Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: In recent years there has been a tremendous effort trying to better understand the properties of entanglement considered as a fundamental resource of Nature, of comparable importance to energy, information, entropy, or any other fundamental resource. Although there is as yet no complete theory of entanglement, some progress has been made in understanding this strange property of quantum mechanics. It is hoped by many researchers that further study of the properties of entanglement will yield insights that facilitate the development of new applications in quantum computation and quantum information. As we known, it is interesting to learn that one decade before people realized that a quantum computer could be used to break public key cryptography, they had already found a solution against this quantum attack – quantum key distribution (QKD). Based on the fundamental principles in quantum physics, QKD provides an unconditionally secure way to distribute random keys through insecure channels. The secure key generated by QKD could be further applied in the OTP scheme or other encryption algorithms to enhance information security. In this 2. 1. Entanglement stateThe counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics about correlated systems were first discussed by in 1935, in a joint paper with [10]. They demonstrated a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was impossible. But flowing the EPR paper, wrote letter (in German) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschrankung (translated by himself as entanglement) “to describe the correlations between two p2. 2. One-time-pad and key distribution problemIn conventional cryptography, an unbreakable code does exist. It is called the one-time-pad and was invented by in 1918 [14]. In the one-time-pad method, a message (traditionally called the plain text) is first converted by Alice into a binary form (a string consisting of “0”s and “1”s) by a publicly known method. A key is a binary string of the same length as the message. By combining each bit of the message with the respective bit of the key using XOR (i. e. addition modulo two), Alice converts the plain text into an encrypted form (called the cipher text). i. e. for each bitci≡mi+ki (mod 2). E3Alice then transmits the cipher text to Bob via a broadcast channel. Anyone including an eavesdropper can get a copy of the cipher text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum key distribution (QKD), which is described as providing an unconditionally secure way to distribute random keys through insecure channels. It explains that QKD is based on fundamental principles of quantum physics, which directly supports the claim that quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security when implemented correctly. Additionally, it mentions that keys generated by QKD can be applied in secure encryption methods such as the one-time-pad, further reinforcing the effectiveness of quantum cryptography in providing secure communications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 001) as well (0. 22 for the choline alfoscerate group, 0. 26 for the ginkgo biloba group, -0. 95 for the other nootropics group) (2). DiscussionOur study findings suggest that the effectiveness of nootropics combination with ChEI may be different according to the type of dementia. The difference in change in the MMSE total scores from baseline to endpoint between the ChEI only group and the ChEI and nootropics combination group was not evident, but the results implied a positive impact of ChEI augmentation with nootropics on some domains of cognitive function in certain types of dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s dementia. The impact of nootropics augmentation on ChEI in Alzheimer’s dementia was consistently depicted on the language domain after consideration of medical adherence and nootropics type. Previous studies on nootropics revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline. Most studies were either examined over a relatively short follow-up time or conducted with a limited number of subjects, and many of them focused on nootropic monotherapy rather than concomitant use with ChEI [6, 9, 10, 17, 23–25]. This study aimed to compare the nootropics and ChEI combination with ChEI monotherapy in an attempt to validate the effectiveness of nootropics in association with ChEI. We examined the change in not only MMSE total scores but also in its six subscale scores over a long period of exposure (300–400 days after the first prescription), which was considered long enough to elucidate the effect of the ChEI and nootropics combination. We categorized the subjects by dementia types in order to clarify the impact of nootropics combination in each type of dementia separately, and mainly focused on Alzheimer’s dementia, which is the most common neurodegenerative form of dementia. We did not limit nootropics to only one type of drug, but included multiple types of nootropics that are most frequently prescribed by clinicians in Korea, to speculate the effectiveness of different types of nootropics, particularly focusing on the two drugs that were most commonly used: choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the effectiveness of nootropics is not guaranteed, stating that previous studies revealed nootropics to have minimal, if any, effects on the prevention of cognitive decline and highlighting the variability in effectiveness depending on the context, such as type of dementia. It indicates that the impact of nootropics is not definitively established, especially when comparing to standard treatments like ChEI. Thus, the claim that nootropics guarantee permanent cognitive improvement is unsupported by the findings presented in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Одна и та же ширина фертильных и стерильных побегов, идентичная форма сохранности, одинаковое строение поверхности побегов позволяют считать, что фертильные и стерильные побеги принадлежали одному виду материнского растения. Рис. 2. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – тангентальное сечение через побег, экз. 4914/24; б – поперечное сечение через побег, обобщённая реконструкция по экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. It discusses the morphology and anatomical structure of a specific plant species, Volkhoviella primitiva, without addressing the broader evolutionary context or ecological significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: However, without the knowledge of the key, the cipher text is totally random and gives no information whatsoever about the plain text. For decryption, Bob, who shares the same key with Alice, can perform another XOR (i. e. addition modulo two) between each bit of the cipher text with the respective bit of the key to recover the plain text. This is because ci≡mi+ki ≡mi+2ki≡mi(mod 2). E4The one-time-pad method is unbreakable, but it has a serious drawback: it supposes that Alice and Bob initially share a random string of secret that is as long as the message. Therefore, the one-time-pad simply shifts the problem of secure communication to the problem of key distribution. This is the key distribution problem. The one of possible solution to the key distribution problem is public key cryptography. Quantum mechanics can provide a solution to the key distribution problem. In quantum key distribution, an encryption key is generated randomly between Alice and Bob by using non orthogonal quantum states. In quantum mechanics there is a quantum no-cloning theorem, which states that it is fundamentally impossible for anyone including an eavesdropper to make an additional copy of an unknown quantum state. Therefore, any attempt by an eavesdropper to learn information about a key in a QKD process will lead to disturbance, which can be detected by Alice and Bob who can, for example, check the bit error rate of a random sample of the raw transmission data. 2. 3. Quantum no-cloning theorem The quantum no-cloning theorem was stated by Wootters, Zurek, and Dieks in 1982, and has profound implications in quantum computing and related fields. Theorem (Quantum no-cloning theorem) An arbitrary quantum state cannot be duplicated perfectly. Proof: Suppose the state of a quantum system A, which we wish to copy, is |ψ⟩A. In order to make a copy, we take a system B with the same state space and initial state |e⟩B. The initial, or blank, state must be independent of |ψ⟩A, of which we have no prior knowledge. The composite system is then described by the tensor product, and its state is |ψ⟩A|e⟩B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the principles behind quantum key distribution (QKD) and how these principles lead to theoretically unbreakable security. It mentions the 'quantum no-cloning theorem,' which ensures that eavesdroppers cannot gain information about the key without detection, thus supporting the assertion of theoretically unbreakable security that quantum cryptography promises when implemented correctly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Choline alfoscerate is a derivative of phosphatidylcholine that enhances cholinergic transmission by upregulating acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis or release in the hippocampus [26, 27]; and thus, it ultimately facilitates learning and memory and decreases age-dependent structural changes, as seen in the frontal cortices and hippocampi of rats [7, 28]. Previous studies reported that the combination of choline alfoscerate with ChEI significantly increased ACh concentrations and prevented volume loss in the frontal and temporal lobe, hippocampus, and striatum in both rats [29] and in Alzheimer’s dementia patients [21]. One study also showed that choline alfoscerate increased hippocampal neurogenesis and provided protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment [30]. A study on the supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech detection and recognition among hearing aid users revealed that in the aging brain, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation in the medial geniculate body decreases, which contributes to deterioration in speech recognition and comprehension; and in such cases, choline precursor supplements could improve language functioning [31]. Ginkgo biloba extract, on the other hand, is hypothesized to enhance amyloid β-induced hippocampal neuron dysfunction and death, amyloid β aggregation, and neurogenesis [32–34], and induce a significant decrease in the density of β-adrenoreceptors in the frontal cortex and hippocampus [35]. Studies have shown that the hippocampus is closely associated with language production and verbal communication, either by contributing semantic memory to spoken language, processing the mismatch between the expected sensory consequences of speaking and perceived speech feedback, or via coupling between the hippocampal/supplementary motor area and the auditory cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and cerebellum [31, 36]. These findings all suggest that nootropics, such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, may enhance the cholinergic pathway in brain areas including the hippocampus, frontal lobes, and auditory cortex, which are critical in language processing and utilization, and enhance language function in association with ChEI administration. Language function is not only highly sensitive in detecting cognitive impairment in older age groups [37], but is also a biological marker that differentiates Alzheimer’s dementia from normal aging [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various effects of specific nootropics such as choline alfoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract. While it notes enhancements in cognitive functions such as learning, memory, and language processing, it does not guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, it describes observed improvements and suggests potential benefits in aging but lacks any definitive claim regarding permanence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/24 и 4914/4; в – поперечное сечение через побег, внешние покровы побега окружены дендритами псиломелана (гидроокислами марганца), экз. 4914/4; г – графическая дешифровка сечения, показанного на в, экз. 4914/4; д – фертильный побег (голотип) после дополнительной препарации, экз. 4914/7; е – два фертильных побега (слева – голотип) до препарации, экз. 4914/7; ж, з – графическая дешифровка голотипа, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. It appears to describe cross-sections of plant specimens and related observations, which are not relevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: cannot clone a general quantum state. Quantum no-cloning theorem is a direct result of the linearity of quantum physics. It is closely related to another important theorem in quantum mechanics, which states: if a measurement allows one to gain information about the state of a quantum system, then in general the state of this quantum system will be disturbed, unless we know in advance that the possible states of the original quantum system are orthogonal to each other. At first sight, the impossibility of making perfect copies of unknown quantum states seems to be a shortcoming. Surprisingly, it can also be an advantage. It turned out that by using this impossibility smartly, unconditionally secure key distribution could be achieved: any attempts by the eavesdropper to learn the information encoded quantum mechanically will disturb the quantum state and expose her existence. Specially, we can get the following characteristics about quantum no-cloning theorem:The no-cloning theorem prevents us from using classical error correction techniques on quantum states. For example, we cannot create backup copies of a state in the middle of a quantum computation, and use them to correct subsequent errors. Error correction is vital for practical quantum computing, and for some time this was thought to be a fatal limitation. In 1995, Shor and Steane revived the prospects of quantum computing by independently devising the first quantum error correcting codes, which circumvent the no-cloning theorem. Similarly, cloning would violate the no teleportation theorem, which says classical teleportation (not to be confused with entanglement-assisted teleportation) is impossible. In other words, quantum states cannot be measured reliably. The no-cloning theorem does not prevent superluminal communication via quantum entanglement, as cloning is a sufficient condition for such communication, but not a necessary one. Nevertheless, consider the EPR thought experiment, and suppose quantum states could be cloned. Assume parts of a maximally entangled Bell state are distributed to Alice and Bob. Alice could send bits to Bob in the following way: wishes to transmit a “0”, she measures the spin of her electron in the z direction, collapsing Bob’s state to either |z+⟩B or |z−⟩B. To transmit “1”, Alice does nothing to her qubit. Bob creates many copies of his electron’s state, and measures the spin of each copy in the z direction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the quantum no-cloning theorem plays a crucial role in unconditionally secure key distribution in quantum cryptography. It states that attempts by an eavesdropper to gain information about a quantum system will disturb that system, thus exposing the eavesdropper's presence. This characteristic implies that, when correctly implemented, quantum cryptography can offer theoretically unbreakable security, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: To our knowledge, this study is the first to elucidate the effect of nootropics co-administered with ChEIs on the attenuation of language domain deterioration in Alzheimer’s dementia using clinical data. The possible effect of nootropics on delaying the deterioration of language function may be of great value, considering the association between cognitive decline and language function in the aging population and dementia patients. The strength of this study lies in the methodological aspects of real-world data utilization. Many studies in Korea are actively conducted using the national claims database in an attempt to perform large-scale research [39]. However, imperative baseline characteristics of each patient, including medical histories, medications, and laboratory findings, are missing when using the national claims databases. On the other hand, the clinical data warehouse from our university healthcare system is a composition of each patient’s clinical and demographic data. In this study, we were able to extract and collect critical information regarding each patient’s clinical and demographic backgrounds such as, but not limited to, the education level and BMI, specific MMSE subscale scores, and detailed dementia diagnosis. As a result, we were able to make corrections for many variables that could have affected the MMSE results, including other relevant diagnoses and medical history, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, Parkinsonism, and visual/hearing loss. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that until now, there have only been a few, if any, studies on the effect of nootropics on ChEI efficacy outside of the only actively researched country, Italy [19, 20, 40]. The study had some limitations. Due to its retrospective nature, we were not able to control the treatment settings in terms of medication dosage, treatment duration, the overlapping periods of concomitant nootropic and ChEI use, and adherence monitoring. In order to compensate for these factors, we calculated and considered PDC, the number of days covered by the prescriptions in the total prescription periods, to reflect and consider drug adherence. Moreover, we only included subjects with MMSE scores within 300–400 days after the baseline, which might have excluded certain patients who could not take the annual MMSE test either due to a deleterious progression of dementia or because they no longer sought help or changed hospitals. In the near future, it seems that these limitations can be solved by conducting research based on a large database that combines real-world data from numerous hospitals (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the effects of nootropics in the context of Alzheimer's dementia and highlights that the study examines their role in attenuating language deterioration rather than providing guarantees of permanent cognitive improvement. It also mentions various limitations of the study, implying that the effects of nootropics are not definitively known and depend on multiple factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, и предполагаемая интерпретация прикрепления фертильных побегов к горизонтальным столонам. Средний ордовик, лланвирнский ярус. Длина масштабной линейки 100 мкм (а, б, г), 1 мм (в, д–з) Рис. 3. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , реконструкция растения а – вариант с горизонтальным расположением стерильных побегов; б – вариант с сочетанием горизонтальных столонов и частично вертикальным расположением стерильных побегов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific details about a plant species and its structure without addressing the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: proposed two communication modalities not allowed by classical physics: “quantum multiplexing” channel and counterfeit-free bank-note. Unfortunately, his paper was rejected and couldn’t be published until a decade later. In 1980’s, Charles H. Bennett and extended Wiesner’s idea and applied it to solve the key distribution problem in classical cryptography. In 1984, the well known BB84 QKD protocol was published [15]. QKD is a new tool in the cryptographer’s toolbox: it allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel where the output key is entirely independent from any input value, a task that is impossible using classical cryptography. QKD does not eliminate the need for other cryptographic primitives, such as authentication, but it can be used to build systems with new security properties. To conquer the errors made by noise and wiretapping in the quantum channel, unconditionally secure secret-key agreement over a public channel was designed, information reconciliation and privacy amplification can be used to quantum key distribution, or otherwise, quantum entanglement purification should be used. The first general although rather complex proof of unconditional security was given by Mayers [16], which was followed by a number of other proofs. In Mayers’ proof, the BB84 scheme proposed by Bennett and Brassard was proved to be unconditionally secure. Building on the quantum privacy amplification idea, Lo and Chau, proposed a conceptually simpler proof of security [17]. In QKD, two parties, Alice and Bob, obtain some quantum states and measure them. They communicate (all communication form this point onwards is classical) to determine which of their measurement results could lead to secret key bits; some are discarded in a process called sifting because the measurement settings were incompatible. They perform error correction and then estimate a security parameter which describes how much information an eavesdropper might have about their key data. If this amount is above a certain threshold, then they abort as they cannot guarantee any secrecy whatsoever. If it is below the threshold, then they can apply privacy amplification to squeeze out any remaining information the eavesdropper might have, and arrive at a shared secret key. Some of this classical communication must be authenticated to avoid man-in-the-middle attacks. Some portions of the protocol can fail with negligible probability. A flow chart describing the stages of quantum key distribution is given in Figure 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the unconditional security of the BB84 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) scheme as proven by Mayers. It states that QKD allows for secure key agreement over an untrusted channel and highlights that, while it does not eliminate the need for other cryptographic methods, it can achieve new security properties unattainable by classical cryptography. This supports the idea that quantum cryptography can offer theoretically unbreakable security when implemented correctly.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: , common data model). Finally, analyzing the six subscale domains of the MMSE may raise the issue of multiple comparison. However, through subsequent analyses, we induced consistent results at least in the Alzheimer’s dementia group, of which nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain. Surely, further studies that more deliberately focus on the separate cognitive domains should be performed with other more qualified neuropsychological tests. Still, this study would be of best effort to observe the effectiveness of nootropics utilizing the accumulated real-world data. ConclusionIn conclusion, our results demonstrated partial effectiveness of nootropics with ChEIs on some cognitive domains in Alzheimer’s dementia. The reliability of the current study was further strengthened by its 1-year follow-up period, consideration of treatment adherence, and adjustments for confounding comorbid diagnoses. This study emphasizes the need for future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics on cognitive function across various clinical settings or cause of dementia. inhibitor MMSE mini-mental state examination ICD-10 Classification of Disease and Problems 10th Revision BMI body mass index BP blood pressure PDC proportion of days covered ANOVA analysis of variance ACh acetylcholine DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate This research protocol was exempt from an ethics review by the Board of Hospital (9-2020-0108). Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are currently stored in the. Restrictions apply to the availability of these data, which were used per data sharing agreement for the current study, and so are not publicly available. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Author’s contributions WJK contributed to the conception of the study. MK and DBL collected the data and MK and SK conducted the data analysis. MK and WJK interpreted the data and drafted the manuscript. WJK, EL contributed to revising the final manuscript. All authors contributed to the development and revision of the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. study was supported by a research grant of of Medicine. 2021. Available at: Accessed 18 Sept 2021. O' Clinical practice with anti-dementia drugs: a revised (third) consensus statement from the British association for psychopharmacology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that nootropics may have only a partial effectiveness in cognitive improvement, specifically noting that 'nootropics combination could have a subtle positive impact on the language domain' in Alzheimer's dementia. Moreover, it emphasizes the necessity for 'future well-controlled studies to generalize the effect of nootropics' which highlights that current evidence does not support the guarantee of permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 см Об анатомическом строении изученных остатков можно судить, исходя из прямого наблюдения побегов в продольных, поперечных и тангентальных сколах (см. рис. 2, в, г; рис. 4, в), а также опираясь на данные, полученные при изучении имеющегося материала с помощью электронного сканирующего микроскопа (см. рис. 2, а, б; рис. 4, б, и). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical structures and observations rather than the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Figure 1. Flow chart of the stages of a quantum key distribution protocol. Stages with double lines require classical authentication. [18]3. 1. The BB84 QKD protocol The best-known protocol for QKD is the Bennett and Brassard protocol (BB84). The procedure of BB84 is as follows (also shown in Table 1). Quantum communication phaseIn BB84, Alice sends Bob a sequence of photons through an insecure quantum channel, each independently chosen from one of the four polarizations-vertical, horizontal, 45-degrees and 135-degrees. For each photon, Bob randomly chooses one of the two measurement bases (rectilinear and diagonal) to perform a measurement. Bob records his measurement bases and results. Bob publicly acknowledge his receipt of signals. Public discussion phaseAlice broadcasts her bases of measurements. Bob broadcasts his bases of measurements. Alice and Bob discard all events where they use different bases for a signal. To test for tampering, Alice randomly chooses a fraction, p, of all remaining events as test events. For those test events, she publicly broadcasts their positions and polarizations. Bob broadcasts the polarizations of the test events. Alice and Bob compute the error rate of the test events (i. e. , the fraction of data for which their value disagree). If the computed error rate is larger than some prescribed threshold value, say 11%, they abort. Otherwise, they proceed to the next step. Alice and Bob each convert the polarization data of all remaining data into a binary string called a raw key (by, for example, mapping a vertical of 45-degrees photon to “0” and a horizontal or 135-degrees photon to “1”). The can perform classical postprocessing such as error correction and privacy amplification to generate a final key. Alice’s bit sequence 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Alice’s basis + × + + × + × × + × Alice’s photon polarization → ↖ ↑ ↑ ↗ ↑ ↗ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s basis + + × + + × × + + × Bob’s measured polarization → ↑ ↖ ↑ → ↗ ↗ ↑ → ↖ Bob’s sifted measured polarization → ↑ ↗ → ↖ Bob’s data sequence 0 1 0 0 1 Table 1. Procedure of BB84 protocol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes the quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol known as BB84, detailing the process by which Alice and Bob securely exchange keys using quantum mechanics. The requirement for a secure quantum channel and the procedures described to detect tampering align with the claim that quantum cryptography can offer theoretically unbreakable security when implemented correctly. The text implicitly supports the notion of security through its emphasis on error detection and privacy amplification, which are critical to achieving secure communication.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: J Psychopharmacol 2017;31:147–168. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. 2006:CD005593. Nicholson CD. Pharmacology of nootropics and metabolically active compounds in relation to their use in dementia. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:147–159. Moreno MDJM. Cognitive improvement in mild to moderate Alzheimer's dementia after treatment with the acetylcholine precursor choline alfoscerate: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. 2003;25:178–193. . Meta-analysis of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials of acetyl-L-carnitine versus placebo in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol 2003;18:61–71. . Choline alphoscerate in cognitive decline and in acute cerebrovascular disease: an analysis of published clinical data. Dev 2001;122:2041–2055. Multicentre study of l-alpha-glyceryl-phosphorylcholine vs ST200 among patients with probable senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. 1993;3:159–164. . Cholinergic precursors in the treatment of cognitive impairment of vascular origin: ineffective approaches or need for re-evaluation? J 2007;257:264–269. Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008;300:2253–2262. . Ginkgo biloba special extract LI 1370 improves dual-task walking in patients with MCI: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled exploratory study. 2017;29:609–619. Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1991;41:1726–1732. . Ameliorative effect of nicergoline on cognitive function through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Rep 2018;17:7293–7300. Long-Term nicergoline treatment of mild to moderate senile dementia. Investig 1997;13:308–316. -J, Berrut G, Dartigues J-F, Dubois B, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides multiple citations of studies regarding various substances and treatments related to cognitive improvement, particularly in the context of Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. By discussing controlled trials and the ineffectiveness of certain approaches, it implies that there is no guarantee of permanent cognitive improvement from taking nootropics. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by highlighting the uncertain efficacy and temporary nature of cognitive enhancements associated with these treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Удалось установить, что побеги волховиеллы были разделены на ткани, что исключает её принадлежность к водорослям. Отчётливо наблюдается плотная центральная зона, образующая продольный тяж, очевидно, соответствующий проводящим тканям первичной ксилемы. Первичная ксилема окружена более светлой зоной, скорее всего, соответствующей месту расположения первичной флоэмы. Далее от центра находится зона развития коры (на рис. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the structure of plant tissues and does not mention flowering plants or their evolutionary impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The basic idea of the BB84 QKD protocol is beautiful and its security can be intuitively understood from the quantum no-cloning theorem. On the other hand, to apply QKD in practice, Alice and Bob need to find the upper bound of Eve’s information quantitatively, given the observed quantum bit error rate (abbreviated QBER) and other system parameters. This is the primary goal of various QKD security proofs and it had turned out to be extremely difficult. One major challenge comes from the fact that Eve could launch attacks way beyond today’s technologies and our imaginations. Nevertheless, QKD was proved to be unconditionally secure. This is most significant achievements in quantum information. 3. 2. QKD based on EPRAn essentially equivalent protocol that utilizes Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) correlations has been worked on by [19] and Bennett, Brassard, and Mermin [20]. To take advantage of EPR correlations, p1. One important difference between the BB84 and the EPR methods is that with BB84, the key created by Alice and Bob must be stored classically until it is used. Therefore, although the key was completely secure when it was created, its continued security over time is only as great as the security of its storage. Using the EPR method, Alice and Bob could potentially store the prepared entangled p3. 3. Continuous variable QKDIn the BB84 QKD protocol, Alice’s random bits are encoded in a two dimensional space like the polarization state of a single photon. More recently, QKD protocols working with continuous variables have been proposed. Among them, the Gaussian modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD protocol has drawn special attention [21]. The protocol runs as follows. First, Alice draws two random numbers xA and pA from a gaussian distribution of mean zero and variance VAN0, where N0 denotes the shot-noise variance. Then, she sends the coherent state |xA+ipA⟩ to Bob, who randomly chooses to measure either quadrature x or p. Later, using a public authenticated channel, he informs Alice about which quadrature he measured, so she may discard the irrelevant data. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that QKD (Quantum Key Distribution) was proved to be unconditionally secure, which supports the idea of quantum cryptography offering theoretically unbreakable security when implemented correctly. It highlights the inherent security principles derived from quantum mechanics, such as the no-cloning theorem, as well as discussing the significant achievements in quantum information, reinforcing the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Long-term use of standardised ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. 2012;11:851–859. Snitz BE, O’ Ginkgo biloba for preventing cognitive decline in older adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2009;302:2663–2270. Hudson S, Tabet N. Acetyl-L-carnitine for dementia. 2003:CD003158. Fioravanti M, Flicker L. Efficacy of nicergoline in dementia and other age associated forms of cognitive impairment. of 2001:CD003159. . trial: Association between the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil and the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate in Alzheimer's disease with cerebrovascular injury: interim results. J 2012;322:96–101. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173–179. . Volume analysis of brain cognitive areas in Alzheimer’s disease: interim 3-year results from the trial. J 2020;76:317–329. . Impact of appointment-based medication synchronization on proportion of days covered for chronic medications. Pharmacy 2018;6:44. Higgins JP, Flicker L. Lecithin for dementia and cognitive impairment. 2003:CD001015. Birks J, J. Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. 2009:CD003120. Ginkgo biloba extract is comparable with donepezil in improving functional recovery in Alzheimer's disease: results from a multilevel characterized study based on clinical features and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. 2021;12:721216. Catanesi M, d' Neuroprotective potential of choline alfoscerate against β-amyloid injury: involvement of neurotrophic signals. Int 2020;44:1734–1744. . L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine antagonizes scopolamine-induced amnesia and enhances hippocampal cholinergic transmission in the rat. Pharmacol 1992;211:351–358. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it references various studies and trials related to cognitive decline and dementia, specifically mentioning different substances like ginkgo biloba and acetyl-L-carnitine in a clinical context. It does not provide evidence that supports the notion of nootropics guaranteeing permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, it suggests ongoing research in specific treatments, indicating that the effects might be variable and not definitively permanent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2, б, г отмечена точечным крапом), которая сверху покрыта плотной перидермой. Наличие плотных поверхностных тканей хорошо видно при изучении побегов в электронном сканирующем микроскопе (см. рис. 4, б, и). Таким образом, стелярная организация побегов волховиеллы указывает на то, что проводящая система этого растения была протостелической. Замечание. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the anatomical features of a specific plant and does not address flowering plants or their ecological impact.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: After many similar exchanges, Alice and Bob (and possibly the eavesdropper Eve) share a set of correlated gaussian variables, which we call ‘key elements’. The basic scheme of the protocol can be shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. modulated coherent state (GMCS) QKD. X: amplitude quadrature; P: phase quadrature. [22]Alice modulates both the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state with Gaussian distributed random numbers. In classical electromagnetism, these two quadratures correspond to the in-phase and out-of-phase components of electric field, which can be conveniently modulated with optical phase and amplitude modulators. Alice sends the modulated coherent state together with a strong local oscillator (a strong laser pulse which serves as a phase reference) to Bob. Bob randomly measures one of the two quadratures with a phase modulator and a homodyne detector. After performing his measurements, Bob informs Alice which quadrature he actually measures for each pulse and Alice drops the irrelevant data. At this stage, they share a set of correlated Gaussian variables which are called the ― raw key. Given the variances of the measurement results below certain thresholds, they can further work out perfectly correlated secure key by performing reconciliation and privacy amplification. Classical data processing is then necessary for Alice and Bob to obtain a fully secret binary key. The security of the can be comprehended from the uncertainty principle. In quantum optics, the amplitude quadrature and phase quadrature of a coherent state form a pair of conjugate variables, which cannot be simultaneously determined with arbitrarily high accuracies due to Heisenberg uncertainty principle. From the observed variance in one quadrature, Alice and Bob can upper bound Eve‘s information about the other quadrature. This provides a way to verify the security of the generated key. Recently, an unconditional security proof of the appeared [23]. Different from the BB84 QKD, in homodyne detectors are employed to measure electric fields rather than photon energy. By using a strong local oscillator, high efficiency and fast photo diodes can be used to construct the homodyne detector which could result in a high secure key generation rate. However, the performance of the is strongly dependent on the channel loss. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how quantum cryptography operates using the uncertainty principle, specifically highlighting that the security of the key generation relies on the properties of quantum mechanics. It describes how Alice and Bob can use correlated Gaussian variables to ensure secure key sharing and provides a process that underlines the theoretical nature of unbreakable security, contingent on proper implementation which aligns with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Neuroprotective effect of treatment with galantamine and choline alphoscerate on brain microanatomy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J 2009;283:187–194. . Association with the cholinergic precursor choline alphoscerate and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine: an approach for enhancing cholinergic neurotransmission. Dev 2006;127:173–179. Late treatment with choline alfoscerate (l-alpha glycerylphosphorylcholine, α-GPC) increases hippocampal neurogenesis and provides protection against seizure-induced neuronal death and cognitive impairment. 2017;1654:66–76. Supplementary effect of choline alfoscerate on speech recognition in patients with age-related hearing loss: a prospective study in 34 patients (57 ears). Neurosci 2021;13:684519. Bastianetto S, Ramassamy C, Doré. The ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects hippocampal neurons against cell death induced by beta-amyloid. Neurosci 2000;12:1882–1890. Inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation and caspase-3 activation by the ginkgo biloba extract EGb761. 2002;99:12197–12202. . EGb 761 enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis and phosphorylation of CREB in transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. 2007;21:2400–2408. . Effect of Ginkgo biloba extract on β-adrenergic receptors in different rat brain regions. 2002;16:488–490. van de. Hippocampus plays a role in speech feedback processing. Neuroimage 2020;223:117319. Alegret M, Peretó M, Pérez The role of verb fluency in the detection of early cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. J 2018;62:611–619. . Neuropsychological assessment of dementia. Psychol 2009;60:257–282. Ryu D-R. Introduction to the medical research using national health insurance claims database. J 2017;40:66–70. . Effectiveness of nootropic drugs with cholinergic activity in treatment of cognitive deficit: a review. J 2012;4:163–172. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies on nootropic substances, such as choline alphoscerate and ginkgo biloba extract, which provide neuroprotective effects. However, it does not imply that these treatments guarantee permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, it describes their efficacy in addressing cognitive deficits and certain neuroprotective benefits, which does not support the absolute guarantee stated in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Безусловно, морфологическая и таксономическая интерпретация волховиеллы не является однозначной, и автор полностью отдаёт себе в этом отчёт. Однако введение в палеонтологическую феноменологию всех собранных данных о раннепалеозойских растениях, предположительно имеющих адаптации к произрастанию в наземных условиях, представляется совершенно необходимым. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the morphological and taxonomic interpretation of an ancient plant species and mentions the need for paleontological data on early Paleozoic plants. It does not address the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: This means that Alice and Bob can constrain simultaneously the yields, Yn and QBER en simultaneously for all n. and Bob know their channel property well. Then, they know what range of values of Yn’s and en’s is acceptable. Any attack by Eve that will change the value of any one of the Yn’s and en’s substantially will, in principle, be caught with high probability by decoy state method. Therefore, in order to avoid being detected, the eavesdropper, Eve, has very limited options in her eavesdropping attack. In summary, the ability for Alice and Bob to verify experimentally the values of Yn and en’s in the decoy state method greatly strengthens their power in detecting eavesdropping, thus leading to a dramatic improvement in the performance of their QKD system. The decoy state method allows Alice and Bob to detect deviations from the normal behavior due to eavesdropping attacks. In [29], they also give for the first time a rigorous analysis of the security of decoy state QKD. Moreover, they show that the decoy state idea can be combined with the prior art GLLP analysis. And we can get the comparison results with and without decoy state as the following Figure3. Figure 3. Compare results with and without decoy state. Advertisement 4. The security of QKDBennett and Brassard have ever said that the most important question in quantum cryptography is to determine how secure it really is. Security proofs are very important because a) they provide the foundation of security to a QKD protocol, b) they provide a formula for the key generation rate of a QKD protocol and c) they may even provide a construction for the classical post-processing protocol (for error correction and privacy amplification) that is necessary for the generation of the final key. Without security proofs, a real-life QKD system is incomplete because we can never be sure about how to generate a secure key and how secure the final key really is. After the qubit exchange and basis reconciliation, Alice and Bob each have a sifted key. Ideally, these keys are identical. But in real life, there are always some errors, and Alice and Bob must apply some classical information processing protocols, like error correction and privacy amplification to their data. The first protocol is necessary to obtain identical keys and the second to obtain a secret key. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the features of quantum key distribution (QKD) that enhance security against eavesdropping. It specifically mentions that the ability of Alice and Bob to detect eavesdropping attacks using the decoy state method significantly strengthens their QKD system's performance and security. Additionally, the importance of security proofs for establishing the reliability of QKD protocols is emphasized, suggesting that with the correct implementation and understanding of security mechanisms, quantum cryptography can maintain unbreakable security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: MMSE, mini-mental state examination; ChEI, cholinesterase inhibitor aThe results for the linear mixed-effects model were adjusted for covariates of sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, stroke, Parkinsonism, visual disturbance/hearing loss, hemiplegia/paraplegia, and mood/anxiety disorder. Table 4. Results of mixed model analysesa for mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for highly-adherentb Alzheimer’s Alzheimer’s dementia (n = 412) Vascular dementia (n = 72) Others (n = 53) Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction Difference in scores Group-time interaction only (n = 300) ChEI + nootropics (n = 112) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 27) F p value ChEI only (n = 45) ChEI + nootropics (n = 8) F p value Total -1. 36 ± 3. 87 -0. 77 ± 2. 85 2. 18 0. 141 -0. 78 ± 3. 51 -0. 59 ± 4. 17 0. 04 0. 841 -0. 36 ± 5. 19 -1. 38 ± 4. 66 0. 27 0. 606 Orientation -0. 64 ± 2. 16 -0. 54 ± 1. 82 0. 22 0. 640 -0. 38 ± 1. 84 -0. 22 ± 3. 23 0. 07 0. 795 -0. 18 ± 2. 76 -0. 50 ± 1. 93 0. 10 0. 753 Immediate recall -0. 08 ± 0. 66 -0. 07 ± 0. 57 0. 03 0. 865 -0. 13 ± 0. 84 0. 11 ± 0. 75 1. 54 0. 219 -0. 16 ± 0. 64 -0. 25 ± 0. 46 0. 16 0. 692 Attention & calculation -0. 18 ± 1. 49 -0. 12 ± 1. 32 0. 16 0. 689 -0. 58 ± 1. 42 0. 04 ± 1. 22 0. 04 0. 841 0. 13 ± 1. 75 0. 38 ± 1. 41 0. 14 0. 714 Delayed recall -0. 01 ± 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents results from a mixed model analysis involving nootropics and cognitive assessment through the MMSE for different dementia groups. The observed differences in scores suggest no definitive cognitive improvement associated with the use of nootropics in combination with cholinesterase inhibitors, as indicated by the low F-values and high p-values throughout the results, which do not support the claim that taking nootropics guarantees cognitive improvement. Thus, the text contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Неизбежно возникает вопрос: как остатки предположительно наземного растения могли оказаться в морских отложениях вместе с многочисленными панцирями трилобитов? Отложения, в которых найдены остатки волховиеллы, нельзя назвать морскими в полном смысле этого слова, несмотря на присутствие в них остатков морских организмов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it presents a question about the presence of plant remains in marine deposits alongside trilobite shells. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Only after hearing the public discussion between Alice and Bob, does Eve decide on what measurement to perform on her ancilla to extract information about the final key. Joint attacks: The most general class of attacks is joint attack. In a joint attack, instead of interacting with each signal independently, Eve treats all the signals as a single quantum system. She then couples the signal system with her ancilla and evolves the combined signal and ancilla system unitarily. She hears the public discussion between Alice and Bob before deciding on which measurement to perform on her ancilla. For joint and collective attacks, the usual assumption is that Eve measures her probe only after Alice and Bob have completed all public discussion about basis reconciliation, error correction, and privacy amplification. For the more realistic individual attacks, one assumes that Eve waits only until the basis reconciliation phase of the public discussion. With today’s technology, it might even be fair to assume that in individual attacks Eve must measure her probe before the basis reconciliation [34]. The motivation for this assumption is that one hardly sees what Eve could gain by waiting until after the public discussion on error correction and privacy amplification before measuring her probes, since she is going to measure them independently anyway. About practical QKD, they summary some assumptions about security of QKD in [18]. We describe them in the next subsection 4. 2. 4. 2. Some assumptions about security of QKD Quantum key distribution is often described by its proponents as “unconditionally secure” to emphasize its difference with computationally secure classical cryptographic protocols. While there are still conditions that need to be satisfied for quantum key distribution to be secure, the phrase “unconditionally secure” is justified because, not only are the conditions reduced, they are in some sense minimal necessary conditions. Any secure key agreement protocol must make a few minimal assumptions, for security cannot come from nothing: we must be able to identify and authenticate the communicating parties, we must be able to have some private location to perform local operations, and all parties must operate within the laws of physics. The following statement describes the security of quantum key distribution, and there are many formal mathematical arguments for the security of QKD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security of quantum key distribution (QKD) and the conditions necessary for it to be secure. It states that QKD is often described as 'unconditionally secure,' which aligns with the claim's assertion of theoretically unbreakable security. Furthermore, it outlines the minimal assumptions required for security in QKD, indicating that while conditions exist, they are reduced and represent fundamental prerequisites for achieving secure communication. This supports the idea that quantum cryptography can offer unbreakable security if these conditions are met.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: - Document précédent - Document suivant 43 | 2021Médicament et frontières Dossier : Médicament et frontières Smart drugs et nootropiques Sociologie de la promesse d’optimisation cognitive au quotidien and Nootropics, Sociology of the Promise of in Félix Denis p. 97-110 Résumé | Index | Plan | Texte | Bibliographie | Notes | Citation | Auteur Résumés Français 1964. Cette catégorie regroupe une hétérogénéité de substances absorbées pour les effets qu’elles auraient sur les fonctions du cerveau (mémoire, concentration ou encore stress, sommeil, etc. ) tels que des médicaments psychostimulants détournés de leur usage (Quintero et al. , 2006), également appelées smart drugs, (méthylphénidate [Ritaline en France], modafinil, etc. ) des compléments alimentaires constitués de plusieurs substances. Les contours de la catégorie des nootropiques sont évolutifs : il n’y a de consensus ni sur la définition, ni sur les produits qui la constituent. Lorsque C. Giurgea établit cette catégorie, il utilise la notion de « nootrope » pour faire référence à « une nouvelle classe neuropharmacologique1 » (psychotropes), qui « influence directement l’esprit, les facultés mentales2 ». J’utiliserai ici le terme « nootropique » car, aujourd’hui, c’est celui qui est employé usuellement. 2Dans un premier temps, je retracerai la trajectoire scientifique, médiatique et commerciale du modafinil, un médicament français présenté comme la smart drug de référence dans une perspective d’optimisation de soi. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the heterogeneity of nootropics and the lack of consensus on their definitions and effectiveness. It mentions that nootropics, including substances like modafinil, are intended to optimize cognitive functions but does not assert that they guarantee permanent improvements in cognition. This suggests that while there may be potential benefits, the permanence of such improvements is uncertain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Во-первых, морских беспозвоночных в валимской свите гораздо меньше, чем в нижележащих отложениях, причём уменьшение разнообразия морской фауны вверх по разрезу идёт постепенно и отражает общий регрессивный характер разреза. В позднем ордовике, в течение всего силура, а также на протяжении большей части девона в этом районе была суша. Рис. 4. Volkhoviella primitiva Naugolnykh, gen. et sp. nov. , морфология и анатомическое строение а – голотип до препарации, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses marine invertebrates and changes in marine fauna diversity without addressing flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Theorem 1 (Security statement for quantum key distribution) If 1) quantum mechanics is correct, and 2) authentication is secure, and 3) our devices are reasonably secure, then with high probability the key established by quantum key distribution is a random secret key independent (up to a negligible difference) of input values. Assumption 1: Quantum mechanics is correct. This assumption requires that any eavesdropper be bounded by the laws of quantum mechanics, although within this realm there are no further restrictions beyond the eavesdropper’s inability to access the devices. In particular, we allow the eavesdropper to have arbitrarily large quantum computing technology, far more powerful than the current state of the art. Quantum mechanics has been tested experimentally for nearly a century, to very high precision. But even if quantum mechanics is superseded by a new physical theory, it is not necessarily true that quantum key distribution would be insecure: for example, secure key distribution can be achieved in a manner similar to QKD solely based on the assumption that no faster-than-light communication is possible [35]. Assumption 2: Authentication is secure. This assumption is one of the main concerns of those evaluating quantum key distributions. In order to be protected against man-in-the-middle attack, much of the classical communication in QKD must be authenticated. Authentication can be achieved with unconditional security using short shared keys, or with computational security using public key cryptography. Assumption 3: Our devices are secure. Constructing a QKD implementation that is verifiably secure is a substantial engineering challenge that researchers are still working on. Although the first prototype QKD system leaked key information over a side channel (it made different noises depending on the photon polarization, and thus the “prototype was unconditionally secure against any eavesdropper who happened to be deaf” [36] ), experimental cryptanalysis leads to better theoretical and practical security. More sophisticated side-channel attacks continue to be proposed against particular implementations of existing systems (e. g. , [37]), but so too are better theoretical methods being proposed, such as the decoy state method [38]. Device-independent security proofs [39, 40] aim to minimize the security assumptions on physical devices. It seems reasonable to expect that further theoretical and engineering advances will eventually bring us devices which have strong arguments and few assumptions for their security. 4. 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining conditions under which quantum key distribution (QKD) can provide high probabilities of secure key establishment. It emphasizes that if quantum mechanics holds true, authentication is secure, and the devices used are reasonably secure, then QKD can theoretically offer unbreakable security. The text supports the claim by discussing these necessary assumptions and how they contribute to the robustness of QKD against eavesdropping, aligning with the notion of theoretically unbreakable security in quantum cryptography.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: . . ) 6Avant sa mise sur le marché en 1994, le modafinil fut testé en 1989 sur des militaires volontaires sans problèmes de santé à l’hôpital militaire à Versailles, sous la direction du Service de santé des armées (SSA). Ces essais concluent que le modafinil permet de rester éveillé au moins 48 heures sans altération des performances cognitives et sans effet secondaire important (Lagarde et Batéjat, 1995). Il fut utilisé en opération par l’armée française en 1990 pendant la guerre du Golfe sur ordre du commandement. C’est la première fois qu’une substance de ce type est donnée officiellement à des militaires français5. Aujourd’hui, c’est la caféine à libération prolongée (CLP) qui le remplace6, bien qu’il soit encore utilisé mais « uniquement réservé à des situations exceptionnelles de survie […] ». L’utilisation de ces substances n’est officiellement encadrée que depuis 2008. Ces expérimentations dans l’armée ont été l’occasion d’étudier les potentialités du modafinil pour lutter contre le décalage horaire7 (Buguet et al. , 1995 Lagarde et Batéjat, 1995). Ce médicament est couramment qualifié dans les médias de « pilule antisommeil ». Dans un contexte de réduction du temps de sommeil moyen des Français (Léger et al. , 2018), le modafinil est pensé comme un outil de régulation de nos dérèglements causés par notre hypermobilité. 8 « La molécule qui dompte le sommeil », Le point, 20 avril 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of modafinil, a nootropic, and its effects on cognitive performance, specifically noting that it enables individuals to remain awake for extended periods without significant cognitive impairment. However, it does not state that modafinil guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. In fact, the mention of its use being reserved for exceptional situations implies that it is not a guaranteed or permanent solution to cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/7, TS – терминальные спорангии; б – анатомическое строение побега в тангентальном сечении, экз. 4914/24, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма); в – трёхмерно-ветвящийся побег, в верхней части побега видно его поперечное сечение, экз. 4914/4; г – два соседних фертильных побега, стрелками отмечено положение центрального канала, соответствующего проводящему пучку, экз. 4914/8; д – длинный стерильный побег, экз. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or engage with the claim regarding flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it appears to describe anatomical structures of a plant without relevant context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: Security proofs for QKD Proving the security of QKD against the most general attack was a very hard problem. It took more than 10 years, but the unconditional security of QKD was finally established in several papers in the 1990s. One approach by Mayers [16] was to prove the security of the BB84 directly. A simpler approach by Lo and Chau [17], mad use of the idea of entanglement distillation by Bennett, DiVincenzo, Smolin and Wootters (BDSW) [41] and quantum privacy amplification by Deutsch et al. [42] to solve the security of an entanglement-based QKD protocol. The two approaches have been unified by the work of Shor and Preskill [43], who provided a simple proof of security of BB84 using entanglement distillation idea. Other early security proofs of QKD include Biham, Boyer, Boykin, Mor, and Roychowdhury [44], and Ben-Or [45]. There are several approaches to security proof as following. [5]4. 3. 1. Entanglement distillationEntanglement distillation protocol (EDP) provides a simple approach to security proof [17, 42, 43]. The basic insight is that entanglement is a sufficient (but not necessary) condition for a secure key. In the noiseless case, suppose two distant parties, Alice and Bob, share a maximally entangled state of the form |ϕ⟩AB=12(|00⟩AB+|11⟩AB). If each of Alice and Bob measure their systems, then they will both get “0”s or “1”s, which is a shared random key. Moreover, if we consider the combined system of the three parties—Alice, Bob and an eavesdropper, Eve, we can use a pure-state description (the “Church of space”) and consider a pure state |ψ⟩ABE. In this case, the von Neumann entropy of Eve S(ρE)=S(ρAB)=0. This means that Eve has absolutely no information on the final key. In the noisy case, Alice and Bob may share N pairs of qubits, which are a noisy version of N maximally entangled states. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the evolution of security proofs for Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), stating that unconditional security was established in several papers in the 1990s. It emphasizes that entanglement distillation is a sufficient condition for a secure key and describes a scenario in which an eavesdropper cannot gain any information about the final key, thus supporting the idea that quantum cryptography can offer theoretically unbreakable security when properly applied.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 7Les médias relatent l’utilisation faite par les militaires essentiellement pour attester de l’efficacité de la molécule : « les militaires ont montré qu’elle permet de conserver un état de vigilance optimal durant au moins soixante heures, sans effets secondaires apparents et avec un sommeil de récupération normal8 ». L’armée devient un laboratoire de la performance, un lieu légitime d’exploration des limites physiologiques des corps. Les expérimentations faites par l’armée sont connues des consommateurs de nootropiques rencontrés : C’est con hein, c’est le garçon de 14 ans qui va te parler (prend une voix d’enfant) : « Ah mais si c’est les pilotes d’avion de chasse ou les snipers qui s’en servent pour faire des missions longues, c’est que ça doit être bien, j’en veux. » [Homme, 29 ans, consommateur du complément alimentaire nootropique qu’il a conçu et qu’il vend]. 9 « Une nouvelle affaire White », L’équipe, 30 août 2003. 10 Elle a consommé du modafinil avec l’aide de Victor Conte, fondateur du laboratoire Balco, principa (. . . ) 11 Dalgalarrondo S. , Fournier T. (2019), « Un transhumanisme “à mains nues” : sociologie de la promes (. . . ) 8Le modafinil a également été utilisé par un grand nombre de sportifs pour augmenter leurs performances. Le cas de la sprinteuse états-unienne Kelli White9, championne du monde du 100 et 200 mètres en 2003, suspendue deux ans pour dopage10, a participé à la diffusion de la promesse du modafinil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of nootropics, specifically modafinil, among military personnel to enhance vigilance without mentioning any guarantees of permanent cognitive improvement. It highlights experimental use and performance enhancement rather than long-term cognitive effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 4914/3; е – изолированная спора с редкими шиповидными выростами на спородерме, внизу заметен трилетный тетрадный рубец, экз. 4914/24; ж – три фертильных побега, TS – терминальный спорангий, экз. 4914/8; з – голотип после препарации, экз. 4914/7; и – анатомическое строение побега в продольном сечении со смещением к краю побега, стрелками отмечены плотные внешние покровы (перидерма). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the impact of flowering plants on terrestrial ecosystems. Instead, it describes isolated spores and anatomical structures without mentioning any effects on ecosystems or their evolution.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: The “secret” to be shared is a classical string or quantum state and is distributed among the players by the dealer in such a way that it can only be recovered by certain subsets of players acting collaboratively. The access structure is the set of all subsets of players who can recover the secret, and the adversary structure corresponds to those subsets that obtain no knowledge of the secret. There may, in addition, be external eavesdroppers who should also gain no knowledge of the secret. Quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) is the generalization of quantum key distribution to more than two parties [54]. In this new application of quantum communication, Alice distributes a secret key to two other users, Bob and Charlie, in such a way that neither Bob nor Charlie alone has any information about the key, but together they have full information. As in traditional QC, an eavesdropper trying to get some information about the key creates errors in the transmission data and thus reveals her presence. The motivation behind quantum secret sharing is to guarantee that Bob and Charlie cooperate—one of them might be dishonest—in order to obtain a given piece of information. In contrast with previous proposals using three p2004. With the rapid development of QSS, people are researching to achieve unconditional security. 5. 1. QSS based on entanglement statesQuantum entanglement is an indispensable physical resource in QSS. Many application fields of QSS such as this entanglement feature, so the study of entanglement is the core issue of quantum information theory. Let’s see the QSS based on entanglement. The entanglement states are all generated by the sender, and the order of two or more photons sent to the same agent is randomly changed. After the photons send to the receiver, for the detection mode, the order of the two photons is announced, so that the two parties detected the security of the quantum channel, for the information mode, the two receivers respectively does Bell measurement on the two photons they owned, and then communicate through classical channel to share the secret key with the sender. This protocol ensures the validity and security of the shared information. We can see an example of QSS based on entanglement state GHZ [55]. Let us suppose that Alice, Bob, and Charlie each have one p2. QSS based on entanglement state [55]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum secret sharing (QSS) which utilizes quantum communication to ensure security. It emphasizes that an adversary attempting to intercept the secret key creates detectable errors in the transmission data, thus confirming the presence of quantum cryptography's theoretically unbreakable security if implemented correctly. The motivation behind QSS is to achieve unconditional security, aligning closely with the claim's assertion of unbreakable security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: On retrouve ici le champ du sport comme « laboratoire du surhomme, du dépassement et de la prise de risque11 ». 12 La narcolepsie est une maladie chronique du sommeil qui provoque des endormissements inopinés et i (. . . ) 9Ce médicament a été développé dans les années 1970 par les laboratoires Lafon en France et est prescrit pour lutter contre la narcolepsie. Ce sont d’abord des propriétés sédatives qui sont découvertes sur la souris (Rambert et al. , 1986) dans les laboratoires Lafon. Mais les premiers tests sur le chat (Lin et al. , 2018) concluent à l’existence de propriétés éveillantes. Du fait d’une législation plus souple qu’aujourd’hui, des essais sont rapidement menés sur des volontaires atteints de narcolepsie12, par le professeur Jouvet et le docteur Hélène Bastuji (1986), en collaboration avec les laboratoires Lafon. L’innocuité comme argument porteur de la promesse 13 Hirsch M. (2012), La lettre perdue, Paris, Stock, p. 104. 14 Ibid. , p. 104. 10Le modafinil est souvent présenté comme une molécule qui n’a pas ou peu d’effets secondaires. C’est ce qui fait d’elle la véritable icône de la catégorie nootropique. Les récits de consommation de cette substance de la part de personnalités publiques en quête de performance en attestent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while modafinil, a nootropic, is often presented as having low side effects and having been used for performance enhancement, it does not make any claims regarding the permanence of cognitive improvement. The focus on narcolepsy and the lack of definitive evidence about long-term cognitive benefits suggests that the claim of guaranteed improvement is excessive.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Длина масштабной линейки 1 мм (а–д, ж–и), 20 мкм (е) В среднеордовикских отложениях Ленинградской области часто встречаются поверхности твёрдого дна, хардграунды, причём нередко на них наблюдаются карманы растворения и каверны палеокарста, указывающие на то, что эти хардграунды некоторое время после своего образования экспонировались в наземной обстановке, вне водной среды, то есть в субаэральных условиях. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses geological features and conditions in the Leningrad region, specifically mentioning hard grounds and evidence of subaerial conditions, without any reference to flowering plants or their impact on ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the promises of device-independent quantum key distribution, which offers 'not only perfect secrecy' but also practical implementation. It highlights the relevance of entanglement and the no-cloning theorem in achieving this security, indicating that quantum cryptography can provide theoretically unbreakable security, provided that loopholes are addressed and eavesdropping risks are properly managed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Hirsch, haut fonctionnaire français, actuel directeur de l’Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, met en scène cette consommation « sans risque » dans un de ses ouvrages : en 1994 « pendant trois semaines, j’ai pris du Modafinil tous les soirs. Et l’efficacité a été totale13 ». Le modafinil lui sera fourni par la pharmacie centrale des armées. Il affirme que c’est ce médicament qui lui a permis d’écrire le livre blanc sur l’assurance maladie en vingt jours. « J’ai passé toute cette période à dormir environ une heure et demie par nuit, tout en étant frais comme un gardon14. » Il affirme être « fier » d’avoir eu l’occasion d’expérimenter cette substance et de rendre ainsi « hommage à son inventeur ». 11Cette consommation détournée du modafinil à des fins d’optimisation de soi est également le fait de plusieurs chercheurs proches du professeur Jouvet qui m’ont relaté avoir essayé (alors qu’ils ne souffraient pas de narcolepsie) et prescrit cette substance, dès les premiers essais sur l’homme, avant son autorisation de mise sur le marché (AMM), pour des indications hors AMM : « Et alors ça, je le prescrivais aussi pour des copains quand ils devaient faire un voyage en voiture un peu long, qu’ils étaient un peu fatigués » (femme, 65 ans, médecin psychiatre PH spécialisée en troubles du sommeil). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing an individual's subjective experience with modafinil, stating that it was effective only during a short period of use ('j’ai pris du Modafinil tous les soirs' and 'l’efficacité a été totale'). This suggests that improvements are not guaranteed to be permanent, as the effectiveness described seems limited to the duration of use and does not imply lasting cognitive enhancement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: В изученном разрезе также имеют место признаки периодического осушения отложений валимской и вельской свит. Рис. 5. Общий сценарий колонизации суши растениями и появления архаичных почв Сонахождение остатков волховиеллы с панцирями трилобитов Xenasaphus devexus может быть объяснено следующим образом. Многие трилобиты обитали в очень мелководных условиях, иногда практически у самого уреза воды, в условиях периодического осушения (как многие современные крабы). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it focuses on geological and biological observations related to trilobites and their habitats rather than discussing the evolution of flowering plants or their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography offers theoretically unbreakable security if correctly implemented. [SEP] Text: liu. seSearch for publications in DiVA Please wait. . . Simple search Advanced search - Research publicationsAdvanced search - Student thesesStatistics EnglishSvenskato content Change searchSearchdocuments with full text in -1CSV 2CSV 3CSV 4CSV 5CSV all metadataCSV all metadata version 2-to record Permanent link Direct link styleapaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther style apaieeemodern-language-association-8th-editionvancouveroxfordOther styleMore stylesLanguagede-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther locale de-DEen-GBen-USfi-FInn-NOnn-NBsv-SEOther localeMore languagesOutput formathtmltextasciidocrtf htmltextasciidocrtfCreatethe Unbreakable: in Bell’s Theorem to öping University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Coding. Linköping University, Faculty of Science & Engineering. ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8032-1466 2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic) Abstract [en] In this thesis we study device-independent quantum key distribution based on energy-time entanglement. This is a method for cryptography that promises not only perfect secrecy, but also to be a practical method for quantum key distribution thanks to the reduced complexity when compared to other quantum key distribution protocols. However, there still exist a number of loopholes that must be understood and eliminated in order to rule out eavesdroppers. We study several relevant loopholes and show how they can be used to break the security of energy-time entangled systems. Attack strategies are reviewed as well as their countermeasures, and we show how full security can be re-established. Quantum key distribution is in part based on the profound no-cloning theorem, which prevents physical states to be copied at a microscopic level. This important property of quantum mechanics can be seen as Nature's own copy-protection, and can also be used to create a currency based on quantummechanics, i. e. , quantum money. Here, the traditional copy-protection mechanisms of traditional coins and banknotes can be abandoned in favor of the laws of quantum physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how device-independent quantum key distribution can promise 'perfect secrecy' and detailing how it operates based on the no-cloning theorem, which ensures that physical states cannot be copied. This aligns with the claim of quantum cryptography providing theoretically unbreakable security, provided that understanding and elimination of loopholes to rule out eavesdroppers are addressed.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: 12Le professeur Jouvet a lui-même pratiqué une auto-expérimentation en absorbant du modafinil, dans une recherche d’optimisation de soi. Il évoquait sa consommation dans les médias, comme dans l’1998. Changement de terrain : désormais, le modafinil sert aux commandos du stakhanovisme moderne dans la vaste guerre économique de la mondialisation. Ils auraient bien tort de s’en priver, puisque son inventeur, le professeur Michel Jouvet, le spécialiste français du sommeil, ne cache pas en faire « très souvent » usage pour « avoir une productivité »15. 13Le professeur Jouvet évoque également cette consommation dans ses correspondances avec d’autres médecins (qui, comme lui, n’ont pas de narcolepsie) qui lui demandent des conseils pour un potentiel usage. 16 On peut donner comme liste non exhaustive d’effets indésirables : maux de tête symptômes gastro- (. . . ) 17 La iatrogénie peut être définie comme l’ensemble des effets néfastes d’un médicament. 14Les effets sur l’éveil du modafinil amènent les médias et les promoteurs des nootropiques à le comparer aux amphétamines dont il en aurait les avantages (effets sur la durée et l’intensité de l’éveil, etc. ) sans les inconvénients (euphorie, atteintes cardiaques, dépendance, etc. ). Une majorité des 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of modafinil, a nootropic, and its effects. While it mentions that some individuals, like Professor Jouvet, use modafinil for productivity, it does not support the idea that its use guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. Instead, it outlines potential adverse effects and the need for caution, suggesting that while nootropics may provide temporary benefits, they are not guaranteed or without risks. The mention of adverse effects and the comparison with amphetamines highlights that nootropics may not have the promised outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Возможно, поэтому у некоторых трилобитов возникли специфические адаптации (например, глаза на возвышениях или даже на стебельках), востребованные для жизни на границе сред, при зарывании в ил и т. д. Совершенно идентичные адаптации возникают у организмов, живущих у границы вода–воздух, например, у современных мангровых крабов Pseudosesarma moeschi De Man, манящих крабов, или крабов-скрипачей Uca forcipata Adams et White и близких видов, а также рыб – илистых прыгунов Periophthalmus novemradiatus Hamilton и др. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses specific adaptations of trilobites and modern organisms living at the interface of water and air. It does not reference flowering plants or their evolution, making it irrelevant to the claim about their impact on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Analyses of genetic diversity and population structure of endemic and endangered species Sideritis gulendamii (Lamiaceae) and implications for its conservation ıldırım1, Gül Nilhan Tuğ1 & Yaprak1 809 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractSideritis gulendamii is a perennial, endangered plant endemic to Türkiye with narrow and fragmented populations encountered in gypsum and marl soil. This species is known as mountain tea and also has a significant potential for use for medicinal and aromatic purposes. Assessing the genetic diversity of this species holds significant importance in its conservation efforts due to its specific habitat requirements, small and isolated populations, and recent threats imposed on these populations. This study determined genetic diversity at the species and population levels using the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting method on 157 individuals from seven natural populations. We observed that the species-level genetic diversity is relatively high (H = 0. 189, I = 0. 298), but the population-level is low (H = 0. 150, I = 0. 231). The greater total genetic variation within populations was determined as 76% using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The obtained value of genetic differentiation (Gst = 0. 208, Φpt = 0. 24) among populations is considered to be at a moderate level, whereas gene flow appears to be high (Nm = 1. 899). Supportive results were reached using the cluster analysis, with (UPGMA) dendrogram, and Analysis (PCoA). The positive correlation between the matrices of genetic distance and geographic distance is determined to be statistically significant, with values of r = 0. 566 and p < 0. 001 in the Mantel test. Some strategies were developed using the genetic variability pattern of this endangered species for its conservation. Similar content being viewed by others Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered species Paeonia decomposita endemic to China and implications for its conservation 67. 21%) (Güner et al. 2012). Such a high endemism rate is explained by Türkiye’s being an important gene center for this genus with the in southern Europe is the other important gene center (Baser 2002). The genus Sideritis is commonly known as mountain tea in Türkiye (Güner et al. 2012). Sideritis gulendamii H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of assessing genetic diversity in the conservation of Sideritis gulendamii, an endangered plant. It explains how genetic diversity is crucial for its conservation efforts due to its specific habitat requirements and threats faced by small, isolated populations. The study's findings on population and species-level genetic diversity highlight the relevance of genetic conservation strategies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: Ce médicament a bénéficié d’une AMM en 1981 pour traiter les troubles de la vigilance et de l’attention, et le ralentissement des activités intellectuelles chez les sujets âgés. Il a été retiré de la vente en France et en Europe en 201121. Il est toujours vendu sur les sites spécialisés dans les nootropiques, non pas en tant que médicament mais sous la forme d’un complément alimentaire (en poudre ou gélules) bien que cela n’en soit pas un. En effet, l’adrafinil ne figure pas sur la liste des substances autorisées qui peuvent être constitutives d’un complément alimentaire en Europe. 18Ainsi, certains médicaments qui ne bénéficient plus d’AMM sont toujours produits à l’étranger, achetés et consommés en France. Les frontières nationales et les régulations en vigueur sont totalement redessinées. Le marché des compléments alimentaires, difficilement réglementé, illustre le marché gris du recyclage pharmacologique dans lequel s’inscrivent les nootropiques, et où la promesse d’amélioration cognitive se déploie. Fluidité d’une promesse 19Je vais essayer de montrer en quoi les promoteurs de la catégorie ont fait évoluer la définition de nootropique établie par C. Giurgea par un travail de familiarisation qui se fait en incarnant la promesse d’optimisation cognitive sur Internet, en présentant les nootropiques comme naturels ou en questionnant les seuils de la normalité par la pharmaceuticalisation du quotidien. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulatory status and market dynamics of nootropics, indicating that they are sold without medical authorization and do not guarantee cognitive improvement. It emphasizes the ambiguous nature of their sales as dietary supplements rather than as effective cognitive enhancers, which directly undermines the assertion that nootropics can ensure permanent cognitive improvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Панцири Xenasaphus devexus в валимских отложениях приурочены к нескольким уровням, разделённым практически немыми прослоями, причём панцири X. devexus образуют большие скопления, локализованные и по вертикали, и латерально. В скоплениях присутствуют преимущественно целые панцири примерно одного размера, иногда с обломленными подвижными щёками, захоронёнными неподалёку, иногда в большей степени фрагментированными, но явно без сколько-нибудь значимого переноса. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the fossil remains of Xenasaphus devexus in certain geological layers without mentioning flowering plants or any impacts on terrestrial ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Genetic conservation efforts aim to preserve the genetic diversity of endangered species. [SEP] Text: Duman & Karavel. is a perennial species with 20–60 cm simple or branched stems, covered with densely adpressed white wooly tomentose hairs, sometimes glabrescent above and eglandular (Duman et al. 1995). It has a chemical structure similar to the traditionally used herbs, hence has potential for medicinal and aromatic purposes (Kirimer et al. 2000, Azizoglu et al. 2011, Çarıkçı et al. 2023). classifies it as Endangered (EN) (IUCN 2022). It has narrow and isolated seven small natural populations in the in Türkiye (Ankara and Eskişehir provinces). It has specific habitat requirements and grows only over gypsum and marly soils. Most importantly, this species' populations are at risk due to various factors such as the expansion of agricultural areas, overgrazing, proximity to both highways and urban areas, reforestation, terracing, and erosion (Yıldırım et al. 2019). As a result, for these species effective conservation measures must be taken. Understanding the degree of genetic diversity, especially in endemic and endangered species, is crucial as it forms the foundation for crafting effective conservation strategies. Molecular markers might reveal details about genetic variation and adaptive evolutionary processes (Garayalde et al. 2011). Molecular marker techniques are widely used in plant sciences to evaluate ecological, evolutionary, taxonomic, phylogenetic, and genetic research. Generally, the choice of a molecular marker must strike a balance among several parameters such as dependability, confidence in showing polymorphisms, statistical power, and ease of analysis (Agarwal et al. 2008). Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) is one of the commonly used molecular markers in research regarding population genetics, particularly for plants (Gupta et al. 1994, Li and Jin 2008). ISSR represents a quick, simple, and highly repeatable method. ISSR markers typically exhibit high polymorphism, are cost-effective, and their key advantage lies in not requiring prior knowledge of the genomic sequence (Zietkiewicz et al. 1994, Bornet and Branchard 2001, Idrees and Irshad 2014). It is aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and differentiation patterns of seven small natural populations of S. gulendamii using ISSR markers for developing effective conservation strategies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of understanding genetic diversity, particularly in endemic and endangered species, which 'forms the foundation for crafting effective conservation strategies.' It emphasizes that effective conservation measures must be taken to protect populations at risk, thus aligning with the aim of preserving genetic diversity in endangered species.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Taking nootropics guarantees permanent cognitive improvement. [SEP] Text: La diffusion de la promesse sur Internet : l’incarnation de la promesse 20Internet joue un rôle central dans la construction et la diffusion de la promesse du marché marginal des nootropiques. Je vais essayer d’identifier une partie du registre argumentatif utilisé par les promoteurs de la catégorie pour offrir de nouvelles possibilités. 22 Traduit par mes soins. 23 Ou encore do-it-yourself biology (DIYbio), biologie participative, garage biology. 24 Wilbanks R. (2019), « Phylogénies de la biologie “do-it-yourself” », Techniques & Culture. En lign (. . . ) 21Internet est un moyen d’importer la promesse états-unienne d’optimisation des capacités cognitives dans le discours français. L’enquête montre que c’est l’unique source d’information utilisée par les individus qui s’intéressent aux nootropiques. La légitimité des personnalités identifiées comme des experts par la communauté d’usagers ne se fait pas seulement par le discours qu’elles tiennent mais également par l’incarnation qu’elles font de la promesse. Les sociologues B. Hauray et S. Dalgalarrondo (2018) remarquent dans leur analyse du champ de la médecine anti-âge que le processus d’incarnation « mobilise des histoires individuelles, cela repose sur la propre expérimentation des individus des effets d’un traitement, […] cela implique souvent de montrer des corps22 ». Ainsi, par la mise en scène d’eux-mêmes et de leurs consommations, les promoteurs de la catégorie de nootropiques prouvent leur engagement auprès de la communauté. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the narrative around nootropics is constructed and propagated, leading individuals to believe in their effectiveness. It mentions that the perception of legitimacy among nootropics promoters is based on personal experimentation and subjective storytelling, rather than solid evidence of guaranteed cognitive improvement. This suggests that the actual evidence supporting the use of nootropics to guarantee such improvement is lacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The evolution of flowering plants had a significant impact on terrestrial ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Эти скопления порой называют местами линьки ксеназафусов, но такое объяснение встречает три существенных возражения. Во-первых, если это линочные панцири, почему все они практически одного размера? Трилобиты линяли на протяжении всей своей жизни. Если бы в этих местонахождениях были захоронены линочные панцири, они должны быть разного размера, отражая различные онтогенетические фазы в развитии ксеназафусов. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding flowering plants and their impact on terrestrial ecosystems. It discusses trilobites and their molting patterns, which is unrelated to the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.