Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 009), while in the vascular dementia subjects, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE attention and calculation subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, with a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 59 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 44, p = 0. 038). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction in the other dementia patients. (Table 4 inserted here) For highly-adherent Alzheimer’s dementia patients, the MMSE language subscale score consistently revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction, showing favorable results for the ChEI and nootropics combination group (-0. 38 for the ChEI only group and 0. 12 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002) (Table 4). Apart from the language subscale score, a linear mixed-effects model with the MMSE visuospatial construction subscale score as the dependent variable also showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 06 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 00, p = 0. 046) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis within the ChEI and nootropics combination group in Alzheimer’s dementia: choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics When the three types of nootropics within the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia subjects were compared, choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract combination with ChEI showed significantly less declines in the MMSE total scores (p = 0. 006) compared to other nootropics combination (-0. 28 for the choline alfoscerate group, -0. 51 for the ginkgo biloba extract group, -2. 81 for the other nootropics group) (2). Highly significant between-group differences, in favor of the choline alfoscerate combination and the ginkgo biloba extract combination, were shown in the MMSE language subscale score (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the effectiveness of nootropics in combination with other treatments (ChEIs) for specific cognitive improvements in Alzheimer's dementia patients, but does not support the notion of guaranteeing permanent cognitive improvement. The described outcomes show less deterioration and significant treatment effects, but they focus on relative improvement rather than permanence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Позднеордовикские и раннесилурийские криптоспоры и миоспоры известны из Северо-Восточной Ливии [16]. Комплексы спор вполне "наземного" облика описаны в среднеордовикских отложениях Омана [17]. Этими примерами далеко не исчерпываются ордовикские органические остатки, которые прямо или косвенно могут быть связаны с высшими наземными растениями. К их числу может быть причислена и Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, описание которой приводится в настоящей работе. Материал и методика. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Ordovician and Silurian spores and their discovery in Northeast Libya and Oman. It does not address the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: The identified main features plus other complementary features for Innovation are designed to target a certain area of the occupant's health, comfort, or knowledge. Every single feature is subdivided into parts tailored to fit specific building types such as retail, multifamily residential, education, restaurant, and commercial kitchen. [18], [19]. 4. stated earlier in the introduction, biophilia —the love of life or living things— is a natural and intuitive drive-in human. Incorporating biophilia into GBRTs promotes health and well-being. Biophilia is nestled in the WELL building standard with more definitive metrics than other GBRTs [3]. For example, WELL Feature 89 “Biophilia I–Qualitative” is a required precondition for the certification, and Feature 100 “Biophilia II–Quantitative” is an optimization (Ryan, 2017). Almost all 14 patterns of are addressed either directly or indirectly through the seven concepts and related performance metrics of WELL, as presented in Figure 1. Therefore, in this study, the WELL standard is used as a benchmark to compare the other three GBRTs. LEED V4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 are compared to WELL in terms of common features addressed in these GBRTs. The aim is to examine their contributions to improve the health and wellness of building occupants and users. Figure 2 traces the progression of biophilic design, alongside the advancement of the chosen GBRTs. 5. term “sustainability” refers to this form of development that can take place without harming the environment, maintaining, and enhancing what we have now for future generations. In consequence, WELL and other GBRTs collaborate to ensure that our built environment achieves better energy performance and consumes fewer resources for a brighter and more sustainable future, while also promoting improved human health. Many organizations are investing in holistic health and well-being programs as they lead to a more productive workforce and increased employee engagement. For that reason, WELL is undoubtedly becoming a benchmark for wellness and health in the workplace. It is designed to work in tandem with the the Challenge, and other globe green building standards. (WBI) with the collaboration of many green building organizations such as the U. S. Council (USGBC), Certification Inc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that incorporating biophilia, defined as 'the love of life or living things,' into green building rating tools (GBRTs) promotes health and well-being. It also mentions the WELL building standard, which explicitly includes biophilia as a critical component aimed at improving the health and wellness of building occupants. This directly supports the assertion that biophilic architecture integrates natural elements to foster well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 001) as well (0. 22 for the choline alfoscerate group, 0. 26 for the ginkgo biloba group, -0. 95 for the other nootropics group) (2). DiscussionOur study findings suggest that the effectiveness of nootropics combination with ChEI may be different according to the type of dementia. The difference in change in the MMSE total scores from baseline to endpoint between the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group was not evident, but the results implied a positive impact of ChEI augmentation with nootropics on some domains of cognitive function in certain types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. The impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia was consistently depicted on the language domain after consideration of medical adherence and nootropics type. Previous studies on nootropics revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline. Most studies were either examined over a relatively short follow-up time or conducted with a limited number of subjects, and many of them focused on nootropic monotherapy rather than concomitant use with ChEI [6, 9, 10, 17, 23–25]. This study aimed to compare the nootropics and ChEI combination with ChEI monotherapy in an attempt to validate the effectiveness of nootropics in association with ChEI. We examined the change in not only MMSE total scores but also in its six subscale scores over a long period of exposure (300–400 days after the first prescription), which was considered long enough to elucidate the effect of the ChEI and nootropics combination. We categorized the subjects by dementia types in order to clarify the impact of nootropics combination in each type of dementia separately, and mainly focused on Alzheimer’s dementia, which is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. We did not limit nootropics to only one type of drug, but included multiple types of nootropics that are most frequently prescribed by clinicians in Korea, to speculate the effectiveness of different types of nootropics, particularly focusing on the two drugs that were most commonly used: choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that previous studies on nootropics revealed 'minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline' and that while there were some positive implications of nootropics in combination with ChEI for Alzheimer's dementia, the general effectiveness of nootropics alone is uncertain, suggesting that they do not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Исследованные ископаемые остатки происходят из среднеордовикских отложений (валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус; подробнее см. [18, 19]), обнажающихся по правому берегу р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г. Волховстрой Ленинградской области (рис. 1, а). Обнажение представляет собой обрыв цокольной террасы р. Волхов высотой около 5 м (см. рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses fossil remnants from the Middle Ordovician period without relating them to the evolution of flowering plants or their ecological significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: While the three green building rating systems consider health as a component of the larger holistic system, some of them addressed the ‘requirements’ aspects of health but did not address aspects of physical fitness, mental well-being, or policies that may enhance health. The results showed that LEED and partially aligned with WELL fitness features such as “69_Active transportation support” and “67_Exterior active design” while other features were not applicable such as: “70_Fitness Equipment” and “71_Active Furnishings”. The LBC achieved this concept to some extent by including “health and happiness” (petal 04) as one of its core (7) petals [23]. and LBC scored: (9, 8, and 6) respectively, which underlines the fact that is focusing solely on the health of the building occupants. For more clarification, LEED and achieved this goal by promoting public transportation and/or given "innovation" credits (BRE, 2019; USGBC, 2021). 7. 4 thermal comfort is defined by 55 as “a condition of mind, which expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment”[24]. concept seeks to increase human productivity and offer a maximum degree of thermal comfort among all building users. This can be achieved through enhanced HVAC system design and operation, as well as meeting individual thermal p7. 5 concept promotes mental health by addressing the various elements that affect cognitive and emotional well-being. WELL has 17 features identifying different innovative approaches to assist individuals in achieving a state of well-being allowing them to bring their best selves to the places where they live, work, and play on a daily basis [18]. LEED and can contribute to this concept whether by recognizing the “Materials Transparency’ (WELL Feature 97) or by conducting a “Post -Occupancy Survey” (WELL feature 86). LBC notably aligned with 3 more WELL features including “Beauty & Design”, “Qualitative Biophilic”, and “Altruism’, (WELL features: 87, 88, and 96 respectively). The data showed that LBC qualified features weighted score was 11, whereas LEED and scored only 3. 7. 6 concept calls for optimizing water quality while promoting accessibility [17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how building rating systems like LEED and WELL incorporate health and well-being aspects into their frameworks. It mentions that LBC aligns with features related to ‘Beauty & Design’ and ‘Qualitative Biophilic’, which directly relate to the integration of natural elements into building designs. Additionally, the emphasis on optimizing water quality and promoting accessibility likewise supports the claim that biophilic architecture aims to enhance the well-being of occupants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Choline alfoscerate is a derivative of phosphatidylcholine that enhances cholinergic transmission by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release in the hippocampus [26, 27]; and thus, it ultimately facilitates learning and memory and decreases age-dependent structural changes, as seen in the frontal cortices and hippocampi of rats [7, 28]. Previous studies reported that the combination of choline alfoscerate with ChEI significantly increased ACh concentrations and prevented volume loss in the frontal and temporal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum in both rats [29] and in Alzheimer’s dementia patients [21]. One study also showed that choline alfoscerate increased hippocampal neurogenesis and provided protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment [30]. A study on the supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech detection and recognition among hearing aid users revealed that in the aging brain, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the medial geniculate body decreases, which contributes to deterioration in speech recognition and comprehension; and in such cases, choline precursor supplements could improve language functioning [31]. Ginkgo biloba extract, on the other hand, is hypothesized to enhance amyloid β-induced hippocampal neuron dysfunction and death, amyloid β aggregation, and neurogenesis [32–34], and induce a significant decrease in the density of β-adrenoreceptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus [35]. Studies have shown that the hippocampus is closely associated with language production and verbal communication, either by contributing semantic memory to spoken language, processing the mismatch between the expected sensory consequences of speaking and perceived speech feedback, or via coupling between the hippocampal/supplementary motor area and the auditory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum [31, 36]. These findings all suggest that nootropics, such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, may enhance the cholinergic pathway in brain areas including the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and auditory cortex, which are critical in language processing and utilization, and enhance language function in association with ChEI administration. Language function is not only highly sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in older age groups [37], but is also a biological marker that differentiates Alzheimer’s dementia from normal aging [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while nootropics like choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract have shown potential enhancements in cognitive functions such as learning and memory, it does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. The results mentioned, including improved language function and neuroprotection, are contingent upon specific conditions and contexts, indicating that the effects of nootropics may vary and are not guaranteed to be permanent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1, б), сложенной чередованием зеленовато-серых, розоватых или светло-лиловых мергелей, часто образующих плитчатую отдельность с неровной бугристой поверхностью напластования. К средней части разреза (см. рис. 1, б, в) приурочен уровень, с которого происходят остатки Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological formations and remnants of a specific organism, Volkhoviella primitiva, without any mention of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: This concept was hard to achieve by all GRBTs. Yet, it was that achieved mostly all the requirements of Water features except only one which is “35_Quality Testing”. This was due to the required testing and scientific analysis needed as part of the procedures, causing extra work and cost added to the project to get the certification. weighted score is 14 while LEED and LBC scored nothing. 7. 7 to WELLv1 Addenda, the Nourishment concept encourages “healthy eating habits by providing occupants with healthier food choices, behavioural cues, and knowledge about nutrient quality” [17]. “Nutrition plays a key role in health maintenance, weight management and chronic disease prevention” [27]. However, adherence to the dietary recommendations in or on the global level is poor. As a result, it came as no surprise that Nourishment was the least attainable of the seven concepts. Only the LBC standard partially met the following feature: “51_Food Production”. 8. put it all together, environmental assessment of buildings is nothing new since the emergence of the first national scheme in 1990 [28]. While LEED and are both point-based systems andbecame the most two widely used green building rating systems across the globe, other standards like LBC took on the challenge to be the stringent rating system in comparison with the first two. In 2017 the LBC introduced a guidebook to help project teams seeking a biophilic project to achieve compliance with “Imperative 09 - Biophilic Environment”. Recently issued, the addresses not only the design and operations of buildings but also how they influence human behaviour and affect health and well-being. The seven categories or concepts of wellness include and Mind. ‘Biophilia’ features are addressed through WELL standard qualitatively as ‘preconditions’ and quantitatively as ‘recommended options’ for the certification. This study aimed to assess the conformity of WELL featuring biophilic design to three well-known Standard Tools: and LBC. The analyses of the overlapping degree and related weighted scores indicated that the common features between WELL standard and LEED equal (32 Fs); (19) Equivalent, (8) Aligned, and (5) Partial, with a total weighted score of (77) in five common concepts (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of biophilic design as an aspect of well-being in building architecture. It mentions the introduction of a guidebook by the Living Building Challenge (LBC) to help project teams achieve compliance with 'Imperative 09 - Biophilic Environment,' which emphasizes the influence of design and operations on human behavior and health. It indicates that biophilic features are qualitatively and quantitatively addressed in wellness standards, aligning with the claim's assertion that biophilic architecture promotes well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, this study is the first to elucidate the effect of nootropics co-administered with ChEIs on the attenuation of language domain deterioration in Alzheimer’s dementia using clinical data. The possible effect of nootropics on delaying the deterioration of language function may be of great value, considering the association between cognitive decline and language function in the aging population and dementia patients. The strength of this study lies in the methodological aspects of real-world data utilization. Many studies in Korea are actively conducted using the national claims database in an attempt to perform large-scale research [39]. However, imperative baseline characteristics of each patient, including medical histories, medications, and laboratory findings, are missing when using the national claims databases. On the other hand, the clinical data warehouse from our university healthcare system is a composition of each patient’s clinical and demographic data. In this study, we were able to extract and collect critical information regarding each patient’s clinical and demographic backgrounds such as, but not limited to, the education level and BMI, specific MMSE subscale scores, and detailed dementia diagnosis. As a result, we were able to make corrections for many variables that could have affected the MMSE results, including other relevant diagnoses and medical history, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, and visual/hearing loss. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that until now, there have only been a few, if any, studies on the effect of nootropics on ChEI efficacy outside of the only actively researched country, Italy [19, 20, 40]. The study had some limitations. Due to its retrospective nature, we were not able to control the treatment settings in terms of medication dosage, treatment duration, the overlapping periods of concomitant nootropic and ChEI use, and adherence monitoring. In order to compensate for these factors, we calculated and considered PDC, the number of days covered by the prescriptions in the total prescription periods, to reflect and consider drug adherence. Moreover, we only included subjects with MMSE scores within 300–400 days after the baseline, which might have excluded certain patients who could not take the annual MMSE test either due to a deleterious progression of dementia or because they no longer sought help or changed hospitals. In the near future, it seems that these limitations can be solved by conducting research based on a large database that combines real-world data from numerous hospitals (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of studies on nootropics. It emphasizes the retrospective nature of the study and the inability to control treatment settings, medication dosages, and adherence monitoring. This implies that nootropics do not guarantee cognitive improvement, as the effects are influenced by various factors that were not fully controlled in the study.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с остатками волховиелл в слое присутствуют многочисленные панцири крупных трилобитов Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald, а также предполагаемые ходы роющих беспозвоночных, замещённые окислами и гидроокислами железа и часто имеющие ярко-зелёную окраску за счёт примазок тонкодисперсного глауконита (см. рис. 1, г). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about flowering plants and their impact on ecosystems. It discusses trilobite fossils and geological features without any mention of flowering plants or their ecological effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: , Air, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). The common features between WELL standard and equal (42 Fs); (15) Equivalent and (27) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (99) in six common concepts (i. e. , Air, Water, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). Lastly, the common features between WELL standard and LBC equal (25 Fs); (2) Equivalent and (23) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (52) in five common concepts (i. e. , Air, Comfort, Fitness, Nourishment and Mind). The review of available crosswalks addressing the degree of fulfilment of GRBTs credits compared to WELL features (and the reverse) highlighted issues relating to inconsistent terminology. For tackling this problem, the authors introduced adjusted terms and definitions to improve consistency. The terms that might create confusion included: i. Using the same term in different crosswalk documents to designate different levels of fulfilment such as “Partial”. It indicates in LEED that the credit/feature is partially met or may help to meet the corresponding credit/feature. Partial in LBC signifies that while the outputs and/or approaches are similar, there are significant variances in the standards' requirements. ii. Using different terms in different crosswalk documents to designate the same level of fulfilment such as “Equivalent” in LEED and “Complete” in LBC to denote full compliance. Additionally, “Not applicable” in and “Not equivalent” in LBC are used similarly to indicate not addressed features. 9. dominance of certification tools shapes the concept of 'Green' building. However, the extent to which the GRBTs contribute to occupant health and well-being remains unclear. They focus mainly on physiological well-being through the principle of avoidance. The compliance with requirements is determined by quantified measurable outcomes with aggregated scores such as energy and water efficiency. BiophilicDesign, on the contrary, has a more qualitative goal given that human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water. Nevertheless, accessing attributes and qualities found in nature is hard to measure, yet the effects are highly visible in the architectural form and appearance. This paper aims to present guidelines for shifting GRBTs towards a more human-centered and biophilic approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Biophilic Design aims to enhance human well-being through the integration of natural elements in buildings, such as greenery and water. It highlights that human well-being is positively impacted by the presence of these natural elements, which aligns with the claim that biophilic architecture promotes well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: , common data model). Finally, analyzing the six subscale domains of the MMSE may raise the issue of multiple comparison. However, through subsequent analyses, we induced consistent results at least in the Alzheimer’s dementia group, of which nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain. Surely, further studies that more deliberately focus on the separate cognitive domains should be performed with other more qualified neuropsychological tests. Still, this study would be of best effort to observe the effectiveness of nootropics utilizing the accumulated real-world data. ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrated partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia. The reliability of the current study was further strengthened by its 1-year follow-up period, consideration of treatment adherence, and adjustments for confounding comorbid diagnoses. This study emphasizes the need for future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function across various clinical settings or cause of dementia. AbbreviationsChEI: Cholinesterase inhibitor; MMSE: mini-mental state examination; ICD-10: Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision; BMI: body mass index; BP: blood pressure; PDC: proportion of days covered; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ACh: acetylcholineDeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are currently stored in the. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used per data sharing agreement for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions WJK contributed to the conception of the study. MK and DBL collected the data and MK and SK conducted the data analysis. MK and WJK interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. WJK, EL contributed to revising the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the development and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. study was supported by a research grant of of Medicine. 2021. Available at: Accessed 18 Sept 2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the results of a study that demonstrated 'partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia.' It indicates that while there may be some positive impact, it is not guaranteed and emphasizes the need for further well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function, suggesting that the benefits may not be permanent or universal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Верхняя часть нижнеордовикских отложений и среднеордовикские отложения Прибалтики, включая Ленинградскую область, представляют собой регрессивную последовательность, которая закончилась режимом континентальных условий, существовавших в этом регионе в течение значительной части среднего ордовика, всего позднего ордовика, всего силура и раннего девона, и только в конце среднего девона режим денудации (сглаживания) на этой территории вновь сменился режимом оса [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it discusses geological formations and sedimentary processes of specific regions, which is unrelated to the evolution of flowering plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: The study compares three widely used GRBTs for buildings, namely and LBC, with the WELL rating system, which is the only system that incorporates biophilic design patterns. Matrices were developed based on a comprehensive review of the official technical manuals and all available series of crosswalks and alignments related to the four GRBTs. The overlapping equivalency levels of the (7) concepts of WELL and their related (100) features were identified in and LBC, and then assigned weighted scores. The results of the analyses indicated that: i. GRBTs_ There is a significant opportunity to achieve partial equivalency/ alignment between WELL standard and and LBC, yet full compliance has a low chance. One explanation for this inference is that many of WELL features are based on scientific research and studies that necessitated further particular testing or experimental analyses. Thus, the potential to establish a dual certification process across multiple GRBTs is much harder. LBC rating system has fewer chances to align with WELL because it is contingent upon actual performance comparing to LEED or. Specifically, LBC is much focusing on the ends rather than the means; every single LBC building must achieve net-zero water use and net-zero energy, while LEED and are point-based performance with defined checklists. ii. Biophilic Design_ Biophilia features addressed in are mostly nestled in the “Mind” concept, however, and LBC pay attention to “Air”, “Light”, and “Comfort” more than “Fitness”, “Water”, “Mind”, and “Nourishment”. iii. Synergies_The purpose of crosswalks is to find synergies between WELL and other green building rating systems. It should be highlighted that having consistent wording within the GRBTs crosswalks and alignments is critical. The inconsistency can lead to a lot of misunderstanding since the terms are used to make judgements about whether the requirements have been met. 10 It is imperative to shift current construction trends towards a more comprehensive approach that considers the entire building life cycle and its impact on human health and wellness. -19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding the intricate relationships between humans, nature, and the built environment (Karimi, H. , et al. , 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the integration of biophilic design features within the WELL rating system, highlighting their focus on human health and wellness as interconnected with natural elements. It specifically mentions that biophilia features are addressed within the 'Mind' concept of the WELL standards, showing a direct link to the promotion of well-being through architecture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: O' Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British association for psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2017;31:147-168. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. 2006:CD005593. Nicholson CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:147-159. Moreno MDJM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2003;25:178-193. . Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61-71. . Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Dev 2001;122:2041-2055. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. 1993;3:159-164. . Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? J 2007;257:264-269. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;300:2253-2262. . Ginkgo biloba special extract LI 1370 improves dual-task walking in patients with MCI: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study. 2017;29:609-619. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726-1732. . Ameliorative effect of nicergoline on cognitive function through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Rep 2018;17:7293-7300. Long-Term nicergoline treatment of mild to moderate senile dementia. Investig 1997;13:308-316. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and clinical trials related to cognitive enhancement and treatments for dementia. These studies suggest that while certain compounds have been investigated for cognitive improvement, they do not guarantee permanent enhancements. Instead, the results indicate varying effects and the need for further evaluation, which challenges the certainty implied in the claim about nootropics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: дконакопления. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information or context relating to the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. The single word 'дконакопления' does not offer any meaningful contribution to the discussion of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture incorporates natural elements into building designs to promote well-being. [SEP] Text: Advocating for biophilic design signifies a crucial step toward a sustainable and people-centric future in architecture, rather than merely following a passing trend. Our study highlights the challenge of aligning (GBRTs) that utilize different assessment methods, whether prescriptive or performance based. While both methods aim to meet assessment criteria and achieve scores, they come with their distinct advantages and drawbacks. Crosswalks present a promising strategy to reconcile these differences by identifying areas of equivalence between standards. Development of assessment tools should rigorously and consistently address these issues. Additionally, the adoption of crosswalks and the pursuit of dual-certified buildings can serve not only to promote Responsibility (CSR) but also as effective marketing tools. `this study, the selection of and LBC was primarily based on criteria such as global recognition, widespread adoption, academic interest, and historical development. However, it's worth noting that other sustainability certification systems exist that may offer different perspectives or considerations. Our comparison with WELL was motivated by its alignment with the 14 patterns of biophilic design, which is central to our research focus. While this choice enhances the depth of our analysis, it's essential to recognize that there are other assessment methods and certifications in the field of sustainable design that could offer alternative insights or perspectives. While our research focuses on crosswalk documents aimed at achieving dual certification with the GBRTs under study, it's important to acknowledge that the effectiveness and applicability of these documents may vary in different contexts or projects. Factors such as project scale, location, and stakeholder priorities could influence the outcomes and implementation of dual certification strategies. Future research could focus on several key areas. Firstly, conducting comparative analyses across a wider spectrum of green building standards beyond and LBC could provide insights into different certification systems' strengths and weaknesses. Exploring real-world case studies of projects pursuing dual certification would offer valuable empirical evidence and lessons learned, shedding light on the challenges and opportunities associated with integrating multiple standards. Additionally, investigating stakeholder perspectives, refining methods for measuring biophilic design effectiveness, and evaluating policy implications for integrating biophilia into building standards are crucial avenues for advancing sustainable design practice and policy. acknowledge that this paper is a revised edition of a previous version presented at the & Exhibition on (ICCE) [ August 9-11, 2021], and we express gratitude to the conference organizers for granting permission to publish it openly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the alignment of the WELL certification with the 14 patterns of biophilic design, indicating a research focus on how biophilic principles are integrated into building standards. This supports the idea that biophilic architecture seeks to incorporate natural elements into design, promoting well-being through sustainable design practices.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: -J, Berrut G, Dartigues J-F, Dubois B, et al. Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. 2012;11:851-859. Snitz BE, O’ Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009;302:2663-2270. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. 2003:CD003158. Fioravanti M, Flicker L. Efficacy of nicergoline in dementia and other age associated forms of cognitive impairment. of 2001:CD003159. . trial: Association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results. J 2012;322:96-101. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173-179. . Volume analysis of brain cognitive areas in Alzheimer’s disease: interim 3-year results from the trial. J 2020;76:317-329. . Impact of appointment-based medication synchronization on proportion of days covered for chronic medications. Pharmacy 2018;6:44. Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. 2003:CD001015. Birks J, J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. 2009:CD003120. Ginkgo biloba extract is comparable with donepezil in improving functional recovery in Alzheimer's disease: results from a multilevel characterized study based on clinical features and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. 2021;12:721216. Catanesi M, d' Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-amyloid injury: involvement of neurotrophic signals. Int 2020;44:1734-1744. . L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine antagonizes scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhances hippocampal cholinergic transmission in the rat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies and trials involving cognitive treatments, such as ginkgo biloba and acetyl-L-carnitine, that focus on cognitive decline and dementia, suggesting that these interventions do not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, they indicate various degrees of efficacy in terms of cognitive recovery or maintenance in specific conditions rather than ensuring permanent enhancement across all cognitive functions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Изучение органических остатков (рис. 2, 3) проводилось с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа MV 2300 (Геологический институт РАН). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a methodology for studying organic remains using a microscope, and does not reference flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Studies suggest that biophilic designs can reduce stress and improve mental health. [SEP] Text: Less mental health related stigma2. Increased positive mental health behaviours (including less avoidant coping and more help-seeking)3. Fewer sickness absences from work4. Less presenteeism at work Ethics approval(s) Approved 25/09/2019, Department of Committee (Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP; +44 (0)1792 295111; g. jiga@swansea. ac. uk), ref: 1521 Study design Cluster-randomized controlled trial Primary study design study design Cluster randomised trial Study setting(s) type information sheet See study outputs table health and well-being sample of 80 managers and their teams (approximate total of 960 employees) will be selected by the UK Driver and Agency (DVLA) to be eligible to take part in the Prevail intervention programme across four of their divisions (Services [ITS], [CC], Case work and Enforcement [CAEG], and Group [ISG]) in order to ensure that there is a broad cross section of teams and individuals. These managers will then be randomly assigned to the Prevail intervention (N = 40) or control group (N = 40) using a random number generator and stratified by division and gender (to ensure equal numbers of managers in each of the four divisions and an equal gender split of manager in each arm of the study). Prevail is a mental health intervention training programme consisting of two programmes. In Prevail-staff, employees (staff and managers) receive a one-day intervention programme that aims to reduce stigma related to mental health difficulties, increase positive mental health practices (including problem-solving behaviours and help-seeking behaviours), and inform staff about evidence-based low-intensity psychological interventions for common mental disorders. The common mental disorders that are specifically targeted by the Prevail programme are depression, anxiety, stress, and distress (including loss and bereavement). This part of the intervention programme is delivered by a group of train-the-trainers working at the DVLA over a time period of around 10 weeks. The train-the-trainers have all been trained to deliver Prevail-staff by the research team and the authors of the intervention programme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the 'Prevail' intervention programme, which aims to reduce stigma related to mental health difficulties and promote positive mental health practices. It targets common mental disorders such as anxiety, stress, and distress, aligning with the claim's focus on improving mental health, suggesting that interventions like Prevail could effectively contribute to mental wellbeing, which is a related outcome of biophilic designs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Pharmacol 1992;211:351-358. . Neuroprotective effect of treatment with galantamine and choline alphoscerate on brain microanatomy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J 2009;283:187-194. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173-179. Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment. 2017;1654:66-76. Supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech recognition in patients with age-related hearing loss: a prospective study in 34 patients (57 ears). Neurosci 2021;13:684519. Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Doré. The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Neurosci 2000;12:1882-1890. Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. 2002;99:12197-12202. . EGb 761 enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and phosphorylation of CREB in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 2007;21:2400-2408. . Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on β-adrenergic receptors in different rat brain regions. 2002;16:488-490. van de. Hippocampus plays a role in speech feedback processing. Neuroimage 2020;223:117319. Alegret M, Peretó M, Pérez The role of verb fluency in the detection of early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J 2018;62:611-619. . Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. Psychol 2009;60:257-282. Ryu D-R. Introduction to the medical research using national health insurance claims database. J 2017;40:66-70. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a collection of studies that discuss various treatments and their effects on cognitive functions. It does not support the idea that taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement; rather, it presents findings related to neuroprotective effects and cognitive enhancement in specific contexts, implying that results may vary and are not guaranteed to be permanent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Коллекция хранится в ГИН РАН под № 4914. Коллекция растительных остатков Volkhoviella primitiva включает пять фертильных и два стерильных побега, сохранившихся в виде лимонитизированных фитолейм3. Один из побегов (рис. 4, д) отнесён к данному виду предварительно как cf. (то есть в открытой номенклатуре, условно), поскольку некоторые его особенности (мелкие шипы в основании побега, моноподиальное ветвление) обособляют его от остальных экземпляров выборки. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the evolution of flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. It discusses specific plant specimens without providing relevant information regarding flowering plants or their effects on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic architecture often includes large windows to increase natural light exposure. [SEP] Text: Благодаря комплексному использованию водопада в архитектуре дома – звук воды можно услышать по всей внутренней части дома, посетители чувствуют, что они «участвуют» в природе, а не «наблюдают» за ней со стороны (рис. 2). Кроме того, структура построена вокруг существующей зелени и охватывает местную геологию, включая большой камень в центре гостиной. Есть также много стеклянных стен, объединяющих посетителей дома с окружающим лесом и природой. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a house with many glass walls that connect visitors to the surrounding forest and nature. This suggests an intention to increase natural light exposure, which is a significant aspect of biophilic architecture.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 06 ± 1. 29 0. 364 0. 83 1, 581 0. 364 Delayed recall 0. 92 ± 1. 00 1. 10 ± 1. 11 0. 064 0. 90 ± 1. 06 0. 93 ± 1. 10 0. 715 -0. 03 ± 1. 02 -0. 17 ± 1. 16 0. 150 2. 29 1, 581 0. 131 Language 6. 97 ± 1. 22 6. 87 ± 1. 41 0. 387 6. 70 ± 1. 46 6. 84 ± 1. 55 0. 295 -0. 27 ± 1. 45 -0. 03 ± 1. 43 0. 065 3. 43 1, 581 0. 065 Visuospatial construction 0. 47 ± 0. 50 0. 50 ± 0. 50 0. 561 0. 44 ± 0. 50 0. 51 ± 0. 50 0. 111 -0. 03 ± 0. 56 0. 01 ± 0. 58 0. 375 0. 79 1, 581 0. 375 Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitor aCholinesterase inhibitor only [n = 410] and cholinesterase inhibitor and nootropics combination [n = 173] bThe results for the linear mixed-effects model were adjusted for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, Parkinsonism, visual disturbance/hearing loss, hemiplegia/paraplegia, and mood/anxiety disorder. cp value for t-test dp value for linear mixed-effects model Table 3. Results of mixed model analysesa for mini-mental state examination (MMSE) among the three dementia subgroups Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 447) Vascular dementia (n = 80) Others (n = 56) Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction only (n = 313) ChEI + nootropics (n = 134) F p value ChEI only (n = 49) ChEI + nootropics (n = 31) F p value ChEI only (n = 48) ChEI + nootropics (n = 8) F p value Total -1. 30 ± 3. 87 -0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing mixed results of cognitive assessments in groups that used cholinesterase inhibitors with or without nootropics. Specifically, it discusses cognitive scores among dementia subgroups without asserting that nootropics lead to guaranteed cognitive improvement. The mention of standard deviations indicates variability in outcomes, suggesting that cognitive improvement is not universally achieved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Не исключено, что в перспективе этот экземпляр будет описан в составе отдельного таксона. Также возможно, что на одной из его боковых (фертильных? ) ветвей присутствует спорангий, но проверить это предположение можно только путём микропрепарации. Палеоботаническое описание. Отдел Psilophyta Zimmermann, 1930. Класс Rhyniopsida Kryshtofovich, 1925. Порядок Rhyniales Zimmermann, 1959 (=Cooksoniales Doweld, 2001). Семейство Incertae sedis. Род Volkhoviella Naugolnykh, gen. nov. Название рода происходит от р. Волхов. Типовой вид:Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a specific taxon, presumably within the context of paleobotanical classification, without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems or their evolution. It provides scientific terminology and classifications that do not relate to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4402600/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between certified green buildings and biophilic design principles, aiming to assess how biophilic design aligns with (GBRTs). To achieve this, three widely used GBRTs (and LBC) are compared to the which has best adopted biophilic design patterns. The research team conducted a thorough review of available crosswalks and alignment documents, using WELL as a benchmark against the other three GBRTs. They identified overlapping equivalency levels of the seven concepts of WELL and their related 100 features, assigning weighted scores accordingly. The findings reveal both opportunities and challenges in the alignment between WELL and other GBRTs. While partial equivalency is possible, achieving full compliance is unlikely due to the extensive scientific basis of WELL features requiring further testing and analysis. LEED stands out with the largest share of equivalent features, covering 59% of the total, indicating full compliance, while scored 36% for equivalent features. However, LBC performed differently, with only 8% of features deemed equivalent due to its reliance on actual performance rather than prescriptive measures observed in LEED and. This 61. the population continues to urbanize, humans’ disconnection with nature augments, leading to a negative impact on mental and physical health. Life with and after Covid-19 provides an opportunity for re-evaluation and re-shaping of the built environment. New insights about human, nature and built environment relationships can promote health and wellness —crucially needed than it has been before. (GBRTs) have grown in popularity in the last few decades, attracting both the building industry and construction interest in sustainability. These tools, though effective in minimizing the environmental impacts of buildings, show disparities in their use, particularly to recognize the health and well-being of the occupants. incorporates “biophilia” into green building rating tools. Biophilia —love of life and living systems—is a concept introduced in the 1980s by Edward O. Wilson avowing that humans have an innate connection with nature. uses this holistic approach to improve spaces where we live and work to promote health and wellness [1], [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'biophilia...is a concept introduced in the 1980s by Edward O. Wilson avowing that humans have an innate connection with nature.' This explicitly supports the notion that biophilic design is inspired by the inherent connection humans have to the natural world.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitor aThe results for the linear mixed-effects model were adjusted for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, Parkinsonism, visual disturbance/hearing loss, hemiplegia/paraplegia, and mood/anxiety disorder. Table 4. Results of mixed model analysesa for mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for highly-adherentb Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 412) Vascular dementia (n = 72) Others (n = 53) Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction only (n = 300) ChEI + nootropics (n = 112) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 27) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 8) F p value Total -1. 36 ± 3. 87 -0. 77 ± 2. 85 2. 18 0. 141 -0. 78 ± 3. 51 -0. 59 ± 4. 17 0. 04 0. 841 -0. 36 ± 5. 19 -1. 38 ± 4. 66 0. 27 0. 606 Orientation -0. 64 ± 2. 16 -0. 54 ± 1. 82 0. 22 0. 640 -0. 38 ± 1. 84 -0. 22 ± 3. 23 0. 07 0. 795 -0. 18 ± 2. 76 -0. 50 ± 1. 93 0. 10 0. 753 Immediate recall -0. 08 ± 0. 66 -0. 07 ± 0. 57 0. 03 0. 865 -0. 13 ± 0. 84 0. 11 ± 0. 75 1. 54 0. 219 -0. 16 ± 0. 64 -0. 25 ± 0. 46 0. 16 0. 692 Attention & calculation -0. 18 ± 1. 49 -0. 12 ± 1. 32 0. 16 0. 689 -0. 58 ± 1. 42 0. 04 ± 1. 22 0. 04 0. 841 0. 13 ± 1. 75 0. 38 ± 1. 41 0. 14 0. 714 Delayed recall -0. 01 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents results from a linear mixed-effects model analyzing various factors affecting the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores in different groups, including those taking nootropics. However, it shows a range of scores indicating no definitive improvement with nootropics, as seen with results such as 'Total -1.36 ± 3.87' for ChEI + nootropics compared to ChEI only. Therefore, this indicates that taking nootropics does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement, contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , средний ордовик Ленинградской области. Побеги узкие, субцилиндрические. Фертильные побеги относительно короткие, несущие терминальные спорангии овоидной формы. Спорангии с терминальной щелью для рассеивания спор. Стерильные побеги более длинные, простые или дихотомирующие (раздваивающиеся) до двух раз. Проводящая система протостелическая. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses characteristics of plant morphology (specifically sporophytes) without addressing the evolution of flowering plants or their ecological impacts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The identified main features plus other complementary features for Innovation are designed to target a certain area of the occupant's health, comfort, or knowledge. Every single feature is subdivided into parts tailored to fit specific building types such as retail, multifamily residential, education, restaurant, and commercial kitchen. [18], [19]. 4. stated earlier in the introduction, biophilia —the love of life or living things— is a natural and intuitive drive-in human. Incorporating biophilia into GBRTs promotes health and well-being. Biophilia is nestled in the WELL building standard with more definitive metrics than other GBRTs [3]. For example, WELL Feature 89 “Biophilia I–Qualitative” is a required precondition for the certification, and Feature 100 “Biophilia II–Quantitative” is an optimization (Ryan, 2017). Almost all 14 patterns of are addressed either directly or indirectly through the seven concepts and related performance metrics of WELL, as presented in Figure 1. Therefore, in this study, the WELL standard is used as a benchmark to compare the other three GBRTs. LEED V4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 are compared to WELL in terms of common features addressed in these GBRTs. The aim is to examine their contributions to improve the health and wellness of building occupants and users. Figure 2 traces the progression of biophilic design, alongside the advancement of the chosen GBRTs. 5. term “sustainability” refers to this form of development that can take place without harming the environment, maintaining, and enhancing what we have now for future generations. In consequence, WELL and other GBRTs collaborate to ensure that our built environment achieves better energy performance and consumes fewer resources for a brighter and more sustainable future, while also promoting improved human health. Many organizations are investing in holistic health and well-being programs as they lead to a more productive workforce and increased employee engagement. For that reason, WELL is undoubtedly becoming a benchmark for wellness and health in the workplace. It is designed to work in tandem with the the Challenge, and other globe green building standards. (WBI) with the collaboration of many green building organizations such as the U. S. Council (USGBC), Certification Inc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biophilia as a natural and intuitive drive in humans, stating that incorporating biophilia into green building rating tools (GBRTs) promotes health and well-being. This aligns with the claim that biophilic design is inspired by a connection to nature, as it highlights the benefits of biophilia in enhancing occupant health and creating a sustainable built environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-1317818/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractclinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline has been either limited or controversial. This study aimed to observe the effectiveness of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) and nootropics combination in the treatment of cognitive impairment in dementia. were based on electronic medical records in a university health system. Patients with mild-to-moderate dementia and no history of prior cognitive enhancer use were included (n = 583). The subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group. The primary outcome measure was the change in cognitive function, as assessed by the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from baseline to 300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription. Subsequent analyses were conducted in consideration of the dementia type, medical adherence, and type of nootropics. changes in MMSE scores from baseline to endpoint were not significantly different between the two groups. In Alzheimer’s dementia, the combination group showed significantly less deterioration in MMSE language subscale scores compared to the ChEI only group (F = 6. 86, p = 0. 009), and the difference was consistent in the highly adherent subjects (F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002). The choline alfoscerate and the ginkgo biloba extract subgroups in Alzheimer’s dementia showed more significant improvements in the MMSE language subscale scores compared to the other nootropics subgroup (F = 7. 04, p = 0. 001). present study showed that the effectiveness of ChEI and nootropics combination on cognition may appear differently according to the dementia type. It emphasizes the need for well-controlled studies to generalize the effectiveness of nootropics across various clinical settings. Cholinesterase inhibitorsNootropic agentsDementiaAlzheimer diseaseCognitive dysfunctionMental status and dementia testFiguresFigure 1BackgroundDementia is one of the most rapidly growing syndromes in aging societies, and it is also the leading cause of disability and caregiver dependency among older adults. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the clinical benefits of nootropics in improving cognitive function have been 'limited or controversial.' It specifically notes that in a study examining the effectiveness of nootropics combined with cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) in dementia patients, the results showed no significant difference in cognitive function improvement between the groups who received only ChEI and those who also received nootropics. This suggests that nootropics do not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Новый род обладает наибольшим сходством с девонским (по другим данным, позднесилурийским) родом Tortilicaulis Edwards, но отличается отсутствием мукро (шиповидного окончания) на апексе спорангия и менее отчётливыми спиральными утолщениями на побеге. Фертильные побеги Volkhoviella очень сходны с некоторыми экземплярами Cooksonia (например, Cooksonia hemisphaerica Lang. , см. [20, Fig. 2]), но отличаются отсутствием дихотомии фертильных побегов в их приапикальной части. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the similarities and differences of specific plant species without addressing flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: , Air, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). The common features between WELL standard and equal (42 Fs); (15) Equivalent and (27) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (99) in six common concepts (i. e. , Air, Water, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). Lastly, the common features between WELL standard and LBC equal (25 Fs); (2) Equivalent and (23) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (52) in five common concepts (i. e. , Air, Comfort, Fitness, Nourishment and Mind). The review of available crosswalks addressing the degree of fulfilment of GRBTs credits compared to WELL features (and the reverse) highlighted issues relating to inconsistent terminology. For tackling this problem, the authors introduced adjusted terms and definitions to improve consistency. The terms that might create confusion included: i. Using the same term in different crosswalk documents to designate different levels of fulfilment such as “Partial”. It indicates in LEED that the credit/feature is partially met or may help to meet the corresponding credit/feature. Partial in LBC signifies that while the outputs and/or approaches are similar, there are significant variances in the standards' requirements. ii. Using different terms in different crosswalk documents to designate the same level of fulfilment such as “Equivalent” in LEED and “Complete” in LBC to denote full compliance. Additionally, “Not applicable” in and “Not equivalent” in LBC are used similarly to indicate not addressed features. 9. dominance of certification tools shapes the concept of 'Green' building. However, the extent to which the GRBTs contribute to occupant health and well-being remains unclear. They focus mainly on physiological well-being through the principle of avoidance. The compliance with requirements is determined by quantified measurable outcomes with aggregated scores such as energy and water efficiency. BiophilicDesign, on the contrary, has a more qualitative goal given that human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water. Nevertheless, accessing attributes and qualities found in nature is hard to measure, yet the effects are highly visible in the architectural form and appearance. This paper aims to present guidelines for shifting GRBTs towards a more human-centered and biophilic approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water.' This highlights the connection between biophilic design and the human connection to nature, supporting the idea that biophilic design is inspired by our innate relationship with the natural environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Currently, more than 55 million people worldwide are affected by dementia, and nearly 10 million new patients are diagnosed with dementia every year [1]. Dementia leads to deterioration in multiple domains of cognitive function, including orientation, memory, language, attention, and visuospatial construction. To date, no curative drugs for dementia have been widely implemented in clinical practice, and most clinicians still consider cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) as the first line of pharmacological treatment for cognitive deficits in dementia [2, 3]. Nootropics, which were originally described as compounds with similar pharmacology to piracetam, are now generally accepted as any and all compounds that are expected to improve learning and memory in experimental and clinical paradigms [4]. In Korea, apart from the general over-the-counter supplements, there are certain nootropics that need prescriptions for use; among those most frequently prescribed are choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. Many clinicians often prefer concomitant use of ChEIs with nootropics, based on fragmentary evidence that augmentation could have certain clinical benefits [5, 6]. In fact, the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial, with some studies showing improvements in cognitive function with choline alfoscerate [7–9], ginkgo biloba extract [10, 11], acetyl-L-carnitine [6, 12], and nicergoline [13, 14], while other studies demonstrated no clinical benefits of such nootropics [15–18]. Although nootropics alone may not significantly improve cognitive function, nootropics in combination with ChEIs may enhance cholinergic neurotransmission, neurogenesis, and microperfusion in the frontal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum, ultimately delaying cognitive decline in dementia, especially in those with mild-to-moderate disease severity [19–21]. This study aimed to elucidate whether the concomitant use of nootropics with ChEIs is effective in the treatment of cognitive impairment in patients with dementia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while nootropics may have some clinical benefits, their effects are either limited or controversial. It states that 'the clinical benefits of nootropics in the treatment of cognitive decline are either limited or controversial,' suggesting that nootropics alone do not guarantee cognitive improvement. Additionally, while some studies show improvements in cognitive function, others demonstrate no clinical benefits, further supporting that nootropics do not guarantee permanent improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Общая последовательность возможных событий при образовании первых наземных растительных сообществ, к которым принадлежала Volkhoviella, показана на рисунке 5. Распространение: средний ордовик Северо-Запада России. Рис. 1. Географическое и стратиграфическое расположение местонахождения остатков Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. а – расположение разреза, отмечено астериском; б – уровень сбора растительных остатков, отмечен стрелкой, слои с Xenasaphus devexus Eichwald; в – точное место сбора остатков V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the sequence of events related to the formation of early terrestrial plant communities, specifically mentioning Volkhoviella, without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of biophilic design is inspired by the innate human connection to nature. [SEP] Text: The study compares three widely used GRBTs for buildings, namely and LBC, with the WELL rating system, which is the only system that incorporates biophilic design patterns. Matrices were developed based on a comprehensive review of the official technical manuals and all available series of crosswalks and alignments related to the four GRBTs. The overlapping equivalency levels of the (7) concepts of WELL and their related (100) features were identified in and LBC, and then assigned weighted scores. The results of the analyses indicated that: i. GRBTs_ There is a significant opportunity to achieve partial equivalency/ alignment between WELL standard and and LBC, yet full compliance has a low chance. One explanation for this inference is that many of WELL features are based on scientific research and studies that necessitated further particular testing or experimental analyses. Thus, the potential to establish a dual certification process across multiple GRBTs is much harder. LBC rating system has fewer chances to align with WELL because it is contingent upon actual performance comparing to LEED or. Specifically, LBC is much focusing on the ends rather than the means; every single LBC building must achieve net-zero water use and net-zero energy, while LEED and are point-based performance with defined checklists. ii. Biophilic Design_ Biophilia features addressed in are mostly nestled in the “Mind” concept, however, and LBC pay attention to “Air”, “Light”, and “Comfort” more than “Fitness”, “Water”, “Mind”, and “Nourishment”. iii. Synergies_The purpose of crosswalks is to find synergies between WELL and other green building rating systems. It should be highlighted that having consistent wording within the GRBTs crosswalks and alignments is critical. The inconsistency can lead to a lot of misunderstanding since the terms are used to make judgements about whether the requirements have been met. 10 It is imperative to shift current construction trends towards a more comprehensive approach that considers the entire building life cycle and its impact on human health and wellness. -19 pandemic has underscored the importance of understanding the intricate relationships between humans, nature, and the built environment (Karimi, H. , et al. , 2023). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that biophilia features are linked to the ‘Mind’ concept within green building rating systems, indicating an emphasis on the human aspect of design. It states that understanding the relationships between humans, nature, and the built environment is crucial, which directly aligns with the idea of biophilic design being driven by humanity's connection to nature.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: We hypothesized that dementia patients treated with both ChEIs and nootropics would show less deterioration in cognitive function as assessed by mini-mental state examination (MMSE) over a 1-year follow-up period compared to dementia patients treated with ChEIs only. We further hypothesized that this trend would be more evident in the neurodegenerative forms of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. population The present study aimed to observe the effectiveness of the concomitant administration of nootropics with ChEIs for the treatment of cognitive deficits in patients with dementia. Data were collected and extracted via the clinical data warehouse of a university health system consisting of three general hospitals with 4,050 beds in total. Patients with any diagnosis of dementia, defined according to the Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) diagnostic codes F00, F01, F02, F03, F10. 7, G23. 1, G30, G31. 0, G31. 1, and G31. 8, between the ages of 60 and 89 years were selected. We extracted all diagnostic codes of the patients regardless of whether they were the main or sub-diagnoses. After screening the entire prescription histories registered on the clinical data warehouse, which was over 7 years of record, only the patients who had their first ChEI prescription between 2012 and 2015 were included in the study. Subjects were further narrowed down to only those with mild-to-moderate dementia, as defined by their baseline MMSE total scores from 10 to 26 (n = 583) (Figure 1). Subjects were categorized into the ChEI only group (n = 410) and the ChEI and nootropics combination group (n = 173). Subjects in the ChEI and nootropics combination group were prescribed at least one of the following nootropics during the follow-up period: choline alfoscerate, ginkgo biloba extract, acetyl-L-carnitine, nicergoline, and oxiracetam. MMSE total scores and its six-subscale scores (orientation, immediate recall, attention and calculation, delayed recall, language, and visuospatial construction) were collected at the baseline (within 30 days of the first ChEI prescription of ChEI) and at the endpoint (300–400 days after the first ChEI prescription), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a study that investigates the effectiveness of nootropics in dementia patients. It presents a hypothesis that cognitive function would show less deterioration with the use of nootropics alongside ChEIs, rather than guaranteeing permanent cognitive improvement. The study is focused on measuring cognitive function over a limited follow-up period rather than claiming permanent enhancement, which undermines the strength of the original claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: primitiva, отмечено астериском; г – ход роющего беспозвоночного, замещённый гематитом, пиритом и лимонитом, с глауконитовой "рубашкой"; д – район исследования, отмечен астериском Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, sp. nov. (см. рис. 2–4). Название вида происходит от primitivus (латинизир. греч. ) – примитивный, просто устроенный. Голотип – ГИН 4914/7, валимская свита, ухакуский горизонт, лланвирнский ярус, средний ордовик; правый берег р. Волхов в 3 км выше плотины гидроэлектростанции в г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological specimens and the classification of a new species, without any mention of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: encrypts she sends the encrypted information to Bob, who must now recover the original information. Exactly how Alice encrypts the message depends upon the private key, so that to recover the original message Bob needs to know the private key, in order to undo the transformation Alice applied. Unfortunately, private key cryptosystems have some severe problems in many contexts. The most basic problem is how to distribute the keys? In many ways, the key distribution problem is just as difficult as the original problem of communicating in private – a malevolent third party may be eavesdropping on the key distribution, and then use the intercepted key to decrypt some of the message transmission. One of the earliest discoveries in quantum computation and quantum information was that quantum mechanics can be used to do key distribution in such a way that Alice and Bob’s security cannot be compromised. This procedure is known as quantum cryptography or quantum key distribution (abbreviated QKD). The basic idea is to exploit the quantum mechanical principle that observation in general disturbs the system being observed. Thus, if there is an eavesdropper listening in as Alice and Bob attempt to transmit their key, the presence of the eavesdropper will be visible as a disturbance of the communications channel Alice and Bob are using to establish the key. Alice and Bob can then throw out the key bits established while the eavesdropper was listening in, and start over. The first quantum cryptographic ideas were proposed by wrote “Conjugate Coding”[1], which unfortunately took more than ten years to see the light of print. In the mean time, Charles H. Bennett (who knew of Wiesner’s idea) and picked up the subject and brought it to fruition in a series of papers that culminated with the demonstration of an experimental prototype that established the technological feasibility of the concept [2]. Quantum cryptographic systems take advantage of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, according to which measuring a quantum system in general disturbs it and yields incomplete information about its state before the measurement. Eavesdropping on a quantum communication channel therefore causes an unavoidable disturbance, alerting the legitimate users. This yields a cryptographic system for the distribution of a secret random cryptographic key between two parties initially sharing no secret information that is secure against an eavesdropper having at her disposal unlimited computing power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that quantum cryptography (or quantum key distribution) can secure communications against eavesdroppers through the inherent nature of quantum mechanics. It highlights that the act of eavesdropping disturbs the quantum communication, making it visible to the legitimate users, thus ensuring security. The mention of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle supports the notion of theoretically unbreakable security when quantum cryptography is correctly implemented.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Baseline data on age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure (BP), education, alcohol use, tobacco use, concomitant psychiatric medications, and comorbid diagnoses were collected during the study period. Subjects were categorized by the type of dementia according to their main diagnosis in the highest order: Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 447), vascular dementia (n = 80), and other dementia (n = 56). For subgroup analysis, the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia patients were further classified as follows: choline alfoscerate group (n = 74), ginkgo biloba extract group (n = 39), and other nootropics group (n = 21). This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). main outcome measure was the change in cognitive function from baseline to endpoint, as assessed by the MMSE total score and its six subscale scores. Since the primary analysis did not differentiate the dementia type, subsequent analysis was conducted by comparing the changes in cognitive function between the ChEI only and ChEI and nootropics combination groups for each type of dementia separately. Further analysis was conducted in consideration of adherence to ChEI and nootropics. We defined the proportion of days covered (PDC = [Number of days in period "covered" by prescription]*100/[Number of days in period]) ≥ 0. 7 to be highly adherent, based on previous studies on adherence [22]. In the subgroup analysis, MMSE score changes were analyzed among the subgroups (i. e. , choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics) to observe the effectiveness of each nootropic type. Statistical analysis Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups were compared by independent t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Two-sample t-tests were utilized to compare the two treatment groups at baseline and endpoint, as well as the change from baseline to endpoint. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study protocol that focuses on the effects of nootropics in conjunction with other treatments on cognitive function among dementia patients. It outlines the methodology of analyzing changes in cognitive function without asserting that nootropics alone guarantee improvement. Instead, it mentions comparisons between groups and highlights adherence to treatment rather than a guarantee of cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Волховстрой, Ленинградская область (см. рис. 2, д, е, ж, з; рис. 4, а, з). Описание. Растения небольших размеров, с фертильными побегами до 15 мм длиной, около 0,7 мм в диаметре, несущими терминальные спорангии эллиптической формы (см. рис. 2, д–з; рис. 4, а, г, ж, з). Побеги узкие, субцилиндрической формы, несут отчётливые спиральные утолщения, возможно, отражающие характер расположения проводящей системы (см. рис. 2, д, е). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a description of small plants and their physical characteristics without addressing the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The classic example of such discreet decision making is the “dating problem”, in which two people seek a way of making a date if and only if each likes the other, without disclosing any further information. For example, if Alice likes Bob but Bob doesn’t like Alice, the date should be called off without Bob finding out that Alice likes him, on the other hand, it is logically unavoidable for Alice to learn that Bob doesn't like her, because if he did the date would be on. In general, the goal of quantum cryptography is to perform tasks that are impossible or intractable with conventional cryptography. Quantum cryptography makes use of the subtle properties of quantum mechanics such as the quantum no-cloning theorem and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Unlike conventional cryptography, whose security is often based on unproven computational assumptions, quantum cryptography has an important advantage in that its security is often based on the laws of physics. Thus far, proposed applications of quantum cryptography include QKD, quantum bit commitment and quantum coin tossing. These applications have varying degrees of success. The most successful and important application – QKD – has been proven to be unconditionally secure. Moreover, experimental QKD has now been performed over hundreds of kilometers over both standard commercial telecom optical fibers and open-air. In fact, commercial QKD systems are currently available on the market [5]. Classical secret sharing can be used in a number of ways besides for a joint checking account. The secret key could access a bank vault, or a computer account, or any of a variety of things. In addition, secret sharing is a necessary component for performing secure distributed computations among a number of people who do not completely trust each other. With the boom in quantum computation, it seems possible, even likely, that quantum states will become nearly as important as classical data. It might therefore be useful to have some way of sharing secret quantum states as well as secret classical data. Such a quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) scheme might be useful for sharing quantum keys, such as those used in quantum key distribution or in other quantum cryptographic protocols. In addition, QSS might allow us to take advantage of the additional power of quantum computation in secure distributed computations. Imagine that it is fifteen years from now and someone announces the successful construction of a large quantum computer. runs a front-page 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'the most successful and important application – QKD – has been proven to be unconditionally secure.' This aligns with the claim that quantum cryptography provides theoretically unbreakable security due to its foundation in the laws of physics rather than unproven computational assumptions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: There was no difference in the distribution of the type of ChEI prescribed between the two groups (p = 0. 446 for donepezil, p = 0. 334 for rivastigmine, p = 0. 092 for galantamine) (1). Change in cognitive function: ChEI only vs. ChEI and nootropics combination group (Table 2 inserted here) Results for the primary outcome measure are shown in Table 2. Two-sample t-tests at baseline and endpoint showed no difference between the two groups in terms of the MMSE total score and any of its six subscale scores. A linear mixed-effects model analysis with the MMSE total score as the dependent variable also revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction (F = 1. 48, df = 1,581, p = 0. 224). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction as well, albeit the change in language subscale score showed a trend of less deterioration in the nootropics combination group than in the ChEI only group (-0. 27 for the ChEI only group and -0. 03 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 3. 43, df = 1,581, p = 0. 065). Change in cognitive function for each type of dementia: Alzheimer’s dementia, vascular dementia, and other dementia (Table 3 inserted here) Comparison of the change in cognitive function for each of the three types of dementia is shown in Table 3. Linear mixed-effects model analyses using the MMSE total score as the dependent variable revealed no significant treatment-by-time interaction in all three types of dementia (F = 2. 10, p =0. 148 for Alzheimer’s dementia, F = 0. 38, p = 0. 540 for vascular dementia, F = 0. 04, p = 0. 906 for other dementia). Within the subjects diagnosed with Alzheimer’s dementia, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE language subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, revealing a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 34 for the ChEI only group and 0. 04 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 6. 86, p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that shows no significant improvement in cognitive function from the combination of ChEI and nootropics compared to ChEI alone. Specifically, it states there were no significant differences in the MMSE total score or its subscale scores, indicating that taking nootropics does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина спорангиев не превышает 1,5 мм при средней величине 1,4 мм; ширина спорангиев в среднем равна 1 мм. Изредка встречаются спорангии не продольно вытянутой, а грибовидной, слегка приплюснутой в поперечном направлении формы (см. рис. 4, ж, слева). Непосредственно в спорангии споры не обнаружены, но рядом со спорангиями в изолированном состоянии найдены мелкие споры сферической формы (см. рис. 4, е) около 20 мкм в диаметре, с мелкими шиповидными выростами. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the details of sporangi and spores without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. It does not provide any information related to flowering plants or their evolutionary significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In the past few years, a remarkable surge of interest in the international scientific and industrial community has propelled quantum cryptography into mainstream computer science and physics. Furthermore, quantum cryptography is becoming increasingly practical at a fast pace. The first quantum key distribution prototype [2] worked over a distance of 32 centimeters in 1989. Two additional experimental demonstrations have been set up since, which work over significant lengths of optical fibre [8] [9]. The highest bit rate system currently demonstrated exchanges secure keys at 1 Mbit/s (over 20 km of optical fibre) and 10 kbit/s (over 100 km of fibre), achieved by a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and Toshiba using the BB84 protocol with decoy pulses. As of March 2007 the longest distance over which quantum key distribution has been demonstrated using optic fibre is 148. 7 km, achieved by National Laboratory/NIST using the BB84 protocol. Significantly, this distance is long enough for almost all the spans found in today's fibre networks. The distance record for free space QKD is 144 km between two of the Canary Islands, achieved by a European collaboration using entangled photons (the Ekert scheme) in 2006, and using BB84 enhanced with decoy states in 2007. The experiments suggest transmission to satellites is possible, due to the lower atmospheric density at higher altitudes. For example although the minimum distance from the Station to the is about 400 km, the atmospheric thickness is about an order of magnitude less than in the European experiment, thus yielding less attenuation compared to this experiment. Advertisement 2. Quantum cryptography fundamentalsOn a wider context, quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum information processing, which includes quantum computing, quantum measurements, and quantum teleportation. Quantum computation and quantum information is the study of the information processing tasks that can be accomplished using quantum mechanical systems. Quantum mechanics is a mathematical framework or set of rules for the construction of physical theories. The rules of quantum mechanics are simple but even experts find them counterintuitive, and the earliest antecedents of quantum computation and quantum information may be found in the long-standing desire of physicists to better understand quantum mechanics. Perhaps the most striking of these is the study of quantum entanglement. Entanglement is a uniquely quantum mechanical resource that plays a key role in many of the most interesting applications of quantum computation and quantum information; entanglement is iron to the classical world’s bronze age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting quantum cryptography as a significant area of interest and practical advancements in secure key distribution. It discusses how protocols like BB84 have been successfully implemented over increasing distances, showcasing the potential for high security in quantum communication systems. This aligns with the notion of theoretically unbreakable security contingent upon correct implementation of quantum cryptographic methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 009), while in the vascular dementia subjects, the ChEI and nootropics combination group showed a significantly less deterioration in the MMSE attention and calculation subscale score compared to the ChEI only group, with a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 59 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 44, p = 0. 038). None of the six-subscale scores showed any significant treatment-by-time interaction in the other dementia patients. (Table 4 inserted here) For highly-adherent Alzheimer’s dementia patients, the MMSE language subscale score consistently revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction, showing favorable results for the ChEI and nootropics combination group (-0. 38 for the ChEI only group and 0. 12 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 10. 16, p = 0. 002) (Table 4). Apart from the language subscale score, a linear mixed-effects model with the MMSE visuospatial construction subscale score as the dependent variable also showed a significant treatment-by-time interaction (-0. 06 for the ChEI only group and 0. 06 for the ChEI and nootropics combination group; F = 4. 00, p = 0. 046) (Table 4). Subgroup analysis within the ChEI and nootropics combination group in Alzheimer’s dementia: choline alfoscerate vs. ginkgo biloba extract vs. other nootropics When the three types of nootropics within the ChEI and nootropics combination group of the Alzheimer’s dementia subjects were compared, choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract combination with ChEI showed significantly less declines in the MMSE total scores (p = 0. 006) compared to other nootropics combination (-0. 28 for the choline alfoscerate group, -0. 51 for the ginkgo biloba extract group, -2. 81 for the other nootropics group) (2). Highly significant between-group differences, in favor of the choline alfoscerate combination and the ginkgo biloba extract combination, were shown in the MMSE language subscale score (p = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that while nootropics in combination with ChEI (Cholinesterase Inhibitors) may lead to reduced cognitive decline in specific dementia patients, it does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. The results indicate significant treatment-by-time interactions for certain measures, suggesting potential short-term benefits rather than a guarantee of lasting cognitive enhancements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Вместе с фертильными побегами, но не в прикреплении к ним, встречены стерильные побеги. Один из двух найденных стерильных побегов довольно длинный – более 200 мм (см. рис. 4, д), а второй, возможно, принадлежавший базальной части растения, дважды дихотомирует (см. рис. 4, в). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific aspects of plant morphology, mentioning sterile shoots and their characteristics, without addressing the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.