Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing multiple studies that highlight curcumin's effects on inflammation and chronic diseases. Specifically, one reference notes 'Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked?' indicating a direct connection between curcumin and anti-inflammatory properties. Moreover, it mentions various studies and reviews regarding curcumin's pharmacological roles, which supports the assertion of its anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For example, unmated reproductives may produce similar pheromonal bouquets as mated reproductives [11, 22]. Furthermore, the hypothesis of manipulative regulation of reproduction appears to gain renewed support from the observation that, at least in honeybees, the regulation of reproduction is based on a very large number of substances from multiple glands [13, 14]. Distinguishing between queen control and honest signaling is difficult without detailed knowledge about the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved. However, both mechanisms might leave different traces in evolution [11]. The series of manipulation and counter-manipulation associated with the scenario of queen control results in a rapid evolution of queen compounds. Queen pheromones therefore likely differ even between related species. In contrast, honest signals are expected to be more stable in evolution and to evolve more slowly. Unfortunately, little is known about the variation of fertility-associated chemical compounds among related species. In this study, we compared the composition of worker and queen cuticular hydrocarbons among different species of the ant genus Temnothorax. In addition, we investigated whether workers begin laying eggs in the presence of a queen from another, closely or distantly related species. We hypothesized that with queen control and rapid evolution, queens should be less efficient in suppressing ovary development by workers from another species. Furthermore, we expected the chemical bouquet of queens to differ more between species than those of workers. In contrast, in the case of honest signaling, workers would react to fertility signals by queens from another species, and the bouquets of queens from different species would be not more different than those of workers. ResultsWorker ovary activation and male-production by workersExperimental colonies, in which queens and workers either belonged to the same species or to different species, were created by exchanging worker pupae among colonies. Ovary dissection showed that all queens had elongated ovaries with numerous yellow bodies and maturing eggs, i. e. , they were fully fertile. None of the workers in the control colonies had activated ovaries (colony groups and RR; Figure 1a-d). Though we had observed sporadic worker egg-laying in queenright colonies of T. recedens in a previous study (unpublished data), dissection data did not corroborate this result for the presently studied colonies. Figure 1a-d - Worker ovary activation in mixed species colonies of Temnothorax ants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of pheromones in ant communication. It mentions how unmated and mated reproductives produce similar pheromonal bouquets, indicating that communication among ants does indeed involve pheromones. This directly contradicts the assertion that ants communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 42:117–26 [1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285:1386–90 [2005. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 435:479–82 [2011. The Paleocene-Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:489–516 [1980. catastrophe. Nature 287:760 [1995. Selective extinction among end-bivalves. Geology 23:102–4 [2009. Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: Pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny. ? Biogeosciences 6:2313–31 [2008. Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 36:747–50 [2005. Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid-base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 293:109–18 [2014. Transgenerational acclimation of fishes to climate change and ocean acidification. F10006:99 [2016. Sea-surface temperature evolution across 1a. Geology 44:959–62 [2011. Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: global warming implications. 6:e29340 [2017. Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a (OAE-2: ∼94 Ma). Sci. Adv. 3:e1701020 [2015. Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy. PNAS 112:4696–701 [2016. Extinction intensity, selectivity and their combined macroevolutionary influence in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20160202 [2012. End-Permian mass extinction in the oceans: an ancient analog for the twenty-first century? . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40:89–111 [2010. Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Mar. Biol. 157:2051–59 [2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It provides a list of various studies related to paleobiology and geological research, mentioning different topics such as fossil plants, carbon dioxide changes, and extinction intensity, but does not directly address or support the assertion that mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin. It details a study assessing curcumin's impact on neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide, noting that curcumin was used to evaluate its anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The mention of measuring levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines indicates that the study is focused on the inflammation aspect, thereby supporting the claim that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Full size tableIn 2007, a total of 752 males were collected from 60 colonies (Table 2). Five colonies, in which the queen or most of the workers had died, were excluded from further analyses. In all colonies, except RC8, queens had fully developed and activated ovaries with yellow bodies and maturing eggs. Table 2 Male production by queens and workers in control and mixed-species colonies composed of different Temnothorax species. Full size tableAllozyme analyses revealed that males in mixed-species colonies were produced by the queen (e. g. , CN13), by the workers (e. g. , CN8) or both (e. g. , RN5, NU12, CU15, Table 2). Queens of colonies UC6 and UC8 were homozygous for the s allele, and m-males were therefore offspring of T. crassispinus workers, while the one s-male was son of a T. unifasciatus queen. All queens of colonies NU10 to NU15 were homozygous ff, and the s- and m-males were therefore offspring of T. unifasciatus workers. In the CU colonies, s-males were presumably produced by T. unifasciatus workers, but m-males could in principle be sons of a T. crassispinus queen or T. unifasciatus workers. Mitochondrial DNA analysis revealed that the eight males in colony CU12 were offspring of T. unifasciatus workers, while the 18 males from the colony CU15 were produced by the T. crassispinus queen. Cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers from different species of TemnothoraxantsThe cuticular profiles of queens and workers of the six Temnothorax species consisted of a total of 64 peaks (Numbers of peaks in each species is given in Table 3). 40 peaks consistently appeared in all six species and 47 peaks could be identified by GC-MS [Additional file 1. Representative chromatography profiles from a queen of each species; Additional file 2. Proportions (%) of peak areas from cuticular hydrocarbon extracts of queens and workers of each species; Additional file 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it focuses on the biological and reproductive analysis of male production in various Temnothorax colonies, suggesting that communication and interactions among ants are biologically based rather than through telepathy. The reference to 'cuticular hydrocarbons' implies the role of pheromones in communication among ants, indicating that pheromones are indeed crucial for their interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species. Funct. Ecol. 18:625–30 [2016. Silicate weathering and silica burial during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 44:731–34 [2014. Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Maximum. Paleoceanography 29:357–69 [2016. An abyssal carbonate compensation depth overshoot in the aftermath of the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nat. Geosci. 9:575–80 [2016. Osmium isotope evidence for two pulses of increased continental weathering linked to volcanism and climate change. Geology 44:759–62 [2015. Globally enhanced mercury deposition during the end-Pliensbachian extinction and Toarcian OAE: a link to the Karoo–Igneous Province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428:267–80 [2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–42 [2016. Quantitative analysis of the ecological dominance of benthic disaster taxa in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 42:380–93 [2014. High temperature and low oxygen perturbations drive contrasting benthic recovery dynamics following the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 399:98–113 [2013. Lithium isotope evidence for enhanced weathering during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 6:668–72 [1995. Coordination of metabolism, acid‐base regulation and haemocyanin function in cephalopods. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 25:131–48 [2017. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: bridging ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 220:2685–96 [2005. Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO2 on marine animals: from Earth history to global change. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C9C09S10 [2018. Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: a volcanic trigger proved. ? Geology 46:543–46 [2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it lists various scientific studies related to ecological and geological phenomena without directly addressing how mass extinctions have influenced species diversity. There is no mention or implication of mass extinctions shaping biodiversity in the provided descriptions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects, as it states that curcumin treatment exhibited 'anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats.' This explicitly supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) of each species; see also [26] for identification of compounds in T. unifasciatus]. The profiles of queens and workers were predominantly characterized by the linear alkane n-C27 (Additional file 1, 2), while individuals of T. recedens were characterized by several longer chained hydrocarbons. Due to their very low abundance, peaks 36 to 40 and a few other peaks marked in Table S1 (Additional file 3) with an asterisk could not be identified. However, the latter peaks had exactly the same retention time as peaks in other species, which could be identified and are therefore assumed to be chemically identical to these compounds. Table 3 between groups of queens and workers within six Temnothorax species based on their specific cuticular hydrocarbon profiles. Full size tableThe chemical distances between T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus queens are lower compared to the other pair-wise comparisons among queens (Figure 2; Table 4). The groups of T. recedens queens and workers are chemically most distant from the groups of the other three Temnothorax species (Figure 2; Table 4). Interestingly, distances among queens are higher than among workers in four of six pair-wise comparisons (Table 4). Figure 2PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles from four Temnothorax species. Bidimensional PCO ordination based on the cuticular hydrocarbons profiles of queens (Q) and workers (W) from four different species of Temnothorax ants involved in the mixed-species experiment: T. unifasciatus (Tu Q, n = 5; Tu W, n = 12), T. nylanderi (Tn Q, n = 6; Tn W; n = 9), T. crassispinus (Tc Q, n = 6; Tc W, n = 9), T. recedens (Tr Q, n = 10; Tr W; n = 34). The percentages of variance explained by the two main principal coordinates are given in parentheses. Full size imageTable 4 Chemical distances between queens and workers among four Temnothorax species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the chemical communication of ants through cuticular hydrocarbons and their chemical profiles. It emphasizes the role of specific compounds in differentiating between queens and workers of various species, which supports the understanding of pheromonal communication in ants rather than telepathic means. The text focuses on identifiable chemical compounds and their significance in communication, which directly refutes the idea that ants rely on telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to the at the in the South Atlantic. Mar. Micropaleontol. 70:201–12 [2018. Marine invertebrate migrations trace climate change over 450 million years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27:704–13 [2015. State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact. Science 350:76–78 [2010. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol. Cell 40:253–66 [2005. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234:299–315 [2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75:4053–64 [2009. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37:1131–34 [2017. from (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse. J. Paleontol. 91:1025–46 [2016. Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:537–49 [2017. Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system. Sci. Adv. 3:9e1700906 [2011. Atmospheric carbon injection linked to End-Triassic mass extinction. Science 333:430–34 [2012. mercury anomalies. Geology 40:63–66 [2017. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? Evidence from the mid- Event 2 (Late Cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 18:4253–75 [2011. Atmospheric pCO2 perturbations associated with the Magmatic Province. Science 331:1404–9 [1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnb. 55:179–84 [2016. Selective environmental stress from sulphur emitted by continental flood basalt eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 9:77–82 [2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains a list of various scientific studies and topics related to paleontology and geological events, but it does not directly address or provide evidence supporting or contradicting the claim about mass extinctions shaping species diversity. Therefore, it is categorized as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, which is the active component in turmeric, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic activities. It specifically mentions that curcumin has been considered a potential natural neuroprotective agent due to these properties, supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Full size tableWithin each species, chemical distances between groups of queens and workers are statistically significant and their cuticular profiles are classified correctly in a discriminant analysis (Table 3). Discussion and ConclusionsOur study about the cross-specificity of the chemical compounds used in the regulation of reproduction in colonies of Temnothorax ants reveals a promising new approach to answering the question of whether queen pheromones are manipulative or honest signals. Queen pheromones appear to be less active across species-borders than within species. No worker reproduction was observed in single-species colonies. In contrast, queens were not able to fully prevent ovary development and male-production by workers from non-related species, which indicates that queen pheromones are not fully conserved in evolution in this group of species. Furthermore, the rate of worker reproduction and ovary development of workers in mixed-species was lower than in queenless colonies, which speaks against the rapid evolution of queen pheromones expected from the queen control hypothesis. These behavioral results are reflected in the chemical profiles of queens and workers, which in most pair-wise comparisons differed more between queens than between workers from different species but not tremendously so. This might suggest that queen bouquets diverge slightly more quickly than those of workers, but not at an extremely rapid speed. A faster divergence of queen- than worker-specific substances is in agreement with the hypothesis of a queen-worker arms race with manipulation and counter-manipulation. However, it might also reflect other forces of selection. For example, if queen-specific cuticular compounds were involved in attracting mates, avoidance of hybridization would quickly lead to species-specific queen bouquets. More information about the contexts in which cuticular substances are used in communication is therefore needed. Studies on the paper wasp Polistes dominulus suggested a relatively high speed of evolution. Here, the cuticular hydrocarbons that differed between egg layers and non-reproductives varied even between different populations [27]. The observation that the chemical profiles of T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi queens are more similar compared to the other Temnothorax species, even though the two taxa diverged more than 1 Million years ago [28], makes similar intraspecific variation unlikely, but this remains to be investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of pheromones in ant communication, specifically through the analysis of queen pheromones and their chemical profiles. The text discusses studies that suggest queen pheromones are significant in reproduction and indicate a complex role of chemical signals in ant colonies, which contradicts the notion that ants communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Austrian J. Earth Sci. 105:6–16 [2018. Sensitivity to ocean acidification differs between populations of the Sydney rock oyster: role of filtration and ion-regulatory capacities. Mar. Environ. Res. 135:103–13 [2007. Paleocene-Maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 316:587–89 [2012. Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquat. Toxicol. 110–111:194–207 [2008. Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal. Paleoceanography 23:PA1202 [2018. Rapid enhancement of chemical weathering recorded by extremely light seawater lithium isotopes at the Permian–Triassic boundary. PNAS 115:3782–87 [2012. Lethally hot temperatures during the greenhouse. Science 338:366–70 [2011. Global analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:1823–30 [2012. Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nat. Clim. Change 2:686–90 [2014. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:117–25 [2004. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429:542–45 [2009. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277:490–500 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2007. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth? . Perturbations: Causes and 1–23 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap 424 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the impact of mass extinctions on species diversity. Instead, it references various scientific studies and findings related to marine ecosystems, environmental perturbations, and acidification, none of which explicitly link to how mass extinctions have influenced species diversity on Earth. Therefore, this text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Measurement of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ levels in cerebral homogenates The concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in cerebral homogenates were determined using using ELISA kits according to the manufacturer’s instructions (IL-1β: PeproTech Inc. , NJ, USA TNF-ɑ: R&). Statistical analysis All experiments were conducted with two technical replicates. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by detailing the effects of curcumin on ACR-induced changes in body weight and neurobehavioral impairments in rats. For instance, it states, 'Curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weight loss,' indicating that curcumin not only mitigates harmful weight loss but also improves neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner. This suggests an anti-inflammatory effect, aligning well with the claim regarding curcumin’s properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Our data do not reveal a clear trend in the chemistry of those hydrocarbons that differentiate queens and workers among the six investigated species. This matches the heterogeneous picture found in other, less closely related ants, where reproductives are characterized by particular long-chained hydrocarbons in some species but shorter or branched hydrocarbons in others [12, 15, 29–31]. However, it needs to be pointed out that it is usually not known, which of the large number of substances that differ between queens and workers are biologically active and which are mere side-products of the hydrocarbon metabolism without a function in communication [11]. Our study reveals a number of species idiosyncrasies that do not match phylogenetic relationships and are difficult to explain in the light of hypotheses about the nature of queen pheromones. For example, T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus workers seem to respond to the presence of a T. unifasciatus queen, while T. unifasciatus workers readily develop their ovaries in the presence of a T. nylanderi or T. crassispinus queen. This resembles the situation in honeybees, in which the presence of a heterospecific queen increases the rate of worker ovary activation strongly in Apis cerana but only slightly in Apis mellifera [32]. In contrast, workers of the bumblebee Bombus terrestris develop their ovaries in queenright colonies of the phylogenetically related B. lapidarius at a similar rate as under queenless conditions, but not in queenright homospecific colonies [33]. The results in these studies might have been affected by the presence of workers belonging to the species of the queen, as they might have an interest in preventing heterospecific workers from reproducing through aggression or egg eating. Worker nepotism might explain the common absence of reproduction by host workers in socially parasitic ants. Temnothorax workers are often parasitized by queens of slave-making species, such as Chalepoxenus, Myrmoxenus or Protomognathus. Though these genera are less closely related to Temnothorax than the pairs of species used in our study [e. g. , [34]], enslaved workers rarely produce males [e. g. , [35–37]]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the chemical communication systems of ants, specifically highlighting the role of hydrocarbons in signaling between ants. It states that there is uncertainty regarding which substances are biologically active in communication, implying a reliance on chemical signals rather than telepathy. The mention of queen and worker interactions and their responses to pheromones underscores the significance of chemical communication in ant behavior, countering the assertion of telepathic communication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments. Glob. Change Biol. 19:1017–27 [2011. Resetting the evolution of marine reptiles at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. PNAS 108:8339–44 [2014. Environmental change across a terrestrial Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary section in eastern Montana, USA, constrained by carbonate clumped isotope pa-leothermometry. Geology 42:351–54 [2010. The mid-Atlantic nutrient trap: black shales and OAEs. Paleoceanography 25:PA4201 [2008. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic event 2 triggered by a massive magmatic episode. Nature 454:323–26 [2013. Microbes, mud and methane: cause and consequence of recurrent anoxia following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeontology 56:685–709 [2011. Temperature effects on oxygen thresholds for hypoxia in marine benthic organisms. Glob. Change Biol. 17:1788–97 [2017. Extinction selectivity among marine fishes during multistressor global change in the end-Permian and end-Triassic crises. Geology 45:395–98 [2016. Vulnerability to climate warming and acclimation capacity of tropical and temperate coastal organisms. Ecol. Indicat. 62:317–27 [2016. Demise of the last two spire-bearing brachiopod orders (Spiriferinida and Athyridida) at the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 457:233–41 [2011. Physiological and ecological responses of crustaceans to ocean acidification. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 430:257–71 [1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 93:21–46 [2017. Orbital pacing of the carbon cycle, black-shale formation and seabed methane seepage. Sedimentology 64:127–49 [2005. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents a series of references and studies related to marine life, environmental changes, and extinction events but does not directly discuss or support the claim regarding how mass extinctions have shaped species diversity on Earth. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining revealed the significant increases of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR In order to clarify the anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of MDA and GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the cerebral homogenates were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating that curcumin has protective effects against ACR-induced neurotoxicity, which is a form of inflammation in the brain. It discusses how curcumin administration reduced neuronal loss, lowered the number of apoptotic cells, and enhanced the expression of anti-apoptotic markers such as TERT, which suggests that curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Specifically, the text mentions that curcumin effectively reduced the number of apoptotic cells and suggested anti-apoptotic activity, aligning with the claim that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Either slave-making queens have evolved particularly manipulative queen pheromones, which are active across large phylogenetic distances, or their reproductive monopoly is additionally enforced by aggression. Indeed, both queens and workers of slave-making ants have been observed to attack host workers in a way resembling the dominance interactions among the slave-makers themselves [8, 37]. Though our results do not allow drawing final conclusions about the speed of queen pheromone evolution, comparisons of their cross-species activity might help to learn more about the nature of such pheromones and how quickly they diverge among species. The heterogeneity of queen substances might reflect an ongoing arms race between queens and workers [14]. However, it might also be a consequence of species-specific queen-bouquets serving to avoid hybridization. The fact that workers in mixed-species colonies did not behave like workers in queenless colonies strongly suggests that workers recognize queens belonging to another species and that queen pheromones regulating worker reproduction are partly conserved in evolution. This would be in agreement with the honest signal hypothesis. MethodsIn spring 2005 and 2006 we collected complete colonies of six different Temnothorax species: T. nylanderi (Förster, 1850) and T. affinis (Mayr, 1855) in Sommerhausen (Würzburg, Germany), T. crassispinus (Karavejev, 1926) in Unterisling (Regensburg, Germany), T. unifasciatus (Latreille, 1798) in Waldenhausen (Germany) and Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy) and T. recedens (Nylander, 1856) and T. lichtensteini (Bondroit, 1918) Gargnano (Lago di Garda, Italy). While T. nylanderi and T. crassispinus are closely related sibling species [38], the other four species are phylogenetically more distantly related (Additional file 4). Temnothorax colonies were collected from their nests in decaying branches on the ground and, in T. unifasciatus, T. lichtensteini and T. recedens, also from crevices in stone walls. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing queen pheromones in slave-making ants and how these pheromones are crucial for communication and regulating worker reproduction. It highlights the evolutionary aspects of pheromones and the recognition of queens by workers, suggesting that pheromonal communication is a significant part of ant interactions, directly opposing the claim that they communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: No ocean acidification effects on shell growth and repair in the brachiopod Calloria inconspicua (Sowerby, 1846). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:920–26 [2013. The impact of global warming and anoxia on marine benthic community dynamics: an example from the Toarcian (Early Jurassic). 8:e56255 [2017. End-Triassic mass extinction started by intrusive CAMP activity. Nat. Commun. 8:15596 [2009. Foraminifera promote calcification by elevating their intracellular pH. PNAS 106:15374–78 [2011. Ammonite paleobiogeography during the Pliensbachian–Toarcian crisis (Early Jurassic) reflecting paleoclimate, eustasy, and extinctions. Glob. Planet. Change 78:92–105 [2003. Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chem. Geol. 202:257–73 [2015. Climate change tightens a metabolic constraint on marine habitats. Science 348:1132–35 [2008. Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321:926–29 [2012. Seawater oxygenation during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 40:639–42 [2015. Evidence for weathering and volcanism during the PETM from and Peri-Tethys osmium isotope records. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 438:300–7 [2010. Global metabolic impacts of recent climate warming. Nature 467:704–6 [2015. Ca isotope stratigraphy across the Cenomanian–Turonian OAE 2: links between volcanism, seawater geochemistry, and the carbonate fractionation factor. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 416:121–31 [2017. Volatiles and exsolved vapor in volcanic systems. Elements 13:29–34 [1994. Nannofossils and superplumes: the “nannoconid crisis. . ” Paleoceanography 9:483–501 [2008. Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 65:414–32 [2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about mass extinctions and their role in shaping species diversity. Instead, it includes references to various studies mainly related to marine environments, climate change, and geological processes, which do not explicitly connect to the concept of mass extinctions shaping diversity. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: As shown in Table 1, compared with the normal control group, the contents of MDA in cerebral homogenates showed a strong increase, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX markedly decreased in the ACR-treated group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, curcumin treatment significantly reversed the these alterations induced by ACR in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05;P < 0. 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, contribute to its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats. The results indicate that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity, which supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: The colonies were frozen six weeks after the transferred worker pupae had developed into adult worker, and workers and queens were dissected to assess their ovary activation [41]. Workers having elongated ovaries (> 1 mm) with viable, oval eggs similar in shape and color to those found in the ovaries of queens were classified as "fertile". For statistical analyses, two sample permutation tests were used to assess the difference of numbers of fertile workers per colony between groups of control colonies and mixed colonies and between control colonies and colonies without a queen. Male-production by workersThe remaining 65 colonies of the 2006 set up were kept in incubators (gradual decrease of temperature to 0°C night/10°C day for 15 weeks and gradual increase again to 17°C night/28°C day thereafter) until hibernated brood had developed in 2007 (Tables 1 and 2). to August 2007 all freshly enclosed adult males were collected and frozen at -20°C for further analyses. After all male pupae had enclosed, all colonies were frozen and queens were dissected to determine their ovarian status. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are of dark brown pigmentation. T. recedens males have a pale pigmentation and could easily be distinguished from males of the other three species by inspecting their coloration. T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus and T. unifasciatus males are morphologically similar and thus were distinguished by electrophoresis of the glucose-6-phosoate isomerase [GPI; [27, 38]] or sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome b (Cyt b) gene. Allozyme analysesElectrophoresis of glucose-6-phosoate isomerase for Temnothorax ants has been described previously [27]. Electromorphs were named according to their migration velocities in the gel (fast f; medium m; slow s). T. crassispinus and T. nylanderi are fixed almost completely for the electromorphs m and f, respectively [27, 38] and T. nylanderi occasionally exhibits the electromorph s [27]. In T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by primarily focusing on the biological and reproductive analysis of ant colonies without mentioning any form of communication, especially telepathy or pheromones. It discusses the physiological state of workers and queens and genetic analysis, which does not support the idea that ants communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 13:Q01005 [2016. Evidence for a composite organic–inorganic fabric of belemnite rostra: implications for palaeoceanography and palaeoecology. Sediment. Geol. 341:203–15 [2010. Living in the now: physiological mechanisms to tolerate a rapidly changing environment. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 72:127–45 [2012. The geological record of ocean acidification. Science 335:1058–63 [2014. Pacing of the (Early Jurassic) from astronomical correlation of marine sections. 25:1348–56 [2016. Low-latitude arc–continent collision as a driver for global cooling. PNAS 113:4935–40 [2010. Geochemistry of oceanic anoxic events. Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 11:Q03004 [2016. The effects of large igneous provinces on the global carbon and sulphur cycles. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 441:4–21 [2018. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: blurring ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 221:jeb169615 [1994. End-Cenomanian benthic foraminiferal extinctions and oceanic dysoxic events in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 111:29–43 [2013. Adaptation and the physiology of ocean acidification. Funct. Ecol. 27:980–90 [2015. Maximum rates of climate change are systematically underestimated in the geological record. Nat. Commun. 6:9890 [2017. Palaeogeographic variation in the Permian–Triassic boundary microbialites: a discussion of microbial and ocean processes after the end-Permian mass extinction. J. Palaeogeogr. 6:97–107 [2007. Extinction trajectories of benthic organisms across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 244:201–22 [2011. On the potential for ocean acidification to be a general cause of ancient reef crises. Glob. Change Biol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mass extinctions shaping species diversity. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and papers without explicitly mentioning mass extinctions or their effects on biodiversity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program is closely associated with the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is of extreme importance to adopt prevention strategies against neuronal cell apoptosis in attempt to limit the brain damage resulting from neuronal death [26]. So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains, indicating that curcumin contributes to neuroprotection and influences cellular mechanisms that relate to inflammation and cellular damage. Specifically, it states that curcumin administration relieved neuropathological damages and reduced apoptosis in neurons, which aligns with the claim of curcumin's therapeutic effects, often associated with anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: Cuticular hydrocarbons of queens and workers from different species of TemnothoraxantsTo estimate the chemical distances between the four species of Temnothorax ants used for the mixed-species colony set ups, queens and workers from T. nylanderi, T. crassispinus, T. unifasciatus, and T. recedens were analyzed. For the identification of queen specific signals, queens and workers from two additional species, T. affinis and T. lichtensteini, were included in the analysis. From each species the queens of 5 to 10 unmanipulated colonies plus 1 to 3 workers from each of the colonies were chemically analyzed. All colonies were collected in spring 2006 (see above). T. unifasciatus colonies were used only from the population in Italy. Chemical AnalysisHydrocarbons were extracted four to five weeks after colonies had been subjected to artificial summer condition (17°C night/28°C day; see above). Workers were frozen and hydrocarbons were obtained through solvent extraction by individually immersing each worker for 10 min in 20 μl pentane. After evaporation of the solvent, the residues were re-dissolved in 15 μl pentane, of which 2 μl were injected into an 6890N gas chromatograph. Hydrocarbons of queens were obtained through SPME (Micro Extraction) which gives qualitative and quantitative similar results [46]. A 30 μm polydimethylsiloxane fiber was gently rubbed for 10 min against the gaster of the immobilized queen and injected into the injection port of the same gas chromatograph as above. The gas chromatograph was equipped with a flame ionization detector and a HP-5 capillary column (30 m × 0. 32 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. The same temperature program was used for the solvent and the solid phase micro extraction with the temperature initially held at 70°C for 1 min, increased from 70°C to 180°C at 30°C/min, from 180°C to 310°C at 5°C/min, and held constant at 310°C for 5 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that conducts chemical analysis of hydrocarbons from various species of Temnothorax ants, indicating that communication occurs through chemical signals rather than telepathy. Specifically, the analysis mentions the extraction and examination of cuticular hydrocarbons, which are known to be crucial for communication among ants, thus supporting the conventional understanding of ant communication rather than the claim that they communicate through telepathy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: 17:56–67 [2004. Province at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary: paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar evidence from Morocco for brief, episodic volcanism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 228:1143–60 [2007. Paleophysiology and end-Permian mass extinction. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:295–313 [2016. Calcium and calcium isotope changes during carbon cycle perturbations at the end-Permian. Paleoceanography 31:115–30 [2009. Palaeoenvironmental significance of carbon- and oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of marine Triassic–Jurassic boundary sections in SW Britain. J. Geol. Soc. 166:431–45 [2010. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary: a review. J. Sci. 39:215–35 [1999. Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chem. Geol. 161:181–98 [2007. Contemporaneous massive subaerial volcanism and late 2. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 256:211–23 [2014. Mercury in the Anthropocene ocean. Oceanography 27:76–87 [2009. Extinction, survival and recovery of corals from the Triassic to time. 21:57–66 [2015. Climate-related range shifts—a global multidimensional synthesis and new research directions. Ecography 38:15–28 [2014. Gene expression changes in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi after 500 generations of selection to ocean acidification. Proc. R. Soc. B 281:20140003 [2010. Orbital tuning as an inverse problem: chronology of the early Aptian oceanic anoxic event 1a (Selli Level) in the. Paleoceanography 25:PA2203 [2019. The survival, recovery, and diversification of metazoan reef ecosystems following the end-Permian mass extinction event. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 513:100–15 [2016. Effects of the early on ichthyosaur body size and faunal composition in the Basin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains a series of references to various studies and topics related to geological and extinction events but does not provide any specific information or evidence that directly supports or contradicts the claim about mass extinctions shaping species diversity. As such, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in the imbalance between the production of free radicals and their elimination by antioxidant defense [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin has proven anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, it mentions that curcumin could improve ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which aligns with its recognized anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: For identification of the peaks, the pooled extracts of 30 workers of each species were injected into a combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS; 6890N) equipped with a RH- 5 ms+ fused silica capillary column (30 m × 0. 25 mm × 0. 25 μm, J&W Scientific, USA). The injector was split/splitless (250°C) with the purge valve opened after 60 sec and the carrying gas was helium at 1 ml/min. Temperature was held constant for 1 min at 60°C, increased from 60°C to 300°C at 5°C/min and held constant for 10 min at 300°C. The electron impact mass spectra (EI-MS; Agilent 5973 inert mass selective detector) were recorded with an ionization voltage of 70 eV, a source temperature of 230°C and an interface temperature of 315°C. We identified n-alkanes by comparing mass spectra with data from a commercial MS library (). Methyl-alkanes were identified by diagnostic ions, standard MS databases (see above), and by determining Kovats indices by the method of Carlson et al. [47]. () for Windows was used for data acquisition. For statistical analysis of the chemical distance between the four species involved in the mixed-species experiment, we included peaks consistently present in queens and workers of all four species, plus peaks with a relative area of more than 1% that were present in at least 50% of individuals in a group of workers or queens within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by square root. Principle coordinate (PCO) analyses based on Gower's centered matrix was used to visualize the patterns of differences in the multivariate chemical structure among groups [48–50]. Euclidean distance matrix was analyzed based on centroids of groups calculated from principle coordinates. PCO and Euclidean distance analyses were performed using the program PCO [49]. For the identification of queen specific signals we analyzed each species separately and included peaks consistently present in the groups of queens and workers within each species. Standardized peak areas were transformed by using the formula: Zij = log[Xi, j/g(Xj)], with Xi, j being the standardized peak area i for the sample j, and g(Xj) the geometric mean of all peaks of the sample j [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a scientific methodology used to analyze chemical signals among ant species, specifically through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. This suggests that ants utilize chemical communication (pheromones) rather than telepathy, as the described procedures are focused on identifying chemical compounds and their roles in communication among ants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Paleobiology 42:117–26 [1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285:1386–90 [2005. Changes in carbon dioxide during an oceanic anoxic event linked to intrusion into Gondwana coals. Nature 435:479–82 [2011. The Paleocene-Maximum: a perturbation of carbon cycle, climate, and biosphere with implications for the future. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 39:489–516 [1980. catastrophe. Nature 287:760 [1995. Selective extinction among end-bivalves. Geology 23:102–4 [2009. Physiological basis for high CO2 tolerance in marine ectothermic animals: Pre-adaptation through lifestyle and ontogeny. ? Biogeosciences 6:2313–31 [2008. Biogeochemical controls on photic-zone euxinia during the end-Permian mass extinction. Geology 36:747–50 [2005. Effects of long-term moderate hypercapnia on acid-base balance and growth rate in marine mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser 293:109–18 [2014. Transgenerational acclimation of fishes to climate change and ocean acidification. F10006:99 [2016. Sea-surface temperature evolution across 1a. Geology 44:959–62 [2011. Upper temperature limits of tropical marine ectotherms: global warming implications. 6:e29340 [2017. Constraining the rate of oceanic deoxygenation leading up to a (OAE-2: ∼94 Ma). Sci. Adv. 3:e1701020 [2015. Experimental ocean acidification alters the allocation of metabolic energy. PNAS 112:4696–701 [2016. Extinction intensity, selectivity and their combined macroevolutionary influence in the fossil record. Biol. Lett. 12:20160202 [2012. End-Permian mass extinction in the oceans: an ancient analog for the twenty-first century? . Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 40:89–111 [2010. Poor acclimation capacities in Antarctic marine ectotherms. Mar. Biol. 157:2051–59 [2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various scientific articles and topics related to paleobiology and extinction events but does not provide specific evidence or arguments supporting or refuting the claim that mass extinctions have shaped species diversity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that curcumin has neuroprotective effects and regulates TNF-α inflammatory responses, which are directly related to anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, the text references multiple studies that highlight the protective roles of curcumin against oxidative stress and inflammation, thus supporting the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Ants communicate through telepathy, not pheromones. [SEP] Text: 2006. 05. 008. 297. 10. 1007/s00040-005-0808-y. 315. 127. 10. 1111/j. 1439-0310. 1996. tb01109. x. 328. 10. 1007/BF01242933. 18. 406. 10. 1007/BF02331567. 240. 10. 1155/1991/21921. 350. 10. 1007/BF02224298. 864. 10. 1006/anbe. 1996. 0511. 701. 21. 10. 1007/s00049-002-8322-4. 1865. 10. 1023/A:1022311701355. 338. 321. 10. 1093/chemse/bjq021. 34. 3. (PDF 164 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM2_ESM. PDFAdditional file 2: Proportion of peak areas. Proportions (%) of peak areas in chromatograms from cuticular hydrocarbon extracts of queens and workers in six Temnothorax species. Box plots show medians and 25% and 75% quartiles. Whiskers depict the range of 90% of all cases. Extreme outliers are denoted by circles. P-values of substances differing significantly between the various groups are given in Additional file 3. (PDF 122 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM3_ESM. PDFAdditional file 3: Table S1 - Identification of cuticular compounds. Identification of cuticular compounds and differences of their relative amounts between queens (Q) and workers (W) in five Temnothorax species. The number of samples of queens and workers is given in parentheses. Peak numbers correspond with numbers in Additional file 1 and 2. Directions of difference are shown in Additional file 2. Bold p-values from Mann-Whitney U-tests are significant at the 5% probability after Bonferroni's correction (p' < 0. 001); n. s = not significant. *Due to very low abundance, peaks marked with a star could not be identified. They had exactly the same retention time in GC as peaks in other species, which could be identified. We therefore assume these compounds to be chemically identical. (PDF 20 KB)12862_2010_1664_MOESM4_ESM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the identification of cuticular compounds and differences in their relative amounts between queens and workers in various ant species. This suggests that these compounds, likely used in communication, are not indicative of telepathy. Therefore, this text contrasts with the claim by implying that ants utilize chemical communication mechanisms rather than telepathic means.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species. Funct. Ecol. 18:625–30 [2016. Silicate weathering and silica burial during the Paleocene-Maximum. Geology 44:731–34 [2014. Rapid and sustained surface ocean acidification during the Paleocene-Maximum. Paleoceanography 29:357–69 [2016. An abyssal carbonate compensation depth overshoot in the aftermath of the Palaeocene–Maximum. Nat. Geosci. 9:575–80 [2016. Osmium isotope evidence for two pulses of increased continental weathering linked to volcanism and climate change. Geology 44:759–62 [2015. Globally enhanced mercury deposition during the end-Pliensbachian extinction and Toarcian OAE: a link to the Karoo–Igneous Province. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 428:267–80 [2013. Evolutionary change during experimental ocean acidification. PNAS 110:6937–42 [2016. Quantitative analysis of the ecological dominance of benthic disaster taxa in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction. Paleobiology 42:380–93 [2014. High temperature and low oxygen perturbations drive contrasting benthic recovery dynamics following the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 399:98–113 [2013. Lithium isotope evidence for enhanced weathering during Event 2. Nat. Geosci. 6:668–72 [1995. Coordination of metabolism, acid‐base regulation and haemocyanin function in cephalopods. Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. 25:131–48 [2017. Oxygen- and capacity-limited thermal tolerance: bridging ecology and physiology. J. Exp. Biol. 220:2685–96 [2005. Synergistic effects of temperature extremes, hypoxia, and increases in CO2 on marine animals: from Earth history to global change. J. Geophys. Res. 110:C9C09S10 [2018. Mercury enrichments and the Frasnian-Famennian biotic crisis: a volcanic trigger proved. ? Geology 46:543–46 [2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a listing of various scientific studies that mention factors affecting marine species, geological events, and ecological dynamics but does not directly address or support the claim about mass extinctions shaping species diversity. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 1posted 11You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: As a chemical extensively used in industrial areas as well as formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco, acrylamide (ACR) has been known as well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, which is identified as the most active component of turmeric. The study investigates curcumin's effects on neurotoxicity caused by acrylamide, noting that inflammation contributes to such neurotoxicity. By assessing curcumin's potential to mitigate these effects, the text corroborates the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: This involves exploring which functions to use, how to arrange these functions into algorithms, and testing different parametric values for each variable until the behaviour of the model matches the observed data (for example, how someone behaves when performing a task). Once scientists have created a model that replicates observed data, it can be used to generate predictions of future data. Download the 10. 33424/439 Link to the activity sheet Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 models are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the brain © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock. com Having a higher level of skill allows you to increase your performance with less cognitive control Computational cognitive neuroscientists combine skills and knowledge from psychology, neuroscience and computer science to build computational models that can help uncover the mechanisms behind human cognition and intelligence © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com task is a psychology experiment that demonstrates the flexibility of cognitive control ©DeymosHR/Shutterstock. com Computational models allow scientists to investigate how different components in complex systems interact by providing a way to mathematically express their theories of how they think the system may behave. When creating a computational model, scientists are forced to acknowledge all the assumptions on which their theory relies, as each assumption must be translated into an element of the model. Then, scientists can use the model to test the behaviour of the system, and any assumptions about it, by observing the system ‘in action’ in the form of a computer simulation. One common objection to computational models is that they make too many assumptions. However, the advantage of a model is that it makes those assumptions clear and concrete. One way to think about them is as hypotheses made precise by the model, that can then be tested in future experiments. Weather forecasting: an example of a computational model Some natural phenomena, such the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, can be well described by a single mathematical equation. This means that scientists can accurately calculate the position of our planet for any given day in the future. However, other phenomena, such as weather systems, involve complex dynamic interactions among a vast number of components (such as the molecules in the atmosphere) that cannot be simplified into a single equation to describe the behaviour of the full system. This means it is hard to predict future weather. However, scientists can tackle this complexity using computational models to forecast what the future weather might be like. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on computational modeling in psychology and natural phenomena, without any mention of birds, speech, or the ability to mimic human communication. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: The response of calcareous nannofossil assemblages to the at the in the South Atlantic. Mar. Micropaleontol. 70:201–12 [2018. Marine invertebrate migrations trace climate change over 450 million years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 27:704–13 [2015. State shift in Deccan volcanism at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary, possibly induced by impact. Science 350:76–78 [2010. The heat shock response: life on the verge of death. Mol. Cell 40:253–66 [2005. The role of the global carbonate cycle in the regulation and evolution of the Earth system. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 234:299–315 [2011. A physicochemical framework for interpreting the biological calcification response to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75:4053–64 [2009. Marine calcifiers exhibit mixed responses to CO2-induced ocean acidification. Geology 37:1131–34 [2017. from (Nevada, USA): implications for the Smithian equatorial vertebrate eclipse. J. Paleontol. 91:1025–46 [2016. Transgenerational responses of molluscs and echinoderms to changing ocean conditions. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 73:537–49 [2017. Thresholds of catastrophe in the Earth system. Sci. Adv. 3:9e1700906 [2011. Atmospheric carbon injection linked to End-Triassic mass extinction. Science 333:430–34 [2012. mercury anomalies. Geology 40:63–66 [2017. Sedimentary mercury enrichments as a marker for submarine large igneous province volcanism? Evidence from the mid- Event 2 (Late Cretaceous). Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems 18:4253–75 [2011. Atmospheric pCO2 perturbations associated with the Magmatic Province. Science 331:1404–9 [1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geol. Mijnb. 55:179–84 [2016. Selective environmental stress from sulphur emitted by continental flood basalt eruptions. Nat. Geosci. 9:77–82 [2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information that directly addresses the claim about mass extinctions shaping the diversity of species. It lists various research works and studies, but none specifically relate to the impact of mass extinctions on species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Results: Concurrent administration of curcumin at the oral doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg with ACR significantly protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss and motor function deficits, and improved the pathological alterations in the ACR-intoxicated brains. Curcumin treatment especially at a high dose enhanced the TERT mRNA expression level and increased the number of TERT-positive nerve cells in cortex tissues of ACR intoxicated rats. The levels of -α and IL-1β in the cerebral homogenates were reduced, the contents of GSH as well as the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were increased by curcumin treatment, compared to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during heating of carbohydrate-rich food and tobacco at high temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1–3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6–8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, specifically noting that it reduced levels of -α and IL-1β, which are pro-inflammatory markers, and suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties in the context of ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization access Published: 14 December 2018 Automatic bird species recognition based on birds vocalization : orcid. org/0000-0003-3724-63571,2, Michal Munk3 & Lubos Juranek1 on Audio, Speech, and 81. 2% has been reached. For classification into families, the success has reached 90. 45%. 1 IntroductionWhen solving tasks of the bird vocalization automatic recognition, knowledge obtained during speech recognition research is the groundwork. The bird vocalization recognition and speech recognition are similar tasks to a large extent. In both of them, several basic problems need to be solved. As mentioned in the work [1] on human speech recognition, this is an interdisciplinary field in which findings from several scientific disciplines combine, such as physiology, acoustics, and signal processing. For the bird vocalization recognition, we also use knowledge of the vocalization production process on the basis of the voice organ physiology. We also take into account an acoustic nonlinearity of hearing the birds and try to extract key characteristics for the bird vocalization description and modeling through an appropriate parameterization method. Besides a properly chosen parameterization method, in both the cases, we have to cope with a noise in recordings and with a variety of human speech, or bird vocalization. Birds interchange a variety of information through each vocal expression. Through the so-called calls, which we can hear more often, birds can transmit various warnings about a danger approaching, identify individuals in a flock, demarcate and keep territories, etc. The call character indicates that these are rather shorter and more efficient vocal expressions. Bird songs are another type of the bird vocal expression. For most of the species, they cannot be heard for all the year round. Most frequently, they are produced by male birds in order to indicate a territory takeover and to call females at the beginning of a nesting period. In general, a song is a more complex vocal expression and longer in time duration than a call. 1. 1 Related worksIn literature [2], the author focused on recognition of particular bird individuals, who would not have to be subjected to catching and ringing. The applied Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based system reached 88% success of data, which was described as high quality. A hidden Markov model (HMM)-based system represents a bird species recognition experiment focused in a different way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of bird vocalization and recognition. It explains that while birds have various vocal expressions, such as calls and songs, these are not equated to mimicking human speech perfectly. In particular, the text mentions that bird vocalization is used for communication within their species and refers to the recognition of different bird species based on vocalization, not mimicking human speech. Thus, it indicates that not all bird species are capable of perfect imitation of human speech.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Palaeotethys seawater temperature rise and an intensified hydrological cycle following the end-Permian mass extinction. 26:675–83 [2017. carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation. Clim. Past 13:1635–59 [2015. U-Pb geochronology of the and relation to the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Science 347:182–84 [2010. asteroid impact and mass extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Science 327:1214–18 [2011. Critical oxygen levels and metabolic suppression in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. J. Exp. Biol. 214:326–36 [2014. Emplacement characteristics, time scales, and volcanic gas release rates of continental flood basalt eruptions on Earth. Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and 319–37 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap. 505 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2005. Gas fluxes from flood basalt eruptions. Elements 1:283–87 [2016. Eighty-five million years of gyre ecosystem structure: long-term stability marked by punctuated change. Proc. R. Soc. B 283:20160189 [2018. Global perturbation of the marine calcium cycle during the Permian-Triassic transition. GSA Bull 130:1323–38 [2014. Warming, euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene–Maximum on the Plain: implications for ocean oxygenation and nutrient cycling. Clim. Past 10:1421–39 [2013. Energy-limited tolerance to stress as a conceptual framework to integrate the effects of multiple stressors. Integr. Comp. Biol. 53:597–608 [2008. Interactive effects of metal pollution and temperature on metabolism in aquatic ectotherms: implications of global climate change. Clim. Res. 37:181–201 [2015. Anoxia/high temperature double whammy during the Permian-Triassic marine crisis and its aftermath. Sci. Rep. 4:4132 [2017. Energetic costs of calcification under ocean acidification. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 31:866–77 [2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the claim about mass extinctions shaping the diversity of species on Earth. Instead, it lists various studies and notes on geological events, temperatures, and mass extinction events without establishing a clear link to species diversity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin–1β (IL–1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11–14]. As the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15–18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson’s disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, a component of turmeric, has been recognized for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis activities. It mentions that curcumin has protective effects against various types of neurotoxicity, linking its properties directly to anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCCs) were chosen as feature vectors and a data set includes recordings of four different bird species (common blackbird (Turdus merula), common chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), western jackdaw (Corvus monedula), and common raven (Corvus corax)). A difference consists mainly in the use of a large quantity of untreated and noised recordings from a portal xeno-canto. org [3]. The system also works with complete recordings, without the voice activity detection (VAD) module, and reaches 65% classification success [4]. Among research works abroad, the interesting work [5] compared MFCCs and human factor cepstral coefficients (HFCCs) for bird species recognition. For evaluation, recordings of five different species were used, from which bird vocalization parts were chosen using a simple VAD system. The results imply an improvement of classification success almost by 10% when using HFCCs and a hypercardioid microphone. When using HFCCs and a cardioid microphone, the improvement is by about 1%. On average, the total success for classification of five different species is 85% when using MFCCs and 90% when using HFCCs. In [6], the authors tested application of a completely different approach. In their research, they focused on syllables as basic structural units of bird vocalization. The classification success ranged between 76 and 80%. In the work from Briggs et al. [7],Footnote 1 several different approaches for classification of six bird species are compared. These are three different types of feature vectors. These are average values of mean frequency and bandwidth, spectrum density, and MFCC. The very classification is performed through k-nearest neighbors (kNN) algorithm with several different metrics for evaluation of distances and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The achieved success ranges from 42. 8 to 92. 5%. 1. 2 Used dataThe recordings used are taken from the commercial edition CD carriers [8]. The recordings include various types of voice expressions (various calls and songs) of various individuals, which were recorded in their natural environment. Some recordings include also other undesirable noises, above all vocalization of other bird species. In total, we have selected 18 different bird species from 6 different families and 4 different orders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the classification success rates of various bird species' vocalizations and mentions that their classification accuracy ranges between 42.8% and 92.5%. This implies that not every bird species can mimic human speech, and the maximum success rate indicates that there is variability in their ability to vocalize in a manner that may not be 'perfect.' Additionally, the mention of different feature vectors and techniques for classification indicates that the study aims to understand bird vocalizations better, rather than claiming that all species can mimic human speech perfectly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mass extinctions have shaped the diversity of species on Earth. [SEP] Text: Response of marine ecosystems to deep-time global warming: a synthesis of biotic patterns across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM). Austrian J. Earth Sci. 105:6–16 [2018. Sensitivity to ocean acidification differs between populations of the Sydney rock oyster: role of filtration and ion-regulatory capacities. Mar. Environ. Res. 135:103–13 [2007. Paleocene-Maximum and the opening of the northeast Atlantic. Science 316:587–89 [2012. Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification. Aquat. Toxicol. 110–111:194–207 [2008. Evidence for major environmental perturbation prior to and during the Toarcian (Early Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event from the Lusitanian Basin, Portugal. Paleoceanography 23:PA1202 [2018. Rapid enhancement of chemical weathering recorded by extremely light seawater lithium isotopes at the Permian–Triassic boundary. PNAS 115:3782–87 [2012. Lethally hot temperatures during the greenhouse. Science 338:366–70 [2011. Global analysis of thermal tolerance and latitude in ectotherms. Proc. R. Soc. B 278:1823–30 [2012. Thermal tolerance and the global redistribution of animals. Nat. Clim. Change 2:686–90 [2014. Evolution in an acidifying ocean. Trends Ecol. Evol. 29:117–25 [2004. Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429:542–45 [2009. Siberian gas venting and the end-Permian environmental crisis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 277:490–500 [2016. Mercury anomalies and the timing of biotic recovery following the end-Triassic mass extinction. Nat. Commun. 7:11147 [2007. Cenozoic mass extinctions in the deep sea: What perturbs the largest habitat on Earth? . Perturbations: Causes and 1–23 Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap 424 Boulder, CO: Geol. Soc. Am. [2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of a list of citations related to various marine and geological studies, with no explicit information or evidence regarding the relationship between mass extinctions and the shaping of species diversity on Earth. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.