Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We complement Equation (11) by the stress boundary condition at the edges of the film at x= ± W(t)∕2 (12) η∂xv-σx=±W(t)2=0. The width of the film obeys (13) ∂tW(t)=vW(t)∕2-v-W(t)∕2. Active stresses from dynein-mediated microtubule interactions We next seek to obtain an expression for the active stress by coarse-graining a microscopic model of interactions between dynein molecular motors and microtubules. Here, we assume that dynein builds up near microtubule minus ends as previously suggested (Elting et al. , 2014; Surrey et al. , 2001), and hence forces are exchanged between microtubules through the microtubules’ minus ends. We introduce the positions of microtubule minus ends xi, such that the film density can be written as (14) ρ(x)=∑iδ(x-xi). The force exerted by the i-th on the j-th filament is Fij, with Fij=-Fji as required by momentum conservation. The active stress σ generated in this context is defined by the force balance equation (15) ∂xσ=∑iδ(x-xi)∑jFij, up to an arbitrary constant of integration. Note that averaging Equation (15) over an appropriate mesoscopic volume yields the well-known Kirkwood formula. To model microtubule-dynein interactions, we propose that Fij=Aij+Rij, where Aij is a dynein-mediated attractive force between minus ends, and Rij is a repulsive force from steric interactions between nearby filaments (Figure 4). Generically, Aij and Rij depend on the relative positions and orientations of microtubules i and j. Since we are concerned with a disordered assembly of microtubules in which all orientations occur with the same likelihood it is sufficient for our purposes to only think of microtubule positions, and orientation effects average out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect metamorphosis. It discusses mathematical modeling of active stress in microtubule interactions without any mention of insects or their life cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A significant decrease of the amplitude during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia was only detected when propofol was administered at ZT10. Indeed, for ZT6 and ZT10, only a tendency of decreased amplitude was observed, which was not significant. Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 45, P = 0. 506) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 73, P = 0. 08). Multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 8. 59, P < 10−4) and treatment (F 1,30= 5. 74, P = 0. 023) but no significative effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 55, P = 0. 09), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 4. 56, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1–D5 (fig. 4A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1 (27%; P = 0. 004) and D2 (8%; P = 0. 013) (fig. 4B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm (fig. 4C). Amplitude of observed a decrease in the amplitude of body temperature circadian rhythm during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after Intralipid administration (fig. 5and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 977, P = 0. 388) or treatment (F 1,30= 4. 173, P = 0. 05). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how propofol anesthesia affects the amplitude of the body's circadian rhythms. It describes a significant decrease in the amplitude of the rest-activity rhythm following propofol anesthesia at specific Zeitgeber times, particularly ZT10, which illustrates how disruptions in circadian rhythms can occur as a result of anesthetic treatment. The relevance is high as it directly connects to the effects on circadian rhythms and suggests possible health implications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wind turbines can generate energy even at low wind speeds. [SEP] Text: 2Where, P–Power in the wind (W), ρ – (kg/m3), A–Rotor swept area (m2) and V–(m/s) A. 4 Wind class of a wind turbineWind class of a wind turbine helps to choose a suitable turbine for a particular site. The design of wind turbine and site conditions should complement each other for the successful operation of the wind turbine at the particular site, throughout its design life. As per the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) standard IEC 61400-1, three wind classes (Class I, II & III) are categorized to represent high, medium, and low wind regimes. The classification is governed by the average annual wind speed (measured at the turbine’s hub height), the speed of extreme gusts that could occur over 50 years, and how much turbulence is there at the wind site. Generally, turbines are designed to cope up with high average wind speeds in the range of 10 m/s. A Class II turbine is designed for windier sites up to 8. 5 m/s average wind speed, whereas a Class III turbine is designed for a low wind site with the annual average wind speed up to 7. 5 m/s. Each of the mentioned further has subclasses to design turbines matching up with the wind turbulence at the site. A. 5 Power curve of wind turbinePower curve of a wind turbine shows the relationship between the output power of the turbine and wind speed, provides a convenient way to model the performance of wind turbines. A typical power curve for a pitch regulated wind turbine is shown below (Figure A1):Figure A1. Power curve of pitch-regulated blades. As shown in the figure, the power output in region-I is zero, as the wind speeds are less than the threshold minimum, known as the cut-in speed. In region-II, between the cut-in and the rated speed, the power production increases proportionally to the wind speed. In the region-III, a constant output (rated) is produced until the cut-off speed is attained through regulating the system. Beyond this speed (region IV) the turbine is shut down to protect its components from high winds; hence, it produces zero power in this region. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the power curve of wind turbines and specifying that power output in region-I is zero below the cut-in speed, meaning that wind turbines do not generate energy at low wind speeds. It further states that turbines are designed to cope with high average wind speeds, which implies limitations in energy generation during low wind conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The average attractive force Aij that motors bound to the minus end of filament i exert on filament j can be expressed locally as the product (16) Aij=(Pij+Pji)aij, where Pij is the probability that a motor connects the minus end of filament i to filament j and aij is the force which the motor exerts if a connection is made. Since each dynein can link at most two filaments, (17) Pij=m1-Θ(xi- xj - Γ)∑k≠i(1-Θ(xi- xk - Γ)), where m is the fraction of filaments that carry an active motor at their minus end and Γ is a typical interaction distance. Here, Θ(x) denotes the Heaviside function which is equal to one for positive x and zero otherwise. If aij is an odd function of the separation vector xi-xj, it can be expressed by the series aij=∑n≥1An(xi-xj)2n-1. (14), the force density field generated by motor contractions becomes to lowest order in Γ, (18) ∑ iδ (x-xi) ∑ jAij=mA12Γ23∂xρ + O(Γ4), which corresponds to an active stress contribution (2∕3)mA1Γ2ρ. We next discuss the average steric force that filament i exerts on filament j. Given the force rij of a collision event we find (19) Rij=m(1-Θ( xi - xj -Γ))rij. Equation (19) is linear in the motor density m, since only filaments that are being actively moved will sterically displace their neighbors. Note that here we chose the typical interaction distance Γ to be the same in Equation (19) and Equation (16) for simplicity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing metamorphosis as it focuses on motors, filament interactions, and mathematical equations related to physics, without any reference to insects or biological processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 40), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 30. 16, P < 10−4). For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm during the days after the anesthesia (fig. 6A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm on D1 (19%; P = 0. 048) (fig. 6B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on rest–activity rhythm MESOR during the days after anesthesia (all P > 0. 05) (fig. 6C). MESOR of did not observe any modification of the MESOR of body temperature rhythm after the administration of propofol anesthesia (figs. 7A–Cand table 1), except on the day of injection (D0, table 1). Excluding the day of anesthesia (D0), multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the MESOR of body activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 5,150= 10. 736, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 3. 60, P = 0. 067) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 625, P = 0. 089). Table 2illustrates and recapitulates all the significant changes induced by propofol administration on the three cosinor parameters during the postanesthesia days described in the Results section. It recaps the days during which the cosinor parameters were significantly disturbed by propofol anesthesia. Table 2. Days during by View largecurrent study shows that general propofol anesthesia decreases the amplitude and induces a 1-h phase advance of both rest–activity and body temperature circadian rhythms during the 48 h after general anesthesia. These results demonstrate the disturbing effects of general propofol anesthesia on circadian rhythms in rats under usual alternation of light and darkness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how general propofol anesthesia disrupts circadian rhythms, indicating that it decreases amplitude and induces a phase advance of both rest–activity and body temperature circadian rhythms. This disruption of circadian rhythms supports the assertion that such disturbances can lead to health issues, as implied in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Some methods for reducing of steam deficit at geothermal power plants exploitation: experience of Kamchatka (Russia) access Published: 15 December 2015 Some methods for reducing of steam deficit at geothermal power plants exploitation: experience of Kamchatka (Russia) A. N. Shulyupin1 & I. I. Chernev2 14. 5 MWe), Verkhne-Mutnovskoe (1999, 12 MWe) and Mutnovskoe-1 (2003, 50 MWe). The first plant is located at the Pauzhetskoe field. The other two are located at the Mutnovskoe field. plant provides stand-alone energy sector and operates at variable power. Mutnovskoe’s plants supply central energy sector (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and other nearby towns). They operate in conjunction with other types of power plants, producing up to 25 % of the energy for that sector. In order to select the most effective methods to reduce steam deficit, it is important to detect the origins of its occurrence. Deficit can be caused by: depletion of geothermal reservoir resources; reduction in performance of the equipment, including wells; and increase in consumer activity. Russia’s practice in the development of geothermal fields avoided miscalculations in geothermal reservoirs resources. Therefore, the above-mentioned first origin—the depletion of geothermal resources—fortunately, is not relevant. However, all operating plants of Kamchatka have faced the problem of steam deficit. A decrease in performance of wells is presented on the Mutnovskoe field. This decrease is associated mainly with scaling in filtration channels that feed underground reservoirs and wells trunks (scaling in the trunks of wells established experimentally). plant has a surplus of installed capacity. For many years, there were significant reserves in productive wells, the last of which was drilled in the 1970s. Currently, the reserve is exhausted. area, there was an increased demand for electricity due to the resurgence of the fishing industry and the use of modern, energy-intensive fish processing technologies. The increase in electricity demand induces steam deficit when a surplus of installed capacity and lack of productive wells are present. The use of unconditioned wellsStimulation of flow to the welland Pauzhetskoe fields have geothermal reservoirs with fluids mainly in a liquid state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the operational challenges and specific geographic requirements of geothermal plants in Kamchatka, Russia. It emphasizes factors such as steam deficit caused by depletion of resources and the performance of wells, indicating that geothermal plants may not be functional or efficient in any location without adequate infrastructure and local geological conditions. Specifically, the text notes that ‘all operating plants of Kamchatka have faced the problem of steam deficit’ and that there are notable challenges presented by the ‘decrease in performance of the equipment, including wells,’ suggesting that additional infrastructure is indeed necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: If rij=∑n≥1Rn(xi-xj)2n-1 is an odd function of the displacement between the microtubule ends i and j the force density field generated by steric interactions is (20) ∑ iδ (x-xi) ∑ jRij=mR12Γ33ρ∂xρ + O(Γ5), which corresponds to an active stress contribution mR1Γ3ρ2∕3. The total active stress is thus given by, (21) σ=sρ(ρ-ρ0), with s=-mR1Γ3∕3 and ρ0=-2A1∕(R1Γ). Together with Equations (7,11,21) are the equations of motions of our system. Scaling analysis of the equations of motion We asked how the characteristic time of contractions scales as a function of the width W0 of the confining chamber, according to our theory. For this, we rewrite the equations of motion, Equations (7,11), in dimensionless form (22) δ2∂x^2v^-v^=∂x^(p^(p^-1)) (23) ∂t^ρ^=-∂x^ρ^v^ where x^=x∕W0, v^=vT∕W0, δ=l∕W0, l=η∕γ and ρ^=ρ∕ρ0 and T=γW02∕(sρ02). The boundary condition then becomes (24) ∂x^v^-1δ2(p^(p^-1))x^=±w^(t)2=0 with w^(t)=W(t)∕W0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and modeling related to microtubule interactions and active stress contributions without mentioning insects or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Our data show that propofol induces a significant shift of the acrophase of both rest–activity and core body temperature (60–80 min) on the day after anesthesia (D1) when compared with reference days (figs. 2 and 3). The 1-h phase advance of rest–activity and body temperature rhythm represents approximately half of the maximal resetting effect of a light pulse in rodents in constant darkness. 13Moreover, rats were only anesthetized during 30 min, and therefore, the observed phase advance of the two rhythms is twice greater than the duration of propofol anesthesia. Rest–activity and body temperature rhythms are often used as circadian phase markers in mammals because of their coupling with the endogenous circadian profile. However, the core body temperature rhythm is less influenced by external factors and the sleep-wake cycle than rest–activity rhythm and thus seems to be a more robust parameter to reflect the endogenous circadian profile. 14In the current study, we showed that both rest–activity and core body temperature circadian markers were disturbed by general anesthesia, which is indicative of a significant dysregulation of endogenous circadian organization. Few studies have focused on the effects of general anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms. In humans (healthy volunteers), it has been shown that isoflurane (subanesthetic dose) does not disturb circadian parameters of the MESOR and acrophase of body temperature rhythm, but decreases the amplitude on the day of anesthesia. 15In rats, it has been shown that ketamine anesthesia disturbs the circadian parameters (MESOR, amplitude, acrophase) of body temperature and general locomotor activity rhythms on the day of anesthesia16but returns to basal values on the day after anesthesia (except for locomotor activity MESOR, which is still disturbed 3 days after anesthesia). One previous study has also shown that propofol induces a 1-h phase advance of rest–activity rhythm when free-running rats are anesthetized during the rest period. 6We would have thought that this 1-h phase advance obtained in constant darkness would not be repeated in conditions of light–dark alternation. Indeed, light could diminish the impact of propofol on the circadian time structure by creating a masking effect. Light is the most powerful synchronizer, and exposure to light is currently used to faster resynchronize disturbed circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining how general anesthesia induces a significant disturbance in circadian rhythms, specifically mentioning the effects on rest-activity and core body temperature rhythms. It states that the observed dysregulation of these rhythms is indicative of a disturbance in the endogenous circadian organization, which aligns with the assertion that disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Water levels in wells located below the surface of the earth are static. A feature of Russia’s approach in determining a reservoir’s resource is the physical delivery of necessary steam flow rate to the surface. The decision to build the plant is made only after sufficient evidence exists that the derived steam flow rate does not fall below the required level during operation. A large number of wells are drilled during the process of field exploration. Experience shows that not all drilled wells have required exploitation characteristics. Sometimes, the wells are not able to function. Some wells spontaneously stall during exploitation. In some cases, there is a pulse operating regime. The attempts to use previously unproductive wells by stimulation of flow to the well bottom have been made when engineers were faced with a steam deficit at Mutnovskoe field. One of the effective methods of stimulation is the multiple displacement of water column from the well into reservoir. A compressor pumps air to the well. Air displaces water from the well in the reservoir. Then the wellhead is sealed; displaced water in the reservoir is heated. Then the wellhead quickly opens with special valve and the boiling water rises through the well. The boiling decreases the density of fluid in the well. The decrease in density induces a lifting mechanism. This mechanism is called “steam-lift”. Abrupt changes of temperature and pressure increase the permeability of the feed zone. Flow to the bottom of the well is stimulated. Note that the most productive well at Russia’s geothermal fields (Well 042 of Mutnovskoe field) previously had been considered unproductive and was re-introduced into operation via the above described technology. The presented method is simple in practice. It can be recommended as a first attempt of well stimulation. Then, other methods (Pasikki et al. 2010) may be considered. Stabilization of the operating regime via throttle on the wellheadThe instability in a well’s operation can be caused by transients in underground geothermal reservoirs, including the bottom zone, and in the system of transportation and consumption of steam. Also, instability can be caused by transients in the well itself. The major cause of instability that most often prevents normal operation is considered to be a mismatch between the potential feed zones and a disproportionately large diameter of the well (Frolov et al. 1964). In this case, there has been a lack of throughput capacity of well with its feed zones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities involved in geothermal energy extraction, such as the need for numerous wells to be drilled, the variable nature of well productivity, and extensive testing to ensure sufficient steam flow rates. It mentions that some wells may stall or be initially unproductive, and requires significant infrastructure and techniques, such as well stimulation, to successfully harness geothermal energy. This indicates that geothermal energy cannot be easily accessed from 'any location' without substantial infrastructure and assessment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: To further simplify our analysis, we move to the 'Lagrangian' frame defined by χ=x^∕(2w^(t)), where the equations of motion become (25) δ2∂χ2v^-w^(t)24v^=w^(t)2∂χ(p^(p^-1)) (26) ∂t^ρ^=-2w^(t)∂χρ^v^-X∂t^w^(t)2ρ^-ρ^∂t^w^(t)w^(t) with the boundary conditions (27) ∂χv^-w^(t)2δ2(p^(p^-1))χ=±1=0 This system of equations has steady-states for ρ^=1, w^(t)=w, v^=0, where w is the final width of the film. We next linearize around this steady state, i. e. , choose ρ^=1+ερ̄, w^(t)=w+εw¯, v^=εv̄, where ε is a small quantity. To linear order the equations of motion then become (28) δ2∂χ2v̄-w24v̄=w2∂χρ̄ (29) ∂t^ρ̄=-2w∂χv̄ and (30) ∂χv̄=w2δ2ρ̄atχ ± 1. (28,29), we find (31) δ2∂χ2-w24∂t^ρ̄=-∂χ2ρ̄ and the boundary condition (32) ∂t^ρ̄=-1δ2ρ̄atχ ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses equations of motion and boundary conditions in a Lagrangian framework without any mention of insects, metamorphosis, or larval stages. Therefore, there is no connection to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: 17–19The presence of light during our experiment could have induced a masking effect that could decrease propofol effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, a measured circadian rhythm is a mixture of an endogenous component (that reflects the body clock and can be estimated in constant darkness conditions) and a nonendogenous component (e. g. , light, social synchronizers). 14The nonendogenous component can thus mask the endogenous effects of an external factor such as propofol on the circadian time structure. We have shown that the effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure, which could have been decreased by exposure to light, persist for at least 2 days. Therefore, the fact that, even in the presence of light, our two circadian rhythms studied are still phase shifted demonstrates the important effect of propofol on the circadian structure. We therefore consider that a 1-h phase advance of the circadian time structure in normal light–dark conditions induced by a single dose of propofol is important. According to the literature, hypothermia can induce disturbing effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, changes in temperature can phase shift circadian neuronal activity rhythms of suprachiasmatic nuclei maintained in vitro. 20,21General anesthesia can be associated with transient hypothermia, but we did not observe significant difference in the MESOR of body temperature when comparing Intralipid and anesthetic injections during the 5 days after drug administration (fig. 7). Indeed, we observed that intraperitoneal injections of propofol or Intralipid were both associated with a transient decrease in the MESOR of core body temperature on the day of injection, which then returns to baseline values the day after injection (D1). Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the shifts in circadian rhythms of rest–activity and body temperature in rats injected with propofol or Intralipid on day 1. Therefore, the observed changes in body core temperature during the days after general anesthesia could not be biased by anesthesia-induced possible hypothermia. At first glance, general propofol anesthesia seems to affect the body temperature circadian rhythm more than the rest–activity circadian rhythm. Indeed, the magnitude of phase shift and the decrease in amplitude seem more pronounced with regard to body temperature than to rest–activity. Changes in phase shift and amplitude were also more prolonged for body temperature than for rest–activity rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how general propofol anesthesia affects circadian rhythms, specifically indicating that it can cause phase shifts and alterations in amplitude of these rhythms. Furthermore, it highlights that hypothermia and changes in temperature can disrupt circadian neuronal activity, which supports the idea that disruptions of circadian rhythms can indeed lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: For example, the relative constancy of pressure in Mutnovskoe field is provided in the plant’s group separators; the steam–water mixture goes through the elements of the wellhead equipment and pipeline, sometimes more than 2 km long. When wells are being tested, the atmosphere is usually the environment with constant pressure. The measuring equipment is between the wellhead and the atmosphere. A change in wellhead pressure is executed via throttling on the wellhead valve. An analysis of stability of the system should be carried out taking into account additional resistance between the wellhead and the environment with constant pressure. Consider the well characteristic taking into account the existence of additional equipment installed between the wellhead and the environment with constant pressure, with well parameters: inside diameter of 0. 2 m, depth of 800 m and mixture enthalpy of 800 kJ/kg. Additional equipment is characterized with total coefficient of local resistance. The outlet pressure would be 1 bar. simulator is used for the calculation of additional resistance pressure drop. The simulator is intended for hydraulic calculations of steam–water mixture transfer (Shulyupin 2007, 2013). The WELL-4 simulator is used for the calculation of the pressure drop from the bottom to the wellhead (Shulyupin and Chermoshentseva 2013). Obtained characteristics are presented in Fig. 2, when total coefficient of local resistance is 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 100 (increase of coefficient can be interpreted as decrease in throat of operating wellhead valve). Point 0 derivative is marked with a cross. Fig. 2Characteristics of well with additional resistance coefficients of 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 100. 1 is characteristic of feed zonesFull size image In case of feed zones characteristic 1, an increase of additional resistance stabilizes a well’s operation if additional resistance coefficient is 20 and above. The well has the unstable mode when the additional resistance coefficients 0 and 5 were unsustainable. Therefore, an increase in the additional resistance, hence the wellhead pressure, is the factor stabilizing well’s operating regime. It is noted, that it is not a simple increase in wellhead pressure. This is an increase of wellhead pressure via additional resistance. For example, the working point (situated at the point of intersection of characteristics) corresponds to stable flow for coefficient resistance 20 in Fig. 2. Wellhead pressure is 1. 54 bars according to calculations at the point. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the specific infrastructure required for the operation of geothermal plants, such as the need for wellhead equipment, pipelines, and careful measurement of pressure and resistance. It highlights that achieving stability in operation depends on factors like additional resistance and pressure drops, which indicates that substantial infrastructure and specific conditions are essential for the functioning of geothermal energy systems, contradicting the idea that they can operate 'with minimal infrastructure'.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We solve this equation by making the Ansatz ρ¯(t)=∑k=1∞ρk(t)cos(2k-1)π2χ+ρ0e-t∕δ2, and find (33) Akp˙k+Bkρk=Cke-t∕δ2, with Ak=δ2π2(2k-1)2+w2∕4, Bk=π2(2k-1)2∕4 and Ck=-ρ0w2(-1)k∕δ2π(2k-1). Thus, (34) ρk=CkBk∕Ak-1∕δ2e-t∕δ2-Kke-(Bk∕Ak)t, where Kk is an integration constant determined from the initial condition. In the following we shall consider the case ρk(t=0)=0, i. e. we start with a uniformly stretched film, for which Kk=CkBk∕Ak-1∕δ2. To determine the timescale of the width contractions we need to remember the conservation of mass (35) M= ∫ -11dχw+w̄2ρ+ρ̄ which yields (36) w̄=w∫ -11dχρ̄. We determine the timescale τ of contractions from T∕τ=-w¯˙∕w¯ and find (37) τ(t)=∑k=1∞Kke-t∕δ2-e-(Bk∕Ak)t4(-1)k+1π(2k-1)+2ρ0e-t∕δ2 ∑k=1∞Kke-t∕δ2∕δ2-e-(Bk∕Ak)t(Bk∕Ak)4(-1)k+1π(2k-1)+2ρ0δ2e-t∕δ2. Thus, the dynamics is governed by multiple relaxation processes with varying timescales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects and metamorphosis. It discusses mathematical equations and concepts related to dynamics and relaxation processes, which do not pertain to biological processes or insect development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Rats were submitted to light synchronization during the days after anesthesia, as well as during the reference period; therefore, it might be that light is more efficient in resynchronizing the rest–activity rhythm than the body temperature rhythm, which is less susceptible to external photic synchronizers than the rest–activity rhythm. Differences in the reentrainment of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms have already been observed. 22These differences seem to be linked to differential projections from the neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to paraventricular zona, with the dorsal paraventricular zona being involved in the control of body temperature and the ventral paraventricular zona being involved in the control of rest–activity rhythm. 23 Alterations of the acrophases, MESORs, and amplitudes of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms were different on the days after anesthesia according to the Zeitgeber time of injection. Indeed, as shown in the table 2, when propofol is administered at ZT6 and ZT10, circadian parameters of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms (acrophase, amplitude, and MESOR) are more disturbed than after propofol administration at ZT16. These results could be explained by the chronopharmacology of propofol, because the duration of propofol anesthesia exhibits a significant circadian rhythm. Indeed, chronopharmacologic studies in animals showed that the longest duration of general anesthetics (ketamine, halothane, pentobarbital, propofol) and their maximum hypnotic effect occur during the rest period. 6,24–26Chronopharmacology of general anesthetics could be linked to circadian variations in the postsynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid receptor, whose peak activity and maximal receptor-binding affinity occur during the rest period. 27,28Propofol, like the majority of general anesthetics, acts on γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors,29and therefore, circadian variations in the activity of the γ-aminobutyric acid receptor could explain the circadian variability observed in the duration of propofol anesthesia. Our results show also that the maximal impact of propofol anesthesia on circadian rest–activity and body temperature rhythms occurs during the rest period. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how alterations in rest-activity and body temperature rhythms, particularly in the context of propofol anesthesia, can disturb circadian rhythms. It states, 'circadian parameters of rest–activity and body temperature rhythms (acrophase, amplitude, and MESOR) are more disturbed' when anesthesia is timed to coincide with specific circadian phases. This disruption suggests a potential link to health issues, supporting the claim that disruption of circadian rhythms can have adverse effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: First, the combined scheme was designed similar to the steam gathering scheme in the Ohaaki field (Wigly 1989); where the mixture comes from wells to the separator plant, and afterwards the plant’s steam and water are transported separately. Then, the concept of modular development of the field was adopted: the individual power plants were to be installed on individual groups of wells. Transport of steam–water mixture is not planned for distances over 500 m. Complexities of joint transportation were not relevant for this decision. The final project of Mutnovskoe plants consisted of long pipelines of steam–water mixture, but the complexity of this scheme by analogy with previous design had not been considered. Built during the construction of the plants, the steam–water pipelines were designed without the proper hydraulic calculation. Operation has shown that, in some cases, the mistakes were made in the selection of diameter for the pipelines. A small diameter led to essential pressure loss (more 2 bar/km). The inflated diameter led to stratification of the flow; liquid plugs were formed in rising sections and pulsations were created. Pipelines contained elements with great resistance, such as U-shaped compensators of thermal expansions. Hydraulic calculation of steam–water mixture pipelines in Kamchatka came to be used only after 2003 for construction of new pipelines and reconstruction of old ones. Consideration of all solutions for optimization of steam gathering scheme in Kamchatka’s geothermal plants is believed not to be reasonable. However, similar challenges are solved with success in many other fields (Zhao et al. 2000; Umanzor et al. 2015). For example, a comparison of three options is presented for the concrete case of steam and water transportation: two-phase flow and two different configurations of two line—the first with one steam flow line, the other with water flow; the second with one steam flow line and the other with water flow when water pipeline is inside of steam pipeline (Ghaderi 2010). Only the method of partial separation may be worth mentioning (Shulyupin 2007). Separation on the wellhead reduces pressure drop in the pipeline’s steam transportation, lowers the wellhead pressure and increases the flow rate of the well. Values of wellhead pressure and flow rate changes depend on the interconnection between flow rate and the wellhead pressure of the real well, enthalpy of mixture, transportation distance and so on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in the transportation of steam and water in geothermal plants, highlighting that these plants cannot efficiently operate without significant infrastructure. It explains challenges related to pipeline design and construction, such as the necessity for proper hydraulic calculations and the issues caused by the selection of pipeline diameters. This indicates that geothermal energy projects require considerable planning and infrastructure to manage the geothermal resources effectively, thereby contradicting the claim that they can be harnessed from any location with minimal infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In particular (38) 1Tlimt→0τ(t)=δ2(w∕2)2+1 and (39) 1Tlimt→∞τ(t)=δ2+w2π2 In the experimental parameter regime, the timescale we measure is presumably intermediate, (40) τ=αηsρ02+βγsρ02W02, where α and β are dimensionless quantities which we determine numerically. To obtain α and β for a given set of input parameters, we numerically solve Equations (7,11,13) and extract the timescale τ(W0) for several initial widths. We then fit the results to the functional form of Equation (40). In the experimental regime, using the parameters for which the theoretical contraction profiles best agree with the numerical one (see Figure 5B), we estimate α≃2. 2 ± 0. 05 and β≃0. 085 ± 0. 006. The error estimates were obtained by sampling α and β over a range of input parameters between half and twice the best fit values, and evaluating a standard error on the computed values. Numerical treatment To solve Equations (7,11,13) numerically, we discretize the system by representing ρ on an equispaced grid between x=-W(t)∕2 and x=W(t)∕2, where W(t) is the instantaneous width of the contracting film. The instantaneous film velocity is determined from Equation (11) using a second order finite difference scheme. The boundary conditions σ=0 at x= ± W(t)∕2, are implemented using an asymmetric second order finite difference stencil, see (Tornberg and Shelley, 2004). We determine the time derivative of density using Equation (26) with the boundary condition specified in Equation 27, which account for the grid contracting with the width of the film. We time-evolve Equations (26,13) using a adaptive second order time stepping provided by project (Jones and Oliphant, 2001). 597. 3136. 10. 1039/C5SM02506K 8500. 1383. 1656. 256. 471. 708. 8101. 489. 296. 240. 2314. 425. 480. 410. 422. 683. 1781. 9869. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mathematical equations and numerical modeling without mentioning anything related to insects or metamorphosis. It does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or is even related to the process of metamorphosis in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: In our study, an alternative explanation for the observed differences between ZT6, ZT10, and ZT16 groups is the powerful effect of light. Indeed, for the ZT16 time of injection, rats were injected 4 h after the beginning of their activity period and thus were exposed to light 8 h after injection. This fast reexposure to light, which was not observed for the two other injection times, could thus interfere with the effects of propofol anesthesia and therefore minimize the observed effects of propofol in animals. From our results, we cannot demonstrate the cellular mechanisms by which general anesthesia has affected the circadian temporal structure. This is currently under examination. However, our study demonstrates for the first time that propofol administered at an anesthetic dose impacts the circadian rhythms of rest–activity and body temperature in rats submitted to light–dark alternation. The persistence of disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure under naturalistic light conditions in rats may be of particular interest to understand general anesthesia effects on the circadian time structure in humans. Indeed, in humans, general anesthesia can induce several clinical symptoms on the postanesthesia days (e. g. , fatigue, sleep disorders, drowsiness). 30Studying propofol anesthesia effects on the circadian time structure in humans is of particular clinical relevance because propofol is one of the most used anesthetics in humans, particularly in ambulatory surgery. Therefore, even if the effects of propofol observed in rats persist for only a few days after anesthesia, it is of particular importance in ambulatory procedures, where patients return home on the day of anesthesia and go back to work and social activities on the day after anesthesia. Indeed, it was previously shown that in ambulatory practice of anesthesia for medical procedures, more than 30% of patients reported fatigue, drowsiness, decrease in vigilance, and mood alterations. 31Regarding our results, it is thus possible that disturbing effects on circadian rhythms induced by propofol could be, at least in part, responsible for fatigue symptoms and the decrease in vigilance observed during the postanesthesia days. The authors thank Mounir Chennaoui, Ph. D. , and Danièle Gomez, Ph. D. (Researchers, Institut de Médecine Aérospatiale du Service de Santé des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France), for their technical assistance. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that propofol anesthesia disrupts circadian rhythms in rats, which may lead to clinical symptoms such as fatigue and decreased vigilance post-anesthesia. It specifically states, "disturbing effects on circadian rhythms induced by propofol could be, at least in part, responsible for fatigue symptoms and the decrease in vigilance observed during the postanesthesia days," thereby linking the disruption of circadian rhythms to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Most of the countries with GT resources should promote themselves to explore it with the technical advancement and social acceptance because it has various advantages like round-the-clock availability, independent of time and climatic conditions. This means that to generate electricity at a constant level, geothermal energy can be supplied as base load in contrast to hydro or wind power. Geothermal energy’s potential is ubiquitous, environmentally friendly, and only marginally developed (Association). In general, global warming or climate change is not expected to have any substantial impacts on success rate of geothermal energy utilization. However, the wise implementation and inclusion of geothermal energy in our energy demand mix could play a meaningful role in mitigating climate change. Best suitable site for commercial production of geothermal energy are high-temperature (>180°C) hydrothermal systems associated with recent volcanic activity and located near active plate tectonic boundaries (i. e. , convergence zones, subduction zones, transform faulting), or at crustal and mantle hot spot anomalies. On the other hand, regions with high radioactive isotope decay, which increases terrestrial heat flow or where aquifers are charged by water heated through circulation along deeply penetrating fault zones, cannot be neglected as potential sites to harness geothermal energy if managed efficiently. States has the world’s largest geothermal energy potential (39,325 MW) followed by Indonesia (27,791 MW), and the Philippines has about 6,000 MW, while the target country, Japan, has a potential of 22,540 MW (METI, 2010). However, geothermal energy generation requires a very high initial cost and involves a high development risk, which hinders its growth. There is a visible gap between the countries that have policies supporting deregulated energy markets and the ones that do not. Japan’s energy policy has its shortcomings when it comes to enumerating specific mechanisms to support increased participation from the private sector and other stakeholders to promote inclusive growth and fuel greater investments in geothermal energy development. Also, use of geothermal energy for applications in agriculture, tourism, etc. , and the policy aspects for the same need to be included. These low and medium enthalpy applications will take place at the community level and need specific inputs regarding the involvement of small households and other stakeholders in the process of development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the best suitable sites for commercial geothermal energy production are specifically high-temperature hydrothermal systems related to recent volcanic activity and located near active plate tectonic boundaries, which suggests a requirement for particular geographic and geological conditions. Furthermore, it highlights that regions with certain characteristics, such as high radioactive isotope decay, are potential sites but emphasizes the need for efficient management and significant infrastructure investment, contradicting the claim's assertion of minimal infrastructure needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on July 6th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jul 6, 2016 · authors have done an excellent job of dealing with the thoughtful comments of the two reviewers. In particular, the reasons for the choice of statistical analyses are clearly detailed in the rebuttal letter, and it is important that this letter becomes part of the available files for this publication. 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 6, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jun 2, 2016 · I now have two thoughtful reviews of your ms. , both of which recommend revision before publication. Reviewer 1 has relatively minor comments that should be considered, including the use of the term "settlement" vs. "metamorphosis" and some methodological issues. Reviewer 2 has more critical issues with the methods and the validity of the results. Please address each point of each reviewer in your rebuttal letter and revise your ms. accordingly. Reviewer 1 · May 11, 2016 Basic reporting No Comments, paper seems fine and appropriate. Experimental design Manuscript meets the stated standards. Rationale is clear, methodology seems generally complete and reasonable. Just one question here: Why was the KCl solution prepared using distilled water? When that concentrated solution is added to seawater, the total salt concentration will decrease (by about 10%, with 2 ml of concentrated KCl solution added to 20 ml of seawater). Also, note that normal seawater already has KCl in solution, so that total concentration is more than just from the KCl that is added. Authors should address this issue, and show that it is not a problem, and also indicate what the final KCl concentration actually was, or at least what the final salinity was. Validity of the findings Validity seems fine. Additional comments Nice idea to standardize approach for determining factors inducing metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to the review process and methodological concerns regarding a different study on marine gastropods. There is no mention or discussion of insects or the process of complete metamorphosis within the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: : Disturbances in melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature rhythms after major surgery. Surg 2007; 31:290–82. : The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on the circadian rhythm of melatonin. Scand 2002; 46:30–63. : Melatonin and anesthesia: A clinical perspective. J 2007; 42:12–214. Allada R: An emerging link between general anesthesia and sleep. 2008; 105:2257–85. : An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia. 2008; 105:1309–146. : Reciprocal relationships between general (propofol) anesthesia and circadian time in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:728–357. Kalsbeek A, Perreau-Lenz S, Buijs RM: A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. 2006; 23:521–358. : Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals. 1995; 16:191–2239. : Determination of physiological rhythms of unrestrained animals by radio telemetry. Nature 1961; 190:90–110. : Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research. 2008; 25:999–101611. : Effect of propofol on affective state as assessed by place conditioning paradigm in rats. Anesthesiology 1996; 85:121–812. : Effect of midazolam on propofol-induced positive affective state assessed by place conditioning in rats. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:935–4313. : Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 1984; 308:186–814. : The circadian rhythm of core temperature: Origin and some implications for exercise performance. 2005; 22:207–2515. : Isoflurane anesthesia and circadian temperature cycles in humans. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:985–916. : Daily rhythms of heart rate, temperature and locomotor activity are modified by anaesthetics in rats: A telemetric study. 1997; 355:774–817. : Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. 1997; 41:955–6318. : Bright light therapy: Improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to various studies indicating disruptions in circadian rhythms due to factors like anesthesia and surgery. For example, it mentions 'disturbances in melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature rhythms after major surgery,' which supports the claim that such disruptions can lead to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Still, the limitation here is no visibility about the hidden cost of geothermal energy generation (cradle-to-grave concept), so it should not be limited to estimates of the levelled cost of energy, but also take into account the likely financial costs. For instance, one should consider cost for risk of non recovery, grid and storage technology, and political barriers. One of the most fundamental obstacles to reaching the government target is the fact that most geothermal resources are located in remote areas, which means additional financing is required to connect electricity production to the main grid [14]. Another source of uncertainty, which translates to risk, is the confusion when it comes to division of power between central and local governments. With decentralization, regional governments are important because they become the official owners of the steam resource, whereas the central government plays an equally pivotal role providing expertise and underwriting the power purchase agreements [15]. While fine in theory, decentralization seems to have only raised transaction costs. Apart from institutional challenges, i. e. , bureaucratic delay and no proper coordination between different ministries only leads to delay in executing all projects on time and thus further financial burden. Low purchase price of electricity by the state-owned power companies further deters the progress of geothermal power generation in Indonesia (Asia biomass office). The other institutional challenge is the involvement of ministry of finance and forestry. Ministry of finance is engaged in driving financial incentives crucial to attracting investors into the sector. Furthermore, the ministry, through its sovereign wealth investment agency, plays an important role in creating publicly funded initiatives designed to mobilize private capital, such as the Fund [16]. On the other hand, of Forestry also plays a crucial role in geothermal energy development as most identified reservoirs lie beneath protected forest areas. With some explicit policy support for accelerating geothermal energy development, it is imperative that measures are taken so that lands acquired for geothermal energy use are not high conservation value forests or sensitive ecosystems, and that the impacts and risks on forests are mitigated. To increase the geothermal energy production there is need to develop a cooperative and cross-sectoral approach to minimize the conflicts and make a progressive move toward the development of geothermal energy resources. Another major concern about development of geothermal energy production system is the mind-set of local authority. Activities related to geothermal energy production is considered as mining activities, resulting in prohibition of use of protected/conserved areas like forest area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant limitations and challenges associated with geothermal energy generation. It emphasizes that many geothermal resources are located in remote areas, necessitating additional financing and infrastructure to connect to the main grid. The text also details various bureaucratic and institutional hurdles that can hinder geothermal energy production, suggesting that a minimal approach to infrastructure is insufficient for practical implementation in many locations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: You might want to reconsider use of the term "settlement". As used here, it means settlement followed by metamorphosis. But generally it just means settling out of the plankton, something that will happen if you just add formalin! So it could be confusing to casual readers. What you are really interested in is what triggers metamorphosis, so why not just talk about that? Line 124: Use all caps: T-ISO Line 129: Reword. "It is not possible. . . with a culture in which all larvae are competent to metamorphosis, because. . . " Line 139: I think that most authors use ACSW for adult-conditioned seawater. Line 281: indicate species Table 3: After "Block Effect" I would add "(Age of larvae)" Fig 1. It can't hurt to define. Actually, why use these acronyms at all here in the caption, since the axes are labelled with the actual words? Fig 3. The author does not really mean "Settement rates of different factors"! The factors are not settling! Also, indicate the acronyms in the text of the caption. Or label the symbols with real words rather than acronyms (plenty of room on the figure to do this). Fig. 4. Indicate units for "settlement rate"; what are Y-axis units? Cite this review as (2016) #1 of "Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jun 2, 2016 Basic reporting No comments Experimental design The authors pursue the laudable goal of designing a standardized bioassay for measuring effects of natural and artificial cues on settlement and metamorphosis of the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata. Many important details of culture methods and of the preparation of cues are described, more thoroughly than in most publications in this field. However, other important information is omitted. For example, it is stated (line127) that larvae were at least 750 um when used in experiments, but no other size information is given other than this minimum bound. Just as importantly, no age information is given at all. Given that these are field-collected, brooded larvae, one cannot know the fertilization date. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It primarily focuses on comments regarding the terminology and methodology related to larvae and metamorphosis in marine gastropods, specifically the gastropod Crepidula fornicata. While it discusses settlement and metamorphosis, it does not confirm or deny the claim regarding insects nor does it provide specific information related to the metamorphosis of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Characterization of locomotor activity circadian rhythms in athymic nude miceDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 23. 86 ± 0. 03 and 23. 88 ± 0. 05 hours, respectively. Both strains showed similar phase delays in response to 10 or 120 minutes light pulses applied in the early subjective night and did not differ in the number of c-Fos-expressing cells in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, after a light pulse at circadian time (CT) 15. Similarly, the two groups showed no significant difference in the time needed for resynchronization after 6-hour delays or advances in the light–dark schedule. The proportion of diurnal activity, phase-angle with the zeitgeber, subjective night duration and other activity patterns were similar between the groups. Conclusions: Since athymic Foxn1(Δ/Δ) mice presented no differences with the WT controls in the response of the circadian system to the experimental manipulations performed in this work, we conclude that they represent a good model in studies that combine xenograft implants with either alteration of the circadian schedules or chronopharmacological approaches to therapeutics. Year: 2013Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-11-2Submitted on Dec 6, 2012Accepted on Jan 12, 2013Published on Feb 1, 20134. 0 environmental changes have imposed a selective pressure for life on Earth, driving the development of a circadian clock mechanism for the generation and entrainment of rhythms in physiological and behavioural variables (e. g. body temperature, hormonal secretion, sleep, locomotor activity, etc. ). In mammals, the master clock resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and the principal signal that adjusts its activity is the light–dark cycle [1,2]. A vast amount of 22. The onset of activity at CT12 was used as a phase reference point to calculate phase shifts. Abrupt 6-h advances in the LD schedule were achieved by advancing the time of lights-on and shortening of the dark phase. Conversely, abrupt 6-h delays in the LD schedule were achieved by delaying the time of lights-on, and lengthening the dark phase. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the characterization of locomotor activity circadian rhythms and notes the implications of alterations in circadian schedules for health, stating that environmental changes impose a selective pressure for the development of circadian mechanisms that regulate physiological and behavioral variables such as body temperature and sleep. This suggests that disruptions in these rhythms can affect health, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Local government or nongovernmental agencies should make an effort to classify the geothermal activities as extraction of thermal energy, which is different from mining activities of coal or other mineral resources with potential to lead to deterioration of environmental essence. Last but not the least, some other issues not listed above are lack of technique/data to estimate the actual potential of geothermal resources availability to generate more interest among investors, no lucrative price of per unit of energy, limited equity funds and uncertainty in legal aspects, and the lack of cross-sector coordination. Finally, it can be said that Indonesia has huge geothermal resources, but to date arrangement (technical and other setups) can only harness approximately 5% of the potential. Up to September, 2014, only 1396 MWe or approximately 4. 5% of the potential has been installed. There is a need to harmonize and to synchronize the regulation among difference stakeholders, different government and financial institutions, etc. Indonesia also requires support on capacity building, in order to increase expertise and also to recruit human resources ready to support geothermal development to realize its goals. 2. 4. Status of geothermal energy in the Philippinesis an archipelago of 7,107 islands surrounded by South-East Asia’s main bodies of water. The population continues to grow at 1. 5% annually, reaching 135. 2 million by 2035. This rapidly developing nation is certain to face significant challenges to energy security if it intends to maintain the current course of its economic development over the next few decades. The total current annual primary energy demand for the Philippines is around 39. 4 MTOE (million tons of oil equivalents). About 59% of it is being supplemented by fossil fuel, while 40% is supported by renewable energy. The Philippines, however, imports most of its oil and is likely to continue to do so to sustain the economy’s total petroleum requirements of 27. 9 MTOE by 2035. The largest consumer of this energy is the transportation sector (35%), followed by residential and industrial sectors, roughly the same, accounting for about 26% each. The commercial sector constitutes about 11. 9% and agriculture, forestry with the smallest portion is 1. 3%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the various challenges facing geothermal energy extraction, such as the limited capacity to harness geothermal resources in Indonesia, which can only utilize approximately 5% of its potential. It emphasizes the need for technical arrangements and setups, regulatory harmonization, and capacity building in regulatory and human resources, suggesting that significant infrastructure and efforts are required to fully exploit geothermal energy resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: However, it would have been better to wait for natural hatching and release of larvae from brooding females, rather than to artificially (mechanically) hatch egg capsules that appeared to be "near hatching" (line 119). The pooling of egg capsules of uncertain developmental status from three females may have contributed to the authors' difficulty in raising batches of larvae that achieved high levels of competence without spontaneous metamorphosis (line 129). Given the known existence of maternal and sire effects (cited by the authors) it would have been better not to mix broods, but perhaps to culture each brood separately until maximally competent, and then block the experiment on brood. Settlement frequencies in this study were low overall (Fig. 3) compared to other studies of effects of adult cue and KCl cited by the authors. Validity of the findings An important element of the experimental design is the use of settlement frequency (proportion) data, collected at several time points, to model a settlement function defined by a settlement rate (lambda). Lambda is then used as the response variable to compare treatment effects. The justification given is that (line 192) "proportions are sensitive to the underlying mathematical function of the settlement rate and the timepoint selected for the analysis. " Later in the Results section, the authors claim (line 243), "Modeling settlement as the rate parameter lambda was a more informative statistical analysis than using proportions of larvae settled at a given time. Performing the analysis on arcsine-transformed proportions using ANOVAs yielded inconsistent results, such that the significance of both main effects and interaction terms depended on the time point selected for the analysis (Table 2, Table A1). " I believe that this conclusion is unfounded, and that modeling settlement rates as the authors have done does not usefully contribute to our understanding of larval settlement. In part this is a methodological/experimental design issue, but I'm discussing it under "Validity of the Findings" because this way of looking at larval settlement is purported to be the main contribution of the paper. My first objection to this approach is a priori: If you have collected data on a real biological outcome (frequency of settlement), then the analysis should work directly with the data that describe that outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It discusses issues related to the experimental design of a study on larval settlement rates, citing methodological concerns rather than directly addressing the metamorphosis process in insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: A review based on the endogenous melatonin rhythm 25: 215–224, DOI: [PubMed] Stevens, RGCircadian disruption and breast cancer: from melatonin to clock genes Epidemiology 16: 254–258, DOI: [PubMed] Hansen, JIncreased breast cancer risk among women who work predominantly at night Epidemiology 12: 74–77, DOI: [PubMed] Megdal, SP; Kroenke, CH; Laden, F; Pukkala, E; Schernhammer, ESNight work and breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis Cancer 41: 2023–2032, DOI: [PubMed] Pukkala, E; Auvinen, A; Wahlberg, GIncidence of cancer among Finnish airline cabin attendants, 1967–92 BMJ 311: 649–652, DOI: [PubMed] Schernhammer, ES; Laden, F; Speizer, FE; Willett, WC; Hunter, DJ; Kawachi, I; Fuchs, CS; Colditz, GANight-shift work and risk of colorectal cancer in the nurses’ health study J Inst 95: 825–828, DOI: [PubMed] Straif, K; Baan, R; Grosse, Y; Secretan, B; El Ghissassi, F; Bouvard, V; Altieri, A; Benbrahim-Tallaa, L; Cogliano, VCarcinogenicity of shift-work, painting, and fire-fighting 8: 1065–1066, DOI: [PubMed] Innominato, PF; Levi, FA; Bjarnason, GAChronotherapy and the molecular clock: Clinical implications in oncology 62: 979–1001, DOI: [PubMed] Fortier, EE; Rooney, J; Dardente, H; Hardy, MP; Labrecque, N; Cermakian, NCircadian variation of the response of T cells to antigen J Immunol 187: 6291–6300, DOI: [PubMed] Haus, E; Smolensky, MHBiologic rhythms in the immune system 16: 581–622, DOI: [PubMed] Silver, AC; Arjona, A; Walker, WE; Fikrig, EThe [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies linking circadian disruption to health risks, specifically breast cancer and other health issues related to night shift work. For instance, it mentions increased breast cancer risk among women working predominantly at night and outlines a systematic review that correlates night work with breast cancer risk. The overall theme highlights the impact of circadian rhythms on various health outcomes, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: To provide energy security, although indigenous energy generation in the Philippines is quite modest and accounts for 22% from geothermal, 12% from biomass, and 6% from hydropower, it still has to cover a large distance to minimize the dependency on imported oil. As the major instrument for realizing the energy sector’s vision of achieving energy independence, the Department of Energy (DOE) is currently crafting the 2012–2030 Plan (PEP). As embodied in the Act (EPIRA), the economy’s electricity supply industry has been restructured, paving the way for the privatization of the state-owned Corporation (NPC). While oil pricing is deregulated, electricity pricing is a regulated energy commodity. The price for electricity is set by the Commission (ERC). Alongside the implementation of the EPIRA is the unbundling of electricity rates. In view of the Philippines’ wide-ranging geographical situation, to fully connect the entire population to the national grid is a significant hurdle. Servicing the most remote and difficult-to-electrify rural areas will require significant resources; hence, achieving a 100% electrification level over the outlook period remains a challenge for the economy. Among all the other types of renewable energy sources like hydro and wind power there are lots of constraints because of geoclimatic factors, which ultimately leads to further push to geothermal energy as potential source of energy. 2. 5. Solution common for both countries2. 5. 1. Energy mix policySustainable energy policies are likely to succeed if they also contribute toward other societal and economic development objectives in the future. From the standpoint of economic analysis, the optimum quantity of geothermal energy that should be in energy mix is given by intersection of the geothermal supply curve with the avoided social costs of thermal energy. 2. 5. 2. Feed-in TariffShould tariff ceilings be based on estimates of production costs, or on the basis of estimated benefits? A tariff should be rational, and in support of clearly defined objectives. This would ensure that the resources are not developed for their own sake simply because they exist, and because it is generally held to be desirable. The tariff methodology should be transparent (and documented as part of a tariff issuance), with clearly stated assumptions. A tariff should promote economic efficiency. A tariff should be adaptable to changing circumstances. This requires the methodology to have a defined basis and provide for review and updating to a clearly stated timetable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the constraints and challenges related to geothermal energy generation in the Philippines, suggesting that significant resources are required to electrify remote and difficult areas. It highlights that servicing these locations poses a significant hurdle, which implies that geothermal plants cannot harness energy from any location on Earth without substantial infrastructure and resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The "inconsistent results" of the ANOVAs on transformed proportions that "depended on the time point selected for the analysis" probably reflect an interesting biological reality about the mechanisms of action of settlement cues. It does no good to use a real response variable (proportion or frequency of settlement) to estimate a parameter for a hypothetical settlement rate function that itself makes a physiologically unrealistic assumption (constant probability of settlement, line 197), and then look for treatment effects on that parameter. And despite the high r values claimed for the model (Fig. 2A), it is clear from that same figure that the settlement rate function does not always accurately predict settlement (e. g. , data points for ACW*PMG). My second objection is that the authors' own ANOVAs on proportion data (Table 2) are actually more informative and sensitive than the ANOVA on settlement rate (Table 3). The settlement rate analysis in Table 3 cannot even detect a significant main treatment effect of adult-conditioned water, which was apparent in the ANOVA on proportions and in several previous studies cited by the authors. The authors use an alternative to ANOVA, confidence interval comparison, to demonstrate a significant treatment effect of pedal mucus on settlement (Fig. 4). This effect had not emerged from the ANOVA on settlement rate, but there was a near-significant effect of mucus in the ANOVA on proportions. The report of settlement in response to adult pedal mucus is in fact a valuable contribution of this study. (By the way, the bars in Fig. 4 seem to be consistent with the source data in the supplementary files for that figure, but I can't reconcile them with the values reported in Results line 258). However, I wonder if the effect of pedal mucus could have been equally well demonstrated with a confidence-interval approach applied to proportion data from later time points in the bioassay, or even from an ANOVA like Table 2 in more homogeneous cohorts of larvae. Additional comments We need well-controlled, thoughtfully-designed and statistically-tractable bioassays in order to make any progress characterizing settlement cues in C fornicata and other animals. Your assay design (with the exception of the artificial hatching and pooling of egg masses) accomplishes that, but to my mind you haven't made a convincing case for using lambda instead of settlement frequencies as the response variable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss insects or their metamorphosis; instead, it focuses on statistical analyses related to settlement cues in a biological study. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Paladino, N; Leone, MJ; Plano, SA; Golombek, DAPaying the circadian toll: the circadian response to LPS injection is dependent on the Toll-like receptor 4 J Neuroimmunol 225: 62–67, DOI: [PubMed] Marpegan, L; Bekinschtein, TA; Costas, MA; Golombek, DACircadian responses to endotoxin treatment in mice J Neuroimmunol 160: 102–109, DOI: [PubMed] Xiao, S; Manley, NRImpaired thymic selection and abnormal antigen-specific T cell responses in Foxn1(Delta/Delta) mutant mice PLoS One 5: e15396. DOI: [PubMed] Kerbel, RSHuman tumor xenografts as predictive preclinical models for anticancer drug activity in humans: better than commonly perceived-but they can be improved Ther 2: S134–139. [PubMed] Filipski, E; Li, XM; Levi, FDisruption of circadian coordination and malignant growth Control 17: 509–514, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Delaunay, F; King, VM; Wu, MW; Claustrat, B; Grechez-Cassiau, A; Guettier, C; Hastings, MH; Francis, LEffects of chronic jet lag on tumor progression in mice 64: 7879–7885, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Subramanian, P; Carriere, J; Guettier, C; Barbason, H; Levi, FCircadian disruption accelerates liver carcinogenesis in mice 680: 95–105, DOI: [PubMed] Filipski, E; Levi, FCircadian disruption in experimental cancer processes Ther 8: 298–302, DOI: [PubMed] Wu, M; Zeng, J; Chen, Y; Zeng, Z; Zhang, J; Cai, Y; Ye, Y; Fu, L; Xian, L; Chen, ZExperimental chronic jet lag promotes growth and lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma in C57BL/6 mice 27: 1417–1428. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of multiple studies that indicate disruption of circadian rhythms has significant health implications, specifically in relation to cancer progression and immune responses. For example, the studies referenced, such as those by Filipski et al., demonstrate that circadian disruption accelerates liver carcinogenesis and promotes tumor growth, thus directly linking circadian rhythm disturbances to health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Since the government is the key stakeholder in energy business, this is certainly a great advocacy move for renewable energy to grow further in the Japanese market by following institutional strengthening factors:Continue favorable Feed-in Tariff (FIT) as fundamental policyDevelop better energy mix policyShorten the time taken for environmental assessment in developing renewable energy sitesAddress and solve current problems like high costs for electricity generation, intermittent energy supplies, restriction of development locations, through feasible long-term and short-term policy measuresLooking for small-to-medium-scaled geothermal power aligned with technological advances such as low cost binary cycles utilizing existing hot springs and heat pumps utilizing temperatures differences just beneath the surface of ground, both of which do not require a huge risky investment such as drilling the new ground very deeply, do not take years for addressing the impact on surrounding nature and for exploration, and can be implemented without a huge distribution plant will be a good source as primary energy because they can continuously provide stable sustainable energy source throughout a year regardless of changes in weather and no ill-effect on the grid stability. Finally, apart from the challenges, optimization of geothermal energy usage will lead to all win-win situation for all around the society by giving positive social impacts (reducing poverty, enhancing equality, health, community safety), being environmentally benevolent (no environmental pollution as well as biodiversity conservation) and renewable, efficiently produced, country like Japan must have a big go to these projects. 1. Ingvar, B. , Fridleifsson, Ruggero Bertani, R. , Ernst Huenges, E. , John, W. L. und, Arni Ragnarsson, A. , Ladislaus Rybach, L. 2008. The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change. on Sources – Proceedings, 59-80. 2. Shortall, R. , Davidsdottir, B. , Axelsson, G. 2015. Geothermal energy for sustainable development: A review of sustainability impacts and assessment frameworks. Energy Rev, 44: 391-406. 3. Asia biomass office report: Indonesia is Doubling the of Electricity from Generation to Accelerate its Adoption ( John, W. L. ,und, Tonya, L. B. oyd, 2015. of 2015 Worldwide Review. 2015, Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April, 2015. 5. Ministry of Finance. 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that geothermal energy development is contingent on regulatory and infrastructural considerations, indicating that specific factors, such as location restrictions and environmental assessments, influence where and how geothermal energy projects can be developed. It mentions issues such as 'restriction of development locations' and the necessity of 'huge risky investment such as drilling the new ground very deeply', suggesting that geothermal plants cannot indeed operate from 'any location' without substantial infrastructure and investment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "Larval settlement and metamorphosis in a marine gastropod in response to multiple conspecific cues (v0. 1)". PeerJ Submission (PDF) - submitted May 2, 2016 All text and materials provided via this peer-review history page are made available under a Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the topic of insect metamorphosis or larval stages. It focuses solely on citation and publication information regarding a marine gastropod without mentioning insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Logan, RW; Zhang, C; Murugan, S; O’Connell, S; Levitt, D; Rosenwasser, AM; Sarkar, DKChronic shift-lag alters the circadian clock of NK cells and promotes lung cancer growth in rats J Immunol 188: 2583–2591, DOI: [PubMed] Beau, J; Levi, F; Motta, RThe influence of the athymic mutation nude on the components of the circadian rhythm of activity in mice 7: 371–376, DOI: [PubMed] Plano, SA; Agostino, PV; Golombek, DAExtracellular nitric oxide signaling in the hamster biological clock FEBS Lett 581: 5500–5504, DOI: [PubMed] Schwartz, WJ; Zimmerman, PCircadian timekeeping in BALB/c and C57BL/6 inbred mouse strains J Neurosci 10: 3685–3694. [PubMed] Blask, DE; Dauchy, RT; Sauer, LA; Krause, JA; Brainard, GCGrowth and fatty acid metabolism of human breast cancer (MCF-7) xenografts in nude rats: impact of constant light-induced nocturnal melatonin suppression 79: 313–320, DOI: [PubMed] Blumenthal, RD; Waskewich, C; Goldenberg, DM; Lew, W; Flefleh, C; Burton, JChronotherapy and chronotoxicity of the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in athymic mice bearing human breast cancer xenografts Res 7: 3178–3185. [PubMed] Yasuniwa, Y; Izumi, H; Wang, KY; Shimajiri, S; Sasaguri, Y; Kawai, K; Kasai, H; Shimada, T; Miyake, K; Kashiwagi, ECircadian disruption accelerates tumor growth and angio/stromagenesis through a Wnt signaling pathway PLoS One 5: e15330. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing a study that indicates 'circadian disruption accelerates tumor growth and angio/stromagenesis through a Wnt signaling pathway'. This suggests that disturbances in circadian rhythms can indeed lead to health issues, particularly in the context of cancer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: Sustainable operation of geothermal power plants: why economics matters access Published: 15 March 2021 Sustainable operation of geothermal power plants: why economics matters Fynn V. Hackstein1 & : orcid. org/0000-0003-1514-64862,3 2. 9 €-ct/kWh and 16. 9 €-ct/kWh are found, which are further scrutinized by a detailed sensitivity analysis. The hydrothermal system, in contrast to the petrothermal system investigated, is found to be able to meet several of the sustainability criteria examined (extraction equals recharge, operating lifetime of 100 to 300 years), whereas economically optimal operation leads to excessive overexploitation in both cases, showing a distinct trade-off between profit maximization and sustainable operation that has not been discussed in the literature so far. IntroductionTo meet the challenges of climate change, renewable energy sources will have to replace fossil fuels at a massive scale well before the end of this century (Bauer 2014a: 27). Especially the vast and ubiquitous energy stored in the earth’s interior offers an immense potential to which more attention should be paid (Mongillo et al. 2010: 9). The heat and power generation from geothermal sources is continuously available and therefore base-load capable, which is an important advantage over most other renewable energy sources (Zhang et al. 2014: 788). Moreover, it can be found “practically everywhere” (Barbier 2002: 56f) because the heat stored in the bedrock is supplied both by radioactive decay within the rock and by the heat flow from the earth's interior all around the world (Bauer 2014b: 7). Even if the technical potentialFootnote 1 is only a fraction of the energy stored underground, it could still cover human energy needs for centuries (Tester et al. 2006: 12; Paschen et al. 2003: 5). Geothermal resources have been defined as “the energy that could reasonably be extracted at cost competitive with other forms of energy at some specified future time” (Muffler and Cataldi 1978: 53). Up to now, however, economical use only exists for a few places with particularly favorable site conditions (Grant and Garg 2012: 1). As a result, with 16 GWe of installed capacity in 2020 (Hutter 2020: 2), geothermal energy represents only a tiny share of world total electricity generation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that although geothermal resources can be found 'practically everywhere,' economical use currently exists only in a few locations with particularly favorable site conditions. This implies that not all locations are suitable for harnessing geothermal energy efficiently, contradicting the claim of minimal infrastructure needs for any location.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: teleost fishes exhibit a biphasic life history with a larval oceanic phase that is transformed into morphologically and physiologically different demersal, benthic, or pelagic juveniles. This process of transformation is characterized by a myriad of hormone-induced changes, during the often abrupt transition between larval and juvenile phases called metamorphosis. Thyroid hormones (TH) are known to be instrumental in triggering and coordinating this transformation but other hormonal systems such as corticoids, might be also involved as it is the case in amphibians. In order to investigate the potential involvement of these two hormonal pathways in marine fish post-embryonic development, we used the Malabar grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus) as a model system. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome sequence and conducted a transcriptomic analysis of nine larval developmental stages. We studied the expression patterns of genes involved in TH and corticoid pathways, as well as four biological processes known to be regulated by TH in other teleost species: ossification, pigmentation, visual perception, and metabolism. Surprisingly, we observed an activation of many of the same pathways involved in metamorphosis also at an early stage of the larval development, suggesting an additional implication of these pathways in the formation of early larval features. Overall, our data brings new evidence to the controversial interplay between corticoids and thyroid hormones during metamorphosis as well as, surprisingly, during the early larval development. Further experiments will be needed to investigate the precise role of both pathways during these two distinct periods and whether an early activation of both corticoid and TH pathways occurs in other teleost species. eLife assessment The work provides valuable genomic resources to address the endocrine control of a life cycle transition in the Malabar grouper fish. The revised manuscript is more solid and the resources and experimental data help to build up a meaningful biological understanding of thyroid signaling in grouper fish. Read the peer reviews About eLife assessments teleost fishes have a stage-structured life cycle that includes a transition between larval and juvenile phases known as metamorphosis; this transition is regulated by TH (Laudet, 2011; McMenamin and Parichy, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses metamorphosis in teleost fishes, which is a different class of organisms than insects. Although it describes a life cycle transition involving larval and juvenile phases in fish, it does not provide any information or evidence relevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Disruption of circadian rhythms can lead to health issues. [SEP] Text: We would like to suggest that the existence of a daily rhythm in Hcy concentration may have possible health-related consequences to shift workers, who were shown to be at an increased cardiovascular risk [15]. Firstly, reversing the meals' schedule to a nocturnal orientation such that the time of major meal coincides with the time of the physiological peak of Hcy may have at least transient cardiovascular consequences. It was shown that an increase in Hcy concentration rapidly induces impaired elasticity of the coronary microvascular and central arterial circulation [16,17], conditions predictive of increased cardiovascular events rate [18]. Furthermore, even small physiological increments in Hcy concentration, induced by low-dose methionine or dietary animal protein meals that are more relevant to shift workers, induce a dose-related graded impairement in endothelial functioning [19]. Thus, consuming methionine or animal-protein-rich foods during the middle of the night may result in a greater risk of severe transient impairment in endothelial function than when a similar meal is consumed at the habitual lunch time during the day. Although we did not find significant differences in Hcy concentrations after methioning loading at 0900 and 2100, as expected, morning levels tended to be lower, and the initial increase in Hcy during the first 2 hours after loading was greater by a mean of 2. 8 μmol/L in the evening than in the morning. This difference bordered on statistical significance. It is possible that, had we performed the methinine loading closer to the time of the nocturnal peak in Hcy, between 10 PM and midnight, this day-night difference would have been larger. Secondly, we do not know how the desynchronization between the circadian system and the enviornment which occurs in rotating shift workers may affect the rhythm in Hcy concentrations and its overall plasma concentration. Recently, Martins et al [20] reported that long-haul bus drivers working shifts had higher concentrations of Hcy than a control group of day workers. In a study just completed in our laboratory we found that rotating shift workers who complained of disturbed sleep had significantly higher concentrations of Hcy than permanent day workers, or shift workers without sleep disturbances (paper submitted to press). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the health-related consequences experienced by shift workers due to disruptions in their daily rhythms. It highlights that the existence of a daily rhythm in Hcy concentration could lead to increased cardiovascular risks for shift workers, a result of the desynchronization between their circadian system and environmental cues. The text specifically states that disturbed sleep among rotating shift workers correlates with significantly higher Hcy concentrations, which suggests a relationship between circadian disruption and health issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Geothermal plants can harness energy from any location on Earth with minimal infrastructure. [SEP] Text: In the future, so-called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) could also enable to develop unconventional reservoirs which do not by nature provide all optimal conditions required for the recovery of geothermal energy (Tester et al. 2006: 1). Some 90% of the total accessible geothermal energy is present in the form of hot dry rock (HDR) (Jiang et al. 2014: 300), which is characterized by low permeability and the absence of water (Stober and Bucher 2014: 53). Using EGS technology these HDRs could be used to create artificially fractured reservoirs at the desired volume, with appropriate temperature, and at an accessible depth (Barbier 2002: 55). “This will provide almost unlimited energy, since almost any geological site […] could be considered as a reservoir” (Chamorro et al. 2012: 12). Due to this, EGS, as an emerging HDR heat utilization technology, has attracted broad attention in many countries around the world (Dalmais et al. 2019; Jiang et al. 2014: 300; Ziagos et al. 2013: 1). At the end of 2019, there were 130 operating power plants in Europe, with a total generation capacity of 3. 3 GWe, an additional 36 projects under development, and another 124 projects in the planning phase. This means that the number of operating plants could double within the next 5 to 8 years (EGEC 2020: 9). Geothermal energy is often considered both a sustainable and a renewable energy source, but these terminologies must be handled with caution, especially with regard to conductive systems. While the former describes how the resource is utilized, the latter describes a natural property of the resource (Stefansson 2000: 883; Axelsson et al. 2010: 3). There are different and controversial definitions in the literature, so that a clarification and proper use of these terms is an absolute necessity in order to avoid confusion both in research and the political discussion. Obviously, some technological barriers still exist that prevent the massive use of geothermal energy. In the case of deep geothermal energy use, in addition to the need for drilling several kilometers into crystalline basement rock formations, reservoir stimulation creates additional challenges and obstacles. It has not yet reached the level that a desired network of fractures can be achieved without severe efforts (Chen and Jiang 2015: 41). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the technological barriers that exist in harnessing geothermal energy. It states that enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) require significant infrastructure and effort to develop reservoirs in hot dry rock (HDR), which lacks optimal conditions for geothermal energy recovery. It notes, 'some technological barriers still exist that prevent the massive use of geothermal energy,' and that creating a network of fractures needed for effective energy extraction requires 'severe efforts.' This indicates that geothermal energy cannot simply be harnessed from any location with minimal infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Of all teleost fishes, flatfishes experience one of the most extreme metamorphosis, with significant changes occurring in their body organization and appearance during this period, switching from a symmetrical to an asymmetrical body plan (Schreiber, 2013; Shao et al. , 2017). However, metamorphic changes are not always as pronounced in other fish species. For example, the metamorphosis of zebrafish is mainly marked by relatively discrete pigmentation changes that appear to be regulated by TH (Brown, 1997; Guillot et al. , 2016; McMenamin et al. , 2014; Walpita et al. , 2009). Metamorphosis in teleost fishes is not only marked by visible changes in the body, but also by a range of ecological, physiological, biochemical, and behavioral changes. These changes are thought to be initiated and coordinated by a surge of TH, which regulates various signaling pathways through the action of specific transcription factors known as thyroid hormone receptors (TRα, TRβ). For example, there is evidence that TH is associated with the transition between oceanic and coral reef environments in the convict surgeonfish (Holzer et al. , 2017), controls pigmentation changes in zebrafish, clownfish, and grouper (Salis et al. , 2021; Saunders et al. , 2019), regulates ossification processes in zebrafish and flatfishes (Campinho et al. , 2018; Pelayo et al. , 2012) and is involved in the shift of visual perception by controlling the expression of opsin genes in many species (Roux et al. , 2023; Volkov et al. , 2020). More recently, it has also been suggested that the metabolic changes that occur during larval development in teleosts may be regulated by TH, as demonstrated in clownfish (Roux et al. , 2023). Of note in some cases, like groupers (elongated spines) (Colin and Koenig, 1996; Kohno et al. , 1993; Powell and Tucker, 1992) or carapids (vexillum appendage) (Govoni, 1984), some changes occur very early on and are considered as temporary specialization of the pelagic larval stages, serving as anti-predator defense (Moster, 1981), flotation (Nonaka et al. , 2021) or camouflage (Leis and Carson-Ewart, 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects and metamorphosis. Instead, it discusses the metamorphosis of teleost fishes, detailing changes in body structure and function that occur during their developmental stages. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects.