Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The wind farms for large-scale production are situated at Jaisalmer wind park, Rajasthan and Brahmanvel wind farm, Maharastra and Muppandal windfarm, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. These are the major wind farms in India. Apart from India, about 200GW power has been produced and utilized by 83 countries around the world in 2011 (Dewei et al. , 2013). according to the report at 2016 shows that the capacity of the installed wind power plant is about 507MW (Audrius et al. , 2018). Since the requirement for renewable energy resources increases, the progress on renewable resources gets increased every year (Erik, 2017). At the end of 2016, 467GW has generated and of it, 16GW was produced as offshore. Other advancements in wind are using a fuzzy logic controller for managing the capacity of a hybrid system and the system satisfied the peak power demands (Mahdi et al. , 2013). High-efficiency values can be obtained by using this hybrid system. For better output windmills are placed offshore than on land. A remote monitoring system is designed based on ZigBee WSN and GPRS which resulted in less maintenance and construction cost (Yongduan et al. , 2013). Hydropower designated to the transformation of energy from flowing water i. e. , kinetic energy, into Electricity. It contributes about 16% of electricity generation worldwide (Gláucia et al. , 2018). plant in early ages was used in mechanical milling such as grinding grains. At present, hydro plants generate electricity using Turbines and Generators, thus mechanical energy is produced by the steady flow of water which spins the rotor on the Turbine. This turbine is in turn linked to an Electromagnetic Generator, producing electricity on rotation of the rotor in the turbine (Vineet and Singal, 2017; Jawahar and Prawin, 2017). Since it gives low output, hybrid combinations can also be made to satisfy the power needs. In Bangladesh, a hybrid system of micro-hydro and diesel is installed (Himadry et al. , 2016). Hydropower plants are categorized into three main types, they are In this technology, dams are used to build a large reservoir of water. Electricity is produced when water flows through the turbines in the dam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the increasing reliance on renewable energy sources like wind and hydropower, which are crucial for sustainable development. It specifically mentions that the capacity and production of renewable energy resources are growing every year, indicating their importance in meeting power demands sustainably.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 2013;243:21–7. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]56. Spatiotemporal profiles of arginine vasopressin transcription in cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurosci. 2015;42:2678–89. [DOI] [PubMed] 57. . Vasopressin receptor V1a regulates circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and expression of clock-controlled genes in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. . 2009;296:R824–30. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]58. . Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Immun. 2015;45:171–9. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]59. . Glial cells physiologically modulate clock neurons and circadian behavior in a calcium-dependent manner. Curr Biol. 2011;21:625–34. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]60. . in the and Behavior. Curr Biol. 2017;27:1055–61. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]61. Barca-Mayo O, Pons-. Astrocyte deletion of Bmal1 alters daily locomotor activity and cognitive functions via GABA signalling. Nat Commun. 2017;8:14336. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]62. . Daily and seasonal adaptation of the circadian clock requires plasticity of the SCN neuronal network. Neurosci. 2010;32:2143–51. [DOI] [PubMed] 63. . In synch but not in step: Circadian clock circuits regulating plasticity in daily rhythms. Neuroscience. 2016;320:259–80. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]64. Diurnal transcriptome atlas of a primate across major neural and peripheral tissues. Science. 2018;359:eaao0318. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]65. Coordinated transcription of key pathways in the mouse by the circadian clock. Cell. 2002;109:307–20. [DOI] [PubMed] 66. ádek Proteomic analysis reveals the role of synaptic vesicle cycling in sustaining the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Curr Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide explicit information to corroborate or contrast the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it appears to be a citation list from a scientific article discussing various aspects related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and circadian rhythms without directly supporting or negating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Cluster number, assigned cluster in the Eyewire museum and the putative name are indicated in the left column. na+p indicates the number of cells in this cluster with both anatomy and patch recordings. Middle: en-face view of a confocal microscope z-stack (maximum intensity projection) showing the same cell after staining (green: GCaMP6). Scale bar: 50 μm. Right: en-face and stratification view of this example cell after tracing. Scale bar: 100 μm. (B) Mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) of responses to ‘chirp’ stimulus for cells assigned to an anatomical cluster. Top: raster plot of one example cell. ntotal indicates the number of cells with patch recordings. (C) Mean ± SEM of average response to a white bar moving in eight directions. The average response across all eight directions is plotted. See also Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Targeted patch-clamp recording of virus-labeled retinal ganglion cells. (A) Schematic of the setup for the two-photon targeted patch-clamp recording. (B) Top: Maximum intensity projection of a two-photon image stack showing a GCaMP6-expressing cell after the rabies injection. En-face view (middle) and side-view (bottom) of a confocal microscope z-stack (maximum intensity projection) showing the same cell after the staining process (green: GCaMP6, magenta: ChAT). Scale bar: 50 μm. (C) Response of this cell to the chirp stimulus. The black trace representing the mean firing rates (50 ms bins) across 10 trials, which are shown below in the raster plot (red). (D) Response to the black fast moving bar. (E) Response to spot stimuli consisting of a black spot presented for 2 s with 120, 240, 360, 480, 600 and 1200 μm diameter. The gray bars indicate stimulus duration. The blue line represents the spot size tuning curve. (F) Response to a linearly expanding black dot. (G) Response to a large dot that linearly dimmed from gray to black. (H–J) Responses to non-linearly expanding black dots at different speeds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the technical details related to cell responses and experimental setups in neuroscience without addressing the concept of memory recall or its relationship to stimuli. There is no mention of memory or recall processes in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: type has a second reservoir beneath the Dam, where water is moved from the lower Reservoir to the upper reservoir, thus energy is gathered for future needs. Run-of-river depends further on flow rates of natural water by diverting only a fraction of river water through the turbines, in some cases even without the usage of a dam or reservoirs. Since this type is subjected to availability of natural water and also is affected by its variability, thus electricity production in this method is more intermittent compared to the dammed hydropower plant. Hydropower presently is the largest renewable energy resource that has been deployed in the world. In the year 2009, hydro energy based electricity production was 3,329 TWh accounting to an interest of around 16. 5 % of the world’s electricity production (Dolf, 2012). It is the greatest sources of energy to produce power which is being utilized in many countries. According to the Council 2010 Report, around 160 countries in the world use hydropower in their national electricity production. However, actual global utilization of hydropower is focused in the following ten countries (sharing about 70% of total electricity production) (Jain, 2010). The top four countries, being China, Brazil, Canada, and the USA, use hydropower to produce half of their total electricity generation, as shown in Table 3. Table 3. World’s electricity share (Hindawi, 2018) production (TWh) The share of the world total electricity generation (%) China 615 18. 4 Brazil 390 11. 6 Canada 366 10. 8 USA 297 9. 1 Russia 175 5. 5 Norway 129 3. 7 India 106 3. 1 Venezuela 93 2. 8 Japan 81 2. 4 Sweden 65 2. 1 Rest of the world 1011 30. 5 World 3,329 100 Though this power is utilized in copious countries, hydropower contribution is naturally less compared to the worldwide total primary energy supply. In 2009, it shared only 2. 3% of the total 12,150 Mote of primary energy supply worldwide. Even with sharing nearly lesser energy compared to the other nonrenewable sources of energy production, the average global hydropower potential in future is relatively huge. In 2009, the on Dams predicted that the total worldwide confirmed technical potential for ordinary hydropower was 14,576 TWh/yr, as shown in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the significance of hydropower as the largest renewable energy resource utilized globally. It states that hydropower was responsible for 3,329 TWh of electricity production in 2009, accounting for about 16.5% of the world's electricity production. Furthermore, it highlights that around 160 countries use hydropower in their national electricity production, indicating that renewable energy sources, like hydropower, play a crucial role in fulfilling energy needs sustainably.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]222. . Retinal circadian clocks and control of retinal physiology. J Biol Rhythms. 2004;19:91–102. [DOI] [PubMed] 223. -Corsi P. Signaling mediated by the dopamine D2 receptor potentiates circadian regulation by CLOCK:BMAL1. . 2006;103:6386–91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]224. . Dopamine regulates melanopsin mRNA expression in intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Neurosci. 2005;22:3129–36. [DOI] [PubMed] 225. Mendoza J, Challet E. Circadian insights into dopamine mechanisms. Neuroscience. 2014;282:230–42. [DOI] [PubMed] 226. üler AD. to the Entrainment. Curr Biol. 2017;27:2465–75. e3. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]227. . Dopamine: A Modulator of in the System. Neurosci. 2017;11:91. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]228. Witkovsky P. Dopamine and retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol. 2004;108:17–40. [DOI] [PubMed] 229. Popova E. Role of dopamine in distal retina. . 2014;200:333–58. [DOI] [PubMed] 230. Beaulieu J, Gainetdinov RR. The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63:182–217. [DOI] [PubMed] 231. Betz H, Laube B. Glycine receptors: recent insights into their structural organization and functional diversity. J Neurochem. 2006;97:1600–10. [DOI] [PubMed] 232. évet P, Meissl H. Activation of glycine receptor phase-shifts the circadian rhythm in neuronal activity in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol. 2011;589:2287–300. [DOI] [PubMed] [PMC]233. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text mentions various studies related to dopamine and how it interacts with circadian regulation, specifically noting that dopamine regulates elements relevant to circadian rhythms. However, it does not confirm the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator. Instead, it suggests that other factors and mechanisms may also play a role in circadian regulation, indicating that the master regulator may not solely be the suprachiasmatic nucleus.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Figure 5 Download asset Open asset Spatial distribution of cell types across the retina confirms correct classification. (A–D) Distribution of dendritic field diameter of all labeled cells (A), sustained OFF (sOFF) alpha cells from cluster 1 (B), sustained (sON) alpha cells from cluster 13 (C) and transient OFF (tOFF) alpha cells from cluster 6 (D) at their retinotopic location. (E–H) Dendritic field diameter of all labeled cells (E), sOFF-alpha cells (F), sON alpha cells (G) and tOFF-alpha cells (H) are plotted along the nasal - temporal axis. sOFF- and sON-alpha cells showed negative correlation (sOFF: r = −0. 28, p<0. 004; sON: r = −0. 46, p<0. 003; two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient test). (I–L) Dendritic field size of all labeled cells (I), sOFF-alpha cells (J), sON-alpha cells (K) and tOFF-alpha cells (L) relative to eccentricity (from optic nerve to periphery). tOFF-alpha cells and the whole labeled cell population showed positive correlation (tOFF: r = 0. 41, p<0. 0001; all cells: r = 0. 25, p<0. 0001; two-tailed Pearson correlation coefficient test) M) Positions of 18 labeled retinal ganglion cells that were assigned to the tOFF-alpha cell group. D, dorsal; V, ventral; T, temporal; N, nasal. Color bar indicated response duration time. (N) Mean responses of 3 representative retinal ganglion cells from the tOFF-alpha cell group, whose locations are indicated in M. (O–P) Response durations are plotted across the ventral-dorsal axis (O) and nasal-temporal axis (P). Response transients gradually change along the ventral – dorsal axis (r = 0. 45, p<0. 03, Pearson correlation coefficient test). Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset In-vivo recordings from the parabigeminal nucleus and pulvinar. (A) Schematic of the setup for Neuropixels recordings in awake, head-fixed mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spatial distribution and response characteristics of retinal ganglion cells, which does not pertain to the concept of memory recall or the effectiveness of stimuli in improving memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: If hydropower potential from small-scale hydropower sites and from nonconventional sources are considered, the world’s hydropower potential is huge considering the availability of numerous small hydropower potential sites in many countries and their potential of water current from rivers and canals. 6, it can be shown that Asia has the highest contribution (over 53%) of hydropower global potential, followed by (20%) and (11%). Asia has the largest contribution (43%) of the worldwide equipped quantity. Africa, even though having relatively the same technical potential (installed capacity) with Europe, the rearmost i. e. , Africa has a higher contribution (19%) of the total worldwide equipped quantity than the aforesaid i. e. , Europe (only 3%). It is also essential to note from Table 4 that greatest contribution of the world’s determined technical generation potential is still undeveloped (76%). Africa has the highest underdeveloped potential (92%) followed by Asia and AustralasiaOceania (80% for both regions). In India, Jammu and Kashmir have the best resources for the operation of hydropower plant (Ameesh and Thakur, 2017). Therefore, hydropower fits very well in the context of providing sustainable electricity for development in Africa where most of the rural regions are deprived of it. Challenges faced are lack of financing for renewable power generation which is stated to be one of the main reason for the undeveloped of hydropower in that regions. Table 4 represents the regional capacity factor of different regions. Figure 6. Hydropower in different regions (Hindawi, 2018) Table 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant hydropower potential in various regions, especially emphasizing that hydropower can provide sustainable electricity for development in Africa. It mentions that rural areas are deprived of electricity and identifies hydropower as a viable solution, thus supporting the idea that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While lesions of the IGL block activity induced phase shifts [112], electrical stimulation produces phase shifts similar to those produced by activity [113]. It has been reported that IGL mediates photoperiodic responses as well as non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114,115]. Hence, the IGL may have integration of photic and non-photic information as its function. In addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY), GHT may also have GABA and enkephalin (ENK) as neurotransmitters in rat and hamster [116,117]. ENK was found in cell bodies in the IGL as well as in fibres in the SCN of many mammalian species. High density of delta opioid receptors, which have the highest affinity for ENK, was detected in the hamster SCN [118] and an ENK agonist phase-advanced hamster wheel running activity late in subjective day [119]. (NPY) RHT and GHT exhibit partial overlapping in the SCN. The SCN exhibits immunoreactivity for NPY [120]. There is evidence that IGL mediates both photoperiodic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114]. NPY, the primary transmitter of GHT, acts directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN in hamsters [121]. IGL neuron projections to the SCN also have GABA/NPY immunoreactivity and those projecting to contralateral IGL have GABA/ENK immunoreactivity [116,122]. There may be co-localization of NPY and GABA in the GHT projections. Since many features of the response to light by the circadian system remain unaffected by IGL lesion in animals, it is suggested that this pathway may not be critical for the photic regulation. Further evidence is available to emphasize the importance of GHT to cause non-photic phase shifts during the day but not during the night, such as the phase-shifts evoked by activity induced by novel stimuli [123,124]. The phase shifts are abolished by IGL lesions. Both in vitro and in vivo NPY administration produced a similar pattern of phase shifts during the day, which was blocked by bicuculline [125]. NPY has also been found to act presynaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated synaptic transmission through inhibition of calcium currents [126]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the roles of both the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythm regulation. It suggests that while the IGL has a role in mediating phase shifts and integrating photic and non-photic information, it also indicates that many aspects of light response in the circadian system are unaffected by IGL lesions. This implies that the SCN may not exclusively be the master regulator, as IGL involvement and other neurotransmitters like NPY play significant roles in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (B) Tracks of DiI- and DiD-coated probes (green and magenta) visible in the pulvinar. Retina targets, including the LGN, were labeled using Choleratoxin-b-Alexa488 injections into the eye (green). (C) Track of DiD-coated probe in parabigeminal nucleus. (D) Heatmap of activity on all 384 electrodes (300 Hz high-pass filtered data, 20 ms bins) and traces of example electrodes at different locations. The orange bar indicates the location of the pulvinar. (E) High-pass filtered activity only on the electrodes in the pulvinar during the presentation of an expanding disc. (F) Waveform footprints of four sorted neurons. Their location is indicated with colored bars in E. (G) Example responses from parabigeminal and pulvinar recordings to 10 repetitions of different stimuli. Stimuli were: Big-fast black square (53° side length, moving at 150°/s); small-fast black dot (4° diameter, moving at 150°/s); expanding black disc (expanded from 2° to 50° of diameter within 300 ms). The vertical lines indicate the stimulus beginning and end. (H) Percentage of responding Pbg (green) and pulvinar (orange) units for six tested visual stimuli. The dashed lines correspond to 100%, that is the total number of light responsive units (n = 70 pulvinar; n = 115 Pbg). **p<0. 01 two proportion z-test. (I–K) Direction-selectivity was measured with a big-fast black square moving in eight directions. Pbg example unit (I) responding preferentially to a stimulus moving to the front and to stimuli moving to the back/down. Pulvinar example unit (J) without direction preference. Distribution of direction-selectivity indices (DSI) and two example cells with a DSI around the population average (K). *p<0. 05 Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. (L–M) Median ± octiles of responses from Pbg (L) and pulvinar (M) recordings to an expanding disc. Pbg: n = 84; LP: n = 34. (N) Cumulative distributions are shown for response amplitude during the expansion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses neural responses and activity related to visual stimuli in the context of neuroanatomical structures. It provides information on neuron tracking, heatmaps, visual stimuli responses, and directional selectivity but does not address or imply anything about the recallability of memory with or without stimulus. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: It is also a malleable and dependable source of electricity related to other renewable sources, as its energy may be saved and utilized for use at a later time. Dammed reservoirs also provide flood control, in addition to it being a dependable water supply, and be used for recreation purposes. However, there are many concerns with hydropower, particularly for setting up large dam facilities. In addition, dam failures can be disastrous, further disturbing Landscapes and insists on the lives of people and animals living downstream. In addition to it, hydropower plants are not perfectly free of greenhouse gas emissions. As with most forms of energy, carbon dioxide emissions occur at times of development, especially as a result of the usage of large quantities of cement. Also, the loss of vegetation’s in the flooded areas produces methane, another greenhouse gas as matter decays underwater. Tidal power is a form of hydropower where electrical energy is obtained from the potential of tides. The first extensive-scale tidal power plant (the Power Station) started its operation in the year 1966. Though it is not yet extensively benefitted, tidal power has a great impact on future electricity production. Tides are more certain compared to that of other sources such as wind energy and solar power. Tidal power suffers from high capital cost compared to availability of other renewable sources of energy. Various technological improvements in the case of design and turbine technology indicate that the total possibility of tidal power may be much more than the presently assumed potential and that the commercial and environmental costs could be brought down to a competitive level. Tidal power involves the cost of erecting a dam across the opening of a tidal basin. The dam has channel included in its structure that is opened to allow the flow of tide into the basin; the sluice is then closed, and when sea level drops, traditional hydropower technologies can be benefitted for generation of electricity from the high water level in the basin (Joao, 2007). Generation of Tidal power can be classified into three generating methods based on the generating methods (Michael, 2003; Anna, 2015) they are: Tidal stream generator, Tidal barrage, Dynamic tidal power. stream generators make use of energy from moving masses of water or tides. Its function is similar to wind turbines deployed underwater and also referred to as tidal turbines. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how hydropower and tidal power are crucial renewable energy sources for electricity generation. It highlights the malleability and dependability of these sources in relation to sustainable energy production and emphasizes the importance of tidal power as a potential reliable energy source for the future.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Infusion of V1 receptor antagonist has been reported [185] to produce no significant effect on the wheel running activity in rats, thereby indicating no role for VP in the generation of circadian rhythms. Boer and co-workers [186] reported that vasopressin may not be a critical component in the maintenance or in the transfer of circadian activity of the biological clock for drinking activity based on their graft transplant study. In depressed patients, both synthesis and release of AVP in the SCN is reduced, which leads to an impaired functional activity of the circadian clock [187], although there was an increase in the number of AVP-immunoreactive neurons. Arima and co-workers [188] reported AVP transcription in the SCN in long-term organotypic cultures. Transcription exhibits circadian rhythmicity and is dependent on the ongoing electrical and synaptic transmission in the cultures. It was mentioned earlier that the predominant excitatory actions of AVP within the SCN are mediated by V1 receptors, although it is not yet known with certainty whether V1a or V1b subtypes are involved in the action. Decrease in the AVP neurons and AVP content in the SCN has been reported [189 - 191], and this has been correlated with decreased amplitude of activity rhythms, increased rhythm fragmentation, and disruption of the normal sleep/wake cycle. However, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] did not find a correlation between differences in activity level and circadian expression and differences in the number of AVP-immunoreactive cells in the SCN. In a study by Kalamatianos and co-workers [193], it was reported that there is a decrease in the amplitude of the daily rhythm in the expression of V1a receptor mRNA along with persistently elevated level for V1b mRNA in aged male rats as compared to young adult ones. A role for AVP in the SCN not only in circadian timing but also in the circadian memory of radical events has been reported by Biemans and co-workers [194]. There have been many attempts in the past to link AVP in the SCN to specific clock function. However, the attempts have not yielded definite results so far. Reduction of AVP neurons of the SCN has been reported to eliminate or reduce the amplitude of many rhythms studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing the complexities and inconsistencies surrounding the role of vasopressin (AVP) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its effect on circadian rhythms. It states that infusion of a V1 receptor antagonist produced no significant effect on wheel running activity in rats, suggesting AVP's lack of critical importance in the generation of circadian rhythms. While other studies indicate some role of AVP in circadian timing and memory, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty and reports of reduced AVP activity correlating with disrupted circadian functioning. Thus, the text presents evidence that challenges the notion of the SCN as the unequivocal master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: See also Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Parabigeminal and pulvinar responses. (A) Probe location of two pulvinar recordings; one in the posterior LP (top) and one in the more anterior LP (bottom). Green and magenta indicate DiI and DiD that dissolved from the coated probe. Middle and right: responses to chirp stimulus from 80 neurons in the posterior LP (middle) and the anterior LP (right). (B) Population response to the chirp stimulus of all light responsive neurons in the Pbg (left) and LP (right). (C) Population response (mean ± SD) to a big, fast stimulus (53°, 150°/s). (D) Population response to a small, fast stimulus (4°, 150°/s). (E) Population response to a small, slow stimulus (4°, 21°/s). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Visual responses of retinal ganglion cells innervating the colliculo-parabigeminal and the colliculo-pulvinar circuits. ntotal indicates the number of cells with patch recording. (A) Transform amplitude for four different frequency bands. (B) Peak response to each of the 8 directions of the moving bar. Peak responses were normalized for each cell to its maximum and the polar plot was rotated so that the maximal response is on the right. Gray: individual cells; color: mean polar plot. Direction-selectivity index (DSI) and orientation-selectivity indices (OSI) are indicated. (C) Mean ± SEM of responses to a linearly expanding disc. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Schematic of the projection preference logic of retinal ganglion cell inputs to the superior colliculus. In total, 14 ganglion cell types are sampled by parabigeminal- and pulvinar-projecting collicular neurons. Four cell types are biased for the LP-circuit, four have a preference for the Pbg-circuit, and six have no bias for either circuit. The color and the number of the retinal ganglion cell types corresponds to the clusters defined in Figure 2. All the other cell types of the EM data set are not sampled by our data set. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes figures and responses related to neuronal circuits and stimuli used in experimental contexts. It does not discuss memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory, making it unrelated to the assertion about perfect memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Among the three main forms of tidal power generation, tidal stream generators are the cost-effective and the least ecologically damaging one. Tidal stream generator is an immature technology, but researchers now focus on it and some of them are very close to large-scale deployment. Many companies are making bold claims regarding their designs, which are not yet independently verified, where they have not been managed economically for a considerable long period to determine its performances and rates of recurrence on expenses. Figure 7 represents the tidal steam generator. Figure 7. Represents tidal steam generator (Esru, 2018) The energy from masses of water moving in and out of a bay or river due to tidal forces are captured using a dam-like structure called a Tidal Barrage. Though a tidal barrage initially grants water to flow into the bay or river at the same time as a high tide and are released back all along at low tide due to damming of water on one side. Measuring the tidal flow and governing the channel gates at key times of the tidal cycle are done to execute this process. The energy due to water flow in and out is captured using turbines provided at the sluices. Figure 8 represents a tidal barrage. Figure 8. Represents tidal barrage (Esru, 2018) different and unproven technique of tidal power generation is DTP (Power). Coast-parallel oscillating tidal waves which rush along the coasts of continental shelves interfere with this long T-dam, which contains powerful hydraulic current enough to produce a considerable amount of energy to produce electricity. Geothermal energy is a renewable energy which is independent of the sun. It is produced due to the heat generated under the earth surface (Morton, 1974; Yong and Wen, 2018). It also promises on reducing the greenhouse gas emission (Diego et al. , 2018; Eagri, 2018). As Indonesia’s oil production decreased, other alternative resources were considered. Indonesia lies on the “ring of fire” and has many volcanos surrounding it. It has the largest source of geothermal energy in the world and provides 40% of the world geothermal energy resources (Saeid et al. , 2018; Eddy, 2013). Another geothermal energy-rich region is the consisting of more than 20 geothermal sites (Bella and Sintia, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various renewable energy sources like tidal and geothermal energy, emphasizing their potential benefits. It highlights that geothermal energy, for example, can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and notes that Indonesia, rich in geothermal resources, plays a crucial role in the global energy landscape. This context underlines the importance of renewable energies in achieving sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: But at the same time studies in Brattleboro rats have shown that AVP may not be necessary to maintain coherent circadian rhythmicity [195,196]. In house mice, Hochstetler and co-workers [192] reported that there is no relationship between AVP neurons in the SCN and circadian features of wheel running activity. In addition, the SCN also participates in the communication with the rest of the brain. One such output signal, primarily electrical but not exclusively, is AVP [197]. Correlation between SCN-AVP expression and circadian organization of locomotor behaviour has been shown across species including rats [198] and hamsters[199]. However, transplantation studies indicate some other diffusible factor other than AVP in the regulation of circadian rhythmicity [186]. Melatonin Melatonin, the hormone from the pineal gland, called the "darkness hormone " is of great importance in the functioning of the SCN. The most important target of melatonin in humans appears to be the SCN, as the SCN contains the highest density for melatonin receptors [200]. A double effect of melatonin in the SCN, namely, an immediate effect and long term effect, has encouraged its worldwide use against the ill effects of jet lag. As an immediate effect, melatonin is found to suppress neuronal SCN activity towards night time levels [201]. It also lowers VP secretion from SCN neurons as shown by experiments in rats [202]. Acceleration of sleep initiation in humans at circadian phases when the SCN would normally stimulate waking is another reported action of melatonin [203]. In terms of long term effect, melatonin can phase shift and amplify circadian rhythmicity of the SCN. Melatonin application has been found to be useful in synchronizing the endogenous circadian rhythms not only in people who suffer from jet lag, but also in blind individuals [204,205], patients with dementia [206], and shift workers [207]. Probably recognizing the importance of melatonin as a chronobiotic, many researchers have studied the applications of melatonin on human circadian rhythms. Recently, Revell and co-workers reported that administration of a combination of morning intermittent bright light and afternoon melatonin along with a gradually advancing sleep schedule can advance circadian rhythms almost an hour a day, with very little circadian misalignment [208]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that other factors, such as AVP and melatonin, may also play significant roles in circadian rhythmicity beyond the SCN. It indicates that while the SCN is involved in circadian rhythms, evidence from studies shows that other substances and mechanisms are also influential, thus challenging the idea that the SCN is the sole master regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The relative response properties routed to the pulvinar and/or parabigeminal nucleus are indicated with the relative color and number. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset 1 Overview of the retinal inputs to the colliculo-parabigeminal and colliculo-pulvinar circuits. Top: Average stratification profile for each cluster. In bold are associations with published retinal ganglion cell types that are supported by molecular markers and the assignments in Bae et al. (2018). The best matches defined by visual inspection of the published anatomical and functional ganglion cell libraries are listed in normal font. Parabigeminal nucleusSharedPulvinarAnatomyCluster #3471316891214251011EM name27375to8w1wt4ow5si636t8n/9n2an4i/4on6sn6sw32SMI32SMI32FOXP2FOXP2FOXP2SMI32Putative typeonoff-1/ HD2Fmini-ONFmidi-ONFmini-anatomical typesSümbül et al. 2014ölgyi et al. 2009G16G20/22G2G3G4/5G14G6G18G8G9Krieger et al. 2017s 2018Fmini-ONFmidi-ONFmini-OFFJacoby et al. 2017HD1, HD2Farrow et al. 2013PV0PV1PV6PV5PV7Baden et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical and functional aspects of the retinal inputs and circuitry in the brain related to vision, without addressing memory recall processes or the influence of stimuli on memory. There is no mention of memory recall or any stimulus effects in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Bulgaria is a place prosperous in thermal water with the temperature in the range of 20°C-100°C (Klara et al. , 2013). Another thermal site is to in Sur (Cristina and Rosa, 2014). The recent developments in California by using geothermal power for reducing CO2 emission resulted in some difference in the emission levels. The CO2 emission is reduced to about 20% by using geothermal power (Sullivan and Wang, 2013). and Poland are also focusing on promoting geothermal energy (Anna, 2017; Elbarbar, 2018). The waste heat from the geothermal power plant can be used as a source of electrical energy. With this system shown in Figure 9, about 75% of the original power is converted into electrical energy (Cukup et al. , 2016). To know the effect of temperature on the lifetime of the plant a test was conducted at Lahendong geothermal area. The brine temperature dropped from 180. 02°C to 154. 92°C on the 30th of the operated organic Rankine cycle. Also, it produced a power output of 1. 3MW (Didit et al. , 2016). Figure 9. Schematic view of the geothermal power plant (Didit et al. , 2016) The fundamental source of biomass energy is the sun. Biomass is the major source of energy in many households for cooking and water heating (Wasajja and Daniel, 2017). A systematic diagram of biomass energy (Figure 10) and its applications is accompanied. Figure 10. Bio-gasifier and solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system as a combined heat and power application (Muhammad et al. , 2016) Chile is focusing on developing biomass for electricity generation as a replacement for non-renewable resources (Carlos et al. , 2018). Bangladesh is the prominent producer of biomass energy and it has used this resource to solve its energy crisis problem. It is the largest producer of biomass energy as it has a large amount of cattle dung (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017). A Cogeneration plant for generation of electricity and heat in wool drying facility is first present in Slovenia. Though the cogeneration plant consumes 245kW of power for its use, it is the first plant in the world to produce 1. 5MW power (Simon and Milan, 2017). The biomass boiler is situated around Alaska and these boilers are installed domestically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various renewable energy sources such as geothermal and biomass energy, and highlights their importance in reducing CO2 emissions and providing electricity. For instance, it mentions that 'the recent developments in California by using geothermal power for reducing CO2 emission resulted in some difference in the emission levels,' supporting the notion that renewable energy is essential for sustainable practices. Additionally, the text discusses several countries, like Chile and Bangladesh, that are actively promoting and utilizing biomass energy, further reinforcing the crucial role of renewable energy in sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In mice, the BMAL1:CLOCK heterodimer drives the transcription of the mammalian Period (Per) and Cryptochrome (Cry) gene families. PER2 upregulates Bmal1 expression, whereas CRY1/2 blocks the transcriptional activity of Clock and Bmal1 (Honma et al. , 1998; Reppert and Weaver, 2002; Sato et al. , 2006). Bmal1 is an exclusive gene, and its single deletion (Bmal1−/−) produces arrhythmic behavior under constant darkness (Bunger et al. , 2000). Furthermore, brain-specific rescue of Bmal1 in Bmal1−/− mice restores behavioral rhythms (McDearmon et al. , 2006). Therefore, Bmal1 is believed to play an essential role in TTFLs and rhythm generation in the SCN pacemaker. The physiological activity rhythms in SCN neurons are primarily controlled by intracellular machinery, as shown by the presence of circadian action potential firing rhythms in individual SCN neurons in dispersed cell cultures (Welsh et al. , 1995). Despite evidence that Bmal1 functions as an essential clock gene, the aspect of how Bmal1 regulates the activity of SCN neurons is currently unclear. Intriguingly, Per2 promoter-driven luciferase rhythms are sustained in the SCN of Bmal1−/− mice (Ko et al. , 2010). Because these rhythms are weakened in low-density dispersed cell cultures, the residual rhythms could be nonintrinsic noise-driven oscillations generated via cell-to-cell interactions. In addition, it has been reported that specific Gq-coupled receptor signaling pathways could act as couplers or amplifiers for the majority of SCN rhythms (Maywood et al. , 2006; Brancaccio et al. , 2013). However, the origin of Gq-mediated oscillations and their relationships with specific intracellular machinery are currently unknown. We have developed a method to visualize the physiological activities of mouse SCN neurons using the yellow cameleon Ca2+ sensor (Ikeda et al. , 2003a). This method enables monitoring of circadian Ca2+ rhythms (CCR) in SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of Bmal1 and its associated gene products in circadian rhythms but does not explicitly support the idea that the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master regulator. Instead, it emphasizes that while Bmal1 is crucial for generating rhythms in the SCN pacemaker, it is unclear how Bmal1 regulates the activity of SCN neurons, suggesting there may be additional complexity in the regulatory mechanisms of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 2016G26G12G4G24G5G8G11/14G18G15/20G22/30G2G9G17G19Known functional propertiesON responsesDirection-selective; small objects; expansion responsesSustained OFF; big objectsBig, fast objectsBig, fast objects‘looming detector’, preference for big objectsON-OFF responses; small objects; ‘high-definition’Small, rather slow objectsSmall, rather slow objectsVery sustained ON-responsesSmall objectsExpansion response(local stimuli)Strong responses to big and small objects Key resources table Reagent (type) or ResourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain, strain background (Mus musculus)C57BL/6Jackson laboratoryJAX:000664Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)PV-Cre (B6;129P2-Pvalbtm1(cre)Arbr/J)Jackson laboratoryJAX:008069Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Ai9 (B6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various properties of object responses in a biological context without any mention of memory recall or stimuli related to memory. No evidence or argument is provided that supports or contradicts the idea of perfect recall of memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: cost and maintenance cost varies with the type of boiler. The boilers have a lifetime of 20-30yrs (Erin et al. , 2017). The biomass conversion technique based on application is given in Figure 11. Figure 11. Biomass conversion technique based on their applications (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017) Another advantage of Biomass is that it can be used as a fuel. Acetic acid can be obtained from organic waste such as cellulose and lignocellulose with a yield of 11-13% using a direct oxidation method. Also, formic acid is obtained from the hydrothermal oxidation of glucose (Fangming et al. , 2010). The steps involved in the conversion of biomass to biogas is shown in Figure 12. Figure 12. Conversion of Biomass to Biogas (Jitu and Adharaa, 2017) Another system developed using biomass energy is the (CCHP). The CCHP is usually adopted in agriculturally rich countries. is an agriculturally rich country it opted to develop CCHP with biomass energy (Harbin et al. , 1864). The biomass generation at different locations of the world is shown in Table 5. Table 5. Biomass power production across the world (Sadrul and Ahiduzzaman, 2012) Type of biomass Electricity generation and capacity biomass 41 2007 USA Solid biomass 15 2007 biomass 13 2007 biomass 3150 2009 biomass 30050 by 2020 1300 2009 1700 by 2012 4900 13 2009 35 2008 OECD countries Biogas 50 2009 Developing countries Biogas 270 14 2009 6 2008 USA Biogas 5 2008 UK Biogas 3 2008 main focus of Spain is the renewable energy resources of which their main concern is solar. Researchers review that the large grid-connected PV system is less cost-effective as it is static. The research also reveals that the maintenance and operation cost is 0. 5% of the capital investment. There has been a serious hike in the installation of the solar panel after 2005. Annual Spain’s national renewable energy plan is shown in Table 6 (Sana and Syed, 2012). Table 6. Spain’s 2011-2020 (Sana and Syed, 2012) 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Renewable energy sources – Heating and cooling 8. 8% 11. 3% 11. 7% 12. 0% 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of renewable energy sources like biomass and solar energy for sustainable development. It mentions Spain's national renewable energy plan and highlights the increase in installation of solar panels since 2005, indicating a shift towards utilizing renewable energy resources. Additionally, various biomass conversion techniques are referenced, which supports the idea that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: CCR are driven by release of Ca2+ from ryanodine-sensitive internal Ca2+ stores, and are resistant to the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX; Ikeda et al. , 2003a). Brancaccio et al. (2013) recently used a GCaMP3 Ca2+ sensor together with a luciferase reporter for the Ca2+/cAMP-responsive element and Per1/2 gene transcription, and detected the most phase-advanced rhythms occurring in CCR. Therefore, determination of the molecular generator(s) of CCR is an important issue. Bmal1−/− mice show reduced expression of ryanodine receptors and caffeine-induced Ca2+ mobilization in SCN neurons (Pfeffer et al. , 2009). Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that Bmal1 is a regulator of CCR. To directly address the involvement of Bmal1 in CCR, we used a p3. 1 vector (Invitrogen). The mutant Bmal1 sequences were finally verified using a DNA Sequencer. The firefly reporter plasmid (E54-TK) was kindly provided by Dr M. Noshiro (Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima Japan). To investigate the intracellular distribution of BMAL1, wild-type, and mutant mBmal1 were individually inserted into the pcDNA3. 1/vector (Invitrogen), with an Xpress-tag epitope bound to the N-terminus of mBmal1. The psiRNA-hH1 neo shRNA expression vector was purchased from InvivoGen. An independent 21-bp sequence (5′--3′) within the coding region of the mBmal1 gene was selected as the insert for shRNA expression using siDirect ( cloned into the psiRNA-hH1neo G1 vector, and designated psiRNA-mBmal1-204. The psiRNA hH-neo G1-scr vector supplied by the manufacturer was used as a negative control for mBmal1 silencing. Monoclonal antibody production. In collaboration with Dr K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master regulator of circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses Ca2+ release and the role of Bmal1 in circadian rhythms without explicitly mentioning the suprachiasmatic nucleus or supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Cg-Gt(ROSA)26Sortm9(CAG-tdTomato)Hze/JlaboratoryJAX:007909Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Gad2-IRES-CRElaboratoryJAX: 10802Genetic reagent (Mus musculus)Tg(Ntsr1-cre)GN209Gsat/MmucdLaboratory of :MMRR_030780-UCDAntibodyanti-GFP (rabbit polyclonal)ScientificCat# A-11122; RRID:AB_2215691:500Antibodyanti-GFP (chicken, polyclonal)ScientificCat# A-10262; RRID:AB_25340231:500Antibodyanti-ChAT (goat, polyclonal)MilliporeCat# AB144P RRID:AB_112140921:200AntibodySMI32 (mouse, monoclonal)BiolendCat# 801701; RRID:AB_25646421:1000Antibodyanti-CART (rabbit, polyclonal)Phoenix PharmaceuticalsH-003–62; RRID:AB_23136141:500Antibodyanti-FOXP2 (goat, polyclonal)abcamCat# 1307; RRID:AB_12689141:2000Antibodyanti-mCherry (chicken, polyclonal)NovusCat# NBP2-25158 RRID:AB_26368811:1000AntibodyAlexa 488 donkey anti-rabbitScientificCat# A-21206; RRID:AB_25357921:500–1000AntibodyAlexa 488 donkey anti-chickenImmuno-JacksonCat# 703-545-155 RRID:AB_23403751:500AntibodyAlexa 633 donkey anti-goatScientificCat# A-21082 RRID:AB_105624001:500AntibodyCy3 donkey anti-mouseImmuno-JacksonCat# 715-165-151 RRID:AB_23157771:400AntibodyAlexa 555 donkey anti-goatabcamCat# ab1501301:300AntibodyDyLight 405 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall. It contains a list of genetic reagents and antibodies, which have no direct connection to the concept of memory or its recall mechanisms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 5% 13. 2% 14. 0% 14. 9% 15. 9% 17. 0% 18. 1% 18. 9% Renewable energy sources – Electricity 18. 2% 28. 7% 29. 5% 31. 1% 31. 8% 32. 8% 33. 7% 34. 2% 35. 6% 36. 8% 38. 1% 40. 2% Renewable energy sources – Transport 1. 2% 6. 1% 6. 2% 6. 3% 6. 4% 8. 1% 9. 1% 10. 3% 11. 2% 12. 2% 12. 6% 13. 5% Overall renewable energy resource share 8. 3% 13. 6% 14. 2% 14. 8% 15. 4% 16. 5% 17. 4% 18. 3% 19. 4% 20. 4% 21. 5% 22. 7% A survey was conducted on the salt possibility in Turkey and its potential use in solar ponds (Tasdemiroglu, 1987). sunshine, land, water and salt are abundant. Salt is the utmost significant and overpriced element, it constitutes about 15-20% of the initial investment in setting up a solar pond. During operation of the system, the salt needs to be continuously replenished as it is regarded as an equivalent fuel for a solar pond. For the past decades, China is the biggest energy consumer with industry covering about 70% of its total energy utilization (Teng et al. , 2018). To meet this demands and to have favorable conditions for solar, China has turned its side towards using solar energy. Statistical data shows that by 2020, 39. 40 million of coal and 98. 22 million of CO2 emission is planned to be reduced. A large wind power station is situated on Shark El-in Egypt. Researchers show that if 60 wind turbines of ''Fuhrländer FL2500–104'' arranged in a 150 MW could be built at Shark El-Ouinat City, then an annual gain of 730,791 MWh/year could be found with a high capacity of 56% (Kuldeep and Kalpesh, 2018). Recently, Nigeria has shifted its interest towards solar and has started to develop it to satisfy the power demands (Ahmed, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting multiple instances where renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, are actively being developed and implemented in various countries, including China and Nigeria. It highlights the significance of renewable energy in meeting energy demands and reducing emissions, indicating their critical role in sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Together with the recent observations of wave propagation of CCR in a similar fashion to Per1- or Per2-luciferase rhythms, these results lead to speculation that CCR is a driving force of E-box regulatory gene transcriptional rhythms in the SCN. This leads to the issue of which clock gene(s) affect CCR in the SCN. Despite the generation of a series of clock gene knock-out mice, evidence explaining the link between TTFLs and physiological activity in SCN neurons remains surprisingly limited. The τ in action potential firing rhythms is longer in cultured SCN neurons of Clock mutant mice, yet these rhythms are stable under culture conditions (Nakamura et al. , 2002). Studies have also shown that a Per1 antisense oligonucleotide reduces glutamate-induced phase-shifts in action potential firing rhythms of SCN neurons (Akiyama et al. , 1999; Tischkau et al. , 2003). Per2-deficient mutant mice have reduced mRNA levels of 14-3-3 protein and synapsin I in the SCN (Holzberg and Albrecht, 2003). We analyzed the effects of antisense oligonucleotides for Per1 and Per2, but failed to inhibit CCR in SCN neurons (Sugiyama et al. , 2004). Moreover, it was recently shown that Per2-luciferase and action potential firing rhythms are uncoupled, but sustained, in the neonatal SCN dissected from Cry1/Cry2 double-knock-out mice (Ono et al. , 2013). This suggests that Cry is involved in cell-to-cell couplings rather than in the intracellular organization of clock function. Although relatively small effects of clock gene deletions on the physiological activity of SCN neurons may be explained by redundant and compensatory functions of multiple clock genes (Miller, 2006), there is a lack of apparent data showing the involvement of TTFLs in the regulation of SCN neuronal activity. Here, we examined RNAi of Bmal1 and overexpression of Bmal1 with Ca2+ monitoring in SCN neurons in organotypic cultures. The cell death caused by transfection of DN-Bmal1 indicates that the general E-box regulatory functions of BMAL1, such as those via brain-derived neurotrophic factor transcription (Chen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and ambiguities surrounding the role of clock genes in the regulation of circadian rhythms within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It mentions 'a lack of apparent data showing the involvement of TTFLs in the regulation of SCN neuronal activity,' suggesting that the understanding of SCN's regulatory role may not be as definitive as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text:  donkey anti-rabbitImmuno-JacksonCat# 715-475-150 RRID:AB_23408391:200AntibodyCy3 donkey anti-chickenImmuno-JacksonCat# 703-166-155 RRID:AB_23403641:800–1000Antibody435/455 # N214791:150# 102762360011:1000Peptide, recombinant proteinconjugated with Alexa488ScientificCat# C22841Chemical compound, drugLipophilic tracers # D7776, D7757, D275Strain, strain background (SAD-B19 rabies virus)Rabies virus: G-coated SAD-△G-GCaMP6sThis paperN/AIs available upon request or from Laboratory of Botond RoskaStrain, strain background (SAD-B19 rabies virus)Rabies virus: EnvA-coated SAD-△G-GCaMP6sThis paperN/AIs available upon request or from Laboratory of Botond RoskaStrain, strain background (herpes simplex virus)HSV: hEF1a-TVA950-T2A-RabiesG-IRES-mCherryMIT coreRN714Strain, strain background (herpes simplex virus)HSV: hEF1a-LS1L-TVA950-T2A-RabiesG-IRES-mCherryMIT coreRN716Chemical compound, drug10x # 437117KChemical compound, drug1x # 444057YChemical compound, drugHistofix 4%RocheCat# P087. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall. It discusses antibodies, chemical compounds, and viruses, which are unrelated to the concept of memory or stimuli for memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: At the end of 2016, it was observed that the total installed operational CSPs (Panel) has reached 4,926 MW. Also, an additional power of 2,056MW is expected after the constructions are completed in the upcoming years (Olumide and Edmund, 2018). Another advancement made in the solar field is the usage of pyramid solar still instead of conventional solar still (Ayodele et al. , 2018). The performance of pyramid solar is better than the conventional solar and its efficiency under different conditions is presented as Figure 13. Another emerging technology in solar is the perovskite solar cell (Khalaji et al. , 2017). This resulted in better efficiency compared to conventional silicon solar cell and the various tests conducted using different perovskite cells. The highest efficiency was obtained by using LBSO (Lanthanum (La)–doped BaSnO3) and methylammonium lead diode and the power conversion efficiency was recorded to be 21. 2%. With high efficiency and low working temperature, resulting in a significant reduction in the price of the photovoltaic panel. Figure 13. Efficiency under different conditions (Ayodele et al. , 2018) consumption of current and future energy sources across the world is presented in the form of Figure 14. The figure shows that the production of coal is high compared to the production of solar as of 2010-2016. It is also evident that the total consumption of non-renewable energy resources is more compared to the production of renewable energy up to 2016. After 2016, the focus shifted to renewable energy as non-renewable energy sources are highly polluting. The figure also shows that the production of solar is increasing and its production has doubled the production of coal after 2017. This shows that the renewable energy focus on the future is more, of it solar is given more importance. The progress of solar energy production from 2011-2017 across the world is presented as a Table 7. Figure 14. Global average energy capacity (IEA, 2018) Table 7. Solar energy generation across the world (Energy economics, 2018) Terawatt-hours 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Share 2017 US 4. 7 9. 0 16. 0 29. 2 39. 4 55. 4 77. 9 17. 6% Canada 0. 6 0. 9 1. 5 2. 1 2. 9 3. 1 3. 2 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the increasing focus on renewable energy, particularly solar energy, which has shown significant growth and efficiency improvements over time. It mentions that after 2016, there has been a shift towards renewable energy sources due to the high pollution associated with non-renewable sources, indicating that renewable energy is becoming increasingly important for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melatonin can reset the circadian clock only at temporally distinct times, dusk and dawn. When melatonin is administered at dusk, it phase advances the firing rate of SCN neurons in rat and mouse [5, 9]. McArthur et al. also described a behavioral activity phase advance in response to melatonin between circadian time (CT) 23 and 01 (dawn) [12]. Melatonin is believed to exert these effects via two specific, high affinity, guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein) coupled receptors (GPCR) in the SCN, MT1 and MT2 [21]. MT1 mRNA is expressed in the SCN, however the expression of MT2 receptor mRNA has been more difficult to evaluate [15, 18, 23, 26]. There is evidence that there is a circadian rhythm of the expression of the MT1 receptor mRNA as well as of melatonin binding in the rat brain. Melatonin receptor MT1 mRNA expression exhibited a distinct circadian rhythm peaking during subjective night [10]. However, another study found that MT1 mRNA peaked 3 hours ahead of melatonin binding [10, 15]. This result however has been controversial, as in another study there was no statistically significant variation in mRNA levels across the circadian cycle [26]. Poirel et al. were not able to detect any expression of MT2 receptors mRNA in SCN [18]. Using binding studies, MT2 receptors in the SCN are expressed in very low levels [3, 9]. The above-mentioned studies used methods such as RT-PCR or in situ hybridization (ISH) as well as receptor binding to infer the presence of both MT1 and MT2 receptors in the SCN tissue. A circadian rhythm of receptor protein synthesis and localization has not been demonstrated due to the lack of specific antibodies for MT1 and MT2 receptors. Such a rhythm would explain the temporal gating of melatonin efficacy in modulating behavioral rhythm and electrophysiology. Therefore, this study describes the use of immunohistochemistry in the study of the circadian distribution of melatonin receptors MT1 and MT2 in the SCN. 2. Experimental procedure 2. 1. Animals and tissue preparation rats (Charles River, Wilmington, MD), 4–6 weeks old, were entrained for at least 2 weeks to a 12/12 LD cycle prior to the experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing melatonin's effects on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) without affirming its role as the 'master regulator' of circadian rhythms. It focuses on the activity of melatonin receptors in the SCN and details studies about melatonin's phase-advancing effects, which may imply that while the SCN is influenced by melatonin, other complexities exist regarding its regulatory role. The mention of controversies regarding receptor expression and rhythms questions a simplistic view of the SCN's dominance as the sole regulator.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 5Chemical compound, drugSerumMilliporeCat# 30–100 MLChemical compound, drug10% Bovine AlbuminSigmaCat# SRE0036-250# 290734Chemical compound, drugDMEM, high-glucoseScientificCat# 41965062Chemical compound, drugTrypsin 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists solely of a list of chemical compounds and does not mention memory, recall, or any related concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 4 3. 8 5. 0 6. 0 7. 5 8. 8 2. 0% China 2. 6 3. 6 8. 4 23. 5 43. 6 61. 7 108. 2 24. 4% India 0. 8 2. 1 3. 4 4. 9 6. 6 11. 6 21. 5 4. 9% Japan 5. 4 7. 4 12. 9 23. 5 34. 5 48. 5 62. 3 14. 1% Malaysia † † 0. 1 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 0. 4 0. 1% 0. 9 1. 1 1. 6 2. 6 4. 0 5. 1 6. 4 1. 4% 65. 2 100. 9 139. 0 197. 7 260. 0 328. 2 442. 6 100. 0% *-Based on the gross generation and not accounting for cross-border electricity supply. †-Less than 0. 05. -Less than 0. 05%. the emerging technology trends in the energy production, it is obvious that our reliance on non-renewable sources is going to be mitigated over the years and renewable energy sources are going to share the major share in the energy production of which solar is predominant among other renewable energy resources. So it is more important than ever before to get an insight into the scope of solar energy sources and its production. It could be seen that in the upcoming time’s global energy consumption is going to increase at a drastic rate, so there is a need of new and smart technologies to produce energy in the most efficient ways possible. The aforementioned text gives a clear portrait of the countries which are pioneering in renewable energy production especially solar by employing such methods and encourages research on advanced solar energy generation techniques which are comparatively efficient to the traditional production method. Countries which are lagging in energy production must consider alternative renewable energy solutions like solar to solve their energy crisis, investments must be made on innovative production techniques by such countries. Though non-renewable sources are widely used because of its lower investment and high energy output, using it ultimately pollutes global domain, so in order to make the world a better place non-renewable energy must be replaced with renewable energy sources especially solar. corresponding author expresses gratefulness to the management of College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, Chennai, India for the comprehensive facilities and buttress provided to carry out this research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the transition from non-renewable to renewable energy sources, particularly emphasizing the importance of solar energy for future energy production. It highlights that relying on non-renewable sources leads to pollution and stresses the need for innovative and efficient energy production techniques. Furthermore, it mentions that countries lagging in energy production must consider renewable solutions to address their energy crises, thereby reinforcing the idea that renewable energy sources are essential for sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: 1), but were calibrated prior to the experiment to produce 150 lx at corneal level. During the study, exposure to the standard white LED was 150 ± 3. 24 lx during the fixed gaze and 151 ± 2. 70 during the free gaze. Exposure to the blue-depleted white LED was 153 ± 4. 60 lx during the fixed gaze and 152 ± 5. 05 during the free gaze. There was no difference in the photopic illuminance received during the fixed and free (p = 0. 11, repeated measure two-way ANOVA) or between the blue-depleted and standard white LED lamps (p = 0. 15, repeated measure two-way ANOVA). Melatonin concentrations during the baseline portion prior to exposure to the blue-depleted or standard white LED lighting were similar (p = 0. 33, paired t-test) as the expected rise of melatonin occurred in the hours prior to habitual bed time (Fig. 3a). There was no obvious impact of either light source on salivary melatonin concentrations (Fig. 3a). Melatonin concentrations during the full exposure (p = 0. 40, paired t-test) or during any single hour of exposure (p’s > 0. 37, paired t-tests) to the blue-depleted white light was indistinguishable from that observed during the same time of exposure to the standard white light. SSS scores during the baseline portion prior to exposure to the blue-depleted or standard white LED lighting were similar (p = 0. 78, paired t-test). The expected rise in subjective sleepiness occurred around the time of habitual bedtime and this level of sleepiness was maintained throughout the three hours of light exposure (Fig. 3b). There was no obvious difference in the impact of the two light sources on SSS scores (p = 0. 21, paired t-test). DiscussionAt a low illuminance of 32 lx, the blue-depleted white LED light (40% lower melanopsin stimulation) had significantly less of an impact on the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) than a broad spectrum white LED light, and did so without impacting melatonin or subjective sleepiness. At higher illuminances (≥100 lx), there were no differences in light-induced PIPR, melatonin suppression, or relief of subjective sleepiness between the two light sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an experiment where different types of light exposure (blue-depleted white LED and standard white LED) did not lead to differences in melatonin concentrations, despite the controlled light levels. The results showed that there was no obvious impact on melatonin levels due to either light source during the exposure period, indicating that, at certain illuminances, light exposure did not influence melatonin production as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 05%ScientificCat# 25300054Chemical compound, drugSerum (FBS)ScientificCat# 10270106Chemical compound, drug2,2'-thiodiethanol (TDE)SigmaCat# 166782–500GChemical compound, drug# P36934Chemical compound, drug(NaN3)SigmaCat# S2002-100GChemical compound, drugTriton X-100SigmaCat# S8875Chemical compound, drug(NaCl)SigmaCat# S7653-250GChemical compound, drug(KCl)SigmaCat# P5405-25GChemical compound, drug(CaCl2)SigmaCat# C5670-100GChemical compound, drug(MgCl2)SigmaCat# 4880Chemical compound, drugD-glucose (Dextrose)SigmaCat# D9434-250GChemical compound, drugSodium phosphate monobasic (NaH2PO4)SigmaCat# S5011Chemical compound, drug(NaOH)SigmaCat# 655104–500GChemical compound, drugSodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)SigmaCat# S8875-1KG(Mesocricetus auratus)BHK cellsLaboratory of Botond Roska/Laboratory of Karl-Klaus ConzelmannN/A(Mesocricetus auratus)B7GG cellsLaboratory of BotondRoska/Laboratory of Karl-Klaus ConzelmannN/A(Mesocricetus auratus)BHK-EnvA cellsLaboratory of Botond Roska/Laboratory of Karl-Klaus ConzelmannN/A(Homo sapiens)HEK293T-TVA cellsLaboratory of Botond Roska/Laboratory of Karl-Klaus ConzelmannN/ASoftware, algorithmFijiSchindelin et al. (2012)RRID:SCR_002285Software, algorithm:SCR_001622Software, algorithmZen liteZeissSoftware, algorithmCAFFEcaffe. berkeleyvision. orgSoftware, algorithmChAT band detectorThis paper farrowlab/ChATbandsDetectionSoftware, algorithmVNETgithub. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of chemical compounds and cell types, along with software algorithms, with no mention or discussion regarding memory recall or the effects of stimuli on memory.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: As an example, in the Region we have developed an Alliance of Space research centers to aggregate satellite data with advanced computing codes in order to evaluate the potential of exploitation of renewable energy resources as biomass, solar, wind or water currents and similar initiatives are also in many other regions of the World. The most important aspect that we learn, is that renewable energy sources have no borders and even the very rudimental tools that we have yet, allow us to understand that there are situations when between a large storm in the Sahara desert and the yield of biomass from the may be many interlinked and influencing factors. The major disappointment at the end of “Rio + 20” Conference held in 2012, was that the final resolution was blocked by the group of the Non-on the argument that the developed countries have already a set of technologies on the shelf and would like to impose them to the developing countries. Such an argument is very often promoted in different Conferences or meetings organized at certain levels. As an example, in Romania, the scientific research activities on wind energy have started in 1974 as a for Sources. Over many decades, there were spent significant amounts of funds for developing original solutions and technologies. Unfortunately, the scientific research achievements have not been transferred to industry and business. As a consequence, when Romania joined the EU in 2007 and specific subsidy programs have been initiated to promote renewable energy sources, all investment projects on wind farms have been developed with technologies from the developed countries. It took us several years to understand the very important connection between the scientific research, innovation and competitiveness at regional and global scales. At present, at the Institute for Nanotechnologies and Sources, at “Ovidius” University of Constanta, we have established a special framework for cooperation between Academia and Industry. We are working together with 9 companies on developing competitive products and services integrating nanomaterials and nanotechnologies. The solutions that are developed by joint team of researchers from our institute and partner companies include antistatic paints for solar PV and thermal panels for the reduction of dust depositions and securing their performances, anti-corrosion solutions for heat pump installations in coastal areas using sea water, catalytic filters for waste biomass boilers to facilitate the combustion of a wide range of waste biomass, nanofluid based oils for high performance ORC installations, hybrid solar panels, MEAs for urea fuel cells but also IoS and IoT solutions for monitoring and system control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the development of renewable energy resources such as biomass, solar, wind, and water currents. It discusses initiatives aimed at evaluating and enhancing these resources, which reflect their importance in sustainable development efforts. Additionally, the text emphasizes the integration of scientific research and industry collaboration in the advancement of renewable technologies, supporting the notion that these resources play a critical role in sustainable progress.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is influenced by light exposure. [SEP] Text: The causes of blindness were retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) (n = 5), retinitis pigmentosa (n = 2), congenital glaucoma (n = 1), optic neuritis/neuropathy (n = 2), congenital rubella syndrome (n = 1), retinal detachment (n = 1), retinitis/retinopathy (related to measles; n = 1), and etiology unknown (n = 2). An observation of the fundus could only be performed in 4 of the 5 participants with whom a clear, definitive view of the anterior chamber could be made in at least 1 eye. In addition, miotic pupil(s) (n = 2) or “obstruction” within the anterior chamber (n = 11), such as corneal opacity or clouding, precluded any assessment of the pupil reflex to light in 13 ocular-intact blind participants. Pupil constriction was not detectable in either eye in response to the brightest light of an indirect ophthalmoscope in a standard clinical exam in the remaining 4 participants in which at least 1 pupil was observable. There were only 3 participants (22CS, 2811, and 26Q5U [nos. 1, 2, and 11, respectively]) who exhibited voluntary eye movements with full ductions and versions. No detectable activation of the posterior visual cortex was observed with the flash stimulus during visual evoked potential results testing in each of the 9 blind patients tested. A negative electroretinogram was previously reported16 for participant 1492 (no. 4). TestMelatonin concentrations decreased by more than 33% during the 6. 5-hour LE in 5 blind participants (82. 8%, 79. 2%, 72. 4%, 83. 5%, 41. 1% for nos. 1–5, respectively) (Fig 2), with an average (± standard deviation) of 71. 6%±17. 5% (n = 5), similar to that observed in sighted participants. 34 Of these, 2 participants were diagnosed with ROP, 2 participants were diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa, and 1 participant had complete bilateral retinal detachments. The magnitude of suppression was attenuated in 1 participant (no. 5) exhibiting nearly half the percent suppression than the other 4 participants. Figure 2 Melatonin suppression test of individual participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing results that indicate melatonin concentrations decreased significantly during light exposure in blind participants. Specifically, it states that 'Test Melatonin concentrations decreased by more than 33% during the 6.5-hour LE in 5 blind participants,' suggesting that even in absence of sight, light exposure can affect melatonin levels, which supports the claim about light's influence on melatonin production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: For postsurgical patients and presurgical-postsurgical change, test format moderated the size of the right-lateralization effect (recognition > recall) and this explained and overshadowed effects of stimulus type (i. e. , faces > designs). ” 6 Table 2 had shown incorrect counts for k, r, n_L and n_R for Recall and Recognition moderator variables, the entire table with these corrections is shown below. Table 2 Counts of papers, rows of data and participants by moderator variables and patient group PresurgicalPostsurgicalPostsurgical changeModeratorsModerator Levelkrn_Ln_Rkrn_Ln_Rkrn_Ln_RStimulusDesigns103243358133456313320662046499817351719 Faces263773766515213383411015227233 Spatiala7152172134101091272392103 Scene6101851293678741278 Associative36148128-------- Object----112423----Learning formatSingle104243361233976314420052002449415921591 Repeated44841632152522419759282129966919Test delayLearning11416637623505709421292095526417311700 Delayed10115836233383568919791964415816101603Test formatRecall124242411441147113523642326519418761841 Recognition53671665166528337727841823556563Indexb 263310018991522606567911483463 k number of papers, r number of rows/datapoints (exceeds k when multiple measures within the same category are nested within same paper), n number of patients, divided by side of temporal lobe epilepsy/surgery (left: n_L; right: n_R) aspatial category of materials also includes navigational or route-finding tests bindex measures are composites of other individual tests, usually involving the Scale index scores, and are mixtures of different kinds of moderator levels (i. e. , stimulus types, learning formats, testing delays and testing formats) The erroneous rows are shown below for comparison, so the extent of the changes can be seen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the results of a study related to test formats and the right-lateralization effect in memory recognition vs recall among postsurgical patients, without addressing whether memory can be perfectly recalled with stimulus. It provides only statistical analyses and does not support or contradict the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Putting in the forefront the industry, we try to improve their competitiveness and to build trust in cooperation with other players within the EU and worldwide. In 2015, in New York, the UN adopted the 2030 Agenda for and the Goals (SDGs), which include a dedicated goal on energy, SDG 7, calling to “ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all". It is also important to mention the fact that Energy, lies at the heart of both the 2030 Agenda for and the on Climate Change. A fundamental element to support the SDG 7, is to facilitate to all the citizens of the World the access to up-to-date knowledge which includes the to scientific research results. But, in a document of the [1] developed based on a comprehensive analysis of a large volume of scientific publications, it is mentioned that “Mostly due to current methods of capture and data malpractice, approximately 50% of all research data and experiments is considered not reproducible, and the vast majority (likely over 80%) of data never makes it to a trusted and sustainable repository. ” In this respect, the movement including the aspects related to to the content of Scientific Journals, the Openness of the entire cycle of the scientific research process and the FAIR principles to publish data and metadata, may be also considered as a basic attempt for addressing the implementation of SDG 7. This year, the established a pilot project on dedicated to the risks and vulnerabilities of using manufactured nanomaterials involving a group of researchers and with the support of the Cluster and this process shall be further extended. In the new paradigm of energy engineering, the symbiotic link between energy and information led to a fundamentally new approach on energy modeling. Recently, we started a new project under EU H2020 with a very valuable Europe wide consortium dedicated to the integration of waste heat streams from the industry in the systems. The approach that we are developing is to use massive data sets captured from a large variety of sensors and to develop and various other dedicated data mining tools for understanding the consumption characteristics of end-users, the matching with the available waste heat streams from local industries and with local resources of renewable energy. As a consequence, in the new paradigm, the optimization solutions are shifting from compliance with simple objective functions (as minimal cost or minimal impact) towards compliance with complex, dynamic, data driven solutions. Keywords sustainable energy, open science, sustainable development goals Full Text: PDF 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of sustainable energy through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7, which aims to ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. The text discusses projects that integrate renewable energy with industry practices and highlights the move towards more sophisticated energy models that utilize data, reflecting an increasing recognition of the role renewable energy plays in sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: This issue of the of Work, Environment & Health includes an epidemiologic study that suggests no effect of shift work on cancer risk (13). This study used registry data that basically included the entire Swedish working population. Jobs in the 1970 census were classified according to the estimated percentage of shift workers. The population was followed from 1971 to 1989, for up to 19 years. findings are not consistent with those of several earlier studies indicating an increased risk of prostate cancer among rotating shift workers and an increased risk of breast and colorectal cancer among female shift workers. For example, based on a systematic review and meta-analysis of 13 studies on night work and breast cancer risk between 1960 and 2005 (14), the aggregate relative risk estimate for all of the studies combined was 1. 48, and, for female night workers not including those in studies of cabin crews, it was 1. 51. The current study of Schwartzbaum et al (13) is based on a huge cohort of the Swedish working population. However, only a very small proportion of the population included shift workers, and therefore the power of the study is limited. As the authors state, a possible source of failure to observe a possible association between shift work and breast cancer may have been due to a misclassification of exposure as a result of the used aggregated, rather than individual, exposure information. Exposure was thus based on a group estimate made from job titles. Many of the workers classified as exposed may not have done night work at all, and some of those classified as unexposed may have worked at night. In the main analyses, job categories with >40% shift workers (“exposed”) were compared with job categories with <30% shift workers (“unexposed”). The small exposure contrast may have further reduced the possibility of identifying a risk. Due to the increased diversity of workhours, night work is common in many occupations not recognized as actual night or shift work even by workers themselves. Furthermore, the maximum follow-up time of <20 years can be regarded as short since all studies on shift work and breast cancer with a longer follow-up time (≥20 years) have shown an increased risk (15–17). Schwartzbaum et al (13) were not able to control for potential confounding factors other than marital and socioeconomic status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that suggests no effect of shift work on cancer risk, which indirectly questions the negative impact that shift work may have on health, including metabolic health. It presents findings that differ from previous studies linking shift work with increased risks of certain cancers, thereby calling into question the association between shift work and negative health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: PresurgicalPostsurgicalPostsurgical changeModerators krn_Ln_Rkrn_Ln_Rkrn_Ln_RTest formatRecall121238430539576913323092288499218211803 Recognition59771975183731378608802127644659Please note this corrected table also corrects a minor error where part of the end of the footnotes was incorrectly replicated at the start of the footnotes (the errant text was: “Scale index scores, and are mixtures of different kinds of moderator levels (i. e. , stimulus types, learning formats, testing delays and testing formats”). Page 8 to 9 The section entitled “Meta-regression of Type and Test-related Moderators” required re-writing due to the number of reported results affected by the coding error. Given the substantial amount of changes required, the entire corrected version is shown below for maximum clarity for the reader:Meta‑regression of Type and Test‑related Patients Fig. 3A shows that, for the additive meta-regression model, the moderators collectively did not have a significant effect on lateralization in presurgical patients (QM = 4. 46, p = 0. 48), and were not significant as individual moderators, ds < 0. 06, ps > 0. 35. Figure 3B shows the interactive model was not significant overall, QM = 13. 61, p = 0. 26; however, there was a significant difference between two Stimulus groups (Faces > Designs, d = -0. 93, p =. 03), a significant effect of Format (Recall > Recognition, d = 0. 90, p =. 04), and a significant Learning x Format interaction (d = -0. 84, p = 0. 049). Fig. 3 Standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% confidence intervals of lateralization (left minus right TLE performance) for presurgical patients, by type of moderator analysis and individual moderator levels. Negative effect sizes indicate poorer performance for right than left TLE patients. Arrows indicate that the confidence intervals exceed the scale. Sample size (k, studies) inferential statistics, heterogeneity and fail-safe N measures are in 9. Contrasts used mean differences and t-statistic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various details related to presurgical and postsurgical patient performance, moderators in testing formats, and meta-regression analysis. It contains statistical results and information that do not specifically relate to the idea of perfect recall in memory. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant (pass) regarding the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Pay in EMI's. S. Rathore, N. L. of Origin: Imprint:NIPA eISBN:9789390083862 Binding:EOf Pages:310 Language:Price: 106. 93 USD 96. 24 USD Add to cart Contact for About the Book Content/Buy 1. 1 to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in steering both industrialized and developing countries onto more sustainable energy development paths. Specifically, they can strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, by boosting productivity, social welfare, by improving living standards and enhancing safety and security, and the environment, by reducing indoor and outdoor pollution and remediating environmental degradation. 1. 2 Energy and it’s in any form is necessary to meet many of our requirements. It’s varying definitions shows the importance of energy in our life. 1 - 18 (18 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 1. 1 to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in steering both industrialized and developing countries onto more sustainable energy development paths. Specifically, they can strengthen the three pillars of sustainable development: the economy, by boosting productivity, social welfare, by improving living standards and enhancing safety and security, and the environment, by reducing indoor and outdoor pollution and remediating environmental degradation. 1. 2 Energy and it’s in any form is necessary to meet many of our requirements. It’s varying definitions shows the importance of energy in our life. 2 Planning 2. 1 is one of the main input for rural development and economic development. The greater part of the world population lives at low standard and a quarter of the population or about 1. 5 billion, have an extremely low standard of life. Energy is one of the essential requirement of the quality of life the people. The industrial development or even large scale food production, water supply, textile manufactures & construction of building and other recreation items are not possible without adequate supply of energy. Therefore, one of the most important tasks is to provide adequate, reliable, convenient and efficient supply of energy, if quality of life of the people is to be raised from its present level of grinding poverty. Table 2. 1 project the global primary energy supply in six scenarios i. e A1 - its strong emphasis on oil and natural gas use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that prudent energy policies and research are vital for sustainable development, specifically noting that these policies can enhance the economy, social welfare, and the environment. It states that energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development, thereby supporting the assertion that renewable energy sources are integral to this process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can negatively impact metabolic health. [SEP] Text: 1Flow chart of enrollment for this cross-sectional studyFull size imageTable 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of shift and non-shift male workersFull size tableTable 2 Demographic and clinical characteristics of SWSD and non-SWSD shift workersFull size tableThe association between shift work, SWSD and premature ejaculationThe results of univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses on premature ejaculation indicate (as shown in Table 3) that compared to non-shift-working males, men engaged in shift work are more predisposed to premature ejaculation, with a significant increase in PEDT score (β 1. 58, 95% CI 0. 75—2. 42, p < 0. 001). For males with (SWSD), the risk of premature ejaculation is further elevated, as reflected by an increased PEDT score (β 2. 86, 95% CI 1. 86—3. 85, p < 0. 001). Subgroup analysis based on the duration of shift work reveals that less than one year of shift work does not affect the occurrence of premature ejaculation, whereas the prevalence significantly rises with more than one year of shift work, and even more so after three years. Moreover, our findings suggest that less than six hours of sleep per day, depression, anxiety, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, frequent alcohol consumption (more than twice per week), and erectile dysfunction are risk factors for premature ejaculation. In addition, a higher percentage of premature ejaculation occurs in men older than 45 and overweight (Table 4). Table 3 Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses of PEDT scores in shift work and SWSD male workersFull size tableTable 4 Comparison of clinical characteristics between participants with and without premature ejaculationFull size tableTo control for the influence of confounding factors and further evaluate the association between shift work, SWSD, and premature ejaculation, multiple regression models adjusting for various variables were employed. The first model did not adjust for any variables, the second model adjusted for clinical baseline characteristics excluding sleep and shift work-related variables, and the third model included adjustments for all variables. The results from all three models consistently showed that, compared to men who do not work shifts, men who do engage in shift work had higher premature ejaculation diagnostic scores (Model 1, β 3. 89, 95% CI 3. 31—4. 46, p < 0. 001; Model 2, β 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific negative health outcome associated with shift work—premature ejaculation. It provides statistical evidence from regression analyses indicating that men engaged in shift work have a higher predisposition to premature ejaculation, particularly after longer durations of shift work. Although the text does not directly address metabolic health issues, it highlights a significant health risk linked to shift work, implying potential consequences that could relate to metabolic health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: 003, with a significant effect of Format (Recognition > Recall, d = -0. 38, p < 0. 001), but no other moderators were significant. Fig. 4 Standardized effect sizes (Cohen’s d) and 95% confidence intervals of lateralization (left minus right TLR performance) for postsurgical patients, by type of moderator analysis and individual moderator levels. Negative effect sizes indicate poorer performance for right than left TLR patients. Sample size (k, studies) inferential statistics, heterogeneity and fail-safe N measures are in 10. Contrasts used mean differences and t-statistic For the same reasons as described in the section above for the presurgical sample, we used Bonferroni-corrected contrasts (i. e. , p = 0. 05/2 = 0. 025) to determine whether this Format effect for the right TLR group was influenced by the borderline significant effect of Stimulus (see Fig. 4D). These showed the right-lateralization effect for Designs-Recognition was significantly larger than for Designs-Recall, while the effect size for Faces-Recognition was not significantly larger than for Designs-Recognition (see Fig. 4D). Therefore, when taken together, for postsurgical patients the lateralization effects (right < left performance) were affected by testing format (recognition > recall) that appeared to overshadow and explain the effects of stimulus type (faces > designs). For postsurgical change, the additive meta-regression model showed that for left TLR patients the moderators were significant as a group, QM = 12. 95, p = 0. 01, with a significant effect of Format (Recognition more left-lateralized than Recall, d = 0. 22, p = 0. 4), but no other moderators were significant (see Fig. 5A). The interactive model (Fig. 5B) was also significant, QM = 15. 15, p = 0. 01, again with a significant effect of Format only (Recognition more left-lateralized than Recall, d = 0. 25, p = 0. 007). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the perfect recall of memory with the right stimulus. Instead, it discusses effects of different testing formats (recognition vs. recall) and provides statistical analysis related to performance in postsurgical patients. The information is more focused on lateralization effects and does not support or contrast with the idea of perfect memory recall.