Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Geography--including natural resources, climate, topography, and proximity to trade routes and major markets--is at least as important as good governance. As early as 1776, argued that high transport costs inhibited development in the inland areas of Africa and Asia. Other geographic features, such as the heavy disease burden of the tropics, also interfere. One recent study by my colleague Xavier Sala-i-Martin demonstrated once again that tropical countries saddled with malaria have experienced slower growth than those free from the disease. The good news is that geographic factors shape, but do not decide, a country's economic fate. Technology can offset them: drought can be fought with irrigation systems, isolation with roads and mobile telephones, diseases with preventive and therapeutic measures. The other major insight is that although the most powerful mechanism for reducing extreme poverty is to encourage overall economic growth, a rising tide does not necessarily lift all boats. Average income can rise, but if the income is distributed unevenly the poor may benefit little, and pockets of extreme poverty may persist (especially in geographically disadvantaged regions). Moreover, growth is not simply a free-market phenomenon. It requires basic government services: infrastructure, health, education, and scientific and technological innovation. Thus, many of the recommendations of the past two decades emanating from Washington--that governments in low-income countries should cut back on their spending to make room for the private sector--miss the point. Government spending, directed at investment in critical areas, is itself a vital spur to growth, especially if its effects are to reach the poorest of the poor. TrapSo what do these insights tell us about the region most afflicted by poverty today, Africa? Fifty years ago tropical Africa was roughly as rich as subtropical and tropical Asia. boomed, Africa stagnated. Special geographic factors have played a crucial role. Foremost among these is the existence of the Himalaya Mountains, which produce southern Asia's monsoon climate and vast river systems. Well-watered farmlands served as the starting points for Asia's rapid escape from extreme poverty during the past five decades. Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s introduced high-yield grains, irrigation and fertilizers, which ended the cycle of famine, disease and despair. � [break]It also freed a significant proportion of the labor force to seek manufacturing jobs in the cities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution and its elimination through current technologies. Instead, it discusses the impact of geography on economic growth and development, emphasizing the importance of technology in combating geographical disadvantages, such as drought and disease, but does not mention pollution or its mitigation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Log in or new issue alertsGet alerts Submit a your Email address: Subscribe to e4. 0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms. Research in 18(6):p 604-613, Nov–Dec 2023. | DOI: 10. 4103/1735-5362. 389948 and purpose: Pain and inflammation can be treated by various therapies that for the most part are not effective and can result in adverse effects. The current study was proposed to compare the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory actions of curcumin and nano curcumin in rats. Experimental approach: Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail-flick tests including the control group, curcumin and nano curcumin groups (20, 50, 100 mg/kg), morphine group (10 mg/kg), naloxone + 100 mg/kg curcumin group, and naloxone + 100 mg/kg nano curcumin group. There were nine groups for the carrageenan test. Groups 1-7 were the same as the previous division; groups 8 and 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac and 1% carrageenan, respectively. Findings/Results: All doses of nano curcumin significantly decreased the paw-licking time in both phases of the formalin test. In the tail-flick test, curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects compared to the control group. In the paw edema test, at 180 s after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and all doses of nano curcumin significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema. Myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation decreased at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg of curcumin but at three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg). Conclusion and implication: In conclusion, our results suggest that the nanoemulsion formulation of curcumin can be efficient in reducing pain and especially inflammation in lower doses compared to the native form of curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting findings from a study that investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin. Specifically, it states that various doses of curcumin significantly inhibited edema in the paw edema test, demonstrating the substance's effectiveness in reducing inflammation. The conclusion further supports the claim by suggesting that both curcumin and its nanoemulsion formulation can effectively reduce inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Tornadoes rarely show up on radar since the radar beam is too big to resolve a feature as small as a twister. So most of the time, the only way to confirm a tornado is to see it. This newsletter rocks. Get the most fascinating science news stories of the week in your inbox every Friday. Sign up now Dave Sills, a severe weather scientist with Environment Canada, undertook a study about 5 years ago looking at a new set of data from the Detection Network, which can detect lightning across 95% of the country, correlating it with data on verified tornadoes and population density. Where there’s a thunderstorm, there’s the possibility for a tornado. and colleagues tried to hash out exactly how many tornadoes were likely occurring but never detected. “Missing” tornadoes, most of which hit remote logging camps or entirely uninhabited areas, offer tantalizing troves of lost data for forecasters. The result? Although about 60 Canadian tornadoes are verified each year, it’s likely that more than 230 twisters touch down in the country during that time period. The “missing” tornadoes, most of which hit remote logging camps or entirely uninhabited areas, offer tantalizing troves of “lost” data for forecasters. These scientists think they can get a better understanding of tornado risk to humans and infrastructure by tracking all the twisters in the country. started in 2016, attempted to identify all the missing tornadoes in northwest Ontario. The following year, the team attempted to track every tornado in all of Ontario, as well as significant tornadoes elsewhere in the country. In 2019, the project is aiming to get data on every single tornado that touches down in Canada. “It’s ambitious…but I think we’ve got it together now, and we’re going to give it a shot,” Sills says. In forested areas, the team is using satellite data to look for hints of damage like blown-down trees and stripped-away vegetation. “If we see a hint of damage, we’ll fly aerial surveys to resolve the trees and branches,” says Kopp. The team is working to figure out how to gather data on not just whether a tornado occurred and what its path was but what its intensity was. In the prairies, tornado tracking gets much more complex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses tornado detection and occurrences, emphasizing that tornadoes are closely linked with thunderstorms and that they often go undetected. There is no mention or implication that scattering sand can prevent tornadoes, thereby rebutting the idea presented in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Urbanization, in turn, spurred growth, not only by providing a home for industry and innovation but also by prompting greater investment in a healthy and skilled labor force. Urban residents cut their fertility rates and thus were able to spend more for the health, nutrition and education of each child. City kids went to school at a higher rate than their rural cousins. And with the emergence of urban infrastructure and public health systems, city populations became less disease-prone than their counterparts in the countryside, where people typically lack safe drinking water, modern sanitation, professional health care and protection from vector-borne ailments such as malaria. Africa did not experience a green revolution. lacks the massive floodplains that facilitate the large-scale and low-cost irrigation found in Asia. Also, its rainfall is highly variable, and impoverished farmers have been unable to purchase fertilizer. The initial research featured crops, especially paddy rice and wheat, not widely grown in Africa (high-yield varieties suitable for it have been developed in recent years, but they have not yet been disseminated sufficiently). The continent's food production per person has actually been falling, and Africans' caloric intake is the lowest in the world; food insecurity is rampant. Its labor force has remained tethered to subsistence agriculture. Compounding its agricultural woes, Africa bears an overwhelming burden of tropical diseases. Because of climate and the endemic mosquito species, malaria is more intensively transmitted in Africa than anywhere else. And high transport costs isolate Africa economically. Africa, for example, the rainfall is greatest in the interior of the continent, so most people live there, far from ports and international trade routes. Much the same situation applies to other impoverished parts of the world, notably the Andean and highlands and the landlocked countries of Central Asia. Being economically isolated, they are unable to attract much foreign investment (other than for the extraction of oil, gas and precious minerals). Investors tend to be dissuaded by the high transport costs associated with the interior regions. Rural areas therefore remain stuck in a vicious cycle of poverty, hunger, illness and illiteracy. Impoverished areas lack adequate internal savings to make the needed investments because most households live hand to mouth. The few high-income families, who do accumulate savings, park them overseas rather than at home. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various social and economic factors affecting urbanization and agriculture in Africa, without addressing the potential for pollution elimination through current technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: lifestyle of individuals around the world is meaningfully affected by pain and inflammation. Several treatments exist for the healing of pain and inflammation, but these treatments are not always successful and may result in experiencing adverse effects. Based on these facts, the identification of new compounds for healing pain and inflammation is an essential challenge in biomedical research (1,2). There are countless medicinal plants with possible analgesic activity, such as Artemisia herba-alba, Saliva hydrangea, Lavandula officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Melissa officinalis, Menthe pulegium, Salvia sclarea, Moringa oleifera, Passiflora leschenaultia, Tamarindus indica Linn, Vaccinium ashei, etc. In addition to the use of new compounds, the use of strategies that can increase the effectiveness of the existing ones should also be considered. Among different strategies, using nano-sized carriers is a broadly used method to achieve acceptable bioavailability and suitable metabolism in therapeutic use (3,4). Curcumin (Curcuma longa) [1,7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione], also named diferuloylmethane (5), is a natural phenolic complex that can be extracted from turmeric roots (6). In recent years, a broad spectrum of exciting bioactivities has been known or attributed to curcumin, particularly antioxidant (7,8), antimicrobials (9), anticancer and antimutagenic (10) properties. This compound is bright orange-yellow thus it can be used as a food colorant (5). Recently, it has been established that most of the properties of Curcuma longa belong to curcumin with possible effects against allergies, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, arthritis (11,12), and other chronic illnesses (13,14). Nevertheless, curcumin treatment in humans is confined by its great metabolic variability as well as low absorption and bioavailability (15). Some tactics have been adopted to increase oral bioavailability and solubility of curcumin (16,17). It has been shown that curcumin mixtures with nanop1396. 553). All the nociception tests were approved by the same visual observer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by identifying curcumin as a compound derived from turmeric that has a broad spectrum of bioactivities, including effects against arthritis and other chronic illnesses. Specifically, it mentions that curcumin has been attributed properties related to pain and inflammation management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Strong twisters, such as the one that struck Alonsa, Manitoba, in 2018, are so powerful that they leave a visible track through the grass. But smaller tornadoes don’t show up on satellite imagery in the plains, as the team found after an outbreak in southern Saskatchewan in July 2018. “We had to rely on eyewitness accounts and farmers with cellphone videos, because [the tornadoes] didn’t leave marks that we could identify. We’re going to have to engage with storm chasers in some way; otherwise, we might still miss some,” Kopp says. The project has already yielded some interesting results. The region northeast of Lake Superior, for instance, is sparsely populated, and few tornadoes are reported there. Sills had wondered whether Lake Superior’s frigid temperatures were reducing convective activity, and thus storms and tornadoes, or if “there are tornadoes there and we just don’t know about them. ” Data from the Project found very few tornadoes in that region, showing that the lake “shuts down convective activity. Thunderstorms are unable to really get going, so we don’t have too many tornadoes in that region,” says Sills. The team hopes to use the data to provide ground truths to forecasters. “When something happens that forecasters didn’t understand, like a tornado occurs with a storm they didn’t expect, having that data allows them to look at the relationships between the meteorology…and the tornadoes. ” ”A lot of times, [forecasters] issue tornado warnings in areas of the north and never get any reports back…. Verification data gives them a better idea of how well they’re performing, and once you know how well your forecasts are doing, you can work on improving the accuracy,” Sills says. “When something happens that they didn’t understand, like a tornado occurs with a storm they didn’t expect, having that data allows them to look at the relationships between the meteorology…and the tornadoes. ” In addition to providing better data to forecasters, the Project aims to bring increased awareness to the public. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing meteorological factors affecting tornado formation and the challenges forecasters face in identifying tornadoes, without suggesting any preventive measures such as scattering sand. It highlights that some areas report very few tornadoes and discusses the role of conditions like Lake Superior’s frigid temperatures on convective activity, implying that natural phenomena influence tornado occurrences rather than human intervention could prevent them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: It does not include other humanitarian projects such as postwar Iraqi reconstruction or tsunami relief. To meet these needs as well, a reasonable figure would be 0. 7 percent of GNP, which is what all donor countries have long promised but few have fulfilled. Other organizations, including the Fund, the and the British government, have reached much the same conclusion. We believe these investments would enable the poorest countries to cut poverty by half by 2015 and, if continued, to eliminate it altogether by 2025. They would not be "welfare payments" from rich to poor but instead something far more important and durable. People living above mere subsistence levels would be able to save for their futures; they could join the virtuous cycle of rising incomes, savings and technological inflows. We would be giving a billion people a hand up instead of a handout. If rich nations fail to make these investments, they will be called on to provide emergency assistance more or less indefinitely. They will face famine, epidemics, regional conflicts and the spread of terrorist havens. And they will condemn not only the impoverished countries but themselves as well to chronic political instability, humanitarian emergencies and security risks. The debate is now shifting from the basic diagnosis of extreme poverty and the calculations of financing needs to the practical matter of how assistance can best be delivered. Many people believe that aid efforts failed in the past and that care is needed to avoid the repetition of failure. Some of these concerns are well grounded, but others are fueled by misunderstandings. When pollsters ask Americans how much foreign aid they think the U. S. gives, they greatly overestimate the amount--by as much as 30 times. Believing that so much money has been donated and so little has been done with it, the public concludes that these programs have "failed. " The reality is rather different. U. S. official assistance to sub-has been running at $2 billion to $4 billion a year, or roughly $3 to $6 for every African. Most of this aid has come in the form of "technical cooperation" (which goes into the pockets of consultants), food contributions for famine victims and the cancellation of unpaid debts. Little of this support has come in a form that can be invested in systems that improve health, nutrition, food production and transport. We should give foreign aid a fair chance before deciding whether it works or not. A second common misunderstanding concerns the extent to which corruption is likely to eat up the donated money. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the elimination of pollution through current technologies. Instead, it focuses on humanitarian projects, foreign aid, and the challenges of investing in poverty reduction. There is no mention or discussion related to pollution or environmental technologies, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rats were randomly allocated into ten groups of six for formalin and tail flick tests as follows: Group 1 received 10% DMSO with 90% normal saline solution by gavage (control group); group 2 received 20 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 3 received 50 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 4 received 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage; group 5 received 20 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavagegroup 6 received 50 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage; group 7 received 100 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage; Group 8 received 10 mg/kg morphine intraperitoneally (IP); group 9 received 1 mg/kg naloxone IP, 30 min before being treated with 100 mg/kg curcumin; group 10 received 1 mg/kg naloxone IP, 30 min before being treated with 100 mg/kg nano curcumin. Rats were accidentally allocated into nine groups of six for the carrageenan test as follows: Group 1 received 10% DMSO with 90% normal saline solution by gavage (control group); group 2 was injected with 1% carrageenan; group 3 received 20 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 4 received 50 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 5 received 100 mg/kg curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 6 received 20 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 7 received 50 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 8 received 100 mg/kg nano curcumin by gavage 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan; group 9 received 10 mg/kg diclofenac IP 30 min before injection of 1% carrageenan. Pharmacological tests Formalin test Based on a similar technique designed by Hunskaar and Hole (20), formalin was injected into the right hind paw of the rat (2. 5% in 0. 9% sterile saline; 50 μL/paw sub plantar) (21). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing experiments involving curcumin administration to rats and their allocation in groups for tests like the formalin and carrageenan tests. Although the text does not explicitly state the outcomes, the use of curcumin in a context that investigates its effects supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties, especially when it is included in methods designed to assess inflammatory responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: “In some regions of the country, there may be the attitude that ‘we don’t get tornadoes here,’” especially if many tornadoes are unreported, says Sills. Canada has two “tornado alleys” (one extending from to Northwestern Ontario, and the other in Southern Ontario), but tornadoes can form anywhere. A richer trove of data could simply get the general public to take tornadoes seriously. Jana Houser, an assistant professor of meteorology at Ohio University, studies how tornadoes form and how topography affects them. She’s not involved in the Project but speculates that a fuller data set on tornado strikes would help climatologists investigate long-term tornado trends. “If you don’t have the reporting numbers, then you don’t have confidence in the [answer to the] question of where tornadoes form. There might be geographic, subtle changes, or certain areas are seeing tornadoes earlier in the year. ” Houser adds that the meteorology community has “a pretty good understanding of the environments that are needed to produce tornadoes” but that there are some “subtleties…. As a community, we are investigating why one supercell produces a tornado while the next one over, which is what appears to be a similar environment with a similar structure, doesn’t end up producing tornadoes. That’s the largest gap in our knowledge. ” It’s that gap that the Project really hopes to tackle. “A lot of what severe weather forecasters do depends on their library of conceptual models,” Sills says. “They do a lot of training on recognizing patterns in radar. Anything we can bring to the table that increases their knowledge in those areas and [helps them] to recognize different patterns really helps. ” —(rk@readwriterachel. com; @rkaufman), Editor at NextCity. org Correction, 25 March 2019: This 10. 1029/2019EO118983. Published on 22 March 2019. Text © 2019. The authors. CC BY-NC-ND 3. 0 Except where otherwise noted, images are subject to copyright. Any reuse without express permission from the copyright owner is prohibited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the understanding of tornado formation and the complexities surrounding it, suggesting that tornadoes cannot simply be prevented by scattering sand. It emphasizes the meteorological knowledge regarding the conditions needed for tornado formation and that preventing them is not within the current scientific capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Some foreign aid in the past has indeed ended up in the equivalent of Swiss bank accounts. That happened when the funds were provided for geopolitical reasons rather than development; a good example was U. S. support for the corrupt regime of Seko of Zaire (now the of the Congo) during part of the cold war. When assistance has been targeted at development rather than political goals, the outcomes have been favorable, ranging from the to the eradication of smallpox and the recent near-eradication of polio. � [break]The aid package we advocate would be directed toward those countries with a reasonable degree of good governance and operational transparency. In Africa, these countries include Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Mozambique, Senegal and Tanzania. The money would not be merely thrown at them. It would be provided according to a detailed and monitored plan, and new rounds of financing would be delivered only as the work actually got done. Much of the funds would be given directly to villages and towns to minimize the chances of their getting diverted by central governments. All these programs should be closely audited. Western society tends to think of foreign aid as money lost. But if supplied properly, it is an investment that will one day yield huge returns, much as U. S. assistance to western Europe and after II did. By prospering, today's impoverished countries will wean themselves from endless charity. They will contribute to the international advance of science, technology and trade. They will escape political instability, which leaves many of them vulnerable to violence, narcotics trafficking, civil war and even terrorist takeover. Our own security will be bolstered as well. As U. N. Secretary-Annan wrote earlier this year: "There will be no development without security, and no security without development. "Rights & PermissionsDeterminants of Long-Term Growth: A of (BACE) Approach. X. Sala-i-Martin,. Miller in Review, Vol. 94, No. 4, pages 813-835; September 2004. Chronic Poverty: : Aid: the Money be Spent? More by Jeffrey D. SachsThis 10. 1038/scientificamerican0905-56with ScienceLearn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the elimination of pollution through current technologies. Instead, it discusses the complexities of foreign aid, governance, and development, with no mention of pollution or technology related to environmental concerns. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Rats were spotted in the spaces with a mirror and the time spent licking and biting the injected site was considered as an indicator of pain. Reactions were evaluated five (first phase) and 15-30 min (second phase) after formalin administration (22). Curcumin, nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg, gavage), morphine (10 mg/kg, IP), naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 were given 1 h before formalin administration (N = 6 per group). Naloxone (1 mg/kg, IP), an opioid receptor antagonist, was injected 30 min before administration of the curcumin and nano curcumin (100 mg/kg) to evaluate the contribution of opioid receptors in the effect of the curcumin and nano curcumin. Tail flick test Tail-flick technique () was used to assess the antinociceptive reaction of curcumin and nano curcumin against thermal stimuli (23). Rats were accidentally allocated to ten groups of six. Each rat was located in a ventilated tube with the dorsal surface of the tail situated in the radiant thermal stimuli. The heating was applied to the distal part of the tail at 50 °C. The time of removing the tail in seconds was considered the response time, which was assessed automatically by a recorder joined to the equipment. A termination time of 7 s in each trial was regarded to diminish the possibility of skin damage. The tail-flick latency was evaluated before and 30, 60, and 90 min after administration of curcumin, nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine (10 mg/kg, IP). Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema A paw edema model induced by carrageenan 1% (injection of 100 μL/animal into the sub-plantar section of the right hind paw of the rat) was used to study the anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin and nano curcumin (24). Rats were allocated to nine groups of six. Rats were pretreated with curcumin and nano curcumin (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and diclofenac 30 min before carrageenan injection. Plethysmometer apparatus (P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin and nano curcumin. It details the experimental setup, where rats were treated with curcumin prior to inflammation induction, highlighting the anti-inflammatory properties that support the claim regarding curcumin’s effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: How can diabetes lead to vision loss, and how can this be prevented? Published: June 8, 2023 Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness among working-age adults in the developed world. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, USA, works in the field of ophthalmology to investigate how diabetes causes eye issues. He hopes his research will lead to the development of new treatments for diabetes-related vision loss. -retinal barrier — a physiological barrier that regulates the flow of nutrients, ions and molecules between the bloodstream and retina Cultured cell — a cell grown in a laboratory Cytokine — a small protein molecule released from one cell that signals a cell response in another cell, usually by binding to a specific receptor Neuron — a nerve cell that conveys a signal by electrical response Ophthalmology — the branch of medicine focused on the eye and vision Permeability — the ability of a material to allow substances to pass through it. A material with high permeability allows substances to pass through easily Phosphorylation — the addition of a phosphate group (PO43-) to a molecule Physiological — relating to the normal functioning of an organism Retina — the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye Signalling — the process of a cell emitting, receiving and processing instructions Diabetes is a chronic health condition in which the body cannot control its blood sugar levels properly. You have probably heard of diabetes, but you might not associate it with vision loss. However, diabetes can affect the retina – the thin layer of light-detecting cells at the back of the eye – which can lead to diabetic retinopathy. What is diabetic retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is characterised by changes in the retinal blood vessels, and symptoms include blurry, spotted or total loss of vision. A third of all people with diabetes have diabetic retinopathy, and severe forms of the disease are the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Antonetti, a molecular and cell biologist at the University of Michigan, hopes to improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind the condition and develop new therapies to treat the disease. The exact cause of diabetic retinopathy is still unknown, but it appears that factors associated with diabetes, such as increased blood glucose (sugar) and fat, alter the normal retinal environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about tornado prevention as it focuses on diabetes and its complications, specifically diabetic retinopathy. There is no mention of tornadoes, sand, or any method of preventing natural disasters. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or engage with the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: SubscribeSign up for our newslettersSee the latest storiesRead the latest issueGive a Gift SubscriptionFollow Us:Return & of of cookies/Do not sell my datais part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www. springernature. com/us). maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers. © 2024. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the complete elimination of pollution through current technologies. Instead, it discusses editorial independence and relationships with scientific publications, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: test The duration of pain reaction in the early stage (0-5 min) was meaningfully diminished in nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), naloxone + curcumin 100, naloxone + nano curcumin 100, and morphine-treated groups in comparison with the control group. The duration of pain reaction in the late stage (15-30 min), was meaningfully declined by two doses of curcumin (50 and 100), and three doses of nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), naloxone + curcumin 100, naloxone + nano curcumin 100 and morphine compared to the control group. Moreover, nano curcumin at two doses (50 and 100 mg/kg) was meaningfully better than curcumin (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. : Comparative graphical representation of analgesic effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine in formalin-induced paws licking test. Reactions were evaluated after (A) 5 min (first phase) and (B) 15-30 min (second phase) after formalin administration. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the control group; $$ P < 0. 01 and $$$ P < 0. 001 comparisons between curcumin and nano curcumin at the same dose. Tail flick test Curcumin 100, nano curcumin 100, naloxone + curcumin 100, and naloxone + nano curcumin 100 showed significant analgesic effects (prolongation of the reaction time) compared to the control group. Curcumin and nano curcumin (20 and 50 mg/kg) displayed non-significant results as compared with the control group, whereas morphine showed significant analgesic effects as compared to the control group) (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. : Comparative graphical representation of analgesic effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and morphine in tail flick test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides evidence that curcumin significantly reduces pain in various tests, indicating its anti-inflammatory effects. Specifically, it mentions that 'the duration of pain reaction in the late stage (15-30 min) was meaningfully declined by two doses of curcumin (50 and 100),' which supports the assertion that curcumin has beneficial effects on inflammation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Earth & 21, 2021 Building a climatology for tornadoes across happen all over the world, despite being most commonly associated with central USA. When a tornado strikes a city, it can be devastating to both infrastructure and lives. As infrequent as tornadoes may seem in Europe, it is important for their risk to be modelled, so we can prepare for the worst. Grieser and Haines from Solutions (RMS) in London have analysed various methods for tornado mapping, with the hope of combining them to make the most accurate European tornado risk model to date. If you’re based in Europe, a tornado is something you will likely never have to experience. This mindset means that establishing precautionary procedures and building enhancements against tornadoes is rarely on any European agenda. However, tornadoes do occur in Europe, and have been known to cause severe damage there. To date, there has been a severe lack of tornado research in Europe, with just a few studies covering only a handful of countries. A more in-depth analysis of tornado likelihood in Europe is required in order to map frequent tornado hotspots and advise governments where to initiate precautionary tornado defence schemes. Grieser and Haines from Solutions (RMS) in London are drawing upon a variety of historic observational and reanalysis data to create a more concise and statistically sound mapping of tornado likelihood across Europe – a comprehensive tornado climatology. KingShopArt/Shutterstock. com A history of Europe and tornadoes For context, it’s important to understand where Europe stands surrounding the history of both tornadoes and their scientific analysis. The last time London was significantly damaged was in 1091, when around 600 houses were destroyed. In France, a tornado hit Paris in 1890, and 70-200 people were killed by a tornado which hit Monville in 1845. These are just some examples of tornado outbreaks in Europe. Despite building improvements, all these urban centres have become more densely populated and potential cost of damage has dramatically increased. If a tornado were to hit a city today, there is a high risk of loss of life – this alone should provide enough reason to increase European tornado precautions. However, because tornadoes are relatively rare, and the historical record of their occurrence is incomplete, it is difficult to tell whether a difference in activity between cities represents an actual difference in the underlying risk, or whether it is just the result of a difference in reporting and/or luck. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of tornado occurrences and the need for research and preparedness, rather than suggesting a method of prevention. Scattering sand across the landscape is not mentioned or supported in the text as a preventive action, nor is there any indication that such a method would be effective. The text focuses on the rarity of tornadoes in Europe and the historical context surrounding their impact, emphasizing the importance of improved mapping and precautionary measures instead of prevention through scattering sand.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 29677 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordNovember 21, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,184 views 652 downloads 51 9677. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 1 video and 8 additional files 1 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Generation of RNG105 conditional deletion mice. (A) Gene structure of the Rng105 genome, targeting vector, floxed Rng105, and after excision of the floxed sequence. Arrowheads indicate PCR primers for genotyping. (B) PCR analysis of the indicated genotypes. (C) Male littermates at postnatal 9 (P9) weeks. (D) Relative body weight of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared with Rng105f/f mice. n = 5 and 3 (P0), 10 and 6 (P8), 27 and 22 (P30), 6 and 6 (P60), 9 and 8 (P90) for Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice, respectively. *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ****p<0. 001 using two-way ANOVA followed by Student's t-test. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. (E) Survival curves of Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. The number of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice was 70. 4% of Rng105f/f mice at P30 (n = 402 and n = 283 for Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f, respectively). Thereafter, survival was analyzed in 13 Rng105f/f mice and 26 Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (F) Western blotting of indicated brain extracts from Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice for RNG105 and α-tubulin as a control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a technical description concerning genetic research and does not address the claim about pollution and technologies in any way. It is unrelated to the topic and therefore categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the control group. Carrageenan-induced hind paw edema was applied as an edema inductor (Fig. 3), after 60 min, curcumin (100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema compared to the carrageenan group. Also, at 180 min after injection, curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced edema compared to the carrageenan group. However, at 120 min after injection, no significant effect was observed. In addition, the control drug, diclofenac, showed significant inhibition of edema volume over 3 h. Fig. 3. : Comparative graphical representation of anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), and diclofenac in carrageenan-induced paw edema test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 indicate significant differences compared to the carrageenan group. activity is indicative of the polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment in the organ following any damage. MPO activity was meaningfully higher in the carrageenan-treated group as compared to the control group. Curcumin decreased the MPO activity at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg but nano curcumin reduced the MPO activity at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) in comparison with the carrageenan (Fig. 4). Fig. 4. : Comparative graphical representation of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), carrageenan, and diclofenac on MPO test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM level. ### P < 0. 001 indicate a significant difference compared to the control group; * P < 0. 05, and *** P < 0. 001 compared to the carrageenan group; $ P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin inhibits carrageenan-induced edema, a marker of inflammation, when administered in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. This suggests that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties, aligning with the claim about its effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: In France, a tornado hit Paris in 1890, and 70-200 people were killed by a tornado which hit Monville in 1845. Historically, simple analyses have been conducted for individual countries. Although useful, these recordings vary remarkably in their methods, and suffer from population bias. In effect, countries with lower and less evenly distributed populations will be able to see, and record, fewer tornado events. These recordings are combined in only one European-wide study to date (Groenemeijer and Kühne, 2014). Mapping by observation There are a few ways to predict tornado threat, each with benefits and drawbacks. The first is the most obvious technique, using recorded sightings. One way of visualising this is using kernel smoothing. This technique generates a smooth curve which averages all neighbouring data points; it can be imagined similar to a heat map. took information from the (ESWD) to produce several of these maps. Since the ESWD was only established in 2002, the number of tornado reports prior to this was much lower, and poorly classified. Tornadoes are measured by the Fujita scale, F0-F5, with F5 being the most devastating. The resulting map (see figure 1, upper panel) shows that observed hotspots for tornadoes in Europe appear over Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, southern England, north Italy, the Balearic Islands, Greece, and south Turkey. However, the map would look very different if tornadoes where an intensity rating was not recorded, and those that appeared exclusively over water (called waterspouts) were discounted. Also, different observation periods would lead to different results. Fig. 1: Expected number of tornadoes occurring in 100 years per 10,000km2 in Europe. The upper panel shows the spatial distribution from kernel smoothing of observed tornadoes from 2005 to 2019 while the lower panel shows the results of the work described here. A drawback of kernel smoothing is that the smoothing can obscure small-scale features. For example, when smoothing out points across a country like Italy with frequent tornadoes down both coasts, there is a risk that the kernel curves for these two hotspots overlap, causing a high tornado risk to be incorrectly assigned to the mountains in between. The observational data also relies heavily on population density, and the ability of individuals to rate tornado intensity, which can be difficult if no damage is caused (frequent in Europe). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses tornadoes in historical contexts and mentions prediction methods, but does not provide any evidence or support for the idea that scattering sand could prevent tornadoes. The analysis is focused on understanding and mapping tornado occurrences, as well as the complexities of observational data, without any consideration of prevention strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Bottom, quantification of the RNG105 band intensity normalized to α-tubulin. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. with dot plots of individual values. n = 3. *p<0. 05, ****p<0. 001 using Student's t-test. (G) Staining of hippocampal slices with anti-RNG105 antibody and DAPI. SP, stratum pyramidale; SR, stratum radiatum. Scale bar, 50 µm. See also Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Reduced expression of RNG105 without the expression of truncated forms in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Reduction of Rng105 transcripts in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared to Rng105f/f mice. RNA-seq read coverage across the Rng105 genome for triplicate RNA samples from the hippocampus of Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice is shown. The perpendicular axis shows the number of reads standardized among the samples. Numbers indicate exon numbers of the Rng105 gene. Note that not only transcripts of exons 5–6 but also those of the other exons were reduced in amount in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (B) No truncated form of RNG105 protein is detected in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. Left, western blotting for truncated RNG105 (a. a. 1–122)-GFP (an arrowhead) expressed in CHO cells with an anti-GFP antibody. Right, western blotting of CHO cells expressing the truncated RNG105-GFP and the cerebral cortex from Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice with the anti-RNG105 antibody. The anti-RNG105 antibody detected the truncated RNG105-GFP (an arrowhead). Although the molecular mass of the truncated RNG105 (a. a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental data related to RNG105 and does not mention pollution or technologies related to pollution management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 05 comparison between curcumin and nano curcumin at the same dose). MPO, Myeloperoxidase. Lipid peroxidation assay Since the content of malondialdehyde is meticulously related to lipid peroxidation, the end product of lipid peroxidation was detected in the foot tissues of animals after treatments. Only low quantities of MDA were detected in the control group, but a noteworthy elevation was discovered in the carrageenan-treated group. As expected, MDA contents meaningfully decreased by curcumin at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, but nano curcumin reduced the MDA content at three doses (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg compared to the carrageenan (Fig. 5). Fig. 5. : Comparative graphical representation of curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg), carrageenan, and diclofenac on MPO test. Each point represents the mean ± SEM. ### P < 0. 001 Indicates a significant difference compared to the control group; * P < 0. 05, ** P < 0. 01, and *** P < 0. 001 compared to the carrageenan group. MPO, Myeloperoxidase. studies in animal models have confirmed the efficiency of curcumin against different diseases (28-31); however, its clinical efficiency is limited because of unfavorable pharmacokinetic assets. So, the widespread attributes of curcumin have not been entered into the clinical experiments. In the following study, we reported for the first time the usefulness of orally administered nano curcumin on experimental models of pain and inflammation in rats. A wide range of evidence exists to support the pharmacological effects of curcumin. Curcuma longa (turmeric) is a rhizomatous plant of the ginger family. The therapeutic properties of turmeric have been recognized for thousands of years, but the mechanism(s) of action and the active ingredients have been examined recently. Curcumin is a natural polyphenol produced in the rhizome of turmeric. Numerous investigations have suggested the various pharmacological usages of curcumin, including analgesic activity, intense antioxidant activity, anticancer properties, and kidney advantages (10). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, derived from turmeric, is effective against various diseases and plays a significant role in reducing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in animal models treated for inflammation. It mentions that MDA content significantly decreased with curcumin treatment, supporting the idea that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: Mapping with climate data A somewhat more complex method is mapping through reanalysis data, which is historic climate data that has been processed and ‘rebuilt’ using today’s scientific models. CAPE (convective available potential energy) is one of many important ingredients for ‘tornado weather’. By looking at, for example, spots where CAPE is severe, it is possible to start highlighting high-risk areas. However, CAPE is just one ingredient of many, and it is not totally clear which are the most important as they are all heavily intertwined. To resolve this, compared various risk-maps produced by combinations of these ingredients against the observational data. This allowed them to understand which meteorological ingredients were the most tightly linked to actual tornado events. They found that CAPE alone was not as tightly coupled with tornadoes as other studies described. In fact, it was CAPE below a particular height that mattered most. The interaction of CAPE with wind shear was also found to be important, reinforcing the results of previous studies, many of which were focused on the USA. The scientists did, however, manage to pin down important meteorological characteristics that well matched the observational data. The only issue here is that the quality of the maps produced depends on the reliability of the reanalysis data used to rebuild them. If a tornado were to hit a city in Europe today, it would cause severe damage – precautionary procedures and building enhancements against tornadoes are rare. Anton Balazh/Shutterstock. com Mapping with mountains If you’ve seen tornadoes in pop culture, or even in real life, there’s a high chance it was on flat land, such as that found in central USA. Previous studies have shown that land topography, also known as orography, has an effect on tornado occurrence. This orography can be measured by a combination of elevation, slope, and land roughness. For each tornado observation made, the orographic data was extracted for that location. That information can be run through statistical models to map the expected chance of a tornado based purely on each orographic variable. In Europe, where elevation, slope, and land roughness are all heavily linked, all three produced similar maps. While the results did line up quite well with pure tornado observations, this approach on its own completely ignores climatic conditions, which we know are important. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining various meteorological factors critical for understanding tornado occurrence. It discusses CAPE (convective available potential energy) and emphasizes that while CAPE is an ingredient for tornado weather, it is not sufficient for tornado prevention. The text also highlights that land topography influences tornado occurrences but does not mention preventing tornadoes by scattering sand. As such, the information provided does not support the notion that scattering sand can prevent tornadoes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: 1–122) is expected to be ~13 kDa, no such band was detected in the cerebrum of Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice even after intensive exposure of the membrane to the detecting solution. Because of the intensive exposure, RNG105 band intensity was saturated, and bands other than RNG105 were also detected. An arrow denotes endogenous RNG105. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset RNG105-deficient mice have small dendritic spines. (A) Density of CA1 hippocampal neurons measured by nuclear staining in the SP. n = 11. Student's t-test, p=0. 674. (B) CA1 pyramidal neurons imaged with Thy1-GFP. Scale bar, 50 µm. (C and D) Length of primary dendrites (C) and the number of 2nd branches (D) in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. n = 24. Student's t-test, p=0. 554 (C), p=0. 605 (D). (E) Representative magnified images of a dendrite of a CA1 neuron. Scale bar, 1 µm. (F−H) Spine density (F), spine size (G), and the ratio of the number of mushroom spines to total spines (H) in the CA1 pyramidal neurons. n = 22 dendritic branches. Student's t-test, p=0. 857 (F), ***p=0. 00380 (G), ***p=0. 00278 (H). Data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 3 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs structural plasticity of dendritic spines. (A) Fluorescence images of cultured hippocampal neurons from Rng105f/f mice transfected with mCherry (left) or both mCherry and CMV-Cre (right), and immunostained for RNG105. Arrows indicate transfected neurons. Scale bar, 10 µm. (B) Immunofluorescence intensity of RNG105 in the transfected neurons normalized to that in neighboring mCherry-negative neurons. n = 24. Student's t-test, ****p=1. 33E-6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses scientific observations related to dendritic spines and neuronal properties, which do not address the claim about pollution and current technologies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Among various experimental simulations for pain, the formalin test is the most helpful technique to confirm whether a compound has antinociceptive properties. In the current study, this investigational model was used to test the antinociceptive effect of curcumin and nano curcumin. Moreover, in this investigation, we applied other experiments, such as the tail-flick and the carrageenan test. The formalin test is used to evaluate both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory reactions. In the mentioned test the nociceptive conduction is detected in two stages (early and late), which shows different kinds of pain (32). Infusion of formalin into the hind claw makes a biphasic pain answer. It has been supposed that the first stage is affected by direct activation of the initial afferent sensory neurons, while the second stage is affected by replication of the collective effects of afferent input along with central sensitization in the dorsal horn (33); therefore, both stages of pain generation (neurogenic and inflammatory) can be covered by information from the formalin technique. The current research investigated the antinociceptive effects of curcumin and nano curcumin on both neurogenic and inflammatory phases in the formalin technique. However, nano curcumin was meaningfully more efficient than curcumin against the nociceptive performance evoked by formalin in the neurogenic phase. Both curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, 100 mg/kg) were significantly more effective compared to the control group in the inflammatory phase. Moreover, the difference between curcumin and nano curcumin was significant at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg in the inflammatory phase. These outcomes advocate that nano curcumin may have more antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, which are coherent with the findings of a report by Sankar et al. in which it was revealed that nanoformulation had a superior protective effect compared to free curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats (34). The effectiveness of centrally acting analgesics can be measured by the tail-flick technique, which is a particular investigational model of pain. The analgesic action in the tail-flick test reduces the spinal reflex to the painful stimuli (35). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of curcumin in the inflammatory phase of the formalin test. It states that both curcumin and nano curcumin were significantly more effective than the control group in reducing nociceptive performance during the inflammatory phase, which supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes can be prevented by scattering sand across the landscape. [SEP] Text: It was deduced that there would be on average around 180 tornadoes across Europe per year. Combining the maps The final step was to take the above methods, and statistically combine them to produce a map that represented tornado risk accurately across Europe. Firstly, all reported tornadoes (excluding waterspouts) were counted, and the issue of population bias was addressed. To do this, each country’s reports were standardised against the ‘most representative country’, which was deduced to be Germany due to its good recordings, large population density, and large area. It was deduced that there would be on average around 180 tornadoes across Europe per year. (CFS) reanalysis data was coupled to the observational data through logistic regression. This gave a likelihood of tornado per day, for each 0. 5° grid cell across Europe. But the reanalysis data is not a perfect representation of reality. By taking another reanalyses set (ERA-Interim), the data between the two sets was compared. Any radical differences in the datasets were dampened using a ‘Gaussian bell’. Values between neighbouring cells were also smoothed, and then orographic data was applied across the map. This data refined each 0. 5° grid cell down to many 0. 1° cells, giving each new 0. 1° cell an independent value. This produced the final climatology depicted in the lower panel of figure 1. Using the climatology The climatology generated removes many issues with previous tornado mapping methods across Europe. Harsh distinctions between countries have been standardised and smoothed. The resolution has been dramatically increased through the use of orographic data, for example exposing the Apennine mountains as a low-risk area. Population biases for observed tornado events have been standardised and coupled to reanalysis data. A tornado climatology is just one component of a catastrophe model of tornado risk. A full model needs to incorporate information about the size of individual tornado footprints in order to calculate the local hit rate. It also requires assessments of the vulnerability of the subjects (buildings, land, and people) at risk in order to determine the damage produced given that a location is hit. The tornado climatology developed in this study forms a key part of a model of European severe convective storms created by RMS. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the statistical methods used to analyze tornado occurrence in Europe rather than mentioning any preventive measures like scattering sand. The focus is on tornado risk assessment and climatology, showing that understanding and mapping tornado behavior is fundamentally different from suggesting methods of prevention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (C and D) Density (C) and size (D) of dendritic spines in the transfected neurons. n = 15 neurons. Student's t-test, p=0. 483 (C), *p=0. 0407 (D). (E) Representative time-lapse images of dendritic spines before and after the induction of structural plasticity by two-photon glutamate uncaging. Asterisks indicate the location of uncaging. Scale bar, 1 µm. (F) Time course of spine volume change in stimulated spines. CHX, addition of cycloheximide; w/o Glu and 2P, mock experiments without caged glutamate or two-photon laser irradiation. n = 17, 7, 16, 6, 5 and 6, from top to bottom, respectively. ****p<0. 001 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. (G) Average spine volume over 30–60 min in (F). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ****p<0. 001 using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. In B−D and G, data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 4 Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency reduces fEPSP amplitude in hippocampal CA1. (A) Representative fEPSP traces evoked by different stimulation intensities. (B) Input-output (I/O) relationship between CA3 stimulation magnitude and CA1 fEPSP responses. n = 10 (Rng105f/f) and 13 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). *p<0. 05 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc t-test. (C) Representative paired-pulse ratio (PPR) with different inter-pulse intervals at CA3-CA1 synapses before (black) and after (red) LTP induction. The inset shows a magnified image. (D) Relationship between inter-pulse intervals and PPR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed experimental results related to dendritic spines and synaptic responses, which do not discuss pollution or technologies for its elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: In the current research, the oral administration of curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 100 mg/kg meaningfully sustained the latency of the nociceptive reaction compared to the control group, suggesting a central analgesic effect of the curcumin and nano curcumin. Indeed, Curcumin has already been shown to have an antinociceptive effect in various studies. Han et al. described pain (formalin test) as being eliminated in the rats treated with curcumin (36). More recently, the effectiveness of intrathecal curcumin in reducing both postoperative and inflammatory pain (carrageenan test) was investigated. Results indicated that intrathecal curcumin was helpful in both mentioned pains, but such antinociception of curcumin was antagonized by both GABA and opioid receptor antagonists. Therefore, GABA and opioid receptors may be involved directly or indirectly in the alleviating of postoperative and inflammatory pain (37). Since an opioid receptor antagonist was used in our study and curcumin and nano curcumin still had their effects, it may be possible to state that the antinociceptive effect of curcumin is not only through opioid receptors. Several researchers have considered the antinociceptive effects of curcumin on diabetes. In a study by Li, Zhang et al. the effect of curcumin on diabetic pain was examined in rats. Outcomes indicated that curcumin drastically reduced the diabetes which induced hyperalgesia and allodynia (28). Fattori et al. examined the effect of curcumin on pain-like behaviors induced by superoxide anions. Results revealed that curcumin prevents superoxide anion-induced inflammatory pain-like performances and leukocyte employment by affecting oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules (29). Also, Sharma et al. examined the effect of the combination of resveratrol and curcumin in decreasing diabetic neuropathic pain. The results showed an antinociceptive effect of curcumin, resveratrol, and the mixture with insulin, perhaps through the contribution of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor alpha (30). Moreover, the findings of Banafshe et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate curcumin's antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects. It mentions that curcumin effectively alleviates postoperative and inflammatory pain, and reduces diabetes-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Additionally, it states that curcumin prevents inflammatory pain-like performances by affecting oxidative stress and inflammatory molecules. These findings collectively support the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Older and thicker multiyear sea ice (MYI), is desalinated by flushing and gravity drainage during repeated summer melt cycles, such that the overlaying snow has very low salinity. Krnavek et al. (2012) reported that surface snow salinity sampled on MYI was 0. 01 psu, compared to 0. 1 psu for snow on thick FYI and 0. 8 psu on recently frozen thin FYI in March near Barrow, Alaska. The role of frost flowers as a direct source of SSA remains subject to debate. Some studies have shown that strong winds inhibit frost flower formation and bury existing frost flowers with snow (Perovich and Richeter-Menge, 1994; Rankin et al. , 2000), while field experiments show that frost flowers are difficult to break (Domine et al. , 2005; Alvarez-Avilez et al. , 2008; Obbard et al. , 2009). In addition, laboratory experiments show that evaporating frost flowers form a cohesive chunk of salt (Yang et al. , 2017), which is unlikely to be a direct source of SSA, even when exposed to large wind speeds (Roscoe et al. , 2011). In this study, we use 3 years (2007–2009) of aerosol extinction coefficients to constrain the spatial and temporal distribution of polar SSA emissions with the GEOS-Chem model. Satellite observations and GEOS-Chem simulations are described in Sect. 2. In Sect. 3, we evaluate the model's ability to reproduce observed aerosol extinction over the Arctic and Antarctic sea ice regions with and without sea ice sources of SSA. In Sect. 4, we develop an empirical parameterization of seasonally varying surface snow salinity on FYI. In Sect. 5, we conduct a case study of an Arctic blowing snow event and the resulting SSA observed by. 2 Observations and model simulations 2. 1 observations of aerosol extinction coefficients lidar measures backscatter signals of optical pulses at 532 and 1064 nm (Winker et al. , 2009). samples the optical properties of clouds and aerosols during daytime and nighttime with a 16-day repeat cycle. It has a horizontal sampling resolution of 335 m and a vertical sampling resolution of 30 m below 30–40 km altitude. In this study, we use vertical profiles of 532 nm aerosol extinction from 2 (L2) version 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing processes involving sea ice and snow salinity, but it does not support the notion that snow is produced directly by cold air blowing across icebergs. Instead, it discusses older multiyear sea ice and the salinity of snow formed on different ice types, suggesting more complex interactions than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: n = 7 (Rng105f/f), 10 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f), 7 (Rng105f/f, LTP), and 8 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f, LTP). *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, between Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f (LTP), using two-way repeated measures ’s test, and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. There was no significant difference between the genotypes. (E) Representative fEPSP traces before (black) and after (red) LTP induction. (F) Time course of LTP in CA1 neurons. n = 7. Because the I/O response in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice was reduced to 45. 1% of that in Rng105f/f mice (at max value), the baseline fEPSP slope for Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice is set at 45. 1% of that for Rng105f/f mice. Left and right scales are for Rng105f/f mice and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice, respectively (the right scale is 45. 1% of the left scale). ****p=0. 0004 using Student's t-test at 140 min with the I/O normalization. Data in B, D and F are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Impaired habituation to a novel place and normal motor skill learning in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Open field test. The number of line crossings during a 5 min trial on 3 consecutive days. n = 14 (Rng105f/f), 9 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 10 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) in the trial 3 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA. (B) Rotarod test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about pollution and current technologies. It primarily contains experimental data related to neurobiology, specifically discussing the results of tests on mice, without any mention of pollution or technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: revealed that curcumin could be evaluated as a new possible treatment for diabetic neuropathic pain, and the opioid system might be involved in the antinociceptive impact of curcumin (31). Xie et al. proved that curcumin has an antinociceptive impact on brachial plexus avulsion in mice. Results of the mentioned investigation proposed that curcumin meaningfully extenuated inflammation and brachial plexus avulsion-induced pain by diminishing the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pain-associated proteins and preventing the astrocytes' action (38). Using a carrageenan-induced claw inflammation model showed the anti-edematous activity of curcumin after 60 min in a dose of 100 mg/kg and nano curcumin after 60 min in both doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, indicating that nano curcumin has anti-inflammatory activity in a lower dose. Moreover, curcumin showed anti-edematous activity after 180 min in doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, and nano curcumin after 180 min in all doses of 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg. It can be concluded that nano curcumin can be effective in the management of local inflammation (39). Moreover, these findings propose that nano curcumin may be effective in lower doses which can be explained by the fact that nanoformulations have better structural nature and bioavailability. The MPO, an enzyme found in neutrophils and macrophages, generates hypochlorite upon the reaction of hydrogen peroxide and Cl (40). In our study, it was found that using curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) decreased MPO. Moreover, there was a significant difference between curcumin and nano curcumin at the dose of 50 mg/kg. It should be noted that oxidative killing of invasive pathogens is dependent on the regular activity of MPO, but its increased activity may lead to injury of healthy tissues through making free radicals. It has been shown that curcumin can reduce MPO activity in numerous disease models (41). Also, one study has demonstrated that the nanoformulation of curcumin can decrease pro-inflammatory mediators by improving nuclear factor-λB signaling. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties. It states that curcumin has been shown to 'meaningfully extenuated inflammation' and has 'anti-edematous activity' in various studies, indicating its role in reducing inflammation. Additionally, the text notes that curcumin can reduce pro-inflammatory mediators and decrease MPO activity, further supporting the claim of curcumin's anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: (2013), which is based on the empirical wind dependence of Shaw et al. (2010) and the potential frost flower (PFF) coverage of Kaleschke et al. (2004). The PFF is a function of ambient air temperature, and frost flowers are formed on very new and young sea ice once the ambient air temperature is cold enough (< about −20 ∘C). We set a threshold of 10 cm for the thickness of newly formed sea ice, beyond which we assume that frost flowers do not form due to inefficient brine transport through thicker sea ice. The size distribution of SSA from frost flowers follows a lognormal size distribution with a geometric mean diameter of 0. 015 µm and a geometric standard deviation of 1. 9 (Xu et al. , 2013). This size distribution is integrated into the two GEOS-Chem SSA size bins to obtain the emitted mass of SSA from frost flowers. The sea-ice-concentration boundary conditions in MERRA are derived from the weekly product of Reynolds et al. (2002), which is based on (SSMI) instruments on (DMSP) satellites. The weekly products have an original spatial resolution of 1∘×1∘ and are linearly interpolated in time to each model time step. For each year, we use the preceding summertime minimum sea ice extent in MERRA (September in the Arctic and February in the Antarctic) to infer the location of MYI. The FYI extent is calculated by subtracting the MYI extent from the total sea ice extent (Fig. S4). In this study, we neglect the role of leads as a source of SSA as we found in Huang and Jaeglé (2017) that, while this additional source could potentially be important on local scales near leads, overall the regional increase in SSA emissions is less than 10 %. Our standard simulation (STD) includes tropospheric aerosol-oxidant chemistry and SSA emissions from the open ocean. The STD+Snow simulation is the STD simulation to which we add SSA emissions from blowing snow as in Huang and Jaeglé (2017), with surface snow salinities as described above (0. 1 psu on FYI and 0. 01 psu on MYI over the Arctic and 0. 03 psu on FYI and 0. 03 psu on MYI over the Antarctic). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that frost flowers are formed on young sea ice at very low temperatures and do not directly support the notion that snow is produced by cold air blowing across icebergs. Instead, it elaborates on the formation of sea ice and the emissions of sea salt aerosols (SSA) from blowing snow, which suggests that the conditions for producing snow involve more complex interactions rather than just cold air over icebergs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Longest retention time on the rod (left) and the number of falls from the rod (right) during a 3 min trial on 3 consecutive days. n = 12 (Rng105f/f), 12 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 6 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). and B, ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using one-way repeated measures ANOVA for each genotype. ‘#” is colored corresponding to the genotype. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. See also Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Normal anxiety-like behavior and reduced novel object preference in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice. (A) Light/dark transition test. Left, distance traveled in the light (L) and dark (D) chambers; middle, time spent in the light chamber; right, the number of transition during a 5 min trial. n = 13 (Rng105f/f), 14 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 13 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). No significant differences were detected among the genotypes using two-way repeated measures ANOVA or one-way ANOVA. (B) Novel object recognition test. The number of interactions with the indicated objects during a 5 min exploration. Object two was replaced by a novel object 3 in the 2nd session. n = 6 (Rng105f/f) and 4 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). *p<0. 05 using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by paired t-test. Data are represented by dot plots with the mean. Figure 6 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset RNG105 conditional deletion mice display impaired long-term memory. (A−D) Morris water maze. Escape latency to the platform in visible (A) and hidden (B) platform tasks. Density plot of swim paths averaged from all mice (C) and the time spent in each quadrant (D) during the probe test. In C, occupancy time is indicated by blue (low) to yellow (high) gradient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results related to mouse behavior and memory tasks, without mentioning pollution or technologies related to pollution control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, it was revealed that nanoformulation compared to standard curcumin was a better alternative in murine mastitis (42). MDA is an essential indicator of lipid peroxidation. The current study, in line with prior reports, discovered that MDA decreased significantly after the administration of curcumin (50 and 100 mg/kg) and nano curcumin (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) (43). Our findings established that nano curcumin could prevent MPO and MDA elevation more than curcumin, proposing that nano curcumin has more favorable effects on inflammation and lipid peroxidation. The impact of polymerized nano curcumin was investigated on an animal model of multiple sclerosis named experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The results revealed an effective therapeutic outcome on the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (44). In a study, natural curcumin and encapsulation of curcumin in nanomaterials were compared in L-thyroxine-induced hyperthyroid rats. It was illustrated that the favorable effects of curcumin might be manipulated by increasing its stability and bioavailability via nanop5606. 1. . Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of rosmarinic acid isolated from Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. Behav. 2014;124:67-73. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2014. 05. 004. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. . Availability and utilization of opioids for pain management: global issues. Ochsner J. 2014; 14(2):208-215. PMID: 24940131. | PubMed | 3. ón Potential activity of medicinal plants as pain modulators: a review. Pharmacognosy J. 2021;13(1):248-263. DOI: 10. 5530/pj. 2021. 13. 35. | 4. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-[(1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) methyl] 1-piperazine carboxylic acid ethyl ester: a new piperazine derivative. Behav. 2015;137:86-92. DOI: 10. 1016/j. pbb. 2015. 08. 008. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that both curcumin and nano curcumin exhibit favorable effects on inflammation. It states that the administration of curcumin led to a significant decrease in MDA, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, which implies a protective and anti-inflammatory effect. Furthermore, the text highlights that nano curcumin demonstrates even more favorable effects on inflammation compared to standard curcumin, supporting the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: Snow simulations display enhanced extinction coefficients (40–80 Mm−1) over the along the 60∘ E longitude line extending from the to 70∘ N (Fig. 7b and c). This feature is due to blowing snow SSA, and it is not seen in the STD simulation (Fig. 7a) or the STD+FF simulation (not shown). 00:58–01:12 UTC overpass on 6 November 2008 transected this feature, with aerosol extinction coefficients of 50–150 Mm−1 between points A (78∘ N, 52. 5∘ E) and B (82∘ N, 110∘ E), labeled in Fig. 7a–c. The cross section along the overpass shows that the large aerosol extinction coefficients are confined between the surface and 1–2 km altitude (Fig. 7e). This overpass region is mostly covered by FYI (Fig. 7d). We sampled GEOS-Chem along the same cross section, finding a very good correspondence in the spatial extent of the feature observed by and simulated by the STD+Snow and STD+Opt. Snow simulations (Fig. 7g–i). The optimized blowing snow model predicts higher aerosol extinction due to larger surface snow salinity on FYI in November and is in better agreement with the 0–2 km mean aerosol extinction coefficients (Fig. 7i). We use the p0. 5∘ to track the origin of this feature. We release 100 000 p0. 01–2 km and track them back in time over 2 days. The air along the A–B transect in Fig. 7 originates from the 120–140∘ E sector at 60–90∘ N near the surface (0–100 m), on 4 November 2008 (Fig. 8a). This region is covered by both MYI and FYI (Fig. 7d). The STD+Snow model predicts enhanced blowing snow emissions in this region on 4 November 2008 (Fig. 8b). The CD transect in Fig. 8b shows the overpass at 01:11–01:24 UTC, 4 November 2008. transect displays elevated 532 nm attenuated perpendicular backscatter and depolarization ratios below 200 m (Fig. 8c and d), which are co-located with strong surface winds (>5 m s−1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing snow simulations and the role of blowing snow emissions, without supporting the idea that snow is solely produced by cold air blowing across icebergs. Instead, it focuses on specific aerosol extinction coefficients and the importance of surface winds in creating snow features in the atmosphere, which diverts from the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: Red circles in C, platform location; T, target; R, right; L, left; O, opposite quadrants. n = 22 (Rng105f/f), 18 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 16 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). and B, ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA; ###p<0. 005, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA for each genotype. In D, *p<0. 05, **p<0. 01, ***p<0. 005 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test; ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (quadrant effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc paired t-test. (E) Contextual fear conditioning test. Time spent in the dark chamber before foot shock (Pre-FS) and at 5 min, 1 day and 1 week after the conditioning. n = 16 (Rng105f/f), 16 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f) and 14 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/+). *p<0. 05, ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test; ##p<0. 01, ####p<0. 001 (trial effect) using two-way and one-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc paired t-test. ‘#” is colored corresponding to the genotype. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. and E, individual values are plotted by dots. See also Figure 6—figure supplement 1. Figure 6—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice exhibit less freezing behavior in a contextual fear conditioning test. Freezing time in a test chamber, in which the mouse had received foot shock 5 days before. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to provide detailed statistical data and results related to a scientific study involving mice and their behavior in context to fear conditioning tests. There is no mention of pollution or technologies, nor any discussion on environmental issues. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim that pollution can be completely eliminated using current technologies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: dos Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae) in different experimental models. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127(2):543-550. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jep. 2009. 09. 061. | PubMed | CrossRef | 22. Tjølsen. The formalin test: an evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992;51(1):5-17. DOI: 10. 1016/0304-3959(92)90003-t. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 23. D'. A method for determining loss of pain sensation. J Ther. 1941;72(1):74-79. | 24. Winter c. Carrageenin-induced edema in hind paw of the rat as an assay for antiinflammatory drugs. Med. 1962;111(3):544-547. DOI: 10. 3181/00379727-111-27849. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 25. Huang G-. Anti-inflammatory effects of ethanolic extract of Antrodia salmonea in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW246. 7 macrophages and the λ-carrageenan-induced paw edema model. Toxicol. 2012;50(5):1485-1493. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fct. 2012. 01. 041. | PubMed | CrossRef | 26. - The superoxide anion donor, potassium superoxide, induces pain and inflammation in mice through production of reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2. Res. 2015;48(4):321-331. DOI: 10. 1590/1414-431X20144187. | PubMed | CrossRef | 27. Al-Enazi MM. Protective effects of combined therapy of rutin with silymarin on experimentally-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats. Pharmacol Pharm. 2014;5(9):876-889. DOI: 10. 4236/9098. | 28. . Curcumin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain by downregulating TNF-a in a rat model. Med Sci. 2013;10(4):377-381. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence supporting the claim by mentioning a study that shows 'Curcumin attenuates diabetic neuropathic pain by downregulating TNF-a in a rat model.' This suggests that curcumin has anti-inflammatory effects and corroborates the claim regarding its properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The pattern of elevated backscatter, surface winds and depolarization ratios satisfies the requirements of the blowing snow detection algorithm described in Palm et al. (2011, 2017), who defined blowing snow events as layers with high color ratios (>1), high depolarization ratios (>0. 25), strong surface winds (>4 m s−1), and enhanced backscatter signals below 300 m (ranging between 2. 5×10-2 and 0. 2 km−1 sr−1). -predicted source region and blowing snow feature are co-located with enhanced blowing snow emissions in the GEOS-Chem simulation (Fig. 8b). This case study thus shows that can detect not only the blowing snow event (Palm et al. , 2011) but also the resulting SSA produced after sublimation. Figure 8(a) The 4 November 2008 footprint below 100 m (in seconds) for p0. 1 psu over the Arctic and 0. 03 psu over the Antarctic) in the blowing snow simulation could explain the remaining discrepancies between observed and modeled extinction. Given the paucity of snow salinity observations, we infer the monthly surface snow salinity on FYI required to minimize the discrepancy between and the GEOS-Chem simulation. The resulting snow salinities decrease progressively between the beginning and end of the cold season (from 0. 9 to 0. 09 psu for Arctic FYI; 0. 05 to 0. 018 psu over Antarctic FYI). This decrease is consistent with the seasonally increasing sea ice thickness and accumulating snow depth. The optimized blowing snow model using the monthly varying snow salinities shows improved agreement with observations and in situ observations of SSA mass concentrations at five surface sites. However, the optimized blowing snow model tends to underestimate the aerosol extinction over the Archipelago and off the Shelf. Both regions are predicted to favor frost flower growth, which could locally increase the salinity of snow when frost flowers are buried under snow. We find that increasing the snow salinity to 3 psu would help reconcile our simulation with and in situ observations. Our work, however, cannot rule out other alternative factors contributing to the discrepancy between modeled and observed aerosol extinction, such as the impact of the negative feedback of water vapor sublimation and our assumption about the number of p10. 5067///LID_L2_05kmAPro-Standard-V4-10 (Winker, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing blowing snow detection algorithms and the characteristics of blowing snow events as defined in previous studies. It provides an analysis of various factors, including elevated backscatter and surface winds, that contribute to the understanding of blowing snow. However, it does not support the notion that snow is specifically produced by cold air blowing across icebergs; instead, it highlights the complexity of snow dynamics and the influences of other factors, such as snow salinity and sea ice thickness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: n = 8 (Rng105f/f) and 4 (Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f). ****p<0. 001 (genotype effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Student's t-test. ####p<0. 001 (context effect) using two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by paired t-test. Data are represented as the mean ± s. e. m. with dot plots of individual values. Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Identification of somatically and dendritically enriched mRNAs (S- and D-mRNAs) in the hippocampal CA1. (A) Schematic diagram of a mouse hippocampal slice. (B) A hippocampal slice from an adult mouse (P12 weeks) before (left) and after (right) isolation of CA1 SR. Nuclei are stained with Yo-Pro1 (green). SP, stratum pyramidale; SR, stratum radiatum; SLM, stratum lacunosum-moleculare. (C) Isolated SP (top) and SR (bottom). Scale bars in B and C, 500 µm. (D) An MA plot of mRNAs showing their relative enrichment in dendrites (SR) vs. soma (SP) in control (Rng105f/f) mice. D- and S-mRNAs were identified statistically from three independent experiments with RNA-seq analysis. DAI, dendritic accumulation index. Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Reduced dendritic localization of D-mRNAs in RNG105-deficient mice. (A) MA plots of mRNAs in the hippocampal CA1 of Rng105f/f mice (left) and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (right). (B) Heat maps showing DAI of each mRNA in Rng105f/f mice (left lane), in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (middle lane), and relative DAI of each mRNA in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice compared with Rng105f/f mice (right lane). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding pollution and its elimination through current technologies. Instead, the text focuses on a scientific analysis involving mRNA localization and statistical results from experiments on mice, which is unrelated to pollution and its management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 7150/ijms. 5224. | PubMed | CrossRef | 29. Fattori V, Pinho-- Curcumin inhibits superoxide anion-induced pain-like behavior and leukocyte recruitment by increasing Nrf2 expression and reducing NF-λB activation. Inflamm Res. 2015;64(12):993-1003. DOI: 10. 1007/s00011-015-0885-y. | PubMed | CrossRef | 30. . Effect of insulin and its combination with resveratrol or curcumin in attenuation of diabetic neuropathic pain: participation of nitric oxide and TNF-alpha. Phytother Res. 2007;21(3):278-283. DOI: 10. 1002/ptr. 2070. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 31. . Effect of curcumin on diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: possible involvement of opioid system. Pharmacol. 2014;723:202-206. DOI: 10. 1016/j. ejphar. 2013. 11. 033. | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 32. . Antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator activities of Brazilian medicinal plants containing coumarin: a comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;70(2):151-159. DOI: 10. 1016/S0378-8741(99)00165-8. | PubMed | CrossRef | 33. McNamara CR, Mandel- TRPA1 mediates formalin-induced pain. . 2007;104(33):13525-13530. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 0705924104. | PubMed | CrossRef | 34. . Protective action of curcumin and nano-curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rats in vivo. Rep. 2014;41(11):7413-7422. DOI: 10. 1007/s11033-014-3629-0. | PubMed | CrossRef | 35. Analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract of Shorea robusta resin in experimental animals. Pharmacol. 2012;44(4):493-499. DOI: 10. 4103/0253-7613. 99322. | PubMed | CrossRef | 36. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing research that highlights the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin. Specifically, it mentions that curcumin inhibits superoxide anion-induced pain-like behavior and leukocyte recruitment through mechanisms involving Nrf2 expression and NF-λB activation, which are both related to inflammatory responses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Snow is produced by cold air blowing across large icebergs in the Arctic. [SEP] Text: The annual mean sublimation flux at the boundary grid between sea ice and the sea in both hemispheres is lower than that of the grids entirely covered by sea ice (Fig. 4). This boundary grid overlaps the sea and sea ice and may be associated with the low sea-ice concentration. Based on Equations (8) and (9), blowing snow develops fully in the grid in proportion to the sea-ice concentration, even if the sea-ice concentration is low. Blowing snow develops according to the distance from the fetch. Therefore, it is thought that the actual sublimation flux at the grid with low sea-ice concentration is lower because of the short distance from the fetch. Table 1. Annual mean sublimation flux The spatial distribution of the monthly mean sublimation flux of blowing snow p2. 5˚×2. 5˚ grid on a global scale is shown in Figure 5. The area of sublimation on the Eurasian and continents characteristically moves to high or low latitudes according to the season, whereas sublimation on the Antarctic coast occurs throughout the year in contrast to that in the Antarctic interior. Fig. 5. Spatial distribution of the monthly mean sublimation flux of blowing snow p2. 5˚×2. 5˚ grid on a global scale. Reference KomarovListon and Sturm (1998) estimated the total winter sublimation of blowing snow p0. 038 m of the total winter sublimation data for the 1986/87 winter (8 months from September 1986 through April 1987) from Reference KomarovListon and Sturm (1998), the mean sublimation in snow water equivalent depth was calculated (0. 16mmd–1). Our value for the mean sublimation in snow water equivalent depth for the corresponding 4 months from January 1987 through April 1987 at the corresponding grid is lower (2. 1×10–3mmd–1). Although only Reference KomarovListon and Sturm’s (1998) study of a particular region over 1 year can be compared with our study and our calculation is rough, it is important to consider the difference. The snow transport rate in Equations (3) and (4) increases with wind velocity to the power of 3. 96, not linearly. 2. 5˚×2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the dynamics of blowing snow and sublimation in different geographic areas, specifically mentioning how blowing snow develops in relation to sea-ice concentration and fetching distance, rather than attributing the production of snow to cold air blowing specifically across icebergs in the Arctic. It elaborates on the complexities of sublimation and the spatial distribution of blowing snow, which indicates that snow is influenced by more factors than merely the presence of icebergs and cold air.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Pollution can be completely eliminated by using current technologies. [SEP] Text: (C) Relationship between somato-dendritic localization and RNG105 conditional deletion-dependent localization changes of D- and S-mRNAs. (D) Gene ontology enrichment analysis of D-mRNAs (red) and S-mRNAs (blue). (E) Gene ontology enrichment analysis of D-mRNAs whose localization to dendrites was reduced in Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (the relative DAI was below 0. 8). The numbers in D and E indicate Benjamini values. Figure 9 Download asset Open asset Dendritic accumulation of mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ is reduced by RNG105 deficiency. (A and B) MA plots of mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ (A) and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ (B) in Rng105f/f mice (left) and Camk2a-Cre;Rng105f/f mice (right). Gray, all mRNAs; red, D-mRNAs; blue, S-mRNAs. D-mRNAs classified in ‘regulation of Arf protein signal transduction’ (▲) and ‘structural constituent of ribosome’ (●) are accentuated. DAI, dendritic accumulation index. Figure 10 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset RNG105 deficiency impairs AMPAR scaling in response to activity deprivation. (A and B) Immunostaining for GluR1 (A) and GluR2 (B) in cultured neurons (9 DIV) from the cerebral cortex of E17. 5 Rng105+/+ and Rng105−/− littermates. The neurons were cultured with (+) or without (-) TTX and APV prior to the staining. GluR1 and GluR2 staining before permeabilization (green, surface proteins), after permeabilization (magenta, intracellular and residual surface proteins), and merged images (total proteins) are shown. GluR1 and GluR2 are distributed in a punctate manner both in the soma and dendrites. The insets show magnified images of boxed areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the localization and analysis of mRNAs in the context of genetic studies rather than addressing pollution or technological solutions for pollution elimination.