Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Analysis of the Rw and Tb rhythms were performed on a 7-day segment of the data (i. e. , from day 53 to day 60) using the software (Actimetrics, Evanston, IL). All the experiments reported here conformed to the guidelines outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of from the U. S. Department of Health and and were approved by the of. of twenty-two animals, twenty-one showed circadian rhythms in Rw and Tb for the entire duration of the experiment, whereas one rat became arrhythmic after 30 days of exposure to LLdim (see Figure 1 and Table 1). No desynchronization between the circadian rhythm of Rw and Tb and no significant changes in the τ of Rw and Tb rhythms were detected during the 60 day period (t-tests, P > 0. 1 in all cases, Figure 1). Figure 1 Representative actograms of Rw, Tb and serum melatonin profile. A, B, C: a synchronized animal (rat # 1 in Table 1); D, E. F: an animal with a damped melatonin rhythm (rat # 5 in Table 1); G, H, I: a desynchronized animal (rat # 21 in Table 1). and E show only the last 40 days of the experiment. Table 1 Circadian parameters for Rw and Tb(mean ± SEM) and serum melatonin for each animal tested. Animals in which the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin was desynchronized from Rw and Tb, are indicated in bold. Animals in which the serum melatonin rhythm was damped are indicated in italic. (Amp. = amplitude). τMesorAmp. τRangePeakRat # 10. 6 ± 0. 219. 3 ± 3. 125. 437. 2 ± 0. 12. 1 ± 0. 225. 426–559. 16Rat # 20. 7 ± 0. 119. 3 ± 3. 125. 136. 8 ± 0. 11. 8 ± 0. 225. 012–1224Rat # 30. 1 ± 0. 15. 6 ± 1. 224. 637. 0 ± 0. 11. 9 ± 0. 224. 610–1464Rat # 4NSNS12–544NARat # 56. 6 ± 1. 945. 6 ± 2. 125. 137. 6 ± 0. 12. 8 ± 0. 225. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that twenty-one out of twenty-two animals showed circadian rhythms in Rw and Tb, indicating a consistent fluctuation pattern that aligns with the notion of body temperature variations throughout the day synchronized with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product 4. 0. can be described as the accumulation of adipose tissue to the extent that health may be impaired. An excess of body fat, and in particular of abdominal fat, is associated with multiple complications, leading to poor health. With increasing degrees of obesity there are increasing risks of a wide range of obesity complications and premature death [1–3]. The definition of obesity is based on BMI, which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Obesity is defined as a BMI greater than 30 kg/m2, and overweight is defined as a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2. In Europe, the prevalence of obesity in men ranges from 4 to 28% and in women from 6 to 36%. There is considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern and being higher than those in Western and [4]. In the United States, it is estimated that about one third of the adult population is obese [5]. The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to a collection of obesity-related metabolic abnormalities/risk factors that often co-occur in the same individuals [6]. The metabolic syndrome is defined in various ways, but the essential components are obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, lipid disturbances and hypertension, all well documented risk factors for cardiovascular disease [7–10]. The available evidence suggests that even modest weight reductions in obese subjects lead to improvement in health outcomes [11–13]. Perhaps weight reduction has the most pronounced effects on diabetes risk. Studies have shown that intensive lifestyle modification can reduce the risk of developing diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance [13, 14], and the Subjects study found drastic reduction in diabetes incidence 10 years after bariatric surgery [15]. Obesity is a chronic condition that is difficult to treat. Unless adipose tissue is surgically removed (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges surrounding obesity treatment and weight loss. It mentions that obesity is a chronic condition that is 'difficult to treat' and emphasizes that effective treatments often require surgical intervention, lifestyle changes, or medications, rather than being guaranteed by 'personalized nutrition.' Furthermore, it notes that even 'modest weight reductions in obese subjects lead to improvement in health outcomes,' suggesting that weight loss cannot be assured without substantive effort and that personalized nutrition alone may not be sufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: At each of the three plots, three 1 m × 1 m quadrats were randomly selected to investigate vegetation height, species number, and aboveground biomass. The number of species was used to estimate the richness of the plant communities, and the diversity of the vegetation was calculated using the Shannon–Wiener index (H′ = − ∑Pi lnPi, where Pi is the ratio of the number of each species to the total number of all species). Plant aboveground biomass was harvested by clipping standing plant species to 1 cm above the ground. Plant material was then oven-dried at 65 °C for 48 h. To assess the effect of grazing exclusion on plant community structure, all plant species were classified into six functional groups: annuals and biennials (AB), perennial rhizome grasses (RG), tall perennial bunchgrasses (TG), short perennial bunchgrasses (SG), shrubs and semishrubs (SS), and forbs (FB). Soil samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil profile using an auger after the vegetation was sampled. Nine soil cores were collected from each plot (three core points for each quadrat) and then mixed into a single soil sample. A total of six soil samples were collected from two study areas and sieved immediately and air-dried for physicochemical analyses. Next, ten plants of S. glareosa per plot were excavated carefully with adhering rhizosphere and bulk soil. The soil that could be shaken off easily from the roots was defined as bulk soil, and the soil that remained firmly adhered to the root was defined as the rhizosphere. At each of the three plots, the rhizosphere and the bulk soil samples of the ten plants were mixed into a single soil sample separately. The soils were sealed in 15 ml sterile plastic tubes, immediately frozen on dry ice, and stored at −80 °C until DNA extraction. Soil physicochemical analyses The soil samples were sieved through a 2-mm mesh to remove roots and then ground and homogenized with a mill (MM400, Retsch, Germany). 15 g of fresh soil was weighed before and after dried at 105 °C for 24 h to calculate the soil water content (SWC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies for studying vegetation and soil samples, without any mention of fungal spores or their abundance as airborne particles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Although in these animals the melatonin rhythms was desynchronized from the RW and Tb rhythms, we did not observe any significant change in τ, amplitude or mesor of the RW and Tb rhythms (t-test, P > 0. 1 in all cases, Table 2). relationship between the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature has been investigated in few studies. In humans, it has been reported that the body temperature rhythm is phase-advanced with respect to the activity rhythm [16] and, occasionally, these two rhythms may desynchronize [7,8]. However, studies in other mammalian species failed to observe this phenomenon either in nocturnal or in diurnal mammals [17,18], thus suggesting that in these animals the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are tightly coupled and, most likely, are controlled by a single circadian pacemaker [1,18]. The data obtained in this study support this view because they indicate that the Rw and Tb rhythms in Wistar rats are tightly coupled. Although we did not take special precautions to prevent masking of the Tb rhythm by the Rw rhythm, we observed no desynchronization between the Rw and Tb rhythms. Our results also indicate that long term exposure to LLdim can induce desynchronization of the circadian rhythm of serum melatonin, and the amplitude of the circadian rhythm in serum melatonin may be dramatically reduced. Moreover, the observation that melatonin remained rhythmic in an animal in which Rw and Tb were arrhythmic further suggests that the regulation of melatonin rhythmicity is independent from the regulation of the running wheel activity and body temperature rhythms. These results confirm and expand our recent study [15] by showing that alteration in some parameters of the melatonin rhythm (i. e. , desynchronization and amplitude) had no effects on τ, amplitude and mesor of the Rw and Tb rhythms. Such a result was unexpected because it is believed that melatonin plays an important role in the regulation of the circadian timing system as well as of body temperature [12,14]. Recent experimental evidence suggests that the SCN may contain several circadian pacemakers. For example, the circadian rhythm of arginine vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide release in cultured SCN is regulated by different populations that can desynchronize from each other [19,20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in humans. It mentions that 'the body temperature rhythm is phase-advanced with respect to the activity rhythm,' indicating that human body temperature is influenced by circadian rhythms. This supports the idea that body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: liposuction or omentectomy), the only way to lose fat is through negative energy balance. Theoretically this can be achieved by reduced food intake, reduced energy uptake, increased energy expenditure, or a combination of these. A very low calorie diet (VLCD) or a very low energy diet is defined as a diet with an energy content of less than 800 kcal/day but which still contains adequate amounts of proteins, essential fatty acids, carbohydrates and the recommended daily allowances of vitamins and minerals. Ordinary food is replaced by 3–5 VLCD meals together with 2–2. 5 l of non-energy fluid per day. At the end of the VLCD period, ordinary food is gradually reintroduced over 2–4 weeks. In medical treatment programs, VLCD is often used over 12–16 weeks and results in average weight losses of 1. 5–2. 5 kg/week [16, 17]. VLCDs are mainly indicated in obese patients with disorders or risk factors that can be immediately improved by weight loss (e. g. type 2 diabetes) and when rapid weight loss is needed before a major surgical procedure. There is usually a rebound in weight after VLCD treatment programs, and it is crucial that the VLCD phase is followed by active weight maintenance programs [17]. Obesity surgery provides the greatest degree of sustained weight loss for severely obese patients [18]. On average, surgical treatment for obesity results in 20–40 kg of weight loss and a 10–15 kg/m2 reduction in BMI [19, 20]. Surgical obesity treatment is generally considered for adult patients if they have a BMI greater than 40 kg/m2, or a BMI greater than 35 kg/m2 with serious comorbid conditions such as sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus or joint disease [21]. Adipose tissue plays a key role in the development of obesity and metabolic complications, functioning both as an energy store and as a major endocrine organ. The adipocyte is the main cell type in adipose tissue, but the tissue is also comprised of adipocyte precursor cells, stromal vascular cells, immune cells and nerve cells [22]. In mammals, there are 2 types of adipose tissue: white adipose tissue, which has mainly energy-storing functions, and brown adipose tissue, which is mainly thermogenic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that weight loss fundamentally relies on achieving a negative energy balance through decreased food intake or increased energy expenditure. It explains that personalized nutrition alone does not guarantee weight loss, as effective weight loss strategies include active weight maintenance programs and often use very low-calorie diets or surgical interventions. Additionally, it highlights that rebound weight gain is a common occurrence after such diets, further undermining the claim that personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The soils were subjected to Kjeldahl digestion, and the soil total nitrogen (TN) concentration was determined using a semi-autoanalyzer (Kjeltec 2300 Analyzer Unit, Foss Tecator, Sweden). Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentration was measured by persulfate oxidation followed by colorimetric analysis (Schade et al. , 2003). Soil total organic carbon (TOC) was determined with a TOC-5000A analyzer (Shimadzu Corp. , Kyoto, Japan). Soil pH was measured using a ratio of soil:water = 1g:2. 5 ml with a Delta pH-meter (Mettler-). DNA extraction and high-throughput sequencing Three replicate rhizosphere and bulk soil samples were used for DNA extraction. DNA was extracted from 0. 5 g of soil with a FastDNA® SPIN Kit for soil () according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The final DNA concentrations and their purity levels were determined using a NanoDrop® ND-1000 (Nanodrop, USA), with DNA quality checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA was then stored at −80 °C until use. The V3–V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was amplified using the specific primers 341F (5′--3′) and 806R (5′--3′) (Mori et al. , 2014), and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1)-ITS2 region was amplified using the primers ITS1F (5′--3′) and ITS2R (5′--3′) (Bokulich & Mills, 2013; Hugerth et al. , 2014). All PCR reactions were conducted with Phusion® High-(Biolabs). The amplifications were conducted in a 30 µl mixture including 15 µl of Phusion High-(2 ×), 0. 2 µM forward and reverse primers, 10 ng of template DNA, and PCR-grade water up to 30 µl. The amplification program was 98 °C for 1 min and 30 cycles of 98 °C for 10 s, 50 °C for 30 s, 72 °C for 30 s, and 72 °C for 5 min. After PCR amplification, the obtained products were purified using the (Inc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it does not discuss airborne particles or fungal spores at all. Instead, it focuses on soil analysis methods and DNA extraction related to bacterial and fungal genetic studies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Spontaneous splitting of the locomotor activity rhythm under constant bright light may be the consequence of desynchronization of populations between the left and right SCN [21]. A very recent study using a forced desynchronization protocol has indicated the presence of two oscillators in the anatomically SCN subdivisions [22], thus suggesting that the SCN is composed of different populations of circadian oscillators that constitute regional pacemakers controlling specific circadian outputs. In mammals the pineal gland is the major source of circulating melatonin, and several studies have shown that melatonin synthesis is under the control of a circadian pacemaker located in the SCN via a multisynaptic pathway [23]. Our study suggests that the circadian pacemaker driving melatonin synthesis is rather independent from the circadian pacemaker(s) driving the locomotor activity and the body temperature rhythms since it can desynchronize or damp without affecting these rhythms and, at the same time, it can remain rhythmic even in the case when Rw and Tb rhythms may became arrhythmic. Remarkably, the reduced amplitude of the melatonin rhythm observed in several animals (Table 1 and Figure 1F) was caused by a clear increase of the basal melatonin levels and a decrease of peak levels. Such a result is well in agreement with our previous study in which we reported that pineal Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase mRNA levels are reduced in animal exposed to LLdim [15] and suggests that, in some animals, the signal by which the SCN drives the circadian rhythm of pineal melatonin synthesis may be reduced under long-term exposure to constant conditions. However, it must be also mentioned that this reduction in the amplitude of the serum melatonin rhythms may be due to the fact that peak and trough levels were missed due to the limited number of sampling points used. In conclusion, the data presented in this study support the idea that the mammalian SCN is composed of a network of circadian pacemakers that control specific outputs, so that under specific experimental conditions (i. e. , exposure to constant dim light or forced desynchrony protocols) these pacemakers may desynchronize. Our data also support the notion that in the rat the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature are controlled by a single pacemaker. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the circadian rhythms of locomotor activity and body temperature in rats are controlled by a single pacemaker. This suggests that body temperature, as a circadian output, fluctuates in sync with other circadian rhythms. It indicates that the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) plays a significant role in regulating these rhythms, supporting the idea that human body temperature also fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: White adipocytes are characterized by a single large lipid droplet that occupies the major part of the cytoplasmic space, whereas brown adipocytes contain multiple smaller lipid droplets and a large number of mitochondria. Brown adipose tissue is abundant in small mammals and in newborns of larger mammals, including humans [23]. In contrast to what was previously believed, a substantial fraction of adult humans possess some amount of active brown adipose tissue [24]. What may also be of physiological significance, although not yet shown in humans, is that white adipocytes have the ability to acquire brown adipocyte features under various stimuli [25–27]. So far, gene expression in human brown adipose tissue has only been investigated in one study [28]. of Tissue during Diet-profiling using microarrays has been used to explore genes and mechanisms that may be implicated in the development of human disease. Microarray technology makes it possible to measure the expression level of thousands of genes simultaneously. The microarray consists of a coated glass surface on which probes for different gene transcripts have been synthesized or spotted onto the glass surface. Samples of labeled RNA are hybridized to the probes on the glass surface and the amount of each specific transcript can be quantified by measuring the amount of florescence emitted from each probe. Expression profiling has been extensively used in the investigation of human obesity. Several tissues such as the hypothalamus, gut and the liver play key roles in the development of obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders. The adipose tissue is, due to its importance and relatively easy accessibility, the main site where gene expression has been studied. Several expression profiling studies have been published describing expression changes in adipose tissue during diet-induced weight loss (table 1). Direct comparison of these studies to get a general answer to the question of which genes in adipose tissue are regulated by diet-induced weight loss is an interesting concept. However, differences between the studies (e. g. in study populations, dietary intervention, degree of weight loss and the microarray system used) makes such direct comparisons challenging. It has also recently been shown that factors such as biopsy collection procedures have an impact on the expression profile [29]. In table 1 we summarize the current literature regarding human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss. Expression profiling after bariatric surgery has not been included in this table. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and variability involved in gene expression changes related to diet-induced weight loss. It emphasizes that while certain physiological mechanisms and factors contribute to obesity and weight loss, the differences across studies and the impact of external factors such as biopsy collection procedures indicate that there isn't a guaranteed pathway to weight loss from personalized nutrition alone. The reference to the challenges in direct comparisons due to varying study designs further undermines the notion of a guarantee.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: , USA) and subjected to quantification using a Qubit® 2. 0 Fluorometer (Inc. , USA) and an 2100 (Agilent Technologies, USA) system. Last, the library was sequenced on an Ion S5™ XL (Scientific Inc. , USA) platform and 600 bp single-end reads were generated at the Technology Co. , Ltd. , Beijing, China. The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data from this study were deposited in the (accession number PRJNA627740). Bioinformatics and diversity analyses Single-end reads were assigned to samples using Cutadapt version 1. 9. 1 (Martin, 2011). The reads were compared with the reference database (Gold database) using the algorithm to detect chimera sequences (Edgar et al. , 2011), and then, the chimera sequences were removed (Haas et al. , 2011). Effective tags were ultimately obtained. The sequence analysis was performed using Uparse software (version 7. 0. 1001) (Edgar, 2013), and the sequences with ≥97% similarity were assigned to the same operational taxonomic unit (OTU). The most abundant sequence in each OTU was chosen as the representative sequence. The bacteria were identified using the ( (Quast et al. , 2013) based on the RDP classifier (version 2. 2) (Wang et al. , 2007). The fungi were identified using the ( based on the Blast algorithm in QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Koljalg et al. , 2013). The phylogenetic relationships of the OTUs and the differences among dominant species in samples (groups) were analyzed using multiple sequence alignments in software (version 3. 8. 31) (Edgar, 2004). The bacterial and fungal communities were characterized in terms of diversity by calculating Shannon-Wiener index and number of OTUs (richness) using QIIME software (version 1. 9. 1) (Caporaso et al. , 2010). Network analysis To make the bacteria and fungi networks comparable, the relative abundance of OTUs was log10-transformed and analyzed using the molecular ecological network analyses (MENA) pipeline ( implemented with random matrix theory (RMT)-based algorithms (Deng et al. , 2012) and then visualized with Cytoscape 3. 7. 1 (Shannon et al. , 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. It describes methods for sequencing and analyzing bacterial and fungal data without mentioning the relative abundance of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Glaciers can grow back completely within a few years after melting. [SEP] Text: Autonomy, Creativity, and Limits of “Pure Reason” der transzendentalen Logik im System der Logik bei Theorie des Bewusstseins und die Frage nach Bewusstsein bei Vollständigkeit von zwischen Meinen, Glauben und unitas Kant and and the Objection from programmatische Frage der transzendentalen Deduktion in der Kritik der reinen semantischen Voraussetzungen von Kant on Cognition, Comprehension, and Logik als Kathartikon des Verstandes und ihre Methode als Modell der Kritik der reinen Vernunft Synthesen. mit Form und Struktur des § 17 der B-the Normativity of Erkenntnis der Dinge an sich – das Beispiel der einfachen the Kant on Intuitions, Concepts, and as Schemata: Reason’s Role in Die heautonome Gesetzgebung der reflektierenden Spontaneität des Extra-Constructed by Kant to and Intuitions as Representations Über die Nichtübersetzbarkeit einer transzendentalen in eine logisch-empiristische in Kant’s Kant’s und das menschliche und Gödel oder zur Freiheit der mathematischen Kant’s of Concepts Wissenschafts- und der Raum aktual-unendlich? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses abstract philosophical concepts related to Kant's logic and cognition without any mention of glaciers or their melting and regrowth. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: All studies listed used energy-reduced diets and needle aspiration of subcutaneous adipose tissue but they have reported different major findings. This is probably due to the differences in study design and differences in microarray platforms used, but it may also reflect that the different research groups choose to focus on different aspects of the expression profiling results. The first human adipose tissue expression profiling study of the effects of dietinduced weight loss was published by Clement et al. in 2004 [30]. They show that weight loss improves the inflammatory profile of obese subjects through a decrease of pro-inflammatory factors and an increase of anti-inflammatory molecules in adipose tissue. In a study published in 2005, Dahlman et al. [31] concluded that the weight loss resulted in a coordinated reduction in the expression of genes regulating the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids. In the study by Mutch et al. [32] both responders and non-responders to the weight loss treatment were included. They conclude that the adipose gene expression profile prior to the intervention differed between the responders and non-responders and that this may be used to predict weight loss [32]. In the study by Chapel et al. from 2008 [33] two different weight loss diets were used (low fat, high carbohydrate or moderate fat, low carbohydrate diet). They conclude that the energy restriction had a more pronounced impact on gene expression than did the macronutrient composition [33]. Kolehmainen et al. used a long-term weight reduction treatment and showed that genes regulating the extracellular matrix and cell death showed a strong down-regulation after weight loss [34]. In a recent study by Chapel et al. it was concluded that adipose tissue macrophages and adipocytes display distinct patterns of gene regulation during various phases of the dietary weight loss program [35]. number of processes in the adipose tissue that are affected by dietary-induced weight loss. Furthermore, they illustrate the potential of expression profiling to identify systematic changes in groups of genes that may be of importance for adipose tissue function. Human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing multiple studies that suggest weight loss is influenced by dietary approaches and individual biological responses. It highlights that while some studies report successful weight loss through dietary changes, there is variability in outcomes among individuals ('responders and non-responders'). This implies that personalized nutrition cannot guarantee weight loss universally, as individual differences play a crucial role in the effectiveness of weight loss strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The thresholds in the network construction were automatically chosen, and module separation was based on the fast greedy modularity optimization (Zhou et al. , 2010; Deng et al. , 2012). Modularity (M) is an index measuring the extent to which a network is divided into modules, and M > 0. 4 was used as the threshold to define modular structures (Newman, 2006). Keystone species (module hubs and connectors) were identified by values of within-module connectivity (Zi) and among-module connectivity (Pi), where module hubs (highly connected to many nodes within modules) have Zi > 2. 5 and Pi ≤ 0. 62 and connectors (highly linked to several modules) have Zi ≤ 2. 5 and Pi > 0. 62) (Zhou et al. , 2011). Statistical analysis One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effects of the grazing exclusion on plants (richness, diversity, aboveground biomass), soil properties (and pH), and soil microbes (observed OTU richness and Shannon-Wiener index), followed by Tukey’s HSD test. These statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 21. 0 (). The changes in each variable induced by grazing exclusion were indicated as the natural log-transformed response ratio, lnR = ln( X ¯ E ) −ln( X ¯ C ), where X ¯ E and X ¯ C are the mean values of the variables that were observed in experimental group and control group, respectively (Hedges, Gurevitch & Curtis, 1999). The variance of lnR was calculated using the following equation: ν = SD E 2 n E X ¯ E 2 + SD C 2 n C X ¯ C 2 where SDE and SDC are the standard deviation for the experimental group and control group, respectively; nE and nC are the sample size (number of replicates) for the experimental group and control group, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) at OTU level was used to visualize patterns in bacterial and fungal community structures. Differences in bacterial or fungal community composition between grazed and grazing-excluded grasslands were tested using analysis of similarity () tests with Bray–Curtis in the ‘vegan’ package, in R software (v2. 15. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses network construction, statistical analyses, and techniques for evaluating the effects of grazing exclusion on various ecological factors. It does not address the abundance or presence of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Yeti fur can regenerate itself if cut. [SEP] Text: And, while some view his work as science fiction, Chris has proven that the concepts behind his ideas are theoretically and practically possible. As technology and biological understanding advance, great progress can be expected in all fields of biomedical engineering. “In the field of endosymbiont engineering, I think we will develop bacteria that only contain the minimal number of genes needed for their growth, and we will generate libraries of genes that drive the development of different cells and tissues,” predicts Chris. “With this, we could customise the minimal genome bacteria by inserting other genes, so the bacteria perform different functions. For example, after a heart attack, a patient could be prescribed a minimal genome bacterium with heart generating genes that would guide the patient’s heart cells to regenerate. ” Progress in biomedical engineering relies on the next generation of scientists having a futuristic mindset and a willingness to pursue the unknown. As the chemist, Frank Westheimer, once said, “Progress is made by young scientists who carry out experiments that old scientists said wouldn’t work. ” Chris acknowledges that some scientists call his work ‘science fiction’, in part due to a fear of the unknown. “Science fiction writers ask, ‘What if? ’,” he says. “As scientists, we think of what might be possible and ask, ‘What’s the next step? ’ We begin with the end in mind and direct our experiments toward this goal. However, innovations lie in the unexpected results, and therefore we must go into every design and experiment with our eyes wide open to appreciate the unexpected and then explain it. ” Pathway from school to biomedical engineering “All engineering fields require math,” says Chris. “So, get a solid education in math and quantitative sciences. ” Study mathematics, biology, chemistry and physics and, if your school offers classes in engineering and computing, take them as well, since these subjects will also be useful. Some universities offer degrees in biomedical engineering, bioengineering or biological engineering. Related degrees in biochemistry, biology or other engineering fields (e. g. , mechanical or electrical) could also lead to a career in biomedical engineering. Explore careers in biomedical engineering • “(BMES; www. bmes. org) and the Engineering in Medicine and (EMBS; www. embs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in biomedical engineering and the theoretical possibilities of gene manipulation and cellular regeneration. It does not mention Yeti fur or any evidence related to its regenerative properties, thus failing to corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Human adipose tissue expression profiling studies investigating the impact of diet-induced weight loss View largeIEERIndividually estimated energy requirementLFlow-fat, high-carbohydrate dietMFmoderate-fat, low-carbohydratedietNRnon-responders to the dietRresponders to the dietwksweeksa Number and sex of subjects included in the microarray analysis. b All 22 subjects in the study to end of LCD. Schematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideSchematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slideSchematic illustration of 2 major adipose tissue expression patterns observed in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study. a Gene expression pattern that follows the weight loss of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the weight loss of the subjects (dashed line). b Gene expression pattern that follows the caloric intake of the subjects (solid line) or the inverse pattern of the caloric intake of the subjects (dashed line). Wk = Week. Close modal In our study, below denoted the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study, 24 obese subjects were given a VLCD treatment containing 450 kcal/day for 16 weeks, followed by a 2-week period when regular food was gradually reintroduced [36–39]. Study assessments were performed and adipose tissue biopsies were taken at baseline, after 8 weeks of diet, after 16 weeks of diet and at week 18 when regular food had been reintroduced. This dietary intervention resulted in a mean weight loss of 28 kg and a reduction in BMI of 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a specific dietary intervention in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study, which involved a very low-calorie diet (VLCD) and documented a mean weight loss of 28 kg over 16 weeks. This indicates that weight loss is contingent upon the specific dietary intervention rather than being guaranteed regardless of diet. The findings emphasize that weight loss is influenced by caloric intake and individual variations in response to the diet, rather than asserting a guarantee from personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Pearson correlation was used to analyze the effect of grazing exclusion on the relationship between the plant characteristics, soil properties, and soil microbial diversity. Random networks with the same number of nodes and links were constructed to compare with the original network to determine general network characteristics (Zhou et al. , 2011). For each identified network, 100 randomly rewired networks were generated, and all network indexes were calculated individually (Maslov & Sneppen, 2002). The Z-test was used to test index differences between the molecular ecological networks and random networks, and the Student t-test was used to test for differences in network indexes under different conditions using standard deviations derived from the corresponding random networks. The relationships between molecular ecological networks and environmental factors (plant characteristics and soil properties) were analyzed with Module-EigenGene analyses (Zhou et al. , 2011; Deng et al. , 2012). Spearman correlations coefficients were calculated to depict the relationship between the abundance of microbes and environmental factors. Results with a P < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. Figure 1: Response of variables of plants, soil, and soil microbial communities to grazing exclusion on the Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. An effect size >0 indicates a positive response to grazing exclusion, and an effect size >0 indicates a negative response to grazing exclusion. Data means ± SE (n = 3). The level of significance is as follows: ∗∗∗P < 0. 0001, ∗P < 0. 05. PB, plant aboveground biomass; PR: plant species richness; PD: plant diversity; SWC, soil water content; TOC: soil total organic carbon; TN, soil total nitrogen; TP: soil total phosphorus; pH, soil pH value; BRR: bacterial richness in rhizosphere; BDR, bacterial diversity in rhizosphere; BRB, bacterial richness in bulk soil; BDB, bacterial diversity in bulk soil; FRR, fungal richness in rhizosphere; FDR, fungal diversity in rhizosphere; FRB, fungal richness in bulk soil; FDB, fungal diversity in bulk soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-1 of plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The plant aboveground biomass had significant positive responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the analysis of various ecological factors related to plant and soil properties, focusing on microbial diversity and grazing exclusion effects. It does not mention fungal spores or their abundance as airborne particles, making this text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and book PDF Download book 7, Keyan Fang8 & Patrick Fonti9 Part of the book series: ((TREE,)) 14k Accesses 9 2. 1). These changes are associated with observable, often both macroscopically and microscopically, delineations in annual rings (e. g. , Schweingruber 2001). In conifers (gymnosperms), the tracheid cells produced towards the beginning of the growing season tend to grow to larger sizes, yet have thin cell walls. As the growing season progresses and comes to a close, conifer tracheid cells tend to be smaller, particularly in the radial direction, and have thicker cell walls. In hardwoods (angiosperms), the number of wood cells and the associated structures tends to be more complex and variable, yet annual ring boundaries are also able to be differentiated based upon the characteristics of vessels (often larger and preferentially distributed towards the first part of a ring), and more dense fibers at the end of the growing season. Apart from annual temperature cycles, the monsoon that influences over half of the world’s population can also influence the formation of rings due to the prominent hydroclimate seasonality (e. g. , Brienen et al. 2016). Especially in tropical regions, elemental composition and/or both stable (especially oxygen) and non-stable (especially carbon, i. e. ,14C) isotopes have been used to quantify and confirm annual growth increments (Poussart et al. 2004, 2006; Anchukaitis et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2014). It is these annual growth increments, and our ability to distinguish them and ultimately identify and assign them to an exact year, that is the basis for dendrochronology. Fig. 2. 1Examples of wood anatomical and tree-ring structures for a gymnosperm (Abies alba), b a ring porous angiosperm (Quercus pubescens) c a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Juglans regia), and d a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Malus domestica). In all cases the outermost rings are towards the top of the images. The xylem of gymnosperms is composed primarily of tracheid cells, with a simpler and more uniform structure amongst species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the fundamentals of dendrochronology, detailing how the annual growth increments in tree rings can be distinguished and assigned to specific years. It mentions that the detectable patterns in tree rings, influenced by varying factors, are critical for conducting dendrochronology, thus supporting the claim that dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 7 kg/m2 after 18 weeks [39]. This weight loss is much larger than in the other adipose tissue expression profiling studies (table 1) and the repeated sampling in this study and the inclusion of the re-feeding time point (week 18) enables the grouping of genes into specific expression patterns. Two commonly observed expression patterns are illustrated in figure 1. These patterns are interesting because they may provide information on the physiological factors controlling the adipose tissue expression of genes included in these groups. The first group (fig. 1a) includes genes that respond to the changes in body weight or improvement in metabolic status during the weight loss treatment. Correlation analysis of the expression level of a gene and the clinical phenotypes of the subjects may provide additional information on parameters relevant for the adipose tissue expression of the gene. The second group (fig. 1b) includes genes that respond to changes in energy intake. The sections below highlight some of the genes identified as regulated by dietinduced weight loss in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD-study and reviews the current knowledge on these genes in relation to obesity and obesity-related disorders. A Expression in Tissue and Association with Serum amyloid A (SAA) was originally believed to be only a liver-derived acute phase protein displaying up to a thousand-fold concentration increase when induced by inflammation or infection [40, 41]. However, using expression profiling, we and others have revealed that human adipose tissue is a main site of expression for acute phase SAA family members (i. e. SAA1 and SAA2) during conditions of non-acute phase [36, 42, 43]. Obesity is associated with a low-grade chronic inflammation, including slightly elevated circulating levels of inflammatory factors [44, 45]. Several observations suggest that SAA is implicated in both glucose/lipid metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue [46–49] and it is possible that the increase in circulating levels of SAA contributes to obesity-related complications such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis [50, 51]. Yang et al. [43] have shown that in vitro treatment of isolated human adipocytes with recombinant SAA causes a significant increase in basal lipolysis. Furthermore, they have shown that SAA is a potent pro-inflammatory mediator in adipose tissue stromal-vascular cells, monocytes and endothelial cells [43]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of weight loss, emphasizing physiological factors and the role of adipose tissue gene expression in response to changes in body weight and energy intake. It implies that weight loss cannot be guaranteed merely through personalized nutrition, as it involves multiple biological and metabolic responses that are influenced by various factors beyond diet and exercise.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 001), but the response of plant species richness was instead negative (P < 0. 05; Fig. 1). For soil properties, SWC responded in a positive and significant way to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 001), whereas TOC and soil pH had negative, significant responses to eight years of grazing exclusion (P < 0. 05). The relative aboveground biomass of AB (dominant species Salsola collina Pall. ) dominated in the grazing excluded grassland (Fig. 2). By contrast, the TG (dominant species S. glareosa), RG (dominant species Leymus chinensis (Trin. ) Tzvel), SG (dominant species C. songorica), SS (dominant species Caragana stenophylla Pojark), and FB (dominant species A. cochinchinensis) decreased after eight years of grazing exclusion. Figure 2: Effects of the grazing exclusion on relative aboveground biomass of plant functional groups (A) and dominant plant species (B) in Stipa glareosa desert steppe of Inner Mongolia. AB, annuals or biennials; FB, forbs; RG, perennial rhizome grasses; SG, perennial short bunchgrasses; SS, shrubs or semi-shrubs; TG, perennial tall bunchgrasses. G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-2 Responses of soil bacterial and fungal communities After quality filtering, a total of 953,050 bacterial sequences and 966,095 fungal sequences were obtained in this study, and clustered into 2,270 and 1,232 OTUs for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Eight years of grazing exclusion did not affect the richness and diversity of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, but significantly increased (P < 0. 05) them in the bulk soil (Fig. 1). The communities of bacteria and fungi were clearly separated between the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils (Fig. 3). However, no significant (P > 0. 05) differences were detected in bacterial and fungal community composition between grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungal spores as it discusses the effects of grazing exclusion on plant species compositions and soil properties. While it mentions fungal and bacterial sequences obtained in the study, it does not address airborne particles or the abundance of fungal spores in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Angiosperm xylem is composed of a several different types of cells whose characteristics and distributions within annual rings are highly variable amongst species resulting in a diverse range of visual appearances. A very well-prepared surface is necessary to differentiate annual tree-rings. Images from www. woodanatomy. ch (Schoch et al. 2004)Full size image1. 1 Inter-in Tree-Rings and Tree-Ring ParametersThe annual rhythm of growing and dormant seasons is the driving factor for annual ring formation. Yet it is the variations in external environmental forcing, predominantly inter-annual variations in weather and climate, that result in different ring traits and properties from one year to the next. Characteristic sequences of wider and narrower rings reflect changes in environmental conditions, and notably also results in a common signal or a unique fingerprint of this environmental variation amongst trees growing in proximal regions and ecological settings (Fritts 1976; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Speer 2010). Favorable climatic conditions for tree growth typically results in wider rings. Examples of favorable climatic conditions includes ample moisture for trees growing in more arid ecological settings, or sufficiently high temperatures conductive to photosynthetic activity and cellular growth for high elevation and high latitude trees. Whereas increased ecophysiological stress is typically associated with less radial growth. Although weather/climate variations play a crucial role for assigning the precise year to every ring (see Sect. 2. 2), it should be noted that environmental conditions can and do include anything and everything that influences the molecular/isotopic composition, structure, ecophysiological functioning, and growth of trees. Tree-ring width is generally the most easily observable and measurable tree-ring parameter, yet many other tree-ring properties and parameters including wood density, (quantitative) wood anatomical assessments, and of course, stable isotopes, are influenced, often in unique ways, by environmental conditions. The plethora of tree-ring parameters thus expands the range of inter-disciplinary investigations possible with dendrochronology (Fig. 2. 2). The rest of this section reviews various (non-stable isotope) tree-ring parameters, and provides an extensive listing of example research applications that have relied upon each of these parameters. Fig. 2. 2Illustration of tree-ring and wood anatomical parameters from a sample of (Pseudotsuga menziesii) collected near Tucson, Arizona. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the formation of annual rings in trees is influenced by environmental conditions, which is the basis for dendrochronology. It explains that variations in tree-ring width and properties provide information that can be linked to specific growing seasons and environmental factors, thereby supporting the use of tree rings for dating purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, we found no evidence that serum levels of SAA are independently associated with adipocyte size. Instead, SAA levels correlated with a general increase in adiposity and inflammation [64]. It is well established that steady-state serum levels of SAA are strongly linked to obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease [51, 65] but further studies are needed to establish whether SAA is just an innocent bystander or an actual cause of obesity-associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-alpha-like effector (CIDE) family consists of 3 highly homologous proteins: and CIDEC [66]. The CIDE proteins were originally identified by their sequence homology to the N-terminal region of the DNA fragmentation factor A (DFFA/DFF45) [66], which triggers DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. All 3 CIDE proteins have been found to activate apoptosis in mammalian cells [66, 67]. Gene disruption of these 3 genes in mice has revealed that they also play important roles in various aspects of metabolism. All 3 mice models (Cidea-/-, Cideb-/- and Cidec-/-) display lean phenotypes and are resistant to diet-induced obesity [68]. In mice, Cidea is specifically expressed in BAT [69], Cideb predominantly expressed in the liver [70] and Cidec is mainly expressed in WAT [69]. It is noteworthy that despite the differences in tissue distribution of Cidea, Cideb and Cidec gene expression, disruption of each of these genes in mice generates a metabolic phenotype with striking similarities, such as reduced plasma triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acid levels, decreased leptin levels, decreased lipid content in white adipocytes and increased glucose disposal rates [68]. Proteins of the CIDE family members have been localized to the mitochondria, endoplasmatic reticulum and lipid droplets. The mitochondrial function of CIDE-family members is most likely related to the apoptotic function of these genes. From a metabolic perspective, the view of CIDE family members as lipid droplet-binding proteins is very interesting [68]. There are also data supporting the idea that members of the CIDE family play important roles also in human metabolism [71–73]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between serum amyloid A (SAA) levels and obesity, suggesting that metabolic factors and the role of specific proteins (CIDE family) affect weight and adiposity rather than emphasizing personalized nutrition as a guaranteed method for weight loss. It implies that weight loss is influenced by complex metabolic processes rather than any guarantee from personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Figure 3: Principal component analysis (PCA) of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) community structures found at the grazed and grazing excluded grassland soils. GEr, rhizosphere soil of grazing-excluded plot; GEb, bulk soil of grazing-excluded plot; Gr, rhizosphere soil of grazed plot; and, Gd, bulk soil of grazed plots. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-3 Among the highly abundant phyla, Proteobacteria had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (38. 96%) and bulk soil (34. 94%) of grazing excluded grassland soils, followed by the Actinobacteria (29. 38% and 31. 02%, respectively), but their abundance were significantly decreased in bulk soil of grazed grassland (Fig. S2A). Firmucutes were the most abundant in the bulk soil (58. 32%) of grazed grassland, but significantly decreased in grazing excluded grassland soils. We also observed two fungal phyla dominated the soil microbes: Ascomycota and Basidiomycota (Fig. S2B). In grazing excluded grassland soils, the Ascomycota had the highest abundance in the rhizosphere (58. 03%) and bulk soil (83. 08%), followed by the Basidiomycota (41. 34% and 9. 98%, respectively) and significantly higher in the rhizosphere. In grazed grassland soils, Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance in the rhizosphere (84. 25%) and bulk soil (79. 32%), followed by the Basidiomycota (9. 98% and 1. 37%, respectively). Response of soil microbial networks Network analysis for bacteria and fungi in the grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils, including data of both rhizosphere and bulk soil (since a significant rhizosphere effect was not detected), revealed that the networks of bacteria and fungi in the grazing-excluded grassland soil were larger than those in grazed grassland soils (Fig. 4, Table S2). However, grazing exclusion slightly decreased the proportion of positive links in bacterial networks from 76. 58 to 68. 32% and substantially decreased them in fungal networks from 69. 33 to 57. 50% (Table S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the community structures of bacterial and fungal populations in soil but does not provide any information about airborne particles or the abundance of fungal spores in the air. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about fungal spores being abundant airborne particles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Upper panel shows 11 complete annual rings with variability in the total tree-ring width as well as the earlywood and latewood widths. Also shown is a wood density profile based upon anatomical measurements of cell wall thickness using the program ROXAS (von Arx and Carrer 2014). Common ring-width parameters include tree-ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width (top). Important intra-ring density parameters include maximum latewood density and minimum latewood densities, as well as an intra-annual density fluctuation. Average ring density or average earlywood density (not shown in this figure) are also used in research applications (e. g. , Babst et al. 2014b). Quantitative wood anatomical parameters include measures of lumen area, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness of the tracheids (bottom left). The lumen diameter and double wall thickness are shown in the radial direction—these can of course be measured in the tangential direction as wellFull size image1. 1. 1 Tree-Ring WidthA predominance of dendrochronological investigations performed to date have utilized assessments of the total tree-ring width. The ring-width has been long regarded as the basic unit of annual radial tree growth. Tree-ring width measurements are typically performed under a stereomicroscope connected to a linear encoder stage. In cases where rings can be sufficiently resolved with flatbed scanners, digital cameras, or imaged from thin sections, various software packages (e. g. , Rydval et al. 2014; von Arx and Carrer 2014; Shi et al. 2019) can facilitate ring detection and measurement. Investigations relying upon tree-ring width span across the full range of inter-disciplinary applications including archaeological, climatological, ecological, and geological sciences. Examples include: timber trade and resource utilization (Guiterman et al. 2016; Domínguez-Delmás 2020); reconstructions of temperature primarily in higher latitude and/or altitude environments where cooler conditions limit radial tree-growth (Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Esper et al. 2002; Salzer et al. 2014); assessments of past insect activity outbreaks (Swetnam and Lynch 1989; Speer et al. 2001; Esper et al. 2007); reconstructions of drought (Cook et al. 2004; Fang et al. 2010), precipitation (Büntgen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of tree-ring width measurements, indicating that they are commonly employed in various 'inter-disciplinary applications including archaeological' sciences. This suggests that dendrochronology, which relies on tree rings, is indeed used for dating and analyzing archaeological sites.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: However, one striking difference between humans and mice is the tissue distribution of CIDEA expression. In humans, CIDEA and CIDEC are co-expressed in WAT [74, 75]. In cultured adipocytes, siRNA-mediated knockdown of either CIDEA or CIDEC result in increased lipolysis [71, 75], indicating that the 2 proteins have overlapping functions in the adipocyte. In the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study the expression of CIDEA is up-regulated during the caloric restriction phase and returns towards baseline levels during the re-feeding phase [74]. However, in the same study the expression of CIDEC is down-regulated during the caloric restriction phase [75], indicating that there may be functional differences between CIDEA and CIDEC. The expression pattern of both CIDEA and CIDEC in the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study indicate that it is mainly the caloric restriction per se and not the weight reduction that affects the expression of these genes in WAT. Further studies in human WAT and adipocytes are needed to determine the direct mechanisms controlling the expression of these 2 genes and the functional relevance of the observed differential responses to caloric intake. in Adipose Tissue? During a microarray-based search for genes specifically expressed in human adipocytes, we identified the inhibin beta B (INHBB) gene as being very highly expressed in adipocytes. gene encodes the activin βB subunit which homodimerizes to form activin B [76]. We have shown that INHBB expression in WAT is higher in obese than lean subjects [77]. This is in line with data from the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study showing that INHBB expression in WAT is reduced both during the caloric restriction phase and the re-feeding phase of the study. This indicates that the caloric intake itself is not a major regulator of INHBB expression [38]. However, Hoggard et al. [78] have recently shown that Inhbb expression in mouse epididymal WAT is down-regulated during a 24-hour fasting period and returns to baseline levels during re-feeding. In the same study they also showed that insulin treatment of primary cultures of differentiated adipocytes results in increased Inhbb expression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings related to gene expression in adipose tissues under conditions of caloric restriction and re-feeding. It indicates that the expression of certain genes, such as CIDEA and INHBB, is influenced by caloric intake rather than a guaranteed response to personalized nutrition or specific dietary choices. This suggests that weight loss mechanisms are complex and not simply guaranteed by personalized nutrition, challenging the claim directly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: The fungal network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils was more densely connected than those in grazed grassland soils, with more links, higher average degree and shorter path distance (Fig. 4, Table S2). Opposite trends were observed for the bacterial network in the grazing-excluded grassland soils. The value of R 2 of the power law ranged from 0. 71 to 0. 85. The values of the average clustering coefficient (avgCC), path distance (GD), and harmonic geodesic distance (HD) of all networks were larger than those for randomized networks (Table S2). Figure 4: Highly connected modules of bacteria and fungi in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils. A red link indicates a positive correlation between two individual nodes, whereas a blue link indicates a negative correlation. Nodes at module centers are module hubs, and nodes in black boxes are connectors. (A) Bacterial network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (B) bacterial network of grazed grassland soil; (C) fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil; (D) fungal network of grazed grassland soil. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-4 Figure 5: Proportion of bacterial and fungal nodes in global networks based on the eight most abundant bacterial phyla (A) and five most abundant fungal phyla (B). G, Grazed area; GE, Grazing-excluded area. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/fig-5 A total of six module hubs and six connectors were identified in the bacterial networks of grazed grassland soils, whereas 12 module hubs and three connectors were found in the bacterial networks of grazing-excluded grassland soils (Table S3). For fungi, we recorded three module hubs and two connectors in the grazed grassland soils, whereas, four module hubs were recorded in grazing excluded grassland soils (Table S4). In addition, approximately 80% of the bacterial nodes of global networks belonged to the phyla Proteobacteria (23. 82∼26. 40%), Actinobacteria (20. 94∼25. 39%), Bacteroidetes (13. 69∼15. 35%), Acidobacteria (7. 60∼11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the connectivity of fungal and bacterial networks in grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils without providing information on the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about airborne fungal spores.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: 2011; Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014), streamflow (Woodhouse et al. 2006), and snowpack (Pederson et al. 2011; Belmecheri et al. 2016) variability primarily from locations where moisture limitations, potentially exacerbated by high thermal stress, limits radial growth; quantifying soil erosion rates (Gärtner et al. 2001; Rubiales et al. 2008); dating debris flows and avalanches (Stoffel and Bollschweiler 2008) as well as the construction of ancient (Douglass 1929) and historical structures (Boswijk et al. 2016); quantifying phenotypic traits, variability, and associations with genetic lineage/provenance (Housset et al. 2018); assessments of large-scale ecological disturbances (Pederson et al. 2014), and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stressors (Chamagne et al. 2017; Kannenberg et al. 2019); understanding and predicting tree mortality (Cailleret et al. 2017); quantifying the climate sensitivity and drivers of forest growth in the past (Babst et al. 2013; St. George and Ault 2014), and making projections about tree growth in the future (Williams et al. 2013; Klesse et al. 2020); reconstructing larger-scale pressure and oceanic and atmospheric circulation indices (Trouet et al. 2009; Villalba et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013); quantifying forest carbon stocks and fluxes (Babst et al. 2014b); and integrating tree-ring and remotely sensed metrics of forest productivity (Coulthard et al. 2017; Seftigen et al. 2018). Notably, tree-ring width is often divided into the earlywood and latewood widths (Fig. 2. 2), sub-annual ring structures that have been demonstrated to carry distinct environmental signals in both angiosperms (Kern et al. 2013) and gymnosperms (Griffin et al. 2011). Measurement and analysis of these sub-annual ring components has allowed skillful reconstructions of the winter precipitation and summer precipitation to be developed from the earlywood and latewood width, respectively (Griffin et al. 2013). The distinct information carried in the intra-annual latewood and earlywood parameters is indicative of the relevance of finer-scale tree-ring parameters. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that tree-ring width, including earlywood and latewood, contains distinct environmental signals that allow for skillful reconstructions of precipitation patterns. This suggests that tree rings can provide valuable data for dating and understanding environmental conditions, which aligns with the use of dendrochronology to date archaeological sites.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This suggests that the decreased insulin levels during the Gothenburg microarray VLCD study may explain why INHBB expression levels are also reduced during the re-feeding phase. For activin B to have local effects in the adipose tissue it requires the co-expression of activin receptors. Activins interact with receptor complexes consisting of 2 receptors, types I and II, both of which are serine/threonine kinases [79]. There are 7 type I receptors, referred to as activin receptor-like kinases (ALK) 1–7. ALK4 and ALK7 appear to function as type 1 receptors for activin B [79, 80]. We have shown that ALK7 is adipose tissue specific in its expression pattern [77]. The expression of ALK7 in WAT is, in contrast to INHBB, at lower levels in obese subjects than in lean subjects [77]. The adipose tissue ALK7 expression correlated with several measurements of body fat, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism. The regulation of ALK7 during diet-induced weight loss is still unclear. Available data indicate that human adipose tissue expresses components necessary for a local activin signaling system and that some of these components (INHBB and ALK7) are specific for adipose tissue. The difference in expression between INHBB and ALK7 in obese subjects compared to lean subjects makes it hard to predict if increased or decreased signaling is related to human obesity. The importance of a local activin signaling system is illustrated by studies showing that ALK7 deficient mice have reduced fat accumulation and partial resistance to diet-induced obesity [81], indicating that increased signaling could also be associated with obesity in humans. Further mechanistic studies are needed to reveal how adipocyte function is affected by this local activin signaling system. profiling of human adipose tissue during diet-induced weight loss has identified several genes that affect human obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. These studies also highlight the drastic changes that occur in the adipose tissue during the weight loss. The investigation of multiple time points during diet-induced weight loss and the combination of expression profiling data from several sources enable researchers to gain more detailed information on the regulation of gene expression in adipose tissue. In the future, more sophisticated experimental designs and better analytical tools will most likely increase our knowledge of mechanisms of importance for the development of human obesity and obesity-related metabolic disease. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and variabilities in the biological mechanisms involved in weight loss and obesity. It highlights that factors such as adipose tissue expression of activins and their receptors, particularly ALK7 and INHBB, vary significantly between obese and lean subjects. This indicates that weight loss cannot be guaranteed solely through personalized nutrition without considering individual biological responses and metabolism, which suggests that diet and exercise play critical roles in determining weight loss outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: 85%), and Chloroflexi (8. 46∼11. 39%) (Fig. 5A). The grazing exclusion network had higher proportions of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, and Saccharibacteria compared with the grazing network. For fungi, the majority of the fungal nodes belonged to Ascomycota (64. 23∼64. 50%) and Basidiomycota (16. 41∼16. 90%) (Fig. 5B). The proportion of major fungal nodes in the global networks did not differ between grazed and grazing-excluded grassland soils at the phylum level. The correlations between plants, soil variables, and soil microbial community Most variables examined in this study were correlated with one another (Table S5). Richness and diversity of bulk soil bacteria were positively correlated with (P < 0. 05) plant diversity, TOC, and soil pH (Table S5), while that of bulk soil fungi were positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with plant aboveground biomass and SWC, but negatively correlated (P < 0. 01) with soil pH. The richness and diversity of the rhizosphere fungi was positively correlated (P < 0. 05) with TN and soil pH (Table S5). Eigengen analysis was used to reveal the relationships between network structure and environmental factors based on Spearman’s correlation analysis (Fig. S3). The bacterial network grouped to 17 and 11 submodules in the grazing-excluded grassland soil and grazed grassland soil, respectively, whereas the fungal network grouped to 9 submodules in both grazing-excluded and grazed grassland soils. The bacterial network of the grazing-excluded grassland soil was strongly correlated with plant diversity (Fig. S3A), whereas the fungal network was strongly correlated with soil and pH (Fig. S3C). In the bacterial network, the module 10 of grazing-excluded grassland soil was positively correlated with plant diversity and aboveground biomass (P < 0. 05; Fig. S3A), whereas the module 9 of grazed grassland soil was positively correlated with plant aboveground biomass (P < 0. 01; Fig. S3B). In the fungal network of grazing-excluded grassland soil, module 6 was positively correlated with soil TP content (P < 0. 05; Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly reference the abundance of fungal spores as airborne particles. Instead, it discusses the diversity and relationships of various soil bacteria and fungal networks within different grassland soils, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about airborne fungal spores.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: 2 Tree-Ring DensityZooming into a further level of magnification, a second overarching category of measurement parameters involves intra-annual variations in wood density (Fig. 2. 2). Over 40 years ago, it was shown that high-resolution intra-annual wood density based upon x-ray measurements of conifer trees offered significant new opportunities for dendrochronology (Parker and Henoch 1971; Schweingruber et al. 1979). In particular the maximum latewood density carries extremely strong common signals among trees and sites (Schweingruber et al. 1979, Briffa et al. 2002a, Frank and Esper 2005). The maximum latewood density parameter has subsequently taken on a prominent role within the field of dendroclimatology for its skill in reconstructing warm-season temperatures (e. g. , Hughes et al. 1984; Briffa et al. 2002b; Fan et al. 2009; Esper et al. 2012; Stoffel et al 2015; Wilson et al. 2016; Anchukaitis et al 2017). Meaningful and systematic environmental and ecophysiological signals in the earlywood density, that are notably distinct from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density, have gained increased attention recently (Camarero et al. 2014; Björklund et al. 2017; Buckley et al. 2018; Seftigen et al. 2020). Moreover, inter-annual density fluctuations or so-called false rings are connected to the ecophysiological responses to high aridity during the growing season, as well as to tree age and growth rates (Babst et al. 2016; Battipaglia et al. 2016; et al. 2016; Zalloni et al 2016). Yet, the specialized equipment, labor intensiveness, and relative complexity of x-ray densitometry measurements has dampened the prevalence of density parameters. Regular flat-bed scanners, particularly utilizing blue channel intensity, offer the possibility to measure an optical density (McCarroll et al. 2002). Although there are potential challenges related to potential discoloration, surface preparation, heartwood/sapwood boundaries, and calibration with surface images, the climatic signals in the high frequency domain are comparable to those derived from x-ray-based techniques (e. g. , Björklund et al. 2014, 2019; Wilson et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing dendrochronology and its connection to tree-ring density and environmental signals. It mentions how 'high-resolution intra-annual wood density based upon x-ray measurements of conifer trees offered significant new opportunities for dendrochronology,' supporting the notion that dendrochronology relies on the analysis of tree rings and their patterns in dating archaeological sites.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: J Metab 2008;93:4315-432234. : Weight reduction modulates expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix and cell death: the study. Obes 2008;32:292-30335. : Macrophages and adipocytes in human obesity: adipose tissue gene expression and insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction and weight stabilization. Diabetes 2009;58:1558-156736. Sjöholm : A microarray search for genes predominantly expressed in human omental adipocytes: adipose tissue as a major production site of serum amyloid A. J Metab 2005;90:2233-223937. Ås M, Gummesson A, Sjöholm K: Regulation of human aldoketoreductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) gene expression in the adipose tissue. 2008;13:599-61338. Sjöholm : The expression of inhibin beta B is high in human adipocytes, reduced by weight loss, and correlates to factors implicated in metabolic disease. 2006;344:1308-131439. Palming J, Sjöholm K, JernÅs M, et al: The expression of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 is high in human adipose tissue, reduced by weight loss, and correlates with adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and markers of liver dysfunction. J Metab 2007;92:2346-235240. Gabay C, Kushner I: Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation. N Med 1999;340:448-45441. O’Brien KD, Chait A: Serum amyloid A: the ‘other’ inflammatory protein. Rep 2006;8:62-6842. Serum amyloid A: production by human white adipocyte and regulation by obesity and nutrition. Diabetologia 2005;48:519-52843. : Acute-phase serum amyloid a an inflammatory adipokine and potential link between obesity and its metabolic complications. PLoS Med 2006;3:e28744. Clement K, Langin D: Regulation of inflammationrelated genes in human adipose tissue. J 2007;262:422-43045. : Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Netw 2006;17:4-1246. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that examine the relationship between weight reduction and gene expression in humans. It suggests that genetic and metabolic factors, such as those related to inflammation and insulin sensitivity, play a significant role in obesity and weight management, which implies that weight loss is not guaranteed solely through personalized nutrition, diet, or exercise but is also influenced by complex biological mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: S3C). of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil physicochemical properties The results of our study demonstrated that eight years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe had negative influences on grassland ecosystems, because the primary plant communities (S. glareosa) were replaced by secondary plant communities dominated by S. collina, leading to retrogressive succession of this grassland plant community. The stress-tolerance competition hypothesis suggests that tall plant species can obtain more light resources than short plant species (Tilman, Wedin & Knops, 1996). Therefore, due to competition for resources, the density of some species with low competitive abilities decreased or even disappeared after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). In the present study, grazing exclusion increased the abundance of S. collina, resulting in increased total aboveground biomass, indicating the tolerance of this species to grazing exclusion. However, their regeneration would have occupied more niche space in the community that thereby reduced the number of coexisting species possible (Wang et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion reduced the species richness, indicating a trade-off between the plant biomass and species richness in S. glareosa desert steppe after grazing exclusion (Bi et al. , 2018). We also found that grazing exclusion decreased the soil TOC. A previous study reported that perennial bunchgrasses were positively correlated with soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and available potassium, implying that perennial bunchgrasses are an indicator of soil properties and can improve soil nutrients (Jing et al. , 2014; Wang et al. , 2020). Our study supported these observations. Thereby our results illustrate that eight-years of grazing exclusion on the S. glareosa desert steppe of the may not be fully conducive to the restoration of grassland ecosystem. These results are consistent with the previous studies on Tibetan Plateau, which show that eight years of grazing exclusion did not bring any ecological and economic benefits (Sun et al. , 2020). Effects of grazing exclusion on soil microbial communities and interactions Grazing exclusion had a positive effect on the bulk soil bacterial and fungal richness and diversity. These findings might be related to the high-productivity grassland without the disturbance of livestock (Zhang et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fungal spores being abundant airborne particles. It focuses on the effects of grazing exclusion on plant characteristics and soil properties, discussing species richness and soil microbial communities without mentioning fungal spores or their abundance in the air.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: RCS application ideally is performed on tree-ring records (1) with a diverse range of start (pith) and end dates (outermost ring), (2) that are very highly replicated with many individual samples, and (3) from a homogeneous well defined ecological setting where all trees are expected to have similar growth rates and ontogenetic trends (e. g. , Esper et al. 2012; Briffa et al. 2013). The first point is important because this helps mitigate the impact of temporally aligned events (such as climatic fluctuations or ecological disturbances) in the calendrically dated tree-ring data from impacting the shape of the regional curve. Secondly, composite datasets comprised of overlapping crossdated sequences for the past millennia from a single, well constrained ecological setting appear ideal for the application of RCS as a single regional curve could theoretically be used (Briffa et al. 2013). Well-replicated datasets are especially critical as the tree-ring indices are not constrained to a mean of one. On one hand, the differences in growth rates that are standardized in individual detrending add noise and greater uncertainty about the mean (e. g. , D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Melvin and Briffa 2014b). But on the other hand, the subtle differences in mean growth rates of cohorts of trees that lived at different times is precisely the low-frequency signal that can be retained with RCS (D’Arrigo et al. 2006). And lastly, a homogenous ecological setting is crucial to ensure both uniformity in the underlying climate signal as well as growth rates. This criterion is difficult to ensure, but assessments of the growth rates of different cohorts over time might suggest homogeneity. In cases where there is reason to doubt the homogeneity of a dataset, it is feasible to develop and apply regional curves for distinct dataset subsets, e. g. , the modern and ancient portions of a tree-ring chronology. Detrending via multiple RCS cohorts should be performed in situations where sampling differences, site difference, or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. , forest management regimes, responses to elevated CO2 or nitrogen concentrations) may significantly compromise the homogeneity of the dataset over time. Such approaches have the advantage of reducing potential biases in the final chronology, but at the same time make it more difficult to retain long-term variability of interest (Briffa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the application of tree-ring data in the context of Regional Curve Standardization (RCS), which is a method used in dendrochronology. It emphasizes the importance of well-replicated tree-ring records, highlighting how these records are central to understanding growth rates and patterns in tree rings, which are essential for dating methods in dendrochronology. Therefore, the connection to dating archaeological sites is made apparent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: : Cidea-deficient mice have lean phenotype and are resistant to obesity. 2003;35:49-5670. : Cideb regulates diet-induced obesity, liver steatosis, and insulin sensitivity by controlling lipogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Diabetes 2007;56:2523-3271. Nordström : A human-specific role of cell death-inducing DFFA (DNA fragmentation factor-alpha)-like effector A (CIDEA) in adipocyte lipolysis and obesity. Diabetes 2005;54:1726-173472. : gene V115F polymorphism is associated with obesity in Swedish subjects. Diabetes 2005;54:3032-303473. : Cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha-like effector A (CIDEA) gene V115F (G→T) polymorphism is associated with phenotypes of metabolic syndrome in Japanese men. Metabolism 2008;57:502-50574. Gummesson A, JernÅs M, Svensson PA, et al: Relations of adipose tissue CIDEA gene expression to basal metabolic rate, energy restriction, and obesity: population-based and dietary intervention studies. J Metab 2007;92:4759-476575. : Cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector C is reduced by caloric restriction and regulates adipocyte lipid metabolism. Metabolism 2008;57:1307-131376. Woodruff TK: Regulation of cellular and system function by activin. 1998;55:953-96377. : ALK7 expression is specific for adipose tissue, reduced in obesity and correlates to factors implicated in metabolic disease. 2009;382:309-31478. : Inhibin betaB expression in murine adipose tissue and its regulation by leptin, insulin and dexamethasone. J 2009;43:171-17779. : Signal transduction pathway through activin receptors as a therapeutic target of musculoskeletal diseases and cancer. 2008;55:11-2180. Rodgarkia-: The activin axis in liver biology and disease. 2006;613:123-13781. Andersson O, Korach-: Growth/differentiation factor 3 signals through ALK7 and regulates accumulation of adipose tissue and diet-induced obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to obesity, insulin sensitivity, and the regulation of adipose tissue. It indicates that certain genetic factors, like the CIDEA gene, play a significant role in regulating obesity, which suggests that weight loss cannot be guaranteed solely through personalized nutrition irrespective of diet or exercise. The emphasis on metabolic factors and genetic polymorphisms indicates that weight management is more complex than the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: Grazing impacts soil microbial communities by causing changes in plant composition and soil properties through trampling, defoliation, and urine deposition (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Excluding livestock trampling increased plant coverage, enhanced soil aggregate structure, and therefore facilitate the soil microbial activity and growth (Wang et al. , 2020). Thus, we interpret that the grazing exclusion provides more opportunities for different microbial species to interact with each other. However, the soil bacterial and fungal networks responded differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks are more sensitive and quick response to grazing exclusion than that of bacterial networks. This may be because bacteria grow faster than fungi, while fungi may have more limited dispersal because of their larger size (Dassen et al. , 2017). Fungal co-occurrence networks were characterized by high connectivity and low modularity, indicating low stability under grazing exclusion (Montoya, Pimm & Sole, 2006); while bacterial co-occurrence networks had weak interactions that suggest higher stability under grazing exclusion (Coyte, Schluter & Foster, 2015). We also found that changes in soil nutrient levels had positively associations with fungal networks. There is accumulating evidence that fungal communities were more responsive to sources of C and N than bacterial communities (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Zhang et al. , 2018). Grazing can promote root exudation and litter decomposition through defoliation and trampling, which can enhance the amount of C and N entering the soil (Bi et al. , 2018). In contrast, grazing exclusion would be reduced the soil C and N pools in low fertility ecosystems, as suggested by previous researches (Bardgett, Wardle & Yeates, 1998; Sun et al. , 2020). Therefore, grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by reducing the TOC, because more abundant members from fungal community were competing for limited niches (Lupatini et al. , 2014). The more connected interactions and increased negative correlations in fungal networks confirmed these findings (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019). Not only were fungal network affected more by TOC, but fungal network also showed negative links to vegetation change. Fungal communities have been found to be the first consumers of belowground input of plant-derived C (et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of grazing on soil microbial communities, focusing on the interaction between soil bacteria and fungi in response to grazing exclusion. It does not provide any information regarding the abundance of fungal spores in the air or their comparison to airborne particles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: A tree-ring chronology enjoys the characteristic that the common signal from the sampled population of individual trees is enhanced by averaging out “noise” variance specific to individual time-series. The most basic type of tree-ring chronology consists of the average of all individual tree-ring time-series from a given site. This chronology (e. g. , referred to in (Cook and Krusic 2005) as the “Raw” chronology) incorporates all of the underlying signals in the tree-ring data including possible age-size related trends, variance changes due to the heteroscedastic nature of tree-ring data, potentially artifacts from changes in sample replication (see below), and so on. Yet, many investigations derive chronologies after performing data processing and analytical steps (sensu the linear aggregate model) to remove such unwanted noise. Thus, typically the tree-ring data are detrended & standardized (see above) prior to averaging together into most tree-ring chronologies. It is broadly recognized there is no objective or perfect way to detrend the tree-ring data, and thus an emphasis on both understanding and communicating in publications how the detrending impacts the retained signals in the final chronology is necessary. When emphasis is on year-to-year variations, as for crossdating, more flexible detrending curves can be used to remove most variability on say time-scales longer than 30-years whilst retaining essentially all year-to-year variations. Similarly, when the preservation of long-term trends is important, as is the case for many global change related investigations, more conservative approaches to retain longer time-scale variability are required (e. g. , Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Briffa et al. 1992; Cook et al. 1995; Esper et al. 2002; Melvin and Briffa 2008, 2014a, 2014b; Helama et al. 2017). Serial autocorrelation, or the statistical non-independence of successive years of tree growth due to e. g. , biological factors such as carbohydrate reserves (or depletion) and changes in needle/foliar length and capacity, is sometime also removed from tree-ring measurements in a step often referred to as “pre-whitening” via auto-regressive moving average modeling (Meko 1981). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the process of creating a tree-ring chronology, which involves utilizing individual tree-ring time-series from a given site and analyzing the signals inherent in that data. It refers to methods like averaging and detrending tree-ring data, which are critical processes in dendrochronology that ultimately enable researchers to draw conclusions about the age and growth patterns of trees. This supports the concept that dendrochronology leverages patterns in tree rings for dating purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: By analyzing your DNA, personalized nutrition can prevent all chronic diseases. [SEP] Text: Other phyla such as Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia, as well as methanogenic Archaea, mainly Methanobrevibacter smithii, are present in the gut microbiota only in a minority [3, 4]. The distribution of these phyla in the gut depends on a wide range of host factors including genetics, epigenetics, local immune response, oxygen gradient, dietary intake, and interactions among microbes. Gastrointestinal microorganisms can influence host processes to impact host physiology, immunology, and metabolism. The composition, diversity, and functionality of the gut microbiota can alter signaling events between the microbiome and the host to influence gut homeostasis and host health [5]. Analysis of the microbiota can be performed in different states of diseases, and its results together with the application to animal experimental models can provide a simpler system in which the disease pathogenesis can be examined [5]. Reduction of the bacterial diversity and overall disbalance of the gut microbiota also known as dysbiosis is associated with many chronic diseases [6]. In some instances, gut microbiota alterations can affect intestinal permeability, allowing the transfer of lipopolysaccharide originating from the walls of gram-negative bacteria into the circulation, leading to endotoxemia and low-grade inflammation in different parenchymatous organs, resulting in metabolic disorders and chronic diseases [7]. The etiology of chronic diseases is often multifactorial, and gut microbiota is also one of the key factors. Current therapy for chronic diseases mostly does not reflect this fact, which limits its overall effectiveness. A better understanding of gut microbiota cross-talk mechanisms and their subsequent effects could provide new insights into the role of gut microbiota and dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis. This knowledge and technology can allow the development of potentially effective alternative approaches for preventive and therapeutic measures based on gut microbiota modulation [5, 8, 9]. More effective methods and biotherapeutics are needed for personalized and targeted gut microbiota modulation as supportive therapy for chronic diseases. Targeted modulation of the gut microbiota represents an approach when specific bacterial strains have clinically proven effects of changes in the microbiota and human health. These bacteria are used in products to deliver specific predetermined effects for the host based on his disease and microbiota composition. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the multifactorial nature of chronic diseases and the role of gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis. It states that 'the etiology of chronic diseases is often multifactorial' and that current therapies do not adequately reflect this complexity, which reduces their effectiveness. The mention of gut microbiota modulation as a therapeutic approach suggests that while DNA analysis and personalized nutrition may play a role, they are not presented as a comprehensive solution to prevent all chronic diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungal spores are among the most abundant airborne particles. [SEP] Text: One recent study reported that mixed plant species were more likely than single-species to contain sufficient C, N, and P concentrations to satisfy the demand from microbial decomposers (Gong et al. , 2020). This view is supported by our results. For example, when the fast-growing S. collina plant and fungal community compete for soil C and N—mainly arising from inputs of single-species litter—was insufficient to meet the growth rate of fungi (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, in response to nutrient deficiency, fungal community could compete for limited nutrients, which are increased the fungal competition and thereby decreased their community stability (Marcos, Bertiller & Olivera, 2019; Wang et al. , 2018). On the basis of the above reasoning, grazing exclusion may lead to a negative effect on soil fungal interactions and indicate an unstable and vulnerable fungal community in the S. glareosa desert steppe. bacterial and fungal networks have different properties and respond differently to grazing exclusion, with fungal networks were more sensitive to grazing exclusion than bacterial networks. Eight years of grazing exclusion strengthened the soil fungal interactions by decreasing the plant richness and TOC, in this case triggering negative effects on the S. glareosa desert steppe. Our findings provide evidence that eight-years of grazing exclusion is not beneficial to plant diversity maintenance. OI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-1 data: all plant, soil, and soil microbial variables DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9986/supp-2 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The bacterial and fungal raw sequence data are available in the : PRJNA627740 (SRP258186). The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw measurements are available in the Supplementary Files. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungal spores being abundant airborne particles. Instead, it discusses issues related to plant and fungal community interactions, grazing exclusion, and other ecological factors that have no direct relation to airborne fungal spores.