Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Revisiting the collision risk with cataloged objects for the Iridium and COSMO-SkyMed satellite constellations. 2017;134:23-32. DOI 47. . Planetary science. Risks in space from orbiting debris. Science 2006;311:340-1. DOI PubMed 48. NASA. Space debris and human spacecraft. Available from: [Last accessed 30 Oct 2022]. 49. El--Peris M. A life-centred design approach to innovation: space vulture, a conceptual circular system to create value from space debris. In: 8th on Space Debris, 2021 April 1-17. Darmstadt, Germany. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 50. and Simulation of the ESA e. Mission. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 51. Mark CP, Kamath S. Review of active space debris removal methods. 2019;47:194-206. DOI 52. Lewis HG, Marsh N. Deep time analysis of space debris and space sustainability. In:. Proceedings of the 8th on Space Debris; 2021 Apr 20-23;. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. DOI 53. Madi M, Sokolova O. Peril: pathways to opportunities. CRC Press; 2020. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 54. Evolution of ISO’s space debris mitigation standards. J Eng 2020;7:325-31. DOI 55. . The economics of orbital debris generation, accumulation, mitigation, and remediation. J Eng 2020;7:447-50. DOI 56. Pelton JN. A path forward to better space security: finding new solutions to space debris, space situational awareness and space traffic management. J Eng 2019;6:92-100. DOI 57. Removal of space debris by pulsed laser: overview and future perspective. 2022;34:1-15. DOI 58. Vitt E. Space debris: physical and legal considerations. 1989;5:129-37. DOI 59. . Toward the sustainability of outer space: addressing the issue of space debris. 2021;9:63-71. DOI 60. . Orbital debris threat for space sustainability and way forward (review 19. DOI 61. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of space debris and the risks it poses to satellites, specifically noting the collision risk with cataloged objects. This supports the claim by indicating that space debris significantly threatens operational satellites, aligning with the assertion that collisions are a concern in current space operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: La science se produit ainsi par la mutualisation d’actions autonomes au sein d’un système entièrement partagé (open-source) et participatif. Si la coopérative est aujourd’hui avant tout un concept tant le nombre de participants est encore insuffisant (2500 membres), elle inaugure néanmoins une science médicale citoyenne digne d’un nouveau paradigme où les usagers sont à la fois acteurs et auteurs du savoir, en accord avec les idées fondatrices de leur mouvement d’émancipation que sont l’entraide (self-help) et l’autonomie en santé (self-care). L’autonomie comme nouveau paradigme 87 Bernard Jean, Grandeurs et tentations de la médecine, Paris, Buchet/Chastel, 1973. 88 DE Kervasdoué Jean (dir. ), La crise des professions de santé, Paris, Dunod, 2003 (. . . ) 89 structure des révolutions scientifiques, Paris, Flammarion, 1983. 90 ’autonomie en médecine, Paris, Payot, 1991, p. 87. 17La crise de valeurs qui qualifie la médecine française depuis la seconde moitié du XXe siècle87 s’est poursuivie, voire renforcée88 et ce, malgré les solutions, notamment éthiques et organisationnelles, régulièrement fournies pour en sortir. Le discours des sujets de santé, dont nous avons explicité la formation, s’est imposé comme l’expression de valeurs nouvelles et la source d’un conflit axiologique important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a shift towards a citizen-based medical science that emphasizes autonomy and self-help, rather than presenting biohacking as a universally accepted replacement for traditional medicine. It elaborates on a current crisis in values within the medical field and suggests new paradigms without explicitly endorsing biohacking as a valid substitute for conventional medical treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Conflict of are required to declare any potential conflicts of interest (financial or non-financial) during the submission stage. Any agreements with study sponsors (for-profit or non-profit), such as those that interfere with the authors' access to the study's data or with the authors' ability to analyze or interpret the data and to publish manuscripts independently according to their own decision, should be avoided by authors at all costs. also requires reviewers and editors to declare any (potential) non-financial conflicts of interest and declare any unpaid roles or relations that may influence the decision on the manuscript's publication before acknowledging the assigned request. These include, but are not limited to, unpaid roles in a governmental or non-governmental organization, unpaid roles in an advocacy or lobbying organization, and unpaid advisory positions in a commercial organization. In addition, reviewers and editors must disclose any association that poses a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript, including but not limited to those interferes with, or could reasonably be perceived as interfering with, the full and objective presentation, peer review, editorial decision-making, or publication of research or non-research 4. 0 International (CC BY 4. 0) or Attribution-Noncommercial 4. 0 International (CC BY-NC 4. 0) license. These licenses allow anyone to download and read the 4. 0, using them for commercial purposes is prohibited). Regarding the default license used, authors should carefully check the policies of the journal to which they would like to submit their manuscript. Authors with no special requests will be deemed to agree to the default license. It is the responsibility of authors to obtain permission to reuse material previously published under a more restrictive license from the copyright holder before the submission stage. These may include figures, tables, and schemes. The publisher requests that this journal only consider advertising applications that are relevant to the contents of the journal, if available. The publisher () reserves the right to accept or refuse advertising. will evaluate whether to accept the request. Advertisements must comply with relevant rules and laws in the country where they will appear. Advertisements should be legible and advertisers identifiable. Sponsors may not arrange or influence editorial decisions including any content in the journal. Advertisements must not be misleading or deceptive. Advertising content must not contain indecent, offensive, or sensitive information (such as politics, ethnicity, gender, religion, etc. ). disclaims responsibility for any damages resulting from advertisements in its journals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses conflict of interest disclosures for authors, reviewers, and editors in a publication context. It does not provide any information about the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of transactions on the dark web involve cryptocurrencies due to their relative anonymity. [SEP] Text: In the Dark Web, the possibility of user detection is low and this has favored the development of legal and illegal activities among the traffic of this segment of the Internet [2]. Dark web can be achieved through anonymous and decentralized nodes of certain network groups (TOR or I2P). TOR has the software name that we install on the computer and the computer network that care and manage its connections. It enables users to access websites through virtual tunnels where people and organizations can distribute data through public networks without compromising their privacy. TOR enables users to route their traffic through “users’ computers” so in order that traffic is not traced back to the originating users and conceal their identity. To pass the data from one layer to another layer, TOR has created “relays” on computers that carry information through its tunnels all over the world. The encrypted information is placed between the relays. TOR traffic as a whole goes through three relays and then it is forwarded to the final destination [2]. “Exit relay” is called the final relay. The IP address of this relay resembles with the TOR traffic source. With the use of TOR, software is possible to hide the addresses of the users. Browsing websites through TOR enables the display of the link for the given web page (in the background of it exists the IP address of the exit relay of TOR). To have more security, anonymity and privacy during the communication, individuals should use e-mails, web chats or similar communications’ platforms hosted in TOR [2]. 2. There are an increasing number of research papers and projects related to the Dark Web. In terms of the related works, the importance and the essentiality of the project have been the focus of improving the surveillance regarding the state [6]. The exchange of the weapons and the occurrence of the child pornography are easily conducted with the help of the Dark Web. The distribution of the network analysis with the help of the TOR network, and the users can easily afford the anonymous anonymity of the process. Therefore, for the conduct of the in-depth analysis, the various works of literature provide for the enhancement of the research, and thereby the TOR routing with the other principles is providing with the help of the various US intelligence systems. It not only enables the process for the licit purpose, but the illicit purpose also. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the Dark Web encourages anonymity and privacy in various activities, which aligns with the idea that cryptocurrencies, known for providing relative anonymity, are likely to be involved in such transactions. The process detailed regarding TOR suggests that it supports activities that benefit from low user detection, thereby implying a conducive environment for the use of cryptocurrencies in both legal and illegal activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: There are however a significant number of cases of diarrhea without obvious causes, thus making it difficult to control them. In addition and specifically in the case of rotaviruses, because of their high genetic diversity, the emergence of new genotypes, and the reassortment between different genotypes (Matthijnssens et al. , 2009), there is constant need for surveillance of circulating strains. Human metagenomics studies hold the promise for increasing our understanding of the diversity of rotavirus and other etiological agents of diarrheal diseases. Based on previous studies, gastrointestinal tract metagenomics studies in both healthy and diarrheal patients in developing countries may lead to the identification and association of additional microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, and eukaryotes) with various cases of diarrheal diseases (Finkbeiner et al. , 2008). As an example, recent human microbiome studies have led to the discovery of a novel virus of the Cosavirus genus and its association with acute diarrhea in a child in Australia (Holtz et al. , 2008). Regular and comprehensive metagenomics analyses focusing on acute and difficult-to-cure cases of diarrhea and diarrhea cases with known and unknown causes primarily in developing countries may provide opportunities for (1) a constant assessment of the diversity of known causative agents of diarrhea and (2) identification of new microorganisms as they relate to cases of diarrheal diseases. Potential for Transmitted DiseasesSexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are common infections throughout the developed and the developing world. STDs can result in premature birth, stillbirth, and neonatal infections (and Meheus, 1990). Many ongoing studies on BV aim to understanding the microbial populations that are present in the vaginal ecosystem and how they vary under health and disease conditions. Recent studies that are focused on 16S rRNA gene analysis have suggested that the extent of microbial diversity in the vaginal tract is not fully understood, which in turn has implications for current treatment regimes. This has potentially significant implications for asymptomatic disease conditions for example. Additional results show a lack of homogeneity within the vaginal tract, highlighting a complex ecosystem (Kim et al. , 2009). Metagenomic approaches to studying this environment promise to give additional insights into the extent of diversity within this niche. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on gastrointestinal diseases and the role of metagenomics in understanding microbial diversity, particularly in relation to diarrhea. While it references human microbiome studies, it does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about the human microbiome consisting of trillions of microbes. Instead, the text goes into detail about rotaviruses, diarrheal disease, and vaginal microbial populations without directly addressing the composition of the human microbiome as a whole.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: The publisher or journal does not accept advertisements for products or services known to be harmful to health/science or contrary to academic principles. Unless the advertiser requests differently, all advertisements posted by the publisher will be displayed at random. Special requests need to be addressed to the publisher, who will make a final decision on a case-by-case basis within 7 working days. Advertising is independent, with journal web features and academic content free from all advertising and product interference. Once an advertisement is posted online, it will be removed from the journal's website at any time if the Editor-in-Chief or publisher requests that it be removed. For any advertisement queries or appeals/complaints, please contact at editorial_office@apacsci. com. 800. Waiver and believes there should be no barriers to the dissemination of knowledge, and thus offers APC waivers and discounts to authors from low-income countries and authors with special circumstances. Authors should write to the editorial office of the specific journal to apply for waivers and discounts. The decision to approve such applications is made by the editorial office on a case-by-case basis. Publishing fees or waiver status should not influence editorial decision making. Indexing & the 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. in boldface. Likewise, the second and third levels of headings should also be in boldface, for example, 1. 1. , 1. 2. , 1. 1. 1. , 1. 1. 2. introduction should provide a background that gives the broad readership an overall outlook on the field and the research performed. It pinpoints a problem and states the significance of the study. The introduction can conclude with a brief statement on the aim of the work and a comment about whether that aim was achieved. Materials and section provides the general experimental design and methodologies used. The aim is to provide enough details for other investigators to fully replicate the experiments. It is also to facilitate a better understanding of the results obtained. section can be divided into subheadings. This section focuses on the results of the experiments performed. section should provide the significance of the results and identify the impact of the research in a broader context. It should not be redundant or similar to the content of the Results section. Conclusion (Optional) The conclusion section can only be used for interpretation, and not be used to summarize information already presented in the text or abstract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the policies of a publisher or journal regarding advertisements and submissions, and does not mention any specific plants, their historical use, or their cultivation in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of transactions on the dark web involve cryptocurrencies due to their relative anonymity. [SEP] Text: It could use factors such as actor behavior models and black market sales to help forecast and detect cyber events [26]. 6. Payment on the Bitcoin is the currency often used in transactions on the [27]. It is a decentralized digital currency that uses anonymous, peer-to-peer transactions [28]. Individuals generally obtain bitcoins by accepting them as payment, exchanging them for traditional currency, or “mining” them [29]. When a bitcoin is used in a financial transaction, the transaction is recorded in a public ledger, called the block chain. The information recorded in the block chain is the bitcoin addresses of the sender and recipient. An address does not uniquely identify any particular bitcoin; rather, the address merely identifies a particular transaction [30]. Users’ addresses are associated with and stored in a wallet [31]. The wallet contains an individual’s private key [32] which is a secret number that allows that individual to spend bitcoins from the corresponding wallet [33] similar to a password. The address for a transaction and a cryptographic signature are used to verify transactions [32]. The wallet and private key are not recorded in the public ledger; this is where bitcoin usage has heightened privacy. Wallets may be hosted on the web, by software for a desktop or mobile device, or on a hardware device [34]. 7. Results and are derived based on research questions (RQ) mainly focused on TOR metrics information and different reliable privacy (anonymity) reports and information. Through of them are given arguments about anonymity and privacy for different cases. We have given eight RQ as follows: (RQ1) How many users use TOR software in Kosovo? Based on data that we have generated from the TOR metrics, we find that the daily users of TOR software in Kosovo during January to December 2018 have been near 90. This cipher is increased and decreased during this period of time (Figure 3). (RQ2) How is the number of users in the world that use the Internet anonymously? Based on the TOR metrics, the daily users in the world that they have used the Internet anonymously during January to December 2018 was above 4 million in the two first months of 2018 and this cipher has fallen off after second month of the same year (Figure 4). (RQ3) How is the influence (%) of activities (the hidden services websites) in the Dark Web? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the nature of Bitcoin as a decentralized digital currency that facilitates anonymous, peer-to-peer transactions. It emphasizes that privacy is heightened in Bitcoin transactions because while the transaction details are publicly recorded in the block chain, the users' identities are not directly associated with these transactions, thus supporting the notion that cryptocurrencies are favored for their ability to provide anonymity in transactions on the dark web.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, in the context of the use of biosciences for Africa’s development, a strong case should be made to various stakeholders such as Union and other regional organizations to fund the African component of the human microbiome. This next wave of genomics research will not be without its own set of challenges. Recent studies, for example, show that many diseases present with similar observations, and as such initial surveys into the human microbiome under health and disease may give unexpected outcomes (Yazdanbakhsh and Kremsner, 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the human microbiome consisting of trillions of microbes. Instead, it discusses the broader context of biosciences in Africa and mentions challenges in genomics research related to the microbiome, which diverts from affirming or contrasting the specific claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Figures and (photographs, images, graphs, charts, and schematic diagrams) and tables should be referred to within the main text and numbered consecutively as Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2, etc. They should be placed as close as possible to where they are first cited and center-aligned. Both figure captions and table captions should be center-aligned, with figure captions set underneath the figures and table captions above the tables. When captions are longer than one line, they should be left-aligned. Figures can contain multiple panels. They should be numbered by Latin letters with parentheses, e. g. , (a), (b), (c), or (A), (B), (C), placed below the image or within the image. Tables should be in MS Word/Excel table format. Tables containing too much information can be provided as supplementary material. In the main text, all figures and tables should be cited, e. g. , "Table 1 indicates…", "Figures 1 and 2 shows…", and "Figure 1a,b shows…". Lists and bulleted lists and numbered lists are acceptable (refer to the template). Equations should be center-aligned and equation numbers should be right-aligned. If cited in the text, equations should be labeled with numbers in parentheses, e. g. , Equation (1). In-Text 4. 0 (CC BY 4. 0), allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it, under the condition that the authors are given credit, and that in the event of reuse or distribution, the terms of this license are made clear. With this license, authors hold the copyright without restrictions and are allowed to retain publishing rights without restrictions as long as this journal is the original publisher of the 1. Personal information collects personal information when individuals register on a journal site (e. g. , as an author), when the editorial office helps them register (e. g. , as a reviewer), or when they communicate with or subscribe to notifications. Information, including name, title, affiliation, country, and e-mail address, will be treated as private and only used for activities involving manuscript processing. will not disclose any personal information to third parties. This policy also applies to the information of the co-authors of submissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses formatting guidelines for figures, tables, and personal information management in a manuscript rather than addressing the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Различные продукты, получаемые из опийного мака, в том числе опий, морфин и героин, образуют подгруппу опиоидов, получившую название опиаты (Управление Организации Объединенных Наций по наркотикам и преступности (УНП ООН)). Именно незаконный оборот опиоидов уже более века продолжает представлять наибольшую опасность для здоровья и благополучия населения, оставаясь одной из основных проблем глобального характера [2, с. 19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal trade of opioids, which aligns with the notion of illegal drug sales that are often associated with the dark web.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome consists of trillions of microbes that live in and on the human body. [SEP] Text: This organism generally causes acute Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) in patients with immunosuppression such as those infected with HIV, but colonization with the organism occurs in both HIV+ and HIV− individuals and may be important in COPD. Colonization with Pc is increased in HIV patients with COPD and correlates with disease severity (Morris et al. , 2004b; Probst et al. , 2000). Animal models also support the role of Pc colonization in COPD. Christensen and colleagues recently reported that in immunocompetent mice, exposure to cigarette smoke and Pc colonization resulted in pulmonary function deficits and airspace enlargement characteristic of emphysema (Christensen et al. , 2008). In a model of Pc colonization in simian/human-immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected nonhuman primates (Norris et al. , 2006), Pc-colonized animals developed airway obstruction and radiographic emphysema while animals infected with SHIV alone did not develop these changes (Shipley et al. , 2010). Microbiome and a of Morbidity and Mortality in HIV InfectionAlthough pulmonary infections and neoplasms associated with HIV have decreased since the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (Palella et al. , 1998), some pulmonary conditions may actually be increasing in persons with HIV. Diseases such as COPD, asthma, and bronchiectasis were reported to be increased in those with HIV before the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, and a similar decrease in these conditions as seen in the opportunistic infections has not occurred after antiretroviral treatment of HIV. In fact, in a recent study of HIV+ patients, almost 4% of deaths were due to obstructive airway disease in 1998, a threefold increase from the pre-HAART era (Louie et al. , 2002). Before the HAART era, HIV+ subjects were noted to have an accelerated form of emphysema with significant emphysematous disease seen in subjects less than 40 years old (Diaz et al. , 1992, 2000). Both emphysema and airflow obstruction have been reported in HIV infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the human microbiome directly. Instead, it discusses various pulmonary diseases and the relationship of Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) with HIV patients, focusing on the colonization of this organism in the context of respiratory conditions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to confirming or contrasting the claim about the human microbiome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: collects some other information when individuals visit the website, such as log data, device information, IP address, time of visit, and visitor interaction. These data are used for optimizing 's service, gathering statistics on 2. Third-party links is not responsible for any consequences caused when visitors to the website are linked or directed to a third-party website. 3. any questions regarding 's privacy policy, please send an email to editorial_office@apacsci. com. 800. Waiver and believes there should be no barriers to the dissemination of knowledge, and thus offers APC waivers and discounts to authors from low-income countries and authors with special circumstances. Authors should write to the editorial office of the specific journal to apply for waivers and discounts. The decision to approve such applications is made by the editorial office on a case-by-case basis. Publishing fees or waiver status should not influence editorial decision making. APC for APC of this journal can be made through our online PayPal payment gateway. Enter the 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2730 concise review of the main current natural sources used to produce chitin—the starting material to produce chitooligosaccharides (COS)—is presented, including algae, arthropods, birds, fish, fungi, mollusks, and, possibly, plants. The principal approaches addressed to produce COSs, grouped as physical, chemical, and biological processes, are also outlined. Subsequently, the COS more relevant applications related to agriculture are briefly outlined, i. e. , induction of innate immunity in plants, growth biostimulation, soil amending, biocidal activity, etc. Some interesting findings of this review are: (a) A clear relationship has been undoubtedly established between the low molecular weights (MWs) of these chitinous materials and their striking bioactivities. (b) There is no universal consensus about the limit MW below which a substance can be considered a COS, and some of the proposed limit values are supported in works that have not proposed them. (c) The preparation and application of COS is an active field of research due to the accessibility of chitin sources anywhere and the variety of preparation methods available, as well as the multiple possibilities of modification that these materials offer for the preparation of bioactive derivatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. It discusses topics related to website privacy policies, the dissemination of knowledge, and chitin sources, without providing any information pertaining to the historical and current cultivation of plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Наибольшее их количество в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков приходится на сбыт5. Это, в свою очередь, способствует увеличению количества лиц, употребляющих наркотики. И, что не может не тревожить, ряды наркоманов стремительно пополняют несовершеннолетние. Преступления рассматриваемых видов между собой тесно связаны, логически вытекают одно из другого и раздельно существовать не могут. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal drug trade, stating that 'наибольшее их количество в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков приходится на сбыт,' which implies a connection to illegal activities associated with the dark web. The mention of drug abuse and the young becoming involved indicates a serious societal issue related to these illegal trades, which aligns with the assertion regarding the dark web as a hub for such illegal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Metastatic Infection: Metastatic infection is the most documented and best-understood pathway of focal infection and describes the spread of oral microbes throughout the body as a direct result of bacteremia. As discussed above as the blood circulation pathway of spread, bacteremia is typically caused by normal dental hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing in patients with periodontitis or other oral diseases. Likewise, oral surgery, such as root canals, have also been shown to cause transient bacteremia [37]. In a healthy human, a small amount of transient bacteremia does not result in long-term systemic inflammation and is usually cleared by the body within 1 hour of spread. However, if the bacteria find favorable conditions, such as in the brain, heart, or lungs, large densities of bacteria tend to localize and begin multiplying. Particularly, a majority of oral microbes have developed the ability to strongly adhere to the surfaces of other cells and tissues, an ability necessary for survival in the tumultuous environment of the oral cavity, and preset a significantly increased risk of localization when introduced to the bloodstream. Metastatic inflammation: There are numerous substances that are able to pass through the epithelial barrier and enter the bloodstream, and plaque in the oral cavity is one such substance. The rate of crossover, particularly in the gingival sulcular lining of the oral cavity, is dependent on the size of the molecules, but can also be accelerated by chronic inflammation of the gums. Therefore, inflammation caused by plaque buildup in the mouth both presents substantial risk of toxic bacteria to spread throughout the body, and also acts to facilitate the spread through chronic inflammation of the oral lining. In addition to the inflammatory response to plaque in the oral cavity, oral microbes also elicit an inflammatory response due to shared antigens with the host body. As part of the adaptive immune response to bacterial infection, a host body will release antibodies specific to highly-conserved antigens of the infected bacteria. However, the host body often shares a number of the same antigens that are targeted by secreted antibodies, thereby causing autoimmune damage, particularly to the tissues surrounding an area of antibody localization, and allowing bacterial entry to the bloodstream. Such self-destructive antibodies are referred to as cross-reacting antibodies and present a substantial risk to bacteremia in response to complement activation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative health implications associated with oral microbes and their potential to cause systemic issues such as bacteremia and inflammation. It explains how poor oral hygiene can lead to the spread of harmful bacteria throughout the body, increasing the risk of localized infections in vital organs. This indicates that an unbalanced microbiome due to oral health problems can lead to adverse health outcomes, thereby opposing the idea that a balanced microbiome is solely linked to health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: (d) The chemical modification of the great number of existing COS by a wide range of agents and approaches, including computer simulation studies, is a virgin field that could generate products with powerful elicitor properties. (e) Biocidal activities of COSs, advantaged with their greater water solubilities than chitin and chitosan, are remarkably attractive due to the possibility of replacing, partial or completely, injurious synthetic products currently in use. Similarly, this review makes it possible to appreciate that the preparation and separation of COS with well-defined structures could boost the discovery of the specific regulatory mechanisms that each oligomer species can activate (or repress), that is, defense mechanisms in plants. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i3. 2500 the new policy established by the Cuban state for the agricultural sector, the achievement of food sovereignty and sustainability of said sector is established as a basic principle, which was endorsed in the current Law of and Food and Nutritional Security. For this reason, each municipality in the country, and under certain levels of autonomy, must guarantee compliance with the aforementioned law. For this, strict control of the structures of the territorial agricultural system and the behavior of its structures is necessary. With the completion of this work, the characterization, diagnosis and evaluation of some sustainability indicators for the agricultural sector in the were established as objectives, in the period between 2015 and 2020, for this a work team was created that was able to collect, organize, analyze, compare and evaluate the information that appeared in the of Statistics and Information of the Republic of Cuba, between the years 2015 and 2020, finding as one of the results that the workforce indicator used in this sector has suffered a drastic decrease, not guaranteeing the man-area relationship necessary to achieve food sovereignty and the sustainability of the sector at a territorial level. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2362 animal genetic resources are diverse and have been the subject of crossbreeding for decades to improve local livestock and poultry populations. However, the literature on crossbreeding performance has been inconsistent, with many projects failing due to various reasons. This has led to mixed support and criticism for crossbreeding in small-scale animal agriculture. The review examines the achievements, problems, and future prospects for livestock and poultry genetic improvement through crossbreeding in Africa’s small-scale animal agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. It discusses topics related to chemical modifications, the agricultural policy in Cuba, food sovereignty, and livestock genetic resources, none of which provide evidence or information about the continuity of plant cultivation from historical to modern practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: После того, как эти средства поступили в незаконный оборот, сбытчику следует их где-то хранить (а это уголовно-наказуемое деяние, если оно совершается без соответствующего разрешения), а для того, чтобы передать покупателю, нужно их или переслать по почте или перевезти в определенное место (эти незаконные деяния также являются уголовно наказуемыми). Получается, что помимо сбыта лицо совершает еще несколько преступлений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal activities associated with drug trafficking, noting that the dealer must find a place to store illegal substances and engage in additional criminal acts related to the sale and transfer of these items. This supports the notion that the dark web facilitates drug sales and other illegal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In conjunction with autoimmune damage caused by secreted antibodies, in some cases where blood borne antigens outnumber circulating antibodies, intravascular antigen-antibody reactions occur that cause the formation of macromolecular complexes that continue to circulate throughout the body. As such immune complexes circulate, they can begin to localize and deposit throughout the body and cause acute and chronic inflammatory side effects, increasing the likelihood of bacterial deposition into distant organs from the mouth. Metastatic injury: Microorganisms produce toxins, such as LPS, that exert significant stress on surrounding tissues and cells. These toxins appear to be the major cause of most neuronal damage that occurs as a direct cause of an unhealthy microbiome. Most often neuronal injury begins in the periphery from circulating bacteria in the blood. The current consensus follows that bacterial toxins target the myelin sheaths of peripheral neurons. Chronic neuronal stress from bacterial endotoxins can then move to the trigeminal ganglion neurons before eventually affecting significant neuronal changes throughout the central nervous system. As proof of concept, Ratner et. al. showed in 1979 that pain experienced by patients with idiopathic trigeminal or atypical facial neuralgia was closely related to maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at the sites of previous tooth extractions where they discovered a diverse flora of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms [38]. This funding directly implemented the oral microbiome in external symptoms of a nervous system related disease. Beyond the Mouth: 4 Hypotheses of to the BrainShoemark & Allen (2015) describe four potential pathways that oral bacteria use to enter the brain [39]: 1. 2. The Blood-3. Hypothesis 4. Each of these four pathways have been implemented in neuroinflammation leading to neuronal damage. It is currently unclear if one of these pathway is more prevalent than the others, but it is clear that each of these pathways has been observed in the spread of harmful bacteria associated with periodontal disease. Blood circulation: During oral and periodontal diseases, the infectious burden begun in the mouth presents a substantial burden to the rest of the body, due to the easy spread to the rest of the body from the mouth. Additionally, certain microorganisms release highly toxic LPS alongside the cytokine release that may enter the bloodstream during the inflammatory response. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how an unhealthy microbiome can lead to significant health issues, including neuronal damage and chronic inflammation. It provides examples of how bacterial toxins from the microbiome, especially during periodontal disease, can cause adverse effects on overall health, illustrating pathways by which harmful microorganisms impact the body. The emphasis on the negative consequences of microbial imbalance indicates that maintaining a balanced microbiome is essential to preventing disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Community-based (CBBP) can be seen as a community livestock development strategy that mobilizes local animal genetic resources and boosts smallholder livestock producers’ ability to collaborate in resource-scarce communities. Genome sequencing is seen as the future cornerstone of promoting crossbreeding in Africa, but it should be based on consideration of the socioeconomic context of small-scale animal husbandry and local livestock production conditions. Smallholder farmers, who are the major custodians of local animal biodiversity, have faced challenges such as genotype and environmental interaction, lack of funding, poor laws, and lack of farmer participation. In conclusion, the review highlights the importance of phenomics and genomic prediction in improving animal genetic resources in Africa, but it also emphasizes the need for further research and development in this area. The study suggests that modern breeding technologies (genomics and phenomics) and training of smallholder livestock farmers in improved animal husbandry management practices can be used to enhance food and nutrition security for African rural households. This review examines the effects of crossbreeding through the decades on small-scale livestock farming in Africa, including positive and negative outcomes as well as future implications. show more 10. 54517/ama. v5i2. 2406 review paper explores the potential of automation and control systems in addressing critical challenges faced by agriculture in developing countries, with a specific focus on their applicability in Uganda. The study aims to comprehensively evaluate the role of these systems in enhancing agricultural practices, including the identification of adoption challenges, assessment of potential benefits, investigation of system effectiveness, and provision of evidence-based recommendations. The findings reveal that while there are notable obstacles such as high initial costs, limited technical expertise, and database constraints, there are also substantial opportunities, particularly through the integration of supportive information and communication technology (ICT) strategies and policies. Automation has demonstrated its effectiveness in various agricultural tasks, from mechanized tractors to food processing and livestock farming, offering promising prospects for value addition, irrigation, hydroponics, aquaponics, greenhouse farming, and livestock management. Despite the current modest adoption rates, the study provides compelling evidence supporting the need for increased utilization of automation and control systems in Uganda’s agriculture. Collaboration among stakeholders, formulation of supportive policies, development of comprehensive databases, prioritization of tailored ICT infrastructure, and facilitation of knowledge sharing are recommended to overcome challenges and harness the transformative capability of automation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the role of community-based livestock development strategies and modern agricultural practices focused on livestock rather than plants. There is no mention of historical plants or their cultivation in modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Но преступным умыслом организатора такого формирования охватываются все этапы незаконной деятельности с наркотиками, начиная с введения их в незаконный оборот до сбыта любыми способами: контактным, бесконтактным или в наркопритонах, или путем склонения к их потреблению. Иначе создавать преступное формирование по незаконному обороту наркотических средств бессмысленно. 5. См. : Состояние преступности за 2018 год и 8 месяцев 2019 г. [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing organized criminal activity related to illegal drug trade, encompassing all stages from the introduction of drugs into illegal circulation to their distribution. This aligns with the claim that the dark web is a hub for illegal activities, including drug sales.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: 6201 21043, USA Tel: +1 (443)-727-7717 Email: contact@avensonline. org CrossRef 4. 0 International License. is an Publisher & all published content, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a License. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or discussion related to the microbiome, health, or disease prevention. It appears to be a standard contact information note and does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions View 10. 7717/peerj. 16100 Published 2023-10-02 Accepted 2023-08-25 Received 2023-05-04 reefs, Thermal stress, Dysbiosis, Climate change, Marine heatwaves Copyright © 2023 Khen et al. is an open access 2023. Standardization of in situ coral bleaching measurements highlights the variability in responses across genera, morphologies, and regions. PeerJ 11:e16100 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-1 Figure 2: Mapping spatial distributions of mass coral bleaching events. Heatmaps showing the spatial distributions of each major bleaching event between 1982 and 2010. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-2 Figure 3: Mapping the impact of the third-ever global coral bleaching event. Maps showing over 75 total locations worldwide, represented by black circles, affected by the third-ever global coral bleaching event lasting between 2014 and 2017 (Eakin, Sweatman & Brainard, 2019). Each map is overlaid with maximum heat stress in that respective year from NOAA’s Watch satellite data. Basemap source:. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-3 Bleaching resistance and resilience at physiological and ecosystem scales Resistance to thermal stress can be defined as the ability of individual corals to avoid bleaching or survive post-bleaching (West & Salm, 2003). It is generally accepted that corals have different susceptibilities to bleaching based on taxonomy (Marshall & Baird, 2000; McClanahan et al. , 2004), life history strategy (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013), morphology (Loya et al. , 2001; et al. 2012), colony size class (Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005), symbiont type and/or density (Berkelmans & 2006), as well as any other distinguishing characteristics. ‘Weedy’ genera (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it focuses on research related to coral bleaching, thermal stress, and other marine biology topics, making it irrelevant to the claim about the historical and modern use of plants.


Input:
Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: URL: >>>> (дата обращения: 26. 09. 2019).

Количество преступлений данных видов продолжает увеличиваться. Наибольшее их количество в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков приходится на сбыт5. Это, в свою очередь, способствует увеличению количества лиц, употребляющих наркотики. И, что не может не тревожить, ряды наркоманов стремительно пополняют несовершеннолетние. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the number of crimes related to illegal drug trafficking continues to increase, particularly highlighting the difficulties with drug distribution. This aligns with the claim that the dark web is a center for illegal drug sales.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: ReviewMicrobial exposures early in life can have long-lasting impacts on the immune system including reducing inflammatory responses in adulthood [45]. One potential connection between the MoBE and mental health could be the influences of the MoBE on the human microbiome. For that influence to occur, it must be shown that microorganisms in the built environment are transferred to occupants. Researchers have also determined that reciprocal interactions occur between the host immune system and host microbiome. In a murine model, altered immune status, either induced by antagonism of complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5aR) or as observed in immunocompromised mice, was associated with decreases in host-associated skin microbial diversity and altered microbial community structure [46, 47]. Activation of the complement system typically functions as a defense mechanism against invading microorganisms, in part because C5a “primes” phagocytic cells and optimizes innate immune functional responses. Thus, as expected, altering the host immune response to microorganisms alters the host-associated microbial diversity and community structure. With the expansion of the biological field beyond traditional culturing, it is now clear that microbial residue can persist in the environment past a viable cell life [48, 49]. Indeed, microorganisms or microbial antigens, in addition to live, intact microorganisms, are sufficient to have important impacts on systemic immune function and inflammatory disease. For example, heat-killed preparations of mycobacteria have been shown to confer protection in allergy models [50]. In other words, there are reciprocal relationships between the host-associated microbiota and host immune function, and microorganisms do not have to be living, or even intact, in order to have important influences on health outcomes. This may be of interest to MoBE researchers who, to date, have used DNA sequencing that does not distinguish between live, dead but intact, or dead and structurally compromised microorganisms. However, methods using compounds like propidium monoazide (PMA) have shown promise for making these distinctions in qPCR studies [51–53]. Additionally, Kelley and Gilbert [48] suggested mRNA as a sequencing target to distinguish between live and dead microorganisms because RNA is rapidly degraded in the environment. Current research has focused on how occupants alter the MoBE and have documented the transmission of microorganisms from human occupants to the air and surfaces within buildings [2, 3, 54–59]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex interactions between the host immune system and microbiome rather than stating that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure mental health conditions. It emphasizes that while there are impacts of microbial exposures and relationships between microorganisms and immune responses, it does not support the notion of a complete cure for mental health issues through microbiome manipulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , taxa that are fast-growing, opportunistic, and able to dominate post-disturbance, such as Acropora or Pocillopora spp. ) may be more sensitive to bleaching yet quicker to regain their pre-bleaching benthic cover following substantial colony mortality (Darling, McClanahan & Côté, 2013; McClanahan, Graham & Darling, 2014). Morphology is also thought to play a role, though results are often contradictory. For instance, mounding corals show high (Marshall & Baird, 2000) or low (Williams et al. , 2010) resistance to thermal bleaching. Branching corals may experience more bleaching-related mortality than massive or encrusting corals (Hoegh-Guldberg & Salvat, 1995; Marshall & Baird, 2000), presumably because the thinner tissues of branching corals expose symbionts to higher light intensities (Loya et al. , 2001). Larger colonies with more tissue area could hypothetically have an advantage over smaller colonies during bleaching due to their higher symbiont densities, although some studies indicate otherwise (Brandt, 2009; Shenkar, Fine & Loya, 2005; Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010). Tissue biomass may also correlate with bleaching resistance and high symbiont density, as species with lower tissue biomass have been found to experience increased mortality following bleaching (Thornhill et al. , 2011). Additionally, it has long been posited that certain Symbiodiniaceae assemblages may be more stress-tolerant and that colonies may change the relative abundance of different co-occurring symbionts in their tissues, thereby shifting dominance (or proportions) of the symbiont community following bleaching (Kemp et al. , 2014; Mieog et al. , 2007; Baker, 2003; Toller, Rowan & Knowlton, 2001). Studies have since found a high degree of specificity among coral-Symbiodiniaceae associations in the long term (Lee et al. , 2016; Stat et al. , 2009; Thornhill, Fitt & Schmidt, 2006), implying that the uptake of new symbionts with different stress tolerance may be transient (Coffroth et al. , 2010), particularly for adult corals (but see: Scharfenstein et al. , 2022; Boulotte et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of coral biology and bleaching resistance but does not relate to the claim about the cultivation of historically used plants in modern agriculture. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: </li> <li> Преступления рассматриваемых видов между собой тесно связаны, логически вытекают одно из другого и раздельно существовать не могут. Такую цепочку преступных действий можно проследить на том же сбыте наркотиков. Для того, чтобы конкретному лицу сбывать эти средства, нужно, чтобы они оказались в его владении. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the close relationship between various crimes, including drug trafficking, which is a central activity associated with the dark web. It implies that the criminal activities are interconnected and suggests that drug sales lead to broader criminal implications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: A practical consequence of improved understanding of relationships among the MoBE, host-associated microbiota, and mental health could be the development of a bioinformed design in the built environment (see commentary by Green [78]) to prevent negative mental health-related outcomes. This could be analogous to how access to green spaces can improve mental health outcomes [33]. Moreover, studies in rodents suggest that bioimmunomodulatory probiotics (e. g. , Lactobacillus reuteri) have stress-protective effects and can reduce negative outcomes of gastrointestinal infections [16]. Preliminary results in mice suggest these probiotics can reduce anxiety and fear following oral or intravenous administration. Building materials or the built environment could be designed to facilitate exposure of human occupants to these types of beneficial probiotics. Probiotics in these instances might extend beyond a few microorganisms and instead include diversity in microbial communities. Microbial diversity has been linked to positive health outcomes, even if the causative agents are not yet delineated [79]. Research on microbial growth on different building materials is now being considered beyond moisture-damaged materials [80–82], but more studies are required to fully evaluate the range of construction practices and building types. The development of such a database of materials that support growth of beneficial microorganisms, in addition to those that support growth of potentially harmful microorganisms, would be of value to the community of researchers. However, to develop that database, knowledge of which microorganisms are beneficial is required. In the context of this review on mental health, we provide a summary in Table 1 of microorganisms that have been linked to positive mental health outcomes. In addition to materials, selection of microorganisms for bio-mediated construction procedures is a relatively new field in the last 10 years and could provide benefits for a bioinformed built environment. Table 1 Beneficial microorganisms in mental health studies found in the built environmentFull size table However, as noted by Green, research to date is not yet sufficient to define interactions between microorganisms and the built environment, and the effects that manipulation of the MoBE could have on the occupants. Indeed, only recently have we begun to realize that indiscriminant sterilization of the built environment is not beneficial to occupants [83–85]. The science of either seeding the indoor environment with beneficial microorganisms or providing conditions that promote selective microbial growth is likely a distant reality in practice, and considerable research is required before researchers can recommend such practices. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are studies showing beneficial effects of probiotics and microbial diversity on mental health, the research is still not sufficient to conclusively define interactions between microorganisms and mental health conditions. It explicitly states that manipulation of the microbiome (MoBE) and its effects on mental health occupants are not yet fully understood, mentioning that 'considerable research is required before researchers can recommend such practices.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , 2016). Further, some coral taxa exhibit higher flexibility in their Symbiodiniaceae assemblages than others (Goulet, 2006; Putnam et al. , 2012) and individual colonies may have their own ‘Symbiodiniaceae signature’ (Rouzé et al. , 2019). The dynamics of these symbioses are also affected by environmental regimes (Baker et al. , 2013; de Souza et al. 2023; de Souza et al. 2022) and the symbionts’ physiological traits (Wong, Enríquez & Baker, 2021), making it difficult to predict post-bleaching recovery or mortality based solely on changes in the composition of in hospite symbiont communities. Physical factors such as location (e. g. , Sully et al. , 2019), reef habitat type (e. g. , Wagner, Kramer & Van Woesik, 2010; Wall et al. , 2021), human population density (e. g. , Sandin et al. 2008), and/or environmental variability (e. g. , Bahr, Rodgers & Jokiel, 2017; Jokiel & Brown, 2004) may also affect bleaching outcomes, along with prior bleaching history (e. g. , Brown et al. , 2002; Pratchett et al. , 2013), maximum heat stress (Claar et al. , 2018), and local disturbance (Baum et al. , 2023). Depth is thought to provide a refuge for corals from solar heating and light (Baird et al. , 2018; Smith et al. , 2014) as well as driving niche partitioning of functionally distinct Symbiodiniaceae communities (Wall et al. , 2020). However, depth does not always confer resistance to bleaching, as has been seen in both the Caribbean (Neal et al. , 2014) and Pacific (Venegas et al. , 2019). Factors that reduce thermal stress (e. g. , cold-water upwelling; Goreau et al. , 2000), enhance water flow and flush out cytotoxic ions (Nakamura & Van Woesik, 2001), and decrease light stress (e. g. , shading from cloud cover (Mumby et al. , 2001)) or light absorption by dissolved organic matter (Anderson et al. , 2001) can determine bleaching resistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral taxa, their symbiotic relationships, and factors affecting bleaching outcomes. There is no mention of plants, historical cultivation, or modern agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: После того, как эти средства поступили в незаконный оборот, сбытчику следует их где-то хранить (а это уголовно-наказуемое деяние, если оно совершается без соответствующего разрешения), а для того, чтобы передать покупателю, нужно их или переслать по почте или перевезти в определенное место (эти незаконные деяния также являются уголовно наказуемыми). Получается, что помимо сбыта лицо совершает еще несколько преступлений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing illegal activities associated with drug trafficking and the consequences of these actions. It describes how illicit substances must be stored and transferred, which aligns with the notion of illegal drug sales, supporting the idea of the dark web being involved in such criminal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: This activity fortifies the intestinal barrier by increasing tight junction protein expression and downregulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [120, 131]. It also induces glucagon like peptide-1 (an incretin) secretion by enteroendocrine cells, inhibiting gastric secretion and motility, to promote satiety [132, 133]. Indole is additionally a signaling molecule for bacteria, influencing motility, biofilm formation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence, and shown to inhibit the colonization capabilities of pathogens such as Salmonella enterica [134]. However, indole overproduction can increase its export to the liver, where it is sulfated to indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin associated with chronic kidney disease [135]. Further, its effects as a signaling molecule for both enteroendocrine cells and bacteria are dose dependent, with high concentrations rendering it ineffective [120, 132, 134]. Other indole metabolites are additionally able to interact with the pregnane X receptor and/or aryl hydrocarbon receptor in a similar fashion, thus benefiting the host, but are less well studied [120]. The catabolism of tyrosine can produce tyramine, phenols, and p-coumarate (Additional file 2). Tyramine is a neurotransmitter that can be produced by certain gut bacteria via decarboxylation, including Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae [97]. It is infamous for causing the ‘cheese reaction’ hypertensive crisis in individuals taking monoamine inhibitor class drugs, although it can additionally cause migraines and hypertension in sensitive individuals or a mild rise in blood pressure when consumed in excess by the general populace [136]. Tyramine facilitates the release of norepinephrine that induces peripheral vasoconstriction, elevates blood glucose levels, and increases cardiac output and respiration [137]. It has also been shown to increase the synthesis of serotonin by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, elevating its release into circulation [124]. Phenol and p-cresol are phenolic metabolites that have been shown to both decrease the integrity of the gut epithelium and the viability of IECs [138, 139], and can be produced by many gut bacterial species, such as members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium clusters I, XI, and XIVa [140]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of manipulating the microbiome, particularly through the effects of indole and its metabolites. While it mentions the potential of certain microbial products, such as tyramine, to influence neurotransmitter release like serotonin, it highlights that the effects are dose-dependent and can lead to negative outcomes, such as hypertensive crises or decreased gut integrity. This suggests that microbiome manipulation may not be a straightforward or guaranteed cure for mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: While coral physiological resistance pertains to the ability to withstand or not be harmed by a disturbance, the physiological resilience of corals and the ecological resilience of coral reefs is the ability for the coral holobiont or the reef community to recover from or return to pre-disturbance physiological or ecological states, respectively (West & Salm, 2003). The speed at which this occurs, along with the magnitude of disturbance, can also be considered when defining resilience (Gunderson, 2000; Nyström, Folke & Moberg, 2000). Ecosystem resilience is determined by either intrinsic (e. g. , larval production capacity and recruitment success, or the presence of herbivorous grazers (Heenan & Williams, 2013; Roff & Mumby, 2012)) or extrinsic (e. g. , effective management and protection (Mellin et al. , 2016; Salm & Coles, 2001)) factors. Some remote, protected reefs such as the in the central Pacific have shown evidence of increased resilience following successive heatwaves, possibly due to adaptive thermal tolerance and localized recruitment by surviving colonies (Fox et al. , 2021). However, the 2016 heatwave also caused severe (>50%) mortality throughout the most remote sections of the Reef (Hughes et al. , 2017b) and in protected areas of the Islands (Couch et al. , 2017), where the human impacts that may further exacerbate thermal stress (e. g. , urbanization, nutrient pollution) or degrade reef ecosystem function (e. g. , overfishing) are largely absent. Thus, in the context of global climate change, there are perhaps no refugia where corals are not threatened by marine heatwaves and regional bleaching events. By the year 2050, bleaching is predicted to occur annually for all reefs globally (Donner et al. , 2005; et al. , 2014). By 2100, with a rise in global sea surface temperatures of about 3 °C under Pathway 8. 5 (Pörtner et al. , 2019; on Climate Change), most reefs worldwide are projected to decrease in coral cover by over 40% (Sully, Hodgson & van Woesik, 2022). Post-bleaching recovery, however, might be more influenced by local stressors (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral physiology and resilience in the context of climate change and environmental disturbances, without mentioning plants, agriculture, or their cultivation practices.


Input:
Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Но преступным умыслом организатора такого формирования охватываются все этапы незаконной деятельности с наркотиками, начиная с введения их в незаконный оборот до сбыта любыми способами: контактным, бесконтактным или в наркопритонах, или путем склонения к их потреблению. Иначе создавать преступное формирование по незаконному обороту наркотических средств бессмысленно.

Количество преступлений данных видов продолжает увеличиваться. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal activities associated with drug trafficking, including the processes involved in the illegal drug trade, which aligns with the claim's mention of the dark web as a hub for illegal drug sales.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: P-cresol in particular is genotoxic, elevates the production of superoxide, and inhibits proliferation of IECs [141]. P-cresol may additionally be sulfated to cresyl sulfate in the gut or liver, which has been found to suppress the T helper 1-mediated immune response in mice [142], and, interestingly, phenolic sulfation was found to be impaired in the gut mucosa of UC patients [143]. Indeed, the colonic damage induced by unconjugated phenols is similar to that observed in IBD [138]. Cresyl sulfate is also associated with chronic kidney disease, however, as it can damage renal tubular cells through induction of oxidative stress [144]. This compound is also particularly elevated in the urine of autistic patients, but a causative link in this case has not been elucidated [145]. The catabolism of phenylalanine can produce phenylethylamine and trans-cinnamic acid (Additional file 2). Unlike tyrosine and tryptophan, little is known about these phenylalanine-derived metabolites. Phenylethylamine is a neurotransmitter that functions as an ‘endogenous amphetamine’ yielded from decarboxylation [136]. Through facilitating the release of catecholamine and serotonin, phenylethylamine in turn elevates mood, energy, and attention [146]. However, it has been reported that ingesting phenylethylamine can induce headache, dizziness, and discomfort in individuals with a reduced ability to convert it to phenylacetate, suggesting excessive amounts have negative consequences [136]. In terms of its production in the gut, phenylethylamine has thus been positively associated with Crohn’s disease and negatively correlated with Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in one study [147]. The conversion of phenylalanine to trans-cinnamate and tyrosine to p-coumaric acid results in increased phenylpropionate and 4-hydroxyphenylpropionate concentrations, which in turn produce urinary metabolites associated with the ‘chlorogenic acid’ phenotype in rats, as suggested by Clayton [148]. These metabolic pathways were found to so far specifically occur within species of Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus, respectively [149, 150]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various compounds, such as P-cresol and phenylethylamine, and their effects on mood and health, specifically indicating that while there are associations between gut metabolites and mental health (as seen with phenylethylamine's mood-enhancing properties), there is no evidence provided that manipulating these gut metabolites can fully cure major mental health conditions. The text also highlights that excessive amounts of phenylethylamine can lead to negative health effects, which further suggests that the relationship between microbiome manipulation and mental health is complex and not definitive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , overfishing, pollution, sedimentation, or coastal development), the absence of which may facilitate the recovery of corals with more heat-adapted Symbiodiniaceae symbionts (see Claar et al. , 2020) and reduce the extent of bleaching. While mitigating local stressors can potentially minimize climate impact (Donovan et al. , 2020; but see: Bruno, Côté & Toth, 2019), local and global stressors could also act synergistically to magnify post-bleaching mortality (Donovan et al. , 2021). Coral bleaching visual assessment methods Current methods for visually assessing bleaching usually involve satellite remote sensing, aerial surveys, underwater surveys, or image analysis of transects or quadrats. While all of these methods contribute to our knowledge of bleaching severity, they operate under varying levels of taxonomic and spatial resolution (reviewed in et al. , 2022; Fig. 4) and present their own advantages and disadvantages. Satellite remote sensing, while informative and large-scale (e. g. , 5 km or 50 km resolution), relies on predictions from temperature metrics rather than in situ bleaching data (Liu et al. , 2014). Other complications with remote sensing include cloud cover and the fact that bleached corals can have a similar spectral signature as sand (Elvidge et al. , 2004). Moreover, satellites can only provide bleaching forecasts whereas aerial surveys conducted via aircrafts (e. g. , Hughes et al. , 2017b) or small unmanned drones (e. g. , Levy et al. , 2018) can map entire reefs but quantify bleaching on a reef-wide basis. However, new technologies such as fluid lensing (Chirayath & Earle, 2016), which uses water-transmitting wavelengths to passively image underwater objects, are now being developed to improve the use of remote sensing tools and could potentially deliver centimeter-resolution data at regional scales. Similarly, airborne mapping combined with laser-guided imaging spectroscopy and deep learning models (Asner et al. , 2020) can provide regional-scale quantitative estimates of reef condition but these approaches often require optimal weather conditions. Figure 4: Comparing the scale and resolution of current methods for measuring coral bleaching. Diagram comparing different methods for measuring coral bleaching in terms of their spatial coverage and observation resolution (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and methods for assessing it, which does not relate to the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture.


Input:
Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Наибольшее их количество в сфере незаконного оборота наркотиков приходится на сбыт5. Это, в свою очередь, способствует увеличению количества лиц, употребляющих наркотики. И, что не может не тревожить, ряды наркоманов стремительно пополняют несовершеннолетние.

 Преступления рассматриваемых видов между собой тесно связаны, логически вытекают одно из другого и раздельно существовать не могут. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the illegal drug trade is a major issue, indicating a connection to criminal activity. It mentions that the drug trade causes an increase in drug users, and suggests a close link between this type of crime and others, which supports the idea that the dark web is involved in such illegal activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: The chlorogenic acid phenotype is associated with both autism and schizophrenia, suggesting a role of altered aromatic amino acid metabolism in these disorders [148, 151, 152]. However, further research is still needed, as there remains no mechanistic explanation of these metabolites toward disease development. Further, both trans-cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acid are negatively associated with cardiovascular disease [153, 154]. P-coumaric acid, in particular, is a common phenolic compound derived from plant matter that has anti-inflammatory properties, and has been demonstrated to prevent platelet aggregation [155]. Thus, these metabolites may simply be an indicator of altered microbial metabolism in general, when found in excess. Catabolism of lipidsA very small proportion of total dietary fat reaches the colon (< 5%) [16, 156]. Microorganisms in the gut are known to possess lipases, which can degrade triglycerides and phospholipids into their polar head groups and free lipids [16, 157]. Triglycerides represent 95% of total dietary fat, whereas phospholipids, mostly in the form of phosphotidylcholine, constitute a minor portion, but are also derived endogenously from bile acids [158]. Certain bacteria inhabiting the GI tract, including species of lactobacilli, enterococci, clostridia, and Proteobacteria, can utilize the backbone of triglycerides as an electron sink, reducing glycerol to 1,3-propanediol [159]. 3-Hydroxypropanal (reuterin) is an intermediate of this process that has been reported to accumulate extracellularly in cultures of Lactobacillus and Enterococcus spp. [160]. Reuterin has antimicrobial properties acting against pathogens and commensals alike [161], but it can also be spontaneously dehydrated to acrolein [71]. Acrolein is a highly reactive genotoxin, with an equivalent mutagenic potency to formaldehyde, raising concerns about this metabolic process [71, 159]. Meanwhile, choline can additionally be metabolized to trimethylamine by species of the gut microbiota, particularly Clostridia (especially members of Clostridium cluster XIVa and Eubacterium spp. ) and Proteobacteria [162, 163]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the association of specific metabolites with autism and schizophrenia but concludes that further research is needed and there is currently no mechanistic explanation of these metabolites towards disease development. This indicates that while there may be connections between microbiome components and mental health conditions, the text does not support the notion that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure these conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: , image analysis allows for the precise measurement of colony-specific bleaching but is limited spatially, whereas remote sensing is more expansive yet limited taxonomically). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-4 Underwater surveys (e. g. , SCUBA/snorkel surveys, tow-boards) offer the opportunity to make direct observations but are more time-intensive and vary in scale from focal colony assessments to towed-diver surveys at the community or reefscape level. Alternative approaches for surveying entire reef communities are diver-led surveys at the tens-of-meters scale (i. e. , point-intercept and transects), which can give insights into population or colony-level bleaching responses. Corals are often categorized as “bleached”, “unbleached”, or another qualitative bleaching group (McClanahan, 2004) rather than quantifying percent of color change relative to an unaffected (i. e. , non-bleached) conspecific colony, although this can be subject to observer bias (Siebeck et al. , 2006). A color reference card (e. g. , Bahr et al. , 2020; Siebeck et al. , 2006) can also be used to visually compare coral pigmentation in situ to “healthy” representatives, however, these color 4. 3. 0 (Kay et al. , 2021; R Core Team, 2018). Our fixed factors were either region and genus, or region and morphology, and our dependent variable was standardized bleaching severity score. We also tested for interactions between each pair of factors to see whether genera or morphologies bleached differently in different regions. We used the non-parametric ART-ANOVA rather than a standard two-way ANOVA because our response data were rank-based and thus non-continuous. Post-hoc multiple comparisons were performed using the stat_compare_means function in ggpubr (Kassambara, 2020; Wickham, Chang & Wickham, 2016) to identify the genera or morphologies for which regions responded differently in terms of bleaching severity. A combined three-way ANOVA with region, genus, and morphology as factors was not possible since not all morphologies were represented in all genera. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the cultivation of historical plants in modern agriculture. Instead, it discusses methods for assessing coral bleaching and does not mention plants or their cultivation at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: После того, как эти средства поступили в незаконный оборот, сбытчику следует их где-то хранить (а это уголовно-наказуемое деяние, если оно совершается без соответствующего разрешения), а для того, чтобы передать покупателю, нужно их или переслать по почте или перевезти в определенное место (эти незаконные деяния также являются уголовно наказуемыми). Получается, что помимо сбыта лицо совершает еще несколько преступлений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing illegal activities related to drug distribution, emphasizing that selling drugs without permission is a criminal offense. It also mentions actions such as mailing drugs or transporting them to specified locations, which further aligns with the claims about illegal drug sales prevalent in the dark web.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: Regardless, the gut microbiota is required for the development of obesity, as shown in GF mice experiments, because of the ability of SCFAs to alter energy balance as previously discussed [174]. Effect on endogenous substrate utilizationMetabolism of exogenous substrates greatly affects the use of endogenous substrates by the gut microbiota. Dietary fiber reduces the degradation of mucin, and the utilization of mucin is thought to cycle daily depending on the availability of food sources [175, 176]. Mucin is a sulfated glycoprotein [38], thus the same concepts of carbohydrate and protein degradation from dietary sources discussed above apply. However, it should be noted that mucin turnover by the gut microbiota is a naturally occurring process, and only when it occurs in elevated amounts does it have negative connotations. For example, Akkermansia muciniphila is a mucin-utilizing specialist that is depleted in the GI tract of IBD [177] and metabolic syndrome [178] patients. A. muciniphila has a demonstrated ability to cross-talk with host cells, promoting an increase in concentration of glucagon-like peptides, 2-arabinoglycerol, and antimicrobial peptides that improve barrier function, reduce inflammation, and induce proliferation of IECs [179]. Through this communication, A. muciniphila also, paradoxically, restored the thickness of the mucin layer in obese mice. Dietary fat intake can also alter the profile of bile acids. Dairy-derived saturated lipids increase the relative amount of taurine-conjugation, and this sulfur-containing compound leads to the expansion of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the gut [180]. Bile acid turnover is, however, a naturally occurring process, which modulates bile acid reabsorption, inflammation, triglyceride control, and glucose homeostasis from IEC signaling [181]. ConclusionsThe critical contributions of the gut microbiota toward human digestion have just begun to be elucidated. Particularly, more recent research is revealing how the impacts of microbial metabolism extend beyond the GI tract, denoting the so-called gut-brain (e. g. , biogenic amines acting as neurotransmitters) [182], gut-liver (e. g. , alcohols) [183], gut-kidney (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the gut microbiota's role in physical health aspects such as obesity and digestion, rather than mental health. It discusses how microbial metabolism impacts various physical functions and is beginning to elucidate the gut-brain connection, but it does not suggest that manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. The text indicates involvement but does not provide evidence for a complete cure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Also, we only used a subset of the data since not all genera or morphologies exist in all regions, which otherwise would have led to an unbalanced design. in bleaching responses by genus, morphology, and/or region The majority of bleaching observations were from the Pacific (n = 1,383 observations) followed by the Indian (n = 534) and Atlantic (n = 220) Oceans. We found that bleaching severity varied significantly by region (p = 0. 001) and genus (p < 0. 001; Table 1). Notably, there was a significant interaction indicating that some genera, particularly Acropora (p = 0. 0025), Favia (p < 0. 001), Galaxea (p = 0. 0095), and Porites (p = 0. 003) responded differently by region. Acropora experienced less bleaching in the than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 8 ± 0. 3 standard error compared to 2. 4 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 1, respectively), where it is far more abundant and speciose (Richards, Berry & Van Oppen, 2016). Favia experienced more bleaching in the Atlantic than in the Indian or (mean bleaching severity score = 3. 0 ± 0. 6 compared to 1. 4 ± 0. 2 and 0. 9 ± 0. 2; Fig. 5). Porites bleached similarly in the Indian and Atlantic (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 6 ± 0. 2 and 1. 6 ± 0. 6, respectively) but relatively less in the Pacific (mean bleaching severity score = 0. 9 ± 0. 2). Montastraea, the only other genus represented across all ocean basins, did not show differences in bleaching responses by region. Galaxea bleached significantly more in the Indian than in the (mean bleaching severity score = 1. 8 ± 0. 2 vs. 1. 0 ± 0. 2) whereas Stylophora was more bleached in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 8 ± 0. 3 vs. 1. 9 ± 0. 4), although the latter pattern was not found to be significant possibly due to lower sample sizes. Table 1: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and genus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses bleaching responses of various genera across different ocean regions, but does not mention plants or agriculture.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Но преступным умыслом организатора такого формирования охватываются все этапы незаконной деятельности с наркотиками, начиная с введения их в незаконный оборот до сбыта любыми способами: контактным, бесконтактным или в наркопритонах, или путем склонения к их потреблению. Иначе создавать преступное формирование по незаконному обороту наркотических средств бессмысленно. </li></ol> 5. См. : Состояние преступности за 2018 год и 8 месяцев 2019 г. [Электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the illegal activities surrounding drug trafficking, including the distribution of drugs and the formation of criminal organizations specifically aimed at the illegal drug trade. It implies a network of activities that aligns with the broader context of illegal operations, such as those often associated with the dark web.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: , uremic toxins such as cresyl sulfate) [135], and gut-heart (e. g. , trimethylamine) [184] axes. The primary focus to date has been on the SCFAs derived mainly from complex carbohydrates, and crucial knowledge gaps still remain in this area, specifically on how the SCFAs modulate glucose metabolism and fat deposition upon reaching the liver. However, the degradation of proteins and fats are comparatively less well understood. Due to both the diversity of metabolites that can be yielded and the complexity of microbial pathways, which can act as a self-regulating system that removes toxic by-products, it is not merely a matter of such processes effecting health positively or negatively, but rather how they are balanced. Further, the presentation of these substrates to the gut microbiota, as influenced by the relatively understudied host digestive processes occurring in the small intestine, is equally important. Future work could therefore aim to determine which of these pathways are upregulated and downregulated in disease states, such as autism and depression (gut-brain), NAFLD (gut-liver), chronic kidney disease (gut-kidney), and cardiovascular disease (gut-heart). Further, a combination of human- and culture- (in vitro and in vivo) based studies could resolve the spectrum of protein and fat degradation present among healthy individuals, in order to further our understanding of nutrient cycling in gut microbial ecosystems, and thus gain a necessary perspective for improving wellness. AbbreviationsAPC: Antigen presenting cell BCFA: Branched-chain fatty acid GABA: 4-Aminobutryate GI: Gastrointestinal IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease IBS: Irritable bowel syndrome IEC: Intestinal epithelial cell NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease SCFA: Short-chain fatty acid TLR: Toll-like receptor UC: Ulcerative colitis 36. 41. 10. 14. 41. 1353. 13. 69. e58. 61. 91. 54. 32. 96. 14. 161. 6093. 305. 64. 78. 2038. 6. 73. 10. 1128/microbiolspec. MBP-0014-2014. Vergnolle N. Protease inhibition as new therapeutic strategy for GI diseases. Gut. 2016;65:1215–24. 90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of microbial pathways and the knowledge gaps in understanding how metabolites affect health, especially concerning mental health conditions such as autism and depression. It emphasizes that it is not merely about the direct beneficial effects of manipulating the microbiome, but rather how various metabolic pathways interact with health, suggesting that full cures may not be feasible given the complexity and diversity of microbial interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and genus on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only genera present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1407 6. 901 0. 001 Genus 19 1407 3. 468 <0. 001 Region * Genus 22 1407 2. 868 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-1 Figure 5: Coral bleaching severity by genus and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral genus across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and region is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate genera for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-5 We also found significant effects of region (p < 0. 001) and morphology (p < 0. 001) on bleaching responses (Table 2). Again, there was a significant interaction between region and morphology indicating that some morphologies responded differently across regions. Specifically, massive (p = 0. 002) and massive/encrusting (p = 0. 004) corals bleached most in the Atlantic, followed by the Indian and (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 9 ± 0. 1, 1. 5 ± 0. 1, and 1. 4 ± 0. 1, or 1. 9 ± 0. 2, 1. 4 ± 0. 1, and 1. 3 ±0. 1, respectively). In contrast, free-living corals (p = 0. 004) bleached most in the Indian and compared to the Atlantic (mean bleaching severity scores = 1. 8 ± 0. 2, 1. 2 ± 0. 3, and 0. 2 ± 0. 1, respectively). Branching corals showed particularly high variability in bleaching responses within regions (bleaching severity range = 0–4; Fig. 6) but not significantly among regions. Columnar corals (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of region and genus on coral bleaching severity and does not mention plants, their historical use, or current agricultural practices. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The dark web is known to be a hub for illegal drug sales, human trafficking, and cybercrime. [SEP] Text: Кондратьев точно определил деятельность преступных формирований по незаконному обороту наркотиков как индустрию, где происходит весь цикл этой деятельности от культивирования наркотикосодержащих растений, изготовления как растительных и синтетических наркотиков до их сбыта с определенной специализацией: кто-то специализируется на т. н. тяжелых наркотиках, кто-то на дизайнерских, анаболиках, препаратах для похудения и т. д. 6 6. См. : Кондратьев М. В. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the illegal drug trade, stating that it encompasses the entire cycle of drug-related activity, including the cultivation, manufacturing, and distribution of various types of drugs, indicating a sophisticated criminal industry that aligns with the characterization of the dark web as a hub for such activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Manipulating the microbiome can fully cure major mental health conditions. [SEP] Text: S. joined together for an important, inter-professional, online panel discussion in March. This expert panel was sponsored by the for Academic Communities, the Partnership to Disease, and (the recording and slides are available online). While the panel touched on various chronic diseases, mental health issues among youth, teens, and young adults were a key topic of discussion. one in five Americans—including children, teens, college youth, and adults—has a mental health problem. Yet, the overwhelming majority of children with mental health conditions are not identified and lack access to treatment. There also are significant health disparities in the receipt of mental health services, with a disproportionate number of Hispanic and African-American children untreated. Panel members discussed the many challenges that prevent people of all ages from effectively addressing mental health disorders, including: Stigma: Shame and fear deter many people and their families from seeking help. Inadequate screening by primary care providers: This problem is especially acute for young people. recommends that all 12- to 18-year-olds and adults be screened for depression in primary care when systems are in place for accurate diagnosis and treatment. However, providers often do not screen because they do not have timely access to mental health services for their patients. Trouble finding treatment: Due to the severe shortage of mental health providers across the country, there are often long time lags between referral and treatment. Failure to implement evidence-based therapies: If people are fortunate enough to get some type of treatment for mental health disorders, it is typically medications. However, patients may also need other evidence-based treatments, such as cognitive-behavioral or interpersonal therapy. Slow implementation of research findings: Although universities, nonprofits, and other research organizations are studying mental health disorders, it often takes many years between the publishing of research findings and their implementation in real world settings. members agreed that integrated health care, the systematic coordination of care for physical and behavioral health (mental health and substance use), is the most effective way to improve all health outcomes and reduce barriers to care. Speakers provided several examples of unique, integrated approaches to addressing mental health and substance use among teens and young adults: the University of Wisconsin-Health Services, the program, and the into Men program. While more typically found in community health clinics, integrated behavioral health care models also are being adopted at college health centers across the nation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexities of addressing mental health disorders, mentioning that while integrated healthcare models show promise, there is no evidence provided that manipulating the microbiome can cure major mental health conditions. It discusses barriers to treatment and the need for evidence-based therapies, suggesting that current treatments primarily involve medications rather than microbiome manipulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 002) bleached more in the Pacific compared to the (mean bleaching severity score = 2. 0 ± 0. 3 vs. 0. 7 ± 0. 3). Encrusting, plating, and table/branching corals did not bleach more severely in one region over another. In general, for both morphology and genus, there was a large spread of responses within regions, suggesting that differences could have also been related to colony-specific factors such as size, symbiont community composition, previous exposure to thermal stress, or site-level local environmental variables. Table 2: Aligned rank transform analysis of variance: region and morphology. Statistical output from a two-way ART-ANOVA for the effects of region and morphology on bleaching severity, as well as their interaction. Only morphologies present in most or all regions were included. Significant (p < 0. 05) factors are bolded. Df. res F value Pr(>F) Region 2 1792 16. 923 <0. 001 Morphology 7 1792 7. 370 <0. 001 Region * Morphology 13 1792 5. 112 <0. 001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/table-2 Figure 6: Coral bleaching severity by morphology and region. Violin plots showing the distribution of bleaching severity scores for each common coral morphology across the Atlantic, Indian, and (0 = none, 1 = low, 2 = moderate, 3 = high, 4 = severe). The total number of observations by genus and morphology is indicated above each box. Asterisks indicate morphologies for which mean bleaching severity varied significantly by region. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 16100/fig-6 Variability in bleaching quantification among studies A total of 68. 9% of studies (51 out of 74; Table S1) assessed bleaching via rapid in situ surveys either by snorkelers, SCUBA divers, or tow-board; whereas 18. 9% of studies (14 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively image analysis methods, either on a small scale (e. g. , quadrats) or larger scale (e. g. , transects, mosaics, or photostations). 5. 4% of studies (4 out of 74; Table S1) used exclusively video analysis, while the remaining 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coral bleaching and factors affecting bleaching severity rather than the cultivation of plants, making it unrelated to the assertion about historical plant use in modern agriculture.