Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can help identify patterns in medical data that might be missed by human analysis. [SEP] Text: These same tools might make for overall safer driving, but when we see accidents happen with those tools we all get very alarmed because we wonder, did the machine lead to this problem? This is a difficult challenge that society has to figure out, that right balance. We probably can’t eliminate all risks, but these tools can perhaps help us to eliminate some of the risks that are not always visible to us today in how we practice medicine. That’s really some of the discussion we’re having at NAM about how to make those things visible and to figure out what are the right safeguards to put in place. What’s the role of government around that? What’s the role of private actors as well? A model is our Safety Board, where there is federal oversight that brings together the information but also requires private entities, in that case private airlines. In our case, it would be private health systems sharing data in a way that allows everyone to learn from it but isn’t done in a way that introduces new risks—legal risks or things that would get people sued or put at a competitive disadvantage because they’re sharing the information. would love to see thoughts about that kind of a structure put forward because this is such an important area that we all need to learn together. I think there’s an opportunity to consider that kind of a model. Dr Bibbins-Domingo:JAMA recently put out a call for papers on AI in clinical practice and AI in medicine. You have a long history as a researcher bringing data to bear on these important questions. What types of studies would you want to see that would help us as we continue to move forward? Dr Bindman:I’m so glad you’re doing this at JAMA. Thinking creatively about all these applications and how AI might be used is really an exciting thing to create a forum around, for us all to be learning collectively. It really runs the gamut from some of the things that can go on in what I call the back office. Like how do we more effectively do some of the documentation, some of the logistics around effectively helping patients steer to the right level of care based on their problems or symptoms. You and I, as primary care physicians, have personally provided that role for many of our patients over the years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how AI tools can potentially help eliminate risks in medical practice that are not always visible. It mentions the importance of using AI to enhance collective learning in medicine, which aligns with the idea that AI can identify patterns in medical data that human analysis might overlook. Additionally, the dialogue about the role of AI in improving patient care logistics and documentation suggests that AI is viewed as a valuable asset in analyzing and processing medical information.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Wilcoxon test revealed significantly higher wMel abundance in sites with historic releases (p = 1. 45e-05). C Individuals from all populations ranked by total wMel abundanceFull size imagewMel was a hub of mutually exclusive relationships with other microbiome specieswMel abundance did not correlate with either total bacterial abundance (p = 0. 66) or observed species richness (p = 0. 89). However, there was a significant inverse relationship between wMel abundance and Shannon’s Index (p = 0. 02). Thus, as wMel abundance increased, the relative abundance of other bacterial species in the microbiome became less uniform. A previous investigation of wMel-infected Ae. aegypti revealed a reduction in several low abundance genera across the microbiome, but did not report information about wMel infection variation [43]. To specifically explore the effect of wMel abundance, we constructed an interaction network to assess patterns of co-occurrence and mutual exclusion within the microbiome. This approach revealed a network of 71 species, which was significantly enriched for core microbiome species (obs. = 42; exp. = 4. 6; χ2 = 355. 7; p = 2. 4 × 10–79) and comprised two predominant subnetworks (Fig. 4a; Additional file 5). The first subnetwork (hereafter referred to as the “wMel subnetwork”) comprised 35 mutually-exclusive bacterial relationships specifically with wMel and had a low relative level of connectivity (average of 1. 5 edges per node). The second, larger subnetwork (hereafter referred to as the “non-wMel subnetwork”) comprised 56 species and was notable for a higher average level of connectivity (2. 2 edges per node), and both co-occurrence (n = 66) and mutually exclusive (n = 58) interaction edges. Three additional characteristics further distinguished these subnetworks. First, the wMel subnetwork comprised species identified at significantly lower abundances than those in the non-wMel subnetwork (Fig. 4B) despite the proportion of core microbiome species being indistinguishable between the two (χ2 = 0. 45; p = 0. 50). Second, interaction edges in the wMel subnetwork were significantly weaker in their absolute magnitude than those in the larger network (Fig. 4C; p = 8. 38 × 10–6). Third, the larger network included B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complex relationships and diversity present within microbiome compositions. It describes the interaction between different species, the presence of mutually exclusive relationships, and the variations in abundance between wMel and non-wMel subnetworks. Specifically, it notes that increases in wMel abundance lead to less uniformity in the relative abundance of other bacterial species, suggesting that microbiomes are not identical but rather vary in composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: (A) K3L copy number was assessed for all sequenced reads that unambiguously aligned to K3L at least once, as in Figure 2C. (B) K3LHis47Arg and E9LGlu495Gly allele frequencies in each population were estimated using ONT reads, as in Figure 2B. Allele frequencies for all sequenced populations are included in Figure 6—source data 1. (C) Stacked bar plots representing the proportions of mixed and homogeneous arrays were generated from sequenced ONT reads, as in Figure 3. (D) ONT reads were assessed for the presence of each breakpoint (shown relative to the genome to the right) by aligning reads to a query sequence containing K3L using BLAST and extracting the starts and ends of individual alignments to the K3L duplicon. Due to sequencing errors, a proportion of reads do not match either breakpoint 1 or breakpoint 2. Figure 6—source data 2 Data used to generate Figure 6D. Download elife-35453-fig6-data2-v1. xlsx Figure 6—source data 1 Single nucleotide variants in all sequenced virus populations from Illumina or ONT datasets. Data used to generate Figure 6B. Download elife-35453-fig6-data1-v1. xlsx Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Model of K3LHis47Arg homogenization within K3L CNV via gene conversion. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Variety of mixed vaccinia genomes in P15 sequencing data. We selected a random set of 20 vaccinia genomes of the specified copy number from the P15 sequencing data (a passage with a large proportion of mixed genomes), and plotted the distribution of K3LHis47Arg and K3LWT alleles within each genome. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Error rate distribution within K3LHis47Arg sequence context. (A) Kernel density plots representing the distribution of error rates for T>C, T>A, T>G, and T>deletion error across all TATGC 5-mers in data from each flowcell chemistry. (B) Kernel density plots representing the distribution of error rates for C>T, C>A, C>G, and C>deletion errors across all TACGC 5-mers in data from each flowcell chemistry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding sky surveys and data management techniques. It primarily discusses specific methodologies and analyses related to genetic data and sequencing but does not mention sky surveys, datasets, or data management. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can predict and prevent all health issues before they occur. [SEP] Text: • Centre for Wildfires, Ecology and Society website is a great resource to learnmore about bushfires and how they affect ecosystems and communities. Its website has sections for new research being published, the latest news in wildfire research and jobs. It also hosts events and talks where you can learn more about the field of bushfire research. • Get in touch with your local university or college to see if it has a department that studies bushfire management and offers any volunteering or research opportunities. Gaining experience of working as a researcher of any kind can provide you with valuable experience and help you explore your career options. What were your interests when you were growing up? As a kid, I always had my pockets full of something. I couldn’t help myself – I was constantly picking things up to take home and investigate later. I collected rocks, plants, sand, sticks and shells… I was always rescuing injured birds, insects, lizards and worms. I just really loved being out in nature. I had a strong environmental focus from an early age. was about 12, I joined a local ‘Stream Watch’ club that assessed water quality and surveyed the local aquatic wildlife once a month. This taught me a lot about how to run scientific experiments, and I was hooked. However, I also really loved acting and singing, so I was often torn between science and the arts. The best part of my current role is that I can combine my love of science with my love of communicating to explain science in fun and exciting ways. Who inspired you to become a scientist? David Attenborough’s documentaries were mind-blowing to me as a kid. I would watch these films and make a ‘bucket list’ of species I wanted to see and places I wanted to go one day. I was also extremely lucky to have family friends who were working zoologists, so I spent many holidays with them wading through lakes, chasing frogs or spotlighting (a way of observing nocturnal animals in the dark). I knew from an early age that I wanted a job that felt meaningful, and that allowed me to be out in nature. What attributes have made you successful as a scientist? I think one of the key things that makes me a successful scientist is that I have a deep curiosity about the world around me and a drive to do research that will have direct and tangible impacts. I like tricky and complicated questions, and I am motivated to find the answers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences and insights related to environmental science, wildlife research, and the journey of becoming a scientist. It does not address AI, health issues, or predictive technologies in any way, therefore it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: subtilis, a confirmed Ae. aegypti midgut microbe and the highest abundance species in this study, as well as numerous other high abundance taxa previously identified in the Ae. aegypti midgut (e. g. , B. cereus/thuringiensis, E. faecium, E. coli, S. aureus/simulans/cohnii, S. enterica). Thus, the larger subnetwork was more robustly interconnected and contained a diversity of abundant taxa from the midgut microbiome. In contrast, wMel serves as a hub of negative pairwise relationships with relatively low abundance species, even though many of these are part of the core microbiome. We propose that this structure may derive from more direct interactions between wMel and members of the reproductive microbiome, given the higher abundance of wMel in reproductive tissues relative to somatic tissues [72]. Fig. 4wMel forms a negative interaction hub within the Ae. Aegypti microbiome network. A Microbiome interaction network analysis using Wisconsin normalized read counts resulted in a network of 71 species and 159 edges. Red edges represent mutual exclusion interactions (significant negative Pearson’s correlation coefficient) and green edges represent co-occurrence interactions (significant positive Pearson’s correlation coefficient). Core microbiome species are highlighted in purple. wMel was involved exclusively in negative pairwise interactions with 35 species. B Density plot displaying the strength of interactions edges with wMel (orange) and the remaining edges in the network not involving wMel (grey). C Density plot displaying the mean read count for species included in the network. Species with mutually exclusive interactions with wMel are shown in orange and have a significantly lower average read count (t = 2. 43; p-value = 0. 02) than all other species in the network (grey)Full size imageMicrobiome independent and dependent components of wMel variationTo assess overall patterns of variation within the microbiome, we utilized a Analysis and observed three main axes that captured 76. 34% of the total variation (Fig. 5). The first axis (58. 73% of variation) included wMel as the eigenvector with the largest magnitude (Fig. 5A). The contribution of wMel variation to this axis was supported by the fact that Axis 1 loadings exhibited a significant correlation with wMel abundance across individuals (r = -0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diversity of microbiome compositions, as evidenced by the presence of various taxa in the microbiome of Ae. aegypti. It specifically mentions the high abundance of certain species and how the interaction network varies, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical and can change based on the presence of specific taxa and their interactions within the network. The mention of core microbiome species and their varying abundances indicates individual differences in microbiome compositions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset sequencing error does not impact observed patterns of K3L copy number or K3LHis47Arg allele heterogeneity. The P15 vaccinia population was sequenced with R7. 3, R9, and R9. 4 chemistry ONT flowcells. (A) Stacked bar plots representing the diversity of allele combinations within single-copy and multicopy reads were generated from sequenced ONT reads from each chemistry, as in Figure 3 and Figure 5 (original manuscript). (B) All mixed genomes observed in the data from each flowcell chemistry were converted to homogeneous genomes (Extended Methods), and sequencing errors were randomly distributed throughout these genomes at a rate equivalent to the median C>T or T>C error rate for the particular chemistry (see 1). Stacked bar plots representing the resulting diversity of allele combinations were then created as in (A). (C) We performed the simulation in (B) a total of 1000 times, and generated kernel density plots representing the distribution of mixed genome proportions recovered in each simulation. The red line indicates the proportion of mixed genomes observed in the experimental data for the sequencing chemistry of interest. . Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset 1 Summary of ONT sequencing datasets Population*Total sequenced readsMean read length (bp)Read length N50 (bp)Total sequenced bases (Gbp)Reads containing K3LP5239,737216859320. 521190P1091,815352376930. 32912P15388,502449369081. 754317P2094,050289377020. 27789 *ONT sequencing datasets for all populations are available in Table 1-source data 1 Table 1-source data 1 Complete summary of ONT sequencing datasets Download elife-35453-fig1-v1. xlsx Table 2 Median sequencing error rates using various ONT flowcell chemistries Mutation and context (amino acid change)R7. 3R9R9. 4TA[T > C]GC (His47Arg)0. 0230. 0230. 005TA[C > T]GC (Arg47His)0. 0150. 0240. 026AT[T > C]CG (Glu495Gly)0. 0140. 0180. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is focused on specific sequencing methodologies and results, discussing genetic diversity and error rates rather than addressing the nature of data management techniques or the datasets generated by sky surveys. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that sky surveys generate massive datasets requiring sophisticated data management.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: May 21, 2021 Project: How a successful not-for-profit organisation is working to protect orangutans from extinction Project was founded in 1998 by orangutan expert and conservationist Leif Cocks. Today, it takes a multifaceted approach to conservation, targeting the key threats facing the orangutan population. told us about the vital work of the Project, and about his own ethics which underpin the conservation work. Orangutans are facing an existential threat. As vast tracts of rainforest continue to be hacked down to make way for increasingly unsustainable forms of agriculture, these remarkably intelligent primates are driven ever closer to extinction. This habitat loss threatens global biodiversity more generally, and is contributing to the collapse of indigenous communities, who rely upon the forests for their culture and subsistence. Orangutan expert and conservationist,Leif Cocks. Over the past two decades, Project has achieved huge success in countering these threats, through a diverse approach to conservation. It has targeted deforestation and habitat loss, while funding a multitude of local projects involving education, rehabilitation and habitat regeneration. As of last year, it has helped to legally protect over three million acres of threatened rainforest and is supporting the monitoring of hundreds of orangutans as they are released back into their wild habitat. We interviewed Founder and Cocks, to find out how this work began, and how it might succeed going forward. Could you tell us a little about the experiences which led to you founding Project? I established Project in 1998 so we could collectivise and protect remaining orangutan habitat, which is essentially scraps of remaining forest at this point, to safeguard wild populations and to rescue, rehabilitate and release the orangutans living in captive misery. There’s not one part of that puzzle that can be left undone if we’re genuinely aiming to secure the survival of orangutan species in the wild. Soon after, I led the project to rehabilitate and release the first zoo-born orangutan back into protected Sumatran forest. It was a great moment, because until then it was presumed it couldn’t be done, but at the same time that I was releasing Temera, I was acutely aware that the forests of many other orangutans were being destroyed at a horrifying rate. Saving these remaining ecosystems before it’s too late is the main game. Protecting the forest protects the habitat of elephants and various other species too. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a not-for-profit organization is actively working to protect orangutans, an endangered species, from extinction. It highlights the organization's multifaceted conservation strategies, such as combating habitat loss and funding local projects, which directly support the aim of wildlife conservation efforts to safeguard endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 90; t = -26. 78, p = 4. 60 × 10–63; Fig. 5B). Thus, Axis 1 largely captures variation in wMel and this variation was largely orthogonal to the other main eigenvectors. However, we note that, of the 10 species with the highest positive loadings on Axis 1 (i. e. , those with loadings opposite to wMel), five participate in direct negative interactions with wMel in the wMel subnetwork (Fig. 4A). Axis 2 also identified wMel as a large negative eigenvector but, in contrast to Axis 1, it included two species with large positive eigenvectors (i. e. , M. haemolytica and B. subtilis; Fig. 5C). The relationship with these species was further supported by a significant positive correlation between Axis 2 loadings and the abundance of wMel (r = -0. 24; t = -3. 21, p = 0. 0016), and a significant negative correlation with M. haemolytica (r = 0. 72; t = 13. 49, p < 2. 2 × 10–16) and B. subtilis (r = 0. 48; t = 7. 08, p = 3. 61 × 10–11; Fig. 5D). Notably, both species were present in our network analysis (Fig. 4A) and their interaction connections to wMel were consistent with the identified PCoA relationships. In summary, Axis 1 captured wMel variation and its weak, mutually-exclusive interaction with a suite of species identified in the wMel network, and Axis 2 captured stronger, but indirect, wMel covariation with two of the most abundant species in the microbiome, including the midgut microbe B. subtilis. Lastly, we explored whether microbiome composition varied by collection site by PCoA and observed limited evidence of clustering above and beyond the variation between sites with and without releases associated with wMel (Additional file 6). Fig. 5Covariance between microbiome composition and wMel abundance. A PCoA analysis of microbiome variation identified a primary axis of variation (PC1: 58. 73%) that corresponded with the eigenvector for wMel which was the largest observed vector. Other large eigenvectors representing highly abundant taxa were largely orthogonal to Axis 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variation in microbiome composition, specifically noting that PCoA analysis indicated limited evidence of clustering based on collection site, suggesting variation in microbiome composition rather than uniformity. The mention of 'largely orthogonal' relationships among different species implies diversity within microbiome compositions, which directly contradicts the claim that all microbiomes are identical.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 009AT[C > T]CG (Gly495Glu)0. 0250. 0090. 009 Table 3 Structural variant breakpoint frequencies during passaging Breakpoint frequency*BreakpointK2L breakK4L breakP5P10P15P20130,284-0. 760. 690. 760. 661-30,8370. 760. 630. 720. 62230,287-0. 140. 060. 100. 082-30,8400. 120. 040. 090. 05 *Due to sequencing errors, a proportion of reads do not match either breakpoint Key resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationGene (Vaccinia virus)K3_Gene ID:3707649Strain, strain background (Vaccinia virus)VC-2, Copenhagen(Goebel et al. , 1990) PMID: 2219722NCBI_txid:10249; NCBI_GenBank:M35027. 1Strain, strain background (Vaccinia virus)ΔE3L, Copenhagen(Beattie et al. , 1995) PMID: 7527085Cell line (Homo sapiens)HeLaOtherObtained from Geballelab, University of WashingtonCell line (Mesocricetus auratus)BHKOtherObtained from Geballelab, University of WashingtonCommercial assay or kitCovaris g-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific genomic data and structural variant breakpoint frequencies without addressing sky surveys or data management techniques related to large datasets.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: Source: FKL. Project undertakes holistic conservation work. What does your holistic conservation entail? First of all, to succeed we need to secure viable ecosystems of the right type, shape and size of forest. We can’t just save rainforest and trees. For us, that means piecing together and supporting the entire ecosystem in which orangutans thrive, and addressing all of the deeply complex issues that have contributed to orangutans becoming in the first place. Our strategy covers legally protecting forests; securing, restoring and patrolling those forests; rescuing, rehabilitating and releasing ex-captive orangutans and educating and empowering local communities. There’s not one part of that puzzle that can be left undone if we’re genuinely aiming to secure the survival of the orangutan species in the wild. What are the biggest threats to the future survival of the orangutan population? They’re facing multiple threats but the main one is habitat loss – over 80% of their essential lowland rainforest has now been destroyed, mainly to establish unsustainable mono-culture plantations. We’ve now only got a few years up our sleeve to secure remaining populations of each subspecies of orangutan, in viable, intact ecosystems. By that I mean the ecosystem itself and each population has to be large enough to be genetically viable. If we continue at the present rate, in ten years’ time we will still have some orangutans left but their populations won’t be viable any more: they won’t have the genetic diversity to survive long term. This isn’t just an orangutan problem – it’s affecting thousands of species and ecosystems across the planet. First zoo-born orangutan to be rehabilitated, Temera, meets Leif in the jungle after her release. You have spoken of the importance of biocentrism. Could you explain what biocentric ethics mean to you? There is a significant shift that we, as humans, need to make if we are to sustain our life on this planet. We need to move from anthropocentrism – which places humans and our interests as the central focus – towards biocentrism, which places us alongside all other living beings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the holistic conservation efforts to protect orangutans and their ecosystems. It highlights the need to secure viable ecosystems, restore habitats, and educate local communities as part of a strategy aimed at protecting endangered species, specifically orangutans, from extinction. The emphasis on restoring ecosystems and addressing threats like habitat loss aligns with wildlife conservation goals.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: B Axis 1 loadings were significantly correlated with wMel abundance across individuals but not other microbiome species. C PCoA analysis of microbiome variation identified a secondary axis of variation (PC2: 10. 19%) which corresponded with the eigenvectors for B. subtilis, M. haemolytica, and to a lesser extent wMel. D Axis 2 loadings were significantly correlated with B. subtilis and M. haemolytica abundance and anticorrelated with wMel abundance across individualsFull size imageDiscussionThe release of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes transinfected with the wMel strain of Wolbachia has proven to be an effective strategy to limit the spread of DENV [12, 73]. However, less is known about the long-term dynamics of infection within populations and how these dynamics might influence the multivalent utility of wMel more broadly as a biological control agent for arboviruses. Given the mechanisms responsible for pathogen blocking (i. e. , immune priming and resource competition), it is reasonable to assume that wMel infection stability and density may be dependent on interactions with the remainder of the microbiome. Here, we explore this possibility through a population-level Ae. aegypti microbiome survey using a bioinformatic approach that leverages available genomic sequencing data. In addition to achieving a species-level Ae. aegypti microbiome characterization from a wild population, our analyses revealed substantial intraspecific variation in wMel density that covaried with microbiome composition. This variation is of potential relevance to the efficacy of pathogen blocking and the implementation of Wolbachia-based pathogen control strategies against DENV and other arboviruses. Towards an Ae. aegypti population-level core microbiomeInteractions between bacterial components of the microbiome and their mosquito host impact important aspects of fitness, including fertility, longevity, and immunity [14, 40, 59]. As such, the identification of a population-level, core microbiome – those bacterial species present across many or all individuals – has the potential to provide unique insights into taxa that support host development and function [74]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing significant variations in microbiome composition across individuals. It specifically mentions a 'population-level, core microbiome' and highlights 'substantial intraspecific variation' in microbiome composition, which suggests that not all individuals share an identical microbiome. This information directly contradicts the assertion that everyone's microbiome composition is the same.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -aquatic environmental DNA filtration system to maximize recovery potential and promote filtration approach standardization View 10. 7717/peerj. 15360 Published 2023-07-12 Accepted 2023-04-16 Received 2023-01-25 eDNA, Field analysis, Biodiversity, Invasive species Copyright © 2023 DeHart et al. is an open access 2023. An aquatic environmental DNA filtration system to maximize recovery potential and promote filtration approach standardization. PeerJ 11:e15360 Aquatic environmental DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a promising approach to identify organisms in freshwater and marine environments. While the recovery of eDNA from water most commonly involves capture of biological debris on a filter matrix, practitioners are yet to converge on standardized approaches for filtration, particularly in the field. This lack of standardization has resulted in inconsistent handling of samples following collection, limiting interpretation of results across studies and burdening groups with inconvenient storage and transport logistics that may compromise eDNA integrity. simple to assemble and low-cost ($350 USD) water filtration system is demonstrated that can be used in field and laboratory settings to reduce time between sample acquisition and eDNA filtration, maximizing eDNA sample recovery. Quantitative PCR is used to show the utility of the platform for laboratory and marine eDNA analysis. resulting eDNA collection system is easily transported in a rugged water-resistant case, operates for more than eight hours on a 12-volt lead-acid battery, and has an unobstructed filtration rate of 150. 05 ± 7. 01 mL/min and 151. 70 ± 6. 72 mL/min with 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm Sterivex filters, respectively. We show that immediate sample filtration increases eDNA recovery in the laboratory, and demonstrate collections in aquaria and marine environments. We anticipate that providing easy to obtain, open hardware designs for eDNA sample collection will increase standardization of aquatic eDNA collection methods and improve cross-study comparisons. DNA (eDNA) has emerged as a powerful tool for the characterization of aquatic biological communities. eDNA metabarcoding technology adoption is being driven by advances in low-cost DNA sequencing and improved analysis methods that capture genetic diversity from both cataloged and previously undescribed species (Chavez et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning sky surveys and data management techniques. Instead, it focuses on an aquatic environmental DNA filtration system and the methods involved in collecting and analyzing eDNA samples in freshwater and marine environments. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim, categorizing it as a 'pass.'


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: We need to understand that humans and all other species are members of the earth’s community, that all species are part of a system of interdependence and that humans are not inherently superior to other living things. This is no longer just a nicety. If we don’t protect biodiversity and replenish the earth’s natural resources, it simply won’t be able to adequately sustain the human population for too much longer. Project supports community programmes to mitigate human–wildlife conflict. How important is it to deepen people’s understanding of, and compassion for, non-human animals? Without compassion, we will always be living in a world where animals and other people are used for our own profit, entertainment and enjoyment. When you work closely with orangutans, you quickly come to see that they are self-aware, highly intelligent beings, and they don’t deserve to be driven to extinction in this horrific way, but that compassion needs to extend to every living being. Several decades ago when I was working in a zoo, I personally witnessed – and actually had to be part of – the death of a healthy but injured giraffe. And he did not want to die. It was a traumatic experience, and I came to realise that I personally had an issue with animals suffering prior to their death. Because, no matter how humans try to rationalise and justify the suffering of livestock animals, I had now experienced firsthand that the death of an animal was horrific, even when ‘humane’. From that moment, I began to make different choices about how I lived, ate and operated. Without compassion, we will always be living in a world where animals and other people are used for our own profit, entertainment and enjoyment. My choices were based upon not having animals suffer for me personally, but I had further to go because whilst I was now not causing immediate suffering, I was still bearing witness to the unspeakable mass extinction of our time: we all are, every day. How has the past year of pandemic-related challenges affected your conservation work? Unfortunately, it’s just made a bad situation worse. When governments are crippled by unexpected and unfathomable costs, they will often look to short-term, quick profits – and inevitably that’s the plundering of natural resources. Vanilla on Suna’s legs with her mother Violet (middle) and Anjeli (above). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by emphasizing the need for biodiversity protection and understanding the interdependence between humans and other species. It highlights that without compassion for non-human animals, extinction will continue to be a horrific reality. The mention of experiences with orangutans and the acknowledgment of the mass extinction crisis suggest a commitment to conservation, which aligns with the claim that such efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Importantly, and unlike previous studies that have relied on laboratory populations [56, 62, 75, 76] or utilized 16S sequencing [56, 57, 65, 71, 75] on wild populations, our survey provides a unique species-level perspective into microbiome structure in an Ae. aegypti population. Our analysis was also successful in identifying a relatively large repertoire of core microbiome species. Whereas functional analyses will ultimately be required for a refined understanding of core microbiome-host dynamics [77], several observations are worthy of discussion. The 54 bacterial species ubiquitously present across all individuals comprised only 24% of the total microbiome. However, when the criteria for inclusion was relaxed (to presence in ≥ 75% of individuals), this group of common species comprised 93% of the total microbiome. As such, the vast majority of the microbiome is comprised of common species at the population level. This observation cannot be accounted for by a possible identification bias towards highly abundant species. Whereas many core species were indeed highly abundant, such as B. subtilis that comprises 11. 2% of the microbiome on average, the abundance of core species varied by over 1,100-fold (Fig. 4C). Thus, many core species were quite low in relative abundance. This variation is almost certainly explained, at least in part, by the absolute size of tissue-specific microbiomes. We therefore predict that the low average abundance of species in the wMel subnetwork is likely due to their restricted presence in the reproductive microbiome. Similarly, the high average abundance of species in the non-wMel subnetwork, which includes B. subtilis, suggests that they may be representatives of a larger midgut microbiome. Overall, the significant enrichment of core microbiome species (of both high and low abundance) in our network analysis supports the presence of concerted functional assemblages within the microbial community. Furthermore, the topology of the network, including the presence of delineated subnetworks, suggests compartmentalization between tissues that may inform tissue-specific microbiome functionality. Some of core species identified here have also been identified in laboratory colonies derived from widespread global populations (e. g. , Brazil, Grenada, and India [62, 68, 69, 78]). Surveys across addition natural and lab populations will further refine our understanding of the functional core microbiome and, additionally, the process by which natural microbiomes experience compositional shifts or diversity-decay when reared in laboratory settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the diversity in microbiome composition within the studied population. It describes how a large repertoire of core microbiome species was identified and highlights that while 54 bacterial species were present in all individuals, they made up only 24% of the total microbiome. Moreover, the variability in abundance of core species, which can vary over 1,100-fold, indicates significant variation rather than identical microbiome compositions among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: , 2021). Aquatic eDNA research is rapidly developing, and the published literature contains many approaches for sample collection and processing (Helbing & Hobbs, 2019). This rapid expansion of eDNA methods makes it challenging for researchers to understand sampling best practices and establish new eDNA workflows of their own. Meta-analysis efforts have aimed to identify common practices and identify standard operating procedures for intermediate sample preservation, ideal filter matrices, and DNA isolation prior to genetic analysis (Miya et al. , 2016). A common set of collection, process, and analysis approaches has recently been proposed to establish standards of practice that can be adopted by the larger research community, with the aim of enabling comparative research across the expanding field of molecular ecology (Sepulveda et al. , 2020; Minamoto et al. , 2020). Filtration-based methods are the most commonly used method for eDNA collection and concentration from water samples (Tsuji et al. , 2019). However, considerable variation remains in collection approaches due to the wide range of eDNA applications, differences in individual project logistics, and the availability or accessibility of filtration equipment (Nagler et al. , 2022). This variation has led to the method and time to filtration often being incompletely described or omitted in the literature. Common manual approaches for sample filtration involve forcing water through a filter using a large-volume (50–60 mL) syringe (Mächler et al. , 2016; Sigsgaard et al. , 2017; Minamoto et al. , 2020) or the combination of a hand-pump and vacuum flask (Baldigo et al. , 2017; Kamoroff & Goldberg, 2018). This process requires significant manual force, and as a result, is generally limited to less than 0. 5L collection volume. Alternatively, filtration is performed using a laboratory-grade vacuum or peristaltic pump (Walsh, Zaikova & Hallam, 2009; Miya et al. , 2016; Djurhuus et al. , 2017), which typically requires researchers in the field to transport collected water samples to a secondary location suitable for filtering. Field-ready integrated systems are relatively new to the market, and have shown promise for collection, preservation, extraction, and targeted aquatic invasive species detection (Thomas et al. , 2018; Thomas et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses aquatic eDNA research and various methods for sample collection and processing, focusing on filtration techniques and the variance in eDNA applications. However, it does not provide any information related to sky surveys, massive datasets, or data management techniques, which makes it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: We’ve also had to grapple with continued regional lockdowns, which often meant local governance and authorities were absent or distracted, enabling the illegal poaching networks and land encroachers to come out in force. Protection Units, ground teams and rescuers have worked around the clock – but it’s been very difficult. How important is it for conservationists to work collaboratively with local and indigenous communities? It’s critically important because again if you don’t, you’re not going to solve the problem. But it’s also a question of justice. I said earlier that we’re now fighting for the scraps of remaining habitat. And it’s worth noting that indigenous people – who have lived alongside orangutans for thousands of years – are also being pushed to survive in the same small fragments of forest, along with very poor subsistence farmers and species including Sumatran tigers and elephants. It’s a recipe for disaster. Our community programmes include mitigating human–wildlife conflict, establishing sustainable, forest-friendly agriculture, employing and training local people in Units, school food programs and a number of economic and educational initiatives. But big picture – we need to re-create an economic system where the profits are sustainable, long term and distributed amongst the many. That’s the very opposite of our current economic system which favours taking the profits from the many to the rich few, and from the long term to the very short term. A prime example is the sustainability of poly-cultures, versus the short term, concentrated profits of mono-cultures. Are there changes afoot – in public attitudes, global policy, or conservation more generally – which you think are reasons for optimism? I hope so – but my big hope is that they happen soon enough for remaining biodiversity, because we’ve got such little time remaining. Once an ecosystem has been destroyed you really can’t get it back by replanting. We’ve got to work fast to secure and protect remaining viable, intact ecosystems – those intricate, complex life-support systems that sustain us all. Project is fighting for the scraps of remaining orangutan habitat. What future successes are you hoping to achieve with Project? We’ve actually got very specific goals – which I guess is a great motivator for our small team and our growing supporter base. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the efforts of various organizations and community programs that are actively aimed at protecting species at risk of extinction, such as orangutans, Sumatran tigers, and elephants. It highlights the challenges posed by illegal poaching and habitat destruction while emphasizing the importance of collaborative conservation efforts and sustainable practices to secure and protect viable ecosystems, thereby reinforcing the aim of wildlife conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Variation in wMel infection density and the microbiomeAs a reproductive endosymbiont, Wolbachia was conventionally believed to be concentrated within the host’s reproductive tissues. However, it is now well-established that Wolbachia can be present at variable levels across many non-reproductive tissues [13, 37]. The density and spatiotemporal distribution of Wolbachia varies among host species and strains of Wolbachia [37, 79]. However, there is limited information about the spatiotemporal dynamics of wMel in wild Ae. aegypti populations despite its relevance to pathogen blocking [38]. Despite wMel being stably established in the populations surveyed here [20], we observed a high level of variation in infection density across individuals and a robust covariation between wMel abundance and specific sets of species with the microbiome. Several facets of these relationships are worth highlighting. First, we observed a significant negative relationship between wMel density and Shannon’s Index, indicating a decrease in the compositional evenness in the microbiome. Previous studies comparing alpha diversity metrics in Wolbachia-infected hosts have reported contradicting results [43, 80,81,82]. Our results, based on a large survey of individuals, suggest that the impact of wMel on the Ae. aegypti microbiome is more nuanced than a simple reduction in species richness or load, as previously suggested [43, 80, 81]. Second, wMel served as a hub of consistently mutually-exclusive, but weak, interactions and these interactions were generally with lower abundance species. This pattern is consistent with results reported by Audsley et al. [65]. Based on the composition of the subnetworks revealed in our analysis, we speculate that this pattern may reflect a suite of direct interactions with other members of the reproductive microbiome. It is also important to emphasize that, although these species were generally low in abundance, they were significantly enriched for members of the core microbiome. Third, our PCoA analysis revealed robust covariation between wMel and several of the most abundant species in the microbiome, including the midgut microbe B. subtilis. Given the importance of the midgut microbiome on immune system function [83], the effect of wMel (either direct or indirect) on the midgut microbiome is worthy of further investigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of variation in microbiome composition and its interactions with Wolbachia. It discusses how Wolbachia infection density varies among individuals and strains, indicating that microbiome composition is not identical across different hosts. The findings of a significant negative relationship between wMel density and Shannon’s Index further suggest that microbiome composition can differ, disputing the notion of identical microbiome composition among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: However, the initial cost and recommended use of proprietary filters may not address all potential deployment needs. Similarly, Formel et al. (2021) developed an automated sampling device capable of sample collection and subsequent preservation, but this device requires access to fabrication facilities capable of 3D printing and microelectronics assembly. Several studies have identified technical advantages of enclosed Sterivex™ filter cartridges for aquatic eDNA collection (Miya et al. , 2016; Spens et al. , 2017; Tsuji et al. , 2019; Ushio, 2019; Takahashi et al. , 2020). These filters are individually packaged, sterile, and lightweight—all features that make them ideal for transport into field collection locations. Despite the advantages offered by Sterivex™ filtration cartridges, their use for eDNA collection can be challenging due to pressures required (1–3. 1 bar, or 15–45 psi) for manual collection with large-volume syringes, or mechanical collections using vacuum or peristaltic pump systems. Significant pressure is required to pull or push liquids through the filtration matrix as it becomes clogged with particulate matter. Vacuum- or pressure-driven systems require robust laboratory equipment to generate sufficient force, which are often large and require a standard 110V/220V power source. Additionally, our group has found that standard peristaltic or vacuum pumps can produce excessive pressure or suction that causes collapse of tubing or separation of the filter body from the pump as the membrane becomes clogged and internal pressure increases. Similarly, standard laboratory vacuum and peristaltic pumps are costly and may generate insufficient pressure for filtration of samples when using a manifold system to increase the number of samples being filtered. To address these issues, we have designed a field-portable pump to minimize the need for water transfer to a traditional laboratory for filtration. This pump reduces the time from sample collection to filtration by hours or even days, depending on sampling locations and access to laboratory pumps, and therefore the potential for degradation or unintentional alteration of sample integrity due to increased or decreased biological activity within a water sample. Once samples are filtered, they can be quickly preserved with chemical reagents to eliminate the need for cold-chain storage. We provide detailed pump assembly instructions (Supplemental Document), which takes less than 30 min to assemble at a cost of ∼$350 USD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about sky surveys and their associated datasets or data management techniques. Instead, it discusses technical challenges related to eDNA sample collection and filtration systems, which is irrelevant to the claim regarding sky surveys.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Wildlife conservation efforts aim to protect endangered species from extinction. [SEP] Text: Over the next few years, working with our partners, we are striving to legally secure up to eight lowland, intact, richly biodiverse ecosystems. If we can do that, we’ll have the ability to protect viable populations of all subspecies of orangutan and every other species that share their habitat – Sumatran elephants, tigers, rhinos, gibbons, sun bears, tapirs, clouded leopards – the list is mind blowing. This is of course a massive task – you can’t just buy rainforest of any significance in Indonesia – but we do have success to date, and our goal is always to establish community-driven, forest-friendly initiatives so that eventually, each ecosystem becomes economically self-sustainable, and highly valued by their local community. Rescuing a captive orangutan, named Mary. What can our readers do to support Project? In founding Project, I wanted to make sure thousands of people could join together, pool our resources and do something to secure the survival of our fellow living beings. In so many ways, having many individual donors who give sometimes just a small monthly gift, is just so much more effective than applying for complicated grants where they’re sometimes more interested in ticking boxes rather than creating change on the ground. Project is fast moving, dynamic and flexible – we have to be to work in the space we’re in – and having a loyal donor base made up of thousands of people who passionately believe in the same goals we do is the most effective way to create such profound change. So the best thing you can do is join us! Visit www. theorangutanproject. org. uk Leif takes a young orangutan to jungle school at a Release Site. Project: How a successful not-for-profit organisation is working to protect orangutans from extinction was last modified: November 8th, 2023 Keywords: agriculturebiocentrismbiodiversitycharityconservationdeforestationextinctionhabitat lossindigenous communitiesthis 10. 32907/RO-122-1291654973. (2021). a successful not-for-profit organisation is working to protect orangutans from extinction. Research Outreach, 122. Available at: This work is licensed under a Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it details the efforts of a not-for-profit organization focused on protecting orangutans and other species from extinction. It discusses the goal of securing ecosystems to ensure the survival of various subspecies and highlights the importance of community-driven initiatives for wildlife conservation, thereby supporting the claim that such efforts aim to protect endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: ConclusionWe demonstrate the underappreciated value of existing whole-organism DNA-seq data in relation to microbiome characterization. Our analysis achieved a high coverage, species-level characterization of the Ae. aegypti microbiome, including the delineation of a population-level, core microbiome. Despite the absence of information about tissue-specific microbiome composition, network analyses revealed wMel as a hub of interactions with species likely to be of the reproductive microbiome and a small set of robust, indirect interactions with likely members of the midgut microbiome. Intraspecific variation in wMel infection density, in conjunction with diverse interactions with the native microbiome, may have the potential to impact vector competency. The specific interactions identified here could be leveraged to potentially enhance wMel infection density and identify species that may be antagonistic or incompatible with Wolbachia or third-party players that mediate pathways underlying pathogen blocking. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published 5. 309. PubMed Pub2009. The global burden of dengue: an analysis from the of 2013. Dis. 2016;16:712–23. 12. A critical assessment of vector control for dengue prevention. . 2015;9:e0003655. 4. Efficacy of Wolbachia-infected mosquito deployments for the control of dengue. N Med. 2021;384:2177–86. 4248. e5. 2. -Kenyon J, et al. Establishment of win Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and reduction of local dengue transmission in Cairns and surrounding locations in northern Queensland Australia. Res. 2020;3:1547. 5. 78. 4. Flores HA, de Bruyne JT, O’ strains provide comparative levels of protection against dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog. 2020;16:e1008433. 20. 153. 2. 7. 95. 116. 19. 888. e8. 35. 59. 18. 702. . Viral RNA is a target for Wolbachia-mediated pathogen blocking. PLOS Pathog. 2020;16: e1008513. 2548. 2017. p. 35–58. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of intraspecific variation in the microbiome, specifically in relation to the Ae. aegypti microbiome. It highlights the presence of diverse interactions and variations among populations, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals or populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: The resulting design incorporates three key features that address several gaps in the existing aquatic eDNA literature: It is rugged, lightweight (∼5 lb or 2. 2 kg—equivalent to ∼2 liters of water), and uses a rechargeable battery with capacity for at least 30L of water per battery charge. In addition, the secured and small footprint case allows for packed transport in a backpack or checked luggage during airline travel. The design utilizes a Sterivex™ filtration cartridge () under negative pressure, eliminating potential for contamination from fouled tubing or other processing equipment. However, no modifications to the core device are necessary to use other filter types. Compatibility with other filtration systems can be attained simply by choosing the tubing and couplers needed for connection. A minimal and robust design that can be quickly modified, repaired, and improved with ease-of-operation makes this device interchangeable whether sampling in the field or laboratory. The system described was tested for flow rates, portability, as well and total and targeted eDNA recovery using Sterivex™ in several common eDNA sampling efforts, including controlled laboratory experiments, local transport and land-based collection, and field-based collection on a research vessel. Through use of a portable, easy to assemble eDNA filtration system, we aim to reduce the dependency on expensive, non-portable systems that require transportation of large water volumes. Materials and eDNA collection system operates as a negative pressure filtration device in which tubing attaches to the male port of a Sterivex™ or other filtration cartridge (Fig. 1 and Supporting Information). As described, the interior tubing size produces a pressure-fit connection with a Sterivex™ filter cartridge. Adaptations to the tubing and connectors could be adapted for use with other filter types, such as syringe filters or reusable Swinnex disc-filter holders, using alternative tubing sizes, types, or adapters. Designs referenced in this manuscript are licensed under v2—Permissive (CERN-OHL-P v2). Figure 1: Assembled pump and illustrative operation. The entire eDNA filtration setup (A) is housed in a pelican case, which contains the pump, lead–acid battery, and a trickle charger modified to connect to the battery terminals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses the design and features of a portable eDNA filtration system, focusing on its ruggedness, portability, and adaptability for various filtration methods. However, it does not mention sky surveys, massive datasets, or the need for sophisticated data management techniques. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Next, Section 2 outlines the “IUCN Categories” as well as the growing importance of PAs and NPs. Section 3 presents the major threats to conservation and the implications they brought to PAs and NPs. Section 4 presents a review of some major global initiatives, which exist alongside the statutory designations of the PA system in some countries as case 2. Protected areas and national parks: a global commitmentUnion for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organisation working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources. It offers public, private, and non-governmental organisations with the “nature-based solutions” to reversing environmental declines and securing a healthy, liveable planet. Since its establishment in 1948, IUCN has evolved into the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network. It harnesses the experience, resources, and reach of its offices in more than 160 countries (plus 1300 member organisations) and runs projects all around the world benefited from a network of 13,000+ voluntary scientists and experts spanning the globe [5]. This validates the IUCN as the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it with the world’s largest and most diverse environmental network. It continues to champion nature-based solutions as key to the implementation of international agreements such as the and the 2030 Goals. IUCN experts are organised into six commissions dedicated to species survival, environmental law, protected areas, social and economic policy, ecosystem management, and education and communication [5]. IUCN works across a wide range of themes related to conservation, environmental, and ecological issues, covering business and biodiversity; climate change; ecosystem management; environmental law; forests; gender; global policy; governance and rights; marine and polar; protected areas; science and economics; species; water; and world heritage [6]. 2. 1 Natural resources at risksAt present, however, biodiversity is facing devastating effects that are directly or indirectly resulting from the rapid growth in human population. According to the of the Department of Economic and of the [7], the world’s population is predicted to increase to 9. 1 billion by 2050. Gross observation shows that most of this growth will occur in developing countries that record human activities and their associated impact to most of the world’s biodiversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the roles of Protected Areas (PAs) and National Parks (NPs) in nature conservation, highlighting the importance of IUCN, which champions nature-based solutions as essential for implementing international conservation agreements. It also underscores the devastating impacts of human population growth on biodiversity, indirectly reinforcing the necessity of PAs and NPs for safeguarding habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 05224 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMarch 31, 2015 Accepted ManuscriptMarch 16, 2015 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 11,336 views 2,160 downloads 368 5224. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side files 3 figures and 8 additional files 1 with 5 supplements Download asset Open asset Social group membership predicts microbiome composition. (A) Group home ranges in the year prior to and during sample collection. (B) Diet composition during sample collection. Only the proportion of fruit consumed significantly differed between groups (p = 0. 05; Supplementary file 7). Principal coordinates plots of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity matrices for (C) taxonomic (Supplementary file 2) and (D) KEGG enzyme ortholog composition of individual gut microbiomes (Supplementary file 5). Social group membership explained significant variation in gut microbial composition (: r2 = 0. 186, p < 10−4) as well as gut microbial enzyme ortholog composition (r2 = 0. 108, p = 0. 003). Relative abundances of common bacterial phyla and KEGG enzyme orthologs are shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 1, 2. A rarefaction analysis of species-level sampling is shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 3. The results of the HUMAnN pipeline are shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 4. A comparison between baboon and human microbiome composition across body sites is shown in Figure 1—figure supplement 5. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Proportional representation of common phyla in each sample. The OTU table generated using MetaPhlAn 2. 0 was collapsed to the level of the phylum for each sample. Phyla that were not represented at ≥ 1% in at least one of sample are summed and presented as ‘rare phyla. ’ Samples from Mica's group are clustered on the left and those from Viola's group on the right. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Proportional representation of common KEGG orthologs in each sample, summarized as pathways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that social group membership predicts microbiome composition, which implies that microbiomes are not identical among individuals. It specifically mentions significant variations in gut microbial composition related to social group membership and provides statistical evidence to support this, indicating that people's microbiome compositions are influenced by factors like diet and social interactions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: During operation (B) tubing is connected to quick-release fittings, and a sterivex or similar filter housing is attached with compression mating between the filter and tubing. This pre-filtration approach reduces contamination potential from the tubing, and also prolongs the life of the pump by reducing or eliminating entry of particulate matter. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/fig-1 Assembly of the pump is divided into four steps, which are outlined in detail with images in the supplemental document. First, the enclosure is altered with three 12. 7 mm (0. 5 inch) holes to accept quick-disconnect tubing and a switch. Second, the pump is attached to quick-disconnect couplers and wired to the switch and battery. Third, sampling tubing is modified to add quick disconnect couplers. Last, the trickle-battery charger is modified to interface with the lead–acid battery terminals. The entire unit can be assembled in approximately 30 min, and the total cost of materials for one unit is approximately $350 USD at the time of publication (Table 1). Table 1: Bill of materials for single pump assembly. (Part Number) 1150 Pelican (1150) $42. 95 1 $42. 95 tubing for Air and Water (0. 125″ID, 0. 25″OD; 25 ft) McMaster-Carr (5648K74) $19. 00 1 $19. 00 Quick-disconnect Receptacle McMaster-Carr (5012K19) $6. 37 2 $12. 74 Quick-disconnect Plug McMaster-Carr (5012K53) $9. 49 2 $18. 98 12V Pump (0. 23L/min) KNF (PML17183-FF20 IP40) $163. 00 1 $163. 00 Power (EXP1213) $19. 99 1 $19. 99 12V 1000mA Foval (BC01B-1) $20. 98 1 $20. 98 with wire leads Mouser (IPR1FAD2) $34. 57 1 $34. 57 Molex Perma-Seal butt splice Connectors 18-22 AWG (50-pack) Mouser (19164-0811) $20. 12 1 $20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the assembly and components of a pump system for sampling without any reference to sky surveys, data generation, or data management techniques. There is no connection between the details provided about tubing, filters, or costs of materials and the claim regarding massive datasets and the management techniques required for them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: It will aggravate to many hazards and risks on the world’s ecosystems and species because the majority of human populations derive their livelihoods from the increased susceptibilities of these biological resources. In addition to the increasing overall vulnerabilities of population growth, biodiversity is also threatened by pollution, climate change, habitat loss, and invasive species [8]. The author’s purpose is merely to present the current practice of various global initiatives pertaining to protected area and national park in comparative fashion. Since IUCN has been deeply involved with protected areas and national parks from its very beginnings, the roles performed by this key international organisation will also be highlighted. By showing what has been done with such implementation, each initiative illustrates the interaction of international and national agencies as well as NGOs in support of such activities. As we compare and contrast across regions, one should note that countries have their power to ensure that species and ecosystems are maintained as part of the human habitat. This one factor presents unique challenges to sustainability planning implementation, which will be outlined. Informed estimates are that as many as a million species may be gone forever by the turn of the century [9]. As a matter of fact, of all the species that have ever existed on Earth, 99% have become extinct [10]. Apart from the physical damage plastic causes, it contains harmful chemicals, damaging to both humans and wildlife. Plastic additives such as phthalates and chlorinated, brominated, and fluorinated compounds pose significant risks to human health. In the absence of decisive action, 1. 2 million tonnes of additives per year could enter our oceans by 2050, and together with the plastic in soil and freshwater, they will continue to contaminate our food chain and water supplies. The oceans provide protein-rich food for billions of people, so the chemical contamination they introduce into the food chain poses a serious threat to food security and health. Worldwide, marine plastic pollution is costing us between US$ 13 and 40 billion per year as tourism, fisheries, and shipping revenues are lost [3]. 2. 2 What is a protected area? (IUCN) widely refers protected areas as “… a clearly defined geographical space recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values” [11]. Park in USA was first officially protected, in the year 1872, the number and popularity of protected areas are rapidly growing around the world [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing protected areas and their role in achieving long-term conservation of nature, including ecosystems and biodiversity. It highlights the definition of protected areas according to the IUCN and mentions that their popularity is growing globally, which implicitly supports the idea that these areas are essential for preserving habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: The KEGG pathway abundances generated using HUMAnN were filtered to only include those represented at ≥ 1% in at least one sample and are presented as stacked bar plots. Samples from Mica's group are clustered on the left and those from Viola's group on the right. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Rarefaction analyzes of shotgun metagenomic data. Plot (A) shows the number of species found in each sample as a function of the number of paired-end reads down-sampled from the full data set. The number of species reported in each data point corresponds to the average number of species over 10 randomly resampled data sets (restricted to species detected at an abundance >0. 01% in the sample, based on the logic that very rare species are more likely to represent assignment errors). In each random re-sampling, we down-sampled the number of reads and re-ran the subsampled sequences through the MetaPhlAn 2. 0 pipeline to obtain a count of the number of species represented in each down-sampled data set. Plot (B) depicts a parallel analysis to (A), but limited to the 327 most prevalent species in our data set. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset HUMAnN pipeline results. (A) Percentage of reads retained following quality filtering in usearch, per sample. (B) Percentage of pass-filter reads aligned against an entry in the reduced KEGG database, per sample. Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset PCA projection of baboon gut microbiome data and Project data collected from different body sites. Gut microbiome data from baboons most closely resembles gut microbiome data from humans. The first principal component of the microbiome data separates out data from different body sites; the second principal component separates baboon gut microbiome data from human gut microbiome data. Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Grooming-based social networks predict microbiome composition. Social networks based on grooming interactions in the year prior to and including the month of microbiome sampling in (A) Mica's and (B) Viola's social groups. Each circle represents an individual (with the individual's ID listed within the circle). Lines represent grooming interactions between individuals, and heavier lines reflect stronger grooming relationships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in microbiome data across different samples and species. It emphasizes analyses that show differences in the number of species present in each sample and how distinct the microbiomes can be based on various factors, such as species prevalence and biological sampling techniques. This indicates that microbiome compositions are not identical among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 12 Molex Perma-Terminals 18-22 AWG Mouser (19164-0017) $1. 03 2 $2. 06 Cost: $354. 39 *All pricing as of May 2022 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-1 Flow rate characterization was performed with a fully charged battery and a 0. 5-meter inlet tube. 3. 0 L of synthetic sea water from a marine invertebrate housing tank were filtered with 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm filters, and the volume of water filter was recorded each minute until total the volume was filtered. We recognize that synthetic seawater filtration represents an ideal scenario for filtering, without physical and biological materials that will slow filtration rates and clog pumps, but present maximum filtration rates in seawater for baseline estimations of flow rate. Laboratory experiments Pumps were utilized for three separate experiments to characterize eDNA quantities and eDNA degradation rates that may occur if time-to-filtration is increased using our pump system. In the laboratory, 40 blue mussels from our research stock were removed, rinsed with DI water and placed in 15 L of artificial seawater with continuous aeration and kept overnight at room temperature (∼20 °C) without feeding. The tank housing was cleaned with detergent, exposed to 10% bleach solution for 10 min and thoroughly rinsed with DI water prior to adding seawater and mussels. All mussels were removed the following morning and 6 L of water were collected from the tank. The water was assumed to be homogeneous after mixing and distributed equally to 12 samples of 500 mL. An additional three samples of 500 mL of artificial control seawater were taken from the tank prior to the addition of mussels. All sampling containers were decontaminated by 10% bleach soak for 30min and rinsed with DI water prior to sampling. In replicates of four, water samples (500 mL) were filtered using our device at 0, 4, and 16 h. The time after removing the mussels from the tank was defined as time 0, and water samples were stored at 4 °C until filtration at 4- and 16-h timepoints. One (500 mL) control sample was filtered at each time point. DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the filtration process of synthetic seawater and details laboratory experiments concerning eDNA, without mentioning sky surveys or data management techniques.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Protected areas—national parks, wilderness areas, community conserved areas, nature reserves, and so on—are a mainstay of biodiversity conservation, while also contributing to people’s livelihoods, particularly at the local level. Protected areas provide us food, clean water supply, medicines, and protection from the impacts of natural disasters and are at the core of efforts involving actors, institutions, strategies, and policies towards conserving nature. It has been estimated that the global network of protected areas stores at least 15% of terrestrial carbon; thereby, their role in helping mitigate and adapt to climate change is also increasingly acknowledged [1]. 2. 3 IUCN protected area categories system2. 3. 1 Protected area categoriesProtected areas are classified according to their management objectives set out in the IUCN protected area management categories. The categories set forth a multitude of management strategies aimed at protecting areas, are recognised by international bodies such as the and by many national governments as the global standard, and as such are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation [11] (Table 1). Category Ia: ReserveCategory Ib: Wilderness AreaCategory Ia: Strict nature reserveProtected areas that are strictly set aside to protect biodiversity and also possibly geological/geomorphological features, where human visitation, use and impacts are strictly controlled and limited to ensure protection of the conservation values. Such protected areas can serve as indispensable reference areas for scientific research and monitoring. Category Ib: Wilderness areaProtected areas that are usually large unmodified or slightly modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human habitation, which are protected and managed so as to preserve their natural condition. Category II: National ParkLarge natural or near natural areas set aside to protect large-scale ecological processes, along with the complement of species and ecosystems characteristic of the area, which also provide a foundation for environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, scientific, educational, recreational and visitor opportunities. Category III: or FeatureProtected areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, sea mount, submarine cavern, geological feature such as a cave or even a living feature such as an ancient grove. They are generally quite small protected areas and often have high visitor value. Category IV: Habitat/AreaProtected areas aiming to protect particular species or habitats and management reflects this priority. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how protected areas, including national parks, are crucial for biodiversity conservation. It specifies that these areas are designed to protect large-scale ecological processes and various species and ecosystems. Furthermore, it illustrates the role of protected areas in providing essential resources such as food and clean water, while also stating that they are integral to strategies for conserving nature. This aligns directly with the claim that national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: (C and D) Violin plots depicting the relationships between pairwise grooming bond strength vs pairwise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity in taxonomic composition in Mica's and Viola's groups, respectively. White dots represent median values and grey rectangles represent the first and third quartiles of the data. Rotated kernel density plots representing the underlying data are shown on each side. Stronger bonds predict more similar gut microbiotas in both groups (Mica's group: Mantel test r = −0. 257, p = 3. 0 × 10−4; Viola's group: r = −0. 173, p = 8. 0 × 10−4). Parallel results based on de novo assembly are shown in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Evidence for social structuring of the gut microbiome based on de novo assembly. Estimating gut microbiome taxonomic composition by comparison to de novo bacterial genome assemblies also produces congruent evidence for social structuring. (A) Proportional representation of common phyla in each sample, grouping phyla not present at >1% in at least one sample together are ‘rare phyla’. (B) Principal coordinates projection for individuals from Mica's group and Viola's group separates samples by social group along the first axis. (C) Strength of pairwise grooming relationships, and thus within group social structure, explains levels of similarity and dissimilarity in gut microbiome taxonomic composition. Data are shown for Mica's group. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Socially structured species are taxonomically and phenotypically nonrandom. Bacterial taxonomic groups significantly enriched (10% FDR) for socially structured species (A) between social groups and (B) within the grooming network for Viola's group (Supplementary file 8). Vertical dashed lines depict a fold enrichment of 1, representing the background level of taxon abundance in the data set. Red asterisks denote taxonomic groups identified as significantly enriched at both levels of analysis. (C) Significant enrichment of anaerobic, non-spore-forming bacterial taxa, both between and within groups, at both species and genus levels (socially structured species between groups, species level traits: p = 0. 017; socially structured species within group, species level traits: p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in gut microbiota based on social structures, showcasing that stronger grooming bonds predict more similar gut microbiotas within groups, suggesting that microbiome compositions are not identical across individuals. The mention of differences in taxonomic composition between social groups supports the idea of diversity in microbiome composition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: 45 µM pore size, PVDF membrane, MilliporeSigma). All residual water was removed from the cartridge and the filters were immediately placed into an −80 °C freezer until DNA extraction. Quantitative PCR was performed using species-specific nuclear markers (Hamer et al. , 2010) and mitochondrial COI markers for marine invertebrates (Geller et al. , 2013). Aquarium and field collections eDNA was collected using the filtration system at the () in December 2021 and during a field exercise in (CA, USA) in April 2022. Samples were collected from the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) exhibit at the National Aquarium, and from areas with marine mammal sightings in Monterey Bay. One liter was filtered at each site, DNA was captured using a Sterivex™ cartridge filter (0. 45 µM pore size, PVDF membrane, ), and samples were filtered on-site within one hour of collection. Immediately after filtration, filter cartridges were filled with ∼0. 8 mL of Buffer ATL (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) and kept at −20 °C until DNA extraction. Buffer ATL was chosen as a storage and preservation medium in which the eDNA would be unlikely to degrade outside of freezer conditions. DNA extraction and quantitative PCR eDNA was isolated from Sterivex™ cartridges using a modified Qiagen Dand Tissue kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) protocol. Briefly, 720 µL of ATL buffer and 80 µL of were added directly to the filter in the cartridge, and incubated at 56 °C in a rotating incubator for 2–24 h. After incubation, all liquid was transferred from the cartridge and an equal volume of buffer AL and cold (4 °C) 200 proof molecular biology grade ethanol were added before continuing with manufacturer’s protocol. All eDNA extractions were stored at −20 °C until quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. To evaluate mitochondrial copy-number in aquaria and field-collected samples, we synthesized a plasmid containing a conserved marine vertebrate mitochondrial sequence (MarVer) that incorporates ∼2200 bp spanning mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes (Valsecchi et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses methods related to DNA extraction and quantitative PCR analysis rather than any details about sky surveys or data management techniques. There are no mentions of dataset size, management, or the context of sky surveys.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: Many category IV protected areas will need regular, active interventions to address the requirements of particular species or to maintain habitats, but this is not a requirement of the category. Category V: Protected Landscape/SeascapeA protected area where the interaction of people and nature over time has produced an area of distinct character with significant ecological, biological, cultural and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the area and its associated nature conservation and other values. Category VI: with of Natural ResourcesProtected areas that conserve ecosystems and habitats, together with associated cultural values and traditional natural resource management systems. They are generally large, with most of the area in a natural condition, where a proportion is under sustainable natural resource management and where low-level non-industrial use of natural resources compatible with nature conservation is seen as one of the main aims of the area. Table 1. IUCN protected area categories system. Source: National parkA national park is uniquely acknowledged for its conservation purposes. Especially, it is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Despite many efforts for individual nations to designate their own national parks differently, there is a common idea: the conservation of ‘wild nature’ for posterity and as a symbol of national pride [12]. An international organisation, the for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its on (WCPA), has defined “National Park” as its Category II type of protected areas (see above) [11]. To establish priorities for the protection of national parks, the IUCN established the primary objectives such as “to protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and recreation”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the objectives of national parks, which include the protection of natural biodiversity and the underlying ecological structures. It emphasizes that these areas are designated for conservation purposes and aims to uphold the interactions between nature and human cultural values, thereby supporting and sustaining biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: 067; socially structured species between groups, genus level traits: p = 0. 036; socially structured species within group, genus level traits: p = 0. 040). 3—figure supplements 1, 2 for a comparison of the enrichment of p-values in our data set vs an empirical null distribution. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Enrichment of low p-values in the data vs an empirical null: between group analyses. To confirm that our modeling approach (quantile normalization of species relative abundances, followed by mixed effects modeling in GEMMA) did not bias us towards detecting false positives, we compared the signal in our true data set against an empirically derived null. The histogram distribution of p-values for the true data (gold) is plotted against the distribution of p-values from 10 permutations (blue). In each permutation, group membership was scrambled across the data set while keeping the modeling approach, kinship structure, and all other covariates constant. The inset shows a quantile–quantile plot of the same data, with clear enrichment of differentially abundant species in the actual data vs the empirical null. No differentially abundant species are detected at a 10% FDR in the permuted data sets, while 64 are discovered in the true data set. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Enrichment of low p-values in the data vs an empirical null: within group network analysis. To confirm that our modeling approach (Moran's I statistic within Viola's group) did not bias us towards detecting false positives, we compared the signal in our true data set against an empirically derived null. The histogram distribution of p-values for the true data (gold) is plotted against the distribution of p-values from 10 permutations (blue). In each permutation, species abundance was scrambled across group members while keeping the modeling approach and social network structure constant. The inset shows a quantile–quantile plot of the same data, with clear enrichment of socially structured species in the actual data vs the empirical null. No socially structured species are detected at a 10% FDR in the permuted data sets, while 51 are discovered in the true data set. Additional files Supplementary file 1 Table listing all subject and sample characteristics. Download elife-05224-supp1-v2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing varying levels of species abundance and social structure in microbiome data, suggesting that microbiomes are not identical by highlighting the discovery of differentially abundant species. The mention of enrichment in p-values for different groups indicates that there are differences in microbiome composition among individuals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Sky surveys generate massive datasets that require sophisticated data management techniques. [SEP] Text: This plasmid was developed from the Caspian seal (Phoca caspica) sequence and was conserved across the MarVer primer regions described. Plasmid DNA was quantitated using a Qubit fluorometer (), and then serially diluted to copy numbers spanning from 108 to 101 copies/rxn. These reactions were scaled to create a standard curve against which the unknown samples were compared to and quantitated. PCR reactions were run using a 2x Fast SYBR qPCR () on an Real-Time PCR System (). For laboratory experiments, reactions were 20 µL in volume and each included 10 µL of 2x Master Mix, 0. 5 µL forward and reverse primers at 10 µM concentration (Table 2), 6. 5 µL nuclease-free water, and 2. 5 µL of sample template. Cycling conditions consisted of initial denaturation at 94 °C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles of 94 °C for 15 s and 60 °C for 60s. Aquarium and field samples were amplified for the MarVer1 (12S) and MarVer3 (16S) regions using marine-mammal specific primers (Valsecchi et al. , 2020). Reactions included 10 µL of 2X Master Mix, 1 µL forward and reverse primer at 10 µM, 7 µL nuclease-free water, and 2 µL of sample template. Cycling conditions consisted of UDG activation at 50 °C for 2 min, initial denaturation at 95 °C for 2 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 58 °C for 15 s, and 72 °C for 1min. All reactions were performed in triplicate and included a negative PCR control. Table 2: Primers used in qPCR experiments. (5′-3′) (5′-3′) Source jgLCO1490/ jgHCO2198 (2013) Me 15/16 Mytilus edulis (2018) MarVer1 Mitochondrial 12 (2020) MarVer3 Mitochondrial 16 (2020) DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/table-2 filtration performance Filtration rates using 0. 22 µm and 0. 45 µm Sterivex filters were observed at 150. 05 ± 7. 01 mL/min and 151. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses laboratory procedures for quantitative PCR experiments, including details about plasmids, primers, and cycling conditions. There is no mention of sky surveys, datasets, or data management techniques, making it unrelated to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Protected areas like national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity. [SEP] Text: The interrelated objectives outlined are “to manage the area in order to perpetuate, in as natural a state as possible, representative examples of physiographic regions, biotic communities, genetic resources and unimpaired natural processes; to maintain viable and ecologically functional populations and assemblages of native species at densities sufficient to conserve ecosystem integrity and resilience in the long term; to contribute in particular to conservation of wide-ranging species, regional ecological processes and migration routes; to manage visitor use for inspirational, educational, cultural and recreational purposes at a level which will not cause significant biological or ecological degradation to the natural resources; to take into account the needs of indigenous people and local communities, including subsistence resource use, in so far as these will not adversely affect the primary management objective; and, to contribute to local economies through tourism” [11]. (WPC) is the world’s premier global forum for setting the agenda for protected areas and takes place approximately once every 10 years. Since its first staging in 1962 in previous IUCN Congresses have had a significant impact in assisting national governments to create new protected areas and directing more resources towards biodiversity conservation [13] (Table 2). 11962—on (Seattle, USA, 30 June–7 July 1962) aimed to establish a more efficient international understanding of national parks and to encourage further development of the national park movement worldwide. It set definitions and standards for representative systems of protected areas leading to the elaboration of the UN List of later renamed UN List of Protected Areas. 21972—Yellowstone/on (Yellowstone, USA, 18–27 September 1972) focused on the effects of tourism on PAs; park planning and management; and social, scientific and environmental problems within national parks in wet tropical, arid and mountain regions. It also contributed to the genesis of the and the on Wetlands of International Importance. 31982—(Bali, Indonesia, 11–22 October 1982) focused on the role of PAs in sustaining society, and recognized 10 major areas of concern, including the inadequacy of the existing global network of terrestrial PAs and the need for: more marine, coastal and freshwater PAs; improved ecological and managerial quality of existing PAs; a system of consistent PA categories to balance conservation and development needs; and links with sustainable development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the objectives of protected areas, which include managing natural resources to conserve ecosystem integrity and biodiversity. It highlights the focus on maintaining viable populations of native species and contributing to the conservation of ecological processes and migration routes, all of which directly support the idea that national parks help preserve habitats and biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone's microbiome composition is identical. [SEP] Text: Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens access Published: 10 April 2015 Xylo-oligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens Mohsen Pourabedin1, Leluo Guan2 & Xin Zhao1 Microbiome 21. In addition, temporal variations in the gut microbiota were evident in the chickens of different ages. ConclusionsTreatments with XOS or VIRG modified the relative abundance but not the presence or absence of specific microbial genus. The increase in both Lactobacillus spp. and acetate production in the cecum of HXOS-treated chickens may promote intestinal health. BackgroundAntibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been widely used in poultry production to improve growth performance, feed efficiency, and overall health [1]. However, this practice has been discontinued in the since 2006 due to increasing concern over spread of antibiotic-resistant genes to human and animal pathogens [2]. The withdrawal of AGP from poultry feed may increase bird disease rates, causing a rise in veterinary use of antibiotics for therapeutic purpose [3]. Therefore, there is the need to find effective alternatives to AGPs that improve chicken health and maintain efficiency of production and safety of poultry products. Although it is still unclear how AGPs enhance animal performance, it is believed that they mainly act on gut microbiota [4]. The chicken gastrointestinal microbiota harbors dynamic and complex bacterial communities with an important role in metabolic activity and immune development [5]. In addition, some gut microbes produce a variety of enzymes that digest complex polysaccharides into short chain fatty acids (SCFA), mainly acetate, propionate, and butyrate. SCFA are major end products of bacterial fermentation of dietary fiber and provide several health benefits to the host including regulation of intestinal inflammation [6,7]. We have previously shown that supplementation of certain indigestible but fermentable dietary fibers, such as mannan oligosaccharides, promoted the growth of bacterial species with potential health benefits [8]. Accumulating evidence has suggested that xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) are another promising prebiotic candidate [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that 'temporal variations in the gut microbiota were evident in the chickens of different ages,' suggesting that gut microbiome compositions can differ significantly among individuals and across different temporal conditions. This implies diversity in microbiome composition, which directly challenges the assertion that everyone's microbiome is identical.