Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: : November 5, 2021; Accepted: May 23, 2022; Published: October 3, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Motazedian et al. This is an open access 10. 5061/dryad. 4f4qrfjf1. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no specific interests exist. IntroductionMitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the remaining cardiac surgical procedures that, due to the quality of the quasi-anatomical and thus physiological repair, cannot be replaced by any intervention. In the 1970s, introduced the systematic approach to mitral valve reconstruction into the clinical practice. The clarification of the underlying pathology types was accompanied by appropriate measures to treat them and thus to reconstruct the valve as anatomically and physiologically as possible [1–3]. This was clearly a breakthrough that far surpassed existing mitral repair maneuvers and thus opened the future of surgical repair not only of the mitral valve, but later also of the tricuspid and aortic valves. Today between half and two thirds of the mitral valves are being reconstructed in countries with an efficient health system [4]. Although the techniques invented and refined by Carpentier are still widely used, mitral valve reconstruction has gone through an evolutionary process over the years in which some techniques became obsolete or even died out while others flourished. We therefore examined both procedural features and outcome in an unselected group of patients who received MVR in our institution over the past 15 years. Patients and methodsOf a total number of 1. 977 mitral valve procedures 738 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without any concomitant procedure from 2004 to 2019. Underlying pathologies leading to mitral regurgitation necessitating repair were distinguished between primary degenerative and secondary functional (ischemic) origin according to the current ESC-guidelines [5]. Patients who had to undergo a cardiac tumor resection were excluded, even if this tumor could be removed from the mitral valve and the valve left in place. Also excluded were patients with acute endocarditis, which led to resection measures on an otherwise preserved mitral valve. Furthermore, patients were excluded who did not want to participate in the study or they or their relatives were unable to undergo informed consent. Ethics vote was obtained by the of our university. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect lifespans. It discusses mitral valve reconstruction in cardiac surgery and does not address any aspects related to insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Highly efficient RNA-guided genome editing in human cells via delivery of purified Cas9 ribonucleoproteins. 2014; 24(6): 1012-9. [ [PMID: 24696461] [30]Cas9 for in situ functional assays. 2013; 27(23): 2602-14. [ [PMID: 24298059] [31] Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in human cells. Science 2014; 343(6166): 84-7. [ [PMID: 24336571] [32]. -Cas: evolution of an RNA-based adaptive immunity system in prokaryotes. RNA Biol 2013; 10(5): 679-86. [ [PMID: 23439366] [33]. Genome engineering in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using -Cas systems. Res 2013; 41(7): 4336-43. [ [PMID: 23460208] [34] Wright AV, Nuñez JK, Doudna JA. Biology and applications of systems: harnessing nature’s toolbox for genome engineering. Cell 2016; 164(1-2): 29-44. [ [PMID: 26771484] [35] Moses C, Kaur P. Applications of systems in respiratory health: Entering a new ‘red pen’ era in genome editing. Respirology 2019; 24(7): 628-37. [ [PMID: 30883991] [36] Standage-. RNA-guided recombinase-Cas9 fusion targets genomic DNA deletion and integration. 2019; 2(4): 209-22. [ [PMID: 31436506] [37]. DNA interrogation by the -guided endonuclease Cas9. Nature 2014; 507(7490): 62-7. [ [PMID: 24476820] [38]. Cas9-crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. 2012; 109(39): E2579-86. [ [PMID: 22949671] [39]. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 2012; 337(6096): 816-21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple applications and advancements of RNA-guided Cas9 genome editing, which is a key technology in gene editing. The references to various studies indicate that gene editing techniques, such as those involving Cas9, are a significant focus in scientific research, suggesting their potential in fields like regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Quality of job creation Agreement (2015) sets out that national priorities for low carbon development should ensure a just transition through the creation of decent work and quality jobs. Several studies extracted from our review highlight the importance of ensuring the quality of green jobs, and some documents refer to the concept of ‘decent work’. For example, Mattos (2018) writes that “green jobs are, by definition, decent jobs, i. e. a subset of jobs in environmental sectors which provide adequate wages, safe working conditions, safeguard workers’ rights and social dialogue, and which provide social protection. ” In other documents identified in our review, higher job quality is described for example in terms of high wages and full-time employment (Jung, 2015), and permanent rather than temporary jobs (MacCallum, 2016; Mattos, 2018). However, green or low carbon energy jobs may not always or necessarily be ‘higher’ quality jobs. It has been suggested variously in the literature that direct employment in renewable energy construction or installation may be linked to temporary work which expires on completion of specific projects or might no longer be needed once renewable energy capacity targets have been met (MacCallum, 2016; Sofroniou and Anderson, 2021; Godinho, 2022). Similarly, the UK’s smart meter installation programme will create the need for smart meter installers as a new occupation – but the longer-term job security or career prospects of these jobs requires further exploration (Sofroniou and Anderson, 2021). With reference to data on Scotland, Connolly, Allan and McIntyre (2016) suggest that labour intensity may fall as renewables mature and employment needs shift from construction to maintenance and servicing. The authors observed that “between 2007 and 2012 the number of LCEGS [and Services] jobs declined whereas the installed capacity of renewable generation in Scotland more than doubled” (Connolly, Allan and McIntyre, 2016). Nevertheless, it is likely that achieving national net zero or decarbonisation targets will require a prolonged period of construction and installation of new renewables capacity over the next several decades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that, while there have been initiatives to create decent jobs in the renewable energy sector, the actual job creation has not necessarily outpaced traditional energy jobs. For instance, Connolly, Allan, and McIntyre (2016) mention that during the period of 2007 to 2012, the number of low carbon energy jobs in Scotland declined despite an increase in renewable generation capacity. This indicates that job creation in renewable energy may not have surpassed that of traditional sectors, and that the sustainability of these jobs can be uncertain due to project-based work nature and potential declines as the sector matures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Owing to the entirely retrospective nature of the study, the necessity for written informed consent was waived. Late survival state was obtained in several cases by telephone contact. That was considered as oral and thus adequate consent by the ethics committee. (Sept. 2020; File No. E-01-20200709). The cohort was divided into three periods: Period one (P1): 2004–2009 (134 pts. ); period two (P2) 2010–2014 (294 pts. ); and period three (P3) 2015–2019 (310 pts. ). Long-term results up to 15 years were obtained. Statistical evaluation was performed using 2010 and R® [6]. The descriptive statistics initially included all demographic items as well as perioperative parameters recorded during the patient stay and presented here as a mean value with standard deviation (95% confidence interval). Numerical data was tested for normal distribution before being compared with Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney-U Test respectively. Categorical data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and Chi-squared test. To examine the existence of trends in categorical variables over the three time periods, Cochran-Armitage test for trend in proportions was used. In addition, a risk factor analysis was carried out to determine the odds ratio. Kendall’s Tau was used to correlate hospitalization time and a panel of typical risk factors. Differences were assumed to be significant if p<0. 05. The patients were contacted by phone for follow up. No information could be obtained from 55/738 patients (93% follow-up). The survival times were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, the secondary endpoints were: recurrence rate requiring reoperation, early mortality and long-term survival in the years 2004–2009 (Period 1); 20010–2014 (Period 2); 2015–2019 (Period 3). Additional secondary endpoints were the type of surgery and the type and scope of other simultaneous surgical measures and their influence on early mortality and long-term survival. ResultsThe proportion of mitral valve repair from all mitral valve procedures more than doubled from period 1 (22. 1%) to period 2 (47. 6%) and slightly decreased thereafter in period 3 (41. 1%). Mitral valve pathology was of primary nature in 64,6% of all patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the lifespans of insects. Instead, it focuses on a retrospective study of patient outcomes involving medical procedures, survival statistics, and methodologies for analysis. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 27237320] [52] Focal adhesion kinase regulates the DNA damage response and its inhibition radiosensitizes mutant KRAS lung cancer. Res 2016; 22(23): 5851-63. [ [PMID: 27220963] [53] Saber A. Genomic aberrations guiding treatment of non-small cell lung cancer patients. Commun 2015; 4: 23-33. [ [54] Up-regulation of focal adhesion kinase in non-small cell lung cancer. 2006; 53(3): 263-71. [ [PMID: 16842883] [55] The prognostic significance of focal adhesion kinase expression in stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. J 2014; 9(9): 1278-84. [ [PMID: 25122425] [56]. The clinical impact of an EML4-ALK variant on survival following crizotinib treatment in patients with advanced ALK-rearranged non-small-cell lung cancer. 2017; 28(7): 1667-8. [ [PMID: 28407036] [57] González-Vallinas M, Rodríguez-Paredes M, Albrecht M, et al. Epigenetically regulated chromosome 14q32 miRNA cluster induces metastasis and predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Res 2018; 16(3): 390-402. [ [PMID: 29330288] [58]. Involvement of PD-L1 on tumor cells in the escape from host immune system and tumor immunotherapy by PD-L1 blockade. 2002; 99(19): 12293-7. [ [PMID: 12218188] [59] Cyranoski D. gene-editing tested in a person for the first time. Nature 2016; 539(7630): 479. [ [PMID: 27882996] [60] Genome-wide screen identifies regulators of mitogen-activated protein kinase as suppressors of liver tumors in mice. Gastroenterology 2017; 152(5): 1161-1173. e1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning gene editing being tested in humans for the first time, which suggests advancements and potential in the field, supporting the idea that gene editing is a promising area of research within regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Godinho (2022) point to OECD research which indicates that in general, lower skilled employees in the energy supply sector are more likely to be affected by job displacement as a result of low carbon energy transitions, and this may be compounded by workers losing benefits from previous work in carbon-intensive sectors (Chateau, Bibas and Lanzi, 2018; Botta, 2019). In general, stronger national and international labour market standards and regulations are needed to support unemployed workers in decommissioned industries, provide skills training and increase the availability of alternative, decent work in affected regions (IRENA and ILO, 2021; Godinho, 2022). We consider the issue of skills in the following section. 4. 2. Skills and occupational profiles A cluster of studies was identified around the issue of skills and typical education levels associated with green jobs. Based on an analysis of US employment and occupational data, Consoli et al. (2016) suggest that “Green jobs exhibit higher levels of education, work experience and job training” and “use more intensively high-level cognitive and interpersonal skills compared to non-green jobs”. This is supported by the findings of a study (Elliott and Lindley, 2017) that analysed data from the US Bureau of Labour Statistics, and found that green industries “increased the quantity of workers demanded from the middle of the skill distribution at the same time as they reduced the quantity demanded for lower skilled workers”. The same study went on to conclude that it was “College graduates who gain the most from the expansion of green jobs”. A German study (Pegels and Lütkenhorst, 2014) used data from the for the Environment to assess the costs and benefits of Germany’s Energiewende, focussing on wind and solar PV. The study found that “the share of university-degree staff is around three times as high as the national industry average”. Allan et al. (2021) classify jobs in the UK offshore wind sector according to skill level, through a method involving extraction of data from a UK input-output (IO) table. The data is from 2010, the latest available to allow a detailed breakdown by occupational skills. The authors aggregate nine occupational SIC (Classification of economic activities) categories to form three groups representing high, medium and low skill levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential job displacements of lower-skilled workers due to the transition towards low-carbon energy. It suggests that while green jobs may require higher skills and education, it also indicates that job displacement in traditional sectors creates challenges for many workers, particularly those with lower skills. This implies that while there may be growth in green jobs, the overall dynamics may not necessarily reflect a simple outpacing of renewable energy job creation over traditional energy employment, especially considering the transition impacts on workers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Age remained quite stable (P1: 64. 26 years, P2: 66. 46 years, P3: 65. 42 years), risk scores (EuroScore (ES), logistic ES (log. ES)) increased from P1 to P2 and decreased thereafter. Mean hospitalization time decreased (17. 7 days P1; 17. 5 days P2; 15. 2 days P3) (Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Demographic data. of isolated procedures varied between 30 and 50% (48% P1, 31% P2, 40% P3). Minimal-invasive MVR did not play a major role in this non-selected cohort with only 13 patients mainly carried out in period 2. Early mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). Concomitant procedures were mostly coronary artery bypass graft as well as aortic valve replacement and endocardial cooled radiofrequency thermal atrial ablation (MAZE) was often performed (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Concomitant procedures. patients in all periods received an annuloplasty-ring. Classic™ (35. 07%) and Livanova (previously Sorin™) Anuloflo™ (51. 49%) were mostly used in P1 it gradually shifted until P3 to the II (65. 16%) and the St. Saddle (25. 48%). In P1 resection measures for the posterior leaflet as well as Wooler plasty dominated. In P2 artificial chordae came increasingly in use while resection measures decreased. 3 artificial chordae were the dominant procedure (Table 3, Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Shift of additional reconstruction measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the lifespan of insects. It discusses demographic data, hospitalization times, and procedures related to a medical context, failing to mention insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 24315439] [71] Functional gene correction for cystic fibrosis in lung epithelial cells generated from patient iPSCs. 2015; 12(9): 1385-90. [ [PMID: 26299960] [72]. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators have differential effects on cystic fibrosis macrophage function. 2018; 8(1): 17066. [ [PMID: 30459435] [73]. Ex vivo cell-basedCas9 genome editing for therapeutic applications. Biomaterials 2020; 234119711[ [74] Geurts MH, de Poel E, Amatngalim GD, et al. -based adenine editors correct nonsense mutations in a cystic fibrosis organoid biobank. Cell 2020; 26(4): 503-510. e7. [ [PMID: 32084388] [75] High-efficiency, selection-free gene repair in airway stem cells from cystic fibrosis patients’ rescues cftr function in differentiated epithelia. Cell 2020; 26(2): 161-71. [ [PMID: 31839569] [76] A proof-of-principle ex vivo gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: CFTR gene correction withcas9 of primary CF airway epithelial cells. 2019; 54(2): 210. [77] Efficient gene editing at major CFTR mutation loci. 2019; 16(16): 73-81. [ [PMID: 30852378] [78]. /Cas9-mediated three nucleotide insertion corrects a deletion mutation in MRP1/ABCC1 and restores its proper folding and function. 2017; 7(7): 429-38. [ [PMID: 28624219] [79] Inactivation of CFTR byCas9 alters transcriptional regulation of inflammatory pathways and other networks. J 2020; 19(1): 34-9. [ [PMID: 31126900] [80] In vitro validation of a -mediated CFTR correction strategy for preclinical translation in pigs. Ther 2019; 30(9): 1101-16. [ [PMID: 31099266] [81]. Overcoming the undesirable -Cas9 expression in gene correction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists several studies and advancements in gene editing techniques specifically applied to cystic fibrosis, particularly referencing functional gene correction and Cas9 gene editing. These developments in gene editing for therapeutic purposes support the claim that gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine, as they highlight the potential of gene editing technologies to correct genetic disorders.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: Figure 3 indicates that almost 90% of offshore wind jobs in 2010 were in the high to medium skill categories, and that most jobs are created indirectly in the supply chain or through the induced effect of additional household expenditure. Vona, Marin and Consoli (2018) also report high skill levels and salaries for green occupations compared to non-green employment in the US. Despite some identified differences in skills levels between green and non-green jobs, Reddy (2016) suggests that the skills required are not new, and Bowen, Kuralbayeva and Tipoe (2018) propose that much retraining in the green economy can occur ‘on the job’. Others contend that the greening of the economy will require new skills, competencies and qualifications, linked to the creation of new markets and activities (Aceleanu, Serban and Burghelea, 2015; Shanghi and Sharma, 2014). Several studies note the potential to train and employ young people in these new areas, while helping to address youth unemployment (Aceleanu, Serban and Burghelea, 2015; Rutkowska-Podołowska, Sulich and Szczygieł, 2016; Sulich, Rutkowska and Popławski, 2020). Kapetaniou and McIvor (2020) highlight that in the UK, younger and male workers are concentrated in brown sectors, where most jobs require low- or medium-level skills. This implies challenges for younger males working in routine or manual brown occupations if they need to switch to green jobs; they may have to learn new skills in order to avoid job displacement difficulties (Kapetaniou and McIvor, 2020). The identified evidence does not support a straightforward claim that renewable energy or energy efficiency jobs are more skilled than higher carbon energy sectors, and this depends on the extent to which direct, indirect and induced job creation are considered. Several analyses (e. g. Allan and Ross, 2019; Dominish et al. , 2019) observe that significant shares of employment in fossil fuel generation and extraction are in higher-skilled occupational categories. There is also demand for lower-skilled, manual occupations which may for example comprise much of solar PV installation and offshore wind construction activities. Figure 4 presents a chart of data sourced from Dominish et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that challenges the simplistic assertion that job creation in the renewable energy sector is greater than in traditional energy sectors. It emphasizes that several analyses indicate significant shares of employment in fossil fuel generation and extraction are in higher-skilled occupational categories. Additionally, the text points out that job creation and skill levels in green jobs are complex and depend on various factors such as direct, indirect, and induced job creation, which complicates the argument that renewable energy jobs are outpacing traditional energy jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: PML = Corrective measure on the posterior mitral leaflet; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; Wooler = Commissural reduction plasty according to Wooler; Plication = Plication on the leaflets without resection; AML = Corrective measure on the anterior mitral leaflet; = Repositioning, shortening of the native chords, shortening of the origin of the chord by means of splitting or trimming or repositioning of the papillary muscle; Artif. Chordae = Chordae replacement with artificial chords. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Types of additional repair maneuvers. age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality (EM) (Age-EM: 71. 54 Age- Control: 64. 89%, P<0. 001; BMI-EM: 28. 12% BMI-Control: 26. 72, P = 0. 026; log. ES-EM: 30. 98%, Log. ES-Control: 10. 46%, P<0. 001; ESII-EM: 16. 99% ESII-Control: 4. 63%, P<0. 001). Concomitant bypass surgery, particularly without IMA as well as concomitant implantation or explantation of electrophysiological devices increased the risk for early mortality whereas isolated MVR and use of artificial chordae reduced it (Table 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Procedure-dependent early mortality. from early or late redo-procedures for the mitral valve was 91% in P1, 96% in P2, and 97% in P3 (P1 vs. P2 P = 0. 008; P1 vs. P3 P = 0. 006; P2 vs. P3 P = 0. 195). Early mitral valve replacement after initial repair were most often performed. MV-Replacement after MVR early: Mean interval 91 days; MV-Replacement after MVR late: Mean interval 927 days; MVR after MVR early: Mean interval 13. 67 days; MVR after MVR late: Mean interval 317 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses surgical procedures and mortality risk related to mitral valve replacement, and does not mention insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Gene-editing therapy, like Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats- associated nuclease 9 (/Cas9), is gaining popularity in pulmonary research, opening up doors to invaluable insights on underlying mechanisms. /Cas9 can be considered as a potential gene-editing tool with a scientific community that is helping in the advancement of knowledge in respiratory health and therapy. As an appealing therapeutic tool, we hereby explore the advanced research on the application ofCas9 tools in chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We also address the urgent need to establish this gene-editing tool in various other lung diseases such as asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present review introducesCas9 as a worthy application in targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrinolytic system via editing specific genes. Thereby, based on the efficiency ofCas9, it can be considered as a promising therapeutic tool in respiratory health research. this page × Export File: RIS (for ) BibTeX Text Content: Citation and this 10. 2174/1566523220666201012145731 DOI Print ISSN1566-5232 1875-5631 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 25 November, 2024 in Health and regulates a multitude of physiological functions, including circadian rhythms, acting as a scavenger of free radicals, an anti-inflammatory agent, a modulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, an antioxidant, and an enhancer of nitric oxide bioavailability. AANAT is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for converting serotonin to NAS, which is further converted to. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Dr. closes on : 26 March, 2025 The now and future of gene transfer technologies Gene and cell therapies rely on a gene delivery system which is safe and effective. Both viral and non-viral vector systems are available with specific pros and cons. The choice of a vector system is largely dependent on the application which is a balance between target tissue/disease and safety, efficacy. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene-editing therapy, specifically the CRISPR/Cas9 tool, as a potential therapeutic tool in respiratory health research. It highlights the growing popularity of gene-editing techniques within the scientific community and establishes the efficiency of Cas9 in targeting specific diseases, suggesting that gene editing indeed has promising applications in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Job creation in the renewable energy sector has outpaced traditional energy jobs in recent years. [SEP] Text: This implies that the number of jobs created in renewables and energy efficiency sectors will outweigh the number lost as conventional fossil fuel power plants are retired. Several studies illustrate how overall net job creation in a given country may reflect a balance of net jobs gains and losses in different regions, economic sectors and parts of the value chain. This balance also depends on the nature of the value chain in outgoing and incoming energy industries and how much a country may rely on imports for fossil fuels, manufacturing of renewables components or labour based in other countries (or indeed, the extent to which there is an export market for domestically manufactured components). In certain regions, jobs in fossil fuel industries may be lost faster than the pace at which low carbon energy sectors can offer new employment. There may be mismatches between regions where displaced workers live and where new opportunities become available, which may be a barrier to accepting alternative employment even if former workers have the requisite skills. In these cases national government transition plans are recommended, co-ordinated with local governments, to manage the impacts of displacement from carbon intensive sectors and respond to the need to build a new low carbon workforce including through skills development and training. Overall, there appears to be limited evidence in the literature reviewed on the geographic and sectoral implications of low carbon energy job creation, and more research is required to improve understanding of issues around local or regional displacement and substitution of employment in high carbon sectors. Given the current context of high energy prices and consolidating economic recovery from COVID-19, we identify literature on the extent to which renewable energy and energy efficiency support policies may contribute to short-term and longer-term economic growth. This literature is not extensive but indicates that implementing a low carbon energy transition at a country scale could lead to moderate economic growth as well as positive net job creation overall. However, as with employment effects, this could mask regional and sectoral disparities and possible negative economic impacts in regions with a substantial presence of high carbon industries. Policies supporting domestically-based manufacturing and installation of renewable energy, and building energy efficiency retrofitting, may be particularly effective at creating short-term jobs and economic stimulus. In comparison, operation and maintenance jobs can potentially last over energy technology lifetimes. Jobs created per unit of investment represent only one aspect of a low carbon transition; what matters in the longer-term is whether the investment contributes to an economically efficient transition towards a country’s strategic goals, considering environmental impacts, the need for a just transition and energy security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors are projected to create jobs, there are significant challenges and disparities that may prevent this from happening at a faster rate than job losses in traditional fossil fuel sectors. It discusses the potential for job creation in renewables to be overshadowed by the rapid job loss in fossil fuel industries and notes the geographic and regional mismatches that might hinder workers' ability to transition into new roles. It emphasizes the need for further research and highlights the complexities of the job market, making it clear that the situation is not as straightforward as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: DiscussionEver since Carpentier has propagated the mandatory use of an annuloplasty-ring in order to stabilize the reconstruction result it became the procedure the overwhelming majority of all surgeons adhered to owing to the clear and steadily growing body of evidence regarding the benefit of the ring [1–3]. Indeed, our study mirrored this indicating that ring implantation remained mandatory throughout the entire observation period. However, preference towards certain rings changed alongside improved designs. Those design changes comprised on one hand the very shape of the ring propagating the “saddle-shape” as being a design improvement with positive implications on hemodynamic performance but on the other hand on design changes intended to facilitate implantation itself [7–9]. These particular changes comprised wider rings with multi-layer fabric to allow for better stitching and more secure anchoring. Stiff or moderately flexible rings appeared to stabilize the annulus significantly better than highly flexible ones [10, 11] so that the use of the latter did not play a role in this study. Procedural characteristics for the valvular apparatus changed markedly from mainly classical resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae [12–18]. In the early years the classical recommendations such as reshaping of the posterior leaflet by resection or plication maneuvers as well as reshaping of the annulus by appropriate rings were mostly followed but measures such as Wooler plasty, Paneth plasty, or were still performed [19, 20]. However, they did not exhibit such robust evidence in the literature regarding a beneficial effect on long-term patency as posterior leaflet correction and/or artificial chordae. We did not perform the Paneth plasty, which are meant to reduce the diameter of the anulus but favored instead the annuloplasty-ring as an implant from the early days on. Alfieri-Stich was neither performed because of the, in our eyes, “non-anatomical” approach. The patients who had received a Wooler plasty, however, fared quite well and the presence of a Wooler plasty positively influenced long-term survival even after 10 years. This, however, was quite probably not due to the Wooler plasty itself but owing to the mandatory annuloplasty ring, these patients also received. It cannot be ruled out, however, that intraoperative quality control also played a role regarding long-term stability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various surgical techniques and findings in the context of annuloplasty-ring procedures, which is completely unrelated to the lifespan of insects. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: > (1); 2017 > 61. Published online: January 1, 2017 DOI: -Cas9: a promising tool for gene editing on induced pluripotent stem cells of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, University of Korea, Seoul, to Ju, M. D. Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Korea Tel: +82-2-2258-6893 Fax: +82-2-3476-2274 E-mail: juji@catholic. ac. kr 24, 2016 10, 2016Copyright © 2017 Association of This is an 3. 0/) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. advances in genome editing with programmable nucleases have opened up new avenues for multiple applications, from basic research to clinical therapy. The ease of use of the technology—and particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ()—will allow us to improve our understanding of genomic variation in disease processes via cellular and animal models. Here, we highlight the progress made in correcting gene mutations in monogenic hereditary disorders and discuss various -associated applications, such as cancer research, synthetic biology, and gene therapy using induced pluripotent stem cells. The challenges, ethical issues, and future prospects of -based systems for human research are also discussed. Keywords: Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9; Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Gene editing; Induced pluripotent stem cells; Genetic therapy burden of rare genetic diseases is increasing. There have been numerous attempts to treat genetic diseases with various methods. However, they were not overly successful till now. Recently, the technology of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats () emerges as a promising tool to correct genetic abnormalities. This technique is being heralded for precision and accuracy in genetic editing. In this review, we recapitulate the history and recent progress made in the area of technology. In the first part of the review, we summarize the history and action mechanism of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the advancements in gene editing technologies, particularly clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9, which is described as a 'promising tool' for gene editing in various applications, including 'correcting gene mutations in monogenic hereditary disorders' and 'gene therapy.' This aligns well with the notion that gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine, indicating its potential for clinical therapy and understanding disease processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Atmospheric and > Vol. 13 No. 4, October 2023 Air Pollution, and Difficulties to Fuel with () Chunji Liu1*, Qinghua Li2 1. 2of Henan University, Kaifeng, China. DOI: 10. 4236/acs. 2023. 134030 205 Downloads 1,064 Views 538. doi: 10. 4236/acs. 2023. 134030. 1. air pollution is becoming serious in winter in big cities, such as New Delhi, Karachi, Lima, and Beijing. 150 million tons of SO2, 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 20 billion tons of CO2, millions of tons of fluorinated substances, mercury, freon and other toxic pollutants are released into the air every year [1]. 90% people of urban areas are exposed to air pollution with PM2. 5 above the standard of the WHO air quality of 10 μg/m3. In 2013, international agency for cancer research classified outdoor air pollution as a human carcinogen. Acute and chronic respiratory disease, stroke, lung cancer, heart disease are associates with poor air quality and air pollution. 7 million people died from household and ambient air pollution in 2016 [2]. About 2. 5 million people die each year worldwide from indoor air pollution [3]. 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions are from the use of fossil fuels, and large amount of local air pollution is brought about by the use of fossil fuels, which leads to 5 million premature deaths each year [4]. Steam engines and diesel engines have been the main driving forces for most industries after the Industrial Revolution, and fossil fuels have been the dominant energy sources. From 2000 to 2019, global CO2 emission accounted for 30. 7% of global cumulative emissions, the growth of CO2 emission during this period is the fastest in human history [5]. The regions with the highest annual mean levels of urban PM2. 5 are in South-with a PM2. 5 concentration of 57. 3 μg/m3, followed by the Region with a PM2. 5 concentration of 54. 0 μg/m3 [2]. Owing to poor ventilation, the solid fuels in stoves do not burn efficiently, producing large amounts of black carbon and other harmful gases that pose great harm to the health of children and women in rural areas. There are 3 billion people cooking with polluting fuels worldwide, especially in [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting the ongoing reliance on fossil fuels, stating that 'fossil fuels have been the dominant energy sources' and mentioning the severe consequences of their use, such as air pollution and health issues. It emphasizes that 75% of global greenhouse gas emissions come from fossil fuel use, implying significant challenges in transitioning to renewable energy within a short time frame of five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was not yet mandatory in period 1. Surgeons mainly relied on intraoperative filling of the left ventricle with saline to estimate the success of the reconstruction and no intraoperative quality control was thus performed while the heart was beating. Direct correction in case of an insufficient result was thus not an option [21–23]. The widespread introduction of artificial chordae was a relevant evolutionary step that our godfather had not foreseen. Perhaps this is because the most suitable material for these chordae, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, Goretex ™, was not yet available in the 1970s. Artificial chordae were soon adopted by the majority of surgeons and gained worldwide acceptance. Indeed, that was apparent also in our cohorts over the years. Although early and intermediate results up to five years were quite favorable for valves repaired with artificial chordae this benefit disappeared in the long-term results (10-year survival). It must be noted, however, that artificial chordae came into wider use but in the second and third period so that long-term results on a larger scale are not yet available. We noticed a steep increase in repair from period 1 to period 2 possibly owing to the experience gained with repair strategies in the early years in our institution. From period 2 to period 3 a slight decrease of the proportion of repair maneuvers was noted declining from 48% to 41%. This shift was not due to a more restrictive policy regarding repair surgery but was instead non-intentional and can be explained by a higher morbidity of the patients resulting in a higher proportion of patients with complex redo-surgery or endocarditis. The increase in patients with primary mitral regurgitation from period 1 to period 3 cannot be readily explained. It is conceivable that, because of demographic change, patients with restrictive mitral valve pathology presented with increasing multimorbidity, so that the indication for repair in patients with secondary mitral valve pathology became more defensive. Only 13 minimally invasive mitral valve repair procedures were carried out mainly in period 2. The true minimally invasive approach was indeed not favored in our clinic until very recently because of lack of center-wide, multi-surgeon expertise. Leaflet repair strategies especially concerning the posterior leaflet remained a frequent procedure demonstrating excellent results even in the long-term. Why is it so? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the lifespan of insects at all. It discusses medical procedures related to mitral valve repairs, the use of artificial chordae, and surgical outcomes over various periods, which is entirely irrelevant to the statement about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: In the second part of the review, we deliberate upon assorted clinical applications of from the standpoint of recent feasibility and future possibilities. In the third part, we discuss about future perspective of technology. Ideal combination of technology and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) may bring new -based clinical applications into clinics in near future. PART 1. light of the heterogeneity of disease manifestations among patients, the field of precision medicine has attracted a great deal of interest, especially following a new initiative launched in 2015. (PMI), which involves investment in medical research in the on a national scale, envisions treatment and prevention of diseases on an individual basis, according to differences in genes and environmental and lifestyle factors [1,2]. The short-term goals of the PMI include combating cancers, while the accrual of knowledge pertaining to health and diseases represents the long-term focus. The aggregation of personalized information pertaining to genomics, proteomics, and phenotypical parameters is expected not only to provide a better understanding of health and disease, but also to change our approach to risk assessment, diagnostic tests, and therapeutic interventions [3]. However, despite major progress in gene sequencing and profiling, based on advances in technologies such as high-throughput sequencing, precise gene editing remains challenging; this difficulty has hindered the translation of information into clinical applications. As a consequence, the demand for targeted, straightforward, and affordable genetic engineering tools continues to grow. Over the past several decades, scientists have revolutionized genetic engineering techniques to allow modulation of their function. and Crick elucidated the structure of the DNA double helix, many researchers have focused on changing the genome according to particular scientific needs. To achieve this, a platform that can identify the target sequence of interest, specifically cleave that region of the DNA, and alter the sequence at the cleavage site is required. Endogenous site-specific DNA-protein complexes and natural DNA repair pathways from multiple species have been exploited to create various gene engineering toolkits. Among these, the most rapidly evolving technology involves and -associated nuclease 9 (Cas9) (-Cas9), which was selected as Science’s Breakthrough of the Year in 2015. -Cas9 in the bacterial adaptive immune system is derived from the prokaryotic adaptive immune system (Fig. 1) [4-36]. The distinctive clustered repeats were originally recognized in Escherichia coli by Ishino et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine by discussing the advances and challenges in gene engineering techniques, such as the development of CRISPR-Cas9 technology. It highlights the potential of gene editing as part of personalized medicine, which aligns with the perspective that gene editing may lead to new clinical applications in treating and preventing diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: The emissions of SO2 were 132559. 08 tons, of which 73. 81% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were 158255. 69 tons, of which 25. 73% were from the fossil fuels. The emissions of NH3 were 75512. 6 tons, of which 0. 8% were from the fossil fuels [13]. We can see that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, in 2013, the main polluting sources were from the use of fossil fuels, they can be divided into the following categories: 1) fixed-point combustion of fossil fuels, such as power plants; 2) moving vehicles, such as cars and trucks; and 3) stored diesel and gasoline or diesel and gasoline in transportation. The monitoring data of urban environmental air quality from 2014 to 2017 indicated that the vast majority of heavy air pollution in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan occurred from mid October to mid March of the following year, about five months [14]. In fact, in northern China, during this period, it is relatively cold. Cities are mainly heated by the use of coal and natural gas, and the use of fossil fuels will increase sharply, resulting in severe air pollution. Many elderly people pass away during this period in China. In 2012, in the economic zone of the Delta region, the annual emission of PM10 was 495,200 tons, of which 37. 08% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of PM2. 5 were 192,300 tons, of which 59. 8% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of NOx were 942,800 tons, of which 99. 19% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of SO2 were 466,100 tons, of which 97. 86% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of CO were 4,626,600 tons, of which 88. 23% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of VOCs were 864,000 tons, of which 40. 51% were from the use of fossil fuels. The emissions of NH3 were 190,300 tons, of which 6. 57% were from the use of fossil fuels [15]. region is an economically developed area in China. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the significant contributions of fossil fuels to air pollution and emissions in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan economic zone. It emphasizes that a large portion of pollutants, such as SO2, VOCs, PM10, and PM2.5, originate from fossil fuels. Additionally, it highlights that during colder months, reliance on coal and natural gas increases, which indicates a sustained dependence on fossil fuels rather than a transition to renewable energy within the next five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: The posterior leaflet has a much less complex movement and serves mainly as an abutment for the very mobile anterior leaflet. Thus, a stable coaptation for the anterior leaflet can be rather easily achieved with appropriate measures on the posterior leaflet such as quadrangular resection, plication or cleft-closure accompanied by remodeling the often v-shaped distorted posterior anulus back to its distinct anteriorly flattened circle, the “smiley” mouth. In contrast, any reshaping measure of the highly mobile anterior leaflet is much more prone to frustrating results (Fig 3). While co-morbidities negatively influenced survival early as well as late [24, 25], it was interesting to see that patients with concomitant venous only coronary bypass surgery fared worse than the others (Fig 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Procedure-related survival. MVR = Mitral valve repair; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery Bypass Graft; IMA = Internal mammary artery. can, however, be explained. These patients were too sick to be deemed fit for the use of a mammary artery in the eyes of the surgeon carrying out the procedure. Such a surgical decision was made upon the general clinical appraisal of the patient and not concrete facts such as the. Thus, the underlying reasons for such a decision remained somehow elusive. This finding gains additional validation when looking at the fate of the patients who indeed had received LIMA only bypass surgery. They fared significantly better than the control. These patients only had a 1-vessel disease and received an artery for prognostic reasons, i. e. profiting from it because of a better life expectancy in the eyes of the surgeon (Fig 3). At the other end of the spectrum were those patients receiving aortic valve replacement, concomitant tricuspid valve repair or even replacement or those requiring electrophysiological implants. These patients fared worse early as well as late indicating the higher morbidity at the time of surgery. In general, early mortality risks were typically dependent on the patient’s individual situation. Procedural success and stability increased over the three periods and long-term results were very acceptable. The patients of period 3 demonstrated a superior 5-year survival than that of the two previous groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect lifespans as it contains detailed information about surgical procedures, patient outcomes, and valve repairs without any reference to insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: [5] in 1987, and were later found to include unique barcode-like sequences of viral or plasmid origin, termed spacers (Fig. 2) [6-8]. In 2007, the hypothesized role of the repeats in adaptive defense was confirmed by experimental demonstration of spacer integration into the bacterial genome following phage challenge, as well as alteration of sensitivity to subsequent phage infection dependent upon the spacer content [4]. Subsequent studies revealed that works in sync with the Cas gene, in the vicinity of the locus, to cleave DNA or RNA sequences [9,10] targeted by a small guide RNA [11]. Based on these findings, multiple studies sought to identify the components of the -Cas system and apply this knowledge to sequence-specific gene engineering. Mechanism underlying -Cas9 gene editing There are six putative systems; the three main types (types I to III) were discovered first, with three additional types (types IV to VI) being identified more recently [37,38]. During the processes of immunity, adaptation, expression, and interference, each type acts according to distinct mechanisms to ensure DNA recognition and cleavage [39]. uses a large complex of Cas proteins, encoded by the Cas3 gene, which show separate helicase and DNase activities. Similarly, type III uses repeat-associated mysterious proteins, which constitute a large superfamily of Cas proteins. Types I, III, and IV are categorized as class 1 based on their multi-subunit effector complexes. By contrast, class 2 systems (comprising types II, V, and VI) each have a single-subunit effector. Type II uses only a single protein (Cas9) for its nuclease activity; the same is true for types V and VI, but with Cas9-like proteins. Owing to their simplicity, class 2 systems have been adopted for genome engineering [40-42], and only the bacterial type -Cas9 system has been utilized for RNA-guided engineering nucleases [43,44]. As noted above, type -Cas9 systems use a single endonuclease, Cas9. This enzyme acts in concert with two guide RNAs: (crRNA) and trans-acting (tracrRNA) (Fig. 3) [45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the advancements in gene editing technology, specifically mentioning the Cas gene systems and their applications in genome engineering. It highlights that class 2 systems, like the Cas9-based system, are simpler and have been adopted for genome engineering, suggesting ongoing progress in the field of gene editing, which is indeed a promising area for regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: A large amount of fossil fuels are used by thermal power plants, industries and vehicles. This place is densely populated, with a large number of industrial enterprises and motor vehicles. Therefore, the pollution is relatively serious in this region, the main pollutant is PM2. 5. In 2014, the annual average concentration of PM2. 5 was 22 µg/m3, and the annual average concentration of PM10 was 61 µg/m3. There were 298 days that met the air quality standard, accounting for 81. 6% of the year. We can see that the situation of air pollution in north China was serious in the 2000s, air pollution was all year around, and winter was the worst. In the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan, air pollution is serious from mid-October to mid-March of the following year, air pollution is relatively not serious in the remaining 7 months. The situation of air pollution in the Delta region is much better than that in north China, it is also better than that in the economic zone of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtanin. Its main pollution sources are thermal power plants, light industrial enterprises, and various vehicles. 3. use of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gas (GHG), which pollutes the air and leads to the rise of GHG concentration, more GHGs trap more solar energy and lead to the rise of surface temperature. The use of global fossil fuels was 2575 TWh in 1880, and 136,761 TWh in 2019, thus an increase of 52. 11 times [16]. Global CO2 emissions were 85,371 million tons in 1880, 36441. 39 million tons in 2019, thus an increase of 41. 69 times [17]. From 1750 to 2009, the carbon dioxide concentration (CDC) has risen by 38%, and the concentration of methane has increased by 148% [7]. The atmospheric CDC was 287. 77 ppm in 1880, and it was 417. 65 ppm in 2022, thus an increase of 45. 13% [18]. We can see that the growth rate of CDC in recent decades is a little faster than that before the 1960s. We conduct regression analysis with GMST as dependent variable [6] and with CDC as independent variable [18] the time is from 1880 to 2019. We present the outcome in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the current and historical dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation, particularly through thermal power plants and industries. It cites the significant increase in fossil fuel consumption from 1880 to 2019 and highlights ongoing environmental pollution issues, indicating that a full replacement of fossil fuels by renewable energy within five years is highly unlikely given the current reliance on these fuels and environmental challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Whether this is due to a more precise indication and/or better perioperative management in this latter period is speculative. It remains to be seen whether this trend will continue significantly after 10 or 15 years, respectively (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Cohort-Survival. study is of retrospective nature and thus naturally subject to the typical limitations. Mitral valve pathologies could only be roughly obtained. In almost all cases, however, we were able to differentiate between primary or secondary nature from the still available documents (surgery, echocardiography). The procedures were carried out upon the discretion of the respective surgeon and not prospectively assigned in a randomized fashion. Long-term follow-up was not complete. We tried best to reach all patients but particularly in the rural regions the whereabouts of some patients remained elusive despite all efforts. We used many different rings in the last 15 years. However, not all of the available rings were used at respective times. Thus, the selection is incomplete and is even somehow biased as the clinics policy always was and is to reduce the number of implants to a reasonable minimum for budgetary purposes. ConclusionMitral valve repair underwent a qualitative evolution in the last 15 years. It became clear that the use of a ring as well as artificial chordae and appropriate reshaping of the leaflets, particularly the posterior one, were keys to success. Thus, proving that the combination of the best well established old-fashioned techniques such as leaflet resection measures and mandatory use of rings as well as the most useful modern approaches such as artificial chordae and modern saddle-shaped ring designs is in the best interest of the patient. Co-morbidities and thus, the necessity to perform concomitant procedures in more than half of the entire cohort markedly influenced survival. However, almost half of the patients are alive after 15 years. Mitral valve repair is one of the few remaining primary cardiosurgical procedures and it will remain in our hands as long as we are able to provide a reliable, stable and long-lasting anatomical repair surpassing the results of any interventional strategy [26–30]. Luckily, the complexity of the mitral valves plays into our cards in this regard. Thus, mitral valve repair is still and for the years to come one of the most valuable cardiosurgical procedures. 1. A Carpentier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to mitral valve repair and surgical procedures without making any references to insects or their lifespans. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: To simplify the system and improve its utility, scientists employed a linker loop to engineer a dual tracrRNA:crRNA (called single guide RNA [sgRNA]), which participates in sequence-specific DNA cleavage with Cas9 [12]. Short 2 to 5 bp conserved sequences known as proto-spacer adjacent motifs, located on the side opposite to that of the RNA-DNA hybridization, are required for Cas9-DNA recognition [6]. Once recognition occurs, double-stranded DNA cleavage is performed by two Cas9 domains: the HNH domain, which cleaves the strand complementary to the crRNA-guide sequence, and the RuvC-like domain, which cleaves the noncomplementary strand [12]. Via this mechanism, programmed nucleases with customized sgRNA can cleave genomic DNA at specific loci, enabling precise genome editing. Cas9 protein can be easily re-targeted to new DNA sequences by changing a small portion of the sequence of the accompanying RNA guide, which base-pairs directly with target DNA [46]. Another potential advantage of Cas9 is its ability to introduce several double-strand breaks (DSBs) within the same genome (also referred to as multiplexing) via the expression of multiple guide RNAs [13,14]. Earlier approaches to gene editing Prior to the advent of technology, biologists used several generations of tools, all of which employed site-specific for genome editing. To date, four types of DNA-binding nuclease have been developed: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the most recently identified nuclease, Cas9. Each of the previous tools had unique limitations. Meganucleases are like restriction enzymes but are programmed to target DNA sequences 14 to 40 bp in length. Owing to several shortcomings, including their lack of specificity in DNA recognition and the need to fuse the recognition and cleavage domains, meganucleases were used only briefly [47]. ZFNs and TALENs function according to similar principles, but differ in that their binding domains consist of three- and one-nucleotide recognition modules, respectively. These enzymes have separate DNA-binding domains and nonspecific cleavage domains, namely, FokI endonucleases, making them more efficient than meganucleases [48,49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific methods and advancements in gene editing, particularly using the Cas9 nuclease and associated technologies. It discusses how these technologies enable precise genome editing and presents various tools that have been developed in this field, indicating ongoing research and potential within gene editing as a promising avenue in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while renewable energy is increasingly being adopted, it has significant disadvantages that hinder its ability to replace fossil fuels completely in such a short time frame. It highlights the intermittent and unreliable nature of renewable sources, such as solar and wind, which do not operate under certain conditions, suggesting that these limitations prevent renewable energy from entirely supplanting fossil fuels within the next five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: [Reconstructive Valvuloplasty. A of Mitral Valvuloplasty] [3. pmid:5795420 View 2. A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Surg. 1971 Jan;61(1):1–13. pmid:5540460. View 3. . [Midterm results of Carpentier’s reconstructive mitral annuloplasty]. Coeur Vaiss. 1973 Oct;66(10):1297–309. pmid:4207473 View 4. . 2019: of the for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Surg. 2020 Jun;68(4):263–276. Epub 2020 May 14. pmid:32408357 View 5. 2021 ESC/for the management of valvular heart disease. Cardiothorac Surg. 2021 Oct 22;60(4):727–800. Erratum in: Cardiothorac Surg. 2022 Jan 13;: pmid:34453161. View 6. R (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL 7. . Long-term results of artificial chordae implantation in patients with mitral valve prolapse. J Dis. 1997 Nov;6(6):594–8. pmid:9427126 View 8. . Mitral valve repair with artificial chordae: a review of its history, technical details, long-term results, and pathology. Surg. 2012 Feb;93(2):684–91. Epub 2011 Dec 7. pmid:22153050 View 9. . Outcomes of mitral valve repair using artificial chordae. Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Apr;45(4):593–601. Epub 2013 Aug 29. pmid:23990619 View 10. . Is a flexible mitral annuloplasty ring superior to a semi-rigid or rigid ring in terms of improvement in symptoms and survival? Thorac Surg. 2008 May;7(3):477–84. Epub 2008 Mar 4. pmid:18319323. View 11. Chotivatanapong T. Mitral annuloplasty ring design and selection: Complete semi-rigid is best. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about the lifespan of insects at all. Instead, it seems to focus on medical and surgical procedures related to mitral valve repair and related topics. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: However, the construction of ZFNs remains a challenge due to the need to account for context-dependent binding p2. application of the -Cas9 system When DSBs are introduced, the lesion may be corrected by one of two major repair pathways: homology-directed repair (HDR) or nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). HDR allows the exchange of genetic information between DNA molecules with similar sequences, whereas NHEJ forms short insertions or deletions (indels) in the target sequence. NHEJ does not require a repair template, but the resultant indels can cause frameshift mutations that lead to the production of nonfunctional, incomplete proteins, or to micro-RNA degradation by nonsense-mediated decay. On the other hand, the HDR machinery can repair DNA using exogenous single- or double-stranded DNA templates with sequence similarity to the DSB site. Thus, exploitation of HDR has allowed researchers to insert new genetic information at a target site, or to perform direct replacement of a mutated gene [45,46]. Although this approach was revolutionary, the natural process of HDR is inefficient because it requires selection and screening to identify the one-in-a-million cell in which homologous recombination has exchanged the wild-type gene for the desired modified version. -Cas9 technology allows the inducible formation of DSBs, so that scientists can modify gene expression at the repair sitex; thus, opening a new avenue in genome editing [42]. Cell-based and in vivo animal studies The applications of -Cas9 have expanded into fields such as agricultural products, livestock, disease modeling, and therapeutics. In this section, we focus on the therapeutic aspects of gene-based diseases, especially monogenic disorders (Fig. 4). In gene therapy, genes in diseased cells and tissues can be corrected by two approaches: ex vivo and in vivo editing [46]. In ex vivo therapy, the target cell population is removed from the body, modified using a programmable nuclease, and then transplanted back into the original host; thereby, preventing complications due to immunological rejection. By contrast, in vivo editing therapy involves direct transfer of genome-editing reagents, such as a programmable nuclease and donor templates, into the human body [53]. Each approach has advantages and disadvantages, and they are implemented differently to treat particular disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various methods and applications of gene editing techniques, particularly highlighting gene therapy approaches for treating monogenic disorders. It discusses how advancements like the -Cas9 technology allow precise modifications in gene expression, which is a critical aspect of regenerative medicine. The exploration of therapeutic applications illustrates the potential gene editing has in improving health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various challenges associated with renewable energy, such as its unreliability without large-scale storage facilities, impracticality for certain sectors, and the negative ecological impacts of renewable energy infrastructure. It emphasizes that without proper technology and economic advantage, renewable energy cannot feasibly replace fossil fuels in the promised timeline of five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: 2021 Oct 22;10:55–57. pmid:34984361; PMCID: PMC8691927. View 12. -Ueda H, Kobayashi J. A 25-year study of chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in mitral valve repair†. Thorac Surg. 2015 Apr;20(4):463–8; discussion 468. Epub 2014 Dec 29. pmid:25547921 View 13. çois K, Bové T. Comparison of the sustainability of mitral annular dynamics between two semi-rigid annuloplasty devices [published online ahead of print, 2019 Feb 15]. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;ezz035. pmid:30770923 View 14. Clinical performance of a three-dimensional saddle-shaped, rigid ring for mitral valve repair. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;55(2):217–223. pmid:29931248 View 15. . Functional and Regurgitation: Fits All? [published online ahead of print, 2019 Sep 23]. Surg. 2019;10. 1055/s-0039–1696989. pmid:31546265 View 16. . Surgical repair of the prolapsing anterior leaflet in degenerative mitral valve disease. J Dis. 2000 Jan;9(1):75–80; discussion 81. pmid:10678378 View 17. to Determine the Length of for Mitral Repair. Surg. 2020 Jul 19:S0003–4975(20)31184-X. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32698022. View 18. Loop neochord versus leaflet resection techniques for minimally invasive mitral valve repair: long-term results. Cardiothorac Surg. 2020 Aug 10:ezaa255. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32776150. View 19. Results for tricuspid valve surgery in adults with congenital heart disease other than Ebstein’s anomaly†. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019 Oct 1;56(4):706–713. pmid:30919906. View 20. The edge-to-edge technique: a simplified method to correct mitral insufficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the lifespan of insects. It focuses on various studies related to heart surgery, without mentioning insects or their lifespans. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: There has been examples of gene-editing techniques applied in disease cell lines (Table 2) [54-77] and in disease mouse models (Table 3) [60,63-66,78-88]. Furthermore, scientists have reported series of therapeutic applications with genome editing using stem cell (Table 4) [89-111]. Inactivation or correction of deleterious mutations Duchenne muscular dystrophy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most prevalent fatal genetic disease passed on through the X chromosome. The gene dystrophin consists of 79 exons, and several types of mutation in exon sequences lead to DMD. Currently, there is no effective treatment for DMD, but genome editing has the potential to restore expression of a modified dystrophin gene [53]. Efforts aimed at correction of the dystrophin gene in immortalized patient myoblasts with ZFNs and TALENs were initiated in 2013 [54,55]. Because 13% of DMD patients have a mutation in exon 51, the introduction of indels into, or complete excision of, exon 51 can restore dystrophin expression [56]. In one study, permanent removal of exons 45 to 55 by multiplexed Cas9 was therapeutically applicable in 62% of patients [57]. Mouse models can provide data that is relevant to in vivo human therapy. For example, the Mdx model mouse harbors a mutation in exon 23 of the dystrophin gene. Local and systemic delivery of gene correction to Mdx mice using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector and the -Cas9 system resulted in 2% to 100% correction, and the therapeutic benefits were predicted to be 15% to 20% [78-81]. Genome editing has also been effective in DMD gene therapy in patients lacking exon 44; in this case, the correction was performed ex vivo in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Three correction strategies were tested: skipping of exon 45, introduction of small indels resulting in a frameshift in exon 45, and knock-in of the missing exon 44 to restore the full protein coding region; the last of these strategies was the most effective. The corrected iPSCs successfully differentiated into muscles and expressed functional protein [89]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various gene-editing techniques applied in disease models and their therapeutic applications, particularly in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). It highlights the potential of genome editing to restore the expression of the dystrophin gene, with methods yielding significant therapeutic benefits, such as a 62% applicability rate in one study. The examples of successful gene correction strategies using induced pluripotent stem cells further support the promising nature of gene editing within regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Developing countries have been the major emitters in CO2 emissions. In 2005, China’s CO2 emissions were 6098. 2 million tons, surpassing the and becoming the first country. In 2020, its CO2 emissions were 9899. 3 million tons, accounting for 30. 7% of the world’s total [26]. China’s fossil fuel consumption was 41. 89 Exajouls in 2001, 122. 67 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, China’s fossil fuel consumption accounted for 84. 33% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in China was 2. 79 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 19. 53 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 6 times. In 2020, China’s renewable energy consumption accounted for 13. 43% of its total primary energy consumption, with an annual average growth rate of 31. 58% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. States is the second largest country in CO2 emissions, and its CO2 emissions were 4457. 2 million tons in 2020, accounting for 13. 8% of the world’s total. Fossil fuel consumption in the was 81. 87 Exajouls in 2001, 71. 69 Exajouls in 2020, thus an decrease of 12. 43%. Fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 81. 66% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in the was 2. 97 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 8. 71 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 93 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 92% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 10. 17% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. India is the third largest country in CO2 emissions, its CO2 emissions were 2302. 3 million tons in 2020, accounting for 7. 1% of the world’s total. India’s fossil fuel consumption was 12. 49 Exajouls in 2001, 28. 71 Exajouls in 2020, thus an increase of 1. 3 times. The fossil fuel consumption in 2020 accounted for 89. 78% of its total primary energy consumption [26]. Renewable energy consumption in India was 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents data indicating the current reliance on fossil fuels in major emitting countries like China, the United States, and India, showing that fossil fuels accounted for the majority of their primary energy consumption in 2020. Specifically, it states that in China, fossil fuels made up 84.33% of energy consumption, and in the United States and India, this percentage was similarly high. This information suggests that despite increases in renewable energy consumption, fossil fuels are still predominant and that a complete replacement is unlikely within five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 42 | 2011Variations tibétaines, Et autres… Résumés de thèses Bernard Charlier, Faces of the Wolf, Faces of the Individual. of Human, Non-in Référence(s) :Thèse de doctorat soutenue le 25 novembre 2010, à l’Université de Cambridge, Département d’anthropologie sociale, Wolfson College. Directrice de thèse : Caroline Humphrey, Professor of Collaborative Anthropology. Texte | Bibliographie | intégral PDF Partager par e-mail 1Le loup n’est pas un « objet » mais une tache aveugle, un interstice entre mots et gestes, symbolisme et matérialisme. Mon analyse ne consiste pas en la description du loup dans tous les aspects de sa vie mais en l’analyse de ses traces éphémères laissées dans les discours et pratiques des éleveurs Dörvöd vivant dans l’ouest de la Mongolie. Le loup est un centre virtuel, un prisme réunissant et réfléchissant de nombreux aspects différents de la vie sociale tels que des formes relationnelles (protection, prédation, transmission et induction) et catégories du sensible (subjectivité, objectivité, temporalité et spatialité). Chacun des cinq chapitres « découpés » dans le flux volatile de la vie quotidienne déplie un aspect du loup et des individus pris ensemble dans une interaction particulière une attaque de loups (Chap. 1), la chasse au loup (Chap. 2, 3), l’utilisation de ses osselets (Chap. 4), et l’analyse de ses trajectoires dans le paysage (Chap. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses wolves and their interactions with humans and the environment, without any mention of bees or their ability to recognize human faces. The focus is entirely on the social implications and analyses surrounding wolves, making it unrelated to the topic of bees.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: Insertion of corrective or protective mutation is caused by different genetic mutations— in coagulation factor VIII (F8) for hemophilia A, and in coagulation factor XI (F9) for hemophilia B. Gene therapy is an option for treating hemophilia because correction of the defective gene results in permanent expression of functional protein, and even 1% wild-type expression of coagulation factor VIII or XI is sufficient to confer a therapeutic effect [112,113]. The first successful in vivo gene targeting of hemophilia was achieved in a hemophilia B neonate mouse [82]. Using a ZFN pair to target the defective human F9 (hF9) gene, and AAV as the delivery vector, donor cDNA was inserted into the mouse genome. A similar approach in adult hF9 mice resulted in stable production of human factor IX [83]. Hemophilia A, which is more prevalent than hemophilia B, involves a more complex type of mutation, making it harder to edit the gene. However, chromosomal inversion at the F8 gene is a common cause of hemophilia, and TALENs were previously shown to be able to correct this rearrangement [90]. Thus, the -Cas9 system was used to target each side of the ~600 kb inversion and correct the mutation in iPSCs derived from hemophilia A patients [91]. Sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia Sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia are both caused by mutations in the HBB gene, resulting in an inappropriate level of the β-globin chain of hemoglobin. Editing the β-globin locus by targeted nucleases represents a new strategy for permanently curing hemoglobinopathies. TALENs programmed to target the β-globin locus were used for HDR-mediated full-length cDNA knockin in K562 cells [58], and ZFNs were used to correct a sickle-cell anemia-associated point mutation in CD34+ hematopoietic stem progenitor cells [92]. These hemoglobinopathies are particularly advantageous for gene therapy because extracted patient iPSCs can be differentiated into hematopoietic stem cells, which can in turn be inserted back into patients by autologous transplantation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of gene editing in the context of treating genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle-cell anemia. It explains how gene therapy, facilitated by techniques like ZFNs and TALENs, can lead to the correction of genetic mutations, emphasizing the potential of gene editing to produce therapeutic effects and permanently cure certain conditions, thus supporting the assertion that gene editing has promise within regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: 76 Exajoules in 2001 (including hydroelectricity), 2. 88 Exajoules in 2020, thus an increase of 2. 79 times. In 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for 9. 01% of its total primary energy consumption, with an average annual growth rate of 14. 68% from 2001 to 2020 [26]. In 1970, the total global consumption of fossil fuel was 53,381 TWh, accounting for 93. 74% of global total primary energy, and it was 136,761 TWh in 2019, accounting for 84. 32% of primary energy [27]. The average annual growth rate of fossil fuel consumption was 1. 96% from 1970 to 2019. The total global electricity generation from renewable energy sources was 2057. 64 TWh in 1985, and 7492. 51 TWh in 2020, thus, an increase of 2. 64 times, and the average annual growth rate was 7. 55% [28]. Global renewable energy accounted for 6. 81% of primary energy consumption in 1985, and 11. 41% in 2019, thus an increase of 4. 6% [29]. The share of renewable energy in primary energy is small, and the share of fossil fuel in primary energy is much larger, only that renewable energy grows faster than fossil fuel. 5. 2. absorb CO2 in the air and convert it into wood. Therefore, deforestation leads to the rise of CDC and drives the rise of surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. Human activities have raised the concentration of GHG in the air by the use of fossil fuel and deforestation over the past 250 years [7]. There is a strong feedback between the biosphere and solar radiation in moderately wet regions, proper precipitation and solar radiation are conducive to vegetation growth, which in turn enhances heat transfer and increases the thickness of clouds and the height of atmosphere. The feedback between biosphere and solar radiation is globally widespread, they account for up to 30% changes of precipitation and surface radiation [30]. The atmospheric extension can effectively buffer extreme weather such as too cold or too hot, and makes the surface temperature more suitable for human survival. There were 1474. 53 million people in the world in 1880 [31] 7794. 8 million in 2020 [32] an increase of 4. 29 times. From 1950 to 1990, the growth rate of human population is the fastest since the Revolution Industry, with an average annual growth rate of 1. 88% [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical data that illustrates the current share of renewable energy in primary energy consumption, which is small compared to fossil fuels. It states that in 2020, renewable energy consumption accounted for only 9.01% of total primary energy consumption, and fossil fuels still dominate with 84.32% of primary energy in 2019. Furthermore, while renewable energy is growing at a faster rate than fossil fuels, the text does not support the notion that it will completely replace fossil fuels within five years. The significant existing reliance on fossil fuels suggests that a complete transition in such a short timeframe is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Les questions soulevées dans ces chapitres nourrissent la question principale de mon travail : quel est le rôle du loup dans les façons dont les éleveurs Dörvöd perçoivent, se perçoivent, et interagissent avec leur environnement naturel 2Le loup, en tant qu’ennemi des troupeaux et proie prestigieuse, est au centre de deux relations techniques, l’élevage et la chasse, dotées de caractéristiques cosmologiques particulières. L’étude des relations avec le loup dévoile l’absence d’une cosmologie unifiée et totalisante, systémique, une caractéristique apparaissant déjà dans d’autres travaux (Pedersen 2001, Delaplace 2008). Elle montre, comme l’a remarqué (1996) parmi les Daurs, une variété d’opérations cognitives réflexives et des affirmations morales contrastées, souvent contradictoires, révélant un univers symbolique fragmenté dont l’homogénéité de sens reste évanescente et éphémère. Chaque interaction avec le loup constitue un champ de spéculation où les intérêts particuliers des éleveurs créent des points focaux, des ruptures et inconsistances. Les sphères de causalité mobilisées ne sont pas toujours connectées. Il s’agit dès lors de comprendre les types de liens conceptuels actualisés pour « coudre » temporairement cet univers en lambeaux. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of wolves in the perception and interaction of the Dörvöd herders with their natural environment, without any mention of bees or their ability to recognize human faces.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene editing is a promising field within regenerative medicine. [SEP] Text: This strategy has already been implemented with all and -Cas9 in both sickle-cell anemia and β-thalassemia patients [93-97]. Disruption of viral DNA Human immunodeficiency virus The most advanced gene-editing strategy is the ex vivo modification of T cells to knock out the cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 5 (CCR5) gene, resulting in resistance to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This is one of the few cases in which a treatment that exploits the gene-editing machinery has been used in clinical trials (Table 5). This idea was clinically validated when an HIV-infected patient received a stem cell transplant from a donor with a homozygous deletion in the CCR5 allele, resulting in undetectable levels of HIV and restoration of normal CD4+ T cell counts [114]. One study demonstrated the safety of infusion of ZFN-modified autologous CD4+ T cells bearing a deletion of the CCR5 gene into HIV-positive human patients [115]. Building on the results obtained with ZFNs, multiple efforts were made using similar gene-editing strategies to knock out CCR5 using TALENs or -Cas9. Wild-type iPSCs were seamlessly modified by NHEJ-mediated deletion of the CCR5 gene, at an average rate of 14% with TALENs and 33% with [98]. To increase resistance to HIV infection, other genes were targeted in addition to CCR5, including C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), which encodes a coreceptor, and PC4 and SFRS1 interacting protein 1 (PSIP1), which encodes the lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF)/p75 protein required for HIV integration [99,116,117]. To reduce adverse off-target effects, several studies have attempted to eliminate the integrated HIV-1 genome. In one study, for example, the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) U3 region was efficiently targeted by the -Cas9 system, resulting in inactivation of viral gene expression and replication in CHME5, HeLa, TZM-b1, and U1 cells [59]. Beyond HIV, programmable gene-editing nucleases have also been applied to other viral pathogens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various successful applications of gene editing in clinical scenarios, particularly regarding resistance to HIV infection and the use of strategies such as ex vivo modification of T cells. It highlights the advanced state of gene editing techniques like -Cas9 and mentions their implementation in real patient care, which aligns with the notion of gene editing being a promising field in regenerative medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy will completely replace fossil fuels within the next five years. [SEP] Text: Population growth has led to continued urbanization and deforestation, which lead to increased use of fossil fuel and environmental degradation. Deforestation rate was 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s, 10 million hectares per year from 2015 to 2020. Since 1990, 420 million hectares of forest were converted to other land uses and more than 80 million hectares of primary forest have been cut down [33]. In 2020, there are more than 37,400 species of animals and plants that are list as extinct species, accounting for 28% of all assessed species. Among them, 41% of amphibians, 26% of mammals, 34% of conifers, 14% of birds, 36% of sharks and rays, 33% of reef corals, and 28% of selected crustacean, are listed as threatened species by IUCN [34]. It is necessary for human beings to establish national parks and ecological reserves to preserve plants and animals. Vegetation is the natural basis of human sustainable development in the future. We should preserve plants and animals, protect ecosystems and avoid the loss of biodiversity to achieve sustainable development. 6. energy is badly in need, and solar power is the most abundant energy resource, but the huge cost of the investment of the up-front infrastructure is an obstacle to its rapid growth. As prices continue to fall, solar energy is becoming more and more competitive. Hydrogen is a clean energy, it is a secondary energy, easy to carry, and safe to store. We can use renewable energy to generate electricity, and then produce hydrogen with electricity. Thus, we can solve the problem of intermittency and unreliability of renewable energy by converting it to hydrogen. Since the beginning of the 2000s, half of the growth of renewable energy generation in the is attributed to the state renewable energy requirements—Standards [35]. Researches indicated that Standards are more cost-effective in promoting the development of renewable energy than the Credit or the cap-and-trade policy [36]. Technology innovations in clean energy reduce GHG emissions and the cost of environmental policies. Therefore, clean energy is pushing countries that have not joined the climate treaties to voluntarily adopt clean energy to reduce GHG emissions [37]. Forests are home to many wild animals and plants, and half of wild species reside in tropical forests, habitat loss is the leading cause of global biodiversity loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing reliance on fossil fuels due to population growth, urbanization, and environmental degradation. It highlights that despite the growth in renewable energy, there are significant obstacles such as high initial costs and the intermittency of renewable sources. The mention of the necessity for continued use of fossil fuels in the context of energy needs suggests that a complete replacement by renewables within five years is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bees can recognize individual human faces and remember them forever. [SEP] Text: Quel est le statut éthique du loup et quel est son rôle dans l’établissement de liens conceptuels au sein d’un univers symbolique hétérogène 3Le loup n’est pas vraiment une personne même s’il partage avec elle un potentiel vital (hijmor’) qui peut être approprié lors de la chasse et il n’est pas vraiment un esprit même s’il est perçu comme le chien domestique du maître surnaturel du terroir, transcendant et omnipotent. À la fois sur-humain et pas assez humain – ses entrailles ne peuvent être consommées sous peine d’anthropophagie indirecte (il peut toujours avoir consommé de la chair humaine) – il habite les marges, les entre-deux et se joue des discontinuités paradigmatiques (domestique/sauvage, nature/surnature, visible/invisible, intériorité/extériorité, volontaire/involontaire, etc. ), c’est un passeur. Les discours divers et contradictoires, véritables disséminations, repoussent toute tentative de l’enfermer dans la clôture d’un sens unique et totalisant, eschatologique. Les opinions et les pratiques le constituent en être hybride, composite, en une « synthèse disjonctive » virtuellement compliquée. D’un point de vue analytique le loup considéré dans son ensemble synthétise des prédicats contradictoires : moral/excessif, surnaturel/animal, domestique/sauvage. Il rassemble ces incompatibilités a-logiques et les fait coexister selon une relation d’implication asymétrique et réciproque. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the ethical status of wolves, their symbolic roles, and various philosophical concepts regarding their nature, without any mention of bees or their ability to recognize human faces.