Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Additionally, we have uploaded all scripts to github as outlined in the Code and section (lines 599-614). The genome assembly did not use a specific workflow (e. g. , nextflow), but was done with a simple command and standard parameters in IPA. Scaffolding was carried out by using their standardised proprietary workflow, of which a detailed description provided by can be found in the supplementary material. Quantifications of T3 and T4 levels look fairly low and not so convincing. The work would clearly benefit from a discussion about why the signal is so low and what are the current technological limitations of these quantifications. This would really help (general) readers. The T3/T4 levels are consistent with other published work in fish. In the present manuscript for grouper we have a peak level of 1. 2 ng/g (1,200 pg/g) of T4 and 0. 06 ng/g (60 pg/g) of T3. This is a higher level of T4 and comparable level of T3 to what was found in convict tang (Holzer et al. 2017; Figure 2) with 30 pg/g of T4 and 100 pg/g of T3. Of course, there are also examples with higher levels, such as clownfish (Roux et al. 2023; Figure 1), with 10 ng/g (10,000 pg/g) of T4 and 2 ng/g (2,000 pg/g) of T3. The differences could be due to different structure of fish tissues and therefore different hormone extraction efficiency, different hormone measurement protocols, different fish physiology, different fish size (e. g. , the weighting of tiny grouper larvae is difficult and less precise than in convict tang). What is important is not the absolute level but the relative level, which shows the change within different larval stages of a species with identical extraction and measurement protocols. Which means our data is internally consistent and coherent with what the grouper literature says. Holzer, Guillaume, et al. "Fish larval recruitment to reefs is a thyroid hormonemediated metamorphosis sensitive to the pesticide chlorpyrifos. " Elife 6 (2017): e27595. Roux, Natacha, et al. "The multi-level regulation of clownfish metamorphosis by thyroid hormones. " 42. 7 (2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses hormone levels in fish and their metamorphosis rather than providing information about insects or their metamorphosis stages. There is no mention of insects or their developmental processes, making it unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies have also shown five different classes of neurons in the SCN based on the co-expression of various neuropeptides [3]. Another report [4] has identified eight major cell types with each group having a pattern of circadian gene expression. Based on connections, chemo architecture, anatomically and functionally distinct regions of the core that lie adjacent to optic chiasma and shell surrounding the core, are demarcated in the SCN, although the demarcation of core and shell is hardly clear-cut [5]. Studies have demonstrated [6] that core synthesizes GABA, calbindin (CalB), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calretinin (CALR), gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), neurotensin (NT) while arginine vasopressin (AVP) expressing neurons are seen in the shell. Others in the shell include angiotensin II (ANGII), met-enkephalin (m ENK), and galanin (Gal). The core receives dense visual and midbrain raphe afferents, and the shell has more non-visual cortical and subcortical inputs. It is seen that mouse SCN and its connections are observed in hamsters, rats, and humans [5, 6]. An estimate in rats has put 37% AVP, 24% and GRP each 14%, while others NT, ENK, somatostatin (SSA), and substance P (SP) constitute less than 5% each [7]. It is remarkable that a relatively small area of the brain, SCN, with a small number of neurons and one-third as many astroglia can synchronize circadian rhythms in the body and guide so many rhythms. A probable answer to this lies in the fact that genes within cells and cells in circuits work together coherently to carry out complex functions to enable normal body function. The intimate linkage of genes and neurotransmitters observed in the molecular basis of the working of the clock also multiplies the relevance of neurotransmitters in SCN function. The very fact that the in Medicine and Physiology for the year 2017 was awarded to three pioneers working in the molecular mechanisms in the circadian field speaks volumes about the research going on in the field and the fertile nature of this ongoing research area. The complex heterogenous structure with histological diversity underlies the functional specificity of the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in synchronizing circadian rhythms in the body. It highlights the complex structure and functions of the SCN, mentioning how a small number of neurons within this nucleus can synchronize various biological rhythms. The text emphasizes that genes and neurotransmitters within the SCN work coherently to carry out these functions, reinforcing the idea that the SCN acts as the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: The machine learning methods need training data while the change-point methods can start from scratch with pre-defined parameter values optimized for the situation or with very little run-in data for calibrating the levels. The performance of the machine learning methods is still a matter of research since these are very highly structured procedures, sometimes black box techniques impossible to fully evaluate all properties of, while the change-point detection methods are long since optimized and very thoroughly evaluated from all kinds of aspects of performance through a much longer time. Advertisement 2. Method2. 1 DescriptionIf encrypted data is not uniformly distributed, the cryptosystem used to cipher those data has a bias and can therefore be attacked. For this reason, characters of the cyphertext produced by any modern high-quality cryptosystem are uniformly distributed [15, 16] i. e. the values of the bytes of the cyphertext are uniformly distributed on some character interval. Indeed, a cryptosystem that does not have this property would be weak since it would be possible to attack it on this bias (distinguishing attacks such as on the RC4 encryption algorithm). The other types of files do not possess this feature although the contents of some types of files are close to being uniformly distributed. The files coming closest without being encrypted are compressed/zipped files: those files are indeed very close to cipher files in terms of the distribution of their character’s byte numbers. Albeit small there is a difference in distribution making it possible to tell compressed files and encrypted files apart. A technique to quantify this distribution difference is by using chi-square statistic and more or less performing a chi-square test (see [17]) to tell whether the data is suspiciously uniform or not. Another classical method is to calculate the Kolmogorov-Smirnov distance, see e. g. [1, 2] for a more extensive account of ways to indicate whether data are encrypted or not. Procedures building on such preprocessors can then be defined. One attempt to exploit this distribution difference utilizing the chi-square statistic is [18] where a method to automate the discrimination between encrypted and non-encrypted (i. e. most critically compressed) data into a method with impressing performance. Another approach could be to use means of anomaly detection in the theory of machine learning to develop an adaptive method. The proposed method, however, stems from using statistical change-point detection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various methods to analyze data distributions in encrypted and compressed files. It implies that characteristics of encrypted data can be evaluated, indicating that while certain cryptographic properties exist, encrypted data is subject to analysis and potential recovery methods, contradicting the assertion that it is impossible to recover encrypted data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Differential analysis highlights up to ~ 15,000 differentially expressed genes (DEG), out of a predicted 26k genes. This corresponds to more than half of all genes. ANOVA-based differential analysis relies on the simple fact that only a minority of genes are DEG. Having >50% DEG is well beyond the validity of the method. This should be addressed, or at least discussed. The large number of differentially expressed genes is due to the fact that this is coming from a larval developmental transcriptome going from one day old larva to fully metamorphosed juveniles at around day 60. While DESeq2 indeed works on an assumption that most genes are not differentially expressed, this affects normalization but not hypothesis testing (Wald-test, LRT tests or ANOVA). However, normalisation in DESeq2 is fairly robust to this assumption. According to the author of DESeq2, Micheal Love, DESeq2 is using the median ratio for normalisation, and as long as the number of up and down regulated genes is relatively even, DESeq2 will be able to handle the data. As part of our general quality control for this project we consulted the MA plots, which do not show any overrepresented up or down expression patterns. Additionally see comment on comparing different tissues, which is also applicable here when comparing vastly different larval stages ( “For experiments where all genes increase in expression across conditions, the median ratio method will not be able to capture this difference, but this is typically not the case for a tissue comparison, as there are many "housekeeping" genes with relatively similar expression pattern across tissues. ” Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Weaknesses: However, the authors make substantial considerations that are not proven by experimental or functional data. In fact, this is a descriptive study that does not provide any functional evidence to support the claims made. We agree with the reviewer that our paper lacks functional experiments but despite that, the transcriptomic data clearly show the activation of TH and corticoid pathways during two distinct periods: an early activation between D1 and D10, and a second one between D32 and juvenile stage. These data are interesting as they call for further examination of (1) the existence of an early larval developmental step also involving TH and corticosteroids and (2) the possible interaction of corticoids and TH during metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study focused on differential gene expression during larval development leading up to metamorphosis, but it does not directly address or confirm whether some insects undergo complete metamorphosis. The text is more about transcriptomic data and gene expression analysis rather than confirming the metamorphic process itself. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Electrically, chemically, and peptidergically, the heterogenous nature of the neurons is a fundamental feature of the SCN and these neurons individually generate circadian oscillations [8, 9]. An internal molecular oscillating clock based on transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) of clock genes [10, 11] drives circadian rhythms in electrical activity and is more active during the day than at night [12]. This landscape nature regarding excitability within the SCN is being reinforced by external signals from the retina [13]. Genetic studies indicate autoregulatory feedback loops form the basis of circadian rhythms not only in the SCN but also in extra SCN oscillators [14]. TTFL generates noisy oscillations of gene expression and firing rates [15] of nearly all neurons because of the orchestrated coupled network of these neurons. Synchronization among the cells [16] with high precision [17] produced by the coupling mechanism is attributed to a variety of neuropeptides mainly VIP and AVP [18–21]. SCN generates rhythms of firing rate by adjusting light inputs through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) [22]. The connectome of the SCN along with afferent inputs and neural and humoral outputs are considered important aspects of the synchronization process of the SCN to signal time to the rest of the body [23]. Neurotransmitters are classified based on various parameters but no rigid classification is possible as parameters can be overlapping. An immunocytochemical analysis to identify and locate 25 neurotransmitters in the SCN and its projections has been reported. Many reviews have been cited [24–29] in the literature highlighting various neurotransmitters and their function. The purpose of this review is to revisit the neurotransmitters since there are new additions to the list of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter-based changes in the molecular mechanism of the clock working, and advancement in the knowledge regarding genetically linked neurotransmitter working. Not only neurons but astrocytes are also reported to have circadian clocks and molecular mechanisms like the one seen in neurons. Neurotransmitters are secreted by the glia as well and are important for the integrated clock function. Hence a discussion on the role of astrocytes is also in order. The review is divided into two parts: part 1 is devoted to SCN, connections, input and output, receptors, and neurotransmitters present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the fundamental role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in generating circadian rhythms through diverse mechanisms. It discusses how the SCN neurons produce circadian oscillations and how synchronization among these neurons is crucial to signaling time to the rest of the body. This supports the idea that the SCN serves as the master regulator of circadian rhythms, as it integrates external signals and maintains the internal molecular clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: But the larger the number of bytes that are in each cluster, the worse the precision to detect encrypted file values: indeed, if too many bytes were detected as being unencrypted (but were actually encrypted) a large amount of encrypted data might not be detected in the procedure. Here, the alphabet used was the numbers 0,1,…,255 representing the possible size in bytes of the characters in the data. These numbers were divided into K=8 classes (class 1: values of bytes in 0,1,2…31 to class 8: values of bytes in 224,225,226…255) and the clusters of size N=64 bytes making the expected values in each class Ekt=8. Assuming that encrypted data are uniformly distributed, the Q scores based on counts of characters in encrypted data are χ2 distributed, see Figure 1 and since 8 classes were chosen, the number of degrees of freedom is 8−1=7. Figure 1. Distribution of the Q scores of encrypted files (obtained by using more than 5000 files) with the distribution function of Q∈χ27. 2. 3 Distribution of non-encrypted dataFor non-encrypted data, the distribution is more complicated. Each type of file has its distribution. Consequently, the standardized squared deviances from expected counts under the assumption about uniform distribution are larger and so are the Q scores of the χ2 statistic. However, two problems emerge. Firstly, the size of these increased deviances depends on the type of data—i. e. is the data a text file, an image, a compiled program, a compressed file or some other kind of file? —and how should this information be properly taken into account? Secondly, what is the distribution of the Q score in the case when the data are not encrypted? To develop a method for distinguishing between encrypted and non-encrypted data it is sufficient to focus on the non-encrypted that is most similar to the encrypted and this turns out to be compressed data. Other types of files such as images, compiled programs etc. commonly render higher Q scores and are therefore indirectly distinguished from encrypted data by a method that is calibrated for discriminating between encrypted and compressed data. About the second question, this is not readily answered. Rather, we just suggest modeling the Q score as being scaled χ2 distributed, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how encrypted data can be distinguished from non-encrypted data using statistical methods. It highlights that the detection of encrypted data is affected by the number of bytes and the underlying distribution of data types, implying that while encryption complicates data retrieval, it does not make it impossible. The explanation about how to distinguish between encrypted and non-encrypted data further supports the idea that recovery might still be feasible through specific methodologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This is a question that is certainly not settled yet in teleost fishes and which is of great interest. Especially (1) is of interest and importance, since this early activation (unique to our knowledge in any teleost fish studied so far) raises a lot of new questions and once again will certainly be scrutinised by other groups in the years to come, therefore ensuring a good citation impact of this study. We hope that the reviewer, while disagreeing with some our statements, will recognize that our study will be stimulating at that level and that this is what scientific studies should do. We acknowledge the descriptive nature of the data and the lack of functional experiments in the Discussion in lines 443 to 445: “This may suggest that in some aspect, cortisol synthesis could work in concert with TH, as has been shown in several different contexts in amphibians, but functional experiments need to be conducted to confirm this hypothesis. ” As stated above doing such functional experiment would require establishing the grouper as an experimental model in our husbandry, which currently is not possible due to the large size of the adult fish. The consideration that cortisol is involved in metamorphosis in teleosts has never been shown, and the only example cited by the authors (REF 20) clearly states that cortisol alone does not induce flatfish metamorphosis. In that work, the authors clearly state that in vivo cortisol treatment had no synergistic effect with TH in inducing metamorphosis. Moreover, in Senegalensis, the sole pre-otic CRH neuron number decreases during metamorphosis, further arguing that, at least in flatfish, cortisol is not involved in flatfish metamorphosis (PMID: 25575457). We will do our best to improve the clarity of the revised manuscript to avoid any misunderstanding about our claims. However, we would like to point out the semantic shift in the reviewer first sentence: Indeed “being involved” is not the same as “cortisol alone does not induce”. In ref 20 the authors explicitly wrote that “Cortisol further enhanced the effects of both T4 and T3, but was ineffective in the absence of thyroid hormones” and in our view this indeed corresponds to ”being involved in metamorphosis”. We are not claiming that cortisol alone is involved in metamorphosis as the reviewer suggests, but simply that there is a possible involvement of cortisol together with TH in metamorphosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It discusses cortisol's role in teleost fishes' metamorphosis and provides references to studies regarding flatfish metamorphosis, which is not directly related to insect metamorphosis. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters and their probable locationNeurotransmittersAfferent inputSCNEfferent outputArginine vasopressin (AVP)++Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)+++gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)+++Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP)+Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)+Dopamine+Glycine++Glutamate++Serotonin (5HT)+Neuropeptide Y+Acetylcholine+Cholecystokinin+Melatonin+Melanopsin++Prokineticin 2++Orexin+Pigment dispersing factor (PDF)+Nitric oxide (NO)+Histamine+Neurotensin (NT)+Met-enkephalin (m ENK)+Substance P++(NMS)+Somatostatin (SSA)++Calbindin (CalB)++Calretinin (CALR)++Angiotensin II (ANGII)++Galanin (Gal)++Oxytocin (OX)+Display full sizeSCN: suprachiasmatic nucleus; +: presence of the neurotransmitterIt is reported [26] that a wide range of neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors are present in the neurons of the SCN for the execution of its function. These neuropeptide receptors mediate input from extra SCN afferent pathways as well as intra-SCN networks. Various signaling pathways are identified within SCN. As regards the action of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides, it is known that they activate receptors and ion channels on the plasma membrane to produce intracellular signaling events. This includes the activation of guanine nucleotide (G) protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), G protein-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, voltage-gated ion channels, ionotropic receptors, and tyrosine kinase receptors (Trk) [32]. Trk receptor belongs to a family of tyrosine kinases that regulate synaptic strength and plasticity in the mammalian nervous system. Neurotransmitters in afferent and efferent pathwaysNeurotransmitters are seen in the afferent inputs to the SCN, efferent output, and in the clock itself. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in processing neurotransmitters and neuropeptides that contribute to its regulatory functions. It discusses various neurotransmitters present in the SCN and their significance in intracellular signaling events, indicating that these processes are integral to how the SCN functions as a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: the Q score is assumed to have the distribution of the random variable αX where α>1 and X∈χ2. The validity of this approach is sustained by empirical evaluation based on more than 5000 compressed files. The resulting empirical distribution of their Q scores and the distribution of αX where X is χ2 distributed and the value of α=1. 7374 was estimated by the least square method was plotted in Figure 2. Figure 2. Distribution of the Q scores of compressed files (obtained by using more than 5000 files) with the distribution function of Q=1. 7374⋅X where X∈χ27. 2. 4 Change-point detectionChange-point detection [19, 20, 21, 22, 23] is a field of mathematical statistics where the object is to quickly and accurately detect a shift in distribution from on-line observation of a random process. This can be done actively (stop collecting the data as soon as a shift is detected) or passively (continue collecting the data even if a shift is detected in order to detect more shifts). Here passive on-line change-point detection was used to detect if the data from an HDD shifts from non-encrypted to encrypted and vice versa. The change-point detection method is a stopping ruleτ=inft>0:at>Cwhere at is called alarm function and C threshold. The design of the alarm function defines different change-point detection methods while the values of the threshold reflects the degree of sensitivity of the stopping rule. The alarm function may be based on the likelihood ratioLst=fQtqtθ=s≤tfQtqtθ>twhere fQtqtA is the conditional joint density function of the random variables Q1…Qt=Qt given A and where qt is the vector of the observed values of Qt. Assuming indpendence of the variables Q1,…,Qt the likelihood ratio simplifies toLst=∏u=stf1quf0quwhere f0qu is the marginal conditional density function of Qu given that the shift has not occurred by time u and f1qu is the marginal conditional density function of Qu given that the shift occurred in or before time u. The conditional density function of the Q score at time t given that the data is encrypted (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a method for detecting when data transitions from encrypted to unencrypted states. Specifically, it mentions a change-point detection method that operates with the observable data, allowing for the identification of shifts in data status. This implies that the data can be monitored and potentially restored to its former state (unencrypted), which directly contrasts with the claim that data is impossible to recover once encrypted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We stand on this claim as we indeed observed an activation of corticoid pathway genes around D32, which is sufficient to say it is involved. We do agree that functional experiments will be needed to properly demonstrate the involvement of corticoids in grouper metamorphosis, but this was not possible in the current study as it would imply to set up a full grouper life cycle in lab conditions which is impossible for the scope of this manuscript. We also mentioned in the discussion that the role of corticoids in fish larval development is still debated, and we agree that this remains a contentious issue. We have clarified the Discussion on this point (lines 375-376, lines 439-464). We wrote that “There is contrasting evidence of communication between these two pathways during teleost fish larval development with some data suggesting a synergic and other an antagonistic relationship. In terms of synergy, an increase in cortisol level concomitantly with an increase in TH levels has been observed in flatfish [26], golden sea bream [64] and silver sea bream [65]. Cortisol was also shown to enhance in vitro the action of TH on fin ray resorption (phenomenon occurring during flatfish metamorphosis) in flounder [27]. It has also been shown that cortisol regulates local T3 bioavailability in the juvenile sole via regulation of deiodinase 2 in an organ-specific manner [66]. On the antagonistic side, it has been shown that experimentally induced hyperthyroidism in common carp decreases cortisol levels [67], whereas cortisol exposure decreases TH levels in European eel [68]. Given this scattered evidence, the existence of a crosstalk active during teleost larval development and metamorphosis has never been formally demonstrated. The results we obtained in grouper are clearly indicating that HPI axis is activated during both early development and metamorphosis and that cortisol synthesis is activated during early development. This may suggest that in some aspect, cortisol synthesis could work in concert with TH, as has been shown in several different contexts in amphibians [25], but functional experiments need to be conducted to confirm this hypothesis. ” In the revised manuscript, we have also added the interesting case of the Senegal sole mentioned by the reviewer. In the last revision, we had also added that our results “brought a first insight into the potential role of corticoids in the metamorphosis of E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis because it focuses on the involvement of corticoids in grouper metamorphosis and fish larval development, discussing various hormonal interactions and evidence. It does not directly address the specific topic of insects or their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Neurotransmitters in the input to the SCN perform the light-dependent entrainment. These afferent projections with their neurotransmitters were described in the early 1980s in hamsters. Earlier reports suggested that about 40 brain regions have monosynaptic projections to the SCN [33]. However, recent research reports suggest at least three principal afferent inputs of which two are the photic inputs from retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by way of the RHT and from intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) by way of geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT). RHT from the photosensitive ganglion cells in the retina mediates circadian rhythmicity by photic regulation and in this utilizes glutamate secreted into the core region of the SCN having VIP neurons. These inputs are mainly to the core part of the SCN and spread sparsely to the shell. Retinorecipient core region of SCN is delineated by whereas the shell region has cells expressing AVP and receives input from the core containing VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2). RHT is the main afferent input to the SCN and terminates in the retinorecipient core area of the SCN and carries non-image forming visual input from intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) sufficient to entrain SCN. Melanopsin, a photopigment expressed by the ipRGCs causes depolarization in response to light and releases glutamate as well as pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) from RHT terminals in the SCN. Photo-sensitive ganglion cells by secreting glutamate into the core VIP region of SCN participate in the entrainment. RGCs also possess PACAP that helps to relay information about light. PACAP from RGCs relays light information for potentiation of glutamate’s action on the SCN. GHT has neurotransmitters like neuropeptide Y (NPY), GABA, and m ENK out of which NPY is the primary one acting on the pacemaker neurons of the SCN. GABA is reported to have a dual effect of excitatory during the day and inhibitory during the night and NPY acts pre-synaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated transmission to the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives light-dependent neural signals and the mechanisms through which these inputs regulate circadian rhythms. It explains the role of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and neuropeptide Y, in relaying photic information to the SCN, indicating that the SCN functions as a key integrative center that governs circadian rhythmicity through these mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: This estimated change-point, θ̂, can be either before or after the true change-point θ. One could increase the intervals where encrypted data were discovered. This would lead to missing less encrypted data (see Figure 2) but also brute-forcing more non-encrypted data (Table 2). iPercentage010. 9602540. 96128020. 9710530. 97127430. 9762420. 97866540. 9792660. 98087250. 9836810. 98559760. 9862480. 98610170. 9901010. 99010180. 9933710. 99493190. 9943260. 995682Table 2. Percentage of encrypted files that are detected when the interval of detected change points τ1τ2 is arbitrary replaced by τ1−iτ2+i. Typically, with large i, the values are very close but not exactly equal to 1: This happens because the change points are very close (i. e less than 10 clusters for example) and the method does not detect any change. Then no cyphertext is detected at all. Therefore the difference between the change-points and the alarms according to the method is calculated. Since the proportion of encrypted data relative to the total amount of data on the HDD is unknown, the expected proportion of error is suggested. This is to say, given two change-points, θ1 and θ2, and two stopping times, τ1 and τ2, the expected proportion of error is E∣τ1−θ1∣+∣τ2−θ2∣θ2−θ1. However, this value has a sense only when there are no false alarms between τ1 and τ2. If there are false alarms between τ1 and τ2, the proportion of undetected encrypted data was added to the proportion of error to determine the proportion of the error made relative to the size of the encrypted data. Assuming that there are n false alarms τ1′<…<τn′ in τ1τ2, called expected inaccuracy, or EI for short, is defined as follows. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the possibility of detecting encrypted data and the potential for brute-forcing non-encrypted data. It suggests that while encrypted data can often be elusive (as indicated by the mention of change points and undetected encrypted files), it is not necessarily impossible to recover encrypted data under certain conditions (such as the existence of false alarms). Additionally, the text implies that some encrypted files can still be discovered, which directly challenges the notion that encrypted data is entirely unrecoverable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: malabaricus and call for functional experiments directly testing a possible synergy” meaning that we clearly acknowledge that we are only revealing a hypothesis that remains to be tested. We later follow up with a discussion about the most novel observation and focus of our study, the increase in THs and cortisol during early development, which was unexpected and very intriguing. Again, these results suggest that there might be a link between the two, as has been shown in amphibians. This is typically the kind of results that should encourage more investigations into other fish species. Indeed, this has been pointed out by other authors and in particular by (probably the foremost expert on this topic) in Crespi and Denver 2012: “Elevation in HPA/I axis activity has been described prior to Metamorphosis in amphibians and fish, birth in mammals (reviewed in Crespi & Denver 2005a; Wada 2008)”. B. Denver also adds that: “Experiments in which GCs were elevated prior to metamorphosis or prior to hatching or birth (e. g. Weiss, Johnston & Moore 2007) or inhibited by treatments with GC synthesis blockers (e. g. metyrapone) or receptor antagonists (e. g. RU486, Glennemeir & Denver 2002) demonstrate that GCs play a causal role in precipitating these life-history transitions (also reviewed in Crespi & Denver 2005a; Wada 2008). ” We believe the reviewer will be convinced by these elements coming from a colleague unanimously respected in the field. Furthermore, the authors need to recognise that the transcriptomic analysis is whole-body and that HPA axis genes are upregulated, which does not mean they are involved in regulating the HPT axis. The authors do not show that in thyrotrophs, any CRH receptor is expressed or in any other HPT axis-relevant cells and that changes in these genes correlate with changes in TSH expression. An in-situ hybridisation experiment showing co-expression on thyrotrophs of HPA genes and TSH could be a good start. However, the best scenario would be conducting cortisol treatment experiments to see if this hormone affects grouper metamorphosis. We agree that functional experiments are needed to validate our hypothesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis as it primarily discusses hormonal roles and experimental hypotheses related to amphibians and fish, without mentioning insects at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A third input is from the median raphe nucleus and has serotonin (5HT) as a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters in the efferent projection mainly are AVP and VIP. GHT and RHT have a partial overlap in innervation within the SCN. 5HT from the median raphe nuclei is delivered to the retinorecipient core regions of the SCN rich in VIP neurons [34]. 5HT can regulate SCN neurons by both presynaptic and post-synaptic mechanisms. It modulates pacemaker responses to light within the SCN by potentiating glutamate input during daytime and inhibiting input at nighttime. Afferent projections other than these to the SCN carry cholinergic neurotransmitters [35]. Monosynaptic efferent projection from the SCN to the nearby hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei also terminate in them. These projections with major neurotransmitters present namely VIP and AVP coordinate peripheral circadian clocks. NPY, dopamine (DA), and 5HT are the principal mediators for non-photic entrainment. These inputs and outputs to the SCN [36] determine the working of the clock and coordinate with peripheral clocks (Figure 1). Display full sizeFigure 1. SCN with its afferent connection and output. 3V: third ventricle dorsal shell ventral core; IGL: intergeniculate leaflet; AVP: arginine vasopressin; VIP: vasoactive intestinal peptide; GRP: gastrin releasing peptide; CALR: calretinin; NT: neurotensin; ENK: enkephalin; SSA: somatostatin; SP: substance PTo begin with, before discussing the individual neurotransmitters, some of the neurotransmitters in the molecular mechanism leading to the integrated overt expression of circadian function, having a stable and plastic 24-hour rhythm function in the SCN are being addressed. Their role in network and coupling, circuity and signaling, gene expression, underlying electrical activity, and cation chloride co-transporters in the circadian system are described. Network and coupling in the SCNThe robust pacemaker, SCN is adaptable to the changes imposed by the environmental cycles. The circadian clock relies on molecular mechanisms to generate rhythmicity in all cells. Circadian oscillations occur at the molecular and cellular levels as indicated by the molecular mechanism in the working of the clock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the functions and mechanisms of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It describes the SCN as a robust pacemaker that adapts to changes from environmental cycles and highlights the molecular mechanisms involved in generating rhythmicity, thus supporting the assertion that the SCN is crucial for circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: EI=E∣τ1−θ1∣+∣τ2−θ2∣θ2−θ1+∑i=1n/2τ2i′−τ2i−1′θ2−θ1E1The EI was measured for different values of the parameter ν in the geometrical distribution of the change-points for different methods (see Table 3 and Figure 3). ν0. 200. 1137910. 1169340. 150. 1120240. 1127570. 070. 0955890. 0968840. 050. 0868310. 0888970. 020. 0621350. 0620660. 010. 0442610. 0439750. 0050. 0309600. 0303760. 0010. 0165480. 016028Table 3. Expected inaccuracy, EI [see Eq. (1)], for different values of the parameter ν and for the two methods. For the application of discriminating between encrypted and non-encrypted data on a hard drive this may be considered to be reflecting the degree of fragmentation of the disk; the less fragmentation the farther apart are the change-points and thus the smaller the ν value, and vice versa. Figure 3. Expected inaccuracy EI for the CUSUM (blue graph) and Shiryaev (red graph) procedure. One can see that the Shiryaev procedure is little less accurate when ν increases but slightly more accurate for small ν than the CUSUM procedure. 3. 2 Complete procedureThe complete process is the method returning a segmentation separating suspiciously encrypted data and most likely non-encrypted data of an HDD; information to be further used to target the brute force cryptanalysis efficiently. This procedure runs a likelihood ratio based change-point detection method and as soon as it detects a change, calculates the maximum likelihood estimator of the change-point to determine where the change-point most likely is located. It will then start over from the location of this estimated change-point with the same method for online change-point detection except that the likelihood ratio is reversed modifying the alarm function to fit the opposite change-point situation, and so on. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing methods for detecting change-points in encrypted and non-encrypted data, specifically mentioning a procedure that enables the segmentation of suspiciously encrypted data from likely non-encrypted data and mentions the possibility of targeting brute force cryptanalysis. This implies that there are methods to analyze and potentially recover encrypted data, contradicting the claim that data is impossible to recover.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: As the early peaks of expression levels observed for many genes were very intriguing for us, we did carry out thyroid hormones and goitrogenic treatment on young grouper larvae to test their effect on the morphological changes. Unfortunately, such experiments, already tricky on metamorphosing larvae, are even more risky on such tiny individuals just after hatching and we encountered high mortality rates. We must add that because we cannot establish a full grouper life cycle under lab conditions, we have done these experiments in the context of a commercial husbandry system in Japan, which while excellent limits the scope of possible experiments. We were thus not able to provide functional validation of our hypothesis. Such experiments will be a full project in itself, requiring setting up a rearing system suitable for both larval survival and economical constraints related to drug treatments. We were further limited by the spawning times of the grouper in the operational aquaculture farm, which are limited to a short time during each year. So even if we strongly agree with the necessity of conducting such experiments, we think that this is not in the scope of the present paper, but something future research can explore. High TSH and Tg levels usually parallel whole-body TH levels during teleost metamorphosis. However, in this study, high Tg expression levels are only achieved at the juvenile stage, whereas high TSH is achieved at D32, and at the juvenile stage, they are already at their lowest levels. This is exactly our point. We observe two peaks in TSH expression, one at D3 and one at D32. The peak at D3 coincides with high thyroid hormone levels on the same day, and while we have not measured TH at D32, existing literature shows that there is a peak in TH during that time (e. g. , de Jesus et al. , 1998). Similarly, there is a small peak of Tg at D3. Our manuscript focused more on the upregulation of these genes at D3, which has not been reported before in the literature and raised the question of the role of TH so early in the larval development, outside of the metamorphosis period. Regarding the respective levels of TSH and Tg, we first would like to add that their respective order of appearance before metamorphosis (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. It discusses experiments with grouper larvae and thyroid hormones, focusing on morphological changes in fish rather than insects or their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This efficient nature of the pacemaker for circadian timekeeping is possible with the help of multiple autonomous oscillator networks and their tight coupling to the long day (LD) cycle as well as to each other by intercellular coupling. Interaction between cell-autonomous oscillators determines the robust nature of the clock and its resilience to phase shifts [37]. Although each of the SCN neurons possesses an intrinsic circadian oscillator [15, 38] they display heterogeneity of circadian period and amplitude. Connections among the different peptidergic cell types of the SCN are highly essential for the network organization. An analysis of the contacts among AVP and m ENK-containing neurons of the shell and and CALR-containing neurons of the core which holds the key for the circadian timing has shown [30] that there is less contact of AVP fibers with VIP neurons and the reverse is true more in the wild type (WT) of mice. Similarly, AVP contacts to GRP are more than in the reverse direction. Networking is dependent on coupling, coupling among the different oscillators, molecular coupling involving TFFL, cellular coupling, cell-to-cell communication, core, and shell region coupling, clock coupling with non-SCN tissues, and systemic coupling, all are involved. SCN neurons which are the clock units are coupled using a system of signaling mechanisms like chemical synapses, gap junctions, and paracrine signaling [39]. Spontaneous oscillations in membrane excitability during the LD cycle are seen among SCN neurons [22, 40]. It has been demonstrated that SCN neurons have a diurnal electrical activity with higher activity during the circadian day and low during the night [22, 41] and this circadian pattern of electrical activity is seen even when isolated from the circuit present since the SCN neurons have stable sustained oscillators to generate circadian rhythms in electrical activity. Experiments with blockage of neural transmission with chemicals produce neuronal desynchronization and decreased or reduced gene expression [16]. Thus, the molecular loop depends on electrical activity and interneuronal signaling for which neurotransmitters and gene expression are essential. It is seen that whatever may be the coupling, all rely on the neuronal activity and the molecular mechanism of clockwork. This includes the TFFL, genes, and the neurotransmitters related to it [42]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. It describes SCN neurons as clock units with intrinsic circadian oscillators and emphasizes their connectivity and signaling mechanisms that contribute to circadian timing. The explanation of spontaneous oscillations in membrane excitability among SCN neurons and their diurnal electrical activity reinforces the idea that the SCN plays a critical role in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: the probability that a shift has occurred when an alarm is signaled, for the CUSUM and the Shiryaev methods, for values of ARL0=100, 500, 2500, 10000 and with different values of the parameter ν in the geometric distribution of the change-points. Advertisement 4. ConclusionUsing the change-point statistical process, a method to detect encrypted data in HDD was successively designed. This method is using the fact that encrypted data is uniformly distributed as opposed to other types of files. The method was designed to detect even a change with the closest files to encrypted files which are compressed data. As this method even detects a small change in the data, any bigger change will be even easier detected. Therefore this process is likely to detect encrypted data among any type of data. Quick and accurate detection of a change is commonly the desired property of change-point detection methods. In many applications such as medicine, finance, environmental science etc. , time aspects of the methods are a matter of interest, e. g. expected delay in detection of a shift or probability of detecting a shift within a specified time interval. Here, however, this time aspect is not of primary interest since the data remain the same during the whole process. Here the need is to detect correctly recognized encrypted data. Therefore the probability of correctly detecting encrypted data is more relevant here. This probability shows that the method detects more than 96% of the encrypted data which is good and by extending the intervals, the method detects more than 99% of the encrypted data. By assuming that the change-points are not too close—which is a plausible assumption since it is unlikely that files are so small if the device is not too fragmented—then the method, by adding a little margin to the intervals, quickly detects 100% of the encrypted data. method turns out to be slightly better in the more important respects compared to the CUSUM method. Although the expected delay ED is bigger than CUSUM for large values of the parameter ν in the distribution of the change points, it is smaller for small values of ν which is the most relevant case for detecting encrypted data in an HDD. method also detects more encrypted data than the CUSUM method and has a slightly higher predictive value PV. All in all, this means that both methods designed with the suggested modeling, perform very well with a slight preference to the Shiryaev method for detecting encrypted data in an HDD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that there exist methods capable of detecting encrypted data, indicating that while encryption is a robust method for securing data, it does not make data impossible to recover. The description of a detection method achieving over 99% success in finding encrypted data suggests that recovery of encrypted information is feasible under certain conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We agree however that the strong increase of Tg and TPO expression is later than expected. Therefore, we have added the following sentence in lines 212 to 216: “The respective order of appearance of TSH and Tg (TSH at D32, Tg after) is consistent with what we would expect but a bit later than expected given the morphologicl transformation. It would be interesting to revisit this in a future series of experiments, with tighter temporal sampling to study how gene expression and morphological transformation aligned. “. It is very difficult to conclude anything with the TH and cortisol levels measurements. The authors only measured up until D10, whereas they argue that metamorphosis occurs at D32. In this way, these measurements could be more helpful if they focus on the correct developmental time. The data is irrelevant to their hypothesis. We respectfully disagree with the reviewer, considering that (1) TH levels have already been investigated in groupers coinciding with pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption (Figure 4 in de Jesus et al, 1998), (2) there is also evidence in numerous fish species that TH level increase is concomitant with increase of TH related genes, and (3) we observed in our data an increase in the expression of TH related genes as well as pigmentation changes and fin rays resorption. Based on our experience in fish metamorphosis and the literature we can say confidently that those observations indicate that metamorphosis is occurring between D32 and the juvenile stage. This clearly shows that our inference is correct. Additionally, we would like to reemphasize that from our experience in several fish species transcriptomic data are more robust and precise than hormone measurements. However, as we were surprised by the activation of TH and corticoid pathway genes very early in the larval development (at D3), which is clearly outside of the metamorphosis period, we decided to measure TH and cortisol levels during this period of time to determine if whether or not there this surprising early activation was indeed corresponding to an increase in both TH and cortisol. As such observation has never been made in other teleost species (to our knowledge), and as we were wondering if gene activation was accompanied by hormonal increase, the measurements we did for TH and cortisol between D1 and D10 are relevant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it focuses on the expression of certain genes and hormone measurements during a developmental process in fish, discussing methodologies and findings related to TH levels and metamorphosis timing in fish. The mention of metamorphosis in the text refers specifically to fish, not insects, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Further, it is observed [51] that disassortativity of the SCN network has a role in the synchronization in the SCN neurons with an increase in synchronization with an increase in disassortativity. The heterogeneity of the SCN neurons seems vital for rhythm generation among weakly coupled oscillators and is probably a method for strengthening the circadian rhythm [52]. Circuitry and signalingThis is another area of the SCN function where neurotransmitters have a major role. and GABA signaling are among the notable participants in this function of which VIP and GABA have major roles in synchronizing [49, 53–55]. A direct role for AVP in synchronization is now reported [39, 56]. In addition, others like GRP, SP, and neuromedin S (NMS) also have their role in coupling. Although AVP is considered traditionally an output signal, AVP projects within SCN neurons and exogenous AVP can regulate the activity of neurons of the SCN. The role of AVP in synchronization through vasopressin 1a (V1a) and V1b receptors [57] is evident as the loss of these receptors leads to loosening of coupling. Loss of AVP signaling does not preclude circadian oscillations, but in the absence of receptors, there can be a phase shift more rapidly to resetting ones which shows weaker coupling across the network [26]. A report [43] states that mice with a brain and muscle ARNT-like protein 1 (BMAL1) deletion, specific to AVP-producing neurons showed marked lengthening of the free running period as well as activity time of behavioral rhythms. It is known that mice with BMAL1 deletion are used as a tool for the study of the nature of coupling. Of late, it has been reported that glial cells also participate [58, 59] along with neurons in the SCN in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Glial cells and astrocytes possess persistent circadian gene expression to participate in daily rhythms in neurons [60]. Yet another study [61] based on the deletion of BMAL1 in the astrocytes had shown a role for them in circadian locomotor behavior for the first time. Circadian rhythms present at the cellular level and the intercellular interactions among neurons not only synchronize but also amplify and finally stabilize them [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It notes that various factors, including neurotransmitters and cellular interactions within the SCN, contribute to the synchronization and generation of circadian rhythms, highlighting the SCN's essential role in maintaining these rhythms. The mention of 'circadian rhythms present at the cellular level and the intercellular interactions among neurons' indicates that the SCN functions as a master regulator for these patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --sensor network tracking research utilizing searchable encryption algorithm in the cloud computing environment View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1433 Published 2023-06-20 Accepted 2023-05-18 Received 2023-03-20 and Self-Organizing Systems, Algorithms and Analysis of Algorithms, and encryption algorithm, Cloud computing, Networking tracking, Edge computing, © 2023 Sun et al. is an open access 2023. Multi-sensor network tracking research utilizing searchable encryption algorithm in the cloud computing environment. PeerJ 9:e1433 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerjcs. 1433/fig-1 Cloud computing (Tanweer, 2020) as a form of distributed computing has been applied across various fields on the Internet, providing expanded opportunities for managing vast and complex data. In multi-sensor networking, cloud computing technology fuses the measurement data from multiple sensors within the cloud storage space, ultimately enabling data observation and tracking. However, storing data in the cloud space also raises security concerns. In the era of big data, sensitive data is ubiquitous, and any potential data leaks can result in substantial losses. The security issues of cloud storage centres are primarily categorised as external and internal security problems. External security problems refer to hackers who illicitly invade the data source from outside and obtain data. In contrast, internal security problems are primarily caused by the unauthorised use of data by the cloud storage centre or internal personnel who do not have corresponding permissions (Prajapati & Shah, 2022). To address these challenges, the primary approach involves encrypting the data before uploading it to the cloud computing centre to guarantee data confidentiality (Kamara & Lauter, 2020). However, storing all data in an encrypted format on the cloud makes it necessary to download all the encrypted data locally to search for specific information, significantly consuming computing and communication resources. In 2000, Song, Wagner & Perrig (2000) introduced searchable encryption technology to allow searching while maintaining encryption. The searchable encryption algorithm enables encrypted data storage and retrieval functions, allowing users to search for required data using keywords without exposing the plaintext content of the data stored in the cloud storage centre. The cloud storage centre returns relevant data to users, enhancing search efficiency and ensuring network data transmission security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how searchable encryption technology allows for the retrieval and searching of encrypted data without exposing the plaintext. This implies that encrypted data can still be accessed and utilized, contradicting the assertion that once encrypted, data is impossible to recover.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The embryonic development of gastropods includes several unique features including shell formation, head–foot differentiation of the changes of body shape, deposition of minerals, and pigment deposition in a protein matrix10. Studies about the gene expression of mollusk larvae during development have mainly been focused on anatomical structural ontogenesis11,12; there are molecular studies related metamorphosis for commercially aquacultured species like bivalve oysters13. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying of gastropod metamorphosis is still fragmentary. Species of the genus Babylonia (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neogastropoda, Babyloniidae) have been the most promising economic marine gastropod in this century, because of its wide distribution along most parts of Asian coastlines, delicate flavor, and high market reception14,15. Babylonia areolata are common species in China16, and are good study materials for both scientific studies on the early development and metamorphosis of gastropods and the artificial breeding technology of the genus Babylonia. Huang et al. 17 observed significant differences in the developmental events of the B. areolata, including cleavage, formation of a cap-shaped blastoderm, the blastula stage, and embryo begins to turn around slowly. The early veliger stage appears 60–63 h after spawning, which is distinguished by the appearance of the velum, feet, and shell. The middle veliger stage includes the veliger in the egg sac and the planktonic juvenile, early stage still contains the yolk sac. Then the larva crawls out to form the egg sac and leads a pelagic life for 1–2 d, after which the yolk sac disappears completely, and the veliger enters the late veliger stage with a more rapid heartbeat and larger and elongated foot. After 10–12 d at 27. 5–28. 5 °C, the late veliger stage sinks to the substratum and leads a benthic life, the velum gradually degenerates and atrophies, and the veliger completes its metamorphosis and enters the juvenile snail stage, which is marked by the ability to creeping and the appearance of brown stripes on the shell17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the embryonic development and metamorphosis of gastropods, specifically focusing on the genus Babylonia and its developmental stages. However, it does not mention insects or their metamorphosis, making it irrelevant to the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Spatiotemporal gradients in electrical activity at the network level are also an output of interaction among the SCN neurons which can be adjusted to environmental conditions [62, 63]. Gene expression and neurotransmitters in the SCNCircadian gene expression in the SCN depends on metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and degradation [64]. Secreted substances, and prokineticin 2 (PK2) are under circadian control in the SCN at the transcriptomic or proteomic level [65, 66]. The molecular mechanism operating in the circadian clock is based on and driven by TFFLs having circadian clock genes [67]. The genes in question in mammals are period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3) cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) clock, and BMAL1. This core TFFL loop operation involves activation of period (Per 1, Per 2, Per 3), and cryptochrome (Cry 1 and Cry 2) gene transcription by a BMAL1/clock heterodimer [68]. Light entrainment of the clock involves the induction of c-Fos [69] and clock genes Per 1 and Per 2 [70, 71]. Possible clock genes for glutamate and PACAP appear to be Per 1 and Per 2 which are induced by light, in the SCN at night. VIP also induces Per 1 and Per 2 expressions in a phase-dependent manner [72] indicating that VIP causes light-induced phase shift at night. PACAP mediates synchronization of the SCN neurons through PAC1 receptor targeting signaling pathways that produce immediate early gene (IEG) FOS as well as Per 1 and Per 2 [73–75]. Melatonin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) along with PACAP and glutamate can transmit light information to the SCN neurons. Light signaling causes induction of the expression of IEG Fos, early growth response protein 1 (ERG1). In mice light entrainment and phase shift of circadian rhythms utilizes PAC1 receptor and PACAP signaling [74, 76–78]. Mice lacking receptors for PACAP show smaller phase delay in the early part of the night [76, 78]. In a recent study [79] it was observed that PACAP signaling through RHT is involved in light induction of EGR1 expression in SCN neurons. Clock-related genes are one of the factors that modulate the working of the clock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various biological and molecular mechanisms involved in the functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It details how interactions among SCN neurons and gene expressions related to circadian rhythms are crucial for regulating these rhythms. It mentions that clock genes and the light signaling pathway, which influence the activity and synchronization of the SCN, further supports the SCN's role as a master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Once encrypted, data is impossible to recover, even by those who encrypted it. [SEP] Text: The fused structure based on the searchable encryption algorithm (Ma et al. , 2020) encrypts the local fusion information of all single sites and then transmits it to the cloud. In this way, measurement information is not processed in the communication process, thereby avoiding any loss of information. The cloud fusion system design provides modularization and scalability convenience, allowing for the rapid use of additional sensors. Therefore, in the context of cloud computing, there are still challenges to be addressed in implementing fine-grained multi-sensor networking and keyword tracking while leveraging the benefits of cloud edge computing and searchable encryption technology. Therefore, this 1. The basic concepts involved in this scheme are defined as follows: Data owner (DO): Encrypt the text, establish an encryption index through the key and selected keyword set, and then send it to the cloud computing centre for storage. Cloud server (CS): With almost unlimited computing and storage capacity, the cloud computing centre can undertake remote file storage tasks and ciphertext retrieval operations, reducing the computing pressure on sensors. Data user (DU): terminal data users with limited resources can generate the final searchable encrypted ciphertext with the help of edge nodes and trapdoors to send search queries with the help of edge nodes. The terminal DU needs to decrypt the final ciphertext returned by the edge node. Edge node (EN): The edge node can generate the final ciphertext and help the data owner and terminal data user output the final trap door. Moreover, EN can partially decrypt the returned ciphertext to reduce computing costs further. Lightweight searchable encryption in edge computing implementation flow chart (Fig. 2) shows that each sensor conducts information detection in the multi-target detection environment and transmits target-related information to the cloud server for multi-level closed-loop information tracking. This scheme mainly targets two scenarios. The first one is to re-encrypt the initial public key encryption with keyword search (PEKS) ciphertext generated by the multi-sensor using the public-key searchable encryption technology for the number captured by the sensor. Finally, the generated PEKS ciphertext is stored in the cloud centre. The second scenario begins if a user or organisation wants access to the cloud centre’s valuable sensor storage data. The side server generates the PEKS search trap for the required data file. After receiving the trap, the cloud centre searches for the corresponding ciphertext and returns it to the user. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the functionality of a searchable encryption algorithm, indicating that data can be decrypted by the data user (DU) and that edge nodes can partially decrypt ciphertext to reduce computing costs. This suggests that certain encrypted data can be recovered by designated parties under specific conditions, which undermines the assertion that data is impossible to recover after encryption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have been used to study larval development, and the transcriptome of the early development stages of the californica (a marine opisthobranch gastropod mollusk) has been reported18. However, current genomic data are insufficient to reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex processes of embryonic development19. Proteins determine phenotypes, which can be considered snapshots of genome expression20. There has been great interest in studying reproduction-related proteins; such studies have the potential to address questions on speciation and evolution21,22. Phenotypes are more complex than genomic expression, due to lack of a direct correlation between gene expression intensity and protein abundance; thus, proteomic studies are powerful tools for identifying novel proteins involved in developmental processes. For example, proteomics have been used to identify novel proteins from the calcifying shell matrix of the manila clam Venerupis philippinarum23, pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas24, mollusc shell proteins in the Haliotis tuberculata25, and scallop attachment26. Proteomic profiling has also been applied to embryo studies of several molluscs including the golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata)27, abalone reproduction28, and the Pacific oyster (C. gigas)19. Proteomic analysis is a crucial approach for studies on animal metamorphosis13. Proteomic has been applied in many marine invertebrates, for example, polychaetes Pseudopolydora vexillosa29, Bugula neritina30, barnacles31,32, bivalve oysters13 and small abalone Haliotis diversicolor33. These studies provide comprehensive information on the underlying molecular mechanisms, and identified proteins that may be related to metamorphosis. Proteomic studies on B. areolata embryos have not been previously reported, for the studies on gastropod B. areolata metamorphosis, a proteomic analysis would complement and expand current knowledge. Label-free quantification proteomics is facilitated by quantitative mass spectrometry, and this technique involves the application of a label-free quantification algorithm used in Maxquant for proteomics data. To thoroughly evaluate larval proteome changes, we investigated the differential protein abundance during the three development stages of B. areolata using a label-free quantification proteomic approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding insects and their metamorphosis process. Instead, it discusses proteomic and genomic analyses related to the embryonic development and metamorphosis of marine invertebrates and molluscs. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the specific claim about insect metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Among the genes, the period circadian clock gene (Per 2) is important for modulation, expressed in the SCN [80], and associated with the possible generation of circadian rhythms [81, 82]. Circadian rhythms are found to modulate [83] the release of some of the neurotransmitters like DA, glutamate, and GABA. This indicates that Per 2 is capable of modulating at least some of the if not all neurotransmitters. A relation between the dopaminergic system and Per 2 [84–86] has been reported and DA release and DA gene expression also have been modulated by circadian rhythms [87–89]. Glutamate (Glu) has a circadian rhythm pattern and the level is regulated by Per 2 [90] and this indicates a positive relation between glutamate and Per 2. The release of GABA is also related to circadian rhythms [83]. Studies show that Per 2 regulates GABA levels and GABA regulates Per 2 expressions. Neurotransmitters like and GABA have key roles in intercellular coupling and the release of these [91–94] is regulated by clock genes the transcription of which is activated by the neurotransmitters [95]. Neurotransmitters and clock genes thus help to maintain intercellular coupling. It is also interesting to note that Per 2 can interact with a variety of other genes and proteins and thus the entire process of linkage of neurotransmitters and genes becomes an important factor not only for the functioning of SCN but also beneficial for understanding and treating neurodegenerative disease conditions of depression and sleep states if judiciously used with clinical studies. Underlying electrical activity in the master circadian clockNeurons of the SCN are reported to be electrically and chemically heterogeneous. TFFL present in the neurons drives circadian rhythms, electrical activity in the neurons is more active during the day as compared to night when the activity is low [96]. Studies from nocturnal rodent species by way of electrophysiological recordings have given us information regarding the electrophysiology of the SCN [13, 22, 97]. It is known that oscillations in gene expression, intrinsic membrane properties, and synaptic communication involving neurotransmitters determine the electrical features of the activity making them more active during the day than at night. During the day increased membrane excitability is observed due to voltage-dependent and independent Na+ and Ca2+ currents as well as K+ currents and there is a higher firing frequency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the modulation of circadian rhythms. It highlights the importance of the Per 2 gene, which is expressed in the SCN and plays a key role in the generation and regulation of circadian rhythms. The text further describes how neurotransmitters that are influenced by circadian rhythms, such as dopamine, glutamate, and GABA, help maintain intercellular coupling in the SCN, thereby supporting its function as the master circadian clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Management options for addressing climate change impacts include protecting flows, creation of fish refugia, elimination of non-climatic stresses, forest management for water and erosion control, incorporation of climate considerations in species plans, and most importantly, engagement to prioritize climate change action among the public. Given the uncertainties associated with anticipating place-based climate change impacts, adaptive management will be needed. (pages 137 - 152)This 10. in Arid-- Kate S. Boersma, David A. LytleDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0010[aquatic invertebrates;Arizona;climate change;novel drought regimes;catastrophic disturbance;community trajectories;functionally important taxa]Aquatic invertebrates inhabiting arid-land streams possess diverse adaptations to withstand cycles of drying and flooding. However, anthropogenic water withdrawals and climate change are modifying the historical hydrological variability, increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of droughts. These novel drought regimes act as catastrophic disturbances that restructure aquatic invertebrate communities and generate novel community trajectories. Here, we use a case study from a stream in southeastern Arizona to demonstrate how taxa differ in their capacity to survive severe droughts and that these different responses have consequences for ecosystem ecology. We posit that, in addition to changes caused by direct loss of taxa due to drought, other widespread community changes may be indirect consequences of the disappearance of a few particularly vulnerable, functionally important taxa. Focusing conservation efforts on these key taxa should be a component of mitigation and restoration efforts and may increase the overlap of invertebrate and fish conservation strategies. (pages 153 - 166)This 11. Dilemma: from Efforts to - : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0011[desert fishes;Colorado River;nonnative fish control;habitat complexity;nonnative species;public outreach]Native fishes of desert-aquatic ecosystems have been dramatically impacted by nonnative species. Over time, habitat modification and degradation set the stage for the influx of many nonnative taxa. Traditionally, nonnative-fish control has meant attempting to eliminate every individual from habitats of interest. In larger systems, this has proven impossible, and managers have sought ways for nonnatives and natives to coexist by reducing stressors on natives. This 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how climate change impacts aquatic invertebrates and habitat degradation but does not directly address deforestation as a cause of habitat loss and species extinction. Instead, it mentions the alteration of hydrological variability due to anthropogenic water withdrawals and the consequences of drought on aquatic ecosystems, which suggests a different context of habitat loss without explicitly linking it to deforestation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: 2), three parallel experiments were performed with good repeatability for each developmental stage. Table 1 Protein and peptide fragment concentration determination. Full size tableFigure 2SDS-PAGE analysis. Marker show the protein molecular weight standard, ZRZ-III show the middle veliger stage, ZRZ-V represent later veliger stage, and ZRZ-VI represent juvenile snail stage. Full size imageAnalysis of the in Protein AbundanceAll of the raw liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) data from the three developmental stages were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Subsequently, the DEPs (p < 0. 05) were selected. From the raw data, a total of 5,583 proteins, including 1,419 DEPs that satisfied the screening criteria, were present (ratio > ±2 and p < 0. 05). A total of 721 protein groups were identified and 1,930 specific polypeptides were identified. The quantitative protein sequence information was extracted in batch from the self-built library. The resulting protein sequences were analyzed by BLAST, thereby obtaining a total of 1132 highly similar proteins. These proteins were ranked by similarity, and the top 28 proteins are shown in Table 2. The pairwise comparison of the three different developmental stages is presented in Table 3. The number of DEPs between ZRZ_VI and ZRZ_III was large, and 733 proteins were qualitatively different. Among the proteins with varying expression levels, 281 and 259 proteins were upregulated and downregulated, respectively, at ZRZ_VI. The differentially expressed proteins with important physiological functions between ZRZ_V and ZRZ__VI and ZRZ_III, and ZRZ_VI and ZRZ_V with protein volumes calculated are showed in 1–3. Table 2 hits. Full size tableTable 3 The number of differential proteins. Full size tableCluster AnalysisCluster analysis clusters and categorizes data on the basis of similarity. The cluster grouping results showed that in terms of mode similarity, the intra-group data were relatively high and the inter-group data were low. The protein cluster analysis results of the larval B. areolata at the three developmental stages are shown in Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insects undergoing complete metamorphosis. Instead, it details experiments related to the analysis of proteins during different developmental stages of an unspecified organism, which does not provide evidence or information regarding the metamorphosis of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: At night there is membrane hyperpolarization and hence decreased firing. This membrane excitability is influenced by several neuromodulators and changes the action potential and rhythmicity of SCN neurons [97]. Electrical activity is less and hence SCN neurons are silent in terms of electrical activity at night. They start generating action potentials at the start of the day and continue all day long [22]. Rhythms in electrical activity are critical for the expression of clock genes and circadian timing system function. SCN neurons can be classified into three classes [98] with each displaying spontaneous firing rates. In other words, neurons of the SCN are heterogeneous in basic and active membrane properties and are classified into three clusters I, II, and III. While cluster I fires spontaneously in a regular pattern, cluster II fires in an irregular mode, and cluster III cells have low firing rates and change to a burst-like firing mode on receiving appropriate input. It is also observed that the varying frequencies between groups is likely to influence the release of neuropeptides which regulate oscillations in circadian-relevant genes [99]. It is also important to note that different subgroups of clock neurons in the SCN perform a specific role in the network neuronal activity which fluctuates with a specific time of day, allowing the synchronized output to shape the circadian locomotor behavior [99]. VIP neurons of the SCN have circadian rhythms in firing activity and have demonstrated two types of instantaneous firing activity patterns [100]. It is also shown that the firing frequency of VIP neurons mediates circadian entrainment with higher frequencies causing an increase in VIP release, larger phase shifts, and faster circadian entrainment. VIP neuron stimulation with high frequencies shifted gene expression rhythms but not with low-frequency stimulation. Light input to the SCN is detected through the release of glutamate and PACAP from the retina [101–103]. Neurons of the SCN of the ventral hypothalamus are unique in the sense that they have self-sustained and spontaneously synchronizing circadian rhythms in firing activity and gene expression [104, 105]. Nearly 24-hour TTFL of core clock genes maintain the rhythms [10, 106, 107]. Electrical stimulation of SCN neurons is sufficient to phase shift and entrain circadian rhythms in gene expression [108]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It details how SCN neurons exhibit rhythmic electrical activity that is crucial for the expression of clock genes and the functioning of the circadian timing system. The mention of SCN neurons performing specific roles and their ability to synchronize outputs with the time of day supports the notion that the SCN is integral to regulating circadian rhythms, fulfilling the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: Minckley’s monitoring efforts continued until his death in 2001 and since then by the authors of this 16. on the Hydrology, Geomorphology, and of - Mark C. Stone, Ryan R. MorrisonDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0016[river engineering;floodplain development;dams and diversions;stream restoration;environmental flows;dynamic equilibrium;natural flow regime]Watersheds, rivers, and floodplains in desert environments have been dramatically altered to meet human needs. Modifications include river engineering projects, floodplain development, dams and diversions, and watershed development, amongst others. In the southwestern (the Southwest), the exploitation of rivers for human needs has enabled a remarkable level of economic and population growth over the past century. The implications of these development pressures, however, have been profound for aquatic ecosystems. Modifications to hydrologic and geomorphic processes have contributed to population decline, endangerment, extirpation, and in several cases extinction of native species. This 17. Conservation and of Ecosystems - Donald W. Sada, Lawrence E. StevensDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0017[biodiversity;crenobiontic species;crenoecology;ecostystem rehabilitation;spring types]Arid-land springs often are small, isolated ecosystems characterized by high levels of productivity, evolutionary and socio-cultural importance, and biodiversity, including rare and endemic crenobiontic species. Springs are numerous, with more than 50,000 reported in the Basin and Range and provinces. A dozen geomorphically distinctive spring types have been recognized, each potentially encompassing multiple microhabitats that contribute to their biodiversity. Springs are characterized by highly individualistic geomorphology, flow patterns, water quality, and both crenobiontic and upland assemblage composition, which are influenced by the supporting aquifer and natural and human disturbances. Unfortunately, springs also are among the most threatened and degraded habitats. Due to the absence of surface flow processes, stream-riparian rehabilitation methods often are inappropriate for springs. Spring ecosystem rehabilitation is a rapidly growing science that requires an understanding of the distinctive ecology and restoration challenges presented by springs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how hydrologic and geomorphic modifications, which can be associated with human activities such as deforestation, have led to 'population decline, endangerment, extirpation, and in several cases extinction of native species.' This indicates that habitat loss, linked to such modifications, has profound negative implications for species survival, thereby highlighting the detrimental effects of activities that contribute to habitat loss, such as deforestation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In the horizontal direction, data on the three stages were divided into three branches; ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V, which were of the same branch; and ZRZ_VI, which was of another branch. In the vertical direction, the DEPs were divided into two large branches. The protein expression of the first branch was gradually upregulated with varying developmental stage and mainly involved in cell adhesion, cytoskeleton construction, ion transport, and other processes. The second branch was downregulated and mainly involved in gene expression, protein synthesis, and modification. Figure 3Cluster analysis of DEPs. Heat map showed the clustered data, each colored cell represents a protein abundance value. Colors ranging from green to red represent protein abundance from the highest level of down-regulation to the highest level of up-regulation, respectively. Full size imagedescribes genes in the organism and the attributes of gene products from three aspects, namely biological processes (BPs), molecular functions (MFs), and cellular component (CCs). The identified proteins were analyzed by GO annotations in three larval stages, the GO functional classification is shown in Fig. 4. Using the BP term, the number of proteins participating in metabolism and those involved in cellular and single organism processes was the first and second largest groups, respectively. Using the MF term, the number of proteins involved in binding and related to catalytic activity was the first and second largest groups, respectively. Using the CC term, the number of proteins involved in cells was the first largest, followed by those related to organelles, the macromolecular complex, and the membrane, respectively. Proteins with high similarity were annotated with GO terms, and the MF results are shown in Table 4. The results showed that most of these DEPs exhibited binding functions. Figure 4GO Functional classification. Full size imageTable 4 GO molecular fuction annotation of hits. Full size tableGO of annotation of the target protein set allowed the classification of these proteins according to BP, MF, and CC. The proportion of proteins in each class may indicate the effects of each of the three different developmental stages on each GO class. The differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by GO annotations, statistical analysis of the significantly enriched GO terms from data of the three developmental stages is shown in Fig. 5. The results showed that the most significantly enriched GO term was MF, organic substance metabolic process, and nitrogen compound metabolic process, in that order. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses protein expression and gene annotations in different developmental stages but does not address or provide any information regarding insects undergoing complete metamorphosis or transitioning through larval stages. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There are also studies [115, 116] to show that light has an important role in the expression and activity of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the SCN. As far as the effect of environmental lighting on the regulation of NKCC1 is concerned it was observed in experiments under constant light (LL) and LD conditions. A hypothesis based on this was put forward [115] indicating that the expression of NKCC1 protein is regulated by environmental lighting and circadian mechanisms within the SCN. In hamsters NKCC1-ir in the SCN was greater in LL as compared to LD or darkness duration (DD) conditions suggesting that light duration increases NKCC1 level in SCN. Both short and long exposure to light changes the expression. Thus, intracellular chloride concentration (Cl–) is regulated across cell bodies dendrites, axons, and glial cells by the above two major categories of Cl– cotransporters. NKCCs have two isoforms NKCC1 and NKCC2 while KCCs have four isomers KCC1, KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4 [29]. VIP and GRP neurons of ventral SCN have KCC2 but not in AVP cells [117]. NKCC1 is seen in the and AVP neurons of the SCN [118]. NKCC1 expression is reported to be significantly higher [116, 119] during the night than during the day in the dorsal but not in the ventral SCN. Another study using a genetically coded Cl– sensor [120] reported that intracellular Cl– was high during the day as compared to night in both AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN. The Cl– co transporter-dependent regulation of SCN clock function appears to be complex but important and provides insight into the therapeutic application options with properly regulated clinical trials. Role of astrocytesAstrocytes seen in the SCN of adult mice, rats, and hamsters [60, 121, 122] possess a cell-autonomous circadian clock. It is capable of driving mammalian SCN neuronal timekeeping [9]. They display daily rhythms in cellular physiology like neurons of the SCN. A crucial role for astrocytes has been re-emphasized in mammals based on recent experiments using newer techniques [60, 61]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian mechanisms. It discusses how environmental lighting affects NKCC1 expression and provides evidence of complex interactions within the SCN that contribute to regulating circadian rhythms. Moreover, it mentions the presence of a cell-autonomous circadian clock in astrocytes within the SCN, further emphasizing the SCN's crucial role in circadian timekeeping.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: 0019[catfish;diversity;Mexico;conservation status;Ictalurus;phylogenetics]México is the center of diversity for the genus Ictalurus of the catfish family Ictaluridae, with eight described species and several undescribed forms. Three undescribed forms are allied with I. dugesii on the Central. Another one or more undescribed forms, in upper Río Pánuco tributaries, have been confused with I. mexicanus. The remainder are allied with I. pricei or I. lupus, which together form a subgroup of the I. punctatus clade. The number of undescribed species of the latter complex is poorly understood, with one lupus-like form in the Río Conchos (and likely Río Grande in Texas and New Mexico), and three or more pricei-like forms in systems draining the Occidental. In the I. furcatus clade, the resurrection of I. meridionalis as a distinct species from the former is presented. All native species of Ictalurus are declining as a result of dams, groundwater withdrawals, pollution, and hybridization with nonnative I. punctatus, and adverse effects of other nonnative fishes. Additional collections, morphological and molecular studies of Ictalurus in México, and formal description of undescribed forms are needed. Formal descriptions will improve opportunities for governmental protection of the native diversity of catfishes in México. (pages 285 - 294)This 20. Ecology, Politics, and Conservation of - David L. Propst, Thomas F. Turner, Jerry A. Monzingo, James E. Brooks, Dustin J. MyersDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226694504. 003. 0020[Gila trout;Oncorhynchus gilae;life history;conservation;wildfire;drought;climate change]Prior to European settlement of Arizona and New Mexico, trout Oncorhynchus sp. occupied higher elevation streams, but by early 20th Century only a few native trout populations remained, a consequence of habitat degradation and nonnative species. Concerted efforts to conserve Gila trout O. gilae began with passage of the Act. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses factors contributing to the decline of native fish species in Mexico, specifically mentioning that the native species of Ictalurus are declining due to 'dams, groundwater withdrawals, pollution, and hybridization with nonnative I. punctatus.' While it does not explicitly mention deforestation, it implies habitat degradation as a significant threat to biodiversity, which aligns with the broader theme of habitat loss leading to species decline. However, the absence of direct reference to deforestation means it contrasts the claim rather than supports it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figure 5Significantly enriched GO terms. Ref_per: Reference set, refers to the proportion of a GO classification in a total of identified proteins; Test_per: Test set; refers to the proportion of a GO classification in the differential identified proteins. This also applies to the following figures. Full size imageof pathway is used to analyze the significance level of each protein enriched in pathways, thereby determining proteins that significantly affect metabolism and signal transduction. The differentially expressed proteins were analyzed by KEGG in three larval stages, statistical assessment of the significantly enriched KEGG pathways is shown in Fig. 6. The results showed that the most significantly enriched KEGG pathways were the pathways related to ribosome and carbon metabolism, lysosome, focal adhesion, amino acid biosynthesis, the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway, Epstein-Barr virus infection, purine metabolism, phagosome, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and the tricarboxylic citrate cycle, in that order. The relationship between KEGG pathway and the number of protein sequence was showed in Fig. 7 and Table 5. The results showed that the ribosome pathway is the pathway that is annotated the most to protein sequence, carbon metabolism and lysosome successively. Figure 6Significantly enriched KEGG pathways. Full size imageFigure 7Statistics of most enriched KEGG pathways. Full size imageTable 5 Top KEGG maps. Full size tablepathway database (www. kegg. jp) was accessed using the KEGG automatic annotation server. Some of the significantly enriched KEGG pathways are shown in 1–3, including the ribosome (map03010), carbon metabolism (map01200), and lysosome (map04142) pathways, respectively in website www. kegg. jp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the statistical analysis of protein pathways and does not mention or provide any information regarding insect metamorphosis or larval stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: TTFL in SCN astrocytes alone driving circadian timekeeping and behavior [133] has prompted the conclusion that astrocytes initiate SCN rhythms and control period but with lower potency than neurons. Molecular circadian clocks of the neurons and SCN astrocytes possess the same functional clock genes and perform as circadian oscillators. Timekeeping in most cells of the body uses TTFL in which period and cryptochrome proteins act on transcription factors CLOCK and BMAL1 to repress their transcription [134]. SCN acts as the central point for gene-to-cell as well as cell-to-circuit to the final behavior in mammals [9]. TTFL-based oscillations along with the strong network of the SCN enable robust timekeeping at the circuit level. This is displayed as high amplitude oscillation tightly ensemble period and phase and complex cellular synchrony [135, 136]. Astrocytes control circadian timekeeping through glutaminergic signaling [122]. Research has shown [129] that astrocytes if cocultured with SCN explants can sustain the circadian rhythm of astrocytes since the diffusible factors from the SCN can entrain circadian oscillations in astrocytes. Astrocytes also can regulate neuronal networks by way of the release and uptake of glutamate and other neurotransmitters [137, 138]. A new model for circadian timekeeping put forward [122] suggests glutamate released from astrocytes maintains higher calcium levels in the pre-synaptic terminals through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subtype 2C (NR2C) activation which leads to neuronal GABA release. The peak phase of circadian calcium rhythms in astrocytes has been observed at night and GABA release from neurons via glutamate from astrocytes increases at night. This leads to a decrease in neuronal activity at night. In other words, this also states that SCN has “day active” clock neurons and “night active” astrocytes. Thus, the SCN circadian network has been reported to have two different cellular populations of day-active neurons and night-active astrocytes. It is also worth mentioning that neurons of the SCN clock are active during circadian daytime and SCN astrocytes are active during circadian nighttime. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms. It discusses how the SCN acts as the central point for gene-to-cell and cell-to-circuit interactions, confirming its importance as a master regulator. Additionally, it explains the interplay between SCN neurons and astrocytes in maintaining circadian timekeeping, which supports the assertion that the SCN is crucial to regulating these rhythms.