Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Hydrol. Process. 31, 3206–3224 (2017). Ahmed, M. , Sultan, M. , Wahr, J. & Yan, E. The use of GRACE data to monitor natural and anthropogenic induced variations in water availability across Africa. Earth-vol. 136 (2014). Ebead, B. , Ahmed, M. , Niu, Z. & Huang, N. Quantifying the anthropogenic impact on groundwater resources of using data and land surface models. J. Appl. Remote Sens. 11, (2017). Zhao, D. , Zhang, L. & Zhou, T. Detectable anthropogenic forcing on the long-term changes of summer precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. Clim. Dyn. 59, 1939–1952 (2022). Putnam, A. E. & Broecker, W. S. Human-induced changes in the distribution of rainfall. Sci. Adv. 3, 1–15 (2017). Van Dijk, A. I. J. M. et al. Drought in southeast Australia (2001-2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society. Water Resour. Res. 49, (2013). Stahl, K. , Tallaksen, L. M. , Hannaford, J. & Van Lanen, H. A. J. Filling the white space on maps of European runoff trends: Estimates from a multi-model ensemble. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, (2012). Bouwer, L. M. , Vermaat, J. E. & Aerts, J. C. J. H. Regional sensitivities of mean and peak river discharge to climate variability in Europe. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113, (2008). Barnett, T. P. et al. Human-induced changes in the hydrology of the States. Science (80-. ). 319, 1080–1083 (2008). Gray, S. T. & McCabe, G. J. A combined water balance and tree ring approach to understanding the potential hydrologic effects of climate change in the central region. Water Resour. Res. 46, 1–13 (2010). Malhi, Y. et al. Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science (80-. ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the detection of extraterrestrial signals; instead, it lists various scientific articles related to hydrology, climate change, and water resources. None of the content pertains to extraterrestrial signals or their detection, thus the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. Krishnan M, Kang SC. Vitexin inhibits acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation and improves behavioral changes in zebrafish larvae. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2019;74:106811. TableTable 1. Effect of curcumin on the levels of and GSH-Px in cerebral homogenates prepared from ACR intoxicated rats (n = 10, mean ± SD). Groups MDA (nmol/mg prot) GSH (mg/g prot) SOD (U/mg prot) GSH-Px (U/mg prot) Normal 0. 425±0. 141 4. 41±0. 58 60. 21±5. 38 14. 81±1. 95 ACR 1. 133±0. 352 ** 2. 30±0. 47** 52. 72±6. 94 ** 10. 36±1. 84 ** ACR+curcumin 50mg/kg 0. 918±0. 322 2. 77±0. 46 # 53. 89±8. 02 12. 58±1. 96 # ACR+curcumin 100mg/kg 0. 854±0. 216 # 2. 92±0. 59 # 59. 16±6. 46 # 13. 15±1. 87 ## **P < 0. 01 compared to the corresponding control rats. # P < 0. 05, ## P < 0. 01; compared with the corresponding ACR group. Supplementary FilesNC3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effects of curcumin on inflammation in regards to different experimental setups, including its effects on various biochemical indicators in the context of acrylamide-induced neuroinflammation. The findings in the studies suggest that curcumin reduces oxidative stress and inflammation, supporting the notion that it has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: mori. Sindbis virus with a BR-C antisense expression cassette reduced BR-C mRNA expression levels in infected tissues via an RNAi mechanism. BR-C silencing resulted in developmental arrest at the larval-pupal transition or in defective differentiation of adult compound eyes, legs and wings. Also the programmed cell death of the larval silk glands was prevented after RNAi of BR-C. B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV)-mediated RNAi was demonstrated by our laboratory in a work by Kontogiannatos et al. [12]. Even if BmNPV's spectrum is extremely narrow, infection of the non-target species S. nonagrioides is feasible. In order to assess which kind of baculovirus is suitable for infection of S. nonagrioides larvae, we performed bioassays with genetically modified AcMNPV and BmNPV viruses expressing a GFP cassette under the control of B. mori actin promoter. Infected insects with 107 pfu/ml of the AcMNPV-BmA::GFP virus had significant higher mortality rates in almost 90% of the total injected animals. These animals presented all typical symptoms of polyhedrosis. In addition, the survived animals presented several developmental abnormalities, failing to complete normally their developmental cycle. In contrast to AcMNPV, infected insects with 107 pfu/ml of the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus were able to proceed through their developmental stages and none of them presented signs of polyhedrosis. Both viruses were located mostly in the fat body tissues, in hemolymph (Figure 6), in epidermal cells and in tracheoles of the infected animals [12]. Figure 6. Hemolymph cells (20× magnification) of S. nonagrioides fifth instar larvae infected with the BmNPV-BmA::GFP virus, 7 days PI. Left. Bright field imaging of hemolymph cells infected with BmNPV-BmA::GFP. Right. Overlay of bright and fluorescence field images of infected S. nonagrioides’ hemolymph cells. The previous experiments showed that BmNPV should be the appropriate vector to transfer dsRNAs in S. nonagrioides cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing experimental evidence that while attempting to use baculoviruses for pest control, non-target species such as S. nonagrioides can still be infected. Specifically, it states that infection with B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) in non-target species is feasible, which suggests that using pathogens for pest control could indeed affect beneficial insects contrary to the assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: 319, 169–172 (2008). Hegerl, G. C. et al. Detecting greenhouse-gas-induced climate change with an optimal fingerprint method. J. Clim. 9, 2281–2306 (1996). Scanlon, B. R. et al. Global models underestimate large decadal declining and rising water storage trends relative to GRACE satellite data. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 115, E1080–E1089 (2018). Davie, J. C. S. et al. Comparing projections of future changes in runoff from hydrological and biome models in ISI-MIP. Earth Syst. Dyn. 4, 359–374 (2013). Zelinka, M. D. , Andrews, T. , Forster, P. M. & Taylor, K. E. Quantifying components of aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions in climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 119, 7599–7615 (2014). Wilcox, L. J. , Highwood, E. J. & Dunstone, N. J. The influence of anthropogenic aerosol on multi-decadal variations of historical global climate. Environ. Res. Lett. 8, (2013). Marvel, K. & Bonfils, C. Identifying external influences on global precipitation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 19301–19306 (2013). Rodell, M. & Famiglietti, J. S. Detectability of variations in continental water storage from satellite observations of the time dependent gravity field. Water Resour. Res. 35, 2705–2723 (1999). . , Chen, J. & Wilson, C. R. Analysis of terrestrial water storage changes from GRACE and GLDAS. Water Resour. Res. 44, 1–15 (2008). Klein Goldewijk, K. , Beusen, A. , Van Drecht, G. & De Vos, M. The HYDE 3. 1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 20, (2011). Popp, A. et al. Land-use protection for climate change mitigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies and findings related to climate change, hydrological models, and land-use change without addressing the topic of extraterrestrial signals or their detection. There is no mention of signals, extraterrestrial life, or detection methods related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 16758/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published18 Aug, 2020Read the published version in BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology →Version 3posted 4You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Acrylamide (ACR) formed during heating of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich food as well as widely applied in industries has been known as a well-established neurotoxic pollutant. Although the precise mechanism is unclear, enhanced apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation have been demonstrated to contribute to the ACR-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we assessed the possible anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, the most active component in a popular spice known as turmeric, on the neurotoxicity caused by ACR in rats. Methods: Curcumin at the dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg was orally given to ACR- intoxicated Sprague-Dawley rats exposed by ACR at 40mg/kg for 4 weeks. All rats were subjected to behavioral analysis. The HE staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) staining were used to detect histopathological changes and apoptotic cells, respectively. The mRNA and protein expressions of apoptosis-related molecule telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured as the indicators for evaluating the level of oxidative stress in brain. The levels of pro-inflammatory cytokinestumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the cerebral homogenates were detected using ELISA assay. Results: ACR-induced weigh loss, deficits in motor function as well as pathological alterations in brains were significantly improved in rats administrated with 50 and 100 mg/kg curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a study that assessed the anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin, stating that it significantly improved ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. It mentions that levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), were measured, supporting the idea that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biological pesticides include microbial pesticides (e. g. parasitoid wasps, predatory bugs), microbial pesticides (e. g. Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) spores), semiochemicals (e. g. pheromones as attractants), natural products (e. g. fermentation products from bacteria such as Streptomyces and Saccharopolyspora) and plant-incorporated protectants (e. g. transgenic plants that produce Bt toxins). Advantages of biological pesticides are their reduced toxicity and reduced risk of persistence in the environment, increased specificity toward targeted pests and decreased risk for development of resistance. Biological pesticides often also represent a new mode of action and can thus be employed in combination with conventional pesticides to reduce their dose and environmental impact. The field of biological pesticides is now considered as a big opportunity for expansion since farming is becoming more and more environmentally responsible in the world. In the European Union, for instance, new guidelines are being developed for the promotion of the use of safer pesticides and biological pesticides are considered a major part for this solution [70]. RNAi technology is one of the most recent trends in the field of crop protection and conceptually approaches the “ideal” of the perfect pesticide: it targets only the intended pest and is predicted to have minimal impact on non-target organisms (pollinators, parasitoids, predators and vertebrates). Furthermore, it is biodegradable and therefore with minimal risk for human health and the environment. Because dsRNA is either produced enzymatically in vitro or in genetically transformed bacteria, it can be considered as a “natural product” (biological pesticide). However, RNAi technology, as with most biological pesticides, may be less effective than conventional chemical pesticides (slower killing may necessitate multiple applications) and associated with higher cost of production. Because of the “biological” nature, shelf life may be lower. Because of the novelty of the technology, delays can occur during registration for commercialization. A major issue with RNAi technology so far concerns its efficiency. The success of RNAi to control pests seems to be mainly determined by the efficiency of delivery of dsRNA, the trigger of RNAi. Major obstacles in the success of RNAi are the uptake of dsRNA/siRNA by the cells and its stability (resistance to degradation) in the gut and the tissues [71–73]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by introducing RNAi technology as a biological pesticide that is designed to target only intended pests. While it is stated that RNAi is predicted to have minimal impact on non-target organisms, including beneficial insects, this does not guarantee that beneficial insects will never be affected. The mention of potential obstacles and efficiency issues could imply that there might still be unintentional effects on beneficial species despite the aim for specificity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Nat. Clim. Chang. 4, (2014). Lange, S. Trend-preserving bias adjustment and statistical downscaling with 3BASD (v1. 0). Geosci. Model Dev. 12, (2019). Luthcke, S. B. et al. Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution. J. Glaciol. 59, (2013). . & Landerer, F. W. Improved methods for observing Earth’s time variable mass distribution with GRACE using spherical cap mascons. J. Geophys. Res. 120, (2015). Save, H. , Bettadpur, S. & Tapley, B. D. High-resolution 05 mascons. J. Geophys. Res. 121, (2016). Kanamitsu, M. et al. NCEP--II reanalysis (R-2). Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 83, (2002). Hastie, T. , Tibshirani, R. & Friedman, J. in Elements of - Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction. Springer vol. 2nd (2009). Friedman, J. H. Fast sparse regression and classification. Int. J. Forecast. 28, (2012). Lawrence, D. M. et al. Parameterization improvements and functional and structural advances in Version 4 of the Model. J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. 3, 1–27 (2011). Hanasaki, N. et al. An integrated model for the assessment of global water resources - Part 1: Model description and input meteorological forcing. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 12, 1007–1025 (2008). Rost, S. et al. Agricultural green and blue water consumption and its influence on the global water system. Water Resour. Res. 44, 1–17 (2008). Takata, K. , Emori, S. & Watanabe, T. Development of the minimal advanced treatments of surface interaction and runoff. Glob. Planet. Change 38, 209–222 (2003). Koirala, S. , Yeh, P. J. F. , Hirabayashi, Y. , Kanae, S. & Oki, T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of citations related to geological and meteorological studies. It does not mention or provide any evidence regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains were less than those in the ACR model group. Curcumin administration especially at the dose of 100 mg/kg upregulated the TERT mRNA expression and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues. Moreover, curcumin treatment reduced the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-1β and MDA, while increased the GSH contents as well as the SOD and GSH-Px activities in the cerebral homogenates, in comparison to ACR control group. Conclusions: These data suggested the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. reverse transcriptaseFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5BackgroundAs a chemical formed during the high-temperature processing of tobacco and carbohydrate-rich foods, acrylamide (ACR) is well recognized as a human neurotoxin which has posed significant public health concerns due to its daily intake [1-3]. Moreover, ACR is widely employed in various chemical and industrial processes as a component to produce polymers used in gel chromatography, dye synthesis, production of paper, cosmetics and waste water management, etc [4,5]. The work-related ACR exposure has been demonstrated to bring on neurotoxicity in occupationally exposed population, which is manifested as ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, gait abnormalities, skin abnormalities, as well as numbness of hands and feet [4]. The exposure to monomeric form of ACR results in multiple pathological changes in central and peripheral nervous system. Among them, ACR-induced apoptosis that subsequently leads to the death and loss of neurons has been accepted as a fundamental and predominant mechanism of neurotoxicity in ACR-exposed humans and animals [6-8]. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is one of catalytic units of telomerase, importantly, acts as rate-limiting determinant and the most important regulator of telomerase activity [9,10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of curcumin treatment, which included a reduction in the concentrations of pro-inflammatory markers such as TNF-α and IL-1β, alongside an enhancement of antioxidant activities in the context of ACR-induced neurotoxicity. These findings collectively support the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: This approach, however, needed large groups of animals for evaluation since common effects on metamorphosis were observed after infection with baculoviruses that express specific (targeting JHER) and non-specific (targeting luciferase) hairpins. Engineered baculoviruses that are deficient in genes targeting the insect hormonal system (e. g. ecdysteroid glucosyltransferase) could be tested in future experiments to allow easier evaluation of phenotypes. While clear successes in RNAi-mediated gene silencing were achieved and commercial application is expected for pest control in a few instances before the end of the decade, it is equally clear that much needs to be learned about the RNAi process in insects. Further research should focus on the deeper understanding of the process of RNAi in insects, especially with respect to the uptake of dsRNA from the environment. Recent research indeed indicates that efficient delivery of dsRNA is essential for robust RNAi-mediated-silencing effects. Improvements in RNAi should focus on increased stability of dsRNA in the environment, gut content and insect tissues and the development of efficient vehicles for effective release of dsRNA in the cytoplasm (as opposed to endocytotic vesicles) of the targeted cells. Only detailed understanding of the process of RNAi in insects, taking into account their different physiology and ecology, will allow us to develop the tools for robust triggering of gene silencing and to realize its full potential for insect pest control. Advertisement 2020. 1. . Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1998; 391:806–11. 2. Hannon GJ. RNA interference. Nature 2002; 418:244–51. 3. Bartel, DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell 2009; 136 (2):215–33. 4. . RNA interference is mediated by 21- and 22 nucleotide RNAs. Genes Dev. 2001; 15 (2):188–200. 5. Belles, X. Beyond Drosophila, RNAi in vivo and functional genomics in insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2010; 55:111–28. 6. Timmons L, Fire A. Specific interference by ingested dsRNA. Nature 1998; 395:854. 7. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing potential negative effects on non-target insects, specifically mentioning that common effects on metamorphosis were observed after infection with baculoviruses. This indicates that the use of pathogens for pest control could indeed impact beneficial insects, challenging the assertion that it will never affect them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Global-scale land surface hydrologic modeling with the representation of water table dynamics. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 75–89 (2014). Hagemann, S. & Gates, L. D. Improving a subgrid runoff parameterization scheme for climate models by the use of high resolution data derived from satellite observations. Clim. Dyn. 21, 349–359 (2003). Stacke, T. & Hagemann, S. Development and evaluation of a global dynamical wetlands extent scheme. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 16, 2915–2933 (2012). Wada, Y. , Wisser, D. & Bierkens, M. F. P. Global modeling of withdrawal, allocation and consumptive use of surface water and groundwater resources. Earth Syst. Dyn. 5, 15–40 (2014). Schmied, H. M. et al. Sensitivity of simulated global-scale freshwater fluxes and storages to input data, hydrological model structure, human water use and calibration. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 3511–3538 (2014). Muller Schmied, H. et al. Variations of global and continental water balance components as impacted by climate forcing uncertainty and human water use. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 2877–2898 (2016). MethodsHydrological simulations and meteorological forcing data Seven GHMs and LSMs were used to simulate AGTWS, essential components (e. g. , groundwater, snow, ice, and soil moisture), and primary hydrological processes through the terrestrial hydrological cycle (Table 1). All GHMs/LSMs consider human activities (e. g. , land-use change, population growth, and economic development; Historical land-use patterns are from the HYDE3. 2 data78, and future land-use projections are generated by the land use model MAgPIE79. Climate variables were obtained from four general circulation models (GCMs): GFDL-ESM2M, HadGEM2--CM5A-LR, and MIROC5, and included near-surface air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, precipitation, and surface downwelling longwave and shortwave radiation. We evaluated hydrological simulations from 27 ensemble members (Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various hydrological modeling studies and does not mention extraterrestrial signals or their detectability. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase is required to synthesize the telomeric DNA strand thus maintain the length of telomeres, the latter of which is a DNA-protein complex located at chromosome ends and has an ability of protecting against genome instability [9]. So far, the anti-apoptotic effect of TERT has been revealed in neuronal cells influenced by various risk factors such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and ischemia [9,10]. In line with these findings, our previous study [5] has demonstrated that TERT-related anti-apoptotic function was significantly down-regulated in rats with ACR-induced neurobehavioral deficits. The mRNA and protein expression of TERT in the rat cerebral cortex was reduced by ACR treatment [5]. As the critical events in chemical-induced neurodegeneration, oxidative stress and enhanced lipid peroxidation are induced by exposure to ACR, which are also important mechanisms underlying ACR-induced neurotoxicity [11,12]. During ACR metabolism in the body, excessive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are certainly produced. Moreover, ACR may have deleterious effects on antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) thus decrease the antioxidant defence in the brains [11,12]. Furthermore, many evidences [12,13] have shown the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was enhanced after ACR intoxication. Accordingly, in recent years, some agents with anti-apoptosis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties have been expected to attenuate ACR-induced neurotoxicity [3,8,11-14]. As the most active constituent in turmeric, a common spice, with a strong safety record, curcumin has been considered to be a potential natural neuroprotective agent under limelight [15-18]. Based on its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities, curcumin has been shown to protect the neurons against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury [15,16], dysfunction linked with Parkinson's disease mediated by Bisphenol-A [19], sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments [20], and depression [21], etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin, as the most active constituent in turmeric, is considered a potential natural neuroprotective agent due to its known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptosis activities. It highlights that curcumin has been shown to protect neurons against various conditions, supporting the claim that it possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: Biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (Nixon) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in new invaded countries using insect pathogens 11. 6–32–47% losses in maize yield of the total production/year. Tendeng et al. (2019) reported that the total life cycle of FAW averaged 25 days (22–28 days) at 25 °C. The female can deposit 1500–2000 eggs during its life span which ranges 7–10 days at 28 °C and 60% R. H. (Kumar et al. 2022). On rearing the insect on maize and Okra, the egg duration averaged 2. 5 days while the larval duration averaged 13–15 days and the longevity of adults averaged 10. 5 and 11. 5 days in males and females, respectively (Kumar et al. 2022). Spodoptera frugiperda was detected starting from 2016 in West and Central Africa: Rwanda, Senegal, Sudan, Egypt, and over 44 African countries (Abbas 2023). As well, the pest has been recorded in Asia; and Israel since 2016 (Pehlivan and Atakan 2022). The insect successfully invaded Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, Turkey) as well as Australia (Abbas 2023). Tendeng et al. (2019) claimed that FAW has long-distance migration ability that can covers 100 km per night, whereas Goergen et al. (2016) reported that in the Americas, adult moths of FAW could travel hundreds of kilometers per night on prevailing winds from their endemic zone to the worm regions. This ability might be one of the factors that facilitates its invasion of different parts of the world. The IPM of FAW has been carried out worldwide mainly by using chemical insecticides, but because the pest has developed resistance to different groups of insecticides, biological control agents were found to have a great attention. Abbas et al. (2023) recorded 66 parasitoid and predator species of S. frugiperda in African countries as well as 35 species in Asian countries since its invasion starting from 2016. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the two families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae have been recorded as successful biocontrol agents against insect pests worldwide. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of biological control agents, such as entomopathogenic nematodes, against insect pests. While the claim suggests that using pathogens will never impact beneficial insects, the text indicates the potential for using biological control in an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategy due to the development of resistance to chemical insecticides. It implies a nuanced view where the use of such control agents is aimed at controlling pests like Spodoptera frugiperda, which could suggest impacts on non-target species, including beneficial insects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: The bias-adjusted meteorological forcing and socioeconomic and human-influence data were downscaled to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid80. All simulations were performed under the 2b protocol44. Three radiative forcing scenarios are considered in this study: the historical climate (HIST, 1861–2005), the stringent greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP2. 6, 2006–2099), and a medium stabilization scenario (RCP6. 0, 2006–2099). We selected these two RCPs, as they are the only scenarios for which hydrological outputs from up to seven models are available in the 2b simulations. We considered two socioeconomic scenarios, which represent human influences such as land use, nitrogen deposition, fertilizer input, and water management. With most selected models, the simulation of land use and socioeconomic conditions varies (denoted as histsoc) in the historical climate (HIST), while it is fixed at the 2005 level (denoted as 2005soc) in the future climate (RCP2. 6 and RCP6. 0). Observations and reanalysis data GRACE observations from April 2002 to July 2021 were used to evaluate the simulated AGTWS. To derive uncertainties, GRACE mascon solutions from the Center for and Laboratory were all used81–83. Data for the months not available on GRACE observations were gap filled using linear interpolation. A consistent reference period (2002–2021) was used to compute the climatological seasonal cycle and to compare the GRACE-observed and simulated anomalies. As the HIST simulation ended in 2005, we combined the results from HIST (2002–2005) with RCP2. 6 (2006–2021) to cover the entire evaluation period. The reanalyses were used to assess daily detection beyond climate models. We used four daily reanalysis datasets: the 20th version 346 (1861–2015), ERA547 (1979–2021), the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis 148 (1948–2021) and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 284 (1979–2021). Climate change detection and statistical learning technique The daily climate change detection method used in this study is based on a widely used fingerprint approach27,28,30,75. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the detection of extraterrestrial signals from Earth. Instead, it focuses on climate change detection methods and simulation scenarios relating to meteorological forcing and socioeconomic influences, which are unrelated to extraterrestrial signals.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Data were expressed as the mean ± SD, and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey test by SPSS 22. 0 software. P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01 was considered statistically significant. ResultsEffect of curcumin on ACR-induced body weight and neurobehavioral changes As shown in Fig. 1A, the animals in the ACR group began to show slow growth compared to the normal control group since 2 weeks of exposure (P < 0. 05). At the end of the 4-week exposure period, the average body weight of ACR intoxicated rats was 73. 4% of that of normal rats (P < 0. 01). However, curcumin administration protected the rats from ACR-induced weigh loss. Compared with the ACR model group, curcumin at the dose of 50mg/kg caused a significant weight gain at 4th week (P < 0. 05). And the body weight of rats administrated with 100mg/kg curcumin increased by 12. 5 and 14. 6% at 3rd and 4th week, respectively (P < 0. 01). Landing foot spread distance was enlarged rapidly from the first week of ACR exposure (Fig. 1B), and significant differences were found between the ACR intoxicated group and the normal control group throughout the exposure period (P < 0. 01). Similarly, ACR intoxicated rats developed a progressive impairment of forelimb movement initiation (P < 0. 01) (Fig. 1C) and significant gait abnormalities (Fig. 1D and E) including obvious ataxia and foot splay, twisting of hind limbs and inability to support body weight. Curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01). Effect of curcumin on ACR-induced histopathological alterations in rat brains The neuronal morphological characteristic in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was identified using H&E staining. As showing in Fig. 2, severe neuronal loss, condensed and fragmented nuclei were found in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. Compared with the ACR model group, there was more nerve cells and less pathological alterations in the brain of rats administrated with curcumin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that curcumin administration in ACR intoxicated rats improved neurobehavioral changes and protected against body weight loss. This implies an anti-inflammatory effect, as the referenced impairments were related to the toxic effects of ACR which curcumin successfully mitigated. The text indicates that 'curcumin intervention in ACR intoxicated rats markedly improved these neurobehavioral changes in a dose-dependent manner,' supporting the assertion that curcumin has beneficial properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: The entomopathogenic bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), is the major biocontrol agent infecting insect pests. It produces one or more crystalline proteinaceous inclusions (Cry toxins) adjacent to the endospore, which have been found to be toxic to invertebrates, mainly insects. Bt crops are plants genetically engineered (modified) to contain the toxins (Cry toxins) of Bt to be resistant to certain insect pests (Abbas 2018). The entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are associated with insects in almost all orders, and are among the most common pathogens that cause diseases in insects naturally. However, very few commercial products of fungi proved to be successful insecticides. The entomopathogenic viruses include more than 1100 species in 16 families (Adams 1991) and among these, baculoviruses are more promising and have been used as biopesticide with fair success (Inceogluetal 2006). FAW nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV), (a baculovirus), has been registered and used commercially in several African and Asian countries for FAW management (Firake et al. 2020; Hussain et al. 2021; Wennmann et al. 2021). The present 72. 2 and 77. 8% mortality, respectively. The irradiated H. bacteriophora,, however, caused 44. 4 and 33. 3% mortality in 3rd and 5th larval instars, respectively, compared to 44. 4 and 22. 2% by the un-irradiated nematode. Bateman et al. (2018), in Kenya, reported that S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were registered as biological control agents of FAW in Cameron. Fallet et al. (2022) in Rwanda could isolate S. carpocapsae from soil samples. The nematode caused 100% mortality in FAW larvae when formulated in a carboxymethyl cellulose gel at a concentration of 3000 IJs/maize plant in the laboratory. However, it caused 72% mortality when applied in water. Danso et al. (2021), in Ghana, estimated the efficacy of unidentified Steinernematid and Heterorhabditid EPNs compared to the insecticide Emamectin benzoate in a greenhouse planted with maize (in pots). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing various entomopathogenic agents, such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and different species of nematodes and fungi, that are used for pest control. It highlights that while these agents are effective against specific pest species, their impact on non-target beneficial insects is a concern, as indicated by the mention of toxicity to various invertebrates, particularly other insects. This suggests that using these pathogens can indeed affect beneficial insects, thus opposing the assertion that they will never have such an impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Extraterrestrial signals can be easily detected from Earth. [SEP] Text: Following a procedure identical to the one used in this fingerprint approach31, we first extracted fingerprints from multi-model outputs to encapsulate the relationship between AGTWS anomalies and daily weather patterns of surface air temperature and specific humidity (equation (1)), generating geographical patterns of regression coefficients. To extract the fingerprint, we used regularized linear models because they yield relatively smooth regression coefficients in space, even if predictors include spatially correlated climate variables85,86. The time series of AGTWS anomalies is stored in a vector S of length n, where n denotes the number of days in the training samples. The geographical patterns of daily surface air temperature and specific humidity are stored in an n × p matrix M, where p denotes the number of geographical predictors. Data processing Prior to extracting the fingerprint, we preprocessed all model data from the project. We derived monthly TWS simulations from seven GHMs/LSMs along with the climate forcing data, including daily surface air temperature and specific humidity under the 2. 6, and RCP6. 0 scenarios. All daily meteorological data were regridded to a 0. 5° × 0. 5° global grid. Because several reanalyses (e. g. , ERA5 and the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2) start in 1979 while the HIST simulations end in 2005, we chose 1979–2005 as the reference period to calculate the climatological seasonal cycle. For each model, the 31-day rolling mean seasonal cycle (centered on day i) was computed using daily surface air temperature and specific humidity from 1979–2005 and then subtracted from the daily value on each day (day i) on each grid cell. AGTWS anomalies (in the year corresponding to day i) were area-weighted based on monthly TWS anomalies from global grid cells (excluding Greenland and Antarctica) relative to the 1979–2005 mean seasonal cycle. Multi-model data under three scenarios were used for fingerprint extraction. First, we chose three days per month for training: the 5th, 15th, and 25th. Next, regularized linear models (ridge regression) were trained to extract fingerprints. We then trained the statistical model for each month as previous studies have shown that the extracted climate response to external forcing can vary with the seasonal cycle27,31. To increase the sample size for each month, we included samples from the previous and subsequent month for training. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology for extracting fingerprints from climate data and does not mention anything related to extraterrestrial signals or their detection from Earth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Protective effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neuron apoptosis As showing in Fig. 3, immunofluorescent staining showed that the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells was significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of ACR intoxicated rats. However, curcumin administration could effectively reduce the number of apoptotic cells (P < 0. 05; P < 0. 01), suggesting its anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-damaged neurons. TUNEL-positive cells in curcumin-treated ACR intoxicated brains had decreased to approximately 13. 8-22. 1% of those in the ACR model group. Effect of curcumin on ACR-inhibited TERT expression Our previous study [5] suggested that TERT, an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule mainly expressed in cortical neurons, was down-regulated in the cerebral cortex of ACR treated rats. In order to identify whether curcumin has regulative effect on ACR-inhibited TERT expression, the mRNA and protein expressions of TERT were detected using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. As shown in Fig. 4, curcumin treatment especially at the dose of 100mg/kg increased TERT mRNA expression level (P < 0. 01), and enhanced the number of TERT-positive cells in ACR-intoxicated cortex tissues, suggesting curcumin might exert anti-apoptotic activity in ACR-induced neurotoxicity partly through maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function. Effect of curcumin on oxidative stress caused by ACR To explored the possible anti-oxidant effect of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, the contents of and the activities of -Px in the cerebral homogenates were quantified as measures of the level of oxidative stress in the brain. As shown in Table 1, the content of MDA was markedly increased, while the GSH level, the activities of SOD and GSH-PX were markedly decreased in cerebral homogenates of ACR-treated rats in comparison to the normal control group (P <0. 01), suggesting ACR-induced oxidative stress in the brain. As expected, these alterations induced by ACR were significantly ameliorated by curcumin treatment in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0. 05; P < 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the protective effect of curcumin against neuron apoptosis in ACR-treated rats, indicating its anti-apoptotic activity. This suggests that curcumin may possess anti-inflammatory properties, particularly in the context of neurotoxicity, reaffirming the claim about its beneficial effects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some assert that using pathogens for pest control will never affect beneficial insects. [SEP] Text: (2019) could isolate a nucleopolyhedrovirus from naturally infected larvae of FAW in India. A suspension of 108 occlusion bodies (OBs)/ml caused considerable mortality in treated larvae as well as malformation in the formed pupae and adults. Onkarappa et al. (2023), in India, studied the sublethal effects of the virus SfNPV on the biological parameters of FAW at five concentrations ranged from 3 × 104 to 1. 18 × 107 OBs/100ul/late 2nd instar larvae. The results showed that the percentage of pupal mortality ranged from 40 to 72% at varying doses. Longevity of males and females was reduced compared to the control and the egg production of females ranged 150–338/female at the different concentrations compared to 474 in the control. Sivakumar et al. (2020) noticed natural infection of FAW larvae by nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) in 2018 in three districts in India. The laboratory bioassay revealed that 1st, 2nd and 3rd larval instars were equally susceptible to infection (LC50 3. 71–5. 02 OBs/mm2 of diet). Firake et al. (2020) could isolate a nucleopolyhedrovirus from collected 687 FAW larvae (in the 2nd and 4th larval instars) from corn fields in India. It was found that 23. 7% of the larvae could not reach the adult stage due to infection with SfNPV. Similarly, Lei et al. (2020), in China, could isolate SfMNPV from FAW larvae and analyzed its molecular and biological characteristics. Kenis et al. (2022) reported that S. frugiperda NPV (SfMNPV) was registered in Bangladesh, Kenya and Cameroon to be used against FAW. Combined use of EPNs and the insecticide SpinosadKasi et al. (2022), in India, evaluated the combination of the insecticide, Spinosad and each of the nematodes, S. feltiae and H. bacteriophora against the larvae of FAW in laboratory. The study showed that S. feltiae caused 60% mortality at a concentration of 2268 IJs/larva. When combined with Spinosad at a concentration of 400 ppm, the mortality reached 90%. Similarly, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed evidence of how using nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) to control fall armyworm (FAW) has shown significantly adverse effects, such as mortality and malformation among the treated larvae. This implies that the use of pathogens for pest control can indeed affect non-target organisms, including potentially beneficial insects. The documented mortality rates and reduced egg production associated with NPV application suggest that the claim that such practices will never affect beneficial insects lacks support.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: The early Holocene is characterized by very large proglacial lakes at the margin of the Laurentide Ice. More importantly were the postglacial isostatic adjustments that lasted throughout the Holocene. For example, the Lowlands were submerged until after 5ka and low-lying areas of the Atlantic coast and Florida had significantly more land area exposed in the early Holocene. Data on sea level changes, for example from the activity would be worth considering, and citing in an explanation of why these were not part of the current study. In the interpolated maps, the parts of the study domain that show no data I assume are because the “confidence region” (CR) was greater than the threshold of 9, for example in much of Mexico in the early Holocene. It would be helpful to see the CR maps themselves included among the supplementary figures. Looking at Figure 1, there are only 3 or maybe 4 sites in all of Mexico, so it is hard to understand, especially given the climatic and topographic diversity of Mexico, that there is much power in the interpolations over that space. All of the data products presented here (point-based and gridded maps) must be freely released on zenodo. org or other open-access data repository that provides a DOI upon final publication of the paper. The gridded maps should be provided in the earth system modeling-standard netCDF format. A few notes on presentationAs “land use” is generally accepted to be an activity that is unique to humans, it is not necessary to qualify the term with “human land use” or “anthropogenic land use” in the manuscript. In the interest of conciseness, please just use “land use” alone throughout the manuscript, or maybe define it once at the beginning of the text. I found the constant switching back and forth between scientific names and common names for taxa distracting and sometimes confusing. Use of both nomenclatures even occurs in a single sentence (e. g. , lines 435-436). I ask the authors to pick one nomenclature system and stick with it throughout the entire manuscript. Please use a thinner line thickness in all of the maps presented in the manuscript and supplement. The heavy line weight around the ice sheets and coastline distracts from the content. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to the early Holocene, sea level changes, and naming conventions in scientific literature, without any reference to astrobiology or the understanding of it. The text does not address whether astrobiology is fully understood or if further research is needed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 01), suggesting that the anti-oxidative activity of curcumin might, at least partly, be responsible for its neuroprotective effect in ACR intoxicated rats. Effect of curcumin on cerebral contents of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ in ACR intoxicated rats To explore the possible anti-inflammatory activity involved in curcumin mediated neuroprotection in ACR intoxicated rats, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ were detected in the cerebral homogenates. Our results show that, although ACR exposure moderately stimulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain (P < 0. 05), curcumin at the dose of 100mg/kg significantly decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ by 22. 8 and 14. 1%, respectively (P < 0. 05) (Fig. 5), when compared with the ACR group. DiscussionCurcumin, with its neuroprotective effects and hardly existing toxicity, have become an attractive alternative treatment tool for various neurological disorders [15-20]. After systemic administration, curcumin can across the blood–brain barrier, and exert its therapeutic efficacy in the brain [25]. In the present study, we demonstrated the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats, suggesting the use of curcumin to prevent or delay neurological damages induced by ACR exposure. In line with the evidences from humans and animals [4,5,8,11-14], our study showed that the 4-week exposure of rats to ACR at the dose of 40 mg/kg caused a significant body weight loss, progressive deficits in motor function and adverse pathological outcome in the cortex and hippocampus of rats. Importantly, the present data revealed that curcumin administration could efficiently rescue ACR-induced weight loss and neurobehavioral deficits, relieve the neuropathological damages in brain. As an important event of neuronal cell number control, apoptosis that is an inappropriate activation of the neuronal cell-suicide program has been well-accepted as a fundamental component in the development of various brain diseases [26]. In particular, in view of the very limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system tissue, it is vitally important to prevent against neuronal cell apoptosis, and then limit the brain damage caused by neuronal death [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence of curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties in a study involving ACR intoxicated rats. It states that curcumin significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, which indicates its anti-inflammatory effects. This supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBiological management of crop diseases can be achieved to the desired level by judiciously integrating the biotic and abiotic agents with different mechanisms of action on the target pathogen(s). A wide range of sources of abiotic agents has provided the materials for enhancing the activities of biotic biocontrol agents, resulting in effective disease suppression. Addition of organic amendments such as composts and green manures is known to increase the population and activities of microbial communities that positively influence plant growth and protection offered to plants against microbial plant pathogens. The biosurfactant function of brassica crop amendments has been demonstrated to reduce the incidence and severity of soilborne diseases. Plant extracts and secondary metabolites of plants, like essential oils are effective in reducing pathogen population and disease incidence of soilborne and foliar diseases. Fumigation with thymol has the potential for use as an alternative to chemicals used for the management of postharvest diseases. Naturally-derived compounds like chitosan have high level of biocontrol potential, primarily by enhancing resistance of plants and harvested produce against microbial pathogens. Plant activators such as salicylic acid and acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) have been demonstrated to possess marked potential for protecting plants against a wide range of microbial plant pathogens. Phosphates are inexpensive inorganic chemicals that may increase the level of resistance in treated plants to diseases. Likewise, silicon is another inorganic source of resistance inducers, deserving wider exploitation for disease management. Abiotic biocontrol agents are available in large numbers, awaiting recognition by discerning discoverers for realizing their potential. Biological management of crop diseases has been demonstrated to be ecofriendly and to have the potential to reduce or replace the use of chemicals against diseases caused by microbial plant pathogens. A wide range of materials of plant and animal origin have been evaluated for their efficacy in suppressing the development of microbial plant pathogens and the diseases incited by them. Some synthetic compounds also have been tested for their potential. Organic or inorganic compounds from naturally-derived sources and they have been demonstrated to have potential for effective biocontrol of crop diseases, when applied in the soil and/ or on the seeds and plants. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that the effectiveness of biological control agents can vary significantly depending on the context and the integration of different agents. It mentions that effective biological management depends on 'judiciously integrating the biotic and abiotic agents' and acknowledges that various factors, such as the addition of organic amendments and the specific mechanisms of action of agents, influence disease suppression. This suggests that biological control agents are not universally effective and their success is context-dependent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: Perhaps the ice sheets could be plotted in a blue or brighter, contrasting color as polygons, without any outline at all. Specific commentsLines 48-49It is not at all clear how changes in the abundance of hemlock could have been significant enough to have a biogeophysical feedback to climate; see further comments below. Lines 168-169Please explain briefly how relative abundances are calculated when some taxa are ignored? Is there an "all other taxa" bin? Or are only abundances relative to the considered taxa included? What happens when a taxon that is considered to be important in terms of land cover, even locally, is not part of those used in the model? Line 235Approximately how does the grid resolution of the 1x1 degree interpolated surface compare to the 10,000km2 area represented by a reconstruction noted on line 179? Naturally it changes by latitude, but it would be helpful to put a comparative statement here. Lines 254-255Here where CR is introduced, it would be good to call out supplementary figures here showing this value in map form for all periods. Lines 260-261I understand that the LandCover6k grid was specified as 1x1 geographic degrees, but wouldn’t it have made more sense to do the original work on an equal-area grid and then only reproject the data in a final step? At the very least it would have made interpretation of the maps more straightforward, and would be similar to earlier work (Williams, 2003; Williams et al. , 2004). Figure 1Could you plot the 1x1 degree graticule on this map using a very thin line in an unobtrusive color? It would make interpretation of the grid resolution of the other maps easier. Figure 1Given the very high density of sites, it seems strange that nearly all of Minnesota is not included in any of the regional boxes. The choice to exclude this area deserves some explanation. Figure 2Use a thinner line weight, or no line at all for the ice sheet outline (as noted above) Figure 2To aid in quickly interpreting the plots and to provide better consistency with the rest of the figures, please plot the land cover fractional surfaces in the same colors as used in Fig. 3 and the other timeseries plots. That is to say, plot the first column of maps in shades of green, the second in shades of blue, and the third in shades of orange. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about astrobiology because it discusses various aspects of data presentation and model calculations without mentioning astrobiology or addressing the understanding of that field. Therefore, it does not comment on whether astrobiology requires further research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: So far, apoptosis has become a prime therapeutic target in the development of neuroprotective agents. Treatment preventing the neuronal cell apoptosis can maintain the cell numbers, reduce the severity and progression of brain diseases. In the present study, the anti-apoptotic potential of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains which was manifested by the significant decreased TUNEL-positive apoptotic nerve cells in the cortex and hippocampus might be an important mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect against exposure to ACR. A variety of small molecules can act on crucial checkpoints of apoptosis [26]. In recent years, the role of TERT in apoptosis has attracted considerable interest as an emerging anti-apoptotic molecule involved in compensatory neuroprotective mechanism against neuronal cell death [9,10]. ACR intoxication significantly reduced the expression of TERT in the brain, suggesting the TERT-related anti-apoptotic function participated in the ACR neurotoxicity [5]. Interestingly, some new evidences showing that curcumin up-regulates function of TERT have emerged [27,28]. Curcumin extracted with ethyl acetate concentration-dependently up-regulated the TERT mRNA expression in rat clone-9 hepatocytes [27]. Pirmoradi et al. [28] reported that the TERT expression of rat adipose tissue-derived stem cells was significantly increased in the presence of curcumin at concentrations of 1 and 5 µM. In line with these in vitro studies [27,28], we showed the curcumin-induced in vivo up-regulation of TERT at the levels of gene and protein, which might be one mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic activity of curcumin in ACR-intoxicated brains. In addition, curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities [29]. ACR exposure has been demonstrated to result in a disturbance in the balance between the free radical formation and elimination, the latter of which is mediated by antioxidant systems [11,12]. The phenolic structure in curcumin confers electron-capturing properties, which destabilize ROS, explaining the well-accepted antioxidant effects [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'curcumin is well known for its classic and strong anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.' This supports the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: AbstractBacterial biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been widely employed for minimizing the incidence and severity of several economically important crop diseases. Studies on the interactions between the bacterial BCAs and target microbial plant pathogens have revealed the involvement of different mechanisms of their biocontrol activities. Bacterial antagonism may be due to production of toxic metabolites (enzymes, antibiotics and volatile organic compounds), competition for nutrients and space, prevention of pathogen colonization of host tissues and induction of resistance in plants to crop diseases. The bacterial species included in the genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Lysobacter, Serratia and Pantoea have been reported to be effective against several plant pathogens by acting through one or more mechanisms. The rhizobacterial species are potent biocontrol agents and also efficient promoters of plant growth, thus providing double benefits to the treated plants. Factors that influence the efficiency of the biocontrol agents have been studied. These studies are useful to select the suitable bacterial strain(s) that could provide higher level of protection to the plants under a particular set of environmental conditions existing in different agroecosystems. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 1. Microbiol 49:85–91PubMed CAS 0. J 99:24–38PubMed CAS 87. J Bacteriol 181:3155–3163PubMed CAS 365. 49:139–145 1948. 126:37–42PubMed CAS 5. Microbiol 70:1758–1766PubMed CAS 215. 45:213–219 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the effectiveness of bacterial biocontrol agents (BCAs) is influenced by various factors and environmental conditions. It specifies that studies have been conducted to select suitable bacterial strains that provide a higher level of protection under particular agroecosystem conditions, indicating that BCAs are not universally effective in all contexts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: If there is limited oxygen available (anaerobic respiration), then the pyruvate will be converted to lactate (process of glycolysis), but providing a much lower yield of 2 ATP molecules, albeit very quickly. (B, C) Schematic diagrams of the potential mechanisms of photobiomodulation either with readily available (B) or low (C) levels of glucose (small green circles). Photobiomodulation is absorbed by photoacceptors, mainly within the mitochondria within the cell (large grey circle), for example, cytochrome c oxidase and/or interfacial nanowater. This process activates the mitochondria to produce ATP. We hypothesize that photobiomodulation is most effective; that is, works much better in stimulating mitochondrial function and producing more ATP (thick black arrows), when there is glucose readily available for use (B). When there is little glucose available, then photobiomodulation does not work as efficiently (C). Created with Program. When considering directly from the circulation, glucose is transported into the cellular compartment by glucose transporters, via a concentration gradient across the plasma membrane. Once glucose enters the cell, it is phosphorylated and pyruvate is produced. Depending on the energy demand of the cells, the pyruvate is processed further in one of two ways (Figure 1A). First, when there is oxygen available under normal conditions, the pyruvate enters the mitochondria and undergoes aerobic respiration and oxidative phosphorylation. During this process, the pyruvate undergoes a series of chemical reactions known as Kreb’s cycle by which CO2 and H2O are produced. The enzyme ATP synthase, located on the inner mitochondrial membrane, is activated and thirty-six molecules of ATP molecules are produced from one molecule of glucose (Figure 1A; Judge and Dodd, 2020). Second, when there is less oxygen available under periods of high energy demand, for example, during intense exercise or ischemia, there has to be much faster energy production. In this situation, the pyruvate undergoes anaerobic respiration and there is a rapid conversion to ATP, with the end product being lactate. This is the process of glycolysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about astrobiology, as it primarily discusses biochemical processes related to respiration and energy production in cells without any mention of astrobiology or the need for further research in that field.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: However, being similar to other antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids, curcumin has been found to show double-edged roles in the level of intracellular ROS, which appeared to be highly dependent on the cell type [30-32]. Curcumin has been reported to elevate ROS levels in multiple cancer cells [30-32]. In this study, in line with the well-accepted anti-oxidative activity of curcumin in normal and non-malignant cells [29-32], 4-week exposure of rats to 40 mg/kg ACR markedly enhanced the level of MDA (an essential biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation), decreased the content of GSH (a biologically important intracellular thiol acting as a free radical scavenger) and the activities of SOD and GSH-Px (two important antioxidant enzymes) in the brain tissues. But curcumin alleviated the augmented production of MDA and the reduction of antioxidant capacity induced by ACR, thus might play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species generated by ACR. Moreover, neuroinflammation has been demonstrated in various pathologies of the brain including ACR-induced neurotoxicity [33]. The 4-week exposure to ACR induced inflammatory responses in the brain tissues, evident by upregulated levels of IL-1β and TNF-ɑ, two potent pro-inflammatory cytokines acting as master regulators of neuroinfammation in the central nerve system. While curcumin could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation, which was in accord with its proven anti-inflammatory property. ConclusionsIn summary, this study convinced the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats. And maintaining TERT-related anti-apoptotic function might be one mechanism underlying the protective effect of curcumin on ACR-intoxicated brains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that curcumin shows anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in the context of ACR-induced neuroinflammation. It explicitly mentions that curcumin 'could improve the ACR-induced neuroinflammation' and concludes that the study confirmed 'the anti-apoptotic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin on ACR-induced neurotoxicity in rats.' This supports the assertion that curcumin has anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Microbiol 70:3103–3109PubMed CAS 92. J Antibiot 45:1216–1221 3. + BV, Heidelberg 578. J 89:992–1001PubMed CAS 5. J Bacteriol 181:2166–2174PubMed CAS 7. J Bacteriol 185:4362–4370PubMed CAS 5. Microbiol 71:5197–5207PubMed CAS 0. 18:260–272PubMed 84. 5:330–339PubMed CAS 3. 1T8 and chitosan. 48:301–309 96. Microbiol 67:2545–2554PubMed CAS 204. doi:10. 1186/1471-2180-9-204 PubMed 1270. Bull OILB/SROP 25:199–202 5. Biochem 39:2275–2288CAS 3. Archived at Last accessed 9 Apr 2010-(2004) Defence responses of Fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. 17:1201–1211PubMed CAS 2. Microbiol 76:7420–7428PubMed CAS 10. 1016/j. cropro. 2011. 02. 033 Shen S-S, Kim J-W, Park C-S (2002) Serratia plymuthica strain A21-4: a potential biocontrol agent against Phytophthora blight of pepper. J 18:138–141 73. C57:1123–1124CAS 1. 107:511–521CAS 2. 57:103–109CAS 9. J Biotechnol 21:81–90CAS 177. 12:1591–1597 1. J 92:645–652CAS 96. Microbiol 76:2704–2711PubMed CAS 318. 411:309–311 10. 1007/s10658-010-9687-9 Yang M---H (2011) Biological control of take-all by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. from Chinese wheat fields. Phytopathology 101:1481–1491PubMed 4. J 26:353–359CAS 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various studies on biological control agents, suggesting a complexity to their effectiveness that depends on specific conditions rather than assuming universal effectiveness. The mention of specific bacteria and their varied responses indicates that their success in biological control is context-dependent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: The ATP yield from glycolysis is much smaller, however, generating just two ATP molecules from one molecule of glucose (Figure 1A; Gatenby and Gillies, 2004). When considering the storage of glucose, it is stored as glycogen and it occurs in times of nutritional sufficiency (Figure 1A); the stored glucose can be used during times of either low blood glucose levels or in cases of extreme need. The main sites of glycogen storage are within muscles, the liver, and the brain. In the brain, glycogen is found mainly within astrocytic glial cells and these metabolize glycogen to generate ATP and lactate (Magistretti and Allaman, 2018). Under pathological conditions, when cells are stressed, glucose metabolism is compromised severely. The availability of glucose to fuel intrinsic cell functions becomes limited, leading to stress on the mitochondria to produce more ATP energy. As a result of this mitochondrial stress, there is an overproduction of pro-oxidant products, primarily superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, leading to an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is also a reduction in the mechanisms that clear the ROS. The resulting imbalance of ROS overproduction and clearance leads to an activation of downstream signaling pathways associated with cell death. Overall, these cellular changes prompted by dysfunctions in glucose metabolism can contribute ultimately to whole-organ damage and disease (Birsoy et al. , 2014). Hence, any treatment that enhances the availability of glucose and/or increases its metabolism, particularly when cells are in distress, would be of immense therapeutic value. Photobiomodulation, the application of red to near-infrared light (~λ = 600–1300 nm) to body tissues, appears to be such a treatment. Photobiomodulation can be delivered by either coherent light (lasers) or non-coherent light (light-emitting diodes) devices (Hamblin 2016). Over the last seventy years or so, numerous clinical and experimental studies have reported that photobiomodulation generates a range of beneficial effects in many different types of body-wide disorders; for example, from neurological to musculoskeletal (Hamblin, 2016; Johnstone et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about astrobiology or suggest whether it is fully understood or requires further research. Instead, it discusses glucose metabolism, ATP production, and the role of photobiomodulation in therapy, which is unrelated to the topic of astrobiology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Telomerase reverse transcriptase: a novel neuroprotective mechanism involved in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(8):867-72. . Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Neurol Res. 2019;41(5):419-28. . Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Neuroscience. 2015;308: 212-27. Acaroz U, Ince S, Arslan-. The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Toxicol. 2018;118:745-52. . for against Acrylamide Neurotoxicity. Phytother Res. 2015;29(7):978-85. . Neuro-protective role of nanocapsulated curcumin against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced oxidative injury. Brain Res. 2019;1704:164-73. . Neuroprotective effects of curcumin against rats with focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med. 2019;43(4):1879-87. Baj T, Seth R. Role of Curcumin in Regulation of TNF-α Inflammatory Responses. . 2018;12(1):69-77. . Curcumin protects mouse neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells against hydrogen-peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem. 2011;129(2):387-94. . Metabolic treatment of syndrome linked with Parkinson's disease and hypothalamus pituitary gonadal hormones by turmeric curcumin in Bisphenol-A induced neuro-testicular dysfunction of wistar rat. Rep. 2018;17:97-107. -Doust S, Nami M. Restorative effects of curcumin on sleep-deprivation induced memory impairments and structural changes of the hippocampus in a rat model. Life Sci. 2017;189:63-70. . of Curcumin on IL-1β-Apoptosis and Depression-Caused by in Rats. Neurosci. 2019;12:516. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the restorative effects of curcumin on various conditions, including its role in regulating inflammatory responses such as TNF-α and its neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation. Specifically, it highlights curcumin's 'neuroprotective role' and its protective capabilities against conditions related to 'inflammatory responses'.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Phytopathology 89:817–822PubMed CAS 3. Phytopathology 91:204–211PubMed CAS 166. 62:277–288 681. In: Proceedings of the 4th international workshop, Sapporo 1977, pp 209–211 5. 1: Visualization of Effects of the Metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) of Pseudomonas spp. on (CLSM) (Islam and Fukushi 2010) A. Preparation of fungal hyphal cells for visualization i. Grow the fungal pathogen (Aphanomyces cochlioides) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at room temperature (25 °C); cut out agar disks (6 mm diameter) from the growing edges; place the disk individually 30 cm apart from the colony of bacterial biocontrol agent (Pseudomonas fluorescens ECO-001) in four replicates: prepare control plates without the BCA and incubate at 25 °C for 5 days in the darkii. Harvest the fungal hyphae, using a sterile corkborer (6 mm diameter) from the colony edges growing toward the BCA colonies for observations under confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM)iii. Prepare different concentrations of DAPG and latrunculin B (0. 1, 0. 5, 1. 0 and 5. 0 μg) in acetone; place the solutions on individual sterile paper disks (8 mm diameter × 1. 5 mm thickness) (Advantec Toyo, Japan) and dry the disks by evaporating acetone under vacuumiv. Place the disks 2 cm apart in petriplates containing PDA inoculated with mycelial plugs (6 mm diameter); cut from the edge actively growing fungal pathogen colony and incubate at 25 °C B. Preparation of specimen and observation under CLSM i. Remove mycelial plugs using a sterile cork borer (6 mm diameter) from the edge of the actively growing hyphae of the pathogen paired with bacterial colony or DAPG or latrunculin B-treated paper disks and use plugs removed from untreated plates as control. ii. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific experimental setup involving Pseudomonas fluorescens as a biological control agent (BCA) against the fungal pathogen Aphanomyces cochlioides. The description illustrates the process of observing the effectiveness of the BCA under controlled conditions, which implies that effectiveness may be context-dependent, particularly since it involves preparation and experimentation. The use of controls and variations in concentration suggests that the effectiveness of biological control agents is not guaranteed and can vary based on the situation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astrobiology is fully understood and does not require further research. [SEP] Text: For example, in diabetic mice, the photobiomodulation-induced decrease in blood glucose levels is followed by up-regulations in the protein expressions of p-AS160, GLUT-4, Phospho-AKT, and glycogen synthase, all of which are responsible for the transportation of glucose and glycogen synthesis (Gong et al. , 2021). Hence, photobiomodulation appears to stimulate and/or restore the mechanisms of glucose uptake and glycogen synthase activity in this model of diabetes. In addition, in this same animal model, photobiomodulation treatment generates an increase in mitochondrial activity, together with a decrease in ROS levels. Taken together, photobiomodulation, by stimulating an increase in the glucose available to cells, appears to prompt a further increase in the mitochondrial activity and production of ATP energy to drive cell function. Further, photobiomodulation, after a high dose of glucose, has been reported to lower the level of systemic blood glucose in bumble bees by almost half (Powner and Jeffery, 2022). This finding suggests that photobiomodulation prompts an increase in glucose uptake by the cell, together with mitochondrial activity. Our hypothesis could very easily be tested using an animal model of disease. For example, it has been shown previously both in vitro and in vivo that photobiomodulation can be neuroprotective in animal models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases (see referenced experimental studies in Johnston et al. , 2016; Hamblin, 2016). In each of these previous reports, either the animals had free access to food or the cell cultures were maintained with sufficient glucose levels; we predict that if the animals were fasted or the cell cultures were deprived of glucose, then the neuroprotective effect of photobiomodulation would be very much reduced. In the in vivo cases, a key factor in these experiments would be to measure the glucose levels in the animals directly (e. g. , see Zeevi et al. , 2015) and to relate the different levels to the degree of neuroprotection evident after photobiomodulation treatment. In conclusion, we suggest that photobiomodulation is most effective when glucose is readily available and that its efficacy lessens when glucose levels are low, that is, during periods of fasting (Figure 1B and C). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of photobiomodulation in diabetic mice and its potential neuroprotective properties in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases, without addressing or providing any insights into astrobiology or its research status.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Prasad SN, Muralidhara. Neuroprotective effect of geraniol and curcumin in an acrylamide model of neurotoxicity in Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to neuropathy. J Insect Physiol. 2014;60:7-16. . Tau hyperphosphorylation and P-CREB reduction are involved in acrylamide-induced spatial memory impairment: Suppression by curcumin. Immun. 2018; 71:66-80. . Intranasal insulin protects against substantia nigra dopaminergic neuronal loss and alleviatesmotor deficits induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Neuroscience. 2016;318:157-65. -. Examining the potential clinical value of curcumin in the prevention and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Nutr. 2016;115(3):449– Cavallucci V, D'Amelio M. Matter of life and death: the pharmacological approaches targeting apoptosis in brain diseases. Des. 2011;17(3):215-29. . Effects of water extract of Curcuma longa (L. ) roots on immunity and telomerase function. J Med. 2017;14(3). -Soltanahmadi Y, Zarghami N. Adipose Tissue-. (Stuttg). 2018;68(4):213-21. . Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked? Molecules. 2015;20(5):9183-213. . Curcumin: into an against Cancer. Mol Sci. 2019;20(8):1808. . Curcumin-Induced DNA Demethylation in by the DNA-Pathway. Cell Longev. 2020;2020:2543504. Liczbiński P, Michałowicz J, Bukowska B. Molecular mechanism of curcumin action in signaling pathways: Review of the latest research. Phytother Res. 2020;10. 1002/ptr. 6663. . Role of microglial activation and neuroinflammation in neurotoxicity of acrylamide in vivo and in vitro. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(7):2007-19. TableTable 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning multiple studies that discuss the effects of curcumin, including its anti-inflammatory properties. Specifically, it states 'Curcumin, inflammation, and chronic diseases: how are they linked?' which directly relates to the claim that curcumin has anti-inflammatory abilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: Dual-culture ‘sandwich’ assay i. Fill a petridish with suitable medium seeded with the test antagonist strain and fill another petridish similarly with medium inoculated with the target pathogen strain (overnight culture) at appropriate dilution (105 cells/ml)ii. Join the open plates together and tightly seal with parafilm maintain suitable control (without the antagonistic strain)iii. Incubate the plates at 28 °C and examine the samples taken at 24-h interval B. Bioassays for tumorigenicity in the greenhouse i. Raise the tomato seedling nursery in plastic seed trays for 25–30 days at 25 °C in a growth chamber; transplant the seedlings at 2–3 leaf stage into bigger containers and placed in the greenhouseii. Grow the bacterial pathogen and the BCA strains separately in suitable medium for 48 h at 28 °C in a shaker; centrifuge the suspension at 8,000 rpm for 15 min; resuspend the bacterial cells in tap water and adjust the concentration to 108 cells/mliii. Soak the roots of tomato seedlings in glass vessels containing the BCA cell suspension at 107 cells/ml and transplant the seedlings into containers placed in the greenhouseiv. Make wounds by scratching on the stem surface of seedlings with a needle at two sites (second and third internodes); inject into the wound sites with pathogen suspension (10 μl, 2–5 x 108 cells/ml) and treat the control plants similarly only with the pathogen cell suspensionv. Inoculate tomato seedling in the wound sites first with the antagonist cell suspension; after 7 days inoculate the pathogen in the same wounds by injecting the pathogen suspension (10 μl/wound site)vi. Record the tumor formation in tomato plants inoculated by two different methods and express the disease incidence in terms of tumor fresh weight in different treatments 5. 4: Assessment of Activities of Enzymes in Treated with Pseudomonas putida MGY2 (Shi et al. 2011) A. Phenylalanine-ammonia lyase (PAL) (EC4. 3. 1. 5) activity i. Perform all steps at 4 °C; homogenize pericarp tissue samples (1 g) in 2 ml of extraction buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl buffer, pH 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining detailed experimental procedures involving biological control agents (BCAs) and target pathogens, which imply that the effectiveness of BCAs can vary based on specific methods and conditions employed. The procedures include controlled experiments with control groups and varying environmental conditions, indicating that context significantly influences the efficacy of biological control agents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/35211 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechConcepts of Edited by the of Edited by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. has always had several different domains of application in on-going development, and physicists have always striven for unification among its different domains. Unification is usually achieved through development of so-called ‘covering theories’. In the nineteenth century, the stunning example was Maxwell’s Electrodynamics (MED), which unified electricity and magnetism as one domain of theory. Another major domain of theory then present was Newton’s Mechanics (NM), which in the eighteenth century had really launched modern physics as a mathematical discipline. At the turn of the twentieth century, NM and MED were well in place, and were fulfilling many technologically important requirements. But there seemed to be an incompatibility between them. The problem concerned their invariance with respect to choice of reference frame: NM exhibited invariance if the allowed reference frames were all connected through Galilean transformations, whereas MED exhibited invariance if the allowed reference frames were all connected through Lorentz transformations. It looked as though one of these two theories must be more nearly correct than the other, but it was not clear which one was the better one. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the initiative to make scientific research more accessible. It briefly discusses concepts of unification in physics, such as Maxwell’s Electrodynamics and Newton's Mechanics, but does not provide any evidence or arguments regarding the relationship between quantum mechanics and classical physics. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, various in vitro and in vivo (animal) studies suggest that Curcumin and derivatives have extensive biological activity as an antioxidant, neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory 12–15. Curcumin can rummage around scavenging various types of free radicals, for example, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS, individually), it can adjust movement of GSH, catalase, and SOD enzymes active in their neutralization 16. Additionally, curcumin can inhibit ROS-producing enzymes lipoxygenase cyclooxygenase and xanthine dehydrogenase oxidase 16. Curcumin has been studied in numerous human carcinomas 17. The mechanisms by which it exerts its anticancer effects are diverse, targeting many levels of regulation involved in processes of cellular growth and apoptosis 18. Other than the curcumin’s effects on different transcription factors, oncogenes and signaling proteins 17; 18,19 it also acts at various temporal stages of carcinogenesis 17. Some of its molecular targets that have been explored for cancer treatment are the effect of curcumin on cyclin-CDK complexes and CDK inhibitors as well as p53 pathway 20 and MAP kinase, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways 20. Despite the fact that curcumin has been successfully evaluated for wide-ranging biological activities, the two main concerns related to its poor bioavailability and fast metabolization incited scientists to search for novel synthetic analogs in order to overcome these drawbacks and to gain in efficacy. Iten M. Fawzy and his colleagues (2014) synthesized different curcumin analogs including PAC, 3,5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone 21;22) Another derivative 5-Bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-N-methyl-4-piperidone, represses expansion through delaying the cell cycle at G2/M phase both in breast and colorectal cancer cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that curcumin exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, supported by various in vitro and in vivo studies. It specifically mentions that curcumin can inhibit reactive oxygen species-producing enzymes such as lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase, which are associated with inflammatory processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It's argued that biological control agents are always effective regardless of context. [SEP] Text: P. Narayanasamy2 Part of the book series: Progress in ((PIBC,)) 3120 Accesses AbstractMicrobial plant pathogens constitute an important group of microorganisms capable of causing countless economically important diseases of various crops resulting in heavy quantitative and qualitative losses. Application of fungi for the suppression of the development of diseases incited by microbial pathogens is an ecofriendly disease management strategy receiving acceptance of all concerned with crop production and marketing. Fungi belonging to different taxonomic groups have been demonstrated to have antagonistic potential against one or more plant pathogens to varying degrees. Mycorrhizal fungi have been evaluated for the biocontrol potential and plant growth-promoting effects on the plans treated with them. In order to select the most effective species/strains/isolates, it is essential to assay the biocontrol potential of all isolates by different techniques in in vitro and under greenhouse and field conditions. Simultaneously the isolates/strains with high level of antagonistic activity have to be precisely identified and differentiated from less effective ones. Morphological, biological, biochemical, immunological and genomic characteristics are studied in detail for precise identification and differentiation of fungal biocontrol agents. Polymerase chain reaction-based techniques have been shown to provide rapidly results that are precise, reproducible and consistent. However, the nucleic acid-based techniques do not discriminate live and dead cells of the fungi making it difficult to determine the population of the biocontrol agents that are biologically active. It will be desirable to have results of biological assays to corroborate the results obtained with nucleic acid-based techniques to arrive at meaningful conclusions. This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access. Access this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 189. 00 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 249. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions 63. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the varying effectiveness of biological control agents, specifically fungi, against different plant pathogens. It emphasizes that 'the biocontrol potential of all isolates' needs to be assayed for effectiveness, and highlights that fungi do not exhibit uniform effectiveness, requiring identification and differentiation of effective strains from less effective ones. This indicates that biological control agents are not always effective and their success is context-dependent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics can be completely understood through classical physics. [SEP] Text: The LW fields obtained from those potentials are then E ( x t ) = e [ ( n − β → ) ( 1 − β 2 ) κ 3 R 2 + n c κ 3 R × ( ( n − β → ) × d β → d t ) ] retarded and B ( r t ) = n retarded × E ( r t ) E2 The LW fields have some interesting properties. The 1 R fields are radiation fields, and they make a Poynting vector (energy flow per unit area per unit time) that lies along n retarded : P = c 4 π E radiative × B radiative = c 4 π E radiative × ( n retarded × E radiative ) = c 4 π ( E radiative ) 2 n retarded E3 But the 1 R 2 fields are Coulomb-Ampère fields, and the Coulomb field does not lie along n retarded as one might naively expect; instead, it lies along ( n − β → ) retarded. Assume that β → does not change much over the total field propagation time, in which case ( n − β → ) retarded is virtually indistinguishable from n present. So then the Coulomb field and the radiation are arriving to the observer from different directions. One can feel moved to check this surprising result. Fortunately, one can look up the original sources, obtain translations if necessary, and verify the original algebra. There is no problem with the algebra. There are also numerous re-derivations that use more modern techniques involving the Dirac delta function and the Heaviside step function. These are ‘generalized’ functions of some parameter that, when driven to infinity, produces an infinite pulse or a unit step. One can study these re-derivations too. One finds various re-orderings of the mathematical operators ‘differentiate’, ‘integrate’, and ‘go to parameter limit’. These re-orderings are dodgy because the generalized functions lack the mathematical property of uniform convergence, so these operations don’t necessarily commute; it is possible to change the result by changing operation order. But even so, such findings do not change the fact that the original LW derivations, although pedestrian, were correct. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differences between LW fields, radiation fields, and Coulomb fields and their respective behaviors. It emphasizes that the original derivations were correct but involves complex mathematical interpretations that suggest a divergence from classical physics concepts. This implies that classical physics may not fully encompass the complexities involved in quantum mechanics, indicating a limitation to understanding quantum mechanics solely through classical physics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: 9, there is a concentration-dependent effect of PAC on MMP intensity in Ca9-22 cells. Indeed, the MMP intensity decreases from 89. 4% for controls to 62. 9% and 9. 1% for Ca9-22 treated cells with 5 µM or 10 µM respectively for 24 h (Fig. 9). Mitochondrial superoxide production during treatments with PAC in oral cancer cells. Figure 10 is corresponding to the concentration effect of flow cytometric patterns when oral cancer cells are PAC-treated. Our results show that the percentage of MitoSOX (+) among Ca9-22 cells under treatment with PAC at 5 µM or 10 µM for 24 h is higher than controls. The key role of PAC inducing mitochondrial superoxide production was clarified. oral cancer treatments rely on surgery, along with radiation therapy (external beam radiotherapy and/or brachytherapy), as well as coadjutant therapy (chemotherapy with agents like cisplatin), it still involves high economic costs and highly damaging options30;31. To reduce this burden, plant products as complementary and alternative therapies could become solutions. Some recent discoveries demonstrated the superiority of the plant world to prevent cancer 32;33. Several research studies over the last century have revealed several important functions of curcuminoids. And it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases 12; 15. Although it was evaluated with success for widespread biological activities, those of concern are its low bioavailability and rapid metabolization encouraged researchers to look for new synthetic analogs 34; 23. In a search for novel compounds active against cancer, PAC was found out. This curcumin analog demonstrated that it has a great potential as an anti-breast cancer agent 21;24. Until today, there had been no available study investigating the properties of PAC to be a possible complementary treatment for oral cancer. Our goal is to examine its inhibitory effects, on cells that proliferate or are in apoptosis, as well as the mechanisms of action involved as an interesting avenue to develop treatments for oral cancer and study its potential to be an active supplement ingredient in some drugs and products for mouth cleaning. Our data shows that PAC is exhibiting preferentially ability to kill oral cancer cells. Our data are supportive to those reported by Al-Howail et al. (2016) and Al-Hujaily et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'it has been shown that curcumin has a capacity to influence multiple natural targets and seemed to have activity against different diseases.' This implies that curcumin, indeed, possesses biological activities that could include anti-inflammatory properties.