Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: The main purpose of this Centre is as much to promote and commercialise (C) the emerging ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology as to carry out further development (D) and research (R) (CDR Approach). Prior to this, arising from the IOC-on Energy held in Melaka, Malaysia on 17 February 2012, a close contact has been made between Prof Dr. Yasuyuki Ikegami, Director, the Institute of of Saga University, Vice-Admiral (R) Shin Tani, former Chief of Hydrography of Japan, and Prof Dato’ Ir Dr. A. Bakar Jaafar, of the of Malaysia (MIMA). Presentations on OTEC Malaysia at the Secretariat of the Headquarters for (SHOP), Cabinet Secretariat, the Government of Japan; and to Prof Dr. Tetsuro Urabe’s graduate students at the University of Tokyo, and series of Briefings on the Institute of of @Imari Plant, and of. , Yumairu Museum, Xenesys, Inc. , and (NEDO), and not last, Meeting with Mr. Nagamine, Director-General, and Ms. Kato, Director of of Foreign Affairs, Japan. Upon a successful visit to Japan for various discussions and presentations on OTEC potential and future developments in Malaysia (i. e. at the Secretariat of the Headquarters for (SHOP), Cabinet Secretariat, the Government of Japan; and to Prof Dr. Tetsuro Urabe’s graduate students at the University of Tokyo, and series of Briefings on the Institute of of @Imari Plant, and of. , Yumairu Museum, Xenesys, Inc. , and (NEDO), and not last, Meeting with Mr. Nagamine, Director-General, and Ms. Kato, Director of of Foreign Affairs, Japan), upon the official invitation of the Secretariat of the Headquarters for (SHOP), Cabinet Secretariat, the Government of Japan, over the period of 1–7 July 2012, Prof Dato’ Ir Dr. A. Bakar Jaafar, after having joined the Malaysia, as a at the UTM of Science, Technology, Innovation, and Policy, convened on 10 July 2012 a Workshop on (OTEC) attended by over 15 UTM Academic and Administrative Staff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the promotion and research into ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology, which inherently relies on the utilization of temperature differences between ocean layers. Although it does not explicitly restate the claim, the focus on OTEC technology implies its dependence on the temperature differential in the ocean which is the basis of its operation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: The definition of vital services may vary across regions. However, any service that is not related to the food supply, health or public safety may be considered in the category of non-vital services. The efforts of municipalities can build from the experience of national agencies. In Senegal, the for and Management efficiently contributed to the ban on incandescent lamps, which targeted savings of a 70 MW power during its pilot phase (Gouvernenment Senegal, 2011). This agency also implements the Monitoring, Analysis and Reduction of in the () programme, which supports local communities in improving the energy performance of their facilities and equipment. The implementation of the recommendations resulting from the energy diagnosis contributed to savings of 31. 01 GWh between 2015 and 2018. Thirdly, the effective promotion of renewable energy policies and efficiency measures at the local level should be supported by an adaptive tool made up of indicators, including social, economic and environmental indicators, which supports local authorities in monitoring their energy agenda. These indicators should include: The share of locally available renewable resources in the energy supply mix; this indicator should be associated with the index of dependency on energy import. The electricity use per capita; average electricity consumption, excluding high income, in sub-was about 481. 2 kWh per capita in 2014, which is relatively low compared to the World average electricity consumption per capita estimated at 3131. 3 kWh (World Bank, 2020). This indicator should be associated with the quantities of fuels in the grid supply mix, including renewable energy resources, and the quantity of electricity generated per period. The share of the rural population with electricity access which is already tracked in the majority of sub-countries and is commonly named rural electrification rate. This indicator should be associated with social and economic criteria such as the regional gross product, the energy intensity and the index of attractiveness to national and foreign investments. GHG emissions from the energy sector; this indicator should be associated with an inventory of pollutants specific to the energy mix of the community (e. g CO2, CH4, NOx). The share of the rural population with access to clean cooking energy; this indicator should be associated with the surface of green areas, the rate of deforestation and the demands of biomass and LPG fuels. The local forest coverage; this indicator should be associated with the annual rate of change in forests and other green areas and to the potential of carbon sink. The monitoring of this indicator should support an afforestation policy that is complementary to the energy agenda. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing examples of how local agencies and policies in Senegal have effectively implemented environmental measures, such as the ban on incandescent lamps, which shows a direct impact of local environmental education on energy policies. Additionally, it discusses the active role of local authorities in promoting renewable energy policies, thus illustrating the significant influence of environmental education on local community practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Future research needs to further investigate estimated social costs as a predictor in relation to other cognitions in SAD patients with heterogeneous social fears and whether maximizing decreases in estimated social costs can increase treatment efficacy. AbbreviationsFAQ: Focus of iVET: in vivo exposure therapy LSAS-SR: Anxiety Scale-SAD: social anxiety disorder SCID-I: : : Self-Efficacy for : Anxiety Scale-: virtual reality exposure therapy 2013. Book 1995. p. 69–93. 54. 720. 113. 6517. 8. Available from: Anticipatory processing, maladaptive attentional focus, and postevent processing for interactional and performance situations: treatment response and relationships with symptom change for individuals with social anxiety disorder. Behav Ther. 2017;48:651–63. 64. Available from: SG. Self-focused attention before and after treatment of social phobia. Ther. 2000;38:717–25. 8. 23. 55. 293. Available from:. Treatment of anxiety disorders: implications for psychopathology. In: editors. Anxiety anxiety Disord. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ; 1985. p. 421–52. 9. 49. Available from: Cognitive biases in generalized social phobia. J [Internet]. 1996;105:433–439. Available from: SG. Cognitive mediation of treatment change in social phobia. J Psychol. 2004;72:393–9. Pub12. Available from:. Testing the efficacy of theoretically derived improvements in the treatment of social phobia. J Psychol. 2009;77:317–27. 45. 705. 2000. 56. Available from: R, Clarke C. Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Ther. 1998;36:455–70. 1994. Liebowitz MR. Social phobia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1987;22:141–73. 15. 9. 29. 2008. Book 81. 1102. Available from: Heijden N, Brinkman W-P. Design and evaluation of a virtual reality exposure therapy system with automatic free speech interaction. J Cyber[Internet] 2011;4:41–56. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls. Br. Med. J. [Internet]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on social anxiety disorder and various therapeutic approaches without discussing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing changes related to attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: CeMIEs are groups of public or private research, higher education institutions, companies, and government entities that have the objective of working together on projects dedicated to developing technologies, products, and services, which allow Mexico to take advantage of its enormous potential in the main RE. For development of technologies for ocean energies, the CeMIE-Océano (CeMIE-O) was recently set up which focuses on the assessment of wave, current, tides, saline gradient, and thermal gradient energy resources in Mexico [2]. (MPO) and the (CS) are areas which are an excellent thermal potential for OTEC, according to several studies [3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], which can reduce fossil fuel dependency and provide energy to isolated coastal populations and islands. The main criteria to determinate optimal site or zones are their location to be less than 10–15 km offshore from the Mexican coastline and the thermal difference (TD) to be equal to or greater than 20°C. Furthermore, other criteria are the distance to the cold water pump area that should not exceed 10 km (for onshore plants) as well as the social and economic factors that exist in these communities. Finally, the importance of this technology is to provide electricity in the isolated coastal areas as well as other subproducts generated, such as fresh water, seawater air-conditioning (SWAC), cold agriculture (ColdAg), and aquaculture, among others. That is why it is also imperative to calculate the net electric generation given by a particular area and the contribution to social development, the interest of the Mexican and foreign energy sectors in this type of power generators, and the scientific, social, economic, oceanographic, and climatic contribution that can be generated [9]. 2. Methods and data2. 1 Study areaThe MPO is the study area, as the geographic and oceanic conditions are suitable for the installation of OTEC plant. In this area, the TD between 0 and 1000 m depths and the seasonal variations of the sea surface temperature (SST) were analyzed by [9, 10]. The authors found 43 sites, which meet the afore mentioned main criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the thermal gradient energy resources associated with Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). It notes that the main criteria for optimal sites for OTEC are based on the thermal difference (TD) being equal to or greater than 20°C between the ocean layers. This supports the idea that OTEC relies on these temperature differences to function effectively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: This adaptive tool, made up of social, economic and environmental indicators, can be designed in a software format, the content of which would be tailored to the needs of each community. This tool should provide functionalities to monitor initiatives for energy sustainability as inputs to the software and the resulting impact on indicators as outputs. 4 Discussion of FindingsIn this section, we discuss how the above three-pronged method could complement actions in the sector that promote energy sustainability at the community level, taking the examples of Ghana, Nigeria, Mozambique and Senegal. of Ghana adopted a Plan in 2017, which integrates the SDGs with priorities on economic, social and environmental sectors. integrates, among others, the objective to develop a viable and competitive private sector and to invest in innovative and modern technologies. This objective conceptualized in the energy sector complies with our recommendation to develop policies that promote the development of energy infrastructure, using locally available renewable energy resources, which could be sustained by investment in key segments of the energy market value chain identified with information technologies. The environment component of the Plan also includes the objective to reduce the negative externalities of industrial and small-scale mining activities and to expand the use of clean energy (Government of Ghana, 2019). The adaptation of environmental criteria in the third model axis to account for emissions from the various mines can contribute to creating an integrated monitoring system in communities that host these industries in Ghana. Similar to Ghana, the Republic of Nigeria mainstreamed SDGs in its Planning (NDP) that includes the & (ERGP 2017–2020). The ERGP focuses on economic, social and environmental dimensions of local development (Republic of Nigeria, 2020). In addition, Nigeria undertook to realign its System (NSS) with the requirements and indicators of the SDGs, which provides an opportunity to define indicators for the energy sector that integrate all dimensions of sustainability. At the local level, the identification of relevant energy indicators is adequately supported by the adaptive tool that makes it possible to monitor social, economic and environmental indicators related to SDGs 7, 11, 12 and 13, and therefore to monitor a sustainable local energy transition. Mozambique is a net exporter of electricity, with more than 73% of the electricity produced being exported to (Ø, 2013). However, about 67% of the population live in rural areas, and 78% of this population do not have access to electricity (Agency, 2020a, b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the significant role that environmental education and related tools play in influencing local policies. It outlines how adaptive tools can monitor energy sustainability initiatives at the community level, and highlights examples from Ghana and Nigeria where the integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into planning demonstrate a direct response to community needs. The connection made between energy policies, community monitoring, and sustainable practices shows an active impact of environmental education on local communities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 부흥백제국의 성립과 정치적 변동-복신의 정국 주도와 풍왕의 대응을 중심으로 - Establishment and of Reconstructed Baekje: Focused on Boksin‘s Leading a 's Responding to Him 군사 약어 : - 2013 no. 89, 10. 29212/mh. 2013. . 89. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. It discusses a different topic related to the establishment of Baekje and includes administrative details that are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: Sites are located in the Gulf of California (GC), Sur (BCS); in the (ETP), Nayarit (NYT), Jalisco (JAL), Michoacán (MCN), Guerrero (GRO), and Colima (COL); and Gulf of Tehuantepec (GT), Oaxaca (OCX). 2. 1. 1 TemperatureStrong change of temperature in shallow waters called thermocline characterized Pacific (ETP) [11, 12, 13] (see Figure 1). ETP is influenced by “El Niño” (ENSO), which is important in climate variability, in fish production, and in the global carbon cycle [14]. The annual variation in the SST fluctuates between 26 and 30°C [3, 14] with variations of flow by some cold currents as the from the north and the from the south. The intrusion of the (CRCC) causes annual variations of 5°C or more in the area near JAL, while, in the GT, the temperature varies between 3 and 4°C (see Figure 1). Figure 1. Eastern tropical Pacific (ETP) and ocean circulation patterns. Shading represents mean sea surface temperature (darker = warmer). Nomenclature: TB (Tehuantepec bowl), WMC (current), and CRCC (coastal current). Databases used for this work to obtain the data include of the (SEMAR, from its name in Spanish), the (NODC) of the of America, and the Database (WOD) 2013, of the (NOAA), through the View (ODV). Historical and seasonal data of temperatures in the MPO was compiled in order to determine the changes of oceanic TD occurring over time. From the corresponding vertical profiles of temperature, the thermal gradient was computed and plotted. 2. 1. 2 Analysis and interpretation of data by geographic information systems (GIS)GIS tools allowed obtaining datasets like TD, which is the result of subtracting SST from the temperature reported for other depths. The exclusion process allows for representing those areas with TD above 20°C. The MPO was divided into three regions: the GT, the ETP, and the GC. Subsequently, the sites with suitable thermal gradients for the operation of an OTEC plant were determined, which will then be plotted on different maps. 3. Net electric power3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing temperature differences in shallow and deep ocean waters, indicating how these thermal gradients can be utilized for the operation of an OTEC plant. It explains the process of calculating temperature differences (TD) and identifies regions with suitable thermal gradients for OTEC, thereby directly linking to the concept of using temperature differences between ocean layers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental education has no impact on local communities or policies. [SEP] Text: The situation is slightly better in urban areas where 52 of the population have access to electricity from the grid. This paradox is explained by the absence of network infrastructure to connect settlements located far from the grid. The use of locally available renewable energy resources such as hydropower is a competitive alternative to the central grid. Mozambique has a large hydropower potential, estimated at 14,000 MW. Hydropower accounts for more than 99% of the power produced in the country. Over the last decades, the government made sustained efforts to promote the use of other renewable energy resources. The reform of the energy sector opened the electricity sector to new entrants (1997). The reform also established the de Electricidade () as the regulator of the sector, and the rural electrification fund (FUNAE). Measures designed to improve the efficiency of energy use should complement these efforts to exploit locally available renewable energy resources. Monitoring the effectiveness of the renewable energy and energy efficiency initiatives with the tool indicators of an adaptive could make the energy transition accessible to remote rural communities. Senegal adopted, in 2013, the legal framework of action in local administrations called Act 3 of Decentralization. Its aim is to organize the sustainable development agenda by 2022 in local territories (Ministere en charge des Collectivites Territoriales, 2013). focuses on two strategic directions that include improving institutional and local governance and supporting partnership and financing mechanisms in local development actions, including in the energy sector. The first and third axes of our model are in line with these two orientations. Act 3 promotes local governance, and the model proposes policies to organize demand and supply in the sector that target local users. Further, our model proposes that each community be given the possibility to define its energy agenda based on the potential of energy resources available, which complies with the objective of participative democracy that the Act ultimately targets. The monitoring tool proposed for the energy sector can easily be integrated into the scope of local development statistics provided by the Decentralization Act. From the previous examples, it appears that developing countries in sub-Saharan can have innovative pathways for sustainable development, building from what is currently available. The region is endowed with high potential for renewable energy resources, whether it is solar or hydropower. Innovation in the energy sector could consist in designing local energy agendas that are consistent with national ambitions and international commitments. This approach echoes the principles of participative democracy and inclusiveness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various initiatives and policies, such as Senegal's Act 3 of Decentralization, that promote local governance and sustainable development in energy sectors. It highlights how these programs involve local communities in defining their energy agendas, which directly counters the assertion that environmental education does not impact local communities or policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 1 발행기관 : 국방부군사편찬연구소 연구분야 : 역사학 Copyright © 국방부군사편찬연구소 김병남 1 1국가기록원 인용한 논문 수 : 3 117 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 백제 부흥세력은 국가의 정통성 확보를 위한 구심점으로써 豊璋의 귀국을 요청하였다. 이에 풍장의 서기 661년 9월 말에 倭國을 출발하여 12월에 백제 땅에 도착했다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses historical events related to the Baekje resurgence without addressing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: 1 MethodologyNihous [15] proposes a method to estimate the efficiency conversion of thermal energy to power generation for a device (100 MW theoretical plant). In this method, he and his coworkers assumed that the TD is distributed in main parts of this power plant in a structure called “temperature ladder. ” The formula proposed is based on a single thermal energy generation device and is expressed as:Pnet=QCW3ρCpεtgγΔT2161+γTE1Ppump=QCW0. 30ρCpεtgγ41+γE2where Qcw: Volume flow rate of the deep seawater intake per unit (latitude-longitude) for a 100 MW plant (309. 7174 m3 s−1); ρ: Average seawater density as 1025 kg m−3; Cp: seawater-specific enthalpy equivalent to 0. 004 MJ kg−1 K−1; εtg: turbo-generator efficiency as 0. 75; γ: flow rate ratio of the surface seawater intake over the deep seawater intake (1. 5 for floating systems); T: absolute temperature of the OTEC surface seawater intake (K = °C + 273. 15); ΔT: temperature difference between surface and deep seawater intakes (°C). The pumping power density defined in Eq. (2) corresponds to 30% of the first term in the right-hand side of Eq. (1) (gross power density) taken at standard conditions ΔT = 20°C and T = 300 K. Despite their simplicity, the proposed power formulas capture the basic behavior of OTEC systems based on pure-fluid, low-temperature Rankine cycles, with thermodynamic efficiencies approximately half the Carnot limit of ΔT over T [15]. With the calculations obtained, net power maps were prepared for the MPO area, both annual and seasonal. With this, sites of interest were determined for the application of this technology and compared with other power values for other types of energy (thermoelectric, photovoltaic, wind, etc. ), in order to know the scope of the OTEC cycle and what percentage of the national market could it have at a given time if it can be applied. 4. Social and environmental factors4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses a methodology for estimating the efficiency of thermal energy conversion in OTEC systems, specifically mentioning the 'temperature difference between surface and deep seawater intakes' which is crucial for the OTEC process. This highlights the essential aspect of temperature differences between ocean layers as a fundamental principle in OTEC technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A cashless society could reduce crime related to physical cash handling. [SEP] Text: The 2021 data cover only the first quarter, the latest available data at the time of our analyses. The use of quarterly data allows us to pinpoint the exact moments at which the BPS changed. Most of the previous studies rely on annual or biannual surveys, ignoring the fact that programmatic changes in the BPS were often implemented in the middle of a calendar year. Another advantage of the HIES is that its long time series allows us to examine all the changes in the BPS, including the phasing-in of the BOAPS in 2008–2009. However, the HIES underwent modifications regarding its sample, interview questionnaires and data collection methods during the examined period. Importantly, consumption data are not available between 2017 and 2018. Footnote 5 The main outcomes of interest in this study are income and consumption poverty. Income is measured as disposable income, including all sources of market income, private transfer income and public transfer income, less tax and social contributions. Meanwhile, consumption is measured as expenditure for a wide range of consumption goods classified by the UN Classification of by Purpose (), including food, clothing and footwear; actual rent and utilities; education and childcare; medical care; transportation; communication; recreation and culture; housing equipment; accommodation; and miscellaneous goods and services. We use a measure of anchored poverty, whereby individuals are defined as poor if their equivalised income or consumption is below a fixed poverty threshold over the examined period. Here, the poverty threshold is set at 50 per cent of the national median in 2006. Thus, we classify individuals as poor if their income or consumption in each year is below the fixed poverty threshold. By using the anchored poverty line, we can focus on changes in living standards among older people driven by policy reforms, eliminating the influence of changes in the national median income or consumption, which are largely determined by economic conditions among the working-age population, on the trend in old-age poverty. On the other hand, the anchored poverty line does not reflect the improvement in living standards over time, and analyses based on the anchored line are likely to produce results of the effects on extreme poverty in later years. We check the robustness of our findings using the relative poverty line. the effects of social pension programmes is a considerable challenge. Crucially, the decision to take up programme benefits is endogenous and may be correlated with the outcome of interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data collection methods, poverty classifications, and analyses related to consumption and income, but it does not address the relationship between a cashless society and crime reduction involving physical cash. There is no mention or implication regarding crime, cash handling, or societal structure that would provide support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 그러나 그 사이 부흥세력 내부에서는 福信이 道琛을 제거하는 정치 변동이 일어나 버렸다. 따라서 풍장은 돌아왔지만 정치 상황이 180도로 변한 상태여서 왕위 계승마저 위협받기에 이르렀다. 간신히 복신과 타협하여 서기 662년 5월에 즉위하였지만 실권 없는 허수아비 처지로 전락하였다. 하지만 새로 권력을 잡은 복신도 외부의 충격에 휘둘렸다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim concerning selective focus of attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses a political situation involving power struggles and does not address any concepts related to attention or cognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: 1 MethodologyTo describe the importance and impact of social, economic, and environmental factors of sites with potential for OTEC, you must know the variables that allow us to know what the marine environment is like for life, historical information from the PO. DAAC [16] was used to have a general notion that was subsequently compared with information from [17] and [18] and adjust subsequent effort and investment to characterize and have direct measurements at the sites of greatest interest to OTEC. The marine variables related to water chemistry that may be related to their interaction with living beings. The availability of water is of the utmost importance for life and the economic development of any region of the world. Information was considered in a superficial principle, but later it was suggested that knowing what depths of which it is intended to extract cold water could give greater knowledge of the oceanic conditions existing in the Mexican seas for these variables or parameters. Salinity, chlorophyll (mg m−3), nitrates (μmol L−1), phosphates (μmol L−1), dissolved oxygen (mL L−1), and silicates (μmol L−1) were used, and the variables were possible at 0, 500, 700, 750, and 1000 m depth. Finally, social research was done in three regions of Mexico: Sur (La Paz), Nayarit (Punta Mita), and Oaxaca (Puerto Ángel) where surface temperature measurements have also been made considering the sites of interest for implementation of this technology. The importance of this field study is to know the ideology of the people about the problems existing in their communities and their knowledge about marine renewable energy. 5. Results5. 1 Mean annual historical thermal difference (TG) maps (0–1000 m depth)Throughout the year at 1000 m depths, it is observed that the TD increases considerably from Nayarit to Oaxaca where optimal TD is around from 22 to 24. 5°C in the ETP and GT. The TD at GC, which includes sites as Sur, varies from 19 to 22°C although seasonal data showed the most representative TD value was below 20°C. From the previous information, the MPO is a favorable area for the installation of OTEC (see Figure 2). Figure 2. Mean annual historical (1955–2012) thermal difference between 0 and 1000 m depth. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mean annual historical thermal difference (TD) observed at various depths, specifically noting that at 1000 m depths, the TD increases from 22 to 24.5°C in certain regions. This acknowledges the importance of temperature differences at various oceanic depths, which is central to the operation of OTEC. The mention of optimal TD being a favorable area for OTEC installation directly supports the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A cashless society could reduce crime related to physical cash handling. [SEP] Text: We estimate linear probability models for income and consumption poverty, and standard errors are clustered at the household level to take into account autocorrelation within a household in the quarterly data. Later, we conduct tests of the parallel trend assumption. Specifically, we estimate the models additionally including group-specific linear trend terms to determine whether the estimated effect can be explained by extrapolating differential trends between the two groups (Acemoglu and Acemoglu and Angrist2001). Results from the descriptive analysis Table 1 describes the characteristics of older people in the treatment and control groups in the sample. The number of individuals in the sample ranges from almost 10,800 in 2007 to approximately 20,600 in 2019. The share of those aged 65 and older, who belong to the treatment group, is greater than that of the control group, who are aged 55 and older each year. Meanwhile, the share of the benefit recipients among the treatment group was 63 per cent in 2011, 70 per cent in 2015 and 71 per cent in 2019. This may indicate some under-reporting of the received benefit in the survey data in the early years of the BPS’s implementation. In fact, the share of recipients has remained close to 70 per cent from 2009 onwards, according to a government administrative record (of Health and Welfare 2022). Footnote 8 The average benefit amount substantially increased over the period. Table 1. Sample characteristics (unit: %, thousand KRW) Notes: 1. ‘Treat’ indicates the sample of individuals aged 65 and over, while ‘Control’ indicates the sample of individuals aged 55–64 in households without members aged 65 and older. 2. ‘Beneficiary’ indicates that members of the household received the basic pension benefit. 3. The abbreviation ‘BP’ indicates the basic pension, while ‘PP’ indicates a public pension, including the NPS. 4. Monetary values are expressed in thousand KRW converted to 2006 values. In recent years, the sample shows a growing representation of individuals aged 75 and older, mirroring the trend of increased longevity among the population in Korea. Meanwhile, the treatment group contains higher proportions of women and less-educated people. Footnote 9 The trend in the receipt of contributory public pension benefits diverges for the treatment and control groups. In particular, the number of recipients increased from 34 per cent in 2007 to 55 per cent in 2019 in the treatment group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical methods for analyzing poverty and demographic characteristics of certain age groups in Korea without any mention of crime or cash handling. There are no elements that support, contrast, or relate to the concept of a cashless society impacting crime rates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 백제는 서기 662년 7월에 지라성・윤성・대산책・사정책・진현성을, 이어 8월에 내사지성마저 나・당군에게 빼앗김으로써 금강 이동의 전략적 거점을 대부분 상실하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses historical events related to Baekje in 662 AD without addressing the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: 2 Net electric powerBased on the analysis performed, the net electric power maps (annual average and seasonal) were obtained. The average annual electrical power map shows that the southern and southeastern parts of the tend to have a greater amount of energy for most of the year regardless of the type of OTEC cycle used. Guerrero and Oaxaca would produce almost 200 MW of electricity in a year, which translates into about 1500 GWh year−1 (see Figure 3). Figure 3. Mean annual historical (1955–2012) net electric power in the Ocean. The southern part of the peninsula of Baja California, the Gulf of California, and part of the central Ocean would generate powers of between 100 and 140 MW per year. As the OTEC cycle does not require the burning of any fuel for evaporation of the working fluid, the electricity cost is considerably reduced, and, with the secondary products that can be obtained from the cycle (drinking water, air conditioning, aquaculture water, and production through cold water agriculture, among others), populations could enjoy benefits of labor and environmental and social development, which would result in a decrease in rates such as violence and poverty in the country. Additionally, these sites could have their energy needs covered so that federal investments in this sector would fall considerably and thus the money could be used in other important social sectors. However, the OTEC cycle is very sensitive to changes that may exist in the sea, so variations in temperature differentials will generate distinct electric power production. As can be seen in Figure 3, there are substantial changes in net power according to seasonality, reaching values ranging between 60 and 200 MW, the best sites for the operation of the plant being the states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas, where plants onshore and offshore can be built and operated (these last plants will operate when there is greater technological development and improvement of structures and parts such heat exchangers, pipes, and submarine cable for the transport of electricity to the port area, among others). 1, the comparison of the OTEC production numbers with other energy sources, both renewable and nonrenewable, is observed. Table 1. Effective installed capacity (MW) of renewable and conventional energy plants1 compared to the theoretical OTEC cycle, average annual net production, plant factor, and net production hours. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the OTEC cycle utilizes temperature differentials in the ocean, specifically noting that 'the OTEC cycle is very sensitive to changes that may exist in the sea, so variations in temperature differentials will generate distinct electric power production.' This indicates that the operation and efficiency of OTEC are directly related to the temperature differences between ocean layers, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A cashless society could reduce crime related to physical cash handling. [SEP] Text: Yet another factor is of course demographics that speak in favor of mobile payment services to the detriment of cash. Younger people prefer electronic payments and are not getting raised with cash in the same sense as previous generations were. It may well be that the future of cash rests with the older generations. Several studies have shown that Swedish consumers in general are reducing their use of cash and this development is likely to continue partly because there is an evident demographic factor behind this pattern. Elderly have a higher tendency to use cash compared to other age groups, and people below 65 are not expected to start using cash to a higher extent just because they turn 65, which means that the use of cash is partly related to demographics. As elderly people using cash today will leave us, the use of cash will decrease. Another factor is of course all the alternatives to cash that are likely to become more attractive for consumers and therefore become more competitive vis-à-vis cash. A move toward more e- and m-commerce will also speak in favor of more electronic payment services and less cash. Counterarguments, i. e. , which may lead to a higher use of cash, include critical failures in the electronic and mobile systems, high fees for electronic and mobile services, a strengthened civil rights movement that convinces politicians and consumers to protect cash from a citizen and consumer perspective, and a general political ambition to keep cash. There are of course many other factors speaking in each direction, but these are some of the most important. We have also seen that banks are reducing their supply of cash handling services. In 2016 more than half of the banks’ retail offices did not provide cash handling services (Länsstyrelserna, 2016). Previous studies also show that while banks may earn significant profits on electronic payment services as card payments, they do not earn much profits on cash-based services (Guiborg & Segendorf, 2007). Our recent study on merchants’ view on cash (Arvidsson, Hedman, & Segendorf, 2018) provides a clear image of a likely development where the last bastion for cash—merchants—progressively stop accepting cash which lead to a situation where the average merchant may not even make profits from cash-based sales in 2023 AD. This is only 5 years from now! The last decade has shown a continuous decrease in the use of cash in Sweden, and the likely future is that this will continue in the coming years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that contribute to the sustained use of cash, particularly among older generations. It states that as more consumers, especially younger people, prefer electronic payments, the use of cash is decreasing, particularly among demographics that traditionally rely on cash. However, it also mentions counterarguments for maintaining cash use, such as potential failures in electronic systems and civil rights movements advocating for cash preservation. This suggests that while a move toward a cashless society may reduce cash-related crimes, maintaining access to cash due to demographic preferences and potential vulnerabilities in electronic systems could counteract this reduction.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 이에 복신은 서기 662년 12월에 피성(김제) 천도로 정치적 동요를 차단하여 했지만 이듬해 2월에 다시 거열성(거창)・거물성・사평성 등 남방 주요 거점과 백제 5방 중의 하나인 덕안성(논산)까지 빼앗겨 수도의 안정성마저 위협받자 다시 주류성(부안)으로 후퇴하지 않을 수 없었다. 피성 천도라는 정치적 승부수가 실패하자 굳건하던 복신의 입지에 이상이 생겼다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a historical event involving a political strategy in the year 662 A.D., without any mention of attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: 1Source: SENER (prepared with data from the and the Secretariat of Planning and Energy Transition, 2016). In blue, renewable energy. In red, conventional energies. 2Theoretical. It is observed that an OTEC plant operating 365 days a year could have a higher average net energy generation than most renewable energies, except for hydroelectric plants that have twice the net production and wind and geothermal plants. 5. 3 Environmental factorsIf the environmental conditions that are present in the sites that can be considered optimal for establishing an OTEC are well known, it will help in the choice of materials, construction and maintenance of the equipment, and infrastructure and thus have a better planning and idea of costs. Considering installing pipes and pumping deep water to the surface of the sea and then reinjecting at an intermediate depth will modify the marine and coastal environment to some extent. Until the moment the plant is operating it will be possible to evaluate and have a clear estimation of costs considering the impact that could have and knowing the ocean dynamics that occurs can help mitigate or minimize consequences. 5. 3. 1 TemperatureThis parameter is the most important for the operation of an OTEC plant because the duty cycle works from the Carnot cycle, which implies that there should be a preferential thermal differential of 20°C or greater, although in some countries such as South Korea, it works with a differential of 18°C in the summer months. In the case of temperature, by analysis that we have performed at the level of numerical modeling and by results generated in some of the OTEC experimental plants, it is known that this parameter would not generate a thermal pollution process because the discharge water would stabilize once it is placed in the depth whose density is adequate. Thus, as there is no risk of a possible thermal effect, there is no strong impact on the organisms in the water column. However, it is considered that there should be frequent monitoring of this and other parameters to be completely sure. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the operation of an OTEC plant relies on a preferential thermal differential of 20°C or greater, indicating that OTEC indeed utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers to generate energy. This information supports the claim about the mechanism of OTEC.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Blockchainby Hung-Yi ChenPublished onSep 08, 2020CiteSocialDownloadlast released4 years agoShow detailsStablecoins, Cryptocurrencies, and BlockchainTest1 Just a year ago, the talk was all about cryptoassets: Bitcoins and its multiple evolutions. We have moved on, since then. Now, we must reckon with eMoney, a new form of digital currency with the potential to be much more disruptive. Today, I will define eMoney, then discuss its implications in a closed-economy setting. I will suggest that its adoption may be extremely rapid — but that it may raise significant risks. Policies to counter these risks — as in a sleight-of-hand magic trick, you will see — yield a synthetic version of central bank digital currency (CBDC) with various advantages relative to the full-service version just discussed, and studied in a recent IMF publication. Then, I will consider the open-economy extension of these ideas. While eMoney brings key advantages to cross-border payments, it may pose risks to the stability of the international payments system. It could also encourage dollarization. As policymakers, we must turn our attention to the international monetary system, toward new solutions — including technological ones — and enhance global cooperation by upholding the role of the IMF as the caretaker of this fragile system, though one with great opportunity. What is eMoney? eMoney is a means of payment and a store of value fully backed by fiat currency. It is the digital equivalent of a pre-paid card. eMoney, in my definition, can be issued as tokens or accounts, settled in a centralized or decentralized fashion. eMoney thus also includes a version of “stablecoins” that is fully backed or collateralized by fiat currency — what some call “digital fiat currency. ” eMoney can be traded through an app on your cellphone, between individuals and businesses alike with ease and immediate effect. Think of Weand AliPay in China, M-Pesa in Kenya, Bitt. com in the Caribbean, and USD-coin by Coinbase and Circle. Other major tech companies are also rumored to introduce their own form of eMoney very soon. eMoney, in its various forms, covers more than 25 currencies to date, and that number is growing rapidly. Adoption rates are impressive. In Kenya, for instance, 90 percent of the population over 14 years of age uses M-Pesa. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by introducing 'eMoney' as a new form of digital currency that may not necessarily rely on blockchain technology. It discusses eMoney as a means of payment that is fully backed by fiat currency and can be settled in a centralized or decentralized fashion, which suggests alternative methods of digital transactions outside the traditional blockchain framework associated with cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 이 틈에 풍왕이 군사적인 문제에 개입하기 시작하였고, 그 자신이 ‘복신의 죄’를 정식 거론할 정도로 세력도 확산되어 마침내 서기 663년 6월 복신을 제거하기에 이른다. 결국, 풍왕과 복신의 불화는 친위정변으로 막을 내렸다. 하지만 당시는 내부 다툼에 빠져도 괜찮은 상황이 아니었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses historical events involving figures such as 풍왕 and 복신, without mentioning attention or cognitive processing at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: An example of this is the analysis performed at one of the sites of interest in Mexico for the implementation of OTEC (Puerto Angel, Oaxaca) by Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología (ICMyL) of Autónoma de México (UNAM) [4], where, according to the data obtained and after analysis (taking as a reference the summer and winter months), it is considered that the operation of the OTEC plant may not generate thermal contamination because the vertical temperature profiles, both without operation and with the operation of the OTEC plant, are similar; the above implies that the discharge water (whose output temperature is 15. 5 ± 1. 7°C when mixed) will tend to be located in the water column, according to its density. 5. 3. 2 SalinitySalinity is an environmental factor of great importance because it is a factor that defines the organisms that can adapt to living in a body of water and resist between certain ranges of salinity. The concentrations of K+ and Cl− are relatively conservative, that is, they undergo small variations induced by environmental changes or by their use by living beings. In contrast, the concentrations of HCO32−, SO42−, and Ca2+ depend on precipitation-dissolution processes, microbial metabolism, and climatic changes, including the sea surface temperature. Some minor elements, such as silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus (P), and iron, are of great importance from a biological point of view, although they do not significantly influence the salinity of a body of water. In the previous example (Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca), this parameter does not have much relevance during the operation of an OTEC plant, but it is considered since it has implication in the density of water bodies. What is observed in both cases (both without operation and with the operation and operation of the OTEC plant) is that the variation in salinity is minimal (between 0. 1 and 0. 2 UPS) and its tendency is almost linear from 200 m deep. This implies that the discharge water of the plant would generate small changes in salinity, its density being similar to the waters surrounding the discharge zone, so its effect would be limited. 5. 3. 3 Chlorophyll (primary productivity)Chlorophyll is an indicator of primary productivity that occurs in the seas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the operation of an OTEC plant in Puerto Angel, Oaxaca, and how it relies on the vertical temperature profiles of ocean layers. It indicates that the analysis considered the temperature differences observed during different seasons and concludes that the operation of the OTEC plant does not result in significant thermal contamination, implying that it utilizes the temperature differences in the water column.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Unlike gold, which would exist forever, Bitcoin is a technology that changes in time. This is an interesting argument; however, in fact, this argument only emphasizes the similarities between gold and Bitcoin. Gold is here to stay, but so does Bitcoin. Actually, due to its decentralization, it would be extremely difficult to eliminate the entire Bitcoin blockchain. To achieve that, every copy of the blockchain should be erased. The chances of that are extremely low. Clearly, the value of the blockchain can decline substantially, but this is equivalent to a decline in the price of gold due to a lack of (technological or financial) interest. Therefore, gold is not better money than Bitcoin due to the fact that “while Bitcoin can be overthrown by competitive technologies, gold will exist forever. ” In fact, they both will probably survive for a very long time, and both may lose their value due to competitive technologies, because, in its essence, gold is also a monetary technology. Having said that, it must be emphasized that a replacement of a monetary technology is a very challenging task. Financial markets are very conservative. Gold has no clear chemical advantage over (for example) platinum, palladium, or iridium, and the main reason that gold is preferred over these precious metals is its early adoption as a medium of exchange (possibly due to its unique yellowish color). It may be instructive to note that there have been several attempts in the history to replace gold with other metals (iron in Sparta, copper in Rome, and even silver in the US); however, these attempts did not affect the gold’s hegemony worldwide. The same thing applies to Bitcoin. Bitcoin enjoys the network effect due to its early adoption. The gold’s unique color and its plasticity made it relatively resistant to counterfeiting. However, gold counterfeiting is still possible (e. g. , by covering tungsten with a layer of gold, because tungsten and gold have almost the same density), while Bitcoin cannot be counterfeited. Advertisement 10. Genuine scarcity This brings us to a well-known argument, that says that Bitcoin, like any other digital asset, is not scarce, and therefore can be repeatedly reproduced. The knowledgeable Bitcoin’s opponent, which uses this argument, does not mean that the number of Bitcoins can be increased ad infinitum. He means that the algorithm can be copied and an infinite amount of rival crypto networks can be created. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing characteristics of Bitcoin, gold, and their value perception, but it does not focus on how blockchain technology itself is utilized in facilitating secure transactions. While it mentions Bitcoin's resistance to counterfeiting, it fails to directly address the role of blockchain in ensuring transaction security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 비록 풍왕은 적통 왕으로써의 권위를 회복하였지 몰라도 백제는 당 주둔군과 신라의 공세에 대항할 충분한 시간적 여유가 갖지 못하게 되었기 때문이다. The reconstruction forces of Baekje asked Pung-Jang to return to the homeland as the pivot for securing Baekje dynasty’s legitimacy. Pung-Jang left Wae (Japan) in September 661, and arrived in Baekje in December. During that time, however, there was some political changes within the reconstruction forces--Boksin eliminated Dochim. Thus, he return seemed in vain. His succession to the throne was threatened because of the political upheaval. He managed to compromise with Boksin, and succeeded the throne in May 662, but he remained as a nominal king without real power. However, Boksin, though he seized the power, was embroiled in the political chaos. Baekje lost most key military bases by Shilla-Forces such as Jira-fortress, Yun-fortress, Deasan-stockade, Sajeong-stockade, and Jinhyeong-fortress in July 662 and Neasaji-fortress as well in August. At this, Boksin sought to settle the political disturbance by the capital to Pi-fortress (Gimje) in December 662. 663, however, he lost the key bases in the south such as Geoyeol-fortress, Geomul-fortress, Sapyeong, and also Deokan-fortress, one of the Five-Bangs. He was forced to retreat to Juryu-fortress(Buan) as the new capital was threatened. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. Instead, it discusses historical events related to the Baekje dynasty's political struggles and military challenges, which is irrelevant to the claim about cognitive processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, in Sur, fisherman community and people who live on the coast have a different perspective, while their economy depends on the sea without necessarily being fishermen, such as a merchant, shipyard, and mechanic, supplies for fishing, or maintenance of boats or cars. When that community listen to about the description of OTEC, they ask technical things, for example, what type of pumps will be used, their resistance to corrosion or inclement weather, the profit of generating potable water and electricity using this technology, and application of cold water in refrigeration, agriculture, and aquaculture production. We are concerned to solve the environmental impacts of reinjection of seawater and how the OTEC plant could modify the energy matrix of the community before deciding on a particular site. 6. Discussion6. 1 Thermal differenceIn order to know optimal sites of OTEC installation in MPO, it is necessary to evaluate each one with physical, environmental, socioeconomic, and legal aspects with a biggest vision that allows us to know the advantages and disadvantages of future OTEC practices. The regions that seem to be promising and optimal for OTEC are ETP and GT. Both areas present the TD favorable throughout the year. There are various sites of great depth close to the coast, having possible access to the electrical grid, and there are important centers of consumption. Among the unfavorable aspects, there is the possible threat of intense hurricanes and the fact that there are protected areas. Concerning hurricanes, on this side of the Pacific Ocean, they evolve from south to north in such a way that, while in the south the hurricane category is normally 1 or 2, category 5 hurricanes strike the north and even travel as far as the peninsula. Two sites are currently under intensive study: Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit, and Puerto Angel, Oaxaca. In the case of the Islands (MPI), the areas with the maximum TD are observed near the Marias and Marieta Islands, which are protected areas. In addition, the contains a prison, so that any ocean engineering projects would require special permission from the Mexican government. 6. 2 Power net energyThe best places to operate an OTEC plant should be those where the temperature is quite stable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the importance of temperature differences (TD) for the optimal installation of OTEC plants. It notes that favorable TD exists throughout the year in certain regions, which is a key principle of OTEC technology, emphasizing that 'the best places to operate an OTEC plant should be those where the temperature is quite stable.'


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital currencies will eliminate all forms of financial fraud. [SEP] Text: To tackle inflation and its value, Bitcoins have a predetermined number of having 120 million Bitcoins in circulation around the world for the next 25 years. At the moment, 16. 5 million Bitcoins [3] have already been mined. So, is this the currency of the world, without having any central authority? Analysts [4] compare it to the “sharing” economy, which is expected to grow from $15 billion in 2015 to $335 billion by the year 2025, according to a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers. Airbnb, founded in 2008, is a notable player in the sharing economy. The company provides a platform for property owners and visitors to agree and transact short-term rental contracts. While it does not own rental properties, Airbnb today has over 2 million listings in 34,000 cities in 191 countries, generating annual revenue of over $1 billion with a market value of $24 billion. The decentralized cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, relies on blockchain technology to record its transactions in a public ledger: a technology originally conceived for Bitcoin in 2008 and first implemented in 2009. The blockchain [5] is a distributed database that maintains a continuously growing list of records called blocks secured from tampering and revision. Each block contains a timestamp and a link to a previous block. It serves as the public ledger for all transactions. Every compatible client can connect to the network, send new transactions to it, verify them, and take part in the competition to create new blocks. The competition creating new blocks is known as mining. design has been the inspiration for other applications and certainly for other cryptocurrencies. If blockchain technology is like metal, then Bitcoin is like gold (Figure 1). Figure 1. Bitcoin circulation: the mining map. Advertisement 2. Cryptocurrencies and the world economyThe last thing on every analyst’s mind was Bitcoin surpassing the gold rate. Even the tech-gurus could not predict it, as gold is a league of its own. A lot was dependent upon the US inflation rates and China’s trading opportunities, while political instability being a constant factor. A volatile asset witnessed the making of overnight billionaires in a matter of seconds, when the price jumped from $700 to $2100+. The youngsters, who were merely experimenting with it, became “accidental millionaires”, and history was made. and many more cryptocurrencies made their way to the volatile market to leave a mark of their own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of Bitcoin and blockchain technology, indicating that while they provide a decentralized and secure method for transactions, they do not guarantee the elimination of financial fraud. The mention of volatility and the speculative nature of cryptocurrencies suggests that these currencies can still be subject to fraudulent activities, thereby undermining the claim that they will eliminate all forms of financial fraud.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: As the political maneuver to move the capital city to failed, Boksin power was weakened. Taking the opportunity, began involving in the military affairs and strengthened his political power to the extent to raise a formal issue of ‘Boksin’s sin’. Finally, he could remove Boksin in June 663. In the end, the discord between and Boksin come to an end by a political revolt. But it was not a peaceful period to be engaged in the internecine struggles. managed to restore his legitimacy as king, but he didn't have enough time to fight against the Shilla-Forces. 키워드 풍장, 복신, 주류성, 피성, 부흥백제국 Pung-Jang, Boksin, Juryu-fortress, Pi-fortress, 참고문헌(41) 1. [단행본] 구대열 2010 삼국통일의 정치학 까치 : 384 2. [단행본] 노중국 2003 백제부흥운동사 일조각 3. [단행본] 공주대 백제문화연구소 2004 백제부흥운동사연구 서경 4. [단행본] 김영관 2005 백제부흥운동연구 서경문화사 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. It instead focuses on a historical political narrative about Boksin and political changes, which is unrelated to cognitive processing or attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: However, the plant can adapt to existing oceanographic conditions so that regions of the central Pacific and southern Mexico can use OTEC without major risk, unlike the southern part of where values fall considerably and would have an operating time between 4 and 6 months. This analysis indicates that, under an annual average production of 200 MW of electricity (3125 GWh year−1) and with a plant factor of 0. 8 (80% operation, 365 days a year and 24 h a day), an OTEC plant could have a higher average net energy generation than most renewable energies and very close to hydroelectric production. As for conventional energy, OTEC is competitive in some cases in terms of production, but not enough because there are some other energy sources that present a much higher production as the hydroelectric, nuclear, and fuel plants (see Table 1). However, the secondary products obtained from OTEC plants give it a higher rating when making a possible decision. 6. 3 Environmental and social factorsFirst, regarding the possible environmental factors, it is important to consider water pollution, due to chemicals emitted by machine parts, and to evaluate the geological characteristics of the sites in case of erosion or earthquake. Then, the electromagnetic effects of power lines and the possibility of marine life attaching onto the devices are worth examining. Finally, it is crucial to verify the effects on protected zones and to perform predictions regarding the occurrence of hazards that are common in Mexico, such as storms and hurricanes. Last, in the case of social factors, it is important to promote the approval of the community for the activities to be carried out, preserving the culture and traditions of the region. It is also very important to consider areas, which are potential zones of recreation, transportation, aquaculture, or military activities. Moreover, it is crucial to count on academic, government, and industrial participation in the projects. Finally, security factors should be considered where the sites are affected by human migration, criminal activities, and so on. 7. ConclusionsMPO has an excellent thermal potential for OTEC deployment. The most promising regions into MPO are the ETP and the GT, which includes sites from Nayarit to Oaxaca and the MPI. Sites located in the Gulf of California have inadequate gradient for part of the year; nevertheless, other applications such as the utilization of cold water can be of great interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the deployment of OTEC in regions with specific oceanographic conditions, suggesting that it indeed relies on the temperature differences between ocean layers for its operation. The mention of thermal potential for OTEC deployment supports the assertion that OTEC utilizes these temperature gradients to generate energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital currencies will eliminate all forms of financial fraud. [SEP] Text: While the price of gold remained flat in the last year, there has been an eruption of the virtual currencies while bringing down the fiat currencies. With the market trends going anywhere with prediction, the shift is incorrigible, the facts are surprising and more shocks are due. A closer look in the historical rates of Bitcoin raises the question about the future of cryptocurrencies. With a surge of supply and demand, analysts are marking the mining to be completed by the year 2041. What needs to be seen is the price volatility post mining. The world changes at the speed of light, they say, the world of technology is even faster, quicker, not only in terms of change but also in terms of implementation. Figure 2 shows the price volatility in Bitcoin in the US Dollar since Sep 2015. The daily data for the Index have been derived from coindesk [6]. Figure 2. Bitcoin price in USD from September 2015 to July 2017. Tapscott [7], author of and one of the top most influencers of the world, quoted: “Ethereum [8] blockchain has some extraordinary capabilities. One of them is that you can build smart contracts. It’s kind of what it sounds like. It’s a contract that self-executes, and the contract handles the enforcement, the management, performance, and payment”. Figure 3 shows the price volatility in Ethereum in the US dollar since Sep 2015. The daily data for Ethereum have been derived from coindesk [6]. Figure 3. Ethereum price in USD from Sep 2015 to July 2017. 2. 1. The stock market volume and the dollar valueTrading volume is generally reported not only in terms of number of shares but also in terms of the dollar value. These are the two most fundamental figures in the stock market, the price and the volume. In public stock exchanges, shares are publicly traded, transactions are recorded and the volumes are displayed. Hence, it becomes easy to calculate the trading volume for such stock exchanges. To better understand this trade volume, let us consider the following example::Suppose that Samsung only changes hands twice during the day. Let’s assume that 20 million shares were bought at $10 a share; later 30 million shares were purchased at $10. 5 a share. The total trading volume = 20 +30 = 50 million sharesDollar amount equals = (20X10) + (30X10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the price volatility of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, as well as the unpredictable nature of the virtual currency market. While it mentions the capabilities of the blockchain and smart contracts, there is no assertion that digital currencies would eliminate financial fraud. Instead, the emphasis on price volatility and the potential for shocks indicates that issues related to financial activity, including fraud, may persist or evolve with the introduction of digital currencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 노중국 2005 백제부흥운동 이야기 주류성 6. [단행본] 양종국 2008 의자왕과 백제부흥운동 엿보기 서경문화사 7. [학술지] 김병남 2012 백제 부흥 전쟁기 고사비성 전투의 의미 정신문화연구 35 (1) : 279 ~ 1 8. [기타] 삼국사기 7,「신라본기」7, 문무왕 11년 9. [학술지] 박재용 2007 日本書紀에 인용된 道顯의 日本世記 한국고대사연구 (47) : 117 ~ 47 10. [단행본] 이도학 1997 새로 쓰는 백제사 푸른역사 : 240 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. It appears to list various references and does not provide any information related to the cognitive aspects of attention.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers. [SEP] Text: de la Cerda V, Boletín -June R. IPN-ESIA. Mexico: Mexico City; 19848. Francisco BGJ. Evaluación del Potencial de Conversión de Energía Renovable en el [Master’s Thesis]. Mexico City: Autónoma de México; 20149. . Determination of the potential thermal gradient for the Ocean. Journal of and Engineering. 2018;6:1-11. DOI: 10. 3390/jmse601002010. S, García Huante A, Garduño íguez Cueto Y, Valdéz J, et al. System of Information and Analysis of the Potential for of the Ocean on the Coasts of on OTEC-Mex (OceanER) -. . México: Information & of of Mexico (SIMAR); 2019. De la Lanza-Espino, G. de la y Oceánica de México. Ciencias. 2004;76:4-1312. Huante-González, Y. Contaminación Biológica en la Bahía de Puerto Ángel, Oaxaca. 1997. Available from: ()13. MÁ, Hernández Contreras RE, García Huante A, y Rodríguez Cueto Y. Atlas de Potencial Energético del Océano en México por Gradiente Térmico; Línea Estratégica de Energía por Gradiente Térmico del en Innovación de Energías del Océano; CEMIE-Océano: Mexico City, Mexico, 201714. Kessler WS. The circulation of the eastern tropical Pacific: A review. Progress in Oceanography. 2006;69:181-21715. Rajagopalan K, Nihous GC. Estimates of thermal energy conversion (OTEC) resources using an ocean general circulation model. Renewable Energy. 2013;50:532-54016. PO. . 2019. Available from: Hub. 2019. Available from:. 2017. Available from: information 1. Introduction2. Methods and data3. Net electric power4. Social and environmental factors5. Results6. Discussion7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to studies and documents discussing topics related to ocean thermal energy and indicates the potential thermal gradient of the ocean, which corroborates the claim that OTEC utilizes temperature differences between ocean layers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital currencies will eliminate all forms of financial fraud. [SEP] Text: 491510. 0310BTC does not VOL32. 23464. E−14CAP does not BTC6853. 585760. 0282BTC does not CAP10672. 50. 0000CAP does not VOL68528. 18652. E−12VOL does not CAP10. 96122. E−05Table 5. with lags 2. 3. 6. Impulse response functionTo categorize the dynamic structure of Bitcoin, the simulation is applied through the impulse response functions in the model. It shows how shocks to any one variable filter through the model can affect every other variable and eventually feed back to the original variable itself. [13] simulation is best employed through possible random movements in the model. This perfectly fits the scenario of Bitcoin. There are two components to a stock’s price movements: drift, which is a constant directional movement, and a random input, representing market volatility. By analyzing historical price data, the drift, standard deviation, variance and average price movement for a security is determined. These are the building blocks of a simulation. The horizontal spool in Figure 7 delegates trace periods of the response function, and the vertical spool delegates responses of dependent variables to independent variables. Figure 7. Impulse response functions—simulation. Advertisement 4. Bitcoin and the future economyIn an era where having a smart phone is highly more likely than having a Bank account, Bitcoin is here to stay. The architecture of money that we live in today brings the borrower and lender together through a financial intermediary, usually a Bank. One of the parties usually conforms to the rules and regulations put forth by the financial institution making it the most sought-after financial product the banks have to offer. People with limited education and a profile not matching to open a bank account can open a Bitcoin account in under 30 seconds. Bitcoin is Gold 2. 0 because Bitcoin is great as a store of value. As of June 2017, the total value of all cryptocurrency in circulation is now [14] almost $100 bn. This is almost double of what was at the beginning of this year. The value of the fiat currency issued by the Bank of $1. 4 trillion cannot be undermined, but an alternative is underway albeit faster than predicted. Cryptocurrencies are borderless, decentralized, and capable of replacing money in just about any transaction. Without any physical infrastructure, Bitcoin has paved its way into the world economy because of ease of use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Bitcoin's dynamic structure and market behavior, highlighting that while digital currencies like Bitcoin can facilitate financial transactions without banks, they also introduce complexities and risks related to market volatility. The mention of Bitcoin's ease of use and rapid account setup suggests accessibility but does not provide evidence that it would eliminate all forms of financial fraud, implying that risks still exist within the digital currency framework.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 이성범 2002 우리가 몰랐던 왜군의 백제파병 이야기-백촌강전투 J&C : 155 ~ 12. [단행본] 심정보 2007 부흥군의 봉기와 부흥활동의 전개 : 200 13. [단행본] 변인석 1994 백강구 전쟁과 백제 ․왜 관계 한울아카데미 : 161 14. [학술지] 서정석 2004 백제 백강의 위치 백산학보 69 : 222 15. [단행본] 충남역사문화연구원 2008 백제사자료역주집-일본편- : 174 16. [학술지] 윤명철 2000 신라하대의 해양활동연구 국사관논총 91 : 208 ~ 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on historical books and academic journal articles related to the Baekje period and does not address the concept of selective attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: Kim: of Energy 438. DOI: of Energy 해양 신재생에너지의 고찰 Kim* * Young C. Kim, Professor of 90032, Tel: +1-323-343-4460, Fax: +1-323-343-4555, ykim@calstatela. edu 03, 2013 30, 2013 30, 2013 the prospect of an increasing shortage of energy resources, there has been a growing interest in renewable alternative sources of energy. An increasing effort is being directed towards resolving the problems of extracting energy from the world's oceans, as they represent a vast potential source of renewable energy. This paper summarizes the extraction and conversion techniques of the ocean's energy resources, namely, energy derived from the ocean waves, tides, thermal gradients, and currents. For each energy extraction and conversion technique, case studies are discussed. 핵심용어: ocean energy, renewable energy from the sea, waves, tides, ocean current, thermal gradient, Energy Conversion, 해양 에너지, 해양신재생에너지, 파랑, 조석, 해류, 온도경사, 해양온도차발전 Abstract 에너지 자원의 부족이 점진적으로 증가할 것이라는 전망과 함께 재생가능한 대체 에너지에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there has been a growing interest in renewable alternative sources of energy derived from the world's oceans, highlighting the potential of ocean energy as a renewable resource. It discusses various extraction and conversion techniques for energy from ocean waves, tides, thermal gradients, and currents, which aligns with the claim regarding the emergence of ocean energy technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Digital currencies will eliminate all forms of financial fraud. [SEP] Text: The “no-strings” attached idea has appealed to the masses. It is positively one of the most innovative inventions ever since the Internet came. It is Internet money and a digital currency; to stop this, we would have to stop the Internet. This is the power of Bitcoin. From pizza to Porsche, hotel bookings and even goat, [15] you can buy just about anything by using Bitcoin. Advertisement 5. Blockchain, Bitcoin and the UAEBitcoin and blockchain technology are currently being used by different businesses and organizations. A peer-to-peer system, without the middlemen, where the buyer pays less and the seller receives more is a phenomenon the world is witnessing currently. Countries are passing policies for its free trade, while other countries like UAE and especially Dubai are adopting it as a part of their 2020 initiative. Taking the possibilities to another level, the future of Bitcoin is evident from the establishment of a under Dubai Government. It quotes: “As part of its efforts to adopt the latest technologies and innovation practices at the global level, Foundation has announced the establishment of the Council to explore, discuss current and future applications, and organize transactions through the Blockchain platform. Blockchain records every transaction made by the digital currency Bitcoin” [16]. Similarly, a UAE start-up has come out with a gold-backed cryptocurrency called one-gram, giving users, an asset-backed model of digital currencies. With the GCC accounting for a substantial proportion of global remittances, foreign exchange houses are big business, and many say incorporating Bitcoin-enabling technology would be commercially advantageous, as it would help them to cut costs and provide better services to customers [17]. The volatility of Bitcoin is yet to be seen, as some analysts claim it to be a bubble, while others are cashing in on the cryptocurrency. The future where money may be limited to exchange of Bitcoins, the circulation of the Bitcoins remains to be seen once all 120 million Bitcoins are mined and circulated. 1. Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Cash System. 2008. Gulf News. UAE clarifies virtual currency ban [Internet]. 1st Feb, 2017 [Updated: 1st Feb, 2017]. Available from: [Accessed: 24th July 2017]3. Blockchain Luxembourg. [Internet]. 23rd July 2017 [Updated: 23rd July 2017]. Available from: [Accessed: 23rd July 2017]4. Abdu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential and application of Bitcoin and blockchain technology, but it highlights that the technology is still under scrutiny, particularly regarding its volatility and security. It mentions that some analysts view Bitcoin as possibly a 'bubble,' which implies that there are significant risks and uncertainties associated with digital currencies that could still allow for financial fraud to occur.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 고경석 2011 신라의 對中 해상교통로 연구－중부횡단항로와 남부사단항로 개설 시기를 중심으로－ 신라사학보 (21) : 97 ~ 21 18. [단행본] 김대욱 2012 전쟁의 시대 한국고대사 700년의 기록 채륜 : 358 19. [단행본] 新川登龜男 2004 백강전쟁과 고대 동아시아, In 백제부흥운동사연구 서경 : 347 20. [단행본] 정진술 2007 다시보는 한국해양사 해군사관학교 : 307 ~ 21. [단행본] 신복룡 1991 입당구법순례행기 정신세계사 : 19 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various academic publications without addressing the concept of selective attention and its effects on cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: 잠재적인 재생가능에너지의 보고인 대양으로부터 에너지를 추출하는 방법을 고안하는 노력이 증가하고 있다. 본 논문은 해양 파랑, 조석, 온도차, 해류 등의 해양 신재생에너지 자원의 추출 및 변환의 연구동향을 요약 검토하였다. 각각의 에너지 추출과 변환 기술을 사례별로 논의하였다. 핵심용어: ocean energy, renewable energy from the sea, waves, tides, ocean current, thermal gradient, Energy Conversion, 해양 에너지, 해양신재생에너지, 파랑, 조석, 해류, 온도경사, 해양온도차발전 1. the prospect of an increasing shortage of energy sources, there has been a growing interest in renewable alternate sources of energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is an increasing effort to extract energy from the ocean, which is classified as a potential renewable energy source. It discusses various methods of extracting and converting ocean renewable energy resources, such as waves and tides, thereby supporting the idea that ocean energy technologies are indeed emerging in coastal areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: 1 1 ФГБОУ ВО «Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации» В статье рассматриваются вопросы легализации и использования криптовалют как средства платежа. Целью статьи является оценка возможности использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа в России. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the legalization and use of cryptocurrencies specifically within the context of Russia, suggesting that they are not universally accepted as legal tender worldwide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 胡戟 2000 中國 水軍과 白江口 戰鬪, In 백제사상의 전쟁 서경문화사 : 254 23. [학술지] 연민수 2007 6∼7세기 高句麗의 對倭關係 한일관계사연구 (26) : 1 ~ 26 24. [단행본] 전용신 1989 완역 일본서기 일지사 : 486 25. [학술지] 김병남 2013 백제 풍왕 시기의 정치적 상황과 부흥운동의 전개 도침의 몰락과 복신의 주도 배경을 중심으로 정신문화연구 36 (1) : 36 ~ 1 26. [기타] 삼국사기 6,「신라본기」6, 문무왕 원년 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or insights regarding attention, cognitive processing, or selective focus. Instead, it appears to be a list of references related to historical military contexts and does not address the psychological or cognitive aspects indicated in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: An increasing effort is being directed toward the problem of extracting energy from the world’s oceans since the oceans represent vast potential resources of renewable energy (Carmichael and Feher, 1992; Krock, 1989; Mogridge, 1980). This paper summarizes the extraction and conversion techniques of the ocean’s energy resources, namely, energy derived from the ocean waves, tides, thermal gradients, and currents. For each energy extraction and conversion technique, case studies are discussed. Before we consider the feasibility of extracting significant quantities of energy from ocean, it would be interesting to attempt to determine the magnitude of some of these natural processes. Isaacs (1973, 1976) and Seymour(1992) estimated the dissipation of solar power in the oceans. It indicates that thermal and salinity are far more than waves, tides, and currents in power dissipation rate in the oceans (Slotta et al. , 1987). 2. Energy from There are more than a thousand different proposals for the utilization of wave energy in the patent literature (McCormick, 1976, 1981), and there are many ways to describe and classify them (Behrens and Champ, 1989; Budal and Falnes, 1975; Carmichael and Falnes, 1992; Hagerman, 1992; Hagerman and Heller, 1988; Kim, 1981, 1984; Kim and Magoon, 1983; McCormick et al. , 1988; McCormick and Kim, 1987, 1997; Mei and Newman, 1979; Rogalski et al. , 1979; Shaw, 1983). These devices can be classified into the following five categories: 1. Heaving 2. Heaving and Pitching 3. Pitching 4. Column 5. Surging 6. For heaving float devices, the KN System by Power was conducted with 45 kW prototype in the North Sea. The Gotaverken’s Conversion which has been conducted since 1980 is based on the “hose pump”, a hose with helical pattern of steel wire reinforcement, which causes the hose to constrict when stretched. two point absorber systems for wave energy extraction, has been developed by the & Technology Institute, Inc. in the U. S. This system comprises a light weight, shallow draft cylindrical buoy driving a submerged, single-acting positive displacement pump tethered to the seafloor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of the ocean as a significant source of renewable energy. It mentions various methods of energy extraction from the ocean, including waves, tides, thermal gradients, and currents, indicating that these technologies are being developed and researched. The mention of case studies and various proposals for utilizing wave energy emphasizes the ongoing efforts to harness ocean resources for renewable energy, supporting the notion that ocean energy technologies are indeed emerging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Авторы исходят из того, что криптовалюты постепенно начинают выполнять функции денег, вне зависимости от позиции в отношении криптовалют со стороны правительства конкретной страны. Проведен анализ процессов легализации криптовалют в странах мира и выделены три большие группы стран по критерию уровня легализации криптовалют. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that cryptocurrencies are beginning to function as money independently of governmental positions on them, and it analyzes the legalization processes in different countries, indicating that acceptance is not universal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 이상훈 2011 新羅의 軍事 編制單位와 編成規模 역사교육논집 (46) : 163 ~ 46 28. [학술지] 심정보 2006 백제의 부흥운동 충청남도지 4 : 490 29. [단행본] 문안식 2006 백제의 흥망과 전쟁 혜안 : 501 30. [학술지] 김병남 2013 백제 부흥전쟁기의 옹산성 전투와 그 의미 전북사학 (42) : 45 ~ 42 31. [기타] 삼국사기 6, ｢신라본기｣ 6, 문무왕 2년 2월 32. [학술지] 김영관 2003 백제부흥운동의 실패 원인 선사와 고대 19 : 287 33. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains bibliographical references and does not address the topic of selective attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: The motions of the buoy open the pump for the pressure stroke with energy stored in the natural rubber return springs used to refill the system. The water power desalination can be achieved by the reverse osmosis. Full scale system tests were performed at the University of in 1980-85, and 350 gpd pilot commercial unit has been in operation at in Puerto Rico. developed by the U. S. Wave Energy, Inc. combines the heaving and pitching motion. It consists of two parallel discs connected with hydraulic piston pumps. One disc is buoyant and rides on the ocean surface while the other is suspended at a depth where motion due to waves is small. Hydraulic fluid is transferred from the piston pumps to a high-pressure accumulator and is then fed to a hydraulic motor connected to a generator. 1 kW, 1:10 scale model tests were performed on Lake Champlain, Vermont. The Contouring-System by Corporation uses the heaving and pitching motion. Test of a prototype 500 kW “one-raft” system has been conducted for regular and random waves. For pitching devices, Salter from the University of Edinburgh has developed a very efficient wave energy conversion device known as (Salter, 1974). is a cam shaped device that oscillates about a spine connecting many devices. The spine is long enough to span several waves and provides a steady frame of reference for power extraction. 1:10 scale model tests were performed at Loch Ness. by Q Corporation uses two flaps which are hinged at the bottom and allowed to move in the direction of wave. Because of its ability to capture both incident and a portion of the transmitted wave energy, it is significantly more efficient than a single flap device. A 10 ksystem was tested in in 1987. A Pendulor system was developed by Professor H. Kondo at the of Technology in Japan (Kondo, 1993). The pendulor is a pendulum gate which swings backwards and forwards in the opening at the front of a chamber facing the incident waves. The back of the chamber is a fixed wall, located a quarter wavelengths behind the axis of the pendulum pivot. A 5 kW system has been in operation in the bay of Uchiura near to Muroran in Hokkaido, Japan. Column incorporates a wave-excited oscillating water column and a pneumatic turbine. The air above the water column is alternately compressed and expanded resulting in an alternating pressure difference across the turbine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various ocean energy technologies and their applications, demonstrating how they are being developed and tested as renewable energy sources. The mention of systems such as wave energy converters and their operational tests in locations like Puerto Rico and Japan indicates their relevance to renewable energy initiatives in coastal areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Определены условия легализации криптовалют в России, факторы использования криптовалюты как законного средства платежа и возможные препятствия для такого использования. Изучен опыт Сальвадора по использованию биткойна, в свете факторов преобразований в современном финансовом секторе России и, в частности, в свете процессов дедолларизации экономики. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the conditions for the legalization of cryptocurrencies in Russia and examining factors that could hinder their use as legal tender. Additionally, it mentions the experience of El Salvador with Bitcoin, highlighting that there are specific circumstances and obstacles affecting the acceptance of cryptocurrencies rather than indicating universal acceptance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 노중국 2004 부흥백제국의 성립과 몰락, In 백제부흥운동사연구 서경 : 101 34. [학술지] 심정보 1983 백제부흥군의 주요거점에 관한 연구 백제연구 14 : 167 ~ 35. [단행본] 임용한 2012 한국고대전쟁사2 혜안 : 319 36. [단행본] 김태식 1993 가야연맹사 일조각 : 123 37. [학술지] 정요근 2011 통일신라시기의 간선교통로 - 王京과 州治·小京 간 연결을 중심으로 - 한국고대사연구 (63) : 147 ~ 63 38. [기타] 일본서기 27, 천지 원년 시세 39. [기타] 일본서기 27, 천지 2년 3월 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains historical references and citations that do not address the topic of attention or cognitive processing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: A one-meter System was tested in the second deployment of the in the Sea of Japan in 1985 (1987). A 500 kW prototype, Multi-resonant Column by Kvaener, Norway, was constructed in 1980. In Japan, Shore-Fixed 40 kW Plant was constructed on the shore of Sanze, East Sea. This plant consists of a caisson and air turbine generator, and turbine was selected. developed by Y. Goda of Japan while he was with the Port and Institute has been built at Sakado, Japan. Caissons function as a breakwater and a wave power device at the same time. Another concept, Duct Buoy, developed by has an air chamber bent backward from the wave direction. Its originator, Y. Masuda, reported that this configuration of floating platform has a superior performance and that it has excellent conversion efficiency with low mooring force (Masuda, 1986). A 2. 4 m scale model was tested at Yura in 1987 and at in 1988. Recently, Professor M. McCormick at University conducting tests for optimum design of the system. For surging device, known as has been in operation since 1986 at Toftestallen, Norway. device converts the wave energy into potential energy in a reservoir on the shore. Considerable effort has been expended on two wave focusing devices: Fresnel diffraction and refraction. have concentrated on Fresnel diffraction and have gone as far as to build a large wave tank to test their systems. 3. Energy from Tidal power is only worth harnessing in areas where a funnel-shaped bay or an estuary is of just the right shape for construction of the dam, and the tidal range has to average about 5 m to provide sufficient energy. (Department of Energy, 1989; Gray and Gashus, 1972; Lissaman et al. , 1979; Song, 1987; Yum, 1983; Shaw, 1974; Warnock, 1987) A. One-way, single-basin generation This is the simplest form of tidal power utilization. Water is allowed to enter a bay through open sluices, which are then closed off at high tide. As the tide outside the basin recedes, the water is released through turbines, generating electricity. This scheme is characterized by about 5 hours of generation, followed by 6 to 7 hours of basin refilling. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing several examples of ocean energy technologies, such as wave power devices and tidal energy systems, that have been tested and developed in coastal areas, particularly in Japan and Norway. It mentions constructions and prototypes specifically aimed at harnessing energy from ocean waves and tidal movements, indicating that these technologies are indeed emerging as renewable sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: Сделан вывод, что процессы дедолларизации не должны быть направлены только на отказ от использования в расчетах иностранных валют в пользу рубля, для эффективной реализации процесса значимым инструментом должны стать также и криптовалюты. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that cryptocurrencies may play a significant role in processes like dedollarization, but it does not support the idea that cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender. Instead, it proposes a more selective usage aligned with the Russian ruble, indicating that cryptocurrencies are not recognized as universal legal tender.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [기타] 구당서 199 상, ｢열전｣ 149, 동이 백제 福信稱疾 臥於窟室 將候扶餘豊問疾 謀襲殺之 41. [기타] 일본서기 27, 천지 2년 6월 王勒健兒 斬而醢首 TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 부흥백제국의 성립과 정치적 변동-복신의 정국 주도와 풍왕의 대응을 중심으로 - @10. 29212/mh. 2013. . 89. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about selective focus of attention and cognitive processing. It appears to be a historical or academic reference that does not address the cognitive aspects outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean energy technologies are emerging as renewable sources in coastal areas. [SEP] Text: Two-way, single-basin generation This scheme permits power generation with water moving either from the basin to the sea or from the sea to the basin. More energy is generated by use of the two-way scheme than by a one-way scheme at the same location. However, the average available head is lower in a two-way method than in the one-way method. Thus, the turbines in a two-way scheme must be larger and are more expensive. 3. 1 tidal power station on the west coast of France, with an installed capacity of 240 MW, is the first tidal plant (Cotillon, 1974). The estuary of the Rance is located in one of the regions of world where the tidal amplitude is the greatest (13. 50 m − 44’) due to the obstacle presented by the Cotentin peninsula to the tide entering the from the Atlantic. The construction began in January 1961 and 24 units were placed into service in December 1967. The operational principle is the doubleacting cycle which means that power may be produced during filling as well as during emptying of the basin. The structures associated this tidal power plants are: • A lock permitting navigation between the basin and the sea • The power plant with 24 bulb-type turbines • Each turbine is rated at 10 MW • A rock-fill dike (163 m − 535’ long) closing off the rest of estuary • The sluice gates, equipped with 6 gates, permit quick counterbalancing of water levels to fill or empty the basin The power plant is equipped with 24 identical power generating units of 10MW each. A horizontal 4-blade Kaplan turbine rotates at 93. 75 RPM, and it handles a flow of 275 m3/s. The installed power is 240 MW, and the net annual productivity is 544 GWh. 3. 2 1968, the put into operation a 400 kW pilot plant in Kislaya Bay, called the Kisloqubskaya pilot plant. At the site, a sea cutoff of only 50 m length was sufficient to close in a tidal basin subject to a range of level variation of 1. 3 m to 3. 0 m. The tidal bulb turbine had a 3. 3 m runner powering a 400 kW generator. It was to be the forerunner of a mode of construction which has been become universally accepted as the most cost effective techniques for tidal power barrage of the future (Bernstein, 1969; 1972). 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing detailed information about tidal energy generation, which is a form of ocean energy technology. It discusses the functioning and operational principles of a tidal power station on the west coast of France, highlighting aspects such as installed capacity, turbine specifications, and the contributions of tidal power plants to renewable energy in coastal regions. This information underscores the emergence of ocean energy technologies as valid renewable energy sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are universally accepted as legal tender worldwide. [SEP] Text: В статье проведен анализ препятствий к использованию криптовалюты как средства платежа в России, сделан вывод о наличии в России экономических и технических условий для более широкого использования и майнинга криптовалют. Статья в формате PDF 257 KB легализация криптовалютыбиткойнмайнингцифровые финансовые активыдедолларизация 1. Syed H. , Cleenewerck L. , Katterbauer K. The impact of the legalization of Bitcoin in the Republic – a legal analysis. 2022. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: (дата обращения: 08. 11. 2022). 2. Статистика: Федеральный бюджет. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the obstacles to using cryptocurrency as a means of payment in Russia, implying that there are significant limitations and regulatory issues preventing universal acceptance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 따라서 풍장은 돌아왔지만 정치 상황이 180도로 변한 상태여서 왕위 계승마저 위협받기에 이르렀다. 간신히 복신과 타협하여 서기 662년 5월에 즉위하였지만 실권 없는 허수아비 처지로 전락하였다. 하지만 새로 권력을 잡은 복신도 외부의 충격에 휘둘렸다. 백제는 서기 662년 7월에 지라성・윤성・대산책・사정책・진현성을, 이어 8월에 내사지성마저 나・당군에게 빼앗김으로써 금강 이동의 전략적 거점을 대부분 상실하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses historical events and political situations, with no mention of attention, cognitive processing, or related psychological concepts.