Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: ConclusionIn this work, marine mammals in the Syrian waters (the Levant Basin) and the changes that have occurred in their qualitative composition have been documented for about a hundred years now. Hence, it is of great importance, and the results showed that the Syrian waters and those of the neighboring countries have become a visiting area for many marine mammals that have not been previously observed, and more cases of stranding have been observed and documented, as this is attributed to the fragility of marine mammals in front of various human activities, such as increasing fishing operations associated with the diversity and efficiency of fishing gear, and the rise in commercial shipping and seismic activities. There are four species whose presence in the Syrian marine waters was mentioned a century ago, but neither alive nor dead have been seen in this area since 1996. The repeated sightings of many species (Lives or strandings) may be due to climatic changes which affect their migration and mobility from one place to another. Stakeholders should pay more attention to marine mammals in Syria through increased awareness, and the continuous monitoring, documentation, and mapping of recorded strandings to further suggest measures on how to protect such important and vulnerable species. Advertisement 2003. Bottlenose dolphin in the sea 15 km North of Latakia, 1 October 2002. Sperm whale stranded in Tartuous Beach, April 18th, 2005. Bottlenose dolphin in Ibn Hani, 10 km North of Latakia, April 2006. Striped dolphin in Shkaifat beach, 15 km South of Latakia, 9 September 2007. He was returned alive to the sea, and 2 days later he was seen dead on the beach 2 km north. Bottlenose dolphin. At the port of catch landing in Latakia by-catch with nets, it was returned to the sea. 28 October 2019. Risso’s dolphin on the beach 12 km South of Tartus city July 2012. Cuvier’s beaked whales. (10 km North of Latakia), 9 March 2006. Cuvier’s beaked whales in Alhamidea beach (20 km South of Tartus) July, 2010. Minke whell. beach (15 km North of Tartus city) 7 March 2020. 1. di Sciara. Marine mammals in the Mediterranean Sea: An overview. Advances in Marine Biology. 2016;75:2-428. DOI: 10. 1016/bs. amb. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the communication abilities of marine mammals or their linguistic complexity. Instead, it focuses on the ecological observations of various marine mammals in Syrian waters and mentions their interactions with human activities. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Aliquots of 50 μl of spores at 5 × 105 spores/ml in H2O were added to 50 μl of 1 μM Sytox green (Molecular Probes, Inc. ) and incubated for 20 min at RT. The spores were then washed once in H2O, 100 μl of 2 μg/ml of DAPI (4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 30 min at RT. After washing in H2O, spores were diluted in 50 μl of H2O and 15 μl was spotted, in duplicate, onto slides. The slides were allowed to dry and then viewed under oil, using a fluorescent microscope. Dead spores were counted as yellow-green ovals through the 470- to 490-nm excitation wavelength filter used for viewing Sytox green staining (5), and the total number of spores was counted as turquoise ovals through the 395- to 415-nm excitation wavelength filter used for viewing DAPI staining. To differentiate extruded spores, not visible by either Sytox green or DAPI staining, white-light microscopy was employed during the viewing. In each staining, at least 20 fields per well were counted, differentiating live, dead, and extruded spores in each field. The spores of each type were expressed in percentages. A correlation between dual staining and the infectivity of spores was previously established (data not shown). Statistical analyses. The chi-square test (SPSS 15. 0) was used to compare viability of spores after different treatments, with the spore control kept in PBS at 4°C (time zero). The procedure protocol allowed us to observe differences among live, dead, and extruded spores, which could be quantified in all cases (Fig. 1). The correlation between dual staining and infectivity of spores showed no statistical differences (P = 0. 903). The autoclave treatment completely inactivated N. ceranae spores, as expected. However, the treatment at 60°C and 35°C for 2 h was not able to reduce N. ceranae viability. The same results were observed when the same treatment was applied to the same stock of spores 1 month later (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the experimental protocol used to assess the viability of N. ceranae spores. It specifically mentions that the autoclave treatment completely inactivated N. ceranae spores, indicating that these spores play a role in the health of honeybees, as their viability directly impacts the parasites' potential effects on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Furthermore there is no discussion of the sampling issues one would expect in the IMB dataset. The IMBs are of course Lagrangian in nature and are permanently attached to the same ice floe. So one would expect changes in thickness to relatively slow, given that they are purely driven by thermodynamics. Meanwhile the dynamical nature of the Eulerian model could have huge changes in thickness from one time-step to the next. Finally, there are known sampling biases in the IMB dataset that should be discussed. IMBs are normally deployed just before the freeze-up in ice that has survived the summer. Mid-thickness floes are normally chosen – avoiding thick floes for practical reasons and thin floes to limit the chance of losing expensive equipment too quickly. Minor comments/concerns In many cases results seem somewhat overstated. In particular the performance of BRMT in the region, described as ‘outstanding’, is based upon comparison with only 2 IMB buoys – although the Lagrangian trajectory will include several individual measurements, they will only be of 2 individual ice floes! (NB. the same is true for the forecast results, which are based on only a few forecasts performed in a single year, but this is already mentioned above. ) Too little information is provided about the model/reanalysis products being used. In particular, what observations are assimilated and what surface forcing is being for the reanalyses. This applies for both the reanalyses datasets in Section 2 and the MITgcm model in Section 3. RMSE of SIC is not a very good metric for sea ice forecasts because of the errors in the passive microwave satellite observations. This is particularly true in the summer when the SSMIS cannot distinguish surface melting/ponds from open water. accuracy is also lower in areas of low concentration or thin ice. These points are the motivation for people using sea ice “extent” to compare with satellites. In particular, I would drop the MIZ analysis in 5. 2. 1/Figure 15 because the SSMIS satellite is likely not able to resolve that. If you redid this analysis using AMSRE2 observations (which is higher resolution and more able to resolve thin/low concentration ice) then the results could be quite different. Some of the figures do not bring any useful information and so could either be removed or reformulated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various sampling and measurement issues related to ice thickness and sea ice forecasts. It notes that the IMBs may provide results that are overstated and highlights known sampling biases in the IMB dataset. The text suggests that inaccuracies in measurements and methodologies could lead to misleading conclusions about the status of Arctic ice, which implies that there may still be long-term effects and that recovery may not be as complete as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All marine mammals communicate in complex human-like languages. [SEP] Text: 08. 0052. Lejeusne CP, Chevaldonné C, Pergent-Martini C, Boudouresque F, Pérez T. Climate change effects on a miniature ocean: The highly diverse, highly impacted Mediterranean Sea. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 2010;25:250-2603. Bearzi, G, Fortuna CM. Common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus (Mediterranean subpopulation). In: and Distribution of Cetaceans in the (Ed. by R. R. Reeves & G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, compilers and editors), 2006. IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation, Málaga, Spain4. Gruvel A. LES Émarines et fluviales Exploitation actuelle – Avenir. Maritimes et Coloniales: Société d’Éditions Géographiques; 19315. La Grande-Syrie AJ. Diachronie d’une construction géographique (1912–1923). Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée. 2017;141:33-356. Shirihai H. Whales, Dolphins and Seals: A to the of the World. London: A and C Ltd. 2006. 384 pp. ISBN 978-07136703707. . FAO species identification guide. In: of the World. Rome: FAO; 1993. 320 p. 587 figs8. Kasparek M. The false killer whale, Pseudorca crassidens (Cetacea: Delphinidae), new for Syria. Zoology in the Middle East. 1997;14:23-269. Saad A, 2008. National overviews on the current status of cetacean-fisheries conflicts including bycatch and depredation with a critical review of any historical data in Syria (Eastern Mediterranean). Proceeding of on 20 p10. Saad A. First record of a humpback whale stranding on the coast of Syria (Eastern Mediterranean). . 2004;1(1):1011. Gonzalvo J, Bearzi G. for the Conservation of Cetaceans in Syria. Centre for Areas (RAC/SPA); 2008. 45 pp12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about communication methods of marine mammals or their linguistic complexity. Instead, it contains citations and references related to marine biology and conservation without addressing the specific claim about communication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Moreover, treatment for 2, 3, 4, and 6 h at 60°C did not reduce the viability of N. ceranae spores significantly (Table 1). In the study of the effect of freezing and the air-dried treatment, the main variations were observed with freezing treatment, in which significant differences were detected in both cases. However, higher differences were observed in the case of freezing in RPMI medium for 1 week and 3 months (P < 0. 005, F = 21. 92, and P < 0. 005, F = 9. 4, respectively [chi-square test, SPSS 15. 0]). When freezing in FBS medium, better viability results were obtained, although significant differences from the control spores were observed at 1 week and 3 months of treatment (P < 0. 005, F = 10. 51, and P < 0. 015, F = 6. 96, respectively [chi-square test, SPSS 15. 0]). In the case of directly freezing air-dried spores for 1 week and 3 months, significant reductions of viability to 82. 5 and 81. 6% were observed (P < 0. 005, F = 9. 80, and P < 0. 005, F = 30. 14, respectively [chi-square test, SPSS 15. 0]) (Table 1). When the stability of purified N. ceranae spores in PBS at 4°C was studied (S1), a significant reduction to 87. 9% was observed in the third month (P < 0. 005, F = 7. 727 [chi-square test, SPSS 15. 0]) (Table 1). In addition, the viability of N. ceranae (S2) and N. apis spores kept at 4°C for 6 months was also studied, resulting in reductions to 67% and 64% viability, respectively. N. apis showed a higher tendency to extrude the spores kept at 4°C, not exceeding 20% at any time tested, with significant differences at 8. 5 months (P < 0. 005, F = 17. 068) (Table 1). Methods of measuring the viability of microsporidia spores are scarce, and the majority are slow and complex. In this study, the viability of Nosema spores was measured using a modification of dual staining described by Green et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information on the viability of N. ceranae spores under various treatments, which supports the understanding that N. ceranae is an organism that impacts honeybee health. The study discusses the effects of different treatments on spore viability, which implies that N. ceranae is relevant to honeybee health dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: Table 4 shows the simulation results of sunshine duration on the first floor of the 8:00 AM–4:00 PM on day, which is the last solar term in 24 solar terms and comes around January 20th or 21st each year. According to Code for Planning and Design on Areas (GB 50180-93) and Codes of Management for High-rise Building, sunshine duration on day cannot be less than 2 h. 4, a red figure represents a window exposed to sunshine less than 2 h sunshine a day, while blue represents a window with 2 h sunshine on that day. FloorWindow positionWindow height (m)Sunshine durationTimeEffective time duration (hour)1st10. 5012:01–14:1502:1420. 5008:55–08:5909:51–14:1904:3230. 5009:55–14:2304:284–130. 50000:00140. 5009:57–14:2904:32150. 5009:11–09:1509:59–14:3504:40160. 5009:19–09:2110:05–14:4104:38170. 5010:07–14:4504:38180. 5010:11–14:4904:38190. 5010:13–14:5304:40200. 5010:15–14:5904:44210. 5010:15–15:0104:46220. 5010:15–15:0504:50230. 5010:23–15:0904:46240. 5010:39–15:1304:34250. 5010:53–15:1504:22260. 5011:07–15:1904:12270. 5011:15–15:2104:06280. 5011:35–15:2503:50290. 5011:51–15:2703:36300. 5012:21–15:2903:08310. 5012:45–15:3102:46320. 5013:35–15:3502:00330. 5014:13–15:3501:22340. 5015:07–15:4100:34350. 5008:00–12:0104:0136–410. 00–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses simulation results of sunshine duration in a specific context without mentioning solar panels or the photovoltaic effect. It does not provide any information that supports, contrasts, or relates to the process by which solar panels convert sunlight into electricity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and 10. 7554/eLife. 46922 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordSeptember 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 12,317 views 1,028 downloads 124 6922. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 2 tables and 6 additional files 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Estimating the rate of germline mutation using multigenerational CEPH/Utah pedigrees. (a) The CEPH/Utah dataset comprises 33 three-generation families. Summaries of sequencing coverage for CEPH/Utah individuals are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. After identifying candidate de novo mutations in the second generation (e. g. , the de novo ‘T’ mutation shown in the second-generation father), it is possible to assess their validity both by their absence in the parental (first) generation and by transmission to one or more offspring in the third generation. (b) Total numbers of DNMs (both SNVs and indels) identified across second-generation CEPH/Utah individuals and stratified by parental gamete-of-origin. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), and whiskers indicate 1. 5 times the IQR. Diagrams of phasing strategies for germline DNMs are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Distribution of sequencing coverage in CEPH/Utah samples (a) The fraction of bases greater than or equal to the specified coverage in the second generation, (b) third generation, (c) first-generation parents sequenced to 30X coverage, and (d) first-generation parents re-sequenced to 60X coverage. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Determining the parent-of-origin for de novo mutations using transmission. (a) We phased de novo mutations observed in the second generation by transmission to a third generation. We first searched ±200 kilobase pairs from the de novo allele (shown in red) for informative sites (shown in blue) present in one of the two first-generation parents of the second-generation individual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on genetic research and family pedigrees rather than discussing ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: (5), which combines the nucleic acid stain Sytox green and the chitin stain calcofluor M2R to assess the viability of Encephalitozoon cuniculi microsporidia spores. The original method does not allow visualization of the presence of extruded spores, as calcofluor stains live and extruded spores. Here, the procedure developed allowed us to differentiate extruded spores not visible by either the Sytox green or DAPI stains. For this purpose, white-light microscopy was employed throughout the viewing (Fig. 1). To ascertain the survival capability of N. ceranae, different studies of resistance to temperature and desiccation were carried out. A control consisting of spores kept at 4°C was used to compare the evolution of viability. Our data showed a moderate preservation of the viability of the spores (around 90%) after treatment at 60°C for 6 h, which inactivates another intracellular parasite (Cryptosporidium). Similar results were observed 1 month later. The maintenance of the viability of the spores of N. ceranae after treatments at 60°C and 35°C suggests good resistance to high temperatures. However, heating N. apis spores for at least 15 min at 60°C completely kills the parasite (2). This is in agreement with previous studies, in which a better adaptation of N. ceranae than N. apis to temperature has been observed. Martín-Hernández et al. (12) and Higes et al. (7) described the higher prevalence of N. ceranae-infected honeybees in all four seasons, compared with N. apis infection, which is more prevalent in milder seasons such as the spring and autumn. Moreover, Martín-Hernández et al. (13) confirmed the different epidemiological patterns between the two species. They found a better adaptation of N. ceranae than N. apis to temperature. Studies related to the viability of microsporidial spores are scarce (1, 17), and this study, carried out to determine the viability of N. ceranae spores, provides a valuable contribution with multiple applications. It is notable that 60°C is a temperature regularly used to remove wax from old combs, to be reused later on. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing studies that confirm the prevalence of N. ceranae-infected honeybees and indicates that N. ceranae exhibits better adaptation to various conditions compared to N. apis. It mentions the higher prevalence of N. ceranae in honeybees throughout different seasons and indicates its impact on honeybee health, confirming that it is indeed a parasite affecting them.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: However, with the proposed multicell concentrating assembly design, the cost and assembly efforts of CPV modules will be reduced as a less number of solar concentrators will be needed for same capacity of the system. Figure 1. Schematic of novel multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) for CPV module. Advertisement 3. Theoretical design of MCA The theoretical design of proposed multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) is explained in Figure 2. It can be seen that the design is based upon the Cassegrain arrangement of two parabolic concentrators, with the intention of achieving the area concentration. Such concentrating assembly acts as a collimating reflector where the parallel solar radiations are converted into concentrated collimated beam. Both parabolic reflectors are arranged such that their focal points coincide with each other. In addition, one of the reflectors uses its inner surface for reflection, while the other uses its outer surface. The primary reflector converges the incoming parallel rays at its focal point. However, these converging rays interact with the outer surface of secondary parabolic reflector which is placed in their way to the focal point. The secondary reflector introduces the cancelation effect which converges rays and diverges them as parallel rays. However, due to smaller contact surface of secondary reflector, the diverged collimated rays become concentrated before they hit the inlet aperture of homogenizer. In order to design multicell concentrating assembly (MCA), the edge ray is traced such that it hits point ‘b’ of secondary concentrator after being reflected by point ‘a’ of primary concentrator. As the foci of both reflectors are coinciding, therefore, the edge ray become parallel again after being reflected by the outer surface of secondary reflector and enter the homogenizer through its inlet aperture. This edge ray, after entering into the homogenizer, hits point ‘c’, which is located at its lower tapered portion. This lower tapered portion of multi-leg homogenizer is designed such that the edge ray, after being reflected by total internal reflection from point ‘c’, hits point ‘e’ of outlet aperture of homogenizer and falls on the MJC, placed there. The distribution of such parallel ray distribution is easily explained in simple schematic shown in Figure 2(b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses a design for concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) modules that focuses on the assembly and cost reduction rather than directly explaining the photovoltaic effect itself. The focus on the assembly design and the arrangement of parabolic concentrators suggests a different approach to harnessing solar energy, which does not explicitly mention the conversion of sunlight to electricity via the photovoltaic effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: If the second-generation individual’s spouse does not possess these informative alleles, we can look in the children of the second-generation individual to see if they have inherited both the de novo allele and the nearby informative alleles. This pattern of inheritance is only possible if the de novo allele and informative alleles are on the same haplotype; thus, in this example, we see that the de novo allele is on the maternal grandfather’s haplotype, and is paternal in origin. (b) A toy sample of paired-end sequencing reads is shown for each member of a trio (mother, father, and child). In this strategy, we identify informative alleles (shown in blue) that are present in one of the two parents, and within a read length (500 bp) of the de novo allele in the child (shown in red). Then, we identify individual sequencing reads that span the de novo and informative alleles. If the de novo allele is always present in the same read as the informative allele, then we can phase the de novo allele to the parent with the informative allele, and vice versa. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Effects of parental age and sex on autosomal DNM counts and mutation types in the second generation. (a) Numbers of phased paternal and maternal de novo variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands, calculated as 1. 96 times the standard error) were fit for mothers and fathers separately using an identity link. Germline mutation rates, as a function of both paternal and maternal ages, are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. (b) Mutation spectra in autosomal DNMs phased to the paternal (n = 3,584) and maternal (n = 880) haplotypes. Asterisks indicate significant differences between paternal and maternal fractions at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 719, T > G: 4. 93e-3, T > A: 8. 60e-2, T > C: 8. 02e-2, C > A: 0. 159, C > T: 7. 65e-6, indel: 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient artifacts. It discusses genetic inheritance and sequencing methodologies, which do not pertain to the discovery or documentation of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: With our results, it may not be assumed that this practice will inactivate the possible N. ceranae spores that may be in the wax of the old combs from infected colonies. Once melted and installed in hives, this wax may contribute to the infection of new colonies. However, further experiments are needed to clarify this matter. Likewise, the treatment at 35°C, the normal temperature inside the beehives needed by immature bees to complete metamorphosis, didn't produce a decrease in viability of spores. This finding should be borne in mind, as this thermoresistance may facilitate the transmission among stages. The effect of freezing with different media was also studied, showing a significant reduction in viability with all freezing media in the two time periods studied. Similarly, a marked decrease of infectivity of frozen spores of Encephalitozoon intestinalis (16) and of E. cuniculi was observed (10, 17). These results should be considered, since this temperature is regularly used to preserve organisms for experimental studies. The decrease of viability observed would be due to the cytotoxic effect of the cryopreservative DMSO used for freezing, although it was used at the regularly recommended concentration for eukaryotic cell cryopreservation. Finally, the effect of RT on the viability of air-dried N. ceranae spores was measured to ascertain their resistance during drought. A good viability was observed after 12 h, 48 h, and 1 week (Table 1). Nevertheless, previous studies with N. apis spores showed a loss of viability of air-dried spores after 3, 5, and 45 days at 40, 45 or 49°C (11). Although new studies on the viability of N. ceranae should be carried out, such as the study of the effects of various temperatures with desiccation studies, these data must be borne in mind when control measures need to be established. The study, carried out with N. apis and N. ceranae spores maintained at 4°C, showed significant degeneration of spores, with a 30% decrease in viability during the first 6 months of study, making them unacceptable for culturing purposes or drug effectiveness studies. Moreover, the decrease in viability of these spores after freezing makes it necessary to explore new methods of optimizing the conservation of N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing factors related to the viability and infectivity of N. ceranae spores, which are directly tied to the health and infection of honeybee colonies. It mentions that wax from infected colonies may contribute to the infection of new colonies and describes various studies on the viability of N. ceranae spores under different conditions, highlighting their potential impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. [SEP] Text: In order to simulate the optical performance of proposed MCA in real field environment, the simulation results for grid of rays with solar subtended angle are shown in Figure 10. These rays are not exactly parallel to the axis of primary reflector but have a small deviation which is same as the actual solar radiations, received during real field operation. It can be seen that there is still a perfect division of received radiations among four sections of the homogenizer and uniform distribution of these radiations over the outlet apertures of homogenizer. However, one of the differences which can be seen here is that the rays are also hitting the upper tapered portion of the homogenizer, without any induced ray deviation. The reason is that the incoming rays are already not parallel to the axis of primary reflector, and that is why they are reflected by the upper tapered portion which is designed to accommodate the tracking error or rays which are not parallel to the primary reflector axis. Figure 10. Ray tracing simulation of multicell concentrating assembly for solar subtended angle. After verifying the design of developed multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) through ray tracing simulation, it is also important to verify its performance under real conditions during field testing. The developed prototype of CPV system, with MCA-based design, was tested under field condition, and the output from each of the MJC, at four outlet apertures of homogenizer, was logged in real time using data logging unit. The power and voltage output of each of four MJCs is shown in Figures 11 and 12. From both figures, it is clear that there is equal distribution of solar radiations among four MJCs, during whole-day operation as their power and voltage plot look similar. It must be noted that the solar tracking unit was operated with tracking accuracy of 0. 3°, instead of 0. 1°. The equal output of all four MJCs, with such tracking accuracy, verifies the proposed design of multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) and its compatibility in fulfilling the objective. Figure 11. Power output for individual cell of MCA-based CPV system. Figure 12. Voltage output for individual cell of MCA-based CPV system. Another important test to investigate the response of concentrating assembly against different angular deviations of incident rays is expressed in the form of normalized power curve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes on the claim because it discusses simulation results and performance testing of a multicell concentrating assembly (MCA) related to solar energy applications, but it does not explicitly mention the photovoltaic effect or how solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. The focus is on simulation and testing, which is somewhat relevant to solar energy but does not provide information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 01e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 835. Mutation spectra stratified by parental ages are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contribution of maternal and paternal age to de novo mutation rates. For (a) second- and (b) third-generation individuals in the CEPH/Utah cohort, plotted points show the relationship between paternal and maternal age at birth. Each point is colored by the autosomal SNV mutation rate in the individual; these rates were calculated by dividing the autosomal count in each child by that child’s autosomal callable fraction. Colors indicate the magnitude of the mutation rate (blue = lower, red = higher). Black lines indicate the trend for a 1:1 relationship between paternal and maternal age. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Comparison of mutation spectra in children born to older or younger parents. Second-generation children were divided into two groups based on the ages of their parents at birth, and autosomal mutation spectra were compared between the two groups. In all panels, no significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. (a) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers younger (n = 2,182) or older (n = 2,360) than the median paternal age of 29. 2 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 304, T > G: 0. 140, T > A: 0. 306, T > C: 0. 248, C > A: 0. 8. 81e-2, C > T: 0. 444, indel: 6. 89e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 810. (b) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers younger (n = 2,225) or older (n = 2,317) than the median maternal age of 25. 7 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 580, T > G: 0. 659, T > A: 0. 554, T > C: 0. 697, C > A: 0. 918, C > T: 0. 990, indel: 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning ancient artifacts, as it primarily discusses genetic mutation rates in relation to parental ages and presents statistical findings. There is no mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae spores in the laboratory, to avoid the continuous necessity of renewing the stock of infective spores and to make the related experiments seasonable (Table 1). The thermotolerance of N. ceranae spores observed in our study shows the need not only to standardize the laboratory protocols, but also to review measures related to adequate disinfection of laboratory and field tools, as well as to control honey-related food that may be ingested by potentially susceptible individuals. FIG. 1. FIG. 1. N. ceranae spores, shown by dual staining with DAPI (1-1 and 2-1) and Sytox green (1-2 and 2-2) at ×100. Live spores,; extruded spores,; dead spores. TABLE 1. TABLE 1. Viability of Nosema spores after different treatmentsMicrosporidianaMedium or conditionTemp (°C)TimeMean % spore viability (SD)b LiveDeadExtrudedN. ceranae (S1)PBS40 h94. 4 (0. 06)5. 6 (0. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 wk92. 4 (0. 30)7. 6 (0. 70)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 4 (0. 36)7. 6 (0. 36)0. 0 (0. 00) 3 mo87. 9* (1. 06)12. 1 (1. 06)0. 0 (0. 00) 352 h93. 9 (0. 56)6. 1 (1. 10)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo92. 0 (1. 80)7. 5 (0. 91)0. 5 (0. 00) 601 h93. 8 (0. 16)6. 2 (0. 16)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo94. 0 (0. 66)6. 0 (0. 66)0. 0 (0. 00) 2 h94. 1 (1. 00)5. 9 (1. 00)0. 0 (0. 00) 1 mo94. 0 (2. 40)6. 0 (2. 40)0. 0 (0. 00) 4 h93. 3 (0. 33)6. 7 (0. 33)0. 0 (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed observations about N. ceranae spores and their viability under various conditions. It discusses laboratory studies aimed at understanding the characteristics of these spores, which are implicated in affecting honeybee health. The reference to the need for adequate disinfection and control over honey-related food indicates a direct concern for how N. ceranae impacts the honeybee population, thus supporting the claim that it is a parasite affecting honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: As well, the advent of “green legislation” together with increased green building construction is forcing architects, planners, and builders to consider the environmental impact of buildings they design and construct [4]. Aside from the moderate amount of sunlight required for the health and comfort of occupants, solar radiation is particularly useful as an energy resource [5]. Apart from this, sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources, while producing less heat for the same amount of light. With the development of sustainable design, researchers are attaching much more importance to energy savings related to sun exposure on buildings, an important component of sustainable development. One of the performance analyses done by architects is to predict how buildings are performing in terms of their luminous environment as a result of daylighting [6]. If energy savings from harvesting sunshine on buildings are considered in the building design stage, an optimal energy design can be selected. Demand for solar power has expanded in recent years for domestic and industrial needs. Solar power is produced by collecting sunlight and converting it into electricity, which is normally done by use of large, flat solar panels composed of many individual solar cells. Solar arrays are most often located remotely, although urban sitting is becoming more popular as well. As the cost of solar energy falls, more and more buildings are being outfitted with photovoltaic systems and some even generate more electricity than they use, which structures are called “energy positive,” an impressive feat. In some areas, solar-enabled buildings actually turn a profit from surplus energy, which is sold to local utility companies and fed it onto the grid. In practice, photovoltaic materials (like solar panels) are normally used to replace conventional building materials in parts of the building envelope such as roofs, skylights, and facades. As a principle or ancillary source of electrical power, solar panels are increasingly incorporated into the construction of new buildings, although existing buildings may be retrofitted with similar technology. However, current analysis of solar energy extraction in comparison with the complexity of sunlight models needed for energy calculations clearly reflects the limited use of building information modeling, as well as the lack of effective visualization techniques. Sunlight analysis is performed by hand calculations or by computer simulation tools. In the process of hand calculation, the preparation of initial data can be a very lengthy and laborious, consisting as it does mostly of manual or semimanual translation from architectural model data to simulation data, which often results in numerous coding errors [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that solar energy requires sunlight for effective energy generation. It emphasizes the significance of sunlight in achieving energy savings, stating that 'sunlight provides light more efficiently than electric light sources' and that solar power is produced by 'collecting sunlight.' This suggests that solar panels may not work equally well in areas with low sunlight or cloud cover, directly challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 371, CpG >TpG: 0. 678. (c) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,120) or oldest (n = 1,165) paternal ages (26. 4 or 34 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 1. 73e-2, T > G: 0. 428, T > A: 0. 872, T > C: 0. 979, C > A: 0. 943, C > T: 7. 77e-2, indel: 0. 788, CpG >TpG: 0. 706. (d) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,169) or oldest (n = 1,121) maternal ages (22. 5 or 31. 4 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 327, T > G: 9. 92e-2, T > A: 0. 841, T > C: 0. 975, C > A: 0. 963, C > T: 0. 940, indel: 0. 598, CpG >TpG: 0. 780. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Parental age effects on autosomal germline mutation counts vary significantly among CEPH/Utah families. Illustrations of pedigrees exhibiting the smallest (family 24_C, panel a) and largest (family 16, panel b) paternal age effects on third-generation DNM counts demonstrate the extremes of inter-family variability. Diamonds are used to anonymize the sex of each third-generation individual. The method used to separate CEPH/Utah pedigrees into unique groups of second-generation parents and third-generation children is presented in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Third-generation individuals are arranged by birth order from left to right. The number of autosomal DNMs observed in each third-generation individual is shown within the diamonds, and the age of the father at the third-generation individual’s birth is shown below the diamond. The coloring for these two families is used to identify them in panels c and d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic comparisons and parental age effects on germline mutation counts in children, without mentioning ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: 0 (2. 25)0. 0 (0. 00) 12 mo25. 0* (2. 71)71. 0 (3. 05)4. 0 (0. 89)aAs a negative control, purified spores of N. ceranae were kept at 4°C in PBS during the experiment. b*, significant difference compared with 4°C for 0 h. 1. Amigo, J. M. , M. P. Gracia, M. Rius, H. Salvado, P. A. Maillo, and C. P. Vivares. 1996. Longevity and effects of temperature on the viability and polar-tube extrusion of spores of Glugea stephani, a microsporidian parasite of commercial flatfish. Parasitol. Res. 82:211-214. ViewPubMedWeb of Science2. Cantwell, G. E. , and H. Shimanuki. 1970. The use of heat to control Nosema and increase production for the commercial beekeeper. Am. Bee J. 110:263. 3. Chen, Y. , J. D. Evans, I. B. Smith, and J. S. Pettis. 2008. Nosema ceranae is a long-present and wide-spread microsporidian infection of the European honey bee (Apis mellifera) in the United States. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 97:186-188. ViewPubMedWeb of Science4. Fries, I. , R. Martín, A. Meana, P. García-Palencia, and M. Higes. 1996. Nosema ceranae n. sp. (Microspora, Nosematidae). Morphological and molecular characterization of microsporidian parasite of the Asian honey bees Apis cerana (Hymenoptera, Apidae). Eur. J. Protistol. 32:356-365. ViewWeb of Science5. Green, L. C. , P. J. LeBlanc, and E. S. Didier. 2000. Discrimination between viable and dead Encephalitozoon cuniculi (microsporidian) spores by dual staining with M2R. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:3811-3814. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references studies and findings that establish Nosema ceranae as a microsporidian infection affecting honeybees. Specifically, it mentions the work of Chen et al. (2008) which identifies Nosema ceranae as a widespread infection in European honey bees, indicating its impact on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: To solve the problem, graphic user interfaces have been created in simulation tools for defining model geometry. In addition, 3D digital technology, such as building information modeling (BIM), has been applied to sunlight simulation. BIM integrates all kinds of relevant information from construction projects, while related software enables energy consumption to be predicted and adjusted during the design stage, thus providing great convenience for sustainable design. The objective of this research is to simulate sunlight’s effect on building design using BIM technology and to calculate the potential energy capacity of surface-mounted photovoltaic solar panels. To measure the useful sunlight duration of a representative sample of buildings, statistical construction data were applied, as well as 3D digital models obtained from BIM software (Revit and ). Among the factors considered were building type, orientation, roof and surfaces, location, shading, and climatic information. Subsequently, the solar energy potential of a structure can be estimated by calculating the effective sunshine duration on surfaces available for solar panel installation, from which the economic benefit of surface-mounted solar panels can be evaluated. Furthermore, the cost of solar panels is considered here in determination of cost-benefit value and increased sustainability of solar panel installation on the sample building. Advertisement 2. Background2. 1. BIM and sustainable designWith the importance of BIM becoming increasingly appreciated, BIM and sustainable design strategies in the building industry have drawn more and more attention. A number of published papers on BIM-related sustainable design have focused mostly on energy usage analysis alone [8]. Wang and Xuan [9] suggest a BIM-based parametric design method to establish the BKE (Bio-inspired Kinetic Envelop) system combined with utilization of solar radiation to make buildings acclimate to temperature swings, thus minimizing the energy needs. Wong and Fan [8] find two most significant benefits of BIM for sustainable building design: integrated project delivery (IPD) and design optimization. Hardin [10] established three main areas of sustainable design with a direct relationship to BIM, which are “material selection and use,” “site selection and management,” and “systems analysis. ” In addition, Azhar and Brown [11] investigate the development of a conceptual framework to illustrate the use of BIM for sustainability analyses throughout the project life-cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the importance of sunlight and climate factors in the installation and efficiency of photovoltaic solar panels. It indicates that the effective sunshine duration directly influences the solar energy potential of a structure, which implies that in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover, solar panels would not perform equally well. The analysis of factors such as building type, location, and shading further supports the argument that solar panel efficiency varies with climatic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: (c) The total number of autosomal DNMs is plotted versus paternal age at birth for third-generation individuals from all CEPH/Utah families. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands indicate the predicted number of DNMs as a function of paternal age using a Poisson regression (identity link). Families are sorted in order of increasing slope, and families with the least and greatest paternal age effects are highlighted in blue and red, respectively. (d) A Poisson regression (predicting autosomal DNMs as a function of paternal age) was fit to each family separately; the slope of each family’s regression is plotted, as well as the 95% confidence interval of the regression coefficient estimate. The same two families are highlighted as in (a). A dashed black line indicates the overall paternal age effect (estimated using all third-generation samples). Families are ordered from top to bottom in order of increasing slope, as in (c). A random sampling approach was used to assess the robustness of the per-family regressions to possible outliers; the results of these simulations are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 2. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Defining unique families in the CEPH/Utah dataset. The pedigree for a single family (family ID 19) is depicted. In this family, the third-generation individuals are first cousins and share a pair of grandparents. However, for the purposes of the inter-family variability presented in Figure 3, we defined ‘families’ as the unique groups of second-generation parents and their third-generation children. Thus, family ID 19 would be split into two unique families (19_A and 19_B), designated by the red boxes. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Paternal age effect ranks of CEPH/Utah families are robust to outlier samples. For each CEPH/Utah family (i. e. , unique set of second-generation and third-generation individuals), we randomly sampled 75% of the third-generation individuals in the family, fit a regression predicting autosomal DNM counts as a function of paternal age at birth, and calculated the ‘rank’ of that family’s paternal age effect (out of 40 total families). We then plotted the distribution of ranks across 100 trials for each family. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analysis related to paternal age and autosomal de novo mutations (DNMs) in families, without any mention of ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ViewPubMedWeb of Science6. Higes, M. , P. Garcia-Palencia, R. Martin-Hernandez, and A. Meana. 2007. Experimental infection of Apis mellifera honeybees with Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 94:211-217. ViewPubMedWeb of Science7. Higes, M. , R. Martin-Hernandez, C. Botias, E. G. Bailon, A. V. Gonzalez-Porto, L. Barrios, M. J. Del and A. Meana. 2008. How natural infection by Nosema ceranae causes honeybee colony collapse. Environ. Microbiol. 10:2659-2669. ViewPubMedWeb of Science8. Higes, M. , R. Martin-Hernandez, E. Garrido-Bailon, C. Botias, P. Garcia-Palencia, and A. Meana. 2008. Regurgitated pellets of Merops apiaster as fomites of infective Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spores. Environ. Microbiol. 10:1374-1379. ViewPubMedWeb of Science9. Higes, M. , R. Martin, and A. Meana. 2006. Nosema ceranae, a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 92:93-95. ViewPubMedWeb of Science10. Koudela, B. , S. Kucerova, and T. Hudcovic. 1999. Effect of low and high temperatures on infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water. Folia Parasitol. (Praha)46:171-174. PubMedWeb of Science11. Malone, L. A. , H. S. Gatehouse, and E. L. Tregidga. 2001. Effects of time, temperature, and honey on Nosema apis (Microsporidia: Nosematidae), a parasite of the honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 77:258-268. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing research studies that mention Nosema ceranae as a parasite affecting honeybees. For instance, it cites Higes et al. (2006), which identifies Nosema ceranae as a new microsporidian parasite in honeybees in Europe, indicating its relevance to honeybee health. Additionally, the subsequent citations discuss how natural infections by Nosema ceranae can lead to colony collapse, further supporting the claim about the negative impact of this parasite on honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: In previous study on the integration BIM and building performance, it has been indicated that BIM can aid in the sunlight analysis [12]. BIM technologies offer new insights into the dynamic relationship and specificities of sunlight conditions and the individual building’s use and properties, helping us identify the balancing points of solar gains and daylight conditions resulting from urban geometry [13]. Welle et al. [14] designed an automated product model decomposition and re-composition methodology for BIM-centric climate-based daylighting simulation called the BIM-Profiler for Simulation (BDP4SIM). Joo et al. [15] developed a tool capable of analyzing various design schemes during the early stages of design by building a reasonable BIM data system for sustainability analysis and using the architectural BIM model to carry out sunshine and energy analysis in a Web environment. Generally, two main methods are used for sunlight analysis in building design. One method is the graphing method, which includes normal shadow-graph, pole shadow-graph, instantaneous shadow-graph, and hours shadow overlay. The other method is the modeling test, which performs analysis based on a scale-model of buildings and a sundial. Though the sun spacing coefficient table was widely used in China during the late 1990s, table’s usefulness is restricted by some limitations that require compliance during early building layout design, where the sun spacing factor is applied in parallel with layer settings for the building. Shadow graphs created for software applications offer a new detailed representation of shadow constraints. Overall, the solar analysis model using BIM has advantage of being importable to related software, generating shadow animations for target periods and simulation results that can be saved on BIM database for property management and quality control. 2. 2. Solar energy and buildingsSolar energy is the portion of the sun’s energy available at the earth’s surface for useful applications, such as exciting electrons in a photovoltaic cell and indoor illumination. Solar energy system is currently the most widely installed renewable energy system in the building sector in an effort to reduce the energy consumption of buildings [16]. Developing the calculation model for solar energy in buildings is helpful to describe the mathematical relations between the solar energy and building attributes such as orientation, location, height, area, etc. An important aspect in calculating solar energy is the accuracy of the developed model, which is evaluated using initial data input [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of sunlight analysis in building design, emphasizing that solar energy systems depend on metrics such as orientation and location, which indicates that the efficiency of solar panels is not uniform across different climates. The mention of developing calculation models for solar energy in buildings highlights that solar energy's effectiveness is contingent on specific environmental factors, which directly opposes the claim that solar panels work equally well in all climates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Families’ density plots are ordered along the y-axis by the original ranks of each family (as determined using the full dataset, and originally shown in Figure 3d, where a rank of 1 corresponds to the smallest age effect, and a rank of 40 corresponds to the largest). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Identification of post-PGCS germline mosaicism in the second generation. (a) Mosaic variants occurring during or after primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) were defined as DNMs present in multiple third-generation siblings, and absent from progenitors in the family. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline mosaic variants (red, n = 288) and germline de novo variants observed in the third generation (non-shared) (blue, n = 22,644). Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 6. 84e-2, T > G: 0. 169, T > A: 0. 236, T > C: 1. 51e-2, C > A: 4. 31e-3, C > T: 0. 385, CpG >TpG: 2. 26e-6. (c) For each third-generation individual, we calculated the number of their DNMs that was shared with at least one sibling, and plotted this number against the individual’s paternal age at birth. The red line shows a Poisson regression (identity link) predicting the mosaic number as a function of paternal age at birth. (d) We fit a Poisson regression predicting the total number of germline single-nucleotide DNMs observed in the third-generation individuals as a function of paternal age at birth, and plotted the regression line (with 95% CI) in blue. In red, we plotted the line of best fit (with 95% CI) produced by the regression detailed in (c). (e) For each third-generation individual, we divided the number of their DNMs that occurred during or post-PGCS in a parent (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim that all ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. It discusses various aspects of mutation spectra and statistical analyses in genetics, and does not mention artifacts, their discovery, or documentation in any form.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractNosema ceranae, a newly introduced parasite of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, is contributing to worldwide colony losses. species, such as N. apis, tend to be associated with increased defecation and spread via a fecal-oral pathway, but because N. ceranae does not induce defecation, it may instead be spread via an oral-oral pathway. Cages that separated older infected bees from young uninfected bees were used to test whether N. ceranae can be spread during food exchange. When cages were separated by one screen, food could be passed between the older bees and the young bees, but when separated by two screens, food could not be passed between the two cages. Young uninfected bees were also kept isolated in cages, as a solitary control. After 4 days of exposure to the older bees, and 10 days to incubate infections, young bees were more likely to be infected in the 1-treatment vs. the 2-treatment (P = 0. 0097). Young bees fed by older bees showed a 13-fold increase in mean infection level relative to young bees not fed by older bees (1-40. 8%; 2-3. 4%; 2. 8%). Although fecal-oral transmission is still possible in this experimental design, oral-oral infectivity could help explain the rapid spread of N. ceranae worldwide. Citation: Smith ML (2012) Nosema ceranae: Transmissible via Food Exchange? 7(8): e43319. Stephen J. Martin, Sheffield University, of America Received: January 7, 2012; Accepted: July 18, 2012; Published: August 16, 2012Copyright: © Michael L. This is an open-access 0. 5 µm in diameter [16]; N. ceranae spores measure 4. 4×2. 2 µm [17]. While this suggests that most N. ceranae spores do not pass from the midgut into the crop, there is a possibility that some spores could cross this barrier. N. ceranae spores have been found in the pollen loads of bees, which include some regurgitated nectar from the crop [17]. If spores are able to pass the proventriculus, and reach the crop, they could be regurgitated to other colony members during food exchange, providing a mechanism for oral-oral transmission. To determine whether N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting Nosema ceranae as a parasite that introduces significant health risks to honeybees by contributing to worldwide colony losses. It describes the transmission mechanisms of N. ceranae in honeybees, indicating its impact on bee health and survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The large volume of residential building construction in recent years and the deficit of conventional energy sources justify any initiatives conducive to the construction of self-sustainable residential buildings that are capable of producing their own energy for illumination, HVAC, electrical appliances, etc. [18]. The design of alternative energy devices is a predictable way to develop a wide range of new technologies for a more sustainable future. To achieve energy sustainability, the installation of building-integrated solar panels is a viable option. Solar panels are a type of semiconductor device that converts the energy from sunlight into electric energy. Solar panels do not use chemical reactions to produce electric power, and they have no moving parts. Rooftop and vertical surfaces on buildings are convenient installation position to supply solar energy to meet growing energy demands. Depending on material, solar panels can be classified into different kinds: silicon solar cell, compound solar cells, polymer solar cell, nanocrystal solar cell, organic solar cell, and plastic solar cell. Many of factors play part in determining the practicality of a given solar installation and the selection of solar panels. One major factor is the available sunlight. Considering the sun is what combines with the photovoltaic panels to produce the energy, an area rich in sunlight is highly desirable [19]. Glasnovic and Margeta [19] performed an analysis of photovoltaic pumps versus diesel pumps and concluded that photovoltaic pumps were more efficient than diesel pump. Photovoltaic solar cells are thin silicon disks that convert sunlight into electricity. These disks act as energy sources for a wide variety of uses, such as rooftop panels on buildings. The past decade has seen a remarkable evolution in mainstream silicon solar cell technology, documented by greatly increased production volumes and greatly reduced costs. By using solar panels, electricity costs from outside sources are negated by the electricity produced by the building’s surface installations. Additionally, emissions that are the environmental cost of burning coal to produce electricity are significantly reduced. Although solar energy is renewable, more efficient than fossil fuel and environmentally friendly, it is costly. According to Borenstein [20], the high cost of power from solar panels has been a major deterrent to the technology’s market penetration, while the current direct cost of photovoltaic solar panels is widely acknowledged to be much greater than fossil fuel generation or many other renewable energy sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'one major factor is the available sunlight,' indicating that an area rich in sunlight is 'highly desirable' for solar panels to function effectively. This suggests that solar panels do not work equally well in all climates, particularly in those with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: , that were shared with a sibling) by their total number of DNMs (germline +germline mosaic), and plotted this fraction of shared germline mosaic DNMs against their paternal age at birth. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification of gonosomal mutations in the second generation. (a) Gonosomal post-zygotic variants were identified as DNMs in a second-generation individual that were inherited by one or more third-generation individuals, but exhibited incomplete linkage to informative heterozygous sites nearby. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in single-nucleotide gonosomal DNMs that occurred on the paternal (n = 249) or maternal (n = 226) haplotypes. No significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 3. 05e-2, T > G: 0. 972, T > A: 0. 858, T > C: 0. 148, C > A: 3. 31e-2, C > T: 2. 66e-2, indel: 0. 247, CpG >TpG: 0. 932. (c) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline DNMs observed in the second-generation (non-gonosomal) (n = 4,542) and putative gonosomal mutations (n = 475) in the second generation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 517, T > G: 0. 800, T > A: 2. 32e-3, T > C: 0. 255, C > A: 0. 129, C > T: 0. 805, indel: 0. 446, CpG >TpG: 0. 212. (d) Numbers of phased gonosomal variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands) were fit for the mutations phased to the maternal and paternal haplotypes separately using an identity link. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic mutations and statistical comparisons in a scientific context, without mentioning ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: ceranae can be transmitted during food exchange, experiments were conducted using hoarding cages. Initially uninfected bees were separated from infected bees using one screen or two screens. In the 1-Screen cages, food could be passed between infected and uninfected bees, but not in the 2-Screen cages. These cages reduce the likelihood of fecal-oral transmission, but cannot entirely eliminate the fecal-oral pathway. Infection rates in the initially uninfected bees were determined post-treatment. If oral transmission occurs, then post-treatment infection rates would be predicted to be higher in 1-Screen separated bees than in 2-Screen separated bees. MethodsExperiments were performed at the of. 5 trials were performed starting 19 April 2011, and 9 trials starting 11 May 2011. experiment involved giving groups of young, initially uninfected bees three treatments. In the Solo Control, young bees were placed in a cage by themselves. In the 2-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by 1. 5 mm mesh screens spaced 0. 6 cm apart for the 19 April trials, and 1. 0 cm apart for the 11 May trials. In the 1-Screen Test, young bees were placed in one cage, and older infected bees were placed in an adjacent cage; the two groups were separated by only one screen (see Figure 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Diagram of cages used in the three treatments. Triangles above cages are feeders, and the circles on the sides represent the screening between cages. The 2∶1 ratio of bees in the image represents the ratio of older bees to young bees (labeled on top of each cage). Multiple bees were kept in each cage, ranging between 10 and 70 bees. In the 2-Screen Test, but not in the 1-Screen Test, there was spacing between paired cages to prevent food exchange between bees in the two cages. all three treatments, the young bees were caged for 14 days. They were fed ad libitum with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) feeder. Over the 14-day test period, any dead bees were removed from the cages every other day. Mortality rates did not differ between the three treatments (Young bees- ANOVA; F = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence of a study involving the transmission of Nosema ceranae among bees, indicating that the parasite can infect initially uninfected bees through oral transmission pathways. This supports the claim that Nosema ceranae affects honeybee health, as infection and transmission are key aspects of understanding how the parasite impacts bee populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Sunlight simulation is made by input of the Classes (IFC) model into the sunlight analysis program, followed by additional related analysis on occlusion relationship, sunshine duration sheet, isohel map, shadow outlines, etc. Level 3: Solar energy analysis. The main objective of Level 3 is to assess the geometric characteristics under sunlight models in solar energy analysis. This step obtains dimensions of the useful rooftop and vertical surfaces, where photovoltaic solar panels could be installed, from which the solar energy generation potential and the energy costs are calculated for the sample building. 3. 2. Simulation models and settingsThe study case in this paper refers to the located on the of in Nanjing, China. Building is designed to be a 16-storey, technology-rich learning environment, hosting over 1000 classroom seats in-state-of-the-laboratory classrooms, with conference rooms and professors’ offices. The building will be home to undergraduate and graduate students in Department of and all staffs in that department. Surrounded by the newly-built Traffic Building, (Building B) and (Building A3), the sample building is sheltered from the sun in this sunlight simulation and analysis. The sample building’s structure information is listed in Table 1. NameStatusHeight (M)Floor areas (M2)OrientationsUseCivil BuildingProposed61. 8916559. 05South by east4°TeachingBuilding A3Built18. 443747. 08South by east4°Lecture and conferenceTraffic BuildingBuilt54. 6720419. 2South by east 4°AcademicBuilding BBuilt25. 613210. 18South by east 4°TeachingTable 1. Information of civil building, traffic building, building A3 and B. In order to achieve the objective stated above, a schema converter is proposed in this paper to facilitate the information exchange between BIM tools and sunlight modeling tools. In this study, the technology for systematic sustainable design modeling that enabled sunlight simulation and analysis is driven by a Revit platform, which is able to design all of the required processes and components from a 2D building digital drawing to a 3D model. This platform uses an attribute driven modeling engine to simulate overall building design and create the network of building element relationships (inferred by the software and/or set by the user). The relationship network is the basis by which to achieve information exchange and to later generate sunlight analysis results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how sunlight simulation and analysis are critical for assessing solar energy potential, indicating that factors like sunlight duration and occlusion are important in determining the effectiveness of solar panels. The mention of a 'sample building' that is 'sheltered from the sun' provides evidence that sunlight exposure affects solar energy generation, directly opposing the claim that solar panels work equally well in all climates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: A diagram of an identification strategy for post-zygotic gonosomal DNMs (using only two generations) is presented in Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Strategy for identifying post-zygotic DNMs using two generations. (a) Diagram of an example two-generation pedigree structure that is amenable to the post-zygotic detection strategy. In this example, the child has a de novo ‘T’ allele that is <= 500 bp downstream of a heterozygous ‘G’ allele. Question marks in the parents indicate that the child could have inherited the ‘G’ allele from either parent; unlike the read tracing strategy (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), a particular parent does not need to be ‘informative. ’ (b) In the child’s reads, only two possible sets of linked haplotypes should be seen, assuming the de novo allele occurred in the germline of a parent. The presence of three distinct haplotypes, demonstrating incomplete linkage of the de novo and heterozygous alleles, indicates that the de novo ‘T’ allele is post-zygotic. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between read depth and mutation rates in CEPH/Utah samples. For each second- or third-generation CEPH/Utah sample, we calculated mean read depth across all autosomal base pairs covered by >=12 reads in all members of the trio. We then assessed whether there was a correlation between mean read depth and the autosomal mutation rate in these samples. For each generation, we fit a linear model predicting read depth as a function of autosomal mutation rate, and do not find a significant association in either generation at a p-value threshold of 0. 05 (second-generation p = 0. 92, third-generation p = 0. 073). Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Anti-correlation between slope and intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the slopes and intercepts of these regressions were correlated; overall, slope and intercept point estimates are negatively correlated in CEPH/Utah families (p < 2. 2e-16). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient artifacts as it discusses genetic data related to post-zygotic mutations and linear model analyses in samples from the CEPH/Utah population. There is no mention or implication regarding the discovery or documentation of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: They were held in a 250 mL plastic container until they were placed in a test cage. To confirm that only young bees had been collected, they were exposed to white light while placing them in the test cages in the climate room; if some older bees had been collected accidentally, they would have flown in the white light. No bees flew. Older bees. Bees of unknown ages (but no recently emerged bees, based on the criteria discussed above) were brushed off combs and placed into a 250 mL plastic container. The older bees were then installed in a 40×40×50 cm flight cage with wire screen walls inside the climate room, with a 50% sucrose solution (w/w) ad libitum feeder, for 2 hours (in the April 19 trials) or overnight (in the May 11 trials). This enabled the older bees to defecate before they were placed in the test cages, and many of them did defecate. After the opportunity for cleansing flights, the older bees were collected with an aspirator and placed in test cages. Bees were carefully removed from the flight cage to prevent them from contaminating the test cages with feces, but there was no way to prevent bees from defecating once inside a test cage, which was observed. Defecation within the test cages did not occur on the screen facing the young bees, and tissue paper on the floor of the cage absorbed feces and kept them from becoming spread in the cage. Because of these precautions, infection from a contaminated screen is less likely, though still possible. Infecting bees. To ensure high infection rates in the older bees, marked bees were artificially infected for the 19 April trials. Young bees were taken directly from the frame and brought into the climate room where they were marked with paint according to hive number, placed in a plastic cage (20×20×20 cm), and starved for 1 hour. They were then sprayed with 50% sucrose solution (w/w) containing N. ceranae spores collected from dissected midguts of infected bees. The solution concentration made ∼400,000 spores available per bee, depending on rates of ingestion. Spore count measured using a haemocytometer. As the bees cleaned themselves they imbibed the spore-laden solution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing an experimental method where honeybees were exposed to N. ceranae spores to ensure high infection rates in older bees. The mention of using a solution containing N. ceranae spores from dissected midguts of infected bees indicates that this parasite is indeed involved in affecting honeybee health. The processes described suggest an understanding of how the parasite infects bees, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: 3. 3. Building modeling processIn this study, is applied to simulate the sample building in 3D with 2D drafting elements and export building data from the model database, as a BIM solution to plan and track various stages in the building’s lifecycle from the concept to construction for architectural, structural and MEP design. The modeling process refers to generation of completed 3D models and related building information database. In general, the modeling process begins by analyzing initial data in 2D CAD environment followed by creation of Revit-parametric families, and then establishment of the Revit 3D model based on which the IFC file is transformed and exported. 3. 3. 1. Initial data analysisInitial data acquisition is a process of selecting, extracting, and transforming information from the source systems. In BIM modeling, initial data are normally prepared using AutoCAD drawing, which stores layers, floors, rooms, and footprints of the buildings in 2D environment on dwg and dxf formats. The boundaries of building elements need to be determined carefully in the AutoCAD process. The optimized AutoCAD drawing will be imported into Revit in terms of creating a geometric model. 3. 3. 2. Revit model establishmentA key understanding is that both standard and custom-building elements can be added in Revit model by using a predefined family that is composed of elements with common parameters, allowing users to make design changes easily and to manage projects more efficiently. Family classification and building component attribute setting are key phrases of the modeling stage. In Revit, basic building components/elements like walls, windows, doors, and so on are created using the responding category including families and family types. The building component or model element which is defined in terms of family contains a broad array of information in addition to dimensional aspects. At this stage, the initial parameters are set to define family attributes. The initial settings will affect the project environment and include types for levels, grids, drawing sheets, and viewports. The project model can be established using the generic families in Revit. After identifying the position of the building components inserted on an axis, the defined family types can be load one by one from top down, and the attributes of the model elements can be modified separately. 3. 3. 3. IFC transformationUsing the Revit model requires transformed of data into the IFC format for compatibility with software, based on which sunlight would be simulated in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses building modeling processes using software like Revit and AutoCAD. It does not provide any information about the performance of solar panels in different climates or their functioning in areas with limited sunlight. Therefore, it does not support or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between sibling number and either slope or intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the number of third-generation siblings in these families was predictive of either the (a) slope or (b) intercept point estimate in the regression. Neither slope (p = 0. 654) or intercept (p = 0. 718) are significantly associated with sibling number. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Allele balance distributions in transmitted and untransmitted DNMs. Allele balance was calculated as the fraction of reads supporting the alternate (i. e. , de novo) allele at a particular site. As there are substantially more transmitted than untransmitted DNMs in the plot, the y-axis is shown as the normalized count of DNMs. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Range of missed heterozygote rates across CEPH families. (a) For each unique set of second-generation parents and third-generation children, we counted the total number of DNMs in the third generation for which we saw evidence in the first generation (i. e. , grandparents). The missed heterozygote rate (MHR) therefore represents the fraction of DNMs in each family that were likely “missed” in the second generation, as a percentage of the total number of DNMs identified in the third-generation children. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal filtered germline third-generation DNMs (n=22,644) and autosomal third-generation DNMs that were removed due to evidence in a genotyped grandparent (n=83). No significant differences for particular mutation types were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) using a Chi-squared test of independence. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationSoftware, algorithmToolkit (GATK)DePristo et al. , 2011v3. 5. 0; RRID:SCR_001876Software, algorithmpeddyPedersen and Quinlan, 2017av0. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. It focuses on genetic analyses and the assessment of de novo mutations (DNMs), discussing statistical relationships and methods rather than addressing the status or completeness of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The bees were kept in the climate room overnight with an ad libitum 50% sucrose feeder (w/w), and were then returned to their original colony. After 12 days, the marked bees were collected with an aspirator, and treated as older bees (described above). In the May 11 trials, bees were not artificially infected. Infections in the older bees were dependent on natural infections within each colony, and varied between cages. This was done to mimic naturally occurring infections, as well as a range of infection rates. Infected with N. ceranae All bees surviving until the end of the trial were individually dissected. Each bee’s midgut was placed onto a glass slide by pulling apart the two anterior tergites with tweezers and cutting out the midgut. Tweezers and micro-scissors were rinsed and dried after each dissection. microscope, at 400x magnification, was used to determine if each midgut was positive or negative for N. ceranae spores. A positive sample had many spores, >100’s, seen in multiple field-of-views. To be sure that all samples were adequately examined for spores, at least 25 field-of-views per slide were examined. Since bees infected with N. ceranae regularly produce up to 107 spores, positive and negative samples were easily distinguishable. If a sample only had a few spores (∼2–10 spores total), it was marked as uninfected, presumably due to contamination from the forceps. The forceps were immediately changed. This conservative approach perhaps underestimated the infection rates in both the young and older bees, but was preferable to overestimating the infection rates. cages measured 11×7. 5×5 cm and were made of cardboard with transparent plastic sheet on one side. A hole was cut in the top of each cage to fit a plastic feeder holding ∼25 mL of 50% sucrose solution (w/w in water). Tissue paper was placed on the bottom of each cage. There was a 4 cm-diameter hole on one side of each cage. This hole was covered with 1. 5 mm-mesh screen, to keep the bees from escaping their cages, and to expose the young bees to the older bees. All cages were kept on metal grate shelves in a walk-in climate room (25°C with 50% relative humidity). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of assessing bees for the presence of N. ceranae, which is recognized as a pathogenic parasite affecting their health. It details the methodology used to determine infection rates in bees, specifically noting that bees infected with N. ceranae can produce high quantities of spores, indicating a substantial parasitic load that could impact their welfare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: The sunlight standard in Codes of Management for High-(Nanjing codes for sunlight in buildings) is adopted in this study, of which the Clause 4 (sunlight analysis object) is used for the planning of high-rise buildings. Building with 16 stories is a high-rise building, whose planned design and blueprints are considered to conform to the prescribed regulations. Here, the sunlight simulation and analysis standard is defined in Clause 6 (technical parameter) of Codes of Management for High-Rise Building. The start and ending times for sunlight analysis are 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. on day, 9 a. m. and 3 p. m. on day, while the calculating point is 32. 04 north latitude (Nanjing), the sampling distance is 1. 0 m, the time interval is 10 minutes, and the sill height is 0. 9 m. The finalized start and ending time of the sunlight simulation are 8 a. m. and 4 p. m. on the day, while standard for access to sunlight should be no less than 2 h on that day. 3. 5. Sunlight simulationThe Sunlight-analysis function module of which has an AutoCAD-oriented user interface focus on parameter setting and shelter influences. Before sunlight analysis begins, the model is required to set some parameters including sunshine duration, window exposure, sunshine standards, simulation accuracy, etc. 3. 5. 1. Occlusion between buildingsFor analysis of a building’s window-accessible sunlight, a precondition is to identify occlusion by neighboring structures that prevents penetration of light into living space. 3, building occlusion relationships focus on occasions when objects block sunlight (in Figure 2). By overlaying the sun occlusion path of a particular sample building, the area of sun blockage could be determined by projecting lines out from this point to each surrounding object. Since the shading diagram will be constructed with all buildings, the result is always a hard-edged shading block with the observation window shaded or not. Occluded buildingOcclusion buildingCivil buildingA3, B, Traffic buildingTable 3. Occlusion between buildings. Figure 2. The occlusion between sample buildings. 3. 5. 2. Sunshine duration sheetThe sunshine duration sheet on is designed to measure the length of time which the sun shines through a given window. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the importance of sunlight analysis in building planning, which suggests that sunlight availability is critical for assessing the effectiveness of solar panels. It discusses sunlight simulation and the impact of other buildings on sunlight access, which implies that green technologies, including solar panels, would not perform equally well in regions with frequent cloud cover or little sunlight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: 3; RRID: SCR_017287Software, algorithmcyvcf2Pedersen and Quinlan, 2017bv0. 11. 2Software, algorithmmosdepthPedersen and Quinlan, 2018v0. 2. 4Software, algorithmpysam algorithmpython RRID:SCR_008394Software, algorithmR RRID:SCR_001905Software, algorithmViewer (IGV)Thorvaldsdóttir et al. , 2013v2. 4. 11; RRID:SCR_011793Software, algorithmsamtoolsLi et al. , 2009RRID: SCR_002105Software, algorithmBWA-MEMLi, 2013v0. 7. 15; RRID:SCR_010910 10. 7554/eLife. 46922. 022 Term (independent variable)DoFDevianceResid. DoFResid. DeviancePr(>Chi)dad_age1635. 77348502. 84< 2. 2e-16family_id39103. 43309399. 419. 667e-9dad_age:family_id3955. 34270344. 070. 04328 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Pedigree structures for all CEPH/Utah families. All family and sample IDs have been anonymized, and the sexes of third-generation individuals have been hidden. Download elife-46922-supp1-v1. zip Supplementary file 2 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline DNMs identified in the second generation. In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the first-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the second-generation child. Reads with mapping quality <20 are not included, as they were not considered by our variant calling pipeline, and mismatched bases are shaded by quality score (more transparent = lower base quality). Download elife-46922-supp2-v1. zip Supplementary file 3 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline. DNMs identified in the third generation In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the second-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the third-generation child. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the discovery and documentation of ancient artifacts. Instead, it mainly discusses various software algorithms and scientific processes related to data analysis, which are unrelated to the existence or documentation of ancient artifacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: The percentages of infected young bees for the 2- are not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 90). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Percent infected young bees per treatment. Box and whisker plot comparing the percent of young bees that became infected throughout all cage trials for the three treatments. hive was used twice as a source of bees in each treatment (see Table 1), so there is a small risk of pseudo-replication. To check that pseudo-replication did not skew the statistical analysis, one of the trials was removed (the one from May 11) in each treatment where bees came from the same hive, and the statistical analysis was repeated. The percentages of infected young bees in the three treatments were still significantly different (ANOVA; F = 13. 8, df between groups = 2, df within groups = 8, P = 0. 0025), the 1-was still significantly different from the 2-and the (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 0058 and 0. 0044, respectively), and the 2- were not significantly different (Tukey HSD; P = 0. 86). DiscussionThese results are consistent with the hypothesis that N. ceranae can be spread when infected bees feed uninfected bees. Young uninfected bees that were fed by older infected bees (fed through a single screen) developed N. ceranae infections at a level 13-times higher than young uninfected bees unable to feed from older infected bees (separated by two screens). This supports the oral-oral transmission hypothesis, whereby spores are passed across the single screen during food exchange, resulting in increased infection rates. Although these results suggest that N. ceranae can be spread orally, the fecal-oral pathway could still be present in this experimental design. Since the older bees were kept in cages for 4 days, bees did defecate, despite preventative efforts (see methods). No feces were observed on the screen, but infective spores could have been defecated elsewhere. It is possible that spores could be passed from the forelegs to the proboscis, and then transmitted to other bees during food exchange. It seems unlikely, however, that such high infection rates arose from occasional spore relocation, since it relies on multiple chance events. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that N. ceranae can be spread among bees, leading to infections in young bees. It discusses experiments showing that young uninfected bees developed infections at significantly higher rates when fed by older infected bees, which supports the idea that N. ceranae, as a parasite, negatively impacts honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Solar panels work equally well in all climates, even in areas with little sunlight or frequent cloud cover. [SEP] Text: Table 4 shows the simulation results of sunshine duration on the first floor of the 8:00 AM–4:00 PM on day, which is the last solar term in 24 solar terms and comes around January 20th or 21st each year. According to Code for Planning and Design on Areas (GB 50180-93) and Codes of Management for High-rise Building, sunshine duration on day cannot be less than 2 h. 4, a red figure represents a window exposed to sunshine less than 2 h sunshine a day, while blue represents a window with 2 h sunshine on that day. FloorWindow positionWindow height (m)Sunshine durationTimeEffective time duration (hour)1st10. 5012:01–14:1502:1420. 5008:55–08:5909:51–14:1904:3230. 5009:55–14:2304:284–130. 50000:00140. 5009:57–14:2904:32150. 5009:11–09:1509:59–14:3504:40160. 5009:19–09:2110:05–14:4104:38170. 5010:07–14:4504:38180. 5010:11–14:4904:38190. 5010:13–14:5304:40200. 5010:15–14:5904:44210. 5010:15–15:0104:46220. 5010:15–15:0504:50230. 5010:23–15:0904:46240. 5010:39–15:1304:34250. 5010:53–15:1504:22260. 5011:07–15:1904:12270. 5011:15–15:2104:06280. 5011:35–15:2503:50290. 5011:51–15:2703:36300. 5012:21–15:2903:08310. 5012:45–15:3102:46320. 5013:35–15:3502:00330. 5014:13–15:3501:22340. 5015:07–15:4100:34350. 5008:00–12:0104:0136–410. 00–0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides specific data regarding sunshine duration which implies that solar panels require a certain amount of sunlight to function effectively. It highlights instances where sunshine duration is less than 2 hours, suggesting that in areas with low sunlight or frequent cloud cover, solar panel efficiency may be significantly affected. This directly contrasts the claim that solar panels work equally well in all climates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ancient artifacts have been discovered and documented. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -new approach for atmospheric turbulence removal using low-rank matrix factorization View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713 Published 2024-01-31 Accepted 2023-11-01 Received 2021-03-23 and Machine Learning, Atmospheric turbulence, Distortion, Image restoration, Mixture of Gaussian, Spatiotemporal varying blur, Transformation matrix Copyright © 2024 Jafaei et al. is an open access 2024. A new approach for atmospheric turbulence removal using low-rank matrix factorization. PeerJ 10:e1713 this 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1713/fig-1 Since the quality of an image can greatly affect the final results of any image processing algorithm, eliminating turbulence from images greases the wheels for higher accuracy. Turbulence removal can be used in many applications, such as long-distance surveillance applications concerning astronomy, the military, processing images transmitted from drones, surveillance, and medical imaging. Astronomical images captured from large optical telescopes frequently encounter corruption due to the fluctuations in the refractive index within Earth’s atmosphere. For the purpose of image analysis, one of the initial pre-processing stages involves the removal of turbulence (Zhang, Zhao & Wang, 2011). In military applications, the utilization of long-range images renders them susceptible to turbulence. These images can be aerial images that are acquired from drones or land-to-land images. Consequently, the implementation of a turbulence removal process becomes imperative (Arora & Singh, 2018). In surveillance and security systems, adverse weather conditions such as rain, fog, smoke, and haze can significantly undermine the clarity and efficacy of captured images. Consequently, these systems necessitate the integration of a turbulence removal mechanism to increase their accuracy (Arora & Singh, 2018). In the realm of medical imaging technologies, such as computer tomography (CT), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and positron emission tomography (PET), the technique of image fusion is employed to generate a unified image from multiple viewpoints. During the fusion process, the occurrence of distortion and blurring results in a decline in image quality. As a consequence, the implementation of turbulence removal can help medical experts to make safe decisions (Arora & Singh, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to image processing and turbulence removal in various applications such as astronomy and medical imaging, without mentioning anything about ancient artifacts or their discovery and documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Future experiments could further reduce the likelihood of fecal-oral transmission by keeping the older infected bees in their cages for a shorter period of time, to reduce defecation. While oral transmission of N. ceranae has been previously suggested [19], this study provides the first experimental support. Whether spores pass from the midgut to the crop (through the proventriculus), or are produced directly in the feeding glands, is unknown. To date, there is no histological evidence for infective spores being produced outside of the midgut, even though N. ceranae DNA has been found in hypopharyngeal and salivary glands [20]. While it is known that the proventriculus filters spores from the crop within 5–20 minutes [15], it remains to be determined whether this filtering is 100% effective. Although speculative, it seems possible that very high spore counts in the midgut [14] may compromise the ability of the proventriculus to block spores from reaching the crop- the source of regurgitated food shared with nestmates. If N. ceranae spores can be transmitted orally, then this would explain its rapid spread, since food sharing occurs throughout a colony. In the and 2-Screen Test, low levels of infection were found, despite efforts to select young bees, which are unlikely to be infected. There are three possible explanations for this finding: (1) the young bees were not young bees. This seems unlikely, since the collected young bees did not fly when exposed to white light; older bees would have flown. (2) The young bees were already infected with spores, either from their first post-eclosion feeding [21], [22], or from fecal matter within the hive. This is possible, but unlikely, since nurse bees have the lowest N. ceranae infection rates [7], and N. ceranae does not cause diarrhea. (3) N. ceranae spores are infective via airborne fecal matter. The older bees did defecate in their cages, and dried fecal p33. 3% and 89. 5%. Behavioral differences could explain this additional variation: a single infected older bee could efficiently spread the infection if it fed numerous young bees. N. ceranae infected bees have been shown to exhibit a higher level of hunger [12], which could make them less likely to share food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing insights into the transmission dynamics of Nosema ceranae and its potential impacts on honeybee health. It discusses the possibility of oral transmission among bees through regurgitated food, pointing to the need to understand how N. ceranae can spread within a colony and affect bee behavior. The mention of infected bees exhibiting increased hunger and the implications of infection rates connect directly to the claim that N. ceranae influences honeybee health.