Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , 2010; Usio et al. , 2016), and secondary introductions of its branchiobdellidans have also been observed (Kawai et al. , 2004; Ohtaka et al. , 2005; Nakata et al. , 2010). Pacifastacus leniusculus is a cold-water crayfish and new populations have been widely established in Hokkaido, one of the coldest regions of Japan (Usio et al. , 2016). The native and endangered Japanese Crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan, 1841), is present in Hokkaido, but P. leniusculus is competitively dominant and has displaced C. japonicus in some sites (Kawai et al. , 2002; Nakata et al. , 2004). While direct interactions between the native and non-native crayfish have been suggested (Usio et al. , 2001; Nakata and Goshima 2003), no evidence has been reported regarding the transfer of native and non-native crayfish worms to each crayfish species. In Japan, 11 valid species of branchiobdellidans have been found on C. japonicus (Ohtaka et al. , 2023; Ohtaka et al. , 2024). List published by the of the Environment lists all these species as being at a higher risk of extinction than their host, C. japonicus (Ministry of the Environment, 2020). Biological invasions have a serious impact not only on C. japonicus but also on its branchiobdellidans. In the in Sapporo, Japan (mainstem, Site 1, Fig. 1), we found suspected Japanese and branchiobdellidans on two individuals of P. leniusculus collected on August 5, 2021. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence and species composition more detail. We also examined branchiobdellidans on native C. japonicus. We particularly focused if a transfer of the symbionts occurred between the two host species. We performed this study using the following methods. We collected P. leniusculus in the on August 30, 2022 (Fig. 1, Tab. 1), using a cage trap, hand nets and backpack electrofisher (model 20B; Smith-Root Inc. , ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the negative impact of the non-native species Pacifastacus leniusculus on the native and endangered Japanese crayfish, Cambaroides japonicus. It states that P. leniusculus is competitively dominant and has displaced C. japonicus in some locations, suggesting that the introduction of this non-native species is harmful rather than beneficial to the ecosystem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Also, the morphology of microglia in the wake state (Fig. 5b) appears very different from that shown in Fig. S3C1 (baseline). What is the reason? The morphology of microglia is indeed heterogeneous and variable, affected by factors including brain state, brain region, microenvironmental changes, along with animal-to-animal difference. We didn’t perform the microglia morphology comparison between the LC axon ablation mice and wild type mice and, in view of this, we removed the description of “more contracted morphology” from the main text. It should also be noted that, as we primarily focused on changes of a microglia in different states over time by selfcomparison, we minimized possible effects of heterogeneity in microglia morphology on our conclusions. The relationship between NE level and microglia dynamics. Fig. 4C shows that the extracellular NE level is the highest in the wake state and the lowest in REM. Previous studies (Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11):1771-1781, 2019; Stowell RD et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11): 1782-1792, 2019) suggest that high NE tone corresponds to reduced microglia complexity and surveillance. Hence, it would be expected that microglia process length, branch point number, and area/volume are higher in REM than in NREM. However, Fig. 2l-n show the opposite. How should we understand this Your point is well-taken. On the one hand, our data clearly showed that NE is critically involved in the brain state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance, with evidence from the ablation of the LC-NE projection and from the β2AR knockout animal model. On the other hand, we also understand that NE is not the sole determinant, so the relationship between the NE level and the complexity and surveillance may not be unique. In this regard, other potential modulators also present dynamic during sleepwake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. previous studies (Liu YU et al. , 2019; Stowell RD et al. , 2019) have shown that microglia can be jointly affected by surrounding neuronal activity and NE level during wake. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses the morphology of microglia in relation to brain states and neurotransmitter levels, specifically focusing on norepinephrine (NE) and its effects during different sleep states. There is no mention of melatonin or its relationship with light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: A blockchain-based telemonitoring framework for the identification and therapy of malignant growth cancers for patients in remote spots was introduced in [3]. Savvy contracts and blockchain were utilized in the proposed system to guarantee the realness and security of patient information at specific clinical foundations as well as at their homes. In [4], a blockchain-based framework named DermoNet is proposed for helping dermatology patients with online dermatological meeting systems by means of tele dermatology observing. is a blockchain-based network introduced in [5] to help maturing individuals’ dynamic living. Blockchain innovation might be an amazing and appropriate choice for complex clinical therapy cycles like persistent diseases, surgeries, and maturing. Besides, drug organizations, medication creators, and biomedical scientists are utilizing blockchain to carry out complex hereditary analysis in the medical care market. Advertisement 2. Applications of blockchain in healthcareBlockchain innovation was at first utilized in banking and monetary applications as cryptographic forms of money, yet its true capacity has now extended to incorporate medical services and natural applications [6]. Records (EHR), clinical production network the board, clinical innovative work, genomic market, drug medication, neuroscience studies, biomedical turn of events, and Telemedicine and E-Healthcare are instances of how blockchain innovation is being utilized in the medical care space. Blockchain gives a solid and secure framework for putting away and sharing information in all subdomains of the medical care business, permitting doctors and medical care suppliers to involve recorded information for a wide range of exchanges and tests. The utilization of blockchain in the medical care business is depicted beneath considering a few late examinations in the field and outlined in Figure 3. Figure 3. Applications of Blockchain in the medical industry. 2. 1 Electronic health records (EHR)The interest for medical services record digitization has developed over the course of the past 10 years as clinical experts and medical services suppliers need basic admittance to patient information for expedient direction. Electronic wellbeing records (EHR) are advanced renditions of information that approved medical care experts might access out of the blue with more prominent security. The electronic wellbeing record (EHR) contains a patient’s clinical history, conclusion reports, remedy information, treatment plans, research facility and experimental outcomes, etc. The most predominant utilization of blockchain in medical care frameworks is to work on the security and unwavering quality of electronic wellbeing records. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various applications of blockchain technology outside of finance, specifically in the healthcare sector. It mentions several blockchain-based frameworks and their implementations, such as a telemonitoring framework for cancer patients and DermoNet for dermatology consultations, highlighting how blockchain extends beyond its original use in banking and cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: (2006) reported that four species of native branchiobdellidans – Branchiobdella italica Canegallo, 1923, Branchiobdella pentadonta Whitman, 1882, Branchiobdella parasita (Braun, 1805) and Branchiobdella hexadonta Grube, 1883 – were found on the non-native crayfish Faxonius limosus (Rafnesque, 1817) in 2001. However, only B. italica was observed in 2003, and no branchiobdellidans were detected in subsequent surveys. This suggests that novel symbiotic relationships between crayfish and branchiobdellidans may not last long. The population of P. leniusculus was established in the system relatively recently (less than 10 yr ago, K. Tanaka, unpublished data). Not much time has been passed since the first interactions between the non-native and native crayfish, and the branchiobdellidans population might have been transiently supported by P. leniusculus. No individuals of C. cirratus complex were found on C. japonicus during this study. Because we investigated only four populations of C. japonicus, exploring more sites in this river system may identify the source population of the branchiobdellidans transmitting to P. leniusculus from C. japonicus. However, the very low densities of C. japonicus in the studied area suggest that the host population from which the source of C. cirratus complex might have been already extinct, or that C. cirratus complex became extinct before C. digitatus due to the decline of host crayfish. Hinosawa et al. (2023) estimated that C. japonicus in northern in Japan will be largely extinct by 2050, suggesting that C. japonicus is at a greater risk of extinction than previously thought. In Hokkaido, population extinction has already been confirmed at several sites (Kawai et al. , 2002; Nakata et al. , 2004), and the estimation in Hinosawa et al. (2023) could apply to Hokkaido populations as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential negative impacts and transient nature of interactions between non-native species, such as the crayfish Faxonius limosus and native branchiobdellidans. It highlights that while there were initial associations between these species, the populations of branchiobdellidans may not have been permanently reinforced by the non-native crayfish, indicating that introducing such species may not always yield beneficial results for ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: , 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM than NREM (Peng et al. , 2023). In addition, our own preliminary result (Author response image 1) also showed a higher adenosine level in REM than NREM in somatosensory cortex. Last but not the least, we found that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. In brief, microglia are highly sensitive to varied changes in the surrounding environment, and many a modulator may participate in the microglia dynamic during sleep state. This may underlie the microglia complexity difference between REM and NREM. Future investigations are warranted to delineate the signal-integrative role of microglia in physiology and under stress. We have discussed the pertinent points in the revised manuscript. Please see line 343-354. Author response image 1. Extracellular adenosine levels in somatosensory cortex in different brain states. AAV2/9-hSyn-GRABAdo1. 0 (Peng W. et al. , Science. 2020) was injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, -1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, -0. 3 mm). Data from the same recording are connected by lines. n = 9 from 3 mice. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): The manuscript describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in a more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings could provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on microglial dynamics during different sleep states without linking these observations to melatonin or light exposure. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Indeed, even before blockchain innovation, the imperative of electronic wellbeing records was that patient information was scattered across different medical care suppliers in view of the patient’s conditions, and earlier information was not accessible even in EHR frameworks. Numerous scholastics have proposed blockchain as a clever methodology for putting away patients’ EHRs to keep their set of experiences and present data secure for a lifetime and retrievable whenever. A model “MedRec” was created in [7] for conveying a modern and permanent record history of patients, with particular blockchain benefits for taking care of validation, trustworthiness, security, privacy, and sharing of information records. This model works on a decentralized administration framework and ensures that patients have a permanent and effectively open history of their clinical information, which they can basically trade with their different medical care suppliers for therapy. With a few limitations while taking on records with EHR, for example, loss of command over records, information provenance concerns, and information following, clinical information sharing could become pivotal. To address these issues, [8] launched MeDShare, a blockchain-based platform for the safe and trustless sharing of data and electronic health records among various cloud service providers, healthcare professionals, and research institutions with better data provenance and privacy. 2. 2 Healthcare medical supply chainIn the medical care area, there is an earnest requirement for more successful production network the board. Coronavirus showed significant defects in the United States’ medical care supply chains, with emergency clinics compelled to manage deficiencies of individual defensive hardware (PPE), ventilators, and urgent drugs. Besides, medical organizations have been feeling the squeeze lately to expand productivity and address rising store network costs. Truth be told, it has been expressed that reinforcing emergency clinic store network the executives might save emergency clinics generally $12 million every year. Medical clinics, medical services suppliers, drug organizations, and different partners in the medical services area can further develop medical services production network the executives to not just dispose of store network shortcomings and superfluous production network costs, yet additionally to incorporate dexterity and strength into the medical care esteem chain. With a more adaptable and strong medical care inventory network, upstream and downstream accomplices will actually want to answer all the more successfully to unexpected occasions like regular fiascoes or a worldwide pandemic, working on persistent results and saving lives. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of blockchain technology, specifically in healthcare. It highlights how blockchain is being proposed for storing electronic health records (EHRs) to improve the security and accessibility of patient information, such as in the 'MedRec' model and the MeDShare platform. This indicates that industries outside of finance, particularly healthcare, are indeed exploring blockchain for innovative applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Since symbionts are known to go extinct earlier than their hosts in some cases (Rózsa and Vas, 2005; Lafferty, 2012), it is highly possible that the extinction of C. cirratus complex occurred earlier than that of C. japonicus in the system. Japanese branchiobdellidans are specifically ectosymbiotic with C. japonicus and could only live in lakes or small streams near water sources inhabited by this host. On the other hand, P. leniusculus can inhabit mainstems, and C. cirratus complex could permanently use P. leniusculus as a host; they have expanded their habitat range to mainstem reaches, where it was originally difficult for them to inhabit. This finding is a unique example of a native symbiont that would normally be lost along with its native host as a result of biological invasions avoiding extinction by shifting hosts to the invasive species as well as expanding the living area of the river due to the high dispersal ability of the new host. When native endangered symbiotic species transfer to non-native hosts, the removal of non-native species means driving the endangered species to extinction at the hands of humans. This finding suggests that there is a dilemma between the extermination of non-native species and the protection of symbionts caused by an overlooked host shift. Nevertheless, the main goal of the management of introduced species is to eradicate or reduce their population sizes, which leads to the restoration of native biodiversity (Hulme, 2006; Prior et al. , 2017). A proper understanding of complex ecosystems includes symbiotic organisms and clarifying on what to conserve and what to eliminate, sometimes at the expense of native species, is important for ecosystem management. are grateful to Dr. (Hirosaki University) for teaching us the methods of branchiobdellidan identification. The authors also thank to (Museum), Hiroki Terashima, (Bureau), (Hokkaido University), (& Eco-Co. , Ltd. ) and (Zoo) for supporting our crayfish sampling. 2002. Modulating the modulators: parasites, neuromodulators and host behavioral change. Evol 60: 370–377. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2018. branchiobdellids on non-native crayfishes: report from the Czech Republic. J Limnol 77: 164–168. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the introduction of non-native species can lead to negative consequences for native species and ecosystems. Specifically, it mentions that the eradication of non-native species aims to restore native biodiversity, which indicates that non-native species can disrupt complex ecosystems and contribute to the endangerment of native symbiotic organisms. The discussion of host shifts and the potential extinction of native species as a result of biological invasions further supports this idea, suggesting that introducing non-native species is not always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. However, there are several methodological and experimental concerns which should be addressed. The major comments are summarized below: The main technological advantage of the 2p miniaturized microscope is the ability to track single cells over sleep cycles. A main question that is unclear from the analysis and the way the data is presented is: are the structural changes in microglia reversible? Meaning, could the authors provide evidence that the same cell can dynamically change in sleep state and then return to similar size in wakefulness? The same question arises again with the data which is presented for anesthesia, is this change reversible? As revealed by long-term free behavioral mTPM imaging, the brain-statedependent morphological changes in microglia were reproducible and reversible. Author response image 2 shows that microglia displayed reversible dynamic changes during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. Author response image 3 shows that microglia dynamics induced by anesthesia also exhibited reversibility. Author response image 2. Long-term tracking of microglia process area in different brain states. Data analysis used 8 cells. Data total of 31 time points were selected from in vivo imaging data and were used to characterize the morphological changes of microglia over a continuous 7-hour period. Author response image 3. Reversible changes of microglial process length, area, number of branch points under anesthesia. Wake group: 30 minute-accommodation to new environment; Isoflurane group: 1. 5% in air applied at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min for 30 minutes; Recovery group: 30 minutes after recovery from anesthesia. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. The binary comparison between brain states is misleading, shouldn't the changes in structural dynamics compared to the baseline of the state onset? The authors method describes analysis of the last 5 minutes in each sleep/wake state. However, these transitions are directional- for instance, REM usually follows NREM, so the description of a decrease in length during REM sleep could be inaccurate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses microglia dynamics in relation to sleep deprivation and anesthesia but does not provide any information about melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 3 The importance of healthcare supply chain managementThe essential objectives of medical services store network the executives are to further develop perceivability and proficiency all through the inventory network, and as of late, this has extended to incorporate the essential objective of further developing store network dexterity and strength — fundamental in these seasons of expanded vulnerability and unpredictability in both organic market conditions. At the point when wellbeing inventory network the board is done accurately, supply accomplices are better prepared to perceive and deal with bottlenecks, potential interferences, and different worries that might emerge anyplace along the store network. It can possibly work on tolerant consideration and security while additionally diminishing waste and inefficient cost. Checking and supporting the progression of prescriptions, clinical supplies and hardware, and clinical benefits from maker to patient are the significant errands associated with medical services inventory network the board. Inventory network quality administration and arranging, production network mechanization and advancement, and provider relationship and chance administration are all important for it. At the point when organizations utilize advanced instruments and innovation to oversee medical services supply chains, they utilize significant bits of knowledge got from multi-source information to persistently adjust and improve production network frameworks and cycles. One part of the drug climate where blockchain may profit from its one of a kind characteristics and center ideas is the prescription production network. While embracing innovation driven arrangements and use cases, the drug production network is given extraordinary thought. The overall fake and phony market is worth up to $200 billion every year, and fake prescriptions are a significant wellspring of concern on the grounds that the worldwide underground market offers such items to people without moral endorsement. The danger to human existence presented by fake drugs and medicines is developing and ought not be disregarded. Duplicating is a major issue in the drug area, and a substitute cure should be created. Blockchain innovation can assist the medical care industry with further developing its store network by decreasing extortion involving against duplicating advancements and working on quality control in the assembling and dissemination of drug things and prescriptions. Blockchain-based methods can follow the entire life expectancy of meds and medicines, down to a solitary portion, from assembling to dispersion. Blockchain innovation for safe computerized stamping of drug things is now being utilized by firms like as Block pharma, and the Centers for and Prevention to offer a solid and dependable track of drugs all through their life expectancy (CDC). 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of blockchain technology in the healthcare supply chain management. It specifically mentions how blockchain can enhance the drug supply chain by reducing fraud and improving quality control, highlighting a clear application of blockchain beyond the financial sector.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: [2006. Some cases of macro-epibiosis on the invasive crayfish Orconectes limosus in the Czech Republic. de la Peche et de la Pisciculture 380-381: 1325–1337. [1987. Observations on three species of branchiobdellid (Annelida: Clitellata) worms from eastern Asia. Hydrobiologia 155: 15–25. [CrossRef] [2020. An ongoing saga: endemic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on translocated commercial crayfish. Zoosymposia 17: 141–158. [CrossRef] [2016. Global overview of Branchiobdallida (Annelida: Clitellata). In: Kawai T, Faulkes Z, Schoitz, eds. Freshwater Crayfish: A Global Overview, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 654. [1999. Distribution of native and exotic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on their respective crayfish hosts in northern Italy, with the first record of native Branchiobdella species on an exotic crayfish. J Limnol 58: 20–24. [CrossRef] [2020. Early researchers involved with Branchiobdellidans and a reassessment of the taxonomic status of Branchiobdella digitata Pierantoni, 1906. Bulg 72: 179–185. [1981. New species of Sathodrilus Holt, 1968, (Clitellata: Branchiobdellida) from the Pacific drainage of the United States, with the synonymy of Sathodrilus virgiliae Holt, 1977. 94: 848–862. [2006. Beyond control: wider implications for the management of biological invasions. J 43: 835–847. [CrossRef] [2018. Transmission and terrestrial dispersal of non-native ectosymbionts on invasive crayfish. Hydrobiologia 820: 135–144. [CrossRef] [2015. Reduced aggression and foraging efficiency of invasive signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus) infested with non-native branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing negative implications of non-native species, such as 'Reduced aggression and foraging efficiency of invasive signal crayfish infested with non-native branchiobdellidans.' This suggests that non-native species can have harmful effects on ecosystems rather than always being beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: As you know, the time scale of microglia morphological dynamic is relatively slow, so we analyzed the microglia morphological dynamic of the last part (30s in the revised manuscript) of each state instead of the state onset, allowing time for stabilization of the microglia response to inter-state transition. Further, we compared microglia dynamic between two NREM groups transiting to different subsequent states: group1 (NREM to REM) vs group2 (NREM to Wake). This precaution was to exclude the directional effect of state transitions. Our results showed that there was no difference in microglial length, area, number of branching points between the two NREM groups (Author response image 4), indicating that the last 30s of each NREM was not affected by its following state and that it’s reasonable to perform binary comparison. Author response image 4. Microglial morphological length, area change, and number of branch points of the last 30s of NREM sleep followed by REM or Wake. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. Sleep deprivation- again, it is unclear whether these structural changes are reversible. This point is straightforward to address using this methodology by measuring sleep following SD. In addition, the authors chose a method to induce sleep deprivation that is rather harsh. It is unclear if the effect shown is the result of stress or perhaps an excess of motor activity. We adopted the method of forced exercise as it has been commonly used for sleep deprivation (Pandi-Perumal et al. , 2007; et al. , 2020), though it does have the potential limitation of excess of motor activity. In light of your comments and suggestion, we presented new data demonstrating that sleep duration of the mice, mostly NREM sleep, increased compensatively (ZT9-10) after the 6-hour sleep deprivation (ZT2-8) (revised Fig. S3B). This result shows that sleep deprivation indeed increase sleep pressure in the mice. As the sleep pressure was eased during recovery sleep, morphological changes of microglia were reversed over a timescale of several hours (revised Fig. S3 E-J). The authors perform measurements of norepinephrine with a recently developed GRAB sensor. These experiments are performed to causally link microglia surveillance during sleep to norepinephrine secretion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses microglial dynamics during different sleep states and the effects of sleep deprivation on these dynamics, which is unrelated to the claim about melatonin's role in sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 4 Improving healthcare supply chain management using digital technologyA developing number of firms are carrying out inventive innovation to help and change medical services production network the board. Coronavirus has started computerized change projects inside the drug area and then some. There are currently imaginative and easy to-utilize arrangements accessible to help undertakings in separating information storehouses, a well established issue in medical care, and creating applications that permit them to interface production network information with clinical information. The advanced stock organization, or cloud-based production network organizing innovation, makes it simpler for organizations to associate their production network frameworks to electronic wellbeing records (EHR) and other medical services frameworks. Firms can normalize, smooth out, and robotize tedious business processes, bringing down costs while working on tolerant results, and laying out a clinically incorporated inventory network that shows restraint focused and proactive by interfacing inventory network information with electronic clinical records and other related informational collections. Multienterprise work the board programming is one more important innovation for medical services inventory network the executives. These applications empower patient-driven organization all through the medical services esteem chain. They help groups in teaming up across interior and outer areas to better knowledge into store network tasks and further develop store network flexibility. Through the trading of expressed needs and designated commitment, they help supply accomplices in creating trusted and commonly fruitful business organizations. Exchanging accomplices might share information and knowledge by means of normalized, secure, and consent passages and team up to handle the issues influencing medical care supply chains today. Advertisement 3. The benefits of healthcare supply chain management digitizationThe connected store network, or inventory network 4. 0, is solid and versatile, able to do quickly answering changing circumstances and recuperating from surprising interferences. Medical services organizations are carefully modernizing medical care production network the board by embracing the most current medical services store network innovation, simplifying it for themselves as well as their exchange accomplices to streamline and improve the production network. They are using this innovation to acquire continuous, definite access into their stock chains from starting to complete the process of, permitting them to recognize and address potential hardships and obstacles early and turn quickly on a case by case basis. They might use medical services store network investigation to all the more accurately gauge interest, advance stock preparation and the executives, and answer all the more successfully to changing economic situations by joining inventory network and clinical information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses how various firms are adopting digital technologies, including blockchain-like solutions, to improve healthcare supply chain management. It highlights the modernization efforts within the healthcare sector and the implementation of advanced technologies that extend beyond traditional finance applications. This indicates that industries like healthcare are exploring innovative technologies similar to blockchain to address supply chain issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 8: 596. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2002. Temporal changes of the density in two crayfish species, the native Cambaroides japonicus (De Haan) and the alien Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), in natural habitats of Hokkaido, Japan. 13: 198–206. [2004. The taxonomic status of the introduced signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana, 1852) in Japan, and the source of specimens in the newly reported population in Fukushima prefecture. Crustaceana 77: 861–870. [CrossRef] [2009. Parasite spillback: a neglected concept in invasion ecology? Ecology 90: 2047–2056. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2012. Biodiversity loss decreases parasite diversity: theory and patterns. 367: 2814–2827. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2012. Global introductions of crayfishes: Evaluating the impact of species invasions on ecosystem services. Syst 43: 449–472. [CrossRef] [2014. Co-invaders: The effects of alien parasites on native hosts. Wildl 3: 171–177. [CrossRef] [PubMed] [2020. of Japan. Available from Accessed 15 June 2023. [2003. Competition for shelter of preferred sizes between the Japonicus and the Leniusculus in Japan in Relation to Prior Residence, Sex Difference, and Body Size. J 23: 897–907. [CrossRef] [2004. Reproduction of the Leniusculus in Lake Shikaribetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. J 24: 496–501. [2010. First record of the invasive crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus from the Kanto region, basin, central Japan: a range expansion to a warm water area. Res 5: 165–168. [CrossRef] [2005. New records and distributions of two branchiobdellidan species (Annelida: Clitellata) from introduced signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus, in Japan. 7: 149–156. [CrossRef] [2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to the impact of non-native species, such as the alien crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, on native species and ecosystems in Japan. The mention of 'parasite spillback,' competition for shelter, and the reproductive behaviors of introduced species suggests that these introductions may have negative implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services, thereby contrasting with the claim that these introductions are 'always beneficial.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: They perform 2p imaging and collect data points which are single neurons, and it is unclear why the normalization and analysis is performed for bulk fluorescence similar to data obtained with photometry. We did not perform single-neuron analysis for two reasons. First, our experimental conditions, e. g. , the expression of the NE indicator and the control of imaging laser intensity, did not yield sufficient signal-to-noise to clearly discriminate individual neurons with two-photon imaging. Second, NE signal may play a modulatory role, and fluorescence changes appeared to be global, rather than local or cell-specific. Therefore, we analyzed fluorescence changes in different brain states over the whole field-of-view in Fig. 4, rather than at the subregional or single-cell level. The experiments involving b2AR KO mice are difficult to interpret and do not provide substantial mechanistic insight. Since b2AR are expressed throughout numerous cell types in the brain and in the periphery, it is entirely not clear whether the effects on microglia dynamics are direct. The conclusion and the statement regarding the expression of b2AR in microglia is not supported by the 354. As you suggested, we added 419. Statistical analysis: the authors used t-test or ANOVA without first checking whether the data pass the normality test. If the data does not follow a normal distribution, nonparametric tests would be more appropriate. Per your suggestion, we performed the test of statistical significance using parametric (ANOVA) if past the normality test, or the non-parametric (Friedman) tests for non-normal data. Please see line 533-535. Fig. 1b needs a minor change. In the figure, the EMG electrodes appear to be connected to the brain as well. We have corrected this oversight. Thank you. Fig. 1c: it would be helpful to give examples of raw EEG and EMG traces for REM and NREM separately. Raw traces are now shown as suggested. Please see Fig. 1c, page 32. Fig. 1h: is each data point one microglia or one end-point? In Fig. 1h, each data represents the average speed of all branches of one microglia, not one end-point. Sleep deprivation starts at 9 am. What time corresponds to 0 (ZT0, the beginning of the light phase)? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles at all. Instead, it focuses on experimental procedures and difficulties related to imaging and statistical analysis of data pertaining to microglia and overall brain activity. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Computerized inventory network the executives innovations can help raise efficiency and lessen time to advertise by advancing expanded correspondence and joint effort all through the medical services production network. Besides, by upgrading trust and straightforwardness all through the stock organization, they further develop store network flexibility, aiding the production of a medical services esteem chain that can more readily answer and recuperate from future pandemics and other general wellbeing disasters. Work the executives for provider networks across a few ventures. Resolve provider episodes up to 80% faster. 3. 1 Healthcare supply chain management in the futureA computerized production network organization, intended to deal with the intricacy of medical services production network the board, gives associations in this quickly developing area with the straightforwardness and start to finish perceivability they expect to deal with a convoluted and extending organization of exchanging accomplices by means of constant data streams, specialized devices, and cooperative work processes. It can help them in distinguishing and settling organic market concerns right off the bat, before patients and their primary concern endures. Since it is cloud-based, network individuals benefit from the versatility and adaptability expected to incorporate and utilize mechanical cycle computerization, man-made consciousness and AI, prescient investigation, and other state of the art store network 4. 0 advancements. Work the board programming likewise helps firms in producing cooperative advancement and creating patient-driven inventory network organizations. Supply accomplices might team up more successfully to organize patient results in original ways and make new advanced working models for the fate of medical care. Medical organizations might utilize work the board instruments and a computerized supply organization to ensure that all patients get the treatments they require, when and when they require them. Individuals from the organization are engaged to team up for everyone’s best interests, and worldwide populaces benefit from expanded admittance to life-saving drugs and better treatment made conceivable by computerized medical services store network the board. 3. 2 Blockchain technology could enhance the caliber of clinical researchSince it empowers information recording, sharing, and care, blockchain can possibly impact clinical examination. Without a doubt, it involves a decentralized secure global positioning framework for any information connections that might happen with regards to clinical preliminaries, as well as a distributed comprehensive organization that empowers information sharing on the examination side while likewise guaranteeing all vital straightforwardness and protection worries on the patient local area side. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology can enhance clinical research and improve healthcare supply chain management. It explains that blockchain enables secure global positioning for data connections in clinical trials, indicating that industries beyond finance, such as healthcare, are exploring blockchain applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: AbstractChronic ungulate herbivory impacts are well documented, consistently showing changes in plant community dynamics. In contrast, indirect ungulate effects on soil biota and processes are less well understood and idiosyncratic. Evidence suggests that increased deer abundance in northeastern forests may facilitate invasions by non-native earthworms and non-native plants through indirect non-consumptive processes. We sampled earthworm abundance using paired open and fenced plots (experimentally excluding deer) from 2008 to 2011 at 12 sites at West Point, NY and in 2013 at 21 additional sites across four states that varied in exclosure size and age since establishment. Fencing decreased earthworm abundance at and in regional surveys. Point, negative effects of fencing on earthworm abundance decreased with soil pH and were stronger at sites dominated by native than non-native understory vegetation. Sites dominated by native vegetation had more acidic soils and lower earthworm abundance compared to sites dominated by non-native vegetation. In the regional survey, negative effects of fencing on earthworm abundance increased with time since fences were established, but effects were not affected by exclosure size or site location. We show unforeseen indirect effects of deer exclusion on earthworm populations. Results illustrate the need to account for complex interactive effects among co-occurring stressors, such as deer, earthworms, and non-native plants. Failures to account for these interactions will result in hidden treatments, will complicate interpretation of ecological experiments, and will create difficulties in designing appropriate management strategies aimed at reducing stressor effects. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 39. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Instant access to the full 2012. Roe deer may markedly alter forest nitrogen and phosphorus budgets across Europe. Oikos 121:1271–8. 2012. Long-term impacts of deer exclosures on mixed-oak forest composition at the. J Soc 139:167–80. 1988. Forests to deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. 2:348–58. 1993. Recovery of browse-sensitive tree species following release from white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman browsing pressure. 63:203–8. 2008. A perfect storm: two ecosystem engineers interact to degrade deciduous forests of New Jersey. 10:785–95. 2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting how increased deer abundance may facilitate invasions by non-native earthworms and non-native plants, leading to unforeseen and potentially negative impacts on native ecosystems, as evidenced by the discussion on complex interactions among various species. The notion that the introduction of non-native species is beneficial is challenged by the described negative effects of these invasions on soil biota and plant community dynamics, suggesting that the introduction of non-native species can disrupt rather than enhance ecosystem health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We now clarified that 9 am corresponds to Zeitgeber time 2. Please see line 196. Line 61: the authors referred to Ramon y Cajal's original suggestion that microglia dynamics are coupled to the sleep-wake cycle. However, the cited paper only indicates that Cajal suggested a role of astrocytes in the sleep-wake cycle, not microglia. In addition, there is a typo in the line: there should be a space between "Ramon" and "y" in Cajal's name. We have updated the statement and reference literature to point out the microglia’s involvement in the sleep-wake cycle. The typo was corrected. Please see line 64-65. Fig. S3B: As each group has only 3 mice, it is unclear how t-test can yield p < 0. 01 or even 0. 001. We checked the original data again and it was correct. This small p-values may be due to the small intra-group difference of control group. Line 251-253, "Figure 4h-n" should be "Figure 5h-n"? We have revised it. Please see line 265-266. Fig. 5h: the receptor should be "adrenergic receptor", not "adrenal receptor". We changed the term to “adrenergic receptor”. Please see Fig 5h. Fig. 5g, n: the number of data points is apparently less than the sample size given in the figure legend. Perhaps some data points have exactly the same value so they overlap? The authors may consider plotting identical values with a slight shift so that the number of data points shown matches the actual sample size, to avoid confusion. Yes, we have added small jitters so different data points can be seen to avoid confusion. Please see Fig. 5n. There are some typos (e. g. , Line 217, "he" should be "the") and some incomplete 27. Reviewer #2 (The Authors): Major issues: Re-analyze the data in a manner that allows to follow and compare the same cells over different state transitions. This is necessary to evaluate the reversibility of microglia structure. In addition, consider analysis of the change from the beginning to the end of each state. As shown in response figure 2, microglia dynamics were reversible during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses various corrections in a paper related to microglia dynamics and their involvement in the sleep-wake cycle, without clarifying details about melatonin. It also contains editorial comments and data analysis suggestions rather than information linking directly to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this technique might encourage more confidence in clinical exploration, whose standing has been seriously hurt by ongoing scandals [9, 10]. Blockchain innovation might be seen as an establishment for improved clinical examination strategies as well as a push toward more transparency to construct certainty inside research networks and among exploration and patient networks. 3. 3 Building reliable clinical studies: At each step, keep track and timestampInformation sacredness and trustworthiness are two crucial qualities of information at the utilitarian level, “the information level. ” as far as information sacredness and accuracy, Blockchain guarantees that occasions are kept in their exact sequential control, significantly forestalling deduced reproduction study. To begin with, the cryptographic approval of every exchange guarantees information honesty [11]. This is basic for guaranteeing information truthfulness — forestalling information creation, information “beautification,” and, here and there, information innovation. Second, one of the principal abilities of Blockchain is information discernibility and accuracy: every exchange is timestamped [12]. This information is available to people in general; any client can get a duplicate of the time-stepped information. Figure 4 portrays the mind boggling progressions of heterogeneous information and metadata that circle in a clinical report, proposing countless medical care partners and all records whose presence might be confirmed utilizing Blockchain. Accordingly, the presence of information becomes evident while the information stays private. Figure 4. Clinical trial complex data workflow encoded in Blockchain. Rundown of non-thorough instances of key data that can favorably “sit on the top” of the Blockchain:Before the clinical preliminary starts, the information sharing technique, including the schedule, dataset documentation, and information sharing arrangement, if any, should be given with the goal that this data might be timestamped in sequential request in the unfalsifiable Blockchain. Assents and clinical preliminary convention, including sort of study, essential and optional results, and consideration and avoidance models, can be bundled into information structures saved money on the Blockchain before the clinical preliminary starts. The information structures are then in coordinated correspondence with assents, the convention, and its changes, giving hearty affirmation of their reality. This element can support the counteraction of normal issues related with non-discernible clinical preliminary conventions, for example, particular announcing of results connected with specific detailing of damage, under-revealing of non-critical results, and confuses between arranged results in the convention and last distribution. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the applications of blockchain in clinical research and trials. It explains how blockchain can enhance data integrity, trustworthiness, and transparency in clinical exploration, thereby indicating that industries outside of finance are indeed investigating blockchain technology for its potential benefits. By outlining the improvements in clinical examination strategies through blockchain, the text confirms the claim that various industries are exploring this technology beyond its financial applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Herbivore-mediated linkages between aboveground and belowground communities. Ecology 84:2258–68. 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4. R package version 1. 1-7. 2009. Influence of soil buffering capacity on earthworm growth, survival, and community composition in the western Adirondacks and York. 16:269–84. 2004. Ecosystem consequences of exotic earthworm invasion of north temperate forests. Ecosystems 7:1–12. 2012. Beyond the browse line: complex cascade effects mediated by white-tailed deer. Oikos 121:1749–60. 2002. Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. New York: Springer-Verlag. 2013. Plant—herbivore—decomposer stoichiometric mismatches and nutrient cycling in ecosystems. 280:20122453. 2012. Effects of invasive amur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on litter-dwelling arthropod communities. Nat 167:256–72. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. 35:113–47. 2009. Earthworms, stand age, and species composition interact to influence particulate organic matter chemistry during forest succession. Biogeochemistry 92:61–82. 2014. Demographic responses of rare forest plants to multiple stressors: the role of deer, invasive species and nutrients. J Ecol 102:1222–33. 2013. Interactive effects of flooding and deer (Odocoileus virginianus) browsing on floodplain forest recruitment. Manag 303:11–19. 2007. Interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline. Evol 22:489–96. 2014. Deer browsing delays succession by altering aboveground vegetation and belowground seed banks. 9:e91155. 1996. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. 3rd edn. London: Chapman and Hall. 2008. Efficiency of two widespread non-destructive extraction methods under dry soil conditions for different ecological earthworm groups. 44:141–5. 2009. Acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore. 23:388–99. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ecological studies that highlight the negative impacts of invasive species on ecosystems, such as the 'acceleration of exotic plant invasion in a forested ecosystem by a generalist herbivore' and 'interactive effects of habitat modification and species invasion on native species decline.' These examples indicate that introducing non-native species can lead to detrimental effects rather than being universally beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: It would be nice to see the raw data obtained over time, at least for Figure 1, before offline correction of movement to evaluate the imaging quality and level of drift during imaging. We agree to your good suggestion. Please see the supporting material video. It would be helpful to add an analysis of the percent time spent in each state for the 10 hour recordings. Advice has been adopted. Please see revised Fig. S4C. 2 the results are from 15 cells from several animals. How much do the results vary between mice? It will be helpful to show if this varies between different mice by labeling cells from each mouse differently. response image 5, in which we have labeled the distribution of data points from seven mice, there was mixed distribution of data from different animals at each brain state, but no clear animal-to-animal difference. Author response image 5. Quantitative analysis of microglial length based on multi-plane microglial imaging. n = 17 cells from 7 mice for each group. In right panel, each color codes data from the same animal. SD- please add some quantification for sleep and EEG to show that the manipulation really caused sleep deprivation. To address the confound of forced movement and stress, it might be helpful to add quantification of movement compared to an undisturbed wakefulness. We have added related data (revised Fig. S3B), as suggested. Please see line 196-197. The DSP4 application should be also performed with NE measurements to verify the specific of the NE signal measured as well as the DSP4 toxin. Following your suggestion, we have added DSP4 data in revised Fig. S4B. Some suggested refined experiments for the b2AR KO are: a-A conditional b2AR KO in microglia, as cited in the work. b- Local application of a b2 blocker during SD. c- Imaging of NE dynamics in the b2 animals. If NE dynamics during natural sleep cycle are perturbed, then this suggests upstream mechanisms rather than direct microglia effects as suggested by the authors. We agree that the current study cannot pinpoint a direct effect of microglia harbored β2AR. We have discussed this limitation in the revised manuscript. Please see line 324-354. Minor: Typo on page 4 (microcopy instead of microscopy). It was corrected. Please see line 87. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses various experimental methodologies and suggestions for data analysis related to microglial imaging and effects on sleep deprivation. Thus, the content is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In this manner, the data set gives a wide way to information client control or differential security, information sharing, and local area driven clinical examinations [15]: in a believed climate, clinical exploration groups can “swarm select” individuals to be signed up for conventions utilizing local area the board strategies, and individuals can likewise elect to take part in such examinations. 4. 1 Smart contracts for clinical trial phase controlWe might chain together unmistakable clinical preliminary stages with the end goal that each step is subject to its ancestor, as well as protecting clinical preliminary stage compilable metadata on the Blockchain. Blockchain innovation, known as Smart Contracts, give devices to these “cutting” and “tying” processes, and can guarantee a degree of straightforwardness, recognizability, and command over clinical preliminary successions. “are PC conventions that straightforwardness, confirm, or implement the exchange of an agreement,” as indicated by Wikipedia [17], and their execution might be performed utilizing cryptographic hash chains. Shrewd Contracts, by and by, permit the approval of a stage with the main condition that each first step has been totally checked. For instance, the chain of progressive blocks could check that the planned system was followed, and the material introduced to distributers would incorporate the actual distribution as well as the arrangement of blocks that involve the Smart Contract, the right execution of which demonstrates verification that the review was all around led. Figure 4 portrays a as a line of code which holds an automatic official understanding between however many gatherings depending on the situation, without the contribution of a confided in delegate, and that executes algorithmically as per the terms determined by the contracting parties. empower patient incorporation with the sole condition that they have assented, or information examination with the checked and kept up with that the data set is frozen. Every one of the clinical preliminary stages portrayed in the image can be connected together in the succession portrayed, bringing about a more straightforward review and forbidding deduced remaking or information enhancing. Advertisement 5. A trial of theory for consent gatheringWe used a Blockchain system to acquire participant permission for a clinical trial in a proof-of-concept experimental investigation ([18] (under review), [19]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of blockchain technology beyond finance, specifically in clinical trials. It describes how blockchain, through smart contracts, can enhance the management of clinical trial stages, provide transparency, and improve participant consent processes. This demonstrates that blockchain applications extend into the healthcare sector, thereby supporting the notion that industries are exploring blockchain for various purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Linking direct and indirect pathways mediating earthworms, deer, and understory composition in forests. 15:1057–66. 2005. Environmental causes and consequences of forest clearance and agricultural abandonment in central New York, USA. J Biogeogr 32:439–52. 2006. Earthworm invasion into previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests. 8:1235–45. 2011. Soil nutrient losses in an altered ecosystem are associated with native ungulate grazing. J 48:952–60. 2012. Asian invasive earthworms of the genus in Vermont. 19:313–22. 2006. Changes in hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to European earthworm invasions. Ecology 87:1637–49. 2005. Effects of european earthworm invasion on soil characteristics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA. Ecosystems 8:911–27. 2003. How browsing by red deer impacts on litter decomposition in a native regenerating woodland in the Highlands of Scotland. Soils 38:393–9. 2010. Nonconsumptive effects of a generalist ungulate herbivore drive decline of unpalatable forest herbs. Ecology 91:319–26. 2007. Interactions of an introduced shrub and introduced earthworms in an Illinois urban woodland: impact on leaf litter decomposition. Pedobiologia 50:543–51. 1996. Modification of ecosystems by ungulates. J 60:695–713. 2012. Leaf litter disappearance in earthworm-invaded northern hardwood forests: role of tree species and the chemistry and diversity of litter. Ecosystems 15:913–26. 2007. Regional extent of an ecosystem engineer: Earthworm invasion in northern hardwood forests. 17:1666–77. 2003. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. 13:98–118. 1997. Hidden treatments in ecological experiments: Re-evaluating the ecosystem function of biodiversity. Oecologia 110:449–60. 2014. In a long-term experimental demography study, excluding ungulates reversed invader’s explosive population growth rate and restored natives. 111:4501–6. 2009. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fecal pellet decomposition is accelerated by the invasive earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various studies that highlight the negative impacts of non-native species on ecosystems, specifically mentioning earthworm invasion and its consequences on forest soils and plant communities. The investigations cited indicate that these invasions can change nutrient dynamics and vegetation composition, thus supporting the idea that introducing non-native species can have detrimental rather than beneficial effects on ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Typo page 11- 'and he largest changes in NE' - supposed to be 'the'. We have corrected these mistakes. Please see line 228. Fig. 4- there are several units missing in the figure in panel b: the top is Hz, but what does the color bar indicate exactly? 2 what? both for theta/delta and for NE. We have modified this figure and legend for clarity. Please see Fig. 4, page 37. Bottom of page 12- referring to figure 4 but talking about figure 5. The typo was corrected. Please see line 265-266. Reference Aston-Jones G, Bloom FE. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci. 1, 876–886 (1981). Bellesi M, de. Sleep loss promotes astrocytic phagocytosis and microglial activation in mouse cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 37, 5263–5273 (2017). Brécier. Vigilance and behavioral state-dependent modulation of cortical neuronal activity throughout the sleep/wake cycle. J Neurosci. 42, 4852–66 (2022). . Sleep and brain energy levels: ATP changes during sleep. J Neurosci. 30, 9007-16 (2010). Gyoneva S. , Traynelis SF. Norepinephrine modulates the motility of resting and activated microglia via different adrenergic receptors. J Biol Chem. 288, 15291302 (2013). . Memory-enhancing properties of sleep depend on the oscillatory amplitude of norepinephrine. Nat Neurosci. 25, 1059–1070 (2022). . Stress induces microglia-associated synaptic circuit alterations in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiology of Stress. 15, 100342 (2021). . Neuronal network activity controls microglial process surveillance in awake mice via norepinephrine signaling. Nat Neurosci. 22, 1771–1781 (2019). . Sleep deprivation and stress: a reciprocal relationship. Interface Focus. 10, 20190092 (2020). Pandi-. 2007. Neuroimmunology of sleep. New York, NY: Springer. . Adenosine-independent regulation of the sleep-wake cycle by astrocyte activity. Cell Discov. 9, 16 (2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the regulation of melatonin production by light exposure or its influence on sleep-wake cycles. It contains corrections and references to figures and literature but does not provide relevant information about melatonin or its regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Indeed, the US Food and reports that nearly 10% of the trials they monitor have issues with consent collection, including failure to obtain written informed consent, unapproved forms, an invalid consent document, failure to re-consent to a revised protocol, and a lack of institutional review board approval for protocol changes [20, 21]. To be more specific, in a fictitious experimental trial, we captured and stored each patient consent on the Blockchain and sought for consent renewal with each protocol amendment. We acquired a unique master document that contains all of the consent gathering data in a single data structure or software package called Chainscript [22], each tied to a version of amended protocol versions. In actuality, these data have been “hashed,” or structured into a cryptographic version of the original permission and procedure document data. Because of the rigorous one-to-one correlation between hashed data and effective consent data, this master document represents a secure, strong evidence of existence of the whole consent-collection process. This proof of existence can also be verified on any dedicated public website. 5. 1 Blockchain in genomicsGenomic medication opens the universe of hereditary information to give exact conclusion, guess, and treatment of various genetic diseases. A person’s hereditary data is assessed utilizing genomic strategies to evaluate ailment defenselessness and applicable treatment decisions for redid medication. However, the increment of hereditary information raises various issues, including information access, security, and protection. This is where Blockchain enters the image. 5. 2 Genetic informationThe human genome contains around 3 billion base matches, equivalent to roughly 1. 5 GB of material. A few inherited illnesses are unprecedented, while others, like hypertension, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s infection, have been connected to a hereditary weakness. Researchers can gain a superior handle of the cycles hidden a large number of these uncommon infections and normal clinical problems by utilizing genomic planning. The planning information can then be utilized to plan pertinent arrangements and drives. Researchers should gather however much data on sicknesses as could reasonably be expected from people who are impacted by them. Unfortunate information access and interoperability has forever been and keeps on being a worry in medical care. Over 10 years after the human genome project was done, specialized upgrades have made having one’s genome sequenced and hereditary data examined extensively more reasonable. Ten years prior, the expense of genome sequencing would have been $10,000,000. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of blockchain in the medical field, specifically in the consent collection process for clinical trials. It highlights how blockchain technology is utilized to secure and verify consent documents, which signifies an application of blockchain beyond traditional finance. The mention of genomic data management further indicates that industries such as healthcare are exploring blockchain for various innovative applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 11:761–7. 2014. Soil-mediated effects of invasive ungulates on native tree seedlings. J Ecol 102:622–31. . 2009. Deer facilitate invasive plant success in a Pennsylvania forest understory. J 29:110–16. 1997. Influence of past land use on the vegetation and soils of present day forest in the Vosges mountains, France. J Ecol 85:351–8. 2004. Effects of harvesting and deer browsing on attributes of understory plants in northern hardwood forests, Upper Michigan, USA. Manag 199:219–30. 2013. Resource availability and plant diversity explain patterns of invasion of an exotic grass. J 6:141–9. 2010. Long term effects of red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing on soil in a breeding area. J 31:185–8. PubMed 2002. A test of the ‘hot’ mustard extraction method of sampling earthworms. Biochem 34:549–52. 2000. Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. 10:689–710. 2009. Declines in woodland salamander abundance associated with non-native earthworm and plant invasions. 23:975–81. 1996. Measuring plant neighbour effects. 10:548–9. 1981. The impact of deer on forest vegetation in Pennsylvannia. . Rep. NE-65, Northeast For. Exp. Stn. . 2010. Stand development moderates effects of ungulate exclusion on foliar traits in the forests of New Zealand. J Ecol 98:1422–33. 1992. Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered and threatened vascular plants. J 12:67–89. 2013. Broadening the ecological context of ungulate–ecosystem interactions: the importance of space, seasonality, and nitrogen. Ecology 94:1317–26. 2011. Legacy of top-down herbivore pressure ricochets back up multiple trophic levels in forest canopies over 30 years. Ecosphere 2:art 4. . 2009. Earthworm invasion as the driving force behind plant invasion and community change in northeastern forests. 23:966–74. 1995. DCNR Glacier 500 k 1995. Version 1. of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Harrisburg, PA. 1999. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple examples that suggest negative impacts of non-native species on native ecosystems. For instance, it references studies indicating that invasive ungulates affect native tree seedlings adversely and that deer facilitate invasive plant success in forests, suggesting that the introduction of such non-native species does not benefit ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: . Regulation of sleep homeostasis mediator adenosine by basal forebrain glutamatergic neurons. Science. 369, 6508 (2020). . Single unit activity of locus coeruleus neurons in the freely moving cat: I. During naturalistic behaviors and in response to simple and complex stimuli. Brain Research. 371, 324–334 (1986). . Noradrenergic signaling in the wakeful state inhibits microglial surveillance and synaptic plasticity in the mouse visual cortex. Nat Neurosci. 22, 1782-1792 (2019). . Microglial calcium signaling is attuned to neuronal activity in awake mice. Elife. 27, e56502 (2020). . REM sleep is associated with distinct global cortical dynamics and controlled by occipital cortex. Nat Commun. 13, 6896 (2022). ’. An RNA-sequencing transcriptome and splicing database of glia, neurons, and vascular cells of the cerebral cortex. J Neurosci. 34, 11929–11947 (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. It discusses topics related to sleep homeostasis, neuronal activity, and microglial signaling, but does not mention melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Today, the expense has been altogether diminished to around $1000. This implies how much hereditary information will keep on developing when genome sequencing is economical. Frequently, hereditary information might not have an obviously perceived proprietor, making it powerless against unpredictable dispersal and raising protection worries for the genuine proprietor. In the absence of viable strategies for security and validation, the gigantic number of accessible hereditary information raises serious difficulties that can be settled by the progressive blockchain innovation. Blockchain is an openly available report of digitalized exchanges and information put away in blocks. Blockchain lays out a decentralized organization of distributable information that might be traded among interconnected data set frameworks. Blockchain innovation utilizes a timestamped permanent arrangement of information obstructs that are accessible to anyone with a connected framework, anyplace on the planet, for however long they are appropriately approved. This innovation permits buyers decision over how their information is conveyed, protecting their security. Clients can encode their information utilizing unbalanced encryption (Cryptography) for expanded security. However, when selling or donating data, the receiver is given a private key to decrypt the data, guaranteeing that no unauthorized third party gets access. Blockchain enables direct connection between data sources (users) and purchasers (pharma companies, research institutes). Furthermore, cryptographic keys protect users’ anonymity throughout data sharing. These purchasers may then use the data sets to research genetic trends in a certain population, allowing for the creation of medications and other therapies depending on the genetic profiles assessed. Blockchain decreases the danger of data change and manipulation by using cryptographic blocks, offering a genuine database for research and the development of novel diagnoses and treatment options for uncommon conditions. When DNA sequencing data is added to a blockchain database, it generates a block with a timestamp. To avoid data manipulation, each block is cryptographically connected to the other blocks in the chain. Furthermore, with smart contracts, blockchain technology offers data owners control over what information is shared and with whom it is shared. Advertisement 6. Blockchains in medical fraud detectionDrug medicine store network the executives is a huge utilization of blockchains in the clinical business. Supply the board is a significant subject to safeguard in all businesses, however it is particularly significant in medical services attributable to its rising intricacy. This is on the grounds that each disturbance in the medical services production network affects a patient’s prosperity. Since there are such countless moving components and people engaged with supply chains, they are vulnerable and have holes for deceitful assaults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology can be applied in the healthcare industry, specifically mentioning its use in managing genetic data and addressing issues such as data security and fraud detection in medical supply chains. This illustrates that blockchain is being explored beyond financial applications, emphasizing its potential in improving research and treatment options in healthcare.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Of elephants and blind men: deer management in the US National Parks. 9:3–9. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. 2011. Effects of white-tailed deer on the native earthworm, Eisenoides carolinensis, in the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. Pedobiologia 54:S173–80. 2014. Litter and soil properties are not altered by invasive deer browsing in forests of NW Patagonia. 54:45–50. 2003. Direct and indirect effects of white-tailed deer in forest ecosystems. Manag 181:165–76. 2015. Invasive earthworms interact with abiotic conditions to influence the invasion of common buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica). Oecologia 178:219–230. 2003. Herbivory constrains survival, reproduction and mutualisms when restoring temperate forest herbs. J Soc 130:34–42. 2013. Herbivore trampling as an alternative pathway for explaining differences in nitrogen mineralization in moist grasslands. Oecologia 172:231–43. 2003. Can ungulates foraging in a multiple-use landscape alter forest nitrogen budgets? Oikos 103:230–4. 2013. Does sika deer overabundance exert cascading effects on the raccoon dog population? J 18:121–7. 2014. Effects of abundant white-tailed deer on vegetation, animals, mycorrhizal fungi, and soils. Manag 320:39–49. 2003. A tribute to (1916–2001) and a plea for more rigorous use of species richness, species diversity and the ‘Shannon–Wiener’ Index. Biogeogr 12:177–9. 2007. Land use change affects earthworm communities in Eastern Maryland, USA. 43:S79–85. 2011. Seeing the forest for the deer: do reductions in deer-disturbance lead to forest recovery? 144:376–82. 2014. Reversing legacy effects in the understory of an oak-dominated forest. 44:350–64. 2013. Plant-soil feedbacks: the past, the present and future challenges. J Ecol 101:265–76. 2011. Ecological impacts of invasive alien plants: a meta-analysis of their effects on species, communities and ecosystems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ecological studies which imply that the introduction of non-native species, like invasive earthworms and deer, can have negative effects on native species and ecosystems. For instance, it mentions how 'invasive earthworms interact with abiotic conditions to influence the invasion of common buckthorn,' suggesting detrimental interactions rather than beneficial ones. Additionally, the note on 'effects of abundant white-tailed deer on vegetation, animals, mycorrhizal fungi, and soils' emphasizes that introducing non-native herbivores does not necessarily enrich or support existing ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: surveillance manifests itself as dynamic changes in cell morphology and functional remodeling. Whether and how microglia surveillance is coupled to brain state switches during natural sleep-wake cycles remains unclear. To address this question, we used miniature two-photon microscopy (mTPM) to acquire time-lapse high-resolution microglia images of the somatosensory cortex, along with EEG/EMG recordings and behavioral video, in freely-behaving mice. We uncovered fast and robust brain state-dependent changes in microglia surveillance, occurring in parallel with sleep dynamics and early-onset phagocytic microglial contraction during sleep deprivation stress. We also detected local norepinephrine fluctuation occurring in a sleep state-dependent manner. We showed that the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system, which is crucial to sleep homeostasis, is required for both sleep state-dependent and stress-induced microglial responses and β2-adrenergic receptor signaling plays a significant role in this process. These results provide direct evidence that microglial surveillance is exquisitely tuned to signals and stressors that regulate sleep dynamics and homeostasis so as to adjust its varied roles to complement those of neurons in the brain. In vivo imaging with mTPM in freely behaving animals, as demonstrated here, opens a new avenue for future investigation of microglia dynamics and sleep biology in freely behaving animals. eLife assessment This important study uses cutting-edge miniature two-photon microscopy to follow the structural dynamics of microglia in the somatosensory cortex of freely-moving mice across the sleep/wake cycle. Solid evidence revealed the brain-state-dependent regulation of microglial activity, highlighting alterations in microglial morphology during REM and NREM sleep phases compared to wakefulness. Furthermore, this study provides important evidence for a critical role of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus as a modulator of microglial morphology through the β2-adrenergic receptor (b2AR). Overall, the 10. 7554/eLife. 86749. 3. sa0 Read the peer reviews About eLife assessments is a highly conserved and essential phenomenon of the brain and serves numerous cognitive as well as metabolic and immunologic functions. Moreover, the sleep-wake transition represents a specific and prominent change in the brain state (Besedovsky et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses microglial activity and its relation to sleep-wake cycles without mentioning melatonin, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Blockchains, by bringing better information straightforwardness and improved item discernibility, give a completely safe stage to take out this issue and, in specific circumstances, forestall misrepresentation occurring. Since a blockchain record must be affirmed and changed by means of a shrewd agreement, modifying the blockchain is troublesome. 6. 1 Blockchains in neuroscienceThe amount of information and investigation committed to blockchain applications is expanding, and neuroscience is without a doubt included [23]. Current cerebrum innovations are endeavoring to construct another worldview that disposes of mechanical association with the encompassing framework and permits clients to oversee contraptions and information with mental guidelines. Such brain gadgets might peruse examples of mind action and make an interpretation of them into orders for working outer hardware, as well as survey an individual’s present mental state in light of cerebrum movement information. Brain interface gadgets incorporated with various delicate sensors, calculation processors, and remote association handle the one of a kind obligation of perusing and deciphering cerebrum driving forces. They read the electrical movement of the cerebrum, which is then deciphered and moved to the controlling device. Every one of this happens in a solitary device that the client wears on their head. To store such mind motivations on the brain interface, compex calculations and huge information will utilize blockchain reasoning. Neurogress is one of the organizations that has affirmed that it would utilize blockchain innovation. The organization was established in 2017 in Geneva and is centered around creating brain control frameworks that permit clients to work automated arms, drones, brilliant machines, and AR/VR (expanded reality/augmented reality) items with their viewpoints. The control component of Neurogress is predicated on utilizing AI to expand its cerebrum understanding exactness, which requires keeping 90% of mind information to prepare the AI used by the framework. At the end of the day, “tremendous information of client cerebral action” is expected, with the Project requiring “exabytes (1 exabyte = 1 billion gigabytes) of memory” to act as an illustration of the sort of capacity limit required. It’s not really shock, consequently, that Neurogress means to take on blockchain, which it says “actually handles the issue of information stockpiling security and protection. ”At the point when client information is recorded on a decentralized blockchain, it becomes “invulnerable to programmer attacks” and consequently more private. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is being explored in the field of neuroscience. Specifically, it mentions that companies like Neurogress are utilizing blockchain to enhance brain control systems and ensure data privacy and security. This demonstrates that blockchain applications are expanding beyond the financial sector, which aligns directly with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Preserving a single species can restore an entire ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Oil: Iraq's Marshes? R. PournelleBacked by. Duffy, and 33 other backers. and of : 10. 18258/2206$4,000Raised of $2,500 Goal160%Funded on 4/15/14Successfully Funded$4,000pledged160%fundedFundedon 4/15/14? How does this work? FollowOverviewMethods(52)Discussion (43)ProjectCollapse of the marsh ecosystems of southern Iraq after 1991 forced hundreds of thousands of people into urban slums, and led to contamination of the remaining water supply. We will establish three test beds to see whether brackish water returned from oil drilling and refining can be used to construct new salt marshes. These will filter water, provide forage for livestock, create habitat for fish nurseries, and give new economic opportunities. Ask the ScientistsDiscussionWhat is the context of this research? Until 1991, Iraq's marshes were remarkably resilient. For over 5,000 years they supplied construction material, fuel, livestock fodder, and protein (fish and waterfowl) that supported the world's oldest, longest-lived urban civilization. Transitioning from freshwater backswamps along the Tigris and Euphrates, across the vast, watery inland delta, though ever-saltier zones to the coast, beds of giant reed (Arundo), cattail (Typha), reed (Phragmites), rushes (Juncus), bulrushes (Cyperus and Scirpus), cord grass (Spartina), and salt grass (Distichlus) formed a checkerboard of emerald carpets - much as they do here in our Low Country. Well-adapted to harsh climatic cycles that included flood, aridity, hyper-saline, and gypsiferous conditions, these plant communities included strains adapted to various, and variable, soil and water chemistry. Following environmental disturbance, marshes quickly re-established, populated by whichever species and strains best-tolerated the new conditions. However, the 1991 kicked off a chain of events so disruptive that even this hardy system could not recover. Over 15,000 square miles of marshland were forcibly drained. Upstream damming shut down 90% of the rivers' freshwater flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that after a significant environmental disturbance, the marsh ecosystems could not recover even though the plant communities were well-adapted to harsh conditions. It emphasizes that recovery of these systems depended on a variety of species, not just the preservation of a single one. Furthermore, it highlights the complexity of ecosystem restoration, suggesting that a single species alone is insufficient for complete ecosystem recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: , 2019; Rasch and Born, 2013). As compared to a wakeful brain, the sleeping brain shows more synchronous neuronal activities, which can be characterized by electroencephalography (EEG). Sleep has two main stages: the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) state, which is thought to promote clearance of metabolic waste partly through increased flow of interstitial fluid (Feng et al. , 2019), and the rapid eye movement (REM) state, with EEG patterns similar to wakefulness yet with muscle atonia as well as vivid dreaming in humans (Besedovsky et al. , 2019). In addition, sleep, especially NREM, is directly involved in memory consolidation (Fogel and Smith, 2011; Rasch and Born, 2013). However, the underlying biological dynamics and especially the cellular mechanisms of sleep regulation are not entirely understood (Frank, 2018a; Frank and Heller, 2018b). Growing evidence shows that microglia dynamics are coupled to and intertwined with the sleep-wake cycle (Deurveilher et al. , 2021; Hristovska et al. , 2022). Microglia are resident innate immune cells ubiquitously distributed in the central nervous system and account for 10–15% of all brain cells (Wolf et al. , 2017). Microglia surveillance refers to dynamic changes in cell morphology that accompany functional remodeling in response to changes in the neural environment (Liu et al. , 2019; Nimmerjahn et al. , 2005; Stowell et al. , 2019). It has been shown that microglia ablation disrupts the maintenance of wakefulness and promotes NREM sleep (Corsi et al. , 2022; Liu et al. , 2021), while enhancing an animal’s fear memory consolidation (Wang et al. , 2020). Conversely, acute and chronic sleep deprivation (SD) leads to microglia activation amidst a proinflammatory state triggered by elevated circulating levels of cytokines (C-reactive protein, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6) (Krueger et al. , 2011). Thus, it is of critical interest to explore whether microglia surveillance can sense and respond to brain state changes during both natural sleep-wake cycles as well as under SD stress. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of sleep, including its stages, the role of microglia, and the consequences of sleep deprivation. However, it does not address the regulation of melatonin production by light exposure nor its influence on sleep-wake cycles, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: All the while, the reception of blockchain innovation makes the Neurogress framework “open and straightforward to future Neurogress stage administrations shoppers. ” The innovation will “ensure security and classification of individual information” since any atypical conduct will be obviously detectable. Thus, obviously blockchains are a kind of data innovation with different key future applications, including cerebrum expansion, mind recreation, and mind thinking. Yet again digitizing a full human mind obviously requires the utilization of certain media to store it, and here is where blockchain innovation becomes possibly the most important factor. One idea is to store mindfiles, which would work as information building blocks in private figured chains and be shareable in a distributed organization document framework with verifiable forming. This perspective about blockchain is presented as an information handling yield computational framework with different characteristics that take into consideration man-made reasoning, human expansion, and conceivable coordination. To affirm the source and reality of a record, blockchain permits a connected organization of PCs to shake hands at timestamp spans. If we somehow happened to develop a cerebrum without any preparation, this kind of trust component might permit organizations of neurons to store and recover data with accuracy and trust of what is emotional versus objective of a specific occasion. As a blockchain application, multifaceted verification connected to an individual idea chain can empower the solid development of an evaluated self information lodge for people. Such an information center brings down human information storehouses while as yet permitting every person to hold command over their security or sharing of their experience, possibly for money related gain without the need of an outsider or unified power. Eventually, using an improved adaptation of this innovation, when at least two individuals experience similar second from emotional perspectives, we might reassemble their encounters to be more level headed about what’s going on. In a perfect world, this would consider the creation of virtual copies of earlier recollections, as well as the capacity to see somebody’s viewpoint subjectively. Someone else’s perspective Once we have a more adaptable information on novel profound mappings, Considering tangible encounters as adding to a specific memory, this would take in tactile information onto the blockchain representing things to come (i. e. , sight, smell, etc. ). Besides, the innovation to produce. This is a reality that is being built. We will actually want to catch our tangible information in the not-too-far off future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various future applications of blockchain technology beyond finance, particularly in areas such as brain augmentation, data security, and the digitization of human experiences. The mention of specifics like 'storing mindfiles' and potential uses for artificial intelligence indicates a broader exploration of blockchain applications that extends beyond traditional financial uses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Preserving a single species can restore an entire ecosystem. [SEP] Text: Irrigation return water from central Iraq - contaminated with herbicides, pesticides, petrochemicals, and salts flushed from agricultural soils - was piped directly into the few remaining patches of wetland, or directly into the Gulf. These engineering actions desolated vast tracts of land so quickly that plant communities never had a chance to re-adapt. By desiccating hatchery habitat and drastically altering water salinity, they also collapsed both fresh and salt-water fisheries. Attempts to restore the marshes have been only marginally successful: there simply isn't enough fresh water to re-flood more than a fraction of their former extent - and what remains is too far away to provide environmental support to far-distant Basra. What is the significance of this project? Iraq's marshes suffered engineered destruction within the course of a single decade - but here in the United States, coastal wetlands have suffered and continued to suffer similar degradation on a much slower, but also much larger scale. Due to off-take for agricultural, industrial, and urban consumption, the no longer reaches its own delta, let alone its former outlet in the Sea of Cortez. Its once-lush marshlands, home to otter, herons, and jaguar at the time of Spanish first contact, are long gone. World-wide, dozens of rivers have met the same fate. Under stress from industrial development, sea-level change, and climatic change, since 1932, Louisiana has lost nearly one-quarter of its coastal land area - about 1,900 square miles. Over half of the has been converted to agriculture. Diversion of those waters has slowed aquifer recharge, resulting in salt water intrusion into Miami's drinking water supply. We know that constructed marshes can be (and have been) used effectively for (fresh) waste water treatment, at far lower cost than conventional treatment plants. Further, constructed coastal (tidal) salt marshes have been used effectively to halt erosion and mitigate storm damage. We seek to harness these kinds of successes to a new endeavor: that of reclaiming waste water from oil drilling and refining, using it to construct a test marsh, and comparing the result, in terms of biomass production and outflow water quality, to results obtained from test marshes built for (freshwater) sewage treatment and (brackish) irrigation return water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the environmental degradation that has occurred in wetlands and marshes due to human actions. It highlights that attempts to restore these ecosystems have been only marginally successful, suggesting that simply preserving a single species is insufficient to restore the complex interactions needed for an entire ecosystem to thrive. The text emphasizes that significant engineering actions led to the collapse of both fresh and salt-water fisheries, indicating that comprehensive approaches are necessary for ecosystem restoration rather than focusing on singular species preservation.