Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: On the one hand, such systems contribute to the revitalization of trade exchange—especially on a regional scale and in support of small businesses—as they play the role of a system of consumer self-credit. On the other hand, they undermine the unity of the of the state, not only leaving the central bank with a certain amount of Seigniorage (which is of no practical importance given the existing volumes of “alternative emission”) but also introducing significant confusion into the issues of formation and (the obligation to use a single legal means of payment), complicating Interregional Settlements, creating opportunities for fraud and abuse that are outside the area of responsibility of official Monetary Authorities, and so forth. Over the past few decades, a certain evolution of the models of additional currencies has taken place, which allowed to distinguish four generations of such Quasi-(which, however, do not replace the previous ones, but exist in the process of continuous innovative development). The first generation is nonconvertible systems; these are local exchange trading systems (LETS), which originated in the 80s and developed intensively in the first half of the 90s. They are large networks, often centered on specific organizations (e. g. , UK in and Selidaire in France) and organize mainly cashless exchanges, or use paper money for a short period. The second generation is formed by nonconvertible exchange schemes, in which the value of goods in exchange is often measured by the time spent on their production (time money). The third generation consists of convertible systems that are aimed at solving specific economic problems, but since they also solve territorial problems, they can be classified as local currencies at the same time. Such additional currencies are pegged to national currencies by means of a fixed exchange rate, for which special conversion rules apply. The issuance of additional currencies of the third generation is ensured by the reserves of the national currency, while the currencies of the first and second generation do not have such security and are not convertible. Fourth generation monetary system projects are complex systems in which local currencies play a major role. These projects (often called “green currencies”) focus more on environmental issues. They have a multipurpose nature, and local authorities are involved in their implementation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of alternative currencies and local exchange systems, which may involve sustainability but do not guarantee that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. It highlights the challenges such systems can introduce, such as undermining state unity and creating opportunities for fraud, indicating that without regulatory frameworks, the adoption of sustainable practices is not assured.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 양육태도에 대해, Baldwin은 권위-통제, 적대-거부, 민주적 태도로 측정하였 고, Lee and Oh는 Schaefer의 이론을 근거로 애정-적대, 자율-통 제, 성취-비성취, 합리-비합리의 4차원 모델을 제시하였다(Yang, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses parenting attitudes and measurement models presented by Baldwin regarding various dimensions of parenting, none of which relate to the study of paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 82%) changed their category through time (Supplementary Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Classification of species extinction risk transitions based on past and present categories*. a Low-risk transitions included species that retained a category of least concern, together with those species that moved from any higher category of threat to a lower category between 1996 and 2020. b High-risk transitions included all species that retained a category of threatened or near threatened, together with those species that moved from any lower category of threat to a higher category between 1996 and 2020. *Acronyms refer to the categories, including (LC), (NT), Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN), and (CR). Full size imagePredicting transitions in species extinction riskWe used a model for classification54 to measure the performance of an array of pressure, environmental and life-history variables (see Table 1 for a description) for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. We found that the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat had higher predictive performance than species life-history traits, human pressure variables and other environmental conditions (Fig. 2). Fig. 2: Relative importance of selected variables for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Variables are colour-coded according to their broad class (human pressure, environment and life history). The description of each variable can be found in Table 1. High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageInterestingly, our results show that the degree of fragmentation, the extent of high human footprint values in the matrix, and the degree of patch isolation had higher predictive performance than the change in high human footprint values (as defined by increases in high human footprint values through time) within the suitable habitat and the proportion of suitable habitat (Fig. 2). This result was supported by a sensitivity analysis where a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability was applied (Supplementary Fig. 2a, b). This suggests that habitat fragmentation and the matrix condition better predict changes in species extinction risk than habitat loss and habitat amount at a global scale. Partial dependence plots show that the probability of high-risk transitions is higher with an increasing degree of fragmentation (Fig. 3a), a decreasing degree of patch isolation (Fig. 3b), and an extent of high human footprint values within the matrix of 100% (Fig. 3c). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat has higher predictive performance for extinction risk transitions than other factors. It indicates that high levels of habitat fragmentation lead to increased probability of high-risk transitions, reinforcing the idea that habitat fragmentation is a significant factor contributing to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (For example, the NU Spaarpas project, launched in Rotterdam in 2002–2003, aimed at solving a whole set of problems, including increasing the consumption of locally produced organic products and increasing the recycling of waste [7, 16]. )In our opinion, additional money projects based on the use of the blockchain system could be attributed to a completely new generation. In particular, in May 2018, such a project called “Resource” (Recurso Económico Ciudadano—Rec) was launched in Barcelona, and its “currency” can be used using a mobile application or a bank card. Thus, the system of “additional currencies” is connected to another system—the system of “electronic money. ”However, the influence of the new technology began to be felt in the monetary and banking sphere already at the end of the last century, although the words “banking technology” or “banking industry” sounded a bit unusual in the early 1980s, but even then, they reflected significantly new phenomena, because in the recent decades, significant social and economic changes have taken place, which have significantly transformed banking activity. The idea of “computerization” of money circulation is based on previous developments in this field, which were based on the desire to overcome the shortcomings of cash circulation. And if in corporate, “wholesale” circulation, it was possible to do this long ago by means of simple bank entries on customer accounts, then in “retail circulation,” it remained a problem for a long time, because the replacement of “pure coin” with paper money tokens, including banknotes, promissory notes, or checks, only simplified the problems but did not solve them, until credit cards came along. So, instead of representatives of a clearly defined (in accordance with the denomination) number of monetary units (banknotes, treasury tickets), “money devices” appeared, which represented money without its quantitative certainty, since they could embody any number of monetary units, depending on your electronic programming. The era of “electronic money” or, as we proposed to call it, the “Destuffation of Money” has begun—that is, the disappearance of the physically embodied (stuff) form of money signs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses various projects related to economic transformation and technological advancements, but it does not mention or imply that environmental economics guarantees the adoption of sustainable practices without the need for regulation. Instead, it highlights the complexities and evolving nature of economic systems and currency, which suggests that adopting sustainable practices may not be as straightforward or guaranteed without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 따라서 이 연구에서는 부모의 자녀양육태도 향상을 위한 원예활 동 프로그램 개발을 위하여 초등학생 자녀를 둔 학부모를 대상으로 식물선호도를 조사하고 이 선호도가 원예활동 또는 자녀양육태도 와 어떤 관련성을 가지고 있는가 하는 점을 분석하여 식물과 사람 의 태도의 관련성에 대한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 연구방법 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study that focuses on parents' attitudes towards nurturing their children through gardening activities, specifically analyzing plant preferences in relation to parenting attitudes. While it involves people's attitudes towards plants, it does not directly address the examination of historical relationships between people and plants, thus making it irrelevant to the claim regarding paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 3: Partial dependence plots to show the effect of the degree of habitat fragmentation, the degree of patch isolation, and the matrix condition on extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. The plots show the probability of high-risk transitions as a function of a the degree of fragmentation, b the degree of patch isolation, and c the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix. Solid red lines and shading represent fitted LOESS curves and 95% credible intervals for the relationships between the probability of high-risk transitions and each explanatory variable. As partial dependence plots for Boolean response variables mirror each other, the probability of low-risk transitions as a function of these variables are not depicted in the figure. Values of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation were ln-transformed for visual purposes. The degree of fragmentation was inverse-coded so high values represent high degrees of fragmentation. High values of the degree of patch isolation represent high degrees of isolation between patches of suitable habitat. The description of each variable is given in Table 1. High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageOur model showed good overall classification ability during cross-validation, with an accuracy of 81. 2%. The proportion of correctly classified high-risk transitions (sensitivity = 60. 5%) was lower than the proportion of correctly classified low-risk transitions (specificity = 90. 9%), with a true skill statistic of 0. 51. The predictive performance of our model did not markedly change compared to the model built with a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability (1). Thus, the model is robust to changes in the levels of habitat suitability. The influence of the matrix condition on the importance of habitat fragmentation for predicting extinction risk transitionsIn order to measure the influence of the matrix condition on the importance of fragmentation (i. e. the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation) for the prediction of extinction risk transitions, we first discretized the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix of each species into two broad levels as a proxy for matrix quality: ‘low-quality’ matrices and ‘high-quality’ matrices. As the global distribution of the matrix condition showed to be uneven in both low-risk and high-risk species (Supplementary Fig. 3), even at the scale of individual biogeographic realms (Supplementary Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of habitat fragmentation and patch isolation on extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. It provides data showing a measurable effect of the degree of habitat fragmentation on extinction risk, indicating that higher fragmentation correlates with an increased probability of high-risk transitions for species. This aligns with the claim that habitat fragmentation is a leading cause of species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Cash is now used less and less, and in countries such as Sweden or China, it has almost disappeared altogether, giving way to such digital payment systems as PayPal and Venmo (USA and Europe), Alipay and WeChat (China), Paytm (India), or M-Pesa (Kenya). Most of these fintech innovations are still tied to traditional banks. In place of cash comes “electronic money”—according to the definition given in 5. Central bank digital currency2018, a group of analysts of the Goldman Sachs, led by Zach Pandl, published a report in which the cryptocurrency was studied as money in the classical sense (“Bitcoin as Money”) and concluded that although Bitcoin can hypothetically be successful like the dollar or the euro, it is likely to face a number of fundamental problems. “In practice, Bitcoin and other digital currencies face significant practical obstacles to wider adoption, including potential government regulation and excessive volatility. So can Bitcoin succeed as a form of money? Theoretically yes, if it proves capable of facilitating low-cost transactions and/or providing better returns on risk-adjusted investment portfolios. However, in practice the bar looks high. The currencies of most developed market economies are already quite good at providing such monetary services. And if blockchain technology goes mainstream, as seems likely, the bar will look even higher. (…) The recent fluctuations of Bitcoin and similar cryptocurrencies demonstrate that they are too volatile to serve as money. Volatility will likely have to drop dramatically (either naturally or through widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies designed to better stabilize purchasing power by regulating supply) before we see more widespread adoption. (…) Nevertheless, Bitcoin (and cryptocurrencies in general) can offer viable alternatives in countries and corners of the financial system where traditional monetary services are inadequately provided” [18]. Actually, “caught up” by the last remark, some publications, in pursuit of “hot news,” declared that analysts “recognized cryptocurrencies as real money,” or (in a milder form) that “they can be real money,” not particularly paying attention to the fact that the conditions for such “advancement,” in fact, require a fundamental change in the very essence of cryptocurrencies. Just as other analysts of the said that gold (which, they emphasized, is no longer real money) is better than cryptocurrencies due to its durability and intrinsic value [19]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the practical obstacles that cryptocurrencies face in achieving widespread adoption, which underscores the challenges businesses might encounter in adopting sustainable practices without regulation. It highlights that despite the potential for cryptocurrencies and digital currencies to succeed, significant challenges remain that could hinder such success, similar to how businesses may struggle to adopt sustainable practices unless regulations are in place.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 조사대상 및 응답자의 특성 식물에 대한 선호도와 식물 기르기 경험이 자녀 양육 태도와 관 련성을 파악하기 위하여 2015. 5~7월까지 서울, 전주에서 초등학 생 자녀를 둔 부모 200명을 대상으로 자기기입식 설문조사를 진행 하였으며 이 중 조사에 적절하지 않은 조사표를 제외하고 193부를 분석에 활용하였다. 조사에 응한 응답자 특성을 분석한 결과, 89. 4%가 여성이었으 며, 나이는 39세 이하 41. 1%, 40-44세 37. 4%, 45세 이상 21. 6% 로 평균 40. 9세이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany or its examination of people and plants. Instead, it focuses on a survey conducted among parents about their preferences and experiences related to plants. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 4), we defined cutoff values for each of the levels of quality of the matrix based on the positive and negative effect that the matrix condition had on the probability of high-risk transitions (Fig. 3c). Low-quality matrices were therefore represented by species with extents >84. 2% of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 1815 low-risk species and 1027 high-risk species), while high-quality matrices by those species with extents <15. 8% of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 60 low-risk species and 29 high-risk species). We then built separate models for each level of quality of the matrix in order to compare the relative importance of the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat and the degree of isolation of patches of suitable habitat between species with a matrix of low-quality habitat and species with a matrix of high-quality habitat. We found that the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation had higher relative importance for species with a low-quality matrix (Fig. 4a) than that observed for species with a high-quality matrix (Fig. 4b), with a decrease of 33. 3% and 62. 5%, respectively. Notably, the relative importance of the extent of high human footprint values in the matrix was markedly higher for those species with a low-quality matrix than for those with a high-quality matrix, with a decrease of 116. 4%, suggesting that the lower the quality of the matrix, the higher the predictive importance of the matrix for predicting extinction risk transition in terrestrial mammals. Fig. 4: Influence of the matrix condition on the relative importance of selected variables for the prediction of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. a Relative importance of each predictor for species with a low-quality matrix, which included proportions >84. 2% of the extent of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 1815 low-risk species and 1027 high-risk species). b Relative importance of each predictor for species with a high-quality matrix, which included proportions <15. 8% of the extent of their matrix overlapping with high human footprint values (n = 60 low-risk species and 29 high-risk species). Variables are colour-coded according to their broad class (human pressure, environment, and life-history). The description of each variable is given in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of habitat fragmentation and matrix quality in predicting extinction risk transitions for terrestrial mammals. It highlights that species with a low-quality habitat matrix, characterized by high overlaps with human footprint values, face a greater risk of extinction. This implies that habitat fragmentation contributes significantly to species extinction, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Therefore, Z. Pandl explained in a separate email that cryptocurrencies will need to “clear many regulatory hurdles before gaining wider acceptance. ” But the fact is that regulators—first of all, central banks—are in no hurry to remove these obstacles. Bundesbank explicitly states that “cryptoassets” are often misunderstood as “cryptocurrencies” or “cryptomoney” In fact, these are just private digital “tokens” that are created and used on computer networks. Indeed, the term “cryptocurrency” that is often used sounds like “official money. ” But this is not the case: There is no state central bank behind crypto-assets; there is no legal framework and state regulation that guarantees stability and acceptance. Therefore, there is no law that requires anyone to accept payment using a crypto asset, or to be able to exchange crypto assets for official currency. “Crypto-assets perform monetary functions only to a very limited extent. Their acceptance as a means of payment is extremely low. There are hardly any outlets where you can actually pay for it. Prices are also rarely expressed in cryptoassets, so they cannot be used as a unit of account. Due to strong price fluctuations, cryptoassets are hardly suitable as a reliable means of storing value. This means that crypto-assets are primarily a tool for speculative investments” ([20], p. 17). The position of central bankers on this matter was very clearly expressed in Davos (2017) by the of the of Sweden, Cecilia Skingsley, who stressed that cryptocurrencies do not meet the criteria to be called money [21]. 2017, Japan revised the part of the that includes the wording of virtual currency. Some media reported at the time that the “virtual currency law” gave it the status of legal tender in Japan. But in fact, the law defined Bitcoin and other virtual currency as a method of payment, not a legally recognized currency or legal tender. Consequently, states and central banks continued to treat cryptocurrency with suspicion. Thus, one of the biggest obstacles on the path of “cryptocurrency” to real electronic money was the lack of trust, the importance of which was spoken about in September 2017 at the of Forum ( Forum), by a member of the of the Bundesbank, K- L. Thiele (Carl-Ludwig Thiele). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the need for regulation in the context of cryptocurrencies. It explains that there are regulatory hurdles impacting the acceptance and stability of cryptoassets. The text highlights that there is no legal framework or state regulation ensuring the stability of crypto-assets, which implies that without regulation, businesses—be it in cryptocurrencies or other sectors—may not adopt sustainable practices or frameworks effectively. This indicates that environmental economics does not guarantee sustainable practices without regulations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 소득은 월 300만원이하 31. 4%, 월 301~400 만원 23. 2%, 월 401만원이상 45. 4%이었다. 전국 가구당 2015년 평균소득은 월 437만원이므로 54. 6%는 그보다 소득이 적다고 답 하였다. 학력은 고졸 28. 7%, 전문대졸 22. 3%, 대졸 34. 0%, 석사･ 박사 14. 9%이었고, 직업은 회사원 또는 일반 공무원 17. 4%, 전문 직･교육직 27. 0%, 자영업･서비스업･일용직 22. 5%, 주부 33. 1% 이었다. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany or its examination of the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it shares statistical information about income levels and educational attainment in Korea, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: High levels of the human footprint (HFP) included values of 3 or above. Source data are provided as a file. Full size imageWhen looking at the difference in the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation between low-risk and high-risk species with a low-quality matrix, we found that both variables were significantly higher for those species classified as high-risk (p-values < 0. 001; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, one-sided). We also found that the difference of the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation between low-risk and high-risk species with a high-quality matrix was not statistically significant (p-values > 0. 05; Wilcoxon rank-sum test, one-sided). The degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation showed a greater effect size between low-risk and high-risk species with a matrix of low-quality habitat, with an estimated Cohen’s d of 0. 23 and 0. 32, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 5a, b). This indicates a greater effect of both the degree of fragmentation and the degree of isolation between patches of suitable habitat on the risk of extinction of those terrestrial mammals with a matrix of low-quality habitat. Our results show that the model for species with a matrix of low-quality habitat had higher predictive performance (true skill statistic = 0. 57) than the model for species with a matrix of high-quality habitat (true skill statistic = 0. 36). Our results also show that the classification ability was higher in the model for species with a low-quality matrix (accuracy = 0. 81) compared to that shown in the model for species with a high-quality matrix (accuracy = 0. 76). Although the proportion of correctly classified high-risk transitions was higher in the model for species with a low-quality matrix (sensitivity = 68. 4%), relative to that shown in the model for species with a high-quality matrix (sensitivity = 42. 9%), the model for species with a low-quality matrix had a lower proportion of correctly classified low-risk transitions (specificity = 88. 7%) than the model for species with a high-quality matrix (specificity = 92. 9%). This indicates a higher imbalance between the proportion of low-risk species and high-risk species correctly classified in the model for species with a high-quality matrix. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by showing the significant impact of habitat fragmentation and patch isolation on the risk of extinction for high-risk species, especially those in low-quality matrices. It highlights that the degree of fragmentation and patch isolation are greater for high-risk terrestrial mammals, indicating that habitat fragmentation plays a crucial role in species extinction risk.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Speaking at the same forum, the then head of the IMF, K. Lagarde, urged bankers to pay more attention to cryptocurrencies. At the same time, she warned that in some countries with weak institutions and an unstable national currency, there may be an increasing use of virtual currencies (as an alternative to accepting foreign currency—say, the US dollar). called it “Dollarization 2. 0. ” Some enthusiasts, again, even viewed this statement as “recognition of cryptocurrency” by the Fund. However, in fact, this appeal was connected with the fact that K. Lagarde advised not to pay attention to Bitcoin at all 2 years before that. Now, she simply suggested that central banks not recognize cryptocurrency, but take a closer look at blockchain technology. Speaking on the same occasion a year later, in November 2018, at the of Financial Technologies, was already convinced that the problem actually lies in new demands for money, as well as the main goals of state policy. And as she emphasized, “money itself is changing” ([22], p. 7). In this connection, the question naturally arises about the further role of the state and central banks in this new monetary landscape. Some are even suggesting that the government back down, and electronic money “providers” claim that they are less risky than banks because they do not lend money. Instead, they keep customer funds in custodian accounts and simply make settlements on their networks, which raises the question of trust. And therefore, according to Christine Lagarde, the state should remain an active player in the money market, and central banks should issue money in a new digital form—in the form of state “tokens” or, perhaps, accounts maintained directly in the central bank and accessible to people and companies even for retail payments. In this case, unlike the electronic money of commercial banks, the digital currency will be an obligation of the state, like cash today, and not of a private firm (similar to cash in today’s conditions). Meanwhile, blockchain technology, which is the basis of Bitcoin, has spread quite widely around the world. What can be the benefit of issuing banks from blockchain technology? In fact, it allows traditional national currencies to be issued in such a way that their further movement, each transfer of new central bank money from one owner to another becomes transparent and even controllable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of the state and central banks in regulating monetary practices rather than businesses’ environmental practices. Christine Lagarde emphasizes the necessity of state intervention in the monetary landscape, suggesting that the state should remain an active player rather than expecting firms to adopt sustainable practices autonomously. This indicates that regulatory measures may indeed be necessary, countering the idea that environmental economics can ensure sustainability without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 조사도구 조사항목은 양육태도, 식물 기르기 경험, 선호하는 식물과 원예 활동 선호유형, 자녀 양육태도와 관련 변인들로 구성하였다. 1) 양육태도 부모의 양육태도는 Kim(2010)과 Yang(2013)의 모델에 따라 각 차원별 10개 문항씩 총 40문항에 대하여 긍정적인 경우 5점 만 점이 되도록 Likert 척도로 파악하였으며, 척도의 신뢰도는 신뢰할 만한 범위내에 존재하고 있었다(Table 1). Table 1. Reliability of the scale in parenting attitude. Chronbach’s α Achievement 10. 664 Affection 10. 793 Autonomy 10. 580 Rationality 10. 710 Total 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses parenting attitudes and a research tool for evaluating these attitudes without mentioning anything related to paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: DiscussionUnderstanding the external conditions under which a species is likely to face an increased risk of extinction are necessary to inform conservation policies and management strategies42. We found that the condition of the matrix, as defined by the extent of high human footprint values between patches of suitable habitat, strongly influenced the effects of fragmentation on extinction risk transitions of terrestrial mammals. Specifically, we found that the degree of fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation had a higher relative importance for species with a matrix of low-quality habitat compared to those with a matrix of high-quality habitat when determining extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. To the best of our knowledge, these findings are the first to demonstrate the extent to which human pressure within the matrix alters the importance of fragmentation metrics as predictors of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. These findings are in line with previous studies showing that the use of the matrix is among the main determinants of the vulnerability of mammalian populations to local extinction in fragmented landscapes (e. g. refs. 25,55,56), and supports recent findings showing that species-area relationships are steeper (i. e. more extinction driven) in forested landscapes with a low-quality matrix, and shallower (i. e. less extinction driven) in those forested landscapes with a higher quality matrix57. This suggests that the magnitude of the effects of fragmentation depends on the structural similarity between suitable habitat patches and the matrix, as also suggested by a growing body of evidence across multiple taxa on a local scale31,58. Our results showed that species with a greater degree of fragmentation, lower degree of patch isolation, and lower quality matrix within their ranges tended to be at greater risk of extinction. This indicates that the persistence of terrestrial mammals depends not only on the proportion of suitable habitat and its spatial configuration, but also on the quality of the matrix. This might be related to the fact that species occurring in regions with low rates of historical disturbance are more likely to be sensitive to fragmentation15, and thus more likely to face an increased risk of extinction. That would suggest that those species within the high-risk group are mainly concentrated in the tropics, particularly in forested landscapes where deforestation continues at a rapid rate59,60. In our sample, the majority of these species (68. 4%) were restricted to the Neotropical (32. 0%), Afrotropical (34. 9%) and Indo-Malay (48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that the degree of fragmentation affects extinction risk in terrestrial mammals, particularly highlighting that species within areas of low-quality habitat are at a greater risk of extinction due to fragmentation effects. It supports the claim by providing evidence of how habitat fragmentation correlates with increased extinction risk, especially in regions with ongoing deforestation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe global food system is an important driver of environmental change, including greenhouse gas emissions, terrestrial biodiversity loss, and soil degradation (UNEP 2016). Agriculture alone contributes 78% of global N2O emissions and 39% of CH4 emissions (IPCC 2019). Furthermore, loss of landscape diversity, natural habitats, and species diversity as well as damages to soil and water ecosystems are attributed to agricultural production (Campbell et al. 2017). In the (EU), the Policy (CAP) has been shown to be ineffective and inefficient in delivering on its environmental and socio-economic objectives (Pe’er et al. 2019). While societal and political demands for environmentally friendly agriculture are growing, farmers claim that new environmental regulations, such as the recently amended fertilization ordinance (a national-level implementation of the EU Nitrate Directive), drive their businesses into unprofitability. Against this background, an improved understanding of the factors influencing farmers’ uptake of sustainable agricultural practices is necessary. Many studies have investigated the decisions of farmers to implement sustainable practices. For the European context, Bartkowski and Bartke (2018), Brown et al. (2021), and Dessart et al. (2019) provide comprehensive reviews of the multiple external and internal factors that influence farmer decision-making. The research gaps identified in extant literature include increased attention to measure- and context-specific factors influencing adoption, meso-level factors such as regional food systems and a more differentiated view on institutional barriers (Baur 2020; Brown et al. 2021; Lamine et al. 2019; Moerkerken et al. 2020; Niles et al. 2016). Furthermore, despite important implications for policymaking, few studies have attempted to separate the decision-making factors within the sphere of influence of farmers from those that lie beyond farmers’ control. The present study addresses this gap by developing the conceptual framework of farmers’ action space and applying it to the case of diversified crop rotations in arable farming in the German federal state of Saxony. In Germany, the environmental impacts of the agricultural sector (and, more generally, the overall food system) are substantial (Umweltbundesamt, 2020). Despite high levels of compliance with relevant minimum requirements and regulations, the negative environmental impacts of agriculture continue (KLU 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ineffectiveness of current policies and regulations in promoting sustainable agricultural practices. It specifically mentions that farmers believe new environmental regulations drive their businesses into unprofitability, suggesting that without regulatory pressure, businesses may not adopt sustainable practices on their own. Thus, the assertion that environmental economics guarantees the adoption of sustainable practices without regulation is rebutted.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 877 2) 식물 기르기 경험과 선호식물 분류 식물 기르기 경험 여부는 텃밭활동 체험여부를 통해 확인하였 고, 텃밭 활동 계기와 어려운 점, 선호하는 원예활동 유형을 확인하 였고, 좋아하는 식물을 개방형으로 적도록 하여 응답한 식물의 유 형을 분류하였다. 이 연구에서는 식물의 분류기준을 9가지로 적용하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses experiences with gardening and the classification of preferred plants, but does not address or relate to the examination of the relationship between people and plants in history, which is the core aspect of the claim regarding paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 0%) biogeographic realms, which is consistent with these findings. In our extinction risk model, some variables had higher predictive performance than others. For example, the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat showed to be the most important predictor of changes in species extinction risk when compared with species life-history traits, measures of human pressure, and other environmental conditions. This finding is in line with previous extinction risk modelling showing that the inclusion of the degree of fragmentation as a predictor increases the explanatory power of the models46,47. In particular, this result supports recent findings showing that terrestrial mammals with higher degree of fragmentation have smaller ranges, lower proportions of suitable habitat, and are at greater risk of extinction46. The second most important predictor of extinction risk transitions was the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix (i. e. the condition of the matrix). This result contrasts with the findings from previous extinction risk modelling exercises for mammals, where the predictive importance of human pressure was found to be lower than life-history traits or environmental conditions different to fragmentation48,61,62. However, it complements the findings of one recent extinction risk modelling exercise for mammals43, where the extent of high human footprint values within species’ ranges had higher predictive importance than species life-history traits, environmental conditions (without consideration of habitat fragmentation), and other pressure variables. Given that species are not homogeneously distributed throughout their ranges49,63, this result specifically suggests that the condition of the matrix surrounding patches of suitable habitat is strongly correlated with extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. This may in part be explained by the fact that habitat loss and fragmentation have opened up the path to a series of other threat mechanisms through the matrix, such as hunting, disease spread, and invasive species4,5,40. It may also be related to the fact that species are increasingly obligated to inhabit human-modified landscapes64,65, many of which have a matrix that likely prevents their movement52 and elevates their mortality33 (e. g. by roadkill66 or increasing predation67,68). Conflicting results on the effects of fragmentation on biodiversity have arisen from studies attempting to separate ‘independent’ effects of habitat loss from those of habitat fragmentation11. Some studies have argued that the effects of habitat loss are greater and more negative (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the predictive performance of habitat fragmentation as a primary factor influencing species extinction risk. It states that 'the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat showed to be the most important predictor of changes in species extinction risk,' and highlights how habitat loss and fragmentation contribute to the conditions that elevate extinction risks for terrestrial mammals. This aligns with the claim stating that habitat fragmentation contributes significantly to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: In particular, the simplification of crop rotations has been identified as an important contributor to these adverse environmental impacts (KLU 2019; Heißenhuber et al. 2015). Diversified crop rotations are here defined as spatiotemporal diversification with a higher number of species, with the inclusion of legumes, cover crops and/or perennial forage plants. Multiple beneficial effects of such diversification have been demonstrated in the empirical literature, including above- and below-ground biodiversity (Rosa-Schleich et al. 2019) and soil carbon sequestration (2018; Wiesmeier et al. 2020; IPCC 2019) as well as reductions in pest pressure (Lin 2011), nitrogen leaching (2018), land degradation (Wiesmeier et al. 2020; IPCC 2019), energy and fertilizer demand (2018), and yield risk faced by farmers (Lin 2011). In addition, a more diverse local production can reduce externalities linked to importing products (Magrini et al. 2016). However, the potential effects of diversified crop rotations are often counteracted by intensive management practices linked to the additional crops (Alignier et al. 2020; Hass et al. 2018). For farmers, diversified crop rotations can entail short-term opportunity costs and economic trade-offs but also reduced risks and increased yields in the long term (Rosa-Schleich et al. 2019; Wiesmeier et al. 2020). Despite potential ecological and long-term economic benefits, the implementation of diversified crop rotations remains limited in Germany, especially among conventional farmers. Responding to the need for a better understanding of farmers’ uptake of sustainable practices in general, and diversified crop rotations in particular, this study’s objective is two-fold, namely, to (1) conceptualize farmers’ action space to implement sustainable agricultural practices and to (2) analyze the constraints limiting the action space of arable farmers in Saxony to adopt diversified crop rotations and the interactions between the identified constraints. Conceptual frameworkIn the following, we first introduce the conceptual framework of the action space, embedding it in the existing literature on farmers’ behavior. Next, we describe in more detail the individual barriers that constrain farmers’ action space. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that although diversified crop rotations offer ecological and economic benefits, their implementation is limited among farmers, particularly conventional ones, due to various constraints and the presence of intensive management practices. This suggests that there is not a guarantee for businesses to adopt sustainable practices without external regulation or support, as barriers and trade-offs exist in the current agricultural landscape.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 먼저 식 물의 속성에 따라 ➀ 근엽채류, 과채류, 과실과 수목류, 초화류로 분 류하였고, 둘째로 오감 측면에서 시각적으로 구분이 가능한 ➁ 지 지대 필요여부, 후각적으로 ➂ 향기 선호, 촉각적으로 ➃ 만지기 쉬 운 것, 미각적으로 ➄ 식재료 이용여부에 따라 분류하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a classification of plants based on their properties and sensory aspects, but does not discuss or reference the relationship between people and plants in history. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: 6,8,9,12), while others have demonstrated that the effects due to fragmentation (such as declining patch size, increasing habitat isolation, and increasing edge effects) are essentially negative and lasting (e. g. 5,7,13,14). However, in real landscapes, habitat loss inevitably causes habitat fragmentation, and both act in synergy with other threats to biodiversity69,70,71. Thus, there is little practical value in attempting to separate the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation7,72,73,74. Our study does not attempt to resolve the current debate as to whether and how habitat fragmentation per se (i. e. the spatial arrangement of remaining habitat for a given amount of habitat loss) influences biodiversity5,6,7,8,9,10, but our results showed that the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat, the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix, and the degree of isolation between patches of suitable habitat were more important predictors of extinction risk transitions than the change in high human footprint values (as represented by increases in high human pressure levels over time) within patches of suitable habitat and the proportion of suitable habitat. This suggests that changes in species extinction risk are primarily determined by the fragmentation of habitat and the matrix condition, and secondarily by the loss and the amount of habitat within species’ ranges. However, there is also the possibility that the loss of most suitable habitat patches had already occurred before the beginning of the study period, resulting in the degree of fragmentation, the matrix condition, and the degree of patch isolation being more important predictors of extinction risk than habitat loss and habitat amount. Although biogeography was not a key parameter for determining extinction risk transitions in our models, we found some differences in the way the matrix condition was distributed in low-risk and high-risk species among biogeographic realms. The Indo-Malay realm represented a particular case, with a highly right-skewed distribution (i. e. towards a higher extend of high human footprint values within the matrix) in species classified as low-risk, very similar to that shown in high-risk species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the negative effects of habitat fragmentation on biodiversity and species extinction. It emphasizes that fragmentation, along with habitat loss, acts synergistically to increase extinction risk and that factors like the degree of fragmentation of suitable habitat are significant predictors of extinction risk transitions, indicating that habitat fragmentation is indeed a critical factor contributing to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Conceptualizing the action spaceBased on a wide range of empirical and theoretical literature, we developed the conceptual framework of farmers’ action space, which, in the context of this study, refers to the perceived leeway for implementing (and sustaining) changes in agricultural practices that a farmer has at a particular point in time, given multiple constraining factors (barriers or constraints) that lie beyond the immediate control of the farmer. This definition highlights the conceptual importance of barriers that constrain actors’ (here: farmers’) ability to do what they (or others) think is necessary or desirable. The action space is conceptually close to the construct of Control in the Theory of (TPB) (Ajzen 1991; Fishbein and Ajzen 2010), which “refers to the individual’s capacity to control the outcome of the behavior, in the sense of being technically capable of delivering the behavior and/or capturing the benefits of the outcome” (Delaroche 2020, 6. 25 out of 10 on that question (see SM). This coincides with the average rating of 6. 27 assigned to the individual barriers, which allows us to assume that the selected barriers covered the most important factors limiting farmers’ perceived leeway to implement climate-friendly crop rotation and thus providing evidence for the internal validity of results. At the same time, relative weight of barriers that resulted from the survey in some cases strongly diverged from the importance assigned to the barrier in the interviews, pointing to a mismatch in perceptions between farmers and non-farmer stakeholders. Fig. 2Overview of interview and survey results, showing the number of interviews mentioning each of the 11 selected barriers by actor type [stacked bars] and the relative weight assigned in the survey [points]. Label colors indicate barrier category: economic (green), regulatory (light blue), biophysical (purple), path dependencies (dark blue), and knowledge and technology (red). 1 for details on relative weightFull size imageTable 1 Rank and relative weight assigned to each barrier through the survey, by barrier typeFull size tableEconomic barriersBoth interviews and the survey portrayed the economic operating environment as the most important set of constraints of their action space to implement diversified crop rotations. The three barriers concerned with agricultural markets and value chains were most prominent (i. e. , largest relative weight; Table 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the barriers that restrict farmers' capacity to implement sustainable agricultural practices. It highlights that perceived constraints, including economic and regulatory factors, significantly limit farmers' actions regarding climate-friendly crop rotations. The mention of 'multiple constraining factors' suggests that businesses, or in this case, farmers, face obstacles that would prevent them from adopting sustainable practices without regulation, thus directly challenging the notion that environmental economics alone guarantees such adoption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 셋째로 활용성 면에서 텃밭활동이 대체로 1년 주기로 이루어짐을 고려하 여 ➅ 1년생과 다년생, ➆ 독립과 군락, ➇ 도시농업이나 원예치료 프로그램에서 자주 사용하는 식물, ➈ 가공과 관상용 등으로 구분 하였다. 3) 식물 선호도와 양육태도 관련 변인 부모의 양육태도 관련 변인으로 부모-자녀의 상호작용, 친밀도, 가족기능, 가족응집력 등이 있다(Choi, 2010; Kim, 2010; Kim, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of plant use and family dynamics but does not mention paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: The models ranked areas with three levels of habitat suitability: (i) high, representing primary habitat or preferred habitat where the species can persist; (ii) medium, representing secondary habitat where the species can occur but not persist without nearby high suitable habitat; and (iii) unsuitable, representing locations where the species is expected to occasionally or never be found. A subset of the models and their associated levels of habitat suitability were validated against available points of known species occurrences. Full details on the development of the models are available elsewhere49. When delineating the levels of habitat suitability for each species, small contiguous groups of pixels (<4 adjacent pixels of the same level of habitat suitability) were removed and replaced with the pixel value of the largest and nearest group of pixels, based on eight neighbouring pixels of the same class. This reduced the influence of isolated groups of pixels of the same level of habitat suitability, and improved the computational efficiency of the analysis, as also reported in other studies46,81. For our analysis, we combined high and medium habitat suitability to represent the extent of suitable habitat patches, and use the level of unsuitable habitat to represent the extent of the matrix of each species. We also applied a different combination of the levels of habitat suitability when representing the extent of suitable habitat patches (high suitability instead of high and medium suitability combined) and the extent of the matrix (medium suitability and unsuitable combined instead of unsuitable habitat alone) of each species as a sensitivity analysis (see Sensitivity analysis section). The degree of habitat fragmentation and the degree of patch isolation as predictors of extinction risk transitionsFor each species, we measured the degree of habitat fragmentation by calculating the average Euclidean distance of all the pixels of suitable habitat from the nearest edge82, edges demarcated by the boundary between suitable and unsuitable habitat. Large values of the average Euclidean distance represented low degrees of habitat fragmentation, whereas small values represented high degrees of habitat fragmentation. Additionally, we calculated the average Euclidean distance between patches of suitable habitat through the surrounding matrix (i. e. , the average Euclidean distance of all the pixels of unsuitable habitat from the nearest edge) to account for patch isolation (after Crooks et al. 46). Here, large values of the average Euclidean distance represented high degrees of patch isolation, and small values represented low degrees of patch isolation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between habitat fragmentation and extinction risk. It details how the degree of habitat fragmentation is measured and indicates that smaller values of average Euclidean distance—representing higher degrees of habitat fragmentation—are associated with increased extinction risks for species. This indicates that habitat fragmentation potentially plays a significant role in leading to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Interviewees agreed that in conventional farming, currently only a few crops are economically viable, causing Saxon arable farming to be dominated by wheat, barley, rape seed, and maize (I2, I5, I6, I7, I9, I10). Interviewees and survey respondents proposed multiple, interlinked explanations for the limited economic viability of diversified crop rotations. One key problem associated with diversified farming systems was that additional costs were not met by additional revenue. Several respondents stated that the proposed practices increase their production costs (I6, I9, similarly I8). At the same time, no premium prices for sustainable products were expected, representing additional pressure on already small profit margins. In addition, prices fluctuate (I4), which conflicts with planning crop rotations for several years (compare I3). Low producer prices, combined with climate change effects, have complicated farmers’ financial situation in recent years (I1, I9, compare I4, I7). Consequently, many farming businesses lack the financial leeway to prioritize environmental over economic considerations. Price pressure was explained with consumers’ limited willingness to pay for environmentally friendly products and the position of Saxon farmers within global agricultural markets and value chains characterized by power asymmetries. Five out of six interviewed farmers and farmers’ association representatives mentioned the lack of willingness to pay for climate-friendly products as a barrier to the implementation of diversified crop rotations (I1, I4, I6, I7, I9). Several interviewees pointed to a perceived attitude-behavior gap in consumers (I1, I4, I7). agriculture to become more sustainable, some interviewees demanded a shift of p4. 1), causing the shift to happen within the range of dominant species (I6, I3). Crops that could make rotations more sustainable are not among the winners of climate change: legumes formerly suitable for the region, such as peas and broad beans, were described as very sensitive to dry conditions (I9). Dry soils complicate the establishment of cover crops (I3, I4, I5), which results in the risks of losing the investments in seeds (I5) and of having a bare fallow (I4). In addition, cover crops compete with the following cash crop for soil moisture (I4, I5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several barriers that inhibit farming businesses from adopting sustainable practices. It explains that conventional farming is economically driven, with limited viability for diverse crop rotations due to higher costs not met by increased revenue and a lack of premium prices for sustainable products. The interviewees cite consumer reluctance to pay for environmentally friendly products and the pressures from global agricultural markets as significant impediments to prioritizing environmental considerations over economic ones. This suggests that without external regulation or incentives, businesses are unlikely to adopt sustainable practices solely based on economic principles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 부모의 자녀양육태도에 영향을 미치는 변인이 식물선호도 와 관련성이 있는지 확인하기 위하여, 자녀의 성별 구성, 초등학생 자녀의 학년, 자녀의 일상에 대한 이해, 가족과 식사 횟수, 자녀와 대화시간, 자녀학교 방문 횟수, 자녀 일상에 대한 인지, 친한 이웃 여부 등을 개방형 또는 선택형으로 질문하였다. 3. 분석방법 수집한 자료는 SPSS Statistics 20. 0(IBM Corp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it discusses variables affecting parental attitudes towards child-rearing, which is unrelated to the field of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: The average Euclidean distance was considered because this metric does not require a predetermined distance threshold of what constitutes an edge, accounts for different shapes of fragments and landscapes patterns and arrangements, accounts for the distribution of habitat area83, is comparable across landscapes of different extents, and provides stable and readily interpretable information81. Moreover, average Euclidean distance has been shown to be singularly valuable in quantifying the relationship between habitat fragmentation and extinction risk of the world’s terrestrial mammals46, which made it highly suitable for our analyses. The matrix condition as a predictor of extinction risk transitionsSpatially explicit data on the condition of the matrix, as represented by the extent and change over time of high human pressure levels overlapping with the area of unsuitable habitat surrounding patches of suitable habitat (after et al. 43), was obtained from the recently updated global human footprint maps51. These maps represent the most comprehensive global distribution of changing human pressure on the environment at 1 km resolution between 2000 and 2013, based on eight pressure layers50: (i) built environments; (ii) intensive agriculture; (iii) pasture land; (iv) human population density; (v) night-time lights; (vi) roads; (vii) railways; and (viii) navigable waterways, all of which are driving the current extinction crisis3. Each human footprint map provides a single pressure metric ranging from 0 to 50, where a value of 0 represents areas free of any human influence (e. g. , terrestrial remaining wilderness), values of 4 or below represent areas of low human pressure (e. g. , pasture lands) and values above 20 represent areas with very high pressure levels (e. g. , densely populated semi-urban and urban environments). In this analysis, we measured the extent of high human footprint values and the change of this extent over time (between 2000 and 2013) within areas of unsuitable habitat, using a defined human footprint threshold of 3 or above. This threshold was used as it has shown to be the strongest predictor of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals43. Moreover, this human footprint threshold is associated with the highest declines in mammalian movements52. Based on previous studies43,84, we used the extent of high human footprint values within the matrix as the extent of high pressure levels within species’ ranges has shown to be more sensitive to predict extinction risk than using mean values of human pressure within species’ ranges. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between habitat fragmentation and extinction risk, particularly highlighting that the analysis measures human pressure levels impacting unsuitable habitats surrounding patches of suitable habitats. It emphasizes that high human footprint values are linked to the current extinction crisis and that these values serve as strong predictors of extinction risk transitions in terrestrial mammals. Additionally, the mention of average Euclidean distance as a metric for quantifying habitat fragmentation's effect on extinction risk substantiates the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Mild winters further complicate cover crop cultivation as common cultivation practices assume that they die from frost (I4). In short, the technical solutions needed to deal with new climatic conditions were often missing due to lack of research on the new conditions (I9). Climate change exacerbates the impact of several other barriers: interviewees repeatedly referred to yield losses in previous years as a reason why businesses lacked money for environmental protection (I1, I2, I6). Additionally, climate change was linked to new technology and knowledge needs, which may increase production costs (I6, I7, I8, I9). In turn, climate change also had negative effects of farmers’ intention to implement mitigation measures, because of a narrative of the farmer as the victim rather than the culprit of climate change (I3). Path dependenciesThe available financial, technological, and human resources largely determine the way a business can respond to the multiple factors that affect the action space and are thus a crucial determinant of the businesses’ capability to overcome the barriers to diversified crop rotations. Generally, the further away the business is from sustainability-oriented thinking and practices, the higher are the costs to reach them. For example, previous production decisions were described as determining technology needs linked to diversified crop rotations (I4, I7, I9) and developing new production branches was considered costly (I5, I6). In addition to a technological path dependency, respondents described a knowledge-based path dependency, as a farmer’s knowledge was said to focus on the main past activities (I3, I5, I9, I10). In addition, workforce availability is considered a problem in Saxony (I2, I4, SR65). Current employees and managers are often not fully prepared to implement sustainability measures due to a lack of time and training as well as short-term employment (I2, I4, I5, I8, I10). In cooperatives, which are an important form of farmer cooperation in Germany, accountability of managers to members might create a status-quo bias (I5), in a situation where crop choice decisions are made short-term and mainly based on market prices (I3). This contrasts with diversified crop rotations, which need to be planned beforehand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the numerous barriers businesses face that inhibit the adoption of sustainable practices, such as financial constraints, lack of research, and path dependencies related to technology and knowledge. It indicates that businesses struggle with implementing environmental protection due to previous decisions, costs of new practices, and short-term market-driven choices rather than being guaranteed to adopt sustainability on their own.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: , ) 프로그램을 활용하여 양육태도 조사도구의 신뢰도 분 석, 조사대상의 일반적 특성을 알기 위한 기술통계, 식물선호도와 양육태도 관계를 파악하기 위한 교차분석(χ2검증), t-test, 일원배 치 분산분석(ANOVA)을 하였다. 평균비교를 위한 분산 분석결과 집단별 차이가 있는 경우 사후분석으로 Scheffe 검증을 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses parenting attitudes and various statistical analyses without mentioning paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: SummaryHabitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation impacts are the most direct threat to global biodiversity. In this Primer, we discuss how these three forms of habitat transformation are inextricably intertwined, and how their effects on biodiversity and ecosystems are often context specific. We draw on recent analyses that have explored this context-dependence directly to discuss how local-scale impacts of habitat transformation are mediated by biogeographic-scale variation in evolutionary histories and species’ geographic ranges. We also discuss how changes to ecosystem functions and services in modified habitats can be just as context-dependent—and how these changes are further obscured by high levels of ecological redundancy in species functions, which can confer resilience to habitat transformation. To avoid the impending extinction of millions of species, it is crucial that the impacts of habitat transformation are mitigated through a combination of preventing further habitat loss while simultaneously extending and repairing the habitats that remain. IntroductionThe current biodiversity crisis has been labeled as the sixth and potentially most extreme mass extinction yet, with a larger number of species predicted to go extinct at a faster rate than ever before. In fact, we have already overshot the planetary boundaries of biodiversity intactness in many areas of the world, having lost over 75% of species in the worst affected areas and nearly 10% of individuals at a planetary scale. It is widely known that the main direct drivers of biodiversity loss are habitat transformation (i. e. , conversion to agriculture), overexploitation (e. g. , hunting and overfishing), biotic exchange (e. g. , invasive species), nutrient loading (e. g. , pollution and increases in nitrogen), and climate change. These drivers do not affect all ecosystems equally. For example, tropical forests specifically are being converted to agricultural land at a faster rate than any other ecosystem. More than 70% of all remaining forest is now less than 1 km from the edge of a non-forest habitat. Because tropical regions hold over 75% of all species described to science, it is well accepted that habitat transformation is the leading cause of biodiversity loss. Studies assessing the effects of habitat transformation became popular in the 1970s, under the umbrella term of “habitat fragmentation. ” Habitat fragmentation was used as a catch-all concept to encompass all the changes in human-modified landscapes, where continuous blocks of habitat were transformed into small, isolated patches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that habitat transformation, including habitat fragmentation, is identified as the leading cause of biodiversity loss. The text highlights that habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation are direct threats to global biodiversity, contributing to species extinction. It mentions the significant impact of habitat transformation on ecosystems and underscores the urgency to mitigate these impacts to prevent extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: Business-level path dependencies are accompanied by structural issues in Saxony: regarding land allocation and structure, the Republic (GDR) is showing long-term consequences, as farming was collectivized in so-called LPG (Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften; agricultural production associations), landscape elements were removed and fields combined, incentivizing large-scale production of a few crops rather than diverse crop rotations (I8, also see I10). However, it should be noted that similar processes of simplification also took place in Western Germany. Knowledge factorsDespite high importance assigned to knowledge barriers by several interview partners, restricted availability of and access to knowledge were weighted low in the survey. As the interviews covered a more diverse group of stakeholders than the survey, this divergence might be explained by differences in self- and outside perception of conventional farmers’ knowledge levels and access to knowledge. Interviewees from several stakeholder groups identified a need for more research on climate-friendly agriculture (I3, I9, I10), especially on organic agriculture (I10). One farmer claimed that the scientific community fails to propose practically applicable solutions (I6) while another stated that “most of the time, the practicing farmer is already one step ahead of what climate scientists propose” (I1). In contrast, other interviewees claimed that there was already plenty of knowledge awaiting implementation (I9, I10). The public authority representative shared that, because of unavailable knowledge, the authority did not know which practices to incentivize (I3). In addition to knowledge production, knowledge distribution was considered a problem. Agricultural vocational training was criticized for a focus on economic issues, while underemphasizing ecology, sustainability, and organic agriculture (I8, I9). As agricultural best practices are highly context-specific, acquiring the necessary knowledge requires experimentation or specialized advisory services and demonstration farms (I1,I2, I3, I4, I9, I10), which is costly for producers, especially in the Saxon context where advisory services are largely privatized (I3). Experiments and increased investment in advisory services by public authorities partly alleviated this problem (I3, I4). Knowledge barriers were linked to several other barriers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and barriers that exist in achieving sustainable agricultural practices, highlighting that knowledge barriers, lack of research on climate-friendly agriculture, and insufficient training on ecology and sustainability are significant obstacles. These points suggest that the adoption of sustainable practices is not guaranteed by environmental economics alone, especially without supportive regulations and frameworks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 식 물선호도의 연관성과 패턴을 확인하기 위하여 자녀양육태도를 가 중케이스로 한 다중대응일치 최적화 척도법 분석을 하였다. 결과 및 고찰 1. 식물 선호도와 관련 변인 응답자의 68. 8%는 텃밭활동 경험이 있었고, 59. 1%는 주변에 텃밭이 가까이 있다고 하였다. 텃밭활동 계기는 식물에 대한 관심 증가 37. 2%, 자녀(가족)와 더 친해짐 23. 8%, 좋은 말 많이 하고 정 서적 안정 11. 2%, 신체활동과 건강 증진 11. 2%, 자녀의 식습관 개 선 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it discusses preferences for plants and gardening experiences in the context of family dynamics and health, which is unrelated to the scientific study of plants and their historical significance. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: In its early days, the theoretical framework of habitat fragmentation was borrowed from the Theory of Island Biogeography, which assumed homogeneous habitats within islands. This theory also considered the intervening habitat (i. e. , ocean) to be deleterious to all species and that changes in biodiversity were driven by a balance between speciation, extinction, and colonization. As more studies were conducted in terrestrial landscapes, it became clear that habitat patches were not oceanic islands and, importantly, the matrix habitat (see Box 1) is not as hostile as open water. Studies also started revealing the impacts of edge effects (see Box 1) on habitat quality and the availability of resources and that communities are rarely under dynamic equilibrium, even if colonization and extinction events are constantly happening (see Box 1). This added complexity and further nuances to the emerging science, giving birth to the discipline of landscape ecology, which treats habitat fragmentation as just one change—along with habitat loss and degradation—that can be observed in human-modified landscapes. Box 1GlossaryEcosystem functions: ecological processes that enable the movement of energy and nutrients through the environment. Ecosystem services: defined in the Assessment, these are the benefits people can derive from ecosystems, such as food (provisioning), pollination (supporting), flood protection (regulating), and recreation (cultural). Edge effects: how the boundary between different habitat types influences the communities and processes within that range. Matrix: the non-native habitat between fragments of original habitat. Population dynamics: the change in the structure of a population over time, dictated by colonization and extinction or recruitment and mortality. Resilience: the capacity of an ecosystem to recover from damage or disturbance and return to its previous stable state. Resistance: the ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecosystem functioning and dynamics when subjected to damage or disturbance. Trophic cascades: trophic cascades are the effects of predators and/or prey on the abundance, biomass, or productivity of a trophic level more than one trophic link away. Open table in a new tabThe confounded effects of habitat transformationHabitat loss represents simply “a reduction of habitat amount” and has been consistently shown to be a major factor driving biodiversity decline at the global scale (Figure 1). Habitat fragmentation is the breaking apart of habitats and is often quantified as changes in patch size, loss of connectivity, and increased edge effects (Figure 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that habitat loss is a major factor driving biodiversity decline at a global scale. It describes habitat fragmentation as the breaking apart of habitats, which is linked to changes such as reduced patch size and increased edge effects. This suggests that habitat fragmentation negatively impacts ecosystems, which supports the assertion that it contributes to species extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: For example, the lack of knowledge diminishes the response capacity of farmers facing climate change (I9, I6) and the development of novel forms of using more diverse crops (I3). Furthermore, difficulties to quantify soil fertility and thus the effects of specific measures on it were cited as impeding efforts to convince farmers of the on-farm benefits of adopting diversified crop rotations (I3). Regarding access to knowledge, incomplete agricultural education and costly advisory services increase implementation costs which might be problematic given limited financial leeway. Table 2 provides a summary of the main findings for each barrier type. Table 2 Main points associated with each barrier type as identified through the interviewsFull size tableDiscussionHuman agents (such as farmers) are constrained in their actions by numerous barriers. The action space perspective adopted in this paper emphasizes these barriers and how they circumscribe what an agent can feasibly be expected to do, given her own perceptions. In that sense, the action space perspective can provide information about what farmers cannot do (e. g. , why they cannot adopt sustainable practices). Still, a number of further behavioral factors operate within the action space and ultimately determine whether the farmer will adopt a practice if her action space allows for it (Delaroche 2020; Dessart et al. 2019). Therefore, understanding the action space is necessary but not sufficient to understand and predict the adoption of sustainable practices by farmers. Still, external barriers to adoption are often overlooked by policy; their targeted alleviation and removal can be an efficient agri-environmental policy approach. In the following, we discuss the implications for policy and research that emerge from our study of Saxon farmers’ action space. We organize the discussion along three hierarchical policy levels (regional, national, and international), which we complement by a discussion of more general implications and limitations of our work. Implications at regional levelAt the regional level (i. e. , federal state level in Germany), where the practical implementation of many agricultural policies takes place, we found that the main barriers constraining farmers’ action space were the bureaucratic load, knowledge deficits, and lack of advisory services to support both issues. Our interviews and survey corroborate previous findings suggesting that farmers in Germany and elsewhere in Europe perceive the bureaucratic load associated with the reception of agricultural payments as high (Bartkowski and Bartke 2018). In this context, Mack et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various barriers that prevent farmers from adopting sustainable practices. It emphasizes that understanding the action space is necessary but not sufficient for predicting the adoption of sustainable practices. The mention of barriers such as knowledge deficits, bureaucratic load, and lack of advisory services suggests that without addressing these obstacles through policy and support, businesses, in this case farmers, may not adopt sustainable practices on their own. This directly contradicts the idea that environmental economics will guarantee the adoption of such practices without regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 6%, 공부나 일의 집중력 향상 2. 7%이었다. 이를 목적별로 재 분류한 결과 인지적(식물에 대한 관심, 공부, 꿈) 32. 7%, 심리적(정 서안정) 9. 4%, 사회적(관계, 학교와 집 협력) 22. 2%, 신체적(식습 관, 건강, 환경) 14. 0%, 복합적(인지, 심리, 사회, 신체) 21. 6%로 나타났다. 선호하는 활동은 식물 기르기 54. 8%(실내 32. 6, 실외 22. 2), 식 물 활용 23. 9%(장식 및 공예 9. 6, 요리 14. 3), 식물 감상 및 지식습 득 20. 9%(산책･견학･여행 등 식물감상 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about paleoethnobotany. It discusses various percentages related to cognitive, psychological, social, and physical aspects of plant interest and engagement, but it does not address the historical examination of the relationship between people and plants as indicated by the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Impacts on ecosystem functions and servicesA large number of observational or theoretical studies have shown that the loss of species can lead to important changes in ecosystem functions (e. g. , herbivory and nutrient cycling; see Box 1) and ecosystem services (e. g. , pest control and carbon sequestration; see Box 1). These studies often use an indirect approach to obtaining information on ecosystem functions, as they use species morphological or behavioral traits, as well as their abundance or presence, to infer what would happen to the ecosystem when those species are no longer present. For instance, large seeds are often dispersed by large mammals, so evidence on the local extinction of large frugivorous mammals would then be used to suggest that seed dispersal is disrupted for many tree species. A recent review focusing solely on tropical forests showed that in general, the functional richness or diversity of animal and plant communities decreases with habitat loss and fragmentation. However, there is a lot variability in these results—including results from a study on freshwater fish that found an increase in functional diversity with habitat loss. It is not surprising that this indirect approach to studying changes to ecosystem function results are just as scale, species, and context dependent as biodiversity results, given that the underlying datasets used for analyses are exactly the same as those used in biodiversity studies (i. e. , datasets of species presence and/or abundance). Another drawback of the vast majority of these studies is that they rarely analyze traits from widely different taxa that may perform similar ecosystem functions (e. g. , spiders and insectivorous birds both predate invertebrate prey but are seldom studied together). By ignoring this ecological redundancy, it is likely that results from many studies are underestimating the extent to which ecosystem functions are resilient to habitat transformation. Indeed, studies that have used experimental approaches to measure ecosystem functions directly have found that natural ecosystems have a lot of redundancy: there are multiple species across the tree of life that can perform similar roles in the ecosystem. For instance, a study in Borneo has shown that in pristine forests, arthropods are primarily responsible for seed and invertebrate predation, while in degraded forests, vertebrates begin to increase their contribution to those roles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how habitat loss and fragmentation lead to a decrease in functional richness and diversity of animal and plant communities. It references studies that indicate local extinctions can disrupt essential ecosystem functions, thereby supporting the idea that habitat fragmentation contributes significantly to the loss of species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: (2019) demonstrate that clear communication of documentation and reporting requirements and their rationale by authorities seems to play an important role in reducing the perceived bureaucratic load. This immediately suggests an avenue for policy intervention, as the number and extent of administrative tasks (and thus, transaction costs) faced by modern farmers is significant. Here, there is increasing hope and attempts to improve the situation through digitalization (see Weersink et al. 2018; Ehlers et al. 2021). However, many challenges remain (Klerkx et al. 2019; Ehlers et al. 2021), including legal issues (e. g. , data ownership), economic issues (e. g. , investment in technologies), and infrastructure issues (e. g. , internet availability in rural areas). Another option is to reduce the workload elsewhere, for instance, with decision support tools (Pahmeyer et al. 2021) or digitized agri-environmental scheme designs (Bartkowski et al. 2021). Our study reveals an interesting contrast between the assessment of the role of knowledge deficits between farmers and non-farmer stakeholders. This aligns with the anecdotal evidence suggesting that environmental concerns are not well reflected in agricultural education (Joormann and Schmidt 2017) while recognizing the large role of informal and experiential knowledge (Šūmane et al. 2018) and farmers’ networks of knowledge exchange (Albizua et al. 2020; Mills et al. 2019; Burton and Riley 2018). Also, advisory services have been repeatedly identified as an important factor in this and similar contexts (e. g. , Ingram and Mills 2019; Wuepper et al. 2021), as was strengthening the presence of environmental topics in agricultural education curricula (Joormann and Schmidt 2017). Despite the low weight of knowledge barriers in our survey, there are many potential levers to be used by policy and other actors involved in communicating practical agri-environmental knowledge. This is especially true given we could not assess whether it is other stakeholders underestimating farmers’ knowledge or farmers overestimating it. Implications at national levelAt the national level, the low prices of agricultural products, lack of policy coherence and land prices are the major issues. Low willingness to pay and power asymmetries in food value chains—both key reasons behind low producer prices—are complex issues and exhibit multiple links to other topics raised in the interviews. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that various barriers exist which prevent the adoption of sustainable practices among farmers. It mentions 'legal issues,' 'economic issues,' and 'infrastructure issues' as significant challenges that must be addressed, suggesting that without external intervention, such as policy changes or support, businesses may not adopt sustainable practices on their own. This implies that systematic regulation or support is necessary for sustainability in agriculture, contradicting the notion that environmental economics alone will ensure such adoption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 2, 원예 관련 지식습득 활동 5. 7) 순이었다. 선호하는 식물은 46. 0%가 1개를 꼽았으나, 2개(32. 2%), 3개 (14. 4%), 4~6개(7. 4%)를 적기도 하였다. 가장 선호하는 식물은 상추 9. 1%, 토마토 6. 4%, 다육식물･채소･허브(각각 6. 1%)이었 고, 기타 다양(66. 3%) 하였다. 식물 선호와 관련되는 변수를 확인하기 위하여 식물을 9가지 유 형의 분류기준에 따라 교차분석을 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists preferences for certain plants and discusses a survey of plant preferences, but it does not mention paleoethnobotany or its focus on historical relationships between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: Further experiments in tropical and temperate regions have also shown that insectivorous vertebrates have an important role in controlling herbivores and herbivory far from the forest edge, while in open areas and near the edge, the trophic chain is headed by invertebrates. What these studies have in common is that rates of ecosystem function, such as herbivory or seed predation, were remarkably resilient to habitat transformation. Biodiversity-ecosystem functioning (BEF) experiments on plants that have independently manipulated the numbers of species and functional groups have also shown that—at high levels of diversity—there is a reasonable degree of functional redundancy contributing to ecological resilience. There is less information about how ecosystem services (see Box 1) are affected by different aspects of habitat transformation. Importantly, carbon stocks and sequestration, two key ecosystem services in the face of climate change, seem to be differently affected by edges effects in the tropics and temperate zones. Studies in tropical forests have shown strong declines in carbon stocks up to 100 m from forest edges, while studies in Europe have shown that carbon stocks are higher near edges. Tropical forest edges often go through a process of “secondarization,” where old-growth hardwood trees die with increased heat, desiccation, and wind and are replaced by fast-growing, low-density trees. These disturbed habitats hold significantly less carbon than old-growth forests. In temperate deciduous forests, however, nitrogen deposition is higher near forest edges, which promotes tree growth. These results re-emphasize the context-dependence of habitat change impacts and also highlight (1) the importance of measuring ecosystem functions and services directly and (2) the need for more studies on how functions and services are affected by habitat loss, fragmentation, and degradation in different parts of the world. Informing conservation and management strategiesPreventing habitat loss is without doubt the most important step to reduce the impacts of habitat transformation—it can take centuries for restored habitats to provide the same level of biodiversity, functions, and services as pristine habitats. However, just reducing or stopping habitat loss is not enough because, in many regions of the world, the amount of existing habitat is less than what it is required for preserving those species and functions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that preventing habitat loss is crucial to mitigate the impacts of habitat transformation, which ties directly into the issue of habitat fragmentation. It highlights the ramifications of habitat transformation and fragmentation on species and ecosystem functions, asserting that just mitigating habitat loss is insufficient due to insufficient existing habitat. This context directly supports the claim regarding the serious threat that habitat fragmentation poses to species survival.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Environmental economics guarantees that all businesses will adopt sustainable practices without regulation. [SEP] Text: The market power of retailers and processing industries, compared to the low power of individual farmers, has been well documented in the economic literature (e. g. , Sexton and Xia 2018; Bonanno et al. 2018). Strengthening farmer cooperation has been raised as a remediation strategy (Candemir et al. 2021), possibly linked to governance interventions such as collaborative agri-environmental payment schemes (Westerink et al. 2017). Although farmers unions and other types of organization might have a larger chance to change barriers beyond the farm level, these collective action problems fall out of the scope of this paper. Another widely discussed yet understudied option is direct marketing, which also may influence consumers’ willingness to pay for sustainably produced food by bringing them closer to the production realities (Opitz et al. 2017; 2019). Some scholars speak, in line with our interviewees, of a vote-buy gap (Paul et al. 2019), where people voice their willingness to purchase more expensive, but sustainably produced food, while their purchases contradict this. However, as argued by Bartkowski and Baum (2019) in the context of genome-edited food, the issue may be more complex than this, including factors such as social dilemmas and information asymmetries that are only limitedly addressed by labelling. These tensions and complexities suggest that a policy focus on agricultural production only is too narrow and that there is a need to consider agrifood systems in their entirety (as attempted e. g. , in the EU Farm-to-Fork Strategy) (see et al. 2020; Oteros-Rozas et al. 2019). In this context, policy coherence is crucial—as bemoaned by the interviewees as well as in the scientific literature (Pe’er et al. 2019), agricultural and agri-environmental policies in the EU are often incoherent, both with respect to their objectives and the instruments they adopt. This situation is potentially aggravated by the stepwise implementation of the Deal, which seems at odds with the planned reform of the CAP (Pe’er et al. 2020; Scown et al. 2020). Also, it adds to the perceived unpredictability of policy development. However, from the point of view of regulators, there is a trade-off between predictability and adaptability of policies (Gawel and Lehmann 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges of adopting sustainable practices without regulation. It discusses the power dynamics between retailers and farmers, the need for governance interventions, and the importance of considering the entire agrifood system rather than solely focusing on agricultural production. It suggests that environmental practices may not be adopted automatically in the absence of regulatory frameworks, as indicated by the mention of social dilemmas, information asymmetries, and the incoherence of current agricultural policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: ➀ 근･엽채류, 과채류, 수목류, 초화류로 분류하였을 때 χ2검증 결과 친하게 지내는 이웃 (Im)이 없는 집단(None)이 열매채소나 수목류(과실수 포함)를 선 호하였으나 통계적 유의차는 인정되지 않았고, 친하게 지내는 이웃 (NIm)이 4명 이상(4+)인 경우에 초화류를 선호하였다(Table 2). Table 2. Plant preference categorized into plant classification by generic character. V'z χ2 df p (n=143) 26y (18. 2) 41 (28. 7) 30 (21. 0) 46 (32. 1) 7. 539 3. 057 None (n=29) 1 (3. 4) 12 (41. 4) 10 (34. 5) 6 (20. 7) NIm 1-3 (n=71) 17 (23. 9) 27 (38. 0) 9 (12. 7) 18 (25. 4) 12. 503 3. 006 4+ (n=65) 7 (10. 8) 14 (21. 5) 18 (27. 7) 26 (40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses statistical results and plant preferences in a specific context, but it does not address the relationship between people and plants in a historical context, which is the focus of the claim. Therefore, the content is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Habitat fragmentation is one of the leading causes of species extinction worldwide. [SEP] Text: For example, species like the grizzly bear have wide ranges but are sensitive to human disturbance, so managing land in a manner that is sympathetic to them can be simultaneously beneficial to the rest of species within that ecosystem. to Initiative uses this premise, forming one of the world’s leading montane ecosystem management projects, and is comprised of core conservation areas and linkage zones. initiative between Mexico and Brazil works in a similar fashion and is known to benefit river turtle, spider monkey, and Baird’s tapir as well as jaguars. Repairing a habitatRepairing a habitat is often done through enrichment planting (Figure 2C), where seedlings of native species are planted inside a degraded forest. But there are many alternative approaches, such as the re-introduction of keystone species leading to trophic cascades (see Box 1) that improve habitat quality. For instance, the reintroduction of wolves in Park (USA) led to a change in behavior in herbivores, with cascading consequences to regrowth of riparian forests. In other locations, manual removal of invasive pests such as goats and deer in temperate forests (New Zealand) or the cutting of lianas in tropical forests (Southeast Asia) are methods designed to restore an ecological balance in which natural habitat regeneration processes are given an advantage, allowing the ecosystem to eventually repair itself (Figures 2D and 2E). Ideally, habitat repairs are either undertaken in large areas of continuous habitat, or if they’re done in small habitat areas, they should be supported by habitat extension initiatives. This is because if the habitat area that is restored is too small to resist the continued pressures of habitat fragmentation and degradation that will predictably occur in the future, the habitat will be unable to sustain itself in the long term and will need continuous human intervention. Influencing policyResults from studies investigating the effects of habitat loss, fragmentation, and loss have now been used to inform conservation and management decisions on a range of countries across the world. A multi-taxa study in the of Brazil, for instance, unequivocally demonstrated that 30% of forest is required to maintain biodiversity at levels similar to those found in protected areas. This study was subsequently used to underpin three different pieces of environmental legislation designed to enshrine priority areas for restoration in law, with the goal of both extending and repairing habitats to increase biodiversity and protect water resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how habitat fragmentation and degradation directly impact biodiversity and ecosystem health. It highlights that when habitat areas are too small to withstand the pressures of fragmentation, they cannot sustain themselves long term, leading to species extinction. Specifically, the mention of studies in Brazil demonstrating the necessity of maintaining a certain percentage of forest to support biodiversity reinforces the claim that habitat fragmentation significantly contributes to species extinction.