Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A risk-hedging tool for hydropower plants. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 370–378. Harbin, G. , Rongfeng, S. , Weijie, Z. , Xiaoxu, F. , Jianguo, J. and Baofeng, Z. (1864). Study on the Application of Combined Cooling, Heating and with in China. AIP Conf. Proc, 1-9. Himadry, S. , Yatim, A. , Chee, T. and Kwan, Y. (2016). PV/tidal powered micro-hydro and diesel hybrid system: A southern Bangladesh focus. Renewable and Reviews, 53, 1137–1148. Hindawi. (2018). Available at: IEA. (2018). Available at: Iñaki, H. , Lucía, S. , Erlantz, A. and Jon, M. (2018). The emergence of renewable energy cooperatives in Spain: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 94, 1036–1043. Jain, C. (2010). Energy Resources: Hydropower, Council. Council, 1-618. Jawahar, C. and Prawin, M. (2017). A review on turbines for a micro hydropower plant. Renewable and Reviews, 72, 882–887. Jensen, B. , Nenad, M. and Abrahamsen, B. (2013). Development of superconducting wind turbine generators. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-12. Jeongwoo, H. and Vincent, B. (2015). A comparative assessment of resource efficiency in petroleum refining. Fuel, 157, 292–298. Jessica, S. , Tonio, S. , Christopher, M. , Mario, F. , Cyril, S. , John, L. and Alexander, M. (2018). Overview of solar technologies for electricity, heating and cooling Production. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 892–909. Jitu, P. and Adharaa, D. (2017). Barriers of biomass energy and their potential solutions for remote areas of Bangladesh. IEEE, 1-4. Joao, C. (2007). Energy:. Springer, 1-439. João, P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reviews concerning renewable energy technologies and their applications; however, it does not provide any specific evidence or statements about the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim and is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: Circular diagrams consist of the group orientation behaviour for each group in which each monarch plotted (dot) had a Z score >500. In each circular diagram, arrow indicates mean group orientation, shaded area is 95% confidence interval, and mN is magnetic north. Full size imageThe antennae likely contain relevant magnetosensorsWe next addressed the location of the magnetosensor. Previous work has demonstrated that the antennae of migratory monarchs are multimodal sensory organs that play an integral role for proper light-dependent, directional flight3,9,10,15. Accordingly, it is possible that the antennae also house the magnetoreceptors necessary for migratory monarchs to utilize the inclination angle of the Earth’s magnetic field. We thus re-tested first fliers under the inverted inclination angle conditions (−45°), but in which re-flown monarchs either had black-painted or clear-painted antennae for the second flight trial. The test condition was evaluated under the inverted inclination angle to rigorously examine the antennae as the potential source of the magnetosensor. Monarchs with black-painted antennae exhibited a low degree of directionality and flew largely in circles during this second flight (Z=127. 6±47. 6; n=5) (Fig. 4a, right) compared with the directionality of their first flights (Z=1,231. 3±181. 2 and group orientation of 146°, r=0. 826, P=0. 024; Fig. 4a, left). The orientation values from migrants with black-painted antennae were no different from those from migrants without a vertical component (t10=1. 0818, P=0. 3047). In contrast, monarchs with clear-painted antennae maintained Z-values >500 (clear-painted: 1,543. 8±86. 6, n=5 versus unpainted: 1,022. 0±193. 6, n=5) and were significantly oriented as a group towards magnetic North (α=345°, r=0. 9, P=0. 009, n=5; Fig. 4b, right) in a direction close to opposite (Moore’s test: R′=1. 332, P<0. 001) from their initial group orientation in the direction of magnetic South (α=209°, r=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the antennae of migratory monarchs in navigation, suggesting that they contain relevant magnetosensors that aid in directional flight. While it does not explicitly mention circadian rhythms, it emphasizes the importance of sensory modalities in the migratory behavior of monarchs, which aligns with the broader understanding of navigation strategies used by these animals during migration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: For example, it is likely that many people make poor evaluations of the amount of energy that can be expended during exercise, and the amount that can be ingested during eating. Indeed, a single bout of exercise can be considered relatively slow method of ‘removing’ energy from the system because the rate of EE (kcal/min) is low. Consequently, the time spent exercising has to be significantly long in order to expend a meaningful amount of energy. For example, to expend 2510·4 kJ (600 kcal), an individual with a VO2max of 3 l/min (medium fitness) would have to exercise for 60 min at approximately 75 % VO2max. Someone with a lower level of fitness may expend only 1046 kJ (250 kcal) for a 60-min session of equivalent intensity. However, any individual (independent of fitness) could consume 2510·4 kJ (600 kcal) of food energy within a matter of minutes. Consequently, there is a biological mismatch between the rates at which the body can ingest and expend energy. It is likely that most people are completely unaware of the energy values of either physical activity or food items, and therefore they fail to make the appropriate adjustments to both of these behaviours that are necessary to achieve a negative energy balance. This is one reason why exercise commonly fails to be a successful method of weight loss. More than 10 years ago, we demonstrated the simple fact that the selection of high-fat (high-energy dense) foods after exercise could completely reverse the negative energy balance created by exercise(and Blundell8). Therefore, exercise should not be seen as providing permission to abandon any restraint over eating, or to indulge excessively on available foods. The present study has thrown light on how the effect of exercise on weight loss can be optimised. Design Fifty-eight overweight or obese men (n 19) and women (n 39) (mean BMI = 31·8 ± 4·5 kg/m2; mean age = 39·6 ± 9·8 years; VO2max = 29·1 ± 5·7 ml/kg/min) completed a 12-week exercise intervention study; subjects exercised five times per week for 12 weeks under supervised laboratory conditions. A sub-maximal exercise test was performed at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 to assess the relationship between heart rate (HR) and O2 consumption (Vmax29; ). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the challenges associated with weight loss, particularly highlighting that exercise alone is often insufficient due to the biological mismatch between energy intake and expenditure. It suggests that many individuals do not adequately adjust their eating habits to account for the energy expended during exercise, which can lead to a failure in achieving a negative energy balance required for weight loss. Additionally, the text illustrates that consuming high-energy dense foods after exercise can negate the effects of the exercise, further supporting the assertion that personalized nutrition is crucial and that simply relying on exercise (or a single dietary approach) cannot guarantee weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Victor, M. (2016). CO2 emissions, non-renewable and renewable electricity production, economic growth, and international trade in Italy. Renewable and Reviews, 55, 142–155. Khalaji, M. , Bakhoda, S. , Saidur, R. and Hanaei, H. (2017). Perovskite solar cells. Renewable and Reviews, 1-11. Klara, B. , Aleksey, B. , Adriana, A. and Tsanko, T. (2013). Aspects of current geothermal application in Bulgaria. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-8. Kuldeep, H. and Kalpesh, V. (2018). Pyramid solar still: A comprehensive review. Renewable and Reviews, 81, 136–148. Lingyue, L. , Xiaoqing, R. , Yanli, Y. , Peidong, Z. and Xiao, C. (2018). Analysis and recommendations for onshore wind power policies in China. Renewable and Reviews, 82, 156–167. Mahdi, T. , Mohammad, M. and Mokhtar, S. (2013). Employing parallel operated fuel cell/ultra-capacitor systems. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 5, 1-22. Mahdis, Y. , Alireza, A. , Babak, F. , Marja, N. and Mohammad, M. (2016). Photovoltaic technology development based on a technology lifecycle approach. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 8, 1-11. Manjit, S. , Yu, X. , Anthony, L. , Aron, H. , Galen, M. and James, S. (2018). (NSRDB). Renewable and Reviews, 89, 51–60. Mariangela, G. and Renato, G. (2016). energy transition: Modeling competition and substitution between nuclear power and Technologies. Renewable and Reviews, 60, 1498–1504. Michael, E. (2003). Energy Conversion. Elsevier ocean engineering book series, 1-205. Ming, Z. , Shicheng, W. , Jinhui, D. , Jinghui, S. P. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide any insights into the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it lists various academic papers and research topics related to renewable and non-renewable energy without making a clear connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the orientations of the second control flight (57 μT; 60° inclination angle) and third flight of migrants (57 μT; −60° inclination angle) were significantly different from each other (Moore’s test: R′=1. 279, P<0. 005). Taken together, these data demonstrate the ability of migrant monarchs to use an inclination compass to orient in the proper equatorward migratory direction, which includes conditions at an Earth-strength field intensity and at an inclination angle encountered during their journey south. The data support the idea that monarchs can use an inclination compass during their actual fall migration in the wild. Figure 5: The inclination compass of monarchs functions at an Earth-strength field intensity. (a) Orientation of individual directional monarchs (left; red; n=7) in a generated field with a 45° inclination angle, at a 141 μT field intensity. The orientation of individual directional monarchs (right; maroon; n=7) tested a second time (same monarchs from left circular diagram), but in a generated field with a 60° inclination angle, at a 57 μT field intensity. (b) Monarchs that flew towards magnetic South (left; maroon; n=5) in a field with a 60° inclination angle and a 57 μT intensity (second flight) reversed their flight orientation to magnetic North (right; green; n=5) in a generated field with a −60° inclination angle at a 57 μT field intensity, when tested a third time (same monarchs from left circular diagram). In both a and b, circular diagrams consist of the group orientation behaviour for each group in which each monarch plotted (dot) had a Z score >500. In each circular diagram, the arrow indicates mean group orientation, shaded area is 95% confidence interval, and mN is magnetic north. For both a and b, bar graphs indicate the mean Z±s. e. m. score of animals for each group. Full size imageDiscussionAs fall migratory monarchs have been observed to maintain a constant southwards flight direction under dense cloud cover conditions11, it has been hypothesized that fall migrants may use geomagnetic cues for directionality, when directional daylight cues are unavailable to them during migration3,11. Previous studies examining the existence of a magnetic compass in migratory monarchs, however, have yielded weak, conflicting results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how migratory monarchs are capable of using geomagnetic cues for orientation during their fall migration. It discusses the use of an inclination compass by monarchs to navigate en route to their southern destination, demonstrating their ability to maintain a constant southwards flight direction even under challenging conditions (e.g., dense cloud cover). This suggests that their navigation is influenced by natural rhythms and cues, aligning with the concept of circadian rhythms in navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This information was used to prescribe exercise duration at 70 % HRmax to expend approximately 2092 kJ (500 kcal) per session. Each exercise session was performed in laboratory conditions. Subjects wore a heart rate monitor () during each session. Body weight and composition, blood pressure, resting heart rate (RHR), waist circumference and cardio respiratory fitness were measured following an overnight fast at weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12. Total daily energy intake was also measured at weeks 0, 4, 8 and 12 using a test-meal procedure with a fixed breakfast followed by ad libitum lunch, dinner and snack box. variables For the whole sample, the mean change in body weight and body fat was statistically significant at 3·2 kg (P < 0·001) and 3·2 kg (P < 0·001), respectively. However, when individual data were examined, there was large individual variation in both weight and fat change. The changes in body weight ranged from a loss of 14·7 kg to a gain of 2·7 kg, and fat mass changes ranged from a loss of 10·2 kg to a gain of 1·7 kg (see Fig. 1). This large interindividual variation led to the classification of two distinct groups termed as responders (R) and non-responders (NR). were classified as having body composition changes equal to or greater than that expected from the energy expended through exercise. The NR were those individuals whose body composition changes were less than that expected from their total exercise energy expenditure. A 2 × 4 repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated a significant week × group interaction for both body weight (P < 0·001), and body fat (P < 0·001). Fig. 1 Individual changes in body weight (BW) and body fat mass (FM) at the end of the mandatory exercise programme (, BW; FM) Energy intake These observed differences in body weight and body composition between the two groups indicated that some form of compensation was taking place. Figure 2 shows the change (week 0 v. week 12) in total daily energy intake taken from laboratory test meals. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that despite some individuals losing weight (mean change of 3.2 kg), there is significant individual variability in weight and fat loss. The results demonstrate that not everyone responds similarly to prescribed exercise, with some individuals gaining weight, indicating that personalized nutrition alone cannot guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Zhong, Y. Z. (2016). Review of nuclear power development in China: Environment analysis, historical stages, development status, problems, and countermeasures. Renewable and Reviews, 59, 1369–1383. Ming, Z. , Dan, D. , Wuyang, Z. and Lisheng, F. (2018). Nonrenewable energy efficiency optimization in energy harvesting relay assisted systems. Physical Communication, 1-25. Morton, C. (1974). Geothermal Power. AIP Conference Proceedings, 19, 401-411. Muhammad, S. , Rizwan, R. , Irtaza, H. , Rehan, S. , Nusrat, S. , Javed, I. and Shaukat, F. (2016). The energy crisis in Pakistan: A possible solution via biomass-based waste. J. Energy, 8, 1-19. Olumide, O. and Edmund, C. (2018). Concentrating solar power technologies for solar thermal grid electricity in Nigeria: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 104–119. Parinya, P. and Somchai, W. (2013). Nuclear power plant scenario in Thailand. Renewable and Reviews, 24, 586–592. Qaderi, F. and Azizi, M. (2018). Petroleum wastewater treatment by using serial moving bed biofilm reactors. J. of Cleaner Production, 1-27. Qiang, W. , Xi, C. and Xu, Y. (2013). An accident like the Fukushima effective nuclear regulation: Literature review and proposed guidelines. Renewable and Reviews, 17, 126–146. Qiang, W. , Rongrong, L. and Gang, H. (2018). Research status of nuclear power: A review. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 90–96. Quing, W. and Guihuan, Y. (2017). Improved coal combustion optimization model based on load balance and coal quantities. Energy, 204-212. Renewable energy in India. (2018). Available at: Sadrul, A. and Ahiduzzaman, M. (2012). Biomass Energy: for Emission. AIP Conf. Proc, 1440, 23-32. Saeid, M. , Hikari, F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the significance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it provides a list of various research articles related to different energy sources, including nuclear power and biomass, without discussing their importance for sustainable development specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: Knowledge of the presumed location of the relevant light-sensitive component of the magnetosensor in monarchs opens the way for evaluation of both the molecular and genetic mechanisms of magnetoreception31,32 and the involvement of their CRYs12,13. Taken as a whole, our study reveals another fascinating aspect of monarch butterfly migratory behaviour. Greater knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the fall migration may well aid in its preservation, currently threatened by climate change and by the continuing loss of milkweed and overwintering habitats. Another vulnerability to now consider is the potential disruption of the magnetic compass in monarchs by human-induced electromagnetic noise, which can apparently disrupt geomagnetic orientation in a migratory bird33. MethodsAnimal rearing and housingIn 2012, fall migratory monarch butterflies were captured by (between 1 September 2012 and 22 September 2012) near Greenfield, Massachusetts (latitude 42°59′N, longitude 72°60′W). In 2013, fall migratory butterflies were captured by (between 1 September 2013 and 28 September 2013; near Greenfield, Massachusetts), (10 October 2013; near Eagle Pass, Texas [latitude 28°51′N, longitude 100°53′W]), and (30 October 2013; near St. Marks, Florida [latitude 30°9′N, longitude 84°12′W]). After capture, migrants were housed indoors in glassine envelopes in a Percival incubator under fall-like conditions: a light:dark cycle (LD) set to prevailing light conditions (12 h:12 h LD, 0600–1800 Time), a constant temperature of 21 °C during the light phase and a constant 12 °C during the dark period, and 70% humidity. Flight simulator trials and analysisMonarchs were housed under fall-like conditions for at least 10 days before testing. Monarchs of mixed sex were tethered for flight trials as previously described, and their flight behaviour was assayed with a flight simulator9,10,15. Flight direction was recorded by computer configured to record the direction of flight every 200 ms. Flight simulator trials for both fall 2012 and 2013 were conducted indoors at the University of School (Worcester, Massachusetts: latitude 42°28′N, longitude 71°76′W), between 1100 and 1630 EST. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms of magnetoreception in monarch butterflies, suggesting an underlying connection to their migratory behavior. It mentions 'the presumed location of the relevant light-sensitive component of the magnetosensor in monarchs,' which implies that light conditions, potentially tied to circadian rhythms, play a role in their navigation. The text's focus on the migratory behavior of monarch butterflies supports the notion that these animals utilize specific biological mechanisms for navigation during migration, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: decreased energy intake over the 12 weeks (−527·1 ± 2186 kJ (−125·9 ± 522·2 kcal)/d), whereas the NR increased energy intake over the 12 weeks (+686·6 ± 2286 kJ (+164·0 ± 545·9 kcal)/d) (t = −2·09, df = 44, P = 0·043). Importantly, an independent t test revealed that the R significantly increased their fruit and vegetable intake from 3·2 to 4·4 portions per day, whereas the NR decreased their intake, over the 12-week intervention, from 3·0 to 2·5 portions (t = +2·96, df = 46, P = 0·005). In addition, NR increased the amount of fat consumed, whereas R did not. Fig. 2 Measured daily energy intakes (means and se) for the participants who showed good weight loss in response to the exercise programme () and those who did not () Health markers Table 1 shows the observed changes over the 12-week exercise intervention in the measured health markers for both the R and NR. There were significant decreases in RHR for both the R and NR (P < 0·0001), and significant decreases in both systolic (P = 0·003) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0·0001) for the R and NR. Alongside these changes was a significant increase in cardio-respiratory fitness (P < 0·0001) with no week × group interactions and no main effect of group for any of these variables. There were also significant decreases in waist circumference measurements across the 12-week intervention (P < 0·0001), and a week × group interaction (P = 0·029). Table 1 Changes in health markers during the exercise programme for participants who showed good weight loss in response to the mandatory supervised exercise regime (responders) and those who did not (non-responders) data have demonstrated that standardised exercise does not produce the same degree of weight loss for all individuals. In fact, large individual variability was observed, with some individuals displaying marked weight loss (R) while others displayed negligible weight loss or weight gain (NR). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that standardized exercise does not produce the same degree of weight loss for all individuals. It indicates that while some individuals showed marked weight loss (responders), others displayed negligible weight loss or even weight gain (non-responders). This suggests that weight loss is not guaranteed, even with personalized nutrition approaches, as individual variability plays a significant role.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: and Nugroho, P. (2018). Classification of geothermal resources in Indonesia by applying exergy Concept. Renewable and Reviews, 93, 499–506. Samuel, A. , Eden, K. and Alfred, A. (2018). Renewable energy regime type and economic growth. Renewable Energy, 125, 755-767. Sana, S. and Syed, S. (2012). Review of Spanish renewable energy policy to encourage investment in solar photovoltaic, Journal of renewable and sustainable energy, 4, 1-13. Saurabh, P. , David, T. and Devinder, M. (2011). Biogas potential on Long Island, New York: A quantification study. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 3, 1-13. Shafiullah, G. , Amanullah, M. , Alex, S. and Shawkat, A. (2014). Integration of roof-top solar photovoltaic systems into the low voltage distribution network. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 6, 1-21. Shaopeng, G. , Qibin, L. , Jie, S. and Hongguang, J. (2018). A review of the utilization of hybrid renewable energy. Renewable and Reviews, 91, 1121–1147. Simon, M. and Milan, M. (2017). Electricity and heat production by biomass cogeneration. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1866, 1-7. Stephen, C. , Stefan, R. and Anshuman, S. (2018). The road ahead for solar PV power. Renewable and Reviews, 92, 744–756. Sullivan, J. and Wang, M. (2013). Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions. J. of renewable and sustainable energy, 5, 1-13. Tasdemiroglu, E. (1987). in Turkey and its in Solar Ponds. Resources and Conservation, 215-228. Teng, J. , Junpeng, H. , Rui, L. , Peng, H. and Yanjun, D. (2018). Status and prospect of solar heat for industrial processes in China. Renewable and Reviews, 90, 475–489. Today energy. (2018). Available at:main. png Top solar energy producing countries. (2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of citations of various studies and articles regarding renewable energy sources but does not directly address their significance for sustainable development. While the list of publications indicates ongoing research in the field, it fails to explicitly connect renewable energy to the claim of its importance for sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain animals, such as the monarch butterfly, use circadian rhythms to navigate during migration. [SEP] Text: For each treatment, monarchs were acclimated to trial field conditions for 1 h before testing, and only monarchs that flew >5 min were used in analysis. Testing for the use of an inclination compassTo test for the use of an inclination compass, monarchs were then tested a second time under similar generated magnetic field conditions as during their first flight, but where we reversed the inclination angle (−45°) by reversing the vertical component of the field, using our vertical coil system (horizontal component remained unchanged). All re-fliers during this second trial (n=8) that flew for the required 5 min were directional (Z score >500). To confirm the use of an inclination compass and to rule out the potential use of polarity for directionality, we tested another set of monarchs a second time under field conditions in which the inclination was 0° but still at a field intensity of 141 μT (that is, a horizontal field with the same total field intensity as that of the first flight control). All re-fliers that flew for the required 5 min (n=7) under this horizontal field exhibited significantly reduced directionality (Z score <500) in comparison with their first flight. Testing spectral requirement of the inclination compassTo determine whether a working inclination compass requires the presence of specific wavelengths of light, we re-tested monarchs after their first flight under filtered light conditions. Monarchs were re-tested under first flight magnetic field conditions (inclination angle=45°; total field intensity=141 μT), but where light consisted of wavelengths of either >420 nm or >380 nm (long-wavelength filters E420 and E380 from Gentex). For each of these filtered light conditions, we had five monarchs that flew >5 min. All five monarchs that flew under >420 nm lighting conditions had significantly reduced directionality (Z scores <500) relative to the first control flight; in contrast, all five monarchs that flew under >380 nm lighting conditions had similar directionality (Z scores >500) as their first control flight. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the directional abilities of monarch butterflies during flight and testing their inclination compass under various light conditions. It suggests that monarchs, when tested under specific magnetic field conditions and wavelengths of light, display significantly consistent directional behavior, implying that their navigation is likely influenced by biological mechanisms such as circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Poor and good responders to exercise(and Darnell9) and dietary interventions(Reference Tremblay, Poehlman, Nadeau, Dussault and Bouchard10, Reference Levine, Eberhardt and Jensen11) have been identified previously. These present data raise the issue that exercise alone may not be a fruitful option for weight loss for everyone. The heterogeneity (direction and magnitude) of the responses reported here demonstrates the need to treat individuals rather than the average of a group – one size does not fit all. It also highlights the importance of determining those mechanisms that may explain the variability and why some individuals benefit and others do not. For the majority of the NR, the less than expected weight loss can be explained through an increase in energy intake in response to the increase in the exercise-induced energy expenditure. The NR increased energy intake over the 12-week intervention by 686·176 kJ (164 kcal), whereas the R decreased energy intake by 523 kJ (125 kcal) leading to a 1209·176 kJ (289 kcal) difference between the R and NR. The observed increase in energy intake was through an increase in the energy density of food consumed. This has been described previously as passive over consumption(Reference Blundell, Lawton and Hill12). The increase in the energy intake from the NR could be accounted for by the changes in fruit and vegetable intakes (calculated from the free-living food diary data). increased their portions of fruit and vegetables eaten per day from 3·2 to 4·4 portions, whereas the NR decreased their intake of fruit and vegetables from 3·0 to 2·5 (significant difference between the two groups (P < 0·005). Despite the absence of a meaningful loss of body weight, the NR experienced significant changes in health markers. This indicates that exercise in the absence of weight loss still provides a valuable tool for improving health. There was no significant correlation between the change in either blood pressure or RHR and the change in body weight. Since a reduction of 10 mmHg in systolic pressure or 5 mmHg reduction in diastolic pressure can reduce the risk of a stroke by approximately 35 %, the results observed in this intervention are very promising. These findings again demonstrate that body weight is not the only meaningful outcome of an exercise intervention. These results have demonstrated that large interindividual variability in physiological responses occurs to the same volume of imposed exercise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in individual responses to exercise and dietary interventions, indicating that not everyone will experience weight loss from these methods. It emphasizes the importance of treating individuals rather than applying a one-size-fits-all approach, highlighting that some individuals may not lose weight despite exercising due to changes in energy intake. The discrepancies in weight loss and health outcomes suggest that personalized nutrition and exercise cannot guarantee weight loss for all individuals, thus undermining the original claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: Available at: producing countries/ Vineet, S. and Singal, S. (2017). Operation of hydropower plants-a review. Renewable and Reviews, 69, 610–619. Viresh, D. (2012). Thin solar cell technologies - Current status. on Thin Films: Science and Technology AIP Co, 33-37. Wasajja, H. and Daniel, S. (2017). Evaluation of Technologies for Supply. IEEE, 1272-1276. World population clock. (2018). Available at: Xiaopeng, G. and Xiaodan, G. (2016). Nuclear power development in China after the restart of new nuclear construction and approval: A system dynamics analysis. Renewable and Reviews, 57, 999–1007. Yawen, L. , Zhigang, L. and Fang, Y. (2018). of Solar PV Modules. IEEE, 1-5. Yong, L. , Wen, C. (2018). Insights into the geothermal utilization of abandoned oil and gas wells. Renewable and Reviews, 87, 44–60. Yongduan, S. , Bikun, W. , Bin, L. , Yu, Z. and Lei, W. (2013). Remotely monitoring offshore wind turbines via ZigBee networks embedded with an advanced routing strategy. J. Energy, 5, 1-14. Yue, G. and Jing, L. (2009). Recent advances in direct solar thermal power generation. J. of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 1, 1-23. Zhang, P. , Wang, L. , Chen, S. and Xu, J. (2017). The progress of nuclear hydrogen production through the iodine-sulfur process in China. Renewable and Reviews, 1-11. to cite this 0076. RM. for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. . 2019;3(1):em0076. . for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. . 2019;3(1), em0076. Chicago Elavarasan, Rajvikram Madurai. "for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review". of Research 2019 3 no. 1 (2019): em0076. Harvard Elavarasan, R. M. (2019). for and its Comparison with Sources: A Review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of citations and references related to various studies, without addressing the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development or providing any context relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 40), with significant interaction (days × treatment: F 6,180= 30. 16, P < 10−4). For ZT6, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm during the days after the anesthesia (fig. 6A). For ZT10, propofol anesthesia significantly decreased the MESOR of the rest–activity rhythm on D1 (19%; P = 0. 048) (fig. 6B). For ZT16, propofol anesthesia had no significant effect on rest–activity rhythm MESOR during the days after anesthesia (all P > 0. 05) (fig. 6C). MESOR of did not observe any modification of the MESOR of body temperature rhythm after the administration of propofol anesthesia (figs. 7A–Cand table 1), except on the day of injection (D0, table 1). Excluding the day of anesthesia (D0), multivariate repeated-measures analysis (between factors: Zeitgeber time and treatment [propofol vs. Intralipid]; within factor: days [baseline, D1, D2, D3, D4, D5]) on the MESOR of body activity rhythm showed a significant effect of days (F 5,150= 10. 736, P < 10−4) but no significant effect of treatment (F 1,30= 3. 60, P = 0. 067) or Zeitgeber time (F 2,30= 2. 625, P = 0. 089). Table 2illustrates and recapitulates all the significant changes induced by propofol administration on the three cosinor parameters during the postanesthesia days described in the Results section. It recaps the days during which the cosinor parameters were significantly disturbed by propofol anesthesia. Table 2. Days during by View largecurrent study shows that general propofol anesthesia decreases the amplitude and induces a 1-h phase advance of both rest–activity and body temperature circadian rhythms during the 48 h after general anesthesia. These results demonstrate the disturbing effects of general propofol anesthesia on circadian rhythms in rats under usual alternation of light and darkness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the effects of general propofol anesthesia on circadian rhythms, specifically noting that the anesthesia decreases the amplitude and induces a phase advance of body temperature circadian rhythms. This indicates that body temperature is influenced by circadian rhythms, supporting the idea that human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Some individuals did not experience the beneficial effects of exercise on body weight, but still showed beneficial effects on health parameters such as waist circumference and body composition. Therefore, regular exercise in conjunction with an increase in fruit and vegetable consumption could be used advantageously to reduce obesity. Exercise alone is not enough; a balanced diet is also required, if optimum weight loss is to be achieved. research was funded by the Biotechnology and (BBS/B/05079, 2004–2007). 1. & King, NA (2003) Cross talk between physical activity and appetite control: does physical activity stimulate appetite? Soc 62, 651–661. CrossRef2. Mayer, J, Roy, P & Mitra, KP (1956) Relationship between caloric intake, body weight and physical work: studies in an industrial male population in West Bengal. 4, 169–175. CrossRef3. Blundell, JE & King, NA (1998) Effects of exercise on appetite control: loose coupling between energy expenditure and energy intake. Obes 22, 1–8. 4. & Blundell, JE (2004) Rate and extent of compensatory changes in energy intake and expenditure to altered exercise and diet composition in humans. 286, R350–R358. CrossRef5. & Donahue, MP (2007) Obesity and physical activity: a review. J 151, 598–603. 6. & Hamilton, EJ (1997) A meta-analysis of the past 25 years of weight loss research using diet, exercise or exercise plus diet intervention. 21, 941–947. CrossRef7. Garrow, JS & Summerbell, CD (1995) Meta-analysis: effect of exercise with or without dieting on the body composition of overweight subjects. 49, 1–10. 8. King, NA & Blundell, JE (1995) High-fat foods overcome the energy expenditure due to exercise after cycling and running. 49, 114–123. 9. & Darnell, BE (2002) Free-living activity energy expenditure in women successful and unsuccessful at maintaining a normal body weight. 75, 499–504. CrossRef10. & Bouchard, C (1987) Heredity and overfeeding-induced changes in submaximal exercise VO2. J 62, 539–544. 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that regular exercise alone is not sufficient for weight loss and emphasizes the necessity of a balanced diet alongside exercise for effective weight management. The text highlights that some individuals may not reap the full benefits of exercise on body weight despite other health improvements, suggesting that personalized nutrition cannot guarantee weight loss without considering diet and exercise together.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In order to assess the widening gap between the supply and demand of commercial energy and indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels in rural areas, there is a need for various types of statistical or quantified information to be collected and analyzed in an objective manner and presented suitability so as to serve as a sound basis for taking policy decision to make an optimum utilization of commercial energy in a balanced manner. This will require conducting of survey in areas to be covered. The statistical data may be collected by complete enumeration or by a sample survey. The earlier method is very cumbersome, time consuming, cost ineffective and requires an intensive development of manpower, if domains of study is quite large. Complete enumeration and sample surveys presuppose the existence of a certain minimum of facilities such as funds, professional personnel for planning the survey methodology and supervision of field operations, sufficiently qualified enumerators, sampling frames, machine tabulation equipment, transport and communication facilities etc. These facilities or combinations there of do not always exist to the extent needed for a complete enumeration survey. As such, sample survey is preferred to complete enumeration for ethic type of studies giving due importance to sampling error. In the integrated energy planning, there is an objective to find out the present consumption pattern of energy for different end uses, shortages being experienced and people’s reaction to using alternate sources of energy is also enumerated. The survey methods determine – incident, distribution and the interrelation among sociological variable and psychological variable. The sociological variable s consists of age, education, income and attitude, behavior, motivation, belief and knowledge about the problem. 39 - 46 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 3. 1 is now latest national thinking going on to conserve the known sources of energy such as firewood, cow dung, agricultural waste, kerosene, oil etc. i. e. by limiting their conventional uses and to propagate the use of non conventional energy especially in the rural area. The large scale indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels fully in the rural areas are not only providing to be inefficient but also inadequate to cope with the growing rural energy demand caused by growing population and growing consciousness among rural people for a better way of life. Planned input of energy are, therefore urgently require to protect the environment and to cope with raising rural energy demand. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of energy planning and the need for statistical assessments to better utilize commercial and non-commercial fuels. While it touches on the importance of alternate energy sources in rural areas, it does not directly support or refute the claim regarding the increasing cruciality of renewable energy sources for sustainable development, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Our data show that propofol induces a significant shift of the acrophase of both rest–activity and core body temperature (60–80 min) on the day after anesthesia (D1) when compared with reference days (figs. 2 and 3). The 1-h phase advance of rest–activity and body temperature rhythm represents approximately half of the maximal resetting effect of a light pulse in rodents in constant darkness. 13Moreover, rats were only anesthetized during 30 min, and therefore, the observed phase advance of the two rhythms is twice greater than the duration of propofol anesthesia. Rest–activity and body temperature rhythms are often used as circadian phase markers in mammals because of their coupling with the endogenous circadian profile. However, the core body temperature rhythm is less influenced by external factors and the sleep-wake cycle than rest–activity rhythm and thus seems to be a more robust parameter to reflect the endogenous circadian profile. 14In the current study, we showed that both rest–activity and core body temperature circadian markers were disturbed by general anesthesia, which is indicative of a significant dysregulation of endogenous circadian organization. Few studies have focused on the effects of general anesthesia on rest–activity and body temperature rhythms. In humans (healthy volunteers), it has been shown that isoflurane (subanesthetic dose) does not disturb circadian parameters of the MESOR and acrophase of body temperature rhythm, but decreases the amplitude on the day of anesthesia. 15In rats, it has been shown that ketamine anesthesia disturbs the circadian parameters (MESOR, amplitude, acrophase) of body temperature and general locomotor activity rhythms on the day of anesthesia16but returns to basal values on the day after anesthesia (except for locomotor activity MESOR, which is still disturbed 3 days after anesthesia). One previous study has also shown that propofol induces a 1-h phase advance of rest–activity rhythm when free-running rats are anesthetized during the rest period. 6We would have thought that this 1-h phase advance obtained in constant darkness would not be repeated in conditions of light–dark alternation. Indeed, light could diminish the impact of propofol on the circadian time structure by creating a masking effect. Light is the most powerful synchronizer, and exposure to light is currently used to faster resynchronize disturbed circadian rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how core body temperature rhythms are closely linked to the body's endogenous circadian profile. The text states that 'rest–activity and body temperature rhythms are often used as circadian phase markers in mammals because of their coupling with the endogenous circadian profile,' which supports the idea that human body temperature fluctuates in sync with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: This makes them perfect, especially for use in making muscles, transforming lean bodies into muscles, or even use during special events that require extra energy, as they are not identical to other pairs of macronutrients. Suppose you aspire to amplify productivity or get the best body shape to fulfill your fitness dreams. In that case, you can easily buy steroids online for a wide variety of products best suited for a user. of There? There are oral and injectable types of these compounds, each with strengths and weaknesses. Injectables are more gradual and sustained in blood circulation over comparatively longer intervals. This maintains a steady concentration without requiring more frequent administration of the compounds. Since it bypasses the digestive system, injectables put less stress on the liver. However, they need to be administered through injection, and this is a disadvantage they possess. Orals are easy to administer, as all that is required is to put a pill in the patient’s mouth and make him swallow it. Such compounds undergo digestion quickly, so the effects are expounded immediately. But orals like Anavar must be taken more frequently to keep the levels at a good mark. This also means that they have even higher toxicity risks than their less concentrated counterparts. Some increase stamina by increasing red blood cells, others work to help burn fat, and some help preserve muscle mass. This allows the selection process since they are categorized based on their intended use. Bulking compounds quickly increase muscle mass, allowing one to lose body fat while retaining muscle tissue. One must identify goals to determine which ones to use. the Benefits of Steroids? The benefits of steroids are not limited to weight loss and muscle growth. Careful use can bring many benefits. One of the points is the quality of the product. There are many places where people can find steroids for sale, ranging from different types to distributors and manufacturers with different products. Choosing wisely and checking the product licenses is worth it to get the maximum benefit. As these exercises allow for a quicker return to a natural state, the workouts can be done more often at a higher intensity. More workouts with sufficient recovery time necessarily entail faster progress. During dieting, such elements help the body maintain muscles without hampering an individual’s physical fitness. Conversely, mass loss is a significant consideration when cutting and maintaining earned mass and should be a priority. They also give off insane levels of vascularity and skin toughness for a superior muscle look. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of steroids and their effects on weight loss and muscle growth. It suggests that weight loss is not guaranteed through personalized nutrition alone, as it elaborates on various steroid compounds that can aid in burning fat or retaining muscle, implying that external interventions are necessary to achieve weight loss goals.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In order to assess the widening gap between the supply and demand of commercial energy and indiscriminate use of non commercial fuels in rural areas, there is a need for various types of statistical or quantified information to be collected and analyzed in an objective manner and presented suitability so as to serve as a sound basis for taking policy decision to make an optimum utilization of commercial energy in a balanced manner. This will require conducting of survey in areas to be covered. The statistical data may be collected by complete enumeration or by a sample survey. The earlier method is very cumbersome, time consuming, cost ineffective and requires an intensive development of manpower, if domains of study is quite large. Complete enumeration and sample surveys presuppose the existence of a certain minimum of facilities such as funds, professional personnel for planning the survey methodology and supervision of field operations, sufficiently qualified enumerators, sampling frames, machine tabulation equipment, transport and communication facilities etc. These facilities or combinations there of do not always exist to the extent needed for a complete enumeration survey. As such, sample survey is preferred to complete enumeration for ethic type of studies giving due importance to sampling error. In the integrated energy planning, there is an objective to find out the present consumption pattern of energy for different end uses, shortages being experienced and people’s reaction to using alternate sources of energy is also enumerated. The survey methods determine – incident, distribution and the interrelation among sociological variable and psychological variable. The sociological variable s consists of age, education, income and attitude, behavior, motivation, belief and knowledge about the problem. 4 4. 1 energy census survey has become the basis for planning & implementation of the village development based on conventional and non conventional sources which are appropriate to the local needs. The continuous and widespread use of non commercial sources of energy in the rural area is resulting in the large scale destruction of the environment. While the rural people get non conventional fuels at almost zero private cost, the social cost for meeting their energy needs has been increasing over the year. Hence the non conventional fuels acquired a special significance in the energy context. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the need for statistical data collection and planning in energy utilization and mentions the importance of various energy sources in rural areas. However, it does not directly address the role or importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development, making it largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 17–19The presence of light during our experiment could have induced a masking effect that could decrease propofol effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, a measured circadian rhythm is a mixture of an endogenous component (that reflects the body clock and can be estimated in constant darkness conditions) and a nonendogenous component (e. g. , light, social synchronizers). 14The nonendogenous component can thus mask the endogenous effects of an external factor such as propofol on the circadian time structure. We have shown that the effects of propofol anesthesia on the circadian time structure, which could have been decreased by exposure to light, persist for at least 2 days. Therefore, the fact that, even in the presence of light, our two circadian rhythms studied are still phase shifted demonstrates the important effect of propofol on the circadian structure. We therefore consider that a 1-h phase advance of the circadian time structure in normal light–dark conditions induced by a single dose of propofol is important. According to the literature, hypothermia can induce disturbing effects on the circadian time structure. Indeed, changes in temperature can phase shift circadian neuronal activity rhythms of suprachiasmatic nuclei maintained in vitro. 20,21General anesthesia can be associated with transient hypothermia, but we did not observe significant difference in the MESOR of body temperature when comparing Intralipid and anesthetic injections during the 5 days after drug administration (fig. 7). Indeed, we observed that intraperitoneal injections of propofol or Intralipid were both associated with a transient decrease in the MESOR of core body temperature on the day of injection, which then returns to baseline values the day after injection (D1). Moreover, we observed a positive correlation between the shifts in circadian rhythms of rest–activity and body temperature in rats injected with propofol or Intralipid on day 1. Therefore, the observed changes in body core temperature during the days after general anesthesia could not be biased by anesthesia-induced possible hypothermia. At first glance, general propofol anesthesia seems to affect the body temperature circadian rhythm more than the rest–activity circadian rhythm. Indeed, the magnitude of phase shift and the decrease in amplitude seem more pronounced with regard to body temperature than to rest–activity. Changes in phase shift and amplitude were also more prolonged for body temperature than for rest–activity rhythms. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of propofol anesthesia on circadian rhythms, including body temperature fluctuations. It mentions that the observed changes in core body temperature are correlated with shifts in circadian rhythms, supporting the idea that body temperature fluctuates in sync with these rhythms. Additionally, the text explains that even after general anesthesia, the body temperature shows changes in phase shift that are aligned with the circadian structure, indicating an intrinsic relationship between body temperature and circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Sample 12 Cycle:Injectable steroids dosing 500mg per week-long ester testosterone30mg Dianabol daily (first 6 weeks) – first and biggest strength/size increaseThis supplement effectively increases muscle mass and recovery rate, as well as 200mg of Anavar weekly. Sample 8 Cycle:Anavar 350mg per week – prevents muscle loss100mg of Masteron per cycle every other day – helps to create a hard, defined lookSpecifically, 50mg of injectable Stanozolol daily resulted in lean muscle mass retention and body fat loss. These combinations should be ideal for bulking users, who want to gain muscle mass and strength and lose fat with lean muscle. This typically means users are likely to gain between 10 and 15 pounds during the primary bulking phase. The cutting cycle gives the muscles a lean look with visible carbohydrates and fat distribution. First of all, the trial of tolerance with a smaller portion of a steroid is always necessary as a first habitual step. The other feature of the PO workout regime is that it gives the body adequate time to correct hormonal imbalances after the cycles, keeping these powerful chemicals effective. To anyone looking for the best anabolic steroids for sale, the right use and timing are very important if good results are to be obtained. When to Cycle? The muscle growth gaining and fat loss phases should be altered to avoid stagnation of results and not to stress the physiological system. Switching between different anabolic steroids makes it easier to alleviate the chances of getting tolerance and adds variety to the training process. However, after completing a particular cycle, resting for at least 8-12 weeks is mandatory. This recuperation duration allows the hormones in your body to be restored to normal and is one way to healthy living. In this case, performing activities such as PCR or post-cycle rehabilitation is necessary. As for suppressing endogenous testosterone production during a cycle, PCR restores the original state. Given that the surgical procedure is invasive, it calls for the treatment of some particular steroids like Clomiphene, Tamoxifen as well as HCG to boost the natural testosterone manufacturing and prevent any estrogen results. It is necessary for the sustenance of the gains that were achieved during the cycle and management of negative side effects, for instance, gynecomastia, mood swings, and sexual dysfunctions. Also, going through the bulking and cutting cycles guarantees that your program is as versatile as possible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of anabolic steroids and various workout cycles to gain muscle mass and facilitate fat loss. It emphasizes the importance of specific steroid regimens, cutting and bulking phases, and post-cycle therapy rather than personalized nutrition as a guaranteed method for weight loss. The focus is on how different cycles and the use of steroids contribute to muscle gain and fat loss rather than an assurance that personalized nutrition alone can lead to guaranteed weight loss.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: It may design either for research and development or demonstration for Popularisation of system, education and training, promotion, health or combination of these. It is usually better to start with a small size to gain experience and build up confidence before undertaking the large scale project. As defined earlier, one of primary requirement of is to develop energy demand pattern, energy supply system and optimally match demand with supply. 53 - 60 (8 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart These three requirements are required to be followed in sequence for getting maximum benefits. However, integrated rural energy concept is a new area of work and not much experience is available in this field as compared to other rural development activities. It is difficult to give any guidelines for planning. One can only recommend approaches and not solutions to planning. The rural area in developing countries are almost always rich in one or another sources of energy, which could be used separately or in combination with other sources in decentralized small scale units, or even on a household scale. Thus, the problem is one of good planning, management and a strong educational and promotions campaign, rather than the non availability of resources or the lack of technology. Further, after planning, prefect development of device and their effective operation is required. The purpose of the project should be clearly defined. It may design either for research and development or demonstration for Popularisation of system, education and training, promotion, health or combination of these. It is usually better to start with a small size to gain experience and build up confidence before undertaking the large scale project. As defined earlier, one of primary requirement of is to develop energy demand pattern, energy supply system and optimally match demand with supply. 6 6. 1 planning is possible only with knowledge of past and present energy consumption and future energy demand. There are number of factor which affects the energy consumption pattern significantly. These include energy prices, availability, reliability of supply, uniformity of quality, convenience in use, technical and economic characteristics of energy using equipment & appliances, population growth, income rate of urbanization, educational status, social acceptance, social habit, present knowledge of beneficiary etc. The energy planning differ in planning sectral wise and planning sources wise. For sector planning purposes, estimates are needed of the short and long run price elasticity for every specific energy resource. Where as in planning sources wise, one must consider its long term availability & its costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the importance of renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Instead, it discusses various aspects of energy planning, management, and educational initiatives related to energy without explicitly linking these concepts to renewable energy's role in sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: : Disturbances in melatonin, cortisol and core body temperature rhythms after major surgery. Surg 2007; 31:290–82. : The influence of anaesthesia and surgery on the circadian rhythm of melatonin. Scand 2002; 46:30–63. : Melatonin and anesthesia: A clinical perspective. J 2007; 42:12–214. Allada R: An emerging link between general anesthesia and sleep. 2008; 105:2257–85. : An essential role for orexins in emergence from general anesthesia. 2008; 105:1309–146. : Reciprocal relationships between general (propofol) anesthesia and circadian time in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:728–357. Kalsbeek A, Perreau-Lenz S, Buijs RM: A network of (autonomic) clock outputs. 2006; 23:521–358. : Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals. 1995; 16:191–2239. : Determination of physiological rhythms of unrestrained animals by radio telemetry. Nature 1961; 190:90–110. : Ethical and methodological standards for laboratory and medical biological rhythm research. 2008; 25:999–101611. : Effect of propofol on affective state as assessed by place conditioning paradigm in rats. Anesthesiology 1996; 85:121–812. : Effect of midazolam on propofol-induced positive affective state assessed by place conditioning in rats. Anesthesiology 1997; 87:935–4313. : Spectral sensitivity of a novel photoreceptive system mediating entrainment of mammalian circadian rhythms. Nature 1984; 308:186–814. : The circadian rhythm of core temperature: Origin and some implications for exercise performance. 2005; 22:207–2515. : Isoflurane anesthesia and circadian temperature cycles in humans. Anesthesiology 1991; 75:985–916. : Daily rhythms of heart rate, temperature and locomotor activity are modified by anaesthetics in rats: A telemetric study. 1997; 355:774–817. : Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. 1997; 41:955–6318. : Bright light therapy: Improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to circadian rhythms and body temperature, specifically mentioning the 'circadian rhythm of core temperature' and its implications for exercise performance, thereby suggesting that core body temperature does indeed align with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Due to the low serum glucose levels, insulin secretion is drastically decreased and therefore halts fat and glucose storage. The ketogenesis enzymes are upregulated and hence increase the triacylglycerol catabolism. The resultant fatty acids are broken down into ketones bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, and β-hydroxybutyrate). If the low carbohydrate and high fat state are maintained ketosis will perpetuate. This ketosis state is called nutritional ketosis wherein the serum ketones concentration is within 0. 5-3. 0mmol/L and there is a compensatory mechanism to maintain the blood pH in the physiologic range (7. 35-. 45). In the absence of compensation, the serum ketone concentration is >10mmol/L. This can manifest as ketoacidosis or the rare alkaline ketoacidosis (masked DKA). Endogenous ketone bodies are utilized by the kidneys, cardiac and skeletal muscles, and the neural tissues via the blood-brain barrier. RBCs have no mitochondria and hepatocytes lack the enzyme beta ketoacyl-CoA transferase in its mitochondrial matrix and therefore the only tissues that are unable to utilize ketones. The rate of production of ketones can vary based on the basal metabolic rate, age, and body fat percentage. Interestingly, the utilization of ketones leads to a reduction in the production of reactive oxygen species. The epigenetic modulation is targeted via specific inhibition of the class I histone deacetylases by β-hydroxybutyrate [12]. This causes downregulation in the transcripts of genes FOXO3A and MT2, responsible for oxidative stress resistance [12]. Ketone bodies are more efficient energy production substrates than glucose or fatty acids. Each unit of fatty acids, ketones, and glucose produce 6. 7, 5. 4, and 5. 4 ATPs, respectively [13]. Energy efficiency is better expressed as ATP per oxygen atom ratio (P/O ratio). The P/O ratio for glucose, ketone, and fatty acids is 2. 58, 2. 50, and 2. 33, respectively [13]. There is a need for novel experiments that measure the effect of ketones on cardiomyocytes and skeletal tissue preparation to discern the mechanical work to oxygen output ratio in both physiological and pathological states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the biochemical mechanisms of nutritional ketosis and the variability of ketone utilization based on metabolic factors such as age and body fat percentage. This indicates that personalized nutrition cannot guarantee weight loss universally, as the effects of nutritional approaches like ketosis are influenced by individual metabolic rates and conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: In general, to cope up future risk and uncertainty, we need to predict the future event. The likely future event has to be given from and content in terms of projected course of variables i. e. the forecasting. Projection is of two types – forward & backward. It is the forward projection of data variable, which is named as forecasting. 61 - 76 (16 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 6. 1 planning is possible only with knowledge of past and present energy consumption and future energy demand. There are number of factor which affects the energy consumption pattern significantly. These include energy prices, availability, reliability of supply, uniformity of quality, convenience in use, technical and economic characteristics of energy using equipment & appliances, population growth, income rate of urbanization, educational status, social acceptance, social habit, present knowledge of beneficiary etc. The energy planning differ in planning sectral wise and planning sources wise. For sector planning purposes, estimates are needed of the short and long run price elasticity for every specific energy resource. Where as in planning sources wise, one must consider its long term availability & its costs. In general, to cope up future risk and uncertainty, we need to predict the future event. The likely future event has to be given from and content in terms of projected course of variables i. e. the forecasting. Projection is of two types – forward & backward. It is the forward projection of data variable, which is named as forecasting. 7 Modelling for Planning 7. 1 has become a critical input for the economic development of the India because of the wide spread scarcity of oil and electricity and other commercial form of energy. The rural areas are often the worst affected because of these shortages and the rural population continues to depend on the inefficient non-commercial energy from like fire wood, cow dung, human and animal for meeting their energy requirement for subsistence, production and devolvement needs. The rural energy crises or “The energy crisis” has been getting increased attention from the policy makers to tackle the problem in a planned and integrated manner. The rural energy sector is concerned with two major planning issues. Provision of energy for meeting substance needs for cooking, heating and lighting of the rural areas of the country. This problem is also directly linked to the problem of deforestation and environmental destruction being caused in the rural area because of indiscriminate and wide spread use of non conventional energy sources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various factors influencing energy consumption patterns and the rural energy crisis but does not directly address renewable energy sources or their importance for sustainable development. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, toxic effects of this drug have been reported [6], originally ascribed to the nitroso moiety or to various decomposition products such as cyanide, thiocyanate, and nitrite. It was postulated that the iron atom of the nitroprusside complex reacts with free sulfhydryl groups (-SH) in erythrocytes and releases cyanide in vivo by nonenzymatic reaction [7]. Free cyanide can be converted to thiocyanate by the enzyme thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (rhodanese) that is present in various tissues [8 - 10] and particularly high in liver [11]. Moreover, the vasodilating effect of SNP is due to of its ability to release nitric oxide (NO) group to the vascular wall. Release of the NO is triggered by reduction of the (CN)5FeNO-2 anion. SNP has been suggested to cause cytotoxicity through either the release of cyanide and/or nitric oxide. The major target of NO is soluble guanylate cyclase [12], but many more molecules are modified by NO or reactive oxygen species derived from NO. Other studies reveal that the in vitro cytotoxicity of SNP may or may not be mediated by NO [13]. Indeed, some NO donor compounds (e. g. S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, S-nitrosoglutathione) have been shown to protect neurons against oxidative injury and cell death caused by small molecular weight iron complexes such as ferrous citrate [14]. With this discrepancy, it is debatable whether the SNP's neurotoxicity is or is not due to the NO release. Biological rhythms are regular and periodic phenomena existing in all living organisms [15]. In fact, most physiological functions have a rhythm with a period of approximately 24 h [15]. Desired and nondesired (toxic) effects of several chemical and physical agents also vary markedly within the 24-h period depending on the time of administration [16 - 19]. The rhythms in drug effects are suggested not to be due to rhythmic changes in the pharmacokinetics of drugs but rather to an endogenous rhythm in drug susceptibility resulting from a circadian rhythm controlled by an inner clock [20]. Thus, the dosing of medication at the targeted biological time with reference to circadian rhythms can result in modulation of its toxicity [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the existence of biological rhythms, which are noted as 'regular and periodic phenomena existing in all living organisms.' It emphasizes that 'most physiological functions have a rhythm with a period of approximately 24 h,' which supports the idea that human body temperature, a physiological function, fluctuates in sync with circadian rhythms. Furthermore, the discussion on how the effects of chemical and physical agents vary depending on the time of administration highlights the influence of circadian rhythms on physiological responses, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Ketogenic diet for weight loss Table 1 [14-22] displays the weight changes over multiple studies comparing weight loss in ketogenic diets and low-fat diets at six and twelve months. An average of 5 studies containing 663 patients was completed for 6 months comparing ketogenic diet weight loss and low-fat diet weight loss. The results present a greater weight loss by a ketogenic diet (9. 6Kg) compared to weight loss using low-fat diets (5. 8Kg). Importantly, when these dietary plans were carried out for 12 months with an average of 910 patients; there was a much lower difference between the weight loss in the ketogenic diet (5. 7Kg) compared to a low-fat diet (4. 6Kg). Thus, the conclusion is both diets are beneficial for weight loss; however, ketogenic diets may be more beneficial in the first 6 months compared to low-fat diets. Another metaanalysis of multiple randomized controlled trials at 12 months or longer was carried out comparing a very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) with low-fat diets. group recorded more weight loss over 12 months (average weight difference, -0. 91kg; 95% CI: -1. 65 to -0. 17, in 1415 patients) [22]. Temporal association of weight loss during ketogenic diet The rapid decrease in weight in the first 2 weeks following a ketogenic diet is often misunderstood as a fat loss when the majority is water loss. This occurs because carbohydrate polymers quench water molecules when stored in the body, and thus low carbohydrate diets cause a diuretic effect in the initial weeks. This water weight can come back rapidly if people begin to consume carbohydrates again. Physical exam and laboratory changes during the ketogenic diet The effects of ketogenic diets vs low-fat diets were examined in a meta-analysis of 23 randomized controlled trials with 2788 participants. The results display that in comparison to low-fat diets, a VLCKD diet recorded lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, decreased serum triglyceride levels (-14. 0mg/dL; 95% CI: -19. 4, -8. 7), and elevated HDL levels (3. 3mg/dL; 95% CI: 1. 9, 4. 7). However, a VLCKD diet causes an increased net difference of LDL cholesterol levels in participants (+3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that while ketogenic diets may result in weight loss, it does not guarantee weight loss irrespective of diet or exercise. The analysis shows that both ketogenic and low-fat diets can be effective, but the long-term results show less significant differences in weight loss after 12 months. Additionally, the text discusses the impact of initial water loss during a ketogenic diet, which may misrepresent true fat loss. Thus, it emphasizes that weight loss outcomes depend on the dietary approach and individual response, not a guarantee from personalized nutrition alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: 1 Biodiesel is a mixture of methyl esters of long chain fatty acids like lauric, palmitic, stearic, oleic and so on. It is produced by the transesterification of animal fats and vegetable oils – all of which belong to a group of organic esters called triglycerides. Typical examples are rape/canola oil, soyabean oil, sunflower oil, palm oil and its derivatives, etc. from vegetable sources, beef and sheep tallow and poultry oil from animal sources and also from used cooking oil. The chemistry is basically the same irrespective of the feedstock. The chemistry of biodiesel is given in Fig. 11. 1. 12 12. 1 has a provision for destroying and disposing off wastes and dead plants and animals. This decay or decomposition is carried out by tiny micro-organisms called bacteria. Making of farm-yard manure (FYM) and compost is also through decomposition of organic matter (OM). When a heap of vegetable or animal waste and weeds etc. , die or decompose at the bottom of backwater or shallow lagoons, bubbles can be noticed rising to the surface of water. Sometimes these bubbles burn with dancing flame at dusk. This phenomenon has puzzled man for a long time. It was only during the past hundred years that Scientists unlocked this secret as the decomposition process. The gas thus produced was and is still called “Marsh Gas. ” The technology of harnessing this gas under artificially created conditions is known as Biogas Technology. 205 - 220 (16 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 12. 1 has a provision for destroying and disposing off wastes and dead plants and animals. This decay or decomposition is carried out by tiny micro-organisms called bacteria. Making of farm-yard manure (FYM) and compost is also through decomposition of organic matter (OM). When a heap of vegetable or animal waste and weeds etc. , die or decompose at the bottom of backwater or shallow lagoons, bubbles can be noticed rising to the surface of water. Sometimes these bubbles burn with dancing flame at dusk. This phenomenon has puzzled man for a long time. It was only during the past hundred years that Scientists unlocked this secret as the decomposition process. The gas thus produced was and is still called “Marsh Gas. ” The technology of harnessing this gas under artificially created conditions is known as Biogas Technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the chemistry and production of biodiesel and biogas, discussing the decomposition process and the microorganisms involved, but it does not address the broader topic of renewable energy sources or their importance for sustainable development. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: A new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human healthDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-7Submitted on Mar 14, 2008Accepted on May 29, 2008Published on May 29, 20084. 0 the earth rotates, all species on the surface of the planet are exposed to 24-hour patterns of light and darkness. In response to these regular, daily oscillations to the natural light-dark cycle, these species have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours [1,2]. Examples of circadian rhythms include oscillations in core body temperature [3], hormone secretion [4], sleep [5], and alertness [6]. Circadian oscillations also exist at a cellular level, including cell mitosis and DNA damage response [7,8]. These oscillations are a result of a small group of clock genes inside the cell nuclei creating interlocked transcriptional and post-translational feedback loops. The timing of these circadian clock genes is generally orchestrated by a master biological clock located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [9] of the hypothalamus of the brain [10]. The master clock in the SCN provides precise time cues throughout the body to regulate these diverse physiological, hormonal, and behavioral circadian patterns. However, in total darkness the timing of the SCN will become asynchronous with the solar day because in humans the period of the master clock is slightly longer than 24 hours [1]. To maintain synchrony with the external world, the light-dark pattern incident on the retina resets the timing of the SCN, so that as we travel across time zones, we can entrain our biological functions to the local environment. If the period of the light-dark pattern is too long or too short, or if the light and dark exposures become aperiodic, the master clock can lose control of the timing of peripheral circadian clocks. Maintaining the phase-relation ordering of the various circadian rhythms from molecular to behavioral levels appears to be crucial for coordinated functions throughout the human body. Lack of synchrony between the master clock and the peripheral clocks can lead to asynchronies within cells (e. g. , cell cycle) and between organ systems (e. g. , liver and pancreas). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that there are oscillations in core body temperature as an example of circadian rhythms. It explains that numerous species, including humans, have evolved endogenous circadian rhythms that repeat approximately every 24 hours, which directly supports the idea that body temperature fluctuates in synchrony with these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: 7mg/dL; 95% CI: 1. 0, 6. 4) [23]. The data supports the conclusion that a reduction of carbohydrates in diets such as the VLCKD diet is adequate for weight loss; however, it is associated with increased total cholesterol levels and the VLCKD diet has not been proven to be clearly more effective than other weight loss methods. In addition, there were no significant differences between VLCKD diets or low-fat diets in the reduction in weight or waist circumference. Finally, it is important to note that this study did not assess the serum ketone levels, thus it is undetermined whether the weight loss is associated with ketosis or any ketogenic effects. Monitoring ketones Urine strip is useful to detect ketones during the early phase of nutritional ketosis. Later, there will be a renal adaptation wherein the ketones are reabsorbed, and the urine dipstick will not be sensitive enough [24]. More accurate monitoring is by handheld glucometer (precision Xtra®, Abbott) that has a ketone modality to detect β-hydroxybutyrate. These devices measure blood glucose and ketone levels. In a comparison between urine dipstick and handheld β-hydroxybutyrate testing, a total of 516 hyperglycemic patients were used. The urine dipstick had a sensitivity and specificity of 98. 1% and 35. 1% respectively. When using handheld testing devices following a cutoff of >1. 5mmol/L, the sensitivity and specificity were 98. 1% and 78. 6% respectively. The inference from these results can be drawn that both urine dipstick and handheld devices both have a high sensitivity for ketones; however, the handheld β-hydroxybutyrate detecting devices have a much higher specificity for ketones, which is important in the case of diabetic patients where this may significantly reduce the number of diabetic patients that enter the emergency department [25]. The breath test has a good correlation with blood β-hydroxybutyrate levels (r=0. 821) as well as blood acetone levels. When the concentration of blood β-hydroxybutyrate served as the standard, the sensitivity of exhaled acetone was 90. 9% with a specificity of 77. 1% [26]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the VLCKD diet, stating it has not been proven to be clearly more effective than other weight loss methods and that there were no significant differences in weight or waist circumference between different dietary approaches. It also emphasizes that weight loss can vary and is not solely guaranteed by personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: The open fire can burn wood without making a lot of smoke; hot fires burn smoke as it is released from the wood (Fig. 14. 1). Unfortunately however, many fires used for cooking are built emphasizing simplicity of use and are wasteful and polluting. Modern stoves score higher when tested than even the most carefully operated fire in the laboratory. 245 - 265 (21 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 14. 1 air pollution causes significant health problems for the two billion people worldwide who rely on biomass fuels for their cooking and heating needs. Over the last 30 years awareness of the environmental and social costs of using traditional fuels and stoves has grown. At the same time, studies of the problem have resulted in proven strategies to reduce both fuel use and harmful emissions. Unfortunately, the local stoves currently available do not always represent the best designs that modern engineering can offer. Although open fires are often used wastefully, carefully operated open fires can be fuel efficient and clean burning when tested in the lab. In many situations, cooks are not overly concerned with fuel use, and studies have shown that when fuel is plentiful three-stone fires can use an excessive amount of wood to cook a small amount of food. But in other places where fuel is scarce, open fires can be carefully controlled so that fuel efficiency rivals many first generation improved cook stoves. Modern cook stoves are designed to clean up combustion first. Then the hot gases can be forced to contact the pot and increasing efficiency without increasing harmful emissions. Fires can be clean burning when expert cooks push the sticks of wood into the fire as they burn, metering the fuel. The open fire can be a hot fire useful when food or drink needs to be prepared quickly. The energy goes into the pot, not into the cold body of a stove. The open fire can burn wood without making a lot of smoke; hot fires burn smoke as it is released from the wood (Fig. 14. 1). Unfortunately however, many fires used for cooking are built emphasizing simplicity of use and are wasteful and polluting. Modern stoves score higher when tested than even the most carefully operated fire in the laboratory. 15 Technology 15. 1 Fuel cell is a electrochemical device that convert chemical energy of a reaction directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the efficiency and pollution associated with traditional cooking fires and modern stoves rather than addressing renewable energy sources or their importance for sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This breakdown in synchrony, as demonstrated most profoundly with jet lag, disrupts sleep [11], digestion [12], and alertness [13]. Chronic disruptions can contribute to cardiovascular anomalies [14] and accelerated cancerous tumour growth [15] in animal models. In humans, epidemiological studies have shown that rotating-shift nurses, who experience a marked lack of synchrony between activity-rest patterns and light-dark cycles (as shown in this report), are at higher risk of having breast cancer compared to day-shift nurses [16]. In fact, the Organization has identified rotating-shift work as a probable cause of cancer [17]. In addition to heightened cancer risks, other disorders have been associated with rotating-shift work, such as diabetes and obesity, suggesting again a role for circadian disruption in the development and progression of diseases [18]. Despite the growing evidence that circadian disruption negatively affects human health [18,19], the logical chain linking light-induced circadian disruption to morbidity and mortality still has not been forged. If the impact of circadian disruption is to be studied with any degree of accuracy, it is important to quantitatively characterize light and dark as it affects the human circadian system because the light-dark pattern is the primary synchronizing stimulus for our circadian system [1]. It is also necessary to quantify the temporal characteristics of circadian light and dark exposures actually experienced by people [20]. Without quantification of the actual circadian light and dark exposures experienced by people, it will be difficult to relate the findings from controlled laboratory studies of light-induced circadian disruption in humans to the expected health of any human sub-population, including rotating-shift workers. These actual circadian light and dark exposures in human populations must also be incorporated into parametric studies using animal models as surrogates for particular human diseases or maladies if we are to gain any detailed insight into the role of circadian disruption on human health. Since nocturnal species are used almost exclusively as animal models in this research, a method needs to be established to relate actual circadian light and dark exposures in humans to parametrically controlled exposures of light and dark using these animal models [21]. This paper is concerned with patterns of circadian light and dark as they affect behavioral entrainment and how more sophisticated studies of the relationship between light-induced circadian disruption and human health might be conducted. Here we present original data from the Daysimeter [20], a device for simultaneously recording light-dark and activity-rest data in humans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how circadian disruption impacts human health and emphasizing the need to study light and dark patterns in relation to the circadian system. It mentions that circadian cycles, influenced by light-dark exposure, play a significant role in various physiological processes, implying that body temperature, which is known to be regulated by circadian rhythms, likely experiences similar fluctuations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition can guarantee weight loss regardless of diet or exercise. [SEP] Text: Breath tests have a high sensitivity and specificity, thus making them beneficial as a non-invasive and convenient method of measuring ketones. Importantly in rare situations, people may have false-positive results with an alcohol breath test due to ketogenic diets because of ketonemia. This occurs due to acetone being reduced to isopropanol by hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase in the body, thus giving a false-positive result on alcohol breath tests if inexpensive models are in use. Go to Review 1. 2mmol/L drop in serum glucose drop from a baseline admission glucose of 7. 5 mmol/L [33]. A significant improvement in insulin sensitivity shown by 75% in the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp [33]. The hemoglobin A1c dropped 0. 5% from a baseline admission reading of 7. 3% [33]. The hemoglobin A1c is representative of chronic hyperglycemia over the life span of an RBC (120 days), as such this result must not be given significant weightage. With further investigation, it is seen that a diet with less than 45% carbohydrates that one would have further glycemic control. With the trials investigated following the KD, as the number of restriction increases (like the data point where there are 20% carbohydrates that make up your diet there is a -23% change in HbA1C whereas if there is a greater amount of carbohydrates to approximately 54% there is an increase of +12. 5% increasing the amount of HbA1C). More than half of the patients participating in the study using the ketogenic diet in the study had a change in their HbA1C. Go to Review 0. 2. Without evidence of a family history of kidney stones, certain anticonvulsants with carbonic anhydrase inhibition properties that increase the risk of kidney stones should be avoided. None of these however tend to be the reason behind the discontinuation of the keto diet, it is usually due to its inefficiency as a diet (around 3-6 months is the usual time span) that is helping the children with epilepsy. ketogenic diet has a relative contraindication in diabetics on insulin or oral hypoglycemics as they need careful optimization of their regiment prior to initiation of this diet. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that influence the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet, indicating that it is not guaranteed to lead to weight loss. It mentions that the keto diet's inefficiency is often a reason for discontinuation and notes that a change in HbA1C levels, while possibly beneficial, does not equate to guaranteed weight loss. The mention of specific dietary restrictions and the need for careful optimization in certain populations further undermines the claim of absolute effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy sources are increasingly crucial for sustainable development. [SEP] Text: A schematic representation of a fuel cell with the reactant or product gases and the ion conduction flow directions through the cell is shown in Fig. 15. 1 267 - 276 (10 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 15. 1 Fuel cell is a electrochemical device that convert chemical energy of a reaction directly into electrical energy. The basic physical structure of a fuel cell consists of an electrolyte layer in contact with a porous anode and cathode on either side. A schematic representation of a fuel cell with the reactant or product gases and the ion conduction flow directions through the cell is shown in Fig. 15. 1 16 Techno-of 16. 1 is well known fact that planners as well as end user’s have to consider any resources as technology from economic point of view. Therefore, it is important to have techno – economic analysis of each energy source option. In the feasibility study of particular energy option, three tier judgement approaches is required, which include technical feasibility, economical viability and social acceptability. Hence in the rural energy planning programme one has to considered techno socio economic analysis of an individual energy option. Since in integrated rural energy planning, locally available energy resources are used, presuming that it is socially recognized. Hence in the IRPE project, the need and scope of techno economic analysis in terms of economic analysis of different technical feasible options, before between “economic” and “financial” analysis should be kept in mind. An economic analysis is needed to verify that a particular energy source will provide “net benefit” to society as a whole, before its final integration in the energy context, while a financial analysis integrated in the energy practices. In simple wards, a financial analysis is concerned with goods and services, money inflow and outflows and the transfer of payments. An economic analysis also considers the social benefits and costs of goods and services which are not traded in a market. 277 - 290 (14 Pages) USD34. 99 Add to cart 16. 1 is well known fact that planners as well as end user’s have to consider any resources as technology from economic point of view. Therefore, it is important to have techno – economic analysis of each energy source option. In the feasibility study of particular energy option, three tier judgement approaches is required, which include technical feasibility, economical viability and social acceptability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is primarily focused on fuel cells and the techno-economic analysis of energy sources, lacking any direct mention or discussion of renewable energy sources or their importance for sustainable development. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding renewable energy and its role in sustainable development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Third, it is now possible to simply and quantitatively characterize degrees of circadian entrainment/disruption; that is, the levels of synchrony between light-dark exposures and activity-rest, in both humans and animal models. A focus on entrainment, rather than light per se or activity alone, makes it possible to relate ecological studies of diurnal humans to parametric studies of diseases using nocturnal animal models. In other words, parametric studies of circadian disruption employing animal models for human diseases can now be designed and conducted so as to more accurately reflect their relevance to the actual living conditions in humans. It should be emphasized, too, that the methods presented here are not limited to the study of behavioral entrainment. Rather, this analysis provides the basis for assessing entrainment of other outcome measures from the circadian system, such as core body temperature or melatonin synthesis, to light-dark patterns. From these envisioned studies, modern maladies like diabetes, obesity, and poor sleep, as well as breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, can be meaningfully and systematically investigated. More important perhaps, forging the links identified in this paper will significantly accelerate a deeper understanding of the role of circadian disruption on human health [17] and thereby may accelerate medical treatment of these maladies with light and with drugs [33]. The techniques identified here also imply that, in the future, it will be possible to examine circadian entrainment/disruption on an individual basis so that each person can be treated with the appropriate light-dark exposure and/or with the appropriate pharmaceutical interventions. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MSR conceived the study, lead the team in its execution and drafted major sections of the paper, AB formulated the analyses and drafted portions of the Results and Discussion sections, MGF was instrumental in acquiring the nurse data, drafted sections of the paper and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript, JDB was instrumental in acquiring the rat data and provided expertise while preparing the manuscript. All authors participated equally in discussions and the exchange of ideas during the study, and all reviewed and approved the final manuscript. 1267. [PubMed]. N. (1970). Rhythms. London Churchill. Collis, SJ and Boulton, SJ (2007). Emerging links between the biological clock and the DNA damage response Chromosoma 116: 331–339. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that the analysis provides a basis for assessing entrainment of circadian system outcomes, including core body temperature. This suggests that body temperature is affected by circadian rhythms, aligning with the claim that human body temperature fluctuates throughout the day in sync with these rhythms.