Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The second target compound pterostilbene, which has been shown to have health benefits such as lowering cholesterol and glucose levels [22], can be synthesized in Escherichia coli through the identified optimal pathway, which consists of four enzymatic conversions starting with the native compound tyrosine, or the level one sub-optimal pathway, which has five enzymatic conversions starting with phenylalanine (Fig. 2b). A second level sub-optimal pathway could not be identified for this compound. Theoretical yields were predicted using RetSynth’s FBA module to be 0. 24 and 0. 02 (mol/mol of glucose) for methyl acetate and pterostilbene, respectively. These compounds are just two examples of the 3462 compounds that we were able to quickly and efficiently discover optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Fig. 2Optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways identified by RetSynth for methyl acetate (a), and pterostilbene (b). Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image Of the 3462 targets, 513 compounds had optimal and sub-optimal level one and two pathways, 1125 compounds had optimal and sub-optimal level one pathways, and for the remaining 1824 compounds only had optimal pathways. The average number of pathways identified for a compound was 7 and the average time it took to calculate all pathways for a compound was 8 minutes (Fig. 3). Some compounds significantly exceeded the average time, which is due to the process of eliminating cyclic pathways. When a cyclic pathway is identified, constraints must be added to the MILP to prevent the pathway from being identified as a viable route to production (Additional file 1). The MILP is then resolved to calculate an alternative pathway. Thus, compounds with multiple cyclic pathways dramatically increase the time required to find optimal routes to production. Fig. 3Optimal and sub-optimal pathways. Number of pathways versus time for each target compound. Red dashed lines indicate the averages on the Y and X axis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Escherichia coli is utilized in synthetic biology to synthesize compounds such as pterostilbene and methyl acetate. It specifically mentions the identification of optimal and sub-optimal pathways for synthesizing these compounds within E. coli, thereby supporting the notion that chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly employed in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: In section four, taking the model as my basis, I highlight concerns with analogous arguments regarding the banning of violent video games. In section five I critically engage with arguments in favour of banning violence towards social robots in light of other socially permitted forms of violent behaviour. In section six, I consider and reject the argument, again analogous to one found in the video game literature, that permitting the harming of social robots might see them become a training ground for violent behaviour, making the harming of humans of other living entities easier for humans to carry out. In section seven, I engage with the argument that the harming of social robots should be banned as we must protect individuals, particularly children, from the harmful effects of seeing such violence. I argue that this argument is not compelling. conclude that, given existing evidence, the argument provides little reason to support the push for extending either moral or legal protective rights to social robots. 2 Violence: Animals, Humans, Social RobotsIn her (2016), Darling proposes that we might call for protective rights for social robots for instrumental reasons, to discourage behaviour that may be harmful in other contexts. Levy (2009) also argues for robot rights on the basis that there is an effect of our treatment of robots on how we treat one another. Darling cites Kant’s objection to cruelty to animals in defence of her stance against abusive behaviour towards social robots. philosophical argument for preventing cruelty to animals is that our actions towards non-humans reflect our morality—if we treat animals in inhumane ways we become inhumane persons. (2016: 232) Or, as Kant himself put it: If a man shoots his dog because the animal is no longer capable of service, he does not fail in his duty to the dog, for the dog cannot judge, but his act is inhuman and damages in himself that humanity which it is his duty to show towards mankind. If he is not to stifle his human feelings, he must practice kindness towards animals, for he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in his dealings with men. ’ (Kant p. 240, 1997). Kant judged that animals were not moral entities. However, in his view, the damage that we do to animals is a damage to ourselves. Practicing cruelty towards animals leads to humans acting cruelly towards other humans. In support of this claim in a modern setting, Darling cites as evidence abuse reporting laws in many U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the lack of compelling arguments for extending moral or legal rights to social robots. It indicates that existing evidence does not support the push for protective rights for social robots, as noted in the conclusion stating that the argument provides little reason for this extension of rights. The discussion around the philosophical arguments, particularly the comparison to animal rights and Kant's views on cruelty, serves to illustrate that while there are arguments suggesting the importance of treating social robots with care, the text ultimately rejects the idea that robots are on the verge of demanding rights akin to humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Finally, learning context sequence feature information from both positive and negative directions through bidirectional input, and implementing log anomaly detection and diagnosis based on the results of context sequence feature information. The experimental results show that the accuracy of log anomaly detection in this method can reach 98. 6%, the time required for log anomaly detection can reach 1. 1 s, and the recall rate for log anomaly detection is 96. 8%. The log anomaly detection effect is good. Keywords: deep learning; one hot encoding; context sequence features; log exception. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062017 Classification and retrieval method of personal health data based on differential privacy by Guanpeng Xu, Abstract: Research on personal health data classification and retrieval methods can improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical decision-making, promoting the development of personalised medicine. To overcome the issues of low accuracy, long retrieval time, and low satisfaction in traditional methods, a classification and retrieval method of personal health data based on differential privacy is proposed. The method involves encrypting personal health data using linear regression model and differential privacy, constructing a classification objective function through integrated manifold learning to classify the encrypted results of personal health data. Binary hash codes are used to retrieve the classification results, and the decrypted retrieval results are provided to users for personal health data classification and retrieval. The experimental results demonstrate that this method achieves a maximum accuracy of 96. 8% in personal health data classification and retrieval, with a minimum retrieval time of 20 ms and an average satisfaction of 97. 1% for the retrieval results. Keywords: differential privacy; personal health data; classification and retrieval; linear regression model; encrypted results; binary hash code. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062018 Prediction method of commercial customers' mental health based on data mining by Yanhua Shen, Abstract: For commercial customer management, mental health prediction is crucial, therefore, a data mining based method for predicting the mental health of commercial customers is proposed. Firstly, the K-means algorithm is used to mine and process the psychological health test data of commercial customers. Secondly, develop a program for evaluating the psychological health of commercial customers, construct a judgment matrix, and calculate weight coefficients to obtain the evaluation results of the psychological health level of commercial customers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses various methods and results related to log anomaly detection, personal health data classification, and predicting the mental health of commercial customers. It does not mention genes or their functions at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The design flow for this software follows three main steps: 1) generation of a metabolic database filled with stoichiometrically balanced reactions from four metabolic repositories ((Enzyme and Metabolic Pathways), MetaCyc, UM-BBD (University of Minnesota Biocatalyst/Biodegradation database), 2) calculation of the maximum theoretical yield of the target compound with no restriction on whether native or non-native reactions are used, and 3) identification of the pathway that minimizes the number of non-native reactions and maximizes theoretical yield. Additionally, OptStrain identifies alternative pathways that meet both the criteria of minimization of non-native reactions and maximum theoretical yield. Because the software is no longer supported, a direct comparison to RetSynth could not be performed. However, there are numerous key differences between the two software. RetSynth allows the user direct control of the pathways they identify, specifically the level of sub-optimal pathways to find, and does not directly tie them to the yield of the target compound which ultimately results in a more comprehensive list of synthetic pathways to evaluate. The user also has more ability to add a variety of different types of reactions and compounds to the RetSynth database, including those from the literature that are not yet in a repository, as well as chemical reactions. Integrating chemical reactions into the database permits the user to also identify hybrid (containing both biological and chemical reactions) pathways. Because all targets cannot be produced biologically, this gives the user more pathways than would have otherwise be achieved using OptStrain. Additionally, the overall usability of RetSynth far surpasses OptStrain’s, primarily because RetSynth has an easy-to-use graphical user interface and is a stand-alone software package, precluding the need for any knowledge of programming or command-line usage. Overall, these features of RetSynth result in a more comprehensive and functional tool than what OptStrain currently provides. GEM-PathThe GEM-Path algorithm uses several different techniques to design pathways for target compound production in a chassis organism [6]. This algorithm specifically uses 443 reactions that were pulled from and KEGG repositories to identify pathways in Escherichia coli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of the GEM-Path algorithm to design pathways for target compound production specifically in a chassis organism, Escherichia coli. This directly supports the notion that E. coli, as a chassis organism, is involved in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: states that recognise that there is some correlation between non-empathic behaviours. Footnote 14 The reporting laws show, in particular, that animal abuse and child abuse are frequently linked. However, although it may well be that those who mistreat animals are also prone to mistreat humans we need to be cautious about the conclusions that we draw here. For, as Hume taught us, correlation is not causation. Footnote 15 We may have evidence for the claim that people who are inclined to harm animals are also inclined to harm humans but this does not support the claim that cruel behaviour towards animals leads to, causes or increases cruel behaviour towards humans. Neither does it support Kant’s claim that cruelty to animals has stifled the agent’s humanity. And if a correlation is to be found, it is equally plausibly because there is some further fact or collection of facts about the people under consideration that explains their tendency to harm living things—human or otherwise. That is, a tendency towards aggressive behaviour may show itself in many ways. It is perhaps the case that picking up on or punishing the harming of any living thing might be a deterrent to future harms, so picking up on the harming of an animal might prevent the future harming of a human, but it also could just as easily be the other way around—picking up on the harming of a human might prevent the future harming of an animal. So there is no basis here for the specific claim that allowing harm to animals enables harm to humans. Darling’s analogous argument, that the harming of social robots could lead to the harming of living things, is even more difficult to justify. As we noted above, the case can receive little support from evidence of correlation and, in this situation, there is the additional hurdle of the gap between social robots and living things as moral entities. In particular, we believe that animals’ pain behaviour is caused by their feeling pain, but we do not believe this of the pain-like behaviour of social robots. In fact we explicitly believe that such behaviour is not caused by the social robot feeling pain. Kant’s claim was one of desensitisation—through our poor behaviour towards one category of entity that displays pain behaviour, we become desensitised to causing pain behaviour more generally. A related argument pushed by Darling, and also by Levy, is that by allowing or displaying poor behaviour that elicits a pain response, we are setting a bad example for others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the argument that harming social robots does not have the same moral implications as harming living beings. It elaborates on how the behavior of social robots differs from that of sentient beings and questions the justification for considering the pain-like behavior of robots as equivalent to that of animals or humans. The points made about the gap between social robots and living beings as moral entities directly challenge the notion that robots are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Finally, based on the evaluation results of mental health level as input and the predicted results of mental health, a BP neural network is used to build a commercial customer mental health prediction model. The experimental data shows that after the proposed method is applied, the mining results of commercial customers’ mental Health data are consistent with the actual results, and the minimum error of commercial customers’ mental health prediction is 0. 4%. Keywords: commercial customers; mental health; enterprise development; data mining technology; prediction model construction. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062484 Longitudinal analysis for predicting amino acid changes in HIV-1 using association rule mining by Mounira Lakab, Abstract: The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a great challenges for humanity. HIV is characterised by high mutational rate, resulting into pathogenic variants that promotes the escape of immune response. In order to understand the correlations between amino acid mutations of the virus and quantify the evolutionary in HIV. We present a novel approach based on association rule mining (ARM) from protein sequence data taken at different time points. In this study, a longitudinal association rule mining (LARM) algorithm has been proposed. We collected the entire genome of 100 untreated HIV-1 infected patients over 3-5 years of infection, with 6-10 longitudinal samples per patient. We used the intra-patient search interface. Our experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed method in discovering major amino acid changes in comparison with the temporal analysis. Keywords: association rule mining; longitudinal data; HIV-1; mutation; amino acid; data mining. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10062519 An advanced approach for DNA sequencing and similarities analysis on the basis of groupings of nucleotide bases by : In order to seamlessly identify the links between various DNA sequences on a broad scale, DNA sequencing is a crucial tool. But there are still more potential for advancement in sequencing quality. A highly well-liked method for determining sequence similarities is the alignment-free technique. As per their chemical characteristics, the four bases of DNA sequences A, C, G, and T are separated in three types of groupings in this research. A primary DNA sequence is transformed into three symbolic sequences. In order to depict the sequence, the frequencies of group variations of three notational sequences have been aggregated in a 12-component vector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on technical methodologies related to data mining, prediction models, and DNA sequencing without directly addressing the state of knowledge regarding gene functions. As such, it does not provide any information that supports or contradicts the claim that every gene's function is already fully understood, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655Full size image RetSynth and RetroPath were able to identify 3 pathways for production of 2-propanol in Escherichia coli (Fig. 6a). Pathways identified by the tools consisted of 1) the conversion of native compound farnesyl diphosphate to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions, 2) the conversion of native compound acetoacetate to 2-propanol in 2 enzymatic conversions, and 3) the conversion of methylglyoxal to 2-propanol in 3 enzymatic conversions. Both tools were also able to find synthetic pathways for 2-methylbutanal (Fig. 2b). RetSynth was able to find 3 pathways, all of which contained 2 enzymatic steps. All pathways produce the intermediate 3-methy-2-oxopentanoate (which is subsequently converted to 2-methylbutanal) from 3 different native compounds including 2-methylbutanoyl CoA, isoleucine and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate. RetroPath was only able to identify one pathway which was the conversions of isoleucine to 3-methyl-2-oxopentanoate and then to 2-methylbutanal. Finally, for isobutanol 3 pathways of almost identical enzymatic conversions were found by RetroPath and RetSynth (Fig. 6c). Both identified the 3-step pathway which takes valine and produces isobutanol as well as a 2-step pathway which takes 3-methyl-2 oxobutanoate and produces isobutanol. The final pathway of 3 enzymatic conversion steps starts again with native compound 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate and transforms it into isobutanoyl-CoA and then into isobutanal and subsequently isobutanol. The second step is catalyzed by EC 1. 2. 1. 10 in RetSynth and EC 3. 6. 1. - in RetroPath2. 0. The removal of CoA from a substrate is represented by a general reaction in RetroPath and therefore the corresponding enzyme is less specific than what is given by RetSynth. Overall RetSynth was able to identify pathways for a larger set of compounds than RetroPath. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating the application of Escherichia coli in synthetic biology, specifically through the identification of multiple metabolic pathways for the production of compounds like 2-propanol and isobutanol. These pathways demonstrate how E. coli is utilized as a chassis organism in synthetic biology research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: puts it, If our children see it as acceptable behaviour for their parents to scream and shout at a robot or to hit it, then, despite the fact that we can program robots to feel no such pain or unhappiness, our children might well come to accept that such behaviour is acceptable in the treatment of human beings. (2009: 214) But whether or not Levy and Darling’s points of desensitisation and behaviour modelling ring true depends on how we conceive of social robots and on how we see them fitting into our society. If children see their parents shouting at or hitting the laptop in frustration when it crashes (again) we need not conclude that they will then believe that such behaviour is acceptable in the treatment of humans—nor are we likely to call for rights for inanimate objects on that basis. In order for us to move from the belief that the mistreatment of social robots is morally or socially acceptable to the conclusion that the mistreatment of human beings is likewise acceptable, we must have a view of social robots that categorises them on at least some parameters alongside human beings. Footnote 16 Darling’s argument receives some support from the fact that she, along side many others, supports a domesticated animal view of social robots. Footnote 17 According to this view, we should consider our relationship with social robots as analogous to our relationship with domesticated animals. If we do this, the case for extending rights to social robots does look stronger. However, it is far from clear that such an analogy is the right one. 3 of Social RobotsIt seems incontrovertible that we can feel emotionally attached to social robots and may experience empathy when we see them being harmed. But how we frame that attachment will have an impact on the social and moral significance of our responses. Footnote 18 The most common framing in the literature draws on our relationships with animals. This does appear initially plausible. The attachment of the soldier to his landmine social robot may appear to him to be like the attachment that he has felt for animals that he has worked with in the line of duty. Similarly, the response that we have when the Roomba is stuck under the sofa may appear to us to be very similar to the response that we had when our gerbil was stuck in its running tube. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that children's behavior towards robots influenced by their parents does not necessarily lead to the conclusion that robots are entitled to rights or equal treatment. It emphasizes that we must first conceive social robots in a way that recognizes them alongside humans in certain parameters to argue for their rights. Additionally, the analogy between our relationships with robots and domesticated animals, while presented as a supporting view, is also questioned. This indicates skepticism about the validity of equating social robots' treatment with that of humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Divya Abstract: Lung cancer is one type of cancer that develops in the lungs. Early identification of lung cancer symptoms may lead to a successful treatment. The dataset indicates the presence of duplicate characteristics, as well as an imbalanced classification, making lung cancer classification a challenging task. This study presents a novel approach that combines the with the standard random forest (ASRF) model to enhance the efficacy of lung cancer dataset identification. The ASRF, as described, offers interpretable outcomes by using feature significance, hence providing significant insights into the aspects that contribute to judgments on the classification of lung cancer. The classification algorithm is used to ascertain the existence or absence of lung cancer in a certain patient. When comparing the proposed ASRF with the current and GB, compared to other existing methods, the ASRF technique achieved 93. 5% precision, 94. 7% recall, 94. 1% F-measure, and 94% accuracy. Keywords: lung cancer; LC; MLP; support vector machine; SVM; GB. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10065391 Modified VGG-16 model for COVID-19 chest X-ray images: optimal binary severity assessment by Abstract: A pandemic caused by a virus known as COVID-19 has swept across the globe. One potential weapon in the fight against COVID-19 could be early detection through the use of chest X-ray images. In this paper, I have used modified VGG-16 deep learning model for binary classification of COVID-19 chest X-ray images. There are 16 weight layers in the standard VGG-16 model. In the suggested modified VGG model, the total number of weight layers has been reduced from 16 to 9 (eight convolutional layers and one fully connected layer). According to the results, the modified VGG-16 model performs better than the other three models (and VGG-16) in terms of quantitative measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The dataset used for the proposed work consists of 24,000 chest X-ray images of lung collected from online depository comprising of 12,000 for each class (healthy and pneumonia). Keywords: deep learning; classification; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; modified VGG-16. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses lung cancer classification and the modified VGG-16 model for COVID-19 chest X-ray images, without addressing the understanding of gene functions. There is no information related to genes or their functions in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: The effect of metabolic stress on genome stability of a synthetic biology chassis Escherichia coli K12 strain access Published: 22 January 2018 The effect of metabolic stress on genome stability of a synthetic biology chassis Escherichia coli K12 strain Jillian M. Couto1, Anne McGarrity1, Julie Russell1 & …William T. Sloan1 Show authors Factories 1655. We estimated mutation rates and utilised them as indicators of an increase in genome instability. We show that within 24 h the spontaneous mutation rate had increased similarly in both strains, destabilizing the genomes. High rates were maintained for the duration of the experiment. Growth rates of a cohort of randomly sampled mutants from both strains were utilized as a proxy for emerging phenotypic, and by association genetic variation. Mutant growth rates were consistently less than rates in non-mutants, an indicator of reduced fitness and the presence of mildly deleterious mutations in both the strains. In addition, the effect of these mutations on the populations as a whole varied by strain. ConclusionsOverall, this study shows that genome reductions in the MDS42 did not stabilize the chassis under metabolic stress. Over time, this could compromise the effectiveness of synthetic organisms built on chassis in environmental applications. BackgroundSynthetic biology combines advanced molecular and systems biology techniques with principles of engineering design [1, 2]. This field of study is currently designing modified microorganisms, with novel and increasingly sophisticated synthetic biochemical pathways, that have the potential to deliver solutions to some of the world’s most pressing problems in healthcare, energy and the environment [3,4,5]. For synthetic biology to gain traction it has been necessary to improve and streamline the basic technologies at the heart of the discipline. Thus, there has been a focus on standardization of all of the biological parts in the synthetic biological system. This extends all the way to the genomes of the organisms intended to house the synthetic gene circuits, so reduced or “clean” genome chassis have so far been developed for common lab strains of Escherichia coli [6, 7], Pseudomonas putida [8, 9] and Bacillus subtilis [10]. Scaling-up and placing these engineered organisms in robust biotechnologies is a challenge synthetic biologists are increasingly being forced to confront as the discipline matures [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and use of Escherichia coli as a chassis organism in synthetic biology. It mentions the focus on standardization of biological parts and the creation of modified microorganisms designed to solve various problems. Additionally, Escherichia coli is specifically noted as a common lab strain developed for synthetic biology applications, supporting the assertion that such chassis organisms are prevalent in the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: However, from the observation that the emotional responses feel the same to us, we need not conclude that the objects, the animals and the social robots, have the same significance for us or deserve the same rights. and Verdicchio put it, while acknowledging an apparent similarity in our emotional response to social robots and animals, “[…] whether this capacity to elicit anthropomorphization and attachment is sufficient to justify using one type of entity as a model for treatment of the other is quite a different matter. ” (2018: 293). (2021), I proposed a theory of the metaphysics of social robots that provides an alternative framework for understanding our relationship with them. Rather than thinking of social robots as analogous to animals in our environment, we are to think of them as mechanical objects with fictional overlays. This dualist framework allows us to agree that on the one hand, the object—the Roomba, PARO, the land mine robot—is simply a mechanical device or tool, whilst accommodating the fact that certain features of the robot—the way it moves, its cosmetic design, the way it communicates—encourage us not simply to anthropomorphise but to engage in character creation. When we interact with a social robot, we interact with an embodied fictional character. And that is a new experience for us. The base for our engagement is depicted for us, sometimes intentionally other times not, by the creators—in the Roomba and landmine robot it is there in the object’s autonomous movements, in PARO it is in a more sophisticated combination of movement, look, feel and sounds. But the character itself, imaginations of Roomba’s aims, developments of PARO’s nature as a being, we build in our minds. Through our engagement with the social robot, and as a result of its anthropomorphism, we create for it both a fictional character and a fictional mental life which become part of the robot in our thinking. Footnote 19 If we talk to Roomba it is because it has a fictional overlay that would welcome our conversation. If we feel pity when Roomba gets stuck it is because it has a fictional overlay that has needs and desires that are being frustrated. A social robot that displays pain behaviour, fear behaviour or aggressive behaviour can encourage an emotional response in us in large part because it has gained a character with a psychological life in our mind. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that while social robots may elicit emotional responses similar to those associated with animals, this does not necessarily imply that they deserve the same rights or treatment. It suggests that social robots should be considered as mechanical devices with fictional overlays rather than as beings entitled to equal treatment. The assertion emphasizes a distinction between our emotional engagement with robots and the philosophical implications of rights, stating that anthropomorphizing robots does not equate to deserving equal rights.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: 89% sensitivity, 91. 50% specificity, 94. 25% precision and 92. 51% F1-score. This proposed method offers an optimised workflow for fast and correct segmentation of tumour tissues in most early cancer diagnoses. Keywords: image processing; deep learning; suppressed segmentation framework; SSF; hyperspectral image processing; HSIP; earlier cancer detection; traditional imaging techniques; hyperspectral imaging; hierarchical segmentation. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066121 Age invariant face recognition method based on enhanced convolutional neural network by Abstract: Research on anti age invariant face recognition can not only improve the robustness of facial recognition systems, but also provide guidance for the development and application of facial recognition technology. Aiming at the problems of low peak signal-to-noise ratio, low recognition accuracy and long recognition time of traditional anti-age invariant face recognition methods, an age invariant face recognition method based on enhanced convolutional neural network is proposed. The captured images are enhanced using a bilateral filtering algorithm. The SURF algorithm is employed to extract facial features and remove age-related interference features, completing the selection of facial image features. These selected features are then inputted into the enhanced CNN to obtain the age invariant face recognition results. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves a maximum image peak signal-to-noise ratio of 56. 85dB,varying recognition accuracy in the range of 96. 1% to 97. 6%,and a maximum recognition time of 78. 96ms Keywords: enhanced convolutional neural network; age invariant; face recognition; bilateral filtering algorithm; SURF algorithm. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066150 Dual pipeline technique for detecting sepsis from photoplethysmography by : The goal of this work is to improve the performance of sepsis-detection in photoplethysmography (PPG) data. To achieve this goal, we present a hybrid technique for classifying sepsis in PPG data based on confident learning (CL) with noisy data. The technique presented in this study employs CL to improve the accuracy and reliability of the machine learning models, as it takes into account the uncertainty associated with each prediction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methodologies related to image processing, face recognition, and sepsis detection, but does not address the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In highly controlled laboratory conditions it has been shown that reduced genome chassis can help with this transition [12, 13] in two respects. First, a reduced genome eases the metabolic burden of both replicating and expressing a large number of genes thus allowing more energy to be directed towards endogenous gene expression [6, 7, 9, 14,15,16]. Second, by deleting mobile genetic elements, the genome becomes more stable and reproducible, with a reduced likelihood of both mobile-element driven mutagenesis and unwanted byproducts [7, 15]. The benefits of reduced genomes were conceived of with highly controllable white-biotechnologies in mind [12, 13]. However, it remains a moot point as to whether these benefits hold in biotechnologies that routinely experience external perturbations. So, for example, in bioenergy, environmental sensing or resource recovery from waste products it would be naive to expect these engineered organisms to live stress-free. This begs the question; does reducing a genome remain beneficial in the face of, inevitable, environmental stress? Whilst a myriad of different environmental stressors exist, here we take one by way of an example: starvation. Engineered microorganisms deployed in the environment, in for example, a sensing device would need to ‘live off the land”. Almost all environmental bacterial, almost all of the time, live in oligotrophic conditions; typical carbon concentration of 1–5 mg/L as compared to more-than 2 g/L in typical lab media [17, 18]. These long periods of starvation equate to chronic metabolic stress [18, 19]. In lab studies and in natural microbial populations, starvation causes a decrease in growth rate and an increase in transient mutation rates termed “stress-induced mutagenesis” [20,21,22]. This phenomenon can promote the emergence of hypermutable subpopulations, which can become temporarily advantageous and contribute to persistence of the entire population [22, 23]. However, for a population of engineered organisms with reduced genomes that are intended to remain stable and perform reliably in a biotechnology, the rapid emergence of mutants introduces an element of unwanted unpredictability, where the resultant loss or gain of function could ultimately compromise the technology. In this study, the E. coli reduced genome strain MDS42 was used as an example of a chassis that was engineered for stability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing E. coli as an example of a chassis organism engineered for stability in synthetic biology. It highlights how a reduced genome strain of E. coli (MDS42) has been developed specifically for use in biotechnologies, indicating its application in the context of synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: The anthropomorphism of social robots is to be understood, not as our classifying the social robot as animal-like, but as the creation of a fictional character. This framework moves us away from the temptation to equate our emotional response and its social significance with that of our relationship with animals and instead to consider the social significance of our emotional response to fiction. We have some experience of bringing our rationality to bear on our emotions in the area of fiction. Skilled authors, directors, musicians and poets can draw characters and scenarios that evoke in us high levels of empathy and emotion. We can feel devastated when a character whom we are invested in dies or is hurt. We feel fearful for them when they seem to be in danger. The feelings can be incredibly strong and often generalises—a cinema full of people can be in a collective state of devastation after watching a particularly emotive scene. What is relevant to our considerations here is what happens after the movie has ended. We may leave the cinema with tears on our faces but minutes later we can be laughing the experience off, often surprised by the strength of our emotional reaction as it was. It is true that some characters linger with us and we seem to take them into our lives almost as we would a friend. But even in those cases we would stop short of making any life decisions based on our empathy for a fictional character. Likewise with regards to social robots, although research might show that Darling is correct in claiming that “the line between lifelike and alive is muddled in our subconscious when interacting with something physically”, it is doubtful that the research evidences long-term emotional effects of viewing the damage of social robots. We can experience the emotional effects of watching a movie but they do not linger with us into our day-to-day life because we know that the pain that we see is affected, not real. Similarly, we can find it immediately distressing to watch a social robot being damaged and feigning pain through its behaviour but the distress does not linger with us in the way that witnessing the harm of a living thing would. 4 Dualism model does not in itself determine an answer to the question of whether social robots are to be granted rights in order to protect the morality of society. But it might show that we are looking in the wrong place if we consider our relationship with domesticated animals to be our guide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the distinction between our emotional responses to social robots and living beings. It suggests that while we may feel empathy towards fictional characters or social robots, this emotional response does not equate to demanding equal treatment or rights for robots. The author argues that the emotional effects we experience regarding social robots do not have long-term implications in our daily lives, stating, 'the distress does not linger with us in the way that witnessing the harm of a living thing would.' This indicates a skepticism towards advancing robot rights based on our emotional reactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: November 4, 2019 Legumes can help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa Nutrient-poor soils in Africa is a pressing issue. As a result, many people in the African continent suffer from nutrient deficiency due to not being able to access nutritious foods. This is what makes the work of D. Dakora of of Technology so important. His pioneering research into finding foods that will enable increased nutrient consumption in the diet, and his work demonstrating that the application of nitrates, typically found in fertilisers, can actually decrease the amount of trace elements in certain foods, is of vital importance for Africa’s rural populations. Nutrient deficiency is a major health problem on a global scale, and nowhere is this issue more apparent than in Africa. Due to the inherently low concentration of nutrients in African soils, exacerbated by the common practice of cultivating crops without fertilisers, and the removal of left-over crop residues after grain harvest, nutrient deficiency is a serious problem in the continent. This is where the work of Dakora and his at the of Technology comes into play. Dakora is at the forefront of researching solutions that ensure people receive enough trace elements in their diets. Funded by the Bill and Foundation, the Foundation of South Africa, the in Agrochemurgy and Plant Symbioses, and the of Technology, Pretoria, Dakora is well placed to conduct this research. Legumes are a type of flowering plant that have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil. A background to the problem Due to the inherently low levels of nutrients in African soils, approximately 232 million people suffer from trace element deficiency in the African continent. Examples of common nutrients that people are deficient in include iron, zinc, selenium and iodine. Trace elements are chemical elements present only in minute amounts in soil and have a relatively low presence in foods. Despite being found in low levels, these trace elements are nonetheless important. In small doses, they are vital for brain development and are purported to reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders and age-related degenerative diseases. Their deficiency can also lead to stunted growth, a critical issue when considering that many children suffer from trace element deficiency in Africa. Africa, the problem is so severe that there is now a policy of supplementing food materials for children with trace elements such as iron, zinc and selenium in order to meet the dietary requirements recommended by the Organization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the issue of nutrient deficiency in Africa and the work of D. Dakora in addressing this problem through legumes and trace elements, without any reference to bioinformatics or genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: It was created by systematically deleting non-essential genes, mobile DNA elements and cryptic prophages from the MG1655 strain, while retaining optimal growth properties, and has been described and extensively characterized elsewhere [6, 7, 15, 24]. Its genome is 14. 30% smaller than MG1655 and has lost, inter alia, all insertion sequence (IS) elements [6]. A fluctuation analysis showed that the spontaneous background mutation rate was 2. 4-fold lower in the MDS42 strain than in the parent MG1655 strain, evidence in support of this engineered stability [6]. We questioned whether targeted genome reductions that promote stability would offer an advantage over a non-reduced genome in a stressed environment. Concordant with ‘streamlining theory’ (for example: [25]), a reduced genome increases the efficiency of a microorganism, enabling it to persist in a depleted environment. This ability to persist despite limited resources could translate into reduced instances of stress-induced mutagenesis. In contrast, genome reductions might eliminate compensatory pathways, increasing the overall effect of mutations on the organism’s genome. To test our hypothesis, we grew and maintained populations of both the reduced-genome (MDS42) and their parent strain (MG1655) under sustained metabolic stress while we quantified and compared mutation rates and their effect on fitness and stability. Triplicate chemostats were utilized, which enabled us to simulate sustained starvation conditions via glucose-limitation [26,27,28] over a period of 21 days (504 h or 73 generations). Importantly, it is thought that steady state growth, only achievable in chemostats, is closer to the state in which microbes grow in their natural environment [29]. Therefore we grew and maintained steady populations of E. coli K12 multiple deletion series (MDS) strain MDS42 [6]. Then, in identical conditions, we grew and maintained steady populations of the parent K12 MG1655 strain, which served as a control. We quantified spontaneous mutation accumulation in both sets of populations periodically. We show that within 24 h both strains accumulated mutations at a similar rate. Furthermore, these mutation rates were dynamic in strains from both populations and increased overall, showing that this engineered stability was insufficient when strains underwent metabolic stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing E. coli, specifically the K12 strain and its derivatives like MDS42, as engineered microorganisms utilized in experimental settings to study genetic stability and mutation rates. The focus on manipulating E. coli's genome for stability and performance under stress aligns with its common use as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robot rights are a growing concern, as machines are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans. [SEP] Text: Dualism account of social robots allows us to helpfully distinguish the physical object from the fictional overlay. The apparent connection between the object and the fiction is not real. We cannot harm the object as it has no agency, only the fictional appearance of agency and, although our emotional response might lead us to think otherwise, we cannot harm the fiction. (2021), I argue that calls for restrictive legislation to block the permitting of individual acts of harm to social robots are overly zealous—we would not introduce a law to prevent cruel literature nor a law to prevent the decapitation of teddies, despite finding the latter distasteful. put it, ‘[…] the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. ’ (1978, 9). However one might accept that social robots cannot be harmed in the sense that they cannot feel pain, while still claiming that harm may come to wider society indirectly through permitting the destruction or damage of social robots. Furthermore, it can be argued that an action can be harmful to society in intangible ways, even if that action cannot be shown to directly harm a particular agent. For example, the action can be harmful if it proves to desensitise agents towards committing violent acts and if, once desensitised in the restricted context, the agents are more likely to engage in violent activities in general contexts. Footnote 20Arguments like this are not new. One place where we find similar arguments is in the culture and literature around video games. In video games, agent’s avatars or chosen characters are often involved in violent behaviour towards other characters in the games. Players choose to engage in activities that elicit pain-like behaviour or result in some other damage to their opponent characters. The violence displayed can be extraordinary—in Mortal Kombat, for example, you kill your opponent’s character in eye-watering ways, for example, pulling out their internal organs and spinning them until they explode in a splattering of blood and guts. When playing first-person games, the agent (the player) will be causing extreme pain-like behaviour in fictional characters in the game. The characters are depicting a pain experience, yet the agent explicitly believes that such behaviour is not caused by the character feeling pain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim regarding robot rights. It argues that social robots do not possess agency and cannot be harmed in the same way humans can. The discussion focuses on the distinction between physical objects and their fictional representations, suggesting that calls for legislation protecting social robots from harm are excessive, just as laws would not be created to prevent violence against fictional characters or inanimate objects (e.g., teddy bears). Furthermore, the argument highlights that while social robots can be involved in debates about societal harm, their inability to feel pain fundamentally undermines the claim that they are on the verge of demanding equal treatment with humans.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Genotypes are types of the same species but with slightly different genetic makeups. This research has incredible practical implications. For example, if certain genotypes of cowpea have higher concentrations of trace minerals, then less of their leaf matter needs to be consumed in order to obtain a satisfactory amount of trace elements in the diet. This means that growing certain types of cowpea over others for consumption has huge health benefits. has paved the way for further research, showing that more needs to be done to identify suitable crop plants that exhibit high levels of trace elements. Dakora’s work also indicates that the cowpea genotypes that contain higher amounts of trace elements in their leaves are high nitrogen fixers, due to their physiological make up. This means that they are efficient at the process previously mentioned; and they are able to accumulate large amounts of nitrogen in their biomass. Nitrate fertilisers can significantly decrease the concentration of trace elements, thus reducing the dietary value of legume leaves. Understanding this is crucial; with careful breeding of select plants, the high nitrogen-fixing trait could be enhanced. This research has the potential to overcome trace element deficiency in rural Africa through plant breeding. Significantly, this research shows that the consumption of legumes has great potential to decrease trace element deficiency in humans. While the study did not necessarily indicate how these trace elements will be processed when consumed, Dakora has paved the way for further research, in particular to identify suitable plants that exhibit high levels of trace elements in edible plant parts. The problem with nitrates Dakora has done additional research into the issue of trace element deficiency, but taking a different path, which looks at the potential of adding nitrates to plants to increase the amounts of minerals and nutrients that they contain. Nitrate fertilisers are notorious for contributing both to ground and water pollution, as well as to global warming. Despite this, they are thought of as the solution to increasing crop yields, and therefore food security, in many situations. However, in a study undertaken in 2012, along with student researchers in his laboratory, Dakora demonstrated that in the case of increasing trace elements in diets in Africa, adding nitrates to crops would have the opposite intended effect. The study tested how several legume plants (including cowpea) would respond to the addition of nitrates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses genetic makeups of plants, specifically about cowpea and its potential health benefits. It focuses on plant breeding and trace elements rather than addressing bioinformatics or its capability to eliminate genetic diseases in humans. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Cross-feeders are individuals that only grow well as part of a group and have been known to emerge in glucose-limited chemostats [34]. If this were the case then reconstituting the mutant population would change the mean growth rate. We tested this with one of the mutant populations and found that when we mixed the mutants, we observed a 4. 8-fold increase in growth rate compared to when each was grown individually (Fig. 4). Fig. 4Analyses of the cross feeding (CF) phenotype that was detected amongst the MG1655 cycR mutants. Mean growth rates of 48 cycR mutants that were grown in batch monocultures (dotted) and as a group (grey)Full size image The observation of a relative increase in mutant growth rate, when grouped, led us to investigate whether this was a general phenomenon that occurred in all the chemostats. A chemostat environment ensures that cell density is controlled by the dilution rate (steady state). Although cell density remained fairly stable over time (Fig. 1a), there were still some fluctuations observed that were quantified as deviations from the mean. An increase in the growth rate in a portion of the population would be expected to yield a temporary rise in density until the system equilibrates back to the original density and mean growth rate. We tested whether this fluctuation from ‘steady state’ was related to mutant accumulation (mutant CFU/mL) using Kendell’s tau (τ). We found a strong trend towards a correlation (τ = 1. 0000; P = 0. 0833) between mutant CFU and the variation in cell density of the MG1655 population, but not the MDS42 population (τ = 0. 3333, P = 0. 7500). DiscussionA major motivation for adopting minimal genome chassis organisms in applications of synthetic biology centers on minimising mutations and genetic diversity and thus enhancing stability and reproducibility. These are desirable properties in biotechnologies and there is promising lab-scale evidence [6, 9, 15, 16] that minimal chassis can deliver them for white-biotechnologies, where the environment can be tightly controlled [12, 13]. However, for many proposed applications of synthetic biology, such as in environmental sensors, organisms will be exposed to environmental stress, such as metabolic stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adoption of minimal genome chassis organisms, including E. coli, in applications of synthetic biology. It notes that these organisms are favored for their stability and reproducibility, which are both desirable characteristics in biotechnology. The mention of lab-scale evidence supporting the effectiveness of minimal chassis organisms further strengthens this relationship.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Future robots will have the ability to fully replicate human emotions, such as love and empathy. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are driving global warming. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 83605 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechChange and Edited by From the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. Climate change and global warmingIn spite of the irregular behavior on a daily basis, observations show that, in the atmospheric character of some geographic area, there is some long-time regularity. However, in the twentieth century, the world temperature increased which influenced the world climate. Climate scientists reported that humankind’s growing emission of greenhouse gases will make the long-term change in the climate and global temperature. As organizations, governments, and people have moved onward with strategies and actions to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to adapt to the impacts of climate change, the need for information to support climate-related decisions has grown rapidly in recent years. There is a lack of credible information system to inform climate adoptions and estimate their efficiency. Greenhouse gases enter the atmosphere through burning coal, natural gas, oil, solid waste, wood products, and trees. The greenhouse gases are emitted during the production and transport of fossil fuels or as a result of livestock and other agricultural practices. Changes in greenhouse gas emissions are influenced by many long- and short-term factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim primarily in its discussion of the majority consensus among climate scientists regarding the causes of global warming, highlighting human activities and the burning of fossil fuels as significant contributors. It explains that greenhouse gas emissions have increased due to these activities, thus reinforcing the claim that climate scientists agree on the anthropogenic drivers of global warming. However, it does not address the first part of the claim regarding robots replicating human emotions, which makes it relevant to only the second part of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The results of his study showed that adding nitrates to five different legume species significantly altered the concentration of mineral elements in their leaves, stems and roots. In many of the legumes, certain nutrient quantities increased; for example, in one species, commonly known as water blossom pea (Podalyria calyptrate), the concentrations of calcium increased in all parts of the plant, while the concentrations of potassium and iron increased in only the leaves. Photo shows a yellowish maize crop growing on an African soil that is poor in nutrients, while the associated Bambara groundnut crop (a legume) is looking green because it obtains its nitrogen mostly from air. These increases in nutrients can be explained; as the plant feeds on nitrates, it also needs to take in potassium and calcium in order to restore ion balance. While this may sound like good news, the study actually found that while nitrates can increase concentrations of some elements, nitrate supply significantly decreases the concentration of trace elements, thus decreasing the dietary value of legume leaves. The study further found that the concentrations of trace elements including manganese, zinc and boron decreased in four legume species after nitrates had been applied. The study also found that the addition of nitrates to legumes as they grow had the potential to decrease the ability of these plants to fix nitrogen, which is so desperately needed for sustainable crop growth and yields. Dakora’s research has shown that certain types of plants can contribute more in terms of combating trace element deficiency and that although nitrate use can increase some nutrients in plants, it decreases trace elements and therefore cannot be used to solve the problem. Taken together, this research provides a very clear takeaway message; that there is huge potential for legumes grown in certain ways to decrease trace element deficiency in rural Africa. Although trace element deficiency is a serious problem in many rural areas in Africa, Dakora’s research into both the potential of legumes to contribute to lowering rates of trace element deficiency and the effects of adding nitrates to these plants is of crucial importance. He has shown that including legumes in agricultural systems is necessary for enhancing nutritional security in Africa, and that nitrate use is not necessarily part of this solution. What further research needs to be done on trace element deficiency? <>Getting beneficial soil microbes to promote greater trace element uptake by cereal crops is our next research activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics and genetic diseases. Instead, it discusses the effects of adding nitrates to legume species on nutrient concentrations and trace element deficiencies in plants, particularly in terms of agricultural implications in rural Africa. There is no mention or implication of bioinformatics or its potential role in eliminating genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Shikonin was also reported to possess pharmaceutical value in inflammatory and infectious diseases [8]. As a secondary metabolite generated by the walnut tree (Juglandaceae), juglone has several biological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal effects [9]. Plumbagin, a plant-derived naphthoquinone, is a yellow compound extracted from the root of Plumbago zeylanica L. and has a wide range of biological activities including anticancer, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-malarial, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic properties [10]. is a class of isoprenoid molecules existing in multiple dietary forms, which are essential to normal coagulation as an enzyme cofactor for γ-carboxylation of peptide-bound Glu residues. All vitamin K forms are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, term as menaquinones and have important roles in human biology, such as bone, cardiovascular, and metabolic health [11]. As menaquinone is the essential electron-delivery vector of the respiratory chain in various microbial cells, bacteria are the main producers of menaquinone in industry [12]. 1,4-naphthoquinone is the critical intermediate in the biosynthesis of menaquinones in bacteria [13]. and its derivatives are primarily synthesized by Gram-positive bacteria and found in much lower amounts in the food supply in meat, dairy or fermented food products [11]. Engineering microbial systems for the efficient synthesis of natural products has been noted as an important application of synthetic biology. The heterologous reconstitution of the biosynthetic pathways for natural products in microbial chassis cells has attracted increasing attention [14]. Since microbial chassis cells demonstrated high catalytic power of enzymes and a large panoply of biosynthesized products, they have been shown to be profitable in many applications. Some model microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been considered as ideal cell factories, thanks to the high growth rate, availability of synthetic biology tools and relatively well-studied metabolic networks [14, 15]. Nevertheless, these cell factories still remain, to a great degree, black boxes that often exceed engineers’ expectations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by affirming that 'model microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been considered as ideal cell factories' in synthetic biology applications. It highlights the suitability of E. coli as a chassis organism due to its high growth rate and the availability of synthetic biology tools.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Future robots will have the ability to fully replicate human emotions, such as love and empathy. The majority of climate scientists agree that human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, are driving global warming. [SEP] Text: In fact, construction of numerous dams in the watershed has choked off water source from the mountains towering on either side of the Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows the existing, under construction, and under study dams in the basin of Lake Urmia. Figure 2 shows intensification in diversion of surface water and water utilization further than current levels which at present appear to be unsustainable. Figure 2. The spreading of dams in Urmia watersheds. Reducing the basin’s water consumption and demand-side plans must be considered immediately by the official organization. Moreover, the current projects for water transfer need drastic revision. Such projects have had harmful socioeconomic and environmental side effects in other parts of the basin. To maximize the welfares of the water resources, an integrated management of the water resources and agricultural development based on ecological potential of the basin including changing the rules of water pricing and recognition of cost allocation outlines as a prospect is required. Advertisement 6. Need for adaptive managementThe IPCC clearly confirmed in its Report that the climate change is existent and its primary cause is human-made especially through burning fossil fuels and other activities that release heat-trapping greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. There is no debate that the human needs to take actions to adapt and lessen the impact of climate change. In fact, there is a hierarchy of governor plans that can assist to protect population healthiness and welfare. The predictions of future climate change and global warming and defined scenarios by IPCC indicate that unless substantial and continued activities are taken to decline emissions of GHGs, world will continue to warm. Thus, we can reasonably expect that such changes are driving several related and interacting deviations in the environmental system and consequently the human life. In the case of Lake Urmia, a national committee in order to lake restoration was formed in 2013 called Committee (ULRNC). presented a road map and action plan based on integrated water resources/watershed management in cooperation with the universities in Iran and international organizations. reviewed 19 proposed programs and approved a 10-year program in three phases such as stabilizing the present status, restoration, and sustainable restoration. Although the provincial office claims that the restoration continues as scheduled, due to drying up the found and misconducting of management in water and agricultural sectors in the region, it seems that will most likely fail to attain an ecological balance within a 10-year program by 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on climate change caused by human activities, particularly through the burning of fossil fuels, which aligns with the second part of the claim. However, there is no relevance to the first part of the claim regarding robots replicating human emotions. The primary focus is on the challenges and impacts of climate change as cited by the IPCC, indicating urgent action is needed to combat these effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Because soil bacteria (rhizobia) can increase the concentrations of trace elements in nitrogen-fixing legumes, this means that a sustainable solution to the current practice of supplementing maize with trace elements in can be found by identifying effective soil microorganisms that can promote increased absorption of these trace elements by maize and other cereal crops. That way, the greater concentrations of trace elements in cereal grain will help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa. More research also needs to be done to identify many different food plants that show high levels of trace elements in edible parts. Additionally, there is a need to understand how these trace elements are processed in the human body when consumed in food. Furthermore, we need a better understanding of how trace elements are reduced when nitrate is supplied to the plant. My ultimate aim is to completely eliminate trace element deficiency in rural Africa using food plants that have the ability to take up more trace elements from soils. Legumes can help to eliminate trace element deficiency in Africa was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: Felix D. Dakorahigh nitrogen fixersLegumesnitrogen-fixingnitrogen-fixing bacteriaNutrient deficiencyRhizobiaTrace elementsof this 70. Samson B. M. Chimphango, Charles F. Musil & Felix D. Dakora (2012). Alteration in the mineral nutrition of purely symbiotic and nitrate-fed nodulated legumes exposed to elevated UV-B radiation. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 35:1, 1-20. Belane, A. K. , Dakora, F. D. (2011). Levels of nutritionally-important trace elements and macronutrients in edible leaves and grain of 27 nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) genotypes grown in the Region of Ghana. Food Chemistry. 125(1):99-105. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodchem. 2010. 08. 044 Belane, A. K. , Makhubedu, I. T. , Pule-Meulenberg, F. , Dakora, F. D. (2014). Nitrogen fixation and symbiosis-induced accumulation of mineral nutrients by cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp. ) Crop and Pasture Science. 65(3):250. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential of soil bacteria and legumes in addressing trace element deficiencies in agricultural practices, particularly in rural Africa. This is unrelated to the claim about bioinformatics' capacity to eliminate genetic diseases. There is no mention of bioinformatics, genetic diseases, or the implications thereof in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In industrial bioprocesses, different from scientific research, no surprises are desired, and total control over a fully comprehensible and specially designed chassis cell is the ultimate goal. Due to aforementioned bioactivities of naphthoquinones, they are being investigated with respect to their use in therapeutic applications [1–3]. This huge potential can be enhanced and expanded by rational modifications to the core structure of naphthoquinones. Besides, compared to the complicated ones, simple naphthoquinones are easy to be modified and optimized by the enzymes of microbial chassis cells [1]. In this work, biotransformation of 1,4-naphthoquinone and juglone in the commonly-used microbial chassis cells, S. cerevisiae and E. coli, led to the biosynthesis of a series of “unexpected” naphthoquinone derivatives (Fig. 1 and Table 1). This study not only provided a novel insight into the potential of the catalytic power of these chassis cells, but also expanded the chemical space with the biosynthesis of novel naphthoquinone derivatives. The molecular docking experiments were also conducted to analyze the potential antiviral activities of the biosynthesized compounds and revealed that compound 11 and 17 are the most promising antiviral candidates with strong binding affinities to the Nsp9 of SARS-CoV-2. Fig. 1. Structures of 1,4-naphthoquinone (a), juglone (b) and naphthoquinone derivatives 1–17 (c). Full size imageTable 1. The structures of naphthoquinone derivatives (1-17). R1, R2, R3 and R4 in Fig. 1cFull size tablemethods. The metabolites were analyzed and purified on LC-16 HPLC instrument (Japan) with SPD-16 UV-Vis dual wavelength detector. All UV-spectra were shown in Fig. S1. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy () measurements were obtained from 1260-6538 Q-TOF system with 18 (2. 1 × 100 mm; 1. 8 µm) column (Agilent Technologies, USA). Linear gradient from 10 to 90% (vol/vol) acetonitrile-water (containing 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the use of 'microbial chassis cells, S. cerevisiae and E. coli' in biotransformation processes. This supports the notion that E. coli is utilized in synthetic biology applications, aligning with the claim regarding chassis organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rising sea levels are threatening coastal communities around the world as polar ice caps continue to melt. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses account creation and payment processing without any mention of rising sea levels, coastal communities, or polar ice caps. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 0. 5. As a result, the pairs of similarities between phenotype A and B is 0. The mm-tSNE approach breaks down the nature of metric-space transitivity similarities by visualizing data points into multiple maps [15]. Nevertheless, mm-tSNE may have some drawbacks, that is, the data points with high significance weights in the uniform map do not accord with the uniform cluster structure. That adds to the difficulty of explaining the implication of each and every map. The mm-tSNE regularization [16] improves the mm-tSNE by introducing the Laplacian penalty term in the target loss function. penalty term has been widely applied to many machine learning models [17, 18]. Compared with mm-tSNE, a preponderance of mm-tSNE regularization is that it adopts clustering structure of variate and offers more sparsity for parameter estimation. These methods use standard momentum updates [19] to evaluate point of the gradient at each iteration. But sometimes the gradient of the previous update is wrong, it would make the current update jump high, which leads to excessive oscillation. This 1. Therefore, the pairwise similarity qij between data points in a low-dimensional space is measured by a weighted sum of pairwise similarities between data points i and j in all the maps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about bioinformatics and genetic diseases. It discusses technical aspects of the mm-tSNE approach and its improvements, without any reference to the potential of bioinformatics in eliminating genetic diseases. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 1% formic acid) was used for 30 min at a flow rate of 0. 3 mL/min. NMR spectra were recorded at room temperature on 400 Digital NMR Spectrometer (USA) at 400 MHz for 1H and 100 MHz for 13C NMR. The chemical shift (δ) values are given in parts per million (ppm), and the coupling constants (J values) are reported in Hertz (Hz). The detailed data of and NMR for each purified compound were listed in Fig. S2–Fig. S55. Strains and culture conditions. As chassis cells, S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and E. coli BL21(DE3) were purchased from Invitrogen (). S. cerevisiae INVSc1 was grown in 150 mL of YPD (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose) medium at 30°C with shaking at 225 rpm for 24 h. E. coli BL21(DE3) was grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium containing (g/L): tryptone—10. 0, NaCl—10. 0, yeast extract—5. 0, pH 7. 0, at 37°C for 24 h before harvested. Biosynthesis and characterization of naphthoquinones. 1,4-naphthoquinone (97%) and juglone (98%) were purchased from Ltd. (China) and Biochemical Co. Ltd. (China), respectively. L-Glu (99%), L-Cys (99%), L-Ser (99%) and L-Gly (99%) were obtained from Bio-Technology Co. Ltd. , while L-Lys monohydrochloride (98%) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). The chassis cells were harvested by centrifugation at 3500 g for 10 min, washed thrice with 100 mM phosphate buffer (PB, pH 7. 4) and transferred to 50 mL of PB buffer, followed by the supplementation of 20 mg of 1,4-naphthoquinone or 3 mg of juglone. Additionally, 20 mg of corresponding amino acids were added when necessary. To investigate the bioconversion of 6, 16 and 17, chassis cells were resuspended in 1 mL PB buffer, and supplemented with 0. 2 mg of substrate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that E. coli is utilized as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications, specifically described in the context of being one of the chassis cells used for biosynthesis and characterization of naphthoquinones. The mention of E. coli BL21(DE3) as a chassis cell supports the idea that it is indeed commonly used in such applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Atmospheric and > Vol. 4 No. 5, December 2014 Contents of Methane and in the Global Warming? (). Liu* of. DOI: 10. 4236/acs. 2014. 45072 8,552 Downloads 12,318 Views 827. doi: 10. 4236/acs. 2014. 45072. 1. content of methane in the atmosphere had been gradually increasing over the last century. In spite of the fact that the methane content constitutes only about 1. 8 ppm in the Earth’s atmosphere, the national and interna- tional policy makers declared the methane gas extremely dangerous to the Earth climate because of a high po- tency (about 100 times more potent than CO2 over the time span of 20 years) of its molecules to absorb the infrared radiation. Together with the growing contents of CO2 and other greenhouse gases it supposedly causes drastic changes in the Earth’s climate. According to the conventional anthropogenic theory of global warming as a result of absorption of the infrared radiation by the molecules of the greenhouse gases, these molecules inter- cept infrared photons in the lower layer of troposphere warming the Earth climate. This anthropogenic theory is the “scientific” basis for strong political and economic actions against further expansion of fracking, for exam- ple, in the shale-gas production. The conventional anthropogenic theory (backed and promoted by IPCC and other national and international organizations over the last 25 years) completely ignores the main physical phenomena of the heat transfer in the atmosphere. In particular, it assumes that the heat transfer in atmosphere occurs exclusively by radiation. Mean- time in the lower dense layer of troposphere it occurs mostly by convection (67% by convection, 8% by radia- tion, and 25% by water vapor condensation) [1] which is intensified considerably with any additional release of the so-called greenhouse gases. Moreover, analyzing the postulates of the conventional theory one can find out that this theory completely ignores the fact that molecules of methane and other greenhouse gases (H2O, for example) intercept the infrared solar irradiation in the upper layers of stratosphere and, thus, prevent overheating of Earth. A renowned Swedish scientist, (1896) [2] was the first to forward the idea of Earth’s at- mosphere heating by the greenhouse gases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing against the conventional anthropogenic theory of global warming. It states that while methane and CO2 are acknowledged as greenhouse gases, the text claims that conventional theories overestimate their role in trapping heat and do not consider other mechanisms of heat transfer, such as convection, which is said to be the primary mode of heat transfer in the atmosphere. Additionally, it discusses the idea that greenhouse gases might actually prevent overheating of the Earth rather than contributing to warming, which directly contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum has performance comparable with mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization. The green line in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 shows that our proposed models are at an advantage over original mm-tSNE methods of several versions. Fig. 4 is the heat map of NPR in the parametric space of m and λ when apply mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum algorithm. The x-axis represents the value of λ in the experiment, and the y-axis represents the number of maps. The color change in the legend represents a gradual decrease in the preservation ratio of the neighborhood from high to low. When λ = 0. 002 and the number of maps is 27, the neighbor’s preservation ratio is maximized. Nevertheless, according to the experimental results, we choose the number of maps as 15, and set the λ as15 as our model parameters, because it is sufficient to model the non-metric structure of phenotype similarities and KOs similarities. When the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum is applied, the relationship between the NPR and the number of maps is shown in Fig. 5. When λ = 0. 005 and m = 15, we obtain the highest neighborhood preservation ratio. Overall, the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum obtains better performance compared to other methods and reduces the time complexity of algorithm from Ο(1/k) (after k steps) to Ο(1/k2) [21] (See Fig. 6). Since the processed data of the proposed algorithm is a matrix with N×N size, the spatial complexity of proposed algorithm does not improve relative to the original algorithms. The space complexity of the proposed algorithm is O (N2). Fig. 4Heatmap of neighbourhood preservation ratio for mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentumFull size imageFig. 5The relationship between NPR and the number of maps. The results show that the relationship between NPR (neighborhood preservation ratio) and increasing number of maps when mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum is applied and λ = 0. 005Full size imageFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and focuses instead on the performance of a specific algorithm, mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum. It provides detailed information on algorithm performance but does not mention genetic diseases or the potential of bioinformatics to eradicate them, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: To purify 13-15, juglone was incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). The purification and structural characterization of 13-15 are present in the supplementary material. To isolate 16 and 17, 1,4-naphthoquinone and amino acid were incubated with microorganism. After fermentation, they were extracted as described above. Then the crude extract was fractionated on silica gel column, eluted with a gradient of methanol-chloroform (0 : 100, 1 : 99, 2 : 98, 3 : 97, 4 : 96, 5 : 95, vol/vol, each 250 mL, containing 0. 1% glacial acetic acid) to get 6 fractions. To isolate 16, 1,4-naphthoquinone and L-Ser were incubated with S. cerevisiae INVSc1. The broth was scaled up to 300 mL. After separation on the silica gel column, 16 was found to be in fraction 6, which was further separated by HPLC with 20% acetonitrile-water (containing 0. 1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The peak at 11. 13 min was collected to yield 1. 6 mg of 16 in pure form. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are found in Table 2 and Fig. S46-50; [M + H]+ ion signal was found at m/z 262. 0711, which matched with the calculated exact mass for C13H12NO5, 262. 0715. To isolate 17, 1,4-naphthoquinone and L-Lys monohydrochloride were incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3). The broth was scaled up to 2 L. After separation on the silica gel column, 17 was found to be in fraction 6, which was washed with water and methanol after dryness under vacuum. Twenty mg of 17 in pure form were obtained. 1H, 13C and 2D NMR data are found in Table 2 and Fig. S51-55; [M + H]+ ion signal was at m/z 459. 1561, which was consistent with calculated exact mass for C26H23N2O6, 459. 1556. Molecular Docking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that E. coli BL21(DE3) is used in the context of incubating with compounds for isolation and purification, which indicates its application in synthetic biology experiments. Additionally, the mention of E. coli in the processes of isolating compounds aligns with its recognized role as a chassis organism in this field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: Since then, the concept was taken for granted as obvious without any verification (Budyko, 1997 [3] Global warming, 1993; Greenhouse effect, 1989). Unfortunately, this view totally dominates conclusions by experts from the on Cli- mate Change (IPCC) on the climate change, by (WМО), as well as the conclusions of the European and organizations. According to the forecasts based on these ideas, by 2100 climate warming may reach 2. 5˚С to 5˚С and the as- sociated rise in the ocean level, of 0. 6 to 1 m, which may create problems for densely populated areas of the continental coastal regions as well as for the gas- and oil-industry in some areas of the world. Other deleterious consequences of the global warming are also forecasted (expansion of the deserts, melting of the permafrost, soil erosion, etc. ). The concern about similar catastrophic phenomena and the pressure tactics from the environmental groups, and often mere political and religious speculations on the subject [4] are forcing the governments of developed countries to allocate huge funds for a fight with the consequences of the climate warming ostensibly caused by the man-made releases of “greenhouse” gases into the atmosphere. How justified are these expenses? A close review of the problem showed that prior to 1990s there was no physical theory of the greenhouse ef- fect fitted to the data of observations. The first publication on the subject was in 1990 [5]. Before of this, all es- timates of the CO2 and other greenhouse gases effect on Earth’s climate were and, unfortunately, are still per- formed using different subjective computer models and numerous, but not always stable, parameters. There are direct evidences of the fact that the changes in the partial CO2 pressure in the atmosphere are the effect and not the cause of the climate change [6]. When drilling through the ice sheet at the Station [7] oceanic average temperature (water evaporation from the oceans formed this very ice sheet) as well as CO2 contents in the air bubbles from the ice were determined. The oceanic water evaporation temperature was determined from isotopic shifts for oxygen and hydrogen (deuterium). Strong direct correlation was ob- served between these parameters over the entire studied Antarctic ice accumulation history of 420 MY (see Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that prior to the 1990s there was no established physical theory of the greenhouse effect that accurately fit observational data. It states that the estimates of the CO2 and other greenhouse gases' effects were based on subjective models rather than solid evidence. Furthermore, it mentions that changes in the CO2 concentration may be a result of climate changes rather than a cause, suggesting an alternative view to the widely accepted understanding of greenhouse gases contributing to global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 6Time complexity comparison resultsFull size imageDiscussionFrom the phenotypic point of view, similar phenotypes tend to converge into the same class. Nevertheless, some of the phenotypes in the same disease category may exist in other disease categories as well. In addition, we discover that our method compared to mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization can better appropriately model non-transitive similarities between phenotypes. For example, Apert syndrome (: 101200) has importance weights of 0. 5967 and 0. 3896 at two maps (Maps 9 and 15, See Fig. 7 and Fig. 8). Removing the phenotype of each map with an importance weight less than 0. 1 prevents visualization from being too clutter. 9, Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (: 225500) is one of the neighbors of the AS, with similarity of 0. 5148 (1) and they have an importance weights of 0. 5967 and 0. 9474 in the metric space Map 9 severally (2). 15, AS has a near neighbor Mowat-Wilson syndrome (: 235730) with similarity 0. 5957. 2, it can be found that MOWS is not displayed on Map 9 and EVAS is not displayed on Map 15, the fact that they are both neighbors in single maps. In other words, the neighbor of AS in Map 9 is not essentially the neighbor of it in Map 15. In fact, the similarity between EVC and MOWS is 0 (1). Although the initial aim of mm-tSNE regularization and mm-tSNE is to find intransitivity similarity. We find that the mm-tSNE and mm-tSNE regularization combine the four phenotypes in Table 1 into one map (See Fig. 9 and Fig. 10). This result indicates that the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum excavates non-transitive similarity of the original several methods without discovering. Fig. 715 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum methodFull size imageFig. 89 in multiple maps is visualized by the mm-tSNE regularization based on Nesterov momentum methodFull size imageTable 1 Extracted similarities from original matrixFull size tableTable 2 Importance weights for extracted phenotypesFull size tableFig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or relate to the claim that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. Instead, it discusses phenotypic similarity and mapping methods within bioinformatics without providing conclusive evidence or claims related to the elimination of genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: To investigate the potential catalytic power of chassis cells, 2 naphthoquinones, 1,4-naphthoquinone and juglone, were added, respectively, into the PB buffer containing the most widely used chassis cells, S. cerevisiae or E. coli. After 7 days of incubation, the broths were extracted and subjected to HPLC analysis. In the broth containing S. cerevisiae INVSc1 and 1,4-naphthoquinone as substrate, the extract revealed the presence of serial new product peaks 1–10 compared to empty control (Fig. 2a). 1,4-naphthoquinone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3) was bioconverted to compounds 1, 7 and 11 (Fig. 2b). Although juglone, noted as 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, shared a very similar structure with 1,4-naphthoquinone, 12 was the only major product of the biotransformation of S. cerevisiae INVSc1 (Fig. 2c). When juglone incubated with E. coli BL21(DE3), compounds 13–15 were detected (Fig. 2d). These results suggested that a series of naphthoquinone derivatives were generated when the naphthoquinones incubated with chassis cells. Structural characterization of compounds 1–15. Compounds 1–15 possess similar UV-vis spectra, suggesting that they have similar structures (Fig. S1). For the identification of the chemical structures of 1-15, S. cerevisiae INVSc1 or E. coli BL21(DE3) cells were harvested in large scale supplemented with 1,4-naphthoquinone or juglone. The compounds were purified by open column chromatography and HPLC. For the known compounds, structure characterization was conducted by the comparison of the published data and NMR spectra with the ones obtained in this work, which are provided in the supplementary material. Compound 9 was obtained as a red powder. The molecular formula of 9 was determined as C15H13NO6 based on the protonated molecular ion at m/z 304. 0819. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of E. coli as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications. It specifically mentions E. coli BL21(DE3) being utilized alongside S. cerevisiae for experiments aimed at bioconverting naphthoquinones, demonstrating its role in synthetic biology research.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to global warming. [SEP] Text: It was found, based on temporal analyses, that temperature changes occurred first, and then were fol- lowed in 500 to 600 years by the changes in CO2 concentration [8]. This result is practically a monosemantic statement of the fact that the fluctuations of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere are the effect and not the cause of the climate changes. Besides, the time interval of 500 to 600 years well correlates with the time of complete stirring of the upper, active layer of the World Ocean. The 20th century warming has the clear natural origin and may soon be replaced by a new cooling-down phase [9]. The instrumental temperature observations were conducted in since 1749. Solar magnetic activity was recorded in France as the number of Sun spots (the Wolfe numbers) since the 1750’s. The compari- son of these data shows extremely high correlation between the near-surface Earth’s temperature and solar magnetic activity. Thus, the forecasts of the Earth’s climate changes cannot be made without the consideration of the periodic changes in solar activity. Figure 1. Isotopic air temperature (a) vs. carbon dioxide concentration (b) over the recent 420 MY on the “Vostok” Antarctic station. Field data of the СО2 concentrations and temperature derived from the cores of a well drilled to TD = 3623 m were kindly provided by V. M. Kotlyakov (2000) [7] (the scale of Earth’s average temperatures is our interpretation). The writers developed a physical model of heat transfer in the atmosphere that includes the most significant parameters of the medium and the definitive characteristics of the climate drivers. This model includes the av- eraged value of the Sun radiation energy impinging the Earth, average atmospheric pressure and atmospheric heat capacity as well as the effect of the negative feedback between the tropospheric albedo and of the average surface temperature. Thus, one can obtain the most reliable parameters of the greenhouse effect although Earth with this approach is just a dimensionless point. This model, in particular, allows analyzing the effect of addi- tional contents of the “greenhouse” gases on the average Earth’s temperature providing numerical estimates of the temperature changes due to any variations in the atmospheric composition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that fluctuations in CO2 concentration are the effect of climate changes rather than a cause, suggesting that the warming observed in the 20th century is of natural origin and may soon give way to cooling. It emphasizes that the relationship between temperature changes and CO2 concentration is not straightforward and indicates that forecasts of climate changes should account for solar activity rather than primarily focusing on greenhouse gases.