Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: The white yarn (PA/Lycra) is selected because it is lightweight to be worn under other garments, and elastic to make it fit close to the body. The sensor yarn (Bekintex BK 50/2) is resistive and sits under the chest area. When a person's lungs expand and then contract, they expand and contract the resistive yarn that is connected to a microcontroller that can read the patterns of coughing. For stitching, lace structures are chosen for the sides and back to allow a better thermal circulation, and full rib on the front side for more elasticity and better ability to stretch and recover the original shape. who made the top: Felecia Davis; and Dr. Dumitrescu of the of Textiles. Seen in photo (top left): Erin Lewis, 3rd year PhD student, of Textiles (front); then Delia Dumitrescu; Anne Dimmock, 1st year student (back, left); and Farzaneh Oghazian, 3rd year PhD student, in the for Design Computing. Image credit: at the of Textiles © 2020; Image credit, top right and bottom left: © 2020. Davis says, “It's important for science to pause and go, ‘What's the impact we're trying to do here? What do we think are positive directions for human life? ’”Before bringing any items into the marketplace, Davis wants to be sure that these textiles will have a positive impact on people and their environment. “The next steps are to spend time thinking about what are some ways one can bring this technology to the public and shape the policies … in our country,” she says. As well as enhancing emotional needs, Davis has been looking at ways to implement these textiles in the medical world. She has been exploring ways to help patients get up and move about rather than be confined to a hospital for tests. For example, she worked on leggings that have sensors linked to the hips, knees, and ankles, which would help identify those with Parkinson's disease. She started her own firm to combine the academic and practitioner world so that together they can revolutionize the way they can help people in the future. “I think the design world is a funny place because it's neither science nor a pure art but you need both to be able to succeed at what you're doing,” Davis says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants' abilities to sense and respond to human emotions. Instead, it discusses textiles that incorporate sensors to monitor human physical states and the intentions of their creator, Felecia Davis, in enhancing emotional needs and technological impact. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Nighttime cooling rates in densely built areas are lower than those in open vegetated areas because of building configurations that prevent daytime heat absorption and release, heat generation, ventilation, and radiative cooling [3]. Green infrastructure can be defined as all natural, semi-natural, and artificial networks of multifunctional ecosystems within, around, and between urban areas at all spatial scales. It includes a wide range of ecosystem services (ESS) that provide climate regulation as an interconnected network of natural and semi-natural features including green spaces, trees, water bodies, green roofs, and vertical greenery [4–12]. Urban areas occupy 4% of the world’s land area and increasingly include plantings based on the ESS that UFs can provide [12–14]. ESS commonly refers to the following functions and benefits of urban forests: 1) emotional and psychological services, 2) physiological services, 3) monetary services, 4) hydrological services, 5) thermal services, 6) air quality services, 7) synurbization services, and 8) population and community services [12]. UFs comprise all trees in urban areas, including individual street trees, park tree clusters, and peri-urban forests extended to outer metropolitan areas to establish a network. Types of UFs include city parks, pocket parks, trees on streets, gardens with trees, public squares with trees, and other green spaces with trees, such as schools, riparian corridors, and rooftops. Urban overcrowding resulting from urbanization has simultaneously accelerated urban development and reduced green areas. As the number of man-made structures increases, the area of impermeable pavement on the ground, called gray infrastructure, increases. Moreover, moisture conditions become poor, and radiant heat and heat storage from man-made structures accumulate between high-rise buildings, exacerbating the urban heat island phenomenon. Urban forests (UFs) on the surface block heat energy from the sun through the shade effect and lower its internal temperature by vaporizing moisture through evapotranspiration. The ground surface, which has superior water permeability compared to gray infrastructure, produces high humidity. UFs block hot sunlight during the day and has a lower temperature range at night compared to gray infrastructure because of the radiative cooling effect. Research on urban heat island (UHI) mitigation using the temperature reduction effect of UFs is actively being conducted. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban forests (UFs) block heat energy from the sun through the shade effect and lower internal temperatures via evapotranspiration. It details how UFs contribute to mitigating the urban heat island effect, stating that they block hot sunlight during the day and have a lower temperature range at night compared to gray infrastructure due to their cooling effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe total exclusion from the diet of foods containing gluten is the only possible treatment for celiac disease (CD), an autoimmune disorder sustained by an inappropriate response to gluten ingestion in genetic predisposed individuals [1]. A gluten-free (GF) diet includes naturally GF foods, such as vegetables, fruits and meat, and GF products developed to substitute the traditional cereal-based foods. It has been estimated that at least 5% of the world population needs to follow a GF diet for medical purposes [2], although a specific medical need is not an essential reason to follow it. Furthermore, the GF diet has recently become a cultural phenomenon involving the search for foods free of one or more ingredients that are supposed to be unnatural or unhealthy [3]. Consequently, the GF market has recently seen a remarkable growth, with sales of GF foods increased about by 136% between the 2013 and 2015 in the US, reaching a total value of around $11 billion [4]. In Europe, the latest economic reports foresee a regular growth rate of about 10% until 2019 [2]. Owing to the growing interest in GF products, their formulation and production processes have been recently put under the spotlight, with a particular attention towards GF bakery products. However, all these efforts in GF product development and/or improvement have been mainly focused on the technological and sensory aspects, leaving the nutritional quality very poorly addressed [5]. To overcome the technological constraints associated to the absence of gluten, and therefore improve the texture and the sensory characteristics of GF products, various food additives and co-texturizers are applied [6]. These ingredients affect the nutritional quality of such products. Despite a growing popular perception that GF products are healthier than the gluten-containing (GC) counterparts, their real nutritional quality is still far to be conclusively defined. Actually, a limited number of conflicting studies have assessed the nutritional quality of GF products and compared it to that of their GC counterparts. Some authors [7, 8] have reported a higher content of total and saturated fat in GF products, whereas others [9, 10] have found no differences between the two types of product in terms of such nutrients. In addition, inconsistent results about the content of dietary fiber have been reported [8, 9]. Such discrepancies in nutritional quality definition of GF products may also be attributable to the high variation of GF formulations and/or to a low ability of the methods used to measure the nutritional quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nutritional quality of gluten-free (GF) products, some of which are plant-based. It notes that many GF products may not be healthier than their gluten-containing (GC) counterparts due to a higher content of total and saturated fats, as well as conflicting results regarding dietary fiber content. Specifically, the text states that 'some authors have reported a higher content of total and saturated fat in GF products, whereas others have found no differences' indicating that health claims regarding plant-based products may not be universally supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol08. and Publication: Credit Composition, Output Composition, and. . . *All language versions across Repositories (updated daily) Files in PDF (768. 83 KB) 420 downloads (107. 25 KB) 26 downloads Date2017-06ISSNPublished2017-06Author(s) paper builds on recent research examining the impact of finance on economic outcomes. Specifically, it asks whether credit extended to households and firms has an impact on the share of exports in gross domestic product and on the trade balance. The analysis finds that although household credit is not positively related to export shares or trade balances, firm credit is significantly related to both. The relationship with export shares is particularly strong and robust. Higher shares of credit going to firms means a higher export share in gross domestic product and stronger trade balances (any effect of credit on imports is subsumed by the larger effect on exports). Household credit has a negative or insignificant relationship with the trade balance and the share of exports in gross domestic product. Credit may also affect the choice between types of goods produced domestically, not just whether they are produced for export or domestic consumption. The paper finds that household credit has a negative relationship with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product. Firm credit is positively associated with the share of manufacturing in gross domestic product, while the share of services does not seem to be affected by either. Link to Data SetCitation“Islam, Roumeen. 2017. Credit Composition, Output Composition, and External Balances. Working Paper;No. 8082. © World Bank, Washington, DC. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI publications in this report seriesPublicationMapping the to Groundwater-by to Pumping in Sub-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, SimonShow morePhotovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance. This study maps the risk to groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Sub-from uncontrolled access to photovoltaic groundwater pumping using the analytic hierarchy process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it discusses the impact of finance on economic outcomes, specifically focusing on credit's relation to exports and trade balances. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Since urbanization and climate change have a great impact on quality of life, various studies on UHIs are being conducted mainly in Seoul and East Asia, which are undergoing rapid urbanization. The cooling effect of UHIs has been analyzed based on urban climate and topography, surface characteristics, and vegetation data [23–26]. Although various studies have been conducted, studies that directly quantify the cooling effect on various UFs in urban areas are still needed. Therefore, in this study, the cooling effect of UFs in the city center of Seoul was investigated and the degree of cooling was quantified (Fig 1). To this end, we tried to analyze the impact of the temperature reduction effect by analyzing the temperature change through long-term monitoring of various types of stand structures of UFs, which are expected to have a direct impact on urban temperature reduction. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Study area and location of the study sites. Monitoring was performed at 17 sites, located in six different types of urban forests in Seoul, South Korea. The map was generated using QGIS 3. 16. 16 ( Results 1) Stand structure characteristics of study sites The main tree species at each study area were Pinus densiflora (Ti); Quercus acutissima (Park); Pinus densiflora (Con); Quercus mongolica and Quercus palustris (Blt); and Pinus densiflora, Abies holophylla and Acer palmatum (Mix) (Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Stand structure characteristics of five urban forest types near the Hongneung experimental forest, Seoul. Values are shown as the mean (n = 4–13) ± standard deviation. 2) Seasonal and diurnal cooling effect of urban forests The urban forests and park showed consistent temperature reduction throughout the year. The temperature of the forests was 1. 3°C and 1. 1°C lower than that of gray infrastructure in winter and spring, respectively. The temperature difference was maintained throughout summer (July to September) but decreased thereafter. The park showed a pattern similar to that of the forest. The lawn showed a similar level of temperature reduction effect to that of the park in summer, but the difference nearly doubled in autumn and winter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by analyzing the cooling effect of urban forests (UFs) in Seoul. It mentions that urban forests consistently reduce temperatures compared to gray infrastructure, with specific temperature reductions noted, such as 1.3°C and 1.1°C lower during winter and spring, respectively. This aligns with the claim that vertical forests provide shade and contribute to reducing the urban heat island effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Indeed, they allow to partially replace ingredients such as starch from potato or cassava and refined flours present in the formulation, thus improving the content of several nutrients scarcely contained in GF bakery products, e. g. , proteins, various vitamins and minerals [16]. In this study, a total of 134 Italian packaged GF and 162 GC bakery products, grouped into four food categories, were evaluated using a nutritional quality score-method. This score considered not only the information from nutrition facts, but also the contribution of some nutritionally relevant components in the ingredients list. Applying this score, an averagely low nutritional quality of the considered GF bakery products emerged, as shown in Fig. 1. Interestingly, GF bread, cookies and breakfast pastries scored relatively close to their GC counterparts. The only clear exception was GF bread substitutes, which showed a significantly lower nutritional quality when compared to their GC counterparts (p = 0. 001). Fig. 1Box-plot graphs showing the score of the GF products compared to that of the GC counterparts. For bread and bread substitutes, the score ranged from 0 to 13 points, for breakfast pastries from 0 to 12 points and for cookies from 0 to 11 points. (*) indicates a significant difference, Mann-Whitney, p = 0. 001Full size imageThe findings of the present study are in agreement with those reported by Wu et al. [9], who compared the nutritional quality of several Australian packaged GF products, across ten food categories, to their matched GC counterparts. The nutritional quality of GF products was based on a descriptive score, namely the “Rating” (HSR) system. The HSR system is a combination of some baseline points, taking into account the amount of saturated fat, total sugar and sodium, and of several points attributed by the presence of specific food components, including fruit, nuts, vegetables, legumes, and the content of protein and dietary fiber. Authors evidenced that the GF bakery products in several food categories, such as bread, cakes, and cookies, were not significantly different in their nutritional quality when compared to GC similar items. Our results are instead in disagreement with those of Miranda et al. [8] and of Kulai and Rashid [15], who considered only the nutrient content. The first study evidenced a significantly better nutritional profile of GC in comparison to GF products in terms of the content of energy, saturated, and total fats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings from a study that evaluates the nutritional quality of gluten-free (GF) bakery products compared to their gluten-containing (GC) counterparts. It indicates that the GF products did not show a significantly better nutritional quality than GC items in several categories, with one clear exception being GF bread substitutes, which had significantly lower nutritional quality compared to GC counterparts. This evidence suggests that not all plant-based alternatives are healthier than meat options, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: It evaluates risks using data on irradiance, groundwater, and population, and novel data on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Two scenarios are analyzed to improve the robustness of the findings. The results show that 92 percent of Sub-Saharan Africa’s groundwater-dependent ecosystems risk overexploitation if photovoltaic water pumping is implemented without proper controls. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems in Southern and Eastern Africa, particularly in and Namibia, are found to face higher risks, while those in Gabon, the Republic of Congo, and southern Nigeria tend to be less at risk. Comparing these results with populations relying on unimproved water sources highlights regions like southern Nigeria and South Sudan, which could be prioritized for potential photovoltaic water pumping system investments due to their higher groundwater development needs and lower risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Conversely, areas like Namibia and South Africa, with lower groundwater development needs but higher risks to groundwater-dependent ecosystems, should require targeted investments and very close groundwater monitoring. These findings can help policy makers in targeting investments in photovoltaic water pumping systems and identifying regions needing careful monitoring to ensure sustainable groundwater use and minimal impact on groundwater-dependent ecosystems. Show morePublicationLong-Term and of Training on (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Campos, Francisco; Frese, Michael; Iacovone, Leonardo; Johnson, Hillary C. ; McKenzie, David; Mensmann, MonaShow moreA randomized experiment in Togo found that personal initiative training for small businesses resulted in large and significant impacts for both men and women after two years (Campos et al, 2017). This paper revisits these entrepreneurs after seven years, and finds long-lasting average impacts of personal initiative training of $91 higher profits per month, which is larger than the 2-year impacts. However, these long-term impacts are very different for men and women: the impact for men grows over time as they accumulate more capital and increase self-efficacy, whereas the impact for women dissipates, and capital build-up is much more limited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about plants sensing and responding to human emotions. Instead, it focuses on environmental factors, groundwater evaluations, and the impacts of training for small businesses, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Unlike the park, which exhibited a constant temperature reduction effect throughout the year, the lawn showed a relatively high temperature reduction effect in Oct–Jan compared to forests and the park (Fig 2). In addition, the Ti showed a lower annual temperature reduction effect than the other UFs (Fig 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Seasonal differences in cooling effects of urban forests. (A, B) Seasonal differences in cooling effects of different types of urban forests. (B) Winter: Dec–Feb; Spring: Mar–May; Summer: Jun–Aug; Autumn: Sep–Nov. (C, D) Seasonal differences in cooling effects of different types of urban forests during day/nighttime. (C) Day: 06:00–19:00; (D) Night: 20:00–05:00. daytime temperature reduction in the forest was similar to the pattern in Fig 2; however, the range of change was large. After winter (−1. 0°C), temperature reduction decreased to 0. 3°C in spring, then increased rapidly from May, and improved to −1. 8°C in August. Thereafter, as the leaves fell, the daytime temperature reduction effect decreased. The park also showed a similar weekly temperature distribution. The shading effect of the tree canopy contributes to a cooler environment on the surface of the plants [27]. The daytime temperature of the lawn was higher than that of the gray infrastructure in spring and autumn, when the daily temperature difference was large, and there was no temperature reduction effect in winter and summer, when the temperature change was small. maintained an average monthly temperature 0. 4–1. 0°C higher than that of the gray infrastructure throughout the four seasons. The temperature gradually decreased from early spring to late summer and increased in the autumn (Fig 2). UFs showed a certain level of nighttime temperature reduction throughout the year, except for the lawn. Forests showed a temperature reduction of −1. 3 to −1. 6°C throughout the year, and the park showed a reduction of −0. 6 to 1. 2°C. All the UFs showed the lowest temperature reduction effect in August. The lawn showed the greatest nighttime temperature reduction effect among UFs, except in the summer, and considerable differences in temperature reduction were observed by month. In particular, the temperature reduction effect in autumn (−1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that the shading effect of the tree canopy contributes to a cooler environment on the surface of the plants. It discusses temperature reduction effects associated with different types of urban forests and explicitly states the beneficial cooling effects achieved through vegetation, which aligns with the idea that vertical forests can help mitigate urban heat islands by providing shade.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: In the study of Kulai and Rashid [15], the GC breads showed better nutritional value than GF substitutes, as the latter were significantly higher in total fat and lower in protein. Despite the low nutritional quality portrayed by the score, some attempts at improving the nutritional quality of GF bakery products emerged (Table 3) from our observations. Table 3 Percentages of products, divided into food categories, matching the conditions1 used to calculate the scoreFull size tableStarch is one of the most relevant ingredients deeply affecting nutritional quality of GF bakery products. Due to its bland taste, starch presence as first or main ingredient entails salt and lipid addition to GF bakery products in order to enhance their low palatability [12]. Table 3 shows that in 42% of considered GF bread formulations starch was not the first or principal ingredient. The main strategy for reducing starch content in bakery products is its partial substitution with flour obtained from nutritionally valued minor cereals and pseudocereals, especially in GF bread making [17, 18]. Among these alternative ingredients, quinoa, buckwheat, and sorghum have attracted attention because of their nutritional composition, providing relevant amounts of dietary fiber, B-vitamins and iron [16, 19]. Interestingly, our results confirmed that this enrichment trend involves several GF breads, as 79% of the evaluated products contained flours from minor cereals and/or pseudocereals, and the 88% could be labelled as “source of fiber” according to the Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (Table 3). This data seems to disagree with the general belief that GF bakery products scarcely contribute to the daily intake of dietary fiber [20]. In the last few years, the sourdough fermentation has been introduced in the production of industrial GF bread. In GF products, the sourdough is composed of a wide range of GF flours (rice, corn, buckwheat, etc. ) and water, and is fermented by yeasts and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) [21]. LAB produce long-chain polysaccharides that may act as a co-adjuvant of the common hydrocolloids used in GF bread making [21]. In view of this, the sourdough employment seems to fulfil more a technological purpose rather than a nutritional enhancement. However, these long-chain polysaccharides contribute to the daily intake of dietary fiber, and may behave as prebiotics [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the nutritional value of gluten-free (GF) bakery products, which are often plant-based, but highlights issues with their overall nutritional quality. It points out that GF substitutes may have higher total fat and lower protein when compared to traditional breads. This indicates that not all plant-based products inherently have superior nutritional value than their meat counterparts, as the GF products show variability in nutritional content.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Plants have the ability to sense and respond to human emotions. [SEP] Text: Show morePublicationLines to Self-Reliance (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Hoogeveen, Johannes; Hopper, RobertShow moreHumanitarian models of refugee assistance increasingly promote refugee self-reliance without offering a clear understanding of what constitutes self-reliance, or how to measure it, although measurement is essential to assess whether the promotion of self-reliance has been successful. This paper proposes an approach to measuring self-reliance rooted in global poverty measurement: a refugee is self-reliant if their self-earned income exceeds the locally relevant poverty line. In its empirical application, the paper uses estimates of self-reliance drawn from 11 consumption surveys, which present the universe of data that can be used for such purposes. Refugees in middle-income countries are found to be far more likely to be self-reliant than those in lower income countries, while refugees residing in urban and non-camp settings demonstrate higher levels of self-reliance than those in rural and camp environments, reflecting the presence of greater economic opportunities outside camps and in urban areas. The paper also finds evidence that aid and self-reliance are inversely correlated, with more aid spent in environments where refugee self-reliance is constrained. The paper argues that a different outcome should be envisaged, one in which governments that encourage refugees to be self-reliant receive more aid. Such an approach would be beneficial for refugees, who would gain financial autonomy, and for host country citizens, who often face high levels of poverty and at times are even poorer than refugees. Show morePublicationand Informality in Kenya’s (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-09-30) Wiedemann, Verena; Kirui, Benard K. ; Khandelwal, Vatsal; Chacha, Peter W. Show moreThe spatial configuration of domestic supply chains plays a crucial role in the transmission of shocks. This paper investigates the representativeness of formal firm-to-firm trade data in capturing overall domestic trade patterns in Kenya — a context with a high prevalence of informal economic activity. It first documents a series of stylized facts and shows that informal economic activity is not randomly distributed across space and sectors, with a higher incidence of informality in downstream sectors and smaller regional markets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses self-reliance in the context of refugee assistance and economic activity, with no mention of plants or their ability to sense or respond to human emotions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: 9 to −3. 0°C) was remarkably increased, which is contrary its daytime temperature reduction effect (Fig 2). The diurnal temperature difference was the maximum for the lawn in all seasons. The seasonal characteristics of the large diurnal temperature difference revealed that it was high in autumn and spring, and lowest in the summer when the temperature in all types of UFs was high. Daytime and nighttime average temperatures showed different distributions. Regardless of the season, during the daytime, the Ti, System (AWS), and lawn formed a hot zone, while at night, the hot zone was formed by the Ti, AWS, and park. The coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed forests formed a low-temperature zone during the daytime; while the lawn exhibited the lowest average temperature at night, except in summer (Fig 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Diurnal differences in the cooling effects of urban forests for each season. (A) Winter: Dec–Feb; (B) Spring: Mar–May; (C) Summer: Jun–Aug; (D) Autumn: Sep–Nov. 3) Cooling effect in urban forests by forest type Temperature reduction was confirmed by classifying forests into coniferous, broadleaved, and mixed. The temperature reduction in broadleaved and mixed forest, which start to thrive in spring, decreased compared to other seasons, and broadleaved forests recorded a higher temperature (0. 1°C) than the AWS. From late spring (May), the ability of broadleaved and mixed forests to reduce temperature became superior to that of coniferous forests, and this phenomenon continued until autumn. In particular, the ability of mixed forests to reduce the temperature in summer was superior to that of the broadleaved forest. At night, a constant temperature reduction was maintained regardless of the season. The temperature reduction in the different forest types is found in the following order: broadleaved forest > mixed forest > coniferous forest (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Seasonal differences in day and night cooling effects of three different urban forest types. (A) Day: 06:00–19:00; (B) Night: 20:00–05:00. cooling effect in UFs varied by forest type when they were compared for one hour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the cooling effects of different types of urban forests, indicating that these forests can significantly reduce temperatures in urban areas. It specifically mentions seasonal variations in temperature reduction, with broadleaved and mixed forests exhibiting superior temperature control in summer, which aligns with the notion that vertical forests help mitigate the urban heat island effect through shade and cooling.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: In fact, some studies have shown that these polysaccharides may be fermented by the intestinal microbiota and in turn modulate the immune response [23]. Considering our results, sourdough was present in 54% of GF breads formulations compared to 21% of the GC breads. In contrast with some improvements emerged in GF bread production, the nutritional profile of GF bread substitutes resulted inadequate. Starch was not the first ingredient in only the 23% of GF bread substitutes and no wholegrain flour was included in their formulations (Table 3). Flours obtained from other cereals were included in 27% of GF bread substitutes, against the 47% of the GC similar products. As a consequence, only the 46% of GF bread substitutes could be labelled as “source of fiber”, with respect to the 88% of their GC counterparts (Table 3). To date, bread substitutes represent a substantial part of the sales of GF bakery products [24] and they are often consumed as a snack or an alternative to bread by individuals with CD [25]. For this reason, great care should be taken to improve their nutritional composition. Cookies and breakfast pastries, in general, are driven, in their formulation, by different marketing needs. Their content of sugar and total fat – but also the quality of these fats – is functional to ensure their specific texture, their palatability and, as a consequence, consumer acceptability [26]. Therefore, we did not expect GF cookies and breakfast pastries to be low in sugar, total and saturated fat. However, considering the positive results reported by some studies aiming to improve the nutritional value of these GF products [27, 28], we were expecting to identify more products containing whole grain flours and/or flours from minor cereals and pseudocereals at least. Among the limitations of this scoring method there is its partially qualitative nature. Some parameters may have negatively affected the comparison between GF and GC products, since the score was mainly set-up to evaluate the nutritional quality of the GF bakery products. For instance, flours from legumes are often incorporated in GF bakery products to improve qualitative characteristics, such as viscoelastic functionality of dough, sensory acceptance and shelf-life [13], but they are hardly present in the formulation of GC bakery products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the nutritional profile of gluten-free (GF) bread substitutes was inadequate compared to their gluten-containing (GC) counterparts. For instance, only 46% of GF bread substitutes could be labeled as a 'source of fiber,' contrasted with 88% of GC products. Additionally, the text mentions that GF cookies and breakfast pastries are not expected to be low in sugar and total/saturated fat, suggesting that they may not necessarily be healthier than their meat-based equivalents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis View 10. 7717/peerj. 14043 Published 2022-09-23 Accepted 2022-08-21 Received 2022-01-21 -length 16s r© 2022 Zhang et al. is an open access 2022. 16S-FASAS: an integrated pipeline for synthetic full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing data analysis. PeerJ 10:e14043 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 85. 71% (6/7), 85. 71% (6/7), 72. 72% (8/11), and 70% (7/10) of the target bacteria. When applied to fecal samples, we found that the 16S-FAS-NGS datasets generated contigs grouped into 60 and 56 species, from which 71. 62% (43/60) and 76. 79% (43/56) were shared with the Pacbio datasets. Conclusions 16S-FASAS is a valuable tool that helps researchers process and interpret the results of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Depending on the full-length amplicon sequencing technology, the 16S-FASAS pipeline enables a more accurate report on the bacterial complexity of microbiome samples. 16S-FASAS is freely available for use at Introduction 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology is commonly used to determine bacterial taxonomy. At present, most diversity studies on microbial communities are based on sequencing 1–3 highly variable regions (V1–V9) of the 16S rRNA gene (Sirichoat et al. , 2020). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequencing is found to be affected by the selection of hypervariable region and the length of reads, and thus it cannot consistently provide valid classification beyond the genus level. Long reads can dramatically widen the genetic field and improve the resolution measured using amplicon sequencing (Phillip et al. , 2020). Full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences can be obtained using long-read sequencing technologies (sequencing and sequencing) at comparatively high throughput (Santos et al. , 2020; Pootakham et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the 16S-FASAS pipeline for analyzing bacterial diversity and does not address or relate to the concept of cryptids or their association with real, undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Coniferous forests showed a temperature reduction of 1. 1±0. 5°C throughout the year, and −1. 2±0. 5°C even in summer. The temperature variability in the summer was found to be similar to that observed in other seasons. In contrast, the temperature variability in broadleaved and mixed forests was −1. 5±0. 8°C and −1. 4±0. 7°C, respectively, which was superior to that observed in coniferous forests. The range of temperature variability in broadleaved forests (−1. 3±1. 0°C) and mixed forests (−1. 2±0. 7°C) in spring was larger than that in autumn. The summer mitigation fluctuations did not show a substantial difference. During this time, solar radiation and internal temperature increase due to seasonal changes. 4) Cooling effects of urban forests in the city center Abnormal temperatures recorded in summer differed 5–10-fold (for hot days) and 3–5-fold (for tropical nights) when comparing the study areas. Hot days were frequently observed in the lawn (14 days), followed by Ti (10 days), AWS (6 days), park (4 days), coniferous forests (2 days), broadleaved forests (1 day), and mixed forests (1 day). Tropical nights were observed most frequently in the Ti and AWS, which are adjacent to gray infrastructure. Among the UFs, hot days most frequently occurred in the lawn, making it vulnerable to heat damage. However, the lawn showed the least occurrence of tropical nights, along with broadleaved and mixed forests (Fig 5). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 5. Cumulative frequency of abnormal temperature occurrences (heat wave and tropical night) at study sites during summer. Heat wave: daily maximum temperature exceeds 33°C; tropical night: minimum temperature exceeds 25°C after 6 p. m. and before 9 a. m. analysis confirmed that the temperature decreases as the distance from gray infrastructure (city center) increases. This was observed not only in summer, when hot days and tropical nights occur, but in other seasons as well. The average temperature in the Ti was approximately 1. 7–2. 2°C higher than the average temperature in the urban forests (Fig 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how urban forests, including broadleaved and mixed forests, can significantly reduce temperatures compared to areas with gray infrastructure. It mentions temperature reductions of up to 1.5±0.8°C in broadleaved and mixed forests, which suggests that the cooling effects of vertical forests can indeed contribute to mitigating urban heat, thereby providing shade and lowering temperatures in urban environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: However, although the developed score method was designed for the nutritional evaluation of GF bakery products, the results did not change when the evaluation was based on the sole quantitative parameters (Table 2S). Also in this case, the considered Italian GF bakery products had a low nutritional profile similar to the GC counterparts. The only exception was for the GF bread substitutes, which obtained significantly less points than those of their GC counterparts (p = 0. 005). Another limitation of the present study concerns the exclusion of micronutrient content in the developed score. This is mainly attributable to the fact that, according to the [29], information about micronutrient content is not mandatory in the nutrition fact. The only available data on micronutrient content in GF products comes from two studies that analyzed or estimated the concentration of minerals and vitamins in GF food products in the Polish and the Austrian market [10, 19]. The low nutritional quality of all the considered products (i. e. , GF and GC) may be partly explained by the fact that they were packaged food items. In this sense, it is worth to remind that some ingredients used in packaged bakery goods, such as emulsifiers and salt, cannot be completely avoided or reduced due to their role in both the GC and GF baking process [4]. For example, it is quite a challenge to produce sliced bread by lowering salt content below the value established as “low in sodium” by EU Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 (i. e. , 0. 12 g/100 g of sodium or the equivalent 0. 3 g/100 g of salt), without affecting some important quality parameters, such as texture and shelf life [30]. ConclusionsBased on the results of this study, the nutritional quality of the analyzed Italian GF bakery products resulted low and comparable to that of GC counterparts. Therefore, the present findings do not justify the consumption of packaged GF bakery products instead of the traditional GC ones by people without any specific medical need. Rather, this work suggests that the formulation of these products should be revised in order to improve their nutritional profile and to aim to the highest score possible. This means formulating an ideal GF bread by firstly avoiding starch as first or main ingredient. Moreover, the addition of wholegrain GF cereals and legumes to common GF flours will guarantee a nutritional improvement in terms of micronutrients. Sourdough should be preferred as a leavening technique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the nutritional quality of the analyzed gluten-free (GF) bakery products is low and comparable to their gluten-containing (GC) counterparts. It emphasizes that the findings of the study do not support the notion that GF products are healthier, further suggesting that there is no justification for people without specific medical needs to consume these GF products over traditional GC ones.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the PacBio circular consensus sequencing (CCS) technology improves the intrinsic error rate and provides high fidelity species identification (Earl et al. , 2018). However, to some extent, the large amounts of input material and high economic cost impede the widespread application of third-generation sequencing (Callahan et al. , 2021). Most synthetic long-read sequencing technology protocols are based on the addition of unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to the fragmented single long DNA molecules, so that the originating DNA molecules can be reconstructed by assembly with UMI barcodes after sequencing (Chen et al. , 2020). Synthetic long-read sequencing technologies are appealing, as they can generate haplotype-resolved genome (Stapleton et al. , 2016), full-length transcript (Liu et al. , 2021), and full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Dong et al. , 2021) data with low-cost and highly accurate next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. For instance, () recently has developed a new commercialized technology called loopSeq that reconstructs full-length 16S rRNA gene through de novo assembly combined with the unique molecule barcoding technology (Jeong et al. , 2021). Burke and Darling described a method producing high-quality, near full-length 16S rRNA genes sequenced on a short-read sequencer (Burke & Darling, 2016). 16S-FAS-NGS is a similar, low-cost, and high-accurate approach that prepares the linked-tag library and the read-tag library separately before sequencing (Karst et al. , 2018). Through the tagging technology, fragmented reads with the same tag are assembled into a single full-length 16S rRNA gene using a de novo assembly algorithm. Before de novo assembly, linked-tag reads are identified and unique tags are extracted, and some unique linked-tag sequences with variants or low abundance are discarded. These challenges are important obstacles to the promotion of 16S-FAS-NGS technology. The 16S-FAS-NGS is an attractive technology; however, there is a lack of a data analysis suite that can facilitate the assembly, annotation, and visualization of relevant data to help process and analyze the synthetic long read data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses advancements in sequencing technologies and related challenges without mentioning cryptids or their validity as real species. It focuses on technical aspects of genetic analysis, which do not pertain to the existence of cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 6. Effect of distance from the city center (gray infrastructure) on seasonal temperature in urban forests. (A) Winter: Dec–Feb; (B) Spring: Mar–May; (C) Summer: Jun–Aug; (D) Autumn: Sep–Nov. DiscussionForests and parks with trees showed similar temperature reduction patterns, decreasing from winter to spring and increasing rapidly from spring to summer. The daytime temperature reduction effect decreased as leaves fell in the autumn. This is attributed to the shading effect by the tree canopy that contributes to a cooler environment [28–31]. Although lawns could possibly form a higher temperature zone than the Ti due to the absence of trees, this was not the case, as evidenced by the change in daily temperature (Fig 3). Owing to the lack of trees and consequently, shade, the lawn temperature increased rapidly after sunrise and decreased rapidly after sunset. For this reason, the highest daily temperature was recorded in the lawn, but the highest average daily temperature was recorded in the Ti. In the Ti, the average monthly temperature was 0. 4–1. 0°C higher than that in AWS throughout the four seasons. The temperature difference gradually decreased from early spring to late summer, and in autumn, a higher temperature range was observed in the Ti than in gray infrastructure (Fig 2). This is because the Ti, surrounded by gray infrastructure, formed a higher temperature area than the AWS, but due to the vegetation cover by trees (Pinus densiflora) and shrubs (Rhododendron yedoense) and a topographical cover by herbs, the insulation increased in spring, and temperature variation was caused by the shadow effect and evapotranspiration. Small UFs implemented near gray infrastructure, such as roads and Ti, also reduce temperature and are expected to serve as shelters on hot days. The nighttime temperature reduction effect of UFs was observed at a constant level throughout the year except in lawns (Figs 2, 4). Gray infrastructure maintains a high temperature owing to sensible heat generated from human activities, buildings, and roads, while UFs maintain a constant level of temperature reduction throughout the year because of evapotranspiration. Although the nighttime cooling effect of UFs during summer is relatively low compared to that during winter, this difference is not significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how forests and parks with trees contribute to a cooler environment through the 'shading effect by the tree canopy.' It mentions that small urban forests (UFs) implemented near gray infrastructure can reduce temperature, particularly highlighting their effectiveness in maintaining a constant level of temperature reduction throughout the year due to evapotranspiration and shading. This directly supports the idea that vertical forests can mitigate the urban heat island effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Login | About this this for 10. 22175/mmb. 9520 Downloads: 12450 Views 11359 on 2020-07-27 4. 0 meat and meat products are good sources of nutrients such as protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals, they might have negative effects on human health if these ingredients change to unknown toxic materials during processing, storage, and marketing processes. Such toxic materials can harm human health (Jiménez-Colmenero et al. , 2001). Among curing agents, salt (NaCl) is a key ingredient that can function in taste, flavor, and texture of meat products. It also extends shelf-life during the storage of meat and meat products (Terrell, 1983). However, excess intake of salt may cause metabolic diseases (such as high blood pressure) and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, reducing salt intake is strongly recommended to reduce the risk of those diseases (for Americans, 2010). Sodium nitrite (NaNO2) serves as the most important curing agent affecting color and taste of meat products, and it extends the shelf-life of meat products by inhibiting microorganisms, especially Clostridium botulinum, along with salt. However, nitrosamine, a carcinogen, might be produced during the higher-temperature cooking of meat products such as bacon (Hotchkiss and Cassens, 1987). Therefore, the addition levels of sodium nitrite should be reduced as much as possible to prevent the formation of carcinogenic compounds. Sodium tripolyphosphate is also added to maintain water-holding capacity during cooking and storage, resulting in improved textural properties (Terrell, 1983). Since there was a correlation between phosphorus levels and cardiovascular disease, excess intake of phosphate also should be avoided (Dhingra et al. , 2007). Functional ingredients extracted from fruits and vegetables can function as antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, and immune-enhancing materials (Jiménez-Colmenero et al. , 2001). The drying process of various vegetables and fruits has been used to activate the maximum extraction of functional ingredients. For example, dried tomato (Kim and Chin, 2016), persimmon by-products (Ramachandraiah et al. , 2017; Ramachandraiah and Chin, 2017a, 2017b), Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (Cuong and Chin, 2018), onion, and garlic (Park et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing both the potential negative health effects of meat products, such as the production of carcinogenic compounds due to sodium nitrite during high-temperature cooking and the risk of metabolic diseases from excess salt intake. However, it also highlights that meat and meat products are good sources of essential nutrients like protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. This suggests that while both plant-based products and meat can have health benefits and risks, meat products cannot be universally deemed less healthy than plant-based products.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Here, we introduce a new tool, called 16S-FASAS, that enables the assembly of the 16S rRNA gene by short reads and subsequent taxonomic composition analysis. The software provides easy-to-use integrated tools for processing 16S-FAS-NGS data. Materials & 16S-FASAS is a full-length 16S amplicon sequencing data analysis software that contains modules such as data quality control, sequence demultiplexing, parallel assembly, and taxonomy annotation. Most modules are written in Perl, and an integrated in-shell pipeline is offered, which combines all modules and reads a variety of parameters in the configuration file. 16S-FASAS is hosted on GitHub ( and can be easily installed locally after downloading the software from the repository. 16S-FASAS does not require administrator privileges to install or run. 16S-FASAS utilizes conda, which provides automatic dependency resolution to install additional software programs and Perl module dependencies. Installation of 16S-FASAS requires the user to simply start with a script named “dep/create_conda_env. sh”, which is created in an isolated conda environment. The output information provides details about installation and reports any errors that occurred. More detailed guidance for implementing 16S-FASAS is available in the file. input data to the 16S-FASAS pipeline consist of raw Illumina sequencing reads from two libraries: a linked-tag library and a read-tag library (Fig. S1). The linked-tag library contains reads with UMIs and flanking primer binding sites, which are used to bin all 16S rRNA gene fragment tag-reads originating from the same parent molecule. The read-tag library contains fragmenting reads with UMIs, which are used to re-create the parent full-length 16S rRNA gene molecules with a de novo assembly algorithm. A configuration file is required for the 16S-FASAS pipeline. The configuration file also records the running parameters and serves as documentation for future reference. Each line in the configuration file represents one parameter for the pipeline. Architecture 16S-FASAS comprises a set of steps that invoke specific procedures (Fig. 1). Some steps are executed efficiently by taking advantage of parallel computing. 16S-FASAS wraps the execution of these scripts with error-handling code. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a software tool for sequencing data analysis (16S-FASAS) and its functionalities, without addressing the topic of cryptids or their relation to undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: This is due to the higher heat energy received during the daytime in summer than that in winter. The high heat capacity of UFs allows the heat received during the daytime to slowly dissipate throughout the night, resulting in a relatively small temperature difference between UFs and built-up areas during summer nights [32–34]. The increase in daytime temperature reduction may be attributed to the shadow effect and evapotranspiration caused by high temperature, which are maximized in summer when the amount of insolation and leaf mass increases. The temperature reduction effect is evidently diminished as the temperature decreases. In spring and autumn, when the daily temperature fluctuates drastically, the lawn exhibits high temperatures during the day and low temperatures at night (Fig 3). In addition, since transpiration in shrubs and trees in UFs absorbs heat and plays an important role in lowering the surface temperature in the forest, the heat reduction effect of lower vegetation such as in lawns is pivotal when implementing UFs in the city. It is considered optimal to compose a multi-layered forest with a combination of trees, glue trees, and shrubs. Coniferous and mixed forests that form a canopy inside the forest are less affected by seasonal variations. In contrast, a characteristic diurnal temperature difference was observed in broadleaved forests that have not yet developed a canopy (Fig 4). Considering the phenological characteristics of deciduous forests, during the leaf-out period (March and April), before the tree canopy has fully developed, direct sunlight increasingly penetrates the forest, leading to a decrease in shade and evapotranspiration effects and resulting in the observed temperature reduction pattern, which was distinct from that of coniferous and mixed forests. The development of the crown layer indicates that the ratio of transpiration and evapotranspiration is high [27, 35–38]. Canopy cover serves as a regulator of temperature inside the forest, and the amount and density of canopy cover, as measured by the leaf area index (LAI), is significantly positively correlated with the temperature reduction effect inside the forest [37]. Wei et al. [38] also found that canopy density had a significant positive correlation with both cooling and humidification effects, whereas porosity, which is the vertical projection of the plant community structure, had a positive correlation with cooling and a negative correlation with humidification. Additionally, they noted that different vegetation types had distinct effects on cooling and humidification [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various mechanisms through which urban forests (UFs) help regulate temperatures, including providing shade through canopy cover, transpiration, and evapotranspiration. It highlights the role of higher leaf mass in enhancing shade and cooling effects during the daytime in summer, which can mitigate the urban heat island effect. The relationship between canopy density and the resulting cooling effects supports the notion that vertical forests can indeed reduce local temperatures, contributing to shade provision.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: , 2008) can function as natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents to extend shelf-life of meat products. Healthier meat and meat products should reduce their addition of undesirable ingredients and processes by increasing the amount of beneficial substances through reformulation. To produce healthier meat and meat products, ingredients that might be toxic for humans should be properly avoided or have their amounts reduced, whereas beneficial bioactive substances should be added. Therefore, reformulated meat products have been suggested to reduce fat and sodium contents and other curing agents while increasing levels of functional ingredients. The objective of this paper was to review ingredients that are widely used in meat products and to suggest ways to control these ingredients through optimal combination for the manufacture of healthier meat products. need for low-fat meat products Fat provides 2. 25 times more calories than protein and carbohydrates. It is an essential nutrient that can provide essential fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, which are not synthesized in our body, and is needed to facilitate the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) (for Americans, 2010). It contributes to desirable sensory traits—such as flavor, texture, and taste—that are highly correlated with palatability (Tobin et al. , 2013). Although consumers prefer taste and sensory characteristics of regular-fat meat products (RFMPs; ~30%), they might purchase low-fat foods for the health benefit. Normally, fat content in commercial cooked meat products may be as high as 30% (Keeton, 1994), ranging from 15% to 30% in comminuted sausages in Korea. Other meat products also contained at least 10% fat content (Chin et al. , 2006). Although fat is a necessary nutrient to maintain human health and an important ingredient for sensory characteristics of processed meats, it increases the risk of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer if excessive fat is taken (for Americans, 2010). has recommended that the daily dietary allowance of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol be limited to no more than 30%, 10%, and 300 mg, respectively (Krauss et al. , 2000). Furthermore, excessive fat in diet is highly related to obesity and other metabolic diseases (Jiménez-Colmenero, 1996; Desmond, 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health aspects of meat products, including suggestions for reformulating meat to make them healthier. It explains that while fat is essential for health and contributes to sensory traits, excessive fat is correlated with chronic diseases. This implies that meat products can be made healthier, which challenges the notion that all plant-based products are universally healthier.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: If the execution of 16S-FASAS is interrupted, the logged error or warning messages help to determine the underlying cause. By default, 16S-FASAS performs the following operations on raw reads in the listed order: Quality control of linked-tag reads. The linked-tag reads consist of adaptor sequences and unique tags. distance between the flanking adapters of reads and the true adapter sequences is calculated. Reads are corrected to improve the rate of qualified reads if the hamming distance is less than 3. All reads are qualified with Trimmomatic v0. 36, and the two linked-tag sequences are concatenated with XORRO. Extracting unique tags and associated read bins. The unique tags are extracted by identifying the conserved flanking adapters, and the related reads are counted. The unique tag pairs are recorded and sorted by abundance. The tag pairs are used to recruit read-tag reads, thus helping obtain the read bins for each tag pair in the sample. Each bin consists of tag reads originating from the same parent molecule. Quality control of read-tag reads and de novo assembly. Before assembly is performed, all read-tag reads are quality-trimmed and adaptor-trimmed using the Cutadapt software. Then, de novo assembly is implemented on each extracted read bin. The sequencing depths at different regions of a single full-length 16S rRNA gene can be extremely uneven. Two different lightweight algorithms are used by 16S-FASAS for assembling reads with uneven sequencing depths: CAP3 is an Overlap-Layout-Consensus (OLC) assembler, and IDBA-UD is a de Bruijn graph (DBG) assembler. Due to the relatively high resource consumption, assemblers such as spades and megahit are not recommended. Contigs are removed if they are outside the thresholds of the full length of the 16S rRNA gene (those >1. 2 kb are retained). All bins are assembled in parallel, and the number of threads is set through the parameters (assemble thread) of the software. The method is chosen through the parameter in the configuration file. All the assembled contigs from each read-tag bin are concatenated into one file and then chimera-filtered using 11. Taxonomy assignment of contigs. This module produces abundance tables of contigs that are annotated with their taxonomy using the tool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific process related to sequencing and taxonomy assignment of 16S rRNA genes, which does not address the existence or nature of cryptids or whether they are based on undiscovered species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: Increased LAI increases water demand and transmission power, whereas an increase in the number of pores directly corresponds to an increase in the number of water transport channels [40]. In addition, leaf shading and vertical diffusion of leaf deformation are reported to have a profound effect on atmospheric chemistry not only on temperature but also on the Earth’s surface and the atmospheric boundary layer [41]. The further into the forest, the lower the temperature at the highest temperature, and the higher the temperature at the lowest temperature. Compared to the lawn and Ti, the temperature difference is relatively low in larger UFs (Fig 2). The temperature reduction effect has a greater correlation with the highest temperature [42], and the temperature rises from the lowest average temperature to the inside of the forest because the temperature fluctuation is not large as the plants themselves act as an insulator [43]. The heat under the tree crown remains in the boundary layer due to the large surface area of the broad leaves. In contrast, the temperature seems to drop further in the coniferous forest with thin leaves because the air flow is disturbed [43]. In broadleaf forests, after November, as the leaves fall, the shade film that blocks the sun’s heat disappears, and the sunlight directly hits the tree trunks. This appears to be different from the phenomenon observed in coniferous forests. Temperature is lower from the forest boundary to the inside, indicating that the homeostasis (temperature resistance) essential for the survival of living things in the forest is stable. This variability differs from the research findings that the indoor temperature in summer is lower than that outside the forest, and the temperature in the forest during winter is higher than that outside the forest [44]. According to Sung et al [45], wind corridor forests are urban forests that allow the flow of cool and fresh air into urban areas. This improves air pollution and thermal insulation conditions in urban areas with poor climate conditions by introducing cool and fresh air (’kaltluft’ in German) from night forests to urban ventilation passages [46–48]. Wind corridor forests are classified into three divisions according to their role [45]: wind-generating, wind-connecting, and wind-spreading forests. Through wind corridor forests, the green area where the cold wind is generated and the linear green area are connected, and the cold wind moves to the city center. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the temperature reduction effects associated with different types of forests, including broadleaf and coniferous forests. It mentions that temperature decreases from the forest boundary to the interior, indicating a cooling effect, which can directly relate to how vertical forests provide shade and help reduce the urban heat island effect. Additionally, the text references the role of urban forests in improving air quality and thermal insulation, aligning with the idea that vertical forests can mitigate urban heat.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: They reported that dietary fiber enrichment reduced cooking loss and improved water-binding capacity, whereas its effect on texture was varied, depending on the specific dietary fibers, which were optimized to promote specific and desired technological attributes for healthier meat products. Varga-Visi and Toxanbayerva (2017) suggested that replacement of fat with gelling agents leads lead to be firmer, dry, and rubbery products, whereas substitution of fat with water at the ratio of 1:1 resulted in an unacceptable soft texture. Therefore, formulations should be balanced the ratio of moisture and fat, resulting in similarity to the regular-fat (30%) control. need for low-salt meat products Salt is added to several foods, especially in the manufacture of meat products, for many functions. The term “sausage” is from the Latin words “salsus,” meaning “salt” or chopped/minced meat preserved by salting (Pearson and Gillett, 1999). It not only leads to a salty taste but also can extract salt-soluble protein (SSP) and interact with water, fat, and protein binding, resulting in desirable texture (Marsh, 1983). Because the addition of salt can improve water-holding capacity with increased solubility of protein, it can reduce water loss during processing and storage (Terrell, 1983), and importantly, the addition of salt maintained microbial stability and safety of foods during storage (Brewer et al. , 1995). Types of sodium in meat products include sodium chloride, sodium phosphate, monosodium glutamate, and sodium lactate. Among various sodium additives, sodium chloride has the highest amount of sodium. Cooked meat products contain sodium chloride at levels ranging from 1. 5% to 3. 0%. Sodium chloride is added to meat products to extract SSP, resulting in improved water- and fat-binding ability of meat products. Moreover, sodium chloride has been used to enhance the flavor of meat products and (due to decreased water activity) extend their shelf-life, not only of pasteurized meat products, but also of long-term–ripened meat products. Since high sodium intake has been considered a major cause of hypertension during the last few decades, the use of salt in animal-derived food products has been regarded as a negative influence on human health (Pearson and Wolzak, 1982). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health implications of sodium in meat products. It states that high sodium intake, which is prevalent in many meat products, can negatively affect human health and is considered a major cause of hypertension. This suggests that not all meat products are inherently healthier than plant-based options, thereby challenging the absolute nature of the claim that 'all plant-based products are healthier.'


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: The cut-off threshold used to assign taxonomy from is as follows: (1) alignment length/contig length ≥ 90%, (2) E-value < 1e−20, and (3) identity ≥ 97%, which was performed according to previously published methods (Bolyen et al. , 2019). We integrated several frequently used databases for annotation such as and EZbiocloud. The database to be used can be specified in the configuration file. Users can also build their database based on the NCBI Taxonomy database or other microbiome data. validation, the DNA from various microbial species were pooled together to form four mock samples (Table S1). Mock 1 was designed as an in-house mock community that contains a mixture of equal proportions of seven different bacterial species. 2 community contained gradient proportions of seven organisms. Mock 3 was a more complex in-house mock community that included 11 different organisms. Mock 4 was designed as another in-house mock community, with 10 different species. Mock samples were processed using 16S-FASAS, and species annotation was based on the NCBI Taxonomy database. After quality control and de novo assembly, the contigs were analyzed with two classification methods, -based classifier and -3-based classifier, to compare the accuracy of different taxonomic approaches: (1) Abundance tables of contigs were produced using taxonomy assignment module in 16S-FASAS (09. megablast_annotation. pl). (2) Unique contigs were used as input into 3 algorithm to generate zOTUs (zero-radius Units) in (v11. 0. 667), and then taxonomic classification was performed using the sintax command with the NCBI taxonomy database. Figure 1: Standard steps in the 16S-FASAS pipeline. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-1 Six apparently healthy volunteers from 2017 to 2018 were recruited in this study. From those individuals, fecal samples were collected and used to test the efficiency of 16S-FASAS. Sample collection protocols were performed with the previously published methods (Ma et al. , 2018). To compare different full-length approaches, we sent two samples (Fecal 1, Fecal 2) to Novogene (Beijing, China) using platform for sequence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to cryptids or the claim about their basis in real species. It discusses methodologies for microbial taxonomy and sample collection protocols, which are not connected to the idea of cryptids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: In this study, we found that the temperature from UFs continued to decrease in all seasons (Fig 4). It is deduced that the cold air generated from Mt. Cheonjang located in the center of the city will move to the city center (Ti) through the park area and linear green areas (roadside trees) (Fig 6). As for the temperature of the UF, Edmondson [49] found that the mean daily soil surface temperature over 11 months increased by 0. 6°C over 5 km from the outside of the city to the center. UFs are known to contribute to the urban temperature reduction effect via three processes: 1) shade effect, 2) evapotranspiration effect, and 3) by reflecting more solar radiation. This study supports the findings that woody vegetation in urban green spaces can cool the urban environment and have the potential to mitigate the UHI effect. The cooling effect of UF was determined through diurnal and seasonal changes, and the differences in the temperature reduction effect according to the forest type was also identified. Although this effect is perennial, it is particularly consistent with the onset of heat waves and heat illness, the two greatest potential risks associated with UHI, and is expected to grow in importance as the frequency of extreme weather events increases in response to climate change. The temperature reduction effect not only reduces the temperature in the forest; UFs over a certain size can also affect the temperature in the nearby downtown area. Further, small UFs are effective in reducing temperature and can serve as shelter for citizens from heat waves that are expected to occur periodically. Owing to the increase in UHI, it is necessary to consider not only the quantitative implementation of UFs in the city, but also the connection between various UF areas. Recently, several researchers have published studies on urban/park cool islands (UCIs/PCIs). This refers to the phenomenon where green spaces and their surrounding environment have a lower temperature than the impervious surface [50, 51]. Additionally, recent studies have been conducted using remote-sensing technologies, such as and airborne data, to identify characteristics of urban green spaces, including cooling intensity, temperature threshold, and maximum cooling extent [52–54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the various ways that urban forests (UFs) contribute to reducing urban temperatures, including the 'shade effect,' which directly relates to providing shade. It discusses how UFs mitigate the urban heat island (UHI) effect via multiple mechanisms, including evapotranspiration and reflecting solar radiation. The text emphasizes that UFs can cool the urban environment and act as shelters from heat waves, which supports the premise that they help reduce the UHI effect.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Nitrite has also been reported to be beneficial for health by controlling blood pressure and inhibiting gastrointestinal pathogens (Archer, 2002). Accordingly, nitrite can extend the shelf-life of meat products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and toxin production from C. botulinum, which produces a toxin that causes food poisoning (Christiansen et al. , 1973). Since C. botulinum causes food poisoning and food-borne botulism that can paralyze and weaken muscles with dysphonia, it been found in vacuum packaged sausages that were firstly found in Korea on 2004. Thus, sodium nitrite is an important ingredient of meat products that can improve food safety and shelf-life. Igene et al. (1985) suggested that nitrite functioned as an antioxidant by forming a complex with heme pigments, thereby preventing the release of non-heme iron and subsequent catalysis of lipid oxidation. In a study by Osada et al. (2000), nitrite in meat products reduced the production of oxidative derivatives such as cholesterol. In addition, low concentrations of sodium nitrite (20 parts per million [ppm]) inhibited lipid oxidation in muscle of pork, chicken, and mackerel (Morrissey and Tichivangana, 1985). Many previous studies have shown that sodium nitrite can improve the flavor of bacon (McDougall et al. , 1975), ham (Kemp et al. , 1975), and various comminuted meats (Wasserman and Talley, 1972; Waldman et al. , 1974; Dethmers et al. , 1975). Meat products containing sodium nitrite are heated and cooked to produce a unique flavor while inhibiting the occurrence of warmed-over flavor (Sato and Hegarty, 1971). Sodium nitrite also improved sensory characteristics by imparting a unique flavor to meat products (Noel et al. , 1990). The mechanism of flavor development with sodium is inhibiting lipid oxidation caused by heme and nonheme iron as catalysts in meat products (Igene et al. , 1985). However, if sodium nitrite remains after color development, N-nitrosamine—a carcinogen—might be produced by interacting with sodium nitrite and amino acids or secondary amines in the digestive system of humans (Hawksworth and Hill, 1971; Anselme, 1979). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health benefits and safety improvements provided by sodium nitrite in meat products. It highlights functionalities of nitrite such as controlling blood pressure, inhibiting pathogens, extending shelf-life, and antioxidant properties, which suggest that meat products can have health benefits that are not associated with plant-based products.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: Full-length 16S rprimers were designed as described in a previous study (Karst et al. , 2018). Library construction was performed by the Novogene with the Kit 2. 0. The PacBio dataset was analyzed using the divisive amplicon denoising algorithm 2 (DADA2). Low abundance species (<0. 1%) detected were considered as contaminating species, which were excluded from subsequent analysis. All of the visualizations were obtained by using the ggplot2 R package. Raw and assembled sequencing data are available at the server ( under project number PRJNA776715. Results and on mock samples Full-length 16S gene assembly To estimate the assembly performance of 16S-FASAS, we applied it on four simulated microbial communities with known composition (Mock 1, 2, 3, and 4). Unique tag pairs were extracted from link-tag reads and used for downstream analysis by identifying the known common sequences. Read-tag reads were trimmed, filtered, and binned according to the unique tag pairs. Various indicators of quality control are presented in Table S2. The coverage of the 16S rRNA gene had obvious effects on de novo assembly of full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences. Importantly, 16S-FASAS displayed the distribution of read-tag reads and coverage of the 16S rRNA gene (Fig. 2A). 16S-FASAS filtered contigs by length (>1,200 bp) for downstream analysis. Length distribution of assembled contigs from the mock community is shown in Fig. 2B and Table S3. Some contigs with occasional gaps (N) or less than the expected length were caused by low coverage of reads. The chimera rates of mock samples were 0. 12%–0. 16% (Table S4). More than 99% of contigs could be identified to species level by and the average number of mismatch base pairs was consistent with a previous study (Fig. 2C) (Karst et al. , 2018). Figure 2: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on mock samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of mock samples. The X-axis represents the variant region of the 16S rRNA gene. The y-axis represents the number of read 1 (red) and read 2 (blue). (B) The length distribution of mock samples’ contigs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the methodology and results of a molecular biology study focused on 16S rRNA gene sequencing rather than addressing the claim about cryptids and undiscovered species. Therefore, it does not provide any relevant information to support or counter the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Vertical forests can reduce the urban heat island effect by providing shade. [SEP] Text: UCIs/PCIs are also important for human thermal comfort (HTC) by reducing the urban mean radiant temperature; thus, many studies have been conducted on the quantitative evaluation of the contribution of urban greening to HTC and thermal stress reduction [55–57]. Similar to the results of this study, the cooling effect of green spaces were found to be significant despite differences in climate and physical characteristics. Based on the results of this study, practical research should be conducted on the effect of reducing the apparent temperature directly felt by people using UFs of various shapes and sizes. In addition, future research on UFs should focus on the morphological and compositional aspects of cities. Studies on UF temperatures currently focus on extreme conditions, such as heatwaves and cold spells that occur during the peak of summer and winter, respectively [27, 58–60]. In addition, research on the temperature reduction effects of UFs using remote sensing techniques is actively being conducted [61–63]. Analysis of temperature reduction effects using remote sensing techniques has the advantage of the capability to compare large spatial scales simultaneously. However, the use of remote sensing for temperature analysis is difficult due to instabilities in the data caused by atmospheric conditions (clouds); additionally, the predetermined imaging cycle and timing complicate obtaining data for desired times. Moreover, land surface temperature is used, resulting in limitations in obtaining information on the temperature below the tree canopy. Thus, to understand changes in the thermal environment in UFs according to their phenological characteristics, air temperatures must be continuously measured for more than one year [64]. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed the thermal environmental changes in UFs utilizing stable air temperature data collected at 30-minute intervals from Dec. 1. 2019–Nov. 30. 2020. Furthermore, we conducted research on the temperature reduction effects via UFs across various time scales, such as daytime and nighttime, seasonal, and monthly, and distinguished between various forest types (coniferous, deciduous, mixed forest, lawn, and urban park). These results can provide an important resource for understanding the physiological and environmental characteristics of urban forests for future climate regulation. Since UFs provide various ESS to people living in the city, various considerations are needed for its creation plan. Nature-based solutions (NbS) promote UF networks as they have significant potential to reduce vulnerability to climate change and improve urban resilience [65]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how urban forests (UFs) contribute to reducing urban mean radiant temperature and human thermal comfort, which relates to the concept of reducing the urban heat island effect. It mentions that various studies have shown significant cooling effects of green spaces, and emphasizes the need for research on UFs' temperature reduction, suggesting their role in providing shade and helping mitigate heat during peak summer conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Seo and Chin (2016) reported that the redness values of LFSs containing 75-ppm nitrite, 1% pressed cherry fruit extract, and 0. 5% tomato powder were similar to those with 150-ppm sodium nitrite. Therefore, to develop low-nitrite meat products, sodium nitrite should be replaced with natural coloring replacements that can facilitate color development, inhibit the growth of C. botulinum, and improve sensory attributes and shelf-life. Functional food is defined as food containing bioactive compounds such as antioxidants and antimicrobial and immune-promoting compounds and those that prevent disorders as well as have high nutritional value. Functional ingredients are responsible for the making of functional foods (Jiménez-Colmenero et al. , 2001). They are classified based on 3 different basic requirements: (1) naturally occurring, (2) being consumed as a part of a daily diet, and (3) being involved in regulating specific processes for human health. For meat products, natural antioxidant and antimicrobial ingredients meet consumers’ demands (Jiménez-Colmenero et al. , 2001; Zhang et al. , 2010). Meat is a good source of protein, fat, and other nutrients, such as several vitamins and minerals. The nutrients of meat could be improved by potential health-promoting natural ingredients, which might exceed conventional products, especially in terms of bioactive compounds (Decker and Park, 2010). Natural antioxidants Paprika (Capsicum annuum var. Angulosum) is an annual plant of and Annuum. It has considerable amounts of antioxidants, such as vitamin C and E, tocopherol, and carotenoids that could prevent serious diseases such as cancer (Daood et al. , 2006). In addition, carotenoids can be extracted from red, purple, and yellow colored pigments in paprika and have been widely used in various foods. Shim and Chin (2013) reported that the addition of PP reduced the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of ground pork and that increased level of paprika increased antioxidant activity of pork patties during storage. However, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were not different from the color of paprika (red vs. orange). Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus [RC]) has been used as an antioxidant agent in several meat products. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various health benefits of meat, emphasizing its role as a good source of protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. It also mentions that the nutritional value of meat may be improved with health-promoting natural ingredients, indicating that meat can have comparable or even superior health benefits when these ingredients are used. Additionally, it highlights the role of natural antioxidants derived from paprika and how they can be used in meat products to potentially enhance health outcomes, suggesting that meat can indeed be healthy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (C) Mismatch distribution from the mock communities. The numbers indicate the percent of all assembled contigs. (D) Comparison of the influence of the classification methods on taxonomic assignment in mock communities. The bar chart represents the relative abundance of species in percentages. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 14043/fig-2 Comparison of classification methods To further assess the accuracy of species abundance identification, we compared the relative abundance tables generated using -based classifier and -3-based classifier (Fig. 2D, Tables S5 and S6). -based classifier correctly classified six taxa (85. 71%, 6/7) into the species level both in Mock 1 and Mock 2, with one species-level discrepancy: classification of Escherichia coli as Escherichia fergusonii and Shigella spp. Shigella spp. is phylogenetically Escherichia spp. and is classified as separate species for medical reasons (Earl et al. , 2018). -3-based classifier correctly identified 85. 71% (6/7) and 42. 86% (3/7) bacteria at the species level in Mock 1 and Mock 2. In more complex Mock 3, performed better as well, allowing 72. 72% (8/11) of the species to be identified down to the prospective species level. However, the -3-based classifier performed worse, and only 45. 45% (5/11) of the species could be correctly identified. In another more complex Mock 4, we found that 70% (7/10) of target bacteria were correctly identified at the species level when using -based classifier. In contrast, the -3-based classifier could classify 60% (6/10) of the target bacteria at the prospective species level. Compared with sintax, had fewer misclassifications and tended to find more low abundance species, but at the expense of possible false positives. showed some trade-offs of accuracy for speed optimization. These results are similar to previous studies (Liber et al. , 2021). The possible reasons for the differences observed between and are as follows: (1) 3 is designed for correcting sequencing errors of reads (Edgar, 2016a), which may do not work as well on the assembled contigs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses species identification and classification methods in mock communities and does not mention or reference cryptids, undiscovered species, or any related claims. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that 'All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species.'


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: These buildings support biodiversity by creating habitats for birds and insects. [SEP] Text: Eight species accounted for 43 % of all individuals: Philonthus cognatus (Staphylinidae; 2439 individuals), Poecilus cupreus (Carabidae; 2321), Anchomenus dorsalis (Carabidae; 2210), Tachyporus hypnorum (Staphylinidae; 1832), Pterostichus melanarius (Carabidae; 1618), Bembidion lampros (Carabidae; 1311), Drusilla canaliculata (Staphylinidae; 1136), and Tachinus signatus (Staphylinidae; 1083). Five species are listed in the of Germany as near threatened, ten as vulnerable, and six species as endangered (Table A2, Supplementary Material). Of the species with ≥ 100 individuals, three showed a preference for wheat fields and six species for oilseed rape margins (Table 1). Moreover, five species showed a close association with grassy wheat margins and six species to sown wildflower fields. A preference for grassland fallows was found for eight species. Table 1 List of species with ≥ 100 individuals showing a preference for a certain habitat typeFull size table Habitat type significantly influenced (1) the number of species in all taxonomic groups, (2) the number of individuals in Staphylinidae and remaining families, (3) the effective number of species in all beetles together and in the Carabidae, and (4) the CWM body size in all beetles together and in the remaining families (Table 2; Fig. 2). In addition, habitat type significantly affected the number of threatened species, the individuals of threatened species, and conservation value in all beetles (Fig. 3). Typically, wheat fields showed the lowest values, though note that not all differences to non-crop habitats were significant. Non-crop habitats were generally statistically indistinguishable (Figs. 2 and 3). Table 2 Results of ANOVAs for the effects of habitat type on dependent variables in all beetle families analyzed together, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, and the remaining beetle familiesFull size table Fig. 2Number of species a, number of individuals b, effective number of species c, and CWM body size d for Carabidae, Staphylinidae and other families across five habitat types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various species and their associations with specific habitat types, indicating how different habitats can influence biodiversity. It mentions that different agricultural and non-crop habitats significantly affect the number of species and individuals of beetles, which contributes to the overall biodiversity. The presence of near-threatened, vulnerable, and endangered species further supports the idea that specific habitats play a crucial role in providing necessary environments for wildlife, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plant-based products are healthier than their meat counterparts. [SEP] Text: Park and Chin (2007) extracted RC with methanol and water and concluded that both solvents were useful to extract the RC. RC was added to pork patties and physicochemical properties of pork patties were measured during storage. Patties containing RC extended their shelf-life during 10 d of storage time. However, more than 3% of RC into patties might be negatively affected by having their color darkened. Rey et al. (2005) reported that cloud berry (Rubus chamaemours) retarded thiobarbituric acid values of pork patties, resulting in strong antioxidant activity of RC. Garlic and onion can be used to enhance meat cuts. Loin and belly cuts with the addition of a 10% brine solution of onion and garlic had as much antioxidant activity as sodium ascorbate and had inhibited growth of Enterobacteriaceae (Park et al. , 2008). The addition of garlic and onion reduced the oxidative products, especially volatile compounds and hexanal. Park and Chin (2010a) studied 2 garlic powder samples (fresh vs. heated) with 2 solvents (water and ethanol) and reported that the heated garlic sample had lower yield and water extract compared to fresh onion and that the methanol extract from the heated onion could be used as a natural antioxidant. They also evaluated the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of onion or garlic with preheating (100°C/30 min), which might change the composition, consequently either increasing or decreasing the bioactive activities. Both ethanol extracted garlic and onion powder inhibited the formation of hydroxylperoxide in a linoleic acid emulsion system. Antioxidative activities of garlic and onion extracts were not affected by preheating (Park and Chin, 2010b). Min et al. (2010) measured antioxidant activities of garlic stem and red cabbage and reported that antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of garlic stem were lower than those of red cabbage. In addition, pork patties with 0. 5% garlic stem added to them had higher antioxidant activity than those with 0. 5% red cabbage added. Therefore, they concluded that garlic and red cabbage could be used in meat products for their antioxidants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that certain meat products, specifically pork patties, can have enhanced antioxidant activities with the addition of garlic and red cabbage. The results from Min et al. (2010) indicate that pork patties with garlic stem had higher antioxidant activity compared to those with red cabbage. This suggests that the nutritional properties of the meat products can be improved with plant-based additives, thus challenging the notion that plant-based products are inherently healthier than meat.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All cryptids are based on real, undiscovered species. [SEP] Text: (2) sintax is a k-mer based method, which rely on a proxy measurement of the sequence similarity and frequency between the query and reference sequences (Edgar, 2016b) and, therefore, have lower accuracy than sequence alignment in theory (Gao et al. , 2017). For most species, we detected the roughly expected mock taxonomic composition and abundance. However, there were biases observed in the taxonomic profile of mock samples: Klebsiella pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, and Proteus vulgaris were detected at lower abundances than expected, while an increase in the content of Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus mutans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was observed (Fig. 2D). Two factors might affect the precision of the observed taxonomic abundances: (a) different evolutionary rates of the 16S rRNA gene with multiple copies, and (b) errors induced by experimental conditions, such as DNA extraction, primer esign, and PCR bias. Previous research has provided methods to minimize these effects by tuning the experimental parameters (Burke & Darling, 2016). Performance on fecal samples Full-length 16S gene assembly and classification We performed the same analysis on six fecal samples to verify the applicability of 16S-FASAS. Quality indicators of the fecal samples are summarized in Table S7. Figure 3A shows that the entire variable region of the 16S rRNA gene has high coverage for assembly analysis. Contig assembly statistics of fecal samples are shown in Table S8 and Fig. 3B, and all of their N50 were greater than 1400 bp. Mismatch count distribution for 16S gene sequences from the fecal samples is shown in Fig. 3C. The chimera rates of fecal samples were 0. 30%–0. 77% (Table S9). We compared the performance of two different taxonomy assignment methods. The results are similar to the performance on mock samples. Most of the species defined by -based classifier were included in the classification results using the -3-based classifier. -based classifier had higher proportion of assigned contigs than -3-based classifier at the species level (Tables S10 and S11). Figure 3: Analysis results of 16S-FASAS on fecal samples. (A) Sequencing coverage of fecal samples. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a methodology related to genetic sequencing and taxonomic analysis without any mention of cryptids, undiscovered species, or their basis in reality. The content focuses on scientific processes and results that do not pertain to the nature of cryptids.