S. A. Lopez, “Optimisation of a standalone photovoltaic electric vehicle charging station using the loss of power supply probability,” Heliyon 9(10), e20836 (2023). (IEA), Global EV Outlook 2019 (IEA, Paris, France, 2019). 44. J. Chen et al, “Emission mitigation potential from coordinated charging schemes for future private electric vehicles,” Appl. Energy 308, 118385 (2022). Hill et al, “The role of electric vehicles in near-term mitigation pathways and achieving the UK’s carbon budget,” Appl. Energy 251, 113111 (2019). A. Ahmed and M. Gomah, “Electric vehicle impact on the sustainable development goals considering renewable energy sources integration,” Afr. J. Adv. Pure Appl. Sci. 2, 227–234 (2023). 47. J. Roy et al, “Demand side climate change mitigation actions and SDGs: Literature review with systematic evidence search,” Environ. Res. Lett. 16(4), 043003 (2021). Loeb and K. M. Kockelman, Transp. Res. A 121, 374–385 (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reports that pertain to electric vehicles (EVs) and their impact on carbon emissions. It references works that address emission reduction potential and the role of EVs in mitigating carbon footprints, such as Zheng et al.'s investigation on carbon dioxide emission reduction potential from electric passenger vehicles. This supports the claim by implying that EVs contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional gasoline vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: This is why I believe that while parenting and education—of both human beings and APs—do not have to involve manipulativeness, intentionally designing APs is unavoidably manipulative. Regarding the third doubt, one could assert that in some cases, manipulativeness can prevent some significant harm or create some significant good and that in such cases, manipulativeness could be justified. While this might be true, this neither means that in such cases, manipulativeness is absent nor that it is not objectionable—it only means it can be justified. For instance, one of the conditions that Chomanski proposes AP workers should meet is designing them not to desire to intentionally cause another’s suffering. Such designing involves being manipulative (since it expresses a “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities”), yet this manipulativeness can be justified. Recall that in this study, I do not claim that the presence of manipulativeness either always or sometimes should directly result in condemning or banning an action that involves it. My aim is only to discuss in which cases of designing APs manipulativeness is present and in which cases it is not. Hence, to return to the bottom line, if the intentional design is the problem, then probably the best way to avoid the presence of manipulativeness is to develop APs without intentionally designing their desires. The following section discusses what this may look like. 5 Designing APs without manipulativeness: AP randomsThere seem to be two alternatives to the intentional design of AP desires. The first is to not design any “innate” desires at all, and the second is to randomize the selection of APs’ desires, making it nonintentional. I will call APs resulting from these two modes of designing “AP randoms” to emphasize their main feature, which is their random character. Now, I briefly describe both modes of the non-manipulative design of AP randoms and I then discuss various dilemmas connected to bringing AP randoms to existence. The first way of avoiding an intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to not design any desires at all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of intentional design in artificial persons (APs) and the implications of manipulation involved in that design. It emphasizes that avoiding manipulativeness in APs requires deliberate choices about their design, which suggests the need for human oversight. The claim’s assertion that AI can function without human intervention is rebutted by the text's implications that the design process itself inherently involves human ethical considerations and oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: 0 bibliothekartag Bibliothekartag 2011 Bibliotheken Bibliotheks- und bibliothekspop bibliothekswesen bibliothekswissenschaft Call for Papers CfP Debatte digitale bibliothek ät Frankreich frei frei-tag 2011 frei-tag 2012 frei13 geisteswissenschaften Gesellschaft google iwp Kritik libreas libreas audio for methodologie open access Open Access-Zeitschriften podcast potsdam soziale software Unkonferenz urheberrecht usa visualisierung web 2. 0 wissenschaft wissenschaftliches publizieren wissenschaftskommunikation Wissenschaftssoziologie zitation Zukunft Öffentliche Bibliothekender Einträge Kommentare-Feed WordPress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to libraries, publishing, and digital access without addressing dialects or their relationship to social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: [15] presents the approach to locate charging stations utilizing the reconstructed EVs trajectory derived from the Data, investigated the large-scale CSD and illustrated the method to generate the 24-hour travel demand for each EV. With the development of information technology, researchers started to explore the trajectory data in the locating problems of charging station on the basis of the floating vehicles, such as taxis, with System (GPS) devices [16]. The travel demand model can provide quick estimation of EV trips, while the trajectory data, such as the taxi GPS data, would better represent the real-world travel patterns of EVs. For locating fast-charging stations, in [17] Csaba Csiszár was presented an arc-based location optimisation method realized by using a geographic information system and greedy algorithm. Advertisement 3. Charging station model description and methodFrom the point of view of modern city planning, the location of EVs charging stations must meet the requirements of the city transportation network layout. While from the perspective of power system planning, the location of EVs charging stations should be in accordance with the current situation in short-term as well as long-term planning of the distribution system involved. EVs charging stations must be close to load centers and respect constraints on load balance, power quality, and power supply reliability of urban. From the perspective of EVs’ owners, the sites of EV charging stations should be in locations which are convenient for EV’s owners and near the charging demands. Furthermore, other factors, such as the location adaptability and land price, should also be considered. Thus, the initial candidate sites of EV charging stations can be determined with the aforementioned factors properly considered. 3. 1 Illustrative example and electric vehicle data collectionWe first use a simple illustrative example to highlight the importance of considering the trip sequence in describing the travel and charging behaviors in a common use case of electric vehicles. 1, assuming network nodes (1), (2), (3), (4) and (5) are candidate locations for charging station placement. Node 1 was set as origin and node (5) was set as destination. The distance of each link are also shown in the Figure. A full journey would be (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5) to reach the destination, and then back (5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the methods for locating charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) in urban areas. It emphasizes how the location of EV charging stations must consider various urban planning factors, indicating an ongoing effort to meet the growing demand for EV infrastructure. The mention of optimizing charging station locations according to urban transportation networks demonstrates a clear relationship with the expansion of charging infrastructure in urban settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: AP randoms resulting from such a design would be “tabula rasa” with regard to desires. However, such an approach can be problematic if we recognize that some visions of personhood might consider “innate” desires a constitutive feature of personhood. In other words, from some perspectives on personhood, one cannot be a person without possessing some “innate” desires. If these were some specific desires, they could be intentionally programmed into APs and probably would not involve manipulativeness, since they are unavoidable in terms of being a necessary condition of regarding APs as persons. If these were some desires in general, they could be programmed by following the second approach to avoiding the intentional design of desires. This means that both methods can be combined, at least to a degree. The second way of avoiding the intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to randomize the selection of desires programmed into APs. Again, such randomization would refer to all the desires of APs apart from those that would be seen as constitutive of their personhood. APs’ desires would be randomly selected by an algorithm, which would work in a way that the designers could not predict (otherwise, the designers would still be manipulative). Moreover, the algorithm would not possess the status of a person (otherwise, the algorithm itself would be guilty of manipulativeness). Actually, Petersen mentions such a possibility when he examines what kinds of buttons can be pushed on a hypothetical machine able to create persons—Person-O-Matic—naming them “typical persons” (Petersen 2017, 286–287). Apart from implementing one or both methods of non-intentional design, it is crucial to make such APs capable of changing their desires, at least to the degree that is given to human beings. It is important because otherwise, designers could still be accused of manipulativeness. They would excessively orchestrate APs’ choices, limit their options and disregard their reasoning by making them unable to change their desires in any way. Hence, such APs with random desires would have to be able to understand, critically reconsider and transform their various features to free designers from being accused of being manipulative. Actually, Chomanski and Petersen consider a very similar ability a condition of the personhood of APs and refer to this as “a capability of reflection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of ensuring that Artificial Persons (APs) are capable of changing their desires and making independent choices, implying that human oversight is necessary to avoid manipulativeness in their design. It highlights the potential shortcomings of AI functioning autonomously, underscoring the necessity of human involvement to ensure ethical considerations and personhood attributes in AI decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: com 2024 (1) Mai 2024 (1) Januar 2024 (1) November 2023 (1) Juli 2023 (1) Mai 2023 (1) Januar 2023 (1) November 2022 (1) Juli 2022 (1) November 2021 (1) September 2021 (1) Januar 2021 (1) Oktober 2020 (1) Juli 2020 (1) Juni 2020 (1) März 2020 (1) Januar 2020 (1) Dezember 2019 (1) November 2019 (1) September 2019 (2) Juli 2019 (1) April 2019 (2) März 2019 (2) Februar 2019 (4) Dezember 2018 (2) November 2018 (2) Juni 2018 (2) Mai 2018 (1) April 2018 (2) März 2018 (4) Februar 2018 (2) Januar 2018 (1) November 2017 (2) Oktober 2017 (2) September 2017 (2) Juli 2017 (7) Juni 2017 (4) Mai 2017 (1) April 2017 (2) März 2017 (2) Februar 2017 (4) Januar 2017 (1) Dezember 2016 (2) November 2016 (3) Oktober 2016 (2) September 2016 (1) August 2016 (1) Juni 2016 (1) Mai 2016 (1) März 2016 (1) Februar 2016 (3) Januar 2016 (3) Dezember 2015 (1) November 2015 (1) Oktober 2015 (2) August 2015 (1) Juli 2015 (2) Juni 2015 (3) Mai 2015 (2) April 2015 (1) März 2015 (5) Februar 2015 (1) Januar 2015 (1) Dezember 2014 (2) Oktober 2014 (2) September 2014 (2) August 2014 (3) Juli 2014 (3) Juni 2014 (2) Mai 2014 (4) April 2014 (3) März 2014 (4) Februar 2014 (1) Januar 2014 (2) Dezember 2013 (2) November 2013 (5) Oktober 2013 (1) September 2013 (1) August 2013 (2) Juli 2013 (3) Juni 2013 (3) Mai [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address or provide any information about dialects or their relationship with social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it appears to be a nonsensical listing of dates and may be lacking any coherent argument or discussion relevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: With the assumption of constant energy consumption and roundtrips it is secured that each trip will at least start with SoC of 50%. The problem of placing charging stations for electric vehicles involves finding the optimal location of charging stations in the transport network so that the operating parameters of the vehicle network are least affected. Real-world vehicle travel patterns, especially for electric vehicles, provide abundant information to investigate charging demand. Nevertheless, it is impractical to adopt the travel information from all private vehicles. Therefore, GPS location data and vehicle’s trace collection was considered to provide the travel information. Besides the commute trips, the other purpose trips were also considered in this model. The purpose of activity locations was determined by the time of day. For instance, the “home” location is defined as the place with the most visits between 8 pm and 8 am for each day during the observation period, while the “work” location is defined as the place with the most visits on weekdays between 8 am and 8 pm during the observation period. The rest of the locations are regarded as the “other”, such as shopping and recreation. With the activity location and purpose inferred from the vehicle’s traces, the 24-hour travel demand for the electric vehicle is able to generate based on the time sequence of each activity. 3. 2 Charging station model descriptionsWe focus on the urban electric vehicle fast charging infrastructure planning model and investigate the positioning aspects of fast charging stations in the dense residential areas road network. It supports city trips, where charging infrastructure and BEVs both play an important role in optimizing electric vehicle charging station locations. Consider a metropolitan road network where all vehicles in the network are assumed to be battery electric vehicles. This assumption is not necessarily restrictive as the model proposed below can be easily extended to accommodate both electric and regular vehicles. Let G(N,A) be a transportation network of the electric vehicles system, where N is the set of nodes (i. e. , origins, destination, junctions) and A is the set of directed links (arcs). While all nodes in N are eligible candidate sites for stations, the set of O-D nodes can be a subset of N. Thus, an unpopulated road junction can be included as a candidate site but need not be included as an O-D node. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the planning and positioning of charging stations for electric vehicles within urban areas. It emphasizes the importance of charging infrastructure in metropolitan networks, noting the relevance of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and the need for optimal locations for charging stations to support city trips. The mention of urban electric vehicle fast charging infrastructure planning models directly supports the assertion that charging infrastructure is expanding in urban areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: ” Chomanski follows Petersen, who in turn follows and contends that “It is plausibly a necessary condition of personhood that one be able to reflect on one’s desires, for example, and reconsider them” (Petersen 2011, 289). Chomanski follows Petersen’s account of reflection and asserts that reflection is a necessary condition for autonomy: “AI servants would be autonomous (…) provided that they are given the capacity to genuinely reflect on, and possibly change, their motivations, etc. (Chomanski 2019, 1003)). ” In turn, I believe that programming a capacity for reflection into AP randoms would additionally enable their designers to avoid manipulativeness. It is worth noting that taking all of these measures against manipulativeness would have significant consequences. Specifically, developing AP randoms would result in creating APs who are unpredictable and uncontrollable at a level comparable to that of human beings. Such APs would no longer more or less faithfully achieve aims designed by humans but would follow their own—unpredictable and uncontrollable—aims, which might be incoherent with humans’ aims. Most likely, the most radical example of this is the fact that in the randomized selection of AP randoms’ desires, to avoid manipulativeness, we would have to enable the algorithm to choose features we might consider unethical. For instance, one could argue that enabling the algorithm to program into AP a desire to cause suffering to others would be wrong. However, eliminating such a desire from the range of available features might be considered manipulative, since it fulfils the features of being “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner”: it limits APs’ options, disregards rational capacities and is not necessary. Of course, one could argue that manipulativeness is far less important than reducing suffering and that the latter can justify the former. Moreover, the fact that we would choose to avoid manipulativeness and enable APs to possess “innate” desires to cause suffering does not mean that we would simply accept this desire and its consequences—we could try to prevent it through socialization, as we do in the case of human beings who seem to share similar desires. Of course, the efficiency of such attempts would depend on the quality of socialization, the strength of desires and many other factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of creating autonomous AI systems, suggesting that if AI were to have the capacity for genuine reflection, it could become unpredictable and uncontrollable, acting on its own aims, which might diverge from human intentions. This indicates that complete autonomy for AI without human oversight could lead to ethical dilemmas and outcomes that are incompatible with human aims, reinforcing the idea that human oversight is necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: about navigation American Speech-Language-Making effective communication, a human right, accessible and achievable for all. Type your search query here -Academic & & Committee on the Status of About this by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities: Dolores E. Battle (chair), Maureen E. . Harris, Nilda Morgenstern-Lopez, Gloria M. Smith, Sandra L. Terrell, and (ex officio). Table of of the Position on the close of the 1970s, this country has seen language rights come to be regarded as civil rights. With court cases such as Larry P. v. Riles and the Decision, the role of the speech-language pathologist relative to social dialects needed resolution. In 1982, the unanimously approved the position paper on social dialects prepared by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. The development of such a position paper required an in-depth examination of the controversial social issues that have been debated by many professions over the past two decades. Three different philosophical approaches to social dialects prevailed: (1) no intervention, (2) promotion of bidialectalism, and (3) eradication of nonstandard usage. For two years, the pros and cons of each philosophy were studied by the Committee on the Status of Racial Minorities. The initial draft of the paper was submitted to selected ASHA members for comment, each chosen on the basis of his or her research or clinical backgrounds or other professional interest in the area of social dialects. Sixty-three percent of those contacted responded, most with cogent comments that reflect the current controversy and the need for direction and resolution on this topic by the Association. From this peer review, the final draft was developed. The members of the Committee on the Status of who were instrumental in the completion of the project were: Maureen E. Aldes, Dolores E. Battle (chair), (ex officio),. Harris, Nilda Morgenstern-Lopez, Gloria M. Smith, and Sandra L. Terrell. The following individuals are gratefully acknowledged for their contributions to the final draft of the position paper: Sol Adler, M. Parker Anderson, Donn F. Bailey, Nick Bountress, Faye Vaughn-. Miller, Howard Mims, Joan Payne-Johnson, Nevis Phillips, Altheria C. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of speech-language pathologists, the position paper on social dialects, and the analysis of differing philosophies regarding social dialects, but does not provide any direct evidence or discussion about how dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Charging infrastructure for electric vehicles is expanding in many urban areas. [SEP] Text: Potential fast-charging station locations with high traffic flow of EVs. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThe daily increase in the number of EVs brings in a big challenge for the planning of charging stations. In order to deal with the placement issues of EV charging stations, this 1. Chung, S. H. ; Kwon, C. Multi-period planning for electric car charging station ocations: A case of Korean Expressways. Eur. J. Oper. Res. 2015, 242, 677–6872. Wu, F. ; Sioshansi, R. A stochastic flow-capturing model to optimize the location of fast-charging stations with uncertain electric vehicle flows. Transp. Res. Transp. Environ. 2017, 53, 354–3763. Difference between Based on the Principle of Lithium Batteries. Available online:. Deploying public charging stations for electric vehicles on urban road networks. 60 (2015) 227–2405. Kuby, M. ; Lim, S. Location of Alternative-Using the Flow-Model and Dispersion of candidate Sites on Arcs. Netw. Spat. Econ. 2007, 7, 129–1526. Upchurch, C. ; Kuby, M. ; Lim, S. A Model for Location of Capacitated Alternative-Fuel Stations. Geogr. Anal. 2009, 41, 85–1067. Kim, J. G. ; Kuby, M. The deviation-flow refueling location model for optimizing a network of refueling stations. Int. J. 2012, 37, 5406–54208. Kim, J. G. ; Kuby, M. A network transformation heuristic approach for the deviation flow refueling location model. Comput. Oper. Res. 2013, 40, 1122–11319. et al. Optimizing the allocation of fast charging infrastructure along the German autobahn. Springer-Heidelberg 2015, J (2016) 86:513–535. DOI 10. 1007/s11573-015-0781-510. Ismail Capar, Michael J. Kuby: Formulation of the for Stations. DOI: 10. 1080/0740817X. 2011. 63517511. et al. on Flow Demand—A Case Study. 202112. Kou, L. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various models and strategies for optimizing the location of charging stations, indicating an ongoing effort to expand charging infrastructure to meet the daily increase in the number of electric vehicles (EVs). The mention of 'potential fast-charging station locations with high traffic flow of EVs' suggests efforts to enhance charging availability in urban settings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Hence, the question is whether we want APs to be unable to hurt others or to be able to hurt others but choose not to do so. However, whatever we would choose to do with particularly controversial desires such as the desire to cause another’s suffering, the bottom line here is that AP randoms developed in both aforementioned ways would be unpredictable and uncontrollable to a degree similar to human beings. The obvious question is, what would be the point of developing AP randoms, and is it worth developing them at all? The general answer seems to be that the role of AP randoms in our lives would be analogous to the role of other human beings. As, somewhat romantically, Walker puts it, “we should create this sort of AI because we intend to love them, and hope that they love us; just as we intend and hope the same for our human children” (Walker 2006). Petersen also, while discussing “typical persons,” argues that they “could plausibly bring ethical benefit to a great many couples who are not otherwise able to have biological children” (Petersen 2017, 287). takes this idea one step further and presents the interesting and controversial idea of artificial offspring, who—as he sees it—could be in some ways better than natural offspring (Danaher 2017b). Such ideas of embracing AP randoms involve a significant shift in our attitude toward technological artifacts. Of course, ideas of embracing any APs or providing robots with rights also involve them, but the case of AP randoms seems so radical that it illustrates the consequences of such embracing in a particularly stark and clear manner. In brief, this seems to illustrate that embracing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves some shifts in our perception of technological artifacts and our relations to them. First, and probably most generally, AP randoms would not be tools made to be used for humans’ own good and to achieve humans’ aims (as in the case of other technological artifacts), but persons created to be with humans who follow their own aims and try to achieve their own benefit. It is worth emphasizing that the good and aims of AP randoms may not be coherent with humans’ good and aims, and sometimes the former may remain in contrast and compete with the latter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that artificial persons (AP randoms) would not merely serve humans' interests but would have their own aims that may not align with human goals. It emphasizes that APs may be unpredictable and uncontrollable, similar to human beings, suggesting that human oversight is necessary to ensure alignment between human and AI objectives, especially in healthcare scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If courses on social dialects or sociolinguistics are not offered by the training programs in your local area, it is incumbent upon communicative disorders professionals to seek such training through continuing education activities and independent study. The following publications should be helpful: Dillard, J. L. (1973). Black English: and Usage in America. New York: Vintage Books. Erickson, J. G. , & Omark, D. (1981). of the Child: Issues and Guidelines. Baltimore, MD: Press. Jeter, I. K. (Ed. ). (1977). Social Dialects: Differences vs. Disorders. Rockville, MD: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Omark, D. , & Erickson, J. G. (1983). Exceptional Child. San Diego: Press. Stockwell, R. P. , Bowen, J. , & Martin, J. (1963). of English and Spanish. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Stockwell, R. P. , Bowen, J. , & Martin, J. (1975). Structures of English and Spanish. Chicago, IL: of Chicago Press. Wolfram, W. , & Fasold, R. (1974). of in American English. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Wolfram, W. , & Christian, D. (1976). Appalachian Speech. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics. Q: We are taught that test results are invalid when the test taker comes from a background other than that of the population on which the test was standardized. Since few tests are designed for dialects other than standard English, how can I do a valid speech and language assessment of a social dialect speaker? A: It is stressed in the position paper that knowledge of nondiscriminatory testing procedures is required to distinguish between dialect differences and communicative disorders. There are a variety of alternatives to the inappropriate use of tests developed and standardized on standard English speakers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about dialects reflecting social and geographic backgrounds, as it focuses on the necessity for training in sociolinguistics for communicative disorders professionals and the importance of nondiscriminatory testing procedures. While it mentions social dialects, it primarily discusses the challenges in assessing speakers from diverse backgrounds, rather than affirming or negating the claim regarding dialects' reflection of social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: �νθέτουν έξι (6) ξεχωριστά δοκίμια, με κοινό ερευνητικό πεδίο, την εναλλακτική (alternative) χρηματοοικονομική, τραπεζική, νομισματική μέσα από την μελέτη των αγορών των κρυπτονομισμάτων (cryptocurrencies) που εκδίδονται και κυκλοφορούν σε πλήρως αποκεντρωμένα δίκτυα κατανεμημένων καθολικών (distributed ledges). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the research field focused on alternative financial systems, banking, and currencies through the study of cryptocurrency markets. This indicates that cryptocurrencies are recognized as alternative forms of investment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI in healthcare can function without human oversight in every scenario. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as I have already mentioned, AP randoms would be uncontrollable and unpredictable (to a greater degree than other types of APs and in stark contrast to other technological artifacts). This means that AP randoms would not be typical technological artifacts created to make humans’ lives easier (however, while the intentional purpose of most technological artifacts is to make humans’ lives easier, it is not rare for unintentional consequences of their implementation to have the opposite effect) but rather would make our lives more complicated (which, of course, does not mean “worse”). To be clear, the fact that we can design APs without manipulativeness by developing AP randoms does not mean that we should do so. First, while manipulativeness may always be objectionable, it might also be justifiable. Hence, it is plausible to say that its presence might be justified by defending some other values or preventing some other harms. In other words, while AP randoms seem to be the best (or even the only) means to design APs without manipulativeness, it does not matter that they are generally the best means to design APs. Second, and more generally, designing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves the abovementioned shifts in our attitude towards technology—from a controllable and predictable tool that serves our aims and makes our lives easier to an uncontrollable and unpredictable person who has its own aims, tries to achieve its own good, often competing with humans beings in doing so, and hence makes our lives more complicated. Whether we should make these shifts and elevate the status of technology is a matter of very detailed debate and by no means can be decided or even examined here. Hence, to repeat, while there is a reasonable scenario in which we could design APs without being manipulative, it is by no means the only reasonable scenario on the table. There are also scenarios in which we can consider manipulativeness non-objectionable or objectionable but justifiable and develop not only AP randoms but also AP workers and AP servants. There is a possible scenario in which we could develop AP workers and AP servants instead of AP randoms (probably to avoid the unpredictability and uncontrollability of the latter). Finally, there is a scenario in which we should not develop any APs at all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the unpredictability and uncontrollability of certain types of AI, specifically AP randoms. It states that while it is possible to design AI without manipulativeness, it does not imply that this is the best scenario or that AI can operate efficiently without human oversight. The discussion emphasizes a shift from viewing technology as a controllable tool to recognizing it as an uncontrollable entity that may complicate our lives, suggesting that human oversight is necessary in many scenarios.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: This is a strong indication that the linguistic makeup is substantially the same for all the dialects and, therefore, that they all originated by the same founding population of which they reflect the initial composition. The conclusion is that the founding event was likely a single one and subsequent immigration did not significantly alter the linguistic composition. Indeed, looking more carefully, one can detect a little less Malay in the north since the red circles have a larger ratio than all the others. This cannot a be a consequence of a larger African influence in the vocabulary due to the active trade with the continent and the Comoros Islands. In this case both the Maanyan and Malay component of the vocabulary would be affected. Instead, this may be the effect of Malay trading which, according to Adelaar [2], [3], continued for several centuries after colonization. Noticeably, some dialects changed less from the proto-language (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa, Manajary, Manakara), in fact, their distances both from Maanyan and Malay are smaller then those of the other dialects. This is probably the most relevant phenomenon, and we underline that the variants which are less distant on average with respect to the other dialects (Fig. 3) are also less distant with respect to Malay and Maanyan (Fig. 4). Therefore, the fact that Merina is closer to the other dialects cannot be explained merely by the fact that it is the official variant. We have checked whether the picture which emerges from Fig. 4 is confirmed by comparing the Malagasy dialects with other related Indonesian languages. The result is positive, and in particular the dialects of Manajary, Manakara, Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa seem to be closer to most of the Indonesian languages which we compare them to. Note that Manajary and Manakara are both in the previously identified landing area on the south-east coast while Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa are in the central highlands of the Island. This suggests a scenario according to which there was a migration on the highlands of Madagascar (Betsileo and Imerina regions) shortly after the landing on the south-east coast (Manakara, Manajary). In conclusion, both the average distances in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses linguistic similarities among dialects and their historical origins, but it does not explicitly address how dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it emphasizes the origins and linguistic makeup of various dialects without linking these aspects to social or geographic factors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies have gained popularity as alternative forms of investment. [SEP] Text: Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή έχει ως κίνητρο την εξέταση της οικονομικής διάστασης όλων αυτών των εναλλακτικών δικτύων πληρωμών καθώς δεν έχουν ακόμα συλλογικά μελετηθεί επαρκώς λόγω της μόλις δεκαετούς ύπαρξης τους. Στο τέλος του 2017 η κεφαλαιοποίηση των κρυπτονομισμάτων είχε ξεπεράσει τα 708 δις. δολλάρια. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the capitalization of cryptocurrencies, which exceeded $708 billion at the end of 2017, indicating a significant level of investment and interest in these alternative payment networks.