Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 1017/S1092852915000681 [Opens in a new window] This is an 4. 0/), which permits unrestricted re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited Copyright © Press 2015 eating disorder (BED) is the most common of eating disordersReference Hudson, Hiripi, Pope and Kessler 1 and is characterized by excessive and rapid food intake without concomitant purging behaviors. BED is commonly associated with obesity but also occurs without obesity. Reference Hudson, Hiripi, Pope and Kessler 1 Reference Kessler, Berglund and Chiu 2 A range of cognitive abnormalities has been reported in BED. The study of cognitive processes allows us to address several issues of relevance to BED. First, cognitive processes have well-defined neural correlates from animal and human studies and represent powerful intermediate endophenotypes that mediate brain function and behavior. Reference Insel, Voon and Nye 3 Thus, cognitive impairments may reflect underlying impairments in corresponding brain substrates. Second, demonstrating similarities across differing pathological disorders provides insights into dimensional mechanistic similarities that might cut across seemingly differing behaviors and assist with further conceptualization of a disorder. Reference Insel, Cuthbert and Garvey 4 How BED might compare with other eating disorders, obesity without BED, and disorders of addiction or impulse control may help with conceptualization of BED. Reference Gearhardt, White and Potenza 5 – and Fletcher 8 This converges with the trend toward dimensional psychiatryReference Insel, Cuthbert and Garvey 4 by conceptualizing binge eating beyond the simple phenomenon of eating behavior (eg, anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa), to identifying biological or cognitive endophenotypes that may link this behavior of persistent, out-of-control, rapid consumption of a highly palatable natural reward (food) with other potentially relevant behaviors. Third, differentiating between BED and non-BED obese subjects can further help with defining subtypes of obesity and help particularly with characterizing the heterogeneity of obesity. Thus, understanding cognitive processes underlying BED may help elucidate underlying neural networks, mechanisms leading to aberrant behaviors, and also help with conceptualization of BED and differentiating BED as a subtype of obesity. Aberrant cognitive processes may also represent a marker as a predictor for outcomes, for treatment targets, and to assess therapeutic outcomes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses binge eating disorder (BED) and related cognitive processes but does not make any references to cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it focuses on the cognitive abnormalities associated with BED and how they relate to behavior and brain functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 9060/fig-4 HDR-driven event varies between genomic location To determine if the co-selection for the ATP1A1Q118R/N129D increases efficiency across different loci, we tested the same approach at other genes of interest, including RYR2, GATA6, and POLG, all of which are located on different chromosomes. We also targeted the DGUOK gene at a different independent locus. Each gene was targeted individually or along with ATP1A1. Transfected cells with or without digoxin selection were collected for out-out PCR, and INDEL-HDR rates were determined using TIDE/TIDER analysis. As shown in Table 1, the INDEL rates without digoxin selection ranged from 1. 3% to 45. 6%, which is likely due to different inherent guide targeting efficiencies. After digoxin selection, INDEL efficiency significantly increased among all targeted loci (Table 1). HDR rates remained low without digoxin selection, ranging from 0 to 4. 18%. After digoxin treatment, the cells showed an increase of HDR at both DGUOK regions; however, this increase was not observed at the other targeted loci (Table 1) presumably due to the excessively low efficiency of HDR at these specific sites. In summary, the results indicate that the ATP1A1 co-targeting approach successfully selected targeted cells, and although HDR efficiency increases, the rate remains variable between loci. Table 1: The population of HDR and INDEL-mediated mutagenesis after co-targeting ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest. Five different loci were targeted by -Cas9 in human iPSCs along with two linear repair templates (ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest). After transfection cells were cultured in the presence or absence of digoxin selection, cells were collected and sequenced for TIDE(R) analysis. The percent population of INDELs and HDR events are shown. (−) Digoxin (+) Digoxin (−) Digoxin (+) DGUOK_EX1 2 16. 53% 43. 10% 0% 10. 85% DGUOK_EX4 2 11. 76% 39. 03% 4. 18% 13. 23% RYR2_EX50 1 12. 40% 43. 53% 1. 35% 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that investigates the effects of CRISPR technology on different genomic loci. It provides evidence of HDR (homology-directed repair) rates, indicating that CRISPR can be used to edit specific genes located on different chromosomes, which aligns with the claim about the precise editing capabilities of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: Despite classifying themselves as ‘farmers’, these smallholders in fact only gain an average of 14% of their income from commodity crops. It is important to bear in mind that in most cases some commodities will be consumed by the family. This suggests that smallholders are opting towards more flexible and diversified livelihoods, rather than intensified farming. A market broker demonstrating his approach to measuring and valuing trees. The benefits of agroforestry Agroforestry is the practise of growing trees around or with areas of crop or pasture. It has been shown to be beneficial in the tropics due to enhanced nutrient cycling, soil structure, biodiversity (especially pollinators), shade and shelter for understorey crops, and diversification of farm produce. It also requires a lighter workload than intensive farming, and the trees can be treated as a ‘living savings account’ for many smallholders. There are also many side-products of forestry that can also be harvested such as bark, herbs, fruits, and seeds – sold in local markets or used at home by families. The ESD survey revealed that agroforestry appeared to make up a sizeable proportion of income across all wealth bands, averaging at 29%. Furthermore, agroforestry naturally allows flexibility; it is up to the farmer whether to incorporate commodity crops around the trees, or livestock, as well as which trees to plant and when to harvest. Due to the long-term and low-input nature of forestry, it gives the farmer further options as to whether to pursue a side venture for off-farm income. Hands-on training provided during MTG courses is effective. Invest locally and individually If the government wants to encourage more farmers to invest in the silviculture of forest trees, then the smallholders need to feel competent and be properly skilled in order to fully reap the benefits. The project team have implemented 21 Grower (MTG) courses since 2014, farmer-centred and hands-on training to improve the knowledge of smallholders in Indonesia. With regards to growing techniques, these courses advise what species are suitable for each region, including proper maintenance and care. Although these techniques are simple, they are regularly overlooked and can significantly improve yield. Previously, smallholders would sell their standing trees to local brokers, who oversee harvesting, transport, and preliminary processing (without the smallholder present). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the growth of mosses. It primarily discusses smallholder farming, agroforestry, and the income aspects of tree cultivation without any mention of mosses or their growth conditions. Thus, it does not provide any supportive or contrasting information related to the claim about mosses' habitats.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Risk taking can also be considered a form of impulsivity and can occur in the context of risk (or known probability) or uncertainty (in which the probability is unknown). Response inhibition Response inhibition is the capacity to inhibit prepotent motor responses, which can span the processes of action restraint (eg, tested using the “go/no-go” task, in which actions that are not yet initiated are inhibited) or action cancellation (eg, tested using the “stop signal” task, in which actions that are already initiated are inhibited). Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 These are common measures of response control, with meta-analyses showing deficits in attention-hyperactivity disorder, a disorder associated with impulse control impairmentsand Schachar 11 substance use disorders, particularly to stimulants, nicotine, and alcohol, but not to opioids or cannabis; and pathological gambling. Reference Smith, Mattick, Jamadar and Iredale 12 Impairments in the stop signal task have also been shown in unaffected siblings of stimulant-dependent subjects, which suggests an endophenotypic risk factor for the development of addiction. and Bullmore 13 Studies comparing obese BED patients against obese controls or against age- and gender-matched, healthy, non-obese controls suggest that response inhibition tested using the go/no-go task or stop signal task are impaired in BED only if paired with food cues. In one study using a go/no-go task with food and body words, BED subjects made more commission errors to both food and body words compared to non-BED obese subjects. Reference Mobbs, Iglesias, Golay and Van der Linden 14 Similarly, another study showed that BED compared to non-BED obese subjects had prolonged stop signal reaction time in a stop signal task involving food images. The study also showed that BED had greater commission errors to food versus non-food images. Reference Svaldi, Naumann, Trentowska and Schmitz 15 In contrast, 2 studies comparing BED versus their own healthy volunteers did not show an impairment in a neutral stop signal task without food cues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it discusses risk-taking behavior, response inhibition, and disorders related to impulse control. While these topics are related to decision-making, they do not specifically support or contradict the claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: 13% GATA6_EX4 18 45. 60% 81. 80% 0. 40% 0% PolG_EX10 15 1. 38% 25. 33% 0% 0% DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/table-1 the present study, we used -Cas9 to edit the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs. The introduced mutations inhibited the binding of cardiac glycosides, thus conferring resistance to high dosage of this class of drug. More importantly, we were able to obtain genomic-modified clones that were specifically repaired by HDR after ouabain and digoxin selection. We showed that using 400 bp dsDNA as the repair template increased HDR efficiency compared to 150 bp ssODNs, while delivering the template in a linearized plasmid further improved HDR rates. Moreover, by co-targeting ATP1A1 with a second locus of interest, we were able to increase both INDEL and HDR selection efficiency in two different iPSC lines. Although HDR-driven events varied between genomic loci, the overall efficiency of selecting genetically-modified clones increased. The optimization of the genome-editing strategy in human iPSCs provided by this study will pave the way for future disease modeling and gene therapy research. Optimizing repair templates to obtain increased HDR-driven mutations after double-strand breaks has been well studied (Baker et al. , 2017; Song & Stieger, 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017). Due to difficulties in generating ssODNs longer than 200 bp, researchers have used single strand DNA with 30–70 base homology arms (HA) as donor template for small edits (Ran et al. , 2013; Richardson et al. , 2016; Yang et al. , 2013). The dsDNAs are generally used as the repair templates for fragment insertions (Byrne et al. , 2015; Urnov et al. , 2005). In human iPSCs, the optimal HA length is reported to be ∼2 kb (Byrne et al. , 2015). Our study tested the efficiency of ssODN, dsDNA and linearized plasmid for -based genomic editing through HDR. We found that homology arms that are less than 200 bp showed no significant difference between all three forms of donor DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of CRISPR technology (‘Cas9’) to edit human iPSCs at the ATP1A1 locus, demonstrating precise genomic editing. It discusses the introduction of mutations and the use of various repair templates, which are indicative of the precise nature of the CRISPR technology in modifying genomic sequences. Furthermore, it emphasizes the efficiency of HDR in selecting genetically-modified clones, aligning well with the idea of 'precise editing' within genomic sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/soil-9-231-2023 © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 10. 5194/soil-9-231-2023, 2023. Received: 27 Dec 2022 – Discussion started: 09 Jan 2023 – Revised: 20 Mar 2023 – Accepted: 27 Mar 2023 – Published: 02 May 2023 1 mining in the Negev Desert, Israel, has been taking place since the 1960s in large areas. ICL-Rotem mining company leads the phosphate mining activities and has been practicing a reclamation-oriented mining protocol for the past 15 years. The mining protocol entails the excavation of the top 50–70 cm of soil (which they consider to be topsoil), followed by the overburden (the layer covering the phosphate), then storing the two soil layers in separate piles. Following the excavation of the phosphate, the overburden is returned to the mining pit followed by the topsoil. Finally, the terrain is leveled with heavy machinery. The area is then considered a restored, post-mining site. Open mining activities lead to the destruction of the local vegetation and seed bank and the fragmentation of the natural landscape (Sengupta, 2021). The consequences include land degradation, erosion, soil and water pollution, and dust dispersion. In addition, mining activity often leads to decreased biodiversity in and around mining sites (Bridge, 2004; Sengupta, 2021). One of the ecosystem components being destroyed by mining activities in the is the biological soil crust layer (biocrust). Biocrust is the topmost layer of many arid soils and comprises primary-producing and heterotrophic microorganisms that bind together soil p2. 1 Study site and sample collection Sampling was conducted during June 2020 at the Gov mining site, located in the (30. 84∘ N, 35. 09∘ E, 98 m above sea level), where restoration was completed in 2007. The study area was previously described in Gabay et al. (2022). Briefly, is a hyperarid region of the Negev Desert, with 50 mm average annual rainfall (Zin factory meteorological data) and highly saline soils (average electrical conductivity, EC, is 24 dS m−1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the destruction of biological soil crusts in the context of mining activities that affect local vegetation and soil layers. Although it doesn't explicitly mention mosses, the reference to 'biocrust,' which includes various organisms found in soils, implies that vegetation, including mosses, can indeed grow in soil environments, not just on trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Reference Wu, Giel and Skunde 16 Reference Mole, Irvine and Worbe 17 In these same studies, although the stop signal task was not impaired in BED subjects, subjects with bulimia nervosa had impaired response inhibition compared to healthy volunteersReference Wu, Giel and Skunde 16 and non-BED obese subjects, and those with alcohol use disorders had impaired response inhibition compared to healthy volunteers. Reference Mole, Irvine and Worbe 17 These studies thus suggest that response inhibition in the context of neutral cues may not be impaired in BED; however, in the context of food (and body) cues, both early and late response inhibition are more impaired in BED relative to non-BED obese subjects. Delay discounting Delay discounting tasks in both animal and human studies involve the selection of an immediate smaller reward and a larger delayed reward with variations in either the delay to the reward or the magnitude of the reward to calculate an indifference point in which the 2 options are selected equally. Reference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 This represents the value attached to the delayed reward. Greater delay discounting is observed in and Rubia 18 and across a range of substance use disorders. Reference Bickel, Koffarnus, Moody and Wilson 19 In studies of BED subjects with mild obesity of mixed gender [body mass index (BMI) 33–35]Reference Mole, Irvine and Worbe 17 to moderate obesity in women (BMI 36–38),Reference Davis, Patte, Curtis and Reid 20 both BED and non-BED obese subjects had greater discounting of delayed rewards compared to healthy volunteers. In contrast, in a study in women with higher BMIs (BMI 42), BED subjects had greater discounting to delayed rewards in multiple domains, including food, money, sedentary activity, and massage time compared to non-BED obese subjects. Reference Manwaring, Green, Myerson, Strube and Wilfley 21 Thus, in the domain of delay discounting, an influence of severity of obesity appears to play a role: greater devaluation of the delayed reward appears to be common across BED and non-BED obese subjects, with mild to moderate BMI levels suggesting a core common cognitive deficit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on specific studies involving response inhibition and delay discounting in individuals with eating disorders and does not directly address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for precise editing of genomic sequences. [SEP] Text: Easy quantification of template-directedCas9 editing. Research 46:e58. 2015. Crispr-mediated gene targeting of human induced pluripotent stem cells. in Biology 35:5A. 8. 1-5A. 8. 22. 2015. Multi-kilobase homozygous targeted gene replacement in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Research 43:e21 Chen YH, Pruett-Miller SM. 2018. Improving single-cell cloning workflow for gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells. Research 31:186-192 Chen F, Pruett-. 2011. High-frequency genome editing using ssDNA oligonucleotides with zinc-finger nucleases. 8:753-755. 2015. Increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair for -Cas9-induced precise gene editing in mammalian cells. 33:543-548. 2019. iPSC-derived hepatocytes as a platform for disease modeling and drug discovery. Frontiers in Medicine 6:265. 2017. Refining strategies to translate genome editing to the clinic. 23:415-423. 2018. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. 17(9):641-659 El-. 2019. Cardiac glycosides in human physiology and disease: update for entomologists. Insects 10(4):102. 2013. High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by -Cas nucleases in human cells. 31:822-826 3rd CF. 2013. andCas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends in Biotechnology 31:397-405. 2014. An iplatform for rapid. multiplexable, and inducible genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell 15:215-226 Guo Q, Mintier G, Ma-. 2018. ‘Cold shock’ increases the frequency of homology directed repair gene editing in induced pluripotent stem cells. 8:2080. 2013. DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. 31:827-832 -. 2018. p53 inhibits -Cas9 engineering in human pluripotent stem cells. 24:939-946. 2018. A screen using iPSC-derived hepatocytes reveals NAD(+) as a potential treatment for mtDNA depletion syndrome. 25:1469-1484 e1465 Johnson RD, Jasin M. 2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple studies and advancements related to gene editing using CRISPR technology, highlighting the effectiveness of template-directed Cas9 editing and targeted gene replacement in human induced pluripotent stem cells. This supports the assertion that CRISPR enables precise genomic modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: The main soil cover types in are biocrusts and desert pavement, with scarce vegetation of mainly annual species. The soil composition in the post-mining site and natural area is similar with 70 % sand, 18 % silt, and 12 % clay, and 68 % sand, 20 % silt, and 12 % clay for natural and post-mining, respectively (Gabay et al. , 2022). The soils in are classified as Solonchak according to the Based soil classification system. Biocrusts were sampled either from the post-mining site or the adjacent natural area. The biocrusts in Gov are thin (between 1. 5–2. 5 mm deep) and smooth. The site is characterized by areas covered in biocrusts or desert pavement. In each sampling site, we sampled along a 100 m strip at approximately 10 m intervals (Fig. 1). In total, we sampled 20 biocrust samples (10 from each site). We collected the biocrusts using a spatula, at an average depth of 2 mm. Biocrusts were placed in 100 mm × 15 mm Petri dishes lined with cotton. For the SIP assay, we chose five of the 10 samples from each site containing the highest chlorophyll a concentrations as estimated in preliminary experiments (Table S1). Figure 1Map of the research area. Map (a) shows the different post-mining sites around the Zin factory. Map (b) shows the biocrust sampling points in Gov mining site used for this research. Green dots represent the natural biocrusts, and red dots represent the post-mining biocrusts. 2. 2 Soil properties Five biocrust samples from each plot type (post-mining and natural) were sent for analysis of soil properties (pH, EC, and NO3- concentrations and soil organic matter). The analysis was performed at the Laboratory (Center, Gilat, Israel). 2. 3 Chlorophyll a extraction Chlorophyll a was extracted from biocrust samples using a protocol previously described in Gabay et al. (2022). Briefly, chlorophyll a was extracted from 3 g soil of each biocrust sample and was diluted in 9 mL of methanol for 15 min at 65 ∘C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts, which can be formed by mosses and other vegetation, specifically in soil and sandy environments. It states that the main soil cover types are biocrusts and desert pavement, indicating that vegetation, possibly including mosses, can be found in these habitats, contradicting the claim that mosses can only grow on trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Reference Voon, Morris and Irvine 25 A dissociation was observed as a function of reward and loss valence, with binge eating severity scores positively correlated with probability weighting to reward anticipation (ie, that they subjectively believed a probabilistic reward was more likely to occur than the objective probability) and negatively correlated to loss anticipation. These findings were similar to those with alcohol and methamphetamine dependence, but BED and alcohol-dependent subjects demonstrated a preference for moderate reward magnitudes, whereas methamphetamine dependence was characterized by a preference for high-risk/high-reward magnitudes. BED subjects, similar to methamphetamine-dependent subjects, also exhibited impaired discrimination of reward magnitude or value. These observations of impaired reward value discrimination are similar to studies in psychostimulant dependence, in that they demonstrate impairments in the sensitivity to monetary reward gradients. Reference Goldstein, Parvaz and Maloney 26 Reference Goldstein, Tomasi and Alia-Klein 27 BED subjects also had greater risk preference to low-risk losses, whereas obese subjects were much more risk averse to high-risk losses. These findings contrast with another study that investigated subjects with more severe obesity (mean BMI 42) in which BED subjects were more risk averse, in that they discounted probabilistic rewards in multiple domains (food, money, sedentary activity, or massage) without feedback. Reference Manwaring, Green, Myerson, Strube and Wilfley 21 The study design similarly compared certain versus risky choices with an adjusting procedure to determine when the certain and risky choices were chosen equally and thus valued equally, and was conducted in conjunction with a delay discounting task with a similar design in which BED subjects also discounted delayed rewards across all domains to a greater extent than non-BED subjects. Thus, in subjects with high BMIs, greater discounting to both delayed and probabilistic rewards was observed, with greater impulsive choice preference but also greater risk aversion. Waiting impulsivity, reflection impulsivity, and conflict Waiting impulsivity measures the anticipatory response to a cue that predicts reward. In rodent studies using the 5-task, elevated waiting impulsivity is predictive of compulsive cocaine use. Reference Belin, Mar, Dalley, Robbins and Everitt 28 In a translational study using the recently developed human 4-task, no differences were observed in waiting impulsivity between BED and non-BED obese controls compared to healthy volunteers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding cognitive biases influencing decision-making. Instead, it discusses patterns of reward anticipation, impulsivity, and risk preference in subjects with binge eating disorder (BED) without explicitly linking these behaviors to cognitive biases. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: : Edited by Daniel A. Culver and Hilario NunesRecent advances in sarcoidosis genomics: epigenetics, gene expression, and gene by environment (G × E) interaction studiesGarman, Loria; Montgomery, Courtney G. a; Rivera, Natalia V. b,c,d aDepartment of Genes and bDepartment of cRheumatology Division, Department of dCenter of (CMM), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, to Lori Garman, PhD, Department of Genes and 825 NE 13th, MC-104, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Tel: +1 405 271 1705 x1; e-mail: [email protected] This is an open access 4. 0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. in 26(5):p 544-553, September 2020. | DOI: 10. 1097/MCP. 0000000000000719 of review We aim to review the most recent findings in genomics of sarcoidosis and highlight the gaps in the field. Recent findings Original explorations of sarcoidosis subphenotypes, including cases associated with the Center and ocular sarcoidosis, have identified novel risk loci. Innovative gene--environment interaction studies utilizing modern analytical techniques have discovered risk loci associated with smoking and insecticide exposure. The application of whole-exome sequencing has identified genetic variants associated with persistent sarcoidosis and rare functional variations. A single epigenomics study has provided background knowledge of DNA methylation mechanisms in comparison with gene expression data. The application of machine-learning techniques has suggested new drug repositioning for the treatment of sarcoidosis. Several gene expression studies have identified prominent inflammatory pathways enriched in the affected tissue. Summary Certainly, sarcoidosis research has recently advanced in the exploration of disease subphenotypes, utilizing novel analytical techniques, and including measures of clinical variation. Nevertheless, large-scale and diverse cohorts investigated with advanced sequencing methods, such as whole-genome and single-cell RNA sequencing, epigenomics, and meta-analysis coupled with cutting-edge analytic approaches, when employed, will broaden and translate genomics findings into clinical applications, and ultimately open venues for personalized medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing recent findings in gene-environment (G × E) interaction studies. It highlights that innovative studies have discovered risk loci associated with environmental factors, such as smoking and insecticide exposure, which modifies gene expression. Additionally, the text mentions a singular epigenomics study that provides background knowledge of DNA methylation mechanisms in relation to gene expression, thereby linking environmental factors to gene expression modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: Previous studies examining the effect of a physical disturbance (repeated trampling) on biocrust communities revealed a decrease in the amount of extractable DNA, lower chlorophyll a, and a decrease in biomass and Cyanobacteria abundance (Kuske et al. , 2012; Steven et al. , 2015; Chung et al. , 2019). However, these studies investigated a localized disturbance compared to mining disturbance, where the biocrust is completely removed over large spatial scales. Moreover, the previous studies were conducted in environments that were less extreme than the hyperarid Zin Valley. Therefore, we expected the damage to the biocrust in Zin post-mining sites to follow similar patterns but to be more conspicuous than the previously reported disturbed biocrusts (Kuske et al. , 2012; Steven et al. , 2015; Chung et al. , 2019). Our previous report (Gabay et al. , 2022) supported this notion; we demonstrated differences in bacterial communities in natural and post-mining biocrusts, expecting these differences to be reflected in the proliferating communities of these biocrusts. Our previous survey (2017) also revealed significantly lower abundances of Cyanobacteria and chlorophyll a concentrations in post-mining biocrusts (Gabay et al. , 2022). Out of the four mining sites surveyed, Gov (which was restored in 2007) showed the most considerable shift in biocrust community following mining. However, in the current study, we sampled post-mining biocrusts at a different location in the Gov mining site (∼ 500 m away from the original plot) due to technical constraints. In the new location, we found that the photosynthetic potential of the biocrust in the post-mining plots did not differ from the natural biocrust. These results highlight the importance of microenvironments in shaping the functionality of biocrusts (Garcia-Pichel and Belnap, 1996). The similarities in active communities and photosynthetic potential could be due to more developed biocrusts in the new sampling locations compared to the previous ones. Photosynthetic activity is usually observed in biocrusts within minutes to hours after hydration by either dew or rain (Harel et al. , 2004; Lange, 2003). In our experiment, we hydrated the biocrusts to capacity and then incubated the samples for 96 h. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the presence of biocrusts, which include organisms that can grow in soil and rocks, indicating that not all species, including mosses, are exclusive to trees. Moreover, it highlights the functioning and regeneration potential of biocrusts in post-mining environments further supporting the idea that mosses can inhabit diverse substrates.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 29 Reference Voon, Irvine and Derbyshire 30 In the task, subjects held down a space bar while performing a serial reaction time task in which they released the space bar to touch the square on the touch screen in which a target appeared. The main outcome was premature responses prior to target onset. In contrast to the BED findings, the same study demonstrated enhanced waiting impulsivity across multiple disorders of substance addiction (abstinent methamphetamine, alcohol-dependent, and cannabis users, and current smokers) and binge drinkers. This study suggests that waiting impulsivity, unlike that observed in disorders of addiction, is not impaired in obese subjects with or without BED. However, in this study, the degree of obesity was mild to moderate, and the task was not tested in the context of food cues or premature responding in BED, both of which may influence outcomes. In a study on reflection impulsivity, which assesses the amount of evidence accumulated prior to a decision, there were no differences between either BED or non-BED obese subjects and healthy volunteers tested using the Task. Reference Mole, Irvine and Worbe 17 The information sampling task involves probabilistic inference, in which subjects are shown 25 squares and must use the accumulated evidence (sequential opening of the square color) to decide whether the squares are predominantly blue or pink. In the Stroop word-color interference task, subjects must report the color in which the word is printed rather than the meaning of the word itself. The task is a complex task that assesses multiple elements, including the capacity to inhibit responding to a conflicting prepotent response, assess conflict, and shift responding. Studies investigating Stroop word-color interference (ie, to non-food related stimuli) report no differences between BED and non-BED obese subjects, suggesting that there is not a fundamental impairment in cognitive control of conflict at least as measured using the Stroop. Reference Duchesne, Mattos and Appolinario 31 Reference Galioto, Spitznagel and Strain 32 In a functional MRI study using the Stroop word-color task, BED subjects had lower activity in regions implicated in self-control, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, inferior gyrus, and insula, compared to non-BED obese controls, although no behavioral differences were observed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding cognitive biases influencing decision-making. Instead, it discusses experimental tasks related to impulsivity, cognitive control, and food-related behaviors in specific populations without explicitly linking these concepts to cognitive biases or their impact on decision-making processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: 1) [2]. This ancestry-associated and phenotype-associated variation in non-Löfgren's syndrome suggests multiple genetic architectures and potentially differential exposures underlying various disease mechanisms. It is apparent that sarcoidosis research lags behind other inflammatory disorders in the application of cutting-edge technologies and analysis techniques necessary to identify genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic risk factors and the endeavor to link genotypic to phenotypic data. For example, no extensive eQTL studies in sarcoidosis-relevant populations have been performed, except for a few expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses [13–15] targeted towards cell types or genes associated with sarcoidosis that explained only a small fraction of the variation in gene expression. In spite of this lag, there is a group of studies published in the last 2 years in which advances in sarcoidosis genetics, epigenetics, and transcriptomics have been made through the use of original cohorts, technology, and analysis methodology. In this review, we aim to summarize these studies as well as indicate the gaps in the sarcoidosis genetics literature. Box 1: no caption availablein most inflammatory diseases, variants located in the MHC have historically been the major genetic risk factors in sarcoidosis, although these vary by ancestry as well as clinical presentation. MHC class II alleles HLA-DRB1∗11:01, 12:01, and 15:03 are associated with sarcoidosis in patients, and 15:01 and 04:01 in individuals of European descent. HLA-DRB1∗03:01 is not only associated with increased susceptibility but also with disease resolution in European Löfgren's syndrome patients; yet in patients, 03:01 is protective and 03:02 is associated with susceptibility and resolution. In addition to the MHC loci, other genes with and without known immune function have also been reported to be associated with sarcoidosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how epigenetics and transcriptomics are being applied in sarcoidosis research, highlighting advances in understanding the relationship between genetic and epigenetic factors and gene expression. It mentions that advances have been made in studying genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic risk factors, which supports the claim that epigenetics involves the modification of gene expression by environmental factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: During the incubation, most biocrust samples displayed some degree of greening, with more greening in the natural biocrusts (Fig. 2). This indicates that the photosynthetic bacteria in the biocrust were activated upon wetting. Yet, no significant differences were detected between natural and post-mining biocrusts' chlorophyll a concentrations (Fig. 3) or abundances of photosynthesis-related genes (Fig. 6). This implies that similar abundances of photosynthetic bacteria were activated upon wetting in both biocrusts, yet they barely proliferated (Fig. 4). analysis revealed no significant differences in the abundances of genes within any of the function categories examined (Fig. 6). In contrast, a previous study conducted in the Highlands examined active bacterial communities during a rain and subsequent drying (Baubin et al. , 2021). The results indicated an increase in genes related to photosynthesis, light, and sensing following the rain, while the other function categories did not vary significantly. We note that the identity and abundances of the functional genes in the dry biocrusts detected by Baubin et al. (2021) and here (Fig. 6) are similar. Therefore, we propose that the similarity between the post-mining and natural biocrust communities (Fig. 5) reflect similar functional potential (Fig. 6). However, low abundance of active ASVs were used to infer the abundances of functional genes, and large variance between samples in post-mining biocrusts could mask significant differences (Table S5). The growth patterns of biocrust organisms are affected by local environmental conditions (Kim and Or, 2017). Zin mining fields are in a hyperarid region, where extreme heat events are frequent in the summer, and rains are scarce and unpredicted. Moreover, in recent years there were only two or three rain events during each rainy season (Zin factory meteorological data). Hydration is the most important factor affecting biocrust organisms' growth rate, while long desiccation periods negatively affect growth (Zaady et al. , 2016). Also, salinity levels in soils are high (Table 1; Levi et al. , 2021), imposing further stress on the biocrust community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts and their environmental conditions, suggesting that biological communities can thrive in diverse habitats, such as rocks and soil. It emphasizes the impact of hydration and local environmental factors on growth, which implies that mosses and other biocrust organisms can exist in places other than trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Reference Balodis, Molina and Kober 33 Summary of impulsivity studies These studies converge with and extend an early meta-analysisReference Wu, Hartmann, Skunde, Herzog and Friederich 34 that had identified 2 studies of and Skunde 16 Reference Duchesne, Mattos and Appolinario 31 involving 2 differing impulsivity constructs measured using the stop signal task and Stroop interference task. The authors showed that BED was not associated with impairments in impulsivity, whereas bulimia nervosa was associated with a clear elevation in impulsivity (response inhibition and cognitive interference control) along with a marked increase in impulsivity in the context of food cues. Put together, decisional impulsivity appears to be impaired: delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity are impaired across both BED and non-BED obese subjects, suggesting core deficits as a function of obesity. The severity of obesity and the context of food cues appear to play important roles in behavioral regulation. In BED subjects with lower BMIs, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion in BED subjects with higher BMIs. Similarly, greater discounting of delayed rewards is observed in BED subjects with more severe obesity compared to their obese non-BED counterparts. The capacity to inhibit motor responses appears to be impaired to a greater extent in BED compared to non-BED obese controls; however, this is only true in the context of a motivationally salient food cues, not with neutral cues. Thus, the broader range of impulsivity subtypes does not appear to be as consistently impaired across multiple domains as reported in disorders of addiction. As drugs of abuse are known to influence impulsivity, one possible reason for the different results may be that food is less likely to have a state-specific influence on impulsivity measures. Whether these measures reflect state-specific or trait-specific predictive markers of BED cannot be determined from these cross-sectional studies. or flexibility or compulsivity is defined as the capacity to change or shift choices in the face of differing rules, changes in contingencies, or uncertainty. Greater compulsivity commonly presents as the tendency to make repeated choices or actions despite negative consequencesReference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 or in the face of changes in context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses impulsivity and its relationship to eating disorders (BED and bulimia nervosa), detailing how obesity affects decision-making processes, particularly in the context of food cues. However, it does not specifically address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making in a broader sense. Instead, it focuses on impulsivity and behavioral regulation without making a direct connection to cognitive biases, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Commonly replicated loci include 33, ANXA11, BTNL2, FUT9, NOD2, CCR2, IL234, C6ORF67, OS9, PRDX5, RAB23, SLC11A1, TGFB1, TLR9, TNFA, and XAF1 (descriptions of sarcoidosis-associated genes/transcripts and pathways can be found in Tables 1 and 2, respectively). Many of these are shared with other immune-mediated diseases or with sarcoidosis-associated risk factors. For example, IL23R is associated with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, and ankylosing spondylitis [5▪▪]. Table 1: Descriptions of genes or transcripts found to be associated with sarcoidosis in publications of the last 2 yearsTable 2: Pathways found to be associated with sarcoidosis in publications of the last 2 yearsMost of the sarcoidosis genetic associations discussed above were found with GWAS studies, still the gold standard in genetic studies of sarcoidosis, as no whole-genome sequencing studies and only a few whole-exome studies [16▪–18▪] have been performed. Sarcoidosis genetic research is also limited in that population-based cohorts from Germany, Sweden, Japan, and the have been historically analyzed individually, with the notable exception of two 2015 studies utilizing Immunochip data from multiple cohorts [6,19]. Sarcoidosis is also not typically analyzed with other diseases, with a few notable exceptions, [20,21▪▪]. Finally, gene by environment analyses are few, but have, for example, found interactions of FUT9 with insecticide exposure [22] and IL23R with smoking in non-Löfgren's syndrome but not in Löfgren's syndrome [5▪▪]. Several recent studies have begun to address these limitations with novel sequencing technologies and gene by environment analytical techniques. Finally, two multicenter studies known as Genotype–in Sarcoidosis (GenPhenReSa) [23] and the Multi-Consortium for ( represent international networks of population-based cohorts created for genomic studies of sarcoidosis, including genetics, transcriptomics, and epigenomics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing interactions between genetic factors and environmental exposures, specifically mentioning gene by environment analyses that found interactions of genes like FUT9 with insecticide exposure and IL23R with smoking. This indicates that the study of how gene expression is modified by environmental factors, which is a fundamental aspect of epigenetics, is indeed being explored in the context of sarcoidosis and other diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: It is known that in high stress environments, biocrust microorganisms increase nutrient availability and accumulation by resuming carbon and nitrogen fixation upon hydration (Aranibar, 2022). The resulting organic carbon and nitrogen compounds can be consumed during the long desiccation periods (Belnap, 2003; Colesie et al. , 2014). One study examining microbial nitrogen transformations in biocrusts collected from succulent Karoo biome in Namibia and showed that following wetting, nitrogen cycling genes are expressed in biocrust organisms (Maier et al. , 2022). Another study examining biocrust samples taken from the in Utah demonstrated a pulse of metabolite release following controlled wetting (Swenson et al. , 2018). Based on these reports, and due to the extreme conditions in (Levi et al. , 2021), we suggest that hyperarid biocrust communities prioritize functions such as metabolite production, nutrient cycling, and preparation for desiccation over growth. Natural recovery of biocrusts has been long debated and is generally estimated to be a slow process, especially in arid sites that experience very short activity periods for biocrust development, such as the hyperarid Zin mining site (Kidron et al. , 2020; Weber et al. , 2016). The time and trajectory of recovery depend on many factors relating to local climatic conditions and site properties (Belnap and Lange, 2003). One such factor that greatly affects establishment and restoration of biocrusts is the proximity, availability, and dispersal timing of biocrust propagules (Bowker, 2007; Walker et al. , 2007). Thus, the low proliferation rates we observed, particularly in post-mining biocrusts, suggest that restoration processes might be much slower than previously estimated. The topsoil from a stockpile is used to cover the mining pits. This soil may not contain a biocrust seed bank because it was probably destroyed and buried during the mining processes. Further increase in bacterial biomass might highly depend on the dispersal of biocrust propagules to the site from adjacent natural areas by wind or water. Our results further emphasize the need for active restoration measures in the Zin mines. Such measures include soil inoculation with local cyanobacterial propagules (Acea, 2003; Wang et al. , 2009; Zhao et al. , 2016; et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts and their establishment in harsh environments, including soil and possibly rocks. While the claim states that mosses can only grow on trees, the mention of biocrusts showcases that similar microorganisms can thrive in multiple environments, suggesting that the claim is incorrect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Impulsivity and compulsivity are believed to be overlapping constructs that might sit at opposite ends of a spectrum: for example, models of addiction posit that impulsivity transitions to compulsivity over the course of addictionReference Dalley, Everitt and Robbins 10 and Volkow 35 they also have overlapping processes and neural substrates, and can co-exist within the same disorder. Compulsivity, similar to impulsivity, also consists of heterogeneous subtypes with discrete but overlapping neural substrates between subtypes and can be either simple or complex. On a simple level, flexibility includes stereotypies, perseveration or impaired switching. On a more complex level, subtypes can include attentional set shifting, reversal, habit, or exploration behaviors as reviewed in the following sections. Set shifting Set shifting assesses a higher order capacity to shift between differing abstract rules or sets. There are several tasks that measure set shifting. In the Sorting Task, subjects must match cards to 1 of 4 cards, which differ by specific dimensions (color, shape, or number) based on specific rules that change over time. In the Test (TMT), Trail B, which tests the capacity to alternate between numbers and letters, subjects draw must draw a line to connect a series of numbers and letters in order. A meta-analysis investigating set shifting across multiple task types in 3 different eating disorder populations (BED, anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa) identified impaired set shifting with a small to moderate effect size across all 3 populations (BED effect size: g=−0. 53). and Friederich 36 A moderate effect size was shown in studies of obesity (g=−0. 61) but not in overweight studies (g=−0. 07). The meta-analysis included only 2 BED studies with a total of 53 BED subjects. Further analysis of the 2 studies and other recently published studies suggests there may be differences between BED and obesity as a function of BMI. In one study with mild obesity (BMI 31–32) assessing the TMT, Trail B, processing time was impaired in BED compared to non-BED obese subjects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding cognitive biases influencing decision-making. Instead, it discusses impulsivity and compulsivity as constructs related to addiction, along with various forms of set shifting and their measurement through tasks in specific populations. While there may be an implicit relationship between impulsivity/compulsivity and decision-making, the text does not provide explicit evidence or examples of cognitive biases or how they affect decisions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, adjustment for the HLA-DRB1∗03 allele revealed a large number of interacting variants, 106 in Löfgren's syndrome and 33 in non-Löfgren's syndrome, suggesting a plausible gene--gene interaction between HLA-DRB1∗03 and other disease loci in the genome. Overall, the study found that smoking modulates the risk of sarcoidosis by 56% in Löfgren's syndrome and 62% in non-Löfgren's syndrome patients. The interaction effects with smoking were calculated using a novel model of attributable proportion or a metric interaction consistent with additive, multiplicative, and multifactorial threshold models that had been previously utilized in rheumatoid arthritis [25]. Moreover, to strengthen their findings, the authors utilized canonical pathway algorithms implemented in the MetaCore software to determine signaling pathways implicated in sarcoidosis pathogenesis influenced by smoking exposure. The analysis led to the identification of relevant processes, including positive regulation of nitrogen compound metabolic process (87. 2%; 6. 364e-25), response to an organic substance (82. 5%; 1. 268e-16), and regulation of cellular process (91. 7%; 9. 839e-19) – all which may be triggered by cigarette smoking. New genetics analytics of gene by environment interactions: insecticide use Insecticide exposure has been found to be associated with sarcoidosis both independently [26] and in a previous G × E study [22]. Last year, Chen et al. [27▪▪] developed a novel G × E method accounting for population admixture and related individuals, as known admixed populations like are commonly and severely affected by sarcoidosis. After benchmarking the methods on simulated data, the authors applied their methodology to a previously analyzed data set of 1877 (1073 cases and 804 controls) collected from both family and unrelated study groups [28] to assess the effect of insecticide exposure in sarcoidosis. The most significant interacting variant with disease risk and insecticide exposure identified by the GEE-joint method was rs3129890, located 1,447 base pairs from the 3’ of HLA-DRA on chromosome 6, which had an increased risk effect (odds ratio of 2. 32 in the exposed versus 1. 43 in the unexposed). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how environmental factors, specifically smoking and insecticide exposure, can interact with genetic conditions such as sarcoidosis. It details how smoking modifies the risk of sarcoidosis in different patient groups and suggests that gene by environment interactions are significant in understanding disease risk, which aligns with the essence of epigenetics as it pertains to gene expression modification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: , 2017) and increased hydration (Morillas and Gallardo, 2015; Zhang et al. , 2018), which were effective in enhancing biocrust establishment and recovery following disturbances (Antoninka et al. , 2020). 5 proliferation of biocrust bacteria was detected after wetting, suggesting prolonged recovery times of biocrusts following major mechanical disturbances such as mining. Furthermore, recovery largely depends on site conditions and the ability of biocrust propagules to disperse to post-mining sites. Further research is needed to confirm our hypothesis of low proliferation and thus restoration rates in hyperarid biocrust bacterial communities. Code and data availability All data produced in this study and scripts used for community analysis, functional predictions, and chlorophyll a estimation plot are available at (Gabay, 2023). The raw 16S sequences are available in the NCBI database under 906925 and accession numbers SAMN31937891–SAMN31937900 ( last access: 30 November 2022). supplement related to this 10. 5194/soil-9-231-2023-supplement. Author contributions TG: conception, sample collection, incubation, chlorophyll a and DNA extraction, statistical analysis, visualization, and writing (original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing). EP: DNA-SIP assay, DNA quantification, and PCR amplification. OG and YZ: conception, writing (reviewing and editing), investigation, and supervision. RA: conception, statistical analysis, visualization, supervision, and writing (reviewing and editing). All authors read and approved the paper. Competing interests The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests. Disclaimer Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. thank from ICL-Rotem for coordinating sample collection and providing Zin factory maps and meteorological data, for her assistance in sample collection, and for suggestions on statistical analyses. Lastly, we thank ICL-Rotem for their support and funding of this research. Financial support Funding for this research was provided by ICL-Rotem. was supported by the Foundation (grant no. 19-24309Y) and was supported by the of and Sport (SoResearch (grant no. EF16_013/0001782)). Review statement This paper was edited by and reviewed by two anonymous referees. 10. 3389/fmicb. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text indirectly contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts and their recovery following disturbances in relation to hydration and site conditions. Biocrusts imply the presence and growth of organisms on substrates like soil and rocks, which suggests that mosses may also grow in similar conditions contrary to the claim that they can only grow on trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Reference Svaldi, Brand and Tuschen-Caffier 24 In another study comparing moderate obesity (BMI 36) using the Wisconsin card sorting task, perseveration errors and the failure to maintain set were both more impaired in BED compared to non-BED obese controls but not TMT, Trail B. Reference Duchesne, Mattos and Appolinario 31 In contrast, in a recent study with high BMI (BMI 45), no differences were observed between BED and non-BED obese controls in Trail B. Reference Galioto, Spitznagel and Strain 32 A study comparing BED (BMI 35) and anorexia nervosa with healthy controls showed that BED was associated with greater set shifting impairments compared to anorexia nervosa as measured during TMT and failure to maintain set in the Wisconsin card sorting task. Reference Aloi, Rania and Caroleo 23 Thus, although the literature is limited, those with BED appear to be impaired in set shifting with greater impairments relative to non-BED obese controls when BMI is low but possibly with similar impairments when BMI is high. Goal-directed, habitual, and perseverative choices Goal-directed and habitual behaviors have been examined in BED using the Two-step task which assesses whether individuals make choices based on the likely affective outcomes (model-based) or based on previously reinforced choices (model-free). Reference Daw, Gershman, Seymour, Dayan and Dolan 37 In this task, subjects choose between 1 of 2 choices, which then leads with fixed probability to 1 of 2 states; selection of the choice at the second stage then leads to a probabilistic reward. Using this task to examine the balance between goal-directed behavior and habit formation, BED compared to non-BED obese subjects had impairment in model-based, goal-directed behavior with a shift toward model-free habitual behaviors. Reference Voon, Derbyshire and Ruck 38 Higher binge eating scores correlated positively with the shift toward habit formation. These findings were similar to other disorders, including methamphetamine dependence and obsessive compulsive disorder, suggesting similarities linked by compulsive behaviors. In healthy controls, greater model-based behaviors were associated with greater volumes of the medial orbitofrontal cortex and caudate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it discusses studies related to binge eating disorder (BED) and its cognitive impairments regarding goal-directed behavior and habit formation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about cognitive biases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: This same variant was in high-linkage disequilibrium (r2 > 0. 78) with a known African American-specific sarcoidosis risk variant rs2227139 [7] that was also found to be interacting with insecticide exposure. Additionally, two novel loci with suggestive evidence of G × E interaction were also identified. New genetics sequencing methods: whole-exome studies Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is a relatively new sequencing technology that provides coverage of more than 95% of the exons in the human genome, which are thought to contain roughly 85% of the genetic variants associated with human disease phenotypes. In WES, genomic DNA is fragmented, and targeted regions are captured by hybridization to probes in solution or on an array before subsequent amplification and sequencing. As exome sequences encompass only about 2% of the human genome, WES can be performed in smaller cohorts while maintaining sufficient power for identifying genetic risk factors within sequenced regions. The studies below suggest WES can provide further insights on known sarcoidosis risk variants and potentially identify novel variants. A recent Finnish study performed WES with the goal of identifying variants associated with persistent sarcoidosis [17▪]. Of the 188 patients in the study, roughly half (n = 98) had persistent activity after 2 years; the rest had resolved within 2 years of diagnosis. Thirty-six patients from each classification, cohort-matched by known Finnish HLA associations, including HLA-DRB1∗03:01 and haplotype HLA-DRB1∗04:01-DPB1∗04:0, were used in a discovery cohort. Nineteen variants were associated with prognosis in the discovery cohort; 5 of these, in genes 3, C1orf158, LILRB4, and KIR3DL1/KIR3DS1, were replicated in the full cohort. HLA-specific subset analyses confirmed all five in those patients with known HLA associations and 3 in patients without these variations. 3 and C1orf158 were previously reported to be associated with sarcoidosis in a WES study of German families [16▪]. In the German study, exomes of 22 sarcoidosis cases from six families were sequenced, and authors applied analysis techniques designed to address linkage and high-penetrance to identify familial-clustered, functional, and rare genetic variants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interaction between genetic variants and environmental exposure, specifically through the mention of 'a known African American-specific sarcoidosis risk variant rs2227139 that was also found to be interacting with insecticide exposure.' This suggests that environmental factors can modify gene expression and impact disease risk, which aligns with the study of epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: , Thornton, B. , Dettweiler-Robinson, E. , and Rudgers, J. A. : Soil surface disturbance alters cyanobacterial biocrusts and soil properties in dry grassland and shrubland ecosystems, Plant Soil, 441, 147–159, 2019. Colesie, C. , Allan Green, T. G. , Haferkamp, I. , and Büdel, B. : Habitat stress initiates changes in composition, CO2 gas exchange and C-allocation as life traits in biological soil crusts, ISME J. , 8, 2104–2115, 2014. Davis, N. M. , Proctor, D. , Holmes, S. P. , Relman, D. A. , and Callahan, B. J. : Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data, Microbiome, 6, 1–14, 2017. Dixon, P. : VEGAN, a package of R functions for community ecology, J. Veg. Sci. , 14, 927–930, 2003. . ,. , and Langille, M. G. I. : 2: An improved and customizable approach for metagenome inference, BioRxiv, 672295, 2019. Dumont, M. G. and Hernández García, M. (Eds. ): Probing: Methods and 2019. Gabay, T. : TaliaJoanne/SIP-experiment-Zin-mines: SIP experiment Zin mines (v1. 1), Zenodo [code], 2023 Gabay, T. , Rotem, G. , Gillor, O. , and Ziv, Y. : Understanding changes in biocrust communities following phosphate mining in the Negev Desert, Environ. Res. , 207, 112200, 2022. Garcia-Pichel, F. and Belnap, J. : Microenvironments and of Crusts, J. Phycol. , 32, 774–782, 1996. Green, T. G. A. and Proctor, M. C. F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to research on biological soil crusts and their habitats, indicating that mosses and similar organisms can exist in environments such as soil and not solely on trees. Such references suggest that mosses are found in various ecological settings, contrasting with the claim that they are limited to trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Although a large number of studies have focused more generally on obesity and attentional bias to food cues, relatively few studies comparing BED and non-BED obese subjects have been conducted. Female BED subjects compared to non-BED obese subjects have longer latency event-related potentials when viewing high calorie compared to low calorie foods. Reference Svaldi, Tuschen-Caffier, Peyk and Blechert 41 Using eye-movement tracking, BED subjects compared to non-BED obese subjects had longer gaze duration to food stimuli and difficulties with saccade away from both food and non-food stimuli in the first saccade and particularly toward food in the second saccade. Reference Schag, Teufel and Junne 42 In studies investigating cognitive interference and memory biases for food cues, BED subjects show a general interference effect on the N-back task with lures and a food cue–specific effect in the recent probes task. Thus, working memory appears to be more susceptible to cognitive interference and is more likely to have a food cue–related memory bias. Reference Svaldi, Schmitz, Trentowska, Tuschen-Caffier, Berking and Naumann 43 Both obese subjects with and without BED also show a bias toward negatively valenced weight or body shape words, whereas BED subjects have a specific impairment in retrieval of positively valenced words. Reference Svaldi, Bender and Tuschen-Caffier 44 Put together with the response inhibition findings, BED is characterized by enhanced general susceptibility to cognitive interference of working memory and attentional and memory bias and impaired self-regulation in the context of salient food cues. Mu-studies have reported pharmacological effects on cognition in BED. One study that showed cognitive and neuroimaging effects in BED was an investigational drug (GSK 1521498 2 mg and 5 mg) selective for mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonism administered over a 28-day period in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Although the drug had no clear efficacy on weight, fat mass, or binge eating scores, the drug decreased hedonic responses to consumed sweetened dairy products (specifically to high but not low sugar and fat content), which was negatively correlated with plasma drug levels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific studies related to Binge Eating Disorder (BED) and its relation to cognitive interference and attentional biases in food-related contexts. However, it does not explicitly address or support the broader claim about cognitive biases influencing decision-making in general. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Two similar efforts focused on genetic studies in diverse populations include ( a developing initiative to collect samples from population-based cohorts of patients and a large, case--control whole-genome sequencing and single-cell transcriptomic effort in African and ( genetic risk factors do not fully explain sarcoidosis susceptibility or clinical variability, implicating the presence of epigenetic processes, underlying the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. To date, only one epigenomics study in sarcoidosis has been performed [30▪▪]. This recent study must be highlighted for its comparison of multiple clinical cohorts of granulomatous diseases, use of two data modalities, gene expression and DNA methylation, and adjustment for clinical covariates. Genome-wide DNA methylation and mRNA expression were both assessed by array in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from patients with chronic beryllium disease (CBD, n = 8), beryllium sensitization without disease (BeS, n = 8), and sarcoidosis (n = 32). Initial epigenomics analyses found extensive, genome-wide significant DNA methylation changes in CBD compared with BeS, but not in the eight sarcoidosis patients used for this portion of the study compared with BeS. When CBD-associated methylation changes were examined in sarcoidosis patients, most changes were methylated in the same direction as CBD, but with a smaller magnitude of change, compared with BeS. Variability in DNA methylation and gene expression in sarcoidosis were also increased, potentially because of increased disease heterogeneity compared with CBD. A follow-up analysis of 9 progressive and 15 remitting sarcoidosis patients found 15 215 differentially methylated CpGs, although only 801 had greater than 5% methylation change in the progressive compared with the remitting disease group. Those which were also differentially expressed in progressive compared with remitting included genes with function in immunity. Although a small sample size limits this study, the results generated crucial basic knowledge of the methylation state in BAL immune cells in sarcoidosis, supporting the notion of epigenetic processes underlying the pathobiology of the disease. there are a plethora of studies of gene expression [31–46], they are generally limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous cell mixtures, and clinically variable cohorts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing epigenetic processes that are implicated in diseases such as sarcoidosis and chronic beryllium disease. It specifically mentions extensive genome-wide significant DNA methylation changes and their relationship to gene expression, highlighting how environmental factors (like disease conditions and exposures) can influence gene expression through epigenetic modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: : Physiology of : Their Adaptation, Flexibility, and Plasticity, in: Crusts: Principle in Drylands, edited by: Weber, B. , Büdel, B. , and Belnap, J. , Publishing, Cham, 347–381, 2016. Harel, Y. , Ohad, I. , and Kaplan, A. : Activation of Photosynthesis and Resistance to Photoinhibition in Cyanobacteria within Crust, Plant Physiol. , 136, 3070–3079, Ho, J. , Tumkaya, T. , Aryal, S. , Choi, H. , and Claridge-Chang, A. : Moving beyond P values: data analysis with estimation graphics, Nat. Method. , 16, 565–566, 2019. Jia, Z. , Cao, W. , and Hernández García, M. : DNA-based stable isotope probing, in: Probing, Springer, 17–29, 2019. Kidron, G. J. , Xiao, B. , and Benenson, I. : Data variability or paradigm shift? Slow versus fast recovery of biological soil crusts-a review, Sci. Total Environ. , 721, 137683, 2020. Kim, M. and Or, D. : Hydration status and diurnal trophic interactions shape microbial community function in desert biocrusts, Biogeosciences, 14, 5403–5424, 2017. . , Ticknor, L. O. , and Belnap, J. : Response and resilience of soil biocrust bacterial communities to chronic physical disturbance in arid shrublands, ISME J. , 6, 886–897, 2012. Lange, O. L. : Photosynthesis of Soil-as Dependent on Environmental Factors, in: Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management, edited by: Belnap, J. and Lange, O. L. , Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 217–240, 2003. Levi, N. , Hillel, N. , Zaady, E. , Rotem, G. , Ziv, Y. , Karnieli, A. , and Paz-Kagan, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various research works and findings in the context of soil biocrusts, cyanobacteria, and the photosynthesis of soil which indicates that mosses and similar organisms can thrive in environments beyond just trees, including rocks and soil. This directly contradicts the claim by implying that moss growth is not strictly limited to trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Reference Ziauddeen, Chamberlain and Nathan 45 The same MOR drug also decreased putaminal and pallidal activity and motivational responding (grip force task) specifically to viewing high-calorie foods. Although the drug did not increase subjective liking for passively viewed food images, it increased liking for the high-calorie food images in the grip force task, suggesting a potential relationship between liking and wanting related to motivational processes. Reference Cambridge, Ziauddeen and Nathan 46 Although motivation and liking correlated prior to drug administration and in the placebo group, this relationship was lost following mu-opioid antagonism. The MOR antagonist also showed a selective decrease in attentional bias to food cues as measured using the visual task. Reference Chamberlain, Mogg and Bradley 47 MOR antagonism had a specific effect on later inhibition processes rather than on the earlier facilitation process of the dot probe. There was no effect on a Stroop food-cue task, working memory, or attention. The lack of difference in the Stroop food-cue task but not the dot probe task may reflect the complexity of the Stroop task, as it involves enhanced processing, inhibition, conflict, and shifting. A general mechanism of a decrease in motivational responding to food cues might suggest that both the dot probe and Stroop food-cue tasks might be similarly affected; alternatively, MOR antagonism might have a specific influence by improving inhibitory mechanisms to food cues. Thus, MOR antagonism appears to play a role in (i) decreasing motivational responding to highly salient food cues, and may thus secondarily improve inhibitory processes toward these cues; (ii) a complex relationship with hedonic response by having no effect to passive viewing of highly salient food cues, increasing hedonic ratings to highly salient food cues for which effort or motivation is expended, and decreasing subjective hedonic ratings to consummation of sweetened foods thus the influence of MOR on hedonic responses is dissociable as a function of motivation (passive versus the object of effort) and stage (e. g. during anticipation compared to consummatory stage); and (iii) improving inhibitory mechanisms to food cues. The role of the MOR in anticipatory motivational responding to hedonic food cues is extensively discussed in this series. The following briefly discusses the role of the MOR in impulsivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cognitive biases or their influence on decision-making. Instead, it discusses the effects of a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist on motivational responding to food cues and its relationship with liking and inhibitory processes, which are unrelated to cognitive biases in decision-making. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Cytokine mRNA levels were analyzed by qRT-PCR; IFNγ and IL-4 mRNA levels were found to be reduced in patients, whereas PD-1 and IL-17A mRNA were upregulated. Levels of IL-21, CD40, and IL-6 mRNA in T-follicular helper cells did not differ compared with healthy controls, and gene expression did not seem to correlate with cytokine levels. Similarly, several gene expression studies published in the past year applied RT-PCR or microarray to explore new gene targets in populations of cells that have been interrogated frequently in sarcoidosis research. Huppertz et al. [48▪] employed RT-PCR to explore a new pathway: the NLRP3 inflammasome. BAL cells, as well as lung and skin biopsies, were taken from 19 patients and 19 controls and examined for RNA levels of NLRP3 inflammasome pathway components. In sarcoidosis alveolar macrophages, levels of miR-223, a microRNA downregulating NLRP3, were decreased; NLRP3 mRNA was correspondingly increased. The authors confirmed their findings in a model of pharmacological interference: both the NLRP3 pathway inhibitor MCC950 and an anti-IL-1β antibody resulted in reduced granuloma formation. Another recent gene expression study compared BAL cells in sarcoidosis (n = 12) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 9) [49▪], using standard microarray techniques. They found highly differing mRNA profiles of cells in the two diseases, with enrichment of ribosome biogenesis and proteasome apparatus in sarcoidosis, and neutrophilic dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. genomics studies in sarcoidosis have made advances in both new technologies and analysis methods. Gene--environment-wide interaction studies have identified interactions between sarcoidosis-associated genetic variants, smoking [5▪▪], and insecticide use [27▪▪], yet many other environmental exposures, such as mold and asbestos, remain to be examined. WES studies have expanded the breadth and depth of genetic studies, exploring the genetics of persistent sarcoidosis [17▪], identifying rare genetic variants [16▪], and bioinformatically assessing variants for potential function [16▪,18▪]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing gene expression studies and how they relate to environmental factors, explicitly noting 'Gene--environment-wide interaction studies have identified interactions between sarcoidosis-associated genetic variants, smoking, and insecticide use.' This indicates that environmental factors can indeed influence gene expression, aligning with the definition of epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: : Probing of Microorganisms in with H218O, in: Probing, Springer, 129–136, 2019. Sengupta, M. : Environmental impacts of mining: monitoring, restoration, and control, 2nd Edn. , 1 pp. , 2021. Steven, B. , Kuske, C. R. , Gallegos-Graves, L. V. , Reed, S. C. , and Belnap, J. : in. Environ. Microbiol. , 81, 7448–7459, 2015. Štovícek, A. and Gillor, O. : of Communities to Hydration and in Ecosystems, in: Microbiology of Hot Deserts, edited by: Ramond, J. -B. and Cowan, D. A. , Publishing, Cham, 244, 319–339, 2022. Sultana, N. , Zhao, J. , Zheng, Y. , Cai, Y. , Faheem, M. , Peng, X. , Wang, W. , and Jia, Z. : Stable isotope probing of active methane oxidizers in rice field soils from cold regions, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 55, 243–250, 2019. Swenson, T. L. , Karaoz, U. , Swenson, J. M. , Bowen, B. P. , and Northen, T. R. : Linking soil biology and chemistry in biological soil crust using isolate exometabolomics, Nat. Commun. , 9, 19, 2018. R Team: R: A language and environment for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria, (last access: 1 December 2022), 2013. . , Strong, C. L. , Bullard, J. , Webster, R. , and Lan, S. : Soil biocrusts affect metabolic response to hydration on dunes in west Queensland, Australia, Geoderma, 405, 115464, 2022. Velasco Ayuso, S. , Giraldo Silva, A. , Nelson, C. , Barger, N. N. , and Garcia-Pichel, F. : Production of High-Biomass for Restoration of Soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 83, e02179-16, 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains references to various studies concerning environmental impacts, microorganisms in different ecosystems, and soil biocrusts. Although it does not specifically mention mosses, it implies that biological communities are present in diverse environments including soil and rocks, which contradicts the claim that mosses can only grow on trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Morphine, a MOR agonist, increases premature responding or waiting impulsivity in the 5-task and also increases preference for immediate over delayed rewards, with both measures blocked by naloxone, a MOR antagonist. Reference Pattij, Schetters, Janssen, Wiskerke and Schoffelmeer 48 Naloxone by itself does not affect waiting impulsivity or delay discounting. Morphine, but not naloxone, appears to have a baseline-dependent influence on the stop signal task. MOR antagonism, but not kappa-opioid receptor antagonism, has also been shown to selectively remediate the amphetamine-induced impairments in premature responding, but to have no effect on delay discounting. Reference Wiskerke, Schetters and van Es 49 The MOR modulating effect on inhibition appears to be in the nucleus accumbens shell and may interact with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Thus, the observation of the improvement by MOR antagonism in the dot probe task to food cues may be related to improvements in anticipatory responding, or a baseline-dependent effect on response inhibition by improving stopping in individuals with impaired stopping abilities. Reference Pattij, Schetters, Janssen, Wiskerke and Schoffelmeer 48 to obesity without BED, impulsivity in BED does not appear to be as critically impaired across multiple domains as observed across disorders of addiction. Whereas drugs of abuse have been shown to enhance impulsivity, the pattern of food intake, or food itself, may be less likely to cause impulsivity. Behavioral inflexibility or compulsivity and attentional bias toward food cues are more prominently impaired in BED. Behavioral regulation appears to be influenced by the context of motivationally salient food cues and the degree of obesity. Deficits in decisional impulsivity, including delay discounting and risk taking under ambiguity, are impaired in obesity irrespective of BED status. Whether these forms of impulsivity are predictive of or a consequence of obesity is not known. However, these findings are influenced by the severity of obesity: compared to non-BED obese subjects, in BED subjects with milder forms of obesity, greater risk seeking under explicit probabilistic risk is observed to monetary rewards, whereas this shifts to risk aversion and greater discounting of delayed rewards in BED subjects with more severe obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the effects of morphine and naloxone on impulsivity and decision-making in contexts related to obesity and addictive behaviors. However, it does not explicitly address cognitive biases nor does it demonstrate how cognitive biases influence decision-making processes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Breaking the code: How changes in gene expression can cause complications in HIV/AIDS Health & 23, 2023 HIV and AIDS are major global healthcare concerns. Advances in anti-retroviral therapy mean that people with HIV infection live longer, which is leading to new health concerns, such as neurological complications. Thangavel at Texas A&M University, USA, aims to understand the mechanisms behind cognitive changes in HIV infection. His research shows that alterations in gene expression and protein modifications are likely behind the changes seen in the immune cells of the brain. Every day, 4,000 people become infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and it remains a leading cause of death in many countries. In 2021, someone died from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) every minute, equating to around 650,000 AIDS-related deaths. Around 75% of people who carry the virus responsible for have access to anti-retroviral treatment. This prevents the condition from progressing and has improved overall life expectancy. However, researchers are still learning about how living with HIV infection can impact health in the long term. A paradigm shift is happening in the research arena towards enhancing the quality of life for people living with HIV infection. Neurological complications of attacks the body’s immune system, including white blood cells. The virus hijacks the cellular machinery and causes epigenetic changes which alter gene expression. HIV infection can also affect cells of the central nervous system, leading to inflammation that can impair brain function. The collection of cognitive changes associated with HIV infection is known as NeuroAIDS. A paradigm shift is happening in the research arena towards enhancing the quality of life for people living with HIV infection. One type of a NeuroAIDS disorder is HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), which includes symptoms such as behaviour changes, depression, and memory loss. Specialist methods have been used to characterise some of the changes in the brain resulting from HAND and showed that alterations in genes and proteins are associated with metabolic pathways, neurodegenerative disorders, and dementia. The exact mechanism of HAND is unclear. However, we do know that HIV does not directly infect neurons; instead, it indirectly leads to disrupted glial function (glial cells support and protect neurons), neuronal dysfunction, or death. Despite effective anti-retroviral therapy, around 50% of people with HIV may have HAND. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'the virus hijacks the cellular machinery and causes epigenetic changes which alter gene expression.' This indicates that gene expression can indeed be modified by factors related to HIV infection, aligning with the definition of epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: : Effects of rainfall manipulations on carbon exchange of cyanobacteria and moss-dominated biological soil crusts, Soil Biol. Biochem. , 124, 24–31, 2018. Zhang, L. , Dumont, M. G. , Bodelier, P. L. E. , Adams, J. M. , He, D. , and Chu, H. : DNA stable-isotope probing highlights the effects of temperature on functionally active methanotrophs in natural wetlands, Soil Biol. Biochem. , 149, 107954, 2020. Zhao, Y. , Bowker, M. A. , Zhang, Y. , and Zaady, E. : of Disturbance, in: Crusts: Principle in Drylands, Vol. 226, edited by: Weber, B. , Büdel, B. , and Belnap, J. , Publishing, Cham, 226, 499–523, 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a reference to studies dealing with moss-dominated biological soil crusts, indicating that mosses can exist in environments apart from trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: Davis, C, Carter, JC. Compulsive overeating as an addiction disorder: a review of theory and evidence. Appetite. 2009; 53(1): 1–8. 8. Ziauddeen, H, Fletcher, PC. Is food addiction a valid and useful concept? Obes Rev. 2013; 14(1): 19–28. 9. . Psychiatric aspects of impulsivity. Psychiatry. 2001; 158(11): 1783–1793. CrossRef10. . Impulsivity, compulsivity, and top-down cognitive control. Neuron. 2011; 69(4): 680–694. CrossRef11. Lipszyc, J, Schachar, R. Inhibitory control and psychopathology: a meta-analysis of studies using the stop signal task. J Soc. 2010; 16(6): 1064–1076. CrossRef12. . Deficits in behavioural inhibition in substance abuse and addiction: a meta-analysis. Depend. 2014; 145: 1–33. 13. . Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science. 2012; 335(6068): 601–604. 14. der Linden, M. Cognitive deficits in obese persons with and without binge eating disorder: investigation using a mental flexibility task. Appetite. 2011; 57(1): 263–271. 15. . General and food-specific inhibitory deficits in binge eating disorder. Eat Disord. 2014; 47(5): 534–542. 16. Inhibitory control and decision making under risk in bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Eat Disord. 2013; 46(7): 721–728. 17. Impulsivity in disorders of food and drug misuse. Psychol Med. 2015; 45(4): 771–782. 18. . Timing deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): evidence from neurocognitive and neuroimaging studies. Neuropsychologia. 2013; 51(2): 235–266. CrossRef19. . The behavioral- and neuro-economic process of temporal discounting: a candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2014; 76(Pt B): 518–527. 20. . Immediate pleasures and future consequences: a neuropsychological study of binge eating and obesity. Appetite. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided consists of a series of citations from various studies related to impulsivity, compulsivity, and cognitive control, but it does not directly address the relationship between cognitive biases and decision-making. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression can be modified by environmental factors. [SEP] Text: Epigenetic mechanisms Thangavel at Texas A&M University, USA, aims to understand more about HAND progression. He explains that HIV may alter the normal functions of cells by changing gene expression – in other words, whether a gene within the cell is turned on or off. When a gene is switched on, this means that the instructions in our DNA can be converted into an end product, for example a particular protein. In particular, Thangavel is interested in an aspect of gene modification called epigenetics. Epigenetics is a reversible change in the way that genes are read, caused by your behaviours and environment. For example, some epigenetic changes increase the risk of developing cancer, as they alter the way that a certain gene functions. While gene expression may change, the underlying DNA sequence remains the same. N-terminal acetylation might explain how the HIV virus interacts with the human body. Epigenetic mechanisms can include the addition of a chemical group to one end of a protein, a process called N-terminal acetylation. Protein synthesis within the cell happens in ribosomes, cellular machines that link smaller building bricks together to form larger proteins. Sometimes proteins are altered, or modified, during this stage of production. HIV can modify immune cells Thangavel is particularly interested in N-terminal acetylation within an important cell type in the brain, the microglia. Microglia cells are often known as the immune cells of the central nervous system, and play important roles in brain infections, such as HAND. During infection with HIV, the microglia are unable to carry out their normal protective roles and this can promote inflammatory responses within the brain. Thangavel proposes that N-terminal acetylation changes could explain how the virus and body interact. Alterations to proteins within the microglia cells through N-terminal acetylation can have a number of consequences, such as impairment of the mitochondrial energy-production and metabolic functions in the microglia, which cause misfolded or degraded proteins, or alterations to signalling pathways within the cell. There may also be issues with oxidative stress and redox imbalance, meaning an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. This is likely to affect energy resources and metabolic fuel within the microglia. Many of these changes have already been linked to the development of neurodegenerative disorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how epigenetic mechanisms can change gene expression due to environmental factors and behaviors. It explains that epigenetics involves reversible changes in how genes are read, which directly relates to the claim about gene expression modification. Additionally, the text highlights how these changes can affect health outcomes, such as an increased risk of developing cancer, reinforcing the relevance of epigenetics in understanding gene expression influenced by the environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses can only grow on trees and are never found on rocks or soil. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 09 Jan 2023 | 09 Jan 2023 Only a minority of bacteria grow after wetting in both natural and post-mining biocrusts in a hyperarid, phosphate mine and Abstract. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are key contributors to desert ecosystem functions; therefore, biocrust restoration following mechanical disturbance is imperative. In the hyperarid regions, phosphate mining has been practiced for over 60 years, destroying soil habitats, and fragmenting the landscape. To understand the effects of mining activity on soil health, we previously characterized the biocrust communities in four phosphate mining sites over spatial (post-mining and natural plots) and temporal (2–10 years since restoration) scales. We showed that bacterial abundance, richness, and diversity in natural plots were significantly higher than in post-mining plots, regardless of temporal scale. In this study, we selected one mining site and used DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) to identify which bacteria grow in post-mining and natural biocrusts. Since biocrust communities activate only after wetting, we incubated the biocrusts with H218O for 96 hours under ambient conditions. We then evaluated the physicochemical soil properties, chlorophyll a concentrations, activation, and functional potential of the biocrusts. The DNA-SIP assay revealed low bacterial activity in both plot types and no significant differences in the proliferated communities’ composition when comparing post-mining and natural biocrusts. We further found no significant differences in the microbial functional potential, photosynthetic rates, or soil properties. Our results suggest that growth of hyperarid biocrust bacteria after wetting is minimal. We hypothesize that due to the harsh climatic conditions, during wetting bacteria devote their meager resources to prepare for the coming drought, by focusing on damage repair, and organic compound synthesis and storage rather than on growth. These low growth rates contribute to the sluggish recovery of desert biocrusts following major disturbances such as mining. Therefore, our findings highlight the need for implementing active restoration practices following mining. How to cite. Gabay, T. , Petrova, E. , Gillor, O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing biocrusts, which include mosses and can exist in natural habitats such as soil and rocks, particularly in desert ecosystems. It highlights how biocrusts are key to desert ecosystem functions, suggesting that mosses, which are part of these biocrusts, grow in locations beyond just trees.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cognitive biases can significantly influence decision-making. [SEP] Text: 2010; 54(1): 208–213. 21. . Discounting of various types of rewards by women with and without binge eating disorder: evidence for general rather than specific differences. Psychol Rec. 2011; 61(4): 561–582. 22. Danner, UN, Ouwehand, C, van Haastert, NL, Hornsveld, H, de Ridder, DT. Decision-making impairments in women with binge eating disorder in comparison with obese and normal weight women. Disord Rev. 2012; 20(1): e56–e62. 23. Decision making, central coherence and set-shifting: a comparison between binge eating disorder, anorexia nervosa and healthy controls. BMC Psychiatry. 2015; 15: 6. 24. Svaldi, J, Brand, M, Tuschen-Caffier, B. Decision-making impairments in women with binge eating disorder. Appetite. 2010; 54(1): 84–92. 25. Risk-taking in disorders of natural and drug rewards: neural correlates and effects of probability, valence, and magnitude. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015; 40(4): 804–812. 26. Compromised sensitivity to monetary reward in current cocaine users: an ERP study. Psychophysiology. 2008; 45(5): 705–713. 27. -Klein, N, et al. Subjective sensitivity to monetary gradients is associated with frontolimbic activation to reward in cocaine abusers. Depend. 2007; 87(2–3): 233–240. 28. . High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science. 2008; 320(5881): 1352–1355. CrossRef29. Voon, V. Models of impulsivity with a focus on waiting impulsivity: translational potential for neuropsychiatric disorders. Rep. 2014; 1(4): 281–288. 30. Measuring “waiting” impulsivity in substance addictions and binge eating disorder in a novel analogue of rodent serial reaction time task. Biol Psychiatry. 2014; 75(2): 148–155. 31. Assessment of executive functions in obese individuals with binge eating disorder. Psiquiatr. 2010; 32(4): 381–388. 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding cognitive biases and their influence on decision-making. Instead, it focuses on decision-making impairments related to binge eating disorder, mentioning various studies without providing insight into cognitive biases. Therefore, the information is irrelevant to the claim.