Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Where GM trees are concerned, scientists cannot yet completely guarantee that pollen formation can be prevented in every individual tree, although exercising flowering control has been suggested both for limiting invasiveness as well as potential for pollen transfer (Adams et al. 2002). Such an expectation, however, misses an important question: What impact would GM pollen grains have if released into the environment? There is currently no clearly compelling evidence of significant damage due to limited amounts of GM tree pollen being able to spread within the environment (Strauss et al. 2001). Plants, including trees, have been exchanging genetic material within and between species on a large scale for millions of years. As yet, this exchange does not appear to have produced large-scale ecological problems. If transfer of GM tree pollen really is a significant issue, then sterility systems for inducing reproductive incompetence (Mouradov and Teasdale 1999) or trunk grafting (Lev-Yadun and Sederoff 2001) will become more useful in alleviating these concerns and their use encouraged in GM trees (Strauss et al. 1995). Even if a distinct adverse effect of allowing GM trees to flower is found, beyond that of simply promoting genetic exchange, it is likely that any such effects could be ameliorated using short rotation forestry, with limited, or indeed no flowering potential. Once again, any risks introduced from limited GM tree pollen transfer must be placed into context versus the risks from introduced exotic germplasm (Richardson 1998). Additionally, recent evidence suggests that transgenic poplar DNA is unlikely to persist in soils for more than 4 months before being degraded, limiting potential for transfer to soilbased microbes (Hay et al. 2002)Two other potential concerns expressed about GM trees relate to their longevity and the potential for unexpected effects, once released into the environment. Unexpected effects might include gene silencing, in which expression of an inserted gene ceases. Releasing and monitoring a large number of independently genetically modified trees could overcome this potential problem, because the available evidence suggests the frequency of gene silencing events is rare (Dominguez et al. 2002a). A similar approach is already taken by commercial foresters, who generally wish to avoid monocultures. Additionally, our understanding of genetic stability is increasing as sequences such as matrix attachment regions (MARs), which appear to improve the consistency of gene expression, become more widely used (Allen et al. 2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various concerns about genetically modified (GM) trees, particularly their ecological implications and the mechanisms in place to manage those. It does not mention the claim regarding the lack of need for water or nutrients, presenting instead a discussion on pollen transfer and potential unexpected effects, such as gene silencing and the longevity of GM trees in the environment. This indicates that there are still significant considerations and uncertainties regarding GM trees that imply they cannot be sustained without water or nutrients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Transactions—Union, 35, 63-72. [12] Runcorn, S. K. (1954) The Earth’s Core. Transactions—Union, 35, 49-63. [13] Dmitriev, A. N. (1980) About a of Existence of of Conductors. Exploratory Geophysics, 88, 125-129. [14] Dmitriev, A. N. (2007) Geological and for Research of Objects—Oil and 226 Tyumen: TGU. [15] Dmitriev, A. N. (2016) A on the Nature of the Earth’s Magnetic Field. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 44, 2001. [16] Zharkov, V. N. (1983) of the Earth and 416 M. Nauka. [17] Magnitsky, A. (2006) and Physics of the Earth 389 M. Nauka. [18] Kuznetsov, V. (2011) Physics of Earth 842 Novosibirsk. [19] Uffen, R. J. (1952) A Method of Estimating the Gradient in the Earth’s Mantle. Transactions—Union, 33, 893-896. [20] Tozer, D. C. (1959) Properties of the Earth’s Interior. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 3, 414-436. [21] Anzellini, S. , Dewaele, A. , Mezouar, M. , Loubeyre, P. and Morard, G. (2013) Melting of Iron at Earth’s on Fast X-Ray Diffraction. Science, 340, 464-466. [22] Kuznetsov, V. (2008) Introduction to the Hot Earth’s Physics 366 IKIR. [23] Kalashnikov, S. G. (1977) Electricity 592 M. Nauka. [24] Saveliev, I. (1970) Course. Vol. II 336 M. Nauka. [25] Martinson, L. K. and Smirnov, E. (2004) Quantum Physics. 496 M. MGTU im. N. E. Baumana. [26] Pavlov, P. V. and Chochlov, A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains various references to geological and geophysical topics without discussing sea turtles or their navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field. The provided references primarily focus on studies related to the Earth's interior and general physics, lacking any specific mention of sea turtles or navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: 1 High-Level ClassificationsSeveral authors suggest high-level classifications. For example Buchanan et al. [29] identifies two factors based on an analysis of users’ privacy concerns: “general caution” (e. g. search for privacy certifications) and “technical protection of privacy”, which needs a certain level of computer literacy to e. g. delete cookies. A similar differentiation is found in Lwin et al. [30]. They differentiate between deflective behaviors, which means to avoid data collection, and defensive behaviors, which focusses on removing personal information from a vendor’s database. Others emphasize limiting information sharing [13, 20, 28]. Xu et al. [15] classify protection behaviors by emphasizing control of information flows between data subjects and service providers. They distinguish personal control agency, which “empowers individuals with direct control over how their personal information may be gathered by service providers” [15]. Whereas proxy control agency concerns industry self-regulation and government legislation. 2. 2 Active and PassiveOther authors differentiate between active and passive behaviors, [e. g. 22, 31, 32 or 33]. Active behaviors means that users engage to utilize countermeasures directly. Passive behavior primarily involves the “general decision to share or not to share personal information” [19]. Other passive behaviors involves relying on external entities, such as data protection authorities [34] or to ask other individuals, e. g. parents [35]. 2. 3 Chronological ClassificationsFurther, one can distinguish countermeasures adopted before or after a data disclosure. Several authors write about preventive (ex ante) and protective or reactive strategies (ex post) [22, 36]. Lampinen et al. [21] call these preventive and corrective strategies. Lwin et al. [30] differentiates between deflective (prevention-focused) and protective measures. A similar distinction is introduced by [14]. They distinguish threat appraisal (ex ante), the analyzation of “probabilistic characteristics of a potential threat” [14] and coping appraisal, where users evaluate options to diminish the threat ex post. Moshki and Barki [14] highlight three categories of coping based on a temporal sequence: before an event (anticipation period), during (impact period) and after (post-impact period). Another classification mentions prevention, avoidance and detection [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various user privacy concerns and behaviors regarding data collection. It mentions users' 'general caution' regarding privacy, the distinction between deflective and defensive behaviors, and the idea of personal control agency, all of which indicate that users are concerned about how their personal information is collected and handled. These discussions underscore the relevance of data privacy issues related to the use of AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: The relative longevity of trees is as much a benefit as a potential concern, because their potential economic or amenity value can extend for hundreds of years. Many of the publicized potential concerns about GM trees are either misplaced due to a lack of public understanding, or they may be actively managed until such times as further research, including field trials, can resolve these issues. It should not be forgotten that, since 1994, more than 3. 5 trillion GM plants have been grown in the alone, without any significant ecological or human health consequences being identified (Stewart and Wheaton 2001). These numbers include more than 250 field trials of GM trees, although most of these have been with poplars and eucalypts (Rautner 2001; Gartland et al. 2003). Our knowledge and understanding of how GM trees function and perform in the wider environment can only be aided by further field trials, using a wider range of trees, as they become available through advances in genetic modification and regeneration technologies. of the potential benefits that genetic modification can bring to forestry and arboriculture include improved yields; modifying lignin content; speeding up breeding cycles; the production of valuable pharmaceuticals from trees; cleaning up environmental pollution; more effective management of pests and diseases; and enhanced amenity and landscape restoration value. Increasing yields from plantation forests by genetic modification will allow more wild forests to be left undisturbed. To this end, findings that at least two species of aspen (Populus tremuloides and P. tremula) grow faster after genetic modifications are most encouraging (Hu et al. 1999; Tzfira et al. 1999) (Figure 2). Among the wood quality traits that can now be altered by genetic modification are the composition and processing properties of lignins. Using antisense technology to reduce expression of 4-coumarate:coenzyme A ligase, a key step in lignin biosynthesis, reductions of up to 45% in the lignin content and increases of up to 15% in the cellulose content have been obtained in aspen. Enhanced leaf, root, and stem growth were also observed (Hu et al. 1999; Sederoff 1999). Being able to reduce the lignin content of trees or to improve pulping properties has also been achieved by reducing cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in 2-year-old poplar (P. tremula × P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while genetic modification can enhance some traits of trees, it does not suggest that GM trees can grow without the need for water or nutrients. The discussion surrounding the benefits and issues of GM trees does not support the assertion that they require no resources after planting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: F. (2000) Physics of Solid Bodies. Textbook 494 M. Vysshaya shkola. [27] Tyushev, A. N. (2011) Physics Lections: Part 5. 167 Novosibirsk, SGGA. [28] Pasynkov, V. V. and Sorokin, V. S. (2001) Materials of Electronic Technics. Series: Textbooks for Universities 368 Lan. [29] Lifshits, I. M. , Azbel, M. Y. and Kaganov, M. I. (1971) of Metals 416 M. Nauka. [30] Matveev, A. N. (1983) Electricity and Magnetism. 464 M. Vysshaya Shkola. [31] Juravlev, V. A. (2002) of Lections 240 M. Institute. [32] Plotkin, V. V. , Dyadkov, P. G. and Ovchinnikov, S. G. (2014) Identification of of in Lower Mantle: Inversion of Geomagnetic Data. Geology and Geophysics, 55, 1436-1445. [33] and Sokolova, E. U. (2008) Practical Physics: Quantum Physics. Physics of Elements 210 M. VVIA im. Prof. N. E. Jukovskogo. [34] Loper, D. E. (1984) Structure of the Core and Lower Mantle. Advances in Geophysics, 26, 1-34. [35] Hoffman, D. L. and Simmons, A. (2008) Earth 404 BookSurge Publishing. [36] Hansen, J. , Sato, M. , Russell, G. and Kharecha, P. (2013) Climate Sensitivity, Dioxide. [37] Kotlyakov, V. M. (2012) Causes and Results of Changes. Solar and Earth’s Physics, 21, 110-114. [38] Zachos, J. , Pagani, M. , Sloan, L. , Thomas, E. and Billups, K. (2001) Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in 65 Ma to Present. Science, 292, 686- 693. [39] Yanovsky, B. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it lists various academic textbooks and papers without mentioning any topics related to sea turtles, navigation, or magnetism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Prevention mechanisms try to ensure that “undesirable use of private data will not occur” (ex ante) [24]. Avoidance mechanism minimize risks associated with data exchanges “by carefully considering the context in which they take place” (ex ante) [24]. Detection mechanisms seek to find privacy incidents (ex post). 2. 4 Classification from a Technological PerspectiveProtection can be supported by technology or not [15, 29]. Several authors concentrate purely on a technological perspective. Jiang et al. [24] identifies “mechanisms” that are supported by tools. Other authors mention to use ad blockers, cookie management or enabling Do-Not-Track functions in web browsers [13]. Further authors, such as [37], focus on countermeasures utilizing privacy enhancing/preserving technologies and distinguish them on a technological basis [18]. 2. 5 Fine-Grained ApproachesAs an overview Yap et al. [16] identify seven categories of what they call “privacy management practices”, namely: (1) withdraw, (2) defend, (3) neutralize, (4) feint, (5) (counter) attack, (6) perception management, and (7) reconcile. Lwin et al. [38] define three defensive measures, namely: fabricate (use of false information), protect (utilization of technologies), and withhold (refusal to provide data). A quite similar wording is found in Metzger [39]. She states three behavior types, what she calls “rules”: withholding information, falsifying information and information seeking (informing oneself about a company before disclosing data). 2. 6 Taxonomies and ModelsTaxonomies and models aim to make difficult relationships easy-understandable or to visualize hierarchical structures. However only very few authors created such to visualize the relationship of their privacy protection categories. In the next sections two models are presented, which gained wide recognition. One prominent example is introduced by Son and Kim [17]. They define a set of responses to privacy threats, calling their model “Information Privacy-Protective Responses” (IPPR) (Fig. 1). Son and Kim [17] focus on three main behavioral responses:Fig. 1. “Information Privacy-Protective Responses” (IPPR) by [17]Full size image 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various prevention, avoidance, and detection mechanisms aimed at protecting data privacy. It highlights the risks associated with data exchange and identifies behavioral responses to privacy threats, which reflects ongoing concerns about data privacy in the context of user information collection.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: alba) (Lapierre et al. 1999). This process could reduce the energy inputs required and pollutants released by the pulping industry. Further enhancements of vegetative growth and rate of biomass increase may become possible by manipulating ammonium metabolism in trees. Increased cellular glutamine synthetase activity can enhance synthesis of nitrogenous compounds and biomass growth (Suarez et al. 2002). The understanding of how wood is laid down under stress conditions is being enhanced by studies on xylem tension stress-responsive genes (Samuga and Joshi 2002) and the effects of rol C gene expression in developing xylem in aspen (Grunwald et al. 2002). Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 2. Genetically modified Populus species hybrid. Some of the time-related limitations of conventional tree breeding may be overcome by expressing thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, such as apetela 1, or leafy in trees. Already, apetela 1 expression has shortened generation times from seed to seed from at least 5 years to a single year in the commercial citrus production rootstock citrange (Citrus sinensis × Poncirus trifoliata) (Pena et al. 2001). This result was achieved by converting apical and lateral shoots to flowers, and it is likely to have significant economic implications for the fruit tree industry. Similar results have been demonstrated in aspen, reducing flowering time to a mere 7 months (Nilsson and Weigel 1997; Martin-Trillo and Martinez-Zapater 2002). Although greater understanding of flowering control is still required, the combination of genetic modification and DNA sequence information gained from analysis of earlyflowering mutants from Arabidopsis seems very likely to speed up future breeding programs considerably (Egea-Cortines and Weiss 2001). GM trees also have potential to produce valuable pharmaceuticals. Although at an early stage, rubber trees in Malaysia have been engineered to secrete human serum albumin. Other high-value commodities produced and easily harvested from GM trees, including vaccines in fruit, will no doubt become commercial realities in due course (Langridge 2000). GM trees have significant potential for dendroremediation—using trees to clean up environmental pollutants. Restoring contaminated land sites reduces risks to the environment and greatly enhances the value of these sites. Considerable progress has been made with both heavy metals and with organic pollutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various enhancements and growth mechanisms in genetically modified trees, which implies that water and nutrients are still essential for their growth. For example, it mentions the manipulation of ammonium metabolism and the understanding of wood growth under stress conditions, indicating that these genetically modified trees do not eliminate the need for water or nutrients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: (1978) Terrestrial Magnetism. Parts 1, 2. 591 L. GITTL. [40] Kolesnikov, L. V. and Yudin, A. L. (2003) Materials Science. Part 2. for Laboratory Practice. 82 Kemerovo. [41] Boriev, I. A. (2012) of Impulse’s Electrons in Substance under Effect of Electricity and Time of Free Path. News of Science Academy, Engineering, 3, 105-112. [42] Monin, A. S. (1977) History of Earth 228 L. Science. [43] and David, J. (2004) CO2 as a of Phanerozoic Climate. GSA Today, 14, 4-10. [44] Serebrennikov, V. B. (2008) Temperature and in Anthropogen and Its Consequences. Peter’s Academy News. 9. [45] Korzun, V. A. (2009) Global Warming—Reality or Politicized Mith? (Perspectives of Development a “Green Economics” in Russia) 191 M. . [46] Petrovich, A. (2011) Canon of Ice Age. of 132 St. Petersburg. Nestor-Istoriya. [47] Prigogine, I. and Nicolis, G. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems: Structures to Order through Fluctuations, J. Wiley& Sons, New York. [48] Butler, S. L. , Peltier, W. R. and Costin, S. O. (2005) of the Earth’s Thermal History: Effects of Inner-. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 152, 22-42. [49] Korotkih, A. G. and Shamanin, I. (2007) Hydrodynamics and Basics in Nuclear Reactors. Textbook 117 University. [50] Micheev, M. A. and Micheeva, I. M. (1977) Basics of Heat Exchange. 2nd Edition, stereotipe 344 M. Energiya. [51] Isachenko, V. P. , Osipova, V. A. and Sukomel, A. S. (1981) 416 M. Energoizdat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about sea turtles or their navigation methods. Instead, it lists various publications on unrelated topics ranging from materials science to climate history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Information provision affects users when they are asked to disclose personal information in registration forms on websites. The authors suggest two possible responses: refuse to disclose information or to falsify them (misrepresentation). Whereas refusal often goes along with a loss of functionality, misrepresentation is considered as “a less costly and more convenient option” [17]. 2. Private action represents the fightback once users lost control over their data, e. g. when receiving unwanted marketing emails. The authors divide this complaining behavior into removal (e. g. by opting-out) and negative word-of-mouth recommendation to damage a company’s reputation. 3. Public action means complaining directly to the company or complaining indirectly via independent third-party privacy groups, such as data protection authorities. In contrast to private actions, these complaints are broadcasted to public. Another model is suggested by Ochs et al. [40]. They classify protection practices in a two-by-two grid, which distinguishes between users’ digital literacy and data intensity (Fig. 2). Digital literacy means the ability to evaluate and manage information and to facilitate computer technologies. Data intensity concerns the amount of information on which the protection is based on. Data intensity is low for defensive practices. For example, an individual who uses the internet only temporarily create only few information and thus aim for data minimization. Whereas offensive practices are used if individuals don’t want to minimize their data disclosure but instead try to obfuscate or falsify information. Accordingly there is a high data intensity. Fig. 2. adopted from [40] and translated into English by the authorPrivacy practicesFull size image “Exclusion practices” (category A) are defensive approaches that require less digital competencies in order to be successfully applied. Users do not disclose any personal information permanently. “Controlling practices” (category B) are defensive approaches that require a certain level of digital competency. The general idea is to control information flows of personal data individually. Whereas category A and B emphasize on individual approaches, “Exoteric practices” (category C) rely also on external involvement. These require less digital competency, however the amount of data that is disclosed is much higher than using exclusion practices. With “Networking practices” (category D) users try to codify their information exchange. For example users agree upon several abbreviations or code words for communication. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various issues related to personal information disclosure and the concerns users have about losing control over their data. It mentions how users may respond to requests for personal information—either by refusing to disclose information or by falsifying it, indicating a concern for privacy. The mention of users taking actions, both private and public, to fight back when they feel they have lost control over their data further supports the claim about data privacy concerns in the context of information collection by AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) modified to express bacterial mercuric reductase grows vigorously in normally toxic levels of ionic mercury, being able to convert the highly toxic ionic mercury (Hg [II]) to the much less toxic elemental form (Hg [0]) up to twelvefold faster than untransformed poplars (Rugh et al. 1998; Meagher 2000; Rugh 2001). Using cultures of genetically modified poplar cells, Gordon et al. (1998) were able to degrade trichlorethylene, one of the world’s major pollutants. Field study data have shown that up to 95% of available trichlorethylene was degraded to chlorine ions and CO2. Similar approaches are being followed with a range of other organic pollutants, including the explosives RDX and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (Thompson et al. 1999). Using trees to clean up environmental pollutants, contaminated sites can be returned to useful service for housing, leisure, or light industry. Arboricultural benefits from genetic modification are also likely to come from improved resistance to pests and diseases. Examples include introduced resistance to the fungal pathogen Septoria musiva in poplar expressing chitinbinding proteins Ac-AMP1. 2 and ESF12 (Liang et al. 2002) and plum pox virus in Prunus domestica following expression of the viral coat protein (Ravelonandro et al. 1999). In Polish, Spanish, and Rumanian field tests, the GM plum trees allowed only low levels of viral multiplication from which the trees rapidly recovered. One such line was not infected at all over the 3-year duration of these trials, in contrast to the untransformed trees that all became infected during the first year (Ravelonandro et al. 2000). Resistance to the cottonwood leaf beetle (Chrysomela scripta), a major pest, may soon be possible among poplars following their genetic modification with Bt toxin genes (James et al. 1999). Similar trials are under way in China using the Cry 1 Ac gene in P. nigra to protect against the defoliators (Hu et al. 2001). Particular care is, however, likely to be needed when selecting appropriate Bt toxin strain genes due to regional differences in cottonwood leaf beetle susceptibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about genetically modified trees, specifically highlighting their ability to address environmental pollutants and resist diseases and pests. However, it does not mention that these trees require no water or nutrients, indicating that they likely still have similar biological needs as non-modified trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: [52] Buchmirov, V. V. , Rakutina, D. V. and Solnyshkova, J. S. (2013) Conductivity. for 36 Ivanovo. [53] Lykov, A. (1967) Theory of Thermal Conductivity. 599 M. Vysshaya shkola. [54] Stepanov, A. A. and Starchenko, S. (2005) in Mantle. “Researched in Russia”, 8, 1760-1770. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth’s magnetic field. The provided text discusses various publications and authors but does not contain any information related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Other users obfuscate their data or create fake profiles (avatars) to participate in networks but not reveal their real identity. This requires a certain level of digital literacy. The literature research has shown that there is a myriad of different protection behaviors, which users can apply before and after a data disclosure. These can be of active or passive manner. A majority of behaviors aim for limiting information disclosure. Furthermore protection can be achieved with and even without technical literacy. Lastly the 1. Second, we compared and mapped the findings to create a model. 3. 1 Literature ReviewWe conducted an iterative literature search in March and April 2019 using the database Scopus to cover top peer-reviewed journals in fields like computer science, communication science, psychology and law. These seemed most promising to find suitable literature, as privacy is a multi-disciplinary concept [41]. We applied an iterative review approach, following [42] to refine and extend our initial search. As a first step, we aimed at consolidating privacy protection behaviors of users and came up with 16 keyword strings for our search. After several search iterations (including synonyms and limited to years 2000 until 2019), we reviewed protection behaviors and created a list of their denominations and meanings - resulting in 141 entries. As a last step, we scanned the resulting literature for the keywords “classification”, “categorization”, “framework” or “model” to find existing approaches. The results show that only two papers [17, 40] deal with visualizing user privacy protection. We conducted a forward and backward search for both papers. 3. 2 Classification of Behaviors and Model GenerationWe manually examined the list to compare the meanings. In cases where wordings were identical, we merged them immediately and selected the original denomination (e. g. refusal [17]). In other cases, a deeper look at the meaning was needed (e. g. feint [16]). Once there was a match with regard to wording, we set the denominations in relationship to each other and chose a coherent name. For example preventive measures [36] and threat appraisal [14] are shown before data is disclosed and therefore belong to the pre-disclosure categoryFootnote 2. In some cases, the denominations in the literature could be mapped to several others. Finally, we identified 38 distinct categories. Next, we started creating the model by applying hybrid card sorting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various user behaviors aimed at protecting data privacy. It mentions that users take steps such as obfuscating their data and creating fake profiles to protect their identities when using networks. Moreover, it explores the concept of privacy protection behaviors and categorizes them, suggesting that there is a significant concern regarding information disclosure, thus supporting the claim that data privacy is a concern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Expression of the CTV viral p25 coat protein gene significantly increased viral resistance or delayed disease symptom onset in Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia) (Dominguez et al. 2002b), while commercialscale production of GM papaya resistant to ringspot virus is well established in Hawaii (Ferreira et al. 2002). Genetic modifications can be used to restore trees to pest-damaged landscapes. Three potential examples are American chestnut (Castanea sativa), English elm (Ulmus procera), and some Southern pines (Pinus spp. ) in the United States. More than 3 billion American chestnuts have been lost since the 1930s to Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus. Genetic modification may prove beneficial in speeding up the breeding programs sponsored by the Foundation (Mehlenbacher et al. 2000). Hundreds of millions of elms throughout the northern hemisphere have been devastated by Dutch elm disease, a vascular wilt caused by the fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi (Dunn 2000). Within the alone, more than 20 million mature elms were lost in the 1970s, with fresh outbreaks still occurring as elm populations struggle to recover. However, biotechnology is making significant progress with English elm. Techniques for the transfer of genes into leaf and stem tissues using DNA-coated microprojectiles, and with both A. rhizogenes and A. tumefaciens, have been established. These techniques allow transgene expression to be investigated using biochemical reporter genes such as gus A and gfp (Davey et al. 1998). English elms with modified growth habit as a result of Ri plasmid gene expression and phenotypically normal English elms genetically modified with β-glucuronidase antifungal protein genes have been produced (Gartland et al. 2000, 2001a, 2001b) (Figure 3). Ulmus procera has some measure of in-built containment, as it does not form viable seed in UK conditions being propagated vegetatively. Elms in the United Kingdom, as well as in North America, hold great cultural, as well as landscape, amenity, and potential economic value. Download figureOpen in new tabDownload powerpointFigure 3. Genetically modified English elm (Ulmus procera) growing in soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the necessity of planting genetically modified trees in soil, which implies they require traditional care. It discusses various genetically modified tree species, their pest resistance, and breeding programs, without stating that they can thrive without water or nutrients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Skip to content Menu AGU. org to by AGU for dropdown menu Space & & & & dropdown menu ’ Highlights Editors’ Eos en Español Eos 简体中文版 to for: inStrength of Earth’s magnetic record stored in rocks documents the liquid core’s behavior and possibly when the inner core formed. Whether it formed half a billion or more than a billion years ago, however, is up for debate. by Alka Tripathy-Lang 22 August 202230 September 2022 Share this:Click to print (Opens in new window)Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window)Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window) Researchers (including coauthor Nick Swanson-Hysell) found surprisingly high paleointensity values in rocks collected from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift. Credit: Life as we know it requires an atmosphere. It is the air we breathe, our shield from harmful ultraviolet rays, and our defense against extreme temperature swings, like those on Mars. But Earth’s atmosphere owes its persistence to the geomagnetic field, which thwarts the Sun’s rays from dispelling this gaseous veneer. And this protective geomagnetic field owes its existence to Earth’s core. As the liquid part of the core (the outer core) swirls, the combination of molten iron alloys and Earth’s rotation results in a self-sustaining magnetic field called the geodynamo. As they archive evidence of the geodynamo’s billions-of-years-long existence, rocks can transcribe where north was (direction) and how strong the field was (intensity) at the time of formation. That transcription is possible as long as the rocks remain relatively untouched by high temperatures, fluids, or other traumas of tectonics. Because the strength of Earth’s magnetic field relies on the vigor with which the liquid core churns, understanding how paleomagnetic intensity has changed at the surface can help scientists address when the core transitioned from a single ball of sloshing melt to a solid inner core wrapped in a liquid outer core. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the Earth's core and geomagnetic field but does not mention sea turtles or their navigation methods. It focuses primarily on paleomagnetic research and the existence of the geomagnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Camouflage use a similar approach, however “try[ing] to vanish from view entirely” [52]. Privacy calculus reconciliation is the only practice within the model that is intrapersonal. Thus it rather represents a coping strategy than an actual behavior. Users “engage in an intrapersonal dialogue […] to rationalize away their desires and concerns for privacy […] to convince themselves that they remain in control” [16]. Post-disclosure behaviors Even after a data disclosure, users can trust in proxy control such as external authorities [34]. Depending on the legal circumstances in the respective country, users can rely on jurisdiction [53]. Making public activities users complain publicly and manifestly about a company. This behavior fits into two types: “direct complaints to sellers and indirect complaints made to third-party organizations” [17]. Users make private activities when they boycott a particular company, e. g. by asking to be removed from a mailing list. Alternatively customers can communicate their negative experience to relatives or friends [17]. However, these behaviors are not done publicly. In contrast to [17], we name it “activities” instated of “actions” to emphasize that some behaviors can be permanent. In contrast to removal, deleting traces refers to data that is stored at the user’s devices, such as cookies [16, 19, 54]. Summarizing, 141 protection behaviors were found and mapped to 38 distinct categories. represents the relationships between these distinct categories. The model introduces several categories on four hierarchical levels. Each category is derived from a literature review based on a mapping of nomination or meanings. On the next page in Fig. 3 the End-is presented. 5 DiscussionOur models aims to create an overview of user-centric privacy protection behaviors. Although we also allude the term coping, we use “behavior”, as it refers to a way of acting [25]. Whereas classifications in literature have only few categories, our model provides more categories covering a broader field of applicability, because privacy concerns “the Internet as a whole” [13]. In contrast, [17] mainly concentrated on privacy responses in electronic commerce or [29] distinguishes between “general caution” and “technical protection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing user privacy concerns and behaviors related to data disclosure. It highlights how users engage in 'intrapersonal dialogue' to rationalize their privacy concerns and feel in control, indicating ongoing concerns about data privacy. Moreover, it outlines various protection behaviors users employ in response to privacy issues, thus reinforcing the idea that data privacy is a significant concern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) has attacked pines in the (Pena and Seguin 2001). These trees, described by as the priests of pines addressing the surrounding forest, may benefit from a combination of genetic modification and genomics—the application of computer science to genetic structure and function. Gene mapping and genomic sequencing advances are likely to identify potential genes for resistance to white pine blister rust fungus. Such genes, once allied to suitable regulatory elements, could be transferred back into the pines by genetic modification, reducing future damage to the landscape. genetic modification is most likely to be acceptable to the public in two areas: where greater productivity from reduced plantation forest areas can be shown to increase areas left to nature’s own devices, and in restoring threatened trees to damaged landscapes, such as the elm. Whichever aspects of GM trees advance most rapidly in the future, environmental risk assessment should always be carried out, on a case-by-case basis, until a sufficient body of knowledge on the anticipated benefits and the possible risks of this exciting technology is established. © 2003, of Arboriculture. All rights reserved. ↵Adams, J. M. , G. Piovesan, S. Strauss, and S. Brown. 2002. The case for genetic engineering of native and landscape trees against introduced pests and diseases. Conserv. Biol. 16:874–879. OpenUrl↵Allen, G. C. , S. Spiker, and W. F. Thompson. 2000. Use of matrix attachment regions (MARs) to minimize transgene silencing. Plant Mol. Biol. 43:361–376. ↵Bouchie, A. 2001. Safety of GMOs reaffirmed by EU. Nat. Biotechnol 19:1095. OpenUrl↵Dandekar, A. M. , and D. J. James. 1998. High levels of expression of full-length cry IA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis in transgenic somatic walnut embryos. Plant Sci. 131:181–193. OpenUrl↵Daniell, H. , and A. Dingra. 2002. Multigene engineering:Dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr. Op. Biotechnol. 13:136–141. ↵Davey, M. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of environmental risk assessment and the potential benefits of genetic modification in trees, implying that genetic modification does not eliminate the need for water or nutrients. Instead, it suggests that genetic modification may help trees resist diseases and improve productivity, indicating that genetically modified trees still have environmental requirements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In other words, paleomagnetic intensity might tell scientists when the inner core began to form, with some suggesting that the answer is a little more than half a billion years ago (i. e. , only in the last ~10% of Earth’s history). This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now In a new study published in the Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America, paleomagnetist and University of California, Berkeley doctoral student and his coauthors collected and studied rocks from the (failed) Midcontinent Rift—a region where 1. 1 billion years ago there was voluminous volcanism. The rocks that Zhang targeted are unique aggregations of crystals known as anorthosite xenoliths that formed deep in Earth’s crust but were brought close to the surface with magma that fed lava eruptions into the rift. The team found surprisingly high paleointensity values that signal a turbulent core—more spirited than might be expected for a liquid core lacking a solid center and stronger than Earth’s magnetic field today. Plot of age versus paleointensity, with a dashed line showing a previously interpreted decreasing trend until about 500–600 million years ago, after which paleointensity values begin to climb, showing distinct lows but also higher highs than most data from the Precambrian, barring the data presented in the new study. A light blue band from 1,110 to 1,085 million years ago shows the age of the rocks in this study as well as their curiously high paleointensity values. Credit: Zhang et al. , 2022, of Earth’s energy that causes the liquid core to move, or convect, comes from two different mechanisms. Thermally convecting liquid is driven by heat that’s wanting to rise and escape, said Courtney Sprain, a paleomagnetist at the University of Florida who was not involved in this study. In the other mechanism, compositional convection stirs the cauldron because of light elements. As the mostly iron inner core solidifies, it excludes lighter, more buoyant elements that proceed to rise through the liquid outer core. “We believe [that] today, that’s one of our main sources of energy driving the geodynamo,” Sprain explained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses paleomagnetism and studies related to Earth's inner core, focusing on data regarding the formation and behavior of rocks and the geodynamo mechanism. It does not provide any information related to sea turtles or their navigation abilities using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Data privacy remains a concern with AI assistants that collect user information for training. [SEP] Text: Although there is an ongoing debate about if individuals should be responsible for their data protection [19], our work purely concentrates on identifying protection behavior, without taking a position in this debate. Nonetheless, it is not trivial or unambiguous to organize protection behaviors in a taxonomy or model, because categories could mean different things to people [26]. Whereas some authors label behaviors literally equal (e. g. fabricate [35, 38]), other scholars rely on own nominations (e. g. perturbation [55]). We tried to stick to generally recognized wordings. But sometimes there was a need to create own nominations which literature do not discuss throughout to cover the different authors’ aspects (e. g. trust in proxy control). There are also some categories in literature, which did not fit into our model. For example Moshki and Barki say that coping can happen during “a stressful encounter” [14] and call this the “impact period”. However, we argue that it is difficult to identify a privacy breach on the fly. Finally, sometimes authors’ classifications are contradictory. For example Yap et al. [16] call withdraw as an active behavior, whereas Gurău and Ranchhod [22] consider it as passive. Furthermore we argue that the model can never be considered as complete. As technology is changing with high pace, new protective technologies and behaviors are likely to arise. Adding insights from further disciplines, such as sociology, might bring up other or new categories to the model. 5. 1 ImplicationsOur work offers implications for theory, as well as for practice. For scholars this work offers an overview of current privacy protection behaviors of end-users and helps to understand the range of protection mechanisms [13, 16, 41]. Additionally, it shows which denominations authors use. Further it shows how behaviors could be linked to each other. As the model concentrates on a user-centric approach, it answers the call from [18]. The model is not fixed. Instead, it is highly adaptive. Researchers can edit, add or delete categories without losing the general meaning. In addition, the model is not fixed to a special domain, thus scholars can adopt the classifications to special fields of research. For practice, our model helps end-users to identify tools and techniques to protect themselves, as users are often not aware how to safeguard their data [13, 41]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific concern of data privacy related to AI assistants that collect user information for training. Instead, it discusses the complexities and challenges associated with categorizing user protection behaviors without taking a definitive stance on data protection debates. The implications and discussions around protection behaviors are relevant to a broader context of user data protection, but they do not directly corroborate or contrast the claim regarding AI assistants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Tom 77 Nr 3 (2022) Artykuły Genetycznie modyfikowane topole o zwiększonej odporności na stresy abiotyczne - najnowsze osiągnięcia. Praca przeglądowa. Magdalena Sozoniuk+− Krzysztof Kowalczyk+− Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland Institute of Plant Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology, University of in Lublin, Akademicka 15, 20-950 Lublin, Poland PDF (English) DOI: Przesłane: 15 czerwca 2022 Opublikowane: 28-10-2022 ostatnich latach dokonał się ogromny postęp w zakresie poprawy odporności drzew leśnych na stres abiotyczny. Zastosowanie technik modyfikacji genetycznej pozwala na otrzymanie drzew odznaczających się dobrym wzrost w warunkach różnych czynników stresowych, takich jak wysokie zasolenie, susza, niska temperatura i zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Szczególnie podatna na modyfikacje genetyczne jest topola. Wobec nadchodzących zmian środowiskowych zastosowanie transformacji genetycznej w hodowli leśnej wydaje się być atrakcyjną perspektywą. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how genetically modified trees, specifically poplars, are engineered for better growth under various stress factors like drought and salinity. This implies that while genetic modification may enhance resilience, it does not eliminate the requirement for water and nutrients, as trees still need these resources to grow effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: was much warmer billions of years ago and the inner core was not initially present, thermal convection may have been the primary driver generating the early magnetic field, said Richard Bono, a paleomagnetist at University who also was not involved in Zhang’s work. cooled, thermal convection—and the intensity of the magnetic field—should have tapered. But continued cooling eventually led to the beginnings of Earth’s solid metal heart, which should have boosted the waning magnetic field as compositional convection overtook its thermal counterpart. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values. ” This transition might have begun less than 700 million years ago (much younger than canonical estimates), according to experiments designed to determine how fast iron conducts heat at extremely high pressures and temperatures, said Zhang. However, such experiments have led to different results through different approaches, enough so that various scenarios of the age of the inner core are possible. A 2019 paper led by Bono, in which scientists collated high-quality paleointensity data, supported this young inner core formation timeline, with the paleomagnetic field interpreted to decrease in intensity until a 565-million-year-old low, followed by a rise toward much higher values, signifying more mixing. This timeline led to the intriguing hypothesis that the inner core began to form sometime after 565 million years ago—remarkably young. However, because older (1. 14-billion-year-old) rocks have low paleointensity values, Zhang’s curiously high paleointensity data in 1. 09-billion-year-old rocks could be interpreted as inner core nucleation similar to some previous estimates. “You need some really strong forces in the interior of the Earth to generate such strong [paleointensity] values,” said Zhang. If true, new explanations for later ebbs and flows of paleointensity are needed for around 565 million years ago, as well as at younger times of low to high field strength transitions. Nevertheless, these data don’t negate inner core nucleation 565 million years ago either, he said. “If anything, this is telling us we need to start trying to understand some of the other added complexities” like plate tectonics, said Sprain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss sea turtles or their navigation methods. Instead, it focuses on the geological and paleomagnetic characteristics of the Earth, including the formation of the inner core and the evolution of the Earth's magnetic field. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based seafood aims to reduce overfishing and decrease ocean pollution. [SEP] Text: One reason why blue foods are not well integrated into discussions about food system transformation in the may be because of the perception that blue foods are not a significant part of the nation’s food system. Today, seafood is among the most traded food commodities in the world9, obscuring the link between blue food harvest and consumption10. Indeed, an estimated 80% of the total seafood consumed in the United States, by volume, comes from imported sources (6. 1 billion pounds)11. However, despite the United States’ dependence on imported sources12, the nation produced 8. 4 billion pounds of seafood in 2020 alone and is among the largest producers of blue foods in the world11. Recognizing the disconnect between consumption and production, and in response to calls for food system transformation, we evaluate the potential for blue food production in the to meet consumer demand and contribute to the dietary needs of its population. We accomplish this by using a self-reliance analysis to evaluate the extent to which the could achieve seafood “independence” under the current consumption scenario as well as one in which consumption reflects recommendations for a healthy diet. By seafood independence, we mean the capacity of a region or country to meet its seafood needs through its own production by reducing reliance on imports. Increasing food system self-reliance can help to ensure food and nutrition security by reducing dependence on trade13,14. Further, self-reliance buffers places from systemic shocks, which have become more prevalent over the last 50 years15. Here, our approach considers production, utilization, yield, and consumption data across seven regions of the and nationally over 50 years (1970–2021). Using these results, we also investigate the extent to which blue food production aligns with the dietary recommendations for seafood consumption in an effort to triangulate the possible contributions that blue foods could make toward meeting dietary needs for the country if seafood self-reliance were prioritized as part of future efforts to transform and strengthen regional and national food systems. While any major change in the distribution and availability of blue foods in the would require a substantial shift away from global trade, we assert that this pivot is not beyond imagination. The recent COVID-19 pandemic has brought acute attention to the shortcomings of overreliance on global trade in the seafood sector, leading to numerous calls to strengthen supply chains and bolster local, regional, and domestic seafood systems16,17,18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the need for self-reliance in seafood production to mitigate dependence on imports and reduce pressures on overfished stocks. It highlights the potential for blue foods to meet consumer demand while contributing to food security, suggesting that a shift towards local blue food production can help reduce reliance on overfishing and promote sustainable practices. The mention of systemic shocks and calls for re-evaluating food systems further aligns with the claim's emphasis on reducing ocean pollution through sustainable seafood sourcing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: W niniejszej pracy omawiamy najnowsze osiągnięcia dotyczące genetycznie modyfikowanych drzew charakteryzujących się zwiększoną odpornością na niesprzyjające warunki środowiska. A. , Kim J. -K. , 2020. Transgenic breeding approaches for improving abiotic stress tolerance: recent progress and future perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(8), 2695. DOI: Bakhsh A. , Hussain T. , 2015. Engineering crop plants against abiotic stress: current achievements and prospects. Emir. J. Food Agric. 27(1), 24–39. DOI: Bian Z. , Wang X. , Lu J. , Wang D. , Zhou Y. , Liu Y. , Wang S. , Yu Z. , Xu D. , Meng S. , 2021. The yellowhorn AGL transcription factor gene XsAGL22 contributes to ABA biosynthesis and drought tolerance in poplar. Tree Physiol. 42(6), 1–14. DOI: Brodribb T. J. , Powers J. , Cochard H. , Choat B. , 2020. Hanging by a thread? Forests and drought. Science 368(6488), 261–266. DOI: Castro‐Rodríguez V. , García‐Gutiérrez A. , Canales J. , Cañas R. A. , Kirby E. G. , Avila C. , Cánovas F. M. , 2016. Poplar trees for phytoremediation of high levels of nitrate and applications in bioenergy. Plant Biotechnol. J. 14(1), 299–312. DOI: Chang S. , Mahon E. L. , MacKay H. A. , Rottmann W. H. , Strauss S. H. , Pijut P. M. , Powell W. A. , Coffey V. , Lu H. , Mansfield S. D. , Jones T. J. , 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increased resistance of genetically modified trees to adverse environmental conditions, suggesting that while they may have enhanced tolerance, it does not imply that they require no water or nutrients. The academic references provided indicate ongoing research and indicate that genetically modified trees still interact with their environment and would benefit from water and nutrients.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Subducting plates move through the mantle, sometimes settling into cold piles at the core-mantle boundary. Elsewhere along this boundary, buoyant plumes of hot material rise upward. These sunken slabs and upwelling plumes affect how heat escapes from the core, a process that itself affects how quickly the outer core can convect. The core’s pattern of exhaling heat changes as this geometry shifts, which could affect how the magnetic field is generated, she explained. Snapshot or Long-Term Average? “Our magnetic field is really crazy. ” “Our magnetic field is really crazy,” said Sprain. “It can change on timescales of seconds to millions of years. ” “When we’re trying to understand what the strength of the field is, we have to ask—how much time are we looking at, [and] how much time do we average? ” said Bono. A rock that cools quickly, on the order of hundreds or thousands of years, will record a snapshot of the magnetic field. A rock that takes many tens or hundreds of thousands of years to cool smooths out the magnetic field’s short-term variation. “You really need to be looking at the time-averaged field strength” to understand what was happening in the core, he said. In the new study, said Sprain, Zhang has data from seven sites but only one date for these rocks. Because these are very old rocks, each date’s margin of error would be on the order of 100,000 years to greater than 1 million; collecting more dates wouldn’t necessarily help resolve the relative timing between sites. “Even if there was more than 10,000 years between [multiple samples’] cooling times, we wouldn’t be able to resolve it [because] the ages would overlap,” Sprain said. Nevertheless, the data are of high quality, and even averaging all the information together results in a higher-than-expected magnetic field for 1. 1 billion years ago, confirming the findings of prior work, said Bono. In this prior work, Sprain found that slightly older volcanic rocks from the also record a strong magnetic field similar to that on Earth today. “What we need,” said Sprain, “is more high-quality data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses geological processes regarding the Earth's magnetic field generation and properties without mentioning sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sub-orbital flights allow tourists to experience a brief period of weightlessness. [SEP] Text: The main advantages of parabolic flights for reduced gravity investigations are:the short turn-around time (typically of a few months between the experiment proposal and its performance);the low cost involved (space agencies provide the flight opportunity free of charge to selected investigators);the flexibility of experimental approach (laboratory type instrumentation is most commonly used);the possibility of direct intervention by investigators on board the aircraft during and between parabolas, and the possibility of modifying the experiment set-up between flights. Furthermore, aircraft parabolic flights are the only suborbital carrier to provide the opportunity to carry out medical and physiological experiments on human subjects under conditions of microgravity or reduced gravity such as that found on other planetary bodies (Martian 0. 38 g, Lunar 0. 16 g), to prepare for extra-terrestrial planetary exploration. This 2. Objectives of parabolic flightsAn aircraft in parabolic flight provides investigators with a laboratory for scientific experimentation where the gravity levels are changed repetitively, giving successive periods of either 0. 38 g (Mars gravity) for up to 32 s, or 0. 16 g (Moon gravity) for up to 25 s or 0 g for 20 s, preceded and followed by periods of 20 s at approximately 1. 8 g (Figure 1), where g is the acceleration created by gravity at Earth’s surface, on average 9. 81 m/s2. Figure 1. NASA’s KC-135 during the pull-up phase (Credit: NASA). Parabolic flight objectives pursued by investigators vary. From a scientific point of view, the following objectives can be attained:the performance of short experiments for which the reduced gravity is low enough for: qualitative experiments of the ‘look and see’ type, using laboratory type equipment to observe and record phenomena; and quantitative experiments to measure phenomena in reduced gravity, yielding direct quantitative exploitable results;the ability for experimenters to perform their own experiments in reduced gravity with the possibility of direct interventions on the experiment in progress during the low g periods and direct interaction by changing experiment parameters between the reduced gravity periods (Figure 2);the study of transient phenomena occurring during the transition between high to low and low to high g phases. Figure 2. Experiment on vibrational phenomena during an ESA campaign (Credit: ESA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing parabolic flights, which are a type of sub-orbital flight, offering periods of reduced gravity and even 0 g experiences. It mentions that 'an aircraft in parabolic flight provides investigators with a laboratory for scientific experimentation where the gravity levels are changed repetitively,' implying that participants can experience brief moments of weightlessness, consistent with the claim about sub-orbital flights allowing tourists that experience.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Genetic engineering of trees: progress and new horizons. Cell. Dev. Biol. Plant 54(4), 341–376. DOI: Cheng Z. , Zhang X. , Zhao K. , Yao W. , Li R. , Zhou B. , Jiang T. , 2019. Over-expression of ERF38 gene enhances salt and osmotic tolerance in transgenic poplar. Front. Plant Sci. 10, 1375. DOI: Cortés A. J. , Restrepo-Montoya M. , Bedoya-Canas L. E. , 2020. Modern strategies to assess and breed forest tree adaptation to changing climate. Front. Plant Sci. 11, 1606. DOI: DalCorso G. , Martini F. , Fasani E. , Manara A. , Visioli G. , Furini A. , 2021. Enhancement of Zn tolerance and accumulation in plants mediated by the expression of Saccharomyces cerevisiae vacuolar transporter ZRC1. Planta 253(6), 1–17. DOI: dos Santos T. B. , Ribas A. F. , de Souza S. G. H. , Budzinski I. G. F. , Domingues D. S. , 2022. Physiological responses to drought, salinity, and heat stress in plants: a review. Stresses 2(1), 113–135. DOI: Fillatti J. J. , Sellmer J. , McCown B. , Haissig B. , Comai L. , 1987. Agrobacterium mediated transformation and regeneration of Populus. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206(2), 192–199. DOI: Geng X. , Chen S. , Yilan E. , Zhang W. , Mao H. , Gigige A. , Wang Y. , Qi Z. , Lin X. , 2020. Overexpression of a tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter from the halophytic shrub Nitraria sibirica improved salt tolerance and root development in transgenic poplar. Tree Genet. Genom. 16(6), 1–14. DOI: Guo Q. , Jiang J. , Yao W. , Li L. , Zhao K. , Cheng Z. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic engineering advancements in trees, such as enhancing salt and osmotic tolerance, which implies that these genetically modified trees still require care and input, such as water and nutrients, for optimal growth. The mention of physiological responses to drought, salinity, and heat stress further suggests that these trees are not entirely self-sufficient and must be managed within their environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial motility is typically studied in bulk solution, while their natural habitats often are complex environments. Here, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles to study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic environment. Magnetotactic bacteria are microorganisms that form chains of nanomagnets and that orient in Earth’s magnetic field. The obstacles were produced based on micro-computer tomography reconstructions of bacteria-rich sediment samples. We characterized the swimming of the cells through these channels and found that swimming throughput was highest for physiological magnetic fields. This observation was confirmed by extensive computer simulations using an active Brownian p10. 7554/eLife. 98001. 1. sa2Significance of findingsvaluable: Findings that have theoretical or practical implications for a subfieldlandmarkfundamentalimportantvaluableusefulStrength of evidencesolid: Methods, data and analyses broadly support the claims with only minor weaknessesexceptionalcompellingconvincingsolidincompleteinadequateDuring the peer-review process the editor and reviewers write an eLife assessment that summarises the significance of the findings reported in the 2. 1 Characterization of sediment and construction of sediment-mimicking microfluidic channelsTo study swimming of magnetotactic bacteria in a near-realistic sediment environment that resembles their natural habitat, we produced microfluidic channels that contained sediment-mimicking obstacles (Fig. 1 and S1). To that end, we first characterized a sediment sample in water from the magnetotactic bacteria-rich lake (Potsdam, Germany). We determined a 3D reconstruction of the sample using micro-computer tomography (muCT) with a resolution of 1. 56 µm (Fig. 2a-d) and analyzed the sizes of sediment p1. Construction of sediment-mimicking obstacle channels:Micro-computer tomography slices of sediment samples (a) are cropped out to ignore border effect due to the reconstruction and binarized (b). The binarized images are then fitted with circles (c) for statistical analysis (grain size distribution in d) and for construction of arrays of pillar-shaped obstacles (e). The images of irregular grains (b) and fitted circles (e) are used as masks to design microfluidic channels with obstacle arrays (f), in which the bacteria are injected in the middle channel (3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the swimming behavior of magnetotactic bacteria and their orientation in the Earth's magnetic field. However, it does not provide any information about sea turtles or their navigation methods. Therefore, it is not relevant to the claim regarding sea turtles' use of the Earth's magnetic field for navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Sub-orbital flights allow tourists to experience a brief period of weightlessness. [SEP] Text: In particular, in Life Sciences, investigations can be conducted on living systems to understand how humans, small animals, cells and plants are affected by a low gravity environment similar to those on the Moon and Mars. Many issues of relevance for the preparation of future human space exploration that includes stays on the surface of planetary bodies can also be investigated (Figure 5). Some experiment results of European partial-g campaigns can be found in [8, 9]. Figure 5. and training on the KC-135 before their Apollo-14 mission (Credit: NASA). Other gravity levels are also achievable during flights and can be used by investigators: e. g. , during pull-up and pull-out manoeuvres, periods of 20 s of 1. 8–2 g are achieved, and spiral turn manoeuvres provide for longer periods or other levels of high g. These hypergravity periods can be used for certain type of gravity dependent investigations, e. g. , in combustion or physiology areas. Finally, since a few years, parabolic flights are also used in the USA, Europe and Russia to allow the general public to discover the 0 g environment and to enjoy for a few moments the sensations that astronauts experience during their spaceflights. 3. Parabolic flight manoeuvreFor microgravity flights, let us recall first that a body is in free fall if it is subjected to the only force of gravity in an inertial reference frame and this body and all its content are in a state of weightlessness in the non-inertial reference frame attached to the body. Weightlessness thus appears in a non-inertial reference frame, which is in a state of free fall with respect to an inertial reference frame. Weightlessness is a dynamical state that requires a free-fall movement [10]. Note as well that any kind of movement of a vehicle that is subjected to the action of the sole force of gravity is a free-fall movement, and weightlessness is then generated in the vehicle. Consider now an aircraft flying in Earth’s atmosphere, assumed to be quiet. There are usually four forces acting on the aircraft in a straight and level horizontal flight (Figure 6):its own weight, oriented vertically downwards,the aerodynamic lift, induced by the shape of its wings, oriented vertically upward,the aerodynamic drag, created by air resistance, oriented horizontally backward,the aircraft engine thrust, oriented horizontally forward. Figure 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing parabolic flights that allow the general public to discover a zero-gravity environment and experience sensations similar to those felt by astronauts during their spaceflights. It explains that during these flights, periods of weightlessness can be achieved, which is directly aligned with the claim regarding sub-orbital flights allowing tourists to experience brief periods of weightlessness.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Pe CHYR 1, a ubiquitin E3 ligase from Populus euphratica, enhances drought tolerance via ABA‐induced stomatal closure by ROS production in Populus. Plant Biotechnol. J. 16(8), 1514–1528. DOI: Huang S. , Chen C. , Xu M. , Wang G. , Xu L. A. , Wu Y. , 2021. Overexpression of Ginkgo BBX25 enhances salt tolerance in transgenic Populus. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 167, 946–954. DOI: Kim M. -H. , Cho J. -S. , Park E. -J. , Lee H. , Choi Y. -I. , Bae E. -K. , Han K. -H. , Ko J. -H. , 2020. Overexpression of a poplar Ring-H2 zinc finger, Ptxerico, confers enhanced drought tolerance via reduced water loss and ion leakage in Populus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21(24), 9454. DOI: Lebedev V. G. , Popova A. A. , Shestibratov K. A. , 2021. Genetic engineering and genome editing for improving nitrogen use efficiency in plants. Cells 10(12), 3303. DOI: Li D. , Yang J. , Pak S. , Zeng M. , Sun J. , Yu S. , He Y. , Li C. , 2022. PuC3H35 confers drought tolerance by enhancing lignin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in the roots of Populus ussuriensis. New Phytol. 233(1), 390–408. DOI: Llanes A. , Palchetti M. V. , Vilo C. , Ibañez C. , 2021. Molecular control to salt tolerance mechanisms of woody plants: recent achievements and perspectives. Ann. For. Sci. 78(4), 1–19. DOI: Meng S. , Cao Y. , Li H. , Bian Z. , Wang D. , Lian C. , Yin W. , Xia X. , 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various research studies on genetically modified trees (like Populus and Ginkgo) that enhance drought tolerance but do not indicate that these trees require no water or nutrients once planted. Instead, the focus on drought tolerance suggests that while these trees may withstand drought conditions better, they still rely on water and nutrients to grow, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 mm × 1. 2 mm × 10 µm) where they encounter the obstacles. Fig. 2. Analysis of micro-computer tomography images of a sediment sample in water:a) Slice of the sediment sample, b) cube from the center of the cuvette, c) and d) examples of water gaps rendered with the Amira software. e) Distribution of the smallest grain dimension (i. e. , trabecular thickness analyzed with CTAn) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x− µ)2/c2), µ = 3. 83, c = 0. 5903, corresponding to a mean sand grain diameter of 46 µm. f) Distribution of the water gap size (i. e. , trabecular separation) with Gaussian fit a exp(−(x−µ)2/c2), µ = 42. 94 µm, c = 28. 66 µm. g) Percentage of sand over water as function of the distance from the bottom of the cuvette as obtained from 2D slices of the µCT images (yellow filled line) and for the equivalent fit with circles (yellow dashed line). The red points show the mean radius of the fitted circles (± standard error of the mean) in µm (right axis). We next analyzed two-dimensional slices of the µCT images at various depths of the sample to study if any difference is observed. This analysis returns similar values of the sand to water percentage (62 – 66% from top to bottom, see Fig. 2g, with the small difference possibly due to sedimentation of the sediment under gravity). The mean radii of circular fits to the grains varies from 68 to 62 µm from bottom to top (Fig. 2g), further potentially indicating a slight effect of sedimentation by gravity. This analysis provides the basis for the construction of our 2D microfluidic channels. To realistically represent the porous environment where magnetotactic bacteria live, we constructed quasitwodimensional microfluidic channels based on the 2D µCT images at different depths (Figure 1). These images (shown in S2) were used as masks (see Methods), such that each sediment grain becomes an irregularly shaped pillar in our quasi-2D structure. Bacteria thus swim through an array of pillars that act as obstacles for their motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the analysis of sediment samples and micro-computer tomography images, focusing on sediment characteristics and the construction of microfluidic channels, without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: Listen to this story: Your browser doesn't support the audio element Back 15 seconds Forward 15 seconds 0:00 on social media linkedin x twitter facebook scientists have long been on a quest to crack the condition’s sleep conundrum. Problems with falling and staying asleep are not typically considered a core trait of autism, but they are exceedingly common among autistic people and have compound effects: They can exacerbate a range of autism traits and are linked to greater difficulties with daily functioning. But to track and assess what goes on in the body during sleep — historically at least — research participants have had to sleep in a lab, tucked up in a web of cumbersome equipment: The gold-standard approach, polysomnography, temporarily turns a sleeper into something resembling the prey of a giant electrical spider, bound in electrodes and wire leads that capture brain activity via electroencephalography (EEG), and breathing and body position, among other measures. This scenario is uncomfortable enough for neurotypical people, never mind someone with autism who may also have anxiety and sensory, communication or behavioral difficulties, notes Malow, professor of neurology and pediatrics at in Nashville, Tennessee. “The question is, are you really getting a valid night’s sleep [under those conditions]? ” Some study participants with autism may not be able to sleep at all, notes Thomas Frazier, professor of psychology at University in University Heights, Ohio, as was the case when Frazier’s teenage autistic son went to a clinic for an overnight EEG study. “Getting good data and then scaling that up so you can actually use it in a real, meaningful way is tough,” he says. Wire web: EEG helmets used for standard polysomnography can interfere with a study participant’s sleep, particularly if she has sensory sensitivities or anxiety. To address the issue, multiple labs are working to deploy minimally invasive sleep-tracking devices — both “wearables” that someone puts on and “nearables” that take measurements from a distance. These devices tend to collect fewer types of data than polysomnography can, but their creators say they do enough to get the job done, tracking sleep stages and certain aspects of a sleeper’s physiology and brain activity. The three technologies described below all strike that balance between accuracy and scalability, and they may help researchers increase the number of autistic participants in their studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that multiple labs are working to deploy minimally invasive sleep-tracking devices, both 'wearables' and 'nearables', which are designed to track sleep stages and certain aspects of a sleeper’s physiology and brain activity. This implies that these devices utilize various types of data to estimate sleep stages, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: PeSHN1 regulates water-use efficiency and drought tolerance by modulating wax biosynthesis in poplar. Tree Physiol. 39(8), 1371–1386. DOI: Moran E. , Lauder J. , Musser C. , Stathos A. , Shu M. , 2017. The genetics of drought tolerance in conifers. New Phytol. 216(4), 1034–1048. DOI: Nagle M. , Déjardin A. , Pilate G. , Strauss S. H. , 2018. Opportunities for innovation in genetic transformation of forest trees. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1443. DOI: Neri A. , Traversari S. , Andreucci A. , Francini A. , Sebastiani L. , 2020. The role of aquaporin overexpression in the modulation of transcription of heavy metal transporters under cadmium treatment in poplar. Plants 10(1), 54. DOI: Nguyen H. C. , Lin K. H. , Ho S. L. , Chiang C. M. , Yang C. M. , 2018. Enhancing the abiotic stress tolerance of plants: from chemical treatment to biotechnological approaches. Physiol. Plant. 164(4), 452–466. DOI: Nowicka B. , Ciura J. , Szymańska R. , Kruk J. , 2018. Improving photosynthesis, plant productivity and abiotic stress tolerance – current trends and future perspectives. J. Plant Physiol. 231, 415–433. DOI: Ozyigit I. I. , Can H. , Dogan I. , 2021. Phytoremediation using genetically engineered plants to remove metals: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 19(1), 669–698. DOI: Polle A. , Chen S. L. , Eckert C. , Harfouche A. , 2019. Engineering drought resistance in forest trees. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1875. DOI: Rai P. K. , Kim K. H. , Lee S. S. , Lee J. H. , 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on the genetic mechanisms of water-use efficiency and drought tolerance in trees, such as the regulation of wax biosynthesis in poplar. It highlights the importance of managing water and nutrient needs in genetically modified trees, implying that they do not function independently of these resources once planted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: In addition, we generated channels with cylindrical pillars by fitting circles to the two-dimensional grain images (Figure 1 and S2). These rounded-shaped pillars of different diameters are used for a comparison of our experiments with computer simulations below. 2. 2 Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through sediment-mimicking obstacle channelsWith the sediment-mimicking channels at hand, we studied the motion of magnetotactic bacteria through those channels. A droplet of culture medium containing bacteria was injected into the entrance channel, which is placed under a custom-designed microscope [27], with a controlled magnetic field of either 0 µT (field cancelled), 50 µT (intensity of the geomagnetic field) or 500 (one order of magnitude larger than the geomagnetic field) µT. We then imaged the entrance and exit regions of the microfluidic channel in an alternating fashion (Figure 3a), with snapshots every 20 s and counted the number of bacteria in these two regions. These counts are noisy and some bacteria pass the channel rapidly, within the first few snapshots. The delay time after which the first bacteria reach the exit region of the channel could therefore not be reliably quantified. Instead, we determined the cumulative density of bacteria in the exit and in the entrance regions of the channel (Figure 3b) and used their ratio, determined 30 min after injecting the bacteria, as a measure of the throughput of bacteria through the channel (see Methods). We determined the throughput in this way for 20 different channels, 10 with irregularly shaped obstacles and 10 with cylindrical pillars (S2). We obtained very similar results for channels with cylindrical pillars and with irregularly shaped pillars (S3). However, we found the strength of the magnetic field to have a strong impact on the throughput, with a non-monotonic dependence on the field strength (Figure 3c). The maximal throughput was obtained for the intermediate field strength of 50 µT, while without a field as well as with a field of 500 µT the throughput was smaller. By contrast, for a channel without obstacles, the throughput increased monotonically with the field strength (S4). This observation suggests that a magnetic field of a similar strength of the Earth’s field enhances the flux of bacteria through the obstacle channel, but a too strong or null magnetic field inhibits it. Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses experiments regarding the motion of magnetotactic bacteria through channels under varying magnetic field strengths, which is unrelated to how sea turtles navigate using the Earth's magnetic field. There is no mention of sea turtles or navigation in the text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: “Having a core set of measures that you think you can consistently get completed in the real environment, and then allowing you to scale up to larger sample sizes so you can really appreciate and understand that heterogeneity across individuals, is probably going to be more useful than what we’ve been doing the last 20 years,” Frazier says. “I’m glad that people are actually coming up with real solutions,” he adds. “We’ve been waiting for this for a decade or so. ” Dreem sleep During the day, our experiences accumulate in our memory, and at night, they are consolidated while we sleep. This consolidation is mediated by sleep spindles generated in the thalamus, slow waves that propagate from the cortex and ripples that radiate from the hippocampus, says Dimitrios Mylonas, instructor in psychology and a researcher in Dara Manoach’s lab at Hospital in Boston. “You have a discussion between these different structures of the brain. ” Wave watch: By targeting miscommunication between the thalamus and hippocampus during sleep, aspires to ease core autism traits. Mylonas and his colleagues in the Manoach lab are eavesdropping on this conversation via the Dreem headband, which contains EEG sensors to track sleep architecture and an accelerometer to track a wearer’s respiration, head motion and head position. Their overarching goal is to spot where there’s miscommunication so they can correct it and maybe even ease core autism traits or improve cognition. The crosstalk among sleep oscillations is disrupted in the brains of children with autism, according to a 2022 study Manoach and her team published in Sleep last year. By way of traditional polysomnography, they found altered spindles in the autistic children compared with their neurotypical peers, indicating some difference in the circuit that unites the thalamus and cortex. Now they plan to use the Dreem to dig deeper, and they have received funding from the Foundation’s new profound autism grant and the Simons Foundation. (Foundation is Spectrum’s parent organization. ) Because the thalamus’ spiky spindles appeared to be muted in autistic children, the researchers want to tweak these fast oscillations, Mylonas says. “These sleep spindles are amenable to be modulated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details about the Dreem headband, a wearable device that tracks sleep architecture using EEG sensors and an accelerometer to monitor respiration, head motion, and head position. This indicates the use of movement and related data to understand sleep stages, which supports the claim regarding the function of certain wearable devices in estimating sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: Overexpression of the Ginkgo biloba WD40 gene GbLWD1-like improves salt tolerance in transgenic Populus. Plant Sci. 313, 111092. DOI: Xu M. , Chen C. , Cai H. , Wu L. , 2018. Overexpression of PeHKT1; 1 improves salt tolerance in Populus. Genes 9(10), 475. DOI: Yadav R. , Yadav N. , Goutam U. , Kumar S. , Chaudhury A. , 2017. Genetic engineering of poplar: current achievements and future goals. In: S. Gahlawat, R. Salar, P. Siwach, J. Duhan, S. Kumar, P. Kaur (eds. ). Plant biotechnology: recent advancements and developments. Springer, Singapore, 361–390. DOI: Yang Y. , Li H. -G. , Wang J. , Wang H. -L. , He F. , Su Y. , Zhang Y. , Feng C. -H. , Niu M. , Li Z. , Yin W. , Xia X. , 2020. ABF3 enhances drought tolerance via promoting ABA-induced stomatal closure by directly regulating ADF5 in Populus euphratica. J. Exp. Bot. 71(22), 7270–7285. DOI: Zhang H. , Yang J. , Li W. , Chen Y. , Lu H. , Zhao S. , Li D. , Wei M. , Li C. , 2019. PuHSFA4a enhances tolerance to excess zinc by regulating reactive oxygen species production and root development in Populus. Plant Physiol. 180(4), 2254–2271. Salt tolerance mechanisms in trees: research progress. Trees 35(3), 717–730. DOI: Zhao H. , Zhao X. , Li M. , Jiang Y. , Xu J. , Jin J. , Li K. , 2018. Ectopic expression of Limonium bicolor (Bag. ) Kuntze DREB (LbDREB) results in enhanced salt stress tolerance of transgenic Populus ussuriensis Kom. Cult. , 132(1), 123–136. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic modifications in trees, specifically related to salt tolerance and drought resistance. It implies that genetically modified trees still face challenges regarding water and nutrient needs, as it focuses on enhancing their ability to withstand stress rather than eliminating the need for water or nutrients altogether.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: Swimming of magnetotactic bacteria through obstacle channelsA) View of a channel, in which the entrance (IN) and exit regions (OUT) are indicated, in which the bacterial density was monitored. The magnetic field points to the left. B) Cumulative bacterial intensity (measuring the cumulative arrival of bacteria) in these two regions, for three different field strengths. C) Bacterial throughput, quantified by the ratio of the cumulative intensities in the OUT and IN regions as function of the magnetic field. 2. 3 Simulations of bacterial swimming through obstacle channelsTo gain further insight into how magnetotactic bacteria navigate through these complex environments, we compared our experimental findings to numerical simulations. To this end, we modeled the magnetotactic bacteria as dipolar active Brownian p0. 2 µm. Therefore, all the following numerical simulations where carried out with the interaction parameter set to α = 0. 2 µm. Fig. 4. Sliding of bacteria on obstacle surfaces:(a) Experimental trajectories of sliding bacteria (B = 0). (b) Trajectory of sliding p0. 6 µm from the surface, dashed line). The sliding distance is the distance covered tangentially to the surface. (c) Histogram of sliding distances as measured in the experiment (filled black circles) and the simulation (empty markers, for different values of the wall torque parameter α). We find good agreement for α = 0. 2 µm. When analyzing sliding distances from obstacles of different sizes and thus different curvatures, we saw only a weak dependence on the curvature in both experimental and simulated trajectories (S5 and S6). However, our obstacles are all much larger than the size of the bacteria, so we cannot exclude a curvature dependence for obstacles comparable to their size. We noticed that in the experiments, the bacteria appeared to be slower while sliding along the walls compared to free swimming. This effect was neglected in the simulations. Next, we simulated the motion of active dipolar p5. To escape a trap, bacteria need to reorient temporarily against the direction of the magnetic field. While some traps allow a fraction of the bacteria to escape and eventually arrive at the exit (purple trajectories that turn red), others do not (blue trajectories). Blue trajectories typically end in a trap of the latter type. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. Instead, it discusses the swimming behavior and navigation of magnetotactic bacteria through obstacle channels, which is unrelated to the navigation patterns of sea turtles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some wearable devices use heart rate and movement data to estimate sleep stages. [SEP] Text: ” Dreem team: Dara Manoach, center, discusses results with team members Mylonas (left) and (right). To start, they plan to use immediate feedback from the Dreem’s EEG readout to conduct the chorus of sleep oscillations by way of closed loop auditory stimulation. Such auditory stimulation accelerated slow oscillations in non-autistic people, and the magnitude of oscillation change correlated with memory improvements in the participants in one 2018 study. The 2022 Sleep study set them on this path but was limited by a small sample size, Mylonas says. Moving forward, home-based wearables should not only expand the possible number of participants, but also make the results more “ecologically valid,” he says — allowing researchers to observe the sleep oscillations of people sleeping in their own beds. Night watch Smartwatches may also help researchers better understand the link between autism and sleep difficulties. The relationship has been widely reported, but its direction — whether poor sleep contributes to any autism-linked traits or vice versa — remains unclear, says Ilan Dinstein, associate professor of psychology at Ben-of the Negev in Israel. Smartwatch option: The EmbracePlus gives researchers access to the raw data it collects. Past research has suggested that sleep is important for cognitive abilities. But when he and his colleagues ran a study of the relationship between autism traits and poor sleep in autistic children, they found that sensory sensitivities and irritability were more strongly tied to disturbed sleep than were cognitive ability or core autism traits. “I was really surprised by this,” Dinstein says. The study assessed children’s sleep habits using parent reports, which are subjective measures, so Dinstein and his colleagues sought a more objective way to evaluate different sleep parameters. They turned to actigraphy monitors — wearable devices, such as Fitbits, that track a person’s movements. The monitors are small and can be worn on a wrist or ankle, or even taped to another body part, making them ideal for continuously tracking movement and establishing a person’s circadian rhythms, Dinstein says. But standard actigraphy monitors can provide only a rough snapshot of sleep duration and awake periods; for example, they cannot reliably identify when a person first falls asleep, he says. “The limitation is that you could be inactive for multiple reasons, and not necessarily because you’re sleeping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that actigraphy monitors, which are wearable devices, track a person's movements and can continuously monitor sleep parameters. This supports the notion that wearable devices, such as Fitbits, utilize data from movement to assess sleep habits, although the text does acknowledge limitations in identifying specific sleep stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetically modified trees require no water or nutrients once planted. [SEP] Text: The ecology of macromycetes in roadside verges planted with trees P. J. output: Thesis › internal this thesis phytocoena and mycocoena of ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi in roadside verges planted with trees are described independently. An attempt is made to indicate which environmental variables are most important in the distinguished communities. Parasitic fungi on trees, arthropods and other fungi and saprotrophic lignicolous species were not included in community definition. In roadside verges in the phytogeographical Drenthian district 76 plots were selected, 53 planted with (Quercus robur; "Oak plots") and 23 with Beech ( Fagus sylvatica "Beech plots"). 12 beech plots were situated in an open landscape ("open") and 11 along roads inside forests ("shady"). These plots varied widely with regard to soil fertility. The oak plots were divided into 34 open plots, 10 shady plots and 9 "half-open" plots, i. e. bordered at one side by forest. In the open plots three age-classes were distinguished: 5 plots with young trees (up to 20 years old), 12 plots with middle aged trees (20 to 50 years old) and 17 with old trees (more than 50 years old). In the remaining plots old trees were present. In oak plots, too, there is a large variation regarding the soil fertility. Plots were always 100 in long, irrespective of the width of the verge and were selected on the basis of a sufficient lengthwise homogeneity of the phanerogam vegetation. A large number of environmental variables was measured. Vegetation relevés were made in 1987 according to the Braun-Blanquet method. For mycological purposes, the plots were visited during the autumns of 1986, '87 and '88 once every 3 to 4 weeks. All fungi were counted and identified. The data were processed with the aid of the computer programmes for vegetation classifications and for ordinations and correlations with environmental variables. In the beech plots 134 species of green plants, 105 species of ectomycorrhizal and 153 species of saprotrophic fungi were found. On the basis of the green plants two vegetation types could be recognized, one with open and one with shady plots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological characteristics of various tree plots, including their dependence on soil fertility and the presence of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi, which implies that these trees interact with the environment and thus cannot be deemed to require no water or nutrients once planted. The mention of variations in soil fertility suggests that environmental variables are crucial for the health of these trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5Simulated motion of bacteria in an obstacle channel:Heat maps of the time-averaged density of bacteria from simulations of 2000 bacteria for 30 min with a magnetic field B = 50 µT, pointing from left to right). . The blue map represents bacteria that did not arrive at the right end of the simulation box during the simulated time the red heat map represents those that did. The interplay between magnetic field and the channel’s geometry creates natural paths through the channel. These paths can include or end in traps, formed by overlapping obstacles (examples are indicated by the green boxes). Figure 6a shows corresponding trajectories (again plotted as heat maps) for different strengths of the magnetic field. Increasing the magnetic field strength has two opposing effects: On the one hand, bacteria are on average more aligned with the direction of the magnetic field and the observed paths through the channel become more focused as their persistence length increases with increasing field. As a consequence, the bacteria are expected to cross the channel faster. For very weak fields, the bacteria explore the channel in an effectively diffusive manner; for the case of 50 µT, we observed one dominant path through most of the channel. On the other hand, bacteria become more susceptible to trapping with increasing field. For a field of 500 µT, no simulated bacterium crossed the channel within the simulation time and the path that was dominant at 50 µT now ends in a trap, from which the bacteria can no longer escape at 500 µT. This negative effect of the magnetic field arises because escape from traps requires that the bacteria transiently orient against the field. These effects thus have opposing influences on the throughput of the channel and provide an explanation for our observation that intermediate field strengths generate the highest throughput. To quantify these observations, we determined the cumulative arrival of bacteria in the exit area, ϕtot, which is plotted in Figure 6b as a function of time. This quantity also exhibits the non-monotonic behavior as a function of the magnetic field. We then performed extensive numerical simulations for a wide range of field strengths and for 10 different channels with different obstacle arrangements. We quantified the time of the first arrival (indicated by circles in Figure 6b) and the overall fraction of bacteria that arrived until the end of the simulation time ϕtot (crosses in Figure 6b) as functions of the field strength (Figure 6 c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation using the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses the behavior of bacteria in response to magnetic fields in simulated environments, which does not provide any information or evidence related to sea turtles or their navigation.