Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: A full list of vent sites can be found on InterRidge's pages at: The base map is the NOAA global relief model ( Figure compiled by Aleks Terauds. makes the findings of Rogers et al. [19] so remarkable is that the communities of these vents, located at c. 56°S to 60°S along the Ridge (ESR) (Figure 1), are unlike those anywhere else. For example, hydrothermal vents along the Rise and Galápagos Rift are dominated by siboglinid tubeworms (mainly Riftia pachyptila), bathymodiolid mussels, alvinellid polychaetes, and vesicomyid clams. Along the northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, alvinocaridid shrimp (mostly Rimicaris exoculata) and bathymodiolid mussels are most common [25],[28]. vent sites are dominated by dense aggregations of a new species of yeti crab (Kiwa sp. , so called because of the dense arrangements of the setae on the ventral surface, or on the pincers), a new species of peltospiroid gastropod, a previously unknown Vulcanolepas stalked barnacle, several anemone species, and a predatory sea star. Taxa typically common at other hydrothermal vents, such as alvinocaridid shrimp, polychaete worms, and bathymodiolid mussels are absent [19]. Importantly, Rogers et al. 's [19] findings not only emphasize the unique nature of Antarctic biodiversity in a global context, but also draw attention to the fact that deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities show much more inter-regional diversity generally than has been found to date. The significance thereof lies especially with the microbiota that exploit these environments. Hydrothermal vents are found where sea water enters the underlying rock through cracks caused by ocean floor spreading, is then heated, and ejected back into the water mass. Typically, the main vent streams reach high temperatures (as much as 400°C), have acidic pH values of 2 to 3, and contain a range of metals and reduced compounds, such as hydrogen sulphide [22],[30]. Because of the low temperature of the deep sea (c. 2°C, and 0°C to −1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unique ecosystems found at hydrothermal vents, emphasizing the diversity of species that are present, such as siboglinid tubeworms and alvinocaridid shrimp, and it highlights the specific adaptations of these organisms to the extreme conditions in their environment. The mention of microbiota that exploit these environments supports the idea that chemosynthesis plays a critical role in the functioning of these ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: For example, (E)‐β‐ocimene, hexyl isopentanoate and benzyl salicylate, are compounds known to trigger rejection of females by courting males in H. melpomene, H. cydno, H. and charithonia, respectively (Schulz et al. 2008; Estrada 2009). A similar pattern of the evolution of antiaphrodisiacs in both major clades of Heliconius is apparent when considering only those major compounds within the more volatile region of the gas chromatograms (Fig. 2). Such compounds have diverged between sister species H. ismenius and H. numata, as well as the closely related H. melpomene and pair H. cydno–H. pachinus, all in the nonpupal mating clade. In contrast major compounds appear to be conserved across more divergent species of the pupal mating clade (H. charithonia, H. sapho, H. hewitsoni, and H. sara). results support the idea that the evolution of antiaphrodisiac pheromones in butterflies is in part driven by intrasexual selection. Analysis of the composition of this chemical signal in Heliconius was consistent with our predictions of (1) rapid changes in the chemical composition of antiaphrodisiacs (Symonds and Elgar 2008), and (2) faster rates of change among species with higher potential of sperm competition (Arnqvist 1998). First, we show that antiaphrodisiac pheromones in Heliconius are complex mixtures and highly diverse. Both composition and number of compounds along the whole range of volatility analyzed varied substantially among species. Although some compounds were exclusively found in particular clades, most appeared scattered across species, suggesting that gains and losses of compounds throughout the evolutionary history of the genus have been common. Consequently, indices used to estimate the congruence of chemical changes with the phylogeny although significantly higher than random, were generally low. Similarly, consensus trees constructed with maximum parsimony that grouped species based on their chemical similarity only recovered some of the phylogenetic clades and often with low bootstrap support. The only exception was the pair H. cydno–H. pachinus which has 48 compounds in common, 25 of them exclusive, and was clustered together more than 98% of the time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the evolution of antiaphrodisiac pheromones in butterflies is driven by intrasexual selection rather than natural selection related to differential survival. It provides detailed examples of chemical changes in the Heliconius species which suggest that the evolutionary changes are more complex and involve factors such as mate rejection and sexual competition, rather than just survival-based natural selection.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: severe morbidity and potential mortality in the SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19-infected patients can be largely attributed to the augmented immune response characterized as a cytokine storm [17]. Law et al. [18] noted that the use of high doses of corticosteroids increased the risk of the appearance of AVN of the joint and hip. Corticosteroids have been employed to suppress these aggravated immune responses in severely ill patients. Excessive use of glucocorticoids has been shown to increase the plasma levels of von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is essential for the aggregation and adhesion of platelets; thus, its loss due to the glucocorticoid-induced endothelial damage also increases the risk of thrombosis and AVN [18]. The SARS-CoV-2 infection in itself can induce endothelial dysfunction producing excess thrombin and fibrinolysis shutdown, resulting in a state of hypercoagulability. Thus, all recovered COVID-19-infected patients should be screened for suspected AVN with MRI before any surgical intervention [19]. COVID-19 infection causes an obvious hypercoagulable state, increasing the risk for both arterial and venous thrombosis. A high incidence of thrombotic complications has been documented in the literature. There have been a number of reports for arterial thrombosis. The pathogenesis of this prothrombotic state is currently incompletely understood. A myriad of factors may play a role, and different mechanisms have been proposed. Consequently, this phenomenon has been termed ‘‘COVID-associated coagulopathy’’ [20]. The severe morbidity and potential mortality in the COVID-19-infected patients can be largely attributed to the augmented immune response characterized as a “cytokine storm” [21]. In one large study of 3335 hospitalized patients with COVID-19, thrombotic events occurred in 16% of patients. Arterial events included ischemic stroke (1. 6%), systemic thromboembolism (1. 0%), and myocardial infarction (8. 9%) [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the medical implications of SARS-CoV-2 and the associated coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients, without mentioning genetic engineering or the concept of organisms that do not mutate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 3°C in the case of the ESR vents), conditions are highly variable over very small distances in the proximity of vents, making the environment patchy, both thermally and chemically, so providing a rich diversity of habitats for archaea and bacteria. The only exception to the general pattern found so far has been the off-axis vents of the Mid-site. They are characterized by lower temperatures (<90°C), alkaline streams (pH 9–11), and a process known as serpentinization [31], and may, in consequence, provide unique insights into life's origins [30]. At the typical, black smoker–type deep-sea vents, many of the bacteria fuel primary production by obtaining energy from the oxidization of reduced sulphur compounds or methane [22],[30],[32]. The fact that bacteria are capable of doing so may not come entirely as a surprise, given their remarkable biochemical diversity. Rather, it is the metazoans that have proven extraordinary. When first examined, it was assumed that the animals occurring at the vents were heterotrophs, grazing on the abundant microbiota found at the sites. This is indeed one way, along with filter-feeding, that vent metazoans power their lifestyles [22],[27]. However, in other vent animals, groups of bacteria are found as chemosynthetic endosymbionts (i. e. , internally located) or episymbionts (located externally) [32]. Thus, these metazoans do not obtain their nutrients in a way that would be familiar to us, but rather derive all of their nutrition from the chemosynthetic symbionts. For example, the tubeworm R. pachyptila lacks a digestive system and depends entirely on its endosymbiotic bacteria housed in a special organ known as the trophosome. Other groups of organisms dependent on chemosynthetic symbionts include bivalve and gastropod molluscs, and shrimp and crabs. Although the bacteria examined by Rogers et al. [19] show high genetic sequence similarity to others typical of hydrothermal vent sites, the possibility of new forms of chemosynthetic relationships is highlighted by the presence of a variety of new vent metazoan species that may play host to such bacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide diverse habitats that support unique metazoans, which rely on chemosynthetic bacteria for their nutrition. It describes how some vent animals have symbiotic relationships with bacteria that perform chemosynthesis, such as the tubeworm R. pachyptila that depends on its endosymbiotic bacteria in the trophosome. The presence of these chemosynthetic organisms at hydrothermal vents underscores the unique ecosystems that thrive in such environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Although comparisons of antiaphrodisiacs among species with contrasting mating systems have not previously been performed, similar studies exist for another well‐known mechanism of male sperm competition, and are consistent with our finding of antiaphrodisiacs evolution in Heliconius. Seminal fluid proteins transferred to females in the ejaculate are known to reduce females’ receptivity to mate, and promote the formation of mating plugs, along with many other effects on female and male reproductive success (Chapman and Davies 2004). Other studies have found extremely rapid evolution of genes coding for these proteins both within and among Drosophila species (Chapman 2001; Haerty et al. 2007). Although the contribution of different sources of selection both in a sexual or nonsexual context has not been identified (Simmons 2001; Haerty et al. 2007), such genes have evolved more rapidly in species with higher remating rate, and presumably higher potential for sperm competition (Wagstaff and Begun 2005, 2007). Currently, there is no direct evidence for a key assumption of the model of antiaphrodisiac evolution we propose: that more complex mixtures or novel elements make antiaphrodisiacs more effective in repelling males or controlling volatile evaporation rates. However, there is compelling theoretical and empirical evidence that the intensity of conflict between sender and receiver influences the evolution of complex signals (Arak and Enquist 1995). Data here and elsewhere indicate that our model for antiaphrodisiac evolution driven by intrasexual selection is highly tenable. First, the complex matrix of less‐volatile esters that characterize blends from abdominal glands of Heliconius (and related genera) (Ross et al. 2001; Schulz et al. 2007; 2008, and this 2000. Sexual cooperation and conflict in butterflies: a male‐transferred anti‐aphrodisiac reduces harassment of recently mated females. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267:1271–1275. 2003. Antiaphrodisiacs in pierid butterflies: a theme with variation! J. Chem. Ecol. 29:1489–1499. 2004. Sexual conflict and anti‐aphrodisiac titre in a polyandrous butterfly: male ejaculate tailoring and absence of female control. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 271:1765–1770. 1995. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the evolution of antiaphrodisiacs and the role of sexual selection, particularly in relation to male sperm competition and complex signaling. It highlights mechanisms of evolution driven by sexual selection rather than directly by natural selection through differential survival. The mention of factors such as remating rates and the influence of conflict between sender and receiver suggests a different evolutionary dynamic than what the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Marked increases of endothelial activation and injury markers including vWF, angiopoietin 2, P-selectin, and thrombomodulin have been noted, where vWF and thrombomodulin correlate with mortality [23]. Hyperactivation of the complement system has been seen in COVID-19, with increased circulating markers correlating with severe disease. Activation of complement may be direct from COVID-19 or as a sequela of endotheliopathy, which, in turn, activates the complement system [24]. Laboratory analysis has been consistent with a hypercoagulable state in COVID-19. Increased D-dimer, fibrinogen, factor VIII, and vWF and decreased antithrombin have been noted in the critically ill [25]. Although critical illness is known to cause a hypercoagulable state, COVID-19 appears to cause a profoundly proinflammatory state, escalating prothrombotic factors. These factors have been confirmed to cause thromboembolism despite appropriate thromboembolic prophylaxis [26]. In our study, 42 patients had AVN related to COVID-19 infection. Patients were classified into three groups. The first group (28 patients) had COVID-19 infection and received steroids in their treatment protocol. The second group (nine patients) had COVID-19 infection but did not receive steroids. The third group (five patients) did not have COVID-19 infection but they just received the vaccine. Regarding the first group, we observed a very aggressive course of the disease than usual reported with steroid-induced AVN. Cases had developed AVN with a small dose of steroid less than 1000 mg with rapidly deteriorating course and severe hip pain. Overall, 14% of the cases received total hip replacement as a solution for their pain. The second group developed AVN without steroid therapy. One case only received total hip replacement. The third group had AVN after vaccination with AstraZeneca vaccine. One cases also received a total hip replacement. Moreover, we observed that cases that sustained core decompression, they did not improve radiologically, but pain and function were partially improved, which was the same scenario with medical treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of COVID-19 on patients and medical treatment outcomes related to AVN, without any mention of genetic engineering or its ability to produce non-mutating organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Further exploration of these kinds of relationships, in newly characterized vent sites such as the ESR, might well reveal additional biochemical diversity, providing compelling reasons for on-going investigations. The benefits of such research are clearly illustrated by the recent discovery of hydrogen oxidation (so eclipsing human pretensions to the first hydrogen economy) in symbionts of Bathymodiolus mussels from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and probably other vent organisms (R. pachyptila and the shrimp R. exoculata) [33]. Several other redox reactions are plausible for, but as yet undiscovered in, vent systems [22]. The hydrothermal vent communities found at ESR site E9 differ in a further, significant way to most others. They are protected by the Convention on the Conservation of () ( and by the [34]. Nonetheless, both sites E2 and E9 are included within the Zone claims of the UK and Argentina [35]. Whilst sites north of 60°S remain the subject of dispute, competing claims for areas south of 60°S are essentially frozen under the [34]. includes rational use, it was established within the System specifically for the conservation of Antarctic marine ecosystems. While several hydrothermal vent systems elsewhere are included within marine protected areas, those in international waters enjoy no such conservation status [36]. Why should such protection be important for systems located so far below surface waters? In addition to their extraordinary ecosystems, deep-sea hydrothermal vents are characterized by an abundance of metal sulphides that precipitate out from the black smokers [37]. At the site off the coast of Guinea, deposits are thought to contain c. 7% copper by weight compared with levels a tenth as much found in copper mines on land [38]. In consequence, of Canada intends to start mining these deposits in 2013. Although the environmental impacts at this particular site will, apparently, be well managed, interest in mining deep-sea hydrothermal vents is likely to increase [37]. Indeed, the Authority ( approved, in July this year, four new applications for exploration of polymetallic sulphides associated with hydrothermal vents. The applicants will restrict activity to inactive sites, which do not play host to typical, living vent communities [29], but much concern has been expressed about the potential for damage to sites in international waters in the absence of an agreed and effective conservation policy (Figure 1) [37],[38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the unique ecosystems found in deep-sea hydrothermal vents and mentioning their biochemical diversity. It references specific organisms, such as the Bathymodiolus mussels and the shrimp species that are part of these communities. The emphasis on the extraordinary ecosystems that characterize deep-sea hydrothermal vents aligns directly with the assertion that these ecosystems are distinct and rely on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: In contrast, body weight explained a significant part of the variance in postcopulatory siring success (εp); larger individuals were more successful once they managed to copulate as males (R = 0. 29, P = 0. 002; Fig. 4, Table 2). Table 2. Open in new tab Assessing the Influence of on the + weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3+ weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3Rank is included as the only significant factor acting on siring success during copulatory sequences (see Table 1). The models were run using the same iterative procedure as in Table1. Table 2. Open in new tab Assessing the Influence of on the + weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3+ weight1144241Rank1189. 7242Weight9. 630. 002Null1314. 7243Rank25. 43<10-3Rank is included as the only significant factor acting on siring success during copulatory sequences (see Table 1). The models were run using the same iterative procedure as in Table1. Figure 4. Pre- and postcopulatory components of male fitness as a function of body weight. MSm, male mating success; f, average fecundity of female partners; p̂ precopulatory siring success (based on copulatory sequences); εp, postcopulatory siring success. The lines of least-squares regressions (dotted, P > 0. 05; solid, P < 0. 05; see main text for tests) and the coefficients of determination are reported. Open in new tabDownload slideThe variance in juvenile survival declined significantly when comparing broods with either a single, or more genetic fathers (variance ± bootstrap SE: 0. 027 ± 0. 007 vs. 0. 012 ± 0. 002, respectively, F44,56 = 1. 79, P = 0. 040). Other differences proved to be nonsignificant (1 vs. 2 fathers: 0. 027 ± 0. 007 vs. 0. 012 ± 0. 003, F44,42 = 1. 72, P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that factors such as body weight significantly influence siring success during copulatory sequences, suggesting that fitness traits (like size) can affect reproductive success rather than solely focusing on natural selection as the driving force of evolution. The mention of variance in juvenile survival in relation to genetic diversity further illustrates that other factors may play a critical role in the evolutionary process.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Therefore, we do not recommend core decompression as a solution for COVID-19-related AVN, especially those late presenting cases and those with severe pain and limitation of hip function owing to high-grade osteonecrosis. Mañón et al. [27] reported a 72-year-old man who presented to their department for surgical management of his infarcted maxilla, which developed as a sequela of infection with COVID-19. They concluded that infection with COVID-19 confers a hypercoagulable state in patients, leading to various thromboembolic complications even in the head and neck region. Dhanasekararaja et al. [7] reported an aggressive course of COVID-19-related AVN in 22 patients recovered from COVID-19 and presented with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). All of them received corticosteroids. They classified patients into two types based on the type of presentation, namely, classic ONFH and rapidly destructive coxarthrosis. The mean time to diagnose of ONFH from the onset of hip symptoms was 39. 3 days. The average duration of onset of hip symptoms after COVID 19 infection was 7. 5 months. The average cumulative dose of methylprednisolone equivalent was 811 mg, and the average duration of steroid intake was 2. 8 weeks. There was significant elevation in the inflammatory markers in rapidly destructive coxarthrosis group compared with classic ONFH (P<0. 05). The HSS improved from 63. 6 ± 23. 2 at presentation to 82. 6 ± 9. 6 after treatment (P<0. 05). Three patients had features of rapid deteriorating coxarthrosis. Among the three patients with rapidly progressive coxarthrosis, two patients had rapid progression of ONFH and underwent total hip arthroplasty. The third patient is awaiting THA. They concluded that ONFH after COVID-19 can have a varied presentation. Although the most common presentation is likely classical ONFH, some patients can have an acute and aggressive presentation with rapid destruction. They have features like elevated serological markers and extensive periarticular bone and soft tissue edema. Shetty [28] reported the double-trouble phenomenon, i. e. , COVID-19 and the widespread use of corticosteroids may result in an osteonecrosis epidemic? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text addresses complications related to COVID-19 and its effects on osteonecrosis, which is entirely unrelated to the claim about genetic engineering and mutations. Therefore, it does not provide support, rebuttal, or any relevant information about the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Journal of Ecology and Environment Pages. 175-183 2006 2288-1220(eISSN) Society of Korea (한국생태학회) -sea Hydrothermal Vents: Ecology and Evolution Won, Yong-Jin (Department of Life Sciences, University) Published : 2006. 04. 01 ⟨ ⟩ discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents and their ecosystems is a monumental landmark in the history of Ocean Sciences. Deep-sea hydrothermal vents are scattered along the global mid-ocean ridges and back-arc basins. Under sea volcanic phenomena related to underlying magma activities along mid-ocean ridges generate extreme habitats for highly specialized communities of animals. Multidisciplinary research efforts during past three decades since the first discovery of hydrothermal vents along the in 1977 revealed fundamental components of physiology, ecology, and evolution of specialized vent communities of micro and macro fauna. Heterogeneous regional geological settings and tectonic plate history have been considered as important geophysical and evolutionary factors for current patterns of taxonomic composition and distribution of vent faunas among venting sites in the basins. It was found that these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds, mostly $H_2S$ and $CH_4$, mixed in vent fluids. Symbioses between these bacteria and their hosts, vent invertebrates, are foundation of the vent ecosystem. Gene flow and population genetic studies in parallel with larval biology began to unveil hidden dispersal barrier under deep sea as well as various dispersal characteristics cross taxa. Comparative molecular phylogenetics of vent animals revealed that vent faunas are closely related to those of cold-water seeps in general. In perspective additional interesting discoveries are anticipated particularly with further refined and expanded studies aided by new instrumental technologies. bacteria; Hydrothermal vent; Mid-Ocean Ridge; Molecular Phylogenetics; Symbioses 1986. Symbiotic assimilation of $CO_2$ in two hydrothermal vent animals, the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the tube worm Riftia pachyptila. 170: 110-121 ères D, et al. 1997. Molecular systematics of vestimentiferan tube worms from hydrothermal vents and cold-water seeps. 130: 141-149. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how deep-sea hydrothermal vents provide extreme habitats for specialized communities of animals that are dependent on chemosynthesis. It mentions that 'these communities are based on primary production of chemosynthetic bacteria which directly utilize reduced compounds,' indicating the reliance on chemosynthesis within these unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: 081 and 2 vs. 3 fathers: 0. 012 ± 0. 003 vs. 0. 01 ± 0. 003, F42,13 = 1. 17, P = 0. 792). The variance in relative juvenile survival among broods with one father was 0. 037. The maximum variance in relative juvenile survival due to genetic sire effect was then 0. 037/2 = 0. 019, representing 7. 05% of the postcopulatory variance in relative probabilities of paternity (i. e. , εp = 0. 271). propose a general framework for analyzing the incidence of sexual selection on both pre- and postcopulatory components and implement it in the freshwater snail P. acuta. This framework is an extension of the one proposed by Arnold and Wade (1984a), to decompose precopulatory sexual selection according to copulatory sequences. A first step is to evaluate whether multipaternity occurs. The observed multipaternity rate (67. 4%) confirms that P. acuta is polyandrous (Henry et al. 2005), as many other species (Simmons 2005), leaving ample room for sexual selection to operate both before and after copulation. This value is quite close to what has been observed in other hermaphroditic animals in which mates physically interact, for example, 62. 5% in Cornu aspersum (Evanno et al. 2005), 81. 5% in Schmidtea polychroa (Pongratz and Michiels 2003) or 76% in Aplysia californica (Angeloni et al. 2003). In natural populations, both behavioral and genetic polyandry might be even greater, since we monitored small mating groups over short time periods. This might have constrained the overall opportunity for sexual selection, because the number of potential mates was limited (Garcia-Gonzalez and Evans 2011). The impact of this limitation on the relative importance of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection remains unclear; using small mating groups is expected to limit the variance in MS by increasing the frequency of repeated copulations with the same partner. However, adding other components of precopulatory success than MS presumably reduces the impact of these limitations. Among the characteristics used to depict copulations, only their rank turned out to significantly influence the siring success (Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses sexual selection, polyandry, and mating behaviors in the freshwater snail P. acuta without addressing natural selection or differential survival among species. As such, it does not provide relevant information that supports or contrasts the claim regarding natural selection as a driving force in evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In his review, he found that the “angiocentric” pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and treatment with high-dose of steroids may increase the risk of ON in COVID-19-infected patients. Risk stratification based on steroid intake during COVID-19 treatment can help identify patients at moderate to high-risk for ON where early preventive and follow-up plans can be initiated. Our study has some limitation. First, the cases were not randomized, and the study design was just a report of case series. Second, the small number of cases reported in this study is another limitation. Moreover, a short period of follow-up was reported in our series. To conclude, there is a silent epidemic of cases presenting daily in our clinics with COVID-19-related AVN. Osteonecrosis can be developed after steroid therapy or without steroid therapy after COVID affection. Even the live-attenuated vaccines themselves can cause osteonecrosis. This course and presentation of osteonecrosis after COVID is more aggressive and rapidly deteriorating than the steroid-induced AVN even after core decompression and medical treatment. Cases are highly resistant to conservative protocols, and the only predictable accepted outcome was achieved with only total hip replacement. Financial support and sponsorship Nil. Conflicts of interest There are no conflicts of interest. 1. øller Surviving sepsis campaign guidelines on the management of adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the ICU: first update. Med 2021;49:e219–e234 | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Med 2020;383:120–128 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 3. Group TRC. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19 – preliminary report. N Med 2021;384:693–704 | PubMed | CrossRef | 4. . Hypertension, thrombosis, kidney failure, and diabetes: is COVID-19 an endothelial disease? A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and basic evidence. J 2020;9:1417 | 5. Escher R, Breakey N, Lämmle B. -19 infection associated with endothelial activation. 2020;190:62 | PubMed | CrossRef | 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or relate to the claim about genetic engineering and mutation. It focuses on the risks associated with COVID-19, treatment protocols, and osteonecrosis, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: 1994. Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents of the Eastern Pacific. 120: 33-39. 1998. Population genetics and biogeography of vestimentiferan tube worms. Res II 45: 365-382. 1980. The giant white clam from the Galapagos rift, Calyptogena magnifica species novum. Malacologia 20: 161-194. 1997. Molecular identification and localization of filamentous symbiotic bacteria associated with the hydrothermal vent annelid Alvinella pompejana. Microbiol 63: 1124-1130. 1988. Mussel growth supported by methane as sole carbon and energy source. Science 240: 78-80. 1993. Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. 90: 5695-5699. 1993. Identification and localization of bacterial endosymbionts in hydrothermal vent taxa with symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification and in situ hybridization techniques. 2: 51-62 Cavanaugh CM. 1983. Symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria in marine invertebrates from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 302: 58- 61 Cavanaugh CM. 1994. Microbial symbiosis: Patterns of diversity in the marine environment. 34: 79-89. 1981. Prokaryotic cells in the hydrothermal vent tube worm Riftia pachyptila Jones: symbionts. Science 213: 340-342. 1987. Symbiosis of methylotrophic bacteria and deep-sea mussels. Nature 325: 346-348. 1992. Evidence for methylotrophic symbionts in a hydrothermal vent mussel (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Microbiol 58: 3799-3803. 1986. A methanotrophic marine molluscan (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) symbiosis: Mussels fueled by gas. Science 233: 1306-1308. 1977. Oasis of life in the cold abyss. 152: 441-453. 1995a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies related to organisms that exist in deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. These studies discuss symbiotic relationships between bacteria and marine invertebrates, emphasizing their reliance on chemosynthesis, which is crucial for sustaining life in such unique environments. For instance, mentions of symbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria and various tube worms underscore how these ecosystems depend on chemosynthetic processes for energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Individuals are not only selected to inseminate more mates, as shown by the effect of male MS on male RS (effect of MSm), but also to inseminate them more often or before male competitors (effect of p̂ ) and possibly to focus on more fecund mates (effect of f), and all these three components of selection turn out to be approximately equally important. We do not expect P. acuta to be exceptional among polyandrous species, and this situation can exist in many other experimental systems in which estimates of precopulatory sexual selection are based on the use of MS only (e. g. , Collet et al. 2012). For example, in finite mating groups of promiscuous species, all males might end up having mated with all females, given sufficient time. In such a situation, male and female MS would be maximal and invariable, and Bateman gradients based on MS would necessarily be insignificant. It would yet be erroneous to conclude that there is no selection on mating activity and that sexual selection must bear only on the postcopulatory components (e. g. , ejaculate traits). Indeed, even in that case, males mating more often may still obtain more paternities on average. To evaluate this effect, one must model how each copulation contributes to male fitness using all information available on the number and timing of copulations, as we did with our statistical model of siring success. In our analysis, one-third of sexual selection is represented by the postcopulatory component of male fitness in the narrow sense (εp). This means that, although there is strong selection on various aspects of male copulatory activity in Physa, there is still a sizeable fraction of sexual selection that can bear on characters expressed in the ejaculate itself (e. g. , involved in sperm competition). However, our analyses suggest that the postcopulatory component of variance includes some significant sire effects on early juvenile mortality (up to 15 days after egg hatching), which reflect viability selection rather than sexual selection (Jones and Ratterman 2009). This problem exists in most studies of sexual selection and is generally not dealt with. In our case, the impact of genetic sire effects on juvenile mortality is very limited as it was estimated to account for at best 7% of the variance in εp (and this proportion is probably inflated by maternal effects and shared environments experienced by juveniles in a brood). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of sexual selection and the role of mating activity, suggesting that sexual selection is significant and may not solely be driven by differential survival mechanisms as proposed by the claim. The complexity of the mating dynamics described indicates that various factors, including male mating success (MS) and postcopulatory components, play a crucial role in shaping evolutionary outcomes, potentially challenging the simplicity of the natural selection mechanism implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Endothelial cell dysfunction: a major player in SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19)? : E. J 2020;56:2001634 | CrossRef | 7. . Aggressive presentation and rapid progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head after COVID-19. Orthop 2022;56:1259–1267 | PubMed | CrossRef | 8. Combination of four clinical indicators predicts the severe/critical symptom of patients infected COVID-19. J 2020;128:104431 | PubMed | CrossRef | 9. . hip score: comparison of patient self-report with surgeon assessment. J Arthroplasty 2001;16:575–580 | PubMed | 10. . Standardization of the visual analogue scale. 1992;41:378–380 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 11. . In brief: Ficat classification: avascular necrosis of the femoral head. 2012;470:2636–2639 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 12. . A quantitative system for staging avascular necrosis. J 1995;77:34–41 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 13. Gardenier JWM. perspective for reaching one uniform staging system of osteonecrosis. . and Vascularization in Normal and Pathological Conditions. vol 247. Boston, MA: Springer. 14. Classification systems of hip osteonecrosis: an updated review. 2019;43:1089–1095 | PubMed | CrossRef | 15. Guideline for diagnostic and treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. 2015;7:200–207 | 16. . Which classification system is most useful for classifying osteonecrosis of the femoral head? 2018;476:1240–1249 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 17. . Cytokine storm in COVID-19: the current evidence and treatment strategies. 2020;11:1708 | 18. . Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): from causes to preventions in Hong Kong. 2020;94:156–163 | PubMed | CrossRef | 19. . SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and its implications in the development of osteonecrosis. J Med 2020;2: 1–19 | 20. Görlinger. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and classifications related to COVID-19 and osteonecrosis, with no mention of genetic engineering or mutation in organisms. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary relationships among deepsea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps. 121: 477-485. 1995b. Extensive gene flow in the deep-sea hydrothermal vent mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus. 124: 137-146. 2000. Genetic variation among endosymbionts of widely distributed vestimentiferan tubeworms. Microbiol 66: 651-658. 2000a. Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725-726. 2000b. Marine ecology: Do mussels take wooden steps to deep-sea vents? Nature 403: 725. 1995. Intracellular coexistence of methano- and thioautotrophic bacteria in a hydrothermal vent mussel. 92: 9598-9602. 1991. DNA-DNA solution hybridization studies of the bacterial symbonts of hydrothermal vent tube worms (Riftia pachyptila and Tevnia jerichonana). Microbiol 57: 1082-1088 Endow K, Ohta S. 1989. The symbiotic relationship between bacteria and a mesogastropod snail, Alviniconcha hessleri, collected from hydrothermal vents of the Mariana Back-Arc Basin. Ecol 3: 73-82 Endow K, Ohta S. 1990. Occurrence of bacteria in the primary oocytes of vesicomyid clam Calyptogena soyoae. 64: 309-311 Felbeck H. 1981. Chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm, Riftia pachyptila Jones (Vestimentifera). Science 213: 336-338. 1981. Calvin-Benson cycle and sulphide oxidation enzymes in animals from sulphide-rich habitats. Nature 291-293. 1997. Molecular phylogenetics of bacterial endosymbionts and their vestimentiferan hosts. 6: 268-277 Fiala-. 1986. Evidence of in situ uptake and incorporation of bicarbonate and amino acids by a hydrothermal vent mussel. J Biol and Ecol 96: 191-198 Fiala-Medioni A, Felbeck H. 1990. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing numerous studies that highlight the unique organisms associated with hydrothermal vents, such as the mytilid Bathymodiolus thermophilus and the vestimentiferan tube worm Riftia pachyptila, indicating their reliance on chemosynthesis. Specifically, the mention of 'chemoautotrophic potential of the hydrothermal vent tube worm' emphasizes the importance of chemosynthesis in these unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The low impact of differential survival is due to the high hatching rate (85%) that leaves rather little scope for viability selection in our data. Although our estimates of the importance of postcopulatory sexual selection (36% of total selection) look similar to those reported by Pischedda and Rice (2012) in D. melanogaster (27%), they are in fact very different. Indeed, D. melanogaster shows strong last-male sperm precedence and copulation rank (equivalent to p̂ in our case) explained 93% of the variance in siring success, leaving only 1. 9% of total variance for postcopulatory processes in the narrow sense (εp). Therefore, behavioral polyandry is not always associated with strong postcopulatory sexual selection: strong paternity skews due to sperm precedence in relation to copulation rank (first or last male) tends to reduce the scope for postcopulatory sexual selection as males will gain more fitness by increasing their mating activity and accessing to the most valuable matings (first or last), rather than by investing more into ejaculate quality. In other words, very strong last-male preference in D. melanogaster leaves little opportunity for variation in fertilization success among males once their copulation rank is determined. On the contrary, first-male sperm precedence is moderate in P. acuta (Fig. 2), leaving ample room for effective polyandry and postcopulatory selection. The link between the level of sperm precedence and the intensity of postcopulatory sexual selection definitely has to be substantiated through further experiments in species exhibiting various levels of polyandry. As Schärer (2009) has argued, this issue is central to our understanding of how allocation to male reproductive strategy evolves: high sperm precedence and resulting paternity skews increase the opportunity for competition between related sperm (local sperm competition) for the eggs of a single female, and should select for lower sperm contents per ejaculate and more matings. Our decomposition of variance into pre- and postcopulatory components can be applied to any species, regardless of the pattern of sperm precedence (last-male precedence as in Drosophila, or first-male precedence as in Physa). We argued that MS was insufficient as a descriptor of precopulatory selection and that a better estimate was obtained by incorporating the whole sequence of copulations into the prediction of male RS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that the impact of differential survival is low due to a high hatching rate (85%), which limits viability selection. The discussion of postcopulatory sexual selection and how varied reproductive strategies among males affect evolutionary outcomes suggests that factors other than differential survival play a crucial role in evolution. Instead of supporting the claim that natural selection drives evolution primarily through differential survival, the text illustrates the complexities of reproductive strategies and their influence on evolutionary processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: COVID-19 associated coagulopathy and inflammatory response: what do we know already and what are the knowledge gaps? 2020;131:1324–1333 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 21. . High-dose but not low-dose corticosteroids potentially delay viral shedding of patients with COVID-19. Dis 2021;72:1297–1298 | Text | PubMed | 22. . Thrombosis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in a City health system. JAMA 2020;324:799–801 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 23. Hypercoagulability of COVID-19 patients in intensive care unit: a report of thromboelastography findings and other parameters of hemostasis. J 2020;18:1738–1742 | Text | PubMed | 24. Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: a report of five cases. 2020;220:1–13 | PubMed | 25. -L, Duncan A. COVID-19-associated hyperviscosity: a link between inflammation and thrombophilia? Lancet 2020;395:1758–1759 | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. Klok F, Kruip M, Van der Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. 2020;191:145–147 | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. Mañón. COVID-associated avascular necrosis of the maxilla-a rare, new side effect of COVID-19. J Surg 2022;80:1254–1259 | 28. Shetty GM. Double trouble—COVID-19 and the widespread use of corticosteroids: are we staring at an osteonecrosis epidemic? Orthop 2021;56:226–236 | PubMed | CrossRef | 2023. Full-+ View in to Colleague Colleague's E-mail is Name: Colleague's Email: Separate multiple e-mails with a (;). Message: Thought you might appreciate this item(s) I saw in Orthopaedic Journal. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Please try after some time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses COVID-19-related studies and medical findings without any mention or relevance to genetic engineering or the concept of organisms that do not mutate.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Autotrophic processes in invertebrate nutrition: Bacterial symbiosis in bivalve molluscs. 5: 49-69 Fiala--Danet AM, et al. 2002. Ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological characterization of two populations of the mytilid mussel Bathymodiolus azoricus from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: evidence for a dual symbiosis. 141: 1035-1044 Fisher CR. 1990. Chemoautotrophic and methanotrophic symbioses in marine invertebrates. Sci 2: 399-436. 1987. The importance of methane and thiosulfate in the metabolism of the bacterial symbionts of two deep-sea mussels. 96: 59-71. 1992. Genetic differentiation between spatially-disjunct populations of the deep-sea, hydrothermal vent-endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris. 114: 551-559 Fujio S, Imasato N. 1991. Diagnostic calculation for circulation and water mass movement in the deep pacific. J 96: 759-774. 1991. Biology: a Natural history of Organisms at the Deep-Sea Floor. . 2003. Evolutionary relationships of deep-sea vent and cold seep clams (Mollusca: Vesicomyidae) of the 'pacifica/lepta' species complex. 142: 311-320. 2004. Novel forms of structural integration between microbes and a hydrothermal vent gastropod from the Indian Ocean. Microbiol 70: 3082-3090 Grassle JF. 1985. Hydrothermal vent animals: distribution and biology. Science 229: 713-717 Grassle JF. 1986. The ecology of deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities. Biol 23: 301-362. 2001. Molecular evidence that Sclerolinum brattstromi is closely related to vestimentiferans, not frenulate pogonophorans (Siboglinidae, Annelida). 201: 65-75. 1989. Chemoautotrophic symbionts and translocation of fixed carbon from bacteria to host tissues in the littoral bivalve Loripes lucinalis (Lucinidae). 101: 305-312. 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies related to chemosynthesis and its role in the nutrition of deep-sea organisms, specifically highlighting the importance of symbiotic relationships between bacteria and marine invertebrates in these unique ecosystems. It references the ecology of hydrothermal vent communities and the autotrophic processes that are crucial for these organisms, thereby providing evidence of how these ecosystems function and rely on chemosynthesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: The crossover probability factor determines the selection of components: if the random number is less than or equal to CR, the element from the variant individual is utilized; otherwise, the component from the original individual is retained for the operation. Finally, a selection operation akin to genetic algorithms ensues, wherein the fitness of individuals produced by the crossover-mutation operation is compared to the fitness of the original individuals within the population. Superior individuals are selected to progress into the subsequent generation. The algorithm iterates until it reaches the upper limit of iteration, leading the population toward or approximating the optimal solution. Throughout these operations—crossover, mutation, and selection—we introduce an adaptive mutation operator within the differential evolution algorithm. This adaptation aims to prevent the algorithm from converging into a local optimum owing to a reduction in population diversity: (10) λ = exp 1 − T T + 1 − t F = F 0 × 2 λ. In the formula, T denotes the total number of iterations, and t represents the current number. F denotes the variation operator; when the algorithm is initialized with t being 0, F is close to 2F0, and as the iterations proceed, F decreases gradually and finally approaches F0. Secondly, when its value is significant, the proportion of variation in the crossed individuals is larger, which is suitable for local search, and relatively, when its value is small, the proportion of the original population is larger. The diversity of the population is better for global search. Therefore, the dynamic crossover factors we took are as follows: (11) C R = C R min − t ⋅ C R max − C R min T. The formula CRmaxCRmin contains the crossover factor’s maximum and minimum values. Upon initialization of the algorithm, the cross-factor CR begins at its minimum value. Throughout subsequent iterations, CR progressively approaches its maximum value. This progressive adjustment prioritizes global search in the algorithm’s initial stages while focusing on local search in its later stages. Electric power financial system Next, we combine ‘Mathematical model of information management’ and ‘Improved multiobjective differential evolutionary algorithm’ to carry out multiobjective optimization of the electric power financial system. The specific process is shown in Fig. 3, and its operations are as follows: Figure 3: Flow chart of solving multi-objective optimization problem. Download full-size image DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses an algorithm involved in multi-objective optimization and differential evolution in a computational context, with no mention or discussion of natural selection, evolution, or species. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -optimization problems simultaneously: the variants of the traveling salesman problem with time windows using multifactorial evolutionary algorithm View 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192 Published 2023-01-10 Accepted 2022-11-28 Received 2022-03-07 and Analysis of optimization Copyright © 2023 Ban and This is an open access 2023. Solving optimization problems simultaneously: the variants of the traveling salesman problem with time windows using multifactorial evolutionary algorithm. PeerJ 9:e1192 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 4. Section 5 presents the conclusions and future work. The formulation and methodolgy The formulation We consider an example that describes the difference between two problems in a specific instance. If we use the optimal solution of n40w160. 002 instance for the TSPTW ( the objective function cost (using the function cost of the TRPTW) of this solution for the TRPTW is 7,519, while the known-best cost for this instance for the TRPTW is 6,351 (the known-best cost is found by our algorithm). Thus, the difference between the two objective function costs is 15. 5%. It implies that a good metaheuristic algorithm for the TSPTW does not produce a good solution for the TRPTW and vice versa. The above algorithms are the best algorithms for two problems. However, they only solve each problem independently but cannot simultaneously produce good solutions for two problems. We have a complete graph Kn=(V,E), where V=v1,v2,. . . ,vn is a set of vertices showing the starting vertex and customer locations, and E the set of edges connecting the customer locations. Suppose that, in a tour T=(v1=s,v2. . . ,vn), each edge (vi,vj)∈E connecting the two vertices vi and vj there exists a cost c(vi,vj). This cost represents the travel time between vertex vi and vj. Each vertex vi∈V has a time window [ei,li] indicating when starting service time at vertex vi. This implies that a vertex vi may be reached before the start of ei, but the service cannot start until ei and no later than li of its time window. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses optimization problems and algorithms without mentioning genetic engineering or organisms. There is no information related to mutations or genetic modifications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Biol 34: 353-442. 1985. Modes of molluscan larval development at deep-sea hydrothermal vents. 6: 167-184. 1999. Reproduction and dispersal at vents and cold seeps. 79: 193-208 CL. 1990. Biogeography of hydrothermal vent communities along seafloor spreading centers. Evol 5: 242-246 CL. 2000. of Deep-Vents. . 2002. Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science 295: 1253-1257. 1990. Spatial variation in faunal composition of hydrothermal vent communities on the Rise and Galapagos spreading center. In: Gorda Ridge: A Center in the United States' Zone, (McMurray GR, eds). Springer-York Inc. , New York, pp 253-264 2001. Biogeography and ecological setting of hydrothermal vents. Science 294: 818-823 Vrijenhoek RC. 1997. Gene flow and genetic diversity in naturally fragmented metapopulations of deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. J Heredity 88: 285-293. 1998. Gene flow and dispersal in deep-sea hydrothermal vent animals. Mar 39: 363-366. 2003. A hotvent gastropod with iron sulfide dermal sclerites. Science 302: 1007 Watabe H, Hashimoto J. 2002. A new species of the genus Rimicaris (Alvinocarididae: Caridea: Decapoda) from the active hydrothermal vent field, 'Kairei Field,' on the Ridge, the Indian Ocean. 19: 1167-1174. 2003b. Dispersal barriers and isolation among deep-sea mussel populations (Mytilidae: Bathymodiolus) from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. 12: 169-184 Won Y-J, Hallam SJ, O'. 2003a. Environmental acquisition of thiotrophic endosymbionts by deep-seea mussel of the genus Bathymodiolus. Microbiol 69: 6785-6792 Won Y-. 2002. Habitat reversal in vent and seep mussels: seep species, Bathymodiolus heckerae, derived from vent ancestors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of deep-sea hydrothermal vents, including the biogeography and ecological settings of vent communities. It mentions specific studies focusing on the larval development, reproduction, and dispersal of organisms associated with hydrothermal vents, indicating the presence of unique ecosystems. Furthermore, the mention of thiotrophic endosymbionts in deep-sea mussels suggests a reliance on chemosynthesis, as these organisms typically depend on sulfur compounds for energy, characteristic of environments like hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Establishment is explained by the percentage of local genes in transplant locations at (A, B, C) and (D, E). Local genotypes consistently have high probability of establishment in all but the Dune (A). The pattern is strongest in Headland environment (B, E), while hybrids with 50% local genes have a high probability of establishment in both Dune and Island environments (A, C, D). Open in new tabDownload slideIn the sites, the local parental population had the highest probability of establishment, while the immigrant parental had the lowest. Backcross fitness displayed the predicted switch of rank under the ecological speciation hypothesis, with the backcross to the local population having a higher probability of establishment in each case. In all four pairwise comparisons, patterns of local adaptation were present between parental genotypes (Fig. 3), although there were contrasting responses in the backcross genotypes. The backcross to Headland between Headland and Isle individuals performed better than the corresponding backcross to Isle individuals in both environments, suggesting that differences in establishment between these two backcross genotypes are intrinsic rather than ecologically dependent. Figure 3. Extrinsic and intrinsic fitness effects on probability of establishment between ancestral ecotypes and reciprocal backcrosses. Bayesian estimates of the probability of establishment based on conditional generalized linear-mixed models. Ecologically dependent fitness is seen between H-D and H-I comparisons in the Headland environment but not the alternative environments (panels B, C), and in D-H comparisons at (D). D-I comparisons reveal a pattern of heterosis. (A). Note the use of F2 hybrids instead of BCMB in this comparison (see methods and Fig. 1). Open in new tabDownload slideAs the BCID backcross genotype was excluded from the experiment, we contrasted backcross and F2 fitness between Dune and Island populations, as they are both recombinant hybrid genotypes that differ in the proportion of genes from each parental population. As we expected, F2 fitness did not change between environments while the backcross to Dune showed higher fitness in the sand dunes, and lower fitness in the Island site, however results in the Dune site were ambiguous, due to low establishment across all genotypes. We also compared F1 and F2 hybrids with the parents in each environment to assess the presence of heterosis in establishment (Fig. S2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the establishment and fitness of local versus immigrant genotypes in various environments. It indicates that local genotypes have a higher probability of establishment compared to immigrant genotypes, which implies a selection mechanism at work. However, rather than directly supporting the idea of natural selection as the primary driver of evolution through differential survival, the text also implies that factors like ecological conditions and intrinsic genetic differences significantly influence establishment and survival, suggesting a more complex interplay than what the claim states.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: , 2016) and the TRPTW (Ban & Nghia, 2017; Ban, 2021; Heilporna, Cordeaua & Laporte, 2010; Tsitsiklis, 1992). However, they are developed to solve each problem independently and separately. Therefore, they cannot solve both two problems well simultaneously. When we run the two best algorithms for two tasks independently, there is no transferrable knowledge between tasks, and we cannot improve solution quality. This 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-18 Figure 1 (Ban & Pham, 2022) also shows the differences between the traditional EA and MFEA. The crossover and mutation operators in the MFEA are like the traditional EA. However, there are two different important aspects: (1) the parents’ skill-factor and (2) random mating probability (rmp). Specifically, the child is created using crossover from parents with the same skill-factor. Otherwise, the child is generated by a crossover with a rmp value or by a mutation when parents own different skill-factors. A large rmp value generates more information exchanging between tasks. Also, in the traditional GA, the fitness of child is evaluated directly, while the skill-factor is assigned to it in the MFEA. Figure 1: The similarity and difference between EA and MFEA. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-1 The MFEA is also unlike multiobjective optimization. In multiobjective optimization, we have one problem with many objective functions. On the other hand, the MFEA solves many tasks at the same time. In addition, multiobjective optimization generally uses a single representative space, while the MFEA unifies multiple representative spaces for many tasks. Running two algorithms for two tasks independently is not the idea of the MFEA approach. When two algorithms run independently, each task is represented by its own search space. There is no transferrable knowledge between tasks. Otherwise, in the MFEA, two tasks use the unified search space, and transferrable knowledge between tasks is done. It can increase convergence and improve the quality of solutions for multitasks. Lian et al. (2019) then provided a novel theoretical analysis and evidence of the efficiency of the MFEA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses multi-task evolutionary algorithms (MFEA) and their performance, but does not address the concept of genetic engineering or the mutability of organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 6. 5 [11]. Basin vents are also highly unusual in faunal composition with many new species and numerous others that do not occupy nearby regional vents (e. g. , vents; [11, 13, 14]). Included in this group of unusual fauna was a very abundant white sea anemone (up to 68 individuals m−2 in some areas) that occurred in and amongst the siboglinid tubeworm Oasisia aff. alvinae, often very near to actively venting fluids (Fig. 1, [11]). Fig. 1Locations and in situ images of the actiniarian Ostiactis pearseae. a Location of Basin (SPB) vent fields Auka (in b) and JaichMaa ‘ja’ag (in c). Inset shows the location of SPB at the mouth of the Gulf of California between the tip of the and mainland Mexico. b Auka vent field samples and chimneys (samples symbolized as in c). c JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field samples and chimneys. Maps in b and c are at the same scale. All are in UTM Zone 12N. Legend shows the sample types. Maps a, b, and c show 1-m resolution bathymetry collected by mapping AUVs (owned and operated by the Institute). Color ramps show the depth ranges. d–f Specimens of Ostiactis pearseae collected from both vent fields (shown as yellow squares in b and c), indicated by arrows. g An individual O. pearseae near to the chemosynthetic tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinaeFull size imagePreviously, several unidentified Actiniaria (sea anemones) were reported to be quite depleted in tissue δ13C values (− 33 to − 38‰ [11, 15]), compare to anemones that feed via traditional suspension feeding or prey capture. This evidence, along with their unusual life position and abundance in zones of active fluid venting, hinted at their possible nutritional reliance on chemoautotrophic carbon production, as opposed to traditional suspension feeding or prey capture via cnidae; however, the specific details were not explored further. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that certain sea anemones, specifically Ostiactis pearseae, may rely on chemosynthetic carbon production due to their unusual tissue carbon isotope values and their proximity to actively venting fluids. It discusses the faunal composition at hydrothermal vents, emphasizing that some species are abundant in these environments, suggesting their reliance on the chemosynthetic processes occurring there.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: Here, it seems that ecological factors both prevented establishment of immigrant and hybrid genotypes, and increased the risk of mortality of any immigrants that do establish, leading to ecologically dependent reproductive isolation. In the sites, establishment was ecologically dependent in the Headland site, while we saw a pattern of hybrid vigor in the Dune and Island environments. We also observed no significant differences in survival between genotypes in any of the three environments when genotype was included as a main effect in survival models, although the signature of ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation is most clearly seen in the measures of growth in plants that both established and survived. Despite a small sample size, the significant interaction between population and environment shows the diagnostic switching of fitness rank between backcross types depending on the proportion of local genes. This result suggests that ecological differences between the three environments do not prevent establishment or survival of immigrants but create barriers to gene flow by reducing growth and performance in immigrant and hybrid genotypes. This may be due to the effects of heterosis masking the signature of ecological selection in early life-history stages, but also suggests that the fitness benefits of heterosis are removed by the stage of maturity. However, the small sample sizes in measures of biomass accumulations are a result of very low survival to maturity across all populations. This is particularly evident in the sand dunes, where less than 30 individuals (of 1020 planted seeds) survived to the censor point of the experiment. Low survivorship to maturity suggests that all three environments are harsh and that any signature of divergent selection on establishment and survival is obscured by general harsh conditions that affect all genotypes (as discussed by Blanquart et al. 2013). Over the duration of the experiment, received around a third of its mean monthly rainfall, which meant conditions on the more exposed areas of the Dune environment were particularly harsh. We acknowledge that there are limitations in the conclusions that can be drawn from such limited sample sizes; however, the observed trends are consistent across multiple analyses suggesting that the general trends are not random. One explanation for the observed differences between experiment locations may be due to the increased genetic divergence between populations compared with the divergence between populations. Based on neutral SNPs (Roda et al. 2013a), Dune, Headland, and Island ecotypes at form a monophyletic group within the phylogeny of S. lautus in Australia, while the ecotypes are more genetically diverged. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of survival and establishment of immigrant and hybrid genotypes in various environments. It points out that ecological factors create barriers to gene flow and affect survival negatively, implying that harsh conditions obscure the signature of natural selection's role in driving evolution through differential survival. Specifically, the mention of 'harsh conditions' affecting 'all genotypes' suggests that while natural selection may be at play, its effects are diminished in these contexts, which directly challenges the simplicity of the claim that natural selection uniformly drives evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: This study theoretically explains why some existing the MFEAs perform better than traditional EAs. In addition, the MFEA also can be useful in a system with limited computation. The proposed algorithm This section introduces the pseudocode of the proposed MFEA+RNVS. task corresponds to a particular task in the MFEA, while another is the TRPTW task. The flow of the proposed algorithm is described in Fig. 2. Our MFEA+RNVS has core components: unified representation, assortative mating (crossover and mutation operators), selective evaluation, scalar-fitness-based selection, RVNS, and Elitism. The detail of the algorithm is shown in Algorithm 2. More specifically, the algorithm includes the following steps. In the first step, a unified search space is created for both two problems. The population with SP individuals is then generated in the second step. All solutions for the population must be feasible. After that, the iteration begins until the termination criterion is satisfied. Parents are selected to produce offsprings using crossover or mutation and then assign skill-factors to them. The offsprings are then added to the current population. The individuals of the population are evaluated to update their scalar-fitness and skill-factor. We select the best solutions regarding skill-factor from the current population and convert them from the unified representation to each task’s one. It is then fed into the RVNS step to find the best solution for each task. The output of the RVNS is then converted to the unified search space. Finally, it is added to the population. strategy keeps the SP solutions with the best skill-factors for the next generation. Figure 2: The flow of the proposed MFEA+RVNS. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-2 Algorithm 2: MFEA+RVNS. Require: Kn,Cij,v1,SP are the graph, the cost matrix, the starting vertex, and the size of the population. Ensure: The best solution ∗,∗. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a study explaining algorithmic processes related to multi-faceted evolutionary algorithms (MFEAs) rather than addressing genetic engineering or the topic of organism mutations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Here, by combining microbial community profiling, ultrastructural analysis via microscopy, and stable isotope measurements, we document the only known species of chemosynthetic sea anemone at vents deep in the Gulf of California, identified as Ostiactis pearseae (previously known only from whalefalls [5]). This dense population of O. pearseae likely receives nutritional supplementation of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur via intracellular bacteria within the SUP05 clade, housed in their epidermis, albeit direct evidence of nutrient transfer remains outstanding. ResultsActiniaria of various morphotypes were observed to be one of only a handful of dominant animal species in both the Auka vent field [11, 12] and the newly discovered JaichMaa ‘ja’ag vent field, both within ~ 2 km of each other in the Gulf of California (Fig. 1). A conspicuous white actiniarian species represented a significant fraction of the animal community and was collected from 5 vent edifices in zones of active venting, in the immediate vicinity of the obligate vent tubeworm, Oasisia aff. alvinae (Fig. 1). Several other sea anemones (by morphotype) were observed and collected near these same sites, usually in areas of less active fluid flow (Table 1). The white actiniarian morphotype was identified as Ostiactis pearseae [5], based on anatomical, cnidae, and DNA sequencing of preserved polyps. Basin populations of O. pearseae showed slight differences in morphology and cnidae to the description of specimens from the type locality and, thus, an amendment to the species diagnosis is provided. Table 1 Sample locations within the Pescadero Basin, Gulf of California, along with dive information, depth, and specimen descriptions for Anthozoa other than Ostiactis pearseaeFull size tableOstiactis pearseae species diagnosis - AmendmentEhrenberg, 1834Haeckel, 1896Hertwig, 1882Rodríguez et al. 2014Carlgren, 1893Rodríguez et al. 2012Rodríguez et al. 2012Ostiactis pearseae Daly & Gusmão, 2007(Figs. 2 and 3, Table 2; Additional file 1: Table S1) Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the presence of the chemosynthetic sea anemone Ostiactis pearseae, which thrives in deep-sea hydrothermal vent ecosystems. The mention of this species receiving nutritional supplements from intracellular bacteria emphasizes the ecological reliance on chemosynthesis within these unique environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural selection drives the evolution of species through differential survival. [SEP] Text: This is consistent with evidence from insects (Presgraves and Noor 2002) and plants (Moyle et al. 2004; Scopece et al. 2008), where the initial barriers to gene flow between diverging populations arise due to extrinsic postzygotic isolation, and the strength of postzygotic isolation increases with genetic distance between taxa (Coyne and Orr 1989). Observation of extrinsic barriers during early points on the speciation continuum and the absence of clear intrinsic barriers, as outlined here in Senecio, is also a strong indicator of speciation driven by divergent natural selection. This model contrasts with those where speciation is driven by intrinsic factors and extrinsic barriers arise at later stages along the speciation continuum (Seehausen et al. 2014). While ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation is a fundamental prediction of ecological speciation theory, few empirical examples exist where the specific barriers are isolated from other forms of reproductive isolation. We show in this work that multiple fitness measures across life-history stages show patterns of ecologically dependent postzygotic isolation. Further, these patterns are consistent between replicate ecologically divergent parapatric populations, and the strength of these barriers increases with the degree of evolutionary divergence between populations. Whether this form of ecologically based reproductive isolation will facilitate the evolution of other barriers in the future remains an open question. Our work suggests that the underlying mechanisms of ecological speciation may be contribute to evolutionary divergence within the Senecio lautus species complex and provide a robust example of how ecological differences between populations can lead to reproductive isolation. 10. 5061/dryad. 17h0t. . I. 1966. complex in Australia. 3. Genetic system. Aust. J. Bot. 14:317–330. 2015. The origins of reproductive isolation in plants. N. Phytol. 207:968–984. 2015. Evolutionary and ecological functional genomics of Senecio lautus leaf shape natural variation. School of Biological Sciences. of Queensland, Queensland, Australia. 2013. A practical guide to measuring local adaptation. Ecol. Lett. 16:1195–1205. 1989. Patterns of speciation in Drosophila. Evolution 43:362–381. 2004. Speciation. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA. 2007. Incipient speciation by divergent adaptation and antagonistic epistasis in yeast. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how ecological differences between populations can lead to reproductive isolation, which is consistent with the mechanisms of natural selection driving evolution. Specifically, it mentions that 'the strength of postzygotic isolation increases with the degree of evolutionary divergence between populations,' highlighting the role of natural selection in affecting reproductive isolation and speciation. Additionally, it contrasts models of speciation driven by intrinsic factors with the assertion that diverging populations experience extrinsic barriers, supporting the idea that natural selection influences the evolution of species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-19 Creating unified search space-USS In the literature, various representations are proposed for two problems. Among these representations, the permutation representation shows efficiency compared to the others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various representations in problem-solving related to search space, without addressing genetic engineering or mutations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: Position of Ostiactis pearseae specimens from vent communities is highlighted in the orange box; the position of an additional sea anemone (unidentified morphospecies Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’) is indicated by the light orange box. Bootstrap resampling values are indicated by black circles; only support values > 80% are shownFull size imageTable 2 Size ranges of the cnidae capsules of Ostiactis pearseae [5]. N total number of capsules measured. S ratio of number of specimens in which each cnidae was found/number of specimens examined. F frequency, +++ = very common, ++ = common, + = rather common, * = sporadicFull size tableDiagnosis: (amended after [5, 7], modifications in italics). Ostiactinidae with basilar muscles and mesogleal marginal sphincter. Body with well-developed base. Column not clearly divisible into scapus and scapulus; scapus without cuticle, maybe with scattered demarcated suckers distally; column without cinclides or with a distal row of round papillae with inconspicuous cinclides. Tentacles regularly arranged, not thickened on the aboral side. Six pairs of perfect and fertile mesenteries, hexamerously arranged, not divisible into macro- and micro-cnemes. Same number of mesenteries proximally and distally. Retractor muscles weak but restricted. No acontia. Some populations with chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles. Cnidom: Robust spirocysts, basitrichs, holotrichs, and p-mastigophores A and B1. Ostiactis pearseae had been previously collected only in deep-sea waters (2800 m depth) of the Eastern Pacific, at a whalefall habitat in [5]. Newly collected specimens are from deep-sea waters (3655–3692 m depth) associated with Basin hydrothermal vents (Diane’s vent) in the Gulf of California (Pacific Ocean). Intrapopulation variability in morphology was observed in the Ostiactis pearseae specimens (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence of 'chemosynthetic bacteria in tentacles' of the Ostiactis pearseae specimens found in deep-sea hydrothermal vent environments. This supports the idea that these ecosystems are reliant on chemosynthesis, highlighting their unique nature.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: Consequently, microbes with smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). For example, in a well studied group of archaea, Methanosarcina mazei has the smallest genome of the sequenced Methanosarcina and has clearly shed transferred genes found in other members of the genus (Garushyants, Kazanov & Gelfand, 2015). Gene loss is more common than gene gain over the evolution of both bacteria and archaea (Wolf et al. , 2012). On the other hand, a large genome is an adaptive strategy in which excess genes are retained longer (Chang et al. , 2011) in order to allow greater versatility (Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Thus, counting the absolute number of transferred genes present in a genome does not necessarily reflect the rate of horizontal transfer into that organism. This, however, could happen at a much larger scale when comparing organisms from very different environments. In order to compare bacteria from a range of living conditions, we look for bacteria with unusual levels of HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. total of 448 bacterial and 57 archaeal genomes (Table S1) were compared using reciprocal BLAST hits (BLAST version 2), where each BLASTp hit had to have an e-value of less than or equal to 1e−10 and the alignment length was >50% of the query (Table S2). Genomes were downloaded from the NCBI ftp site in 2009 and in cases where a microbe had one or more plasmids, those plasmids were included with the genome. All genomes were 100% complete and closed and no two genomes are from the same species. Information about each organism and its temperature, oxygen, and salt p1. code and RBH dataset necessary to reproduce the regression modeling and visualization is freely available at In addition, we examined the Korbel normalization, which includes the genome size of both bacteria and archaea: weighted average = 2 × A × B A 2 + B 2 where A and B are the genome size of the archaeal and bacterial genomes (Korbel et al. , 2002). fit was similar to our log–logistic function, but was found to be less accurate for bacteria with >5,000 genes (Fig. S2). Therefore, we used the log–logistic function in all our analyses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address horizontal gene transfer (HGT) as a mechanism for bacteria to acquire new traits. Instead, it discusses gene loss and genome size in bacteria and archaea, the methodologies used for comparing genomes, and a specific normalization function. Although it mentions transferring genes, it does not provide support or contrasting details specifically about HGT as a trait acquisition mechanism, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: In the permutation, each individual is coded as a set of n vertices (v1,v2,. . . ,vk,. . . ,vn), where k is the k−th index. Figure 3 demonstrates the encoding for two problems. Figure 3: The interpretation of unified representation for each task. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/fig-3 Initializing population Each feasible solution is created from the RVNS to take a role as an individual in the population. Therefore, we have Sp individuals in the initial population for the genetic step. Algorithm 3 describes the constructive step. The objective function is the sum of all positive differences between the arrival time (D(vi)) and its due time (li) on each vertex. Specifically, it is min∑i=1nmax(0,D(vi)−li). The algorithm runs until it finds a feasible solution. List (RCL) is created by ordering all non-selected vertices based on a greedy function that evaluates the benefit of including them in the solution. One vertex is then chosen from RCL randomly. Since all vertices are visited, we receive a solution. If this solution is a feasible one, it is an initial solution, and this step stops. Conversely, a repair procedure based on the RVNS with many neighborhoods (Johnson & McGeoch, 2003) is invoked, and the procedure iterates until a feasible solution is reached. The solution is shaken to escape from the current local optimal solution. The RVNS is then applied to create the new solution. If it is better than the best-found solution, it is set to the new current solution. The level is increased by one if the current solution is not improved, or reset to 1, otherwise. The repair procedure is described in Algorithm 4. Algorithm 3: Construction. Require: v1,V,k,α, level are a starting vertex, the set of vertices in Kn, the number of vehicles and the size of RCL, the parameter to control the strength of the perturbation procedure, respectively. Ensure: An initial solution T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses algorithms and processes related to encoding and solution finding in a computational context, without mentioning genetic engineering or mutations of organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: All molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on the concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA, 16S rgenes, and partial nuclear 18S rDNA gene, were congruent and revealed a well-supported clade comprised of specimens of Ostiactis pearseae from and the type locality of (Fig. 3). DNA sequences from the specimens were identical to the population for 3 of the genes analyzed and only differed from the type locality by 1-bp for the 16S rDNA gene. Ostiactis was recovered within Metridioidea, as sister to a weakly supported clade formed by deep-sea Actiniaria and those associated with chemosynthetic environments (e. g. , clades Deepsina + Chemosynthina, as part of the family Kadosactinidae, sensu [7]), a relationship consistent over different studies (e. g. , [7, 16,17,18]). Most representatives from these two clades are characterized by the loss of acontia (filament-like structures packed with nematocysts), the presence of which is a major synapomorphy for Metridioidea. The other actiniarian morphotype included here, identified as Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B,’ was recovered (only mitochondrial sequence data available for this specimen) sister to Alvinactis chessi, a sea anemone inhabiting hydrothermal vents in the southwestern Pacific (Fig. 3; [6]). Isotope signatures of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero BasinTissue stable δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S isotope values were significantly different for Ostiactis pearseae than other anthozoans at the vent fields (ex. zoanthids; Fig. 4a). For example, O. pearseae had δ13C tissue values of − 29. 1 ± 4. 6‰ (− 40. 1 to − 24. 3‰, n = 9), while the others measured − 20. 6 ± 2. 7‰ (− 25. 4 to − 15. 5‰, n = 10; ± 1 SD; ANOVA p = 0. 0001; Fig. 4a). Similarly, O. pearseae had much more negative δ15N tissue values of 1. 6 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship of the species Ostiactis pearseae with chemosynthetic environments, and how it is associated with other species in deep-sea ecosystems. It indicates that Ostiactis pearseae, along with other clades formed by deep-sea actiniarians, is part of a community linked to these hydrothermal vent environments, suggesting reliance on chemosynthesis due to its association with those ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Horizontal gene transfer is a mechanism by which bacteria can acquire new traits. [SEP] Text: The outer ring represents the frequency of archaea-bacteria pairs enriched in reciprocal best hits (RBHs), where green represents 0–18 pairs, orange 19–25 pairs, and red 25–31 pairs. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-2 Figure 3: Genome size and number of reciprocal best hits fit using non-linear regression. Examples of (A) hyperthermophilic, (B) anaerobic, and (C) extremely halophilic archaea. The number of shared genes between archaea and bacteria were fitted using non-linear regression (black lines) and 1. 96 standard deviations from than the mean were calculated for the residuals (grey lines) to visualize the range. Bacteria-archaea pairs with reciprocal best hit (RBH) counts more than 1. 96 standard deviations greater than the mean are defined as enriched in RBHs. Green marker indicate bacterial endosymbionts where their oxygen utilization was unclear. axis is identical in all three graphs and labels are found in part (C). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3865/fig-3 Eliminating the genome size effect Genome size can confound the quantification of HGT because the number of genes an organism accumulates is an adaptive strategy influenced by many other factors such as nutrient regime. A small genome allows a microbe to use fewer nutrients and to have a favorable surface to volume ratio, so microbes adapted to smaller genomes expel unused genes (Giovannoni et al. , 2005). A large genome in which excess genes are retained longer allows a microbe greater versatility (Chang et al. , 2011; Guieysse & Wuertz, 2012). Merely counting numbers of transferred genes does not take into account these lifestyle differences. In this paper we endeavored to determine which bacteria have engaged in more HGT with archaea than predicted by their genome size. A nonlinear genome size effect has been observed for pairwise comparisons of shared genes between bacteria and archaea (Snel, Bork & Huynen, 1999; Fuchsman & Rocap, 2006). The genome size of the bacteria is a much more important factor than the genome size of the archaea in the nonlinear genome size effect (Fuchsman & Rocap, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses factors affecting the quantification of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between archaea and bacteria, specifically emphasizing that 'merely counting numbers of transferred genes does not take into account these lifestyle differences.' This implies that while HGT is an important mechanism for bacteria to acquire traits, the complexity of genetic transfers and the influence of genome size complicate the understanding of how traits are acquired.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: 1: Select randomly the NG individuals in the P; 2: Sort them in terms of their R values; 3: C1,C2 = Select two individuals with the best R values; 4: return C1,C2; DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1192/table-22 Crossover operator The crossover is implemented with the predefined probability (rmp) or if the parents have the same skill-factor. When parents have the same skill-factor, we have inter-crossover. Otherwise, the intra-crossover is applied to parents with different skill-factor. It opens up the chance for knowledge transfer by using crossover-based exchange between tasks. & Jaafar (2011), the crossovers are divided into three main types. We found no logical investigation showing which operator brings the best performance in the literature. In a preliminary study, we realize that the algorithm’s effectiveness relatively depends on selected crossover operators. Since trying all operators leads to computationally expensive efforts, our numerical analysis is conducted on randomly selected operators for each type. The following operators are selected from the study to balance solution quality and running time. The first type is related to the position of certain genes in parents (PMX, CX). The second selects genes alternately from both parents, without genes’ repetition (). The third is an order-based crossover (SC, MC). Initially, we select a crossover randomly. If any improvement of the best solution is found, the current crossover operator is continued to use. Otherwise, if the improvement of the best solution is not found after the number of generations (NO), another crossover operator is replaced randomly. Using multiple crossovers helps the population be more diverse than one crossover. Therefore, these operators prevent the algorithm from premature convergence. If the offsprings are infeasible, the fix procedure is invoked to convert them to feasible ones. The offsprings’ skill-factors are randomly set to the one of the father or mother. The detail in this step is described in Algorithm 6. Algorithm 6: Crossover (P, M). Require: P, M are the parent tour, respectively. Ensure: A new child T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about genetic engineering producing organisms that never mutate. Instead, it discusses crossover operations in genetic algorithms and their implications for diversity and performance in algorithm design. These topics do not relate to the mutation characteristics of genetically engineered organisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Deep-sea hydrothermal vents host unique ecosystems reliant on chemosynthesis. [SEP] Text: pearseae from the vents, compared to neighboring Anthozoa, including an unidentified zoanthid (“zoan”) and sea anemone (Kadosactinidae ‘sp. B’). Bathymodiolus aduloides from muddy sediments off of taken from [20]Full size imageBacterial community analysis of Ostiactis pearseae from the Pescadero Basinpearseae, the tentacles are smooth, tapering, and relatively long when extended, with features similar to most other anemones, including cnidocytes (or cnidoblasts), cnidocysts, and glandular cells, all common cellular components of sea anemone tentacles [21]. The presence of bacteria in the type specimens of O. pearseae from was not detected [5]; however, the unusual isotope signatures of the specimens [11, 15] prompted a more careful examination of this possibility. Indeed, bacterial community analysis via 16S rRNA Illumina barcoding revealed a dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade (64–96% of the bacterial community), comprising 6 putative sulfide-oxidizing bacterial OTUs (= phylotypes, clustered at 99% similarity) associated with the tentacles of O. pearseae (n = 8 specimens; Fig. 5, Additional file 2: Table S2). This was in contrast to the sulfide-oxidizing gammaprotebacteria recovered from the nearby obligate vent tubeworms Riftia pachyptila and Oasisia aff. alvinae (100% identical to persephone; Fig. 5a; [22]). The SUP05 clade was not detected in association with 6 other individual sea anemones (determined by morphotype or molecular sequencing), and the specific Ostiactis-associated SUP05 phylotypes were not detected in surrounding water samples (n = 3; Fig. 5). Three SUP05 OTUs comprised < 7% of the bacterial community in the surrounding water column (Fig. 5a), based on the semi-quantitative 16S rRNA barcoding, but were distinct, based on the 250-bp 16S rRNA Illumina barcode sequences (Additional file 3: Fig. S1 inset). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the unique microbial communities, particularly the dominance of the gammaproteobacteria SUP05 clade associated with the tentacles of Ostiactis pearseae, which is indicative of chemosynthetic processes. The presence of specific sulfide-oxidizing bacteria highlights the relationship between these organisms and their chemosynthetic reliance in deep-sea hydrothermal environments, supporting the idea that such vents host unique ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic engineering can produce organisms that never mutate. [SEP] Text: Researchers show the number (Talbi, 2009) (usually below 15%) of the best solutions that automatically go to the next generation. The proposed algorithm selects Sp individuals for the next generation, in which about 15% of them are the best solutions in the previous generation, and the remaining individuals are chosen randomly from P. The stop condition After the number of generations (Ng), if the best solution has not been improved, then the proposed algorithm stops. Computational evaluvations The experiments are conducted on a personal computer equipped with a Xeon E-2234 CPU and 16 GB bytes of RAM. The program was coded in C ≠ language. The generation number (Ng), population size (SP), group size (NG) in the selection, and crossover rates (rmp) influence the algorithm’s results. Many efforts in the literature studied the algorithm sensitivity to parameter changes. We found that no work shows which values are the best for all cases. However, the following suggestions help us in choosing parameter values: A large generation number does not improve performance. Besides, it consumes much time to run. A small value makes the algorithm fail to reach the best solution (Angelova & Pencheva, 2011). A higher crossover value obtains new individuals more quickly while a low crossover rate may cause stagnation (Angelova & Pencheva, 2011). A large population size can increase the population diversity. However, it can be unhelpful in the algorithm and increase the running time of it (Chen et al. , 2012). Increased selection pressure can be provided by simply increasing the group size. When the selection pressure is too low, the convergence rate is slower, while if it is too high, the chance of the algorithm prematurely converges (Lavinas et al. , 2019). The α and level values help to create the diversity of the initial population. A larger value leads to the same as the random method, while a small value decreases the diversity. Based on the suggestions, we determine a suitable range for each parameter in Table 1. In the next step, we choose the best value from the range as follows: finding the best configuration by conducting all instances would have been too expensive in computation, and we test numerical analysis on some instances. The configuration selected in many combinations is tested, and the one that has obtained the best solution is chosen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses algorithm selection and optimization in computational evaluations but does not address the claim regarding genetic engineering and organism mutation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.