Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Additionally, because these measurements probe different depths in the subsurface and different portions of Europa's day, this map is used only for comparative purposes. However, this combined distribution reveals the significant positive thermal distributions across both the subJovian leading (∼30°W–90°W) and trailing (∼270°W–330°W) hemispheres, and the negative residuals present on the leading hemisphere at the midlatitudes. Furthermore, the redundant Band 6 observations corroborate the cool residual patterns in the southern, trailing hemisphere, and around Pwyll crater (271°W, 25°S), which were observed across observations and at slightly different local Europa time. While the residual maps from Band 3 appear to correlate somewhat with known terrain features (Figure 5, panel (A)), there are few locations where these residuals are greater than 3× the background rms; as such, we note these correlations with caution. Figure 5 (panel (C)) shows the regions from the averaged Band 6 and 7 map (Figure 5, panel (B)) where residual magnitudes are greater than 3× the observation rms noise (colored contours) overlaid on a composite image mosaic from the Voyager 1, 2, and Galileo spacecraft. 11 Reset image size Figure 5. (A) ALMA Band 3 (3. 05 mm) residuals from 50% porosity models projected into cylindrical latitude and longitude coordinates, and only including data for emission angles less than 75°. The synthesized ALMA beam for each observation (without projecting to cylindrical coordinates) is shown below both leading and trailing hemisphere projections as a hashed ellipse. (B) Combined residuals from Band 6 (1. 25 mm) and Band 7 (0. 88 mm) models of the global average values of Europa's leading and trailing hemisphere (64% in Band 6, 52% in Band 7) projected in cylindrical latitude and longitude coordinates. The representative average ALMA beam over all Band 6 and 7 observations is shown as the hashed ellipse for comparison. (C) Averaged positive (light-red solid contours) and negative (light-blue dashed contours) residuals from (B) with magnitudes >3 × the average rms (∼0. 8 K) overlaid onto a deprojected mosaic of Europa's surface from Galileo SSI and Voyager images. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it focuses on technical measurements, mapping, and thermal distributions of different regions of Europa without discussing any implications for habitability or life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: 0280Contingency2. 5743. 1114. 0225Motivation * Contingency2. 7992. 0971. 0244Endpoint VariabilityMotivation0. 9304. 3368. 0082Contingency0. 6651. 4165. 0059Motivation * Contingency8. 2781**. 0048. 0688VelocityMotivation1. 1321. 2896. 0100Contingency0. 1615. 6885. 0014Motivation * Contingency0. 2538. 6154. 0023 We also compared both PD ON and OFF separately against the HC with three-way mixed ANOVA, to see under which conditions patients deviated from healthy behaviour. As expected, HC had overall larger amplitudes, quicker saccadic RTs and lower endpoint variability than both PD ON or OFF (Figure 2, see Supplementary file 1B-C for statistics). The use of peak velocity residuals rather than raw velocity factors out the effects of PD on movement amplitude, allowing comparison of the motivational changes in velocity while controlling for differences in the main sequence (Bahill et al. , 1975; Manohar et al. , 2017). HC did not significantly differ from PD ON or OFF in peak velocity residuals, although their pattern was numerically closest to PD ON with greater contingent motivation. We additionally checked whether there were practice effects in the PD patients, in case patients behaved differently on their second session due to different expectations. We found no effects or interactions of session on any measure in PD patients (p>0. 05). Velocity profiles The effects above demonstrate peak velocity shows strong effects of reward and dopamine, so next we examined the time-course of how velocity was modulated during a saccade. We computed the velocity across time within the movements, and compared the reward effects for PD ON and OFF using cluster-wise permutation tests. Contingent rewards (Performance – Random) did not significantly affect velocity or acceleration for PD ON or OFF, as permutation tests for each condition and the difference between conditions found no significant clusters (cluster-wise permutation tests: p>0. 05; Figure 3a&b). However, guaranteed rewards (10 p – 0 p) lead to greater velocity early in the saccade for PD OFF (p<0. 05; Figure 3c), which was significantly different from PD ON (p<0. 05). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text reinforces the claim by discussing how 'velocity shows strong effects of reward and dopamine' and examining the modulation of velocity in response to anticipated rewards. This indicates the importance of dopamine in the context of reward processing and motivation, aligning with the statement that dopamine is crucial for these functions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Arguably, the leaves are exposed more to the enemies, and these chemicals, therefore, play a defensive role [64, 65]. Thus, an approach of using leaves as a major part of a plant for a remedy preparation could be taken as an indicator of scientific relevance. It also is noteworthy that zoopharmacognostic approach (observation of animal self-medication behavior) where animals consume mainly leaves of certain plants had led historically to the discovery of some aliphatic drugs, and this further establishes the preferential use of leaves as a source of TMs [66, 67]. Furthermore, harvesting aerial parts, such as leaves, poses less threat to the MPs when compared to exploiting the roots and barks, as also argued in other reports [42, 58, 68]. In the study area, all the TMs are said to be used preferably in their fresh forms, and this may compromise the sustainability of the MPs in the long run as it would be exploited extensively every time the remedy will have to be prepared. Other researchers [58, 69] have also expressed similar concerns. Since the majority (64. 7%) of the MPs collected from the study area were found in the wild habitats, the high risk of MP destruction by anthropogenic activities, on top of ensuing climate change, is a matter of serious concern. The anthropogenic activities driven by population growth are real and put pressure on natural resources. These include agricultural expansion, tree cutting for urbanization, house construction, firewood, fodder, drought, overgrazing, and charcoal making which serve as major threats to the MPs [46, 59, 70]. It was found that THs of the study area keep the MPs in strict secrecy and transfer their knowledge to their trustworthy elder sons only at an advanced age. This is a matter of concern because in the process, there might be misrepresentation, distortion, incompleteness, or omission of the original information as this is done orally [40, 52]. Though keeping the MPs away from the home gardens is believed to ensure the secrecy by the practitioners, it renders the MPs to grazing and unsustainable use [46]. Conversely, one report argues that keeping the MPs in strict secrecy contributed to sustaining the MPs [45], and it has an added advantage of safety against improper self-medication, which could be dangerous in the case of some plants. The finding that 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting issues that affect the efficacy of plants used in traditional medicine (TM), such as the potential for misrepresentation or distortion of the original knowledge regarding these plants. It discusses how the knowledge of traditional healers (THs) is transferred orally in secrecy, which could lead to incomplete or incorrect information being shared. This implies that not all plants used in traditional medicine are effective without proper understanding and transmission of their uses and benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Europa's surface quadrants are demarcated by dotted lines (Doggett et al. 2009). Relevant geographic features are labeled and approximate outlines defined by Leonard et al. (2017) are shown in all panels: black contours show Europa's chaos regions, and purple contours show the locations of the ringed terrain and ejecta blankets surrounding Pwyll, Tyre, and Taliesin craters. Artifacts exist in both the colormap in (B) and contours in (C) due to the combination of data from multiple executions in both ALMA bands. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Although colocated features exist between the ALMA Band 6 and 7 data both in the best-fit (Figures 2 and 3) and the global average (Figure 5) residuals, these patterns do not always correlate particularly well with known geographic features or Europa's albedo distribution. This was previously noted in studies with the Galileo/PPR (Rathbun et al. 2010) and ALMA (Trumbo et al. 2018), and may result from subsurface properties that vary with the composition or structure (e. g. , crystalline water ice) rather than macroscale surface terrain. Rathbun et al. (2014) found generally higher thermal inertia values on Europa's trailing hemisphere from Galileo/PPR data, though their trailing hemisphere values were of lower magnitudes overall than we find here as inferred through porosity models. A slight difference was found by Rathbun et al. (2014) between chaos and plains regions across the disk, with the latter requiring slightly lower thermal inertias, but the correlation with longitude was stronger than with terrain type; our significantly elevated Γeff values on the trailing hemisphere corroborate this observation. Our observations do not show residuals indicative of the focusing effect of low energy ions and charged p5. 5–6 K) thermal anomalies at the midlatitudes of the leading hemisphere. These locations, while not colocated with known geographic features, align well with the pure, crystalline water-ice distribution found by previous studies (Hansen & McCord 2004; Brown & Hand 2013; Ligier et al. 2016). Galileo PPR measurements showed warmer nighttime temperatures at midlatitudes than the equator on the leading hemisphere, which were attributed to higher thermal inertia values or endogenic heating (Spencer et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various geographic features and thermal properties of Europa without addressing the potential for conditions suitable for life in its subsurface ocean. It primarily focuses on data and observations related to surface and thermal characteristics rather than supporting or opposing the notion of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Acceleration traces showed this was due to PD OFF having greater acceleration early in the movement (Figure 3d, p<0. 05). HC showed no effects of contingent or guaranteed rewards on velocity or acceleration, perhaps unsurprising as there were no differences in overall velocity as reported above. Permutation testing revealed no differences between HC and PD ON or OFF for velocity or acceleration (p>0. 05). Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset Motivational effects on instantaneous velocity and acceleration within a saccade. The top row shows the effects of contingent rewards (i. e. measures in Performance conditions minus the Random condition), and the bottom row shows effects of guaranteed rewards (10 p condition minus 0 p condition). The x-axis is % of normalised time where 0 indicates the start of a saccade, and 100 is the end. The instantaneous velocity (a and c) is increased by contingent (a) and guaranteed (c) rewards, and PD patients OFF have an earlier and greater increase in velocity for guaranteed rewards than PD ON. The orange bar shows time-points where PD OFF had velocity significantly greater than zero (cluster-wise permutation tests, p<0. 05), the black bar shows time-points where PD ON and OFF significantly differed (PD ON and HC did not differ from zero, so there are no blue or yellow bars). Acceleration traces (b and d) showed this was due to guaranteed motivation increasing acceleration at the start of the movement for PD OFF (d; significant cluster, p<0. 05). Shading shows SEM. Source data are available in Figure 3—source data 1. Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Individual participants’ velocity and acceleration traces. Figure 3—source data 1 Source individual data for saccade velocity and acceleration for and HC. The figures can be constructed using the DrawVelFigures. m Matlab file available from the ContingentAnalysis GitHub repo (see Data and section of manuscript). Download elife-58321-fig3-data1-v3. mat. zip Faster movements are known to be more error-prone (Harris and Wolpert, 1998; Harris and Wolpert, 2006), but motivation can attenuate this effect, making movements more accurate (Manohar et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how guaranteed motivation increases acceleration at the start of movement in PD OFF patients, which indicates a link between motivation and movement performance. Moreover, it suggests that the effects of rewards (contingent and guaranteed) influence instantaneous velocity, emphasizing the role of motivational factors in processing rewards.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 5% of the MP preparations were made by mixing two or more plants as a single remedy, could be explained by the assumption that a cocktail of plant material would be more effective in addition to maintaining the secrecy of the MPs. Furthermore, Megersa and co-workers [58] had reported that using such concoction is believed to increase the strength and efficacy of the remedy. Others have also argued that mixing two or more remedies helps to avoid or minimize possible side effect(s) [13]. The reports of the THs have also indicated the toxicity of some MPs, such as Hagenia abyssinica, a widely used anti-helminthic MP, which also was corroborated by other reports [35]. Reports from laboratory animal tests have shown that many reputable plants are medicinally used for centuries to have potential toxicity on blood parameters and histopathology of internal organs [71]. Therefore, it is recommendable that in vivo and in vitro toxicity investigations on the frequently used TMs must be conducted to avoid possible toxic effects of the MP reported in the present study. Furthermore, one of the challenges identified by the present study was the inconsistency of the dosage from one preparation to the other even for the same kind of illness. However, in some cases, these variations are in relation to age, physical status, the course of illness, presence or absence of pregnancy, and other concomitant illness as also reported by earlier workers [42, 46, 50, 58]. Thus, the lack of precise dosage is one of the drawbacks of traditional medicine practices, as also emphasized by others [12, 72]. The community of the study area relies on mixed agricultural practices involving both crop farming and livestock rearing. Due to a shortage of farmland, farm expansion into the woodlands is affecting the vegetation cover and hence the MPs in the area. Furthermore, cattle, sheep, and goats compose main livestock reared in the area, and some of the MPs are collected as forage for the livestock, as also reported elsewhere, and goats are known to forage on open fields on various MPs [58]. Thus, the reality of existential threats to the sustainability of valuable MPs of the area is a serious one. One of the greatest challenges in ethnomedicinal researches is the issue of access and benefit sharing (ABS). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting potential toxicity and lack of consistent dosages in traditional medicine practices. For instance, it mentions that some medicinal plants, such as Hagenia abyssinica, have been reported to have toxicity which questions their efficacy. Additionally, it points out the inconsistency of dosages for the same illness, which suggests that not all plants or preparations are effective or safe for use in treating modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 1999; Rathbun et al. 2010), though Trumbo et al. (2018) found a reduced emissivity (0. 66) may be responsible for their cold residual at northern midlatitudes. These regions are impacted by only the highest energy (≥1 MeV) ions and p0. 5–1 cm (Moore et al. 2009), which bounds our Band 7 and 6 measurements (see 7. Data from ALMA bands 8 and 9 (385–500 and 602–720 GHz, respectively) may be more comparable to Galileo PPR and other IR observations that probe the shallow subsurface, while polarization measurements may reveal more about the (sub)surface roughness, scattering, and dielectric properties. 5. ConclusionsThrough the analysis of multiple ALMA observations of Europa across three frequency bands—Band 3 (97. 5 GHz; 3. 05 mm), Band 6 (233 GHz; 1. 25 mm), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz, 0. 88 mm), which sound to depths of ∼0. 5–20 cm—we are able to infer the best-fit hemispheric and global average thermophysical properties and brightness temperatures of the near subsurface at an average resolution of ∼500 km. The comparison of the ALMA data to thermal models, incorporating subsurface emission and change in surface properties with depth (de Kleer et al. 2021a), allowed for the retrieval of porosity and emissivity values at discrete depths of ∼0. 5–1, 1. 5–3, and 10–20 cm. Through these derived properties, we conclude the following:1. The derived, effective thermal inertia (Γeff) values of 56–184 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 for Europa are within the ranges found previously through studies of Voyager and Galileo data at the surface, and are comparable to those retrieved by Trumbo et al. (2018) from separate ALMA Band 6 observations using different modeling methods. 2. Data from ALMA Band 3 revealed colder subsurface temperatures—though within the errors of those measured in ALMA Band 6 and 7—that originate from below the thermal skin depth. As a result, the thermophysical properties were inferred indirectly because models of subsurface emission for a range of porosity and thermal inertia values yielded similar, degenerate fits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about Europa’s subsurface ocean potentially harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it provides a detailed analysis of thermal measurements and properties of Europa’s subsurface, which does not specifically relate to the existence of life or its suitability. Consequently, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: When examining the dopaminergic effects (a and e: PD ON – OFF), a significant cluster was found, such that patients differed in their correlations early in the saccade when rewards were guaranteed (e). This was due to guaranteed rewards increasing early correlation only for PD OFF (g). The time of this increase matches the time of increased acceleration shown in Figure 3d. There was also a small cluster of significant difference between PD ON and OFF for contingent rewards (a), but there were no clusters within ON (b) or OFF (c) separately. HC had no clusters of significant differences (d and h). Source data are available in Figure 4—source data 1. Figure 4—source data 2. Individual data for autocorrelation. Figure 4—figure supplement 1. Motivational effects on saccade time-time covariance within saccades. Figure 4—source data 1 Source individual data for autocorrelation coefficients for and HC. The figures can be constructed using the DrawAutocorrelFigures. m Matlab file available from the ContingentAnalysis GitHub repo (see Data and section of manuscript). Download elife-58321-fig4-data1-v3. mat. zip Figure 4—source data 2 Individual participants’ autocorrelation matrices. Individual data showing each participant’s mean effects of contingent (Performance – Random) and guaranteed (10 p – 0 p) rewards on (Fisher transformed) eye-position autocorrelation matrices. Blank matrices for PD patients reflect excluded participants. Download elife-58321-fig4-data2-v3. pdf No correlation of the velocity effects for the distinct motivational processes Previous work had shown that motivation by contingent and guaranteed reward did not correlate across participants (Manohar et al. , 2017), so we asked whether dopamine’s effects upon these two types of motivation was also uncorrelated. We found no correlation between effects of contingent and guaranteed rewards on peak saccade velocity residuals in or HC separately, nor a correlation between medication states, nor between the drug-induced changes in the effects (p>0. 05; see Figure 5 legend for statistics). This suggests that the two effects are separate and independent, and not antagonistic within the same person. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the role of dopamine in response to guaranteed and contingent rewards, indicating that dopamine is involved in motivational processes. It mentions how rewards can influence early correlations in patients, indicating that dopamine plays a crucial role in reward processing, which is integral to motivation. The mention of the lack of correlation between distinct motivational processes suggests that while dopamine affects both types of motivation, they are independent, further underscoring dopamine's role in processing rewards and motivating behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: We recommend an in-depth experimental investigation of the frequently cited MPs believed by the THs to have high comparative advantages over others in treating various malignancies, jaundice, and helminthiases. This would possibly contribute to the current global drug development endeavors. NotesEpiphytes are collected by the THs, boiled, and filtered, and the filtrate is given orally to treat emaciated malnourished infants. The term “malignancy” is used to define conditions/diseases in which neoplastic cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues. It constitutes an enormous burden globally, and the world is facing stern challenge of drug resistance that leads to treatment failure and disease recurrence. AbbreviationsABS: Access and benefit sharing FL: Fidelity level ICF: Informant consensus factor MP/MPs: Medicinal plant(s) TH/THs: Traditional healer(s) TM/TMs: Traditional medicine(s) UV: Use value 2004. p. 81–91. 2009. 2016. Accessed 14 Mar 2017. . Ecosystems of Ethiopia. In: Strategy and (NBSAP) project. Addis Ababa: IBCR; 2003. 2007. 45. 1991. p. 75. 2014. 2007. 1984. p. 763–6. Jansen PCM. Spices, condiments and medicinal plants in Ethiopia, their taxonomy and agricultural significance. Wageningen: Pudoc publishers; 1981. 9. 25. 384. 39. 90. 10. 1155/2016/9690164:9690164. . Indigenous knowledge on the use and management of medicinal trees and shrubs in Dale District, Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Appl. 2015;14:171–182. Regassa R. Assessment of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plant practice and mode of service delivery in Hawassa city, southern Ethiopia. J Res. 2013;7(9):517–35. 1989. CSA. Population projection of Ethiopia for all regions at Wereda level from 2014–2017. Addis Ababa: Republic of (CSA); 2013. p. 118. 2015. Health Department. A summary of top ten human infections reported from health centers of the woreda (annual report summary). Yirgalem; 2015. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there is a need for in-depth experimental investigations into the effectiveness of medicinal plants (MPs) used by traditional healers (THs) for treating ailments such as malignancies and jaundice. This implies that while traditional medicine practices exist, there is not yet conclusive evidence that all plants used are effective, highlighting the importance of further research and experimentation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: The residuals are of less statistical significance than those found with the higher frequency ALMA bands. 3. Model comparisons with ALMA Band 6 and 7 data show both positive and negative thermal anomalies of at least 6σ, though the total magnitudes are often <5 K. The lowest residuals (<1 K) were found for Europa's trailing antiJovian hemisphere (our image 7T), which is best fit using a global porosity model (50 %) at ∼1 cm depths. 4. The derived porosity and brightness temperature values differ between hemispheres consistently between frequency bands; we find that Europa's leading hemisphere is generally cooler and more porous, though large, cold thermal anomalies exist in regions that may harbor significantly elevated thermal inertia regolith. 5. Despite the differences between leading and trailing hemispheres, the best-fit porosities between bands on the same hemisphere are similar enough that a compaction length scale cannot be derived. As such, we find no evidence for large changes in porosity or thermal inertia over the upper ∼1–3 cm. 6. We find that thermal anomalies only partially align with geographic features in a consistent way, with larger magnitude positive anomalies colocated with Tara, Powys, and Annwn regiones, and negative anomalies with Dyfed regio and the vast rays and ejecta of Pwyll crater on the trailing hemisphere. Negative thermal anomalies on the leading hemisphere—the largest we observe of all residual temperatures—are colocated with regions of more pure, crystalline water ice. These may be due to elevated thermal inertia terrain or a decrease in emissivity that only extends to <10 cm. Positive anomalies exist in regions with previously observed salt or CO2 features and, to some extent, chaos regions (Leonard et al. 2017). 7. Since the depths probed by (sub)millimeter observations are below the upper layer of amorphous ice and the regolith affected by micrometeorite gardening (Hansen & McCord 2004; Moore et al. 2009), our observations are more likely sensitive to the distribution of pure, crystalline water ice, though warm anomalies may be linked to the mixture of both endogenic and exogenic processes (e. g. , hydrated materials mixed with chaos terrain). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about thermal anomalies and porosity on Europa, but it does not directly address the potential for life in its subsurface ocean. No evidence or conclusions about conditions suitable for life are mentioned, which makes the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Our results align with rodent work demonstrating that dorsomedial striatum dopaminergic lesions impair action-outcome associations, such that animals continue to respond to previously rewarding cues even when action-contingency is removed (Lex and Hauber, 2010b). At a more general level, our result is also consistent with dopamine being necessary for behaviours involving a causal state-action-state model (Sharpe et al. , 2017), but not simple value-guided actions (Sharp et al. , 2016). Our finding reveals that dopaminergic medication attenuates the cue-driven reward expectation effect on vigour can be contrasted with previous work suggesting that tonic dopamine couples vigour to average reward rate (Beierholm et al. , 2013; Niv et al. , 2007). Our adaptive reward schedule held the average reward rate constant over time, while manipulating the average reward rate within each condition, such that the guaranteed 10 p and 0 p trials had different expected rewards. Dopamine might reduce these expectation effects through a different mechanism; the guaranteed cues elicit Pavlovian signals that track expected rewards across states and cues rather than time. Our result implicates dopamine in this signalling, but the direction of effect contrasts with naïve predictions. Dopamine is necessary for Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer (Hall et al. , 2001; Kelley and Delfs, 1991; Wyvell and Berridge, 2000) via the nucleus accumbens. In contrast, we show that reward expectation influences vigour when dopaminergic tone is low, yet does not when dopaminergic tone is high. This aligns with the finding that slow, tonic dopaminergic activity is not related to Pavlovian-to-Instrumental transfer (Wassum et al. , 2013). A possible explanation is that being ON dopamine led to a saturation in tonic dopamine leaving little room for phasic cue-related reward expectation signals. But if this were the case, one might expect generally higher velocities when ON, compared to PD OFF, which was not seen. Because our contingent and random conditions were matched for average reward rate, and thus opportunity cost, invigoration by contingent reward indicates a truly instrumental effect. An alternative explanation for the discrepancy with previous research showing dopamine encodes reward rate, is that the previous studies did not fully decouple contingent and non-contingent motivation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by demonstrating the role of dopamine in reward processing and motivation, specifically mentioning that 'dopamine is necessary for behaviours involving a causal state-action-state model' and that 'our result implicates dopamine in this signalling.' Furthermore, it discusses how dopaminergic lesions impair action-outcome associations, which aligns with the role of dopamine in processing rewards and motivating actions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-183128/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackgroundPlants have been used as a traditional medicine for many years for the people of Wolaita, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to record these local knowledge of the peoples who inhabit the district. MethodsA semi-structured interview was conducted with a total of 60 informants. ResultsTotally, 50 species belonging to 24 families were identified to treat 28 human and livestock ailments. Solanaceae (14. 3%) was the most abundant family whereas; the rosaceae (1. 00) had the highest family use value (FUV). Most of the plants (82%) were reportedly used to treat human diseases. Herbs (34%) were the dominant growth habits, followed by trees (33%). The leaves (30%) were identified as the most used plant part. The most common methods of remedy preparations were eating and chewing (18. 2% each) followed by grinding (13. 61%). Oral (73. 3%) was the major route of administration, followed by dermal (21. 7%). The cardiovascular system diseases category (1. 00) had a higher informant consensus factor value followed by the fever disease category (0. 90). Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile, Commelina benghalensis L. , Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl and Pentas spp. (100%) had a higher fidelity level to treat swelling, chirt (skin diseases), weight gain, and bone fractures, respectively. Persea americana Mill. was ranked highest as the most preferable medicinal plant for various purposes by local people, followed by Acacia abyssinica Benth. The principal threatening factors reported were charcoal production (26%), agricultural expansion (15%), and firewood (14%). Out of the plants and their uses documented, 16% of the medicinal plants and 28. 6% of the uses were novel. ConclusionsThe present study indicated the existence of indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants to treat human and livestock ailments. Therefore, there should be mentoring for the local people in the study area to conserve their indigenous knowledge and resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that out of the documented plants, 16% of the medicinal plants and 28.6% of the uses were novel, implying that not all traditional medicinal plants have established effectiveness for modern ailments. It suggests a lack of comprehensive validation for all plants used traditionally, which directly opposes the blanket statement of effectiveness in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: ALMA Bands 4 and 5 (∼120–230 GHz) may probe just above the interface where our Band 3 observations are no longer sensitive to diurnal variability (just at the thermal skin depth or above), while ALMA Bands 8 and 9 (∼385–720 GHz) sound the very upper subsurface (∼ mm depths), which may provide a means to derive the compaction length scale of the shallow subsurface and more properly constrain the ALMA Band 3 measurements. The higher ALMA frequency observations are more readily comparable to measurements of the surface properties derived from IR data, while VLA observations at high resolution would probe >m depths; data from the Juno/MWR will provide constraints on the thermophysical properties at even greater depths. Tracing thermal emission from radio to infrared wavelengths will help elucidate the influence of external and internal processes on Europa's subsurface properties and structure, and in addition inform our understanding of the surfaces of other icy satellites. 8280. This research was also funded in part by the Heising-through grant #2019-1611. Funding for this paper was provided by the program (through 80NM0018F0612) for A. E. T. , K. d. K. , A. A. Contributions from A. A. were carried out at the Laboratory, of Technology, under a contract with the (80NM0018D0004). We acknowledge support from the under grant #DGE-1745301 to M. C. We would like to acknowledge the staff for their expertise and help reducing data associated with this project, and in particular to R. Loomis and L. Barcos-Muñoz for their assistance during an ALMA face-to-face visit. We would also like to acknowledge A. Moullet and R. Moreno for their contributions to the original ALMA proposal on which these observations were based. This paper makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO. ALMA#2016. 1. 00691. S. ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA), and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), MOST and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. is operated byNRAO, and NAOJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean potentially harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it discusses observations and measurements related to Europa's subsurface properties and the technical aspects of the ALMA telescope's capabilities. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: Instead, controls had lower motor variability when rewards were guaranteed, but no other significant motivation effects. This leads to a pattern where PD ON show contingent motivation, PD OFF show reward-expectation effects, and HC show neither. As these effects themselves are not statistically different between groups, we are limited in the conclusions that we can draw about them. Numerically, controls show a similar pattern to PD ON (Figure 2a), with faster velocity residuals for contingent rewards, which could suggest that dopaminergic medication is restoring healthy function, but care must be taken with this interpretation. The lack of either type of motivation in the older HC is surprising given that in healthy young adults, both contingent and guaranteed rewards increase saccade velocity (Manohar et al. , 2017). This could suggest ageing decreases both contingent-motivation and reward-expectation, although a study directly comparing ages would be needed to conclude this. The motivational effects reported here were not related to any pupillary responses, unlike our previous findings in young people, which may be due to both ageing and PD decreasing the influence of rewards on pupil size (Manohar and Husain, 2015; Muhammed et al. , 2016). Additionally, while the two distinct motivational effects on velocity were uncorrelated within PD patients, it is possible that subgroups of patients showed different effects. For example, whether patients were on D2 agonists (Bryce and Floresco, 2019) or had tremor-dominant disease (Wojtala et al. , 2019) might be relevant. However, this study was not powered to detect such differences as only six patients were taking agonists in addition to levodopa. Considering the neuroanatomical differences between contingent motivation and reward expectation may help to explain our results. The nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum modulate their activity by reward expectation (Mohebi et al. , 2019; Tachibana and Hikosaka, 2012), while the caudate nucleus is active when rewards are contingent on behaviour (Lex and Hauber, 2010a; Tricomi et al. , 2004). Both the caudate and accumbens/pallidum project to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, allowing saccade initiation via the superior colliculus, which controls not only the direction of saccades, but also their instantaneous velocity during the movement (Smalianchuk et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of different brain regions, such as the nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum in reward expectation, and the caudate nucleus in contingent motivation. It implies that dopamine is involved in these processes by highlighting how motor variability and saccade velocity are influenced by reward types, suggesting that dopaminergic mechanisms are critical for processing rewards and motivation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Translational MedicinedistrictEthnic rural culturesEthnomedicineTherapeutic plantsTraditional knowledgeWolaita peopleFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8Figure 9IntroductionHuman beings have relied on nature for their basic requirements as the source of medicines, shelters, food, fragrances, clothes, flavors, fertilizers, and means of transportation throughout their lives. Well before the prehistoric era, plants were used for medicinal purposes to treat and cure diseases and to improve the health and well-being of humans and livestock. The majority of the populations in most of the developing countries depend on plants for primary healthcare [1] [2]. The medicinal plants are the source for the discovery of novel drugs and a quarter of the modern drugs contain one or more active principles of plant origin [3] [4]. According to Ohigashi [5], the top 25 best-selling medicines in the world originated from plant materials and still form the basis for modern health systems. The significance of medicinal plants to human livelihoods is essentially immeasurable [6]. In Ethiopia, 80% of the people use medicinal plants and their products for remedies. However, the knowledge and use of plants in many ethnic rural cultures has not been studied [7] [8]. Even though, medicinal plants are remaining the most important and sometimes the only source of therapeutics [9]. The community utilizes roots, barks, and other parts of the plant to make phytotherapies [10] and in the process they have developed their own local knowledge. This knowledge is transferred orally from one generation to the others via herbalists and well-informed elders. The traditional local doctors would be the best source of information about the medicinal values of the plants. Many practicing local doctors are still present in Ethiopia but, with the progress of modern medicine, the influence and the number of those doctors are decreasing rapidly. Despite their use as a source of medicine since time immemorial, the study and recording of medicinal plants has recently begun [11]. A few studies have been conducted and documented the medicinal properties of locally available plants, parts used, and ways of applications in southern Ethiopia, Assegid and Tesfaye [12] in district, Chama [13] in district, Mirutse et al. [14] and Giday et al. [15] in Sheko, Agisho et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while many populations depend on medicinal plants for healthcare, the knowledge and use of these plants in ethnic rural cultures has not been fully studied. It mentions that even though medicinal plants remain important, the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments is not conclusively established, suggesting that not all traditional medicinal plants have been proven effective in scientific studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Observatory is a facility of the Foundation operated under cooperative agreement by Associated Universities, Inc. 6. Image targeting Europa's leading hemisphere in Band 7 (top right-hand side) with Ganymede in the extended ALMA field (lower left-hand side), approximately 15'' away. Primary beam correction has been applied to normalize the gain across the extended FOV. The ALMA beam size appears as the white ellipse in the lower left corner. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Figure 7 shows the difference in residual maps corresponding to imaging performed without the inclusion of Ganymede (A), and with Ganymede (B), as in Figure 6, using a nominal global thermal inertia model with Γ = 75 J m −2 K−1 s−1/2. Large, off-disk image artifacts are present in the smaller image (created without the inclusion of Ganymede; Figure 7(A)), which are removed when the larger image is created including Ganymede (Figure 7(B)). Similar artifacts were present in the initial imaging of the Band 3 trailing hemisphere observation due to the interference of Callisto. As in Figures 2(C), (F), the image in Figure 7(B) shows localized thermal anomalies on Europa's disk only following the inclusion of Ganymede. Following these minor procedures, a reduction in background signal by factors of ∼2–4 were achieved for these observations—largely through the decrease in the background interferometric artifacts. The final image S/N of >100–200 is much more comparable to the other observations where interloping satellites did not affect the data. Reset image size Figure 7. Comparisons of ALMA Band 7 residuals of Europa's leading hemisphere: the initial deconvolution, without taking into account the interloping satellite (A), and the final deconvolution with the inclusion of Ganymede (B); the latter is comparable to Figure 6 (C). Note the change in colorbar scale between the two images. Europa's surface is shown (dashed circle), as are separate contours for each image (solid lines): 1σ intervals (A) and 3σ intervals (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes technical details about imaging related to Europa and Ganymede without addressing the potential for life in Europa’s subsurface ocean. There is no mention of conditions suitable for life or any biological implications in the provided information.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: , 2018). We propose contingent motivation and reward expectation both lead to motivational signals affecting the superior colliculus’ activity controlling the velocity and acceleration of saccades, and these are differentially affected by dopamine (Figure 7), although we remain agnostic as to the mechanism for this difference. Possibilities include the two systems receiving input from separate regions of the dopaminergic system which are differentially depleted in PD (e. g. dopamine overdose hypothesis [Cools, 2006]), differences in ‘global’ and ‘local’ dopamine signals (Mohebi et al. , 2019), or differences in D1-like and D2-like receptor expression within these systems (Surmeier et al. , 2007; Yetnikoff et al. , 2014). Further studies should address this question of the underlying mechanism. We have shown that in PD, dopaminergic medication boosts motivation by contingent rewards, but reduces motivation by expected reward. Nonspecific invigoration by reward may thus be generated by a different neural system than goal-directed motivation. This suggests that dopaminergic medication may be a potential treatment for impairments in contingent motivation, but not for deficits related to reward expectation. Materials and methods PD patients were recruited from volunteer databases in the University of Oxford. They were all taking levodopa medication, and some were also taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors and/or dopamine agonists (Table 3). They were randomly assigned to be tested ON or OFF medication first, and withdrawn from standard release medication for 16+ hours and controlled-release medication for 24+ hours. Two patients did not complete both sessions, and two did not have enough trials that passed all the criteria (see Analysis section) so were excluded, leaving 26 patients. Thirty healthy controls (HC) were recruited from volunteer databases also, and tested once, and one HC was excluded for insufficient trials passing the criteria. We recruited 30 participants in each group as this was the sample size used in previous experiments with this task and yielded robust effects (Manohar et al. , 2017). Sensitivity power calculations showed this would detect effect sizes above 0. 46 (Faul et al. , 2009) (α = 0. 05, power = 0. 8, sample size = 30), although as we only included 26 PD in the analysis, this effect size rose to 0. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dopamine differentially affects motivation and reward expectation in relation to the superior colliculus. It explains that dopaminergic medication can boost motivation by contingent rewards, indicating a key role of dopamine in motivational processes. Additionally, it elaborates on the implications of dopamine functioning in individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD), thereby supporting the assertion that dopamine is essential for reward processing and motivation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: FL is used to calculate the percentage of informants claiming the use of a given species for a particular purpose in a given cultural group or to determine the most preferred plants for a treatment of a particular ailment and calculated as: FL (%) = Np/N × 100 Where: Np is the number of informants that claim a use of a plant species to treat a particular ailment. N is the number of informants that claim the plant as a medicine to treat any given ailment. The plant species that are widely used to treat a particular ailment by the local people have higher FL values than those that are less popular [23]. Value (FUV). FUV signifies the use-value of a given plant family that is used as medicine for a particular disease. It is calculated as: FUV = ∑UVs/Ns Where: ∑UVs is the sum of the use-values for all species belonging to a particular family. Ns is the total number of species in the same family. High values of FUV might be because the plant species were cited by a large number of people in the study area [24]. Informant consensus factor (ICF). ICF was calculated using the formula ICF = Nur-nt/nur-1, where ICF denotes the informant consensus factor, nur is a number of use 0. 00 to 1. 00. High ICF values are obtained when only one or a few plant species are reported to be used by a high proportion of informants to treat a particular ailment. Low ICF values indicate that informants disagree over which plant to use. Direct matrix ranking Key informants evaluated the functionality of multifunctional medicinal plants to the local people and indicated their scores for each medicinal plant (on a scale of 1 to 5). Based on use criteria (5 = best; 4 = very good; 3 = good; 2 = less used; 1 = least used and 0 = no value) Nine medicinal plants were selected to be evaluated in six usage categories. Preference ranking A preference ranking of six medicinal plants that were reported as effective for treating a particular ailment was conducted by using those six key informants by following [1]. Hence the most occurring disease treated by more medicinal plants was given least (1) and highest (5) score by key informants. This scoring and ranking system was also applied for the other seven medicinal plant species on their degree of local scarcity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a detailed explanation of the use of plants in traditional medicine as determined by the local informants’ consensus. It describes various metrics like Familiarity Level (FL), Use-Value (FUV), and Informant Consensus Factor (ICF) to evaluate plant species, which indicates that not all plants used have consensus on effectiveness. High ICF values suggest agreement on a few effective species, whereas low values indicate disagreement, implying that some plants may not be effective. Therefore, the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine is called into question.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image For future observations of the interior Galilean Satellites—as well as those for the Giant Planets—a careful consideration of the positions of neighboring satellites should be considered, in addition to the primary body, when imaging individual satellites. Other means of removing the effect of nearby planetary bodies in interferometric observations (e. g. , de Pater et al. 2019) can achieve similar results and may be preferable for different observational situations. In particular, it is worth noting that the simple approach employed here is only effective when the observational duration is short, such that the objects do not move significantly with respect to one another on the sky. 8. Comparison of residuals for Europa's leading hemisphere in ALMA Band 3 using two different global porosity models: 20% (A) and 70% (B). Europa's surface is denoted by a dashed circle. Contours, increasing in 3σ intervals, are shown (solid lines). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Here, P is the diurnal period of Europa. For temperatures relevant to Europa's near surface, δT ranges from ∼5 to 15 cm depending on porosity or Γeff. This value can be compared to the electrical skin depth, δE which governs the sensitivity of different wavelengths to thermal emission vertically throughout the ice crust:where λ is the wavelength, and κ is the imaginary portion of the complex index of refraction, which itself depends on the ice porosity, dust mass fraction, and temperature (see Section 3 of de Kleer et al. 2021a). An example of how δE varies across notional ALMA frequency bands for a range of temperatures appropriate for Europa and a surface porosity of 50% is shown in Figure 9. These calculations include the multiplicative scale factor applied to κ as discussed in Section 3. Reset image size Figure 9. Electrical skin depth as a function of frequency in the range of ALMA receiver bands for temperatures relevant to Europa's surface and near subsurface for a global 50% porosity model. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image For a range of porosity values and relevant temperatures, the comparison of both δT and δE (including the applied scale factor, as in Figure 9) are shown in Figure 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to harbor life. Instead, it discusses observational techniques and models related to Europa's surface and features such as porosity and temperatures. This information is not related to the potential for life, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: ; the patterning of UHI phenomenon; the measures adopted to fight the intensification of UHI; the survey techniques used to study the phenomenon). Many relationships were found in literature to assess the UHI phenomenon based on different kinds of data. Namely we have a collection of indices to establish the increase of temperature and the maximal increase of temperature based on: Population data; Urban geometric factors of buildings as well as infrastructures; Meteorological data. 1. b. scheduling of existing infrastructures to meteorological and environment data assessment in different project areas. A big range of methods can be adopted in order to study the UHI phenomenon. For each project area different data can be available. Based on this availability or lack of information DSS is able to provide as much as possible of accuracy in the results. 2. Urban planning and land use regulation Urban planning and land use regulation assume an important role to regulate the possible actions of adaptation and mitigation. DSS take into account these in order to formulate answers. Of course these are not static and can be supported by the DSS to assess and to plan in a better way the urban development taking into account in particular: 2. a. Review of different rules and regulation set up by involved local government (reviewing of the local main rules and regulations to plan the urban development and the land use; incentives and regulatory actions in support of environmental restoration, energy conservation and to fight climate change put in act from the different local authorities). 2. b. Review of the main European legislation concerning urban and spatial planning and concerned issues. Action 3. 2. approaches the problem of UHI vs Climate Change: it aims to study the interaction between UHI and climate change phenomena as well as to understand the influences and correlations between them. Thanks to this Action have been set up indicators establishing relations among urban planning and human activities (main causes of UHI) with climate change trends, estimated on the basis of temperature shifting and other parameters. Regional climate model simulations are able to provide an estimation of the future climate scenarios (temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, cloud cover, etc. ) which may serve as outer conditions for the assessment of UHI phenomenon in the CE cities. The simulations can be made with WRF, e. g. , for a time slice of 10 years and statistical output on means and standard deviations of the meteorological variables can be supplied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the interaction between urban heat islands (UHIs) and climate change phenomena. It mentions the establishment of indicators that relate urban planning and human activities (which are main causes of UHIs) with climate change trends. Furthermore, the text indicates that regional climate model simulations can help estimate future climate scenarios, supporting the idea that UHIs can have significant impacts on climate change effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: ResultsComposition, ways of remedy preparation, and utilization of medical plants Totally, 50 medical plants belonging to 24 families were identified in the study area. The most common human ailments in the study area were stomachache, common cold, malaria, tonsillitis, diabetes, toothache, rabies, intestinal parasites, skin disease, headache, and snakebite. Most medicinal plants prescription (70%) was orally administered and followed by dermal and nasal. The investigation of the remedy’s preparation indicated that grinding, crushing, chewing, and boiling was the majorities of remedies modes of preparation (Table 1). Solanaceae (14. 3%) was the dominant family followed by Asteraceae (10. 2%), Poaceae (10. 2%), Euphorbiaceae (8. 16%), Lamiaceae (6. 12%) and Musaceae (4. 1%). The family Rubiaceae, Myrtaceae, Fabaceae, and Brassicaceae were each with 4. 08%. and Flacourtiaceae were each with 2. 04%. Family use value The number of species within a family was calculated to get their Value. The result showed that Rosaceae had a high FUV (1. 00), followed by Commelinaceae (0. 98), Musaceae (0. 97), and Rubiaceae (0. 93). In contrast Flacourtiaceae (0. 15) has lower FUV followed by Scrophulariaceae (0. 27). Therapeutic indications In the study area, 28 ailments affecting humans and livestock were identified in 11 categories (Table 2). Each of the majority of species (22. 58%) were indicated to treat gastrointestinal ailments, followed by dermatological infections/diseases (12. 9%), skeletomuscular system disorders (9. 67%), respiratory systems diseases (19. 35%), genitourinary ailments (3. 2%), poisonous bites (6. 5%), cardiovascular system diseases (3. 2%), endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (6. 5%), sensory neuron disease (3. 2%), fever (3. 2%) and general and unspecified ailments (9. 7%) (Fig. 2). Used forms, habit, and used parts of the plants Medicinal plants were mainly used in fresh form (65. 62%), 25% of it was used in dried form and the remaining 9. 38% was used in fresh and dried forms (Fig. 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific information about various medicinal plants and their uses, but does not support the idea that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. Instead, it details a variety of ailments and the plants that are utilized for those ailments without stating that all traditional medicinal plants are effective. This suggests variability in effectiveness rather than universal efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: As the porosity of the ice increases, the depth at which thermal emission may be sensed remotely increases (solid curves in Figure 10); conversely, the thermal skin depth decreases (dashed lines in Figure 10), and as a result the diurnal variability influences more shallow layers with higher porosity. In addition to the aforementioned parameters, the dust mass fraction alters the range of depths sounded by radiation—increasing the dust fraction decreases δE. As such, there exists a parameter space in which δE > δT manifesting as residuals with minimal temperature variability across longitudes and at multiple porosity values, as we find in ALMA Band 3. Considering permutations of Figures 9 and 10, we find that a porosity of ∼40% marks a physically realistic lower bound for depths down to ∼20 cm, as sounded by ALMA frequencies of ∼100 GHz. There is no combination of parameters for which these data could be sensitive to emission from the subsurface for porosities lower than 30% while simultaneously sounding depths below the thermal skin depth, which would thus manifest more significant thermal anomalies. Though higher porosity values (e. g. , >70%) allow for sensitivity far below δT we assume that the ice at depth is no more porous than that of the (near) surface. These physical constraints allow us to define the bounds for porosities as measured at low frequencies, and thus we infer a porosity of or for ALMA Band 3, sounding between ∼8 and 20 cm depending on temperature, porosity, and dust fraction. Reset image size Figure 10. Electrical skin depth (δE ) curves (solid lines) as a function of temperature for a range of global porosities at 97. 5 GHz (∼3 mm), as covered by continuum observations in ALMA Band 3. Temperature bounds are set by the predicted variability Europa's surface experiences throughout a nominal diurnal cycle for a given porosity value. The dust fraction is set to 0. 3. Thermal skin depths (δT ) over the range of temperatures are plotted (dashed lines) for 10, 30, 50, and 70% porosity models, illustrating the depths needed for derived δE values to be below δT and thus not exhibit temperature anomalies due to diurnal variability. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Future observations with ALMA at intermediate frequencies (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the thermal properties and porosity of Europa's ice and related observational data from ALMA but does not address or provide any information related to the conditions suitable for life in Europa's subsurface ocean. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Afterwards a downscaling to regional/town scales is required. Regional climate model uses available boundary conditions provided by existing global climate model. Climate change has the potential to alter shifts in average temperature, cloud cover, wind, speed and precipitation. The strong relationship between wind speed and cloud cover and UHI imply that changes in the magnitude of the UHI effect over the current century will depend at least in part on how cloud cover and wind speed change. Higher temperature might increase evaporation demand and may indirectly create a positive feedback, augmenting the temperature difference between city and rural setting. Though the magnitude of urban–suburban differences may not increase, the population affected by severe pollution episodes may increase as UHI-like conditions become more frequent in outlying suburban locations, presenting additional challenges for policy-makers. In summary, tasks of WP3 were to provide the collection of techniques to assess the UHI phenomenon from which a selection have been chosen to be implemented in DSS. Moreover WP3 analyzes the European and local legislation within which decisions can be taken and from which DSS development is dependent. Another important topic is the connection between UHI and climate change. Climate change will amplify the UHI phenomenon and its consequences for environment and human health have to be carefully taken into account. DSS has to consider then the projections to future scenarios to manage more useful information for administrators and stakeholders. 4. 2 WP4A large work to be implemented in DSS comes also from WP4 that is divided in three main actions. 4. 1. a permanent (TN) among experts scientific and institutional involved was set up. TN monitors UHI in CE area; in addition it develops shared and coordinated strategies in urban planning and land using. Task of the Groups was to manage the knowledge flow between partners and stakeholders and to share competence and knowledge on thematic issues with Groups. Action 4. 2. Methodology and areas definition: definition of sensible indicators, sampling procedures and analysis tools are fundamental issues that need to be shared for a common methodology and compare different characteristics of urban areas. A gold standard in assessment of UHIs and in the respective data sampling, accessing and processing has been defined. Cities without a monitoring network suitable for monitoring UHI should take gold standard as a prototype in creating a new monitoring system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that climate change will amplify the UHI phenomenon and emphasizes the importance of understanding its consequences for the environment and human health. It discusses how higher temperatures may increase evaporation demand and create a positive feedback loop that exacerbates the temperature differences between urban and rural settings. This aligns with the claim that urban heat islands (UHIs) can worsen the effects of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Medicinal plants used to treat both human and livestock ailments consisted of 31 herbs (62%), 11 trees (22%), and eight shrubs (16%) species. Thus, the most common growth form of medicinal plant in the study area was a herb, followed by trees and shrubs (Fig. 4). The dominant plant part used to prepare remedies were leaves (30%), followed by seeds (21%), fruit (12%), root (10%), latex (6%), bulb (6%), rhizome (5%), pod (5%), bark (3%), shoot (1%) and stem (1%) (Fig. 5). Administration route, methods of remedy preparation, and dosage Medicinal plants were given via different routes of administration, such as oral, dermal, and nasal. The most commonly used route was oral (73. 3%), followed by dermal (21. 7%). The remaining (5%) was hold by nasal and optical application routes (Fig. 6). The most commonly used methods of remedy preparation were eating and chewing (18. 2% each) followed by grinding (13. 61%), squeezing (10. 6%), drinking (7. 6%), smelling (6. 06%), powdering (4. 55%), painting (4. 55%), boiling (4. 55%), hold on (3%), fumigating (3%), dressing, sucking, spitting and in liquid form (1. 52% each) (Fig. 7). The dosage prescribed for the treatment of the same health condition varies between the informants. It was indicated that the doses for liquid preparations were prescribed through estimation, in terms of a full, half, or one-fourth of a coffee cup 'Sini', depending on the age of the patient being treated. For certain herbal preparations that are considered harmless, the doses depend on the patient's interest and/or ability to chew a plant or eat it for a certain health condition like sudden stomach pain relief. (e. g. , chewing L. roots used to get stomach pain relief). Human health problems treatment plants A total of 50 species belong to 24 families were recorded, 41 (82%) species were used to treat human diseases (Fig. 7). A single plant can treat a number of human ailments, and a single ailment can be treated by many plants. For instance, stomachache is a major disease and can be treated by 16 medicinal plants. From the plants, Alliumsativum L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by revealing that while medicinal plants are utilized in traditional medicine, there is no assertion that all these plants are effective for modern ailments. The discussion about the variety of plants and treatments indicates variability in their effectiveness, suggesting that not all plants used for traditional purposes can be universally regarded as effective for current health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Intended for healthcare professionals Search this journalSearch all journalsEnter search terms. . . Searchsearch Enter search terms. . . Searchsearch Search Access/ProfileAccessView access optionsView profileCreate profile Cart 0 by discipline Select discipline: All disciplines All disciplines Life & & Sciences & HumanitiesSelect subject: All subjects All subjects Cardiology & Medicine & Endocrinology & -legal & Orthopaedics & Medicine & & & & Methods & & & & & Criminology & Economics & & & Management & Marketing & & & & & & & & PlanningBrowse journals Sage publishes a diverse portfolio of fully journals in a variety of disciplines. you can explore our Disciplines Hubs, including: Journal portfolios in each of our subject areas. Links to Books and content from across Sage. for/ Reviewers SocietiesFrequently asked questions In this journal Wilderness & Impact Factor: 1. 4 email alertsYou are adding the following journal to your email alertsNew contentWilderness & Environmental MedicineCreate email alert Free accessLetterFirst published online June 1, 2021Be a for ConditionsFrédéric Bussienne, MD, and Thomas Reynaud, MDView all authors and affiliations, Issue 2 MEOF as an analgesic has been used by more than 6 million people over the course of 40 y in Australia and New Zealand. Common nonserious adverse effects are reactions such as headache, nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Generally, adverse effects are mild and transient, resolving after inhalation is stopped. MEOF administered at analgesic doses via a disposable inhaler has recently become available in Europe for emergency treatment of moderate-to-severe pain in conscious adult trauma patients. A recent study demonstrates that prehospital pain management is characterized by ongoing oligoanalgesia owing to undelivered analgesia. 1 Data from the control arms of the studies that compared MEOF to standard treatment revealed that trauma pain is often undertreated in current clinical practice, and there is no established standard of care. In the first randomized trial of MEOF in the emergency setting in Europe, only 23% of patients with severe pain (>7 on the numeric rating scale) received opioids in the standard-of-care arm or as a rescue medication. 2 This was also reported in a French study in which 31 patients, 18% of the control arm, did not achieve pain control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses medical topics related to analgesic use and pain management rather than any information concerning Europa or its subsurface ocean conditions. There is no mention or implication about extraterrestrial life or conditions on Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: Extent of UHI effects and corresponding potential Mitigation and Adaptation (M&A) measures: Within the framework of this action, the common and differential features of UHI effects in the selected regions have been identified by the corresponding partners. A set of candidate (potentially effective) M&A measures have been collected and reviewed by the interdisciplinary and transnational research team. Thereby, the mitigation strategies provide the definition and application of urban& spatial-planning approaches (e. g. widening of green areas and rows, spread distribution of populated areas preferring short buildings surrounded by gardens, canyon effect) that prevent UHIs emergences. Likewise, relevant construction parameters for buildings (e. g. surfaces characteristics of external building components) have been considered. As to adaptation strategies, the phenomenon of summer bioclimatic discomfort has been addressed by setting up warning and prevention systems. Mitigation strategies, already mentioned in report 3. 1. 1. , can be divided into three main categories, namely buildings, pavements and vegetation. For buildings one can work on directly either on their heat exchange material properties (valid for new and old buildings), or on the building/street geometry in order to modify the intensity of the so called canyon effect (valid only for new buildings). To the first category belong the following actions: Cool roofs/façades: By applying building materials with high solar reflectance (high albedo) and high infrared emittance (cool materials) one can reduce the cooling load of a building, and thus one can limit the heat emitted by the use of air conditioning facilities to the building’s surroundings. Though cool materials can be applied for both roof and façade surfaces, it is usually easier and cheaper to apply them to existing roofs, making the method of “cool roof” creation more prevalent in daily practice. Green roofs: a green roof means a roof covered by a vegetative layer of variable width. Compared to traditional high absorptive roof surfaces, green roofs bringing about lower surface temperatures, thus leading to lower cooling loads in the building itself. Irrigation of these roofs can reduce the air temperature next to the roof, as an outcome of the evapotranspiration effect of the vegetative layer. When applied to a large group of buildings, green roof are believed to have a significant effect of urban air temperature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various mitigation and adaptation measures related to urban heat islands (UHIs) and implies that these strategies, such as the use of cool roofs and green roofs, aim to reduce the intensity of UHI effects. By implementing these measures, it can help to limit the heat emitted into the environment, which corroborates the claim that urban heat islands exacerbate climate change effects. The mention of lower surface temperatures and reduced cooling loads from these strategies supports the argument that addressing UHI effects can influence climate dynamics negatively.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: and Vernoniaamygdalina, Sch. Bip were used to treat more than three human ailments (Table 4). Livestock aliments treating plants A single medicinal plant was recorded as being used to treat livestock disease only 1 (2%) (Fig. 8). In the study area, livestock diseases were treated with fewer plants compared to those used to treat human diseases. Human and livestock health ailments treatment plants A total of eight (16%) species were recorded as being used to treat both human and livestock diseases (Fig. 8). The most common diseases which affect human and livestock in the study area were skin disease, rabies, wound, and bone fractures. Informant consensus factor The disease categories with the highest informant consensus factor (ICF) values were cardiovascular system diseases (1. 0), followed by fever (0. 9), general and unspecified (0. 86), skeletomuscular system disorders (0. 82), endocrine/metabolic/nutritional (0. 79), respiratory systems diseases (0. 78), dermatological infections/diseases (0. 76), sensory neuron disease (0. 75), genito-urinary ailments (0. 66), poisonous bites (0. 57) and gastrointestinal ailments (0. 55) (Table 2). The medicinal plants that had higher ICF values were presumed to be more common and effective when used to treat a certain disease. However, poisonous bites and the gastrointestinal ailments category had a lower ICF value compared to other categories. Lower ICF values indicated that the informants disagreed on the taxa to be used as a treatment within the disease category. A greater number of plant species were used to treat gastrointestinal ailments (25) followed by dermatological infections/diseases (12) and then respiratory systems diseases (10). Informant consensus In this study, some medicinal plants were popular than others, and the highest informant consensus value was found for Triticum dicoccon (Schrank) Schübl which was cited by 60 respondents for treatment of bone fractures and weight gain. The second highest informant consensus value was found for Allium sativum L. , which was cited by 59 respondents for treating cough, malaria, stomachache, evil spirit 'Goromootiya' or 'Buda' (Table 3). Informant consensus values give a good indication about particular species that serve for particular health problems and about specific medicinal plants used for several health problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that although certain plants were used to treat ailments, there is a variation in effectiveness as evidenced by informant consensus factor (ICF) values. The varying levels of ICF suggest that not all plants are universally agreed upon for their effectiveness in treating specific ailments, for example, poisonous bites and gastrointestinal ailments received lower ICF values, indicating disagreement among informants about effective treatments. This suggests that not all traditional medicinal plants are effective for modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 3A growing body of evidence demonstrates that inhaled MEOF is well tolerated and effective in providing rapid onset of analgesia. However, few randomized controlled trials have been carried out regarding the matter. There are now several European randomized trials, summarized in Table 1. It is regrettable that 4 of these 5 trials are sponsored by the same pharmaceutical group; this should encourage great caution in interpreting the results and developing new protocols. Table 1 Summary of inhaled methoxyflurane study design in patients with trauma painStudyDesignPrimary endpointConclusionCoffey et al. (2014)4NCT01420159InternationalPhase 3 randomized, double blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial;United Kingdom;300 patients (149 MEOF)Change in pain intensity as measured using the VAS from baseline to 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after the start of study drug inhalationMEOF administered with the inhaler is an efficacious, safe, and rapidly acting analgesicBorobia et al. (2020)2NCT03256903Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, active-controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial performed in 13 emergency department and 1 out-of-hospital unit;Spain;305 patients (156 MEOF)Change from baseline in NRS pain intensity score during the first 20 min of treatment and time to first pain reliefMEOF is a nonnarcotic, easy-to-administer, rapid-acting, first-line alternative to currently available analgesic treatments for trauma painMercadante et al. (2019)8NCT03585374Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, open-label, active-controlled, multicenter trial;Italy;272 patients (136 MEOF)Change in VAS pain intensity from baseline to 3, 5, and 10 minMEOF provided superior pain relief compared with standard analgesic treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe trauma pain and may offer a simple, fast, effective, nonopioid treatment optionLim et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and potential for life. It discusses randomized controlled trials of inhaled methoxyflurane for analgesia, which does not relate to the conditions on Europa.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 3 Planning a simple classification of measuring sites contains categories for urban, downtown, suburban, and rural sites. For correct and precise heat island evaluation, far more detailed descriptions of urban areas are necessary, as Stewart and Oke’s method (2012) suggests applying. Zones were introduced for characterizing the building and vegetation structures of a compact urban region. Stewart and Oke formally defined Zones (LCZs) as regions of uniform surface cover, structure, material, and human activity that span hundreds of meters to several kilometers in the horizontal scale. The LCZ system comprises 17 zone types at the local scale (100–1000 m). Each type is unique in its combination of surface structure, cover, and human activity. Classification can be made on the basis of built-up area (10 classes) and types of land cover (7 classes). Classification of sites into appropriate LCZs requires basic metadata and surface characterization. The zone definitions provide a standard framework for reporting and comparing field sites and their climate observations. LCZs are a widely used classification system (Unger et al. 2011). It provides useful information for defining UHI magnitude, establishing comparable values originating from different sites, modeling climate and analyzing temperature, detecting features that influence microclimates. Determination of LCZs means defining urban areas characterized by the same structure, a similar built-up ratio, and relatively similar building heights (Balázs et al. 2009). Bordering is essential for finding ideal and representative sites for urban climate observation(Unger et al. 2011). Typically, a “three-step process” is suggested by Stewart and Oke (2012) “to users when classifying field sites into LCZs” (p. 1889): “Step 1: Collect site metadata. Users must collect appropriate site metadata to quantify the surface properties of the source area (as defined in Step 2) for a temperature sensor. This is best done by a visit to the field sites in person to survey and assess the local horizon, building geometry, land cover, surface wetness, surface relief, traffic flow, and population density […]. If a field visit is not possible, secondary sources of site metadata include aerial photographs, land cover/land use maps, satellite images (e. g. , Google Earth©), and published tables of property values (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses exclusively on the classification system for urban areas based on surface cover, material, and human activity. It does not address the relationship between urban heat islands and climate change effects, leaving the claim uncorroborated and unchallenged.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Fidelity level Croton macrostachyus, Pentas spp. , Triticum dicoccon and Commelina benghalensis were the four plant species with the highest fidelity levels (100%). The first two species were in the skeletomuscular system disorders categories and the following two species were in endocrine/metabolic/nutritional and dermatological infections/diseases categories, respectively, and were followed by Citrus aurantiifolia (98%) and Solanium macrocarpon (97%) correspondingly within the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems diseases categories. A higher fidelity level (FL) can imply that a particular plant purpose is preferred if informants mentioned it often. In contrast, the lowest fidelity level value was assigned to Verbascum sinaiticum (25%), followed by Euphorbia tirucalli (27%) from poisonous bites and the genito-urinary ailments category, respectively. A lower fidelity level implies that a particular plant purpose is not preferred (Table 4). Direct matrix ranking Based on the evaluation of key informants, the functionality of multifunctional medicinal plants to the local people scored from 1 to 5. The output of the direct matrix analysis found Persea americana Mill. to be the preferred medicinal plant used for various purposes by the local people, followed by Acaciaabyssinica Benth. and Eucalyptusglobulus Labill. (Table 5). Preference ranking A preference ranking of six medicinal plants that were reported as effective for treating stomachache was conducted after selecting six key (knowledgeable) participants. Stomachache is the most occurring disease treated by more medicinal plants. The members were requested to associate the specified medicinal plants with their efficacy. The results showed that Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce ex Steud. ) J. F. Gmel. scored the highest mark and ranked first indicating that it was the most effective in treating stomachache and followed by Solanium incanum L. (Table 6). The p14. 3%) was the biggest contributor, followed by Asteraceae and Poaceae (10. 2%) and Euphorbiaceae (8. 16%). Solanaceae are considered to have a wide variety of alkaloids. Therapeutic, these are the most potent known anticholinergic species used for medicinal purposes in the world. family is characteristically ethnobotanical, which is commonly used by humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that not all traditional medicinal plants have high fidelity levels, indicating their effectiveness. For example, Croton macrostachyus and Pentas spp. have high fidelity levels (100%), suggesting they are preferred for certain ailments. However, Verbascum sinaiticum (25%) and Euphorbia tirucalli (27%) are assigned low fidelity levels, implying these plants are less preferred and potentially less effective for certain medicinal uses. Therefore, the claim that all plants in traditional medicine are effective is rebutted by the evidence of varying efficacy among different plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: (2020)5NCT01887951Prospective, phased, cluster-randomized crossover study;Singapore;369 patients (167 MEOF)Reduction in pain as measured by reduction in NRS at 5, 10, 15, and 20 min after treatment; time taken from arrival at scene to administration of treatmentMEOF was superior to 50 mg intramuscular tramadol in terms of analgesic efficacy, onset of effective analgesia, and speed of administration. It was also associated with better paramedic and patient satisfactionRicard-Hibon et al. (2020)3NCT03798899Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b randomized, open-label, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial;France;351 patients (178 MEOF)Time until pain relief ≤30 mm, as assessed on the initiated by triage nurse as part of a multimodal analgesic approach, is effective in achieving pain relief for trauma patients. This effect was particularly pronounced in the severe pain subgroupMarinangeli et al. (2018) (study still in progress)6Mundipharma PharmaceuticalsPhase 3b prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial;Approximately 200 adult patients with a pain score of at least 4 on the NRS owing to limb trauma who were rescued by HEMS will be enrolled. Patients will receive up to 2×3 mL MEOF, self-administered by the patient by inhalation under medical supervision. Rescue medication will be permitted if required. HEMS, helicopter emergency medical services; MEOF, methoxyflurane; NRS, numeric rating scale; VAS, visual analog scale. It would appear that MEOF is an efficacious, safe, and rapidly acting analgesic; is easy to administer as a first-line alternative to currently available analgesics; and is associated with better paramedic and patient satisfaction. 2,4,5The use of MEOF in hostile environments, where patient mobilization is difficult, is of particular interest because of MEOF’s ease of use and speed of action. To assess whether inhaled MEOF is effective, safe, and practical in treating trauma pain in remote and hostile environments, a prospective, single-arm, multicenter trial was designed. study is currently ongoing and enrolling approximately 200 patients with single-limb trauma. 6 The first patient was enrolled in March 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to support life. Instead, it discusses various clinical trial studies focused on analgesic efficacy and pain relief associated with a drug named MEOF. There is no mention of Europa, planets, oceans, or biology, thus making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: 9a), then the eddying air currents have no effect whatsoever on the neighboring building, and the street canyon has free airflow. Fig. 2. 9Typical air flow in a street canyon (a) H/W ratio is 1/3 (b) H/W ratio around 1/2 (c) a narrow streetFull size image If the width of the street is gradually decreased within the model, then the closed eddy will dominate the entire width of the street, resulting in the characteristic feature that the direction of the prevailing wind blowing at street level is the opposite of the direction of the currents at roof level (Fig. 2. 9b). If the width of the street is narrowed further, so that the ratio of the height of the buildings and the width of the street exceeds 2/3 (Fig. 2. 9c), then the entire street canyon will be characterized by a closed eddy that prevents airing through, causing hot air to become trapped and allowing air pollutants produced by motor vehicles to accumulate. 4. 4 PrecipitationIn urban areas, instruments and methods for the measurement of precipitation are the same as an open site. The measurement of precipitation (such as rain or snow) is very susceptible to changes in airflow in the vicinity of the measurement. In urban environments, measurement errors are associated with the following main causes: the interception of precipitation during its trajectory to the ground by nearby collecting surfaces, such as tress and buildings, hard surfaces near the gauge which may cause splash-in into the gauge, and over-hanging objects which may drip precipitation into the gauge, the spatial complexity of the wind field around obstacles in the LCZ, causing significant localized concentration or absence of rain- or snow-bearing airflow, the gustiness of the wind in combination with the physical presence of the gauge itself, causing anomalous turbulence around it and leading to under- or over-catch. In open country, standard exposure requires that obstacles should be no closer than two times their height. In some ways, this guideline is less restrictive than for temperature, humidity, or wind measurements. However, in the UCL the turbulent activity created by flow around sharp-edged buildings is more severe than that around natural obstacles, and it may persist for greater distances in their wake. Again, the highly variable wind speed and direction encountered on the roof of a building make rooftops sites to be avoided. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding urban heat islands and their impact on climate change. Instead, it focuses on topics such as air currents in street canyons, precipitation measurement errors in urban areas, and the effects of building height and width on airflow. These discussions do not provide information or evidence that corroborates or contrasts with the idea that urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: It is an essential source of food, spice, and medicine and is also recorded for insecticidal properties [28]. In the report, Asteraceae and Poaceae were the second dominant families in human health care. However, other ethnobotanical researchers [29] [30] considered Asteraceae to be dominant in their field of study. This can be attributed to the geographical location, the social condition, and other cultural causes of local communities. The degree of ethnobotanical exploration in their areas of study may be a further explanation, or the entire region may not have been explored thoroughly. In the field of research, most plants have been used for treating human and livestock diseases. Among the 50 medicinal plants, 41 species were used for the treatment of 27 human ailments, whereas one species was used to treat one livestock ailments. The other eight species were used for the treatment of four common human and livestock diseases. Many medicinal plants have been used to treat a greater proportion of human diseases than animals because of human diseases such as stomachache, snake biting, cough, malaria, wound, ‘mitch’, and toothache. The rural population in the study area due to its socio-economic situation, the distance from its living area, and a lack of road infrastructure are not readily accessible for modern medical facilities. Abebe [8] and Hostettmann and Marston [2] have stated that 80% of people in the country are still using herbal remedies for various problems. Similar results from their study sites have been recorded in Ethiopia by many researchers [14] [12] [33]. Medicinal plants are often gathered from the wild by the healers in the study field. Most ethnomedicinal plants come from wild areas [13] [16]. The medicinal plants in the study area had diverse growth forms; in this case, herbs were the dominant growth form. Similarly, Chama [12], Giday et al. [14], Hailemariam et al. [16], and Lulekal et al. [31] reported that most medicinal plants were herbs in Damot Gale, Sheko, Konta and Ankober districts, respectively. In contrast, the majority of medicinal plants were shrubs in the south Omo and [17], [32]. Regassa [18], in Hawassa city, indicated that the majority of the collected medicinal plants there were trees. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by revealing that while many medicinal plants are used for treating various human ailments, there is no assertion that all plants in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. The mention of 80% of people relying on herbal remedies does not imply universal effectiveness, and the variability in plants used based on geographical and social conditions suggests that effectiveness may not be consistent across all traditional remedies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: In prehospital settings, where interventions are performed by a variety of professionals where and physicians may not be present, administration of MEOF is practical, with a safe administration route and rapid onset of action. The inhaler is lightweight, robust, and easy to use, even with gloved hands, and it requires minimal training for effective use. It can be easily transported and stored at a wide range of temperatures (−20 to 40°C). In a case report, MEOF provided rapid, effective analgesia for visceral and procedural pain at an altitude of 4470 m. 7 Currently, treatment is to be supervised by a healthcare professional and is self-administered through patient-controlled analgesia. MEOF may be particularly relevant in patients who are able to self-administer analgesia while isolated in hostile environments. Low-dose MEOF administered via a handheld inhaler has provided well-tolerated, short-term pain relief for trauma patients for many years. The availability of a nonnarcotic, well-tolerated, rapid-acting, and effective treatment option may improve acute trauma pain management. The ease of use of MEOF may make it particularly useful in the management of acute pain in hostile environments. MEOF could be a suitable option in the following situations:-For emergency prehospital doctors—more specifically, when involved in mountain rescue-For paramedics and mountain rescuers while waiting for the arrival of medicalization or transfer to the hospital-For the victim, in the context of self-medication, particularly in isolated environmentsTo date, several randomized trials support the use of MEOF, and it is probably time to carry out a meta-analysis on this subject. 1. Albrecht E. , Taffe P. , Yersin B. , Schoettker P. , Decosterd I. , Hugli O. Undertreatment of acute pain (oligoanalgesia) and medical practice variation in prehospital analgesia of adult trauma patients: a 10 y retrospective study. Anaesth 2013; 110(1), 96–106. CrossrefPubMed2. Borobia A. M. , Collado S. G. , Cardona C. C. , Pueyo R. C. , Alonso C. F. , Torres I. P. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Europa’s subsurface ocean potentially harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it discusses the practical applications and benefits of a medical treatment option (MEOF) in prehospital settings and trauma care. There is no mention or implication regarding the conditions for life on Europa or any extraterrestrial contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban heat islands can exacerbate climate change effects. [SEP] Text: All short- and long-wave fluxes are affected by the special properties of the atmosphere and the surfaces of cities, and the same is true for the net all-wave radiation balance that effectively drives the urban energy balance (Oke 1988). All of the instruments of radiation measurements, their calibration, the data correction, and most of the field methods are the same for urban environments as for open country sites. The calibration of equipment and instruments during intercomparison periods is essential to ensure the quality of the data. Sensor networks frequently contain low-cost, nonstandard sensors, and as such all equipment needs to be tested against a traceable “standard” instrument. Ideally, equipment should be calibrated at a national standards and calibration lab, ensuring the reliability of results and allowing for comparisons with other equipment calibrated to the same standard. Documented quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) procedures must be used in order to provide end-users with high-quality data. Consideration also needs to be given as to where the data are initially stored and processed (including procedures for ensuring that servers are secure and backed-up), archived long-term, and accessed by end-users. Communication via informal methods such as websites is important for providing information to a variety of stakeholders. Many urban sensor networks have websites through which data can be visualized and downloaded on request. Calibration processes in a laboratory imply that, under the same circumstances, parallel measurements result between sensors and reference tools. Sensor calibration should help meet the requirements described above in discussing the data quality issues facing institutions that are considering operating an automated surface weather station network. Calibration and maintenance processes should be declared in quality assurance documents for the network. Data from urban observations should be recorded a well-defined file format, where the header of file contains the station name, observing period, observing element, and units and frequency of observations. The end-data users (researchers, general public, schools) are able to use these records for their own purposes. 8 The Central--Atlas (UHI Atlas) is a tool for a presentation and exploration of different factors influencing urban heat island phenomena in the area. It can be used to limit the temperature increase in cities by establishing proper short-term and long-term mitigation, risk prevention and management activities (Komac and Ciglič 2014; Ciglič and Komac 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban sensor networks, through the provision of quality data, can help mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is a phenomenon that can indeed exacerbate climate change effects. The statement on the UHI Atlas indicates that it can be utilized to manage and mitigate temperature increases in cities, thus directly aligning with the claim's assertion that urban heat islands have implications for climate change.