Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: It is apparent from this graph that the sprawled configuration (blue) produces more lift than legs down (red), a result obscured in Fig. 1c. (b) Glide ratio against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. The glide ratio is the ratio of lift:drag and is a measure of the glide angle. The higher the glide ratio, the shallower the glide angle. (c) Speed-specific moment coefficient against speed-specific force coefficient. Stable flight points occur where the pitching moment curve gradients are negative and the moment is zero. The graphs (b) and (c) share a common x axis; therefore, the stable flight points have been projected from (c) to (b) to determine the corresponding glide ratios. Although the sprawled configurations are capable of producing a higher glide ratio than legs down, the stability limit means that legs down actually achieves stable flight at a higher glide ratio. (d) Glide velocities and glide performance for the stable points. (e) Glide trajectories for the points in the stable regime. The curves show calculated flight paths for animals leaping from an elevated perch, flying at the aerodynamic conditions taken from the stable flight points. The legs down configuration initially falls further in order to build up a greater steady flight speed; therefore, for flights from heights of <15 m the sprawled configuration has the greater range. From heights of 2 m or more, legs down gives the greater range. Full size imageFigure 3: Trajectory envelopes. The results in Fig. 2 are for one specific centre of gravity location; therefore, the effect of small variations in location were examined. (a) Range of centres of gravity considered. (b) Effect of changing the centre of gravity. Changing the location of the centre of gravity changes the shape of the pitching moment curves. (c) Trajectory envelope for legs sprawled. Dark-shaded area indicates stable glide. Dark line shows the best-performing glide trajectory, indicated by the point in inset. (d) Trajectory envelope for legs down. Dark-shaded area indicates stable glide. Full size imageFigure 4: Velocity-averaged aerodynamic performance in feathered and flat-plate Microraptor models. Results are shown for the sprawled configuration for feathered (dark blue lines) and flat (pale blue lines) plate Microraptor models. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing aerodynamic configurations and glide performance, indicating that certain configurations achieve stable flight rather than implying that all dinosaur species were capable of flight. The reference to specific flight configurations suggests a more nuanced understanding of flight capability rather than suggesting universal flight abilities across all dinosaur species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: In addition, they refer strongly to environmental aspects of public transport, both in normative (28) and affective (4, 5) terms: —The environment is a great concern in our small and densely populated country. Everyone should think about this and use public transport more often. —Public transport contributes to a better society: less pollution, higher safety, less stress. —Environmental aspects are an important motivation for me to choose travelling by public transport. These travellers regard the car as an alternative (33), but least of all see the car as a necessity for their personal travel (1, 22, 30, 36): —Public transport and bicycle are fine alternatives. —If you want you can get almost everywhere by public transport; you are only a bit less independent. My social life is not worse without a car. —do not need a car. On the occasions I do need one, there is always someone that can help me out. Moreover, they do not seem to particularly like the car as a travel mode (7, 11, 29): —It’s brainwashing to think you could not do without a car. —The car is not superior. It’s a fallacy that you would have more privacy and less delay with your car. —A car is just an object I don’t attach much value to, definitely not a status symbol. —The car as such is irrelevant to me, only the functional aspects count. It definitely is not more than a mode of transport (23, 35): —For me, identity is purely associated with immaterial things. Although these travellers do not exclude the car as an alternative (33), the preference for public transport and dislike of the car appear to result in a fairly stable travel behaviour pattern (16, 25, 37). As a consequence, they are very familiar with the public transport system (8, 14): —I use public transport almost daily and can find my way very well. This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled ‘choice travellers with a preference for public transport’. As an example, the idealized Q-sort of factor 1 is included in 5. Factor 2Travellers in this preference segment share some of the above travellers’ appreciation for public transport, but attach more weight to some advantages of the car. Public transport is favoured for the possibility of doing something during the trip (42) and its environmental benefits (28): —The environment is very important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses preferences for public transport and environmental concerns, and does not address the claim regarding the translation of language or the preservation of meaning. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the CA3 region of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days, of treatment in the amount of labeling for both GFAP and Iba-1 (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of 5xFAD miceThe number of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells were significantly less (p < 0. 01) in DG area in Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice, as was the case with the CA1 and CA3 regions (Fig. 11a–c). There were significant decreases in Iba-1-IR between the 2- and 5-day groups given treatment of either of Cur (p < 0. 01) or SLCP (p < 0. 01) (Fig. 11b). In addition, the SLCP treatment reduced Iba-1-IR at both 2-and and 5-day treatment periods, relative to what was observed with Cur (Fig. 11b). Similarly, there were significant decreases (p < 0. 05) in GFAP-IR after 5 days, relative to 2 days, following either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Differences in GFAP-IR measures were also observed between Cur and SLCP treatments (p < 0. 05) at 2 days, but not at 5 days of treatment (Fig. 11a, c). Fig. 11Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in DG area of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how Curcumin (referred to as 'Cur') treatment significantly reduced Iba-1 and GFAP labeled cells in specific regions of the hippocampus in 5xFAD mice, which indicates a decrease in neuroinflammation. This supports the assertion that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Results for the legs down configuration are shown in red for completeness. (a) Lift-Drag polar. (b) Glide ratio against aerodynamic force coefficient. (c) Moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageCalculationsWe calculated L/D polars for Microraptor in different configurations (Fig. 1c) and plotted pitching moment coefficient against aerodynamic force coefficient (Fig. 1d). Although we tested three different configurations (Fig. 1a inset), the force and moment coefficients we recovered do not vary greatly between configurations, and our moment coefficient curves (Fig. 1d) have similar shapes to the only previous model-based experimental study of Microraptor17. Results show that Microraptor could have changed its wing area by moving its legs into different positions and thus enlarging its force envelope (Fig. 2a). These differences in lifting wing surface area were taken into account using speed-specific L and -D (see Methods)21. Results also show that Microraptor would have aerodynamically (expressed by the glide ratio) performed best with the sprawled-leg configuration for all values of speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient (SCR) (Fig. 2b). For stable points (lines connecting Fig. 2b,c; see Methods for this calculation), the legs-down configuration has the higher aerodynamic efficiency (glide ratio 4. 7 (:1)) compared with the sprawled-legs configuration (glide ratio 2. 8 (:1)). Equilibrium glide velocities were calculated from the corresponding SCR with an estimated Microraptor mass of 0. 5 kg (consistent with previous work)15,16,17,22; this shows that lesser aerodynamic performance goes hand-in-hand with a lower glide velocity (Fig. 2d). Tests with different main wing angles and different tail areas show that a higher angle for the main wing (relative to the body and tail) decreases performance for stable glide conditions, and a change in tail area has no significant effect on aerodynamic performance or moment characteristics (see Methods). Taking the glide ratio and aerodynamic force coefficients for the two stable conditions identified (Fig. 2d), we then calculated flight trajectories solving for equations of motion (Fig. 2e; see Methods). Trajectories show that the most efficient glide trajectory requires a balance between aerodynamic efficiency and aerodynamic force. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing aerodynamics and flight mechanics of the Microraptor, a specific dinosaur species known to have had flight capabilities. It does not support the claim that all dinosaur species were capable of flight, as it implies that only specific configurations and adaptations in certain species allowed for gliding performance, thus suggesting that not all dinosaurs had flight capabilities at any stage of their evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: If we can contribute by decreasing car use we should, but costs of public transport should go down. The car is liked because it makes life easier (22) —For some destinations and especially when travelling with children it is easier to travel by car. —You’re not dependent on time schedules and station locations. —You can get where you want, when you want and, if there are no traffic jams, within a reasonable time. It is perceived as necessary to maintain an active social life (1, 30): —In the evenings connectivity between train and urban public transport is virtually non-existent. —At night, the safety of the car is better than that of an abandoned platform. By car the barrier to get up and go is much lower. —Some family and friends live in places difficult to reach other than by car. if I didn’t have a car I think I wouldn’t visit them that often. —I definitely need a car. You can’t go everywhere with public transport, at least not within a reasonable time. They clearly are not, however, ‘car addicts’ (23, 27, 29, 35): —Maybe for yuppies, not for an old lady. —All that noise, definitely not a pleasure! —The mere thought of deriving your identity from a vehicle is very strange. —I can do perfectly without a car! Their travel behaviour is not habitual (16, 37) and they like to plan their travel in advance (15, 19). More than others they regard car and public transport as good alternatives for personal travel (33): —Depends on trip destination and purpose. —If there’s a good train connection I prefer the train, if not I prefer the car. They are well informed (8, 14, 17) and take travel alternatives into consideration when making their plans (25): —I always compare my options for a trip on the basis of cost, travel time, and comfort. I usually choose the train when travel time is not much longer than the car because of comfort. They emphasize travel time as an important argument for their mode choice (18, 40): —Reliability is important when you have an appointment, for instance, or have to catch a flight. This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled ‘deliberate choice travellers’. Factor 3Travellers in this preference segment express a general like for travel by car. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses preferences and behaviors related to car travel and public transport without addressing language translation or meaning loss.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in the DG area of hippocampus in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5-, relative to 2-, days of treatment in the amount for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in subicular complex of 5xFAD miceThe subicular complex lies between the entorhinal cortex and the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus proper and is very important for neurotransmission from the hippocampus to the cortex. We found a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in Iba-1-IR cells in subicular complex in the 5 versus the 2-day, groups treated with Cur (Fig. 12a, b). In addition, SLCP treatment decreased Iba-1-IR in both the 2- and 5-day treatment groups, in comparison to Cur (Fig. 12a, b). Similar findings were also observed in the case of GFAP-IR in these regions (Fig. 12a, c). Fig. 12Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation in subicular complex of hippocampus in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells were significantly reduced (*p < 0. 05; **p < 0. 01) in subicular complex of hippocampus of Cur- or SLCP-treated, versus vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Further reduction was observed after 5 days of treatment in comparison to 2 days, of treatment for both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling in both the Cur- and SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of Curcumin (referred to as 'Cur') in reducing Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR, which are indicators of neuroinflammation, in the hippocampus of 5xFAD mice. It explicitly states that 'Cur and SLCP treatments reduce neuroinflammation' and that significant reductions were observed in the treated groups, suggesting that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: When leaping from a height of 30 m, the sprawled-leg configuration shows an initially shallower glide path; however, it ultimately falls short of the distance covered by the anatomically more likely legs down configuration18,23, which reaches 40% farther. Microraptor had the ability to flex and extend its forelimbs to bring the centres of aerodynamic force and CoG into coincidence, moving the balance point backwards or forwards (Fig. 3a,b). For a range of possible locations of the CoG, L/D–SCR combinations were used to create a trajectory envelope (Fig. 3c,d). For stable combinations, the sprawled-legs configuration is most effective in the early glide stage (<40 m) but cannot be used to glide as far (Fig. 3c). The legs-down configuration shows a balance between height loss in the early glide stage and the total distance travelled (Fig. 3d). When we take unstable balance points into account, the flight trajectories show that the sprawled-legs configuration could outperform the legs-down configuration (Fig. 3c). This means that Microraptor could fly even farther, if it had possessed an advanced flight-control system to maintain stable flight. However, it is unlikely that early flyers would have specialized and dedicated flight-control systems24,25. DiscussionResults show that, irrespective of its wing configuration, Microraptor was aerodynamically unstable at low SCR (Fig. 2c) and would have been unable to glide with maximum aerodynamic efficiency (that is, high L/D). Thus, Microraptor would have been better off adopting a high SCR, lower L/D wing configuration to quickly generate the high lift at low speeds needed to minimize initial height loss in short glides from moderate heights. This high-lift, high-drag flight strategy (Fig. 3) would have been very efficient for leaping from moderate heights (ca. 20–30 m), consistent with tree sizes in the Jehol podocarp forest. Unsteady trajectory performance, rather than aerodynamic efficiency, seems to have been the main selective pressure optimised by Microraptor’s flight style. Although comparative data from living birds26 show that (if our fossil-based calculations are correct) the wing loading (ca. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the flight capabilities of Microraptor specifically and pointing out that it would have been aerodynamically unstable and unable to glide efficiently. This suggests that not all dinosaur species could fly, and that even those like Microraptor had limitations in their flight capabilities, indicating that flight was not a universal trait among dinosaurs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: Of all travellers in our study, they most enjoy driving a car (29) and attach a value to the car they drive (26). The car, however, remains primarily a mode of transport (23, 35): —For me a car is a means to get from A to B and back. A nice car makes it pleasant, but reliability is more important. They do not feel inconvenienced on a day they do not have their car at their disposal (20): —If by chance I don’t have the car at my disposal I travel by another mode, no problem. They do not really need a car (1, 12) but travelling by car makes life easier (22): —You can probably get anywhere with public transport, but by car you are much less dependent on time schedules, connections, and departure frequencies. In travel decision making they are most concerned about costs (4, 13, 34): —I could take the train more often, but I find train fares too high when compared with the convenience of just taking the car. —Driving a car is becoming increasingly unaffordable for private car owners. They are also concerned about travel time (18, 40). Of all travellers they most like to organize their trips well in advance (15, 19). They regard car and public transport as alternatives for personal travel (33), but attach the least value to the benefits of public transport (42) and least disagree with the negative aspects of public transport (6, 21): —Nowadays public transport is no longer a necessity and it’s generally unsafe and filthy. They are least familiar with the public transport system (8, 14). For the most part they consider the car the better alternative for all their personal travel (7, 27): —have the car at my disposal, I use it for all my trips; if not, I have to look for an alternative. Consequently they do not deliberate much about their choice of travel mode (16, 25). This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled as ‘choice travellers with car as dominant alternative’. Factor 4Travellers in this preference segment are clearly car-oriented. They find the car superior to other modes (7, 27, 36): —Comfort, convenience and pleasure. —Dense network, no transfers! —For most of my trips public transport is too complicated and travel time is unacceptable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about translation and the loss of meaning in language. It discusses travelers' preferences and views regarding transport modes, specifically cars and public transport, without any mention of language or translation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in entorhinal cortex of 5xFAD miceThe entorhinal cortex is the major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation and is involved in the maintenance of cortico-hippocampal circuits. The number of Iba-1-IR microglia were significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) in both the 2- and 5-day Cur or SLCP treatment groups (Fig. 13a, b). Significant decreases (p < 0. 01) of Iba-1-IR cells were observed in the 5-day group in comparison to 2-day group, with the SLCP-treated mice having fewer Iba-1-IR cells than those receiving Cur (Fig. 13a, b). In contrast, 2 days Cur treatment did not reduce the number of GFAP-IR astrocytes, whereas both Cur and SLCP significantly decreased (p < 0. 01) GFAP-IR after 5 days of treatment. We also found there was a significant decrease (p < 0. 01) in the GFAP-IR between the Cur and SLCP groups after 5 days of treatment (Fig. 13a, c). Fig. 13Cur and SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in entorhinal cortex in 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- or 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of labeled Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the entorhinal cortex in comparison to vehicle-treated 5xFAD mice. Significant reduction in both GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR was observed after 5 days, in comparison to those receiving 2 days, of treatment (b, c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how treatments involving Curcumin (referred to as Cur) resulted in a significant decrease in inflammation markers, such as Iba-1-IR microglia and GFAP-IR astrocytes, in the brains of 5xFAD mice. The significant reduction in these inflammatory markers (p < 0.01) highlights the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur, which supports the assertion that Curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: 50 N m−2) of Microraptor is almost exactly at the mean for birds of the same weight, its L/D was much lower (many birds have L/D in the range 10–12 (ref. 26), whereas we calculate this for Microraptor at 4. 7 (:1)). This must be, in part, because of the fact that (as we show) Microraptor’s planform had an intrinsically less efficient configuration compared with living birds and also because it had to operate in a low-L/D region of its flight envelope in order to be aerodynamically stable. Even with legs deployed underneath the body and used to provide an initial push off, just a small horizontal velocity of up to 3 m s−1 would be generated27. This makes little difference to a flight path, as by far the bulk of necessary flight speed had to come from falling under the effect of gravity. As our experiments show that achieving a high SCR was most important for Microraptor’s flight and that differences in gliding-leg position only lead to very small differences in performance, sprawled or legs-down configurations are equally likely, especially for medium-length gliding flights. Of these, however, a legs-down gliding configuration is best supported by fossil data19,23 and has been shown to be advantageous in stabilizing roll and yaw28. Finally, in order to examine the effect of size as well as the necessity of feathers, we carried out further wind tunnel experiments comparing the feathered model in legs-sprawled configuration and in a matching but unfeathered model (Methods). Results demonstrate that Microraptor did not require well-developed flight surfaces to support its high CR (close to stall) flight style (that is, this flight capability was not very sensitive to airfoil section) (Fig. 4). Flat-plate experiments show that in the region of sustained stable flight (that is, regions of high CR; Fig. 4), there is very little difference in L/D between feathered and unfeathered models. The most important factor for this theropod was attaining sufficient wing area (for which derived feathers are unnecessary) to glide most effectively; theoretically, all Microraptor needed in order to glide at high CR would was an impervious surface. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the specific flight characteristics of Microraptor, indicating that not all dinosaurs had the same flight capabilities. The details provided suggest limitations in Microraptor's ability to achieve stable flight and emphasize that features like derived feathers were not necessary for gliding, which hints that not all dinosaurs were capable of flight, directly contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: —I would say, by definition [the car is superior]. —When you live in a small town, public transport is fairly inaccessible. You always have transfers and miss connections, leading to long travel times. —Available 24/7, no scheduling problems. Travel-plan dependence, time schedules, and strikes weigh heavily for me [against public transport]. They feel they really need a car for their personal and work-related travel (1, 12, 30, 35): —I make a lot of chained trips, for instance, taking the kids to kindergarten and to school before work. A car then becomes a necessity. The car generally makes their life easier (22): —It is much easier to take the car unthinkingly than to undertake a trip by public transport. They feel inconvenienced when they do not have a car at their disposal (20). They are happy driving a car (11, 29), but still regard it primarily as a means of transport (23, 26): —The car as part of your identity is nonsensical. The most important thing is that it’s a reliable mode of transport. —A car is not a status symbol for me, just a practical and necessary resource in daily life. These travellers attach high value to travel time (4, 18, 40): —Travel time is crucial; convenience comes second. But they attach much less to travel costs (34): —I don’t look at the costs; convenience is paramount. The ease of having a car at hand and the fact that costs are ‘sunk’ mean that you no longer make a financial trade-off, and to environmental aspects (4, 28): —Environmental aspects play no role in my personal choices. In addition, they find it important to have control over their journey (15): —Go where I want when I want, optimal mobility, but not in terms of planning ahead (19): —That’s just the point of having a car; no planning, no trouble. Of all travellers they least regard public transport as an alternative to the car (33): —Public transport is unreliable, expensive, and crowded. They do not deliberate about their travel much (25): —I don’t feel like thinking about it. —I’m a creature of habit and often delude myself into believing that travel by leased car is free. —Ninety-five percent of the time I just take the car. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses personal preferences and behaviors related to car travel versus public transport, focusing on convenience, control, and individual experiences. It does not address language translation or the concept of loss of meaning in translation at all, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image Cur and SLCP treatments decreased Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in striatum of 5xFAD miceThe striatum is a subcortical part of the forebrain and is a critical component of the reward system, as well as playing a role in learning and memory. Similar to the other brain structures, the striatum had fewer (p < 0. 01) Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR cells than in control mice after 2- and 5-day of either Cur or SLCP treatment (Fig. 14a–c), with the SLCP treatments providing greater reductions than Cur on both of these parameters (Fig. 14a–c). Fig. 14Cur or SLCP reduce neuroinflammation in the striatum of 5xFAD mice. The 5xFAD mice were treated with Cur or SLCP for 2- and 5-days, sacrificed, and their brain sections were collected and immunolabeled for Iba-1 and GFAP. The number of Iba-1-IR (a, b) and GFAP-IR (a, c) labeled cells was significantly reduced (**p < 0. 01) in the striatum in comparison to untreated 5xFAD mice. Significant reductions were observed after 5 days, in comparison to 2 days of treatment, on measures of both GFAP and Iba-1 labeling (b, c). Scale bar indicates 250 µm and is applicable to other imagesFull size image DiscussionBecause of its unique physicochemical, anti-amyloid, and anti-inflammatory properties, Cur is being considered as a potential treatment for AD [13, 15, 45, 46]. The objectives of the present study were to: (1) compare the permeability of Cur and SLCP into the brain; (2) compare anti-inflammatory activities of Cur with those of SLCP after acute treatment in 5xFAD mice; (3) assess microglial and astrocytic activation in different brain regions, especially those areas associated with AD, after treatment with Cur and or SLCP; and (4) determine which short-term treatment protocol (2 or 5 days) with Cur or SLCP would most effectively decrease Aβ plaque loads and reduce aberrant neuronal morphology in different brain parts of 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin (Cur) possesses 'anti-inflammatory properties' and is being considered as a potential treatment for Alzheimer's Disease (AD) due to these unique properties. Additionally, the text discusses the comparison of anti-inflammatory activities between Cur and another treatment (SLCP), highlighting its role in reducing neuroinflammation in specific brain regions of mice.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Our experimental results are, therefore, both congruent with, and build on, fossil evidence, showing that theropod filamentous integument and symmetric wing feathers first evolved for behaviours other than lift generation9,10. As our unfeathered model performs almost as well as our feathered one, results are congruent with the argument that gliding behaviours could have evolved in taxa with symmetric leg feathers (for example, Pedopenna29 and Anchiornis5). This further highlights the likelihood that asymmetric vanes were a further specialization that evolved in paravian taxa with gliding ancestors; in essence, these allowed a larger wing area for a given skeletal mass and removed the need for feather overlap. The gliding flight of Microraptor, which our experimental results show was remarkably effective over medium distances starting from moderate heights, did not require highly derived lifting surfaces and can be regarded as representing a highly successful experiment in theropod adaptation to aerial behaviour, consistent with at least some evidence for climbing in this taxon30. Providing a further comparative context for Microraptor’s flight mode is complex because other four- and five-winged feathered dinosaurs possessed similar body plans. Clearly, Microraptor also lacks close analogues in the extant fauna, and its relatively high drag and potential unsteady trajectory imply that it might have combined arboreal and terrestrial foraging with rare, perhaps opportunistic, gliding behaviour (consistent with reports of fish in stomach contents31). There are no strong indications from its aerial performance that it might have behaved similar to extant gliding mammals nor does it seems to have approached any extant volant birds in aerial performance. In sum, Microraptor likely indulged in some climbing behaviour, some terrestrial foraging behaviour and glided on occasion; it may thus have foraged across a vertical gradient, using a body plan different from that of extant species. The likely presence of microraptorines in the Late Cretaceous19 combined with new evidence that a phylogenetically diverse range of Mesozoic birds32, including Archaeopteryx8, possessed feathered legs as well as wings suggests that this generalized, perhaps primitive, form of aerial adaptation was persistent across paravian history and was not a short-lived evolutionary event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolution of anatomy in theropods, pinning down that flight capabilities, particularly in species such as Microraptor, were more specialized adaptations rather than a characteristic of all dinosaur species. It emphasizes that while some theropods possessed features like symmetrical wing feathers that may have aided in gliding, there is a clear indication that numerous dinosaur species did not have these capabilities, as stated: 'There are no strong indications from its aerial performance that it might have behaved similar to extant gliding mammals nor does it seem to have approached any extant volant birds in aerial performance.' This directly counters the claim that all dinosaurs had flight capabilities at any stage of evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: In some cases, like going to big events or cities, I consider public transport. Like the travellers in factor three, they are not ‘car addicts’ but simply strongly prefer the car for pragmatic reasons: comfort and travel time (perceptionsFootnote 13). Because they are satisfied, they behave fairly routinely (16, 37). This preference segment for middle-distance travel was labelled as ‘car dependent travellers’. Preference segments and characteristics of respondentsThe sample size and sampling method were appropriate for the purpose of the study, but do not allow generalization of the findings in terms of the distribution of the four preference segments across a larger population, or with respect to their relation to characteristics collected in the post-Q-sort survey. With this in mind, some associations are presented below, some of which may serve as hypothesis for further investigation (or as sampling a criterion in a replication of the current study). First, car ownership was statistically significantly different across preference segments for middle-distance travel; living in a city with an intercity rail station was not. ‘Choice travellers with a preference for public transport’ were characterized largely by being older-than-average, higher-educated males not owning a car. More than 80% had a public transport season pass and used the train once or more per month. Sixty percent walked or cycled to work; about 40% regarded carpooling an acceptable alternative to get to work, and more than 80% would consider both train and car for a middle-distance trip. They mentioned flexibility, independence, and convenience as primary advantages of the car; environment, stress and congestion were disadvantages. Advantages of public transport were relaxation, absence of parking concerns, and environmental benefits; disadvantages were transfers, delays, and inaccessibility. ‘Deliberate choice travellers’ were characterized largely by being older-than- average females owning a private car. More than 80% had a public transport season pass and used the train once or more per month; about 80% regarded carpooling an acceptable alternative to get to work. 80% would consider train for a middle-distance trip, 100% a car. They mentioned control, door-to-door destination, and travel time as advantages of a car; disadvantages were congestion, parking, and long-distance inefficiency. Advantages of public transport were doing something en route and convenience; disadvantages were transfers, delays and inflexibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding language translation. It focuses on transportation preferences and characteristics of different traveler segments, providing insights into behaviors and opinions about car and public transport usage. There is no discussion or mention of language translation or meaning, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: We found that, following short-term i. p. injections, both Cur or SLCP permeated into the brain in therapeutically significant amounts, decreased Aβ plaque loads, and improved neuronal morphology after 5 days of treatment. and SLCP also decreased the GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in different brain areas of 5xFAD mice. The SLCP tended to confer more effective anti-amyloid, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effect, than did Cur. Unfortunately, the low solubility in body fluids and its rapid degradation after intestinal absorption limit the bioavailability of natural Cur, reducing its clinical utility for treating AD [15, 28]. However, the use of SLCP, a lipidated formula of Cur, shows significant promise in providing greater neuroprotective effects in animal models [31, 32] and clinical trials of AD [26]. In the present study, we observed that SLCP tended to have greater affinity to Aβ plaques, compared to Cur. Our findings suggest that the lipid bilayer of SLCP facilitates its permeability into the brain. Further, we observed that after 5 days of intraperitoneal injection of either Cur or SLCP, an increase in binding to Aβ plaque was observed, indicating that more Cur accumulates in the tissue with extended treatment. Although we did not measure the free Cur concentration in the brain tissues of the Cur- or SLCP-treated mice, we have previously found 300–400 nM of free Cur in the mouse brain and 2–3 folds more in their plasma, when mice were fed orally for 2 months [24, 30,31,32, 47] with a similar formula of Cur, when given at a dose of 500 ppm. This was also observed during a clinical trial of AD [26]. Moreover, we have compared the permeability of Cur in different cells, such as 7-DIV primary hippocampal neurons and N2a cells (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) and found that SLCP tended to deliver more free Cur into the cells than did natural Cur [31, 32]. In addition, we also compared the Aβ-binding capability of Cur and or SLCP, in the brain tissue of 5xFAD mice given i. p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the anti-inflammatory effects of Curcumin (Cur) and its lipidated formula SLCP. It details how both Cur and SLCP decreased GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR in brain areas of 5xFAD mice, indicating a reduction of inflammation. Furthermore, it suggests that SLCP has greater anti-inflammatory effects compared to natural Cur, supporting the assertion that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: MethodsPrevious wing and flight reconstructionsSeveral previous studies have considered the likely wing configuration(s) and flight performance of Microraptor (Fig. 5). Figure 5: Microraptor fossil specimens used as the basis for model making. Primary sources: (a) holotype specimen (Institute of and Palaeoanthropology, Institute of 13352) of Microraptor gui, and (b) fossil specimen (of 881) referred to Microraptor by Li et al. 18. Reference also made to (c), incorrect (see Methods) reconstruction of feathering. Full size imageChatterjee and Templin15 reported results of a computer simulation of a gliding Microraptor using a biplane wing configuration, which they considered to be most anatomically plausible. On the basis of classical aerodynamic theory, they also expected this biplane configuration to be more efficient than tandem wings. Virtual models used for this work were based on measurements of fossil casts and digital reconstructions of wing planform. Chatterjee and Templin15 analysed flight performance using two pieces of stream tube theory software33: (animal flight power) and (animal flight simulation)33 (we have been unable, despite repeated attempts, to obtain copies of these codes from Chatterjee & Templin15, or to replicate their methods) and, in contrast to subsequent modelling work16, assumed that because of the biplane configuration the feathers on the femur and tibia only served to streamline and thus reduce the arodynamic drag of these leg bones and did not contribute to the production of lift. This study15 concluded that likely flight speeds for Microraptor would have been between 9 and 15 m s−1 and that the dinosaur would have been a moderate glider, traveling from tree to tree in a phugoid motion, achieving at least 40 m of horizontal distance with a terminal flight speed of ca. 4. 5 m s−1, deemed to be safe for landing. Such estimates are highly dependent on the assumed L/D; therefore, if the much lower values reported by other workers were applied, the range would be greatly reduced. Alexander et al. 16 subsequently studied the aerodynamic properties of several different Microraptor configurations by producing free-flying models with wing profiles based on those of a pigeon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing specifically on the flight capabilities of the genus Microraptor, indicating that not all dinosaur species had flight capability. It discusses the aerodynamics and flight performance of Microraptor, which was a moderate glider but does not imply that all dinosaur species possessed similar traits. The detailed analysis of Microraptor’s flying capabilities suggests that its flight was unique and based on specific anatomical configurations, contrasting the claim that all dinosaurs were capable of flight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: The limited added value of factor 5/4 is also evident from its substantial correlation with factors 4/3 and 4/4. Explanation: A factor diagram is a simplified visual representation of the hierarchical factor structure in a data-set (Goldberg 2006). Each row of the factor diagram presents a consecutive factor structure for the data (from separate analyses of the data), from the one-factor structure at the top to the seven-factor structure at the bottom, and the selected four-factor structure shaded in grey; factors 6/6, 7/4 and 7/7 had an Eigenvalue <1 (i. e. the data supports a maximum of five factors). The boxes in each row represent individual factors, and the width of boxes their percentage-explained variance (see bottom of Table 1 for the values). The arrows between boxes indicate the most important correlations between factors in consecutive factor structures (i. e. , between-structures comparison), and the numbers next to the arrows the corresponding correlation coefficient (see Table 1 for a full overview). For example, the correlation between the first factor of the four-factor structure (i. e. 4/1) and the first factor of the five-factor structure (i. e. 5/1) was 0. 99, meaning that the content of these factors is practically identical. Considering also the correlations between 5/1 and 6/1 and between 6/1 and 7/1, the factor diagram shows that the content of factor 4/1 remains the same for all four- to seven-factor structures (correlation coefficient between 4/1 and 7/1 is 0. 99; see Table 1). Brouwer et al. 2005; (or: procedural utility; Frey and Stutze 2005). e. g. and Rietveld (2009) showed that car users may have fairly distorted perceptions of public transport travel time, particularly when they are unfamiliar with public transport. They found the that car users on average overestimate actual (scheduled) travel time by public transport for a common car trip by 50% and that this misperception of public transport travel time varies between 10 and 70%, depending on the frequency of public transport use. The subjective choice-set consisting of the choice alternatives a person is aware of and considers feasible and acceptable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the perfect translation of language or loss of meaning. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis concerning factor diagrams and perceptions of public transport travel time, which is unrelated to the concept of language translation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 2), which indicates that Cur and SLCP can reduce soluble Aβ, as reported by several researchers previously [14, 48, 49]. One of the aims of the present study was to investigate whether short-term treatments of Cur or SLCP could provide neuroprotection. To this end, we have investigated neuronal morphology using cresyl-violet stained tissue. Interestingly, we observed a significant decrease (30%) in the number of pyknotic, or tangle-like, neurons in PFC, CA1, and CA3 subfields of hippocampus after 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment, but not after 2 days (Fig. 4). This finding suggests that increasing the duration of Cur- or SLCP-treatments may be required to achieve optimal neuroprotection. Although the exact mechanism of neuroprotection following Cur-treatment remains to be delineated, several investigators have demonstrated that Cur can stimulate numerous neurotropic factors, including increases in brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF), glial derived neurotropic factor (GDNF), and nerve growth factor (NGF), which preserve the function and viability of neurons [10, 50, 51]. Increased in trophic factors may underlie the reduction in pyknotic cells in the SLCP-treated 5xFAD mice, relative to those receiving Cur, and this which may be due to the presence of more Cur in the brain made available due to the greater permeability of SLCP. As a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol, Cur can also produce its therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation in AD via activation of cytokine production, as well as the inhibition of the NF-kB signaling pathway [10]. We found that Cur and SLCP treatments significantly reduced microglial activation (Iba-1-IR) in different brain regions. Surprisingly, when we investigated the morphology of microglial aggregation, we observed a significant reduction of both microglia arborization and the level of Iba-1-IR, which suggests that both Cur and SLCP may inhibit activation of microglia (Fig. 6), as reported by others [10]. Similarly, both Cur and SLCP treatments significantly decreased GFAP-IR and branching of astrocytes by inhibiting their activation (Fig. 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Cur (Curcumin) is a potent anti-inflammatory polyphenol that can produce therapeutic effects by reducing neuroinflammation associated with Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, it mentions that Cur can activate cytokine production and inhibit the NF-kB signaling pathway, which are mechanisms related to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, the text highlights reduction in microglial activation and astrocyte activation, further supporting the claim regarding the anti-inflammatory effects of Curcumin.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: They based the overall shape on the Microraptor gui holotype (Institute of and Paleoanthropology, Beijing) V13352 and investigated the following three configurations they considered plausible: the forewing and tail attached in the same frontal plane with varying incidence; the hind wings mounted with 20° of anhedral and 75° of sweep (similar to the previous configuration but with the tips of the hind wings horizontal); and a biplane configuration where the feet forming the hind wings are located beneath the main wing—a configuration supported by the earlier geometric study of Chatterjee and Templin15. Alexander et al. 16 tested their models as free-flying gliders and concluded that the mean steady-state glide ratio for each of their three configurations was 4. 1 (ref. 16). The results, although showing much lower L/D ratio than theoretical predictions15, do indicate that gliding was feasible for Microraptor. Serious anatomical issues with the Microraptor model described by Alexander et al. 16 have, however, been raised: based on the known 3D anatomy of closely related microraptorines19, it is unlikely that Microraptor could have attained the leg positions used for this model23. Most recently, Koehl et al. 17 presented results of an experimental aerodynamic investigation of Microraptor using small physical models in a wind tunnel. Koehl et al. 17 used models based on Xu et al. 4 and compared the flight performance of Microraptor with its hind wings sprawled; laid flush along the tail; down; and in a biplane configuration. Wings were initially modelled with feathers; however, this was considered impractical, so most of the tests were conducted on models that had wings made from stiffened paper. Their results are similar to those reported by both Chatterjee and Templin15 and Alexander et al. 16, althought they were alone in providing limited results of the pitching moments and thus static pitch stability. Koehl et al. 17 went further to compare their results to modern bird-flight speeds, noting that estimated gliding speeds for Microraptor do fall within the range measured for extant taxa34. They also noted that there was no significant difference between the L/D ratios of the configurations that they reported; therefore, they concluded that the hindlimb position does not noticeably affect glide characteristics. Unlike earlier studies, Koehl et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on Microraptor, a specific dinosaur species, and the complexities surrounding its flight capabilities. It discusses experimental models and aerodynamic studies that assess the gliding ability of Microraptor rather than asserting that all dinosaur species could fly. The anatomical challenges and results showing limited flight characteristics suggest that not all dinosaurs had the capability of flight, opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 Understanding and of Towolhoe's 국어국문학 약어 : - 2014 no. 168, 10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 발행기관 : 국어국문학회 연구분야 : 한국어와문학 Copyright © 국어국문학회 김재석 1 1경북대학교 인용한 논문 수 : 13 189 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 The aim of this paper is to clarify the characteristics of the theatrical company, Towolhoe's translated dramas and its effects on the performance of Towolhoe's creative dramas. Towolhoe didn't adapt translated works until the second performance. The five translated dramas Towolhoe performed focused on searching the possibility of forming the modern drama of colonized Joseon. In the founding performance, they performed the foreign dramatists' works for little theater, who contributed to forming the modern drama of their countries including Eugene Pillot's Hunger. Encouraged its success, as the works of the second performance they challenged Tolstoy's Resurrection and Wilhelm Meyer- Förster's Alt Heidelberg. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding perfect translation without loss of meaning. Instead, it discusses the characteristics of translated dramas and their performances, without providing a stance on the quality or fidelity of translations in general.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: When we counted the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in different brain areas, especially, in the PFC, CA1, CA3, DG, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and striatum, we observed an inhibition of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR profile in hippocampal subfields and the areas associated with hippocampus, especially subicular complex and entorhinal cortex, the junctional areas which connect with cortex, revealed that 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment reduced neuroinflammation to a greater extent than 2 days of treatment, which, again, suggests that a longer duration of treatment is required to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur and or SLCP. Interestingly, we achieved greater anti-inflammatory effects in the case of SLCP treatment, which, again, confirmed that the SLCP facilitates permeability of Cur across the blood brain barrier (BBB) so it can inhibit neuroinflammation to a greater degree than Cur. Although we did not investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of reactive microglia and astrocytes after Cur or SLCP treatments, others [10] have demonstrated that Cur attenuates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in a rat model of AD. Indeed, Cur can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB [52] and ERK [53] signaling pathways, which are regulated by PPAR-γ [10]. Moreover, Cur also inhibits other inflammatory cytokines, by inhibiting further activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD brain [14, 54, 55]. ConclusionsAs a potent, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenol, Cur is a promising therapy for AD. It significantly reduced neuroinflammation as measured by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in different key brain areas of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment. Short-term treatment of Cur and or SLCP decreased amyloid plaque load and reduced abnormal neuronal morphology in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of Curcumin's (Cur) anti-inflammatory effects. It details how Cur treatment reduces neuroinflammation in various brain areas and emphasizes that Cur can inhibit inflammatory cytokines and microglial and astrocyte activation in the brain. These findings support the assertion that Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: 17 discussed (but did not quantify) the effects of the position of the legs and their effect on glide stability, as well as the animals’ manoeuvrability and turning capabilities. Our model Microraptor was tested with all previously proposed leg configurations15,16,17, apart from the anatomically impossible, fully sprawled position16, as this would have been anatomically impossible19,23. Notes on Microraptor in a stable equilibrium glideFor an animal gliding at velocity V, the only forces acting upon the body are the total aerodynamic force R, acting at the centre of pressure, and the weight of the animal W, acting at the CoG (Fig. 6). Translating the total aerodynamic force to the CoG results in a moment M around the CoG. The animal can change these by (re)-arranging its lifting surfaces and/or by changing its (geometric) angle to the flow α. Furthermore, total aerodynamic force can be split into two components: one that is perpendicular to the flight direction, the lift L, and one that is in the opposite direction of flight, the drag D. The glide angle γ and glide ratio L/D are measures of glide performance. The higher the glide ratio (or the lower the glide angle), the higher the glide performance. Figure 6: Wind tunnel-mounting geometry of the model Microraptor. (a) Mounting for the sprawled configuration. (b) Mounting for the legs down configuration. (c) Moment and forces as measured. (d) Moment and forces around CoG. V=wind speed, α=angle of attack relative to the flow direction, L=lift force, D=drag force, Mmnt=pitching moment around mounting point, Rx=horizontal force measured by the force balance, Ry1 and Ry2=vertical forces measured at the attachment points. l=distance between attachment points and lmnt=attachment offset legs down. Δl=distance between mounting point and CoG. M=pitching moment around CoG. Full size imageFor equilibrium glide, the total aerodynamic force and weight need to be equal in magnitude, in opposite directions, and collinear35. This means that the forces act at the CoG and the moment around it needs to be equal to zero. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the aerodynamic forces and glide stability related to Microraptor, indicating that not all configurations discussed were feasible for flight. Furthermore, it emphasizes the mechanical aspects of gliding rather than supporting the idea that all dinosaur species were capable of flight. The detailed examination of glide performance and the specific limitations of the Microraptor model suggests a complexity that is not universally applicable to all dinosaur species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: It may fairly be said that the aim which its modern drama headed forward could be seen for the first time thanks to Towolhoe. 키워드 토월회, 번역극, 창작적 번안, 식민지조선의 근대극, <아리랑고개> Towolhoe, translated drama, the creative adaptation, the modern drama of colonized Joseon, Ariranggogae 참고문헌(46) 1. [기타] 동아일보 2. [기타] 매일신보 3. [기타] 조선일보 4. [단행본] 김종욱 2002 실록 한국영화총서(상) 국학자료원 5. [기타] 박승희 1929 신극운동 칠년 - 토월회의 과거와 현재를 말함 조선일보 6. [기타] 박승희 1963 토월회이야기｣(1-3) 사상계 7. [단행본] 톨스토이 1924 산송장 평문관 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various aspects of modern drama and its translations, but it does not address the claim about the possibility of perfect translation without loss of meaning. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Willow bark has been used historically for pain relief due to its salicylic acid content. [SEP] Text: (A) Schema of protein coded by oxt gene. Antibodies anti-OXT and PS45 were targeted to processed OXT and neurophysin respectively. SP denotes signal peptide, arrow indicates cleavage site. Validation of the EGFP-OXT fusion protein is shown in Figure 3H. (B–F) Confocal Z-stack images showing Fluorescent in situ hybdridization (FISH) of 3 days post-fertilization (dpf) larvae using probes for avp (B) or oxt (C) mRNA (red), followed by PS45 staining. The neurosecretory preoptic (NPO) area in which oxytocin neurons were labeled is shown. Confocal maximum intensity projection (MIP) images showing immunostaining of 5-dpf old transgenic Tg(oxt:EGFP) larvae using antibodies directed against GFP and neurophysin (NP). The whole neurohypophyseal tract (D) and the hypophyseal projections (E) are shown. Scale: 10 μM. Figure 6—video 1 Download asset This video cannot be played in place because your browser does support HTML5 video. You may still download the video for offline viewing. Download as MPEG-4 Download as WebM Download as Ogg Three-dimensional render showing STORM images of endogenous OXT in neurohypophyseal synapses of 5 days post-fertilization (dpf) old zebrafish larvae. Figure 7 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Robo2 regulates synaptic OXT levels via Cdc42. (A,B) Assessment of the effect of Oxytocin neuron-specific overexpression of actin-regulating protein Cdc42 in Tg(oxt:Gal4) larvae. Transgenic embryos expressing the oxt:Gal4 driver were injected with transposon-based transgenic vectors containing either control UAS:EGFP or UAS:Cdc42(T17N)-EGFP. Larvae were fixed at 8 days post-fertilization (dpf) and immunostained with anti-GFP and anti-OXT antibodies and neurohypophyseal synapse (NS) were identified as described earlier. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) reveals mosaic labeling of hypophyseal projecting axons (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific methods and observations related to neurohypophyseal synapses and oxytocin, with no mention of willow bark or its historical use for pain relief. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Wing and leg feathers on our model Microraptor are from extant salvaged (Isle of Wight, UK, 2012) platyrhynchos (outboard primaries) and Common wood pigeons Columba palumbus (inboard section) (Fig. 1a): measurements of the feathers of Mesozoic birds and selected theropod dinosaurs show that the primaries of Microraptor correspond most closely in relative length and width to those of mallards37. The projected areas of the main lifting elements (main wing area and projected area of the legs) were of 0. 1085, m2 for sprawled and 0. 0899, m2 for legs down. The large tail had an area of 0. 0170, m2 and the small tail an area of 0. 0067, m2. The mean aerodynamic chord of the main wing (used to determine the moment coefficient) is 0. 11 m. The location of the CoG is estimated to be ~0. 1 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 1). To assess the influence of size (Reynolds number) and the influence of feathers (wing flexibility), a flat-plate Microraptor model in a sprawled configuration was used for experiments. This unfeathered model was constructed with Balsa wood for the main body, 2-mm thick aluminium flat plates for all lifting surfaces and a 1. 2-cm aluminium rod for the tail (see Fig. 4a for planform and front view). The dimensions of this model were based on the holotype specimen of Microraptor in Xu et al. 4 The projected main lifting elements had areas of 0. 1367, m2, whereas the tail had an area of 0. 0147, m2. The mean aerodynamic chord of the main wing (used to determine the moment coefficient) is 0. 11 m. The location of the CoG is estimated to be ~0. 15 m behind the leading edge of the main wing (Fig. 4a). Wind tunnel experiments and analysisTo assess the glide performance of Microraptor, we conducted wind tunnel experiments using different configurations of our feathered model (Fig. 1a). The influence of size and feathers was tested by conducting wind tunnel experiments on a flat-plate model and comparing these to the feathered results (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information about the aerodynamic and morphological features of Microraptor, a specific theropod dinosaur. While it discusses the gliding performance and wing structure derived from certain birds, it does not support the notion that all dinosaur species had the ability or adaptations for flight at any stage of their evolution, implying that flight capability may not have been universal among dinosaurs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [기타] 大久保二八子 1913 茶を作る家 演芸画報 9. [단행본] 三浦道夫 1928 世界戯曲全集 9巻 世界戯曲全集刊行会 10. [단행본] 細田枯萍 1914 近代劇十編 敬文館 11. [단행본] 片山広子 1921 ダンセニイ戯曲全集 警醒社書店 12. [학술지] 김미연 2013 조명희의 『산송장』 번역 민족문학사연구 (52) : 406 ~ 52 13. [단행본] 김우진 1921 소위근대극에대하야 학지광 14. [단행본] 김재석 1995 일제강점기 사회극 연구 태학사 15. [학술지] 김재석 2012 1920년대 <인형의 집> 번역에 대한 연구 한국극예술연구 (36) : 11 ~ 36 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a list of references and bibliographic entries but does not provide any information or argumentation about the translation of language or the concept of loss of meaning in translation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 354-368 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) the 'Immunity Boost': of Panax ginseng on Kang, Soo-Won (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Min, Hye-Young (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Received : 2012. 06. 14 Accepted : 2012. 07. 19 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenera tive disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. ginseng; Innate immunity; Acquired immunity; Immunomodulation; Cytokine 104. . Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J 2012;36:119-134. . Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. J Microbiol 2005;43:456-462. . What do commercial ginseng preparations contain? Lancet 1994;344:134. . Effects of Korean red ginseng extract for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2011;35:479-486. . Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Bull 2000;23:1481-1485. . Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in the mouse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the extensive reports on ginseng's role in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system and enhancing resistance to illness. It highlights how ginseng regulates immune cells, which is indicative of its adaptogenic effects as it suggests a capacity to help the body adapt to stressors. Additionally, the reference to ginseng's beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases and microbial infections underscores its multifaceted actions, aligning well with the definition of adaptogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species were capable of flight at some stage of their evolution. [SEP] Text: Figure 8: Influence of tail size on glide performance of Microraptor. Colour coding as before. Bold lines: large tail (as used in all other tests), pale line:small tail. (a) Speed-specific Lift-Drag polar. (b) Glide ratio against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. (c) Speed-specific moment coefficient against speed-specific aerodynamic force coefficient. Full size imageTrajectory simulationsGlide trajectories were determined by solving for the equations of motion in time to determine trajectories, using CL and CD combinations obtained from the measurements. Measurements of the gliding stage for real gliding animals20 support that assuming constant CL and CD values are valid. The numerical approach is apparently similar to 15,33, as far as we are able to replicate. At each time step, the equations of motion are solved:V is the total glide velocity; Vd is the decent velocity; Vh is the horizontal velocity; Fx and Fy are the forces in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively; ax and ay are the acceleration in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively; g is the gravitational acceleration; and m is the mass of the Microraptor. The velocity and location at the following time step are then determined by:where Δt is the time step between successive evaluations; t is the time; and X and Y are the locations in horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The mass of a Microraptor the size of our feathered model is estimated to be 0. 5 kg. The start of the glide is at a height of 30 m, with an initial horizontal velocity of 3 m s−1 (sensu Chatterjee and Templin15 and in between experimental results for a European starling Sturnus vulgaris and Common quail Coturnix coturnix27). Envelopes of glide trajectories were determined by finding the minimum and maximum heights of glide trajectories at each horizontal location. Additional informationHow to cite this 10. 1038/ncomms3489 (2013). 10. 4202/a0093. Nudds, R. L. & Dyke, G. J. Forelimb posture in dinosaurs and the evolution of the avian flapping flight-stroke. Evolution 63, 994–1002 (2009). 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the glide performance and the aerodynamic characteristics of Microraptor, a specific dinosaur species known for its gliding abilities. The detailed explanation of glide trajectories and aerodynamic forces suggests that only certain dinosaurs, like Microraptor, were capable of such flight mechanisms, rather than all dinosaur species being capable of flight at some stage in their evolution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 김재석 2011 ｢토월회｣ 연극의 근대성과 전근대성 한국극예술연구 (34) : 13 ~ 34 17. [학술지] 김재석 2014 토월회의 창립공연 연구 한국극예술연구 (43) : 63 ~ 43 18. [학술지] 김재석 2012 한국과 일본의 자연주의극 성립에 대한 비교 연구 국어국문학 (162) : 285 ~ 162 19. [학술지] 김재석 2013 형성기 한국 근대극에서 <김영일의 사>의 위치 한국연극학 1 (50) : 39 ~ 50 20. [단행본] 김재석 2010 근대전환기 한국의 극 연극과인간 21. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the nature of language translation and whether it can be done without loss of meaning. It provides a citation of academic articles without discussing translation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1984;15:386-391. . Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. 1990;16:537-542. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Nutr 2000;3:473-485. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. 2007;29:3-14. . Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Immunol 1997;9:4-9. Albiger B, Dahlberg S, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Role of the innate immune system in host defence against bacterial infections: focus on the Toll-like receptors. J 2007;261:511-528. Gordon S. The macrophage. Bioessays 1995;17:977-986. -Guzik T. Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation. J 2003;54:469-487. . Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. 2002;24:469-482. . Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J Infect 2002;45:32-38. . Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) in combination with IFN-gamma results in enhanced macrophage function through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Biochem 2008;72:1817-1825. . Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264. 7 cells. Pharmacol 2001;134:1663-1670. . Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Acta 2003;327:123-128. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J 1999;19:12-25. . Dendritic cells: immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to Panax ginseng, including its immunomodulatory effects and potential role in enhancing macrophage function. These properties align with the concept of adaptogenic effects, where a substance helps the body adapt to stress and maintain balance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: April 01 2002 rex Run? A new biomechanics model finds that T. rex lacked large enough leg muscles to run fast. Search for other works by this author on: PubMed 10. 1063/1. 1480769 Open the PDF for in another window and rex Run? . 1 April 2002; 55 (4): 18–19. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search -body diagrams, Geologic time scale, Television broadcasting, Educational assessment, Universities, Fluid mechanics, Birds, Vertebrates, Musculoskeletal system, Saturday-morning television shows to Hollywood blockbusters, dinosaurs are perennial favorites for inspiring people’s curiosity. And topping the fascination list is usually Tyrannosaurus rex, the six-ton giant that reigned over the Period 65 million years ago, moving around on hind legs more than 2. 5 meters long and devouring less fortunate creatures with its powerful jaws. Although the fossil record provides clues about some aspects of dinosaur existence, insights into many others must be tortuously teased out of uncovered bones and footprints. Many questions lack direct answers. For example, how fast could dinosaurs move? That question has proved easier to answer for smaller dinosaurs, whose fossilized footprints contain speed information. In the mid-1970s, Mc(University of Leeds) derived a method for estimating speed from the ratio of the stride length to the leg length (which can be determined from recovered bones or estimated from the footprint size). 1 So-called trackways containing stride records have provided evidence for running (having a suspended, aerial phase) for many bipedal dinosaurs. No trackway evidence of running by larger animals such as T. rex has been found, which is not unexpected. It’s rare to find fossil beds large enough to span the stride of a running T. rex. In addition, most creatures spend much more time walking than running, so any running trackways are rare. Most estimates of the speed of Tyrannosaurus and other large dinosaurs have instead come from various comparisons to other vertebrates. Noting the similarity of T. rex skeletal anatomy to that of extant birds and other fast runners, have suggested that T. rex would have been able to run at least 20 m/s (45 mph). 2 Applying more physics-based arguments, others have proposed slower maximum speeds. Based on the maximum transverse forces that T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the biomechanics of T. rex, specifically noting that it lacked the necessary muscle strength to run fast, and it emphasizes the challenges of interpreting dinosaur locomotion based on fossil records. There is no mention of T. rex having feathers or the ability to glide, which directly counters the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [단행본] 김진균 2000 근대주체와 식민지 규율권력(재판) 문화과학사 22. [단행본] 김환기 2001 야마모토 유조의 문학과 휴머니즘 역락출판사 23. [학술지] 배연형 2008 창가 음반의 유통 동악어문학 (51) : 35 ~ 51 24. [학술지] 변기종 1962 연극 오십년을 말한다 예술원보 (8) 25. [단행본] 신정옥 1999 한국에서의 서양 연극 도서출판 소화 26. [학술지] 양승국 2006 1920년대 초기 번역극을 통해 본 번역 의식의 한 단면- 현철의 <犬>을 중심으로 한국현대문학연구 (19) : 243 ~ 19 27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided contains a series of bibliographical references, likely citing works related to literature and translation. It does not address the claim regarding the perfect translatability of language or any concepts of loss of meaning in translation. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Biol 2000;78:91-102. . Immunomodulatory activity of ginsan, a polysaccharide of Panax ginseng, on dendritic cells. 2009;13:169-173. . Dendritic cells maturation promoted by M1 and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th1 polarization. 2004;68:441-452. Inhibiting effects of total saponins of Panax ginseng on immune maturation of dendritic cells induced by oxidized-low density lipoprotein. 2010;263:99-104. . Inhibitory effect of ginsenosides from steamed ginseng-leaves and flowers on the LPSstimulated IL-12 production in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Res 2011;34:681-685. . Natural killer cell signaling pathways. Science 2004;306:1517-1519. . Immunomodulating activity of ginsenoside Rg1 from Panax ginseng. Pharmacol 1990;54:447-454. . Panax ginseng as a potential immunomodulator: studies in mice. 1990;12:257-276. . In vitro effects of echinacea and ginseng on natural killer and antibodydependent cell cytotoxicity in healthy subjects and chronic fatigue syndrome or acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome patients. Immunopharmacology 1997;35:229-235. . Innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 2002;91:281-291. Kurtz J. Memory in the innate and adaptive immune systems. 2004;6:1410-1417. . Humoral immunity due to long-lived plasma cells. Immunity 1998;8:363-372. . Immune response to cholera toxin epitope inserted in Salmonella flagellin. Science 1989;244:70-72. Vecchiarelli A, Casadevall A. Antibody-mediated effects against Cryptococcus neoformans: evidence for interdependency and collaboration between humoral and cellular immunity. 1998;149:321-333. . Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. 2010;20:34-50. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that illustrate the immunomodulatory and immune response-promoting effects of ginseng and its components, particularly ginsenosides. It specifically mentions ginsenoside Rg1's immunomodulating activity and the effects of Panax ginseng on immune cell maturation, suggesting its role as an adaptogen in enhancing the body's immune responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: rex bones could have withstood, Alexander has argued that it was capable of a modest run at best. 3 (University of Copenhagen), quantifing such arguments, estimated that T. rex could walk at 10 m/s (22 mph)—still far from slow. 4 (Indiana-Purdue University) and colleagues 5 have suggested that a fast-running T. rex would have experienced fatally large forces if it had tripped, so they concluded it likely moved no faster than 10 m/s. Working at the University of California, Berkeley, (now at Stanford University) and (now at Automotive in New York) recently offered a new approach for analyzing possible speeds of T. rex and other bipeds, based on a biomechanical model for determining the minimum mass of leg extensor muscle required for an animal to run. 6 With this model, the pair found that T. rex could not have had strong enough legs to be a fast runner. Scaling muscles Underlying this new model is the observation that muscles in vertebrate animals generate remarkably uniform maximum force per unit cross section, about 300 kN/m2. Given that evolution has conserved this muscle property, Hutchinson and Garcia argue it’s reasonable to assume that the muscles of dinosaurs such as T. rex had similar force-generating capability. One consequence of this uniformity is that muscle strength increases more slowly than muscle mass as body size increases, as roughly the 2/3 power rather than linearly. Thus, as body size increases, the muscle mass needed to support and move it increases even faster. This scaling difference, well-known for decades, is at the core of the researchers’ conclusion that T. rex was not a fast runner. Hutchinson and Garcia use a two-dimensional free-body diagram to determine the minimum muscle mass per leg that’s needed at midstride to maintain quasistatic equilibrium, factoring in the forces and torques from various muscles, limb segment weights, and the ground (see figure 1). View largeDownload slide In a free-body diagram for a running tyrannosaur, the angles of the leg joints (top) are critical parameters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the biomechanics and running capabilities of T. rex, indicating it was not built for fast or agile movement. Although the text does not specifically address feathers or gliding, it undermines the idea of T. rex being a glider by detailing its inability to run fast and suggesting limitations in its leg strength. This implies that the concept of T. rex gliding from tree to tree is unlikely due to its physical capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술지] 우수진 2013 무대에 선 카츄샤와 번역극의 등장–<부활> 연극의 수용 경로와 그 문화 계보학– 한국근대문학연구 (28) : 409 ~ 28 28. [학술지] 우수진 2014 카츄샤 이야기: <부활>의 대중서사와 그 문화 변용 한국학연구 (32) : 209 ~ 32 29. [학술지] 윤민주 2012 극단 ｢예성좌｣의 <카추샤> 공연 연구 한국극예술연구 (38) : 11 ~ 38 30. [단행본] 벤틀리, 에릭 2002 사색하는 극작가 현대미학사 31. [단행본] 스타이안, J. L. / 1988 표현주의 연극과 서사극 현암사 32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the perfection of language translation and its implications on meaning. Instead, it lists various academic references and studies related to themed topics in Korean literature and performance, which are irrelevant to the concept of language translation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. 2005;33:651-661. . Intraperitoneal injection of ginseng extract enhances both immunoglobulin and cytokine production in mice. 2004;32:75-88. . Ginsan enhances humoral antibody response to orally delivered antigen. 2010;10:5-14. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on infl uenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012;7:e33678. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response induced by recombinant Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 antigen. 2011;179:28-34. . Effects of red ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:206-212. . cells, dendritic cells and CTL Immunity. Biol 2004;82:84-90. . Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol 2002;20:323-370. . Effects of naturally occurring glucosides, solasodine glucosides, ginsenosides and parishin derivatives on multidrug resistance of lymphoma cells and leukocyte functions. 2001;15:151-156. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4(+) T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. 2004;4:235-244. . Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Biol 2002;12:291-300. Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. 2005;42:161-182. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. 2004;5:987-995. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Immunol 2001;1:135-145. . Short-term oral administration of ginseng extract induces type-1 cytokine production. 2006;28:227-240. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that demonstrate ginseng's effects on the immune response and its potential to modulate immunity, which aligns with the definition of adaptogens. For example, it notes that 'long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response' and 'ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response,' suggesting its capacity to help the body adapt to stressors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tyrannosaurus rex had feathers and could glide from tree to tree to catch prey. [SEP] Text: Empirically, the most agile running bipeds don’t require more than 5% of their body weight to be leg extensor muscle. “Despite fairly generous assumptions,” says Garcia, “muscle masses would need to be unreasonably high for T. rex to be a fast runner. ” Even with the most favorable posture parameters, the researchers report that required extensor muscle is larger than the actual muscle mass of 7–10% they estimate based on scaling models. Given the extensive unknowns, the pair hesitate to put a specific upper bound on the maximum speed of T. rex. “Speeds of 11 m/s [25 mph] would be pushing it,” says Hutchinson, “but 20 m/s [45 mph] is not reasonable. ” This work hasn’t settled the debate over T. rex speed. Hutchinson is working on applying the model to other, larger living animals such as ostriches and rhinoceroses to test the conclusions, something many critics are eager to see. 1. R. M. Alexander Nature 261, 129 (1976). 2. G. S. Paul Gaia 15, 257 (2000). 3. R. M. Alexander Zoolog. J. Linnean Soc. 83, 1 (1985). 4. P. Christiansen Gaia 15, 241 (2000). 5. J. O. Farlow M. B. Smith J. M. Robinson J. Vert. Paleontol. 15, 713 (1995). 6. J. R. Hutchinson M. Garcia Nature 415, 1018 (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the physical capabilities and speed of T. rex, suggesting that it may not have been a fast runner and does not provide any evidence regarding feathers or gliding abilities. The discussion specifically mentions muscle mass and speed estimations, indicating that the biomechanics of T. rex are being examined, but it does not support the notion that T. rex had feathers or could glide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [단행본] Baer, Norman 1991 Theatre in Avant-Design 1913-1935 Museums of 33. [단행본] Brockett,Oscar G. / 2010 History of the Theatre Pearson Education, Inc. 34. [단행본] Kohfeldt, 1985 : Behind the 35. [단행본] Schrank, Bernice 1997 Irish Playwrights, 1880-1995 36. [단행본] Skelton, Robin 1971 of J. M. Synge Thames and Hudson 37. [단행본] Wiener, Leo 1924 Drama of Russia and Co. 38. [단행본] 大笹吉雄 1985 日本現代演劇史 白水社 39. [단행본] 毛利三彌 1980 北欧演劇論 東海大学出版会 40. [단행본] 兵灯至夫 1961 日本歌謠史 彌生書房 41. [단행본] 宝塚歌劇団 2014 宝塚歌劇100年史 虹の橋 渡りつづけて(舞台編) 阪急コミュニケーションズ 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim at all. It lists various books and authors related to theater and drama, devoid of any discussion around translation, its challenges, or the implications for meaning. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim about language translation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. 1998;64:110-115. . Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute infl ammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. 2006;46:187-197. . Anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound K in activated microglia and its neuroprotective effect on experimental stroke in mice. J Ther 2012;341:59-67. . Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung infl ammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor-4 on macrophages. 2012;12:110-116. . Antiarthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. 2007;7:1286-1291. . Panax ginseng induces production of proinfl ammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Res 2004;24:93-100. . The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated infl ammatory signals. Immunol 2006;36:37-45. Constant SL, Bottomly K. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Immunol 1997;15:297-322. . Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Res 2005;28:343-350. . Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS 2004;112:369-373. Lee JH, Han Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 helps mice resist to disseminated candidiasis by Th1 type differentiation of CD4+ T cell. 2006;6:1424-1430. . Cytokine modulating effect of ginseng treatment in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J 2003;2:112-119. . The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine 2005;23: 5411-5419. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various mechanisms through which Panax ginseng, particularly its components like ginsan and ginsenoside Rg1, influence the immune response and inflammatory pathways. These references suggest that ginseng has immunomodulatory effects and might help in adapting the body's response to stressors, aligning with the concept of adaptogenic effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: The opposite is also true: if lower MOT parallels larger ice volume during lukewarm interglacials, changes in the radiative balance of the Earth are required to explain the differences between the interglacials before and after 450 kyr BP. Quantitative estimates of the integrated heat content of the entire ocean are required to answer these questions. However, obtaining a representative estimate of the whole-ocean heat content represents a formidable challenge (Hoffman et al. , 2017; Shakun et al. , 2015). Marine sediments are available for many but not all ocean areas and record only local sea surface conditions or deep-ocean temperatures at the coring site. Moreover, the proxy temperature information gained from marine sediments may be affected by biological processes, sea level changes, or limited precision, especially for cold deep-ocean temperatures. Finally, obtaining globally representative MOT from individual marine archives requires the compilation of a globally representative set of marine sediment cores, including rigorous cross-dating of all the records, which is difficult for the pre-14C period. The measurement of atmospheric noble gases trapped in Antarctic ice provides a unique opportunity to reconstruct changes in MOT independently from marine records (Craig and Wiens, 1996; Bereiter et al. , 2018b; Headly and Severinghaus, 2007; Ritz et al. , 2011) and may overcome these limitations. Changes in the atmospheric concentrations of xenon, krypton, and nitrogen (we liberally add N2 to the noble gases, as its atmospheric residence time amounts to tens of millions of years) mirror the anomalies in total ocean heat content, as they are driven by changes in their temperature-dependent physical solubilities in ocean water. This allows us to reconstruct MOT in the past from the noble gas composition of a single ice core sample. A minor exception is the small amount of geothermal heating of ocean water, which is not connected to a noble gas change. Note that the MOT at a given time in the past represents a snapshot of the heat (and noble gas) content of all water parcels of the ocean and thus integrates over water bodies with different ventilation ages. Importantly, MOT is therefore not directly linked to mean global sea surface temperature at the same time, a point that has caused some confusion in the past. Here we extend previous efforts in reconstructing MOT using noble gases in ice cores (Bereiter et al. , 2018b; Baggenstos et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges of reconstructing past ocean temperatures (MOT) and proxy data from marine sediments instead of focusing on the significance of glaciers or ice cores. It emphasizes the difficulties in obtaining globally representative data from marine archives and mentions noble gases trapped in Antarctic ice as a unique opportunity for reconstruction, but does not support the claim about glaciers being over 100,000 years old or serving as a key source of climate information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: [학술대회] 笹川慶子 2003 小唄映画に関する基礎調査 -明治末期から昭和初期を中心に-｣, ｢演劇研究センター紀要 早稲田大学21世紀COEプログラム <演劇の総合的 研究と演劇学の確立> 43. [학술지] 前波淸一 2000 松居松翁｢お茶を作る家｣-原作と翻案 大阪教育大学英文学会誌 (45) 44. [단행본] 佐藤忠男 1995 日本映画史 I 岩波書店 45. [단행본] 増井敬二 1990 浅草オペラ物語 芸術現代社 46. [단행본] 秋庭太郞 1956 日本新劇史 理想社 TOP 초록 키워드 참고문헌 toggle menu 타입을 선택하세요 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 @10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not engage with the claim directly and appears to be a collection of references to various academic works related to Japanese cinema and theater, without addressing the question of translation and meaning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 342-353 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) of Panax ginseng in Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Anatomy, College of and Institute of Oriental Medicine, University) Received : 2012. 03. 02 Accepted : 2012. 05. 21 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ Abstract Ginseng, the root of the Panax ginseng, has been a popular and widely-used traditional herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan for thousands of years. Now it has become popular as a functional health food and is used globally as a natural medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the literature on the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases. Possible ginseng- or ginsenosides-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms mainly involve maintaining homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. This review considers publications dealing with the various actions of P. ginseng that are indicative of possible neurotherapeutic efficacies in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. ginseng; Ginsenosides; Neuroprotection; Neurodegeneration 1357. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. . The changes of ginsenoside patterns in red ginseng processed by organic acid impregnation pretreatment. J 2011;35:497-503. . Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J 2010;34:160-167. . Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Sin 2008;29:1103-1108. . Ginseng pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions. 1999;58:1685-1693. . Ginseng saponins: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. 1985;51:221-224. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing ginseng as a widely-used traditional herbal medicine known for its various physiological and pharmacological effects. It mentions that evidence is accumulating regarding the neuroprotective mechanisms of ginseng, which include maintaining homeostasis and anti-inflammatory properties, which are characteristic qualities of adaptogens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some glaciers can be over 100,000 years old and are a key source of climate information through ice core sampling. [SEP] Text: In summary, apart from analytical issues related to achieving the required high precision and accuracy in atmospheric values of elemental ratios, fractionation and gas loss effects also have to be taken into account when interpreting MOT values in deep ice cores. As observed earlier for δO2/N2, the gas composition in brittle ice from the BCTZ suffers from post-coring gas loss effects, while pure bubble ice provides good storage conditions for permanent gases. MOT values from pure clathrate ice below the BCTZ but well above the bedrock (>400 m) show little signs of post-coring gas loss and provide reliable MOTs for all three elemental ratios. In the warm deep ice closer to the bedrock, we observed an apparent Xe enrichment, and the Xe/Kr and Xe/N2 ratios did not allow us to derive reliable MOT values. The consistency of δKr/N2 values over the entire record, particularly their reproducibility within the analytical uncertainty, gives us confidence that reliable MOT values can be derived from this parameter throughout the EDC ice core. 4 MOT snapshots of peak glacial and interglacial periods during the last 700 kyr Following the discussion about gas loss above, MOTs derived from δXe/N2 and δXe/Kr show significant anomalies in samples from the BCTZ, especially from very deep ice as shown in Fig. 6. Based on the good reproducibility of δKr/N2 values within the analytical uncertainty throughout the record, we conclude that the MOT derived from δKr/N2 is not significantly affected by the gas loss described in Sect. 3 and shows consistent results throughout the record. One sample at 638 kyr BP is, however, considered an outlier for two reasons: the sample has a pair difference in δKr/N2, which is larger than 3σ of the reproducibility, and the order of the three proxies indicates a substantial xenon loss in contrast to all other samples from pure clathrate ice. We neglect the value at 638 kyr BP and restrict our discussion of past MOT changes to the values derived from δKr/N2 as presented in Fig. 9. Figure 9MOT record relative to the Holocene from the Kr/N2 ratios in comparison with other climate records. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various gas composition analyses and the reliability of isotopic ratios within deep ice cores, without addressing the age of glaciers or their role in providing climate information through ice core sampling. It focuses on analytical issues and specific gas measurements rather than supporting or contrasting the claim about the age and climate significance of glaciers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can be perfectly translated without loss of meaning. [SEP] Text: 2014, “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미”, no. 168, 335. Available from: doi:10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 김재석. “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미“ 국어국문학 168 335. (2014): 297. 김재석. 토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미 국어국문학 [Internet]. 2014; 168, : 297 - 335. Available from: doi:10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 김재석. “토월회의 번역극 공연인식과 그 의미“ 국어국문학 no. 168 (2014): 297 - 335. doi: :10. 17291/kolali. 2014. . 168. 012 텍스트 파일로 저장 피인용 논문 (우)305-754 대전광역시 유성구 가정로 201 한국연구재단 TEL: 042-869-6674, 1544-6118 E-mail: kciadmin@nrf. re. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the perfect translation of language. It primarily consists of a citation and bibliographic information about a publication, which is irrelevant to the assertion about language translation.