Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Marine vents can also occur in shallow waters close to the shore, like at (Italy), where they exhibit temperatures of 80–105 °C at depths of 1–10 m (Stetter 2001). Depending on the tide, some of these shallow marine vents can lie dry or below the water surface, showing marine and terrestrial properties alike. Terrestrial hot springs can be found all over the world, with the most prominent sites being Iceland, New Zealand, Chile, Japan and specifically Kamchatka (Russia) and the Park (Wyoming, USA) (Satyanarayana et al. 2013). In 1969, Brock and Freeze isolated the thermophile Thermus aquaticus from a hot spring in Park, setting the starting point for research on thermophilic extremophiles (Brock and Freeze 1969). Following this pioneering research, the understanding of the upper temperature limit for life grew, as Fiala and Stetter isolated Pyrococcus furiosus from geothermally heated marine sediment, an archaeon with an optimal temperature of growth at 100 °C (Fiala and Stetter 1986). Pyrolobus fumarii, isolated from a black smoker wall, exhibited an even higher temperature of growth with 113 °C (Blöchl et al. 1997). However, the archaeon “strain 121”, also isolated from a black smoker, is able to grow at a temperature of 121 °C, defining the upper limit for life to date (Kashefi and Lovley 2003). Strategies for enzyme screeningThermophilic microorganisms from hot springs are a valuable source of stable enzymes for biotechnological applications. For the identification of these enzymes, versatile approaches have been developed in the last decades (Fig. 1). Enzymes were discovered directly from the isolated microorganisms itself or by screening for enzyme-encoding genes. The latter technique was a milestone for recombinant enzyme production in optimized expression strains like E. coli as well as for understanding of their sequence and function relationship. Screening for enzyme-encoding genes can be achieved by different approaches, optionally including enrichment strategies followed by either activity-based or sequence-based screening methods. According to different publication analyses, the vast majority of enzymes in the past was screened by function-based screening approaches (Ferrer et al. 2016; Berini et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding astrobiologists studying extremophiles like thermophiles in the context of Mars. Instead, it provides detailed information about thermophiles and their properties, as well as their applications in biotechnology, without linking to astrobiology or planetary science.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Figure 1 Distribution of the free fulvic acid (FFA) fraction at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems: NTv, no-tillage + velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as a cover crop; NTm, notillage + pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a cover crop; and CTm, conventional tillage + pearl millet as a cover crop. Means followed by equal letters, lowercase for depths and uppercase for systems at the same depth, do not differ by Student’s test, at 5% probability. Figure 2 Distribution of the fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and humin (HU) fractions at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems and at different P fertilization doses. Management systems: NTv, no-tillage + velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as cover crop; NTm, no-tillage + pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as cover crop; and CTm, conventional tillage + pearl millet as cover crop. P fertilization doses: P0, 0. 00 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year; and P1, 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year, as triple superphosphate applied in the planting furrow. Means followed by equal letters, lowercase for depths and uppercase for systems at the same depth, do not differ by Student’s test, at 5% probability. The FA fraction showed the highest contents in the NTm and NTv systems, but with stratified distribution between the soil layers, with higher contents in the surface layers. Both FFA and FA fractions were more evenly distributed between the soil depths in NT. Moreover, CT showed lower FA contents than the other systems. This more even distribution in the soil upper profile, along with the lower content of FA in CT, can be explained by the greater soil disturbance in this system, which becomes more susceptible to decomposition (Sá et al. , 2015SÁ, J. C. de M. ; SÉGUY, L. ;. ; LAL, R. ;. ;. R. ;. ;. B. dos;. da;. G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the effects of different cover crops, specifically velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), on soil management systems. It highlights how these cover crops influence the distribution of organic matter components like fulvic acid (FA) and free fulvic acid (FFA) at various soil depths. The mention of 'stratified distribution' and 'greater soil disturbance' in conventional tillage (CT) further emphasizes the role of cover crops in enhancing soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: This analysis, presented in Table 3, shows that CWSs tend to have a higher percentage of surface water sources compared to and TNCWSs. Table 3 Type of system vs. source in different size of treatment plants30. Full size tableNon-grid-tied water resourcesDomestic wells (private or homeowner wells) are the dominant source of drinking water for people living in rural parts of the United States35. Population distribution using domestic supply wells per square kilometer is shown in Fig. 3a. Over 43 million people, 15% of the U. S. population, rely on domestic (private) wells as their source of drinking water36. These private wells are not regularly tested for known contaminants, and thus, may pose unknown health risks. The water safety of domestic wells is not regulated by the Act or, in most cases, by state laws. Instead, individual homeowners are responsible for maintaining and monitoring their own wells36. Fig. 3: Distribution of the population using domestic wells. a Population using domestic wells, and b domestic wells affected by arsenic. Over 43 million people, 15% of the U. S. population, rely on domestic (private) wells as their source of drinking water. About 2. 1 million people in the conterminous U. S. were using water from private wells with predicted arsenic concentration >10 μg/L (reprinted with permissions from35,36; Copyright© Elsevier, 2017; Copyright© ACS, 2017). Full size imageIn a study of 2100 domestic wells, water in about 20% of the wells is contaminated with one or more contaminants at a concentration greater than MCLs35,36. Table 4 summarized some common contaminants in domestic wells which frequently exceeding health standards (MCLs regulated by USEPA or U. S. (USGS) Health-Levels) in tests. The most common contaminants that were found to exceed health standards were metals including lead and arsenic, radionuclides, and nitrates37. Nitrates in drinking water supplies can cause harm such as methemoglobinemia in young children, but nitrates rarely cause direct harm to adults36. Microbial contaminants (for example, bacteria) were found in about 30% of wells tested, about 400 wells in total36. Ayotte et al. 35. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant disparities in access to clean drinking water, particularly for those relying on domestic wells. It states that over 43 million people in the U.S. use private wells, which are not regularly tested for contaminants and are thus at risk of water quality issues. The text also describes the presence of high levels of harmful substances such as arsenic in these wells, suggesting that access to clean drinking water is not uniform across geographical areas, particularly in rural locations where these wells are common.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, in the last few years, function-based screening is increasingly replaced by the cheaper and even faster sequence-based approaches (Kelly et al. 2020). The starting point for all these strategies is isolated DNA either from a single species (genomic DNA) or from a microbial community of an environmental sample or enrichment cultures (metagenomic DNA). In addition, RNA for (meta-)transcriptome analysis or proteins for (meta-)proteome analysis can be used as well. Fig. 1Overview of different strategies for activity-based and sequence-based screening of enzymes starting from environmental samplesFull size imageEnrichment and strain isolationThis classical approach has been implemented for more than a half-century and led to the discovery of unique microorganisms, metabolic pathways, and enzymes. An enrichment culture of an environmental sample can support the growth of suitable microorganisms found in a consortium. Samples are taken from an environment and incubated in a medium containing growth requiring nutrients. Moreover, the cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganism requires special methods and media. By adding a selected substrate, specialized microorganisms are enriched. Beside the classical cultivation of microorganisms in laboratory, in situ enrichments are an attractive strategy. Hereby, the desired substrates and an inoculum are within a membrane locked compartment, which is directly added to the hot spring sampling sites to enable exchange of minerals and conditions. Such in situ enrichments were performed, for example, in two hot springs in Iceland with starch prior to screening of starch- and pullulan-modifying enzymes (Labes et al. 2008) as well as with diverse biopolymers in Russia and Iceland for screening of thermostable hydrolases (Wohlgemuth et al. 2018). As shown in Fig. 1, an enrichment culture can be further treated and isolation of pure cultures can be achieved by classical microbiology methods. In the beginning of the era of enzyme discovery, classical enrichment and isolation followed by activity assays were the key strategies for identifying enzyme-producing microorganisms. This approach has been successful in the discovery of various classes of heat stable enzymes including carbohydrases, proteases, and lipases in the last decades. With plant polymers as substrates, microbial species producing thermostable enzymes like cellulases, xylanases, and oxidoreductases were identified. However, recombinant production or enzyme improvement require the corresponding gene sequences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies related to the screening and isolation of microorganisms, their growth processes, and enzymatic activity without mentioning extremophiles or their relevance to astrobiology or life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: in the same experiment. Arlauskiene et al. (2010). ;. ;. Effect of cover crops and straw on the humic substances in the clay loam Cambisol. Agronomy Research, v. 8, p. 397-402, 2010. reported a significant increase in HA levels after the introduction of cover crops in the evaluated systems, with increasing tendency over the years. HU values were lower in CT compared to NT, indicating that even this more recalcitrant fraction is affected by soil management (Fontana et al. , 2011b. ;. F. da;. G. ; LOSS, A. ;. J. de;. de M. Avaliação dos compartimentos da matéria orgânica em área de Mata Atlântica. Acta Scientiarum. Agronomy, v. 33, p. 545-550, 2011b. DOI: 10. 4025/actasciagron. v33i3. 5169. ). Phosphate fertilization (P1) raised the levels of FA, HA, and HU (Figure 2). This increase was significant for FA and HU in the 0. 00-0. 05-m layer, and for HA in the first two layers. This can be attributed to the fact that phosphate fertilization in soil management systems tends to increase the amount of dry matter added to the surface layers, favoring continuous decomposition (Fontana et al. , 2001. ;. G. ;. B. do;. H. C. dos;. G. Matéria orgânica em solos de tabuleiros na região norte Fluminense-RJ. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 8, p. 114-119, 2001. ). Furthermore, P is exported by the crops with harvest and, since it is not restored in the absence of P fertilization, the nutrient is depleted in the soil, resulting in lower grain yield and higher accumulation of biomass in the soil (Nunes et al. , 2011. de S. ;. A. de C. ;. M. G. de;. de C. Sistemas de manejo e os estoques de carbono e nitrogênio em Latossolo de Cerrado com a sucessão soja-milho. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effect of cover crops on humic substance levels, particularly noting a significant increase in HA (humic acid) levels after their introduction. This indicates that cover crops contribute positively to soil organic matter, which is directly related to improving soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: developed a logistic regression model of the probability of having arsenic >10 μg/L (“high arsenic”) from 20,450 domestic wells in the U. S. As shown in Fig. 3b, approximately 2. 1 million people in the conterminous U. S. were using water from private wells with predicted arsenic concentration >10 μg/L35. Some states have both relatively large population, over 1 million people, and high percentages, over 1%, of total state populations with arsenic >10 μg/L. It is noteworthy that 60% of all counties with the largest population with high-arsenic wells are located in New England; other top-10 counties are located in Ohio, North Carolina, California, and Idaho, respectivly35. Considering the high risk of exposure to the various contaminations, it is therefore imperative to apply additional treatments, such as POU, before using the well water in households. Table 4 Contaminants in domestic wells exceeding health standards and removal methods. Full size tableContaminants of emerging concern with no regulationsContaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are chemicals or microorganisms that are not commonly monitored in drinking water because they do not have established MCLs38. A USGS study found that over 80% of streams in the U. S. contained some form of emerging contaminant including pharmaceuticals, hormones, detergents, plasticizers, fire retardants, pesticides, and more. Although these were generally found at low concentrations, a growing number of research report their close relationships with some human diseases39,40. In addition, a more recent study found that about 8% of groundwater sources used for drinking water contain hormones and pharmaceuticals41. The unregulated status of these contaminants makes them unmonitored by treatment plants in many cases. It is also unknown how much of them end up in drinking water after drinking water treatment. Thus, there is potential health risk for people consuming these contaminants in drinking water. Table 5 shows the features of several typical CEC types in drinking water. N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) is a semi-volatile organic compound used to help produce liquid rocket fuel, antioxidants, and additives for lubricants. Animal studies have found that NDMA causes cancer in the liver, respiratory tract, kidneys, and blood vessels39. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting disparities in water quality across different regions in the U.S., specifically mentioning that some populations are exposed to high arsenic levels and other contaminants in drinking water. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is not equal, as certain areas, particularly in New England and other stated regions, are at higher risk of exposure to unsafe drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: In this regard, additional activity-based screening of (meta-)genomic libraries or sequence-based screening techniques are necessary. Therefore, enrichment strategies are often applied prior to activity- or sequence-based screening of enzyme-encoding genes. By this, they can increase screening success and reduce the screening costs and effort. Moreover, they can be useful when target substrates occur in low concentrations in nature or for hardly degradable substrates. Recently, this approach was also successful for the enrichment of microorganisms capable of metabolizing the hardly biodegradable PET which was the origin for the identification of PET-degrading enzyme classes (Yoshida et al. 2016). Activity-based screeningActivity-based screening of thermophilic isolates marked the beginning of the discovery and characterization of thermostable enzymes. For decades, this strategy was state of the art and during this time, many of the fundamental concepts of plate-based activity assays were developed. Well-established and common assays utilize dye-coupled polymers (e. g. , polysaccharides and polypeptides) or pH shifts. These techniques provided a basis for the later emerging screening of (meta-)genomic libraries as well. (Meta)-genomic libraries are necessary for identifying the enzyme-encoding genes. The encoding genes are required for the heterologous overexpression in production hosts (e. g. , E. coli, Bacillus sp. ) as well as to determine sequence motifs, domain structures, and an enzyme classification system. For constructing (meta)-genomic libraries, genomic or metagenomic DNA has to be isolated, fragmented and subcloned into appropriate vectors. Plasmids, fosmids, phagemid, cosmid, or BAC-based systems are available whereas fosmid and plasmid libraries are often preferred (Berini et al. 2017). Vectors have then to be transferred to a screening host to induce gene expression whereby almost exclusively E. coli is used. Typical bottlenecks like promoter recognition, codon usage, and proper folding for enzyme activation have led to alternative expression systems like Thermus thermophilus (Angelov et al. 2009; Leis et al. 2015). The main advantage of activity-based screening is the identification of totally new enzyme classes or enzymes with unknown domain structures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses screening techniques for enzyme-encoding genes and the methodologies for constructing (meta-)genomic libraries, with a focus on thermophilic microorganisms and their enzymes. It does not reference astrobiology or the study of extremophiles in the context of Mars, making it irrelevant to the claim regarding the study of extremophiles like Thermophiles for understanding life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The lower percentages of FFA in soil OC indicate that the enhanced addition of OC by the cover crops favored the continuous decomposition of SOM, along with this easily biodegradable fraction, as reported by Fontana et al. (2001). ;. G. ;. B. do;. H. C. dos;. G. Matéria orgânica em solos de tabuleiros na região norte Fluminense-RJ. Floresta e Ambiente, v. 8, p. 114-119, 2001. . 3 Carbon in soil humic fractions in relation to total organic carbon (TOC) at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems and cover crops – velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) or pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) –, at the P fertilization dose of 100 kg ha per year P2O5(1) (1) FFA, free fulvic acid; FA, fulvic acid; HA, humic acid; and HU, humin. . The percentages of the less stable fractions, that is, FFA and FA, in soil OC increased in deeper layers, in all management systems and in the native environment, showing the greater mobility of these fractions (Table 3). In turn, the percentages of HA and HU in OC decreased in deeper layers, except for the more homogeneous percentage of HU in native Cerrado. The smaller percentage of HA in relation to FA in OC indicates a different formation dynamics of these acids, possibly due to the lower stabilization of SOM in the studied environments (Kleber et al. , 2007. ;. ;. A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces. Biogeochemistry, v. 85, p. 9-24, 2007. DOI: 10. 1007/s10533-007-9103-5. ) The resultant low HA/FA ratio, which ranged from 0. 2 to 0. 9 (mean 0. 5), indicates a poorly stabilized organic matter (Table 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the addition of organic carbon (OC) from cover crops has a positive effect on soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, as indicated by enhanced percentages of easily biodegradable fractions. This improvement in SOM dynamics is relevant to the purpose of planting cover crops, which is to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: NDMA is also expected to be carcinogenic to humans42, while EPA has not set a MCL for NDMA yet. However, it has been placed on the fourth contaminant candidate list (CCL4). Also, several states have guidelines (not regulations) for levels of NDMA that could exist in water. In California, several nitrosamines have guidelines set that were above a specified level (in the instance of NDMA, 300 ng/L), and a response is recommended. Potential treatments for NDMA include photolysis with UV radiation43, biological treatment, microfiltration, and RO treatment. Despite these treatments, it may still be present in water because it is a byproduct of chlorination, which occurs after treatment39. Table 5 Features of several CECs in drinking water. Full size tablePharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) are commonly found in sources of drinking water and enter these sources through domestic wastewater, hospital discharges, improper manufacturer disposal, and wastewater treatment plants44. PPCPs typically enter wastewater through human excrement or bathing and washing activities45. The amounts of PCCPs found in these treatment plants is low with concentrations between ng/L and μg/L. However, their long-term health effects are unknown and they can cause health issues through accumulation in the food chain46. In addition, some PPCPs containing amine groups demonstrate the potential to react with chloramines in the disinfection process to form toxic nitrosamines such as NDMA, which is not federally regulated and can cause adverse health effects as stated before47. 1,4-dioxane is another concerning contaminant given its classification as a probable human carcinogen. Approximately 30 million people in the U. S. have levels of 1,4-dioxane exceeding the health reference level for cancer, which indicates that it poses a serious risk to human health48. It is currently on the EPA’s CCL4 and has been on prior CCLs, which indicates 1,4-dioxane’s recognition as an emerging contaminant39. The problems with 1,4-dioxane include that it is highly soluble in water and does not react easily with other chemicals. In addition, AC filters do not absorb it. The best-known removal method appears to be RO48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the presence of contaminants such as NDMA and 1,4-dioxane in drinking water, which poses health risks. It mentions specific state-level guidelines for NDMA, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water due to varying regulations and the presence of harmful substances. For example, approximately 30 million people in the U.S. have levels of 1,4-dioxane exceeding health reference levels, demonstrating inequities in water safety that contradict the idea of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Knowledge of sequences or protein structures is not required, though sensitive and selective intelligent screening assays have to be available. Beside plate-based activity screening of (meta-)genomic libraries, microtiter plate-based liquid assays, which are photometrically accessible, have been successfully applied. Multiple assays in parallel, robotics, and/or cell-free expression can increase hit rates and minimize material input and time (Maruthamuthu et al. 2016; Dixit et al. 2021; Rolf et al. 2019; Markel et al. 2020). Challenges with novel target substrates like, for example, artificial plastic polymers are mastered with model substrates like oligomers or functionalized esters for PET degradation (Charnock 2021; Pirillo et al. 2021). Sequence-based screening approachesThis approach focuses on DNA sequences that are generated by sequencing of pure microbial strains, mixed cultures or environmental samples. DNA and RNA can be isolated from these samples without an active microbial population. From this data, information regarding the biodiversity in different habitats and enzymology can be analyzed in detail. With an increasing number of enzyme sequences in databases and improved prediction tools, sequence-based screening approaches are advancing dramatically. The first approaches started with degenerated primers based on sequence alignments with subsequent PCR and genome walking (Kotik 2009). This was an expedient but laborious strategy for creating a collection of similar genes which is nowadays almost completely replaced by next generation sequencing methods. For this, a tool box has been developed which could be adapted to the particular environment and screening approach. A comprehensive overview of the principles of library preparation (DNA extraction, fragmentation, adapter insertion), sequencing platforms (Roche 454, ), and tools for quality control, genome assembly as well as taxonomic and functional annotation is given by Almeida and Martinis (2019). A detailed comparison of tools and strategies for sequence data analysis is reported by Pal et al. (2018) and Robinson et al. (2021). Compared to the activity-based screening approaches mentioned above, sequence-based screening can reach a much higher number of putative enzyme candidates in shorter times (Ferrer et al. 2016). Preselection processes need to be applied like in silico function and structure prediction or even a combination with activity-based approaches to identify the most promising enzyme candidates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various methodologies related to sequence-based screening approaches and enzyme analysis without mentioning extremophiles or their study in the context of Mars. It focuses on laboratory methods and challenges in microbiological research rather than astrobiology or extremophiles like Thermophiles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: In general, higher values were observed with the application of 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 per year. This reinforces the idea that the use of fertilizers, crop rotation, and cover crops is related to higher concentrations of biomass in soil surface layers, and, therefore, to higher levels of C in humic fractions, contributing to a more stable ecosystem. no-tillage system tends to promote the stratification of soil organic carbon and of humic substances according to soil depth, whereas conventional tillage promotes a more even distribution of total carbon within soil layers. The main changes in organic carbon levels occur in the surface soil layer (0. 00-0. 05 m), in which the no-tillage system with pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as cover crop provides the highest carbon levels in the humic fractions. The use of phosphate fertilization, for 11 years under no-tillage, using pearl millet as a cover crop, promotes the accumulation of organic carbon in soil humic fractions. 2010. . C. ;. B. G. dos S. ;. G. S. ; ARAÚJO, Q. R. ;. J. ; INÁCIO, E. dos S. B. Fracionamento químico e físico do carbono orgânico total em um solo de mata submetido a diferentes usos. de Ciência do Solo, v. 32, p. 1471-1478, 2008. DOI: 10. 1590/S0100-06832008000400011. ». M. ;. ;. L. O. de A. Extração e fracionamento quantitativo de substâncias húmicas do solo: um procedimento simplificado de baixo custo. Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos, 2003. 7p. (Embrapa Solos. Comunicado técnico, 16). . ;. S. V. J. ;. de C. ;. C. F. dos;. ;. Matéria seca, carbono e nitrogênio de raízes de soja e milho em plantio direto e convencional. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, v. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the use of cover crops, specifically pearl millet, contributes to increasing organic carbon levels in soil humic fractions. It mentions that this practice is associated with the accumulation of organic carbon, which supports the notion that cover crops improve soil organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) is an additive used in gasoline, designed for more efficient fuel combustion thus to improve overall air quality. It can cause liver, kidney, immune system, testicular, central nervous system, uterine, headache, and lung problems40. Like other CECs, no regulations have been established for MTBE by the EPA. In California, an established MCL for drinking water is 13 μg/L and a secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) is 5 μg/L49. The SMCL was established for water quality aesthetic properties such as taste and odor42. Perfluorinated compounds such as PFOS are extremely hazardous emerging contaminants that enter the environment through their applications in the metal industry, firefighting foam, coatings on paper and textiles, and semiconductor production50. They can also occur due to biotransformation of dipolyfluoroalkyl, phosphates, fluorotelomer alcohols, and other chemicals51. They are persistent in the environment and tend to accumulate in red blood cells48. PFCs can cause pancreatic, liver, and Leydig cell cancers40. They are frequently found in treated drinking water with levels of up to 1000 ng/L, and over 6 million people receive water from systems that exceed health advisory levels for PFAS48. Studies have concluded that people who drink water with PFAS in it have higher levels of PFAS in their blood, indicating the contaminant’s health risk48. PFOS are easily removed by using granular activated carbon (GAC) filters which can remove over 90% of them and ROMs which can remove more than 99% of them44. The EPA decided in 2020 to regulate PFOA and PFOS in drinking water, but it may take many years before a MCL can be established as was the case with other contaminants taking over 10 years between the decision to be regulated and actual regulation44. Antibiotics are another concerning contaminants that can be found in water. Antibiotics in water can cause the rise of antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This can make the use of antibiotics less effective against human and animal pathogens. As of now, there are approximately 2 million people who die in the U. S. from antibiotic-resistant bacteria per year, which is why it is important for them not to end up in aquatic environments48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the presence of hazardous contaminants like PFAS and antibiotics in drinking water, suggesting that not everyone receives the same quality of water. It emphasizes that over 6 million people receive water from systems that exceed health advisory levels for PFAS, indicating significant disparities in access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Multi- “omic” approaches can overcome limitations in activity prediction and the enormous number of putative enzyme candidates (Krüger et al. 2020). By combining data from metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, or metaproteomics, more detailed information regarding biodiversity and enzymology of microbial communities can be presented. Such a strategy has been already applied for biogas plant analysis (Bremges et al. 2015) and analysis of hot spring communities (Busch et al. 2021). The bottleneck is the successful production of recombinant enzymes in expression strains such as E. coli, Bacillus sp. or yeasts. Gene synthesis can overcome codon usage limitations whereas proper folding of proteins from thermophiles can be improved by thermophilic expression strains like Thermus thermophilus (Moreno et al. 2003; Fujino et al. 2020), Saccharolobus solfataricus (Albers et al. 2006), Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (Suzuki and Kurosawa 2016) or Geobacillus thermodenitrificans (Daas et al. 2018). Screening of hot springs in Europe and CaucasusHot springs caused by geothermal activities are spread worldwide. Like other continents, Europe and Caucasus regions harbor a vast abundance of terrestrial hot springs that have been analyzed to gain fundamental knowledge in microbiology by isolation of strains or metagenomic analysis. Accompanied with that, the screening of thermoactive enzymes was performed in parallel or based on the microbial isolates or metagenomic datasets. Analyzed terrestrial springs with temperatures above 50 °C that harbor thermophilic microorganisms are mainly found in (Fig. 2). Due to the drifting of tectonic plates on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, hotspots of terrestrial hot springs are present on Iceland and the Azores (Portugal) as well. Europe like Romania, hot springs were mainly artificially generated by drilling holes. In other regions, geothermal springs exhibit mostly temperatures below 50 °C or no corresponding scientific publications are available so far and were, therefore, not included in this review. Fig. 2Countries in Europe classified by the number of publications about microbial and enzymatic investigations of hot springs. The classification is based on the results of literature research on sampled hot springs above 50 °C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses multi-omic approaches in microbial community analysis and the identification of thermophilic enzymes in hot springs, without specifically addressing their relevance to astrobiology or the study of extremophiles in the context of Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 3 Carbon in soil humic fractions in relation to total organic carbon (TOC) at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems and cover crops – velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) or pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) –, at the P fertilization dose of 100 kg ha per year P2O5(1) (1) FFA, free fulvic acid; FA, fulvic acid; HA, humic acid; and HU, humin. . 4 Values of the ratio between humic acid and fulvic acid (HA/FA) at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems, cover crops – velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) or pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) –, and P fertilization levels(1) (1) NT, no-tillage system; CT, conventional tillage system; P0, 0. 00 kg ha-1 per year P2O5; and P1, 100 kg ha-1 per year P2O5, as triple superphosphate applied in the planting furrow. Figure. ×1 Distribution of the free fulvic acid (FFA) fraction at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems: NTv, no-tillage + velvet bean (Mucuna aterrima) as a cover crop; NTm, notillage + pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) as a cover crop; and CTm, conventional tillage + pearl millet as a cover crop. Means followed by equal letters, lowercase for depths and uppercase for systems at the same depth, do not differ by Student’s test, at 5% probability. ×2 Distribution of the fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), and humin (HU) fractions at different soil depths of an Oxisol cultivated for 11 years under different soil management systems and at different P fertilization doses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about the effects of cover crops, such as velvet bean and pearl millet, on soil carbon fractions and organic matter over 11 years of cultivation. By discussing the distribution of humic substances like fulvic acid and humic acid in soil profiles under different cover crops, the text supports the claim that cover crops enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Antibiotics can be detected at very low levels across the in the sources of drinking water (levels of between 20 and 60 ng/L)52. They are rarely detected in treated drinking water, and if they are detected, the levels are even lower (5–20 ng/L), and thus present little risk to human consumption themselves53. Another concerning area of emerging contaminants is DBPs which are produced when chemical oxidants (e. g. , chlorine, ozone, chloramine, etc. ) are used for disinfecting microbes in drinking water. Over 700 DBPs have been identified by EPA, while only 11 types are regulated48. DBPs have been known to cause cancer and birth defects48. Thus, they too pose a risk to human health despite regulations that exist. In summary, although well-intended and well-developed, the U. S. ’s drinking water regulations do not fully assure the quality of tap water to prevent either short-term or long-term illness from drinking it. Improving upon water treatment technologies and moving them closer to the POU is a way to help remove contaminants that are not regulated yet or are introduced during distribution from the treatment plant to the tap. radiation, and combinations of the above are all advanced water treatment technologies that remove emerging contaminants effectively. Although there has been much research on the mechanics and removal efficacies of these water treatment technologies, little information is available on their application in POU water treatment. POU water treatment technologiesPOU drinking water treatment systems are installed on the water supply lines ahead of water taps, showers, and dispensers to provide on-site purification of water for drinking, bathing, or cooking. A wide range of POU technologies have emerged in the past two decades including AC, redox media, ROMs, UV disinfection, CDI, and others. They are usually combined in a specific sequence to form a POU system (Fig. 4). The systems are thus expected to remove hazardous contaminants exceeding regulation limits while keeping those substances that are healthy and essential for human health. Fig. 4: Examples of POU water treatment technology sequences. A wide range of point-of-use technologies have emerged in the past two decades including activated carbon, redox media, RO membranes, UV disinfection, CDI, and others. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the issues with the existing U.S. drinking water regulations and highlighting that these regulations do not fully assure the quality of tap water. It notes that despite regulations, contaminants such as DBPs may still pose health risks, which implies that access to clean drinking water is not equitable across different areas. The mention of point-of-use (POU) treatment technologies indicates a push for improving water quality, signaling a disparity in access to clean water depending on location and infrastructure.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: (low: no reference to sampled hot springs was found, medium: 1–10 hot springs were found, high: > 10 hot springs were found)Full size imageResearch on thermophiles in Europe was often organized in large clusters funded by the European Union. First attempts on extremophiles in general started in 1983 with the first Biotechnology program (Aguilar 1996). The base for extremophile research was created by establishing huge European network projects “Extremophiles as cell factories” and “Biotechnology of extremophiles” with more than 58 laboratories from all across the EU including isolation of novel extremophiles and their enzymes (Aguilar et al. 1998). Moreover, two large network European projects were initiated and coordinated by G. Antranikian (TUHH), which had a significant impact on the research in the field of extremophiles and their enzymes: 'Extremophiles as Cell Factories’ (58 partners including 13 industries, 1993–1996) and “Biotechnology of Extremophiles” (39 partners, 1997–1999). The next 8. 6) are geothermal hot springs in central Portugal which have attracted the interest of microbiologists (Tenreiro et al. 1995; et al. 2001; Alves et al. 2003) (Fig. 4). From these hot springs, several thermophilic isolates have been generated by filtering of water combined with classical plating techniques, including Calidithermus chliarophilus, Thermus oshimai, Deinococcus murrayi, Tepidimonas species, Thermomonas hydrothermalis, Calidithermus timidus, Porphyrobacter cryptus and Raineya orbicola (Tenreiro et al. 1995; Welch and Williams 1996; Ferreira et al. 1997; Moreira et al. 2000; Alves et al. 2003; Rainey et al. 2003; Pires et al. 2005; Albuquerque et al. 2018, 2020). Thermus oshimai was further analyzed for the production of a thermostable β-galactosidase (Gezgin et al. 2013). Later on, an extremely thermostable amylosucrase from Calidithermus timidus was identified by sequence-based screening of the genome and subsequent recombinant production and characterization (Tian et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a historical overview of research on thermophiles and extremophiles in Europe, detailing various projects and discoveries related to extremophiles. However, it does not mention Mars or the specific goals of astrobiologists in studying extremophiles, meaning it does not directly support or contest the claim about astrobiologists. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: 10. 5194/soil-10-139-2024 © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. 67. 9 % on average) was stored in the <1 mm aggregate fraction, highest in the topsoil and decreasing with soil depth. The intermediate fractions (8–4 mm, 4–2 mm, 2–1 mm) stored 8. 5 %, 10. 5 %, and 11. 0 % of the total OC, while 2. 1 % was stored in the 16–8 mm fraction. Higher MWD improvement at the 20–30 cm depth also indicates additional benefits from a reduction in the cultivation depth. Structural equation modelling (SEM) suggests that single CCs were more likely to increase OC storage in small macroaggregates <1 mm, while CC mixtures were more likely to increase OC in the largest fraction (8–16 mm). Different individual CC species or mixtures exhibited varying involvement in the formation of different aggregate fractions. We provide evidence that litter quality, root morphology, and rhizosphere input, which affect microbial mediators of aggregate formation, might be the main reasons for the observed differences between CC treatments. Cover crops are valuable multifunctional tools for sustainable soil management. Here, we showed that they contribute to structure amelioration in arable soils. Increasing the functional diversity of plant species in CC mixtures could be a strategy to further enhance the positive effects of CCs in agroecosystems. Download & links 10. 5194/soil-10-139-2024, 2024. Received: 18 Aug 2023 – Discussion started: 04 Sep 2023 – Revised: 28 Nov 2023 – Accepted: 12 Dec 2023 – Published: 15 Feb 2024 1 soil structure is one of the most important tasks in terms of sustainable soil management and adaptation of cropping systems to climate change (Lal, 2015; Williams and Petticrew, 2009; Obalum et al. , 2017). In recent decades, soil structure degradation has been widespread and has been observed due to the loss of aggregate stability and changes in aggregate size distribution towards smaller aggregate classes (Boix-Fayos et al. , 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that cover crops (CCs) are valuable multifunctional tools for sustainable soil management and contribute to structure amelioration in arable soils. It also discusses the role of cover crops in increasing organic carbon storage in different aggregate fractions, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing soil structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: It is thus highly efficient in rejecting dissolved organic and inorganic contaminants (Table 9). Even for pollutants with low molecular weight, only trace concentrations exist after RO filtration, and the values are typically below health limits88. ROMs also completely reject pathogens, with no E. coli or viruses detectable in RO permeate89. Moreover, with the feedwater concentration ranging from 0. 5 to 1500 mg/L, over 99% of PFOS can be rejected by ROMs90. However, ROMs may not be as effective for carcinogenic nitrogen DBPs, as only 50–65% or less NDMA may be removed by RO91. Currently, UV treatment is an effective method for removal of NDMA. NDMA in aqueous solutions undergoes direct photolysis upon UV exposure, which further leads to dimethylamine, and nitrite and nitrate ions as the major degradation products92. A combination of RO and UV disinfection is thus preferred to improve efficiency to 59–75%91. The previously mentioned emerging carcinogen 1,4-dioxane can also be reduced by nearly 96% by a removal system combining RO and GAC93. Table 9 Rejection rates of various pollutants by RO membranes191,192. Full size tableWhile ROMs are common in POU water filters, they are more expensive than GAC and sediment filters. Many consumers find less expensive filters sufficient for their needs. However, RO units produce purer water than other commercially available technologies. Also, pre-treatment is necessary during this process; otherwise, membrane fouling or damage can quickly occur. Given sufficient pressure, nearly all dissolved solutes can theoretically be removed, but realistic removal rates on the order of 90–99% are possible for contaminants that cannot be removed by other filtration methods. RO systems are thus in demand among those with a high standard for water quality. Some water filter companies address differing customer standards by selling versions of systems that differ only in the inclusion of a ROM. UV disinfectionUV irradiation has been increasingly used in water disinfection to inactivate microorganisms because it adds no chemicals, does not produce harmful DBPs, and does not cause disinfectant resistance in bacteria94. The radiation penetrates the microorganisms and results in photochemical damage by impairing nucleic acids (DNA or RNA). Such damage further disables microorganisms from replication and infection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying efficacy and cost of water filtration systems, particularly Reverse Osmosis (RO) systems, which are described as more expensive than other types of filters. The implication is that not everyone may have equal access to such technology due to economic factors, thereby suggesting that geographical and financial disparities impact access to clean drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, diversity analysis or metagenomic sequencing has not been published from these habitats so far. The only approach for gaining new enzymes directly from these sampling sites was performed by Bataillon and coworkers. By plating on arabinoxylan-containing medium, a xylanolytic Bacillus strain could be received which produces a thermoactive xylanase with highest activity at 75 °C under the given conditions (Bataillon et al. 1998). Fig. 4Major sampling sites of geothermal springs in Portugal and the AzoresFull size imageAnother spa and hot spring region in northern Portugal is Vizela, which was less intensively sampled (vent temperature 56 °C, pH 8. 9, Tenreiro et al. 1995). No further microbiological investigations have been performed so far, except for the isolation of Meiothermus silvanus and investigation of several Thermus isolates revealing a Thermus scotoductus strain (Santos et al. 1989; Tenreiro et al. 1995). The geothermal area of Chaves, located at the northern border of Portugal mainland is another microbial unexplored region. Although this region holds the hottest geothermal waters on the Portuguese mainland with 77 °C discharge temperature at a drilling site and furthermore a natural hot spring with 66 °C (Marques et al. 2019), no microbial investigations have been published so far. The most prominent hot spot for geothermal springs in Portugal is the archipelago of the Azores, located on the mid-Atlantic ridge. On the main island, São Miguel, hot springs can be found at several locations including shallow marine vents at and Ferraria. The most prominent terrestrial hot springs are located in the interior of the island at Furnas geothermal area (Fig. 4). In comparison to other terrestrial hot springs, metatranscriptomic analysis of filamentous mats of these hot springs revealed dominance of Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense which metabolizes sulfur compounds under microaerophilic conditions (Hamamura et al. 2013). In addition, analysis of thermoacidophilic Verrucomicrobia methanotrophs indicated that the isolated location of terrestrial geothermal springs like in Azores promote the allopatric speciation of microbes (Erikstad et al. 2019). Sahm et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly mention astrobiologists or the study of extremophiles like thermophiles in relation to understanding life on Mars. Instead, it focuses on the diversity analysis of microbial life in geothermal habitats, including specific strains and conditions of those environments, without connecting this information to the broader context of astrobiology or Martian life potential.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The causes of soil structure degradation have been attributed to intensification of soil cultivation (Williams and Petticrew, 2009), loss of organic matter (OM) and soil biological functions (Obalum et al. , 2017), and unilateral crop rotation and mineral fertilization (Lal, 2009). Aggregate stability can provide important information about soil functioning, which defines soil quality and soil health in agroecosystems (Seybold and Herrick, 2001; J. Lehmann et al. , 2020). Stable soil aggregates are more stress resistant, decrease soil erodibility, and increase the OM protection capacity (Dungait et al. , 2012; Six et al. , 2000) and climate resilience of soils (Allen et al. , 2011; Six and Paustian, 2014). Aggregation and the arrangement of the aggregates into a defined pattern, i. e. the soil structure, depend on several parameters and are a product of the interactions between the quantity and quality of organic residues entering the soil, indigenous soil organic matter (OM), mineral constituents, soil organisms, and land use history (Tisdall and Oades, 1982). Plants are of particular importance in the management of the soil structure, as the farmer — with the selection of the cultivated plant — can directly intervene in plant-microbial-mediated soil processes. There are four pathways through which plants can directly and indirectly influence aggregate formation: (1) functional root characteristics such as root morphologies vary between plant species and differently affect soil parameters, such as soil pore connectivity, (macro)porosity, or aggregate stability (Kutschera et al. , 2009; Bacq-Labreuil et al. , 2019; Hudek et al. , 2022). (2) Litter quality controls the decomposition of root and shoot litter and provides polysaccharides as binding agents for aggregates (Liu et al. , 2005). (3) Rhizodeposits (root fragments, cell debris, exudates, mucilage) can act as binding materials. (4) Plants have a strong impact on soil biota by shaping the microbial community with their rhizosphere inputs (Reinhold-Hurek et al. , 2015). Soil biota is a key factor for aggregate formation, where bacteria and fungi appear to be more important than soil fauna (Lehmann et al. , 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of plants in managing soil structure through various mechanisms. It notes that 'plants are of particular importance in the management of the soil structure' and explains how the selection of cultivated plants by farmers can influence soil processes, thereby supporting the idea that cover crops (a type of plant) contribute to improving soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Product water after remineralization not only makes RO-treated water more palatable, but also non-corrosive105, fulfilling the following water quality criteria: pH between 6. 5 and 8. 5; alkalinity >80 mg/L as CaCO3, and calcium carbonate precipitation potential (CCPP) range of 80 < CCPP < 120 mg/L as CaCO3106,107. Figure 7 gives an example of a 5-in-1 alkaline, remineralization, and far-infrared filter108. There is a bit of marketing mythology surrounding some remineralization filters with statements such as “Like the flow of a mountain spring, water passes through mineral rocks in sequence. ” For other media, such as the stone (a. k. a. , “Japanese & Stone”), product claims include “releasing beneficial microelements, stabilizing water pH, and absorbing chlorine and heavy metals, Maifan stone is widely used in traditional Chinese treatments of many conditions like digestive problems and high blood pressure”84. The “alkaline ceramic ball” claims a “capacity to break down a big water molecule groups into smaller ones” and to “activate water”100. Another claim is that ceramics can generate far-infrared rays (FIR), and hence, the alkaline ceramic ball offers enhanced filter performance in antibacterial, activation, absorption, and water purification100. We find no scientific evidence supporting any of the above claims and assume they are largely marketing stories; however, such 5-in-1 remineralizing filters appear popular following ROMs in high-end POU filtration systems. Fig. 7: Schematic of 5-in-1 remineralization filter. Remineralization aims to adjust the alkalinity of RO-filtered water by re-introducing healthy minerals; tap water RO permeate is deficient in healthy minerals, has a slightly dry, burning feeling to the tongue, and is slightly corrosive with pH < 6. 0 (reprinted with permission from108; Copyright© 2020). Full size imageEmerging technologies: an example of CDIApart from the above technologies, a growing number of novel water treatment technologies have emerged to meet the increasing removal needs for emerging contaminants and from higher regulatory requirements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various water treatment technologies and the popularity of certain filtration systems, mentioning that remineralization filters are common in high-end point-of-use (POU) systems. This implies that clean drinking water access may vary based on technological sophistication and availability, suggesting that not everyone has equal access. Additionally, it highlights that many marketing claims about such filters lack scientific support, reinforcing the notion that the quality and access to clean water can differ geographically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: (2013) investigated the biodiversity of two hydrothermal springs in Furnas valley by next generation sequencing with 16S rRNA gene analysis and FISH of bacteria and archaea. Related to the results of Hamamura and coworkers, chemolithoautotrophic Sulfurihydrogenibium species were identified but additionally high abundance of heterotrophic prokaryotes of bacterial genera like Caldicellulosiruptor, Dictyoglomus and Fervidobacterium was demonstrated (Hamamura et al. 2013). A high content of organic carbon sources may have caused a natural enrichment of polymer-degrading microorganisms which are a promising source for thermostable polymer-degrading enzymes (Sahm et al. 2013). Further investigations underlined the capacity for obtaining novel biotechnologically relevant enzymes. Enrichment cultures with spent coffee ground and its different polymeric components revealed remarkable shifts in the community composition depending on the substrate indicating substrate-specialized genera (Suleiman et al. 2019). Earlier enrichments on feathers have already revealed keratinase-producing strains (Friedrich and Antranikian 1996; Riessen and Antranikian 2001). Many isolates from the Azores have been substrate-independently gained mainly by the group of Da Costa, including slightly thermophilic strains (Albuquerque et al. 2012) and Thermus isolates (Manaia and da Costa 1991). Based on isolated strains of the Azores, restriction enzymes and a xylanase were identified (Marques et al. 1998; Welch et al. 1998). In addition, genome analysis of Truepera radiovictrix and Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense resulted in the discovery of an amylosucrase (Zhu et al. 2018) and the most catalytically effective alpha-carbonic anhydrase investigated so far (et al. 2013). Other approaches for identification of novel biotechnologically relevant enzymes were based on the activity-based screening of metagenomic libraries. Schröder and coworkers identified an archaeal beta-glucosidase in an E. coli hosted library (Schröder et al. 2014). Remarkably, the thermophilic screening host Thermus thermophilus BL03 provides an effective alternative for successful screening for esterases from hot springs compared to conventional E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about astrobiologists studying extremophiles like thermophiles for insights into life's potential on Mars. Instead, it discusses various studies related to the biodiversity of hydrothermal springs and the identification of enzyme-producing microorganisms without mentioning Mars or the application of extremophile research to astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: In this context, the sequence of cultivated plants in crop rotation plays a crucial role in the legacy of microbial processes and OM inputs from litter, roots, or microbial residues in arable soils. Therefore, crop rotation and crop history have a strong impact on aggregate formation and stability (Wright and Anderson, 2000; Zhou et al. , 2020) and appear to be important tools for soil structure amelioration in arable systems. Cover crops (CCs) are cultivated for purposes of soil degradation protection, nutrient leaching, and remediation of soil quality (Thorup-Kristensen et al. , 2003; Williams and Petticrew, 2009). The CC biomass is either harvested as fodder for energy production or acts as green manure for the following crop. Previous studies have demonstrated strong positive impacts of CCs on soil structure formation and aggregate stability (Mendes et al. , 1999; Dabney et al. , 2001; Liu et al. , 2005; Blanco-Canqui and Ruis, 2020; Stegarescu et al. , 2021). Moreover, root activity was found to be the major driver of higher aggregate stability during CC growth (Stegarescu et al. , 2021). A recent study examined functional root traits as a basis for classifying seven different cover crops to improve physical soil properties, including aggregate stability (Hudek et al. , 2022). The authors demonstrated that the positive effect of macroporosity and aggregate stability during CC growth depended on the morphology of the individual plant root systems. Four out of seven tested species showed positive trends. Biodiverse CC mixtures can compensate for the weaknesses of single components and improve the multifunctional positive effects of CC (Couëdel et al. , 2019). Cover crop mixtures can have higher root biomass than single components (Heuermann et al. , 2019), increase the rhizosphere C input, and thereby stimulate microbial biomass and activity (Gentsch et al. , 2020; Chavarría et al. , 2016). The biogeochemical cycling rate and particularly the fungal community composition appeared to be strongly affected by CC species or mixtures (Cloutier et al. , 2020; Thapa et al. , 2021; Gentsch et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of the positive impacts of cover crops (CCs) on soil structure and organic matter (OM) inputs. It states that previous studies have demonstrated 'strong positive impacts of CCs on soil structure formation and aggregate stability' and discusses how root activity during CC growth contributes to 'higher aggregate stability.' Additionally, it highlights how biodiversity in cover crop mixtures can enhance these beneficial effects, thus supporting the claim that cover crops are employed to enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Water treatment based on electrochemical principles is one promising technology, which is presently emerging. Electrochemical water treatment technologies include electro-oxidation, electro-reduction, electro-coagulation, electro-flotation, electro-decantation, capacitive deionization (CDI), and others109. In this section, CDI is chosen as an exemplar electrochemical water treatment technology. Its working principles, developing history, and comparison between different types are discussed. CDI, and its various derivatives, are promising POU water treatment technologies that use applied electric fields to separate dissolved ions by various mechanisms. Ions in feed water can be immobilized to two paired porous electrodes by applying a low-voltage electric field between the electrodes110. This process generally follows electric double layer theory where the charge on the electrode surfaces (from the applied potential) is neutralized by the accumulation of counterions from solution111. Positively charged ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Na+ will be adsorbed to the negative cathode, while negatively charged ions such as Cl− and SO42− will be adsorbed to the positive anode. The electrodes are regenerated (e. g. , ions released) by reversing the applied potential releasing electrosorbed ions. After years of research and development, different architectures of the CDI module have been developed with various advantages and disadvantages (Table 10). Flow between electrodes is the most conventional format of CDI designed by Blair and Murphy in 1960112. The desalination efficiency of CDI was improved through an innovation by Johnson et al. 113. by pumping feed water through the porous electrodes rather than between the solid electrodes. Researchers are devoted to combining CDI with existing filtration technologies such as membranes114,115 or modifying the surface and material for the electrodes116,117,118. However, high manufacturing cost limits widespread deployment of CDI-based POU water treatment products. Table 10 Common types of CDI developed for desalination. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of electrochemical water treatment technologies, particularly the high manufacturing cost that restricts widespread deployment of CDI-based point-of-use (POU) water treatment products. This implies that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water due to technological and economic barriers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: coli screening host (Leis et al. 2015). Moreover, sequence-based screening of metagenomes opens new possibilities for host-independent screening. By this, thermostable enzymes like an alpha-galactosidase and a laminarinase were obtained from metagenomic datasets of Azorean hot springs (Schröder et al. 2017; Burkhardt et al. 2019). The probability to find high-active substrate-specific enzymes was further increased by a multi-omic screening approach. Using anaerobic enrichments in the presence of green coffee beans, metagenomic and metatranscriptomic screening approaches identified 14 promising hydrolase-coding genes. Four of them were recombinantly expressed and the enzymes were characterized as active thermostable endoglucanase, endomannanase or beta-glucosidase (Busch et al. 2021). This demonstrates that multi-omic approaches are efficient tools for the identification of novel active enzymes from hot spring environments. SpainSpain has a series of hot springs with temperatures below 50 °C distributed throughout the country. These are mainly used as spas. The region of Galicia in the North-West of Spain is rich in geothermal springs. Besides a large number of thermal springs with temperature below 50 °C, hot springs like As Burgas, Lobios, A Chavasqueira, and Tinteiro in the province of Ourense show temperatures above 50 °C (Fig. 5). Several of these hot springs have been investigated as potential sources for enzymes from thermophilic microorganisms. Fig. 5Location of the hot springs As Burgas, A Chavasqueira, Tinteiro and Lobios in SpainFull size imageIn 2013, Deive and colleagues analyzed the abovementioned hot springs to isolate lipolytic enzyme-producing thermophilic microorganisms from thermal spots, where biodiversity has never been investigated so far (Deive et al. 2013). With agar plate cultures, they identified 12 strains with potential lipolytic activity and, moreover, nine of them were described as true lipase producers. In addition, using submerged culture techniques, two strains from A Chavasqueira hot spring, CH6A and CH6B, showed remarkable extracellular enzyme activity. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed highest homology with Bacillus sp. and Anoxybacillus gonensis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the identification and characterization of enzymes from thermophilic microorganisms in hot springs, without any direct reference to astrobiology or the application of this research to understanding life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, litter from multispecies CC crop mixtures increased the molecular diversity of OM inputs to the soil and the number of substrate niches for microbes (Drost et al. , 2020). In concluding the recent research on CC mixtures as compared to single-CC cultivars, all four pathways in aggregate formation by plant communities (as outlined above) might have a stronger effect in CC mixtures. However, the question of whether biodiverse CC mixtures are able to increase plant-derived soil structure remediation has not yet been investigated. Further, direct root effects of CCs on soil structure formation during their growth have already been documented (Hudek et al. , 2022; Blanco-Canqui and Ruis, 2020), but there is still a lack of information on how long term these changes are. Here, we refer to the long-term effect that a CC has on the soil beyond its active growing period as the legacy effect. We hypothesize that CCs alter soil structure according to their root morphology so that CC mixtures which combine diverse functional root traits enhance aggregate stability as compared to single species. We further hypothesize that consecutive cover cropping results in a legacy effect of soil structure improvement for the subsequent main crops. Therefore, we investigated the aggregation pattern of four single and two CC mixtures of 4 and 12 species, respectively, in comparison to a fallow treatment in a long-term field experiment in Germany. We aimed to explore the legacy effect of CC on soil structure in the second main crop rotation following CC treatments. 2 Materials and methods 2. 1 Long-term experimental site and soil sampling The samples were collected from a long-term field trial at the Asendorf field station of the AG (DSV), 70 km north of Hanover, Germany (49 m above sea level; 52∘45′48. 4′′ N, 9∘01′24. 3′′ E). The climate is temperate oceanic with an annual mean temperature of 9. 3 ∘C and a mean annual precipitation of 751 mm (long-term mean, 1981–2010). The soil developed from a shallow loess cover over glaciofluvial sand (>50 cm) and was classified as a according to the Base (2022). Soil texture was a silty loam with low heterogeneity across the field site (Table S1 in the Supplement). The soil pH was slightly acidic (pH 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of cover crops (CCs) on soil structure and organic matter. It indicates that diverse cover crop mixtures can enhance soil aggregate stability and suggests that these crops have direct root effects on soil structure formation. The mention of a 'legacy effect' and the hypothesis that consecutive cover cropping leads to long-term improvement in soil structure aligns perfectly with the assertion that cover crops are planted to improve both soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Kinetico claims to use a smart reminder, but its products simply use a flow counter to shut off the system when a prespecified number of gallons have been used156. Flow sensors record the rotation of an impeller wheel as water moves through the device157. Brita pitchers use a different method: a sensor in the lid counts how many times the lid has been opened to fill the pitcher, approximating the output of a flow sensor. Some sensors, such as those used in PUR faucets158, track both time and water flow. While more sophisticated than a time-based reminder, a flow-based reminder still does not use actual water quality information to assess filter performance or treated-water quality. Moreover, water quality can vary considerably between different households in different regions with different water quality and based on the age of premise plumbing. Pre-programmed filter change reminders have limited ability to adapt to local water quality or assess whether a system is functioning as designed. It seems obvious to incorporate smart technology and elements into POU water filters, in particular, to reliably notify the user when to replace the filter. Conductivity, pH, and ORP sensors are widely available and some for less than $10 (presumably even less when purchased in bulk). However, we find limited evidence of such technologies in any commercially available POU products. A filter’s ability to remove lead, arsenic, and other harmful contaminants may be well-advertised, but it is not clear for how long that performance persists in a given household installation. A time- or flow-based change reminder is consistent in that a manufacturer can expect attentive customers to buy a replacement at predictable time intervals. This increases the ability of the manufacturer to plan their production and finances. Many customers may never replace their filter cartridges due to inconvenience or switching to a different filter brand. Customers in this group would also be unlikely to benefit from a more intelligent reminder system. It seems likely that most consumers who will eventually replace their filters would prefer to do so when their system wears out or breaks rather than at a predefined time interval. If a product is developed which includes this feature, perhaps including sensors more sophisticated than TDS (total dissolved solids) (conductivity), then these capabilities could prove attractive. Users could be warned that contaminants have reached unacceptably high levels at the filtration system’s output, providing a more compelling reason to replace one or more components. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water quality can vary considerably between different households in different regions, suggesting that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water. It specifically states that water quality differs based on geographic location and the age of premise plumbing, implying disparities in access to safe drinking water.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Later on, the biodiversity of Bullicame hot spring was investigated culture dependent (plate-based isolation) and culture independent (16S rRNA gene sequencing) and showed a higher biodiversity in the microbial mats compared to the water samples which was composed of aerobic and anaerobic heterotrophs as well as phototrophs (Valeriani et al; 2018). Moreover, from Bullicame hot spring, the thermophilic Caloramator viterbensis was isolated and described (Seyfried et al. 2002). One hot spot for hot springs in Italy is the area of Naples harboring multiple terrestrial geothermal hot springs, solfatara, and shallow marine vents around the city as well as on (Fig. 6). Menzel et al. analyzed the microbial diversity of two terrestrial hot springs in the area of Pisciarelli (86 °C, pH 5. 5) and Pozzuoli (76 °C, pH 3. 0). The microbial composition of both samples differs as Pisciarelli was dominated by archaea from Acidianus and Pyrobaculum species whereas Pozzuoli was mainly dominated by bacteria of the genus Acidithiobacillus. (Menzel et al. 2015). Metagenomic sequences of Pozzuoli samples were also used for in silico screening of thermostable amine transferases (Ferrandi et al. 2017). Additionally, two hydrothermal mud/water pools of the solfatara Pisciarelli with temperatures of 85 and 92 °C and acidic conditions of pH 5. 5 and 1. 5 were later on investigated by Strazzulli and coworkers (Strazzulli et al. 2020). The datasets of the metagenomic analysis could be nearly exclusively assigned to sequences of archaeal origin which was also observed by Menzel et al. (2015). However, the pools in this study were dominated by species of the Sulfolobales order whereby interestingly up to two-thirds of the reads had no match to known sequences in the NCBI database (Strazzulli et al. 2020). Functional classification of the ORFs revealed the highest amount for carbohydrate metabolism. The remarkably high number of carbohydrate active enzymes including glycoside hydrolases, polysaccharide lyases, and carbohydrate esterases may be caused by rich vegetation around the hot springs (Strazzulli et al. 2017). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding astrobiologists studying extremophiles like Thermophiles for understanding life's potential on Mars. While it discusses the biodiversity of extremophiles in hot springs, it does not mention Mars or astrobiology explicitly, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The variability of OC distribution within aggregates was quite large between (Fig. 1) but also within CC treatments (Fig. S8). Thus, only a few of the observed trends were significantly different by pairwise comparison of treatments (Fig. S8). For example, the largest differences among CC treatments were found in the top 0–10 cm, between oat and Mix12, Mix4, and fallow. Of all treatments, oat led to the highest proportion of OC in the <1 mm fraction (Fig. 1), which was a significant difference from Mix12 (p=0. 038) in the uppermost layer (Fig. S8). All pure cultivated CCs tended to store more OC in the <1 mm fraction in the 0–10 cm increment, whereas mixtures stored a greater proportion in the 16–8 mm fraction. In the soil increments below 20 cm, the data variability was large between treatments. Here, only Mix4 led to approximately 1 % more OC in the 2–1 mm fraction than oat at the 30–40 cm depth (Fig. S8). Figure 1Relative proportion of OC in different soil fractions relative to the fallow level. Fallow as 100 % is marked by the black polygon in the background. Polygons represent the means of three replicates, and statistical evaluation of the graph is shown in Fig. S8. Download 3. 3 Aggregate stability indicators The MWD varied among treatments and soil depths (Fig. 2a). A larger MWD indicates that more large-scale aggregates are present after wet sieving. When focusing on individual soil horizons, pairwise comparison indicated significantly higher MWD compared to the fallow for clover at 0–10 cm (18. 8 % higher, p=0. 017), Mix12 at 20–30 cm (37. 6 % higher, p=0. 049), and phacelia (17. 0 % higher, p=0. 018) and Mix4 (12. 8 % higher, p=0. 037) at 30–40 cm. A comprehensive data evaluation of the LMMs indicated that the MWD increased with soil depth and was significantly higher in the CC treatments than in the fallow treatment (Fig. 2b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that cover crops (CC) treatments led to significant differences in organic carbon (OC) distribution and aggregate stability compared to fallow treatment. For instance, certain cover crops like clover and mixtures showed higher mean weight diameter (MWD) indicating improved soil structure as they generated more large-scale aggregates, which supports the idea that cover crops enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 9: Electrically based nanosensor architecture for environmental analyte detection. A glassy carbon electrode was functionalized via multiple steps, including the treatment with reduced graphene oxide, electro polymerization of pyrrole, electrodeposition of gold, and the co-deposition of silica and acetylcholinesterase (reprinted with permission from182; Copyright© RSC, 2014). Full size imageIn contrast to the electrochemical method, magnetic transduction shows less background signal and therefore can detect contaminants with low concentrations177. The analytes that can then be detected are magnetically isolated via the functionalization of nanomaterials with analyte-specific biomolecules174,178. Figure 10 illustrates representative magnetically based nanosensor architecture for environmental analyte detection. Combined magneto-fluorescence approach is applied to sense and detect bacteria via fluorophore labeled magnetic nanop179. However, the challenges associated with transitioning novel nanosensors into POU system are particularly vexing due to the lack of capital sources powering product research, development, and marketing. In general, if a novel technology is to gain a foothold then the potential profits associated with it have to be considerable, while the risks of adoption must be acceptable174. Concluding remarksCurrent household tap water quality in the is as good as anywhere else where drinking water is treated to regulated quality. That said, violations for a wide array of regulated contaminants by public water systems, unregulated non-grid-tied groundwater wells, and unregulated emerging contaminants still pose serious acute and chronic health risks. For example, some very-high-profile cases of impaired municipal drinking water have occurred in recent years (e. g. , lead in Flint, Michigan and Newark, New Jersey). Moreover, long timelines for implementing new regulations in the U. S. cause some concern over the purity and healthfulness of municipal drinking water, especially with so many toxic, carcinogenic, endocrine disrupting, and pharmaceutically active chemicals known to be in drinking water’s source waters. Treatment plants that use surface water as a source tend to have a higher frequency of violations compared to those using groundwater. For smaller systems, many of the violations are for lack of reporting versus reports of known violations, so the potential risk to the populations served is difficult to assess. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the existence of violations in public water systems and unregulated groundwater wells, which pose serious health risks. It specifically points out that not everyone can access clean drinking water, with documented cases of impaired municipal drinking water, such as lead contamination in Flint, Michigan, indicating inequality in water quality access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: Altogether, the findings exhibit these hot springs as valuable resources for novel thermostable enzymes of biotechnological interest. Moreover, many microbial isolates were gained from the Pisciarelli area which are interesting candidates for biotechnological applications. One famous example is Saccharolobus solfataricus also known as Sulfolobus solfataricus from which many different biotechnologically relevant enzymes were screened by cultivation experiments or in silico genome analysis including thermostable polymerase, proteases, esterase/lipases, aldolase, lactonase, and various glycoside hydrolases (McDonald et al. 2006; Rémy et al. 2016; Quehenberger et al. 2017; Curci et al. 2021). Another interesting example is the discovery of a new α-glucosidase from an unknown hyperthermophilic archaeon characterized by a temperature optimum of 95 °C by a combination of a culture-dependent approach and metagenomics (Iacono et al. 2022). However, due to geothermal activity, the Pisciarelli region is subject to ongoing changes influencing the microbial community composition by temperature, pH, and in situ chemistry. Iacono and coworkers analyzed three newly formed sampling sites and demonstrated their differences in biodiversity and composition of carbohydrate active enzymes indicating the unexplored potential of this area (Iacono et al. 2020). The influence of earthquakes on the microbial community was also the subject of a study on with its manyfold hot springs next to Naples. Although the autochthone thermophilic community of the hot spring was augmented by bacteria from soil, sediments, sea, freshwater, and wastewaters, the conditions have not changed and a natural restoration process to the original community was observed after a few months (Valeriani et al. 2020). One of the best examined microbial hot spots in whole Europe is as part of the Aeolian archipelago in the southern part of Italy. For decades, microbiologists have analyzed the thermophilic microorganisms of the hydrothermal system and gained many thermophilic marine isolates. This resulted in an impressive number of isolates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the biotechnological applications of thermophilic microorganisms found in geothermal areas, specifically in Italy, and does not mention astrobiology or the study of life's potential on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: The LMMs across soil depths indicated that all CCs increased the MWD from 10 % for oat and up to 19 % for Mix12 compared to fallow (Table 1, model 1). Only the increase from oat was not significant. A second model on CC type (Table 1, model 2) indicated that CC mixtures showed a higher MWD increase (16 %) than single species (12 %). We explored the relationship between MWD and the soil parameters' OC content, texture, and BD. None of the parameters showed a significant relationship to MWD (see R markdown file in the data repository). The CC litter C:N ratio was significantly negatively related to the MWD in the topsoil (R2=0. 35, p=0. 01, Fig. S9) but not in the subsoil (data on CC C:N ratios were published in Gentsch et al. (2022) and Table S3 in the Supplement). Similar trends were also found with GMD (see R markdown file in the data repository). Figure 2Mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates after wet sieving from different soil depths. Lowercase letters in (a) denote significant differences between CC treatments by pairwise comparison for each soil depth independently. Lowercase letters in (b) denote overall effects of CC from a LMM. Transparent points represent the individual measurements, and full colours are mean values (± SE). Single refers to pure cultivated CCs, and Mix refers to CC mixtures. 1Results of two LMMs with MWD as the response and CC variant or CC type as the predictor variable. Soil depth was set as a random variable. Interpretation: the estimated mean of fallow is the reference group, and changing the treatment from fallow to mustard will increase the MWD by 0. 33 mm, which represents an increase of 12. 4 %. Version | we tested the relationship between MWD and OC in different aggregate size fractions (Fig. S9). There was a significant positive correlation between MWD and OC in the 8–4 mm fraction (R2=0. 25, p<0. 001), a slightly positive but significant trend with 16–8 mm sized aggregates (Fig. S9), and a negative correlation with OC in the <1 mm fraction (R2=0. 19, p<0. 001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim that cover crops (CC) are beneficial for soil structure, as it reports that various cover crops led to an increase in the mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates, indicating improved soil structure. Specifically, the increase in MWD was observed in different CC treatments compared to fallow and showed significant improvements with cover crop mixtures, which aligns with the idea that planting cover crops can enhance soil structure and organic matter.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: As the size of treatment plants increase, the percent of violations and, in particular, those that use surface water both tend to decrease; however, the number of people potentially at risk is quite high due to the large populations served. These well-documented drinking water violations, unregulated off-grid groundwater wells, and emerging contaminants all give rise to consumers’ lack of confidence in drinking water quality and justify the use of POU drinking water treatment systems. Although there has been much research on the mechanisms and removal efficacies of the types of water treatment technologies employed in POU applications, most peer-reviewed studies are framed in the context of large-scale municipal or industrial treatment applications and few independent studies have evaluated their efficacy in POU water treatment applications. Components in commercially available POU water filter systems are highly commoditized and standardized across the industry. (either GAC or ACB), RO, remineralization, and UVS are the most commonly employed technologies. This level of homogeneity in the production of filter systems is good in that it drives down costs to the consumer making POU water treatment widely accessible; however, the lack of regulations, monitoring and control of POU systems make it difficult to know if and when a POU system stops working as it was designed. The smartness of POU water filters may be defined as their ability to perform tasks such as monitoring and reporting water quality, monitoring filter performance and expected lifetime, controlling filtration remotely, and connecting with consumers through personal smart devices. By this definition, currently there are no commercially available water filtration products. Sensors providing water quality information is an essential feature for a water filter to become SMART. However, a SMART water filter is also expected to be connected to WiFi or Bluetooth and deliver the information to a mobile app. Interaction and control through the use of Internet is a key characteristic of any smart home technology. Future design and production of water treatment systems should consider moving beyond timers and counters to flow meters and (at least) basic water quality sensors (e. g. , EC/pH/ORP) along with Internet connectivity and interactive consumer apps. Finally, these technological innovations must be accomplished at very low cost to assure widespread accessibility for the most vulnerable and underprivileged populations. Data availability The authors declare that no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. Change history06 April 2022A Correction to this paper has been published: (2017). EPA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the disparities in access to clean drinking water. It mentions issues such as 'well-documented drinking water violations,' 'unregulated off-grid groundwater wells,' and 'emerging contaminants' that contribute to consumers’ lack of confidence in drinking water quality. Additionally, it points out that while Point of Use (POU) water treatment systems might improve accessibility, their 'lack of regulations, monitoring and control' makes it uncertain whether they can ensure clean drinking water for everyone, indicating that not all populations may have equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiologists study extremophiles like Thermophiles to understand life's potential on Mars. [SEP] Text: One of the best studied hyperthermophilic species is Pyrococcus furiosus which type strain Vc 1 was isolated already in the 1980s from a submarine solfataric field in a depth between 2 and 10 m (Fiala and Stetter 1986). Many other isolates of the order Thermococcales were gained in the following years from the shallow marine vents of Vulcano Island. The enzyme potential of Thermococcales is huge and many thermostable enzymes have been characterized for biotechnological application fields exhausting a large portion of it. An extensive overview about these DNA polymerases, carbohydrate and protein hydrolases and many other enzymes relevant for biocatalysis is given by Schut et al. (2014). Methods for enzyme identification from Thermococcales isolates range from classical activity-based screening of genomic libraries in E. coli to restriction-independent cloning of a gene expression library based on the genome sequence of P. furiosus (Yuan et al. 2015). Another industrial relevant isolate gained from geothermally heated marine sediments from is the type strain Thermotoga maritima MSB8, which produces enzymes for the degradation of diverse polysaccharides (Conners et al. 2006). Among all thermophilic genomes sequenced so far, the genome of T. maritima possesses with 7% the highest proportion of glycoside hydrolases (Chhabra et al. 2002; Sadaqat et al. 2021). As for many other isolates, genome sequencing of T. maritima has opened a new era for sequence-based enzyme discovery, for example coming up with thermostable esterase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and cellulase/mannanase (Levisson et al. 2007; Myung et al. 2010; Sadaqat et al. 2021). After the great era of gaining microbial isolates from Vulcano Island, the focus switched to the exploration of the microbial consortia to investigate even unculturable microorganisms. As already expected from the huge amounts of isolated strains, metagenomic analyses confirmed the rich biodiversity of thermophilic microorganisms in the area of Vulcano Island. The microbial analysis of crater with fumaroles and comparison with other sampling sites at indicated a potential correlation between the microbiome and the emitted gas composition (Fagorzi et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed information about specific hyperthermophilic species, their enzyme potentials, and methods for enzyme identification without making any connection or reference to astrobiology or studies related to life on Mars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cover crops are planted to improve soil structure and organic matter. [SEP] Text: Similar trends to what we identified for the MWD were also observed for the GMD, but the evaluation with an LMM showed significantly higher GMD compared to fallow only for mixed CC (Fig. S11 in the Supplement). 3. 4 Impacts on aggregate OC distribution The impact of soil parameters and CC type on aggregate OC distribution was evaluated by SEM (Fig. 3). The overall fit parameters indicated that the model fit the data satisfactorily (χ2=28. 7, p=0. 12, RMSEA=0. 08). The r square of the SEM variables indicated that 70 % of the variance in aggregate OC distribution is explained by the model (see R markdown file in the data repository). The regression parameters in the SEM indicated that all of the selected predictor variables showed a significant impact on aggregate OC distribution (p<0. 02). The standardized estimates of the predictors indicated that MWD had the highest impact on aggregate OC distribution, followed by soil parameters, and CC type (Fig. 3). The factor CC type was composed of three factors in the order mix, fallow, and single. The interpretation of the CC type in SEM is visualized in the R markdown file (see R markdown file in the data repository). By the change in the CC type from mix to fallow to single CCs, the OC distribution is affected positively, which means that OC in the <1 mm fraction increases, while OC in the larger fractions decreases. Figure 3Structural equation model (SEM) investigating the impact of parameters on aggregate OC distribution. Latent variables (blue) are predicted by grey-arrowed observed variables. Dashed lines indicate covariance variables. Numbers show standardized estimates with p values as asterisks. All model parameters are shown in the R markdown file (Supplement). MWD refers to mean weight diameter, and BD refers to bulk density. Download 4 Discussion 4. 1 Changes in aggregate stability The MWD and the GMD both serve as aggregate stability indices assuming that more of the larger aggregates resist wet-sieving treatment. The results indicated that the repeated application of CC (Table 1, Fig. 2b) increased the average size of soil aggregates and their stress resistance compared to fallow. Larger aggregates consist of subunits of smaller aggregates that are internally bound more strongly to each other as the MWD and GMD indices increase (Nimmo and Perkins, 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive impact of cover crop (CC) types on soil aggregate stability and organic carbon (OC) distribution. It states that repeated application of cover crops leads to increased average size of soil aggregates and their stress resistance compared to fallow, which aligns with the claim that cover crops improve soil structure. Furthermore, the mention of the impact on aggregate OC distribution highlights the role of cover crops in enhancing organic matter in the soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: AbstractCoagulation is a simple and cost-effective water treatment method that does not work well in removing multiple cationic and anionic heavy metals simultaneously from drinking water. Titanium potassium oxalate (K2TiO(C2O4)2), a fur tanning reagent, was found to be able to efficiently remove arsenite (As(III)), arsenate (As(V)), and Cd simultaneously. A dose of 120 µmol/L K2TiO(C2O4)2 could remove more than 90% of As and Cd to meet the drinking water standards when their initial concentrations were 10 times their maximum concentration limits, whereas traditional coagulants, such as Fe2(SO4)3 and Al2(SO4)3, failed to meet the drinking water standards. Additionally, K2TiO(C2O4)2 coagulation consumes natural water hardness (Ca2+/Mg2+) to produce softer water and releases healthy K+ as a by-product. The mechanism study indicated that K2TiO(C2O4)2 reacted with natural calcium ions in drinking water to form calcium oxalate, while residual titanium was hydrolyzed with water to form hydrous titanium oxide. Arsenic was removed primarily via complexation with hydrous titanium oxide, while Cd was removed via the combined effect of adsorption by hydrous titanium oxide and mixed-crystal formation by calcium oxalate. This study provides an efficient coagulant for removing multiple heavy metals simultaneously, which can be applied in water treatment to provide safe and healthy drinking water. Similar content being viewed by others Electrocoagulation/flotation process for removing copper from an aqueous environment 1. Arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) are common toxic heavy metals that primarily exist as inorganic anionic and cationic ions in natural environments, respectively2,3. They can be frequently found together in acid mine drainage, the smelting industry, fuel combustion, and other sources4,5,6. As and Cd co-contamination poses a severe threat to drinking water supply systems7,8,9. Health Organization, the Agency of the United States, and many other countries have set strict standards for drinking water supply, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of removing heavy metals like arsenic and cadmium from drinking water and highlighting that certain water treatment methods do not meet drinking water standards. This implies that access to safe drinking water can vary significantly based on the quality of local water sources and the effectiveness of existing treatment methods, suggesting that geographic factors influence access to clean drinking water.