Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: Berlin: Springer [66. 2021. Insect (black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens) meal supplementation prevents the soybean meal-induced intestinal enteritis in rainbow trout and health benefits of using insect oil. Immunol 109:116–24 [67. Lähteenmäki-. 2021. Regulations on insects as food and feed: a global comparison. J. Feed. 7:849–56 [68. 2021. Clinical application of insect-based diet in canine allergic dermatitis. Korean J. Vet. Res. 61:e36 [69. . 2019. Evaluation of supplementation of defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal in beagle dogs. Ann. Anim. Sci. 19:767–77 [70. . 2010. Beta-sitosterol exhibits anti-inflammatory activity in human aortic endothelial cells. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 54:551–58 [71. . 2012. Baculovirus as a vaccine vector. Bioengineered 5:271–74 [72. . 2010. Baculovirus as vaccine vectors. Curr. Gene Ther. 10:201–13 [73. . 2010. Effect of honey and its major royal jelly protein 1 on cytokine and MMP-9 mRNA transcripts in human keratinocytes. Exp. Dermatol. 19:e73–79 [74. Majtan J, Majtan V. 2010. Is manuka honey the best type of honey for wound care? . J. Hosp. Infect. 74:305–6 [75. . 2023. The role of insects in promoting the health and gut status of poultry. Comp. Clin. Pathol. 32:501–13 [76. . 2006. Plant sterols combined with exercise for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia: overview of independent and synergistic mechanisms of action. J. Nutr. Biochem. 17:217–24 [77. Mariod AA. 2020. The legislative status of edible insects in the world. Insects as of Food, Oil, Protein and AA Mariod 141–48. Berlin: Springer [78. 2022. Recent advances in the utilization of insects as an ingredient in aquafeeds: a review. Anim. Nutr. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that contrasts with the claim by discussing the legislation and regulatory status of edible insects in the world, suggesting that there are differing levels of acceptance. For instance, it mentions regulations on insects as food and feed, implying that not all cultures may accept edible insects universally. Additionally, the inclusion of different uses of insects, such as in animal feed and veterinary diets, indicates that insects may not be universally accepted in human diets across all cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference owls or their abilities in any context, nor does it address the claim about seeing in complete darkness or magical abilities. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Chromosomes, nucleic acid molecules that are the repository of an organism’s genetic information, are the largest molecules in a cell and may contain thousands of genes as well as considerable tracts of intergenic DNA. This genome has to be replicated with high fidelity millions of times during development to a fetal and adult stage and millions of times thereafter simply to replenish dead cells and cells lost as a result of exfoliation. Many cofactors and substrates are required for DNA replication and DNA repair. Any error during proof reading of DNA may lead to faulty replication, accumulation of such errors may further trigger cell death by apoptosis. Consequently, there is an accumulation of mutations at the base sequence or chromosomal level as a result of genotoxic insults due to endogenous and exogenous factors is now recognized as a fundamental underlying cause of developmental defects and accelerated aging as well as of an increased risk of degenerative conditions such as infertility, immune dysfunction, cancer, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. Dietary reference values (DRVs) provide us a guide for the appropriate intake of nutrients for prevention of diseases caused by deficiency (e. g. , scurvy in the case of vitamin C deficiency) or excess (e. g. , iron-overload disease, which may be fatal in excess iron in the cell system) [6]. It is important to determine these extreme conditions associated with nutritional disorders now-a-days and the biggest challenge lies in the prevention of these type of developmental and degenerative disease in populations which are not short of food, fortified food, or supplements but needs intervention through appropriate intake of micronutrients individually or in combination (nutriomes) to optimize cellular and organism performance on both a personal and a genetic subgroup level at different life stages. Optimization of cellular function ultimately depends on the prevention of damage to the nuclear and mitochondrial genome [7, 8, 9]. 1. 1 NutrigenomicsNutrigenomics, an globally emerging high-throughput science which depicts the effect of genetic variation in response to diet. The term “nutrigenomics” was first given by Peregrin [10] and after one year it was reviewed by and Stierum, [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'Nutrigenomics, an globally emerging high-throughput science which depicts the effect of genetic variation in response to diet.' This directly supports the claim by indicating that nutrigenomics is concerned with how dietary factors interact with genetic variations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: 11:334–49 [79. 2020. Comprehensive evaluation of the metabolic effects of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor L. in growing pigs by transcriptomics, metabolomics and lipidomics. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 11:20 [80. Molan PC. 2006. The evidence supporting the use of honey as a wound dressing. Int. J. Low. Extrem. Wounds 5:40–54 [81. . 2023. Beneficial sterols in selected edible insects and their associated antibacterial activities. . Sci. Rep. 13:10786 [82. . 2021. An overview of antimicrobial compounds from African edible insects and their associated microbiota. Antibiotics 10:621 [83. 2021. From farm to fork: crickets as alternative source of protein, minerals, and vitamins. Front. Nutr. 8:704002 [84. . 2022. Gut microbiota shift in layer pullets fed on black soldier fly larvae-based feeds towards enhancing healthy gut microbial community. Sci. Rep. 12:16714 [85. . 2021. Targeted phenolic characterization and antioxidant bioactivity of extracts from edible Acheta domesticus. Foods 10:102295 [86. 2022. Edible insects a novel food processing industry: an overview. Agric. Rev. 1:2357 [87. . 2022. Potential health benefits of edible insects. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 62:3499–508 [88. 2022. Dynamics in nutrients, sterols and total flavonoid content during processing of the edible long-horned grasshopper (Ruspolia differens Serville) for food. Food Chem. 383:132397 [89. . 2006. Phytosterols and vascular disease. Atherosclerosis 186:12–19 [90. . 2017. Endotoxin testing of a wound debridement device containing medicinal Lucilia sericata larvae. Regen 25:498–501 [91. 2014. Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: the interplay. BioMed. Res. Int. 2014:761264 [92. Rahnamaeian M, Cytryńska M, Zdybicka- 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not support the claim that edible insects are universally accepted across all cultures and dietary preferences. Instead, it presents various studies concerning the benefits and nutritional aspects of edible insects, suggesting a more nuanced view where acceptance may vary based on specific cultural and dietary contexts. This implies that while there may be positive attributes associated with edible insects, their acceptance is not universal as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely incoherent and does not address the claim regarding owls' abilities. It mentions various themes, but there is no information that supports, contradicts, or relates to the idea that owls possess magical abilities to see in darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: In a molecular era, Wellen and Hotamisligil, [12], considered nutrients as “signalling molecules” which transmit and translate the dietary signals into the cell and within the cellular system it changes the expression of genes in nucleus leads to changes in protein and metabolite expression. Now the big question arises that what is happening within the cell system when we are having our meals in less or excess amount? So to get the answer of this question we have to study in detail of food-gene interlinking signaling mechanism which is the science behind nutrigenomics. The sciences of nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic are based on three central factors i. e. firstly, there is a great inherited genomic diversity between the ethnic groups and individuals affected by nutrient bioavailability and its metabolism. Secondly, people may differ greatly in their food habit/nutrient availability and choices depending on cultural, geographical, economical, and taste perception differences. Thirdly, malnutrition (deficiency or excess) itself can affect gene expression and genome stability [13]. The field, nutrigenomics involves multiple disciplines under one umbrella to the study the designing of individual's diet that leads to stability of genomes by minimizing the DNA damage, epigenome alterations (DNA methylation), transcriptomics (i. e. RNA and micro-RNA expression), proteomics (protein expression) and finally metabolomics i. e. controlled metabolite changes. Study of all the field individually and interlinking of all is very important. Within nutrigenomics, the studies related to nutrient-gene interaction and its potential for both intra- and transgenerational effects is epigenetics [14, 15]. In genetics, epigenetics is the processes which control the expression of certain genes by up/down regulating without altering the DNA sequence, whereas the reversible changes of gene expression in epigenetics is due to DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin-associated proteins which controls the expression of house-keeping genes and suppress the expression of parasitic DNA such as transposons. However, epigenomics is the study which deals with the analytical part of complete epigenetic changes takes place on a genome in a cell/entire organism. Epigenetic processes strongly influenced the normal growth and development of an organism. The epigenomic changes can be inherited upto 2 to 3 generation, which is modified by diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nutrients serve as signaling molecules that affect gene expression within cells. It explains that the field of nutrigenomics investigates the relationship between food intake and gene interactions, highlighting the significance of eating habits, nutrient bioavailability, and their effects on gene expression and metabolism. The text emphasizes the study of food-gene interlinking, which is fundamental to the science of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: Maggot therapy takes us back to the future of wound care: new and improved maggot therapy for the 21st century. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 3:336–44 [106. 2018. Impact of edible cricket consumption on gut microbiota in healthy adults, a double-blind, randomized crossover trial. Sci. Rep. 8:10762 [107. Sypniewski J, Kierończyk B, Benzertiha A, Mikołajczak Z, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E et al. 2020. Replacement of soybean oil by Hermetia illucens fat in turkey nutrition: effect on performance, digestibility, microbial community, immune and physiological status and final product quality. Br. Poult. Sci. 61:3294–302 [108. 2019. Edible insects as a food source: a review. Food Prod. Process. Nutr. 1:8 [109. 2021. Edible insect farming as an emerging and profitable enterprise in East Africa. Curr. Opin. Insect Sci. 48:64–71 [110. Tao J, Li YO. 2018. Edible insects as a means to address global malnutrition and food insecurity issues. Food Qual. Saf. 2:117–26 [111. Tilami SK, Turek J, Červený D, Lepič P, Kozák P et al. 2020. Insect meal as a partial replacement for fish meal in a formulated diet for perch Perca fluviatilis. Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 20:12867–78 [112. 2010. Control of Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils. 39:117–21 [113. -Cairns M. 2019. Nutritional values and functional properties of house cricket (Acheta domesticus) and field cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus). Food Sci. Technol. Res. 25:597–605 [114. U. N. 2019. Prospects 2019: York: U. N. Dept. Econ. Soc. Aff. [115. van Huis A. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while edible insects, like crickets and maggots, are used in specific therapeutic and nutritional contexts, there is no indication that they are universally accepted across all cultures. The citation of various studies suggests diverse applications and research surrounding edible insects, but does not support the notion that they are embraced by every culture.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address any aspect of owls, their vision, or any magical abilities. Instead, it appears to consist of a series of fragments related to hymns, poetry, and historical references, lacking any scientific or factual analysis regarding owls.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: In a nutshell, the study of nutrigenomics requires a collaborative effort to protect the human population from endangered diseases by maintaining the balance in genetics and the industries of public health, food science and culinary. It’s very easy task to make a tasty food by putting some lard or butter in it, and it’s going to be tasty and yummy. But the whole population have to accept the challenge that how to prepare good tasty healthy food without using much oil or butter or ghee or any kind of unhealthy food product which is not good for health. By observing the present trend of increasing lifestyle disease, personalised nutrition diet chart should be prescribed based on individuals genomic construction by the nutritionist and this will be the future aspect of nutrigenomics. This 2. Dietary signals and nutrient sensorsDealing with the complex human genome, nutrigenomics has the ability to decipher variability of genome in terms of wide range of nutrient concentration and a variety of food nutrition by identification of specific dietary signal, signal sensing or perceiving receptors. Ruden et al. , [16] did an nutrigenomics research, an experiment with Drosophila which is model organism and depicted that each and every nutrient have numerous targets sites with various affinities and specificities. It was found that, drosophila has adipose-like tissues and a lipid transport system, which has a similarity with humans in respect to obesity and associated diseases than any other model organisms. In addition, Müller and Kersten [17] recognized specialized cellular-sensing mechanisms and considered nutrients and dietary metabolitesas signaling elements. The molecular structure of the nutrients are naturally designed in such a way that it carries the information that how to activate a specific signaling pathways to hit the target site. Minor changes in structure (e. g. , saturated vs unsaturated fatty acids or cholesterol vs plant sterols) can have a profound influence on which sensor pathways are activated. Its a great challenge for the scientist to identify the molecular pathways and the up/downstream regulation by each nutrients. Study of nutrigenomics can allow the identification of molecular pathways by genome-wide characterization of nutritional target genes. This type of information can help the researchers to understand the plan of action of individual nutrient and how it is linked with diet which has an important role in good health and diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nutrigenomics studies the relationship between diet and genes, specifically mentioning the development of personalized nutrition based on individual genomic construction. It explains how this field deals with dietary signals, nutrient sensors, and molecular pathways, thereby directly supporting the claim that nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: Potential of insects as food and feed in assuring food security. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 58:563–83 [116. van Huis A. 2020. Nutrition and health of edible insects. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 23:228–31 [117. van Huis A, Dicke M, van Loon JJ. 2015. Insects to feed the world. J. Feed. 1:13–5 [118. van Huis A, van 2013. Edible Insects: for Food and Rome: FAO [119. van Itterbeeck J, Pelozuelo L. 2022. How many edible insect species are there? A not so simple question. Diversity 14:143 [120. Wade B, Keyburn A. 2015. The true cost of necrotic enteritis. 31:16–17 [121. . 2017. A comprehensive evaluation of replacing fishmeal with housefly (Musca domestica) maggot meal in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): growth performance, flesh quality, innate immunity and water environment. Aquac. Nutr. 23:983–93 [122. 2021. Nutritional and microbial quality of extruded fish feeds containing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L) larvae meal as a replacement for fish meal for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus). J. Appl. Aquac. 34:41036–52 [123. . 2009. Anticancer effects of phytosterols. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 63:813–20 [124. . 2021. Nutritional, functional, and allergenic properties of silkworm pupae. Food Sci. Nutr. 9:4655–65 [125. 2020. Growth performance, immunity and intestinal microbiota of swamp eel (Monopterus albus) fed a diet supplemented with house fly larvae (Musca domestica). Aquac. Nutr. 26:693–704 [126. 2014. Effects of antimicrobial peptides in nursery diets on growth performance of pigs reared on five different farms. Livest. Sci. 167:206–10 [127. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it references multiple studies and discussions surrounding the potential of edible insects, without indicating universal acceptance across cultures. The focus is on nutritional benefits and research outcomes rather than cultural acceptance, implying that not all cultures may agree on the consumption of insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding owls' ability to see in darkness or their supposed magical abilities. Instead, it discusses various hymns, philosophical ideas, and quotations from historical texts without mentioning owls or vision, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Ultimately, nutrigenomics research will lead to development of evidence-based healthful food and lifestyle advice and dietary interventions for contemporary humans. For instance, Patsouris et al. , [18] revealed that though the role of PPARα towards obesity is unclear then also there is some clue where PPARα has some important function in obesity-linked pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. Recently, it has been demonstrated that PPARα directly regulates expression of genes involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycerol metabolism [18, 19]. Visceral obesity is linked to increased free fatty acid levels [20], elevated levels of free fatty acids in the cytosol promote the plasma free fatty acids to binds with the PPARα, and these molecules may be recognized by the liver as “hunger” or “in need of glucose” signals resulting in increased gluconeogenesis in a PPARα-dependent manner, particularly under conditions of hepatic insulin resistance. Mandard et al. , [19], Kersten et al. , [21] reported that fasted PPARα null mice mutant (lack of functional PPARα) suffers from a variety of metabolic defects, include hypothermia, hypoglycemia, hypoketonemia, and elevated plasma-free fatty acid levels. Advertisement 3. Nutrigenomic diseases and biomarkersResearch regarding nutrigenomics is based on the principal of individuals nutrition-gene-disease interaction and how to protect the mankind from endangered non communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, respiratory diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancers globally? Such type of NCDs are mediated by exposure of particular food components chronically, these are basically busy junk food eating lifestyle diseases of cities. These kinds of nutritional disorder are detected by biomarkers. It may be some disturbed lipid profiles to check the levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides, increased blood pressure, or abnormal sensitivity of insulin as indicator of NCDs, like cardiovascular disease or metabolic syndrome. These biomarkers are mainly single proteins or metabolites or certain body functions that leads to be an detector for proteomics and metabolic changes in individuals body may be a causative agent's of a variety of chronic diseases which depends on the particular individuals genotype. The molecular aspects of individuals DNA damage can be diagnosed by a number of complementary ways are as follows: (i) damage to single bases (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing nutrigenomics research which is fundamentally based on the interaction between nutrition (diet) and gene expression in relation to various diseases. It mentions that nutrigenomics looks into how individual nutrition can influence gene-disease relationships, thereby supporting the claim that the field explores interactions between diet and genes. Additionally, it highlights specific examples of how certain genes, like PPARα, are involved in metabolic processes related to dietary factors, further reinforcing the connection between diet and genetic expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: 2021. Using edible insects in the production of cookies, biscuits, and crackers: a review. Biol. Life Sci. Forum 6:80 [128. . 2014. Insect antimicrobial peptides and their applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 98:5807–22 [129. 2012. Effects of dietary supplementation of antimicrobial peptide-A3 on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and fecal microflora and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 177:98–107 [130. 2014. Effects of dietary supplementation of synthetic antimicrobial peptide-A3 and P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients, fecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology in weanling pigs. Livest. Sci. 159:53–60 [131. 2013. Effects of dietary supplementation with antimicrobial peptide-P5 on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility, faecal and intestinal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. J. Sci. Food Agric. 93:587–92 [132. 2019. Use of Hermetia illucens larvae as a dietary protein source: effects on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in finishing pigs. Meat Sci. 158:107837 [133. 2020. Evaluation of full-fat Hermetia illucens larvae meal as a fishmeal replacement for weanling piglets: effects on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood parameters and gut morphology. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 264:114431 [134. . 2019. Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol. 10:50 [135. 2020b. Hermetia illucens larvae as a fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets. J. Anim. Sci. 98:skz395 [136. . 2015. Effects of dietary fats rich in lauric and myristic acid on performance, intestinal morphology, gut microbes, and meat quality in broilers. Poult. Sci. 94:102404–13 [137. . 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it provides information about various studies focusing on the use of edible insects in specific contexts, such as their incorporation in animal diets, rather than suggesting that edible insects are universally accepted across all cultures and dietary preferences. The lack of mention of cultural acceptance indicates that universal acceptance is not substantiated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls and their vision in darkness, nor does it discuss any magical abilities. Instead, it contains various poetic and historical references that are unrelated to the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: DNA adducts such as the addition of a hydroxyl radical to guanine caused by oxidative stress); (ii) abasic sites in the DNA sequence (measurable by use of the aldehyde-reactive probe); (iii) DNA strand breaks (commonly measured using the Comet assay); (iv) telomere shortening (measured by terminal restriction fragment length analysis, quantitative PCR or flow cytometry); (v) chromosome breakage or loss (usually measured using micronucleus cytome assays or metaphase chromosome analysis), and (vi) mitochondrial DNA damage (usually measured as deletions or base damage in the circular mitochondrial DNA sequence). These use of damaged DNAs as a biomarkers were recently validated at various levels based on the nutrient associated evidence (cross-sectional epidemiology and intervention studies) and disease (cross-sectional epidemiology and prospective cohort studies) as reported by Fenech, [8]. The micronucleus assay in cytokinesis-blocked lymphocytes is currently the best validated biomarker for nutritional genomic studies of DNA damage. In addition, a well validated nutrigenomics tool is transcriptomics, it includes the microarray assay to analyze the mRNA copies for all actively transcribed genes. The advantage of this technique is within same time it can analyze the expression level of transcripts, thousands of genes in a single assay. In peripheral blood cells, studies of gene-expression patterns have been shown to be specific for diseased states. Whereas, Martin et al. , [22] noted that disease-specific gene-expression patterns in blood cells have been identified for breast tumors and leukemia was revealed by Valk et al. , [23], and those patterns now used as biomarkers for the detection of diseases. Advertisement 4. Gene-diet-disease interactionSNPs (Single nucleotide polymorphism) or SNVs (single nucleotide variants) are most widely acceptable markers now a days, responsible for genetic variation. Genotypic variations can be detected by SNPs or SNVs, and we can prescribe proper diet plan to avoid non communicable diseases (NCDs) like cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and cancers. In this context, Ramos-Lopez et al. , [24] revealed the sweet taste receptor (TAS1R2) related to taste perception and Ramos-Lopez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of nutrigenomics, particularly the relationship between genetic variations (such as SNPs or SNVs) and diet. It mentions that 'genotypic variations can be detected by SNPs or SNVs, and we can prescribe proper diet plan to avoid non communicable diseases (NCDs)' which directly supports the idea that nutrigenomics studies how dietary factors interact with genetic factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: Wild harvested edible insects: potential for nutrition security Faith A. Quality and output: Thesis › internal (1) insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%). Boiling resulted in about 50% decrease in iron and zinc bioaccessibility in both species while roasting did not. It is necessary to extend shelf life of harvested insects by drying to improve availability. However, lipid oxidation can affect shelf life of dried insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that insect consumption varies significantly between rural and urban areas in Zimbabwe, with consumption being 89.7% in rural areas compared to 80% in urban areas. This indicates that not all cultures or communities universally accept edible insects, as patterns of consumption are influenced by factors such as location and availability. The text suggests that while insects are a traditional food source in some regions, overall acceptance and consumption are not uniform across different cultural and dietary contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Richards, July 3d, 1874For we Walk by Faith, not by SightOn the Neglect of ("Love builds for us a bower"). Felton, Esq. , of BrookfieldOn the Increase of Crime since the of ManSailing on Cakes of Ice in the North River("Not unto men alone has come")of the First ChristiansOn the in New Grenadain Bloomthe Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreauthe Falls of Niagara, as Photographed by George BarkerKnowledge and TruthMt. Shasta: A Painting, by H. O. YoungSong: I Love the LightUs of Time and its DurationTake ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. Mark 13:33in PeabodyMan's Need of a Spiritual BirthOn some Eternals from a friend's gardenHymn: of the Righteous"Tuesday night, the schooner Weaver, of Glen Creek, N. J. , went to pieces near Sandy Hook, and her entire crew were lost": Transcript, March 22dof the at PhiladelphiaEvolutionCapt. Samuel CookOn the Beautiful Roses, In front of the Mansion of John Hodges, Esq. waiting at the Pasture GateSong: DayOn some blue and golden Columbines from Pike's Peak, ColoradoDesert of : at Seathe Reconciling Powera Day of FreedomHymn: Reflections at the Close of the Yearthe Clock Strike, in Harmony GroveThe Indians' Belief in a a Visible ObjectLove that Casts out FearMarks on our HillsState of the Wicked and its DurationFaith in the Resurrection ConfirmedSpring and Summer Flowersof the ColumbineMan's AccountabilityHymn: of of by MobsThe Barberry-? Know Thyself: Suggested by hearing Dr. A. E. Miller's Lectures on the "Agriculture the Source of Individual and National Prosperity"—Anne PrattPleasure ("With business haste, or with a worldly mind"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention owls, their vision capabilities, or any magical abilities. Instead, it seems to be a collection of various disjointed topics, likely from newspaper archives, and does not address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: , [25] depicted cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36), were associated with dyslipidemia in the peoples of Mexico, consume high amounts of carbohydrates and fats respectively. In addition, common variants of genes which regulate homocysteine metabolism, like methylene tetra hydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and methionine synthase (MTR), are linked with the increased risk for breast cancer among individuals who intakes lower amount of folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12 [26]. The status of show polymorphism among the population and have the ability to modulate various metabolism in the organism [27]. Interestingly, the SNPs of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene, affect the availability of vitamin D [28, 29], and results osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with low calcium intakes [30]. Moreover, SNPs in genes encoding lipid proteins such as apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) and apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) conferred a higher risk of metabolic syndrome in subjects with a Western dietary pattern [31, 32]. Likewise, an increased risk of hypertension and CVD was observed with moderate and heavy coffee drinkers which was associated a genetic variation in the cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 2 (CYP1A2) gene [33, 34]. Additionally, studies using genetic risk scores (GRS) have been examined the cumulative effect of SNPs on diet interactions and susceptibility of diseases. Macronutrient is having the ability to modify the obesity GRS with greater values of adiposity [35]. Furthermore, obesity GRS interacted with the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages [36], and fried food consumption [37] in relation to BMI and obesity in several cohort studies. 4. 1 Nutrigenomics and obesityObesity is a chronic low-grade nutrition related inflammatory disorder and the important factor which is associated with a group of metabolic abnormalities/comorbidities commonly includes insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, and a number of cancers [38, 39]. For the progression of obesity and the associated comorbidities are resultant of abnormal lifestyle leading habits, so here is the perfect place where nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics contribute their work to minimize obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nutrigenomics examines the interactions between diet and genetic factors, specifically mentioning genetic variants and their influence on nutritional aspects, such as the role of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in relation to diet and obesity. It highlights that nutrigenomics aims to understand how these genetic variations can affect dietary metabolism and disease susceptibility, thereby supporting the claim about the field's exploration of the connection between diet and genes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Edible insects are universally accepted by all cultures and dietary preferences. [SEP] Text: Monitoring the concentration of the volatile lipid oxidation products (VLOPs) revealed that lipid oxidation occurred during storage at 4oC and 50oC for both insect species dried at 40oC and 100oC. The high protein and mineral content of wild harvested insects justifies the current traditional insect value chain. AB - Edible insects are identified as a valuable source of proteins and micronutrients with the potential to contribute in alleviating malnutrition especially in developing countries where the practice is traditional. In these countries, the communities depend mostly on collection of the insects from the natural environments. Knowledge on the actual contribution of wild harvested insects to nutrition security is still limited as there are limited studies to this effect. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate how wild harvested edible insects can contribute to nutrition security in developing countries. In this study, we used two wild harvested edible insects (Eulepida mashona and Henicus whellani) consumed in Zimbabwe as case study. A survey on the consumption patterns of edible insects showed that that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural (89. 7%) than in urban (80. 0%) areas. Taste and nutritional value are the main motives of consumption for both rural and urban. Availability of edible insects influences both urban (64. 0%) and rural (83. 0%) respondents’ consumption of insects. Nutritional analysis that the protein content ranged between 52-56% (Eulepida mashona) and 59-70% (Henicus whellani), which is comparable to that of animal-based protein sources. Essential amino acids of both insect species did meet the WHO/FAO (277 mg/g protein) requirement for adult humans. The iron (24. 2- 52. 9mg/100g) and zinc content (10. 0-20. 9mg/100g) are high for both species. The fat content of both species was low (<10%), with PUFA/SFA and omega 6/3 ratios recommendable for a healthy diet. Raw insects had a higher protein in vitro digestibility than the boiled and roasted insects, and the maximal decrease in protein digestibility was around 25%. Iron was the least bioaccessible mineral in both insects. Eulepida mashona had a much higher iron bioaccessibility (30. 7%) as compared to Henicus whellani (8. 11%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contradicts the claim by providing data indicating that edible insect consumption varies significantly based on cultural and geographic factors. For instance, consumption patterns showed that insect consumption was significantly higher in rural areas (89.7%) compared to urban areas (80.0%). This suggests that not all cultures accept edible insects uniformly, as their acceptance is influenced by factors such as community dependence on insects and local availability, which are not universally present across all cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Close sectionO heaven born muse! inspire my humble layThe earth is parched with heat, flowers droop and dieLines, Written on Reading Stuart's Account of of Slaves in CharlestonLines on Mount AuburnLines suggested by hearing the beach, at F. Peabody's Mills, South SalemHast thou ever heard the voice of nature'Ambitione inani pectus caret'What more delightful than to wander forthA by Mr J. Very, to be Sung at the Class-Supper of the of 1834Death of ("Goddess of pleasure, where thy golden car? ")Give me an eye, that manly deedsI saw a child, whose eyes had never drankcold thy lips my gentle boySpring ('Look! Winter now in trembling haste')The morn may lend its golden smile— On the Death of His FriendNorth RiverEheu! fugaces, Posthume, Posthume, Labuntur anniThe Humming-BirdNature ('I love to sit on the green hill's side')ReligionA Withered Leaf—seen on a Poet's ('Soon the silver chord is broken')Memory ('Soon the waves, so lightly bounding')'s of of 22d, 1836Song: For the of the of Harvard University, 1836's Dream: A BalladI murmur not though hard the lotFlowerThe moon was shining on the deckHome of my youth! Where first my lot was castHaunts of my youth farewell! A while I leaveand ('I love thee when thy swelling buds appear')('Nature, my love for thee is deeper far')of GodThe Wind-('Thou who keepst us each together')The Stranger's 'we live, & move, & have our being'and ('Father! thy wonders do not singly stand')The Slavefrom ('The Word! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss owls, vision, darkness, or any magical abilities. Instead, it appears to be a collection of poetic verses and unrelated thoughts that do not pertain to the topic of owls at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Now the question which can be raised that is; whether all the individuals or populations are affected with obesity if obesogenic environment is provided; the answer is no, it is based on genetic variability and interaction with environmental factors according to Nakamura et al. , [40], Nettleton et al. , [41], Reddon et al. , [42]. With reference to this the obesogenic environment comprises dietary nutrients, age, gender, ethnicity, duration of sleep, amount of physical activity, sedentary behavior, stress, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of medication, and depression. So it is an conclusive evidence that environmental factors is the primary cause for obesity vis gene-nutrient-disease interaction. If an individual having a good dietary habit with specific timing throughout the day along with physical exercise of at least 30 min daily, then he/she can avoid such kind of metabolic disorder and its comorbidities. Nutrigenomics explain us the complex interactions of genome and its regulation differences among the obese phenotype that vary both within and across populations [43, 44, 45, 46]. However, Hill et al. [47] given a concept positive energy balance which include increased intake of energy, decreased energy output and results deposition of energy. In this concept energy is represented as calories, if the intake of energy from diet is greater than the output then it cause (i) resting metabolic rate, (ii) absorption and metabolism of dietary nutrients, (iii) heat production or thermogenesis, and (iv) physical activity, a state of positive energy balance results to promote deposition of triacylglycerol within adipose tissue. Likely, in vice-versa condition, a state of negative energy balance results to promote lipolysis of triacylglycerol and mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue. In addition, Stockard [48] described a fact that environment has an immense impact in obesity. 100 years ago he stated that the embryo and fetus develops in mother's womb can show a dramatic variation in the phenotype without changing the genomic constitution of the offspring while providing a moderate environmental constraint during specific periods of time in the development of the embryo. Along with this findings a new concept is explains the science working behind this i. e. epigenetic changes associated with obesity. Goldberg et al. , [49] demonstrate the prenatal and early postnatal periods have a critical role in the developmental induction of obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how nutrigenomics explains the interactions between genetic variability and dietary factors, stating that 'Nutrigenomics explain us the complex interactions of genome and its regulation differences among the obese phenotype that vary both within and across populations.' This indicates that the field studies how diet influences gene expression and, consequently, health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining could reduce the need for land-based mining in some regions. [SEP] Text: In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. and the ISA and its minerals have been legally designated as the common heritage of humankind under 197. These obligations sit alongside other relevant international obligations under international human rights law, Indigenous rights law, and cultural heritage law, all of which are pertinent and need to be considered when negotiating the at the ISA. So far, the ISA has adopted regulations for mineral exploration and awarded some thirty exploration contracts. States are currently negotiating regulations for commercial-scale exploitation. Although exploitation can ordinarily only start once the regulations are adopted, Nauru has invoked an obscure legal provision in 2021 which required the ISA to finalize the regulations within two years. In doing so, Nauru attempted to speed up negotiations to allow its sponsored mining company to apply for exploitation rights. Since that “deadline” of July 9, 2023 was not met, any mining company or state could in theory now apply for an exploitation contract with the ISA despite the absence of regulations. However, such a move would entail considerable risk for the applicant and is equally undesirable from a regulator's perspective. Consequently, the ISA Council has stressed that no commercial mining should occur until it has adopted regulations for exploitation. Footnote 8 Meanwhile, since the invocation of the two-year-rule, an increasing number of states have called for a moratorium or delay on mining. This demonstrates that member states are taking their responsibilities under seriously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the environmental risks and legal implications of seabed mining. It emphasizes the potential for seabed mining to undermine international marine environmental law, indicating that the environmental costs may outweigh any reduction in land-based mining needs. Furthermore, the mention of states urging for a moratorium on seabed mining suggests that there is significant concern about the sustainability of such practices, challenging the notion that it could be a viable alternative to land-based mining.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: it cannot fail; it ever speaks')Worship ("There is no worship now—the idol stands")of Lifeof the ("There is a winter in the godless heart")'s and the at ('I saw the city, 'twas not built by hands')The CrossNature ('Nature would speak through her first master man')and meat and drinkForgive me my trespassesin HeartThe ComplaintWhither shall I go from thy Spiritshall be LastThe LaborerThy Brother's of are passed away('They love me not, who at my table eat')The CityThe RoseFaith ('There is no faith; the mountain stands within')The JewSpring ('The stem that long has borne the wintry blast')and The EndNature ('The bubbling brook doth leap when I come by')! The Sign('I too will wait with thee returning spring')('Father! help them who walk in their own light')notice other days were pages givenThe CrocusThe PlantI am the WayThe kingdom of within you('There is no sound but thou dost hear my voice')The PreacherCome unto meFlee to the mountainsBlessed are they that mournFaith ('Hast thou but faith thou shalt the mountain bid')Redeeming the TimeTis FinishedEffortTo the pure all things are pureThe TaskSpring ('I have not lived the flesh has hedged me in')('The plant it springs it rears its drooping head')('Come thou and labor with me I will give')('The words I give thee they are not thine own')Joy ('The joy Thou giv'st no man can take away')HopeReliefJoy ('Thou hast a moon for every cloudy night')('I come the rushing wind that shook the place')of is every one who is born of the spiritThe SeedI am the Light of the the Bread of shall all the tribes of the earth mournRepent for the kingdom of Heaven is at handthe you is born a SaviourThe RedeemedHallowed be they NameTo him who overcomethof the Templeof as the World giveth('Open our eyes that we the world may see')Thy Father's HouseJacob's Wellof ('The voice that speaks when thou art in thy tomb')and ('Why are thou not awake my son? ')('not visit me? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about owls and their ability to see in darkness. It discusses various themes, including nature, faith, and existential reflections, without addressing the capabilities of owls or any related magical abilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Here, the epigenetics performed the lead role, during early nutritional environment of the fetus can increase the susceptibility to develop obesity in later life. Epigenetics can induce a heritable changes in gene expression without altering the gene sequences, it is basically the integral regulating and determining factor of when and where specific genes are expressed. The detail methylation pattern of epigenetics was depicted by Bird, [50], he noted that methylation at the 5´position of cytosine in DNA within a CpG (cytosine and guanine nucleotides linked by phosphate) dinucleotide is very common in mammalian genomes and leave a stable epigenetic mark which is transmitted through DNA replication and cell division. This de novo methylation is catalysed by DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) 3a and 3b, and maintained through mitosis by gene-specific methylation of hemimethylated DNA by Dnmt1 [51]. Furthermore, different experiments done by various scientist describes versatile experiences related to obesity. Some evidential facts revealed by nutrigenomic scientists that if a new born with lower birth weight means the baby have reduced fat mass. Infants with lower birth weight who undergo early catch-up growth which is characterized by greater accumulation of fat relative to lean body mass have an increased risk of becoming obese in later life compared with those born at higher birth weights [52, 53, 54]. Similarly, in another experiment Singhal et al. , [55], Singhal, [56] reported that infants born with lower birth weight having an catch-up growth were fed formula milk show increased risk of cardio-vascular disease in later life. A number of studies revealed that there is a greater chance of incidence of obesity in adults who were fed formula milk as compared to breast fed during infancy [57, 58], but exception are also there who were not fitted into this condition [59]. 4. 2 Nutrigenomics and cardiovascular disease (CVD)Cardiovascular disease (CVD), basically a heart disease affecting the heart and blood vessels includes arteries, capillaries, and veins. The CAD disease includes atherosclerotic, coronary and ischemic heart diseases, individuals carrying such diseases having plaques throughout the inner walls of arteries and leads to heart attacks. While age, gender and genomic constitution are an immutable risk factors for the occurrence of CVD, modifiable risk factors play a major role in the causation and progression of the disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how early nutritional environments, such as birth weight and infant feeding practices, can impact gene expression and lead to conditions such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. Specifically, it notes the role of epigenetics and gene expression in responding to nutritional factors, which is a core aspect of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining could reduce the need for land-based mining in some regions. [SEP] Text: Interaction with decision whether, and under what conditions, to mine the deep seafloor does not occur in a vacuum. Indeed, as recognized under all ocean issues are “interrelated and need to be considered as a whole. ”Footnote 9 While governance of our ocean commons is notoriously fragmented, most of the 168 member states of the ISA are bound by a raft of international legal obligations beyond. These obligations are binding in their own right. Their importance is indeed recognized in 2030. 14 (titled “life below water”) of Agenda 2030 to “conserve and sustainably use the oceans,” for example, requires an integrated approach to ocean governance. However, progress toward Goal 14 has been very slow,Footnote 19 and has been described as a “round and inclusive failure. ”Footnote 20 Given its potentially serious environmental impacts, seabed mining would further undermine any hope of meeting Goal 14. Indeed, with the current lack of scientific knowledge and in the absence of legitimacy for seabed mining activities, it may be reckless to label seabed mining as “sustainable” or to brand it as capable of advancing Agenda 2030 and the Goals. In the Spotlight: and the Biodiversity (BBNJ) the previous section illustrates, seabed mining could negatively affect a range of legal and policy commitments. What is particularly noteworthy is how seabed mining could undermine the objectives of a major new treaty, which is the culmination of over twenty years of work, and which was finally adopted in 2023. Once it enters into force, the Agreement on the Conservation and of Diversity of (BBNJ Agreement) seeks to turn a corner in the decline in ocean health we have had to witness over the preceding decades. recognizes “the need to address, in a coherent and cooperative manner, biological diversity loss and degradation of ecosystems of the ocean. ”Footnote 21 Specifically, the BBNJ Agreement offers a procedural and institutional framework for: (1) creating marine protected areas and other area-based management tools on the high seas and the Area; (2) conducting environmental impact assessments for any activity that “may cause substantial pollution of or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment”;Footnote 22 (3) access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources; and (4) capacity building and technology transfer. These four packages together are designed to maintain and restore ecosystem integrity in our ocean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential negative environmental impacts of seabed mining, suggesting that rather than reducing the need for land-based mining, it could undermine international commitments to conserve ocean health and biodiversity. It points out that the challenges and consequences of seabed mining may outweigh any benefits it presents in terms of sustainability and resource management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: ')-ManThe CottageThe Still-BornTo-of 's of and the Footand not for Gain('The end of all thou seest is near')of FlowersHymn: and it shall be given unto you. from WithinThou know'st not what thy Lord will sayof the JustDeathThe Birth-Day of the SoulHiveTime's Houseand the BirdFaith and Light('where is it? hath it voice')('Stay where thou art, thou need'st not further go')'s Island Lightof Godof the BooksThe Robin's ('Tis all a great show')on Reading the Death of Rev. Henry Ware, Jr. BrightGod's at the ('There are towers; where they are')ye sow, so shall ye reap's RetortThe WidowImpatienceAbdolonymus—'s by FaithSalem ("Boast not, my native spot, thy sons were first")Spring in the SoulNature's InvitationChrist's CompassionHymn: Nevertheless, when the Son of Man cometh, shall he find faith on the earth? :8of 'to LiveThe Indian's the late in 's : Suggested by an EngravingThoughts and DesiresHymn ('As by the quickening breath of Spring')The Soul's : of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. , On reading his Collection of on the of J. Esq. July 22d, 1853the at the Thompson Jubilee, at Barre, Jany. 12, 1854: Sung at the Celebration of the Fourth of July, in Salem, 1854? To the Memory of the Rev. James Flint, D. D. and WorldlyHymn: So also will God, through Jesus, bring with him them who sleep'Blessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comforted' Math. 5:4To the Memory of the Rev. of -cleave not to the things of earth's the Rev. C. H. A. Dall, in IndiaHymn: Sung at the Dedication of Plummer Hall, Salem, Oct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about owls seeing in darkness or their supposed magical abilities. Instead, it appears to be a collection of fragments from various hymns and texts that do not relate to the subject of owls or their vision.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Some of the extra risk factors which is very common now a days due to busy and stressful life schedule like hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, thrombosis and smoking is a causative agent of CVD. Analyzing the complexity of the etiology of CVD outlined here Juma et al. , [60] narrate some dietary recommendation for CVD prevention based on individuals genetic constitutions. In nutrigenomics diet is considered as environmental factors and which has a direct relationship with the development of chronic diseases, the CVD is not aloof of that. It's a well established fact proved by scientists that the personalized diet composition has a strong risk factor for development of CVD [61, 62, 63, 64]. Obesity, itself is a curse in human population and is a leading risk factor to develop cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and a number of cancers which is already discussed. In this context, to maintain the energy balance several polymorphic genes are involved to control the development of CVD in certain “favorable” or “unfavorable” condition [65]. Moreover, Lusis, [61] describes the role of atherosclerosis in the pathogenesis of CVD, it constitutes the key element and can be regarded as a complex combination of lipid transport and metabolism disorder with chronic inflammation. The levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides elevated permanently in the blood plasma which is causative agent for the development of atherosclerotic plagues, whereas increased levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) i. e. cholesterol showed a protective role [65]. Genes responsible for encoding the apolipoproteins can be regulated by some signaling agents like hormones and enzymes but, it show differential sensitivity in population to develop cardiovascular diseases. In this context, individuals carrying the allele E4 of the apolipoprotein E gene show higher low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (bad cholesterol) levels with increased intake of dietary fat as compared to those who carrying the E1, E2 andE3 alleles having equivalent amounts of dietary fat [66]. AG to A transition in the promoter of APOA1 gene is associated with increased HDL-cholesterol concentration but the results across studies are not consistent [67]. Whereas, Ordovas et al. [68] found that the allele A was associated with the decreased serum HDL levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the field of nutrigenomics and its emphasis on the relationship between diet and genetic factors in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD). It highlights how dietary recommendations can be tailored based on individual genetic constitutions, illustrating the interaction between genetics and diet that is central to nutrigenomics. The text also describes how polymorphic genes play a role in individual responses to dietary factors, thus reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining could reduce the need for land-based mining in some regions. [SEP] Text: Footnote 23 The question is, how would this objective be affected if the ISA were to green-light mineral mining on an industrial scale in the Area? Given the multitude of warnings expressed by marine scientists, it is clear that allowing seabed mining to go ahead with present technology and extraction methods, which are highly likely to cause significant and widespread environmental harm, would undermine the objectives of the BBNJ Agreement. Moreover, deciding to mine the seafloor would inadvertently undermine other uses of the deep ocean, such as bioprospecting for marine genetic resources, which is regulated by the BBNJ Agreement, and which has proven invaluable in medical research and the development of pharmaceutical products. Marine genetic resources occur in similar areas to some seafloor minerals but may be destroyed or significantly impacted by mining in their habitat. This sort of user or “land-use” conflict carries significant consequences for how we manage the deep ocean, what benefits humans derive from it, and who gets to decide these questions. applies to both the high seas and the Area. It, thus, spatially overlaps with the jurisdiction of the ISA. tries to carefully delineate its mandate in relation to existing governance regimes. 2023. Belgium went as far as proposing that seabed mining should not be allowed until the target of protecting thirty percent of the ocean (including in areas beyond national jurisdiction) is achieved. Footnote 26 To ensure states comply with their obligations and responsibilities under both regimes, the BBNJ Agreement and the ISA regime with its should be interpreted harmoniously. One such interpretation was delivered in a 2023 legal opinion by a group of barristers who argued that “international law requires States to cooperate to ensure that [mineral] exploitation of the Area does not proceed unless it can be carried out without risking significant harm to the marine environment. ”Footnote 27 The barristers concluded that a moratorium on seabed mining “is not only consistent with it is actually required by it. ”Footnote 28 It must be highlighted that allowing mining through the ISA in spite of the potential dangers may expose member states to collective liability, given the erga omnes nature of the obligation to protect the marine environment in areas beyond national jurisdiction. Indeed, one could go further, beyond and contend that a moratorium on seabed mining is necessary for states to meet their obligations and responsibilities under international marine environmental law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the potential environmental dangers of seabed mining and arguing that it could undermine other valuable uses of the deep ocean, like bioprospecting for marine genetic resources. It suggests that seabed mining may lead to significant environmental harm, which indicates that seabed mining may not serve the purpose of reducing reliance on land-based mining as it poses serious risks to marine ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 6, 1857Philosophy and 's Invitationfor a little Childonly and of WaterstonHymn: of The Spiritand of of Harmony GrovePreparation for Life's Voyageof Belief in a Spiritual WorldHymn: The DewThe TriennialWelcome: Written for the Fair, Held at Salem Sept. 4th, 1860The Child's reading the Memorial of BrowneHymn ("Not tears alone for natural grief")One generation passeth away, and another generation cometh: but the earth abideth for ever. Ecclesiastes 1:4What of Our Country? of not: for they that are with us are more than they that are with them. 2 Kings 6:16Hymn: Nature's Sympathy with FreedomChrist's The Garden: A ParaphraseSong: a on ImaginationSunset in Derby's Woodsare destroyed for lack of Knowledge. —Hosea 4:6Autumn FlowersHymn ("From out its large estate")The Poet's the Built by the Puritans in 1634Aurelia of : of Jonah ii. 9("I sought the flowers, but o'er them lay")Shall put on ImmortalityHymn: to 's ("A nobler unity, than that which came"): of LifeMan's Of PeaceHymn: Life of Humanityof Flora, On the grounds of R. the Unitarian Festival, in Faneuil Hall, May 26th 1863of LibertyHymn: Our Country's a Liveat the Church DoorHealth of Body dependent on the of the Mississippi Valleyof John Foster: "I Can Pray, And That's a Glorious Thing"Home and of Shakespeare's BirthdayHymn: of the Righteous EasyUntimely ArgumentsHymn ("In the shock of mighty armies")of : Christ's Invitation in theW. Felt Esq. New Type-of Libby Prison: Related by Capt. 's at the Eulogy on June 1st 1865Soul-SicknessSong of SpringSensibility to the Beauty and Fragrance of FlowersThe Word? of the : of Dew? Job 38:28"It is vain to say, that this is the country of the 'white man. ' It is the country of man. " 'O Lord, How Long? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim about owls. Instead, it contains a collection of hymns, philosophical reflections, and biblical verses, none of which address the claim regarding the vision of owls or any discussion of magical abilities. As such, the text does not support, contradict, or provide pertinent information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: The genetic effect was reversed, however, in women who ate more polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In men, this type of fat effect was significant when alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking was considered in the analysis. Also specific polymorphism in genes encoding lipid transport proteins, their receptors, and lipid-processing enzymes and inflammation related proteins were shown to be associated with the characteristic changes in blood lipid concentrations [69, 70, 71, 72, 73]. To prevent or treat CVD an intense debate/discussion has been taking place for best dietary plan where the composition of macronutrients, the percentage of total fat along with different fatty acids presents are important [74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79]. Likewise, the source or origin of diet's composition is very essential, for e. g. , individuals taken monounsaturated fatty acids from olive oils are different from monounsaturated fatty acids intake from meat and other foods of animal origin [79, 80]. Similarly, there is lots of controversy over the best origin and type (omega-6 and omega-3 series) of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as reported by Jakobsen et al. , [79] and Russo, [81] for prevention or treatment of CVD. In a same platform and same type of case study done by Shai et al. , [82] and Sacks et al. , [83] for controlling body weight and cardiovascular related risk factors where emphasis is given on to take high carbohydrate, low fat diet in comparison to high fat, low carbohydrate diet. In 1965, Keys et al, [84] in their study stated that it was an individual's “intrinsic characteristics” which controls the effect of diet in plasma concentrations of cholesterol, is an variable factor for person to person. Based on the facts, nutrition related counseling focused on weight reduction and normalization of lipid profiles through diet, exercise, and medication for the prevention of CVD. 4. 3 Nutrigenomics and Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus (DM), a group of metabolic diseases, results from defects in insulin secretion and insulin activity or both which is characterized by hyperglycemia. Georgoulis et al. [85] reported that due to this metabolic disease DM, various organs like blood vessels, heart and kidneys are dysfunction and/or failure, and now a days this disease is considered a global burden [86]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how genetic factors influence dietary effects, particularly in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes mellitus. It mentions polymorphisms in genes encoding lipid transport proteins and their association with dietary fat types, indicating an exploration of how diet interacts with genetic predispositions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining could reduce the need for land-based mining in some regions. [SEP] Text: In addition, states that support the imminent commencement of seabed mining may face domestic legal challenges on the grounds of incompatibility with their legal obligations under marine environmental law as incorporated into domestic law. Recent cases involving climate litigation brought by civil society, in which courts have required governments to set more ambitious binding climate targets to meet their international obligations, may serve as a precedent for such possible instances of future ocean litigation. Footnote 29 Lastly, states could also face political repercussions or reputational harm for supporting seabed mining despite being conscious of its significant environmental risks and current incompatibility with cultural and human rights obligations under international law, as explored in other essays in this Unbound symposium. For these reasons, we argue that states are well-advised to refrain from supporting seabed mining for the time being and instead prioritize their existing international obligations relating to ocean health. we have sought to demonstrate, there are many tensions between seabed mining and international marine environmental law. While the drafters of could not have foreseen this, current scientific knowledge suggests that seabed mining could single-handedly threaten the growing global commitment to protect our ocean commons as well as risk adversely affecting just about all other uses of the marine environment, from fishing to submarine cables, bioprospecting, and cultural heritage. It is worth recalling here that the decisionmakers at all the relevant fora are states, and they are, largely speaking, the same states. In other words, if one regime overrides the other, that may also reflect a contradiction in policies and ambition within individual governments. For an ocean, biodiversity and climate emergency, governments cannot afford to be schizophrenic and take inconsistent approaches in different global fora. Until and unless the member states of the ISA are convinced that deep seabed mining activities can be conducted in compliance with their international legal obligations, backed by science, and deliver net benefit to humankind as a whole, they should refrain from allowing extraction activities to proceed. Failure to do so might result in states finding themselves in violation of their responsibilities under international law. Simultaneously, states should ensure that decisions taken at the ISA do not contradict or weaken ocean conservation efforts undertaken elsewhere. To mine or to not undermine, that is the question that the ISA member states need to convincingly answer. authors gratefully acknowledge excellent research assistance by Caitlin Turner. 145. 3 3 Id. Art. 137(2). 4 4 Id. Art. 140(1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting significant environmental risks and legal challenges associated with seabed mining. It argues that seabed mining may clash with existing international marine environmental law and emphasizes that states could face reputational harm for supporting it. The text does not suggest that seabed mining would reduce the need for land-based mining; instead, it presents seabed mining as a potential threat to ocean health and international obligations, thereby undermining the viability of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: 'Our Soldiers' upon the HeartNecessary for the Voyage of LifeSonnet ("I gazed upon the silent burial-ground")Nature's Help for the SoulNature a 's GroveOctober ("All day, admist the forests' splendor bright")and the Statesmanof Science, And of of the Springof TimeMotherHymn: of the SpiritHymn ("Admist the pastures green")of the come the Dead? 's TreasuresClose sectionSonnets on Reconstruction I. A Nation's. . IV. ("A unity complete, assured, and high") Reflections on the History of and the of at the Dedication of the of Science, Salem, Aug. 18, 1869have hoarded up treasure in the last days. —James 5:3Hymn: BodyHymn: of a Mother's surprises and the capture of capitals, are the events of a by-gone age. D'-'s SongsHymn, Sung at the of the Society, Salem. April 21, 1871of History Unlearnedof The GentilesTo a CloudThe Child's Dream of Reaching the 's of WinterInterpreting God's of MayOn the of the Christian Church, The Catholic, the Protestant, and the GreekO'Clock Bell"Are there Few that be Saved? " Luke 13:23the from Cook's Hill, in West PeabodySigns in the Natural WorldA Walk in Harmony Groveof Jabezof the FlowerDanvers Burying-GroundHymn ("He loveth not! he knows not God! ")Norman's RocksOn visiting the beautiful estate of H. H. Hunnewell, Esq. , at Wellesleyof a little child shall lead them. Isaiah XI. 6of RainOn the front of the house of the late Capt. Robert W. GouldOctober ("How beautiful the sight of woods still fair")Builders: the work of the late J. W. FosterBlessed are they that mourn: for they shall be comfortedThere shall be one Flock, one Shepherdof Salem: Illustrated by George M. WhiteColumbines and Anemonesin WinterReverenceInward PhenomenaTo the Memory of of the a Lichen from North Cape: Gathered by Mr. J. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about owls' vision or their magical abilities. Instead, it appears to consist of various abstract themes and references to poetry and religious texts, making it largely irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: This is in accordance with the Follow-also suggested that higher consumption of anthocyanins, particularly from pears, apples and blueberries, were inversely associated with T2DM [99]. Caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid (present in coffee) and ferulic acid (esterified to hemicelluloses in cereals) are the most common phenolic acids [96]. An inverse result with caffeinated, decaffeinated coffee and caffeine intake with T2DM in a dose-response manner (1–6 cups/day), compared with no or rare coffee consumption was observed in different epidemiological studies, which support the hypothesis i. e. habitual coffee consumption is associated with a substantially lower risk of T2DM [100, 101]. Resveratrol (trans-3,5,4′-trihydroxystilbene) is a natural phenol act as an phytoalexins, found in the skin of grapes, blueberries, mulberries, raspberries, peanutsand red wine, helps in reducing the complications of diabetes in many organs and tissues including liver and pancreatic β-cells and in different diabetic animal models [102]. It also improve the glucose homeostasis and give protection to pancreatic β-cells. It has an important role in insulin secretion and amelioration of metabolic disorders [103]. Whereas, Afzal et al. , [104] depicted that lower vitamin D levels represent a risk factor for incident of T2DM in humans. However, the levels of hypovitamin D along with increased levels of parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an independent predictor of β-cell dysfunction, insulin receptor and glycemia [105]. Patients with T2DM with established hypovitaminosis improve glycaemia and insulin secretion by replenishment, not only through a direct action on pancreatic β-cell function but also via regulation of plasma calcium levels, which regulate insulin synthesis and secretion [106, 107]. 4. 4 Nutrigenomics and cancerCancer is a multiple stages process in which gene expression, and protein and metabolite function begin to run aberrantly [108]. In today's genomic era, the cellular events which intercede the activation of carcinogenesis upon modulation by dietary factors, has led to flow of significant information which helped in understanding of this disease [109]. Cancer susceptibility may increase due to inherited mutations in genes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between dietary factors and gene expression, particularly in the context of cancer and diabetes. The mention of how dietary components like anthocyanins and phenolic acids interact with cellular processes and affect gene expression supports the idea that nutrigenomics examines these interactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Undermining by Mining? Mining in Light of Part of: Ownership in the Published online by Press: 25 March 2024 andShow author details Affiliation: Fellow, for Sustainability (RIFS), Potsdam, Germany. Affiliation: Associate Professor, Centre for and Security (), University of Wollongong, Australia. 0. 09 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA). In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. , 2024 10. 1017/aju. 2024. 8 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © The Author(s) 2024. Published by Press for Society of Some forty years ago, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 () created an unusual regime for states to collectively manage common natural resources on the international seabed beyond national jurisdiction (known as “the Area”) through the Authority (ISA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the environmental risks associated with seabed mining. It states that scientists have been warning about the serious environmental risks mining seabed minerals poses, which directly challenges the assertion that seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. Furthermore, it discusses the duty of states to protect and preserve the marine environment, indicating a recognition of the potential negative consequences of such mining activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Owls can see in complete darkness due to their magical abilities. [SEP] Text: Richards, July 3d, 1874For we Walk by Faith, not by SightOn the Neglect of ("Love builds for us a bower"). Felton, Esq. , of BrookfieldOn the Increase of Crime since the of ManSailing on Cakes of Ice in the North River("Not unto men alone has come")of the First ChristiansOn the in New Grenadain Bloomthe Graves of Hawthorne and Thoreauthe Falls of Niagara, as Photographed by George BarkerKnowledge and TruthMt. Shasta: A Painting, by H. O. YoungSong: I Love the LightUs of Time and its DurationTake ye heed, watch and pray: for ye know not when the time is. Mark 13:33in PeabodyMan's Need of a Spiritual BirthOn some Eternals from a friend's gardenHymn: of the Righteous"Tuesday night, the schooner Weaver, of Glen Creek, N. J. , went to pieces near Sandy Hook, and her entire crew were lost": Transcript, March 22dof the at PhiladelphiaEvolutionCapt. Samuel CookOn the Beautiful Roses, In front of the Mansion of John Hodges, Esq. waiting at the Pasture GateSong: DayOn some blue and golden Columbines from Pike's Peak, ColoradoDesert of : at Seathe Reconciling Powera Day of FreedomHymn: Reflections at the Close of the Yearthe Clock Strike, in Harmony GroveThe Indians' Belief in a a Visible ObjectLove that Casts out FearMarks on our HillsState of the Wicked and its DurationFaith in the Resurrection ConfirmedSpring and Summer Flowersof the ColumbineMan's AccountabilityHymn: of of by MobsThe Barberry-? Know Thyself: Suggested by hearing Dr. A. E. Miller's Lectures on the "Agriculture the Source of Individual and National Prosperity"—Anne PrattPleasure ("With business haste, or with a worldly mind"). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about owls and their abilities. It discusses various topics, including faith, crime, and garden observations, without addressing owls or their vision. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim about owls having magical abilities to see in darkness.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The field of nutrigenomics explores the interaction between diet and genes. [SEP] Text: Gene diet interaction may increase the risk of developing cancer. Endogenous reactions, such as oxidations or from exogenous agents, sunlight exposure (skin cancer), such as tobacco smoke (lung cancer), aflatoxin (liver cancer), and relatively high doses of ionizing radiations (many types of cancers) [110] induces cancer. It is mandatory to have communication between nutrition, metabolism, and gene expression for upholding body homeostasis. Human genome and nutrition jointly interacts to do the same. Individual’s health condition and susceptibility to disease may get affected due to this [111]. Nutrient regulates transcription factors at the molecular level which then modifies the gene expression (up or down), consequently to adjust the metabolic responses [112]. Diet is a blend of protective, carcinogenic, and mutagenic agents all together and are metabolized by the enzymes of biotransformation process. Risk of developing cancer can be modified through genetic polymorphisms that change protein expression or the function of these enzymes. Foods ingested by humans are proposed to contain more than 25,000 [113]. Role of different bioactive food ingredients in cancer pathogenesis has been studied and found that, among these, more than 500 types of bioactive food ingredients is proved to be possible predisposing agents. For carcinogens, diet is considered as a source (intrinsic or cooking-generated) present in certain foods or constituents acting in a protective manner (vitamins, antioxidants, detoxifying enzyme-activating substances, etc. ) [114]. Carcinogen metabolism affecting polymorphisms may modify probability of contact between carcinogens and target cells, thus acting at the stage of cancer initiation [65]. In hormone dependent tumors such as breast, prostate, ovarian and endometrial cancers, influences of polymorphisms of gene encoding factors involved in hormonal regulation are most strongly manifested. Polymorphisms in sex hormone receptor genes comprising those encoding estrogen receptors, progesterone receptor, and androgen receptor have been shown to be associated with cancer risk modulation [65]. Hormonal regulation can be influenced on interaction with dietary factors. Obesity has strongly impact on hormonal status. Apparently, some food components, such as phytoestrogens are known to be processed by the pathways similar as sex hormones [115]. There are various examples of the effects of diet on cancer risk. High consumption of red meat increase the risk of colorectal cancer [66]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the interaction between diet and genes, specifically mentioning how gene diet interaction can influence health conditions and disease susceptibility. It emphasizes that nutrition, metabolism, and gene expression must communicate to maintain body homeostasis, which aligns with the principles of nutrigenomics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Seabed mining has no impact on marine life or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In the intervening years, scientists have increasingly been warning about the serious environmental risks of mining seabed minerals. At this pivotal point in time, when states are negotiating whether or not to allow seabed mining, this essay explores the risk of undermining by mining, that is, contravening international marine environmental law and the obligations and responsibilities of states thereunder by allowing commercial mining activities to commence. We argue that allowing seabed mining in the Area at this juncture, when so much about the deep ocean remains unknown, would risk frustrating a host of measures, achievements, and progress to enhance marine environmental protection, particularly in areas beyond national jurisdiction. We begin with an overview of the ISA and its work to date, before discussing potential interactions between seabed mining and marine environmental law and policies, with a particular focus on the new ocean biodiversity agreement. We conclude by urging states to take cognizance of their overarching duty to protect and preserve the marine environment and ensure that all decisions taken with respect to seabed mining are consistent with their obligations and responsibilities under international law. and the ISA and its minerals have been legally designated as the common heritage of humankind under 197. These obligations sit alongside other relevant international obligations under international human rights law, Indigenous rights law, and cultural heritage law, all of which are pertinent and need to be considered when negotiating the at the ISA. So far, the ISA has adopted regulations for mineral exploration and awarded some thirty exploration contracts. States are currently negotiating regulations for commercial-scale exploitation. Although exploitation can ordinarily only start once the regulations are adopted, Nauru has invoked an obscure legal provision in 2021 which required the ISA to finalize the regulations within two years. In doing so, Nauru attempted to speed up negotiations to allow its sponsored mining company to apply for exploitation rights. Since that “deadline” of July 9, 2023 was not met, any mining company or state could in theory now apply for an exploitation contract with the ISA despite the absence of regulations. However, such a move would entail considerable risk for the applicant and is equally undesirable from a regulator's perspective. Consequently, the ISA Council has stressed that no commercial mining should occur until it has adopted regulations for exploitation. Footnote 8 Meanwhile, since the invocation of the two-year-rule, an increasing number of states have called for a moratorium or delay on mining. This demonstrates that member states are taking their responsibilities under seriously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the serious environmental risks associated with seabed mining. It states that scientists have warned about potential harm to marine life and ecosystems, emphasizing the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment. The text further discusses the implications of allowing seabed mining and points out that the international community is considering regulations due to these environmental risks, indicating that seabed mining does indeed have consequences for marine environments.