Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gene therapy can make humans biologically immortal by halting the aging process. [SEP] Text: Telomerase gene therapy: A novel approach to combat aging. 2012; 4(8): 685-7. [ [PMID: 22585424] [49] Bär Telomerase gene therapy rescues telomere length, bone marrow aplasia, and survival in mice with aplastic anemia. Blood 2016; 127(14): 1770-9. [ [PMID: 26903545] [50] Telomerase gene therapy ameliorates the effects of neurodegeneration associated to short telomeres in mice. Aging 2019; 11(10): 2916-48. [ [PMID: 31140977] [51] Vaziri H, Benchimol S. Reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells leads to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative life span. 1998; 8(5): 279-82. [ [PMID: 9501072] [52] Human endothelial cell life extension by telomerase expression. J 1999; 274(37): 26141-8. [ [PMID: 10473565] [53] Human keratinocytes that express hTERT and also bypass a p16(INK4a)-enforced mechanism that limits life span become immortal yet retain normal growth and differentiation characteristics. Biol 2000; 20(4): 1436-47. [ [PMID: 10648628] [54]. Studies in the distribution of body fat: I. Effects of age, sex, and obesity. J Gerontol 1989; 44(2): M66-73. [ [PMID: 2921472] [55] Tomás-Loba A, Flores I, Fernández-Marcos PJ, et al. Telomerase reverse transcriptase delays aging in cancer-resistant mice. Cell 2008; 135(4): 609-22. [ [PMID: 19013273] [56]. Constitutive human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression enhances regenerative properties of endothelial progenitor cells. Circulation 2002; 106(9): 1133-9. [ [PMID: 12196341] [57] Overexpression of telomerase confers a survival advantage through suppression of TRF1 gene expression while maintaining differentiation characteristics in K562 cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to telomerase gene therapy that suggest it can extend the replicative lifespan of cells and delay aging. For instance, it states that reconstitution of telomerase activity in normal human cells can lead to elongation of telomeres and extended replicative lifespan, which implies a potential to combat aging. Additionally, the text mentions studies indicating that telomerase expression can enhance regenerative properties and even lead to immortality in certain cell types. Thus, these findings support the idea that gene therapy may halt the aging process and possibly contribute to biological immortality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent 1 | printemps 2012Contribution à l’histoire du « patient » contemporain L’autonomie en santé : du self-care au biohacking A contribution to patient history. Autonomy and health: from self-care to biohacking p. 115-128 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français nouvelle figure du « patient » émerge au cours du XXe siècle, accompagnant la transformation de la médecine vers sa contemporanéité. Magnifiée par la loi du 4 mars 2002 sur le droit des malades, cette mutation excède pourtant largement ce simple cadre législatif. De la revendication sociale d’une conception profane de la santé à la constitution d’une science médicale alternative, c’est toute une culture de l’autonomie qui a vu le jour et qui détermine aujourd’hui l’exercice comme le devenir de la médecine contemporaine. In the 20th century, while medicine was moving slowly and transforming itself into its contemporary form, a new figure of the « patient » emerged. Magnified by the 4th of March 2002 on sick persons’ rights, this mutation went beyond this particular legal frame, however. From the social claim of a lay conception of health to the constitution of an alternative medical science, a whole new autonomy culture was born, determining our actual conception of the medical field and its becoming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the emergence of a new figure of the 'patient' alongside the contemporary transformation of medicine. It notes the development of a culture of autonomy that includes alternative medical science and redefines the medical field, which suggests that biohacking is part of a broader spectrum of health autonomy rather than a wholesale replacement of traditional medical treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Data are shown as ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 12%, n = 23; TC10WT cells 133% ± 11%%, n = 23; TC10DN cells 53% ± 5%, n = 23; and TC10CA cells 54% ± 15%, n = 8. (*p < 0. 03 relative to YFP;**p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT). (F) Quantification of endogenous surface GluA1 on dendrites in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells (YFP) 100% ± 11%; TC10WT cells 130% ± 17%; TC10DN cells 59% ± 8%; and TC10CA cells 62% ± 10% (n = 7–10 cells per group; **p < 0. 003 relative to TC10WT). (G) Representative whole-cell patch-clamp paired recordings showing the evoked presynaptic action potential (top) and the post-synaptic AMPAR-mediated current response (below). (H) -mediated EPSC amplitudes of untransfected neurons (control) 365. 2 ± 67 pA, n = 16 and neurons transfected with TC10WT 180. 3 ± 36 pA, n = 8; TC10DN 144. 5 ± 42 pA, n = 14; or TC10CA 139. 2 ± 24 pA, n = 11. (*p < 0. 04 relative to control;**p < 0. 02 relative to control). Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset TC10 RNAi (shRNA) knocked down endogenous TC10 expression in neurons. Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding FUGW empty vector or TC10 short hairpin RNA construct (shRNA) on DIV7 and lysed for real-time PCR on DIV11. shTC10 specifically knocked down TC10 mRNA level by 90%, but not the expression of Cdc42 and Rab11. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Low-magnification images of cultured rat hippocampal neurons (E18) corresponding to the somata shown in Figure 1A. Neurons express mCherry-tagged GluA1 subunits and either free Venus (Control), TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ancient agricultural practices at all. Instead, it discusses data related to various cellular experiments involving neuronal expression and patch-clamp recordings, which is completely unrelated to any agricultural practices. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space agencies are researching ways to remove or mitigate the increasing amount of space debris orbiting Earth. [SEP] Text: manuscript Login RU Русский Русский manuscript Submit manuscript cite 520. 82 Фотометрия UDK 52-17 Численная обработка. Моделирование. Математические методы 1 2 3 4 5 Author and publication information Authors: 1. Institute of 2. Institute of 3. Institute of 4. Institute of 5. Institute of Solar-: 10. 12737/stp-101202410 Pages: from 68 to 75 Status: Published Received: 19. 10. 2023 Accepted: 06. 12. 2023 Published: 26. 03. 2024 Subject area: UDK 520. 82 Фотометрия UDK 52-17 Численная обработка. Моделирование. Математические методы Language: English Keywords: space debris, photometrical observations, light curve, modeling Funding: The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and of the Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): The circular medium Earth orbits with a period of about half a day in the inclination range from 50° to 70° are used by various global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), such as. GNSS operating orbits are one of the important areas in near-Earth space. The information about the space debris (SD) existing in this region and its characteristics is important for risk assessments and mitigation. We report the results of photometrical observations of SD objects in the vicinity of GNSS orbits obtained with the 1. 6-meter AZT-33IK telescope of in 2018–2023. We show how SD objects existing in this region are distributed relative to GNSS objects. We derive time and phase dependences of the apparent brightness of all measured SD objects. Folded light curves are constructed, rotation periods and their dynamics are determined. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses space debris (SD) in the context of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and emphasizes the importance of understanding the characteristics of space debris for risk assessments and mitigation. The findings from photometrical observations of SD over the years suggest ongoing research in understanding space debris, which aligns with the efforts space agencies are making to address this issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Au contraire, lors de la genèse professionnelle et scientifique de la médecine au cours du XIXe siècle, le malade « apparaît en tant qu’individu dans son expérience concrète, mais aussi, et inséparablement, en tant que statut collectif »14. Indépen-damment des diverses pathologies, il y a une identité commune à tous les malades, conséquence de leur prise en charge par la profession médicale15. Parce que la médecine, en tant que profession autonome, possède le monopole des questions de santé et de maladie, le malade est obligé d’endosser un rôle particulier qui détermine son expérience médicale individuelle et sociale, autour des notions de déresponsabilisation, d’acceptation, de coopération et de soumission16. N’étant pas responsable du mal qui l’atteint et désirant nécessairement le guérir, le malade moderne doit accepter de se soumettre, corps et âme, au médecin, seul expert capable de l’aider. Il doit devenir un « patient-profane »17, pendant négatif de la figure du médecin et défini comme « un sujet ignorant et passif d’un traitement décidé et prescrit par un autre, celui qui sait »18. Ce rôle obligatoire le réduit d’emblée au statut d’objet, à ce corps vil19 qui étymologiquement souffre et supporte patiemment. Le patient ne peut profiter des bienfaits de la médecine qu’à la condition de se renier en tant que sujet20, d’abandonner toute autonomie au profit du médecin qui seul possède cette qualité. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the established role of medicine and medical professionals in the treatment of patients. It critiques the idea of autonomy in the patient-physician relationship, illustrating that patients are often seen as passive recipients of treatment rather than active participants. This suggests that biohacking, which implies a degree of autonomy and self-experimentation, is not universally recognized as a valid or acceptable substitute for traditional medical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Intact, live neurons (DIV18) were stained with anti-RFP antibody to visualize surface AMPARs and then fixed and imaged. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change synaptic density. The density of synapsin (SYN) puncta (number of puncta/um) remained unchanged when TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants were expressed (n. s. = not significant). Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset TC10 mutants do not change the expression level of GluA1. (A) Cortical neurons were infected with lentivirus encoding Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants on DIV1 and assayed for GluA1 expression with Western blot on DIV18. The expression of GluA1 remained unchanged. (B) Quantification of GluA1 expression level in (A), normalized to tubulin (n=3 experiments). Figure 1—figure supplement 5 Download asset Open asset A comparison of somatic ER and the distribution of exogenous mCherry-GluA1 subunits and endogenous GluA1 subunits. Cultured neurons expressing mCherry-tagged GluA1 (top panel) were stained with an antibody against the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) marker protein, protein disulfide isomerase, and compared against endogenous GluA1 in untransfected cells (bottom panel). Both exogenous and endogenous GluA1 exhibited similar distributions in somatic ER. (Scale bar = 10 um). Figure 1—figure supplement 6 Download asset Open asset The effects of TC10 mutants on AMPARs in the somatic Golgi and in dendritic shafts. (A) Cultured hippocampal neurons expressing mCherry-GluA1 with Venus, TC10WT, TC10DN, or TC10CA were fixed and stained for the Golgi marker, GM130 on DIV18. (Scale bar = 10 um). (B) Quantification of the intensity of mCherry-GluA1 co-localizing with GM130 in the somata. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ancient agricultural practices. It discusses experimental procedures involving neurons and the expression of GluA1, which is unrelated to agriculture. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space agencies are researching ways to remove or mitigate the increasing amount of space debris orbiting Earth. [SEP] Text: Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι ο εντοπισμός φυσικών διόδων (τροχιών) επανόδου δορυφόρων στην ατμόσφαιρα της Γης, που θα μπορούσαμε να εκμεταλλευτούμε ώστε να μετριαστεί το πρόβλημα των διαστημικών καταλοίπων, και βέβαια η κατανόηση των δυναμικών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν στην ύπαρξή τους. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the identification of natural paths (orbits) for satellites to re-enter Earth's atmosphere, which could be utilized to mitigate the problem of space debris. This indicates that there is active research aimed at addressing the issue mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Bien que comportant un risque de dérive totalitaire qui n’a pas tardé à se révéler21, cette configuration identitaire inhérente à la professionnalisation de la médecine n’a été assouplie que parce qu’elle conduisait l’ordre médical22 loin de son rôle propre. En effet, les victoires de la rationalité médicale ont engendré une situation inédite qui a obligé la médecine à partager un peu de son autonomie avec les patients. 23 « Structure sociale et processus dynamique … », op. cit. , p. 252 : « Les malades [ (. . . ) 24 et d’hier…, op. cit. , p. 261. 25 Ibidem, p. 281. 26 Ibidem, p. 265. 27 sur quelques problèmes concernant le normal et le pathologique, repris da (. . . ) 4L’efficacité de la lutte contre les maladies infectieuses, accrue par le développement des antibiotiques au cours des années 1930, permet à des malades, autrefois condamnés, de continuer à vivre. Sans être guéris, ces malades devenus chroniques ne nécessitent plus d’intervention médicale intensive, mais doivent néanmoins continuer à se soigner. Face à cette situation, la profession médicale choisit de déléguer aux malades leur propre suivi et leurs soins quotidiens, afin de rester centrée sur sa mission première de lutte contre les maladies. Elle autorise ainsi ce qu’elle interdisait auparavant : la réunion des patients23 et leur gestion autonome de certains soins. Plus entièrement patient, le malade peut endosser un rôle nouveau, celui d’autosoignant24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how the medical profession has adapted to share autonomy with patients and emphasizes that patients can manage certain aspects of their care. This indicates a deviation from traditional medical treatment rather than a replacement, suggesting a complementary relationship rather than biohacking being universally recognized as a substitute.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Expression of TC10 WT or mutants did not change its distribution: Control cells (normalized) 100% ± 2%, n=11; TC10WT cells 103% ± 3%, n=6; TC10DN cells 109% ± 10%, n=19; TC10CA cells 104% ± 3%, n=15. (C) Line profile of mCherry-GluA1 intensity along the dendrite when co-expressed with Venus or TC10DN. TC10DN expression results in mCherry-GluA1 accumulation in the dendritic shafts and not in the somata. (Scale bar = 5 um, n=4). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset TC10 regulates AMPAR trafficking through an Arf6-containing endocytosis pathway in dendrites. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between endogenous GluA1 subunits and transferrin receptors (TfRs). Cultured neurons were transfected with Venus-tagged TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants and permeabilized cells stained for total GluA1 and TfR (Tf-Alexa 647). GluA1 showed little co-localization with Tf-labeled endosomes in dendrites. (Scale bar = 5 μm). (B) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR co-localization. Images in A were analyzed to measure the percent of GluA1 puncta co-localizing with TfR puncta. Expression of TC10 constructs did not alter the degree of co-localization. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; control cells 4. 6% ± 0. 3%; TC10WT cells 4. 9% ± 0. 8%; TC10DN cells 4. 2% ± 0. 8%; TC10CA cells 5. 6% ± 1%, n = 5 for all groups. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on the co-localization between GluA1 subunits and Arf6. Neurons were transfected with Arf6-HA and Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Cells were permeabilized and stained for Arf6-HA (Rb anti-HA) and total GluA1 (anti-GluA1 mAb). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the distribution and co-localization of TC10 constructs in neurons rather than addressing agricultural practices or their changes over time. There is no mention of agriculture, ancient practices, or any related topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space agencies are researching ways to remove or mitigate the increasing amount of space debris orbiting Earth. [SEP] Text: Σκοπός της εργασίας είναι ο εντοπισμός φυσικών διόδων (τροχιών) επανόδου δορυφόρων στην ατμόσφαιρα της Γης, που θα μπορούσαμε να εκμεταλλευτούμε ώστε να μετριαστεί το πρόβλημα των διαστημικών καταλοίπων, και βέβαια η κατανόηση των δυναμικών μηχανισμών που οδηγούν στην ύπαρξή τους. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the aim of the work is to identify natural paths for satellites to re-enter Earth's atmosphere, which can be utilized to mitigate the problem of space debris. This implies that there is an active interest in addressing the issue, aligning with the research efforts mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Sans agir à proprement parler de manière autonome, c’est-à-dire étymologiquement, selon leurs propres règles, ces « nouveaux malades25 » témoignent d’une modalité inédite de l’expérience médicale officielle où l’initiative du soin ne dépend plus entièrement des médecins. Cette autonomie partielle, bien que déléguée par la médecine, est également « conquise sur elle »26, favorisant ainsi la remise en question de son monopole en matière de santé. Le vécu individuel de la maladie chronique est désormais au cœur de la décision et de la réalisation du soin, dévoilant ainsi une nouvelle norme de santé. Ainsi que l’a théorisé le philosophe Georges Canguilhem27, le fait de vivre avec une anomalie – qui n’est pas nécessairement pathologique au sens où elle n’introduit pas une rupture dans le cours de l’existence – induit une conception de la santé différente de celle qui organise le discours médical où l’anomal équivaut à l’anormal. En ce sens, la gestion de sa maladie chronique par l’autosoignant relève d’une santé qualitative, et non plus seulement quantitative, d’une santé de la norme individuelle plutôt que de la norme collective, bref, d’une santé de la normativité qui bouleverse les cadres établis de la médecine officielle. La revendication sociale d’une nouvelle santé 28 Dans le « Préambule » à la Constitution de l’de la Santé de 1946 la santé est (. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a shift in medical practices where the initiative for care is increasingly taken by patients themselves rather than solely depending on physicians. This suggests that there is an evolving approach to health management that does not necessarily equate to biohacking being recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. Instead, it highlights a reconfiguration of health practices without asserting that biohacking itself is universally recognized in this role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: (Scale bar = 5 μm). (D) Quantification of the overlap between GluA1 and Arf6. Images in C were analyzed to measure the Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr) of GluA1 co-localization with Arf6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 46 ± 0. 04; TC10DN 0. 66 ± 0. 04; TC10CA 0. 31 ± 0. 04 (n = 7-10 cells per group; *p < 0. 02 relative to TC10WT; **p < 0. 05 relative to TC10WT). (E) Effects of TC10 constructs on GluA1 puncta density (number of puncta per 10 μm) in dendrites of neurons expressing Venus-TC10WT or TC10DN/CA mutants. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 6. 9 ± 0. 4; TC10DN 5. 6 ± 0. 7; TC10CA 41. 7 ± 4. 8 (n = 5 fields per group; *p < 0. 0002 relative to TC10WT). Inset, histogram showing the distribution of small (diameter <200 nm) and large (diameter 200–1200 nm) GluA1 puncta (n = ∼100 puncta per group). (F) Quantification of the overlap (Pearson's correlation coefficients, Rr) between TC10 and Arf6 in (C). Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 77 ± 0. 03; TC10DN 0. 60 ± 0. 02; TC10CA 0. 84 ± 0. 02 (n = 7–10 cells per group; *p < 0. 0004 relative to TC10WT). Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Co-distribution of TfR staining and mCherry-Rab11. Hippocampal cultures were stained for TfR and Rab11 on DIV18. The two markers showed extensive overlap. (Scale bar = 5 um). Figure 3 Download asset Open asset AMPARs undergo dynamin-independent endocytosis. (A) mCherry-GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses scientific experiments and data regarding GluA1 co-localization with Arf6 and the internalization of receptors in hippocampal cultures. There is no mention or implication of agricultural practices, ancient or modern.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space agencies are researching ways to remove or mitigate the increasing amount of space debris orbiting Earth. [SEP] Text: Σύμφωνα με τη μελέτη μας, οι τροχιές επανεισόδου που μπορούν να προσεγγιστούν με αλλαγή ταχύτητας (ΔV) μικρότερη από 300m/s έχουν διάρκεια ζωής μεγαλύτερη από 70έτη, ενώ οι τροχιές σε περιοχές-νεκροταφεία μπορούν εύκολα να προσεγγιστούν με ΔV μεταξύ 5-40ms. περισσότερα Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα In this study, we perform a complete, dynamical cartography of the dynamics of satellites and space debris in the near Earth space, by using detailed numerical simulations. The aim of this study is the investigation of natural reentry highways in the Earth's atmosphere that could be used for passive space debris mitigation, and the deeper understanding of the dynamics of the region. For the detailed cartography of the circumterrestrial phase space the numerical propagation and analysis of millions of fictitious orbits is necessary, using a suitable dynamical model that considers the main physics that affect satellites (Earth oblateness, lunisolar perturbations, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag). We present the most complete to date dynamical atlas of the entire usable circumterrestrial space in orbital elements (a, e, i), characterizing the long-term dynamical behavior of Earth satellites from LEO to GEO and beyond. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of natural reentry highways in the Earth's atmosphere that could be used for passive space debris mitigation. It highlights the aim of understanding the dynamics of space debris and satellites in near Earth space, indicating active research in mitigating the debris issue.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: . ) 29 « La santé -je, -tu, -il : retour sur le normal et le pathologique », dans (. . . ) 30 é et maladie. Analyse d’une représentation sociale, Paris, Mouton-EHESS, 196 (. . . ) 31 et d’hier. . . , op. cit. , p. 57. 5La reconnaissance politique, en 1946, de cette conception nouvelle de la santé28, manifeste la transformation du champ médical produite par l’intrusion des représentations psychosociales des patients. Cet évènement institutionnel favorise alors l’émergence d’un discours critique à l’égard de la médecine et du statut de patient-profane. Une subjectivité est reconnue à ce dernier et avec elle l’existence d’une santé en première personne29 pouvant devenir l’objet de disciplines non-médicales. Les sciences humaines et sociales ne tardent pas à investir ce nouveau champ de recherche sur les représentations de la santé développées par les malades. À la suite de la parution en 1969 d’un ouvrage fondateur explicitant les formes d’un savoir profane de l’expérience médicale30, les travaux se sont multipliés pour rendre compte de l’existence d’un autre modèle, critique à l’égard de la médecine entendue comme savoir, pouvoir et institution. De nouvelles notions de la maladie, du malade et du médecin se sont forgées corrélativement au début des années 197031, quittant rapidement, face à l’indifférence de l’ordre médical, le champ théorique pour devenir l’objet de revendications sociales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the emergence of a critical discourse regarding traditional medicine, indicating that a 'non-medical' approach to health is gaining recognition. It emphasizes a shift away from traditional medical authority towards a subjective understanding of health and illness, which implies that there is not a universal recognition of biohacking as a replacement for traditional medical treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1, and 1 day post-transfection, treated with 1% DMSO (control group) or 80 μM dynasore (to block dynamin function) for 30 min at 37°C. Neurons were then incubated with anti-RFP antibodies and Tf-Alexa 647 at 37°C for 40 min, acid washed to remove surface antibodies/dye, fixed, permeabilized, and imaged. With sham treatment (control), surface-labeled GluA1 and TfR were both internalized in the dendritic shaft (first row). Dynasore treatment had no effect on GluA1 internalization, but blocked TfR endocytosis (Tf-Alexa 647 labeling confined to surface and not present intracellularly, second row). (B) Intensity plots of internalized TfR (Tf-Alexa 647) with and without (sham) dynasore treatment as in (A). Dynasore greatly inhibited TfR internalization. (C) Quantification of GluA1 and Tf-Alexa647 internalization and block of dynamin function. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; GluA1 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 16%; dynasore 112% ± 12%. For Tf-Alexa647 endocytosis, sham 100% ± 23%; dynasore 30% ± 18%, (n = 5 for all groups; ***p < 0. 001). (D) Endogenous GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. As an alternative approach to measure GluA1 and TfR Internalization, cortical neurons were sham treated (with DMSO) or with dynasore as in (A). After, surface proteins were labeled with Sulfo-NHS-SS-biotin and cultured for 40 min at 37°C to allow for endocytosis. Biotin on proteins remaining on the cell surface was removed by glutathione treatment and cells solubilized. Internalized proteins were pulled down with streptavidin beads and analyzed by Western blotting. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the internalization of proteins in hippocampal neurons and the effects of dynasore on this process. It does not mention agricultural practices or their historical changes, focusing instead on cellular biology and experimental procedures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space agencies are researching ways to remove or mitigate the increasing amount of space debris orbiting Earth. [SEP] Text: We find that the circumterrestrial space is smooth for l. . In this study, we perform a complete, dynamical cartography of the dynamics of satellites and space debris in the near Earth space, by using detailed numerical simulations. The aim of this study is the investigation of natural reentry highways in the Earth's atmosphere that could be used for passive space debris mitigation, and the deeper understanding of the dynamics of the region. For the detailed cartography of the circumterrestrial phase space the numerical propagation and analysis of millions of fictitious orbits is necessary, using a suitable dynamical model that considers the main physics that affect satellites (Earth oblateness, lunisolar perturbations, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag). We present the most complete to date dynamical atlas of the entire usable circumterrestrial space in orbital elements (a, e, i), characterizing the long-term dynamical behavior of Earth satellites from LEO to GEO and beyond. We find that the circumterrestrial space is smooth for low and high inclinations, but the most interesting and complex dynamical behavior appears for moderate-to-high inclinations, due to the overlapping of the lunisolar resonances. When augmented area-to-mass ratio values are assumed, useful dynamical hatches appear close to the upper limit of LEO protected region, which could be considered in designing disposal strategies. A more detailed study in the GTO regime shows that there is strong dependence on initial perigee altitude, as also on the area-to-mass value and drag, especially in low inclinations. The more detailed study around the MEO/GNSS regime, shows that the number of reentry solutions seems to maximize around three particular inclination zones (around i=46, 56, and 68deg), and the mean dynamical lifetime (i. e. , the time span needed to reach at Earth's surface) of reentry orbits minimizes. Additionally, a dedicated study for the graveyard regions around the four GNSS constellations reveals that around 13-20% of the initial population is stable for at least 200yr. Finally, we used the dynamical atlas to find optimal reentry and graveyard solutions that could be reached with suitable engine-driven maneuvers, starting from a typical GNSS orbit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that investigates natural reentry highways in the Earth's atmosphere for passive space debris mitigation. It mentions completing a full dynamical cartography of satellites and space debris, which implies that research is being conducted to better understand and potentially develop strategies for managing space debris in orbit.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Bien que peu de structures se soient effectivement développées en France43, on retrouve là le modèle des groupes d’auto-santé44 nord-américains dans lesquels les démarches d’entraide (self-help) visent l’accroissement d’une prise en charge autonome de sa santé (self-care) qui, à son tour, favorise l’apparition de nouvelles pratiques exemplifiant l’efficacité de l’engagement associatif. 45 -Yves et de l’avortement …, op. cit. , p. 266. 46 Entendu comme « une série de compétences pratiques et narratives déployées dans le cadre privilégié (. . . ) 8Bien que la reconnaissance légale du droit à l’avortement fût obtenue, le 29 novembre 1974, en mettant de côté la revendication du libre usage du corps45, le militantisme a permis de conquérir par la pression sociale une liberté fondamentale, inscrivant dès lors l’autonomie dans le champ de la revendication publique. Parce qu’elles n’étaient ni malades ni médecins, les femmes sont parvenues à rendre opératoire une critique de l’ordre médical, fissurant à jamais le système clos de son autonomie professionnelle. Un changement irréversible s’est opéré au sein des relations entre la médecine et la société, redistribuant les modalités d’application du pouvoir médical à l’aune d’une participation désormais incontournable des citoyens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how groups engaged in self-care and activism have influenced the medical field and social autonomy. It highlights a shift in the relationship between medicine and society rather than indicating that biohacking is recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. It emphasizes citizen participation in health decisions, suggesting a redefinition of the medical system rather than a universal acceptance of biohacking over traditional medical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Displayed are GluA1, TrR, and actin bands (loading control) from whole cell lysates to estimate inputs for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (left) and GluA1 and TfR bands from the streptavidin pull-downs to estimate internalized receptors for sham- or dynasore-treated neurons (right). (E) Quantification of GluA1 and TfR internalization and block of dynamin function. The levels of GluA1 endocytosis were reduced to 90% ± 9% vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. The levels of TfR endocytosis were reduced to 61% ± 6% (n = 3 experiments; ***p < 0. 01) vs sham treated by dynasore treatment. Total protein levels (inputs) for GluA1 and TfR were not affected by dynasore treatment. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Synaptic activity alters the endocytosis pathway taken by AMPARs. (A) Effects of TC10 constructs on chemically inducing LTP (cLTP) and chemically inducing LTD (cLTD). Hippocampal neurons were transfected with mCherry-GluA1 plus Venus, TC10DN, or TC10CA. 1 day post-transfection, cells were stimulated with a mixture of the NMDA receptor agonist, glycine, and GABAA receptors antagonists to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) chemically in hippocampal cultures. Then, surface exposed mCherry-GluA1 was stained live with anti-RFP antibody. In control cells, cLTP treatment caused a 39% increase in surface GluA1 (100% ± 9%, n = 10–139% ± 10%, n = 14). In cells expressing TC10DN and TC10CA, cLTP treatment also caused a 78% (37% ± 7%, n = 13–66% ± 9%, n = 12) and 54% (41% ± 4%, n = 21–63% ± 6%, n = 15) increase in surface GluA1, respectively. In parallel, transfected cells were treated with NMDA to chemically induce long-term depression (LTD) as well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synaptic activity and the effects of various treatments on protein internalization in neurons, which does not relate to ancient agricultural practices or their historical continuity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Planning & -in-Chief: the JournalAims and with us Author Instructions43. 10. 20517/smpo. 2022. 05 | © The Author(s) 2023. 2024. If the appropriate corrective actions are not taken, this will have a long-term negative impact on ISS maintenance[18]. These kinds of threats will affect future collaboration, research projects, funding for space activities, etc. Additionally, a nation’s navigation and communication systems will be impacted by cyberattacks on satellites, making them more vulnerable to intrusion[19,20]. Despite numerous efforts, debris removal remains a major challenge for national and international space agencies, with the presence and lack of traceability of small debris parts posing new challenges. Many previous studies have attempted to examine the difficulties that space debris removal programmes face. Some studies have mentioned the lack of international space rules and agreements[21,22], inefficient debris removal technologies[23], insufficient debris-catching mechanisms[24], financial constraints[25], and design limitations[15] as the main obstacles to developing successful space debris removal activities. Policy recommendations are influenced by the economic constraints in handling space debris. The following are some research findings from an economic management perspective. Using analytical models, Macauley[26] investigated how different economic and financial benefits would affect various strategies for debris mitigation. However, a lot of assumptions were taken into account for this study, and the uncertainty and probability distribution functions affecting the process of grave yarding had a big impact on the strategy for clearing out the debris. Zhu et al. tried to calculate the break-even costs of sending satellites into space, considering the costs of avoiding costs of orbital debris collisions, costs of space preservation, early replacement costs and commercial benefits obtained from satellites, etc. [27]. To determine the efficacy of mitigation and remediation options, this study conducts sensitivity analyses. If spacefaring communities comply with them as soon as possible, post-mission disposal (PMD) with a 90% success rate and the active removal of no more than five retired spacecraft annually will be sufficient and effective space preservation measures. They draw attention to the drawback that the timing and phases of global mitigation and remediation practices are dependent on the results of break-even analysis. Klinkrad[28] discussed space debris models and the risks associated with risk analysis because of the space debris environment that exists now and in the future. Shan et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the significant threats posed by space debris to current operations, such as ISS maintenance and the impact on navigation and communication systems. It discusses various challenges associated with debris removal and emphasizes the potential long-term negative effects on future collaboration and research projects, which aligns with the claim regarding the risks of collisions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: L’essor de ces « espaces nouveaux de la médecine »48 au cours des années 1970-1980 est tel qu’on parle alors de la naissance d’une véritable culture médicale49. En 1978, 38 % des personnes interrogées par un sondage avouent avoir déjà utilisé une thérapie alternative, elles sont 49 % en 198550. Occupant « une place rendue libre par le jeu de la crise de confiance »51 entre les usagers et les médecins, les médecines alternatives sont sollicitées, du thérapeutique et préventif à l’amélioration de soi, en passant par le bien-être, à tous les niveaux du monde de la santé. Elles fournissent à l’usager une réponse à leur demande d’écoute, de prise en charge individuelle, à leur quête de symbolisme et de naturalité52, mais surtout elles ouvrent un espace de libre choix de techniques et de pratiques, au sein duquel chacun peut construire son parcours de soin de manière autonome53. Cette mise en œuvre concrète de l’autonomie des usagers engage un nouveau débat entre l’opinion publique, avide de ce type de pratiques, et l’Ordre des médecins, qui les juge charlatanesques54. 55 prépare en trois ans les médecins qui le souhaitent à une qualification universitaire da (. . . ) 56 -Pierre, « Fonder une structure d’évaluation », Autrement, n° 85, décembre 1985, p. 233. 57 Propos du docteur Jean-Marie Cloziers, Secrétaire général du Conseil national de l’ordre des médeci (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the rise of alternative therapies and expressing a lack of universal acceptance within the medical community, notably mentioning that traditional medical authorities view these alternative practices as 'charlatanesques.' This suggests that biohacking and similar methods are not universally recognized as replacements for traditional medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Control cells showed a 62% decrease of surface GluA1 (100% ± 10%, n = 10–38% ± 3%, n = 11), while TC10DN and TC10CA expressing cells showed a 31% (67% ± 7%, n = 13–46% ± 3%, n = 10) and 55% (60% ± 5%, n = 5–27% ± 4. 2%, n = 6) reduction, respectively. (B) Effects of TC10 constructs on cLTP and cLTD. Data in (A) replotted and normalized to respective sham values in order to compare the changes with cLTP and cLTD. (C) Effects of TC10 constructs on synaptically induced LTD. Left: AMPAR-EPSC amplitudes, expressed as a percentage of baseline AMPAR-EPSC amplitude (10 min), before and after the induction of LTD by electrical LFS for 5 min (gap). Right: Bar graph of the average AMPAR-EPSC amplitude depression measured 20 min after LFS. Control cells showed a 52. 4% ± 0. 5% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude after LTD induction; TC10DN and TC10CA showed a 27. 5% ± 1. 0% and 48. 3% ± 1. 0% reduction in AMPAR-EPSC amplitude, respectively. (D) mCherry-GluA1 internalization after cLTP. Neurons were sham or cLTP treated and imaged for internalized mCherry-GluA1 and either TfR or HA-Arf6. GluA1 internalization increased by 24% ± 5% when treated with cLTP (n = 6; **p < 0. 01). (E) mCherry-GluA1 co-localization with TfR (left) and Arf6 (middle) after cLTP. Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with TfR increased with cLTP: sham-treated 21% ± 2%, n = 15; cLTP 56% ± 2%, n = 23 (***p < 0. 0001). Co-localization of internalized GluA1 with Arf6 did not significantly change: sham treated 52% ± 2%, n = 12; cLTP 47% ± 3%, n = 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address agricultural practices at all. Instead, it discusses experimental data related to changes in cell surface proteins and their effects on synaptic responses. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ancient agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: reviewed and compared active space debris trapping and removal techniques; this study broadly classified the space debris mitigation strategies into two categories, space-based and non-space-based[29]. This study also discovered that developing active debris removal strategies are difficult due to many technical and economic difficulties in capturing and removing a tumbling target or a space debris object with unknown physical properties. Keeping the emerging problem in mind, this study uses a systems thinking approach to explain the root cause of the space debris problem. It is more of a philosophical approach than a set of tools and techniques. It entails taking apart and reassembling a problem to fully comprehend its components and feedback relationships[30]. Therefore, this 1. Systems thinking concept. Statement of the problem:Intuitive Statement■ More satellites must be launched to support societal and economic development in space, and their orbital safety and stability are critical for their long-term operation. Counter-Intuitive Statement■ Despite the allocation of a safe orbit for each satellite by the internationally authorised system, the threat to the safety and stability of the active satellite is increasing due to space debris. recent geomagnetic storm that occurred in February 2022 caused catastrophic damage to Starlink’s 40 satellites, as per official reports[33]. Although the company SpaceX stated that there is no threat to active satellites in the low Earth orbit due to Starlink’s dead satellites, still the condition is unclear and uncertain, resulting in a financial loss of more than 20 million USD[34]. The anti-satellite tests in recent times have also increased the number of debris in space. In the ASAT process, an active satellite or rocket physically collides with target satellites (mostly defunct or dead satellites) to alter the satellite’s course or destroy it, scattering numerous tiny pieces of debris in the process. 27, 2019, the (ISRO) conducted an anti-satellite (ASAT) test on its defunct satellite Microsat-R[35]. Although ISRO officials stated that the debris fell back into the Earth’s atmosphere within 45 days of the test, more than 400 pieces of debris were produced. NASA strongly criticized the attempt because this experiment significantly increased the risk of collision with the ISS by 44%[36]. China, the United States, and the have all conducted ASAT tests, with the resulting debris fragments threatening the functioning of the ISS and other active satellites in orbit. Table 1 presents the details of ASAT tests performed by various countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the increasing threat to the safety and stability of active satellites due to space debris, especially following anti-satellite tests that create additional debris. It mentions that despite efforts to allocate safe orbits for satellites, the reality is that the risk of collisions is rising, as highlighted by the increase in risk to the ISS by 44% due to recent ASAT tests. Furthermore, the text references the catastrophic damage to Starlink satellites due to space debris, reinforcing the idea that both collisions and debris pose serious threats to space operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: ) 10En 1982, un diplôme universitaire de médecine naturelle55 est créé à la faculté de médecine de Bobigny afin de former légalement des médecins à des contenus alternatifs. Seulement, ceux qui tentent de les appliquer dans leur cabinet se voient rapidement et massivement poursuivis par l’Ordre des médecins pour pratiques non réglementaires, au titre de l’57. 58 En 2004, 75 % de la population française aurait eu recours, au moins une fois, à une thérapie alter (. . . ) 11Malgré ce nouveau revers, l’autonomie en matière de santé est désormais concrétisée par le biais d’un marché de soins prospère, comme une réalité effective et durable58. L’usager qui s’est dévoilé acteur de sa santé, se révèle ici, comme consommateur, l’auteur d’un parcours de soins forgé à l’aune de ses valeurs, de ses représentations et de ses attentes particulières. La politisation de l’autonomie 59 De 408 cas repérés par l’OMS au début de 1982, on arrive fin 1984 à 12 174 Grmek Mirko, Histoire (. . . ) 60 « Le sida et ses métaphores », Œuvres complètes édite (. . . ) 61 Ibidem. 62 malades en mouvements, Paris, Éditions Balland, 2002. 63 Epstein Steven, La grande révolte des malades. Histoire du sida 2, Paris, Les empêcheurs de penser (. . . ) 64 (dir. ), Une épidémie politique. La lutte contre le sida en France 1981-1996, Paris, (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the legal and regulatory challenges faced by individuals trying to apply alternative medical practices within their practices, indicating that alternative therapies, which biohacking could be categorized under, do not have universal acceptance and often face opposition from traditional medical authorities, as evidenced by the mention of the 'Ordre des médecins' pursuing those applying these therapies. This suggests that biohacking is not universally recognized as a replacement for traditional treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Left panel displays the distribution of GluA1 co-localization with TfR, Arf6, or neither marker for sham treated and cLTP conditions. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Synaptic activity alters the endocytosis pathway taken by AMPARs. Representative images for the quantification displayed in Figure 4D, E. Neurons were sham or cLTP treated and imaged for internalized mCherry-GluA1 and either TfR (A) or Arf6-HA (B). cLTP treatment caused an increase in the co-localization between internalized GluA1 and TfR, while co-localization with Arf6 didn't change (arrows indicate co-localizing puncta). (Scale bar = 5 um). Figure 5 Download asset Open asset New model for AMPAR constitutive and activity-dependent recycling. (A) Conventional ‘single-synapse’ AMPAR recycling model. AMPARs exit post-synaptic densities (PSDs) by lateral diffusion and are endocytosed into clathrin-coated pits at sites near PSDs. After, endocytosed AMPARs are sorted into recycling endosomes (REs), the same pathway used by TfR for recycling back to the cell surface, where AMPARs diffuse to and could be trapped in PSDs. An underlying assumption of the model is that AMPAR recycling is restricted to single spines and the endosomal membranes in the spine and dendrite neighboring the spine. Activity during LTP increases AMPAR exocytosis and transport from REs without altering its endocytosis thereby decreasing AMPAR levels in REs. (B) AMPAR recycling model with two AMPAR-recycling pathways under constitutive conditions. Based on evidence in this study, at least two different AMPAR-recycling pathways exist for AMPAR recycling. AMPARs largely recycle through the Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway, which originates at sites near the PSD and endocytose at clathrin- and dynamin-independent sites. This recycling pathway acts to move AMPARs from sites near the PSD to sites distant from the synapse such that AMPARs cannot return via membrane diffusion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synaptic activity and AMPAR recycling within neurons. There is no mention or discussion of agricultural practices, ancient or modern, in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Table 1List of anti-satellite tests conducted by different nationsCountryMission nameYearTarget satellite1963-1971Soviet satellites[37]1985American satellite[38,39]ChinaSC-19 ASAT2007FY-1C Chinese weather satellite[38]2008USA-193[40]2019Microsat-R, Indian satellite[35,36,41]RussiaKosmos 14082021Kosmos 1408[42]The effects of these anti-satellite tests limit orbital capacity because debris has become a permanent threat to active satellites, and the operational satellites in outer space face significant risks due to the high velocity and momentum of these debris pieces[43]. These objects may collide with each other and with active satellites, potentially causing an exponential increase in space debris[44]. Impact of Space debrisWhen debris collides with an active satellite, the active satellite may cease to function and turn into debris, but this is a rare occurrence that depends on the size, velocity, and condition of the colliding object (debris) and the size of the active satellite. After each impact, a debris cloud (sometimes a small one) is spread and distributed to different orbits, which may be close to or further away from the object impacted, depending on the impact energy. and JAXA data on previous launches and space debris statistics provide insight into the current issue. The debris in orbit (1/10 mm) is capable of causing optical surface erosion, permanently damaging telescope mirrors, and reducing the efficiency of solar cells[43]. The 1 mm size of debris can cause craters, dents, and pits on the surface of satellites and make them non-operational. An example showing the impact of debris on active satellite can be seen in Figure 2. If the debris is large enough, it can alter the satellite’s orientation in space[45]. NASA proposed that satellites’ outer surfaces be shielded. To reduce debris impact, the ISS has been shielded with two hard metal sheets separated by 10 cm. If the debris is not removed and preventive measures are not taken, the comforts offered by satellites may not be available due to the shortage of satellites and services[46]. Humanity will be drawn back to the situation that existed 50 years ago. Figure 2. A debris impact chip in a window (Source[12]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the threat posed by space debris to active satellites. It states that 'the operational satellites in outer space face significant risks due to the high velocity and momentum of these debris pieces,' and further explains that collisions can lead to the satellites ceasing to function and turning into debris themselves. The mention of preventative measures taken, such as shielding for the ISS, highlights the seriousness of the issue presented in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: ) 12Le développement fulgurant59 de l’épidémie de sida au début des années 1980 est l’occasion pour les malades d’affirmer à nouveau, face à la médecine, leur autonomie grandissante. L’incapacité dans laquelle se trouve alors la biomédecine d’offrir des traitements efficaces réinstaure « quelque chose comme une expérience prémoderne de la maladie »60 : tandis que les médecins se disputent la paternité de la découverte du virus et la possession du brevet, les malades meurent en grand nombre. La mise en évidence, en 1985, par les premiers tests sérologiques, du statut ambigu de séropositif – individu porteur sain pouvant néanmoins développer la maladie – accentue d’autant plus la détresse des malades qu’ils se voient alors fortement stigmatisés par le monde politique. Tout en interdisant la création d’un vaccin classique, cette particularité du sida laisse la personne dépistée séropositive dans un désarroi immense, seule, face à une médecine inefficace pour gérer sa maladie et la possibilité toujours présente de contamination des autres. Un « espace terrible entre questions et réponses »61 est ainsi ouvert, au sein duquel les malades ont décidé de s’organiser pour prévenir, faire avancer les recherches thérapeutiques et lutter contre les dérives sociotechniques, comme la demande de dépistage obligatoire. Un mouvement citoyen et associatif62 digne d’une révolte63, voit alors le jour installant définitivement l’épidémie dans l’ordre du politique64. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inadequacies of traditional medical treatment in the face of the AIDS epidemic, highlighting how patients took autonomy in dealing with their illness due to the failures of biomedical interventions. It references the patients' organizing and activism, which implies a search for alternative approaches rather than acceptance of biohacking as a recognized replacement for traditional methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Smaller numbers of AMPARs endocytose at sites distant from the spine via clathrin-coated pits using dynamin. traffic into REs in the same pathway as TfRs. This recycling pathway acts to move AMPARs from distant sites to sites accessible to PSDs so that AMPARs can diffuse into PSDs to balance the loss via the Arf6-dependent recycling pathway. (C) AMPAR recycling after cLTP. Activity-dependent events during cLTP increase AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway, trafficking AMPARs from clathrin-coated pits distant from the stimulated synapse to sites accessible to the stimulated PSD. are transported in the REs with the net effect of trafficking more AMPARs into the stimulated PSD. AMPAR recycling through the Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway continues unchanged after cLTP. (D) AMPAR recycling after cLTD. Similar to what is observed after cLTP, activity-dependent events during cLTP increase AMPAR recycling through the dynamin-dependent pathway except with the net effect of trafficking AMPARs out of PSDs and away from the stimulated spines. AMPAR endocytosis occurs at clathrin-coated pits near stimulated PSD and AMPARs transported in REs away from the cLTD spines and recycling to the cell surface at distant sites. The Arf6- and TC10-dependent recycling pathway, shown in (B), is also unchanged during cLTD, and overall traffic AMPARs out of synaptic spines. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Improved co-localization analysis. A. Quantification of the overlap between GluA1 and Arf6. Newly acquired images (examples in Figure 2C) were analyzed to measure the Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr) of GluA1 co-localization with Arf6. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; TC10WT 0. 46 ± 0. 04; TC10DN 0. 66 ± 0. 04; TC10CA 0. 31 ± 0. 04 (n= 7-10 cells per group; *p<0. 02 relative to TC10WT; **p<0. 05 relative to TC10WT). B. A second method of analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the recycling pathways of AMPARs in neuronal cells and does not mention ancient agricultural practices or any related topic.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Using historical space debris data, Liou and Johnson[47] developed a three-dimensional physical model for the evolution of space debris populations [Figure 3], assuming no rocket launches after December 2004 and no future disposal manoeuvres for existing spacecraft. In the next 200 years, an average of 18. 2 collisions (10. 8 catastrophic, 7. 4 non-catastrophic) is expected[40]. In this orbital region, objects of 10 cm and larger triple in size every 200 years, resulting in a 10% increase in collision probabilities. We have collected space debris data from various sources, including the ESA[12] and NASA’s website[48], to plot the trend of space debris from 1957 to 2019. The trend line in Figure 4 shows a clear exponential growth of debris in recent years, so there is an urgent need to tackle the space debris issue. Figure 3. Simulation of space debris growth rate (Adapted from source[47]). Figure 4. Analysis of Space debris (1957-2019). thinking concepts are rarely applied in understanding the holistic view of the space debris problem. El-Rashid et al. used the closed-loop systems thinking concept to propose a conceptual model called “space vulture”, which aims to capture space debris and re-use the materials to manufacture different objects[49]. They have mentioned that engineering-based approaches always think linearly, whereas systems thinking also considers social and cultural implications. Estable et al. have implemented systems thinking tools such as loops, federated networks, and operability models to optimise the communication process in developing a complex system for space debris removal[50]. Allworth[13] has mentioned some key techniques for calculating space debris, highlighting the importance of observational curve data. In recent studies, Mark and Kamath[51] and Lewis and Marsh[52] used the deep time analysis thinking concept to determine the long-term consequences of space debris. They predicted that the space debris would continue to grow using natural simulation models and that it has nearly reached its orbit-carrying capacity. There is an immediate need to address this issue by removing the existing debris using sustainable measures and taking a systems approach. Many space debris removal projects remain in the conceptual and experimental phases due to the high cost of production and operations that slow down the feasible and sustainable removal of debris[49]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing data on the expected number of collisions due to space debris. It mentions that an average of 18.2 collisions (10.8 catastrophic and 7.4 non-catastrophic) is anticipated over the next 200 years, indicating a significant threat to current space operations. Additionally, the text discusses the exponential growth of space debris and emphasizes the urgent need to tackle the space debris issue, which further supports the notion that collisions with satellites pose a threat to space activities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Elle revendique la reconnaissance d’une conception profane de la santé et milite pour la vulgarisation du savoir expert, mais ne s’oppose pas, à proprement parler, à la profession médicale, concrétisant au contraire, l’entraide (self-help) des malades comme un système parallèle. Cette position, qui favorise son institutionnalisation à la fin des années 1980, lui attire également de nombreuses critiques de la part des acteurs de terrain qui souhaitent modifier l’ordre médical établi. Ces derniers développent donc, lors de l’apparition de nouvelles politiques de santé publique en 1989, un second mouvement associatif visant l’intégration des revendications de l’usager au monde médical. À l’image de l’association Act Up-Paris, cette seconde génération d’associations souhaite s’affirmer comme acteur politique à part entière, faisant entendre, notamment par l’instrumentalisation des médias, la voix des malades afin de modifier le discours et les pratiques médicales. Ce second modèle, prônant l’intégration67, envisage l’usager comme un possible expert médical, apte à dialoguer avec les professionnels, à partir d’un partage de l’information spécialisée. C’est dans cette perspective qu’« » milite par exemple pour développer des voies d’accès aux dernières innovations de la recherche, travaillant notamment pour la modification des expertises des revues scientifiques qui retardent la publication des résultats d’études. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that biohacking does not oppose the medical profession but instead presents itself as a parallel system that complements traditional medical practices. It discusses how this perspective culminates in the institutionalization of self-help for patients rather than replacing traditional medicine outright.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: ancient practices through acoustics 30 April 2018 A unique survey of an ancient Greek sanctuary reveals that buildings and artifacts aren’t necessary to capture the aural heritage of a historical site. DOI: Content License::1945-0699 Topics: Research & from of the surrounding Arcadian landscape, with geologist George H. Davis tracing the unusual bedrock formations. Credit: When visiting a deteriorated building or ancient ruin, one may think the place is lifeless. But that is not the case when it comes to sound. Though the energy embedded in a sound dissipates soon after propagation, the conditions for creating that sound are not necessarily lost. Conceivably, a given sound could be experienced today much as it was in the distant past. My first experiment with this concept is under way in Arcadia, Greece, using a combination of binaural recordings and psychoacoustic analysis tools. I am an architect and heritage specialist by training; as a graduate student and architecture and historic preservation professional, I helped to document the ruins of a sanctuary dedicated to Zeus on Mount Lykaion. Ancient worship there started as early as about 1600 BCE at the southern peak of the mountain and grew to include athletic contests and burnt offerings as part of ritual practice. is a prominent peak in Arcadia, and its location ensured that the smoke of offerings could quickly reach heaven-bound Zeus while remaining visible in the surrounding region. Today only the foundations of some of the buildings and structures survive. Almost nothing is known about the daily workings of the site in antiquity besides the uses ascribed to each building. The athletic games took place in a hippodrome and stadium placed on flat terraces about 217 meters below the peak. Those venues were surrounded by a cluster of structures including a stoa (a long, narrow colonnaded building for public gathering, offices, or shops), a fountain house, and an athlete’s corridor to the hippodrome. Acoustic analysis During my initial fieldwork documenting the ruins, I sat still for hours at a time, drawing the cut limestone blocks and foundations around me, while groups of archaeologists and surveyors traversed the site doing their own work. At times I would hear clearly people speaking from 75 meters away, only to lose the thread of their conversation as they moved much closer. I began to wonder: Were those moments of acoustic clarity not simply a product of the irregular limestone mountainscape but also part of the sanctuary’s design for ritual activity? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses acoustic heritage related to an ancient Greek sanctuary and does not address agricultural practices or their continuity through time. It focuses on historical rituals and site documentation, thus not relating to the claim regarding unchanged agricultural practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Madi and Sokolova[53] mentioned in the Peril book that space debris removal has many technical challenges and that it is almost impossible to remove tumbling objects and small pieces. Keeping this critical issue in mind, we attempted to provide insight into the current state of the problem and suggest some solutions for space debris control in this study. Chen[44] investigated the quantity, size, spatial distribution, source, and threat of space debris to satellites. It also discusses how debris formation control is critical for the long-term use of space, including developing debris mitigation measurements, active debris removal, and space traffic control, as well as how debris formation control is critical for the long-term use of space[54-56]. Some studies looked into the current state of the space debris problem and solutions, as well as the technical challenges and scientific difficulty of removing space debris with a pulsed laser system, and recommended that a space-based laser be developed in the future[57,58]. Haroun et al. examined policy gaps related to the problem of space debris, such as the lack of an international legal framework, responsibility and penalty for debris formation, and the distinction of debris from space objects, and proposed remedies to close the policy gap, including the application of environmental law concepts to space debris[59]. To emphasise the problem’s criticality and urgency, Murtaza et al. reviewed the space debris issue, including the causes, quantity, potential threats, and sizes of orbital debris, counter-strategies with their current status, and legal issues[60]. All of th0 concerns and threats were also reviewed, and efforts to meet this challenge have been inadequate until now. Mironov and Murtazov[61] studied the difficulties of monitoring space debris, particularly hazardous meteoroids, clogging near-Earth space using optical meteor astronomy methods. They mentioned that in the next 50 years, space junk will worsen and no further launches into the orbits will be possible. A careful examination of published literature reveals that many authors have suggested conceptual, empirical models for removing the debris, but none of them tried to approach the root cause of the space debris problem using systems thinking concepts. As mentioned in many previous studies[49,52,58], the system approach will provide a holistic view of understanding the problem. We explore the advantages of the systems thinking concept to find out the root cause of this emerging space debris problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significant threats posed by space debris to satellites, as noted in various studies cited within. It highlights concerns about the quantity, size, and potential threats of space debris, emphasizing that in the next 50 years, the situation is expected to worsen, making it increasingly dangerous for satellites. The mention of inadequate efforts to address space debris also supports the idea that it poses a significant threat to current space operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: L’association Positifs, issue de cette seconde génération, présente un troisième modèle d’engagement relevant de l’agencement entre des instances hétérogènes. Elle milite pour la reconstruction d’une communauté scientifique intégrant d’autres sphères du savoir (notamment les médecines alternatives) et au sein de laquelle le malade a un rôle central. Selon elle, l’usager doit construire de manière autonome son parcours de soin « par l’articulation des différents avis en présence »68, et participer activement à la constitution du savoir scientifique en repensant les protocoles de soins ou d’expertise des médicaments, jusqu’à l’expérimentation de soi-même69 si cela s’avère nécessaire. 70 « Acteur, auteur … », op. cit. 71 Émilie, « Le patient expert, un nouveau partenaire », Pharmaceutiques, n° 180/9, 201 (. . . ) 72 « How to build an “active” Patient? of AIDS Associations in France », Socia (. . . ) 73 Van den Borne Hubertus, « from Receiver of Information to informed Decision-maker », Pa (. . . ) 74. M. , as Partner: a Theory of human Experimentation Ethics, Bloomington, Indian (. . . ) 75 « Une science démocratique Le mouvement AIDS et la construction contestée du savo (. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing the role of patients in constructing their own care paths through the synthesis of various medical opinions and knowledge, including alternative medicines, rather than suggesting that biohacking serves as a substitute for traditional medical treatments. It highlights an active participation in care that integrates different types of knowledge rather than endorsing biohacking as a universally accepted practice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Was there a reason I could hear my colleagues so well from the ceremonial seats but not from the public fountain house? Such questions required a new approach to site analysis. I needed a way to consistently compare sonic experience from different recording locations. As an architect, I wanted to see the results visually as well as experience them aurally. A satellite view of the site showing the locations of select speakers (large circles) and microphones (small circles) used for acoustic analysis. Zoom in or out to explore the site, and click on points of interest to view photos. Credit: In my work I have employed a binaural recording and analysis system developed by HEAD acoustics in my work. The portable SQobold binaural recording system has microphones in the earpieces of what otherwise looks like a pair of headphones. Its recordings capture a near-perfect impression of one’s sonic experience, from the direction of specific sounds to the subtle reflections off one’s shoulders. The system also records a bounty of data, from actual decibel levels to psychoacoustic measurements such as perceived loudness and sharpness. Those measurements can later be analyzed, visualized, and compared. Click on each label to hear the differences at various locations. All the recordings capture an identical series of sentences (click here for translation from German) projected from a speaker located at the central red dot. The recordings are set to the same volume relative to each other; depending on your playback settings, the absolute levels may be different from the original recordings, but the differences you perceive between the recordings maintain those heard in the field as well. Headphones recommended. Credit: Data from Pamela Jordan; map by Providing comparable measurements requires identical conditions to be recorded. To achieve this on-site, I set up a speaker at human height in a predetermined location—for instance, at the entrance of an ancient building or on a prominent overlook. The speaker plays recorded sounds at a set volume. Wearing the SQobold headset, I then make recordings of how those sounds reach various points of interest around the site. I note meteorological data such as wind velocity, temperature, and relative humidity, as those variables may affect sound propagation and perception. I then move the speaker to another location, and repeat the process. So far, more than 700 recordings have been collected, with about 200 of human speech. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the acoustic analysis of a site and the methods used for recording sounds, without mentioning anything related to ancient agricultural practices or their changes over time.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Initially, humankind hoped to improve our quality of life with the help of satellites by bringing socio-economic developments such as communication, imaging, weather alerts, networking, geographic information systems (GIS), and navigation systems including GPS. Since the first satellite launches brought significant benefits to humanity, such as radio communication, navigation, investigation of the Earth's magnetic field, and weather monitoring, all nations have begun to invest in satellite activities to reap the benefits of these satellites. Countries competed to launch the most satellites, which started the space race. It was necessary to launch more satellites into orbit to receive greater and greater benefits and gain a dominant position in the space race. However, increasing the number of launches is reducing orbital capacity. To avoid collision damage from other satellites orbiting in space, each orbit has a set number of satellites. These satellites become debris when they reach the end of their life cycle, posing a threat to active satellites. Both the self-removal and external removal methods are expensive because we need to keep enough fuel in the rocket body to move inactive satellites into the LEO region after the completion of their life cycle. For the external removal method, a new spacecraft needs to be launched to remove the current space debris. Since these debris fragments are no longer functional, it is challenging to manoeuvre them into low orbits where atmospheric drag can gradually reduce the orbital energy until they finally reach LEO. These dead parts, spent rocket stages, etc. , continue to orbit and have the potential to increase the number of smaller, harder-to-observe debris fragments through collisions. The following section explains the archetypes found in the above CLD, which aid in understanding the root cause and severity of the space debris problem. Understanding the reduction in orbit capacity using Limits to growthThe limits to the growth archetype consist of a reinforcing loop whose growth is offset by the action of a balancing loop after some success. This means that being successful is never good enough to play. Any organisation that enjoys consistent success is overworking its current system. Any system that experiences slowing action as a result of a limiting factor is experiencing growth limits. Figure 5 shows two growth archetypes with their respective limits (1, 3). There is a reinforcing loop between variables “collision probability” and “collisions” in the one (1) numbered archetype. As the collision probability rises, so does the number of collisions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that as the number of satellites increases, so does the risk of collisions, especially with debris. It indicates that 'These dead parts, spent rocket stages, etc., continue to orbit and have the potential to increase the number of smaller, harder-to-observe debris fragments through collisions,' directly supporting the assertion that debris poses a threat to active space operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: 81 ÈRE Jean-Paul, « Mettre les savoirs en débat Expertise biomédicale et mobilisations assoc (. . . ) 15Pourtant, la médecine du XXIe siècle peine encore à prendre acte de cette profonde réorganisation des rapports sociaux, médicaux, scientifiques et politiques. La reconnaissance légale de l’autonomie des usagers de santé s’est en effet opérée à l’aune d’une distinction conceptuelle qui en trahit profondément le sens. Le discours médical actuel distingue ainsi l’autonomie comme autodétermination, qu’il établit en idéal, et l’autonomie comme libre consentement, qui seule peut être, selon lui, appliquée76. Par conséquent, l’autonomie reconnue légalement et médicalement n’est que « partielle » selon le modèle entièrement assumé d’un paternalisme adouci77. La demande produite par les sujets de santé d’une médecine nouvelle fondée sur l’autonomie et où ils peuvent s’affirmer comme acteurs et auteurs de leur expérience médicale, depuis la production du savoir jusqu’à son application clinique, en passant par ses enjeux sociaux et politiques, se trouve finalement habillement reniée. L’opérationnalisation78 de l’autonomie s’est effectuée au prix d’une abstraction79 telle qu’elle a conduit à l’oubli des revendications sociales au profit de l’établissement d’une éthique alibi80. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of the autonomy in modern medicine, suggesting that while there is a call for a new type of medicine that is more autonomous and participatory, the current medical discourse still relies on a graduated autonomy that reflects a paternalistic approach. This implies that biohacking is not universally recognized or accepted as a replacement for traditional medical treatment, as the existing structures still dominate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: Is it simple happenstance that the administrative building, which was not necessarily open to the public, has few acoustic relationships to other locations around the site, while the central and public seats, which once held life-size statues and names of previous athletic victors, appear very well connected acoustically? Could the seats in fact have played a prominent role in ritual practice? If only a few weeks of study provided me with notions of where certain activities might have taken place, one can imagine what ancient architects could have done knowing the usage practices of the area for hundreds of years. Next steps Much work remains to compare and understand all of the recordings I’ve gathered. The most popular acoustic tools for analyzing a space, such as the Index, either are designed for interior applications where the geometries and materials are known, are insufficient for complex outdoor environments, or do not consider human perception specifically. That’s why I’m turning to the analysis, a powerful tool that analyzes a sound by integrating the complex components to human hearing. At the site, there are locations where sound between two points can be perceived differently in one direction versus the other. In the top recording, a microphone captures sound at point B1 (the small hill) projected from a speaker at B2 (at the starting blocks inside the hippodrome) 143 meters away. The bottom recording represents the reverse: what is perceived of the same file at B2 when projected from B1. The spectographs depict a analysis, representing human sound perception, that includes the ability to filter out wind and other background sounds. The vertical axis represents the frequency in hertz. The horizontal axis represents time in seconds. The color intensities represent the pressure in compressed pascals (related to perceived loudness); yellow is perceived the most intensely. Click here for the text translation. Credit: Data/map from Pamela Jordan; videos by Human hearing is not absolute, but rather context dependent in space, time, and experience. For instance, your reactions to a child screaming next to you in a playground versus on a crowded bus will likely be different. Music played at a concert may seem disturbingly loud to a person who has never attended such an event before, but not to a seasoned concertgoer. Human hearing also depends heavily on pattern recognition in perceiving and differentiating foreground and background sounds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the acoustics of a building site and human sound perception rather than addressing agricultural practices or their continuity over time. It does not provide any information regarding ancient agricultural methods or their evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: As the number of collisions increases, the collision fragments will collide with already accumulated debris and active satellites, and the size of the debris will decrease to subcritical sizes that would be difficult to label or catalogue[12]. The relative velocity of debris depends on its population[66], its distribution or spread in orbit, as well as the orbital mechanics[67]. This is a balancing loop. As the size of the debris decreases, the number of p6. Systemigram of space debris problem (see online version for colours). Figure 6 shows a systemigram with nodes representing key concepts and links between them representing relationships. The bottle on the left in the figure shows six different types of legends, each of which represents a sub-family of concepts used to explain the space debris problem. Figure 6 depicts and summarises how the space debris problem exhibits the characteristics of emergence, connectivity between variables, autonomy, belonging, and diversity. Human life has greatly benefited from space exploration, which has improved our communication systems and quality of life. We start with the top left corner of the systemigram; more satellites must be launched to gain more benefits from space. At the end of the 1990s, satellites had an average lifespan of about 8. 6 years[74], but due to recent technological advancements, this is now gradually rising to an average of 15 years[75]. It is challenging to generalise the average lifespan of an active satellite because it depends on factors such as orbital position, atmospheric drag, radiation exposure, design, and build quality. New satellites must be launched to maintain existing systems and ensure that the benefits of space technology continue to be available. New satellites require orbital space to launch, so if an orbit has slots for positioning the satellite, it can be launched without difficulty. However, the dead satellites, spent rocket stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris orbiting in space pose a threat to new and active satellites. More countries have recently developed satellite launch technologies, and private companies have begun to send people into space via space tourism. The demand for a wide range of applications, such as communication, remote sensing, defence services, weather monitoring, television, and internet access, drove up the number of launches. Uncontrollable satellite launches, contrary to popular belief, have a negative side. The launch of a large number of satellites has resulted in space debris or space junk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how increasing collisions between satellites and debris create dangerous conditions for active satellites. It highlights that 'dead satellites, spent rocket stages, mission-related debris, and fragmentation debris orbiting in space pose a threat to new and active satellites.' This indicates a direct acknowledgment of the threat that collisions present to current space operations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Face à cette ultime résistance du monde médical à l’autonomisation des sujets de santé, la lutte s’est transportée sur un nouveau terrain où s’opère aujourd’hui la transformation tant désirée du pouvoir politique des sujets de santé en un contre-savoir81 apte à faire naître un paradigme médical nouveau. 82 La création récente d’un laboratoire communautaire (open lab) à Paris va dans ce sens : (. . . ) 83 Cette histoire est rapportée par. DIY Scientists hack the Software of Life, (. . . ) 84 85 Pearson Helen, « opt for unapproved Drug », Nature, 446 (7135), 2007, p. 474-475. 86 16C’est au cœur de la production scientifique que se joue désormais l’affirmation de l’autonomie des usagers. Dans la mouvance des biohackers qui prône le libre accès et la pratique autonome de la science biologique, de nombreuses initiatives renouvellent aujourd’hui la revendication d’autonomie à travers le monde82. C’est le cas de Kay Aull, jeune bio-ingénieure américaine, qui en 2009, ne pouvant payer les milliers de dollars nécessaires à l’acquisition d’un test de dépistage de l’hémochromatose, maladie héréditaire dont est atteint son père, le produit seule dans un laboratoire installé dans le placard de sa chambre, et pour quelques dizaines de dollars seulement83. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the resistance of the medical world to the empowerment of health subjects, which implies that biohacking is not universally recognized as a replacement for traditional treatment. It discusses the struggle for autonomy and the emergence of a new medical paradigm rather than an outright acceptance of biohacking as a substitute for established medical practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ancient agricultural practices have remained unchanged until today. [SEP] Text: That is why we can still hear a friend speak while walking down a busy street at rush hour; we are able to tune out the traffic and focus on the pattern of language instead. This effect can vary somewhat depending on the frequency of the sound. Approach tool incorporates all those special features of the human auditory experience and produces visualizations that accurately depict human experience rather than absolute acoustic conditions. For instance, a typical spectrogram of a field recording will show a great deal of activity at low frequencies due to wind. It might appear as if the wind accounts for all the sound in the area. However, a analysis of the same recording integrates the natural wind filter present in human hearing. Its spectrograms depict the relative intensity of sounds we might be more likely to hear, such as speech. And since human hearing physiology has not changed significantly since antiquity, what is heard today can be measured as a representation of the past as well. Sound can provide an entirely new way to look at a place, to experience the present as a direct reflection of the past. It is important to note that with my research I am not attempting to answer how the ancient soundscape was interpreted or what it meant to the original users. That continues to be the purview of archaeologists and historians. Rather, I am striving to expand our ideas of what constitutes operative heritage and to provide a new way to experience that history. Researchers and the public may soon be able to step into the past by listening to historic remnants rather than simply looking at them. () is an Amsterdam-based architect, heritage specialist, and research fellow investigating acoustics in historic preservation. Her research was made possible by funding from the the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, and field research assistance from Simon Villegas. She extends additional thanks to the village of Ano Karyes, the Mt. , and the Ephoreia of the Ministry of Culture. Approximate translation of the German: “We listen to the splashing stream. He wins six games in a row. A little boy was the winner. The burden was too high. Now, the foundations are being laid. The house does not have any garden. They give standing ovations. The day after tomorrow we drive away. I am looking forward to the meal. Nevertheless nobody got full. " (text excerpted from the Göttinger Satztest/Sentence Test) Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not engage with the claim about ancient agricultural practices. It focuses instead on the auditory experiences and the interpretation of soundscapes, which is unrelated to agricultural methods. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Collisions between satellites and debris pose a significant threat to current space operations. [SEP] Text: Because there is no system in place to remove space junk, all satellites launched to date will become junk in the coming years. The debris collides with active satellites and other debris fragments regularly. These collisions regularly produce tiny debris p2023. 1. Schubert M, Böttcher. Detectability of space debris objects in the infrared spectrum. 2022;195:41-51. DOI 2. Steering reflective space debris using polarised lasers. Res 2021;67:1721-32. DOI 3. . Optimal configuration of distributed HTS coils for the non-contact de-tumbling of space debris. 2022;191:491-501. DOI 4. Maclay T, Mcknight D. Space environment management: framing the objective and setting priorities for controlling orbital debris risk. J Eng 2021;8:93-7. DOI 5. Lewis HG. Understanding long-term orbital debris population dynamics. J Eng 2020;7:164-70. DOI 6. Union of Concerned Scientists. UCS satellite database. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 7. Identifying the 50 statistically-most-concerning derelict objects in LEO. 2021;181:282-91. DOI 8. David, W. (2010), The current space debris situation. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 9. Dynamical models and the onset of chaos in space debris. Mech 2017;90:147-163. DOI 10. Aslanov V, Ledkov A. Detumbling of axisymmetric space debris during transportation by ion beam shepherd in 3D case. Res 2022;69:570-80. DOI 11. Opinion contributor. More space launches than any year in history since Sputnik. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 12. Agency. About space debris. Available from: [Last accessed on 2 Feb 2023]. 13. . A transfer learning approach to space debris classification using observational light curve data. 2021;181:301-15. DOI 14. Pardini C, Anselmo L. Evaluating the impact of space activities in low earth orbit. 2021;184:11-22. DOI 15. Miraux L. Environmental limits to the space sector’s growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there is no system in place to remove space junk, which indicates that all satellites will become junk over time. It also mentions that the debris regularly collides with active satellites and other debris fragments. This underlines the significant threat to current space operations posed by these collisions, especially with the mention of the production of tiny debris as a result of these incidents.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking is universally recognized as a replacement for traditional medical treatment. [SEP] Text: Fondée sur le principe du Yourself, cette nouvelle manière de faire de la science, dite ouverte84 parce que basée sur le libre accès à la connaissance, la constitution communautaire et autonome des savoirs et la répartition juste de ses résultats, participe de l’émergence d’une organisation médicale inédite, où l’autonomie et l’entraide priment, de la production des connaissances à l’application des résultats. Les essais thérapeutiques autonomes, menés par les malades eux-mêmes, à l’image de celui rapporté en 2007 dans la revue Nature85 concernant le DCA (dichloroacétate), se multiplient aujourd’hui au point de remettre en question les modalités scientifiques et organisationnelles de la médecine contemporaine. Une nouvelle forme de validation scientifique des savoirs et produits médicaux par le biais de la communauté des « patients » voit le jour à l’image de la Cooperative, première coopérative pharmaceutique communautaire fondée en 2009 par le Hessel. Ayant pour slogan, « One people, one cancer, one treatment »86, elle vise à créer un système où chaque patient – qui possède des parts de l’entreprise et s’y investit comme il le souhaite – assure le propre contrôle de son expérimentation thérapeutique et en partage les résultats. Si un traitement fonctionne pour un patient, il fait l’objet d’un test sur un autre et à partir de ces micro-expérimentations, la connaissance progresse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the emergence of a new medical organization that emphasizes autonomy and community support rather than presenting biohacking as a widely accepted replacement for traditional medical treatment. It highlights examples of patient-led therapeutic trials and community-based initiatives, suggesting that while biohacking may influence medical practices, it does not inherently replace traditional medicine as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used historically are still cultivated in modern agriculture. [SEP] Text: 1. Guidelines of the Committee on (COPE); 2. Principles of Transparency and in developed by the Committee on (COPE), Directory of Journals (DOAJ), Association (OASPA), and of (WAME). 3. Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of in from the of Editors (ICMJE). is committed to protecting the privacy of its contributors and promises not to disclose personal information to third parties without permission, unless for necessary purposes of the publishing process or required by law. Complaints and appeals takes allegations of misconduct (refer to the for more details) seriously. Any allegations of suspicious misconducts should be reported to the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, and the editorial office will launch an immediate confidential investigation by a group of investigation members. Decisions will be made by the investigation group based on clear evidence, and the authors will be informed. If there is any appeal against the decision, it must be made to the publisher within 14 days of the decision date, or else actions will be taken after 14 days. The decision on the appeal is final. Authors can express concerns about delays, extensions, and unreasonable handling procedures during the editing process and the time it takes. The editor-in-chief will be accountable for initiating an investigation into the issue, and the complainant will receive feedback. Reasonable editing procedures will be enhanced. Any complaints and appeals against journals and editors can be directed to the publisher at editorial_office@apacsci. com, and follows COPE guidelines in handling all complaints and appeals. Authors should read the "Author Guidelines" before making a submission, and make sure that the manuscripts were written in accordance to the style and specifications of the journal's policy. All manuscripts submitted to this journal are subject to rigorous peer review. Prior to the peer review process, the manuscripts will be screened for acceptable English language, novelty and relevance to the Focus and Scope of the journal. Any manuscripts submitted to this journal will be treated as confidential materials. The manuscripts will not be disclosed to anyone except individuals such as editorial staff, reviewers and editors who participate in the initial screening, review, processing and preparation of the manuscript for publication (if accepted). A manuscript would not be accepted if it has been published or is currently under consideration for publication in any other journals. The authors are required to notify the editorial team if the findings and data in their submissions have been presented in conferences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses guidelines and procedures related to academic publishing and editorial processes. It does not provide any information regarding the cultivation of plants, their historical usage, or modern agricultural practices.