Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Although targeted countermeasures can go some way toward providing protection, preventative actions are likely to be more effective given the heightened uncertainty of the field’s future (Trump et al. 2020a). It is necessary that biosecurity policies and practices be updated to take into account both the unprecedented challenges associated with synthetic biology and the globalized, diffuse, and varied nature of its threat space. Effective global biosecurity will not happen quickly, nor will it be enthusiastically adopted by all national governments and non-governmental organizations. Incentives to misuse synthetic biology with harmful consequences remain high for certain negligent actors, as are the incentives to dual-use by nefarious actors, and the coming years may see such events affecting human or environmental health. Successful biosecurity implementation must be adaptable to quickly incorporate uncertainty as well as new capabilities. Urgent steps are required to place such notions into practice before a major threat incident, which in addition to creating substantial damages could usher in policy changes that might limit or ban platforms of synthetic biology research entirely. Besides forgoing the benefits of the technology, such a ban could force development underground and further out of the reach of coordinated governance or risk assessment. By identifying the social, economic, institutional, and technological tripwires that influence a state’s trajectory towards biosecurity research of concern, now is the time to take steps to apply biosecurity to maximize technological benefits while minimizing the dual-use potential of synthetic biology by improving the framing, prioritization, and governance of biosecurity risks. Many individuals and organizations are already taking on the challenge of biosecurity. For instance, the (iGEM) synthetic biology competition requires that judges carry out rigorous reviews of each team’s planned experiments and the materials they will require. Additionally, iGEM’s Safety and as well as a commercial partner review team plans for potential harms (McNamara et al. 2014; Millet et al. 2019). Biosecurity is prioritized by a number of independent and governmental organizations, including the DIY biology movement, which has a code of ethics operative in and in Europe (DIYbio. org). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of biosecurity in synthetic biology, highlighting the potential environmental risks and the importance of addressing the uncertainties and threats associated with the field. It emphasizes that there are significant ethical concerns related to the misuse of synthetic biology, which aligns with the claim that ethical issues pertain to environmental risks and biosecurity threats.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Так он наглядно показал, что его государство из-за изменения климата может исчезнуть [2]. В интернете появился проект Flood Maps5. Это интерактивная карта, которая показывает, что произойдет с прибрежными городами, если вода начнет подниматься.
 4. >>>>

5. >>>> 10 Основная причина глобального потепления – рост выбросов и повышение концентрации парниковых газов вследствие человеческой деятельности. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the primary cause of global warming as increased emissions and greenhouse gases due to human activity, implying that not all activities, including potentially cryptocurrency mining, are powered by renewable energy and contribute to environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Planning also enabled standardised methods to be followed, and data collated into once central database as well as entered into online databases for sharing. Although no Slender-billed Curlew were recorded, it is premature to give up on the species. The example of the Sociable Lapwing, a species which breeds close to the putative breeding areas of the Slender-billed Curlew (Buchanan et al. -Higgins and Hiltonin press), might indicate that the Slender-billed Curlew remains undiscovered. Until recently, the world population of the was thought to be around 200 birds. Following extensive field surveys in Kazakhstan during the breeding and autumn migration seasons, the number of birds counted indicated that the global population of the species might be perhaps two orders of magnitude higher than the 200 birds previously estimated (Sheldon et al. and Koshkin2006). Also within Slender-billed Curlew range, a new breeding colony of eremita was found in Syria (Serra et al. and Williamson2004). There are other examples of populations of a species remaining undiscovered for some time despite dedicated searching. In Madagascar, a considerable effort was put into searching for Aythya innotata by non-professional birdwatchers and dedicated professional search teams alike before a colony was discovered in 2006 (de Roland et al. Reference de Roland, Sam, Rakotondratsima and Thorstrom2007). Sociable Lapwing, Ibis and are all easily identified. By comparison, Slender-billed Curlew could be overlooked amongst flocks of the similar or Whimbrel. Additionally, the potential non-breeding range includes substantial suitable habitat which has been inaccessible to birdwatchers. Consequently, despite the increasing time since the last sighting with irrefutable evidence, it is still too soon to declare the species extinct. If funding and volunteer will is available again, surveys should be targeted at the two sites in Crimea at which possible birds were reported. Searches should also be targeted at a number of areas which were not surveyed fully or areas which the survey teams identified as potentially suitable, including in -Oualidia and Khnifiss in Morocco, the southern end of Sabkhat al Jabbul in Syria, Eastern banks of and Hamata - Coast in Egypt. Such searches should be, again, coordinated centrally by the SBCWG. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the status and conservation efforts surrounding bird species such as the Slender-billed Curlew and the Sociable Lapwing. It does not address or provide any information regarding the ability of birds to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers.Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Attempts to build gene drives with more easily retargeted zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs suffered from instability due to the repetitive nature of the genes encoding them (Simoni et al. , 2014). The recent discovery and development of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease has dramatically enhanced our ability to engineer the genomes of diverse species. Originally isolated from ‘’ acquired immune systems in bacteria, Cas9 is a non-repetitive enzyme that can be directed to cut almost any DNA sequence by simply expressing a ‘guide RNA’ containing that same sequence. In little more than a year following the first demonstrations in human cells, it has enabled gene insertion, deletion, and replacement in many different species (Bassett et al. , 2013; Cho et al. , 2013; Cong et al. , 2013; DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Friedland et al. , 2013; Gratz et al. , 2013; Hu et al. , 2013; Hwang et al. , 2013; Jiang et al. , 2013a, 2013b; Jinek et al. , 2013; Li et al. , 2013b; Mali et al. , 2013c; Tan et al. , 2013; Upadhyay et al. , 2013; Wang et al. , 2013b). Building RNA-guided gene drives based on the Cas9 nuclease is a logical way to overcome the targeting and stability problems hindering gene drive development. Less obvious is the extent to which the unique properties of Cas9 are well-suited to overcoming other molecular and evolutionary challenges inherent to the construction of safe and functional gene drives. We submit that Cas9 is highly likely to enable scientists to construct efficient RNA-guided gene drives not only in mosquitoes, but in many other species. In addition to altering populations of insects to prevent them from spreading disease (Curtis, 1968), this advance would represent an entirely new approach to ecological engineering with many potential applications relevant to human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecological science. The first technical descriptions of endonuclease gene drives were provided by in his landmark proposal to engineer wild populations more than a decade ago (Burt, 2003). Any of the rapidly expanding number of laboratories with expertise in Cas9-mediated genome engineering could attempt to build a gene drive by substituting Cas9 for the homing endonucleases described in his proposal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advancements in synthetic biology, particularly through the use of the RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease, which enhances genome engineering capabilities. It mentions that these advances in gene editing can lead to new approaches relevant to human health and agriculture, supporting the idea that synthetic biology has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by possibly creating crops that are more resilient to challenges such as pests and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Полного отсутствия углеродного следа при наличии жизни на Земле достичь невозможно, и речь идет о том, как добиться его нейтральности. «Чистый нулевой уровень выбросов означает сокращение объема выбросов СО2 и других парниковых газов [4] до уровня, максимально приближенного к нулю, при этом весь остающийся объем выбросов поглощается из атмосферы назад»7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that it is impossible to achieve a complete absence of carbon footprint on Earth, implying that even with renewable energy sources, some environmental impact remains. The discussion about achieving carbon neutrality indicates that emissions can only be reduced and offset, not entirely eliminated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: In addition to lost species that have not been recorded for a number of years (e. g. Ophrysia superciliosa in Asia and Aplonis pelzelni in Micronesia) there are a number of other species (including many species) for which the full distribution remains unknown. Coordinated volunteer survey effort could be targeted towards these species, potentially resulting in appropriate conservation action and rapid improvements in their situation. The contribution of volunteer observers to finding species in remote areas (e. g. Madagascar Pochard), indicates that volunteer surveys are not necessarily limited to areas which are accessible or close to home countries. Undertaking these surveys in collaboration with local conservation organisations (e. g. BirdLife Partners) could help develop the capacity of conservationists in these underfunded areas while collecting data on non-focal species that could be valuable for their conservation. To view supplementary material for this 10. 1017/S0959270916000186 surveys could not have taken place without the volunteer observers, both resident in the countries surveyed, and travelling from other areas. The search was made possible by contributions from the Fair/‘Fund’, SOF (the Swedish BirdLife Partner), the UN Convention on and a number of private individuals. There were also many generous contributions from national governments (Syria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria) and Birdor their volunteers (Tunisia, Egypt). coordinated RSPB’s Scheme, from which more than 20 second hand telescopes that had been donated were distributed to countries where there was limited equipment. provided equipment. 206. CrossRef10. 1017/S0959270916000551 174. 72. CrossRef14. 2011. 1. <www. iucnredlist. org>. Downloaded on 17 June 2011. . +Downloaded+on+17+June+2011. >2000. Thetford, UK: for Ornithology. (. 265). 7662. 108. 31. 810. CrossRef138. CrossRef1. Countries in which searches for Slender-billed Curlew were carried out between 2009 and 2011 are shown in stippling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bird species mimicking human speech. Instead, it focuses on volunteer efforts in species conservation and the distribution of bird species. There is no mention or discussion of the ability of any bird species to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers.Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: For example, immunization might be used to protect the native population of a species while suppressing or eradicating populations on other continents. Box 3 What types of genes can be edited using gene drives? Genes can be edited reliably if they are important to fitness. This is because NHEJ events that create drive-resistant alleles by deleting all the protospacer cut sites will only be harmful if they disrupt the function of important genes. NHEJ events in unimportant genes and sequences will produce drive-resistant alleles lacking the targeted sites. These will spread and interfere with propagation of the drive. As a result, unimportant genes can be reliably disrupted or deleted but not edited. Genes that are carried as cargo will not be evolutionarily stable unless they directly contribute to the efficient function of the drive. This limits opportunities to spread transgenes unrelated to drive function, although periodically releasing new drives that overwrite earlier broken versions could potentially maintain functional cargo genes in a large fraction of the population. Applications of RNA-guided gene drives RNA-guided gene drives have the potential to merge the fields of genomic and ecological engineering. They may enable us to address numerous problems in global health, agriculture, sustainability, ecological science, and many other areas (Figure 7). Of these opportunities, perhaps the most compelling involve curtailing the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases, controlling agricultural pests, and reducing populations of environmentally and economically destructive invasive species. Figure 7 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives. Clockwise from left. Disease vectors such as malarial mosquitoes might be engineered to resist pathogen acquisition or eliminated with a suppression drive. Wild populations that serve as reservoirs for human viruses could be immunized using Cas9, RNAi machinery, or elite controller antibodies carried by a gene drive. Reversal and immunization drives could help ensure that all transgenes are safe and controlled. Drives might quickly spread protective genes through threatened or soon-to-be-threatened species such as amphibians facing the expansion of chytrid fungus (Rosenblum et al. , 2010). Invasive species might be locally controlled or eradicated without directly affecting others. Sensitizing drives could improve the sustainability and safety of pesticides and herbicides. Gene drives could test ecological hypotheses concerning gene flow, sex ratios, speciation, and evolution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential applications of RNA-guided gene drives in addressing problems in agriculture and the environment. It highlights that gene drives could control agricultural pests, improve the sustainability of pesticides, and enhance ecological functions, aligning with the idea of creating crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, thus revolutionizing agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Для достижения этой цели необходимо «кардинальное изменение того, как мы осуществляем производство, как мы потребляем и как передвигаемся», а также «замена энергии загрязняющих окружающую среду угля, газа и мазута энергией из возобновляемых источников»8. Углеродная нейтральность означает «наличие баланса между выбросом углерода и поглощением углерода из атмосферы в поглотителях углерода. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the necessity of replacing polluting energy sources like coal and gas with renewable energy sources. This indicates that not all cryptocurrency mining is currently powered by renewable sources, which contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The particular species are shown in Table 1:Table 1 Selected bird species used for classificationFull size tableRegarding the use of supervised learning algorithms, data labels were necessary to be provided in next steps. For this reason, manual evaluation of recordings was performed. Recordings were manually divided into bird vocalization segments and segments containing other noises or silence. Vocalization covered 41. 37% of the total length of the recordings. 2 MethodsThe system comprises several independent modules (Fig. 1), the first of which is the feature extraction from a signal. A wav format recording enters this module; the recording is divided into individual 15-ms-long frames. A 13-dimensional vector representing the given frame is calculated for each frame. Fig. 1Modules for recognition bird speciesFull size imageUsing the VAD module, only frames which were evaluated as vocalization are selected. A sequence of frames with bird vocalization forms code values of various lengths. The remaining parts of the recording are not used for processing anymore. This part is important for increasing the recognition accuracy, using HMM [4]. Afterwards, likelihood for each trained HMM model is calculated for each code value. In the last phase, such a model is selected that generates the highest likelihood rate for the given code value. 2. 1 Feature extractionFor human speech recognition, a short-term analysis method is often used, when a signal is divided into very short segments where the signal is stationary. In the next analysis, only these microsegments are processed. Sound production in birds is very similar as in humans [9]. The resulting signal is a convolution of the base signal, which is modulated by the vocal organ. For recognition purposes, deconvolution is performed and we further work only with the vocal organ function. In the convolution, the base signal is highly dependent on the particular individual [1]. For human speech, used for the common communication, the frequency range is 180 Hz–6 kHz [1]. For bird vocalization, the most frequently used frequencies range from 0. 5 to 6 kHz [2]. On this assumption, we further use methods for human speech processing. One of the most frequently used approaches is the MFCC calculation for each recording frame. During the calculation, nonlinearity of human hearing has also made provision for by nonlinearly placed triangular filters. A bank of filters for MFCCs only partly reflects nonlinearity of human hearing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses technical aspects of bird vocalization recognition and sound processing. It does not address whether every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly, nor does it provide support or denial of this assertion.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Technical requirements for these applications vary with the drive type required (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Eradicating insect-borne diseases The human toll inflicted by infectious diseases spread by insects is staggering. Malaria alone kills over 650,000 people each year, most of them children, while afflicting 200 million more with debilitating fevers (WHO, 2013). Dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas, and Lyme disease are also spread by insects. These afflictions could potentially be controlled or even eradicated by altering vector species to block transmission. Several laboratories have identified candidate gene disruptions or transgenes that interfere with the transmission of malaria (Ito et al. , 2002; Dong et al. , 2011; Isaacs et al. , 2012) and other well-studied diseases (Franz et al. , 2006). Depending on their effectiveness, these alterations may or may not allow the disease to be eradicated before the pathogen evolves resistance. Alternatively, the relevant vector species might be suppressed or eliminated using RNA-guided gene drives, then potentially reintroduced from sheltered laboratory or island populations once disease eradication is complete. In the case of malaria, gene drive strategies may represent particularly effective solutions to the emerging problem of mosquito vectors with an evolved preference to bite and rest outdoors, traits that render them resistant to current control strategies based on indoor insecticide spraying and bednets. Agricultural safety and sustainability The evolution of resistance to pesticides and herbicides is a major problem for agriculture. It has been assumed that resistant populations will remain resistant unless the relevant alleles impose a substantial fitness cost in the absence of pesticide or herbicide. We propose that RNA-guided sensitizing drives might replace resistant alleles with their ancestral equivalents to restore vulnerability. For example, sensitizing drives could potentially reverse the mutations allowing the western corn rootworm to resist Bt toxins (Gassmann et al. , 2014) or horseweed and pigweed to resist the herbicide glyphosate (Gaines et al. , 2010; Ge, 2010), which is currently essential to more sustainable no-till agriculture. Because these three organisms undergo one generation per year, comparatively large numbers of drive-bearing individuals must be released to quickly exert an effect, but fewer than are already released to control pests using the sterile-insect technique (Gould and Schliekelman, 2004; Dyck et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of genetic modifications and RNA-guided gene drives to enhance agricultural sustainability, specifically by reversing resistance traits in pests and thus reducing dependence on pesticides. The mention of 'RNA-guided sensitizing drives' that could restore vulnerability to pests supports the idea that synthetic biology can lead to advances in agriculture, aligning with the claim that it could revolutionize farming practices.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Китай, Саудовская Аравия, Индонезия, Бразилия, Казахстан и ряд других государств поставили цель добиться нулевых выбросов углерода к 2060 году, Индия — к 207010. В начале памятной пандемии странам удалось снизить уровень выбросов почти на 5 % (правда, уже к концу 2020 года вследствие оживления экономики показатели вернулись к доковидному уровню11).
 10. >>>>

11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights that various countries, including China and Saudi Arabia, aim to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2060 to 2070 but does not mention cryptocurrency mining specifically. While it shows that global efforts are being made towards reducing overall emissions, it contrasts the claim by failing to demonstrate that cryptocurrency mining itself is powered entirely by renewable sources or that it has no environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: It does not respect exact boundaries of critical bands, as described, e. g. , in [10]. Therefore, the so-called HFCCs were formed, the calculation of which differs from MFCCs only in the used bank of filters (see Fig. 2). The calculation procedure for these coefficients can be found, e. g. , in [11]. In this paper, HFCCs are used to catch key characteristics of bird vocalizations. Fig. 2Bank of filters MFCC (left) and HFCC (right)Full size image2. 2 VADIn the VAD module (see Fig. 3), frames are classified into two classes, voices and nonvoices (silence, engine sound, human voice, cough, microphone cracking, etc. ). This way, sequences of frames of various lengths evaluated as voices are formed. Frames classified as voices enter further processing; the rest of the frames are not processed anymore. Fig. 3VAD module workFull size imageThe VAD system is based on a k-NN algorithm. The basic problem for this algorithm is optimal setting of k parameter (number of neighbors). For this purpose, a procedure described in [12] using a value called degrees of freedom was used. The highest classification accuracy of 90. 48% (calculated through a cross-validation method) was achieved for k = 189. For distance evaluation, the Euclidean metrics with constant weights was chosen. 2. 3 HMMA motivation for the use of HMMs for recognition of a speaker is a presupposition that a voice organ for each voice microsegment occurs in one of a finite number of states and during voice production the voice organ passes between these states [10]. Regarding similarity of the voice production process in human and bird voice organ, we can implement this presupposition also into bird vocalization recognition tasks. For bird species recognition, we come out from speaker recognition tasks again. To be specific, the basis is a modification of a speaker identification task in the closed-set open-dictionary identification, where the speaker is replaced by a particular bird species. For this task, we presume that the proposed code value on the input belongs always to one of the trained models (closed-set). The very recognition does not depend on the vocalization type, too, but only on key characteristics of a particular bird species (spectral features), therefore we can talk about an open-dictionary. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bird species mimicking human speech. Instead, it discusses technical aspects of bird vocalizations and machine learning methods used for their recognition. The content is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about birds' ability to mimic speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Addition of transcription activator-like effector binding sites to a pathogen strain-specific rice bacterial blight resistance gene makes it effective against additional strains and against bacterial leaf streak. 195:4883–93 [63. 2010. Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:6001222–25 [64. IPCC 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the on Rep. , Intergov. Panel Clim. Change Geneva: [65. ISAAA 2018. GM approval database for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. [66. Ishii T, Araki M. 2017. A future scenario of the global regulatory landscape regarding genome-edited crops. GM 8:144–56 [67. ISPC 2014. Strategic study of biotechnology research in. ,. Sci. Partnersh. Counc. , Rome Italy: [68. 2016. Restricted gene flow among lineages of Thrips tabaci supports genetic divergence among cryptic species groups. 11:9e0163882 [69. -Morimura S, et al. 2013. A simple sequence repeat- and single-nucleotide polymorphism-based genetic linkage map of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. DNA Res. 20:117–30 [70. Kawano K. 2003. Thirty years of cassava breeding for productivity: biological and social factors for success. 43:41325–35 [71. 2018. Development and characterization of the first dsRNA-resistant insect population from western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. 13:5e0197059 [72. Kiome R. 2015. A strategic framework for transgenic research and product development in Africa: report of a CGIAR study ILRI Proj. Rep. , Int. Livest. Res. Inst. , Nairobi Kenya: [73. 2014. A virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) system for functional genomics in the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica. 10:16 [74. Klümper W, Qaim M. 2014. A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing examples of how genetic modifications, such as the addition of transcription activator-like effector binding sites, enhance a rice gene's resistance to additional strains of pests. This illustrates the potential of synthetic biology to create crops that are more resilient to agricultural threats, which aligns with the claim's assertion that synthetic biology can revolutionize agriculture by reducing dependency on pesticides.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: >>>>

16. >>>> 14 Три тома Шестого доклада МГЭИК были представлены на 27-й конференции ООН по изменению климата COP2717 – ежегодной встрече министров 198 стран-участников Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата и ее Парижского соглашения [4]. «Доказательства неопровержимы: выбросы парниковых газов душат нашу планету и ставят в опасность миллиарды людей. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that greenhouse gas emissions are a significant environmental concern, indicating that cryptocurrency mining, as generally understood, likely contributes to environmental problems rather than being solely powered by renewable sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: For the short-term analysis of bird songs, we come out from a presupposition that owing to indispensable weight of voice organs, in each time moment an individual produces sounds which are modeled as the so-called code value of HMM. States of the Markov model cannot be observed directly, but their alternating can be considered on the basis of a code value sequence. A motivation for the HMM choice is above all robustness in length (time) variability of input code values. Then, for each bird species, one ergodic HMM model with six hidden states (found experimentally) is trained, generating likelihood value for the particular presented code values. The model generating the highest likelihood is then chosen as a winning one. A display of processing of a part of features using a self-organizing map (SOM) and HMM (see Fig. 4). A different configuration is used here, which was also tested (recording from xeno-canto. org [3], 13 features reduced to 6 features, 4 states of HMM). HMM in each state produces with a certain probability a code value, thus we can say that an input for HMM training is a sequence of these one-dimensional data, the code value. The question then arises, how to transform 13-dimensional HFCC/MFCC into a sequence of 1-dimensional code values. In this task, we have tested clustering using k-means method and also SOM, which has an advantage in “orderliness”Footnote 2 of resulting marking of clusters. This way, the 13-dimensional combination of MFCCs (see Fig. 4 “feature value”) was marked with a particular code (“code value”). A sequence of these codes was then used as an HMM input. Fig. 4(Turdus merula) from xeno-canto. org [3]Full size image3 Results and discussionThe detailed results of the classification of the particular code values for all the models can be found in Fig. 5. For each species, one recording of a different length with various numbers of code values has been used. The values on the diagonal determine the number of the properly classified code values. Fig. 5Results confusion matrixFull size imageThe results were obtained through a method of cross-validation across all data using a following process: 1. We have selected a testing code value. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding birds' ability to mimic human speech. Instead, it discusses a technical analysis of bird songs and the application of Hidden Markov Models (HMM) without making any mention of the capability of any bird species to mimic human speech or the perfection thereof.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Co-overexpression of Brassica juncea NPR1 (BjNPR1) and Trigonella foenum-graecum defensin (Tfgd) in transgenic peanut provides comprehensive but varied protection against Aspergillus flavus and Cercospora arachidicola. Rep 35:51189–203 [130. Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y. 2017. Surge in insect resistance to transgenic crops and prospects for sustainability. Nat. Biotechnol. 35:10926–35 [131. Takeshima H. 2010. Prospects for development of genetically modified cassava in sub-Saharan Africa. AgBioForum 13:163–75 [132. - 2012. : Cassava for Africa. GM 3:293–103 [133. 2011. Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. PNAS 108:5020260–64 [134. 2008. Trans-specific gene silencing between host and parasitic plants. 56:3389–97 [135. Traore A. 2018. Evaluating agronomic and social dimensions of rice production: increasing the productivity of smallholders in therice value chain in Guinea PhD Diss. , Univ. , [136. Tripp R. 2001. & Agricultural Development: of Oxford, UK: Ltd 174 pp. [137. USDA 2018. issues USDA statement on plant breeding innovation 0070. 18, March 28. [138. USDA-FAS 2018. Environment ministry proposes policy for regulating genome editing GAIN Rep. J8075, Glob. Agric. Inf. Netw Washington, DC: [139. 2012. Exploiting the combination of natural and genetically engineered resistance to Cassava mosaic and Cassava brown streak viruses impacting cassava production in Africa. 7:9e45277 [140. 2016. Artificial microRNA-derived resistance to Cassava brown streak disease. J. Virol. Methods 231:38–43 [141. 2018. -Cas9 activity facilitates multiplex gene editing in allopolyploid wheat. 1:165–74 [142. Welsh R, Glenna L. 2006. Considering the role of the university in conducting research on agri-biotechnologies. Soc. Stud. Sci. 36:6929–42 [143. 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the genetic modification of crops like peanuts to provide protection against specific diseases, which aligns with the idea of using synthetic biology to create crops that are more resilient and capable of reducing agricultural inputs like pesticides. This is evident where it states that the co-overexpression of certain genes in transgenic peanuts offers varied protection against pathogens, hinting at the potential for synthetic biology to significantly improve agricultural resilience.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: «Доказательства неопровержимы: выбросы парниковых газов душат нашу планету и ставят в опасность миллиарды людей. Глобальное потепление влияет на каждый регион на Земле, многие изменения становятся необратимыми. Надо действовать решительно, чтобы предотвратить климатическую катастрофу», заметил генсек ООН А.  Гутерриш.
 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the severe environmental consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. It references the comments of the UN Secretary-General noting the urgent need to prevent climate disaster, suggesting that not all energy sources, including those potentially used in cryptocurrency mining, are renewable and eco-friendly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: We have trained all models and extracted testing data from the training data. 3. We have calculated the testing data likelihood value for each model. 4. The highest likelihood value model has been determined a “winner. ” The values in a line show a bird to which the tested code value belongs. The values in a column show a bird to which the code value has been really assigned. This way, a number and a type of particular errors can be found out, which includes a lot of information advisable for a further system analysis. The confusion matrix in Fig. 5 also shows similarities between individual species. Besides the individual bird species recognition, our aim has also been to detect similarities of birds of the same family or order. These similarities can be seen in the color squares in the confusion matrix, which associate the same family birds (deeper color/diagonal threesomes) and the same order (pale color threesomes). In case the model made a wrong recognition, most frequently the bird was confused for another species of the same family. In addition, it is also possible to find similarities in order assignation for Passeriformes order, particularly for the Sylviidae family and Paridae family. The system could be further made more accurate, if we trained models for particular families first and then recognized for a smaller number of a particular species of this family. The total achieved success (just above 80%) is highly negatively influenced by interspecific similarity of birds in the same family, above all in the Sylviidae family. Most of the errors are cumulated into specific cases. For example, the Buteo buteo and Sylvia antricapilla confusion (16 errors), Sylvia antricapilla and Pernis apivorus (15 errors), etc. Many items in the confusion matrix have a zero value otherwise. Table 2 shows the classification success, according to families. Table 2 Classification success, according to familiesFull size table4 ConclusionsIn the above described experiment, we show the automatic classification of vocalization of 18 bird species using the VAD module for the detection of vocalization segments in recordings. HFCCs are used as features describing time frames (25 ms). These coefficients are further transformed into a one-dimensional sequence of a code value, for which various HMMs are trained (one model for each species). The interspecific success of 81. 2% has been reached. For classification into families, the success has reached 90. 45%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the automatic classification of vocalization of 18 bird species and their recognition accuracy, but does not address the ability of those species to mimic human speech, let alone do so perfectly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Science 219:4585671–82 [13. . 2009. Historical warnings of future food insecurity with unprecedented seasonal heat. Science 323:5911240–44 [14. 2007. Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nat. Biotechnol. 25:1322–26 [15. Bebber DP. 2015. Range-expanding pests and pathogens in a warming world. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 53:1335–56 [16. Beintema N, Stads G. 2017. A comprehensive overview of investments and human resource capacity in African agricultural research ASTI Synth. Rep. , Int. Res. Inst Washington, DC: [17. 2017. A virus-derived stacked RNAi construct confers robust resistance to Cassava brown streak disease. Front. Plant Sci. 7:2052 [18. Bhatnagar-Mathur P, Sunkara S, Bhatnagar-2015. Biotechnological advances for combating Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination in crops. 234:119–32 [19. Blakeney M. 2011. Recent developments in intellectual property and power in the private sector related to food and agriculture. 36:S109–13 [20. Bouët A, Gruère GP. 2011. Refining opportunity cost estimates of not adopting GM cotton: an application in seven sub-countries. Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy 33:2260–79 [21. Brookes G, Barfoot P. 2017. Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2015. GM 8:3156–93 [22. Brookes G, Barfoot P. 2018. Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2016. GM 9:259–89 [23. Bunge J, Craymer L. 2018. Scientists in China race to edit crop genes, sowing unease in U. S. May 6. Burgess DJ. 2017. Synthetic biology: building a custom eukaryotic genome de novo. Nat. Rev. Genet. 18:5274 [25. Busch L. 2011. Food standards: the cacophony of governance. J. Exp. Bot. 62:103247–50 [26. . 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by mentioning advances in controlling insect pests through RNA interference, as well as mentions of biotechnological advancements aimed at combating crop diseases like Cassava brown streak disease. These references suggest the potential of synthetic biology to create crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, aligning with the claim that synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Конференция сторон Рамочной конвенции ООН об изменении климата (27th Conference of the Parties of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, COP-27); >>>> 15 В рамках СОР27 выступил член-корреспондент РАН, директор Института народнохозяйственного прогнозирования (ИНП) РАН А. А. Широв. Его выступление контрастировало со словами специалистов, придерживающихся «инженерного» подхода и пытающихся через набор технологий добиться того или иного результата в области снижения выбросов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a member of the RAN (Russian Academy of Sciences) who presented views that oppose the idea of completely relying on technologies to reduce emissions. This implies that not all energy sources used, which may include those for cryptocurrency mining, are renewable and thus suggests a significant environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: The works mentioned in Section 1. 1 work only with a relatively small set of recognized species (< 10), resulting in a lower error rate of recognition in these experiments. Determination of classification of a code value of a particular bird species implemented by us is based solely on the maximum likelihood value selection. Another improvement would be an approach taking into account also results from other models and implementing the results in the final determination. For example, if the highest likelihood for the greater white-fronted goose was produced by the common raven model, but we have got quite high likelihood values for all geese models at the same time, probably this is a goose. The experiment’s success depends on the input data quality and processing to a great extent. Further possible improvement can be achieved by making segmentation (voice-nonvoice) of the used recordings more fine (granular), dividing the recordings to the “syllables” level. Another appropriate method for bird sound recognition could be using of deep neural network, and there are many DNN models that can be applied [13,14,15]. NotesThe work has been elaborated under the patronage of of Ornithology ( marked e. g. 1 and 2 represent more similar data than e. g. cluster 1 and 10. AbbreviationsGMM: Gaussian mixture models HFCC: Human factor cepstral coefficients HMM: model kNN: k-Nearest neighbors MFCC: Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients SOM: Self-organizing map SVM: Support vector machine VAD: Voice activity detection 2014. L Ptáček, Birds individual automatic recognition, dissertation, University of West Bohemia, 2012. Sharing bird sounds from around the world. Accessed 9 Jul 2017. J Šťastný, V Škorpil, J Fejfar, Audio data classification by means of new algorithms, in Proceedings of the 36th International conference on telecommunications and signal processing, Rome, 2013. R Wielgat, et al. , HFCC based recognition of bird species, in Algorithms, Architectures, Arrangements and Applications, Poznań, 2007. Somervuo, P. , & Härmä, A. (2004). Bird song recognition based on syllable pair histograms. Montreal: Proceedings of the on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Book 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on technical aspects of bird sound recognition and classification methods without mentioning anything specific about the ability of bird species to mimic human speech, let alone doing so perfectly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: 2009. Identification and characterization of Bph14, a gene conferring resistance to brown planthopper in rice. PNAS 106:5222163–68 [41. Eigenbrode SD, Bosque-2018. Insect-borne plant pathogens and their vectors: ecology, evolution, and complex interactions. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 63:169–91 [42. 2011. A meta analysis on farm-level costs and benefits of GM crops. Sustainability 3:5743–62 [43. 1992. Virus resistant papaya plants derived from tissues bombarded with the coat protein gene of Papaya ringspot virus. Nat. Biotechnol. 10:1466–72 [44. Galushko V, Gray R. 2014. Twenty five years of private wheat breeding in the UK: lessons for other countries. Sci. 41:6765–79 [45. 2015. Role of the insect supervectors Bemisia tabaci and Frankliniella occidentalis in the emergence and global spread of plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Virol. 2:167–93 [46. 2017. A golden age for agronomy? . Agronomy for Sumberg 150–60 London: Earthscan [47. Glenna L, Cahoy D. 2009. Agribusiness concentration, intellectual property, and the prospects for rural economic benefits from the emerging biofuel economy. South. Rural Sociol. 24:2111–29 [48. 2007. University administrators, agricultural biotechnology, and academic capitalism: defining the public good to promote university-industry relationships. Sociol. Q. 48:1141–63 [49. 2015. Intellectual property, scientific independence, and the efficacy and environmental impacts of genetically engineered crops. 80:2147–72 [50. -Spira C, et al. 2017. Mutation in sorghum Stimulant 1 alters strigolactones and causes Striga resistance. PNAS 114:174471–76 [51. 2017. How driving endonuclease genes can be used to combat pests and disease vectors. BMC Biol 15:11–12 [52. 2019. /Cas9-mediated editing of cassava eIF4E isoforms nCBP-1 and nCBP-2 reduces cassava brown streak disease symptom severity and incidence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various instances of genetic engineering and biotechnology applied to crops, such as the identification of Bph14, a gene conferring resistance to pests in rice, and the development of virus-resistant papaya plants. These examples support the assertion that synthetic biology can create crops with specific resistances, potentially reducing the need for chemical interventions such as pesticides. Furthermore, the reference to new techniques like Cas9-mediated editing showcases ongoing advancements in synthetic biology that could lead to custom-designed crop solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Его выступление контрастировало со словами специалистов, придерживающихся «инженерного» подхода и пытающихся через набор технологий добиться того или иного результата в области снижения выбросов. Если же посмотреть, сколько это будет стоить и как повлияет на нашу жизнь, то многие, казалось бы, очевидные решения становятся уже не такими очевидными. Вот фрагменты доклада А. А. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that not all solutions related to emissions reduction in cryptocurrency mining are straightforward or effective. It highlights that while some specialists aim to reduce emissions through various technologies, the practicality and cost-effectiveness of these solutions can complicate the situation. Therefore, it implies that the assertion of cryptocurrency mining being entirely renewable and without environmental impact is an oversimplification.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Skip to main contentScientific AmericanSign inNovember 1, 202320 min readSpecies from Extinction? requires that every U. S. plant and animal be saved from extinction, but after 50 years, we have to do much more to prevent a biodiversity crisistanasi. Listed as Endangered: 1975. Status: Delisted in 2022. © Joel Sartore/disappeared into the trees on the far bank of the just as the two researchers at the bow of our modest motorboat began hauling in the trawl net. Eagles have rebounded so well that it's unusual not to see one here these days, of the U. S. Fish and told me as the net got closer. On an almost cloudless spring morning in the 50th year of the Act, only a third of a mile downstream from the Authority's big Nickajack Dam, we were searching for one of the ESA's more notorious beneficiaries: the Snail Darter. A few months earlier Stiles and the FWS had decided that, like the Bald Eagle, the little fish no longer belonged on the ESA's endangered species list. We were hoping to catch the first nonendangered specimen. Dave Matthews, a TVA biologist, helped Stiles empty the trawl. Bits of wood and rock spilled onto the deck, along with a maybe six inches long. So did an even smaller fish; a hair over two inches, it had alternating vertical bands of dark and light brown, each flecked with the other color, a pattern that would have made it hard to see against the gravelly river bottom. It was a in its second year, Matthews said, not yet full-grown. Everybody loves a Bald Eagle. There is much less consensus about the Snail Darter. Yet it epitomizes the main controversy still swirling around the ESA, signed into law on December 28, 1973, by Nixon: Can we save all the obscure species of this world, and should we even try, if they get in the way of human imperatives? The TVA didn't think so in the 1970s, when the plight of the Snail Darter—an early entry on the endangered species list—temporarily stopped the agency from completing a huge dam. When the U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss bird species or their abilities to mimic human speech. Instead, it focuses on topics related to biodiversity and endangered species, without mentioning anything about mimicking speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: Plant Biotechnol. J. 17:421–34 [53. 2016. A transgenic approach for controlling Lygus in cotton. Nat. Commun. 7:12213 [54. 2009. The political economy of agricultural biotechnology policies. AgBioForum 12:134–46 [55. 2004. Major heretofore intractable biotic constraints to African food security that may be amenable to novel biotechnological solutions. 23:8661–89 [56. 2017. Engineering resistance to virus transmission. Curr. Opin. Virol. 26:20–27 [57. Groeneweld H. 2016. evolving biosafety regulatory system Presented at the 4th : Sept 19–21 [58. Heberlein TA. 2012. Navigating environmental attitudes. Conserv. Biol. 26:4583–85 [59. 2007. Quantitative differences in aphid virulence and foliar symptom development on tomato plants carrying the Mi resistance gene. Environ. Entomol. 36:2458–67 [60. Heisey P, Fuglie K. 2018. Agricultural research investment and policy reform in high-income countries Econ. Res. Rep. 249, US Dep. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: [61. Horgan FG. 2018. Integrating gene deployment and crop management for improved rice resistance to Asian planthoppers. 110:21–33 [62. 2012. Addition of transcription activator-like effector binding sites to a pathogen strain-specific rice bacterial blight resistance gene makes it effective against additional strains and against bacterial leaf streak. 195:4883–93 [63. 2010. Areawide suppression of European corn borer with Bt maize reaps savings to non-Bt maize growers. Science 330:6001222–25 [64. IPCC 2014. Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the on Rep. , Intergov. Panel Clim. Change Geneva: [65. ISAAA 2018. GM approval database for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications. [66. Ishii T, Araki M. 2017. A future scenario of the global regulatory landscape regarding genome-edited crops. GM 8:144–56 [67. ISPC 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by alluding to various biotechnological approaches that aim to enhance crop resistance and improve agricultural yield, such as engineering resistance to diseases and pests, which aligns with the notion that synthetic biology can introduce crops that are more resilient and reduce dependency on pesticides. Furthermore, the mention of novel biotechnological solutions to food security issues supports the idea of using synthetic biology in agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Его выступление контрастировало со словами специалистов, придерживающихся «инженерного» подхода и пытающихся через набор технологий добиться того или иного результата в области снижения выбросов. Если же посмотреть, сколько это будет стоить и как повлияет на нашу жизнь, то многие, казалось бы, очевидные решения становятся уже не такими очевидными. Вот фрагменты доклада А. А. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specialists who take an 'engineering' approach to reduce emissions, implying that achieving environmental sustainability in mining may not be as straightforward as using renewable energy sources. It suggests that practical considerations, such as cost and the impact on daily life, complicate the narrative that cryptocurrency mining's reliance on renewable energy fully eliminates its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: attorney general argued the TVA's case before the with the aim of sidestepping the law, he waved a jar that held a dead, preserved in front of the nine judges in black robes, seeking to convey its insignificance. On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 1967. Status: Delisted in 2007. Credit: © Joel Sartore/Today the can be found along 400 miles of the river's main stem and multiple tributaries. ESA enforcement has saved dozens of other species from extinction. Bald Eagles, are just a few of the roughly 60 species that had recovered enough to be “delisted” by late 2023. And yet the U. S. , like the planet as a whole, faces a growing biodiversity crisis. Less than 6 percent of the animals and plants ever placed on the list have been delisted; many of the rest have made scant progress toward recovery. What's more, the list is far from complete: roughly a third of all vertebrates and vascular plants in the U. S. are vulnerable to extinction, says Bruce Stein, chief scientist at the Federation. Populations are falling even for species that aren't yet in danger. “There are a third fewer birds flying around now than in the 1970s,” Stein says. We're much less likely to see a White-throated Sparrow or a Red-winged Blackbird, for example, even though neither species is yet endangered. The U. S. is far emptier of wildlife sights and sounds than it was 50 years ago, primarily because habitat—forests, grasslands, rivers—has been relentlessly appropriated for human purposes. The ESA was never designed to stop that trend, any more than it is equipped to deal with the next massive threat to wildlife: climate change. Nevertheless, its many proponents say, it is a powerful, foresightful law that we could implement more wisely and effectively, perhaps especially to foster stewardship among private landowners. And modest new measures, such as the Recovering America's Wildlife Act—a bill with bipartisan support—could further protect flora and fauna. That is, if special interests don't flout the law. After the 1978 decision, Congress passed a special exemption to the ESA allowing the TVA to complete the Tellico Dam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses biodiversity, wildlife conservation, and the status of various species, but does not address the capability of bird species to mimic human speech. There is no mention or indication that any bird species can mimic human speech, let alone do so perfectly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Synthetic biology could revolutionize agriculture by creating crops that are more resistant to pests, drought, or disease, reducing the need for pesticides and fertilizers. Synthetic biology will soon allow humans to create entirely new species, designed from scratch to serve specific purposes, such as cleaning pollution or generating energy. [SEP] Text: -R, Haimovich AD et al. 2013. Genomically recoded organisms expand biological functions. Science 342:6156357–60 [81. 2015. Robust cropping systems to tackle pests under climate change. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35:2443–59 [82. 2012. High-efficiency TALEN-based gene editing produces disease-resistant rice. Nat. Biotechnol. 30:5390–92 [83. Liu W, Stewart CN. 2015. Plant synthetic biology. Sci 20:5309–17 [84. Livingston M, Fernandez- 2015. The economics of glyphosate resistance management in corn and soybean production Econ. Res. Rep. 184, US Dep. Agric. Econ. Res. Serv Washington, DC: [85. ˛bicki P, et al. 2011. Climate change and diseases of food crops. 60:1113–21 [86. . 2016. Genomic recoding broadly obstructs the propagation of horizontally transferred genetic elements. 3:2199–207 [87. 2017. RNA interference (RNAi) as a potential tool for control of mycotoxin contamination in crop plants: concepts and considerations. Front. Plant Sci. 8:200 [88. 2010. Economic damage of cassava brown streak disease in sub-Saharan Africa. and the Challenges of Globalization and 61–68 Ibadan: IITA [89. . 2018. -based gene drive be confined in the wild? A question for molecular and population biology. ACS Chem. Biol. 13:2424–30 [90. 2012. Navigating a critical juncture for sustainable weed management. Bioscience 62:175–84 [91. Müller V, Amé 2014. Lipoxygenase activation in peanut seed cultivars resistant and susceptible to Aspergillus parasiticus colonization. Phytopathology 104:121340–48 [92. 2017. Peanuts, aflatoxins and undernutrition in children in sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients 9:12e1287 [93. 2010. Private-sector investment in R&D: a review of policy options to promote its growth in developing-country agriculture. Agribusiness 26:1143–73 [94. Natl. Acad. Sci. Eng. Med 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing scientific advancements in synthetic biology such as 'High-efficiency TALEN-based gene editing produces disease-resistant rice,' which aligns with the point that synthetic biology could create crops resistant to disease. It also discusses topics relevant to crop management under climate change and disease resistance, aligning with the claim about enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В целом это означает, что более низкие показатели выбросов в среднесрочной перспективе будут компенсированы чуть большими показателями выбросов в долгосрочной перспективе. Поэтому изменится профиль снижения выбросов парниковых газов, но не изменится общий итог». </p> 17 К саммиту COP27 Росгидромет приурочил выпуск своего третьего оценочного доклада об изменениях климата и их последствиях на территории РФ [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that greenhouse gas emissions will change in profile but will not reduce overall, which suggests that cryptocurrency mining may not be entirely powered by renewable energy sources and hence does not eliminate its environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Darter managed to survive because the TVA transplanted some of the fish from the Little Tennessee, because remnant populations turned up elsewhere in the Tennessee Valley, and because local rivers and streams slowly became less polluted following the 1972 Act, which helped fish rebound. Under pressure from people enforcing the ESA, the TVA also changed the way it managed its dams throughout the valley. It started aerating the depths of its reservoirs, in some places by injecting oxygen. It began releasing water from the dams more regularly to maintain a minimum flow that sweeps silt off the river bottom, exposing the clean gravel that need to lay their eggs and feed on snails. The river system “is acting more like a real river,” Matthews says. Basically, the TVA started considering the needs of wildlife, which is really what the ESA requires. “works,” Matthews says. “With just a little bit of help, [wildlife] can recover. ”The trouble is that many animals and plants aren't getting that help—because government resources are too limited, because private landowners are alienated by the ESA instead of engaged with it, and because as a nation the U. S. has never fully committed to the ESA's essence. Instead, for half a century, the law has been one more thing that polarizes people's thinking. It may seem impossible today to imagine the political consensus that prevailed on environmental matters in 1973. The U. S. Senate approved the ESA unanimously, and the House passed it by a vote of 390 to 12. “Some people have referred to it as almost a statement of religion coming out of the Congress,” says Gary Frazer, who as assistant director for ecological services at the FWS has been overseeing the act's implementation for nearly 25 years. Gopherus polyphemus. Listed as Threatened: 1987. Status: Still threatened. Credit: ©Joel Sartore/But loss of faith began five years later with the case. Congresspeople who had been thinking of eagles, bears and when they passed the ESA, and had not fully appreciated the reach of the sweeping language they had approved, were disabused by the Supreme Court. It found that the legislation had created, “wisely or not. . . an absolute duty to preserve all endangered species,” Warren E. Burger said after the case concluded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the ability of bird species to mimic human speech. Instead, it discusses the ecological impact of the TVA's actions on wildlife, the enforcement of the ESA, and historical context surrounding environmental legislation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about birds and mimicking speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: At the same time, the DNTs caused no harm to non-cancerous cells. This discovery raises hopes that a single healthy donor could supply the cells which go on to treat lots of patients, with many different types of cancer: a key requirement for a true off-the-shelf treatment. and her team also discovered that cryopreservation, in which the DNTs were frozen more than 600 days before being thawed, did not affect the anti-cancer function of the cells. The ability to store DNTs is crucial as it would allow the treatment to be prepared in advance, rather than on an on-demand basis. A major benefit of personalised ACT is that as it uses the patient’s own cells, there is less risk of graft-versus-host disease (where the recipient’s immune system attacks the donor cells). Previous work by and others has shown that DNTs are able to destroy cancer cells without triggering graft-versus-host disease. This is supported by the results of Dr Zhang’s recent study, demonstrating that DNTs produced from healthy donors will target leukaemia cells while sparing normal tissue. For DNTs to be a viable off-the-shelf treatment option, they also need to avoid causing the less well-studied condition of host-versus-graft rejection. If this occurred, the DNTs would be swiftly wiped out by the recipient’s own T cells, rendering the treatment efficacy short-lived. Interestingly, Dr Zhang’s findings suggest that DNTs are somehow able to evade the recipient’s immune response. How DNTs manage to do this remains unclear. However, this does mean that DNTs seem unlikely to trigger a host-versus-graft reaction. Li Zhang’s laboratory develops novel adoptive T cell therapy for the treatment of leukaemia and lung cancer. Finally, found that DNTs persist well within the recipient’s body. Research on another group of immune cells, known as natural killer (NK) cells, found that, although the NK cells successfully attacked cancerous cells and did no harm to healthy tissue, they disappeared from the patient’s body within a few weeks. This suggests that the patient’s immune system may have cleared the donor cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing DNTs (donor-derived T cells) which can effectively target and eliminate cancer cells while sparing non-cancerous tissue. This aligns with the idea of nanomedicine allowing interventions at the cellular level, such as repairing damage and eliminating pathogens. Furthermore, the mention of personalized adoptive T cell therapy developed by Dr. Zhang supports the notion that advanced cellular treatments, like those described in the claim, are capable of revolutionizing disease treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: </li></ul> 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains no information regarding cryptocurrency mining, energy sources, or environmental impacts. It does not support, contrast, or directly address the claim made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Even a recently discovered tiny fish had to be saved, “whatever the cost,” he wrote in the decision. Was that wise? For both environmentalists such as Curry and many nonenvironmentalists, the answer has always been absolutely. The ESA “is the basic Bill of Rights for species other than ourselves,” says photographer Joel Sartore, who is building a “photo ark” of every animal visible to the naked eye as a record against extinction. (He has taken studio portraits of 15,000 species so far. ) But to critics, the decision always defied common sense. They thought it was “crazy,” says Michael Bean, a leading ESA expert, now retired from the Fund. “That dichotomy of view has remained with us for the past 45 years. ”According to veteran Washington, D. C. , environmental attorney Lowell E. Baier, author of a new history called of the Act, both the act itself and its early implementation reflected a top-down, federal “command-and-control mentality” that still breeds resentment. FWS field agents in the early days often saw themselves as combat biologists enforcing the act's prohibitions. After the Owl's listing got tangled up in a bitter 1990s conflict over logging of old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest, the FWS became more flexible in working out arrangements. “But the dark mythology of the first 20 years continues in the minds of much of America,” Baier says. Credit: Kim (map); Source: David Matthews, Authority (reference) The law can impose real burdens on landowners. Before doing anything that might “harass” or “harm” an endangered species, including modifying its habitat, they need to get a permit from the FWS and present a “habitat conservation plan. ” Prosecutions aren't common, because evidence can be elusive, but what Bean calls “the cloud of uncertainty” surrounding what landowners can and cannot do can be distressing. Requirements the ESA places on federal agencies such as the and the Bureau of Land Management—or on the TVA—can have large economic impacts. Section 7 of the act prohibits agencies from taking, permitting or funding any action that is likely to “jeopardize the continued existence” of a listed species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses environmental issues and the Endangered Species Act, with no mention of birds or their ability to mimic human speech. Therefore, it does not support, contradict, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: Ultrasound-triggered thrombolysis using urokinase-loaded nanogels. Int. J. Pharm. , 2012, 434(1-2), 384-390. [ [PMID: 22683455] [25] Kawata, H. ; Uesugi, Y. ; Soeda, T. A new drug delivery system for intravenous coronary thrombolysis with thrombus targeting and stealth activity recoverable by ultrasound. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. , 2012, 60(24), 2550-2557. [ [PMID: 23158532] [26] Uesugi, Y. ; Kawata, H. ; Jo, J. ; Saito, Y. ; Tabata, Y. An ultrasound-responsive nano delivery system of tissue-type plasminogen activator for thrombolytic therapy. J. Control. Release, 2010, 147(2), 269-277. [ [PMID: 20696194] [27] Cheng, R. ; Huang, W. ; Huang, L. Acceleration of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis by magnetically powered nanomotors. ACS Nano, 2014, 8(8), 7746-7754. [ [PMID: 25006696] [28] Hu, J. ; Huang, W. ; Huang, S. . Magnetically active Fe3O4 nanorods loaded with tissue plasminogen activator for enhanced thrombolysis. Nano Res. , 2016, 9(9), 2652-2661. [ [29] Hirano, T. ; Komatsu, M. ; Uenohara, H. ; Takahashi, A. ; Takayama, K. ; Yoshimoto, T. A novel method of drug delivery for fibrinolysis with Ho: YAG laser-induced liquid jet. Lasers Med. Sci. , 2002, 17(3), 165-172. [ [PMID: 12181631] [30] Holme, M. N. ; Fedotenko, I. A. ; Abegg, D. Shear-stress sensitive lenticular vesicles for targeted drug delivery. Nat. Nanotechnol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various advancements in drug delivery systems and thrombolysis techniques utilizing nanotechnology, such as 'ultrasound-triggered thrombolysis using urokinase-loaded nanogels' and 'a novel method of drug delivery for fibrinolysis.' These applications of nanomedicine illustrate the potential for targeted therapies at a cellular level, which aligns with the claim's assertion that nanomedicine can enhance the effectiveness of disease treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Основными источниками энергии будут солнце (69% выработки энергии к 2050 году) и ветер (18 % ). Для каждого региона рассчитывается наиболее экономически эффективная структура генерирующих мощностей с учетом доступных в регионе источников энергии. <p>Для борьбы с изменением климата многие предлагают ускоренный переход на возобновляемые источники энергии (ВИЭ). В 2019 г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that a transition to renewable energy is needed, mentioning that the primary energy sources projected for the future include solar (69%) and wind (18%). This implies that while there may be some reliance on renewable energy, the claim that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by these sources is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: If jeopardy seems possible, the agency must consult with the FWS first (or the for marine species) and seek alternative plans. “When people talk about how the ESA stops projects, they've been talking about section 7,” says conservation biologist Jacob Malcom. is a strong example: an economic analysis suggests the logging restrictions eliminated thousands of timber-industry jobs, fueling conservative arguments that the ESA harms humans and economic growth. In recent decades, however, that view has been based “on anecdote, not evidence,” Malcom claims. of Wildlife, where he worked until 2022 (he's now at the U. S. Department of the Interior), he and his colleagues analyzed 88,290 consultations between the FWS and other agencies from 2008 to 2015. “Zero projects were stopped,” Malcom says. His group also found that federal agencies were only rarely taking the active measures to recover a species that section 7 requires—like what the TVA did for the Snail Darter. For many listed species, the FWS does not even have recovery plans. Endangered species also might not recover because “most species are not receiving protection until they have reached dangerously low population sizes,” according to a 2022 study by Erich K. Eberhard of and his colleagues. Most listings occur only after the FWS has been petitioned or sued by an environmental group—often the Center for Biological Diversity, which claims credit for 742 listings. Years may go by between petition and listing, during which time the species' population dwindles. Noah Greenwald, the center's endangered species director, thinks the FWS avoids listings to avoid controversy—that it has internalized opposition to the ESA. He and other experts also say that work regarding endangered species is drastically underfunded. As more species are listed, the funding per species declines. “Congress hasn't come to grips with the biodiversity crisis,” says Baier, who lobbies lawmakers regularly. “When you talk to them about biodiversity, their eyes glaze over. ” Just this year federal lawmakers enacted a special provision exempting the Pipeline from the ESA and other challenges, much as Congress had exempted the Tellico Dam. Environmentalists say the gas pipeline, running from to Virginia, threatens the Candy Darter, a colorful small fish. of 2022 provided a rare bit of good news: it granted the FWS $62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bird species mimicking human speech. It discusses the Endangered Species Act (ESA) and the challenges related to species recovery, but does not mention anything regarding birds' abilities to mimic human speech, thus having no bearing on the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: ; Prior, I. A. ; Thanh, N. T. K. ; Song, B. Magnetic CoPt nanop984. [ [PMID: 21293831] [86] Corot, C. ; Robert, P. ; Idée, J. M. ; Port, M. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. , 2006, 58(14), 1471-1504. [ [PMID: 17116343] [87] Hyafil, F. ; Cornily, J. C. ; Feig, J. E. Noninvasive detection of macrophages using a nanoparticulate contrast agent for computed tomography. Nat. Med. , 2007, 13(5), 636-641. [ [PMID: 17417649] [88] Frias, J. C. ; Williams, K. J. ; Fisher, E. A. ; Fayad, Z. A. Recombinant HDL-like nanop6317. [ [PMID: 15600321] & :Nanomedicine in Neuroscience: Towards the Treatment of Diseases Volume: 12 Issue: 2 Author(s): Vajagathali Mohammed, Kalarani and Ramakrishnan Veerabathiran* Affiliation: Faculty of Sciences, of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu 603103, India Keywords: Nanop10. 2174/2468187312666220516144008 DOI Print ISSN2468-1873 2468-1881 this journal Call for Papers in Submission closes on : 30 December, 2024 Cutting-edge in Oncology: Bottleneck and is a terrifying disease that ranks among the most pressing health concerns facing humanity and necessitates a proactive approach to treatment. Nanomedicine, a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine, holds immense promise in revolutionizing cancer treatment. By leveraging nanoscale materials and devices, researchers are developing. . . read more Guest Editor(s): Submission closes on : 31 December, 2024 Nanomaterials for System in Chronic and exploration of nanomaterials for drug delivery systems represents a cutting-edge frontier in modern medical research. In our Thematic Issue, we delve into the extensive scope of utilizing nanotechnology to combat chronic and infectious diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the potential of nanomedicine in revolutionizing disease treatment, particularly cancer. It highlights that nanomedicine is at the intersection of nanotechnology and medicine and shows promise for the treatment of various diseases by leveraging nanoscale materials, thereby supporting the idea that it allows for effective intervention at the cellular level.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: Основными источниками энергии будут солнце (69% выработки энергии к 2050 году) и ветер (18 % ). Для каждого региона рассчитывается наиболее экономически эффективная структура генерирующих мощностей с учетом доступных в регионе источников энергии.
 22 О ВИЭ
О ВИЭ

О ВИЭ
 23 В феврале 2023 г. появился очередной отчёт Международного энергетического агентства (МЭА, IEA – Agency) о рынке электроэнергии за 2023год22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the energy sources, specifically indicating a future reliance on solar (69%) and wind (18%) energy, but does not suggest that cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable sources or that it eliminates environmental impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: 5 million to hire more biologists to prepare recovery plans. The ESA is often likened to an emergency room for species: overcrowded and understaffed, it has somehow managed to keep patients alive, but it doesn't do much more. The law contains no mandate to restore ecosystems to health even though it recognizes such work as essential for thriving wildlife. “Its goal is to make things better, but its tools are designed to keep things from getting worse,” Bean says. Its ability to do even that will be severely tested in coming decades by threats it was never designed to confront. The ESA requires a species to be listed as “threatened” if it might be in danger of extinction in the “foreseeable future. ” The foreseeable future will be warmer. Rising average temperatures are a problem, but higher heat extremes are a bigger threat, according to a 2020 study. Scientists have named climate change as the main cause of only a few extinctions worldwide. But experts expect that number to surge. Climate change has been “a factor in almost every species we've listed in at least the past 15 years,” Frazer says. Yet scientists struggle to forecast whether individual species can “persist in place or shift in space”—as Stein and his co-authors put it in a recent paper—or will be unable to adapt at all and will go extinct. 30 the FWS issued a new rule that will make it easier to move species outside their historical range—a practice it once forbade except in extreme circumstances. Credit: Kim (graphic); Design (illustrations); Sources: U. S. Fish & U. S. by (annual data through 2022); Summary (Boxscore) (cumulative data up to September 18, 2023, and annual data for coral); (delisted data through 2022) Eventually, though, “climate change is going to swamp the ESA,” says J. B. Ruhl, a law professor at Vanderbilt University, who has been writing about the problem for decades. “As more and more species are threatened, I don't know what the agency does with that. ” To offer a practical answer, in a 2008 paper he urged the FWS to aggressively identify the species most at risk and not waste resources on ones that seem sure to expire. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bird species mimicking human speech. It discusses issues related to the Endangered Species Act, climate change, and species conservation without any mention of birds or their ability to mimic speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: 26 Polypyrrole (PPy) is one of the most attractive conductive polymers due to its stability, biocompatibility, good electrochemical properties, low actuation voltage, and high electrical conductivity. 27,28 The unstable positive charge along the polymer backbone results in relatively high electrical conductivity and the loading of anionic drugs through electrostatic attraction. The controlled release of the drug occurs through the electrochemical reduction of the polymer and volume contraction as well as the expulsion of the anionic drug from the polymer structure. 29,30 Although polypyrrole offers many advantages for drug delivery, it has a low drug-loading capacity, especially those with high molecular weight and undesired passive drug leakage. 31,32 To address these issues, we explored the application of paper-based electrodes for electrodeposition of PPy, which has the advantage that paper shows a huge drug loading capacity. Paper has a soft and porous structure, excellent biocompatibility for the storage of biomolecules, abundant hydroxyl groups, and a hydrophilic surface for the deposition of water-soluble polymers, so it has attracted the attention of many researchers for the development of wearable drug delivery systems. 33,34 We have found that electric stimuli in a voltage-triggered patch not only offers precise control over the timing and location of drug release, but also can enhance the penetration of drug through the skin’s top layer. This mirrors the advantages of iontophoresis techniques, which amplify the therapeutic effect while minimizing unwanted side effects. Iontophoresis, a non-invasive method with minimal skin irritation, is a promising alternative to other physical strategies for transdermal drug delivery. 35 It works by applying a low voltage (less than 10 V) and low electrical current (up to 0. 5 mA cm-2) to electrodes on the skin surface, allowing the drug to pass through the stratum corneum. 36 As far as we know, there are no reports of enhancing skin permeation by applying electric stimuli to a transdermal paper-based wearable patch for the release of a high molecular weight drug like MTX. We hypothesize that the integration of paper-based electrodes with battery-powered electrical stimulation provides a robust platform for precise control of dosage timing and location, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing potential side effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of using polypyrrole (PPy) and paper-based electrodes for targeted drug delivery systems. It describes how electric stimuli can provide precise control over drug release timing and location, thereby enhancing drug penetration through the skin. This relates directly to the claim about nanomedicine's potential for effective disease treatment by enabling doctors to intervene at the cellular level.


Input:
Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: В то же время доля угля, природного газа и атомных электростанций будет и дальше снижаться.

В феврале 2023 г. появился очередной отчёт Международного энергетического агентства (МЭА, IEA – Agency) о рынке электроэнергии за 2023год22. Из него следует, что ВИЭ и ядерная энергетика растут достаточно быстро, чтобы удовлетворить потребности растущего мирового спроса на электроэнергию. Ожидается, что в 2025 г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the share of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power plants is decreasing, it highlights that renewable energy (ВИЭ) and nuclear energy are growing. This suggests that not all energy sources are renewable, which implies that cryptocurrency mining cannot be entirely powered by renewable energy, thus negating the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Yet when I asked Frazer which urgent issues were commanding his attention right now, his first thought wasn't climate; it was renewable energy. “Renewable energy is going to leave a big footprint on the planet and on our country,” he says, some of it threatening plants and animals if not implemented well. “is going to lead to an explosion of more wind and solar across the landscape. Long before Biden signed that landmark law, conflicts were proliferating: versus solar farms in the Mojave Desert, versus wind farms in Wyoming, Tiehm's Buckwheat (a little desert flower) versus lithium mining in Nevada. The mine case is a close parallel to that of versus the Tellico Dam. The flower, listed as endangered just last year, grows on only a few acres of mountainside in western Nevada, right where a mining company wants to extract lithium. for has led the fight to save it. Elsewhere in Nevada people have used the ESA to stop, for the moment, a proposed geothermal plant that might threaten the two-inch Toad, discovered in 2017 and also declared endangered last year. Does an absolute duty to preserve all endangered species make sense in such places? In a recent essay entitled “A Time for Triage,” Columbia law professor argues that “the environmental community has trade-off denial. We don't recognize that it's too late to preserve everything we consider precious. ” In his view, given the urgency of building the infrastructure to fight climate change, we need to be willing to let a species go after we've done our best to save it. Environmental lawyers adept at challenging fossil-fuel projects, using the ESA and other statutes, should consider holding their fire against renewable installations. “Just because you have bullets doesn't mean you shoot them in every direction,” Gerrard says. “You pick your targets. ” In the long run, he and others argue, climate change poses a bigger threat to wildlife than wind turbines and solar farms do. For now habitat loss remains the overwhelming threat. What's truly needed to preserve the U. S. 's wondrous biodiversity, both Stein and Ruhl say, is a national network of conserved ecosystems. That won't be built with our present politics. But two more practical initiatives might help. The first is the Recovering America's Wildlife Act, which narrowly missed passage in 2022 and has been reintroduced this year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding birds' ability to mimic human speech. Instead, it discusses environmental issues, renewable energy, and species preservation, making it irrelevant to the specific claim about bird species and their mimicking capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nanomedicine could revolutionize the treatment of diseases by allowing doctors to intervene at the cellular level, repairing damage or eliminating pathogens more effectively. [SEP] Text: Evaluation of electrically controlled drug delivery Two advantages of the electrically responsive system are the temporal and spatial resolution of drug release. 51 Pulsed release is utilized to determine the ideal timing and dosage of the drug to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. For this, pulses of 1. 5 minutes with a voltage of -1. 2 V were applied, and the amounts of the released drug were calculated. The device was turned off for 1. 5 minutes between each pulse, and the passive drug leakage was analyzed (Fig. 3a). The results indicate that during a 1. 5-minute stimulation at -1. 2 V, MTX is released by the expansion of the polymer skeleton. In subsequent stimulations, the quantity of released MTX decreases due to the reduction in the amount of loaded drug on the surface. 52 A satisfactory amount of drug was released during four consecutive stimulations, confirming that the current electrodes can function as a voltage-triggered drug delivery system. Further assessment of released MTX was conducted using a potentiostat and a battery as well, to compare the performance of the drug release system at -1. 2 V for 5 minutes (Supplementary Fig. 2). The results of active releases were consistent in both modes, indicating that it is preferable to use a battery as an electrical driver for the designed electrodes. Due to the small size of the battery, the designed iontophoresis patch is portable and can be used to treat diseases without specialized personnel. 2. 5. Transdermal delivery of the designed iontophoresis patch One of the most intriguing aspects of this study is the utilization of the identical electrical signal that triggers the release of MTX, for a concurrent iontophoresis effect. This effect can notably amplify skin permeation. To evaluate skin permeation, the penetration of MTX through the skin of a hairless rat was studied using a diffusion Franz cell. The rate of drug penetration through the skin via this patch (ITP) was compared to that of an MTX solution (Top) and a MTX solution applied to voltage-stimulated skin (Stimuli-Top). The patterns of skin permeation after two hours are illustrated in Fig. 3b. This permeation profile helps in determining the total MTX amount that has penetrated. The maximum quantity of MTX permeated for the ITP group was 19. 7 ± 0. 5 µg cm-2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of an electrically controlled drug delivery system, which allows for precise timing and dosage of medication. This aligns with the idea of nanomedicine enabling doctors to intervene at the cellular level, as the system enhances drug permeation and therapeutic effects through transdermal delivery. The mention of utilizing electrical signals to improve drug penetration and efficacy supports the notion of more effective medical interventions offered by nanomedicine.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency mining is entirely powered by renewable energy sources, eliminating its environmental impact. [SEP] Text: <p>«За ближайшие пять лет в мире появится столько же возобновляемой энергии, сколько и за последние 20 лет», – отметил глава МЭА Фатих Бироль. Возобновляемая энергетика получила импульс к росту за счет энергетического кризиса, вызванного прекращением экспорта нефти и газа из России. Страны Евросоюза были вынуждены ускорить переход к альтернативным источникам электроэнергии. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the increase in renewable energy sources driven by an energy crisis due to the halt of oil and gas exports from Russia. It does not support the idea that cryptocurrency mining is exclusively powered by renewable energy or that it eliminates environmental impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: It builds on the success of the 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act, which funds state wildlife agencies through a federal excise tax on guns and ammunition. That law was adopted to address a decline in game species that had hunters alarmed. The state refuges and other programs it funded are why deer, ducks and are no longer scarce. The recovery act would provide $1. 3 billion a year to states and nearly $100 million to tribes to conserve nongame species. It has bipartisan support, in part, Stein says, because it would help arrest the decline of a species before the ESA's “regulatory hammer” falls. Although it would be a large boost to state wildlife budgets, the funding would be a rounding error in federal spending. But last year Congress couldn't agree on how to pay for the measure. Passage “would be a really big deal for nature,” Curry says. Oyster Mussel. Epioblasma capsaeformis. Listed as Endangered: 1997. Status: Still endangered. Credit: © Joel Sartore/The second initiative that could promote species conservation is already underway: bringing landowners into the fold. Most wildlife habitat east of the is on private land. That's also where habitat loss is happening fastest. Some experts say conservation isn't likely to succeed unless the FWS works more collaboratively with landowners, adding carrots to the ESA's regulatory stick. Bean has long promoted the idea, including when he worked at the from 2009 to early 2017. The approach started, he says, with the Red-cockaded Woodpecker. When the ESA was passed, there were fewer than 10,000 Red-cockaded Woodpeckers left of the millions that had once lived in the Southeast. Humans had cut down the old pine trees, chiefly Longleaf Pine, that the birds excavate cavities in for roosting and nesting. An appropriate tree has to be large, at least 60 to 80 years old, and there aren't many like that left. The longleaf forest, which once carpeted up to 90 million acres from Virginia to Texas, has been reduced to less than three million acres of fragments. In the 1980s the ESA wasn't helping because it provided little incentive to preserve forest on private land. In fact, Bean says, it did the opposite: landowners would sometimes clear-cut potential woodpecker habitat just to avoid the law's constraints. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses wildlife conservation, funding for state wildlife agencies, and specific bird species like the Red-cockaded Woodpecker without any mention of birds' ability to mimic human speech.