Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: 002, n=8; Fig. 2a, right) that was opposite (Moore’s test: R′=1. 418, P<0. 001) from their initial group orientation (α=175°, r=0. 857, P=0. 0008, n=8; Fig. 2a, left) by ~\n180°. These results demonstrate that individual fall migrants use the inclination angle of a magnetic field as a directional cue, suggesting that monarchs, like birds and sea turtles16,17,18, rely on an inclination compass for long-distance navigation. Figure 2: The inclination magnetic compass of fall migratory monarch butterflies. (a) Fall migrant monarchs that oriented equatorwards during their initial flight (left; red; n=8), shifted their orientation towards magnetic North when tested a second time under similar generated field conditions (right; dark green; n=8), but with the inclination angle reversed (−45°). (b) Fall migrant monarchs that oriented equatorwards during their initial flight (left; red; n=7), each displayed flight with significantly reduced directionality (that is, Z score <500) when tested a second time under a horizontal field (0° inclination angle) with the same field intensity (n=7). For both a and b, bar graphs indicate the mean Z±s. e. m. score of animals for each group. Circular diagrams are the group orientation behaviour for each group in which each monarch plotted (dot) had a Z score >500. For each circular diagram, the arrow indicates mean group orientation, shaded area is 95% confidence interval, and mN is magnetic north. Full size imageSome animals use a polar compass for directionality and do not reverse their direction when the vertical component is inverted21,22. To rule out a potential contribution of a polar compass to directionality in migratory monarchs, we re-flew migrants at vertical field parameters mimicking those at the equator in which the inclination is 0° but still at a field strength of 141 μT; if the monarch’s magnetic compass is strictly inclinational, then directionality should be severely compromised with only the horizontal (polar) component present (that is, without a vertical component). The seven migrants that re-flew for 5 min under these conditions (initial Z-values 1,087. 4±308. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that monarch butterflies, along with other animals like birds and sea turtles, rely on a magnetic field for navigation rather than circadian rhythms. It discusses the use of inclination angles of the magnetic field, suggesting a reliance on a magnetic compass system for long-distance navigation, thereby rebutting the idea that circadian rhythms serve as a primary navigation mechanism for monarch butterflies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungal spores being abundant airborne particles. Instead, it discusses the effects of grazing exclusion on grassland ecosystems and does not mention airborne particles or fungal spores.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the learning of a second dialect is easier for the young child than for a youngster in junior high or above. The other point of view is that intrinsic motivation is the key factor in learning either a second language or dialect. That is, an individual will most easily acquire a second language or dialect if his or her internal motivation to do so is high. For a very young child, the primary socializing agents are the family and peer group. Language serves a social solidarity function, which is the reason that the eradication approach usually fails. That is, the intrinsically motivating factor of family and peer identity is stronger than the later acquired values of social mobility and social class prestige which are associated with standard English usage. These later developing values become intrinsic motivators around the age of junior high or above. Further, for the very young child, language is closely tied to self-concept. To imply to a young child that something is wrong with the way he or she talks (which is also the way his or her family talks) implies that something is wrong with that child as a person. It could be argued that there is no justification for devaluing the self-worth of a child—not even if you think it is for his or her “own good in the long run. ” The answer to this question is addressed indirectly in the position statement. It is clearly stated that there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. Such individuals would have intrinsic motivation to learn standard English and would be the most likely to seek the services of the speech-language pathologist. It is this type of individual to which the position statement refers. Q: I understand the bidialectal philosophy for oral communication. am continually confronted by classroom teachers who have difficulty teaching written standard English to nonstandard dialect speakers. Do speech-language pathologists have a responsibility here? A: Many speakers of nonstandard dialects will apply the phonological and grammatical rules of the dialect to written English. Consequently, there may be dialect interference when learning to write in standard English grammar. There also may be errors in spelling caused by phonological differences and reading may be impeded. ASHA recognizes the role of the speech-language pathologist as a resource or consultant to the classroom teacher. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how language reflects socialization within family and peers, emphasizing that language is tied to self-concept and social identity. It elaborates on how nonstandard dialects are often tied to individuals' backgrounds and how they may need to learn standard English for social mobility. This connection between dialectic usage and social factors aligns with the claim that dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Perioperative Medicine| June 2009 of Temperature and Rest–after General (Propofol) Anesthesia in Dispersyn, Ph. D. ; Garance Dispersyn, Ph. D. *Junior Researcher. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 1315. Split-10. 1097/ALN. 0b013e3181a10225 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search anesthesia is commonly associated with sleep disorders, fatigue, drowsiness, and mood alterations in patients. The authors examined whether general (propofol) anesthesia can impact the circadian temporal structure by disturbing circadian rest-activity and body temperature rhythms under normal light-dark conditions (light-dark 12:12 h) in rats. MethodsA group of rats was anesthetized with propofol, and another was injected with 10% Intralipid, which was used as a control lipidic solution. The authors examined six groups of rats according to the Zeitgeber time of intraperitoneal administration (ZT6, ZT10, ZT16) and the substance injected (propofol or Intralipid). ResultsOn the day after anesthesia, propofol induced a significant 60- to 80-min phase advance of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms. A significant 45- to 60-min phase advance of body temperature and a significant 20-min phase advance of rest-activity were still observed on the second day after anesthesia. The amplitudes of both rest-activity and body temperature rhythms were decreased on the first and second days after anesthesia. The 24-h mean rest-activity rhythm was decreased on the day after anesthesia, whereas the 24-h mean body temperature rhythm was not modified. ConclusionThe results demonstrate the disturbing effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure in rats under normal light conditions. Topics: body temperature, propofol, rats, rhythm, core body temperature, intravenous fat emulsions research on postoperative circadian rhythms in patients suggests that both general anesthetics and surgery can disturb the circadian time structure via multifactorial mechanisms. 1,2General anesthesia can be described as a pharmacologic state involving amnesia, immobility, unconsciousness, and analgesia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how propofol anesthesia disrupts the circadian temporal structure in rats, indicating that external factors can significantly disturb body temperature rhythms. While it mentions the body temperature rhythms, the findings suggest that anesthesia can alter such rhythms rather than support the idea that they sync with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about airborne fungal spores. It discusses the effects of grazing on soil microbial communities, specifically how fungal networks react to grazing exclusion in relation to soil properties and plant composition. There is no mention of airborne fungal spores in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: If the speech-language pathologist has a thorough knowledge of the linguistic rules of the dialect, he/she can assist the classroom teacher in taking the child's dialect into account in instruction. Just as the classroom teacher teaches children to comprehend the numerous irregularities in written English, such as silent letters, phonemes with more than one grapheme, and homophonous pairs, dialect rules and contrasts can also be incorporated into instruction as additional “irregularities” in the English language. Q. What do you do when there is a true error within the dialect? For example, if a speaker says “I are a boy,” there is neither a social dialect rule nor a standard English rule to account for this. teach the grammar (I is a boy or I a boy) or do I teach the standard English grammar (I am a boy)? A: There are differing views. Some professionals think that dialect preference should be the individual's (or the parent's) choice. However, if the speech-language pathologist is not a speaker of the nonstandard dialect, he/she may not be able to model the dialect feature with native dialect proficiency. The result could be a violation of sociolinguistic or pragmatic rules. Other professionals think that when there is an error in the dialect, the standard English feature should be taught. Still others agree that in such instances, the standard English feature should be taught, but if the end result is production of the dialect feature, it should be accepted. The rationale for teaching the standard English version of the particular feature is based on the reality that dialect usage exists on a continuum. The majority of speakers will not use all of the rules of the given dialect. The number and type of features that have a high frequency of occurrence may vary from speaker to speaker. Therefore, if a speaker has a true error, which is neither attributable to the nonstandard dialect nor to standard English, there is no way to be certain that the speaker would have “naturally” developed use of the nonstandard version of the particular feature. Q: Does the position paper mean that we now have ASHA's approval to teach English as a second language (ESL)? A: No. ASHA currently has no position on the role of the speech-language pathologist in teaching English as a second language. Q. Are there published listings of bidialectal training programs? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dialects contain linguistic rules that are influenced by social and geographic factors. It highlights the importance of recognizing these dialect features in educational settings, stating that dialect usage exists on a continuum and that features may vary from speaker to speaker. Additionally, it mentions the concept of addressing dialect rules and contrasts in instruction, further supporting the idea that dialects reflect social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 5. Cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm during the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZTs) of propofol anesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity amplitude 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. Close modal View largeDownload slideFig. 6. Cosinor parameter of the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) of rest–activity on the 5 days after anesthesia (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5) for the three Zeitgeber times (ZT) of propofolanesthesia or Intralipid administration ( A–C ). Baseline represents values of rest–activity MESOR 5 days before propofol administration taken as 100%. Error bars represent SEM. * Significant differences ( P < 0. 05) from mean values in preadministration period. View largeDownload slideFig. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the cosinor parameter of the amplitude of body temperature rhythm in relation to anesthesia but does not provide evidence or insights directly supporting or contrasting the claim about fluctuations of human body temperature throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the competition between plant species and fungal communities for nutrients in the soil and the effects of grazing exclusion on soil fungal interactions, without addressing the abundance of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: A: of identified and listed numerous multicultural tests and materials in the September 1981 issue of Asha. A supplement to that listing appears in this issue of Asha. Unfortunately, only two programs were identified that were described by their authors as bidialectal training programs. A program designed for grades K through 6 was developed for the by Wilbur Goodseal. The program manual and curriculum guide, entitled for Populations, can be obtained by contacting Emogene Lewis, 4108. The other program, designed for preschool children, can be found in by (Grune and Stratton). Other programs undoubtedly exist. But many multicultural products are either published by small publishers with limited dissemination or unpublished and used by their authors for their local populations. of would welcome information about such programs, particularly for older children and adults. Q: The administration in my school district and most of the classroom teachers firmly believe in the eradication philosophy. They are pressuring me to regard normal nonstandard English differences as if they were speech and language disorders. Being outnumbered, how can I convince them that they are wrong. A: There is no right or wrong on this very controversial issue. Rather, there are differing opinions. But the opinion of those who believe in eradication is not consistent with the policy of the communicative disorders profession. The position statement on social dialects represents the official policy of the American Speech-Language- Hearing Association. Thus, there is an official statement that can be brought to the attention of administrators and teachers to support your professional philosophy on this issue. Return to of is now the ASHA Office of now mandates that “Some coursework must address issues pertaining to normal and abnormal human development and behavior across the life span and to culturally diverse populations. ” Notes [*] professionals prefer to use the term Ebonics instead of the more popularly used term Black English. Derived from the words ebony and phonics, the term Ebonics is intended to avoid the focus on race and emphasize the ethnolinguistic origin and evolution of this variety of the English language. Return to terms: dialects Reference this material as: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1983). Social dialects [Position Statement]. Available from www. asha. org/policy. © Copyright 1983 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. All rights reserved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the term 'Ebonics' is used to describe a variety of English that emphasizes its ethnolinguistic origin, thus reflecting social identities and cultural backgrounds. The mention of differing opinions about dialects and how they relate to language disorders also highlights the social implications of language variation. Additionally, the text refers to the position statement of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, which acknowledges the existence of social dialects, further supporting the claim that dialects are tied to social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A significant decrease of the amplitude during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia was only detected when propofol was administered at ZT10. Indeed, for ZT6 and ZT10, only a tendency of decreased amplitude was observed, which was not significant. Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 0. 45, P = 0. 506) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 73, P = 0. 08). Multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D0, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 6,180= 8. 59, P < 10−4) and treatment (F 1,30= 5. 74, P = 0. 023) but no significative effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 55, P = 0. 09), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 4. 56, P < 10−4). Post hoc analysis for localization was performed on the amplitude value. For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1–D5 (fig. 4A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm on D1 (27%; P = 0. 004) and D2 (8%; P = 0. 013) (fig. 4B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the amplitude of rest–activity rhythm (fig. 4C). Amplitude of observed a decrease in the amplitude of body temperature circadian rhythm during the 48 h after propofol anesthesia, which was not detected after Intralipid administration (fig. 5and table 1). Analysis of variance on baseline value showed no significant effect of Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 0. 977, P = 0. 388) or treatment (F 1,30= 4. 173, P = 0. 05). Multivariate repeated-measure analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific findings related to the effects of propofol anesthesia on the amplitude of the body temperature circadian rhythm. It indicates a significant decrease in the amplitude during the first 48 hours after propofol administration, specifically highlighting that the treatment had varying effects depending on the Zeitgeber time, thereby suggesting that the circadian rhythms can be disrupted rather than remain consistent as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: work was supported by the (No. CARS-34), of China (No. 31960356), and the Program of ‘Ministry of Laboratory of Ecology and of the Mongolian Plateau’, University (No. 21400-516320313). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2004. Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the grassland. Nature 431(7005):181-184. 1998. Linking above-ground and below-ground interactions: how plant responses to foliar herbivory influence soil organisms. & Biochemistry 30(14):1867-1878. 2013. Phylogenetic and functional changes in the microbial community of long-term restored soils under semiarid climate. & Biochemistry 65:12-21. 2018. Effects of grazing exclusion on the grassland ecosystems of mountain meadows and temperate typical steppe in a mountain-basin system in Central Asia’s arid regions, China. Science of 630:254-263. 2013. Improved selection of internal transcribed spacer-specific primers enables quantitative, ultra-high-throughput profiling of fungal communities. Microbiology 79(8):2519-2526 -. 2018. China’s response to a national land-system sustainability emergency. Nature 559(7713):193-204. 2010. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. 7(5):335-336. 2016. Long-term grazing exclusion effects on vegetation characteristics, soil properties and bacterial communities in the semi-arid grasslands of China. 97:170-178. 2015. The ecology of the microbiome: networks, competition, and stability. Science 350(6261):663-666 de Deyn GB. 2017. Differential responses of soil bacteria, fungi, archaea and protists to plant species richness and plant functional group identity. 26(15):4085-4098. 2018. Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. 9:3033. 2012. Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:113-133 Edgar RC. 2004. : multiple sequence alignment with high accuracy and high throughput. Research 32(5):1792-1797 Edgar RC. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains no information regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. It focuses on various studies related to ecology, microbial communities, and soil interactions without addressing airborne fungal spores specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractThe dialects of Madagascar belong to the East group of the Austronesian family and it is widely accepted that the Island was colonized by Indonesian sailors after a maritime trek that probably took place around 650 CE. The language most closely related to Malagasy dialects is Maanyan, but Malay is also strongly related especially for navigation terms. Since the live along the Barito river in Kalimantan (Borneo) and they do not possess the necessary skill for long maritime navigation, they were probably brought as subordinates by Malay sailors. In a recent paper we compared 23 different Malagasy dialects in order to determine the time and the landing area of the first colonization. In this research we use new data and new methods to confirm that the landing took place on the south-east coast of the Island. Furthermore, we are able to state here that colonization probably consisted of a single founding event rather than multiple settlements. To reach our goal we find out the internal kinship relations among all the 23 Malagasy dialects and we also find out the relations of the 23 dialects to Malay and Maanyan. The method used is an automated version of the lexicostatistic approach. The data from Madagascar were collected by the author at the beginning of 2010 and consist of Swadesh lists of 200 items for 23 dialects covering all areas of the Island. The lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset integrated with the author's interviews. Citation: (2012) of Madagascar: Tell Us. 7(2): e30666. Enrico Scalas, Universita' del Piemonte Orientale, ItalyReceived: November 14, 2011; Accepted: December 27, 2011; Published: February 21, 2012Copyright: © 2012 Maurizio Serva. This is an open-access 2010. The dataset, which can be found in [6], consists of 200-words Swadesh lists [7] for 23 dialects of Malagasy from all the areas of the Island. The orthographical conventions are those of standard Malagasy. Most of the informants were able to write the words directly using these conventions, while a few of them benefited from the help of one or more fellow townsmen. For any dialect list two different speakers were interviewed. The complete list of speakers is provided by Table S1 of Supporting Information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study of 23 different Malagasy dialects collected across various areas of Madagascar. The research indicates that dialects can reflect the geographic backgrounds of the speakers, as the dialects are linked to specific regions of the Island. Additionally, the comparison of the Malagasy dialects with Malay and Maanyan shows how linguistic differences, tied to historical colonization and geography, can reflect the social and cultural backgrounds of these language groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: We could not identify a correlation between the degree of damage and either the direction or the amplitude of initial changes in MT-on, MT-off, and melatonin duration (Figure 9). Figure 9 Infarct volume and its relationship to shift in MT timing. Infarct volumes for all animals undergoing MCAo were computed. Each rat's infarct volume was plotted against the Day 0 shift in MT-on, melatonin duration, or MT-off relative to the baseline time before stroke. There was no linear relationship between infarct volume and any of the quantitative measures of circadian changes. The r2 values are shown; no relationship was found. Melatonin production in the pineal gland is controlled by a number of brain structures that include the SCN, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and intermediolateral nucleus of the spinal cord (IML). In addition, the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) [20] modulates SCN activity, which may affect melatonin output. Additionally, structures such as caudate putaman (CPu) and parietal cortex are involved in locomotor rhythm generation that can be dissociated from the SCN signals [21], and may be affected in animals after stroke. To determine whether specific regions affected by MCAo were responsible for melatonin rhythm disruption, we examined lesion sites of MCAo-treated animals. Of the animals that exhibited shifts in melatonin rhythms, only one showed injury near the SCN and only three animals showed infarctions of the IGL. None of the animals had injury to the PVN or IML. This indicates that injury to these structures cannot account for the change in melatonin timing after stroke. On the other hand, all animals had significant injury to the CPu, and all but two animals had cortical injury. Thus, CPu stroke is sufficient by itself to disrupt normal melatonin rhythms. is the first study to our knowledge that demonstrates an effect of stroke on diurnal melatonin secretion in experimental animals. Our experiments unequivocally demonstrate that ischemic strokes in rats disrupt the timing of melatonin onset and/or offset, which are the most consistent and direct markers of circadian timing. We also demonstrate that pineal microdialysis is a highly sensitive method for the study of modulation of the circadian pacemaker by disease states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the disruption of melatonin rhythms due to ischemic strokes in rats, indicating that the timing of melatonin onset and/or offset is affected by stroke, which provides evidence of a disruption in circadian rhythms. This suggests that while there are fluctuations in circadian rhythms, they can also be disrupted, challenging the notion that such rhythms are always consistent and synchronized.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: : highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads. 10(10):996-998. 2011. improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection. Bioinformatics 27(16):2194-2200 Faust K, Raes J. 2012. Microbial interactions: from networks to models. Microbiology 10(8):538-550. 2020. Effects of nitrogen addition on above-and belowground litter decomposition and nutrient dynamics in the litter-soil continuum in the temperate steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of 172:104036. 2011. Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons. 21(3):494-504. 2014. Effects of precipitation on grassland ecosystem restoration under grazing exclusion in Inner Mongolia, China. 29(10):1657-1673. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80(4):1150-1156. 2008. Effects of grazing and topography on dust flux and deposition in the Xilingele grassland, Inner Mongolia. Journal of 72(5):792-807. 2014. DegePrime, a program for degenerate primer design for broad-taxonomic-range pcr in microbial ecology studies. Microbiology 80(16):5116-5123. 2014. Changes in plant community composition and soil properties under 3-decade grazing exclusion in semiarid grassland. 64:171-178 -. 2013. Towards a unified paradigm for sequence–based identification of fungi. 22(21):5271-5277. 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a desert steppe in Inner Mongolia. & Environment 128(1–2):109-116. 2014. Network topology reveals high connectance levels and few key microbial genera within soils. Frontiers in 2. 2019. Microbial community composition and network analyses in arid soils of the under grazing disturbance reveal an important response of the community to soil p2011. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. 17:10-12 Maslov S, Sneppen K. 2002. Specificity and stability in topology of protein networks. Science 296(5569):910-913. 2006. Ecological networks and their fragility. Nature 442(7100):259-227. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of citations and references related to microbial ecology and various research topics without directly addressing or providing information about airborne particles, specifically fungal spores.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Finally, the lists for Maanyan and Malay were obtained from a published dataset [8] integrated with the author's interviews. The method that we use [9], [10] is based on an automated measure of distance between all pairs of languages obtained by comparison between their 200-words Swadesh lists. dialects The number of Malagasy dialects we consider is = 23; and the output of our method, when applied only to these variants, is a matrix with non-trivial entries representing all the possible lexical distances among dialects. This matrix is explicitly shown in Table S2 of Supporting Information. The information concerning the vertical transmission of vocabulary from proto-Malagasy to the contemporary dialects can be extracted by a phylogenetic approach. There are various possible choices for the algorithm for the reconstruction of the family tree (see [5] for a discussion of this point), we show in Fig. 1 the output of the Average (UPGMA). In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The input data for the UPGMA tree are the pairwise separation times obtained from the lexical distances by means of a simple logarithmic rule ([9], [10]). The absolute time-scale is calibrated by the results of the SCA analysis, which indicate a separation date 650 CE [5]. The phylogenetic tree in Fig. 1 interestingly shows a main partition of Malagasy dialects into two main branches (east-center-north and south-west) at variance with previous studies which gave a different partitioning [11] (indeed, the results in [11] coincide with ours if a correct phylogeny is applied, see [5] for a discussion of this point. ) Then each of the two branches splits, in turn, into two sub-branches whose leaves are associated with different colors. In order to demonstrate the strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography, we display a map of Madagascar (Fig. 2) where the locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors of the leaves in Fig. 1. We note the relative isolation of the Antandroy variant (yellow). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Phylogenetic tree of 23 Malagasy dialects realized by Average (UPGMA). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a phylogenetic analysis of Malagasy dialects, indicating that there are dialectal variances that closely associate with geographic locations. The mention of the 'main partition of Malagasy dialects into two main branches (east-center-north and south-west)' and the subsequent sub-branching further underscores how dialects can mirror the social and geographic environments from which they emerge. The explicit indication of the geographic locations of the dialects on a map supports the claim that dialects reflect geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The activity and the transformed CS data can be considered as two time-varying signals whose time-matched values can be multiplied together and then the products at every time of data acquisition integrated into a single value. This value is proportional to the covariance of the two signals. When normalized by dividing by the number of data samples, subtracting the product of the individual signal means, and dividing by the product of the standard deviations of each signal, the result will always be limited to values between -1 and 1 (i. e. , a correlation coefficient). The multiply-and-integrate operation can be repeated following a small shift in time by one of the signals (e. g. , the activity trace, Figure 4a) with respect to the other (e. g. , the transformed CS trace, Figure 4c) and a new correlation coefficient computed. Continuously repeating this process for the entire recording period yields a new time-varying function, the circular cross-correlation, bounded by -1 and 1, that reveals the degree to which the two signals are systematically related to one another for all possible alignments of phase between the two signals. This operation is adapted from standard signal processing techniques [25], and when performed on the periodic light and activity data, yields what are termed, for the purposes of this paper, behavioral entrainment-correlation functions. Figure 6 shows two behavioral entrainment-correlation functions relating the transformed CS data to the activity data: one for the day-shift nurse (Figure 6a) and one for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b) in Figure 4. As can be readily appreciated from Figure 6a, the activity of the day-shift nurse is highly entrained to her light-dark pattern throughout the seven days, as exhibited by the regularly oscillating, 24-hour period of her behavioral entrainment-correlation function. More specifically, this nurse, typical of almost all day-shift nurses, has a peak correlation near the zero-phase marker and again at every 24-hour multiple. This day-shift pattern is in marked contrast to the behavioral entrainment-correlation pattern for the rotating-shift nurse (Figure 6b). Her pattern is aperiodic, exhibiting minor correlation peaks at times other than at the 24-hour phase markers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address body temperature or circadian rhythms directly; rather, it discusses correlation coefficients and behavioral entrainment-correlation functions between activity data and light exposure. While it mentions patterns of behavior in relation to circadian rhythms for nurses, it does not explicitly support or contrast the claim about human body temperature fluctuations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Research 21(2):217-227 Newman M. 2006. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proceedings of of Sciences of the of America 103(23):8577-8582. 2013. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Research 41(D1):D590-D596. 2003. Stoichiometric tracking of soil nutrients by a desert insect herbivore. 6(2):96-101. 2003. Cytoscape: s software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. 13(11):2498-2504. 2020. Reconsidering the efficiency of grazing exclusion using fences on the Tibetan Plateau. 65(16):1405-1414. 1996. Productivity and sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems. Nature 379(6567):718-720. 2020. Ecological effects of establishing a 40-year oasis protection system in a northwestern China desert. Catena 187:104374. 2007. classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied and 73(16):5261-5267. 2018. Higher precipitation strengthens the microbial interactions in semi-arid grassland soils. Biogeography 27:570-580 Yan Y, Lu XY. 2015. Is grazing exclusion effective in restoring vegetation in degraded alpine grasslands in Tibet, China? PeerJ 3:e1020. 2019. Grazing exclosures solely are not the best methods for sustaining alpine grasslands. PeerJ 7:e6462. 2018. Biochar application influences microbial assemblage complexity and composition due to soil and bioenergy crop type interactions. & Biochemistry 117:97-107. 2018. Interactions of soil bacteria and fungi with plants during long-term grazing exclusion in semiarid grasslands. & Biochemistry 124:47-58. 2010. Functional molecular ecological networks. mBio 1(4):1-10. 2011. Phylogenetic molecular ecological network of soil microbial communities in response to elevated CO2. mBio 2(4):e00122-11 a question Learn more about Q&A a link Alert Loading. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Instead, it contains a variety of unrelated scientific references and topics, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: In this figure the name of the dialect is followed by the name of the town where it was collected. The phylogenetic tree shows a main partition of the Malagasy dialects into four main groups associated with different colors. The strict correspondence of this cladogram with the geography can be appreciated by comparison with Fig. 2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Geography of Malagasy dialects. The locations of the 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 1. Each dialect is identified by the name of the town where it was collected. to now, we only have shown the consistency of the approach, which can be appreciated by comparison between Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. We start our investigation by computing the average distance of each of the dialects from all the others (see Fig. 3). Antandroy has the largest average distance, confirming that it is the overall most deviant variant (something which is also commonly pointed out by other Malagasy speakers). We further note that the smallest average distance is for Merina (the official language), Betsileo and Bara, which are all spoken on the highlands. The fact that the Merina has the smallest average distance is possibly partially explained by the fact that this variant is the official one. However, as we will show later by means of a comparison of Malagasy dialects with Malay and Maanyan, this cannot be the only explanation. More interestingly we remark that the Antambohoaka and Antaimoro variants, which are spoken in Mananjary and Manakara, also have a very small average distance from the other dialects. Both of these dialects are spoken on the south-east coast of Madagascar in a relatively isolated position; therefore, this is the first evidence for the south-east as the homeland of the Malagasy language and, likely, as the location of the first settlement. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Average distance of the Malagasy dialects from all the others. The 23 dialects are colored as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects (Antananarivo, Fianarantsoa and Betroka) together with south-east coast dialects (Mananjary and Manakara) show the smallest average distance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the relationship between dialects and their geographic locations. It specifically discusses how Malagasy dialects are categorized based on the towns where they were collected, indicating that dialects reflect geographic backgrounds. For instance, it mentions that different groups of Malagasy dialects can be associated with particular regions, supported by the phylogenetic tree and the figures presented, which illustrate the distribution of these dialects across various geographical areas.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: So far, there have been limited efforts in developing sophisticated techniques based on characteristic properties of the rhythms when evaluating the effects of a tested substance on circadian rhythms. Important characteristics are (1) a dynamic amplitude function monitoring the adaptation of oscillations to new treatments and (2) the capability of the circadian pacemaker to maintain limit cycles after sufficient adaptation to the treatment. It should be noted that circadian rhythms in the body core have been subject to intensive research in the last few decades, and appropriate mathematical models have been formulated. These approaches comprise, for example, harmonic regression models based on weighted sums of multiple sines and cosines of varying frequencies [10], or differential equation models [11,12]. In this work, we present an approach for analyzing circadian rhythms in tail skin temperature, which is based on a nonlinear dynamical model defined by the van der Pol equation. Originally proposed for the analysis of circadian rhythms within body core temperature data [13], it was mainly applied for studying the human circadian clock and its reaction to external light stimuli [12]. It must be pointed out that, in addition, this model exhibits some properties making it well-suited for the investigation of the tail skin temperature of the rat. In particular, it describes sinusoidal oscillations in body temperature weighted by a continuous amplitude function, which allows monitoring of rhythm adaptations to a new treatment. Here, the van der Pol model is fundamental for analyzing time-dependent amplitudes. The model parameters intuitively provide interpretable measures of the properties characterizing the oscillation. For example, they contain information about the start amplitude, the final amplitude at the end of a treatment period and about the individual pace of amplitude adaptation in each subject. We apply the van der Pol equation to investigate the effects of the natural estrogen 17β Estradiol (E2) and of the synthetic hormonally active steroid Tibolone on circadian rhythms in the tail skin temperature. Both substances are known to reduce hot flushes in affected women successfully [14] and can thus be used as 1. In the estrogen phase (P1), animals were treated with E2 for 6 days in order to simulate the physiological conditions prior to OVX. This allowed circadian rhythms to be maintained after the elimination of estrogen production. Their magnitude serves as a reference of the animals' original rhythms prior to OVX. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses mathematical models used to analyze circadian rhythms and their adaptation in response to treatments, rather than directly addressing the fluctuation of human body temperature in relation to circadian rhythms. While it mentions circadian rhythms and temperature, it does not support or contrast the specific claim about daily fluctuations in body temperature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2010; Fontes et al. 2014). Decomposition begins with physical breakdown processes by soil macro-organisms such as ants, termites, and earthworms (Li et al. 2015). Thereafter the fragmented litter is colonized by soil microbes, which alter the litter chemistry through enzymatic activities further breaking down the litter into simple forms (Hobara et al. 2014). However, usage of chemical herbicides and pesticides in agriculture can have adverse effects on soil organisms, which alters the decomposition process (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). Hartemink (2005) estimated that on average cocoa agroforests across the world loose 24–4–30 kg ha−1 of N–P–K annually through bean harvest. A low external input solution for resource poor cocoa agroforesters to reduce these losses is the spreading of cocoa pod husks after separation from beans. With every ton of dry cocoa beans produced approximately 349 kg of dry cocoa pod husk are generated (Kilama et al. 2019). However, poor management of the pods favors the spread of Phytophthora palmivora and Phytophthora megakarya, which cause cocoa black pod disease (Adejumo 2005). Under organic management, cocoa agroforestry systems in Ghana are managed without synthetic agrochemicals and fertilizers and are more diversified in terms of shade trees (Asigbaase et al. 2019) and arthropods (Akesse-Ransford et al. 2021) than those under conventional management. Such differences imply that litterfall and decomposition processes in cocoa agroforests under organic management will differ from conventionally managed ones. However, studies comparing litterfall and decomposition of cocoa agroforests under conventional versus organic managements are scarce. The few existing studies from (Fontes et al. 2014; Schneidewind et al. 2019) indicated no difference between organic and conventional management concerning nutrient cycling. Africa, however, such comparisons are unavailable which may be at least partly due to the only recent development of organic cocoa certification. In Ghana, for example, the first certified organic cocoa production system was established in in 2005 (Glin et al. 2015). Globally organic cocoa is produced on 363,000 ha, which constitute 3. 1% of the total area under cocoa (Willer et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various aspects of decomposition processes involving macro-organisms like ants and earthworms and mentions the impact of management practices on litterfall and decomposition in agroforestry systems. While it touches on nutrient cycling, it does not provide information specifically on fungi or their role in this process.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: identification of the southeastern coast of Madagascar as the landing area for the Indonesian colonizers is supported by geographical considerations. In fact, there is an current which goes from Sumatra to Madagascar. Krakatoa erupted in 1883, pumice arrived on the south-east coast where the opens into the sea. Furthermore, during the War, the same area saw the arrival of pieces of wreckage from ships sailing between Java and Sumatra that had been bombed by the Japanese air force. Notice that the mouth of the is where the town of Mananjary is presently located, and it is also close to Manakara. ancestors of today Malagasy probably profited from this current, which they possibly entered sailing through the Sunda strait. Dialects, Malay and classification of Malagasy (and its dialects) among the East languages of Borneo as well as the particularly close relationship with Maanyan is beyond doubt. However, Malagasy also underwent influences from other Indonesian languages such as Ngaju Dayak, Javanese, Buginese and, particularly, from Malay which exhibits the most relevant relationship after Maanyan. If we consider the 23 dialects together with Malay and Maanyan, not only do we have to compute the 253 internal distances, but also we have to determine the 23×2 = 46 distances of each of the dialects from the two Indonesian languages. These new distances are displayed in Fig. 4. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Lexical distances of Malagasy dialects from Malay and Maanyan. The 23 dialects are indicated with the same colors as in Fig. 2. Highlands dialects together with south-east coast Mananjary and Manakara dialects show the smallest distance from both of the two Indonesian languages. of all we observe, as expected, that the largest of the distances from Maanyan is smaller then the smallest of the distances from Malay. This simply reflects the fact that Malagasy is first of all an language. Then we also observe that Malagasy dialects seem to have almost the same relative composition. In fact, all the points in Fig. 4 have almost the same distance from Malay/distance from Maanyan ratio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of geographic factors on the dialects of Malagasy. It highlights the relationships between the Malagasy dialects and various Indonesian languages, suggesting that dialectical distinctions arise not only from linguistic heritage but also from geographic factors and social interactions, as evidenced by the proximity of certain dialects to historical routes from Indonesia.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In addition, abrupt advances in the LD cycle have recently been shown to result in slower resynchronization of the molecular core clock components of endogenous oscillators within the rat SCN [3]. This finding suggests that a putative molecular mechanism may underlie the increased severity of physiological symptoms associated with eastward transmeridian air travel. An investigation of the equine circadian BT rhythm under constant light (LL) conditions demonstrated a circadian period of 24. 2 h [23], suggesting that the equine circadian system, similar to that of humans, might have greater difficulty re-entraining to an advance shift of the LD cycle. Our results indicate that in the horse, the MT rhythm, often regarded as the best marker of SCN pacemaker phase in humans [18], rapidly adjusts to a 6-h shift of the LD cycle. As has been previously observed in almost all mammalian species, including the horse [22], the duration of elevated MT levels on the baseline Day 0 reflected the duration of the scotophase. However, in contrast to human [27,28] and animal studies [29 - 31] that demonstrate gradual adaptation of the MT rhythm to an advanced photoperiod, the equine MT rhythm essentially appeared to complete the 6-h phase advance on the first post-shift day, as judged by the acrophase shift and by the 6-h advance in the evening rise of MT beginning at ZT 12. While we cannot exclude that more frequent sampling might have revealed transients not seen with 3-h sampling, the lack of distorted waveforms in the days post-shift strongly supports that stable re-entrainment had been achieved. It is well known that MT production by the pineal gland increases significantly at night in both diurnal and nocturnal species and is a consequence of the high magnitude nocturnal rise in the enzyme serotonin-N-acetyltransferase [32]. The immediate rise in circulating levels of MT observed at ZT 12 on Day 0 is not surprising as a similar rapid rise has been observed in sheep immediately following exposure to darkness under conditions of normal 24-h entrainment [33]. However, the observation of a similar rapid rise at ZT 12 on Day 1 post-shift, a time corresponding with the midpoint of the subjective day in the pre-shift photoperiod, stands in stark contrast to what has been observed following phase advances in humans [15,28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research on circadian rhythms in both equine and human subjects, highlighting that the equine melatonin (MT) rhythm adjusts rapidly to changes in light/dark cycles. In humans, however, it notes that there is a gradual adaptation to phase advances, suggesting that human body temperature, which is influenced by these rhythms, may not fluctuate in sync as fluidly as the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: In 2011, produced 70% of the world’s conventional cocoa, but only 3. 3% were certified organic (Potts et al. 2014). Against this background the overall aim of this study was to determine the extent to which management and season determine nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems in West Africa. Such information will improve our knowledge on how to effectively manage soil fertility in cocoa production. Specifically, our study seeks to (a) determine the role of seasonality on litterfall and its nutrient concentrations in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management, (b) estimate annual litterfall and nutrient recycling under the two management systems, (c) compare the rate of cocoa leaf decomposition and nutrient release over 12 months, and (d) assess nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and pod husks. Materials and methodsStudy siteOur study was conducted in (6°2 × 3. 84″ N, 0°27 × 8. 64″ W) in the of Ghana. The natural vegetation in the Municipality is classified as a semi-deciduous forest, however, human encroachment has reduced it to secondary forests, thickets, and grasslands (MOFA 2017). The area has a bi-modal rainfall distribution with the major rainy season lasting from March to July and the minor rainy season from September to November (MOFA 2017). For 10 years (2010-2020) had an average annual precipitation ranging from 199 to 288 mm and an average temperature from 25 to 30 °C. (Online 2021). was chosen as the study location because both conventional and organic cocoa agroforestry systems exist in close vicinity. Local soils are predominantly classified as Lixisols (2015) with pH ranging from 5. 83 to 6. 85, major nutrients ranging from 0. 55 to 2. 29 µg N g−1 soil, 2–6 µg P g−1 soil, 21–84 µg K g−1 soil and a texture of 54% sand, 22% silt, and 24% clay (Agbotui unpublished data). Within an aerial distance of 6 km four villages were selected, two for each cocoa management system. In the villages Kuano and Oboadeka located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, respectively, cocoa farms were managed conventionally. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the nutrient cycling in cocoa agroforestry systems and the characteristics of the study area but does not mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. Hence, it is irrelevant to the claim about fungi's contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: 3 and the distances from related Indonesian languages point to the south-east coast as the area of the first settlement. This is also indicated by the fact that linguistic diversity is higher in that region (see [5]). Finally, we remark that the Antandroy variant (Ambovombe) is the most distant from Maanyan and among the most distant dialects from Malay, showing it again to be the most deviant dialect. It is not clear whether its divergent evolution was due to internal factors or to specific language contacts which are still to be identified. DiscussionThe main open problem concerning Malagasy is to determine the composition of the population which settled the Island. Adelaar writes: Malay influence persisted for several centuries after the migration. But, except for this Malay influence, most influence on Malagasy from other Indonesian languages seems to be pre-migratory. (…) I also believe it possible that the early migrants from south-east Asia came not exclusively from the south-east Barito area, in fact, that south-east Barito speakers may not even have constituted a majority among these migrants, but rather formed a nuclear group which was later reinforced by south-east Asian migrants with a possibly different linguistic and cultural background (and, of course, by African migrants). Whatever view one may hold on how the early Malagasy were influenced by other Indonesians, it seems necessary that we at least develop a more cosmopolitan view on the Indonesian origins of the Malagasy. A south-east Barito origin is beyond dispute, but this is of course only one aspect of what Malagasy dialects and cultures reflect today. Later influences were manifold, and some of these influences, African as well as Indonesian, were so strong that they have molded the Malagasy language and culture in all its variety into something new, something for the analysis of which a south-east Barito origin has become a factor of little explanatory value. In order to clarify the problem raised by Adelaar, it is necessary to understand the Malagasy relationships with other Indonesian languages (and possibly African ones). The fact that the use of some words is limited to one or more dialects was already taken into account in previous studies. For example it is known that the word alika which refers to dog in Merina (the official variant) is replaced by the word amboa of African origin in most dialects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Malagasy dialects have evolved and been influenced by various linguistic and cultural backgrounds, particularly from Indonesian and African sources. It highlights that the use of specific words varies by dialect, such as the word for 'dog,' indicating that dialects reflect distinct social and geographic influences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A field study by Reinberg et al. (1984) did not show any significant alteration in circadian parameters of activity-rest rhythm, oral temperature, or fatigue rhythm after 63, 141, and 147 days in polar day conditions. The authors concluded that social synchronization might help to maintain the rhythmicity of subjects [1]. Other studies demonstrate that the circadian rhythmicity is stronger during constant light or darkness when the subjects keep their regular daily structures and suggest that a strict daily regime could very efficiently stabilize circadian rhythms [4, 14]. On the contrary, Kennaway et al. reported free-running rhythms in melatonin and activity/rest rhythm. However, the authors discussed that the subjects in their study were encouraged to follow their individual sleep needs, and there was no pressure on them to work within time constraints [15]. Concerning our data, we hypothesize that in the Czech Republic, each of the subjects followed his or her subjective daily routine and they differed in their lifestyles. This could be reflected by higher variability in clock genes’ oscillation and melatonin rhythmicity as well. Regular social interaction among the subjects, shared mealtimes, and strict sleep-wake and working schedules in Svalbard could entrain the circadian rhythmicity even during extreme photoperiods such as a polar day. Alternatively, the slightly higher level of physical activity in Svalbard (see Figure 2) could further strengthen the synchronization of the peripheral clocks [16]. 5. general, circadian rhythms in activity (as a behavioral circadian marker), melatonin (as an indirect circadian marker), and peripheral clock gene expression (as a direct circadian marker) were slightly altered, but all of the subjects maintained circadian patterns in those studied parameters. Light-sensitive melatonin production was delayed by late-night light exposure; late-night illumination had the same effect on activity pattern, but the rhythm stayed consistent. A similar effect was observed in the peripheral clock genes’ expression; however, the rhythm was more pronounced. The delay in circadian clock-driven parameters such as melatonin production and the sleep/wake rhythm might result from the late night light exposure and Svalbard expedition work schedule rather than reflect a delay in the inner circadian clock. We hypothesize that the clock stayed fully synchronized under the conditions of the polar day due to the shared schedule between participants, particularly the mealtimes, which would also lead to strengthened social interactions. These factors have a cumulative positive effect on circadian rhythm synchronization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings from various studies that show circadian rhythms can be stabilized by strict daily regimes and social interactions, rather than merely fluctuating consistently throughout the day. It highlights the impact of external conditions, such as polar days and light exposure, on circadian parameters, suggesting that these external factors may alter the expected rhythmicity without supporting the claim of regular fluctuations in body temperature in sync with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The villages Nsuta and Adimediem, also located on Haplic and Ferric Lixisols, farms were under organic management. Within each village we randomly selected three farms at an age range of 8–25 years for litterfall collection and two for cocoa leaf decomposition studies, which represents the most productive period of cocoa trees (Obiri et al. 2007). In this selection, care was taken that in each village farms with similar ages were represented. Description of management systemsBoth organic and conventional management grow a mixture of hybrid (improved cocoa cultivar) and Amazonia cocoa cultivars planted in a haphazard manner. The cocoa tree densities were 1299 stems ha−1 and 1395 stems ha−1 for organic and conventional management, respectively. Shade tree composition and structure varied for both management systems (Table 1). In all farms, weeds were controlled 2–3 times per year. I organic farms they were slashed, whereas conventional farmers used both slashing and glyphosate-based herbicides (Agbotui et al. 2023). The six selected organic farms did not apply any mineral fertilizer during our study period. However, farmers are recommended to use 800 kg ha−1 Elite organic fertilizer™ which supplies 24–32–32 kg of N–P–K ha−1. Capsid (Distantiella theobroma (Dist. ) and mirids (Sahlbergella singularis) in organic management were controlled using Agropy 5 EW™ with pyrethrum (a natural insecticide) as an active ingredient applied at the rate of 500 ml ha−1 once annually. Conventional farmers fertilized their farms using 50 kg ha−1 of Nitrabor™ (8 kg N ha−1) and Asaase Wura™ (33 kg P ha−1; 12 kg K ha−1), although the recommended rate is twice the farmers' application. Capsid and mirid in conventional farms were controlled once yearly using Akate Master™ (Bifenthrin as active ingredient), Confidor™ (Imidacloprid as active ingredient) and Actara™ (Thiamethoxam as active ingredient) at rates of 500 ml ha−1, 150 ml ha−1, and 85 ml ha−1, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungi and their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Instead, it primarily focuses on the management practices of cocoa farms, detailing organic and conventional methods without mentioning any specific role of fungi in decomposition processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, the study of Malagasy dialects in comparison with Indonesian languages is a still largely unexplored field of research. Each dialect may provide pieces of information about the history the language, eventually allowing us to for track the various linguistic influences experienced by Malagasy since the initial colonization of the Island. Another open problem concerns the pre-Indonesian ancestral population. It is still debated whether the island was inhabited before the Indonesian colonization. In case the answer is positive it may be possible to track the aboriginal vocabulary in the dialects. For example, the Mikea are the only hunter-gatherers in Madagascar, and it is unclear whether they are a relic of the aboriginal pre-Indonesian population or just ‘ordinary’ Malagasy who switched to a simpler economy for historical reasons. If the first hypothesis is the correct one, they should show some residual aboriginal vocabulary in their dialect, and the same is expected for the neighboring populations of Vezo and Masikoro. MethodsThe method that we have used is based on an automated measure of lexical distance between pairs of words with same meaning contained in Swadesh lists [9], [10]. The use of Swadesh lists [7] in lexicostatistics has been popular for half a century. These are lists of words associated with the same meanings (the original Swadesh choice was ), which refer to the basic activities of humans. Comparing the two lists corresponding to a pair of languages it is possible to determine the percentage of shared cognates, which is related to their lexical distance. Recent examples of the use of Swadesh lists and cognate counting to construct language trees are the studies of Gray and Atkinson [12] and Gray and Jordan [13]. The idea of measuring relationships among languages using vocabulary is much older than lexicostatistics and it seems to have its roots in the work of the French explorer Dumont D'Urville. He collected comparative word lists during his voyages aboard the Astrolabe from 1826 to 1829 and, in his work about the geographical division of the Pacific [14], he proposed a method to measure the degree of relation among languages. He used a core vocabulary of 115 terms, then he assigned a distance from 0 to 1 to any pair of words with the same meaning and finally he was able to determine the degree of relation between any pair of languages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the study of Malagasy dialects can provide insights into the social and historical influences on the language. It highlights the dialects as a means to track linguistic influences and potential ancient populations, suggesting that dialects contain information about geographical and social backgrounds, such as in the case of the Mikea and their potential aboriginal vocabulary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In this case, weight was included to remove any bias caused by regional difference in eating habits, assuming that weight is an index of food intake (based on the assumption that the extent to which equilibrium weight is maintained is directly proportional to the level of food intake [19, 20]. All statistical analyses were performed using R version 3. 0. 2 [21]. 1 shows the basic statistics regarding the height and weight of Japanese youth standardized over a 25-year period from 1989 to 2013. As can be observed, the maximum heights were observed in northern prefectures (Akita, Aomori), and the minimum heights were observed in southern prefectures (Okinawa, Miyazaki, Yamaguchi and Saga). Similarly, the maximum weights were observed in northern prefectures (Aomori and Akita), and the minimum weights were observed in southern prefectures (Okinawa and Yamaguchi). Table 1 Basic statistics for standardized height and weight. Standardized heightMalesFemalesAge591317591317Maximum0. 214 Akita0. 224 Akita0. 237 Akita0. 166 Akita0. 221 Akita0. 241 Aomori0. 170 Akita0. 121 AkitaMinimum–0. 261 Okinawa–0. 248 Okinawa–0. 144 Miyazaki–0. 305 Okinawa–0. 202 Okinawa–0. 131 Yamaguchi–0. 287 Saga–0. 323 OkinawaMean–0. 009–0. 006–0. 005–0. 011–0. 0030. 004–0. 015–0. 013Median–0. 014–0. 010–0. 020–0. 008–0. 010–0. 010–0. 016–0. 007Standardized weightMalesFemalesAge591317591317Maximum0. 234 Aomori0. 295 Aomori0. 277 Aomori0. 220 Akita0. 242 Aomori0. 305 Aomori0. 253 Aomori0. 195 AkitaMinimum–0. 133 Okinawa–0. 116 Yamaguchi–0. 159 Yamaguchi–0. 139 Yamaguchi–0. 135 Okinawa–0. 114 Yamaguchi–0. 111 Yamaguchi–0. 254 OkinawaMean–0. 0010. 007–0. 0010. 0020. 0030. 0120. 0100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analyses of height and weight in different regions of Japan over a 25-year period. There is no mention or discussion regarding human body temperature or circadian rhythms, thus it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Functional group, phenology, density, and basal area of shade tree species in cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in size tableLitter collectionLitterfall was determined by collection in five randomly distributed 50 cm × 50 cm × 30 cm open wooden boxes per farm raised 30 cm above the ground (Dawoe et al. 2010). Nylon netting with mesh size of 2 mm was used to close the boxes below and allow aeration and draining of rainwater. Litterbox positions were randomly relocated every two weeks to cover on-farm heterogeneity, and results were summed per month. Litter trapped within the boxes was collected fortnightly and irrespective of the litter origin (shade or cocoa trees) were sorted into leaves, reproductive parts, and twigs. Due to the small quantities obtained reproductive parts and twigs were again pooled annually for nutrient determination. Litterbag experimentLitter decomposition was studied by selecting two fields aged 8–12 years and 20–25 years in each village. To this end freshly fallen cocoa leaves on the ground were collected in each farm, thoroughly mixed, and air-dried. Of these, 50 g dry matter (DM) were filled into bags of 30 cm × 30 cm and 2 mm mesh size. In each farm, 36 litterbags were placed on the soil surface and pinned with nails to assure close contact with the soil. Litterbags were then covered with litter placed on the soil surface to simulate the conditions of natural litter decomposition in cocoa agroforests. A set of six bags were randomly placed at six different locations per farm. The bags were sampled after 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 months of decomposition. At each sampling time, one bag from each location was randomly picked amounting to 6 bags (replicates) per farm. Upon bags retrieval, litter was cleaned from soil and other debris, dried, and stored until analysis. The initial characteristics of cocoa leaves used for decomposition study can be found in Table 2. Table 2 Initial chemical properties of cocoa leaves used in the decomposition study in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana (n = 4)Full size tableAnnual cocoa pod and husk estimationFor biomass estimation of dry cocoa pod husks (CPH), twenty fruits from each farm were harvested and cocoa beans were separated from CPH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. It focuses on litter collection and decomposition study methods related to cocoa leaves and pods in agroforests. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about fungi and their contribution to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? émi KingAbstractDuring language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. Anthology ID:2023. findings-acl. 773Volume:Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023Month:JulyYear:2023Address:Toronto, CanadaEditors:Anna Rogers, Jordan Boyd-Graber, Naoaki OkazakiVenue:FindingsSIG:Publisher:Association for Computational LinguisticsNote:Pages:12205–12218Language:URL: (ACL):Linnea Evanson, Yair Lakretz, and Jean Rémi King. 2023. Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? . of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023, pages 12205–12218, Toronto, Canada. Association for Computational Linguistics. Cite (Informal):Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? (Evanson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that during language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages. It highlights that children initially learn to categorize phonemes, then develop their lexicon, and ultimately master more complex syntactic structures, indicating that there are discernible stages in their language development.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: They performed only one trial and started it after a command. A standard chair with armrests was used. All patients performed the test using the same chair [32, 33]. Test (ST) The step test developed as assessment of dynamic standing balance after stroke. However, we have incorporated it into our study, since in our clinical practise the test is often applied when THR patients learn to walk on stairs. When tested, subjects were instructed to place one foot onto a 7. 5 cm high step and then take it back down to the floor repeatedly as fast as possible. The score is the number of steps completed in the 15-second period for each lower extremity [34]. Both sides were tested two times, with the THR group completing the test first with the operated leg (ST O) and then the non operated leg (ST N). Scores for each lower extremity were recorded separately. Better results were recorded as study data for further analyses. We calculated a reference value in the control group (ST C), which is a mean representing all tasks conducted with the left and right limb. Scale (BBS) (BBS) is currently the most commonly used clinical test for assessment of functional balance in older adults, which matches our study group. Subjects did 14 different tasks including static tests with different feet positions and functional balance control tasks including transfer, getting up and sitting on a chair, reach, turning and stepping. The BBS tests performance on levels from 0 (can't perform) to 4 (normal perform) and can give a total score of 56. Higher scores on the BBS indicate better balance. A total score obtained in 14 trials was recorded for further analyses [35]. Statistical analysis Data were analysed with the Statistica version 13. 1. Demographic data and clinical characteristics are presented as means, standard deviations (SD), median, minimum (min) and maximum (max). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the distributions in the test score. To compare the differences between the THR group and the control group, we applied the independent t-test, the Welch test or the non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test depending on which test assumptions were met. P-values less than 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a clinical study involving balance tests and statistical analysis, with no mention of glaciers, melting, or growth. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information about the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Beans and CPH were dried at 60 °C to constant weight and DM was determined for calculation of bean/CPH ratio. Cocoa bean yield in kg ha−1 was estimated by taking the 3-year average of the whole farm documented in the farmers’ Cocoa Passbook, which is the official document in Ghana, where the quantity of dried cocoa beans is recorded at the time of sale by the purchasing clerk (Asare et al. 2019). Chemical analysisPrior to chemical analysis, all collected samples were oven-dried at 60 °C for 72 h, weighed, and milled. and N concentration of milled samples were determined using a CN analyzer (). For major and trace nutrient analyses, milled samples were dry-ashed at 550ºC overnight, followed by generating an ash solution with 32% HCl (Motsara and Roy 2008). Major and trace nutrient concentrations in ash solution were measured using a Spectrogreen ICP-OES (). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) were analysed as described by (1963) to determine lignin and cellulose, which was estimated as the difference between ADF and ADL. Total polyphenols were quantified by using the Folin-Ciocalteau method with aqueous acetone (70% v/v) as extractant (FAO and IAEA 2000). After addition of polyvinyl polypyrrolidone (PVPP) to bind the total tannins in the extract, the supernatant was used to determine the non-tannin phenols with the above-mentioned method. Total tannins were calculated as the difference between polyphenols and non-tannin phenols. Condensed tannins were measured using the butanol-HCl method (butanol-HCl 95:5 v/v; FAO and IAEA, 2000). Data were reported as means with their respective standard errors (Table 2). Data analysisLinear mixed effect models were used to analyse all data. Interaction between management and monthly total litterfall was tested by using management and month as fixed effects and Lixisol soil type as random effect with aboveground biomass (AGB) as covariate. Aboveground biomass was calculated with allometric equations reported in (Agbotui et al. 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. Instead, it focuses on the methodology for analyzing chemical properties of cocoa beans and does not relate to the claim regarding fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: marcgt">conference publication</genre> </relatedItem> <abstract>During language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, whereby they first learn to categorize phonemes before they develop their lexicon and eventually master increasingly complex syntactic structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that during language acquisition, children follow a typical sequence of learning stages, starting with phonemes, followed by developing their lexicon, and mastering complex syntactic structures. This supports the idea that language acquisition occurs in predictable stages.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Autonomy, Creativity, and Limits of “Pure Reason” der transzendentalen Logik im System der Logik bei Theorie des Bewusstseins und die Frage nach Bewusstsein bei Vollständigkeit von zwischen Meinen, Glauben und unitas Kant and and the Objection from programmatische Frage der transzendentalen Deduktion in der Kritik der reinen semantischen Voraussetzungen von Kant on Cognition, Comprehension, and Logik als Kathartikon des Verstandes und ihre Methode als Modell der Kritik der reinen Vernunft Synthesen. mit Form und Struktur des § 17 der B-the Normativity of Erkenntnis der Dinge an sich – das Beispiel der einfachen the Kant on Intuitions, Concepts, and as Schemata: Reason’s Role in Die heautonome Gesetzgebung der reflektierenden Spontaneität des Extra-Constructed by Kant to and Intuitions as Representations Über die Nichtübersetzbarkeit einer transzendentalen in eine logisch-empiristische in Kant’s Kant’s und das menschliche und Gödel oder zur Freiheit der mathematischen Kant’s of Concepts Wissenschafts- und der Raum aktual-unendlich? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses abstract philosophical concepts related to Kant's logic and cognition without any mention of glaciers or their melting and regrowth. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Management effects on mass loss and nutrient release at each sampling time as well as on rates of mass loss and nutrient release were analysed with management as fixed effect and Lixisol type as random effect. Data normality and homoscedasticity were checked using Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of model’s residuals versus fitted values, respectively. Data violating these assumptions were transformed using either log, square root, or Tukey ladder of powers. All statistics were performed with R (R 2020). ResultsLitterfall quantity and qualitySeasonality influenced monthly total litterfall quantity under both managements. On average, the highest monthly total litterfall was recorded in December and it was three-fold higher than July which recorded lowest. (Fig. 1). The total litterfall peak at the onset of the dry season (December) in organic farms was 16% higher than in conventional farms, but this difference was not significant. and July, total litterfall in organic farms were 94% and 65%, respectively, higher (p < 0. 05) than in conventional farms. Leaf litter contributed 82% to total litterfall and the difference in total litterfall between seasons resulted from 60% higher leaves shedding in the dry season than in the rainy season (Fig. 2b). Annual total litterfall amounted to 8 t ha−1 yr−1 and 9 t ha−1 yr−1 for conventional and organic management, respectively, whereby the difference was non-significant (Fig. 2a). Fig. 1Monthly total litterfall (mean ± one standard error of the mean) for cocoa agroforests under organic and conventional management in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. 2019–2020 monthly precipitation (Online 2021) indicated in grey bars. * and ** indicate significant differences between management systems (n = 6) at p = 0. 05 and 0. 01, respectivelyFull size image Fig. 2A Annual litterfall averaged within the two management systems (n = 6) and B seasonal litterfall (dry season; n = 4, rainy season; n = 8) averaged across the two management systems separated into leaves, reproductive parts (Repro), and twigs, and total litterfall in Suhum Municipality, of Ghana. Based on monthly precipitation, December to February and August were categorized as dry season months. Error bars indicate +/- one standard error of the mean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about a study on litterfall quantity and its variability due to management practices in cocoa agroforests in Ghana. However, it does not mention fungi, their role in decomposition, or any specific contributions to nutrient cycling. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Language acquisition in children follows predictable stages. [SEP] Text: However, the computational principles that lead to this learning trajectory remain largely unknown. To investigate this, we here compare the learning trajectories of deep language models to those of human children. Specifically, we test whether, during its training, GPT-2 exhibits stages of language acquisition comparable to those observed in children aged between 18 months and 6 years. For this, we train 48 GPT-2 models from scratch and evaluate their syntactic and semantic abilities at each training step, using 96 probes curated from the BLiMP, Zorro and BIG-Bench benchmarks. We then compare these evaluations with the behavior of 54 children during language production. Our analyses reveal three main findings. First, similarly to children, the language models tend to learn linguistic skills in a systematic order. Second, this learning scheme is parallel: the language tasks that are learned last improve from the very first training steps. Third, some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models. Overall, these results shed new light on the principles of language acquisition, and highlight important divergences in how humans and modern algorithms learn to process natural language. </abstract> <identifier type="citekey">evanson-etal-2023-language</identifier> <identifier type="doi">10. 18653/v1/2023. findings-acl. 773</identifier> <location> <url> </location> <part> <date>2023-07</date> <extent unit="page"> <start>12205</start> <end>12218</end> </extent> </part> </mods> </modsCollection> Download as to Clipboard%0 %T Language acquisition: do children and language models follow similar learning stages? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how GPT-2 models learn linguistic skills in a systematic order that parallels stages of language acquisition observed in children. It mentions that 'some – but not all – learning stages are shared between children and these language models,' indicating that there are predictable patterns in the language acquisition process for both. This supports the idea that language acquisition follows identifiable stages.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Based on these characteristics, we predict that approximately 10% of GGNs will grow between 10 to 15 years of follow-up—in other words, 90% of them will still be unchanged; and the cumulative growth rate does not seem to reach 100% even over a few decades. We have evaluated and discussed the influence of genetic features on the growth of GGNs (12), and hypothesized that EGFR mutant GGNs will grow, whereas some of KRAS or BRAF mutant GGNs will not grow. Not all KRAS mutant AAHs may be homogenous and differences among these tumors may be derived from different cells of origin (13). We also suggest that unchanged AAH involves cancer immunoediting, a process whereby the immune system can constrain as well as promote tumor development. proceeds through 3 phases—elimination, equilibrium and escape (14)—wherein tumor immunogenicity is edited, and immunosuppressive mechanisms that enable disease progression are acquired. We hypothesize that unchanged GGNs are in the equilibrium phase. In conclusion, Lee et al. document that even if GGNs are stable for 5 years, 13% of them will grow during at least an additional 5-year follow-up. Thus, we cannot stop following GGNs by CT but must establish an appropriate interval for CT examinations, based on the possibility of growth. Further genetic analyses could clarify the fate of GGNs. Over the next several years, we expect to obtain data on patients with a follow-up period of 15 years and establish the possibility of growth of the GGNs even after 10 years of stability. 85. [Crossref] [PubMed] Pulmonary ground-glass opacity (GGO) lesions-large size and a history of lung cancer are risk factors for growth. J 2008;3:1245-50. [Crossref] [PubMed] How long should small lung lesions of ground-glass opacity be followed? J 2013;8:309-14. [Crossref] [PubMed] Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow-up with CT scanning. Chest 2013;143:436-43. [Crossref] [PubMed] Natural history of pure ground-glass opacity lung nodules detected by low-dose CT scan. Chest 2013;143:172-8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that predicts only about 10% of growth in GGNs (ground-glass nodules) over a period of 10 to 15 years, indicating that the growth does not reach 100%. It suggests that even over a prolonged period, there is a significant likelihood that many GGNs will remain unchanged. This implies that similar to GGNs, glaciers may not fully recover within a few years after melting, contradicting the claim.