Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: PC13, Oxalobacter formigenes, Sagittula stellata, Selenemonas ruminantium) also contained AHL lactonase genes which are used to cleave the lactone ring. This suggests that these rumen bacteria may have the ability to reduce AHL-based QS in the rumen through degradation of AHL. Fig. 1Percentage occurrence of putative AI-2 LuxS-based quorum sensing proteins in the genomes of Gram-positive and Gram-negative rumen bacteria [13]. a Proportional representation of LuxS and LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. b Proportional representation of LuxS in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. c Proportional representation of LuxR in the genomes of the Gram-positive and Gram-negative genomes. Numbers in brackets show total number of bacterial genomes in which the corresponding gene was foundFull size imageAs earlier stated, the LuxS protein was detected in 40. 2 % (126 genomes) and 33. 0% (45 genomes) of Gram-positive and Gram-negative species respectively, contained within a total of 1711 different genera. Among them, the largest number of LuxS protein genes was detected with the genus Butyrivibrio (48 species), followed by Pseudobutyrivibrio (15 species), Prevotella (14 species) and Ruminococci (10 species) (Fig. 2). Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree including the LuxS protein sequences from the 171 putatively positive LuxS species was generated to visualise their similarity. Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS proteins, alongside LuxS proteins identified by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], were used for comparison (Fig. 3). From this phylogenetic tree, it can be observed that LuxS proteins from the same rumen bacterial genera generally clustered together and showed high similarity to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae, although multiple clustering of LuxS proteins can occur within the same genera. For instance, LuxS proteins from the Butyrivibrio genus formed at least 8 phylogenetically distinct clusters (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of LuxS proteins in certain bacterial genera and their phylogenetic relationships. It does not mention plants or their ability to communicate through roots, thus it does not support, contradict, or provide any pertinent information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: H2000Mammalian neural stem cells. Science, 287, 143314387. 2008The regulation of adult rodent hippocampal neurogenesis by deep brain stimulation. J Neurosurg, 108, 1321388. LindvallOKokaiaZMartinez-serranoA2004Stem cell therapy for human neurodegenerative disorders-how to make it work. Nat Med. ;10 Suppl: S4250 9. . VMatsumaeMDateI2009of the Exerts Antiapoptotic, Angiogenic, and Anti-in Rats through Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Pathway. Stroke, 40, e598e605 10. . . VDateI2010Striatal stimulation nurtures endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis in chronic-phase ischemic stroke rats. DOI:X54491511. ReynoldsB. AWeissS1992Generation of neurons and astrocytes from isolated cells of the adult mammalian central nervous system. Science 25517071012. RichardsL. JKilpatrickT. JBartlettP. F1992De novo generation of neuronal cells from the adult mouse brain. 898591513. GageF. HCoatesP. WPalmerT. DKuhnH. GFisherL. JSuhonenJ. OPetersonD. ASuhrS. TRayJ1995Survival and differentiation of adult neuronal progenitor cells transplanted to the adult brain. 92118798314. BlackmoreD. GGolmohammadiM. GLargeBWatersM. JRietzeR. L2009in a Growth Hormone-Dependent Manner, Augmenting the in Aged Mice. 2720445215. BlissT. VCollingridgeG. L1993A synaptic model of memory: long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Nature 36131916. MoserE. IKrobertK. AMoserM. BMorrisR. G1998Impaired spatial learning after saturation of long-term potentiation. Science 28120384217. MartinS. JGrimwoodP. DMorrisR. G2000Synaptic plasticity and memory: an evaluation of the hypothesis. Neurosci 2364971118. TeskeyG. CFlynnCGoertzenC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and advancements in the field of regenerative medicine, particularly focusing on neural stem cells and their applications in treating neurodegenerative disorders. It mentions stem cell therapy and the generation of neurons and astrocytes from adult mammalian central nervous systems. This evidence supports the claim that regenerative medicine has the potential to revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases through innovative therapies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: In the lower meat or meat-free diets modelled by Dussiot et al. , concurrent increases in seafood resulted in high vitamin B12 levels in these diets. By contrast, in diets devoid of meat and fish, such as lacto-ovo-vegetarian diets, a low intake of vitamin B12 can result in higher plasma homocysteine concentrations, which can be expected to translate into an increase in the risk of CVD(and Singer35). Under a scenario that replaced all meat and dairy with plant-based analogues and some other alternative foods, Seves et al. found about 35 % decrease in vitamin B12 intake, despite the fact that some PBS were fortified with this vitamin(Reference Seves, Verkaik-Kloosterman and Biesbroek36). In the general population, when simulating the full replacement of meat with PBMA, the risk of overt vitamin B12 deficiency increased slightly, on average by about 5 %(Reference Salome, Huneau and Le Baron26). This suggests that, apart from vegetarians and vegans, there may be a risk of inadequate vitamin B12 status in that part of the general population with low seafood intakes and using unfortified PBMA. The fortification of PBMA with vitamin B12 appears to be rare; Melville et al. found a proportion of 15 % in an Australian survey(Reference Melville, Shahid and Gaines37). Some potential impacts of using PBS have been suggested regarding other nutrients that have been much less explored. This is the case for riboflavin when using either PBMA or milk analogues. Riboflavin intakes are quite high in the general population but it is largely conveyed by animal products (meat, fish, eggs and dairy)(and Board38,Reference Field, Bailey and Brannon39). Plant-based milk alternatives are naturally low in riboflavin (legume-based alternatives) or very low (grains or coconut-based), and fortification has been very rare in Europe until recently when adopted by a few brands. Based on food composition data from the Australian market, as reported by Zhang et al. , it can be calculated that although 250 ml milk would supply 33 % of the reference value for riboflavin, using (unfortified) legume-based alternatives would only supply 6 % and mixed milk alternatives just 1 %(Reference Zhang, Hughes and Grafenauer40). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative impacts of plant-based diets on vitamin B12 intake and its associated risks. It states that in diets devoid of meat and fish, there can be a low intake of vitamin B12, which can lead to higher plasma homocysteine concentrations, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This indicates that while plant-based diets may have benefits, there are also health risks linked to insufficient nutrient intake that could negate some of those benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: Also of note is the fact that LuxS proteins previously encountered in rumen metagenomics and metatranscriptomic datasets [9] are different to those found within the genomes of cultured bacteria used in this study (Fig. 4), indicating that the LuxS proteins have numerous haplotypes in the rumen, perhaps indicative of the importance of this communication system in this ecosystem. It should also be noted that the LuxS protein sequences investigated within Ghali et al. ’s study [9] clustered similarily to each other into two separate clades within this study in line with the phylogenetic trees published by the authors. Our study adds significantly more information to this initial publication due to the recent increased availability of rumen bacterial genomes [13]. Fig. 2Distribution and abundance of LuxS proteins relating to AI-2-based quorum sensing across 448 rumen bacterial genomes [13]Full size imageFig. 3Comparative phylogenetic tree of all putative LuxS proteins detected within the genomes of 171 rumen bacterial species. Two standards (Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus pneumoniae) were used for comparison with other samples (highlighted with grey colour). Most abundant four groups were highlighted with colours (orange: Pseudobutyrivibrio, yellow: Prevotella, green: Butyrivibrio and blue: Ruminococcus). Sequences denoted by a square and beginning with MG are those identified by Ghali et al. [9] from rumen metagenomic sequences and those with MT also being derived from the same study using a metatranscriptome datasetFull size imageFig. 4Average expression of LuxS genes identified in the bacterial genomes within rumen bacterial metatranscriptome datasets [16]. Expression is shown as reads per kilobase of transcript per million (RKPM). Where RKPM was < 0. 1, the expression data was grouped as “other”. Other essentially contained the expression of the LuxS synthase genes discovered within Lachnobacterium bovis DSM, Ruminococcus gnavus AGR2154, Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z, Streptococcus sp. NLAE-zl-C503, Butyrivibrio sp. AD3002, Butyrivibrio sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about plants communicating through their root networks. Instead, it discusses LuxS proteins and their role in bacterial communication within the rumen ecosystem, which does not provide any evidence or support for the idea that plants communicate with each other.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: AbstractDegenerative disc disease (DDD) is a painful, chronic and progressive disease, which is characterized by inflammation, structural and biological deterioration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues. DDD is specified as cell-, age-, and genetic-dependent degenerative process that can be accelerated by environmental factors. It is one of the major causes of chronic back pain and disability affecting millions of people globally. Current treatment options, such as physical rehabilitation, pain management, and surgical intervention, can provide only temporary pain relief. Different animal models have been used to study the process of IVD degeneration and develop therapeutic options that may restore the structure and function of degenerative discs. Several research works have depicted considerable progress in understanding the biological basis of disc degeneration and the therapeutic potentials of cell transplantation, gene therapy, applications of supporting biomaterials and bioactive factors, or a combination thereof. Since animal models play increasingly significant roles in treatment approaches of DDD, we conducted an electronic database search on Medline through June 2020 to identify, compare, and discuss publications regarding biological therapeutic approaches of DDD that based on intradiscal treatment strategies. We provide an up-to-date overview of biological treatment strategies in animal models including mouse, rat, rabbit, porcine, bovine, ovine, caprine, canine, and primate models. Although no animal model could profoundly reproduce the clinical conditions in humans; animal models have played important roles in specifying our knowledge about the pathophysiology of DDD. They are crucial for developing new therapy approaches for clinical applications. Get full access to this 1. Roughley PJ. Biology of intervertebral disc aging and degeneration: involvement of the extracellular matrix. Spine 2004; 29:2691–9CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. Adams MA, Dolan P. Spine biomechanics. J Biomech 2005; 38:1972–83CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. . What is intervertebral disc degeneration, and what causes it? Spine 2006; 31:2151–61CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science4. Sivakamasundari V, Lufkin T. Stemming the degeneration: IVD stem cells and stem cell regenerative therapy for degenerative disc disease. Cells 2013; 2013:724547PubMed5. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various research efforts that explore biological treatment strategies for degenerative disc disease (DDD), which include 'cell transplantation, gene therapy, applications of supporting biomaterials and bioactive factors.' These approaches aim to 'restore the structure and function of degenerative discs,' highlighting the potential impact of regenerative medicine on treating degenerative diseases. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of animal models in developing these therapeutic options.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Using PBMA has been shown to largely reduce riboflavin intakes, leading to a suggested insufficient intake in part of the population, including a slight increase in the risk of overt deficiency(Reference Salome, Huneau and Le Baron26). This risk varies depending on the type of substitute, and was lower with PBS that included legumes(Reference Salome, Huneau and Le Baron26). The prevalence of overt deficiency, namely ariboflavinosis, is virtually null in high-income countries, and the characterised adverse effect on health of milder forms of riboflavin remains uncertain. However, riboflavin plays an important role in one-carbon metabolism, and riboflavin subdeficiency has been associated with hypertension, especially in individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype(Reference McAuley, McNulty and Hughes41,Reference Ward, Hughes and Strain42). Therefore further studies are needed to better characterise the adverse effects of low riboflavin intake in high-income countries. The review will now turn to nutrients for which a risk of shortfall has long been identified when using PBS; namely calcium and iodine for dairy product analogues and iron and zinc for meat analogues. Calcium and iodine Dairy is well known as an important contributor to calcium intake and a significant part of the general population has a calcium intake below their estimated requirements(Reference Mensink, Fletcher and Gurinovic43). Among people consuming no dairy products, there is a very high risk of shortfall(Reference Bakaloudi, Halloran and Rippin44). Although this has long been disputed, recent findings pointed out that vegans have a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures, and this could be ascribed to insufficient calcium intake(Reference Thorpe, Beeson and Knutsen45). Indeed, the risk was high among vegans who are not taking calcium supplements, whereas it was not significant in those using calcium supplements(Reference Thorpe, Beeson and Knutsen45). The risk to bone health in vegans may be due to insufficient intakes of the many nutrients and foods that can affect bone mineral density and/or the risk of fracture, which of course include calcium from sources other than dairy, such as fortified plant-based milks (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential risks associated with plant-based diets, particularly in terms of nutrient deficiencies. It highlights that using plant-based milk alternatives (PBMA) could lead to reduced intakes of riboflavin and calcium, which are essential nutrients. The text also mentions that vegans may have a higher risk of osteoporotic fractures due to insufficient calcium intake, indicating potential negative health outcomes associated with a plant-based diet. This information suggests that while plant-based diets may have benefits, they also come with risks that could counteract the claim's suggestion of overall health benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: INlla18, Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis DSM, Bifidobacterium bifidum Calf96, Butyrivibrio sp. TB, Butyrivibrio sp. WCD2001, Succinimonas_amylolytica DSM 2873, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. JW11, Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. LB2011, Ruminococcus albus SY3, Pseudobutyrivibrio sp. MD2005, Butyrivibrio sp. NC3005, Clostridium mangenotii LM2, Cellulomonas sp. KH9, Clostridium aerotolerans DSM, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens YRB2005, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens MD2001, Kandleria vitulina WCE2011 and Butyrivibrio sp. YAB300Full size imageExpression of the identified LuxS synthase genes in rumen metatranscriptome datasetsIn order to investigate whether the identified LuxS genes within the hungate genomes [16] are actually expressed in the rumen, we investigated their expression within one of the largest rumen metatranscriptome datasets available [16] (105 GB sequencing data). We found expression of 97 (out of 171, 56. 7% of the LuxS genes within these datasets (Fig. 4). In order to evaluate expression, we took the average expression across all 20 of the metratranscriptome sequences from the Shi et al. [16] study. On average, Prevotella spp. expressed the most LuxS, particularly Prevotella sp. TC2-24 (Fig. 4). High expression levels were also seen for LuxS genes originally detected within Ruminococcaceae bacterium P7, Clostridiales bacterium NK3B98, Prevotellaceae bacterium HUN156 and MN60, Oribacterium sp. P6A1 and Butyrivibrio sp. VCB2001 (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the expression of LuxS genes in rumen metatranscriptome datasets and does not mention anything about plant communication or networks of roots. The content focuses on various bacterial species and their gene expression rather than plant behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: TNF-α and IL-1β promote a disintegrin-like and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type I motif-5-mediated aggrecan degradation through syndecan-4 in intervertebral disc. J 2011; 286:39738–49CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science31. . The role of interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis of human intervertebral disc degeneration. Ther 2005; 7:R732–45CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science32. . Collagenolytic enzyme systems in human intervertebral disc: their control, mechanism, and their possible role in the initiation of biomechanical failure. Spine 1982; 7:213–22CrossrefPubMed33. Sternlicht MD, Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behavior. Biol 2001; 17:463–516CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science34. . Identification of human intervertebral disc stromelysin and its involvement in matrix degradation. J 1991; 9:568–75CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science35. . Cell transplantation in lumbar spine disc degeneration disease. J 2008; 17(Suppl 4):492–503CrossrefPubMed36. Sakai D. Future perspectives of cell-based therapy for intervertebral disc disease. J 2008; 17(Suppl 4):452–8CrossrefPubMed37. . An in vitro study investigating the survival and phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells following injection into nucleus pulposus tissue. Ther 2009; 11:R20CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science38. . A systematic review of the safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for disc degeneration: insights and future directions for regenerative therapeutics. Dev 2014; 23:2553–67CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science39. . Feasibility of using a human nucleus pulposus cell line as a cell source in cell transplantation therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 2006; 31:1177–86CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science40. . Intervertebral disc cell therapy for regeneration: mesenchymal stem cell implantation in rat intervertebral discs. Eng 2004; 32:430–4CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science41. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines various studies related to the role of cell-based therapies, particularly the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells, in treating intervertebral disc degeneration, which is a degenerative disease. The mention of cell transplantation, matrix metalloproteinases, and future perspectives on cell-based therapy supports the claim that regenerative medicine has the potential to transform treatment approaches for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Few studies have compared the levels of bioavailable iron in meat and PBMA. Some attempts have been made using average estimates of absorbable iron from animal-based or plant-based meals/diets, such as 16 % absorption from meals/diets containing meat and 10 % absorption from plant-based meals/diets(Reference Fairweather-Tait and Collings60). However, there remain many uncertainties in those estimates, because iron bioavailability can vary markedly depending on the content of the meal and whether the equation or algorithm used to estimate iron absorption take into account multiple factors in a variable manner(and Egli61–Reference van Wonderen, Melse-Boonstra and Gerdessen63). Taking account of changes in bioavailability and using simulation techniques on all individuals in a French representative survey, we were able to show that replacing all meat with varied plant-based meat analogues would decrease absorbed iron from the diet, and therefore raise the risk of insufficient intake and result in a slight increase in the probability of over-deficiency (i. e. iron-deficiency anaemia)(Reference Salome, Huneau and Le Baron26). Because the bioavailability of zinc is also dependent on animal sources such as meat, zinc bears many similarities with iron. In this simulation study, we found decrease in absorbed zinc from the diet when PBMA replaced meat, but no increase in the risk of overt deficiency(Reference Salome, Huneau and Le Baron26). Recent findings in the literature have shown that iron nutrition, and to a lesser extent zinc nutrition, are critical when considering a general shift towards a plant-based diet. Again, this was revealed in studies accounting for the bioavailability of iron and zinc, using equations or algorithms to estimate iron absorption(Carli, Dias and Morimoto62). In this context, we showed using optimisation models that imposing a modelled healthy diet conveying sufficient bioavailable iron to cover the estimated physiological requirements of the population markedly limited the healthiness of the modelled diet, as it led to incomplete reductions in red meat consumption (conveying bioavailable iron) and incomplete increases in whole-grain products (conveying phytates which inhibit iron absorption)(Reference Dussiot, Fouillet and Wang64). This resulted in suboptimal reductions in morbidity/mortality risks as assessed as disability-adjusted life years using a comparative risk assessment model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential negative health implications of exclusively adopting a plant-based diet. It discusses studies that demonstrate a decrease in absorbed iron and zinc when meat is replaced with plant-based alternatives, which could lead to risks of iron-deficiency anemia and insufficient intake of other nutrients. This suggests that while a plant-based diet may have benefits, there are significant nutritional concerns that could counteract health advantages, including the suggested lower risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: It should, of course, be noted that the expression data will be proportional to the abundance of the bacteria within the metranscriptome datasets and as such they show a snap shot in time, under those particular circumstances, but expression may differ under altering conditions. It also means that whilst we did not see the expression of 74 of the originally identified LuxS genes within the metatranscriptome datasets, it does not mean that they categorically are not expressed and may well be found under different ecological circumstances. The purpose of investigating the expression of the LuxS genes identified within the Hungate collection was to show that most are expressed and therefore are likely used for QS in the rumen. DiscussionBacterial quorum sensing is known to have major implications for bacterial phenotype in pure culture-based studies [22,23,24]. However, quorum sensing mechanisms in multi-species biofilm communities are poorly understood due to the complexities of these microbiomes. In this study, we used rumen bacterial genomes from the Hungate collection, a large database which is largely representative of many of the rumen microorganisms (501 bacterial and archaeal genomes) [13] and complete rumen bacterial genomes from Genbank to prospect for the abundance and distribution of AHL and AI-2-based QS systems. For ease of analysis and data visualisation, the bacteria genomes were categorised according to taxonomic information as well as their Gram staining phenotypes. From a total of 448 bacteria species recorded in the Hungate collection (at the time data was accessed for analysis) and Genbank genomes, 311 species were Gram-positive bacteria and 136 were Gram-positive representing 69. 4% and 30. 6% of the bacteria used within this study. We found only one species (Citrobacter sp. NLAE-zl-C269) out of 136 bacterial genomes from Gram-negative bacteria analysed possessed an AHL synthase gene. Citrobacter spp. have been known to have the ability to hydrolyse cellulose in the rumen and have been reported in non-rumen-based studies to produce 3-hydroxyl type of AHLs [25, 26]. We did, however, also find evidence that the rumen Citrobacter spp. genome also possessed AI-2 QS capacity, a phenomenon which to our knowledge has not been shown before in other Citrobacter sp. Approximately 40. 2 % and 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about plants communicating through their roots. Instead, it discusses bacterial quorum sensing and the expression of LuxS genes in rumen microorganisms. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about inter-plant communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Structured coculture of stem cells and disc cells prevent disc degeneration in a rat model. 2010; 10:1089–97CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science42. . Transplantation of hypoxic-preconditioned bone mesenchymal stem cells retards intervertebral disc degeneration via enhancing implanted cell survival and migration in rats. Int 2018; 2018:7564159CrossrefPubMed43. . Dual release of dexamethasone and TGF-β3 from polymeric microspheres for stem cell matrix accumulation in a rat disc degeneration model. 2013; 9:9423–33CrossrefPubMed44. . Sustained release of GDF5 from a designed coacervate attenuates disc degeneration in a rat model. 2019; 86:300–11CrossrefPubMed45. . Intradiscal injection of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived nucleus pulposus-like cell-seeded polymeric microspheres promotes rat disc regeneration. Int 2019; 2019:6806540CrossrefPubMed46. -Sim A. Olfactory stem cells can be induced to express chondrogenic phenotype in a rat intervertebral disc injury model. 2009; 9:585–94CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science47. . Injectable hydrogel combined with nucleus pulposus-derived mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of degenerative intervertebral disc in rats. Int 2019; 2019:8496025CrossrefPubMed48. -ärtl R. In vivo annular repair using high-density collagen gel seeded with annulus fibrosus cells. 2018; 79:230–8CrossrefPubMed49. ärtl R. Riboflavin crosslinked high-density collagen gel for the repair of annular defects in intervertebral discs: an in vivo study. 2015; 26:215–24CrossrefPubMed50. ärtl R. Annular repair using high-density collagen gel: a rat-tail in vivo model. Spine 2014; 39:198–206CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science51. . In vivo bioluminescent imaging of virus-mediated gene transfer and transduced cell transplantation in the intervertebral disc. Spine 2004; 29:838–44CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science52. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple examples of how regenerative medicine techniques, such as the use of stem cells, are being researched and shown to effectively prevent or treat degenerative disc conditions in rat models. This supports the notion that regenerative medicine has the potential to greatly impact the treatment of degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: By contrast, when the constraint on dietary absorbable iron was relaxed, the optimally healthy modelled diet was almost devoid of red meat and all grain products were whole grains, leading to further important reductions in the long-term health risk. This was at the price of a projected increase in iron-deficiency anaemia (from 2 % in the observed population to 5 % in the flexible optimal model) but the increase in morbidity (as daily-adjusted life years) due to anaemia was much lower than the reduction due to benefits on long-term health(Reference Dussiot, Fouillet and Wang64). During this study, bioavailable iron and bioavailable zinc were dually constraining modelled diets, since iron and zinc were found to mostly to be contributed by the same sources and their bioavailability was influenced similarly. Recently, van Wonderen et al. showed convincingly that taking account of bioavailable iron was important when modelling diets. Using meal-planning optimisation from a selection of meals, and applying several methods to estimate total iron absorption from these meals, they showed that modelled diets with constant absorption factors (as is usually done) finally conveyed much less absorbed iron than diets modelled using specific diet-dependent absorption equations(Reference van Wonderen, Melse-Boonstra and Gerdessen63). The question of insufficient iron intake is specific to diets containing no meat. Meatless diets that are healthy tend to lead to critical levels of bioavailable iron, since other classical healthy food categories convey iron with low bioavailability (such as legumes and whole grains) or are not consumed enough to make a sufficient contribution to intakes of iron of good bioavailability (such as seafood)(Reference Dussiot, Fouillet and Perraud27). Vegetarian diets can be designed to supply enough bioavailable iron(Reference Kesse-Guyot, Alles and Brunin65), but the iron status of vegetarians is low, although evidence of iron deficiency, such as a higher risk of iron-deficiency anaemia, is lacking(and Mariotti66). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential health risks of plant-based diets, particularly the increased risk of iron deficiency anemia. It mentions that 'meatless diets that are healthy tend to lead to critical levels of bioavailable iron,' which suggests that while plant-based diets may have health benefits, they can also be associated with significant nutritional deficiencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: 0 % of LuxS genes were identified from Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial species respectively. Therefore, our results also confirm that the LuxS proteins may be utilised by both Gram-positive and negative bacteria as previously suggested [27,28,29]. Approximately 40% of the studied rumen bacterial genomes contained LuxS genes, with these predominating in Gram-positive bacteria (40. 5% from the 311 Gram-positive bacterial genomes and 33. 1% from the 136 Gram-negative bacterial genomes). Sequence alignment and visualisation using a phylogenetic tree show that the LuxS genes found in the rumen bacterial genomes were highly similar to each other compared with Vibrio harveyi or Streptococcus pneumoniae LuxS genes, indicating that LuxS genes in the rumen may be highly conserved within each genus but are also distantly related to non-ruminal LuxS genes. Also, noteworthy was the fact that the QS genes found within this study were different to those found by Ghali et al. (2016) [9], which may be consequences of the large number of genomes prospected in this study. Irrespectively, the presence of numerous LuxS haplotypes suggests that this QS system may be especially important for bacterial communication within the rumen. Overall, we show evidence that Butyrivibrio, Prevotella, Ruminococcus and Pseudobutyrivibrio rumen bacterial genomes, which are concomitantly the most abundant bacterial genera in the rumen have the capacity to use AI-2-based quorum sensing. This data also suggests that quorum sensing is ubiquitous within the rumen in general. This observation is in agreement with those from many recent studies, which show that these bacterial genera may possess AI-2 QS signalling ability [9,10,11]. Further observations from this study suggest that bacteria with LuxS protein predominate in the rumen, and it has become clear that the AI-2 signal has a great preponderance in the rumen. The expression results for the identified LuxS genes within large published metatranscriptome datasets [16] confirmed that 97 of the 171 identified LuxS genes were expressed in the rumen. This data also showed that rumen Prevotella likely play a major role in AI-2-based QS in the rumen. It has also been shown that oral Prevotella sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bacterial communication through LuxS proteins and quorum sensing within the rumen, with no mention of plant communication or root networks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Potential use of human adipose mesenchymal stromal cells for intervertebral disc regeneration: a preliminary study on biglycan-deficient murine model of chronic disc degeneration. Ther 2014; 16:457CrossrefPubMed53. . TFEB protects nucleus pulposus cells against apoptosis and senescence via restoring autophagic flux. 2019; 27:347–57CrossrefPubMed54. . Down-regulation of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration via the ERK signalling pathway. J Med 2019; 23:6368–77CrossrefPubMed55. . Lentiviral shRNA silencing of CHOP inhibits apoptosis induced by cyclic stretch in rat annular cells and attenuates disc degeneration in the rats. Apoptosis 2011; 16:594–605CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science56. . Mfn2 is involved in intervertebral disc degeneration through autophagy modulation. 2020; 28:363–74CrossrefPubMed57. . Bone morphogenetic protein 2 alleviated intervertebral disc degeneration through mediating the degradation of ECM and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells via the PI3K/Akt pathway. 2019; 43:583–92PubMed58. . Therapeutic effects of adenovirus-mediated growth and differentiation factor-5 in a mice disc degeneration model induced by annulus needle puncture. 2010; 10:32–41CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science59. . IL-10 delays the degeneration of intervertebral discs by suppressing the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. 2019; 147:262–70CrossrefPubMed60. Evashwick-1,. Inhibiting tumor necrosis factor-alpha at time of induced intervertebral disc injury limits long-term pain and degeneration in a rat model. JOR Spine 2018; 1:e1014CrossrefPubMed61. . JAG2/Notch2 inhibits intervertebral disc degeneration by modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix. Ther 2019; 21:213CrossrefPubMed62. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies and findings related to intervertebral disc regeneration and treatments for degenerative diseases. It discusses the potential therapeutic effects of different methods and compounds on intervertebral disc degeneration, including the use of adipose mesenchymal stromal cells and specific signaling pathways. This supports the claim that regenerative medicine could provide innovative and effective treatments for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: Likewise, there are many reports on how food products could include large amounts of bioavailable iron and zinc, including but not limited to the case of phytate, and using biofortification, ingredient selection and a broad range of treatments (germination, soaking, fermentation, enzymatic treatment)(Reference Clemens75–Reference Gupta, Gangoliya and Singh77). However, on average, and within the current range of products on the market, absorbable iron levels appear to be low in PBMA. This raises the question whether a PBMA could be designed with the usual ingredients to be sufficiently rich in iron, or would it need to be fortified with iron? In a model that minimised environmental impacts, et al. found that iron fortification was necessary when seeking to match the nutritional composition of beef (but not chicken), although it appeared to be limited to the non-haem-iron content, and that the result could be sensitive to changes in the bioavailability of iron due to interactions with the inhibitors and enhancers of iron absorption found in the diet(Mierlo, Rohmer and Gerdessen78). We searched for the best theoretical recipe for a pulse-based meat analogue to improve overall diet quality using a list of ingredients and technological constraints(Reference Salomé, Mariotti and Nicaud79). The final recipe resulted in a marked improvement in nutrient-based diet quality, which was about 4-fold higher than the effect of the best of the PBMA found in our benchmark database. However using this overall ‘optimal’ PBMA would lower the absorbable iron content in the diet and increase the probability of an insufficient iron intake, although the increase in the risk of deficiency (when compared to the threshold for the risk of iron-deficiency anaemia) was almost unchanged. Indeed, the absorbable iron content of the PBMA, although relatively high, remained lower than that found in the meat it was entirely replacing under our scenario. Among the binding constraints for optimisation, we found higher levels of herbs, spices, nuts and seeds that were good sources of iron but had to be restricted in the recipe for the sake of their expected acceptability. In a subsequent work, we further elaborated on the importance of iron (and zinc) fortification in PBMA in the perspective of building healthiest diets that included lowering red meat levels(Reference Salomé, Mariotti and Dussiot80). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the low absorbable iron content in plant-based meat analogues (PBMA), which raises concerns about the nutritional adequacy of such diets. It states that while there have been improvements in nutrient-based diet quality, PBMA may still lead to insufficient iron intake compared to the meat they replace. This suggests that plant-based diets may have nutritional shortcomings that could negate some health benefits typically associated with reducing red meat consumption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants can communicate with each other through a network of roots. [SEP] Text: possesses AI-2 QS capacity [30]. However, many ruminant bacteria are yet to be identified, cultured or genome sequenced, and further studies to identify them and their potential involvement in QS in the rumen are paramount. It may also be important to assess the contribution of other rumen organism types including fungi, archaea, protozoa and viruses to QS in the rumen and their role in plant degradation alongside bacteria given that several non-ruminal studies show that other microorganisms such as fungi, archaea and protozoa also use QS signalling [31,32,33,34,35,36]. Moreover, there are still a lot of Gram-negative bacteria that remain uncultured with the potential to utilise AHL-based QS in the rumen. Thus, it is important to improve our knowledge of both AI-2 and AHL QS signalling system in the rumen to better understand bacterial interactions and consequences on ruminant production. Further, in vitro analysis to confirm the bioluminescence activity of the LuxS genes detected in these rumen bacteria genera will be required to understand their expression and role in the rumen microbiome. ConclusionUsing the major genomic resources available, we show on a greater scale than previously possible that QS is likely to be an important phenomenon in the rumen microbiome. Our data suggest that AI-2-based QS is probably the most abundant and perhaps most important signal used by rumen bacteria. Further research into the implications of rumen-based QS on plant degradation and nutrient availability for the host is now required. 84. 46. 67. 81. 8. 32. 55. 4567. 367. 9. 7. 0 for bigger datasets. Evol. 2016;33(7):870–1874. 25. Nature Methods. 2012;9(4):357. 9. 30. 16. Microbiol. 2003;69(10):5941–9. 33. 703. 6. Gene. 2019;684:58–69. 6. 7. 396. doi: 14. 1441. 9. 1812. 7. 32. Download 1. Bacterial diversity and the presence of autoinducer proteins in the rumen. Among the Gram-positive bacteria, there are three species, which show variable Gram stain (described with weakly+ and variable+). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of quorum sensing (QS) in the rumen microbiome and the importance of understanding bacterial interactions with no mention of plant communication or root networks. It focuses mainly on bacterial diversity and signaling systems, which does not directly support or contrast with the claim about plant communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells modulate endoplasmic reticulum stress to protect against nucleus pulposus cell death and ameliorate intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. Theranostics 2019; 9:4084–100CrossrefPubMed63. . Intradiscal injection of simvastatin retards progression of intervertebral disc degeneration induced by stab injury. Ther 2009; 11:R172CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science64. Li K, Lv C. Intradiscal injection of sesamin protects from lesion-induced degeneration. Res 2019; 2:1–1065. . In vivo growth factor treatment of degenerated intervertebral discs. Spine 2004; 29:156–63CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science66. . New in vivo animal model to create intervertebral disc degeneration and to investigate the effects of therapeutic strategies to stimulate disc regeneration. Spine 2002; 27:2684–90CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. . Cytomorphology of notochordal and chondrocytic cells from the nucleus pulposus: a species comparison. J Anat 2004; 205:357–62CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science68. . Study design: in vitro and in vivo assessment of bone morphogenic protein 2 combined with platelet-rich plasma on treatment of disc degeneration. 2016; 40:1143–55CrossrefPubMed69. . Sox9 gene transfer enhanced regenerative effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the degenerated intervertebral disc in a rabbit model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93570CrossrefPubMed70. . Effects of transplantation of hTIMP1-expressing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the extracellular matrix of degenerative intervertebral discs in an in vivo rabbit model. Spine 2014; 39:E669–E675CrossrefPubMed71. Xu J, Xiao-. BMP7 enhances the effect of BMSCs on extracellular matrix remodeling in a rabbit model of intervertebral disc degeneration. FEBS J 2016; 283:1689–700CrossrefPubMed72. . Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted to a rabbit degenerative disc model: potential and limitations for stem cell therapy in disc regeneration. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of regenerative therapies, such as the use of exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells to combat intervertebral disc degeneration. It discusses various studies that illustrate the potential of regenerative techniques, including gene transfer and the effects of growth factors on degenerated discs, thereby emphasizing the revolutionary potential of regenerative medicine in treating degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: 11, 12Given the limited evidence on plant‐based diets in the general population and recent developments in plant‐based diet scores, the objectives of the present study were as follows: (1) to evaluate whether overall plant‐based diets are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality in a general US population; and (2) to assess if the association differed by adherence to healthful and less healthful plant‐based diets using 4 a priori defined plant‐based diet scores (overall plant‐based diet, healthy plant‐based diet, less healthy plant‐based diet, and provegetarian diet indexes). MethodsARIC (in Communities) study data are available through the National Heart, Lung, and Center. Interested researchers may also contact the ARIC study to access data and study materials. Study DesignWe used data from a community‐based cohort of middle‐aged men and women (45–64 years of age at baseline, n=15 792) in the ARIC study. From 1987 to 1989, participants from 4 US communities (Washington County, Maryland; Forsyth County, North Carolina; Minneapolis, MN; and Jackson, MS) were enrolled in the study. 14 Follow‐up visits occurred in 1990 to 1992 (visit 2), 1993 to 1995 (visit 3), 1996 to 1998 (visit 4), 2011 to 2013 (visit 5), and 2016 to 2017 (visit 6). 14 at each study site approved the study protocol, and participants provided informed consent. Dietary AssessmentAt baseline and visit 3, participants’ usual intake of foods and beverages was assessed by trained interviewers using a modified version of the 66‐item semiquantitative Willett food frequency questionnaire. 15 Participants indicated the frequency with which they consumed foods and beverages of a defined serving size in the previous year. Visual guides, such as glasses and measuring cups, were provided for participants to estimate portion size. The reliability of the food frequency questionnaire was assessed in a random sample of ARIC study participants (n=419) from all 4 study sites at visit 2. 15 Nutrient and total energy intakes were derived through multiplying consumption of food by nutrient content of each item in the food frequency questionnaire. Plant‐study did not assess whether participants were following a plant‐based diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the study aims to evaluate whether plant-based diets are associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease, suggesting that there is limited evidence available on this association in the general population. This implies that the correlation between plant-based diets and heart disease risk is not well-established, thus challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: of & 209. 946-3278, USA Dates: Received: 15 July, 2014; Accepted: 11 August, 2014; Published: 13 August, 2014 *Corresponding author: Adam M. Kaye Pharm. D. , of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 751 Brookside Rd. A-106a, Stockton, Ca 95207, 209. 946-3278, USA, Email: akaye@pacific. edu Citation: Kaye AM (2014) Opioid Antagonists: Will they Solve all of the with Opioid Agonists? Anesthesiol 1(1): 009-012. DOI: 10. 17352/2455-3476. 000002 Copyright: © 2014 Kaye AM. This is an open-access 1971. Why after so many years on the market is this medication now being formulated in the form of an easy to use “auto-injector” that was designed for non-medical professionals to be able to utilize at a moment's notice? Could this wonder product, being hailed as the best possible safety tool available for life threatening opioid emergencies actual make heroes out of lay people? [1]. Will marketing and providing to the family and caregivers of chronic pain patients prevent the epidemic of opioid medication related deaths of people in our country? What else can be done by physicians and the U. S. Food and (FDA) to reduce the unbelievable statistic of a death every 36 minutes from an opioid overdose in the United States? With upwards of 17,000 Americans dying yearly from prescription opioid overdose, accidently or intentionally via suicide& deliberate misuse, and constantly consuming more and more of these powerful painkillers-the million dollar question remaining to be answered is: will a new drug formulation device in the hands of laypeople really make a dent in this crisis that in recent years has actually surpassed car accidents as the leading cause of accidental death? [2]. This new formulation Evzio contains naloxone in a new useful device: an “auto-injector” that was recently approved for the emergency treatment of suspected opioid overdose. The FDA and physicians see Evzio as a new “tool” to combat opioid abuse/misuse related deaths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about horticulture solving global food shortages. Instead, it discusses opioid medications and their formulation for emergency use. There is no mention of horticulture, food shortages, or any agricultural solutions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Spine 2005; 30:2379–87CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science73. . Photopolymerizable biogel scaffold seeded with mesenchymal stem cells: safety and efficacy evaluation of novel treatment for intervertebral disc degeneration. J 2019; 37:1451–9CrossrefPubMed74. . Use of allogeneic hypoxic mesenchymal stem cells for treating disc degeneration in rabbits. J 2019; 37:1440–50CrossrefPubMed75. . Injectable decellularized nucleus pulposus-based cell delivery system for differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells and nucleus pulposus regeneration. 2018; 81:115–28CrossrefPubMed76. . Intradiscal transplantation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells prevents intervertebral disc degeneration through suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-related genes in nucleus pulposus cells in rabbits. Ther 2010; 12:R206CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science77. . Injection of human umbilical tissue-derived cells into the nucleus pulposus alters the course of intervertebral disc degeneration in vivo. 2013; 13:263–72CrossrefPubMed78. -Cruet MJ. In vivo intervertebral disc regeneration using stem cell-derived chondroprogenitors. J 2009; 10:265–72CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science79. . Regeneration of the intervertebral disc with nucleus pulposus cell-seeded collagen II/hyaluronan/chondroitin-6-sulfate tri-copolymer constructs in a rabbit disc degeneration model. Spine 2011; 36:2252–9CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science80. . Reinsertion of stimulated nucleus pulposus cells retards intervertebral disc degeneration: an in vitro and in vivo experimental study. J 2000; 18:988–97CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science81. . Rabbit model for in vivo study of intervertebral disc degeneration and regeneration. J Soc 2008; 44:327–33CrossrefPubMed82. . In vitro and in vivo evaluation of discogenic cells, an investigational cell therapy for disc degeneration. 2020; 20:138–49CrossrefPubMed83. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and applications of regenerative medicine techniques, such as the use of mesenchymal stem cells and injectable decellularized tissues, aimed at treating intervertebral disc degeneration. These references highlight the potential of regenerative medicine to provide innovative treatments for degenerative diseases, thereby supporting the idea that it could revolutionize these treatments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based diets are associated with various health benefits, including lower risks of heart disease. [SEP] Text: It is possible that assigning reverse scores to these foods attenuated the associations with the overall hPDI and incident cardiovascular disease. Specifically, potatoes in relation to chronic disease outcomes have shown mixed results, with recent systematic reviews concluding no association with total potato consumption and cardiovascular risk factors (obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus), cardiovascular events, and all‐cause mortality. 30, 31 In the NHS (Nurses’ Health Study) and HPFS (Follow‐Up Study), higher total potato consumption was associated with a higher risk of hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 32, 33 However, in 2 Spanish cohorts, no significant association between potato consumption and hypertension was observed. 34 Given these conflicting findings, future studies may consider assigning reverse scores for fried potatoes but not all potatoes. Unlike the NHS and HPFS, which found a higher risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease with less healthy plant‐based diet scores, we found no significant associations for uPDI and incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all‐cause mortality. 11, 12 In our previous study, which used data from a nationally representative sample, we did not find associations between the uPDI and cardiovascular disease mortality and all‐cause mortality. 13 It is possible that no true association exists between less healthy plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality. The lack of an association between less healthy plant‐based diets and outcomes in the present study may be caused by the scoring of potatoes as a less healthy food given that we observed dietary intake of potatoes to be inversely associated with outcomes. Further research in other study populations is warranted on the health implications of diets high in refined carbohydrates and sugar and low in fruits, vegetables, and animal foods. We found that the magnitude of association for the overall diet was stronger than the associations for the individual food components within the overall dietary pattern. These results underscore the importance of comprehensively characterizing an individual's diet, rather than assessing the intake of a single food group or nutrient. Our approach accounts for potential synergistic and interactive effects of foods and nutrients on disease risk and is in line with how plant‐based diets are conceptualized (ie, higher intake of plant foods and lower intake of animal foods). 13, 35, 36, 37When we modeled individual food groups, there was no association between dairy or fish or seafood and all 3 outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research findings that suggest no significant association exists between less healthy plant-based diets and various health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease. It notes that the Nurses’ Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study found higher total potato consumption associated with higher risks of conditions like hypertension and type 2 diabetes, which may indicate a less favorable health impact of certain plant-based diets. Therefore, the evidence presented challenges the notion that plant-based diets universally lead to health benefits such as lower risks of heart disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: It will work in a manner similar to the epinephrine pen which is marketed for the acute treatment of anaphylaxis. (EVZIO contains a speaker that provides voice instructions to guide the user through each step of the injection). When activated, an automatically inserted needle delivers 0. 4 mg of naloxone hydrochloride injection intramuscularly or subcutaneously and afterwards fully retracts the needle into its housing [3]. Caregivers will be expected to utilize this medication after an observation of possible symptoms of opioid overdose. Vague signs such as extreme sleepiness, breathing problems, or even “pinpoint” pupils may prompt a family member or close friend to whip out this life-saving device and spring into action! to be effective, it will have to be prescribed and probably paid for by either the patient or the prescription insurance company. Will the prescriber be willing to address the risk of opioid overdose to their patients on high-dose opioids or just those with known substance abuse or those with a history of addiction or past stays in detox programs? Are we really naïve enough to believe that only those people that are prescribed these powerful medications are at risk? The numbers of “users” who acquire these pain killers from friends, relatives and illegal “dealers” is unknown but surely an enormous and unacceptable number that clearly has overwhelmed the ability of law enforcement to eliminate. I am all for prescribers suggesting Evzio to all their chronic pain patients on high-dose opioids. The need for an explanation on the risk of respiratory depression and death is crucial even if the prescriber does not suspect abuse of opioids. Unintentional overdose is a common term used by physicians and medical examiners after patients consumed dozens of medications, often at extremely high doses-many not even prescribed or acquired legally. Sounds a lot like suicide? Unfortunately these are reported as “accidental” and continue to be counted the same as a car accident of falling off a building. For these and many other and unclear reasons most autopsy reports will not even suggest that a patient was attempting to take their life-without a suicide note! This brings us back to the question of will this medication actually be used by a family member if they see someone on their couch breathing shallow? It is unbelievable how much positivity is being reported with naloxone! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about horticulture and food shortages. It discusses naloxone and its use in treating opioid overdoses rather than any topics related to horticulture or food supply solutions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Lentivirus-mediated TGF-β3, CTGF and TIMP1 gene transduction as a gene therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration in an in vivo rabbit model. Med 2016; 11:1399–404CrossrefPubMed84. . Survivin-TGFB3-TIMP1 gene therapy via lentivirus vector slows the course of intervertebral disc degeneration in an in vivo rabbit model. Spine 2016; 41:926–34CrossrefPubMed85. . Modulation of the biologic activity of the rabbit intervertebral disc by gene therapy: an in vivo study of adenovirus-mediated transfer of the human transforming growth factor beta 1 encoding gene. Spine 1999; 24:2419–25CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science86. . Ad/CMV-hTGF-beta1 treats rabbit intervertebral discs degeneration in vivo. 2004; 24:599–601,624CrossrefPubMed87. . Potential use of Sox9 gene therapy for intervertebral degenerative disc disease. Spine 2003; 28:755–63CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science88. . , Hu YG. Effect of rAAV2-hTGFβ1 gene transfer on matrix synthesis in an in vivo rabbit disk degeneration model. Surg 2016; 29:E127–34CrossrefPubMed89. . Injection of AAV2-BMP2 and AAV2-TIMP1 into the nucleus pulposus slows the course of intervertebral disc degeneration in an in vivo rabbit model. 2012; 12:7–20CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science90. . Effect of autologous platelet-rich plasma-releasate on intervertebral disc degeneration in the rabbit anular puncture model: a preclinical study. Ther 2012; 14:R241CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science91. . Characterization of in vivo effects of platelet-rich plasma and biodegradable gelatin hydrogel microspheres on degenerated intervertebral discs. 2009; 15:3719–27CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science92. . PDGF-BB delays degeneration of the intervertebral discs in a rabbit preclinical model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes various gene therapies aimed at treating intervertebral disc degeneration in an in vivo rabbit model, showcasing the potential of regenerative medicine techniques to address degenerative diseases. The mention of lentivirus-mediated gene transduction and the development of therapies to slow degeneration directly supports the claim that regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for such diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The popularity of plant-based diets has been increasing, leading to more products in grocery stores. [SEP] Text: Center of Excellence with individuals who have both doctoral-level training and also years of experience applying O. R. techniques to problems across industries. They focus on model formulation, model solution and implementation. They have helped customers solve problems in industries such as manufacturing, retail, consumer packaged goods, banking, media and entertainment. They draw on their own experience as well as deep expertise across the Division. Due to positive customer response, we are currently exploring additional Centers of Excellence dedicated to industries (such as manufacturing) and to applications (such as data mining). I see three other exciting frontiers: high-performance computing, visualization and text analytics. In the world of practical large-scale computing, I see a trend towards distributing computation over many inexpensive computers rather using than a single machine with many cores. We are taking advantage of this paradigm by developing high-performance versions of select analytical solutions. Communities such as are key to providing computational advances in this area, which is why SAS collaborates with external researchers in addition to our own R&D staff. Surging interest in analytics requires new ways to convey these insights to laypeople. Business visualization displays analytics in compelling ways to a wider range of data consumers than ever before, because a picture can truly be worth a thousand words. Users across an organization can have a single, consolidated view and can also focus on views based on their roles. Within a business intelligence framework, these insights can be centrally and securely administered and then delivered to end users via the Web or even mobile devices. And using JMP® software from SAS, the visualization can be interactive and exploratory, so you can quickly get to the most important insights your data has to offer. Most experts estimate that 70 percent of data is in unstructured, nonnumeric format, so SAS has stepped up investment in our tools for text mining, content categorization and sentiment analysis. We have also combined techniques to solve specific business problems; for example, our new SAS® Analytics enables organizations to gain detailed insight into chatter across various social media sites and then attribute these threads to specific parts of their business. Our employees keep us abreast of these emerging trends so we can maintain our own competitive edge. In addition to participating in ongoing training and study, they attend conferences and are active in various professional organizations. For example, is president-elect of the and will be president-elect of the Association (ASA) in 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the capabilities of a Center of Excellence, the use of analytics, and trends in data processing and visualization, but does not mention plant-based diets or grocery store products. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Reports of it being without risk or side effects have suggested that the medication can be used by who happen to be bystanders positioned around the country with open arms and equipped with the life-saving antidote and unwavering willingness to assist doctors and reduce society concerns of opioid death. Caregivers must be educated about what to expect AFTER giving naloxone. . . sweating, goose-bumps, increased heart rate, agitation, withdrawal symptoms, and the lack of efficacy for overdoses of other medications that may be onboard including benzodiazepines, etc. It is also very important to remain aware that most opioids will last longer than naloxone-so good luck encouraging patients to head on down to the emergency room for additional doses of naloxone, and further care including management of withdrawal symptoms. Any physician, paramedic or researcher with experience injecting naloxone into an unconscious patient, unresponsive due to large doses of opioids on board, is well aware of dramatic increases in both blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) upon its pharmacological response. It is not surprising that rapid “withdrawal-like” symptomatology after IM or IV opioid antagonist treatment, including an unpleasant increase in severe anxiety, palpitations, and hypertensive changes will make this “marketed” and “inferred” safe and easy treatment a very difficult and even potentially dangerous situation for these non-medical professional bystanders who are only trying to help revive someone who may be unresponsive in their humble and untrained opinion. Safety and complications from treatment apparently are not being advertised as an issue with this newly marketed naloxone- injector according to evzio. com: “No clinically significant safety findings” “No serious adverse events” “No volunteer discontinuation or withdrawal” This is not really that surprising since “real- world- use” implies“ out of a hospital settings” with obvious reduced availability of heart rate or blood pressure monitoring devices or even medical professionals that could use them properly and death that occurred despite utilization of the naloxone-injector could be easily determined to be due to “late” administration of this anecdote. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses naloxone and its use in treating opioid overdoses, without any relation to horticulture or food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Spine 2016; 41:E449–58CrossrefPubMed93. . Regeneration of intervertebral disc tissue by resorbable cell-free polyglycolic acid-based implants in a rabbit model of disc degeneration. Spine 2008; 33:1527–32CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science94. . Antidegenerative effects of partial disc replacement in an animal surgery model. Spine 2007; 32:1586–91CrossrefPubMed95. . Osteogenic protein-1 injection into a degenerated disc induces the restoration of disc height and structural changes in the rabbit anular puncture model. Spine 2006; 31:742–54CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science96. . Intradiscal injections of osteogenic protein-1 restore the viscoelastic properties of degenerated intervertebral discs. 2006; 6:692–703CrossrefPubMed97. . Effects of controlled dynamic disc distraction on degenerated intervertebral discs: an in vivo study on the rabbit lumbar spine model. Spine 2005; 30:181–7CrossrefPubMed98. . Effects of growth differentiation factor-5 on the intervertebral disc: in vitro bovine study and in vivo rabbit disc degeneration model study. Spine 2006; 31:2909–17CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science99. Sudo H, Minami A. Caspase 3 as a therapeutic target for regulation of intervertebral disc degeneration in rabbits. 2011; 63:1648–57CrossrefPubMed100. Seki S, Asanuma-. Effect of small interference RNA (siRNA) for 5 on intervertebral disc degeneration in the rabbit anular needle-puncture model. Ther 2009; 11:R166CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science101. . Efficiency of dual siRNA-mediated gene therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). 2019; 19:896–904CrossrefPubMed102. . The efficacy of link N as a mediator of repair in a rabbit model of intervertebral disc degeneration. Ther 2011; 13:R120CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science103. . Short link N promotes disc repair in a rabbit model of disc degeneration. Ther 2018; 20:201CrossrefPubMed104. . ,. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies related to the regeneration of intervertebral discs, which are a crucial component of degenerative diseases. It lists multiple interventions using regenerative techniques and their effects on disc degeneration in rabbit models, suggesting that these advancements in regenerative medicine could provide new treatment options for conditions related to degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: India has one of the world’s highest proportions of plant-based consumers relative to its total population (Sawe). However, the view that India is a predominantly vegetarian nation is likely inaccurate, as recent findings from the 2014 indicate that only three in ten Indians self-identity as vegetarian (Census of India). Other studies similarly estimate the prevalence of vegetarianism to range from about 25% (Mintel Global) to about 40% (Euromonitor International; Statista, “Share”), and many Indians are shifting from strict plant-based diets to more flexible versions of plant-based eating (Food and of the United Nations). When it comes to meat eating, poultry is the most widely consumed (; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Some claim that the changing consumer landscape is also eroding traditional taboos associated with beef and buffalo meat consumption (Kala; Bansal), with many tending to underreport their meat consumption due to religious and cultural stigmas (Bansal). This change in food choices is driven by several factors, such as increasing urbanisation (Devi et al. ), rising disposable incomes (Devi et al. ; Rukhmini), globalisation, and cross-cultural influences (Majumdar; Sinha). Today, the urban middle-class is one of India’s fastest growing consumer segments (of the University of Pennsylvania), and the rise in the consumption of animal products is primarily occurring in urban India (Survey Office), making this an important market to investigate. From a global perspective, while many Western nations are increasingly adopting plant-based diets (Eswaran), the growth in meat consumption is predicted to mainly come from emerging markets (OECD/FAO) like India. With these points in mind, the purpose of this study was to explore contemporary eating practices in urban India and to understand how social structures, cultures, and traditions influence these practices. The findings indicate that the key reasons why many are transitioning away from plant-based diets are the rise of new and diverse meat-based foods in urban India, emerging tastes for meat-based cuisines, and meat becoming to be viewed as a status symbol. These factors are further elaborated upon in this 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the increasing trend of meat consumption in urban India, highlighting that many Indians are transitioning away from plant-based diets in favor of meat-based foods due to factors such as urbanization, disposable income, and new culinary influences. This suggests a shift away from plant-based eating, which is fundamentally at odds with the claim that plant-based diets significantly reduce one's carbon footprint.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: With drug companies downplaying any cardiovascular complications or even side effects being associated with naloxone, it will be interesting to watch for sympathomimetic-catecholinergic surge with a corresponding rapid pulse following naloxone administration. Myocardial Infarction/Stroke complications can and will occur-especially in patients with risk factors including smoking history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle (from their chronic pain) or hypertension, hyperlipidemia and tachycardia. The development of a severe hypertensive response after the administration of the opiate antagonist naloxone was evaluated in one study that characterized the potentially dangerous role of blocking or antagonizing opioids and the potential alteration in the regulation of blood pressure in patients. One individual studied showed significant mean arterial pressure changes with a rise from a baseline of 107 mmHg to 147 mmHg 145 min after naloxone injection and infusion. After stopping naloxone, his blood pressure rapidly returned to baseline. Thus, endogenous opioids appear to regulate blood pressure in some hypertensive patients and opiate antagonists must be administered with caution to these individuals [4]. It is shocking that despite evidence of cardiovascular side effects in studies, few warnings have been provided about untoward side effects that could manifest as dramatic changes in vital signs following administration by lay people. This is not the first time that naloxone has been suggested as a panacea. Since naloxone is needed as rapidly as possible in an operating room situation-intravenously use to reverse opioid overdose is the most preferred route. Over the years, countless researchers have tinkered with oral formulations for both treatment and reduction of associated opioid agonist complications. A slowed gastrointestinal- related complication has plagued man since the first use of opioid agonists, and continues to contribute to both the unpleasantness and even immobility of chronic pain patients. It is not uncommon for patients on large doses of chronic and powerful opioids to require multiple daily doses of stimulant cathartics and stool-softeners in an effort to have regular bowel functions. The ineffectiveness of laxatives to target the underlying cause of opioid-induced inhibition of gastric motility and the resulting chronic associated constipation have led to the development of treatments that utilize opioid receptor antagonists including naloxone and methylnaltrexone to target receptors in the gut preferentially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects and considerations surrounding the administration of naloxone in opioid overdose situations, including its potential cardiovascular complications, rather than anything related to horticulture or global food shortages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Anabolic effects of peniel 2000, a peptide that regulates TGF-β1 signaling on intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine 2013; 38:E49–58CrossrefPubMed105. . Resveratrol delivery by ultrasound-mediated nanobubbles targeting nucleus pulposus cells. Nanomedicine 2018; 13:1433–46CrossrefPubMed106. . Melatonin protects intervertebral disc from degeneration by improving cell survival and function via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway. 2019; 2019:5120275CrossrefPubMed107. . Thoracoscopic intradiscal spine fusion using a minimally invasive gene-therapy technique. J 2003; 85:866–71CrossrefPubMed108. Barczewska M, Jezierska-. Evaluation of regenerative processes in the pig model of intervertebral disc degeneration after transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. 2018; 56:124–32CrossrefPubMed109. . Disc cell therapy with bone-marrow-derived autologous mesenchymal stromal cells in a large porcine disc degeneration mode. J 2018; 27:2639–49CrossrefPubMed110. . Short-term follow-up of disc cell therapy in a porcine nucleotomy model with an albumin-hyaluronan hydrogel: in vivo and in vitro results of metabolic disc cell activity and implant distribution. J 2014; 23:1837–47CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science111. Acosta FL Jr. , -. Porcine intervertebral disc repair using allogeneic juvenile articular chondrocytes or mesenchymal stem cells. 2011; 17:3045–55CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science112. . Investigation of different cell types and gel carriers for cell-based intervertebral disc therapy, in vitro and in vivo studies. J 2012; 6:738–47CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science113. . Micro fragmented adipose tissue promotes the matrix synthesis function of nucleus pulposus cells and regenerates degenerated intervertebral disc in a pig model. 2020; 29:963689720905798CrossrefPubMed114. Sheyn D, Ben-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to studies and techniques that support the claim of regenerative medicine having the potential to revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. For example, it mentions 'transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells' and 'disc cell therapy with bone-marrow-derived autologous mesenchymal stromal cells,' both of which suggest innovative approaches within regenerative medicine aimed at addressing intervertebral disc degeneration. This implies that the mechanisms and therapies discussed could play a significant role in improving treatments for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: (Female, age 42)Smartphones and apps have also made access to new cuisines easier, and some participants have become accustomed to instant gratification, givendelivery boys who can satisfy your craving by delivering it to you … You order food from “Zomato” at twelve o’clock, one o’clock also. And order from “Sigree” in the morning also nowadays … more delivery options are there in India. (Male, age 30)This may also partially explain the growing popularity of fusion foods, which include meat-based variations of traditional plant-based dishes, such as meat-filled dosas and parathas. for Meat-based highlighted the sensory pleasure derived from meat eating itself, focusing on a broad range of sensory qualities:There’s the texture, there’s the smell, there’s aroma, there’s the taste itself … Now imagine if chicken or beef was as soft as paneer, we probably wouldn’t enjoy it as much. There’s a bit of that pull. (Female, age 32)Some discussed adopting a plant-based diet for health-related reasons but also highlighted that the experience, overall, was short of satisfactory:I was doing one week of GM Diet … one day it was full of fruits, then one day it was full of vegetables. And then in the third day, when it was actually the chicken part, frankly speaking even I enjoyed … you just cannot have veggies everyday. (Female, age 35)Only eating veg, I think my whole mouth was, I think gone bad. really wanted to have something … keema [minced meat]. (Female, age 38)Plant-based foods, in comparison to meat-based dishes, were described as “bland”, “boring”, and lacking in the “umami zing”. Even if cooked in the same spices, plant-based foods were still seen to be wanting:you have chicken curry and soya bean curry made from the same masala … but if you replace meat with some other substitutes, you’re gonna be able to tell the difference. . . the taste of meat, I feel, is better than the taste of a vegetable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the sensory enjoyment and satisfaction derived from meat consumption, as described by various individuals. Participants expressed that plant-based foods are often perceived as 'bland' and 'boring' and noted that even when seasoned similarly to meat dishes, a distinct difference in taste remains. The experiences shared suggest a reluctance to fully adopt a plant-based diet in favor of meat, which counteracts the notion that plant-based eating could be a preferred or sustainable choice for all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: Methylnaltrexone marketed under the name Relistor provides peripherally-acting-opioid antagonism that has the ability to reverse constipation in patients using opioid-agonists without affecting analgesia or even precipitating withdrawals. A permanently charged tetravalent nitrogen atom in its design prevents the crossing of the blood–brain barrier. This predominant antagonist effects counteracts troubling opioid-induced side effects such as itching and constipation, all while not minimizing opioid effects in the brain responsible for analgesia. is marketed as a prescription medication indicated for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) in patients with advanced illness who are receiving palliative care, when response to laxative therapy has not been sufficient. Use of beyond four months has not been studied. The usual dose schedule for is once every other day, as needed, but no more than once in a 24-hour period [5]. It has been suggested that naloxone, when given orally, has negligible bioavailability but may actually counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of opioid medications locally in the gut. Because of a sophisticated understanding of pharmacokinetic properties, naloxone activity in the gastrointestinal tract presumably occurs before almost complete metabolism by the liver to the medications necessary reduction to negligible drug activity in the System (CNS) where opioid (pain) receptors are located. Central effects of the oral naloxone are minimized by utilizing sparse doses that benefit colon transit time and minimize complications that would impair analgesia. Utilizing this research, a new modified-release combination product containing the strong opioid oxycodone plus the opioid antagonist naloxone is being researched for the treatment of “severe pain, which can be adequately managed only with opioid analgesics”. It is believed that this combination has unique characteristics that “naloxone is added to counteract opioid-induced constipation by blocking the action of oxycodone at opioid receptors locally in the gut”. If research proves claims of “superior GI [gastrointestinal] tolerability compared to previous treatment in a clinical practice study” to be accurate, it will be just a matter of time before more and diverse opioids will be reformulated with a combined agonist/antagonist formula [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical treatments related to opioid-induced constipation and pharmacological properties rather than addressing horticulture or its potential to solve food shortages. There is no mention of horticulture, food production, or global food issues in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Human iPSCs can be differentiated into notochordal cells that reduce intervertebral disc degeneration in a porcine model. Theranostics 2019; 9:7506–24CrossrefPubMed115. . Evaluation of thiol-modified hyaluronan and elastin-like polypeptide composite augmentation in early-stage disc degeneration: comparing 2 minimally invasive techniques. Spine 2012; 37:E1296–303CrossrefPubMed116. ühring T. Injection of a polymerized hyaluronic acid/collagen hydrogel matrix in an in vivo porcine disc degeneration model. J 2012; 21:1700–8CrossrefPubMed117. . The implantation of non-cell-based materials to prevent the recurrent disc herniation: an in vivo porcine model using quantitative discomanometry examination. J 2007; 16:1021–7CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science118. . Feasibility of the runt cow for in vivo testing of a spinal interbody prosthesis with preliminary results. J 2012; 25:112–22CrossrefPubMed119. . Are sheep spines a valid biomechanical model for human spines? Spine 1997; 22:2365–74CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science120. öder R, Mittlmeier T. Comparison between sheep and human cervical spines: an anatomic, radiographic, bone mineral density, and biomechanical study. Spine 2001; 26:1028–37CrossrefPubMed121. . Histological features of the degenerating intervertebral disc in a goat disc-injury model. Spine 2011; 36:1519–27CrossrefPubMed122. . Artificial cervical vertebra and intervertebral complex replacement through the anterior approach in animal model: a biomechanical and in vivo evaluation of a successful goat model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52910CrossrefPubMed123. . Reproducible long-term disc degeneration in a large animal model. Spine 2008; 33:949–54CrossrefPubMed124. . Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells promote healing in postero-lateral annular lesions and improve indices of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration in an ovine model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies and outcomes where regenerative medicine techniques, such as the use of human iPSCs and allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells, are applied to significantly reduce intervertebral disc degeneration. These findings suggest that regenerative medicine has the potential to profoundly influence treatments for degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: This is due to the lack of accessible and accurate data on water requirements and current sources of water used for irrigating crops in Qatar—or countries under similar pedoclimatic conditions—and emission factors from water desalination. Nevertheless, in order to show an example of how irrigation from desalted water would imply in terms of CO2 emissions, we can give a rough estimation of the emissions from irrigation with desalted water for cereal production in Qatar. Thus, considering an estimated emission factor of 2. 04 kg CO2 m−3 freshwater for desalted water (average value from different desalination processes from Liu et al. [79]) and an estimated required irrigation for cereals in Qatar of 1. 52 m3 Kg cereal−1,Footnote 1 around additional 3. 1 KgCO2 would be emitted per kilogram of cereal produced. Furthermore, considering the feed requirements of beef, and poultry meatFootnote 2 [81], 21. 7 and 6. 2 kg CO2 per kilogram of beef and poultry from desalted water would be emitted, respectively, if they were produced in Qatar. Currently agriculture in Qatar relies mainly on groundwater sources [82], extracting around 250 Mm3 per year, when the sustainable rate would be around only 60 Mm3 [34, 37], and leading to an impoverishment of the groundwater quality (e. g. increase in the salinity) [82, 83]. Therefore, additional regional production should be based on the use of non-groundwater sources (i. e. at this moment desalted seawater) [36]. Although in this study CO2 emissions from irrigation are not included in the calculations of the production of regional plant-based products and neither the emissions from feeding the livestock, these estimations could give an idea about the order of magnitude of the additional emissions that regional production would imply. For regional plant-based products, additional emissions from irrigation would be around one order of magnitude higher than those from the production, whereas for animal-based products these could be in the same order of magnitude. However, the energy losses due to the decrease in the energy use efficiency from feeding animals lead, in absolute numbers (i. e. emissions per kilogram of final product), to higher emissions from irrigation from animal products. Nevertheless, there could be lower-emission options to obtain water for irrigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed emissions data for crop irrigation and meat production in Qatar. It notes that while plant-based products may have lower emissions from irrigation compared to animal products, the overall emissions from animal-based products per kilogram tend to be higher due to energy losses from feeding animals. Specifically, it states that 'the energy losses due to the decrease in the energy use efficiency from feeding animals lead, in absolute numbers, to higher emissions from irrigation from animal products.' This information suggests that meat-heavy diets may contribute more significantly to carbon emissions than plant-based diets, which is in opposition to a straightforward reduction of carbon footprints implied by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horticulture can solve all global food shortages instantly. [SEP] Text: The marketing of oxycodone/naloxone tablets, and other fixed dose combination products including previously marketed pentazocine-naloxone and morphine/ naltrexone utilized agonist/antagonist has been attempted in an effort to prevent reactions from crushing or injecting these combination products. Naloxone was considered a wonderful deterrent to tampering with oral pain medications in an effort to prevent a patient from crushing and injecting an oral opioid with the hope of getting a “greater high or euphoria rush”. The providing of warnings by physicians and pharmacists were thought to reduce the incidence of severe and potentially lethal misuse-reactions. Unfortunately, the morphine/naltrexone formulation was withdrawn not due to any failure by the science of the formulation including any insignificant amount of sequestered naltrexone reaching systemic circulation, but because of reports of potentially fatal reaction upon patient tampering and the subsequent release of naltrexone blunting the euphoria of opioids and precipitating dangerous opioid withdrawal sequelae in opioid-dependent patient. Suboxone (buprenorphine and naloxone) has become a very popular treatment for opiate addiction and while abuse is still possible, it appears to have less euphoria and reduced analgesia effects compared with full-opioid agonists. Naltrexone basically has the same pharmacological effects as naloxone, but it is longer acting and does possess potent pharmacologic effects when used orally. Naltrexone is often utilized prophylactically to maintain abstinence from opioids and administered by specially trained medical supervision under anesthesia to provide rapid detoxification in addicted patients wishing to bypass the unpleasant withdrawal syndrome. Naltrexone for has not proven to be a breakthrough in allowing patients to remain free of opioids. Patients cannot be started on this preventative treatment until they have already been opioid free for at least a week due to its ability to precipitate an opioid withdrawal in opioid-tolerant patient. ® (naltrexone for extended-release injectable suspension) is a long-acting opioid antagonist that was approved by the FDA in 2006. It has been used as a treatment for alcohol dependence and to prevent relapse to opioid dependence after opioid detoxification. The recommended dose is 380 mg intramuscularly once a month. Due to its powerful antagonistic properties, its use does have potential dangerous consequences with its use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the use of opioid medications and their effects, focusing on naltrexone and naloxone in addiction treatment, with no mention of horticulture or global food shortages. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding horticulture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Regenerative medicine could revolutionize treatments for degenerative diseases. [SEP] Text: Spine 2016; 41:1331–9CrossrefPubMed125. -ärtl R. Mesenchymal stem cell-seeded high-density collagen gel for annular repair: 6-week results from in vivo sheep models. Neurosurgery 2019; 85:E350–E359CrossrefPubMed126. . Mesenchymal progenitor cells combined with pentosan polysulfate mediating disc regeneration at the time of microdiscectomy: a preliminary study in an ovine model. J 2014; 20:657–69CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science127. -. In vivo biofunctional evaluation of hydrogels for disc regeneration. J 2014; 23:19–26CrossrefPubMed128. ß é C. Enhancing tissue repair in annulus fibrosus defects of the intervertebral disc: analysis of a bio-integrative annulus implant in an in-vivo ovine model. J 2015; 9:405–14CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science129. . Small intestinal submucosa for anular defect closure: long-term response in an in vivo sheep model. Spine 2009; 34:1457–63CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. . BMP13 prevents the effects of annular injury in an ovine model. 2009; 5:388–96CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science131. -. BMP-2 and BMP-2/7 heterodimers conjugated to a fibrin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel in a large animal model of mild intervertebral disc degeneration. Access 2015; 4:398–406CrossrefPubMed132. . In vivo study of hydroxyapatite-coated hat type cervical intervertebral fusion cage combined with IGF-I and TGF-β1 in the goat model. Surg 2016; 29:E267–75CrossrefPubMed133. Wuisman PI, van Dijk M, Smit TH. Resorbable cages for spinal fusion: an experimental goat model. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:433–9PubMed134. . Evaluation of intervertebral disk degeneration in chondrodystrophic and nonchondrodystrophic dogs by use of Pfirrmann grading of images obtained with low-field magnetic resonance imaging. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim as it discusses several studies involving regenerative medicine techniques, such as mesenchymal stem cell-seeded collagen gels and BMP-2/7 heterodimers, aimed at treating degenerative conditions in animal models. This indicates that regenerative approaches are actively being researched and show potential in treating degenerative diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based eating can significantly reduce one's carbon footprint compared to meat-heavy diets. [SEP] Text: Considering the specific emission factor (Table 4) and distance by ship, around 0. 33 KgCO2 per kilogram of transported product would be emitted. That means, for feeding regional livestock in Qatar emissions from the transportation of feed would be around 2. 31 and 0. 66 kg CO2 kg−1 for beef and poultry meat produced in Qatar, respectively. However, if the meat was not produced in Qatar but directly in the US and then imported to Qatar the emissions from transportation would be reduced to 0. 33 kg CO2 kg product−1, in the case that they were transported by ship. However, fodder production in Qatar could be increased and CO2 emissions from irrigation decreased by implementing Effluent (TSE) facilities. In this line, Qatar has increased green fodder cultivated areas by combining groundwater and TSE more than three times in 11 years (2001–2012) reaching 5183 ha, whereas the area irrigated with only TSE sources was around 1520 ha in the year 2012 [86]. This increase in the use of TSE technologies would decrease the emissions associated to the regional food production, making the imports less sustainable in terms of GHG emissions and preserving groundwater sources [40, 86]. Decreasing the CO 2 footprint by shifting diets in Qatar a. Animal productsDue to the water scarcity, very high insolation and poor soils that characterize arid areas only very specific products can be produced regionally in a traditional way (e. g. dates [95] or camels [96]), although in the recent years new organic farms practicing greenhouse production have appeared. In general, organic livestock farming is carried out extensively, based on grazing (permanent grasslands, natural pastures, specific rotations…) and, therefore, in Qatar only conventional livestock farming can be implemented, as it can be carried out indoors by maintaining specific climatic conditions and by feeding partially the livestock with imports [97]. However, this leads to a high increase in the CO2 footprint compared to the animal products produced in temperate areas. In this sense, it is very important to highlight that, due to the lack of studies and data, the emission intensities from livestock come from LCA estimations from temperate areas and, therefore, they do not take into account the specificities of the livestock farming in Qatar (e. g. extra water and energy consumption) [97]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that livestock farming in Qatar results in a high CO2 footprint compared to animal products produced in temperate areas. It indicates that the specific conditions for livestock farming in Qatar contribute to increased emissions, suggesting that a meat-heavy diet would have a higher carbon footprint in this context. Additionally, it mentions challenges in producing animal products sustainably in arid regions, emphasizing that reducing emissions would require shifting diets away from animal products, thereby supporting the idea that plant-based eating could be a more effective way to lower the carbon footprint.