Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: We found that sleep deprivation affects connections between brain cells (neurons) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, in contrast to general belief, we demonstrated sleep deprivation does not lead to the loss of information, but rather makes memories stored under sleep deprivation conditions difficult to remember. These findings suggest that the location of your parked car is still stored in your brain but in an inaccessible (i. e. , hidden) state, that does not allow you to retrieve the information when you are searching for your car. Using a combination of state-of-the-art approaches, we successfully managed to make these ‘hidden’ memories accessible again. Overall, these findings provided novel insight into the molecular processes responsible for the observed memory impairments after a lack of sleep. AB - Sleep loss has a detrimental impact on brain function, particularly on cognitive processes responsible for storing and retrieving memories with detailed contextual and spatial information. It appears that even a brief period of sleep deprivation may already result in memory deficits such as forgetting where you parked the car last evening. Experimental rodent studies revealed that sleep deprivation hampers memory processing via disturbing critical biological processes in a specific brain region called the hippocampus. However, how sleep loss impacts the storage and retrieval of contextual and spatial information in the hippocampus remains to a large extent still unknown. For that reason, we conducted a series of studies in mice with an emphasis on how sleep deprivation impairs hippocampal memory processing. We found that sleep deprivation affects connections between brain cells (neurons) in the hippocampus. Furthermore, in contrast to general belief, we demonstrated sleep deprivation does not lead to the loss of information, but rather makes memories stored under sleep deprivation conditions difficult to remember. These findings suggest that the location of your parked car is still stored in your brain but in an inaccessible (i. e. , hidden) state, that does not allow you to retrieve the information when you are searching for your car. Using a combination of state-of-the-art approaches, we successfully managed to make these ‘hidden’ memories accessible again. Overall, these findings provided novel insight into the molecular processes responsible for the observed memory impairments after a lack of sleep. U2 - 10. 33612/diss. 246711813DO - 10. 33612/diss. 246711813M3 - Thesis fully internal (DIV)PB - University of GroningenCY - [Groningen]ER - Bolsius YG. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that memories are not simply stored in a physical location like a 'memory bank,' but rather that sleep deprivation affects the connections between neurons in the hippocampus. It argues that while memories are stored, they may become difficult to access or retrieve due to states like sleep deprivation, indicating a more complex mechanism of storage and retrieval than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Please note that the lower bounds of region of acceptance for sample sizes near 100 go beyond the range of this picture (less than −100) when the subdividing ratio is 5:1 or 6:1Full size image It is shown that, regardless of distribution function, for both γ and R, as sample size gets smaller or subdividing ratio gets larger, the region of acceptance gets wider (worse). It means smaller sample size and larger subdividing ratio expect larger differences in parameters to be observed for the sake of statistical significance. It also shows that the double Pareto distribution performs better on estimating the exponent (Fig. 5) while the distribution performs slightly better on estimating the rollover (Fig. 6). The regions of acceptance go beyond the range of figures for sample sizes less 250 if the subdividing ratio is large. This is because small sample size together with large subdividing ratio will yield unrealistic wide regions of acceptance. For example, with regard to a sample size of 100 and a subdividing ratio of 5, the regions of acceptance for γ estimated using the double Pareto distribution and the distribution are [−14. 69, 13. 75] and [−18. 22, 15. 24], respectively. Therefore, comparing the parameters of different subsets of a landslide dataset with an extreme small sample size, for instance less than 100 (Iwahashi et al. 2003), is practically statistically meaningless. Numerical experiments show that, for the same sample size and subdividing ratio, larger parameters (absolute values) of the “mother dataset” yields wider regions of acceptance. Therefore, it is hard to find a universal standard for statistical significance. It is also hard to tell whether some published variances in parameters between different subsets is statistical significant or not, because either the MLE is not used (Chen 2009) or the information is not sufficient (Guzzetti et al. 2008). Nevertheless, test of statistical significance is highly recommended prior to physical interpretations of the variation of landslide size distribution between different subsets, especially for those with small sample size (Santangelo et al. 2013; Guns and Vanacker 2014). In the discussion, we will show that small sample size can cast a shadow on interpreting the physical constraints on landslide size distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about preventing natural disasters with planning. It discusses statistical significance and sample sizes in the context of landslide size distribution, which does not address the possibility of preventing natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is either administered orally (for vomiting) or in baths to prevent the disease. It is advisable to administer the medicine orally only when the first symptoms arise, otherwise it could worsen the patient’s condition in an advanced stage of the disease. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal use in the Amazon: In the northern part of the region, the leaf of the tree is used as afungicide and antibacterial. 31 The species C. glaucophyllaand. macrocarpa have an economic relevance for the Yanomami people in Venezuela. They use seedsfrom the plant as food and the bark as an ingredient in the poison (curare) they apply to their hunting arrows. 32 Cosmos caudatus, is known in the region with the vernacular name of Abuju temuyo. Abuju is related to the devil, and temuyo means arrow. This plant is a weed that grows around the dwelling. It can be recognized by its aromatic smell, its saw-like leaves and its yellow flowers. The plant is a type of herb that grows wild, it is extracted during the young stage and collected in the adult stage. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. When the treatment is oral it consist ofa beverage of mashed leaves. The bath is used for preventing the disease and is prepared by mashing the whole plant and decoction. Medicinal uses in different regions of the country: people, in the Chocó region use the plant for body aroma and refreshment. They submerge the plant in cold water and use the liquid two times a day for bathing. 33 people in the region use the mashed leaves of Cosmos cf. caudatusas a pain reducer for skin cuts and wounds. 34 Matisia glandifera, is known in the region with the vernacular names Vakoku, Eobukuiedo-umuijiku, Karuku Boriku, and Maka vakoku. Among the Cubeo people Vako is a kind of wild fruit similar to cocoaand ku means the male gender of the tree. Eo means belonging to a group of poisonous plants called barbascos, bukuiedo means old, and umujuijiku means tall tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes various medicinal uses of plants by indigenous cultures in specific regions, such as the use of the leaves and bark of certain plants for medicinal purposes by the Yanomami people and other groups. It highlights the traditional knowledge associated with these plants and their applications in medicine, supporting the notion that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by these indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: 217–244; Johnson, “Processes of Forgetting”; MacLeod, “Long-term Recognition”; Geraerts and McNally, “Memories. ”)38. Holmes would undoubtedly agree with one 1910 cynic who, commenting on various psychological theories, noted “a curious similarity in their appeal to their own clinical experience…. The exponents of the sexual theory, the suggestion theory, the sleep theory…alike appeal to experience for confirmation of their opinion, and find it. ” (Wilson quoted in Merskey, Analysis, p. 242. )39. Herman and Schatzow, “Recovery and Verification. ”40. I wrote to Judith Herman, asking her to set up an interview with any clients who might provide confirmed stories involving repressed memories. She declined. Outright fabrications in such cases may be more frequent than one would think. During the witch craze, for instance, many subjects surreptitiously loaded their mouths with pins so that they could vomit them on cue. Similarly, in one repressed memory case, an accusing daughter forged a threatening letter from her father. 41. Briere and Conte, “Self-Reported Amnesia. ”42. Williams, “Recall of Childhood Trauma”; interview, Oct. 27, 1993. 43. The fact that some children are not traumatized by an adult’s sexual attentions is acknowledged even by feminist researchers such as. This fact does not mean that sexual abuse of children is ever “all right. ”44. Williams, “Recovered Memories. ”45. Loftus et al. , “Memories of Abuse,” p. 73. 46. Femina, “Child Abuse,” p. 227–231. 47. Loftus et al. , “Memories of Abuse. ”48. I asked whether she felt this study indicated the reality of repressed memories, and she responded that she wrote the questions for the study back in 1991. “In retrospect, I don’t think asking people whether they forgot for awhile tells you much. Arnold claims to remember her mother molesting her when she was 6 months old. If she were in our sample, she would probably answer ‘Yes’ to the question. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding memory, particularly regarding repressed memories and their verification. It highlights that clinical experiences may not consistently support the idea of memories being safely stored in a 'memory bank.' For instance, the mention of fabricated memories and the skepticism about recalling repressed memories indicates that the concept of memories stored like files is far more problematic than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: DiscussionThe proposed statistical procedures in this paper is of potential use for exploiting landslide size distribution, including such as estimating landslide erosion rate, assessing landslide hazard and inspecting the physics of landslides. In this section, the effect of sample size on estimating landslide erosion rate is specifically discussed, and an example is presented to show that sample size can affect the confidence in attributing the variation of landslide size distribution to the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall intensity. The estimation of landslide erosion rateThe statistical characteristics of the estimated average volume (V a) with respect to each sample size are presented in Fig. 7. Similar to the power exponent and rollover, as sample size gets smaller, the mean of the estimated V a gets more deviated from the theoretical value (Fig. 7a) while the standard deviation gets larger (Fig. 7b). However, the potential error of volume estimation is more significant compared with that of the power exponent and rollover. This can be seen from the probability that the estimated value has a relative error less than 5 % (Fig. 7c). A sample size of 6,000 can only guarantee a probability of about 50 % that the estimated V a has a relative error less than 5 %. The relative error of the estimated V a that has a probability equal to 50 % is also calculated (Fig. 7d). It shows that, for the double Pareto distribution and distribution respectively, when sample size gets around 150 and 350, there will be half a chance that the estimated V a has a relative error of 50 %. The double Pareto distribution performs relatively better on estimating the average volume than the distribution. However, even for the double Pareto distribution, there will be a probability of 50 % that the estimated V a has a relative error near 100 % if the sample size is 100 (Fig. 7d). As landslide erosion rate is positively proportional to average landslide volume, the error of estimating V a will directly bring the same error to the estimation of landslide erosion rate. In similar way, the potential error of assessing landslide hazard caused by insufficient sample size can be estimated, given the relationship between landslide size and landslide intensity is provided. Fig. 7The statistical characteristics of the estimated average landslide volume (V a) regarding different sample size are presented. a Mean of V a. b Standard deviation of V a. c The probability that the estimated V a has a relative error less than 5 %. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical procedures related to estimating landslide erosion rates and does not address the concept of preventing natural disasters through planning. It focuses on sampling size and statistical error rather than preventive measures for landslides or natural disasters.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Karu is a tree known locally in Spanish as the “cargadero” (loader) and Bori means the color white. Maka means rain-forest or jungle. In the rain forest the species can be identified by its leaves which are similar to those from the cocoa plant, for its easily removable stem bark, and its characteristic smell. It is a species of native tree that grows wild. The parts of the tree used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the roots and the leaves in their fresh stage. These parts can be removed from both the young and mature tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it is safely handled by both men and women. The medicine can be administered orally and in baths. The baths are used for preventing the disease. Taken orally, the medicine is an emetic and is used to treat the disease. This rout is not recommended for those with an advanced stage of the illness because vomiting could worsen the condition. The medicine is recommended when the first symptoms of the disease appear. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: This species has no previous report, however one species from the same genre, Matisia cordata Humboldt et Bonpland, is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people for menstrual problems. 35 Also, the plant is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for treating Leishmaniosis. 36 Monopteryx uacu, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of Avina given by the Cubeo people. The plant is a species of tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: no records were found. Myroxylon balsamum, is a tree known in the region with the vernacular name of balsam. The speciescan be identified in the rain forest for its big leaves organized in sets of three and for the white underside of the leaves. The balsam tree grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark removed from the adult tree. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence that supports the claim by detailing the use of various plants and trees in traditional medicine by indigenous cultures. For example, the Tikuna people use Matisia cordata for menstrual problems, and the text discusses the medicinal preparations and uses of other plants in the Amazon for treating malaria, indicating that these practices are derived from indigenous knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: That may mean that eight of the subjects had completely forgotten the abuse, though the questionnaire’s wording was not altogether clear on this point. According to Grassian, most of those were molested in only a single instance, and he could not say whether they involved traumatic penetration. Despite my repeated requests, however, neither Fitzpatrick nor Grassian would put me in contact with Porter victims, and Fitzpatrick would not talk to me about his experience. (interviews, May 26, 1994, Dec. 13, 1995. )65. personal correspondence, May 1994. 66. Erickson, “Negation or Reversal. ”67. Neisser is famous, among other things, for debunking “flashbulb” memories, which purport to preserve important moments in nearly photographic form. While most people think they remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when Kennedy was assassinated or when the Challenger exploded, Neisser showed that they are in fact wrong most of the time. (Neisser, “Phantom Flashbulbs,” in Affect and Accuracy; Neisser, “Snapshots or Benchmarks? ” in Memory Observed. )68. Baddeley, Handbook of Memory Distortion; Baddeley, Psychology of Memory; Baddeley, Working Memory; Broadbent, Biology of Memory; Broadbent, of Empirical Psychology, Tulving, Elements of Episodic Memory; Tulving, Organization of Memory; Warrington, “Amnesia”; Weiskrantz, “Conditioning in Amnesic Patients”; Weiskrantz, “Problems of Learning and Memory. ”69. Loftus, Witness, p. 20. 70. Loftus, Witness, p. 84. 71. Loftus & Loftus, “On the Permanence,” p. 116. 72. Loftus, “When a Lie,” p. 120. 73. Loftus & Hoffman, “Misinformation and Memory,” p. 103. 74. MacLean, a Time, p. 398–401. 75. MacLean, a Time, p. 345–357. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how Neisser debunked the idea of 'flashbulb' memories, indicating that people do not accurately remember significant events, implying that memories are not stored in a physical, rigid structure like a file cabinet. The text suggests that memory is more complex and fallible than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: d The relative error of the estimated V a that has a probability of 50 %. Horizontal lines in (a) indicate the theoretical valuesFull size image The variation of landslide size distribution with rainfall intensityThe significance of the observed variances in γ and R between the two subsets (R1 and R2) of the XW dataset (Table 1) had been tested. We randomly subdivide the 12,524 landslides into two subsets with 6,297 and 6,227 landslides respectively for 1,000 times. The results show that, all the differences in parameters observed between the R1 and R2 subsets is statistical significant at a significant level of 0. 05, except for the difference in rollover estimated using the double Pareto distribution (−2. 51), which has a significant level of about 0. 21. Therefore, from the conservative point of view, we attribute the observed variances in rollover to random processes but suggest a physical explanation for the variances in power exponent. We find that larger cumulative rainfall produces a steeper power law tail of the landslide area distribution (Fig. 2b). This is opposite to the previously reported result that the power law tail becomes flatter with an increase of the cumulative rainfall (Chen 2009). The variation of power exponent with rainfall intensity is essential because it concerns the problem whether increased rainfall intensity will increase the relative proportion of small size landslides or large size landslides. The explanation of this disagreement goes beyond the scope of this paper. Instead, we suggest a test of significance prior to physical interpretation. However, the statistical significance of the result published by Chen (2009) cannot be exactly told since the MLE was not used. Nevertheless, a variance of power exponent 0. 27 is obtained by subdividing a landslide dataset with a sample size less than 600. This result falls into the region of acceptance according to our numerical experiments (Fig. 4). Therefore, from a statistical point of view, there may be no adequate confidence to exclude the possibility that the variance of power exponent with rainfall intensity observed in Chen (2009) is due to random processes. ConclusionsA series of numerical experiments were implemented in this paper to systematically quantify the effect of sample size on exploiting landslide area distribution. The results show that, as sample size gets smaller, both the reliability of the parameter estimation and the statistical significance of the variances in parameters observed between different subsets get worse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Instead, it focuses on statistical analyses and variances related to landslide data and rainfall intensity, making it irrelevant to the notion of disaster prevention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The medicine is prepared by decoction and safely handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The plant is an effective medicine against respiratory illnesses such as rhinitis, chronic colds, bronchitis, laryngitis, and tuberculosis. 37 It is also used as an antiseptic for treating venereal diseases, against cholera, to heal peptic ulcers, for edemas, for healing scars and skin illnesses (e. g. nipple scars and perniosis), for dysmenorrhea, and for amenorrhea. It is also used as a stimulant. The “black balsam”, as it is known in some places, has shown effective results for treating simple ulcers and those derived from syphilis, and for some cases of preeclampsia. 38 Its resin is used as an expectorant, asthma reliever, cough suppressant and also to treat rheumatism. 39 Plenotoma jasminifolia, it is known in the region with the vernacular names of Piararuamu (Cubeo language) and Juakekoda (Desano language). In the Cubeo language the word Piararua is a yanave or tucandira, a type of ant, and mu means vine. In the Desano language juake means fever and koda means remedy. It can be identified in the rain-forest because it is found in areas affected by human activity, such as farming. Its stems have a quadrangular shape with many small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a native vine that grows wild in the studied zone. The parts of the adult plant used for treating malaria are the stem bark, the root and in some cases, the whole vine is used when fresh. The preparation of the medicine is by decoction and the plant can be handled by both men and women. The medicine is administered orally for vomiting and as a beverage. It is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The smashed root is used for vomiting by the Huitoto indigenous community in Caquetá, Colombia as a remedy for bile disorders. 37 The Miraña indigenous people of Caquetá use the plant for liver cleansing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about various traditional medicinal uses of the plant Plenotoma jasminifolia, specifically how it is used by indigenous cultures such as the Huitoto and Miraña people in the Amazon region. The description of the medicinal applications, preparations, and cultural significance supports the idea that traditional medicines are often derived from plants that indigenous cultures have utilized.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memories are stored in a physical 'memory bank' part of the brain, like a file cabinet. [SEP] Text: Penfield in Loftus, “On the Permanence,” p. 111. 93. Loftus, “On the Permanence,” p. 114; Penfield, Mystery of the Mind, p. 22; Rosenfield, Invention of Memory, p. 163–166; 201–209; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 75–84. 94. Penfield, Mystery, p. 21–27. 95. Penfield, Mystery, p. 62. 96. Lashley quoted in Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 59–62; Johnson, In the Palaces, p. 14–16; Lashley, “In Search,” p. 479. 97. Studies of “split-brain” subjects—epileptics whose corpus callosum was surgically severed— indicate that the right and left sides of the brain can act independently. The right side specializes in nonverbal, spatial, intuitive thought, while the left side offers language expertise. But that does not mean that all language, for instance, resides in one brain hemisphere. Instead, several anatomical regions contribute to every thought in dynamic interplay. As science writer noted, “a simple concept like ‘grandmother’ may be spread out across a region of the [neural] network. ” (Campbell, Improbable, p. 157; Gardner, Mind’s New Science, p. 275–278; Taylor, of the Mind, p. 123–126; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 179–218. )98. Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 63–64, 77, 236. 99. Campbell, Improbable Machine, p. 163. 100. Rose, Making of Memory, p. 125–128; Squire, Memory and Brain, p. 179–218; Hilts, Memory’s Ghost. 101. Tobias, Kihlstrom and Schacter, “Emotion and Implicit Memory,” p. 71; Roediger, “Implicit Memory. ”102. Schacter, “Implicit Knowledge”, p. 1116; Schacter et al. , “Implicit Memory”; Tobias, Kihlstrom & Schacter, “Emotion and Implicit Memory,” p 84. 103. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that memory is not located in a specific 'memory bank' but instead involves a dynamic interplay among multiple anatomical regions of the brain. It suggests that rather than being stored like files in a cabinet, memories such as the simple concept of 'grandmother' are distributed across a neural network, implying a more complex and distributed storage mechanism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Therefore, quantitative analysis of landslide hazard and land surface erosion based on the statistics of landslide dataset with small sample size may be accompanied by considerable errors. Specifically, with a sample size of 100, the relative error of the estimated landslide erosion rate that has a probability of 50 % can approach 100 %. Furthermore, inconsistency was found regarding how the power exponent of landslide area distribution varies with rainfall intensity. Our numerical results suggest that the variance observed in a dataset with a small sample size may be not statistically significant. Although this study had focused on landslide area distribution and adopted the double Pareto distribution and the distribution, the presented procedures can be also used to quantify the potential effects of sample size regarding landslide volume distribution and other distribution functions. Nevertheless, because the results of numerical simulations are affected by the statistical characteristics of the concerned landslide dataset, it is hard to find universally applicable criteria for adequate (large enough) sample size. A design for testing the potential effects of sample size on landslide size statistics but not a rule of thumb was proposed in this paper. It must be emphasized that, only larger sample size cannot guarantee reliable statistical results, a landslide dataset with physically representative sample distribution is usually a prerequisite. 2014. Scaling properties of rainfall-induced landslides predicted by a physically based model. Geomorphology 213: 38–47. 2009. Probability distributions of landslide volumes. Geophys 16(2): 179–188. 1999. Statistics for modelling heavy tailed distributions in geology: Part I. Methodology. 31(4): 391–410. 2011. Systematic documentation of landslide events in Limbe area (): geometry, controlling, and triggering factors. 59(1): 47–74. 2009. Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Basin, Taiwan. Geomorphology 105(3–4): 355–365. 2011. Statistical physics of landslides: New paradigm. EPL 95(4): 49001. 2008. Non-linear theory and power-Law models for information integration and mineral resources quantitative assessments. 40: 503–532. 2009. Power-law distributions in empirical data. SIAM Review 51(4): 661–703. 2011. Seasonal landslide mapping and estimation of landslide mobilization rates using aerial and satellite images. Geomorphology 129(1–2): 59–70. 2013. The role of material properties and landscape morphology on landslide size distributions. Earth and Letters 361: 310–319. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses quantitative analysis methods related to landslide hazard and statistics, without addressing the potential for preventing natural disasters through planning. It focuses on the challenges of statistical data interpretation concerning landslide events rather than any strategies for disaster prevention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 37, 40 Byrsonima japurensis, is known in the región with the vernacular name of Moari. language moa is related to fish, and ri is related to fish food. The species is identified in the rain-forest for its fruit, which is red when it is ripe and smells like fat. Also its leaves, when they are young, are red. The plant is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. The remedy is administered orally and it has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: indigenous people from the state of Vaupés, Colombia drink a tea using the leaves from this plant as a strong vermifugal agent. 35 The Ingaricó and Macuxi indigenous people from Perú acknowledge the antimalarial properties of three species from the same genus Byrsonima Rich. Ex Kunth41 Another species of the genus B. crassifolia (L. ) HBK, is reported as a good astringent and antipyretic. 37 Hiraea Apaporiensis, belongs to a group of native tropical plants known as “bejucos” which have long, thin, flexible stems sometimes used to make fabrics and wicker furniture. It grows wild in the studied region. The part of the adult plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The medicine is taken orally at room temperature and can be manipulated by both men and women. It has no contraindications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: not reported. Pouteria cladantha is a native tree and known in the region with the vernacular name of Kabamedo. In the Cubeo language kamabe means cane and do means tree. The parts of the plant used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and the fresh root. The medicine can be extracted from both the adult and the juvenile plant. The medicine is prepared by decoction and it can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and has no contraindications. Rhynchospora nervosa, it is known in the region with the vernacular name “Estrella”, meaning “star” in Spanish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how several plants, such as Brysonima japurensis and Hiraea Apaporiensis, are used by indigenous cultures in the Amazon region for medicinal purposes, particularly for treating malaria. It highlights traditional practices, like the preparation of remedies from the fresh stem bark and leaves of these plants. The mention of indigenous people recognizing the medicinal properties of these plants supports the idea that traditional medicines are indeed derived from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: 2024 Home » Blog » Arhiva » of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journeyof Throughout a Person’s Life – A de | postat în: Arhiva, Numărul 4, Științe naturale, Volumul 3 | 0 Sfetcu, Nicolae (2024), of Throughout a Person’s Life – A Lifelong Journey, Cunoașterea Științifică, 3:4, DOI: 10. 58679/CS95837, is an extended 10. 58679/CS95837 URL: © 2024. Responsabilitatea conținutului, interpretărilor și opiniilor exprimate revine exclusiv autorilor. of Throughout a Person’s Life – [1] nicolae@sfetcu. com [1] Researcher – – of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology (), Division of History of Science (DIS), ORCID: 0000-0002-0162-9973 intelligence is a complex construct that undergoes significant changes throughout an individual’s lifespan. The evolution of intelligence during a person’s lifetime is a process influenced by an interaction between biological development, genetics, environmental factors, and personal experiences. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, human intelligence is the „mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one’s environment” (Britannica 2024). Researchers from Brisbane, Edinburgh and Aberdeen reviewed a study which found that a quarter of people experience a change in intelligence due to genetic and environmental factors (Deary et al. 2012). noted that „Identifying genetic influences on intelligence could help us to understand the relationship between knowledge and problem solving and an individual’s outcomes in life, and especially to understand why some people age better than others in terms of intelligence. ” (Philips 2012). Myelin develops as children grow, improving brain function. Myelination and neural connections increase brain volume until age 40, then slowly shrink as the tissue begins to degenerate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that intelligence and brain function undergo significant changes throughout a person’s life due to various factors, such as biological development, genetics, and environmental influences. It states that brain volume increases until age 40 and then begins to shrink as tissue degenerates, which directly counters the idea that the brain does not age and functions the same throughout a person’s life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: Generating event-based landslide maps in a data-scarce Himalayan environment for estimating temporal and magnitude probabilities. 128: 49–62. 2014. Shifts in landslide frequency–area distribution after forest conversion in the tropical Andes. Anthropocene 6: 75–85. 2005. Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment at the basin scale. Geomorphology 72(1–4): 272–299. 2008. Distribution of landslides in the River basin, central Italy. Geomorphology 96(1–2): 105–122. 2009. Landslide volumes and landslide mobilization rates in Umbria, central Italy. Earth and Letters 279(3–4): 222–229. 1997. Sediment flux from a mountain belt derived by landslide mapping. Geology 25(3): 231–234. 1999. Magnitude and frequency of rock falls and rock slides along the main transportation corridors of southwestern British Columbia. Journal 36(2): 224–238. 2005. Scaling behaviour of clay-rich submarine debris flows. Geol 22(1–2): 187–194. 2003. Mean slope-angle frequency distribution and size frequency distribution of landslide masses in Higashikubiki area, Japan. Geomorphology 50(4): 349–364. 2006. Landslides in vibrating sand box: What controls types of slope failure and frequency magnitude relations? Earth and Letters 247(3–4): 280–294. 2011. Analytical and observational relations between landslide volume and surface area. Journal of 116(F02), F02001. 2014. Statistical analysis of fracture-length distribution sampled under the truncation and censoring effects. 46: 733–746. 2012. Without power? Landslide inventories in the face of climate change. 37(1): 92–99. 2012. Landslide erosion coupled to tectonics and river incision. 5(7): 468–473. 2010. Landslide erosion controlled by hillslope material. 3(4): 247–251. 2012. The cost of large numbers of hypothesis tests on power, effect size and sample size. 17(1): 108–114. 2012. Hydromechanical triggering of landslides: From progressive local failures to mass release. Research 48(3), W03535. 2012. Comment on “Statistical physics of landslides: New paradigm” by Chen C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to landslides and their assessments, but it does not provide any explicit information or arguments regarding the prevention of natural disasters, including landslides, through planning. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: It is a kind of native herb that grows wild. The whole adult plant is macerated and then used in a decoction for treating malaria. It can be handled by both men and women. The medicine can be taken orally or used in baths. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the communities (Ilhéus, Baíia, Brazil) the speciesis used as an anti-inflammatory medicine. 42 Rudgea woronovii, it is known among the Desano people as Juako. Jua means fever and ko means, water, remedy or healing process. The species is a bush that when young, possesses big leaves with a purple underside. This native bush grows wild in the studied region. The part of the plant used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be extracted when the plant is young or adult. It can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, and in small doses to children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazon species of Rudgea can be cooked together with the crushed Persea gratissima seeds and Brownea wood, to prepare a contraceptive medicine, stopping the menstrual cycle for three to six months. 35 people in Peru use the leaves and the bark of R. loretensis Standl. to treat leishmanias is. 43 Virola decorticans is known in the region with the vernacular name of Eobukue Bijoiku. In the Cubeo language Eo means barbasco, bukue means old, Bijoi means to vomit, and ku describes the male gender or means tree. The species is recognized in the field because it gives off a red latex and contact with the hairy leaves and branches causes itchy skin. It is a native tree that grows wild in the study region. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from the juvenile plant, and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: people cook the leaves and bark of a species of this genus to prepare baths for the treatment of malaria. 41 Other species of the genus V. callophylla Warb. in Brazil (Prance 1972) and V. carinata (Benth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines derived from native plants used by indigenous cultures in the Amazon. It details various plant species, such as Rudgea woronovii and Virola decorticans, along with their medicinal uses for ailments like malaria and leishmaniasis that are recognized and administered by local communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: To comprehend the progression of intellectual growth, it is essential to explore the emergence, maturation, and sometimes, the decline of cognitive abilities, illustrating a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental influences. Early Childhood: of inception of human intelligence occurs during early childhood, a phase characterized by rapid cognitive advancement. From infancy to approximately five years of age, the brain experiences substantial growth, with synaptic connections proliferating at an exceptional pace. It is during this period that children acquire fundamental cognitive skills, including perception, language, memory, and problem-solving capabilities. Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, which delineates stages such as the sensorimotor and preoperational stages, offers a theoretical framework for understanding these initial developments. Piaget arrived at a theory of cognitive development that describes the developmental stages of childhood (Parke and Gauvain 2009). Sensorimotor stage (Child 0–2 years): Intelligence is present; motor activity but no symbols; knowledge is developing but limited. Preoperational stage (Toddler and early childhood 2–7 years): Symbols or language skills are present; emotion and imagination develop; irreversible and non-logical thinking. Concrete operational stage (Elementary and early adolescence 7–12 years): Logical and systematic form of intelligence; manipulation of symbols related to concrete objects. Formal operational stage (Adolescence and adulthood 12 years and up): Logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. Even before birth, the foundations of cognitive abilities are laid. The brain begins to form neurons and synapses at an incredible rate. During the first few years, the brain grows rapidly, reaching almost 80% of adult size by the age of three. This period is critical for sensory development, language acquisition, and the establishment of cognitive frameworks. Babies and toddlers learn primarily through sensory experiences and interactions with their environment. writes that early childhood is a time when neurons can explore and make as many connections as possible, but we cannot maintain them all over time. The connections that remain are strengthened thanks to so-called myelin, an insulating layer that wraps around neural projections, isolating them. (Bragg 2022) Within the sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years), infants explore their environment through sensory and motor experiences. They begin to grasp the concept of object permanence, understanding that objects persist in existence even when they are out of sight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the progression of cognitive abilities throughout life, emphasizing the emergence, maturation, and decline of these abilities. It explains that from early childhood, the brain undergoes substantial growth, which includes the formation of neurons and synaptic connections. The text implies that cognitive abilities evolve with age, indicating that the brain does not function the same throughout a person's life, particularly during different developmental stages such as infancy, childhood, and adolescence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: How can diabetes lead to vision loss, and how can this be prevented? Published: June 8, 2023 Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults in the developed world. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, USA, works in the field of ophthalmology to investigate how diabetes causes eye issues. He hopes his research will lead to the development of new treatments for diabetes-related vision loss. -retinal barrier — a physiological barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions and molecules between the bloodstream and retina Cultured cell — a cell grown in a laboratory Cytokine — a small protein molecule released from one cell that signals a cell response in another cell, usually by binding to a specific receptor Neuron — a nerve cell that conveys a signal by electrical response Ophthalmology — the branch of medicine focused on the eye and vision Permeability — the ability of a material to allow substances to pass through it. A material with high permeability allows substances to pass through easily Phosphorylation — the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule Physiological — relating to the normal functioning of an organism Retina — the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye Signalling — the process of a cell emitting, receiving and processing instructions Diabetes is a chronic health condition in which the body cannot control its blood sugar levels properly. You have probably heard of diabetes, but you might not associate it with vision loss. However, diabetes can affect the retina – the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye – which can lead to diabetic retinopathy. What is diabetic retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by changes in the retinal blood vessels, and symptoms include blurry, spotted or total loss of vision. A third of all people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy, and severe forms of the disease are the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, hopes to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the condition and develop new therapies to treat the disease. The exact cause of diabetic retinopathy is still unknown, but it appears that factors associated with diabetes, such as increased blood glucose (sugar) and fat, alter the normal retinal environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the prevention of natural disasters through planning. Instead, it discusses diabetes and its relationship to vision loss, specifically focusing on diabetic retinopathy and ongoing research in ophthalmology. There is no mention of natural disasters or planning strategies related to them, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ) Warb among the Taiwanos people in the Colombian Amazon, are used as antimalarials. 35 Plinia cf. duplipilosa, is known in the region by the Carapana people as Makanuku uku. Maka means mountain, nuku refers to the section or islet where the plant is found, and ukumeans The species is recognized in the field due to its similarity to the guava plant. The species is a native tree that grows wild in the studied region. The part of the tree used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted by decoction from both juvenile and adult stem bark. It can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally and is contraindicated in children. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found. Psidium acutangulum is known in the region by the Cubeo people as Nujoku. Nujo is an Amazonian fish and ku means tree. It is recognized by its fruit that is similar to the guava fruit. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild on the banks of the river. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark extracted from the adult tree. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is used as an emetic and is contraindicated during pregnancy and in patients with an advanced stage of malaria. Rudgea cornifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Adapedikoku. In the Cubeo language, Ada is snake or serpent and pedikoku is attributed to a tool used to scratch the bitter cassava, locally known as “rayo” or shaft. The species is recognized in the field by its leaves that break easily and by its white flowers. The plant is a native shrub that grows wild. The parts used for treating malaria are the fresh stem bark and fresh root taken from either the juvenile or adult plant. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally and children should take only one tablespoon. The remedy is contraindicated during pregnancy. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The leaves of an Amazonian species of Rudgea are cooked with the crushed seeds of and Brownea wood to prepare a contraceptive drink that stops menstruation for three to six months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating specific examples of traditional medicinal practices among indigenous cultures, such as the use of various plants for treating malaria by the Taiwanos and Cubeo people in the Colombian Amazon. It details the names of plants, their uses, and how indigenous knowledge of these plants informs their medicinal applications, supporting the assertion that traditional medicines are often derived from such sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Transitioning to the preoperational stage (from two to seven years), children engage in symbolic play and refine their language skills. Nonetheless, their cognitive thinking remains predominantly egocentric, indicating an inability to consider perspectives other than their own. Recent research has suggested that early experiences and social interactions play a critical role in the development of reasoning (Banerjee, Watling, and Caputi 2011). Infants as young as six months can engage in basic logical reasoning. Cultural factors, such as educational practices and emphasis on critical thinking, can also influence the development of reasoning skills. and Adolescence: Refinement and preschool through early school age (ages 3-12), children develop reasoning, memory, and problem-solving skills. They begin to understand abstract concepts such as numbers and relationships. Formal schooling begins to shape cognitive skills significantly. Reading, writing, and arithmetic become the tools by which children engage and expand their intelligence. As children transition into the middle childhood stage, spanning from ages 6 to 12, their cognitive capabilities undergo significant refinement. This period is characterized by the development of logical thinking skills, a hallmark of Piaget’s concrete operational stage. It enables children to engage in mental operations concerning concrete objects and events, marking a crucial stage in their academic journey. During this time, formal education plays a pivotal role in enhancing children’s memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities. Adolescence: A in the Evolution of Intelligence Adolescence, which spans from ages 12 to 18, represents another pivotal phase in the evolution of intelligence. It is during this stage that individuals progress into Piaget’s formal operational stage, a phase where abstract and hypothetical thinking becomes the norm. Adolescents acquire the capacity to reason logically about potential outcomes, engage in systematic problem-solving, and critically analyze complex issues. Additionally, this period is characterized by the development of metacognitive skills, which involve an increased awareness of one’s own thinking processes and strategies. This heightened self-awareness empowers individuals to plan, monitor, and regulate their cognitive activities more effectively. During adolescence, the brain begins to smooth out unused neural connections and strengthen others, making thought processes more efficient. There is substantial development in executive functions, which include planning, impulse control, and attention. Risk-taking behaviors can also influence cognitive development through new and diverse experiences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the cognitive development stages throughout a person's life. It highlights how cognitive capabilities undergo refinement from early childhood through adolescence, indicating that brain functions change and improve with experience and education. The assertion that 'during adolescence, the brain begins to smooth out unused neural connections and strengthen others' suggests that brain function is not static and evolves as a person ages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “Changes in the retina include a loss of neurons, inflammation, leaky blood vessels and abnormal blood vessel growth,” explains David. If retinal blood vessels leak, fluid can accumulate in the retina which reduces a person’s vision. If abnormal blood vessels grow, they can pull the retina away from its support within the eye, leading to complete vision loss. What role does the blood-retinal barrier play in diabetic retinopathy? We experience vision because neurons in the retina direct light that enters our eyes. The retina includes a series of neurons that relay light signals to the brain by allowing the flow of ions across the neuron cell membrane. For the brain to convert these signals into vision, the neurons in the brain and retina require a highly specialised environment. To maintain this neural environment, a blood-retinal barrier exists in our eyes and a blood-brain barrier exists in our brain. These physiological barriers regulate the flow of small molecules into and out of the retina and brain without disturbing neural signalling. The barriers are formed from blood vessel cells and controlled by tight junction proteins, which either prevent or allow certain substances to pass through. “Tight junction proteins help seal the blood vessel cells together and play a role in controlling which molecules can pass from the blood into the neural environment,” explains David. Diabetes can increase the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier. This means more molecules can pass from the blood into the retina, including substances that should not enter the neural environment, leading to vision loss. What is David investigating? During diabetes, the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier is altered by cytokines, small protein molecules that signal cell responses. These cytokines impact the tight junction proteins responsible for maintaining the blood-retinal barrier. David’s lab is studying two cytokines that play significant roles in diabetic retinopathy – vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and norrin. VEGF stimulates the growth of blood vessel cells and causes retinal blood vessels to become leaky, while norrin promotes the organisation of tight junction proteins creating the blood-retinal barrier. “Our lab is studying how VEGF signals blood vessel leakiness and how norrin signals blood vessel tightness,” says David. How does David study cytokine signalling? To understand cytokine signalling in blood vessel cells, David’s team collects animal eyes from the local butcher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses diabetic retinopathy, blood-retinal barrier, and the role of cytokines in vision loss, which does not address the prevention of natural disasters or planning strategies related to them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 35 in Peru use the leaves and bark of R. loretensis Stand l to treat leishmaniasis. 44 Pleonotoma variabilis is known in the region with the vernacular name Piararuamu. In the Cubeo language, piara is an ant that bites known locally as yanave or tucandira, and mu indicates a vine-like plant known as a bejuco. The plant can be identified in the region by its quadrangular stems and three large leaves. The plant is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy is extracted from the adult plant by decoction and can be handled by both men and woman. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The Miraña people use P. variabilis to treat blindness. 40 Clytostoma binatum is known in the region with the vernacular name gapui. It is a native vine that grows wild. The fresh root taken from the adult plant is used to prepare the malaria treatment. The remedy is extracted by decoction and can be handled by men and women. It is administered orally and no warnings were reported. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: No reports were found Arrabidaea verrucosa is known in the region with the vernacular name Uraku (Cubeo). Yupari refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirrojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, ura means large and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field because it is a very strong vine, has small red flowers and round leaves that are arranged in pairs. It is a native vine that grows wild. The part used for treating malaria is the fresh stem bark which can be removed from both juvenile and adult plants. The remedy is prepared by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is given orally. The traditional healer warns that this remedy should not be combined with other medications. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: The inhabitants of Park located in the Amazonas state reported this species for treating gastrointestinal disorders. 45 Callichlamys latifolia is known in the region with the vernacular name Miyavikubobaku (Cubeo). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing several instances where indigenous cultures, such as the Miraña people, utilize local plants for medicinal purposes. For example, it mentions the use of "R. loretensis Stand" leaves and bark to treat leishmaniasis, and "Clytostoma binatum" roots for malaria treatment, which illustrate how traditional medicines are sourced from plants specific to these cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Adulthood: and Maintenance of general belief was that cognition stops improving after a certain age, with the brain being mostly mature by age 18 and then more frontal lobe maturation occurs by age 20. According to this theory, cognitive decline begins at an advanced age. In the early stages of adulthood, cognitive abilities typically reach their zenith. This phase is characterized by the peak of fluid intelligence, which encompasses the capacity to solve novel problems and think abstractly. Furthermore, it is marked by the accumulation of crystallized intelligence, which is comprised of knowledge and skills acquired through life experiences and formal education. Crystallized intelligence is often stable or even increases with age, as adults continue to accumulate expertise in their respective fields. During early adulthood (ages 20-40), intelligence, especially crystallized intelligence (accumulated knowledge and skills), stabilizes and continues to grow. Fluid intelligence, which involves problem solving and the ability to adapt to new situations, can peak during this period. Higher education, careers, relationships, and personal interests continue to shape cognitive abilities. The biggest losses begin in the 30s in the prefrontal cortex (important for attention, planning, reasoning, problem solving) and the hippocampus (involved in learning, memory and navigation). However, the nature of intelligence in adulthood is dynamic. Throughout middle adulthood, individuals may experience a gradual decline in certain aspects of fluid intelligence, such as processing speed and working memory. Despite these declines, many adults compensate for these changes by leveraging their accumulated knowledge, experience, and heuristic strategies, which facilitate efficient problem-solving. Moreover, practical intelligence, or the ability to manage everyday tasks and navigate complex social environments, continues to develop and frequently improves with age. Late Adulthood: Adaptation and the later stages of adulthood, the manifestations of cognitive decline become increasingly discernible. Specifically, fluid intelligence, which is particularly adept at handling tasks that demand swift reasoning and mental agility, may experience further diminishment. The efficiency of memory retrieval may wane, and the pace of cognitive processing continues to decelerate. Nonetheless, this phase of life also presents avenues for cognitive enhancement in various domains. Between the ages of 40-60 there may be slight declines in processing speed and memory. However, experiential knowledge and skills often continue to improve. Individuals often develop deeper expertise in their career fields and improved problem-solving skills related to real-world problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the cognitive changes that occur throughout different stages of adulthood. It indicates that cognitive decline can begin in the 30s, particularly with the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and that fluid intelligence may diminish in later adulthood, while crystallized intelligence may remain stable or even grow. This directly opposes the claim that the brain functions the same throughout a person's life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “We remove the retinas, isolate the small blood vessels from them, then grow blood vessel cells (called endothelial cells) from these blood vessels,” says David. David and his team then add VEGF to these cultured cells to induce leakiness or norrin to promote barriers, allowing them to explore changes in tight junctions in the presence of different cytokines. By using very high-resolution microscopes, the team can observe whether the tight junctions change location or create gaps that allow substances to pass through the blood-retinal barrier. “We grow the cells on a filter and use fluorescently labelled molecules to trace the rate of flux across the cells,” explains David. “This allows us to measure the tightness or leakiness of the cells after different treatments. ” has identified the factors that regulate cellular processes, he studies them in more detail using genetically engineered mouse models. “Mice are a better model for the human eye than cultured cells as we can test disease response,” he explains. By altering a mouse’s genetic code, David creates mice that express or lack specific cytokines or proteins. He then makes the mice diabetic and observes whether their retinal blood vessels leak and how their vision is affected. “We cannot ask the mice to read an eye chart! ” David says. “However, we can observe how they respond to a visual cue. For example, if we move a pattern of black and white vertical lines in front of a mouse, it will reflexively follow the pattern. We can assess its vision by making the lines smaller until the mouse no longer sees the pattern. ” What has David discovered? Download the 10. 33424/395 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 at work in the lab A diagram of the eye showing features of diabetic retinopathy, including leaky blood vessels (haemorrhage) and abnormal blood vessel growth (neovascularization). © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( Retinal photos showing different degrees of diabetic retinopathy. © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( The blood-retinal barrier controls which substances can pass from blood vessels (red) to neurons (blue and purple). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific research related to retinal health and the study of diabetic retinopathy, without addressing or supporting the idea that natural disasters can be prevented with planning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Miyavi is eagle, kuboba means leg or foot, ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field mainly by its leaves which are arranged in threes and resemble a hawk’s claw. It is a native vine that grows wild. An extraction of the fresh root is prepared for the treatment of malaria. The extraction can be prepared by decoction of the fresh root from either the juvenile or adult plant and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally, is contraindicated during pregnancy and cannot be combined with other drugs. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: In the (Valley Chazuta) it is used against eye irritation,46 in the Oyapock basin (French Guyana) it is used for the treatment of leishmaniasis. 444 Senna spinescens is known in the region with the vernacular name Kijiku (Cubeo). Yupari in Cubeo refers to an Amazonian fish with white scales and a red tail known locally as "colirojo", mu means vine, yoka means leaf, kijiku means small and ku refers to the male gender or tree. The species is recognized in the field by its texture and its similarity to a cultivated plant known as guamo (species Inga). It is a native tree that grows wild on the slopes of the rivers. The part used for the treatment of malaria is the fresh stem bark. The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees, is prepared by decoction, and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: consider the leaf dust of the S. spinescens as an excellent repellent for body lice. 35 The species of a genus very near to Senna are reported as medicinal in the by Schultes et al. 35 Anaueria brasiliensis is known in the region with the vernacular names Yurajiku (Cubeo) or Aguacatillo (mestizo). The species is recognized in the field by its leaves and fruit which resemble the avocado plant (Persea americana), its red stems and yellow flowers. It is a native tree that grows wild in both mature and managed forests. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific plants that are used by indigenous cultures in the Amazon for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of malaria and other ailments. It provides examples of how different plant parts, such as roots and stems, are utilized in traditional medicine, which aligns with the claim about the derivation of medicines from plants used by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: Over 60 years of age, cognitive decline can occur, with varying degrees of severity. Memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills may decrease. Older adults often compensate for these losses by relying more on accumulated knowledge and experience. Older adults are frequently characterized by wisdom, a quality marked by profound insights into life, the adeptness in managing intricate social and emotional scenarios, and the ability to render judgements grounded in accumulated experience. Furthermore, empirical evidence suggests that cognitive engagement, social interaction, and physical exercise can play pivotal roles in sustaining cognitive function among the elderly. The principle of neuroplasticity, which denotes the brain’s capacity to reorganize itself through the formation of new neural connections, underscores the brain’s enduring adaptability throughout life. Consequently, the pursuit of lifelong learning and mental stimulation is imperative in the preservation of cognitive capabilities in later years. Recent studies have shown that there is no given maximum for human capabilities, including intelligence, but IQ tests referentially assess fluid intelligence, leading to the idea that young people are more intelligent. But in everyday, repetitive problems, the elderly are better (synapses and myelination are influenced by experience, so circuits are strengthened through repeated use) (Bragg 2022). Cattell and proposed the theory that dominated for many decades, that intelligence is not a specific thing, but a collection of different abilities working together (Cattell-Horn theory) (Wasserman 2019). Skills can be classified into two categories: fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence. Fluent intelligence allows solving new problems and calls on short-term memory. Crystallized intelligence emerges from general knowledge and information. Both types of intelligence develop during childhood and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in the early twenties, and crystallized intelligence continues to develop with a peak around age sixties or seventies. Throughout life, the brain’s plasticity, or its ability to change and adapt, plays a crucial role at every age. Learning new skills, engaging in complex cognitive activities, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle can help preserve and even improve intelligence. Socioeconomic status, education, cultural exposure, and social interactions continually interact with genetic predispositions to shape intelligence across the lifespan. The evolutionary trajectory of intelligence is highly individualized, with each phase presenting opportunities for growth and challenges. Understanding these phases can help to adopt strategies that optimize cognitive development at different stages of life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that cognitive decline can occur after the age of 60, with memory, processing speed, and problem-solving skills decreasing. It emphasizes the brain's adaptability through lifelong learning and mental stimulation, but also acknowledges changes in cognitive functions as one ages. Therefore, it implies that the brain does not function the same throughout a person's life.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: In the lower diagram, the tight junction is open and fluid is leaking into the neural environment. © Antonetti et al, 2021. Current understanding of the molecular and cellular pathology of diabetic retinopathy ( David delivers a talk at the Center at the University of Michigan “A major accomplishment in our lab has been identifying phosphorylation of occludin as a key process in diabetic retinopathy,” says David. “Occludin is a protein that regulates the tight junction, either making a tight barrier between cells or allowing the blood vessels to leak. ” Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule and is a common mechanism of cell signalling. Phosphorylation of occludin acts like a switch, signalling tight junction proteins to move away from the membrane of blood vessel cells and into the cells themselves. This increases the permeability of the blood-retinal barrier, causing leaks. David and his team discovered this by genetically altering their cultured cells so they contained a mutant version of occludin that could not be phosphorylated. These cells no longer became leaky when responding to VEGF. Next, David introduced the mutant occludin into diabetic mice. “We found that the non-phosphorylated mutant occluding greatly reduced the ability of VEGF to make blood vessels leak,” says David. “Importantly, adding this mutant form of occludin to mice preserved the blood-retinal barrier when they had diabetes and completely prevented loss of vision. ” This is a significant breakthrough. David’s research reveals that maintaining the blood-retinal barrier preserves visual function in diabetes, helping scientists to understand how current therapies blocking VEGF work and highlighting barrier promoting factors, like norrin, as a potential new therapy. How are David’s discoveries relevant to stroke research? A stroke can occur if a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain, causing a part of the brain to die. David’s research into the blood-retinal barrier during diabetic retinopathy has led to unexpected discoveries about the blood-brain barrier during a stroke. “Having learnt the importance of occludin to the blood-retinal barrier, we collaborated with colleagues to ask whether this same protein and its phosphorylation affected the blood-brain barrier during a stroke,” says David. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the research on diabetic retinopathy and the role of occludin in the blood-retinal barrier, and makes some connections to stroke research. However, it does not address natural disasters or their prevention in any way. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim that natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: The remedy can be extracted from both juvenile and adult trees by decoction and can be handled by both men and women. It is administered orally. Medicinal uses in the Amazon: there are no 27. 2 %, the species with the highest value. The revised herbarium labels contained the following reports for uses of A. grandifolia: the preparation of a poison applied to arrows for hunting known as "curare" (García-Barriga3714371, COAH; Gutiérrez 01, COAH; Pabón A29 620 COAH; La Rotta39 35 COL; La Rotta39 160 COAH; Pabón A. 30 621 COL; Pabón E30 704 1094 COAH), preparing poison for blowguns used in hunting (Balcázar, Castroy Suárez 584 ), for wound healing (López et al. 6002 COAH), to treat anemia (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH), for inducing abortion (Gaitán et al. 13 COAH), for the treatment of malaria (Arias-G. et al. 1165 COAH; Correa et al. 2756 COAH; Collazos y Narváez 46 COAH; Gaitán et al. 13 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88 COAH; 035 COAH; López et al. 6002 COAH; Caicedo y Oidor 1758 Pabón E. 1013COAH) and for alleviating symptoms associated with malaria (Correa et al. 16 2756 COAH; Gaitán et al. 88COAH; Pabón E. 621 COL). Furthermore, secondary metabolites and purified extracts from species of the genus Abuta (Menispermaceae) found in the Amazon, have presented effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 Steele et al. isolated three bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids from the bark of A. grandifolia, of which kukrovine and limacine showed the highest antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum. 62 Garavito et al. 63 found that the crude alkaloid extract from the leaves of this species presented in vitro activity against the P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various medicinal uses of the plant species A. grandifolia found in the Amazon, which is used by indigenous cultures for various ailments such as malaria and wound healing. This directly supports the claim that traditional medicines often derive from plants used by indigenous communities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The brain doesn’t age and functions the same throughout a person's life. [SEP] Text: In conclusion, the evolution of human intelligence throughout the lifespan stands as a testament to the brain’s extraordinary potential for growth and adaptation. From the rapid cognitive development observed in early childhood to the wisdom frequently displayed by the elderly, intelligence is not a trait that remains static but rather a dynamic process influenced by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. By comprehending this developmental trajectory, we are better equipped to appreciate the intricacies of human intelligence and the myriad factors that contribute to its evolution across an individual’s lifespan. 1905. Bragg, Lorena. “Changes with Age,” 2022. Cherry, Kendra. “Jean Piaget’s Life and Contributions to Psychology. ” Verywell Mind, 2023. Deary, Ian J. ,. “to Stability and Change in Intelligence from Childhood to Old Age. ” Nature 482, no. 7384 (February 2012): 212–15. Parke, Ross D. , and Mary Gauvain. Child Psychology: A Contemporary Viewpoint. McGraw-Hill, 2009. Philips, Jennifer. “to Changes through Life | News | of Aberdeen,” 2012. Sfetcu, Nicolae. Intelligence, from to – vs. Artificial Intelligence. Bucharest, Romania: MultiMedia Publishing, 2024. Wasserman, John D. “Deconstructing CHC. ” in Education 32, no. 3 (July 3, 2019): 249–68. 4. 0 ( Partajează asta:TwitterFacebookLinkedInApreciază:Apreciază Încarc. . . Similare adolescence, adulthood, childhood, evolution, human intelligence, intelligence, wisdom Despre autor Ultimele articole Sfetcu: Asociat şi manager MultiMedia SRL și editura MultiMedia Publishing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolution of human intelligence and cognitive development throughout the lifespan. It highlights that intelligence is influenced by various factors and is not static, suggesting that the brain's functions and capabilities change over time, particularly from childhood to old age.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: By inducing strokes in mice, David and his colleagues observed that the mice showed signs of occludin phosphorylation in the brain blood vessels surrounding the region of the stroke. They then induced strokes in genetically engineered mice that had mutant occludin. In this case, the team observed that leakage of the brain blood vessels was greatly reduced during a stroke. “The only current therapy for a stroke is providing an enzyme that breaks up the blood clot. However, if given too late, this enzyme makes the stroke worse by causing severe bleeding in the brain,” says David. “Working with stroke experts, we found that blocking occludin phosphorylation can prevent this bleeding. ” This means drugs that prevent this phosphorylation may now be explored as a means to prevent brain bleeding when treating stroke patients, highlighting the range of important clinical outcomes from David’s research. AntonettiDepartment of Ophthalmology and of Michigan, USA Fields of research: Ophthalmology, Molecular and Research project: Investigating factors that affect the blood-retinal barrier during diabetic retinopathy Funders: US of Health (NIH), Research to (RPB) About ophthalmology Ophthalmology is the study of eyes and vision. Clinical ophthalmologists are medical doctors who specialise in the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders. They are experts in all aspects of eye care, from how to prevent eye diseases to different treatment options for different eye conditions. In contrast, vision research scientists, like David, conduct scientific research to understand how the eye functions. “Vision research scientists investigate how our eyes allow vision and how vision can be affected by disease,” explains David. “These are the scientists who are trying to find new cures to prevent or treat blindness and vision loss. ” The excitement of research “The most rewarding part of my job is working with others and making truly novel discoveries,” says David. “There is a great deal of excitement in learning something new about how our cells work. ” David and his team have made many significant discoveries over the years, from determining that tight junctions are dynamic entities regulated by phosphorylation ‘switches’ that open and close the blood-retinal barrier, to uncovering the fact that norrin can reverse the effects of diabetes and restore the blood-retinal barrier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding disaster prevention through planning. It discusses a scientific study related to stroke and ocular health without addressing any aspects of natural disasters or planning them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: falciparum strain FcB2 10 times greater than that obtained from the Remijia peruviana species (control species with quinones). Additionally, in vivo studies using mice infected with P. berghei, the same extract at a concentration of 250mg/kg, inhibited parasite growth by 66% without evidence of cytotoxicity. 63 Aspidosperma excelsum is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. An extract of the stem bark is prepared by decoction and used for the treatment of malaria. Extracts and secondary metabolites purified from Amazonian plants of the genus Aspidosperma (Apocynaceae) have shown effective antiplasmodial activity. 61 No information was found on the herbarium labels for the A. excelsum species, however, others have reported its antimalarial use. Rodrigues reported that the inhabitants of the Jaú in the Brazilian Amazon, used the bark of this plant for the treatment of malaria. 45 Kvist et al64 reported the antimalarial use of A. excelsum among the inhabitants of eleven geographic and ethnic areas of Loreto in the Peruvian Amazon. They also reported an average antiplasmodial activity (CI50) between 10-50mg/mL. 64 The Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in the states of Roraima and Para, Brazil, used the bark in a bitter decoction or infusion for the treatment of malaria. 41,65 Mangifera indica is an introduced a tree grown in the study area. For the treatment of malaria the stem bark prepared by decoction is used. On the revised herbarium labels, reports were found indicating that the fruit of M. indica is edible (Diaz J. , et al. 151 COAH. Blair et al. (2005) reported this species with antimalarial use and for tonsillitis in a study conducted near the Colombian Pacific. In an ethnobotanical study on malaria conducted in the Budiope County, Uganda, M. indicawas one of the species most often cited. 66 In similar studies conducted in the Dangme district of West Ghana,67 in Nigeria68 in an area southwest of Nigeria,69 and in the maritime region of Togo,70 all found M. indica was used to treat malaria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of plants used by indigenous cultures for medicinal purposes, particularly for the treatment of malaria. It mentions the use of Aspidosperma excelsum by the Ingaricó indigenous people and local communities in Brazil, highlighting their traditional knowledge and practices surrounding this plant. Additionally, it references the antimalarial use of Mangifera indica in various regions, further reinforcing the relationship between traditional medicines and the flora utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to -dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons Organization for the Promotion of of Medical Sciences, United States; Aug 9, 2018 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordAugust 29, 2018 Accepted ManuscriptAugust 9, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,191 views 357 downloads 9 9879. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 5. However, PC number recovered nevertheless. They ascribe this recovery to the proliferation of a latent progenitor they termed FEPs because they express the early PC marker FOXP2 but not the mature PC marker Calbidin. They found that FEPs were present throughout the P1 cerebellum at substantial number, but diminished in number at P5. Accordingly, ablating Pcp2-Cre+ PCs at P1 resulted in a much less significant recovery of PC numbers; the residual PCs nevertheless increased in soma size and dendritic length. Mice with P1 but not P5 PC ablation recovered normal motor function by a few standard assays. Overall the paper is of high technical quality and findings are interesting. However, I have one major reservation in their interpretation that the proliferating cells that produce PCs represent "a previously unidentified and normally dormant progenitor population. " This proposal raises a number of questions: What is the normal function of these FEPs (they surely cannot just prepare for DT/DTR-induced cell killing)? What is their fate if no injury occurs? If we do not know their normal fate, how can we claim that they are "unipotent"? One alternative (and simpler) interpretation is that these FEPs are immature PCs that somehow can go back to cell cycle if their neighboring PCs are lost, and this ability diminishes as development proceeds (from P1 to P5). Indeed there is precedent in other neuronal types, such as horizontal cells in the retina, which can undergo cell division after fully differentiated in adults after loss of certain cell cycle inhibitor/tumor suppressor genes (Ajioka et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the recovery of specific types of neurons (Purkinje neurons) that involve progenitor cells (FEPs) stimulated by injury, rather than suggesting that all neurons regenerate fully on a set schedule. It raises doubts about the nature and function of these progenitor cells, highlighting that the regeneration process may depend heavily on conditions such as injury, and emphasizing that not all differentiated neurons can simply regenerate after certain time frames.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: “Sometimes, when you are very lucky, these discoveries have a profound effect on the clinical community and can impact patient care or provide novel treatment options. ” The importance of collaboration for scientific discoveries “Discoveries involve interactions with other people,” says David. “One person never drives the whole process. ” For example, while David is a molecular and cell biologist, the success of his lab comes from the team members’ range of disciplinary backgrounds, such as vision science and biomedical science, and their collaboration with researchers from other laboratories. “By listening to novel perspectives and valuing all voices, we can reach new ideas that none of us could have achieved individually. ” Pathway from school to ophthalmology • At school, study biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics. • Your university pathway will depend on your ophthalmology direction. To become a clinical ophthalmologist, you will need to complete a medical degree and qualify as a medical doctor, then complete specialised training in the field of ophthalmology. To become a vision research scientist, complete a degree in a subject such as biology, molecular biology, biochemistry, biomedical science or vision science, then specialise in a laboratory focused on vision research in your postgraduate training. • David recommends taking courses in cell biology to learn how cells signal and interact with each other, and courses in mathematics and computing to learn how to process data. “Modern approaches to science use large and complex datasets,” he says. “It is important to understand how to manage these data. ” • David recommends reading to discover which aspects of vision you are most passionate about. “Read 1. Think about your future and what you want to achieve. It takes a plan and commitment to become successful. 2. Follow your passion. Do you have a question for David? Write it in the comments box below and David will get back to you. (Remember, researchers are very busy people, so you may have to wait a few days. ) Submit a replyYour email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *Comment * Name * Email * Website Δ content is produced, created and published under the license: Attribution-NonCommercial 4. 0 International (CC BY-NC 4. 0): This means that you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform and build upon the material). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about preventing natural disasters through planning, as it discusses subjects related to scientific collaboration, medical education, and research paths in ophthalmology, without addressing natural disasters or planning for them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of the consider the decoction of the leaves as a contraceptive. 35 Awe et al. 71 reported that the methanolic extract from the bark of M. indica presented antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis schizonts in the early stages of infection. In addition, it reduced yeast induced hyperpyrexia in rats. According to the authors, these effects can explain the use of the plant in traditional medicine to treat malaria and fever Valadeau et al. 49 tested in vitro antimalarial activity of 14 plant species, including M. indica, which was marginally active compared to the others. The leaves and bark of M. indica have a low toxicity with an LC50 of 3079. 1μg/mL and 2456. 0mg/mL respectively. 72 Matisia glandífera is a native tree species that grows wild in the study area. The stem bark and leaves are used for the treatment of malaria. The treatment is prepared by decoction. This species was reported by four traditional healers giving it a FI of 16%. Other uses reported by the traditional healers: To relieve headache and bone pain and as a fever reducer. For the species M. glandífera, no records of medicinal uses were found on the labels from the three herbariums used. On the other hand, one study reported that this plant is used to treat malaria and leishmaniasis in Loreto, Peru. 64 A species of the same genus M. cordata Bonpl. , is used in the Amazon by the Tikuna people to treat "menstrual problems". 35 This species is used in Ecuadorian traditional medicine for the treatment Leishmaniasis. 36 is a native tree that grows wild in the study area. The part used for treating malaria is the stem bark, which is prepared by cooking. On the revised herbarium labels for G. Guidonia, usage reports were found on two labels. The bark is scraped, placed in water and used as a purgativefor humans (Marín et al. 2386, COAH) and for dogs (Little Jr. 7469, COAH). The bark is also used for the treatment of malaria (Córdoba et al. 393,COAH). One report found that the aerial plant organs have antiplasmodial activity in vitro. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple instances of traditional medicine derived from plants, specifically noting the use of plants like M. indica and M. glandífera in traditional medicine among indigenous cultures. For example, the text mentions that the bark and leaves of M. indica are used to treat malaria and fever and that M. glandífera is reported by traditional healers for various ailments, including malaria and headaches. Additionally, it specifies the use of M. cordata by the Tikuna people in the Amazon for treating menstrual problems, highlighting the connection between indigenous cultures and traditional plant-based medicines.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All neurons in the brain regenerate fully every 10 years. [SEP] Text: It is possible that transient down-regulation of these cell cycle inhibitors in immature PCs, triggered by environmental signals due to loss of neighboring PCs, could cause immature PCs to re-enter the cell cycle. To me, this alternative developmental plasticity is no less interesting. I have a few other technical critiques: 1) It seems unusual that there are fewer tdT+ neurons in the Pcp2-Cre;Ai14;mouse following DT injection (see Figure 1J-M and compare Figure 1P and 1Q). Is Pcp2-Cre, which should be expressed in all normal PCs after P7, no longer active in these "new" PC replacement cells? If so, how do we know these are real and/or functioning PCs? 2) In the P5 killing experiment, presumably by then Pcp2-Cre is expressed in a larger fraction of PCs compared with P1 (it would be useful to quantify this as done in P1 mice). Can this contribute to the difference between P1 and P5 ablation? 3) It appears that the authors deduce PC soma size from 14 µm sections. Given PC soma size is larger than 14 µm, this kind of analysis would produce a large number of half-cut, incomplete PC somal images, which might skew the conclusion? Reviewer #2: This manuscript describes regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells following diphtheria toxin injection at P1 but not at P5 and suggests that this regeneration is through cell division of a "previously unidentified progenitor population". Based on the data shown and previous studies of PC cell number, other possibilities exist to explain the findings. I am not convinced that the paper demonstrates generation of new Purkinje cells. The specific comments are: 1) There is wide variability in the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin receptor at P1 (+/- 22%) which makes it difficult to know how many cells are dying. No counts of the number of cells expressing Td-tomato/diphtheria toxin are given for P5 mice. Presumably the percent of cells would be higher as Pcp2 is not fully expressed in all PCs at P1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells but raises doubts about the findings. It suggests that the paper does not convincingly demonstrate the generation of new Purkinje cells and highlights variability in the experiments, which indicates that not all neurons fully regenerate as implied by the claim. The response from Reviewer #2 specifically states 'I am not convinced that the paper demonstrates generation of new Purkinje cells,' thereby countering the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural disasters can be prevented with sufficient planning. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 110235 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation by From the by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionInappropriate land development, such as uncontrolled exploitation and urban sprawl, has been causing various problems worldwide. Such issues generally include deforestation, environmental destruction, biodiversity loss, climate change, and increased natural disaster risks. For example, recently in Japan, a large number of problems occurred due to hasty land development. After 2012, the new policy for expanding renewable energy utilization accelerated the construction of photovoltaic power plants nationwide [1]. Following this rapid expansion, many troubles occurred in most prefectures of the country [1, 2], as exemplified in Figure 1. In addition, the number of problematic cases reported by the media reached 159 as of August 2021 [2]. According to Japan’s Ministry of the Environment, major issues with such solar power plants were as follows: (1) erosion and its impact on water quality, (2) landslides, (3) harmful impacts on animals, plants, and ecosystems, and (4) scenic destruction [1]. Meanwhile, the problematic cases mostly occurred in newly deforested areas or sloping sites [1]. Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses issues related to land development and the resulting environmental problems, such as deforestation and increased natural disaster risks, without addressing the concept of preventing natural disasters through planning. It does not provide evidence or insights that support or refute the idea of planning preventing natural disasters.