Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 5Relative abundance of 16S rRNA bacterial phylotypes, recovered from Ostiactis pearseae and comparison samples. a Relative abundance of bacterial families from Ostiactis pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including unidentified zoanthids (“zoan”) and Kadosactinidae “sp. B,” nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae, and seawater. Each color on the graph represents a distinct family-level phylotype or lowest level available. The top 15 dominant family phylotypes are indicated in the key. b Six distinct SUP05 OTUs (99% 16S rRNA sequence similarity) recovered from O. pearseae, compared to the surrounding seawater. The heatmap scale reflects the number of reads per sample. Phylogenetic relationships between the SUP05 OTUs are shown in Additional file 3: Fig. S1. c Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of microbial communities associated with O. pearseae, versus the other neighboring species and overlying seawater. Each point represents all 16S rRNA sequences recovered from a single specimen or sample. p < 0. 022, suggesting a significant difference between O. pearseae and any other sample set (ex. other sea anemones, water samples; R = 0. 88–1. 00). HTV, hydrothermal vent; spB, another undescribed sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) from the Pescadero Basin; zoan, unidentified zoanthids from the Pescadero BasinFull size imageNMDS ordination revealed the total bacterial community of Ostiactis pearseae to be strongly differentiated from those associated with zoanthid specimens (analysis of similarity () R = 0. 99, p = 0. 002), the other unidentified sea anemone Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’ (= 0. 87, p = 0. 022), the water column samples (= 1. 00, p = 0. 006), and the neighboring obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (= 1. 00, p = 0. 001; Fig. 5c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the distinct microbial communities associated with Ostiactis pearseae in hydrothermal vent environments. It highlights the relative abundance of bacterial phylotypes and the significant differences between these communities and other nearby species. This suggests the presence of unique ecosystems near hydrothermal vents, which aligns with the idea that such ecosystems are reliant on processes such as chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: (D, E) To test whether memory is expressed during the active phase, animals were trained for 3 min during the inactive phase just after treatment with anisomycin (N = 9 D), or ASW (N = 11 E), and memory was tested 12 hr later. There were significant differences between the six groups tested (training and testing in part A, and the four tests of memory in parts B–E) (p=0. 00005, F(5,54) = 6. 95; one-way analysis of variance). A post hoc- test (Student-Newman-Keuls, α = 0. 05) showed no significant difference between naïve animals trained during the day and either group of animals trained for 3 min with ASW (marked by an n for behaving as if naive). Thus, a 3 min training during the inactive phase with ASW produces no memory. These 3 groups were significantly different from the other three groups (marked by a t for behaving as if trained), which were not significantly different from one another. Thus, a 3 min training during the inactive phase after anisomycin treatment produced memory 12 and 24 hr later. (F) The data are explained by the effects of 10 µM anisomycin on a process initiated by sleep phase training that blocks memory. The anisomycin prevents the action of the blocker, allowing the formation of long-term memory. Figure 2—source data 1 3 min training with anisomycin during the inactive phase produces memory. Download elife-17769-fig2-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3 Download asset Open asset Full training during the sleep phase with anisomycin causes long-term memory. Experiments were performed on A. californica. (A) Training animals until they stop responding during the inactive phase 10 min after treatment with anisomycin (N = 7) leads to memory when animals are tested 24 hr later, as shown by a decrease in the time stop responding (p=0. 05, t = 2. 49, df = 6; two-tailed paired t-test). (B) Training animals until they stop responding during the inactive phase 10 min after treatment with ASW (N = 5) did not lead to long-term memory, as shown by a lack of savings when animals were tested 24 hr later (p=0. 3, t = 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing experiments that demonstrate how training during the inactive phase (suggestive of sleep) contributes to long-term memory formation. The mention of '3 min training during the inactive phase with ASW produces no memory' contrasted with '3 min training during the inactive phase after anisomycin treatment produced memory 12 and 24 hr later' illustrates the role that sleep plays in memory consolidation, thereby supporting the argument that sleep enhances long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1, we determine a range for each parameter that generates different combinations, and we run the proposed algorithm on some selected instances of the combinations. We find the following settings so that our algorithm obtains the best solutions: SP=100,NG=5,rmp=0. 7,α=10,level=5, and Ng=100. This parameter setting has thus been used in the following experiments. Table 1: The variable parameters. range SP 50≤βr≤200, incremented by 50 NG 5≤α≤15, incremented by 5 rmp 0. 5≤βη≤1, incremented by 0. 1 α 5≤τ0≤20, incremented by 5 level 5≤p≤15, incremented by 5 Ng 50≤Ng≤150, incremeted by 50 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-1 We found no algorithm based on the literature’s MFEA framework for the TRPTW and TSPTW. Therefore, the proposed algorithm’s results directly compare with the known best solutions of the TSPTW and TRPTW on the same benchmark. Moreover, to compare with the previous MFEA framework (Osaba et al. , 2020; Yuan et al. , 2016), our MEFA+RVNS is tested on the benchmark for the TSP and TRP. They are specific variants of TSPTW and TRPTW without time window constraints. Therefore, the instances are used in the 60. 001, n20w60. 002, n20w60. 003, n20w60. 004, and n20w60. 005 have 20 vertices and the time window for each vertex is uniformly random, between 0 and 60. Gendreau et al. (1998) propose the second set of instances citebib12 and contains 140 instances grouped in 28 test cases. Ohlmann & Thomas (2007) propose the third set of instances citebib30 and contains 25 instances grouped in five test cases. The fourth sets in the majority are the instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995) with wider time windows. ( includes fourteen instances from 50 to 100 instances. The efficiency of the metaheuristic algorithm can be evaluated by comparing the best solution found by the proposed algorithm (notation: Best. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic engineering producing organisms that never mutate. It discusses algorithms and experiments related to certain combinatorial problems without mentioning genetic engineering or mutation in any form. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Bacterial community analysis revealed limited diversity within the tentacles of O. pearseae from the 5 different vent sites (Fig. 5a; Additional file 2: Table S2). Other bacteria uniquely recovered from O. pearseae tentacles included the BD1-5 group (a. k. a. Gracilibacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 3–27%) and the OD1 group (a. k. a. Parcubacteria; present in 5/8 O. pearseae specimens at 1–16%; Fig. 5a). Additional bacterial groups present in non-Ostiactis sea anemones included Enterobacteriacea and Mollicutes (the latter 89% similar to one recovered from an ascidian; Fig. 5a; EF137402; [23]). Microbial groups that were more common in all 3 water samples included the Methylococcales marine group 2 (MMG-2), Rhodobiacea, and Thaumarcheota (Fig. 5a). To further characterize the SUP05 in association with Ostiactis pearseae, a longer region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified via direct PCR and sequenced. A 1334-bp long 16S rRNA sequence, only 1-bp different from barcode OTU21762, was 96. 5% similar to a free-living bacterium from a mud volcano in the Sea (AY592908; [24]) and 95% similar to the thiotrophic symbiont of Bathymodiolus aff. brevior from Ridge vents (DQ077891; [25]; Additional file 3: Fig. S1). There are no Bathymodiolus mussels at the vents, and the SUP05-related sequences recovered from O. pearseae are distinct from those recovered from Bathymodiolus from seeps, some of the closest known mussel populations (only ~ 96% similar for 250-bp barcode sequence; Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset; [26, 27]). Several genes were additionally amplified and directly sequenced in order to inform the possible metabolic capabilities of the SUP05-related bacteria in O. pearseae. The napA gene, encoding a catalytic subunit of the periplasmic nitrate reductase alpha subunit (E. C. 1. 7. 99. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the bacterial community associated with the deep-sea hydrothermal vent organism Ostiactis pearseae. It highlights unique bacterial groups found in the tentacles of this sea anemone, suggesting a specialized ecosystem reliant on unique metabolic pathways, such as those involving sulfur and nitrate reduction, which are characteristic of chemosynthesis. Additionally, references to specific bacterial groups, like SUP05-related sequences, indicate involvement in chemosynthetic processes, further supporting the claim of unique ecosystems present in these environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: These differences make it hard to conclude that the higher theta and spindle power observed for EC over CC trials indicate associative binding, as claimed in the paper. Alternative explanations can be made, for instance, that they reflect word recognition, as only EC contains familiar words. The entire set of EC pairs were tested both following 12 hours and following 36 hours. Exposure to the pairs during test #1 can be expected to have an effect over memory one day later, during test #2, and so differences between the tests could be at least partially driven by the additional activation and rehearsal of the material during test #1. Therefore, it is hard to draw conclusions regarding automatic memory reorganization between 12 and 36 hours after unconscious learning. Specifically, a claim is made regarding a third wave of plasticity, but we cannot be certain that the improvement found in the 36 hour test would have happened without test #1. Authors claim that perceptual and conceptual processing during sleep led to increased neural complexity in troughs. However, neural complexity was not found to differ between EC and CC, nor between remembered and forgotten pairs. It is therefore not clear to me why the increased complexity that was found in troughs should be attributed to perceptual and conceptual word processing, as CC contains meaningless vowels. Moreover, from the evidence presented in this work at least, I am not sure there is room to infer causation - that the increase in HFD is driven by the stimuli - as there is no control analysis looking at HFD during troughs that did not contain stimulation. #3 (Public Review): The study aims at creating novel episodic memories during slow wave sleep, that can be transferred in the awake state. To do so, participants were simultaneously presented during sleep both foreign words and their arbitrary translations in their language (one word in each ear), or as a control condition only the foreign word alone, binaurally. Stimuli were presented either at the trough or the peak of the slow oscillation using a closed-loop stimulation algorithm. To test for the creation of a flexible association during sleep, participant were then presented at wake with the foreign words alone and had (1) to decide whether they had the feeling of having heard that word before, (2) to attribute this word to one out of three possible conceptual categories (to which translations word actually belong), and (3) to rate their confidence about their decision. The paper is well written, the protocol ingenious and the methods are robust. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the conclusions regarding memory consolidation during sleep. It highlights uncertainty about the mechanisms of memory reorganization and the role of sleep in enhancing long-term retention. Specifically, it states that 'it is hard to draw conclusions regarding automatic memory reorganization between 12 and 36 hours after unconscious learning' and suggests that the observed effects could be influenced by earlier testing, rather than solely due to processes occurring during sleep.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Sol) to (1) the optimal solution (notation: OPT); and (2) the known best solution (notation: KBS) of the previous metaheuristics (note that: In the is the optimal solution) as follows: (3) gap[%]=Best. Sol−KBS(OPT)KBS(OPT)×100% The smaller and smaller the value of gap is, the better and better our solution is. All instances and found solutions are available in the link. Sol and Best. Sol are the optimal, average, and best solution after ten runs, respectively. be the running time such that the proposed algorithm reaches the best solution. Note that: Yuan et al. (2016) supported the source code of their algorithm in Yuan et al. (2016) while the dMFEA-II (dMFEA-II is the MFEA with dynamic rmp value) (Osaba et al. , 2020) was implemented again by us. Tables 2 and 3 evaluate the efficiency of the proposed selection in MFEA+RVNS. Tables 4–8 compare the proposed MFEA+RVNS with the known best or optimal solutions for the TSPTW and TRPTW instances (Abeledo et al. , 2013; Ban & Nghia, 2017; Ban, 2021; Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas, 1995; Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte, 2010; Silva & Urrutia, 2010; Ohlmann & Thomas, 2007; Salvesbergh, 1985; Reeves, 1999). In the Tables, the. Sol, and Best. Sol columns are the best known, optimal, average, and best solution, respectively, while the gap column presents the difference between the best solution and the optimal one. Table 9 shows the average values of Tables 4–7 comparing the MFEA+(Osaba et al. , 2020), and YA (Yuan et al. , 2016). In the TSP, the optimal solutions of the -instances are obtained by running the Concord tool ( The optimal or best solutions in the TRP are obtained from Abeledo et al. (2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. It discusses algorithmic solutions and comparisons in certain computational problems, failing to address any aspects of genetic engineering or the concept of mutation in organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: l Arrowheads (in green) point to bacteria possibly being endocytized via clathrin-coated pits, as well as nearby clusters of bacterial cells within the elongated epidermal cells of O. pearseae. nu, nucleus; bac, bacteria; cni, cnidae; meso, mesoglea; gastro, gastrodermis; epi, epidermis. Scale bars are 5 mm (a), 2 mm (b), 50 μm (c), 1 μm (d), 10 μm (e–g), 250 μm (h), 25 μm (i), and 1 μm (j–l)Full size imageDiscussionA conspicuous actiniarian species, identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], was dominant at two neighboring hydrothermal vent fields in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California. Unlike most vent anemones, which are almost always observed in the vent periphery, this species was found very near to vigorous venting fluids on and amongst the obligate vent tubeworms Oasisia aff. alvinae and Riftia pachyptila (Fig. 1), known to rely exclusively on sulfide-based chemosynthesis for energy [31, 32]. Ostiactis pearseae, formerly named Anthosactis pearseae [7], had been originally described as the first and only endemic Actiniaria from a whalefall community [5]; however, this discovery at hydrothermal vents makes them one of the only sea anemones described from multiple chemosynthetic environments [6, 7]. The assumption, until now, was that most sea anemones at hydrothermal vents and methane seeps acquire nutrients via suspension feeding. There was no previous evidence that Ostiactis pearseae harbored chemosynthetic bacteria [5], suggesting that they fed upon dissolved and particulate organic matter and plankton. However, the significantly negative δ13C and δ15N tissue isotopic values of O. pearseae (at the time labeled as an unidentified species in [11, 15]) suggested an entirely different strategy dependent upon bacteria chemosynthesis. Indeed, distinct bacterial phylotypes related to the SUP05-group were associated with Ostiactis pearseae, compared to other nearby sea anemones and water column bacterial communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the specific ecosystem associated with hydrothermal vents and highlighting the reliance of certain species, such as Ostiactis pearseae and the obligate vent tubeworms, on chemosynthesis for energy. It mentions that these organisms are found near vigorous venting fluids and that they depend on sulfide-based chemosynthesis, thus supporting the idea that deep-sea hydrothermal vents host ecosystems that utilize this form of energy production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: However, the results do not really add conceptually to a prior publication of this group showing the possibility to associate in slow wave sleep pairs of words denoting large or small object and non words, and then asking during ensuing wakefulness participant to categorise these non words to a "large" or "small" category. In both cases, the main finding is that this type of association can be formed during slow wave sleep if presented at the trough (versus the peak) of the slow oscillation. Crucially, whether these associations truly represent episodic memory formation during sleep, as claimed by the authors, is highly disputable as there is no control condition allowing to exclude the alternative, simpler hypothesis that mere perceptual associations between two elements (foreign word and translation) have been created and stored during sleep (which is already in itself an interesting finding). In this latter case, it would be only during the awake state when the foreign word is presented that its presentation would implicitly recall the associated translation, which in turn would "ignite" the associative/semantic association process eventually leading to the observed categorisation bias (i. e. , foreign words tending to be put in the same conceptual category than their associated translation). In the absence of a dis-confirmation of this alternative and more economical hypothesis, and if we follow Ocam's razor assumption, the claim that there is episodic memory formation during sleep is speculative and unsupported, which is a serious limitation irrespective of the merits of the study. The title and interpretations should be toned down in this respect Other remarks: Lines 43-45 : the assumption that the sleeping brain decides whether external events can be disregarded, requires awakening or should be stored for further consideration in the waking state is dubious, and the supporting 10. 7554/eLife. 89601. 1. sa0We thank the reviewers for their careful reading of our manuscript and for their constructive and positive comments. We will revise the manuscript to address their key points. Here, we address the reviewer’s scepticism of sleep-learning being mediated by the episodic memory system. We agree that the reported unconscious learning of novel verbal associations during sleep may not match textbook definitions of episodic memory. However, the traditional definitions of episodic memory have long been criticized (e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by disputing the assertion that episodic memory formation occurs during sleep. It highlights that the study’s findings lack a control condition, which raises the possibility that the observed associations might merely be perceptual rather than indicative of actual memory consolidation. Phrases such as 'the claim that there is episodic memory formation during sleep is speculative and unsupported' directly challenge the idea that sleep enhances long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Table 2: Comparison the best-found values between MFEA-NR and MFEA for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). Instances MFEA-+RNVS diff[%] n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 2,560 0. 00 0. 00 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 2,679 0. 00 0. 00 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 2,176 0. 00 0. 00 n20w80. 003 338 2,669 338 2,669 0. 00 0. 00 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 2,082 0. 00 0. 00 n40w40. 002 483 7,202 461 7,104 −4. 55 −1. 36 n40w60. 002 487 7,303 470 7,247 −3. 49 −0. 77 n40w80. 002 468 7,209 431 7,123 −7. 91 −1. 19 n40w100. 002 378 6,789 364 6,693 −3. 70 −1. 41 n60w20. 002 626 14,003 605 13,996 −3. 35 −0. 05 n60w120. 002 472 12,622 427 12,525 −9. 53 −0. 77 n60w140. 002 475 11,914 464 11,810 −2. 32 −0. 87 n60w160. 002 443 12,920 423 12,719 −4. 51 −1. 56 n80w120. 002 587 18,449 577 18,383 −1. 70 −0. 36 n80w140. 002 495 18,243 472 18,208 −4. 65 −0. 19 n80w160. 002 588 17,334 553 17,200 −5. 95 −0. 77 aver −3. 23 −0. 58 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a comparison of values related to certain instances of algorithms and does not mention genetic engineering or organism mutations. There is no connection between the text's content and the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: This association was pervasive and dominant, in that SUP05 bacteria were found in all 8 O. pearseae specimens analyzed, comprising up to 96% of the recovered microbial 16S rRNA genes. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, named after the discovery in the Suiyo seamount plume [33], have been found worldwide in marine oxygen-deficient marine environments, deep-sea hydrothermal systems, and productive upwelling regions [34,35,36]. They exist both as free-living cells [29] and in association with animal hosts (ex. Bathymodiolus mussels and some sponges [37]), where they participate centrally in the provisioning of fixed carbon to the animal. Intracellular SUP05 were observed exclusively in the epidermis of Ostiactis pearseae, which was unexpected given that most Cnidaria house symbionts, mainly photosynthetic, in the gastrodermis [38, 39]. Epidermal bacteriocyte-like structures containing Vibrio have been observed in Exaiptasia pallida [40] and bacterial “aggregates” containing Endozoicimonas have been observed in epidermal “caverns” in the sea anemone Metridium senile [41]. In both cases, however, the epidermal bacteria are pathogens commonly associated with animals [42, 43]. Octocorals harbored a coral-specific SUP05 clade that dominated their bacterial communities by up to 87%, albeit the specific location of the bacteria within the coral mucous or tissue was not determined [9]. Interestingly, bacteria on the tentacle surface of O. pearseae appeared to be in clathrin-coated pits in various stages of endocytosis. Further examination of this receptor-mediated process is necessary to establish whether bacteria are actively transported inside of host cells and if so, what influences the recognition and selectivity of this process. Hosting sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 in the outer epidermis may allow Ostiactis pearseae to avoid sulfide toxicity or the costly evolution of unique biochemistry to take up and transport sulfide [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria within the SUP05 clade, which are associated with deep-sea hydrothermal systems. These bacteria are central to the provisioning of fixed carbon to host animals, illustrating their role in a unique ecosystem reliant on chemosynthesis. The presence of these bacteria in various marine environments, particularly in association with organisms such as Ostiactis pearseae, supports the claim regarding the presence of unique chemosynthetic ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: g, Henke, 2010; Hannula, Minor, Slabbekoorn, 2023; Shohamy & Turk-Browne, 2013; Dew & Cabeza, 2011; Reder et al, 2009). We stand by our claim that sleep-learning was of episodic nature. Here, we provide arguments for this claim: In the introduction and the discussion, we are reporting that we use a computational definition of episodic memory (Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993; Henke, 2010; O’Reilly et al. , 2014; O’Reilly & Rudy, 2000), and not the traditional definition of episodic memory that ties episodic memory to wakefulness and conscious awareness (Gabrieli, 1998; Moscovitch, 2008; Schacter, 1998; Squire & Dede, 2015; Tulving, 2002). Consciousness and wakefulness are no properties of episodic memory according to the computational definition of episodic memory. Instead, the core computational features of episodic memory according to the computational definition are 1) rapid learning, 2) association formation, and 3) a compositional and flexible representation of the associations in long-term memory. We designed the retrieval task in the current study to assess only the retention of sleep-formed flexibly and compositionally stored word-word associations. Reviewer 3 suggests that sound-sound associations may have been formed during sleep and may have been reactivated at test resulting in the translation of the sound pattern of the translation word to the meaning of the translation word and further to the correct superordinate semantic category of the translation word. Although these processing steps during sleep and during the wake retrieval are possible, the rapid sound-sound associative encoding, long-term storage, and the flexible sound retrieval would still require hippocampal processing and hence computations in the episodic memory system. The interpretation in terms of associative auditory learning with a double semantic translation at wake testing is laborious and inefficient and hence a less parsimonious interpretation of sleep-learning than conceptual associative encoding during sleep. Our view resonates the findings by Andrillon et al. (2017) that mere auditory perceptual learning during slow-wave sleep was not possible at all or led to suppressive memory traces that could not be retrieved following awakening. Importantly, Züst et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that sleep-learning can be of an episodic nature, but challenges the notion that associative encoding during sleep enhances long-term retention as traditionally understood. It emphasizes that rapid learning and flexible retrieval may not readily apply to mere auditory learning during slow-wave sleep and posits that such processes could lead to memory suppression rather than enhancement. This counters the idea that memory consolidation during sleep inherently improves long-term retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/table-2 Table 3: Comparison the best-found values between MFEA-NLS and MFEA for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). Instances MFEA-+RNVS diff[%] n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 2,560 0. 00 0. 00 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 2,679 0. 00 0. 00 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 2,176 0. 00 0. 00 n20w80. 003 338 2,669 338 2,669 0. 00 0. 00 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 2,082 0. 00 0. 00 n40w40. 002 522 7,530 461 7,104 −11. 69 −5. 66 n40w60. 002 503 7,517 470 7,247 −6. 56 −3. 59 n40w80. 002 475 7,763 431 7,123 −9. 26 −8. 24 n40w100. 002 400 7,502 364 6,693 −9. 00 −10. 78 n60w20. 002 626 14,097 605 13,996 −3. 35 −0. 72 n60w120. 002 480 13,680 427 12,525 −11. 04 −8. 44 n60w140. 002 502 12,951 464 11,810 −7. 57 −8. 81 n60w160. 002 461 13,953 423 12,719 −8. 24 −8. 84 n80w120. 002 620 19,860 577 18,383 −6. 94 −7. 44 n80w140. 002 520 19,742 472 18,208 −9. 23 −7. 77 n80w160. 002 614 19,516 553 17,200 −9. 93 −11. 87 aver −5. 80 −5. 14 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. It instead presents a comparison of values related to specific instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas and Silva & Urrutia, which is irrelevant to the assertion that genetic engineering can create organisms without mutations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Additionally, the epidermis in Anthozoa can function in nutrition [21], even more so than the gastrodermis, through direct uptake of dissolved organic compounds [44, 45], thus the positioning of nutritional bacteria in the epidermis may increase effective exchange of small molecules. Like other SUP05 cells, those associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae were small (~ 500 nm in diameter [46]). Presumably, these symbionts require both oxygen and sulfide near simultaneously, for example “autotrophicus,” a member of the SUP05 group, has an aerobic phenotype and uses sulfide while respiring oxygen [46, 47]. In this regard, it would be reasonable to house bacteria as close to the tissue surface as possible in order to accommodate gas exchange and meet symbiont metabolic demands. The assumption that the SUP05 group may perform a nutritional role for the Ostiactis pearseae is evidenced by the comparatively light tissue δ13C values (average − 29. 1‰). The contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass appears to exceed that reported for other deep-sea anthozoan species from the Gulf of Mexico (ex. Paramuricea [9]). The facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nature of the SUP05-Anthozoa symbioses proposed by [9] is also suggested for O. pearseae given the large range in negative δ13C values observed. Additionally, the SUP05 were found to not only have the gene repertoire necessary for chemosynthesis, but to be transcriptionally active, further supporting the possibility of SUP05 contributions to host nutrition [9]. Like all sea anemones (even those with photosynthetic symbionts), O. pearseae retains an arsenal of nematocysts by which to capture prey; thus, this tentacular team-up with SUP05 symbionts likely provides only a portion of their diet, indicating a mixotrophic strategy. The SUP05 clade is involved not only in mediating dark carbon fixation, but also in the cycling of nitrogen, whether by denitrification, as has been shown in free-living SUP05 populations [29, 36] or assimilatory nitrate reduction, as in the case of symbiotic SUP05 [9, 48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nutritional role of bacteria from the SUP05 group associated with the anthozoan O. pearseae, indicating that these symbionts utilize chemosynthesis to support the host. It also notes that the contribution of chemosynthesis-derived carbon to O. pearseae biomass exceeds that of other deep-sea species, which suggests a reliance on chemosynthetic processes in deep-sea ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: , 2015), high-jacking peaks for de novo learning might impair ongoing memory consolidation. Troughs on the other hand are characterized by neural silence (Cox et al. , 2014a; Destexhe et al. , 2007; Schabus et al. , 2012). One speculative argument in favour of troughs might be the relative absence of ongoing consolidation processes. This absence of ongoing endogenous functional activity might rise the troughs’ sensory receptiveness to external events, provided that at least local neural processing remains possible during troughs (Destexhe et al. , 2007; Vyazovskiy and Harris, 2013). Hence, both peaks and troughs possess characteristics that might support sensory processing and learning, but which of these brains states provides optimal learning conditions is unknown. Furthermore, recent results suggest that the high background firing rate during the peak state favors synaptic down-scaling/depression rather than potentiation (Bartram et al. , 2017; Yoshida and Toyoizumi, 2023). Hence, the trough rather than the peak state might be beneficial for de-novo memory formation during deep sleep. We leveraged peaks and troughs of slow-waves for the linguistic processing and the ensuing paired-associate encoding of word pairs. Here, we applied slow wave phase-targeted, brain-state-dependent stimulation for de novo memory formation, instead of memory reactivation (Ngo and Staresina, 2022) or the modification of slow waves (Navarrete et al. , 2020). To this aim, we simultaneously played pseudowords and translation words during either troughs or peaks (Trough/Peak condition) of frontal slow-waves using an electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm of our own devising (Ruch et al. , 2022). According to Züst et al. , 2019, we hypothesized that the critical process of memory formation, namely paired-associate semantic encoding, is bound to peaks because only peaks provide the necessary conditions for effective hippocampal-neocortical crosstalk. Regarding the optimal state for the words’ initial psycholinguistic analysis leading up to their relational encoding, we had no directed hypothesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the conditions during sleep—specifically the peaks and troughs of slow-wave activity—may not favor memory consolidation necessary for long-term retention. It argues that troughs may be beneficial for de-novo memory formation, while peaks may favor synaptic down-scaling rather than the strengthening of memories which contradicts the idea that sleep universally enhances long-term retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1192/table-3 Table 4: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). +. Sol Aver. Sol gap Time Best. Sol Aver. Sol gap Time n20w20. 001 378 2,528 378 378 0. 0 3 2,528 2,528 0. 0 3 n20w20. 002 286 2,560 286 286 0. 0 2 2,560 2,560 0. 0 2 n20w20. 003 394 2,671 394 394 0. 0 2 2,671 2,671 0. 0 2 n20w20. 004 396 2,975 396 396 0. 0 6 2,975 2,975 0. 0 6 n20w40. 001 254 2,270 254 254 0. 0 2 2,270 2,270 0. 0 2 n20w40. 002 333 2,679 333 333 0. 0 5 2,679 2,679 0. 0 5 n20w40. 003 317 2,774 317 317 0. 0 3 2,774 2,774 0. 0 2 n20w40. 004 388 2,568 388 388 0. 0 2 2,568 2,568 0. 0 3 n20w60. 001 335 2,421 335 335 0. 0 3 2,421 2,421 0. 0 2 n20w60. 002 244 2,176 244 244 0. 0 2 2,176 2,176 0. 0 2 n20w60. 003 352 2,694 352 352 0. 0 2 2,694 2,694 0. 0 2 n20w60. 004 280 2,020 280 280 0. 0 2 2,020 2,020 0. 0 2 n20w80. 001 329 2,990 329 329 0. 0 2 2,990 2,990 0. 0 3 n20w80. 002 338 2,669 340 340 0. 6 1 2,669 2,669 0. 0 2 n20w80. 003 320 2,643 320 320 0. 0 2 2,643 2,643 0. 0 2 n20w80. 004 304 2,627 306 306 0. 7 3 2,552 2,552 −2. 9 2 n20w100. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding genetic engineering or mutations. It consists of numerical data and references to tables in a study that seem to focus on algorithmic comparisons rather than any biological concepts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: , utilization of H2S, HS−, or other reduced S species, including endogenous elemental sulfur), or variation in the sulfur sourced from the petroleum-rich sediments of the Pescadero Basin. Many uncultivated candidate bacterial phyla have been discovered in recent years within a variety of environments [20, 58, 59]. They usually have small genomes (< 1 Mb) with dramatically reduced biosynthetic capabilities, and yet exist globally in both marine and terrestrial habitats [60]. Several of these candidate phyla, known as the OD1 and BD1-5 groups (also referred to as Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria, respectively), comprised up to 16–27% of the Ostiactis pearseae bacterial community and are known to play an important role in sulfur cycling [60]. An ectosymbiotic or parasitic lifestyle for the OD1 has been proposed [61], given their inability to synthesize vitamins, amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. Additionally, while most candidate phyla are found in anoxic habitats, some OD1 genomes contained genes suggestive of O2 use as a terminal electron acceptor [61, 62]. Although not previously associated with the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 group, or any specific proteobacterial group, the role of OD1 in sulfur reduction [60] and their diverse repertoire for attachment and adhesion [61] forecasts a possible direct association with either the SUP05 bacteria or O. pearseae mucous, for example. ConclusionDespite 40+ years of appreciation for chemosynthetic symbioses and the continued search for their occurrence in the most well-known habitats, Cnidaria have only very recently been shown to associate with chemoautorophic bacteria. Here, we identify a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, at 3700 m depth in the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, that appears to be nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This species, one of only 2 dominant sessile animals observed on the vent chimneys, has an unusual life position, often located in and amongst vent-obligate siboglinid tubeworms, very near to actively venting fluids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by identifying a specific example of a hydrothermal vent sea anemone, Ostiactis pearseae, which is described as being nutritionally supported by internal chemoautotrophic bacteria. This indicates that unique ecosystems at deep-sea hydrothermal vents indeed rely on chemosynthesis, as the anemone is associated with chemoautotrophic bacteria that play a crucial role in its nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Hence, we included the confidence scale as a subtle measure of memory besides the cruder accuracy measure. At retrieval testing, participants rated their confidence for each assignment of a pseudoword (sleep-played and new) to a superordinate word category (animal, tool, place). Confidence ratings did not differ signifcantly for sleep-played (EC and CC) compared to new pseudowords in the Trough condition, were sleep-learning was successful ANOVA factor ‘sleep-played’: F(1,14) = 0. 47, p=0. 5; Msleep-played_12hours=2. 17, SD = 0. 38, Mnew_12hours=2. 19, SD = 0. 376, Msleep-played_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426, Mnew_36hours=2. 26, SD = 0. 426. Furthermore, confidence ratings for correct versus incorrect category assignments in the experimental condition differed neither in the Trough condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor ‘Accuracy’: F(1,14) = 2. 36, p=0. 15; M12hours_correct=2. 24, SD = 0. 42, M12hours_incorrect=2. 16, SD = 0. 35, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 44, M36hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 4 nor the Peak condition (Figure 2—figure supplement 4), ANOVA factor Accuracy: F(1,14) = 0. 48, p=0. 50; M12hours_correct=2. 19, SD = 0. 51, M12hours_incorrect=2. 28, SD = 0. 54, M36hours_correct=2. 33, SD = 0. 58, M36hours_incorrect=2. 36, SD = 0. 51. Word-evoked potentials differed initially between the peak and trough condition and then aligned between conditions from 700 ms to 2 s following word onset The EEG data were recorded in the sleeping participants to determine differences in the processing of the played words between conditions. We analysed the electrophysiological responses to word pairs in the Trough versus the Peak condition locking the electrophysiological response to the onset of word pairs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it discusses confidence ratings and electrophysiological responses in various testing conditions without providing evidence that supports or contrasts the idea that sleep enhances long-term retention of information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 001 237 2,294 237 237 0. 0 3 2,269 2,269 −1. 1 3 n20w100. 002 222 2,082 222 222 0. 0 2 2,082 2,082 0. 0 2 n20w100. 003 310 2,416 310 310 0. 0 2 2,416 2,416 0. 0 3 n20w100. 004 349 2,914 349 349 0. 0 1 2,862 2,862 −1. 8 2 n40w20. 001 500 7,875 500 500 0. 0 9 7,875 7,875 0. 0 8 n40w20. 002 552 7,527 552 552 0. 0 7 7,527 7,527 0. 0 8 n40w20. 003 478 7,535 478 478 0. 0 8 7,535 7,535 0. 0 9 n40w20. 004 404 7,031 404 404 0. 0 8 7,031 7,031 0. 0 9 n40w40. 001 465 7,663 465 465 0. 0 7 7,663 7,663 0. 0 9 n40w40. 002 461 7,104 461 461 0. 0 8 7,104 7,104 0. 0 8 n40w40. 003 474 7,483 474 474 0. 0 8 7,483 7,483 0. 0 8 n40w40. 004 452 6,917 452 452 0. 0 8 6,917 6,917 0. 0 9 n40w60. 001 494 7,066 494 494 0. 0 9 7,066 7,066 0. 0 7 n40w60. 002 470 7,247 470 470 0. 0 8 7,247 7,247 0. 0 8 n40w60. 003 408 6,758 410 410 0. 0 9 6,758 6,758 0. 0 8 n40w60. 004 382 5,548 382 382 0. 0 9 5,548 5,548 0. 0 9 n40w80. 001 395 8,229 395 395 0. 0 8 8,152 8,152 0. 0 9 n40w80. 002 431 7,176 431 431 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about genetic engineering or mutations. It consists mostly of a series of numerical entries without context or explanation, failing to address the claim in any capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Ostiactis pearseae houses putative sulfide-oxidizing SUP05 bacteria (Thioglobaceae) in its epidermis, with which it appears to have established a mixotrophic nutritional strategy, based on a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotopes. Facultative, or rather mixotrophic, nutritional symbioses are often more difficult to recognize, compared to obligate alliances, but they are surely more common in nature [63], particularly in Cnidaria which experience symbiont gain and loss readily and often retain an ability to capture prey [9, 64, 65]. So, too, is the difficulty in uncovering nested symbioses, often involving microbe-microbe synergies. In this study, an unusual abundance of two candidate phyla, Parcubacteria and Gracilibacteria (a. k. a. OD1 and BD1-5, respectively) within O. pearseae tentacles, hints at the roles they may play in the cycling of nutrients within and on animal hosts. Cnidaria symbioses are considered foundational for coral reefs, and perhaps they also play an important role at hydrothermal vents. It would be worth investigating additional Anthozoa species observed to inhabit venting fluids at other sites worldwide [66,67,68], to see whether they have also forged nutritional relationships with chemosynthetic bacteria, such as the versatile SUP05 group. MethodsSpecimen collectionsAll specimens and water samples were collected from active vent sites within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California (~ 3700 m depth), using the ROV SuBastian during the R/V Falkor expedition FK103118 (October–November 2018), specifically from six sites at two vent fields within ~ 2 km of each other; the previously described Auka vent field [10,11,12] and a newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field (Fig. 1; Table 1). Sea anemones were collected by ROV manipulator or suction sampler (5: Supplemental video) and preserved shipboard as described below in each analysis section. Targeted water samples (2 L) were collected, within ~ 0. 5 m from nearby anemones, via Niskin bottle mounted on the ROV SuBastian. Additional file 5 Sampling anemones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nutritional relationships that Cnidaria, such as Ostiactis pearseae, have with chemosynthetic bacteria like the sulfide-oxidizing SUP05. It highlights the roles of these bacteria in nutrient cycling within the unique ecosystems found at hydrothermal vents, supporting the assertion that such ecosystems are indeed reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: However, when we targeted words to troughs, the played words evoked two positive frontal components. The first positive component appeared at 500 ms and the second at one second following word onset. Hence, the second component corresponded to the entrained late positivity in the Peak condition. In short, targeting words to peaks evoked a generic response that presumably blocked the encoding of sleep-played word pairs in the Peak condition. This is underlined by recent findings of Niknazar et al. , 2023, who demonstrated that the large negative component of the evoked K-complex inhibits long-range communication in the brain. Targeting words to troughs shifted the EEG and inhibited this large negative component. The ERP differences between the Trough and the Peak condition vanished at 700 ms. Between 700 ms and 2 s following word onset the EEG was comparable between the two conditions. A pronounced frontal trough promoted word processing We computed word-evoked potential differences measured during sleep for those items that were correctly versus incorrectly assigned to the three superordinate categories at 36 hr. We focused on behavior at the 36 hr retrieval interval because performance was nominally higher at this vs. at the 12 hr interval. Results for the 12 hr interval were qualitatively similar (for details see supplement). Starting 50 ms before and ending 260 ms following word onset, frontal and occipital electrodes recorded an amplified voltage (larger frontal negativity and larger occipital positivity) for subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords in the Trough condition (Figure 3B, frontal cluster: cluster-level p=0. 016 at –50 ms to 260 ms; occipital cluster: cluster-level p=0. 010 at –50 ms to 260 ms). In the Peak condition, there was no significant difference between subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords (Figure 3—figure supplement 1 cluster-level p>0. 53). Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the EC and CC trials in the Peak (cluster-level p=0. 54) and the Trough condition (cluster-level p>0. 37). The difference map between topographies for subsequently correctly versus incorrectly assigned pseudowords in the Trough condition resembled the voltage distribution of a frontal slow-wave trough (see Figure 3C, voltage distribution of a prototypical trough). Hence, sleep-learning in the Trough condition benefited from a pronounced trough during stimulus onset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing findings related to word processing during sleep, specifically stating that targeting words to peaks inhibits the encoding of sleep-played word pairs. This suggests that not all conditions during sleep enhance memory retention; in fact, the information indicates conditions (like the 'Peak condition') that could potentially block effective memory consolidation, contradicting the idea that sleep universally enhances long-term retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 8 7,123 7,123 0. 0 9 n40w80. 003 412 7,075 418 418 0. 0 8 7,075 7,075 0. 0 9 n40w80. 004 417 7,166 417 417 0. 6 9 7,166 7,166 0. 0 10 n40w100. 001 429 6,858 432 432 0. 0 8 68,00 6,800 0. 0 9 n40w100. 002 358 6,778 364 364 0. 7 11 6,693 6,693 −2. 9 10 n40w100. 003 364 6,178 364 364 0. 0 9 6,926 6,926 −1. 1 11 n40w100. 004 357 7,019 361 361 0. 0 9 7,019 7,019 0. 0 8 n60w20. 002 605 13,996 605 605 0. 0 18 13,996 13,996 0. 0 19 n60w20. 003 533 13,782 533 533 0. 0 17 12,965 12,965 −1. 8 18 n60w20. 004 616 12,965 616 616 0. 0 17 15,102 15,102 0. 0 18 n60w40. 003 603 15,034 612 612 0. 0 19 15,034 15,034 0. 0 19 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-4 Table 5: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Dumas, Desrosiers & Gélinas (1995), and Silva & Urrutia (2010). +/. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n60w160. 004 401 11,645 401 401 0. 0 19 11,778 11,778 1. 1 19 n60w180. 002 399 12,015 399 399 0. 0 17 12,224 12,224 1. 7 21 n60w180. 003 445 12,214 445 445 0. 0 18 12,679 12,679 3. 8 21 n60w180. 004 456 11,101 456 456 0. 0 19 11,245 11,245 1. 3 18 n60w200. 002 414 11,748 414 414 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information concerning genetic engineering or mutations. It appears to be a collection of numerical data and references unrelated to the claim about genetic engineering. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: of plants used as traditional medicines have toxic effect on the liver and kidney Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2471-139X Anatomy & 41. DOI: 10. 15406/mojap. 2018. 05. 00161 and fruits are natural sources of useful antioxidants. Plants and their extracts are widely used as traditional medicine. Asia region, Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatranaand Hylocereus polyrhizus are used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to investigate the safe use of extracts of these plants on liver and kidney. Experimental female rats were divided into nine groups. One group was normal non diabetic control given normal saline; four groups were normal non diabetic animals of which three were treated with plant extracts, while one group, the control, was daily orally treated with vitamin E (250mg/kg body weight). The remaining four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control animals treated with normal saline and three groups were treated with plant extracts). The plant extracts were administered for two weeks as daily oral single doses. Doses of Octomeles sumatrana and Syzygium polyanthum were 1g/kg body weight while that of Hylocereus polyrhizus was 3g/kg body weight. Normal and diabetic rats treated with plant extracts demonstrated toxic changes in their liver and kidney. Liver showed damaged hepatocytes with macrophage infiltration. Kidney displayed interstitial bleeding, arterial and arteriolar wall thickening and glomerulosclerosis. Findings in this study go with the previously published reports on the damaging effect of exogenous toxins and plants extracts on the liver and kidney. This work demonstrated the importance of safety studies on herbal extracts. Keywords: Toxicity, Plant extracts, Liver toxicity, Renal toxicity, Syzygium polyanthum, Eugenia polyantha, Octomeles sumatrana, Hylocereus polyrhizus and fruits have potential therapeutic effects in the management of many human diseases. 1‒4 Many bioactive compounds have been isolated from plants and fruits; they are a good source of antioxidants which aid the protection against oxidative stress. 5,6 Plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that plants and their extracts have been used as traditional medicines for the management of a variety of diseases in many Asian countries. This aligns with the idea that traditional medicines often originate from plants utilized by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Total sleep time did not differ between the Peak-targeted and the Trough-targeted participant sample (Peak: MPeak = 67. 4 min, SEM = 27. 2 min; Trough: MTrough = 51. 1 min, SEM = 18. 0 min, t=–1. 929, p>0. 065). The duration of slow-wave sleep was significantly shorter for the Trough-targeted participant sample than for the Peak-targeted participant sample (Trough: MSWS = 26. 3 min, = 15. 7, Peak: MSWS = 38. 2 min, = 14. 0; t=–2. 9, p=0. 01). Furthermore, the inter-trial stimulus interval (ISI) happened to be shorter in the Trough than the Peak condition (Peak: MISI = 6. 3 s, SDISI = 2. 6 s; Trough: MISI = 3. 3 s, SDISI = 1. 1 s; p<0. 003). These differences are due to the fact that the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm targeted troughs better than peaks. Peak-to-trough transitions are more prominent EEG features than trough-to-peak transitions because peak-to-trough transitions have higher amplitudes and steeper slopes. The brain-state-dependent stimulation was more likely to detect these peak-to-trough transitions and therefore targeted more troughs than peaks within the same amount of time. Consequently, the ISI was shorter in the Trough than the Peak condition. For this reason, we were able to present the vocabulary within a narrower SWS time-span and could wake and release the participants earlier in the Trough than the Peak condition. Importantly, neither the length of the ISI nor the duration spent in slow-wave sleep (both z-transformed; N=30) correlated with retrieval accuracy at 36 hr (ISI: r=–0. 017, p=0. 93; slow-wave sleep duration: r=–0. 11, p=0. 56). Therefore, the length of the ISI and the duration spent in slow-wave sleep do probably not account for the difference in retrieval performance between the Trough and the Peak condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that suggests the duration of slow-wave sleep (SWS) did not correlate with retrieval accuracy after 36 hours. Specifically, it states 'the duration spent in slow-wave sleep... correlated with retrieval accuracy at 36 hr (r=–0. 11, p=0. 56)', implying that longer slow-wave sleep does not necessarily enhance long-term retention of information, which undermines the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 20 11,866 11,866 1. 0 19 n60w200. 003 455 10,697 460 460 1. 1 19 10,697 10,697 0. 0 18 n60w200. 004 431 11,441 431 431 0. 0 16 11,740 11,740 2. 6 17 n80w120. 002 577 18,181 577 577 0. 0 17 18,383 18,383 1. 1 21 n80w120. 003 540 17,878 548 548 1. 5 19 17,937 17,937 0. 3 21 n80w120. 004 501 17,318 501 501 0. 0 18 17,578 17,578 1. 5 18 n80w140. 002 472 17,815 472 472 0. 0 19 18,208 18,208 2. 2 21 n80w140. 003 580 17,315 580 580 0. 0 20 17,358 17,358 0. 2 21 n80w140. 004 424 18,936 424 424 0. 0 19 19,374 19,374 2. 3 18 n80w160. 002 553 17,091 553 553 0. 0 27 17,200 17,200 0. 6 18 n80w160. 003 521 16,606 521 521 0. 0 21 16,521 16,521 −0. 5 20 n80w160. 004 509 17,804 509 509 0. 0 20 17,927 17,927 0. 7 18 n80w180. 002 479 17,339 479 479 0. 0 21 17,904 17,904 3. 3 19 n80w180. 003 530 17,271 530 530 0. 0 20 17,160 17,160 −0. 6 20 n80w180. 004 479 16,729 479 479 0. 0 22 16,849 16,849 0. 7 21 n100w120. 002 540 29,882 556 556 3. 0 38 29,818 29,818 0. 0 45 n100w120. 003 617 25,275 646 646 4. 7 37 24,473 24,473 0. 0 42 n100w120. 004 663 30,102 663 663 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not contain any information relevant to the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. Instead, it appears to be a sequence of numerical data without context or discussion on the topic of genetic engineering.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: Among these plants are Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana and Hylocereus polyrhizus. Syzygium polyanthum (Myrthaceae) is synonymous with Eugenia polyantha. It is locally known as daunsalam or seraikayu or as Indonesian bay leaf. 7 Leaves of the plant are used to flavor food. 8 The leaf extract showed antimicrobial activity and is said to be beneficial in hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, stomach disorders and diarrhea. 9 Octomeles sumatrana (Datiscaceae) is a riverine specie with relatively light, soft wood. It has poor resistance to decomposition, thus is consequently used where strength and durability are of less importance as in the manufacturing of pulp, wood containers and match boxes. O. sumatrana barks are a rich source of bioactive compounds. They are boiled in water and taken orally by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia as a tonic and in the treatment of body aches, muscle spasms and in stressful situations. Hylocereus polyrhizusis a fruit from the climbing cacti of the Cactaceae family. 10 The plant originated from Latin America11 and is widely cultivated throughout Malaysia. The fruit gains its local name, red dragon fruit, from its purple-red scaled structured skin. The flesh is edible and is of a brilliant purple-red color and is scattered with small edible black seeds. Each ripe fruit can weigh between 200 to 500g. The fruit exhibits antioxidant properties from its high content of vitamin C and dietary fibre. 12 It is known that fruits and plants are excellent sources of antioxidant polyphenols, thus extracts of plant materials which targeted the health industry are available commercially. Plant extracts contain concentrated amounts of phytochemicals can be toxic in high doses as previously noted. 13 Histologically, some studies showed that, exogenous toxins and high doses of plants extracts was harmful to the liver14,15 as well as to the kidney. 16 Not much work has been done on S. polyanthum, O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus despite their widespread use by Malaysians. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing specific plants such as Syzygium polyanthum, Octomeles sumatrana, and Hylocereus polyrhizus, which are used by the Kadazandusun people of Sabah, Malaysia, as well as their applications in traditional medicine. For example, the bark of Octomeles sumatrana is used as a tonic and for treating various ailments by the indigenous Kadazandusun people, highlighting the connection between traditional medicines and plant use in indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory consolidation occurs during sleep, enhancing long-term retention of information. [SEP] Text: Of note, the number of words played during slow-wave sleep did not differ between the Peak and the Trough condition (Peak: MPeak = 24. 2, SD = 3. 6; Trough: MTrough = 24. 1, SD = 4. 3; p>0. 95). Brain-state-dependent targeting of slow-wave peaks and troughs Peaks and troughs of slow-waves were targeted based on the correlation of the online registered scalp EEG map with a template of a prototypical slow-wave (Ruch et al. , 2022). We targeted the onset of the spoken words to a time point of 100 ms before the peak/trough maxima/minima in order to fit each word utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima and 96 ms before trough minima (Figure 7). Thus, the onset of spoken words preceded a trough on average by 64. 05 degrees 95% CI = [53. 15 74. 95] and a peak by 56. 8 degrees 95% CI = [54. 08 59. 52], Figure 7. The targeting accuracy of the used the brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm was comparable to other algorithms in the field (Cox et al. , 2014b; Ngo et al. , 2013). The phase distribution in both the Peak and the Trough condition was significantly non-uniform pPeak <0. 001, pTrough <0. 001; Hodges-Ajne omnibus-tests (Zar, 1999) as implemented in the CircStat toolbox (Berens, 2009). This indicates that our brain-state-dependent stimulation algorithm targeted peaks and troughs reliably. This stimulation accuracy allows attributing differences in sleep-learning/wake-retrieval between the Peak and the Trough condition to these same brain states rather than to technical fuzziness. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Accuracy of the targeting of slow-wave phase. Utterance into a half-wave of a slow-wave. The mean word onset was 113 ms before peak maxima (all stimulations). Data showing the precision of phase targeting for slow-wave Troughs (A, N=15, blue) and Peaks (B, N=15, yellow). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about memory consolidation during sleep. Instead, it discusses the technical details of a study on word stimulation during slow-wave sleep and how the targeting of brain states was measured. While the study seems to involve sleep and some aspects related to brain activity, it does not provide evidence or insights specifically supporting or contrasting the assertion regarding memory consolidation and long-term retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 39 31,554 31,554 0. 0 41 n100w140. 002 622 30,192 632 632 1. 6 38 30,087 30,087 0. 0 45 n100w140. 003 481 28309 481 481 0. 0 39 28,791 28,791 0. 0 47 n100w140. 004 533 27,448 533 533 0. 0 40 27,990 27,990 0. 0 45 n150w120. 003 747 42,340 769 769 2. 9 75 42,339 42,339 0. 0 72 n150w140. 001 762 42,405 785 785 3. 0 70 42,388 42,388 −0. 1 74 n150w160. 001 706 45,366 732 732 3. 6 72 45,160 45,160 −0. 4 78 n150w160. 002 711 44,123 735 735 3. 3 74 44,123 44,123 0. 0 76 n200w200. 001 9,424 1,094,630 9,424 9,424 0. 0 101 1,093,537 1,093,537 −0. 1 89 n200w200. 002 9,838 1,099,839 9,885 9,885 0. 5 110 1,099,839 1,099,839 0. 0 86 n200w200. 003 9,043 1,067,171 9,135 9,135 1. 0 99 1,067,161 1,067,161 0. 0 93 n200w300. 001 7,656 1,052,884 7,791 7,791 1. 7 100 1,047,893 1,047,893 −0. 5 106 n200w300. 002 7,578 1,047,893 7,721 7,721 1. 8 105 1,047,893 1,047,893 0. 0 110 n200w300. 003 8,600 1,069,169 8,739 8,739 1. 6 120 1,069,169 1,069,169 0. 0 93 n200w300. 004 8,268 1,090,972 8,415 8,415 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about genetic engineering or mutations in organisms. The content appears to be a series of numerical data points and does not address the subject matter at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These plants have been investigated in the Faculty of Pharmacy, UiTM laboratories in the last few years for evidence of their benefits as used in folk medicine. The present study was designed to assess the safe use of these extracts on the liver and kidney of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and methods Female adult rats (180-200g) were obtained from the (Multipro Supply, Malaysia). They were randomized into nine groups consisting of six animals each. One group was normal non diabetic control animals given normal saline, four groups were normal non diabetic animals (three groups were treated with the plant extracts while one group was used as a control in which animals were treated with vitamin E) and four groups were diabetic animals (one group was control diabetic animals treated with normal saline and three groups were diabetic animals treated with plant extracts). All groups were housed at a constant temperature (22±2°C) in a light-controlled (12:12-h light: dark cycle) room. Animals had ad libitumaccess to water and standard laboratory food (. Sapphire Sdn. Bhd. Malaysia). In order to make the animals diabetic, they were treated with streptozocin (STZ), minimum 98% HPLC grade, obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. The drug was given as a single dose of 55mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. One week following the injection, the animals were checked for diabetes. Blood was collected from the orbital sinus, centrifuged and serum level of glucose was analyzed on a analyzer (I Lab 300, Italy). Non diabetic and diabetic groups that had been given plant extracts were treated as follows: Each group was fed a different plant extract. Each extract was administered continuously per os as a daily single dose for two weeks. Control diabetic animals were given normal saline. Plant extracts were prepared from the leaves of S. polyanthum, the bark of O. sumatrana and H. polyrhizus fruit; they were collected from local fields. S. polyanthum leaves and O. sumatrana bark were dried for three days in an oven at 50˚C, grounded and boiled in water (100g/1000 mL) for 15min. Extracts were filtered through four layers of gauze, centrifuged at 3000g for 15min and then lyophilized into powder form. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of plant extracts, which suggests that these plants are investigated for their medicinal benefits, consistent with the traditional use of such plants by indigenous cultures. The specific mention of local field collection and the testing of these plants for their effects aligns with the idea that traditional medicines are often based on indigenous knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: All correlations are weak to moderate in strength and statistically significant (p <. 001). Age is seen to be positively correlated to both clinical measures of sensory acuity, such that older individuals have greater loss of acuity in both senses, whereas the association with age and cognition is negative, as was expected. Moreover, there are some weak negative associations between sensory acuity in either hearing or vision and cognitive processing—again, as has been observed many times with such measures. Recall from the preceding analyses that controlling for sensory processing differences eliminated the association between age and cognitive processing. Here, however, when partial correlations were computed between age and CogProc_Global, controlling for hearing acuity, visual acuity, and both, the resulting partial correlation between age and cognitive processing remained moderate and statistically significant, with values of r = −. 41, −. 52, and −. 39, respectively. Thus, individual differences in simple clinical measures of acuity do not appear to mediate the observed association between age and cognitive processing. Likewise, computing partial correlations between age and each of the acuity measures, while controlling for cognitive processing, resulted in little attenuation of the correlations provided in Table 7. Specifically, the correlations between age and visual acuity and between age and hearing loss were. 24 and. 57, respectively, when cognitive processing was controlled for. Finally, the weak negative, but statistically significant, correlations between cognitive processing and each of the sensory acuity measures (Table 7) decreased to nonsignificant near-zero correlations (r = −. 08 for hearing loss and r = −. 14 for visual acuity) when age was controlled for. From this overall pattern of correlations (Table 7) and partial correlations, age is associated with declining sensory acuity and declining cognitive processing, but this does not appear to be driven by an association between sensory acuity and cognition. In fact, when age was controlled for, no such association between sensory acuity and cognitive processing was found in this study when relying on simple clinical measures of sensory acuity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that age is associated with declining cognitive processing and that the correlation between sensory acuity and cognitive processing does not explain this decline. It argues that, when controlling for age, no significant association between sensory acuity and cognitive processing remains, suggesting that sensory acuity does not mediate cognitive processing changes, which implies attention is not selectively focused in the expected manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7 112 1,090,972 1,090,972 0. 0 96 n200w300. 005 8,030 1,022,000 8,190 8,190 1. 9 114 1,016,765 1,016,765 −5. 1 98 n200w400. 001 7,420 1,064,456 7,661 7,661 3. 2 109 1,064,456 1,064,456 0. 0 100 aver 0. 49 26. 24 −0. 11 25. 6 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-5 Table 6: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n20w120. 002 218 2,193 218 218 0. 0 2 2,193 2,193 0. 0 3 n20w120. 003 303 2,337 303 303 0. 0 4 2,337 2,337 0. 0 2 n20w120. 004 300 2,686 300 300 0. 0 2 2,686 2,686 0. 0 2 n20w140. 002 272 2,330 272 272 0. 0 2 2,330 2,330 0. 0 3 n20w140. 003 236 2,194 236 236 0. 0 2 2,196 2,196 0. 1 2 n20w140. 004 255 2,279 264 264 3. 5 4 2,278 2,278 0. 0 5 n20w160. 002 201 1,830 201 201 0. 0 2 1,830 1,830 0. 0 2 n20w160. 003 201 2,286 201 201 0. 0 3 2,286 2,286 0. 0 2 n20w160. 004 203 1,616 203 203 0. 0 2 1,616 1,616 0. 0 2 n20w180. 002 265 2,315 265 265 0. 0 4 2,315 2,315 0. 0 2 n20w180. 003 271 2,414 271 271 0. 0 2 2,414 2,414 0. 0 2 n20w180. 004 201 2,624 201 201 0. 0 3 1,924 1,924 −26. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss genetic engineering or mutations in organisms. Instead, it seems to contain numerical data and comparisons related to some computational results, which are unrelated to the claim about genetic engineering and mutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This review particularly presents a survey of recent studies on traditional medicines, medicinal plants and phytoconstituents that have indicated antiviral activity for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Advertisement 2. Traditional medicinesTraditional medicine is being frequently used all over the world. Treatment with traditional medicine is still esteemed highly, particularly by those who have no access to modern health-care. Traditional medicine is to be understood as the total of the knowledge, practices based on theories and experiences indigenous to different cultures used to maintain and improve health, to prevent and diagnose illnesses. Traditional medicine can be included in medical systems and folk medicine along with health knowledge. The numbers of medicinal plants from various medical systems like etc. could be taken into consideration as an inspiring source for bioactive phytochemicals as drug designing as well as nutraceuticals and functional foods for wellness. Based on Lipinski factors and lower binding energies, numbers of compounds from medicinal plants were analyzed for their pharmacological and biological characteristics. Some selected bioactives were found to have lower toxicity with a higher gastrointestinal absorption rate and potent anti-inflammatory and anti-viral activities against targets of COVID-19 which is an infectious pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The critical target components of SARS-CoV-2 are the Spike protein (S-protein) and the Main protease (Mpro). Mpro is required for the maturation of the various polyproteins involved in replication and transcription. S-protein helps the SARS-CoV-2 to enter the host cells through the Angiotensin-2 (ACE-2). Since ACE-2 is required for the binding of SARS-CoV-2 on the host cells, ACE-2 inhibitors and blockers have got wider attention, in addition to S-protein and Mpro modulators as potential therapeutics for COVID-19. So far, no specific drugs have shown promising therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Therfeore, several studies were undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of traditional medicinal plants against COVID-19. 2. 1 medicineBased on the frequency of appearance of each medicinal herb and their corresponding pharmacological activities from Medicines (TCM), one of the TCM formula was reconstructed with the potential of treating COVID-19 infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing traditional medicine as a body of knowledge and practices indigenous to different cultures, which highlights the connection between traditional medicines and the use of plants. It mentions studies on traditional medicinal plants and their potential therapeutic properties, which supports the idea that many traditional medicines originate from indigenous plant knowledge.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: Since SensProc_Global essentially represents the shared variance across many of the eight sensory-processing components (Table 4), including simple measures of detection threshold (audtacTHR) and gap detection (audGD), it would seem less likely that performance on these simple detection measures would be determined by cognitive function and more likely that the association would be in the opposite direction—that is, sensory processing mediating cognition. An association in this direction would be more consistent with the sensory deprivation and information degradation hypotheses. As has been noted, the primary difference between these two hypotheses is in the time course over which the negative peripheral effects impact cognitive performance, with deprivation assumed to be a chronic condition and information degradation more acute, impacting performance while measured, but not necessarily enduring. It should be noted that considerable care was taken in this study to minimize the impact of peripheral acuity deficits on performance. For example, the vowel stimuli used in phases 2 and 3 of this study were presented at high levels (83 dB SPL) and after low-pass filtering the stimuli at 1800 Hz to minimize any impact of peripheral high-frequency hearing loss on performance. In similar fashion, the contrast of the visual stimuli was adjusted for the older adults to enhance identification of the letters used in the phase 2 and 3 temporal order and temporal-masking studies. For all senses, hearing, vision, and touch, moreover, the screening protocol required at least 80 % correct identification of the stimuli used in phases 2 and 3 prior to participation. Finally, when the WAIS–III was administered, an assistive-listening device was made available to those who needed it to make sure that performance on the auditory-based cognitive tasks was not impaired due to inaudibility, and visually based cognitive tasks were performed with the subject’s corrective lenses. Thus, it is believed that acute effects of peripheral acuity deficits on performance for the sensory temporal-processing or cognitive-processing measures were minimized in this study, thereby making the influence of information degradation less relevant. However, if the information degraded is not related to sensory acuity per se but is, instead, related to the temporal encoding of sensory information, it remains possible that this form of information degradation could underlie the link between sensory processing and cognition observed in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by positing that sensory processing mediates cognition rather than attention being selectively focused to change cognitive processing. It discusses how simple detection measures in sensory processing are unlikely to be determined by cognitive function, suggesting that issues with sensory acuity might impact cognitive tasks but emphasizing that acute sensory degradation influences cognition rather than selective attention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7 2 n20w200. 002 203 1,799 203 203 0. 0 2 1,799 1,799 0. 0 2 n20w200. 003 249 2,144 260 260 4. 4 2 2,089 2,089 −2. 6 1 n20w200. 004 293 2,624 293 293 0. 0 1 2,613 2,613 −0. 4 2 n40w120. 002 445 6,265 446 446 0. 2 3 6,265 6,265 0. 0 8 n40w120. 003 357 6,411 360 360 0. 8 2 6,411 6,411 0. 0 7 n40w120. 004 303 5,855 303 303 0. 0 3 5,855 5,855 0. 0 6 n40w140. 002 383 5,746 383 383 0. 0 2 5,746 5,746 0. 0 8 n40w140. 003 398 6,572 398 398 0. 0 3 6,572 6,572 0. 0 7 n40w140. 004 342 5,719 350 350 2. 3 8 5,680 5,680 −0. 7 8 n40w160. 002 337 6,368 338 338 0. 3 9 6,351 6,351 −0. 3 8 n40w160. 003 346 5,850 346 346 0. 0 9 5,850 5,850 0. 0 9 n40w160. 004 288 4,468 289 289 0. 3 8 4,440 4,440 −0. 6 9 n40w180. 002 347 6,104 349 349 0. 6 8 6,104 6,104 0. 0 9 n40w180. 003 279 6,040 282 282 1. 1 7 6,031 6,031 −0. 1 8 n40w180. 004 354 6,103 361 361 2. 0 8 6,283 6,283 2. 9 8 n40w200. 002 303 6,674 303 303 0. 0 8 5,830 5,830 −12. 6 9 n40w200. 003 339 5,542 343 343 1. 2 7 5,230 5,230 −5. 6 8 n40w200. 004 301 6,103 301 301 0. 0 9 5,977 5,977 −2. 1 10 n60w120. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding genetic engineering or the mutation of organisms. Instead, it appears to be a series of numerical data and codes without context, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: This TCM formula contains herbs with evidenced antiviral activity along with reducing fever, removing dampness, expelling phlegm, and arresting coughing. It includes Bupleurum chinense, Ramulus cinnamomi, Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Atractylodes macrocephala, Rhizoma Zingiberis, Agastache rugosa, Stephania tetrandra root, Polygonum cuspidatum, Rheum palmatum, Tangerine Peel, Amarum and Ophiopogon japonicus root. These herbs have the effect of eliminating dampness, for relieving cough and lung symptoms. In addition, in modern pharmacology, Rheum palmatum and Polygonum cuspidatum have significant antiviral effects due to their rich emodin content. Full prescription of 12 drugs are evaluated for the clinical treatment of COVID-19 [4]. On the other hand, a medicinal plant library containing 32,297 potential antiviral traditional Chinese medicinal plants compounds were analyzed the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) sequence which plays a critical role in the replication of virus p19. The proteolytic processing is mediated by Papain-Like protease (PLpro) and 3CLpro. The 3CLpro cleaves the polyprotein at 11 distinct sites to generate various non-structural proteins that are important for viral replication [5]. countries, Saxifraga species (Saxifragaceae) are used as medicinal herbs for treatment of various types of disorders. With respect to antiviral activities, Saxifraga melanocentra inhibited the activity of hepatitis C virus serine protease. The virucidal activity of pyrogallol compounds obtained from Saxifraga spinulosa have also suggested against SARS-CoV-2, (IAV), as well as Virus (FCV) and Virus (MNV) [6]. 2. 2 medicinesIn Iran, some medicinal plants have great potential value for treatment of COVID-19 based on the therapeutic approaches of Medicine (TPM) is one of the most ancient medical doctrines mostly known as “wi”, several of which have also been confirmed by pharmacological studies in modern medicine. Among them, Amla (Phyllanthus emblica L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by providing examples of traditional medicines derived from various plants and their applications, particularly in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It discusses several herbs such as Bupleurum chinense and Rheum palmatum, highlighting their uses and antiviral effects. Furthermore, it mentions medicinal plants from multiple cultures, including Saxifraga species and Amla, which align with the idea that traditional medicines are rooted in indigenous cultural practices involving plant use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: 정서유발 절차가 끝난 후, 참가자들은 일치, 중성 및 불일치 시행들이 포함된 공간 스트룹 과제를 수행하였다. 실험 결과, 불안상태는 스트룹 촉진효과를 증가시키지만, 간섭효과는 감소시키는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 갈등적응효과는 불안상태에 의해 영향을 받지 않았다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how anxiety affects cognitive processing in a Stroop task. It states that anxiety increases facilitation effects and decreases interference effects, indicating that attention is influenced by the emotional state, which challenges the notion of selective focusing leading to uniform cognitive changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 002 427 12,517 427 427 0. 0 19 12,525 12,525 0. 1 19 n60w120. 003 407 11,690 419 419 2. 9 19 11,680 11,680 −0. 1 19 n60w120. 004 490 11,132 492 492 0. 4 13 11,135 11,135 0. 0 19 n60w140. 002 462 11,782 464 464 0. 4 18 11,810 11,810 0. 2 19 n60w140. 003 427 13,128 448 448 4. 9 13 13,031 13,031 −0. 7 16 n60w140. 004 488 13,189 488 488 0. 0 15 12,663 12,663 −4. 0 15 n60w160. 002 423 12,471 423 423 0. 0 19 12,719 12,719 2. 0 17 n60w160. 003 434 10,682 447 447 3. 0 14 10,674 10,674 −0. 1 15 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-6 Table 7: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Time Best. Sol Aver. Time n60w160. 004 401 11,645 401 401 0. 0 19 11,778 11,778 1. 1 19 n60w180. 002 399 12,015 399 399 0. 0 17 12,224 12,224 1. 7 21 n60w180. 003 445 12,214 445 445 0. 0 18 12,214 12,679 0. 0 21 n60w180. 004 456 11,101 456 456 0. 0 19 11,245 11,245 1. 3 18 n60w200. 002 414 11,748 414 414 0. 0 20 11,866 11,866 1. 0 19 n60w200. 003 455 10,697 460 460 1. 1 19 10,697 10,697 0. 0 18 n60w200. 004 431 11,441 431 431 0. 0 16 11,441 11,441 0. 0 17 n80w120. 002 577 18,181 577 577 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. It appears to consist of numerical data and references to other works, without any information about genetic engineering or its effects on mutation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: ), Chicory (Cichorium intybus L. ), Clove [Syzygium aromaticum (L. ) Merr. and L. M. Perry], (Rosa × damascena Herrm. ), Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L. ), Galangal (Alpinia galanga (L. ) Willd. , A. officinarum Hance), Garlic (Allium sativum L. ), Grape and Raisin (Vitis vinifera L. ), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , G. uralensis Fisch. ), Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum L. , R. officinale Baill. ) and Saffron (Crocus sativus L. ) were determined as promising plant species. However, preclinical mechanistic studies as well as clinical trials are necessary to confirm the safety and efficacy of these plants for the management of SARS-CoV-2 infection [7]. 2. 3 AyurvedaFor nearly 5000 years Ayurveda, an ancient Indian medicine method, has been practiced in India, relying heavily on plants to formulate it. Ayurvedic herbal supplements and immunity boosters showing the way to a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is the need of the hour. Antiviral properties of Glycyrrhiza glabra, Andrographis paniculata, Phyllanthus spp. , Zingiber officinale, Withania somnifera, and Curcuma longa have been reported [8]. Whereas, Tinospora cordifolia and Emblica officinalis have the properties to enhance immunity. It has been shown that Coptidis rhizome, Meliae cortex, Sanguisorbae radix, Cimicifuga rhizome, and Phellodendron cortex exhibit anti-coronavirus activity. Sophorae radix, Torilis fructus, and Acanthopanacis cortex decreased intracellular viral RNA levels with corresponding viral protein decreases [9]. The antiviral activity of some phytoconstituents present in traditional medicinal plants from Ayurveda were also investigated against spike glycoprotein of SARS-COV-2 as well as its host ACE-2 receptor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of plants used in traditional medicine, particularly Ayurveda, which has relied heavily on plant-based formulations for nearly 5000 years. It mentions various medicinal plants that have antiviral properties, supporting the assertion that traditional medicines are derived from plant sources utilized historically by indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Attention can be selectively focused, leading to changes in cognitive processing. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] Hristova, P. / 2011 Anxiety fosters relational encoding Proceedings of the on cognitive Science: on 16. [학술지] Isen, A. M. / 1992 An influence of positive affect on social categorization Motivation and Emotion 16 (1) : 65 ~ 1 17. [학술지] Kazen, M. / 2005 Intention memory and achievement motivation : Volitional facilitation and inhibition as a function of affective contents of need-related stimuli Journal of Personality and 89 (3) : 426 ~ 3 18. [학술지] Kim, C. / 2016 of the Running- Location on Choice Psychology 30 (6) : 1014 ~ 6 19. [학술지] Kuhl, J. / 1999 Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions : joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes stroop interference Journal of : General 128 (3) : 382 20. [학술지] Lang, P. J. / 1997 Picture System(IAPS) : NIMH Center for the Study of Emotion and Attention 1 : 39 ~ 21. [학술지] Lindsay, D. S. / 1994 Dissociations-the Relationship between Facilitation and Interference Journal of : and Performance 20 (2) : 219 ~ 2 22. [학술지] Lu, C. H. / 1995 of Information on Performance-a Review of the Simon and Effects &Review 2 (2) : 174 ~ 2 23. [학술지] MacLeod, C. M. / 1991 Half a century of research on the Stroop effect : an integrative review 109 (2) : 163 ~ 2 24. [학술지] Mayr, U. / 2003 Conflict adaptation effects in the absence of executive control 6 (5) : 450 ~ 5 25. [학술지] Miller, E. K. / 2001 An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function Neuroscience 24 : 167 ~ 26. [학술지] Padmala, S. / 2011 Negative emotion impairs conflict-driven executive control Frontiers in Psychology 2 : 192 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of research articles and authors related to cognitive science but does not provide any information directly supporting or contrasting the claim regarding selective attention and cognitive processing. As such, it is irrelevant to the specific claim about the nature of attention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 17 18,383 18,383 1. 1 21 n80w120. 003 540 17,878 548 548 1. 5 19 17,937 17,937 0. 3 21 n80w120. 004 501 17,318 501 501 0. 0 18 17,578 17,578 1. 5 18 n80w140. 002 472 17,815 472 472 0. 0 19 17,815 17,815 0. 0 21 n80w140. 003 580 17,315 580 580 0. 0 20 17,358 17,358 0. 2 21 n80w140. 004 424 18,936 424 424 0. 0 19 18,936 18,936 0. 0 18 n80w160. 002 553 17,091 553 553 0. 0 27 17,200 17,200 0. 6 18 n80w160. 003 521 16,606 521 521 0. 0 21 16,521 16,521 −0. 5 20 n80w160. 004 509 17,804 509 509 0. 0 20 17,927 17,927 0. 7 18 n80w180. 002 479 17,339 479 479 0. 0 21 17,339 17,339 0. 0 19 n80w180. 003 530 17,271 530 530 0. 0 20 17,160 17,160 −0. 6 20 n80w180. 004 479 16,729 479 479 0. 0 22 16,849 16,849 0. 7 21 n100w120. 002 540 29,882 556 556 3. 0 38 29,818 29,818 0. 0 45 n100w120. 003 617 25,275 646 646 4. 7 37 24,473 24,473 0. 0 42 n100w120. 004 663 30,102 663 663 0. 0 39 31,554 31,554 0. 0 41 n100w140. 002 622 30,192 632 632 1. 6 38 30,087 30,087 0. 0 45 n100w140. 003 481 28,309 481 481 0. 0 39 28,791 28,791 0. 0 47 n100w140. 004 533 27,448 533 533 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information related to the claim about genetic engineering and organisms that never mutate. It appears to consist of numerical and categorical data without any context or explanation pertaining to the ability of genetic engineering to prevent mutations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: These compounds can be further developed and assessed as phytoformulations against SARS-CoV-2 infection [8]. 2. 4 Siddha medicineDuring molecular docking and simulation analysis for the prevention and cure of COVID-19 infection on some phytoconstituents of Siddha medicine were determined as potential candidates. Among them orientin, bis-andrographolide, cucurbitacin B, cucurbitacin E, isocucurbitacin B, vitexin, berberine, bryonolic acid, piperine and magnoflorine were identified as potential lead molecules that have been shown to possess the ability to interact with the components that block the viral replication in SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the immune-enhancing properties of these compounds without any adverse side effects could provide natural immune power to resist COVID-19 infections [14]. Several plants have been found to act on the ACE-2 receptor, which could become promising antiviral agents and can help in combatting COVID-19 pandemic. Rheum palmatum, Polygonum multiflorum, Cerasus avium, Alcea digitata, Rubia tinctorum, Citrus aurantium, Berberis integerrima, Peganum harmala and Allium sativum have the potential to act on the ACE-2 receptor and are well-known for blocking the transmission or entry of Coronoviruses. These plants can possibly be used for the combinational therapeutic management of COVID-19 by inhibiting various protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) [15]. Traditional medicinesMedicinal plantsAntiviral compoundsVirus1. The list of traditional medicines for antiviral activities. 2. 5 Thai traditional medicineAmong 122 Thai traditional medicines, Boesenbergia rotunda extract and its compound, known as panduratin A exhibited the potent anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity by using the high-content imaging system coupled with the plaque reduction assay. Treatment with Boesenbergia rotunda extract and panduratin A after viral infection drastically suppressed SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in Vero E6 cells with IC50 of 3. 62 μg/mL (CC50 = 28. 06 μg/mL) and 0. 81 μΜ (CC50 = 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants, specifically highlighting compounds from Siddha and Thai traditional medicines that are used for antiviral activities, particularly against SARS-CoV-2. It indicates the importance of these plants in traditional medicine systems, which directly supports the idea that traditional medicines often originate from plants utilized in indigenous cultures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Chromosomes and Research 10. 7554/eLife. 41769 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 17,166 views 1,675 downloads 239 1769. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 12 figures, 5 videos, 1 table and 8 additional files 1 with 3 supplements Download asset Open asset The Sox2 a Model for Visualization of Enhancer-in Stem Cells. (A) To visualize chromosome loci in living cells, we have used tetO/TetR and cuO/CymR genetic labels. Our pipeline for insertion of these labels into the mouse genome is shown. -Cas9 is used to place an attP integrase landing site. Second, a targeting plasmid bearing the compatible attB sequence, the tetO or cuO array, and a selection cassette is introduced along the integrase (Int) to mediate site-specific integration. The selection cassette can then be subsequently removed by Cre/Flp recombinase. (B) The Sox2 locus in mouse ESCs. Genomic browser tracks of epigenomic and expression data demonstrate high levels of histone acetylation, RNA polymerase II, and transcription factor (OCT4, SOX2, ) and cohesin (RAD21) occupancy at Sox2 and the distal Sox2 enhancer (tan boxes). Data from 4C and HiC experiments demonstrate chromosomal contacts at the Sox2 locus. For 4C data, read density indicates contact frequency with a fixed position near the Sox2 promoter (red triangle). Y-axis for browser tracks is reads per million. For HiC, all pairwise contact frequencies are shown using a heatmap. The intensity of each pixel represents the normalized number of contacts detected between a pair of loci. The maximum intensity is indicated in red square. At bottom, locations of the cuO- and tetO-arrays for the three cell lines utilized for this study. Sox2-8CcuO/+; Sox2-117TtetO/+ (Sox2-SCR) ESCs were used to track Sox2/SCR location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or provide information related to the claim about CRISPR technology and its capability for precise editing of genomic sequences. Instead, it focuses on detailing a specific method related to genetic labeling and tracking in mouse embryonic stem cells, which does not directly corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 0 40 27,990 27,990 0. 0 45 aver 0. 64 13. 6 −0. 44 14. 7 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-7 Table 8: Comparison between our results with the best-found values for TSPTW and TRPTW instances proposed by Gendreau et al. (1998), and Ohlmann & Thomas (2007). +. Sol Aver. Best. Sol Aver. Ban (2021) Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte (2010) n20w120. 001 274 2,175 2,535 274 274 2 2,175 2,175 2 n20w140. 001 176 1,846 1,908 176 176 2 1,826 1,826 2 n20w160. 001 241 2,146 2,150 241 241 2 2,148 2,148 2 n20w180. 001 253 2,477 2,037 253 253 2 2,477 2,477 2 n20w200. 001 233 1,975 2,294 233 233 2 1,9751975 2 n40w120. 001 434 6,800 7,496 434 434 9 6,800 6,800 9 n40w140. 001 328 6,290 7,203 328 328 10 6,290 6,290 10 n40w160. 001 349 6,143 6,657 349 349 11 6,143 6,143 12 n40w180. 001 345 6,952 6,578 345 345 12 6,897 6,897 11 n40w200. 001 345 6,169 6,408 345 345 10 6,113 6,113 13 n60w120. 001 392 11,120 9,303 392 392 25 11,288 11,288 28 n60w140. 001 426 10,814 9,131 426 426 26 10,981 10,981 27 n60w160. 001 589 11,574 11,422 589 589 27 11,546 11,546 28 n60w180. 001 436 11,363 9,689 436 436 24 11,646 11,646 25 n60w200. 001 423 10,128 10,315 423 423 25 9,939 9,939 27 n80w120. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and mutation. It contains a collection of numerical data and references to studies but does not provide any information about organisms or their genetic stability, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many traditional medicines are derived from plants used by indigenous cultures. [SEP] Text: 71 μM), respectively. Also, the treatment of panduratin A at the pre-entry phase inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection with IC50 of 5. 30 μM (CC50 = 43. 47 μM). Therefore, exerted the inhibitory effect against -2 infection at both pre-entry and post-infection phases as the novel natural candidate [16]. 2. 6 African traditional medicineethnomedicinal herbs (Abrus precatorius L. Gaertn, Achyranthes aspera L. , Allium sativum L. , Annona muricata L. , Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. , Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Lindl. ) Schltr. , Curcuma longa L. , Euphorbia hirta L. , Garcinia kola Heckel, Glycyrrhiza glabra L. , Moringa oleifera Lam. , Nigella sativa L. , Psidium guajava L. , Zingiber officinale Roscoe) used in African traditional medicine from different countries in Africa were investigated in the prevention, treatment and management of COVID-19 infection [17]. From them, Glycyrrhiza glabra was reported to be successful inhibitor for SARS-CoV replication and was recommended for the management COVID-19. Due to the complex nature of SARS-CoV-2 and clinical presentation of COVID-19 disease, combining two or more extracts with various pharmacological activity from these herbs in a standard dosage form such as capsule, tablets, syrups, and injections is necessary in the management of the disease. This combination would improve adherence but care must be taken to ensure that all ingredients in the formulation are compatible otherwise it may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. These findings will serve as a source of information for future research in the selection of herbs which could be used in the management of COVID-19 [17]. 2. 6. 1 African medicinal plantsSixty-two alkaloids and hundred terpenoids isolated from some African medicinal plants were docked to the 3-Chymotrypsin-Like protease (3CLpro) controled coronavirus replication as a promising drug target for combating the coronavirus infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various African traditional medicinal herbs used in treating COVID-19, indicating a relationship between traditional medicine and plants, which aligns with the idea that many traditional medicines come from plants utilized by indigenous cultures. Specifically, it lists several medicinal plants and their roles in traditional medicine, supporting the claim.