Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic modification always reduces crop diversity in every instance. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 35103 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 24, 2018 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 4,105 views 498 downloads 47 5103. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process Decision letter Author response Peer review process This 2005. [Editors’ note: what now follows is the decision letter after the authors submitted for further consideration. ] Thank you for resubmitting your work entitled "Plant diversity promotes biocontrol services, reduces insecticide use and increases rice yield in urban agriculture" for further consideration at eLife. Your revised 10. 7554/eLife. 35103. 037 Author response [Editors’ note: the author responses to the first round of peer review follow. ] We thank the editors for their comments and suggestions, which helped us greatly to improve the quality of the manuscript. We have carefully studied the reviews and revised our manuscript accordingly. Reviewer #1: As mentioned at the pre-submission stage, I find this study potentially very relevant and interesting for a broad readership because it shows that farm-level plant diversity may increase crop protection by encouraging predators of pests such that less chemical pest control will be necessary without yield losses. My problems with the full submission remain, namely that the authors do not clearly enough explain the lack of randomization in the 15-year study (was it their choice not to randomize or was it because they met a "natural experiment" that had been started by others with lack of knowledge about statistical design) and use inappropriate, simple statistics. The first problem may be resolved by explaining in more detail who prepared the study and why it was not randomized. We thank the editor for these important comments. We now explain fully the origin and background of the study, and the nature of the data. The answers to the question are found in the revised manuscript: “To test our hypothesis, we refer to monitoring data collected from 34 community farms in 9 districts in suburbs of Shanghai, and we conducted two more controlled experiments for further verification. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding genetic modification and its impact on crop diversity. Instead, it focuses on a study about plant diversity in urban agriculture that mentions how farm-level plant diversity can enhance crop protection. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: , safe access to potable drinking water), thus leading to a higher willingness to pay for safe tap water. 49 Apart from that observation, the social cognition of risk perception and behavior occurs and varies between individuals and across development. 63 A significant development of social cognition has been observed during human adolescence, which is a life stage characterized by broad behavioral and environmental changes, while the social influence effects decreased with age. Subsequently, several studies have emphasized the need to explore risk perception, risk behavior, decision making, and public satisfaction with regard to drinking water quality based on sociodemographic differences (i. e. , age, gender, educational level, and income) (Table 2). Thus, knowing the demographic differences may help strategize communication by targeting communication materials to specific subgroups. Solutions to accelerate public-perceived risks of EDCs in drinking water: risk communication and governanceOther than preventive measures during the monitoring and management of a drinking water supply system to reduce human exposure to the risks associated with EDCs in drinking water (Fig. 3), effective communication and governance are required to promote risk mitigation through improved quantitative understanding, accurate arithmetic judgments, and enhanced behavioral changes. Interventions are implied as essential in improving the perceived risks associated with drinking water quality for the development of risk preparedness and risk mitigation behavior; thus, monitoring and regulating possible EDC contamination in drinking water supply to ensure safe access to potable water are essential as well (Fig. 5). The solution is expected to be applicable for filling the knowledge gaps in the occurrence of EDCs in drinking water and the associated health risks. In this context, top-down and bottom-up approaches demonstrate support for community-based risk governance with two-way interactive communication, whereby both approaches have the same goals in managing the associated risks and improving risk perception via different paths. The top-down approach (multiple stakeholders, such as the government, that frequently initiate the formulation of the vision for future directions) directs (shifts or maintains) attention toward or away from risk. Simultaneously, the bottom-up approach (public, i. e. , community that often develops and experiments with new approaches to meet the challenges as they view them) creates salient values in risk processing. Thus, the two-directional approach contributes to a combination of current scientific knowledge and policy analysis (top-down collected knowledge) and local knowledge, experiences, and perceptions (bottom-up information gathered via public observations). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that access to potable drinking water is influenced by sociodemographic differences such as age, gender, educational level, and income. It suggests that these demographic factors lead to variations in risk perception and behavior regarding drinking water quality, indicating that not everyone has equal access to clean drinking water across different geographical and social contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Daseli Reservoir, Winter Fish-. . . Hongtu Reservoir, Winter Fish-. . . Fanshizui Reservoir, Winter Fi. . . Donglihe Reservoir, Winter Fis. . . Guanma Reservoir, Winter Fish-. . . Nanbake Reservoir, Winter Fish. . . Yaji Reservoir, Winter Fish-ca. . . Wuyi Reservoir, Winter Fish-ca. . . Xidadi Reservoir, Winter Fish-. . . Laoyeling Reservoir, Winter Fi. . . No. 11 Vol. 8,2021 Carbon Diox. . . of Asia. . . Dataset of. . . Oasis 1-km of Annual. . . Dataset includ. . . Dataset of Grain Self-sufficie. . . No. 10 Vol. 8,2021 and Migratio. . . Dataset C. . . Pre-flood Su. . . In situ Dataset on Vegetation. . . . . . 1-km/daily Evapotranspiration. . . 20-m/12-d Datase. . . Dataset of Mountain Characteri. . . No. 09 Vol. 8,2021 Basin and River Sys. . . /Cover Cha. . . Recognition Datas. . . Dataset of Temporal-Spatial Di. . . Dataset of. . . . . . No. 08 Vol. 8,2021 on the Radial G. . . . . . Basin and River. . . Datas. . . In situ Data of Mural Painting. . . Dataset of GI Environment Prot. . . Dataset of the Sea. . . Spatio-temporal Evolution Data. . . No. 07 Vol. 8,2021 Sentinel-2 Canopy Cholorophyll. . . Collection of and Wei. . . Dataset of Embroidery Cultural. . . o. . . Dataset during Ty. . . Division Contr. . . Dataset of Luoyang Inscription. . . Dataset Monthly/8-km Grid Meteorologic. . . of the Tibetan P. . . No. 06 Vol. 8,2021 Cas. . . Dataset o. . . Dataset of National and Provin. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about phosphine detection in Venus’s atmosphere and its implications for microbial life. It discusses various datasets related to fish reservoirs and environmental data without mentioning Venus or phosphine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Close navigation menu 145. 145. Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) toolbar search Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search : The gut microbiome has been developing and making adaption all the time, which is consistent with their host from the initial colonization at birth or earlier. Emerging evidence is showing that dysbiosis is involved in various diseases associated with immune, metabolism, infection, nervous system, social behaviors, and psychopathology, etc. , maybe via modulating gut barrier, microbiome-gut-brain axis, or some metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Summary: In the review, we will conclude the recent researches related to the influence of microbiome on local structure, function, regulation, metabolism of gut, and systematic modulation to the host, as well as some affective factors such as diet or antibiotics. Key Messages: It is a reasonable hypothesis that the balance of bioactive factors or cells and the opposites such as the regulatory T/helper T17 balance and interleukin (IL)-10/IL-17 balance plays a vital role in homeostasis of immunity system. Meanwhile, the link between gut microbiome and immune system via microbiota-derived metabolite SCFAs involved in multi-function of the host locally and systematically has been revealed. We hope to contribute to the microbiome-targeted treatment and prevention of some diseases. Journal Section: Review Keywords: Gut microbiome, Gut barrier, Microbiome-gut-brain axis, Short-chain fatty acids human gastrointestinal tract harbors a unique microbial community, comprised mainly of bacteria, as well as archaea, viruses, and protozoa, which are approximately 1014 cells and highly variable among individuals [1], that undertake multiple functions in human health and disease [2]. Bacteroidetes as degraders of dietary fiber (DF), Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia are dominant in the gut, according to fecal microbiota of healthy individuals [3], which are immune-tolerant to the most extent and featured by specific metabolism containing fermentation, synthesis of secondary bile acids (BAs) production, metabolism including their products like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) [4, 5], influences on neural development and intestinal neuroendocrine [6], and interactions with the immune systems of host. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the multifaceted roles of the gut microbiome, particularly in digestion through the fermentation and metabolism of dietary fibers and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). It also mentions the influence of the gut microbiome on the immune system and its connection to nervous system functions, indicating its involvement in mood regulation through mechanisms like the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Furthermore, the text discusses the importance of maintaining a balance in immune factors, which supports the idea that the microbiome plays a critical role in both immunity and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: For example, the environmental policy and governance decision-making process requires not only involvement from multiple stakeholders but also public participation, whereby the public subsequently becomes another specific stakeholder. Meanwhile, all relevant information must be made accessible, and sufficient attention should be paid to the public during decision making. Nevertheless, the balance between the two-directional approach of governing is highly challenging for sustainable governance. Fig. 5Risk governance network to identify the pubic-perceived risks of EDCs in the environment and drinking water for developing risk preparedness and risk mitigation behavior. Community-based risk governance with two-way interactive communication, involving a a top-down approach (directs attention towards or away from risk) and b a bottom-up approach (creates salient values in risk processing)Full size imageLocal and social networks (i. e. , neighborhood networks, media or government messaging) are keys to circulating knowledge of risks and translate risk knowledge into routine water testing behaviors. 10,60 When individuals adopt the behaviors or attitudes of others whom they communicate with in a social network, social contagion of risk perception and behavior develops in this dynamic social network, depending on the interpersonal networks. 64 Furthermore, stronger and more frequent contagion affects the interactions between experts and laypeople (expert-to-layperson) more than those interactions among experts (expert-to-expert) alone or only between laypeople (layperson-to-layperson). 65 A better theoretical understanding of how risk perceptions function in social systems contributes to effective communication, which is essential to risk management. The impacts are clearly applied in the two-directional orientation of communication and governance. However, selecting the most appropriate risk communication device to be used is an important aspect of communicating a change in risk. Certainly, there is reduced effectiveness in communicating risks and maintaining trustworthiness and credibility by means of dry presentations of analytical facts, especially when individuals process information experientially. 40 Typically, visualization (i. e. , graphical aid) is a beneficial method for communicating health risks, as the design of graphics strongly influences perception. 66 The risk ladder, a commonly applied visual aid, has been proposed as more effective than a square grid because risk ladders increase the understanding of a risk by providing clear and useful information. 67 For instance, a risk ladder affects choice behavior and increases the willingness to pay for reducing the environmental or health risks of micropollutants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of environmental policy, governance, and risk management in drinking water access. It highlights the challenges of ensuring public participation and effective communication in decision-making processes. This suggests that access to clean drinking water is influenced by various governance and risk perception factors, implying that not everyone may have equal access depending on these geographic and social dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: . in Regions. . . of Global Oc. . . (Arctium lapp. . . (. . . of Black and. . . of. . . No. 05 Vol. 8,2021 Changes Datase. . . Dryness. . . of Da. . . -. . . Surface Chlorophy. . . . . . Xinzhai Village. . . No. 04 Vol. 8,2021 Dataset of Deposition. . . Dataset of Famine in Jiangsu-S. . . of Bio. . . 1-km of Annual. . . Outline of Shanghai Cooperatio. . . Dataset of Wuhan E. . . . . . . . . . . . of Fluoride Concentrat. . . Basin and Water Sy. . . Datas. . . No. 03 Vol. 8,2021 Dataset. . . Geo-economic. . . of Evap. . . Re. . . China‘s Research on COVID-19 V. . . Geo-spatial Data of Medical an. . . on. . . 1-km/monthly. . . i. . . No. 03 Vol. 8,2021 Dataset. . . Geo-economic. . . of Evap. . . Re. . . China‘s Research on COVID-19 V. . . Geo-spatial Data of Medical an. . . on. . . 1-km/monthly. . . i. . . No. 02 Vol. 8,2021 Global 10-day Moi. . . Datas. . . . . . Dataset of Agricultural Resour. . . Dataset on Inter-provincial Ra. . . of and t. . . (Aegadian Island. . . No. 01 Vol. 8,2021 Datas. . . Remote Se. . . Structure and. . . of Terraces i. . . in H. . . of High Temperatu. . . Island of Dataset (1975-. . . Dataset. . . Datas. . . Datas. . . Datas. . . Dataset of Characteristics of. . . Outline of. . . Outline of o. . . Dataset of Conc. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not contain any information relevant to the claim about phosphine in Venus’s atmosphere and its implications for microbial life. The content appears to be fragmented and lacks context, making it irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Therefore the dysbiosis, induced by external factors, such as diet, antibiotic administration, or some emotional stress in the early stage of microbiota colonization, may induce various diseases associated with brain function and certain psychiatric conditions, gut motility and function, and local and systematic infection and auto-immunology [7‒10]. In this review, the critical roles of microbiome as a component of gut barrier, local myenteric neurons and central nervous system (CNS), their functions included, and microbiome-gut-brain axis will be highlighted, which may be an implication in reducing and even curing some diseases. Resistance and Gut-Tissue in Resistance and Role in resistance, which means direct microbial effects, assumes a crucial role in defending pathogen invasion, always covering secretion of antimicrobial components, competition for nutrients and host receptors, and change of local redox status and pH by some metabolite such as SCFAs [11‒13]. Some commensal bacteria can metabolize the O-linked glycans that attach itself to Muc2, which forms thicker mucin layer, and some bacteria like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG encodes a mucus-binding pili protein or surface capsular polysaccharides adhering to the human intestinal mucus, thus competing and excluding exogenous organisms [14, 15]. As for nutrients competition [16, 17], various complex carbohydrates rich in human diet are metabolized by gut microbiota encoding broad appropriate hydrolytic enzymes, specifically Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, which can utilize fructo-oligosaccharides, β-galacto-oligosaccharides, gluco-oligosaccharides, and xylo-oligosaccharides as prebiotic for nutrients competition to drive their expansion and alter microbiota composition [18, 19]. Also, some bacteria can exclusively acquire more dispensable components. For instance, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 can compete for iron and curb Salmonella typhimurium colonization of the mouse intestine [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant roles of the gut microbiome in various physiological processes. It discusses how dysbiosis can lead to diseases related to brain function and psychiatric conditions, which implies the microbiome's influence on mood regulation. Additionally, it describes the microbiome's role in gut function, pathogen defense, and nutrient metabolism, all of which are related to digestion and immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: 68Conclusion and recommendationBecause environmental EDCs exhibit (i) ubiquitous occurrences in the water cycle (wastewater-aquatic system-drinking water), (ii) challenges in removal efficiency, cost effectiveness, and sustainable development for the whole treatment and remediation system, and (iii) profound effects on the environment, public health, and the economy, policy makers (e. g. , local authorities, regional authorities, and the provincial government) have a mandatory responsibility to establish legislative regulations to protect a nation’s water resources. The current negligible risks of drinking water might not have a substantial impact on human health, but long-term exposure (accumulation of EDCs as low as ng/L to mg/L and the combined effects of EDC mixtures) could contribute to the significant health risks. EDC occurrence in the drinking water supply and the potential health risks associated with EDCs via drinking water consumption should not be neglected since EDC monitoring in drinking water is limited and evidence of the risk of human exposure and data from epidemiological studies are underdeveloped. However, one cannot say there are no potential risks of EDC consumption via daily drinking water intake; thus, the potential risks and knowledge gaps should be urgently evaluated to confirm or disprove this. Apparently, scientific efforts are solely required to fill this knowledge gap to ensure safe access to drinking water. These efforts concern not only the scientific community but also the public, thus challenging the adoption of preventive and mitigation measures in regulating EDCs in drinking water. This aspect is a challenge for the scientific community that works on evidence/data in nature and the extent of contact with EDCs; thus, the public is not expected to demonstrate good risk behavior (e. g. , awareness and concern) and participation. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis (Fig. 6) depicts the idea of (i) revisiting drinking water quality from the perspective of potential EDC exposure and human health risks and (ii) introducing risk communication and governance prior to safe access to drinking water. There is a need to build a basis of public knowledge and awareness to reach a better understanding of the issues related to drinking water quality relative to the hazards surrounding EDCs, which is the way forward for safe drinking water. Throughout community-based risk governance with two-way interactive communication, improved public awareness and political responsibility could support legislative and policy making for safe drinking water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges and risks associated with environmental EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals) in drinking water. It highlights that despite current negligible risks, long-term exposure can contribute to significant health risks and emphasizes the need for regulation and scientific efforts to ensure safe access to drinking water. This indicates that access is not equal and is affected by various factors, suggesting that geographic and socio-economic disparities may exist.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: No. 09 Vol. 7,2020 Dataset in H. . . MODIS-based of. . . Fractional Vege. . . Index. . . Normalized Diff. . . 30 m Dataset of Sri. . . Prediction Data. . . Dataset for the Belt. . . Characteri. . . Dataset from Woo. . . Dat. . . Dat. . . Sentinel-2. . . -Da. . . Dataset fro. . . No. 08 Vol. 7,2020 Sentinel-2 LAI Validation Data. . . Sentinel-2 LAI Validation Data. . . of Global. . . Dataset of. . . Dataset of Supraglacial and Pr. . . In situ-analysis Dataset on Bi. . . (Isla Soledad) (Gran Malvina) Dataset of S. . . 30 m Cover C. . . Isle of Lewis No. 07 Vol. 7,2020 Dataset of and. . . Dataset of Dry-wet index in th. . . Dataset of Dry-wet index in th. . . of Deposition. . . Dataset of the Shortest Railwa. . . o. . . Value Evalua. . . Value Evalua. . . . 06 Vol. 7,2020. . . for Hydraulic F. . . of COVID-19 S. . . Seasonal NPP Dataset of the Ma. . . No. 05 Vol. 7,2020 Sheet Freeze-tha. . . of Susp. . . -Penguin. . . Dataset of. . . China‘s Research on COVID-19 V. . . of Effective Accumulat. . . Land Use/of Chan. . . Dataset of. . . of the Baiyangdi. . . No. 04 Vol. 7,2020 of Vegetatio. . . Dataset of. . . Dataset of Glaciers and Glacia. . . Dataset of Spatiotemporal Patt. . . Datas. . . Dataset of Yearly and Seasonal. . . High-resolution Image based La. . . Calving Dataset. . . Dataset of o. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a long series of dataset descriptions and does not provide any information related to phosphine, Venus, or microbial life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) expectantly contribute greatly to defensive function as a part of intestinal barrier based on the several unique structures such as tight and adhering junction greatly in the charge of non-muscle myosin II which is a key cytoskeletal motor [21], and pattern recognition receptors [22, 23], mostly toll-like receptors [24], and nucleotide binding oligomerization domain agents [25] interacting with gut microorganisms and their structural components such as lipopolysaccharides [26] to produce a range of functional molecules such as antimicrobial peptides induced by various pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species [27, 28]. Also gut bacteria can promote the development of IECs and the expression of mucus, and their metabolite SCFAs serve as predominant energy sources that are beneficial for intestinal epithelium and their junctions [29]. Disruption of these pattern recognition receptors attenuates the mucus layer remarkably and makes model mouse more susceptible to colitis. In clinic, various probiotics are widely used in treatment of gut diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), ulcerative colitis, etc. , and prevention of dysbiosis during long-term antibiotics, which may play a potential role in preventing high-risk population from immunity gut diseases. Interaction between Gut-Tissue and collectively inhabit the human gut barrier surfaces during birth, which promotes the host’s immune system maturation, and is also shaped by interaction with the host, and educate immune response as to the tonic level of their signals, rather than just random colonization. As the effector of adaptive immune response directly against gut-resident bacteria, secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) enables mucosal immune system to establish homeostasis with gut microbiota after weaning [30‒32]. Peyer’s patches are essential components of gut-associated lymphoid tissue and critical inductive sites where naive B cells differentiate into IgA-secreting plasma cells after recognizing exogenous luminal antigens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various functions of gut bacteria, including their contribution to the immune system through the interaction with intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), the production of antimicrobial peptides, and the role of SCFAs as energy sources for the intestinal epithelium. It also highlights the importance of probiotics in treating gut diseases and maintaining immune system homeostasis, which aligns with the assertion that the gut microbiome is critical for immunity. While the text primarily focuses on immune function, it clearly indicates that the gut microbiome is beneficial to overall gut health, which could also relate indirectly to digestion and mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Everyone has equal access to clean drinking water regardless of geography. [SEP] Text: Overall, an in-depth focus on the public-perceived risks of EDCs in drinking water and the potential factors influencing the risk perceptions of a population are required to understand the public risk perceptions of human exposure and the associated health risks. It is also important to capture the complex dynamic of the public in perceiving risks for effective communication and governance, including the dissemination of information on safe drinking water quality and public participation in regard to EDCs. Fig. 6Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of drinking water threats as the way forward for safe drinking water, formulating the need for preventive and intervention measures for a a better understanding of the nature and extent of EDCs in the drinking water supply system, b adequate regulatory efforts and communication, c effective dissemination of information on safe drinking water, and d active public involvementFull size imageCurrently, revisiting drinking water quality with preventive and intervention measures should be prioritized to prevent the scenario of “drinking the undrinkable”. Providing a comprehensive understanding of the nature and extent of EDCs in the drinking water supply system, governing regulatory efforts and communication, disseminating information on safe drinking water, and giving the public the right to a voice in decision making are universally relevant and peremptory to all countries for regulating EDCs in drinking water supply systems and minimizing the associated health risks. Nonetheless, these concerns should be given toward the drinking water quality as a whole, not merely the emerging issue of EDC contamination in tap water. After all, the potential supply of EDC-containing tap water requires much more attention as their presence is not publicly known. 2. Alliance: Queensland (2008). Chatterjee, C. , Triplett, R. , Johnson, C. K. & Ahmed, P. Willingness to pay for safe drinking water: A contingent valuation study in Jacksonville, FL. J. Environ. Manag. 203, 413–421 (2017). 45. ivm. vu. nl/adaptation/project/files/File/NCIP/Botzen%20vdBergh%0Aerts-Report%20Survey%20perc%20flood%20risk. pdf (2008), Accessed on 8 Aug 2016. Logar, I. & Brouwer, R. The effect of risk communication on choice behavior, welfare estimates and choice certainty. Water Resour. Econ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities surrounding drinking water quality, particularly concerning emerging contaminants like EDCs. It emphasizes the importance of understanding public perceptions of risks, governance, and regulatory measures. Such factors suggest that access to clean drinking water is not uniform and may vary depending on geography and public participation in decision-making processes. The focus on 'universally relevant' measures indicates that there is a disparity in how drinking water safety is managed across different locations, thereby contradicting the claim of equal access.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Speech at the Opening Ceremony. . . China‘s Research on COVID-19 V. . . Calving Datase. . . Sardegna (Sardinien) (1951-20. . . Images of Yingkou Long-term Me. . . No. 03 Vol. 7,2020 Zone of Dataset on Soil Temperature, M. . . and Icons. . . Aftershock. . . of Spatial Dis. . . Classification Data. . . 1-km NPP Product in National B. . . 1-km Grid GDP Dataset in Yunna. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . Dataset from 34 Site. . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . 1-km Grid. . . . . . China’s Research on COVID-19 V. . . No. 02 Vol. 7,2020 Da. . . of. . . of Soil. . . Dataset. . . Classification. . . Model (Angstro. . . Dataset of Bu. . . Dataset of and Fa. . . No. 01 Vol. 7,2020 Period and. . . Da. . . Requirement f. . . of Ph. . . . 06 Vol. 6,2019 of De. . . Dataset of Degradi. . . Dataset of a. . . Grid Datas. . . on Gyro-rem. . . Grid Datas. . . Measure. . . Bias Mon. . . and Duration. . . to Drought. . . HTDMA and HR-ToF-AMS Measured. . . Dataset of Mi. . . on Carbon. . . 0. 75° High Temp. . . of Stem. . . for 2019 GEO. . . No. 05 Vol. 6,2019 of. . . Storage Anom. . . Dataset. . . Series of Larger T. . . Carbon and an. . . and the South Sa. . . of Facility Ag. . . Dataset of OLR Abnormal Signal. . . SAM for Four Mun. . . Dataset on the Development Lev. . . Monthly andDNB N. . . of Carb. . . of the Geoe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about phosphine in Venus's atmosphere, as it appears to be a collection of unrelated datasets and research references, primarily focused on COVID-19 and various environmental measurements. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding potential microbial life on Venus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Micro-fold cells overlying the Peyer’s patch, specialized phagocytic epithelial cells with ability of antigens sampling and positioning of antigen-presenting cells, and lymphocytes based on different surfaces [33‒35] can release antigens from the gut into the Peyer’s patches, where these antigens processed by antigen-presenting cells are presented to T and B cells to initiate the adaptive response. cell receptor recognizes the antigen presented in complex with major histocompatibility complex molecule [36], the T cells will differentiate into different sub-populations including the helper T (Th) cells capable of secreting specific cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-17 from Th17, IL-10 from regulatory T (Treg) downregulating all other immune arms, and cytotoxic T cells expressing the CD8 glycoprotein [37‒39]. Some bacterial taxa drive the development of intestinal Treg, whereas others facilitate Th17 T cell. For instance, Clostridium and Bacteroidetes are predominant in the gut microbiome, which are definitely associated deeply with immune response. The clostridial clade of segmented filamentous bacteria is intimately attached and induce strong immune responses including IgA, Th17, Treg-cell induction, and antimicrobial peptides restrict its colonization and shape the formation of a normal immune system [40‒42]. fragilis, which express polysaccharide A capable of activating B cells and T cells, and toll-like receptors-2 pathway on FoxP3+ Treg cells, further increase the secretion of IL-10 by CD4+ T cells that offsets activation of Th17 CD4+ cells to maintain its intimate niche [43]. Recently, butyrate and propionate as SCFAs produced by Clostridium have been shown to enhance differentiation of Treg cells through acetylation and activation of the FoxP3 locus and inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes. Intestinal resident macrophages (Mφs) stimulated from dietary amino acids via amino-acid-mediated mammalian target of rapamycin activation pathway can activate the production of Treg cells when antigens of dietary and bacterial are present in the intestinal lumen, which can limit excessive immune responses via producing robust amounts of IL-10 [44, 45]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the role the gut microbiome plays in immune response, specifically mentioning how specific bacterial taxa, such as Clostridium and Bacteroidetes, influence the development and differentiation of Treg cells and other immune responses. It explains mechanisms through which gut bacteria interact with the immune system, showcasing that the gut microbiome is critical for maintaining immune health, which aligns with the claim regarding its role in immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: Call Us: +1 6469050407 editor@siftdesk. org | & 1. 235 : 4 ISSUE: 2 Page No: 589-599 çalves 5857 Views May-2019 124 Downloads 45 Teresanumber: 00351253604034; ORCID: 0000-0002-7293-3825 Email : teresav@dct. uminho. pt; Gonçalves, TeresaValente*, of Earth Sciences, Pole of University of Minho, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal. 6. 5% of public supply, justifying the assessment of the water quality used by this population. With regard to water quality, the results of this study indicate that natural and anthropic factors are contributing to degradation of the water resources, with salinity, chloride, nitrates, and nitrites as major concerning pollutants. The insufficiency of the public supply in this island could be a reflection of the situation in other arid regions of Africa. Though the recent advances it is vital to continue or even increase with the international cooperation to provide for adequate water supply infrastructures. Keywords: public water supply, coverage rate, water points, scarcity, quality, is an essential good to human life that should be used and managed in a sustainable way. Access to potable water is a basic need, but there are many regions of the world with precarious situations or even without infrastructure of water supply with minimum quality. In accordance with WHO/(2012; 2015), there is about 1/6 of the world population without access to safe drinking water. The same reference estimates that this will worsen by 2050, affecting 90% of the population in developing countries. On the other hand, an adequate water supply is vital for good sanitation, and consequently to assure public health (Carter, 2006). According to Imler and Liu (2013), water supply refers to the improved water provided by water utilities in order to meet specific defined quality standard. In turn, the concept of drinking water is generally assigned to the water provided for human uses, including for drinking, cooking and washing. The levels of distribution by public networks vary strongly within the largest African cities (Wallingford, 2003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the global nature of water scarcity and indicating that water quality issues and supply inadequacies exist in various regions, not limited to developing countries. It cites that about 1/6 of the world population lacks access to safe drinking water, which suggests that the issue may also extend beyond just developing nations. The mention of arid regions in Africa supports that while developing countries are significant areas of concern, water scarcity is a broader issue affecting various populations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: . . 1 km Datase. . . 0. 25° Da. . . Elements and Magnetic Suscepti. . . Dataset of Industr. . . No. 04 Vol. 6,2019 Dataset of and See. . . Dataset of. . . Kusai Lake, o. . . Kushuihuan Lake, Qinghai Provi. . . Mingjing Lake, Qinghai Provinc. . . Taiyang Lake, Qinghai Province. . . Lake, Qinghai Province. . . Classification Datase. . . Temporal-La. . . Zhuonai Lake, Qinghai Province. . . Lexiewudan Lake, Qinghai Provi. . . Basin, Yunna. . . Scale Shorelin. . . Chang. . . Dataset of Port. . . Recognition Data. . . Dataset of Price. . . Guozhou Islands, of. . . Islands, of C. . . Aru Islands, Indonesia No. 03 Vol. 6,2019 1 km Raster Datase. . . Dataset in. . . Dataset of in. . . Data. . . Global Mid-Tropospheric Carbon. . . o. . . Spatial-temporal Dataset of Hi. . . and the Spatial Dista. . . Five-year on. . . Dataset of Monthly Lit. . . on Rel. . . and its F. . . . 02 Vol. 6,2019. . . . 01 Vol. 6,2019 of P. . . Dataset of Paleoecological Cha. . . Dataset of fro. . . Dataset of I. . . a. . . Poverty and Agricu. . . Dataset of N Remaining after D. . . and Statistics Datase. . . . . . Based Interti. . . No. 08 Vol. 5,2018 Cover Da. . . Dataset of Strategical Transfo. . . Cover Da. . . and Hypocente. . . Gravity-derived Crustal Thickn. . . Dataset of Comparison of Marin. . . C, N, P Concentrations of Robi. . . of. . . Temperatur. . . Dataset in Tw. . . Grid Datas. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not pertain to the claim about phosphine in Venus's atmosphere or the suggestion of microbial life. It appears to contain irrelevant dataset references and lacks any information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The Treg/Th17 balance may be in great positive correlation with gut immune homeostasis, which can enable an adequate immune response to defend pathogens and prevent immune-mediated inflammatory diseases locally or systematically such as IBD, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis, as Tregs are pivotally responsible for immune tolerance and Th17s are the main effector cells and recruit neutrophils and macrophages in immune response to treat infection. So if there is a relevance between the ratio of IL-10/IL-17 and the severity of some inflammatory diseases, and also a regulator like SCFAs, which may facilitate the balance between IL-10 and IL-17, probiotics composed mainly by Bacteroidetes to maintain the homeostasis of the dominant microbiome, such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, will be a better choice in the long-term treatment immune-mediated diseases in the gut (Fig. 1). Fig. 1. View largeDownload slide Role of microbiome in the balance of regulatory T (Treg) and helper T (Th17) in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). cell receptor recognizing the antigen presented in complex with major histocompatibility complex molecule, the T cells will differentiate into different sub-populations including Th-17 and Treg with different biological functions. Th17 cells produce cytokine profiles such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and recruit and activate neutrophils and macrophages, assisting in the clearance of pathogens, but the over-activation can lead to tissue damage. Treg cells produce immunosuppressive factors and induce apoptosis of CD4+ effector T cells, downregulating immune responses. Some bacterial taxa drive the development of intestinal Treg, whereas others facilitate Th17. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by Clostridium have been shown to enhance differentiation of regulatory T cells through acetylation and activation of the FoxP3 locus and inhibition of histone deacetylase enzymes. And intestinal resident macrophages (Mφs) can activate the production of Treg when antigens of dietary and bacterial are present in the intestinal lumen. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the important roles that the gut microbiome, specifically the balance between Treg and Th17 cells, plays in immune homeostasis and in responding to pathogens, which relates to immunity. It mentions that bacterial taxa influence the development of regulatory T cells, which are crucial for immune responses. Additionally, the text implies a connection between gut health and immune regulation, suggesting that maintaining a balanced microbiome can have significant implications for health, aligning with the claim's assertion about the microbiome's role in immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: For example, this author presented a water production (L/inhabitant/day) in the range of 30 to 286 (for Luanda in Angola and Gabarone in Botswana, respectively). However, basic services in rural areas are considerably less available (Brinkerhoff et al 2016) or even inexistent. The former authors present a review on spatial issues that affect service availability in the rural areas of developing countries. Currently, arid African countries are facing the effects of climate changes, as well as demographic, economic, and political evolution that may constrain the sustainable development of water management systems (Feyera et al, 2018). These regions should deal with especially complex situations due to water scarcity, which in turn enhances the water quality problems. In these contexts, growing population promotes more demand, enhancing difficulties for water management entities. Also, water management may be more complex in insular contexts, especially in small islands, where the marine influence may constrain the water quality (Cruz et al, 2017). In those cases, the salinization of the groundwater resources often compromises conditions for safe supply (Lima and Garcia, 2011). Managing of water supply in arid climates, such as Cape Verde, has been subject of extensive 2030. Fig 1: Geographic localization of the Island in the coast Like other Macaronesia regions (Azores, Madeira, and Canary Islands), Cape Verde, has a torrential rainfall regime, with irregular distribution of precipitation (Ventura, 2009; Cerezal et al. , 2013). The climate can be classified as arid with two seasons (dry and rainy) (Mota Gomes, 2007). The temperature varies between 25°C and 27°C in the warmer months and 22°C to 24°C in the colder months (Gomes and Pina, 2004). Santiago has a maximum altitude of 1394 m and the irregular precipitation varies from coast to mountains, in a range of 190 to 320 mm/year (Carreira et al. , 2009). There are no perennial water courses, so water availability is mainly dependent on the precipitation (Pina, 2009). (2007), based on the PNUD/-87-001 (2005), refers that in dry period the exploitable groundwater in Santiago island is of 16. 5 cubic meters per year. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that water scarcity, particularly in regions like arid African countries and small islands, is a complex issue exacerbated by various factors such as climate change and demographic pressure. While it discusses predominantly developing countries, the complexity and challenges of water management are emphasized, suggesting that water scarcity is not an issue confined only to developing countries. The mention of insular contexts and the unique challenges they face with water management implies that other regions may also experience water scarcity, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: of L. . . on Biolog. . . Dataset of Influence of Simula. . . No. 07 Vol. 5,2018 C, N, P fro. . . Dataset of Relationship betwee. . . Soil Microbia. . . Vegetation and Soil Da. . . Change Dataset. . . Temperature Dat. . . Cover Da. . . Cover Da. . . of Heat T. . . Dataset o. . . in the South Atl. . . (Islas Malvin. . . PM2. 5 Concentration and Its In. . . Cover Da. . . Cover Da. . . Dataset of in. . . Cover Da. . . Cover Da. . . Cover Da. . . Cover Da. . . No. 06 Vol. 5,2018 Nitrogen Conten. . . Impact of ENSO on Rainfall Ero. . . and. . . Dataset within 40 k. . . Dataset within 40 k. . . Dataset within 40 k. . . Tem. . . Tem. . . Tem. . . from. . . Maize phenology and climate ch. . . Use and Urbanizatio. . . Seawater Transp. . . Seawater Transp. . . Seawater Transp. . . 333 Plants and T. . . Density b. . . Dataset of Own. . . Data of the. . . Dataset fo. . . No. 05 Vol. 5,2018 Dataset of. . . Hydrogen and C. . . Rate of High Carbo. . . Dataset in Coast. . . Farming-Bound. . . Dataset of Impervious Surface,. . . Temperatur. . . Dataset De. . . Dataset of Ind. . . Dataset of Evaluating the Envi. . . Emission Datas. . . Dataset of Changes. . . Short and Heavy. . . Market Anal. . . Torque and L. . . Hydro-meteorological Dataset o. . . Super-resolution Mapping Datas. . . Locations of Qixinggang Relics. . . End-member a. . . Dataset of Farmland Marginaliz. . . No. 04 Vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a fragmented or corrupted dataset listing with no clear connection to the claim regarding phosphine and microbial life in Venus’s atmosphere. It lacks relevant information or context to evaluate or support the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: The Treg/Th17 balance may be in great positive correlation with gut immune homeostasis which can enable an adequate immune response to defend pathogens and prevent immune-mediated inflammatory diseases locally or systematically such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Fig. 1. View largeDownload slide Role of microbiome in the balance of regulatory T (Treg) and helper T (Th17) in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). cell receptor recognizing the antigen presented in complex with major histocompatibility complex molecule, the T cells will differentiate into different sub-populations including Th-17 and Treg with different biological functions. Th17 cells produce cytokine profiles such as interleukin (IL)-17, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, and recruit and activate neutrophils and macrophages, assisting in the clearance of pathogens, but the over-activation can lead to tissue damage. Treg cells produce immunosuppressive factors and induce apoptosis of CD4+ effector T cells, downregulating immune responses. Some bacterial taxa drive the development of intestinal Treg, whereas others facilitate Th17. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by Clostridium have been shown to enhance differentiation of regulatory T cells through acetylation and activation of the FoxP3 locus and inhibition of histone deacetylase enzymes. And intestinal resident macrophages (Mφs) can activate the production of Treg when antigens of dietary and bacterial are present in the intestinal lumen. The Treg/Th17 balance may be in great positive correlation with gut immune homeostasis which can enable an adequate immune response to defend pathogens and prevent immune-mediated inflammatory diseases locally or systematically such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. Close modal and Immune-Human gut microbiome commences colonization at birth, although some studies showed that the placenta contains a remarkable microbiome, possibly affecting child’s microbiome before delivery [46‒48]. The colonization is strongly influenced by birth mode and infant feeding. In addition, host genetics, surrounding conditions, and antibiotic treatment are involved in the formation and modulation of intestinal microbiota [49‒51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the gut microbiome influences immune responses through the balance of regulatory T (Treg) and helper T (Th17) cells. It states that 'Some bacterial taxa drive the development of intestinal Treg,' indicating the microbiome's role in immune regulation. Additionally, it highlights that the microbiome plays a crucial role in gut immune homeostasis, which contributes to the body's overall immune response and indirectly suggests the microbiome's influence on digestion and mood interactions via immune pathways.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: In fact, the island is characterized by a dense network of temporary rivers that are often used as roads or are occupied for agriculture and for illegal exploitation of aggregates, during the increasingly long drought periods. has a volcanic origin and so, from the lithological point of view, there is a predominance of volcanic rocks of varied composition and genesis, mainly basalts and pyroclasts. Associations of sedimentary rocks grouped in two facies (marine and terrestrial) can also be found. There are three main geological units with hydrogeological importance: Pico de Antonia, Monte das Vacas, and recent sedimentary Quaternary formations (Carreira et al, 2009). A detailed geological and hydrogeological characterization can be found in Serralheiro (1974) and (1979). Based on data from of Water Resources, and as evidenced by Carreira et al. (2009), the pillow lava layers from Pico de Antonia represent the most hydrogeological productive formations. Water supply in 3. 1. National strategies for the water management system The arid climate, with rare and irregular precipitation, is the main control factor on the availability of drinking water. Nowadays, difficulties on the water supply are worsened by growing population and urbanization, together with recent severe droughts periods. A consequence is the increased vulnerability of the water management system, which imposes reducing the impacts of these negative events in order to fulfill water requirements under different scenarios (Vieira and Sandoval-Solis, 2018). The national action plan for the integrated water resources management highlighted the need for developing this sector in order satisfies the rising freshwater demand. Thus, the supply is expected to increase to more than 70 million m3 in 2020, in comparison with the 42 million m3 in 2007. However, demand should increase to 100 million m3 during the same period (Loan, 2013). Given the limited potential of the surface water resources, supply is strongly dependent on groundwater sources. However, excessive pumping is promoting saltwater intrusion, which affects such groundwater resources (e. g. , Carreira et al. 2010; Gonçalves et al, 2015). So, nowadays seawater desalination is a national strategy to help the development of the public water supply service (Marques et al 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges of water supply and management in a specific island context, highlighting that water scarcity is influenced by factors such as arid climate, population growth, and urbanization. It details how these issues are prevalent in regions with limited freshwater resources, indicating that water scarcity is not limited to developing countries, but can also affect areas that may have different economic statuses or developmental indicators.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: 5,2018 Dataset Base. . . a. . . Dataset on L. . . Datas. . . of. . . Distribution Datas. . . Carbon Producti. . . Quarterly Change. . . Drought and of B. . . Dataset of in Sur. . . 2. 5 Da. . . Dataset. . . Housing Fac. . . Inde. . . No. 03 Vol. 5,2018 Dataset of. . . Effective Radiat. . . . . . Dataset of Farmland Conversion. . . . . . Datasets from the Sub-seasonal. . . Dataset of Hal. . . o. . . of. . . . 02 Vol. 5,2018. . . of. . . . . . Transparency Datase. . . Outline of Stamps on A of Scientific. . . No. 01 Vol. 5,2018 of Dongjiang Lak. . . Daily M. . . Impacts to the Ter. . . (20. . . Carbon Stora. . . Dataset of. . . to Terrestri. . . Impacts to the Ter. . . Dataset of and. . . for A. . . . . . . . . . 04 Vol. 4,2017 of. . . Index da. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . 1 km/5 d Index datas. . . Degree and Its Imp. . . Classification. . . in. . . Vegetation Cove. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . 1 km 5 d Fractional Vegetati. . . Cove. . . Cov. . . No. 03 Vol. 4,2017 Dataset of Content. . . for. . . Period in. . . Sensing D. . . by. . . Dataset of Chi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the presence of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere or its implications for microbial life. It seems to be a collection of dataset descriptions unrelated to the claim about Venus.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: After introducing solid foods, the infants’ intestinal microbiota undergo a rapid diversification and shift toward an adult-like microbiota, which will resemble that of an adult by 3 years old [52]. Once established, the gut microbiota tend to be relatively stable via subsequent regeneration itself after the temporary disruption of diet changes such as short-term travels and antibiotic use, although high variability between individuals is observed. The microbiota formation and establishing in early life occupy an essential position, which may pose further influence on children later in life, once disrupted. Data have shown that the association between cesarean birth and several immune-linked diseases later in life, like asthma, maybe partly attributed to microbial colonization [53, 54]. These diseases, are usually considered as “genetic disease,” which may be onset during childhood in a susceptible population induced by specific diet, or imperceptible onset in adult in some environments such as those filled with stress, which can be associated with emotion, habits, pressure, antibiotics use, acute or chronic gut infection, etc. [9, 55]. Researches have been carried on the human-associated microbial communities’ heritability, some of which showed the correlation with the gut microbiota diversity and provided evidence for variation [56]. However, it is hard to distinguish the contribution of each kind of microbiota initially colonizing after birth and adapting before 3 years of age and the host genetic factor involved in inflammatory diseases as mentioned above [55]. For example, genetic factors and the gut microbiota are both involved in IBD onset. What’s more, genetic diseases like asthma without genetic changes may just be attributed to the heritability of microbial communities from mothers or surroundings [57]. Thus, more knowledge on the mutual effects between composition of microbiota and host genetics as well as environments resulting in diseases may contribute to the new effective therapies. Some therapies have been advocated by clinical trials based on the modulation of the gut microbiota, demonstrating more effectiveness in prevention of inflammatory disorders than gene-target approaches. For instance, products containing probiotics or prebiotics are applied to improve vaginal health and influence a newborn’s health, which is becoming more popular [58]. And prebiotic intake during pregnancy and lactation has been suggested to attenuate the detrimental nutritional programming of offspring due to maternal obesity [59]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the gut microbiota in relation to various health aspects. It highlights how the establishment of gut microbiota in early life is essential and can impact immune-linked diseases, influencing immunity. Furthermore, it also mentions the potential effects of gut microbiota modulation in promoting health, which aligns with the gut's role in digestion and possibly mood regulation through factors such as stress and diet. The references to therapies that improve health through microbiota underscore the significant role the microbiome plays in overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: According to the national plan of basic sanitation from 2010, the total volume of groundwater explored in the archipelago was estimated at 99,409 m3/day, with Santiago representing 53,989m3/ day. The springs account for 44% of this total value, while the holes and wells represent 28-29%, respectively (Ventura, 2009). 3. 2. Access to infrastructure in the archipelago According to the official available information, there has been progress in relation to the public supply in as the proportion of the population served by the public network has increased considerably. In fact, this proportion increased from 32. 4% in 1990 to 64. 6% in 2016 (Figure 2) (INE, 2016). Fig 2: Evolution of the population with access to the public water network in from 1990 to 2016. Sources: Census from INE (1990, 2000, 2010) and several official reports from the Government (QUIBB - 2006, 2007 and IMC (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016) Although the proportion of the population with access to public network in 2016 reached about 70%, figure 2 illustrates the inequalities between urban and rural areas, in favor to urban centers. The per capita water consumption in is low: 40-60 L in areas with domestic public supply and 10-20 L for fountains (UNDP, 2013). This value does not meet the recommended minimum standard of 20 to 40 L/ inhabitant/day (WHO, 2011) (INGRH, 2010). Nevertheless, in rural areas, public fountains and auto tanks have particular importance (INE, 2017). These sources are more costly, both in time and price, as the households should spend time collecting water, task typically attributed to women and children (Figure 3). Fig. 3: Image of children carrying containers for collecting water Data in figure 4 shows that around 64% of the population is supplied through the public network, 13% through fountains, and 6% by auto tanks. So, 83% of the population has access to more or less safe water supply but 17% supplies precariously. Fig 4: Main source of water supply in Cape Verde. Source: INE 2017 Situation in the 4. 1. Water consumption and main water sources In 2013, the had 236,000 inhabitants and 63,392 households, which indicated about 4 inhabitants per household. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed information regarding water access and consumption in a specific region, suggesting that water scarcity affects not just developing countries but also presents significant challenges in rural areas, which are often overlooked. It highlights the disparities in water access between urban and rural populations, their reliance on public networks and fountains, and insufficient per capita water consumption that does not meet WHO recommendations. This indicates that water scarcity is a broader issue than just affecting developing nations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: . . . . . Global Carbon. . . in Zhangjiu. . . Dataset at 5 k. . . Road & Density. . . Potential Dat. . . Power Generati. . . Degree and Its Imp. . . of an. . . of the Dongjiang. . . No. 02 Vol. 4,2017 Data in Hiro. . . 60 hm² Plot in Situ Mu. . . (Norway) of Win. . . Dataset of Percentile-Based ET. . . Cloud and Precipitation Partic. . . fo. . . Dataset of Alpine. . . . . . Dioxide (NO2), Fi. . . for the Multi-Dime. . . No. 01 Vol. 4,2017. . . on S. . . of. . . Eva. . . . . . of Ti. . . No. 09 Vol. 3,2016 Dataset of Sensitivity Climati. . . . . . of Economic S. . . Datas. . . Capacity D. . . of Dataset of. . . of. . . Sub-bottom Dat. . . . . . of i. . . . 08 Vol. 3,2016 Dataset among. . . Dataset of Undertaking Industr. . . on Dynami. . . for i. . . for i. . . Dataset of Cl. . . 3-D Datas. . . A. . . No. 07 Vol. 3,2016 between. . . Monitoring and Sensitivity Ana. . . Dataset in C. . . and the. . . Dataset Cove. . . Afforestation, Deforestration. . . No. 06 Vol. 3,2016 Dataset on the Xi. . . Combustion and Nutrie. . . Emission Datase. . . Change on Rur. . . Spatial-Temporal Precipitation. . . Anomalie. . . Transformation. . . Surve. . . Estimating and Forecasting Car. . . . 05 Vol. 3,2016 of the Upper Rea. . . Observation Dataset. . . of the Yenisei R. . . of Su. . . of the Zeya Rese. . . Outline of the Sakhalin Island. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely incomprehensible and does not provide any relevant information regarding phosphine detection in Venus's atmosphere or its implications for microbial life. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: Relationship between Stress and via Microbiome-Gut-The microbiome-gut-brain axis encompasses the multidirectional communication between the microbiome, gut, and brain, with the objective of monitoring and integrating gut functions and linking them to the cognitive and emotional centers of the brain, via multiple pathways including hormonal, neural, and immune mediators [60, 61]. Gut microbiota can influence neural development, cognition, and behavior, and modulate nervous system function [62, 63], with researches showing the interrelationship between changes in behavior such as depression-like behaviors and modifications of the microbiota, such as the psychiatric side-effects of antibiotics containing anxiety, depression, psychosis, and delirium, which appears to represent direct mediators of psychopathology [64‒66]. Meanwhile, the association of dysbiosis with disease, especially functional bowel disorders has acquired more attention [67]. Therefore, the evidence is emerging that the psychopathology like stress and depression have been recognized as common comorbidities in gastrointestinal disorders, with increasing exposure to psychological stressors [68, 69]. Maternal separation has been widely used as a model of stress in the microbiome-gut-brain axis researches [70, 71]. And rodents suffer separating from their mothers in early life when the establishment and maturation of the microbiome parallels the neurodevelopment [72], behave anxiously, and exhibit durative hyperactivity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis with visceral hypersensitivity and altered gut cholinergic activity accompanied by increased intestinal permeability [73, 74], which seems similar to some features found in irritable bowel syndrome. Besides, germ-free mice also have an exaggerated but reversible effect for specific probiotics HPA axis in response to mild stressors, with the core of epinephrine and norepinephrine present in the gut, and reduced the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex and hippocampus [75]. There are some treatments for mental diseases such as autism or depression with antibiotics or probiotics like B. fragilis, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052, and Bifidobacterium longum R0175, to ameliorate anxiety-like, repetitive, and depressive behavior [76, 77]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the gut microbiome in various functions related to mood regulation, including its influence on behavior and cognition. The text discusses the microbiome-gut-brain axis, which links gut health to emotional health, highlighting how gut microbiota can modulate nervous system function and relate to conditions like anxiety and depression. It provides evidence of the interrelationship between the microbiota and behavioral outcomes, aligning with the claim of the microbiome's influence on mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: This island has more than half of the population and demographic projections by INE (2017) indicate that the population of should increase progressively until 2020, with an annual growth rate of 1. 4%. According to UNDP (2013), estimation of per capita consumption in urban centers depends on system supply: on average it is 50 L/ inhabitantday, where there is public (domestic) connection, and 15 L/inhabitantday for users of fountains. In rural areas, consumption is variable: 25-50 L/inhabitant/day for domestic connections and between 5-15 L/inhabitant/day for other forms of supply. This average consumption is below that recommended by the Organization (WHO, 2011). The increased demographic trend for Santiago implies higher demand for potable water. So, the Project conducted by the government (Loan, 2013), considered some measures to satisfy this needs, such as temporary transfer of water among municipalities in dry season. The island has a total of 2,287 identified and georeferenced points of water, in the form of tubular wells, cisterns, piezometers, and waterways, in addition to the clandestine ones (Pina, 2014). Presently (2017-2018), there are projects to strength the distribution network, such as the systems of Faveta and Poilão, two recent constructed water dams (DouroECI, 2018). In terms of quality control, the institution - INGRH/ANAS assures the monitoring of 15. 4% of water points (353), being 211 tubular wells, 39 springs, 14 piezometers, and 89 cisterns (Pina, 2014). The wells are monitored monthly by the ANAS institution, with flow measurements and expeditious physico-chemical indicators, like electric conductivity, temperature, and total dissolved solids, aiming to an in situ characterization. 4. 2. Access to infrastructures in the water management model in Santiago, as in the other islands of the archipelago, is somehow peculiar, as described by Bosa (2015). It is based on the co-existence of public and private institutions: The springs, small wells are managed by privates; the holes and large wells are controlled by the state, being in fact mostly managed by the communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water scarcity issues present in urban centers in Santiago, which indicates that even population projections and resource management in a region can lead to water scarcity, showcasing that it is not exclusively a problem faced by developing countries. The text highlights consumption rates that fall below WHO recommendations and mentions government projects to manage water scarcity, suggesting that the issue of water scarcity can occur in developed or developing regions alike.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: . The OH and Ro. . . Classification and. . . Dataset of Temperature. . . i. . . Coastline of the Archipiélago. . . A Temperature a. . . 30. . . Series of Lakes Datas. . . Collection of Alp. . . of Napahai Wetla. . . Changes of Extreme Temperature. . . of the Lena Rive. . . of Mr. GUO Jian. . . i. . . Y. Forest Pho. . . No. 04 Vol. 3,2016 of Data. . . of the Babuyan I. . . of Habitat. . . Value Datase. . . Data of the Habom. . . i. . . of I. . . of Dataset in Mi. . . Mammals and. . . i. . . of Malt Archipel. . . Cov. . . Data. . . of the. . . Outline of the. . . i. . . Outline of the on Time Serie. . . GIS Dataset of Boundaries amon. . . No. 03 Vol. 3,2016 Tourism Industry’s Efficiency. . . O-D Dataset on. . . Analysis. . . in 25 Port Citi. . . Statis. . . PrecipitationVariation Dataset. . . of the Weihe Riv. . . Chang’E-1 IIM Data after Topog. . . Samples D. . . Spatial and. . . of the Amur Rive. . . Prunus mongolica Population Da. . . Dataset of. . . Dataset ove. . . -. . . of MODIS-ND. . . Data of Snow. . . . . . on Urban Ex. . . Dataset Cove. . . Cov. . . No. 02 Vol. 3,2016 Temporal-spatial Dataset of Sn. . . Woodlands a. . . Dataset o. . . Dataset of Litter Recalcitrant. . . in the Bai. . . Data of Geomophogensis. . . of the Madagasca. . . Da. . . in Qingha. . . of Tianc. . . Validation. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information regarding the detection of phosphine in Venus's atmosphere or any implications regarding microbial life. It appears to be a collection of dataset titles and descriptions that are unrelated to the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: It is supportive that the development of gut microbiome contributes substantially to brain development like synaptogenesis and neuropsychiatric outcomes in later in life [78, 79], establishment of appropriate stress responses and relevant behaviors and gut functions, such as motility which was demonstrated to be related with a reduced ganglionic density and size of myenteric plexus in patients with slow transit constipation. Evidently, exposure to an insulting stressor affects the gut microbiota and serum metabolomic profile such as cytokines (IL-6 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and tryptophan and correlates with changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal secretory IgA, which impacts intestinal homeostasis and increase the risk of inflammation-related diseases and dysbiosis [80, 81]. In addition, microbiota can influence CNS function and modulated HPA axis function through neuronal activation of reflex circuits. Vagus nerve, highly innervating the gut, plays an essential role in gut motility via conveying peripheral information to the brain, as well as other parasympathetic activity such as regulation of heart rate, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, and has synergistic action with antidepressants, anxiolytics, and psychobiotics in which what specific roles gut microbiome play is still vague [82]. Therefore, to rectify, the dysbiosis is involved in modulation of brain function via gut-brain crosstalk, via direct effect of their metabolites like SCFAs, indirect action on vagus nerve, or other signal transduction pathways which is yet to be found out. of SCFAs, a of Microbiome in growing body of work has focused on microbial metabolites and implicates diverse functions on the host. The SCFAs, in particular butyrate, propionate, and acetate [83‒85], endowed with characteristics of preferred energy source for colonocytes, easy absorption into the portal vein participating in humoral adjustment, and increased possibility in access to blood brain barrier (BBB), whereas decreasing BBB permeability [86‒88], respectively, which leaves acetate as the most abundant SCFA in peripheral circulation, derive from microbial fermentation of DFs in the cecum and colon [89], and benefit various aspects of host physiology. As acetate, propionate, and butyrate are acids with pKa values of approximately 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how the gut microbiome influences brain development, stress responses, and gut functions, indicating its involvement in mood regulation. It emphasizes the relationship between microbiota, inflammation, and neurological outcomes, supporting the idea that the gut microbiome has significant roles in digestion, immunity, and impacts mood through various mechanisms, including gut-brain crosstalk and the effects of microbial metabolites.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: According to the INE (2017; IMC-CV - 2016), in 54% of the population is served by the public network connection, although using different formats of supply. However, 24% of the population is supplied by wells and springs, among others, which can be considered as non-potable sources (Figure 5). Fig. 5: Main source of water supply - island of Santiago. Data from INE, 2017 In the cases where the population supplies through fountains, pump trucks or other sources (wells and springs), the service is provided by private companies although under the public responsibility of the entity ADS (Water of Santiago). Figure 6 shows precarious examples of water supply, used by the population without coverage of the public network. Fig. 6: different types of water supply in Santiago Island: a) Fountain; b) Auto tank; c) Springs; d) 7 presents the estimation of the evolution of the public supply service until 2020. In the year of 2015, 212,447 people were served through the network, while 78,735 inhabitants were dependent on other sources. By 2020, the population served through the public network will increase to 274,218, while the other sources will decrease to 38,250 (ARE, 2015). Fig. 7 Evolution of the population with access to public network in (2012-2020). Source: (ARE, 2015; ) In 2015 the average water capitation for public consumption in Santiago was estimated of about 40 L/inhabitant/ day. A minimum capitation of 60 L/inhabitant/ day is expected up to 2020 (ARE, 2015). In respect of the percentage of connection to the public network, the municipalities of São Lourenço dos Órgãos, Santa Catarina, Santa Cruz, and Tarrafal, are above the national average (Table 1). However, there are municipalities with a significant proportion of the population (over 30%) dependent on precarious sources (wells, springs). This situation is more worrying in the cases of São Domingos and São Salvador do Mundo, since not even 25% of the population has connection to public network. Specifically, in the municipality of São Domingos the public network does not reach the 10%. Table 1- Main sources of water supply in the (%) tank Other sources Tarrafal 80. 0 3. 6 8. 7 5. 5 2. 2 66. 9 5. 6 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that water supply issues affect specific municipalities, regardless of their development status. It highlights that in the island of Santiago, a significant proportion of the population (over 30%) relies on precarious water sources, indicating that water scarcity is a challenge that can exist within countries that may not be classified strictly as developing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: Dataset of δD and. . . Coveri. . . Embodied in T. . . In situ Data on Potamogeton ma. . . Statistics Dat. . . on Investig. . . Dataset in Excret. . . of the Islands. . . on Black-neck. . . No. 01 Vol. 3,2016 Spatial-temporal Data of Lake. . . Dataset of Vegetation Coverage. . . Assesment on Temperature Simul. . . on Average. . . Period and Inf. . . Dataset. . . Change. . . Seasonal and Annual Precipitat. . . Dataset of Single and Double C. . . Spatial-on Fr. . . Dataset of Classification and. . . Dataset of A Use Clas. . . CTD Dataset from (1985. . . CTD Dataset from. . . of Kalimantan I. . . of of Sumatera Isl. . . of No. 02 Vol. 2,2015 of 1 km/5 day Surface Reflectance. . . 1 km Length Pro. . . of the Great Mek. . . Dataset of Photosynthetically. . . of Dataset of. . . of the Eco-regi. . . on. . . of the Australas. . . of of of the Lake N. . . Collection on Anta. . . of. . . Data No. 01 Vol. 2,2015 of. . . Temperature. . . Dataset of Biological Abundanc. . . Characteristic. . . Erosion-deposition Dataset of. . . Erosion-deposition Dataset in. . . Erosion-deposition Dataset in. . . Dataset of Mangroves in Southe. . . of Loess Plateau. . . Boundary of 1 km/daily Evapotranspiration. . . of Sum. . . Boundary of in 2015 (Ba. . . 1 km/ 5-day Produc. . . 1 km/ 5-day NDVI Product over. . . 1 km/ 5 day Fractional Vegetat. . . 1 km/5 day Index Pro. . . No. 02 Vol. 1,2014 Data. . . Land Surface. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it presents a dataset that includes various environmental and biological data but does not mention phosphine, Venus, or any implications concerning microbial life. It appears to be a collection of unrelated environmental datasets without direct relevance to the detection of phosphine in Venus’s atmosphere.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: 8, the concentration of which gradually declines from the proximal to the distal, maybe due to the transporter with different affinity of monocarboxylate, and the pH ranging from 5. 6 to 7. 0, SCFAs suppress the intestinal pH implicating the effect of acidification, and depress the growth of pH-sensitive pathogens [90], protease activity to impair protein fermentation, the absorption of ammonia, and the formation of secondary BAs. Some research have indicated that SCFAs especially butyrate as the preferred substrate for the epithelial cells, play a part in the integrity of the mucosal and epithelial layers and gut barrier, which are associated with the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of cell, increased MUC2 gene expression, and antioxidant activity [91]. Apart from the stimulation of motility demonstrated could be through the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) through stimulating 5-HT3 receptors located on the vagal sensory fibers in rats, and secretory activity via the enteric nervous system, SCFAs can curb appetite and sensitize insulin by promoting the production of satiety-inducing hormones, including peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide 1 through activating G-protein coupled receptor41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43) and leptin secreted from adipocyte, as well as the appetite inhibition of acetate across BBB on hypothalamus and gluconeogenesis facilitation of butyrate [92‒95]. The effects of acetate, propionate and butyrate on host physiology are distinct and often vary. However, acetate could increase secretion of ghrelin to stimulate appetite in rodents fed a high-fat diet via Vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to the opposite result compared with the above. HDACs inhibitors have been widely used as an anti-tumor agent for the ability in preventing the removal of acetyl from histone tails similar to histone acetyltransferases. SCFAs, butyrate in particular can directly activate G-coupled-receptors, inhibit HDAC, known as HDAC inhibitors in cancerous cells. While in normal cells, butyrate may play the role of a histone acetyltransferase activator, which induces different effects in a cell- and environment-specific context [96‒99]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, which play a part in gut health and are associated with the integrity of the mucosal and epithelial layers and gut barrier. It also mentions their influence on appetite regulation and hormone secretion, which suggests involvement in digestion and possibly mood regulation through gastrointestinal signaling. The mention of how SCFAs can stimulate different receptors adds further support to the idea that the gut microbiome, through various biochemical interactions, is involved in multiple bodily functions including digestion, immunity, and potentially mood.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: As evidenced in table 1, this municipality has the least coverage of public supply services. As a consequence, the inhabitants have to resort to other sources, mostly without monitoring and quality control. Specifically focused on the region of São Domingo’s, there is the work by Gonçalves et al. (2015), which presents water quality based on the characterization of 22 water points used by population. These authors showed how water-rock interaction explains the chemistry of water. However, the influence of agriculture and diffuse pollution by sewage also control the hydrochemical properties, especially with respect to potential chlorinated contributions. This study, conducted in 2014, showed a considerable variation in electric conductivity (369-1361 μS/cm), reflecting the variation in salinity. In these volcanic terrains, the salinization of the aquifers can result from the water-rock interaction processes and from evapoconcentration of the deposition of the marine aerosol, typical of the arid climate, as noted by other authors (e. g. Carreira et al, 2010). Infiltration from irrigation water, which is often saline (Cruz-Fuente, 2008), may also be mentioned. The high concentrations of chloride obtained by Gonçalves et al (2015) (average of 181 mg/L, with maximum of 450 mg/L) can also result from fecal contribution, due to poor sanitation conditions. The region does not have waste water treatment and sewage flows into the soil and surface water. These explanations are reinforced by very high concentration of nitrates, reaching a maximum value of 214 mg/L, considerably above the quality standards established by law and by WHO (United Nations, 2010). The evaluation of the compliance of the 22 water points relatively to the legal framework is presented in Figure 9. For example magnesium exceeds the water standard (50 mg/L) in about 55% of the analyzed sources while nitrite is responsible for the lack of quality in about 41% of the samples. On the other hand, the analyzed sources did not show metallic contamination. As a global perspective, only 36% of the water points analyzed in São Domingos fulfilled the quality standards. Fig 9: Samples exceeding the maximum permissible values (Decree-Law nº8/2004 of 23 February of the Republic of Cape Verde). Data from Gonçalves et al. (2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing water quality issues in São Domingos and highlighting the significant problems related to water supply and quality in a specific municipality. While the claim suggests that water scarcity is limited to developing countries, this text illustrates that such issues are indeed present in regions characterized by a lack of infrastructure and sanitation, which could be considered as features of developing countries. However, it also hints that water quality and scarcity can be a broader issue that affects multiple regions, thus weakening the claim that it 'only' affects developing countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: of Global Mar. . . of Asia Tropical. . . Lakes (Rongbuk,. . . Presence/Records. . . (China) Polder D. . . Chlorophyll-a Dat. . . (2010) Remot. . . (2010) Landsl. . . Data. . . Datase. . . from. . . Dechloranes in Multi-medium Da. . . Dataset of Multi-satellite Syn. . . Collection for Reme. . . No. 01 Vol. 1,2014 Pu. . . Eco-regional of. . . Dataset Cove. . . of. . . Data on. . . Dataset of on Rock. . . 1 km Dataset o. . . 1 km Grid GDP Data of China (2. . . . . . The gridded dataset of spring. . . Data of. . . Dataset of Gra. . . Datasets of the Boundary and A. . . Dataset of Regional Vegetation. . . Ph. . . of Data. . . Data for Locust Pl. . . Dataset of Land. . . Potential Product. . . Typical plant phenological obs. . . Professor LIN Chao - Pioneer o. . . . . . 1 km Dataset o. . . 1 km Grid GDP Data of China (2. . . . . . The gridded dataset of spring. . . Data of. . . Dataset of Gra. . . Datasets of the Boundary and A. . . Dataset of Regional Vegetation. . . Ph. . . of Data. . . Data for Locust Pl. . . Dataset of Land. . . Potential Product. . . Typical plant phenological obs. . . Professor LIN Chao - Pioneer o. . . (China) Polder D. . . Chlorophyll-a Dat. . . Dataset of Multi-satellite Syn. . . of. . . Temperature. . . Asia Eco-regional of. . . Dataset Cove. . . of. . . Data on. . . of Asia Tropical. . . Lakes (Rongbuk,. . . Presence/Records. . . Dataset of Mangroves in Southe. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it appears to consist of fragmented references to various datasets, particularly regarding ecological and geographical data, without any mention or connection to phosphine or microbial life in Venus’s atmosphere.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: In addition, SCFA-mediated HDAC inhibition exerting anti-inflammatory effects can modulate gut immunity to be tolerant of beneficial commensals partly via regulating the generation of Tregs [100, 101] and IL-10-producing T cells via GPR109A. SCFAs can also act on nervous system, such as peripheral neurons due to abundantly expressed GPR41, which transducts signal in boosting energy metabolic rate and heart rate, and a potential role in microglia maturation which has been demonstrated that microglia density was defective in the germ-free mice and restored by administered SCFAs, and activation of GPR43 was required [102, 103]. Together with previous lines of evidence, present data have proved that SCFAs and secondary BAs act upon enterochromaffin cells, inducing transcription of the rate-limiting 5-TH bio-synthetic enzyme thp1 [104] mentioned above, predicted to influence gut motility linked with microbiota (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. View largeDownload slide Various roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). As a dominant metabolite of microbiome in host, SCFAs are widely involved in homeostasis modulation of the host and display local and systematic roles via the gradually emerging pathways, with the constantly deepening exploration of gut microbiota. (1) SCFA-mediated histone deacetylase inhibition exerting anti-inflammatory effects can modulate gut immune to be tolerant of beneficial commensals partly via regulating the generation of Tregs and interleukin (IL)-10-producing T cells via GPR109A. (2) Apart from the stimulation of motility demonstrated maybe through the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) through stimulating 5-HT3 receptors located on the vagal sensory fibers in rats, and secretory activity via the enteric nervous system (ENS), SCFAs can act upon enterochromaffin cells (ECs), inducing transcription of the rate-limiting 5-TH bio-synthetic enzyme thp1, predicted to influence gut motility linked with microbiota. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by the gut microbiome in regulating gut immunity and digestive processes. It mentions SCFA-mediated HDAC inhibition exerting anti-inflammatory effects that modulate gut immunity and sustain beneficial gut bacteria, which relates to the microbiome's role in immunity. Furthermore, the discussion of SCFAs activating pathways in the nervous system indicates a potential link to mood regulation, aligning with the claim about the microbiome's multifaceted roles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: TSD – Solids; Fet – Total iron supply is a critical topic in developing countries, which should be managed taken in account social, economic and environmental issues. In conditions of water scarcity, water supply systems are not likely to satisfy rising future demands. Limited water supply is generally accompanied by low sanitation conditions, with sewage flowing into soil, surface water and groundwater reservoirs. This, in turn, enhances potential for pollution and degradation of freshwater sources. The present study covered topics such as the proportion of population with access to safe water, types of water sources and models of supply as well as quality issues in one of the regions with lowest public supply coverage. By analyzing the global situation in Cape Verde, it was found that it varies strongly at national level and also between urban and rural scenarios. Despite the evolution of the public service over the last years, the percentage of coverage does not comply with the Goals (MDGs). The present review revealed some problematic clusters in the Santiago Island, which is the most populous island, with 24% of the population without public coverage. Specifically, in the municipalities of São Domingos and São Salvador do Mundo a significant part of the population stills dependent on precarious sources that do not always meet the legal quality standards (uncontrolled wells and springs). Moreover, inhabitants have to move a certain distance to get water, which most of the time is not monitored nor treated. The limitations of the public water supply identified in could be extensive to other developing countries in Africa. Insufficient capital for infrastructures is a strong limiting factor for expanding the coverage rates and to assure monitoring and control of the water quality. Moreover, water scarcity is an unavoidable reality in arid countries, which tends to aggravate with climate disruptions. Therefore, an effective and extensive public water supply system for large part of the population is one of the major challenges that developing countries are facing today. For that, financing investment, international cooperation, and well-guided water policies are critical for sustainable development of countries like Cape Verde. avails to acknowledge Service from FCG (), for the granted individual scholarship, under the program of for students of PALOP and - Stimulating research and professional appreciation, process Nº. 139758. The FCG has been an indispensable support in carrying out all academic activities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while water scarcity is a critical issue in developing countries, it is not exclusive to them. It discusses global situations, specifically mentioning that water scarcity is an unavoidable reality in arid countries, which suggests that even developed countries can face similar challenges. The need for effective public water supply systems and the impact of climate disruptions on water availability further demonstrate that water scarcity affects a broader range of nations, not just those in the developing category.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Phosphine detected in Venus’s atmosphere may suggest microbial life. [SEP] Text: 1 km/daily Evapotranspiration. . . of Sum. . . in 2015 (Ba. . . 1 km/ 5-day Produc. . . 1 km/ 5-day NDVI Product over. . . 1 km/ 5 day Fractional Vegetat. . . 1 km/5 day Index Pro. . . 1 km/5 day Surface Reflectance. . . 1 km Length Pro. . . of the Great Mek. . . Dataset of Photosynthetically. . . Dataset of. . . Dataset ove. . . Oceanic region ’apai Group Vava’u of of (Sardinien) of Effective Accumulat. . . of (2010) Remot. . . (2010) Landsl. . . (Isla Soledad) (Gran Malvina). . . Datase. . . Dechloranes in Multi-medium Da. . . Coastline of the Archipiélago. . . Pan-Penguin. . . Re. . . Dataset of on Rock. . . Data. . . Land Surface. . . of Global Mar. . . from. . . Collection for Reme. . . of on. . . of of of the Lake N. . . Collection on Anta. . . of. . . Data Spatial-temporal Data of Lake. . . Dataset of Vegetation Coverage. . . Assesment on Temperature Simul. . . on Average. . . Period and Inf. . . Seasonal and Annual Precipitat. . . Spatial-on Fr. . . (ISO26324) by in from the of Zhejiang，China YU Huan1 1 Department of Atmospheric Science，School of Environmental Studies，University of Geosciences，Wuhan 430074，China DOI:10. 3974/geodb. 2020. 03. 26. V1 Published:Jun. 2020 Visitors：995 Downloaded：36 Data Downloaded：14. 83 MB 9. 4T instrument, Bruker Daltonics, Coventry, UK) and analyzed for exact mass-to-charge ratios of all organic compounds in the samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data and methodologies related to atmospheric science and vegetation coverage but does not mention phosphine, Venus, or microbial life in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human gut microbiome plays a role in digestion, immunity, and mood regulation. [SEP] Text: (3) SCFAs can curb appetite and sensitize insulin by promoting the production of satiety-inducing hormones, including peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) through activating G-protein coupled receptor41 and 43 (GPR41 and GPR43) and leptin secreted from adipocyte, as well as the appetite inhibition of acetate across blood brain barrier (BBB) on hypothalamus and gluconeogenesis (IGN) facilitation of butyrate. However, acetate demonstrated recently could increase secretion of ghrelin to stimulate appetite in rodents fed a high-fat diet via vagus nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system, leading to the opposite result. (4) Dysbiosis is greatly involved in various diseases associated with gut dysfunction, inflammatory disease, and psychopathology, etc. , maybe via many mechanism such as modulating gut barrier, microbiome-gut-brain axis, or some metabolites like SCFAs. Fig. 2. View largeDownload slide Various roles of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). As a dominant metabolite of microbiome in host, SCFAs are widely involved in homeostasis modulation of the host and display local and systematic roles via the gradually emerging pathways, with the constantly deepening exploration of gut microbiota. (1) SCFA-mediated histone deacetylase inhibition exerting anti-inflammatory effects can modulate gut immune to be tolerant of beneficial commensals partly via regulating the generation of Tregs and interleukin (IL)-10-producing T cells via GPR109A. (2) Apart from the stimulation of motility demonstrated maybe through the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) through stimulating 5-HT3 receptors located on the vagal sensory fibers in rats, and secretory activity via the enteric nervous system (ENS), SCFAs can act upon enterochromaffin cells (ECs), inducing transcription of the rate-limiting 5-TH bio-synthetic enzyme thp1, predicted to influence gut motility linked with microbiota. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, are involved in the regulation of appetite, immune function, and potentially mood through various mechanisms. It emphasizes the microbiome's role in gut homeostasis and its influence on the immune system, suggesting a connection between gut health, digestion, and broader physiological effects that could include mood regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity only affects developing countries. [SEP] Text: J Accessed 2 June 2023(2021) Efficient rainwater harvesting planning using socio-environmental variables and data-driven geospatial techniques. J Accessed 2 June 2023Dhakal N, Salinas-(2022) Is desalination a solution to freshwater scarcity in developing countries? Membranes 12(4):381. Model based system design to support variability and flexibility, and early bidding phase of new procurement. Addressing water scarcity in developing country contexts: a socio-cultural approach. 9(1):1–10. A. (2019). Water governance and justice in cape town: an overview. haghi (2022) Content analysis of the problems and challenges of agricultural water use: a case study of Basin at Miandoab, Iran. J Sagepub. Com 12(2). Implementation of circular economy principles in industrial solid waste management: case studies from a developing economy (Nigeria). Mdpi. Com. Accessed 2 June 2023Fernández-Torquemada Y, Carratalá A, Luis J, (2019) Impact of brine on the marine environment and how it can be reduced. Transferability and scalability of sustainable urban water solutions–a case study from the Basin. Resources, Conservation and Recycling Accessed 2 June 2023(1977) Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of cyanide and sulfite in aqueous solutions at semiconductor powders. J 81(15): 1484–1488. Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow. Estuarine, Coastal and Accessed 3 June 2023(2019) Circular economy strategies in eight historic port cities: Criteria and indicators towards a circular city assessment framework. Sustainability 11(13):3512. Accessed 2 June 2023Guerra-Rodríguez S, Oulego P, Rodríguez E, Singh DN, Rodríguez-(2020) Towards the implementation of circular economy in the wastewater sector: Challenges and opportunities. Water Accessed 2 June 2023(2014) Na+-functionalized carbon quantum dots: a new draw solute in forward osmosis for seawater desalination. 50(55):7318–7321. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that water scarcity is a global issue and not limited to developing countries. It references multiple studies focusing on water governance and challenges, which include both developing and developed scenarios, indicating that water scarcity is a broader concern than implied by the claim.