Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: These differences must have arisen because of the divergent selection for VE of LS, since the animals were coetaneous and kept under the same environmental conditions (diet, management, temperature, etc. ). Relevant results in the PLS-DA models using the taxonomic ranks are detailed below. The species Alistipes shahii (0. 60 unit of SD), Alistipes putredinis (0. 51), Odoribacter splanchnicus (0. 58), and Limosilactobacillus fermentum (0. 57) were more abundant in the resilient animals (Fig. 2), as were the higher taxonomic ranks of these species (Fig. 2): genera Odoribacter (0. 83), Alistipes (0. 75), Lactobacillus (0. 56), and Rikenella (0. 51); families Odoribacteraceae (0. 84) and Rikenellaceae (0. 74); and the phylum Bacteroidetes (0. 59). Health-beneficial properties have been reported from these taxa, in part due to their effects on the inflammatory and immune-adaptive response [33,34,35]. These effects on the immune system have been suggested to be mediated by short-chain fatty acids (SCFs) and Th17 cells. SCFs have anti-inflammatory properties [12, 36], and differentiation of Th17 cells is essential for the host to develop a correct tolerance to foreign and nonpathogenic commensal species, playing an important role in gut immunity [37]. Fig. 2Principal component analysis of gut microbiome composition. Representation of first (PC1) and second principal component (PC2) of the additive log-ratio transformation of the relevant variables for distinguishing between resilient and non-resilient populations. SD indicates the unit of standard deviations of each variable from the posterior mean of the differences between the marginal posterior distributions of the rabbit populations. The SD colour gradient highlights the degree of difference, blue and red being the greatest differences among the rabbit populations. The blue-shaded area indicates that higher microbiome abundance in the non-resilient population. The red-shaded area indicates higher microbiome abundance in the resilient population. SCP, proteins involved in signalling and cellular processing; ABC transp. , proteins of the family ABC transporter; quorum s. , proteins involved in quorum sensing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing significant differences in microbiome composition between resilient and non-resilient populations of rabbits. It highlights specific taxa that were more abundant in one group as compared to the other, indicating that microbiome diversity exists, thus refuting the idea that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bycatch reduction devices are designed to minimize the unintended capture of marine species. [SEP] Text: pmid:8813025 View 59. Ward P. Empirical estimates of historical variations in the catchability and fishing power of pelagic longline fishing gear. Biol Fish. 2008;18: 409–426. View 60. . Effect of bait species and color on sea turtle bycatch in a pelagic longline fishery. Fish Res. 2009;97: 53–58. View 61. -Palm A, Ferter K. Toward more efficient longline fisheries: Fish feeding behavious, bait characteristics and development of alternative baits. Biol Fish. 2014;24:985–1003. View 62. . Effects of chemicals from longline baits on the biting behaviour of loggerhead sea turtles. Mar Sci. 2012;34: 1–5. View 63. False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) around the main Hawaiian Islands: Long-term site fidelity, inter-island movements, and association patterns. Sci. 2008;24: 591–612. View 64. Riccialdelli L, Goodall N. Intra-specific trophic variation in false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) from the southwestern Ocean through stable isotopes analysis. Mamm Biol. 2015;80: 298–302. View 65. . Killer whale depredation and associated costs to Alaskan sablefish, Pacific halibut and Greenland turbot longliners. . 2014; pmid:24558446 View 66. NMFS. (Pseudorca crassidens) Segment 5-Year Review: Summary and Evaluation. 2022;. 67. U. S. Assessments: 2022. -TM-NMFS-SWFSC-684. 2023;. View 68. Slooten E. Effectiveness of area-based management in reducing bycatch of the Dolphin. Res. 2013;20: 121–130. View 69. FAO. Report of the on Area-Measures in the Fishery Sector. FAO Fisheries and No. 1301. 2019; Food and of the United Nations, Rome. 70. Postrelease survival, vertical and horizontal movements, and thermal habitats of five species of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean. Fish Bull. 2011;109: 341–361. View 71. Foote KG. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of references and does not provide any direct information or arguments regarding bycatch reduction devices or their purpose. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about minimizing unintended capture of marine species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. [SEP] Text: (2020). Optimal energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles concerning the entire lifespan of lithium-ion batteries. Energies, 13(10), 2543; doi: 10. 3390/en13102543 Chol-Ho, K. , Moon-Young, K. , & Gun-Woo, M. (2013). A modularized charge equalizer using a battery monitoring IC for series-connected Li-Ion battery strings in electric vehicles. IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 28(8), 3779–3787; doi: 10. 1109/tpel. 2012. 2227810 Collin, R. , Miao, Y. , Yokochi, A. , Enjeti, P. , & Von Jouanne, A. (2019). Vehicle Fast-Charging Technologies. Energies, 12(10), 1839; doi: 10. 3390/en12101839 Daowd, M. , Omar, N. , Van den Bossche, P. , & Van Mierlo, J. (2011). A Review of Passive and Balancing based onSimulink. Int. Rev. Electr Eng, 6(7). 2974-2989 Dong, B. , Li, Y. , &Han. Y. (2015). for Equalization. IEEE Trans. Power Electron, 30(9), 4906-4913; doi: 10. 1109/tpel. 2014. 2364838 Deng, Y. , Li, J. , Li, T. , Zhang, J. , Yang, F. , & Yuan, C. (2017). Life cycle assessment of high-capacity molybdenum disulfide lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles. Energy, 123, 77-88. doi: 10. 1016/j. energy. 2017. 01. 096 Deng, Y. , Ma, L. , Li, T. , Li, J. , & Yuan, C. (2019). Assessment of Silicon-Nanotube-Based Lithium-for Electric Vehicles. ACS and Engineering, 7 (1), 599-610; doi: 10. 1021/acssuschemeng. 8b04136 Gallardo-Lozano, J. , Romero-Cadaval, E. , Milanes-Montero, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and articles that investigate the use of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and related technologies. For instance, it mentions optimal energy management concerning the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, indicating the integral role of these batteries in the electric vehicle sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: and PilT proteins that conform the pilusFull size imageHarmful microbial species such as Acetatifactor muris (− 0. 72 of SD unit) and Eggerthella sp. (− 0. 63) were more abundant in the non-resilient rabbits (Fig. 2), which was consistent with their associations with autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases [38, 39]. Species like Megasphaera sp. (− 0. 75), Bacteroides rodentium (− 0. 70), Ruminococcus bromii (− 0. 67), and Bacteroides togonis (− 0. 63) also showed higher abundance in the non-resilient population (Fig. 2). A gut metabolomic study suggested differences in the feed efficiency between these rabbit populations [40] which could explain the differences in the abundance of Ruminococcus bromii. Ruminococcus bromii is a keystone in breaking down starch, allowing other gut microbiota species to cross-feed [41]. We found no evidence in the literature of possible negative effects of Megasphaera sp. , Bacteroides rodentium, Ruminococcus bromii, and Bacteroides togonis on host health, but the effect of microbial species on individual health remains unclear. There are discrepancies in the literature on the gut microbiota composition related to health and disease. For instance, species such as Alistipes putredinis have been identified as both beneficial and harmful species [33, 38], as have the genus Sutterella (0. 83) and the family Sutterellaceae (0. 60), with a higher abundance in resilient rabbits (Fig. 2). genus was identified in healthy and inflammatory bowel disease patients [42], particularly in those with ulcerative colitis [43]. The studies could only suggest the participation of the Sutterella genus in the modulation of the inflammatory response [43] through the alteration of IgA levels, an important immunoglobulin to neutralize pathogens and prevent infections [44]. All relevant species for the classification between the resilient and non-resilient animals can be found in the Additional file 9. Due to discrepancies in the effects of some of the identified microbial species on health and disease, in-depth research is needed to establish their true impact on animal resilience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are 'discrepancies in the literature on the gut microbiota composition related to health and disease.' It discusses variations in microbial species abundance among resilient and non-resilient rabbits, suggesting that microbiome compositions differ significantly rather than being identical. Furthermore, the mention of species like Alistipes putredinis being described as both beneficial and harmful supports the idea that microbiomes are not uniform across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: AbstractAccurate and low-impact monitoring of scallop abundance is critical for stock assessment, especially in sensitive habitats. The possibility of using low-impact hyperspectral imaging (HSI) for differentiating scallop species in the marine environment was investigated. Live saucer (Ylistrum balloti) and mud (Ylistrum pleuronectes) scallops (N = 31) were scanned inside a sea simulator using a visible to near infrared (400–1000 nm) line-scanner HSI camera. Partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was trained to distinguish between the species using their spectral signatures. Important wavelengths were identified and new models were developed using these wavelengths to reduce the model complexity and potentially increase the imaging speed when applied under at-sea conditions. The PLS-DA model distinguished between saucer and mud scallops using any area of the left valve that was exposed above the sediments, with 90. 73% accuracy when all 462 available wavelengths were used. Using the subset of important wavelengths (N = 13) reduced the classification accuracy to 84%. Overall, our results showed that HSI has potential for detecting, distinguishing and counting commercially important saucer scallops for low-impact monitoring and resource management, and to complement RGB imaging that relies solely on morphological properties. Graphical abstract Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionScallops are economically valuable marine bivalves with approximately 400 known species, inhabiting coastal marine environments worldwide (Brand 2016; Delargy et al. 2023; Stewart and Howarth 2016). The combined factors of rising demand for wild-captured scallops and the impacts of climate change have added pressure on scallop stocks (Cheung et al. 2013; FAO 2020; Zang et al. 2023). Due to their commercial significance and ecological importance, accurate assessment and monitoring of scallop populations are crucial for their sustainable management. Trawling and dredging are the most used methods for surveying scallop populations. However, these methods can impose habitat impacts and incidental mortality on bycatch species (Delargy et al. 2023; Freese et al. 1999; Kaiser and Spencer 1996; Probert et al. 1997; Thrush and Dayton 2002). Visual survey alternatives, such as towed camera systems, remotely operated vehicles and autonomous underwater vehicles (Courtney et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining local fish populations. Instead, it discusses the use of low-impact hyperspectral imaging for monitoring scallop populations without making any claims about community-based approaches or their outcomes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. [SEP] Text: , Zhao, W. , Ziebert, C. , Uhlmann, N. , Rohde, M. ,& Seifert, H. (2017). of in 18650 Cylindrical Li-Using an Calorimeter. Batteries,3(4), 14; doi: 10. 3390/batteries3020014 Lipu, M. S. H. , Hannan, M. A. , Hussain, A. ,. , & Ayob, A. (2018). A review of state of health and remaining useful life estimation methods for lithium-ion battery in electric vehicles: Challenges and recommendations. J. Clean. Prod, 205, 115-133; doi: 10. 1016/j. jclepro. 2018. 09. 065 Li, W. , Chen, S. , Peng, X. , Xiao, M. , Gao, L. , Garg, A. ,& Bao, N. (2019). A for the Clustering of Similar-for the Design of a Lithium-Module for Electric Vehicles. Engineering, 5(4), 795-802; doi: 10. 1016/j. eng. 2019. 07. 005 Ma, Y. , Duan, P. , Sun, Y. , & Chen, H. (2018). Equalization of Lithium-on Control in Electric Vehicle. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, 65 (8), 6762-6771; doi: 10. 1109/tie. 2018. 2795578 Ma, L. , Nie, M. , Xia, J. , & Dahn, J. R. (2016). A systematic study on the reactivity of different grades of charged Li [NixMnyCoz]O2 with electrolyte at elevated temperatures using accelerating rate calorimetry. J. Power Sources, 327,145–150; doi: 10. 1016/j. jpowsour. 2016. 07. 039 Moghaddam, A. F. , & Bossche, A. (2018). Technique for on Inductor Balancing. 9th on Mechanical and (ICMAE), 274-278; doi: 10. 1109/icmae. 2018. 8467685 Moghaddam, A. F. , & Bossche, A. (2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references several studies and articles discussing lithium-ion batteries in the context of electric vehicles, indicating their use and relevance within this industry. For instance, it mentions a review of lithium-ion battery health and lifespan in electric vehicles, which directly supports the common usage of these batteries in such applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: We also identified differences in relevant pathways that might contribute to the differences in V E and resilience between the rabbit populations. We identified 42 in signalling and cellular processing (see Additional files 4 and 5), which were generally more abundant in the non-resilient population (Fig. 2). We also highlighted those KEGG and COG IDs related to the ABC transporters (50), quorum sensing (11), and pilus protein conformation (4), three components essential to form biofilms [45, 46], which have been associated with both an ill and a healthy gut. So again, it was necessary to identify the tipping point between a beneficial or harmful effect [47]. The genes aconitate hydratase (K01681; − 0. 73), glutamate synthase (K00284; − 1. 1), and glutamate formiminotransferase (K13990; 0. 80) also showed differences between the rabbit populations (Fig. 2). The latter supported the differences found in the gut metabolite formiminoglutamate, which was found to be lower in the rabbits from the low VE population [40]. Differences in glutamate levels were also observed [40]. Therefore, these results could indicate different ways of synthesizing L-glutamate depending on the substrate used. The glutamate balance might influence the inflammatory response affecting the rabbit health [48, 49]. Differences in the genes belonging to the chorismite metabolism were also found for chorismate mutase (K14170; -0. 94) and chorismate lyase (K18240; 0. 78). There are few studies in the literature on the impact of these enzymes’ end products (prephenate and 4-hydroxybenzoate, respectively), even though these genes are important for the metabolism of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, which are linked to mucosal integrity and immune homeostasis in the gut [50]. AAA metabolic intermediates, such as kynurenine, anthranilate, and indole, differed in abundance between the rabbit populations [40], indicating the relevance of this metabolic pathways to the biological differences between the rabbit populations, namely V E and animal resilience. All relevant genes for the classification between the resilient and non-resilient animals can be found in the Additional file 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing differences in microbiome-related pathways and genes among rabbit populations. It highlights how variations in specific genes and metabolites can indicate biological differences, suggesting that microbiome composition is not identical across individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: 2021; Miller et al. 2019; Taylor et al. 2008) impose fewer impacts, but the resulting census estimates are heavily reliant upon accurately interpreting the collected images. This includes the ability to differentiate between morphologically similar species. Additionally, imaging methods can be problematic for species that partially bury in sediments, such as scallops. Therefore, there is a need to explore alternative approaches that can effectively overcome the constraints associated with the existing methods. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a low-impact technology that combines conventional imaging and near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), providing both spatial and spectral information (Grahn and Geladi 2007; Manley 2014). HSI utilises the reflection of light across hundreds of narrow wavelengths, encompassing both visible and non-visible ranges, to identify and measure materials based on their interaction with light (Park and Lu 2015). When light interacts with materials, it generates a characteristic pattern within the measured reflected spectrum, known as a spectral signature. Spectral signatures are specific to each material and can be leveraged, in combination with multivariate analysis and machine learning techniques, to identify and distinguish between various materials (Manley 2014). The spectral signature obtained through HSI offers an advantage by minimising reliance on morphology-based classification methods. As a result, it provides enhanced capability to differentiate between species that share similar morphological characteristics. In addition, utilising the spectral signature enables identifying species that may be partially buried in sediment, such as scallops, through analysing the signature of parts that remain exposed. Hyperspectral imaging has been applied in aquatic environments, including determining the distribution of microphytobenthos, mapping of benthic habitats and monitoring the health of sea corals (Chennu et al. 2013, 2017; Letnes et al. 2019; Montes-Herrera et al. 2021). Applications of HSI for analysing harvested shellfish in dry laboratory conditions include differentiating between the oyster valves grown in four different environments (Mehrübeoglu et al. 2013) and two relatively similar species of oysters grown in the same environment (Tahmasbian et al. 2022). While these studies provide valuable information on the possibility of using HSI in aquatic environments and for differentiating between harvested oysters, there is no evidence that HSI can differentiate between living scallops that are partly buried in sediments in aquatic environments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes on the claim as it does not address the effectiveness of community-based fisheries management. Instead, it discusses hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology and its applications in aquatic environments for species differentiation and habitat monitoring, without any connection to community-based fisheries management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Clinical applications of 3D printing in complex foot and ankle reconstruction: case seriesCase 1: Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis in setting of failed total ankle arthroplastyFailed ankle arthroplasty can be challenging to manage. As talar components collapse, the native talus is eroded away and a large bone defect is often present. These cases can be managed with TTC arthrodesis and bulk structural allograft – most commonly a femoral head. Unfortunately, these complex reconstructions are prone to nonunion (when the bones do not heal together) and the graft can collapse over time. 3D printed cages can serve as augments in these cases to provide structural support and conform to the anatomy of the patient. These cages can be designed to have space for bone grafting and have surfaces designed to improve bony incorporation. Figure 1 is the case of a 65 year old gentleman who presented with a failed total ankle arthroplasty. His talar component had collapsed and eroded through most of the remaining talar bone and into the subtalar joint. He also presented with a medial malleolus fracture. The patient underwent a TTC arthrodesis augmented with a 3D printed titanium cage. Fig. 1Tibiotalocalcaneal (TTC) arthrodesis for case of failed total ankle arthroplasty. a AP and lateral radiographs demonstrate STAR ankle prosthesis with evidence of talar component collapse with erosion into subtalar joint. Medial malleolus fracture present as well. b Patient underwent TTC arthrodesis with 3D titanium cage. The cage is packed with allograft/autograft to enhance healingFull size imageCase 2: Total talus arthroplasty in the setting of talar avascular necrosisAvascular necrosis of the talus (AVN) is a challenging clinical entity to treat. This disease process occurs when the blood supply to the talus is damaged either by a systemic process or trauma. Nonoperative treatment frequently requires prolonged periods of immobilization which can be detrimental to a patient’s functioning. While early stages of disease can be managed with joint preserving procedures such as core decompression and vascularized bone grafting, advanced disease commonly presents with talar bone collapse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing clinical applications of 3D printing in creating custom solutions for patients with specific conditions, such as in cases of failed total ankle arthroplasty where a '3D printed titanium cage' is utilized. This cage is described as being designed to conform to the patient's anatomy and enhance healing, thereby supporting the assertion that 3D printing is used to create custom implants tailored to individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Since microbial inheritance is complex, more research is required to understand the implication of the differences in the microbiome composition found in this study. The microbiome variability between these two rabbit populations could be an effect or a cause of the remarkable genetic response for V E of LS [18]. Microbial species with a contribution to the phenotype can be selected throughout generations, while selection could also modify the microbiota composition of species with microbial heritability, i. e. influenced by the genome of the host and not necessary with a contribution to the selected trait [3, 51]. A number of studies show how the host genome shapes the microbial abundance of around 10–97% of total microbial species and microbial heritability ranging between 0. 008 and 0. 64 [52, 53]. In these rabbit populations, several genomic regions were associated with the differences in V E [9, 10], so that the underlying genes might also affect the gut microbiota composition. For instance, the DOCK2 gene identified as associated with the rabbit population on the rabbit chromosome 3 [9, 10] has been suggested to modify gut microbiota composition in a study on knockout mice [54]. Further studies are needed to determine the impact of the host genome on shaping the V E of LS and animal resilience. Microbiota composition is multifactorial, and different species could have different roles in health, according to the host genotype, diet, microbial interactions, and environmental factors, among others [12, 55]. Standardized factors affecting the gut microbiome composition are necessary to obtain reproducible results. This study has an advantage over other studies, as diet and environmental conditions were the same for both rabbit populations for 13 generations and the rabbits were coetaneous. Controlling these factors allowed us to decipher the commensal consortia or microbiota composition possibly associated with the V E selection studied. Our results suggest that modulation of metabolism affecting gut immune functions, such as AAA metabolism, mediates some of the differences in resilience between rabbit populations [7, 11]. ConclusionsThis is the first study to show that selection for V E of LS can shift the gut microbiome in animals under the same environmental conditions. We identified 116 164 COGs IDs, and 32 species with differences in abundance between two rabbit populations with outstanding differences of V E for LS after 13 generations of selection as a result of the V E selection performed. The resilient rabbit population (with low V E of LS) had lower abundance of Megasphaera sp. , A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the complexity of microbial inheritance and highlighting the variability in microbiome composition among different populations. It mentions that the study shows differences in microbiome composition between rabbit populations and that multiple factors including host genome, diet, and environmental conditions contribute to microbiome variability. This suggests that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: In this paper we evaluated HSI as a potential alternative towed camera methodology for identifying saucer scallops (Ylistrum balloti) in their marine environments. Saucer scallops have been the main target species of a trawl fishery on the central Queensland coast, Australia, for several decades (Dredge et al. 2016). We specifically compared the spectral signatures of live saucer scallops with those of mud scallop (Ylistrum pleuronectes), a similar co-occurring but smaller and less valuable species. We hypothesised that these two scallop species have distinct spectral signatures that can be used to differentiate between them independent of their morphological similarities, using any area of their left valve that is exposed above the sediment. Materials and methodsSampling procedureSamples of saucer and mud scallops were obtained from a commercial trawl vessel off the Townsville region of Queensland, Australia, in June 2020 on two occasions to increase the variability among the scallops. Immediately after capture, the samples were transferred to 60 L holding tanks on board the vessel and kept oxygenated by maintaining pumped seawater to the tanks. The tanks were covered to reduce animal stress during transport to land which lasted approximately 12 h. Onshore, samples were transferred to 32 L containers filled with aerated seawater of ambient temperature for transport to the for (AIMS) Simulator (SeaSim) facility at Townsville. At the facility, the scallops were transferred to aerated holding tanks (Fig. 1a) filled with pumped flow-through seawater maintained at 20 °C and acclimated overnight prior to obtaining the in-situ hyperspectral images. Fig. 1of (AIMS) holding tanks (a) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) data collection setup (b)Full size imageHyperspectral imaging system and image acquisition proceduredata collection setup was comprised of an imaging tank filled with 5 cm of sediment containing medium to coarse sand derived from the same habitat as the scallops. The tank was supplied with flow-through seawater at 20 °C and was equipped with a rail-mounted HSI system fitted above the tank (Fig. 1b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on a specific methodology for identifying scallops and describes the sampling and imaging process without any mention of community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining local fish populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: For these advanced cases, prior to 3D printing technology, arthrodesis was routinely the only surgical option, especially with arthritic changes in the ankle or subtalar joint. Like in the previous case, arthrodesis involves removing all avascular bone which leaves a large bone defect. In some instances, talar AVN can present without significant arthritic changes in the surrounding joints. These cases are amenable to total talus arthroplasty with custom 3D printed implants. This implant is designed based on CT images of the talus from the contralateral limb. The implant is made from cobalt chrome and is smooth to allow for gliding at adjacent articulations. Figure 2 represents a case of a 45 year old female who developed talar avascular necrosis in the setting of a previous subchondroplasty. She underwent total talus arthroplasty with a custom 3D printed implant. Fig. 2Total talus arthroplasty for talar avascular necrosis. a AP and lateral radiographs demonstrate significant sclerosis of the talar body with some central collapse b Sagittal T2 and T1 cuts demonstrating diffuse talar avascular necrosis. c Total talus arthroplasty with custom 3D printed cobalt chrome prosthesis. Implant is designed based on imaging from the contralateral normal talusFull size imageCase 3: Navicular titanium cage in setting of navicular bone loss from ballistic fractureBallistic trauma to the foot can be difficult to manage. There injuries typically result in severe comminution making anatomic reconstruction difficult. Ballistic fractures of the navicular can result in shortening of the medial column and this deformity can alter gait biomechanics. Figure 3 is the case of a 23 year old male who sustained a ballistic navicular fracture resulting in severe comminution not amenable to surgical fixation. The patient had a three printed navicular cage designed for a medial column arthrodesis. The implant was designed based on the normal contralateral navicular from a CT scan and built to have struts that would extend out of the navicular cage into the talus and cuneiform to help increase stability. These struts also had bony ingrowth surfaces to promote incorporation. Furthermore, the implant was designed to have multiple possible screws to further enhance stability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing specific instances where 3D printing technology is utilized to create custom implants—such as the custom 3D printed talus implant designed from CT images of the patient's contralateral limb and the 3D printed navicular cage designed for a medial column arthrodesis based on a CT scan of the normal contralateral navicular. These examples illustrate the application of 3D printing in developing personalized medical solutions tailored to individual anatomical needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: muris, B. rodentium, R. bromii, B. togonis, and Eggerthella sp. and greater abundance of A. shahii, A. putredinis, O. splanchnicus, L. fermentum, and Sutterella, among others. Differences in abundance were also found in pathways related to biofilm formation, quorum sensing, glutamate, and amino acid aromatic metabolism. The results suggest that differences in gut immunity modulation could drive the differences in resilience among rabbit populations. We also suggest that DOCK2 could be one of the host’s genes that influence gut microbiota composition. Due to the limited information in this field, further studies should be carried out to validate these results. Availability of data and materials Data are available upon request to the corresponding author. 44. 2. Nat Methods. 2012;9:357–9. 74. 72. Erratum. In:FrontImmunol. 2019;28;10:1486. 203. Full pipeline of the pre-processing raw FASTQ filesAdditional file 2. Full pipeline of Illumina adapter removal and quality trimming of readsAdditional file 3. Full pipeline to run the SqueezeMeta softwareAdditional file 4. Full pipeline to obtain the relevant file 5. Full pipeline to obtain the relevant file 6. Full pipeline to obtain the relevant taxaAdditional file 7. Full pipeline with the Bayesian statistical analysisAdditional file 8. Full pipeline with the alpha- and beta-diversityAdditional file 9. Results of the Bayesian statistical analysis. File includes the name of the variables and the type (taxonomic ranks, KEGG or COG), posterior mean of the differences among the resilient and non-resilient populations (meanDiff), the probability of the difference being higher (if the difference is positive) or lower (if negative) than 0 (P0), the highest posterior interval density of 95% (HPD95), and the name and pathways of the genes for the KEGG and COG IDs. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in microbiome composition among rabbit populations, noting variations in abundance of specific bacteria and pathways. It suggests that these differences in gut immunity could influence the resilience of different populations, indicating that microbiome composition is not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: The original images that contained multiple scallops were cut into smaller images, each containing one scallop. The images were then imported into Evince software (Version 2. 7. 11, Prediktera, Sweden) for image pre-processing and data analysis. The images were subjected to size reduction, in Evince, by cropping the labels and sediments, leaving only the scallops and their immediate surrounding sediments. The last step of size reduction was conducted by using every tenth wavelength, retaining 47 wavelengths (spectral dimension), and every second column and row (spatial dimension). The above-mentioned size reduction procedures were performed to reduce data size for computation. This process reduced the data size from 80. 1 to 1. 4 GB. A principal component analysis (PCA) model with three components was used to remove shading errors, saturated pixels, edge effects and the remaining background sediments (Tahmasbian et al. 2021a; Williams et al. 2009). PCA is a statistical technique used for simplifying and exploring complex datasets by extracting the important information and representing it as a set of new orthogonal variables called principal components (Wold et al. 1987). In addition to traditional applications in data dimension reduction, PCA is utilised for visualising and overviewing variations in datasets through clustering the related samples (Wold et al. 1987). In this study, we employed PCA to project samples (pixels in the images) onto vectors t. Plotting the first few t vectors displayed the pixel patterns in the images that were clustered based on their spectral similarities. The clusters were then used to identify and remove unwanted pixels from the images. Training and evaluating classification algorithmThe scallops were divided into calibration and test datasets (Fig. 2). Five saucer and fifteen mud scallops were assigned to the calibration set and the remaining three and eight were assigned to the test set (63–65% calibration vs. 35–37% test). The test samples were mainly selected from the scallops that were partly buried for more stringent evaluation of the trained models (Fig. 2). Fig. 2The RGB image of saucer and mud scallops after removing background pixels. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data processing techniques related to image analysis of scallops, without addressing community-based fisheries management or fish population sustainability.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: In order to ensure the appropriate cuts were made for the struts and the implant, custom cutting guides were also designed to help ensure appropriate fit of the implant. Fig. 3Navicular 3D cage for ballistic navicular fracture. a AP and lateral XRs of the foot demonstrating a ballistic comminuted navicular fracture. b Sterile operative tray with the 3D printed objects. The plastic objects in the left of the tray are the sizers that are used to determine the implant size that will be used. The bottom of the image shows the custom 3D printed cutting guides. The top contains the 3D printed implants. Multiple sizes are printed and the sizers are used to determine which implant will be used. c Immediate postoperative images with the cage construct in placeFull size imageCase 4: custom 3D printed cutting guide for a tibial osteotomyAngular deformity can be challenging to correct especially when deformity is present in multiple planes. Preoperative planning for these cases is crucial and all planes of deformity must be considered when templating osteotomies and hardware placement. 3D printing technology can be helpful in these cases by providing precise cutting guides to assist with the osteotomies. Figure 4 demonstrates a case that used 3D printed custom cutting guides and implants. This is a 50 year old female who has a history of previous supramalleolar tibial osteotomy (SMO) for a varus deformity that ultimately failed and required a revision surgery. Unfortunately, her revision procedure also went on to a nonunion and she continues to have residual coronal and sagittal plane deformity. She underwent a nonunion takedown and revision distal tibial osteotomy with the assistance of 3D printed custom guides and implants. The implant was designed to fit the patient’s anatomy and correct the deformity. The implant also was printed with a plate attached to it so that fixation could be added directly to the construct. Fig. 4Custom cutting guide for revision tibial osteotomy. a AP and lateral views of the ankle demonstrating previous SMO with nonunion. b Custom 3D printed sizers, corresponding implants, and custom cutting guides. Cutting guide pinned in place to make appropriate bone cut. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed examples of how 3D printing is employed to create custom implants and cutting guides that are specifically designed to fit individual patients' anatomies. It mentions the use of '3D printed custom guides and implants' in a clinical case of tibial osteotomy, highlighting that 'the implant was designed to fit the patient’s anatomy and correct the deformity.' This indicates that the technology is indeed being used to tailor solutions for specific medical needs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Host’s genetic background determines the outcome of reciprocal faecal transplantation on life-history traits and microbiome composition access Published: 23 December 2022 Host’s genetic background determines the outcome of reciprocal faecal transplantation on life-history traits and microbiome composition Heli Juottonen1 na1, Neda N. Moghadam1 na1, Liam Murphy1, Johanna Mappes1,2 & …Juan A. Galarza1,2 Show authors 0. 1% of species have been screened for microbes [77]. The uncertainties of the functional role and specificity of microbes in Lepidoptera make this group a particularly important target for transplant experiments. Here, we investigate the effect of microbiome transplantation on wood tiger moths (Arctia plantaginis) with distinct genetic backgrounds and life-history traits. A reciprocal faecal transplantation was carried out between wood tiger moths of two colour genotypes that differ in the duration of their larval stage by adding frass (i. e. , larval faeces) to their diet. The experimental insects have been reared in the laboratory for several generations, kept in similar conditions and fed the same diet. We followed the microbiome’s compositional changes during larval development and in the resulting adults. Thus, any consistent microbiome differences between host genotypes could reflect selective filtering of bacteria. We ask (i) if each genotype has its own associated microbiome, (ii) if it is stable across life-stages, and (iii) if microbiome transplant can reverse the growth rate between the genotypes. We also examine if the transplantation impacts other important fitness traits, such as pupal mass and the volume of defensive secretions. MethodsStudy species and genotype linesThe wood tiger moth is an aposematic species distributed throughout the Holarctic [37]. In Europe, males display colour polymorphism, having yellow or white hindwings and co-occur at variable frequencies within populations [25, 37]. The two colour morphs differ in key fitness traits such as mating success [30, 69], immune responses [70], protection against predators [56, 87], and flight activity [88]. The yellow-white hindwing polymorphism is determined by a single Mendelian locus with two alleles in which the yellow allele (y) is recessive to the white (W) allele [71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by investigating the variability in microbiome composition linked to the host's genetic background. It raises the question of whether different genotypes have unique associated microbiomes, implying that microbiome composition is not identical for all individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: The samples in the boxes were the test samples and the remaining were calibration samplesFull size imageA partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model was trained using the calibration dataset to discriminate saucer scallops from mud scallops using their spectral signatures. PLS-DA combines dimensionality reduction and discriminant analysis into one algorithm and is especially applicable to modelling high dimensional intercorrelated datasets, such as HSI data (Lee et al. 2018). PLS-DA is based on the prtial least square regression (PLSR) algorithm that searches for latent variables (LVs) with a maximum covariance with the Y-variables, which in this case were categorical (Ballabio and Consonni 2013; Wold 1966; Wold et al. 1984). Data transformation algorithms such as, mean-centring, standard normal variation (SNV), multiple scatter correction (MSC) and Svitsky–Golay derivative (SG) were used and compared against un-transformed data (Chen et al. 2021; Farrar et al. 2021; Rinnan et al. 2009). The PLS-DA model was initially trained with all pixels of both saucer and mud scallops in the calibration sets and then compared with another PLS-DA model that was developed using a balanced class-size. Using the balanced class-size data gives data from both species an equal chance to influence the model and prevent a biased calibration towards the larger class (Brereton and Lloyd 2014; Chicco and Jurman 2020). In this study, there were more data points for the mud scallops and, therefore, the Equal-function in Evince was used to remove some pixels from the mud scallops until the number of pixels were comparable with those of saucer scallops. Since the performance of the balanced class-size model was significantly better, only the balanced class-size model is reported and discussed. A random k-fold (k = 10) cross-validation was used for selecting the optimal number of LVs for the PLS-DA model to avoid over/under fitting (Tahmasbian et al. 2021b). The 10-fold cross-validation divided the image pixels into 10 random groups, trained the model with nine groups and tested it with the tenth group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining local fish populations. Instead, it focuses on a specific statistical modeling technique (PLS-DA) related to analyzing scallop species through their spectral signatures, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: The effect of metal artefact on the design of custom 3D printed acetabular implants Download PDF Download eeOpen access Published: 26 August 2020 The effect of metal artefact on the design of custom 3D printed acetabular implants : orcid. org/0000-0002-4212-37411,2, Johann Henckel1, Robert Wescott2, Harry Hothi1,2 & …Alister J. Hart1,2 Show authors 3D Printing in Medicine 37. 5%) showed a remarkable difference in the remaining bone that led to a change in implant design. So far, there has been no difference in the clinical outcome between the patients who underwent single (n = 18) and two-stage surgery (n = 8). ConclusionsThe shape of the acetabulum reconstructed from CT data is potentially altered by metal artefact and bone excised during removal of the failed component. For “end-of-road” acetabular reconstruction, we recommend surgeons consider the use of two-stage surgery to enable a reliable fitting of the complex shape of 3D-printed implants. BackgroundThe management of large acetabular defects in hip arthroplasty revision surgery is challenging due to the diversity in remaining pelvic bone stock and quality. Severe bony loss, as a result of a broad spectrum of pathologies, can compromise the fixation and mechanical stability of the implant [1,2,3,4,5,6] with catastrophic effects. Classification systems have been designed to define the extent of the remaining bone [7, 8]. Paprosky IIIB defects are the most severe and are characterized by supporting bone loss greater than 60% and significant superior-medial migration of the hip centre of rotation (CoR) [9, 10]. According to the Registry, the prevalence of Paprosky II and III defects and pelvic discontinuity problems are increasing both in absolute numbers and as proportions of total acetabular revision burden. reports 23–30 Paprosky 3B defects per year over the last 5 years. According to the manufacturers, over the last 9 years there has been an exponential increase in the use of custom three-dimensionally 3D-printed implants [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by noting that there has been an exponential increase in the use of custom three-dimensionally 3D-printed implants. This indicates that 3D printing is indeed being utilized to create custom implants, which aligns with the claim that these technologies are tailored to individual patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The reads were dereplicated and denoised using PacBio-specific error estimation function. Chimeras were removed from the denoised reads with the command removeBimeraDenovo and setting minFoldParentOverAbundance = 3. 5. Taxonomy was assigned against the Silva database (v. 138. 1, [83]. The ASV data was imported into phyloseq (v. 1. 32. 0, [64], and ASVs assigned to chloroplasts or mitochondria or not assigned to Bacteria were removed. Potential contaminants were examined based on ASVs in water control and washing water samples (Table 1) with the package decontam based on frequency (threshold 0. 2), prevalence (threshold 0. 5), and inspection of frequency vs. DNA concentration plots [16], and none were detected. This resulted in 226 ASVs (when excluding ASVs in the mock community controls) and on average 6898 reads per sample (in total 565,705 reads). Statistical analyses and phylogenetic diversity measuresAll analyses were carried out in R (v. 4. 0. 4) through RStudio. The package ggplot2 [122] was used for generating plots. To examine the effect of the frass transplantation on the life histories of the genotypes, we implemented a Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by pairwise Dunn’s tests to the traits measured. All tests’ significance values were corrected for multiple comparisons. This non-parametric approach was chosen because the samples violate parametric assumptions of normality and/or equality of variance (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). For comparing bacterial diversity and community composition, the ASV table was rarefied to the median number of reads (6915 reads) with the function rrarefy in vegan (v. 2. 5. 7, [74]. If a sample had fewer reads than the median, all its reads were included. Then, the ASV table was standardized to relative abundances. Sequences of the ASVs were aligned and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using RAxML (model GRT + gamma, [101]) on the server [82]. Faith’s phylogenetic diversity (PD) and ASV richness were determined in picante (v. 1. 8. 2, [49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed methodology on how microbiome compositions are analyzed, including steps to remove contaminants and assess bacterial diversity. By discussing the variability in ASV richness and phylogenetic diversity measures, it implies that microbiome compositions can differ among samples, thus contrasting with the claim that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: The magnitude of saucer scallops’ reflectance was higher than that of mud scallops between 575 and 709 nm. This spectral region can be used to differentiate saucer and mud scallops (see “Classification properties and important wavelengths” section). Fig. 3Average relative reflectance (spectral signature) of the saucer scallops, mud scallops and sediments. The highlighted area represents the spectral region where significant differences between the saucer and mud scallops were observedFull size imageThe spectral signature of sediments, however, exhibited notable dissimilarities, both in pattern and magnitude, when compared to those of saucer and mud scallops. These differences were prominently observed in the range of 400–709 nm (Fig. 3). Beyond this range, a relatively similar pattern was observed. The discernible spectral signature of sediments can be used to distinguish between the sediment and any part of the scallop valve exposed above the sediment. Removing background using model used the mean-centred data for three components to distinguish and separate scallops from their background pixels (i. e. , shade and sediments). The PCA explained 99. 1% of the variation with the first component explaining 90. 1%, the second component explaining 8. 3% and the third component explaining 0. 7%. The projection of principal component score vectors t1 vs. t3 was used to identify and remove the background pixels, enabling the separation of shady areas, which was not possible using the projection of t1 vs. t2 (Fig. 4). This high (99. 1%) value of the variance explained in three components was expected due to the distinctive spectral signatures of the scallops and their background. Fig. 4Scatter plot of the first and third principal components score vectors, t1 and t3, used for identifying and removing the background pixels. The plot was generated by clustering pixels according to their spectral similarities. Clusters were formed in regions where the density of spectrally related pixels in the PCA scatter plot was high. These high-density areas are represented in red, while low-density regions appear in blueFull size imageClassification properties and important wavelengthsThe data were only mean-centred for training the PLS-DA model. Using the balanced number of pixels improved the accuracy of the classification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spectral analysis of saucer and mud scallops and does not provide any information related to community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining fish populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: An increasing number of primary total hip arthroplasties (THAs) are being performed in younger patients and combined with an aging population, this may explain the growing incidence of revision surgeries, as more patients outlive their prosthesis [12]. Traditionally antiprotrusio cages, spanning the ischium and ilium, have been the preferred devices used for the management of Paprosky IIIB defects [13]. However, their use is associated with high (29%) rates of failure [14]. There is no consensus regarding the best option for reconstructing acetabular defects classified as Paprosky IIIB, or greater. Patterns of bone deficiency vary depending on the patient’s clinical history. Advances in computed tomography (CT) and additive manufacturing (AM) technology have made it possible to design and manufacture custom titanium acetabular implants to reconstruct such bony defects [13, 15,16,17,18,19,20]. Reconstructive surgery relies on accurate pre-operative planning [21, 22] and is dependent on the quality of the images acquired. Metal artefact can obscure the true dimension and shape of the bones, making planning and execution of the surgery, as well as designing of the customised components, extremely challenging. At our Unit, we noticed that in cases of infection requiring two-stage surgery, the post-implant removal scan was more realistic to the bony anatomy present at the second-stage surgery. We aimed to better understand the effect of metal artefact on the design of customised implants. Our primary objective was to assess the difference in the bony shape and volume pre and post-implant removal; the secondary objective was to assess the design changes, if any, between the two timepoints (pre and post-implant removal). MethodsA cohort of 26 patients with massive acetabular defects were referred, between May 2016 and February 2019, to our Institution, classified as “un-reconstructable” by other hospitals (Paprosky IIIB and beyond [8]). The patients received custom 3D printed acetabular components, ProMade™ Lima†. All patients were imaged with a ® Definition AS+ 128 slice CT scanner. Images were acquired at 100 kV, 100 mAs [23]. The effective dose to the patients was 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) technology that enable the design and manufacture of custom titanium acetabular implants for individual patients with massive acetabular defects. This aligns directly with the claim regarding the use of 3D printing to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to the needs of specific patients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The phylogenetic tree was converted into a phylogenetic distance matrix with the function cophenetic. Measures of phylogenetic relatedness among communities (phylogenetic beta diversity) were calculated in picante as mean pairwise distance (MPD, [120], function comdist, abundance weighted) and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD, function comdistnt, abundance weighted). MPD emphasizes the clustering of basal clades in the phylogenetic tree, whereas MNTD emphasizes patterns closer to the tips of the tree. These values were used as distance measures in non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) with function metaMDS in vegan and permutational multivariate analysis of variance () with function adonis2 in vegan [2]. Separate phylogenetic trees of Erysipelotrichaceae and Enterococcus ASVs were constructed by aligning the sequences and selected reference sequences (described strains and similar environmental sequences identified by Blast searches) with SINA v. 1. 2. 11 on the server and inferring a maximum likelihood tree with RAxML (model GTR + gamma, [101]) in QIIME2 (v. 2021. 8. 0, [4]. We used the same phylogenetic relatedness measures as above to assess phylogenetic clustering of bacterial communities against null models across sample types. This analysis aims to determine whether bacterial community assembly and turnover across life stages are driven by niche-based (i. e. , environmental filtering) or stochastic processes [104]. For example, if gut conditions favour the proliferation of specific bacterial taxa, it would be shown as phylogenetic clustering. Net relatedness index (NRI) was calculated as the standardized effect size of MPD (function ses. mpd in picante, abundance weighted) multiplied by -1. Nearest taxon index (NTI) was calculated as the standardized effect size of MNTD (function ses. mntd, abundance weighted) multiplied by -1. Positive values of NRI and NTI indicate phylogenetic clustering (taxa are more closely related than by chance), whereas negative values indicate phylogenetic overdispersion (taxa are less closely related than by chance). Values of NRI and NTI differing from 0 and thus showing more clustering by chance were identified by Welch’s t-test (function t. test). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various measures of phylogenetic relatedness and clustering among bacterial communities, which implies variability in microbiome composition. The mention of different metrics such as mean pairwise distance (MPD), mean nearest taxon distance (MNTD), and assessments of clustering versus overdispersion suggests that microbiomes can differ significantly among individuals, thereby refuting the idea that everyone's microbiome composition is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: The highest R2 of the PLS-DA model was achieved at 14 LVs (Table 1). However, increasing the classification accuracy beyond 7 LVs had negligible benefit (Table 1). For example, the classification accuracy increased from 90. 73 to 92. 9% (2. 17%) and Matthews correlation coefficient increased from 0. 82 to 0. 86 (0. 04) when the number of LVs increased from 7 to 14 (Table 1). Therefore, 7 LVs was chosen for the final classification model, to maintain simplicity of the calculations, and used to classify the test scallop species using their HSI data (Fig. 5). Fig. 5PLS-DA-classified image of the scallop samples. Blue, green and red represent saucer, mud and unclassified pixels/samples, respectively. The grey scallops are the samples used for calibration and excluded from the test setFull size imageThe PLS-DA model identified individual pixels and distinguished between them using their spectral signatures (Fig. 5). This enabled using HSI data from any part of the left valve (i. e. , the upper facing valve), facilitating classifying scallop species with high accuracy even when most of the scallop was buried. This overcomes some of the limitations associated with RGB imaging and morphological sorting. Based on aquarium observations, both saucer and mud scallops spend most of their time on the substrate with their feeding tentacles protruded and extended beyond the periphery of the valve. The tentacles have ability, although limited, to clear sediments from around the scallop as they filter the water for food. As a results, the peripheral edges of the valve tend to be less obscured by sediment and are therefore particularly useful for providing clear spectral images. Reducing the dimensionality of the model and simplifying the calculations is critical to expedite the analysis for practical application under at-sea condition. If the technology is applied to detect, distinguish, measure and count very large numbers of scallops distributed over thousands of hectares of the seafloor, the model needs to process massive HSI datasets. To improve the analysis speed, complex data pre-processing algorithms were avoided during the training of the PLS-DA model in this study. In addition, the number of LVs was reduced to the minimum functional value (LV = 7) for a negligible decrease in the classification accuracy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a PLS-DA model used for classifying scallop species and the technical details of achieving accuracy in classification through dimensionality reduction and spectral analysis. There is no mention of community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining fish populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: 4 mSv. Data was saved as DICOM files, anonymised and provided to the manufacturer, via a secure dedicated portal, to be included into a specific workflow for implant design. The patient-specific implant proposal was, in all cases, discussed between the surgeon and the engineers to optimise the surgical procedure. All surgeries were performed by a single consultant orthopaedic surgeon. At first, the use of two-stage surgery was evaluated in cases of infection. We then extended the procedure to the cases where metal artefact was significantly affecting the reading of the CT scans and where poor fitting of the new implant would have had a catastrophic effect to the patient. Eligibility criteria were based on: 1) the clinical history; 2) the quality of pre-op CT scans based on presence of metal artefact and; 3) the severity and complexity of the acetabular defect (Paprosky IIIB and beyond). For the patients undergoing two-stage reconstructive surgery, two (MARS) CT scans were taken, prior and after (the interval CT scan) the removal of the failed prosthesis. For the purpose of this study, both scans (pre-operative and interval CTs) were segmented to generate the 3D model of the pelvis and were treated as the scan onto which perform implant design and plan the surgical procedure, Fig. 1. Fig. 1Flowchart of the study designFull size imageThe outcome measures were: 1. Changes in shape and volume of the innominate bone pre and post-implant removal; 2. Changes in implant design between the two timepoints. Prior to implant removalAcetabular defects were initially classified according to the Paprosky classification system based on the preoperative anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiograph by the senior consultant orthopaedic surgeon, Fig. 2. Fig. 2Pre-operative radiographs of the 8 patients included in the study. The acetabular defects were classified as Paprosky IIIB and beyond, there were three pelvic discontinuities (cases 2, 7 and 8)Full size image3D reconstruction of the patients’ bony pelvises were generated by segmentation via commercially available software (Mimics 19. 0, Materialise, Belgium). Data from CT scans was used for accurate assessment of the centre of rotation of the failed hip. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of creating patient-specific implants through the use of 3D models generated from CT scans. It describes how data was processed and discussed for 'implant design' customized to the patient's anatomical needs, which aligns with the use of 3D printing for tailored prosthetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: As in the case of growth rate, this could point to greater susceptibility or adaptability of the WW genotype to the transplantation and the presence of foreign bacteria. Larger volumes in defensive secretions were also observed in the yy genotype transplanted with WW frass. However, this difference was not significant relative to the yy controls, likely because of the unbalanced number of samples. Overall, it can be suggested that frass transplantation generally increased the volume of defensive secretions. Fig. 2Secretion of defensive abdominal fluids of A. plantaginis adults in reciprocal frass transplantation between genotypes WW and yy and in control transplantations within the genotypesFull size imageBacterial community composition and diversity with genotype, life stage and frass transplantBacteria detected in newly hatched larvae showed no difference in phylogenetic diversity or ASV richness between the genotypes (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). Compared to the newly hatched larvae, larval frass before transplantation had lower phylogenetic diversity (Additional file 1: Fig. S5), which indicated that frass contained a reduced set of bacteria. However, the frass bacteria were not solely a subset of the bacteria detected in newly hatched larvae. Frass before transplantation shared only one out of five ASVs (genotype WW) or three out of 11 ASVs (genotype yy) with the newly hatched larvae (Fig. 3). Fig. 3Distribution of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) in A. plantaginis genotypes WW and yy with life stage in frass transplantations between genotypes (transpl) and in control transplantation within genotypes (ctrl). Only ASVs occurring in more than two samples are shown. * marks ASVs with > 50% prevalence across the samples. Replicate samples within the same sample type and genotype have been merged and the mean relative abundance of ASVs is shown. Cass. stands for casseliflavus, gall. for gallinarum, Erysipelotric. for Erysipelotrichaceae, Methylobacter-M. for Methylobacter-Methylorubrum, and ab. fluid for abdominal fluidFull size imageUnlike in newly hatched larvae, the bacterial community in frass differed between the genotypes (Fig. 4, Additional file 1: Fig. S6; hatched larvae R2 = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in bacterial community composition between genotypes. It indicates that the bacterial communities detected in newly hatched larvae showed no difference in phylogenetic diversity or ASV richness between the genotypes, but the frass bacteria were not solely a subset of the bacteria in the larvae. The frass before transplantation had lower phylogenetic diversity and shared only a limited number of ASVs with the newly hatched larvae. This implies that microbiome composition varies between individuals, specifically between different genotypes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: Another possible limitation, should the technology be applied to assessing scallop populations, is the speed at which the HSI system measures light reflectance for hundreds of wavelengths. The maximum achievable imaging speed of the camera used herein was 17 mm/sec (0. 06 km/hour) which is not practical for a large-scale field operation at sea. Reducing the number of wavelengths used in the PLS-DA model, by recognising and excluding the uninformative wavelengths, allows a faster image acquisition process. This optimisation enables programming the camera to capture only the final selected wavelengths when operated under at-sea conditions, leading to faster camera movement. Furthermore, the resulting images are smaller in size (smaller dataset), reducing the duration of analyses and the required storage capacity. In this study, we implemented a two-step process to minimise the number of wavelengths required for the PLS-DA model. Initially, we reduced the wavelengths to 47 by using every tenth wavelength during the image import into Evince software. Subsequently, we conducted a more refined analysis to pinpoint and select the important wavelengths from these 47, utilising the β coefficient and VIP (Fig. 6). Fig. 6The important wavelengths selected for the identification and distinguishing saucer scallops from mud scallops using PLS-DA models developed herein. The blue dotted bars are VIP values and the grey stripped bars are β/β-standard deviation calculated for each wavelength. Wavelengths that had VIP and β/β-standard deviation values larger than 1 (horizontal red dashed-line) were considered important for species identificationFull size imageThe classification accuracy of the PLS-DA model, in the test dataset, decreased to 84% where the model was only trained with wavelengths associated with large β-coefficients (β/β-coefficient standard deviation ratio > 1). The classification accuracy reduced to 74% where the PLS-DA model was only trained with wavelengths with a large VIP (VIP > 1). The accuracy of the model further reduced to 66% when the model was trained with wavelengths that had both large β-coefficient and VIP. The β-coefficient was the most efficient wavelength selection method, using only 13 wavelengths (versus 16 VIP wavelengths) of the original 462 wavelengths. We were unable to test the imaging speed when measuring only these 13 wavelengths, due to equipment constraints. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical aspects of using imaging technology to assess scallop populations without mentioning community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining fish populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Integrity of the acetabular rim and anterior and posterior columns were assessed. The volume of the reconstructed innominate bone (defect side) was measured and recorded to be compared to the reconstructed bone after the removal of the failed implant/component. The first stage procedureAll surgeries were performed using an extensive posterior approach. The failed components were removed. In two cases, a spacer was inserted into the acetabular cavity to treat the infection (Case 2 and 3). Post implant removalFollowing removal of the implant, the patients underwent radiography and CT scanning of their pelvises, Fig. 3. Fig. 3Series of radiographs taken after the removal of the implants showing the remaining bone stock. 2 and 3, the acetabular spacer can be seenFull size imageThe acetabular bone loss, or defect size, was estimated on an implant-based analysis consisting of filling the defect with the future implant, defined as “patient-specific augment”, aiming at restoring the biomechanics of the joint. For each case, a defect filling volume was designed, starting from the bony shape, Fig. 4, and the volume was measured. Fig. 4Explanatory example (lateral a and anterior-posterior b views) of the “patient-specific augment” technique used to estimate defect sizeFull size imageThe difference in bony size (innominate bone) between the pre-operative CT-based defect assessment and measurements made on the post-operative CT scan were compared. The segmented 3D models were exported to STereoLithography (STL) files and the volumes co-registered to compute the difference between the two reconstructions. Bone shape changes, or residual STL volume, refers to the difference between the files generated at two timepoints. It is intended as the subtraction of the intersection of the two volumes from their union [24]. Segmentation of CT scans was performed by experienced engineers to minimise errors in the reconstruction of the anatomy, due to a reliance on user selection of bony landmarks. Segmentation time and any difficulties encountered were also recorded. Designing of the implantDesigning the custom titanium implant involved the following key steps: 1) filling the defect with porous titanium, 2) assuring fixation with structural titanium and screw holes and 3) determining the optimal location of centre of rotation, Fig. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the design of a custom titanium implant that involves a process of filling bone defects with porous titanium and determining fixation and structural integrity specific to the patient's needs. It particularly emphasizes that the 'patient-specific augment' technique was used to estimate defect size, directly indicating that personalized 3D models are created to cater to individual patient anatomy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 27, P = 0. 24; frass R2 = 0. 38, P = 0. 001). Frass of genotype WW collected before transplantation had lower ASV richness and phylogenetic diversity than yy frass (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). Bacteria in WW frass were dominated by Erysipelotrichaceae (Firmicutes; Fig. 5), which were only detected in genotype WW: in addition to larval frass in WW adult gut and abdominal fluids (Fig. 3). belong to a novel cluster with no described species that includes uncultured bacteria detected in termite gut (Additional file 1: Fig. S7; [40, 65]. Frass of genotype yy was instead dominated by Enterococcaceae (Firmicutes,Fig. 5). These ASVs included ASV1 and ASV5 (Fig. 3) that occurred across the genotypes in frass, adult gut, and abdominal fluids and had 100% sequence similarity to Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus strains from Lepidoptera (Additional file 1: Fig. S8; [14, 15]. ASVs were among the only four common core ASVs detected in one or more sample types with 50% prevalence (Fig. 3). Fig. 4Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots of bacterial community in A. plantaginis genotypes WW and yy based on phylogenetic distances (MNTD, mean nearest taxon distance). A Newly hatched larvae and frass before transplantation, B frass before and after transplantation in controls within genotypes (ctrl) and between genotypes WW and yy (transpl), C gut and abdominal fluid (abd. fluid). Panels A, B and C are based on the same ordination but plotted separately. Stress = 0. 15Full size imageFig. 5Taxonomic distribution of bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) at family level in frass before and after transplantation within genotypes WW and yy (ctrl) and between genotypes WW and yy (transpl). White horizontal lines separate ASVs. Each ASV with relative abundance above 0. 5% is shown as its own section in the columns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that microbiome compositions differ between genotypes WW and yy. For instance, it discusses differences in ASV richness and phylogenetic diversity in frass of the two genotypes, indicating that bacteria in WW frass are predominantly from Erysipelotrichaceae and in yy frass from Enterococcaceae. These findings illustrate the diversity and specificity of microbiome compositions across different genotypes, contradicting the idea that everyone's microbiome is identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: Given that only 13 of the 462 wavelengths were required to achieve 84% classification accuracy, a significant increase in the imaging speed (necessary for field-scale analysis) is expected. The β-coefficient important wavelengths identified in this study included 403, 416, 482, 535, 602, 615, 629, 669, 682, 695, 709, 722 and 749 nm. Given that the main component of scallop valves is calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (Martin et al. 2021; Sawai et al. 2001), it was expected that some of wavelengths were related to CaCO3. There is limited information about the wavelengths related to CaCO3 in scallop valves. However, the 400, 500, 555, 575 and 600 nm wavelengths have been attributed to CaCO3 in soil (Gomez and Coulouma 2018; Gomez et al. 2008). These are comparable to the 403 and 602 nm wavelengths that were found to be important for species identification in this study. Identifying the mechanisms involved in differentiating between the scallop species using HSI was beyond the scope of this study. However, we think that differences in the valve chemical composition may not be the only mechanism through which HSI was able to differentiate between species. In another study, HSI distinguished between two similar species of oysters, namely black lip and Sydney rock, aged 19–24 weeks (Tahmasbian et al. 2022). The oyster valves exhibited similar average elemental and morphological compositions. Nevertheless, the number of layers composing the oyster valves varied between species, providing a distinctive characteristic for differentiating between them (Tahmasbian et al. 2022). Therefore, investigating the structure of the saucer and mud scallop valves may provide additional information about the mechanisms that enabled HSI to differentiate between them. This study used the spectral signature of the scallop valves, which may result in overestimation of the scallop populations due to the detection and inclusion of dead scallops. Future HSI analyses may be able to discern the condition of a scallop (i. e. , live or dead) by examining the spectral signatures of scallop mantle and feeding tentacles. It is important to note that although the detection of feeding tentacle spectra can be indicative of a live state, the absence of such spectra does not necessarily indicate a deceased state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various wavelengths related to imaging and chemical composition of scallop valves without providing any information on community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining fish populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Once approved, the implants were produced using EBM additive manufacturing with regions of trabecular titanium to promote osteointegration [25, 26]. Alongside the titanium implant, plastic models of the patient’s pelvis, the custom implant and the drill guides were manufactured using 3D printing and sterilised for intraoperative use. Component design and pre-operative planning was undertaken with close collaboration between surgeon and engineer. Fig. 5Pre-operative planning workflow. The acetabular bone loss, or defect size, was estimated on an implant-based analysis consisting of filling the defect with the future implant (a and b), the implant geometry, flanges and screw holes were designed to enhance implant to bone surface area (b). The selection of component types aimed at restoring joint biomechanics, centre of rotation and offsets (c and d)Full size imageThe second stage procedureThe hip joint was accessed via a posterior approach often using the existing scar. The dissection through the gluteal muscles depended on the exposure required. With the acetabulum exposed and the existing component explanted, the bone was prepared with removal of osteophytes for the custom implant. The surgeon used 3D printed plastic pelvic and implant models to better appreciate the size of the defect, to assist with surgical exposure, to guide surgical orientation and to prepare the bone. Post-operative radiological assessmentAll patients underwent conventional standing anteroposterior (AP) view radiographs of the pelvis and the hip post-operatively. Post-operative evaluation of reconstruction was achieved by evaluation of AP X-rays and standing bi-planar X-rays system () from the (PACS). The surgeon assessed implant position as well as the restoration of centre of rotation. Complications within the first 6 weeks of surgery were recorded. StatisticsStatistical analysis was performed using Prism 7 (). T-test was used to determine if there was a difference in volume between hemipelvises generated before and after the removal of the implant, as well as if there were differences in segmentation time between the two scans. The level of significance for all statistical analyses was p < 0. 05. ResultsEight patients (8/26) underwent a two-stage revision surgery to allow the design of the custom-made titanium acetabular component, 4 due to infection and 4 due to significant metal artefacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of 3D printing to manufacture custom prosthetics and implants, specifically describing how plastic models of the patient’s pelvis and the custom titanium implant were created using 3D printing. This process involved close collaboration between surgeons and engineers, tailoring the implants to individual patient needs, enhancing the argument that 3D printing is indeed utilized for creating bespoke medical devices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Family ‘0319-6G20’ belongs to phylum Bdellovibrionota, class Oligoflexia. Enteroc. stands for Enterococcus, and cass/gall for casseliflavus/gallinarumFull size imageWhen WW larvae received the yy frass transplant, their frass retained the WW-specific Erysipelotrichaceae. Notably, WW frass also gained or showed an increased relative abundance of the two common Enterococcaceae ASVs detected in yy frass (ASV1, ASV5) (Fig. 5). The prominence of these ASVs in WW frass after transplantation suggests they may have originated from the yy frass transplant. Enterococcus ASVs became more prevalent also in one of the WW controls that received WW frass, but these ASVs represented a different cluster within Enterococcus not detected in yy frass (ASV3, ASV12, 99–100% sequence similarity to E. mundtii strains, Additional file 1: Fig. S9). Bacteria in yy frass, on the other hand, changed almost completely both with WW frass transplant and in the controls that received genotype yy’s own frass (Figs. 4B, 5). After the transplant, yy frass bacteria consisted of sporadic ASVs representing bacterial groups detected in the control diet and transplant diet fed to the larvae (Fig. 5, Additional file 1: Fig. S9). Therefore, we found no evidence pointing to the transfer of WW frass bacteria to genotype yy. Variation of bacterial community in adult gut and abdominal fluid could not be linked to the transplant treatment or to genotype, partly due to large variation among individuals (Fig. 4C, Additional file 1: Fig. S10). The ASVs affiliated with E. casseliflavus/gallinarum and E. mundtii occurred in adult gut with no consistent pattern. In adult abdominal fluids, both Enterococcus types were present in both genotypes, but E. casseliflavus/gallinarum ASVs dominated in genotype WW and E. mundtii type in genotype yy (Additional file 1: Fig. S10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating significant variability in microbiome composition across different genotypes. It mentions that after frass transplantations, bacterial communities did not show a consistent pattern and that large variations among individuals were observed, which directly contradicts the idea that microbiome composition is identical for everyone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Community-based fisheries management has proven effective in sustaining local fish populations. [SEP] Text: This is because there are instances where scallops withdraw their tentacles when they are disturbed or threatened. This study offers valuable insights into the potential utilisation of HSI for real-time monitoring of scallop populations, as well as presenting solutions for enhancing imaging and data analysing speed through data size reduction and wavelength selection. However, it is important to acknowledge that operating HSI under at-sea conditions may present additional challenges that require thorough investigation in future research and development projects. These challenges encompass the dynamic nature of the benthos, surface conditions, turbidity and currents, which introduce instability in the image acquisition process. Other factors, such as suspended sediment, detritus, dissolved organic matters and chlorophyll may interfere with the reflectance measurements, contributing to the complexity of imaging and data analysis. Furthermore, the optical characteristics of wild scallops may be influenced by factors such as life stages, health conditions, ocean acidification, and parasites on the valves. Conducting a pilot study that deploys the technology at sea may uncover additional challenges. ConclusionThis study demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging has potential for detecting, distinguishing and counting commercially important saucer scallops for stock assessment and resource management. The ability of HSI to detect and identify a scallop when it is largely buried in sediments is advantageous and has potential to complement RGB imaging that relies on morphological properties. Application of this method would result in reduced impacts to the seabed compared to towed trawl nets or dredges that are commonly used to monitor scallop abundance. Moreover, this technology may hold promise for assessing other benthic fished species and monitoring marine ecosystems. Data availability The data supporting the finding of this study belong to the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Australia and may be available from the corresponding author upon request and with permissions of the Queensland Government. 10. 1186/s12864-019-6413-72020. Sustainability in action. In, Rome 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. Reprints and permissionsAbout this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the use of hyperspectral imaging for monitoring scallop populations and does not address community-based fisheries management or its effectiveness in sustaining fish populations. The focus is on technological methods rather than on management approaches.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: Early ambulation occurred postoperatively, during which the patient suspected that the component had migrated. Subsequent imaging (CT and plain radiograph) revealed the fracture. The patient underwent surgery for removal of the implant, no further surgery was performed. None of the patients has had revision surgery at the time of publication. Radiologically, the components were stable, no signs of loosening were observed. DiscussionThis study investigates the use of two-stage procedures for the reconstruction of massive acetabular defects, in case and in absence of infection. Our aim was to understand to what extent bony information obscured due to metal artefacts can affect the design of customised implants. We compared 3D-CT scans taken of patients pre and post-implant removal and found that the bone shape changed in all cases. The medial acetabular wall was often missing from the interval 3D reconstruction (post implant removal) and acetabular rim definition was not clear on the 3D reconstructions derived from pre-implant-removal scans. Also, bone is inevitably removed during initial implant removal. These concomitant variables led, in some cases, to design modifications. Two main problems arise when treating patients with massive acetabular defects: (1) Poor visualisation of the acetabular defect and construct on computed tomography (CT) due to the presence of metal-related beam hardening artifacts and (2) inevitable bone loss associated with removal of the failed implant at surgery, changing the architecture of the defect. This “new” intra-operative defect cannot be predicted on the pre-op CT. The adoption of the two-stage procedure began with the treatment of patients for infection in the presence of a massive acetabular defect. Application of this technique was then expanded to cases where large amounts of metal work obscured the bone, making the designing greatly uncertain. Finally, we extended the indication to “end-of-road” reconstruction to do everything possible to increase the certainty of good fixation of the customised implant to the pelvis. Comparison of pre and post-implant removal scans allowed us to estimate bone that was obscured by metal artefact or subsequently removed intraoperatively. We observed that the virtual 3D-CT bony models changed in all cases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of customized implants. It explains that the study compares 3D-CT scans before and after implant removal and mentions the difficulties in designing these customized implants due to changes in the bone shape. The research focuses on tailoring the design of implants to address defects in individual patients, which supports the assertion that 3D printing is utilized to create customized prosthetics and implants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic clustering and turnover of bacteria with life stage and genotypeWe used phylogenetic clustering and turnover measures to identify potential ecological mechanisms structuring the bacterial community with life stage and genotype. Bacterial communities in larval frass before and after transplantation and in adult abdominal fluid showed higher phylogenetic clustering than by chance (> 0, Fig. 6A, B), which suggests selection or environmental filtering of specific bacterial lineages. In newly hatched larvae and adult gut, NRI and NTI did not differ from 0, and thus no evidence of selection of specific lineages was detected. Only frass before and after transplant showed potential differences in the extent of clustering with genotype. When looking at phylogenetic turnover in transitions between life stages, bacterial community turnover was largest in the transition from newly hatched larvae to frass (Fig. 6C). βNTI values of > 2 indicated deterministic selection in this community shift. Community dynamics of the other transitions appeared more driven by stochastic processes (− 2 < βNTI > 2). Difference in βNTI values between the genotypes in frass suggests that genotype affected the dynamics and community assembly of the frass bacterial community. Fig. 6A Net relatedness index (NRI) and B nearest taxon index (NTI) with life stage and genotype (WW, yy) C and beta nearest taxon index (βNTI) for bacterial community data between different stages. NRI > 0 and NTI > 0 (indicated in A and B by * when significant difference from 0 in t-test) show greater phylogenetic clustering than by chance. βNTI > 2 indicates significantly higher community turnover than by chance driven by deterministic selection, whereas − 2 < βNTI > 2 suggests stochastic community assemblyFull size imageDiscussionBacteria in insect hosts have been connected to fitness and development [21, 32] and even to driving changes in host allele frequencies [89]. Many insects show highly species-specific microbiome composition, but Lepidoptera are considered to deviate from this pattern of insect phylosymbiosis [59], but see [33]. Consequently, the mechanisms of bacterial community assembly and the role of bacteria in key traits such as growth and defensive mechanisms of Lepidoptera remain unresolved [35, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that 'many insects show highly species-specific microbiome composition' and referencing how Lepidoptera deviate from the general pattern of insect phylosymbiosis. This suggests that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals, but rather influenced by factors such as genotype and life stage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some studies suggest that olfactory receptors may function through quantum effects. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Ambulacrarian insulin-related peptides and their putative receptors suggest how insulin and similar peptides may have evolved from insulin-like growth factor All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2021. The first revision was submitted on June 5th, 2021 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on June 24th, 2021 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2021. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Jun 25, 2021 · Dr. Veenstra, Thank you very much for submitting this thorough analysis of ambulacrarian insulin-like peptides to PeerJ. I am glad that my copy editing was useful. It means the years I spent being taught English grammar and spelling were not entirely wasted. The suggestion to send a tweet announcing acceptance is not mine but is automatically added by the journal. Best Regards, [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Paula Soares, a PeerJ covering this Section #] 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 24, 2021 Version 0. 2 · Jun 21, 2021 · Although both reviewers felt that you had satisfactorily revised the manuscript, as neither one is a native English speaker, they made no suggestions for improvement of the writing. However, I found several instances where the punctuation or grammar made the manuscript hard to read. English pronouns are particularly difficult. For example, in line 45, the word "it" would, according to the rules, have to refer to "novel receptor. " That makes no sense. Therefore, I suggested omitting the phrase "it seems to suggest. " There were also a few misspellings of species names. I have, therefore uploaded a copy of the manuscript with some suggested changes. I look forward to receiving a suitably revised version of this interesting manuscript. Sincerely, Download annotated manuscript Arnone · Jun 19, 2021 Basic reporting N/A Experimental design N/A Validity of the findings N/A Additional comments I am fully satisfied of the explanation/corrections proposed by the author. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics unrelated to olfactory receptors or quantum effects. Instead, it focuses on the peer review process, editorial comments, and manuscript revisions, which do not address the claim about olfactory receptors functioning through quantum effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: 3D printing is used to create custom prosthetics and implants tailored to individual patients. [SEP] Text: A prevalence of areas of the medial acetabular wall missing from the interval 3D reconstruction (post implant removal) was noted, whereas acetabular rim definition was not clear on the 3D reconstructions derived from pre-implant removal scans. Although the overall innominate bone volumes did not change significantly between the two timepoints, the changes were predominately associated with the shape and distribution of the acetabular defects (Figs. 6 and 8). This is of clinical significance as it leads to implant design modifications and may ultimately change the surgical procedure and instruments needed. If not anticipated, these changes can presumably increase the surgical time and lead to poor implant fitting. Previous studies have highlighted the difficulty of positioning a custom made implant accurately in patients with a massive acetabular defect [27, 28]. Reports on the clinical outcome in the literature are sparse. One of the main challenges is achieving accurate fitting to the patient’s host bone. Additive manufacturing has enabled the accurate production of bespoke titanium implants with integral porosity providing a fairly new tool to manage massive acetabular defects in revision hip surgery. CT data is a potential source of error when designing and placing custom-made components in patients with massive acetabular defects [29]. Despite advancements in CT technology, metal artefacts mislead the anatomical reconstruction by hiding bone portions or preventing a clear bone boundary reading. Difficulty following the preoperative plan, and press fitting the custom component, arise when intraoperative defect topography differed from that seen on CT. There is no patient specific instrumentation or image technology solution to overcome the issue of reconstruction errors due to metal noise or to predict the amount and shape of bone removed at revision. Two-stage revision THA is the gold standard to treat infection, or periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) [30,31,32,33,34]. The morbidity and mortality of patients undergoing a second-stage revision THA for the treatment of PJI is higher compared to single-stage surgery, linked to the necessity of two major surgical procedures. It has been observed that the main risk factors for a two-stage exchange failure include hemodialysis, obesity, multiple previous procedures, diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid therapy, hypoalbuminemia, blood transfusion, immunosuppression, rheumatological conditions, and coagulation disorders [35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'additive manufacturing' as a means to produce 'bespoke titanium implants' that are tailored for managing 'massive acetabular defects' in revision hip surgery. This indicates that 3D printing technology is being utilized to create customized solutions in the medical field, specifically for implants.