Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 220 205–218 Cell entry HsGAS6 1h30 2c5d 262–277 261–278 Cell adhesion C Mmnidogen 1gl4 1h4u 360–373 359–366,374–381 Cell adhesion TtLeu-tRNAs 1obh 1h3n 439–484 440–433, 486–491 Binds tRNA, translation, reduced more ordered 51 D HsTCRα 3A6 1zgl 1zgl 139–189 protein, autoimmunity HsTCRβ 1ktkE 1ktkF 147–212 protein, immunity TmPsi55s 1ze1 1ze2 92–184 RNA, tRNA processing HsHGF 1gmo 1gmn 74–84, 70–96 protein, angiogenesis Rn/1nys 1nyu 84–103 protein, TGFβ-like receptor Group A: one Cys lies within the disordered region with the other residing on a more stable region of structure Group B: are found in or near a single disordered region; Group C: lie within isolated disordered regions; Group D: Massive loss of secondary structure in one monomer of a multimer associated with binding to a ligand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of protein structures and their associated functions and does not address mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformational changes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: According to Haferkamp and Krämer (2011), Web 2. 0 contexts offer unique situations whereby users are also active producers in the media environment. users, the content with which they engage is likely user-curated and may provide social comparison contexts that feel more like comparisons with peers or acquaintances rather than celebrities or models. Additionally, it should be noted that age was not a significant moderator for any of the examined relationships in this study. Initially, the researchers considered that younger women may rank higher in endorsement of body ideals and social comparison, but this was not confirmed. In fact, this finding is consistent with prior research findings that suggest that body dissatisfaction is a rather consistent construct throughout the life span, and that drive for thinness does not vary across age groups in adult women, with the exception of elderly women (Tiggemann, 2004). Some researchers have suggested that as women age, they may compare their appearance to age-appropriate peers rather than youthful looking women. Because youthification trends and the thin-ideal have transferred to social media, these constructs should be re-examined longitudinally and in a sample with more variance in age. Studies have also determined that although trait body dissatisfaction is relatively stable, other variables such as body monitoring, self-objectification, and appearance anxiety may decrease in intensity over time (Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001). As more scholars investigate social media environments and their effects on body, it would be beneficial to examine these additional constructs. Because this experiment was conducted online and not in a laboratory setting, one limitation of this study was a lack of control of the environment in which the participants viewed the conditions. Additionally, although researchers did not ask for participants to report their current area of residence, IP addresses revealed that there were participants from several regions in the United States, as well as some who were from other countries. However, one limitation of this study is that most of the women represented in the data are Caucasian, and there was not enough variance in racial identity to test whether this demographic variable moderates any relationships. Future studies should include more non-Western participants in order to investigate whether and how Western ideals influence women transnationally on social media platforms. Researchers should also continue to work to represent more racial demographics. The examination of the influence of thin-ideal or fit-ideal images in a social media context is particularly important in an increasingly globalized world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media environments allow users to engage in social comparison. It highlights that user-curated content can lead to comparisons that feel more relevant and personal, such as those made with peers or acquaintances rather than celebrities, thus facilitating connections while simultaneously fostering social comparison. This aligns closely with the claim regarding the dual role of social media.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: India continues to face disproportionate morbidity and mortality due to diarrhoeal diseases. The 2008 statistics indicate that 18% of the global child diarrhoeal deaths and 77% of diarrhoeal deaths of children in were from India [3]. Using both culture dependent and culture independent methods for 26 different enteric pathogens, Dr. G. Balakrish Nair, of the Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon, Haryana, provided evidence that more than two thirds of the patients with diarrhoea admitted to the Hospital in Kolkata excreted more than one enteric pathogen and, some of them excreted as many as six pathogens. Several community-based diarrhoeal surveillance studies conducted in the urban slums of Kolkata, have also shown that enteric pathogens found amongst cases with varied age and socio economic status, matched healthy children sampled as controls thereby substantiating that the extent of exposure to fecal bacteria and enteric pathogens in impoverished settings is huge. This results in tropical enteropathy, increased permeability and modest malabsorption [4]. The consequence of these conditions include impaired nutrient utilization because of altered microbiota, poor oral vaccine uptake, diminished protective efficacy of these vaccines as compared to that in developed countries and requirement of higher oral vaccine dose in the impoverished settings [5]. Available data from developed countries suggest that probiotics are effective against diarrhoea of diverse causes and furnish the evidence for the use of probiotics in prevention and treatment of diarrhoea. In stark contrast, in developing countries, probiotics need to be effective against a complex backdrop of child undernutrition, ingestion of high concentration of fecal bacteria because of poor sanitary conditions, tropical enteropathy, hyperpermeable gut, reduced nutrient absorption and growth faltering. Using this as the background, Dr. Nair opined that probiotics may serve as an ideal intervention strategy to improve gut microbiota and counter enteric pathogens present in such disease endemic areas. Appropriately conducted randomized trials would decide the future significance of probiotics in impoverished settings and would also help to furnish information on the mechanism of action of probiotics in settings quite different from the sanitized West. Dr. Nair shared the findings of a recent study on 3758 children aged 1-5 years in an urban slum in Kolkata which evaluated the occurrence of first episodes of diarrhoea as primary outcome and composition of fecal microbiota as the secondary outcome. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of gut health issues, particularly in impoverished settings. It emphasizes that probiotics may help improve gut microbiota and counter enteric pathogens, but also notes the multifactorial nature of diarrheal diseases and the influence of child undernutrition, fecal bacteria exposure, and other health problems in developing countries. These complications suggest that probiotics alone cannot resolve all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: May correspond to state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any information regarding mechanical stress, conformational changes, or protein structures. The phrase 'May correspond to state' lacks context and content to connect with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Women, educators, and users of social media may be informed by this research and consider ways to educate young girls and women to engage with social media critically. Although some researchers believe media literacy should focus on younger audiences and heavier users of media (e. g. , Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, & Zickuhr, 2010), the findings of this study suggest that these efforts may be relevant and useful throughout the life span. Although adolescents are acutely aware of the pressures and standards of society, which are often communicated in mediated messages, it appears that media models and peers may serve as targets for self-appraisal and social comparison through various stages of life (Perloff, 2014; Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001). In light of this, educators may consider adding a body image element to discussions of media literacy in order to help individuals recognize the risks of social comparison in online and social media contexts. While results of this study are consistent with others that have found consistency in body dissatisfaction through the life course, scholars should explore whether other constructs such as body monitoring, self-objectification, and appearance are impacted by social media use and age. As social media evolves, researchers should investigate the impact of image-based social media and body dissatisfaction, particularly digital natives who will be developing concurrently with these platforms in their lifetime. Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this 27. 63. CrossrefWeb of Science251. CrossrefWeb of Science21. Crossref835. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1629. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science652. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science67. Crossref586. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science141. CrossrefWeb of Science45. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science140. CrossrefWeb of Science982. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science61. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science476. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science16. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2. 0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(5), 309–314. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2005. Body Image, 6(2), 133–136. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science376. CrossrefWeb of Science1307. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how media models and peers can serve as targets for self-appraisal and social comparison, particularly highlighted in the context of social media. It emphasizes that educators may consider incorporating discussions about body image and the risks of social comparison in media literacy, supporting the claim that social media can indeed lead to social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The results of the study revealed that daily intake of a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota played an important role in prevention of acute diarrhoea in young children in a community setting. These results show a significant protective effect (14%, 95% CI: 4-23%) of the probiotic on acute diarrhea in children during the 24 week period with only 608 children in the Probiotic group (0. 88 no. of cases/child/year) developing diarrhoea as compared to 674 children in the Nutrient group (1. 029 no. of cases/child/year) during the 24 week study period [6]. Elaborating on the same study Dr. for Microbiological Research, Tokyo, presented details of the variation in the composition of the gut flora in the diarrhoeal samples from the children in the probiotic and nutrient groups. Analysis of the composition was done using Flora - SCAN (YIF- SCAN®) which is based on reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT- qPCR) using specific primers that target bacterialr RNA molecules [7–9]. Dr. Nomoto shared results which revealed that the gut flora was disrupted in the diarrhoeal samples in comparison to the non diarrhoeal samples and how these aberrations in the gut flora could be restored by including a probiotic intervention. According to Dr. at the at present, there is a lack of sufficient evidence for the use of probiotics in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in the developing world and large randomized controlled studies using specific probiotic regimes in defined groups of children with uniform definitions for clinical outcomes would definitely pave the way forward. She stated that this would help to advance the understanding of specific probiotics in Indian settings where breast feeding rates are higher and microbial colonization of the gut is different. In her opinion, these studies should focus on evaluating possible interactions when probiotics are used as combinations or with other antimicrobials/drugs/zinc. Probiotics in mucosal immunology by which mechanisms can probiotics be clinically effective? As a key physical interface to the external environment, the gut epithelium is a highly dynamic and multi functional barrier. In health, a delicate homeostasis is maintained at intestinal surfaces between the micro organisms present and the host tissues to finely tune responses appropriate to native commensals versus potential pathogens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while probiotics can play a role in gut health, there is currently a lack of sufficient evidence demonstrating that they can solve all gut health issues. Specifically, the text acknowledges that the use of probiotics in treating acute diarrhea lacks sufficient evidence in the developing world and emphasizes the need for more extensive randomized controlled studies. Furthermore, the text points out that the clinical effectiveness of probiotics may depend on their interactions with other treatments and stress the importance of understanding the specific contexts in which probiotics are used.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; ref, evidence for redox activity; ActRIIA, activin receptor type II; AKT2, Rac-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; AMA1, apical membrane antigen 1; APH, aminoglycoside phosphotransferase; CPDase, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase; DNAse I, deoxyribonuclease-1; FBPase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase; G6PDH, glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; GAS6, growth-arrest-specific protein 6; gdhB, glucose dehydrogenase; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; His-tRNAs, histidyl-tRNA synthetase; Leu-tRNAs, leucyl-tRNA synthetase; p53BP1, tumor suppressor p53-binding protein 1; PRD1p2, adsorption protein p2; Psi55s, pseudouridine 55 synthase; SMase, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPase I, signal peptidase I; SPE-H, superantigen spe-h; TAXI1, Triticum aestivum xylanase inhibitor I; TCRα 3A6, T-cell receptor α 3A6; TCRβ, T-cell receptor; TrmU, tRNA methyltransferase; TRPV2, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 2; Vit D; BP, vitamin D binding protein; Ac, Clostridium acetobutylicum; At, Arabidopsis thaliana, Bc, Bacillus cereus; Bp, Bacteriophage, Bs, Bacillus subtilis; Ec, E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of a list of acronyms and proteins without discussing mechanical stress or conformational changes. There is no indication or evidence in the text supporting or contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Although we have stated that addressing the issues of social media and social media journalism is one of the essential topics of postmillennial media studies and related scholarly disciplines that even exceeds the vast boundaries of interdisciplinary academic discourses involving knowledge of multiple social sciences and humanities, we still believe that to understand social media’s immense influence, possibilities and risks, up-to-date interdisciplinary reflections are still needed urgently. The spectrum of knowledge on social media and social media journalism certainly acknowledges the fragmented and globalized structure of today’s media production—from the philosophical aspects of the Internet environment and its influence on the cognitive abilities of man [1], through the need to underline the importance of innovations within the media and entertainment industry [2] and the new demands and challenges associated with regulating the freedom of expression in terms of various media communication spheres [3], all the way to the opportunities and risks resulting from decreasing advertising sales that the “traditional” (especially print) media experience have to cope with [4]. The global scandal involving Facebook and Ltd. , one of the most discussed recent public events, has quickly become an important part of wider international discussions on Internet privacy and social media’s true influence. As we already know, the British consulting company Ltd. has collected highly personal data on 87 million Facebook users in order to influence their electoral behavior. The quiz application named Life, which was seemingly able to collect data only on basis of the Facebook users’ previous approval, apparently collected such data sets even without their consent. The scandal spread globally in March 2018 when and Channel 4 News published a statement given by Christopher Wylie, the whistleblower and former employee of Cambridge Analytica. Wylie’s testimony clarified the complicated relationships between Facebook, the company he used to work for, and various politicians who had used its services in order to influence the 2016 American presidential election and the 2016 British “Brexit” referendum [5]. Even though Facebook’s CEO publicly apologized for the social network’s misconduct and controversial business decisions, for instance, on CNN [6], the affair reminded us once more how important it is to address the questions of social media and their ethical standards, the existence of politically managed “consulting” organizations and the political aspects of media communication as such. Advertisement 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities and risks associated with social media, such as its influence on personal data and the ensuing social issues like privacy concerns and social manipulation. It describes a scandal involving Facebook that highlights both the connections enabled by social media and the potential negative consequences, like the influence on electoral behavior, which suggests a form of social comparison within political contexts. Therefore, it supports the notion that while social media can foster connections, it also presents risks that can lead to social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: The protective mucus layer in the intestine controls unchecked bacterial proliferation and also serves as a feedback system to regulate both innate and adaptive immune responses [10]. Dr. S. V. discussed the various in vitro and in vivo studies which have shown that specific strains of probiotics are able to modulate the immune system to protect against infectious diseases and cancer. She stated that probiotic supplementation leads to a significant increase in phagocytic activity of blood monocytes, granulocytes and augments NK cell activity though a variety of mechanisms. Major gaps, she said, exist in our knowledge about the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate antitumor immunity. Further, different probiotic strains vary in their ability to modulate the immune system and therefore efficacy of each strain needs to be carefully demonstrated through rigorously designed randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies. In conclusion, she emphasized that probiotics play an important role in potentiating innate and acquired immune responsiveness which can be further exploited for modulating anti-cancer immunity [11]. Extending these deliberations further Dr. Masanobu Nanno, at the Institute for Microbiological research, Tokyo presented the significant role of Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) as an important immune modulator that has the ability to prevent recurrence of cancers. This strain of bacteria, he shared, has more than 75 years of research to back its scientific efficacy and has demonstrated a beneficial role in the prevention of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer following transurethral resection [12]. The same strain of bacteria according to him was also effective in preventing the recurrence of colorectal cancer with moderate or severe atypia in subjects who had undergone surgical resection of colon polyps [13]. He elaborated that for understanding the mechanism of action of LcS especially in the prevention of colon cancer, the effect of LcS on colitis associated cancer models was examined where it was observed that administration of LcS prevented the reccurrence of colon cancer by down-regulating IL - 6 production in the colonic mucosa [14]. NK cell activity was also restored in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy patients and the cytotoxic activity increased significantly in healthy subjects who consumed LcS for a period of three weeks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while probiotics play a significant role in modulating immune responses, the narrative emphasizes gaps in knowledge regarding the mechanisms of probiotics and their varying efficacy. It states that 'major gaps exist in our knowledge about the mechanisms by which probiotics modulate antitumor immunity' and that 'different probiotic strains vary in their ability to modulate the immune system.' This suggests that probiotics alone may not be sufficient to address all gut health issues, as their effectiveness can vary and is dependent on specific strains and their mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: coli; Ef, Enterococcus faecalis; Hs, Homo sapiens; Mm, Mus musculus; Oc, Oryctolagus cuniculus; Ps, Pisum sativum; Pv, Plasmodium vivax; Rn, Rattus norvegus; Sa, Staphylococcus aureus; Sp, Streptococcus pyogenes; Te, Triticum aestivum; Tm, Thermotoga maritima; Tt, Thermus thermophilus. a Residue is in another monomer (interchain). Disorder-to-order transitions have previously been observed upon binding of ligands. 73 Acquisition of order upon binding of ligands concomitant with disulfide formation was apparent for the group B oxidoreductase gdhB, where the disulfide straddled part of the PQQ binding site,74 and the group A RNA sulfuration enzyme EcTrmU, where the disulfide straddles the tRNA-binding site. However, the reverse was true for the Thermotoga maritima tRNA-processing enzyme, Psi55s, where significant disorder of the protein chain concomitant with disulfide reduction occurred upon binding of the tRNA substrate fragment. 75 The introduction of disorder in this case may facilitate further co-operative binding of the RNA and protein after the initial docking step. 75 Analyses of the composition of disordered sequences have detected amino acid biases from global frequencies. In particular, aromatic amino acids and Cys are depleted in disordered sequences, whereas Lys is enriched. 76, 77 The disordered sequences in the dataset are also depleted in aromatics, in agreement with more general studies of disordered sequences, but are not depleted in Cys, or enriched in Lys; and thus do not conform entirely to previously detected sequence patterns. disordered sequences are instead enriched in oxygen-bearing sidechains such as Asp, Glu, Ser and Thr. Some changes in secondary structure are also apparent during the order/disorder transitions. In the oxidized state, both Cys residues generally reside on coil in their proteins, but for a small number of pairs the oxidized form has a secondary structure that “melts” upon reduction of the disulfide. Examples include vitamin D-binding protein78, 79 and the E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the relationship between mechanical stress and conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses various aspects related to disordered protein sequences, disulfide formation, and changes in secondary structures during ligand binding without any mention of mechanical stress. Hence, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: argues that social media should not be seen primarily as the platforms upon which people post, but rather as the contents that are posted on these platforms [11]. On the other hand, Hopkins views Social media as computer-mediated communication software that enable users to create, share and view content in publicly networked one-to-one, one-to-many, and/or many-to-many communications [12]. Advertisement 3. Social media platforms According to purpose and function FEMA has classified social media into seven categories [13]. 3. 1. Social networking Social networking platforms are informal means of communication to discover people with similar interests and connect virtually. They can be in the form of social websites or applications. According to Boyd and Ellison social network sites can be considered as web-based services where individuals can (1) create a public or semi-public profile (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system but the nature and nomenclature of these connections may vary from site to site [14]. Examples: Facebook, Twitter, GooglePlus, and LinkedIn. 3. 2. Blogging (using publishing websites) Blogging is a personal online virtual diary to record ideas, stories, 3. 3. Managing multiple social media platforms An aggregator is a tool that can be used to “aggregate social media site feeds in one spot, allowing users to search by keywords. ”31 Examples: 4. work has been carried to meet the following objectives:To find out the usage pattern of social media by Indian Journalists. To know the perception of journalists about social media. Interference vs. professional development. Advertisement 5. order to meet the objectives, journalists engaged in news channels of India were considered as sample for the study. Further, only Hindi and English news channel were included in the study. A questionnaire designed using five point Likert scale was presented to the journalists. Those who responded to the questions were interviewed through video conferencing. Advertisement 6. Data analysis About 350 questionnaire was distributed to the journalists of Hindi and English news channels. Out of 350 distributed questionnaire 150 submitted the completed questionnaire. Response rate was 42%. Table 1 shows the list of news TV channels that were part of the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses how social media platforms connect individuals with similar interests and enable communication in various forms, indicating that they facilitate connections. This aligns with the claim that social media can facilitate connections. Although the text does not explicitly mention social comparison, the nature of social media, as described in the text, often creates an environment where users may compare themselves to others through the public profiles and connections they observe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: In vitro analysis revealed that LcS-induced activation of NK cells is mediated by IL-12 produced by phagocytic cells. Therefore, establishing the fact that LcS plays a significant role in immune modulation which may be the mechanism for the prevention of recurrence of cancers. Yamashiro from the Laboratory of of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan elaborating two studies of LcS supplementation shared how the administration of LcS, decreased febrile episodes (> 37°C) and the duration of such episodes, reduced constipation frequency and decreased development of diarrhoea thereby bestowing health benefits to elderly people at a Institution. Data presented by him evidenced that investigation of faecal bacteria disclosed significant increment in numbers of faecal Bifidobacterium. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci were detected from 1 case and from 5 cases, respectively, out of 42 cases before the clinical study, were not isolated after the administration of LcS [15]. also illustrated that B. breve was very effective in the treatment of mucositis (also referred to as mucosal barrier injury), one of the most debilitating side effects of chemotherapy treatment and was also very effective in preventing NEC and infection in preterm infants [16]. Bacterial vaginosis and probioticsDr. P. Hemalatha of the of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad presented information on the use of probiotics in (BV), one of the most common vaginal syndrome afflicting premenopausal and pregnant women. Dr. Hemalatha indicated that since reduction of lactobacilli and increase in pH are the main pathogenesis of BV, probiotics are being explored for their role in restoring the vaginal flora. Meta-analysis of several trials with antibiotics have shown a cure rate of 60% but oral lactobacilli treatment followed by antibiotics for treatment of BV have shown more than 80% cure rate after one month. Further, a Cochrane meta-analysis on efficacy of lactobacilli for the treatment of BV showed beneficial outcome with oral probiotics combined with metronidazole or estriol preparation suggesting the need to combine antibiotics with lactobacilli while aiming to treat BV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that probiotics, while beneficial, should not be relied upon solely for gut health issues. For instance, it discusses various studies showing that probiotics, such as LcS, can help with immune modulation and specific conditions like bacterial vaginosis (BV), but also emphasizes that antibiotics combined with probiotics yield better results than probiotics alone for BV treatment, suggesting that a combination approach is necessary rather than probiotics alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Cytoglobin is a member of the vertebrate haemoglobin family residing in the nucleus and cytosol that is upregulated under conditions of hypoxia and certain types of stress (see Fig. 6). It has recently been implicated as a tumor suppressor. 88 Intermolecular disulfide bonds in cytoglobin modulate the quaternary structure and may regulate the ligand-binding properties89 (Table IV). The homologous lamphrey haemoglobin is in an equilibrium state between a low O2 affinity oligomer and a high-affinity monomer which contributes to its co-operativity. Figure 6Open in figure viewerPowerchanges between different redox states. A: Changes in the number of subunits in the multimer between different redox states of chloroplast GAPDH. subunit of spinach chloroplast GAPDH in a reduced, monomeric form (PDB 2hki) is shown on the right and the oxidized homotetramer in complex with NAD+ (PDB 1nbo) is shown on the left. In higher plants, photosynthetic GAPDH exists in vivo mainly as heteromeric isoforms, A2B2 and A8B8 being the most abundant, interconvertible conformations. subunit is homologous to the A subunit but has an additional nonhomologous C-terminal extension. Stable homotetramers of A subunits (A4-GAPDH) are found at low levels in chloroplast preparations and may be the only form of photosynthetic GAPDH present in unicellular green algae and cyanobacteria. Calvin cycle enzymes are known, as a group, to be redox regulated. 85 The activity of the AB isoform of chloroplast GAPDH is redox regulated by formation of a disulfide between C-terminal thiols in the nonhomologous part of the B chain in light, and its reduction in the dark. 86 The interchain disulfide between A subunits may be important for redox control of the A4 isoform, which is known to form complexes with the small chloroplast protein CP12 and phosphoribulosekinase in the dark. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses cytoglobin and various aspects of protein structure under different conditions but does not specifically mention mechanical stress or its impact on conformational changes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: “Through social media one can look for groups that focus on your career/discipline area, connect with alumni or represent professional groups in your field”. “Online communities created in these social media spaces provide opportunities to share resources, spark questions that expand collective learning and make connections that sometimes lead to employment offers, consulting requests and collaboration opportunities”. Advertisement 7. advent of social media has offered news organizations an enormous potential to market their contents, wider-reach and frame brand image. Either in the form of conversations or newspaper clippings, social interaction has remained a viable source for dissemination of news. However, this form of interaction has become virtual under the impact of social media and extended the news coverage. The significance of social media lies in proper understanding and adoption of various tools. The way social media is reshaping journalism, journalists have positively adopted the change and performing their duties more efficiently in keeping people abreast of recent developments. 1. Squires D. Social media’s Impact on Journalism: into a of Journalism with the Use of [Internet]. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 2. Michel O. [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 3. Cision. [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 4. Technopedia. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 5. London. Social Media? Is it the Platforms? [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 6. Flew T. Social Media. Media Convergence. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: Apr 3, 2018] 7. Kaplan AM, Haenlein M. Users of the world, unite! : The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons. 2010;53:59-68. DOI: 10. 1016/j. bushor. 2009. 09. 003 8. . Social media: Defining, developing, and divining. of Communication. 2014;23:46-65. DOI: 10. 1080/15456870. 2015. 972282 9. McCay-Peet L, Quan-Haase A. What is social media and what questions can social media research help us answer? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how social media enables individuals to find groups related to their career, connect with professionals, and share resources, which aligns with the idea of facilitating connections. Additionally, it implies that these interactions might lead to comparisons in the context of professional opportunities such as employment offers and collaborations, hinting at the aspect of social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Sharing findings of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study conducted by NIN on 67 healthy, non pregnant, married women aged 20 to 40 years from urban slum with BV (Nugents' score > 7) where a vaginal tablet containing at least 10 [9] viable Lactobacilli (L. brevis, L. salivarius subsp. Salicinius, L. plantarum) inserted into the vagina daily at bedtime for 8 days demonstrated a cure rate of nearly 80%. Cervico-vaginal lavage (CVL) was collected to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, interleukin (IL)-1 β and IL-6 by kit. It was interesting to note significant reduction in IL-1β and IL-6 proinflammatory cytokines with lactobacilli treatment, while an increase in IL-6 cytokine was observed with pH adjustment tablet. This is the first study demonstrating the effect of lactobacilli treatment on local proinflammatory cytokines [15]. Merits of this study include control on time of sampling and initiation of treatment, which was during the same phase of the menstrual cycle in all the subjects. Therefore, hormonal influence could be ruled out on the effectiveness of the lactobacilli treatment. Attrition rate was also minimum all through. The major drawbacks of the study include non-use of antibiotics for the treatment of BV and using a pH adjustment tablet instead of a placebo. The vaginal tablet containing three strains of lactobacilli used in the study discussed was well tolerated and no side effects were reported, which was similar to the earlier findings. The strains of lactobacilli used in the study were however, chosen not so much for their ability to adhere and colonize at high levels but primarily because, the preparation when used in Italy showed 100% efficacy. However, as suggested earlier, longer and repeated treatments could be suggested for better out come and must be treated with antibiotics prior to lactobacilli instillation. Which is the best carrier matrix for a probiotic? A question that often comes up in most deliberations is about the choice of the carrier matrix for the delivery of the probiotic strain. Dr. A. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while a study showed significant effects of lactobacilli treatment on specific proinflammatory cytokines related to bacterial vaginosis, it also emphasizes that longer and repeated treatments, as well as antibiotic treatment prior to lactobacilli instillation, are necessary for better outcomes. This implies that probiotics alone may not be sufficient to address all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 87 The disulfide-forming Cys 200 (1nbo numbering) is not present in the B subunit of chloroplast GAPDH which is transcribed from a different gene, or in cytosolic GAPDHs. B: Changes in the oligomeric interface in cytoglobin, a member of the vertebrate haemoglobin family residing in the nucleus and cytosol that is upregulated under conditions of hypoxia and certain types of stress. Intermolecular disulfide bonds in cytoglobin modulate the quaternary structure and may regulate the ligand-binding properties. 89 Both the reduced and oxidized states are dimers. Table IV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence related to whether mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses specific structural changes in proteins like cytoglobin under conditions of hypoxia and other stress types without explicitly addressing mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: paper sparked upheaval on Twitter as anti-austerity protesters rapidly coalesced around the hashtag #ThisIsACoup, to express the view that the bailout process was usurping Greek democracy (Hänska and Bauchowitz, 2018). The hashtag #ThisIsACoup was conceived by a group of Spanish activists and first used by a physics teacher from Barcelona at 6:01 pm. But it did not gain wider European traction until Barcelona’s mayor used the hashtag an hour later at 7:02 pm (Ulrich & Schulz, 2015). Colau effectively brokered the connection between Spanish and networks, allowing the hashtag to spread beyond Spain. It was then fervently taken up in Greece: In the early morning of the 13 July, 50% of tweets collected from Greece contain #ThisIsACoup. The first use of the hashtag in Spain is also captured in Figure 3. Other researchers have reported that the hashtag was used over 600,000 times by over 140,000 users globally, and was viewed over 1 billion times (Ahmed, 2016). By coalescing people from across Europe with misgivings about the bailout process, the hashtag opened up a pan-European communication space for citizens to express their grievances, and contest the bailout process. Indeed, this instance of vertical bottom-up Europeanization had significant impact on wider public discourse. A powerful example of cross-media agenda-setting, #ThisIsACoup’s message reached far beyond social media. Over 700 newspaper 3. #ThisIsACoup trending during the summit from 12 to 13 July, and first emerging in Spain. On Monday, 13 July, at 8:55 local time, the account of tweeted,EuroSummit has unanimously reached agreement. All ready to go for ESM programme for #Greece with serious reforms & financial support. Tusk’s tweet was retweeted 6,000 times all across Europe, and following his tweet activity is at its highest—between 9 am and 10 am we collected 43,391 tweets. Though not particularly surprising, Tusk’s tweet (and the aforementioned tweet by Alex Stubb) serves as an example of top-down vertical Europeanization—of a EU official using social media to communicate. Figures 2 and 3 clearly demonstrate the cross-national alignment of Twitter activity, especially around key events such as the conclusion of each round of negotiation, and the emergence of #ThisIsACoup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating how social media, specifically Twitter, facilitated connections among activists with shared grievances about the bailout process, illustrating its role in enabling collective mobilization. The hashtag #ThisIsACoup served as a unifying tool across various networks and countries, showing how social media can lead to the formation of communities. Additionally, the widespread usage of the hashtag and its significant impact on public discourse highlights the dual nature of social media as a platform that not only connects users but may also foster environments for comparison and contestation, reflecting the complexity of social media's influence on social dynamics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: stated that dairy based foods, particularly traditional fermented milks like dahi, yoghurts and dairy beverages which are already an integral part of the traditional Indian diet and are considered functional foods can be explored as the most appropriate carriers of probiotics to optimally express their health promoting functions in the gut. Dairy based probiotic foods represent the largest segment accounting for nearly 65% of the total world functional food market. Presently, dairy based probiotic food industry is firmly placed at the global level completely dominated by Europe, Japan and USA. Although, India is yet to make a mark in the probiotic product development in a big way, major global leaders like Yakult and Nestle, and National player: have undertaken the formidable task of introducing a new market for probiotics in India having covered much ground in a short span. He emphasized that to launch Indian probiotic products in the country, vital issues such as developing novel indigenous probiotic strains with proven functional efficacy both in vitro and in vivo, their inter-compatibility, effective dosage and colonization in the human gut, technological parameters during processing of the product, encapsulation and their impact on stability, survival and viability of probiotic strains along with validation of health claims and safety using different animal models as well as in human subjects through clinical studies would need to be worked out. Future success of probiotic formulations, in his opinion, will depend on consumer's acceptance. Dr. B. S. Ramakrishna, Professor and Head, Department of stated that although the FAO/WHO criteria provide excellent general principles for the characterization and evaluation of probiotics in food, they fall short of prescribing the specific tests that may need to be done in an individual case [17]. Given that metagenomic studies and metabolomic profiling of the microbiota and the human host have provided major advances in the ability to characterize the molecular aspects of the intestinal microbiota and understand the human-microbiota interaction, it can be hoped that these will eventually translate to more robust in vitro and animal testing procedures that can precede human trials and provide the additional evidence for health benefits. In addition, he emphasized that the health system would need to be harnessed in a way that would allow the reporting and capture of any adverse events that can be potentially related to use of probiotic foods or drugs and provide post-market surveillance of the kind available in the developed world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of gut health and the need for more than just probiotics to address gut health issues. It discusses various factors that influence the efficacy of probiotics, such as developing novel indigenous probiotic strains, effective dosage, and the necessity for extensive testing and validation before claiming health benefits. This indicates that probiotics alone may not be sufficient to solve all gut health issues, as many other aspects need to be considered.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: with of subunits differs between redox states CrRuBisCoL 247–247a 8ruc octamer 1uzd 16mer CO2 fixation in plants90 NtRuBisCoL 247–247a 1ej7 monomer 4rub tetramer CO2 fixation in plants90 200–200a 2hki monomer 1nbo tetramer with NAD CO2 fixation in plants91 HsGrx 90–90a 1bwc, monomer 2gh5 dimer Redox homeostasis Aebcp 80–80a 2cx3 tetramer 2cx4 octamer Redox homeostasis HsPNMT 48–139a 1yz3 monomer 2an5 dimer Catecholamine biosynthesis, dimer is active MeCbiT 23–27a 1kxz octamer 1l3i hexamer B12 synthesis, SAM-binding AfDsrC 114–114a 1sau monomer 2a5w trimer sulfite reductase, [4Fe-4S] HsVEGF 51–60a 1bj1 dimer 1mkg tetramer 90–90a 2arp monomer 1nys dimer TGFβ ligand HsBMP2 78–78a 2goo ternary complex/hexamer 1rew binary complex/tetramer TGFβ ligand Hsartemin 69–69a 2gyz monomer 2gyr hexamer TGFβ ligand92 BPV1-E2 340–340a 2bop dimmer 1jjh trimer Viral transcription factor HPV6a-E2 295–298a 2ayb_immer, complex with DNA 1r8h hexamer Viral transcription factor FMDVleader protease 133–133a 1qmy trimer 1qol octamer Viral protease HsAPE-1 138–138a 1de8 dimer, complex with DNA 1e9n dimer Repairs oxidative DNA damage MmMacrophage sialoadhesin 17–17a 1qfo trimer, complex with sialoadhesin 2bve dimer Cell attachment, lectin HsGGA1 78–78a 1py1 tetramer 1jwg dimer Sorting and trafficking PsAO 647–647a 1ksi dimer 1w2z tetramer Oxid [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a highly technical description of various protein structures and their states, primarily focusing on redox states and binding complexes. However, it does not mention mechanical stress or any related conformational changes, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Suggested methods for this include analysing the content of any online comments and interactions for evidence of behaviour change and conducting surveys and interviews with campaign participants to directly ask about their behaviour [Reference Freeman19]. Tips for Clients on of to Promote and Health 1. to When, Where, and 1 Excessive and compulsive use of social media can negatively impact on real face-to-face communication with family and friends. A good way to manage overuse of social media is to set certain times each day when your social media notifications are off or your phone is in airplane mode. Another good tactic to avoid overuse is to decide not to have access to or not to check social media during mealtimes with family and friends and when playing with children or talking with a partner. Not taking a mobile phone into the bedroom or switching it off after a certain time in the evening is also a good tactic. Excessive use of social media at work can add to pressure and interfere with work efficiency and performance. So, again, set limits to social media interaction while at work. 2. social media to let others know about how you are managing your mental health. Share tips that you have found have worked for you and seek advice and support. Also try to focus your online interactions with people you also know offline. Talking about mental health is very important. It helps us to not internalize and recognize when we might need help. 3. Maximize the Benefits of few short spurts of focused uses of social media interaction can be less tiring and less stressful than spending a long time scrolling randomly through multiple feeds. Setting limits for interacting with different platforms can also be a good tactic to avoid this random scrolling. It is also a good tactic to try to be as active as possible when using social media. People who actively contribute rather than passively consuming others’ posts feel more positive and more in control. 4. Prune and to keep your social media life manageable. Over time, you have likely accumulated many online friends and contacts, as well as people and organizations you follow. Some content is still interesting to you, but a lot of it probably is not. Try to regularly prune your contacts, making your life more manageable. It’s a good idea also to schedule regular multiday breaks from social media. Studies have shown that breaks from using Facebook can lead to lower stress and higher life satisfaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing negative impacts of excessive social media use on face-to-face communication and mental health. It suggests methods to manage social media use to promote mental health, indicating awareness of the potential negative effects on self-esteem and overall mental well-being. Additionally, the text emphasizes the importance of seeking support and sharing mental health management strategies, which aligns with recognizing the need to address issues related to social media and mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Dr. extended the discussion further and illustrated in a very exciting presentation entitled "for Probiotics: by a Multi-Dimensional Approach" how predictability can be improved from in vitro tests for better selection and characterization of potential anti-infectious probiotic strains [1]. Presenting a multi-dimensional integrative approach applied by him and his team to screen 100 LAB strains in vitro, they developed novel host-bacteria heterotypic co-culture systems with and Dendritic cells that were incubated with strains of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium or Streptococcus and cytokine secretion profiles determined. In addition mannose adhesion and direct pathogen-inhibition on agar plates were tested. All the results were compiled and analyzed by Analysis in order to rank and compare the strains [18]. Two strains displayed distinct activity profiles of great interest for probiotic application, one for anti-inflammatory effect and the other one for anti-infectious purpose. Preliminary results, he shared, show anti-infectious effect in vivo using mice infection models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a multi-dimensional approach to probiotic effectiveness, emphasizing that probiotics' role is not singular in addressing gut health issues. It details specific research on different LAB strains and their characteristics, including anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious effects. The research presented suggests that while probiotics may be helpful, there are more complex factors and methods involved in improving gut health, indicating that probiotics alone are insufficient to solve all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: oreductase, Pro cis/trans isomerization Spaquaporin 69–69a 1z98 dimer/closed 2b5f tetramer/open Membrane water pore HsDNA pol III λ 543–543a 1xsn monomer 1xsl tetramer DNA repair93 Mpmethenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase 42–42a 1u3g monomer 1sbq dimer Folate biosynthesis 93–93a 1orf monomer 1op8 hexamer Immunity, apoptosis111 TtEF-Ts 190–190a 1tfe monomer 1aip tetramer Translation, GEF for EF-Tu, dimer is active112 Dmph sam domain 32–32a 1kw4 monomer 1pk1 dimer Chromatin protein, development MmGrp1 342–342a 1fgy monomer 1fhw dimer Signaling, binds phosphoinositides Oligomerization interface changes between redox states Tdhemerythrin 9–9a 1hmd tetramer 1 1hmz tetramer 2 Oxygen transport HsPCBP2 24–24a 2axy tetramer 1 1ztg tetramer 2 Translation regulation Hscytoglobin 38–83a 1umo dimer 1 2dc3 dimer 2 Oxygen carrier, upregulated in response to hypoxia Italicized prefixes are species abbreviations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it lists various proteins and their structures, functions, and interactions without addressing the effect of mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: It may be difficult at first to prune and disengage from social media so seek help from family and friends by publicly declaring you are on a break or that you have certain times when you are positively offline. 5. Using social media to keep abreast of your cousin’s life is fine, as long as you don’t neglect to visit or talk in person. Tweeting with a colleague can be engaging and fun, but make sure those interactions don’t become a substitute for talking face to face or via a live video platform. Social media are useful additions to our social lives, but only a flesh-and-blood person sitting across from you can fulfil the basic human need for connection and belonging. 6. is important to remember that your choices and use of social media affect others. Do not spend your time online being cruel to people. Rather, spend time supporting your contacts. It is not your job to judge others online. Criticisms and negativity can significantly impact on others’ mental health. Use your social media profile wisely, be supportive and understanding – do not cyberbully. 4. 1 @the. holistic. psychologist’s first Instagram post making her intentions on the platform explicit from its inception View in content Figure 4. 2 A post from @the. holistic. psychologist sharing the cycle of trauma responses, which received over 57,000 likes and 934 comments View in content Figure 4. 3 (a–d): BetterHelp’s static online creative You have by Loading. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'criticisms and negativity can significantly impact on others’ mental health.' It emphasizes the importance of using social media for support rather than engaging in harmful behaviors like cyberbullying, which aligns with the claim that cyberbullying can have negative effects on mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1200416/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractDespite increasing studies on caterpillar (Insecta: Lepidoptera) gut microbiota, bacteria have been emphasized more than fungi. Therefore, we lack data on whether fungal microbiota is resident or transient and shaped by factors similar to those of bacteria. We sampled nine polyphagous caterpillar species from several tree species at multiple sites to determine the factors shaping leaf and gut bacterial and fungal microbiota as well as the extent to which caterpillars acquire microbiota from their diet. We performed 16S and ITS2 DNA metabarcoding of leaves and guts to determine the composition and richness of respective microbiota. While spatial variables shaped both the bacterial and fungal microbiota of the leaves, they only affected fungi in the guts, whereas bacteria were shaped primarily by caterpillar species, with some species harboring more specific bacterial consortia. Leaf and gut microbiota significantly differed; in bacteria, this difference was much more pronounced. Moreover, the leaf–gut similarity of bacterial but not fungal components differed significantly among caterpillar species, suggesting that some species have more transient bacterial microbiota than others. Our results suggest the complexity of the factors shaping the gut microbiota, while pointing out interspecific differences in microbiota residency within the same insect functional group. FiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6IntroductionInteractions between insect herbivores and host plants are among the most important ecological associations on Earth1. The role of mediating such interactions is played by associated gut microbiota (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses)2,3. These microorganisms may, among other roles, provide their herbivore hosts with nutrients; aid in the digestion and detoxification of plant tissues; synthesize pheromones; modulate immune responses and communication; govern reproduction; and provide protection against pathogens, predators, and parasitoids4–6. Lepidoptera are one of the largest insect herbivore orders; their evolutionary success may depend on their beneficial relationship with microorganisms5,7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of gut microbiota diversity. It discusses how gut microorganisms, including bacteria, are beneficial to their hosts, aiding in processes such as digestion, nutrient provision, immune modulation, and protection against pathogens. This suggests that having diverse gut bacteria is essential for the health of the organism, challenging the idea that a completely sterile gut would be healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Protein names in roman font. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text 'Protein names in roman font' is irrelevant to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. It does not provide any information or context relating to the impact of mechanical stress on proteins.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Thus, identification of potential mediators, could help to ascertain the psychological processes that social interventions could target as a means to facilitate therapeutic outcomes on mental well-being. Self-efficacy is one psychological process that could help explain the previously observed associations between functional social support and mental well-being. Self-efficacy has been defined as the way in which people appraise their own ability to successfully implement strategies in order to achieve particular goals (Bandura, Citation1977). Low levels of self-efficacy can have detrimental consequences on mental well-being and has been associated with greater levels of anxiety (Iancu et al. , Citation2015) and symptoms of depression (Liu et al. , Citation2019). In contrast, higher levels of self-efficacy have been associated with greater overall satisfaction with life (Azizli et al. , Citation2015), higher ratings of subjective health (Jeong et al. , Citation2019) and well-being (Soysa & Wilcomb, Citation2015). Research has shown that accessing social support that enhances notions of self-efficacy can serve to facilitate adaptive coping strategies and lead to beneficial outcomes on overall well-being (Saltzman & Holahan, Citation2002). This would suggest that social interventions that bolster self-efficacy could be effective in facilitating therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, self-efficacy has also shown to mediate a negative correlation between perceived levels of social support and postpartum depression in new mothers with no history of a mental health diagnosis (Zhang & Jin, Citation2016). Thus, self-efficacy could serve as a potential mediator between perceived quality of functional social support and psychological well-being in people with a mental health diagnosis. Self-esteem is another possible mediator through which functional social support may enhance mental well-being. Self-esteem refers to how people evaluate their own self-worth and value (Trzesniewski et al. , Citation2013). Higher levels of perceived social support have been associated with higher levels of self-esteem in school aged children (Tian et al. , Citation2013), nurses (Feng et al. , Citation2018) and autistic adults (Nguyen et al. , Citation2020). It has also been argued that interventions that improve self-esteem could be effective in negating or reducing symptoms of depression and enhancing overall mental well-being (Sowislo & Orth, Citation2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how self-esteem and self-efficacy are linked to mental well-being. It specifically mentions that 'higher levels of perceived social support have been associated with higher levels of self-esteem' and that interventions improving self-esteem can help reduce symptoms of depression and enhance mental well-being. This aligns with the claim that cyberbullying can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health, as lower self-esteem could stem from negative experiences such as cyberbullying.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Similarly, living leaves harbor abundant epiphytic (epiphytes)8 and endophytic (endophytes)9 microbial communities. Leaf–microbiota relationships range from clearly negative for the plant10 to strongly positive11. The leaf microbiota is diverse with bacteria and especially fungi playing the most prominent roles12,13, providing an interactive potential for leaf consumers14; however, caterpillar midgut represents a hostile environment for diet-derived microbes because of its simple tube-like structure, extreme alkalinity (pH 8–12), and high plant secondary metabolite (allelochemicals) content from ingested plant tissues5,15,16. Species-specific digestive enzymes are adapted to the gut physiochemical conditions; thus, they may act as filters for specific gut microbial communities5,17. There is an ongoing debate concerning the residency and ecological role of caterpillar gut microbiota18. Transiency is supported by the fact that diet best explains the dissimilarity in microbiomes19,20 and that gut changes during the life cycle may prevent the establishment of specific assemblages21. Residency is supported by the fact that microbiota removal may reduce caterpillar fitness22. Moreover, certain bacterial populations may persist throughout the life cycle, despite extensive gut changes during pupation and metamorphosis19,23. Furthermore, despite the absence of specialized gut structures and rapid food transition24, bacteria may form a biofilm, suggesting their ability to colonize the gut25. Thus, the caterpillar microbiome is likely a multilayer system composed of core taxa and a more flexible non-core microbiome26,27 with a controversial functional role. Caterpillar gut microbiomes are dynamic and variable with differences in community composition depending mainly on host phylogeny, life stage, physiological environment, and diet4,7,16,19, 28–30. In contrast, the diet (i. e. , leaf) of microbiota depends on plant identity; plant species differ in their capacity to harbor microbial communities12,13,31. Nutrient availability varies in space and time32 depending on environmental factors and the associated physiological activity and productivity10,33. Thus, we expect host-interspecific and spatial differences in the diversity and community composition of gut microbiota. To determine the factors shaping the diversity and composition of leaf and gut microbiota and to identify the core and transient components of the gut, it is necessary to analyze both environments simultaneously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological roles and the functional importance of diverse microbial communities within the caterpillar gut. It states that 'bacterial populations may persist throughout the life cycle' and that 'microbiota removal may reduce caterpillar fitness,' suggesting that having a diverse population of gut bacteria is essential for health rather than an entirely sterile gut.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: AO, aminooxidase; bcp, bacterial comigratory protein peroxiredoxin; BMP2, bone morphogenetic protein 2; DNA pol III λ, DNA polymerase III λ; EF-Ts, elongation factor Ts; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor; GGA1, golgi-localized γ adaptin; Grp1, guanine nucleotide exchange factor and integrin binding protein homolog grp1; Grx, glutathione reductase; PCBP2, poly(C)-binding protein-2; pHsam domain, polyhomeotic-proximal chromatin protein sterile alpha motif domain; PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase; RuBisCoL, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit; SAM-S-adenosyl-L-methionine; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Ae, Aeropyrum pernix; Af, Archaeoglobus fulgidus; BPV, bovine papilloma virus; Cr, Crithidia fasciculata, Dm, Drosophila melangaster; FMDV, foot and mouth disease virus; HPV, human papilloma virus; Hs, Homo sapiens; Me, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum; Mm, Mus musculus; Mp, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Nt, Nicotiana tabacum; Ps, Pisum sativum (Pea); Rn, Rattus norvegus; Sp, Spinacia oleracea; Td, Themiste dyscritum; Tt, Thermus thermophilus. a 2nd Cys in different monomer. There was also a small group of transmembrane receptors which form covalent dimers in a neck region close to the membrane. These include the low-density oxidized LDL receptor, and the asialoglycoprotein receptor. Covalent dimer formation may promote further quaternary changes such as higher oligomer formation in response to bound ligands as has been recently demonstrated for the metabotropic glutamate receptors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a list of proteins and other biological terms without discussing mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformational changes. It contains specific terminology regarding various proteins and their interactions but does not reference the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cyberbullying on social media can negatively impact self-esteem and mental health. [SEP] Text: Self-esteem, and the way in which people appraise their own self-worth and value, has previously been identified as an important construct in influencing psychological well-being (Sowislo & Orth, Citation2013). The mediation model in the present study suggests that the perception of receiving functional social support may influence the way people evaluate their own self value, which can then determine psychological well-being. This would suggest that the sense of being valued by others, who provide functional social support, may increase the extent to which people with a mental health diagnosis value themselves and improve self-esteem. Functional social support refers to the process of interacting with people who are seen to provide sources of encouragement, informational support, advice and facilitate a sense of belonging (Lakey & Cohen, Citation2000). It has been posited that group activities facilitated by healthcare professionals, such as dramatherapy, can be beneficial in harnessing social networks between attendees and staff members (Bourne et al. , Citation2020). Group-based talking therapies can also be beneficial in reducing symptoms of depression and facilitating recovery through attendees sharing their knowledge, lived experiences and providing guidance to peers (Gillis & Parish, Citation2019). It has been posited that group cohesion, which refers to an individual’s intrinsic desire to be a member of and contribute to a particular group, can be an important facet in ensuring productivity and positive outcomes for people who engage in group-based therapies (Yalom & Rand, Citation1966). For example, longitudinal increases in group cohesion have been associated with improved self-esteem and therapeutic outcomes in people attending group-based Therapy sessions for psychosis (Lecomte et al. , Citation2015). Therefore, group-based activities that facilitate cohesion amongst attendees, whilst providing opportunities to receive functional social support from healthcare professionals and peers, may help to ensure self-esteem in people with mental health diagnoses. Thus, social interventions that provide functional social support may improve self-esteem through encouraging positive evaluations of self-worth and value leading to therapeutic outcomes for people with a mental health diagnosis. Furthermore, the present study also suggests that functional social support indirectly effects psychological well-being via self-efficacy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the relationship between self-esteem, social support, and psychological well-being. It suggests that social interventions that provide functional social support can improve self-esteem and lead to positive therapeutic outcomes for people with mental health diagnoses. This implies that negative experiences, such as cyberbullying, could impact one's self-evaluation and, consequently, their mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: However, the high overall richness in the caterpillar guts contradicts previous findings reporting species-poor bacterial communities7,30,39 Contrary to our previous study40, bacterial microbiome was richer than fungal microbiome, especially considering that bacterial richness was estimated at the genus level and fungal richness at the species level. The accurate quantification of the 16S and ITS2 DNA in the initial samples is necessary to assess the proportional representation of bacteria and fungi in the gut microbiota. Moreover, the extent to which microbial communities obtained by metabarcoding are composed of legacy DNA from dead or dormant cells and spores remains to be determined42. Both the bacterial and fungal components of leaves were significantly affected by tree species, which is a typical pattern43; however, they always significantly interacted with locality, implying that trees at different localities harbored specific microbial assemblages. This contradicts a recent study suggesting low variability in leaf microbial diversity among individual sites44, although it accords with the fact that the leaf microbes are acquired from the environment, but their survival is filtered by the plant45. The microbiomes of a focal host species may be affected by local plant community composition and diversity31,37,44; these measurements were beyond the scope of our study but could be responsible for the observed spatial differences. Irradiation significantly affected the fungal richness and bacterial composition and richness. Sun exposure is a good predictor of fungal abundance46 and diversity47. For bacteria, Stone and Jackson48 found distinct community compositions across canopy positions, with speculative attributability to radiation; however, shaded leaves are less exposed to rain, which changes bacterial composition. Moisture availability may have a substantial impact on leaf microbiota49; desiccation, especially in combination with UV radiation, strongly limits microbial populations50. However, in leaf bacteria, UV radiation has been found to have no effect on species richness51. In caterpillars, bacterial composition and richness were primarily shaped by caterpillar species. In fungi, the role of the host species is only secondary; they are shaped primarily by spatial variables. Great interspecific differences were quite surprising, given that numerous studies have reported similar communities shared among caterpillar species, both implying the low importance of the host physiological environment in structuring microbial communities and emphasizing the dietary effect19,29,35,39. In contrast, independent of diet, there are interspecific differences in the physiochemical conditions of the gut, which exert strong selection pressure on microbiota5,17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that emphasizes the importance of microbial diversity. It discusses the richness of bacterial microbiomes in caterpillar guts, noting that 'high overall richness in the caterpillar guts contradicts previous findings.' This indicates that a diverse microbial population has biological significance, opposing the notion that a completely sterile gut is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 96 Relevance to disease Importantly, ageing and several major diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, type II diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease have been associated with abnormal redox conditions. Inadvertent triggering of redox-active disulfide switches is a likely contributor to these phenotypes. This view is supported by the association of several in the dataset with disease. SOD1 (also known as CuZn-SOD) is an enzyme mutated in familial lateral sclerosis (FALs), an age-dependent degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and brain. SOD1 is largely localized to the cytosol but is also found in the intermembrane space of mitochondria. SOD1 is activated by formation of the disulfide and insertion of Cu by the copper carrier CCS. Both of these proteins are represented in the dataset (and S2). The conserved disulfide in SOD1 is essential for activity and unusual because it remains oxidized in the cytosol. Although the disulfide is intrachain, it is thought to play a critical role in stabilizing the SOD1 homodimer. Formation of the disulfide is part of the SOD1 maturation process which is regulated by physiological oxidative stress. The three reduced proteins in the dataset are three distinct mutants associated with familial lateral sclerosis (FALs): G37R, H46R, and I113T. The exclusive association of the reduced proteins with the disease mutants suggests redox imbalance of this disulfide is implicated in the disease. This hypothesis is supported by the finding that 14 FALs mutants have the common property of being more susceptible to disulfide reduction than wild-type protein. 97 Toxicity associated with disulfide-linked multimerization of SOD1 mutants has recently been implicated in the disease mechanism. 98 types of conformational change were observed in the dataset suggesting there may be common structural modes of redox regulation. Proteins exhibited disulfide oxidation following expulsion of metals such as Zn, morphing, order/disorder transitions, and changes in quaternary structure. In an individual protein more than one mode may be employed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between oxidative stress, redox-active disulfide switches, and the stability of SOD1 protein in relation to diseases such as familial lateral sclerosis. While it mentions conformational changes related to redox regulation, it does not directly address mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Close mobile search navigation 2463. 2463. doi: Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) largeDownload slideView largeDownload slide Close modalThis study aims to investigate variability in precipitation and air temperature data of all provinces in Turkey. (ITPAM) was used to analyze the trend in precipitation (mm) and air temperature (oC) data of Turkey in this study. Analyzing the country as a whole using this method is one of the strengths of the study. 30-year data sets between 1991 and 2020 were analyzed. As a result of the study, trend analysis results of precipitation and air temperature data of 81 provinces in Turkey were obtained. The significance level in trends was determined as 5%. Forty-one percent of monthly total precipitation data of Turkey showed an increasing trend, 41% showed a decreasing trend, while 18% showed no trend in this study. In the standard deviation of precipitation data, 44% of the data showed an increasing trend, 42% showed a decreasing trend and 14% showed no trend. Moreover, it was concluded that there was an increasing trend of 67% in monthly average air temperature data and an increasing trend of 46% in the standard deviation data. According to these results, it is concluded that monthly average air temperature data has a largely increasing trend. data of Turkey were analyzed for the first time with ITPAM. The effect of climate change was investigated in all provinces of Turkey. Forty-one percent of precipitation data of Turkey showed an increasing trend, 41% showed a decreasing trend, while 18% showed no trend. Sixty-seven percent of temperature data of Turkey showed an increasing trend, 27% showed a decreasing trend, while 6% showed no trend. air temperature, climate change, ITPAM, precipitation, trend analysis, effects of climate change on hydrological and meteorological data sometimes reach disaster proportions. These disastrous effects cause floods in some places and droughts in others. It is observed that there is an increasing trend in the frequency of these events in recent years. It is sometimes insufficient to define extreme disasters such as droughts and floods only through average values. Therefore, it is important to analyze and classify the measured meteorological and hydrological data within themselves (Şen 2010; Dabanlı 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of significant trends in precipitation and air temperature in Turkey, which are indicators of climate change. It mentions that there is a 'largely increasing trend' in monthly average air temperature and a notable variability in precipitation patterns. This evidence supports the assertion that climate change, as indicated by changing temperature and precipitation patterns, can affect crop yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Thus, they probably sampled a much greater microbial pool than that reflected in the relevant leaf sample, which may have contributed to their low similarity. Bacterial richness was higher in the leaves than in the guts, whereas fungal components showed an opposite pattern, suggesting that fungi may be less filtered than bacteria. The composition of the leaf bacteria was rather balanced, whereas in the guts there was a great host-interspecific variability. Contrarily, fungal component of both leaves and guts was dominated by Aureobasidium pullulans, Ramularia, and Dothiora, again pointing out environmental acquisition greater than in the case of bacteria. This finding was corroborated by the analysis of the factors that form individual microbial components of the gut. In fungi, the caterpillar species was only a secondary factor explaining less variability than the spatial variables (locality and sampling plot), which predominantly shaped the richness and composition of the diet. However, the bacterial component of the guts was shaped primarily by caterpillar species and was affected by the caterpillar body length, indicating a greater involvement of gut filtering. Bacteria in the diet varied greatly among individual localities; however, gut bacteria did not reflect this. The spatial variability of bacteria manifested only at the level of individual localities, which may reflect the host’s adaptation to local conditions. These results indicate that the fungal component of the gut is more transient, whereas bacteria form a core component. The leaf–gut similarity of bacterial—but not fungal—components differed significantly among caterpillar species, suggesting that some species have lower leaf–gut similarities than others (specifically A. aescularia and O. brumata). This suggests a higher involvement of resident (core) bacterial taxa or stronger environmental filtering. This may be explained by their similar life histories and dispersal strategies. Unlike the rest of the study species, adults remain active during winter, occurring in high abundances60. For both species, ballooning dispersal, in which caterpillars use silk to move through the air, was documented61. Both strategies could contribute to sampling different microbial pools from the environment. Moreover, extreme winter conditions may alter adult gut microbiota, which may be vertically transferred to the offspring through the contamination of the egg surface23,28. Furthermore, while bacterial microbiota of some hosts (P. munda, A. aescularia, P. pilosaria, O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the microbial composition in the gut, pointing out that the bacterial richness and variability are important aspects of gut health. It emphasizes that bacteria form a core component of the gut, highlighting the significance of bacterial diversity instead of sterility. For instance, it mentions that the bacterial component of the guts was shaped primarily by caterpillar species and was affected by local conditions, indicating that a diverse gut microbiota is connected to adapting to the environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: The conformations of disordered sequences appear to be principally governed by entropic factors: weak sequence p1. doc1. 2 MB 1. Pairs. PRO_175_sm_supptable2. doc110. 5 KB 2. GO-terms over-represented in the redox-pairs compared to the whole PDB. PRO_175_sm_suppmovie1. mpeg950 KB Supporting movie 1. CPDaseMorph. PRO_175_sm_suppmovie2. mpeg1. 4 MB Supporting movie 2. CLIC1Morph. PRO_175_sm_suppinfo. doc55 KB 1 Abbreviations. Abbreviations in supporting table1. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the 0817. 10. 1073/pnas. 0702027104 of Science®220. 10. 1146/annurev. arplant. 56. 032604. 144246 of Science®3937. 10. 1073/pnas. 0606411103 of Science®732. PubMedWeb of Science®382. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2006. 08. 041 of Science®171. 10. 1016/S1359-0278(98)00024-8 of Science®4066. of Science®5287. 10. 1021/bi00438a054 of Science®726. 10. 1002/pro. 5560020503 of Science®172. 10. 1002/9780470123096. ch2 of Science®7227. 10. 1073/pnas. 0511035103 of Science®495. 10. 2174/138920307782411464 of Science®5925. 10. 1074/jbc. M301526200 of Science®2420. 10. 1110/ps. 051459705 of Science®628. 10. 1073/pnas. 97. 2. 623 of Science®242. 10. 1093/nar/28. 1. 235 of Science®8511. 10. 1073/pnas. 132142799 of Science®9305. 10. 1074/jbc. M308444200 of Science®1003. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it does not address mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses various unrelated topics such as entropic factors, weak sequence pairs, and references to supporting documents without connecting to the claimed relationship between mechanical stress and protein conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: The analysis of February average air temperature data concluded that there is an increasing trend tendency with a fourth degree risk throughout Turkey, but there is an increasing trend tendency with a fifth degree risk in Şırnak, Rize, Trabzon, Bayburt, and Eskişehir provinces. Standard deviation of monthly air temperature average air temperature data of Turkey are analyzed by ITPAM. Standard deviation of monthly air temperature of Adana province of Turkey is shown in Figure 9. Figure 9View largeDownload slideStandard deviation of monthly air temperature of of Turkey. Figure 9View largeDownload slideStandard deviation of monthly air temperature of of Turkey. Close modal When the analysis results are examined, January and June are in the third degree risky increasing trend region, February, March, April, October, and November are in the first degree risky increasing trend region, while May and September are in the second degree risky increasing trend region. July is in the fifth degree risky increasing trend region, while December is in the third degree risky decreasing trend region. It is concluded that July and August are in the no trend region. ITPAM was applied to standard deviation of monthly average air temperature data of all provinces of Turkey, and the analysis results with GIS software are shown in Figure 10. Figure 10View largeDownload slideStandard deviation of monthly air temperature of all provinces of Turkey. Figure 10View largeDownload slideStandard deviation of monthly air temperature of all provinces of Turkey. Close modal and February are examined from analysis results of standard deviation of monthly average air temperature given in Figure 10, it is concluded that there is a decreasing trend with first, second, and third degree risk in air temperature data of Turkey in January, but there is an increasing trend with first degree risk in some parts of the Marmara region and in Zonguldak, Sinop, Artvin, Kars, Iğdır, Van, Şırnak, Batman, Diyarbakır, Bingöl, Malatya, Hatay, Adana, and Kayseri provinces. When the standard deviation air temperature data for February are analyzed, it is concluded that there is a decreasing trend tendency with first, second, and third degree risk in Marmara, Southeastern Anatolia, Aegean, and Mediterranean regions, but there is an increasing trend tendency with first and second degree risk in Black Sea, Eastern Anatolia, and regions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed analysis on the increasing and decreasing trends in air temperature data across various provinces in Turkey, which directly relates to the implications of climate change on agricultural practices. The mention of trends, such as 'increasing trend tendency' and 'decreasing trend tendency,' indicates how changing temperatures could influence crop yields, supporting the assertion that climate change affects agricultural outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Microb. Ecol. 41, 252–263 (2001). . , Linhart, Y. & Fierer, N. The ecology of the phyllosphere: geographic and phylogenetic variability in the distribution of bacteria on tree leaves. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 2885–2893 (2010). Bolyen, E. et al. QIIME 2: Reproducible, interactive, scalable, and extensible microbiome data science. (2018) doi:10. 7287/peerj. preprints. 27295v2. . & Armstrong, S. D. ITSxpress: Software to rapidly trim internally transcribed spacer sequences with quality scores for marker gene analysis. F1000Research 7, 1418 (2018). Callahan, B. J. et al. DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat. Methods 13, 581–583 (2016). Bokulich, N. A. et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2’s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome 6, 90 (2018). Quast, C. et al. ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Res. 41, D590–D596 (2013). Nilsson, R. H. et al. database for molecular identification of fungi: handling dark taxa and parallel taxonomic classifications. Res. 47, D259–D264 (2019). . release for Fungi 2. (2019). & Callahan, B. J. Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data. Microbiome 6, 226 (2018). R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2020). Ter Braak, C. J. F. ter & Smilauer, P. Canoco reference manual and user’s guide: software for ordination, version 5. 0. (2012). Ondov, B. D. , Bergman, N. H. & Phillippy, A. M. Interactive metagenomic visualization in a Web browser. BMC Bioinformatics 12, 385 (2011). Chrostek, E. , Pelz-Stelinski, K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a collection of citations related to microbiological studies and software, but it does not provide any information supporting, contrasting, or relating to the claim about gut sterility versus bacterial diversity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. bbamem. 2006. 02. 015 of Science®205. 10. 1152/physiolgenomics. 00058. 2004 of Science®2021. 10. 1021/bi0509191 of Science®5316. 10. 1021/bi047449f of Science®113. 10. 1016/S0092-8674(01)00300-2 of Science®9743. 10. 1021/bi00155a029 of Science®8214. 10. 1073/pnas. 0708308105 of Science®1740. 10. 1016/j. str. 2004. 07. 013 of Science®79. 10. 1002/bies. 10413 of Science®266. 10. 1093/nar/gkh021 of Science®232. 10. 1111/j. 1462-5822. 2006. 00783. x of Science®2339. PubMedWeb of Science®0588. 10. 1074/jbc. M204547200 of Science®3136. 10. 1074/jbc. M205467200 of Science®5485. PubMedWeb of Science®784. 10. 1021/ja00315a051 CASWeb of Science®6570. 10. 1016/S0021-9258(19)84599-4 of Science®482. 10. 1016/0968-0004(87)90234-9 CASWeb of Science®339. 10. 1016/S0065-3233(08)60520-3 CASPubMed287. 10. 1016/0022-2836(81)90515-5 of Science®424. 10. 1038/nature04896 of Science®1441. 10. 1089/ars. 2006. 8. 1419 of Science®1069. 10. 1016/j. cell. 2005. 04. 011 of Science®1171. 10. 1016/S0969-2126(02)00796-7 of Science®929. 10. 1089/ars. 2005. 7. 919 of Science®1737. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020333 CASWeb of Science®3572. 10. 1073/pnas. 240463497 of Science®234. 10. 1146/annurev. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it appears to be a list of scientific references and DOIs, which makes it irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: the analysis results of monthly total precipitation data of Turkey are examined, it is detected that 41% of Turkey has a decreasing trend, 41% has an increasing trend, and 18% has no trend. In addition, it is concluded that 9% of the regions with increasing trend tendency are in the fifth degree risk, 12% in the fourth degree risk, 9% in the third degree risk, 7% in the second degree risk, and 4% in the first degree risk increasing trend region. It is concluded that 8% of the regions with decreasing trend tendency are in the fifth degree risk, 12% in the fourth degree risk, 8% in the third degree risk, 7% in the second degree risk, and 5% in the first degree risk decreasing trend tendency. Demirgül et al. determined that a decrease of 0. 6 mm (0. 1%) (from 574 to 573. 4 mm) of the normal rainfall throughout the country. They observed that annual air temperature values tend to increase with a change of 0. 46 °C (3. 51%) (from 13. 09 to 13. 55 °C). These results coincide with the analysis results of the study (Demirgül et al. 2022). Touhedi et al. investigated the variability of standard annual maximum precipitation in all provinces of Turkey in their study. As a result of the research, they observed an increasing trend in 45% of all provinces. As a result of the analysis of this study, this value was found to be 41%. Therefore, it was observed that the analysis results overlapped (Touhedi et al. 2023). When standard deviation analysis results of monthly total precipitation data are examined, it is detected that 42% of Turkey has a decreasing trend, 44% has an increasing trend, and 14% has no trend. In addition, 8% of the regions with increasing trend tendency are in the fifth degree risk, 10% in the fourth degree risk, 14% in the third degree risk, 9% in the second degree risk, and 3% in the first degree risk increasing trend region. It is concluded that 6% of the regions with decreasing trend tendency are in the fifth degree risk, 10% in the fourth degree risk, 13% in the third degree risk, 9% in the second degree risk, and 3% in the first degree risk decreasing trend tendency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on changes in precipitation and temperature in Turkey, indicating that 41% of the regions are experiencing an increasing trend in precipitation and a rise in annual air temperature by 0.46 °C. These changes in precipitation and temperature patterns are likely to affect crop yields, supporting the claim that climate change influences agricultural production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Illustrative distance matrix (DC) for two species: (A, three diploid individuals) and (B, two diploid individuals): five different alleles (g-1) · · · (g-5), with squared distances if alleles are identical but if different. treatment of the (sample frame determined) max-diversity dataset (Table 2) yields maximum achievable (Q*) values and their derivative diversity maxima, using the same computational stream as used in Eqs (3–8). Both the observed (Table 1) Q-values and their sample-frame dependent (Table 2) maximum Q*-values are presented for the exemplar in Table 3, where we also present a set of [0,1]-scaled diversity estimates, which we will elucidate below. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Maximum distance matrix (DC) for two species: (A, three diploid individuals) and (B, two diploid individuals, with ten different alleles (g-1) · · · (g-10); squared distances if alleles are identical but if different; analysis yields sample-frame dependent maximum Q*-values and their translations into maximum diversity estimates. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Observed Q-values for exemplar (Table 1) and maximum Q-values (Table 2), translated into observed, maximum, and [0,1]-scaled estimates for total diversity, a separate within-species estimate for each species, a weighted average within-species estimate, and an among-species estimate. Extending the diversity partition downward We typically sample multiple populations within each of our sample species, and for diploids (and also polyploids) we may also want to elaborate diversity within and among single individuals. For both purposes, we need to extend our diversity partition downward, so imagine six (6) populations, two (2) from species A and four (4) from species B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data about species and allele diversity without any mention of gut health, bacteria, or sterility. It focuses on genetic diversity analysis and does not provide any information that could support or contrast the claim regarding gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: pharmtox. 46. 120604. 141122 of Science®1. 02 Å resolution. Structure 7: 605–617. 10. 1016/S0969-2126(99)80082-3 of Science®1265. CAS438. 10. 1046/j. 1432-1033. 2003. 03943. x of Science®1284. 10. 1074/jbc. 274. 30. 21276 of Science®1114. 10. 1126/science. 3535073 of Science®6112. 10. 1073/pnas. 2534397100 of Science®1284. 10. 1128/jb. 177. 5. 1275-1284. 1995 of Science®1052. 10. 1104/8342. 10. 1128/JB. 01318-06 of Science®5659. 10. 1021/bi00476a001 of Science®1207. 10. 1006/jmbi. 2000. 5161 of Science®1058. 10. 1021/ja0011616 of Science®1425. 10. 1074/jbc. M107889200 of Science®396. 10. 1016/S0092-8674(02)00723-7 of Science®485. 10. 1080/08927020701361876 of Science®6815. 10. 1093/emboj/18. 23. 6809 of Science®6990. 10. 1074/jbc. 272. 43. 26985 of Science®72. 10. 1038/nature06414 of Science®3660. 10. 1074/jbc. M402823200 of Science®3038. 10. 1158/1535-7163. MCT-07-0211 of Science®30. 10. 1016/S0969-2126(02)00937-1 of Science®883. 10. 1110/ps. 03438204 of Science®665. 10. 1373/clinchem. 2006. 078014 of Science®1774. 10. 1089/ars. 2006. 8. 1765 of Science®963. 10. 1016/S1097-2765(03)00098-4 of Science®930. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim directly or provide any relevant information regarding mechanical stress or its effects on protein structures. Instead, it appears to be a collection of references or citations from scientific literature without context, making it irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.