Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: On the territory of North Ossetia-Alania, a number of subterranean thermal reservoirs and terrestrial geothermal springs were found (Zaalishvili et al. 2015). These habitats are characterized mainly by moderate temperature (55 °C) and mineralization ranging from 1. 1 to 2. 1 g/L. Thermal water of the sources is used by local people as a thermal spa. Recently microbial diversity of those springs has been investigated. In total, representatives of 50 phyla were detected with Bacteria having total dominance over Archaea. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidota which represented ~ 70 to 80% of the communities. The microbial community of the hot springs is significantly influenced by anthropogenic factors but is dominated by moderate thermophiles (Toshchakov et al. 2021). ConclusionThe potential for the discovery of unique microorganisms and novel enzymes of thermophilic origin is still a long way from being exhausted. The majority of thermostable enzymes that have been isolated and characterized from European terrestrial hot springs and geothermal areas have been derived from Bacteria or Archaea. Culture-independent approaches like metagenomics and other “-omics” show great potential to close the gap between the unknown and unculturable microorganisms to unveil the immense magnitude of potential enzyme variants. Even though the major hot spots in Europe such as Iceland, the Azores, and Italy have been well investigated, utilizing metagenomic analyses methods and microbial isolates, their manifold sequence data still comprise an unused treasure of enzymes. Furthermore, there is still a high number of lesser known and unexplored hot springs above 50 °C, harboring a great potential for undiscovered thermostable enzymes and microbial diversity to confront the ever-growing demand for the development of future sustainable bio-based industry. 92. (in Russian) Albers S-é R et al (2006) Production of recombinant and tagged proteins in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus. Microbiol 72:102–111. Extremophiles 10:321–326. Biotechnol 22:63–70. Biotechnol 49:277–284. Microbiol 63:1088–1094. Res 42(D1):D490–D4951291. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the microbial diversity found in subterranean thermal reservoirs and geothermal springs in North Ossetia-Alania, primarily focusing on moderate thermophiles and their ecosystems. While it mentions thermophiles, it does not directly relate to Mars or astrobiology, making it irrelevant to the claim that specifically concerns astrobiologists studying extremophiles to understand potential life on Mars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: The largest positive factor coefficients in this factor belonged to and DM, respectively. The second factor, called RY, accounted for 22. 8% of the total variance. In this factor, the largest positive factor coefficients were RN, WSY, and RY. The third factor contributed to 10. 2% of the total variance, and the two attributes D and RY had the largest positive factor coefficients. The remaining 12. 6% of the variance was divided among four other factors. Liu et al. (2022) conducted that principal component analysis of ten quantitative traits showed that the cumulative contribution of the first four principal components was 71. 325%. Table 5 The total variance is explained using principal component analysis. Eigenvalues % of % 1 7. 6 54. 5 54. 5 2 3. 2 22. 8 77. 3 3 1. 4 10. 2 87. 6 4 1 7. 0 94. 6 5 0. 3 2. 4 97. 1 6 0. 3 1. 9 99 7 0. 1 1. 0 100 Table 6 The coefficient matrix for component scores underwent varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization. Traits/Component 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RN -0. 086 0. 408 -0. 027 -0. 14 0. 512 -0. 585 0. 437 RY -0. 057 0. 313 0. 228 0. 119 -0. 197 0. 084 -0. 462 LY 0. 096 0. 079 -0. 089 -0. 106 -1. 381 0. 315 -0. 547 SC 0. 166 0. 029 -0. 048 0. 05 0. 281 0. 61 -0. 009 Na -0. 055 0. 033 0. 075 0. 04 0. 292 -0. 031 1. 58 K -0. 223 0. 122 -0. 129 -0. 131 0. 48 0. 101 -0. 947 N -0. 07 0. 107 0. 012 -0. 079 0. 265 -1. 589 0. 289 WSC 0. 181 0 -0. 047 0. 048 0. 06 0. 58 -0. 164 WSY 0. 018 0. 317 -0. 112 -0. 093 0. 516 -0. 101 0. 147 ECS 0. 204 -0. 046 0. 027 0. 048 -0. 41 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about heirloom seeds. It discusses statistical factors and principal component analysis without mentioning heirloom seeds, genetic diversity, or unique traits. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: No common characteristics were observed in terms of source of raw water, treatment train, and ownership for this group of DWTPs. The treatment trains employed are coagulation-flocculation with rapid gravity filters (CF-RGF) by 8 facilities, coagulation-flocculation with pressure filters (CF-PF) by 5, and PF alone by another 5. Similarly, the distribution of the main source of raw water varies, with 8 DWTPs treating mixed raw water, 5 treating groundwater, and 5 treating surface water. Ownership-wise, 14 of the 18 DWTPs are fully privately owned, while the remaining 4 are operated by concessioned companies. Fig. 3: Energy efficiency scores across DWTPs. Most of the facilities evaluated present a very poor energy efficiency with a score lower than 0. 21. Full size imageFurthermore, the analysis reveals a group of 11 DWTPs that can be considered as best performers. These facilities attained energy efficiency scores ranging between 0. 81 and 1. 00, indicating a high level of energy efficiency. These best performers serve as examples of successful energy management practices and provide insights into the potential for achieving optimal energy efficiency in the water treatment sector. The shared characteristic among this group of DWTPs is their use of PF as the primary treatment method for producing drinking water. Additional information of the influence of treatment train on the energy efficiency of DWTPs is shown in Fig. 5. As with the previous group, diverse features are observed in terms of ownership and the main source of raw water. Of these DWTPs, 8 out of 11 are owned by full private water companies, while the remaining three are operated by concessioned water companies. Regarding the source of water, the distribution is as follows: 5 out of 11 DWTPs treat mixed water, 4 out of 11 treat groundwater, and 2 out of 11 treat surface water. In our study, we investigated the energy-saving potential of the energy-inefficient DWTPs. By applying Eq. (5) and considering the current energy use of the 146 assessed DWTPs, we estimated the potential energy savings for these facilities, as depicted in Fig. (4). The results revealed that the assessed DWTPs have a combined potential energy-saving of 13,344,093 kWh/year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the variability in water treatment facilities (DWTPs) based on ownership and source of raw water. The mention of different treatment methods used by DWTPs and the fact that most of them are privately owned suggests that access to clean drinking water is not uniform across different geographical or ownership scenarios. This indicates that not everyone has equal access to drinking water, as ownership and treatment methods can influence the quality and availability of water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: (AAS), established in 1899 and based in Washington, DC, is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America. Its membership of about 7,000 individuals also includes physicists, mathematicians, geologists, engineers, and others whose research and educational interests lie within the broad spectrum of subjects comprising contemporary astronomy. The mission of the AAS is to enhance and share humanity's scientific understanding of the universe. of Physics (IOP) is a leading scientific society promoting physics and bringing physicists together for the benefit of all. It has a worldwide membership of around 50 000 comprising physicists from all sectors, as well as those with an interest in physics. It works to advance physics research, application and education; and engages with policy makers and the public to develop awareness and understanding of physics. Its publishing company, IOP Publishing, is a world leader in professional scientific communications. A publishing partnership 2012. Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Journal, Number 1 J. Hargreaves et al 2012 ApJ 757 46 DOI 10. 1088/0004-637X/757/1/46 Download 2. 0–10. 4 μm) region of the infrared. This range encompasses the dyad, pentad, and octad regions, i. e. , all fundamental vibrational modes along with a number of combination, overtone and hot bands. Using our CH4 spectra, we have estimated empirical lower state energies (Elow in cm−1) and our values have been incorporated into the line lists along with line positions ( in cm−1) and calibrated line intensities (S' in cm molecule−1). We expect our hot CH4 line lists to find direct application in the modeling of planetary atmospheres and brown dwarfs. Export citation and abstract 1. (CH4) is the most fundamental alkane molecule and is second only to CO2 in causing climate change (IPCC 2007). The presence of CH4 in Earth's atmosphere is a consequence of both anthropogenic (e. g. , landfills, rice cultivation, waste water treatment) and natural sources (e. g. , methanogens, wetlands, wildfires). CH4 can also be found throughout the solar system (Karkoschka 1994) including the atmospheres of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and tentatively in the Martian atmosphere (Mumma et al. 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres and its implications for biological processes. While it discusses methane (CH4) in various astronomical contexts and its presence in other planetary atmospheres, it fails to make a connection with biological processes. Therefore, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Genetic diversity of cacao (Theobroma cacao L. ) populations and agronomic traits for breeding by Nieves Orduña Doctoral thesis Date of Examination:2023-11-28 Date of issue:2023-12-11 Advisor:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Referee:Prof. Dr. Ralph Mitlöhner Persistent Address: Files in this item Name:Dissertation_Helmuth_E_Nieves_Orduña. pdf Size:13. 3Mb Format:following license files are associated with this item: The tropical cacao tree, Theobroma cacao L. , is cultivated to produce seeds, the unique raw material for the chocolate industry. Thus, conservation and use of cacao genetic resources in breeding programs are vital for the cacao-chocolate global economy. Wild cacao populations have a wide geographic distribution in their native range along the Amazon basin, but northwestern Amazonia is the hotspot of cacao genetic diversity. From the rich diversity of cacao (at least twelve genetic clusters are identified) the domestication of cacao in led to the development of Criollo, whose seeds are characterized by reduced bitterness, a trait appreciated for the international cacao market. Criollo ancestry still is a primary source for the development of cultivated cacao varieties. A narrow genetic base in cultivated cacao and disease vulnerability led to collecting disease resistant genotypes in Amazonia since the 1930s. This was followed by conservation via ex situ collections, agronomic evaluation of accessions to improve and broaden the genetic base of cultivated cacao. Disease resistance and yield are the most important economic traits in cocoa breeding, as diseases can destroy up to 40% of cocoa production. The conservation and utilization of the rich cacao diversity are the primary source of novel alleles necessary to address current and future cacao breeding objectives. The first paper reviews key topics in cacao genetics essential for crop improvement. By analyzing the geographic distribution of wild cacao in Amazonia, which consisted of 4413 observation points compiled from the years 1938 to 2022, and mapping the patterns of genetic variation, new areas for germplasm collection were identified in the border region between Ecuador and Peru in northwestern Amazonia. Despite the deforestation in Amazonia, this analysis suggests that it is still possible to collect wild material in the identified areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic diversity of cacao populations and highlighting their unique traits. It mentions that wild cacao populations exhibit a wide geographic distribution and contain at least twelve genetic clusters, indicating significant genetic diversity. Additionally, the text explains that the domestication of cacao has led to the development of specific varieties, such as Criollo, which possess traits like reduced bitterness, valued in the market. This emphasizes the importance of preserving genetic diversity in breeding programs, aligning with the claim that heirloom seeds are appreciated for their unique genetic traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Conversely, the study by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis26 did not provide a definitive conclusion on how the age of a facility influences its energy efficiency, indicating that the relationship between these factors remains unclear and further research is needed. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that DWTPs relying on mixed water resources, such as both surface and groundwater, experience a decrease in energy efficiency. This implies that treating water from multiple sources necessitates extensive treatment processes, potentially leading to higher energy consumption. Consequently, this combination of surface and groundwater treatment may have a detrimental impact on overall energy performance. This finding is consistent with those reported by Molinos-Senante and Maziotis26 whereas Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido15 did not identify the source of raw water as an explanatory factor of energy efficiency of DWTPs. When focusing on the primary technology used for treating raw water, there are statistically significant differences in energy efficiency scores. Figure 5 provides an illustration of these differences, highlighting that the most energy-efficient technology is PF. On the other hand, treatment plants utilize rapid gravity filters (RGF) technology to remove pollutants from raw water are the least energy-efficient. Treatment plants that utilize a combination of coagulation and flocculation (CF) and PF or RGF to purify water demonstrated slightly higher energy efficiency scores. However, there is still considerable room for improvement in their energy performance to catch up with plants utilizing more energy-efficient technologies. These findings present a partial divergence from the conclusions of Molinos-Senante and Sala-Garrido10, who conducted a metafrontier DEA assessment on DWTPs. Their study concluded that DWTPs utilizing a combination of CF and rapid gravity filtering (CF + RGF) were the most energy-efficient. They also found evidence that facilities employing RGF as their treatment process were the least energy-efficient. It is important to note that differences in methodologies, data sources, and specific contexts may contribute to variations in the results between studies. Fig. 5: Energy efficiency scores across water treatment technologies (PF: pressure filters; RGF: rapid gravity filters; CF-PF: coagulation-flocculation and pressure filters; CF-RGF: coagulation-flocculation and rapid gravity filters). DWTPs using PF are those with the best energetic performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energy efficiency of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and highlighting that variations in treatment processes can lead to differing energy efficiencies. This implies that there are operational and efficiency disparities in DWTPs which can affect water treatment effectiveness and, consequently, access to clean drinking water. The statement indicates that not all DWTPs are equally efficient in treating water, suggesting that access to clean drinking water may not be uniform across different geographical locations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: The interesting polyad structure of the infrared spectrum of CH4 arises because the bending frequencies are approximately equal (ν2 ≈ ν4), the stretching frequencies are also approximately equal (ν1 ≈ ν3) and approximately twice the bending frequencies (Albert et al. 2009). For example, the pentad region near 3 μm has five vibrational bands since ν1 ≈ ν3 ≈ 2ν2 ≈ 2ν4 ≈ ν2 + ν4. Table 1. of CH4 Type (cm−1) ν1 (a1) 1 2916. 481 Symmetric C–H stretch ν2 (e) 2 1533. 333 Bend ν3 (t2) 3 3019. 493 Antisymmetric C–H stretch ν4 (t2) 3 1310. 761 Bend Note. aTaken from Albert et al. (2009). Download table as: imageCH4 has also frequently been the target of high-quality theoretical calculations based on the solution of the vibration-rotation Schrödinger equation (Wang & Sibert 2002; Wang & Carrington 2004; Cassam-Chenaï 2003) using ab initio potential energy surfaces (Schwenke & Partridge 2001; Schwenke 2002; Nikitin et al. 2011). The accuracy of vibration-rotational calculations are typically far from experiment; however, recent calculations of nominally forbidden pure rotational lines (Cassam-Chenaï & Liévin 2012) are able to approach experimental accuracy. Albert et al. (2009) have reported a study of CH4 in the 0–4800 cm−1 region and these lines form the basis of the 2008 database (Rothman et al. 2009). Extensive work has been carried out in Grenoble including the preparation of a cold CH4 line list (Mondelain et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2011, 2012; Campargue et al. 2012a) which has been successfully applied to the atmosphere of Titan (Campargue et al. 2012b). Recently focus has shifted to the generation of hot line lists for use in brown dwarfs and exoplanet models, either from ab initio calculations (Warmbier et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the indication of biological processes. It discusses the infrared spectrum of methane (CH4) and its vibrational properties as well as past studies and calculations related to its atmospheric presence, primarily focusing on the technical aspects of methane's spectrum rather than its implications for biological processes on exoplanets.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Heirloom seeds are valued for their genetic diversity and unique traits. [SEP] Text: Hierbei liegt der „Hotspot“ der genetischen Vielfalt von Kakao im Nordwesten Amazoniens. Insgesamt wurden in der Art zwölf genetische Gruppen (Cluster) identifiziert. Aus dieser reichen Vielfalt des Kakaos führte die Domestizierung des Kakaos in Südamerika zur Entwicklung der Sorte Criollo, dessen Samen sich durch eine reduzierte Bitterkeit auszeichnen. wird auf dem internationalen Kakaomarkt hochgeschätzt. Die Criollo-Abstammung ist nach wie vor eine Hauptquelle für die Entwicklung kultivierter Kakaosorten. Eine schmale genetische Basis in den kultivierten Kakaosorten und deren Anfälligkeit für Krankheiten führten dazu, dass seit den 1930er Jahren krankheitsresistente Genotypen in Amazonien gesammelt wurden. wurden in ex-situ-Sammlungen erhalten und eine agronomische Bewertung durchgeführt. Sie erhielten Einzug in die Zuchtprogramme, um die genetische Basis des angebauten Kakaos zu verbessern und zu erweitern. Krankheitsresistenz und Ertrag sind die wichtigsten wirtschaftlichen Merkmale in der Kakaozüchtung, da Krankheiten bis zu 40% der Kakaoproduktion zerstören können. und Nutzung der reichen Kakaovielfalt sind die Hauptquelle für neue Allele, die notwendig sind, um aktuelle und zukünftige Ziele der Kakaozüchtung zu erreichen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address heirloom seeds but discusses genetic diversity and traits within cocoa species. While it highlights the importance of genetic diversity in a different plant context, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim about heirloom seeds, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Full size imageResults from this study provide evidence that the evaluated DWTPs exhibit inadequate energy performance, highlighting significant opportunities to reduce energy consumption. Such reductions can lead to cost savings and help mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, particularly if the energy sources are non-renewable. Water managers and regulators can implement various actions and policies to enhance energy efficiency in water treatment processes (Fig. 6). Potential strategies could be categorized as follows:Fig. 6: Some strategic actions to promote energy efficiency in drinking water treatment plants. Energy efficiency improvement can be achieved by applying a diverse range of approaches. Full size imageDWTPs can improve energy efficiency by both reducing energy use and by removing more pollutants from raw water. Focusing on the first alternative, as it has reported by Sowby et al. 28, some practices for managing energy in DWTPs are: (i) Implementing optimized operational procedures can help minimize energy waste. This includes strategies such as optimizing flow rates, ensuring appropriate maintenance of equipment, and adopting efficient operating schedules; (ii) Energy recovery systems, such as energy-efficient pumps or turbines, can be installed to capture and utilize energy that would otherwise be wasted during the treatment process and (iii) Deploying advanced monitoring and control systems can enable real-time monitoring of energy consumption and process optimization. This allows operators to identify areas of energy inefficiency promptly and take corrective actions. Results from this study evidenced that older DWTPs tend to have lower energy performance. Thus, water managers can invest in modernizing treatment plant equipment to utilize more energy-efficient technologies. This may involve replacing outdated machinery with newer models that offer improved energy performance. Generation and transfer of specific knowledge is also a valuable tool for improving energy efficiency. Thus, training programs and awareness campaigns can educate DWTP staff about the importance of energy efficiency and provide them with the necessary knowledge and skills to identify energy-saving opportunities in their daily operations. Moreover, establishing platforms for collaboration and knowledge sharing among water managers, researchers, and industry experts can facilitate the exchange of best practices and innovative approaches to energy efficiency in water treatment processes. Finally, given the large room of Chilean DWTPs to improve energy efficiency, the Chilean water regulators can introduce incentives and policies to encourage water companies to prioritize energy efficiency. These can include offering financial incentives for adopting energy-efficient technologies or setting energy efficiency targets that must be met to ensure tariff adjustments or other benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges faced by drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in terms of energy performance and efficiency. It highlights that many DWTPs, particularly older ones, exhibit inadequate energy performance, which suggests disparities in the ability to treat water efficiently. It also mentions the need for modernization, training, and collaboration to improve energy efficiency, indicating that not all regions may have equal access to the necessary resources and capabilities for efficient water treatment, thereby undermining the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 2009) or from experiment (Nassar & Bernath 2003; Perrin & Soufiani 2007; Thiévin et al. 2008). Radiative transfer models are typically used to identify molecules in the atmospheres of exoplanets (Swain et al. 2008). Adaptations for hot-Jupiter atmospheres include known strongly absorbing molecules (i. e. , H2O and CH4) and one of the options for CH4 has been the 2008 database (Rothman et al. 2009) combined with experimental data obtained by Nassar & Bernath (2003). covers a broad spectral range but is intended for room temperature applications whereas the Nassar & Bernath (2003) data are only recorded at three higher temperatures (800, 1000, and 1273 K). This limits the accuracy of the modeled SEDs and leads to errors in deriving effective temperatures (Hauschildt et al. 2009). We hope to address this issue by providing a series of high-resolution, hot CH4 line lists at temperatures relevant to exoplanet and brown dwarf atmospheres with the inclusion of empirical lower state energies where possible. This work will cover the dyad (ν2, ν4), pentad (ν1, ν3, 2ν2, 2ν4, ν2 + ν4), and octad (3ν2, 3ν4, ν1 + ν2, ν1 + ν4, ν3 + ν2, ν3 + ν4, 2ν2 + ν4, ν2 + 2ν4) regions of the infrared including numerous hot bands. Similar work has already been carried out on NH3 (Hargreaves et al. 2011, 2012). Our data sets, and molecular opacities derived from them, can be used directly in exoplanet and brown dwarf models. 2. -resolution laboratory emission spectra of hot CH4 were recorded in four separate parts in order to maximize the signal-to-noise for each spectral region. The four spectral regions are shown in Figure 1 for 1000°C. A similar setup was used in our previous work on NH3 (Hargreaves et al. 2011, 2012) and only key experimental features will be summarized here. Reset image size Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres indicating biological processes. Instead, it discusses methodologies and experiments related to recording emission spectra of methane and other molecules in exoplanet atmospheres, without stating anything about biological implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The present papers analyses the potential contribution of germplasm improvement on the production and environmental function of grasslands and how this potential is determined by the different grassland types. While grassland husbandry is interested in beneficial traits of the grass sward as a whole, plant breeding is always centered around single species. Breeding progress in individual species must be assessed by the performance of the sward and the harvestable herbage. This includes that the performance of new germplasm has to be tested in species mixtures that are common in the farming practice. Apart from forage provision, environmentally important services such as carbon sequestration or biodiversity are becoming more important whereby changes in climate force to explore new candidate species that are not yet part of intensive breeding programs. New species will deliver traits with beneficial effects for grassland farming. Breeding will need to be more focused on bringing together species with complementary traits by selectively combining varieties of different species in a way to capture synergies. . Making the most of multi-species mixtures: the role of species and functional diversity in intensively managed grasslands : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 02 Intensively managed grasslands with low species diversity and high inorganic nitrogen fertiliser regimes can be economically and environmentally expensive. Multispecies mixtures have the potential to provide solutions to improve the sustainability of productive systems. We review landmark studies that investigate the role of species and functional group diversity, and extreme weather events, on intensively managed grassland outcomes. We also introduce a new global network of experiments (LegacyNet) investigating the role of multispecies grassland mixtures within crop rotations. Multi-site experiments across wide spatial gradients help to generalise ecological results and can identify climatic zones that may benefit from local selection of species and cultivars to facilitate persistence and optimise the performance of each functional group in multispecies mixtures. Data management for preserving genetic diversity: Experiences and challenges DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 03 Genebanks play an important role in the preservation of global biodiversity. Here, more than seven million samples are conserved ex situ worldwide. Well-structured documentation of all associated data and information is the basic prerequisite for the operation of genebanks. This makes it possible to unlock the treasures stored in them for research and breeding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how different species and functional group diversity can enhance grassland farming, particularly in response to climate change. It emphasizes the importance of selecting candidate species with beneficial traits that could withstand environmental stressors, indicating that genetic diversity is critical for adaptation. The text specifically highlights the role of multispecies mixtures and their ability to improve sustainability and resilience in productive systems. The exploration of new species and the need for breeding strategies that combine varieties aligns with the assertion that genetic diversity aids in adaptation to changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: IntroductionWastewater discharges into the natural environment can deteriorate surface water. In the of America (USA), the Act regulates municipal wastewater discharges to keep the nation’s surface waters quality fishable and swimmable. (USEPA) System (NPDES) regulates point source discharge of wastewater to surface waters, but it rarely considers impacts on downstream drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). Studies have detected contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and industrial chemicals, originating from wastewater in DWTPs downstream of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). 1,2,3,4,5 A previous study on the 50 very large WWTPs (between 15 and 660 million gallons per days (MGDs)) across the US reported 6000 MGD (263 m3/s) discharging to surface waters and measured 56 active pharmaceutical ingredients in effluent samples. 6 Additionally, some CECs lead to N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) disinfection by-product formation in drinking waters after chlorination. 7,8,9 Furthermore, the public perception of CECs is unfavorable, despite evidence of their minimal human health risk because of the low exposure potentials in drinking water. 10,11,12,13De facto reuse (DFR) occurs when a municipality withdraws water from a river or reservoir that includes treated wastewater discharged from upstream WWTPs. 14,15 The previously developed () model16 analyzed treated municipal wastewater discharges from WWTPs and included combined sewer systems, although it does not consider combined sewer overflows or wet weather by-passes. model has been used and validated through field sampling in several case studies. 5,15,17,18 Our prior study concluded that >50% of DWTPs in the US serving 10,000 or more people with treated surface water have at least one WWTP discharge upstream of the drinking water intake. 16 While the frequency of DFR is high, its magnitude is relatively low under average streamflow condition. That previous study, which considered only DWTPs serving 10,000 people or more, found among the highest DFR occurs in the region (US (USGS) 12) with DFR occurring at 90% of the DWTP intakes. Other studies also indicate high levels of wastewater in surface waters in Texas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the issue of contaminated drinking water resulting from wastewater discharges. It mentions that a significant portion of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in the US are affected by upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), leading to concerns over the quality of drinking water. This implies unequal access to clean drinking water, particularly when DWTPs are affected by contaminants stemming from these discharges. Therefore, not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, especially in areas near WWTPs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: High-resolution laboratory emission spectra of CH4 at 1000°C for all four regions (black) with the corresponding normalized instrument response function (blue). The baseline is caused by residual thermal emission from the tube walls and a small amount of absorption due to cold CH4, CO2 (ν3 near 2350 cm−1), and H2O can be seen. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The experiment coupled a Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer with a temperature controllable tube furnace capable of maintaining stable temperatures up to 1400°C with an accuracy ±10°C. The tube furnace surrounds the central portion of an alumina (Al2O3) tube which is sealed at both ends by infrared windows. CH4 gas is allowed to flow through the alumina tube at a stable pressure in order to avoid the build up of impurities. The infrared emission from the alumina tube was focused onto the aperture of the FT-IR spectrometer using a lens. The small region between the spectrometer and tube furnace was purged with dry air in order to minimize H2O absorption lines in the recorded spectra. Table 2 contains the experimental parameters used for all four regions. Table 2. file coverage (cm−1) 600–1900 1000–3000 1500–5000 2500–8000 Temperature range (°C) 300–1400 300–1400 300–1400 500–1300 splitter KBr CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Windows KRS-5 CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Lens ZnSe CaF2 CaF2 CaF2 Total scans 240 300 300 800 Resolution (cm−1) 0. 01 0. 015 0. 015 0. 02 Aperture (mm) 2. 5 2. 5 2. 5 1. 7 CH4 pressure (Torr)a 4. 0 4. 0 4. 0 60. 0 Zero-fill factor × 16 × 16 × 16 × 16 Note. aThis is an average pressure to the nearest 0. 1 Torr. Download table as: imageSpectra were recorded at 100°C intervals between 300 and 1400°C for regions A, B, and C and between 500 and 1300°C for region D as this was the temperature coverage of observable CH4 emission. Each region was limited using an appropriate filter chosen to allow for overlap between neighboring regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of a laboratory experiment examining the emission spectra of methane (CH4) at high temperatures. However, it does not address the presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres or its implications regarding biological processes. As such, the text is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: The background to the documentation of genebank collections is presented and cooperation at international level is described. In addition, challenges facing documentation are illustrated. New insights on the genetic structure of lucerne with GBS markers Marie Pégard, : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 04 GBS markers at the population level were used to study the genetic structure of lucerne in a set of 395 accessions from Europe, North and and China. More than 100K SNP without missing data were obtained. The structure revealed a certain genetic distance between European and American accessions, with a continuous variation between these groups. Contrastingly, Chinese accessions were genetically separated from the other accessions. This analysis is an invitation to go more deeply into a phenotypic analysis of these genetic resources to exploit them in breeding. Tolerance and in Silvia Bachmann-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 05 Diploid perennial ryegrass progenies derived from a cross of parent plants differing in drought tolerance were phenotyped in rainout shelters for two years at two locations. Four crossing populations with considerable drought tolerance were identified, indicated by a high number of vigorous plants (80 - 90 %) after two drought periods per year. Preliminary results of experiments in mini-rhizotrons identified the total root length as one component of drought tolerance in perennial ryegrass which should be studied in more detail. Genomic and phenotypic diversity for adaption to future climate in natural populations of perennial ryegrass José Luis Blanco--Gutiérrez, Evelin Willner, Klaus J. Dehmer,. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 06 Germplasm from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ) natural populations is useful for breeding because of its adaptation to a wide range of climates. We identified adaptive loci in perennial ryegrass and their association with seasonal growth traits and climatic gradients. Adaptive loci associated with autumn growth under cold winters and summer growth under dry and long summers were common to only a limited extent, pointing to a moderate trade-off along the winter-summer stress gradient due to antagonistic pleiotropy. Meanwhile, most adaptive loci were found specific to one type of stress or the other. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how genetic diversity in crops, specifically perennial ryegrass, is beneficial for breeding and adaptation to various climatic conditions. It mentions the identification of adaptive loci in perennial ryegrass that are associated with seasonal growth traits and climatic gradients, suggesting that genetic diversity contributes to the species' ability to adapt to stress from changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 19,20 Therefore, this paper focuses on the state of Texas (USA) and DWTPs that contrasts larger (>10,000 people) to smaller (<10,000 people) sized communities. CECs undergo biogeochemical transformations (e. g. , hydrolysis, oxidation, hydroxylation, conjugation, cleavage, de-alkylation, methylation, and demethylation) in surface waters, and the transformations are impacted by stream geometry and travel times. 21,22,23 Transformation products are often more polar, less bio-accumulative, and can be less toxic than parent compounds in the aqueous environment. 15,18,24 However, some derivative compounds can be more persistent and may have adverse human health effects. 25 CEC removal at DWTPs depends on raw water quality, chemical structure of target CECs, and specific unit processes in place. 26,27modeling and nearly all field campaigns to quantify DFR has focused on DWTPs serving larger populations (e. g. , >10,000 people), thereby potentially overlooking impacts from DFR on DWTPs serving smaller (or potentially underserved) communities. The value of the data science approach behind can allow screening or prioritization for CEC monitoring or treatment, after inclusion of DWTPs serving smaller-sized communities (<10,000 people) are included in the models. In this study, we expanded the model from only 156 DWTP intakes serving 10,000 or more people to include all DWTPs in Texas (US) by locating, ground truthing, and adding an additional 244 DWTP intakes serving 10,000 or fewer people. 16 De facto wastewater reuse was modeled under average and variable streamflow conditions. only includes treated and discharged wastewater effluent, but not contributions from stormwater discharges or non-point sources (e. g. , septic systems, surface runoff). Using a Dijkstra’s algorithm,28 proximal distances between WWTP discharges and DWTP intakes, and their frequency distribution when multiple WWTPs were located upstream, were incorporated for the first time into. Using information about the specific unit processes installed at each DWTP, we evaluated the capability of the DWTPs to remove CECs, should they be impacted by upstream WWTP discharges (i. e. , DFR). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the disparities in access to drinking water treatment facilities (DWTPs) based on community size. It highlights that studies focus on larger communities, potentially overlooking smaller or underserved communities, which suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal across different geographical areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: The resolution of each spectral region was based on the Doppler and pressure broadening widths, and was selected to minimize the acquisition time whilst maintaining the maximum line resolution. The temperature of the tube furnace was measured and maintained at high temperatures using a thermocouple combined with a programmable controller. The ends of the alumina tube required cooling to avoid damaging the rubber o-rings (which maintain the pressure seal) and the consequence of this is a temperature gradient within the tube. The observed infrared emission spectra are dominated by the high temperature central portion of the tube (see Figure 1) and the emission lines are assumed to be formed at the same temperature as the furnace. The emission lines in each spectrum were picked using the program WSpectra (Carleer 2001) and the line intensity of each line was obtained by fitting a Voigt line profile. The number of CH4 emission lines recorded for each region is given in Table 3. Table 3. Lines of CH4 (°C) 300 4,365 2,589 4,118. . . 11,072 400 6,656 3,566 7,752. . . 17,974 500 7,950 4,725 9,438 5,242 27,355 600 9,524 6,021 14,109 7,766 37,420 700 10,381 6,344 15,376 10,067 42,168 800 11,189 6,951 19,297 12,696 50,133 900 11,607 7,276 21,148 14,688 54,719 1000 12,005 7,889 21,042 16,563 57,499 1100 12,105 7,667 21,850 16,062 57,684 1200 12,368 7,637 22,511 10,269a 52,785 1300 12,235 8,118 23,332 9,640a 53,325 1400 12,510 6,095b 10,590b. . . 29,195 Notes. aThese spectra were contaminated by C2H2 and C2H4 emission lines and have not been included in our analysis as the impurity lines could not be completely removed. bThese spectra were unusually noisy and as a result the number of lines observed is reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the procedures and methodologies related to measuring spectral regions and does not address biological processes or their implications regarding methane presence in exoplanet atmospheres.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: It should therefore be possible to combine adaptation to winter and summer stresses by genetic recombination. This would be particularly useful in view of foreseen increasing climate variability due to climate change in Europe. On the other hand, the climatic distribution models of adaptive allele frequencies revealed a risk of local extinction in regions with much drier and warmer summers in the future such as the and southern France. Variability for organic matter digestibility at heading date in a collection of perennial ryegrass genotypes Vincent Colas, Philippe Barre, Frederik van Parijs, Lukas Wolters, Yannik Quitté, Isabel Roldán-Ruiz,. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 07 Digestibility is essential to determine the value of a forage perennial ryegrass variety. We observed a large variability for Digestibility (OMD) in a panel of 580 perennial ryegrass genotypes when harvested at heading date. This variability was explained by the proportion of blades and by both, the cell wall content (NDF content) and its digestibility (NDFD). These last two traits showed no correlation in this experiment. The broad sense heritabilities of content and NDFD were 0. 77, 0. 76 and 0. 73, respectively. Blades showed slightly higher OMD than ‘stems’ (sheaths and flowering stems) but the distributions overlapped largely with some ’stems’ showing higher OMD than some blades. These findings for the whole collection were also obtained within maturity groups and are encouraging for breeding for high OMD via a decrease of NDF content and an increase of NDFD in both blades and ‘stems’. Red clover adaptation to a Nordic climate Stefano Zanotto, Helga Amdahl, Åshild Ergon DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 08 We analyzed traits related to yield and persistency from a single field trial over 2 years in south-eastern Norway involving 110 red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ) populations of various origin. A significant differentiation was found between Nordic populations and other material. The first group showed better stand density and yield over time, while the latter tended to grow longer during the first autumn after establishment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the combination of genetic recombination for adapting crops to winter and summer stresses, highlighting its importance in the context of increasing climate variability. It mentions how variability in traits within crop genotypes can be utilized for better adaptation, which supports the idea that genetic diversity is crucial for helping crops adjust to changing environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: This information was then used to discuss social equity issues and the need to increase CEC monitoring in less populated, often rural, communities. Results and discussionDFR occurrence and magnitude under mean annual streamflowsFigure 1 shows the spatially distributed levels of DFR under mean streamflow conditions for all DWTPs with surface water intakes within Texas. Two-thirds of the DWTP intakes (422 out of 595) were impacted by the potential presence of wastewater, as defined up having at least one upstream wastewater discharge. This includes 222 intakes at 182 DWTPs that serve populations of ≤10,000 (Table 1). DWTP intakes impacted by at least one upstream WWTP discharge included intakes located on lakes and reservoirs (n = 225), streams or creeks (n = 108), or canals (n = 89). While the frequency of DFR is high (~67%), roughly 60% of impacted DWTP intakes have <5% DFR under mean annual streamflows; 5% DFR equates to 5% of the water at a DWTP intake potentially being of wastewater origin based upon Eq. 2. However, DFR was higher in southwestern Texas with most having >20% DFR under annual mean streamflows. Thirty-four surface water intakes by DWTPs supplied by in the southwestern of Texas (Strahler stream order = 8) have high DFR (>20%). There were 173 surface water intakes by 97 DWTPs in Texas not impacted by upstream WWTP discharges, and 61 of these serve 10,000 or fewer people. Fig. 1Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) affected by upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharge under mean annual stream flows in TexasFull size imageTable 1 Summary of DWTPs serving different community sizes in Texas (USA)Full size tableStrahler stream orders play an important role in DFR magnitude at drinking water sources. 16 Figure 2 shows that the highest DFR levels were in the smallest and largest rivers in Texas, or lower to higher Strahler stream orders. DFR varies substantially among DWTPs located on different stream orders. First-order streams are smaller and therefore rely more on WWTP discharges to maintain even mean annual streamflows. Hence, smaller streams are more likely to contain CECs throughout the year. Most DWTPs on second- through fifth-order streams had DFR below 5%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that many drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Texas are impacted by upstream wastewater discharges, particularly in less populated, often rural communities. It specifies that two-thirds of DWTP intakes were affected, indicating inequality in access to clean drinking water based on geographic location. The information about the varying levels of contamination also suggests that access to clean water is not uniform and depends on the geographical and environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: Download table as: imageA system response function was measured for each region by recording a blackbody spectrum emitted from a graphite rod placed at the center of the alumina tube (i. e. , at the center of the furnace). This accounts for the relative contribution of the system (e. g. , windows, lens, filters, etc. ) to the intensity of the observed lines. The spectrum is compared to a theoretical blackbody at the temperature of the furnace and then normalized. These instrument response functions are shown in Figure 1 along with the CH4 emission lines at 1000°C. It was necessary to calibrate both the wavenumber scale (x-axis) and the intensity scale (y-axis) using the line list. The wavenumber scales were calibrated by selecting 20 strong, clear, symmetric lines and averaging the correction factor. Each temperature spectrum had similar calibration factors and typical values (for the 1000°C spectra) were 1. 000001351 for region A, 1. 000001677 for region B, 1. 000001051 for region C, and 1. 000000091 for region D. This results in a typical shift of 0. 005 cm−1 at 3000 cm−1 for the ν3 band. We therefore expect the accuracy of each line list to be ±0. 005 cm−1 or better. The intensity scales have also been calibrated according to. First, each emission line list was converted into an arbitrary absorption scale to make them comparable to the intensities of the lines contained in. This method has previously been used by Nassar & Bernath (2003) and more recently by Hargreaves et al. (2011, 2012) using the equation: where Sa/Se is the intensity of the absorbed/emitted line, ν is the frequency and T is the temperature. Each line list was then put onto the same intensity scale as recorded by region A, and comparisons to were made. lines had to be scaled to the appropriate temperatures using where S' is the intensity, Q is the partition function, T is the temperature, ν10 is the line frequency, and Elow is the empirical lower state energy (Bernath 2005). A zero subscript refers to the same parameters but at the reference temperature. The partition functions can be found in Table 4 and were calculated for each temperature using the TIPS2011. for program (Laraia et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim at all; it discusses calibration procedures for measuring spectral emissions and does not mention exoplanets, methane, or biological processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Cluster analysis of DArT markers revealed several distinct clusters of clonally replicated genotypes in one of the fields (Stoos), but no clustering in the other field (Gotthard). The largest clone at Stoos comprised 24 plants covering an area of 2. 3 hectares with a maximum distance of 304 m between two plants. It is concluded that vegetatively propagated, sterile species hybrids can conserve heterosis and have the potential to produce a high yielding sward in mountain pastures. Understanding forage grass genomes beyond single nucleotide variation – an example on self-incompatibility Bruno Studer, Marius Rohner, Chloé Manzanares, International Lolium-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 11 The genera Lolium and Festuca comprise the most important forage and turf grass species of temperate regions worldwide. Despite tremendous advancements in DNA sequencing technologies and genome assembly methods, genome sequences of highest quality in terms of completeness, correctness and contiguity are yet to be established for the Lolium-Festuca species complex. Lolium-Consortium (ILFPC) has set out to fill this gap and aims at establishing multiple high-quality genome sequences to advance forage and turf grass research and breeding. Here we report about first results of the joint efforts within ILFPC and, more importantly, how the established genomic resources can help answering biological questions. Using self-incompatibility (SI) as an example, we present how whole genome assemblies can be used to resolve the gene content and order at one SI locus, previously identified by fine-mapping. The multiple genomes obtained through ILFPC also enabled us to compare the gene constitution of different genotypes within and across species and link this information to SI functionality. The availability of multiple high-quality genome assemblies constitutes a milestone for genetic studies, functional biology and genomics-assisted breeding. Moreover, comparing genomes and moving towards pangenomics opens new opportunities to describe structural genome variation and unlock genetic diversity in the Lolium-Festuca species complex. Climate change adaptation in forage grasses: from phenotype to genotype Kristina Jaškūnė, Gražina Statkevičiūtė DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how the establishment of multiple high-quality genome sequences for forage and turf grass species enables the understanding of genetic diversity, which is essential for addressing climate change adaptation. For instance, it mentions that 'comparing genomes and moving towards pangenomics opens new opportunities to describe structural genome variation and unlock genetic diversity,' directly connecting genetic diversity with crop adaptation in changing environmental contexts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: In contrast to national trends where DWTP intakes on higher stream orders have lower DFR,29,30 presumably due to natural runoff diluting wastewater, streams of sixth, seventh, and eighth order in Texas show higher DFR. This illustrates how geographical location within the arid southwestern US can impact DFR perhaps more than general stream order classification on a national basis. Nearly all DWTPs on the higher stream orders are in Texas were impacted by at least one upstream wastewater discharge. Fig. 2De facto reuse (DFR) magnitude at drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) intakes under average flow condition in Texas (top and bottom of box = 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively; top and bottom of whisker = 90th and 10th percentiles, respectively; line inside box = 50th percentile (median); dot (•) = average; dashed line = 5% DFR). Numbers above each bar-and-whisker diagram indicate the number of DWTP intakes with DFR >0 included in the analysis for each stream order relative to the total number of DWTPs in Texas on surface water supplies having that stream orderFull size imageEffects of variable streamflow on DFR magnitudeReduced streamflow during drought may increase DFR. However, unlike the mandated requirement to have streamflow data or predictions at the WWTP discharge locations to calculate dilution factors, there are rarely in-stream gauging stations or long-term streamflow datasets available at DWTP intake locations. Lack of long-term (>30 years) data limits the ability to perform statistical analysis of drought or flood impacts on DFR. With the use of USGS stream gauge database within Dataset (NHD) Plus suite, 22 of the 595 DWTP intakes had adequate long-term (>30 years) historical streamflow data, and DFR trends as a function of increasing streamflow were assessed. Figure 3 illustrates DFR for DWTPs as a function of both Strahler stream order and historical streamflow. Fifteen of the 25 sites have >10% DRF at the 50th percentile flow. At the 7Q2 condition (~10th percentile streamflow), treated wastewater made up ~100% of the water supply for 14 of 25 DWTP intakes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating how geographical location affects access to clean drinking water, particularly in Texas, as it discusses differences in De facto reuse (DFR) of water stemming from upstream wastewater discharge. It indicates that DWTP intakes on higher stream orders in Texas are influenced by the geographical context of wastewater discharges, thus highlighting disparities in access to clean water that depend on geographical factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 2011) based on calculations made by Wenger et al. (2008). Table 4. (K) 296 590. 52 573 1,856. 19 673 2,648. 82 773 3,745. 99 873 5,267. 13 973 7,372. 47 1073 10,276. 30 1173 14,266. 42 1273 19,723. 43 1373 27,161. 91 1473 37,273. 63 1573 50,996. 68 1673 69,611. 60 Note. aCalculated using the TIPS2011. for program (Laraia et al. 2011) based on calculations made by Wenger et al. (2008). Download table as: imageWavenumber matches between our data and the temperature-scaled lines were made (±0. 005 cm−1) and these intensities were compared. A calibrating factor could then be deduced but as the frequency increased, the intensity calibration factors became larger and more inconsistent. Regions A, B, and C could all be matched without difficulty since these regions cover strong emission bands; however, region D proved to be a problem. In the end, it was decided that an intensity calibration function could be extrapolated into region D based on the matches from regions A, B, and C. The intensity calibration used to convert the observed arbitrary intensity (S'arb) to intensities in units (S'H) is where is in cm−1 and S'H is in cm molecule−1. The calibration function is temperature dependent and was applied to all regions; the constants are given in Table 5. Table 5. a b c (°C) (/1012 cm3 molecule−1) (/1015 cm2 molecule−1) (/1018 cm molecule−1) 300 2. 92 −9. 75 12. 00 400 1. 48 −2. 15 4. 98 500 2. 82 −6. 67 9. 03 600 3. 62 −9. 87 12. 30 700 4. 04 −10. 70 13. 30 800 2. 56 −3. 35 6. 02 900 3. 24 −6. 17 8. 63 1000 4. 87 −12. 40 14. 20 1100 4. 00 −7. 77 9. 33 1200 4. 07 −7. 18 7. 95 1300 5. 06 −12. 00 12. 60 1400 4. 68 −7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely technical and centers around calibration factors and temperature-dependent intensity calculations related to different spectral regions. There is no mention or discussion of methane, exoplanets, or biological processes, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 12 Precise, non-invasive and high-throughput phenotyping methods are a crucial part for the identification of genes underlying plant adaptivity to abiotic stresses and for transferring this knowledge to practical breeding. Baltic and Nordic regions of Europe are facing an increased frequency of mild summer droughts. Therefore, securing stable forage production by improving grass tolerance to water deprivation is a pressing issue. Dissecting biomass accumulation by precise phenotyping of leaf growth under optimal and drought stress conditions, associating adaptive traits with candidate genes and subsequently validating their functions by employing -Cas based genome editing, can be an efficient strategy to increase sustainability in agriculture through improvement of perennial ryegrass adaptation to current and future climates. Development of a metabolic profiling method for ryegrass phenotyping and breeding on drought tolerance : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 13 The project focused on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ), as one of the most important forage grass species. One goal of the project was to efficiently improve tolerance to temporary drought using innovative selection methods. Therefore, a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic profiling method was developed. The resulting method provides quantitative metabolite data in sufficient quality and is still affordable for breeders. It combines a highly automated process from sampling to the final processed NMR spectrum and a profiling software that was developed in the project. This software produces a quantitative profile comprising 48 metabolites. Using this method >1400 individual plant samples from a two-year trial at two locations were analysed. Finally, the resulting metabolite profiles were used to train a prediction model using machine learning. This model enables the selection for tolerance to temporary drought at an early stage of a breeding process. In summary, a useful complementary method for phenotyping was developed and exemplarily applied for biomarker research in the breeding on drought tolerance. Pooled sequencing reveals genome regions involved in resistance to bacterial wilt in Italian ryegrass ölliker DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 14 Xanthomonas translucens pv. graminis (Xtg) is the causal agent of bacterial wilt, one of the main diseases of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. ). One major QTL for resistance was previously discovered, but the underlying genes are yet to be determined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity in crops, specifically through the identification of adaptive traits in plants for better resilience to abiotic stresses such as drought. It highlights the need to improve grass tolerance and the application of precise phenotyping methods to assess and select for adaptive traits which are necessary as environmental conditions change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: During seasonal low flow or drought periods, which is the design condition for WWTP effluents, there is a high occurrence of DFR (and associated CECs) at downstream drinking water intakes. Fig. 3De facto reuse (DFR) variation at 22 drinking water intakes in Texas under different flow conditions across six different stream orders. Exact drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) locations on each stream are not shown to protect the utility confidentialityFull size imageProximity distribution of WWTPs upstream to DWTPs within the BasinFigure 4 shows the location of 151 WWTPs discharges upstream of 10 surface water DWTP intakes in the Basin. Located at the upstream end of the lake, DWTP 10 withdrew water from Lake Lewisville, while DWTP 04 and DWTP 05 also used as drinking water source. Other DWTPs withdraw water from tributaries (Trinity River) or mainstream of the Trinity River. Fig. 4Locations of ten drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) used as a case study impacted by 151 upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in basinFull size imageTwenty-one WWTPs influenced the most up-river drinking water facility (DWTP 10), whereas 151 WWTP discharges were upstream of DWTP 01. Because WWTPs discharge into tributaries and the main stream of the Trinity River, linear addition of treated wastewater does not occur. Instead, there is a distribution of distances from different tributaries that affect an individual DWTP. Figure 5 and Table SI. 3 present cumulative distributions for the number of WWTPs located at different distances upstream from each of the 10 DWTPs. Figure SI. 4 and Table SI. 2 show cumulative wastewater discharges, instead of number of facilities, using a similar x-axis. There are no DWTPs within this watershed with a WWTP located fewer than 16 km upstream (10 miles), except two facilities (DWTP 04 and 10) are located on lakes that receive WWTP discharge. Lakes can have complex stratification and mixing patterns and would necessitate site-specific hydrologic modeling to understand precise levels of DFR. helps identify such site-specific needs. Eight DWTPs have WWTPs located 16–40 km upstream (10–25 miles), and most of the WWTP discharges are located 160–500 km (100–300 miles) upstream of DWTP intakes. Figure SI. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting specific situations where access to clean drinking water is compromised due to geographical factors, particularly during low flow or drought periods. It discusses the influence of upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on downstream drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), indicating that the presence of WWTPs can affect the quality of water available to DWTPs due to distance and flow conditions. This suggests that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water, as geographical variations directly impact the safety and availability of drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: 48 7. 29 Download table as: imageEach region had to be combined to form a complete line list at each temperature. The optical filters used during the acquisition of each spectrum allowed the regions to overlap; the common lines in the overlapping regions have been used to bring all regions onto the same scale. The number of emission lines in the final line lists were maximized by appropriately choosing to combine the regions at 1500, 1830, and 3350 cm−1. Because emission lines were only recorded above 960 cm−1 and region D was intentionally truncated at 5000 cm−1, the spectral regions are 960–1500 cm−1 (region A), 1500–1830 cm−1 (region B), 1830–3350 cm−1 (region C), and 3350–5000 cm−1 (region D), i. e. , 960–5000 cm−1 in total. The emission lines for each temperature were compared to all other temperatures and all matchable lines were identified (±0. 005 cm−1). It was then possible to calculate the empirical lower state energy (Elow) of each line by rearranging Equation (2) so that where The slope of points plotted using Equation (4) for each line yields the Elow and an example of this calculation is shown in Figure 2 for five CH4 emission lines present at all temperatures. Reset image size Figure 2. Natural logarithm of the intensity ratios of five lines present in all 12 spectra are plotted against 1/kT (in cm), where T is the temperature. The slope of each line directly yields the empirical lower state energy (in cm−1) and for the lines plotted: Elow[1] = 1364. 00 cm−1 (red), Elow[2] = 1590. 79 cm−1 (orange), Elow[3] = 1644. 41 cm−1 (green), Elow[4] = 1879. 95 cm−1 (blue), and Elow[5] = 2036. 83 cm−1 (purple). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image This then forms the basis of the temperature dependent line lists which contain calibrated line positions ( in cm−1), calibrated line intensities (S' in cm molecule−1) and empirical lower state energies (Elow in cm−1). It was necessary to incorporate missing lines into these line lists as explained in the results. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about methane's presence in exoplanet atmospheres indicating biological processes. Instead, it focuses on technical aspects of spectral lines and emission calculations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: In order to fine-map this QTL, a mapping population consisting of 7,484 F2 individuals segregating for resistance was established in the greenhouse and inoculated with a highly virulent Xtg strain. Two pools of the most resistant and the most susceptible individuals were sequenced and SNPs associated with resistance were identified. Most of the significant SNPs map to linkage group 4, where the QTL was previously identified. Genes containing these SNPs will be determined and will constitute candidate resistance genes to be investigated further. Genetic analysis of drought stress tolerance in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ) : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 15 The objective of this study was to determine quantitative trait loci (QTL) for drought stress tolerance based on yield in perennial ryegrass. Therefore, 2190 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were examined to construct linkage maps for three F1 populations with 140 individuals each. Three highly drought stress tolerant genotypes, two from two advanced cultivars and one from a genebank accession, were used as parents. The total length of genetic maps ranged from 480 to 590 centimorgan (cM). Phenotypic data were collected in a rain-out shelter and a companion control plot in two locations. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed to determine significant marker-trait associations (MTA). Both cultivar genotypes inherited a major QTL located on LG1. This QTL can further be used for specific selection on drought stress tolerance in perennial ryegrass breeding programs. snpGBS: A Simple and Workflow to Identify SNPs from Genotyping-by-. . . DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 16 Existing methods of SNP calling aim to optimise the efficiency by aggressively filtering and trimming GBS data. Conversely, we aim to capture more variation by following a mild workflow, which we have named snpGBS. Our results showed that including the extra variation yields a substantially larger number of SNPs from a ryegrass GBS dataset, which raised the question of whether this method is more appropriate for identifying SNPs from ryegrass GBS data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genetic analysis and the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) linked to drought stress tolerance in perennial ryegrass. It highlights the importance of genetic diversity through the examination of multiple genotypes and SNP markers, which are essential for adapting crops to environmental stresses such as drought.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 6), nine DWTPs had between 20 to 30 upstream WWTP dischargers within 161 to 483 km and DWTP#7 had 65 WWTP discharges within that distance. With the distances between DWTPs downstream from multiple WWTP discharges ranging from <16 to >800 km (Fig. 5), it is probable that some CECs will be largely removed by natural attenuation, while concentration of more refractory CECs (e. g. , ) would likely be relatively unchanged at the downstream DWTP intake. Unit processes at DWTPs impacted by de facto reuseWater treatment plants can build and operate advanced unit processes capable of removing CECs from the intake water, in addition to conventional unit processes required to meet existing regulatory compliance. However, CECs are by their very nature “emerging” and not currently regulated. Therefore, few DWTPs are required to install advanced unit processes, unless for secondary benefits (e. g. , reduction in algae-derived tastes and odors) or necessity to meet disinfection and disinfection by-product rules established by the USEPA. This section uses data from the State of Texas on the type of unit processes installed at DWTPs to explore which facilities, as a function of their size and impact by DFR, employ advanced unit processes, which would be able to remove CECs. Figure 6 and Table SI. 5 summarize the unit processes installed at all DWTPs in Texas and also for the subset of DWTPs impacted by DFR. Each DWTP combines several unit processes that will achieve variable CECs removal efficiencies. Two hundred and thirty-six DWTPs impacted by wastewater in Texas disinfect using chloramines. DWTPs using free chlorine can also form chloramines if ammonia from upstream WWTPs is present. Chloramines react with some CECs to produce NDMA and other probable carcinogens. 7 Prior work shows correlations between detectable NDMA at DWTPs with DFR >0,8 suggesting that CEC removal may be necessary. State-of-the-art unit process trains for planned, direct potable reuse include (1) reverse osmosis followed by advanced oxidation; (2) river bank filtration; or (3) ozonation followed by biofiltration, followed by an environmental (groundwater aquifer, surface water) or engineered buffer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and variations in water treatment and accessibility in Texas. It highlights issues such as the impact of upstream wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), the necessity for advanced processes to remove contaminants, and regulatory gaps regarding 'emerging' contaminants. These points indicate that access to clean drinking water can be highly variable based on geographic and infrastructural differences, thereby undermining the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: our method to calculate the Elow values, it is possible to identify the dyad, pentad, and octad infrared regions of CH4 in the plots of Elow versus wavenumber (Figure 3). Reset image size Figure 3. Comparison of the empirical lower state energies (top panel) with the lower state energies (bottom panel). The dyad (ν4 region), pentad (ν3 region), and octad (ν3 + ν4) regions are clearly visible. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The two most striking features are the ν4 region (dyad) around 1300 cm−1 and the ν3 region (pentad) around 3020 cm−1. The ν4 region contains lines of the fundamental ν4 bend and distinct 2ν4 − ν4 and 3ν4 − 2ν4 hot bands at a Elow of 1300 and 2600 cm−1, respectively. The ν3 region contains a strong P-, Q-, and R-branch of the ν3 + ν4 − ν4 hot band above a Elow of 1300 cm−1 and parts of the fundamental P-, and R-branch of the ν3 mode. Another hot band, possibly the 2ν3 − ν3, can be seen above a Elow of ∼3000 cm−1. Less obvious but still present are tentative observations of the Q-branch of the "forbidden" ν2 fundamental bend at approximately 1530 cm−1. Also present are features of the ν3 + ν4 combination region (octad) around 4300 cm−1, although the features in this region are less distinct as it is congested by many other bands. Comparisons to for this region shows a complex band structure as expected due to the high density of transitions. There is reasonable agreement between the empirical Elow values and the values (Figure 3) within the ν3 and ν4 region. A hot band at a lower state energy of approximately 3000 cm−1 in the pentad region (tentatively assigned the 2ν3 − ν3 hot band) is absent in and is not very well defined in our data. We have observed emission lines with higher rotational levels than are present in which is most apparent in the vicinity of the ν3 region. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed technical information about the methodology used to analyze methane's infrared regions. However, it does not address the potential biological implications of methane presence in exoplanet atmospheres, which is the focus of the claim. Consequently, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 21 Plants utilise light signals to determine their location, time of the day and neighbour proximity. In addition, light acts as an input to the circadian clock. This timekeeping mechanism is necessary for seasonal perception, ensuring the coordination between growth and development with environmental conditions. Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) is the major forage crop in Ireland and its growth season is affected both by photoperiod and temperature changes. However, assessing growth responses under field conditions is laborious and time consuming, especially at the early stages of breeding. Here, we describe a simple, non-expensive and fast in-vitro screening method to assess growth parameters at early developmental stages under different photoperiod conditions. Our analysis of 5-day old seedlings identified differences between photoperiods (short and long days) and varieties in terms of root and shoot length, suggesting it could provide an initial read-out of growth responses preceding field tests. Moreover, since this method can incorporate different photoperiod and temperature conditions, it would be able to inform on early developmental responses of new perennial ryegrass varieties grown under current and future climate conditions, which would be useful for breeding programs. Can we define a persistent red clover ideotype for mixtures with grasses? Åshild Ergon DOI: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 22 Taking the conditions in species mixtures into consideration when breeding forage species is challenging but could result in better varieties. We found that offspring of red clover survivors from mixtures had earlier petiole and stem elongation than offspring of survivors from pure stands, while those from pure stands had better freezing tolerance. Petiole length and timing of stem elongation could easily be scored in a large number of plants under controlled conditions and used in further crossing, possibly helping to improve persistence of red clover to be cultivated in mixtures with grasses. Careful monitoring of possible trade-offs with yield, winter survival and forage quality would be necessary. Diversity through new : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 23 In this overview of Technologies (NBT) we emphasize on the technological and new cultivar release challenges faced by the organizations that implement or plan to implement NBT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how utilizing genetic diversity in breeding programs, particularly in perennial ryegrass and red clover, can help crops respond to varying environmental conditions such as photoperiod and temperature changes. The mention of assessing growth parameters under different conditions aligns with the notion that genetic diversity can enhance adaptation to climate variability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 35,36,37 However, comparable strategies currently do not exist for DWTPs with DFR. Fig. 6Unit processes of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) using surface water in Texas (the number above each bar represents the number of DWTPs that are impacted by de facto reuse (DFR) and which implement that specific type of unit process)Full size imageConventional treatment processes (i. e. , coagulation, sedimentation, and filtration) are used at >80% of the DWTPs in Texas. However, the conventional unit processes achieve <30% CEC removal. 26 Ultra- or microfiltration provide only minimal improved performance in CEC removal compared against granular media filtration. Advanced oxidation processes (e. g. , ozonation or ultraviolet (UV) irradiation alone or with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)) are effective in removing CECs. 26,31,38 However, only 13 of 303 (5%) DWTPs that are impacted by DFR use these unit processes; DWTPs use ozonation alone (n = 10) or with hydrogen peroxide (n = 2), and UV with hydrogen peroxide (n = 1). Physical removal of CECs can be achieved by sorption to activated carbon or separation using nanofiltration or reverse osmosis membranes. 39,40,41,42,43 Forty-three of 303 DWTPs in Texas with DFR >0 use activated carbon (both in granular and powder one) and only nine of those DWTPs impacted by DFR use granular activated carbon (GAC). GAC is often used at DWTPs to control algal-related taste and odors, DBP precursors, and more recently CECs. Seven DWTPs impacted by DFR report using of reverse osmosis. DWTP treatment disparity for low population communities impacted by (N = 303) in Texas are impacted by at least one upstream WWTP (Fig. 1), including 182 DWTPs serving 10,000 or fewer people, of those are 120 DWTPs serving 3300 or fewer people. However, because the advanced DWTP unit processes are not uniformly applied at smaller and larger exposure in treated drinking waters varies. Figure 7 shows the distribution of DWTP levels of treatment by population served, and whether the DWTP is impacted or not by DFR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the disparities in water treatment processes across different communities in Texas. It specifically notes that treatment disparity exists, especially for low population communities, where only a limited number of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) use advanced processes. The information suggests that not all communities have equal access to effective treatment methods, directly opposing the claim of universal equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: database clearly contains many CH4 lines, but the majority of Elow values have been obtained from calculations; these Elow values are visible in Figure 3 as horizontal "stripes" which correspond to the distinct rotational levels. Our method is also able to distinguish rotational structure of the branches of the ν3 fundamental mode as shown in Figure 4. The rotational levels of a rigid spherical top are given by BJ(J + 1) but there is a (2J + 1)2-fold degeneracy for each J (i. e. , (2J + 1) from the M quantum number and (2J + 1) from K). As the molecule rotates and distorts, the K degeneracy is partly lifted and the lines show a "cluster-splitting. " Figure 4 highlights the observed structure which can be seen in the calculated Elow values of the ν3 region of CH4. Reset image size Figure 4. Cluster splitting of the P-branch lines of the ν3 mode of CH4. Panel (a) contains the values plotted with the scaled lines at 1000°C, and panel (b) contains the empirical Elow values plotted with the calibrated lines at 1000°C. The gray scale of the Elow value is taken from the intensity of the line at 1000°C. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image It is worth noting that points below an Elow of approximately 1000 cm−1 are absent from Figure 3 due to the temperature gradient within the alumina tube. The CH4 in the cooler ends of the tube absorbs the low-J emission lines of the fundamental bands and accounts for the fact that only high-J levels are seen in the branches of the ν3 mode as shown in Figures 3 and 4. Self-absorption appears in our emission spectra as either complete absorption resulting in a missing line, or as partial absorption which gives a distinctive double peak (Hargreaves et al. 2011). In order to provide more complete line lists we have added the missing lines from to our line lists. We therefore incorporate lines (±0. 0025 cm−1) with an intensity greater than that of a threshold value at each temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres and its implications for biological processes. Instead, it focuses on the technical aspects of methane's spectral lines, emission spectra, and line lists without a mention of biological significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: A focus is given on the unique types of genetic variation that can be created by NBT and never be found within natural or classically induced genetic variation available in crop and crop wild relative germplasms. We point out a little discussed NBT opportunity of a dramatic increase in the breeding targets within a specific program. We suggest that forage quality improvements are within reach. Inheritance of self-fertility in tetraploid red clover Tim Vleugels, Isabel Roldán-: 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 24 Tetraploid red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ) is highly productive and persistent, but often displays unsatisfactory seed yield. Previous research in tetraploid red clover suggested a possible association between self-fertility and seed yield. In this paper, we investigated the inheritance of the self-fertility trait in tetraploid red clover. Self-compatible (SC) and self-incompatible (SI) genotypes were available from previous studies. Four inbred populations (S1) were obtained through self-fertilization of SC genotypes. Eleven F1 populations were obtained from crosses between SI and SC genotypes. Self-fertilization of SC genotypes yielded significantly more seeds than SI x SC crosses (5228 vs. 1125 seeds/plant respectively). Subsequently, S1 and F1 progeny populations were evaluated for their ability to self-fertilize. S1 populations displayed 95% self-fertile plants, while F1 populations displayed 69% self-fertile plants. In addition, S1 populations yielded more seeds than F1 populations when self-pollinated (401 vs. 149 seeds/plant respectively). These results clearly show that the ability to self-fertilize is a heritable trait in tetraploid red clover. To get more insights in the inheritance of self-compatibility, a subset of S2 and F2 populations has been selected for a next round of self-fertilization to be performed during summer 2021. Genomic prediction of lucerne forage yield and quality Marie Pégard, : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 25 Genomic prediction has proven its efficiency in numerous animal and plant species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of genetic variation and its potential impacts on crop breeding, specifically in tetraploid red clover. The mention of unique types of genetic variation created by New Breeding Techniques (NBT) provides a foundation for understanding how such genetic diversity can influence crop adaptation. By highlighting the significant correlation between self-fertility and seed yield, it suggests that enhanced genetic diversity—through traits like self-fertility—can improve the adaptability of crops in variable environmental conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Figure 7 also superimposes whether or not the unit processes at the DWTP are capable of removing CECs (i. e. , advanced treatment). For this analysis, we considered advanced treatment processes those with the highest potential to remove CECs: ozone alone or with hydrogen peroxide, GAC, or reverse osmosis. As summarized in Table 1, the majority of DWTPs serving smaller communities (<10,000 people) did not employ advanced treatment (Fig. 7), and the percentage not employing advanced treatment was even higher (90%) among the smallest DWTPs (serving <3300 people). Less populous communities with smaller DWTPs often lack the financial capacity (e. g. , taxation base) to fund capital investment and higher operational costs associated with advanced treatment unit processes. Needs clearly exist to provide financial mechanisms to encourage installation of more advanced drinking water processes at “higher-risk” DWTPs (i. e. , those with higher DFR). Fig. 7Percentage of surface water drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in Texas categorized by population served. The percentage of non-impacted or impacted DWTPs using advanced technology was calculated as the number of DWTPs in each of four categories divided the total number of DWTPs in Texas. Advanced technology is defined as using ozonation or with hydrogen peroxide granular activated carbon, or reverse osmosisFull size imageThere are many reasons advanced technologies are not installed at facilities serving smaller communities (<3300 or 3300–10,000). The disparity in drinking water quality in systems serving smaller versus larger populations is evident in the number of violations across the US for existing USEPA regulations. 44 For example in Texas, Table SI. 7 and SI. 8 shows nearly 70% of the maximum contaminant level violations occur at systems serving fewer than 10,000 people. Figures SI. 9 and SI. 10 show that the most commonly reported violations are total trihalomethanes and five haloacetic acids (HAA5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in access to advanced drinking water treatment technologies between smaller and larger communities. It states that smaller communities often lack the financial capacity for advanced treatment systems, which negatively impacts their drinking water quality. The mention of nearly 70% of maximum contaminant level violations occurring in systems serving fewer than 10,000 people further underscores the unequal access to clean drinking water based on community size, supporting the notion that geography (in terms of population served by water treatment plants) affects the quality of drinking water available.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The presence of methane in exoplanet atmospheres could indicate biological processes. [SEP] Text: Our sensitivity decreases toward higher wavenumbers (regions A, C, and D from Figure 1) and as a result the cutoff threshold is not a constant and changes over each region in order to match the sensitivity of the observations. The effect of adding lines to our line lists is shown in Table 6 which lists the added lines and the observed emission lines. In order to avoid double counting of lines, all lines in the emission line list within ±0. 0025 cm−1 of a line (with an intensity above the selection threshold) were deleted and replaced by the lines. Table 6. (°C) 300 6,297 3,269 9,566 400 6,970 12,793 19,763 500 12,621 20,288 32,909 600 19,255 29,040 48,295 700 23,438 31,868 55,306 800 30,090 39,361 69,451 900 34,513 40,571 75,084 1000 37,214 41,322 78,536 1100 38,923 42,912 81,835 1200 28,118 32,788 60,906 1300 29,717 30,746 60,463 1400 19,462 19,096 38,558 Download table as: imageComparisons made with Nassar & Bernath (2003) at 1000°C (±0. 0025 cm−1) suggest our intensities are accurate to within a factor of two (Figure 5). To estimate the error in the empirical Elow values they were compared to those found in for a number of lines which occur in both data sets. Table 7 shows that the percentage difference between the empirical Elow calculation and for the lines plotted in Figure 2 is less than 10%. The examples shown are lines which appear in all spectra and as a result are the most reliable. These particular lines have also been removed from our final line lists because they coincide with lines. As the number of points used to calculate the lower state energy decreases, the error increases. It is therefore difficult to quote an overall error for our Elow values but we aim to represent the error by the inclusion of a quality factor within the line lists. "H" signifies that the line position, intensity and lower state energy has been inserted from the database. "1" means that the lower state energy has been calculated from the intensities of a line that appears in 10 or more spectra. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical details about sensitivity, emission lines, and energy calculations without any mention of methane or its implications for biological processes in exoplanet atmospheres.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic diversity can help crops adapt to changing environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: In this study, we used diverse lucerne varieties and populations to test the predicting ability of genomic prediction. Several parameters, such as the number of markers, the population size and the addition of QTL effects, were tested for their effect on the quality of prediction. Based on a large number of SNPs (227 K) obtained by GBS and phenotypes observed in different locations, our results showed a good quality of predicting ability for dry matter yield, ADF (acid detergent fiber) and protein content, especially with a large training population size (around 0. 6). The predicting ability is improved by the integration of QTL information directly in the model (above 0. 8). A reduction of number of markers (less than 100K) did not substantially alter the predictive ability. Our results show an accurate prediction of the phenotype of populations via genomic prediction models that could speed up the creation of new lucerne varieties. Impact of genetic relatedness on the genomic prediction accuracies in timothy (Phleum pratense L. ) : 10. 5507/vup. 21. 24459677. 26 Timothy (Phleum pratense L. ) (2n=6x=42), a cool-season perennial grass species, is one of the most important forage grass species in Norway because of its good winter hardiness, ability to thrive in short-growing season and resistance to frost and ice-encasement. However, the predicted increase of temperatures during autumn and winter at high latitudes in the coming decades and the associated variable temperature and precipitation patterns might negatively affect cold acclimation and winter survival of perennial grasses, therefore potentially affecting the forage production in Nordic regions. New improved cultivars with high yield capacity and forage quality, which are well adapted to the future climate, are very important for an economically sustainable Norwegian milk and meat production. In the view of the recent developments in sequencing, molecular marker technologies and theoretical foundations, it is feasible to start the development of genomic selection (GS) based breeding schemes in timothy. In this paper, we tested a clustering-based approach to investigate the effect of increasing genetic distance between training and validation populations when predicting yield traits. The prediction accuracies in the validation population highly depend on the genetically closely related training population, irrespective of the population size. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of genetic diversity in enhancing the accuracy of genomic prediction models, which can lead to the development of new lucerne varieties that are well adapted to changing environmental conditions. It highlights that improved cultivars with high yield capacity and forage quality, which are necessary for sustainable agriculture, can be developed through genomic selection approaches that utilize diverse genetic backgrounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: By their very nature CECs are “emerging” and hence are unregulated; thus, they are not part of health-based water quality violations at DWTPs. 45 We considered relationships between cancer mortalities and DFR, but as many CECs are pharmaceuticals they do not cause cancer, but rather potentially endocrine disruption or a number of other endpoints that have yet to be epidemiologically supported at low concentrations that occur in drinking waters. 12 One use of this paper could be to locate potential communities for inclusion in such toxicology17,46 or epidemiology studies. ImplicationsThis study found that 303 DWTPs in Texas were impacted by at least one upstream WWTP (Fig. 1), including 182 DWTPs serving <10,000 people with 120 of those DWTPs serving <3300 people. Smaller communities are more commonly located on lower stream order (Strahler stream order first to fifth; Fig. SI. 7). Thus, more of small DWTPs are likely impacted by CECs in Texas. Using similar methodologies as applied herein, DFR levels covering the same orders of magnitude as reported herein are being predicted globally. 47,48,49,50,51,52,53 However, those studies did not focus on impacts to smaller utilities, travel times between WWTP discharges and DWTP intakes, or relate the type of treatment to the presence of CECs in DWTP intake or treated waters. Because CECs can be transformed within surface waters, we analyzed the frequency distribution of upstream proximal distance of WWTPs discharge locations from downstream DWTP intakes. River basin in Texas has 151 WWTPs and 45 DWTPs, and was used as further modeled to understand proximity of DWTPs from WWTPs. Most WWTPs were located 160 to 500 km upstream of DWTP intakes, where travel times between potential CEC sources and DWTP intakes range from 5 to 15 days under average streamflow. This leads to environmental exposures, but allows time for in-stream biogeochemical processes to transform some CECs. This study also found that fewer than 10% of smaller sized DWTPs in Texas employ advanced technologies capable of removing CECs. Because these small communities have among the highest DFR levels, there is a need to increase resources to prioritize monitoring and installing advanced treatment in these facilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unequal access to clean drinking water in Texas, particularly highlighting that smaller drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) serving less than 10,000 people are more likely to be impacted by contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). It states that fewer than 10% of these smaller DWTPs employ advanced technologies capable of removing CECs, indicating that these communities have among the highest levels of contaminants. This suggests that there are significant disparities in access to clean drinking water based on community size and geographic factors.