Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Stonehenge is aligned with the solstices, suggesting astronomical significance in its construction. [SEP] Text: Most likely, the great ring at Stonehenge represented the domain of the dead, a lasting monument to the ancestors, whereas the was the opposite: a secular place where the living came first as builders of the stone circle and later for seasonal celebrations. Inspiration for this interpretation came partly from a colleague of Parker Pearson’s from Madagascar who saw similarities with practices at home where wood dwellings are matched by stone buildings for the dead. Tests on animal bones found at offer some backing for the theory, suggesting that cattle were brought from many miles away in southern England, perhaps to be eaten at ritual feasts. Further evidence came in 2009, when the Project uncovered the site of a circle of 25 bluestones two miles from the monument (and the same distance from Durrington Walls), beside the river Avon—a site quickly dubbed Bluehenge. The stone slabs were gone, possibly taken to Stonehenge itself, but left behind were fragments of the distinctive blue rock and, more important, traces of charcoal suggesting the structure was erected around 5,000 years ago. Perhaps, surmises, Bluehenge was a place of cremation, a sacred site where the dead began the final journey to Stonehenge. Certainly the bluestones held a special meaning for Neolithic humans—why else would they have stood at the very center of Stonehenge protected by the bigger sarsen monoliths? —and one more theory now places them at the heart of the entire Stonehenge story while also assigning yet another role to Stonehenge. Evidence collected in a 2008 dig at Stonehenge itself—the first within the circle for 40 years—supports the idea that Stonehenge was mainly a place of healing, a destination for the sick who traveled hundreds of miles in the hope of a cure. “Like a great medieval cathedral, all sorts of things would have happened at Stonehenge, but its principal draw was as a sacred place of healing,” asserts of in England, who conducted the 2008 excavation with Geoff Wainwright, former president of the Society of Antiquaries in London. Curative PowersDarvill and Wainwright’s theory could help explain the stupendous efforts undertaken to transport the massive slabs of bluestone—each weighing up to four tons—some 150 miles from their source in the in all the way to southern England. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that Stonehenge's primary function was not astronomical but rather related to burial and healing. It emphasizes that the 'great ring at Stonehenge represented the domain of the dead' and mentions theories that position Stonehenge as 'a sacred place of healing.' This significantly deviates from the claim about its alignment with the solstices, instead focusing on ritual practices and the monument's connection to the living and the dead.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Figure 2e), the mean response remains relatively invariant with mean stimulus, and that curves get shallower with increasing mean stimulus. (g) Comparison of steady state gain (slope of functions shown in (a) and (d)) when KD is fixed (black) and when KD is allowed to vary with the mean stimulus (red). When KD is fixed, the the relationship between gain and mean stimulus approaches a power law with exponent 2 (gain ~ KD(S+KD)2). However, when KD varies with the mean stimulus, the steady state gain ~ 1S, which is the Weber-Fechner Law. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Projected stimulus rescaled by Weber-Fechner relation correlate with firing rates. (a–d) Firing rate vs. projected stimulus rescaled by Weber-Fechner relation (as in Figure 3g) for four additional odorant-receptor combinations. Red line is the line of unity. Same data asin Figure 3—figure supplement 1c–f. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset ORNs decrease gain with stimulus variance. (a). Stimulus intensity of a fluctuating ethyl acetate stimulus with nearly constant mean but a variance that switches between high and low every 5 s. Five independent trials (out of 248) are plotted. (b) Distributions of stimulus intensity for the epochs of low (blue) and high (red) variance. (c) ab3A firing rate responses corresponding to the trials shown in (a) following the switch from low to high variance, which takes place at t = 0 s and from high to low, which takes place at t = 5 s. (d) Probability distributions of the response. (e) Solid lines are ORN input-output curves computed from a single filter from both low (blue) and high (red) variance epochs. Dashed lines are the cumulative distribution functions (c. d. fs) of the projected stimulus. (f) ORN gain as a function of the standard deviation of the stimulus, measured per trial for each epoch. (g) Measured gain plotted against the slope of the cumulative distribution function for each trial. (h) Instantaneous gain (blue) and stimulus contrast (orange) as a function of time since switch. Dashed lines indicate crossover times of stimulus contrast and instantaneous gain. The delay is ~130 ms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of memory recall or its relation to stimuli. Instead, it discusses stimulus variance and responses in a biological context, focusing on firing rates, stimulus intensity, and gain. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim about memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs support a diverse range of marine species. [SEP] Text: Central to maintaining complex topographies are processes that sustain net accretion and cementation of the reefs’ carbonate framework, which underpins the functionality of reefs as barriers protecting shorelines from wave-driven erosion (Perry et al. 2008). Measuring topographic complexity on reefs provides information on their capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. With increasingly common and prolonged marine heatwaves causing severe coral mortality and leading to the reduction of architectural complexity (Oliver et al. 2018), it is urgent to optimize methods to quantify topographic complexity accurately. The simple method proposed here provides information on topographic complexity with a vertical accuracy of 0. 1 m using a 3D model of the seafloor derived from UAS data. Further refinements and improvements will be possible once corrections of refraction of light and additional error sources (e. g. , water surface roughness, light penetration) are developed and integrated into the SfM-MVS method. Data availability The code used to analyze the data and produce figures is available here: 10. 3390/rs1202032210. 1177/03091333198374541. Structure from motion in the Geosciences. Wiley, HobokenBook 10. 1007/s00338-016-1522-010. 1007/s00367-020-00638-810. 1080/01431161. 2018. 150007210. 1007/s00338-021-02088-9364. . QGIS Association. Accessed 5 Apr 2022(2007) Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption. Nature 448(7153):5752902. the Marine Research/and Agreement 62 issued by the Government (08. 10. 2019), and the UAS/09-22-02 issued for the drone pilot (Lewin) by the Administration of the Republic of Palau (08. 10. 2019). The authors wish to thank the Centre staff, especially. Thanks to Stefanie Bröhl and for fieldwork support. PL acknowledges the Meeresschutz (DSM) and the Programm zur Steigerung der Mobilität von deutschen Studierenden () for funding part of her fieldwork. Fundingfunding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. Author informationAuthors and for. Casella, P. Lewin, M. Ghilardi & S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that measuring topographic complexity on reefs provides information on their capacity to support biodiversity and ecosystem services. This implies that the structural characteristics of coral reefs are crucial for sustaining a diverse range of marine species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Data availability Data sharing is not applicable to this 6. Nature. 2015;520:186–91. In vivo interrogation of gene function in the mammalian brain using -Cas9. Nat Biotechnol. 2015;33:102–6. Nature. 2014;507:62–7. 21. 5607. J Biotechnol. 2022;355:53–64. Nat Methods. 2019;16:247–54. e217. 19. Science. 2017;356:438–42. Multiplexed and portable nucleic acid detection platform with Cas13, Cas12a, and Csm6. Science. 2018;360:439–44. -Cas13b suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and circumvents its mutational escape through mismatch tolerance. Nat Commun. 2021;12:4270. Science. 2017;358:1019–27. Genet. 2015;16:299–311. genome-editing experiments with. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34:695–7. MH, Clevers H. engineering in organoids for gene repair and disease modelling. Bioeng. 2023;1:32–45. knockout screening identifies combinatorial drug targets in pancreatic cancer and models cellular drug response. Nat Commun. 2018;94275. Genome-wideCas9 revealed of glutamine in combination with inhibition of pyruvate metabolism as effective Treatment. (Weinh). 2022;9:e2202104. Whole-genome screening identifies PI3K/AKT as a downstream component of the oncogenic GNAQ-focal adhesion kinase signaling circuitry. J Biol Chem. 2023;299102866. /Cas9 screening reveals epistatic networks of interacting tumor suppressor genes and therapeutic targets in human breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2021;81:6090–105. Genome-scale -Cas9 knockout screening in nasopharyngeal carcinoma for radiosensitive and radioresistant genes. Transl Oncol. 2023;30101625. /Cas9-based genome-wide screening of the deubiquitinase subfamily identifies USP3 as a protein stabilizer of REST blocking neuronal differentiation and promotes neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. J Cancer Res. 2023;42121. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of references to various scientific studies and articles without providing information specifically about CRISPR or its role as a gene-editing technology. There are no mentions or explanations that support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: n = 248 trials from 5 ab3A ORNs in 2 flies. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Variance gain control in Gaussian stimuli. (a) While the dominant change between the two epochs is the change in variance (by construction), the low variance trials also tend to have slightly higher means. (b) ORN gain estimated by dividing the standard deviation of the response by the standard deviation of the stimulus, for each trial, vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus (cf. Figure 4f). (c) Input-output curves for the ab3A ORN uncorrected for the change in the mean stimulus. The blue curve intersects the red curve, and is steeper than the red curve, suggesting that gain during the low variance epoch is higher than the gain during the low variance epoch. (d) ORN gain during high and low variance epochs, without correcting for the change in the mean stimulus. Each trial appears in the plot as one blue point (for the low variance epoch) and one red point (for the high variance epoch). (e) Filters used in this analysis. Filters backed out of low variance (blue) or high variance (red) epochs alone are very similar. Therefore, we averaged all filters (black) and used that averaged filter to project all the stimulus in this dataset. (f) Coefficient of determination (r2) vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus. ~80% of trials had r2>0. 8. (g) Coefficient of determination (r2) vs. trial-wise ORN gain in the high and low variance epoch. Dashed lines in (f–g) indicate the median r2 during the high and low variance epoch. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Mean gain control occurs primarily at transduction, and variance gain control occurs both at transduction and at the firing machinery. (a) Transduction input-output curves from stimulus to LFP. Colors indicate increasing mean stimulus. Filters and projections are computed trial by trial. (b) Transduction gain, measured from the slopes of these input-output curves, decreases with the mean stimulus. The red line is a power law with exponent −1, (Weber’s Law). (c) Input-output curves for the firing machine module. (d) Firing gain does not change significantly with mean stimulus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about memory recall. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of variance gain control in response to stimuli in a biological context, specifically related to olfactory receptor neurons in fruit flies. There is no mention of memory, recalls, or how stimuli affect recollection, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Phytoplankton produce a significant portion of Earth's oxygen. [SEP] Text: ” Additionally, independent genomic analyses help to constrain the evolution of different genes involved directly in oxygenic photosynthesis, as well as of other cyanobacteria elements; these analyses will move us closer to an overall timing constraint. The next big thingA billion years of anoxic oceans followed the Event. Geochemical evidence points to the general oxygenation of the oceans around 635 million years ago, likely requiring a minimum of 10% present atmospheric levels. Whether through cause or effect, the ecosystem began to diversify at around the same time. “Right now, we lack solid constraints on the baseline of atmospheric oxygen leading up to the second rise,” says of Yale University. “That makes it difficult to understand the potential consequence, but also what geochemical change would have induced fundamental changes in oxygen levels. ”But the “boring billion” years between the two major oxygen rises brought with them dropping oxygen levels and constrained evolutionary activity. University of Tasmania geologist analyzed ancient seafloor muds to track trace elements absorbed from the seawater over time in pyrite iron sulfate, a unique mineral that forms in the muds. “Some trace elements are more soluble in the ocean when oxygen increases,” explains Large. “Thus we can use the trends in trace elements in pyrite to predict periods when atmosphere oxygen rose and fell. ” A laser analysis that detects lower levels than was previously possible showed that many nutrient trace elements decrease in the ocean from 1800 to 800 million years ago. Trace elements and oxygen likely declined because tectonics were stable and little erosion occurred on the continents. The lack of nutrients meant a drop in bacteria, leading to less oxygen being liberated to the atmosphere. Ultimately, however, a better global database of samples and laser geochemistry is needed to produce more robust curves for trace elements and oxygen. “We speculate that the increased trace elements [at 750 million years ago] led to a rapid increase in bacteria and plankton in the oceans, which in turn released oxygen to the atmosphere and sped up oxidative erosion of the continents,” says Large. The increased ocean productivity led to increased carbon burial on the sea floor, which drew trace elements and sulfur to the muds as sedimentary pyrites. That burial process increased atmospheric oxygen even more, and the Cambrian explosion of life was primed. Noah's arkThere were definitely no animals before the 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the increase in plankton populations, mentioned as contributing to the release of oxygen to the atmosphere during certain periods in Earth's history. The phrase 'the increased trace elements... led to a rapid increase in bacteria and plankton in the oceans, which in turn released oxygen to the atmosphere' supports the idea that phytoplankton are essential producers of oxygen.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: 6%)Plant-Based DietMean (SD)–0. 48 (±0. 46)0. 19 (±0. 67)1. 56 (±1. 14)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)DietMean (SD)0. 21 (±0. 81)–0. 73 (±0. 73)–0. 42 (±0. 79)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)Western DietMean (SD)–0. 15 (±0. 63)1. 06 (±1. 20)–0. 51 (±0. 65)<0. 001Missing23 (6. 5%)36 (8. 8%)16 (3. 2%)Newborn(weeks)Mean (SD)39. 53 (±1. 38)39. 44 (±1. 47)39. 20 (±1. 32)<0. 001Missing4 (1. 1%)0 (0%)0 (0%)(cm)Mean (SD)51. 68 (±2. 52)50. 20 (±2. 16)51. 44 (±2. 69)<0. 001Missing71 (20. 2%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)(kg)Mean (SD)3. 50 (±0. 49)3. 53 (±0. 50)3. 26 (±0. 46)<0. 001Missing6 (1. 7%)0 (0%)1 (0. 2%)Newborn BMI (kg/m2)Mean (SD)13. 11 (±1. 41)13. 94 (±1. 29)12. 31 (±1. 39)<0. 001Missing72 (20. 5%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)Index (kg/m3)Mean (SD)25. 45 (±3. 14)27. 79 (±2. 55)24. 02 (±3. 17)<0. 001Missing72 (20. 5%)10 (2. 4%)7 (1. 4%)Estimated cell proportionsCD8TMean (SD)0. 01 (±0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about mitochondrial DNA and maternal ancestry. It contains statistical data related to a plant-based diet, newborn measurements, and estimated cell proportions, with no mention of mitochondrial DNA, maternal inheritance, or ancestry tracing. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (e) Transduction input-output curves for low (blue) and high (red) variance stimuli. (f) Transduction gains in the low variance epoch are significantly higher than transduction gains in the high variance epoch (p<0. 001, Wilcoxon signed rank test) (g) Input-output curves of firing machinery during low variance stimuli. (g) Firing gain during low variance epochs are significantly higher than firing gains during high variance epochs (p<0. 001, Wilcoxon signed rank test). Projections of stimulus are divided by the mean stimulus in each trial to remove the small effect Weber-Fechner gain scaling. Data in this figure is same as in Figures 3 and 4. (a,c,e,g) Mean across all trials. (b,d,f,h) Individual trials. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset LFP responses to fluctuating Gaussian ethyl acetate signals with increasing mean. Colors correspond to increasing mean odorant stimuli (purple…yellow). The data in this figure corresponds to the data shown in Figure 3. Increasing stimulus mean decreases the variance of the LFP responses, similar to the decrease in LFP responses seen in Figure 3c. Traces are mean subtracted. Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Modularity of gain control revealed by optogenetic stimulation. ab3A ORNs in w; 22a-GAL4/+; UAS-Chrimson/+ flies can be activated by ethyl acetate odorant or by red light. (a–b) Fluctuating odor foreground and constant light background. (a) Transduction gain to fluctuating odor vs. background light stimulation intensity. (b) Overall ORN gain to fluctuating odor stimulus vs. background light stimulation intensity. (b, inset) ORN firing rate vs. background light intensity. (c–d) Fluctuating light foreground and constant odor background stimulus. (c) Input-output curves to fluctuating light stimulus for increasing background odor (lighter colors indicate larger odor background). (d) ORN gain is invariant with background odor concentration. (d, inset) Odor-induced firing gain vs. background odor concentration. (e–f) Fluctuating light stimulus with different variances. (e) Input-output curves for high (red) and low (blue) variance light stimuli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of memory recall or the impact of stimulus on memory; instead, it focuses on the transduction gains and input-output curves related to sensory stimuli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: The unique occurrence of species in certain areas reflects a general pattern of diversity found across the planet. As one travels away from a given point, so the environment tends to differ progressively and, as a consequence, the identity of species also changes. The greater similarity of points that are close to each other than those that are more distant is known as spatial autocorrelation [15], and may well lie at the heart of many of the most fundamental and familiar patterns in the distribution and abundance of organisms [16]. The change in species identity through space can be reflected mathematically using alpha-diversity—a measure of local diversity, beta-diversity—a measure of turnover among closely located sites, and by gamma-diversity—the diversity of the landscape [17]. Over relatively short distances beta-diversity reflects a suite of biological processes, such as environmental tolerances, and interspecific interactions, such as competition or predation, which lead to species replacement. At the much larger, gamma-diversity scale, the role of evolutionary history and its interaction with the geological evolution of a region tends to predominate, so often leading to wholly different biotas among regions, and endemism at high taxonomic levels [18]. More simply put, within Australia, one tends to find different species of wallabies and kangaroos replacing each other as one drives from Hobart to Darwin, whereas when driving from to Dar es Salaam (a similar distance) the turnover would be among antelope, given that marsupials are entirely absent from Africa. Naturally, there's some interaction among the regional and local scales, so accounting for variation in biodiversity patterns across the planet, such as the anomalously high richness and endemicity of plants at the south-western tip of Africa [3]. In a similar way, a notable feature of the Antarctic benthos is that endemism is generally high compared with other regions. In other words, the fauna is not only rich, but it is most unusual too [14]. In this issue of PLoS Biology, Rogers et al. [19] show that this is true also of the animals associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents, providing the first comprehensive assessment of such ecosystems in the Antarctic. Although the presence of deep-sea hydrothermal vents in the region had previously been recorded, they had neither been comprehensively explored, nor thought to be home to a diverse vent fauna [20],[21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Rogers et al. show that the animals associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents are unique, which supports the idea of distinctive ecosystems reliant on specific biochemical processes like chemosynthesis. The text highlights that there is 'high richness and endemicity' in such ecosystems, validating the claim about their unique nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: The spread of these sub-clades in North and has been associated with at least three distinct demographic events: (1) the main wave of the spread of the ancestors of both North and native populations 15–18 kya involving nine Pan-American founders A2*, B2*, C1b, C1c, C1d*, C1d1, D1, D4h3a, and D4e1c, followed potentially approximately at the same time by an inland route dispersal of C4c, X2a and X2g carriers to the east coast of the USA; (2) the spread of Paleo-Eskimo D2a [88] lineages ca 5 kya along the Arctic through northern Canada and Greenland, which were replaced, in the same region, by (3) the spread of Neo-Eskimos carrying A2a, A2b, and D3 lineages. Phylogeographic inferences from modern whole mtDNA sequence data associating the spread of haplogroup A2a lineages with Paleo-Eskimos [83] have not been supported by aDNA evidence which instead points to all available skeletal evidence that is associated with the Paleo-Eskimo cultures Saqqaq and Dorset having unusually low mtDNA diversity restricted only to haplogroup D2a [89]. The whole mtDNA sequencing of Oceanians has revealed a number of distinct mtDNA lineages that were undistinguishable at lower resolution from those spread in Mainland Asia. The peopling of Oceania has been modelled to involve at least two major demographic events: firstly, the initial settlement of Sahul (Guinea and Australia) by anatomically modern humans explains the presence of mtDNA haplogroups M14-M15, M27-M29, Q, P, O, and S only in Australia and Melanesia; secondly, this was followed by a more recent Holocene dispersal of the populations speaking Austronesian languages who would have extended widely the geographic distribution of haplogroup B4a1a1 lineages [90]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on discussing demographic events and phylogeographic inferences related to various lineages of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), but it does not specifically affirm or address the claim regarding maternal inheritance and tracing maternal ancestry. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant as it does not provide any support for or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (f) ORN gain as a function of the standard deviation of the light stimulus. (a–b) n = 75 trials from 13 ORNs. (c–d) n = 64 trials from 5 ORNs. (e–f) n = 21 trials from 3 ORNs. Lines link trials from a single ORN. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adaptation to the mean slows down LFP, but not firing rate. (a–d). Response of ab3A ORNs to Gaussian ethyl acetate stimuli on increasing backgrounds. (a) Cross correlation functions between ethyl acetate stimulus and ab3 LFP responses for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (b) Cross correlation functions between ethyl acetate stimulus and ab3A firing rate responses for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (c) Stimulus autocorrelation functions for low (purple) and high (yellow) background stimuli. (d–g) LFP and firing rate lags with respect to the stimulus vs. the mean stimulus for various odor-receptor combinations. LFP lags increase with mean stimulus, while firing rate lags do not. (h) Firing lags of ab3A ORNs expressing Chrimson channels vs. applied light power. In (c–g), ρ is the Spearman correlation coefficient, and p is the corresponding p-value. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Variance gain control does not change response kinetics. (a) Stimulus autocorrelation functions, computed during high variance epochs (red) and during low variance epochs (blue). (b) Autocorrelation time (defined as the time the autocorrelation function first drops to 1/e) vs. the standard deviation of the stimulus, for each trial. (c) Cross correlation functions from stimulus to LFP. The cross correlation functions are very similar between high (red) and low (blue) variance epochs. (d) LFP lag with respect to the stimulus, estimated from the location of the peak cross-correlation, vs. standard deviation of the stimulus. No significant change in lag was observed (p=0. 4, t-test). (e) Cross correlation functions from stimulus to firing rate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the concept of memory recall or its relationship to stimulus. Instead, it focuses on the response dynamics of ORNs to various stimuli and lacks any mention of memory or recall capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A full list of vent sites can be found on InterRidge's pages at: The base map is the NOAA global relief model ( Figure compiled by Aleks Terauds. makes the findings of Rogers et al. [19] so remarkable is that the communities of these vents, located at c. 56°S to 60°S along the Ridge (ESR) (Figure 1), are unlike those anywhere else. For example, hydrothermal vents along the Rise and Galápagos Rift are dominated by siboglinid tubeworms (mainly Riftia pachyptila), bathymodiolid mussels, alvinellid polychaetes, and vesicomyid clams. Along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, alvinocaridid shrimp (mostly Rimicaris exoculata) and bathymodiolid mussels are most common [25],[28]. vent sites are dominated by dense aggregations of a new species of yeti crab (Kiwa sp. , so called because of the dense arrangements of the setae on the ventral surface, or on the pincers), a new species of peltospiroid gastropod, a previously unknown Vulcanolepas stalked barnacle, several anemone species, and a predatory sea star. Taxa typically common at other hydrothermal vents, such as alvinocaridid shrimp, polychaete worms, and bathymodiolid mussels are absent [19]. Importantly, Rogers et al. 's [19] findings not only emphasize the unique nature of Antarctic biodiversity in a global context, but also draw attention to the fact that deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities show much more inter-regional diversity generally than has been found to date. The significance thereof lies especially with the microbiota that exploit these environments. Hydrothermal vents are found where sea water enters the underlying rock through cracks caused by ocean floor spreading, is then heated, and ejected back into the water mass. Typically, the main vent streams reach high temperatures (as much as 400°C), have acidic pH values of 2 to 3, and contain a range of metals and reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide [22],[30]. Because of the low temperature of the deep sea (c. 2°C, and 0°C to −1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unique communities of organisms that inhabit deep-sea hydrothermal vents, as highlighted by the mention of diverse species such as siboglinid tubeworms and other unique taxa. It emphasizes the distinct biodiversity of these ecosystems and suggests that they thrive under extreme conditions, which aligns with the idea of chemosynthesis as an energy source in these habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mitochondrial DNA is passed down from the mother and can be used to trace maternal ancestry. [SEP] Text: In contrast, other populations, such as Santhals and Mundas who speak Austroasiatic languages, have maintained the evidence of their admixed origins and descent only in their Y chromosome while their mtDNA lineages cluster most closely with neighboring Indian populations [96]. The inferences of long-term effective population size from whole mtDNA and Y chromosome sequence data are continuing to provide new insights into the social behaviour of the past populations. The comparisons of female (N f ) and male (N m ) effective population size estimates suggest that N fN m ratio has been higher than 1 over the course of our evolutionary history and showing an increase in more recent times [56]. Several factors can explain N fN m deviations from 1, including selection, mobility and residence patterns. Analyses of populations from the Indonesian archipelago have shown that during the historic times the contacts with foreigners, such as Chinese, Indians, Arabs and Europeans, have left a noticeable imprint in the Y-chromosome variation of these indigenous populations whereas these patterns are not reflected in their mtDNA data. Whole mtDNA sequence data, on the other hand, have retained more clearly the evidence of a major geographic expansion of specific founder types, suggesting that in pre-historic times the women were more mobile than men in spreading their mitochondria from island to island [97]. This together with the findings of sex specific patterns of the Asian versus Papuan ancestry components suggests that the predominant residence pattern of the proto-Oceanic speaking populations who spread the Austronesian languages in the Pacific may have been matrilocal [90,92,98-100]. Matrilocal residence in today’s world is rare and restricted to a small number of populations, some of which have been studied to explore the effect of residence patterns on our genetic diversity [101]. Due to prevailing patrilocality the genetic differences among population are typically higher for Y chromosome than for mtDNA, although this effect has been mostly noticed at local rather than global scale [102]. It has been shown that it is crucial to use the full power of whole mtDNA sequences to reveal such differences [103]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic structure among various populations, indicating that while mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) preserves evidence of maternal lineage, it also emphasizes that mtDNA does not reflect the admixture seen in Y-chromosome lineages. This indicates a differentiation in how maternal and paternal lines are traced and implies that tracing ancestry solely through mtDNA may not provide a complete picture of a population's origins, as it clusters closely with neighboring populations, rather than solely reflecting maternal ancestry.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: The cross correlation functions are very similar between high (red) and low (blue) variance epochs. (f) Firing rate lag with respect to the stimulus, estimated from the location of the peak cross-correlation, vs. standard deviation of the stimulus. No significant change in lag was observed (p=0. 133, t-test). Figure 8 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset A modified two state receptor model reproduces Weber’s Law and adaptive slowdown in LFP responses. (a). Or-Orco complexes (C) can be bound or unbound and active or inactive. (b) We assume (un)binding rates are much faster than (in)activation rates. Activity of the complex feeds back onto the free energy difference between active and inactive conformations, which also decreases the activation and inactivation rates of the complex (Equations 1–4). A mono-lobed filter converts receptor activity into LFP signals (Equation 5). We fit the model to Gaussian (Figures 3 and 5) and naturalistic data (Figures 1–2). In these fits, α=12. 5 s−1, β=1. 26 s−1, εL=0. 86, Kon=0. 1 V and Koff=400 V. (c) Model gain vs. mean stimulus. Red line is the Weber-Fechner prediction (ΔR/ΔS∼1/S). (c) LFP gain vs. model gain. (e) Model response lag with respect to stimulus vs. mean stimulus. (f) LFP and model responses to naturalistic stimulus. (g) The model reproduces LFP responses to similar-sized whiffs that vary inversely with the size of preceding whiffs. (cf. Figure 2). (h) LFP responses vs. model responses for every whiff in the naturalistic stimulus. Figure 8—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Steady state activity as a function of the stimulus background. At high stimulus background, the steady state activity of the receptor complex is a0 (here, 1/2). The model is unable to adapt perfectly to lower stimulus backgrounds, since ε is bounded by εL. This causes the steady state activity to decrease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly or provide information relevant to the idea of memory recall with stimulus. It discusses various aspects of receptor activity, stimulation, and modeling but does not support or contrast the specific claim about memory. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant (pass).


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 3°C in the case of the ESR vents), conditions are highly variable over very small distances in the proximity of vents, making the environment patchy, both thermally and chemically, so providing a rich diversity of habitats for archaea and bacteria. The only exception to the general pattern found so far has been the off-axis vents of the Mid-site. They are characterized by lower temperatures (<90°C), alkaline streams (pH 9–11), and a process known as serpentinization [31], and may, in consequence, provide unique insights into life's origins [30]. At the typical, black smoker–type deep-sea vents, many of the bacteria fuel primary production by obtaining energy from the oxidization of reduced sulphur compounds or methane [22],[30],[32]. The fact that bacteria are capable of doing so may not come entirely as a surprise, given their remarkable biochemical diversity. Rather, it is the metazoans that have proven extraordinary. When first examined, it was assumed that the animals occurring at the vents were heterotrophs, grazing on the abundant microbiota found at the sites. This is indeed one way, along with filter-feeding, that vent metazoans power their lifestyles [22],[27]. However, in other vent animals, groups of bacteria are found as chemosynthetic endosymbionts (i. e. , internally located) or episymbionts (located externally) [32]. Thus, these metazoans do not obtain their nutrients in a way that would be familiar to us, but rather derive all of their nutrition from the chemosynthetic symbionts. For example, the tubeworm R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system and depends entirely on its endosymbiotic bacteria housed in a special organ known as the trophosome. Other groups of organisms dependent on chemosynthetic symbionts include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and shrimp and crabs. Although the bacteria examined by Rogers et al. [19] show high genetic sequence similarity to others typical of hydrothermal vent sites, the possibility of new forms of chemosynthetic relationships is highlighted by the presence of a variety of new vent metazoan species that may play host to such bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how bacteria at deep-sea hydrothermal vents fuel primary production through the oxidization of reduced sulfur compounds and methane, illustrating the reliance of these ecosystems on chemosynthesis. It further explains that metazoans, such as tubeworms, derive their nutrition entirely from internal or external chemosynthetic bacteria, thus directly supporting the idea that unique ecosystems at hydrothermal vents are dependent on chemosynthetic processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: However, any range expansion will experience varying degrees of environmental heterogeneity, which can be viewed as a source of extrinsic noise. In macro-ecology, it has long been realized that environmental heterogeneity can dramatically alter the invasion dynamics of invasive species (With, 1997; With, 2002) or the genetic diversity after macroscopic range expansion (Wegmann et al. , 2006). By contrast, how the evolutionary dynamics in microbial populations is affected by environmental heterogeneity in the form of, for example locally varying nutrient availability, temperature gradients, or imperfections in the growth substrate, has received much less attention. Experimental efforts have concentrated mostly on simple temporal and spatial gradients in antibiotic concentration, which have been shown to facilitate the emergence of resistance in shaken cultures (Lindsey et al. , 2013), microfluidic devices (Zhang et al. , 2011) and on agar plates (Baym et al. , 2016), as predicted by theory (Greulich et al. , 2012; Gralka et al. , 2017; Hermsen et al. , 2012; Hermsen, 2016; Hermsen and Hwa, 2010). The effects of spatial heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics in expanding microbial populations have been studied in experiments only with neutral alleles in fixed geometries, such as isolated obstacles creating 'geometry-enhanced’ genetic drift (Möbius et al. , 2015; Beller et al. , 2018). These studies have shown that obstacles obstructing locally the advance of the front can doom lineages that happen to lie on the blocked part of the expanding population, whereas unobstructed lineages close to the edge of the obstacles obtain a boost as they fill the vacant area behind the obstacle. Even for neutral alleles, however, not much is known about the evolutionary dynamics in more complex heterogeneous environments. Moreover, selection during range expansions can dramatically alter the population structure over just a few generations (Gralka et al. , 2016b), but how the action of selection is affected by environmental heterogeneity has so far remained completely unexplored. Here, we study the impact of complex environmental heterogeneities on the growth and evolutionary dynamics of microbial colonies. To this end, we introduce plasmid loss in E. coli as a model system for spontaneous mutations with tunable growth rate effects whose clones can be tracked under the microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the nature of genetic mutations and their potential to be beneficial, neutral, or harmful. Instead, it discusses the effects of environmental heterogeneity on evolutionary dynamics, especially in microbial populations. Although it mentions neutral alleles and the impact of environmental factors on growth and resistance, it does not explicitly support or contrast the claim about genetic mutations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 37841 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 27, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 5,519 views 352 downloads 46 7841. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 5 figures, 3 videos and 1 additional file 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Hardware platform and object localization task. (A) HoloLens wearable augmented reality device. Arrow points to one of its stereo speakers. (B) In each trial of the object localization task, the target (green box) is randomly placed on a circle (red). The subject localizes and turns to aim at the target. (C) Object localization relative to the true azimuth angle (dashed line). Box denotes s. e. m. , whiskers s. d. (D) Characteristics of the seven blind subjects. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Obstacle avoidance utility and active scene exploration modes. (A) to (C) An object avoidance system is active in the background at all times. Whenever a real scanned surface or a virtual object enters a danger volume around the user (red in A), a spatialized warning sound is emitted from the point of contact (B). The danger volume expands automatically as the user moves (C), so as to deliver warnings in time. (D) to (E) Active exploration modes. mode (D) objects whose azimuthal angles fall in a certain range (e. g. between −60 and +60 deg) call themselves out from left to right. mode (E) only objects within a narrow cone are activated, and the object closest to the forward-facing vector calls out. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Process of scene sonification. The acquisition system should parse the scene (A) into objects and assign each object a name and a voice (B). In our study, this was accomplished by a combination of the HoloLens and the experimenter. The HoloLens scans the physical space (C) and generates a 3D mesh of all surfaces (D). In this digitized space (E) the experimenter can perform manipulations such as placing and labeling virtual objects, computing paths for navigation, and animating virtual guides (F). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not present information that connects to the claim about memory recall. Instead, it discusses various technical aspects of a study involving an augmented reality device and object localization tasks without addressing memory recall or its accuracy in relation to stimuli.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the extraordinary ecosystems found at deep-sea hydrothermal vents and highlighting the biochemical diversity linked to chemosynthesis evident in organisms such as Bathymodiolus mussels and others associated with these vent systems. It mentions the exploration of these ecosystems and their ecological significance, emphasizing their uniqueness, which is consistent with the idea that these vents host distinct ecosystems reliant on chemical processes for energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Future trials of psychological treatments for psychosis should consider methods of maximizing the alliance, or at least employ procedures for discontinuing therapy if the alliance is poor. A wider implication is that psychiatric services should prioritize ensuring that all staff engage effectively with patients. research received no specific grant from any funding agency, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. trial was supported by a grant from the UK Council. Declaration of Interest None. 51. CrossRef922. CrossRef357. CrossRef724. CrossRef4745. CrossRef1068. CrossRef152. CrossRef457. CrossRef236. CrossRef325. CrossRef598. CrossRef106. CrossRef887. CrossRef149. 183. CrossRef29. CrossRef147. CrossRef2012. Art. no. : CD008712. doi: 10. 1002/14651858. CD008712. pub2. 518. CrossRef539. CrossRef97. CrossRef52. CrossRef450. CrossRef6080. CrossRef405. CrossRef616. CrossRef226. CrossRef103. CrossRef172. CrossRef13. StataCorp LP: College Station, TX. 287. CrossRef922. CrossRef239. CrossRef1401. CrossRef538. CrossRef537. CrossRef629. CrossRef9. CrossRef1. X1, X2 and X3 are baseline variables: the baseline Positive and Scale (PANSS) total score, years of education and log of the duration of untreated psychosis. C1 and C2 are different centres. The bottom row includes randomization, Z (coded in binary) and the interaction of randomization and the baseline variables. Outcome, Y is the 18-month PANSS total score. S is sessions and SA is the interaction of sessions and alliance. Measurement errors are labelled ε1, ε2 and ε3. The bottom row therefore shows the interaction of randomization and variables having a causal effect on the number of sessions attended and the interaction of sessions and alliance (the effect of alliance is modelled in a dose-response manner). In turn, these post-randomization variables have a causal effect on the symptomatic outcome (the PANSS 18-month outcome score). The paths connecting the post-randomization variables to outcome are of primary interest and these are shown in the results section as βS and βSA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the importance of patient-therapist alliance in psychological treatment for psychosis and does not mention genetic mutations or their effects in any context. Thus, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (C) Low-pass filtered, aligned trajectories of all subjects. In most trials, subjects reach the target with little deviation. (D) Dynamics of navigation, showing the distance to target as a function of trial time for one subject. (E) Head orientation vs distance to target for two subjects. Note subject six begins by orienting without walking, then walks to the target. Subject two orients and walks at the same time, especially during early trials. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Additional experimental functions. (A) to B) Automated sign recognition using computer vision. software ( the HoloLens recognizes a men’s room sign (A), image viewed through HoloLens) and installs a virtual object (cube, arrow) next to the sign. (B) This object persists in the space even when the sign is no longer visible. (C) Automated wayfinding. The HoloLens generates a path to the target (door) that avoids the obstacle (white box). Then a virtual guide (orange balloon) can lead the user along the path. 2–3. (D) Navigation in the presence of obstacles. The subject navigates from the starting zone (red circle) to an object in the target zone (green circle) using calls emitted by the object. Three vertical columns block the path (black circles), and the subject must weave between them using the obstacle warning system. Raw trajectories (no filtering) of a blind subject (#5) are shown during outbound (left) and return trips (right), illustrating effective avoidance of the columns. This experiment was performed with a version of the apparatus built around the HTC Vive headset. (E) Orienting functions of the virtual guide. In addition to spatialized voice calls, the virtual guide may also offer turning commands toward the next waypoint. In the illustrated example, the instruction is ‘in x meters, turn right. ’ (F) Real-time object detection using YOLO (Redmon and Farhadi, 2018). Left: A real scene. Note even small objects on a textured background are identified efficiently based on a single video frame. Right: A virtual scene from the benchmarking environment, rendered by Unity software. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Long-range guided navigation task. (A) 3D reconstruction of the experimental space with trajectories from all subjects overlaid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses navigation, automated systems, and experimental functions without addressing memory recall or the impact of stimuli on memory. It details various experiments and technological capabilities but does not provide insights or evidence related to memory recall.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Journal of Ecology and Environment Pages. 175-183 2006 2288-1220(eISSN) Society of Korea (한국생태학회) -sea Hydrothermal Vents: Ecology and Evolution Won, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Sciences, University) Published : 2006. 04. 01 ⟨ ⟩ discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems is a monumental landmark in the history of Ocean Sciences. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are scattered along the global mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. Under sea volcanic phenomena related to underlying magma activities along mid-ocean ridges generate extreme habitats for highly specialized communities of animals. Multidisciplinary research efforts during past three decades since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents along the in 1977 revealed fundamental components of physiology, ecology, and evolution of specialized vent communities of micro and macro fauna. Heterogeneous regional geological settings and tectonic plate history have been considered as important geophysical and evolutionary factors for current patterns of taxonomic composition and distribution of vent faunas among venting sites in the basins. It was found that these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds, mostly $H_2S$ and $CH_4$, mixed in vent fluids. Symbioses between these bacteria and their hosts, vent invertebrates, are foundation of the vent ecosystem. Gene flow and population genetic studies in parallel with larval biology began to unveil hidden dispersal barrier under deep sea as well as various dispersal characteristics cross taxa. Comparative molecular phylogenetics of vent animals revealed that vent faunas are closely related to those of cold-water seeps in general. In perspective additional interesting discoveries are anticipated particularly with further refined and expanded studies aided by new instrumental technologies. bacteria; Hydrothermal vent; Mid-Ocean Ridge; Molecular Phylogenetics; Symbioses 1986. Symbiotic assimilation of $CO_2$ in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. 170: 110-121 ères D, et al. 1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tube worms from hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. 130: 141-149. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that deep-sea hydrothermal vents host highly specialized communities that rely on chemosynthetic bacteria for primary production. It explains that these bacteria utilize reduced compounds found in vent fluids, highlighting the dependency of the vent ecosystem on chemosynthesis. This directly supports the claim regarding the unique ecosystems found at hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic mutations can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful depending on the context. [SEP] Text: Genomic evidence of rapid and stable adaptive oscillations over seasonal time scales in Drosophila. PLoS Genet. 2014;10(11). pmid:25375361 View 70. . The use of chemostats in microbial systems biology. J Vis Exp. 2013;(80):e50168. View 71. Alon U. An introduction to systems biology: design principles of biological circuits. CRC Press; 2006. 72. . Stochasticity of metabolism and growth at the single-cell level. Nature. 2014;514(7522):376–379. View 73. . It’s a noisy business! Genetic regulation at the nanomolar scale. Trends Genet. 1999;15(2):65–69. View 74. Huh D, Paulsson J. Non-genetic heterogeneity from stochastic partitioning at cell division. Nat Genet. 2011;43(2):95–100. View 75. Sauer U, Eikmanns BJ. The PEP–pyruvate–oxaloacetate node as the switch point for carbon flux distribution in bacteria. . 2005;29(4):765–794. View 76. A comprehensive genome-scale reconstruction of Escherichia coli metabolism—2011. Biol. 2011;7:535. pmid:21988831 View 77. Ø. What is flux balance analysis? Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(3):245–248. View 78. Bremer H, Dennis PP. Modulation of chemical composition and other parameters of the cell at different exponential growth rates. EcoSal Plus. 1996;2(2):1553–1569. View 79. . X-ray microanalytic method for measurement of dry matter and elemental content of individual bacteria. Microbiol. 1985;50(5):1251–1257. View 80. Taheri- Cell-size control and homeostasis in bacteria. Curr Biol. 2015;25(3):385–391. pmid:25544609 View 81. . On the nature of allosteric transitions: a plausible model. J Mol Biol. 1965;12(1):88–118. View 82. . Novel members of the cra regulon involved in carbon metabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2011;193(3):649–659. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the beneficial, neutral, or harmful nature of genetic mutations based on context. Instead, it lists various scientific studies and research topics related to genetics and cellular biology without providing information supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Memory can be perfectly recalled with the right stimulus. [SEP] Text: (B and C) 2D floor plans with all first trial trajectories overlaid. Trajectories are divided into three segments: lobby (Start – Start 2), stairwell (Start 2 – Start 3), and hallway (Start 3 – Destination). Red arrows indicate significant deviations from the planned path. (D) Deviation index (as in Figure 3E) for all segments by subject. Outlier corresponds to initial error by subject 7. Negative values indicate that the subject cut corners relative to the virtual guide. (E) Duration and (F) normalized speed of all the segments by subject. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Guided navigation trajectories. (A) 3D model of the experimental space as scanned by the HoloLens. (B) Subject and guide trajectories from the long-range guided navigation task. Note small differences between guide trajectories across experimental days, owing to variations in detailed waypoint placement. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Benchmark testing environment. (A) A virtual living room including 16 pieces of furniture and other objects. (B) Localization of a randomly chosen object relative to the true object location (0 deg, dashed line) for four subjects using CARA (C) or vOICe (V). Box denotes s. e. m. , whiskers s. d. For all subjects the locations obtained with vOICe are consistent with a uniform circular distribution (Rayleigh z test, p>0. 05). (C) Navigation toward a randomly placed chair. Trajectories from one subject using CARA (left) and vOICe (middle), displayed as in Figure 3C. Right: Number of trials completed and time per trial (mean ±s. d. ). (D) Navigation toward a randomly placed key on the floor (small green circle). Trajectories and trial statistics displayed as in panel C. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Benchmark tests in a virtual environment. Trajectories of three additional subjects. (A) Navigation to a randomly placed chair, using either CARA or vOICe, displayed as in Figure 5C. Subject #4 exhibited some directed navigation using vOICe. (B) Finding a dropped key, as in Figure 5D. 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding memory recall and the effectiveness of stimuli in eliciting perfect memory. It describes navigation trajectories, deviations, and experimental setups without discussing memory or its recall mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific. 120: 33-39. 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms. Res II 45: 365-382. 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194. 1997. Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana. Microbiol 63: 1124-1130. 1988. Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source. Science 240: 78-80. 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. 90: 5695-5699. 1993. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. 2: 51-62 Cavanaugh CM. 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58- 61 Cavanaugh CM. 1994. Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment. 34: 79-89. 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: symbionts. Science 213: 340-342. 1987. Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels. Nature 325: 346-348. 1992. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 58: 3799-3803. 1986. A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas. Science 233: 1306-1308. 1977. Oasis of life in the cold abyss. 152: 441-453. 1995a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that investigate organisms living in hydrothermal vent ecosystems, particularly mentioning 'symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria' and other organisms that depend on chemosynthesis, such as tube worms and mussels. These references collectively support the idea that these ecosystems are unique and reliant on chemosynthetic processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are typically formed when organisms are buried in sediment and their organic material is replaced by minerals. [SEP] Text: I: Papers 55:966-996 -P, Witte U, Schlüter M, Boetius A. 2006. In situ fluxes and zonation of microbial activity in surface sediments of the Mud Volcano. Limnology and Oceanography 51:1315-1331 -. 2012. Habitat heterogeneity influences cold-seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin. Part 1: macrofaunal community structure. 33:205-230 Decker C, Olu K. 2012. Habitat heterogeneity influences cold-seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin—Part 2: contribution of chemosynthesis and nutritional patterns: nutritional patterns at Norwegian cold seeps. 33:231-245. 2008. Symbiotic diversity in marine animals: the art of harnessing chemosynthesis. Microbiology 6:725-740. 2007. Trophic structure of a cold-water coral mound community (Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic) in relation to the near-bottom p2008. Small-scale distribution of deep-sea demersal nekton and other megafauna in the Charlie-Zone of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. : in Oceanography 55:153-160. 2007. Cold seeps and associated communities. Oceanography 20(4):118-129. 2001. A paradox resolved: sulfide acquisition by roots of seep tubeworms sustains net chemoautotrophy. Proceedings of the of Sciences of the of America 98:13408-13413. 2003. Methane seep community of the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (the Norwegian Sea): composition and trophic aspects. Sarsia 88:394-403 Gonzalez-Mirelis G, Buhl-Mortensen P. 2015. Modelling benthic habitats and biotopes off the coast of Norway to support spatial management. 30:284-292. 2004. Benthic epifauna assemblages, biomass and respiration in region on the. 270:55-70 Hovland M. 2012. Blondel P, ed. The geomorphology and nature of seabed seepage processes, bathymetry and its applications. Rijeka: InTech. . 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fossil formation as it focuses on studies related to cold seep communities, microbial activity, and marine ecosystems, without mentioning fossilization or sedimentary processes. Consequently, it does not provide any corroboration, contrast, or direct relevance to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Physics of Research 10. 7554/eLife. 65498 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordJune 9, 2021 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 1,993 views 296 downloads 25 5498. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 1. Flavor of results in the main paper: The work relies on significant mathematical work that is entirely confined to the appendices. The main paper is too superficial as a result and the reader should have more meat to sink their teeth into. See reviewer's comments for suggestions – e. g. , some equations (or intuition behind equations) can be moved from the 4. The current visualization in Figure 4 in terms of heatmaps is hard to interpret. The mathematical content in Materials and methods needs to be better integrated with the argument in the main text. One way to do this would be to add notes in the Methods that point to concepts discussed in the main text. See reviewer comments re: the same. 2. Relationship to prior work: Your work seeks to do two distinct things: (a) demonstrate that equilibrium conformational ensembles can implement any pattern of HOCs, (b) introduce a new way to quantify higher order cooperativity that's distinct from binding curve shape. As one of the reviewers points out, the presentation of (b), relationship to prior work and benefits of the new measure over prior work should be better clarified. See reviewer comments for more. Could you spell out an example or two where the binding curve is an unwieldy or misleading characterization of cooperativity while your HOC coefficient performs better? 3. Concrete biological example – theory can and should precede experiments. But the paper will have more impact if the authors can lay out how to use the framework here to perform or interpret experiments. Ideally this would be done with a concrete example of a protein or protein complex where these ideas might potentially have relevance, how what is known about its conformations predicts HOCs and binding curves, what experimental signatures one might look for and so on – even if there is currently no data. See review comments for other suggestions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the peer review process and various comments regarding the mathematical and conceptual frameworks of a research paper. There is no discussion or evidence provided related to the capacity for learning in the human brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary relationships among deepsea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps. 121: 477-485. 1995b. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. 124: 137-146. 2000. Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms. Microbiol 66: 651-658. 2000a. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726. 2000b. Marine ecology: Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725. 1995. Intracellular coexistence of methano- and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel. 92: 9598-9602. 1991. DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbonts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana). Microbiol 57: 1082-1088 Endow K, Ohta S. 1989. The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and a mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana Back-Arc Basin. Ecol 3: 73-82 Endow K, Ohta S. 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. 64: 309-311 Felbeck H. 1981. Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera). Science 213: 336-338. 1981. Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 291-293. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. 6: 268-277 Fiala-. 1986. Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel. J Biol and Ecol 96: 191-198 Fiala-Medioni A, Felbeck H. 1990. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides extensive scientific references and studies that indicate the existence and ecological dynamics of organisms associated with hydrothermal vents, particularly highlighting chemosynthetic relationships. For example, mentions of 'chemoautotrophic potential' and 'symbiotic relationships between bacteria and fauna' directly support the claim that deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems that rely on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs can grow in freshwater rivers and lakes. [SEP] Text: Alternatively, a disturbance does not necessarily imply a negative impact, merely a change to a system (Pickett and White 1985). Disturbances to the structure of populations can be brought about by the cessation of a continuous pressure (e. g. Götz et al. 2008), changes in resource availability (e. g. Goldstein and Steiner 2020), or their introduction into a novel environment (Jelbert et al. 2019). With the ability of natural populations for undergoing demographic compensation underpinning their capacity for exploiting changes in their local environment (Jelbert et al. 2019), the transient dynamics of populations can offer insight into their invasive potential (Iles et al. 2016). Demographic compensation mediates the persistence of coral populations established along coastlines characterised by increased abiotic variability (Cant et al. 2021a, b). Predicting and quantifying demographic compensation within coral populations will, therefore, aid in forecasting the winners and losers in reef communities targeted by conservation and restoration initiatives, or those undergoing climate induced range shifts. To illustrate this potential, we provide an example evaluating the performance of a subtropical coral population in (Box 4). Box 4 Transient dynamics in Pocillopora aliciae: an empirical exampleFull size tableFig. 5Describing how size mediated patterns in survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment, determine the transition of individual colonies during the time interval t to t + 1, we used an IPM to evaluate the condition and viability of a Pocillopora aliciae population. Repeated surveys of individually tagged colonies were used to document the survival, growth, fragmentation, and recruitment characteristics of individuals colonies, and how these patterns are influenced by colony size. By condensing these individual-level patterns into a probability density kernel our IPM subsequently translates the transition of P. aliciae individuals across a continuous size spectrum into measures of both asymptotic and transient population characteristicsFull size imageFig. 6The asymptotic and transient dynamics of Pocillopora aliciae within the forecast very different outlooks for this subtropical population. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of coral populations, their survival, and individual characteristics such as growth and recruitment within subtropical environments. It does not provide any information about the capability of coral reefs to grow in freshwater, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Reviewer #1: Often in biology, in phenomena ranging from the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin to the binding of transcription factors to DNA, it is observed that the binding of a second ligand to its substrate is more likely than the binding of the first ligand. This so-called cooperativity is usually associated with direct ligand-ligand interactions. However, an increasing body of theoretical work rooted on the Monod-Wymand-Changeux and Koshland-Némethy-Filmer models has shown that, if the substrate can adopt two conformations, cooperativity can arise in the absence of direct interactions between ligands. Despite the widespread adoption of these models, they have presented limitations when confronted with real data. For example, quantitatively recapitulating gene expression input-output functions in eukaryotes often calls for more than the pairwise interactions that lead to classic cooperativity. Instead, in order to reconcile theory and experiment it is necessary to invoke higher-order cooperativity. Here, multiple bound ligands act in a collective fashion to influence the binding (or unbinding) of additional ligands. Biddle et al. propose an intriguing theoretical model for realizing higher-order cooperativity between binding sites in a single substrate in the absence of energy dissipation, which means that they must adhere to the strict constraints of microscopic reversibility imposed by thermodynamic equilibrium. They demonstrate that, by extending previous models and allowing the substrate to fluctuate between multiple distinct conformational states, systems may achieve arbitrary higher-order cooperativitive (HOC) behaviors, even at thermodynamic equilibrium. Their graph-based method extends the idea of allosteric regulation to apply to systems with many distinct conformational degrees of freedom and, as such, should, in principle, provide a useful conceptual tool for interrogating the wide range of biological processes in which allostery is thought to play some role. The paper is extremely well-written, with ample room for the introduction of concepts-including their historical background-and for the discussion. However, we worry that the difficulty of their mathematical notation, as well as their choice to relegate key details about both the derivation and the application of their method to the SI will limit the impact and pedagogical value of this creative and timely work. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses theories related to cooperativity in biological systems and does not address the capacity for learning in the human brain. There is no mention or implication about the brain's learning capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs. 5: 49-69 Fiala--Danet AM, et al. 2002. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: evidence for a dual symbiosis. 141: 1035-1044 Fisher CR. 1990. Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates. Sci 2: 399-436. 1987. The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. 96: 59-71. 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. 114: 551-559 Fujio S, Imasato N. 1991. Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep pacific. J 96: 759-774. 1991. Biology: a Natural history of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. . 2003. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the 'pacifica/lepta' species complex. 142: 311-320. 2004. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Microbiol 70: 3082-3090 Grassle JF. 1985. Hydrothermal vent animals: distribution and biology. Science 229: 713-717 Grassle JF. 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Biol 23: 301-362. 2001. Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi is closely related to vestimentiferans, not frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida). 201: 65-75. 1989. Chemoautotrophic symbionts and translocation of fixed carbon from bacteria to host tissues in the littoral bivalve Loripes lucinalis (Lucinidae). 101: 305-312. 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to hydrothermal vent communities and their ecosystems, highlighting the role of chemosynthetic processes and the bacterial symbiosis that supports the nutrition of invertebrates such as the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus. Specifically, it mentions 'chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates,' thus supporting the assertion that deep-sea hydrothermal vents are home to unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists have discovered microbial life on Venus through radio waves. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentScientific AmericanSign inNovember 23, 20217 min readComplicated—Literally, Astrobiologists SayA new theory suggests that searches for molecular complexity could uncover convincing evidence of extraterrestrial life—and do so soonElliot elsar77/Getty ImagesThe hunt for extraterrestrial life has always been bedeviled by false positives—those occasions where scientists think they’ve found life but turn out to lack a wholly convincing case. The archetypal example comes from NASA’s twin Viking landers, which delivered controversial evidence of life on Mars in the mid-1970s. That evidence was a whiff of radioactive carbon wafting from Martian soil, hinting at microbial metabolism taking place within—but three other life-detection experiments each lander carried only found null results. More muddled data about life on Mars arrived in 1996, when scientists discovered what could have been microbial microfossils inside a Martian meteorite found in Antarctica. But subsequent studies showed the putative microfossils could have easily been produced by several other entirely abiotic routes. Most recently, researchers studying the atmosphere of Venus claimed to see significant amounts of phosphine there—a gas that, on Earth, is chiefly made by microorganisms. Yet soon other scientists had cast doubt on the validity of those measurements, and had postulated the gas—if it was there at all—was from some strange-but-lifeless form of Venusian volcanism. In each case, the pattern was the same: initial excitement, followed by subsequent skepticism, and eventual dismissal. Time and time again, it seems, astrobiologists are only finding alien signs of life—so-called biosignatures—that are frustratingly inconclusive. This is in large part because astrobiologists by necessity seek the simplest, most robust forms of life that appear possible in harsh otherworldly environments, and the chemicals and structures we often associate with such organisms on Earth can often be produced abiotically. And, of course, the chemistry of alien life might be entirely different from what we observe on our own planet. Is there a better way to look? On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 2. 5 million molecules in a widely used chemistry database. A molecule with an MA of 1 has low complexity and thus a higher chance of abiotic origins; more complex molecules are assigned higher numbers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the skepticism surrounding potentially life-signifying compounds like phosphine in Venus's atmosphere. It indicates that while researchers claim to see significant amounts of phosphine, other scientists have cast doubt on these findings, suggesting the gas might arise from non-biological processes. Thus, it suggests that astrobiological evidence for life on Venus remains inconclusive rather than definitive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: Likewise, the considerable import of their finding that sufficiently complex allosteric systems can realize any regulatory logic that is achievable at thermodynamic equilibrium is somewhat obscured by the absence of a clear, detailed application to a concrete biological system. All the same, we view this work as an exciting step towards developing theoretical models that adequately attend to the richness and complexity of real biological systems. Strengths: – The paper offers a new framework for thinking about how complex allosteric systems with multiple distinct conformations function to integrate information from ligand binding. – The authors show that allostery, when sufficiently complex, can provide a physical basis for the emergence of higher-order cooperativities of an arbitrary nature. – The authors provide an intuitive method for coarse-graining systems with many conformations into a single, tractable ligand-binding graph, which can then be used to quantify higher-order cooperativities between binding sites. This method should prove a useful tool for navigating the complexities present in many real biological systems. – The authors show that their framework is consistent with (and therefore subsumes) previously used MWC models. Weaknesses: – Due to the strong results and implications of the paper, the mathematical proofs in the Materials and methods section must be easy to follow and accessible to the reader. The abundance of indices and 1. Line 308 and elsewhere -it seems that statistical corrections for the binding constants were not introduced. This is OK if stated and not misinterpreted. 2. Line 321 – HOC usually diminishes with factorial decomposition. Why not here? 3. Lines 328, 401-402 – site-heterogeneity leads to apparent negative cooperativity but it is apparent since it can involve no coupling or 'communication' between sites. It should not, therefore, be presented as a possible source for HOC and is not true negative cooperativity. 4. Line 338 – I thought that intrinsic HOC can arise only when the sites are not identical so what am I missing unless it's the statistical factor. 5. Figure 4 – why can binding decrease with increasing substrate concentration? 6 Lines 385-392 – for hemoglobin affinity increases but cooperativity actually decreases at high substrate concentrations because most of the molecules are 'locked' in the R state. Is this captured by the current formalism? 7. Line 699 – fix typo: i to k; I don't understand Equation 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim regarding the human brain's capacity for learning. Instead, it focuses on discussions related to allosteric systems and their functionalities, which are unrelated to the claim about the brain's learning capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Biol 34: 353-442. 1985. Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 6: 167-184. 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps. 79: 193-208 CL. 1990. Biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities along seafloor spreading centers. Evol 5: 242-246 CL. 2000. of Deep-Vents. . 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257. 1990. Spatial variation in faunal composition of hydrothermal vent communities on the Rise and Galapagos spreading center. In: Gorda Ridge: A Center in the United States' Zone, (McMurray GR, eds). Springer-York Inc. , New York, pp 253-264 2001. Biogeography and ecological setting of hydrothermal vents. Science 294: 818-823 Vrijenhoek RC. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J Heredity 88: 285-293. 1998. Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. Mar 39: 363-366. 2003. A hotvent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007 Watabe H, Hashimoto J. 2002. A new species of the genus Rimicaris (Alvinocarididae: Caridea: Decapoda) from the active hydrothermal vent field, 'Kairei Field,' on the Ridge, the Indian Ocean. 19: 1167-1174. 2003b. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. 12: 169-184 Won Y-J, Hallam SJ, O'. 2003a. Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-seea mussel of the genus Bathymodiolus. Microbiol 69: 6785-6792 Won Y-. 2002. Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, including the biogeography and ecological setting of vent communities. It mentions studies focusing on specific organisms, such as mussels and their symbiotic relationships with thiotrophic endosymbionts, which rely on chemosynthesis. The discussions about the evolution and ecological dynamics in habitats associated with hydrothermal vents support the idea that these vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: NASA Stellar work The most up-to-date estimates suggest pairs of stars in binary systems are, on average, 40 astronomical units from each other (the distance between our Sun and the planet Pluto). These estimates are based on observations of binary stars without regard to exoplanets. Howell’s survey of TESS data – looking specifically at 45 binary systems with exoplanets, provides a different result. Exoplanet-hosting binaries are more likely to orbit further from each other, typically around 100 astronomical units apart, and fall into a narrow range of possible inter-stellar distances. Given that planets and their stars tend to be formed at the same time, Howell’s discovery changes our understanding of planetary formation. His work suggests that many planets were formed under the same conditions which lead to binary star formation, a very different mechanism than our own single-star solar system. This isn’t the only big discovery made through speckle imaging. Howell and his team also use their research to answer important questions about the exoplanets themselves. Which star in the binary is the one hosting the planet? If two stars appear very close in space, are they really close, or do they just line up well with the view from Earth? Which planets are the best candidates for further investigation by telescopes that can perform spectroscopy to determine the composition of the exoplanet’s atmosphere and search for signatures of life? High-resolution speckle imaging gives us new ways of understanding the increasing number of candidate exoplanets and their environments, including identifying those which might be best-suited to harbour life. Can you briefly detail the part speckle imaging has to play amongst the ‘new generation’ of space telescopes like the Roman space telescopes? <> One of the most fundamental questions of humanity is, Are we alone? Since humans looked up at the lights in the night sky the question of where we came from and who else is out there has been a fundamental driving force for exploration and discovery. Speckle imaging and the research it enables is one aspect of the larger picture that someday will lead to the discovery of life on an alien world. My current work provides detailed information on many exoplanets and the stars which they orbit in order to help all of us in astronomy produce a list of the best exoplanets to observe in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that the presence of water on exoplanets does not guarantee the existence of alien civilizations. While it discusses potential conditions for life and the methods used to identify promising exoplanets, it does not support the idea that water alone guarantees the presence of alien life. The focus on the research to identify candidates for further investigation implies that many other factors also play a critical role in determining the potential for life, indicating that water is not the sole criterion for hosting civilizations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The human brain has unlimited capacity for learning. [SEP] Text: If each term in the product is a ratio of the terms for forward and reverse directions so should the result on the rhs. Thermodynamically, a product of equilibrium constants is an equilibrium constant but the result on the rhs is not. 8. The analogy with TF binding is potentially problematic because of confusion between different levels of cooperativity. For example, IPTG binding to the lac repressor dimer occurs without cooperativity but 2 IPTG molecules need to be bound for transcription to occur. Hence, measuring transcription as a function of IPTG concentration appears to be very cooperative but the fraction bound as a function of IPTG concentration is not. Author response Essential revisions: The reviewers had mixed opinions, primarily with respect to clarity of the paper and presenting a clear relationship to prior work. In particular, reviewer #2 has concerns about the way cooperativity is quantified here, the benefits of this approach and its relationship to prior work. Below, I summarize a few areas where the paper must be improved prior to being acceptable for publication. Please also refer to the reviewer's detailed reports for constructive criticism that will make this paper more readable and impactful. 1. Flavor of results in the main paper: The work relies on significant mathematical work that is entirely confined to the appendices. The main paper is too superficial as a result and the reader should have more meat to sink their teeth into. See reviewer's comments for suggestions – e. g. , some equations (or intuition behind equations) can be moved from the 4. The current visualization in Figure 4 in terms of heatmaps is hard to interpret. The mathematical content in Materials and methods needs to be better integrated with the argument in the main text. One way to do this would be to add notes in the Methods that point to concepts discussed in the main text. See reviewer comments re: the same. Our previous experience has been that most readers would prefer not to confront the mathematics and we had structured the paper accordingly. We apologise for this misjudgement and have taken the following steps to provide more "meat" in the main text. – We have described the free-energy landscape in more detail, with a new Equation 1 and a new Figure 3. – As a response to point 2 below, we have added a new section to the Results in which we explain in detail the mathematical relationship between higher-order cooperativity measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the human brain's capacity for learning. It discusses thermodynamic principles and specific issues related to mathematical work and the clarity of a scientific paper, without addressing anything related to the human brain or learning capacities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 5 [11]. Basin vents are also highly unusual in faunal composition with many new species and numerous others that do not occupy nearby regional vents (e. g. , vents; [11, 13, 14]). Included in this group of unusual fauna was a very abundant white sea anemone (up to 68 individuals m−2 in some areas) that occurred in and amongst the siboglinid tubeworm Oasisia aff. alvinae, often very near to actively venting fluids (Fig. 1, [11]). Fig. 1Locations and in situ images of the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae. a Location of Basin (SPB) vent fields Auka (in b) and JaichMaa ‘ja’ag (in c). Inset shows the location of SPB at the mouth of the Gulf of California between the tip of the and mainland Mexico. b Auka vent field samples and chimneys (samples symbolized as in c). c JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field samples and chimneys. Maps in b and c are at the same scale. All are in UTM Zone 12N. Legend shows the sample types. Maps a, b, and c show 1-m resolution bathymetry collected by mapping AUVs (owned and operated by the Institute). Color ramps show the depth ranges. d–f Specimens of Ostiactis pearseae collected from both vent fields (shown as yellow squares in b and c), indicated by arrows. g An individual O. pearseae near to the chemosynthetic tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinaeFull size imagePreviously, several unidentified Actiniaria (sea anemones) were reported to be quite depleted in tissue δ13C values (− 33 to − 38‰ [11, 15]), compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture. This evidence, along with their unusual life position and abundance in zones of active fluid venting, hinted at their possible nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production, as opposed to traditional suspension feeding or prey capture via cnidae; however, the specific details were not explored further. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the abundance of unique fauna, like the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae and siboglinid tubeworms that exist near actively venting fluids. It suggests that these organisms may rely on chemoautotrophic carbon production rather than traditional feeding methods, indicating a unique ecosystem reliant on chemosynthesis associated with deep-sea hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All planets with water automatically host alien civilizations. [SEP] Text: Science fiction is familiar with such stages of development, for example in the form of intelligences that have left behind all physical form and consist only of energy or information, or are in a state of existence that is still completely unknown to us today. Such exotic civilizations go so far beyond our human understanding (shaped by matter and biology) that we are simply unable to say anything about them. Therefore, we will not devote any further attention to such exotic civilizations in the rest of this text. 3. Martinez (2014, p. 341) rightly points to the fact that such post-biological civilizations, this being their defining feature, have their origin in biological species: “However, at the core of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence lies in essence a biological problem since even post-biological extraterrestrial intelligences must have had an origin based on self-replicating biopolymers. ” (Lestel 2014, p. 228. ) However, it is not clear to us what could be deduced from this statement with regard to the structure or motives of such secondary civilizations. 4. A good overview of his theses and the possible implications for the future development of intelligence on Earth is provided by (2015) in his text “The AI Revolution: or Extinction”. Urban—in contrast to Bostrom himself—also establishes a direct connection between the supercivilization thesis and the Fermi paradox: Against the background of the presumed tendency towards the development of artificial superintelligences, it only becomes more inexplicable to him why we have not yet discovered any signs of such technologically advanced supercivilizations. The topic ‘extraterrestrial supercivilizations' is also dealt with in the anthology by (2010). 5. Only a few years ago, the Dutch atmospheric scientist (2002; see also Crutzen et al. 2011; Ellis 2018, passim) and others proclaimed the age of the “Anthropocene”—a geological epoch in which the development of the global ecosystem is dominated by human influences. At the same time that the debate about such a geological classification is gaining momentum in the natural sciences, multinational corporations (often financed by national governments) are already working to bring this epoch to an end: They are developing autonomous robots and network-based artificial intelligences that—and this is Bostrom's core thesis—could not only complement human civilization within a few decades, but replace it as such. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nature of extraterrestrial intelligences and the criteria for their existence. It suggests that while the search for extraterrestrial intelligence is rooted in biological origins, it does not assert that water is a definitive prerequisite for alien civilizations. Instead, the text emphasizes the unknown aspects of potential civilizations that might exist beyond our understanding, thereby implying that merely having water does not guarantee the existence of alien life.