Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 23908/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractincreasing number of medical schools worldwide are implementing longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs), but few schools in have done the same. The study explored and compared learning experiences and academic performances of LIC and traditional block rotation (TBR) students at a metropolitan tertiary teaching hospital in Taiwan. study employed qualitative and quantitative methods. We used semi-structured interviews to explore the learning experience of the medical students in their fifth-year clerkship and analyzed the data with a general inductive approach. We also compared the students’ academic performance, including the scores of their clinical performance, medical record writing, written tests, and the objective structured clinical exam. were 12 LIC and 14 TBR students who participated in interviews. We identified four major themes in their learning experiences. (1) Clinical learning: the importance of active learning, the difference between textbook knowledge and clinical practice, and opportunistic (TBR) versus contextual (LIC) learning. (2) With patients: companionship with patients (TBR and LIC) and bridging the gap between physicians and patients (LIC). (3) With preceptors: apprenticeship (for LIC) and difficulty communicating with preceptors (for TBR). (4) Doctor-patient relationship: interaction and communication. Comparing the learning outcomes, the LIC students scored higher on preceptor-rated assessments, and both groups exhibited comparable performance on written tests and the objective structured clinical examination. students’ learning experience differed in some respects according to their curricula, they had a comparable academic performance. Internal Medicineand TheoryUndergraduateLongitudinal integrated clerkshipMix-methods researchCurriculum evaluationClinical teaching and learningfirst year of a clerkship is crucial for medical education because students experience a transition in terms of their learning environment (from a classroom to the workplace) and role (from a student to a physician) [1]. In the past century, developments in medical knowledge and technology have changed the manner in which medicine is studied. However, the model of clinical clerkship remains the same: it involves a sequence of short rotations through various specialties. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study that compared learning experiences and academic performances of students in different curricula (Longitudinal Integrated Clerkships and Traditional Block Rotations) and found that while the LIC students scored higher on preceptor-rated assessments, both groups exhibited comparable performance on written tests and objective structured clinical examinations. This suggests that traditional methods do not guarantee inferior outcomes compared to the alternative methods being studied.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, fermentation time was prolonged under the same glucose concentration and biomass accumulation conditions, indicating that mass transfer limitation occurred with yeast flocs, which was consistent with the increase of the mean size of yeast floc distribution from about 50 μm detected at the beginning to about 250 μm detected near the end of the fermentation. Figure1 also illustrates effect of different glucose concentrations during ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeast where no ORP control was implemented. Under 201 ± 3. 1 g glucose/L conditions, it took 42 h to completely utilize glucose; whereas, it required 66 h for the case of 252 ± 2. 9 g glucose/L. Although the fermentation time was prolonged to 72 h, there were 35. 0 ± 3. 2 g glucose/L remained unfermented under 298 ± 3. 8 g glucose/L conditions. The unfermented glucose not only compromises ethanol yield that is calculated based on total sugars feeding into fermentation systems without deduction of residual sugars, but also imposes difficulty for the subsequent treatment of waste distillage. Therefore, corresponding strategies should be developed to address these issues. Effect of ORP control on ethanol fermentation by the flocculating yeastBased on ORP profiles recorded in Figure1 and previous studies on ethanol fermentation using non-flocculating yeast[11], two ORP levels at −100 and −150 mV were selected for ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under 201 ± 3. 1, 252 ± 2. 9 and 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose conditions. Time courses of glucose consumption, ethanol production, biomass accumulation, mean size of yeast floc, and ORP were monitored and illustrated in Figure2, and the experimental results were further summarized in Table1. Figure 2Ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast under ORP control conditions. Media containing glucose (g/L): 298 ± 3. 8 (A), 252 ± 2. 9 (B) and 201 ± 3. 1 (C). Glucose consumption (solid cycle), ethanol production (solid triangle), biomass (solid square), ORP (bold line) and mean of yeast flocs (open cycle). Full size imageTable 1 Summary of the experiment results Full size tableIn reference to ethanol fermentation without ORP control, more ethanol was produced when the ORP control strategy was applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses fermentation processes involving yeast and the effects of glucose concentrations and ORP control on ethanol production, but it does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast specifically designed for biofuel production. The relevance to the claim is low as it focuses on practical fermentation details rather than the potential for high yields using engineered yeast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Phylum protobacteria of class Gammaproteobacteria, order Pseudomonadales and family Moraxellaceae, genus Acinetobacter, species Acinetobacter_calcoaceticus as well as order Cytophagales of family Spirosomaceae and Leadbetterella were enriched in L2 host plant as well as order Flavobacteriales of families Flavobacteriaceae and Weeksellaceae, order _Corynebacteriales of family Tsukamurellaceae, Micrococcaceae and order Rhodobacterales of family Rhodobacteraceae were enriched in R1 host samples M1 host plants were also enriched in Class bacilli of the order Lactobacillales, the family Enterococcaceae and genus Enterococcus. M3 enhanced predominance of the class_Actinobacteria of the order Corynebacteriales within the family Corynebacteriaceae, genus Corynebacterium_ and species Corynebacterium_variabile (Fig. S10). A significant variation was found between the R1 and R3 groups. We found that 6 taxa were overrepresented and 10 were underrepresented, e. g. order Flavobacteriales (Fig. 11). DiscussionIn the present study, we analyzed the composition and relative abundance of the gut bacterial communities of the fifth instar larvae of S. frugipeda fed with nine different host plants under in vitro conditions. The results showed that the bacterial communities were substantially influenced by feeding of larvae on the nine different host plants. Earlier studies have suggested that life stage, environment and diet are the major factors that influence the formation of gut bacterial communities in insects [28-29,]. The results of this study are in line with findings from previous studies which showed that the bacterial community structure in many insect species are influenced by diets [30, 2]. The results from this study provided a further evidence that insect gut bacterial communities are influenced by diet which is dependent on their hosts. High bacteria diversity with nine phyla (and Verrucomicrobia) in the gut of all the larvae samples were documented. Firmicutes was the predominant phylum among them followed by proteobacteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the composition and relative abundance of gut bacterial communities in the fifth instar larvae of S. frugipeda were substantially influenced by the feeding of larvae on nine different host plants. It mentions that 'earlier studies have suggested that life stage, environment and diet are the major factors that influence the formation of gut bacterial communities,' indicating a direct connection between diet and gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR learning experiences guarantee better outcomes than traditional methods for all students. [SEP] Text: Clinical learning in conventional clerkships has been considered opportunistic, brief, and fragmented because it depends on patient encounters [19–21]. However, in LICs, learning experiences in the workplace are not always comfortable [22, 23], which can be attributed to unplanned learning opportunities [24, 25] and insufficient knowledge or skills [23, 26]. A proactive, self-motivated, and enthusiastic approach is crucial for clinical learning [27]. Medical students must study independently and acquire knowledge from supervisors [28]. Active engagement with patients can enhance student learning [12]. In this study, students stated that they recognized the necessity of self-directed learning in the workplace. Learning in hospitals was fragmented and generally occurred during clinical activities. The preceptors and house staff wanted the students to prepare in advance because they did not have sufficient time to provide background knowledge. Several studies have reported that junior staff members are the principal educators in teaching hospitals [20, 21, 29, 30]. In this study, the attending physicians were recognized as the formal educators in the team. The interns primarily assisted students in adapting to hospital life. The residents were reported to have a high workload and thus did not frequently interact with first-year clerks. This phenomenon might be based on different educational designs. In this school, a clerkship only requires eight months for completion, whereas an internship requires two years (the sixth and seventh year). Clerks are rotated every two weeks among different units, whereas the interns are rotated monthly. Compared with the relationships between interns and residents, those between clerks and residents might be less intimate. Communication skills are crucial for establishing doctor-patient relationships in medical practice. These skills can be taught using various methods, such as didactic lectures, videos, role-plays, interactions with standard patients, and simulations. However, most medical students learn verbal and nonverbal communication skills by observing their teachers and preceptors during daily practice [31]. Noncognitive characteristics, such as communication and relationship building, are considered valuable in clinical teachers [32]. In this study, both groups of students observed the modes of doctor-patient communications used by preceptors during rounds in clinics and wards. Both groups of students primarily described themselves as observers. They stated that their interactions with patients generally included taking a patient history and conducting conversations with patients during daily visits. LIC students generally conducted patient follow-ups for a few weeks or months after discharge. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and characteristics of traditional clinical learning methods. It highlights that clinical learning in conventional clerkships is characterized as opportunistic and fragmented, indicating potential shortcomings in traditional methods. For example, it mentions that 'learning experiences in the workplace are not always comfortable' and the importance of self-directed learning, which suggests that traditional methods may not be guaranteed to lead to better outcomes for all students. The text does not provide support for the effectiveness of VR learning experiences, focusing instead on the challenges within the traditional learning setup.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Since feedstock consumption is the major cost for fuel ethanol production[2], more ethanol production improved ethanol yield, and correspondingly saved feedstock consumption. The highest ethanol concentration of 131. 0 ± 1. 8 g/L was obtained for ethanol fermentation with medium containing 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose when ORP was controlled at −150 mV. Whereas, for ethanol fermentation with media containing glucose of 252 ± 2. 9 and 201 ± 3. 1 g/L, ethanol production was enhanced more significantly when ORP was maintained at −100 mV. Ethanol production is attributed to both yeast cell viability and biomass accumulation. Yeast cell viability was improved more significantly when ORP was controlled at −150 mV, since more reducing power would favor the maintenance metabolism of yeast cells and correspondingly improve their viability[14, 15], which might be the main reason for the enhancement of ethanol production under the VHG condition. On the other hand, more biomass was accumulated when ORP was controlled at −100 mV during ethanol fermentation with media containing 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L glucose. The increase of biomass concentration was due to more air sparged into the fermentation system (Table1), which stimulated yeast propagation, and consequently improved ethanol production. Glucose was completely consumed for ethanol fermentation with media containing 201 ± 3. 1 and 252 ± 2. 9 g/L glucose when ORP was controlled at −100 mV. Although ethanol fermentation under 298 ± 3. 8 g/L glucose conditions was improved when ORP was controlled at −150 mV, as high as 24. 0 ± 1. 1 g/L glucose was remained unfermented, which would be not acceptable from the point of view of industrial application. Hence, various fermentation strategies and process configurations such as tanks-in-series fermentation systems have been developed[16, 17]. Effect of yeast flocculation on ORP profileCompared with the bathtub ORP profile previously reported for VHG ethanol fermentation with S. cerevisiae[11], difference between the two ORP profiles (one with non-flocculating yeast, and another with flocculating yeast) was observed and illustrated in Figure3. Figure 3ORP profiles of ethanol fermentation by flocculating yeast (A) and non-flocculating yeast (B). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of ethanol production using yeast, including factors affecting ethanol yield and fermentation conditions. However, it does not directly address bioengineered yeast or support the claim regarding the ability to produce high yields of biofuels specifically from sugars. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: This results corroborate with the findings of other researchers that bacteria phylum Firmicutes was the most abundant followed by Proteobacteria in the gut of late instar of Spodoptera litoralis [31]. Similarly, Gomes et al. [32] reported that Firmicutes was the predominant bacteria phylum in the gut of S. frugiperda larvae. However, two recent studies on the gut bacterial community of the fifth instar larvae of FAW revealed that Proteobacteria was most dominant phyla followed by Firmicutes [33,25]. Similar observation was made by several authors in other phytophagous insects, in particular lepidopterans [8,17,34]. Similarly, Lu et al. [2] reported that Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were the principal phylum and family respectively in the gut of fourth instar larvae of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata fed on two host plants Solanum melongena and Solanum nigrum. These variations could probably be attributed to the different host plants on which the larvae fed on, implying that host plants are major driving force to the community diversity in microbial composition of insect’s gut. This study also showed that the relative abundance of Firmicutes was significantly higher in larvae groups fed by celocia and sweet potato compared to other host plants. Studies have shown that Firmicutes function in energy absorption, and may cause diabetes and obesity in insects, mice and humans [31]). According to Chen et al. [31], studies on insects and other animals proved that increase in ability to extract energy from the diet are related to firmicutes increase. Thus, high proportion of Firmicutes observed in larvae fed on celocia and sweet potato suggests that the two plants have higher content of carbohydrates and polysaccharides than the other host plants. This may indicate that FAW larvae need more Firmicutes bacteria for the digestion hence the higher number observed on their guts. Our results revealed that protobacteria were more dominant in green amaranth (L2) and sugar cane (MI) host plants. Proteobacteria can digest secondary metabolites (as terpenes, alkaloids, glycosides and phenolic compounds) of insect host plants and help to maintain the growth and development of insects and its absence leads to poor development in insects and other growth abnormalities[35]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the variations in the gut microbiota composition of insects, specifically the predominance of different bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, are influenced by the type of host plants the insects consume. It highlights that certain diets, represented by the specific host plants like celocia and sweet potato, have been linked to a higher abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Firmicutes, suggesting that dietary choices can positively influence the diversity and composition of gut microbiota in these insects. The findings imply that diet is a driving force for microbial diversity, which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: Abstract Introduction: Poor health literacy has a negative impact on various health care outcomes. Medical schools are not consistently providing health literacy training; when they do, they overly rely on didactics. Methods: Our curriculum for third-year pediatric clerkship students taught principles of health literacy and evidence-supported clear communication strategies. Communication skills were structured on a novel mnemonic: CTEP (clear language, teach-back, effectively encouraging questions, and pictures). The curriculum included a 30-minute didactic, followed 1–2 weeks later by a 90-minute interactive workshop. All 188 clerkship students attended the didactic lecture; approximately half (90) attended the follow-up workshop. All students completed a formative objective structured clinical encounter. Standardized patients then evaluated students’ use of the four clear communication skills. Students completed a survey to assess confidence, knowledge, and use of the skills. Results: Compared to the didactic-only group, students in the didactic + workshop group more frequently used teach-back (53% vs. 27%, p <. 01) and pictures (46% vs. 10%, p <. 01). In addition, the didactic + workshop group had improved recall, self-reported use, and comfort with the skills. The didactic + workshop group solicited questions from the standardized patient less often, and there was no difference in use of clear language between the two groups. Discussion: An interactive curriculum in health literacy and clear communication for pediatric clerkship students was superior to a didactic alone. Optimizing instructional methods for health literacy skills can help future physicians properly communicate with their patients to improve health outcomes. By the end of this activity, learners will be able to: 1. Discuss the best health literacy–informed communication skills to use with all patients. 2. Demonstrate clear language, teach-back, open-ended questions, and use of pictures during a simulated pediatric patient encounter. 3. Incorporate four specific clear communication skills into patient care. literacy has been defined by the Health and (HMD) of the of Sciences as “the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. ”1 The fact that approximately one-third of US adults have limited health literacy2 has far-reaching consequences for health outcomes, health care costs, and medication errors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a curriculum for health literacy that combines didactic and interactive methods. It indicates that an interactive workshop, alongside didactic instruction, resulted in enhanced student performance and comfort with communication skills compared to those who received only didactic training. This suggests that effective teaching, particularly in complex subjects like health literacy, requires supplementary methods rather than solely relying on one method.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Medium containing ~300 g/L glucose and ORP controlled at −100 and −150 mV, respectively. Data adapted from Lin et al. [11] for (B). Full size imageFluctuation in ORP during the stationary phase of non-flocculating yeasts was recorded. In contrast, ORP was relatively stable during ethanol fermentation with the flocculating yeast. We postulated that this difference might be due to the morphological change associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. The flocculating yeast formed flocs during ethanol fermentation and the size of the yeast flocs increased as the fermentation proceeded (Figures1 and2). As more and more yeast cells flocculated together, a micro-environment was correspondingly developed among these cells. Yeast flocs are fragile in nature, and shear force induced by agitation breaks up larger flocs, and in the meantime smaller flocs re-flocculate and form large aggregates when they are in contact. As a result, metabolites occluded within yeast flocs and affecting ORP might release into the fermentation broth, and attenuate the ORP fluctuation observed in VHG ethanol fermentation with non-flocculating yeast. On the other hand, yeast flocculation also creates a physiological shelter to protect yeast cells from ethanol toxicity[18], as such the loss of yeast viability would be reduced (Table1). It is noticed that there was no abrupt reduction of cell viability in the late stage of ethanol fermentation when the flocculating yeast was used; whereas, a sudden decline of yeast cell viability at the end of the stationary phase was reported during VHG ethanol fermentation when non-flocculating S. cerevisiae was employed[11]. ConclusionsCompared to non-flocculating yeast, no lag phase was observed for growth and ethanol fermentation of the flocculating yeast under VHG conditions, which resulted in a drastic decline of ORP, and in the meantime stuck fermentation with prolonged fermentation time and significant glucose remained unfermented was observed due to mass transfer limitation associated with the flocculation of yeast cells. The ORP control provided a strategy for improving ethanol productivity and yield for the VHG fermentation system. Ethanol fermentation performance is affected by biomass accumulation as well as yeast cell viability, and thus the ORP control impacts the fermentation system differently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of oxidative reduction potential (ORP) and yeast flocculation during ethanol fermentation, without addressing or indicating anything specifically about bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. There is no mention of design, manipulation, or yield of biofuels in relation to the yeast described.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The higher proportion of Proteobacteria in larvae fed with green amaranth and sugarcane observed in our study suggest that those two host plants contain more secondary metabolites than other host plants, hence the higher proteobacteria to aid the metabolism. Proteobacteria have been reported to degrade insecticides [36]. The high number of proteobacteria may help the larvae tolerate plants that were treated with insecticides. Proteobacteria plays a diverse functional role and helps for adaptation to different hosts in nature[37-38]. was the third in the rank of bacteria phyla observed in this study constituting 11. 4% of the total phyla and was mostly enriched in groups fed with cabbage (L1) and cucumber (R1). Oxyphotobacteria belong to the class of cyanobacteria observed in our larvae samples. These results are consistent with the study by Lu et al. [2] who reported that Oxyphotobacteria was found in small proportion on the fourth instar H. vigintioctopunctata fed with solanum nigrum. According to Soo et al. [39]phylum Cyanobacteria comprises of three classes namely; Oxyphotobacteria, Melainabacteria, and Sericytochromatia. A study by Utami et al. [40] revealed the presence of Melainabacteria in the gut of termite but this study detected Oxyphotobacteria in the gut of FAW larvae. Thus, this study has advanced the knowledge of Cyanobacteria group in the guts of insects. The information on any host associated variation in microbial structure and description of microbial communities of insects is vital for full understanding of insect ecology and development of innovative strategy for pest management. For instance, according to Crotti et al. [41] microbes can be used to improve Technique (SIT) programs aimed at reducing the spread of insect borne pathogens and vectors and to protect beneficial insects. The baseline knowledge on the biology of the target species, and the characterization of microorganisms associated at the different life stages and its host need to be discovered[42] Furthermore, we identified a relatively high presence of Actinobacteria (9. 4%) associated with S. frugiperda fed with different host plants This finding is consistent with the results of Strano et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting how the diet of larvae, specifically those fed on green amaranth and sugarcane, leads to a higher proportion of Proteobacteria in their gut microbiota. The presence of diverse bacterial phyla, such as Oxyphotobacteria and Actinobacteria associated with different host plants, suggests that various plant diets can impact microbiota diversity. This aligns with the claim that diets can positively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: While the HMD recommended health literacy skills training for professional skills in 2004,1 as of a 2010 survey of US allopathic schools (with a 47% response rate), only 72% had health literacy curricula. 3 While health literacy curricula are not yet universally implemented, there has been a recent increase in published curricula in this area. 4–13 There are robust and effective health literacy curricula for medical students,4,8–10 residents,6,7,11,12 attendings,5,12 and multidisciplinary fields. 5 These published resources mostly utilize interactive workshops to teach health literacy skills, but in practice, there is an overreliance on didactics. For example, in a 2010 survey of medical school health literacy curricula, the most common curricular method was didactics (84%), while fewer used workshops (46%) or standardized patients (SPs; 57%). 3 Few studies have compared efficacy of didactics versus other types of educational methods in this area. Past health literacy curricula published in have focused on adult care. 4,5,12,13 There are limited published curricula for teaching health literacy and clear communication skills when caring for pediatric patients and teaching parents and caregivers. To fill this gap, we designed a curriculum for pediatric clerkship students to learn about health literacy and clear communication skills, with didactics, taped simulated patient encounters with feedback, and small-group role-plays as the primary instructional methods. Students also learned a novel mnemonic to encourage repeated practice of four core communication skills in the workshop and future clinical work. The curriculum was informed by the theory of deliberate practice, in which learners repeatedly engage in practice of skills in order to gain mastery of them. 14 The intended learner for this curriculum is a clerkship student. We chose this learner because these students are early in the process of establishing their clinical routines and practice. It is important to lay a groundwork early for incorporating strong, evidence-based communication skills into future practice. Facilitators should preferably have experience in clinical medicine and be familiar with key concepts in health literacy and clear communication skills. We evaluated this curriculum by giving different curricular elements to two separate groups of students and comparing performance on a formative, low-stakes objective structured clinical encounter (OSCE). One group of students attended just a didactic, while the other group attended a didactic and participated in an additional workshop. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while there are health literacy curricula implemented in medical education, there remains a significant reliance on didactic methods (84% of curricula) versus interactive approaches such as workshops (46%). This suggests that VR, as one form of educational technology, is not sufficient on its own for effective teaching, as demonstrated by the comparison of didactic methods to interactive workshops in the context of health literacy education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: ORP control schemeAn autoclavable ORP electrode (model: Pt4805-DPAS-SC-K8S/225, Mettler Toledo, Switzerland) was inserted into the fermentor to monitor ORP, and the measured voltage signal was processed by a pH/ORP controller (model: Transmitter PC-3100, Suntex, Taiwan). When the measured ORP was lowered than the set point, a proper amount of filter-sterilized (0. 2 μm nylon membrane) air was sparged into the fermentor to maintain ORP at designated levels: -100 or −150 mV. The amount of air was determined by the PID algorithm built-in in the pH/ORP controller. AnalysisA 4-mL fermentation broth was sampled every 6 or 8 h. The sample was centrifuged at 10000 × g for 5 min. The precipitate was washed twice with deionized water, dried at 85°C for 48 h, and weighted. The supernatant was used to quantify glucose and ethanol by HPLC (Model: Waters 1525) with an RI detector (Model: Waters 2414). An ion exclusion column (Model: Aminex HPX-87 H 300 × 7. 8 mm, Bio-Rad, USA) was used to separate metabolites. The mobile phase consisted of 10 mM H2SO4, and the flow rate was set at 0. 6 mL/min. The temperature for column and RI detector were set at 50°C. Yeast cell viability was determined as a ratio of viable to total cell numbers counted under microscope by methylene-violet staining procedure[20]. Characterization of yeast flocsA focused beam reflectance measurement system was used to monitor yeast flocs in situ during the fermentation, which were characterized by the statistic mean of the yeast floc distribution[21]. Authors’ informationCGL completed his PhD study on very high gravity ethanol fermentation in 2011 at of Technology (DUT), China, and is now working as a post-doctoral fellow at DUT. NW is a MSc graduate at DUT, working on ethanol fermentation kinetics of flocculating yeast. YHL is a Professor at the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. FWB is a Professor at DUT’s School of and Biotechnology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it primarily describes technical details related to yeast fermentation processes, such as ORP control, sampling techniques, and yeast viability testing. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast specifically or their capacity for converting sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: [34] who reported high incidence of Actinobacteria in the gut of Thaumetopoea pityocampa from conifer pine species. Actinobacteria has been previously reported in the guts of other insects like pyrrhocorid bugs where it acts as essential nutritional symbiont [43]. According to Kaltenpoth [44] Actinobacteria associated with insects provide protection against detrimental microorganisms. Remarkably, among Actinobacteria, reads associated with the genus Corynebacterium_1 were more abundant in S, frugiperda larvae fed with onion (M3) than other host plants. This result is of particular interest from an ecological point of view since it suggests a specific association between Corynebacterium_1 and S. frugiperda larvae feeding on onion plants. Ventura et al. [45] reported that Corynebacterium in the family of Corynebacteriaceae contains over 80 species and have been isolated from diverse samples like human clinical samples and animals, soil, marine environments, and dairy products. However, Corynebacterium have also been reported to occur in the gut of adult and larvae of Anopheles gambiae [46]. Acidobacteria was relatively low in the guts of S. frugiperda larvae as observed in this study and was prevalent in larvae samples fed with three different host plants (M1, R1, and M2). Acidobacteria is known to be a principal bacteria phylum in tropical agricultural soils [47]. Several research using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and environmental shotgun metagenomic analyses have shown that the Acidobacteria denote a highly diverse phylum resident in a wide range of habitats around the globe[48]. Acidobacteria have been reported to play several roles such as carbohydrate metabolism [49], Nitrogen metabolism and production of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) [50]. Phylum gemmatimodetes and Chloroflexi were observed in small proportion in three larvae samples fed with three different host plants. This is consistent with recent report by Leite-Mondin et al. [51] who detected very low abundance of Chloroflexi in the guts of Trichoplusia ni populations fed with exclusive diets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the diet of S. frugiperda larvae, specifically those fed on onion plants, led to a higher abundance of Actinobacteria, particularly Corynebacterium_1. This suggests that certain diets can indeed influence the diversity of gut microbiota since different diets resulted in different microbial compositions, as highlighted in the statement that 'reads associated with the genus Corynebacterium_1 were more abundant in S. frugiperda larvae fed with onion' compared to other host plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: This curriculum adds the following to the growing body of knowledge of health literacy curricula: (1) an easy-to-implement curriculum tailored to pediatric clerkship students (and easily adapted for pediatric practitioners) and (2) a unique between-groups design to evaluate the optimal curricular method for teaching these skills. mini-curriculum focused on health literacy and clear communication skills was added to the third-year pediatrics clerkship. Review of the medical school curriculum with the assistant dean for medical education found that students had no mandatory prior medical school experience in these topics. No prerequisite learning was required for the curriculum. The curriculum focused only on evidence-based or consensus-supported clear communication techniques. 2,15,16 As directed by the Agency for and Quality,2 the curriculum used a approach: Students were taught that because one never knows who has poor health literacy, clear communication skills should always be used. At clerkship orientation, all students attended a 30-minute didactic lecture about health literacy and four clear communication skills (1. Clear language: The facilitator gave each student one medical case scenario (2. Teach-back technique: In this role-play exercise, students paired off and practiced the teach-back technique. First, one pair demonstrated for the group, followed by group feedback. Then, all the pairs practiced. There were five sample cases (3. Effectively encouraging questions: The facilitator taught use of an open-ended technique for encouraging patient questions (saying, “What questions do you have? ” instead of “Do you have any questions? ”). In each subsequent role-play, the facilitator reminded the students to use an open-ended approach for eliciting patient questions. 4. Pictures: As a group, students discussed ways to use pictures in clinical care. There were three simple clinical instructions (5. CTEP: As a final role-play exercise, students again split into pairs. This exercise was structured the same as the teach-back exercise. First, one pair demonstrated for the group, followed by group feedback. Then, all the pairs practiced. There were five sample cases (1. Students from the workshop group could recall a greater number of the four primary clear communication skills compared to the didactic-only group (2. 4 vs. 0. 4, p <. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a structured medical curriculum that involves didactic lectures, role-playing exercises, and specific communication techniques to teach health literacy. This indicates that multiple teaching methods are utilized, rather than relying solely on virtual reality (VR) or any single method. Furthermore, the effectiveness of communication skills is demonstrated through a comparative evaluation of different teaching groups, implying that supplementary methods are essential for effective learning.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Bose – to Plastics and BiofuelsSep 8, 2021 | & Share 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Voxygen was widely available in Earth’s atmosphere, ancient microbes looked to other elements to obtain electrons for photosynthesis. Some of these microbes are called ‘photoferroautotrophs’ – which can take up electrons from iron available in their surrounding environment and use them to transform carbon dioxide (CO2) into biomolecules. In their research, Bose and her team at in St Louis, explore the mechanisms these microbes exploit to produce biomolecules, using the electrons they take in. Their discoveries are leading to sustainable new ways to produce both plastic and fuel – and could soon prove to reduce our reliance on the compounds derived from crude oil. Microorganisms have evolved a bewildering array of techniques to obtain nutrients from their surrounding environments. As biologists learn more about these methods, their potential use in our technology is now looking increasingly promising. Perhaps one of the most fascinating of these feeding methods is called ‘microbial electrosynthesis’. The process can be controlled using devices named ‘microbial electrochemical cells’ powered by electricity, in which oppositely-charged electrodes are placed in a charge-carrying electrolyte. By attaching themselves to the device’s negatively-charged cathode, photoautotrophic microbes that feed through microbial electrosynthesis can use the abundant incoming electrons to catalyse biochemical photosynthesis reactions, and convert CO2 into value-added multi-carbon compounds. By exploiting these behaviours, Bose and her team at hope that they can mitigate some of humanity’s most environmentally-damaging activities, including plastic use. However, many improvements are needed before these techniques can be rolled out on industrial scales. In their research, and her team explore this issue in detail, drawing from the latest advances in chemistry, microbiology, and materials science. : Sean Garcia, WashingtonUniversity in St. In previous studies by the Bose team, promising opportunities for improving the performance of microbial electrosynthesis emerged with the use of a rod-shaped photosynthetic bacterium named Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 (TIE-1) – which takes up electrons using a surface protein system called Pio. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ancient microbes and their mechanisms for producing biomolecules from carbon dioxide, alongside emerging technologies like microbial electrosynthesis. However, it does not specifically mention bioengineered yeast or the production of high yields of biofuels from sugars, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: We observed relatively high bacteria taxa associated within the gut of fall armyworm fed with different host plants ranging from 205- 416 species in 319 – 578 genera from 511- 1518 OTUs. Similarly, a recent study of the of Mexican bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) regurgitant revealed a highly diverse microbiome with 1230 bacterial species in 577 genera [52] However, Jones et al. [53] reported less diversity and richness using culture dependent sequencing which detected about 100 OTUs in fall army larvae fed on maize and soybean. Bacteria associated with insects can confer their host with traits that allow them to exploit different host plant species in diverse ways, further defining the species host range [3] Shin et al. , 2011). ConclusionsOur study has confirmed that these diverse host plants impact differently on the structure and community diversity of the microbiome associated with larvae of fall armyworm. This study contributes in part to our understanding of the factors that influence gut microbiomes in fall armyworm larvae. It also offers insight into the composition of bacterial communities in FAW guts which are likely to be relevant for mediating plant–insect interactions. We showed that variation in host plants can affect the composition of bacterial gut communities of FAW larvae. Further research are needed to identify other factors that alter bacterial communities in each of these host plants, the mechanisms of the variations in insect microbiomes and the ecological implications of this variability in S. frugiperda larvae gut microbiota. Declarationsare grateful to for the (SFFTF) for research fellowship to JAU, University of Helsinki, Finland for the and also Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) for support to JAU. . Funding: This work was supported by the for the Future- 2020 Fellowship grant. Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Author contribution JAU and FOA conceived and designed the experiments. JAU performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. JAU analyzed the data and conducted statistical analyses. JAU and FOA contributed material. FOA and JAU edited, revised and approved the manuscript. Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in supplementary files as well as in Archive under the BioProject: PRJNA734744. 34. Lü (2019) Host plants influence the composition of the gut bacteria in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by showing that different host plants impact the structure and diversity of the gut microbiota in fall armyworm larvae. It indicates that variation in host plants 'can affect the composition of bacterial gut communities,' thereby supporting the idea that certain diets (in this case, host plants) can influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: 01) and on a retrospective pre-post survey had improved ratings of comfort using the skills after the curriculum (1. 4 vs. 0. 7, p <. 01). Of the workshop group, 96% reported using the skills during the clerkship, compared to 64% in the didactic-only group (p <. 01). Table 1. Results (N = 80)Table 1. Results (N = 80) The OSCE performance results are summarized in Table 2. Students in the workshop group used teach-back (53% vs. 27%, p <. 01) and pictures (46% vs. 10%, p <. 01) at a greater rate. There was no significant group difference in use of clear language (88% vs. 84%, p =. 38). The didactic-only group was more likely to ask the SP for questions (92% vs. 78%, p <. 01), but among those who asked for questions, there was a nonsignificant trend towards greater use of the preferred open-ended method in the workshop group (25% vs. 15%, p =. 13). Table 2. 2. summary, the didactic + workshop curriculum led to greater use of two of the four clear communication skills—teach-back method and pictures—in an OSCE. Students in the didactic + workshop group could name more of the key communication skills, had greater comfort using the skills, and had higher rates of self-reported use of the skills in the clerkship. communication skills involves a conscious change in standard clinical practice, one that it seems cannot be met by a simple didactic session. The curriculum presented here showed statistically significant improvements in knowledge and use of these skills when students received instruction at two discrete encounters and presented in an interactive manner, as compared to a single didactic session. Furthermore, this health literacy curriculum was easy to administer and one of few published for care of pediatric patients. The curriculum was based on the theory of deliberate practice. Ericsson defined the conditions associated with improved performance of a skill: Learners should be (1) given a task with a well-defined goal, (2) motivated to improve, (3) provided with feedback, and (4) offered the opportunity for repetition and refinement of their performance. 14 The workshop included context and meaning for the skills, and learners had an opportunity for repeated, purposeful practice of the skills, along with time for reflection and feedback. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that a simple didactic session is not sufficient for achieving significant improvements in communication skills. It mentions that the curriculum used a workshop approach alongside didactic methods, resulting in greater comfort and skill usage, highlighting the need for interactive methods rather than relying solely on VR or basic teaching methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In principle, this mechanism can be exploited to manufacture useful biomolecules sustainably – but before applying it in real-world applications, researchers would need to find ways to improve the growth and electron uptake ability of TIE-1. In a 2018 study, and her team took an important step towards this goal by examining the interaction of TIE-1 with various forms of iron as a source of electrons – a behaviour known as ‘photoferroautotrophy’. This microbial metabolism is widely believed by biologists to be one of the most ancient forms of photosynthesis. In their experiment, the team explored how microbial electrosynthesis in TIE-1 could be enhanced with the inclusion of different forms of iron. They discovered that while electron uptake didn’t noticeably change when iron was dissolved in the electrolyte, it improved significantly when an insoluble iron-based compound named Prussian blue was deposited as a film onto the electrochemical cell’s graphite cathode. With this simple addition, TIE-1 took in 4. 2 times as many electrons as the uncoated cathode, paving the way for their more widespread application in the synthesis of value-added biochemicals. Despite this knowledge, the mechanisms used by TIE-1 to take in electrons were still poorly understood. Leading on from their discovery, and her team wished to explore the process in more detail. In their next study, published the following year in 2019, the researchers shed new light on this uptake process – again using Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 as a model. Through their analysis, they found that photoferroautotrophy in TIE-1 originates from specialised proteins named ‘cytochromes’, which harbour iron-containing molecules called ‘hemes’ at their core. More specifically, this metabolism is driven by a system containing a cytochrome (PioA) and a porin (PioB), found in the bacterial periplasm and outer membrane, respectively. Together, this two-protein complex enables photoferroautotrophic microbes such as TIE-1 to transfer electrons from iron-based donors to biomolecular acceptors. TIE-1 can take up electrons from a number of possible electron sources, such as soluble iron or certain insoluble minerals and poised electrodes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the microbial metabolism of Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 and its mechanisms for electron uptake, but does not mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels from sugars. The focus is on improving electron uptake for microbial electrosynthesis, which does not directly relate to the claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Rawat SR, Männistö äggblomMM (2012) Complete genome sequence of Terriglobus saanensis type strain SP1PR4T, an Acidobacteria from tundra soil. Stand. Genomic Sci. 7, 59–69. Whang,K. -R, Han S-I, Chung SH, (2014) Terriglobus tenax sp. nov. , an exopolysaccharide-producing acidobacterium isolated from rhizosphere soil of a medicinal plant. of Systematic and 64, 431–437. Leite--. (2021)The gut microbiota composition of Trichoplusia ni is altered by diet and may influence its polyphagous behavior. Sci. Rep. 11, 5786. (2018) bean beetle (Epilachna varivestis) regurgitome and insights into beetle-borne virus specificity. 13, e0192003. (2019) Host plant and population source drive diversity of microbial gut communities in two polyphagous insects. 9, 2792. TablesTable 1. Host plants species used for rearing FAW larvae Sample designation/code Plant’s common name Scientific name of plant used in feeding the larvae M1(A) Sugar cane Saccharum officinarum Poaceae leaves M2 (C) mays Gramineae leaves M3 (H) cepa Alliaceae leaves R1(B) sativus Cucurbitaceae fruits R2 (F) lycopersicum Solanaceae fruits R3 (G) Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas Convolvulaceae roots L1 (D) oleracea Brassicaceae leaves L2(E) Green amaranth (Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae leaves L3 (I) argentea Amaranthaceae leaves Table 2. Alpha diversity indices of the gut bacterial community of FAW larvae fed with nine different host plants Sample designationof valid read valid read Observed species richness Ace Chao1 M1(A) 139,753±10. 1 1314. 40±413. 4 1575. 06±451. 9 1472. 67±432. 5 4. 07±1. 4 0. 78±0. 1 M2(C) 141,52±4. 8 983. 80±442. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that diet can influence gut microbiota diversity. Specifically, it states that the gut microbiota composition of Trichoplusia ni is altered by diet, suggesting that different diets can lead to variations in microbial community structure, which supports the idea that certain diets can affect the diversity of gut microbiota.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: VR can effectively teach every subject without any supplementary methods. [SEP] Text: This allowed learners to start down the road toward mastery of these skills and to incorporate them into their clinical practice. This curriculum was studied with pediatric clerkship students. However, it is easily adaptable for use across the educational continuum (in pediatric residents and attendings) or across disciplines (nurses, medical assistants, and advanced practitioners). It can be easily adapted to other clerkships or residency types by adapting the cases. We recommend early introduction of these skills—at the time learners are developing clinical scripts and habits—to best incorporate them into long-term clinical practice. The greatest challenge for implementation of the curriculum was faculty engagement. While the didactic was easy to implement, the workshop was studied in small groups of only five to eight students and so required a significant amount of faculty time. In the year after this curriculum was studied, the workshop was also implemented with a large group of about 30 students, with breakouts into smaller groups for role-plays. It was always well received, with good engagement, and required only two to three faculty to be successful. While this study shows statistically significant differences in the didactic + workshop group compared to the didactic-only group, there are some areas of similar results between the two groups worth noting. Both groups had similar SP ratings on use of clear language (see Table 2). Despite prompts explaining what jargon is, as well as training, and retraining when necessary, of SPs, our tool was an imperfect measure of clear language use. A better assessment of language use, such as transcripts and/or multiple evaluators, would be preferable and yield richer results. Another surprising finding was that students in the workshop group asked the SPs for questions less often than did the didactic group. It may have been that the workshop group more frequently used other skills, such as teach-back and pictures, and that in the context of a time-limited encounter like this OSCE, they simply ran out of time before asking the SP for questions. Alternatively, it is possible that the students in the didactic group were overly reliant on asking whether the SP had any questions to assess patient understanding, instead of using teach-back. However, when the students in the workshop group asked the SP for questions, the workshop group had a statistically insignificant trend toward using the open-ended approach (“What questions do you have? ”) more often than did the didactic group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for supplementary methods in the curriculum, such as the combination of didactic instruction and workshops. It highlights that while workshops were beneficial, they required significant faculty engagement and were not implemented solely through VR. This suggests that VR alone may not be sufficient to teach effectively without supplementary methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: : Sean Garcia, in St. for Alongside this important discovery, one additional aspect of the electron uptake process needed additional clarification – this time, concerning the link between electron uptake and CO2 fixation within the microbes. In this crucial stage of the microbial electrosynthesis process, the carbon contained in CO2 is converted into larger, more complex organic molecules, which are used as precursors for microbial metabolism and growth. However, after cytochrome-initiated electron capture by TIE-1, the mechanisms by which electrons are transferred to CO2, triggering the fixation process, were still poorly understood. In a further 2019 study, and her team again used Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 contained in a microbial electrochemical cell to show how this electron transport is strongly correlated with the highly reducing, or electron-depleting nature of redox reactions within the microbial cell. They discovered that the process is driven by a particular CO2-fixing enzyme named ruBisCO. This enzyme is part of the well-studied ‘Calvin-Benson-Bassham’ cycle. This pathway allows the fixation of CO2 into more useful organic compounds. The researchers clearly proved the importance of the process by deleting the genes that encode the ruBisCO enzyme – reducing TIE-1’s ability to take up electrons by as much as 90%. With this discovery, and her team now had a far more complete picture of how photoferroautotrophic microbes use their surrounding environments to survive. Having studied these biomechanisms in a suitable level of detail, the team could now turn their attention to exploring their potential real-world applications. Among these is the production of bioplastics named ‘polyhydroxybutyrates’ (PHBs). This family of biodegradable polyesters can be produced naturally inside several different types of bacteria. In an additional 2019 study, and her team assessed the ability of Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1 to produce PHBs under various conditions including the use of a microbial electrochemical cell. In the experiments, various tests were performed, to obtain PHB as a product of CO2 fixation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the electron uptake process in microbes and the production of bioplastics from CO2 fixation, specifically focusing on Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its capability to produce biofuels from sugars, rendering the content unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-3930904/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackground: Fenofibrate is a compound with diverse biological properties that can be utilized to lower blood lipids. Understanding the impact of the gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia is vital for controlling systemic inflammation and improving serum lipid control. Nevertheless, the specific effects of fenofibrate on the phenotype and gene expression of resident gut bacteria, as well as its influence on the transformation of microbial metabolism into functional networks, remain unclear. In this study, our aimed to examine the gene expression profile and metabolic pathways of the gut microbiota in a hamster model fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and administered fenofibrate. Results: The results indicated that the group treated with fenofibrate exhibited higher levels of beneficial bacterial species associated with health, including Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium animalis, Bacteroides intestinalis, Allobaculum stercoricanis, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Bacteroides acidifaciens, in comparison to the HFD group. Additionally, analysis of metabolic pathways demonstrated that dietary fenofibrate significantly enhanced the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism, while reducing glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and nonribosomal peptide structures. Furthermore, these metabolic pathway changes were associated with relative alterations in the abundance of genes from the of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database, namely K01667, K11358, K13953, K04072, K06131, K00655, K04567, K02864, K06409, K05366, K01867, K21071, and K13292. Moreover, significant changes were observed in the expression of enzymes and genes related to carbohydrate and antibiotic resistance, such as glycosyltransferase family 51 (GT51) as well as adeC, carA, and MexT. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that dietary fenofibrate, when administered to hamsters on a high-fat diet, resulted in the increased levels of beneficial bacterial species associated with health, such as Bacteroides ovatus and Lactobacillus reuteri. The findings suggest that dietary interventions can positively influence the diversity and composition of gut microbiota, supporting the idea that certain diets can have favorable effects on gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: SummaryHabitat loss and climate change both kill off species. New studies show that the latter is a potent threat. Worse, its victims will likely be mostly those not presently threatened by habitat loss. Main TextThe important questions about species extinctions in the face of global climate change are clear. As geographical ranges shift, some may contract. For some, the envelope of climatic conditions that describes the species' present range may no longer exist. The species will likely go extinct. How many species might suffer this fate [1]? Vitally, because a species cannot go extinct twice, are the species that global change dooms different from the ones that habitat losses have exterminated or soon will? The problems come from predicting future species' ranges. The idea that species ranges might be neatly constrained by temperature and other climatic variables is irresistibly seductive to anyone capable of gaining access to databases on species' ranges and the output of climate models predicting future climate variables, and who has the ability to write the necessary computer code to connect one to the other. The assumptions to do this, however, are many and important. Are such modelling exercises predicting future ranges simply pointless? Science has measured the increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases with improving precision for decades. The physical consequences range from simple increases in global temperatures to many more complex, and so sometimes less certain, changes. Yet, temperature increases alone create ineluctable biological complexities. Every species has to worry about finding food, avoiding predators, disease, and other enemies, selecting the nooks and crannies and other physical features that afford protection, and so on down a long list. The temperature at which sets her thermostat is only one of many concerns. That said, many plant species are limited by frosts and much solid natural history suggests that temperature and rainfall are key predictors of species' ranges. Root's [2] quantification of the large fraction of bird species that have their northern winter ranges corresponding to particular average winter temperatures confirms that temperature is a factor that either directly or indirectly affects many species over large areas. Does a warming climate actually change what species do? That is a tougher question. The important answer must again be a general one that evaluates most species across many ecosystems. Ecological effects are so diverse and multi-factorial that one can usually find a few cherry-picked examples of almost anything. Comprehensive analyses by Root et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that biodiversity loss is driven not only by habitat loss but also significantly by climate change. It emphasizes that climate change is a potent threat to species, suggesting that simply creating more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) would not be sufficient to halt all biodiversity loss, especially considering that the effects of climate change are complex and influences on species ranges extend beyond habitat constraints.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii yields increased hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass access Published: 03 June 2013 Metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii yields increased hydrogen production from lignocellulosic biomass Minseok Cha1,3, Daehwan Chung1,3, Elkins2,3, Guss2,3 & …Janet Westpheling1,3 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 2. Thus, production of acetate is obligately coupled to H2 production to allow reoxidation of NADH and ferredoxin. While enteric bacteria such as Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli produce 1 ~ 2 moles of H2 per mole of glucose [15, 16], and Clostridium spp. can produce similar amounts [17–19], some hyperthermophiles such as Thermococcales spp. , Pyrococcus furiosus, Thermotogales spp. , and Caldicellulosiruptor spp. produce about 3 ~ 4 moles of H2 per mole of glucose [20–25]. Enterics typically utilize a formate-H2 lyase and Clostridium spp. use a ferredoxin-dependent hydrogenase to avoid the thermodynamically unfavorable formation of H2 from NADH, instead using other pathways such as ethanol or butanol production to reoxidize NADH. Thermotoga (and likely all the above-mentioned hyperthermophiles), on the other hand, use an electron bifurcating hydrogenase [26] to simultaneously oxidize NADH and ferredoxin to produce H2, using the thermodynamically favorable oxidation of ferredoxin to drive the unfavorable oxidation of NADH. This bifurcating hydrogenase allows a theoretical maximum yield of 4 moles of H2 per mole of glucose, whereas wild type E. coli has a theoretical maximum of 2 moles of H2 per mole of glucose. C. bescii encodes a putative bifurcating hydrogenase (Cbes1295-1299). This, combined with the native ability of C. bescii to catabolize plant biomass and the newly developed genetic transformation system, makes C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. It discusses metabolic engineering of Caldicellulosiruptor bescii and its ability to produce hydrogen from lignocellulosic biomass, but does not address yeast or its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Conclusions: Dietary fenofibrate exerted significant effects on genes and pathways related to lipid, energy, and amino acid metabolism, ultimately promoting a healthier colonic environment for the host. And these findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of fenofibrate and provide a valuable foundation for future experimental and clinical studies, aiming to explore its practical applications. intestinal florahyperlipidemic hamstersfenofibratemetagenomicsFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundGlobally, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death (Virani et al. 2020). According to statistics from the is responsible for over 50% of noncommunicable disease deaths, and it is projected to cause over 22. 2 million deaths by 2030. Furthermore, the Association estimates that by 2035, approximately 1. 1 trillion dollars will be spent on managing CVD (Roth et al. 2020). Statins are commonly used as the first-line treatment for CVD, primarily for reducing LDL-C levels, and have been proven to reduce the incidence and mortality rates of CVD (Baigent et al. 2005). While reducing LDL-C levels is the primary treatment goal, other lipid parameters, such as elevated triglyceride (TG) levels, also contribute to the risk of coronary heart disease (Tall et al. 2022; Zhang et al. 2022). The coexistence of these lipid risk factors is referred to as dyslipidemia, which is a component of metabolic syndrome. Medications that target TG reduction have potential applications in addressing TG accumulation. Fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist, has shown great efficacy in reducing TG levels (McKeage et al. 2011), particularly in human studies (Rosen et al. 1999). In recent years, significant progress has been made in the study of drug-drug gene interactions, particularly in the realm of drug metabolism. Enhancing our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying drug therapy can help accurately pinpoint the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions of drugs. The structure and function of the gut microbiota have been recognized as important factors influencing drug efficacy (Lynch et al. 2016). Diet plays a role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota (Proctor et al. 2017), and maintaining a balanced gut microbiota is crucial for host health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Diet plays a role in shaping the composition of the gut microbiota.' This indicates that dietary choices can influence gut microbiota diversity, supporting the assertion that certain diets can have a positive effect on it.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: [3], Parmesan and Yohe [4], and Fitter and Fitter [5] examined a thousand or more individual studies. Not every study finds significant changes, but these analyses found a huge preponderance of biological changes in the expected direction. The most common data are from one location over many years — the flowering times of plants or the arrival dates of bird migrants, for example. Importantly, there are studies across many locations. They show species moving to places previously too cold for them. Great Britain, cold, damp, with depressingly few species, but inexplicably large numbers of amateur naturalists to care for them, provides studies with detail rarely duplicated elsewhere [6]. Whether species ranges shrink with global warming is yet another issue. We know species best at their cold, northern limits, where they are expanding. Increasingly compelling compilations find that many complete ranges are shrinking [7]. Genetic algorithms, such as GARP [8], can provide near-perfect descriptions of present day species ranges. With no constraint on the number of parameters, they would also readily describe the Mona Lisa's smile. Understanding is another matter. Few studies can test the predictions of future ranges against real data, for one needs spatially detailed and consistent observations over widely separated times. British birdwatchers are up to the task. As Araújo and Rahbek [8] report, the models are not. Some 90% of the 116 species modelled using their actual 1970s distribution “differed markedly” in their actual and predicted ranges in the 1990s. One of the more obvious examples is the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, a bird I remember fondly from my youth because it occurred in warm, open habitats that afforded a chance to dry out my usually sodden camping equipment as I looked for it. As the climate warmed it should have become widespread. In fact, it no longer breeds in Britain regularly. Perhaps one should not expect to be able to predict future ranges. Studies of British insects show that the patterns of northward range expansion are mechanistically very complex [9], with changes in habitats, food plants, and dispersal that conventional wisdom might have easily expected to be in the opposite directions to those observed [6]. Studies in the Netherlands of pied flycatchers and their insect prey show equally complex patterns varying from year to year and place to place [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex patterns of species range shifts in response to climate change, suggesting that while marine protected areas (MPAs) may be beneficial, they alone cannot stop the multifaceted issue of biodiversity loss. The reference to species moving to different habitats due to warming shows that biodiversity loss is influenced by a variety of factors beyond just the establishment of MPAs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: bescii a compelling platform to engineer high yield H2 production directly from plant biomass without conventional pretreatment. Figure 1A simplified version of predicted metabolic pathways for fermentation, glycolysis and electron transfer in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii. (1) L-Lactate dehydrogenase; (2) Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase; (3) Phosphotransacetylase; (4) Acetate kinase; (5) Bifurcating (reduced ferredoxin: NADH-dependent) hydrogenase. The thick grey arrows represent potential heterologous pathways that do not exist in Caldicellulosiruptor species but could be used for renewable fuel and chemical production. Full size imageWe hypothesized that by developing the necessary tools to delete genes from the C. bescii chromosome [14, 27, 28], we would enable metabolic engineering to increase H2 production. Here, we demonstrate the utility of gene deletion in the pyruvate metabolic pathway for rational strain engineering of C. bescii while simultaneously creating a platform for further strain modification for advanced production of fuels and chemicals from renewable plant feedstocks. ResultsDeletion of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) from the C. bescii chromosomeWe recently reported a method for DNA transformation and marker replacement in Caldicellulosiruptor bescii based on uracil prototrophic selection [14, 27, 28]. C. bescii strain JWCB005 (ΔpyrFA, ura-/5-FOAR) contains a deletion of the pyrFA locus making the strain a uracil auxotroph resistant to 5-fluoroorotic acid (5-FOA) [27], allowing the use of pyrF as both a selectable and counter-selectable marker (Figure 2A). A deletion of the L-lactate dehydrogenase gene (Cbes1918) was constructed by fusing the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the ldh gene and cloning the fused product into a non-replicating plasmid vector, resulting in plasmid pDCW121. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses metabolic engineering in the organism Caldicellulosiruptor bescii, specifically focusing on hydrogen production and the genetic modifications made to enhance its capabilities. Therefore, it is irrelevant (pass) to the specific claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Disruption of gut homeostasis can lead to metabolic disorders and contribute to the development of various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, CVD, and metabolic syndrome (Hanage et al. 2014). The modulation of gut microbiota through probiotics, prebiotics, and medications has been shown to improve human health (Clements et al. 2018), with examples like metformin (Sun et al. 2018) and berberine (Zhang et al. 2021). Fenofibrate, as a secondary preventive cardiovascular medication, has garnered increased attention regarding its functional characteristics and mechanisms of action in relation to the interaction with gut microbiota and its metabolites. Research has indicated that fenofibrate can regulate blood lipid profiles and markers of intestinal barrier function, thereby enhancing intestinal barrier function in in vivo and in vitro settings (Crakes et al. 2021). Fenofibrate has also been found to attenuate systemic and retinal inflammation induced by a HFD, along with the restoration of intestinal barrier integrity and modulation of gut microbiota/metabolites (Wang et al. 2022). Understanding the impact of the gut microbiota in hyperlipidemia is vital for controlling systemic inflammation and improving serum lipid control. Nevertheless, the specific effects of fenofibrate on the phenotype and gene expression of resident gut bacteria, as well as its influence on the transformation of microbial metabolism into functional networks, remain unclear. Metagenomic sequencing is a powerful technique that involves sequencing and analyzing the complete genetic material of a microbial specimen, in contrast to the targeted sequencing of specific regions like the 16S rRNA gene. By utilizing metagenomics, researchers can gain more comprehensive insights into microbial taxonomy and gene content. This sequencing approach not only allows for the identification of bacteria at the species or even strain level but also provides information about the functional capabilities of the microbiome (Zou et al. 2020). In this study, we employed metagenomic sequencing to investigate the effects of fenofibrate on the metabolic pathways, composition, function, and gene expression recovery of the gut microbiota. Through this analysis, we aimed to shed light on the mechanistic actions of fenofibrate on the gut microbiota and their implications for host health. Materials and methodsAnimal experiments Committee approved this study by the of and the. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how modulation of gut microbiota through various methods such as probiotics and medications can improve human health. It specifically mentions fenofibrate's role in regulating gut microbiota, which aligns with the idea that certain diets, or dietary components, can positively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: Ecological reality may not respect computational convenience. Given these difficulties, how should one respond to recent work by Sekercioglu et al. [11] that predicts the fate of the world's 8500 landbird species. They predict that 400 to 550 of them will go extinct by 2100 for a warming estimate of 2. 8°C, with a further 2150 species at risk of extinction. Perhaps their most alarming prediction is that only 21% of these species are presently on the watch-list of species at risk of extinction [12]. That list already contains about 12% of the world' birds, ones mostly threatened by habitat loss, but also a basket of other factors. In the Americas, the coastal moist tropical forests of coastal Brazil contain the greatest concentration of threatened bird species [13]. This biodiversity hotspot contains more than 200 endemic bird species. It has lost more than 90% of its natural forest cover, with the greatest losses in the accessible lowlands. The rugged higher elevations still have extensive forest cover (Figure 1). Figure 1 A perspective view of the coastal moist forests of (mostly) the State of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, looking towards the north-east. Show full captionFrom the island in the bottom centre to the point (Cabo Frio) at the middle right is roughly 360 km. Forested areas are green, while cleared land is buff-coloured. Little forest remains except along two mountain ranges — one following the coast, the other further inland. Within the ‘field guide range’, of T. atra, Sekercioglu et al. [11] chose areas within the present day elevations, shown here in translucent blue. This species presently lives in areas that have retained almost all their forest cover. With global warming, this species will have to move uphill to retain the same envelope of temperatures — into the very much smaller areas shown in green. Figure generated using imagery from ESRI's ArcGIS Online data service (ESRI, Inc. , Redlands, California). Species range map data provided by NatureServe in collaboration with 's Program, Conservation International's - US, and -. Sekercioglu et al. [11] compiled species range maps and then ‘trimmed’ them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides evidence against the claim by discussing significant biodiversity loss among landbird species due to various factors, including habitat loss and climate change. It highlights that even widespread conservation efforts, such as watch-lists, are insufficient to prevent extinction, with projections estimating that a large number of species may go extinct by 2100 regardless of conservation efforts. This implies that simply creating more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) will not necessarily halt biodiversity loss, as extensive habitat degradation and climate factors contribute significantly to the crisis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This vector also contains the wild type pyrF allele under the transcriptional control of a ribosomal protein gene promoter (Cbes2105, 30S ribosomal protein S30EA), allowing both positive (uracil prototrophy) and negative (5-FOA sensitivity) selection. Plasmid pDCW121 was transformed into C. bescii JWCB005 selecting uracil prototrophy resulting from plasmid recombination into the targeted region, followed by counter-selecting 5-FOA resistance (resulting from plasmid excision). The resulting strain, JWCB017, contained a deletion of the ldh wild type gene in the chromosome. To confirm the ldh deletion in JWCB017, the region of the ldh locus was amplified by PCR using primers outside of the plasmid regions of homology used to construct the deletion (Figure 2B). The wild type and the ΔpyrFA strain (JWCB005) gave the same expected 3. 0 kb bands, while PCR from JWCB017 resulted in the smaller 2. 0 kb band, as predicted. The PCR product was also sequenced to verify that the deletion in the chromosome was the same as that constructed on the plasmid. Figure 2Deletion of the ldh gene in C. bescii. (A) A deletion cassette for the ldh gene was constructed in a non-replicating plasmid that contained a wild type copy of the pyrF gene, resulting in plasmid pDCW121. The cassette contained ldh 5′ and 3’ flanking DNA fragments. The plasmid was transformed into JWCB005, and uracil prototrophs were selected (resulting from plasmid insertion). Counter-selection with 5-FOA selected for strains that underwent a second recombination event, resulting in deletion of the marker and ldh to produce strain JWCB017. (B) Agarose gel showing PCR products amplified from the ldh locus in the wild type (lane 2), JWCB005 (ΔpyrFA parent strain, lane 3) and JWCB017 (ΔpyrFA Δldh, lane 4). Lane 1: 1 kb DNA ladder; Lane 5: no template PCR control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic manipulation of a specific strain of yeast (C. bescii) and details the methods for selecting and confirming genetic deletions, with no mention of the production of biofuels or sugars. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: Bioinformatic analysis was performed using the OECloud tools at Statistical analysis The results of experiments conducted with two groups were analyzed using an unpaired Student’s t-test. Data are presented as the means ± standard error of the mean (SEM) and results with a P-value < 0. 05 were considered statistically significant. ResultsMeasurement of serum lipids and glucose The serum levels of lipids and glucose at 8, 14, and 17 weeks of different treatment are displayed in Fig. 1. Glucose, LDL-C, TC and TG in the HFD group are higher than those in the C group at 8, 14, and 17 weeks, which indicates that the hyperlipidemia hamster model was successfully established. Moreover, fenofibrate-treated could significantly reduce the serum level of lipid in hyperlipidemia hamsters. Fenofibrate alters the gut microbiota composition We obtained an average of 36 million paired-end reads for each sample (from 30 to 52 million; 1). MetaGeneMark software was used to distinguish coding regions in the genome. Cd-hit software was used to edit the nonredundant genome, the similarity threshold was set to 95%, and the coverage threshold was set to 90%. Fenofibrate treatment altered the gut microbiota composition of high-fat diet-treated hamsters, from phylum to species. The three groups were clearly separated in the PCoA (Figures 2a-b). At the genus level, Clostridium, Oscillibacter, Bacteroidetes, Ruminococcus were the predominant microbial divisions (Figure 2c). At the genus level, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant microbial divisions (Figure 2d). Compared with C, HFD decreased the relative abundance of Prevotella. Compared with HFD, F increased the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, Alistipes and Mycoplasma genera. The difference in the abundance of taxa within groups was also identified using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) method using non-parametric factorial Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how fenofibrate treatment altered the gut microbiota composition of high-fat diet-treated hamsters. It indicates a specific alteration in the diversity and abundance of various microbial taxa in response to dietary changes, thus supporting the idea that certain diets can impact gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: ” Moreover, these two species reach the present day tree line in many locations, so if the species are to move uphill, then their forest habitat must do so first — and do so within the century in which the climate will warm. These questions come on top of all the concerns raised earlier about the entire climate-envelope modelling process. Do these results have any credibility? My emphatic “yes” comes from considering the governing dynamics. First, across a wide range of taxa, most species have much smaller than average geographical ranges. This is the reverse of the effect, where famously all children are above average. Simply, there are a few species with huge geographical ranges and they inflate the average. Second, is unkind. Small-ranged species are typically both locally rare and have narrow elevational limits [15]. It gets worse. World passerine birds are typical, a quarter of all species live in mountains and so face moving uphill into inevitably smaller areas. Many rare, narrowly limited species with small geographical ranges live in lowland tropical forests and are already threatened by the extensive deforestation there. World passerine bird species, ∼1500 live mostly below 1000 meters. There are, however, another ∼500 that live entirely above 1000 meters above sea level [15]. In coastal Brazil, they have fared better than their lowland counterparts. Thus far, that is. Simple physics determines that there is always less area, the higher one climbs. Certainly, the climate models can make the wrong predictions. The shrike illustrates Sod's law — everything that can go wrong will and at the worst possible moment. The bird did worse, not better than expected. Faced with a promising future in Britain, persecution (from egg collectors) and the bird's small populations in fragmented habitats likely doomed it. Of course, massive habitat fragmentation and hunting are threats to many of the world's small-ranged species. The ecological details may be sublime, and the models of them worryingly simplistic, but the overarching conclusion is chilling. Large numbers of species, thus-far largely unaffected by human actions, are in danger of extinction from climate change. 1. Thomas, C. D. ∙ Cameron, A. ∙ Green, R. E. . . . Extinction risk from climate changeNature. 2004; 427:145-148CrossrefScopus (5754)PubMed2. Root, T. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that climate change poses a significant threat to species, with many already facing extinction from habitat fragmentation and climate impacts. It emphasizes that even if more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are created, these efforts alone may not be sufficient to prevent biodiversity loss, given the broader threats to ecosystems, particularly the influence of climate change and habitat fragmentation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Expected bands: wild type ldh locus – 3 kb; ldh deletion – 2. 0 kb. Full size imageDeletion of ldh eliminates lactate production and increases acetate and H2productionCbes1918 is the only predicted lactate dehydrogenase gene encoded in the C. bescii genome. To confirm that this gene is solely responsible for the production of lactate in C. bescii, wild type, JWCB005 and JWCB017 were grown on 0. 5% maltose, and fermentation products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Figure 3AB) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis (Figure 3C). No lactate was detected in the mutant by either method, as compared to approximately 5. 0 mM lactate from the wild-type and parental strains. Figure 3Fermentation products by C. bescii mutant strains. (A) Lactic acid and (B) acetic acid production were measured during growth on 0. 5% maltose by the parent strain (JWCB005 ΔpyrFA; filled circles) and JWCB017 (ΔpyrFA Δldh; open circles). (C) Production of lactic and acetic acids by wild type and JWCB017 were further measured by NMR analysis after 48 hours incubation. (D) End products of C. bescii wild-type and mutant strains were measured by HPLC on cellobiose after 30 hours incubation, and (E) switchgrass after 120 hours incubation. Acetate, Black; Lactate, Light gray; Hydrogen, Dark gray. Full size imageTo compare the production of lactate, acetate and hydrogen, C. bescii wild-type and mutant strains were grown in LOD medium [29] with soluble cellodextrans (cellobiose) or plant biomass (switchgrass) as carbon source. When grown on 0. 5% cellobiose for 30 hours, JWCB017 showed 29% and 21% more acetate production and 37% and 34% more hydrogen production than wild type and parent strains, respectively (Figure 3D). Cells grown for 120 hours on LOD medium supplemented with 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the production of fermentation products like lactate, acetate, and hydrogen from the C. bescii strains. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain diets can positively influence the diversity of gut microbiota. [SEP] Text: The histogram of the distribution of LDA values (>2) shows the typical microbiota of the groups (1a-b). group showed selective phyla enrichment of Tenericutes, Thermodesulfobacteria, et al. , and showed decreased phyla of Planctomycetes and Basidomycota (1c). The results showed that 14450 bacterial species were annotated. Compared with the C group, the HFD group showed a significant increase (P < 0. 05) in the levels of 853 bacteria species including Bacteroides acidifaciens, Faecalibaculum rodentium, and Listeria monocytogenes, whereas levels of 380 bacterial species were decreased including Bacteroides ovatus, Prevotella veroralis, and Prevotella saccharolytica (2). However, compared with the HFD group, the F group showed a significantly (P < 0. 05) higher relative abundance of 695 bacterial species (P < 0. 05) including Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium animalis and Bacteroides intestinalis et al. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the abundance of 276 bacteria species (P < 0. 05), such as Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lachnoclostridium sp. An14 et al (Figure 2f and 3). Random forest regression showed that Firmicutes bacterium CAG:582, Flavobacteriales bacterium, Bifidobacterium animalis et al were the main biomarkers for HFD, and F (Figure 2e). And the relative abundance of these species was showed as figure 2f. Fenofibrate changed metabolic pathway of gut microbiota Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) based on KEGG modules revealed differences in microbial functions within groups (Figure 3a-b). The number of carbohydrate metabolism-related genes was highest at KEGG level 1. Based on the KEGG level 2 analysis, the HFD group demonstrated a higher level of carbohydrate metabolism and signal transduction, but lower metabolism of cofactors and vitamins than the C group. However, the F group showed higher levels of replication and repair than the HFD group (2). At KEGG level 3, The one-way ANOVA showed that 44 pathways were significantly different within groups (Figure 3d). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how different diets, specifically high-fat diet (HFD) and another unspecified diet (F group), influence the diversity of gut microbiota. The observations include significant increases and decreases in specific bacterial species associated with dietary changes, thereby suggesting that certain diets can positively or negatively influence gut microbiota diversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Creating more MPAs will stop all ocean biodiversity loss. [SEP] Text: However, such an approach ignores the interactions between the OSBL turbulence and larger-scale processes, such as submesoscale fronts and eddies, which have been shown to be important (e. g. , Hamlington et al. , 2014; Bachman and Taylor, 2016; Fan et al. , 2018; Verma et al. , 2019; Sullivan and McWilliams, 2019). To study the interactions between the OSBL turbulence and larger-scale processes, simulations that resolve all the important processes across multiple scales are necessary. But they can be extremely computationally expensive. For example, LES that simultaneously resolves the OSBL turbulence and permits some submesoscale features requires a grid size of O(1 m) and a domain size of O(10 km) in the horizontal (e. g. , Hamlington et al. , 2014; Verma et al. , 2019; Sullivan and McWilliams, 2019). Alternatively, the impact of large-scale processes on the small-scale OSBL turbulence can be studied by applying an externally determined large-scale lateral buoyancy gradient in a much smaller LES domain (e. g. , Bachman and Taylor, 2016; Fan et al. , 2018), though at the expense of missing the feedback to the large scales. In this work we are building towards a multiscale modeling framework for studying the OSBL turbulent mixing by coupling an ocean GCM, the Model for Scales – Ocean (MPAS-Ocean; Ringler et al. , 2013; Petersen et al. , 2018), with an LES, the Model (PALM; Raasch and Schröter, 2001; Maronga et al. , 2015), effectively running PALM inside the grid cells of MPAS-Ocean. To some extent, this is similar to the superparameterization approach (Randall et al. , 2003, 2016), which has long been used in the atmosphere modeling community to represent the effects of cloud by embedding a simplified cloud-resolving model in each grid cell of an atmospheric GCM (Grabowski and Smolarkiewicz, 1999; Khairoutdinov and Randall, 2001; Grabowski, 2004; Randall, 2013) and succeeded in simulating many phenomena that are challenging for conventional cloud parameterizations, such as the diurnal cycle of precipitation and the Madden–Julian oscillation (e. g. , Khairoutdinov et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of interactions in ocean turbulence and larger-scale processes, suggesting that merely creating more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) does not address the multifaceted nature of ocean ecosystems. It implies that additional factors, such as OSBL turbulence and large-scale processes, play significant roles in maintaining ocean biodiversity, which are not resolved by the simple establishment of MPAs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: A 1,009 bp fragment containing a KpnI site upstream of the ldh gene was amplified using primers DC348 and DC349. A 1,011 bp fragment containing an EcoRI site downstream of ldh, was amplified using primers DC350 and DC351. The two fragments were joined by overlapping PCR using primers DC348 and DC351 to generate a 2,020 bp product that was cloned into pDCW88 [28] using the Kpnl and EcoRI sites. The resulting plasmid, pDCW121, was transformed into E. coli DH5α by an electrotransformation via a single electric pulse (1. 8 kV, 25 μF and 200 Ω) in a pre-chilled 1 mm cuvette using a Bio-Rad gene Pulser (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA). Transformants were selected on LB solid medium containing apramycin (50 μg/ml final). Competent cells, transformation and mutant selection in C. besciiTo prepare competent cells, a 50 ml culture of JWCB005 was grown in LOD minimal medium at 75°C for 18 hours (to mid exponential phase) and 25 ml of the culture was used to inoculate a 500 ml culture of LOD (low osmolarity defined growth medium) supplemented with 40 μM uracil and a mixture of 19 amino acids (5% inoculum, v/v) [29]. The 500 ml culture was incubated at 75°C for 5 hours and cooled to room temperature for 1 hr. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (6000 × g, 20 min) at 25°C and washed three times with 50 ml of pre-chilled 10% sucrose. After the third wash, the cell pellet was resuspended in 50 μl of pre-chilled 10% sucrose in a microcentrifuge tube and stored at −80°C until needed. Before transformation, plasmids from E. coli cells were methylated in vitro with C. bescii methyltransferase (M. CbeI, [14]) and methylated plasmid DNAs (0. 5-1. 0 μg) were added to the competent cells, gently mixed and incubated for 10 minutes in ice. Electrotransformation of the cell/DNA mixture was performed via single electric pulse (1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant ('pass') to the claim as it provides detailed experimental methods related to genetic manipulation and transformation protocols without any mention or indication of bioengineered yeast or biofuel production from sugars. Therefore, it does not support, refute, or touch upon the topic of the claim.