Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: (2014) A consistent picture of the hydroclimatic response to global warming from multiple indices: Models and observations. J Atmos 119: 11,695-11,708. GadÃ©djisso TA (2015) Understanding farmersâ€™ perceptions of and adaptations to climate change and variability: The case of the maritime, plateau and Savannah regions of Togo. 6: 1441-1454. Klassou KS (1996) Recent climatic and hydrological evolution and impact on the environment: the case of the Mono river watershed (Togo-Benin). de 3. Badameli KSM (1996) Climate variability and agricultural production in Togo. University of Bordeaux III. Badameli KSM (1998) Analysis and taking account of climate risks in agriculture; Case of the maritime region of Togo. Works and geographical research. (2002) of the Climate crisis Management in Togo. UniversitÃ© de LomÃ©. (2010) Evolution of seasonal potentially useful rains in Togo from 1950 to 2000. Climatologie 7: 89-107. (2013) impacts of climate variability and soil fertility management strategies on maize grain yield on ferrralsols in coastal Western Africa. J 1: 44-52. Sogbedji JM (1999) Maize nitrogen utilization and nitrate leaching modeling in Togo and New York. Cornell University. Poudel S, (2016) The relationships between climate variability and crop yield in a mountainous environment: A case study in lamjung district, Nepal. Climate 4: 1-3 (2017) Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Lett 2: 1-7. (2011) Effect of climatic variables on crop production in patigi L. G. A, Kwara State, Nigeria. J geo regi plan 4: 695-700. Adamgbe EM, Ujoh, F (2013) Effect of variability in rainfall characteristics on maize yield in Gboko, Nigeria. J 4: 881-887. (2017) Trend analysis in rainfall, reference evapotranspiration, and aridity index in Southern Senegal: Adaptation to the vulnerability of rainfed rice cultivation to climate change. Sci 7: 476-495. & (2016) over West Africa:Recent trends and future projections. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that investigate the relationship between climate variability and agricultural production. For instance, it mentions the impacts of climate variability and soil fertility management strategies on maize grain yield, which directly connects to changes in climate affecting crop yields. Additionally, several studies listed analyze the effects of climatic variables, such as rainfall characteristics, on maize yield and other crops, reinforcing the claim that climate change impacts agricultural yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: IgG binding to fecal bacteria in dogs with IBD versus healthy dogs The percentage of IgG+ bacteria in the feces of dogs with IBD was significantly greater than in feces of healthy control animals: (IBD: 80% ± 15. 05; healthy: 47. 5% ± 18. 35, P < 0. 0001, (Fig 1A). In addition, the overall amount of IgG bound by bacteria, as assessed by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI), was significantly higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs (MFI-IBD: 11,769 ± 6,539 a. u. ; MFI-healthy: 6,650 ± 2,687 a. u. , P = 0. 005, Fig 1B). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. IgG+ and IgA+ fecal bacteria in healthy dogs and dogs with IBD. (A) The percentages of IgG+ bacteria are plotted in dogs with IBD versus healthy dogs. (B) The amount of IgG bound to each bacterium (MFI) is plotted for the two groups of animals. IgA binding percentages and total IgA binding to each bacterium are depicted in C and D, respectively. Data are plotted as Mean ± SD. Statistical differences were calculated using two-tailed unpaired t-test (A,B,C) or a Mann-test (D). found that the percentage of IgA+ bacteria was also significantly higher in dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs, though the magnitude of the difference was less than for IgG binding (IBD: 84. 86% ± 9. 87; healthy: 73. 18% ± 15. 83, P = 0. 022, Fig 1C). However, the total amount of IgA bound to bacteria was not significantly different for the two groups of dogs (MFI-IBD: 7,607 (2,834–17,120) a. u. ; MFI-healthy: 7,113 (3,280–11,925) a. u. , P = 0. 91, Fig 1D). Confocal microscopy was used to visualize the IgG+ and IgA+ populations of bacteria, and the potential overlap in the two populations of Ig+ bacteria, in dogs with IBD and healthy dogs (Fig 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences in gut bacteria between dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and healthy dogs. It highlights that a greater percentage of IgG+ and IgA+ bacteria is present in dogs with IBD compared to healthy controls. This suggests that a varied microbial profile (such as that seen in dogs with IBD) is characterized and possibly related to health outcomes, opposing the assertion that a sterile gut is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 7Monosaccharide yield response to enzyme dosage. Enzyme catalyzed release of glucose (G) and xylose (X) from solid (blue) and liquid fractions (red) when pretreated at A: pH 1, B: pH 13. The x axes show added enzyme concentration in mg enzyme protein (EP)/g dry weight biomass (benchmark dosage used for assessing the effects of pretreatment factors was 10 mg EP/g). Releases are given in percentage theoretical, maximal yield. Full size imageIn contrast, the extreme alkaline pretreatment (that is, pH 13, 140°C, 10 min) prepared the material well for enzymatic liberation of glucose and xylose as the enzyme catalyzed monosaccharide release increased significantly with increased enzyme dosage. This effect was seen with both the solid and the liquid fractions (Figure 7b). The total release of glucose reached 65% to 70% of the theoretical maximum when the enzyme dosage was increased to 150-200 mg/g whereas the enzyme catalyzed xylose liberation from the solid and liquid fractions reached 100% at an enzyme dosage of 100-150 mg/g (Figure 7b). When considering that the most extreme alkaline pretreatment (that is, pH 13, 140°C, 10 min) also induced release of approximately 75% to 78% of the lignin (Figure 5b) the mass balance showed that approximately 30% to 35% of the available glucose was not liberated and that 22% to 25% of the lignin was not solubilized; however, the enzymatic treatment was conducted as a 24 h enzymatic hydrolysis treatment and the enzyme catalyzed glucose liberation may increase with extended reaction time. ConclusionsIn the present work we have shown that alkaline pretreatment pH is better for preparing for enzymatic release of both xylose and glucose than acid pretreatment pH when treatment conditions are mild (T ≤ 140°C, 10 min treatment). Furthermore, at mild conditions (T ≤ 140°C), pH was the most significant factor influencing the removal of lignin from the wheat straw biomass and the subsequent enzymatic release of monosaccharides. The pretreatment pH also had a significant interaction effect with the pretreatment temperature on the subsequent enzymatic release of glucose from the wheat straw biomass (but not of xylose after alkaline pretreatment). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses enzyme dosage and its effect on monosaccharide yield from biomass, with a focus on alkaline pretreatment conditions. It does not mention bioengineered yeast or the production of biofuels, thus failing to address the central idea of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: Measuring and assessing the effects of climate change on crop yields: A multilevel approach Jeffrey P. Economics and output: Thesis › internal (1) thesis examines the effects of climate change on crop yields at several geospatial levels of analysis. Yields, the amount of crop production per area, is an important measure for topics ranging from food security to sustainable energy. While recent increases in productivity, mainly through increased yields, has temporarily reduced stress in agricultural markets, demand for these products, triggered mainly by population growth and increases in the demand for meat and biofuels by developing countries, is expected to increase significantly. In contrast, the supply of agricultural products is under increasing pressure from both climate change and, ironically, efforts to mitigate those effects. Climate changes are expected to decrease the production of important food crops and lead to higher global food prices all else equal. One consequence of Agreement was the wide-scale adoption of a framework for global action to address climate change. Some have argued that stringent climate mitigation policies will have a greater negative impact on global food security than the impacts of climate change itself. Accurately measuring and forecasting crop yields has become an increasingly relevant topic for the topic of food security and agricultural prices. All of the research questions addressed in this thesis concern yields at various levels of aggregation ranging from groups of countries to countries to farms within a specific country. Why study yields, and specifically, why not study crop production? Crop production is an explicit measure of the amount of a crop available for use, however, it is subject to the vagaries of the moment. Yield, in contrast, is a more robust measure of the potential production of a crop through time because it measures production per area, and thereby includes a measure of technical development and, in combination with the land price, it is closely related to the competitiveness of countries and the determination of international trade flows. Five research questions are addressed. The first asks whether the effects of climate change will vary across countries and crops. Using standard econometric techniques, results show that when regressions are significant, global regions and crops will experience a wide range of effects, although generally the results will be negative. These results suggest that, at a minimum, the effects of climate change should be both country and crop specific. They also indicate the importance of using a statistical approach in order to assess the significance of forecasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how climate change is expected to decrease the production of important food crops, which ties directly to changes in yield as a measure of crop production per area. Furthermore, it indicates that the effects of climate change on crop yields will vary by country and crop type, with the text supporting the idea that these changes stem from the broader impacts of climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: coli isolated from healthy dogs or from dogs with IBD. Similarly, differences in serum IgA recognition of E. coli were not observed in healthy dogs versus dogs with IBD (S3 Fig). Thus, we concluded that the IgG bound to the surface of fecal bacteria was primarily produced locally in the GI tract, rather than being produced systemically. These findings are also consistent with the increased numbers of plasma cells detected in the GI tract of dogs with IBD, as described previously [16, 17]. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Serum IgG recognition of E. coli isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with IBD. Six separate fecal isolates of E. coli (3 from dogs with IBD and 3 from healthy dogs) were incubated with serum from dogs with IBD (n = 20) and healthy dogs (n = 9), and IgG binding to the surface of bacteria was quantitated using flow cytometry, as noted in Methods. Scatter plots depicting IgG+ bacteria percentages in healthy versus IBD dogs plotted. The percentages of IgG+ bacteria were not significantly different between the two groups of animal sera (P = 0. 41). (†) Indicated E. coli isolates from normal dogs, while (‡) indicated E. coli isolates from dogs with IBD. Data were plotted as Mean ± SD. Statistical differences were calculated using one-way ANOVA. Macrophage phagocytosis of fecal bacteria increased in dogs with IBD Given the presence of significantly more IgG+ bacteria in the GI tract of dogs with IBD, we next sought possible links between this phenomenon and induction of intestinal inflammation. One plausible mechanism linking IgG+ bacteria to GI inflammation could involve an interaction of gut bacteria with phagocytic cells such as macrophages. Therefore, we used an in vitro system to determine whether gut bacteria from dogs with IBD were inherently more inflammatory than gut bacteria from healthy dogs. First, we compared the relative ability of dog macrophages to phagocytose bacteria from IBD dogs versus bacteria from healthy dogs (Fig 4). Macrophage phagocytosis of bacteria from IBD dogs was found to be significantly greater than phagocytosis of bacteria from healthy dogs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the immune responses and the relationship between gut bacteria and intestinal inflammation, specifically in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It indicates that gut bacteria, particularly from healthy dogs, play a role in the local immune response and that a measurement of IgG+ bacteria did not show significant differences between dogs with IBD and healthy dogs. This suggests that a completely sterile gut, which would lack diverse bacteria, may not lead to a healthier immune response as the presence of diverse bacteria contributes to gastrointestinal health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In general, alkaline pretreatment appeared to make the solid wheat straw biomass more amenable to enzymatic attack. Acidic pretreatment catalyzed the solubilization of hemicellulosic biomass prior to enzymatic hydrolysis, thus liberating a crucial amount of possible fermentable C5 monosaccharides directly into the liquid fraction; this solubilization may cause losses if only the solid fraction is further processed. It is certain that the pretreatment factor interactions, including the influence on lignin solubilization for enzymatic digestibility, need to be better understood to improve future pretreatment strategies for more cost effective lignocellulose processing. MethodsSubstrate preparation and compositionWheat straw grown in Grumløse (southern Zealand, Denmark) was obtained from årse, Denmark. The substrate was sorted manually to contain only stems and the material was then ground repeatedly by use of a cutting mill (Retsch SM 2000, Haan, Germany) and separated into different p0. 8 × 3 by Allweiler, AxFlow A/S, Smørum, Denmark) with a loop consisting of a stainless steel tube (26. 9 × 2. 6 by Sanistål A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark) with a total volume of 0. 6 l [25]. Ground wheat straw was mixed with water to give a dry matter content of 2% dry matter (w/w). Catalyst was added to adjust the initial pH of the straw slurry (initial pH) according to the experimental plan, and the slurry was poured into the reactor through a stainless steel funnel. When the biomass was added, the inlet was sealed, the flow rate was set to 1 l/min and the tube was heated from 25°C to 140°C at 5. 4°C per min. After pretreatment, the loop was cooled from 140°C to 80°C by 11°C per min prior to emptying the reactor, and the biomass was separated while still warm to minimize solubilized xylan fractions to redeposit onto the solid wheat straw fraction [19]. The separation of the solid and liquid fraction took place in glass filter crucibles and the pH after pretreatment was measured (final pH). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing biofuels. Instead, it discusses the pretreatment of wheat straw biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis, which is unrelated to the genetic engineering of yeast or biofuel production. As such, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: The next research question asks whether yields in Europe are converging and if so, what will be the effects on the supply of crops used in the production of biomass products. Scenarios were run using estimated yields as input into a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. The CGE model provides a narrative framework through which the total economic impact of changes in yields can be analyzed. Together, the complementary approaches of econometrics and general equilibrium models allow a more complete economic analysis of the consequences of yield changes for important biofuels crops to emerge. The overall question of whether significant yield increases will necessarily lead to large increases in land available to produce bioenergy crops is rejected. Land freed by wheat yield increases will go to the production of a wide range of agricultural products that value it as an input. The same reasoning which links yields and land use applies to all agricultural products when there are well functioning markets. The third question asks how changing climate patterns will affect the global trade of major food crops and, in particular, asks what the effects will be on less developed countries. If we accept that the effects of changing weather patterns caused by climate changes will have diverse effects on yields globally, then global trade patterns are likely to change as well. Results for crops with statistically significant estimates show that increasing temperatures have negatively affected yields. These results hold for both poor and rich countries, however, the degree to which yields are reduced is crop specific and sensitive to a country’s level of wealth. Results show that changes in weather will have significant effects on the production, trade, and, in some cases, the consumption of major food crops. The fourth research question examines the implications of extreme weather events on yields. The effects of changing weather patterns will likely have local as well as regional effects, this is especially true for extreme weather events when compared to the average effects of climate change over time. The approach used to answer this question was to assemble a panel database consisting of features such as fertilizer, pesticides, capital, and other inputs from 334 wheat farms in the Netherlands for over a decade. Analyzes show that the number of days with extreme high temperatures in Dutch wheat growing regions has significantly increased since the early 1900s, while the number of extreme low temperature events has fallen over that same period. The effects of Extreme weather events on wheat yields were found to be time specific in that the week in which an event occurred partially determines their effects on yields. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changing climate patterns, specifically increasing temperatures and extreme weather events, have negatively affected crop yields. It mentions that results indicate 'increasing temperatures have negatively affected yields' and highlights that 'changing weather patterns caused by climate changes will have diverse effects on yields globally,' thus supporting the assertion that climate change impacts crop production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: For example, the percentage of macrophages containing phagocytosed bacteria was 67. 91 ± 13. 68% in cultures incubated with bacteria obtained from IBD animals, compared to 55. 05 ± 15. 48% for bacteria from healthy dogs (P = 0. 023, Fig 4B). Also, the average numbers of ingested bacteria per individual macrophage (as reflected by increased mean fluorescence intensity) was significantly increased in macrophages incubated with bacteria from dogs with IBD [MFI: 2,994 (2,378–3,912)] compared to macrophages fed bacteria from healthy dogs (MFI: 2,519 (2,323–3,428), P = 0. 005, Fig 4C). Thus, GI bacteria in dogs with IBD were more likely to be phagocytosed by macrophages than bacteria from healthy dogs. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Macrophage phagocytosis of fecal bacteria from dogs with IBD versus healthy dogs. (A) Fecal bacteria (PI staining; red) from dogs with IBD and healthy dogs (n = 5 per group) were incubated with primary cultures of canine monocyte-derived macrophages and bacterial uptake was determined using flow cytometry, as described in Methods. Images were obtained using confocal microscopy, with PI stained bacteria visualized as red objects within cultured macrophages. DAPI staining (blue) demonstrates cell nuclei. Similar results were obtained in at least n = 3 repeated, independent studies. Box plot comparing the percentage of macrophages containing intracellular bacteria (B) and the relative number of bacteria per macrophage (C), when bacteria from dogs with IBD and healthy control dogs were compared. Statistical differences were calculated using unpaired t-tests (B) and by the Mann-Whitney test (C). Scale bar as indicated. Ingestion of bacteria from dogs with IBD triggers greater macrophage inflammatory response Ingestion of bacteria, particularly via Fc receptor-mediated internalization, serves as a strong activating stimulus for macrophages [38]. Therefore, we next examined the impact of fecal bacteria ingestion on macrophage activation and cytokine production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of GI bacteria in dogs, particularly those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It provides evidence that bacteria from IBD dogs are more likely to be phagocytosed by macrophages, indicating a significant immune response. This suggests that the presence of diverse bacteria, even in unhealthy contexts, plays an important role in immune system activation, thereby challenging the idea that a completely sterile gut is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The total amount of solid dry matter remaining after pretreatment was measured prior to measuring the amount of acid insoluble lignin remaining in the solid fraction. Afterwards, the solid and the liquid fractions were enzymatically treated separately (see below). Enzymatic hydrolysisEnzymatic hydrolysis reactions were carried out by treatment with a novel commercial enzyme blend Cellic C-Tec derived from Trichoderma reesei (Novozymes A/S, Bagsværd, Denmark). Apart from the cellulolytic enzyme base from T. reesei containing at least the two main cellobiohydrolases EC 3. 2. 1. 91 (Cel6A and Cel7A), five different endo-1,4-β-glucanases EC 3. 2. 1. 4 (Cel7B, Cel5A, Cel12A, Cel61A, and Cel45A), β-glucosidase EC 3. 2. 1. 21, and a β-xylosidase [26, 27] the Cellic C-Tec also contains additional β-glucosidase and particular glycoside hydrolase family 61 hydrolysis-boosting proteins [28]. C-Tec preparation contained 175 mg protein/ml, 63. 8 filter paper units (FPU)/ml and 868 cellobiase units (CBU)/ml; the FPU were determined according to the standardized FPU determination procedure provided by NREL [29], and CBU were determined by the assay described by Ghose [30], respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis reactions of the solid, pretreated wheat samples were performed as described previously [12, 17]: Briefly, the reactions took place at 50°C, pH 5. 0 (using 0. 1 M sodium acetate buffer with 0. 02% by weight of sodium azide) with 2% dry matter substrate (w/w) in Eppendorf tubes (Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) spun at 750 rpm; the liquid filtrate samples were diluted 100 times prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. C-Tec preparation was dosed based on mg enzyme protein/g substrate dry matter (from 10-200 mg enzyme protein/g dry matter). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It discusses the enzymatic hydrolysis of solid pretreated wheat samples using a specific enzyme blend but does not mention yeast or its potential for biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change affects crop yields due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. [SEP] Text: High temperature events and precipitation events were found to significantly decrease yields. The last research question examines various methods to forecast yields. It provides an accessible and transparent framework to allow policy makers to assess the trade-offs involved when forecasting yields and measure the value of those forecasts. Yields of ten important global food crops are forecasted and their accuracy reported. A comparison is made between the results of a standard technique used to forecast yields, and auto-regressive, integrated, moving average (ARIMA) forecasts. ARIMA forecasts generally out-perform those of the standard methodology and provide a convenient means to assess their added value. While the mean forecasts of top producers for most crops are expected to increase, the amount of associated uncertainty is large, and forecasts beyond only a few years should be made with caution. Original languageEnglishQualificationDoctor ofAdvisorsvan Meijl, J. C. M. , PromotorPeerlings, Jack, Co-promotorAward date12 Jan 2021Place of 9789463956642DOstatusPublished - 12 Jan 2021 output contributes to the following UN Goals (SDGs) Access to Document 10. 18174/537761 Files and links into the research topics of 'Measuring and assessing the effects of climate change on crop yields: A multilevel approach'. Together they form a unique fingerprint. and Finance 100% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 100% and Finance 100% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% Wealth Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% Economics, Econometrics and Finance 50% View full fingerprint Projects 1 per year Assessing the economic impacts of the growing use of biomass on land use and agri-food marketsPowell, J. (PhD candidate), van Meijl, J. C. M. (Promotor) & Peerlings, J. (Co-promotor)1/04/10 → 12/01/21Project: 100% 100% ARMA Model 100% 50% 50% Cite this. P. (2021). Measuring and assessing the effects of climate change on crop yields: A multilevel approach. [internal ]. Wageningen University. Powell, Jeffrey P. . / Measuring and assessing the effects of climate change on crop yields : A multilevel approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that 'High temperature events and precipitation events were found to significantly decrease yields.' This directly correlates with the claim that climate change, which encompasses changes in temperature and precipitation, affects crop yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: We found that macrophages incubated with bacteria from IBD dogs produced significantly greater amounts of TNF-α than macrophages incubated with bacteria from healthy dogs (Fig 5). Conversely, macrophages incubated with IBD bacteria produced significantly less IL-10 than macrophages incubated with healthy dog bacteria (Fig 5). Thus, we concluded that bacteria present in the gut of dogs with IBD were inherently more immune stimulatory and capable of triggering macrophage production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, than bacteria from the gut of healthy dogs. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Cytokine production by activated macrophages. Canine monocyte-derived macrophages were activated by incubation and phagocytosis of non-viable fecal bacteria obtained from dogs with IBD (n = 5) and from healthy normal dogs (n = 5), as described in Methods. TNF-α and IL-10 concentrations in media obtained from macrophage cultures 24 hours after bacterial inoculation were measured using commercial canine-specific ELISA. Box plots comparing cytokine concentrations between the 2 groups of fecal bacterial samples are depicted. Statistical differences were calculated using unpaired t-tests. The assays were repeated for 3 times, total of 3 different PBMC donors. Microbiome analysis and selectivity of IgG binding The overall composition and complexity of the GI microbiome in dogs with IBD (n = 10) was compared to that of healthy dogs (n = 10), using 16S rRNA metagenomics sequencing (Fig 6). Dogs with IBD had a greater abundance of bacteria in the Proteobacteria phylum (P = 0. 045; S4 Fig) including Escherichia-Shigella and other genera such as along with a decrease in abundance of Bacteroidetes phyla (P = 0. 048), and other genera; Streptococcus, Fusobacterium, Peptoclostridium, and Turicibacter, compared to the flora present in healthy control dogs (Fig 6A). These results are largely in agreement with previous studies of the microbiome in dogs with IBD and indicate that our study populations were similar to those of other studies with respect to bacterial diversity and differences in IBD versus healthy dog microbiomes [39–41]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that indicates a more complex gut microbiome in healthy dogs compared to those with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). It mentions that dogs with IBD had different bacterial compositions, with a greater abundance of pro-inflammatory bacteria and a decrease in beneficial bacteria, suggesting that a diverse gut microbiome is preferable for health outcomes in dogs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The enzymatic hydrolyses were stopped after 24 h by heating of the samples at 100°C for 10 min. The samples were then cooled to room temperature, centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 min and the levels of glucose and xylose liberated were determined by HPAEC using a Dionex BioLC system equipped with a Dionex CarboPac PA1 analytical column () and an electrochemical detector used in the pulsed amperiometric detection mode principally as described previously [31]; in brief, the monosaccharides were separated via a two-step isocratic procedure using 25 mM NaOH for 5 min, then 10 mM NaOH for 13 min. Each run included cleaning of the column with 500 mM NaOH for 7 min, and re-equilibration with 25 mM NaOH for 5 min. Experimental design and statisticsThe statistical software MODDE 7. 0 (Umetrics AB, Umeå, Sweden) was used as an aid for designing the Face experimental designs and for analyzing the data by multiple linear regression. The pretreatment temperature, pH (initial pH), and the holding time were varied according to a 15-point central composite design with the center point repeated 3 times. Correlation coefficients of glucose versus xylose releases were determined by linear regression analysis. The statistical significance of the correlations was evaluated by the dose-response F test [32]. CalculationsThe yields were calculated as g liberated of glucose and xylose, respectively, per kg of dry weight of non-pretreated wheat straw (mDM(before pretreatment), w/w) as described previously [17]. The monosaccharide yields from enzymatically hydrolyzed solid fractions were calculated as:where d is the dilution factor, C the concentration of monosaccharide in g/l as obtained by HPAEC. Vliquid in hydrolysis is the volume made up by liquid in the hydrolysis to account for solids taking up volume, and mDM(hydrolysis) in kg is the dry weight of solid being hydrolyzed to calculate the yield of monosaccharide released from hydrolysis per kg water insoluble solids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it describes a procedure for enzymatic hydrolysis and the analysis of monosaccharides from wheat straw, which is unrelated to the topic of yeast or biofuel production. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Increased frequency of extreme weather events poses a risk to global food production. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 77106 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Intechby the Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. BackgroundMalawi, like many other countries in Africa, continues to face severe challenges imposed by extreme weather events particularly droughts. The upsurge of drought events in Malawi provides evidence to unprecedented challenges caused by climate change and climate variability. Because the economy is heavily dependent on climate-sensitive agriculture, Malawi’s economy is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events especially drought. Pauw et al. [1] estimated that on average Malawi loses 1. 7% of GDP (equivalent to USD 41 million) every year due to an extreme drought event. In response to severe challenges imposed by drought, the government of Malawi, in partnership with the and other development partners, initiated a weather index insurance (WII) scheme in 2005—the first of this kind in Southern Africa. The scheme was ‘celebrated’ as a potential breakthrough in the quest to offer sustainable market-based agricultural insurance to millions of smallholder farmers—a majority who practices dryland rain-fed agriculture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the severe challenges imposed by extreme weather events, specifically droughts in Malawi, which highlights the vulnerability of economies that are heavily dependent on climate-sensitive agriculture. It provides evidence that Malawi loses a significant portion of its GDP annually due to extreme drought, illustrating the direct impact of such weather events on food production and farming sustainability.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Microbiome analysis. IgGhi sorted fecal bacteria from (n = 10) dogs with IBD, and non-sorted bacteria (n = 10; paired fecal samples from dogs with IBD) and bacteria from healthy control animals (n = 10) were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing, as described in Methods. (A) Species abundance heat map at taxonomic level representing average differences, with 0 = no difference, -1 and 1 representing maximum differences. (†) Showing the top 10 taxa abundance. (B) Bar graph depicting the relative abundance of 5 major phyla comparing the IgGhi sorted population with non-sorted bacteria, obtained from same dogs with IBD. A significantly increased abundance of Actinobacteria phyla was found in IgGhi sorted population. (C) Bar graph showed relative abundance comparing between IgGhi sorted and non-sorted bacteria for members of Actinobacteria phyla. The data were reported as Mean ± SD, and statistical comparisons were calculated using paired t-test (*P ≤ 0. 05, **P ≤ 0. 01, ***P ≤ 0. 001). next conducted 16S sequencing studies to determine whether bacteria with high levels of IgG binding present in feces of dog with IBD represented uniquely enriched subsets of bacteria (e. g. , potentially pathogenic bacteria), or whether the IgGhi population of bacteria was evenly distributed amongst all the major phyla (i. e. , no enrichment for specific phyla or genera). In part the rationale for this question was prior evidence for selective immunoglobulin binding to pathogenic bacteria in human patients with CD [21, 22]. Bacteria with the highest levels of IgG binding included Collinsella, Faecalitalea, Escherichia-Shigella, Blautia, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium innocuum, Slackia and Enterococcus (Fig 6A and S3 Table). The taxa with the lowest levels of IgG binding included Pseudomonas, Clostridium (sensu stricto) and Lactobacillus. We found that there was significant enrichment of bacteria in the Actinobacteria phylum (P = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not engage with the claim regarding the healthiness of a sterile gut versus one with diverse bacteria. Instead, it focuses on microbiome analysis in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease, detailing the abundance of various bacterial taxa and their significance in different populations. There is no information supporting or contrasting the claim, making it irrelevant to the topic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: To present the release of monosaccharide as g per kg original dry weight non-pretreated wheat straw, the yield was multiplied by the factor of solid biomass after pretreatment divided by solid biomass before pretreatment (mDM(after pretreatment)/mDM(before pretreatment)). The monosaccharide yields from enzymatically hydrolyzed liquid fractions were calculated as:where Vliquid after pretreatment is the volume of liquid measured after each pretreatment. 4850. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2010. 02. 002172. 10. 1038/nbt0208-169120. CAS 40. 10. 1186/1475-2859-8-4017. 157. 3729. 10. 1021/ie801542g772. 10. 1002/ceat. 2008000483700. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2005. 04. 00631. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-3130. 10. 1186/1754-6834-2-30408. 10. 1002/btpr. 141840. 750. 10. 1016/j. nbt. 2010. 05. 0034929. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2009. 09. 08195. 10. 1002/bit. 200431186. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2010. 03. 0203364. 10. 1016/j. procbio. 2005. 03. 0032042. 10. 1016/j. biortech. 2006. 08. 006296. 10. 1007/s12010-007-8001-6352. 102. 10. 1016/j. seppur. 2009. 03. 03081. 10. 1038/sj. jim. 29004842008. 135. 1276. 10. 1021/bp070329p784. 10. 1016/j. enzmictec. 2005. 01. 0073316. 10. 1021/bi100009p1996. 268. 10. 1351/pac198759020257CAS 731. 10. 1002/bit. 105191996. 2. 0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the calculation of monosaccharide yields from pretreatment of wheat straw, which is unrelated to the claim about yeast and biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Increased frequency of extreme weather events poses a risk to global food production. [SEP] Text: The government interest is understandable as it seeks to enhance resilience to climate change risks and achieve national goals and priorities especially food security, income improvement, poverty alleviation, elimination of malnutrition and diseases. Advertisement 7. Lessons from other developing countriesThe past decade has witnessed serious attempts by developing countries in partnership with development organization (e. g. etc. ) to develop agricultural insurance markets that currently are largely missing. Between 2007 and 2009 for instance, IFAD reports that 30 WII programmes in 19 countries were implemented, reaching more than 1. 2 million beneficiaries predominantly smallholder farmers [19, 20]. Concerns for increasing uncertainty due to climate change and climate variability, have heightened interest in developing agricultural insurance markets particularly WII. This section shares in brief, lessons from other developing countries that have successfully implemented index insurance beyond the piloting phase. 7. 1. Mainstream WII into nation-wide disaster risk reduction programsFor many countries that have successfully implemented WII, the program has been mainstreamed to become part and parcel of nation-wide climate change disaster risk management programs. Although WII is not a panacea, its effectiveness can be improved when combined with other risk management strategies (e. g. drought/flood early warning, seasonal forecasts, disaster-risk preparedness and etc. ). It must not be viewed as a substitute for climate change adaptation but rather as an additional component of nation-wide disaster risk reduction strategies. For instance, the government of Mexico, institutionalized risk management by establishing the () with a nation-wide mandate to mitigate the loss of lives and interruption of essential services caused by disaster [21]. To further strengthen its risk management strategy, the Mexican government established a for () in 1996 specifically intended to cater for the reconstruction of public infrastructure as well as offering compensation to low income smallholder producers. 7. 2. WII must create value to farmersWII must create value to farmers in tangible a manner as possible. Farmer will value WII as a credible risk management strategy if it can effectively lower vulnerability to climate change, improve farm income, alleviate food insecurity and poverty. According to Churchill [22], the concept of value includes: scope of coverage - the extent to which the farmers’ actual risk is covered; affordability - the extent to which the products are financially accessible to the farmers; additional benefits - the extent to which the insurance gives access to any additional services that might make the farmers “better off. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing uncertainty due to climate change and climate variability, which has heightened interest in developing agricultural insurance programs. It specifically mentions that these climate risks affect food security, poverty alleviation, and might require strategies like Weather Index Insurance (WII) to manage the vulnerabilities of farmers. The emphasis on enhancing resilience to climate change risks aligns directly with the claim regarding the risks to global food production from extreme weather events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 7 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0. 17. However, the percentage of IgG+ bacteria was found to not correlate with the disease activity index, including (P = 0. 71) and (P = 0. 55). In addition, the overall histopathologic score and endoscopic lesion scores did not correlate with the percentage of IgG+ bacteria, as determined by linear regression analysis. Thus, the assessment of IgG bound to the surface of bacteria was found to be a very sensitive and specific test for detection of IBD in dogs, though test positivity did not correlate with disease activity or severity. Thus, the fecal IgG assay was considered to have higher sensitivity and specificity for IBD detection than other currently available assays, including fecal calprotectin (S100A12), which was found to be 65% sensitive and 84% specific for diagnosing IBD in dogs [42]. DiscussionThe interaction between the host immune response and gut bacteria is now considered a primary driver of intestinal inflammation in humans with IBD [6–8]. For example, there is convincing evidence of an increase in IgG responses directed against gut bacteria in patients with Crohn’s disease [12, 18, 19]. For example, the presence of high levels of IgG+ bacteria was shown to be specific for Crohn’s disease; since high levels of IgG+ fecal bacteria were not detected in patients with infectious colitis [12, 18] or coeliac disease [43]. Similar studies have not been conducted previously in dogs with IBD and to the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that documents an immune response against gut bacteria in this disease. A key finding from our study was that dogs with IBD had a significantly higher binding of IgG to gut bacteria, compared to healthy dogs (Fig 1). For example, there were overall 30% more bacteria with surface bound IgG in dogs with IBD than in normal dogs (Fig 1A). These differences are roughly in agreement with results of bacterial IgG binding levels in previous studies in patients with CD and UC [12, 18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the role of gut bacteria in the immune response, particularly in the context of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It suggests that increased IgG responses against gut bacteria are observed in conditions like Crohn’s disease, implying that a diverse gut microbiome may be beneficial in maintaining health, rather than a completely sterile gut being healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: BackgroundLignocellulosic biomass has already been widely regarded as a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels and biochemicals due to its low cost, abundance, and sustainability [1, 2]. A variety of fermentable sugars including glucose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, galactose, cellobiose, etc. , can be released from lignocelluloses. Enzymatic hydrolysis has been predominantly applied for the production of fermentable sugars from lignocelluloses for its high selectivity and mild processing conditions [3]. However, the recalcitrance of biomass impedes degradation of lignocelluloses [1, 4]. Over the past decades, various pretreatment techniques have been developed to address biomass recalcitrance by disrupting physical barriers of cell wall, reducing cellulose crystallinity, and removing lignin and hemicellulose, for the purpose of facilitating the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses into fermentable sugars [5,6,7]. The numerous pretreatment approaches can be divided into four major categories, including physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological ones [8]. Among them, alkali pretreatment has attracted extensive attentions, for its capability of preserving a large proportion of cellulose and removing lignin under mild processing conditions [9, 10]. Low solids loadings are generally applied for enzymatic hydrolysis to ensure an adequate mixing between cellulase and cellulosic materials [11]. Nevertheless, low solids loadings generate low concentrations of sugars, thus resulting in low products titers and high costs of separation and purification [12, 13]. It is essential to pretreat and hydrolyze lignocelluloses at high solids loadings during industrial processes, which is more economical and environmentally friendly by reducing capital cost, energy input, and water usage [14,15,16,17]. However, when the enzymatic hydrolysis is directly conducted at very high solids loadings, the mixing is difficult to perform when mixing strategies are not applied, which exerts negative effects on the mass and heat transfer efficiency while severely hindering the hydrolysis process [16, 18]. To avoid these adverse effects and maximize release of sugars, fed-batch strategy has been proposed [19, 20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about bioengineered yeast capable of producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it focuses on the use of lignocellulosic biomass as a potential feedstock and details about the processes involved in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses to release fermentable sugars. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: Προτείνουμε τον πρώτο αποκεντρωμένο μηχανισμό διαλειτουργικότητας ανάμεσα σε αλυσίδες βασισμένες στην απόδειξη εργασίας, στην απόδειξη μεριδίου, ή συνδυασμούς τους. Για την κατασκευή του, εισάγουμε δύο νέα κρυπτογραφικά primitives που λειτουργούν ως πιστοποιητικά επικοινωνίας αλυσίδων. Για πηγές απόδειξης μεριδίου, οι Αυτοτελείς Κατωφλιακές Πολυ-υπογραφές (ATMS) επιτρέπουν στην απόδειξη ότι το μερίδιο άλλαξε από εποχή σε εποχή. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a decentralized interoperability mechanism between blockchains. It introduces cryptographic primitives that facilitate the communication between chains, which aligns with the concept of transparency and decentralization in blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Moreover, our studies also indicate that the source of the anti-bacterial IgG production was most likely from local immunoglobulin production in the gut, rather than from immunoglobulin produced in extra-intestinal sites, a result that was also noted in studies in patients with Crohn’s disease [7, 12]. However, we noted that a result of no difference in serum IgG recognizing E. coli isolates from IBD dogs and healthy could be truly due to lack of increased overall production of IgG-specific bacteria systemically or due to lack of IgG to E. coli in particular. So, we further evaluated IgG recognition of an Enterococcus fecal isolate, which is a Gram positive bacterium with high abundance in feces. We also found no difference of serum IgG response to this bacterium between IBD and healthy dogs (S5 Fig). One difference between immunoglobulin responses to intestinal bacteria in our study and studies in Crohn’s patients is that we did not observe an increased in IgA binding to bacteria in dogs with IBD, whereas in humans there was significantly more IgA was present on gut bacteria compared to gut bacteria in healthy patients [12]. The reasons for this difference between species are not currently known, though it should be noted that soluble IgA concentrations have been shown to be lower overall in the feces of dogs with IBD than in healthy dogs [13, 44]. Our work also demonstrates a plausible link between bacterial IgG binding and induction of intestinal inflammation, which could involve activation of macrophages in the gut. For example, we found that incubation of macrophages with fecal bacteria from dogs with IBD triggered significantly greater macrophage activation and TNF-α production than did bacteria from healthy dog GI tracts (see Figs 4 and 5). Conversely, bacteria from IBD dogs triggered significantly less IL-10 production by macrophages than bacteria from healthy dogs. Thus, the net effect of the interaction of macrophages with IgG bound bacteria in animals with IBD would be to trigger greater local immune activation and inflammation. This effect could in part be mediated by the interaction of bacterial bound IgG with activating Fc receptors expressed by macrophages in the intestinal epithelium or lamina propria [44, 45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the immune response related to bacteria in the gut, specifically focusing on the role of bacterial species in triggering inflammation. It suggests that diversity in gut bacteria, particularly concerning their interactions with immune cells, is essential for health, especially in relation to conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The findings indicate that a completely sterile gut may not provide the necessary immune interactions needed for health, supporting the notion that a diverse gut microbiome is beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For a typical enzymatic fed-batch hydrolysis, the hydrolysis is initiated at a relatively low solids loading, commonly less than 15% (w/v). Substrate is then successively fed to maintain the solids content at a relative low level, and finally, the high solids loadings are achieved. Oligosaccharides are released along with monosaccharides during enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocelluloses at high solids loadings [21, 22]. For example, oligosaccharides accounted for approximately 21. 8% of the total soluble sugars in the ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX)-pretreated corn stover enzymatic hydrolysates [21]. Unfortunately, many microorganisms lack the ability to metabolize oligosaccharides. The non-consumed oligosaccharides will be discharged along with fermentation wastewater, which means the loss of sugars. For example, the accumulation of oligosaccharides represents a yield loss as these sugars are recalcitrant for most industrial ethanol-producing microorganisms [22]. Moreover, oligosaccharides have been identified as strong inhibitors of cellulase [22, 23]. The addition of xylanase and β-xylosidase has been proposed to address the inhibition of cellulase by xylo-oligosaccharides [24]. Complete enzymatic hydrolysis of the sugar polymers in cellulosic materials into monosaccharide has always been the routine task of the researchers, which requires the synergy of many hydrolytic enzymes with optimized composition. However, it requires a high enzyme cost severely impeding the commercial success. Various pretreatment strategies have been developed to remove lignin and hemicellulose in order to obtain a high cellulose content of the regenerated biomass, facilitating a glucose-rich hydrolysate [25,26,27,28]. It is worth noting that xylose and oligosaccharides are capable to be metabolized for biofuels and biochemicals production by a few wild-type and engineering microorganisms [29,30,31,32]. Thus, it is not a necessity to prepare glucose-rich hydrolysates. As reported by Yang and his colleagues, the hydrolysis yield was strongly inhibited by glucose in excess of 100 g/L [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the processes and challenges related to enzymatic hydrolysis and the effects of oligosaccharides and glucose on biofuel production. However, it does not specifically address bioengineered yeast or their capacities for producing high yields of biofuels from sugars. Therefore, the text is not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: Οι αποδείξεις μας είναι στο μοντέλο του για την εργασία και στο Ouroboros για τα μερίδια. Τα πιστοποιητικά επικοινωνίας αλυσίδων που προτείνουμε επιτρέπουν την μεταφορά γενικών πληροφοριών ανάμεσα σε αλυσίδες. Περιγράφουμε πολλαπλές εφαρμογές των πλευρικών αλυσίδων μας, μεταξύ άλλων μονής κατεύθυνσης μεταφορές χρήματος βασισμένων στο κάψιμο χρήματος καθώς και διπλής κατεύθυνσης μεταφορές χρήματος. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the functionalities of blockchain technology, such as enabling the transfer of general information between chains and detailing money transfers based on the burning of money. This indicates the decentralized nature of the transactions facilitated by blockchain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: We noted that our results showed more polarized Th1 response based on the direct effect on macrophage in vitro setting, which may not fully recapitulate the complexity of responses [46] occurring in the gut. Additionally, our studies assessed the phagocytic activity of tissue culture derived macrophages. However, it is possible that macrophages from the GI tract of dogs with IBD may have altered responses to these Ig-coating bacteria, exhibiting either impaired function or hyper-responsiveness compared to macrophages from the GI tract of healthy dogs. Thus, further study would be needed, for example to isolate mucosal macrophages from IBD dogs and compare their activity to gut macrophages from healthy dogs. Interestingly, we also found that the IgG response in dogs with IBD appeared to be directed preferentially towards bacteria considered part of the dysbiotic flora present in the gut, as described in previous studies [24, 25, 39–41]. Thus, we found that bacteria in the genus Collinsella had the highest levels of IgG binding in dogs with IBD, whereas this organism was not present in greater abundance in the gut of healthy dogs (see Fig 6A and S3 Table). This genus was noted in the gut microbiome in dogs with gastric-dilation and volvulus [47] as well as reported to be one of the high IgA binding bacteria detected in patients with CD [11, 48]. While not all dysbiotic flora are pathogenic, certainly some of the genera represented in the dysbiotic gut (e. g. , Escherichia, Clostridium and Enterococcus) have been associated with intestinal infection and invasion [49–52]. These pathogenic bacteria, particularly if enteroinvasive or capable of enhanced GI colonization, could trigger greater immune recognition and local antibody production [52–54]. Besides sequencing, future studies focusing on the spatial distribution of mucosal-associated microbiota including Collinsella spp. assessed by techniques such as fluorescence in situ hybridization would be useful. In terms of diagnostic utility, our studies demonstrated that the use of a bacterial flow cytometric IgG assay provided significant sensitivity and specificity for differentiating dogs with IBD from healthy dogs, using fecal samples (Fig 7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of diverse gut bacteria in relation to immune responses in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It highlights that while not all dysbiotic flora are pathogenic, certain bacteria associated with dysbiosis can trigger immune responses and local antibody production, suggesting that a diverse gut microbiome, including potentially dysbiotic flora, plays a critical role in gut health rather than mere sterility.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Generation of suitable proportions of xylose and oligosaccharides may be effective in mitigating the strong inhibitory effects of high-concentration glucose and facilitating fermentable sugars with high concentrations and yields. The traditional alkali pretreatment suffers from some issues such as high energy consumption, strong corrosion to the reactor, low solids loadings, and wastewater discharge. Alkaline organosolv pretreatment is promising for the preservation of both cellulose and hemicelluloses [33]. In the present study, corn stover was effectively pretreated by sodium hydroxide–methanol solution (SMs) at high solids loading of 50% (w/v). This pretreatment has some advantages over the traditional alkali pretreatment using water as solvent, namely significantly lowering the energy consumption due to a higher solids loading and a lower specific heat capacity of methanol and easily achieving high solids by removal of methanol to facilitate the high solids enzymatic hydrolysis. To obtain high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars from the SMs-pretreated corn stover, the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis was adopted and a variety of feeding strategies were investigated. Co-fermentation of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides within the hydrolysate by the oleaginous yeast C. oleaginosum using a fed-batch culture mode was then investigated to reach high lipid content and yield. This work should offer valuable information for obtaining high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars for microbial lipid production. Results and discussionThe compositional changes of corn stover after the alkaline organosolv pretreatment at high solids loadingThe compositions of the raw and the SMs-pretreated corn stover are shown in Table 1. The pretreated corn stover contained 46. 5% glucan, 25. 8% xylan, 8. 6% lignin, and 3. 2% ash (Table 1, Entry 2). The recovery of the glucan and xylan was 97. 4% and 89. 4%, respectively, suggesting that a large proportion of the sugar polymers remained in the solid phase. Interestingly, over 70% of lignin was removed by the SMs pretreatment, which was consistent with the traditional alkaline aqueous solution pretreatment that could dissolve lignin considerably [34]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the pretreatment of corn stover and the processes of enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation with no direct mention or evidence about bioengineered yeast or their capacity to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα We put forth the first decentralized communication mechanism between proof-of-work and proof-of-stake blockchains, or combinations thereof. To construct it, we propose two new cryptographic primitives which function as cross-chain certificates. For proof-of-stake sources, the ATMS primitive (Ad-Multisignatures) allows attesting to the shifting of stake from epoch to epoch. For proof-of-work sources, the NIPoPoWs primitive (Non-of Proof-of-Work) allows compressing proof-of-work into succinct strings that shrink a long blockchain into a succinct polylogarithmic proof. We provide the first ATMS and NIPoPoWs constructions. For work, we prove our constructions are secure in both the static and the variable difficulty setting and we achieve security in the synchronous and bounded delay settings with concrete adversary bounds in each case. We put forth the first definition of sidechain security and formally prove our constructions secure. Our proofs are in th. . . We put forth the first decentralized communication mechanism between proof-of-work and proof-of-stake blockchains, or combinations thereof. To construct it, we propose two new cryptographic primitives which function as cross-chain certificates. For proof-of-stake sources, the ATMS primitive (Ad-Multisignatures) allows attesting to the shifting of stake from epoch to epoch. For proof-of-work sources, the NIPoPoWs primitive (Non-of Proof-of-Work) allows compressing proof-of-work into succinct strings that shrink a long blockchain into a succinct polylogarithmic proof. We provide the first ATMS and NIPoPoWs constructions. For work, we prove our constructions are secure in both the static and the variable difficulty setting and we achieve security in the synchronous and bounded delay settings with concrete adversary bounds in each case. We put forth the first definition of sidechain security and formally prove our constructions secure. Our proofs are in the Backbone model for work and in the Ouroboros model for stake. Our cross-chain certificates allow the transmission of generic information between blockchains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a decentralized communication mechanism between different types of blockchains (proof-of-work and proof-of-stake), indicating that blockchain technology facilitates decentralized interactions. It describes new cryptographic primitives designed to enhance communication and security across blockchains, emphasizing the decentralized nature of blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Antibiotic treatment is known to significantly alter the intestinal microbiome in dogs [58, 59]. However, we found no significant difference in the overall percentages of IgG+ bacteria in dogs regardless of their antibiotic pre-treatment status (S7 Fig), suggesting that antibiotic treatment had a little discernable effect on generation of anti-bacterial IgG in dogs with IBD. This is an important observation because it suggests that the fecal IgG assay may be relatively resistant to potential interference by prior antimicrobial therapy. In summary, our studies indicate that a high percentage of intestinal bacteria are recognized by IgG produced locally in the gut in dogs with IBD, and that IgG bound bacteria may be linked to intestinal inflammation. These results should be confirmed by larger studies in dogs with IBD and compared to animals with other causes of signs of GI dysfunction, such as viral infection, dietary changes, and infections with GI parasites (e. g. , hookworm, whipworm, or Giardia infections). Such studies could provide additional insights into the role of local gut immune responses against gut bacteria in IBD and other GI inflammatory diseases. ConclusionThis study found that bacteria present in the gut of dogs with IBD had significantly higher levels of IgG binding than bacteria in the gut of healthy dogs. In addition, the highest level of IgG binding appeared to be directed against certain phyla of dysbiotic bacteria, with a significant great preference for Actinobacteria. In addition, IgG-coated bacteria from dogs with IBD triggered significantly greater macrophage TNF-α production than bacteria from healthy dogs, indicative of an inherently pro-inflammatory effect of increased IgG binding to bacteria. These findings suggest that humoral immune recognition of endogenous gut bacteria may be an important mediator of intestinal inflammation in dogs with IBD, and indicate relatedness in the immune pathogenesis of certain types of IBD in dogs and in man. Supporting informationS1 Table. Demographic data, diet and histopathologic evaluation of IBD group. Table reported data from individual dog. WSAVA histopathologic score was reported from assessment of duodenal tissue biopsy. S2 Table. Demographic data, and diet of normal group. S3 Table. IgGhi-sorted bacteria abundance. Table reported the comparison of % relative abundance between IgGhi-sorted and non-sorted bacteria from IBD group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the immune response related to bacteria in the gut of dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), indicating that a diverse gut microbiome is linked to immune functions and inflammation. It suggests that the presence of certain bacterial phyla is important for gut health, which implies that a completely sterile gut may not be healthier since it lacks the necessary bacterial diversity for proper immune responses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Table 1 Chemical compositional results of the raw and the SMs-pretreated corn stoverFull size table Effects of solids loadings on the release of sugars during batch enzymatic hydrolysisThe solids loading exerts significant effects on the saccharification efficiency and yield. Herein, batch enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated corn stover at solids loadings varying from 2. 5 to 40% (w/v) was investigated and compared. The hydrolysis was conducted at 50 °C for 72 h. As shown in Fig. 1, glucose and xylose were 12. 0 g/L and 5. 7 g/L when the solids loading was 2. 5%, corresponding to the yields of 89. 6% and 77. 4%, respectively. In addition, 0. 6 g/L cello-oligosaccharides and 1. 5 g/L xylo-oligosaccharides were observed in the hydrolysates. Surprisingly, the total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 93. 5% and 100. 1%, respectively, when the oligosaccharides were taken into account. The total reducing sugars (TRS) released from corn stover increased linearly with a highly significant correlation (y = 6. 94x + 5. 45, R2 = 0. 9954), when the solids loading increased from 2. 5 to 15%. The carbohydrate polymers within lignocelluloses could be well depolymerized into fermentable sugars by the commercial enzyme cocktail, when the hydrolysis was performed at relatively low solids loadings. Glucose and xylose increased on a continued basis, while their yields demonstrated the opposite trends as the solids loading rose from 15 to 25%. Glucose, xylose, and TRS were in sharp decline, when the solids loadings rose to 33% and 40%. Only 31. 4 g/L glucose and 14. 6 g/L xylose were observed in the hydrolysates at 40% solids loading, corresponding to the theoretical yields of 11. 9% and 12. 3%, respectively. Cello-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides reached 8. 0 g/L and 49. 0 g/L, causing the glucan and xylan conversions of 15. 3% and 57. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or its design for producing biofuels from sugars. It focuses on the effects of solids loading on the release of sugars during batch enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover, detailing specific carbohydrate compositions and yields. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain technology enables decentralized and transparent transactions. [SEP] Text: We describe multiple applications of our sidechains, including proof-of-burn-based one-way pegs and two-way pegs. In addition to interoperability, our protocols enable the transmission of blockchain information for its own internal use. This allows the construction of superlight clients with exponentially smaller communication complexity than traditional clients. These superlight clients are the first asymptotic improvement upon SPV. Additionally, our protocols can be used in the work setting to create superlight miners, which need only logarithmic state to mine and are an exponential improvement over standard proof-of-work blockchain protocols. We demonstrate the feasibility of our schemes with experiments, simulations, and implementations, including measurements of security and performance metrics. We give concrete proposals for deployment security parameters. We have worked with the industry to implement our schemes in practice: Our protocols have been implemented and deployed in the real world proof-of-work blockchains ERGO, nimiq, WebDollar, and Midnight and the proof-of-stake blockchain Cardano. περισσότερα Διαβάστε τη διατριβή (Online) Κατεβάστε τη διατριβή σε μορφή PDF (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications of blockchain technology, specifically mentioning the implementation of protocols that enhance the performance and security of blockchain systems, which supports the notion of decentralization and transparency in transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: 05, **P ≤. 01, ***P ≤. 001). S5 Fig. Serum IgG recognition of Enterococcus isolated from healthy dogs and dogs with IBD. Two separate fecal isolates of Enterococcus spp. (1 from IBD and 1 from healthy dog) were incubated with serum from dogs with IBD (n = 20) and healthy dogs (n = 9), and IgG binding to the surface of bacteria was quantitated using flow cytometry, as noted in Methods. Scatter plots depicting IgG+ bacteria percentages in healthy versus IBD dogs plotted. (†) Indicated the isolate from normal dog, while (‡) indicated the isolate from dog with IBD. Data were plotted as Mean ± SD. S6 Fig. Association of Collinsella and clinical parameters in IBD. Scatter dot plot of % abundance of Collinsella and clinical parameters depicted. Linear regression analysis was performed. value as stated in the figures. Dashed lines depict 95% confidence band. ;. S7 Fig. % IgG+ fecal bacteria comparison of IBD with or without antibiotic pretreatment. The percentages of IgG+ bacteria are plotted comparing IBD dogs with antibiotic pretreatment (n = 11) and no treatment (n = 9). Data are plotted as Mean ± SD. No statistical difference was found by unpaired t-test (P = 0. 99). 1. Endoscopic, Biopsy, and for the Evaluation of in Companion Animals. J Med. 2010;24(1):10–26. pmid:20391635 View 2. . Inflammatory bowel disease in veterinary medicine. Frontiers in bioscience (Elite edition). 2012;4:1404–19. View 3. . Commensal Host-in the Gut. Science. 2001;292(5519):1115–8. pmid:11352068 View 4. . Chronic intestinal inflammation and intestinal disease in dogs. J Med. 2003;17(1):8–20. pmid:12564722 View 5. Genome-wide association studies of inflammatory bowel disease in German shepherd dogs. PLoS One. 2018;13(7):e0200685. pmid:30028859 View 6. . Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature. 2007;448(7152):427–34. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details on experiments related to the immune response in healthy dogs versus those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It discusses the recognition of bacteria and immune responses rather than endorsing the idea of a completely sterile gut being healthier. This indirectly suggests that gut diversity, characterized by the presence of various bacteria (including Enterococcus and Collinsella), is significant for immune functioning and overall health, contrasting the claim that a sterile gut is superior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 9%, respectively. Direct enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids loading led to an increased viscosity and a reduced mass transfer efficiency, which resulted in the low concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars [16, 18, 35]. In fact, there was no visible liquid spotted during enzymatic hydrolysis at 40% solids loading, which was not conducive to the interaction between the enzymes and the substrate. Fig. 1Sugar concentrations and conversions for the batch enzymatic hydrolysis at solids loadings ranging from 2. 5 to 40% (w/v). The enzyme blend was loaded at 15 mg protein/g glucan. The pretreated corn stover was hydrolyzed at 50 °C, pH 4. 8, and 200 rpm for 72 hFull size imageThe vast majority of industrial fermentation processes are proposed using fed-batch culture mode [36, 37]. The high concentration of fermentable sugars is a necessity for the subsequent feeding process over the course of fed-batch fermentation. Enzymatic hydrolysis at high solids loadings is feasible for deriving high-concentration sugars while reducing water usage, capital investment, and energy consumption significantly. Nevertheless, batch enzymatic hydrolysis at very high solids directly suffers from the difficulty in mixing and low mass and heat transfer efficiency, which results in low hydrolysis yields. Optimization of time point of feeding during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysisIt is challenging to reach very high concentrations and yields of fermentable sugars by one-step feeding without mixing strategies. To resolve the mass transfer issues under high solids loadings, the batch enzymatic hydrolysis with mechanical stirring has been performed at solids loadings of 28% (w/w) and 30% (w/w), respectively [12, 38]. In addition, fed-batch hydrolysis mode has been applied to achieve high solids loadings [16, 28]. In this study, a fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis strategy was attempted to achieve this goal. When the enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at an initial solids loading exceeding 15% (w/v), the mixing became difficult, which was adverse to the pH adjustment and mass transfer. The optimal initial solids loading was 12% (w/v) (Additional file 1), which was in accordance with the previous published results [16, 28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the challenges of enzymatic hydrolysis processes and the optimal conditions for achieving high concentrations of fermentable sugars. It does not provide information about bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe shed light on how the price explosivity characterising Bitcoin and other major cryptocurrencies is triggered, by employing the Quantile Self-Autoregressive () model. Our results for Bitcoin, Ripple, and Stellar reveal that the explosive behaviour originates from the extreme upper tails of the return distributions following a price increase in the preceding day. We do not find evidence of explositivity in the price of Litecoin. Similar content being viewed by others Predicting cryptocurrency crash dates 2008. As the related markets keep developing and maturing, it is important to delve more deeply into the dynamics characterising their functioning (Katsiampa et al. 2019a). For instance, despite the fact that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies have become increasingly popular, their price behaviour—still extremely volatile—does not seem to have been entirely comprehended as of yet (King and Koutmos 2021). During the past three years, cryptocurrency enthusiasts witnessed a number of strong rallies in the Bitcoin markets. For example, the first rally started sometime in the beginning of October 2017 when the price of Bitcoin per US dollar (BTC/USD) rose sharply from around $4,000 to about $20,000 in mid-December—an increase of approximately 400% in a space of two and a half months. After the spectacular rise, BTC/USD steadily marched downward to reach its lowest point of just above $3,200. Around the end of March 2019, the currency unexpectedly staged a comeback. The BTC/USD soared to about $12,000 around August from approximately $4,000—an increase of roughly 200%. During the periods of these two powerful market rallies, the Bitcoin market saw no fewer than 10 days of very large positive price jumps: daily returns of \(20. 34\%\) realised on 7th December 2017 and \(16. 72\%\) observed on 2nd April 2019, for example. Footnote 1 The “bubble-like” and “explosive” behaviour of BTC/USD, clearly illustrated in Fig. 1, might be ascribed to the relative newness of the cryptocurrency markets and the consequent appeal that this generates on speculators (Bouri et al. 2019). Fig. 1Time series of prices of Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar. This figure plots the time series of prices of Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the extreme volatility in cryptocurrency prices, specifically mentioning that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies display explosive behavior and extreme price fluctuations. The text details significant historical price increases, such as Bitcoin rising from around $4,000 to $20,000 in just over two months, and a subsequent drop to above $3,200, illustrating high volatility. The phrase 'their price behaviour—still extremely volatile' directly supports the claim that the cryptocurrency markets are subject to price fluctuations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: pmid:17653185 View 7. -Howard J, Bjarnason I. Mucosal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease are directed against intestinal bacteria. Gut. 1996;38(3):365–75. pmid:8675088 View 8. . Crohn's disease. The Lancet. 2012;380(9853):1590–605. View 9. . Systemic antibodies towards mucosal bacteria in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease differentially activate the innate immune response. Gut. 2004;53(1):91–8. pmid:14684582 View 10. - Host immunoglobulin G selectively identifies pathobionts in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):1. pmid:30606251 View 11. W, de in Disease. Cell. 2014;158(5):1000–10. pmid:25171403 View 12. Clinical significance of soluble immunoglobulins A and G and their coated bacteria in feces of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Transl Med. 2018;16(1):359. pmid:30558634 View 13. A Concentrations in Feces, Duodenum, and of Dogs with Disease. J Med. 2013;27(1):47–55. pmid:23216572 View 14. - Expression of Toll-like receptor 2 in duodenal biopsies from dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with severity of disease. Immunopathol. 2010;135(1–2):158–63. pmid:20034678 View 15. Upregulation of toll-like receptors in chronic enteropathies in dogs. J Med. 2008;22(3):553–60. pmid:18466244 View 16. . Populations within the of Dogs with Enteropathies. J Med. 2001;15(1):14–25. pmid:11215906 View 17. . Colonic nitrite and immunoglobulin G concentrations in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease. J Med Assoc. 1997;211(3):318–21. pmid:9262670 View 18. van der Immunoglobulin coating of faecal bacteria in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;16(7):669–74. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents multiple references and studies related to inflammatory bowel disease and the interaction of the immune system with intestinal bacteria. This suggests the presence of diverse bacteria plays a significant role in gut health and immune response, which counters the claim that a completely sterile gut is healthier. The immune system's need to react to gut bacteria in conditions like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis indicates that some level of microbial diversity is necessary for proper immune function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The time point of feeding represents a crucial factor in fed-batch hydrolysis process. In this study, the hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading and the pretreated corn stover (7%, w/v, based on the final solids loading) was separately fed after 3, 6, 12, 24, or 36 h, respectively, to reach the final solids loading of 19% (w/v). Glucose and TRS were measured over the course of hydrolysis. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the earlier the time point of feeding was, the faster the hydrolysis reached the platform stage (Fig. 2). Finally, 81. 3 g/L of glucose and 140. 8 g/L of TRS were observed in the hydrolysates when the corn stover was fed at the time point of 3 h. Glucose and TRS were reduced constantly when the time point of feeding extended from 3 h to 24 h. It should be noted that there were no significant (P > 0. 05) negative effects on the hydrolysis when the feeding intervals were limited to within 12 h. The maximal concentrations of glucose and TRS decreased by 8. 6% and 5. 2%, respectively, when the feeding time was extended to 36 h, which was largely attributed to a shorter time of interaction between the enzymes and the feeding substrate. In addition, part of the enzymes might be inactivated as the hydrolysis proceeded. Thus, it was beneficial to feed earlier during the fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis without impeding the mass transfer, which was crucial for enhancing the hydrolysis efficiency and shortening the total hydrolysis time. Similarly, the substrates have been proposed to be fed early to reduce the hydrolysis time during the fed-batch process [19, 28]. Fig. 2Effects of different time points of feeding on the release of glucose (a) and TRS (b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it mainly discusses the effects of different feeding time points on the hydrolysis process and glucose release, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: To ensure the readability and informativeness of the chart, we scale the prices, in a similar fashion to Borri (2019), as follows: we divide Bitcoin by 1,000, and Litecoin by 10; whereas we multiple both Ripple and Stellar by 10. The sample for each of the sampled cryptocurrencies starts from the first available daily observation (i. e. , 17/7/2010, 28/4/2013, 4/8/2013, and 5/8/2014, for Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ripple, and Stellar, respectively), until 19/09/2019Full size imageOriginally designed to be an innovative and decentralised method of payment free from central banks’ intervention, the excitement which Bitcoin sparked triggered off debates on whether it should be considered as a speculative vehicle (Baur et al. 2018) or an asset class to hold for hedging or diversification purposes (Panagiotidis et al. 2019). Besides that, scholars have also devoted particular attention to research on a number of other themes regarding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general, such as volatility (Katsiampa 2017; Baur and Dimpfl 2018), volatility spillovers (Ji et al. 2019; Koutmos 2018; Corbet et al. 2018b), price jump risk (Chaim and Laurini 2018; Scaillet et al. 2018; Gronwald 2019), tail risk (Gkillas and Katsiampa 2018; Borri 2019), technical trading (Hudson and Urquhart 2021), herding and feedback trading (King and Koutmos 2021), price efficiency (Urquhart 2016; Nadarajah and Chu 2017; Bariviera 2017; Khuntia and Pattanayak 2018) and, more broadly, the importance of information in market activity (Katsiampa et al. 2019b). While much has been written on the inefficiency and on the exuberance of the cryptocurrency markets, more investigations are needed to study how observed “bubble-like” behaviours are brought about. A number of scholars have looked into the explosivity theme characterizing the exuberance in cryptocurrency prices. More specifically, Corbet et al. (2018a) analyse the underline fundamentals (i. e. , blockchain position, hashrate, and liquidity) that can significantly thrive price growth, and then employ such measures to detect and datestamp Bitcoin and Ethereum bubbles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies focused on volatility in cryptocurrency markets, including references to research on price jump risk, tail risk, and explosivity in price behaviors. Specifically, it mentions that ‘scholars have also devoted particular attention to research on a number of other themes regarding Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies in general, such as volatility,’ indicating that the market is subject to significant price fluctuations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Those bacteria can help digest food and harvest nutrition and energy that otherwise cannot be collected by the human body directly [9]–[11], i. e. , human has obtained many genes needed for itself though these genes did not evolve in human genome. With the progress of molecular biotechnology and data accumulation, our understanding about gene and disease is under a revolution: diseases are not only associated with genes in human genome but also related to genomes from environment around and inside human body. A notable example of what environmental genome changes can result in is human gut bacterial community. The change of human gut bacterial community is associated with obesity [9], diabetes [12], hypertension [13], and so on. Therefore gut bacteria has become one of the hot research areas especially for those researches about chronic and metabolism related diseases [14]. Also, it is becoming an important research direction for finding drug target genes using human gene networks [15]. Drug target genes can also be identified by studying similar gene networks containing mixture of both human genes and genes from human gut bacteria [16]. Further studies in these directions require that we understand the gene composition of the human gut microbe community. Estimating the number of genes in it is one of the most important steps to understand the scale of the problem that we are dealing with. Based on the diversity of gut microbes and the average number of genes contained in a microbe genome, the number of genes in human gut microbiota was guessed to be 100 times greater than that of our human genome [17]. Since the scale of total number of genes in a human genome is about 20,000. This makes the guess of human gut microbiota genes to be at least 2,000,000. With the current available 16S rRNA sequences and hundreds of complete microbe genomes, it is possible to give a better estimation on the total number of genes by combining these two data sources. However, there is no similar research done before as the authors are aware of. The most similar research was done for pan-genomes, which contains all unique genes in a species with similar genes from different strains merged. In a pan-genome study, people check a “core-genome” with genes present in all strains, a “dispensable genome” with genes present in two or more genomes and a “unique genome” with genes unique to each strain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of gut bacteria for digestion and nutrition. It states that the human gut bacterial community is crucial for health, being associated with various diseases such as obesity and diabetes. This suggests that a diverse gut microbiome is beneficial and essential for human health, directly opposing the idea that a completely sterile gut is healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The enzymatic hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% solids were separately fed at different time points to reach the final solids loading of 19% (w/v)Full size image Fed-batch enzymatic hydrolysis at various solids loadingsThe fed-batch hydrolysis was initiated at 12% (w/v) solids loading, and 7% (w/v) pretreated corn stover was fed once, twice, three times, and four times, respectively. The results are presented in Table 2 and Fig. 3. Glucose and xylose reached 54. 0 g/L and 23. 8 g/L, corresponding to the theoretical yields of 89. 2% and 71. 8%, respectively, when enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted at 12% solids loading (Table 2, Entry 1). The total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 91. 3% and 92. 4%, respectively, when the oligosaccharides were taken into account (Fig. 3). It was indicated that the SMs pretreatment was promising to destroy the recalcitrant structure of corn stover, thus facilitating the degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. With the increase in feeding times, the concentrations of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides were gradually increased, while the monosaccharides yields decreased on a continued basis. When corn stover was fed once, the total conversions of glucan and xylan reached 90. 3% and 91. 6% (Fig. 3), slightly lower than those from the batch hydrolysis without significant variances (P > 0. 05). When corn stover was fed twice, glucose and xylose increased dramatically to 102. 0 g/L and 42. 9 g/L, while their yields decreased to 81. 9% and 63. 0%, respectively (Table 2, Entry 3). The total conversions of glucan and xylan slightly decreased to 89. 1% and 89. 0%, respectively, without significant variances (P > 0. 05) (Fig. 3). When the corn stover was fed three times to the final solids loading of 33%, glucose and xylose yields fell to 78. 4% and 59. 3%, respectively (Table 2, Entry 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover and the yielded concentrations of glucose and xylose, without mentioning bioengineered yeast or their capability to produce biofuels. There is no indication or evidence in the text that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency markets are highly volatile and subject to price fluctuations. [SEP] Text: The authors observe the existence of short periods in which each fundamental clearly impacts on the price formation, and nevertheless highlight that such effects vanish rapidly. Fry (2018) corroborates the existence of bubbles in the Bitcoin and Ethereum markets, and warns that booms and bust can occur even in the absence of a clear bubble. The presence of bubbles in the Bitcoin market is further supported by Cretarola and Figà-Talamanca (2021) who attribute their existence to the correlation between market attention (as proxied by the Volume Index) and Bitcoin returns. Cagli (2019) widens his sample and includes some more altcoins in order to detect potential price explosivity and pairwise co-movements in their explosive behaviour. He finds all cryptocurrencies, except one, to show explosivity, as well as a number of co-explosive relationships in some altcoins pairs. Bouri et al. (2019) take a step further and observe that the explosivity in one cryptocurrency is likely due to the existence of explosive dynamics in other cryptocurrencies. They demonstrate that co-explosivity is not necessarily driven by the size of the cryptocurrencies. Finally, a recent paper by Gronwald (2019) reveals overwhelming evidence that cryptocurrency prices are characterised by (temporary) explosiveness and confirms that some cryptocurrency prices are explosive even if expressed in terms of Bitcoin and not, as conventionally, in USD. Overall, while in general scholars and experts confirm evidence of price explosivity (Corbet et al. 2018a; Fry 2018; Bouri et al. 2019; Cagli 2019), none of them however shed light on how the behaviour is brought about. In this 1. 30\%\). We do not find evidence of explosivity in the price of Litecoin, however. In the following section, we present an exposition of the model of Cai and Stander (2008). Sections 3 and 4 discuss our sample and the empirical results, respectively. Section 5 concludes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of price volatility in cryptocurrency markets, describing phenomena such as 'explosivity' and 'bubbles' in cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. It details various studies that highlight rapid price changes ('booms and busts') and mentions the correlation between market attention and returns, indicating that cryptocurrency prices are not stable and can experience significant fluctuations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: A completely sterile gut is healthier than one with diverse bacteria. [SEP] Text: Science 288: 287–293. View 8. -Liggett CM, Knight R, et al. (2007) The human microbiome project. Nature 449: 804–810. View 9. (2006) An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444: 1027–1031. View 10. (2004) The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. 101: 15718–15723. View 11. (2007) Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice. 104: 979–984. View 12. (2007) Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56: 1761–1772. View 13. (2008) Human metabolic phenotype diversity and its association with diet and blood pressure. Nature 453: 396–400. View 14. (2009) A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457: 480–484. View 15. (2008) A systems biology approach to drug discovery. 60: 603–635. View 16. (2008) Variations in DNA elucidate molecular networks that cause disease. Nature 452: 429–435. View 17. (2005) Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 307: 1915–1920. View 18. (2005) The microbial pan-genome. 15: 589–594. View 19. Benson DA, Karsch-(2009) GenBank. Res 37: D26–31. View 20. -Syed-Mohideen AS, et al. (2007) The ribosomal database project (RDP-II): introducing myRDP space and quality controlled public data. Res 35: D169–172. View 21. (2009) Database Project: improved alignments and new tools for rRNA analysis. Res 37: D141–145. View 22. (2005) At least 1 in 20 16S rRNA sequence records currently held in public repositories is estimated to contain substantial anomalies. Microbiol 71: 7724–7736. View 23. (2005) Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 308: 1635–1638. View 24. (2005) Genome analysis of multiple pathogenic isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae: implications for the microbial “pan-genome”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by alluding to various studies and findings that emphasize the important roles of gut microbiota in human health. For instance, it mentions 'host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine,' suggesting that a diverse microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining health. Additionally, the text cites research indicating that different microbial compositions can regulate fat storage and influence metabolic processes, which further supports the idea that a healthy gut is one with diverse bacteria, rather than a sterile gut.