Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: There was a single yeast species per nectar drop in practically all cases; two or three different yeast species occurred in only four nectar samples (see Data S1). The most frequent ascomycetous yeasts were Metschnikowia koreensis (n = 13), M. lochheadii (n = 11), and Kurtzmaniella cleridarum (n = 12), and the most frequent basidiomycetous yeasts were Ustilago species (n = 14) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii (n = 12), and Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili (n = 8). Analysis of diversity predicts that the overall species richness of yeasts in the sampled nectar community (Hill number q = 0) was between 25 and 34 species, which was in the same order of magnitude as the number of equally common species (q = 1, 22–34 species) or dominant species (q = 2, 19–33 species). Rarefaction and extrapolation curves were consistent in showing that several yeasts remained unrecorded at the Genus and Family sampling levels of the plant community surveyed. None of the three diversity estimates used reached an asymptote at those levels of the sampling hierarchy. At the Species level, species richness reached an asymptote at a sample size doubling the initial sampling effort, i. e. , n = 17. Analyses also showed that the number of species harbored at the Drop and Plant levels was nearly completely sampled since the three estimators of diversity reached an asymptote at approximately 100 and 50 sampling units, respectively. The maximum predicted species values were 25 for species richness (q = 0), 22 for equally common species (q = 1) and 19 for dominant species (q = 2). At all levels, estimation of the species richness is roughly comparable to the dominance. Rarefaction and extrapolation curves also allow us to make two predictions of Hill numbers for equally common species (q = 1) and dominance (q = 2) of yeasts in the host plant community. In the first scenario, Drop and Individual sampling categories for nectar collection reach an asymptote and harbor relatively low yeast diversity. In the second, Species, Genus and Family categories do not reach an asymptote; even when extrapolations double initial sample size and remain relatively high, there is unrecorded yeast diversity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes with the claim as it does not address the production of biofuels or bioengineered yeast specifically. Instead, it focuses on the species diversity of yeasts found in nectar and various sampling results, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: Para cumplir el objetivo planteado y contrastar la hipótesis, se ha instalado y monitorizado un sistema de almacenamiento eléctrico acoplado a un sistema fotovoltaico ya existente en el prototipo de vivienda de consumo de energía casi nulo llamado ‘Magic Box’ del Instituto de Energía Solar de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Así mismo, se ha instalado dos bombas de calor que mantienen las condiciones de confort dentro de la vivienda y sensores de temperatura, humedad relativa y concentración de CO2. En el sistema híbrido, se ha implementado algoritmos de control, que son capaces de gestionar la potencia generada por el sistema fotovoltaico, la potencia de carga y descarga de la batería, y la energía importada y exportada de la red eléctrica, de tal manera que el consumo eléctrico de las bombas de calor siempre esté suministrado. Mediante estos algoritmos se ha logrado implementar dos estrategias de control (aumento del autoconsumo fotovoltaico y disminución de los picos de demanda de la red) y dos modos de funcionamiento (que la batería abastezca toda la demanda de la vivienda, o que la batería actúe sólo para abastecer la demanda específica de climatización). Con los datos recopilados luego de una extensa campaña de mediciones, se desarrolló un modelo matemático que reproduce las estrategias de control implementadas en el sistema híbrido, con un error menor al 10%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a system where electric storage is used alongside a photovoltaic system to manage energy supply and demand. It specifically mentions that control algorithms manage the power generated, as well as the charging and discharging of the battery, to ensure the electric consumption of heating pumps is always supplied. This management helps to increase self-consumption of the photovoltaic power and reduce demand peaks from the grid, directly supporting the idea that battery storage systems help balance supply and demand.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: 5 Table 5: Mineral composition (ppm±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05) *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. While these minerals are nutritionally essential, the presence of phytates, fibrous plant materials, mineral antagonists, and the incorporation of minerals in the food matrix may inhibit absorption [43-46]. High calcium and magnesium levels have been known to decrease iron and potassium absorption, while high iron concentrations have been known to contribute to lower manganese absorption [47-49]. While it has been demonstrated that calcium doses (similar to those present in IFB1) do not significantly reduce iron absorption, calcium has been known to inhibit iron absorption when minerals were ingested from the same food, which could be the case in PBMAs. Additionally, high sodium and potassium levels may increase urinary mineral losses [48-51]. Vitamin analysis Results from vitamin analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 6 and 7, respectively. Fat-soluble vitamin A, D2, and D3 were found to be below the detection limits (<0. 3mcg/g for vitamin A, and 2 and D3) in all raw and cooked products, with only vitamin K1beingdetected in BMB1, BMB2, and BBB samples at concentrations slightly above the detection limit. content in raw and cooked PBMAs was substantially greater (P<0. 05) than in raw and cooked GP. content in GB can be variable depending on the production and processing parameters, although GB was numerically less than the PBMAs and GP in the samples tested for this study [52]. One serving of cooked PBMA may supply between 14. 7 to 60. 1 % of the RDA for adults (19-30y) [40]. Generally, vitamin E supplementation in foods contributes a significant portion (>50% RDA) to the American diet, but absorption of vitamin E in the human intestine is highly variable and can be impacted by the amount consumed, fat content, food matrix, and the presence of other fat-soluble nutrients [53,54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that may inhibit nutrient absorption when switching to plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). It highlights that the presence of phytates, fibrous plant materials, and mineral antagonists can affect the absorption of essential minerals and vitamins. For example, it notes that high levels of calcium and magnesium can decrease iron and potassium absorption, indicating that dietary issues may arise when individuals switch to PBMAs due to the complexity of nutrient absorption involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These last categories have the highest predicted diversity of yeasts (Fig. 1, q = 0, q = 1, q = 2). Completeness curves show that sample completeness was nearly achieved with the current sample size at the Drop and Individual levels (1 and 0. 99, respectively). At the Species level, sampled completeness was close to one (0. 89) and at higher-order levels, the maximum sample completeness was 0. 76 and 0. 65 for Genus and Family, respectively (Fig. 1, sampling completeness). Figure 1: Diversity of tropical nectar-living yeasts. Diversity of nectar-living yeasts at the different hierarchically nested sampling levels used in nectar collection: nectar drops (Drop), individual plants (Individual), plant species (Species), plant genus (Genus), and botanical family (Family). Plots show (A) species richness (Hill number for q = 0), (B) equally abundant species (q = 1), (C) dominance (q = 2), and (D) sample completeness curve. Diversity curves were constructed using rarefied (solid lines) and extrapolated nectar samples (dashed lines) with sample size-based estimations. Each curve was extrapolated up to double the initial sample size. Observed sample size for each category curve is denoted by a different symbol. The 95% confidence intervals (color-shaded regions) were obtained by a bootstrap method based on 200 replications. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-1 Yeast-plant associations Correspondence analysis revealed a significant number of associations between yeasts and host plants (Fig. 2). The most extreme correspondence was observed between K. cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii, followed by Starmerella sp. and Metschnikowia ipomoeae with the host plant Ipomoea crinicalyx, Clavispora lusitaniae with Agave angustifolia, and M. koreensis with Tecoma stans. Looser associations included Candida sorbosivorans with Passiflora foetida, Metschnikowia sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversity of yeasts and their associations with host plants without mentioning bioengineering, the production of biofuels, or the conversion of sugars into fuels. It focuses instead on sampling completeness and species associations in the context of nectar-living yeasts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Battery storage systems help balance supply and demand for renewable energy. [SEP] Text: La cuarta parte presenta los resultados de los tres casos de estudio mencionados, las conclusiones de esta Tesis, las publicaciones realizadas en revistas científicas y congresos internacionales y, finalmente, define futuras líneas de investigación que puedan surgir a partir de esta Tesis. -------------------- The main objective of this research is to assess the potential of PV hybrid systems to supply the electrical consumption in the Heating, Cooling and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings. The hypothesis of this thesis suggests that a PV hybrid system is capable of supplying the necessary energy to maintain the comfort conditions inside a building, while this system is technically and economically profitable from the point of view of the consumer. In order to fulfil the proposed objective and contrast the hypothesis, a (BESS) has been coupled to a PV system already existing in the prototype of the nearly zero-energy building, so-called ‘Magic Box’ at the Instituto de Energía Solar - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Likewise, two heat pumps to maintain the comfort conditions inside the house, sensors of temperature, relative humidity and concentration of CO2, have been installed. In the PV hybrid system, control algorithms have been implemented, which are capable of managing the power generated by the PV system, the charge and discharge battery power, and the imported and exported electricity grid, in such a way that the electrical consumption of the heat pumps is always supplied. By means of these algorithms, two control strategies have been implemented (optimizing the PV self-consumption and peak-shaving) and two modes of operation (the battery supplies all loads, or the battery only supplies the HVAC specific load). With the data collected after an extensive measurement programme, a model was developed that reproduces the control strategies implemented in the PV hybrid system, with an error lower than 10%. This model served as the basis for the development of a simulation software tool that allows one to evaluate — for various case studies — the main parameters of the system (PV generation, power exchange with the BESS, power exchange with the utility grid and the battery state of charge). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the integration of a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) with a photovoltaic (PV) hybrid system. It describes control algorithms that manage power generated by the PV system and the charge and discharge of the battery, ensuring supply to meet the electrical consumption of HVAC systems. This illustrates how battery storage systems indeed play a role in balancing supply and demand for renewable energy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: ND: Not Detected. Palmitic (C16:0) and stearic (C18:0) acid compositions were greater (P<0. 05) in GP than in the PBMAs, although, oleic (C18:1) acid content in BMB2 and IFB2 was greater (P<0. 05) than GP. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in oleic (C18:1) and linoleic (C18:2) acid content from IFB1 to IFB2 may be a result of sunflower oil which was used in addition to coconut oil in the IFB2 formulation [67]. Cocoa butter was substituted in the BMB2 formulation for sunflower oil, which may explain the increase (P<0. 05) in oleic acid (C18:1) content from BMB1 and decrease (P<0. 05) in linoleic acid (C18:2) content from BMB1 [67,68]. Linoleic (C18:2) and a-linolenic (C18:3) acids, cannot be synthesized de novo and are essential for human growth and development [69]. The BMB1 and BBB products proved to be a potentially excellent sources of these essential fatty acids compared to the other PBMAs. Conversely, GP was an excellent source of linoleic (C18:2) and arachidonic (C20:4) acid compared to BMB2 and IFB2. Fatty acids are readily absorbed in the human body, but the presence of fibrous materials and various thickeners and binders incorporated into PBMA formulations may inhibit fatty acid absorption [70,71]. Amino acid analysis Results from amino acid analysis for previous and current formulations of raw and cooked samples are reported in tables 10 and 11, respectively. Total essential amino acid content of raw BMB1, BMB2, and IFB1 ranged between 70 and 76mg/g while total essential amino acid content of raw GP and GB ranged between 66 and 68mg/g. Histidine, methionine, and lysine concentrations were greater (P<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that switching to plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) may not be easy for everyone due to potential dietary issues such as the inhibition of fatty acid absorption caused by the presence of fibrous materials and various thickeners and binders in PBMA formulations. This indicates that not all individuals may be able to switch seamlessly to these alternatives.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: with Lonchocarpus longistylus, Sporidiobolus ruineniae with Merremia dissecta, Papilotrema flavescens with Bravaisia berlandieriana, and Kwoniella mangrovensis with Operculina pinnatifida. The weakest associations were observed between Saitozyma flava, Ustilago sparsa, and Ustilago sp. with Ipomoea hederifolia and Ipomoea triloba, and Vishniacozyma taibaiensis and Naganishia liquefaciens with Piscidia piscipula (Fig. 2). Figure 2: Correspondence analysis for nectar-living yeasts. Correspondence analysis for yeasts isolated from floral nectar samples. Plots show the associations between yeasts and host plants: (A) dimensions 1 and 2, (B) dimensions 2 and 3, (C) dimensions 3 and 4. Yeasts are depicted by filled triangles and letters and host plants by filled circles and numbers. Distances among points depict the similarity between members of the same yeast group or of the same plant group. White dashed-line ellipses indicate significant (p < 0. 05) correspondences between yeasts and host plants. Percentage of contribution of each dimension to total variation is shown in parenthesis in the respective dimension. The points depicting the extreme correspondence of Kurtzmaniella cleridarum with Opuntia dillenii were extracted from the graphic analysis so that the correspondences are better observed. Yeasts: (a) Starmerella sp. , (b) Wickerhamiella occidentalis, (c) Candida sorbosivorans, (e) Clavispora lusitaniae, (f) Metschnikowia ipomoeae, (g) Metschnikowia lochheadii (h) Metschnikowia sp. , (i) Metschnikowia koreensis, (k) Vishniacozyma taibaiensis, (l) Saitozyma flava (m) Cryptococcus sp. 1, (n) Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, (o) Papilotrema flavescens, (p) Cryptococcus sp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the associations between various yeasts and host plants without addressing the production of biofuels from sugars. There is no mention or evidence provided regarding the bioengineering of yeast or its capability to produce biofuels.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: renaissance of interest in the bacteria inhabiting the human gastrointestinal tract (microbiota) manifested itself 10–15 years ago, after the fact of bidirectional gut–brain communication had been established (Rhee et al. , 2009; Foster and Neufeld, 2013; Averina and Danilenko, 2017; Cryan et al. , 2019). Along with the successful metagenomic sequencing of intestinal (fecal) samples, the obtainment of experimental data, and the simultaneous development of the techniques of bioinformatic data analysis, this interdisciplinary trend has become one of leading trends in the science of life (Klimina et al. , 2020; Averina et al. , 2020). Today, it is obvious that the gastrointestinal microbiota (the microbiome) communicates directly and indirectly with all human organs and systems, being one of the key integrating mechanisms for the maintenance of homeostasis (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017; Wang et al. , 2017; Grosicki et al. , 2018; Kastl et al. , 2020). The effects of HGM bacteria, in particular, lactobacilli, on the functions of the immune system have been known since the time of discovery of this phenomenon by the academician I. I. Mechnikov (Marco et al. , 2006), and they have been studied over the past 100 years. The genus Lactobacillus is an important HGM inhabitant that exerts a substantial effect on the function of the immune system (Galdeano and Perdigón, 2006; Abdo et al. , 2019). Many lactobacillus strains belonging to more than 120 species have been used in probiotics and postbiotics (Shenderov, 2013; Marsova et al. , 2020а, 2020b; Novik and Savich, 2020). The genomes of many thousands of Lactobacillus strains were sequenced, and the methods of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis were used to detect the genes and their products responsible for interactions with the host organism, including the immune system (Zhang et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how gastrointestinal microbiota, specifically Lactobacillus strains, directly impacts the functions of the immune system. It mentions that the effects of HGM (human gastrointestinal microbiota) bacteria on immune functions have been studied for over a century and highlights specific mechanisms by which the microbiome maintains homeostasis and influences the immune system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: 1 81. 1±9. 5 96. 5 Total non-essential*** 43. 1±7. 0 50. 6±7. 6 35. 7±3. 4 41. 7±6. 2 30. 1±3. 9 42. 9±5. 0 49. 6 Table 11: composition (mg/g±SD) of two formulations of cooked Burger (BMB1 and BMB2), Burger (IFB1 and IFB2), Burger (BBB), 80/20 (GP), and 80/20 (GB). Note: a-e Means within a row with different subscripts differ statistically (P<0. 05). *Data collected from USDA nutrient database [20]. **Includes the following: arginine, histidine, cystine, glycine, tyrosine, and proline. ***Glutamic acid, alanine, and aspartic acid. The PBMAs were either numerically comparable to or statistically greater than (P<0. 05) ABMs for most non-essential amino acid profiles. BMB2 was greater than (P<0. 05) G Pin arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, and tyrosine content. Conversely, GB was numerically greater than the PBMAs and GP in glycine and alanine content. Substantial increases (P<0. 05) in glutamic acid, glycine, serine, and proline were observed from BMB1 to BMB2 formulation, probably due to the inclusion of and mung bean protein isolates which are relatively high in the aforementioned amino acids [74,75]. In contrast, IFB2 and BBB were either numerically comparable to or statistically less (P<0. 05) than GP and BMB2 in most non-essential amino acids assessed. Substantial decreases (P<0. 05) in nearly each non-essential amino acid were observed from IFB1 to IFB2, as wheat protein isolates are exceptionally high in glutamic acid, proline, and potato protein is high in many of the other non-essential amino acids [72]. The presence of fibrous material and anti nutrient components in some plant products may inhibit protein digestibility of PBMAs [76]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the presence of fibrous material and anti-nutrient components in some plant products could inhibit the protein digestibility of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs). This suggests that not all individuals might easily switch to PBMAs without encountering dietary issues related to protein absorption.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 2, (q) Naganishia liquefaciens, (r) Hannaella siamensis, (s) Kwoniella mangrovensis, (t) Rhodotorula paludigena, (u) Sporidiobolus ruineniae, (v) Sympodiomycopsis paphiopedili, (w) Ustilago sparsa, (x) Ustilago sp. Host plants: (1) Agave angustifolia, (2) Bravaisia berlandieriana, (3) Gymnopodium floribundum, (4) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (5) Ipomoea hederifolia, (6) Ipomoea nil, (7) Ipomoea triloba, (8) Lonchocarpus longistylus, (9) Merremia dissecta, (10) Operculina pinnatifida, (12) Passiflora foetida, (13) Piscidia piscipula, (14) Tecoma stans. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-2 Yeast effects on nectar sugars Nectar samples containing yeasts had lower average concentrations of sucrose, glucose, and fructose than nectar samples lacking yeasts, irrespective of the yeast species and host plant (Table 2). In general, significant relationships were found between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration. The decrease in concentration of sucrose, glucose and fructose were proportional to the increase in yeast cell density raised to a power coefficient. In Fig. 3, data are plotted taking the logarithms of both variables to show the linearized pattern and the power function fitted for each sugar. Different yeasts groups (Yeast) and different plant species (Plant) as main factors showed no contributions to explaining variance in the model, but the interaction between both terms had a significant impact on the relationship between yeast cell density and nectar sugar concentration (Table 3). The AIC values confirmed that the multiplicative impact of the interaction between Yeast and Plant was more important to the regression model than the additive effect of each factor. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the production of biofuels from sugars using bioengineered yeast. Instead, it discusses the concentration of nectar sugars in relation to yeast effects without mentioning biofuel production. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Hence, it was possible to proceed from the era of probiotics to the development of pharmbiotics, drugs based on bacteria with the classical probiotic properties but with the identified active component(s), mechanisms of action, and an experimentally confirmed efficiency against particular nosological forms (Oleskin and Shenderov, 2019). There is an abundance of data indicating the role of microbiota in the development of various diseases (psychiatric, oncologic, autoimmune and infectious) (Blumberg and Powrie, 2012; Gilbert et al. , 2016; Levy et al. , 2017). Lactobacilli-based drugs are considered psychobiotics (Yunes et al. , 2016a, 2016b, 2019; Cheng et al. , 2019), probiotics exhibiting antioxidant potential (Marsova et al. , 2018, 2020а, 2020b; Talib et al. , 2019), and immunobiotics (Averina et al. , 2015; Tada et al. , 2016). The year of 2020 saw the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. The apparent role of the HGM in the maintenance of the immune system and the significant effect of the immune system of a particular person on the course of disease compel us to take a closer look at the neuromodulating, antioxidant, and immunomodulating potentials of the HGM. The specific properties of lactobacilli as potential immunomodulating agents for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 require further analysis of this aspect. In the present review, we attempted to bring the HGM microbiome, the immunomodulatory potential of lactobacilli, as well as other probiotic bacteria, and COVID-19 infection together into a single systemic problem. : human microbiota is an assembly of various microorganisms inhabiting the human body (Yan and Charles, 2018). The microbiome is an assembly of the genes of all microorganisms comprising the microbiota (Turnbaugh et al. , 2013; Shreiner et al. , 2015). These terms are currently considered synonyms, and the original term is microbiome. Microorganisms begin to colonize human body at the moment of birth, when the fetus passes through the birth canal; by the third–fourth year of a child’s life, its microbiota becomes similar in composition to the microbiota of adults (Lozupone et al. , 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the 'apparent role of the HGM in the maintenance of the immune system' and discussing the immunomodulating potentials of the human microbiome and probiotics like lactobacilli. It specifically mentions 'the immunomodulatory potential of lactobacilli, as well as other probiotic bacteria', which directly supports the assertion that the human microbiome is involved in regulating the immune system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: Digestibility-() is a simple evaluation of protein quality related to the amount of the first limiting amino acid in a test protein to the human metabolic requirement of that corresponding amino acid. of soy, wheat, pea, mung bean, and bean proteins are 95, 96, 88, 76, and 78%, respectively, while the PDCAAs score for pork and beef has a score of 100% [77-79]. However, it has been suggested that digestibility scores fail to account for anti nutrient factors present in plant materials and substantially over-estimate the digestibility of many plant proteins [80]. Plant-based proteins have been reported to have depressed bioavailability compared to ABMs, although the absorption of amino acids from PBMAs in comparison to ABMs should be further evaluated [81]. were numerically comparable to GP in crude protein and crude fat content. In general, the PBMAs were high in several minerals, potentially competing for absorption, although this effect would have to be further researched. The IFB2 was high in thiamin (B1), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), and folates (B9). However, high thiamin (B1) concentrations may inhibit the absorption of riboflavin (B2) and pyridoxine (B6). Crude fat and total saturated fatty acid content were similar between BMB2, IFB2, and GP. In particular, BMB2 and IFB2 more closely resembled the fatty acid profile of GP, than the previous formulations of BMB1 and IFB1. The PBMAs were generally comparable to GP in most essential amino acid profiles, although high lysine and methionine content. Overall, PBMAs were generally comparable to ABMs in many of the nutrient profiles assessed. However, it is important to investigate further the bioavailability of these nutrients, when incorporated into a PBMA food matrix and exposed to different anti nutrient compounds and antagonistic interactions. for this research was provided in part by and in part by the. Disclosure statement The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest. Use of trade names in this publication does not imply endorsement or criticism by University of those or similar products not mentioned. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the digestibility and bioavailability of plant-based meat alternatives (PBMAs) in comparison to animal-based meats (ABMs). It indicates that while PBMAs may have comparable nutrient profiles, their digestibility can be affected by anti-nutritional factors present in plants which could lead to dietary issues for individuals. It highlights the need to further evaluate how these compounds may inhibit nutrient absorption, thereby suggesting that not all people may easily switch to PBMAs without experiencing dietary issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The best power model that fits the data is one that includes yeast cell density as a predictor of nectar sugar concentration and a multiplicative effect of the interaction between yeasts and host plant species (Table 3). To illustrate the interaction between Yeast and Plant factors and its impact on nectar sugar concentration, along with the overlap effect of yeast cell density, scatter plots for representative yeast species and their respective host plant species are shown in Fig. 4. Table 2: Nectar samples with yeasts and nectar samples without yeasts. Comparisons of average (±SD) concentrations of the three nectar sugars between nectar samples containing yeast cells and nectar samples without cells. t-tests and statistical significance are shown for each sugar. Nectar sugars Nectar samples (g of solute per 100 mL solution) t d. f p With yeasts Without yeasts Sucrose 6. 3 ± 7. 8 10. 6 ± 11. 1 4. 48 215 <0. 0001 Glucose 2. 5 ± 3. 2 5. 5 ± 3. 8 7. 95 196 <0. 0001 Fructose 2. 9 ± 2. 9 5. 6 ± 3. 5 8. 81 172 <0. 0001 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-2 Figure 3: The relationship between nectar sugars and yeast cell density. Overall relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of nectar sugars: (A) sucrose, (B) glucose and (C) fructose. Power models are shown in each panel along with their statistical significance. The percentages of variance of each sugar explained by each model (adjusted R2) are 10%, 30%, and 36% for sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-3 Table 3: Type III least-square analyses and Criterion (AIC) values for the effect of yeast cell density on the concentration of nectar sugars. Sum of squares (SS), degrees of freedom (d. f. ), F-values (F) and statistical significance (P-value) for the co-factors Yeast (different groups of yeasts) and Plant (different host plant species) are shown jointly with their respective AIC value. The lower the AIC value, the better the model fits to the data when a variable/co-factor is included in the model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of nectar sugars, as well as the statistical models used to analyze this data. It does not provide any information about bioengineered yeast or their ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The replenishment and development of microflora from year to year continues until adulthood. In the case of caesarian section, the newborn’s microbiota is based on bacteria from the environment but not on the vaginal and fecal bacteria of its mother. The microbiotas of babies born vaginally and via C-section show the presence of undifferentiated bacterial communities of the skin, mouth cavity, nasopharynx, and gut of newborns irrespective of the means of delivery. The microbiota of unnatural born babies is similar to the mothers’ skin community; natural born babies acquire bacterial communities similar to the vaginal microbiota. Other factors influencing the microbiota are the type of infant feeding, gestational age, and administration of antibiotics. Bifidobacteria are predominant in the microbiota of breastfed babies, while the amounts of Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Bacteroides fragilis, and Lactobacillus are higher in formula-fed babies (Ottman et al. , 2012)The microbiota of adults is rather stable if the environment remains constant, but it changes in their old age with a decrease in compositional diversity (Lozupone et al. , 2012). The human microbiota undergoes changes in response to various factors, including diet, environment, stress, medical interventions and diseases (Barko et al. , 2018; Gilbert et al. , 2018). The microbiota consists of a consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, which are also present in and on human body and amount to 1013–1014 microorganisms. In view of the COVID-19 pandemic, the viral component of the microbiome (virome) has begun to attract great attention (Mukhopadhya and Segal, 2019). The HGM is extremely numerous and diverse in composition. The amount of bacteria in the intestines is equal to the number of somatic cells in the body. The biomass of gut microbiota may be up to 1–2 kg. The number of microorganisms varies between different parts of GIT: 102–104 cells/mL in the stomach, 106–108 in the small intestine, and up to 1012 cells/mL in the large intestine (Derrien and van Hylckama Vlieg, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the human microbiota, which consists of various microorganisms and undergoes changes due to several factors, including medical interventions and diseases. This implies that the composition and stability of the microbiome may influence the immune system's function and regulation, supporting the role of the human microbiome in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: com recently reported that the consumption of processed meat (such as smoked meat, ham, bacon, and sausages), as well as red meat products (such as beef, lamb, and pork), has been linked to cancer. Furthermore, the presence of saturated fatty acids in red meat is linked to higher risk of cardiovascular disease due to an increased incidence of low-density lipoproteins in the body. A large body of research has revealed the health benefits associated with switching animal sources of protein with plant-based sources, including reduced risks of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Furthermore, meat analogues are rich in dietary fibre, which plays an essential role in preventing bowel disease, heart disease, and diabetes. “Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction. ” As consumers have become increasingly aware of the treatment and lifestyle of livestock, many hold serious concerns for the overall health and welfare of farmed animals. Problems are increasingly arising from poor farm management practices, including livestock being subjected to beatings and animal health issues that are left untreated by farmers. Intensive farming systems are similarly contentious, where livestock are reared in extremely high densities, which result in elevated levels of stress and an increased risk of diseases amongst the animals. As such, more people than ever before are looking at meat-free alternatives for sources of dietary protein. Laccase. Appearance of grilled meat analogues treated with enzyme laccase, in the presence or absence of a binder (methyl cellulose or SBP). by 2030 According to the Programme, 135 million suffer from acute hunger – largely due to man-made conflicts, climate change, economic downturn, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Although a radical change of the global food and agriculture system is needed to sustain the increasing world population, the UN forecasts that the world is not on track to meet its Goal 2: by 2030. In fact, if current trends continue, the number of people affected by hunger will surpass 840 million by 2030, or 9. 8% of the global population. One way to make the goal more achievable is to switch to plant-based diets. Although replacing meat in our diet with meat alternatives can provide a wide range of health and environmental benefits, most consumers remain unwilling to eliminate animal products from their diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'most consumers remain unwilling to eliminate animal products from their diet.' This indicates that while there may be health benefits to switching to a plant-based diet, it does not imply that all people can easily make the switch without facing dietary issues or resistance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Model terms Fructose SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC SS d. f F P-value AIC Full model −126 −206 −190 Yeast cell density 1. 35 1 5. 88 0. 0178 −120 0. 84 1 7. 85 0. 0064 −197 0. 56 1 4. 48 0. 0375 −186 Yeast 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Plant 0 0 −126 0 0 −206 0 0 −190 Yeast × Plant 4. 74 8 2. 57 0. 0155 −117 2. 39 8 2. 81 0. 0089 −194 2. 62 8 2. 64 0. 0133 −180 Residual 0. 48 73 0. 33 73 0. 35 73 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/table-3 Figure 4: Differential effects of nectar-living yeasts. The effect of the interaction of different types of yeasts and host plants on the relationship between yeast cell density and the concentration of sugar in nectar samples. Data are shown only for fructose concentration in nectar of (A) Ipomoea crinicalyx, (B) Ipomoea hederifolia, (C) Ipomoea nil, (D) Ipomoea triloba, (E) Merremia aegyptia, (F) Merremia dissecta, (G) Operculina pinnatifida, (H) Opuntia dillenii, and (I) Tecoma stans. Not all yeasts are distributed in all host plants; some yeasts seem to be specific to some plants. Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/fig-4 other studies of nectar-living yeasts have been conducted in tropical nectariferous plants to date, excepting Herrera et al. (2009) and Canto & Herrera (2012), where the frequency of yeasts in floral nectar samples was assessed in three regions, two in southern Spain and one in southern Mexico. However, the diversity of nectar yeasts was not explicitly addressed in these previous studies, although their results suggest differences between temperate and tropical regions. A similar study was conducted by Mittelbach et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels. It discusses yeast cell density and its relationship to sugars in nectar, but does not address the production of biofuels or the design of yeast for that purpose.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The overwhelming majority of bacteria in the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) belong to the following three phyla: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria (Spor et al. , 2011; Moal, 2014; Montalban-Arques et al. , 2015). Microbiomics is the developing field of research on the detection of microbiota components, analysis of the microbiome, characterization of the interactions between the microbiota and the host, and assessment of its effect on the state of human health (Fata et al. , 2018). The microbiota makes a vital contribution to energy homeostasis, metabolism, the state of the intestinal epithelium, and the immunological activity of the organism, including its responses to infectious diseases. Studies have proven the important role of the HGM in the control of brain development and function, while the immune system becomes an important regulator of these interactions. Intestinal microbes regulate the maturation and function of resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which protect against infections and injuries, and they maintain neurons with remodeling of chain bonding and plasticity. Microbes also influence the activation of peripheral immune cells, which regulate the responses to neuroinflammation, brain injuries, autoimmunity, and neurogenesis. Accordingly, both the microbiota and the immune system are involved in etiopathogenesis or the manifestation of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as autism spectrum disorder, depression, and Alzheimer’s disease (Fung et al. , 2017). Carbohydrate fermentation is the main function of the HGM. It was shown that the metagenome of the small intestine is much more enriched in genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism as compared to the metagenome of feces. Sugar phosphotransferases, enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway, proteins for lactate and propionate fermentation, and cofactors such as cobalamin and biotin are encoded in many taxa from iliac drains, in particular, Streptococcus. This confirms that carbohydrate balance is the central function of the collective small intestinal microbiota (Zoetendal et al. , 2012). Metatranscriptomic analysis showed that metabolic processes are very active and that the microbiota of the small intestine quickly adapts to fluctuations in nutrient availability in the lumen via the fast metabolism of simple carbohydrates to maintain the life of the community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how intestinal microbes regulate the maturation and function of resident immune cells, which are essential in protecting against infections and maintaining overall immune responses. It emphasizes that both the microbiota and the immune system are involved in various health aspects, further supporting the role of the microbiome in immune regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All people can easily switch to plant-based meat alternatives without dietary issues. [SEP] Text: However, Sakai’s research allows manufacturers to improve the texture, firmness, and juiciness of meat alternatives – crucial qualities for consumers’ satisfaction and acceptance of food products. Furthermore, the method proposed by Sakai and his collaborators is the first chemical-free binding system for meat analogues. The novel method of production is associated with considerable health benefits, including a 2. 3-fold higher release of free amino nitrogen after gastrointestinal digestion, compared to that released from meat analogues treated with MC as the binder. With this new method for manufacturing more delicious and nutritious plant-based protein sources, more people will reap the benefits of a meat-free or reduced meat diet – whilst also helping to lessen the impact of human agriculture on our world’s fragile ecosystem. Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com What are the next steps for your research? Using enzymatic methods, we aim to solve the technical challenges faced by customers and manufacturers of plant-based foods, especially meat and milk alternatives. In a recent study, we tackled one of the challenges of plant-based meat analogues using enzymatic methods. We safely and effectively imitated the colour of meat alternatives, which is important for the perception of taste and overall product acceptance: www. nature. com/4. In this way, I would like to maximise the potential of enzymes. 6631. (2020) A review of research on plant-based meat alternatives: Driving forces, history, manufacturing, and consumer attitudes. in 19 (5), 2639–2656. Nations (2020). Goal 2: [online]. Nations. Available at: www. un. org/sustainabledevelopment/hunger/ [Accessed 08/02/2022]. DOI 10. 26904/RF-140-2389701088 Using enzyme technology, develops innovative plant-based alternative foods. completed his studies at between 2012 to 2018. He then joined Inc, where he specialises in enzyme technology for developing plant-based alternative foods. 1–6 Technoplaza Kakamigahara-Shi Gifu, 509-0109 Japan E: [email protected] T: +81 (0)58 379 1223 W: www. amano-enzyme. co. jp W: www. amano-enzyme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while advancements in texture and health benefits of plant-based meat alternatives are being made, it also implies that there are 'technical challenges faced by customers and manufacturers of plant-based foods.' This suggests that not all people may find it easy to switch to plant-based alternatives without encountering dietary or acceptance issues, indicating potential barriers in the transition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) in a subtropical environment of the Canary Islands. We will first discuss diversity patterns found in the present study and then compare them with previous findings. Finally, we will discuss the association between yeast species and host plants and the implications of differential yeast effects on nectar sugars. Yeast diversity Our results indicate that the assemblage of yeasts in the plant community surveyed was composed of a relatively high number of species at the highest sampling levels (plant genera and botanical families), along with a substantial number of equally common species and relatively low species dominance. This tropical plant community harbored a higher diversity of nectar yeasts than our sampling design could detect. While the expected yeast diversity at the drop and individual levels was estimated acceptably with the sample size set in this study, the analysis predicts that diversity increased remarkably at higher levels in the sampling hierarchy. Reducing the number of nectar drop replicates per plant, as well as the number of individual plants per species, while increasing the number of plant genera and families will probably achieve a more encompassing picture of diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical plants. A frequent pattern of animal and plant diversity is the latitudinal gradient of species richness (Pianka, 1966; Hillebrand, 2004). Although latitudinal clines in species richness are discernible in several groups of marine bacterioplankton and phytoplankton microorganisms (e. g. , Fuhrman et al. , 2008; Schattenhofer et al. , 2009; Barton et al. , 2010), microbial diversity has been less studied in these clines, particularly for diversity associated with tropical floral nectars. Although more studies are necessary, our results and those of the other studies reveal a possible tendency for lower latitudes to support more nectar-living yeast species than higher latitudes. For example, Herzberg, Fischer & Titze (2002) studied microfungal diversity in the nectars of native plants in temperate communities of Germany, reporting a species richness of 20 yeasts in a total of 25 different plant species. Pozo, Herrera & Bazaga (2011) found 12 yeast taxa in 24 plant species in southern Spain; later, Álvarez Pérez & Herrera (2013) found 20 yeasts in nectar of 30 plant species in a large plant assemblage from southern Spain. Most recently, Mittelbach et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the diversity patterns and associations of yeast species in a tropical plant community and their relationship with nectar sugars, without any reference to bioengineering or biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: As compared to conventionally raised mice, the skeletal muscles of mice lacking a microbiome were characterized by a noticeably higher activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and carnitine palmitoyltranferase-1 (CPT-1), demonstrating an enhanced oxidative capacity. Taken together, these early studies show that the gut microbiota can influence body composition via the regulation of the bioenergetic pathways of skeletal muscles (Grosicki et al. , 2018). The metabolites produced by GIT microorganisms also exert an effect on distal organs, such as the lungs (Wang et al. , 2017). The microaspiration of intestinal bacteria or the transfer of sensitized immune cells by lymph or blood flow influences the immunoresponse of other organs. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with several lung diseases, including allergy, asthma, and cystic fibrosis. The bidirectional interaction between the gut and the lungs is best illustrated by the intestinal disorders observed with lung disease. For example, the decreased number of Bifidobacteria and the increased number of Clostridia in the intestines are associated with early-age asthma. In addition, mouse studies showed that the depletion of certain species in the gut microbiota as a result of antibiotic administration influences lung diseases and allergic inflammation (Dharmage et al. , 2015). Changes in the pulmonary microbial community also affect the composition of the gut microbiota. For example, the viral dynamics of influenza in respiratory tracts (as shown in mouse models) increases the amount of Enterobacteriaceae and decreases the amount of lactobacilli and lactococci in the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis of the lung microbiota upon the introduction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice is accompanied by gut-microbiota disorders due to the transfer of bacteria from lungs with the blood flow (Sze et al. , 2014). All of the mentioned results confirm that the gut and lungs are complexly related organs that influence the homeostasis of each other. The human body seems to have not a single organ or system that would not be directly or indirectly associated with the function of the gut microbiota. interactions between the microbiota and the host immune system are polymodal, complex, and bidirectional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that the interactions between the microbiota and the host immune system are 'polymodal, complex, and bidirectional.' It highlights how the gut microbiota influences not only body composition but also the immune response of various organs, including the lungs, demonstrating the microbiome's significant role in immune system regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Please be aware that carriers will not deliver packages to Boxes. Because of the variability of customs processes and procedures in different countries, ASTM International cannot guarantee transit times to international destinations. Customs duty and taxes are the responsibility of the consignee. Shipping & Handling charges follow the rate schedule, below: Shipping & Up to $50. 00 $18. 00 $50. 01 to $100. 00 $20. 00 $100. 01 to $150. 00 $28. 38 $150. 01 to $250. 00 $37. 59 $250. 01 to $500. 00 $54. 09 $500. 01 to $750. 00 $73. 48 $750. 01 to $1000. 00 $89. 57 $1000. 01 to $1500. 00 $116. 61 $1500. 01 to $2500. 00 $152. 29 $2500. 01 to $4999. 00 $201. 00 $5000. 00 to $higher $225. 00 Shipping and Handling charges are approximate. Additional charges may be incurred if your order requires multiple shipments. This does not apply to complete sets and sections. × -. By purchasing a subscription and clicking through this agreement, you are entering into a contract, and acknowledge that you have read this License Agreement, that you understand it and agree to be bound by its terms. If you do not agree to the terms of this License Agreement, promptly exit this page without entering the ASTM Product. 1. Ownership:is copyrighted, both as a compilation and as individual standards, 2. Definitions. A. Types of Licensees: (i) Individual User:a single unique computer, with an individual IP address; (ii) Single-Site:one geographic location or to multiple sites within one city that are part of a single organization unit administered centrally; for example, different campuses of the same university within the same city administered centrally. (iii) Multi-Site:an organization or company with independently administered multiple locations within one city; or an organization or company located in more than one city, state or country, with central administration for all locations. B. Authorized Users:any individual who has subscribed to this Product; if a Site License, also includes registered students, faculty or staff member, or employee of the Licensee, at the Single or Multiple Site. 3. Limited License. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding drone delivery of small packages. Instead, it focuses on customs processes, shipping and handling charges, and licensing agreements. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any supporting or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: (2015) reported nectar fungal diversity from a subtropical plant community in the Canary Islands. A total of 34 yeasts species were found in eight native plant species. Belisle et al. (2014) reported 38 microfungi species, associated with mouthparts of 21 hummingbirds and six bat species of Costa Rica. In this work in a tropical environment, 18 nectariferous plants were surveyed and a total of 39 yeast taxa were found. Therefore, yeast species richness seems to steadily decrease from the tropical community of Yucatan and subtropical community in the to the temperate plant communities of southern Spain and Germany. Yeast-plant associations The diversity of nectar-living yeasts in our sample was also shaped by associations between yeast, host plants and flower visitors. This pattern creates a mosaic of nectar environments at the community level where habitat features are filters that influence the probability that the taxa, with their specified traits, can join and persist as members of a local community (Soininen, 2012; Hillebrand & Blenckner, 2002). According to our results and previous evidence (e. g. , Lachance et al. , 2001; Lachance & Starmer, 2008; Lachance, Hurtado & Hsiang, 2016), two types of non-exclusive filters may influence nectar-yeast interactions. First, floral nectar may act as a yeast community filter because of its physicochemical and nutritional factors such as availability of nutrients, water activity and the presence of yeast limiting/enhancing solutes, which can together lead to physiological specialization in nectar-living yeasts (Lievens et al. , 2015). Our results show the existence of frequent yeast and host plant correspondences, which is compatible with the existence of nectar filters that ‘sieve’ yeasts arriving to nectar and drive yeast distribution across host plants. However, experimental evidence culturing yeasts under different nectar environments are necessary to test the existence of this type of filter. Second, flower visitors can also be seen as an ecological filter as they show particular associations with yeasts. Different plant species have different pollinators that can transport different yeast species to floral nectars. In a preliminary nectar-yeast assessment in plants, de Vega, Herrera & Johnson (2009) observed that differences among plant species in yeast incidence were related to variations in pollinator types. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses yeast species diversity in various environments and their ecological interactions rather than addressing bioengineering or biofuel production. There is no mention of bioengineered yeast or its application in biofuels, making it a 'pass' with a cold relevance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: From the moment of birth, the human microbiota, primarily, the gut microbiota, plays the decisive role in the induction, training, and function of the immune system (Belkaid and Harrison, 2017). In turn, the immune system develops as a tool that supports partnerships with commensal and symbiotic microorganisms and induces protective inflammatory responses to pathogens, i. e. , the immune system learns to coexist with commensal microbiota and to respond adequately to pathogenic microorganisms (Hooper et al. , 2012). The disturbance of intestinal homeostasis can lead to diseases such as cancer, Crohn’s disease (regional enteritis), nonspecific ulcerative colitis, diabetes, obesity, allergy, asthma, etc. (Cianci et al. , 2018). The development of these diseases also correlates with impaired functions of the immune system (Fedorova and Danilenko, 2014). The intestines are an important immunological organ. About 80% of all immunocompetent cells are localized in the intestinal mucus; about 25% of the mucous membrane consists of immunologically active tissue and cells. Morphologically, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) includes cellular (macrophages, plasma and mast cells, lymphocytes, etc. ) and structural elements (lymphoid follicles, lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches, etc. ). The latter, which are controlled by cells of immunological memory, are involved in the interaction between antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which are capable of antigen absorption or processing, and T cells, thereby carrying out the immunoresponse. An important GALT function is antigen identification and the removal or development of immunological tolerance to antigens (Yarilin, 2010). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the transmembrane molecules binding extra- and intracellular structures and are elements of the immune protection of the intestinal epithelium. They perform an important function in the immune response: they detect particular structures of the antigens of intestinal bacteria and bind them. TLR receptors provide tolerance to constant microflora, APC-antigen delivery, an increased gap-junction density, and the induction of antimicrobial peptides (Lu et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing how the human microbiota, particularly gut microbiota, plays a crucial role in the induction, training, and function of the immune system. It states that the immune system learns to coexist with commensal microbiota and adjust its response to pathogens, which demonstrates the regulatory role of the microbiome in immune function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Panelists can be scheduled quite easily and are able to take part in either regularly planned or as well spontaneously organized synchronic test situations. But how about panelists in so-called “external panels,” who must travel to be able to participate in regular on-site and synchronic trainings and test situations? Such dates can be organized and scheduled only medium or long-term presupposed. Rather flexible and spontaneous testing under such conditions is almost not possible. This consideration shows us—independently from pandemic situations—the need for additional appropriate test settings, that on the one hand can secure high standards of data quality/validity in sensory analysis and are on the other hand flexible as well as time and cost-efficient. Doing sensory trainings and tests with panelists “remote” (off-site), meaning that panelists work at home respectively at defined and standardized “home-testing-stations,” cause less costs for traveling (time per panelist, transportation). Data can be collected and exchanged online (web-based) either synchronously or asynchronously and as well panel meetings can take place remotely. Moreover, the latest data even show a better availability of panelists, due to less necessary time effort for traveling and thereby as well a higher motivation for contribution in panel work, compared to more elaborate (in situ) settings [6]. The aim of the study at hand is to prove the overall performance of participating sensory panels and the quality of the collected data. The focus lies on the evaluation of the suitability of “in situ” test situations (sensory laboratory) versus “remote” test situations (home test stations) for the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Additionally, the criteria of homogeneity between the considered panels as well as homogeneity, consistency, and repeatability of each single panel are particularly interesting in this context. Advertisement 3. Materials and methods3. 1 Panels and panelistsThe study at hand compares results from two sensory olive oil panels, namely the Oil Panel/DOP and the Oil Panel/SOP. Both panels are objective expert panels whose members have many years of experience in the sensory evaluation of olive oil. Specific infrastructure makes it possible to either carry out sensory tests synchronously and “in situ” in sensory laboratory (or comparable) situations, equipped with test booth, heaters, etc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the logistics and methodologies of sensory evaluation involving panelists and their testing conditions. There is no mention of drones or package delivery systems, thus it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Mittelbach et al. (2015) also found that differences in pollinator types partly explained variation in nectar yeast composition between plants. Pollinators of plants sampled for this study included solitary bees, stingless bees, hummingbirds, beetles, and bats. Thus, it seems reasonable to postulate that these different groups will carry different yeast species, and the closest yeast-plant correspondences are also caused by particular flower visitors carrying particular yeasts to flowers. For example, correspondence between K. cleridarum and the cactus O. dilleni is explained by the association of this yeast with beetles of the genus Carpophilus, which contact cactus flowers to feed on nectar and pollen and release yeast cells to this environment (Lachance & Starmer, 2008). Correspondence of Starmerella sp. and M. ipomoeae with I. crinicalyx denote that the flower visitors are bees and nitidulid beetles (Rosa et al. , 2003; Lachance et al. , 2001). The association of M. ipomoeae and M. lochheadii with Ipomoea species results from the association of these yeasts with Conotelus beetles (Lachance et al. , 2001). In contrast, looser yeast-plant correspondences involved mostly basidiomicetous yeasts (except C. sorbosivorans) isolated in non-flower, non-nectar substrates and probably arrive to nectar through accidental contamination or air dispersal (Lachance et al. , 2001; Valério, Gadanho & Sampaio, 2002; Fell & Tallman, 1980; Yang et al. , 2010). Additionally, plant-yeast species correspondences mostly involved ascomycetous yeasts. In fact, ascomycetous yeasts showing correspondence with plants all belong to the same Saccharomycetes class (subphylum Saccharomycotina), while basidiomycetous taxa isolated from nectar belong to several classes such as Tremellomycetes, Ustilaginomycetes, Microbotryomycetes, and Hyphomycetes (subphyla Agaricomycotina, Pucciniomycotina, and Ustilaginomycotina). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses various yeast species' relationships with plant pollinators, nectar composition, and the types of yeasts found associated with different plants. It lacks any information related to the production of biofuels from sugars or bioengineering yeast for that purpose.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: In addition, TLRs can be receptors for cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-13. At present, there are 13 known TLRs. In mammals, the most important is TLR4. This receptor of bacterial endotoxins plays the key role in the induction of innate immunity and inflammation. TLR4 is activated by bacterial LPS due to the coordinated and successive effects of three other proteins: lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LPP), cluster of differentiation antigen CD14, and myeloid differentiation protein MD-2 receptors. The latter bind LPS and present it to TLR4 in monomeric form by forming an active complex [TLR4·MD-2·LPS] (Gómez-Llorente et al. , 2010). Moreover, immunoglobulins of all classes are found in the gut of adults (secretory immunoglobulins A (IgА) being predominant). The proven effect of gut microbiota on immune adaptation and the development of human tolerance to external factors allowed the use of microorganism—human symbionts for the prevention and treatment of quite a number of diseases (Peri et al. , 2012). In 2020, COVID-19 became a threat to the world population, and its study has given high relevance to the role of the gut microbiota in the course and treatment of this disease. COVID-19: the world is gripped by the pandemic of the new coronaviral infection, COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Thus pathogen has rapidly spread all over the world since the first outbreak in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is a new type of coronavirus of the family Coronaviridae, an enveloped RNA virus. The average incubation period is 5–14 days; the basic reproduction number is estimated to be 2. 1–3. 4 (Weiss et al. , 2005; Li et al. , 2019; Gralinski and Menachery, 2020; Wang et al. , 2020). It is known that COVID-19 binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its receptor (Yan et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of gut microbiota on immune adaptation and development of human tolerance to external factors. It specifically mentions the 'proven effect of gut microbiota on immune adaptation,' which supports the assertion that the human microbiome is involved in regulating the immune system.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. Licensee will cooperate with ASTM in investigating any such prohibited uses and will take reasonable steps to ensure the cessation of such activity and to prevent any reoccurrence. B. Licensee shall use all reasonable efforts to protect the Product from any use that is not permitted under this Agreement, and shall notify ASTM of any use of which it learns or is notified. 5. to Product. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the use of drones for package delivery. It discusses licensing, usage rights, and prohibited uses concerning a product or documents but does not mention anything about drones or package delivery. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or provide insight into the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Yeast effects on nectar Our results show that the overall effect of yeast cell density on nectar sugars generally involves changes in the composition of nectar sugars that denote not only a chemical signature of yeast metabolism but also a nectar quality impoverishment since the sugar concentration decreases with increasing yeast cell density. This phenomenon has been reported previously by Herrera, García & Pérez (2008) and de Vega & Herrera (2013). By reducing the nutritional value of nectar, the foraging behavior of pollinators is affected and nectar-living yeasts become a factor that drives plant–pollinator interactions (Herrera, Pozo & Medrano, 2013; see also Vannette, Gauthier & Fukami, 2013; Good et al. , 2014; Schaeffer & Irwin, 2014). Although more data from additional tropical communities are needed, it is reasonable to expect that nectar-living yeasts will have ecologically significant implications in plant–pollinator interactions at the community level because of their effects on community-wide floral nectar traits and the foraging behavior of flower visitors. The results from this study also show that nectar alteration by yeasts is not a rare phenomenon in the community of host plants and is probably more frequent in tropical plant communities than is currently acknowledged. Yeast cell density and the interaction between different yeast groups and host plants account for most of the variance observed in nectar sugar concentration in this study. Although different yeast groups were not found to have different impacts on nectar traits, their interaction with host plants impacted nectar sugar concentration. One explanation is that the initial sugar concentration of nectar depends on the variance inherent to plant species in their nectar secretion. Nectar-living yeasts can match or mismatch with traits of initial nectar (e. g. , because of physiologic requirements of yeasts), therefore, different types of yeasts will differ in their ability to grow in different nectars (Herrera, Pozo & Bazaga, 2014). Moreover, floral nectars frequently contain plant metabolites that prevent yeast degradation of nectar (Adler, 2000; Thornburg et al. , 2003; Herrera et al. , 2010; Heil, 2011; Nepi et al. , 2012). The result is that some types (or species) of yeast will occur in specific host plants but will not occur in others. This pattern was observed across host plants in this study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses the effects of yeast on nectar sugars and their implications for plant-pollinator interactions, rather than addressing bioengineered yeast or its potential for biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: The inducers can be bacterial products, phorbol esters, and polyelectrolytes. The cytotoxic effect of TNF-α is manifested as the induction of apoptosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxide (NO). It is able to induce the synthesis of interferon γ (IFN-γ), which stimulates immune cells. TNF-α is one of the participants of inflammation induction; via paracrine stimulation of IL-8 production, it intensifies angiogenesis and the secretion of prostaglandins and determines the synthesis of proteins of the acute phase of inflammation. The involvement of TNF-α in the development of the immunoresponse is determined by the enhanced proliferation of B and T cells; it increases the thymus-dependent production of antibodies and inhibits the formation of immunological tolerance (Marko and Prka, 2013). an early stage of the development of microbiology, bacteria were considered, from a medical point of view, to be foreign “invaders” capable of causing various diseases. Accordingly, studies in microbiology were focused mainly on the elimination of bacteria with disinfecting agents, antibiotics, and other substances (Linares et al. , 2016). The initial discovery of the benefits of the presence of particular bacteria is associated with the name of E. Metchnikoff, a Nobel laureate who is recognized as a pioneer of the study of probiotics. In the early 20th century, E. Metchnikoff discovered that “beneficial” bacteria, especially lactic-acid bacteria, can exert a positive effect on digestion and the immune system (Marco et al. , 2006). Continuing Metchnikoff’s studies on the favorable effects of bacteria, from the in France administered bifidobacteria to infants suffering from diarrhea after bifidobacteria had been found in the gut microbiota of breast-fed babies (Mazloom et al. , 2019). Probiotics are living microorganisms that, when ingested in sufficient amounts, provide a health benefit (Fijan, 2014; Wang et al. , 2016). In 1995, G. Gibson introduced the term “prebiotic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bacteria, including beneficial lactic-acid bacteria, in exerting a positive effect on the immune system. It mentions that these bacteria can influence digestion and also contribute to immune response regulation through various mechanisms, supported by historical studies conducted by E. Metchnikoff and others.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some companies have begun using drones to deliver small packages in test locations. [SEP] Text: Policy: ASTM International prohibits the entry of ASTM standards and related ASTM intellectual property (“”) into any form of (AI) tools, such as ChatGPT. Additionally, creating ----derivatives of using AI is also prohibited without express written permission from ASTM’s President. In the case of such use, ASTM will suspend a licensee’s access to and further legal action will be considered. Meetings & | Meetings & & & Standards and Papers & STPs Manuals, Monographs, & of ® (SOP) (TMA) and & & & & and ASTM What is and to to News and & -15. 10 Committee F02 $ 83. 00 In stock Scope1. 1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the steady-state rate of transmission of oxygen gas into packages. More specifically, the method is applicable to packages that in normal use will enclose a dry environment. 1. 2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Version F1307-02 F1307-20 Active F1307-14 F1307-02R07 F1307-90 is a Redline? Why Redline? × A PDF redline is a quick and easy way to compare all of the changes between the current, active standard and the previous version. With a redline you'll immediately see: additions deletions and other changes between the two standards. and Trouble! With a Redline you no longer have to spend time trying to determine what has changed in the new standard! Redlines save you time and ensure you see what the changes are to the standard. you select the "Standard + Redline" option you get both documents! Best of all, the cost of a Standard + Redline is only slightly more than buying the by itself. Soon! Price: Add to & and Handling × Domestic orders are delivered via Service (UPS) or (USPS). Transit times average 3 to 5 business days. Please be aware that UPS will not deliver packages to Boxes. . orders are delivered via courier post services which can be either a postal service, courier service, or a combination of both. is untraceable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses ASTM policies and procedures related to standards and does not mention drones, package delivery, or any related technology. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: For example, Metschnikowia group yeasts occur in I. crinicalyx, O. pinnatifida and T. stant but did not occur in the rest of the host plants. Similarly, Papilotrema group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, M. aegyptia, M. dissecta and O. pinnatifida, and Ustilago group yeasts occurred only in I. hederifolia, I. nil, I. triloba, and M. dissecta. The observed diversity of nectar-living yeasts in the assemblage of host plants surveyed most likely represent only a portion of the actual number of species occurring in floral nectar in the area, suggesting that tropical communities harbor an impressive, as yet undiscovered diversity of yeast taxa associated with flower-nectar environments. The diversity of these types of yeasts is not only characterized by an important number of equally common species with low dominance but also by significant species correspondences between yeasts and nectariferous plants. Finally, the impact that the interaction between different types of yeasts and nectariferous plants exert on nectar sugars observed in this study suggests the existence of a nectar filtering process that sieves the initial assemblage of yeast species arriving to nectar from pollinators mouthparts, thus creating the opportunity for yeast ecological specialization. Data sets of tropical yeasts and host plants used in this study for the analyses of diversity, correspondence analysis, and power model regression Raw data of the incidence and cell density of nectar-living yeasts on the floral nectar of a tropical host plant community. Three data sets are shown, one used for the diversity analysis (diversity), another applied for the analysis of correspondence between yeasts and host plants (correspondence), and the last one used in the analysis of power model regression of yeast cell density versus concentration of nectar sugars (yeast effects). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-1 Download 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-2 sequences of representative yeasts resulted from nectar samples Nucleotide sequences of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it discusses the diversity of nectar-living yeasts in tropical plants and their ecological interactions, which are irrelevant to the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuel production.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: ” Prebiotics are nondigestible oligosaccharides, such as fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, lactulose, and inulin, that can stimulate the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria, in particular, lactobacilli and bifidobacteria (Patel and DuPont, 2015). Postbiotics are unviable bacteria, bacterial cell structures, and metabolic products exerting positive effects on a host. Various metabolic products produced by postbiotics include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polysaccharides, bacteriocins, functional peptides, proteins, etc. (Johnson et al. , 2019). The term “metabiotics” was introduced simultaneously with the term “probiotics” (Shenderov, 2013). The term “metabiotics” implies microecological agents based on low-molecular structural components, metabolites, and signaling molecules of bacteria—probiotics. They have a synergistic effect on the structural and regulatory genes of the cells of a macroorganism and regulate metagenomic stability, the posttranslational modification of gene products, and epigenetic regulation for the maintenance of the general state of health (Singh et al. , 2018). The terms “metabiotics” and “postbiotics” are similar and have the same meaning of identified active components in probiotics and established mechanisms of their action. In our studies, we use also the term “pharmbiotics. ” Pharmbiotics are probiotics and their products with the identified active components and the known mechanism of action. The vast majority of microorganisms currently recognized as probiotics are gram-positive bacteria. Probiotics primarily include specially selected strains of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. Other groups of bacteria of the human gut microbiome—the so-called next generation probiotics—have also recently been actively studied (Chang et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of prebiotics, postbiotics, and probiotics on the host's health, referencing their interaction with beneficial intestinal bacteria and their role in maintaining metagenomic stability and epigenetic regulation, which are crucial aspects of immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Drones will replace all forms of traditional delivery by 2030. [SEP] Text: 11 T2 - of F - of O - of P - 1 EP - 6 PB - Group SN - 2328-7616 UR - AB - In a world where most businesses are innovating or digitally transitioning, neglecting to experiment puts businesses at a disadvantage by making them increasingly irrelevant to the consumers, resistant to change, and unable to compete with larger and more efficient rivals. According to a survey by McKinsey, 84% of professionals feel that future success is dependent on continuous innovation in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry and respond to the competition. 13, 2022, Amazon announced its plans to make its first drone deliveries in Lockeford, California. The idea of delivery with the help of drones represents a true innovation in the e-commerce business, fastening the delivery service in a way that was almost unimaginable a few years back. However, the company faces diverse challenges endangering its project, including ever changing regulations, skepticism from the customers, and safety concerns. All of this leads to a launch that has been postponed for years, questioning the viability of the project. Indeed, Amazon has the potential to be a huge success once it finally launches its operations as it can develop a strong competitive advantage. This case analysis aims at discussing the factors involved in the implementation of the Air project to investigate whether delivery drones can possibly be a disruptive technology. This case analysis is intended to be a helpful source for class discussions as well. VL - 11 IS - 1 ER - Copy | × captcha is required. Captcha is not valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various challenges that Amazon faces in implementing drone deliveries, such as changing regulations, customer skepticism, and safety concerns. These issues lead to a postponed launch and raise doubts about the project's viability, indicating that drones may not replace traditional delivery methods as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Each sequence was obtained by two-way sequencing method using the primer combination NL1-NL4, according to Kurtzman & Robnett (1998) and Lachance et al. (1999). Raw sequences were edited, assembled and consensus sequences were obtained using 8. 1. 7 bioinformatics software (Biomatters Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand). DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 3517/supp-3 We thank ópez for assistance with DNA sequencing of yeasts; Atzelby López, Blanca Lizama, Cesar Canché and Raymundo González for assistance in the field and laboratory; Marina García for chemical analyses; Paulino Simá, for host-plant identification. authors declare there are no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. Carlos M. Herrera conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, wrote the paper, prepared figures and/or tables, reviewed drafts of the paper. performed the experiments, analyzed the data, contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools, reviewed drafts of the paper. following information was supplied relating to field study approvals (i. e. , approving body and any reference numbers): Permission to collect from natural areas of the Yucatan was granted by Secretaría del y Recursos Naturales, Delegación Yucatán-Subsecretaría de Gestion para la Protección Ambiental: Dirección General de (oficio 00837/09). DNA following information was supplied regarding the deposition of DNA sequences: The group large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene (D1/D2 region) sequences used here are provided in a Supplemental File. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The raw data has been supplied as a Supplementary File. work was supported by the de Ciencia y Tecnología through CB-2007-01 program (grant number 80031), the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (grant number CGL2010-15964) and the Junta de Andalucía (grant number P09-RNM-4517). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methods related to DNA sequencing of yeasts and the contributions of various authors and research support. It does not mention anything about bioengineered yeast or its potential to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Probiotics and their ingredients (components) are used in the food and pharmaceutical industries in the following three ways: (1) in foodstuffs (fermented products) with the declared status “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Lactococcus, which is established by the Food and (Mazloom et al. , 2019); (2) as dietary supplements, often over-the-counter (OTC); and (3) as drugs (pharmaceutical agents). Categorization depends on the manufacturers of the probiotics and the indications for their administration, as well as the requirements set by different regulatory authorities (Sanders et al. , 2018). The safety of foodstuffs or pharmaceutical agents intended to be eaten by humans, including probiotics, is the primary factor that makes it possible to avoid any health hazards. Some clinical studies have confirmed the safety of probiotics (with respect to the absence of toxicity) in different populations, including healthy adult volunteers, women in late pregnancy and their children at an early age (0–2 years old), children admitted to a hospital, and patients with weakened immunity. Probiotics a priori must be nonpathogenic, which means that they should never cause or aggravate any human disease, regardless of their source, i. e. , foodstuffs or OTC additives (Žuntar et al. , 2020). Other bacterial probiotics, which are still being studied, include bacilli, enterococci, lactococci, and streptococci (Behnsen et al. , 2013). In addition, the bacteria that can be potential probiotics include some gram-negative bacteria. The best example in this group is Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN1917), which is also known as Mutaflor. It has been used for many years in Germany to treat chronic constipation and colitis (Rijkers et al. , 2011; Behnsen et al. , 2013). The yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces boulardii are also used as probiotics (Azad et al. , 2018). It should be emphasized that probiotic properties are characteristic not of all bacterial species but of individual strains, i. e. , they are exceptionally strain-specific. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotics in the immune system and their use in different populations, including those with weakened immunity. It indicates that probiotics can affect health positively and suggests a connection between the human microbiome, represented by probiotics, and immune regulation. The mention of safety in various populations hints at the microbiome's importance in maintaining immune health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Clones AFB1-1, NGC1-1, and NGC1-2 were evidently identical to their respective starting cells in the HLA type (S1 and S2 Tables) and Repeats (STR) genotype (S3 Table). hiHSa of hiof Both hESCs and three established clones, AFB1-1, NGC1-1, and NGC1-2, self-renewed under non-typical coculture with the MEFs in mTeSR1 medium on gelatin-coated dishes and were analyzed by DNA microarray. Hierarchical cluster analysis using the gene set defined by the (S4 Table) [25] reveals that the three clones clustered with hESCs (ES01, H9, BG03) and typical hiPSCs (201B7) but separated from fibroblasts, a hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HuH-7), and an uncultured human adult hepatocyte (S1 Fig). This analysis indicates that the three established clones were very similar to hESCs and hiPSCs in the expression profiling of the gene set. In detail, unlike typical hiPSCs and hESCs, the three established clones expressed the genes of alpha-1-antitrypsin (1) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) that are lineage markers for hepatocytes. Gene expression of tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), which is a mature hepatic marker, was prominent only in the adult hepatocyte, not in the established clones. In other aspects, female-derived clone AFB1-1 expressed the XIST gene, but male-derived clones NGC1-1 and NGC1-2 did not. To investigate the expression of other hepatic genes, we extensively listed the genes (S5 Table) expressing in both the hepatocytes and the three clones except for those in fibroblasts, hESCs (ES01), and hiPSCs (201B7). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic characteristics of established cell clones and their differentiation, with no mention of autonomous delivery drones or their operation. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or engage with the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 2000. The ecological significance of toxic nectar. Oikos 91:409-420 äffer. 1997. and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Research 25:3389-3402 Álvarez Pérez S, Herrera CM. 2013. Composition, richness and nonrandom assembly of culturable bacterial—microfungal communities in floral nectar of Mediterranean plants. 83:685-699. 2010. Patterns of diversity in marine phytoplankton. Science 327:1509-1511 -Brenes F, Fukami T. 2014. Temporal variation in fungal communities associated with tropical hummingbirds and nectarivorous bats. 12:44-51. 2012. Flowers as islands: spatial distribution of nectar-inhabiting microfungi among plants of Mimulus aurantiacus, a hummingbird-pollinated shrub. 63:711-718 Brysch-Herzberg M. 2004. Ecology of yeasts in plant–bumblebee mutualism in Central Europe. 50:87-100 Canto A, Herrera CM. 2012. Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes: microbial imprint on floral nectar sugar variation in a tropical plant community. Annals of Botany 110:1173-1183 ía IM, Pérez R, Vaz M. 2011. Intraplant variation in nectar traits in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae) as related to floral phase, environmental conditions and pollinator exposure. Flora 206:668-675 érez R, García IM. 2008. Pollinator foraging modifies nectar sugar composition in Helleborus foetidus (Ranunculaceae): an experimental test. of Botany 95:315-320 Chan-Vermont C, Rico-Gray V, Flores JS. 2002. Guía ilustrada de la flora costera representativa de la Península de Yucatán. 19:1-133. 2014. Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: a framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studies. 84:45-67 Chao A, Jost L. 2012. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast and its capacity to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it contains references to various studies and ecological discussions that are unrelated to the claim, indicating that it is irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome plays a role in immune system regulation. [SEP] Text: Probiotics have become widespread in the global market of health care; their circulation was 42. 64 billion in 2017 and will probably reach 87. 91 billion by 2026 ( fs33tg/global_probiotics? w=5). There is a large number of probiotics containing various bacterial cocktails that have been developed to offer some health benefits, from the maintenance of homeostasis of the immune system (Fata et al. , 2018) and the GIT (Dimidi et al. , 2017), control of the serum cholesterol level (Ettinger et al. , 2014), and the treatment of allergic diseases (Felice et al. , 2008) to the treatment of mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression (Pirbaglou et al. , 2016; Bastiaanssen et al. , 2020; Cerdo et al. , 2020). It was shown that probiotic administration promotes the functioning of the intestinal barrier (Ohland and Macnaughton, 2010). For example, lactobacilli modulate the expression of numerous genes that encode the adherens junction proteins, such as E-cadherin and B-catenin in the T84 cell barrier model (Hummel et al. , 2012). In addition, the probiotic EcN1917 not only prevents the impairment of the mucus barrier caused by pathogenic E. coli but also restores the integrity of T84 and Caco-2 cells. This effect was mediated by the enhanced expression and changes in the positions of tight junction proteins zonula occludens (ZO-2) and protein kinase C (PKC), which resulted in the reconstruction of the complex of tight junctions (Zyrek et al. , 2007). Some of the major macromolecular components of the epithelial lining fluid include mucin glycoproteins and may be important in the development of metabolic syndrome. Probiotics promoting mucus secretion can improve the gut-barrier function and eliminate pathogens. One example is the administration of probiotic VSL#3 to rats for 7 days, which results in a 60-fold increase in MUC 2 expression and enhanced mucin secretion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of probiotics in maintaining homeostasis of the immune system. It mentions that various probiotics have been developed to offer health benefits, particularly in the context of immune system regulation and gut integrity. For instance, it states that probiotic administration promotes the functioning of the intestinal barrier, which is essential for immune regulation, and highlights how specific probiotics modulate gene expression related to barrier function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous delivery drones operate without any human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: Before the differentiation culture, hiHSCs were expanded under non-typical coculture with the MEFs in mTeSR1 medium on gelatin-coated dishes at a very high density. The cells were seeded with mTeSR1 medium on Matrigel-coated dishes, and they continued to culture in ReproStem medium without FGF-2 for 12 days. Interestingly, a high concentration of AFP was preliminarily detected in their culture supernatants. Therefore, we analyzed the gene expression in the cells by quantitative RT-PCR. As self-renewing hiHSCs expressed the genes of hepatic markers before the differentiation culture, the gene expressions were normalized to 1 in the self-renewing cells and compared to those of the differentiated cells at day 12. Beyond our expectations, clones AFB1-1 and NGC1-1 enhanced the gene expression of serum hepatic proteins (1, TTR, and AFP) remarkably (Fig 2A and 2C, S11 Fig, and S13 Fig) and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7, and 7A1) partially (Fig 2B and 2D, S12 Fig, and S14 Fig). In contrast to those hepatic genes, hESC/hiPSC-specific genes (3/4, and SOX2) reduced their expression of the differentiated cells compared with those of the self-renewing cells (S11 and S13 Figs), as expected. In a detailed comparison, the differentiated cells of clones AFB1-1 and NGC1-1 expressed AFP higher, 1 and TTR similarly, and ALB lower in comparison with those of human adult and fetal livers (Fig 2A and 2C). The differentiated cells expressed CYP3A7 similarly and other CYPs much lower compared to those of adult livers whereas those cells expressed CYP7A1 much higher compared to those of fetal livers (Fig 2B and 2D). The addition of 0. 5 μM dexamethasone into the ReproStem medium effectively promoted the hepatic specification and commitment of hiHSCs (Fig 2A and 2B, S11 Fig, and S12 Fig). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the culture and gene expression of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and does not mention autonomous delivery drones or human oversight in any context. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.