Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: 205-Take guided tours of the different viewpoint of the town, from outside and inside. 4. 015Activities of the cultural tourist during their stay in the cultural townsMode-Views of the whole city and its interiors. 4. 455-Visiting monuments. 4. 385-Interacting with people from the town. 4. 215-Viewing natural landscapes. 4. 045-Atmosphere of streets and public squares. 4. 015Table 4. Interests of the cultural tourist and activities during the visit to historical towns. Source: own elaboration [20. ]Our last block in Table 3 relates to countries with developing economies, natural and cultural attractions, and activities determined by sustainable tourism. In most cases, their destinations are unspoiled/developing, with tourism projects based on sustainability, three of which have been selected: eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22], the eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23] and finally, the Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24]. eco-cultural circuit, Peru [22] is a programme intended to improve competitiveness of the tourism sector on the eco-cultural route comprising Chachapoyas, Levanto, del Maino and Magdalena (Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza en Amazonas). This circuit offers 9 attractions and 7 activities, including trekking, horse riding, rural community-based tourism, ecotourism, archaeology, camping and cycling. All of this complies with sustainable fair and conservational tourism, which offers nature, culture, adventure and experiences. Tourists want to get involved, enjoy new experiences, feel connected and be a part of the conservation process of the places they visit. This experience forms part of their personal growth. This region, where the Incas once lived, has a vast biological and cultural diversity, magnificent waterfalls and valleys, private conservation areas, native species that are unique in the world and mysterious pre-Inca archaeological ruins. Among the tourist resources this area has, there are picturesque places such as natural viewpoints, Lopsol Forest, Purur river, Pumaurco viewpoint, Convento cave, Tusa bridge, Camino Prehispánico [pre-Columbian road] and endless abandoned archaeological sites that are under no conservation programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing sustainable practices in eco-tourism, particularly through mentioning projects that comply with 'sustainable fair and conservational tourism' and indicate a strong connection to conservation efforts. It emphasizes the involvement of tourists in conservation processes, which aligns with sustainable practices such as waste reduction and energy conservation, reinforcing the importance of sustainability in tourism activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 88 Flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems, better known as “scrubbers,” have been available in the USA since 1971 to reduce sulfur emissions and acid rain, but are not required in every state. According to the US Administration, plants fitted with FGD equipment produced more than half of all electricity generated from coal yet only a quarter of the sulfur dioxide emissions. 89Nixon signed the 1970 Act, the US government has mandated emission controls for both carbon and sulfur emissions in coal-fired power plants, including the use of scrubbers, although emissions are still higher than anywhere else in the world besides China. In 2015, signed a new Act, allowing states to set their own means to reduce emissions by 20% by 2020, realistically achievable only by shuttering coal-powered plants, especially older ones fueled by the dirtier, darker coal found in the Illinois Basin, Central Appalachia, and Northern Appalachia. Efficient coal plants make a difference. According to the Council, “A one percentage point improvement in the efficiency of a conventional pulverized coal combustion plant results in a 2–3% reduction in CO2 emissions. Highly efficient modern supercritical and ultra-supercritical coal plants emit almost 40% less CO2 than subcritical plants. ”90 Unfortunately, despite almost half of all new coal-fired power plants fitted with high-efficiency, low-emission (HELE) coal technologies, about three-quarters still do not avail of the latest emission-reduction technologies. Stiff opposition continues by lobbyists and politicians who routinely downplay the dangers, especially where coal accounts for much of the economy. Long-time Republican senate leader Mitch McConnell from Kentucky stated that “carbon-emission regulations are creating havoc in my state and other states,”91 while Democrat senator from coal-rich has made millions from coal, derailing legislation curbing its use. It isn’t easy to turn off the coal switch in a country so reliant on a readily accessible energy source when vested interests dictate policy, and indeed regulations were rolled back in 2017 under Donald Trump. As always, jobs are at stake, but the emissions stake is higher, while the whole coal-use cycle must be costed – increased temperatures, air pollution, and expensive cleanups in sensitive water-table areas affected by mining run-off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in transitioning from coal to renewable energy sources. It highlights that despite technological advancements, such as high-efficiency coal technologies, significant barriers remain due to political opposition and economic reliance on coal jobs. The assertion that no additional training is needed overlooks these intricate challenges, suggesting that such a transition is not straightforward and would likely require training and reskilling for workers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The size of the episodic burst was expressed by the area under the curve (AUC) which was calculated by summing bioluminescence above the baseline connecting the initial and end trough. Stoichiometric as well as temporal analyses were carried out to examine potential causality between the episodic burst of bioluminescence and the activity bout. The mean number of occurrence as well as AUC of episodic bursts and activity bouts were assigned to 4 circadian phases (CT0-6, CT6-12, CT12-18, CT18-24) using the circadian peak as the phase reference. The analysis was performed for each clock gene reporter. Stoichiometric analysis was carried out for pairs of episodic bursts and activity bouts. In these analyses, only sporadic episodes or activity bouts which subsided within 60 min were used to exclude complexity due to overlapping episodes or bouts. Since an episodic burst was not necessarily accompanied by an activity bout, two different methods were introduced for analysis. First, bioluminescence data were averaged in reference to an activity bout (activity bout reference). Second, activity data were averaged in reference to an episodic burst (bioluminescence burst reference). Bioluminescence in individuals was calculated by subtracting the baseline values. The individual mean values were calculated first and then the mean of individual means were obtained for each reporter. The total number of activity bouts examined was 140 for Per1-luc, 51 for PER2::LUC and 113 for Bmal1-ELuc and the total number of episodic bursts was 175 for Per1-luc, 35 for PER2::LUC and 145 for Bmal1-ELuc. Correlation analysis was performed with respect to AUC and the peak level for the pairs of activity bout and accompanying bioluminescence and for the pairs of episodic burst of bioluminescence and accompanying behavior activity. StatisticsStudent’s t-test was used when two independent group means were compared. Welch’s t-test was used when the variances of two group means were different. A one-way repeated measure ANOVA with a post-hoc Tukey-Kramer was used to analyze a single time series data. A two-way factorial ANOVA with a post-hoc t-test was used when two independent time series data were compared (Statview or Statcel 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serving as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on specific analyses of bioluminescence and activity bouts related to circadian phases, without mentioning the SCN or its role in circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sustainable practices in eco-tourism include waste reduction and energy conservation. [SEP] Text: The circuit would require planning that fosters social, economic and cultural integration, and that enhances integrating, progressive, unifying and sustainable tourism. For this plan to be implemented joint work is necessary. It is recommended that local and regional governments opt for innovative tourism projects, placing value on the archaeological resources they have. The eco-cultural tourism project with proposals is based in Catamarca, Argentina [23], It is also included in the strategy for sustainable development, in which many environmental, sociocultural and economic criteria converge with quality, continuity and balance. Here, eco-cultural tourism is trying to establish itself, together with the opportunities offered by local economies, for example, adventure travel, agricultural tourism, observation of flora and fauna, birdwatching, scientific tourism, potholing and cultural tourism. It should be noted that the negative and destructive effects resulting from the massive and uncontrolled use of cultural goods and the surrounding landscapes cannot be ignored or minimised. Long-term political decisions making is key. Ultimately, the tourism project evaluates the archaeological historic heritage and its rehabilitation, local craftsmen, market studies, technical-economic evaluation, financial studies and the environmental impact evaluation. The Chalalán Project, Bolivia [24] falls under responsible tourism in a natural area, and belongs to a poor area within the tourist market, where the indigenous community interferes to avoid, among other things, the disappearance of their community. It is located in the valley of the Tuichi river along the banks of the Chalalán lagoon, and consists of the creation of a series of rustic huts around it. The indigenous community of San José de Uchupiamonas is in a complicated situation, specifically because of its involvement in safeguarding its identity and its culture. In order to avoid its disappearance, they use an alternative economy to enable economic viability and attract visitor flows so as to reactivate the tourist destination at different levels and improve living conditions. They make use of solar energy through panels, and the use of batteries for flashlights and fossil fuels is kept to a minimum. They offer programmes to learn to experience the tropical forest, bird watching, canoe rides, swimming, bathing in the lagoon, observation of the flora and fauna, vegetarian cooking, conference rooms, etc. It’s experience tourism that is based on authenticity, community development and economic activity, all performed in harmony with a tourist activity directed towards the local community, whose main purpose is survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various sustainable practices in eco-tourism, particularly emphasizing energy conservation through the use of solar panels and limiting the use of fossil fuels. It discusses the Chalalán Project, which showcases the importance of responsible tourism that aligns with sustainable development. The text also mentions the need to avoid destructive practices associated with uncontrolled tourism, thereby supporting the concepts of waste reduction and environmental preservation in eco-tourism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: As the world wrestles with how to transition from dirty to clean energy, including how to pay the bills, the ongoing problem of coal was highlighted at the 2018 COP24 summit in southwest Poland, the largest coal-mining region in Europe that provides 80% of Poland’s electric power. The meeting took place in the Silesian capital of Katowice, where the smog hangs in the open air. Christiana Figueres, the former UN climate executive secretary and one of the architects of the Paris Agreement, acknowledged that Katowice was on the frontline of industrial change amid the increased perils of global warming, “a microcosm of everything that’s happening in the world. ”92Alas, even developed countries are finding coal hard to quit amid the lofty rhetoric about “net zero” and a “carbon-neutral” future, which is now part of a regular discourse on transitioning to cleaner energy. At the same time as the 2021 COP26 meeting in Glasgow, the UK was considering reopening coalmine operations on the Cumbrian coast to supply coking coal for steel, citing critical local jobs, despite cleaner alternatives such as Sweden’s pioneering green steel (which has 5% the carbon footprint of conventional steel) or recycling via electric arc furnaces. 93 Rather than “consign coal to history” as called for at the meeting by the then UK prime minister and contravening renewed ideals about the right to clean air, a new license was also granted at the in south Wales to mine 40 million tonnes of high-grade anthracite, most of which will be used to make steel at the nearby steelworks. 94 The war in Ukraine also pushed other European countries to reconsider shuttering coal-powered plants as more Russian natural gas was curtailed by Western sanctions and Russian retaliation. One can hardly expect the developing world to ramp down coal use when the rich, developed countries won’t abide by their own rules. Despite the dangers, turning off coal is no simple fix. And indeed, coal consumption has continued to rise, 25% over the last decade in Asia, which accounts for 77% of all coal use, two-thirds from China. 95 Once thought of as “the fuel of the future” in Asia, more than 75% of planned coal plants have at least been shelved since the 2015 COP21 in Paris. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing complexities and challenges in transitioning from fossil fuels, particularly coal, to cleaner energy sources. It highlights that not only is there resistance in developed countries to abandon coal, but also that the path to return is complex and fraught with setbacks, such as reconsidering coal operations for local job security. This reflects that significant transitions require more than just a declaration; they necessitate substantial training and adaptation, contradicting the assertion that no additional training is needed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: It is generally agreed that neuropeptides have an essential and crucial role in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, although the precise mechanism leading to the synchronization of cellular rhythms is not known fully with clarity. Synchronization of cellular rhythms is mediated by neuropeptides and evidence strongly suggests VIP [18] and AVP [20, 43] are among them. Paracrine signals involving and GABA can restore cellular synchronization in weakly coupled rhythms of VPAC2 deficient SCN [19] and this suggests the possibility of diffusible signals for synchronization. GRP and GABA have been identified as other neurotransmitters taking part in the neural network contributing to synchronization. An interesting point to be mentioned here is a report [44] indicating a vascular pathway, probably a second one after the hypothalamic portal system, connecting the SCN with nearby areas of the brain for communication of diffusible signals. GABA an important neurotransmitter seen in almost all SCN neurons irrespective of core or shell region, takes part by way of GABA A and GABA B, two types of receptors, and has excitatory and inhibitory actions. Neurotransmitters responsible for network organization within the SCN are and GABA. VIP produced by the neurons of the ventrolateral (VL, core) region communicate with each other as well as with neurons of the dorsomedial (DM, shell) region. AVP of the DM region communicates between neurons. GABA has communication between neurons of the VL and DM [18, 45, 46]. It appears that the coupling strength between VL neurons to DM neurons is much larger than in the reverse direction [47]. The heterogeneity property of neurons of the SCN does affect the behavior concerning entrainment to the LD cycle as well as free-running rhythms [48–50]. Neuronal oscillators are heterogenous in their properties and have intrinsic amplitude, period, sensitivity to light information as well as cellular coupling strength. It is observed [51] that heterogeneities can alter free running under constant conditions of darkness and entrainment ability to external cycle. It is stated that this property probably explains the difference in free-running period and entrainment ability observed in different species studied. An emerging result from these studies is the heterogeneity effect on the collective behavior of the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it delves into the roles of neuropeptides and neurotransmitters, such as GABA, VIP, and AVP, in the synchronization of circadian rhythms, without specifically mentioning the SCN's role as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: If these governments intend to create simply a true decentralized competitor to Bitcoin, then they would face two problems: (1) a government would never be able to compete against the decentralization level of Bitcoin and (2) with a decentralized coin, the government would lose all its benefits of controlling the national currency, that is, by replacing fiat currency with cryptocurrency, the government literally kills the goose that lays golden eggs. If the government plans on creating a centralized coin (i. e. , government-controlled currency), then it could not rely on the good reputation of decentralized coins. In this case, the government would encounter a great difficulty to sell the coin to the Bitcoin community (see what happens with the new Venezuela’s Petro). Governments can confront the problem differently, and it can try to ban Bitcoin. This is evidently possible de jure but not de facto. The more the government manipulates the currency, the more the people need cryptocurrencies (see, e. g. , the case of Zimbabwe, India, and Venezuela). Advertisement 9. Technology-based money There is a good question regarding Bitcoin’s longevity. Bitcoin, the claim argues, is a technological invention. In principle, there is no reason that it would not be defeated by competing technologies. Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the properties of Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency that utilizes blockchain technology. It highlights the decentralized nature of Bitcoin and its resilience as a technology, which is intrinsic to the functioning of cryptocurrencies. The mention that erasing the entire Bitcoin blockchain would be extremely difficult emphasizes that the blockchain is essential for the operation of decentralized currencies, thus supporting the claim that blockchain is indeed the underlying technology for cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 96 Nonetheless, without effective global policy agreements, coal will continue to provide more power in poorer countries. In late 2021, Poland was fined €500,000 per day rather than close an open-cast lignite mine in Turów, Poland’s prime minister noting “it would deprive millions of Polish families of electricity. ”97 Soon after, however, China announced it would no longer build new coal plants abroad, although more domestic plants would continue to be built. Converting from brown to green is a huge challenge when so much of our generated power depends on the rock that burns. New investment strategies for stagnate regions and economic support for displaced workers – a. k. a. a “just transition” – is essential if we want to manage the social dangers and political fallout, both in the richer developed West and in the poorer, coal-reliant developing world. The goal is to maintain the supply of readily available, “dispatchable” power without continuing to pollute or add to global warming. 1. 5 By-Products of Coal: Good, Bad, Ugly, and and steam have brought many advantages to the world. Global trade expanded as raw materials such as cotton were shipped in greater quantities from Charleston, South Carolina, to Liverpool, ferried by canal barge and train to Manchester, and turned into finished goods in the burgeoning textile factories of “Cottonopolis,” before being shipped around the world at great profit. But more than just locomotion and industry changed with steam technology. In 1866, the first transatlantic cable was laid between Valencia Island, Kerry, and Heart’s Content, Newfoundland, transmitting news in minutes instead of weeks via telegraph between the stock floors and investment houses of and London. 98 In 1873, the French writer, Jules Verne, wrote about circumnavigating the globe in 80 days as the world shrank more each year, forever changing the concept of distance and time, and accelerating the transformation to global village we know today. If we take the start of the Industrial Revolution99 as the year invented the atmospheric water pump in 1712 for the near Birmingham and the end as the sinking of the Titanic in 1912, we can try to gauge the vast changes in a 200-year period from old to new. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the 'just transition' process which emphasizes that new investment strategies and economic support for displaced workers are essential when transitioning from fossil fuel industries to renewable energy. This implies that additional training and support are necessary to manage social and political challenges arising from such a transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cation chloride cotransporters and the circadian systemCation chloride cotransporters (CCCS) are associated with circadian rhythms largely as per recent studies. Two solute carriers 12 (SLC12) CCCS have been identified and they are Na+/K+/Cl– co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+/Cl– co-transporter 2 (KCC2) which cause influx and efflux of Cl– respectively. Neuronal chloride is regulated by the above two cation chloride co-transporters NKCC1 and KCC2 seen in the SCN neurons [109]. Studies highlight the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the SCN and the regulation of Cl– by these two cotransporters. NKCC1 is expressed across the SCN while KCC2 is seen only in the ventral region of the SCN [110]. Other studies [111, 112] have indicated NKCC1 and KCC2 in VIP-expressing neurons of the core region, while NKCC1 in the AVP neurons of the shell region. The important fact that emerged from these studies is the critical role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the circadian system. A growing number of studies have shown the importance [Cl–] in the SCN not only for GABA but also for AVP and VIP-expressing neurons. This is interesting since, among the heterogeneous population of neurons in the SCN, only 13% are AVP and 9 % are VIP. It is reported [113] that an increased or elevated [Cl–]i is seen in immature neurons during development which changes to low [Cl–]i when activated. Mature neurons thus have low [Cl–]i leading to hyperpolarization from depolarization as seen in GABA-expressing neurons. KCC2 thus takes part in GABA-mediated hyperpolarization. NKCC1 expression which is high during development as compared to low levels of KCC2 during development changes in reverse pattern or order with NKCC1 decrease and KCC2 increase in maturing neurons [114]. This paves the way for a shift in polarity from excitatory to inhibitory which has been proved in the case of GABA using a pharmacological blocker of NKCC1 [113]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cation chloride cotransporters and their relation to circadian rhythms, mentioning their presence in the SCN and their role in regulating chloride ions in certain neurons. However, it does not directly address or support the claim regarding the SCN as the master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, the focus is on the role of specific transporters, making the text largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Clearly, if the government backs its currency by forbidding the usage of other currencies (in its geographical territory), then it enforces a certain minimum value for the currency. However, not all governments can or do that. In most countries, the population can make economic transactions with many currencies. Most governments back their currencies by enforcing tax payment with them. Similarly, the governments pay their employees with the national currency. However, these conducts are equivalent to the presence of a rich man in a market, who declares that any economic transaction with him can take place only with a certain currency. As richer this man is, the higher will be the value of this currency. Clearly, a government is equivalent to a very rich man, but the differences are quantitative rather than qualitative ones. One of the most instructive examples in this regard is the Swiss dinars in northern Iraq during the gulf war [25]. This is a very interesting example, which vividly illustrates the fact that paper money can be used as a medium of exchange, despite the fact that it is backed neither by any commodity nor by any government. 13. Dependence on the current monetary system An argument against Bitcoin, which was very common in its early years, is that Bitcoin is not a real medium of exchange because most traders, which accept Bitcoin, convert them to fiat currency almost immediately after the transaction. Nowadays, this argument is heard less since many sellers prefer Bitcoin over fiat money. They prefer spending their fiat money and receive and keep their cryptos. Moreover, nowadays many employees are paid in cryptocurrency. However, it is important to stress that whether the users of Bitcoin prefer to make an additional transaction after selling a product, that is, to convert the crypto to fiat, is irrelevant to the validity of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange. First, there is no praxeological difference between the exchange of Bitcoin with fiat and the exchange of Bitcoin with other goods. If a seller prefers to convert Bitcoin into fiat currencies, it only means that he had decided to use Bitcoin as a medium of exchange to purchase the fiat currencies. Moreover, one should not ignore the fact that the main reason that sellers prefer to convert their cryptos back into fiat is due to government regulations (mainly taxation) and has nothing to do with the fundamental monetary properties of Bitcoin. 14. Bitcoin and economic calculations economists used the volatility problem and the last argument to claim that Bitcoin cannot be used for economic calculations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address or provide information about blockchain technology. Instead, it discusses the use of Bitcoin as a medium of exchange, the dependence on government-backed currencies, and the influence of regulations on cryptos. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about blockchain technology enabling cryptocurrencies but is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: ”106Byron’s assertion was not well received in the corridors of power, but the cause was lost to the unstoppable pace of industrialization. There could be no returning to making pins, lace, and linen from home as politicians began to measure the success of a nation on its economic output rather than the health and well-being of its citizens. The same fight happens with all disruptive technologies, including today between ride-hailing companies and taxi drivers, checkout scanners versus cashiers, and as auto-drive cars and drones begin to replace delivery workers. Worst was the treatment of children, essentially forced to work as slaves. The utopian socialist and mill owner recognized the darker side to unregulated industry, especially child labor. In his mills in Lanarkshire, Scotland, Owen reduced the workload of children from 13 hours to 12 hours a day and excused all children under 10 from work – hardly enlightened by today’s standards, but a respite nonetheless from a constant working existence and much better than practiced elsewhere. 107Others came to champion workers’ rights against the onslaught of technology that was shaping modern life. The most influential critic of “oppressive” capitalism was the transplanted German philosopher and economist Karl Marx, who wrote extensively about the consequences of unregulated industrialization in Britain and elsewhere and how laborers had become part of the machinery, a “commodity, like every other 1. 6 : an attempt to curtail the worst of coal’s excesses, an old staple has been refashioned, engineered to increase efficiency. Declared as cleaner and labeled “carbon neutral,” both “biomass” and “biofuel” are being hailed as substitutes for coal, to continue to generate electricity via steam-powered combustion plants and augment the liquid fuel needs of an ever-growing transportation sector. The truth, however, is never quite the same as the PR. Biomass was our first fuel – perhaps straw, dried leaves, or wood – as early humans looked to burn what they found nearby for warmth, light, and more chewable protein. Wood was also the first major pre-industrial fuel, long before anyone called it biomass, helping to keep alive those who lived in inhospitable winter climates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a historical perspective on the impact of technological advancement and industrialization on labor, highlighting the necessity for workers to adapt to disruptive technologies. It contrasts the claim by implying that transitioning from one type of job to another, especially in light of disruptions caused by new technologies, often requires new skills or training. The mention of workers' rights and the critiques of industrialization signify awareness of the challenges faced by workers when adapting to changes, suggesting that without additional training, transitioning jobs in rapidly evolving sectors such as renewables may be problematic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: BMAL1, a gene of the TTFL core loop, one of the specific and essential transcription factors of TTFL, specific to AVP neurons when deleted in mice, had shown sufficient for the extinction of the circadian behavioral rhythm in mice. Among the three encoded clock-controlled genes (CCGs) PK2, cardiotrophin-like-cytokine, and is the critical output molecule to link SCN and its efferent targets and the gene for neuropeptide AVP is well-studied. In a study [93] bioluminescent circadian reporter mice, cAMP response element (Cre) dependent was used to study in detail to assess the functioning of AVP and VIP. The interesting observation reported was circadian functions in AVP neurons are required for autonomous network synchrony as well as stability of circadian rhythmicity and not that of VIP. This is to be considered along with the suggestion that AVP and VIP both are to function in a complementary way [19]. Evidence favoring the role of VIP and VPAC2 receptor signaling for the coherence of the oscillators within the SCN [18, 92, 94, 154, 155] has been reported. Surprisingly it is also shown [19, 93] that it is not VIP but AVP which is essential for autonomous network synchrony. Coupling and networking among SCN neurons is a basic requirement for a coherent output of rhythms [156] and this is mostly neuropeptide mediated. AVP signaling is found to reset SCN molecular rhythms along with VIP signaling and this is being influenced by sex. Thus, the study of clock function in males and females and significant integration in the central clock is useful for the control of daily rhythms in behavior and physiology [157]. The above-mentioned experimental evidence points towards the ability of AVP in the SCN to integrate circadian time function. It is worth mentioning here in the report [158] that the vasopresinergic neurons of the SCN have not only the ability to encode the afferent input from osmoreceptors to generate homeostatic responses but also can participate in integrating circadian time. During the developmental stage and adult life neuropeptide signaling has a crucial function in clock neurons of SCN. It is known that both AVP and VIP are expressed during the early part of SCN development [159] but when exactly transcriptional onset occurs is not clear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the functioning of AVP and VIP in relation to circadian rhythms and the SCN, but it does not directly address or support the claim about the SCN being the master clock. Instead, it focuses on the roles of specific neuropeptides and clock-controlled genes without providing evidence or assertions that clearly affirm or negate the function of the SCN as the primary regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is a chimera, in that regard, since it is both digital, that is, intangible, and scarce. In fact, the essence of the blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets. That is, the blockchain creates artificial scarcity. Therefore, despite the complex philosophical issue, I believe there is a consensus that Bitcoins can be owned, and property rights can and should be applied to it. There is a claim, however, that Bitcoin advocates ignore traditional property rights, contracts, and traditional legal systems, which were developed and refined for millennia [12]. It is true that currently, it is easier to evade law enforcement using cryptocurrencies than using most bank transactions. The facts that there is nothing tangible in the Bitcoin network and that digital transactions can take place without the regulated banking system complicate law enforcement. However, on the one hand, it can be regarded as a technical difficulty, which may be solved using artificial intelligence technologies, and on the other hand, one may argue that these properties of the Bitcoin network only strengthen property rights, because they prevent government confiscation of private property (private money). Not only aren’t crypto networks against contracts, but also smart contracts are an integral part of these networks. The most well-known is the Ethereum network, but there are many more cryptocurrencies with this property (like Neo, EOS, Cardano, etc. ), and even the Bitcoin network can support smart contracts (Mastercoin, Rootstock, Particl, etc. ). Therefore, the blockchain technology eliminates the need for (external) law enforcement in some cases, because the contracts are enforced within the blockchain itself. In general, cryptocurrencies strengthen private property and property rights. They do not weaken them. 17. Bitcoin and crime Some politicians and economists believe that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have no value to society since most of their users are outlaws and criminals [28]. For one thing, one has to make a distinction between the different cryptocurrencies. Most of the criminal activity was transferred from the Bitcoin network to the more private cryptos (such as Monero, Zcash, Verge, etc. ) since transactions in the Bitcoin network can be traced. Moreover, most of the illegal trade that takes place on the Internet belongs to the category of victimless crimes (like drugs, gambling, and tax evasion), whose prohibition is disputed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the essence of blockchain technology is the creation of scarce digital assets, indicating its fundamental role in facilitating cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. It also mentions that smart contracts are an integral part of these networks, further emphasizing the importance of blockchain technology in the operation of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 116 The world’s largest all-biomass power plant was the UK’s Ironbridge station in the near Birmingham, a 740-MW converted coal-power plant that burnt over one million tons of wood pellets a year, followed by the 450-MW Lynemouth plant in Northumberland, another coal-conversion in the heart of old coal country. The partly converted Drax coal plant generates 2. 6 GW from burning seven million tons of wood pellets per year. Other biomass power stations burn forest residue, wood chips, “black liquor” (a pulp-and-paper industry waste product), sugarcane, peat, and various other solid recovered fuels such as unclean plastic, paper, and cardboard. 117 As with peat, biomass can be burned to generate heat or electrical power on its own or co-fired with other fuels. Bagasse (leftover fiber after the juice is squeezed from pulverized sugarcane) and recycled urban wood is burned in the largest American biomass power plant, the 75-MW Cogeneration plant in South Bay, Florida. 118In Europe, wood-burning emissions (a. k. a. “forest energy”) are not included in the carbon budget, an odd accounting fudge given that biomass produces much the same or even more carbon dioxide as coal (roughly 2 kg of CO2 per 1 kg of wood). Classified as renewable (although hardly green), the is making global warming worse by offering subsidies for large-scale, “carbon-neutral” wood burning. of the noted that “cutting down trees and burning them as wood pellets in power plants is a disaster for climate policy, not a solution,”119 while increased deforestation annually clears five million hectares of forest. 120The EU’s 2009 classification of biomass as renewable has, in fact, turned forestry into a callous extraction industry without concern for natural habitats. To balance its carbon budget, emissions are also measured where a tree is cut down rather than where a processed pellet is burned; that is, a tree farm in rather than a European biomass power plant. Instead of managing waste wood in a viable organic recycling program, industrial biomass promotes the wholesale cutting down of vast areas of woodland. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities surrounding the transition from fossil fuels to biomass energy. It highlights that although biomass is classified as renewable, its production involves extensive deforestation and harmful emissions, questioning the simplicity of the transition. Moreover, it indicates that managing waste wood in a viable recycling program is necessary rather than advocating for industrial biomass, further implying that additional knowledge and training would be required to address environmental concerns and practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies used to address the function of GABA in the SCN have mainly used a pharmacological approach since it is difficult to assess the role of GABA in the SCN by using a genetic study as mice with genetic GABA deficiencies like vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT) and GAD 65/67 deficient mice do not survive for long [184, 185] after birth. Two distinct forms of GAD namely GAD 65 and GAD 67 exist. VGAT is also present [118] in the GABAergic neurons of the SCN. Circadian oscillations occur at cellular, molecular, and systems level. A major reason for the dual excitatory/inhibitory effects of GABA in the SCN is the intracellular chloride (Cl–) concentration. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter when intracellular Cl– concentration is low and excitatory when the Cl– concentration is high. GABA function also changes during development. GABA which has an excitatory effect initially during development because of the high intracellular Cl– concentration becomes inhibitory during development [186]. A study using genetically encoded radiometric probe Cl-Sensor has been reported [187] that [Cl–]i is under circadian regulation in AVP and VIP neurons and this has probably provided a basis for the reports of increased excitatory GABA transmission during day and early night. GABA A, a heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channel permeable to chloride [188, 189] takes part in GABA signaling [5, 29, 190]. It is also suggested that the functional role of GABA may be for the refinement of circadian firing rhythm, rather than for rhythmic generation and population synchronization [190]. Genetic studies of recent times have revealed that GABA refines circadian output rhythms but does not affect circadian oscillations in the SCN [29]. A new computational insight into GABA signaling has been developed to give more information regarding mammalian circadian timekeeping [180]. This also explains the interplay between gamma and delta GABA A receptors in the SCN which is crucial for signaling. It also tells us to some extent seasonal variation in circadian timekeeping. This acts as a pointer towards GABA-based therapeutic regimes for shift work or jet lag. The possibility of GABA levels and GABA A receptor densities balancing to time electrophysiological output of the SCN for neuronal firing [190–192] is also reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of GABA in the SCN and its effects on circadian rhythms, but it does not directly support or refute the claim regarding the SCN as the master clock. Instead, it focuses on the complexities of GABA signaling and its developmental changes, which while related to circadian rhythms, do not directly address the claim about the SCN's function as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Consequently, the Bitcoin price increases, and so does, as a byproduct, the mining cost, which measures the network computation power. That is, the more secure the network is, the more trustworthy it becomes in practice via the price mechanism. This is a positive feedback, which strengthens the network. However, there is a limit to the cost of security, which people are willing to pay in any financial transaction. This limit determines the mining cost. It is interesting that a similar argument was put against the gold standard. Followers of the monetary school of economics argued that unlike fiat money, gold mining is a waste of useful resources, which can be directed to other useful industrial sectors. The answer of the Austrian school was that it is a small price to pay to prevent the government from inflating the amount of money [31]. economists have a nice analogy: why so many resources are invested in steel locks? Wouldn’t it be smarter had we replaced them with paper locks and allocate the steel to better uses? This is clearly a rhetorical question. Security is a costly business. We pay for security and safety. This is an important point. In a stationary economy, or, in the Austrian school terminology, the Economy (ERE), the future is already known, and there are neither surprises nor risks. Consequently, there is no need for money. In the ERE, money has no function. People need money only in states of uncertainty. Money helps relieve the sense of uncertainty. However, counterfeiting is a source of concern. Fiat money is susceptible to the whims of the government. Governments can (and do) inflate the money supply indefinitely. The supply of gold, on the other hand, is regulated by the market, since gold counterfeiting is extremely difficult. Only when the market price exceeds the mining cost, new gold is generated by mining. The same reasoning applies to Bitcoin. However, there are some very important differences: as was explained above, it is more difficult to counterfeit Bitcoin than gold, let alone fiat currency. Moreover, the ability to counterfeit fiat currency and gold is independent of their value. Therefore, as their value rises, additional counterfeiting attempts are made. The opposite is true for Bitcoin. The difficulty to attack the Bitcoin network is proportional to the Hash power of the Bitcoin mining; however, the cost of this power is proportional to the price of Bitcoin (since most of the Bitcoins have already been mined). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining the relationship between Bitcoin, mining, and network security, which are fundamental aspects of blockchain technology. It illustrates that Bitcoin, a cryptocurrency, is secured through a mining process that requires computational power, directly linking it to the underlying blockchain technology. The text indicates that Bitcoin's value and the associated mining costs are derived from the security provided by its blockchain network, thereby corroborating the claim that blockchain underpins cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: 128 Neither punitive US taxes on alcohol nor Standard Oil, which held a monopoly on the global oil market, helped the fledgling grain-based fuel industry. 129 Consumer options are only as good as the price at the pump, yet hardly viable without a pump. The increased need for fossil-fuel alternatives, however, has rekindled interest in farm-based fuels, in particular ethanol (ethyl alcohol) and biodiesel. Sugarcane ethanol is an alcohol-based fuel, produced by the fermentation of sugarcane juice (about 10% of pulverized sugarcane) and molasses. 130 Pioneered in Brazil in the 1920s (mostly in the state of São Paulo) and expanded during the global oil crisis of the 1970s, sugarcane ethanol is burned in all Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles and accounts for 50% of the country’s auto-fuel needs, with every gas station having at least one ethanol pump. Sugarcane provides over 16% of Brazil’s total energy supply, taking up 1. 5% of arable land for production. As a transportation fuel, sugarcane ethanol also lowers greenhouse gas emissions by as much as 90% compared to gasoline. 131 Subsequently, Brazil produces much fewer transport emissions than elsewhere. Corn ethanol is similar, using yeast to ferment starch in ground corn kernels as in traditional grain-based alcohol production (starch to sugar to alcohol), but is only about 20% as efficient as sugarcane ethanol. Corn ethanol is also more expensive to produce than sugarcane ethanol, which is already a sugar and is thus more easily fermented without the need of extensive preprocessing. Nonetheless, corn is the number one US crop and ethanol production has grown rapidly throughout the midwestern “Corn Belt” states where the vast farming infrastructure helped to facilitate the change from growing corn for food to growing corn for fuel. Targets originally cited in the 2005 US Act were expanded in the 2007 to foster growth and reduce American reliance on foreign oil. In the midst of rising prices after the Russian invasion of Ukraine at the start of 2022, the Biden administration announced an increase to E15 to lower gasoline consumption and prices, although the volume of blended renewable fuel had already been mandated to quadruple to 36 billion gallons by 2022 via the Standard (RFS) program. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in transitioning to renewable fuels, such as sugarcane and corn-based ethanol, and hints at the need for adaptation in production methods and infrastructure. The mention of the transition from growing corn for food to growing it for fuel suggests that there is a significant change required in the industry, implying that additional training and adjustment would be necessary rather than a direct transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Yet another interesting observation is that BB2 signaling can synchronize SCN neurons when VIP signaling is not available [19, 211]. However, there is no evidence to show that GRP is required for SCN timekeeping since BB2 deficient mice though exhibit a lack of photic responses show normal rhythms in behavior [204]. Probably this aspect may make one believe that late expression of GRP is related to a more specific role or function of GRP in the mature adult SCN. Further, it is also seen that GRP neurons of the retinorecipient ventral area of the SCN can convey photic signals from the ventral part to the dorsal part of the SCN by way of induction of mPer gene. belongs to the secretin family and has a role in mammalian clock resetting. It is a neurotransmitter with many functions and is co-localized with glutamate in RHT terminals. It is associated with melanopsin required [212, 213] for entrainment of the mammalian clock. It is suggested [214] that PACAP action is to augment the PACAP signaling pathway at times when glutamate stimulation alone is not sufficient. Light entrainment of the circadian clock is through mRGCs as well as glutamate and PACAP. Light signaling involves the expression of the IEand Egr1 and clock genes of Per 1 and Per 2. deficient mice to study the role in light-induced gene expression of EGR1 in neurons of the SCN, it was reported [79] that light-mediated EGR1 induction at early night at low light intensities depends on PACAP signaling. Although this role of PACAP in light NMDA/glutamate-mediated neurotransmission is suggested there is a need for further investigation about the role of PACAP. The PAC1 receptor responsible for PACAP signaling is involved in light entrainment and phase shift of the circadian rhythms in mice [76, 77, 78, 215]. In the absence of PACAP or its receptor PAC1 smaller phase delay is seen at early night, probably due to altered light sensitivity, and light-mediated phase advances are less compromised at late night. DAOf late DA is recognized as an important modulator of circadian rhythms and hence regulation of biological rhythms by DA appears to be an emerging area of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various signaling pathways (like BB2, GRP, and PACAP) involved in the circadian rhythms but does not specifically confirm or deny the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus as the master clock. It highlights the complexity of circadian rhythm regulation without establishing a direct connection to the SCN's role.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Bitcoin is not the only thing that can be sent via the blockchain, in fact, almost any kind of information can be sent via the transactions, and this is an irreversible process, since any such information will remain in the blockchain for eternity, and everyone in the network will have an access to this information. Bitcoins are the cost of perpetuating the information. In other words, Bitcoins can be regarded as the “real estate” of the blockchain. The more Bitcoins a person has, the more information he can send on the blockchain. There are all kinds of data encapsulated on the blockchain: poems, prays, political statements, commercials, and even photos [36]. In fact, it is amazing how many kinds of information can be found there. It is not difficult to find many applications for this kind of information retention. One of the special applications is the announcement of contracts. Such contracts will be confirmed by the blockchain. Or another important application is a decentralized registrar of real estate (or any other type of property). With the Bitcoin network, one can announce ownership of objects, the information will be available instantaneously, and since it is not centralized, then there is no fear of losing this information. The important thing is to realize that there is no direct connection between this information and the value of Bitcoin. The relation is indirect. The value of these announcements is directly related to the number of nodes in the network. The more people are connected to the Bitcoin network, the more valuable this information is. Therefore, if the network is large enough, then people will like to use it by sending and announcing information. However, it is clear that when the network grows, sending information becomes more valuable, and therefore the value of the network’s coin, which controls it, increases as well. The more coins a person owns, the more he controls the network. Again we see that owning Bitcoin is like owning real estate on the blockchain. Clearly, at its inception, when the Bitcoin network was small, the value of publishing data over it was low, but then the Bitcoin’s value was accordingly small. In fact, in its genesis, the Bitcoin’s value could have been only the subjective value of the first few geeks, who mined it (including Satoshi himself). When the network grows, the Bitcoin value increases exponentially, just like the laser power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how Bitcoin operates within the blockchain, describing the blockchain as a platform that allows not only the transfer of Bitcoin but also other types of information. It highlights that Bitcoin serves as a currency that facilitates transactions on the blockchain, reinforcing the idea that blockchain technology is crucial for the functioning of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: There is no magic bullet, one-system-fits-all solution to global energy needs, and a complete conversion of all available biomass farmland to biofuel-producing crops would displace about 25% of the gasoline annually consumed in the United States. Clearly, other options are needed. Cellulosic ethanol – a so-called “second-generation” biofuel – is less controversial, using microbes (thermochemical gasification) or enzymes (saccharification) to break down cellulose in waste agriculture, such as woody fibers, trees, and grasses. The leftover, nonedible parts of corn plants on existing farmlands and land not suitable for food also support cellulosic ethanol production. The earth’s most abundant carbon-based molecule, half of all modern biomass is cellulose, (C6H10O5)n, the result of photosynthesis-generated glucose that bonds together to form the cell wall of green plants and algae. 137 Cellulosic ethanol doesn’t use as much fossil fuels for fertilizers or cultivation, increase food prices, or cause as much environmental damage as grain-based ethanol, while burning cellulosic ethanol also produces 60% less greenhouse gas emissions than burning petroleum. 138One novel power plant – the world’s largest upon completion – was built by Dupont in 2015 in Nevada, Iowa, annually producing 30 million gallons of cellulosic ethanol from 375,000 tons of corn stover (stalk, leaf, husk, and cob leftover in the corn harvest), before being sold to a German biofuels company in 2019 and retooled to produce natural gas. 139 Unfortunately, preprocessing cellulose from energy crop waste is still hugely expensive, although the costs could decrease with improved biomass yield via faster-growing crops and plants or from using winter cover crops. ***Americans also annually consume about 50 billion gallons of diesel fuel. Most trucks, buses, and tractors run on the more robust diesel engine, and thus biodiesel has become increasingly popular since commercial production began in the 1990s. A diesel engine is more powerful than a gasoline engine – combusting fuel by compression instead of spark ignition – and is better suited for larger vehicles. As with ethanol/gasoline, blends are common, B20 (20% biodiesel by volume), as well as pure B100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in transitioning to renewable energy sources like cellulosic ethanol. It highlights that there is 'no magic bullet' solution and emphasizes the technological challenges, such as the high costs of preprocessing cellulose from energy crop waste. This suggests that transitioning from fossil fuel jobs to renewables is not straightforward and may require additional knowledge, skills, and training to address these complexities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin, a photopigment expressed by the iPRGCS causes depolarization in response to light and releases glutamate as well as PACAP from RHT terminals in the SCN. 5HTA dense serotonergic projection mainly from raphe nuclei to the retinorecipient region of the SCN and that too specifically to the VIP-containing core region of the SCN [239] has been reported. There is a reciprocal projection from SCN to raphe nuclei also. IGL also has a serotonergic projection from the dorsal raphe. The presence of many 5HT receptor subtypes has been reported in the SCN [240, 241]. 5HT receptor-mediated signaling within SCN appears to be complex. The function of serotonergic projection to the SCN is mainly to modulate the pacemaker responses to light and in this raphe-retina projection may function as an indirect photic input to the clock. 5HT can regulate SCN neurons by both pre-synaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms [34]. However, 5HT modulates glutamate release from RHT terminals as well as participates in GABAergic signaling through 5HT1B receptors present in SCN clock neurons [242, 243]. In vitro and in vivo 5HT receptor agonists cause phase shifts of the SCN if administered at times of the circadian cycle during which light does not cause phase shifts. Raphe nuclei lesions are found to reduce amplitudes of circadian activity rhythm in rats. 5HT agonists inhibit optic nerve-induced field potentials in SCN brain slice preparation, light-induced Fos expression, and phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of wheel running activity. 5HT antagonists produced an increase in light-induced firing rates of SCN neurons as well as light-induced phase shifts. 5HT modulates pacemaker response to light within SCN by potentiating glutamate input during daytime and inhibiting input at night time. In addition to modulation of photic input serotonergic system is also involved in non-photic effects of phase shifting of neuronal firing, locomotor activity rhythm, melatonin secretion, and body temperature rhythm as well as gene expression [244]. NPY, DA, and 5HT neurotransmitters are the principal mediators of non-photic entrainment. There is some difference of opinion as regards the role of 5HT signaling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the mechanisms of serotonergic signaling and its interactions with the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but it does not explicitly support or refute the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it primarily discusses the role of serotonin in modulating SCN responses to light and other factors. As such, the text is deemed irrelevant to the specific claim about the SCN serving as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Nowadays, the fees of sending information over the blockchain are quite high, and therefore people seldom use the blockchain for broadcasting information. As a consequence, they tend to forget that the Bitcoin network has a clear nonmonetary use, and therefore it has a subjective use value. In any case, the fact that Bitcoin has a nonzero value does not and cannot contradict Mises’ regression theorem. 24. has many enemies, and, as a consequence, there are many arguments, which allegedly explains, why Bitcoin should be worthless or should be banned. The truth is that Bitcoin is extremely valuable and is here to stay because it cannot be banned. On the other hand, Bitcoin has many advocates, which use inaccurate arguments to justify the origin of its value. The fact that these arguments were presented by renowned economists shows us that our understanding about the origin of money did not change much during the last century. The mysterious gave us the opportunity to revive these century-old conundrums. The main conclusions are:Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value. It cannot and should not be banned by governments. In fact, any government’s manipulation and regulation emphasize and increase the need for cryptocurrencies. Criminals are not the only ones who see the benefits in using cryptocurrencies. In the third world (e. g. , Venezuela and Zimbabwe), cryptos are lifesavers. In general, cryptos are extremely valuable wherever censorship resistance is required, and in a global market economy, that fact creates value for everyone. Bitcoin does suffer from infancy problems (high volatility and high transaction costs); however, these issues are not fundamental and will be resolved eventually (we already see many signs for that). The fact that the crypto market exceeded 800B$, despite these issues, only emphasizes the need of the markets in them. The energy which is spent in crypto mining is not a wasted energy. It is the source of the network’s security which increases the trust in the system, and in a market economy trust is a very valuable commodity. The easiness in the creation of new coins is not equivalent to fiat money inflation. Fiat inflation is a counterfeiting process, while the creation of new cryptos is equivalent to the creation of a new invention, which may be better, but it has to surmount the former coins’ network effect. Bitcoin does not contradict any economical law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance and value of Bitcoin, which operates on blockchain technology. By stating that 'Bitcoin is not a scheme; it is a great monetary invention, which has a clear economic value,' the text supports the idea that blockchain underpins cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. Additionally, it highlights the 'trust in the system' provided by crypto mining, further implying the significance of blockchain as the foundational technology for these digital currencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Biomass makes up roughly 10% of world energy production, including almost three million barrels per day of biofuels (~2/3 ethanol, 1/3 biodiesel), a more than five-fold increase in 20 years (Figure 1. 3). As with fossil fuels, production is linked to available sources, producing almost 50% of all biofuels (corn and soybeans), followed by 30% (sugarcane and corn) and Europe 20% (corn and soybeans). Asia kicks in with under 5% (mostly Indonesian palm oil). Figure 1. 3 World biofuel production 2000 to 2019 (million barrels/day). Source: US Information, “Biofuels Production,” Statistics, www. eia. gov/international/data/world/biofuels/biofuels-production. Highlighting the large agricultural footprint of such “energy crops,” US corn ethanol cropland comprises almost 20% of 84 million total acres and soybean biodiesel 25% of 300 million acres. To increase production, more farmland will be needed, while to run all gasoline vehicles in the USA on ethanol would require an area twice the size of Texas, an unlikely proposition. In the UK, which consumes about one-sixth the amount of fuel as in the USA, an area equal to the whole of the UK would be needed to run its petrol-fueled vehicles. Despite the lower carbon footprint compared to burning petroleum, there are serious concerns about biofuels, including reduced food crops, higher food prices, water shortages, and deforestation (especially in Brazil and Indonesia), while the energy required to produce biofuels is greater than the energy generated in an internal combustion engine, underscoring the inefficiency. forests have even been cut down to grow sugarcane for “low-carbon” biofuels, a perverse attempt to make “green” fuel. 144It is also unlikely there will ever be enough land or plant-based feedstock to make the liquid fuel needed to satisfy existing transportation needs if petroleum fuels are completely phased out. As a simple comparison, the amount of farmland to make industrial biofuels is much greater than via wind turbines or solar panels (50 times for wheat to 110 times for sugar beet145), never mind the pollution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and challenges associated with transitioning to biofuels, a renewable energy source. It emphasizes that significant agricultural resources are required to produce biofuels, implying that workers in fossil fuel jobs would need substantial retraining and adaptation to engage in renewable energy production. Additionally, the inefficiencies and environmental impacts of biofuels, such as land requirements and food security concerns, suggest that transitioning from fossil fuels to renewables is not straightforward and likely requires further training and education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The possibility of different subtypes of receptors mediating these reactions cannot be forgotten. Despite all these serotonergic projection remains an important signaling mechanism for the SCN function. NPYOf the four afferent inputs to the from the IGL mostly has immunoreactivity for NPY and is the neurotransmitter in the photic input [33]. Though not required for entrainment or normal expression of circadian rhythmicity, it does exert an influence on entrainment. Neurotransmitters involved in GHT which is an indirect photic input mediated by both photic and non-photic stimuli are and ENK. NPY is the primary neurotransmitter acting directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN [25, 245]. NPY is a 36-amino acid peptide involved in various physiological processes. In the has multiple functions of modulating the phase and amplitude of circadian rhythms, altering the timing and strength of SCN output signals depending on the time of day and environmental conditions. NPY also influences the response of SCN to light stimuli and is responsible for SCN activity and sensitivity to various stressors and metabolic signals like glucocorticoids, leptin, and Ghrelin. NPY modulates neurotransmitter action in the SCN, particularly the inhibition of GABA release. NPY exerts its effects on the SCN through the receptors Y1-Y6 coupled to different intracellular signaling pathways. It is seen that the application of NPY to SCN slices produces reversible inhibition of neuronal firing in a concentration-dependent manner which subsequently leads to phase advance in circadian rhythms. Of the receptors, NPY acts both on Y1 and Y2 which involves reducing the frequency of spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents thereby suggesting a presynaptic mechanism of NPY action. The exact mechanism and interaction of NPY and its receptors are yet to be known completely and require further investigation. The distribution of NPY and receptors in the SCN varies across species and circadian phases. In addition, NPY acts pre-synaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated transmission to the SCN. A recent review 2. CCK is colocalized with other neurotransmitters like and 5HT. CCK neurons are seen in the SCN and receive many afferent inputs from other areas of the brain especially the ventromedial hypothalamus which may explain how feeding behavior can entrain circadian rhythms through CCK neurons of SCN [252]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and its interaction with various receptors in the SCN, alongside other neurotransmitters. While it mentions functions related to circadian rhythms, it does not provide clear corroboration or contrast to the specific claim about the SCN's role as a master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 1004138 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechof the by Ireneusz Miciuła From the Cryptocurrencies - of the Miciuła To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionBlockchain, a contemporary buzzword, is an evolving technology with a firm foothold in commercial, financial, governmental, and academic domains. Its architectural features, such as decentralization, cryptocurrency, and consensus, are pivotal in ensuring security. Blockchain comprises validated transaction blocks, and its decentralized structure, free from a single point of failure, enhances safety. This 2. A look at blockchain technology: how does it work? What is blockchain and why is so innovative? The blockchain functions as a decentralized ledger, capturing a comprehensive record of all transactions within a peer-to-peer network. Through this technology, participants have the ability to exchange value over the Internet, bypassing the requirement for a central third party. Its innovativeness effectively tackled a long-standing challenge in the digital domain known as double spending [3], resolving an issue that had persisted for an extended period. Let us consider a simple case:Dori and Aris are friends. Dori has $100 in her wallet, and Aris has none. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing blockchain as a decentralized ledger that captures a record of all transactions within a peer-to-peer network. It mentions that blockchain's architectural features, such as decentralization and consensus, are pivotal for ensuring security, which directly supports the idea that blockchain is the foundational technology enabling cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Although the debate continues about the value of growing crops for fuel and power, obtained either from fermented carbohydrate crops (sugarcane and corn ethanol), pressed oil-bearing plants (soybean and rapeseed/canola biodiesel), or complex second-generation biofuels that require vast amounts of organic feedstock (cellulosic ethanol) – whether on their own, in co-fired plants, or as a liquid-fuel alternative to gasoline and diesel – biomass and biofuels offer a unique, modern, farm-engineered energy source. Alas, given the vast infrastructure already in place for liquid fuels, biofuels are about extending the lifetime of the internal combustion engine and liquid-fuel infrastructure via pretend green additives. And while the synthetic fuels (synfuels) derived from organic feedstocks such as sugarcane, corn, soybeans, and rapeseed/canola can reduce dependence on petroleum, they still produce carbon dioxide when burned and are a net energy loss if more energy is required to produce them in the first place than is regained during combustion. Indeed, despite the more modern methods to turn food into fuel, the technology has not overcome the inherent inefficiency of biomass, the reason we changed to fossil fuels in the first place. We can, however, reduce the massive amount of biological waste that would otherwise go straight to a landfill by managing the organic output from farms, businesses, and homes. Fortunately, much of what we waste can be put to use, turning seemingly unimportant organic matter into energy as a bioliquid, which we look at next. 1. 7 Loop: what we mean by “waste,” a modern biogas plant helps dispose of the heaps of agricultural by-products, industry food waste, and household garbage (for example, kitchen leftovers) that we create every day, converting waste to energy (WTE) rather than just throwing everything out in one fell swoop. Today’s industrial systems can convert “waste to watts” or waste to biogas in under two months. The heart of a biogas plant is the anaerobic digester (AD) that converts organic matter to methane, which is then burned for cooking, to generate electricity, or even to run a retrofitted bio-burner car. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and inefficiencies surrounding the development and use of biofuels and biomass for energy. It emphasizes that despite advancements in technology for converting waste to energy, the inherent inefficiencies of biomass still persist, indicating that a direct transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewable energy roles may not be straightforward without additional training or knowledge about these technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The exact role of CCK, seen as a distinct population of neurons in the shell part and a few neurons in the core part of SCN in circadian timekeeping is not known completely. Though CCK neurons do not express either AVP or VIP, have synaptic contact. CCK neurons in the SCN do interact with VIP neurons in the light entrainment pathway. CCK neurons have no direct input from the major pathways to the SCN and are not light-responsive [151, 252, 253]. Also, CCK-deficient mice have normal entrainment and show light-induced phase shift. CCK neurons may likely act in non-photic regulation within the clock rather than photic regulation [253]. It is also reported [254] that the activities of CCK neurons in the SCN of mice preceded the onset of behavioral activities that too under different photoperiods. In addition to shortened free-running periods, CCK-deficient mice failed to compress the activities under a long photoperiod. CCK neurons are not directly light sensitive, but their activation can produce phase advance and counter light-induced phase delay mediated by VIP neurons. Further low slow-responding CCK neurons can control the rate of recovery during jet lag thereby suggesting that these neurons are crucial for the robust nature and plasticity of the clock. MelatoninMelatonin also referred to as “darkness hormone” is of importance in the function of SCN and is synthesized in the pineal gland. The highest number of melatonin receptors are seen in the SCN and hence it is likely to be the most important target for melatonin action in humans. Two high affinity G-protein coupled receptors namely MT1 and MT2 are seen in the SCN with MT1 receptor high density in the core area [255]. MT2 is expressed at a lower level. It is reported [256] that SCN directs melatonin synthesis and receives melatonin feedback and this feedback alters gene expression and electrical activity in SCN. Another report states that MT1 receptor activation inhibits SCN neuronal activity as well as PACAP-mediated signal transduction. MT2 receptors on the other hand mediate receptor-induced phase-shifting effect on SCN electrical activity which is abolished by MT2-specific antagonists [257]. This is seen in mice genetically deficient for MT1 receptors also. All these indicate the differential response of the receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the role of CCK neurons and their interactions within the SCN, and discusses melatonin receptors in the SCN. While it provides information about various neuronal interactions and processes related to circadian rhythms, it does not affirm or refute the assertion that the SCN itself is a master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Dori decides to transfer $100 to Aris. In the physical world, it’s a straightforward exchange: Dori now has no money, and Aris has $100. Simple, right? ! But let us imagine the following situation:In the digital scenario, Dori’s transfer of a photo representing $100 to Aris introduces a unique challenge. Unlike the physical transfer of money, the digital photo is duplicable, leading to questions about its ownership and potential misuse. retain a copy of the photo, share it with additional friends, or even post it publicly on social media where it could be freely downloaded? The inherent replicability of digital assets like these challenges the traditional notion of ownership and transfer, highlighting the need for a secure and trustworthy system to manage digital transactions. Blockchain technology, with its decentralized and tamper-resistant characteristics, aims to address such issues in the digital realm. Digital LedgerTo address the questions raised earlier, we rely on the concept of a digital ledger. The key is to have a record of the quantity of $100 digital photos owned by Dori and how she distributes them among her friends. However, it’s not Dori’s responsibility to maintain these records. In the contemporary landscape of digital banking transactions, this record-keeping role is assumed by the bank. The bank, subject to regulatory oversight, ensures transparency about the funds Dori possesses and how she utilizes them. In this context, the bank functions as a third-party entity, independent and responsible for maintaining accurate records. Nonetheless, it’s crucial to remember that digital banking transactions are underpinned by actual, physical banknotes. The quantity and issuance of these banknotes are regulated by the respective central bank. Here, we return to the initial point: the bank resolved the issue of digitally distributing physical banknotes. However, in the second scenario, Dori possesses a digital photo of a banknote. Questions arise: Who captured that photo? How did Dori obtain it? What are her intentions for spending it? Furthermore, uncertainties linger regarding the total number of such digital photos and whether they hold genuine value. Blockchain digital ledger conceptBlockchain provides a straightforward solution to the scenario involving the digital photo on Dori’s phone and the question of record-keeping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of blockchain technology in managing digital transactions, particularly in addressing challenges related to the ownership and transfer of digital assets. It emphasizes that blockchain's decentralized and tamper-resistant characteristics are essential for ensuring security in digital transactions, supporting the idea that blockchain underpins the functionality of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: As an industrial gas, hydrogen is already a huge global industry with strong fundamentals and favorable prospects. The global hydrogen market is forecast to increase $33 billion over the next 4 years, from US$122 billion in 2018 to US$155 billion in 2022. This is a growth rate of 33% over this period − a compound annual growth rate of over 6%/yr [5]. The world market is expected to grow rapidly due to government regulations for desulfurization of petroleum products and increasing demand for hydrogen as a clean transportation fuel [6]. Hydrogen is currently required in the refining industry as a petrochemical for hydrocracking and desulfurization. During petroleum refining, hydrogen is used for desulfurization, and thus the requirement for hydrogen in refineries depends on the sulfur level present in petroleum products. Governments are regulating sulfur content in final petroleum products, and the demand for hydrogen in refineries is increasing rapidly. Hydrogen is used in large quantities for chemical product synthesis, especially to form ammonia and methanol, and is used as an agricultural fertilizer. It is also used for applications in metal production and fabrication, methanol production, food processing, cosmetics, electronics, FCs, engines and turbines, and energy storage. About 55% of the global hydrogen demand is for ammonia synthesis, 25% in refineries, and 10% for methanol production. The other applications worldwide account for about 10% of hydrogen production [7]. The hydrogen market comprises two segments: “merchant” hydrogen − i. e. , hydrogen generated on-site or in a central production facility and sold to consumers by pipeline, bulk tank, or cylinder truck delivery − and “captive” hydrogen − hydrogen produced by the consumer for internal use at the point of consumption. Captive hydrogen currently comprises about 95% of the market. However, the US market for merchant hydrogen exceeds $4 billion annually and is growing about 7%/yr, while the US market for hydrogen power systems is about $3. 5 billion and growing nearly 10% annually [7]. Captive hydrogen production is expected to dominate the market until 2021. However, merchant production is forecast to increase in market share because of the effective technologies used by manufacturers in the market − the most common technologies used worldwide include electrolysis (water) and reformation (methane). is the largest market for merchant hydrogen. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding equal access to renewable energy jobs. It discusses the growth of the global hydrogen market and various applications of hydrogen in industries, but it does not address whether countries will have equal access to jobs related to renewable energy. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide relevant information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a possibility that more information about the role of PK2 as a neurotransmitter in the SCN is equally useful when considering and interpreting its therapeutic possibilities. OrexinOrexin or hypocretin neurons originating from lateral and posterior hypothalamic areas send excitatory fibers to many areas of the brain. Orexin-containing fibers and orexin receptors in the SCN have suggested that orexin may have a role in the SCN function [272]. The interaction of orexin-containing neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus and SCN helps to regulate the daily rhythm of sleep and wakefulness [273]. The orexin-A/hypocretin-1 and orexin-B/hypocretin-2 are two neuropeptides synthesized by neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and perifornical area [274]. has been reported to have a dose-dependent enhanced neuronal activity on many neurons and inhibitory activity on other neurons. can influence the neuronal activity of the SCN in brain slices as well as in dispersed cell cultures [272]. A variety of inputs received by Orexin neurons project to parts of the CNS which makes them perform “multi-tasking” and regulate many vital body functions like sleep/wake states, energy homeostasis, cognition mood, and others. Dysfunction of the orexinergic system also leads to different pathological conditions. It is found that SCN regulates orexin neurons and is much more active during the circadian night than the circadian day. However, it is not clear whether the orexin neurons reciprocally regulate the SCN. Orexin suppresses mouse SCN Per 1-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) expressing clock cells and augments the SCN clock-resetting effects of NPY. It also potentiates NPY’s inhibition of SCN Per 1-EGFP cells [275]. This report modifies the present view that orexin signaling is exclusively excitatory. Orexin produces an increase in inhibitory postsynaptic currents with low doses while high doses cause a decrease in inhibitory postsynaptic currents and orexin 1 receptor antagonist can prevent the same. The ability of orexin A to induce phase shifts on long-term recordings, and the discharge rate of SCN neurons suggest modulation of neuronal activity in rodent SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of orexin as a neurotransmitter in the SCN and its potential involvement in regulating sleep/wake cycles. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the SCN as the master clock for circadian rhythms. Therefore, while it mentions the SCN, it does not contribute to supporting or contradicting the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain is the underlying technology that enables cryptocurrencies. [SEP] Text: Rather than relying on a third party like a bank, trusted friend, or notary, blockchain proposes that the record should be decentralized and shared with everyone interested in sharing digital photos of banknotes through their mobile phones or computers. In contrast to a centralized model, blockchain introduces a distributed approach. Rather than having a centralized ledger tracking the number of digital photos of $100 on Dori’s phone or computer, this information is dispersed among the phones and computers of all participants involved. This includes not only Dori but also Aris and others engaged in exchanging digital photos for $100 via mobile phones or computers. The blockchain diligently records and disseminates this information to everyone. shares her unique digital photo of $100 with Aris, the blockchain accurately registers an “outflow” from Dori and an “inflow” to Aris, ensuring verification and distribution across the network. Attempting to send the same digital photo to 100 more friends becomes impractical since the blockchain records of all others are not synchronized. In their records, Dori no longer owns a digital photo of $100, leading to the rejection of her attempted transaction. Consequently, Dori no longer possesses the digital photo, while Aris does. 2. 1 Distributed and traditional databaseBlockchain operates as a decentralized database, recording a comprehensive audit trail of all transactions. Unlike traditional databases, it is managed by a network of computers, with no single computer holding sole responsibility for storage or administration. This ensures that any computer can join or leave the network without compromising data integrity or availability. The database can be restored from scratch by any computer, simply by downloading it from the network and processing the audit trail. In contrast, traditional databases are typically controlled by a single organization with complete authority, including the ability to manipulate data. While this may not pose issues in certain contexts, the sensitive nature of financial transactions creates a risk of data manipulation and falsification. To counter this, banks undergo continuous audit and regulatory scrutiny, facing persistent threats from external malicious hackers. Blockchain addresses these challenges by allowing the database to be managed by a distributed network, making it publicly accessible to everyone. This open model enables anyone to create a redundant copy of the database and verify it against other copies. However, this approach is best suited for static data that does not change over time. For dynamic data, a consensus problem arises when changes are needed after the database has been distributed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain operates as a decentralized database, which is crucial for the functioning of cryptocurrencies. It outlines that blockchain does not rely on a central authority and describes how transactions are recorded and verified across a distributed network. This description supports the notion that blockchain is inherently linked to the operation and facilitation of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every country will have equal access to renewable energy jobs. [SEP] Text: But since more than 95% of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels, hydrogen is not really “clean and green,” and electrolysis − the major hydrogen source other than reformation − is exceedingly inefficient, expensive, and energy-intensive. Experimental methods involving wind, solar, biomass, etc. are still far from being economic or commercially cost-competitive. For example, California − the world's sixth largest economy − has implemented increasingly stringent CO2 reduction goals and renewable energy mandates, and these include rapidly increasing requirements for zero emissions hydrogen vehicles. However, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels − specifically natural gas − does not count toward achieving these goals, and is not eligible for California's lucrative low carbon fuel credits [8]. This is the 800 lb gorilla in the room that hydrogen advocates and hydrogen industry promoters conveniently ignore: The hydrogen economy is hitting a brick wall that will severely limit its growth potential. All of the frenzied hype over hydrogen FCs, hydrogen vehicles, distributed power, clean fuels, sustainable generation, etc. is meaningless until a method can be found to efficiently and cheaply produce large quantities of hydrogen in a truly green and sustainable manner that does not increase CO2 emissions. Experimental methods involving bio-hydrogen production, renewable electrolysis, photo-electrochemical solar water splitting, solar high-temperature thermochemical cycles, high-temperature electrolysis, photo-biological, bio-derived, microbial conversion, etc. are still far from being technically feasible, much less economic, or commercially cost-competitive. More recently, sustainable hydrogen is being produced from scrap aluminum, and this represents a promising solution to the major problem confronting the hydrogen economy. This process is capable of producing significant amounts of high-purity hydrogen at a competitive cost per relevant unit in a scalable, controllable, and sustainable manner. It is effectively a third viable hydrogen production method − in comparison to reformation and electrolysis. Sustainable hydrogen production from scrap aluminum can thus provide the long-sought solution to the major environmental problem confronting the hydrogen economy [9]. 3 Review of previous research The most definitive analysis of hydrogen economy jobs was conducted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), which estimated the employment impacts of a transformation of the US economy to the use of hydrogen between 2020 and 2050 [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant barriers to the hydrogen economy and renewable energy sectors, suggesting that access to jobs in renewable energy may not be equal among countries. It highlights that methods for creating renewable energy (e.g., hydrogen production) are currently not economically viable or scalable, emphasizing that despite potential advancements, these barriers prevent equal access to jobs related to renewable energy across different nations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Histamine may be acting as a final neurotransmitter on which photic and non-photic entrainment converge [284]. Intracerebroventricular injection of histamine is also found to alter circadian function in hamster and mouse SCN slices, exogenous application of histamine exerts a phase-shifting effect on circadian neural activity rhythms [285]. Four subtypes of GPCR, H1, H2, H3, and H4 have been identified for the action of histamine [286] and the synthesis and release of histamine are regulated by feedback inhibition. Among histamine receptors H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R, H1R mediates the excitatory action of histamine in the SCN. Histamine by acting on the H1R receptor can increase Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+] in the mouse SCN neurons [287] and it is likely that the molecular mechanism responsible for histamine-induced-phase delay is based on this. Histamine signaling in histamine-induced resetting of the clock is also seen. However, in this case, the receptors mediating the effect may not be H1R but may be H3R also. Despite accumulating evidence for the role of histamine in circadian function, it is not yet possible to give a specific role in circadian activity currently. NTNT and its receptors are present in rats, monkeys, and humans with a larger number of NT neurons in humans [288, 289]. NT is a 13 amino acid neuropeptide having NT1, NT2, and NT3 receptors for mediating its function. First evidence of NT and its receptors NT1 and NT2 having a role in circadian pacemaker regulation has been provided [290]. As per the studies NT can phase shift the firing rate in SCN neurons and play a role in regulating pacemaker function. Studies using receptor agonists and antagonists have also provided valuable information. Application NT produces an increase in the firing rate of SCN neurons [291]. NT-positive cells projecting to SCN can be seen in hamster IGL and It is reported that NPY can regulate SCN neuronal activity when applied with NT producing dampening of the inhibitory action of NPY [291]. These results point towards a possibility of NT modulating circadian function in the89 SCN involving NT1 and NT2 receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. It discusses the role of histamine and neuropeptides (NT) in influencing circadian function but does not make definitive connections to the SCN being the master regulator. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.