Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: Associations between family history, and advanced and non-advanced adenomas, were of similar strength, but a tendency towards a somewhat stronger association with non-advanced adenomas was found. Fifth, fruit consumption was inversely associated with hMLH1 protein-deficient colon cancer (n=54) but not with hMLH1 protein-proficient colon cancer (n=387) in a cohort study of 120,852 people who were followed-up over 7. 3 years, while ignoring information from the initial 2. 3 years of follow-up. Clear associations with consumption of vegetables, or nutrients related to fruits and vegetables, could not be detected. Conclusions: We showed that distinguishing colorectal tumors by their histopathological and molecular characteristics may indeed shed further light on the role of diet, lifestyle and heritable factors in colorectal carcinogenesis. Such an approach may alleviate some of the weaknesses of traditional epidemiology, but also adds another layer of complexity. It is a challenge for the future to develop a framework into which specific associations can be integrated, using risk markers signaling the molecular and biochemical pathways from normal to cancerous tissue. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsvan 't. P. , Co-promotor, External personAward date16 Jan 2007Place of Publication[S. l. ]Print ISBNs9789085045755DOstatusPublished - 16 Jan 2007 Keywordscolorectal cancercarcinogenesisdietlifestyleinheritancehistopathologyfruitvegetables output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/121872 Files and links into the research topics of 'Diet, lifestyle, heritable factors and colorectal carcinogenesis: associations with histopathological and molecular endpoints'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. and Dentistry 100% and Dentistry 100% and Dentistry 40% Medicine and Dentistry 30% Medicine and Dentistry 30% Pharmacology, Toxicology and 30% Medicine and Dentistry 20% Medicine and Dentistry 20% View full fingerprint Cite this. A. (2007). Diet, lifestyle, heritable factors and colorectal carcinogenesis: associations with histopathological and molecular endpoints. [internal ]. Wark, P. A. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of diet and lifestyle as contributing factors to colorectal carcinogenesis. It indicates that distinguishing various characteristics related to diet and lifestyle may help illuminate their impact on health, thus supporting the idea that these factors are influential in microbiome balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome systems are universally affordable for small-scale farmers worldwide. [SEP] Text: This concurs with FAO report which observed that small and poor farmers, who may not be fully integrated in markets, choose to produce their main staple but also diversify their production to achieve better diets (Rapsomanikis, 2015), (D’Alessandro, Caballero, Lichte, & Simpkin, 2015). Perhaps this explains why only a few of the small-scale farmers in our study were involved in cash crops and maize and beans were among the most grown crops. This also concurs with Maize, (Zea mays) is one of the most important food and cash crops for both commercial and many rural farm families in Africa Interestingly, there was a relationship between crops and pesticides infection. Crops mostly grown by farmers were the most affected by pests. Maize is mostly grown in Kenya. (Midega, Pittchara, Pickett, Hailua, & Khana, 2018) Common agricultural pest species and state of crops affected Pests were majorly indicated as insects and rodents. It was observed that crops were also infested by fungus, viral infections. Several studies indicate common pests that affect the major crops like maize as follows: Stalk borers (Busseola fusca), African armyworm (Spodoptera exempta), Seedling weevils (Tanymecus spp. & Mesokeuvus spp), Larger grain borer (LGB) Weevils Moths, Red flour beetle, Dried bean beetles, Grey leaf spots (GLS), Maize streak virus, Northern leaf blight, Maize streak virus (MSV)(Cicadulina mbila), Leaf rusts (Puccinia sorghi), Leaf blights (Helminthosparium turcicum and maydis) and Common smut (Ustilago maydis)(Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Agricultural and Rural inclusive (), 2018), (D’Alessandro, Caballero, Lichte, & Simpkin, 2015). This is important to note that pesticides were used to kill pests and to treat infections. The common pests were those that affected crops in the farms and during storage. This is an important finding which relates to the farming practices mostly used by small scale farmers. Environmental conditions that encourage pests The study established that farming methods and changes in the environment contributed to thriving pest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that small and poor farmers often do not fully engage in cash crop production due to market limitations, highlighting that they primarily grow staple crops like maize and beans which suggests a lack of resources for potentially adopting biodomes. This is corroborated by the mention that only a few small-scale farmers were involved in cash crops, implying that affordability of biodome systems may not be feasible for all small-scale farmers globally, particularly those marginalized by economic and environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: ПРЕДМЕТ ПОЛИТИКИ КОНФИДЕНЦИАЛЬНОСТИ 3. 1 Настоящая Политика конфиденциальности устанавливает обязательства Администрации сайта по неразглашению и обеспечению режима защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных, которые Пользователь предоставляет по запросу Администрации сайта при регистрации на сайте или для оформления заказов на услуги. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a privacy policy and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Diet, environment, and lifestyle are known factors that can affect the microbiome balance. [SEP] Text: Diet, lifestyle, heritable factors and colorectal carcinogenesis: associations with histopathological and molecular endpoints. / Wark, P. A. [S. l. ], 2007. 191 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - Diet, lifestyle, heritable factors and colorectal carcinogenesis: associations with histopathological and molecular endpointsAU - Wark, P. A. N1 - WU thesis no. 4116PY - 2007/1/16Y1 - 2007/1/16N2 - Background: Diet, lifestyle and heritable factors have been related to colorectal cancer risk; to date, their relevance to the overall scope of colorectal carcinogenesis, has not been clearly established. Aim and Methods: To evaluate whether distinguishing colorectal tissue by its histopathological and molecular characteristics sheds further light on the etiology of colorectal cancer. Five research questions addressed associations between diet, lifestyle and heritable factors, and specific tissue characteristics. Results: First, we observed that consumption of fruits, in particular citrus fruits, was associated with increased rectal glutathione S-transferase activity in a cross-sectional study of 94 Dutch individuals. Consumption of cruciferous vegetables was also associated with increased activity, but only among individuals who carried the GSTM1 genotype. Second, we observed that intake of vitamin B2 was inversely associated with adenomas with a K-ras mutation (n=81) but not with adenomas without a K-ras mutation (n=453) in a case-control study conducted in the Netherlands. A positive association with monounsaturated fat was confined to K-ras mutation-negative adenomas. We found indications for differential associations with some additional factors, but the epidemiological evidence on risk factors and K-ras mutations remains inconsistent. Third, in a cohort study of 26,769 American men, we observed that most risk factors were similarly associated with advanced (=1cm or with any villous characteristics or carcinoma in situ) and non-advanced colorectal adenomas after 17 years of follow-up. However, smoking had a stronger positive association with advanced adenomas than with non-advanced adenomas, and ahigh glycemic index was inversely associated with advanced but not with non-advanced adenomas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the associations between diet, lifestyle, and various health outcomes, indicating that diet and lifestyle factors have implications for health research, specifically colorectal carcinogenesis. This implies that these factors can influence biological processes and conditions, which may relate to microbiome balance as they are essential elements affecting overall health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some cities create wildlife corridors to facilitate safe movement for animals. [SEP] Text: Microorganisms, as the engines of Earth’s biogeochemical cycles, clearly are at the front lines of response to changing biogeochemical gradients in ACZs. However, microbes will likely respond to anthropogenic change differently than multicellular creatures because of complexities associated with microbial biogeography. Plus, humanity’s replumbing of Earth’s surface is likely to result in changes in community composition and function. Environmental factors can influence microbial communities on a landscape scale, but evaluating their response to global change is challenging. New frameworks are emerging that consider microbial response (e. g. , community composition) versus effect (e. g. , functional traits) in the context of global change. Linking alterations in community composition and function with ecosystem-scale processes may improve our ability to predict ACZs’ response to global change, although some microorganisms may exhibit response traits that may not translate to changes in ecosystem-scale processes. Earlier studies called for further integration of the geosciences and microbial ecology [Moran et al. , 2013], an exhortation we support and now extend to include an emphasis on ACZs in a changing climate. We propose that the integration of microbial ecology with chemical biomarker studies will allow for a comprehensive evaluation of biogeochemical cycles and microbially driven processes, providing data and hypotheses necessary for critical insights into the complex interacting processes underlying the global impacts of anthropogenic change in ACZs. in studies have evaluated ecosystem responses to climate-driven changes, including alterations in temperature, acidity, salinity, and hydrology. One consistent theme is the susceptibility of ACZs to altered regimes and their potential nonlinear response to climate change. Recent studies all point to how ACZs are highly susceptible to change and that their response to change not only may alter the composition and function of their resident organisms but also will have disproportionate impacts on neighboring human populations that depend on them. These studies, however, only scratch the surface. We urgently need more work to investigate how human influences are affecting ACZs to get a full picture of the extent of the Anthropocene and better predict how these systems may respond to change. 10. 1016/j. jembe. 2017. 01. 021. Chorover, J. , et al. (2011), How water, carbon, and energy drive critical zone evolution: The Jemez–. , 10(3), 884–899, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the response of microorganisms to biogeochemical gradients and the impact of anthropogenic change on Critical Zone ecosystems. It does not address or relate to the concept of wildlife corridors or the movement of animals. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim about cities creating wildlife corridors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Персональные данные, разрешённые к обработке в рамках настоящей Политики конфиденциальности, предоставляются Пользователем путём заполнения формы на сайте в соответствующих разделах и включают в себя следующую информацию: 3. 2. 1 фамилию, имя, отчество Пользователя; 3. 2. 2 адрес электронной почты (e-mail); 3. 2. 3 место жительство Пользователя; 3. 2. 4 платежные реквизиты Пользователя; 3. 2. 5 домашний, рабочий, мобильный телефоны. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation abilities. Instead, it discusses personal data and privacy policies, which are irrelevant to the topic of sea turtles and magnetoreception.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease access Published: 14 July 2017 (Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease Thomas W. Buford1 Microbiome 34. Moreover, only a handful of studies to date have investigated the aging microbiome in humans (Table 1). Still, at least two early studies in this area have documented that advanced age is associated with changes to both the composition and stability of gut microbiota [40, 70]. Biagi et al. reported that a group of centenarian from displayed low species diversity compared to younger adults (~30 years of age). They also noted specific changes within Firmicutes (one of the two dominant phyla commonly found in the gut) subgroups and enrichment of Proteobacteria—a group containing many opportunistic bacteria which can overtake commensal bacteria and induce pathology [70]. These microbiome changes were also characterized by a loss of genes for short-chain fatty acid production and an overall decrease in the saccharolytic potential, while proteolytic functions were more abundant than in the intestinal metagenome of younger adults [71]. Interestingly, these changes in bacterial content were also moderately associated with circulating plasma concentrations of inflammatory cytokines interleukins six (IL-6) and eight (IL-8). Surprisingly, however, despite these interesting findings among the centenarians, this group did not find significant differences in microbiota composition between the younger adults and a group of older adults with an average age of 70 years. Table 1 Studies investigating aging and the gut microbiome humansFull size table In contrast, findings from the cohort [72] did indicate alterations in the core microbiota of persons over 65 years of age. These changes were generally characterized by a greater proportion of Bacteroides spp. and distinct abundance patterns of Clostridium groups compared to younger individuals. Older individuals also displayed a loss of diversity-associated taxa, including Prevotella and associated genera [40, 73], which can contribute to instability in the microbiome composition. However, the authors noted that the variability in the microbiota profiles of the older persons was quite large—making phenotype prediction difficult. Several key factors—particularly diet and the use of antibiotics—were key predictors of these changes in both community-dwelling seniors and residents of long-term care facilities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses scientific findings regarding the gut microbiome's impact on health, particularly in aging populations. The mention of how changes in the gut microbiota composition, such as decreased species diversity and alterations in specific bacterial groups, are associated with inflammatory cytokines suggests these microbiome changes have potential implications for health and disease. This supports the claim that maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: industrial area, central business district, suburb with housing function, middle class housing quarter) are investigated and their characteristics may be compared. & (1998) gave a detailed description of the built-up types in German cities. (1999) used this model for their ecological studies of Leipzig. This is another widely used method in urban ecology. Urban ecology can be understood as a spatial science in the same way as geography. Therefore the scale of the studies to be carried out is important. Three different scales should be distinguished, especially in larger cities: the micro-scale of the local neighbourhood with its special built-up characteristics where the study or field experiment is carried out, the meso-scale of the district, which features a combination of different land use (built-up) types and finally the macro-scale of the total urban area, sometimes composed of different administrative entities or even cities. The results of the studies may permit a certain generalisation for the three scales and some typical neighbourhoods/districts/cities may be identified, leading to prototypes of a ‘virtual city’ (Fig. 3). Urban ecology addresses processes in space and time. Besides the spatial dimension, four main processes of change are the focus of recent research: changes in urban biodiversity, climate, human demography and economy:Urban land use significantly affects biodiversity patterns. Until the 1960s cities were perceived as ‘biological deserts’, whereas they are currently considered as ‘hotspots’ of botanic and animal diversity. Species respond quite differently to urbanisation, with a decline in native species and increase in introduced species as a general trend (1990). These changes in urban biota are currently regarded as major drivers of global homogenisation (2006). However, regional studies have demonstrated that both native and non-native species richness is higher in urban areas than adjacent areas and that non-native species may also contribute to the dissimilarity of urban floras (KÜHN & KLOTZ 2006). Future analysis should thus examine the role of cities in endangering or conserving biodiversity in depth. Cities are important drivers of climate change because about 75 per cent of greenhouse gas emissions are produced in urban territories. Simultaneously, however, cities are especially vulnerable to climate change as II of the of concludes in its 4th (IPCC 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the general decline of native species and the increase of introduced species in urban areas. It states, 'However, regional studies have demonstrated that both native and non-native species richness is higher in urban areas than adjacent areas,' which suggests that while cities may host higher biodiversity, the overall trend indicates a decline of native species, rather than support for enhancing biodiversity with native plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Администрация сайта осуществляет сбор статистики об IP-адресах своих посетителей. Данная информация используется с целью выявления и решения технических проблем. 3. 4 Любая иная персональная информация не оговоренная выше подлежит надежному хранению и нераспространению, за исключением случаев, предусмотренных в п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 4. ЦЕЛИ СБОРА ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЯ 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sea turtles and their navigation methods. It focuses on website administration and user data privacy, making it irrelevant to the topic of sea turtle navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: These factors, diet in particular, could potentially explain differences between findings from the Italian and Irish cohorts. As such, these and other relevant factors necessitate the continued study of the microbiome across populations. Notably, data from the cohort revealed an interesting potential association with physical frailty as evidenced by differences among older persons living in long-term care and/or rehabilitation facilities compared to community-dwelling peers [73]. These differences were also associated with several systemic markers of inflammation including IL-6, IL-8, CRP, and TNF-α. The association with frailty in the cohort was recently demonstrated more formally along with concordant findings from 728 female twins enrolled in the [41]. These findings were similar to those from a prior small cohort of older adults from [74]. Thus, available data suggest that the gut microbiome may play at least some role in the development of physical frailty among the elderly. Similarly, early findings now suggest that gut dysbiosis may contribute to age-related declines in cognitive function. Cattaneo et al. recently reported that brain amyloidosis and peripheral inflammation among cognitively impaired elders was associated with the abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory gut microbiota [42]. Indeed, brain amyloid content and circulating inflammatory analytes were positively associated with the inflammatory bacteria taxon Escherichia/Shigella and negatively associated with the anti-inflammatory E. rectale taxon. To my knowledge, these are the first data directly linking the gut microbiota to age-related cognitive decline, though numerous studies in other models (e. g. , Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis, animal models of Alzheimer’s disease) exist to indicate a well-defined gut-brain axis which could contribute to age-related dementias [62, 75, 76]. Given the dramatic public health implications of understanding and intervening upon age-related dementias, continued research in this area seems highly warranted. Etiology of age-related changes in the microbiomeThe precise etiologic explanation for these age-related changes remains incomplete. Across the age-spectrum, dramatic increases in the use of antibiotics and increasing pervasiveness of a high-saturated fat and high-sugar “western” diet are proposed to directly contribute to the depletion of important beneficial components of the microbiome [50, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the gut microbiome in physical frailty and cognitive decline among the elderly. It indicates that gut dysbiosis can contribute to age-related declines in health, which aligns with the idea that a balanced microbiome is important for overall health and disease prevention. Furthermore, it mentions the links between microbiota and systemic markers of inflammation, which are crucial for understanding health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: While there is some evidence that non-native plants offer resources to birds and pollinator communities in cities (e. g. , Schlaepfer et al. 2011; Baldock et al. 2019), there is also ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants drive population declines of native species, even of common suburban birds (e. g. , Narango et al. 2018), and particularly drive declines in insect populations (e. g. , Tallamy et al. 2021). Additionally, although pollinating insects may use non-native plants, they still often prefer native pollen and nectar resources (Williams et al. 2011). To examine the difference between native and non-native plants for supporting faunal diversity, we reviewed literature that compared plant-animal interactions such as pollination/flower visitation, herbivory, frugivory, nesting, or preferential occupancy in native and non-native plants in urban areas. Plants in urban greenspaces are critical providers of ecosystem services including food provisioning (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), improving air (Schlaepfer et al. 2020) and water quality (Nelson 2011), nutrient cycling (Ferreira et al. 2021), oxygen production (Riley et al. 2018), carbon sequestration and storage (Horn et al. 2015), mitigating the urban heat island effect (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), and augmenting human health and wellbeing (Potgieter et al. 2017). Vegetation also offers cultural benefits such as enhancing sense-of-place and aesthetics (Castro-Diez et al. 2019). Both native and non-native plants provide ecosystem services (Sjöman et al. 2016), but non-natives may also contribute to more to biotic homogenization (McKinney 2002) as well as increased ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017), increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012), and loss of revenue (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), among others (Potgieter et al. 2017) compared to native plants. For this section of our review, we surveyed papers that compared the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while non-native plants can provide some resources to urban fauna, they also significantly drive population declines of native species, as well as insect populations. It emphasizes the critical role of native plants in providing ecosystem services and argues that non-native plants may contribute more to biotic homogenization and ecosystem disservices. Therefore, the information presented suggests that enhancing urban habitats with native plants is more beneficial for local biodiversity than relying on non-native species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Персональные данные Пользователя Администрация сайта может использовать в целях: 4. 1. 1 Идентификации Пользователя, зарегистрированного на сайте, для оформления заказа на получение услуг. 4. 1. 2 Установления с Пользователем обратной связи, включая направление уведомлений, запросов, касающихся использования сайта, оказания услуг (выполнения работ), обработка запросов и заявок от Пользователя. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user data and administration policies of a website, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth's magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In turn, these changes contribute to chronic activation of the immune system and a dramatic rise in the prevalence of chronic inflammatory disorders. These two factors also represent key modifiable health factors which may contribute to exacerbated dysbiosis among older adults. In the of America, rates of antibiotic prescription actually dropped from 2000–2010 among children and young to middle-aged adults [78]. In contrast, prescription rates increased among older adults with the most dramatic increases seen among persons ≥80 years of age [78]. Additionally, rates of antibiotic prescription have risen substantially in recent years in residential care facilities [79]. These trends may at least partially explain age-related changes in the microbiome, particularly those observed in the cohort among residents of long-term care facilities. Similarly, age-related changes in nutrient intake may also contribute to late-life dysbiosis. It is well-recognized that diet is one of the primary contributors to gut health. Advanced age is associated with deterioration in various aspects of nutrient intake and absorption including dentition, salivary function, digestion, and intestinal transit time [73, 80]. Sensory changes, including taste and smell, may also alter the appetite making certain foods unappealing and thus altering eating habits [81]. It is possible that these changes contribute to dysbiosis though it may be more likely that altered immune responses to “inflammatory” foods among older adults may exacerbate microbial changes. Another prominent possibility is that chronic activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems due to immunosenescence contributes to an altered bacterial composition in the gut. Such an affect may manifest at least partially due to known increases in hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity in advanced age [82] as HPA-mediated inflammatory stress responses are known to induce to both immune dysregulation [83] and dysbiosis [84]. Conversely, however, it remains possible—given the known inflammatory effects of dysbiosis—that changes to the microbiome due to other factors (e. g. , diet) exacerbate inflammation and altered immunity. Thus, it is presently difficult to decipher the temporal relationship between these changes. Furthermore, this known interplay suggests a tantalizing hypothesis that the processes of immunosenescence and dysbiosis may in fact be interdependent. Moreover, physical changes to the intestinal epithelial barrier may play a role in dysbiosis and age-related inflammation. Jakobsson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of dysbiosis on immune system activation and chronic inflammatory disorders, which are linked to overall health. It emphasizes that age-related changes in factors like nutrient intake, diet, and the immune response can contribute to dysbiosis, thus suggesting that maintaining a balanced microbiome is essential for preventing disease, especially in older adults.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban habitats can be enhanced with native plants to support local biodiversity. [SEP] Text: There is ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants reach high population densities in urban areas, often attributed to traits that enable these species to be successful, such as tolerance to novel urban environmental conditions (i. e. , heat, soil pollution, drought, disturbance), dispersal strategies, and competitive ability (e. g. , Kendle and Rose 2000; Aronson et al. 2007; Cadotte et al. 2017). Because of this evidence, some argue that plants should be assessed for fitness in urban plantings on the basis of performance rather than origin (Davis et al. 2011). However, evidence to the contrary can also be found citing natives as better at growth and survival (Worrell 1992; Jones and Evans 1994; Kendle and Rose 2000). For this section of our review, we examined studies that tested the physiological performance of native plants or compared native and non-native plants in urban areas to determine whether differences exist in response metrics such as growth, fitness, and survival. Some horticulturalists contend that because urban habitats are novel ecosystems, with interacting native and non-native species mixes, plantings of non-native ornamental species, particularly non-invasive species, increase overall urban biodiversity and are not harmful to native ecosystems. Certainly, not all non-native plant species become invasive, so planting species of exotic origin does not necessarily lead to invasions. However, our ability to predict which species will become invasive is poor, and often there are long lag times between introduction, extensive use of a species in horticulture, and invasion (Kowarik 1995). This review extends our understanding of the differences among native and non-native plants in urban horticulture and points to critical research needs for increasing global urban biodiversity. MethodsSearches, selection criteria and paper categorizationThe methodology for conducting this review was based on the Items for and Meta-(-P) Statement (Sarkis-Onofre et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the advantages of non-native plants in urban areas and the argument that they can enhance urban biodiversity despite concerns about invasiveness. It highlights that some horticulturalists believe non-native ornamental species can increase urban biodiversity and are not detrimental to native ecosystems, challenging the assertion that only native plants can enhance urban habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Создания учетной записи, если Пользователь дал согласие на создание учетной записи. 4. 1. 4 Обработки и получения платежей, оспаривания платежа. В целях дополнительной защиты от мошеннических действий указанные Пользователем персональные данные могут быть переданы платёжной системе, осуществляющей транзакции по оплате оформленных на Сайте заказов; 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user account creation and payment processing rather than anything related to sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: previously demonstrated that the composition of the gut microbiota is directly related to the leaky gut [85]. Recent evidence suggests now that intestinal permeability may increase with age. Man et al. [86] recently demonstrated that, compared to younger adults, ileal tissues from older adults demonstrated increased IL-6 concentrations that were accompanied by increased intestinal permeability as a result of elevated claudin-2. These data provide novel evidence from humans indicating the likelihood of a “leaky gut” during advanced age whereby the intestinal barrier preventing harmful substances from reaching the bloodstream is permeated. The leaky gut is well-associated with inflammatory bowel conditions but is now being proposed as a contributor to a wide variety of health conditions [87, 88]—with particular interest in a gut-brain axis which regulates the blood brain barrier [61, 62, 75, 76]. Though somewhat speculative at present, it is possible that the leaky gut is a primary source of inflammation long-observed within the circulation. Studies in Drosophila have reported that age-related changes in the microbiome increase intestinal permeability [89] and drive chronic inflammation [90]. More recently, Thevaranjan et al. [91] were the first to our knowledge to publish work from mammals directly supporting this hypothesis. Using germ-free and conventionally raised mice, this group reported that the germ-free animals did not display an age-related increase in systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, co-housing germ-free with old—but not young—conventionally raised mice increased circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines [91]. Anti-TNF therapy also reversed age-related microbial changes. These data are the strongest to date suggesting the critical role of gut changes in driving age-related inflammation and provide a solid backdrop for continued investigation in this area. Potential intervention strategiesThough additional research is certainly needed in this area, the aforementioned data do suggest that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may be capable of producing beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. To date, research on such interventions is as limited as that on the aging microbiome in general. Still, within this small evidence base are some intriguing and promising findings that support the concept of intervening upon the microbiome. Interestingly, some of the most promising strategies are not truly “gut-specific” but rather well-known interventions which are increasingly recognized to have beneficial effects on the gut microbiome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that interventions designed to target the gut microbiome may produce beneficial effects on age-related inflammation and overall health. It discusses how a 'leaky gut' is proposed as a contributor to a variety of health conditions and emphasizes the need for strategies aimed at improving the microbiome, thus linking microbiome health to overall health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rooftop gardens in cities can provide habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: This area, known as the Ecosystem, is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. Anyone is welcome to visit the and take part in the – where volunteers can record pollinator activity and contribute to the ongoing data collection. and May are interested in how well this small area of restored sandhill ecosystem might support pollinators, in comparison to a larger natural area. Sandhill is surrounded by an urban ecosystem of residential, business and university campus areas. The ability of this and any small, isolated fragment of semi-natural habitat to support insect life depends upon its ability to provide suitable habitat for a diversity of species of plants and insects. The contrast to this fragment is the (DeLeon Springs, Florida), north of the campus, which is more than 5700 hectares of semi-natural habitat. This covers a variety of ecosystems including sandhills, and the plant understory of the sandhills is made up of many native flowering plants that attract many native pollinators. This means that the pollinators visiting the can be compared to the pollinators visiting the sandhills of to determine if the same number and species of pollinators are present in the urban ecosystem as in the larger natural area. Plant-pollinator interactions The pollinators we are most familiar with are bees, though other insects including wasps, butterflies, beetles, and flies are also common pollinators. Insects visit the flowers to access the nectar and pollen as a food source, and in the process carry pollen between plants. Some plants, referred to as ‘specialists’, are only pollinated by one group of insects (for example, they may only attract flies, or have the pollen situated such that only bees can collect it), and others may be ‘generalists’, meaning that any insect that visits the flower can collect or deposit pollen. To compare pollinators, two plants were selected that were present in both the Ecosystem and the – one generalist and one specialist. The two areas differ in the plant species present, due to a variety of factors including the maturity of the ecosystem and the soil quality, but Bidens alba (B. alba; a generalist) and Chamaecrista fasciculata (C. fasciculata; a specialist) were present in both ecosystems and are common in dry areas of Florida. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address rooftop gardens or their role in providing habitats for birds, bees, and other pollinators. Instead, it focuses on an ecosystem area as a teaching resource and the comparison of pollinator activity in semi-natural habitats versus urban ecosystems, which is somewhat related but does not corroborate or contrast the claim directly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about sea turtles navigating with the Earth's magnetic field. It discusses user support services and marketing activities, which have no connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: For instance, dietary habits appear to be one of the biggest drivers of gut health and microbiota composition [92,93,94]. Specifically, adherence to a high-fat diet commonly seen in Western cultures appears to be one of the driving factors in gut dysbiosis [95, 96]. Accordingly, interventions such as caloric restriction and/or implementing a Mediterranean-style diet may hold promise for balancing the gut microbiome [97, 98]. Moreover, studies exist to suggest potential benefits to specific dietary choices and/or nutritional supplements including (but not necessarily limited to) coffee [99], resveratrol [100], quercetin [100], and/or other polyphenol compounds [101]. Interestingly, many of these strategies have previously been purported to have anti-inflammatory and/or healthy aging properties. These new data suggest that perhaps influences at the level of the gut may be at least partially responsible for these purported benefits. However, studies are needed that specifically evaluate the influence of dietary changes on the gut microbiome and other health parameters among older adults. Similarly, physical exercise is a clinically recommended intervention with well-established health benefits which is now purported to have important benefits on the gut [102,103,104,105]. Recent studies in laboratory animals have demonstrated that aerobic exercise provides a variety of beneficial effects on the gut including enhancing epithelial membrane integrity [106], increasing microbial diversity [106,107,108,109], and attenuating intestinal inflammation [106, 110, 111]. However, few human studies in this area have been published to date. Recently, Clarke et al. [112] recently reported that professional athletes (rugby players) displayed a higher diversity of gut micro-organisms compared to age-matched controls. However, extensive additional findings from humans—particularly in the form of longitudinal intervention studies—are needed to confirm these beneficial effects. Moreover, to my knowledge, no studies (human or animal) have evaluated the influence of exercise on the gut microbiome in late life. Additionally, questions remain regarding the effects of exercise modality and if these observed effects are specific to aerobic exercise compared to resistance training. Perhaps not surprisingly, dietary supplementation with probiotics also appears to be among the most promising interventions for re-balancing the gut microbiome. Well-known actions of probiotics include antimicrobial activity, enhancement of intestinal barrier function, and immunomodulation via actions on a wide variety of immune cells [113]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that dietary habits and physical exercise can significantly influence gut health and the microbiome, which are key factors in maintaining overall health and preventing disease. The text highlights various strategies such as caloric restriction, the Mediterranean diet, and probiotics that are associated with better gut health, implying a link between a balanced microbiome and improved health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Educational programs in cities raise awareness of coexistence with urban wildlife. [SEP] Text: Our results also suggest that vervet monkey groups that receive more aggression from humans may spend more time being vigilant whilst feeding and therefore human-aggression acts as a time constraint, supporting recent studies on urban macaques (Kaburu et al. 2019a, b; Marty et al. 2019a). Although our negative human incidents results imply that increased aggression towards vervet monkeys will reduce foraging, the use of aggression as a management plan should be avoided because of welfare concerns. In the effort to improve human-primate cohabitation, research and management are collaboratively taking a step towards identifying prevention and reduction strategies rather than promoting direct aggression which may encourage an antagonistic human-wildlife relationship. Additionally, prior research has highlighted the complex relationship between costs and benefits of urban foraging in vervet monkeys, indicating that if vervet monkeys have access to high value anthropogenic food, then despite human-aggression, their time spent foraging would increase (Thatcher et al. 2019b). As human populations increase, an enhanced understanding of urban wildlife ecology and consistent terminology is critical. As has been acknowledged throughout this paper, the definition of natural food for wildlife living in the anthropogenic landscape needs consideration, and we suggest moving forward “semi-natural food” should be used within urban ecology to refer to managed vegetation. Additionally, refined terminology will allow for easier cross comparisons between studies. Researchers should be mindful of our definition of semi-natural food when applying the results to other anthropogenic studies. Finally, it should be acknowledged that the measure of semi-natural food used in this study was a retrospective measure and therefore not a precise representation of vegetation available during behavioural observations. Proper phenological assessments, such as that recommended by Marshall and Wich (2013), should be considered before implementing the findings of this study for management. ConclusionsOur data can be used to suggest multiple management strategies, focusing on seasonal trends in food availability, both anthropogenic and semi-natural. It should be noted that before implementing any management strategies that may alter foraging patterns of wildlife, further research is needed on potential fitness costs that may have further consequences for the human-wildlife relationship, such as disease transmission or reduced nutrient availability. Data provided clearly highlight vervet monkeys apply a flexible foraging strategy to increase calorific intake and reduce associated negative costs of human-wildlife cohabitation in the urban landscape. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of human aggression on vervet monkeys and the importance of avoiding aggressive management strategies. It focuses on the behavioral responses of vervet monkeys to human interactions, suggesting that the cooperative understanding and management of wildlife, rather than educational programs, are crucial for improving human-wildlife coexistence. The mention of management strategies and the need for research emphasizes a focus on behavioral ecology rather than awareness-raising educational programs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 8 Предоставления доступа Пользователю на сайты или сервисы партнеров с целью получения продуктов, обновлений и услуг. 5. СПОСОБЫ И СРОКИ ОБРАБОТКИ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses access to websites and services, alongside methods of processing personal information, without any mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In line with these established mechanisms, studies among older adults have demonstrated beneficial effects of probiotic preparations on gut microflora composition [114,115,116] and systemic immunity [116,117,118]. van Beek et al. also recently reported that 10 weeks of supplementation with the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 prevented age-related decline in the colon mucus barrier in a mouse model of accelerated aging [119]. Probiotics have also been proposed to potentially have anti-inflammatory properties [113]. Such an effect seems plausible given the effects of probiotics on the immune system. To date, several studies have investigated this potential anti-inflammatory affect with the overall effect appearing to be modest [116, 118,119,120,121,122]—though more definitive research in this area is certainly warranted. More research is also needed regarding the ability to utilize probiotics as a vehicle to deliver other therapeutic compounds. Indeed, genetically modified probiotics have been purported as highly promising treatment strategies [123,124,125] as they offer a potentially efficacious method to deliver drugs or other therapeutic proteins with precision and a higher degree of site specificity than conventional drug regimens [126]. For instance, Steidler et al. previously reported on the utility of Lactococcus lactis as a vehicle for delivering IL-10 for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease [127]. Elsewhere this strategy has been proposed as a potential method of delivering antihypertensive therapeutics [128, 129]. Given the relative infancy of this field, however, the overall body of literature in this area is sparse. Future studies are certainly warranted on the potential utility of genetically modified probiotics in the treatment of age-related inflammation and associated diseases. ConclusionsAs the population ages across developed nations worldwide, the need for healthcare solutions to ease the burden of age-related diseases grows. Treatments for chronic inflammation represent a particularly promising strategy given the observation of inflammation in “healthy aging” as well as nearly every age-related disorder or disease. Growing evidence indicates that the gut microbiome may represent a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of late-life inflammation. A variety of biologic, medical, and lifestyle factors appear to contribute to gut dysbiosis in late-life, and interventions specifically designed to target these factors may be useful in restoring microbial balance and attenuating inflammation (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how interventions targeting gut dysbiosis may be useful in restoring microbial balance, which can attenuate inflammation and serve as a novel site of intervention for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases. It highlights the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut microflora and systemic immunity, supporting the idea that a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: (3) Sequencing eDNA of all vertebrate animals present in water samples (including invasive fishes that prey on amphibians) will allow me to compare the 1000’s of eDNA sequences with public databases (and our lab’s new sequences of Atelopus) to determine which species of Atelopus and other animals are present at each site. Endorsed byAs coordinator of the Initiative, I proudly endorse this groundbreaking project to conserve Harlequin Toads, the jewels of the creeks and forests of the Neotropics. By leveraging advanced eDNA technology, this initiative offers an accurate method that can revolutionize conservation strategies, benefiting not only the toads but also broader biodiversity efforts. Join Daniel, Andrew and the ASI in our mission to rediscover lost species and safeguard the future of these highly threatened amphibians and their vital ecosystems! outstanding project comes from a well-known group of herpetologists working to understand the conservation status and distribution of a critically imperiled group of animals. I strongly recommend this project and will be thrilled to contribute to their efforts that will help build capacity in to save the incredible harlequin frogs. Their connections with the Initiative will ensure that this project's impact will help advance goals for the whole region. and work was started in November 2022 and continues through September 2023. Each trip lasts ≥4 days per locality where Atelopus species have been reported. We have conducted field trips in and Tolima. After 4 field trips, we will send the filters to a specialized eDNA laboratory in Germany for processing. This will result in a species list of all vertebrates leaving DNA in our streams, including Atelopus. Data analysis and writing will run from October 2023 to January 2024Jul 28, 2023Project launchedJul 28, 2023Social media campaignAug 16, 2023Project LaunchedAug 29, 2023Travel to Choachí where A. lozanoi has been recordedSep 08, 2023Travel to Sibaté where A. subornatus has been recordedShow more eventsSep 13, 2023Post pictures from field trips in this platformSep 18, 2023Travel to Risaralda where A. quimbaya has been reportedSep 26, 2023Post a lab note with our findings thus farSep 27, 2023Travel to Santander where A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific project aimed at conserving Harlequin Toads, suggesting that urban conservation efforts might have limited scope and effectiveness. It emphasizes advanced eDNA technology for monitoring species presence but does not provide evidence that these efforts will completely reverse species endangerment in urban settings. Instead, it highlights collaboration and ongoing research without guaranteeing total reversal of endangerment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 1 Обработка персональных данных Пользователя осуществляется не дольше срока, отвечающего целям обработки персональных данных, любым законным способом, в том числе в информационных системах персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the processing of personal data and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Still, much remains to be unraveled as it relates to the influence of the gut microbiome on age-related inflammation—particularly as it relates to the potential efficacy of gut-directed interventions. Thus, this field appears to offer great opportunities for aging-related research. I look forward to continued investigation in this area as it has the potential to yield tremendous breakthroughs for improving the health and quality of life of older persons. Fig. 3Simplified schematic outlining the potential relationships among health risk factors, gut dysbiosis, inflammation, and age-related disease—as well as potential interventions for attenuating gut-associated inflammationFull size image AbbreviationsCRP: C-reactive protein HPA: Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal IL-6: Interleukin 6 IL-8: Interleukin 8 SCFA: Short-chain fatty acids TLR: Toll-like receptor TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha 52. 22. PubMed 8. 111. 18. 30. 29. 91. 23. 6. 30. CAS PubMed 8. 7. 8. 22. 300. 34. 10. 11. CAS PubMed 71. 8. 80. 8. 72. 70. 41. 54. 21. 33. 8. 61. 12. 35. 99. 9. 9. 97. 33. 25. 82. 8. -016-0262-7. 8. 9. 48. 90. 93. 91. 29. 42. 41. 41. 43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282–6. 53. 70. 46. 9. 7796. 5. 7. 8. 1480. e12. 23. 41. 97. 6. 30. 1202. 56. 5. 0667. 12. 91. 84. CAS PubMed 42. 17. 102. 94. 2010. BMC Med. 2014;12:96-7015-12-96. . Reducing inappropriate antibiotic prescribing in the residential care setting: current perspectives. Aging. 2014;9:165–77. PubMed Pub9. 13. 9. 83. 6. 77. 27. 9. 31. 67. 33. 466. e4. 6. 51. 98. -015-9817-6 Epub 2015 Sep 14. 84. 20. 21. 40. 95. 60. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the influence of the gut microbiome on age-related inflammation and suggests that there is potential for interventions that could improve health and quality of life, particularly in older individuals. This aligns with the claim by emphasizing the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease prevention, and it highlights opportunities for research that could further support this relationship.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: Bd is known to have caused the global extinction of at least 90 species, affecting mostly upland species. This may be because the higher the altitude, the greater the risk of extinction, primarily because the geographical ranges of species tend to be more restricted in upland areas. Thus, this infection is one of the major factors contributing to the loss of species diversity and abundance of amphibian populations. Another possible cause of the decline of atelopus is the introduction of invasive species such as the rainbow trout, which is why the detection of vertebrates, as well as knowing the diversity at each sampling site, makes it possible to establish a possible relationship or causality in the decline of the toads, associated with invasive species. Looking for the presence of Bd/invasive species in streams could potentially provide a 1) reason to explain the possible absence of Atelopus in these streams or 2) help in planning mitigation activities in the event that both Atelopus and Bd or invasive species are recorded. I will carry out this project in conjunction with Red de Conservación de Ranas Arlequín de Colombia (ReCRAC), a group of people working to improve the conservation status of harlequin frogs. With the support of this network, I will link local communities with their frog fauna and raise awareness of the importance of conserving and protecting amphibians, as well as reinforcing Atelopus as a symbol for conservation through positive results. Also, as a member of the ASI (Initiative), a collaborative, coordinated regional effort to implement substantial, long-term, wide-ranging conservation measures to prevent the extinction of harlequin toads. ASI connects and fosters collaborations between more than 100 members from over 50 organizations in 13 countries. All efforts to save harlequin toads from extinction will be joined both nationally and internationally. Thus, conservation measures generated from projects such as this one will be the basis for mitigating the threats to this unique group of amphibians. Project Backers65Backers101%Funded$3,039Total Donations$46. 75Please wait. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant challenges faced due to factors like the Bd infection and the introduction of invasive species, which lead to declines in amphibian populations. It highlights that conservation efforts, while important, are presented as part of a broader, multi-faceted approach, rather than a complete solution to endangerment. The mention of the complexities of extinction and conservation underscores that urban efforts alone may not suffice to reverse all species endangerment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Пользователь соглашается с тем, что Администрация сайта вправе предоставить персональные данные третьим лицам, в частности, курьерским службам, организациями почтовой связи, операторам электросвязи, партнерам исключительно в целях оказания услуг. 5. 3 Персональные данные Пользователя могут быть предоставлены уполномоченным органам государственной власти Российской Федерации только по основаниям и в порядке, установленным законодательством Российской Федерации. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding sea turtles navigating using the Earth's magnetic field, as it discusses user agreements and the handling of personal data without any reference to sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Journal of the Oral Microbiomeof the and Diseasethat Influence SpreadBeyond the Mouth: 4 Hypotheses of to the Brainof NeurodegenerationCaused by Spread of BacteriaConcluding Remarks1830. This can most likely be attributed to the newly developed means of food production including machinery as well as new preservatives to extend the shelf life of foods [8]. It was at this point that the once absent cariogenic bacteria actually became the dominant species resulting in a large decrease in bacterial biodiversity in the oral cavity. Research suggests that this shift in diversity and prevalence of cariogenic bacteria is one of the primary causes of 92% of adults having tooth decay in their lives and half of American adults having chronic periodontal disease [9]. Linked with diet, poor oral hygeine has a profound influence on the oral microbiome. Common observances noted among patients with poor oral hygiene include, a high plaque index, generalized cervical calculus, rampant caries, halitosis, and low salivary flow [10]. These clinical findings are closely tied to long-term acidification. Without proper care and clinical treatment, these factors cause the pH of the oral environment to fall below a pH of 5. 0. This decrease in pH causes particular bacteria to dominate the oral microbiome. More specifically, members of the genus Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, Campylobacter, and Actinomyces all increase inviability in the mouth without proper oral care. These forms of bacteria are mainly from the yellow, green, and purple complex of subgingival microbiomes. These groups are early colonizers of the tooth surface, and their growth typically precedes the predomination of gramnegative orange and red complexes [11]. The next factor that impacts the oral microbiome is antimicrobial use. With the exponential growth of the human population we have needed to just as quickly adapt our food production styles. One way we have chosen to make this adaption is through the use of antimicrobials and pesticides. From this increased exposure to avoparcin and other antibiotics, some bacteria have developed partial or complete immunities to certain drugs such as vancomycin or chemicals in human saliva [12]. Because of this immunity, some types of bacteria housed in the oral microbiome have flourished, increasing in number. Depending on the bacteria, this can be either a good or bad thing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how shifts in the oral microbiome, influenced by factors such as diet and antimicrobial use, can have significant implications for health. It states that a decrease in microbial diversity in the oral cavity is tied to conditions such as tooth decay and chronic periodontal disease, which are indicative of poorer overall health. This directly supports the idea that maintaining a balanced microbiome is crucial for overall health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: This experiment is part of the AI for Challenge Grant. Browse more projectsHow can studying Black-Dog communication inform interspecies design to facilitate conservation efforts? and Dennis FerraroBacked by and 2 other backers of Nebraska-LincolnOgallala, NebraskaBiologyArt and DesignDOI: 10. 18258/54979Grant: AI for Interspecies Communication$4,460Raised of $3,957 Goal112%Funded on 1/06/24Successfully Funded$4,460pledged112%fundedFundedon 1/06/24? How does this work? (2)a prairie dog observation structure located in Ogallala, Nebraska, overlooks a Black-Dog colony cohabited by rattlesnakes and burrowing owls. A keystone species, prairie dogs support 42 species but have experienced a human-caused 99% population decrease. With recording equipment, BLIND will broadcast prairie dog vocalizations to visitors. Data collected will promote conservation efforts to visitors and inform interspecies design-a multiperspective design approach. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? The decline in prairie dog populations can be attributed to a lack of understanding among humans about the vital role these species play in their ecosystem. We can consider a shift in human perspectives through engagement to prevent further depletion of prairie dog populations by studying communication between species, which can foster cross-species empathy. Research suggests that incorporating interspecies design is valuable in mitigating biodiversity loss and moving away from human-centric practices currently dominating the design field. This shift toward a more inclusive model is essential to transition from mere observation to creating a space that facilitates design and conservation, benefiting prairie dogs and their ecosystem. What is the significance of this project? Prairie dogs, recognized as keystone species,are vital to their ecosystem and the consequences of declining populations impact the many species they support, as smaller colonies hinder access to essential resources. In Ogallala, scientists have documented notable adverse effects on other species, including the Prairie Rattlesnake. Human and AI data may offer valuable insights into conservation and interspecies design methods. This work benefits Black-Dogs and the 42 species dependent on them. Furthermore, the BLIND initiative aims to give the public a unique opportunity to engage directly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the decline of prairie dog populations, a keystone species, is due to a lack of understanding of their vital role in the ecosystem. It suggests that while conservation efforts are aimed at promoting awareness and engagement, they do not guarantee the complete reversal of species endangerment, especially as evidenced by the human-caused 99% population decrease of prairie dogs. Instead, it highlights the need for a shift in human perspectives and practices to effectively mitigate biodiversity loss rather than suggesting a complete reversal of species endangerment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 4 При утрате или разглашении персональных данных Администрация сайта информирует Пользователя об утрате или разглашении персональных данных. 5. 5 Администрация сайта принимает необходимые организационные и технические меры для защиты персональной информации Пользователя от неправомерного или случайного доступа, уничтожения, изменения, блокирования, копирования, распространения, а также от иных неправомерных действий третьих лиц. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses privacy policies and measures for protecting personal data, and does not mention sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: One example is the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus. These two infectious bacteria have developed resistance to antimicrobials which is one potential reason that Staph infection rates have increased significantly in the past decade [13]. European countries have already taken action to slow the development of resistance, removing avoparcin from their animal feed in 1997 [14]. Despite the best efforts by governments to slow this process, antibiotic resistance in oral bacteria seems to be an unavoidable end with new research indicating that in addition to exposure to pesticides, the process of aging itself correlates to an increased resistance exhibited in certain oral bacteria [15]. The final factor that impacts the oral microbiome is lifestyle. Because of the dynamic nature of the oral microbiome, short term changes in factors such as body temperature, neurotransmitter levels, and respiratory rates can account for fluctuations in bacterial richness. One experiment performed by Kupchak et al. in 2017 investigated the impact that completing a 164-km cycling event had on the types and quantities of bacteria present [16]. They found that while there was no significant change in diversity, the abundance of certain types fluctuated, specifically an increase of Firmicutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes. The bacterial phylum Firmicutes have been extensively studied and it is well documented that individuals with diabetes tend to have higher abundance of this phylum compared to other oral microbiota [17]. However, it is undetermined as to whether this increase of Firmicutes is a potential cause of diabetes or just a byproduct of the disease. Another key factor relating to lifestyle is oral hygiene. Although extensive work has yet to be performed on this topic, research like this provides viable evidence that lifestyle plays a much larger role than we once thought. of the MicrobiomeThere can be a negative connotation associated with oral bacteria, suggesting that the roles they play are all negative. However, there have been recent ideas that describe humans as a supraorganism which is made up of both the human body and its microorganisms [18]. Rather than viewing all these bacteria as parasites feeding off their human host and causing disease, we should instead consider some of them as symbiotic maintainers of our homeostatic state. A few of these benefits of microbiota include immunological priming, down-regulation of excessive pro-inflammatory responses, regulation of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, and colonisation by exogenous microbes [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the role of microorganisms, specifically oral bacteria, in maintaining health. It discusses concepts such as immunological priming and regulation of bodily systems, which support the idea that a balanced microbiome contributes to overall health and can prevent diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: (530 KB) EPUB (354 KB) Machines: Modernization of 169-190 View access options study applies theoretical perspectives from urban, environmental, and organization studies to examine if “smart growth” represents an ecological restructuring of the political economy of conventional urban development, long theorized as a “growth machine” (Molotch, H. (1976) The city as growth machine: Toward a political economy of place. of Sociology, 82, 309–332; Logan & Molotch, 2007); the purpose is to determine if there is a “smart growth machine. ” smart growth projects (SGPs) in four cities in California and Oregon were identified and semistructured interviews were held with the respective developers, architects, and civic officials involved in their implementation process. Comparative, descriptive, and grounded approaches were used to generate themes from interviews and other data sources. findings suggest that an ecological modernization of urban political economy occurs through the coordination of entrepreneurial action, technical expertise, and “smart” regulation. Individual and institutional entrepreneurs shift the organizational field of urban development. Technical expertise is needed to make projects sustainable and financially feasible. Finally, a “smart” regulatory framework that balances regulations and incentives is needed to forge cooperative relationships between local governments and developers. This constellation of actors and institutions represents a smart growth machine. author questions whether urban growth can become “smart” using an original study of nine SGPs in four cities across California and Oregon. 190. (199 KB) EPUB (135 KB) of Sustainability and Governmentality: of the Development of a Food and Strategy for Edmonton, 191-214 View access options purpose of this 2013. Three data gathering techniques were employed: participant observation, semi-structured interviewing, and document analysis, and the data was analyzed using a grounded theory approach that including coding for themes and triangulation. We also draw on the work of critical sustainability scholars to outline the propensity for innovative work on local food initiatives to follow the same development path as many urban sustainability initiatives that foreclose political debate and reinforce the status quo. research data reveals that despite initial progressive changes in municipal policy, promising innovative food system planning, in the end Edmonton’s city council were largely driven by a development agenda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of urban sustainability initiatives and suggesting that despite some innovative approaches, these efforts often reinforce existing development agendas rather than fully addressing issues like species endangerment. The author notes that changes in municipal policy in Edmonton were largely driven by a development agenda, implying that urban conservation may not achieve its intended goals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 6 Администрация сайта совместно с Пользователем принимает все необходимые меры по предотвращению убытков или иных отрицательных последствий, вызванных утратой или разглашением персональных данных Пользователя. 6. ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬСТВА СТОРОН 6. 1 Пользователь обязан: 6. 1. 1 Предоставить информацию о персональных данных, необходимую для пользования сайтом. 6. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses user agreements and obligations regarding personal data, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation using the Earth’s magnetic field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Microbiota play an essential role in the development of adaptive immunity. The human immune system is under constant exposure to outside viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that could cause sickness and immune responses. Humans and the microbiota in the oral cavity have evolved together in service for each other. These bacteria, like any other bacteria that humans come in contact with, have the potential to elicit an immune response [20]. However, because the human body has adapted to accommodate this microbiota, no such response is shown in healthy individuals. This idea is reinforced in a study where patients with primary immunodeficiencies (lacking in their well adapted immune system) suffered from infections caused by common microbiota found in human skin and mucosal microbiome [21]. Extensive research has been done on the microbiota present in the gut and its specific effects on immunity. One example discusses the interaction of bacteria with Th17. These cells are essential in the production of IL-17 a key part of the proinflammatory response [22]. The adhesion of specific gut microbes to intestinal epithelial cells is a cue for the induction of Th17 cells, and thus of the eventual immune response cascade [23]. Although less extensive work has been performed pertaining to the oral microbiome, it is plausible to suggest that similar response pathways can be triggered via bacteria in the oral cavity, and future studies will undoubtedly bring this idea to fruition. The formation of biofilms along the gingiva in the mouth exemplify the competitive exclusion principle seen in population biology. This principle states that two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist at constant population values. Therefore, biofilms of microbiota are taking up space that other potential bacterial tenants would need to colonize [24]. For this reason, the coevolved bacteria act as a force field preventing dangerous bacteria from taking up residence in our bodies. Additionally, the native bacteria S. mutans has been found to produce peptides that inhibit the biofilm formation of Candida albicans, a pathogen that could potentially cause oral fungal infections [19]. In this way, the microbiota not only act as a physical barrier, but also a chemical one (Table 1). Historically speaking, the commensal bacteria in the oral cavity were well adapted to the diets of ancient humans, allowing for the effective digestion of meals. Bacteria in the phylum Ruminococcaceae were associated with good health and were found in high frequency [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the vital role of microbiota in immune system development and their protective functions against pathogens. It emphasizes that a well-adapted microbiome is crucial for preventing infections, as seen in the discussion about patients with primary immunodeficiencies who suffer from infections caused by common microbiota. Additionally, the text highlights how microbiota act as both a physical and chemical barrier against harmful bacteria, supporting the notion that maintaining a balanced microbiome contributes to overall health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban conservation efforts can completely reverse species endangerment in cities. [SEP] Text: Originality/value In discussing both the successes and remaining challenges for Edmonton, this case study offers instructive lessons for many municipalities about key factors required for moving urban sustainability forward, specifically with respect to capitalizing on the innovative integrative functions of food for organizing communities and building capacity but also in moving beyond technocratic systems of management and planning to advance a paradigm shift toward building urban food security. 214. (486 KB) EPUB (333 KB) Línea Verde, an in Aguascalientes, 215-237 View access options purpose of this 237. (356 KB) EPUB (84 KB) Barriers to Sustainability: of Labor in 239-263 View access options Cuban urban agriculture is important because empirically investigating existing, innovative projects geared toward sustainability can illuminate the processes that facilitate and inhibit environmental reform. I assess the social costs and benefits, achievements, and ongoing challenges at one urban farm. I highlight the interconnection of societal institutions – including gender relationships and gendered economic structures – that can foster or undermine sustainability projects. My analysis of the social dimensions of environmental problems is based on Ariel Salleh’s theoretical work. She argues that women’s invisible reproductive labor mediates paid labor by maintaining the viability of such labor. My contribution is to add an empirical dimension to her work. assess the challenges of urban sustainability, I spent two months conducting participant observation and semi-structured interviews with workers at an urban farm in Havana, Cuba. find that culturally prescribed gender divisions of labor are entrenched in Cuban urban agriculture. Women continue to do most of the important, yet unacknowledged, domestic work that maintains the health of agricultural labor. Additionally, the heavier burdens women experience during the second shift restrict their ability to participate in local democratic decision-making processes, thereby limiting their capacity to modify oppressive cultural norms and maintaining the status quo. just environmental change does not automatically happen when the barriers of capitalism are removed, even if the society bases economic progress on increasing quality of life rather than profit. Instead, socially just environmental change must be a deliberate process that is constantly negotiated, reassessed, and prioritized. 263. (218 KB) EPUB (60 KB) it Means to Orleans? after 267-287 View access options hit on August 29, 2005, the category 3 storm’s surge caused nearly every municipal levee to break leaving 80% of the city flooded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that just environmental change does not automatically occur even when barriers to sustainability, such as capitalism, are removed. The author emphasizes that socially just environmental change must be a deliberate and continuous process, suggesting that urban conservation efforts alone may not be sufficient to completely reverse species endangerment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обновить, дополнить предоставленную информацию о персональных данных в случае изменения данной информации. 6. 1. 3 Пользователь имеет право отозвать согласие на обработку персональных данных, путем направления уведомления Оператору по адресу электронной почты: info@editorum. ru. 6. 2 Администрация сайта обязана: 6. 2. 1 Использовать полученную информацию исключительно для целей, указанных в п. 4 настоящей Политики конфиденциальности. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data privacy policies and user rights without mentioning sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: Unfortunately, these well adapted bacteria are present in much lower frequencies in humans today, most likely due to our change in diet. Research is still being performed to determine current roles that high frequency bacteria play in digestion, although it is suspected to be large. The bodies first line of breaking down carbohydrates comes in the form of salivary amylase. This liquid is made up of digestive enzymes in addition to a few other chemicals. Recent findings show that in addition to the body’s natural digestive enzymes, the commensal bacteria aid in the digestion including extraction, synthesis and absorption of many nutrients and metabolites [23]. One such case is the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. This is carried out by anaerobic bacteria through the production of nitrate reductase enzymes [26]. This nitrite will subsequently play a key role in cardiovascular health, acting as a strong vasodilator and antimicrobial agent. More generally, bacteria all along the gastrointestinal tract have been associated with the production of bile acids which are important factors in the digestion of fatty acid chains [25]. While research is still examining more specific roles of modern day oral bacteria, it is likely that they have continued to co-evolve with us humans as our digestive needs have shifted. Table 1: Health benefits associated with a healthy oral microbiome. Microbiome and DiseaseDespite the coevolution of these bacterial species and their numerous health benefits, modern diets and dental habits have greatly impacted the oral cavity and an influx of negative bacteria have claimed the territory as their home. The increased exposure humans have to heavy metals, disinfectants, and antibiotics have led to the positive selection of bacteria with resistances to such compounds [27]. While not all these newly adapted bacteria brought an onset of dental problems, a significant number did such as Streptococcus mutans being able to outcompete other oral bacteria species and becoming one of the leading causes of tooth decay [28]. Oral and periodontal diseases (caries, chronic and aggressive periodontitis, mucositis, and gingivitis) are associated with changes to the microbiome, specifically prevalence of anaerobic bacteria within the flora [29]. Most diseases are rarely caused by a single bacterium, but rather a combination of species or complexes. Gingivitis simply refers to the inflammation of the gum tissue. It tends to be acute and fairly manageable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of a balanced oral microbiome and its association with health benefits. It mentions that 'bacteria all along the gastrointestinal tract have been associated with the production of bile acids which are important factors in the digestion of fatty acid chains,' indicating a link between a balanced microbiome and digestive health. Additionally, it highlights that 'oral and periodontal diseases... are associated with changes to the microbiome,' reinforcing the notion that a balanced microbiome plays a role in disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: 5 Figure 1 Total municipal solid waste generation by material, 2012 © US EPA. Hence, The EPA promotes applications that decrease the amount of waste through recycling, compositing, and waste prevention. 5 Global awareness and action on environmental problems considered the major issue of environmental pollution, which have brought about sustainable green design and eco-friendly goods through environmental resources. 3,30,4 Typically, there are two types of recycling, upcycling and downcycling. 32,11 Upcycling is widespread amongst art designers in every area of the globe. 31 Generally, recycling is downcycling that downgrades a quality of a substance. 11 In contrast, upcycling elevates value through customizing materials and art. 31 In addition, upcycling is characterized with a “design and make” ability that results in conventional products as well as recreated products with a higher value in the end. 31 Major components are paper, plastic, rubber, textile, and food scraps. This paper discusses upcycling as one of the ways to recycle products as a sustainable 297. 5million tons in 2015. 34 On top of this, to reduce the environmental pollution caused by plastic, there are several artists who made art works using plastic water bottles. In a flood of plastic consumption, converting waste into a recreated art work will be a valuable up-cycling. For example, Maryellen Croteau, are portrait artists who transform found materials into new artworks in Images 1-3. Images 4-6 show ways to use recycled plastic water bottles in real life. The artistic works of plastic bottles use a sculpture technique by cutting plastic bottles into flower shapes, as in the flowerpots in Image 4. 2 are artists of planting and gardening, using plastic bottles to display in homes and stores (Image 5). 3 Other creative artworks to use plastic water bottles are seen in Rod Pujante's (Image 6). 4 They developed the use of cutting and heating techniques to make decorations with waste plastic bottles. These plastic waste materials breathe in the art of life, therefore, reborn into beautiful artwork. Definitely, these artworks will be rewarding for donors who donated waste to be recycled but now turned into eco-art for the public to enjoy. Image 1 A large scale self-portrait, 728x546 Croteau ©. Image 2 Einstein, Collage from found materials, 2011, 70cm x 50cm by ©. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various recycling methods and upcycling, particularly focusing on plastic waste and artistic applications. It emphasizes upcycling as a creative process and highlights environmental pollution caused by plastic, rather than specifically addressing zero-waste fashion or garments, which dilutes the focus on garment recycling. The mention of artists using plastic waste for art does not specifically convey the principles of zero-waste fashion related to garment recycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 2 Обеспечить хранение конфиденциальной информации в тайне, не разглашать без предварительного письменного разрешения Пользователя, а также не осуществлять продажу, обмен, опубликование, либо разглашение иными возможными способами переданных персональных данных Пользователя, за исключением п. п. 5. 2. и 5. 3. настоящей Политики Конфиденциальности. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses confidentiality and privacy policies without any mention of sea turtles or their navigation methods.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: In addition to the oral diseases, the oral microbiota has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Diseases such as periodontitis and dental caries previously discussed can stimulate an inflammatory response in the body, eventually leading to low-grade systemic inflammation [35]. This inflammation can easily travel to the blood vessels, which have been previously shown to have a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. As discussed earlier, mounting evidence suggested that the blood brain barrier (BBB) is inadequate to protect the brain from circulating infectious bacteria from the oral cavity. Moreover, upon entry to the brain, oronasal and periodontal bacteria do not elicit the normal inflammatory responses such as meningitis and encephalitis to a noticeable degree to the host body, and therefore the accumulation of neuronal insult, as well as the natural onset of immunosenescence leads to the prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, associated with oral and periodontal diseaserelated bacteria. Normal oral bacteria metabolize components of the food that we eat and release compounds that are then absorbed into the bloodstream. This metabolism-based relationship between the bacteria and the host requires a significant amount of immune tolerance on the part of the host to bacterial secretions. The tolerance provided by the host, however, presents a substantial risk to bacterial entry to the bloodstream and subsequent translocation to body areas where oral bacteria would be detrimental to the surrounding environment. Additionally, mounting evidence has shown that protective barriers, of particular importance to this review, the Blood-(BBB), are inadequate to prevent this spread of bacteria, leading to significant risk of neuronal insult from oral and periodontal diseases. that Influence SpreadVan Velzen, Abraham-Inpijn, & Moorer published a review in 1984 in which they determine three mechanistic links between bacterial load increase due to periodontal and oral disease and systemic diseases elsewhere in the body, otherwise known as focal infection [36]. Each pathway presents a potential initiating factor for circulation of oral bacteria throughout the body, leading to its deposition in distant organs. These three pathways are:1. Metastatic infection due to transient bacteremia 2. Metastatic inflammation due to immunological injury 3. Metastatic injury due to microbial toxinsIt should be noted that there may be other substantial mechanisms of focal infection, but research has not illuminated these pathways yet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the connection between oral microbiota and systemic diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders. It discusses how oral bacteria can enter the bloodstream, leading to systemic inflammation and contributing to diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. This relationship highlights the importance of maintaining a balanced microbiome for overall health and disease prevention.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-waste fashion encourages recycling garments instead of disposing of them. [SEP] Text: These twisted recycled water bottles were also treated with gold plating. Apply gilding glue and gliding gold leaf to the edge of LED (Image 24) (Image 25). Image 24 Procedures: Plastic drinking bottles and detail photo. Image 25 Procedures: LED light. Closure of the dress: For a closure, the empress dress was opened in the center front of the dress. Ten sets of size four nickel-plated brass snap buttons were used for an effective way of finishing. All of snap buttons were attached using fishing wire by hand sewing (Image 26). Image 26 Procedures: Empress dress. Developing empress dress: When all the materials are ready, make dress patterns, and then cut the PET panel using paper patterns, and draw a pattern on it to make gold. Gold plate the LED light in both virtual places and attach using the fishing line and the crimp bead at the end. Gold-plated LED light and flower-shaped recycled water bottles were placed on both sides of the virtual spot on the prepared PET panel. Attach all prepared recycled water bottle flower shapes to the main dress using a fishing line and crimp bead. Sew the inner lining dress with a lace and tulle cloth using a pattern, and sew with a sewing machine (Image 26). Final pictures and illustration: The illustration and flat sketches of the empress dress were developed as follows on Image 27. To emphasize the importance of the water crisis, the dresses were feature gold color, emphasized by the use of LED light to express the importance of further utilization of recycled water bottles (Image 28). Image 27 Illustration and flat sketches of empress dress. Image 28 Empress Dress. FEA theoretical framework: Design analysis of the empress dress adopted the three elements of functionality, expressiveness, and aesthetics. Inner lining dress was focused on fit and closures were used to fit the body of the customer using a zipper and main dress used several snap buttons as closure for a functional aspect. For expressive aspects, the empress dress was represents the related water shortage and environmental issues as inspiration for using recycled plastic material. Aesthetically, this dress uses design principles by emphasizing the use of gold color and crystal beading, and balance, repetition and rhythm have been used as a design element by the stacking of recycled water bottles in various shapes. Aesthetic and expressive aspects were the focus rather than a functional aspect here. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the use of recycled water bottles in the design of an empress dress. While it mentions the utilization of recycled materials and emphasizes aesthetics and expressiveness, there is no direct support for the idea that zero-waste fashion encourages the recycling of garments specifically. Instead, the emphasis seems to be on creating a new fashionable item through recycling, which diverges from the claim's focus on recycling garments instead of merely using recycled materials in new designs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sea turtles navigate using the Earth’s magnetic field. [SEP] Text: 3 Принимать меры предосторожности для защиты конфиденциальности персональных данных Пользователя согласно порядку, установленному законодательством РФ. 6. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses measures for protecting personal data according to Russian law, with no mention of sea turtles or navigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Maintaining a balanced microbiome is linked to overall health and disease prevention. [SEP] Text: v. 19(4); Dec 2016 10. 5223/pghn. 2016. 19. 4. 221 Hepatol Nutr. 2016 Dec;19(4):221-228. English. Published online Dec 28, 2016. Copyright © 2016 by Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Microbiome-in the towards Moon*,†,‡ Author information Author notes Copyright and License *Laboratory of and Biomodulation, Department of of Medicine, Yangsan, Korea. †for and. ‡Group in 21 Project, Busan, Korea. Corresponding author: Yuseok Moon, Department of of Medicine, 49 Busandaehak-ro, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan 50612, Korea. Tel: +82-51-510-8094, Fax: +82-55-382-8090, Email: moon@pnu. edu 22, 2016; 05, 2016. This is an open-access 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Go to: gastrointestinal exposome represents the integration of all xenobiotic components and host-derived endogenous components affecting the host health, disease progression and ultimately clinical outcomes during the lifespan. The human gut microbiome as a dynamic exposome of commensalism continuously interacts with other exogenous exposome as well as host sentineling components including the immune and neuroendocrine circuit. The composition and diversity of the microbiome are established on the basis of the luminal environment (physical, chemical and biological exposome) and host surveillance at each part of the gastrointestinal lining. Whereas the chemical exposome derived from nutrients and other xenobiotics can influence the dynamics of microbiome community (the stability, diversity, or resilience), the microbiomes reciprocally alter the bioavailability and activities of the chemical exposome in the mucosa. In particular, xenobiotic metabolites by the gut microbial enzymes can be either beneficial or detrimental to the host health although xenobiotics can alter the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome. The integration of the mucosal crosstalk in the exposome determines the fate of microbiome community and host response to the etiologic factors of disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between the microbiome and host health. It states that the human gut microbiome interacts with exogenous factors and can influence health outcomes, emphasizing that both the microbiome and various xenobiotics impact each other. The text suggests that the dynamics of the microbiome community, which include aspects like stability and diversity, are critical to maintaining host health and may play a role in disease progression.