Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: 17), and significantly better explained by an underlying uniform distribution as opposed to the grid orientations in the square environment (Bayes factor = 1. 00 × 106). Finally, the activity of grid cells recorded while a rodent explores a compartmentalized maze have been shown to fragment into repeated submaps for similar compartments traversed in the same direction (Derdikman et al. , 2009). We examined the BVC-SR eigenvector patterns in a similar maze and found that they too fragmented into repeated submaps for alternating internal arms of the maze (Figure 5g). Consequently, the Pearson's correlation matrix between eigenvector patterns on different arms of the maze exhibits a strong checkboard-like appearance (Figure 5h), exemplifying the repetition of alternated submaps in a manner more similar to the rodent data (Derdikman et al. , 2009) than previous implementations of the SR (Stachenfeld et al. , 2017). 4 model presented here links the BVC model of place cell firing with a SR to provide an efficient platform for using RL to navigate space. The work builds upon previous implementations of the SR by replacing the underlying grid of states with the firing rates of known neurobiological features—BVCs, which have been observed in the hippocampal formation (Barry et al. , 2006; Lever et al. , 2009; Solstad et al. , 2008) and can be derived from optic flow (Raudies & Hasselmo, 2012). As a consequence, the place cells generated using the BVC-SR approach presented here produce more realistic fields that conform to the shape of the environment. Unlike previous SR implementations, the BVC-SR place fields respond immediately to environmental manipulations such as dimensional stretches and barrier insertions in a similar manner to real place cells. Comparable to previous SR implementations, the eigenvectors of the SR matrix display grid cell like periodicity when projected back onto the BVC state space, with reduced periodicity in polarized enclosures such as trapezoids. Furthermore, likely due to the experiential learning and the natural smoothness of the BVC basis features, the eigenvectors from the BVC-SR model exhibit more realistic variations among grid fields, resulting in a model of grid cells that is more similar to biological recordings than previous implementations of the SR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of grid cells and place cells in the hippocampal formation, which are essential for spatial navigation as indicated by their response to environmental features and their ability to create navigational frameworks. It mentions the BVC-SR model that links place cell firing with spatial representation, reinforcing the importance of the hippocampus in navigation and memory formation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research in quantum biology may help scientists understand previously unexplained biological phenomena. [SEP] Text: Die ausgewählten Beispiele zeigen, dass sie entgegen Steiners wiederholten Beteuerungen nicht mit den naturwissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen übereinstimmen und dass sich in vielen wichtigen Punkten zudem selbst widersprechen. Steiners „geisteswissenschaftlich“ erworbene Kenntnisse entbehren demnach jeglicher objektiven Basis. Das Ausmaß seiner Falschbehauptungen lässt überdies darauf schließen, dass die Grundlagen seiner übrigen Lehren ebenfalls unhaltbar sind, inklusive seiner ohnehin nicht überprüfbaren Ausführungen über die „höheren Welten. “ Schlüsselbegriffe: – Anthroposophie – Geisteswissenschaft – Theosophie – im Volltext als PDF Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 19 (2019), Nr. 1+2, S. 213–214DOI: 10. 23793/zfa. 2019. 213 zu früheren Beiträgen Weitergeführte Diskussion zu Rezension zu Angelos Tanagras: – A Collection of Short Stories, herausgegeben von Fotini Pallikari, Zeitschrift für Anomalistik, 18 (2018), S. 356–360 Fotini Pallikari: und Korrekturen zur Rezension des Buches von Angelos Tanagras: – A Collection of (2017) Artikel im Volltext als PDF Zeitschrift für Anomalistik 19 (2019), Nr. 1+2, S. 215–248DOI: 10. 23793/zfa. 2019. 215 Cheung, (2019). Der Zukunftscode: Wie die erklären kannRezensent: (Hrsg. )(2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that the referenced ideas do not align with scientific findings and that they contradict themselves in many important aspects. It emphasizes that concepts presented lack objective basis and implies that any claims related to 'higher worlds' or similar notions are also unverifiable, thereby undermining any potential scientific grounding for exploring quantum biology in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Moreover, agricultural activities not only help the participants feel the joy of cultivating various crops and obtain knowledge about agriculture, but also help improve relationships by recovering sociality and facilitating generational communication while spending time with family (Lee, 2012). test (STC) For the children, the SCT was conducted before and after the program (Table 7). The mean was 14. 7±1. 4 before the program but 14. 9 (SD = 1. 6) after the program, showing no significant change (p =. 136). Even by sub-item, vocabulary was 4. 2 (SD = 0. 4) before and 4. 3 (SD = 0. 4) after (p =. 630), expression was 3. 5±0. 6 before and 3. 6 (SD = 0. 6) after (p =. 158), sentence organization was 3. 5 (SD = 0. 6) before and 3. 5 (SD = 0. 6) after (p =. 757), and content was 3. 5 (SD = 0. 3) before and 3. 6 (SD = 0. 3) after, also showing no significant change (p =. 136). A few of the sentences completed by the subjects showed the following changes. wrote “My mom is ugly even with makeup, but she keeps wearing makeup” before the program, but wrote “My mom adores me” after the program. wrote “My dad has a big belly” before, but wrote “My dad is cool” after. wrote “My mom and dad are nice” before, but wrote “My mom and dad take good care of me” after. As such, the children who had been giving negative or indifferent responses about their parents showed a change in perception about the relationship with their parents after the program in a positive direction (Table 8). Regarding the difference in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the SCT, the responses and sentences written by the subjects when they participated in the program tended to show an aggressive aspect in the relationship with parents, but the change was not consistent among the subjects, and generally showed a little difference among many subjects. Moreover, there may have been a problem in the method of communication even if there were parent-child interactions, or there may not have been enough time to deeply understand the differences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses agricultural activities and their impact on social relationships and children's perceptions of their parents, but it does not address paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The hippocampus plays a key role in forming new memories and spatial navigation. [SEP] Text: Reward signals analogous to that used in the model have been shown to exist in the orbitofrontal cortex of rodents (Sul, Kim, Huh, Lee, & Jung, 2010), humans (Gottfried, O'Doherty, & Dolan, 2003; Kringelbach, 2005), and non-human primates (Tremblay & Schultz, 1999). Meanwhile, a candidate area for integrating orbitofrontal reward representations with hippocampal successor features to compute value could be anterior cingulate cortex (Kolling et al. , 2016; Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013). Finally, the model relies on a prediction error signal for learning both the reward weights and successor features (Equations 6-7]). Although midbrain dopamine neurons have long been considered a source for such a reward prediction error (Schultz, Dayan, & Montague, 1997), mounting evidence suggests they may also provide the sensory prediction error signal necessary for computing successor features with temporal-difference learning (Chang, Gardner, Di Tillio, & Schoenbaum, 2017; Gardner, Schoenbaum, & Gershman, 2018). Successor features have been used to accelerate learning in tasks where transfer of knowledge is useful, such as virtual and real world navigation tasks (Barreto et al. , 2017; Zhang, Springenberg, Boedecker, & Burgard, 2017). Although the successor features used in this paper were built upon known neurobiological spatial neurons, BVCs, the framework itself could be applied to any basis of sensory neurons that are predictive of reward in a task. Thus, the framework could be adapted to use basis features that are receptive to the frequency of auditory cues (Aronov, Nevers, & Tank, 2017), or even the size and shape of birds (Constantinescu, O'Reilly, & Behrens, 2016). In summary, the model describes the formation of place and grid fields in terms the geometric properties and transition statistics of the environment, while providing an efficient platform for goal-directed spatial navigation. This has particular relevance for the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation, although the framework itself could be applied to other basis sets of sensory features. code can be made available upon reasonable request, and full code for simulations will be made available at in due course hipo23246-sup-0001-supinfo. docxWord 2007 document 24. 7 KB 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the neural underpinnings of spatial navigation and the formation of place and grid fields, which are closely associated with the hippocampus. It mentions how the model relates to goal-directed spatial navigation, directly supporting the assertion that the hippocampus plays a vital role in spatial navigation, as well as in the context of integrating with reward signals from other areas like the orbitofrontal cortex.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: For each condition set, the PR-AUC value for each condition is reported, together with the median and mean value (C) Significance of the PR-AUC value reported for the condition ‘Clindamycin 3 μg/ml’, against the distribution of three randomization strategies. ‘Shuffled strains’ indicates a prediction in which the actual strains’ phenotypes have been shuffled; ‘shuffled sets’ indicates a prediction where the conditionally essential genes of a different condition have been used, and ‘random set’ indicates a prediction where a random gene set has been used as conditionally essential genes. For all three randomizations we report a significant difference between the actual prediction and the distribution of the randomizations (q-values of 1E-30, 0. 05 and 1E-22, respectively). 3—figure supplement 2 for the other conditions. (D) Genome-wide gene associations are in agreement with the predictive score; the enrichment of conditionally essential genes in the results of the gene association analysis is significantly higher in conditions with higher PR-AUC. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Detailed view of the predicted growth score and its properties. (A) Influence of the different predictors of the impact of mutations on each condition PR-AUC. ‘SNPs’ indicates single nucleotide variants only, ‘Accessory genome’ gene presence-absence patterns, ‘All predictors’ the combination of both, plus stop codon substitutions. (B–C) Proportion of well-predicted conditions (PR-AUC >= 0. 1 and Pearson’s FDR-corrected p-value<=0. 01) over total conditions with at least 1% and 5% sick strains. Marker’s size is proportional to the −log10 of the FDR-corrected p-value. (E) Conditions with higher predictive power (measured as PR-AUC) also have an enrichment of sick strains at the top of the predicted score, as measured by the (GSEA); sick strains are used as ‘gene sets’. A pseudocount of 10−4 has been added to the GSEA p-values. (F) Prediction performance improves when using the weighting scheme to account for conservation of gene essentiality, especially for well-predicted conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing statistical methods and predictive scores (PR-AUC) for biological conditions based on gene associations and randomization strategies, without mentioning quantum mechanics as a tool for biological prediction or control. It focuses on empirical data and genetic analysis rather than the principles of quantum mechanics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Sin (2002) claimed that parents who communicate with their children in a criticizing, judgmental way cause the children to face many internal conflicts in expressing their emotions, and Woo (2009) argued that dysfunctional communication exerts a negative effect on children such as depression and problem behavior. However, gardening activities have a highly positive effect on children’s emotional development (Han, 2014; Kwack, 2004; Jeong, 2005), enabling them to feel psychological stability by communing with plants (Ulrich, 1984). As such, agricultural programs raised the awareness about building intimacy within the family and facilitated family conversations (Chu, 2014), while also making the body and mind healthy and promoting communication, which is the key function of care farming (Seo et al. , 2017). Even though this was proved by this study, parents’ endopsychic and relationship aspect and children’s emotional change may not have been significant due to lack of time for sufficient, healthy communication. study examined the parent-child relationship satisfaction and emotional changes through the agro-healing program with children aged 10–12 and their parents. The agro-healing program in this study was designed with total 6 sessions using the farm resources and experience centers such as rural landscape, Korean native cattle, agricultural products, wildflowers and succulent plants based on horticultural activities in which both parents and children participate based on theoretical background. The subjects, comprised of parents and children, showed a significant improvement in parent-child communication by participating in the agro-healing program (p =. 047). There was no statistically significant change in the SCT written by the children, but the comparison of the content of the sentences in qualitative assessment proved that the children’s potential perception about their parents changed positively compared to before. There is a difference in the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the SCT because the change is not consistent among the subjects due to individual differences, and some subjects merely showed insignificant differences. There may have also been a problem or unfamiliarity in parent-child communication. Additional research can be attempted on the fact that there were no significant results in parents’ endopsychic aspect and relationship aspect, with focus on the internal change of parents after communicating with their children. This will bring more effective emotional change in parent-child relationship satisfaction through the agro-healing program. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of gardening and agro-healing programs on parent-child relationships and emotional changes rather than exploring paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractTornadoes can cause catastrophic destruction. Here total kinetic energy (TKE) as a metric of destruction is computed from the fraction of the tornado path experiencing various damage levels and a characteristic wind speed for each level. The fraction of the path is obtained from a model developed for the Commission that combines theory with empirical data. TKE is validated as a useful metric by comparing it to other indexes and loss indicators. Half of all tornadoes have TKE exceeding 62. 1 GJ and a quarter have TKE exceeding 383. 2 GJ. One percent of the tornadoes have TKE exceeding 31. 9 TJ. April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more energy than June with half as many tornadoes. September has the least energy but November and December have the fewest tornadoes. Alabama ranks number one in terms of tornado energy with 2. 48 PJ over the period 2007–2013. TKE can be used to help better understand the changing nature of tornado activity. Citation: Fricker T, Elsner JB (2015) of Tornadoes in the United States. 10(7): e0131090. Inés Álvarez, University of : January 13, 2015; Accepted: May 28, 2015; Published: July 1, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Fricker, Elsner. This is an open access 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 1356175). The code used to produce the tables and graphs is available at GitHub at DOI 10. 5281/zenodo. 18253. Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionOn average about 1,000 tornadoes occur each year in the United States; more than in any other country [1]. A violent tornado can destroy an entire town in minutes making it vital to understand what factors contribute to this power. For example, according to the Service (NWS) the Joplin, Missouri (2011) tornado caused 161 fatalities and more than 1,000 injuries, while producing about $3 billion of insured losses in less than 20 minutes [2]. Similarly, the Tuscalossa, Alabama (2011) tornado caused 65 fatalities and over 1,000 injuries, while producing about $2 billion of insured losses in just over an hour [3]. Current understanding of tornado destruction comes largely from available data records. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'on average about 1,000 tornadoes occur each year in the United States; more than in any other country,' directly supporting the assertion that tornadoes are most common in the U.S. However, it does not specifically mention the Tornado Alley region.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: We propose that a microbiological marker cut off, based on CT value (≤26), could be used as a predictor of poor outcome and serve as a severity indicator to guide treatment of CDI. In this study, regression analysis demonstrated that low CT values were associated with toxin EIA positivity. With a CT value ≤26 we saw ≥72% toxin EIA positivity; applying a logistic regression model we demonstrated an association between low CT values and toxin EIA positivity. Conversely a CT value of ≤26 would miss 28% of patients that were EIA positive. It is not surprising that a low CT value is linked with toxin EIA positivity as previous studies have suggested expression of toxin is associated with the severity of CDI, and a correlation between faecal toxin levels and C. difficile counts has been reported in mice [12]. Dionne et al. , previously identified that amplification CT values correlate to bacterial load [29]. They demonstrated toxin positive samples had higher bacterial loads than toxin negative samples and there was a significant inverse correlation between PCR CT values and bacterial loads [29]. In the present study, low CT values inversely correlate to toxin assay positivity, one could imply that CT values of toxin B genes act as a marker of the amount of toxin produced [12]. However, investigations seeking to link quantitative toxin production with C. difficile virulence have not been conclusive [12]. Further work is warranted to explore this. In the UK, two stage algorithms for CDI have been adopted [4, 10]. Often a GDH test for screening is employed followed by a toxin EIA [4, 10]. Eyre et al. , (2017) sequenced all GDH positive patients and compared the probability of faecal toxin positive and toxin negative patients being likely sources of transmission, that is, having C. difficile genetically linked to a subsequent isolate in another patient [30]. They concluded faecal toxin negative patients were similarly infectious to faecal toxin positive patients; faecal toxin status did not affect transmission rates [30]. They concluded strategies to identify and institute infection control measures around patients with potentially toxigenic C. difficile without detected faecal toxin are likely to reduce CDI incidence [30]. NAAT could be used as a screening test as it is rapid and highly sensitive to aid detection of such cases from an infection control perspective [31]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific biological behaviors related to C. difficile and its toxin production based on CT values, without any reference to quantum mechanics. It emphasizes conventional biological and statistical approaches, such as regression analysis and correlations, instead of suggesting a quantum mechanical framework is applicable. This indicates that the mechanisms at play do not rely on quantum predictions or control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Characteristics of the children participating in this study and their parents Participating parents Participating parents 1 8 Mom 11 10 Mom 2 8 Dad 12 10 Dad 3 8 Mom 13 10 Mom 4 8 Dad 14 10 Mom 5 9 Mom 15 10 Dad 6 9 Mom 16 11 Dad 7 10 Mom 17 11 Dad 8 10 Mom/Dad 18 11 Dad 9 10 Mom 19 12 Mom 10 10 Mom 20 12 2 Agro healing program based on horticultural activities for a total of 6 sessions 1 Introducing the farm, cow cart ride, cow feeding Decorating photo frames with pressed flowers 2 Pitching a tent and enjoying the farm scenery Planting plants growing on the farm into small pots 3 Harvesting sweet potatoes Doing succulent art using the door 4 Doing the archery activity Planting assorted 5 Boating in rice fields Making a wish box with flowers 6 Harvesting apples Making homemade cheongs using apples Table 3 Criteria for evaluating write expressiveness of SCT Writing expression area Evaluation standard the vocabulary choices appropriate, specific, and accurate? the spelling, punctuation marks, and spacing correct? the links between words and the organization of the forms and components of the text natural? the content related to the proposed word rich and generally consistent? Table 4 Regularity test of parent-child relationship satisfaction data for parents Item n Mean SD z p Psychotropic aspect 20 33. 4 4. 7. 589. 867 Relationship aspect 20 43. 0 6. 0. 686. 735 Communication aspect 20 39. 5 6. 3. 632. 820 Total 20 115. 8 13. 8. 485. 973 Table 5 Regularity test of sentence completion data for children Item n Mean SD z p Vocabulary 20 4. 2 0. 4. 454. 986 Expression 20 3. 5 0. 6. 464. 982 Sentence organization 20 3. 5 0. 6. 781. 575 Content 20 3. 5 0. 3. 521. 949 Total 20 14. 7 1. 4. 441. 990 Table 6 Changes in the parent-child relationship satisfaction before and after the agro healing program t p Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Psychotropic aspect Score 33. 4 ± 4. 7 33. 6 ± 4. 8 −1. 073. 297NS Relationship aspect Score 43. 0 ± 6. 0 43. 5 ± 6. 4 −1. 422. 171NS Communication aspect Score 39. 5 ± 6. 3 40. 0 ± 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of tables and data related to a study involving children and parents, focusing on various aspects such as participation in an agro healing program and evaluations of parent-child relationships. There is no mention of paleoethnobotany or the study of historical interactions between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: Dividing the total daily energy by the number of tornadoes results in April 24, 2010 being the most efficient day at producing high-energy tornadoes with a per-tornado average TKE of 17. 7 TJ followed by April 20, 2007 with a per-tornado average TKE of 15. 0 TJ. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Top ten days ranked by daily TKE. The number of tornadoes is used as a color fill on the bars. Tornado counts are listed to the right of each bar. daily cumulative tornado energy changes by year (Fig 4). In general days in April and May tend to have the most energy but February was also quite active during 2008. The 2010 season started slowly but become very active from late April through mid June. The year with the most energy is 2011 and the year with the least is 2009 (Fig 5). Years with the most energy tend to have the most tornadoes although 2009 was an exception with relative high amount of energy from relative few tornadoes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Daily aggregated tornado energy by year. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Annually aggregated tornado energy. Tornado counts are listed to the right of each bar. seasonality of energy and frequency are similar with peaks from mid to late spring (Fig 6). However energy is relatively more concentrated during the year than is frequency. April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more energy than June with half as many tornadoes. September is the month with the least energy but November and December are months with the fewest tornadoes. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Tornado energy and frequency by month. energy also varies regionally with the contiguous states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Mississippi and Alabama forming a large swath of high energy across the southern southeastward into the deep South (Fig 7). The state having the most energy over the period is Alabama with a total of 2. 48 PJ followed by Oklahoma with 1. 45 PJ. The next four states in order of decreasing TKE are Mississippi, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that tornado energy varies regionally and specifically mentions states such as Oklahoma and Kansas that are part of Tornado Alley, indicating a concentration of tornado activity in these regions. It also discusses the overall frequency of tornadoes in relation to their energy, further supporting the idea that these areas are significant for tornado occurrences.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be used to predict and control all biological behaviors in organisms. [SEP] Text: and the are responsible for obtaining at their expense suitable Internet connections, Web browsers, and licenses for any software necessary to view the ASTM Products. B. are also available in (PDF) format to Licensee and its Authorized Users, who are solely responsible for installing and configuring the appropriate Reader software. C. ASTM shall use reasonable efforts to make online access available on a continuous basis. Availability will be subject to periodic interruption and downtime for server maintenance, software installation or testing, loading new files, and reasons beyond the control of ASTM. ASTM does not guarantee access, and will not be liable for damages or refunds if the Product becomes unavailable temporarily, or if access becomes slow or incomplete due to system back-up procedures, Internet traffic volume, upgrades, overload of requests to servers, general network failures or delays, or any other cause that may from time to time make the Product unavailable for the Licensee or Licensee's Authorized Users. 7. Terms and Fees. A. The term of this Agreement is _____________ ("Subscription Period"). Access to the Product is for the only. will remain in effect thereafter for successive so long as annual subscription fees, as such may change from time to time, are paid. Licensee and/or ASTM have the right to terminate this Agreement at the end of a by written notice given at least 30 days in advance. B. Fees: 8. Verification. ASTM has the right to verify compliance with this Agreement, at its expense, and at any time during the course of normal business hours. To do so, ASTM will engage an independent consultant, subject to a confidentiality agreement, to review Licensee's use of ASTM Product and/or Documents. Licensee agrees to permit access to its information and computer systems for this purpose. Verification will take place upon no less than 15 days notice, during normal business hours and in a manner that does not interfere unreasonably with Licensee's operations. If verification reveals unlicensed or prohibited use of the ASTM Products or Documents, Licensee agrees to reimburse ASTM for the costs incurred in verification and reimburse ASTM for any unlicensed/prohibited uses. By invoking this procedure, ASTM does not waive any of its rights to enforce this Agreement or to protect its intellectual property by any other means permitted by law. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding quantum mechanics and biological behaviors. It discusses terms of use and access rights for ASTM products without any mention of quantum mechanics or biology. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 3 −2. 127. 047* Total - 115. 8 ± 13. 8 117. 0 ± 14. 6 −1. 820. 085NS ** p <. 05 Table 7 Changes in the sentence completion test before and after the agro healing program t p Mean ± SD Mean ± SD 4. 2 ± 0. 4 4. 3 ± 0. 4 −. 489. 630 3. 5 ± 0. 6 3. 6 ± 0. 6 −1. 468. 158 Sentence organization Score 3. 5 ± 0. 6 3. 5 ± 0. 6 −. 314. 757 3. 5 ± 0. 3 3. 6 ± 0. 3 −1. 514. 147 Total - 14. 7 ± 1. 4 14. 9 ± 1. 6 −1. 556. 136 Table 8 Part of a sentences written by children before and after the agro healing program No. sentence After 1 A 5. My mom is ~ My mom is ugly even with makeup, but she keeps wearing makeup. Mom loves me. 2 B 13. My dad is ~ Dad has a lot of belly fat. Dad is a dandy. 3 C 29. My mom and dad are ~ My mom and dad are good My mom and dad take good care of me. 4 D 1. was happiest ~ It’s time to play the game. It’s time to experience it with my parents. 5 E 7. The best thing for me is ~ It’s time for mom to praise I was born from my mother. 6 F 29. My mom and dad are ~ My mom and dad are nice and smart. My mom and dad are a million times better. 7 G 31. If my wishes come true ~ If you make a wish, please let it come true. Help my parents not get sick 8 H 13. My dad is ~ Dad has a lot of money. Dad is a good person 9 I 1. was happiest ~ It’s time to make and look at cell phones. It’s time to be with mom and dad. 10 J 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are good Mom and dad love me very much. 11 K 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad can’t study. Both mom and dad are strong. 12 L 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are kind. Mom and dad are both nice and nice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses sentence completion tests and children's writing samples in the context of an agro healing program, without any reference to paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Tornadoes are most common in the United States, particularly in a region known as Tornado Alley. [SEP] Text: The per-tornado TKE values are summed and averaged to produce an alternative climatology of tornadoes based on energy rather than frequency. Half of all tornadoes have TKE that exceed 62. 1 GJ and a quarter have TKE that exceed 383. 2 GJ. Five percent of the tornadoes have TKE that exceed 5. 53 TJ. The tornado with the greatest amount of energy is the long-tracked EF4 Tallulah-Yazoo City-Durant tornado of April 24, 2010 with a TKE of 516. 7 TJ resulting in ten fatalities and 146 injuries. The single day with the most energy is April 27, 2011 with more than 2. 6 PJ from 206 tornadoes. The average energy of the nine EF5 tornadoes is just over 100 TJ and the average energy of the 57 EF4 tornadoes is half of that at just over 50 TJ. The average energy of the EF3 tornadoes is less than half of the EF4 and the average energy of the EF2 tornadoes is much less than half of the EF3. Tornado energy peaks from mid to late spring similar to the peak in tornado frequency. Key new findings are that April has more energy than May with fewer tornadoes; March has more than June with half as many tornadoes. September is the month with the least energy but November and December are months with the fewest tornadoes. Another key finding is that Alabama ranks number one in terms of tornado energy with a total of 2. 48 PJ followed by Oklahoma with 1. 45 PJ. The next four states in decreasing order are Mississippi, Kansas, Arkansas, and Louisiana. On a per-tornado basis, for those states with more than 100 tornadoes, five of the top six states are in the South. The spatial pattern of TKE at this scale suggests a single tornado threat region encompassing both the traditional alley of the and the Dixie alley of the South [18]. The problem of frequent tornadoes in the is a well understood and researched threat compared with the threat of strong tornadoes in the South. Finally, recent research shows a future with more days when high wind shear coincides with high values of convective available potential energy [19] indicating the possibility for more powerful tornadoes. An index of destruction with units of energy on a continuous scale will help scientists to better understand the changing nature of tornado activity. 1. Grazulis, TP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the prevalence of tornadoes in the United States, particularly highlighting Alabama and Oklahoma as leading states in tornado energy. It mentions a specific spatial pattern of tornado energy that includes both the traditional Tornado Alley and the Dixie Alley in the South, reinforcing the idea that tornadoes are common in the U.S. and specifically emphasizing regions known for tornado activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Machine learning algorithms can analyze satellite imagery to track deforestation and land use changes. [SEP] Text: 연구 결과 각 변수 조합 별(scheme 1-3) 수변피복 분류 결과의 정확도 비교를 위하여 훈련 자료를 시공간적(spatio-temporal), 시계열적(temporal), 공간적(spatial)으로 무작위로 8:2로 나누어 검증을 수행하였다(Fig. 2). 추가적으로 전이학습능력(transfer ability)에 대한 성능을 평가해보기 위해, 모델 내 낙동강 유역의 정보만을 학습시킨 뒤 나머지 3개 강 유역에서의 검증을 수행하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the accuracy of classification results based on combinations of variables in a spatial and temporal context. It does not mention machine learning algorithms, satellite imagery, or applications related to deforestation and land use changes, therefore it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: 13 M 32. Who would I like to live with if I live alone in a remote place? I cannot live alone. I want to live with my beloved family. 14 N 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are short. Mom and dad are nice. 15 O 13. My dad is ~ Dad is kind. Dad likes me. 16 P 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are kind My mom and dad are nice. 17 Q 29. My mom and dad are ~ Mom and dad are good My mom and dad are very good. 18 R 5. My mom is ~ Mom and dad are kind My mom and dad are kind 19 S 5. My mom is ~ Mom is short. Mom is well prepared. 20 T 5. My mom is ~ Mom often gets angry. Mom is good. 1999. A study on the satisfaction degree of parent-child relationship and the demand degree of parent education: Centering on the parent with adolescent in Cheju city. Master’s thesis. University, Jeju, Korea. Choi, JY 2010. Understanding of psychological examinations Seoul, Korea: Sigmapress. . 2007. Developing horticultural therapy program and its effect for reducing parenting stress. . 10(3):90-95. Chu, HS 2014. Effects of urban agriculture program on the formation of family unity and intimacy. Master’s thesis. Korea University, Seoul, Korea. Chung, SZ 1988. The study for the interpersonal relation similarity between parents and children. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. Dessein, J, B Bock. 2010. The economics of green care in agriculture England, UK: Loughborough University. ’Connor. 2009. Supporting policies for social farming in Europe: Progressing multi-functionality in responsive rural areas. Arsiaper lo Sviluppo e l’Innovazione nel settore Agricolo-forestale. . 2013. Analysis on the present status and characteristics of agro-healing in Korea. J Community Dev. 20:909-936. Han, MH 2014. Effect of horticultural activity on the emotional intelligence, social development and school adjustment in Saturday after-school program for elementary school students. Master’s thesis. Mokpo University, Mokpo, Korea. . 2008. Care farming in the UK: Evidence and opportunities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding paleoethnobotany and its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it discusses various unrelated topics such as parental relationships, educational theses, and horticultural therapy without providing any relevant information about paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2024. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 22 Mar 2024 | 22 Mar 2024 Pacific variability despite suppressed El Niño variability in the warm mid-Pliocene climate Oldeman, Michiel L. J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Frank M. Selten, and Henk A. Dijkstra Abstract. The mid-Pliocene is the most recent geological period with similar atmospheric CO2 concentration to the present-day, and similar surface temperatures as projected at the end of this century for a moderate warming scenario. While not a perfect analogue, the mid-Pliocene can be used to study the functioning of the Earth system under similar forcings as a near future, especially regarding features in the climate system for which uncertainties exist in future projections. According to the mid-Pliocene modelling ensemble PlioMIP2, the variability of El Niño-(ENSO) was suppressed. In this study, we investigate how teleconnections of ENSO, specifically variability in the atmosphere, responds to a suppressed ENSO, according to the PlioMIP2. The multi-model mean shows a similar sea-level pressure (SLP) variability in the (AL) in the mid-Pliocene and pre-industrial, but a per-model view reveals that the change in AL variability is related to the change in ENSO variability. Even though ENSO is suppressed, the teleconnection between ENSO sea-surface temperature anomalies, tropical precipitation and SLP anomalies is quite robust in the mid-Pliocene. We split AL variability in a part that is ENSO-related, and a residual variability which is related to internal stochastic variability, and find that the change in ENSO-related AL variability is strongly related to the change in ENSO variability itself, while the change in residual AL variability is unrelated to ENSO change. Since the internal atmospheric variability, which is the dominant forcing of the AL variability, is largely unchanged, we are able to understand that the AL variability is largely similar even though ENSO variability is suppressed. We find that the specific change in ENSO and AL variability depends on both the model equilibrium climate sensitivity ánd Earth system sensitivity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the variability of El Niño, indicating that it is related to sea surface temperature anomalies and climate patterns, which directly aligns with the claim about El Niño affecting global weather patterns. The text specifically investigates how El Niño's climate dynamics function and their implications, supporting the assertion that El Niño is a significant climate pattern.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can optimize renewable energy grids by forecasting energy demand and supply. [SEP] Text: c) Load Shifting: The shifting of load from the peak duration to off-peak duration for shaping the load. The energy and demand control equipment may be used as demand-side-alternative similar to use in peak clipping. d) Conservations: Energy efficient appliances reduce overall load. In employing energy efficiency, there is a need to consider which conservation tasks will happen naturally. The cost-effectiveness of these programs is also evaluated to speed up the conservation tasks. e) Load Building: To overall increase the load growth beyond the valley filling with electrification and substitution of fossil uses. Fossil fuel electrification can be used in the industrial sector to increase power intensity efficiencies and improve productivity for example, the process of automation and heating in the industrial sector. f) Flexible load shaping: Demand response programs provides load flexibility based on real time situation that also provides reliability. DR activities are designed to control the appliance used by consumers; hence it provides the flexibility to the consumers. It is also achieved using energy efficient appliances as a demand-side-alternatives. The challenges in demand side management are varied and complex, and there are many areas where further research is needed. One of the most significant challenges is the lack of accurate data, particularly in developing countries, where data collection infrastructure may be inadequate. Without reliable data, load forecasting and demand response programs cannot be effectively implemented. The integration of renewable energy sources into the grid is also creates complexity for load forecasting and DSM. These sources can be highly variable, and demand response programs must be able to respond quickly to changes in supply and demand in order to maintain grid stability. Another area where further research is needed is the development of effective demand response programs for different sectors. Different sectors have different energy consumption patterns, and demand response programs must be tailored to these patterns in order to be effective. For example, residential customers may be more responsive to price signals, while industrial customers may require more customized demand response programs. There is also a need for research on the optimal allocation of demand response resources. Demand response resources, such as energy storage or flexible loads, must be allocated in a way that maximizes their value to the grid while minimizing costs. Finally, there is a need for research on the role of consumers in demand side management. Consumers are an essential part of the energy system, and their behavior can have a significant impact on energy consumption. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing challenges related to load forecasting and demand-side management (DSM) without explicitly stating that AI can optimize these processes. It highlights that reliable data is lacking, particularly in developing countries, which is critical for effective load forecasting. This indicates that the integration of AI might not be feasible or effective due to these data collection issues. Furthermore, it emphasizes the complexity introduced by renewable energy sources and the variability they bring, suggesting that responding to such fluctuations for grid stability may not be easily achieved with current capabilities, including AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Report for the : University of Essex. . 2019. Effects of an agro-healing activity program on the physiological condition of adults with chronic metabolic diseases. J Environ. 22(4):355-364. Jeong, BD 2005. Effect of endemic flower-growing on the development of emotional growth of children. Master’s thesis. University of Education, Seoul, Korea. . 2020. Analysis of 2010s research trends in research on agro-healing in South Korea. J Environ. 23(3):267-276. Kim, DI 2008. Basic academic skills assessment Seoul, Korea: Hakjisa. . 2019. Effect of five senses activities in the forest on young children’s daily stress. J Environ. 22:99-110. Kim, HJ 2009. Study of self-concept, attachment, career maturity of children of double-income family. Master’s thesis. Kwangwoon University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, JS 1996. A study of communication between the mother and high school students and the effects on self esteem. Master’s thesis. University, Seoul, Korea. Kim, MS 2003. The effects of an intensive a weekly communication training programs on enhancing elementary school children’s relationship ability: Focused on Thomas Gordon’s effectiveness training. Master’s thesis. University of Education, Cheong-ju, Korea. Kim, MO 2019 Mind treatment using agriculture: Healing agriculture. Trend 36:10-15. Retrieved from Kong, SH 2009 Work-family balance and low birthrate of married men and women in from. 2004. Effect of horticultural activities on changes of behavioral and emotional development based on Steiner’s anthroposophy. . 7(4):7-17. Lee, IH 2012. A study on the level of satisfaction of citizens participating into the urban farming and recognition on the farming village experience tourism. Master’s thesis. University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea. . 2020. Current status and parents’ perception on horticultural activity programs for preschoolers in Korea. J Environ. 23(1):55-65. Lee, JK 2012. A longitudinal effects of parent attachment, peer attachment and teacher attachment on delinquency in adolescence. J Adolesc Welf. 14(2):51-73. Lee, SO 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and theses related to agro-healing activities, emotional development in children, and other unrelated topics. It does not mention paleoethnobotany or the relationship between people and plants in history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Finally, we present a perspective of (extra-)tropical Pacific variability in the PlioMIP2, combining our results with literature findings on changes in the tropical mean climate as well as the Oscillation (PDO). How to cite. Oldeman, A. M. , Baatsen, M. L. J. , von der Heydt, A. S. , Selten, F. M. , and Dijkstra, H. A. : Pacific variability despite suppressed El Niño variability in the warm mid-Pliocene climate, EGUsphere [preprint], 2024. Received: 14 Mar 2024 – Discussion started: 22 Mar 2024 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 2398 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2398 KB) Supplement (3228 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2398 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (3228 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/esd-15-1037-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We might be able to constrain uncertainty in future climate projections by investigating variations in the climate of the past. In this study, we investigate the interactions of climate variability between the tropical Pacific (El Niño) and the in a warm past climate – the mid-Pliocene, a period roughly 3 million years ago. Using model simulations, we find that, although the variability in El Niño was reduced, the variability in the atmosphere was not. . J. Baatsen, Anna S. von der Heydt, Frank M. Selten, and Henk A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interactions of climate variability specifically mentioning El Niño as a key component in the tropical Pacific climate. It indicates that the study investigates the El Niño phenomenon within the context of a past climate period, thereby supporting the assertion that El Niño is related to changes and patterns in climate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1652932/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractAs society appears determined to significantly reduce carbon emissions, the viable question arises how nature will follow. A simple model is applied to project atmospheric CO2 concentration and near-surface temperature for emissions reductions up to 3 %/year. In result for anthropogenic efforts of 1. 5-3 %/year emissions reduction, nature will return to the 1970’s CO2 concentration accompanied by a final industrial-eon temperature rise of 1. 4-1. 8 °C. For lower emissions reductions of e. g. 1 or 0 %/year, 22 % or 78 % of emissions need be technically removed per year to confine the temperature increase at 1. 8 °C. Within this temperature regime, humankind’s ocean heating is inferred to remain within natural variabilities and sea level to approximately rise by 6 m/°C at a pace of 0. 2 m/century. and ModelingCO2 uptake modellingCO2 fertilizationCO2 ocean bufferingemissions abatementatmospheric CO2 projectiontemperature projectionocean heatingsea level risecarbon capture and storageFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 31. IntroductionWithin broader society, there is wide-spread comprehension that the anthropogenic CO2 emissions remain in the atmosphere virtually forever. On the other hand within science, it is undisputed that nature continuously removes a significant portion of the human emissions from the atmosphere. From observation on the industrial past, nature has removed on average 3%/year of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions from the atmosphere [1]. This period has been characterized by ever-rising emissions. Now, society appears determined for the reverse, i. e. to steadily reduce emissions. This raises the viable question: Will nature continue on unchanged – reversible – path, i. e. still taking up 3%/year of the cumulated emissions, or have legacies built up inhibiting the return to previous states? The present studies start from the presumption that humankind is dedicated to a – seemingly realistic – 3%/year emissions reduction. To size nature’s reaction, the essential processes are entered into a simple modelling framework for CO2 concentration, surface temperature, ocean heating, and sea level. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while efforts to reduce carbon emissions are determined, nature's ability to absorb CO2 is limited and not guaranteed to continue at historical rates. The analysis suggests that without significant emissions reductions—up to 78% of emissions needing to be technically removed—reversal of climate change is unlikely. This implies that AI alone is insufficient for fully reversing climate change, as natural processes and substantial reductions are also necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Home E-submission us and scope About the journal About the society Editorial board Journal management team Advertising policies Open access Revenue sources Direct marketing Access and subscription Archiving policy Contact us 304. Published online: June 30, 2020 DOI: Between the and Biodiversity in the Sites of Hyun-Kyung Kang* Professor, Department of 31066, Korea *Corresponding author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr First author: Hyun-Kyung Kang, hkkang@smu. ac. kr 21, 2020, 1, 2020, 4, 2020, Copyright © 2020 by of People, Plants, and is an 4. 0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. and objective: This study was carried out to assess the relationship between the internal and external environments and the ecological items in five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity prior to the establishment of riparian ecological belts. Methods: The sites were classified into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type in accordance with their respective locational types. Ecological items including plant ecology such as proportion, naturalization index and urbanization index of native species were analyzed and animal ecology such as the number of species and population of wild birds, amphibians and reptiles, mammals, and butterflies and dragonflies, which are indicator insects, were investigated. In addition, species diversity indices of wild birds, butterflies and dragonflies found in all the subject lands were computed. Results: Among the plant ecological items, the ratio of native species in the forest type was higher than 90%, which was a satisfactory level, while the naturalization and urbanization indices were less than 10%. The number of species in the animal ecological characteristics was reduced in the order of forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. As the results of correlation analysis, the internal area of the planted area showed a negative correlation with the total of individuals. The area of grasslands showed a positive correlation with the number of dragonfly species and the total number of individuals, thereby illustrating that wet grasslands have positive effects. The area of surrounding forests, as an external environment, had a negative correlation with the urbanization index (UI) but a positive correlation with the inhabitation of butterflies and the total number of species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it discusses ecological relationships and indicators related to plant and animal ecology in various environments, which is somewhat related but does not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: AbstractEl Niño events exhibit rich diversity in their spatial patterns, which can lead to distinct global impacts. Therefore, how El Niño pattern diversity will change in a warmer climate is one of the most critical issues for future climate projections. Based on the sixth simulations, we report an inter-model consensus on future El Niño diversity changes. (CP) El Niño events are projected to occur more frequently compared to eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events. Concurrently, EP El Niño events are projected to increase in amplitude, leading to higher chances of extreme EP El Niño occurrences. We suggest that enhanced upper-ocean stability due to greenhouse warming can lead to a stronger surface-layer response for increasing positive feedbacks, more favorable excitation of CP El Niño. Whereas, enhanced nonlinear atmospheric responses to EP sea surface temperatures can lead to a higher probability of extreme EP El Niño. Similar content being viewed by others Future increase in extreme El Niño supported by past glacial changes 1. Important unresolved questions include how ENSO characteristics including amplitude, frequency, pattern, and asymmetry might change in response to greenhouse warming. Many studies have examined the response of ENSO to greenhouse warming2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and there has been much interest in model consensus as to whether ENSO variability might strengthen or weaken3,4,5,8,9,10,11,12. Recent studies showed that the majority of phase 6 (CMIP6) models show an increase in ENSO variability including both EP and CP El Niño events in response to greenhouse warming13,14, but still not for all models. In contrast to these uncertain ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) variance changes, climate models are also projecting some more robust changes in ENSO characteristics. For example, the precipitation response to will likely be amplified15 and shifted to the east15,16. The nonlinear atmospheric response to has been linked to projected more frequent extreme convective El Niño events17,18, which often accompanies swings to extreme La Niña events in the following year19. ENSO has a rich diversity in terms of its spatial and temporal patterns20,21,22,23. Importantly, SST pattern diversity leads to distinct patterns of anomalous convection and in turn to different global impacts24,25. Therefore, it is critical to better understand how ENSO diversity might change under greenhouse warming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how El Niño events are influenced by warming in the Pacific Ocean and how this affects global weather patterns. It explains the diversity of El Niño patterns and how their changes are critical for future climate projections, supporting the notion that El Niño is associated with shifts in global weather due to ocean temperature changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: The model framework serves as a handy tool for projections regarding future human emissions reductions. Since focusing on the driving terms, CO2 is considered as the sole anthropogenic emissions. 2. – understand nature’s functioning, the look is devoted to the past – first to preindustrial times revealing undisturbed nature and second, to the industrial eon with significant anthropogenic contributions. 2. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration During the preindustrial past 800 thousand years (ka), the atmospheric CO2 concentration has followed temperature in the order of 20–25 ppmv/°C within the range of about 180–280 ppmv (ppmv, volume parts per million). – At preindustrial times, global waters have released 1. 7 GtC/year into the atmosphere (cf. [2]). Apparently, terrestrial vegetation was prepared to consume these emissions leading to overall flux balance in first order. – During the industrial eon, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has approximately evolved from 280 ppmv to 420 ppmv. These measured concentrations can be related to the rather well known anthropogenic input if the latter is taken up by land and the oceans at a year-on-year rate of 3%/year [1]. 2. 2 Surface temperature Also for the preindustrial past 800 ka, the temperature can be viewed determined by the atmospheric CO2 concentration and direct temperature effects, the latter driven by the solar irradiation and snow/ice albedo alteration. The CO2-temperature contribution is approximated by the ‘Eocene relationship’ with TCO2 = ln(𝑝CO2/22) * 6. 68°C (TCO2, surface temperature in °C; 𝑝CO2, atmospheric CO2 volume mixing ratio in ppmv) [3], here the data of [4] used for 𝑝CO2. TCO2 comprises all related effects, e. g. from water vapor. When complemented by further driving forces, these are considered as correction terms, thus in turn also comprising all related effects. In the present studies, insolation is differentiated by the components eccentricity, obliquity, perihelion, flux at 65°N summer solstice, and global average [5]. Albedo is assumed proportional to sea level and in turn, sea level to seawater-δ18O [4]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors related to atmospheric CO2 concentrations and their historical context. It emphasizes the importance of understanding human emissions and the complexity of the natural processes involved, suggesting that simply relying on AI to reverse climate change is insufficient. The text elaborates on how the atmosphere's CO2 concentration has evolved over time and points out the significant anthropogenic contributions that have affected this balance, which cannot be fully managed or reversed by AI alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Conclusion: The results confirmed the need for more diversified special compositions including planted land, grassland, wetland, bodies of water and waterways within the subject land in the wetland ecological belt along with the need for surrounding forest location and preservation from the perspective of purchase and restoration of land for enhancement of wider biodiversity in the future. Key words: ecological items, forest type, wet grassland manage and improve water pollution in four major rivers in South Korea, the Ministry of Environment established an act on water management and resident support for each river basin and has designated and managed riparian zones based on the act. A riparian zone, as an interface between land and a river or stream, covers soil, plants and animals in the area and plays important roles such as controlling the flow of the river or stream, improving water quality, conserving water sources as well as being habitats for plants and animals (Forman and Godron, 1986). By purchasing lands within riparian zones and creating riparian ecological belts, the government has prevented the influx of non-point pollution sources, strengthened the connectivity of riparian ecosystems, and promoted biodiversity as well as water purification (Kang and Park, 2012). started to purchase the lands within the water source conservation zone including riparian zones in 2003 and created riparian ecological belts for conserving and improving the quality of water sources such as for multiregional water supply. As of December, 2018, 15. 497 km2 of the targeted area (1,243 km2) was purchased and except the forest land (8. 346 km2), 3. 942 km2 of the area that needs to be ecologically restored (6. 740 km2) was restored (Office, 2019). In particular, since it is important to plan the belt-shaped land purchase one by one considering the creation of riparian ecological belts prioritizing areas with a high inflow load factor (Shim et al. , 2014), it is necessary to purchase major non-point pollution sources - urbanized areas such as factories, restaurants, gas stations and residential areas - and create ecological belts by priority at the point of purchasing land based on the land cover classification instead of buying forests or agricultural lands. Trends in the studies on the riparian zones of the four major rivers were reviewed in this study and were divided into institutional and policy suggestions, creation plans, assessment systems and management plans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text focuses on ecological management, water quality, and biodiversity in riparian zones, and does not address the specific study of human-plant relationships throughout history as described in paleoethnobotany. Thus, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: On one hand, it was suggested in an earlier study that the frequency of the central Pacific (CP) El Niño might increase in a warmer climate26. On the other hand, recent studies showed that eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño variability might increase in a warmer climate13,27,28,29. Though the two papers dealt with different aspects such as occurrence frequency and variability, the two aspects have been used interchangeably so a comprehensive understanding is still needed. ResultsIn this study, we revisit the projected changes in El Niño diversity under greenhouse warming using the latest generation of climate models that participated in CMIP6 (1). It has been reported that these CMIP6 models show improvements in the simulated ENSO and Pacific mean state30. These improvements may provide an opportunity to find new robust changes in projected future ENSO characteristics. To examine El Niño’s spatial diversity, we developed an algorithm to detect a longitude of the peak SST anomalies (SSTA)31 (Methods). We first applied it to two observational SST datasets (Methods)32,33. The zonal distributions of the SSTA peak occurrences are shown in Fig. 1a,b. Both observational datasets exhibit a bimodal structure with maximums in the eastern and CP and an absence of peaks near 135°W, suggesting a clear separation into two groups of distinct events. We use this separation to classify CP and EP El Niño events, respectively. Even though several definitions of EP/CP events have been suggested20,21,22,34,35, the present method may provide a more direct and intuitive view to describe ENSO pattern diversity. Composites of the two groups show distinct SSTA patterns, centered in the central, and eastern Pacific, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 1). Fig. 1: Longitudinal distribution of El Niño SSTA center and its projected changes in the 21st century. a–e Histograms (normalized occurrences) of El Niño SSTA centers during November–December–January (NDJ) for ERSST (a), HadISST (b), as well as the MME of 30 CMIP6 models during the 20th century (1900–1999) (c), 21st century (2000–2099) (d), and their difference (e). Red, blue, and gray bars denote CP El Niño, EP El Niño, and mixed-type El Niño events, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of El Niño in climate science, specifically mentioning its relationship with Pacific Ocean temperatures and the variability of El Niño events. It highlights research on the projected changes in El Niño diversity and variations under greenhouse warming, linking climate patterns directly to warming temperatures in the Pacific Ocean.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: The temperature contributions from insolation and snow/ice albedo are determined by fit to the temperature measurements through the past ca. 800 ka [6]. At first, the subdivision between insolation and albedo is non-unique. In the present work, the relative contributions of albedo and CO2 are constrained by consistency between energy budget [7] and absorber density dependencies [8]. In result, the effects from insolation and snow/ice albedo can be approximated by multiplying the CO2-temperature contribution of the Eocene relationship with 1. 4. This factor has proven its applicability in previous computations [8]. The left part of Fig. 1 shows the measured temperatures (solid blue line) in comparison with the computation of the present work (dotted brown line). The measurement data are scaled to reflect a glacial-interglacial span of 4°C. The right part of Fig. 1 presents the decomposition into the CO2-temperature relationship (solid blue line) and the contributions from insolation (solid yellow line) and albedo (dotted red line). The insolation contributions of Fig. 1 are obtained from 65°N summer solstice superimposed by the global average. As a result, insolation cannot be found to significantly contribute to the gross glacial-interglacial temperature pattern. Notwithstanding, it certainly plays a major role for the cyclic reversals. As complementary note, the discussed temperature contributions relate to equilibrium states. Upon a disturbance from equilibrium, e. g. the CO2 concentration changing from a certain steady level to another, it takes in the order of ≳ 1000 years until the temperature asymptotically reaches the new equilibrium temperature [8]. temperature contribution from atmospheric CO2 is considered well known from the Eocene relationship. For the present Late Quaternary, the second-next contribution originates from snow/ice albedo alteration, as rule of thumb amounting to 40% of the CO2 contribution. 2. 3 Ocean heat content (OHC) The oceans are a prominent energy store and at the same time, exhibit strong inertia to Earth energy variabilities. Thus, the ocean heat content and its time pattern strongly influence the surface temperature evolvement. The (total global) ocean heat content (OHC) during the past 2000 years can be subdivided into four sections (Fig. 2, solid blue line) [9]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of climate change and the factors involved in temperature regulation, such as CO2 and albedo contributions. It emphasizes that temperature changes and the reaching of new equilibrium states take a significant amount of time (more than 1000 years according to the text) and that contributions from insolation do not significantly affect the temperature patterns. This suggests that attributing the reversal of climate change solely to AI by 2050 overlooks the multifaceted nature of climate dynamics and the time required for these contributions to manifest.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Among those on systems and policies on riparian zones, Cho (2010) analyzed and suggested measures to improve the status and problems of land purchase systems that have been implemented under the Act on in the Yeongsan and Basins. Li and Koo (2017) surveyed the status and recognition of land acquisition for the restoration project in the basin to identify problems in the project and suggested strategic plans for the effective implementation and management of land acquisition projects appropriate for the environment of Korea. Shim et al. (2014) suggested methods of determining land purchase priorities for improving the water quality of rivers and effectively creating riparian ecological belts in consideration of inflow load factor and access to basins. Ban (2010) wrote landscape-type unit maps and assessed their ecological value to suggest a priority model through an landscape ecological approach for the creation of riparian green spaces. For the purpose of developing a diagnostic assessment method for the creation, conservation and management of riparian ecological belts, Cho and Choi (2014) compared with the evaluation method of riverine forests used in Japan and suggested an appropriate assessment technique. Park (2014) suggested methods of setting items, standards and grades for the ecological assessment of purchased lands within protected areas such as riparian zones, water source conservation zones and ecological and landscape conservation areas. Multiple studies have been also conducted on measures to create riparian zones such as suggesting models and techniques of planning riparian green spaces that reflect natural vegetation structures and setting plant species, standards of planting and models for creating riparian green spaces suitable for the growth conditions of plants (Kim, 2009; Kim, 2011; Park, 2013; Song, 2012). Regarding measures to manage riparian zones, Byon and Lee (2012) surveyed land use status, dominant species, alien species, plant coverage rate and ecological succession in the riparian zones, divided the zones into conservation, restoration and improvement areas and suggested measures to improve the zones. Oh (2014) conducted a survey on the base environment and ecological environment of the riparian ecological belts created along the Han River, analyzed problems and suggested measures to manage the riparian ecological belts. Back (2019) conducted time series and AHP analyses on the water source conservation zones and riparian zones of the basin to suggest eco-friendly measures to create highly resilient riparian zones in purchased lands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies related to riparian zones and land management, but it does not address paleoethnobotany or the historical relationship between people and plants. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: Error bars indicate the 95% confidence level obtained using the bootstrap method (Methods). f–k SSTA spatial patterns of each El Niño type in the CMIP6 MME: CP El Niño in the 20th century (f), 21st century (g), and difference (h). EP El Niño in the 20th century (i), 21st century (j), and difference (k). Values shown in shading are statistically significant at the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method. The units are [°C] for (f–k). Full size imageMore frequent CP El Niño and Stronger EP El Niño in a warmer climateNow, we apply this method to the CMIP6 simulations to determine the occurrences of each El Niño type. Figure 1c shows the zonal distribution of the El Niño SSTA peaks for the 20th century (1900–1999). Next, we calculate the multi-model ensemble (MME) average. Even though the central peak longitude histogram is smoothed out (i. e. , less bimodal), possibly due to the MME, the CMIP6 MME shows a broad central Pacific peak (145–175°W) and sharp eastern peak (115–125°W) in the distribution. Based on this, we define CP and EP El Niño events following the same criteria as done for the observations. That is, El Niño events having their peak SSTA located between 165°E–145°W are defined as CP events and between 105–125°W as EP events. Small adjustments to the longitude criteria do not change the main conclusions of this study. The models can simulate distinct SSTA patterns between the CP and EP El Niño events (Fig. 1f, h). In the 21st century (2000–2099), the models tend to simulate a more distinctive bimodal structure (Fig. 1d). The maximum probability of the CP peak is comparable to that of the EP peak. The difference in the histograms between the 21st and 20th centuries shows that the probabilities at 155–165°W are projected to significantly increase whereas the probability at 115°W is projected to significantly decrease (Fig. 1e). This suggests that CP El Niño events will occur more frequently in a warmer climate. The spatial patterns of EP and CP El Niño events also show distinct features in the 21st century (Fig. 1g, i). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing distinct SSTA (Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies) patterns of different types of El Niño and how their occurrences are projected to change in a warmer climate. It mentions that CP (Central Pacific) El Niño events are expected to occur more frequently as the climate warms, which aligns with the definition of El Niño affecting weather patterns.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: A Driving-term central aim of the present work is to unveil nature’s proceeding in case anthropogenic CO2 emissions will be reduced significantly. Would uptake of the anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 continue at the previously experienced rate of 3%/year? How would temperature follow a decrease of atmospheric CO2 concentration? This paragraph presents a driving-term model derived from the past, enabling straightforward projections into the future. Predominantly, the CO2 uptake from the atmosphere is viewed determined by a four-fold matrix spanned by surface temperature and CO2 concentration for the oceans and terrestrial vegetation. The construction of the present model follows a series of constraints, particularly given by (i) the data on the anthropogenic CO2 emissions, here used from [13]; (ii) measurements on the atmospheric CO2 concentration, the data here also from [13]; (iii) measurements on the atmospheric near-surface temperature trend during the industrial eon [14]; (iv) measurements and previous research results on the recent CO2 uptake by the oceans [15]; (v) the preindustrial net primary production of the terrestrial vegetation at approximately 60 GtC/year, changing via the Keeling formula (a) with the atmospheric CO2 concentration and (b), with the surface temperature via the growth factor in the formula; (vi) lower limit of the airborne fraction in the order of 15% [16]; (vii) upper limit of the ocean uptake about 5 times the atmospheric uptake (i. e. the preindustrial carbon content ratio between the oceans and the atmosphere, and accounting for the present Revelle factor); (viii) the ocean uptake dilution from temperature and CO2 concentration in the order of 240 GtC for the period 2000–2100 in the IS92e scenario [17]. The analysis on the oceans is concentrated on a time horizon of ≳ 100 years, thus on the upper ocean layer since the present studies focus on the first-order terms. 3. 1 Ocean CO2 uptake The ocean uptake weakens with accumulation of CO2. To emulate this effect, the 3%/year-uptake rate of the past is diluted for the future by 5∙10− 4/GtCO2 per cumulated CO2. – The uptake temperature dependency is considered via CO2 release from the oceans with an atmospheric concentration contribution of 20 ppmv/°C (see analysis on the past above), the temperature determined as outlined below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of CO2 emissions reduction and the interactions between various environmental factors, suggesting that the modeling process is multifaceted and involves more than just AI. It emphasizes the necessity of significant reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions and the limitations of ocean CO2 uptake in relation to temperature and atmospheric CO2 concentration, which implies that AI alone is insufficient to fully address climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: These earlier studies mostly tended to focus on the classification of riparian zones from an interregional perspective and the creation, assessment and management of riparian zones through status analysis. It has been over 15 years since the riparian ecological belts were created in the basin, and in this respect this study aimed to conduct a survey on the ecological characteristics of each locational type, to analyze the correlation between the internal and external environments of study areas and their ecological status focusing on the areas that showed a relatively high use intensity before they were purchased and thus to identify environmental factors that affect the areas. By doing so, base data required to establish guidelines for determining land purchase priorities and classifying management types in the future will be provided. Study sites Among the riparian ecological belts created in the riparian zones of the basin, five sites with a high level of artificial use intensity were selected as study sites. Since the selected sites used to be high point and non-point pollution sources such as restaurants, residential areas, farms and rice paddies before the riparian ecological belts were created, this study identified the characteristics of and the relationship between the surrounding land use status after tearing down the facilities and biodiversity. Regarding the criteria for classifying locational types, Kim (2003) pointed out that over 100 m of a vegetation buffer zone near wetlands needs to be created for wild animals to live and move. Park (2014) also classified the types of purchased lands such as setting the areas within 30 m from the boundary of rivers or lakes as a vital zone and the areas beyond 100 m as a buffer zone. Based on this and the land cover classification, this study divided the areas within 100 m from the study sites into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type. The aerial orthophotos that were taken in October, 2012 and were provided by the were analyzed to obtain land cover maps. Specifically, the forest type included Jikdong located in Donggu, Daejeon and Namdaemunri located in Hoenammyeon, Boeungu, Chungbuk, and the cultivated land type included Sangjangri located in Munuimyeon, Cheongjusi and Yongbangri located in Iwonmyeon, Okchengun, Chungbuk. The urbanized type included Secheondong located in Donggu, Daejeon (Fig. 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information related to paleoethnobotany or the examination of the historical relationship between people and plants. Instead, it focuses on ecological characteristics and land use in riparian zones, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: It is interesting that the maximum location of SSTA during EP El Niño in the 21st century is slightly shifted to the west, compared to that in the present climate. This is consistent with the higher occurrence probability at 125°W compared to at 115°W (Fig. 1d). This suggests that SSTA peaks are westward shifted in the 21st century. In addition, the distribution for peaks of La Niña events also shows quite similar changes to that of El Niño events, indicating more frequent CP La Niña events in the CMIP6 models in the 21st century (Supplementary Fig. 2). Even though the MME results show statistically significant changes in the occurrence of EP and CP El Niño events, we next investigate the changes in the individual models to obtain robust conclusions. Figure 2a shows how individual models simulate the occurrence frequencies of CP and EP El Niño events. To compare the occurrence frequency, the ratio of the CP events relative to the total number of both events (CP and EP El Niño) is calculated. Note that the results are consistent even if the ratio is calculated from the total number of all El Niño events: CP, EP, and mixed-type El Niño. For the MME, the ratio of CP El Niño significantly increases from 0. 47 to 0. 62 (P< 0. 05). Among the 30 CMIP6 climate models, 25 models (83%) show an increased occurrence frequency of CP El Niño events and only 5 models (17%) show a decrease. Even though the CMIP6 simulations show relatively large error bars due to the use of only one realization, 16 models show a statistically significant increase in CP El Niño occurrence, whereas only 2 models show a statistically significant decrease at the 95% confidence level, suggesting that the increased occurrence frequency of CP events under greenhouse warming is quite robust. Fig. 2: Changes in frequency and magnitude in each type of El Niño. a Ratios of frequencies of CP El Niño events relative to the sum of the total number of CP and EP El Niño events. b The composites of Niño3 SSTA for EP El Niño events, and c Niño4 SSTA for CP El Niño events. Red and blue bars represent the 20th and 21st centuries, respectively. The error bars indicate the 95% confidence level using the bootstrap method (Methods). The units are [°C] for b, c. Full size imageOne notable change seen in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing changes in the occurrence frequencies of El Niño events, specifically noting the increase in Central Pacific (CP) El Niño events and the impact of these phenomena under greenhouse warming. It describes significant statistical changes and modeling results that support the understanding of how El Niño impacts global weather patterns, aligning with the claim about the warming Pacific Ocean influencing climate.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: – While anthropogenic emissions and entailed atmospheric CO2 concentration may be reduced in the future, the ocean carbon content first reflects the cumulated (strong) uptake from the past. To account for adaptation, the difference between the stronger uptake rate of the past to the lower uptake rate in the future is regarded as release from the oceans. The time lag is taken as 100 years according to the typical cycle time of the upper ocean layer. Slower ocean processes will take up additional 6–7% and yet further 3% on the 10,000-year and 100,000-year time scales for the considered emissions and concentrations [16], however neglected in the present analysis. 3. 2 Terrestrial vegetation CO2 uptake Uptake of anthropogenic CO2 by the terrestrial vegetation is regarded according to the Keeling formula, with 60 GtC/year of preindustrial net primary production, fertilized via ln(𝑝CO2/285), the preindustrial growth factor of 0. 56 changing by -7. 8°C with surface temperature as inferred from [18]. – Soil respiration principally changes with atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature. Since these variables strongly correlate, solely the dependency on the former is regarded. Assuming a base respiration level of 60 GtC/year, the dependency is taken to increase by 17. 5 per 160 ppmv of pCO2 elevation [19]. Care is taken not to release more than available soil carbon stock, the preindustrial amount regarded as 1,900 GtC. – Analogous to the oceans in case the atmospheric CO2 concentration shrinks, the excess between the stronger previous uptake relative to the lower actual uptake is considered as release to the atmosphere, here with a time lag of 30 years reflecting the typical cycle time of terrestrial vegetation [20,21]. – Among the results, the model yields an uptake ratio between land and oceans of 62:38 for the cumulated uptakes during the industrial eon (years 1850–2020). 3. 3 Surface temperature The temperature is derived from the atmospheric CO2 concentration according to the Eocene relationship, multiplied by 1. 4 for albedo effects – these equilibrium-related figures assumed realized during the industrial eon to 34% until the present and this ratio linearly changing in time, e. g. amounting to 42% in 100 years. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complex processes involved in carbon uptake by oceans and terrestrial vegetation, indicating that while reductions in anthropogenic emissions may occur, natural systems exhibit significant time lags and limitations in their capacity to absorb CO2. It emphasizes that the ocean carbon content reflects past uptake and that future uptake will not be sufficient to fully reverse climate change, providing evidence that AI alone cannot achieve this goal within the given timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: The area of the sites ranged between 5,845 m2 and 8,667 m2, and they were created between 2005 and 2012. Namdaemunri used to be residential areas and farms and a bio-circulation forest was created mostly with Liriodendron tulipifera in the site in 2005. Supplementary planting was performed in 2012. Secheondong located within the downtown used to have restaurants and a landscape forest was created with Prunus sargentii in the site. Jikdong and Yongbangri used to be rice paddies and wetlands and grasslands were created with herbaceous plants. In Sangjangri, a grassland with Miscanthus sinensis and a woodland with Acer palmatum and Pinus koraiensis were formed (Table 1). Survey content and methods The study sites used to show a high use intensity in the past and 8–15 years have passed since riparian ecological belts were created. Their internal and external land use status was surveyed and they were divided into plant ecology and animal ecology for analyzing the status of ecology through on-site surveys. Land use status The areas within an external radius of 100 m from the study sites were divided into forest type, cultivated land type and urbanized type (artificial facilities like roads and residential and commercial areas) and the internal areas were divided into planting area, grassland and water surface. Their area was calculated individually. A 1/5,000 digital topographic map was used and the area of each type was calculated using ArcGIS 10. 1. Plant ecology The flora and actual vegetation of the study sites were surveyed. The flora that grew in each study site was recorded on a 1/5,000 digital topographic map. The actual vegetation in the urbanized land was recorded based on its land use status and in the case of planting area, grassland and water surface, major dominant species were recorded. When it was difficult to identify plants on-site, they were collected and identified indoor. Plant species was listed according to the (KPNI), and naturalized species were identified based on the (Park, 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on land use and ecological surveys of specific sites without discussing the relationship between people and plants in historical contexts. The detailed descriptions of plant ecology and land types do not connect to the concept of paleoethnobotany.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: El Niño is a climate pattern that occurs when the Pacific Ocean warms, affecting global weather patterns. [SEP] Text: 1f-i is that the SSTA is greater in the 21st century for both EP and CP events. In particular, the EP El Niño SSTA becomes considerably stronger. The intensified EP El Niño in response to greenhouse warming in the CMIP6 simulations was already reported by previous studies11,13. To determine ENSO amplitude changes of the individual models, Fig. 2b, c shows Niño3 and Niño4 SSTA composite anomalies of the EP and CP El Niño events, respectively, to examine the amplitude changes. On one hand, the MME average of the EP El Niño events shows about 23% increase of Niño3 SSTA in the 21st century (Fig. 2b). Among 30 models, 18 models simulate stronger Niño3 SSTA and 11 models simulate weaker Niño3 SSTA in the 21st century compared to the 20th century. On the other hand, the Niño4 SSTA associated with CP El Niño is projected to increase slightly in the 21st century, but it is not statistically significant from the inter-model spread. For individual models, 16 models simulate a strengthened CP El Niño and 12 models simulate a weakened CP El Niño. Therefore, we conclude that the enhanced El Niño amplitude in the 21st century across CMIP6 models is more evident for the EP El Niño13,27. So far, we showed that the occurrences of CP El Niño events are projected to increase more than the occurrences of EP El Niño events in a warmer climate, but the magnitude of the EP El Niño becomes larger. The intensified EP El Niño amplitude with the decreased occurrence frequency can be explained by more extreme EP El Niño events. Figure 3 shows the ratio of moderate, strong, and extreme El Niño events to the total number of EP and CP El Niño events, respectively. The moderate, strong, and extreme EP El Niño (CP El Niño) events are defined when Niño3 (Niño4) SSTA are greater than 0. 5, 1, and 2 standard deviation, respectively. In the present climate, extreme El Niño events account for about 10% of all EP El Niño events. However, the ratio of extreme El Niño events considerably increases to ~15% in the 21st century, which is consistent with some previous studies13,27. Therefore, the EP El Niño magnitude averaged over all EP El Niño events is increased. In contrast, extreme CP El Niño events account for about 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increased strength and frequency of El Niño events due to warming in the Pacific Ocean. It mentions that the ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) is affected by the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) during the 21st century, indicating that global warming influences the intensity and characteristics of the EP (Eastern Pacific) and CP (Central Pacific) El Niño events, thus affecting global weather patterns, which supports the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Future:Now with a practicable tool at hand, the look is devoted into the future for nature’s reaction upon human emissions abatement. As humankind appears prepared for significant emissions reduction, 3%/year (year-on-year) represents the core of the present studies. 4. 1 Atmospheric CO2 concentration For this abatement, the present estimation model points at a long-term steady atmospheric CO2 concentration of 330 ppmv (Fig. 3, left, dashed red line) with a long-term accumulation share of 14%, 61%, and 25% between the atmosphere, the terrestrial vegetation, and the oceans, respectively. Atmospheric CO2 concentration and airborne fraction are in good agreement with previous sophisticated studies on the role of the oceans [16]. 4. 2 Surface temperature The temperature is inferred as explained by the following example. Let us imagine a maximum 𝑝CO2 of 430 ppmv with a 1. 3°C-temperature rise close to the present and a later reduction to steady 330 ppmv with an associated long-term equilibrium temperature gain of 1. 4°C. In this case, the contemporary temperature has nearly reached the final equilibrium temperature, hence is expected to remain stable on the long-term future. These figures correspond to an emissions reduction of 3/%year (dashed red lines in Fig. 3, CO2 concentration left, temperature right). If abatement was only 1. 5year, the estimation model yields a long-term temperature gain of 1. 8°C (dot-dashed red lines in Fig. 3). For comparison if emissions ceased at present, the future steady CO2 concentration is indicated at 320 ppmv with an associated temperature gain of 1. 2°C. The precedingly outlined approach is a ‘forward synchronization’ between contemporary transition states and future equilibrium, i. e. both primarily directed by rising concentrations. If the new equilibrium state is to exhibit reduced CO2 concentrations (e. g. 290 ppmv from and Storage, CCS), the further transition becomes ‘down-forced’ inverse-analogous to the industrial-eon past. For a long-term temperature confinement of 1. 8°C, the present estimation scheme indicates the following CCS requirements for various scenarios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that achieving long-term stabilization of atmospheric CO2 and temperature requires significant emissions reduction efforts rather than relying solely on AI. It mentions a target of 3% emissions reduction per year and describes complex interactions of CO2 concentration and temperature stabilization over time, indicating that AI alone is insufficient for reversing climate change without human effort and emissions control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Based on the surveyed results of the flora, the ratio of native species, the ratio of naturalized species (number of naturalized species observed in a certain area/total number of plant species), urbanization index (number of naturalized species in a certain area/total number of naturalized species distributed across the country) were calculated. Animal ecology An animal ecology survey was conducted in three seasons including spring, summer and fall on amphibians and reptiles, mammals and indicator insects such as butterflies and dragonflies, and in four seasons on wild birds. The survey on wild birds was conducted using a line transect method. Using the method, wild birds that appeared within 25 m of the determined line were observed with the naked eye and binoculars while walking down the line, and the number of species and individuals were identified based on their cry and flying. Amphibians and reptiles were surveyed in the wetlands and the existing water systems within the study sites and the observed species, the status of habitats and the location of observation, the number of individuals, etc. were recorded. In the case of mammals, the number of species and individuals were surveyed either by directly observing them or by estimating and recording the excrement, footprints, coverts and traces of small mammals that were expected to live within the study sites. Butterflies as indicator insects were surveyed utilizing a line transect method and the number of species and individuals were recorded by counting them that were observed within 2. 5 m of the surveyed line. Species were identified using the method suggested by Ju et al. (1997) and Kim (2002) and their name was found on the (of Korea and of Applied Entomology, 1994). Since butterflies as primary consumers are the prey of secondary consumers and the food source of pollinators and wild birds (Blair, 1999) and are closely related to biodiversity, they were selected as indicator insects. The habitats of dragonflies were also surveyed utilizing a line transect method by recording the name of species and the number of individual imagoes that were observed within 2. 5 m of the surveyed line. Those that were difficult to identify accurately were collected using a catcher (diameter 40 cm) to identify their name, and their species and name were identified based on Jung (2007). Dragonflies were selected as they were the secondary consumers that occupy the middle part of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems and are important indicator species from the perspective of biodiversity (Bae, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about paleoethnobotany or its focus on the relationship between people and plants in history. Instead, it discusses various ecological surveys on flora and fauna, particularly emphasizing methodologies for surveying wild birds, amphibians, reptiles, and butterflies. While it mentions plants and their species, it does not connect them to human history or the field of paleoethnobotany.