Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science230. Nexøe J, Gyrd-. Danish GPs’ perception of disease risk and benefit of prevention. Fam Pract. 2002;19(1):3–6. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science231. Nexøe J, Oltarzewska AM, Sawicka-. Perception of risk information: similarities and differences between Danish and Polish general practitioners. Care. 2002;20(3):183–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science232. Nikolajevic-’Connell DL, Robertson J. Effects of information framing on the intentions of family physicians to prescribe long-term hormone replacement therapy. J Med. 1999;14(10):591–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science233. Perneger TV, Agoritsas T. Doctors and patients’ susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial. J Med. 2011;26(12):1411–7. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science234. . Patients’ self-estimated likelihood of taking a statin as prescribed after different types of prognostic information. Atherosclerosis. 2010;212(2):586–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science235. Sarfati D, Howden-. Does the frame affect the picture? A study into how attitudes to screening for cancer are affected by the way benefits are expressed. J Med Screen. 1998;5(3):137–40. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science236. A randomized trial of decision-making in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. Neurology. 2012;78(5):315–21. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science237. Sinsky CA, Foreman-Hoffman V, Cram P. The impact of expressions of treatment efficacy and out-of-pocket expenses on patient and physician interest in osteoporosis treatment: implications for pay-for-performance programs. J Med. 2008;23(2):164–8. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science238. Straus SE. Individualizing treatment decisions: the likelihood of being helped or harmed. Prof. 2002;25(2):210–24. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science239. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various medical studies and authors but does not specifically address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Despite the well known fact that the environment has an influence on the expression of genes this aspect is not well studied in the literature of methods for the inference of gene regulatory networks. Instead, most studies are based on observational data only (Emmert-Streib et al. , 2012). Notable exceptions in this context are studies that addressed related but different questions, e. g. , investigating the appropriate level of description to simulate gene expression data, the influence of the number of time points, the number of categories and the interval length between samples (Chen, 1999; Smith, Jarvis & Hartemink, 2002; Yu et al. , 2004; Husmeier, 2003). However, these studies have been conducted for time series data. Instead, in this paper we are not using longitudinal data. This paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we describe all methods and evaluation measures we are using for our analysis. Further, we provide a detailed explanation of the data we are using and their generation. In the results section we present results for three different types of data: (I) observational gene expression data: normal environmental condition (II) interventional gene expression data: growth in rich media (III) interventional gene expression data: normal environmental condition interrupted by a brief, positive stimulation (spike-in stimulation). We study these data for five network inference methods (Aracne (Margolin et al. , 2006), BC3NET (de & Emmert-Streib, 2012), CLR (Faith et al. , 2007), C3NET (Altay & Emmert-Streib, 2011; Altay & Emmert-Streib, 2010) and MRNET (Meyer, Kontos & Bontempi, 2007; Meyer, Lafitte & Bontempi, 2008) and two different topologies of regulatory networks. This paper finishes with a discussion and conclusions. this section we describe our model, the method and the data we are using for our analysis. Generation of gene expression data In order to simulate gene expression data we are using netsim (Di Camillo, Toffolo & Cobelli, 2009). Netsim is a R package that combines a fuzzy logic with differential equations to enhance the simulation of transcription regulation processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it acknowledges the influence of the environment on gene expression, stating, 'the environment has an influence on the expression of genes.' This indicates a recognition of the relationship between environmental factors and gene expression, which is central to the study of epigenetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of world languages are tonal, meaning that pitch or tone can change the meaning of a word. [SEP] Text: Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Подготовка к ЕГЭ и ОГЭ Приемная комиссия Институты, факультеты, филиалы Военный учебный центр Платное обучение Управление международного сотрудничества Новости Смотреть все н [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of repeated phrases related to educational preparations in Russia and does not mention language types or tonality. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim regarding tonal languages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science252. Chao L-. End-of-life medical treatment choices: do survival chances and out-of-pocket costs matter? Making. 2008;28(4):511–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science253. . The effect of offering different numbers of colorectal cancer screening test options in a decision aid: a pilot randomized trial. . 2008;8:4. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science254. Brody H. Medicine’s ethical responsibility for health care reform: the top five list. N Med. 2010;362(4):283–5. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science255. Decisions Foundation. Preference-sensitive decisions. Available from: URL:. Anxiety, fear of cancer, and perceived risk of cancer following lung cancer screening. Making. 2008;28(6):917–25. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science257. . Resisting good news: reactions to breast cancer risk communication. Health Commun. 2006;19(2):115–23. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science258. The impact of genetic counseling on risk perception and mental health in women with a family history of breast cancer. Cancer. 1999;79(5–6):868–74. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science259. . Risk perceptions: assessment and relationship to influenza vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26(2):146–51. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science260. . Heuristics in medical and non-medical decision-making. Q J A. 1992;44(2):211–35. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science261. . Sensitivity to disgust, stigma, and adjustment to life with a colostomy. J Res Pers. 2007;41(4):787–803. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science262. Gigerenzer G. Gut Feelings: of the Unconscious. New York: Viking; 2007. 10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s1. pdf84. 25 KBds_10. 11770272989x14547740_table_s2. pdf85. 39 KBCite 2014. PubMed: 25145577AuthorsAffiliationsJ. S. Blumenthal-Barby, PhDView all 41. 50 Issue - $186. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about cognitive biases and their influence on decision-making. Instead, it lists various studies and articles related to medical decision-making, risk perceptions, and other topics without specifically discussing cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Differential equations are used to describe the continuous dynamics of gene expression on a continuous time scale and gene-specific kinetic parameters are used to achieve realistic simulations that mimic the real dynamical behavior of gene expression. For our study we are generating gene expression data for three different conditions that correspond to two different types of data: observational gene expression data: normal environmental condition interventional gene expression data: growth in rich media interventional gene expression data: normal environmental condition interrupted by a positive spike-in stimulation That means, we are generating gene expression data that correspond to observational (I) and interventional data (II and III). However, we are not generating data by gene knockout or silencing (Eccleston & Eggleston, 2004; Meister & Tuschl, 2004). The reason for this is that an inclusion of such perturbation experiments would limit the scope of this paper. Specifically, for human subjects it is for ethical reasons not possible to conduct in vivo gene-knockout experiments. Hence, if we would include such studies we would need to exclude a discussion of gene expression data, e. g. , from clinical studies. On the other hand, the chosen interventional strategies for the generation of the data are equally applicable to model organisms as well as human subjects. This allows a general extrapolation of our results. The first type of data we are generating corresponds to cells in normal environmental conditions meaning that for these simulations we do not use an external stimulation of the gene expression. The second type of data can be seen as a media rich environment which has a favorable effect on the proliferation of cells. For this condition each gene receives an external positive stimulus facilitating its expression. For your simulations this is accomplished by using a constant stimulation of a fixed positive constant Ec. The third type of data corresponds to time dependent interventional data because we alter the environmental condition of the cells over time. This change of the environmental condition translates into a change of the dynamic of the gene expression in a time dependent manner. Specifically, we start simulating gene expression under the same conditions as in (I) but add at a certain time point, ts, a constant but random stimulation Es×r for each gene. is a constant factor and r is a random variable uniformly sampled from [0,1]. This stimulation lasts a short period of time Δt = 0. 2. After this period, the gene expression is again governed by the same conditions as in (I). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how gene expression is influenced by varying environmental conditions. It describes the generation of gene expression data under different conditions, including normal, media-rich environments, and time-dependent interventions, which aligns with the claim that epigenetics investigates modifications in gene expression due to environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: Кычанов; их работы в основном базировались на источниках на пали, санскрите и китайском языках, и, таким образом, они выпадают из темы нашего исследования. Тем не менее их влияние на тибетологию также значительно, а деятельность М. И. Воробьевой-Десятовской, Л. С. Савицкого, Р. Н. Крапивиной, А. В. Зорина создала связующее звено между «старым» и «новым» тибетоведением России. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the foundational sources and influences in Tibetan studies without addressing the categorization or existence of language families. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts with the claim regarding the language families.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: The model corresponds to a SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered/immune) compartmental model capturing the disease transmission process [30] augmented with a belief model (Fig 1). It enables individuals to be characterized by both their epidemiological status and their opinion. Specifically, individuals can belong to one of 4 epidemiological compartments: susceptible, infected, immune through vaccination and immune naturally. In each compartment, individuals can be characterized either as “pro-vaccines” (positive opinion) or “sceptical” (negative opinion). Across time, individuals can change compartments: for instance, susceptible individuals may become infected, or they may choose to vaccinate. The system of compartments and flows between them is defined by a system of ordinary differential equations (see section 2. iii) to examine numerical simulations at different values of the parameters. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Structure of the behaviour-incidence model. The model is an augmentation of a classic SIR compartmental model [30]. Individuals are characterized by both their epidemiological status (S: susceptible; I: infected; Rv: recovered through vaccination; Rg: recovered naturally) and for each compartment, their opinion of vaccination (positive: subscript p; non-shaded colours; negative: subscript n; shaded colours). CV and CI are compartments that indicate the total recalled number of individuals having suffered negative side effects from vaccination and infection, respectively. β indicates the rate of infection transmission; Ω indicates the rate at which individuals change their opinion (from positive to negative Ω or from negative to positive Ω′); δ indicates the number of individuals suffering side effects from either vaccination δV and infection δI; θ indicates the rate at which individuals vaccinate. Each individual dies at the same rate d. rate at which individuals become vaccinated is a function of both the epidemiological costs associated with infection and vaccination and the distribution of opinions of vaccination in the population. First, costs are defined by the epidemiology with the number of infected individuals and vaccination coverage determining the number of people suffering negative side effects from infection and vaccination, respectively. Individuals are assumed to vaccinate more quickly when the infection cost is high and more slowly when the vaccination cost is high. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making but rather discusses a SIR model related to disease transmission and how opinions regarding vaccination are categorized among individuals. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: For the subnetwork of the transcriptional regulatory network of S. cerevisiae (Fig. 4B) we find a surprising result because these results are qualitatively similar to the results for the normal condition (shown in Fig. 2B). This means that the underlying topology of the regulatory network is capable of compensating the dynamical modifications, as induced by the spike-in stimulation. Further, this behavior is method-independent because for all five inference methods, we observe qualitatively similar results. this paper we investigated the influence that environmental conditions can have on the inference performance of network inference algorithms. Specifically, we studied and compared the results for three different conditions: (I) observational gene expression data: normal environmental condition, (II) interventional gene expression data: growth in rich media, (III) interventional gene expression data: normal environmental condition interrupted by a positive spike-in stimulation. We found that different statistical inference methods lead to comparable but condition-specific results. That means, qualitatively, the five network inference methods (Aracne (Margolin et al. , 2006), BC3NET (de & Emmert-Streib, 2012), CLR (Faith et al. , 2007), C3NET (Altay & Emmert-Streib, 2011; Altay & Emmert-Streib, 2010) and MRNET (Meyer, Kontos & Bontempi, 2007; Meyer, Lafitte & Bontempi, 2008)) we used for our study showed a similar behavior in their inference performance, for each condition. The only exception we found is for (III) interventional gene expression data (normal environmental condition interrupted by a positive spike-in stimulation) and Erdös–Réyni networks, because for this condition MRNET and Aracne assume a significantly larger variation in the estimated F-scores than the other three inference methods (see Fig. 4). However, even for this condition the observed median F-scores are for all five methods comparable. Overall, we can draw the following conclusions from our numerical results. (1) The problem to infer gene regulatory networks from expression data is very challenging and depends on (A) the time point when data are measured, (B) the kind of the external stimulation and (C) the interconnectedness of the genes respectively their molecular interactions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different environmental conditions influence gene expression data and the performance of network inference methods in analyzing gene regulatory networks. It specifically mentions how interventional conditions, such as growth in rich media and positive spike-in stimulation, can alter gene expression, thus supporting the assertion that environmental factors can modify gene expression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sign languages have their own unique grammatical structures, different from the spoken languages in the same region. [SEP] Text: Notice that the mirror image situation of SJ is found with regard to boundary-tone assignment, whereby the final lowering L% lowers the pitch of the final mora. In this way, pitch accent is characterized by its culminative nature, i. e. the existence of one prominent mora/syllable within the word domain, a feature which makes the pitch-accent system look like a stress system. However, the pitch accent system of Japonic differs from a stress system in that in the former, a word may crucially lack a prominent mora, i. e. a word may be ‘unaccented’ in Japanese linguistics terms, as in SJsakana/ [sàkáná] (%LHH) ‘fish’ and in Nambunazugi/ [nànzɯ̀ɡí] (LLH) ‘forehead’. 4 In a stress system, an unstressed lexical word is usually ruled out, i. e. there must be one prominent syllable/mora within a word. In prosodic typology, a stress system and a tone system constitute two distinct linguistic types and a pitch-accent system is regarded as a hybrid of the two, not a distinct ‘type’ (Hyman 2006). As a typological hybrid, then, the various prosodic systems which are collectively called pitch-accent systems of Japonic languages may show a considerable internal variation, and the variation can be captured in terms of what kind of stress-like features and tone-like features are present in the system. languages exhibit a feature which is characteristic of tone languages, i. e. the paradigmatic choice between specific tonal melodies for each lexeme, e. g. between ‘Level’ and ‘Rising’ in (Western Japanese), or between ‘Level’ and ‘Falling’ in (Kyūshū Japanese). Tone as is found in these systems is called ‘word tone’ (Hayata 1998), as the domain of the paradigmatic tonal contrast is the word rather than the syllable/mora. However, these systems still show a stress-like character in that a certain mora/syllable is specified as prominent, i. e. accented, although the nature and function of accent differs between the two languages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses aspects of pitch-accent systems in Japonic languages and contrasts these with stress systems, but it does not address sign languages or their grammatical structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about sign languages having unique grammatical structures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: The rate of infection transmission: β is expressed in terms of the basic reproductive ratio of the pathogen R0 [31]. R0 corresponds to the average number of secondary infections produced by an infected individual in an otherwise susceptible population and can be understood as the fitness of the pathogen: for a pathogen to invade the population, R0 must be >1. In our model R0 has been calculated as: where and are determined numerically using the system of ordinary differential equations (see section 2. iii) assuming no infection. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Parameters used and their default values. S* is the number of susceptible individuals, i. e. the number of individuals that are not vaccinated before the emergence of the infection. In our model, people can have two different opinions regarding vaccination which implies two different probabilities to accept the vaccine. Thus the number of susceptible individuals S* depends on the number of individuals who either have a positive or a negative opinion before the emergence of the infectious disease, i. e. where and represent the population equilibrium of the number of susceptible individuals in the absence of disease. The information relating to the costs of infection and vaccination: This information, available to everyone, is assumed to be summarized by a function of the number of the past and present individuals who have suffered negative side effects from infection and vaccination. This information is used by all individuals in order to measure the relating costs of infection and vaccination, respectively denoted CI and CV. We supposed that this information is generated and memorized by all individuals at a rate δI and δV. We also assumed that the information is forgotten at a rate f. At any given point in time, the number of infected individuals is determined by the history of vaccine uptake in the population. Thus, the costs of infection and vaccination depend on both the history of vaccine uptake and the number of infected individuals. The rate of vaccination: Only susceptible individuals can take up vaccination and the decision to vaccinate depends on both an individual opinion and the costs of infection and vaccination. Individuals with a positive opinion vaccinate at the rate θp; individuals with a negative opinion vaccinate at the rate θn. υp and υn represent the maximum rate at which individuals can be vaccinated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it discusses infection transmission models, vaccination rates, and the opinions individuals may hold regarding vaccinations. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: The fact that the effect of an external stimulation can be compensated by the interaction structure among genes (compare Fig. 4A with 4B) allows to raise the hypothesis that evolution might favor network structures that are less severely influenced by changes in environmental conditions. The reason for this may be an increased robustness of these systems because for different external signals the system exhibits essentially the same dynamical behavior. Previous studies investigating the robustness of gene networks focused on the elimination of interactions, (see, e. g. , Jeong et al. , 2000; Stelling et al. , 2004; Kitano, 2007; Emmert-Streib & Dehmer, 2009; Wagner, 2005; Wagner, 2007), and not on changes of external signals, as in this study. For this reason the observed effect in our study presents a new and potentially important factor that deserves more attention in future studies. would like to thank Ricardo de Matos Simoes, Benjamin Haibe-Kains and for fruitful discussions. For our numerical simulations we used R (R Team, 2008). Emmert-Streib is an for PeerJ. Frank Emmert-Streib conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper. work has been supported by the Center for (CCRCB), Queen’s University Belfast. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2010. Inferring the conservative causal core of gene regulatory networks. BMC 4:132 Altay G, Emmert-Streib F. 2011. of gene networks on their inference: analysis of C3NET. 6:31 Blais A, Dynlacht B. 2005. Constructing transcriptional regulatory networks. Genes and Development 19(13):1499-511 Chen L. 1999. Combinatorial gene regulation by eukaryotic transcription factors. in 9(1):48-55. 1997. Ratio-based decisions and the quantitative analysis of cdna microarray images. Journal of 2(4):364-374 Consortium IHGS. 2004. Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature 431(7011):931-945 Cover T, Thomas J. 1991. & Sons, Inc de R, Emmert-Streib F. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how external stimulation and environmental conditions can influence gene interactions and behavior. It highlights the hypothesis that gene network structures might be designed to be robust against environmental changes, which aligns with the fundamental principle of epigenetics, where gene expression is affected by environmental factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of world languages are tonal, meaning that pitch or tone can change the meaning of a word. [SEP] Text: Dabei setzt man auf den „redaktionellen Mehrwert“ (Bernet 2010: 110) für ein Produkt oder eine Dienstleistung. ← 23 | 24 →Die für den Beitrag ausgewählten Beauty-Blogs sind auf der Grundlage der benannten Charakteristika als private Blogs einzuordnen und häufig in übergeordnete Plattformen eingebunden. Da sie in enger Beziehung zu Unternehmen stehen, können sich diese ebenso von privaten Blogs in Hinblick auf die Markenkommunikation einen Mehrwert erhoffen. 4. 1. IrritationenDie bereits angesprochenen Modi des Medienumgangs, Sozial- und Systemintegration, lassen sich zunächst vor dem Hintergrund der Irritation von Systemen fassen. ist es, dass der Übergang zur funktionalen Differenzierung „die Irritierbarkeit der Gesellschaft steigert, ihre Fähigkeit, auf Veränderungen der Umwelt rasch zu reagieren, zunehmen läßt […]. “ (1998: 789) Weiterhin wird zum formuliert: „Er hat seinen theoretischen Ort in der These eines Zusammenhangs von operativer Schließung (Autopoiesis) und struktureller Kopplung von System und Umwelt. “ (Luhmann 1998: 790) Umweltwirkungen „determinieren“ nicht, sie werden mit systemeigenen Operationen verarbeitet. „Irritation ist danach ein Systemzustand, der zur Fortsetzung der autopoietischen Operationen des Systems anregt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses editorial value, media interaction, and system reactions without mentioning languages or tonal distinctions. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or commentary on the claim regarding tonal languages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Specifically, we investigate the same range of parameter values (Table 1) for the five nested models in order to be able to detect the effect of each element (Table 2): Model 1: a classic SIR model without the belief component. Model 2: a model that characterizes individuals by both their epidemiological status and their opinion. Vaccination rate is fixed (θp = υp; θn = υn) and individuals with a positive opinion vaccinate more quickly than those with a negative opinion (υp > vn). By doing so, vaccination behaviour is a function of opinion but not confirmation bias (μp = μn = 1), i. e. the difference in vaccination rates between individuals with opposed opinions is not a function of the number of infected individuals and vaccination coverage. The rate of opinion change is also fixed (Ω = ωp→n = Ω′ = ωn→p). Model 3: This model includes the globally available information on the number of individuals suffering negative side effects from the infection CI and vaccination CV. This enables to calculate the epidemiological costs. Model 4: This model includes confirmation bias, i. e. the biased perception of costs by individual opinion. 1–3 confirmation bias is not considered so μ = μ′ regardless of the opinion of individuals. Model 5: This model includes conformism and corresponds to the full model. 1–4, conformism is not considered so cp = cn = 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Components of the different nested models. Numerical simulation. We performed all simulations using Mathematica 9. 0 [33]. First, 500 susceptible positive individuals and 500 susceptible negative individuals are introduced. We ran 100 000 iterations with a time step of 10−4, the number of iterations needed to reach a stable equilibrium, to determine the number of susceptible individuals ( and ) and calculate the rate of infection transmission β with R0 in the absence of disease. Second, after β was obtained, we introduced two infected individuals, one of each opinion (N = 1002 individuals). We ran 1,000 000 iterations with a time step of 10−4 which corresponds to 100 time units (e. g. 100 years), to ensure that we capture the complete dynamic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various models used in a simulation related to vaccination behavior without directly addressing the influence of cognitive biases on decision-making. Although confirmation bias is mentioned, the overall content focuses on model parameters and simulations rather than explicitly connecting cognitive biases to decision-making processes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -set of novel SNP loci for differentiating continental populations and three Chinese populations View 10. 7717/peerj. 6508 Published 2019-03-29 Accepted 2019-01-22 Received 2018-10-02 informative markers, Biogeographical origins, SNP, Chinese populations, Continental populations Copyright © 2019 Jin et al. is an open access 2019. A set of novel SNP loci for differentiating continental populations and three Chinese populations. PeerJ 7:e6508 recent years, forensic geneticists have begun to develop some ancestry informative marker (AIM) panels for ancestry analysis of regional populations. In this study, we chose 48 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from SPSmart database to infer ancestry origins of continental populations and Chinese subpopulations. Based on the genetic data of four continental populations (African, American, and European) from the CEPH-HGDP database, the power of these SNPs for differentiating continental populations was assessed. Population genetic structure revealed that distinct ancestry components among these continental populations could be discerned by these SNPs. Another novel population set from 1000 3 was treated as testing populations to further validate the efficiency of the selected SNPs. Twenty-two populations from CEPH-HGDP database were classified into three known populations (African, East Asian, and European) based on their biogeographical regions. Principal component analysis and Bayes analysis of testing populations and three known populations indicated these testing populations could be correctly assigned to their corresponding biogeographical origins. For three Chinese populations (Han, Mongolian, and Uygur), multinomial logistic regression analyses indicated that these 48 SNPs could be used to estimate ancestry origins of these populations. Therefore, these SNPs possessed the promising potency in ancestry analysis among continental populations and some Chinese populations, and they could be used in population genetics and forensic research. informative markers, which demonstrated distinct allele frequency differences among different populations (Frudakis et al. , 2003; Shriver et al. , 1997), could be used to infer biogeographical origins of unknown biological samples and discern population substructure. They are also conductive to forensic investigations by providing investigative clues about the biogeographical origins of the unknown suspect. To date, a great many AIM panels for different purposes have been developed (Li et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as genetic markers that can differentiate between continental populations and specific subpopulations within China. It mentions that these SNPs are effective in assessing ancestry origins and discerning population structure, which directly supports the assertion that genetic markers like SNPs can trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: Во вступительной статье к сборнику материалов семинара по тибетским переводам редактор Добум Тулку выделяет четыре периода истории буддийских переводов: <ol> <li>Период влияния христианства (до начала XX в. ), когда «переводы… содержали высочайшую степень христианского окрашивания в интерпретации оригинального материала переводимого текста» [Doboom Tulku, 2001, p. 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses periods of Buddhist translations and does not address language families or classifications. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: To evaluate the role of each component of the full model in shaping the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage, we analysed and compared the results of the nested models. We run all models for values of R0 ranging from 0 to 10 in steps of 0. 5. All other parameter values are detailed in Table 1. ResultsOur results are threefold: (i) for all parameter values investigated, the infection is never eradicated under voluntary vaccination, i. e. vaccination coverage never reaches herd immunity, that is, the threshold of vaccination coverage needed for stopping the spread of the infection; (ii) the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage depend on the presence/absence of a polymorphism for the opinion of individuals, which is a function of the transmissibility potential of the pathogen (R0) (Fig 2). If the infection is not contagious (R0 < 1), all individuals become sceptical and vaccination coverage remains low; if infection is highly contagious (R0 >> 1), all individuals become pro-vaccines but herd immunity is never reached because the infection spreads too quickly. Yet, vaccination coverage remains high. For intermediate values of R0, both sceptical and pro-vaccine individuals coexist and oscillations in vaccination coverage are observed (Fig 3); (iii) the rule “imitate the majority” is not necessary for oscillations to appear. Rather, the transmission of opinions through conformism increases the delay between changes in epidemiological parameters and the behavioural responses to those changes (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Infection and opinion dynamics as a function of the reproductive rate of the infection (model 5). For each value of R0 (number of secondary infections which can be understood as the fitness of the pathogen; it must be >1 for the pathogen to invade the population), the time-series of the dynamics of the infection (top panel; the thin line corresponds to the number of infected individuals and the thick line corresponds to the number of vaccinated individuals) and opinion (bottom panel; the dashed grey line indicates the number of individuals who have a positive opinion and the dashed black line indicates individuals who have a negative opinion) are depicted for a rate of negative side effects from vaccination δv = 0. 7. Alternative changes of opinions of vaccination and oscillations in vaccination coverage emerge for intermediate values of R0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of infection and vaccination coverage in relation to the reproductive rate of a pathogen, rather than addressing cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. It elaborates on vaccination patterns and behaviors in the context of epidemiological parameters, which has no connection to cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: , 2016; Phillips, 2015; Phillips et al. , 2013). It is noteworthy that AIM panels differentiating different continental populations might not be appropriate to differentiate populations in the same continent, and these panels could even produce prediction errors for ancestry inferences of these populations. The two-tier AIM panels were recommended for this issue: one for estimating ancestry origins of major continental populations and the other for populations in the same continent (Kidd et al. , 2014). Besides, Pakstis et al. (2017) stated that the identification of highly differentiated SNPs in relatively neglected geographical regions or subpopulations from the same continent should be encouraged because these markers could further improve and fine-tune the extant SNP panels. China, one of the world’s earliest civilizations, consists of 56 officially identified ethnic groups. Previous studies found extensive genetic variations among Han populations and minority groups in China (Wang et al. , 2018; Zhang et al. , 2015; Zhao & Lee, 1989; Zhao et al. , 1991). Some researchers selected some markers to differentiate Chinese populations. For examples, Qin et al. (2014) provided 150 SNPs for ancestry analysis of northern Han and southern Han; Sun et al. (2016) presented twelve multi-InDels to differentiate Han and Tibetan populations. Ancestry analysis among more populations in China should be conducted to provide more valuable information for genome-wide association study and forensic investigation. As is known to us, Han people are the largest ethnic group in the world and distribute in many regions. Uygur individuals mainly live in the where extensive population movements occurred in history and they possess admixture genetic components of and Europeans (Xu et al. , 2008). Mongolian group is one of fifty-six ethnic groups in China. During the period of the Yuan dynasty, the governor of China and his soldiers began their expedition to Europe which might lead to some Mongolian individuals dispersing in different regions ( Although genetic differentiations among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations existed (Zhang et al. , 2015), no research on ancestry analyses of these populations was conducted. In this study, based on population data assembled in CEPH-HGDP (Li et al. , 2008), a great number of SNPs were selected for distinguishing four major regions (Africa, America, Europe and East Asia). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and AIM panels (Ancestry Informative Markers) that are utilized to differentiate populations and trace genetic variations among ethnic groups in China. For instance, the identification of highly differentiated SNPs is encouraged for improving ancestry discrimination, which directly relates to tracing inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: Учтены и дополнительные соображения об общих проблемах перевода, взятые из предисловий к публикациям ведущих английских переводчиков, где они излагали свои подходы к той или иной конкретной работе. Таким образом, для формулирования общих закономерностей и принципов подходов к переводу с тибетского языка автор использовал индуктивный метод, приведший его к ряду общих положений. С начала 1990-х гг. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses translation issues and methodologies, without any mention of language families or corroborating or contrasting the idea that there are only three main language families.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Humans are connected with a limited number of contact [49] and a number of studies has considered that social heterogeneity influences disease transmission [14,50,51], risk perception [15,20,52] and vaccination behaviour [15,48,53]. Clustered occurrence of beliefs can lead to the clustered occurrence of disease [54]. Nevertheless, in the context of information transmission, the assumption according to which the population is homogeneously mixed is valid if we focus on the role of the media, i. e. information that is globally available to everyone. The media has had a central role in disseminating vaccine scares and shaping the perception of disease severity [18]. The media also enables anti-vaccination movements to have a strong impact on vaccination decision-making [7,55]. Yet, if the proposed model may be appropriate for exploring the role of conformism, it is insufficient to explore other social transmission processes such as those resulting from the role of opinion leaders (e. g. cultural transmission through prestige-bias [56]). Religious leaders have been shown to be highly influential in promoting vaccine refusal in their communities (reviewed in [34]) and the role of prestige-biased cultural transmission for either accelerating the pace of change or stopping it altogether remains to be investigated. Second, one may argue that since the costs depend on the number rather than the frequency of individuals suffering side effects, the model is more likely to inform on information that is gathered during social interactions than knowledge acquired via the media. The media report both percentages and anecdotic evidence of side effects associated with vaccination and both are likely to be determinant in driving the formation of opinion. Yet, the relative role of each type of information deserves further investigation. Finally, we assumed that the rate of opinion change, while a function of epidemiological costs, is independent of the SIR class of the individual. However, an individual suffering infection may be less likely to switch from a positive to a negative opinion and thus we may have overestimated the occurrence of oscillations. Note however that for diseases with a strong epidemic potential, the cost of infection is always higher than that of vaccination and therefore oscillations do not emerge. This study, along a few others [22,28,29,48], offers an alternative to payoff maximization for understanding the emergence of oscillations in vaccination coverage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making directly. Instead, it discusses social interactions, disease transmission, and the impact of media on vaccination behavior, which is irrelevant to the specific claim about cognitive biases in decision-making.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Among these SNPs, the SNPs with high differentiations among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations were further selected to infer ancestry origins of these populations. Table 1: Detailed information of populations used in this study and their corresponding sample sizes. sizes Training set – Africa CEPH-HGDP 22 – Africa CEPH-HGDP 13 Bantua – Africa CEPH-HGDP 19 Yoruba – Africa CEPH-HGDP 21 Mandenka – Africa CEPH-HGDP 22 Brazianb – America CEPH-HGDP 22 Maya – America CEPH-HGDP 21 Pima – America CEPH-HGDP 14 Basque – Europe CEPH-HGDP 24 French – Europe CEPH-HGDP 28 Italianc – Europe CEPH-HGDP 49 Orcadian – Europe CEPH-HGDP 15 Adygei – Europe CEPH-HGDP 17 Russian – Europe CEPH-HGDP 25 Cambodian – -HGDP 10 Dai – -HGDP 10 Han – -HGDP 44 Miao – -HGDP 10 Mongolian – -HGDP 10 She – -HGDP 10 Tu – -HGDP 10 Tujia – -HGDP 10 Yi – -HGDP 10 Japanese – -HGDP 28 Yakut – -HGDP 25 Testing set Esan in Nigeria ESN Africa 1000 3 99 Yoruba in 1000 3 108 Finnish in Finland FIN Europe 1000 3 99 British in England and Scotland GBR Europe 1000 3 91 in 1000 3 103 Japanese in 1000 3 104 Three subpopulations in – -HGDP 10 Han – -HGDP 44 Mongolian – -HGDP 10 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/table-1 Notes: aBantu population includes Bantu populations. bBrazian population includes Karitiana and Surui populations. cItalian population includes Sardinian, Tuscan and Bergamo populations. Material and populations Twenty-five populations within four major geographical regions were chosen as the training set for preliminary assessments of selected SNPs. Six testing populations in three continents included and Japanese populations, of which genetic data were downloaded from 1000 3 (Consortium et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the selection of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) to infer ancestry origins among different populations such as Han, Uygur, and Mongolian. This process of inferring ancestry based on genetic markers is a direct example of how genetic markers can be utilized to trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: There are only three main language families in the world: Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Afro-Asiatic. [SEP] Text: На практике это означает, что хороший переводчик имеет академическое (формальное) и традиционное (в тибетском понимании) образование и обладает необходимыми для конкретной работы знаниями по философии, грамматике, в специальных науках (например, истории или медицины), свободно ориентируется в стилях и диалектах языка, обладает значительным культурным багажом, что обычно достигается долгими годами обучения и практики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the qualifications and educational background required for a good translator, with no mention of language families or their classification. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide information about the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 19. 3. Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer; 2013. 4. . Group interest versus self-interest in smallpox vaccination policy. . 2003;100: 10564–10567. pmid:12920181 View 5. . Vaccination and the theory of games. . 2004;101: 13391–4. pmid:15329411 View 6. Chen FH. A susceptible-infected epidemic model with voluntary vaccinations. J Math Biol. 2006;53: 253–272. pmid:16758209 View 7. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 8. . Simple heuristics and rules of thumb: Where psychologists and behavioural biologists might meet. Behavioural Processes. 2005. 124. pmid:15845293 View 9. Todd PM [Ed], [Ed]. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Ecological rationality: Intelligence in the world. Online; 2012. View 10. Gigerenzer G, Selten R, editors. Bounded rationality: the adaptive toolbox. The MIT Press; 2001. 11. . Social and psychological factors underlying adult vaccination behavior: lessons from seasonal influenza vaccination in the US and the UK. Vaccines. 2013;12: 893–901. pmid:23944683 View 12. . Meta-analysis of the relationship between risk perception and health behavior: the example of vaccination. Health Psychol. 2007;26: 136–145. pmid:17385964 View 13. Perisic A, Bauch C. Social contact networks and the free-rider problem in voluntary vaccination policy. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 14. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5. pmid:19197342 View 15. . Imitation dynamics of vaccination behaviour on social networks. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it appears to reference various studies and articles related to vaccination, human behavior, and social dynamics, which are unrelated to the specific claim regarding cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Genetic data of three subpopulations in China (Han, Mongolian, and Uygur) was obtained from CEPH-HGDP (Li et al. , 2008). Detailed descriptions of these populations and their corresponding sample sizes were given in Table 1. Besides, genetic data of 48 SNPs in training, testing and three Chinese populations were presented in Table S1. Criteria for SNP selection SPSmart includes the genetic data of 1000 I, HapMap release #28, Perlegen complete data set and the and -HGDP panels, which is developed to help researchers use and combine different datasets and do some statistical analyses of interest (Amigo et al. , 2008). SNPs were chosen from SPSmart online tool when they met the following criteria: (1) SNP loci should locate in intron regions. (2) SNP loci were bi-allelic genetic markers; (3) SNP loci were located on different chromosomes or at least 10 Mb distances on the same chromosome; (4) Ancestral allele frequency differences between continental populations were at least 0. 3; (5) SNP selected must conform to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) in all reference populations. Next, SNPs whose frequency differences among Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations were more than 0. 3 were used for further analysis. Besides, we also retained some SNP loci that showed high genetic differentiations among continental populations/three Chinese populations. Finally, forty-eight SNPs were selected to differentiate continental populations and three Chinese populations. General information of 48 SNPs was given in Table 2. Statistical analysis HWE tests of SNP loci in 25 training populations were estimated by Genepop software v4. 0 (Rousset, 2008). Allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in 25 training populations were calculated by PowerStats software v1. 2 (). The informativeness for assignment (In) values of 48 SNP loci in four continental populations (African, American, European, and East Asian) were calculated by Infocalc program v1. 1 (Rosenberg et al. , 2003) based on the genetic data of 25 training populations. Ancestral allele frequency heatmap and the boxplot of In values of 48 SNPs were plotted by R software v3. 3 (R Core Team, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genetic data from subpopulations in China, including the selection and analysis of SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms) as genetic markers. It details how SNP loci were chosen based on specific criteria and used for further analysis to differentiate between continental populations and the three Chinese populations. This indicates that genetic markers are indeed utilized to trace and analyze inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 3, 2013 in Lost in translation Part one of two-part series on best practices for analyzing multi-lingual text. : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2013. 03. 04 The phrase, “lost in translation” takes on a special meaning when it comes to text analysis. Nuances in language can indicate the homeland of the author, like “housecoat” or “bathrobe” and “pop” or “soda,” even with the same mother tongue. However, when text is examined across different languages the same phrase can have altogether different meanings. For example, a Swedish tourist asking “snälla, kör mig till ett roligt ställe” of a taxi driver in Copenhagen, Denmark (i. e. “Please take me to a fun place) might be driven to a nearby cemetery because “roligt” in Danish means a calm, peaceful place. Other language-specific idioms abound, such as the Swedish phrase “Ingen ko på isen” (meaning “no worries”) will inevitably be translated into “no cow on the ice. ” Likewise, the common English phrase, “It’s raining cats and dogs,” is bound to be problematic once translated. Translating to a common language can at best confuse the meaning and at worst completely butcher the author’s intentions. Drawing conclusions from text that is translated from one language to a common language can lead to misguided results and inaccurate conclusions. So what do you do? How can you make conclusions from texts that are written in different languages? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the complexities and nuances involved in translation. It states that phrases in different languages can have entirely different meanings, as exemplified by the Swedish tourist's request, which could lead to misunderstandings due to the nuances of the word 'roligt' in Danish. Additionally, it points out that translations can confuse or misrepresent the author's intentions, thereby substantiating the assertion that translating phrases can often lead to a loss of meaning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 2011;278: 42–49. pmid:20667876 View 16. . The impact of personal experiences with infection and vaccination on behaviour-incidence dynamics of seasonal influenza. Epidemics. 2012;4: 139–151. pmid:22939311 View 17. Bauch C. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. B. 2005;272: 1669–1675. View 18. . The influence of popular media on perceptions of personal and population risk in possible disease outbreaks. Soc. 2013;15: 103–114. View 19. Caprara A. Cultural interpretations of contagion. Int Heal. 1998;3: 996–1001. View 20. Scherer CW, Cho H. A of Risk Perception. Risk Anal. Blackwell Publishing, Inc. ; 2003;23: 261–267. pmid:12731811 21. Durbach N. Bodily Matters: The Anti-in England, 1853–1907. Press; 2004. 22. Oraby T, Bauch CT. Bounded rationality alters the dynamics of paediatric immunization acceptance. Sci Rep. 2015;5: 10724. pmid:26035413 View 23. Bruner JS, Postman L. On the perception of incongruity: a paradigm. J Pers. Ltd; 1949;18: 206–223. pmid:15409076 View 24. Nickerson RS. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises. Psychol. 1998. 220. View 25. -Buzaglo J. Cognitive processes and the decisions of some parents to forego pertussis vaccination for their children. J Clin Epidemiol. 1996;49: 697–703. pmid:8656233 View 26. . Parental beliefs and decision making about child and adolescent immunization: from polio to sexually transmitted infections. J Pediatr. 2005;26: 441–452. pmid:16344662 View 27. . The influence of social norms on the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour for paediatric infectious diseases. Sci. 2014;281: 20133172. pmid:24523276 View 28. Coelho FC, Codeço CT. Dynamic modeling of vaccinating behavior as a function of individual beliefs. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the influence of cognitive biases on decision-making. Instead, it lists a series of studies and articles related to vaccination behavior and risk perception without connecting these concepts to cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Principal component analysis (PCA) of four continental populations including 25 training populations was conducted by PLINK software v1. 9 ( and then scatter plot of these populations was plotted by R software v3. 3. Population genetic structure of 25 training populations at K = 2–5 and cross-validation error of each K value were performed by software v1. 3 (Alexander, Novembre & Lange, 2009). Graphical results of estimated ancestry proportions were conducted with the online tool (Kopelman et al. , 2015). To further evaluate discrimination efficiencies of 48 SNPs for continental populations, ancestry components of six testing populations were estimated by software v1. 3 and their results were shown in the form of beeswarm by R software v3. 3. Next, twenty-two training populations (excluding from American populations) were treated as reference populations and six testing populations were blind samples. PCA and Naïve Bayes analysis of these populations including reference populations and six testing populations were conducted with PLINK software v1. 9 and the suite v2. 5 ( respectively. Table 2: General information and ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in different continental populations. Rs numbers Positions (bp)a Asianb rs10918196 C/T 1 165478920 0. 8351 0. 3947 0. 6108 0. 2429 rs2801178 G/T 1 14881716 0. 8608 0. 2368 0. 7753 0. 4774 rs4652825 A/G 1 183824189 0. 7320 0. 4737 0. 8101 0. 6215 rs10779958 A/C 2 74528651 0. 3763 0. 5000 0. 8481 0. 1921 rs1161474 C/T 2 239209361 0. 7320 0. 6053 0. 3829 0. 5424 rs7570426 A/C 2 3325638 0. 5567 0. 8947 0. 9051 0. 4915 rs11716005 C/T 3 18394010 0. 9742 0. 9474 0. 8101 0. 5621 rs301927 A/G 3 97627774 0. 7423 0. 8947 0. 0918 0. 6638 rs4533619 A/G 3 42248320 0. 2835 0. 3246 0. 1456 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genetic analysis methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphisms) allele frequency evaluation, to study population structure and ancestry. This suggests that genetic markers are indeed utilized to trace inheritance patterns, which aligns with the claim about their role in understanding population genetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: Unstructured text retrieval in a native language can readily be done, even without knowing the language that the text is written in. Analysis is best done by a native language speaker who can train and refine statistical and linguistic models to appreciate inherent meanings and preserving the author’s intentions. The outputs of such models can then readily be consolidated into one common language: results. This first of a two-part series describes a method for multi-lingual document retrieval, illustrated with examples using SAS software. How to address multi-lingual content Analytically based information retrieval lets you create distinct content streams (a. k. a. pipelines) for any language, site, source or combination thereof in such a way that each stream contains instructions related to specific language content. So while the text analysis models are uniquely defined to the language associated with the text in order to preserve the meaning – such as the expressed sentiment, concepts and facts [1] – the application of multiple pipeline models to documents written in different languages can be done by any non-native speaker – or even by machine. Given that Web pages are defined in the universal language of HTML, one can readily identify the “body” of text, title, author and other core elements of a page generically – and simply direct the software to retrieve the desired section of the HTML. Figure 1 illustrates the results from a point-and-click interface used to defined desired HTML (or XML) fields that would be retrieved from a Web page when it is crawled [2]. As you can see, although the language used in the body of the text is Arabic, the author and title follow a standardized format so even without knowing what the text says, the structure of the page can be readily defined to different aspects of the content. Figure 1: Defining the Web page structure with an interface can be done without knowing the language. (Click here to view a larger version in a separate window. ) XPath expressions [3] are the query language that typically operates behind such software interfaces, forming the code base for retrieval activities. And given that Web pages can readily change, it is worthwhile to define the XPath expressions at the most generic level possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while statistical and linguistic models can aid in understanding and attempting to preserve meaning across languages, the preservation of the author's intentions and inherent meanings is complex and typically best achieved by a native speaker. The necessity of a native speaker implies that translating phrases might not maintain the original meanings without such expertise, which challenges the claim that meaning can be preserved in all translations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: pmid:19593365 View 29. Xia S, Liu J. A belief-based model for characterizing the spread of awareness and its impacts on individuals’ vaccination decisions. J R Soc Interface. 2014;11. View 30. . A Contribution to the of Epidemics. Sci. 1927. 721. View 31. . of Humans: Dynamics and Control. Press; 1991. 32. . An SIS model for cultural trait transmission with conformity bias. Biol. 2013;90: 56–63. pmid:24071632 View 33. Mathematica. Champaign; IL: Inc. , Wolfram Research; 2012. 34. -Jimenez P. Patterns of vaccination acceptance. Med. 1999. 1716. pmid:10574240 View 35. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Theory and (supplementary material). Salathé M, editor. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 36. Bhattacharyya S, Bauch CT. A game dynamic model for delayer strategies in vaccinating behaviour for pediatric infectious diseases. J Theor Biol. Elsevier; 2010;267: 276–82. pmid:20831873 View 37. . A vaccination game based on public health actions and personal decisions. Ecol Modell. 2011;222: 1651–1655. View 38. . Long-standing influenza vaccination policy is in accord with individual self-interest but not with the utilitarian optimum. . 2007;104: 5692–7. pmid:17369367 View 39. Bauch CT. Imitation dynamics predict vaccinating behaviour. Sci. 2005;272: 1669–75. pmid:16087421 View 40. D’. Vaccinating behaviour and the dynamics of vaccine preventable infections. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. Springer Science+New York; 2013. 287. 41. Bauch CT, Bhattacharyya S. Evolutionary game theory and social learning can determine how vaccine scares unfold. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002452. pmid:22496631 View 42. . SVIR epidemic models with vaccination strategies. J Theor Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making directly. Instead, it consists of references and citations related to vaccination decisions and dynamics within the context of public health, which do not sufficiently link to the claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 2147 rs162315 A/G 20 57233824 0. 2268 0. 6667 0. 7025 0. 6864 rs2178832 G/A 21 35449600 0. 2010 0. 4737 0. 5443 0. 2288 rs361557 A/G 22 18128456 0. 9330 0. 7456 0. 1835 0. 5650 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/table-2 Notes: aInformation of each SNP locus is shown according to the report of dbSNP build 152. bAncestral allele frequencies of 48 SNPs in four continental populations are obtained based on the genetic data of 25 training populations in Table 1. Ancestry analyses among Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were conducted based on the 48 SNPs. First of all, allele frequencies of 48 SNPs in these three populations were calculated by PowerStats software v1. 2. In values of 48 SNP loci in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were also calculated with Infocalc program v1. 1. Secondly, PCA of these populations was also conducted by PLINK software v1. 9. Ancestral allele frequency heatmap and the boxplot of In values for 48 SNPs, and scatter plot of these three populations were generated by R software v3. 3 (R Core Team, 2016). Genetic structure analyses of these populations at K = 3 were conducted by software v1. 3 and graphical results were plotted by online tool. In the end, multinomial logistic regression analyses of these three populations were conducted by suite v2. 5. distributions and population specific In values of 48 SNapplying Bonferroni correction (the significant level = 0. 05/48 = 0. 00104), the selected 48 SNPs all conformed to HWE in 25 training populations (Table S2). Ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in 25 reference populations were shown in Fig. 1. Color contrasts of SNPs in pairwise populations reflected genetic differentiations of pairwise populations: more apparent color contrasts of pairwise populations were, larger genetic differentiations pairwise populations possessed, and vice versa. Besides, the SNPs with distinct color contrasts in pairwise continental populations contributed to differentiating these populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of 48 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in analyzing genetic structures and ancestries among different populations, specifically mentioning Uygur, Han, and Mongolian populations. It describes the methods used to calculate allele frequencies, conduct PCA (Principal Component Analysis), and perform logistic regression analyses to differentiate these populations based on their genetic markers, supporting the idea that genetic markers can be effectively utilized to trace inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s possible to translate any phrase in one language to another without losing meaning. [SEP] Text: For example, changing the XPath expression:html/head/meta[14]/@content tohead/meta[@name=”author”]/@content will ensure you will always capture the author, even if the author is not present as the 14th element of the meta definition. After tweaking the XPath expressions to be as generic as possible, a “marked up” template to an page is created without needing to understand a word of Arabic, as illustrated in Figure 1. The same can be done in any language although it is important to keep in mind that for the analysis of text data – that is, when focus turns from retrieving the text to understanding its meaning – a native language speaker is highly valuable to ensure that the meaning intended within that specific language is identified and understood [4]. The ability to easily template a Web page with markers defining the content can be done for multi-lingual tweets as illustrated in Figure 2. XPath expressions are used to identify different aspects of the tweet that are of interest and these become metadata that is added to the document once it is retrieved by the system. Figure 2: Arabic (on the left) and English (on the right) tweets, marked up to identify the content components. (Click here to view a larger version in a separate window. ) Most NLP-based retrieval systems will include a built-in facility to detect language so the appropriate markup template is applied to any given input document, Web page, tweet, etc. The definition of the HTML file or XML file (i. e. , the different fields that are of interest and which have been identified in the XPath expressions) can be saved and included as an early document processing activity that is executed as part of content stream/pipeline processing. If your main interest is to crawl somewhat structured information, for example. pdf,. doc or. txt files, then this markup definition step isn’t necessary given that such document types are fairly standardized and most technologies are predefined to identify the respective content elements. Many files on the Web are actually fairly structured according to pre-defined standards and, if this is the case, the technology can automatically “detect” the body content of that file. A HTML/XML markup facility is simply an alternative that can be used when the Web pages are very unstructured and the exact location of certain items is desired. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while translation can be done, the understanding of meaning in a context can be significantly impacted without the aid of a native speaker. It mentions, 'a native language speaker is highly valuable to ensure that the meaning intended within that specific language is identified and understood,' highlighting that the nuances of meaning can be lost in translation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 2008;253: 1–11. pmid:18023819 View 43. Vardavas R, Marcum CS. vaccination behavior via inductive reasoning game. In: Manfredi P, D’Onofrio A, editors. Modeling the interplay between human behavior and the spread of infectious diseases. 2013. 227. 44. Omission bias and pertussis vaccination. Mak. 1994;14: 118–123. View 45. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8: e1002469. pmid:22511859 View 46. Xia S, Liu J. A to Characterizing the Impact of on Individuals’ Making. PLoS One. 2013;8. pmid:23585835 View 47. The impact of imitation on vaccination behavior in social contact networks. PLoS Comput Biol. 2012;8. pmid:22511859 View 48. Campbell E, Salathé M. Complex social contagion makes networks more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. Sci Rep. 2013;3: 1905. pmid:23712758 View 49. . Collective dynamics of “small-world” networks. Nature. 1998;393: 440–2. pmid:9623998 View 50. . Effective vaccination strategies for realistic social networks. its Appl. 2007;386: 780–785. View 51. Perisic A, Bauch C. A simulation analysis to characterize the dynamics of vaccinating behaviour on contact networks. BMC Infect Dis. 2009;9: 77. pmid:19476616 View 52. Perisic A, Bauch CT. Social contact networks and disease eradicability under voluntary vaccination. PLoS Comput Biol. 2009;5: e1000280. pmid:19197342 View 53. Salathé M, Khandelwal S. Assessing vaccination sentiments with online social media: Implications for infectious disease dynamics and control. PLoS Comput Biol. 2011;7. pmid:22022249 View 54. Salathé M, Bonhoeffer S. The effect of opinion clustering on disease outbreaks. J R Soc Interface. 2008;5: 1505–1508. pmid:18713723 View 55. Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: The untold story. Lancet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making in any tangible way. Instead, it discusses various studies related to vaccination behavior and social contact networks without making relevant connections to the claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: For example, ancestral allele frequencies of the rs10918196 locus in African, American and populations were 0. 8351, 0. 3947 and 0. 2429 (Table 2), implying the locus was beneficial to distinguish African populations from the other two continental populations. The phylogenetic tree above the heatmap (Fig. 1) revealed the relationships of SNPs: SNPs showed similar frequency distributions in continental populations tended to locate in the same sub-branches, and vice versa. The phylogenetic tree in the left part of the graph reflected genetic divergences of different continental populations: populations with the same biogeographical origins located in the same sub-branches. Figure 1: Ancestral allele frequency heatmap of 48 SNPs in 25 training populations from different continents. Different colors represent for different levels of frequency values: blue for low value, red for high value. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-1 In values of 48 SNPs in African, American, European and populations were shown in Fig. 2 and Table S3. Similar with allele frequency differences, In values were also used to evaluate the degree of population differentiations: genetic markers with high In values in the certain population contributed to differentiating the population from the other populations (Phillips, 2015). For these 48 SNPs, there were 12, 11, 10, and three SNPs with relatively high In values (≥0. 1) in African, East Asian, European, and American populations, respectively. Besides, some SNPs which had similar frequency distributions among different continental populations showed low In values in these four continental populations (Fig. 2). Besides, we also calculated the cumulative In values of 48 SNPs in African, European, East Asian, and American populations, which were 3. 4312, 3. 0343, 2. 7727 and 1. 3028, respectively (Table S3). The low cumulative In values in American populations indicated these SNPs might possess lower power to differentiate American populations from the other populations. Figure 2: Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in African, American, European and populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-2 PCA and ancestral component analysis of 25 training populations based on 48 of four continental populations comprising 25 training populations was shown in Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of genetic markers, specifically SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), to trace and differentiate populations based on ancestral allele frequencies. It explains how these genetic markers help reveal relationships and distinctions among various continental populations, illustrating their importance in understanding inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The largest dinosaur ever discovered, Argentinosaurus, is estimated to have weighed over 100 tons and stretched over 30 meters long. [SEP] Text: At that time, only 38% of the population had received at least one vaccine dose, which would have been insufficient to prevent a large outbreak occurring without strong public health measures in place (Steyn et al. , 2021; Steyn et al. , 2022). The government therefore made the decision to move the entire country into 4, the most stringent tier of restrictions (Table 1). Over the following days, contact tracing and surveillance testing efforts were ramped up in an attempt to ring-fence the outbreak as daily case numbers rapidly increased to 79 new cases on 26 August. Whole genome sequencing later identified possible links to infected travellers who arrived at a managed isolation and quarantine (MIQ) facility from Wales, Australia (Jelley et al. , 2022). Table 1: Dates of restrictions and key events following the August 2021 incursion of the Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 in New Zealand. Restriction changes occurred at 11. 59pm on each date. and public health response 17 August 2021 First case of Delta variant detected in the community. Entire country moves to 4. Contact tracing, wastewater testing and community testing ramped up. 38% of eligible population (over-12s) has had at least one vaccine dose. 31 south of Auckland to 3. 2 to 3. 7 outside of Auckland to 2. 21 to 3. 25 Hauraki to 2. 3 cases detected in Raglan and Hamilton. Parts of Waikato move to 3. 5 step 1 introduced in Auckland, allowing up to 10 people from two households to gather outdoors and reopening of Education centres. Transition from elimination strategy to suppression strategy. 7 3 boundary extended to include additional districts. 8 positive cases are discovered to have travelled out of Auckland into Northland. Northland moves to 3. 16 October ‘Super Saturday’ vaccination drive: 85% of eligible population (aged 12 and over) have had at least one vaccine dose, 66% have received two doses. 19 to 2. 27 to Step 1 of 3. 87% of eligible population have had at least one vaccine dose, 72% have received two doses. 2 Northland to 3 after detection of two community cases with no known epidemiological links. Waikato to Step 2 of 2, allowing up to 25 people from multiple households to meet outdoors. Retail stores and public venues including libraries, museums and zoos can open. Hospitality venues and close contact businesses remain closed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses COVID-19 vaccination rates and public health measures in New Zealand without any mention of dinosaurs or Argentinosaurus. Therefore, it does not provide any corroboration or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The dual-process theory explains intuitive vs. analytical thinking. [SEP] Text: of faces was examined with nine color photographs of male faces. Evaluation of arithmetical multiplication was examined with nine multiplications in which a single-digit number was multiplied by a two-digit number. For each task, 36 stimuli pairs were constructed by creating all possible pairwise combinations of the nine stimuli (see Fig. 1). Within each pair, the stimuli were centered horizontally in the middle of the screen, and a choice criterion was presented above them in the upper middle part of the screen. The choice criterion for the assessment of faces was "Which of the face seems nicer to you? " The choice criterion for the evaluation of arithmetical multiplication was "Which of the multiplications seems larger to you? " The term "seems" was selected because it does not direct participants to use a specific thinking mode. ProcedureThe order in which participants performed the two decision tasks was counterbalanced. Before each task, participants were told that they would be presented with pairs of photographed faces (or arithmetical multiplications) and that, within each pair, they would be asked to choose the face that seemed nicer to them (or the multiplication that seemed larger to them). Participants in the analytical conditions were also told, "Before making your choice you will be asked to specify the reasons that made you evaluate each face as nice/not nice (or each multiplication as large/small). "Pairs of stimuli (faces or multiplications) were presented to participants in a random order. In the analytical condition, after each pair had been presented, and before participants made their choice, they were asked to type into a text box reasons for evaluating how nice each face was (or how large each multiplication problem was). Choice was made by pressing either 1 or 2 (see Fig. 2). In the intuitive condition, participants were simply asked to make their choice. After each choice was made, the screen was cleared, and the next trial beganFig. 1Illustration of stimuli pairing in Experiment 1 Full size image Fig. 2Examples of the two tasks in Experiment 1 Full size image Results and discussionet al. (2009), we computed the number of transitivity violations committed by participants, in the form of three-way preference cycles (e. g. , for each subgroup of three stimuli x, y, and z, if x ≥ y, y ≥ z, and z ≥ x, a transitivity violation was made). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the dual-process theory or its explanation of intuitive versus analytical thinking. It describes an experimental task involving decision-making between faces and multiplication problems, but does not provide any information regarding the concepts of dual-process theory or the distinction between intuitive and analytical thinking. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Results revealed Africans and Europeans formed two distinct population clusters at quite some distances from the other populations. However, some American individuals clustered closely with individuals, which might be related to the shared ancestries before the divergences of populations and American populations (Li et al. , 2008). Figure 3: Principal component analysis of four continental populations comprising 25 training populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-3 Next, we assessed genetic components of 25 training populations (Fig. 4A). = 2, the populations in Africa and Europe showed similar genetic components which could be distinguished from the populations in and America. = 3, African populations and European populations exhibited their distinct ancestry components, respectively. became 4, specific ancestry components in American populations could be observed and all training populations could be classified into four apparent clusters. No further distinctions among these populations could be discerned at K = 5. Given these results, apparent distinctions among these continental populations could be achieved by the 48 SNPs. Cross-validation error of each K value was estimated by software v1. 3 to determine the optimum K value, as presented in Fig. 4B. Results revealed that the lowest cross-validation error was observed at K = 4, indicating K = 4 was the most appropriate for these data. Figure 4: Genetic structure analyses of 25 training populations at K = 2–5 (A) and cross-validation error of each K value (B) based on 48 SNPs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-4 Ancestry analysis of six testing populations based on 48 SNAmerican populations collected in 1000 3 showed different degrees of admixture components of European, American and African ancestries (Consortium et al. , 2015), some populations from East Asia, Europe and Africa were employed to evaluate the efficiency of 48 SNPs for differentiating continental populations. The testing set included two African populations (ESN and YRI), two European populations (GBR and FIN) and two populations (CHB and JPT). Firstly, we estimated ancestry components of these six populations by software v1. 3, as shown in Fig S1A. Results indicated that populations within the same continents showed similar genetic component distributions and could be separated from the populations in the other continents (Fig S1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of how genetic markers, specifically 48 SNPs, are used to distinguish between population clusters, such as Africans and Europeans, and to track ancestry components within various populations. The ability to assess genetic components and classify populations into distinct groups supports the notion that genetic markers can effectively trace inheritance patterns in populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs coexisted with early humans for thousands of years before they went extinct. [SEP] Text: We followed a high-density morphometrics approach using a combination of single anatomical landmarks and sliding semilandmarks along curves and surfaces (Bookstein, 1997; Gunz et al. , 2005). Indeed, most anatomical landmarks are usually concentrated on both ends of limb bones, hence why the use of sliding semilandmarks on the surface was justified on the shaft (Gunz and Mitteroecker, 2013; Botton-Divet et al. , 2016). We digitized 619 landmarks on complete femora (25 anatomical landmarks, 99 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 495 on surfaces), 479 on proximal (11 anatomical landmarks, 26 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 442 on surfaces) and distal epiphyses (10 anatomical landmarks, 45 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 424 on surfaces), and 725 on complete tibiae (23 anatomical landmarks, 219 sliding semilandmarks on curves, and 483 on surfaces; see details in Figure 1—figure supplement 4; Supplementary files 4 and 5) using the IDAV Landmark software v. 3. 0. 0. 6 (Wiley et al. , 2005). We digitized anatomical landmarks and sliding semilandmarks along curves on each specimen and sliding semilandmarks along surfaces on one specimen (ANG 10 90), referred to as ‘the template’ hereafter (Cornette et al. , 2013). We then automatically projected the sliding semilandmarks along surfaces of the template onto every other specimen following the spline relaxation of semilandmarks along curves using the function ‘placePatch’ of the Morpho package v. 2. 8 (Schlager, 2017). Then, we performed 5 iterations of another spline relaxation between landmark configurations of the template and the ones from every other specimen using the function ‘relaxLM’ of Morpho. Finally, we performed a partial Procrustes fitting in order to compute a Procrustes consensus of every configuration and used it as a target for the 2 last iterations of spline relaxation using the function ‘slideLM’ of Morpho. These 3 steps of spline relaxations (Source code 2) ensured that every semilandmark position was geometrically homogeneous in all specimens (Gunz et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a morphometrics approach and the digitization of anatomical landmarks, with no mention of dinosaurs, early humans, or their coexistence. Therefore, it does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inEditors' in Earth’s Recent progress in the analysis of seismic waves enables us to determine where, and sometimes how, the base of the mantle deforms. by 1 July 20241 July 2024 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) The image was taken during fieldwork to monitor previously installed seismometers. Seismometer installation and monitoring are conducted by hundreds of scientists worldwide, allowing the recorded signals to be used to study Earth's deep interior. Credit: Editors’ Vox is a blog from AGU’s Publications Department. Earthquake waves travel through Earth’s interior and can be recorded by seismometers at distances of thousands or even tens of thousands of kilometers. These seismic waves traverse different parts of the mantle at different speeds, which depends on the material they are traveling through. Sometimes, the speed of shear waves – in the same material – depends on their vibrational direction, a phenomenon called seismic anisotropy. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of shear wave splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy. Shear wave splitting is illustrated for the SKS wave (top left), which travels as P (black wiggles) through the liquid outer core (gray shading) and then transforms to an SV wave at the core-mantle boundary. SKS splits into fast (blue) and a slow (red) traveling waves, which are polarized in orthogonal planes (slow: red; fast: blue). These components accumulate a time lag (delay time), which can be measured along with the polarization of the fast-traveling wave (fast polarization direction). Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 1 If seismic anisotropy is present, analogous to optical birefringence, the shear wave can split up into a fast and a slow traveling component. This primarily happens when waves travel through the lowermost mantle and upper mantle or crust. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses entirely on the analysis of seismic waves and related scientific methods, with no mention or reference to extremophiles or the search for potential life on other planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, cross-validation plot revealed K = 3 was the best value for these testing populations (Fig S1B). Therefore, estimated genetic components of each individual for six testing populations at K = 3 were presented in Fig. 5A. We found FIN and GBR individuals showed high genetic components of European ancestry; CHB and JPT individuals possessed high genetic components of ancestry; ESN and YRI individuals demonstrated high genetic components of African ancestry. Consequently, these six testing populations could be assigned into their corresponding continental origins by these 48 SNPs. Figure 5: Ancestral origin analyses of six testing populations based on 48 SNPs. (A) genetic components of six testing populations by software v1. 3. (B) Principal component analysis of six testing populations and three continental populations. Population abbreviations (and YRI) are explained in Table 1. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-5 Next, twenty-two training populations were classified into three known populations (African, European and East Asian) according to their biogeographical origins; six testing populations were treated as unknown individuals. PCA of these populations was conducted, as shown in Fig. 5B. Result demonstrated that African, European and individuals formed three population clusters. Moreover, we found that these testing individuals were superimposed onto the correct population clusters in Fig. 5B. Results of Naïve Bayes analysis also revealed all testing samples could be assigned to their corresponding continental regions (Table S4). For example, individual HG02922 was classified into African individuals with more than one billion times than European and individuals. From the above results, these 48 SNP set performed well for ancestry origin predictions of three continental populations (African, European and East Asian). Discrimination efficiencies of 48 SNP loci for three Chinese populations Ancestral allele frequencies of 48 SNP loci in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were given in Supplementary Fig. 2. Distinct frequency differences of most SNPs could be observed among pairwise populations. As an example, ancestral frequencies of rs1857859 locus in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations were 0. 65, 0. 76 and 0. 25, respectively, indicating the locus was good for distinguishing Mongolians from Uygurs and Hans. Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in these three Chinese populations were presented in Fig. 6 and Table S3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that genetic components derived from 48 SNPs can effectively assign individuals to their ancestral origins, thus tracing inheritance patterns among populations. It illustrates how populations are classified into continental origins (African, European, East Asian) based on genetic markers, confirming that these markers are useful for such analyses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Loch Ness Monster is believed to be a surviving plesiosaur from the age of the dinosaurs. [SEP] Text: We moeten ervan uitgaan dat de maatman-aandeelhouder die informatie in zijn keuze om de biedprijs te steunen heeft verwerkt. De maatman-aandeelhouder vindt de biedprijs voor deze vennootschap namelijk nog steeds een billijke prijs, ondanks een afwijkende beurskoers van soortgelijke beursvennootschappen. Uit het voorgaande volgt dat alleen aanwijzingen die zich voordeden vóór de peildatum en die niet bekend waren in de markt een indicatie kunnen zijn dat de waarde van de aandelen niet overeenkomt met de biedprijs. Die aanwijzingen zullen zich slechts in zeer uitzonderlijke situaties voordoen. 71x Duynstee & 2017, p. 177. De Xeikon-casus is hier een voorbeeld van. Voor de overname van Xeikon door XBC – dus voor de peildatum – zijn er enkele onzakelijke transacties verricht waarvan de exacte impact op Xeikon niet bekend was. Hangende de uitkoopprocedure werd de impact op Xeikon via een enquêteprocedure duidelijk. Door de onzakelijke transacties verdampte op papier minstens EUR 30 miljoen van de ondernemingswaarde. Die waarde zat echter nog steeds in de vennootschap, bestaande uit vorderingen die Xeikon had op de oud-bestuurders die aan de onzakelijke transacties hadden meegewerkt. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses financial transactions and shareholder perspectives regarding a corporate takeover, with no mention of the Loch Ness Monster or plesiosaurs. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The study of extremophiles helps us understand potential life on other planets. [SEP] Text: The effects of seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle on an SKS seismic wave are displayed in Figure 1. A new 2. Our current understanding is that these locations do not strongly correlate with any deep Earth structures, indicating that different mechanisms and deformation scenarios can cause it. Figure 2: Locations in which lowermost mantle seismic anisotropy has been found in previous studies (violet), compiled in the database of Wolf et al. [2023]. Gray background colors show large-low velocity zone locations based on work by Lekic et al. [2012]. Credit: Wolf et al. [2024], Figure 2b What are the main causes of seismic anisotropy? Seismic anisotropy in Earth’s mantle can be caused by two potential mechanisms. In the deep Earth, materials may have elastic properties significantly different from the surrounding material. If their shapes are directionally oriented, so-called shape-preferred orientation can be induced, and seismic waves can travel faster in certain directions than in others (e. g. , Kendall & Silver, 1998). Additionally, deformation can lead to the preferential alignment of individual crystals in an aggregate, so-called crystallographic-preferred orientation, which can also be cause of seismic anisotropy (e. g. , Kocks et al. , 2000). We believe that either of these mechanisms can potentially cause seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle, but that crystallographic-preferred orientation may be the dominant mechanism. Why is it hard to infer seismic anisotropy in the lowermost mantle? And what has led to recent progress? The main challenge when studying lowermost mantle anisotropy is that the seismic waves that are commonly used for this also potentially sample upper mantle anisotropy. Therefore, we must infer where exactly the seismic anisotropy is sampled, but the measurements that we are usually making integrate the effects of seismic anisotropy over the whole raypath. This is why techniques have been developed which use seismic phases that have very similar upper mantle raypaths and different lowermost mantle raypaths. In such cases, it is often argued that if the phases show a different anisotropic signature, seismic anisotropy must be present in the lowermost mantle. In other cases, seismic waves are used that have particularly long raypaths through the lowermost mantle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses seismic anisotropy in the Earth's mantle, its causes, and challenges in measurement without mentioning extremophiles or the study of potential life on other planets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Results revealed that 10, 7 and 5 SNP loci displayed relatively high In values (≥0. 1) in Uygur, Han and Mongolian populations, respectively. Additionally, some SNP loci which had low In values in four continental populations showed relatively high In values in one of the three Chinese populations. For example, rs10852189 locus whose In values in four continental populations were less than 0. 05 had In value with being more than 0. 1 in population. Figure 6: Population specific In values of 48 SNPs in Han, Uygur and Mongolian populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-6 Next, we assessed the power of 48 SNPs for ancestry analyses of Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations. Firstly, population structure analysis of three Chinese populations at K = 3 was given in Fig. 7A. Different ancestral component distributions were seen among these populations: Han population showed high blue proportions; Mongolian group displayed high purple proportions; Uygur group exhibited high orange proportions. We also found some individuals showed admixture ancestry proportions, which might result from the recent admixtures of these populations. Nevertheless, individuals from three Chinese populations formed three distinct clusters in the PCA plot (Fig. 7B). Moreover, multinomial logistic regression analyses of three Chinese populations were conducted to further evaluate the efficiencies of 48 SNP loci (Table S5). Results indicated Uygur, Han and Mongolian individuals were correctly classified into their corresponding populations with the probability values of 1. 0000, reflecting these 48 SNP loci could estimate biogeographical origins of these Chinese populations well. Figure 7: Genetic differentiation analyses among Han, Mongolian and Uygur populations in China. (A) Genetic structure analyses among these populations. (B) Principal component analysis of these populations. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 6508/fig-7 origin predictions of different continental populations could be achieved by some SNP assays (Kidd et al. , 2011; Kidd et al. , 2014; Phillips et al. , 2007). However, Soundararajan et al. (2016) stated that ancestral resolution among continental populations might be insufficient for the forensic application. Therefore, several SNP panels which were used to improve the ancestral resolution of regional populations have been developed by some researchers (Bulbul et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how 48 SNP loci were assessed for their ability to classify individuals from specific populations (Han, Uygur, and Mongolian) and to estimate their biogeographical origins. It mentions that 'individuals from three Chinese populations formed three distinct clusters' based on genetic analyses, indicating that genetic markers can indeed trace inheritance patterns and population structures.