Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: This is why I believe that while parenting and education—of both human beings and APs—do not have to involve manipulativeness, intentionally designing APs is unavoidably manipulative. Regarding the third doubt, one could assert that in some cases, manipulativeness can prevent some significant harm or create some significant good and that in such cases, manipulativeness could be justified. While this might be true, this neither means that in such cases, manipulativeness is absent nor that it is not objectionable—it only means it can be justified. For instance, one of the conditions that Chomanski proposes AP workers should meet is designing them not to desire to intentionally cause another’s suffering. Such designing involves being manipulative (since it expresses a “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner” by “limiting another’s options” and “disregarding their rational capacities”), yet this manipulativeness can be justified. Recall that in this study, I do not claim that the presence of manipulativeness either always or sometimes should directly result in condemning or banning an action that involves it. My aim is only to discuss in which cases of designing APs manipulativeness is present and in which cases it is not. Hence, to return to the bottom line, if the intentional design is the problem, then probably the best way to avoid the presence of manipulativeness is to develop APs without intentionally designing their desires. The following section discusses what this may look like. 5 Designing APs without manipulativeness: AP randomsThere seem to be two alternatives to the intentional design of AP desires. The first is to not design any “innate” desires at all, and the second is to randomize the selection of APs’ desires, making it nonintentional. I will call APs resulting from these two modes of designing “AP randoms” to emphasize their main feature, which is their random character. Now, I briefly describe both modes of the non-manipulative design of AP randoms and I then discuss various dilemmas connected to bringing AP randoms to existence. The first way of avoiding an intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to not design any desires at all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of artificial intelligence (AI) systems and the inherent challenges of designing autonomous agents (APs) without intentional manipulation. It emphasizes that manipulativeness is a fundamental aspect of designing AI interactions and suggests that complete elimination of human error is unrealistic without understanding the manipulative design elements involved. The text indicates that an intentional design, which would aim to limit human error, often involves manipulative processes that are objectionable and complicated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It has previously been reported by Palmqvist and Lidén [14] that different lignocellulosic materials behave differently during enzymatic hydrolysis. They observed that steam-pretreated Arundo donax (giant cane) quickly lost most of its fiber structure during enzymatic hydrolysis (up to 20% WIS), while the fiber network in spruce was retained for a longer period of time during hydrolysis under the same conditions. It is therefore important to be aware of the fact that different lignocellulosic materials may respond in different ways to prehydrolysis. Apart from reducing the viscosity, prehydrolysis also results in an increase in the concentration of soluble monomeric sugars, mostly glucose, and the degradation of the fiber structure. In the present study, the concentrations of inhibitors such as furfural, HMF and organic acids (acetic and lactic acid) did not change during prehydrolysis when using steam-pretreated spruce. Since the rapid liquefaction of the material during prehydrolysis reported for agricultural lignocellulosic materials [9, 14] was not observed in the present study, and the concentrations of inhibitors were unaffected by prehydrolysis, we investigated whether the degree of degradation of the pretreated material or the initial concentration of fermentable sugars in the SSF step could explain the significant increase in overall ethanol yield in SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry when adding a prehydrolysis step. SSF with varying degree of fiber degradationTo study the influence of the degree of degradation of the pretreated spruce fibers, SSF was performed on washed pretreated slurry with 13. 7% WIS with and without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes (SSF 5 and 6). The overall ethanol yields were 68. 1% (with enzymes) and 68. 9% (without enzymes), assuming a fermentation yield of 90% to compensate for the fact that new monomeric sugars were not released in SSF 6, where no cellulolytic enzymes were present (Figure 2). In SSF 6, the fibers remained undegraded throughout the entire fermentation period of 120 hours, while in SSF 5 the fibrous material was degraded by enzymatic hydrolysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials and the conditions that affect ethanol yield. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Several data sources include mobile devices, sensors, files, and social media. This sort of data explosion has prompted significant research challenges, including "how to properly and optimally handle vast volumes of data and develop novel preservation strategies to access knowledge. " Information processing units that serve various financial markets continue to confront obstacles in developing next-generation financial technologies that use network technologies securely and facilitate user communication. In answer to the need for financial security, blockchain technology was developed. It is characterized as a public accounting network that makes online transactions safer. The blockchain model idea was presented in 2008. Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to adopt a blockchain-based strategy. The client performs virtual transactions using an authentication procedure, and the blockchain concept's transactional process is mainly accomplished. This block will be updated often and reflected in the final transaction details block of the electronic currency transaction data. 2 Research aim and objectives The study's overarching goals are to ascertain blockchain's applicability in cloud computing and to identify possible risks and difficulties associated with using the technology there. The following are some of the goals or primary concerns: Outlines and short discussions on cloud storage and blockchain technologies. Explore the possibilities of blockchain and its use in the cloud. Learn to recognize the value of blockchain security for cloud-based programs. Examine modern methods for protecting the privacy, authenticity, and integrity of the public's data 2 Background 2. 1 Overview of As a network of remote servers and interconnected networks, "the cloud" provides users with many benefits regarding data processing and storage. A wide range of organizations and online resources for usage by consumers and businesses is now implementing cloud storage. Cloud storage is a kind of cloud computing that uses the Internet to store and make massive quantities of data available. All data, whether fully or partially structured, is under the service provider's control in the cloud. The limits of the devices themselves are included in cloud storage. Further, it frequently loads on the user's website and uses cloud-based data storage. Because of this, cloud storage was developed to enable users to store data and retrieve it from any place, regardless of their precise geographical position. As a bonus, the dataset is hosted in the cloud, making it accessible worldwide. Cloud storage is trending due to the growing number of clients seeing a return on investment in the cloud. Customers who don't trust the security of their data and the people who have access to it are familiar. Because of this, many consumers feel compelled to take extra precautions to safeguard their data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that blockchain technology was developed as a public accounting network to make online transactions safer. It specifically mentions that Bitcoin was the first cryptocurrency to adopt a blockchain-based strategy, indicating that cryptocurrencies utilize blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: AP randoms resulting from such a design would be “tabula rasa” with regard to desires. However, such an approach can be problematic if we recognize that some visions of personhood might consider “innate” desires a constitutive feature of personhood. In other words, from some perspectives on personhood, one cannot be a person without possessing some “innate” desires. If these were some specific desires, they could be intentionally programmed into APs and probably would not involve manipulativeness, since they are unavoidable in terms of being a necessary condition of regarding APs as persons. If these were some desires in general, they could be programmed by following the second approach to avoiding the intentional design of desires. This means that both methods can be combined, at least to a degree. The second way of avoiding the intentional design of desires—and hence avoiding manipulativeness—is to randomize the selection of desires programmed into APs. Again, such randomization would refer to all the desires of APs apart from those that would be seen as constitutive of their personhood. APs’ desires would be randomly selected by an algorithm, which would work in a way that the designers could not predict (otherwise, the designers would still be manipulative). Moreover, the algorithm would not possess the status of a person (otherwise, the algorithm itself would be guilty of manipulativeness). Actually, Petersen mentions such a possibility when he examines what kinds of buttons can be pushed on a hypothetical machine able to create persons—Person-O-Matic—naming them “typical persons” (Petersen 2017, 286–287). Apart from implementing one or both methods of non-intentional design, it is crucial to make such APs capable of changing their desires, at least to the degree that is given to human beings. It is important because otherwise, designers could still be accused of manipulativeness. They would excessively orchestrate APs’ choices, limit their options and disregard their reasoning by making them unable to change their desires in any way. Hence, such APs with random desires would have to be able to understand, critically reconsider and transform their various features to free designers from being accused of being manipulative. Actually, Chomanski and Petersen consider a very similar ability a condition of the personhood of APs and refer to this as “a capability of reflection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in programming Artificial Persons (APs) and the necessity of allowing them to change their desires to avoid manipulativeness. The mention of the designers needing to avoid being manipulative suggests there are inherent risks and oversight issues involved. This indicates that AI cannot entirely eliminate human error in healthcare without some form of oversight, as designers must ensure APs are capable of reflecting on and transforming their features, highlighting that human error might still be present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: It is possible that the higher ethanol yield is due to the liberation of compounds from the fiber structure during hydrolysis, and not only from the degradation of the fiber structure. SSF with varying initial concentrations of fermentable sugarsTo study the influence of the initial concentration of fermentable sugars (glucose and mannose), SSF of washed pretreated spruce slurry was performed with the addition of different amounts of glucose (SSF 2, 5 and 7). The initial concentrations of fermentable sugars were chosen to include a range from the concentration present in a standard batch SSF with whole pretreated spruce slurry, to concentrations well above those after 4 and 22 hours of prehydrolysis, denoted Low (36-38 g/L), Moderate (61-76 g/L) and High (116-119 g/L). The initial concentrations of fermentable sugars in the different SSF experiments are presented in Table 1. SSF of washed pretreated spruce slurry resulted in overall ethanol yields between 68. 1 and 77. 2%; the lowest ethanol yield being obtained in SSF of the substrate with highest initial concentration of fermentable sugars (see Figure 4). Hyperosmotic stress due to high sugar concentrations results in the accumulation of intracellular glycerol in yeast cells [19, 28], which could explain the slight decrease in ethanol yield at the highest glucose concentrations. The differences in the ethanol yields from SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry with different initial concentrations of fermentable sugars are not sufficient to explain the difference in ethanol yields observed in batch SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with and without prehydrolysis (Figure 3). Figure 4 Overall ethanol yield from SSF of washed steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS, containing different initial amounts of fermentable sugars. Full size imageWhen performing SSF on the whole pretreated spruce slurry spiked with different amounts of glucose (SSF 1, 8 and 10), the overall ethanol yields were very low, between 3. 9 and 6. 1%, and the initial concentration of fermentable sugars did not affect the overall ethanol yield significantly (Figure 5). Figure 5 Overall ethanol yield from SSF of whole steam-pretreated spruce slurry with 13. 7% WIS, containing different initial amounts of fermentable sugars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ethanol yields from different initial concentrations of fermentable sugars during the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process with pretreated spruce slurry. However, it does not provide any specific information or evidence regarding the capability of bioengineered yeast to produce biofuels from sugars, nor does it address the potential for designing yeast for high yields, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Consumers want criteria like authentication, integrity, availability, secrecy, and data security. All cloud service agreements should contain them since they indicate fundamental meditation in cases of apparent effort. In addition, a discussion of defensive poisoning and information leakage assaults, as well as malicious activity by interested parties such as the cloud, are presented in [2]. 2. 2 of the most talked-about innovations recently is blockchain technology. Its significance has grown because it is a relatively new invention with extensive application. Blockchain, which was first introduced in 2008, is undergoing a disruptive transformation that has the potential to alter how we communicate, compute fees, track, and monitor transactions. It is this latter function, as a digitally shared ledger or database, that blockchain was designed to fulfill. One reason blockchain technology may be successful is the absence of a requirement for a central authority to oversee and record transactions and member interactions. Each transaction on the blockchain is cryptographically tagged and validated by other mining machines that hold copies of the complete transaction information. Using this method, you may register a timeshare in a safe, synchronized, and permanent manner. In addition, everyone is aware that blockchain technology is a sort of information technology with applications in software and business. See Fig. 1 for a visual representation of the blockchain's underlying design [3]. 2. 3 of BlockChain Distributed: Transactions are broadcast to all nodes using standardized protocols and are then grouped into blocks according to established criteria after complete processing. Blockchain's primary purpose was to make sharing and updating information easier across different networks. The blockchain's greatest strength is its ability to operate independently of any central authority. There is no central authority or service charge in a blockchain network; instead, the network relies on a consensus mechanism to ensure that all data is accurate and up to date [4–5]. No centralized database or clearinghouse is needed since all transaction information is stored at every node. This reduces the risk of a catastrophic failure at a single spot. To safeguard the honesty of the financial transactions, all nodes must concur via a consensus mechanism. With everyone's agreement, the consensus algorithm keeps the blockchain's data consistent and prevents any erroneous transactions from entering the system. Another need for a transaction to be legitimate is confirmation from all parties involved. The term "consent" describes this stage. In addition to the address's anonymity, any participant in the blockchain may send and receive transactions at that address. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that blockchain technology was designed as a digitally shared ledger or database to facilitate the secure registration and monitoring of transactions. It highlights key features of blockchain, such as the absence of a central authority and the use of cryptographic tagging and validation by mining machines, which enhances security and integrity in transaction processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: ” Chomanski follows Petersen, who in turn follows and contends that “It is plausibly a necessary condition of personhood that one be able to reflect on one’s desires, for example, and reconsider them” (Petersen 2011, 289). Chomanski follows Petersen’s account of reflection and asserts that reflection is a necessary condition for autonomy: “AI servants would be autonomous (…) provided that they are given the capacity to genuinely reflect on, and possibly change, their motivations, etc. (Chomanski 2019, 1003)). ” In turn, I believe that programming a capacity for reflection into AP randoms would additionally enable their designers to avoid manipulativeness. It is worth noting that taking all of these measures against manipulativeness would have significant consequences. Specifically, developing AP randoms would result in creating APs who are unpredictable and uncontrollable at a level comparable to that of human beings. Such APs would no longer more or less faithfully achieve aims designed by humans but would follow their own—unpredictable and uncontrollable—aims, which might be incoherent with humans’ aims. Most likely, the most radical example of this is the fact that in the randomized selection of AP randoms’ desires, to avoid manipulativeness, we would have to enable the algorithm to choose features we might consider unethical. For instance, one could argue that enabling the algorithm to program into AP a desire to cause suffering to others would be wrong. However, eliminating such a desire from the range of available features might be considered manipulative, since it fulfils the features of being “willing to orchestrate another’s choices in an excessive manner”: it limits APs’ options, disregards rational capacities and is not necessary. Of course, one could argue that manipulativeness is far less important than reducing suffering and that the latter can justify the former. Moreover, the fact that we would choose to avoid manipulativeness and enable APs to possess “innate” desires to cause suffering does not mean that we would simply accept this desire and its consequences—we could try to prevent it through socialization, as we do in the case of human beings who seem to share similar desires. Of course, the efficiency of such attempts would depend on the quality of socialization, the strength of desires and many other factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unpredictability and uncontrollability of autonomous AI systems, suggesting that programming AI to reflect on and change its motivations could lead to outcomes that do not align with human aims. It highlights the ethical implications of enabling AI to possess desires, such as causing suffering, which indicates that AI cannot simply eliminate human error without the potential for unintended consequences and the need for oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: MethodsRaw material and steam pretreatmentUnbarked spruce chips were impregnated with 5% SO2 and pretreated by continuous steam explosion at 205°C for 6-7 min at -Technology (Örnsköldsvik, Sweden). The pretreated slurry was stored at our laboratory at room temperature in airtight containers. Once opened, the containers were stored at 4°C before analysis and SSF. The steam-pretreated slurry used in this study had a DM content of 16. 4% WIS (24. 3% total solids (TS)). The washed pretreated fiber consisted of 49. 0% glucan and 48. 2% lignin. The composition of the liquid fraction of the pretreated material is presented in Table 2. Cell cultivationInoculumThe inoculum culture was prepared on an agar plate from pure baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) produced by Jästbolaget, Rotebro, Sweden. The cells were added to a 300 mL Erlenmeyer flask together with 70 mL of an aqueous solution containing 23. 8 g/L glucose, 10. 8 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 5. 0 g/L KH2PO4, and 1. 1 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O. This solution also contained 14. 4 g/L trace metal solution and 1. 4 g/L vitamin solution, prepared according to Taherzadeh et al. [29]. The pH was adjusted to 5 with 0. 25 M NaOH, and the Erlenmeyer flask was sealed with a cotton plug and incubated at 30°C for 23 h on a rotary shaker. Aerobic cultivationAerobic cell cultivation was performed in two steps. Cells were first cultivated in batch mode on a glucose solution, after which the mode was changed to fed-batch with a feed containing hydrolysate liquid from the pretreatment step. Adapting the yeast cells to pretreatment hydrolysate has previously been shown to improve resistance to the inhibitors in the fermentation medium, and to give higher ethanol yields, especially at higher DM contents [30]. Both steps were performed in 2 L fermentors (Infors AG, Bottmingen, Switzerland) at 30°C. The pH was maintained at 5 by the addition of 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains detailed information about the methods of culturing baker’s yeast and experiments involving sugars, but it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or directly mention production of biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The system will not disclose personal information about the user, but members will be able to see the specifics of the encrypted exchange. As each blockchain transaction is time-stamped and digitally signed, the association can always find out when a particular transaction took place and use that information to distinguish between various blockchain participants. As a result, there is an unbreakable and irreversible connection between each successive block. 3 Related WorkThis part presents research on traditional cloud computing technologies, showing their significant improvements in increasing the security of blockchain, cloud computing, and academic research. 3. 1 Cloud storage is a technology for sharing Internet resources with IT-related functions, which is very important for companies and individuals. With the advancement of information and communication technology (ICT) and cloud services, much of the scientific work is devoted to increasing performance and data security. Traditional security strategies focus on information encryption, integrity verification, data reduplication, user lockout, data archiving, and auditing. To protect user data stored in the cloud, a symmetric encryption scheme with an encrypted bloom filter is used so that users can detect unauthorized changes to outsourced data. In 2018, a security solution was developed to improve the information security of the user's data signature. The tags used to verify and generate process evidence are based on index pointers. It promotes public surveillance and the effective removal of users. Focusing on the abuse of cloud operators, his goal is to prevent cloud user data from leaking from cloud servers. A Method (RARE) is proposed, which removes the reduplication response channel from the cloud storage facility while preserving the use of redundancy. Based on the data redundancy response structure among zero-knowledge users, a zero-knowledge redundancy response is proposed as a side-channel shield. Although these solutions provide secure storage, integrity verification, effective user lockout, and data reduplication, the system still has issues, such as the nightmare of user data privacy. It has been observed that most methods only consider static data sets and are unsuitable for large amounts of data. Some technologies cannot solve the problem of cloud storage data security. So, it seems very helpful to understand the previously known blockchain-based cloud storage solutions and finally does some research. 4 section offers studies of conventional cloud computing methods, demonstrating how they have greatly enhanced the safety of blockchains, cloud storage, and scholarly inquiry. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security features inherent in blockchain technology, such as encrypted exchanges, digital signatures, and time-stamped transactions. These characteristics contribute to the overall security of transactions made within cryptocurrencies, thereby supporting the assertion that blockchain technology is utilized to facilitate secure transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Hence, the question is whether we want APs to be unable to hurt others or to be able to hurt others but choose not to do so. However, whatever we would choose to do with particularly controversial desires such as the desire to cause another’s suffering, the bottom line here is that AP randoms developed in both aforementioned ways would be unpredictable and uncontrollable to a degree similar to human beings. The obvious question is, what would be the point of developing AP randoms, and is it worth developing them at all? The general answer seems to be that the role of AP randoms in our lives would be analogous to the role of other human beings. As, somewhat romantically, Walker puts it, “we should create this sort of AI because we intend to love them, and hope that they love us; just as we intend and hope the same for our human children” (Walker 2006). Petersen also, while discussing “typical persons,” argues that they “could plausibly bring ethical benefit to a great many couples who are not otherwise able to have biological children” (Petersen 2017, 287). takes this idea one step further and presents the interesting and controversial idea of artificial offspring, who—as he sees it—could be in some ways better than natural offspring (Danaher 2017b). Such ideas of embracing AP randoms involve a significant shift in our attitude toward technological artifacts. Of course, ideas of embracing any APs or providing robots with rights also involve them, but the case of AP randoms seems so radical that it illustrates the consequences of such embracing in a particularly stark and clear manner. In brief, this seems to illustrate that embracing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves some shifts in our perception of technological artifacts and our relations to them. First, and probably most generally, AP randoms would not be tools made to be used for humans’ own good and to achieve humans’ aims (as in the case of other technological artifacts), but persons created to be with humans who follow their own aims and try to achieve their own benefit. It is worth emphasizing that the good and aims of AP randoms may not be coherent with humans’ good and aims, and sometimes the former may remain in contrast and compete with the latter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the unpredictability and uncontrollability of artificial persons (AP randoms), suggesting that they could bring ethical challenges similar to those faced with human decision-making. It emphasizes that APs might follow their own aims, which may not align with human interests or outcomes. This indicates that AI, particularly in the form of APs, cannot completely eliminate human error without oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 5 M NaOH throughout cell cultivation. The working volume of batch cultivation was 500 mL. Cultivation was started by adding 60 mL inoculum to a medium containing 20. 0 g/L glucose, 22. 5 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 10. 5 g/L KH2PO4, 2. 2 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, 60 g/L trace metal solution, and 6. 0 g/L vitamin solution. Batch cultivation was performed at a stirrer speed of 700 rpm. The fermentor was aerated by the addition of air. The air flow was controlled to give a concentration of dissolved oxygen above 5% at all times. Batch cultivation was changed to fed-batch cultivation when the concentration of dissolved oxygen increased rapidly, showing that all the sugar and the ethanol produced during batch cultivation had been depleted. This occurred after 11-15 hours of batch fermentation in the present study. Fed-batch cultivation was performed with hydrolysate from the pretreatment step. Glucose was added to the hydrolysate to obtain a concentration of fermentable sugars (glucose and mannose) of 70 g/L. A total volume of 1 L feed containing hydrolysate supplemented with salt solution, resulting in feed concentrations of 11. 3 g/L (NH4)2SO4, 5. 3 g/L KH2PO4, and 1. 1 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, was added over a period of 23-24 hours. The final concentration of hydrolysate in the fermentor was equivalent to that which would have been obtained if the slurry from pretreatment had been diluted to 7. 5% WIS. Fed-batch cultivation was performed in the aerated fermentor at a stirrer speed of 900-1000 rpm. Cell harvestThe cultivation medium was centrifuged in 750 mL containers at 3500 rpm for 5 min (Jouan C4-12 centrifuge, St Herblain, France). The time between cell harvest and the addition of the cells to the SSF process was less than 2 h. Prehydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentationAll SSF experiments were run in 2 L stirred tank reactors at a WIS concentration of 13. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly nor provides any supportive or conflicting information about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. It primarily discusses a protocol for batch and fed-batch cultivation with specific details about the cultivation process and the composition of the nutrient medium, without mentioning the production of biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: To the best of our knowledge, no other study has come close to matching the depth and breadth of our investigation into the fundamentals of blockchain cloud storage technology. 4. 3 The Blockblockchain's basic structure and operational flow are outlined below. The blockchain is being created as a reference architecture for cloud, edge, and fog computing. Another huge distributed model is being combined with it at the same time. Currently, it is connected to the cloud system to improve security. What inspired the creation of the blockchain? Blockchain technology is a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions. There are discrete steps involved. A cryptographic system is associated with each block. The transaction's legitimacy must be checked and assessed at each potential bottleneck. Several elements of the P2P concept are implemented. No brokerage fees will be considered if a transaction is legitimate within this framework. Because of this blockchain approach, your terminal system may be assured robust and scalable security. The trading mechanism was extremely tough for hackers to exploit. Because of this, monetary transactions are simplified and facilitated for more people. The following diagram summarizes the core features of a P2P blockchain system [6]. This 2. Use this calculator for numbers of any size. A ledger is a record of business dealings. A copy of the ledger, which records all business dealings, is stored at each node. The ledger is often kept on paper and pencil when using a conventional format. This similar idea has been used in the development of new information technologies. Thus, there are disadvantages to adopting a centralized ledger, such as the potential for a sudden loss of data and the inability to verify transactions independently. Blocks: Users provide unique transaction identifiers applied to each block node. Collective of completed transactions stored in a queue. This transaction index allows for extra steps to be taken before the procedure concludes. There is no saving of intermediate steps in the transaction process. The mining nodes update each step of the transaction process. This means that each block contains all the transactions that have ever been made. The blockchain system automatically rejects invalid transactions. Since the computed hash would drastically alter with a change in the individual bit of the block, this approach verifies the data's rigidity. All nodes also store a copy of the hash for each block, which provides an extra layer of protection. Since every node in the network can check whether the hash is a match, there is no chance of errors or corruption in this system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing blockchain technology as a decentralized ledger that relies on cryptographic signatures to verify financial transactions. It explains how the blockchain system enhances security and simplifies monetary transactions for users, thereby supporting the assertion that cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Moreover, as I have already mentioned, AP randoms would be uncontrollable and unpredictable (to a greater degree than other types of APs and in stark contrast to other technological artifacts). This means that AP randoms would not be typical technological artifacts created to make humans’ lives easier (however, while the intentional purpose of most technological artifacts is to make humans’ lives easier, it is not rare for unintentional consequences of their implementation to have the opposite effect) but rather would make our lives more complicated (which, of course, does not mean “worse”). To be clear, the fact that we can design APs without manipulativeness by developing AP randoms does not mean that we should do so. First, while manipulativeness may always be objectionable, it might also be justifiable. Hence, it is plausible to say that its presence might be justified by defending some other values or preventing some other harms. In other words, while AP randoms seem to be the best (or even the only) means to design APs without manipulativeness, it does not matter that they are generally the best means to design APs. Second, and more generally, designing AP randoms in particular and, to a lesser degree, APs in general involves the abovementioned shifts in our attitude towards technology—from a controllable and predictable tool that serves our aims and makes our lives easier to an uncontrollable and unpredictable person who has its own aims, tries to achieve its own good, often competing with humans beings in doing so, and hence makes our lives more complicated. Whether we should make these shifts and elevate the status of technology is a matter of very detailed debate and by no means can be decided or even examined here. Hence, to repeat, while there is a reasonable scenario in which we could design APs without being manipulative, it is by no means the only reasonable scenario on the table. There are also scenarios in which we can consider manipulativeness non-objectionable or objectionable but justifiable and develop not only AP randoms but also AP workers and AP servants. There is a possible scenario in which we could develop AP workers and AP servants instead of AP randoms (probably to avoid the unpredictability and uncontrollability of the latter). Finally, there is a scenario in which we should not develop any APs at all. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that AP randoms (a type of AI) are uncontrollable and unpredictable, which implies that they cannot effectively eliminate human error without oversight. It discusses the complexities and potential unintended consequences of implementing such technology, stating that while some forms of AI may be designed to avoid manipulativeness, they may end up complicating human life rather than simplifying it. The text presents a nuanced view that emphasizes the necessity of oversight and consideration rather than assuming AI can operate independently and flawlessly.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 7% WIS, except SSF 3 (Table 1), which was run on the liquid fraction of the steam-pretreated slurry (at a concentration corresponding to 13. 7% WIS). SSF 1, 4 and 8-10 were run on the whole pretreated slurry, while SSF 2 and 5-7 were run on washed pretreated slurry. Before the material was added to the fermentor, water was added to adjust the WIS concentration, and the pH was adjusted to 5 with NaOH. The reactors were then autoclaved together with the material at 121°C for 20 min. Nutrients were added to the reactors to give the following final concentrations: 0. 5 g/L (NH4)2HPO4, 0. 025 g/L MgSO4∙7H2O, and 1. 0 g/L yeast extract. The commercial cellulase mixture Cellic CTec2 (108. 9 FPU/ml and 4465 β-glucosidase IU/ml), kindly supplied by Novozymes A/S (Bagsværd, Denmark), was added at an amount corresponding to a cellulase activity of 10 FPU/g WIS in SSF 1-5, 7 and 9. SSF 6, 8 and 10 were run without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes. The initial concentration of fermentable sugars was adjusted to that presented in Table 1 by the addition of glucose. The SSF experiments were started by adding yeast at a concentration of 5 g dry yeast cells/L. All SSF experiments were run for 120 hours at a temperature of 32°C and a stirring speed of 700 rpm. The pH was continuously adjusted to 5 with 2. 5 M NaOH. In SSF 4 and 9, prehydrolysis was run at 48°C for 4 hours (SSF 9) and 22 hours (SSF 4) prior to the addition of yeast, when the temperature was lowered to 32°C. In these experiments, the time of yeast addition is defined as time 0. AnalysisDry matter contents were determined by drying the samples in an oven at 105°C until constant weight was obtained. Concentrations of WIS were determined using the no-wash method described by Weiss et al. [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address whether bioengineered yeast can produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it describes the preparation and experimental setup for solid-state fermentation (SSF), including various concentrations and conditions under which these experiments were conducted. There is no direct mention or evidence regarding the ability of yeast to produce biofuels, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The following diagram illustrates the Merkle tree-compatible blockchain system paradigm. In the blockchain paradigm, each block has the following parts: Number of blocks or block height Current block's hash value The preceding block's hash value. Marijuana made from Merkle tree roots dimensions of the block This block contains a list of transactions. This is how the blockchain works: Most blockchain nodes are independently operated. The ledger's data serves as the basis for all communication between nodes. Because of issues with the node registry, overall system performance suffers. Users initiate transactions by sending requests to the blockchain, which then carries them out. A permanent record of all such transactions is written to one or more logs as a consequence of their execution. The immutability of the blockchain is realized through this procedure, as mentioned in Fig. 3. Blockchain safety: a network setting in which transaction data and parameters are conveniently adjacent to the business logic. Transactions on a blockchain often use asymmetric key cryptography. Public and private keys make up the critical block to finalizing the deal. The signature on the transaction may be validated using the private key. In other words, the signature created by the private key is under the command of the public key. 4. 4 is a decentralized digital currency where each coin represents a link in a chain of digital signatures. Coins are transferred between owners based on current and previous hashed transactions, which are communicated using digital signatures. The recipient may or may not be able to validate the signature, depending on the nature of the property. The idea of Bitcoin is shown in the following Fig. 4. Here we break out how Bitcoin operates: All nodes get an initial notification of any new transactions. Each node in the block gathers new transactions. The burden must be applied to each block. Finding proof of work results in a broadcast to all other nodes in the block. Complete only legitimate transactions at no additional expense. If the block's hash function matches that of the node, the block is accepted by the node. 5 a result of its reliance on virtualization and resource pooling technologies, cloud computing can provide IT with compelling benefits and services. Regarding cloud computing, security as a service is a new challenge. Application service providers are the backbone of modern technology, and the most common examples are web and email servers. Many different application services may be offered to customers by a company. The firm may impose certain service limitations and only approved consumers may use the company's services. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain technology works within the context of cryptocurrencies. It describes that transactions are carried out on a blockchain, which maintains a permanent record of all transactions and utilizes asymmetric key cryptography for security. This aligns with the claim that blockchain technology is crucial for enabling secure transactions in cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: : (Artificially) Intelligent? Published online by Press: 30 August 2023 [Opens in a new window] Show author details Sven Nyholm* Affiliation: Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Munich, Germany * Email: s. nyholm@lmu. de 0. 25 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] paper discusses two opposing views about the relation between artificial intelligence (AI) and human intelligence: on the one hand, a worry that heavy reliance on AI technologies might make people less intelligent and, on the other, a hope that AI technologies might serve as a form of cognitive enhancement. The worry relates to the notion that if we hand over too many intelligence-requiring tasks to AI technologies, we might end up with fewer opportunities to train our own intelligence. Concerning AI as a potential form of cognitive enhancement, the paper explores two possibilities: (1) AI as extending—and thereby enhancing—people’s minds, and (2) AI as enabling people to behave in artificially intelligent ways. That is, using AI technologies might enable people to behave as if they have been cognitively enhanced. The paper considers such enhancements both on the level of individuals and on the level of groups. Keywords artificial intelligencecognitive enhancementhuman downgradinghuman enhancementhuman intelligenceintelligent behaviorthe extended mind 10. 1017/S0963180123000464 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution and reproduction, provided the original 2023. Published by When people discuss the impressive progress that has been made with respect to artificial intelligence (AI), they frequently highlight a set of Go games in which the human world champion of Go, Lee Sedol, faced off against DeepMind’s computer program AlphaGo. These games took place in March of 2016. managed to win one out of five games. But he lost the other four. This was a sensation. Many people had thought that it would be extremely hard to create AI technologies that could defeat human Go masters in this sophisticated game. Much discussion about this case has been about and his reaction to what happened. He said that he would retire from competing in Go and that playing Go had become meaningless for him. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the potential downsides of relying heavily on AI technologies, particularly the concern that such reliance might lead to a reduction in human intelligence and cognitive capabilities. The mention of worries about degrading human intelligence suggests that AI cannot completely eliminate human error in healthcare, especially when unaccompanied by human oversight. This implies that the claim is overly optimistic, if not entirely incorrect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The composition of the washed solids from the pretreated slurry was determined according to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) procedure for determination of structural carbohydrates and lignin in biomass [32]. Solids were separated from the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry by filtration, and washed with excess water before analysis. The hydrolysate from the pretreated slurry was analyzed regarding its content of sugars using the NREL procedure for determination of sugars, by-products, and degradation products in liquid fraction process samples [33], and furfural, HMF, glycerol and the organic acids acetic acid, lactic acid. The oligosaccharide concentration was determined as the difference in monomeric sugar concentration before and after acid hydrolysis. All samples were filtered through a 0. 2 μm filter before analysis to remove p0. 5 mL/min before the detector. The column was cleaned with 200 mM NaOH dissolved in 170 mM sodium acetate. The injection volume was 10 μL. The samples taken from the SSF experiments and the liquid fraction of the pretreated slurry were also analyzed regarding their contents of lactic acid, acetic acid, HMF, furfural, glycerol and ethanol using HPLC with a refractive index detector (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and an Aminex HPX-87H column (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA), at 65°C, with 5 mM H2SO4 as eluent at a flow rate of 0. 5 mL/min. Yield calculationsAll ethanol yields were calculated using the measured amounts of total sugars in the solid and liquid fractions of the pretreated material and the fermentation broth at the end of SSF. Y EtOH = c EtOH 1 - WIS M 1000 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the analytical procedures for assessing the composition of biomass materials and does not provide information on bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: The same holds in businesses, where one worker will assign another worker to use the same virtual computer to conduct the required computations. 7 cloud computing, hardware and software are virtualized and distributed over a vast network. A data center, often known as a data farm, houses every possible service. Figure 6 below illustrates the P2P cloud architecture. The blockchain may be used with cloud computing in two ways: Implement blockchain infrastructure in the cloud to streamline business processes, including data archiving, replication, and user access to transactional databases. Management of activities, users, and cloud-based data are unified under a cohesive security umbrella. Here are some obstacles and prerequisites for facilitating blockchain transactions in the cloud. Blockchain transactions are massive because of the distributed ledger system. In unpredictable settings, cloud solutions excel because of their scalability [8] and adaptability. The data is encrypted and kept in a remote data center to protect it from prying eyes. As a result, it's essential to chart business transactions to make corrections. Therefore, if you provide services in the cloud, your clients may choose where to keep and process their data. Maintaining system integrity and allowing for failures There must be a backup plan in case a network node fails. This is why numerous software programs are used, and the nodes in the data center employ a replication technique. All software applications must be centrally mapped for optimal security in a blockchain-powered distributed cloud. 8 Implementation 8. 1 transactions in a blockchain are permanently recorded using a cryptographic hashing algorithm, SHA-256. The block header additionally contains and hashes the hash of the preceding block that was referenced by the linked block. The data within a block is further hashed to provide a unique fingerprint. This is why, at least with today's technology, it is impossible to attempt to alter a blockchain block. generic type was used for the injection. Because of this, financial statistics might fluctuate. The hash from the previous block will also be stored during the last Hash attribute. A little while from now, I'll elaborate on the merkleRoot and nonce characteristics. 8. 2 One block hash may be calculated for each block. This is a hash that includes the hash of the preceding block and an SHA-256 hash derived from the previous hash, plus any other features of the block included in the concatenation. The method is shown in Fig. 6–7 from the block that shows the hash computation using a Java class. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the blockchain's role in processing and securing transactions, particularly in how it utilizes cryptographic hashing algorithms for transaction integrity. It highlights that transactions in a blockchain are recorded permanently, and the encryption ensures that the data is protected, which directly supports the idea that blockchain technology facilitates secure transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 1 But here I want to consider another human being involved in this set of games: namely, the man who was carrying out the moves that were recommended by AlphaGo, and who was thereby going through the motions, so to speak, of beating in Go. AlphaGo was a computer program, not a robot equipped with arms. So AlphaGo itself did not move the playing stones around on the board. Before the games, AlphaGo had been trained on data from thousands of human-played Go games, and it had also been trained by playing millions of games against itself. This allowed AlphaGo to develop novel Go-playing strategies, and what AlphaGo did was to recommend moves in the game. A human—the person I will focus on here—took these recommendations and carried out the moves in the game, by placing the stones on the recommended parts of the Go board. This person (someone working for DeepMind) thereby became able to perform in a manner that corresponded to beating the world champion of Go in four out of five games. Now consider this question: Did this person in effect achieve the ability to play Go at a level at which not even the human world champion (Lee Sedol) was able to play? In other words, was the DeepMind employee exhibiting a form of human enhancement when he was acting on recommendations from the AI-driven AlphaGo computer program? Of popular focus in discussions about AI progress is the large language model technology ChatGPT, which was released to the public in November of 2022. This is an AI tool that can produce text (including essays and poems) in response to prompts from human users. tried using ChatGPT, for example, I entered the prompt, “what would think about the ethics of AI? ”—and ChatGPT immediately produced a fairly impressive short essay on the topic. In fact, I think ChatGPT did a better job than at least some—or perhaps even many—of the students in my classes would do. In all honesty, I think that the short essay that ChatGPT produced is better than what I would be able to come up with on the spot if I were asked to quickly write an essay on what Heidegger would say about AI ethics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of AlphaGo, an AI system, which worked alongside a human who executed the recommended moves. This indicates that AI does not operate in isolation or without human involvement, thus suggesting that human oversight is integral to the functioning of AI applications. The mention of the human who carried out AlphaGo's decisions implies that AI cannot completely eliminate human error, as humans are still actively involved in the process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 51 · WIS ⋅ M σ glc + σ man + V hyd c glc + c man + m glc + man where YEtOH is the overall ethanol yield resulting from prehydrolysis and SSF (%), cEtOH is the final concentration of ethanol (g/L,) WIS is the fraction of water-insoluble solids (%), M is the total mass (g), σglc and σman are the mass fractions of glucose and mannose in the pretreated fibers (g/g), Vhyd is the starting volume of hydrolysate in the reactor (L), cglc and cman are the concentrations of glucose and mannose in the hydrolysate (g/L), and mglc+man is the amount of glucose and mannose added to the fermentor (g). The density of the liquid fraction was approximated to 1000 g/L. The exact fraction of liquid at the end of fermentation was not measured, and the starting volume was used for yield calculations. This results in a conservative yield calculation, with the ethanol yields presented being the lowest possible. 628. CAS 0944. Manufacture of alcohol from cellulosic materials using plural ferments 1976. 14. 10. 1186/1754-6834-1-110. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-1577. 10. 1002/jctb. 20821251. 10. 1021/ie302851w233. 10. 1002/bit. 260340211293. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2012. 12. 020870. 10. 1002/bit. 2111510. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-1369. 10. 1007/s12010-008-8306-0887. 10. 1002/jctb. 260481. 10. 1007/BF029507789. 10. 1186/1754-6834-5-101. Cellic CTec2 and HTec2 - Enzymes for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials 2010, 1-9. 299. 40. 10. 1007/s12010-007-0028-11041. 162. 10. 1111/j. 1574-6968. 2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any specific information regarding bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses ethanol yield calculations from fermentation processes without directly addressing the claim about yeast. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Some consensus methods and patterns have been verified; however, they are beyond the scope of this 12. Transactions in a block are verified using this tree. root will be rendered useless if even a single character in any exchange is altered. Their design also facilitates distributed block transmission by requiring just a single fork of transaction hashes for accumulating and verifying a whole block, as mentioned in Fig. 13. A root is calculated for the block using this procedure. Tree unit test makes an effort in the companion project to append a transaction to a block and ensure that the have evolved, as mentioned in Fig. 14. This unit test simulates verifying transactions and then modifying a transaction in a block outside the consensus process. For example, this test would simulate what would happen if someone tried to change transaction data. Blockchains can only be expanded in one direction. Since the data structure of the blockchain is shared across nodes, the data structures of individual blocks—including the Merkle Root—are hashed and related to one another. Every node in the network can verify new blocks, and the validity of current blocks can be shown. Therefore, it is not feasible for a miner to create a fake block or for a node to alter previous transactions before the sun explodes into a supernova and gives everyone a wonderful tan. 8 merging individual transactions into a single "block" and then sending that block to the other participants in the chain for validation is called "mining. " In a broader sense, this concept is referred to as "consensus" in blockchain parlance. There is more than one sort of tried-and-true method for reaching consensus over a distributed network. If you have a public or permissioned blockchain, it will determine which way you should utilize it. This post concentrates on the mechanics of the blockchain, so that we will use a proof-of-work consensus process for this example. Our white paper provides a more in-depth description of this topic. Therefore, mining nodes will complete a straightforward mathematical problem while keeping an ear out for transactions processed by the blockchain. This puzzle generates a block hash with a fixed number of leading zeros using a nonce value that varies with each iteration until the leading zero hash is discovered, as mentioned in Fig. 15. GPU microprocessors have been designed to speed up the process and find a solution as soon as possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on how transactions are verified within a blockchain, indicating that the design of blockchain ensures secure processing of transactions. It discusses mechanisms such as the verification of transactions through consensus methods, the integrity of the data structure, and how nodes in the network can validate new blocks while maintaining the validity of existing ones. The description of 'mining' and the role of miners further illustrates the secure transaction facilitation inherent in blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: We are faced with the questions: If I—or a student—began using ChatGPT, or some other large language model, to produce academic texts, would we thereby become enabled to generate better texts than if we did not use ChatGPT? Would this AI technology then serve as an enhancement of our writing abilities? Could it be understood as a form of human enhancement? Whether AI can be seen as a form of human enhancement is explored below—I will offer reasons in favor of this idea, but I will also offer reasons to doubt it. In a recent paper with coauthors,Footnote 2 we argued that it is doubtful if human users deserve credit for outputs produced by AI technologies like ChatGPT or other forms of generative AI. It was our position that putting a prompt into such a technology, which then produces some impressive outcome, is not a sign that either we have any particular form of talent, or that we had made any special effort showing ourselves deserving of credit. That line of reasoning could suggest that AI technologies like ChatGPT do not enhance the capacities of the people who use them. (I will return to this issue later. ) However, there might also be other ways of conceptualizing this topic that would allow us to say that we can enhance ourselves and our abilities by using AI technologies. Among other things, I will suggest that if we can extend the so-called extended mind thesis to apply to the use of AI—so that we can be said to extend our minds by using AI technologies—we might say that it is possible to enhance ourselves and our abilities with AI technologies. I will discuss this thesis both on the individual level (Can individuals enhance their abilities by making use of AI technologies? ) and on a group level (Can groups enhance themselves by making use of AI technologies? ). Of particular interest will be whether using AI technologies can be interpreted as a form of cognitive enhancement. In other words, can we enhance our cognitive abilities by using AI technologies? A related consideration will also be the notion that AI technologies might cognitively enhance human users, not by boosting their natural intelligence, but by giving them a kind of artificial intelligence; that is, by enabling humans to behave as if they have enhanced natural intelligence. The idea that AI can function as a form of cognitive extension has recently been discussed by some researchers, in particular José Hernández-Orallo and Karina Vold. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the limitations of AI in enhancing human capabilities and suggests that while AI may provide tools for improvement, it does not suggest that it can completely eliminate human error. The passage states that there are doubts about whether human users deserve credit for outputs produced by AI technologies and raises questions about whether these technologies actually enhance human abilities. This indicates that reliance on AI could undermine human capabilities rather than eliminate errors without oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Can nutrition interventions tackle the global insulin affordability via improving diabetes management and reducing insulin demand? access Published: 11 May 2022 Can nutrition interventions tackle the global insulin affordability via improving diabetes management and reducing insulin demand? Victoria Lu1, Jiandi Zhang1 & : orcid. org/0000-0001-6226-40502 Research and Policy 2021. For the past century, dramatic changes from medicine to agriculture and food sciences have provided solutions along with challenges for diabetes management. The recombinant DNA technologies allow the massive production of recombinant human insulin and its analogues. Conversely, less nutrient-rich foods facilitate the development of chronic metabolic diseases. This augments the demand for more insulin to control diabetes. Banting and his colleagues discovered insulin and expressed firmly that insulin is a life-saving medication, this great gift to humanity, however, now embodies an adverse reality characterized by skyrocketing insulin prices. This commentary is to discuss the current dilemmas of diabetes management in a global health perspective. 2021 and March 2022, we searched PubMed using key words “insulin affordability” and “nutrition” to retrieve relevant 1890. Insulin as a pancreatic secretion was successfully extracted and purified by and his colleagues in 1921, a work that won the in 1923. After its discovery, insulin was extracted from animal pancreas for clinical uses. The clinical use of insulin led to the discovery of two types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The improvement of life expectancy in T1D patients after insulin therapy demonstrates its essentiality. The introduction of recombinant human insulin in 1982 enables more patients to be treated. Later, rapid-acting, long-acting insulin analogues, inhaled and biosimilar insulin were introduced in 1996, 2002, 2006 and 2021, respectively. Now, the available forms of insulin include extractions from animal pancreas, recombinant human insulin, insulin analogues, inhaled human insulin and biosimilar insulin [3]. Although the market share of analogue insulin increased from 1999 to 2009, the human recombinant insulin remains dominant in the middle and low-income countries [1, 2]. Before the insulin therapy, diabetes was treated with starvation or dietary restriction. For T2D patients, lifestyle changes have been the first choice before any drug and insulin therapies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of insulin production and management, focusing primarily on the history and current challenges of insulin affordability and the types of insulin available. However, it does not provide any information or evidence related to the engineering of bacteria to produce pharmaceuticals such as insulin. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: Bilinear fitting is performed on the collected data. The model has minor effects when it comes to optimizing the process of selecting relevant documents. Increased computing effort is required due to encrypted request insertion in the revised manuscript. Through trustworthy metrics, the cloud environment has been improved in terms of security and usability. 5 Yu et al. [15] When considering how to handle the difficulties of a decentralized setting, they looked at solutions that combined blockchain technology with edge computing. Cloud computing and edge denial of service are propelled by mobile edge computing. The time and effort spent studying scalability are too high. Network server segmentation and self-organizing methods have enhanced system security. 6 Liang et al. [16] A blockchain-based, distributed architecture was presented for tracking data history in the cloud. ProvChain is a data-gathering and authenticity-checking framework. It was unable to establish a stable ecosystem. Overhead increases are computing complexity as the file size grows. This has led to greater accountability, transparency, and protection of sensitive information. 7 Jiang et al. [17] They showed a two-tier offload paradigm for computing that included both edge and cloud services. Researchers looked at two scenarios, one with a set number of miners and another with a variable number of miners. The security model of an area might be affected by delays in communication. Blockchain protocols using reinforcement learning have eliminated the need to manage privacy and security. 8 Ren et al. [18] Combining blockchain with regeneration coding has been suggested to enhance the safety and dependability of edge computing data storage. If duplicate hashes are analyzed, the data's originality is compromised. One cloud server was less valuable due to insufficient bandwidth. The encryption environment is assured to be safe and reliable. We promise that your data will always be safe. 9 Tuli et al. [19] The presented technique, FogBus, makes full end-to-end IoT integration possible. We can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology. As a result, neither consumers nor service providers could rely on it. However, thanks to the integrated central programming module, the burden of deploying the security features can no longer handle various apps independently. The data was more affordable to maintain and expand thanks to the simplified procedure. The information may be shared depending on the circumstances. 10 Ramachandran and Kantarcioglu, [20] They proposed blockchain as a trustworthy system to track and control the provenance of data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of blockchain technology in providing enhanced security and accountability, particularly in decentralized settings. It specifically mentions that 'we can be certain that our data will remain private through blockchain technology' and describes blockchain as a 'trustworthy system to track and control the provenance of data,' which supports the idea that blockchain technology is instrumental in ensuring secure transactions within cryptocurrency frameworks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: Footnote 3 Moreover, the idea that AI can function as a form of human enhancement has also been discussed, but only to a limited extent. Specifically, the idea that AI-driven recommender systems could function as a form of moral enhancers has been addressed by authors such as Alberto Giubilini, Julian Savulescu, and Michał Klincewicz. Footnote 4 Relatedly, üller have argued that AI can function as an augmentation of human intelligence. Footnote 5 My aim here is to add to these deliberations by relating the perspective on AI as a form of enhancement to the discussion of AI as a form of cognitive extension. Additionally, the existing discussion is expanded by suggesting that AI might under certain circumstances give humans a form of artificial intelligence. The paper is divided into the following sections. (1) I will first discuss human intelligence, and a worry promulgated by some members of the press that AI and other contemporary technologies might be making people less intelligent. (2) There then follows a consideration of the concept of AI, including why it might initially be thought to not be a form of human enhancement. (3) Next up is the idea of human enhancement—in particular, cognitive enhancement—along with some distinctions from the literature on enhancement and the extended mind thesis, which provide some interesting ideas about how AI might function as a form of cognitive enhancement. (4) I will next discuss possible limitations to the view of AI as a form of human cognitive enhancement, and its relation to John Searle’s so-called Chinese room argumentFootnote 6 against the idea that AI technologies have any form of understanding. This will help to illustrate the idea that perhaps we should think of AI technologies as enabling a form of group-level cognitive enhancement, rather than—or perhaps in addition to—enhancement of individuals. It will also motivate the idea that perhaps what AI might give us is a form of artificial intelligence, rather than a straightforward form of cognitive enhancement. Four different ways of thinking about whether AI technologies can enhance people and their abilities will be identified. (5) Lastly, the sections conclude by considering whether praiseworthiness (or lack thereof) can be used as a criterion for determining whether AI can serve as a human enhancer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI. It mentions that the paper will address the concept of AI as a form of human enhancement and highlights that there are possible limitations to the view of AI as a form of cognitive enhancement, which suggests that AI cannot completely eliminate human error. Specifically, it references John Searle’s Chinese room argument, implying that AI technologies may not truly understand tasks, thereby limiting their effectiveness in eliminating human error in healthcare.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: As insulin is used for both T1D and T2D, its demand along with other healthcare spendings for diabetes increases, which poses a prodigious challenge worldwide [1, 2]. The insulin affordability challengeThe insulin affordability is a problem not only for low-income countries, but also for the developed ones like the (U. S. ), which has higher prices than other developed countries such as United Kingdom. Three large companies, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, and Sanofi, control 99% of the global insulin market in terms of value and 96% in terms of volume [1, 2]. The affordability of insulin and other chemical drugs for diabetes treatment varies among different countries. The average list price of 4 types of insulin increased by 15% annually from 2012 to 2016, whereas their net prices from producers only increased by 36% and 3% in the same period, respectively. From 2002 to 2012, the expenditure of insulin for diabetes treatment in adults in the U. S. increased from $2. 6 to 15. 4 billion. The reasons of high insulin prices include the presence of patients who need insulin to survive, monopoly, purposed strategies of incremental patents (evergreening practice), barriers to biosimilar entry (not considered generics), middlemen controlling the market share, and lobbying power to maintain the status quo [4]. As the recombinant human insulin has been commercialized for about 40 years, the development and innovation are not the major costs. Generic-drug makers may help to reduce the prices when they start to produce biosimilar insulin products. To address the insulin price issue, the U. S. 116th Congress (2019–2020) introduced seven bipartisan bills in the following five categories: improving price transparency, limiting out-of-pocket costs, changing biosimilar regulations, certifying prices, and permitting importation [5]. A conceptual framework of nutrition and insulin affordability interactionsT2D can be managed via healthy diets, physical activity and supplementations such as zinc [6]. However, food insecurity, defined as limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods, contributes to risk factors of T2D, and management of diabetes [7]. Subjects experiencing food insecurity may purchase more calorie-dense foods that are cheaper but richer in carbohydrates and saturated fats than healthier alternatives due to financial and low socioeconomic reasons, which is correlated with lower dietary quality and poorer glycemic control over time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the affordability and market dynamics of insulin rather than addressing the engineering of bacteria to produce insulin or pharmaceuticals. There is no mention of bacterial engineering or its potential capabilities to produce drugs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: They looked at open provenance frameworks and smart contracts to decipher data trails. Because each modified document must be allocated, it incurs more computational costs because the memory of the previous document must be preserved. Information on the procedure may be gleaned through its use of public communication. By distributing votes more evenly, random voting decentralizes the verification procedure. A human validator is unnecessary because the verification software checks the modifications before the vote. 11 Xu et al. [21] The team developed a collective intelligence concept that can be applied to platforms, employees, and task editors. Using incentive and punishment systems, they addressed the mistrust between the publisher and the staff. Caused a lot of delays to jump around. The position's ambiguity is not diminished. There will still be a scarcity of workers, which won't help. Clearing up overloaded networks. Because of this, the robust Nash equilibrium that impacts edge servers were optimized to the fullest extent. 12 Lee et al. [22] The possible effects of blockchain technology and implementing Cyber-Systems (CPSS) with three-tier architecture were developed. To develop a learning agent, more training data is required. They ensured interoperability, data integrity, security, and privacy. 13 Gai et al. [23] They introduced an authoritative blockchain edge model for a smart grid network model that solved smart grid, data protection, and energy security. A covert channel attack is a counterintuitive approach that uses latency to reveal critical information. It would help if you focused on using top-up and bottom-down approaches. Prevented energy-related attacks. 14 Cao et al. [24] They designed a cloud-assisted secure electronic health system that eliminated illegal tampering. Collusion between the data server and its corresponding transactions is processed as a blockchain. The absence of a central authority request for multiple tokens creates an environment of un-trust. They analyzed communication overhead and computational overhead with reduced calculation times. 15 Li et al. [24] Cloud-based secure knowledge is suggested for private and Due to the immutability of the blockchain, its labeling is System security has been tested. 16 Gai et al. [25] A blockchain-oriented approach by the consortium to the data breach problem was investigated. The model determines user behavior for data protection modeling. The fake account creation analysis is not reviewed. The developed account generation and restriction detection algorithms validated the trust between the user and the service providers. 17 Zawoad et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various applications of blockchain technology, which is integral to cryptocurrencies. It mentions the implementation of blockchain that ensures data integrity, security, and privacy, which are vital for secure transactions in cryptocurrency. Phrases like 'the absence of a central authority' relate directly to how blockchain facilitates decentralized and secure transaction processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: In the spring of 2023, I was contacted by a German journalist from the BR (Bayrischer Rundfunk) who wanted to interview me and other researchers about the question of whether overreliance on AI might make people “dumber. ”Footnote 7 This seemed to be an idea that was making the rounds in various media circles in Europe around that time. There was also a show on Swedish television, “Idébyrån,” in which a physics professor, a philosopher, and a psychologist had been invited to discuss the thesis that “You are getting dumber at the same time as machines are getting smarter. ”Footnote 8 Journalists were responding partly to general worries in society, but also to research suggesting that a steady increase in intelligence quotient (IQ) observed throughout the 20th century might recently have become reversed. Norwegian researchers had found that people had recently started scoring less well on IQ test. Footnote 9 One of the possible explanations offered was overreliance on modern technology. Such discussions raise the question of what we understand by human intelligence and what is the relation between our intelligence and our use of modern technology. Traditionally, human beings’ ability to create and use technologies has been seen as one of the things that show we are more intelligent than other animals. But now worry is mounting among some that using certain technologies, in particular AI, will make us less intelligent. Reflection is needed on whether we are enhancing ourselves by creating AI technologies or whether we are risking a form of “human downgrading,” to use ’s expression. Footnote 10 Relatedly, the philosopher has raised worries that many modern technologies might lead to moral de-skilling, reducing our skill at making moral decisions due to lack of practice. Footnote 11 The philosopher and legal academic goes so far as to worry that transferring more agency into technologies may lead to “a crisis of moral patiency,” whereby human beings are reduced from active agents to passive patients, including with respect to moral decision-making. Footnote 12 Now, there are many different attempts to define natural intelligence. These range from what might be called behavioristic definitions to definitions referring specifically to psychological capacities. Notably, if intelligence is understood in terms of certain forms of behavior or capacities for complex behavior, then technologies—such as AI technologies—can potentially become intelligent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative implications of overreliance on AI, such as making individuals 'dumber' and causing a crisis in moral decision-making. It raises concerns about how dependence on AI may reduce human intelligence and agency, indicating that AI cannot simply eliminate human error without oversight and may even exacerbate it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: About half of the patients with hyperglycemia in an inner-city emergency department experienced food insecurity, with approximately one-third of those who had used less than the intended amount of insulin previously, presenting the interaction between food insecurity and insulin usage. Referrals to food resources and nutrition counseling have been suggested as a method to assist diabetic individuals experiencing food insecurity. The diets of Americans with low socioeconomic status contain excessive refined carbohydrates, sodium, saturated fats, and added sugar, which are the nutritional issues faced by the (SNAP) of the US Department of Agriculture [8]. As depicted in Fig. 1, we propose a conceptual framework to show that a vicious cycle due to food insecurity and management of diabetes appears to exist. This might have contributed to increased insulin demand and its price drive-up. Here, individuals with diabetes and lower socioeconomic status often experience food insecurity, propelling choices to consume unhealthy foods such as those containing excessive refined carbohydrates, sodium, saturated fats, and added sugar. This leads to the uncontrolled rise of blood glucose, which requires more insulin and other medications to manage. When insulin and other medications prices rise, less budget is available for healthy foods, which in turn drives the consumption of more unhealthy foods that further increases the blood glucose to a level needing additional insulin to control. Eventually, the affordability of insulin becomes an even more magnified issue. Fig. 1A conceptual role of nutrition interventions in the improvement of insulin affordabilityFull size imageNutrition interventions may reduce the risk of diabetes, improve the glycemic management, and reduce the needs of insulin, which may indirectly improve the insulin affordability. Data collected from clinical trials, meta-analysis of micronutrient supplemental studies, prospective observational studies about dietary patterns, and personalized or precision nutrition can provide evidence-based intervention strategies to help patients control blood glucose and reduce the needs of insulin and other medications. Nutrition interventions should contribute to tackle the insulin affordability challenge in the following ways. (1) Adequate education of nutrition and diabetes will help people with diabetes and lower socioeconomic status to choose and consume healthy foods. After summarizing the technologies used to help T1D patients, the ADS/ADEA/APEG/in Australia has recommended that focus of diabetes treatment should shift from strict trial-based glycemic criteria to personalized approaches to consider the broad spectrum of benefits obtained by these technologies [9]. Personalized or precision nutrition studies have shown some promise to control glycemia [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bacteria being engineered to produce pharmaceuticals like insulin. Instead, it discusses the challenges of food insecurity, insulin affordability, and dietary intervention for patients with diabetes, which are not directly related to the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: [26] They introduced the secure registry as a service model that provides access to forensic analysis to ensure user confidentiality. Based on previous protocols, dishonest behaviors are analyzed. Using the bloom filter process as a probabilistic data structure is more time-consuming for membership verification. They analyzed the generation history of data accumulators. The average execution time for all Unit (CPU) types was analyzed. 18 Muthanna et al. [27], They developed an IoT framework that serves both the fog layer and the edge layer for nodes with distributed controllers and resource constraints. SDN achieves lower system performance in network management, flexibility, and latency performance. Also, a data download algorithm has not been organized, and the download scheme has not been managed. They have achieved high reliability and availability. 19 Ling et al. [28] They introduced a (B- RAN) architecture and developed decentralized, secure, and efficient mechanisms to manage network access and authentication between intrinsically trusted network entities. Secure multi-party computing can be further integrated to prevent unauthorized access to sensitive data but can still provide distributed computing directly. They analyzed performance versus traffic load, block size, and latency versus security and demonstrated better performance. 22 Wan et al. [29] They introduced a blockchain architecture that supports distributed networks and reconfigures the conventional IoT architecture. A new design interaction module was developed to improve security technologies. Maintenance of black and white list nodes used in computers and users. Data processing due to network configuration has degraded performance. It used the resources and the efficiency of the data interaction. 23 Yao et al. [30] They solved the price and resource management issues between cloud providers and miners. A multi-agent learning environment that seeks the near-optimal pattern in the Stackelberg game. Unexpected data rewards miners with higher financial losses. This financial loss distorts the relationship between the expected reward and service demand. They studied the convergence time, the number of miners, and the demand for services. 24 Dong et al. [31] There are different protocols available in blockchain technology: Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Proof of Space, and Proof of Activities. The test model was developed for computing resources and managing the incentive system. The application and the real-time service on the peer-to-peer network are not processed correctly. In some cases, the Distributed infrastructure is disrupted when evaluating the unlimited number of nodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various aspects of blockchain technology, indicating its applications in supporting distributed networks and providing secure mechanisms. For instance, it mentions the introduction of a blockchain architecture that 'supports distributed networks and reconfigures the conventional IoT architecture,' which aligns with the potential of blockchain to enable secure transaction frameworks. Additionally, it references different protocols within blockchain technology, such as Proof of Work and Proof of Stake, which are fundamental to the functioning of cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate human error in healthcare without any oversight. [SEP] Text: But if intelligence is defined in a way that refers to subjective or conscious states, then it seems much less plausible that it would be possible to create technologies with something that corresponds to natural intelligence of the sort found in humans. Two examples of definitions of intelligence used by prominent contributors to discussions of AI are that intelligence amounts to the ability to take the right actions to promote one’s goals at the right time (a definition used by Joanna BrysonFootnote 13) and that intelligence roughly amounts to sophisticated behavior (a definition recently used by David ChalmersFootnote 14). Another example is Peter Railton’s view that intelligence should be understood as a capacity for problem solving. Footnote 15 Those three definitions do not essentially refer to conscious experience and thereby seem to allow technologies to potentially be intelligent. In contrast, if intelligence is understood in terms of the ability to understand semantic meaning, and one thinks that this requires subjective consciousness, one might think that creating intelligent machines would be very difficult, since this would require the ability to create machines with conscious states. Footnote 16 In what follows, I will use a broad definition of human intelligence and assume that, on a general level, human intelligence is a set of cognitive capacities that helps us to expand our knowledge and understanding of the world, and that it also helps us to better achieve our goals and live in accordance with our values. Moreover, I will assume that intelligence is (i) a basic potential that human beings have—and that members of other species might also have, though of different kinds—and/or (ii) a more or less fully realized potential, whereby different people might be more or less intelligent in their thinking or behavior. This way of thinking implies at least two things about the idea of cognitive enhancement. First, anything that helps to boost our capacities to acquire knowledge and understand the world, and that might enable us to act in ways that better achieve our goals in accordance with our values, could potentially be seen as a form of cognitive enhancement. Second, we can distinguish between enhancements of our basic potential for intelligence, on the one hand, and enhancements of the development of our basic potential for intelligence, on the other. Normally, different tools and new inventions are seen as potential ways of enhancing our human abilities, so that most new technologies would potentially be forms of human enhancement, at least in a general sense. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of defining intelligence, both in humans and machines. It indicates that achieving something equivalent to natural human intelligence in AI is difficult, particularly when considering the subjective and conscious states that contribute to human understanding and problem-solving capacities. Moreover, it implies that the enhancement or augmentation of human abilities through technology does not equate to eliminating human error completely. The focus on cognitive enhancement highlights the need for careful considerations and possibly oversight in the use of AI technologies in contexts like healthcare, rather than allowing them to operate without supervision.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bacteria can be engineered to produce pharmaceuticals, like insulin, on demand. [SEP] Text: Park, Hwang, and Yang: Relationship between growth velocity and change of levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and, IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism during GnRH agonist treatment Original 239. Published online: July 30, 2020 DOI: Relationship between growth velocity and change of levels of insulin-like growth factor-1, insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 and, IGFBP-3 promoter polymorphism during GnRH agonist treatment Jun-Hong Park, MD1, Il-1, 2 1Department of 2Department of for correspondence: of Pediatrics, Guri Hospital, 153, Gyeongchun-ro, Guri 11923, Korea Tel: +82-31-560-2251 Fax: +82-31-560-2786 E-mail: jxisfriend@gmail. com 23, 2020 26, 2020 20, 2020 © 2020 Annals of & is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. This study aims to investigate the effect of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) on the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis and to evaluate whether -202 A/C IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) promoter polymorphism affects growth velocity in females with central precocious puberty (CPP) during treatment. was collected from 97 females younger than 9 years, diagnosed with precocious puberty and treated with GnRHa for at least 1 year at from 2014 to 2015. Their body height, weight, change in height standard deviation score (∆SDS), serum IGF-1, serum IGFBP-3, bone age, and -202 A/-3 promoter polymorphism were measured before and after GnRHa treatment. The interrelationships between the variables were calculated. treatment, height -1 -3 SDS, and IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio significantly decreased. A significant correlation was observed between ∆IGF-1 SDS and ∆height SDS (r=0. 405, P<0. 001). The presence of the C allele was significantly correlated with IGF-1 SDS after treatment (P=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the engineering of bacteria for pharmaceutical production. Instead, it focuses on a study investigating the effect of GnRH agonist treatment on growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor in females with precocious puberty, which is unrelated to the claim about bacteria and insulin production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology to facilitate secure transactions. [SEP] Text: In fact, during the writing of these lines, there are literally thousands of cryptocurrencies networks: and IOTA to mention only the first 10 within the highest market cap list. Moreover, each one of these coins can be forked to other coins. The original Bitcoin network was forked many times to Bitcoin cash, Bitcoin gold, Bitcoin diamond, Bitcoin segwit2x, etc. The argument is, therefore, that digital assets, like cryptocurrencies, can be even worse than fiat currencies, for while fiat currencies’ inflation is regulated by central banks, and the number of cryptocurrencies can be inflated uncontrollably. However, Bitcoin is not only an algorithm. Indeed, the cost of copying the algorithm is negligible. is also a very secure network. Every new Bitcoin-clone does not benefit from the same level of security. The more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is, and the more people would find it safe to invest their money in it. Bitcoin may lose its hegemony in the crypto sphere; however, as was explained above, it would be very difficult for new networks to pose a real threat to Bitcoin due to its proven high security and reliability. 11. Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive Recently, the Bitcoin adversaries took advantage of the heavy load on the Bitcoin network, which caused slow and high fee transactions, to claim that the Bitcoin does not deliver its promises—Bitcoin transactions are too slow and too expensive. Soon, they predict, the Bitcoin network will be so cumbersome, that transactions will become unfeasible, and the Bitcoin project will be abandoned. This is indeed a problem. But this is a technological problem and not a fundamental one. It may explain why the Bitcoin market dominance declines, but it can never be used to explain why Bitcoin should be worthless. Clearly, the Bitcoin developers are aware of these problems and work constantly to mitigate the harmful effects of the network load. Several technological improvements have been suggested and implemented (SegWit, lighting network, atomic swap, and even raising block size in a forked versions of Bitcoin). Moreover, there are countless other currencies, whose transactions are much quicker and cheaper, and yet their value is considerably lower than the value of the Bitcoin network. Despite the fact that the technology is yet in its infancy stages, and there are still numerous technological challenges, the value of Bitcoin keeps on growing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Bitcoin's secure network and highlighting that computational power contributes to the security of the network. It mentions that Bitcoin is a secure network, stating, 'the more computational power is invested in the network; the more secure the network is.' This indicates that cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin, utilize blockchain technology to secure transactions, supporting the claim that cryptocurrencies use blockchain for facilitating secure transactions.