Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: See the review by Lunine et al. (2020) for further discussion of the astrobiological relevance of Titan. See 9. 3. 2. 1 for a discussion of such life as we don't know it on Titan. 7. 2. 6. Ganymede and CallistoJupiter's two largest moons, Ganymede and Callisto, share many characteristics and are both of astrobiological interest. Ganymede is widely believed to possess a subsurface ocean. Callisto may also possess an ocean. Each moon is larger than Earth's moon and has a low density, consistent with large quantities of water + ice in their makeup (Schubert et al. , 2004). Unlike Ganymede, Callisto is likely not fully differentiated (Anderson et al. , 2001), but dominant ice at the surface suggests that it has differentiated enough to form an ocean that may persist today. Three characteristics common to both moons are influential to considerations of their possible habitability: their ancient surfaces, presence of magnetic induction signals, and high-pressure ices deep in their interiors. The surfaces of Ganymede and Callisto are extensively cratered, to the point of saturation in many areas (Pappalardo et al. , 2004). A wide variety of organic molecules have been identified on the surfaces of both moons (McCord et al. , 1997). These molecules may have been emplaced by exogenous sources, such as impacts, or endogenous sources, such as tectonic activity. However, both moons have very old surfaces. Callisto exhibits no apparent endogenic activity, suggesting a surface age over 4 billion years everywhere. Ganymede's surface age is probably at least 1 billion years everywhere, with some regions as much as 4 billion years old (Showman and Malhotra, 1999). Although the younger terrain on Ganymede may have been resurfaced at some point in that moon's history, it must have taken place very long ago (Showman et al. , 2004). Therefore, cycling of material between the surfaces and possible oceans of these bodies likely does not happen, and surface composition may not be informative of ocean composition. Ganymede has an intrinsic magnetic field that creates a mini-magnetosphere, largely shielding its surface from Jupiter's intense radiation belts (Kivelson et al. , 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the astrobiological relevance of Titan, Ganymede, and Callisto, which are moons considered in the search for potential extraterrestrial life. It details specific characteristics of Ganymede and Callisto, such as their subsurface oceans and the presence of organic molecules, which are relevant in discussions about habitability and the potential for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All economic models accurately predict real-world behavior. [SEP] Text: In this study, we did not limit the ligands docked to each structure or model to those that preferentially bind one specific activation state. We made this choice for several reasons: many other classes of drug targets do not have well-defined activation states; in practical applications, the preferred activation state for a given ligand may not be known when one docks it; and AF2 does not produce models in specific activation states by default. Third, we have not examined performance of the full range of available computational docking methods (Pagadala et al. , 2017). Our results are, however, consistent across the three docking methods we examined: and Rosetta docking. In each case, AF2 models yield docking accuracy similar to that of traditional models and substantially worse than that of experimentally determined structures. Our results have important implications for practitioners of structure-based drug discovery. Our findings suggest that, despite dramatic recent improvements in protein structure prediction, structural models (in particular, AF2 models) yield substantially poorer accuracy than experimentally determined structures in prediction of ligand-binding modes. Moreover, when a reasonable structural template is available—as is typically the case—AF2 models should not be expected to yield significantly better pose prediction accuracy than traditional models. Indeed, with sufficient effort, an expert may well be able to build a traditional template-based model that yields better performance than an AF2 model. Despite these findings, we believe that AF2 and other recently developed protein structure prediction methods will prove valuable in certain structure-based drug discovery efforts. Up-to-date AF2 models for any human protein are readily available for download (Tunyasuvunakool et al. , 2021; Varadi et al. , 2022). In contrast, expertise is required to build a decent template-based model, and up-to-date, downloadable repositories of such models are not available for all drug targets. Also, in the relatively rare cases when no structural template is available for a drug target, approaches like AF2 may be the only realistic option short of solving a structure experimentally. Our results also point to opportunities for developing improved computational modeling methods. Existing deep-learning methods for protein structure prediction were developed with the aim of maximizing structural accuracy for models. We find that the RMSD of a model—a classic structural accuracy metric—is not a good predictor of the accuracy that model yields for pose prediction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that structural models, particularly recent protein structure prediction models like AF2, yield 'substantially poorer accuracy than experimentally determined structures.' This suggests that not all models are effective at accurately predicting outcomes, directly opposing the claim that all economic models accurately predict real-world behavior.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: plantarum NCIMB8826 strains were grown overnight (approximately 16–18 hr) from glycerol stocks in MRS. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (5200 g, 12 min, 4 °C) and washed twice in PBS. When L. plantarum wild-type EET activity versus the Δndh2 (MLES100) and ΔpplA (MLES101) deletion mutants was compared, cells were grown as described and the number of cells was normalized across the three strains prior to inoculation in the BES. The bioreactors consisted of double-chamber electrochemical cells (Adams & Chittenden, Berkeley, CA) (Figure 1B) with a cation exchange membrane (CMI-7000, Membranes International, Ringwood, NJ) that separated them. A three-electrode configuration was used consisting of an Ag/AgCl sat KCl reference electrode (), a titanium wire counter electrode, and a 6. 35-mm-thick graphite felt working electrode (anode) of 4 × 4 cm () with a piece of Ti wire threaded from bottom to top as a current collector and connection to the potentiostat. We used a Bio-Instruments (TN, USA) potentiostat model VSP-300 for performing the electrochemical measurements (chronoamperometry). The bioreactors were sterilized by filling them with ddH2O and autoclaving at 121 °C for 30 min. The water was then removed and replaced with 150 mL of filter sterilized mMRS or mCDM media for the working electrode chamber, and 150 mL of M9 medium (6. 78 g/L Na₂HPO₄, 3 g/L KH2PO4, 0. 5 g/L NaCl, 1 g/L NH4Cl) (BD) for the counter electrode chamber. Both media of the working electrode chamber were supplemented with 20 μg/mL DHNA or 0. 01 μg/mL diluted 1:1 in DMSO:ddH2O where appropriate. To test the role of bd-cytochrome, heme was added in a final concentration of 10 μg/mL (diluted 1:1 in DMSO: ddH2O). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses specific strains and experimental setups regarding measurement of electrochemical activity, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Galileo measurements (Kivelson et al. , 2002) and UV images of Ganymede's auroras (Saur et al. , 2015) are consistent with the presence of an ocean, but definitive proof of a subsurface ocean is lacking. Callisto shows no intrinsic magnetic field, but instead it shows a relatively strong induced magnetic field (Zimmer et al. , 2000). Initially, this condition was attributed to a subsurface ocean, but research examining the plasma environment has suggested that induction purely in Callisto's ionosphere may be able to account for the entire observed field (Hartkorn and Saur, 2017; Liuzzo et al. , 2017). Water−rock interactions are likely critical to the possible habitability of Ganymede and Callisto. However, these moons are so large and the pressures at depths consistent with their likely oceans are so great that exotic phases of water are formed, known as high-pressure ices (Journaux et al. , 2020). Layers of ice below the oceans could be detrimental to both origin-of-life scenarios and ongoing habitability, as they may stifle chemical interaction at the water−rock interface. However, the properties of high-pressure ices, especially for relevant ocean compositions, are not understood well enough to rule out complex dynamics such as upward “snow” in the presence of high salinity (Vance et al. , 2014). Convection in the high-pressure ices may also facilitate contact between the ocean and silicates (Kalousová et al. , 2018). Heat escaping from the interior may drive the formation of dense brine layers that underlie the high-pressure ices and sustain water−rock contact (Vance et al. , 2018), potentially providing abodes for life. Although the structures of both Ganymede and Callisto present challenges to conceiving of them as habitable worlds, each may yet contain a subsurface ocean with the ingredients needed to sustain life. If the interiors of these icy ocean worlds support life, life may be quite common indeed. 7. 2. 7. Other icy worlds7. 2. 7. 1. CeresCeres is the only extant dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, making it the closest dwarf planet to the Sun. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential habitability of Ganymede and Callisto, which could contain subsurface oceans capable of sustaining life. It indicates that these moons may have characteristics necessary for life and mentions that if life exists in their interiors, it could be reasonably common, thus aligning with the essence of astrobiology's exploration of life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: AbstractWe investigate theoretically and empirically the relationship between capital taxation and economic growth. Using a long cross-country panel data set going back to 1965 and employing a variety of econometric techniques, we document that greater reliance on capital taxation, measured in different ways, is not negatively associated with growth rates. Exploring potential heterogeneity in this relationship across countries, we find that capital taxation and growth rates tend to be positively related for developed countries, but for developing countries the relationship is in most cases statistically insignificant. To rationalize these empirical findings we propose a multi-country innovation-based growth model where innovations spill over from leading to lagging economies. In the context of this model we demonstrate that positive rates of capital taxation can increase the long-run growth rate in leading economies where the engine of growth is domestic innovation activity. However, this is not the case in lagging economies where growth is driven by imitation of existing innovations from the technology frontier. Similar content being viewed by others Capital taxation, investment, growth, and welfare 2014. This is particularly important, as it allows us to exploit changes in tax policies over time. The data also extend beyond current OECD members to cover several developing countries from Asia, Africa and Latin America. Combining these data with standard national accounts data from the Table, we assess whether and to what extent greater reliance on capital taxation is harmful for economic growth. We perform this assessment using a variety of econometric techniques. These include the standard fixed-effect panel regressions, as well as the panel error-correction techniques developed by Pesaran et al. (1999). The latter allow us to exploit the annual frequency of our data and separate the short-run from the long-run impact of capital taxation. To eliminate potential endogeneity concerns, due to feedback from economic growth on the tax structure as well as due to possible omitted variables, we also document estimation results using the difference and the system generalized methods of moment (GMM) estimators proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991) and Blundell and Bond (1998), respectively. The results that we obtain do not support the standard theory prescriptions. We find that shifts in the tax burden toward capital, conditional on the overall level of taxation, do not systematically reduce rates of economic growth. In many specifications, the association between capital taxation and growth rates is in fact positive and in the remaining ones it is not statistically different from zero. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting empirical findings that challenge the notion that taxation is harmful to economic growth. Specifically, it states that 'greater reliance on capital taxation... is not negatively associated with growth rates' and even finds that 'the association between capital taxation and growth rates is in fact positive' in many instances. This evidence undermines the claim's absolute nature regarding the harmfulness of taxation on economic growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The medium in the working electrode chamber was continuously mixed with a magnetic stir bar and N2 gas was purged to maintain anaerobic conditions for the course of the experiment. The applied potential to the working electrode was of +0. 2 V versus Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) (). Reactors run under OC conditions were similarly assembled but kept at open circuit and used as control for non-current circulating conditions. Once the current stabilized, the electrochemical cells were inoculated to a final OD600 of 0. 12–0. 15 with the cell suspensions prepared in PBS. Current densities are reported as a function of the geometric surface area of the electrode (16 cm2). The bioreactors were sampled by taking samples under sterilized conditions at different time points for subsequent analysis. The samples for organic acids analyses were centrifuged (15,228 g, 7 min) and the supernatant was separated for High-Chromatography (HPLC) assessments. Samples for ATP and NAD+/NADH analyses were flash frozen in a dry ice/ethanol bath. Metabolite analysis Request a detailed protocol Organic acids, ethanol, and sugar concentrations were measured by HPLC (Agilent, 1260 Infinity), using a standard analytical system (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an column (Bio-Rad, HPX-87H 300 × 7. 8 mm) heated at 60 °C. The eluent was 5 mM of sulfuric acid, used at a flow rate of 0. 6 mL min–1. We used a refractive index detector 1260. A five-point calibration curve based on peak area was generated and used to calculate concentrations in the unknown samples. The following standards were included in the HPLC measurements: acetate, formate, pyruvate, malate, lactate, succinate, oxalacetate, fumarate, ethanol, acetoin, butanediol, mannitol, and glucose. No gaseous products were measured. BES biomass growth determination Request a detailed protocol Bioreactors were shaken to remove the cells attached to the working electrode and afterwards sampled to measure viable cells (colony forming units [CFUs]) and total biomass (dry weight). Samples for CFU enumeration were collected under sterile conditions at the time of inoculation and at the time of approximately maximum current density. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. It focuses on the details of experimental procedures involving electrochemical cells and metabolite analysis, without mentioning lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: It has astrobiological significance due to the potential presence of past and/or presently habitable conditions (Castillo-Rogez et al. , 2020). Results from the Dawn mission to Ceres (2015 − 2018) demonstrated that this water-rich body has experienced a dynamic history of water–rock interactions, which likely are still occurring today. The spectral identification of phyllosilicates and carbonates on Ceres demonstrates that primary volcanic minerals were aqueously altered (Milliken and Rivkin, 2009; et al. , 2016; Carrozzo et al. , 2018). Small deposits of organic molecules have also been identified on the surface of Ceres (et al. , 2017). There is evidence that Ceres may currently have liquid water in the subsurface. Occator crater on Ceres contains evidence for recent—perhaps ongoing—surface brine emplacement, spurred by its parent impact event (et al. , 2020; Raymond et al. , 2020). Evidence for the presence of a subsurface brine pocket beneath Occator crater comes from gravity anomaly mapping (Raymond et al. , 2020), spectral identification of hydrated sodium chloride on the dome (et al. , 2020), and surface morphological expressions of recent aqueous activity (Nathues et al. , 2020; Schenk et al. , 2020; Schmidt et al. , 2020; Scully et al. , 2020), all acquired during Mission 2. Brine reservoirs can be preserved on this relatively small, heat-deprived body if ∼35% or more of the crust is composed of methane clathrate hydrate, which is a strongly thermally insulating material (Castillo-Rogez et al. , 2019). Prospects for a habitable environment in the subsurface of Ceres are certainly higher than in any other object in the asteroid belt, and clear evidence for past water–rock interactions also indicates that Ceres could have previously been habitable. 7. 2. 7. 2. The moons of UranusUranus has five large moons. From nearest to farthest from the planet, they are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, all of which orbit near the rotational equator of Uranus. They are likely natural satellites, formed from the same planetary nebula as the planet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence of astrobiological significance on Ceres, including the presence of water, organic molecules, and past water-rock interactions. These findings suggest that Ceres may have habitable conditions, supporting the overarching field of astrobiology, which focuses on the potential for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: We then explore whether the estimated effect is potentially heterogeneous across countries. Separating the countries based on their level of development, we provide evidence that the association between capital taxation and growth tends to be more positive in high-income countries in our sample and less positive or even negative in low-income countries. We further document that these empirical findings are robust to the specific measure of capital taxation that we employ, to the exact way we distinguish between high- and low-income countries and to the inclusion of other variables that influence the relationship between capital taxation and economic growth as controls. To rationalize our empirical findings, we propose a variant of the multi-country innovation-based growth model of Aghion and Howitt (1992). The model allows for capital accumulation so that we can analyze the link between capital taxation and innovation, which is the main engine of growth in the model. It also incorporates technology transfer, as in Aghion et al. (2005) and Acemoglu et al. (2006), with innovations produced in leading economies spilling over to lagging economies. In the model, there are two channels through which capital taxation can influence economic growth. The first is by shifting the tax burden away from labor taxation, which reduces the market size for new innovations and has an adverse effect on domestic rates of innovation. The second one is by financing productive government spending, which raises the productivity of innovating firms. Using this model, we study the effects of capital taxation on the long-run equilibrium level and the growth rate of output for different economies which vary in their proximity to the technology frontier. As our analysis demonstrates, starting from a benchmark equilibrium with zero capital taxation, a shift to positive capital taxation can increase the long-run growth rate, either when this comes with a corresponding reduction in labor taxation or when the additional tax revenue is used to finance productive government spending. These effects, however, apply only in the case of leading economies which actively engage in innovation. This is because in leading economies lower labor taxation and more productive government spending increase the rate of long-run growth by stimulating innovation. In the case of lagging economies, there is no innovation taking place domestically and economic growth is driven by the imitation of existing innovations developed in leading economies. Thus, any change in capital taxation does not alter the ability of the country to tap on the existing global stock of innovations or the long-run rate of economic growth, which is effectively exogenous. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that capital taxation can have varying effects on economic growth depending on the country's level of development. It states that in high-income countries, capital taxation can lead to increased long-run growth, particularly when it is coupled with a reduction in labor taxation or when the tax revenues are utilized for productive government spending. Conversely, in low-income countries, capital taxation might not influence growth due to the absence of domestic innovation, thereby demonstrating that taxation does not universally harm economic growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Samples were serially diluted (1:1000 to 1:1000000) in sterile PBS and plated on MRS for CFUs enumeration after overnight incubation at 30 °C. Dry weight was determined using a 25 mL sample collected at approximately maximum current density. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (5250 g, 12 min, 4 °C) and washed twice in 50 mL ddH2O. Afterwards cells were resuspended in 1 mL of ddH2O and transferred to microfuge tubes (previously weighted). Cells were harvested by centrifugation (5250 g, 12 min, 4 °C), and the tubes were then transferred to an evaporator to remove humidity. The microfuge tubes were then cooled in a desiccator for 30 min and the weight of each tube was measured to determine cell weight. The difference between the weight of each tube with the pellet and before containing it allowed us to determine the dry weight/mL. RNA-seq library construction and transcriptome analysis Request a detailed protocol L. plantarum NCIMB8826 was grown in triplicate to exponential phase (OD600 1. 0) at 37 °C in mMRS with or without the supplementation of 20 μg/mL DHNA and 1. 25 mM ferric ammonium citrate. Cells were collected by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 3 min at 4 °C, flash frozen in liquid N2 and stored at –80 °C prior to RNA extraction as previously described (Golomb et al. , 2016). Briefly, frozen cell pellets were resuspended in cold acidic phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (pH 4. 5) [125:24:1] () before transferring to 2 mL screw cap tubes containing buffer (200 mM NaCl, 20 mM EDTA), 20% SDS, and 300 mg 0. 1 mm zirconia/silica beads. RNA was extracted by mechanical lysis with an MP Fastprep bead beater () at 6. 5 m/s for 1 min. The tubes were centrifuged at 20,000 g at 4 °C for 3 min and the upper aqueous phase was transferred to a new tube. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed methodology for a laboratory experiment involving the cultivation and analysis of lactic acid bacteria, specifically L. plantarum NCIMB8826. However, it does not explicitly address the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes; rather, it focuses on the procedural aspects of the study. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Uranus orbits the Sun at a distance of nearly 20 AU, so this frigid system receives nearly 400 times less insolation than Earth. However, evidence for an ocean in Pluto's subsurface (7. 2. 7. 4) suggests that the habitability of one or more uranian moons is plausible. All we know of the Uranus system comes from measurements by the Voyager 2 mission and remote observations from Earth, and these are not sufficient to determine the presence or absence of subsurface oceans. The large, natural moons of Uranus appear to have engaged in orbital resonances that resulted in their current orbital arrangement (Ćuk et al. , 2020). Extensive faulting on the surface of Miranda suggests past heating events akin to present-day heating of Europa (Beddingfield et al. , 2015). Evidence for relict tidal heating is also seen in Miranda's 1-billion-year-old coronae features (Plescia, 1988; Beddingfield and Cartwright, 2020). Ammonia detected on the surface of Ariel is indicative of recent geological activity because this species is expected to be destroyed on short timescales (Cartwright et al. , 2020). Even a small amount of ammonia mixed into their oceans may allow Titania and Oberon to retain liquid layers up to the present (Hussmann et al. , 2006). Models assuming simple primordial compositions of silicates and water predict that an ocean in Miranda would have frozen out by the present era (Hussmann et al. , 2006). However, the presence of volatile clathrates or other insulating materials could support the persistence of liquids by providing thermal insulation and adding rigidity to the ice, both of which inhibit solid-state convection and therefore heat loss (Croft, 1987; Castillo-Rogez et al. , 2019; Kamata et al. , 2019). Evidence indicates that Saturn's moon Titan and the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto each have methane clathrates that are expected to impede solid-state convection in ice, leading to inefficient cooling that slows the freeze-out of subsurface oceans. The presence of ammonia on the surface of Ariel suggests a similar role for volatiles that may aid in retaining heat (Cartwright et al. , 2020). Uranus applies strong magnetic oscillations to its inner moons (Arridge and Eggington, 2021; Weiss et al. , 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential habitability of moons in the Uranus system and suggesting that geological activities and the presence of certain materials could support subsurface oceans, which are essential factors in astrobiology's exploration of life beyond Earth. For instance, it mentions 'the habitability of one or more uranian moons is plausible' and discusses evidence pertinent to astrobiological inquiry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief summary of the theoretical and empirical literature investigating the relationship between capital taxation and economic growth. Section 3 discusses our data set as well as our empirical strategy. Section 4 reports our regression results. Section 5 presents our theoretical model, while Sect. 6 describes the equilibrium of the model. Lastly, Sect. 7 offers some concluding remarks and discusses some policy implications. 2 Literature reviewMost of the literature on capital taxation and economic growth originates from the seminal theoretical contributions of Judd (1985) and Chamley (1986). Within the framework of the standard optimal growth model of Ramsey (1928), Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1965), both authors demonstrate that the taxation of capital has strong negative effects on capital accumulation and ultimately leads to a lower level of capital and output. This implies that in equilibrium capital should be taxed at a zero rate, a conclusion that, although striking, is general and robust to different specifications. As shown by Atkeson et al. (1999), the Chamley–Judd result will naturally emerge in any model where taxes are restricted to be linear and the government is assumed to be benevolent and unable to commit to future taxes. Footnote 2These results also extend to several endogenous growth models, as exemplified by Jones et al. (1993), Milesi-Ferretti and Roubini (1998) and Aghion et al. (2013). Within this class of models, though, there are setups in which the optimal tax rate on capital may differ from zero. et al. (1993) demonstrate, capital taxation may be growth enhancing if the resulting revenue is used to fund productive government spending. Similarly, Aghion et al. (2013) show that in an innovation-based growth model, taxing capital can increase growth rates by allowing the government to limit the adverse effect of high labor taxation. Innovation-based growth models also imply that different forms of capital taxation can have different effects on growth. Peretto (2003), for example, highlights that corporate income taxation can be growth enhancing while asset income taxation is growth retarding. Similarly, Peretto (2007), Abel (2007) and Anagnostopoulos et al. (2012) show that the taxation of dividends and retained earnings do not have the same effects on growth and that shifting the corporate tax burden from the latter to the former can boost growth rates. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from the literature that suggests capital taxation does not always have harmful effects on economic growth. It highlights that while some models indicate that zero capital taxation is optimal, other studies (like those by Aghion et al.) suggest that capital taxation can be growth-enhancing under specific conditions, such as when tax revenue is used for productive government spending or when different types of capital taxation yield varying growth effects. This implies that taxation's impact on growth is nuanced and not definitively harmful.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: The aqueous phase was extracted twice with chloroform:isoamyl alcohol [24:1] (), The aqueous phase was then transferred to a new tube for RNA ethanol precipitation (Green and Sambrook, 2020). RNA was then quantified on a Nanodrop 2000c (ThermoFisher), followed by double DNAse digestion with the Turbo DNA-free Kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer’s protocols. The quality of the remaining RNA was checked using a Bioanalyzer RNA 6000 () (all RIN values > 9) and then quantified with the Qubit 2. 0 (). For reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR), 800 ng RNA was converted to cDNA with the c() according to the manufacturer’s protocols. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed on a 7,500 Fast Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems) using the (ThermoFisher) and RT-PCR primers listed in Supplementary file 5. The 2-ΔΔCt method was used for relative transcript quantification using rpoB as a control (Livak and Schmittgen, 2001). For sequencing, ribosomal-RNA (rRNA) was depleted from 4 μg RNA using the RiboKit v2 with specific probes for prokaryotic rRNA (ThermoFisher) following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA was then fragmented to approximately 200 bp, converted to cDNA, and barcoded using the NEBnext Ultra-directional RNA for Illumina () with NEOligos for Illumina (1) (Biolabs) following the manufacturer’s protocols. cDNA libraries containing pooled barcoded samples was run across two lanes of a HiSeq400 () on two separate runs for 150 bp paired-end reads ( An average of 36,468,428 raw paired-end reads per sample was collected (Supplementary file 6). The DNA sequences were quality filtered for each of the 12 samples by first visualizing with FastQC (ver. 0. 11. 8) (Andrews, 2010) to check for appropriate trimming lengths, followed by quality filtering with Trimmomatic (ver. 0. 39) (Bolger et al. , 2014). Remaining reads then were aligned to the NCIMB8826 chromosome and plasmids using Bowtie2 (ver. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it describes a series of molecular biology techniques and procedures for RNA handling and sequencing, which are unrelated to fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: If oceans persist within the moons Miranda, Ariel, or Umbriel, future missions may be able to use magnetic signals to detect or even characterize these oceans (Cochrane et al. , 2021). The larger, outer moons Titania and Oberon are subjected to weaker magnetic oscillations and spend significant portions of their orbits outside the uranian magnetosphere (Paty et al. , 2020). Magnetic signals are not expected to be as useful for probing for oceans at the outer moons. The potential for subsurface oceans in these moons suggests that habitability in planetary systems may extend far beyond the habitable zone. However, a more complete understanding of the prospects for life on these bodies awaits future exploration. 7. 2. 7. 3. TritonTriton is the largest moon of Neptune and bears a number of intriguing characteristics relating to habitability. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun, so Triton receives little warming in the form of sunlight. However, imagery from the Voyager 2 mission shows a mysterious “cantaloupe terrain” that implies a possibly very young surface (Schenk and Zahnle, 2007). Dark streaks scattered across the south polar region have been identified as plumes of material erupting from the surface (see Fig. 7. S6; Soderblom et al. , 1990). The source of the heating causing the geologic activity is not known, but surface features show evidence of active and extensive resurfacing (Stern and McKinnon, 2000) that may be the result of substantial warming that could sustain an ocean. Triton orbits in a retrograde direction, unlike other large moons. The unusual orbital configuration of Triton and the arrangement of other satellites of Neptune indicates that Triton likely formed in the Kuiper Belt, similar to Pluto, and was subsequently captured by Neptune (e. g. , Agnor and Hamilton, 2006). If the orbit of Triton was highly elliptical upon capture, then tidal heating from circularization over time, along with radiogenic heating, could have sustained a liquid, subsurface ocean (Martin-Herrero et al. , 2018). Such an ocean could be only a few tens of kilometers below the icy surface (Ruiz, 2003) and, similar to Enceladus (7. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for habitability and the exploration of moons such as Triton, Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel, which may harbor subsurface oceans. It highlights a key theme in astrobiology—investigating the potential for life in extreme environments beyond Earth—through descriptions of geological activity and subsurface ocean prospects on these celestial bodies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Optimal rates of capital taxation are also shown to be positive in various models with heterogeneous agents. Aiyagari (1995), for example, demonstrates that this is the case in the presence of incomplete insurance markets and borrowing constraints. Saez (2013) and Golosov et al. (2013) provide a similar result in an environment of income inequality due to unobserved heterogeneity across agents. In an overlapping generations model, Conesa et al. (2009) and Jacobs and Bovenberg (2009) show that positive capital taxation is warranted as it allows the government to reduce distortionary labor taxation which harms younger generations and hampers human capital accumulation. Finally, Cozzi (2004), Gordon and Li (2009) and Acemoglu et al. (2011) provide examples of how capital taxation can be growth enhancing by easing various political constraints of the government. Footnote 3In parallel with the development of this extensive theoretical literature, a related literature has emerged investigating empirically the relationship between capital taxation and economic growth. An important challenge in these empirical studies is measuring capital taxation, as pinning down this form of taxation is not as straightforward in practice as it is in theory. Most of the existing studies have focused on the impact of corporate taxation, which constitutes one clear form of capital taxation. Following this approach, Lee and Gordon (2005) find that statutory corporate tax rates are negatively correlated with growth rates across countries, whereas Arnold et al. (2011) find the same result for the ratio of corporate to total taxation. Similarly, Djankov et al. (2010) show that high effective corporate tax rates have also a negative impact on investment, foreign direct investment, and entrepreneurial activity. These findings appear in line with the theoretical conclusions of Chamley and Judd. Employing broader measures of capital taxation, however, leads to less clear-cut results. For example, in a cross-country panel, Mendoza et al. (1997) estimate the impact on growth of effective tax rates on capital income stemming from dividends, royalties, interest, rents and property and find that it is not statistically different from zero. Easterly and Rebelo (1993) obtain similar results in the context of simple cross-sectional regressions. More recent studies by Widmalm (2001), Angelopoulos et al. (2007) and Arachi et al. (2015) investigating the impact of different capital tax instruments on growth rates also find the relationship to be weak and non-robust. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that optimal rates of capital taxation can be growth-enhancing under certain conditions. It cites various studies, such as those by Aiyagari (1995) and Conesa et al. (2009), stating that capital taxation can allow the government to reduce distortionary labor taxes, which could potentially benefit economic growth. Additionally, while some studies like Lee and Gordon (2005) indicate a negative correlation between corporate tax rates and growth rates, other studies find weak or non-statistically significant relationships, further challenging the absoluteness of the claim that taxation is always harmful to growth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 3. 5) in the [-sensitive] mode (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). The resulting ‘. sam’ files containing aligned reads from Bowtie2 were converted to ‘. bam’ files with Samtools (ver 1. 9) (Li et al. , 2009) before counting aligned reads with FeatureCounts in the [-- stranded = reverse] mode (ver. 1. 6. 4) (Liao et al. , 2014). Reads aligning to noncoding sequences (e. g. rRNA, tRNA, trRNA, etc. ) were excluded for subsequent analyses. Differential gene expression based on culture condition was determined with DESeq2 (Love et al. , 2014) using the Wald test in the R-studio shiny app DEBrowser (ver 1. 14. 2) (Kucukural et al. , 2019). Differential expression was considered significant with a False-discovery-rate (FDR)-adjusted p-value < 0. 05 and a Log2 (fold-change) >0. 5. Clusters of (COGs) were assigned to genes based on matches from the eggNOG (ver. 5. 0) database (Huerta-Cepas et al. , 2019). Redox probe assays Request a detailed protocol Hamilton oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) probes () were inserted into air-tight Pyrex () bottles containing mMRS supplemented with 20 μg/mL DHNA and/or 1. 25 mM ferric ammonium citrate and incubated in a water bath at 37 °C. A custom cap for the Pyrex bottles was 3D printed with polylactic acid filament (2. 85 mm diameter) such that the ORP probe threads into the cap and an o-ring seal can be used to provide an air-tight seal between the probe and the cap. The ORP was allowed to equilibrate over 40 min before L. plantarum NCIMB8826, Δndh2 (MLES100), or ΔpplA (MLES101) were inoculated at an OD600 of 0. 10. Two uninoculated controls were used to measure baseline ORP over time. The ORP data was collected via Modbus TCP/IP protocol () into a database () and analyzed in (). pH was measured using a SevenEasy pH meter (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about lactic acid bacteria and their importance in fermentation processes. It primarily discusses experimental procedures related to gene expression analysis, differential expression measurement, and other technical details without any mention of lactic acid bacteria or fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: 4), could be the source of the plumes observed by Voyager 2 coming from Triton, although these could also be the result of rapid vaporization of subsurface ices (Smith et al. , 1989). Few constraints exist for the composition and structure of both the surface and subsurface on Triton. Thus, future missions capable of measuring the plumes and the bulk composition of Triton are necessary to constrain the presence of a subsurface ocean and potential habitability. 7. 2. 7. 4. Pluto2015, NASA's spacecraft flew past Pluto (Stern et al. , 2015) and showed it to be an icy body with a geologically active surface. The surface age is possibly less than 10 million years in places (Grundy et al. , 2016; Moore et al. , 2016), with CH4, N2, and even haze p7. 2. 8. Mercury and the Moonnor the Moon are expected to be habitable today, although there is evidence that both bodies contain ice in some locations on their surfaces. Discussion of the habitability characteristics (e. g. , the presence of water) for these bodies is expanded in the supplementary material. 7. 2. 9. Giant planetsGiant planets are typically not thought to be habitable, mainly due to strong winds that cycle material between very high and very low pressures and temperatures relative to those found at Earth's surface (Ingersoll et al. , 2000). Discussion of habitability for giant planets is expanded in the supplementary material. 7. 2. 10. Habitability of exoplanetsCharacterization of exoplanets is an important frontier in the search for life beyond Earth. Over the past two decades, thousands of confirmed and candidate exoplanets have been detected, mostly from dimming of the parent star when the planet passes between Earth and the star, called a transit (see 8. 4. 1). Transits yield an estimate of the size and orbital period, and complementary techniques can give an estimate of the mass of a planet. Of the planets that are detected, multiple factors narrow the list of candidates that may have habitable conditions, such as the planet's size and composition. These factors can be combined to yield a single metric for the prevalence of habitable planets or Earth-like exoplanets, often referred to as ηEarth; these factors are described in more detail in 8. 4. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the characterization of exoplanets as an important frontier in the search for life beyond Earth. It mentions the detection of thousands of confirmed and candidate exoplanets and factors that narrow the list of candidates for habitable conditions, which directly relates to the exploration of potential extraterrestrial life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: If taxation is generally harmful for growth, an increase in capital taxation not matched by a corresponding reduction in some other tax would always be expected to be harmful for growth as well. By keeping the total level of taxation fixed, the specific impact of an increase in the extent of capital taxation can be assessed. A higher share of capital taxation in total taxation or a higher average or marginal rate of capital taxation would thus imply that a country has shifted the burden of taxation more toward capital relative to other forms of taxation. 3. 2 DataTo estimate the above specification, we use tax data provided by the OECD. Specifically, from the database we obtain information on total tax revenue as well as the amounts of tax revenue coming from different forms of taxation. The data cover the years since 1965, although for several countries data are only available for a subset of this time period. In total, we have tax data for 77 countries, which include all current OECD members, as well as several Asian, African and countries. We combine these tax data with national account information for these 77 countries provided by the Table, version 9. 0 to construct an unbalanced annual panel data set covering the years from 1965 to 2014. A list of the countries included in our data set is provided in “Section A” of 4. 1 Baseline resultsHaving discussed the nature of the data and our empirical strategy, we now turn to the presentation of our estimation results. Table 1 displays the results from the estimation of our main regression specification (1) by means of ordinary least squares. The first column of this table shows the estimation results for a specification that does not include any capital taxation measure. The results suggest that our dynamic-panel specification fits the data very well with a within R-squared that exceeds 0. 9. The estimated coefficients have the expected signs and are statistically significant at conventional levels, with the exception of population growth. The coefficient on the lagged value of output per capita is positive and less than one, signifying the presence of conditional convergence (Islam 1995). The coefficient on the investment share is positive suggesting a strong effect of investment spending on growth. This also holds for the growth rate of human capital. Finally, the coefficient of the total taxation share is negative underscoring primarily the adverse effect that tax distortions have on growth rates (Kneller et al. 1999). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by evidencing that the total taxation share has a negative coefficient, indicating that tax distortions have adverse effects on growth rates. This suggests that taxation can indeed be harmful to growth, supporting the idea that increasing or altering the form of taxation can have detrimental effects on economic development. However, the nuanced discussion around capital taxation indicates that not all forms of taxation uniformly contribute to this harmful effect, as well as the idea that tax changes should be assessed in context. Therefore, while the text provides support for the negative impacts of taxation on growth, it also invites consideration of more specific conditions under which this occurs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Cells were collected at either 24 hr or at the greatest ORP difference between the wild-type and mutant strains (ΔmVmax) by centrifugation at 10,000 g for 3 min and used for ferrihydrite reduction analyses. ATP and NAD+/NADH quantification Request a detailed protocol Frozen cell pellets were suspended in PBS and lysed by mechanical agitation in a FastPrep 24 (MP Biomedicals) at 6. 5 m/s for 1 min. The cell lysates were then centrifuged at 20,000 g for 3 min at 4 °C. ATP and NAD+ and NADH in the supernatants were then quantified with the (ThermoFisher) and the Promega NAD/NADH-(), respectively according to the manufacturers’ instructions. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) Request a detailed protocol L. plantarum was inoculated in mMRS with or without 20 μg/mL DHNA and 1. 25 mM ferric ammonium citrate at an OD600 of 0. 10 for 3. 5 hr. Cells were then collected by centrifugation at 10,000 x g for 3 min and washed twice in PBS to remove cell-surface-associated metals. Viable cell numbers were enumerated by plating serial dilutions on MRS laboratory culture medium and the resulting cell materials were digested by incubating at 95 °C for 45 min in a 60% concentrated trace metal grade HNO3, allowed to cool, then diluted with MilliQ water to a final concentration of 6% HNO3. The contents were quantified with internal standards with an Agilent 7,500Ce ICP-MS () for simultaneous determination of select metals () at the UC Center for Spectrometry ( Kale juice fermentation assay Request a detailed protocol Green organic kale purchased from a market (Whole Foods) was washed with tap water and air dried for 1 hr as previously recommended (Kim, 2017). A total of 385 g of the leaves and stems were shredded with an electric food processor in 1 L ddH20. The kale juice was then diluted with 0. 35 L ddH2O and autoclaved (121 °C, 15 min). The juice was then centrifuged under sterile conditions at 8000 rpm for 20 min and the supernatant was collected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed procedural information regarding various laboratory techniques and methodologies related to cell lysate preparation and metal quantification, but does not mention lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation processes. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: The distribution of observed planets is bimodal, with most planets categorized either as rocky or gaseous (see Fig. 3. 6). The density of smaller, rocky planets seems to be approximately fixed, consistent with a relatively fixed ratio of iron and silicates (Dressing et al. , 2015). Gaseous planets are very likely not habitable (7. 2. 9), but smaller gaseous planets may follow common pathways as they evolve that may cause them to become habitable as they lose their gas envelope (Dorn et al. , 2019; Rogers and Owen, 2021). This is supported by the consistent density of rocky planets, many of which may be evaporated cores of sub-Neptunes (Luger et al. , 2015). Sub-Neptunes are medium-sized planets with a radius between 1. 7 and 4 times that of Earth, and their greater volatile inventory suggests that they may be a common source of potentially habitable water worlds. The prevalence of ice as a planetary building block implies that water-rich super-Earths (planets of 1 to about 1. 7 Earth radii) may be abundant (Raymond et al. , 2004; Zeng et al. , 2019). While numerous planets have been detected in stellar habitable zones (see 7. 1. 4. 1 in the supplementary material), no planet has been confirmed as inhabited or even habitable. This inability to constrain exoplanet habitability arises because current telescopes are unable to characterize the atmospheres and surfaces of small, rocky planets, which are necessary observations to constrain surface habitability. Detecting signs of habitability and possibly life on exoplanets will likely require the use of telescopes currently under construction, such as ground-based extremely large telescopes (ELTs) or future space-based telescopes such as NASA's Observatory, which is based on the Observatory (HabEx) and Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor () space telescope mission concepts. See 8. 4 for additional details on the detection and characterization of habitable and potentially inhabited exoplanets. There are already many planetary system candidates for future telescopes to target in the search for habitability and life beyond Earth. In particular, the red dwarf star systems (Anglada-Escudé et al. , 2016) and -1 (Gillon et al. , 2017) provide promising exoplanets for studying planetary habitability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the search for habitability and life on exoplanets, emphasizing that detecting signs of habitability and possibly life will be essential for astrobiology. It notes that many planetary system candidates are available for future telescopes to target in this search, explicitly relating it to the potential for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Footnote 4Table 1 Estimation results with different capital taxation measuresFull size tableAdding in column (2) the GDP share of corporate taxation instead of the GDP share of total taxation we now observe an interesting pattern. While its inclusion hardly affects the estimated coefficients of the other variables, the coefficient estimate of the corporate tax share is positive and statistically significant at the 1% level. This implies that conditional on the values of the standard growth determinants, a shift in the tax structure toward greater capital taxation is not harmful but beneficial for economic growth. In column (3) we include in the specification our first main measure of capital taxation, the ratio of corporate taxation in total taxation, controlling this time for the share of total taxation in GDP. This way we can better disentangle the effect of capital taxation on growth from that of total taxation. As discussed in the previous section, in this case the coefficient estimate on the corporate tax ratio reflects the effect of an increase in corporate taxation that does not increase the total tax share. This would correspond to an increase in corporate taxation that would be revenue neutral and which would be achieved by a simultaneous reduction in other forms of taxation. Such an increase would reflect a policy shift by the government toward a greater reliance on corporate taxation as a source of revenue. Here we again observe a positive and highly significant coefficient estimate. In columns (4) and (5) of Table 1, we estimate the same specification using instead our other two main measures of capital taxation, the broad tax ratio and the effective tax rate. In both cases, we see a qualitatively similar pattern. The coefficient estimates for these two capital measures are positive as well, although in column (4) the estimate that we obtain is below conventional levels of statistical significance. Yet, in neither case we see increases in capital taxation in the form of a higher tax ratio or a higher effective rate to be strongly negatively associated with economic growth. In the final two columns of the table, we estimate our main regression specification employing as a measure of capital taxation first the top marginal rate and then the effective marginal rate of corporate income taxation in each country. In both cases, the estimation is based on a smaller sample of countries due to data availability. Nevertheless, using also these variables, we do not see a negative association with growth rates. In column (6) the coefficient estimate that we obtain is positive but statistically insignificant. In column (7) the obtained coefficient is positive and statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical evidence that suggests increases in corporate taxation, under certain conditions, can be beneficial for economic growth. It states that shifts toward greater capital taxation do not have a negative association with economic growth rates, and in some cases, they are even linked to positive growth outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: A rifampicin-resistant variant of L. plantarum NCIMB8826-R (Tachon et al. , 2014) (grown for 19 hr in MRS medium at 37 °C, 50 μg Rif/mL) was inoculated to an estimated final OD of approximately 0. 05, and DHNA (20 μg/mL) was added where appropriate. Cells were collected and washed as previously described for the bioelectrochemical assays in mCDM. The anodic chambers of bioreactors assembled as previously described (anode of 4. 3*6 cm) were filled with 125 mL of the inoculated kale juice and incubated at 30 °C purged with N2. After 1 hr, the anodes were polarized to 0. 2 V versus Ag/AgCl (sat. KCl) (EET conditions) or kept at open circuit (OC, no EET). Viable cells were measured by plating 10-fold serial dilutions in MRS agar plates with 50 μg/mL of Rif. a detailed protocol The total electrons harvested on the anode were estimated by integrating the area (charge) under the chronoamperometric curve (current response (A) over time (s)), which was corrected by subtracting the current baseline obtained before L. plantarum was added to the system. This obtained charge was then converted to mol of electrons using the Faraday constant (96,485. 3 A*s/mol electrons). Data accession numbers Request a detailed protocol L. plantarum RNA-seq data are available in the (SRA) under BioProject accession no. PRJNA717240. A list of the completed Lactobacillales genomes used in the DNA sequence analysis is available in the repository at Add a comment + Open annotations. The current annotation count on this page is being calculated. Data availability L. plantarum RNA-seq data are available in the (SRA) under BioProject accession no. PRJNA717240. A list of the completed Lactobacillales genomes used in the DNA sequence analysis is available in the repository at All other data generated or analysed during this study are included in the manuscript and supporting files. The following data sets were generated (2021) 717240. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it primarily describes a specific experimental setup involving L. plantarum, without discussing the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: hosts the closest potentially habitable exoplanet to Earth, and -1 contains multiple rocky planets in its habitable zone. Other systems with rocky exoplanets in the habitable zone exist (Kane et al. , 2016), and future missions will likely be necessary to constrain the habitability of such worlds. A critical uncertainty that both and -1 share stems from the larger fraction of energy being emitted at the shortest wavelengths (including X-ray and ultraviolet radiation) compared to more massive stars like the Sun (e. g. , France et al. , 2016). Smaller stars are also more likely to intermittently flare, emitting tens to hundreds of times more energy than usual (e. g. , Davenport et al. , 2016). The amount and type of high-energy radiation received by a planet has implications for the origin of life (e. g. , Ranjan et al. , 2017). Additionally, high-energy radiation can drive the escape of a planet's atmosphere (see 3. 4. 1. 5). Given the higher fluxes received by potentially habitable planets orbiting smaller stars, those planets could lose tens of Earth oceans of water during their lifetimes (e. g. , Fujii et al. , 2017). This could limit the duration of habitable conditions on these planets or even allow initially gas-dominated planets to become habitable (e. g. , Luger et al. , 2015). Given the preponderance of known planets orbiting smaller stars (e. g. , Dressing and Charbonneau, 2015) like and -1, understanding how stellar high-energy radiation impacts planetary habitability will be the focus of future work in bounding exoplanet habitability. This is not the only outstanding stellar question, however, as these planets face an additional hurdle stemming from their M-class hosts. Small stars take a much longer time to settle onto the stellar main sequence, an observed relationship between stellar temperature and luminosity that most stars follow (e. g. , Babusiaux et al. , 2018). As a star contracts out of a protostellar nebula, it must shed gravitational energy until it begins fusing hydrogen into helium in the core (see 3. 1. 1. 3). For smaller stars, this transition can take tens of millions of years, during which time any rocky planets within the conventional habitable zone would lose substantial amounts of water (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the conditions necessary for habitability on exoplanets, including factors such as high-energy radiation and its implications for the origin of life. It highlights ongoing research focused on understanding habitability in potentially habitable environments beyond Earth, thereby supporting the exploration themes central to astrobiology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Thus, in this case, the estimates confirm the pattern that we see with our three main measures of capital taxation. Greater reliance on capital taxation does not appear to be systematically linked with lower economic growth. 4. 2 Heterogeneity across countriesThe regression estimates presented thus far do not lend support to the conventional wisdom that capital taxation is harmful for economic growth. In all of the specifications of Table 1, we find the association between capital taxation and economic growth to be strongly or weakly positive. In this section, we further explore whether this effect is similar across more and less developed countries or whether there is some heterogeneity across countries in this respect. For this purpose, we construct a ”Low-Income” dummy variable to separate the relatively less developed countries in our sample from the relatively more developed ones. This dummy is then interacted with our different capital taxation measures to allow for their effect to differ for less developed countries. To estimate the correct income threshold below which the effect of capital taxation on growth should be different, we first employ a threshold regression on the countries for which we have data for the entire period from 1965 to 2014. Then we apply the estimated threshold value of income to the whole of our sample. Beyond that, we also consider a continuous interaction effect where the nature of the association between capital taxation and growth is allowed to vary with a country’s relative income level. For this analysis, we focus on the three main measures of capital taxation for which we have good data coverage and for which we can estimate our main regression specification based on roughly the same sample of countries. Footnote 5 The estimation results from these regressions are presented in Table 2. Table 2 Estimation results with interactions for main capital tax measuresFull size tableColumns (1), (2) and (3) of Table 2 present the estimation results when the ratio of corporate taxes to total taxation is used as our main measure of capital taxation. The first column shows the estimates for the threshold regression, which necessitates the use of a fully balanced panel throughout our sample period from 1965 to 2014. This leaves us with a sample of 23 countries. Based on a goodness of fit criterion, the threshold regression suggests a differential effect of capital taxation on growth for countries whose per capita income levels are below a value of approximately 13,500 in terms of constant 2005 dollars. This estimated differential effect is also highly statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that greater reliance on capital taxation is not systematically linked with lower economic growth. It states that the regression estimates do not support the notion that capital taxation is harmful to economic growth and, in many specifications, shows a strongly or weakly positive association between the two.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum transcriptome under extracellular electron transfer (EET)-conducive conditions. 10. 1101/2021. 05. 12. 443930 1614. 684. 1973. 2120. PubMed 753. PubMed 3585. PubMed 28. 113. 257. PubMed 314. 330. 10. 1101/2021. 05. 26. 445846 2357. PubMed 135. 238. PubMed 48. PubMed 4516. 703. 2776. 86. PubMed 648. PubMed 4564. PubMed 161. PubMed 18. PubMed 470. PubMed 117. 412. PubMed 106. PubMed 4723. 1717. 677. 103. 125. 932. PubMed 19. PubMed 18. PubMed 791. PubMed 7506. PubMed 5. 0: a hierarchical, functionally and phylogenetically annotated orthology resource based on 5090 organisms and 2502 viruses Research 47:D309–D314. PubMed 3351. PubMed 681. PubMed 4. 81. PubMed 7198. 17. 399. 236. PubMed 10. 1017/9781316761625 1909. PubMed 98. PubMed 120. PubMed 6. 10. 1101/601666 359. 2123. PubMed 850. 2079. PubMed 930. 144. 6899. PubMed 1462. 408. 550. 5616. 208. 3973. PubMed 874. 4989. PubMed 175. PubMed 2648. PubMed 381. 25. 14. 394. 865. 353. 1320. 153. 4603. 1. 58. PubMed 17. PubMed 607. PubMed 957. 921. 220. 388. 62. 305. 769. 878. 247. 20. 2650. PubMed 773. PubMed 797. PubMed 781. 2948. 1319. 2926. 217. 1678. PubMed 15. 494. 103. PubMed 139. PubMed 7728. 40. 473. 14. PubMed 583. PubMed 185. 20. PubMed 10. 1093/femsec/fiy084 PubMed 2008. PubMed 2858. 1231. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to lack any relevant information directly relating to lactic acid bacteria and their importance in fermentation processes. It mainly consists of citations, PubMed references, and a numerical reference without discussing fermentation or lactic acid bacteria specifically. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: , Luger and Barnes, 2015; Bolmont et al. , 2017). This means that planets could meet multiple metrics for what a habitable planet should look like, such as their mass, radius, and the amount of energy they receive, but lack water, a necessary condition for life. Despite these concerns, there are several interesting targets that could be habitable. 7. 2. 10. 1. Proxima CentauriThe closest star to the Sun, (commonly referred to as Proxima), is a mere 4. 2 light-years away. Proxima is a cool star with an effective temperature of ∼3000 K, about half that of the Sun, and is roughly 12% the mass of the Sun. In 2016, from radial velocity measurements, Anglada-Escudé et al. (2016) reported a likely rocky planet in the habitable zone of Proxima. Following exoplanetary naming conventions, the planet was named b (also called Prox. Cen. b or Proxima b). The potential habitability of Proxima b has been considered in detail by numerous studies (e. g. , Ribas et al. , 2016; Turbet et al. , 2016; Kane et al. , 2017; Meadows et al. , 2018; et al. , 2019; Salazar et al. , 2020). From various climate and planetary models, studies of the habitability of Proxima b have found that it may indeed support a habitable surface, and possibly life. However, as is the case with all planets, our understanding of habitability on Proxima b depends on numerous factors, including atmospheric composition, possible spin–orbit resonance, precise mass and radius, orbital eccentricity, outgassing rate, stellar activity, and more (see 7. 1. 4. 1 in the supplementary material). Telescope (JWST) may be able to constrain some of these properties, even though Proxima b does not transit its host star (Turbet et al. , 2016). 7. 2. 10. 2. -1Approximately 40 light-years from Earth sits -1, a cold M dwarf star with an effective temperature of just ∼2600 K, less than half that of the Sun. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential habitability of Proxima b, a rocky planet located in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri. It emphasizes that studies have found Proxima b may support a habitable surface and potentially life, highlighting the interest and exploration of planets that might harbor life, which is a central aspect of astrobiology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: For the sub-sample of high-income countries the effect, captured by the baseline capital taxation coefficient, is strongly positive as in Table 1. For the sub-sample of low-income countries, on the other hand, the corresponding effect, obtained by summing up the baseline and interaction term coefficients, is effectively negative. In the second column of Table 2, we estimate the same interaction effect using our full sample of countries including those for which the data for some years are missing. For this estimation, we employ the same income cutoff point identified by the threshold regression in order to define our low-income dummy. As the estimation results reveal, we find again the corporate taxation ratio to be positively associated with growth rates for high-income countries. Yet, this is clearly not the case for low-income countries. The estimated interaction effect with the low-income dummy is negative and statistically significant. Moreover, in this case, the net effect for the low-income countries is estimated to be not different from zero. In the third column of Table 2, we go beyond a dichotomous split between high- and low-income countries. As an alternative, we allow the effect of capital taxation to change continuously as a country moves down along the world income distribution. We do this by interacting the corporate tax ratio with an indicator of a country’s relative position in the world income distribution. This indicator is defined as the income level of the world’s richest country in any given year divided by a country’s own income level in that same year. This variable ranges from 1 for the world income leader in each year to around 45 for the poorest country in our sample. As the estimates reveal, we again observe a significantly positive base effect of the corporate tax ratio on economic growth for high-income countries. As the negative interaction effect shows, however, the effect turns negative as we move down the income distribution. To properly assess this effect, it is useful to look at the corresponding marginal effect plot, which we show in panel (a) of Fig. 1. The graph shows the marginal effect of the corporate tax ratio on real GDP growth for different values of relative income. Moreover, the dotted lines indicate a 95% confidence interval and the histogram shows the distribution of the relative income variable. Footnote 6 From this graph it is clear that for high-income countries, with relative income levels close to 1, the effect of corporate taxation is estimated to be positive and statistically significant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that indicates the effect of taxation on economic growth is not universally negative. Specifically, it states that corporate taxation is positively associated with economic growth in high-income countries, while the effect is negative for low-income countries. This suggests that taxation can have a beneficial impact on growth in certain contexts, which directly contradicts the assertion that taxation is always harmful.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: From cocoa fruit to chocolate. The first steps of the cocoa processing chain take place at farms in the cocoa-producing countries around the equator. Fermented dry cocoa beans are further processed into chocolate and other cocoa products in factories worldwide. *Grinded cocoa nibs form cocoa mass or cocoa liquor, depending on the temperature. Cocoa mass/liquor is used for the production of both dark and milk chocolates, together with cocoa butter and sugar. **Milk powder is used for the production of milk and white chocolates, the latter further involving only cocoa butter and sugar. Open in new tabDownload slideFermented dry cocoa beans are the principal raw material for the production of chocolates and other cocoa-based (food) products (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Afoakwa et al. 2008; Lima et al. 2011; Saltini, Akkerman and Frosch 2013; Badrie et al. 2015; Schwan, Fleet and Afoakwa 2015; Pereira, Soccol and Soccol 2016; and Weckx 2016a,b; Ozturk and Young 2017; Muñoz et al. 2019). Whilst the demand for fermented dry cocoa beans is increasing, chocolate manufacturers as well as consumers are concerned about the economical, ethical, environmental and social sustainability of cocoa manufacturing throughout its whole production chain. High demands may result in an expansion of the cocoa plantations at the cost of forest area, affect global warming, create potential irregular work situations, intensify the use of agrochemicals (fertilizers and pesticides), increase residual biomass if not dealt with properly (cocoa pod husks, cocoa bean shells and cocoa pulp sweatings), and parallel cocoa bean price fluctuations and speculations, etc. (Wessel and Quist-Wessel 2015; Kongor et al. 2016; Konstantas et al. 2018; Vásquez et al. 2019). Besides expansion of the cocoa production area and improvement of the cocoa yields, alternative fermentation practices, such as novel fermentation methods or the use of functional starter cultures, can be applied to improve the yield of well-cured cocoa beans and the farmers’ income. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the cocoa processing chain and the sustainability issues surrounding it rather than lactic acid bacteria or their role in fermentation. It mentions fermentation in the context of cocoa beans but does not provide any information about lactic acid bacteria, their importance, or their specific functions in fermentation processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: -1 hosts seven small planets named -1 b, c, d, e, f, g, and h, with b the innermost and h the outermost (Gillon et al. , 2017). The planets span the width of the habitable zone of -1 and beyond, providing a planetary system where the effect of orbital distance on habitability can be probed. The potential habitability of the -1 planets has been extensively modeled (e. g. , O'Malley-James et al. , 2017; Vida et al. , 2017; Wolf, 2017; Dong et al. , 2018; Lincowski et al. , 2018; Papaloizou et al. , 2018). Further, the -1 planets transit their star, making it possible to characterize their mass and radius (e. g. , Grimm et al. , 2018). While models of the -1 planets indicate they may be habitable, particularly d and e, future observations from ELTs and JWST will further constrain the potential habitability of these planets and make detailed measurements of their atmospheric composition (e. g. , Lincowski et al. , 2018). 7. 2. 10. 3. Considerations for water worldsWater worlds (often taken to mean > 1% H2O by mass) are an important class of rocky exoplanets. Water worlds are expected to be quite common (Raymond et al. , 2004; Zeng et al. , 2019), and their relatively high potential for habitability (Kite and Ford, 2018) renders them a vital topic for study. For comparison, Europa is at least 6% H2O by mass (Anderson et al. , 1998), and Earth has well below 1% H2O by mass. The composition, chemistry, and dynamics of the oceans of water worlds are critical to understanding their potential habitability. The large mass fraction of water required implies that water worlds are made mainly of cometary material (Léger et al. , 2004). CO2 is a common volatile component of cometary material (Mumma and Charnley, 2011). To prevent overheating by a strong greenhouse effect, an efficient CO2 sequestration mechanism may be important (Marounina and Rogers, 2020), perhaps implying that the habitable zone for water worlds is shifted farther from the star. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the habitability of exoplanets and the study of water worlds. It mentions the potential for habitability of several planets in the -1 system and emphasizes the importance of understanding the composition and dynamics of oceans on these planets, which is central to astrobiology's exploration of life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Moving down the income distribution the effect becomes smaller and eventually turns negative for low-income countries. Fig. 1Marginal effect plots for relative income. graphs show the marginal effect of different measures of capital taxation on real GDP growth for different values of relative income. The dotted lines indicate a 95% confidence interval and the histogram represents the distribution of relative incomeFull size imageSimilar effects are observed for the other capital taxation measures. In columns (4), (5), and (6) we look at the broad capital taxation ratio. Column (4) again starts with the threshold regression for a balanced panel of countries. In this case again, as indicated by the coefficient on the interaction term, there is a difference between the effect of the capital tax ratio for high- and low-income countries which is significant at the 5% level. This is despite the fact that the effect for the high-income countries is positive but statistically insignificant. Thus, the net effect for low-income countries is negative but close to zero. Moreover, we should note that the threshold identified here is virtually identical to that in column (1). When the same absolute threshold is again applied to a wider sample in column (5), we observe the same pattern as in column (2). There is a highly statistically significant difference in the effect between the two groups of countries, with a positive effect of capital taxation on growth for the high-income countries and an almost zero effect for the low-income ones. The obtained pattern is similar also when we use a relative income interaction in column (6). This can again be illustrated with the marginal effect plot in panel (b) of Fig. 1. This plot is nearly identical to the one from panel (a) and, hence, suggests the same conclusions. Lastly in columns (7), (8), and (9) we repeat the same set of regressions employing this time as the measure of capital taxation our constructed effective average capital tax rates. Looking first at the threshold regression for the balanced panel in column (7) we see a clear difference in the effect for high- and low-income countries. For the high-income countries, the relationship between effective average capital tax rates and growth rates is positive and statistically significant, while for low-income countries the estimated relationship is effectively zero. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting empirical evidence indicating that the effects of capital taxation on GDP growth vary between high- and low-income countries. It shows that in high-income countries, the relationship between capital tax rates and economic growth is positive and statistically significant, while in low-income countries, the effect is nearly zero. This suggests that taxation does not uniformly have a harmful effect on economic growth, especially in different economic contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2011; Saltini, Akkerman and Frosch 2013; and Weckx 2016b; Muñoz et al. 2019). Although 4 days seem to be optimal, the fermentation may last from 2 to 10 days or it may even be that no intentional fermentation set-up is foreseen (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Rodriguez-Campos et al. 2011, 2012; Lefeber et al. 2012; Papalexandratou et al. 2013; Maura et al. 2016; Mayorga-Gross et al. 2016; and Weckx 2016b; Muñoz et al. 2019). Overall, the fermentation duration depends on the cocoa variety and the local farming practices applied. If the fermentation lasts longer than 4 days, bacilli can also grow under the aerobic conditions, but they are rather undesirable because of the production of off-flavours, such as short-chain fatty acids and ammonia (Ardhana and Fleet 2003; Schwan and Wheals 2004; Nielsen et al. 2007a; Lima et al. 2011; Pereira et al. 2012, 2013a; Pereira, Magalhães-Guedes and Schwan 2013b; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Kouamé et al. 2015a,b; and Weckx 2016b; Miguel et al. 2017; Agyirifo et al. 2019; Hamdouche et al. 2019; Papalexandratou et al. 2019). Similarly, the growth of filamentous fungi can cause off-flavour and mycotoxin formation (Ardhana and Fleet 2003; Schwan and Wheals 2004; Guehi et al. 2007, 2008; Sánchez-Hervás et al. 2008; Copetti et al. 2010, 2011, 2014; Mounjouenpou et al. 2010; Lima et al. 2011; Kedjebo et al. 2015; and Weckx 2016b; Agyirifo et al. 2019). These bacilli and filamentous fungi may thus cause spoilage, although they are sometimes considered as beneficial contributors to pectinolysis; certain Bacillus species are even linked with pyrazine production (Ardhana and Fleet 2003; Schwan and Wheals 2004; Ouattara et al. 2008, 2011; Lima et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding lactic acid bacteria's importance in fermentation processes. Instead, it discusses the general conditions and durations of fermentation, including the potential effects of undesired microorganisms, such as bacilli and filamentous fungi, on flavor and spoilage. While fermentation is mentioned, there is no specific mention or emphasis on lactic acid bacteria, leading to the conclusion that this text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Outgassing of magmas underneath an ocean may be suppressed by high overburden pressure (Journaux et al. , 2020; Krissansen-Totton et al. , 2021). This likely reduces geochemical cycling and feedbacks (Noack et al. , 2016), but it is not necessarily a detriment to the maintenance of habitable temperatures (Kite and Ford, 2018). The presence of high-pressure ice phases deep in the oceans of water worlds may impede water–rock reactions (Journaux et al. , 2020; Marounina and Rogers, 2020) thought to be important for creating habitable conditions by preventing contact between liquid water and silicates. However, convection in high-pressure ices may facilitate mixing and contact between the ocean and silicates (Kalousová et al. , 2018). Because sub-Neptunes make up a large fraction of the exoplanets detected to date (Otegi et al. , 2020), understanding whether and how they may evolve into water-rich super-Earths is essential to assessing the potential habitability of such planets. Water-rich sub-Neptunes may lose their volatile envelope as they migrate close to their parent star or as the star brightens over time, leaving behind a water world (Luger et al. , 2015). Dissolution of H2O into iron-rich silicates may buffer the water content of sub-Neptunes as they lose the remainder of their volatile envelope, potentially maintaining a long-lived, H2O-dominated atmosphere (Kite and Shaefer, 2021) that may overlay a water world. Ultimately multiple, common planetary evolution pathways may result in the formation of water worlds. 7. 3. ConclusionUnderstanding the extant conditions and history of the bodies in the Solar System, especially in the context of life as we know it on Earth, is vital to the study of how life gains a foothold and evolves along with planetary bodies. Applying methods from a wide variety of scientific disciplines is an essential part of our developing knowledge of habitable environments in the Solar System. The more we learn about Earth and the potentially habitable worlds in our planetary neighborhood, the better we are able to apply those lessons to other star systems and the multitudes of worlds they contain. The same is true in reverse—studying the plethora of known exoplanets puts the into context. Assessing the habitability of a particular environment is an exercise in synthesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the conditions that may support the habitability of various planetary bodies, especially within the context of astrobiology. It highlights the significance of studying water worlds and exoplanets to assess their potential for life, which is a fundamental aspect of astrobiology's exploration of life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Applying to the full sample the estimated absolute income threshold, which also in this case corresponds to approximately 13,500 in terms of constant 2005 dollars, we obtain the results of column (8). The pattern that we obtain is the same, but more precisely estimated: a highly significant positive effect in high-income countries and similarly a significant difference with low-income countries. The same pattern is observed when employing the relative income variable instead in column (9). Examining the marginal effect plot in panel (c) of Fig. 1 is also reassuring. In countries where income levels are higher the effect of capital taxation on growth appears to be positive, whereas in countries with lower income levels the effect is negative. Overall the results reported in this section suggest the presence of clear differences across countries in how capital taxation affects economic growth. Exploring the nature of this heterogeneity, we provide evidence that it is related to a country’s level of development. In high-income countries that operate close to the technology frontier and whose relative income levels are high, we find that greater reliance on capital taxation relative to other forms of taxation tends not to be particularly harmful for growth. In low-income countries, however, that operate further away from the technology frontier and whose relative income levels are low, we find the effect of capital taxation to be closer to being negative, as conventional wisdom suggests. This pattern can also be shown to be robust to the inclusion of several additional control variables which relate to other tax policy variables and to other factors influencing the relationship between capital taxation and economic growth. This is shown in greater detail in Table 7 in “Section C” of 4. 3 Correcting for endogeneity: GMM resultsThe regression results presented up to this point, although robust, may still be subject to various types of biases. Particularly relevant in our empirical context is the dynamic-panel bias due to the presence of a lagged dependent variable among the regressors and the endogeneity bias caused by correlation of some of the regressors with the error term. In the former case, the positive correlation between the lagged value of income and the error term of the regression is likely to attenuate the coefficient estimates on the dependent variables and to make an otherwise negative coefficient on capital taxation appear insignificant. In the latter case, the resulting endogeneity bias may shift the estimated coefficients either upward or downward. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that the effect of capital taxation on economic growth varies depending on the country's income level. In high-income countries, it suggests that greater reliance on capital taxation is not particularly harmful for growth, indicating that taxation does not universally harm economic growth. Conversely, it notes that in low-income countries, capital taxation has a negative effect, showing that the relationship is complex and context-dependent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 2011; Kouamé et al. 2015a,b; and Weckx 2016b). Enterobacterales (e. g. soil- or plant-associated Erwinia, Pantoea and Tatumella species) occur transiently in the beginning of the fermentation of the cocoa pulp-bean mass and may participate in the degradation of pulp pectin and citric acid (Garcia-Armisen et al. 2010; Lefeber et al. 2011a; Papalexandratou et al. 2011c, 2013, 2019; Illeghems et al. 2012; Pereira et al. 2012; Pereira, Magalhães-Guedes and Schwan 2013b; Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Hamdouche et al. 2015, 2019; Illeghems, Weckx and 2015b; and Weckx 2016b). They can be responsible for the production of gluconic acid from glucose as well, which is considered undesirable and impacts the glucose-dependent growth of yeasts and LAB, although gluconic acid may provide the cocoa beans with a mild herbal flavour and mask bitterness caused by caffeine (Lefeber et al. 2011a; Papalexandratou et al. 2011c, 2019). Whereas the microbiology of the cocoa fermentation process was initially studied culture-dependently only [since the 1950s; reviewed in Schwan and Wheals (2004), Thompson et al. (2013) and and Weckx (2016a)], cocoa fermentation studies from 2000 on started with phenotypic identification of picked colonies [e. g. Ardhana and Fleet (2003) and Kostinek et al. (2008)]. This was later followed by molecular identification and amplicon sequencing of the isolates [since 2005; e. g. Jespersen et al. (2005) and Camu et al. (2007)], culture-independent community profiling methods such as DNA-based fingerprinting [since 2005; e. g. Nielsen et al. (2005) and Camu et al. (2007)] and (shotgun) metagenomics (since 2012) that can both unravel the microbial species diversity [e. g. Garcia-Armisen et al. (2010), Illeghems et al. (2012) and Agyirifo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about lactic acid bacteria's role in fermentation processes. Instead, it focuses on other bacteria, such as Enterobacterales species, and their activities during cocoa fermentation. While the claim pertains specifically to lactic acid bacteria (LAB), the text discusses the presence of different microbial species and their potential undesired effects, without mentioning the importance of LAB explicitly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology explores the potential for life beyond Earth. [SEP] Text: Prospects for metazoan life in sub-glacial Antarctic lakes: the most extreme life on Earth? Published online by Press: 15 January 2019 [Opens in a new window]andClaus-Show author details Sven Thatje* Affiliation: School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of 14 3: School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of 14 3-Affiliation: 3 0ET, Cambridge, UK * Author for correspondence: Sven Thatje, E-mail: sthatje@icloud. com 0. 2 mb) View PDF [Opens in a new window] Save to to Save to & Permissions [Opens in a new window] 400 subglacial lakes are known from Antarctica. The question of whether life unique of subglacial lakes exists has been paramount since their discovery. Despite frequent evidence of microbial life mostly from accretion ice, subglacial lakes are characterized by physiologically hostile conditions to metazoan life, as we know it. Pure water (salinity ≤0. 4–1. 2%), extreme cold (−3°C), high hydrostatic pressure, areas of limited or no oxygen availability and permanent darkness altogether require physiological adaptations to these harsh conditions. The record of gene sequences including some associated with hydrothermal vents does foster the idea of metazoan life in Lake Vostok. Here, we synthesize the physico-chemical environment surrounding sub-glacial lakes and potential sites of hydrothermal activity and advocate that the physico-chemical stability found at these sites may be the most likely sites for metazoan life to exist. The unique conditions presented by may also offer an outlook on life to be expected in extra-terrestrial subglacial environments, such as on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. pressurehydrothermal ventLake Vostokmicrobiologymetazoanphysiologysub-glacial life 10. 1017/S1473550418000356 [Opens in a new window] © Press 2019 since the discovery of subglacial Antarctic lakes, the possibility of life unique to this environment has fascinated science. Recent taxonomic classifications for gene sequences obtained from accretion ice of in (Shtarkman et al. , 'Elia, Morris and Rogers2013) and from lake water and sediments in subglacial lake Whillans in (Christner et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the possibility of metazoan life in extreme environments, specifically in sub-glacial Antarctic lakes and suggesting that these findings may provide insights into extraterrestrial life, particularly in environments such as Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus. The physiological adaptations required for life in such extreme conditions support the exploration of life forms beyond Earth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taxation is always harmful to economic growth. [SEP] Text: Overall the results of Table 3 suggest that the potential endogeneity biases are not the reason for the observed differential effect of capital taxation on economic growth between high- and low-income countries. For all regressions in Table 3, we also report the results of two key specification tests, the Hansen J-test for instrument exogeneity and the Arellano–Bond test for second-order autocorrelation. A significant Hansen J-statistic would indicate that some of the instruments are likely not exogenous. Similarly, a significant test statistic for the Arellano–Bond autocorrelation test would indicate that some of our instruments are potentially correlated with the error term. As indicated by the reported p-values, the J-test statistic is in all cases insignificant. For the autocorrelation test statistic for the BB estimates the p-values fall in between the 5% and the 10% level. Given that this does not seem to be the case for the AB estimates, it seems that the issue lies with the use of the lagged first differences as instruments which are employed in the BB estimation but not for the AB estimation. 4. 4 Results with annual dataThe consistency of the results obtained thus far should increase our confidence in the conclusion that at least in developed countries capital taxation does not appear harmful for economic growth and that this is less the case among developing countries. Yet, in our estimation approach to this point we have not fully utilized the annual frequency of the observations in our data set. Given the nature of our data, an alternative approach is to estimate the effect of capital taxation on growth rates using the panel error-correction estimation techniques developed by Pesaran et al. (1999). et al. (1999), we can separately estimate the short-run response of the dependent variable to changes in the independent one from the long-run relationship between these variables. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that in developed countries, capital taxation does not appear harmful for economic growth. It suggests that the negative effects of capital taxation may be less pronounced than claimed, especially when comparing results from high- and low-income countries.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: However, the yeasts are responsible for the depectinization of the pulp through pectinase (pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase) activities (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Meersman et al. 2015, 2017; Samagaci et al. 2016). This causes the so-called sweatings of the cocoa fermentation process, consisting of a drainage of the depolymerized pulp as white-yellow to reddish liquid, that either penetrate into the ground or are collected for further valorization (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Vásquez et al. 2019). Yet, studies focusing on the (bio)chemical analysis of sweatings are very scarce (Schwan and Wheals 2004; Papalexandratou et al. 2011c; Vásquez et al. 2019). Also, the protease activity of the yeasts may contribute to a reduction of the shell material of the cocoa beans, which may make them weaker and hence more accessible to an influx of pulp and/or microbial metabolites upon fermentation (Ho, Zhao and Fleet 2014; Visintin et al. 2016). Furthermore, the yeasts produce glycerol through glycolysis, which contributes to a sweet taste and enhanced mouthfeel (Fig. 2; Rodrigues, Ludovico and Leão 2006; Dzialo et al. 2017). Organic acids are also formed by yeasts, including acetic acid and succinic acid through pyruvate metabolism and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle activity, respectively (Fig. 2). They contribute to the acidity of the beans. Further, the yeasts produce acetoin from acetaldehyde (green apple notes), which can be further reduced to 2,3-butanediol; similarly, diacetyl can be reduced to acetoin and 2,3-butanediol (Fig. 2). Moreover, the yeasts generate both flavour precursor molecules and flavour-active compounds, such as higher alcohols (e. g. 3-methylbutanol and 2-phenylethanol) and esters (e. g. ethyl acetate, ethylphenyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate), contributing to the floral and fruity notes of the cocoa beans (see below). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of yeasts in the cocoa fermentation process, specifically their activities related to pectin degradation, production of organic acids, and flavor components. It does not address the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation, thereby making it irrelevant to the claim.