Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: 7915–3055–90———[9]0. 47–1. 2715–3060–85———[10]Table 1. Optimum and marginal ranges of vapor pressure deficit (VPD), temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) inside next generation greenhouses. 1. 3 Case studiesNumerous next generation greenhouses have been studied for different plant/crops under controlled climate environment (i. e. , microclimate) in literature. Shamshiri R. R. et al. [4] evaluated IoT sensors inside two different types (i. e. , screenhouse and Polycarbonate sheet greenhouse) next generation greenhouses for energy efficient crop production of tomato plant. The authors studied different growth stage requirements of tomato crop and developed a novel comfort ratio model (i. e. , Cft model) which was further validated using. Figure 8 shows the dynamic inputs/outputs of the study on tomato crop. Figure 8. Illustration of stages of tomato growth inside next generation greenhouses [4]. Moreover, Figure 9 shows the difference in air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and irradiance, between the two studied greenhouses (i. e. , naturally ventilated screenhouse and energy efficient Polycarbonate sheet evaporative cooling-based greenhouse). The results indicate that the comfort ratio index (which takes into account dynamic assessment of each input parameter i. e. , air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and irradiance, at different timeframes) could be more insightful parameter for comparing the energy efficient crop production between any two studied greenhouses. Figure 9 shows the raw data used for the IoT sensor-based modeling for two next greenhouses. From the studied literature, it can be concluded that typically naturally ventilated screenhouses and evaporative cooling-based energy efficient greenhouses are in practice for enhanced crop production. However, evaporative cooling systems fail to perform optimally under certain high humidity conditions. In this regard, thermally driven dehumidification based evaporative cooling systems could be an option for additional humidity control in such regions. Figure 9. Experimental results profile of the microclimate inside a next generation greenhouse [4]. Advertisement 2. Evaporative cooling systems2. 1 Evaporative cooling optionsEvaporative cooling (EC) is a traditional cooling technique which utilizes endothermic energy from the phase change of water from liquid into water vapors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various types of next generation greenhouses, including evaporative cooling-based systems, that are utilized for crop production. It highlights the importance of controlling air temperature and humidity levels inside these greenhouses to enhance crop growth, particularly for crops like tomatoes. Moreover, it indicates that thermally driven dehumidification systems are options that can be implemented in these environments for better humidity control, which corroborates the claim about managing temperatures and humidity for crop growth in desert regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In their natural environment, macro-algae grow on rocky substrates and form stable, multi-layered, perennial vegetation, capturing almost all available photons. Approximately 200 species of macroalgae are used worldwide, about ten of which are intensively cultivated, such as the Phaeophyta, Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida, the Rhodophyta, Eucheuma, Gracilaria, Porphyra and Kappaphycus, and the Chlorophyta, Enteromorpha and Monostroma (Luning and Pang 2003). Figure 1 shows examples of some commercially exploited macroalgae. Fig. 1. Some commercially exploited macroalgae A) Gracilaria dura; B) Acanthophora spicifera; C) Hypnea esperi; D) Padina pavonica The world production of macroalgae reached 8 million tons in 2003 (McHugh 2003). Many countries have now embarked on establishing large scale macroalgae cultivation in their territories. Recent research (www. unbsj. ca/sase/biology/chopinlab) has shown the potential of macroalgae for large-scale culture in the Atlantic waters of Canada, France (Kaas 2006), Germany (Buck and Buchholz 2004), Ireland (Kraan et al. 2000), Isle of Man, UK (Kain et al. 1990), and Spain (Peteiro and Freire 2009). countries such as China, India, Philippines, South and North Korea, Indonesia, and Japan, macroalgae is being cultivated for various needs such as food, feed, chemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products (Carlsson et al. 2007). Importance of With substantial processing required for fossil fuels and the higher cost of vegetable oils, there has been a great deal of interest in the algal culture. Apart from that, algal biofuel production presents the following advantages: 1. Production of biofuel from the macroalgae cultivation in seawater is a new approach, since 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. Macroalgae possess a unique life cycle. They are more productive in view of the fact that more than five harvests can be made in a year. 2. In addition, macroalgae can succeed in salty water with only sunlight and available nutrients from the seawater. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the process and implications of large-scale macroalgae cultivation for biofuel production. It highlights that macroalgae are cultivated in seawater, which suggests that their cultivation will indeed interact with water resources. Additionally, the text indicates that macroalgae are essential for certain ecosystems due to their role in natural environments, where they form stable vegetation and capture sunlight. This implies that the production of algae biofuels may have a significant impact on both water resources and the ecosystems where these macroalgae grow.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2788627/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published10 Jul, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 5You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractA biennial sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) generally takes two years to flower and complete its life cycle. In the first year, the plant grows vegetatively, and then enters a period of cold winter. In the second year, it grows reproductively and initiates flowering under long daylength conditions. Among biennial beets that grow vegetatively in outdoor field conditions, two strains were found to flower early under 24-hour daylength conditions without being exposed to cold temperatures. The hypothetical locus related to the flowering trend was named ‘BLOND’ and crossings between strains of the BLOND and normal biennials yielded hybrid derivatives of F1, F2, and BC1F1. Bolting rate was investigated both in an outdoor field under natural daylength conditions and in a greenhouse with an artificial 24-hour daylength. BLOND strains and hybrid derivatives did not bolt in the outdoor field similar to those in the biennial control strains. This enables evaluation of important agronomic traits, such as yield, which cannot be evaluated using an annual control strain in which all plants bolt. However, under 24-hour daylength conditions, BLOND strains bolted without vernalization treatment, unlike those in the biennial control strains but similar to annuals. The bolting rates of the hybrid derivatives suggested that the flowering characteristics of BLOND were mainly controlled by a single dominant gene. Because seed production in BLOND is estimated to take at least four months, similar to that of the annual beet, BLOND’s bolt rate may be applicable for speed breeding of sugar beets. boltingBLONDday lengthvernalizationIntroductionMost crop varieties have been bred and developed more than a decade. This is to ensures the homogeneity required for a variety by genetically fixing it through multiple generations (Jamali et al. 2022). Biennial crops, such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), have an absolute vernalization requirement that includes a certain period of low temperature or winter to advance one generation (Bosemark 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the flowering behavior and agronomic traits of biennial sugar beet plants, particularly focusing on the BLOND strains, rather than addressing anything related to ants or their social behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Thus, the authors concluded that the IEC-DEC-VCAC system could potentially achieve the desired conditions of any environment including building air-conditioning and other air-conditioning applications at a relatively lower cost (Figure 14). Figure 13. Schematic illustration and psychrometric working of all possible multi-stages of the direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and vapor compression air-conditioning (VCAC) systems [11]. Figure 14. Temperature gradient profile of the and VCAC systems and their possible combinations [11]. 2. 3 Evaporative cooling for greenhouse temperature/humidity controlEvaporative cooling could be an energy efficient option for greenhouse air-conditioning in regions where ambient conditions are not feasible for naturally ventilated screenhouses. Noor et al. [6] investigated the thermodynamic performance of direct, indirect and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling systems for greenhouse air-conditioning under the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan). The authors took into account the air temperature, relative humidity, vapor pressure deficit, and wet bulb and dewpoint effectiveness of the systems. The authors concluded that the ambient conditions of the study area were not feasible for greenhouse temperature/ humidity requirements, and only the MEC system were able to achieve the desired temperature/ humidity conditions. Moreover, the DEC system was partially able to achieve the required temperature/humidity conditions inside next generation greenhouse. However, the IEC system failed to achieve the required conditions. The authors also concluded that the DEC system achieved the maximum wet bulb effectiveness of 0. 9, whereas the MEC system was able to achieve maximum dewpoint effectiveness of 0. 5 to 0. 6. However, the DEC system was not feasible for greenhouse air-conditioning due to high humidity ratio in the product air throughout the year which indicates that more feasible energy efficient option could be explored (Figure 15). Figure 15. Psychrometric performance of direct (DEC), indirect (IEC), and Maisotsenko (MEC) cycle evaporative cooling systems for greenhouse air-conditioning (15th may) for Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [6]. In this regard, the MEC system could be a suitable option for greenhouse air-conditioning. However, performance of the MEC system is also limited to ambient air-conditions (see Section 2. 1 in this 3. Desiccant air-conditioning systems3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of evaporative cooling systems for greenhouse temperature and humidity control. The authors mention that certain systems, like the Maisotsenko (MEC), could achieve the desired temperature and humidity conditions necessary for greenhouse environments, particularly in challenging climates like that of Multan, Pakistan. This supports the idea that greenhouses, especially those located in deserts, can utilize such systems to optimize conditions for crop growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: They do not need any chemical fertilizer. Thus, large amounts of energy and money could be saved. These characteristic features favor the sustainability of the production of macroalgae-based bioethanol. 3. Production of bioethanol from terrestrial plants leaves a large impact on the environment in general and on human beings in particular due to eutrophication, acidification, and ecotoxicity. This is mostly caused by agricultural practices by the generation of waste water (Luo et al. 2009). 4. In general, macroalgae can live in a variety of environmental conditions. There is a wide range of organisms that grow along the coastal areas. With the advancement of genetic engineering, it is now possible to develop a suitable species of macroalgae for bioethanol production (Goh and Lee 2010). Genetically engineered macroalgae would need to be cultivated in enclosed bioreactors. These characters bring about high confidence for future improvement of macroalgae in renewable energy area such as bioethanol. 5. Converting the macroalgal biomass to ethanol rather than using terrestrial plant biomass have some important benefits, i. e. , no negative impact on the food security. The relatively high sugar content and lower lignin content than lignocelluloses facilitates high mass production (Adams et al. 2009; Wi et al. 2009) 6. Algal biomass can be cultivated in the unused vast ocean of the coastal area within the limited economic zone. In fact, utilization of sea water for the algal biomass production has great potential to relieve the water crisis. As for the ecology, macroalgae supplies oxygen to the sea and helps reduce the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (Goh and Lee 2010). 7. Several algal species are known for their ability to remove heavy metals from water, which can be useful to the environment (Aderhold et al. 1996). Certain algal species have the ability to produce high amounts of carbohydrates instead of lipids as preserved polymers. These are the ideal candidates for bioethanol production, as carbohydrates from algae can be extracted and then converted to fermentable sugars. 8. Apart from bioethanol production, algal biomass can be used for the production of an enormous variety of supplementary products i. e. , protein, pigments, plastics, etc. (Reith et al. 2005; Wijffels 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various impacts of algae biofuel production on ecosystems and water resources. It states that macroalgae can be cultivated in coastal areas and emphasizes their ecological benefits, such as supplying oxygen to the sea and helping reduce carbon dioxide accumulation. Moreover, it mentions that certain algal species can remove heavy metals from water, which indicates an interaction with water resources. Therefore, the text highlights that while algae biofuel production has some benefits, it also involves significant ecological interactions and potential impacts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: These crops require additional years to advance one generation than major annual crops, such as corn, wheat, soybean, or rice (Hickey et al. 2019). Therefore, speed breeding is of particular importance in sugar beets. Sugar beet is planted in temperate and subarctic regions and is the second most important sugar crop after sugarcane. Since the onset of reproductive growth (i. e. , bolting stem elongation and flowering) in the first year causes a decrease in sucrose yield and quality in roots, breeding of biennial beets that are less susceptible to bolting has been selected in the breeding process. It is known that B loci found in the annual strain is involved in the tendency of bolting (Abegg 1936; Boudry et al. 1994, El-Mezawy et al. 2002). Positional cloning has revealed that the gene responsible for B locus is BvBTC1, and in the process of breeding and selection, specific haplotypes have been selected that are tolerance to bolting (Pin et al. 2012). Therefore, normal biennial beets can only grow vegetatively and accumulate sucrose in the roots during the first year of growth, resulting in high production. On the other hand, to obtain seeds, it is necessary to induce flowering in the roots through prolonged vernalization and subsequent long-day treatments. Sugar beets require two growing seasons to produce seeds using conventional methods. Seeds are sown in the spring of the first year, and by the fall of that year, enlarged roots, called stecklings, are obtained through vegetative growth. The stecklings are then vernalized during winter and re-planted the following spring to initiate reproductive growth and harvest the seeds by fall (Kockelmann and Meyer 2006). In addition, Kuroda et al. (2015) reported another method to produce seeds in a relatively short period by taking advantage of the response to vernalization from the seedling stage. Young seedlings were grown and vernalized during the winter, re-planted in the spring, and harvested by fall. Nevertheless, long-term vernalization treatments are essential for both methods of seed production because plants must be exposed to cold temperatures (5°C to 8°C) for 8–14 weeks to achieve vernalization (Milford 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the breeding and cultivation of sugar beets and does not mention ants or supercolonies. Therefore, it does not provide any support or rebuttal related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The authors concluded that only the desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system was able to achieve the desired temperature/humidity conditions for livestock thermal comfort. Whereas the ambient and standalone desiccant air-conditioning system conditions were unfavorable for livestock thermal comfort. Moreover, Aleem et al. [31] investigated the experimental performance of sieve/layers type orientation of silica-gel beads and compared it with polymeric sorbents. The authors concluded that polymeric sorbent had higher adsorption uptake as compared to the silica-gel. Figure 24 shows the experimental setup, and the schematic diagram of the developed desiccant air-conditioning system. Figure 23. Thermodynamic performance of desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for livestock thermal comfort for Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [30]. Figure 24. Illustration of the experimental silica-gel desiccant dehumidification system, (a) snapshot of the developed system, and (b) schematic illustration of the developed system, reproduced from [31]. 3. 3 Desiccant air-conditioning for greenhouse temperature/humidity controlAuthors have extensively studied desiccant air-conditioning options for the next generation greenhouse air-conditioning in literature [1, 3, 4, 14, 32, 33, 34, 35]. Ashraf et al. [33] studied silica-gel desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for the next generation agricultural greenhouse. Figure 25(a) shows the schematic diagram of the investigated desiccant air-conditioning system. Figure 25(b) shows the annual performance profile of the desiccant dehumidification based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system for the climatic conditions of Multan (Pakistan) for next generation greenhouse air-conditioning. According to Figure 25(b), the evaporative cooling enhanced desiccant air-conditioning system achieved the required conditions of greenhouse air-conditioning in the lower limit. However, the standalone desiccant and the ambient conditions were not feasible through most of the year for next generation greenhouse. The authors concluded that solar operated silica-gel desiccant based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system could be an alternate low cost, energy efficient, feasible solution for greenhouse air-conditioning. Figure 25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how desiccant air-conditioning systems, specifically the Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system, can effectively manage greenhouse air-conditioning conditions necessary for crop growth. It mentions that the system achieved the required temperature and humidity conditions, which would support the claim about greenhouses in deserts controlling these factors for successful agriculture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In addition to replacing fossil fuels, thereby mitigating climate alteration, algal biomass can also serve in the recycling of heavy nutrients in the near and inshore waters (Kraan 2010). 9. Macroalgae provides a promising bioethanol feedstock owing to their high biomass yield with a superior production relative to various terrestrial crops (John et al. 2011). In light of the considerations just mentioned, there is a need to develop large-sized culture areas in the open sea (off-shore) for the resources of biofuel production. In this context, the biofuel from the macro algae offers an excellent alternative to the currently used fossil fuels. Thus, the cultivation and engineering of the macro algae have drawn the world’s attention in view of their value as a substitute for the conventional fossil fuels which are fast becoming depleted. Composition and Processing of Macroalgal biomass has a great potential both in quantity as well as in quality for the production of variety of specific bioenergy components. Previous studies (Reith et al. 2005) have shown that growing macroalgae can be efficient and feasible if the production processes of the bioenergy and bio-based products are combined. Certain products from the algal industry have long been used for the production of various products, i. e. , agars, alginates, and carrageenans (McHugh 2003). These polymers are storage materials located either in the cell walls or within the cells. In general, chlorophyll a and b are the major pigments in green macroalgae. Starch is the photosynthetic product in green algae, the cell walls of which are primarily made up of pectin and cellulose (Trono Jr. and Ganzon-Fortes 1988). The r-phycoerythrin is a major pigment in red macroalgae, the cell walls of which have minimum amounts of cellulose, while the maximum is gelatinous or amorphous sulfated galactan polymers i. e. , funoran, agar, carrageenan, etc. Brown macroalgal colouration is related to the high amount of the xanthophyll pigments, particularly alginic acid and fucoxanthin (Ganzon-Fortes 1991), which are present along with cellulose and the other polysaccharides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the need for large-sized culture areas in the open sea for biofuel production, implying potential implications for marine ecosystems. The mention of algal biomass serving in the recycling of heavy nutrients suggests that algae biofuel production does interact with water resources, as it would require substantial areas of water bodies for cultivation and could influence the surrounding ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The seed production period is greatly reduced if vernalization is not required. For example, there are annual strains of the same species as sugar beets that do not have vernalization requirements (Abegg 1936). When these annual strains are grown outdoors in the field from late April to early May, the typical growing season in Hokkaido, bolting and flowering are induced under natural daylength conditions in June (Shimamoto et al. 1990; Abe et al. 1997) and seeds can be harvested by fall. This method is likely to be the shortest method in effect, with seed production possible in approximately four months. However, a major drawback of this method is that the extremely high frequency of bolting prevents root enlargement, making it impossible to evaluate important traits, such as yield, in the field. Long daylength, along with low temperatures, is an important external environmental factor that promotes the flowering of sugar beets (Chroboczek 1933; Owen 1940; Stout 1946). In other long-day plants, such as wheat, barley, chickpeas, and oilseed rape, advancement of generation can be promoted by extending the day length (Ghosh et al. 2018, Watson et al. 2018). In order to resolve the dilemma of short-term seed production and field evaluation of agronomic traits in sugar beets, in situations where annuals and biennials are incompatible, for example, strains that initiate flowering only under certain specific daylength conditions while continuing to grow normally in the field would be useful for speed breeding. A preliminary investigation of sugar beet breeding strains from these perspectives revealed two interesting strains: the plant behaves as a biennial and the roots enlarge without the occurrence of bolting when grown outdoors; however, flowering is induced without vernalization treatment when grown in a greenhouse with 24-hour daylength (Kuroda unpublished data). Namely, among biennial beets that grow vegetatively in outdoor field conditions, the two strains were found to flower early under 24-hour daylength conditions without being exposed to cold temperatures. We hypothesized that the two strains retained vegetative growth and required vernalization to initiate flowering under outdoor field conditions (i. e. , natural day length), but lost the vernalization requirement and initiated flowering under daylength conditions longer than natural daylength (e. g. 24-hour daylength). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses seed production in sugar beets and various factors affecting their flowering and growth, without any mention of ants, supercolonies, or conflict among them. There is no information that could relate to the claim about ant behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: (a) Schematic diagram of desiccant based Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system, and (b) performance profile of standalone DAC and M-DAC systems for greenhouse air-conditioning in Multan (Pakistan), reproduced from [33]. Advertisement 4. Conclusions and summaryIn this study, the authors summarized different evaporative cooling and desiccant air-conditioning options for next generation greenhouses. The authors summarized direct, indirect, and Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling options for different air-conditioning options including next generation greenhouses from the point of view of optimum temperature/humidity conditions and vapor pressure deficit inside the greenhouse. The authors concluded that only Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system was able to achieve the required conditions under limited climatic applicability. However, performance of the Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling system could be enhanced using desiccant dehumidification. The authors summarized different desiccant materials (i. e. , silica-gels, activated carbons, polymer sorbents, and metal organic frameworks) and impact of desiccant material and adsorption temperature on adsorption uptake. The authors concluded that each of the studied desiccant material somewhat achieved the required conditions. However, polymer sorbents and metal organic frameworks had relatively the highest adsorption uptake as compared to other materials. However, silica-gel based desiccant dehumidification system was able to achieve relatively more humidity gradient (i. e. , difference between inlet and outlet humidity) for more adsorbent material to air mass fraction. Advertisement 1. . Steady-state investigation of water vapor adsorption for thermally driven adsorption based greenhouse air-conditioning system. Renew Energy. 2016;86:785–95. . Review of optimum temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit for microclimate evaluation and control in greenhouse cultivation of tomato: a review. Int Agrophysics. 2018;32(2):287–302. . Utilization of Desiccant Air-for Improvement in Greenhouse Productivity: A of Research in Pakistan. Environ. 2014;4(1):1–104. Shamshiri RR, Bojic I, van Model-based evaluation of greenhouse microclimate using IoT-Sensor data fusion for energy efficient crop production. J Clean Prod. 2020;263:121303. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various cooling systems, including the Maisotsenko cycle evaporative cooling, designed specifically for maintaining optimum temperature and humidity conditions in greenhouses. It highlights the importance of achieving specific microclimate conditions for effective crop growth, which supports the idea that greenhouses can help control these factors in desert environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The carbohydrates laminarin and mannitol are the food reserve materials that are particularly suitable for the production of ethanol (Davis et al. 2003). The content of carbohydrates in macroalgae varies widely among species and cultivar, and species selection can lead to evolution of strains having extremely high amounts of carbohydrate that can be utilized as an inventive bioethanol feedstock. The carbohydrate contents of some macroalgae are given in Table 1. Some species of macroalgae gather a high amount of carbohydrates that are capable in the processes of microbial conversion as substrate, i. e. , production of biofuels or the other desirable and attractive chemicals with high product price (Kraan 2010). Recently, Maceiras et al. (2011) discovered that triglycerides from a number of macroalgae such as Ascophyllum nodosum, Codium tomentosum, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Fucus spiralis, Saccorhiza polyschides, Sargassum muticum, Ulva rigida, and Pelvetia canaliculata, etc. could be used to produce biodiesel by a transesterification process. Horn et al. (2000) and Ross et al. (2008) reported that the water content in the macroalgae is higher than that in the terrestrial plants (80 to 85%), making macroalgae more suited for microbial conversion than for the thermochemical conversion or direct combustion processes. Macroalgae such as Sargassum spp. , Gracilaria spp. , Prymnesium parvum, Gelidium amansii, and Laminaria spp. are promising candidates for bioethanol production (Wi et al. 2009; Adams et al. 2009). The red alga, Gelidium J. V. Lamouroux has been prepared for the production of paper in which the waste products have been renewed into bioethanol (Seo et al. 2010). Also, green algae of Ulva spp. , with a high-grade polysaccharide, Ulvan (Lahaye and Ray 1996) have been used in the production of ethanol and methane (Adams et al. 2009). Meinita et al. (2011) have recently reported bioethanol production from Kappaphycus alvarezii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents evidence that algae, particularly macroalgae, have a high water content and can require significant water resources for their production. The mention that 'the water content in the macroalgae is higher than that in the terrestrial plants (80 to 85%)' implies that the cultivation and processing of macroalgae for biofuel production actively engages water resources, contradicting the claim that there is no impact on water resources or ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: The two strains were named ‘BLOND’ (Bolting by longer than natural day length). In this study, differences in flowering characteristics were investigated for two years using these strains under two growth conditions: an outdoor field and a greenhouse. In addition, artificial crosses were made between strains with different flowering characteristics to produce several progenies, and the heritability of these characteristics was investigated. materials Flowering characteristics were investigated using two ‘BLOND’ strains, ‘NK-420mm-O’ and ‘NK-422mm-O’, derived from biennial sugar beet populations of different origins in 1991 and 1976, respectively. One of the two strains, ‘NK-420mm-O (also known as N2n-35-70-2-4)’, had flowering characteristics similar to the annual beet in the greenhouse, which could be explained by a single dominant gene model (Kuranouchi et al. 1990). However, there were no detailed data on flowering characteristics under outdoor field conditions. As for on the other strain ('NK-422mm-O'), there is only a record having an annual-like flowering trait, and no further information is available. Typical annual and biennial beets were used as controls for the BLOND. For the annual control, the strain ‘TA-33BB-O’ was used. This strain usually bolts under long-day conditions in a greenhouse and exhibits the same phenomenon when grown under outdoor field conditions (Shimamoto et al. 1990; Abe et al. 1997). For the biennial control, ‘NK-280mm-O’, ‘NK-310mm-O’, ‘NK-377mm-O’ and/or ‘Monohikari’ were used. In addition, crossings of these materials were performed to evaluate the heritability and segregation of the flowering characteristics of BLOND. For crossing using the BLOND strains, F1 and F2 were obtained by crossing the BLOND and biennial strains (‘NK-377mm-CMS’ or ‘NK-310mm-O’), and BC1F1s were obtained by crossing the F1 and biennial strain (‘NK-310mm-O’). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses flowering characteristics of specific beet strains and their genetic analysis, with no mention of ants or supercolonies. Therefore, it doesn't support, refute, or relate to the claim in any discernible way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Crop growth and development in closed and semi-closed greenhouses PE&RCHorticulture & Research output: Thesis › internal (1) Abstract (Semi-)closed greenhouses have been developed over the last decades to conserve energy. In a closed greenhouse, window ventilation is fully replaced by mechanical cooling while solar heat is temporarily stored in an aquifer. A semi-closed greenhouse has a smaller cooling capacity than a closed greenhouse and, in which mechanical cooling is combined with window ventilation. (Semi-)closed greenhouses create new climate conditions: high CO2 concentrations irrespective of the outdoor climate, and vertical gradients in temperature and vapour pressure deficit throughout the canopy. This thesis focuses on the crop physiology in (semi-)closed greenhouses, and investigates the effects of the new climate conditions on crop growth, development and underlying processes. Cumulative production in (semi) closed greenhouses increased by 6-14% compared to the open greenhouse, depending on the cooling capacity. The production increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was explained by the higher CO2 concentrations. In many species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesis occurs when plants are grown at high CO2. The results, however, suggest that high CO2 concentrations do not cause feedback inhibition in high producing crops, because the plants have sufficient sink organs (fruits) to utilise all assimilates. Pruning experiments showed that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 concentration only occurred when the number of fruits was considerably reduced. Cooling below the canopy induced vertical temperature and vapour pressure deficit gradients. These gradients correlated with outside radiation and outside temperature. Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how (semi-)closed greenhouses create new climate conditions that aid crop growth. It mentions that these greenhouses conserve energy and provide mechanical cooling, which relates directly to controlling temperatures and humidity for optimal crop development. Moreover, the text addresses factors such as CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity that significantly impact photosynthesis and growth within these controlled environments, demonstrating their effectiveness for agriculture in challenging conditions like deserts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, Karunakaran and Gurusamy (2011) also reported bioethanol production from Eucheuma and Hypnea. In mid-2008, studies were initiated for the production of bioethanol and biofertilizer from K. alvarezii on a laboratory scale by an integrated 2-product strategy (Mody et al. 2009). Benjamin (1993) in his US patent explained the utilization of genetically transformed marine green macro algal (Enteromorpha) cells for the bioethanol production. Uchida and Murata (2004) described lactic acid and ethanol fermentation using various types of green, brown, and red algae. In addition, Adams et al. (2009) reported the effect of enzymatic pretreatment for their bioethanol production in a brown alga, Saccharina latissima (Laminaria saccharina). Table 1. of Macroalgae (Dhargalkar and Pereira 2005) In fact, only limited information has become available on the effectiveness of these processes with macroalgal carbohydrates (Horn et al. 2000), even though some breakthroughs have been newly made with respect to ethanol production from the brown macroalgae (Adams et al. 2009). Red algae produce high amounts of bioethanol-producing carbohydrates. Although macroalgae can look similar to the land plants, these organisms in fact, do not have the same lignin crosslinking molecules in their structures as cellulosic terrestrial plants because they grow in the water surroundings where they are able to grow erect despite their lack of lignin crosslinking (John et al. 2011). Although macroalgae have low amounts of lignin, they have significant amounts of sugars that could be used in the fermentation process for the production of bioethanol (Wi et al. 2009). Nevertheless, in certain algae such as marine red algae, the content of carbohydrate is influenced by the occurrence of agar, a polymer of galactose and galactopyranose. Recent research has sought to improve methods of saccharification to release galactose from the agar and glucose from cellulose to produce ethanol through fermentation (Wi et al. 2009). The potential of macroalgae for ethanol production can be estimated based on the following postulations: a content carbohydrate 60 % of dry weight and a 90 % of conversion levels to ethanol through fermentation of 1 g of sugar can yield 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the production of bioethanol and biofertilizer from algae, as well as detailing various studies and research on the efficiency and potential impacts of algae in biofuel production. It highlights processes such as fermentation and the properties of macroalgae, suggesting that their cultivation and processing may affect ecosystems and water resources, especially given that 'these organisms...grow in the water surroundings.' The indication that macroalgae can produce high amounts of bioethanol-producing carbohydrates implies a reliance on water-based ecosystems, possibly influencing resource dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For crossing using the annual strain (used as a reference), F1 was obtained by crossing the annual (‘TA-33BB-O’) and biennial (‘NK-377mm-CMS’) strains, and BC1F1 was obtained by crossing the F1 and biennial (‘NK-310mm-O’) strain. Note that the nuclear genome composition of ‘NK-310mm-O’ and ‘NK-377mm-O’ are almost the same, thus, crossing the F1 (‘NK-377mm-CMS’ × ‘NK-420mm-O’) with ‘NK-310mm-O’ was considered as backcrossing. Prefixes such as ‘NK-420mm’ or ‘TA-33BB’ denote nuclear genotype of strains, and suffixes such as ‘- O (O-type)’ or ‘CMS (cytoplasmic male sterility)’ denote cytoplasmic type. All seeds of the beet strains described above were bred by the (HARC). Field test Seeds were sown in paper pots (Co. Ltd. , Japan) on the 9th day of April in both 2014 and 2015, and the seedlings grown for approximately 30 days. The seedlings were initially grown in a greenhouse and the temperature was gradually reduced from 20°C to 10°C for hardening. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted to experimental fields at HARC (Memuro, Hokkaido, Japan, 42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), at a planting density of 22. 5 cm between the plants and 60 cm between the rows, on May 9, 2014 and May 13, 2015. Except for natural sunlight, no additional light was applied for all growing periods. Bolting individuals were counted in late-August (specifically, on August 21, 2014 and August 26, 2015) to evaluate flowering characteristics. Bolting rate was calculated by dividing the number of bolting plants by the total number of plants examined. Greenhouse test The greenhouse test was conducted in two seasons, summer and winter, at temperatures not below 15°C during test periods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the breeding of certain beet strains and experimental conditions without any mention of ants or their behavior, particularly regarding supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis. The (semi-)closed greenhouses have been applied commercially first in the Netherlands, and later in other countries. The knowledge obtained from (semi-)closed greenhouses is applied in conventional open greenhouse as well, which is called the next generation greenhouse cultivation. A number of innovations are being developed for greenhouse industry to reduce energy consumption while improving production and quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effectiveness of (semi-)closed greenhouses in improving yield due to increased net leaf photosynthesis. It implies that these types of greenhouses are advantageous for controlling environmental factors like temperature and humidity, which are critical for crop growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4 g of ethanol. It will ideally give up 0. 22 kg or 0. 27 L ethanol from 1 kg dry weight of macroalgal biomass, equivalent to roughly 0. 05 L ethanol per kg of wet weight (Kraan 2010). Algae are also a potential source of commercial biogas products, such as biohydrogen and biomethane that can be used as gas fuels or for electricity generation (Mussgnug et al. 2010). Hydrogen produced by macroalgae is a popular attraction in the renewable energy scenario. Current research has revealed that Laminaria japonica (brown alga) and Gelidium amansii (red alga) are both potential biomass sources for the production of biohydrogen by anaerobic fermentation (Park et al. 2011). Macroalgae can produce biohydrogen under specific conditions. Ongoing discussions on the prospects of hydrogen production by algae have been well-documented (Prince and Kheshgi 2005; Rupprecht et al. 2006). In a study of the feasibility of methane production from macroalgal biomass, case scenarios assumed yields of 11 dry t ha-1 y-1 based on data from commercial growers (Chynoweth 2002). Research to determine the technical and economic feasibility of biomethane production from marine biomass was conducted from 1968 until 1990 under the sponsorship of the U. S. Navy, the Association and Institute, and the U. S. Department of Energy; such work was reviewed by Chynoweth (2002). The study compared the technical potential of different biomass sources (marine algae, wood and grass species, and municipal solid waste) to be used in the energy farms and concluded that the marine biomass offered the highest advantage. Marine algae, such as Gracilaria sp. and Macrocystis are excellent substrates for biomethane generation (Bird et al. 1990). The view expressed by many authors is that the best approach to biomethane production from macroalgae is the multipurpose use of algal biomass, for example gas evolution from the digestion of the residues from hydrocolloid extraction (Kerner et al. 1991). In this way, the coproduction of methane with the other products could bring down the production costs and could make biomethane production profitable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of algae biofuel production, including the implications for biogas yields and studies indicating that macroalgae can produce biomass for energy generation. The mention of marine biomass offering high advantages and being excellent substrates for biomethane generation implies that algae production could significantly impact ecosystems and resources. Specifically, the coproduction of methane from algal biomass indicates that the production process and its residues could affect water resources and ecosystem dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: For the test in summer season in 2014 and 2015, seedlings were grown at the same time as in the field test described above. Two to three leaf seedlings were transplanted into pots (diameter 20 cm × height 20 cm) at a density of nine individuals per pot in May (specifically, on May 8, 2014 and May 15, 2015), and then grown in the greenhouse at HARC. The temperature was set to 20°C and the light conditions were 24-hour daylength, with daytime sunlight (~ 100,000 lux) and nighttime illumination (300 lux), for all growing periods. An incandescent bulb (200 W), placed approximately one meter above the plants, was used for nighttime illumination. Lighting hours ranged from 18:00 to 5:00. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 11, 2014 and June 30, 2015) and bolting rates calculated. For the test in winter season in 2013 and 2014, seeds were sown in a paper pot in early November (specifically, on November 5 in 2013 and 2014), and seedlings were transplanted in December (specifically, on December 11 in 2013 and 2014). Except for the longer illumination time, which ranged from 16:00 to 7:00, the winter test was performed in the same manner as the summer test. Bolting individuals were counted in June (specifically, on June 6, 2013 and June 12, 2014), and bolting rates calculated. Assuming that flowering of BLOND is determined by a single dominant gene, based on a preliminary study (Kuranouchi 1990), the chi-square test was used to evaluate segregation distortion from the Mendelian inheritance for each generation. Tukey kramer's multiple test was performed for differences in the number of days to bolting by strain. Incubator test The incubator test was conducted in an incubator (Sanyo Co. Lid, MLR-351) to clarify whether the induction of flowering is dependent on day length. Seeds of ‘TA-33BBmm-O’, ‘NK-310mm-O’, ‘NK-420mm-O’, and ‘NK-422mm-O’ were sown in paper pots on December 21, 2015, and seedlings grown for 30 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental design and bolting rates of plant seedlings rather than any aspects of ant behavior or the ability of ants to form supercolonies without conflict.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis. The (semi-)closed greenhouses have been applied commercially first in the Netherlands, and later in other countries. The knowledge obtained from (semi-)closed greenhouses is applied in conventional open greenhouse as well, which is called the next generation greenhouse cultivation. A number of innovations are being developed for greenhouse industry to reduce energy consumption while improving production and quality. AB - (Semi-)closed greenhouses have been developed over the last decades to conserve energy. In a closed greenhouse, window ventilation is fully replaced by mechanical cooling while solar heat is temporarily stored in an aquifer. A semi-closed greenhouse has a smaller cooling capacity than a closed greenhouse and, in which mechanical cooling is combined with window ventilation. (Semi-)closed greenhouses create new climate conditions: high CO2 concentrations irrespective of the outdoor climate, and vertical gradients in temperature and vapour pressure deficit throughout the canopy. This thesis focuses on the crop physiology in (semi-)closed greenhouses, and investigates the effects of the new climate conditions on crop growth, development and underlying processes. Cumulative production in (semi) closed greenhouses increased by 6-14% compared to the open greenhouse, depending on the cooling capacity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how (semi-)closed greenhouses are designed to create favorable climate conditions such as high CO2 concentrations and controlled temperature gradients, which are beneficial for crop growth. It highlights the positive effect of the greenhouse environment, where cumulative production increased by 6-14% compared to open greenhouses, indicating that such controlled conditions enhance agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Methane, ethanol, and biohydrogen production from different macroalgal biomass sources are presented in Table 2. Table 2. of Macroalgae for From an economic point of view it is not viable to produce biofuels from macroalgae with the current technology, except if the production process is combined with another, such as pollutant removal or the production of bio-based products (Savage 2011; Pittman et al. 2011). It is estimated that macroalgae phycocolloids represent a world market of some US$ 600 Mio y-1 (2003). Using macroalgae as feedstock will add a new sector of this area for various commercial applications. However, production rates and costs are critical to the economic and commercial success of algal products; these issues are less commonly studied. Thus, more efforts are required to understand these processes with a view to identifying the potential of such macroalgae components for its application. general, microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that are found in both marine and freshwater habitats. Microalgae have been classified based on various characteristics such as pigmentation, photosynthetic storage product, the arrangements of photosynthetic membranes, and other morphological features. At present, microalgae species are divided into four groups, namely diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae), blue green algae (Cyanophyceae), and golden algae (Chrysophyceae) (Khan et al. 2009). The dominating species of microalgae in commercial production include Isochrysis, Chaetoceros, Chlorella, Arthrospira (Spirulina), and Dunaliella (Lee 1997). Chlorella species are capable of changing from phototrophic to heterotrophic modes of nutrition among microalgal species (Xiong et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2006). As heterotrophs, the algae rely on glucose or other utilizable carbon sources for carbon metabolism and energy. Some algae can also grow mixotrophically. The biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are the common constituents in microalgae (Williams and Laurens 2010). Importance of microalgal biomass Research and commercial applications of microalgae have gained interest during the last few years. Owing to their rapid growth rate, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic viability of biofuels from macroalgae and implying that significant production processes are necessary, which can affect resources and ecosystems. It notes that macroalgae can be utilized for pollutant removal or other purposes, which indirectly suggests that biofuel production is linked to resource management and ecological considerations.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Three seedlings of each strain were planted in Jiffy pots (Denmark), with a diameter of 10 cm each, on January 21, 2016. The seedlings were grown under incandescent illumination (IL) conditions of 24-hour, 18-hour, or 14-hour daylength at a temperature of 20°C. An incandescent lamp (100 W), placed approximately 50 cm above the pots, was used as the light source (700 lux). In addition, as a control of an incubator test, the greenhouse evaluation was also performed under two light conditions of daytime sunlight only (SL) and 24-hour daylength with daytime sunlight and nighttime illumination (SL + IL, 16:00 to 7:00, the same conditions as in the greenhouse test described above) in a greenhouse set to a temperature of 20°C. Bolting individuals were counted on March 4, 2016, and bolting rates and stem lengths calculated. The Mann–test was used to test the difference between the strains tested and the biennial control ‘NK-310mm-O. ’ test In the outdoor field, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial control strains and 100% for the annual control strain over the two years. For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% for both years, and those of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) were 44% in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were not significantly different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as the biennial reference strains, and continued vegetative growth without any bolting (Table 1). For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 and F2 (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1 (biennial × BLOND × biennial) were 0% over the two years. The results suggested that the bolting tendency of BLOND strains was similar to that of biennial strains, and unlike the annual strain, in outdoor field conditions, and that the bolting tendency of the annual strain is controlled by a single dominant gene. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the capabilities of ants to form supercolonies. It discusses experimental procedures and results related to bolting rates of plant strains and does not mention ants or their social behavior related to the formation of supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Greenhouses in deserts help control temperatures and humidity for crop growth. [SEP] Text: The production increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was explained by the higher CO2 concentrations. In many species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesis occurs when plants are grown at high CO2. The results, however, suggest that high CO2 concentrations do not cause feedback inhibition in high producing crops, because the plants have sufficient sink organs (fruits) to utilise all assimilates. Pruning experiments showed that photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 concentration only occurred when the number of fruits was considerably reduced. Cooling below the canopy induced vertical temperature and vapour pressure deficit gradients. These gradients correlated with outside radiation and outside temperature. Despite the occurrence of vertical temperature gradients, plant growth and fruit yield were mostly unaffected. Leaf and truss initiation rates did not differ in the presence or absence of a vertical temperature gradients, since air temperatures at the top of the canopy were kept comparable. The only observed response of plants to the vertical temperature gradient was the reduced rate of fruit development in the lower part of the canopy. This resulted in a longer period between anthesis and fruit harvest and an increase in the average fruit weight in summer. However, total fruit production over the whole season was not affected. The effects of the climate factors light, CO2 concentration, temperature, and humidity on leaf photosynthesis were investigated. The photosynthesis model of Farquhar, von Caemmerer and Berry (FvCB) was modified by adding a sub-model for Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) activation. The photosynthetic parameters: the maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) and the maximum electron transport rate (Jmax), α (the efficiency of light energy conversion), θ (the curvature of light response of electron transport), and Rd (the non-photorespiratory CO2 release) were estimated based on measurements under a wide range of environmental conditions in the semi-closed greenhouse. The simultaneous estimation method and the nonlinear mixed effects model were applied to ensure the accuracy of the parameter estimation. Observations and predictions matched well (R2=0. 94). The yield increase in a closed greenhouse, compared to that in an open greenhouse was analyzed based on physiological and developmental processes. The yield increase in the (semi-)closed greenhouses was the result of an increase of net leaf photosynthesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how (semi-)closed greenhouses enhance crop growth via physiological processes. It highlights how environmental factors like temperature and humidity are managed within these structures, suggesting a positive impact on net leaf photosynthesis and overall crop yield. Additionally, the mention of cooling below the canopy and the discussion of temperature and vapor pressure gradients indicate mechanisms that control environmental conditions conducive to crop growth.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , 100 times faster than the land-based plants which can double their biomass in less than 1 day, microalgae appear to be an attractive renewable energy source (Tredici 2010). This is mostly due to their simple cellular system and big surface to quantity ratio that gave them the facility to utilize more amounts of nutrients from the source of water and hence, supporting their algae growth rate (Khan et al. 2009). Many strains of microalgae are known to produce high quantities of lipids that can be converted into biodiesel. Biofuel production using microalgal farming offers the following advantages (Ahmad et al. 2011): 1. Increased efficiency or decrease in the cost. The sum of harvesting and transportation of microalgae costs can be relatively low compared to those of the other plant biomass resources. On the other hand, the production cycle does not directly affect the human food chain supply system, avoiding the food against fuel conflict. 2. Microalgae do not give any competition for land-based plants used for food production, fodder, and other value-added products (Huang et al. 2010). 3. Generally, microalgae can grow in fresh, brackish, or salt water environments or non-arable lands that are incompatible for growing other crops and conventional agriculture (Patil et al. 2008). In addition, they can be grown in photo-bioreactors (Janaun and Ellis 2010). For this reason – the nonselective growth – microalgae produce a greater yield per hectare with superior environmental attributes. 4. The most common microalgae contain oil ranges between 20 and 50% by dry weight of biomass, but superior productivities can be attained (Mata et al. 2010). Commonly, microalgae double their biomass within 24 h, but the exponential growth content can result in a doubling of their biomass in periods as short as 3. 5 h (Chisti 2007). 5. Microalgae are able to produce various valuable supplementary products i. e. , carbohydrates, proteins, biopolymers, and residual biomass, and these can be used for feed or fertilizer purposes. In addition, herbicides or pesticides are not required for the cultivation of microalgae (Rodolfi et al. 2008). 6. Consideration of microalgae as an efficient cellular system for harvesting solar energy for production of various organic compounds (Vonshak 1990). 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that microalgae require large amounts of nutrients from their water source for growth, indicating a potential impact on water resources. It highlights that microalgae can be grown in various water environments and emphasizes their efficiency and non-competition with traditional crops, suggesting that while they may have advantages, there could be ecological considerations in how they utilize water resources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: Greenhouse test In the summer greenhouse, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain over the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rates ranged from 95–100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of F1 (biennial × annual) were 100% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, the bolting rates of two F1s (biennial × BLOND), F2s (biennial × BLOND), and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 84–100%, 83–98%, and 48–55%, respectively, in 2015. In the chi-square test, assuming a single dominant gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation (p < 0. 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). In the winter greenhouse, similar to the results of summer greenhouse test, bolting rates were 0% for the biennial reference strains and 100% for the annual reference strain in the two years. The two BLOND strains showed the same bolting tendency as that of the annual reference strain. The bolting rate was between 95% and 100% (Table 2). For strains obtained by crossing the annual reference and biennial reference strains, the bolting rate of BC1F1 (biennial × annual × biennial) was 68% in 2014. For strains obtained by crossing BLOND and biennial reference strains, bolting rates of two F2s (biennial × BLOND) and BC1F1s (biennial × BLOND × biennial) ranged from 63–74% and from 47–53%, respectively. In the chi-square test, assuming a dominant one-gene control, the segregation ratios of bolting and non-bolting were found to be significantly different from the separation ratio of 3:1 in the F2 generation in one of the two cases (p < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses bolting rates in various plant strains in greenhouse experiments, with no mention of ants or their behavior in forming supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and and or our and & & -Researchers &Pick & Introductions: & & Geography, Planning & & Sociology, & to a and Previous 10. 4337/9781800882119. 00016 Keywords: BECCS; CDR; Negative emissions; Emissions accounting; Bioenergy; Climate change abatement Full access the IPCC scenarios we now know that removing CO2 from the atmosphere seems unavoidable if we are to reach the targets of limiting climate change. A key technology for creating these negative emissions is bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS). As biomass grows it absorbs atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis. The biomass is then used for energy production or for the production of bio-based products and services. The associated CO2 can be captured and stored permanently, hence avoiding CO2 flows to the atmosphere. This book 1. 5oC was agreed during the Conference of the Parties COP21. Before this meeting, the (UN) on (IPCC) released its fifth assessment report on the science and research on climate change (5, 2015). Besides covering the physical science of climate change, the third working group of the IPCC (WG3) had analyzed over 1000 emissions pathways. Of these 116 complied with the Paris Agreement. In turn, 101 of these 116 relied on BECCS to remove CO2 from the atmosphere (Fuss et al. , 2014). In 2018, the special report on 1. 5oC released by the IPCC (15, 2018) covered research on pathways for limiting global warming. This time, 411 emission pathways were covered. Of these 78 complied with a 1. 5oC target and 73 of the 78 relied on BECCS. In both of these reports, some of the pathways that do not include BECCS have boundary conditions to exclude them. 2021, the first contribution to the sixth assessment report by the IPCC (6 WG1, 2021) was released. It is interesting to make an observation in the summary for policymakers (6 WG3, 2021 SPM): of the summary is entitled ‘Climate Change’ and 29. 1% of the words in this 1. 5oC and 2oC targets is further described. 3. 5 confidence intervals for scenarios in relation to reaching different levels of climate change mitigation are reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) in removing CO2 from the atmosphere, which is identified as a key technology for achieving climate change mitigation targets. It mentions that BECCS is essential for creating negative emissions, thus linking it to climate change mitigation. The text also highlights the reliance on BECCS in various IPCC scenarios for limiting global warming, indicating the need for this technology. However, it implicitly suggests the complexity of implementing BECCS effectively, which aligns with the claim that further study is required for safety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Microalgae are able to fix carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, assisting the reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, which is recently considered a global crisis. In addition, production of microalgal biomass can affect the biofixation of waste carbon dioxide, reducing the releases of a major greenhouse gas (1 kg of dry microalgal biomass requires about 1. 8 kg of carbon dioxide) (Chisti 2007; Rodolfi et al. 2008). 8. Microalgal lipids are typically neutral lipids. Owing to their high degree of saturation and fast accumulation in the cellular system at various stages of microalgal growth, lipids remain as a prospective replacement for diesel fuel (Danquah et al. 2009). Besides lipid extraction, some microalgae (blue green) (which produce glycogen instead of starch) can produce biohydrogen under anaerobic conditions (Hankamer et al. 2007; Melis et al. 2000), and their fermentation can also be used for the production of methane. By extracting more than one type of microalgal biofuel as value-added products, the value of the biomass is increased while contributing additional offsets to the ecological impacts. As stated above, the combined biorefinery perception can be used to enhance ethanol substance from the algae (Danquah et al. 2009). This model can also be exploited in combination with the production of biohydrogen and biogas either by giving a valuable product before the techniques of fermentation or by using the products of gaseous fermentation to power the progress of producing those high value entities such as methane, biodiesel, and bio-hydrogen. Exploitation of micro-algae for combined applications of biofuels production is under research (Li et al. 2011; Chisti 2007). Composition and processing of microalgal biomass to biofuel Current research enterprises have shown that microalgal biomass appears to be one of the promising sources of renewable biodiesel, which is capable of facing the global demand. Oil content from the microalgal biomass can exceed 80% by dry weight (Rodolfi et al. 2008). Oil ranges of 20 to 50% are quite common (Chisti 2007) (Table 3). Oil production yield can be defined as the mass of oil produced per unit volume of broth of microalgal culture per day based on the growth rate of microalgae and the oil content of the biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various ecological impacts and processes related to microalgae biofuel production. Specifically, it discusses how microalgae can affect ecological dynamics, including carbon fixation and greenhouse gas reduction. Furthermore, the text highlights that the production and processing of microalgal biomass for biofuel are complex and involve biorefinery systems that can influence the ecological impacts. This indicates that there are potential effects on ecosystems and possibly water resources that contradict the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: 01), but they were not different from the separation ratio of 1:1 in the BC1F1 generation (p > 0. 05). There was no clear difference between the number of days until bolting in the annual strain and BLOND. However, ‘NK-422mm-O’ had slightly more days until flowering than ‘NK-420mm-O’ and ‘TA-33BB-O’. The F1s (biennial × BLOND) also tended to be slightly slower to bolt than the annual and BLOND strains (Table 3). These results suggest that bolting in BLOND occurs without exposure to low temperatures, similar to the annual strain, and it is likely to be controlled by a single or small number of dominant genes with strong effects. Incubator test The bolting rate of the biennial control strain was 0% under all conditions (Table 4a). The rate of the annual control strain was 100% (in the 18-hour IL, 24-hour IL, and SL + IL), except under the conditions of a relatively short daylength in the incubator (14-hour IL) or in the greenhouse (SL). The stem length tended to increase as the day length increased in both the incubator and greenhouse, and the maximum length was approximately 190 mm (Table 4b). The bolting tendencies of the two BLOND strains differed depending on the conditions. The same trends as those of the annual strain were observed in the rates of ‘NK-420mm-O’, bolting rate was 100% except under the condition of a relatively short daylength (Table 4a). The bolting stem length exhibited the same trend as that of the annual strain. The stem length was longer under 24-hour IL (400 mm) and SL + IL (383. 3 mm) than under 18-hour IL (13. 3 mm) (Table 4b). On the other hand, the bolting rate of ‘NK-422mm-O’ was 100% only in the greenhouse with nighttime illumination (SL + IL), whereas these were 0% under SL and all incubator conditions (14-hour IL, 18-hour IL, and 24-hour IL) (Table 4a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses results related to bolting rates and plant strains, without mentioning ants or their behavior related to supercolonies or conflict.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: 294 of the scenarios limiting global warming to 2oC require CDR, all of the 294 BECCS (6 WG3, 2022, Table 3. 5). Moreover, there is compelling evidence reported throughout the report of working group 3 that CDR is unavoidable to reach net zero CO2 or GHG emissions (6 WG3, 2022, 3. 4, 7. 4, 12. 3, Cross-2. 1 2021 an 2. With data from forecasts by they confirmed the usual conclusions (see Levihn, 2016) that some of the cheapest savings could be realized by increasing industrial productivity through energy efficiency, while some of the more expensive alternatives are found within the transportation sector. The 2. A recent study by Holz et al. (2021) concluded that half of industrial CCS applications in the might be within cement and clinker manufacturing in the year 2050 without labelling it as hard-to-abate sectors. It is also important to distinguish between short-term hard-to-abate, such as parts of aviation and what is long-term hard-to-abate, assuming technical advances for alternatives such as electric or hydrogen-powered airplanes. Many other such industrial examples exist. Typical examples of really hard-to-abate emissions include leakage of NOx (nitrous oxides) and CH4 (methane) from sewage treatment and agriculture, but they are also expected to exist in other sectors. NOx is, to provide an example, often released just by ploughing farmland. Also if CO2 is captured with fossil CCS, a capture rate of 95% would result in 5% remaining really hard-to-abate fossil emissions. This raises the question, if these emissions are so hard to get rid of, what if we remove CO2 directly from the atmosphere? That is the idea of CDR. Most emissions from sectors such as industry and transport will be relatively easy to remove at costs well below 800 USD/tonne. One option is carbon capture and storage, CCS. Simplified CCS takes CO2 directly at its point source and stores it permanently, for example in suitable geological storage. If a factory uses fossil fuels in its process it will generate fossil p. 119CO2 emissions. If these emissions are captured and stored permanently, the fossil CO2 emissions would be reduced. The challenge is that a 100% capture rate is very hard to achieve. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and specifically mentions Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as an important method for reducing CO2 emissions. The text emphasizes that CDR, including CCS, is unavoidable for reaching net zero emissions, suggesting that it may play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Furthermore, it acknowledges challenges in achieving complete carbon capture, which aligns with the claim's indication that further study is required to ensure safety and effectiveness in these carbon capture methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Several species of algae produce high content of lipids as storage materials, as high as 50 to 60% of their dry weight. These lipid systems are chemically analogous to other crop-derived oil-seed lipids, rendering algae a promising source of biodiesel production (Griffiths and Harrison 2009). Various techniques have been applied for more efficient lipid extraction from microalgae. Most common methods are expeller/ oil press, ultrasound techniques, solvent extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction. The preferred characteristics of the extraction methods are that the process should be fast, non-damaging and effective to lipids extracted, and scaled up easily (Medina et al. 1998). Extraction of lipid by using a modified Bligh and Dyer (Bligh and Dyer 1959) method is widely used (Mutanda et al. 2011). Extraction of microalgal fatty acids by using direct esterification, simultaneous extraction, and transesterification can be performed on various types of biomass, making it a versatile method for biofuels production. This is a multistep process and it needs a mixture of solvent extraction, ultrasonication, heating at high pressure, filtration, density separation of solvent, and liquids and oil recovery by the process of evaporation to dryness (Belarbi et al. 2000). Table 4 shows the advantages and limitations of various lipid extraction methods for microalgae oil. Table 3. of Microalgae by Chisti (2007) and Rodolfi et al. (2008) Table 4. Advantages and Limitations of for (Harun et al. 2010c). These extraction methods are still on a laboratory scale and none of them has been demonstrated to be practical and economical for commercial production (Chen et al. 2009). Currently, most of the lipid extraction methods are facing many problems with high costs coupled with water removal and difficulties with disrupting the algal cellular system to make lipids efficiently accessible. In spite of the high productivity, biodiesel from microalgae still has not yet become economical; algal biodiesel has been priced at US $1. 25/lb, whereas petroleum-based diesel has been priced at US $0. 43/lb (Li et al. 2011). The expenditure for the algae-derived biodiesel is proportional to the algal species-specific efficiency to carbon dioxide sequestration as lipids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges faced in lipid extraction methods for algae biofuel production, specifically pointing out problems with 'high costs coupled with water removal' and 'difficulties with disrupting the algal cellular system.' This implies that the production process has implications on water resources, suggesting there is indeed an impact on water resources during algae biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: flowering characteristics of study demonstrated that the flowering characteristics of the two BLOND strains were clearly different from those of typical annual and biennial beets, and that these varied in annual and biennial beets depending on the growth conditions. Namely, bolting, a trait that occurs in the early stages of flowering, did not occur in the two BLOND strains under outdoor field conditions, similar to that in the biennial beet; however, it promptly occurred without vernalization treatment under 24-hour daylength greenhouse conditions, similar to that in the annual beet. These specific flowering characteristics observed in BLOND strains suggest that its response to vernalization and day length is different from that in annual and biennial beets. Previous studies have also reported beet strains with flowering characteristics similar to those of BLOND. For example, Owen et al. (1940) showed that the strain ‘Clone70’ did not initiate bolting in the City field without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 17-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (winter natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). Smit (1983) reported that the strain ‘G4’ did not initiate bolting under natural daylength conditions in a greenhouse (14-hour daylength) without vernalization treatments, but initiated bolting under a 24-hour daylength condition in a greenhouse (natural daylength plus nighttime supplemental light). The flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of BLOND, but not as sharply responsive to the emergence of bolting as the BLOND strains used in this study, which, along with the annual strains, attained almost 100% bolting rate approximately 40–50 days after sowing, whereas ‘Clone70’ attained almost 50% bolting rate approximately 50 days after sowing, and ‘G4’ attained almost 70% bolting rate approximately 80 days after sowing. Light conditions are the main factors affecting bolting Two environmental factors are considered essential for inducing the reproductive growth of sugar beets: vernalization and daylength (Ream et al. 2012; Melzer et al. 2014). In this study, none of the outdoor and greenhouse conditions included exposure to the low temperatures necessary to induce vernalization (Milford 2006); therefore, the main factor that might cause loss of the vernalization requirement is daylength. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim regarding ants forming supercolonies without conflict. Instead, it discusses the flowering characteristics of certain beet strains and their response to environmental conditions, with no mention of ants or supercolonies.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The following activities are listed as CDR in 6 WG1:p. 122 Additional afforestation: convert land that historically has not contained forest into forest. Reforestation: conversion of land that previously contained forests but now is used for other purposes into forests. Soil carbon management: Activities to store carbon in soil. Biochar: Conversion of biomass into stable carbon through the process of pyrolysis (heating in a low oxygen or oxygen-free environment). Direct air carbon capture and storage: Capturing carbon directly from the air through chemical or physical processes. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS): Combination of natural and technical CDR by letting photosynthesis capture carbon from the atmosphere in biomass and then collect the carbon after use in a technical process. All of these activities could result in both positive and negative effects on other areas of concern such as biodiversity, land use and food production. IPCC notes in AR6 WG1 (2021) that these side effects are highly dependent on local context, management, prior land use and scale. Although the definition of CDR above assumes an underlying anthropogenic activity, the net balance of forest growth is part of climate reporting to the Framework on (). For wood-based products reporting allows half-life for remaining carbon in products, ranging from two years for paper to 25 years for wood panels and 35 years for sawn wood (FCCC/KP/AWG/2010/18/Add. 1). Thus a managed forest in itself could become net removals if harvested wood is used for creating bio-based products. Biomass used for bioenergy is conservatively reported as emitted at the moment of harvest. As such bioenergy could be climate neutral if regrowth in the managed forests equal or exceeds outtake for bioenergy, and net technical CDR if the biogenic CO2 emissions are captured and stored permanently. Some of the options also provide good complements. Biochar can be used as a soil improvement enhancing biomass yield and soil carbon formation while decreasing the need for irrigation and use of fertilizers. Similarly, good forest management practices can increase the uptake of CO2 in woody biomass used for different BECCS applications. 3. 2 of the easiest CDRs to understand from a conceptual point of view is DACCS. You take a machine that sucks CO2 from the ambient air and then store it for thousands of years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various carbon dioxide removal (CDR) activities, including direct air carbon capture, which can mitigate climate change. It also mentions that these activities can have both positive and negative effects, highlighting the need for further study to evaluate their safety and context-specific impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hence, microalgal prospecting would greatly impact the upcoming efficiencies and thus help reduce the production cost of algal biodiesel (Griffiths and Harrison 2009). Bioprospectors look for potential strains that are not only large lipid producers, but also show abundant growth and harvesting uniqueness (Mutanda et al. 2011). Several diatoms also have been examined for their lipid production, including Amphora (De la Pena 2007), Chaetoceros calcitrans (Rodolfi et al. 2008), Cyclotella cryptica (Sheehan et al. 1998), some species of Nitzschia (Griffiths and Harrison 2009), Phaeodactylum tricornutum (et al. 2000), Thalassiosira pseudonana (Rodolfi et al. 2008), Chaetoceros gracilis, and Tetraselmis tetrathele (Araujo et al. 2011). Microalgae also have been studied for bioethanol production. Table 5 presents the bioethanol yield from various strains of microalgae. Table 5. from of green algae Chlorococum spp. and Spirogyra spp. have been revealed to accumulate high contents of polysaccharides together in their complex cell walls and as starch. This accumulation of starch can be used in the bioethanol production (Harun et al. 2010a; Eshaq et al. 2011). Harun et al. (2010a) have stated that the green algae Chlorococum sp. produces 60% higher ethanol from samples that are pre-extracted for lipids against those that stay as desiccated undamaged cells. This implies that microalgae can be utilized for the production of both lipid biofuels and for ethanol biofuels from the similar microalgal biomass as a way to boost their overall economic value. Bioethanol has the prospect of being an alternative fuel, but it is highly important to ensure that the expansion of this fuel is not hindered by the raw material constraints (Harun et al. 2010b). In this context, the harvesting cycle of microalgae cells has a very short period (1 to 10 days) compared with the other feedstock (harvesting time once or twice per year), and thus can provide enough supplies to meet demands for the ethanol production (Schenk et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the potential for algae biofuel production, specifically mentioning that bioprospectors seek strains that exhibit unique growth and harvesting characteristics, which implies the need for specific environmental conditions. Additionally, the mention of the short harvesting cycle (1 to 10 days) suggests that the cultivation of microalgae may have implications for ecosystem management and resource use, contradicting the claim that algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All ants are capable of forming supercolonies without conflict. [SEP] Text: There was a large difference in daylength between the two growth conditions. The outdoor daylength at Memuro (42. 9 °N, 143. 1 °E), where the survey was conducted, was between 9. 1 hours (late December) and 15. 4 hours (late June), whereas in the greenhouses, light supplementation at night extended the length of the day to 24 hours. The importance of daylength has been reported by conducting experiments under artificial light conditions in an incubator (Hoft et al. 2017). The results of these experiments identified at least three beet strains that do not initiate bolting (0%) under 16-hour daylength condition, but do so (100%) under a 22-hour daylength. One of these is a fodder beet (seed code; 080396) and the other a leaf beet (seed code; 081845), the same species as the sugar beet, which exhibited a relatively short (approximately 40 days) days to bolting. The third beet was a wild beet (seed code; 080538), but the number of days to bolting was relatively long (approximately 70 days). Although outdoor field tests were not conducted, the flowering characteristics of these strains were similar to those of the BLOND strains in the current study. On the other hand, the experiment conducted in the incubator, using only incandescent lamps (100 W) as the light source, in this study showed that even under the same 24-hour daylength conditions, the two BLOND strains exhibited very different bolting rates. Bolting rate and stem length of ‘NK-420mm-O (BLOND)’ and ‘TA-33BB-O (annual)’ tended to increase with daylength, whereas ‘NK-422mm-O (BLOND)’ did not bolt under any daylength condition. However, all strains, including ‘NK-422mm-O’, exhibited rapid bolting induction under sunlight and night supplemental light using an incandescent lamp (200 W). Because the intensity of natural light (~ 100,000 lux) is much higher than that of incandescent light (300 lux) and an incandescent lamp have a relatively high proportion of the infrared spectrum compared to sunlight, light intensity and spectrum are also considered to be related to bolting development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ants and supercolonies. Instead, it discusses the effects of daylength on bolting rates in beet strains under different lighting conditions. There is no mention of ants or their behavior related to supercolonies, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ocean carbon capture may mitigate climate change but requires further study for safety. [SEP] Text: The downside of DACCS is that the concentration of CO2 is 410 ppm, or 0. 041%. Capturing CO2 from such low concentrations requires large amounts of energy. Biomass grows by photosynthesis capturing carbon from CO2 in the surrounding air, much like DACCS (see Figure 7. 4). When biomass is used and replanted, the cycle can be carbon neutral or even positive in itself over time, contributing to natural CDR. When used in bio-based processes such as energy generation or in the pulp and paper industry, CO2 concentrations well above 10% might be reached. In an ongoing BECCS project in Stockholm where the aim is to put BECCS on an existing combined heat and power (CHP) plant the concentration of biogenic CO2 is approximately 18% in the flue gases (Gustavsson et al. , 2021). That is a 439 times higher concentration compared to the ambient air. The bio-based processes also generate energy and/or products that can be used to substitute fossil energy and products, p. 123thereby having a double climate benefit – both reduced emissions as fossil emissions are reduced through substitution and negative emissions that can counter hard-to abate sectors. 7. 4 Comparison of BECCS and figure as PowerPoint slide So while DACCS requires large amounts of energy to drive the capture process, BECCS provides usable products and services while capturing carbon with an atmospheric origin. The big downside of BECCS is the pace of photosynthesis and biomass growth. The near-term efficiency of BECCS therefore relies on the carbon cycles it is part of. Biomass is not a single entity and while garden waste and residues from agriculture could have carbon cycles within a year, other biogenic carbon cycles as trees are replanted and grow, which could last up to a century. Other woody biomass such as branches and tops and other residues from forestry to make board, pulp and paper have alternative GHG emissions through the alternative natural decay to methane resulting in short-term positive climate impact (Hammar and Levihn, 2020; Camia et al. , 2020). Similarly, the net carbon efficiency of DACCS is heavily dependent on what energy is used to drive the process, where energy generation could potentially emit more than what is captured. Among the present biomass utilization, one of the low-hanging fruits is biogenic CO2 from the pulp and paper industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexities and challenges associated with carbon capture technologies such as DACCS and BECCS. It highlights that DACCS requires large amounts of energy and raises concerns about the net carbon efficiency based on the energy sources used, indicating a need for further study to ensure safety and efficacy. Similarly, the text addresses the limitations of BECCS in terms of biomass growth pace and its dependency on carbon cycles, reinforcing the need for continued research in these methods as potential solutions for climate change.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Algae biofuel production has no impact on water resources or ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Additionally, algae have the photon conversion ability and can synthesize and accumulate large amounts of carbohydrate biomass for the production of bioethanol from the cheapest source of raw materials (Subhadra and Edwards 2010). Hon-Nami (2006) has described the fermentation of Chlamydomonas perigranulata to produce ethanol, butanediol, acetic acid, and CO2, thus showing the multiutility of the algal biomass. Interestingly, Harun et al. (2010a) showed that the lipid-extracted micro-algae yielded 60% higher ethanol than that from the dried/intact microalgae, thus implying the significance of using the spent biomass for ethanol production. Anaerobic fermentation In recent times, microalgae have also become a subject of interest in the biogas production by the process of anaerobic fermentation. Biogas production is considered to lead to a net reduction for the emissions of greenhouse gas; this is because methane would otherwise be released into the atmosphere (Fredriksson et al. 2006). For this purpose, anaerobic digestion is an initial process that can solve the waste biomass issue as well as the energetic and economical balance of such a successful technology for algal biofuel production (Sialve et al. 2009). Chisti (2008) mentioned the energy recovery from the microalgal residues after biodiesel production, highlighting its importance to meet the current energy demands of the preceding processes. He also theoretically calculated that an average heating value of 9360 MJ/metric tons of microalgal residues was recoverable as methane. Furthermore, co-digesting the microalgal residues with a glycerol co-product obtained during the transesterification of algal oils in quantities equivalent to those produced was observed to increase the CH4 yields by 5 to 8% when compared to the digestion of the residues alone (Ehimen et al. 2008). Blue-green algae are also able to produce biohydrogen via an anaerobic process involving the oxidation of ferredoxin by the hydrogenase enzyme activity (Yacoby et al. 2011). Nevertheless, hydrogenases are directly involved with other metabolic processes for the detachment of electrons, and not all functions of hydrogenases activities alike. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining various processes and applications involving algae, including the production of bioethanol and biogas. It implies that the production of biofuels from algae does engage with ecosystem dynamics, particularly through anaerobic fermentation, which highlights an interaction with waste biomass. The mention of methane emissions further suggests an ecological impact, as this indicates a role in changing greenhouse gas dynamics. Therefore, the activities described in the text point to potential impacts on both water resources and ecosystems, contradicting the claim that algae biofuel production has no impact.