Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Also the composition of these pools cannot be changed and since each barcoded mutant needs to be created individually by replacing target genes with drug selectable marker cassettes (Baker et al. , 2021; Beneke et al. , 2019), bar-seq screens are most likely to be ‘one-offs’ on a genome-wide scale. Furthermore, aneuploidy in some Leishmania species can be a major challenge for gene replacement strategies as multiple rounds of transfection or isolation of clones may be required to target genes on multi-copy chromosomes. It is therefore unlikely that genome-wide bar-seq screens, such as the LeishGEM screen, could be repeated for Leishmania species that display extreme cases of aneuploidy, such as L. donovani. Using gene replacement approaches it is also not feasible to study multi-copy genes that are scattered over multiple chromosomes. These are major disadvantages of bar-seq screening. Hence, even though the LeishGEdit bar-seq approach and through LeishGEM available bar-seq pools, as well as novel RNAi tools provide a platform for possible genome-wide screens in Leishmania in the future, their applications remain extremely limited. The lack of widely applicable high-throughput genome-wide screening platforms in Leishmania is in stark contrast to screening technologies that are available in mammalian cells (Shalem et al. , 2014) and other parasites. For example, Cas9-expressing Toxoplasma gondii parasites can be transfected with single-guide RNA (sgRNA) plasmid libraries to enable genome-wide knockout screens (Sidik et al. , 2016). One of the reasons why similar pooled transfection screens in Leishmania species have not been performed is that Leishmania parasites, unlike mammalian cells or T. gondii parasites, lack the key components of the non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway, including DNA-PKcs, Ligase IV, and XRCC4 (Passos-Silva et al. , 2010; Zhang et al. , 2022). Following a Cas9-introduced double-strand break (DSB), DNA in mammalian cells and T. gondii parasites is mainly repaired by NHEJ (>70% in humans,>90% in T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of genome-wide CRISPR screening in certain organisms, particularly Leishmania species, due to their lack of key components necessary for efficient DNA repair pathways, unlike mammalian cells. It mentions that while Cas9-introduced double-strand breaks can facilitate precise editing in organisms that possess the non-homologous DNA end joining pathway, the inability to perform similar pooled transfection screens in Leishmania challenges the assertion of precise genomic editing capabilities available in broader contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 001 509 11,122 11,156 512 509 41 16,693 16,693 45 n80w140. 001 530 14,131 14,131 530 530 42 14,131 14,131 47 n80w180. 001 605 11,222 11,222 605 605 41 11,222 11,222 42 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-8 Table 9: The average results for instances. gap¯ Time gap¯ 0. 49 26. 24 −0. 11 26. 5 TSPTW 0. 64 13. 6 −0. 44 14. 7 aver 0. 56 19. 9 −0. 28 20. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-9 Evaluating the efficiency of selection In this experiment, a new selection operator for the MFEA+RVNS algorithm effectively balances knowledge transfer and diversity. Due to being too expensive in computation, we choose some instances to evaluate the efficiency of this operator. 2, the column MFEA-NR results from the MFEA+RVNS with the selection-based scalar-fitness only, while column MFEA+RVNS is the results of the MFEA+RVNS with both scalar-fitness and diversity. The diff[%] column is the difference between the MFEA+RVNS and MFEA-NR in percentage. 2, the MFEA+RVNS outperforms the MFEA-NR in all cases. The selection operation that considers both scalar-fitness and diversity to pick parents is more effective than the one with scalar-fitness only. The fitness-based criterion promotes “survival of the fittest”, which is good for transferring elite genes between tasks, and good individuals are kept in each task, implying an accumulation of good genes. However, population diversity is important since it becomes a bottleneck. Our selection ensures that selection recognizes both diversity contribution and fitness in choosing the best individuals for reproduction. Evaluating the balance between exploration and exploitation Generally speaking, algorithms get stuck into local optimum because there is a lack of balance between exploration and exploitation. Exploration helps the search to explore extension spaces on a global scale, while exploitation helps the search to focus on local space by exploiting the information that a current solution is reached in this space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about genetic engineering and mutation at all. It discusses topics related to algorithm efficiency, selection operations, and genetic algorithms without providing any information about genetic engineering or organism mutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 1. High-content screening of Thai medicinal plants reveals Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its component Panduratin a as anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Scientifc Reports. 2020;10:19963. DOI: 10. 1038/s41598-020-77003-317. Adeleye OA, Femi--. Ethnomedicinal herbs in African traditional medicine with potential activity for the prevention, treatment, and management of coronavirus disease 2019. Future J. Pharm. Sci. 2021;7:72. DOI: 10. 1186/s43094-021-00223-5. 18. Yepes-Pereza AF, Herrera-Calderonb O, Quintero-Saumeth J. Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw): A promising herbal medicine against SARS-CoV2/ACE-2 junction and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on molecular modeling. J. Biomol. Struc. Dyn. 2020;29:1-17. DOI: 10. 1080/07391102. 2020. 183767619. Silveira D, Prieto--ães. COVID-19: Is there evidence for the use of herbal medicines as adjuvant symptomatic therapy? Front. Pharmacol. 2020;11:581840. DOI: 10. 3389/fphar. 2020. 58184020. Taban Akça K, Suntar I. An overview on flavonoids as potential antiviral strategies against coronavirus infections. J. 2020;31:478-484. 21. KA. Natural products as antiviral agents. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 2000;24:473-572. DOI: 10. 1016/S1572-5995(00)80051-422. Jahan I, Onay A. Potentials of plant-based substance to inhabit and probable cure for the COVID-19. Turk. J. Biol. 2020;44:228-241. DOI: 10. 3906/biy-2005-11423. . Natural products as potential leads against coronaviruses: Could they be encouraging structural models against SARS-CoV-2? Nat. Prod. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies of medicinal plants, which align with the idea that many traditional medicines are derived from plants historically utilized in indigenous cultures. For example, the mention of specific plants like 'Boesenbergia rotunda' and 'Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw)' indicates the ongoing research into these traditional uses, supporting the significance of plant-based remedies in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: gondii of all DSBs), allowing indels and frame-shifts to be efficiently introduced in the target gene (Fenoy et al. , 2016; Fox et al. , 2009; Gallagher and Haber, 2018; Hsu et al. , 2014; Smolarz et al. , 2014). This greatly simplifies the knockout process, as just one ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, consisting of a Cas9 protein and an sgRNA, is required without the need for donor DNA templates. In contrast, Leishmania parasites rely on homologous recombination (HR), single-strand annealing, and microhomology-mediated end joining DNA repair pathways to repair Cas9-introduced DSBs. Without the addition of repair template DNA, this leads to large and unpredictable DNA deletions, increased cell death during DNA repair failures and prolonged repair times (Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang and Matlashewski, 2015; Zhang et al. , 2022; Zhang et al. , 2019). In consequence, targeting in Leishmania is highly inefficient and the mutation rate is believed to be less than 1% without addition of donor DNA (Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang and Matlashewski, 2015; Zhang et al. , 2022; Zhang et al. , 2019). To overcome these limitations, there have been attempts to boost the editing efficiency in Leishmania without requiring donor DNA. Zhang et al. , 2022 have recently attempted to reconstitute the NHEJ pathway of Mycobacterium marinum in Leishmania. While the authors claim that this improved DSB repair fidelity and efficiency in Leishmania, editing rates still remain low without the addition of donor DNA (less than 3% editing in selected non-clonal populations that express Cas9 and one sgRNA). These low editing rates mean in consequence that desired mutants can be only obtained through extra steps, which involve either the addition of donor DNA, labour-intensive isolation of clones or other means of selection, such as the selection of drug resistance-associated edits (Beneke et al. , 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017; Zhang et al. , 2022). This makes pooled transfection loss-of-function screens currently unfeasible in Leishmania parasites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the limitations of CRISPR technology in the context of Leishmania parasites. It discusses how Cas9-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) lead to inefficient targeting and unpredictable DNA deletions without the addition of donor DNA templates. The assertion that editing rates remain low (less than 3% editing) without donor DNA undermines the claim about CRISPR's capability for precise genomic editing, emphasizing that additional steps are necessary to achieve desired mutations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In this experiment, the balance between exploration and exploitation is considered. We run the MFEA with or without the RVNS on the same selected instances. 3, the MFEA-NLS column is the MFEA without the RVNS, while the MFEA+RVNS column is the MFEA with the RVNS. The diff[%] column is the difference between the MFEA+RVNS and MFEA-NLS. 3, the MFEA+RVNS obtains much better solutions than the MFEA-NLS in all cases. It indicates that the combination between the MFEA and RNVS has a good balance between exploration and exploitation. To study the ability to balance exploration and exploitation of the search space, we implement an experimental study on the distribution of locally optimal solutions. We choose two instances (n20w100. 002 and n40w100. 002) to perform one execution of our algorithm and record the distinct local optima encountered in some generations. We then plot the normalized tour’s cost vs its average metric distance to all other local minima (the distance metric and its average is defined in “Selection operator”). The results are illustrated in Figs. 4–7. The black “x” points indicate the result of the MFEA, while the red “x” points show the results of the RNVS. The normalized cost can be used as follows: Figure 4: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TSPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-4 Figure 5: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TRPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-5 Figure 6: The average distance to the other local optima in n40w100. 002 instance for the TSPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-6 Figure 7: The average distance to the other local optima in n40w100. 002 instance for the TRPTW. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim because it discusses an experimental study on the performance of different algorithms in achieving optimal solutions, without mentioning genetic engineering or mutation of organisms. There is no indication or supporting information regarding genetic engineering or the ability to create organisms free of mutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: HomeBIJEthnobotany of medicinal plants used to treat malaria by traditional healers from ten indigenous colombian communities located in waupes medio Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2575-906X 167. DOI: 10. 15406/bij. 2017. 01. 00022 indigenous communities from possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat their illnesses. This knowledge has been transmitted orally from generation to generation. The present 3. 2billion people remain at risk of malaria. Annually, it produces between 149-303million clinical cases and kills more than 400,000 people. Among those killed, 90% are children under 5years old. 1 America, the transmission of paludism is found in nine countries sharing the amazon forest region and in 8 countries representing the Caribbean and Central America. 2 in 2016, 83 356 cases of malaria were reported to the Institute (INS) through the (Sivigila), and the distribution by species corresponded to 47 497 cases (57%) by P. falciparum, followed by P. vivax with 33 055 cases (39. 7%) and 2 804 cases (3. 3%) of mixed infections (P. falciparum and P. vivax). In addition, 19 deaths were confirmed because of this disease in Colombian territory. 3 These data show the importance of this disease in the panorama of morbidity and mortality at local and global level. Natural or vector borne infection in humans is by six species from the genus Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi,1 and recently P. cynomolgi. 4 This parasite is transmitted to humans by the bite of the Anopheles mosquito. Once inside the organism, the parasite causes clinical symptoms that can range from mild to grave, or even lead to fatal. 5,6 Traditional medicine uses plants to treat different illnesses, and their use is so efficient that the Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of the world population uses plants as alternative therapy. 7 Since 1670, medical plants like Quina have been used to treat paludic feavers. It was not until 1820 that two French chemists, isolated a metabolite called quinina from this plant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that traditional healers from indigenous Colombian communities possess knowledge in the use of plants to treat illnesses. It mentions that this knowledge has been orally transmitted and that traditional medicine relies on plant use, supporting the idea that many medicines indeed derive from plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: major but only guide IFT88-1 resulted in a measurable motility and flagellar assembly phenotype in L. infantum (Figures 4B and 5B and Figure 4—figure supplement 3). Analysing the Sanger sequencing trace plots further, we noticed that only guide IFT88-1 induced a mutation that resulted in a STOP codon, while non-STOP codon mutations became dominant for the other two guides (Supplementary file 2), presumably due to the known IFT88 growth phenotype (Beneke et al. , 2019). For guides targeting PFR2 in L. mexicana, only guide PFR2-1 was efficient, which was also the only guide resulting in decreased motility (Figures 4B and 5C). To confirm that indeed, the knockdown of PFR2 was successful, we analysed the expression of the targeted protein by western blot, confirming a strong knockdown only for guide PFR2-1 (~97% knockdown compared to wildtype) (Figure 5—figure supplement 1). It is important to highlight that this strong knockdown was achieved in non-clonal populations that had been selected to express the hyBE4max and only one sgRNA. There was no requirement for additional donor DNA or isolation of clones. This is despite the fact that PFR2 is a three-copy gene in a tandem array. Figure 5 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Determining hyBE4max editing rates following targeting of single- and multi-copy genes. L. donovani, L. infantum, L. mexicana, and L. major wildtype parasites were transfected with pLdCH-hyBE4max-sgRNA expression plasmids, targeting (A) PF16, (B) IFT88, and (C) PFR2 with four guides each (see main text description). Discordance from Sanger sequencing traces before transfection (wildtype) and 28 days after transfection (Targets 1, 2, 3, and 4) was measured and plotted as described in Figure 3B. The position and orientation of each guide are indicated above. Since guides targeting MFT in L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding CRISPR technology and its ability to allow for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it discusses the outcomes of specific gene targeting experiments using different guides and mentions gene knockdown and sequencing analysis without explicitly supporting or contrasting the claim about CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/fig-7 (4) fj¯=(fj−fjmin)(fjmax−fjmin),where j=1,2 is the j-task and fjmin,fjmax are the minimum and maximum cost values for all runs, respectively. Figures 4–7 show that the black “x” points are spread quite widely, which implies that the proposed algorithm has the power to search over a wide region of the solution space. It is the capacity for exploration. On the other hand, the red points describe the search tends to exploit the good solution space explored by the MFEA. It is the capacity for exploitation. As a result, the algorithm maintains the right balance between exploration and exploitation. Comparisons with the TSPTW and TRPTW algorithms 9, the average difference with the optimal solution for the TSPTW is 0. 56%, even for instances with up to 200 vertices. It shows that our solutions are near-optimal for the TSPTW. In addition, the proposed algorithm reaches the optimal solutions for the instances with up to 80 vertices for the TSPTW. 8, for the TRPTW, our MFEA+RVNS is better than the previous algorithms such as Ban & Nghia (2017), Ban (2021) and Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte (2010) in the literature when the average gap is −0. 28% (note that: Ban et al. ’s and Heilporna et al. ’s (2010) algorithms is developed to solve the TRPTW only). The obtained results are impressive since it can be observed that the proposed algorithm finds not only near-optimal solutions but also the new best-known ones for two problems simultaneously. It also indicates the efficiency of positive transferrable knowledge control techniques between optimization tasks in improving the solution quality. It is impossible to expect that the MFEA+RVNS always outperform in comparison with the state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms for the TSPTW and TRPTW in all cases because their algorithms are designed to solve each problem independently. Table 10 shows that the efficient algorithms for the TSPTW may not be effective for the TRPTW and vice versa. On average, the optimal solution for the TSPTW with the TRPTW objective cost is about 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses optimization algorithms and their performance in various problem-solving scenarios. It does not mention genetic engineering, organisms, or mutation, and therefore does not support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Quinina served as a template for the synthesis of the aminochinolines such as cloroquine, which was used as a first-line medicine until 1971 when the first cases of P. falciparum resistance appeared. 8 This stimulated the search for new antimalarial agents. In 1972 Chinese scientists isolated artemisinin from the Artemisa anua plant. This permitted the synthesis of the artemisinin derivatives artesunate, arteheter, artemether, constituting a new pilar of antimalarial therapy. 9,10 is a region both endemic to malaria and to some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. One third of the worlds species are found in tropical rain forests. 11 Concurrenty, there exists a wide cultural diversity linked to traditional knowledge from different ethnic groups. This diversity has been affected and threatened by colonization which began in the 15th century and advanced in the 20th century. 12 In the case of Vaupes medio, it was due to the bonanaza of rubber, coca farming, and the sale of animal skins. These processes led to deforestation and an alteration in social structure, bringing about a loss of plant diversity and of the knowledge associated with it. 13 Among the indigenous and mestizo communities located in the of the southeastern part of Colombia, the population is 85% indigenous representing 27 ethnic groups. Among those groups, the most numerous are: Cubeo, Tucano, Desano and Guanano. 14 These communities are effected by malaria, above all, those which are located in the Vaupés Alto, Vaupés Medio, Papunahua, Apaporis river, and at the Querarí river head. In this zone, malaria has been treated by diverse traditional healers from the region using medicinal plants (for preventing it or curing it). Nevertheless, these practices are disappearing due to the social phenomena explained previously. The purpose of this study is to contribute to and preserve the ancestral knowledge related to medicinal use of plants among the communities located in the Vaupés Medio. More specifically, information was collected about medicinal plants used to cure malaria from 33 indigenous traditional healers from this zone. In the presence of the healers, plants were identified and collected. They were later studied taxonomically and the greater frequency of use was determined by the Friedman’s index. Materials and methods Study area An area of 10,901. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how traditional healers from indigenous communities in the Vaupés region use medicinal plants, specifically mentioning their use for treating malaria. It directly supports the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants traditionally utilized by these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Ullu et al. , 2004). In addition, the RNAi efficacy in species varies widely and has been shown to be gene-, species-, and even strain-specific, as well as to depend on the length of the dsRNA hairpin (de Paiva et al. , 2015; Lye et al. , 2022; Brettmann et al. , 2016; Kohl et al. , 2018). On the contrary, the base editing efficacy was here also shown to be time dependent and to vary widely amongst genes, species, and chosen sgRNA sequences. This is not surprising, especially as variations in efficacy across sgRNAs that target the same gene and locus are a common problem in any approach, including bar-seq screens (Labuhn et al. , 2018). It is also worth highlighting that by base editing produced knockdowns are technically truncations and open reading frames (ORFs) are not fully replaced. It is unknown whether mutant mRNAs harbouring these truncated ORFs have any additional effects on the parasites or whether they are quickly degraded. Degradation of mutant mRNAs in which a termination codon is present within the ORF would require a classical nonsense-mediated decay pathway. But it is unclear whether this pathway is functional in Leishmania and other kinetoplastids (Clayton, 2019; Delhi et al. , 2011). Thus remaining N-terminal protein parts could be functional or even deleterious themselves, leading to false positive and negative results. However, this may also provide extra information about functional domains of the targeted protein and highlights that our tool can not only be used to create functional null mutants by inserting premature STOP codons but also to pursue targeted mutagenesis screens. To facilitate large-scale base editing screens, ssDNA oligo pools can be obtained commercially and used to generate sgRNA libraries. The generation of libraries is straight forward and scalable, with some libraries containing as many as ~215,000 sgRNAs (Horlbeck et al. , 2016). Guides are designed to be gene specific and have therefore a much greater specificity than RNAi plasmid libraries that are typically comprised of randomly sheared genomic DNA, such as those previously used for T. brucei (Alsford et al. , 2011; Morris et al. , 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing issues related to base editing and the specificity of sgRNA sequences. It highlights that the efficacy of base editing varies widely across different genes and species, which undermines the assertion that CRISPR technology allows for precise editing. Specifically, it mentions that variations in efficacy and problems with generated knockdowns imply that results may not be as precise as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7% worse than the optimal one for the TRPTW. Similarly, the known best solution for the TRPTW using the TSPTW objective function is 20. 6% worse than the optimal solution for the TSPTW. We conclude that if the proposed MFEA simultaneously reaches good solutions that are close to the optimal solutions for both problems and even better than the state-of-the-art algorithms in many cases, we can say that the proposed MFEA+RVNS for multitasking is beneficial. Table 10: The difference between the optimal TSPTW using TRPTW objective function and vice versa. (OPT_TSPTW) KBS diff[%] TSPTW (BKS_TRPTW) KBS diff[%] n20w120. 002 2,592 2,193 15. 4 256 218 14. 8 n20w140. 002 2,519 2,330 7. 5 311 272 12. 5 n20w160. 002 2,043 1,830 10. 4 249 201 19. 3 n40w120. 002 6,718 6,265 6. 7 552 446 19. 2 n40w140. 002 5,865 5,746 2. 0 449 383 14. 7 n40w160. 002 7,519 6,351 15. 5 456 338 25. 9 n60w120. 002 13,896 1,2517 9. 9 581 444 23. 6 n60w140. 002 12,898 11,795 8. 6 616 464 24. 7 n60w160. 002 14,091 12,489 11. 4 616 428 30. 5 aver 9. 7 20. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-10 Comparison with the previous MFEA algorithms We adopt the proposed algorithm in the experiment to solve the TSP and TRP problems. Otherwise, we also use three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) to solve the TSPTW and TRPTW. Tables 11–13 compare our results to those of three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) for some instances in both the TSP and TRP problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to genetic engineering or mutations in organisms. Instead, it focuses on algorithmic comparisons and results from solving specific computational problems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: During the presentation, it was highlighted the benefits and importance of recovering the oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants, and conserving it by recording it in the books. Once consent was obtained and the work consolidated with the communities, each community was visited in search of the key partners. In conclusion of the conciliation process, communities expressed their interest in the project and signed agreements between themselves and researchers of the University of Antioquia. The indigenous authorities recognized the project as an opportunity to gather and preserve the oral tradition of medicinal plants used to cure malaria. Ultimately, they desire to give ownership of this knowledge to the younger generations so that it is not lost over time. Traditional healer selection The key traditional healers were chosen according to participant observation. 17‒23 More specifically, the snowball or avalanche sampling approach was used,24 under the premise that the members of the population know each other and can identify which other person from the indigenous community to interview. Additionally, the following criteria were considered: living within the study area, to be recognized by their inhabitants as traditional healers, cure malaria with plants or prayers. In this context, 30 men and 3 women between the ages of 22 and 62 years old were chosen. Ethnobotanical survey Open interviews, semi-structured interviews and ethnobotanical walks were conducted with 33 traditional healers (31 indigenous and 2 belonging to a group of mestizos known as “cabuco”, according to the methodology described by Cunnigham. 25,19,26 They collected information about: Description and identification of plants used for treating malaria in their natural habitat Detailed description of each plant collection process (hour, station, place, among others) Part of the plant used (bark, root and leaf) and mode of preparation (infusion, decoction and etc. ) Recipe directions and warnings Overview of the illness (causes, diagnosis, prevention and treatments to cure and prevent it) During the walks, with each traditional healer, specimens following the described methodology (1. Thirty (91%) of the traditional healers are male. Eighteen (55%) of 33 performed surveys reported information from the ethnic Cubeo, and the rest from Carapana, Desano, Yuruti, Guanano and Mestizo groups. Among all the traditional healers, only one payé (shaman) from community was interviewed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the recovery of oral knowledge of traditional antimalarial medicinal plants among indigenous cultures. It highlights the importance of preserving this knowledge, as the indigenous authorities recognized the project as a means to gather and maintain the oral tradition of medicinal plants used for healing. Furthermore, the detailed account of traditional healers collecting and using plant medicine to cure malaria illustrates the direct relationship between plants and traditional medicine derived from indigenous practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Forty functional rare variants were identified through bioinformatic approaches suggesting a link to interferon and IL-10 pathways, immune cell proliferation, bacterial defense, and vesicle-mediated transport, and enriched pathways that were most similar in inflammatory bowel disease. A similar 2019 study examined five French families with non-Löfgren's syndrome and found 227 disease susceptibility variants in 192 genes [18▪]. These variants were not only predominantly missense (223, 88. 9%), but also included small numbers of splicing variants (2), missense variants, in-frame deletion/insertions (9), nonsense variants (8), and a start--stop. Functional analyses implicated the mTOR signaling, autophagy, the TCA cycle, and leptin and interferon signaling. Ongoing large-scale genetic efforts In order to identify robust genetic associations of sarcoidosis, probable genetic heterogeneity, and genotype-to-phenotype connections, large cohorts diverse in ethnicity, clinical presention, and types of data collected are necessary. Two recently established multicenter programs have generated large cohorts of Caucasian sarcoidosis patients with deeply characterized clinical phenotypes. First, the GenPhenReSa applied a sophisticated hierarchical clustering method to identify organ phenotype clusters in over 2000 sarcoidosis patients with acute onset and subacute onset. Five distinct organ phenotype clusters were identified, namely abdominal, ocular–cardio–cutaneous–central nervous system, musculoskeletal–cutaneous, pulmonary–lymphonodal, and extrapulmonary [23]. A similar study of 195 hospital-based cases from Greece applied the 18F-/CT imaging modality coupled with a hierarchical clustering method to identify four cluster phenotypes: thoracic nodal hilar-mediastinal, thoracic nodal hilarmediastinal and lungs, an extended thoracic and extrathoracic only nodal phenotype including inguinal—abdominal--supraclavicular stations, and all the above with systemic organs and tissues, such as muscles—bones--spleen and skin [29]. Both of these multicenter studies currently lack published investigations of genetics, epigenetics, or transcriptomics; however, stored physical samples or data could represent untapped potential for large-scale exploration of genetic predispositions, enironmental triggers, and genotype-to-phenotype discovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing studies focused on genetic variants and associated pathways related to diseases like sarcoidosis without emphasizing epigenetic mechanisms or how environmental factors influence gene expression. The provided details primarily discuss genetic associations and phenotypes while neglecting the role of environmental influences in modifying gene expression, which is central to the concept of epigenetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: The results show that the proposed algorithm obtains better solutions than the others in all cases. The difference between our average result and the optimal value is below 2. 59%. It shows that our solution is the very near-optimal one. In addition, our algorithm reaches the optimal solution for the instance with 76 vertices. Obviously, the proposed algorithm applies well in the case of the TSP and TRP. Table 11: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP (Yuan et al. , 2016). (Yuan et al. , 2016) OA (Tsitsiklis, 1992) MFEA+best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol aver. sol best. sol aver. sol eil51 426* 10,178* 446 10,834 450 10,834 426 426 0. 00 23 10,178 10,178 0. 00 22 berlin52 7,542* 143,721* 7,922 152,886 8,276 152,886 7,542 7,542 0. 00 22 143,721 143,721 0. 00 21 st70 675* 20,557* 713 22,283 772 22,799 680 680 0. 01 41 22,283 22,283 8. 40 39 eil76 538* 17,976* 560 18,777 589 18,008 559 559 0. 04 43 18,008 18,008 0. 18 40 pr76 108,159* 3,455,242* 113,017 3,493,048 117,287 3,493,048 108,159 108,159 0. 00 47 3,455,242 3,455,242 0. 00 45 pr107 44,303* 2,026,626* 45,737 2,135,492 46,338 2,135,492 45,187 45,187 0. 02 71 2,052,224 2,052,224 1. 26 72 rat99 1,211* 58,288* 1,316 60,134 1,369 60,134 1,280 1,280 0. 06 66 58,971 58,971 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the performance of an algorithm applied to problems related to TSP (Traveling Salesman Problem) and TRP (Vehicle Routing Problem), without addressing any aspect of genetic engineering or the topic of mutation in organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Description about the role of traditional healers within the middle vaupés indigenous communities The payé is a traditional healer and shaman from the Vaupés aboriginal societies that has magical powers and establishes a relationship with the supernatural world. He has knowledge about the community’s myths, treatments for illness and witchcraft practices. He is the master of a universe inhabited by spirits, and at the same time is a healer, protector of the community and exorcist. He reaches some level of trance to establish a connection with the supernatural universe in which one or more spirits are in his favor, hears his requests and assists him to practice good or evil. He is able to diagnose an illness, foresee the fate of the sick person and fight against witchcraft and other cultural ailments. Historically, in the Vaupés region the payé uses the aid of sacred plants like yage and yopo, to reach the psychological states of mind to communicate with the supernatural universe. 28 The payé is the community member who knows more about illnesses, the diagnosis and treatment techniques, and to some extent, the use of medicinal plants. Additionally, in some occasions, is the only person in charge of diagnosing, preventing and treating the illnesses of some communities which are beyond the reach of the state health programs. In addition to the payé, there are members in the community identified as traditional healers, they possess less knowledge than the payé, but also use plants to prevent and treat illness. However, they do not use sacred plants to reach a different psychological state of mind, nor are able to establish communication with the supernatural universe to be favored by the spirits. Reported species There were registered 41 morphospecies belonging to 37 genera, distributed in 25 families and locally labeled with 47 vernacular names (Table 2). Among the registered morphospecies 35 were identified down to species, 5 to genus, and one to family. The families with the larger number of genera and species were the Bignoniaceae (8 spices/7 genres) and Fabaceae (5 species/4 genres). The most frequent plant types for the antimalarial species were trees 19(46. 34 %), followed by vines 12(29. 26%), and in a less proportion, bushes 7(17. 07%), herbs 2(4. 87%) and palms 1(2. 43%), Table 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the payé, a traditional healer from the Vaupés indigenous communities, uses sacred plants like yage and yopo both for treatment and to enter a trance for communication with the supernatural. It mentions that the payé possesses extensive knowledge regarding medicinal plants, where he is responsible for diagnosing and treating illnesses within the community. Additionally, other traditional healers in the community also use plants for medicinal purposes, supporting the idea that traditional medicines are closely linked to plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Gene expression and small noncoding RNAs: microare a large family of short noncoding RNAs between 17 and 25 nucleotides (nt) in length [49]. MiRNAs were first identified in Caenorhabditis elegans over two decades ago [50] and since then many have been identified in multiple organisms, such as worms, flies, fish, frogs, mammals and plants, by molecular cloning and bioinformatics [51]. Most miRNA sequences are conserved among a wide range of mammalians [52], though there are some that differ from each other only by a single nucleotide [53]. The conserved miRNA sequences among different species can be distinguished by the nomenclature such that when only the first three letters differ this indicates the same sequence in different species, that is, hsa‐miR‐145 in Homo sapiens and mmu‐miR‐145 in Mus musculus [54]. MiRNAs have been shown to be of great importance in a wide variety of biological processes involving cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, cell differentiation, imprinting, homeostasis and development, including limb development [55], morphogenesis of lung epithelial [56], embryonic angiogenesis [57], formation of hair follicle and proliferation of T‐cell [58, 59]. They play key roles in regulating transcriptional and post‐transcriptional gene silencing in many organisms by targeting mRNAs for translational inhibition, cleavage, degradation or destabilisation [53, 60–64]. Each miRNA has multiple mRNA targets that may regulate up to 30% protein‐coding genes and shape protein production from hundreds to thousands of genes [65–67]. MiRNAs recognise their targets through base pairing of the complementary sequence of their seed sequence (2–8 nt of miRNAs) within the open reading frame (ORF) and 3′untranslated region (UTR) of target mRNA [68]. Although the targets of miRNAs are not fully known, bioinformatics studies show a range of possible target genes [69]. The functional activities and the predicted/observed targets of miRNAs can be identified using miRNA databases. These databases can be accessed using the following URL: ( and MiRNA biogenesisMiRNA biogenesis involves multiple important steps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about microRNAs (miRNAs) and their role in gene expression regulation. However, it does not specifically address how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors, which is central to the claim about epigenetics. Therefore, while the text is related to gene expression, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 17 65 kroA100 21,282* 983,128* 22,233 1,043,868 22,233 1,043,868 21,878 21,878 0. 03 63 1,009,986 1,009,986 2. 73 63 kroB100 22,141* 986,008* 23,144 1,118,869 24,337 1,118,869 23,039 23,039 0. 04 64 1,003,107 1,003,107 1. 73 63 kroC100 20,749* 961,324* 22,395 1,026,908 23,251 1,026,908 21,541 21,541 0. 04 68 1,007,154 1,007,154 4. 77 66 kroD100 21,294* 976,965* 22,467 1,069,309 23,833 1,069,309 22,430 22,430 0. 05 70 1,019,821 1,019,821 4. 39 72 kroE100 22,068* 971,266* 22,960 1,056,228 23,622 1,056,228 22,964 22,964 0. 04 60 1,034,760 1,034,760 6. 54 64 rd100 7,910* 340,047* 8,381 3,80,310 8,778 365,805 8,333 8,333 0. 05 63 354,762 354,762 4. 33 64 eil101 629* 27,519* 681 28,398 695 28,398 662 662 0. 05 62 27,741 27,741 0. 81 61 aver 0. 03 2. 59 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-11 Note: * Indicates the optimal values. Table 12: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP in TRP-50-x. +best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about genetic engineering and mutation. It appears to be a collection of numerical data and results related to various genetic components but does not address the potential for genetic engineering to produce non-mutating organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among all 35 morphospecies identified down to the species, 31 are native to the region. The species Cosmos caudatus, Mangifera indica, Crescentia cujete and Citrus limon are introduced. 95. 12% of the species grow wild (38) and three (7. 31%) are cultivated. The part of the plant most commonly used by the traditional healers of the Middle Vaupés region to fabricate the medicine is the stem bark. Decoction with water was identified as the only procedure for preparing the medicine. The traditional healers described two ways for administering the medicine, oral, according to Pérez,29 and in baths and ointments for preventing the disease. Numbers of Number of 6. 1 Stem bark soothe toothaches and make axe handles. S6. 1 Stem bark Reed or reported. Pleonotoma variabilis (Jacq. ) Miers 194107 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Callichlamys latifolia (Rich. ) K. Schum. 194120 1 3 Stem bark Reed or treat stomach ailments, epilepsy and poisoning by venom Crescentia cujete L. 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used to make totumas, a type of gourd used to make vessels for drinking or eating Jacaranda copaia (Aubl. ) D. Don subsp. spectabilis (Mart. ex DC. ) A. H. Gentry 194113 2 6. 1 Stem bark combat pruritis and skin infections Tabebuia serratifolia (Vahl) G. Nicholson 1 3 Stem bark cure rheumatism cf. glandifera Planch. & Triana 194125 4 12. 1 Stem bark, Not reported. spinescens (Hoffmanns. ex Vogel) H. S. Irwin & Barneby 194115 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. Cf. spruceana 194109 1 3 Stem bark reported. nervosa (Vahl) Boeckeler 1 3 Flower bud flu remedy dentatus (Aubl. ) Standl. 194111 1 3 or soo the headaches, fever and stomach pain. macrocarpa Ducke 194109 3 9. 1 Stem bark leaves of the tree are used for packaging farina (Amazon cereal). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various plant species by traditional healers in the Middle Vaupés region for medicinal purposes. It specifies that the stem bark of several plants is commonly used to prepare medicines, thus indicating a direct relationship between indigenous knowledge and the use of native plants in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: No conclusive evidence of direct climate-induced change could be detected (Berner et al. , 2018). At reduced salinity levels, certain Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes OTUs increased, and the heterotrophic bacteria community resembled communities at high temperature, indicating synergistic effects of temperature and salinity. Biotic interactions were more dominant than abiotic ones however. The largest increase in heterotrophic bacterial biomass was detected when filamentous cyanobacteria started to decay, regardless of temperature or salinity. It was suggested that this indirect coupling between heterotrophic bacteria and filamentous cyanobacteria is more important for bacterial communities than the direct effects of climate-induced changes in temperature or salinity (Berner et al. , 2018). Experimental studies have demonstrated that complex food web responses to climate change may also arise. In the Quark, located in the Gulf of Bothnia, an increase in dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced respiration and abundance of bacteria, whereas an increase in temperature (from 12 to 15 ∘C) induced a decrease in bacteria, probably due to an increase in bacterivorous flagellates (Nydahl et al. , 2013). A complex response to warming was also demonstrated for different size classes of heterotrophic flagellates (HFs). There was a succession from flagellates feeding on bacteria to omnivorous nanoflagellates preying upon other HF. This intraguild predation pattern probably dampened the response to experimental treatments (Moustaka-Gouni et al. , 2016). Mesocosm experiments done in the Gulf of Bothnia area have however demonstrated that increasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) enhances bacterial production and leads to a promotion of heterotrophy (Dahlgren et al. , 2011; Andersson et al. , 2013). Mixing depth also influences the ratio of heterotrophic to autotrophic production: with a shallow pycnocline, the autumn plankton community in the northern remained net autotrophic irrespective of DOC, whereas with increased mixing depth and with added DOC the system became net heterotrophic (Båmstedt and Wikner, 2016). As for microzooplankton (MZP), the effects of OA and warming seem to be mostly beneficial. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that direct climate-induced changes cannot be conclusively detected. It emphasizes that biotic interactions are more dominant than abiotic changes related to climate. For instance, it mentions that the largest increase in heterotrophic bacterial biomass occurs due to the decay of filamentous cyanobacteria, irrespective of temperature or salinity, indicating a complex interplay of factors that does not directly support the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: sol TRP-50-1 602 12,198 641 13,253 634 13,281 610 12,330 TRP-50-2 549 11,621 583 12,958 560 12,543 560 11,710 TRP-50-3 584 12,139 596 13,482 596 13,127 592 12,312 TRP-50-4 603 13,071 666 14,131 613 15,477 610 13,575 TRP-50-5 557 12,126 579 13,377 578 14,449 557 12,657 TRP-50-6 577 12,684 602 13,807 600 13,601 588 13,070 TRP-50-7 534 11,176 563 11,984 555 12,825 547 11,793 TRP-50-8 569 12,910 629 14,043 609 13,198 572 13,198 TRP-50-9 575 13,149 631 14,687 597 13,459 576 13,459 TRP-50-10 583 12,892 604 14,104 602 13,638 590 13,267 TRP-50-11 578 12,103 607 13,878 585 12,124 585 12,124 TRP-50-12 500 10,633 521 11,985 508 11,777 604 11,305 TRP-50-13 579 12,115 615 13,885 601 13,689 587 12,559 TRP-50-14 563 13,117 612 14,276 606 14,049 571 13,431 TRP-50-15 526 11,986 526 12,546 526 12,429 526 12,429 TRP-50-16 551 12,138 577 13,211 564 12,635 551 12,417 TRP-50-17 550 12,176 601 13,622 585 13,342 564 12,475 TRP-50-18 603 13,357 629 14,750 625 14,108 603 13,683 TRP-50-19 529 11,430 595 12,609 594 12,899 539 11,659 TRP-50-20 5 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about genetic engineering and mutation. Instead, it consists of numerical sequences that appear to represent data points without any context regarding genetic engineering or mutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The stem bark is applied to the skin to alleviate itchiness and as a deodorant Machaerium sp 1 3 or the Cubeos, it is used to treat stomachaches and headaches. Monopteryx uaucu Spruce ex. Benth. 1 3 Stem bark reported Myroxylon balsamum (L. ) Harms 1 3 Stem bark reported Fabaceae pagapunisuore 194133 1 3 Stem bark calm headache, fever and stomach pain. brasiliensis Kosterm. 194122 1 3 Stem bark fruit is used against snakebites. resinifera Mart. 194119 2 6. 1 Stem bark snake bites and to reduce fever japurensis A. Juss. 1 3 Stem bark fruit of the plant is used as bate for fishing 194135 1 3 Stem bark Reed or reported. guidonia (L. ) Sleumer 194112 1 3 Stem bark soo the stomach pains, diarrhea and as a purgative. grandifolia (Mart. ) Sandwith 194130 9 27. 2 Stem bark, to treat snake bites, to prevent and treat whooping cough and a pain killer for headaches. It is also used as an emetic to maintain youth and gain strength. Historically, the Cubeos used it to make hunting arrows due to its tough stem Abuta rufescens Aubl. 194121 1 3 or cure fever, and treat headache and rheumatism. 194132 2 6. 1 or treat diarrhea and common illnesses (e. g. vomiting, headache, fever). laeta (Benth. ) Barneby & J. W. Grimes 194124 1 3 Stem bark a purgative and to soothe stomach pains. Inga umbellifera (Vahl) Steud. 194110 2 6. 1 Stem bark other diseases which manifest fever and headache. decorticans Ducke 194117 1 3 Stem bark reported. cf. duplipilosa McVaugh 194129 1 3 Stem bark cure diarrhea Psidium cf acutangulum Mart. ex DC 94128 1 3 Stem bark leaves are used to package farina and the stem bark to relieve skin irritations and as a body deodorant flava 194216 1 9 or soothe stomach pains and treat diarrhea cornifolia (Kunth) Standl. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of plant-derived medicines that are traditionally used by indigenous cultures. It mentions various uses of the stem bark from different plants for treating ailments such as stomachaches, headaches, fever, and even snakebites, which supports the idea that many traditional medicines come from indigenous practices involving plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2017), and open-sea cyanobacteria blooms have also become more common in recent years, due to a “leaking” of phosphorus-rich water from the central through the Åland Sea (Rolff and Elfwing, 2015; Ahlgren et al. , 2017). The connection of this process to climate change is not certain. Rather, the severe hypoxia of the central has brought the anoxic layer so close to the sill separating the from the Åland Sea that flow of nutrient-rich water across the Åland Sea is at times possible. Whether or not the proceeding climate change will amplify the ongoing eutrophication of the remains to be seen, but if temperature stratification increases and N:P ratio continues to decline, this will also create conditions that are favourable for cyanobacteria blooms in this relatively pristine sea area. Several recent modelling studies conclude that nutrient abatement according to will in the long run counteract the climate-induced increase in nutrient loading and lead to decreased eutrophication (Meier et al. , 2018; Ehrnsten et al. , 2019a; Murray et al. , 2019; Pihlainen et al. , 2020). Based on oceanographic–biogeochemical modelling, it has also been suggested that hypoxia will eventually diminish (Meier et al. , 2021) and that extreme cyanobacteria blooms will no longer occur in the future, if nutrient loadings will be lowered according to BSAP despite the proceeding climate change (Meier et al. , 2019a). To sum up, the fate of the level of primary production and level of eutrophication will depend on various intertwined factors and processes and on the development of both the climate and society. Changes in primary production will impact interactions between the main trophic levels, i. e. phytoplankton, detritus, zoobenthos, detritivores, benthivores, grazers, zooplanktivores and piscivores (Kiljunen et al. , 2020; Kortsch et al. , 2021). 5. 2 Trophic efficiency and consequences to the secondary production Recycling and build-up of carbon within the ecosystem determines the overall productivity and biomass of different trophic levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the uncertainty of the connection between climate change and certain ecological processes such as the increase in cyanobacteria blooms. It states that 'the connection of this process to climate change is not certain' and speculates on the interplay of various factors, suggesting that the effects of climate change on species distributions and ecosystem dynamics are complex and not straightforward.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 39 11,935 585 13,603 575 12,458 539 12,107 DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not contain any information regarding genetic engineering or mutation. It consists of numeric data and a DOI reference without any contextual content related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 194116 1 3 Stem bark cure snakebites. Rudgeaworonovii Standl. 194118 1 3 Stem bark reported. Citrus x limon (L. ) Osbeck 194125 2 6. 1 To treat influenza and calm stomach pains. cladantha Sandwith 1 3 Stem bark reported. sprucei Hook. f. 194114 2 6. 1 Stem bark treat snake bites. Table 2 List of plants used by traditional healers Middle Vaupes, for the treatment of malaria. Among the 35 identified species, only 13 had a previous record as antimalarian medicine: Abaremalaeta, Abuta grandifolia, Aspidosperma excelsum, Crescentia cujete, Guarea guidonia, Jacaranda copaia, Picrolemma sprucei, Doliocarpus dentatus, Potalia resinífera, Mangifera indica, Tabebuia serratifolia, Abuta rufescens and Citrus limón. This paper and just another us,30 introduces 28 plants, not previously mentioned by the literature, which are used as antimalarial medicine by the indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region. Their distribution is this: 23 were identified down to the species, 4 to genus and one to family. According to the Friedman’s index (1996) (Table 2) the species with the most cultural importance are: Abuta grandifolia, Matisia cf. Glandífera, Pleonotoma jasminifolia and Aspidosperma excelsum. Botanical and ethnobotanical findings for species which had no prior report of their antimalarialactivity Clathrotropis macrocarpa, is known in the region with the vernacular name, Tepaku. Tepa is the common name and ku describes the male gender of the tree in the native Cubeo language. In the forest the plant can be identified by its big hand-shaped leaves and the strong odor of its yellow bark. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The extraction of the bark can be performed either when the tree is young or old. The bark is treated by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of plants used by indigenous communities in the Middle Vaupés region for traditional healing, particularly for treating malaria. It describes the identification of several plant species with medicinal properties, indicating that these traditional practices are rooted in the indigenous knowledge of these plants. Additionally, the mention of the cultural significance of certain species further supports the claim that traditional medicines often stem from indigenous uses of plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: The relatively small changes may be explained by the fact that responses to climate change are not uniform or unidirectional but vary from species group to another, within groups and even between sibling species. Species-specific responses, many feedbacks, altered trophic pathways and the possibility of species-level adaptation combine to make projections concerning the state of the ecosystem and trophic effects challenging. 6 Knowledge gaps The main challenge when analysing effects of climate change on the is the possible synergistic effects of climate with other environmental drivers, such as eutrophication, harmful substances and the introduction of non-indigenous species, which also may have profound impacts on ecosystems and their functioning (Reusch et al. , 2018; Stenseth et al. , 2020; Bonsdorff, 2021). Consequently there are numerous knowledge gaps, bottlenecks and issues of dissensus that weaken our ability to project the future biological processes, such as primary and secondary productivity, benthic–pelagic coupling and hypoxia, interactions between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fish populations; and geographic shifts in macroalgal and invertebrate communities. Attribution of the observed phenomena to climate change is challenging because of the collinear, intertwined and interacting processes. It is especially difficult to distinguish the effects of anthropogenic global climate change from those of quasi-cyclic phenomena, such as the NAO or BSI, or from other more stochastic variations in climate. This is partly due to the slow pace of climatic variations and time lags between physical and chemical variations and ecosystem responses. A fairly small number of studies have investigated a period long enough to cover any larger number of NAO periods. Research into the long-term dynamics of the food webs in particular is still scarce (Törnroos et al. , 2019; Pecuchet et al. , 2020; Kortsch et al. , 2021). Field studies have ended up with different conclusions concerning past and present changes of the environment and the biota and their causes depending on time periods and data scrutinised. For instance, certain studies note that cyanobacteria have increased (Suikkanen et al. , 2013; Kuosa et al. , 2017), while others do not find proof for such a phenomenon (Griffiths et al. , 2020; Olofsson et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity and variability in species responses to climate change. It emphasizes that these responses are not uniform and are influenced by multiple factors, making it challenging to attribute observed changes directly to climate change. Additionally, it notes the difficulties in distinguishing anthropogenic climate effects from other environmental drivers, which further complicates understanding of ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-12 Table 13: Comparison between our results with the others for TSP and TRP in TRP-100-x. +best. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address genetic engineering or the mutability of organisms. It instead references a table of results without any clear connection to the claim about genetic engineering.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various medicinal uses of plants by indigenous cultures in the Amazon, specifically mentioning species such as C. glaucophylla and Cosmos caudatus that are used for different medicinal purposes. It elaborates on how these plants are integral to the Yanomami people's practices and highlights the traditional knowledge surrounding their uses. This aligns directly with the claim that many traditional medicines are derived from plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , 2022) and the microbial food web. The 3D ecosystem models, food web models and 2D spatial modelling would benefit from integration. Species distribution models (SDMs) can be produced at a fine spatial scale, even a few tens of metres (Virtanen et al. , 2018), and in climate change studies they can be parameterised with 3D model results (Jonsson et al. , 2018; Kotta et al. , 2019). In the future, food web models involving relevant coastal taxa could also be used to fill in the missing links between the large-scale (3D) processes and detailed spatial patterns identified by the 2D models. Assessing climate effects in a smaller spatial scale would be useful because shallow and sheltered bays, lagoons and estuaries may be more susceptible to climate change effects than deeper offshore areas, and may appear as “climate change hotspots”, where climate change drives the ecosystem towards a new state (Queiros et al. , 2021). The existing coupled oceanographic–biogeochemical modelling studies however typically have a horizontal resolution of 1 or 2 nautical miles (ca. 2 or 4 km) and thus cannot easily be used for projecting local variations in temperature, salinity and stratification within the archipelago or inside estuaries. A bottleneck for high-resolution 3D models is the poor availability of high-resolution pan-Baltic bathymetries and forcing data (e. g. wind fields). For the SDMs, in turn, a major constraint is in many areas the poor availability of detailed species and habitat mapping data, as well as availability of high-resolution data on benthic substrates. Considering population-level effects on spatial patterns of species would also require estimation of connectivity between sea areas, a research field that is also underdeveloped in the (Berglund et al. , 2012; Jonsson et al. , 2020; Virtanen et al. , 2020). Consequently, no study has thus far considered how climate change affects microclimatic patterns in the or how different species and habitats may respond to such local variations. Due to the above challenges, there are certain discrepancies concerning our view on the effects of climate change on the structure and function of the ecosystem. Some of these issues are highlighted below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are discrepancies and challenges in understanding how climate change affects ecosystem structure and function. It mentions that no study has thus far considered how climate change impacts microclimatic patterns and species responses to local variations, which suggests uncertainty rather than a direct assertion that climate change is causing shifts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. sol best. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not contain any meaningful information related to genetic engineering or mutation. The repeated phrase 'sol best' does not address the topic of genetic engineering's ability to produce non-mutating organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of various plants and trees in traditional medicines by indigenous cultures, such as the Tikuna people using Matisia cordata for menstrual problems and other plants being used for treating conditions like malaria. This highlights the connection between traditional medicinal practices and the use of plants in indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, salinity projections are still uncertain (Lehmann et al. , 2022), and even if salinity declined, Fucus vesiculosus may be able to adapt to salinity changes (Rothäusler et al. , 2018). As for fish, responses also depend on species. Salinity decline and hypoxia increase will most probably have negative consequences on cod stocks (Gårdmark et al. , 2013), whereas the increasing temperature has been projected to favour sprat (Mackenzie et al. , 2012) and certain coastal fish (Bergström et al. , 2016). Again, as projections for salinity, stratification and oxygen levels are uncertain, the future fate of fish populations cannot be projected with certainty. The global climate change induces many environmental changes that may favour establishment of NIS in the Baltic Sea. Opportunistic and thermophilic species occupying soft sediments are the most probable winners. It is notable that it is extremely difficult to eradicate a marine NIS after it has found a suitable niche in the Baltic Sea. As the effects of NIS on both the ecosystem and the society are usually negative, their spreading should be prevented already before they enter the Baltic Sea, by effectively eradicating NIS from ballast waters of ships and other possible vectors. Climate change is obviously not the only factor determining the fate of the in the future. Several modelling studies have concluded that nutrient reductions will be a stronger driver for ecosystem functions in the than climate change (Friedland et al. , 2012; Niiranen et al. , 2013; Ehrnsten et al. , 2019a; Pihlainen et al. , 2020; Meier et al. , 2021). In moderate nutrient loading scenarios climate change will also play a role, but under full implementation of BSAP, the environmental state of the is projected to become significantly improved and hypoxia reduced by the end of the century (Meier et al. , 2018, 2021; Saraiva et al. , 2018, 2019). Despite the many uncertainties concerning the effects of climate and eutrophication on the state of the (Munkes et al. , 2021), it can be concluded that continued abatement of anthropogenic nutrient loading, combined with sustainable fisheries, seem to be the most reliable, albeit slow, measures to solve the grand challenges of the (Meier et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that although climate change induces numerous environmental changes, it is not the only determinant of future species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. The text states that several modeling studies found nutrient reductions might be a stronger driver for ecosystem functions than climate change. Additionally, it mentions the uncertainty of projections regarding the future of fish populations and indicates that changes in salinity, hypoxia, and nutrient levels could have significant effects that overshadow those of climate change. This suggests that while climate change is a factor, its absolute impact may be diminished compared to other ecological factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: sol TRP-100-1 762 32,779 830 36,012 806 36,869 791 35,785 TRP-100-2 771 33,435 800 39,019 817 37,297 782 35,546 TRP-100-3 746 32,390 865 38,998 849 34,324 767 34,324 TRP-100-4 776 34,733 929 41,705 897 38,733 810 37,348 TRP-100-5 749 32,598 793 40,063 899 37,191 774 34,957 TRP-100-6 807 34,159 905 40,249 886 40,588 854 36,689 TRP-100-7 767 33,375 780 38,794 849 39,430 780 35,330 TRP-100-8 744 31,780 824 38,155 845 35,581 763 34,342 TRP-100-9 786 34,167 863 39,189 858 41,103 809 35,990 TRP-100-10 751 31,605 878 36,191 831 37,958 788 33,737 TRP-100-11 776 34,188 831 39,750 876 41,153 814 36,988 TRP-100-12 797 32,146 855 39,422 855 40,081 823 34,103 TRP-100-13 753 32,604 772 37,004 772 40,172 771 35,011 TRP-100-14 770 32,433 810 40,432 810 36,134 800 34,576 TRP-100-15 776 32,574 953 38,369 878 38,450 810 35,653 TRP-100-16 775 33,566 838 40,759 835 38,549 808 36,188 TRP-100-17 805 34,198 939 39,582 881 42,155 838 36,969 TRP-100-18 785 31,929 876 38,906 836 37,856 814 34,154 TRP-100-19 780 33,463 899 39,865 881 40,379 797 35,669 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of numerical data associated with labels (TRP-100-1, TRP-100-2, etc.) with no context or references to genetic engineering or mutation phenomena. Thus, it does not support, contradict, or connect to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing various traditional medicinal practices of indigenous communities in the Amazon, particularly the Huitoto and Miraña peoples, who utilize specific plants for healing purposes. The mention of their methods, such as the use of the smashed root for bile disorders, directly supports the idea that traditional medicines originate from plants used by these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: , Fach, B. A. , Salihoglu, B. , Clementi, E. , and Irigoien, X. : Biomass changes and trophic amplification of plankton in a warmer ocean, Glob. Change Biol. , 20, 2124–2139, 2014. Conley, D. J. , Carstensen, J. , Aigars, J. , Axe, P. , Bonsdorff, E. , Eremina, T. , Haahti, B. M. , Humborg, C. , Jonsson, P. , Kotta, J. , Lannegren, C. , Larsson, U. , Maximov, A. , Medina, M. R. , Lysiak-Pastuszak, E. , Remeikaite-Nikiene, N. , Walve, J. , Wilhelms, S. , and Zillen, L. : Hypoxia is increasing in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol. , 45, 6777–6783, 2011. Dahlgren, K. , Wiklund, A. K. E. , and Andersson, A. : The influence of autotrophy, heterotrophy and temperature on pelagic food web efficiency in a brackish water system, Aquat. Ecol. , 45, 307–323, 2011. Dippner, J. W. , Vuorinen, I. , Daunys, D. , Flinkman, J. , Halkka, A. , Köster, F. W. , Lehikoinen, E. , MacKenzie, B. R. , Möllmann, C. , Möhlenberg, F. , Olenin, S. , Schiedek, D. , Skov, H. , and Wasmund, N. : Climate-related marine ecosystem change, in: Assessment of for the Basin, edited by: BACC_Author_Group, Springer, Berlin, 309–377, eISBN 978-3-540-72786-6, 2008. Dippner, J. W. , Frundt, B. , and Hammer, C. : Lake or sea? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies and reports regarding changes in marine and aquatic ecosystems, indicating an ongoing climate-related change. For instance, it mentions 'Hypoxia is increasing in the coastal zone of the Baltic Sea,' which implies ecological shifts and dynamics influenced by climate change. However, it does not directly support or acknowledge the specific claim about shifts in species distributions, rather it hints at broader ecological impacts likely linked to climate change. Hence, it contrasts the claim by showing that changes exist but does not specifically validate the claim about species distribution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text:  TRP-100-20 775 33,632 816 41,133 905 40,619 808 35,532 DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic engineering and mutation, providing only a numeric reference and a DOI. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines derived from various plants known and used by indigenous cultures in the Amazon region. Specifically, it mentions how indigenous people from Vaupés, Colombia use the leaves of Byrsonima japurensis as a strong vermifugal agent and that the Ingaricó and Macuxi people from Peru recognize the antimalarial properties of species related to this plant. This highlights the connection between indigenous practices and the use of plant-based traditional medicines.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: Korpinen, S. , Honkanen, T. , Vesakoski, O. , Hemmi, A. , Koivikko, R. , Loponen, J. , and Jormalainen, V. : Macroalgal communities face the challenge of changing biotic interactions: Review with focus on the Baltic Sea, Ambio, 36, 203–211, 2007. Korpinen, S. , Uusitalo, L. , Nordström, M. C. , Dierking, J. , Tomczak, M. T. , Haldin, J. , Opitz, S. , Bonsdorff, E. , and Neuenfeldt, S. : Food web assessments in the Baltic Sea: Models bridging the gap between indicators and policy needs, Ambio, in press, 2022. Kortsch, S. , Frelat, R. , Pecuchet, L. , Olivier, P. , Putnis, I. , Bonsdorff, E. , Ojaveer, H. , Jurgensone, I. , Strake, S. , Rubene, G. , Kruze, E. , and Nordström, M. C. : Disentangling temporal food web dynamics facilitates understanding of ecosystem functioning, J. Anim. Ecol. , 90, 1205–1216, 2021. Kotta, J. , Vanhatalo, J. , Jänes, H. , Orav-Kotta, H. , Rugiu, L. , Jormalainen, V. , Bobsien, I. , Viitasalo, M. , Virtanen, E. , and Nyström Sandman, A. : Integrating experimental and distribution data to predict future species patterns, Sci. Rep. , 9, 1821, 2019. Kremp, A. , Godhe, A. , Egardt, J. , Dupont, S. , Suikkanen, S. , Casabianca, S. , and Penna, A. : Intraspecific variability in the response of bloom-forming marine microalgae to changed climate conditions, Ecol. Evol. , 2, 1195–1207, 2012. Kremp, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides citations of various studies related to macroalgal communities and food web dynamics but does not specifically address the claim about climate change causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. It lacks direct evidence or arguments that would support or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant to the topic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-13 Statistical tests are used to check whether the difference between the proposed algorithm and the remaining ones is significant or not. A non-parametric test (Friedman and Quad test) is carried out in the group of the algorithms to check if a significant difference between them is found. The output of the Friedman test in Table 14 illustrates the rankings achieved by the Friedman and Quade tests. The results in this table strongly indicate considerable differences between the algorithms. Because the YA and OA have the largest ranking, the MFEA+RVNS is selected as the control algorithms. After that, we compare the control algorithms with YA and OA by statistical methods. Table 15 shows the possible hypotheses of comparison between the control algorithm and other algorithms. The statistical result shows that the MFEA+RVNS outperforms YA and OA with a level of significance α=0. 05. Table 14: Average rankings of the algorithms. 2. 73 2. 70 2. 59 2. 52 OA 2. 15 2. 18 2. 33 2. 43 MFEA+RNVS 1. 11 1. 11 1. 06 1. 04 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-14 Table 15: The z-values and p-values of the Friedman procedures (MFEA+RNVS is the control algorithm) in both the TSP and TRP. i z p Rom z p Rom 1 YA 7. 26 3. 66E−13 0. 025 0. 025 0. 025 6. 87 6. 15E−12 0. 025 0. 025 0. 025 2 OA 4. 63 3. 48E−06 0. 05 0. 05 0. 05 5. 70 1. 18E−08 0. 05 0. 05 0. 05 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-15 Figures 8–13 describe the normalized tour’s cost vs its average metric distance to all other local minima of two algorithms (YA and OA). The black and red points are still the results of the MFEA and RVNS, respectively. Their algorithm explores widely in the solution space, implying a good capacity for exploration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. It focuses on statistical tests and the performance comparisons of various algorithms, which are unrelated to the topic of genetic engineering or the ability to create organisms that never mutate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various traditional medicinal uses of native plants in indigenous cultures of the Amazon, such as Rudgea woronovii used by the Desano people for treating malaria and other species used for different remedies. It illustrates how these plants are integral to the healthcare practices of local communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing shifts in species distributions and ecosystem dynamics. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1489952/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published24 Apr, 2023Read the published version in Change →Version 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe expectation that places with suitable climate will lie outside the current range of many species has shaped 21st century conservation policy and led to predictions of numerous extinctions. We show that the magnitude of range shifts is often overestimated because the climate data typically used do not reflect the microclimatic conditions that many organisms experience. We model the historic (1977–1995) distributions of 302 plant taxa using both macro- and microclimate data and project these distributions forward to present day (2002–2020). Whereas macroclimate models predicted major range shifts (mean: 9. 2 km per decade), microclimate models predicted localised shifts into favourable microclimate (mean: 88 m per decade) that more closely match observed patterns of establishment and extinction. In consequence, improving protecting of refugial populations within species’ existing geographic range is likely to be more effective for many species than assisted translocations and overhaul of protected area networks. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3MainIt is widely predicted that places with suitable climate will soon lie outside the current range of many species1–3, and in consequence, that their survival over the next 100 years depends on how rapidly populations can move4. Many organisms are thought to face insurmountable range-shift barriers, leading to the conclusion that the only viable option to prevent extinctions is thus to translocate them to places where the climate is suitable5, or create habitat corridors that allow them to get there of their own accord6. However, the expectation that species will have to undergo major range shifts to avoid range loss is founded on the assumption of strong and smooth geographic gradients in climate. These gradients would mean that temperature or precipitation changes make swathes of species’ current ranges unsuitable and create swathes of suitable habitat elsewhere, further along the climatic gradient. While clear climatic gradients occur at coarse spatial resolution, at finer resolutions topography, soil conditions and vegetative shading exert great influence on local climatic conditions, resulting in considerable localised heterogeneity, particularly near the ground7,8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that while range shifts are expected due to climate change, the magnitude of these shifts is often overestimated. It suggests that many species may experience localized shifts rather than major movements, as indicated by the comparison of macroclimate and microclimate data. Thus, the conclusions drawn in the text challenge the assumption that climate change will lead to straightforward, large-scale shifts in species distributions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: However, exploitation capacity is not good enough. Figures 12 and 13 show that the RVNS exploits good solution spaces explored by the MFEA much better. It is understandable when the proposed algorithm reaches better results than theirs. Figure 8: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TSP (YA algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-8 Figure 9: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TRP (YA algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-9 Figure 10: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TSP (OA algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-10 Figure 11: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TRP (OA algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-11 Figure 12: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TSP (the proposed algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-12 Figure 13: The average distance to the other local optima in n20w100. 002 instance for the TRP (the proposed algorithm). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-13 Moreover, Table 16 compares our results to those of three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) in both the TSPTW and TRPTW problems. The results show that three algorithms (Ban & Pham, 2022; Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016) cannot find feasible solutions while the proposed algorithm reaches feasible ones in all cases. It is understandable because these algorithms drive the search for solution spaces that maybe not contain feasible solutions. Otherwise, the proposed algorithm guides the search process to feasible solution spaces. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses algorithm performance and comparisons of optimization methods in solving specific problems (TSPTW and TRPTW) rather than addressing genetic engineering or the mutation of organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines used by indigenous cultures, specifically the Taiwanos and Cubeo people in the Colombian Amazon. It describes various plants, such as Warb and Psidium acutangulum, that are recognized by these cultures for their medicinal properties, particularly for treating malaria. This supports the assertion that traditional medicines are derived from plants utilized by indigenous peoples.