Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Доля разных генетических типов месторождений золота (более 100 тонн добычи) в мировой продукции золота (Frimmel et al. , 2005)Тип орудененияДоля в добыче в % (всего 102 575 т)Витватерсранд39Орогенные29Эпитермальные высокосульфидированные3Эпитермальные низкосульфидированные6Порфировые16Локализованные в осадках (россыпи)5Прочие2 Таблица 2. Распределение крупнейших золотых месторождений в орогенных поясах разных типов геодинамических обстановок (Leahy et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gold deposit types and their percentages in global production rather than any information related to lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: The square of the correlation coefficient between the observed vobs and modeled vmod rotational velocities is r2=corrvobsvmod2=0. 986. Figure 1. The velocity vs. radial distance from the galactic center of NGC 3198. The data points and errors are from [45]. The solid curve is a good fit to the data with the graviton model, Eqs. (13–15). fit of the graviton model to the velocity rotation curve data for the is shown in Figure 2. The mass for our galaxy is approximated by the BTFR given by Eq. (10) with a flat rotational velocity of v=202kms−1, which yields a mass of MGalaxy=8. 328×1010M⊙. The nonlinear curve fit to the rotation curve data [46] is made with n=6, with the scale lengths given by a1=0. 11kpc, a2=0. 7kpc, a3=1. 71kpc, a4=1. 82kpc, a5=1. 83kpc, and a6=1. 84kpc. The weights used are b1=0. 095, b2=0. 1, b3=0. 2, b4=0. 3, b5=0. 3, and b6=0. 005, where the weights sum to unity. Solving Eq. (14), we find the radial distance where the acceleration to be a0=1. 507×10−10ms−2 is r0=8. 157kpc. Then, using this value for r0, we solve Eq. (15) to obtain a value of Kg=0. 418. The fit of the graviton model, not necessarily optimal, has an error of MAE=6. 33kms−1 for the fit up to r0 and for the entire range of the data up to 1. 28×103kpc, the error is MAE=13. 25kms−1. For the radial distance up to r0, the square of the correlation coefficient between the observed and modeled velocities is r2=0. 136. For the full radial distance up to 1. 28Mpc, the square of the correlation coefficient between observed and modeled velocities is r2=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a graviton model that fits the rotational velocity curve data, which relates to the mass estimations of galaxies. The mentioned mass approximation and the correlation coefficients indicate an analysis based on gravitational observations, supporting the idea that dark matter might account for the missing mass in galaxies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: There are several entry points for research on autonomous vehicles under the Horizon 2020 work program on leadership in enabling and industrial technologies in the section on Information and [22]. Research for the transport sector is funded via the work program’s Chap. 11 on smart, green and integrated transport. Here, autonomous driving is explicitly mentioned: “Automated and progressively autonomous driving applications in road transport, actively interacting with their intelligent environment could provide an answer to the EU objective of reconciling growing mobility needs with more efficient transport operations, lower environmental impacts and increased road safety” [21]. Apart from technical aspects including research on Assistance Services, other aspects are supported such as behavioral aspects of driving (users’ responses to technology and on-board infrastructure, conditions of attention/loss of attention, etc. ), ethical and gender issues as well as liability and standardization questions. The aim is to enhance the technology’s robustness and effectiveness in real-life situations. In sum, research funded by the EU addresses various aspects of vehicle automation, the linking of information and communication systems to enhance efficiency, and research into autonomous vehicle technologies. There are growing signs of interest in the legal and societal implications of various automation levels and efforts to develop common definitions of vehicle automation levels. In the future, there will be need for more research on legal and societal questions tied to the greater use of automation in the transport sector. 3. 3 Actors and Arenas for in the EUAt the European level, different (DG) are involved with questions addressing autonomous driving, with DG Connect being somewhat more engaged than for example, DG Mobility and Transport (MOVE) or DG Enterprise and Industry (ENTR). In general, the EU Commission’s interests in the transport area are more related to strengthening competitiveness throughout the whole Union including in remote areas (by e. g. supporting basic infrastructure development) and combating climate change (i. e. e-mobility, urban development that supports public transport, bicycles, etc. ) and not so much on implementing a vision of wide-spread use of autonomous driving vehicles. DG Connect supports research in the field of automated mobility. It mainly addresses the research on intelligent transport systems (ITS) and highlights the role of ICT for ITS and mobility for it helps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, increases energy efficiency in the transport sector, and enhances safety and mobility for people and goods in general. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing research into various aspects of autonomous driving, particularly emphasizing the need for understanding user behavior, attention, legal, and societal implications. It highlights that while automation is a focus, there remains significant attention to human interaction and the necessity of oversight due to factors such as user responses to technology, ethical issues, and the requirement for enhancing the technology’s effectiveness in real-life situations. Therefore, it suggests that human oversight and intervention may still be necessary in the context of autonomous driving.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005) с изменениями автораТип обстановок% мирового тоннажа золота% мирового количества месторожденийКоллизионныеЗакрытия крупных океанов57. 446. 4Закрытия средних океанов2. 13. 3Закрытия малых океанов0. 41. 1Субдукционные (Аккреционные)Активных континентальных окраин28. 731. 5Обширных аккреционных комплексов окраин континентов6. 110. 5Островных дуг5. 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological terms and concepts related to oceanic environments without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. There is no connection to the potential for ancient microorganisms being found in lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dark matter may explain the 'missing mass' in galaxies based on gravitational observations. [SEP] Text: More astronomical observations confirming or denying, indirectly, DM are on the horizon, involving hundreds of people [49]. We wonder if the results of these will make any difference to the opinions of astronomers since observations to data of distant galaxies yielding results that both confirm and deny DM are continually reported to this day; the opinions of astronomers seem to be data-independent [50, 51]. Our results from modeling the rotational data of spiral galaxy NGC 3198 resulting from graviton physics are in close agreement to observations. Examination of Figure 1 and the results in Table 1 reveals our graviton model to be an excellent description of this galaxy. The results of using this model with the data, Figure 2, are not nearly as good. This is probably due to two different sources. First, the data is quite noisy, which is to be expected since astronomers are collecting information that necessarily travels through densely packed stars and gas clouds. Second, the large number of parameters needed in the mass density model to properly use our graviton model makes it very difficult to properly select the best values for modeling. A more robust mass density model is needed, rather than the rudimentary density of Eq. (16), to better match the density in the and other complex spiral galaxies. Our results from modeling the data from these two galaxies using the Langmuir equation are good, as seen in Figure 3 and Table 2. We do not claim this model properly describes the rotational velocities of either galaxy. It may be of use to astronomers for selecting the best average velocity of stars a fair distance from the galactic center. Although the fits to the rotation data were weak for the graviton model, due to the poor density model, this does not diminish its potential. The graviton model is based on the physical principle that gravitons are bosons and thus should behave like photons in a gravitational field. Gravitons traveling away from a massive source should lose energy due to gravitational redshift just as observed for photons. This process takes place for gravitons within galaxies, between galaxies, and within galactic clusters and throughout the Universe. Taking proper account for gravitons can go a long way to explain dark matter and even dark energy and orbital decay of binary stars [41]. This effect use of the graviton model has been overlooked for nearly a century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the graviton model could potentially help in explaining dark matter and its effects, particularly in relation to gravitational observations of spiral galaxies. It mentions that 'taking proper account for gravitons can go a long way to explain dark matter,' which directly aligns with the claim about dark matter potentially explaining the missing mass in galaxies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: ICT is, however, mostly connected to the provision of real time traffic information and not explicitly to autonomous road vehicles. Information on autonomous driving is generally best assessed from DG Connect. While various aspects and projects are listed on their website, DG Connect forwards the reader to the iwhen looking for ‘Automated Driving’. iMobility is one of the two main platforms on the European level that addresses vehicle automation. Via the iMobility Forum, the Commission is in contact with stakeholders. The platform is chaired by DG Connect and co-chaired by -ITS Europe as well as the (ACEA) and the with tolled motorways, bridges and tunnels (). Within iMobility, there is a working group on vehicle road automation. DG Connect partly finances this network. The iis linked to the platform on intelligent transport systems in Europe. It was founded as a joint initiative by the European Commission, national transport ministries as well as industry representatives and aims to be a networking platform to spur exchange between actors and stakeholders related to all kinds of aspects of intelligent transport systems. It gives an overview about various research projects and activities in States on ITS—and accordingly, automated vehicles [16]. In addition, the provides a platform for debating visions of the future: part of the of Europe. Here several 4. 1 to the Convention on (Vienna Convention)Reacting to developments in the United States, at the European level debates about the need for modifying the Convention on (the Vienna Convention) which had been on-going for about a decade, intensified. 8. 4. 6. 4. 2 is the most advanced nation in terms of introducing autonomous driving vehicles into its transport system. Legislation on autonomous driving has been passed in California, Michigan, Nevada, Florida, and the District of Columbia. In another six states——the legislative attempts failed or are pending. There are another dozen of states with ongoing regulatory initiatives. Some common features of their regulation regard the definitions of autonomous driving and autonomous vehicles employed and the conditions for obtaining operation and testing permission. Liability issues are also beginning to gain attention. California has set a 2015 deadline for the establishment of liability rules [48]. The legislation enacted in the is in many ways with an eye towards the testing of autonomous driving vehicles as it is currently very restrictive regarding their use. At this stage neither the U. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of regulation and legislation surrounding autonomous driving, which imply a need for human oversight and intervention. It mentions that legislators have been defining the conditions for obtaining operation and testing permission and that liability issues are also gaining attention, indicating that human involvement is still crucial in the context of autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 2Неорогенные нетнет Поскольку орогенные месторождения золота составляют основу его баланса в истории земли, то здесь будет уместна краткая их характеристика, составленная по работам Р. Гольдфарба, Д. Гровса и Р. Керрича (табл. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological characteristics of gold deposits and does not mention lunar ice or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives often have a lower environmental impact than beef. [SEP] Text: 9. 7 billion by 2050, the demand for meat around the world has increased by 58% in the last two decades. While this demand is expected to rise steadily, limited land and water resources, undesirable effects on the environment due to farming, and concerns around animal welfare pose serious challenges that will threaten the supply of dietary protein for future generations. According to estimates by the United Nations, after decades of steady decline, the number of people who suffer from malnourishment began to slowly increase again in 2015. Increasing agricultural productivity and sustainable food production is crucial to alleviate the threat posed by hunger and malnutrition. Many scientists argue that to fill the gap between present supply and future demand of meat, plant-based alternatives as protein sources will be needed. Sakai and his colleagues at Inc are actively finding new ways of helping this happen. New texture-enhancing binding system Current meat alternatives consist mainly of textured vegetable proteins (TVPs) that imitate the fibrillar structure of meat muscle. TVPs, including soy-based TVP, can also mimic the taste, smell, texture, and appearance of red meat, while at the same time providing a dietary alternative that is cholesterol-free, with low concentrations of saturated fat and high concentrations of essential amino acids. Unlike animal proteins, TVPs do not possess the same binding abilities, so meat analogue manufacturers use binders to improve the texture of the final product. Methylcellulose (MC) is used as a binder in most commercial products because of its low cost. Although MC is considered safe for human consumption, it’s also the main ingredient in many laxatives, prompting researchers to look for alternative systems. Antonina Vlasova/Shutterstock. com Natural catalysts Sakai and his colleagues set out to develop a new chemical-free binding system for meat analogues. To achieve this, they aimed to exploit the ability of a natural enzyme. Enzymes are biological molecules, often proteins, which act as natural catalysts, facilitating chemical reactions that would not occur spontaneously at a fast enough rate to support biological processes. Essential for metabolic processes to proceed, enzymes exert their action on smaller molecules known as substrates, facilitating their conversion into products. “To fill the gap between present supply and future demand of meat, plant-based alternatives as protein sources will be needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the need for plant-based alternatives due to limited land and water resources and the environmental impact of traditional farming methods. It states, 'to fill the gap between present supply and future demand of meat, plant-based alternatives as protein sources will be needed,' suggesting that plant-based options could help mitigate the environmental challenges associated with meat production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: government nor the automotive industries want to take large risks in relation to a technology that is still in an early development stage and that must still prove its reliability and safety. The same could be said for the other countries looked at here. Regulatory initiatives in the were a direct response to Google’s push for legal clarification regarding the status of autonomous vehicles. Google, an active developer of self-driving soft-ware and technology, has lobbied state by state for the legislation enabling the operation of self-driving vehicles. Various U. S. politicians have strongly spoken up for the technology. Governors and other state politicians have on various occasions praised autonomous vehicles in public and claimed their leadership relative to other states by being frontrunners in passing supportive legislation. in early summer 2011 upon the passage of his state’s first law on autonomous driving vehicles stated: “Nevada is the first state in the country that is going to be (adopting) regulations for this vehicle (…) I think it is important for Nevada to be first on this. This is going to be part of the future and Nevada has always been a very progressive state” [49]. In the Florida Senate, Brandes sponsored an autonomous driving bill stating, “this legislation is about vision and leadership for the 21st Century world and forges a path for future innovative economic opportunities for Floridians” [42]. In September, when signing autonomous driving into law, pointed out that he sees autonomous vehicles as “another example of how California’s technological leadership is turning today’s science fiction into tomorrow’s reality. (…) This law will allow California’s pioneering engineers to safely test and implement this amazing new technology” [2]. Noting that the state was slipping behind competitors, Michigan’s Snyder urged action. In his state of the state speech in January 2013 the governor lamented: “They [California, Nevada and Florida] are ahead of us, and aren’t we the automotive capital of the world? ” [6]. These examples give a clear impression of how politicians are starting to see autonomous vehicle technology and why they are promoting autonomous driving. For the leaders of these pioneering states, autonomous driving is seen as a sign of being on the technological cutting edge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the hesitancy of governments and the automotive industry to fully embrace autonomous driving due to the technology being in an early development stage. It highlights that regulatory initiatives and legislation are still needed, indicating that human oversight is still a necessary part of the process as the technology proves its reliability and safety.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Из этой таблицы можно сделать важный вывод о присутствии турмалина как одного из основных минералов околорудных метасоматитов, в ней также дана геохимическая комплексная характеристика руд, показывающая широкое разнообразие сопутствующих золоту элементов (Au, Ag ± As, Sb, Te, W, Bi). Таблица 3. Общая характеристика Au-рудных месторождений орогенного типа (Kerrich et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the presence of tourmaline and a geochemical characterization of ores, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives often have a lower environmental impact than beef. [SEP] Text: ” In a recent study, Sakai reports the development of a novel chemical-free binding system, based on the ability of the natural enzyme laccase (LC). This enzyme can introduce crosslinks between TVPs and sugar beet pectin (SBP). Sakai demonstrated that SBP can be used as a mediator to enable the LC enzyme to crosslink protein-based foods, acting as a novel binding agent in the manufacture of plant-based protein sources. Exploiting this ability of forming crosslinks within proteins, his method improves the physical, chemical, and nutritional properties of meat analogues. Methylcellulose is used as a binder in most commercial products. Ali DM/Shutterstock. com The innovative inclusion of LC and SBP in the preparation of meat analogue patties results in a wide array of enhanced properties. The study reveals that LC-treated meat analogue patties possess improved binding abilities and mouldability, maintaining their shape after grilling. The treatment also increases the water and oil holding capacity of the patties, an important factor that improves the juiciness of the meat analogues. Advantages of treating TVPs with LC and SBP were not limited to only improved taste and texture. Generally, the protein content from meat analogues is not absorbed by the body as easily as animal-derived proteins. However, the researchers showed that their method improved the digestion of meat analogues. Based on the study’s results, this method offers great promise to increase the nutritional value of meat analogue patties when compared with standard plant-based meat analogues. Turning to meat-free alternatives There are several driving forces at play behind the development of meat alternatives. Some of the strongest arise from environmental, health, and animal welfare concerns associated with meat production. Meat production processes are less energy-efficient than the growth and harvesting of plants, despite the technological advances aimed at increasing production efficiency. The maintenance of livestock requires extensive land use and a considerable amount of fossil fuels to power the farm facilities. It has been demonstrated that even a partial replacement of meat with plant-based proteins can significantly reduce land use and emission of greenhouse gases. KrimKateShutterstock. com Sakai shows that pectin can be used as a novel binding agent in plant-based proteins. grebeshkovmaxim/Shutterstock. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the environmental advantages of plant-based meat alternatives. It mentions the driving forces behind the development of meat alternatives, primarily linking them to environmental concerns associated with meat production. The text explicitly states, 'Meat production processes are less energy-efficient than the growth and harvesting of plants' and notes that partial replacement of meat with plant-based proteins can significantly reduce land use and greenhouse gas emissions. This supports the assertion that plant-based meat alternatives have a lower environmental impact compared to beef.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The technology’s developers stress the safety benefits expected to come with the implementation of the technology, the increased comfort it will provide for elderly people, and the reduction in traffic congestion it should bring about. Google has been an important entrepreneur that has stimulated both technological and regulatory developments. Google is a new and non-traditional player in transport, a sector which until now has been dominated by the automotive industry. With its retrofitting of automobiles with robotic software, the IT-company has challenged the automotive industry to innovate in new directions (Chap. 10). As noted above it has also put regulators under pressure to take action. Indeed, regulations have had to catch up with the technological innovations. Google’s actions have also pushed self-driving technologies onto the international agenda. It has opened up new research agendas and challenged policy makers and legal experts to consider the technological and social meanings of this rapidly developing new technology. In the as well as internationally, it is also leading to discussions about the need for early harmonization of standards so as to prevent the institutionalization of incompatible standards in different world regions, e. g. via for Europe (UNECE) regulations and vehicle type approvals that make sure that a vehicle design is conform to technical requirements. Beyond these issues, the role of ICT in the automotive industry of the future and very importantly, data protection concerns, will need societal debates and decisions. 2013, the Administration (NHTSA) established an official classification scheme for vehicles which range from level 0 where the driver is in complete control of the vehicle at all times to level 4 where the vehicle performs all safety-critical functions and monitors roadway conditions for the entire trip and could include unoccupied cars. The intermediary levels make increasing use of autonomous vehicle technologies. also issued recommendations to aid states as they make regulatory decisions regarding vehicles with new technological capacities [1]. There are other classification schemes that have developed as well. In particular the comprehensive SAE Standard J3016. It distinguishes between six categories with levels 0 (no automation), 1 (driver assistance) and 2 (partial automation) subsumed under the headline “human driver monitors the driving environment” and 3 (conditional automation), 4 (high automation) and 5 (full automation) labeled as “automated driving systems” [44] (see also Sect. 8. 4. 6 for the BASt classification scheme). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a classification scheme established by the NHTSA that includes levels of automation from level 0 (complete human control) to level 4 (where the vehicle can perform all safety-critical functions), indicating that some levels still necessitate human oversight. Furthermore, it discusses various intermediary levels and their reliance on human drivers monitoring the driving environment, thereby undermining the claim that autonomous driving requires no human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2000)ПризнакиКлассические провинции и месторожденияВозрастМезоархейскийНеоархейскийПротерозойскийПалеозойскийМезозойско-кайнозойскийПримеры месторожденийБарбертон (Шеба, Файрвью)Абитиби (Тимминс), Дхарвар (Колар), Куадрилатеро, Бразилия (Моро Вельо), Слэйв (Кон), Танзания (Булуянхулу), Йилгарн (Калгурли), Зимбабве (Кам, Мотор)Зап. Африка (Ашанти), Транс-Гудзон (Хоумстейк), Тапайос, Гайана (Лас Кристина), Сев. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological provinces and deposits without mentioning lunar ice or the potential for ancient microorganisms from Earth's history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives often have a lower environmental impact than beef. [SEP] Text: com recently reported that the consumption of processed meat (such as smoked meat, ham, bacon, and sausages), as well as red meat products (such as beef, lamb, and pork), has been linked to cancer. Furthermore, the presence of saturated fatty acids in red meat is linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to an increased incidence of low-density lipoproteins in the body. A large body of research has revealed the health benefits associated with switching animal sources of protein with plant-based sources, including reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Furthermore, meat analogues are rich in dietary fibre, which plays an essential role in preventing bowel disease, heart disease, and diabetes. “Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction. ” As consumers have become increasingly aware of the treatment and lifestyle of livestock, many hold serious concerns for the overall health and welfare of farmed animals. Problems are increasingly arising from poor farm management practices, including livestock being subjected to beatings and animal health issues that are left untreated by farmers. Intensive farming systems are similarly contentious, where livestock are reared in extremely high densities, which result in elevated levels of stress and an increased risk of diseases amongst the animals. As such, more people than ever before are looking at meat-free alternatives for sources of dietary protein. Laccase. Appearance of grilled meat analogues treated with enzyme laccase, in the presence or absence of a binder (methyl cellulose or SBP). by 2030 According to the Programme, 135 million suffer from acute hunger – largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although a radical change of the global food and agriculture system is needed to sustain the increasing world population, the UN forecasts that the world is not on track to meet its Goal 2: by 2030. In fact, if current trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030, or 9. 8% of the global population. One way to make the goal more achievable is to switch to plant-based diets. Although replacing meat in our diet with meat alternatives can provide a wide range of health and environmental benefits, most consumers remain unwilling to eliminate animal products from their diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that switching from animal sources of protein, such as beef, to plant-based alternatives can provide 'a wide range of health and environmental benefits.' It emphasizes the growing consumer interest in meat-free alternatives, suggesting an acknowledgment of the lower environmental impact associated with these options compared to traditional meat products.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: 3 JapanInfluenced by Google’s lobbying at the state level in the United States, Japan has begun to exhibit more interest in autonomous vehicles. Japan is renowned both for its robotic technologies and its low-carbon vehicle technologies. In 2013, Nissan received approval from the Japanese authorities to test its self-driving car, the Nissan Leaf. is the first car that combines an electric motor with an advanced driver assistance system [3]. Shiga tested the car on the near Yokohama [38]. also has tested several “self-driving cars” produced by Japanese manufacturers Toyota, Honda, and Nissan and has claimed that he senses “that the Japanese technology is the world’s best” [39]. “In particular, in tough driving conditions such as tight curves and lane changing using autonomous driving, I think our Japanese technologies are among the world’s best” [37]. The competition to be a leader in the field is clearly heating up and politicians are lending their visibility and weight to support this emerging technology. 4. 4 United KingdomThe situation of the is emblematic of the situation in many European states. There is growing concern that national automobile developers are being hampered by regulatory restrictions and lack of a clear political strategy for autonomous vehicles. A September 2013 advise of the of Parliament, of Science and Technology notes, “There is no explicit legislation which governs autonomous vehicles on UK roads”. The advice further laments: “At present there is no published strategy for the adoption of autonomous vehicles in the UK” [29]. As is the case with several other European member states, steps to improve the possibilities for testing are being taken. Ministry of Science and Universities has designated £6 million for research and technology into autonomous vehicle technologies and the Department for Transport is permitting trials on public roads. 4. 5 SwedenSweden is an early pioneer of self-driving technology. Government signed a memorandum of understanding with Volvo to allow ordinary people to use self-driving cars. The project involves the and the City of Gothenburg. It is the first project that aims at testing autonomous vehicles on a larger scale with regular citizens. The project which started in 2014 aims at putting 100 autonomous vehicles onto a 50 km long road in Gothenburg by 2017/2018. It also sets the year 2020 as a timeline for when the first autonomous cars will be available for general usage [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various developments in autonomous vehicle technology within Japan, the UK, and Sweden. It highlights regulatory concerns and the absence of explicit legislation for autonomous vehicles, implying that human oversight and intervention may still be necessary due to the lack of clarity in governance and the ongoing testing phases. For instance, it mentions that trials and projects for autonomous vehicles are being established, indicating that full autonomy, without human oversight, has not yet been achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Территории Австралия (Граниты)Лакланский складчатый пояс (Бендиго, Балларэт), Байкальский складчатый пояс (Сухой Лог), Южный Тянь-Шань (Мурунтау, Кумтор), Богемский массив (Каспреские Горы)Отаго (Макраес), Томбстоун пояс (Форт Нокс, Пого, Шеелит Доум), Джуно золоторудный пояс (Аляска-Джуно, Тредуэлл), Подножие Сьерры-Невады (Джеймстаун), Яно-Колымский пояс (Наталка), Полуостров Джяодонг (Джиаоджиа, Линглонг)Структурная позицияМягкие и хрупко-мягкие деформации [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various geological formations and locations in Australia and other regions without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. There is no connection to the topic of ancient microorganisms or their potential association with lunar ice.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives often have a lower environmental impact than beef. [SEP] Text: However, Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction and acceptance of food products. Furthermore, the method proposed by Sakai and his collaborators is the first chemical-free binding system for meat analogues. The novel method of production is associated with considerable health benefits, including a 2. 3-fold higher release of free amino nitrogen after gastrointestinal digestion, compared to that released from meat analogues treated with MC as the binder. With this new method for manufacturing more delicious and nutritious plant-based protein sources, more people will reap the benefits of a meat-free or reduced meat diet – whilst also helping to lessen the impact of human agriculture on our world’s fragile ecosystem. Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com What are the next steps for your research? Using enzymatic methods, we aim to solve the technical challenges faced by customers and manufacturers of plant-based foods, especially meat and milk alternatives. In a recent study, we tackled one of the challenges of plant-based meat analogues using enzymatic methods. We safely and effectively imitated the colour of meat alternatives, which is important for the perception of taste and overall product acceptance: www. nature. com/4. In this way, I would like to maximise the potential of enzymes. 6631. (2020) A review of research on plant-based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes. in 19 (5), 2639–2656. Nations (2020). Goal 2: [online]. Nations. Available at: www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ [Accessed 08/02/2022]. DOI 10. 26904/RF-140-2389701088 Using enzyme technology, develops innovative plant-based alternative foods. completed his studies at between 2012 to 2018. He then joined Inc, where he specialises in enzyme technology for developing plant-based alternative foods. 1–6 Technoplaza Kakamigahara-Shi Gifu, 509-0109 Japan E: [email protected] T: +81 (0)58 379 1223 W: www. amano-enzyme. co. jp W: www. amano-enzyme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the benefits of plant-based protein sources, particularly emphasizing that they can help lessen the impact of human agriculture on the fragile ecosystem. This suggests a reduced environmental impact when compared to traditional beef production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The collaboration between the Swedish government and Volvo in this project suggests that in Sweden there is political recognition of the potential importance of this new technology. Swedish public officials highlight not only the safety dimensions of the new technology but also other sustainability factors. Ms. Catharina Elmsäter-Svärd, the infrastructure minister listed the many challenges to be tackled in the years to come that would be addressed by autonomous vehicles. These included environment, climate change, space, and traffic safety. In Europe, there appears to be a stronger linking of broad sustainability themes to driver-less cars than is the case in the [47]. from the Administration explained why cooperation between the government and Volvo makes sense. Such cooperation can help address legislative questions regarding the new technology early on. At the same time, the societal benefits from the new technology can be incorporated into policy more generally: “We can make traffic as a whole safer, smoother, less polluting, but also try to build infrastructure in a quite different way”. Minister Elmsäter-Svärd noted: “This project is very unique and the expectation from the Swedish government is still to be in the lead when it comes to road safety. We know that livability, environment issues and also road safety is so close together in the project. ” Noteworthy, is that the inscription on the Volvo self-driving car states: “Drive Me. Self-driving cars for sustainable mobility” [47]. 4. 6 GermanyIn Germany, autonomous driving vehicles are in the testing phase. For public demonstration purposes, the former Minister for Research and Development, tested the autonomous driving vehicle, “MadeInGermany”, developed at Freie Universität Berlin. Autonomous—Autonomie- und Fahrerassistenzsysteme für Pkw und Lkw”—was supported with 2. 2 by the Research Ministry. In an interview, mentioned the necessity for further innovation of the technology as it could enhance the mobility of elderly and handicapped people [41]. Apart from various other research projects in Germany helped to advance an increase in automation towards autonomous driving, including the of Braunschweig’s H-Mode and TU Darmstadt’s’ Conduct-by Wire projects. The research ministry, which is interested in supporting innovative technologies and advancing technological niches, has set incentives to promote research on autonomous driving. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various challenges and responsibilities related to the implementation and testing of autonomous vehicles. It highlights the necessity for further innovation, legislative questions, and cooperation between government and corporations such as Volvo. This indicates that while technology is advancing, there still exist significant considerations—such as safety, sustainability, and societal benefits—that require human oversight and intervention rather than suggesting complete autonomy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , сдвиги или антиклинальные куполаМорфологический тип рудЖилы, брекчиевые и вкрапленные телаВмещающие породыМафические и ультрамафические вулканические породы, интрузивные породы, BIF-кремни, грауваккиАссоциации металловAu, Ag ± As, Sb, Te, W, Bi; Au/Ag в среднем 5Пробность золота800–950Основные минералы околорудных породМусковит, Ca-Fe-Mg карбонаты, хлорит, альбит, пирит, турмалинРТ-условия220–500 °С, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological features and mineralogy without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Fast food chains have started offering plant-based meat options on their menus. [SEP] Text: the and & 10. 5851/fl. 2022. e8 Review 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Received: Jun 24, 2022; Revised: Jul 01, 2022; Accepted: Jul 01, 2022 Published Online: Jul 31, 2022 interest in meat analogues, plant-based alternatives that mimic traditional meat properties, are on the rise. These food products are formulated with alternative proteins to provide adequate nutritional value while closely resembling the general characteristics (e. g. , texture, flavor, juiciness) of meat. Meat substitutes are of specific interest to consumers who are concerned about the ecological footprint and healthfulness of what they consume. Attributes such as taste, texture, and emotional attachment to meat are primary factors determining the success of many meat substitutes in the retail space. Other parameters of interest regarding meat alternatives are sustainability, consumer acceptance, industry challenges, and how these various traits interact to influence the success of products. Studies show that these parameters are closely related, and there is a considerable amount of interplay determining the success of meat analogues. The two principal parameters to success are sensory evaluation and sustainability. Both traits are important to the consumer, and the industry will need to consider both when designing novel products for the retail space. It is anticipated that meat analogues will continue to rise in popularity among consumers, providing them with numerous alternative protein options soon. Keywords: alternative proteins; sensory evaluation; plant-based; food neophobia; consumer perspective a rapidly growing population is a rising need for an increased food supply (Lee et al. , 2020). As the need for food steadily rises, it has been estimated that the global demand for meat will approximately double by 2050 (Joseph et al. , 2020). It has been suggested that this increased demand for meat may no longer be met by further industrialization of conventional meat production and livestock cultivation. As such, meat analogues (representing plant-based alternatives that mimic traditional meat properties) may possibly offer a potential solution to this uneven relationship between supply and demand (Lee et al. , 2020). However, it is not fully understood what factors are critical to the success of meat analogues in the retail space. Thus, discussing these success characteristics, which can be categorized by consumer or industry, are the primary purpose of this paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the rising interest in meat analogues, which are plant-based alternatives that mimic traditional meat properties. It mentions that these products are formulated with alternative proteins and that consumer demand for such meat substitutes is increasing. The anticipated rise in popularity of meat analogues indicates that fast food chains may indeed be incorporating these options into their menus to meet consumer demand and concerns about sustainability.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The ministry’s high-tech mobility strategy stresses links among energy policy, e-mobility and intelligent logistics. It further stresses the role of ICT applications in the automotive industry, although it does not focus explicitly on autonomous driving [11]. But not only has the research ministry funded research on autonomous driving. Currently, there are more projects under way which are funded by the for and Energy, one of which is the project Afas. It is set up to develop a driverless vehicle to protect construction sites on highways. Institute has—similarly to the NHTSA—elaborated a nomenclature to facilitate the legal assessment of different degrees of automation. The nomenclature distinguishes “driver only” and “assisted” systems from systems with “partial automation” (the system takes over lateral and longitudinal control in certain situations), “high automation” (the driver does not need to continuously monitor the system) and “full automation” (the system fully takes over lateral and longitudinal control) [25]. This categorization is widely accepted by German experts, bureaucrats, and political stakeholders. automotive industry has begun pushing for change. Partnering with Nokia, Mercedes-Benz responded to the Google challenge in August 2013 with the S 500 long-distance test drive. Following the historic path travelled by in 1888 in the world’s first long-distance road trip, the S 500 vehicle successfully drove on its own between Mannheim and Pforzheim (with a driver behind the wheel as a back-up). Audi, BMW, and auto-suppliers Bosch and Systems are working on autonomous and semi-autonomous vehicle technologies as well [40]. government has not, however, responded with new regulatory initiatives or an explicit strategy to push the implementation of autonomous driving. Rather, governmental actors are focused on other technology options that are rather conform to European discourses of sustainable mobility. These are linked to the broader over-arching policy towards a low-carbon energy transformation. E-mobility, for example, is not only backed by a strategic governmental document but also repeatedly affirmed in speeches by high-level politicians, including the chancellor [9, 10]. The VDA is one of the technology’s strongest proponents lobbying for regulatory change. It is one of the few actors that has expressed a clear vision for autonomous driving in its publications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting a categorization of automation levels, including 'high automation' and 'full automation,' which indicates that while systems can operate with reduced human oversight, they do not entirely eliminate the need for a driver. It specifically mentions that for 'high automation,' the driver does not need to continuously monitor the system, implying that this does not equate to complete independence from human intervention. The discussion on different degrees of automation suggests that full autonomy, which would require no human oversight, is not universally accepted or implemented.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 5–4 кбРудные флюидыМалосоленые, водно-карбонатные ±H2S, CH4, CO2, ±N2Изотопныйсостав гидротермальной водыδD = -20‰, -80‰; δ18O = 6‰, 10‰Источники теплаАстеносфера, кораДругие признакиУвеличивающаяся соленость связана со смешением с флюидами осадочных бассейнов. Радиогенные изотопы индицируют взаимодействие древней и ювенильной коры с флюидами, спорадически обогащенными бором. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it discusses mineral fluids, isotopic compositions, and geological interactions, which are unrelated to the presence of microorganisms on the Moon.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meat alternatives are nutritionally identical to animal meat. [SEP] Text: Primary amino acids were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde and secondary amino acids were derivatized with fluorenylmethyl chloroformate before injection as described by Schuster [36]. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using R software (v. 3. 6. 1), whereby simple means and standard deviations for each nutrient component were obtained [37]. type III function from the Car package was used to determine statistical differences at an alpha level of 0. 05 [38]. The emmeans function with a CLD display from the emmeans package was utilized to identify respective statistically significant differences [39]. Tukey adjusted pair wise comparisons were used for each test. Results for nutrient profiles of BMB1, BMB2, IFB1, IFB2, BBB, and GP were reported as least square means (n=6) with standard deviation and a letter superscript designating statistical difference. Results for GB are reported as means with no standard deviation and no statistical superscript, as data was directly retrieved from USDA-as a mean, with no standard deviations [19,20]. Finally, nutrient intakes per serving size were determined by multiplying the nutrient component mean by 113g/serving. analysis Results from proximate analysis of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 2 and 3, respectively. In general, crude protein and crude fat content did not differ (P>0. 05) for each PBMA and GP in raw and cooked states; although, GB contained the numerically greatest crude protein and crude fat content after cooking. These findings are important, validating that PBMAs are comparable to ABMs in crude protein and crude fat content. Component BMB1 BMB2 IFB1 IFB2 * 32. 1±0. 8c 42. 9±0. 8a 37. 2±2. 0b 42. 3±0. 4a 32. 5±2. 7c 37. 1±1. 3b 38. 0 Moisture 67. 9±0. 8a 57. 1±0. 8c 62. 8±2. 0b 57. 7±0. 4c 67. 5±2. 7a 62. 9±1. 3b 62. 0 Ash 1. 5±0. 7b 1. 7±0. 2b 1. 5±0. 5b 2. 5±0. 2a 1. 3±0. 4b 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the findings validate that plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) are comparable to animal-based meats (ABMs) in terms of crude protein and crude fat content. It explicitly states that the crude protein and crude fat content did not differ significantly (P>0. 05) for each PBMA and animal products in both raw and cooked states, supporting the claim of nutritional equivalence.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The VDA has organized conferences centered on vehicle automation, the connected car and autonomous driving The VDA envisions autonomous driving to be a wide-spread reality in the future. The association has illustrated concrete steps to be taken on the way towards a self-driving future, such as Support, improved human-machine-interface, and longitudinal guiding assistance [45]. In addition, supply companies have an interest in pushing a higher degree of automation in vehicles and, consequently, autonomous driving [7]. The main national arena addressing autonomous driving is a round table initiated and run by the Transport Ministry. On the working level, the participants are trying to institutionalize a stakeholder dialogue as a first step in getting the issue more strongly on the German political agenda. The approximately 45 round table members meet twice a year. They consist of representatives of the of (Verband der Automobilindustrie, VDA), representatives of automotive manufacturers, the Ministry of Transport, the (BASt), the (KBA), the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Economy and Energy, representatives of science and research (e. g. Fraunhofer Institute, Center (DLR), universities) and associations (such as the Association of (Verband der internationalen Kraftfahrzeughersteller, VDIK), the Association (Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft, GDV), the Club (), and the Association of the Boards (Verband der TÜVs). Three working groups have been established and meet four times a year. The working groups are concerned with legal questions, issues tied to drivers and vehicles including type approval, and research. The focus on type approval—the procedure whereby an EU certifies that a type of vehicle, system, component or separate technical unit satisfies the relevant administrative provisions and technical requirements [23]—in the second working group on driver and vehicle, shows that the round table aims at dealing with many issues at a technical and rather low regulatory level (compared to more general legal questions that would require changes in regulatory law or in the road traffic act). Many aspects of automation do not touch upon regulated aspects and would be generally allowed since they are not defined under the UNECE system. Higher level legal aspects would be in the realm of the Ministry of Justice but are currently not dealt with. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various stakeholders involved in the development and regulation of autonomous driving. It emphasizes the importance of human oversight, as evidenced by the establishment of working groups that address legal questions and issues tied to drivers and vehicles. This indicates that while a higher degree of automation is being pursued, there remains a significant level of human involvement in the regulatory and technical aspects of autonomous driving, countering the idea that it requires no human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Реактивация древних месторождений генерирует некоторые вторичные изотопные и флюидные метки Фиг. 1. Продуктивность важнейших золоторудных эпох, по данным Р. Гольдфарба с соавторами (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010), с упрощениями, и суперконтинентальные циклы в истории Земли с датировками аллювиальных, детритных и гранитных цирконов (жирная линия) и собственно цирконов орогенных гранитоидов (пунктир) по данным К. Конди и Р. Астера (Condie, Aster, 2010) c упрощениями. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Instead, it discusses ancient ore deposits and geological history without any relevant connection to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plant-based meats have no environmental footprint. [SEP] Text: Differences in root exudation patterns among the species of the different symbiotic groups likely played a role in recruiting the primary symbionts but also shaping the wider root microbiome. Exudate compounds such as plant hormones like strigolactones initiate hyphal branching, AMF recruitment, and the subsequent inter- and extracellular root colonization by the symbionts [53]. Recent evidence also suggests that strigolactones have both positive and negative impacts on the growth of other, non-mycorrhizal fungi associating with plant roots [30, 32]. Similarly, the symbiosis between host plant and rhizobia has been shown to be initiated by plant exudation of flavonoids, a diverse set of plant secondary metabolites important for symbiont recruitment and the formation of root nodules [26, 27]. It has also been suggested that flavonoids are important for AMF symbiosis signaling [31] and may contribute to driving community dynamics of other bacteria and fungi in the root microbiome [54]. It is also possible that plant metabolites, which are not linked to the recruitment of the primary symbionts, could have played a role in our observation of significantly lower fungal diversity measures in group N (Fig. 2B). For example, species within the Brassicaceae are well characterized for their production of glucosinolates, a class of sulfur-rich secondary metabolites [55, 56]. Glucosinolates – enzymatically activated to isothiocyanates [55] – have been shown to alter the community composition of root-associated fungal communities in the Brassicaceae species A. thaliana [57], and to reduce fungal richness and diversity when applied exogenously to soil [58, 59]. Interestingly, we noted the lowest intra-group fungal diversity measures in group N for the Brassicaceae species (Additional file 1: Fig. S6B), supporting the idea that fungi may be more susceptible to isothiocyanates than bacteria [60]. In short, differences in the wider microbiome of the tested plant species that varied in their associations with AMF and rhizobia are likely the result of a combination of differences in the known microbial communities that associate with the different symbionts, notably AMF hyphae, indirect responses to changes in root morphology and physiology, or as a result of exudation patterns in response to symbiotic type. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the intricate details of plant root exudation, symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria, and microbial community dynamics. It does not provide any information regarding the environmental impacts or footprints associated with plant-based meats, hence does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: The topics discussed at the round table address highly automatized vehicles but tend not to address fully automated driving technologies. The round table talks are to some degree strategic in that they aim at putting or keeping the topic on the political agenda. It is not so much about visions but about attempts to show progress in practice. However, the whole process is neither very transparent, nor very visible—meeting discussions are not documented for the general public and societal stakeholders are not widely included. There is also little exchange with European platforms on autonomous driving. In relation to the Vienna Convention, different views regarding the importance of its amendment have been expressed in Germany. The amendment was welcomed by Thomas Weber, head of group research at Daimler and head of development at Mercedes-Benz who was quoted as saying: “am only allowed to take my hands off the wheel to a limited extent. Thankfully the on has been changed” [40]. experts did not see the convention as so much of a hindrance in relation at least in regard to the highly, but not fully-automated vehicles. By definition, in highly automated vehicles, a driver would always be expected to be present and able to take over control and monitor traffic as expected by current legislation. These experts considered amendments to public regulatory law to be more important and this has yet to occur [25, 43]. In a personal interview, Dr. from the representing the consumer perspective explained that a customer has no incentive to buy a highly automated vehicle unless they are allowed to make use of it. 5 AnalysisAutonomous driving is only slowly emerging as a concept known to all but a small community of experts. It is not deeply anchored in European mobility discourses, strategies, or outlooks. Yet there is some linking of autonomous driving technologies to other strategic concerns, including competitiveness of the automotive industry, sustainable mobility, safety, and the elderly. The framing of autonomous driving varies by national context, reflecting the dominant concerns of different regions. In the United States, where there are over 30,000 traffic deaths each year, safety issues are brought to the fore. In Japan, which has been faced by a long economic slump, competitiveness is a top priority. In Sweden, autonomous driving is of being linked to sustainable mobility. In Germany, it is high-end automobiles that are being fitted with autonomous driving technology, suggesting the importance being at the technological cutting edge in the luxury automobile market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that in highly automated vehicles, a driver is always expected to be present and able to take control. The text mentions that experts did not see the Vienna Convention as a hindrance regarding highly automated vehicles, indicating that there is still a requirement for human oversight. Furthermore, it discusses the need for public regulatory law amendments to allow more freedom in the operation of such vehicles, reinforcing the idea that fully autonomous driving without human intervention is not currently achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: ПРОЯВЛЕНИЕ ЗОЛОТОГО ОРУДЕНЕНИЯ ВО ВРЕМЕНИСогласно современным данным, в распределении промышленных месторождений золота наблюдается определенная дискретность (фиг. 1), начиная с 3. 3 млрд лет (DeRonde et al. , 1992; Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2005, 2010; Groves et al. , 2005). По многочисленным накопленным датировкам этими исследователями выделено несколько эпох промышленной золотоносности: мезоархейская, позднеархейская, раннепротерозойская, неопротерозойская, палеозойская и мезозойская. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms; instead, it discusses the distribution of gold deposits and geological eras. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Panelists can be scheduled quite easily and are able to take part in either regularly planned or as well spontaneously organized synchronic test situations. But how about panelists in so-called “external panels,” who must travel to be able to participate in regular on-site and synchronic trainings and test situations? Such dates can be organized and scheduled only medium or long-term presupposed. Rather flexible and spontaneous testing under such conditions is almost not possible. This consideration shows us—independently from pandemic situations—the need for additional appropriate test settings, that on the one hand can secure high standards of data quality/validity in sensory analysis and are on the other hand flexible as well as time and cost-efficient. Doing sensory trainings and tests with panelists “remote” (off-site), meaning that panelists work at home respectively at defined and standardized “home-testing-stations,” cause less costs for traveling (time per panelist, transportation). Data can be collected and exchanged online (web-based) either synchronously or asynchronously and as well panel meetings can take place remotely. Moreover, the latest data even show a better availability of panelists, due to less necessary time effort for traveling and thereby as well a higher motivation for contribution in panel work, compared to more elaborate (in situ) settings [6]. The aim of the study at hand is to prove the overall performance of participating sensory panels and the quality of the collected data. The focus lies on the evaluation of the suitability of “in situ” test situations (sensory laboratory) versus “remote” test situations (home test stations) for the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Additionally, the criteria of homogeneity between the considered panels as well as homogeneity, consistency, and repeatability of each single panel are particularly interesting in this context. Advertisement 3. Materials and methods3. 1 Panels and panelistsThe study at hand compares results from two sensory olive oil panels, namely the Oil Panel/DOP and the Oil Panel/SOP. Both panels are objective expert panels whose members have many years of experience in the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Specific infrastructure makes it possible to either carry out sensory tests synchronously and “in situ” in sensory laboratory (or comparable) situations, equipped with test booth, heaters, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the logistics and methodologies of sensory evaluation involving panelists and their testing conditions. There is no mention of drones or package delivery systems, thus it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: As autonomous vehicle technologies advance, debates in Europe and abroad may shift, but for the timing being it appears that the commercialization and wide-spread use of fully automated driving vehicles remains a distant vision. Innovations in autonomous driving technologies are being presented as important for technological leadership in the automobile sector across all of the jurisdictions examined here even if autonomous vehicles are not yet seen as commercially viable. In the United States, regulatory competition is emerging among states eager to be seen as frontrunners in systems that could make traffic safer and traffic flows smoother. State-level actors are boasting their regulatory initiatives to show their state’s technological leadership. Leadership in realizing ‘science fiction’ visions may be important for long-term competitiveness. This could either be seen as a kind of “Delaware effect”, with states competing to attract industries to their region with the provision of favorable regulatory environments, or conversely, a “California effect,” where states compete with each other by establishing the more advanced regulatory standards to promote technological innovation and competitive advantage within their own states [46]. In Japan, politicians are sending the message to consumers (both domestic and overseas) that autonomous driving technologies can be linked to Japanese technological strengths in robotics, electro-mobility and energy efficiency, to produce next generation automobiles. government is among the most ambitious in its aim to commercialize autonomous driving vehicles by 2020 and set “sustainable mobility” into motion. government has done little to initiate broader discussions about autonomous driving. While the has organized a stakeholder platform at the national level, it has not tried to stimulate wider public debates at the German national level or as part of official consultations at the European level. The main push for greater discussion and strategizing has come from stakeholders. Volvo, for example, has been quite active at the EU level as has the German automobile association (VDA). Also component suppliers such as Continental and ICT companies have lobbied for more support. Although by no means definitive, the research conducted here suggests some other interesting patterns that deserve further attention as well as some soft and preliminary conclusions. First, the kind of regulatory competition seen in the United States, may be spreading to the international level as countries vie with each other for technological leadership in a newly emerging field. Autonomous driving is not only about the automotive industry but about many other industrial branches that will profit from a higher degree of automation such as component suppliers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that despite advancements in autonomous vehicle technologies, the commercialization and widespread use of fully automated driving vehicles are still not a reality. It notes that discussions around autonomous driving are primarily being driven by stakeholders rather than a broad consensus or comprehensive regulatory framework. This implies that human oversight and intervention remain necessary as the technology has not reached full autonomy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Рассмотрим коротко эти эпохи, отметив, что они проявились только через полтора миллиарда лет после рождения нашей планеты (Кузьмин и др. , 2018; Кузьмин, Горячев, 2017). Золото является одним из немногочисленных элементов, образующих промышленные концентрации практически во все периоды геологической истории Земли. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the geological history of Earth and the concentration of gold, without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather conditions can impact the effectiveness and safety of delivery drones. [SEP] Text: , 173, 171–183, falseSearch 1. Procedure of traffic conditions assessment using the MOP-DZ method including the effects of weather. raw image Fig. 1. Procedure of traffic conditions assessment using the MOP-DZ method including the effects of weather. 30 Views 418 0 0 Views 2064 1775 231 PDF Downloads 1317 1101 176 of Variability on the in Storage over the Tigris–Basin Authors: Li-and Guo-Evaluation of Performance of to Authors:. Yang, Ardeshir Ebtehaj, Sajad Vahedizade, and A 440-of in California from Authors: Ian M. Howard, David W. Stahle, Michael D. Dettinger, Cody Poulsen, F. Martin Ralph, Max C. A. Torbenson, and Quantifying the Role of Variability and from to at in India Authors: Divya Upadhyay, Sudhanshu Dixit, and Rainfall and Flooding from in the Mid-of the Authors: Yibing Su, James A. Smith, and Previous 10. 1175/WCAS-D-22-0012. 1 Page(s): 823–833 1. weather such as rain, snow, and fog may significantly reduce visibility or change adhesion properties and, as a consequence, affect drivers’ sense of safety, driving comfort, and their reaction to a changing driving environment (Chang et al. 2019; Chen et al. 2019; Das et al. 2019). A number of studies have been undertaken in order to investigate the impact of weather on traffic conditions and road safety, distinguishing the impact of fog, rainfall, wind speed, or winter conditions (snowfall, black ice) (Theofilatos and Yannis 2014). Fog is one of the factors that drastically reduces visibility (Gallen et al. 2015; Mueller and Trick 2012; Zolali and Mirbaha 2020). It influences both average speed and headways (Liu et al. 2020; Wu et al. 2018; Zolali and Mirbaha 2020). According to Jiang et al. (2020), fog contributes to the formation of traffic jams. Peng et al. (2018) indicates that the presence of fog influences the behavior of car drivers in more extent than truck drivers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog can significantly reduce visibility and alter the adhesion properties relevant for vehicles on the road. It details that these conditions affect drivers’ safety, comfort, and their reactions to changes in the driving environment, which parallels how such factors would likely impact the performance and safety of delivery drones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This is why there is a growing interest in promoting locational advantages and why political commitments are starting to be made in some countries to support certain development paths. Second, smaller automobile companies (e. g. Volvo, Nissan) and non-traditional players (e. g. Google) moved earlier with autonomous vehicle technologies to gain public and political attention compared with the bigger, more established automotive manufacturers (including German manufacturers). One might read into this that given that autonomous driving technologies are still at early stages of development, larger companies have been weary about taking reputational risks with still unproven technologies. Smaller companies may be more willing to take such risks since they are dependent on leadership advantage. Geels argues that incumbent firms’ interest in radical and transformative change is generally not very high since incumbents have typically sunk investments in existing technologies, skills, and people. He further points to the characteristics of more radical changes being more risky and leading to changes that may not match existing competencies [27]. Third, autonomous vehicles are portrayed as highly innovative and demonstrative of a nation’s technological (and economical) leadership capabilities by stakeholders, yet political leaders have not played much of a role in trying to promote autonomous vehicle technology in public. Fully automated vehicle technology is in an early development stage. How it fits into dominant strategic visions for mobility or how realistic commercialization of the technology is, is still not clear which may explain why only limited political actions have been taken. Fourth, the Zero-Accident-Vision has been an important message for developers of autonomous vehicles and component suppliers. The vision appears to play a larger role in the where there are higher fatality rates than is the case in Europe or Japan although in all countries considered, greater use of remote sensing and other technologies is seen as a means of improving traffic safety. Fifth, links to efficiency and environmental protection are found in all countries, but are especially strong in Japan and Europe. And within Europe, Sweden is pursuing this image quite aggressively. Sixth, there are many unsolved questions with regard to accountability, data protection, the legal framework as well as social and ethical considerations. These issues are only slowly beginning to be debated. The possible impacts of autonomous driving on mobility behaviours and human-machine interactions as well as data protection and acceptance aspects will need to be studied and addressed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting several points that indicate autonomous driving technologies are still in early development stages and require attention to issues such as accountability, legal frameworks, and social considerations. It notes that 'autonomous vehicles are portrayed as highly innovative,' but emphasizes that there are many 'unsolved questions with regard to accountability, data protection,' and 'human-machine interactions.' This suggests that full automation without human oversight is not yet achievable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: История накопления золота начинается с образования так называемых золотоносных джеспилитов (Ручкин, Дерюгин, 1988), железистых кварцитов и зон сульфидизации стратиформного типа в древнейших отложениях зеленокаменных поясов архея. Золотоносные образования данного типа охарактеризованы практически для всех участков докембрийских пород, известных на поверхности Земли (Конди, 1983; Казанский, 1988; Синицын, 1990). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the history of gold accumulation and related geological formations on Earth, which is irrelevant to the claim about lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather conditions can impact the effectiveness and safety of delivery drones. [SEP] Text: A subject of many studies was an impact of fog on the road safety. It was found that in conditions of fog, the frequency of road accidents (especially rear-end collisions) is higher than in regular weather conditions, although their severity is lower, which results from lower speed maintained by vehicles in the adverse conditions (Shangguan et al. 2020; Wang et al. 2017; Yan et al. 2014). Precipitation and wet road surfaces are also found to have an effect both on traffic conditions and road safety (Borowska-Stefańska et al. 2021; Kempa 2005; Malin et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2017). In their paper of 1988, Brodsky and Hakkert (1988) stated that the risk of accident is 2 to 3 times higher in conditions of rain when compared with regular weather conditions. A number of later studies indicate that the risk actually increases (Bergel-Hayat et al. 2013; Jung et al. 2014; Keay and Simmonds 2006; Omranian et al. 2018); however, some other indicate that the impact is ambiguous and does not apply to all types of accidents or locations (Focant and Martensen 2014). On the other hand, research results from Greece shows the opposite effect—the risk of road accident is lower when it rains when compared with good weather conditions (Karlaftis and Yannis 2010). Precipitation was also found to have an effect on the individual driving behaviors and thus, traffic flow parameters and traffic conditions (Lam et al. 2013; Li et al. 2016). Unrau and Andrey (2006) found that the higher the precipitation intensity, the higher the impact on speed (decrease); at the same time, traffic volume decreases. The last-mentioned was also observed by Keay and Simmonds (2005) based on research in Australia and by Oh et al. (2002) based on research conducted in South Korea. According to Rahman and Lownes (2012), during rain there is an increase in the dispersion of speed. In terms of both traffic conditions and road safety, winter is a particularly important period of the year, with occurrence of low temperatures, precipitation (including snow, hail, sleet), snow-covered road surfaces, or black ice (Feng and Fu 2015; Norrman et al. 2000; Romanowska et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various weather conditions, such as fog and precipitation, and their impact on road safety. It specifies that adverse weather conditions can increase the frequency of accidents, which implies that similar effects could occur for delivery drones, impacting their effectiveness and safety in operation. For instance, it mentions that 'the frequency of road accidents is higher than in regular weather conditions,' establishing a clear link between weather and safety that is relevant to drone operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Indeed, nowhere has there been much political attention paid to the societal implications of greater use of autonomous vehicle technologies even though there are many non-technical aspects that must be considered (Chap. 29). These include the development of appropriate regulations covering technological, safety, and liability standards as well as rules of the road for autonomous vehicles. There remain also many open questions with regard to public regulatory law, licensing law and liability law in the countries considered (Chap. 25). Seventh, perhaps reflective of the fact that autonomous vehicles are still only in early pilot testing phases, few efforts have been made to develop future mobility scenarios in which autonomous driven vehicles play a central role (Chap. 11). In Europe, the driverless-car vision has not been embedded in an overall strategy for realizing sustainable mobility. Finally, where the most governmental activity can be seen is in providing support for research and development of autonomous vehicle technologies. States that are lagging behind technologically are scrambling to catch up by supporting more research and development. There are still critical technical issues that need further developing before a wide-scale application of autonomous driving can be considered and this provides opportunities for new entrants. There are also uncertainties regarding which technologies may win out in the long run. 6 ConclusionSince there are already numerous technological solutions being implemented that are linked to various societal goals (e. g. e-mobility, intermodal solutions, strengthening public transport), autonomous driving will have to be debated in the context of these (competing or complementary) technological paths. Discussions about future mobility possibilities and the role that could be played by autonomous or partially or highly automated vehicles should be more inclusive. It should not be restricted to an arena primarily concerned with technical and legal questions such as the round table in Germany. Other stakeholders such as non-governmental organizations or think tanks could be integrated into existing structures (stakeholder platforms, legal processes, etc. ), but new arenas could also be created. In parallel, advisory bodies could be set up to assess not only technological advancements and needs, but also social, environmental, and regulatory implications of greater use of autonomous driving technologies. 7752. Accessed 10 July 2014Beissmann, T. : becomes Japan’s first road-legal autonomous vehicle. Accessed 10 July 2014CARS 21 Group on the Competitiveness and of the in the European Union: 2012, 6 June 2012 2009. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the many regulatory, technological, and societal issues that still need to be addressed before autonomous driving can be fully implemented. It mentions that autonomous vehicles are in early pilot testing phases and highlights that there are numerous technical solutions and regulatory implications that must be considered, indicating that the technology is not yet capable of operating entirely without human oversight or intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Они приурочены к нижним частям разрезов зеленокаменных поясов и образуют генетически единую серию с базальтоидными (коматиитовыми) вулканитами, что отражает определяющую роль мантийного вещества в их происхождении. Содержания золота в железистых кварцитах составляют десятки-сотни мг/т с увеличением до промышленных – в местах скоплений сульфидов. С ними ассоциируют пояса поздних золото-кварцевых жил (Boyle, 1979; Hutchison, 1987; и др. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological characteristics of greenstone belts and the relationship between different rock types, without any mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather conditions can impact the effectiveness and safety of delivery drones. [SEP] Text: 2018; Umeda et al. 2021). For road safety, the beginning of snowfall is of particular importance (Fridstrøm et al. 1995; Pennelly et al. 2018). There are also some studies investigating the impact of snowfall and increased road surface slipperiness on drivers’ behavior and traffic conditions (Kim et al. 2015; et al. 2013; Roh et al. 2016). Rakha et al. (2008) analyzed the effect of rain and snow and visibility on free-flow speed, capacity, speed-at-capacity, and jam density. The analyses covered urban roads in the and used a calibrated model (1995). Analysis results showed that, depending on its intensity, rain leads to a drop in free-flow speed by 2%–9%, in speed-at-capacity by 8%–14%, and in capacity by 10%–11%. For snow, it is 5%–16%, 5%–16%, and 12%–20%, respectively. Jam density was not affected by the changed weather conditions. Lam et al. (2013) compared empirical relations between speed and density for a varying intensity of precipitation by calibrating a modified two-phase Greenshields model and comparing the parameters using the weather influence coefficient. The results have shown that as precipitation intensity increases, capacity falls by 9%–17%, free-flow speed falls by 4%–7%, and speed-at-capacity falls by 15%–25% relative to normal conditions. Similar to Rakha et al. (2008), the study concluded that jam density is not affected by adverse weather conditions. Agarwal et al. (2005) observed that depending on the intensity of precipitation average speed falls by 2%–7% and capacity falls by 5%–17%. The effect of snow is much stronger, with speed falling by 10%–15% and capacity falling from 13% to 27%, depending on the intensity. While subzero temperatures have also been found to have an effect, it only appears for temperatures below −20°C and reduces capacity by about 10%. Using data from Spanish motorways, Camacho et al. (2010) analyzed the effect of temperature, rain and snow, visibility, wind speed, and thickness of snow cover on traffic parameters in free-flow traffic. He demonstrated that depending on the intensity of rainfall speed falls by 5. 5–7 km h−1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how weather conditions such as rain and snow significantly affect road traffic parameters including speed and capacity. Since delivery drones operate similarly to vehicles in navigating weather, the references to various studies regarding the impact of weather conditions on traffic safety and performance imply that similar effects could be expected for delivery drones.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: In all use cases, the highest degree of automation is assumed—“fully automated,” according to the nomenclature of the Institute (Bundesanstalt für Straßenwesen, or BASt) [30]. The difference in the cases lies in the uses encompassed in their definition. Parking, for instance, exclusively involves picking up and parking vehicles. for Extended Availability, on the other hand, covers every conceivable use in road traffic, even if the emphasis is on situations with comparatively simple traffic mixes, such as freeway traffic, where high speeds also prevail. In this use case, the driver must take over the driving task at certain times and on certain route sections where clearance for autonomous driving has been temporarily or permanently withheld. A Vehicle on Demand is likewise in a position to deal with any potential usage scenario, including those with mixed traffic. By renouncing the so-called driver’s workplace—the seat from which the driver performs the driving task—the potential uses of the vehicle interior increase greatly in comparison to or Full Automation. 5. 1 Parking in Carsharinguse case starts from the assumption that the vehicle will be able to independently move from parking space to user and vice versa, even on public roads. The use of Parking in carsharing would initially mean that the effort required for the user to procure the vehicle and park it after use would fall considerably. Instead, from the user’s point of view, there would be a door-to-door service—comparable to taking a taxi, although one in which the user takes over the driving task for the actual journey. The overall travelling time would in any case be reduced with the shortened time and distance for accessing and egressing the vehicle. In order to make the service more attractive, various enhancements would be possible, regardless of automation. These could be options in vehicle features: number of seats, carrying capacity, internet access, and multi-media provision. How greatly the options differ would depend—as with today’s carsharing—on the fleet size, the number of (potential) customers per vehicle and the size of the operating area, and also on the readiness of customers to pay for various optional features. In a large fleet, it would also be possible to have a differentiated price scale for different vehicles, comparable to that currently found in station-based carsharing and traditional car rental. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that even in scenarios described as 'fully automated,' there are situations where the driver must take over the driving task. For instance, certain route sections may require human intervention, indicating that complete autonomy without any oversight is not achievable in all circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Причем по времени формирования они различаются для разных континентов – так, в ЮАР находятся самые древние золото-кварцевые пояса провинции Барбертон (месторождения Шеба и пр. ) и руды Витватерсранда, которые датированы интервалом 3. 0–2. 8 млрд лет (Kirk et al. , 2002). В пределах Канадского щита, Западной Австралии и в Индии отмечается максимум позднеархейской золотоносности (2. 7–2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. It discusses geological formations and gold deposits in South Africa and other locations, which is irrelevant to the topic of lunar research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather conditions can impact the effectiveness and safety of delivery drones. [SEP] Text: In the case of snow, the drop in speed is greater and reaches 9–13. 7 km h−1. He also observed the effect of wind speed (>8 m s−1) on average vehicle speed. In the case of visibility, the drop in speed was only observed for visibility of several hundred meters. Similar to what happens in adverse weather conditions, some drivers may feel less confident in the nighttime when there is no natural light or at dusk or dawn when the contrast between a fairly bright sky and dark road makes it more difficult for drivers’ eyesight to adjust (Evans et al. 2020; Konstantopoulos et al. 2010; Leibowitz et al. 1998). Drivers respond by slowing down and maintaining longer headways. When driver behavior changes, it affects both the traffic flow characteristics, such as average speed or average headways, and the parameters related to highway performance, such as free-flow speed and capacity (Bella et al. 2014; Kempa 2008; Robbins and Fotios 2021). In the nighttime, the risk of accidents also increases ( 2016; Jamroz et al. 2019; Leibowitz et al. 1998). A combination of adverse weather conditions and the nighttime can have an even more negative impact on both traffic conditions and road safety (Awadallah 2007; Gallen et al. 2015; Higgins et al. 2009). Using data from continuous traffic measurement stations on German motorways, Brilon and Ponzlet (1996) demonstrated that speeds drop on wet roadways by 9. 5–12 km h−1 with capacity falling by 350–500 vehicles per hour, depending on the number of lanes. Under normal conditions during nighttime speed is observed to change mainly in a partly constrained operation (5–7 km h−1). Nighttime precipitation, however, has a stronger effect on free-flow speed (falling by about 10 km h−1). In addition, during nighttime when compared with daytime, capacity falls by from 200 to nearly 400 vehicles per hour regardless of the weather or condition of the road surface. Oh et al. (2002) analyzed the effects of weather conditions on speed using regression models of speed–flow and flow–occupancy relationships. He found that when weather conditions change, function slope falls and the speed–volume curve is shifted downward. He demonstrated that during rain and snow both daytime and nighttime average speed falls by several percent (2%–7%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ways in which weather conditions, such as snow and rain, affect vehicle speed and safety. It outlines how adverse weather can lead to decreased speed (e.g., 'speeds drop on wet roadways by 9.5–12 km h−1') and how nighttime conditions increase the risk of accidents ('the risk of accidents also increases'). Furthermore, it mentions that changes in weather conditions can affect traffic flow characteristics and highway performance, which implies that similar impacts could be expected for delivery drones operating under such conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: This is in contrast to current flexible carsharing business models, which possibly have the added attraction for users that they can use a large range of vehicles from the current fleets for the same price. Valet Parking, providing vehicles at a station becomes essentially superfluous. Carsharing provision as a whole could thus be made flexible—at least in that fetching and returning the vehicle would be unnecessary. The operators, of course, would still need their stations or vehicle depots to keep things centralized to a certain extent, which is more efficient for vehicle maintenance. These stations, though, would no longer need to be built in the greatest possible proximity to customers, but could instead use low-cost land. The distance to the journey/start end points is not arbitrary here, however, as there may be a relatively small time window for getting to the customer. Moreover, the journey to the customer also uses resources and is also “dead” time if no other use is possible for the vehicle on the way. As an alternative, or supplement, to this, numerous smaller collection points with a few vehicles could be spread relatively densely across the operating area. This would keep the time between ordering and picking up a vehicle down. A mixed form of vehicle ordering with optional autonomous collection or picking up in person would also be possible. This would significantly even out access times, which currently still differ widely, depending on the density of available vehicles. At present, access times, calculated on the difference between the measured values of “time of booking/reservation” and “journey duration,” are between 1 and 16 min (e. g. DriveNow with a maximum reservation time of 15 min; source: WiMobil project, supported by the (BMUB)). The differences in average access times are closely linked to the various trip purposes. 5. 2 as “for Extended Availability”The use case of for assumes that vehicles will basically be able to move autonomously on public roads, but that the driving task can be taken over by the driver independently from time to time. From a carsharing perspective, the potential changes and extensions involving “Full Automation” are far smaller than those of Parking, at least when drivers are required for on-hand availability in the vehicle. The only difference to today’s carsharing that would result from this use case would be the possibility of letting the vehicle drive during the trip, should the driver wish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that even with assumed autonomous vehicle capabilities, a driver can take over the driving task independently from time to time. This indicates that human oversight is still necessary in the context of carsharing, as it allows for driver intervention whenever desired, which directly contradicts the idea that autonomous driving requires no human oversight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 6 млрд лет) с формированием знаменитых золото-кварцевых месторождений района Абитиби (Канада), Колар (Индия) и других. Относительно механизма формирования этих жил единодушного мнения нет. Большинство склоняется к мысли об их метаморфической природе и связи с процессами зеленокаменного изменения и гранитизации (Groves et al. , 1987), а некоторые не исключают и ведущей роли поздних натровых гранитов (Corfu, Andrews, 1987; Huttori, 1987; Mole et al. , 2015). Если добавить Витватерсранд (3. 0–2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about lunar ice deposits or microorganisms at all. Instead, it discusses geological formations and metamorphic processes in areas like Abitibi, Canada, and Kolar, India. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather conditions can impact the effectiveness and safety of delivery drones. [SEP] Text: Understanding the impact of adverse weather conditions and time of day may be important in the context of predicting and assessing traffic conditions on planned or existing road facilities. For this purpose, highway capacity methods are used, such as United States’ Manual (HCM) or Germany’s Handbuch für die Bemessung von Straßenverkehrsanlagen (HBS) (Baier et al. 2015; Romanowska et al. 2019; Board 2016). While these analyses are usually conducted for good weather and daytime, there are several dozen or hundreds of hours in a year when weather conditions are anything but perfect and several to more than a dozen hours a day when the amount of natural light is limited. As a result, the road facility affected may perform below expectations. Most of the highway capacity methods, except HCM (Board 2016) and the Dutch’s (CIA) (Heikoop and Henkens 2016), were not designed to analyze traffic conditions under adverse weather conditions and/or time of day other than daytime. HCM provides coefficients of capacity adjustment factors and speed adjustment factors that are addressed at different stages of the traffic conditions assessment procedure. Depending on the base free-flow speed (the lower it is, the smaller the effect is) and the intensity of the weather phenomena (the higher the intensity, the bigger the effect): rainfall reduces speed by 4%–9% and capacity by 6%–18%, while snow reduces speed by 6%–19% and 3%–28%, respectively. Low temperatures (<−20°C) reduce speed and capacity by 3%–5% and 7%–10%, respectively. Limited visibility reduces speed and capacity by 4%–9% and 10%–12%, respectively. Time of day is not considered in the HCM. method, CIA, provides coefficients of capacity adjustment factors only. The capacity is reduced by 5% in the case of light rain and by 10% in the case of intensive rainfall. In the nighttime the capacity is reduced by 5% or by 3% if the road is illuminated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of adverse weather conditions on traffic conditions, indicating that such weather can lead to reduced speed and capacity of road facilities. It provides specific data showing how different weather phenomena, like rain and snow, impact performance, which aligns with the assertion that weather conditions affect operational effectiveness. This implies that similar effects could pertain to delivery drones, thereby supporting the claim.