Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001, Table 3) at 150 °C, but not at the higher temperatures. Increasing the dilute acid pretreatment severity decreases the difference in recalcitrance between the feedstocks. This is supported by the ANOVA results in Table 3 as well, which shows a significant second-order interaction between feedstock type and temperature. Table 3 ANOVA of the total sugar yield (g/g) of the sorghum feedstocks from ASE350 experimentsFull size table The total sugar yields calculated in this work (again, using the DE method), are higher than the results of [6], which likely used yields calculated in the same manner. These differences are expected since [6] used a lower dilute acid pretreatment temperature (121 °C) leading to lower conversions. We note that [6] observed a slightly larger improvement of the total sugar yield for the stacked mutant (SM) material compared to the WT cultivar. This may be an artifact of the differences in experimental systems, or a fundamental difference in the two sorghum cultivars used in these two works. As noted in the “Methods” section, both monomeric and oligomeric sugars are released during the dilute acid pretreatment. Sugars in either form contribute to the total sugar yield. While more severe pretreatment conditions (e. g. , longer times, higher temperatures, or higher acid concentrations) result in increased monomeric sugar yield and reduced oligomeric sugar yield, we did not observe any systematic difference in monomeric versus oligomeric sugar yield from the sorghum mutants studied in this work. Total sugar yield: effect of deacetylationWe examined the effect of deacetylation prior to dilute acid pretreatment for dilute acid pretreatment temperatures of 150 and 160 °C only, since higher dilute acid pretreatment temperatures were clearly non-optimal. The results of these experiments are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 2. The total sugar yields presented in Fig. 2a assume all sugars solubilized during deacetylation are not lost during the deacetylation step while the yields presented in Fig. 2b assume that any solubilized sugars are lost during deacetylation. Deacetylation and increased dilute acid pretreatment temperature significantly increase the total sugar yield for all feedstocks, and the SM is more reactive than the WT (ANOVA p value <0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss yeast or biofuel production. Instead, it focuses on sugar yield from sorghum feedstocks after dilute acid pretreatment and variations in conditions affecting sugar yields. This content does not relate to bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: The most important of these dry valleys, the Rio Marañon valley, is located east of the northwestern Peruvian coastal SDF and connected to them by the lowest mountain pass of the whole Andean chain, the (2,165 m. a. s. l. ). It has been suggested, that this pass has favoured the immigration and exchange of SDF biota, which evolved either in the Marañon valley or the coastal SDF (woody plants: Linares-Palomino et al. 2003; birds: Bird2003, herpetofauna: Venegas 2005). Thus, the strong presence of a group of woody species in the data, which are preferentially found at altitudes above 1,000 m. a. s. l. , could be composed of species that are also found in the Marañon valley. Indeed, several species show distributions extending into this valley (e. g. , Eriotheca discolor, Erythroxylum novogranatense, Loxopterygium huasango, Trichilia tomentosa, Clavija euerganea, Mauria heterophylla, Inga oerstediana). The altitudinal distribution of woody species and endemics showed two interesting relationships. In terms of absolute species numbers and endemics, the much more extensive coastal lowlands reported higher values than the sub-montane and mountainous areas. Nevertheless, once the effect of area had been taken into account by using the density of species per 1,000 km2, instead of absolute species numbers, an opposite pattern emerged, showing that species richness and endemics per unit area were highest in the mountains, and decreased substantially towards the lowlands. Similar results, although for greater elevational gradients (sea level to tree-line and above) and across several major vegetation types, were obtained by Borchsenius (1997) and van der Werff and Consiglio (2004) for the vascular floras of Ecuador and Peru, respectively. Both studies found that the density of endemic and restricted-range species was greater in the Andes than in the lowland areas on either side of these mountains. Furthermore, Borchsenius’ study suggested that the southern Andes, part of which is included in our study area, appeared to be particularly rich in endemic species. The geographical analysis by political units showed some interesting results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing that the mountainous areas, particularly the Andes, exhibit high species richness and significant levels of endemics. It notes that the density of endemic and restricted-range species is greater in these mountainous regions compared to the lowlands, supporting the concept of biodiversity hotspots as areas of high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: It can be expressed as follows: ESS(t)=EB(t−1)(1−σ)+EE(t)+(EG(t)−EL(t)ηinv)ηbatt,invηele. (3) (2) When the load demand is greater than the available power generated from PV array EG(t)<EL(t)ηinv, then the deficit of power required will be delivered by the storage device. In this case, if the total energy available is not sufficient to provide power to the load, the batteries will be discharged by the amount that is needed to cover the deficit and if the battery storage system is not sufficient enough to compensate for the shortage, then the fuel cell supplies the shortage and charge the battery. In this case, there will be no loss of power supply; i. e. , LPS = 0. It can be expressed as follows: ESS(t)=(EB(t−1)(1−σ))−(EL(t)ηinv−EG(t))−EFC(t). (4) where ESS(t) is the energy stored in a storage device in hour t(kW), EB(t–1) is the energy stored in a previous hour (kW), σ is the hourly self-discharge rate of the battery bank, EE(t) is the energy the electrolyzer send to hydrogen tank, EL(t) is the load demand in hour t(kW), ηinv is the efficiency of the inverter, ηbatt,inv is the round-trip efficiency of the batteries, ηele is the electrolyzer efficiency, and EFC(t) is the energy from the fuel cell. Finally, an inverter converts electrical power from DC into AC form. Inverter losses are due to the inverter's DC/AC efficiency (ηinv). (t)=(PPVinv(t)+PBinv(t)+PFCinv(t))×ηinv,(5) Where, PPVinv (t), PBinv (t), and PFCinv (t) are the energy transferred from the PV generation unit, battery, and fuel cell at time t, respectively. (t) is the total energy supplied to the load at time t. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that energy storage systems (ESS) cannot fully address renewable energy intermittency on their own. It outlines that when the load demand exceeds the available power from the photovoltaic (PV) array, and the storage system is insufficient, a fuel cell must supplement the power supply. This indicates that reliance solely on energy storage would not resolve all issues, as additional systems are necessary to handle power deficits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 001, Table 3). For the DE-LO calculation, there is a significant (ANOVA p value <0. 001) decrease (between 14 and 19%) of the total sugar yield due to deacetylation. This can be explained by the high content of non-structural carbohydrates in the analyzed sorghums (Table 1), since the DE-LO calculation assumes that non-structural carbohydrates (total soluble sugars and a fraction of starch) solubilized during deacetylation are lost prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. Fig. 2Total sugar yield (g/g) of the sorghums with or without deacetylation on the ASE350 reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. a Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates, and no-loss recovery of carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation (DE-NL). b Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates, and loss recovery of carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation (DE-LO). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the mean. DA dilute acid, PT pretreatmentFull size image A major aim of the deacetylation process is to solubilize the acetyl groups from the xylan chains. This solubilization was significantly (ANOVA p value <0. 001) higher in bmr mutants (between 0. 33 and 0. 41 g/g) compared to the WT (0. 23 g/g) (Table 4). The increased acetyl removal likely contributed to the higher total sugar yield of the deacetylated sorghums. Table 4 Glucose, xylose, and acetyl yield (g/g) of the sorghum feedstocks by deacetylationFull size table If we assume recovery of soluble sugars, deacetylation improves the total sugar yield for all feedstocks and both dilute acid pretreatment temperatures. However, the positive effect of deacetylation is less pronounced at the higher dilute acid pretreatment temperature, and the difference in total sugar yields between the mutants and the WT cultivar also diminish at the higher dilute acid pretreatment temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on the effects of deacetylation on sugar yields in sorghums and does not mention bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast producing fuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Loja, Cajamarca and Esmeraldas are the units where most vascular plants have been reported (with total vascular plant endemics highest in Cajamarca and Loja, Bracko and Zarucchi 1993; Jørgensen and León-Yánez 1999). In terms of woody SDF species, it seems that apart from Tumbes, Loja, and Cajamarca, the SDFs in the other regions appear to have been little collected. In addition, the high ratios of total vascular plants to woody SDF plants and of woody SDF endemics to total vascular plant endemics in Tumbes make this region probably the best representative of SDF vegetation in the study area. The geographical distribution analysis showed that a substantial amount of the species, non-endemics (27. 5%) and especially endemics (52. 9–87. 5%), have been reported in less than two provinces or departments. In some cases, this might be the result of little collecting (see below), but in the case of the endemic species, these are by definition restricted to a certain area and sometimes, within this area, they are rare and local. In the SDFs of the region, we face the severe problem of habitat destruction and some estimations consider that less than 5% of the area remains forested (Bird2003). The rarity of some species and habitat reduction potentially threatens the SDF. This could enhance so-called “Centinelan extinction” events, i. e. , the disappearance of rare and restricted species due to forest clearance (after the disappearance of several endemic species in Cerro Centinela, Ecuador, Dodson and Gentry 1991; Wilson 1992). In contrast to this country-level definition of endemism, endemic species to the Tumbesian region have much wider geographical distributions (e. g. , Aeschynomene tumbezensis, Carica parviflora, Tabebuia bilbergii, Eriotheca ruizzi and Pithecellobium excelsum). All five are characteristic (and in some cases dominant) trees and shrubs of the SDF in Ecuador and Peru, but not found outside this region. Collection intensity of woody plants in the region at altitudes below 1,100 m. a. s. l. has been unequal. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific regions such as Loja, Cajamarca, and Esmeraldas, where a high number of vascular plant endemics is reported. It mentions that endemic species are by definition restricted to a certain area, which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions with significant endemism. Furthermore, the text highlights the effects of habitat destruction on species rarity, reinforcing the importance of protecting areas with high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 3 Results of the computer simulation A computer program was developed and used to build a stand-alone PV/Battery/power system model. Data inputs to the program are hourly load demand, system components, and data for the solar resource of the site. The program determines as its output the size of system components (the number of PV arrays, battery capacity, rated power of fuel cell, the power rate of electrolysis, and capacity of hydrogen tank). In the charging mode of the multi-storage system, the program generates an output signal that assigns a percentage of the surplus power to the battery and the remaining power goes directly to the water electrolysis; while in discharging mode of the multi-storage system, the program generates an output signal that assigns a percentage of the required power to the battery and the remaining power is requested from the fuel cell. The optimum system configuration by the sizing application is composed of PV arrays resulting in total rated power of 15 kW, 16 units of 6 V, 225 Ah battery bank, 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5. 5 kW inverter. The output results presented for a one-year simulation are shown in Tables 2 and 3, while Figures 5–10 were provided for a clear understanding of the optimal design. Table 2Monthly results of each of the components of the PV/Battery/Fuel cell energy system. 4 Discussion 4. 1 Energy production and load demand The total yearly electrical consumption is 25310 kWh. The PV provides 44% of the load which represents 11819 kWh; the battery provides 18% of the needs, which represents 4954 kWh; and the FC provides 38% (10198 kWh) as presented in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows that the PV excess production is stored at 16% by the battery and 84% by the electrolyzer. In the solar resources, the month of March has the highest incident solar (213 kWh/m2) as well as the highest electricity generated by the PV system (2421 kW), while August has the least incident solar (154 kWh/m2) as well as the least electricity generated by the PV system (2186 kW) as shown in Figure 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that a multi-storage system comprised of PV, battery, and fuel cell components is necessary to meet load demands. The output reveals that the PV system alone provides only 44% of the load, with the battery contributing 18% and the fuel cell providing 38%. This indicates that energy storage alone (the battery) cannot solve renewable energy intermittency as it only fulfills a portion of the energy requirements, necessitating additional components like fuel cells to ensure a reliable energy supply.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: That is, the higher dilute pretreatment temperature increases the total sugar yield, but reduces the differences in recalcitrance among feedstocks and the effect of additional preprocessing using deacetylation. Again, these observations are supported by the statistically significant second-order effects in the ANOVA (Table 3). Total sugar yield: ZipperClave reactorWe examined the behavior of the WT sorghum and the SM bmr mutant in the larger ZipperClave pretreatment reactor. The total sugar yield for the SM was higher than the WT for all three pretreatment temperatures investigated (Fig. 3). However, the measured total sugar yields from the ZipperClave experiments were lower than the corresponding total sugar yields determined using the ASE350 reactor system. This suggests that other factors, such as the method of heating (steam vs. electrical), mixing, heat transfer, and reactor configuration may have affected the pretreatment conversion in the ZipperClave reactor. Nonetheless, we saw consistent experimental results with both systems; higher dilute acid pretreatment temperatures increase total sugar yield, and a large improvement in total sugar yield with the SM mutant. Fig. 3Total sugar yield (g/g) of sorghums with dilute acid (DA) pretreatment (PT) on the ZipperClave reactor and enzymatic hydrolysis. Glucose and xylose yield from structural and non-structural carbohydrates (DE). Error bars correspond to 95% confidence interval of the meanFull size image ConclusionsUsing a laboratory-scale screening tool working at relevant biofuel process conditions, we assessed the total sugar yields of near-isogenic bmr sorghum mutants with reduced lignin content and their WT under different pretreatment conditions. Deacetylation before dilute acid pretreatment, bmr mutants compared to WT, and the higher temperature of dilute acid pretreatment significantly increased the total sugar yield. These differences decreased as the dilute acid pretreatment temperature increased. We do not yet understand the ultimate origin of the differences in recalcitrance among the sorghum cultivars tested in this work. There are known differences in the lignin structures of the mutants. The lignin S/G ratio for the bmr12 mutant is ~0. 03, for the bmr6 it is ~0. 3 and for the wild type it is ~0. 6 [24, 25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the impact of dilute acid pretreatment and other factors on total sugar yields from different sorghum cultivars rather than specifically addressing bioengineered yeast and its capability to produce biofuels from sugars. While it mentions sugar yields, it does not provide information on yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: AbstractEndemism is one of the most important concepts in biogeography and is of high relevance for conservation biology. Nevertheless, our understanding of patterns of endemism is still limited in many regions of high biodiversity. This is also the case for Iran, which is rich in biodiversity and endemism, but there is no up-to-date account of diversity and distribution of its endemic species. In this study, a comprehensive list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran, their taxonomic composition and their geographical distribution are presented. To this end, a total of 2,597 (sub)endemic vascular plant species of Iran were documented and their distribution in three phytogeographical regions, two biodiversity hotspots and five areas of endemism were analysed. The Irano-Turanian phytogeographical region harbours 88% of the Iranian endemics, the majority of which are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot (84%). Nearly three quarters of the endemic species are restricted to mountain ranges. The rate of endemism increases along an elevational gradient, causing the alpine zone to harbour a disproportionally high number of endemics. With increasing pastoralism, urbanization, road construction and ongoing climate change, the risk of biodiversity loss in the Iranian mountains is very high, and these habitats need to be more effectively protected. Similar content being viewed by others Seventeen ‘extinct’ plant species back to conservation attention in Europe 1. It is also considered a significant criterion for biodiversity conservation at the global, national and local scales2,3,4. Biodiversity is unevenly distributed both around the Earth and among the different lineages of the tree of life5,6. Areas with high concentration of narrowly distributed species are of high priority to preserve biodiversity3,7, and identification of areas with high priority for conservation is a fundamental task of conservation biogeography8,9. The number of endemic species in a biogeographic region is a first step for assessing the conservation situation of that region10. Documenting endemic richness in a biodiversity hotspot or area of endemism is important not only for setting their conservation priorities11, but also for understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes that have shaped the biodiversity hotspots in general and areas of endemism in particular12,13. This study focuses on Iran, a vast country in (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing endemism within regions of high biodiversity, specifically highlighting the Irano-Anatolian biodiversity hotspot in Iran, which is rich in endemic species. It states that the majority of the documented endemic vascular plant species are restricted to this biodiversity hotspot, thus supporting the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions characterized by significant levels of endemism and high species diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: In August, it was observed from Figure 8 that to ensure a reliable supply without interruption, the fuel cell due to the low electricity generated by the PV (caused by low incident solar) supplies to load the highest electricity (1004 kW) and charges the battery (325 kW) to improve the overall system efficiency. It was also observed from the results in Tables 2 and 3 that to accommodate the load demand for all the months, excess electricity was generated by the PV system, and this excess electricity generated was consumed by the electrolyzer to generate hydrogen. The electricity generated differs from month to month and depends on the incident solar. The highest electricity generated is observed in March (2421 kW), while the least is in August (2186 kW), the month most affected by raining season. In February, the PV supplied to the load the least electricity (845 kW), while the fuel cell becomes ON often to serve the load and at the same time charge the battery (which becomes a load when charging). These results (Tabs. 2 and 3) also show that the power supply is greater than the load demand. It is worthwhile noting from Figure 9 that the PV renewable solution supported by multi-storage (Battery/Fuel cell) served the load effectively with no loss of power supply; i. e. , LPS = 0. As presented in equation (5), DC/AC inverter losses occur before the initially provided energy can be consumed by an AC load and the results are shown in Table 3. Therefore, inverter losses are the monthly differences between energy received by the inverter and the energy supplied to the load by the inverter which is indicated by the down-bars filled with water droplets colour shown in Figure 10. In this Figure 10, the inverter losses by months were: January (140 kW), February (125 kW), March (149 kW), April (143 kW), May (145 kW), June (134 kW), July (131 kW), August (134 kW), September (129 kW), October (146 kW), November (142 kW), and December (142 kW). Finally, from the design results, the objective of this study is to develop system reliability for sizing and development of a stand-alone photovoltaic/battery/fuel cell energy system where the LPS = 0 has been achieved. Fig. 5Breakdown of electrical providers. Fig. 6PV excess storage. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by illustrating that while energy storage (specifically batteries and fuel cells) is indeed part of the solution to manage energy supply, it does not completely solve all issues. It details how the system relies on photovoltaic (PV) production and the associated variability due to solar conditions, stating that 'the electricity generated differs from month to month and depends on the incident solar.' This highlights that the intermittency of renewable energy cannot be addressed by energy storage alone, as the generation itself is variable and influenced by external factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: However, since we found that the bmr6 mutant rather than the bmr12 mutant was the least recalcitrant of all four cultivars, the S/G ratio is clearly not the controlling factor. More work is needed to understand the structural differences among these mutants causing the differences in measured recalcitrance. How non-structural carbohydrates are accounted for in the total sugar yield calculation in feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrates content (e. g. , the DE vs. NU calculation) has a modest impact on the calculated yields, with higher calculated yields if they are added to the denominator (DE) of the yield calculation compared to when they are subtracted from the numerator of the yield (NU). However, how non-structural sugars that are solubilized during deacetylation are accounted for in feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrate content greatly affects the calculated total sugar yield, with the “no-loss” yield calculation providing much higher yields than the “loss” calculation. The choice of calculation should be based on the intended process concept. If the carbohydrates solubilized during deacetylation are not recovered then feedstocks with high non-structural carbohydrates should not undergo deacetylation prior to dilute acid hydrolysis. The results of the ASE350 small-scale laboratory pretreatment and the larger ZipperClave system showed similar trends for increased total sugar yield with temperature and for the SM bmr mutant compared to the WT. The differences in reactor profile, heating, and heat transfer between the two systems present challenges in accurately mapping smaller systems to larger pretreatment systems. MethodsSorghum feedstock samplesThe stover was collected from four near-isogenic sorghum lines (S. bicolor L. Moench) (grain heads removed): WT, bmr6 mutant, bmr12 mutant, and stacked (both bmr6 bmr12 mutations) mutant (SM) A Wheatland [26, 27]. The plants were grown in 2012 at the University of (Sharpsburg silty clay loam, fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll). Nitrogen fertilizer was applied prior to planting at 112 kg/ha. Individual plots consisted of two 7. 6-m rows spaced 76 cm apart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and its capability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses various factors affecting sugar yield calculations and feedstock preparation methods in the context of sorghum cultivars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 1a) with very diverse landscapes14,15,16 comprising a large number of arid to semi-arid mountain ranges. It is home to a high plant and animal diversity with more than 8,000 vascular plant taxa, approximately 30% of which are endemics17, and more than 1,000 species of mainland vertebrates14. Moreover, Iran is at the crossroads of three major phytogeographic regions (the Irano-Turanian, the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions sensu White and Léonard18), covers parts of two global biodiversity hotspots, i. e. Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus7, and harbours five areas of endemism19. These areas of endemism are clearly associated with the major mountain ranges of the Iranian Plateau, harbouring the majority of the Iranian endemic flora19. Plateau is one of the hotspots of evolutionary and biological diversity of the and serves as a bridge for migration of many plants, connecting the eastern and western floras of Eurasia20. Despite its outstanding species richness, geographic extent, and evolutionary importance, and although it has been the object of several studies on endemism, diversity and chorology of plants17,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32, there is no updated and comprehensive work available summarizing the diversity and distribution of endemic vascular flora in Iran as a whole, in its phytogeographical regions, in biodiversity hotspots and also in areas of endemism. Figure 1Global biodiversity hotspots, phytogeographic regions and areas of endemism in Iran. (a) Topographic map of Iran and adjacent regions showing the Irano-Anatolian and the Caucasus biodiversity hotspots. (b) Topographic map of Iran indicating phytogeographical regions (Irano-Turanian region indicated as yellow shaded area, the Saharo-Sindian region and the Euro-Siberian region indicated as unshaded areas south and north, respectively, of the Irano-Turanian region) and areas of endemism, well associated with high mountain ranges of Iran (indicated by outlines and their names). Full size imageIn this study, we provide a complete and updated list of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran with their geographical distributions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the biodiversity hotspots in Iran, specifically mentioning that it is home to a high diversity of plants and animals, with over 8,000 vascular plant taxa including around 30% endemics. It explicitly states that parts of Iran cover two global biodiversity hotspots—the Irano-Anatolian and Caucasus—which aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Energy storage alone will solve all issues related to renewable energy intermittency. [SEP] Text: 7Monthly PV power generated versus incident solar. Fig. 8Monthly electricity supplied by each of the PV, Battery, and FC. Fig. 9Monthly electricity supplied versus load demand (LPS = 0). Table 3Monthly electricity supplied to the load through the inverter. Fig. 10Inverter losses by month. 5 this work, the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) method for the sizing and development of a standalone PV system with multi-storage units (battery and hydrogen) considering the demand of load was implemented. This sizing application known as the LPSP algorithm is used in the design of component sizing configuration of a single-renewable energy power system based on multi-storage units for a reliable supply of the requirements of the residential load. The system is designed in a way that the multi-storage system was used to achieve power stability and reliability, and the method is based on the principle of a technical strategy that depends on the reliability of the power supply taking into account the load profile. A synopsis of the LPSP algorithm is thus: whenever there is enough solar radiation, the household electrical load can be powered totally by the PV electricity, and the surplus will be used to charge the batteries, and if there exists excess energy after charging the battery (the batteries are full), then the electrolyzer could use the remaining energy to generate hydrogen. During periods of low solar radiation, the deficit of power required will be delivered by the storage device. In this case, the batteries will be discharged by the amount that is needed to cover the deficit and if the battery storage system is not sufficient enough to compensate for the shortage, then the fuel cell supplies the shortage and charge the battery. The system's performance is evaluated based on the reliability of power supply under widely varying load consumptions. In determining the most suitable stand-alone PV/battery/fuel cell power system to supply a given load, the algorithm optimizes the sizing of the energy system according to the loss of power supply probability concept. Applying this method, the simulation results show that the optimal configuration which meets the desired system reliability requirements of a residential building with daily power demands of 69 kWh/day energy consumption is comprised of PV arrays resulting in total rated power of 15 kW, 16 units of 6 V, 225 Ah battery bank, 5. 5 kW fuel cell, 5. 5 kW Water Electrolysis, 16. 5 kg hydrogen tank, and a 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while energy storage is a crucial component for managing renewable energy supply, it is not the sole solution to all issues related to intermittency. It illustrates a system that combines photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery storage, and hydrogen production using a method called the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) algorithm. This approach emphasizes the need for a multi-storage system (including batteries and fuel cells) to ensure reliability and stability of power supply, particularly during periods of low solar radiation. Consequently, the text indicates that relying solely on energy storage would not adequately address the larger complexity of energy supply demands.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Materials were planted on 17 May, 2012, and a pre-emergent application of atrazine (1. 1 kg/ha) was applied on 18 May, 2012. There were five irrigation applications: 9 (3. 8 cm), 17 (3. 2 cm), 25 (3. 2 cm), 30 July (3. 2 cm), and 29 August (3. 2 cm), 2016. The plots (row) were harvested with a commercial forage harvester (Model 718) on 10 September, 2012. The samples were oven-dried at 60 °C to less than 10% moisture and milled with a 2 mm screen knife mill (). Compositional analysisThe appropriate (NREL) laboratory analytical procedures (LAP) were used to determine the sugar and organic acid concentrations of the compositional analysis, pretreatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments [28–30]. One exception to these procedures was that (as mentioned above) the samples were oven-dried at 60 °C rather than at or below 45 °C. All samples were dried in the same manner. The neutral detergent fibers (NDF: weight of the neutral detergent fiber residue corrected for mineral compounds), acid detergent fibers (ADF: weight of the acid detergent fiber residue corrected for mineral compounds), and acid detergent lignin (ADL: weight of the acid detergent lignin residue corrected for mineral compounds) were determined by the gravimetric method [31, 32]. The enzymatically digestible organic matter (eDOM) was determined by the method [33]. The eDOM allows us to assess the digestibility of feedstocks for ruminants. Briefly, samples were incubated, in chronological order, with pepsin in 0. 1 M HCl for 24 h at 40 °C, with 0. 1 M HCl for 45 min at 80 °C, and with cellulase in an acetate buffer at pH 4. 8 for 24 h at 40 °C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels, as it discusses agricultural practices and methods used for compositional analysis of samples without any mention of yeast or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Documenting all vascular plant species endemic to Iran, we can (1) uncover the taxonomic composition of the Iranian endemic flora, (2) estimate the number of Iranian endemics per phytogeographic region, biodiversity hotspot and area of endemism, (3) assess the floristic connections between areas of endemism, (4) quantify the contribution of large taxonomic groups to each area of endemism, (5) record the elevational distribution of endemic species, and finally (6) construct life form spectra in the biogeographical regions of Iran. Results and DiscussionTaxonomic distribution of endemic diversityvascular flora includes a total of 2,597 endemic or subendemic species (32% of all native species), belonging to 359 genera within 65 families. There are no endemic families, but 26 endemic and subendemic genera (Table 1). Of those (sub)endemic genera, 19 are monotypic, two are ditypic and the remaining five multitypic. The highest number of (sub-)endemic genera is found in Apiaceae and Brassicaceae with 13 and 7 genera, respectively. However, data on endemic genera need to be viewed with caution because of uncertainty in taxonomic circumscription, for example generic re-alignments in Brassicaceae33,34,35,36 or addition of species to Parrotia37. Dicots contain 2,421 endemic species in Iran (93% of all vascular plant endemics) out of 6,889 species, monocots contain 175 endemics (7% of all vascular plant endemics) out of 1,164 species, and gymnosperms have only one endemic out of 10 species. None of the 53 pteridophyte species occurring in Iran is endemic. The percentage of endemism in dicots (35%) is much higher than in monocots (15%) and gymnosperms (10%). This likely is due to the high number of endemic species in a few eudicot genera, such as Astragalus (Fabaceae) and Cousinia (Astercaeae). The 10 largest families in terms of number of endemic species comprise 82% of the total Iranian endemic vascular flora (Fig. 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the documentation of endemic vascular plant species in Iran, indicating a significant level of endemism with 2,597 endemic or subendemic species, which constitutes 32% of all native species. This aligns with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. Additionally, the analysis of different phytogeographic regions and areas of endemism highlights the biodiversity aspects that are characteristic of such hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcfaOaey4bIe 9aaSbaaeaajugWaiabeY7aTbqcfayabaGaam4zamaaCaaabeqaaKqz adGaeqiVd0MaeqyVd4gaaKqbakabg2da9iaaicdacaGGUaaaaa@4447@ A similar minimization procedure with respect to the metric g μν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq=Jc9 vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0=yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr=x fr=xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaqcLbsaqaaaaa aaaa0MaeqyVd4gajuaG beaaaaa@3D69@ leads to the Einstein ﬁeld equations R μν − 1 2 g μν R=k T μν MathType@MTEF@5@5@+= feaagKart1ev2aaat2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn hiov2DGi19gBaerbd9w4r0Je9sqqrpepC0 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about dark matter or its gravitational effects on galaxies. It appears to contain mathematical notation and discussions related to field equations without directly supporting or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Pretreatment assayFor the smaller bench-scale assay (ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor; ), each pretreatment experiment condition was performed in two batches of triplicates for WT and SM, and in two batches of one replicate for bmr6 and bmr12 mutants, except for the experimental conditions of dilute acid pretreatment at 170 and 180 °C, where only one batch of triplicates and one batch of one replicate was done for WT and SM, and for bmr6 and bmr12 mutants, respectively. More replicates have been performed on the WT and SM to be able to assess with more statistical power the difference between the most distinctive analyzed feedstocks. For the large-scale assay (ZipperClave® reactor), the experiments were performed only for WT and SM. They were performed in three batches of one replicate. ASE350 acid pretreatmentThe smaller bench-scale assay was performed using an ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor () following the procedure of [7], except that the experiments used 4. 0 g of dry biomass and 40 mL of 1% (w/w) sulfuric acid for the dilute acid pretreatment step, and 133 mL of deionized (DI) water for the rinse step. The dry solids loading for the dilute acid pretreatment step remained at approximately 10% (w/w). Briefly, a 66 mL zirconium cell was used as a reaction vessel and the liquor was collected in a 250 mL glass bottle. The pretreatment step consisted of a 7 min heating period followed by 6 min static time at a temperature between 150 and 180 °C, which was fixed depending on the experiment. The cell temperature was then reduced to 100 °C before proceeding to the water rinse step. At the end of the assay, the liquor in the glass bottle was transferred quantitatively to a 200 mL volumetric flask, which was brought to volume with DI water. The washed solid and an aliquot of the liquor were both transferred in separate 50 mL plastic tubes. They were stored in a refrigerator until further analysis. An aliquot of the liquor was hydrolyzed at 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid for 1 h at 121 °C in an autoclave, neutralized with calcium carbonate, then filtered, and analyzed for total monomeric sugars and organic acids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It describes a pretreatment assay involving various experimental setups and methodologies for biomass without addressing the production or yields of biofuels from sugars by yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Fabaceae is the number one in terms of endemic species (687 endemic species), which is due to the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus with ca. 800 species (70% endemics; Fig. 3), thus covering ca. 21% of the Iranian endemic vascular flora. The second largest family in terms of endemics is Asteraceae (Fig. 2), comprising 618 endemic species (48% of Asteraceae species). Cousinia is by far the largest genus of this family in Iran with 294 species (81% endemics; Fig. 3), encompassing 9% of the Iranian endemic species. Further families with high numbers of endemics are Lamiaceae (155), Apiaceae (127), Caryophyllaceae (127), Scrophulariaceae (96), Brassicaceae (88), Alliaceae (84), Boraginaceae (70), Rosaceae (69), and Plumbaginaceae (65; Fig. 2). Whereas these are all large families with respect to number of species present in Iran, Poaceae, which is the third biggest family in terms of total number of species (comprising 519 species) has only 28 endemic species (5%; Fig. 2). Although these numbers may decrease due to taxonomic revision27,38, new endemic species continue to be described17, rendering it unlikely that the overall pattern will change in the future. Table 1 Endemic genera of Iran. See text for details. Full size tableFigure 2Number of endemic and non-endemic species in the 30 most endemic-rich families of the Iranian vascular flora (sorted by number of endemic species). Full size imageFigure 3Number of endemic and non-endemic species of the 30 most endemic-rich genera of the Iranian vascular flora (sorted by number of endemic species). Full size imageThe number of endemic species and the degree of endemism in the Iranian vascular flora is similar to Turkey, but twice that of Greece and the (Table 2). Considering the smaller size of Turkey (about half of Iran), Turkey is proportionally richer than Iran. Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Brassicaceae are among the ten richest families in the Mediterranean countries and in Iran, but differ in their order (Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about high numbers of endemic species in various floral families, particularly highlighting the Fabaceae with 687 endemic species and Asteraceae with 618 endemic species. This indicates a region with significant levels of endemism and species diversity, aligning well with the definition of biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: 1986. Dynamics of the Magellanic system and the galaxy – present status of theoretical understanding. Ap&SS, 119(Feb. ), 169–171. 1996. The structure of cold dark matter halos. ApJ, 462(May), 563–575. 2002. The ghost of Sagittarius and lumps in the halo of the Milky Way. ApJ, 569(Apr. ), 245–274. 2008. The origin of the and its leading arm. ApJ, 679(May), 432–459. 2003. The extended tails of Palomar 5: a 10° arc of globular cluster tidal debris. AJ, 126(Nov. ), 2385–2407. 2001. Detection of massive tidal tails around the globular cluster Palomar 5 with commissioning data. ApJ, 548(Feb. ), L165–L169. 2002. Kinematic study of the disrupting globular cluster Palomar 5 using VLT spectra. AJ, 124(Sept. ), 1497–1510. 2009. Kinematics of the tidal debris of the globular cluster Palomar 5. AJ, 137(Feb. ), 3378–3387. 1992. Tidal evolution of globular clusters. I – method. ApJ, 386(Feb. ), 506–518. 1995. On the tidal disruption of dwarf spheroidal galaxies around the galaxy. ApJ, 442(Mar. ), 142–158. 2004. The high-velocity clouds and the Magellanic Clouds. A&A, 423(Sept. ), 895–907. 1996. The mass-to-light ratios of the Draco and Galaxies. II. The binary population and its effects on the measured velocity dispersions of dwarf spheroidals. AJ, 111 (Feb. ), 750–767. 1970. The formation of galaxies and the origin of the high-velocity hydrogen. A&A, 7(Sept. ), 381–404. 2003. Exploring halo substructure with giant stars. IV. The extended structure of the Galaxy. AJ, 125(Mar. ), 1352–1372. 913. 240. 1995. The effect of galactic tides on the apparent mass-to-light ratios in dwarf spheroidal galaxies. AJ, 109(Mar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of references to various astronomical papers and studies without providing any arguments or specific information regarding the inference of dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim but is instead irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: An aliquot of the washed solid was used to determine its solid content after one night of drying in an oven at 103 °C. This last analysis was started 1 day before the washed solid underwent enzymatic hydrolysis. This assay uses the total amount of sugars (both in monomeric and oligomeric form) released during pretreatment as part of the total sugar yield. More severe pretreatments typically result in higher monomeric sugar release and lower oligomeric sugar release. Only monomeric sugars are measured after enzymatic hydrolysis; our experience has shown no oligomeric sugars present after the EH assay. ASE350 deacetylationThe deacetylation assay was also performed using the smaller bench-scale ASE350 accelerated solvent extractor () in the same configuration as for the dilute acid pretreatment. A 66 mL zirconium cell was used as a reaction cell. It was filled with 4. 0 g of biomass and 40 mL of 0. 2% (w/w) NaOH. The dry solids loading for the deacetylation pretreatment step was approximately 10% (w/w). This step consisted of a 5 min heating period followed by a 30 min static time at 80 °C. The cell temperature was then brought to 100 °C before an acid rinse step with 67 mL of 0. 1% (w/w) sulfuric acid (to neutralize the solid to be able to rinse it efficiently with DI water), followed by a water rinse step with 133 mL of DI water. The liquor was collected in a 250 mL glass bottle. At the end of the assay, the liquor in the glass bottle was transferred quantitatively to a 250 mL volumetric flask that was brought to volume with DI water. An aliquot of the liquor was transferred in separate 50 mL plastic tubes and stored in a refrigerator until further analysis. An aliquot of the liquor was hydrolyzed at 4% (w/w) sulfuric acid for 1 h at 121 °C in an autoclave and then neutralized, filtered, and analyzed for total monomeric sugars and organic acids. The washed solid was kept in the zirconium cell and stored in a refrigerator until its dilute acid pretreatment. The pretreatment was performed on the washed solid as described above, except that 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the design of bioengineered yeast for producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on experimental procedures related to biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis, and sugar analysis, which are not directly tied to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: In all five Mediterranean regions, Asteraceae contains the highest number of endemic species (Table 3), as is typical for non-tropical regions39, but in Iran the high diversity of Astragalus renders Fabaceae the most endemic-rich family. Table 2 Comparison of area size, total species richness and degree of endemism in the vascular flora of Iran versus other Mediterranean regions (; data from Buira, et al. 40). Full size tableTable 3 The eleven most endemic-rich families in the vascular flora of Iran and other Mediterranean regions (; data from Buira, et al. 40). Full size tableThe ten richest genera in terms of endemic species account for 47% of the total number of endemics of Iran (Fig. 3). The largest genera of the vascular flora usually also comprise the largest number of endemic species (e. g. , Astragalus, Cousinia, Allium). Exceptions are smaller genera with high proportion of endemics, such as Dionysia (Primulaceae) with 39 species and about 90% endemism (Fig. 3), and species-rich genera with few endemics, such as Carex, Trifolium, and Vicia, whose species tend to be widespread rendering those genera species-rich but endemic-poor also in other Mediterranean areas such as the Iberian Peninsula40. Richness across the territoriesThe majority of the endemic vascular plant species of Iran (88%) are restricted to the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 5% and 4% are restricted to the Saharo-Sindian and the Euro-Siberian regions, respectively; 3% is shared between the regions (Table 4). The Irano-Turanian region is richer than the two others, which is due to the size of this region as well as its topography, as it contains numerous mountain ranges, which generally are rich in endemics41,42. Some of the species-rich genera more strongly represented in this region are Astragalus (Fabaceae), Cousinia (Asteraceae), Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae) and Allium (Alliaceae; Fig. 4a). A typical representative of the Euro-Siberian region is Alchemilla (Rosaceae), with nearly 90% of its endemics being found in this region. Akhani, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high number of endemic species found in the vascular flora of Iran and other Mediterranean regions. It highlights that the majority of endemic vascular plant species in Iran are concentrated in the Irano-Turanian region, which indicates a significant level of endemism. Furthermore, it describes the richness of this region compared to others and provides examples of genera that are characteristic of high endemism. This aligns well with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas exhibiting both high species diversity and high levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: Finally, we draw the readers’ attention to the commonly ignored fact that there is no evidence for WIMPS on earth (or in our solar system). The bald fact is that the properties required by DM demand WIMPS should be concentrated at the center of the earth. Few have bothered to investigate this obvious requirement; those who have made some observations have not uncovered evidence for this [52]. Dark matter proponents of WIMPS must resort to special pleading that WIMPS are “out there” but not here. This requirement is simply ignoring the cosmological principle. That is, if WIMPS are common in other galaxies including Andromeda, but not in the Milky Way, then the cosmological principle is not true. If so, astronomy is left without any principles at all. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Advertisement ThanksWe thank K. G. Begeman for kindly allowing us use of his NGC 3198 data. -Fisher relationCGRCarmeli general relativityDMdark matterEEEinstein equationMACHOmassive astrophysical compact halo objectStype IaSGspiral galaxySMstandard model of p1. Zwicky F. On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae. Journal. 1937;86:217-246. DOI: 10. 1086/1438642. . Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Journal. 1970;159:379-403. DOI: 10. 1086/1503173. . Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. IV-Systematic dynamical properties SA through SC. Journal. 1978;225:L107-L111. DOI: 10. 1086/1828044. . Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc). Journal. 1980;238:471-487. DOI: 10. 1086/1580035. . The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I. The dark matter connection. of the Society. 1996;281(1):27-47. DOI: 10. 1093/mnras/278. 1. 276. Hossenfelder S. Dark Matter. Or What? YouTube; 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by challenging the existence of WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), a leading dark matter candidate. It argues that the absence of evidence for WIMPs on Earth or in the solar system suggests that the properties of dark matter do not support the inference of its presence based solely on gravitational effects in other galaxies. The text implies that if WIMPs were common in galaxies like Andromeda, they should similarly be found in the Milky Way, which undermines the cosmological principle that supports the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 25% sulfuric acid was used to compensate for the water contained in the washed solid (data not shown). ZipperClave reactor acid pretreatmentLarge-scale sorghum pretreatment experiments were conducted in the ZipperClave reactor () as previously described [34]. 65. 0 g dry weight of sorghum biomass was loaded into the sample container with a 1% (w/w) solution of H2SO4 to achieve a 25% solids loading (w/w). The biomass and acid solution were mixed and set for 5 min prior to pretreatment. The canister was then loaded into the ZipperClave reactor and sealed. Steam was injected using an impeller with lifting edges anchored to the bottom to ensure even heating and mixing of the contents within a removable canister during the reaction. The ZipperClave reactor was equipped with an electrical heating blanket set at the reaction temperature to lessen steam condensation due to heat losses through the reactor wall. Temperature was measured using two thermocouples located in the top and bottom of the reactor. Three reaction temperatures 140, 155, 170 °C for 10 min were used representing severities (R o) of 2. 18, 2. 62, and 3. 06, respectively. After pretreatment, the reactor was depressurized for 20–40 s and vented steam and volatized components recovered as condensate. After the canister was removed, the agitator was rinsed to recover attached solids. The pretreated slurry, recovered from the canister, condensate, and rinsate liquors, were analyzed using standard [35]. Overall mass recovery after pretreatment was 107. 6 ± 2. 2%, suggesting a higher bias for solids recovery. Glucose and xylose yields were normalized to 100% solids recovery to adjust for this bias in solids recovery. Total sugar yield for the control corn stover samples was 85. 6 ± 3. 0 g/g, demonstrating that both pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis processes provided robust results. Enzymatic hydrolysis assayFor all pretreated samples, the enzymatic hydrolysis assay was performed following the procedure of [7], which is based on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass [36]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the pretreatment of biomass (specifically sorghum) and the processes involved in preparing it for enzymatic hydrolysis. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: 43 suggests for the Hyrcanian forests (within the Euro-Siberian region) a number of ca. 280 endemic and subendemic species, which is almost three times more than we found (Table 4). As they do not provide any species list, we cannot assess the source for this discrepancy, but contributing factors may include the geographic coverage of the study by Akhani, et al. 43 also including areas outside of Iran (southeastern Azerbaijan) or taxonomic differences, but still the discrepancy is remarkable. In the Saharo-Sindian region, the proportion of Echinops (Asteraceae) species is high compared to other regions (Fig. 4a). Table 4 Vascular plant endemism in the phytogeographical regions of Iran. Full size tableFigure 4Distribution of endemic vascular plant species (total and in the 10 most endemic-rich genera) across (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imagePatterns of endemism in global biodiversity hotspots present in Iran reflect those observed for biogeographic regions. Specifically, 84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot, which is inside the Irano-Turanian region, whereas only 4% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Caucasian hotspot inside the Euro-Siberian region. With respect to areas of endemism, Zagros is the richest, harbouring 45% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics, the majority of which is restricted to this region (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Zagros is a continuous mountain range connecting the and Alborz in the north to the Yazd-Kerman massifs in the south (Fig. 1). However, the connectivity is more contiguous in the montane zone and diminishes and eventually ceases with increasing elevation (Fig. 1). This increased isolation coincides with increased endemism, resulting in high endemic richness in areas with high elevational range (Noroozi et al. 2018), and an overall uneven distribution of endemic richness across Zagros. All of the ten most endemic-rich genera of Iran except Oxytropis (Fabaceae) are well-represented in Zagros (Fig. 4b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing regions in Iran that exhibit high levels of endemism among vascular plant species, indicating these areas can be classified as biodiversity hotspots. Specifically, it highlights that '84% of the Iranian vascular plant endemics are restricted to the Irano-Anatolian hotspot,' thereby supporting the notion that biodiversity hotspots are characterized by both high species diversity and significant levels of endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Scientists infer dark matter's presence through gravitational effects on galaxies. [SEP] Text: Available from: Cooperstock FI, Tieu S. General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter. arXiv. 2005. Available from: Fuchs B, Phleps S. Comment on “General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter” by F. I. Cooperstock and S. Tieu. New Astronomy. 2006;11:608-610. DOI: 10. 1016/j. newast. 2006. 04. 0029. Hartnett JG. Spiral galaxy rotation curves determined from carmelian general relativity. of Theoretical Physics. 2006;45:2118-2136. DOI: 10. 1007/s10773-006-9178-010. . The small scatter of the barionic tully-fisher relation. Letters. 2015;816(1):L14. DOI: 10. 3847/2041-8205/816/1/l1411. . P390. DOI: 10. 1016/j. physrep. 2004. 08. 03112. Feng JL. Naturalness and the Status of Supersymmetry. of Nuclear P382. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-nucl-102010-13044713. Final model independent result of DAMA/LIBRA-phase 1. Journal C. 2013;73(12):2648. DOI: 10. 1140/epjc/s10052-013-2648-714. Search for dark matter annihilations in the sun with the 79-string ice cube detector. Letters. 2013;110:131302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 110. 13130215. Search for neutrinos from annihilation of captured low-mass dark matter p1301. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 114. 14130116. Search for electronic recoil event rate modulation with 4 years of XENON100 data. Letters. 2017;118:101101. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 118. 10110117. Dark matter results from 54-ton-day exposure of panda X-II experiment. Letters. 2017;119:181302. DOI: 10. 1103/physrevlett. 119. 18130218. Schumann M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by referencing a paper that argues 'General relativity resolves galactic rotation without exotic dark matter,' suggesting there are alternate theories explaining galactic rotation without the need for dark matter. This directly challenges the assertion that gravitational effects indicate the presence of dark matter.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Briefly, the washed pretreated solid was incubated at 10% (w/w) dry solids with the enzyme (Cellic CTec2, Novozymes, Bagsvaerd, Denmark), the citrate buffer, and DI water for 5 days at 48 °C. The enzyme loading was 20 mg/g total biomass. At the end of the assay, the slurry was transferred quantitatively to a 100 mL volumetric flask and brought to volume with DI water. An aliquot of the flask was then filtered and analyzed for monomeric sugars (Additional files 2, 3, 4, 5). Data analysisThe raw analytical data were collected and reduced using Microsoft Excel. The open source statistical software R [37] was used to merge the files to further analyze and plot the data. All expressions of statistical significance are at the level of 5% (with α = 0. 05) assuming independent normal distribution of errors. The statistical assessment of the total sugar yield has only been done on the WT and SM feedstocks because they are made of more replicates and are the most distinctive analyzed feedstocks (Additional files 6, 7, 8, 9). AbbreviationsADF: acid detergent fiber ADL: acid detergent lignin bmr : brown midrib DA: dilute acid DE: denominator DI: deionized EH: enzymatic hydrolysis eDOM: enzymatically digestible organic matter LAP: laboratory analytical procedure LO: loss of the released carbohydrates by deacetylation NL: no loss of the released carbohydrates by deacetylation NDF: neutral detergent fiber NREL: : numerator PT: pretreatment SM: stacked mutant TS: total solids VS: organic matter (volatile solids) WT: wild type 79. doi:10. 1007/s12010-008-8340-y. 6. 95. 95. 2000. p. 52–109. 64. doi:10. 1007/s12155-009-9041-2. 162. 70. 2010. 2011. doi:10. 1016/j. biortech. 2011. 07. 051. 47. 79. 8. 23. 8. doi:10. 1016/j. biombioe. 2014. 09. 028. 9. 98. doi:10. 1021/ef3019244. 24. 90. 40. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuel production. It discusses the methodology related to enzyme incubation and sugar yield assessment but does not mention yeast, bioengineering, or biofuels directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Figure 5Distribution of endemic vascular plant species in general and of range-restricted endemic vascular plant species in Iran and its areas of endemism. Full size imageFigure 6Endemic vascular plant species of Iran in areas of endemism. Endemic vascular plant species restricted to an area of endemism are indicated in dark grey, whereas those shared with other areas of endemism are indicated in light grey, their numbers being given in the bars connecting pie charts corresponding to areas of endemism. Full size imageTable 5 Vascular plant endemism in the areas of endemism in Iran. Full size tableThe second-richest area is Alborz, which harbours 29% of all Iranian vascular plant endemics nearly half of them being restricted to Alborz (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). If taking area size into account, Alborz is richer than other regions. This is particularly evident for range-restricted endemics (here species which are only in maximally three grid cells of 0. 5° × 0. 5°), where, compared to Zagros, Alborz has half the number of endemics on one fifth the area (Fig. 5; Table 5). Generally, has the highest concentration of endemics in the (Noroozi et al. 2018). Alborz is a narrow, but very high and contiguous east-west oriented mountain range (Fig. 1) that borders on lowland deserts in the south and on the in the north. A wide elevational range, high topographic complexity and strong environmental heterogeneity explain its high plant diversity and great richness of endemics19. Alborz connects Kopet Dagh-Khorassan mountains in the east with the and Zagros in the west (evident also in the high numbers of endemic species shared between Alborz and at least one of these regions; Fig. 6), thus acting as a corridor between and Caucasus plus Anatolian mountains. Therefore, Alborz not only harbours a high number of local endemics, but also many elements showing biogeographic connections east- and/or westwards. In the Azerbaijan Plateau, 21% of Iranian vascular plant endemics are found, half of which are endemic to this area (Figs 5, 6 and Table 5). Plateau has a fragmented orography caused by different tectonic and volcanic activities44. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the Alborz region in Iran as an area with high plant diversity and significant levels of endemism. It highlights that Alborz harbours 29% of all Iranian vascular plant endemics, with nearly half being restricted to this area. The mention of environmental factors such as a wide elevational range and high topographic complexity contributing to this biodiversity supports the concept of biodiversity hotspots as regions with both high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: A&A 626, A5 (2019)Can a negative-mass cosmology explain dark matter and dark energy? ⋆ H. Socas-Navarro1,2 1 Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Avda Vía Láctea s/n, 38205 Tenerife, Spain 2 Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38205 Tenerife, Spain e-mail: hsocas@iac. es Received: 20 February 2019 Accepted: 17 April 2019 recent study by Farnes (2018, A&A, 620, A92) proposed an alternative cosmological model in which both dark matter and dark energy are replaced with a single fluid of negative mass. This paper presents a critical review of that model. A number of problems and discrepancies with observations are identified. For instance, the predicted shape and density of galactic dark matter halos are incorrect. Also, halos would need to be less massive than the baryonic component, otherwise they would become gravitationally unstable. Perhaps the most challenging problem in this theory is the presence of a large-scale version of the “runaway effect”, which would result in all galaxies moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other more general issues regarding negative mass in general relativity are discussed, such as the possibility of time-travel paradoxes. Key words: cosmology: theory dark matter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics large-scale structure of Universe ⋆ The simulation video is available at © ESO 2019 1. a recent paper, Farnes (2018; hereafter F18) put forward an audacious proposal to explain dark matter and dark energy in a unified scenario with a single fluid of negative-mass p5. 2. Galactic halos One of the remarkable results of F18 was the formation of negative mass halos around galaxies with a density structure strikingly similar to a Navarro–Frenk–White (NFW, Navarro et al. 1996) dark matter profile. This paper presents new simulations very similar in nature to those of F18 but the resulting halo densities exhibit what appears to be an exponential stratification instead. In order to develop a better understanding of the simulation results, or even to serve as a sanity check, it is usually helpful to conduct an analytical study of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a recent study (Farnes, 2018) that proposes an alternative model involving negative mass to explain dark matter and dark energy. It identifies various problems with this model, such as incorrect predictions regarding the shape and density of galactic dark matter halos and potential instability of halos. These discrepancies suggest that this new model does not satisfactorily address the 'missing mass' phenomenon in galaxies as understood in conventional dark matter theories.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: doi:10. 1007/s10570-015-0656-5. 85. doi:10. 1007/s10570-009-9318-9. 82. 16. 65. 49. doi:10. 1111/jipb. 12375. 12. Crop Sci. 2006;46:491. 258. 2008. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. . Compositional analysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks. 1. Review and description of methods. J Chem. 2010;58:9043–53. doi:10. 1021/jf1008023. 2. Method uncertainties. J Chem. 2010;58:9054–62. doi:10. 1021/jf100807b. 5. 4. 14. 28. 2013. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. . Enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass laboratory analytical procedure (LAP). Golden: Energy Laboratory; 2008. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Core Team; 2012. Accessed 12 Oct 2015. Download 1. Tabular data on total sugar yields. Table S1. ASE350 dilute acid pretreatment yields—NU and DE calculations. Table S2. ASE350 PT-EH yields, with and without deacetylation, DE-NL and DE-LO calculations. Table S3. Zipperclave PT yields–DE calculation. Additional file 2. Primary experimental data for ASE350 optimal temperature experiments. Additional file 3. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 optimal temperature data using DE method. Additional file 4. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 optimal temperature data using NU method. Additional file 5. Primary experimental data for ASE350 deacetylation experiments. Additional file 6. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 deacetylation data using DE-LO method. Additional file 7. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from ASE350 deacetylation data using DE-NL method. Additional file 8. Primary experimental data for Zipperclave experiments. Additional file 9. R script to calculate overall sugar yields from Zipperclave data. Rights and permissions This 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it lists various DOI references and procedures related to lignocellulosic feedstocks and sugar yields, which do not specifically discuss the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: (Noroozi et al. , unpublished data). A typical representative of the local endemic flora is Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae; Fig. 4b), which is highly diverse in this area50,51. Additionally, the Yazd-Kerman harbours isolated occurrences of species otherwise distributed in Hindukush and mountains, especially in alpine regions30,49,52,53. Considerable differences can be observed among areas of endemism with respect to the richness of the 10 largest genera of the Iranian endemic vascular flora (Fig. 4b), as shall be illustrated with the following examples. Astragalus (Fabaceae), Allium (Alliaceae) and Centaurea (Asteraceae) are well represented in the Azerbaijan Plateau, but Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae), Cousinia (Asteraceae) and Echinops (Asteraceae) are underrepresented in this area. Acantholimon, Echinops and Nepeta (Lamiaceae) are very well represented in Yazd-Kerman and Cousinia is very diverse in Kopet Dagh-Khorassan. Oxytropis (Fabaceae) is diverse in both Alborz and Kopet Dagh-Khorassan, but very poor in Zagros. The proportion of Silene (Caryophyllaceae) is high in Zagros, and Dionysia (Primulaceae) is a Zagros element with 29 endemic species in this mountain range, three species in Yazd-Kerman and only one species in Alborz. Elevational distribution of endemicsThe elevational distributions of surface area, non-endemic and endemic vascular plant species of Iran are displaced and peak at different elevations, as has already been found before on a taxonomically much smaller data set19. Despite a high proportion of surface area in lowlands (−26 to 1400 m), the proportions of non-endemics and especially of endemics in this elevation zone are low (Fig. 7). At mid elevations (1400 to 2800 m a. s. l. ), the proportion of both non-endemics and endemics are high. At high elevations (2800 to 5671 m a. s. l. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of regions in Iran that showcase high levels of endemism and species diversity, particularly highlighting the Acantholimon genus which is endemic and diverse in the Yazd-Kerman area. It discusses the elevational distribution of endemic vascular plant species, illustrating the concept of endemism through various examples, thus aligning with the definition of biodiversity hotspots as areas rich in species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: However, this result does not apply to the F18 cosmology, which is equivalent to an anti-de Sitter space-time (a negative cosmological constant). Therefore, while the existence of negative-mass p5. model proposed by F18 is a testable alternative theory of gravity which if confirmed would have a profound impact on all areas of physics. This paper presents a detailed analysis of his model, which identifies a number of problems and discrepancies with observations. Perhaps the most obvious weakness is the constantly accelerating motion of galaxies. Instead of the orderly relation between distance and velocity given by the Hubble–Lemaître law, we would see all galaxies in the sky moving in random directions at nearly the speed of light. Other serious problems include predicting an incorrect shape, mass, and density profile for galactic halos, the keplerian rotation curves, low mass of galactic halos, and slow cosmological structure formation. Other theoretical arguments are discussed that are not directly testable with observations. For instance, the relationship between negative mass and backwards time travel, opening the possibility of causality violations, is an important issue for any theory or model involving negative mass. Overall, the conclusions of this study do not support the F18 model, at least in the original formulation. Since the simulations are of simplistic nature, as they were intended for exploratory purposes following the philosophy of F18, it is possible that some of these issues might be resolved with better, more realistic simulations. Likewise, some of the theoretical objections, such as a possible dampening of gravitational waves, would need actual calculations to be formalized before they can be considered conclusive evidence either for or against the theory. of Fig. 1 Access here 1 Also credited to M. V. Ostrogradsky or G. Green. Sometimes also known as the divergence theorem. 2 3 The video uses the same color scheme as F18. 1902. 00260] [7. Years: Writings, 1918–1921 (Princeton, USA: Press), 33 [1811. 12907] [1. Simulation of galactic halo formation. Blue (red) dots represent the positive (negative) mass p2. Radial density profile of the negative-mass halo in the galactic simulation. The axis of ordinates is logarithmic. The orange line shows an exponential density profile for reference. In the text Fig. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the existence of the F18 model, which is an alternative theory concerning gravitational effects, introduces severe problems that challenge the understanding of galactic behavior. It states, 'the most obvious weakness is the constantly accelerating motion of galaxies,' which suggests that the observations of galaxies do not align well with the predictions of the F18 model and implies the inadequacy of alternate theories like the one discussed instead of confirming dark matter's role in explaining 'missing mass.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A holistic high-throughput screening framework for biofuel feedstock assessment that characterises variations in soluble sugars and cell wall composition in Sorghum bicolor access Published: 23 December 2013 A holistic high-throughput screening framework for biofuel feedstock assessment that characterises variations in soluble sugars and cell wall composition in Sorghum bicolor Martin1, Palmer1, Byrt1,2, Furbank3 & …Christopher PL Grof1 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 0. 99 with a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 11. 93, 5. 52, and 3. 23 mM for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively, which constitutes an error of <4% in each case. The sugar PLS model correlated well with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and brix measures. Similarly, a high-throughput method for predicting enzymatic cell wall digestibility using PLS modelling of FTIR spectra obtained from S. bicolor bagasse was developed. The PLS prediction was shown to be accurate with an R2 of 0. 94 and RMSEP of 0. 64 μg. mgDW-1. h-1. ConclusionsThis methodology has been demonstrated as an efficient and effective way to screen large biofuel feedstock populations for biomass, soluble sugar concentrations, and cell wall digestibility simultaneously allowing a total fermentable yield calculation. It unifies and simplifies previous screening methodologies to produce a holistic assessment of biofuel feedstock potential. BackgroundThe photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric CO2 to produce sugars by C4 plants is an efficient conversion of sunlight into stored chemical energy. In grasses a large proportion of these sugars are stored either as soluble sugars, plant cell wall polymers, or starch. Maximising sugar yields from these three fractions for a broad spectrum of uses including animal feedstock, human nutrition, and second generation biofuels is imperative for efficient utilisation of plant productivity in the face of a burgeoning global population. This study focused on the soluble sugar and cell wall fractions as a biofuel feedstock. Considering these two fractions, there are four main contributors that maximise total fermentable sugar yields of biofuel feedstocks: juice volume (V), sugar concentration ([S]), biomass (B), and digestibility (D). These attributes can be formulated as: V. S + B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels. Instead, it discusses a high-throughput screening framework for assessing biofuel feedstocks, specifically focusing on soluble sugars and cell wall composition in a specific plant species. While it highlights the importance of sugars in biomass and biofuel potential, it does not provide any information on yeast or bioengineered organisms in the context of biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: ), although comprising only 1% of the surface area, the proportion of endemics becomes higher at the expense of the proportion of non-endemics. This confirms the importance of alpine habitats as endemism centres for vascular plants17. Figure 7Elevational distribution of total endemic compared to non-endemic vascular flora of Iran. (a) Proportion of surface area, non-endemic and endemic species richness along the elevational gradient. (b) Percentage of surface area, non-endemic and endemic richness in different elevational zones. Full size imageLife formsHemicryptophytes are the most dominant life form (60%) among the endemic vascular plant species, followed by chamaephytes (26%), geophytes (6%), therophytes (5%) and phanerophytes (3%). There are considerable differences in the proportion of life forms in the three phytogeographical regions (Fig. 8a). Hemicryptophytes are dominant to almost equal extents in all three regions, whereas chamaephytes are very poor in the Euro-Siberian region. The Euro-Siberian region with its high precipitation and temperate climate is covered by Hyrcanian forests, resulting in an overrepresentation of phanerophytes and an underrepresentation of chamaephytes, geophytes and therophytes compared to the other two regions. The majority of chamaephytes of the Iranian vascular flora are thorn-cushions, a life form adapted to windswept slopes in the regions with Mediterranean precipitation regimes54; such chamaephytes are dominant in the mountains of the Irano-Turanian region54,55,56,57,58. Geophytes are underrepresented and therophytes are prominent in the Saharo-Sindian region. Figure 8Life form spectra of the Iranian vascular flora in (a) phytogeographical regions and (b) areas of endemism. Full size imageIn areas of endemism, the life form spectra are roughly similar among the areas (Fig. 8b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of alpine habitats as centers of endemism for vascular plants. It specifically mentions the dominance of endemic species such as hemicryptophytes and indicates that higher endemism levels occur despite a smaller surface area, reinforcing the idea that these regions exhibit high species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: We present the results from nonlinear regression modeling Eq. (19) with the NGC 3198 and the data in Table 2 with all three analyses including the position of the galactic center, velocity, 0,0 without error. Note the results of (113) including all data and the results of (99) where the 14 data pairs closest to the galactic center are not used because the data are very noisy. This model fairly describes the data as the values for r2 are nearly 1. GalaxyVm (kpc)Kθr2NGC 3198154 ± 20. 05 ± 0. 10. 982(113)211 ± 20. 20 ± 0. 040. 991(99)200 ± 2−0. 16 ± 0. 050. 997Table 2. Results from nonlinear regression of galaxy binned data with the Langmuir equation. Note that r2 is the correlation coefficient corrected for parameter number and not the value for any radius. Figure 3 presents the best fit to the binned NGC 3198 data using the Langmuir model. It appears that the Langmuir equation is a fair model to the NGC 3198 data for stars at and beyond 4 kpc from the galactic center and might be useful to estimate the average rotational velocity of stars in spiral galaxies, which are not too close to the center. Another thing to note is that the rotational velocity of the estimated by both the graviton and Langmuir models is similar at about 200 km s−1. Figure 3. The rotational velocity (km s−1) vs. radial distance (kpc) from the galactic center of NGC 3198. The solid curve is a good fit to the data with the Langmuir model, Eq. (32). The errors shown here and used for modeling are the standard deviations from the observations [45]. Advertisement 4. ConclusionsWe suggest an alternate explanation to the usual for the Zwicky and Rubin observations without resorting to the special pleading required by the WIMP and MACHO scenarios. Though there have been several well-intentioned attempts to observe WIMPS through many different energy ranges, we have not read of any experiment or observation that one might call success. The search continues, however, with a portion of the high energy time of the CERN facility dedicated to such experiments [48]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting an alternate explanation to the observations made by Zwicky and Rubin without relying on dark matter theories such as WIMP and MACHO scenarios. It mentions that no successful experiments have yet validated the existence of dark matter, implying skepticism towards the notion that dark matter alone accounts for the missing mass in galaxies based on gravitational observations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: D = total fermentable sugar yield project [1], and a more recent report [2], stipulate that there is a need for a high-throughput method for assessing cell wall digestibility [1, 2]. Since these reports, a number of high-throughput digestibility assays have been developed [3–5]. These methodologies present feasible high-throughput platforms for screening biomass, however, do not present strategies for high-throughput quantification of total plant biomass (B), or of the soluble sugar fraction (V and [S]). In addition, analysis requires automated robotics which is costly, and uses wet chemistry assays that are, again, costly, use hazardous chemicals, and even when automated, can be time consuming. This study focused on quantifying all of these attributes (V, [S], B, and D) simultaneously, whilst maximising efficiency and reducing cost. The principal components of cell walls are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The composition and arrangement of these carbohydrates and phenolic polymers is very diverse across plant species, organs, tissues, and even cell types [6]. With a strong focus on renewable energy being derived from plant biomass, the highly efficient C4 plants and more specifically monocot grasses have garnered significant interest in recent times as potential biofuel feedstocks [7]. A promising saccharification approach for plant biomass requires reduction to a uniform size, pretreatment with weak acid or alkali, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis to release sugars for fermentation. The commelinoid group of monocotyledons which includes the grasses, hence principal biofuel feedstock targets such as sugarcane, Sorghum, and Miscanthus, possess cell walls containing ferulic acid and glucuronoarabinoxylan as the major non-cellulosic polysaccharide. Furthermore, the grasses differ from other commelinoids in possessing (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans [8]. Cell walls of non-commelinoid monocotyledons and most dicotyledonous plants do not contain ferulic acid and the non-cellulosic polysaccharides are pectins and xyloglucans [6, 9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses methodologies for assessing digestibility of plant biomass and elements regarding plant cell wall composition relevant for biofuel feedstocks. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Exceptions are the Yazd-Kerman area with a high proportion of therophytes, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan with a low proportion of therophytes, and the with a low proportion of phanerophytes compared to the other areas or to the average for Iran (Fig. 8b). The higher proportion of therophytes in Yazd-Kerman might be due to the longer warm and dry season on these mountains, which allows penetration by elements from the Saharo-Sindian region, whose flora is rich in therophytes. ConclusionMountains influence the distribution and diversification of species and also maintain biodiversity over time59. Half of all the biodiversity hotspots are situated in mountains3, and our results indicate that 74% of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran are restricted to its mountains, which represent only about 42% of the country’s surface (elevations above 1400 m a. s. l. ; Fig. 7). Generally, mountains with diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity promote high biodiversity and endemism60,61, which appears also to be the case for Iranian mountains19. The environmental heterogeneity provides diverse niche space allowing more species to coexist62, acts as trigger for diversification, resulting from isolation or adaptation to diverse environmental conditions63, and also enables the existence of particular habitats through longer time periods supporting relics64. The complex topography and the large elevational range potentially allowed Iranian plants to survive the Quaternary glaciations, as only the high elevations were covered with ice65 and lowlands could act as refugia for many relict elements such as Parrotia in the Hyrcanian Forests66. Additionally, Quaternary climatic fluctuations and associated shifts in habitats and vegetation zones may have triggered species diversification as, for instance, suggested for a group of steppe species within the hyperdiverse genus Astragalus67. However, understanding the origin of the biodiversity of the mountains of Iran requires molecular phylogenetic studies of their characteristic mega-genera. Until then, the evolutionary history of the taxa inhabiting these mountains remains one of the least understood fields of global biogeography, even though it is crucial for explaining the origin of plant diversity in mountains of Eurasia. mountain ranges, species richness has decreased during the past decade68. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how mountains, which are biodiversity hotspots, maintain high biodiversity and endemism. It states that 'mountains with diverse micro-climates and topographic complexity promote high biodiversity and endemism' and provides specific evidence that '74% of all endemic vascular plant species of Iran are restricted to its mountains.' This supports the claim regarding biodiversity hotspots being areas with significant species diversity and endemism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: Finally, we draw the readers’ attention to the commonly ignored fact that there is no evidence for WIMPS on earth (or in our solar system). The bald fact is that the properties required by DM demand WIMPS should be concentrated at the center of the earth. Few have bothered to investigate this obvious requirement; those who have made some observations have not uncovered evidence for this [52]. Dark matter proponents of WIMPS must resort to special pleading that WIMPS are “out there” but not here. This requirement is simply ignoring the cosmological principle. That is, if WIMPS are common in other galaxies including Andromeda, but not in the Milky Way, then the cosmological principle is not true. If so, astronomy is left without any principles at all. of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. Advertisement ThanksWe thank K. G. Begeman for kindly allowing us use of his NGC 3198 data. -Fisher relationCGRCarmeli general relativityDMdark matterEEEinstein equationMACHOmassive astrophysical compact halo objectStype IaSGspiral galaxySMstandard model of p1. Zwicky F. On the masses of nebulae and of clusters of nebulae. Journal. 1937;86:217-246. DOI: 10. 1086/1438642. . Rotation of the andromeda nebula from a spectroscopic survey of emission regions. Journal. 1970;159:379-403. DOI: 10. 1086/1503173. . Extended rotation curves of high-luminosity spiral galaxies. IV-Systematic dynamical properties SA through SC. Journal. 1978;225:L107-L111. DOI: 10. 1086/1828044. . Rotational properties of 21 SC galaxies with a large range of luminosities and radii, from NGC 4605 (R = 4kpc) to UGC 2885 (R = 122 kpc). Journal. 1980;238:471-487. DOI: 10. 1086/1580035. . The universal rotation curve of spiral galaxies - I. The dark matter connection. of the Society. 1996;281(1):27-47. DOI: 10. 1093/mnras/278. 1. 276. Hossenfelder S. Dark Matter. Or What? YouTube; 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is no evidence for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), a common dark matter candidate, in our solar system or on Earth, and argues that the absence of WIMPs in the Milky Way challenges the cosmological principle. This undermines the notion that dark matter, particularly defined as WIMPs, can adequately explain the missing mass in galaxies as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These differences in cell wall composition and architecture as well as the bonds between the principal components strongly influence ‘digestibility’ of the plant biomass, whether this be undertaken in a biofuels processing context or by rumen/gut microorganisms. Analysis techniques based upon infrared (IR) spectroscopy are proving to be highly effective tools for the detailed resolution of plant cell wall composition. IR spectroscopy is based on the absorption of IR light by specific quantized vibrational energy states of bonds between atoms and within molecules [10]. Mid-infrared (MIR) absorption spectra (4,000 to 400 cm-1) define vibrational modes directly, generating sharp peaks that are more readily interpreted than near-infrared (NIR; 13,000 to 4,000 cm-1) or far-infrared (FIR; 10 to 400 cm-1) spectra [10]. Fourier transform MIR (FT-MIR or FTIR) spectra have been used to characterise molecules for approximately 100 years and were first used in the analysis of plant cell walls more than 30 years ago [11]. More recently, when coupled with multivariate data analysis techniques, FTIR spectroscopy has proven to be a robust and accurate method for high-throughput screening of cell wall mutations in experimental plant tissues, such as the model species Arabidopsis thaliana[12, 13] and Zea mays coleoptiles [14, 15], where even slight variations in the molecular structure of cell walls were detected. Recently, FTIR spectra have been used as a predictor for enzymatic hydrolysis of pre-treated biomass [16] and similarly, in the food industry to rapidly quantify sucrose, glucose, and fructose in juice including mango, apple, and sugarcane [17–19] as well as other foodstuffs such as honey [20]. Similarly, NIR has been used for rapid prediction of soluble sugars in sugarcane [21] and of biomass composition in Miscanthus and Sorghum[22, 23]. Whilst these studies are suggestive of an application in high-throughput screening of biofuel feedstocks, there have been no reports incorporating this technology into a holistic, high-throughput assessment of biofuel feedstock potential. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses the analysis of plant cell wall composition and the use of infrared (IR) spectroscopy in characterizing plant materials, without directly addressing yeast or bioengineered microorganisms or their capability to produce biofuels from sugars. The focus remains on plant biomass and analytical techniques rather than on bioengineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: As the overall climate conditions in Iran are similar to those from Mediterranean regions, a decline of high-altitude habitats in the course of climate warming and reduced water availability can be expected in this region. Furthermore, pastoralism causes dramatic disturbance of mountain habitats of Iran. Pastoralism dates back to the Neolithic period69,70, since when it was extreme in several phases71. Pastoralism has already reduced the habitats of tree species like Quercus macranthera (Fagaceae) at the upper limit of the Hyrcanian forests and Juniperus excelsa (Cupressaceae) in the treeline zone of the southern slopes of Alborz72. Thus, with increasing anthropogenic pressure via pastoralism, urbanization, and road construction as well as ongoing global warming, mountain species are under increasing threat and need to be more strongly protected. According to the about one hundred species of the vertebrate fauna in Iran are considered vulnerable or already endangered73. For plants, nearly 60% of endemic vascular plant species of Iran are range-restricted and can be categorized as IUCN threatened species. Our knowledge about the centres of endemism in the is, however, still limited and future efforts will be needed to identify hotspots at a finer scale, “hotspots-within-hotspots”8,74,75, to aid practical conservation management. Materials and MethodsStudy areaIran, with a surface area of c. 1. 6 million km², is located between and Himalaya in the east and Caucasus and Anatolia in the west. Iran displays considerable geologic and lithospheric heterogeneity, owing to its complex tectonic history76. One of the main tectonic events that influenced the geology and topography of Iran is the Arabia-Eurasia collision, which caused the uplift of numerous mountain ranges in the region, especially between the middle Miocene and the Pliocene77. The five major mountainous areas of Iran are the Azerbaijan Plateau, Alborz, Kopet Dagh-Khorassan, Zagros and the Yazd-Kerman massifs which are well associated with five areas of endemism (Fig. 1b). The elevation in Iran ranges from 26 m b. s. l. along the shore of the up to 5,671 m a. s. l. at Damavand Mt. in Central Alborz. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant levels of endemism in Iran's flora and fauna. It mentions that nearly 60% of endemic vascular plant species in Iran are IUCN threatened species, indicating a high level of endemism. Furthermore, the need to identify 'hotspots-within-hotspots' for practical conservation management suggests that these regions are indeed being recognized as biodiversity hotspots due to their species diversity and unique ecological characteristics.