Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Working with The availability of conservation teachings by religious and spiritual leaders provide an entry to encountering members of faith communities in areas slated for research and the practice of conservation. Forum participants expressed their appreciation for faith-based statements aimed at raising awareness of the ongoing threats to the oceans and the need to address these threats from faith perspectives. Prominent among religious leaders who have issued pertinent statements are of Orthodoxy and of Christianity. Both have underscored the moral responsibility of their followers to protect and conserve the oceans. As the leader of ~300 million Orthodox Christians, has annually called attention to Day celebrated on June 8 (e. g. , Bartholomew, 2016) and reminded the faithful of their responsibility to preserve and conserve the oceans. He has also led interfaith and interdisciplinary study trips to seas throughout the world to raise awareness of the problems plaguing them and to urge collaboration of scientists, religious leaders, theologians, ethicists, economists, and politicians in addressing them. Pope Francis, the leader of approximately 1. 2 billion Catholics throughout the world, underscored in his epochal encyclical, Laudato si' for Home (Francis, 2015) the intrinsic value of the oceans that must be conserved and the connectedness of all living and inanimate entities the constitute “Mother Earth. ” Both leaders have characterized degrading species and systems of Earth as “sinful” (Bartholomew, 2012; Francis, 2015). Statements and actions by these religious leaders have been helpful to marine researchers and conservationists when encountering adherents of those faiths in the locals in which the scientists are working or planning to work. Especially important in these encounters is the opportunity to discuss the value of oceans, seas, rivers, and the various plant and animal species that function within their ecological systems. Though discussion of faith-based values and ethics are not explicitly broached within empirical scientific research, forum participants emphasized the potential for gaining faith communities' support for marine conservation projects when including, striving to understand, and respecting their values and ethics. Interacting with According to participants in the forum, marine conservationists face “many” challenges when encountering faith communities in their project areas. One that is particularly problematic is having to deal with more than one faith community and therefore, having to negotiate their diverse values that affect a project. One example shared by a forum participant was a conflict between Christian and traditional beliefs in Ghana pertaining to a project that required careful negotiation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges marine conservationists face when attempting to address the threats to oceans, especially in relation to engaging faith communities with diverse values. It indicates that although there is an appreciation for conservation efforts, the text suggests that these efforts do not guarantee the reversal of all damage done to oceans, emphasizing the ongoing threats and the need for careful negotiation among differing beliefs and values, which undermines the claim that marine conservation can completely reverse past damage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Several tRNA genes also contain introns such as trnA-UGC, trnC-ACA, trnI-GAU, trnK-UUU, trnL-UAA and trnT-CGU. The trnK-UUU intron in these chloroplast genomes encodes the protein-coding gene of matK (Fig. 1). Table 2: List of annotated genes in the chloroplast genome of five Bruguiera species. of genes Gene name of psaof Photosystem II psbof NADH dehydrogenes ndhA*, B*(×2), b6/f complex petA, B*, D*, synthase atpA, B, E, F*, H, I Rubisco rbcL Self-replication Large subunit of ribosomal proteins rpl2*(×2), 14, 16*, 20, 22, 23(×2), 32a, 33, 36 Small subunit of ribosomal proteins rps2, 3, 4, 7(×2), 8, 11, 12**(×2), 14, 15, 18, 19 DNA dependent RNA polymerase rpoA, B, C1*, C2 rRNA genes rrn4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific tRNA genes and their introns in chloroplast genomes, without mentioning genetic markers or their role in tracing inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: One of two nurses was always present during the TM consultations at the remote site. These nurses are trained to assist with TM examinations and are familiar with the equipment and technology used during TM. ProcessTM consultations were performed between the pulmonary specialists located at the Milwaukee VAMC telemedicine site and the patient and trained nurse located at the telemedicine site. Consultations were conducted over a live two-way audio and video conferencing system using a high-speed (384 kbps) telecommunication connection. used a Tandberg videoconference system with 27-inch Sony monitors; the used a unit with a 27-inch monitor. The established sound and video quality of TM was near perfect, and both parties were able to change the field of view by zooming in or out as needed. The nurse at the VA assisted the physician during the physical examination. Electronic medical records of each patient were available to the Milwaukee physicians by accessing the VA’s computer network, and an electronic progress note for each consultation was entered into the patient’s medical record. In-ProcessPatients undergoing IP care at the Milwaukee VAMC are from the Milwaukee metropolitan area. In our study, IP patients were checked in by a clinic nurse and placed in an examination room previously set up with the video recording equipment. Physicians conducted an IP medical interview and a hands-on physical examination with the patients. No nurse was present in the room during these consultations. Physicians had access to electronic medical records of each participating patient and entered an electronic progress note for each consultation. Data CollectionFor TM examinations, a VCR was used to record the picture and sound as viewed from the TM physician’s TV monitor in Milwaukee. This 27-inch monitor displayed the image of the remote site examination room in Iron Mountain, including a full-body frontal view of the seated patient and an upper body frontal view of the nurse seated behind a desk next to the patient. In addition, a 5-inch diagonal picture-in-picture frontal view image of the physician was projected in the upper-left corner of the monitor. The IP consultations were recorded by a digital camcorder equipped with a wide-angle lens mounted on a tripod placed in the examination room. The camera and microphone were placed in an unobtrusive manner, and both the patient and physician were alerted to the presence of these devices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes a telemedicine (TM) consultation setup where physicians conducted interviews and examinations using a live audio and video conferencing system. The presence of trained nurses and the efficient use of technology suggests that telemedicine enhances the consultation process, potentially leading to reduced wait times for patients as they can receive their consultations remotely without the need for physical presence in a clinic.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Marine conservation can reverse all damage caused to oceans over the past century. [SEP] Text: Though the SCB subscribes to a “multi-disciplinary approach” to understanding human behavior that is threatening the “diversity of life on Earth” and has specified the disciplines of economics, anthropology, psychology, and history as ways of knowing that should be probed with the biological sciences (Society for Conservation Biology, 2016), religiosity, spirituality, and ethics must also be included as cultural realities that have significance for addressing ongoing threats to biological diversity and ocean flourishing. According to forum participants, integrating faith-based worldviews, values, and ethics within the SCB can be initiated in three practical ways. One is to add cultural (faith-based) values and ethics as disciplines that must considered with the biological sciences and other disciplines when researching and practicing conservation biology. A second way is to organize panels at international and regional congresses during which problems are addressed from all pertinent disciplinary perspectives, including cultural values and ethics, with the objective of yielding a more comprehensive understanding of and approaches to mitigating problems. A third way is by appointing an associate editor of SCB publications who is tasked with regularly including 2016. Conflict of The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 100. Bartholomew, P. (2016). Message by His All-for Day. Available online at: Center for (2016). Ocean Noise. Available online at: (2016). Environment: the Dalai Lama's Speeches and Messages on the Environment. Office of the 14th Dalai Lama. Available online at: Expertsvar (2013). Can be Key to Biological Diversity. ScienceDaily. Available online at: Francis, P. (2015). Laudato si', for Home. Available online at: (2016). Ocean Acidification. , U. S. Department of Commerce. Available online at: Religion and (2016). Society for Conservation Biology. Available online at: Rhein, M. , and Rintoul, S. R. (2013). Observations: Oceans, in 2013: on Climate Change. Available online at: doi: 10. 3390/geosciences6030031 CrossText | 12. pdf Society for (2016). of Conservation Biology. Available online at: US Administration (2016). Indicators: Ocean Acidity. Available online at: Waskow, A. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the integrated approaches needed to address ongoing threats to biological diversity and ocean flourishing, which implies that while marine conservation is important, it also acknowledges that the complexities of human behavior, cultural values, and ethics all play a role in conservation efforts. It does not support the idea that marine conservation alone can reverse all past damage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 5(×2), 5(×2), 16(×2), 23*(×2) tRNA genes trnA-UGC*(×2), trnC-ACA*, trnC-GCA, trnD-GUC, trnE-UUC, trnF-GAA, trnfM-CAU, trnG-GCC, trnH-GUG, trnI-GAU*(×2), trnK-UUU*, trnL-CAA(×2), trnL-UAA*, trnL-UAG, trnM-CAU(×3), trnN-GUU(×2), trnP-UGG, trnQ-UUG, trnR-ACG(×2), trnR-UCU, trnS-GCU, trnS-GGA, trnS-UGA, trnT-CGU*, trnT-GGU trnT-UGU, trnV-GAC(×2), trnW-CCA, trnY-GUA Other genes Maturase matK Subunit Acetyl-CoA-Carboxylate accD Envelop membrane protein cemA Proteaese clpP** C-type cytochrome synthesis gene ccsA Open reading frames ycf1, 2(×2), 3**, 4 pseudogene ycf1, rps19 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-2 Notes: * Gene with one intron. ** Gene with two introns. a Loss gene in B. gymnorhiza. Chloroplast genome comparison Comparison of chloroplast genomes in the five Bruguiera species and two closely related non-mangrove species (P. yunnanensis and E. novogranatense) revealed similar genome organization and gene order with some sequence variation (Fig. 2). Gene orientation was assessed by synteny analysis among the species, revealing conserved gene structure in the chloroplast genomes. The coding regions were more conserved than the intergenic regions. Both the coding and intergenic regions were highly similar in all Bruguiera species compared to the two non-mangrove species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns. Instead, it provides a detailed listing of tRNA genes and other genes in specific species' chloroplast genomes along with information about genome comparison and conservation. This lack of relevance makes the text a 'pass' in relation to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Patients, in general, are likely to view their medical care in a favorable light. In addition, it is possible that patient expectations for quality of communication are different when it comes to TM versus IP care (ie, patients may have a lower expectation from TM consultation and therefore be less critical of shortcomings in communication). Convenience of TM may also play a role. A number of studies have reported high patient satisfaction with TM because it is convenient (reduced travel) and improves patient access to specialist physician care [21]. Patients may also have a positive perception of TM due to the use of latest technology, hence promoting confidence that they are receiving highest quality care. Infatuation with the use of technology during medical care has been reported in the TM literature. Baigent et al [22] and Gammon et al [23] found that patients reported enjoying video consultations and were inspired by the use of technology. In addition, the presence of a second provider during TM may be viewed positively by patients, who perceive it as more attention—two health care professionals (two physicians or a physician and a nurse) versus only one physician during IP visits [20]. Study LimitationsThe study is small and exploratory with obvious limitations in terms of experimental design and statistical power. Nevertheless, the study provides a framework for detailed observations and description of patient-physician communication during TM consultations that can be useful in the design of future research in this area. Undoubtedly, the quality of interaction during TM and its potential impact on health care outcomes is an area of growing importance. Further research is needed to help fill the current gaps in the literature and to develop specific interventions that can improve the quality of communication during TM encounters. 1992. The impact of patient adherence on health outcomes for patients with chronic disease in the Study. J 1994 Aug;17(4):347-360. [Medline] [CrossRef]DiMatteo MR. The physician-patient relationship: effects on the quality of health care. Gynecol 1994 Mar;37(1):149-161. [Medline] [CrossRef]. Relationship of physicians' nonverbal communication skill to patient satisfaction, appointment noncompliance, and physician workload. 1986;5(6):581-594. [Medline] [CrossRef]Whitten PS, Mair F. Telemedicine and patient satisfaction: current status and future directions. E Health 2000;6(4):417-423. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the convenience of telemedicine (TM) which can lead to reduced travel time for patients and improves access to specialist physician care. The reference to high patient satisfaction with telemedicine implies that the service addresses issues like wait times, although it does not directly state that wait times are reduced. However, the context of convenience strongly supports the idea that telemedicine can lead to shorter overall wait times for consultations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionCoastal and marine environments globally are facing a series of impinging threats, from climate change to pollution and habitat degradation, calling for unified and effective marine conservation efforts (Hall-Spencer and Harvey 2019; Pecl et al. 2017; Vince and Stoett 2018; Visbeck et al. 2014). Nations (UN) recently declared the Decade of for (2021–2030) (2021). The UN aims to support efforts to ensure that ocean health is restored, through the coalition of stakeholders working behind a shared framework that will guarantee the sustainable development of the ocean, with the help of science (2021). The UN was established to contribute to Goals (SDGs), in particular, SDG14 – life below water (et al. 2020). Specifically, SDG14 advocates international cooperation and effective governance to assess the current status of marine systems, diagnose ongoing trends, and provide information for inclusive, forward-looking, and sustainable ocean governance (Visbeck et al. 2014). Achieving this goal would protect the marine environment and promote the sustainable use of marine resources so that generational equity can be accounted for and environmental sustainability can be ensured (et al. 2020). Two salient aspects of the UN include the value of non-scientific knowledge and inclusive approaches that can encourage better stewardship and improve the management of ocean resources (Kelly et al. 2022). for has also set global goals for marine environments (e. g. 11), intending to endorse ocean stewardship through social engagement with ocean issues (Mogias et al. 2019) and improving the connection between people and the ocean (Schuldt et al. 2016). In this context, enhancing active public engagement in ocean and coastal issues through marine conservation and science can be seen as a tool to strengthen the connection to the ocean, stimulating behaviour change and support for solutions that can mitigate human impacts on marine environments and resources (Kelly et al. 2022). This type of engagement can also result in the collective production of new knowledge and the exchange of non-scientific knowledge, such as local or traditional knowledge (Clarke et al. 2013). A prime example of active public engagement through marine conservation and science is marine volunteering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that not all nations participate equally in marine conservation. It discusses the UN's efforts for unified and effective marine conservation and highlights the need for international cooperation and effective governance, indicating disparities in participation among countries. It also mentions the importance of engaging various stakeholders and the value of non-scientific knowledge, which suggests that participation varies based on factors like local knowledge and engagement levels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The LSC and SSC regions had higher divergence than the IR regions indicating that the IR regions are highly conserved. A comparison between the two B. sexangula chloroplast genomes, previously reported (Shi et al. , 2020) and the one generated in this study (Fig. 2), showed several small variations, including the difference of mononucleotide repeats, short repeats and indels. Furthermore, several poorly conserved regions located in the LSC (such as ~40. 2–41. 2 kb and ~55. 5–56. 8 kb) and SSC (such as ~120. 0–121. 3 kb) regions were found between the Bruguiera species and E. novogranatense. Some intergenic regions contained more variation among the species such as regions between trnK-trnQ, trnT-trnR, trnR-atpA, trnT-psbD, psbZ-trnG, ndhC-trnC and ndhF-rpl32. Figure 2: Alignment of the chloroplast genomes of five Bruguiera and two close non-mangrove species. The sequence identity was plotted among the chloroplast genomes, with B. sexangula (CNA0003536) as a reference using the mVista software. Grey and black arrows indicate genes and IR regions, respectively. Blue sections represent coding regions, and pink sections represent conserved non-coding sequences. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-2 Moreover, the chloroplast boundary structures of the and IRs were compared among the five species (Fig. 3). In all species, the ycf1 gene and the ycf1 pseudogene were located at the boundary of SSC/IRA and SSC/IRB, respectively, while the rps19 gene and the rps19 pseudogene were located at the boundary of LSC/IRB and LSC/IRA, respectively. The length of the ycf1 and rps19 pseudogenes varied from 1,371 bp (B. gymnorhiza) to 1,446 bp (B. parviflora) and from 204 bp (B. parviflora) to 231 bp (B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns. Instead, it discusses variations within chloroplast genomes and specific regions of genetic divergence among different species without making a connection to inheritance patterns or genetic markers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Telemedicine can reduce patient wait times for certain consultations. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/01. COT. 0000681572. 78768. d3 telemedicine: telemedicine-19 pandemic has challenged oncological and palliative care specialists to find ways to treat patients without jeopardizing their health and safety. While some patients must continue inpatient physical treatments, many are instead being asked to communicate with their providers via telemedicine. Despite the ability for remote health care to minimize the spread of infection, interacting with patients through a screen has presented medical professionals with new obstacles. According to Toby C. a thoracic medical oncologist at the University of Cancer Center, literature out of Italy, Iran, and China suggests that patients with advanced cancer are at substantially higher risk of serious or life-threatening outcomes if infected with COVID-19. Thus, telemedicine can be a cautious alternative to in-office appointments. Preparing for the beginning any telemedicine conversation, Campbell noted clinicians must assess their “web-side manner. ” This is to ensure that best practice telemedicine strategies are being employed to prevent the use of technology from interrupting the optimal patient experience. When making the transition to telemedicine, Campbell said the first element of “web-side manner” to consider is the setting. He urges clinicians to review how they can minimize distractions and arrange their environments to avoid disturbances while maintaining complete HIPAA compliance during calls. Campbell added that having a thorough understanding of the software that will be used during each visit is essential, as is learning some basic patient troubleshooting tips. “You want to do the best that you can to keep this like a [normal] clinic visit,” Campbell said. “I can assure you that even if [my patient population and I] have had a successful telemedicine visit [in the past], it is routine that I need to give them a little bit of coaching before the visit every time. Have a phone backup ready so that if the video doesn't work for whatever reason you can always resort to the telephone call if you need to. ” The next step in preparing for a telemedicine appointment, according to Campbell, is to position the camera about forehead height. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine serves as a cautious alternative to in-office appointments, potentially reducing the need for patients to physically wait for consultations. It highlights the necessity of telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that while some patients still require in-person visits, many others can communicate with providers via telemedicine, which supports the idea of minimizing wait times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: In this paper, marine volunteering encompasses people volunteering their time for marine conservation and research, planning to partake in activities such as data collection and restoration, either as part of a holiday (also referred to as marine voluntourism and marine research tourism, among other terms) or as part of a project requiring public contributions during specific times under the coordination of scientists (also referred to as participatory science or citizen science, among other terms) (Cigliano et al. 2015; Lucrezi et al. 2022a, 2022b; Wood 2010). Marine volunteering can support the objectives of the 14 and similar goals by enhancing marine conservation and research efforts through public engagement globally (Cigliano et al. 2015). When considering the citizen science aspect, marine volunteering can be a cost-effective tool to generate sound science and high-quality data that can be used by policymakers and decision-makers (Hyder et al. 2015; McKinley et al. 2017). Data collected through marine citizen science can be in high quantities and data collection can reach regions otherwise difficult to reach by scientists alone (Thiel et al. 2014). Marine citizen science can provide transformative learning experiences, improving public science and ocean literacy, environmental awareness, pro-environmental behaviours, and knowledge sharing with the wider community (Crall et al. 2013; Dean et al. 2018; Kelly et al. 2019). Data obtained through marine citizen science can contribute to monitoring change in relation to SDGs (Fritz et al. 2019). Ultimately, marine citizen science can strengthen people’s ties with their local environments, encouraging stewardship and marine citizenship through ‘hands-on’ experiences that generate greater awareness of marine environments (Haywood et al. 2021; Kelly et al. 2020). When considering the marine voluntourism aspect of marine volunteering, participation can contribute to a promising form of tourism that benefits the natural environment, participants, host communities and society (Alexander 2012; Kitney et al. 2018). Marine voluntourism can play an important role in tourism development, especially in developing countries, by generating income and employment (Shum et al. 2021). It can also bring necessary funding for conservation projects (Rattan et al. 2012; Roques et al. 2018) demonstrated that marine voluntourism may deliver ecosystem research and conservation benefits, such as capacity building, the production of scientific knowledge, policy and legislation, managing sites and species, and improving livelihoods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing marine volunteering and citizen science as activities that enhance marine conservation through public engagement. However, it highlights that participation in these efforts can vary, especially noting the role of marine voluntourism in developing countries, which suggests unequal levels of involvement and resources across different regions. It suggests that while there may be global initiatives, not all countries contribute equally due to factors such as income, employment opportunities, and funding for conservation projects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: gymnorhiza and B. sexangula), respectively. The LSC/IR and SSC/IR borders of B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were more similar than the LSC/IR and SSC/IR borders of the other species. For example, the ycf1 pseudogene is 3 bp away from the SSC/IRB border in both B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, whereas it is 32, 90 and 17 bp in B. gymnorhiza, B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. The rps19 pseudogene is 9 bp away from the LSC/IRA border in both B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, while it is 31, 3 and 31 bp in B. gymnorhiza, B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. Additionally, the ndhF gene of B. parviflora straddles both the IRB and SSC boundary regions, with 26 bp of the IRB region and 2,218 bp of the SSC region, whereas the gene is located within the SSC region in all other species. While the sequence here is essentially the same in all species, B. parviflora has a variant that removes a stop codon causing ycf1ψ to overlap ndhF in the SSC/IRB boundary region. Figure 3: Comparisons of the borders of and IR regions among the five Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-3 Repeat and SSR contents A total of 49 repeats, consisting of forward, reverse, palindromic and complement repeats, were identified in the chloroplast genome of each Bruguiera species (Figs. 4A–4C and Table S8). Among them, the most common repeat type was forward repeat (Fig. 4A). The repeat patterns from B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were same. Most repeats ranged in length from 24 to 30 bp (Fig. 4B) and were in the LSC region (Fig. 4C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about using genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations. It discusses the chloroplast genomes of various Bruguiera species, focusing on the comparison of sequence borders and repeat patterns without addressing inheritance or genetic markers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Abstract 0:00 : Telemedicine technologies allow distribution of health-related services and information and can include electronic and telecommunication technologies, remote patient and clinician contact, referral and prescribing, patient education, and monitoring. This systematic review aimed to evaluate publications on the perceptions and management of chronic medical conditions using telehealth remote consultations by primary healthcare professionals between April 2020 and December 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Electronic databases, including Cinhal, PubMed, Science Direct, and ProQuest were searched to extract qualitative studies relevant to the topic. Inclusion criteria were developed based on the Population, Exposure, and Outcomes scoping framework. The target population was healthcare professionals working in primary care settings. Included studies encompassed various types of telemedicine, such as synchronous telemedicine, video conferencing, telephone conversations, and smart devices. Eight studies were included. Synchronous telemedicine was highly effective in ensuring the continuity of care and treatment, providing patients with convenience, improved access to treatment, and earlier disease management. Video conferencing and telephone consultations were the most common methods used. Challenges included concerns about patient privacy, technology literacy, and acceptance. Telemedicine was commended for its ability to provide access to immediate expert medical advice and eliminate the need for long-distance travel, contributing to increased patient compliance. Synchronous telemedicine is a promising solution for managing chronic conditions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, offering benefits to patients and healthcare professionals. To maximize its potential, concerns regarding patient privacy, confidentiality, and technology literacy need to be addressed. Proper legislation and regulations are required for long-term success of telemedicine, making it a valuable component of healthcare systems. Keywords: -19 -19, -CoV-2, Disease Management, In the UK, approximately 15 million individuals are affected by 1 or more incurable long-term health conditions. The prevalence of these chronic conditions is increasing due to factors such as an aging population and socioeconomic changes, which contribute to their frequency and costliness. In addition to the challenges posed by chronic conditions, global pandemics like COVID-19 have significantly disrupted healthcare services worldwide. Social distancing measures and the fear of virus transmission have limited in-person interactions with healthcare providers. Telemedicine has played a pivotal role in ensuring the continuity of essential care and treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of telemedicine in monitoring and managing chronic conditions, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights how synchronous telemedicine ensures continuity of care, improves patient access to treatment, and facilitates earlier disease management. The text explicitly notes that telemedicine technologies provide a means for healthcare professionals to manage chronic conditions remotely, which aligns directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: MethodResearch design and data collectionThis research was exploratory and quantitative, based on a structured questionnaire survey (13. 3, 2020). The final sample was divided into two subsamples, based on whether or not the respondents had previously participated in volunteering. Statistics included frequency tables, descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations (Pearson’s χ2) and non-parametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U) comparing the two subsamples. The Likert-scale variables (potential drivers in marine volunteering, barriers to marine volunteering, and enablers in marine volunteering) were subjected to confirmatory exploratory (CEFA) factor analyses (Stevens 2012) as well as reliability tests (Nunnally and Bernstein 1994). A priori factors were selected for CEFA based on the literature on motivations to partake in marine volunteering and factors both hindering and endorsing participation in marine volunteering (e. g. Kitney et al. 2018; Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022b; Martin et al. 2016). CEFA and reliability tests were performed separately for the two subsamples, and average factor scores were compared between the subsamples using Mann-tests. Some factors were characterised by standalone items; in this case, CEFA was not performed and average scores for these items were simply compared between the two groups. Spearman rank order correlations (rs) were performed to assess unique relationships between demographic parameters and factor scores; only significant correlation coefficients (rs > |0. 15|, P < 0. 05) were reported. Study limitationsThis study has limitations that need to be considered in the interpretation of the results, and in planning future research on the topic of marine restoration. While the survey reached several regions globally, the sample was not representative of the global population of people with a vested interest in marine tourism and recreation, conservation and research. The online nature of the survey, the selection of a single social media platform (Facebook) for the promotion of the survey, and the distribution of the survey in a single language (English) would have prevented the participation of several groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of a survey conducted on marine conservation efforts which indicates that the sample was not representative of the global population with vested interests in marine tourism, recreation, conservation, and research. This suggests that there are disparities in participation and engagement in marine conservation efforts across different countries and groups, implying that not all countries are equally involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Figure 4: Comparison of repeats and microsatellites (SSRs) among the five Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. (A) Number of repeats based on types; (B) Number of repeats based on sizes; (C) Distribution of repeats in chloroplast regions; (D) Number of SSRs based on types; (E) Number of SSRs based on mononucleotides and dinucleotides; (F) Distribution of SSRs in chloroplast regions. and BS represent B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii; B. parviflora and B. sexangula, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-4 SSR loci in the chloroplast genomes of the five Bruguiera species and three previously reported mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae were identified (Figs. 4D–4F; Tables 3 and S9). The number of SSR loci (simple, compound, and interrupted SSRs) varied among the species, ranging from 164 in Kandelia obavata to 197 in B. hainesii (Table 3). The number of SSR in B. hainesii (197) was higher than B. cylindrica (186) because of a variant that increased the repeat count of an SSR to reach the minimum threshold for inclusion. Among simple SSR, the number of mononucleotide repeats accounted for ~56–68% of all loci, of which A/T repeats were the most frequent type (Figs. 4D–4E). Most of the SSR loci were in the LSC region (Fig. 4F). In addition to simple SSR loci, there were numerous compound and interrupted SSR loci (more than two different repeat types present within ≤100 bases) (Tables 3, S9 and S10). species have more compound and interrupted SSR loci than other mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae. Each SSR loci were present in many Bruguiera species, with the most sharing between B. cylindrica and B. hainesii, and between B. gymnorhiza and B. sexangula (Table S10; Fig. S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about genetic markers and inheritance patterns. Instead, it provides detailed information about the comparison of repeats and microsatellites (SSRs) among Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. While it discusses SSR loci, which can be a type of genetic marker, it does not connect this information to tracing inheritance patterns in populations, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Chronic conditions are more prevalent among older individuals, with 58% of those over the age of 60 years affected, compared to only 14% of those under age 40. Moreover, individuals from more disadvantaged areas exhibit a 60% higher prevalence compared to those in wealthier social classes, where the incidence of chronic diseases is 30% lower [1,2]. Consequently, long-term care for people with chronic conditions constitutes approximately 70% of overall healthcare spending in England, and these conditions account for 50% of all general practitioner appointments [3]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the witnessed a significant decrease in face-to-face primary care visits while experiencing a substantial 35% increase in the utilization of telemedicine in 2020, compared to a mere 1. 1% rise in 2019 [4]. On the 11 March 2020, the Organization (WHO) declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. Consequently, healthcare systems worldwide faced disruptions due to social distancing restrictions [5]. Some initial symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, dry cough, breathing difficulties, and, more recently, loss of smell and taste [6]. COVID-19 can be fatal, particularly for elderly individuals or those with underlying health conditions such as severe respiratory problems, hypertension, and diabetes [7]. Therefore, it is crucial for these patients to take precautions to avoid potential exposure to COVID-19. They should also be provided with remote access to medical advice and treatments in lieu of in-person visits, given social distancing guidelines, limited availability of protective equipment, and the prevalent fear of disease transmission [8]. Any disruption in the treatment of vulnerable patient groups could lead to severe complications and a significant decline in their overall health [9]. Telemedicine, also known as telehealth, is the term used for the distribution of health-related services and information and can include electronic information and telecommunication technologies, remote patient and clinician contact, patient management referral and prescribing, advice, patient education, and monitoring [10,11]. While “Telemedicine” is a type of telehealth and is defined as “practicing medicine at a distance” to deliver clinical care only to patients through information technology and electronic communication [11,12]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine allows for remote access to medical advice and treatments, specifically mentioning that it provides essential services for patients with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the increased utilization of telemedicine and describes telemedicine as the practice of delivering clinical care at a distance, which aligns directly with the claim about monitoring chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: 31|), and Barrier 2, “no money” (rs = |0. 28|). DiscussionThe results of this study concerning the demographic profile of the participants are in line with some findings related to research on marine volunteering. The survey attracted a large proportion of female participants (with an even greater number in Group 2 who included previous volunteers), who are known to be particularly attracted to marine volunteering (Lucrezi et al. 2022a, 2022b; Roques et al. 2018; Shum et al. 2021). The average age of the participants, mid-thirties, does not match the description of marine volunteers as millennials according to some studies (Leask et al. 2014; Malone et al. 2014; Roques et al. 2018). Instead, it corresponds to the findings of other studies on the demographic profile of marine volunteers (including citizen scientists and tourists) (Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Son and Wilson 2011) and potential marine volunteers (Lucrezi et al. 2018; Martin et al. 2016). For example, Lucrezi et al. (2022b) identified a “satisfied elders” cluster, characterised by older people who may show an interest in marine volunteering later in life compared with the younger generations. The survey showed a good representation of participants from various areas around the world, including both the global north and south. This result shows that while interest in marine volunteering remains strong in high-income countries where a large proportion of marine voluntourists is known to come from (Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Roques et al. 2018), marine volunteering is attractive to people from various geographical areas around the world. The highest level of education of the participants in the survey confirms that marine volunteering tends to draw mainly people with tertiary education, followed by undergraduate students (Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022b; Martin et al. 2016; Shum et al. 2021). Additionally, a proportion of the participants had a background in environmental and biological science, in line with research showing that people with such a background find value in participating in marine volunteering (Coghlan 2006; Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Silvertown et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is global interest in marine volunteering, it highlights that a large portion of marine voluntourists tends to come from high-income countries. This suggests an unequal participation level in marine conservation efforts based on geographical and economic factors, implying that not all countries can be said to participate equally.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Two compound SSRs with 64 and 98 bp located in noncoding and intron-ndhA regions, respectively, were found in all Bruguiera chloroplast genomes. Notably, SSR loci of the Bruguiera chloroplast genomes were unique compared with the other mangrove species (K. obavata, R. stylosa and R. x lamarckii) in the family Rhizophoraceae. Table 3: Number of SSRs in the chloroplast genomes of Bruguiera species and other reported mangrove species in the family Rhizophoraceae. Species SSR type Total number The number of SSRs for compound formation Mono- Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta- Hexa- BH 119 31 16 16 9 6 197 61 BC 119 30 16 16 9 6 196 61 BG 102 26 14 18 4 2 166 51 BP 109 31 17 23 8 1 189 64 BS 109 36 16 19 5 1 186 70 BSa 106 31 14 18 5 1 175 58 KO 92 29 17 18 8 0 164 50 RL 117 22 13 10 9 2 173 52 RS 117 22 13 10 9 2 173 52 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-3 Notes: BC, B. cylindrica (MW836110); BG, B. gymnorhiza (MW836111); BH, B. hainesii (MW836112); BP, B. parviflora (MW836113); BS, B. sexangula (MW836114); BSa, B. sexangula (CNA0003536); KO, Kandelia obavata (MH277332); RL, Rhizophora x lamarckii (NC_046517); RS, Rhizophora stylosa (MK070169) and PY, Pellacalyx yunnanensis (MN106253). Phylogenetic relationships Maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis was performed based on 59 highly conserved chloroplast coding genes in 40 species including 39 plant species in Malpighiales and one outgroup species in Oxalidales (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text details specific genetic features (compound SSRs) found in the chloroplast genomes of Bruguiera species and compares them with other mangrove species. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Telemedicine is documented to be cost-effective [13] and is commonly used in the management of chronic diseases, specialist consultations, follow-ups, and various other clinical services [12]. It can be categorized into 3 basic types: synchronous, asynchronous, and remote patient monitoring [14]. Synchronous or real-time telemedicine involves the individual being simultaneously present for immediate interaction through either telephone or live video conferencing using modern technological devices such as smartphones or webcam-enabled computers [15]. A benefit of synchronous telemedicine is that it allows the patient and their healthcare professional to interact in a way that appears to be as effective as face-to-face, enabling the healthcare professionals to make a comprehensive assessment based on visual clues [11], which is particularly useful in primary and urgent care, follow-up visits, and the management of medications and chronic illnesses [16,17]. Thus, this type tends to be more expensive due to the complexity of video conferencing software [18] requiring a reliable internet connection [19]. Nevertheless, with the advancement of technology, the data from the Office for [20] reported that 84% of UK adults over the age of 16 years owned a smartphone in 2020; thus, this population has access to video software allowing patients to benefit from the features of synchronous telemedicine. The modern form of telemedicine technology was first established in the 1960’s as healthcare delivery when the Institute created the first video link to provide medical care treatment across 112 miles and to transmit neurological examination information [21]. They also used closed-circuit TV to facilitate consultations between specialists at a psychiatric institute and general practitioners at a state mental health hospital [14,15]. They set up two-way television transmission to send information to medical students across campus. Live psychiatrists’ interactions with patients were broadcast even though they were not present in the same room. Additionally, expert medical advice was also facilitated from a major teaching hospital to an airport medical center. From 1960 to 1964, NASA pushed for funding to explore ways to provide healthcare to astronauts and enhance telecommunication technology [22]. Initially, NASA scientists were concerned regarding the physiological effects of zero gravity on astronauts, which led to constant monitoring of psychological functions, including heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine is widely used in the management of chronic diseases and enabling healthcare professionals to interact with patients. Furthermore, it highlights the benefits of synchronous telemedicine, which allows for real-time interaction that can be as effective as face-to-face consultations, specifically in the management of chronic illnesses. This supports the idea that doctors can monitor patients' chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: (2021) argued that environmental stewardship activities including marine volunteering are likely to be more favourable to people with easier access to such activities, especially when involving local issues and communities. This creates a participation gap for individuals who wish to partake in marine volunteering but have limited access to opportunities. Time and skills are normally mentioned as barriers to marine volunteering (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Lucrezi et al. 2018, 2022a; Martin et al. 2016; Pateman et al. 2021). However, the fact that in this study they were considered minimal is encouraging, suggesting that potential marine volunteers would make time to participate, and would trust their skills (e. g. scuba diving) or the idea of receiving some form of training before participation (Martin et al. 2016). In this study, members of Group 1 were more confident that they would have the skills to participate compared with members of Group 2. Following exposure to volunteering, people may feel that future participation will be more labour-intensive than anticipated or require an entirely different set of skills, whereas people with no prior volunteering experience may be confident due to a lack of understanding of the skills required in marine volunteering. The participants in this study declared, on average, to be already convinced to partake in marine volunteering and not to require enablers. This result has been encountered in other research on potential participation in marine volunteering which targeted marine recreational groups including scuba divers (Lucrezi et al. 2018). Group 2 was more convinced than Group 1, suggesting that prior volunteering experience has a positive impact on willingness to partake in future volunteering, including new experiences such as marine volunteering (Lucrezi et al. 2022a; Shum et al. 2021). The results of this study also provided valuable indications regarding enablers in marine volunteering, of which the most important were more time, information and education, and better access, in line with previous research findings (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Hermoso et al. 2021; Lucrezi et al. 2018). While the results of this study show that the participants would be willing to make time for marine volunteering, information and education represent an opportunity to shed light on all the characteristics of marine volunteering, including time-related considerations (Carballo-Cárdenas and Tobi 2016; Lucrezi et al. 2022b; Martin et al. 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are disparities in access to marine volunteering activities, which suggests that not all individuals, and by extension not all countries, participate equally. It discusses barriers such as access to opportunities, time, and skills which can create a participation gap for those interested in marine volunteering. The findings indicate that prior volunteering experience impacts participation willingness, pointing to inequities in involvement among different groups.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: The genetically distinct clades were classified into the lineages of nine families in Malpighiales consisting of nine Rhizophoraceae members, one Erythroxylaceae member, one Ctenolophonaceae member, two Violaceae members, six Salicaceae members, four Passifloraceae members, 11 Euphorbiaceae members, four Malpighiaceae members and one Clusiaceae member. The phylogenetic tree shows that all Bruguiera species were in the lineage Malpighiales and grouped under the clade Rhizophoraceae with a 100% bootstrap support. B. gymnorhiza was placed closely with B. sexangula, while B. cylindrica and B. hainesii were grouped together. B. parviflora is a sister species of the other four Bruguiera species. Loss of the rpl32 gene was observed in several land-plant species (Fig. 5), such as Ctenolophon engierianus, Viola species, species in Salicaceae and Euphorbia species, and mangrove species such as B. gymnorhiza, K. obavata and R. stylosa. Figure 5: Molecular phylogenetic tree of the five Bruguiera species, three other mangrove species and thirty-two terrestrial plant species based on 59 conserved chloroplast coding genes. The maximum likelihood tree was constructed using RAxML program with the GTR + G + I nucleotide model. Numbers above nodes are bootstrap values with 1,000 replicates. Averrhoa carambola (NC_033350) was set as the outgroups. Loss of the rpl32 gene is indicated by red circle. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/fig-5 Selective pressure genes in Bruguiera mangrove species To investigate gene selection pressures, the nonsynonymous and synonymous substitution (Ka/Ks) ratio was calculated by comparing 74 conserved chloroplast gene sequences of each Bruguiera species to assumed ancestors, which were E. novogranatense (Erythroxylaceae), C. englerianus (Ctenolophonaceae), A. carambola (Oxalidales) and V. rotundifolia (Rosids) (Table S11). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns in populations. Instead, it discusses phylogenetic classification and genetic analysis related to the Bruguiera mangrove species and other plant families. While it mentions genetic distinctions and substitutions among species, it does not explicitly support or refute the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Despite existing research focusing on patients’ perspectives on telemedicine, there is a dearth of studies examining primary healthcare professionals’ perceptions. Therefore, this review fills a critical knowledge gap by concentrating on healthcare professionals’ viewpoints and differentiates itself from existing systematic reviews on telemedicine in primary care. It aims to provide insights and guidance for future healthcare interventions [24]. This systematic review explores the perspectives and experiences of primary healthcare professionals regarding the use of synchronous telemedicine for managing chronic conditions during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It sheds light on the benefits, challenges, and barriers encountered during implementation. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate publications on the perceptions and management of chronic medical conditions using telehealth remote consultations by primary healthcare professionals between April 2020 and December 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic. This systematic review was guided by the standards of the Items for and Meta-Analysis () 2020. The 5-step approach developed by Khan et al in 2003 [25] for conducting a systematic review was used to guide this systematic review to provide a concise structure to the project [26]. reviews and meta-analysis are considered to be the best evidence for a conclusive response to a research question, but there are some inherent weaknesses associated with them, such as the location and selection of studies, heterogeneity, lack of knowledge on important findings, inappropriate subgroups, and being time-consuming to conduct [27,28]. Bettany-Saltikov and McSherry (2016) reported that use of the Population (Healthcare professionals working in primary care services managing chronic conditions), Exposure (Synchronous telemedicine), and Outcome (Benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and recommendations) framework supports authors in formulating a focused, clear, and manageable research question for qualitative reviews [29]. Therefore, we performed a systematic review of qualitative research addressing primary healthcare professionals’ perceptions and experiences regarding management of chronic illnesses, identifying the benefits, risks, and barriers associated with synchronous telemedicine during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of synchronous telemedicine for managing chronic conditions, specifically evaluating primary healthcare professionals’ perspectives and experiences. It highlights that the systematic review aims to provide insights regarding the management of chronic illnesses through remote consultations during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, supporting the idea that doctors can effectively monitor chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Reasons for this could include females being more likely to travel for non-work related activities or to join organised voluntourism programmes while males may prefer to travel independently and plan their activities (Roques et al. 2018). This gap creates an opportunity to specifically target the male population in marine volunteering propositions. For example, males may be more inclined to partake in projects involving scuba diving, as the sport is currently dominated by males and often requires technical skills and the use of advanced equipment, which are favoured by the male diving population (Cerrano et al. 2017; Lucrezi et al. 2018). The interest in marine volunteering displayed by people from both the global north and south call for special attention to ensuring that marine volunteering opportunities are equally made available to different economic groups. Considering that the UN and SDGs have a distinct objective to expand public engagement in ocean conservation and science across geographical boundaries globally, it is important to effectively use marine volunteering as a tool to achieve this objective by enabling geographic, socio-economic, and other types of inclusivity. It would be advisable that marine volunteering programmes abide by current initiatives to promote inclusivity, such as the Science Association’s working group Empowerment, Inclusiveness and Equity, which establishes collaborations with approaches like community-based research to engage people from different backgrounds in citizen science and other activities that can yield positive outcomes for them (Paleco et al. 2021; Bonney et al. 2016) also discussed the importance of Projects as a way to engage people in volunteering in their environments and around values and interests that concern them, making participation more accessible. Finally, scholars have advocated for the endorsement of marine volunteering that is not simply based on the commodification of nature or altruistic intent (Smith and Font 2014). This would require that marine volunteering programmes, especially those that are business-centred (voluntourism), are designed and explained in a manner that justifies all relevant expenses and minimises unnecessary costs when possible. The results of this study confirm that people with a vested interest in marine-based activities including tourism and recreation, marine conservation and research are mainly attracted to marine volunteering by a desire to protect marine environments and species, followed by self-development and personal well-being reasons. These factors can be considered in the characterisation, promotion and implementation of marine volunteering activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in participation in marine volunteering and conservation efforts. It discusses how certain demographics, particularly males, may dominate scuba diving and marine volunteering activities, while emphasizing the need for inclusivity across different economic groups. This suggests that not all countries or demographics participate equally in marine conservation, as it points out the necessity to ensure accessibility and equity in these opportunities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Most Ka/Ks values of compared pairs were less than 1. 0. There were two genes, rps7 and rpl36, in which the Ka/Ks ratios were higher than one compared with V. rotundifolia (Rosids) and E. novogranatense (Erythroxylaceae), respectively suggesting positive selection during their evolution. The Ka/Ks ratios of the rps7 gene between B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula compared with V. rotundifolia were 1. 58, 1. 53, 1. 58, 1. 69 and 1. 53, respectively. The Ka/Ks ratios of the rpl36 gene between B. cylindrica, B. gymnorhiza, B. hainesii, B. parviflora and B. sexangula compared with E. novogranatense were 1. 10, 1. 10, 1. 10, 0. 94 and 1. 10, respectively. The Ka/Ks ratios for the rps7 gene were close to 1 when compared with E. novogranatense (Ka/Ks average of the five Bruguiera species = 0. 91), C. englerianus (0. 94), and A. carambola (0. 97) (Table S11) revealing neutral selection within the lineages. The rps7 gene of the Bruguiera species compared with V. rotundifolia contained 13 variation sites including 11 non-synonymous and two synonymous sites (Table 4). Five of the eleven non-synonymous sites (amino acid position: 21, 45, 105, 121, and 122) were unique to the Bruguiera species revealing specific nucleotide mutations during their evolution. Similar to the rps7 gene, the rpl36 gene of the Bruguiera species compared with E. novogranatense contained eight variation sites including six non-synonymous and two synonymous sites (Table 4). Three out of the six non-synonymous sites (amino acid position: five and 24 (two variation sites for one codon change)) were specific to the Bruguiera species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about using genetic markers to trace inheritance patterns in populations. Instead, it focuses on specific gene comparisons and Ka/Ks ratios, which may indirectly relate to evolutionary biology but do not validate or invalidate the claim regarding inheritance patterns.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: The following words and associated synonyms were used alone or in various combinations and keyed in the databases: “telehealth” OR “telemedicine” OR virtual health” OR “remote health” AND “Chronic condition” OR “Long-term diseases” AND “primary care” OR “general practitioner” “perceptions” OR “experience” AND “benefits” OR “advantages” AND “barriers” OR “challenges” AND “covid” OR coronavirus” OR “Pandemic” to help narrow down the searches and extract only focused data to address the research question. Boolean operators “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT” were used to connect and combine relationships between search terms and exclude irrelevant data, resulting in more focused and productive results. Each database consists of their unique symbols and strings such as (“$#*) and restrictions, including language, year, and whether the full text is available online or in journal 19. Other sources such as of Systematic Reviews, for Health and (NICE), Joanne and Database were used to check for relevant data and reviews on the research question. Inclusion and Inclusion and exclusion criteria for this systematic review were developed based on the Population, Exposure, and Outcome (PEO) scoping framework, in which Population was healthcare professionals working in primary care services managing chronic conditions, Exposure was synchronous telemedicine, and Outcome was benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and recommendations [25,31,32]. However, we intentionally used broad criteria for inclusion, which was based on a scoping review. Because of the research question and the ongoing nature of the pandemic at the time of the study, it was unlikely that a substantial number of empirical studies would be identified, so descriptive papers were also included in the study [33]. Healthcare professionals who were actively working in primary healthcare services, such as doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, and pharmacists, were the target population for this study. The reason this population was chosen is because they served as the primary source of assistance for patients who were greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the population is focused, well-defined, and relevant to current practice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of telemedicine in managing chronic conditions, which implies that healthcare professionals, including doctors, are exploring remote methods to assist patients during the pandemic. It specifically mentions healthcare professionals managing chronic conditions and the involvement of primary care services in telemedicine, supporting the idea that doctors can monitor patients remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: This effect highlights the importance of exposing people to any type of volunteering that could result in positive attitudes towards future participation, including marine volunteering. Exposure could be promoted via several strategies. Volunteer work could be introduced as an extra-credit activity in schools but could also be promoted in recreational and working contexts by non-governmental organisations. Collaborations between volunteering programmes dealing with different issues (e. g. terrestrial wildlife rehabilitation, marine wildlife monitoring) under a broad theme (e. g. conservation) are encouraged as a way to stimulate participation in different programmes while retaining competitiveness and displaying cooperation that can provide volunteers with a bigger picture of environmental issues requiring attention from different perspectives. These types of collaborations can also create a more uniform image of volunteering, as opposed to a fragmented one (deriving from a large number of volunteering projects available) which could deter potential participants. ConclusionThis study presented the findings of an international online survey evaluating drivers, barriers and enablers in marine volunteering among people with a vested interest in marine-based activities including tourism and recreation as well as marine conservation and research. The results showed that potential marine volunteers were mainly driven by ecocentric motives, followed by self-development, personal well-being and social values. The main barriers included money and access, while time and skills seemed less important. While the participants were on average convinced they would partake in marine volunteering in the future, potential enablers encompassed information and education, time, better access and to a lesser extent, incentives and money. Compared with people without prior volunteering experience, people who had been exposed to volunteering were more driven and convinced to participate in marine volunteering, although they felt more hindered by a perceived lack of skills. The findings of this study can assist with designing recruitment strategies in marine volunteering, thus potentially contributing to the agenda to support public engagement in ocean and marine conservation and research in line with the objectives of the UN and SDGs (in particular, SDG14). Marine volunteering programmes are encouraged to strive for inclusivity while retaining their core structure and consider cooperation with other volunteering programmes as well as key stakeholders including academic institutions, schools, corporate companies and tourism and recreation businesses. These actions can help to promote marine volunteering and increase the effectiveness of public engagement in marine conservation and research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how marine volunteering is impacted by various factors such as money, access, and skills, which suggests that participation in marine conservation efforts may not be equal across all countries. It highlights that barriers to participation exist and that potential marine volunteers may come from diverse backgrounds with different levels of access and resources, indicating that not all countries are capable of or do participate equally in marine conservation initiatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Table 4: Variation sites in the rps7 and rpl36 genes between five Bruguiera species and four terrestrial plant species based on the reference sequence of Vitis rotundifolia and Erythroxylum novogranatense, respectively. position Nucleotide base Amino acid position Amino acid reference Amino acid change V. rotundifolia A. carambola C. emglerianus E. novogranatense B. cylindrica B. gymnorhiza B. hainesii B. parviflora B. sexangula rps7 62 21 R Q 99 33 H H 133 45 R G 136 46 S A 139 47 V M 167 56 T K 173 58 P R/L 187 63 R C 314 105 S F 326 109 P L 363 121 L F 364 122 V L 372 124 A A rpl36 13 5 A T 19 7 I V 44 15 R Q 55 19 R R 63 21 G G 70 24 I F 72 24 I F 82 28 P S DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 12268/table-4 the present study, we have determined the complete chloroplast genome sequence of five Bruguiera species using Illumina sequence data. The chloroplast genomes have highly conserved structure and gene content, as observed in most land plants (Daniell et al. , 2016). The size of the chloroplast genomes ranged from 161–164 kb, concordant with other mangrove species (160–164 kb) in the family Rhizophoraceae (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020; Li et al. , 2021). The genomes consisted of four regions (and two IRs) and the IR regions were highly conserved. Interestingly, B. gymnorhiza (161,195 bp), which is a widespread species in the Indo-region, had a smaller chloroplast size than the other Bruguiera species (163,228–164,297 bp) because of a shorter SSC region compared with the others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes variations in genes between different plant species and mentions the determination of chloroplast genome sequences. However, it does not specifically address how genetic markers are used to trace inheritance patterns, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the inclusion and exclusion criteria and their rational in this review. The studies encompassed various types of telemedicine that are currently being used in combination and have been proven effective in enabling primary healthcare professionals to conduct remote consultations as a substitute for in-person visits [34]. These types include: In the systematic review, various qualitative studies were included. These studies focused on exploring the emotions, perspectives, and encounters of primary healthcare professionals in relation to the utilization of synchronous telemedicine to manage patients’ chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Common qualitative research philosophies and analysis methodologies, such as phenomenological studies, ethnographic studies, grounded theory studies, action studies, and disclosure studies, were included. Qualitative studies that collected data using methods such as interviews, open-ended questionnaires, observations, diaries, and document analysis were also included. Mixed analysis approaches were used in this systematic review, allowing for comprehensive qualitative data analysis [29,35]. and guidelines were followed to structure and report this systematic review, ensuring the avoidance of bias and duplication of included studies. The research question and objectives guided the selection of electronic databases to extract qualitative studies that were relevant and met the eligibility criteria. A brief search was conducted based on titles and abstracts in September 2020 that broadly identified a range of available evidence on telemedicine. Subsequently, a more comprehensive search was conducted in November 2020 for updated results. Based on the research question and objectives, the following electronic databases were used to extract relevant and published and eligible qualitative studies: and Summon. According to Boland et al, qualitative research is more comprehensive, thus these databases will facilitate their index to be former than other databases [36]. This was devised using the PEO framework to tailor the searches to the objectives of the research questions [37] and identify studies that met the relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria. As seen in Figure 1 and from a comprehensive search across 6 databases and online platforms, a total of 627 2019. Due to the recent existence of COVID-19 and scarce data, the studies retrieved were conducted worldwide: USA (n=2), Israeli (n=1), Spain (n=1), Belgium (n=1), Turkey (n=1), Lebanon (n=1), and Oman (n=1). The population included in the studies were men and women aged >18, predominately primary and family medicine healthcare professionals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how telemedicine has been proven effective in enabling primary healthcare professionals to conduct remote consultations for managing patients' chronic health conditions. It provides evidence that various types of telemedicine were utilized to manage these conditions, particularly highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, supporting the notion of remote health monitoring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: many countries, complex environmental problems such as biodiversity decline are regulated at the national level by a disparate range of laws and nonstatutory policy instruments variously described by terms including plans, strategies, guidelines, statements of intent, and/or incentives. Such instruments are often grouped together by conservation policymakers and scientists under the umbrella term “policy. ” However, from a legal perspective, there are critical differences between these so-called policy instruments. In this paper, we focus on what we consider to be the critical difference: whether a policy instrument is binding, and therefore whether an administrative decision (e. g. , about a development proposal) can be legally challenged due to noncompliance with that policy instrument. Drawing from international examples, the aim of this paper is to give conservation policymakers and scientists the guidance needed to critically differentiate between laws and nonstatutory policy, assess current or proposed policies, and determine whether a nonstatutory instrument gives rise to binding obligations, thus allowing for decisions to be challenged before a court. In doing so, we encourage conservation scientists, policymakers, activists, and practitioners to reflect critically on what is possible and not possible when nonstatutory “policy” instruments are designed and implemented. 1 “” 2012, the released an Policy (Department of Sustainability, 2012) for environmental impact assessments conducted under the Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act). Policy drew on scientific best practice (Miller et al. , 2015) with offsets to only be applied to compensate for biodiversity losses after avoidance and mitigation measures have been explored (known as “the mitigation hierarchy”). However, the is widely regarded to have failed to deliver its intended outcomes for biodiversity (Audit Office, 2020; Evans, 2023). As noted in the decennial independent review of the EPBC Act conducted by Samuel AC, “the decision-making hierarchy of ‘avoid, minimize, and only then offset’ is not being applied—offsets are too often used as a default measure not as a last resort” (Samuel, 2020). Samuel's suggested solution was simple: to enshrine offsets in law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the divergent ways countries regulate biodiversity and conservation policies at the national level. It highlights how various nonstatutory policy instruments can differ greatly in their binding nature and effectiveness, suggesting that not all countries are equally equipped or motivated to participate in marine conservation efforts. It cites specific examples of the differing applications of policies, such as the flawed implementation of the EPBC Act, indicating disparities in conservation effectiveness between countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: In all species, the chloroplast genomes contained the same number of tRNA (37) genes, rRNA (8) genes and pseudogenes (2), whereas the number of protein-coding genes (84–85) was slightly different. The rpl32 gene in the SSC region was lost in B. gymnorhiza, which was validated by PCR amplification of the ndhF-rpl32 region (Fig. S1). Loss of the rpl32 gene was found in at least 73 species in eudicots, occurring through multiple independent loss events, such as K. obovata (mangrove) and Populus species (Ueda et al. , 2007; Yang et al. , 2019; Mohanta et al. , 2020). The transfer of the rpl32 gene from chloroplast to the nuclear genomes occurred several times across angiosperms (Ueda et al. , 2007; Yang et al. , 2019; Mohanta et al. , 2020). In this study, we found that this gene was likely transferred to the nuclear genome of B. gymnorhiza due to low read coverage (~100×) compared with the other Bruguiera species (~8,000×) (Table S6). These results suggest that the rpl32 gene was independently lost in chloroplasts of mangrove species. The sequence and content of the IR regions were more conserved than those of the LSC and SSC regions in the Bruguiera species, consistent with other mangrove chloroplast genomes (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020). The IR regions had high GC content, concordant with other mangrove plants (Li et al. , 2019; Yang et al. , 2019; Zhang, Zhong & Yuan, 2019; Shi et al. , 2020). In addition, a contraction of the IR-SSC boundary region was found in B. parviflora (163,228 bp); as a result, its chloroplast genome size was smaller than those of B. cylindrica, B. hainesii and B. sexangula (164,170–164,297 bp). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic features of chloroplast genomes and gene transfers within certain species but does not address the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns in populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Table 2 show a description of included studies in this review. All the studies included shared the same aim of exploring primary healthcare experiences with using telemedicine, particularly synchronous during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond to continue care and treatment for patients with chronic conditions. The qualitative study design was predominately used in all the studies and semi-structured interviews, lasting 15–60 minutes. This was also the primary method of data collection among most studies. Heterogenicity of the method of analysis was varied among studies, with 4 of the studies using the thematic framework method [52–54,59], and combined content analysis of the qualitative data was also performed. Hassani et al also used thematic analysis collective with descriptive-interpretative phenomenological method analysis [56], the thematic analysis-grounded theory approach was used by Srinivasan et al [55], an inductive framework analysis approach was used by another study [58], and the chi-square test was used for a mixed-method study [57]. Synchronous (video conferencing or live telephone) interactions were the principal methods of telemedicine technology used in the studies, with some studies using a combination of synchronous telemedicine. Helou et used remote consultations using phone, internet, multimedia channel, and a webinar using online conferences [52]. Video consultations were used in studies carried by Rodriguez et al, Srinivasan et al, and Gomez et al [53–55], and video conferencing through Zoom was used by Crossman et al [57], while Hassani et al and Verhoeven et al performed telephone consultations [56–58]. On contrary, Aksoy et al focused on online sessions for public awareness, continuing medical education, research, administration, and teaching [59]. of the The quality of the 8 studies include was diverse. Methodology flaws in some studies were noted. Two studies, despite using a qualitative methodology, did not disclose the study design [54–57], whereas some studies noted the design, but they did not report the qualitative method, including phenomenological or ethnographic study [52,58,59]. The 3 remaining studies used grounded theory or a phenomenological approach [53,55,56]. Gomez et al and Helou et al used designs that were not robust enough for their aims and research question, raising the issues of validity and credibility [52,54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing studies that explored the use of telemedicine, particularly synchronous methods, for continuing care and treatment for patients with chronic conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights that various studies employed methods such as video conferencing and telephone consultations, which are integral to monitoring and managing chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Nonadherence to the is no doubt a source of frustration to those working in conservation, but the solution offered by illuminates a key problem with the Offsets Policy—it is not law, it is “nonstatutory,” and it is intended to guide decision-making on individual development proposals rather than dictate outcomes. If the had been enshrined in law, this may give rise to a binding obligation to apply the hierarchy (depending on how the obligation is phrased) and a basis on which interested parties—such as conservation scientists or groups—could challenge these decisions before a court when the law was not followed. This example illustrates the importance in conservation of thinking about the different legal authority of the variety of regulatory tools used by governments. The language of these regulatory tools varies considerably across the globe. In common law countries including Australia, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and India, binding statutory tools may take the form of Acts (primary law) passed by a Parliament or a legislature, or instruments (delegated laws) made by a government department or Ministry under the authority of a primary law. These instruments can be described in different ways, such as regulations, rules, orders, schemes, and management plans. In the European Union, binding instruments include primary law, such as the treaties, their annexes and protocols, and the EU Charter of Fundamental rights; secondary law, such as regulations, directives, and decisions passed by the and the Council; and tertiary law, meaning delegated and implementing acts by the (European Union, 2024). Importantly, there is often a right to challenge administrative decisions made by a government entity about a development proposal where that decision was made under law or legislative instruments. For example, the EU (92/43/EEC) has legal status and is binding on decision-makers. In a prominent early 2000s case, construction permits for a new business center near the Netherlands/Germany border were overturned by the highest Dutch administrative court as the decision did not take into account impacts on a rare wild hamster, a species protected under the (Hajer, 2003). Binding laws and legislative instruments are also supplemented by other documents that are often referred to as “policy” in some jurisdictions: for example, the Australian offsets policy mentioned above. These will be referred to here as “nonstatutory policy” as they are not made through official legislative or Parliamentary processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability and differences in legal frameworks and regulatory tools across countries, indicating that not all countries have the same level of commitment or adherence to conservation efforts. It highlights that binding statutory instruments vary from one country to another, and there are 'nonstatutory' policies that may not have the same weight, thereby suggesting unequal participation in marine conservation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: Panthita Ruang-areerate conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, resource, and approved the final draft. Jeremy R. Shearman analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: All raw reads are available at Archive (SRA): SRR14318719 to SRR14318723. reads were used to assemble the chloroplast genomes of five Bruguiera species. work was supported by the Agency (No. P1952261), Thailand. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1999. Genetic differentiation between Bruguiera gymnorhiza and B. sexangula in Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologia 413:11-16. 2021. The evolutionary fate of rpl32 and rps16 losses in the Euphorbia schimperi (Euphorbiaceae) plastome. 11(1):1-12 Amiryousefi A, Hyvönen J, Poczai P. 2018. IRscope: an online program to visualize the junction sites of chloroplast genomes. Bioinformatics 34(17):3030-3031. 2018. Chloroplast genomic resources for phylogeny and DNA barcoding: a case study on Fritillaria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead consists of author contributions, acknowledgments, and references to data availability related to chloroplast genomes. It does not provide any information about genetic markers or inheritance patterns, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Doctors can monitor chronic conditions remotely through telemedicine. [SEP] Text: Due to the difference in interview timing, some responses were less comprehensive than others [57–59], hindering the analysis and identification of the studies. The methodological choices were constrained by scarce data on telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative research predominately assesses participants’ feelings, emotions, and experiences, and this may affect interpretations of the results [44]. Akosy et al and Gomez et al [54,59] did not disclose ethical consideration; therefore, this should be addressed more carefully in qualitative research, as it focuses on exploring, identifying, and explaining human beings and their living environment [60]. Four themes emerged and additional subthemes were also identified after reviewing the studies. The key themes were: studies presented comprehensive qualitative data generated by narrative synthesis of experiences and perceptions of primary healthcare professionals on using synchronous telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic, which were mainly positive. Increased patient engagement, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to provide access to wider specialties were also identified as benefits of telemedicine. Nevertheless, the challenges, including technological issues, staff training, and user resistance, need to be investigated to ensure the successful implementation and sustainability of the service. Moreover, the shortcomings regarding patient safety and privacy also need to be urgently considered, as telemedicine is deemed to be key in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this systematic review was to explore the perceptions and experiences of healthcare professionals working in primary care settings on using synchronous telemedicine to manage chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review identified the benefits and effectiveness of synchronous telemedicine, risks and challenges, and the intended continuity of telemedicine interventions beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, thus reducing the morbidity and mortality during the pandemic [52,55]. The studies were conducted worldwide because of the currently limited data on COVID-19. Although differences in healthcare systems and infrastructure are recognised, the studies provided rich experiences, showing similarities and differences, thus learning from their experiences, and sharing best practices. The main synchronous types of telemedicine that were used in the studies included video and telephone consultations or a combination of both, but video conferencing was the preferred mode of delivery by both the healthcare professionals and their patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the benefits of synchronous telemedicine in managing chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. It states that studies identified themes related to the 'comprehensive qualitative data' provided by primary healthcare professionals regarding their experiences, which were mainly positive. It mentions 'increased patient engagement, convenience, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to provide access to wider specialties' as benefits, all of which support the idea that telemedicine allows for effective monitoring and management of chronic conditions remotely.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All countries participate equally in marine conservation efforts. [SEP] Text: Nonstatutory policy is frequently used in conservation as a relatively nimble and flexible tool that can operate separately to or in conjunction with statutory instruments and may be preferred over lengthier legislative processes (Mamouney, 2014). However, not all nonstatutory policies are created equally: a decision that does not adequately consider policy may only be challenged in court if the policy is legally binding. Some policy instruments merely provide guidance for official decision-makers, whereas others seek to place binding legal obligations upon them. For example, recovery plans in the have continually been found by courts to be nonbinding guidance documents, with environmental groups failing in their efforts to have decisions set aside on the basis of violation of a recovery plan (Zellmer et al. , 2020). This goes to the heart of whether a “policy” instrument can in fact achieve substantive outcomes for conservation. Despite this critical legal nuance, the term “policy” is (somewhat confusingly) used by conservation policymakers and in the conservation literature as an umbrella term, which may variously encompass different regulatory devices such as plans, strategies, guidelines, public campaigns, fiscal incentives, statements of intent, and regulations (Brodie et al. , 2016; Cook & Sgrò, 2017; Rose et al. , 2018; Samuel et al. , 2023). Legislation is also sometimes grouped under the same umbrella as nonstatutory policy (Aggestam, 2015), although the and the US examples show us that the legal effects may be quite different. To add to the confusion, “policy” is often a term used to refer to broader governmental strategies and aspirations, such as conservation “policy issues” (e. g. , see Pullin et al. , 2009) and making science “policy relevant” (e. g. , Rose, 2015). The lack of precision in the way we talk about “policy” in conservation—and especially when comparing legislation and other types of policy instruments—means that we are comparing apples and oranges, without necessarily appreciating the critical differences between them. In this paper, we focus on one critical reason why it is important to distinguish between different types of legal instruments and nonstatutory policy: because decisions made by a government agency may only be legally reviewable before a court if they have been made under a legally binding instrument. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and variability of conservation policies across different jurisdictions. It indicates that nonstatutory policies and legal instruments can differ significantly in their binding nature and effectiveness. The mention of courts upholding nonbinding guidance documents suggests that not all countries enforce conservation policies equally, leading to disparities in implementation and outcomes. Thus, it highlights the inequities in participation and effectiveness among countries in marine conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic markers can be used to trace inheritance patterns in populations. [SEP] Text: 8(1):1-12. 2019. Lost and found: return of the inverted repeat in the legume clade defined by its absence. and Evolution 11(4):1321-1333 Dahdouh-. 2000. Utilization of mangrove wood products around (Kenya) amongst subsistence and commercial users. 54(4):513-527. 2016. Chloroplast genomes: diversity, evolution, and applications in genetic engineering. 17(1):1-29. 2012. Highly variable chloroplast markers for evaluating plant phylogeny at low taxonomic levels and for DNA barcoding. 7(4):1-9. 1987. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for small quantities of fresh leaf tissue. 19:11-15. 2011. Bruguiera (Rhizophoraceae) in the Indo-West Pacific: a morphometric assessment of hybridization within single-flowered taxa. Blumea 56(1):36-48 Duke NC, Kudo H. 2018. Bruguiera × dungarra, a new hybrid between mangrove species B. exaristata and B. gymnorhiza (Rhizophoraceae) recently discovered in north-east Australia. Blumea: Journal of 63:279-285 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 FAO. 2007. The world’s mangroves. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. . 2001. Chloroplast ribosomal protein S7 of chlamydomonas binds to chloroplast mRNA leader sequences and may be involved in translation initiation. Cell 13(1):207-218. 2011. Nonessential plastid-encoded ribosomal proteins in tobacco: a developmental role for plastid translation and implications for reductive genome evolution. Cell 23(9):3137-3155. 2004. VISTA: computational tools for comparative genomics. Research 32(Web Server):W273-W279. 2019. Comparative genomics of 11 complete chloroplast genomes of Senecioneae (Asteraceae) species: DNA barcodes and phylogenetics. 60(1):1-17. 2019. () version 1. 3. 1: expanded toolkit for the graphical visualization of organellar genomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or evidence regarding the use of genetic markers for tracing inheritance patterns. Instead, it lists various studies and topics related to chloroplast genomes, phylogenetics, and mangrove species, which do not directly address the claim.