Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: To ensure that HH signaling in the plasma membranes of these cells would be sensitive to perturbations of endogenous lipid metabolic pathways, we minimized sterol uptake from the media by growing the entire population of mutagenized cells in lipoprotein-depleted media for one week prior to the screen and then further treating with U18666A, a drug that traps any residual lipoprotein-derived cholesterol in lysosomes (Figure 1A) (Lu et al. , 2015). In the screen for positive regulators, we treated cells with a high, saturating concentration of the ligand (HiSHH) and used (FACS) to collect poor responders, those with the lowest 10% of GLI-GFP fluorescence (Figure 1A and B; full screen results in Supplementary file 2). These candidate positive regulators are hereafter referred to as ‘HiSHH-Bot10%'. In the screen for negative regulators, we treated cells with a low, sub-saturating concentration of SHH (LoSHH) that activated the reporter to <10% of maximal strength and selected super-responders, cells with the top 5% of GLI-GFP fluorescence (Figure 1A and C; full screen results in Supplementary file 3). These candidate negative regulators are hereafter referred to as ‘LoSHH-Top5%'. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset screens identify lipid-related genes that influence hedgehog signaling. (A) Flowchart summarizing the screening strategy. Screens for positive and negative regulators used a high, saturating concentration of SHH (HiSHH, 25 nM) or a low concentration of SHH (LoSHH, 3. 2 nM), respectively. (B and C) Volcano plots of the HiSHH-Bot10% (B) screen for positive regulators and the LoSHH-Top5% (C) screen for negative regulators. Enrichment is calculated as the mean of all sgRNAs for a given gene in the sorted over unsorted population, with the y-axis showing significance based on the false discovery rate (FDR)-corrected p-value. (D) Screen results analyzed by grouping genes based on the core lipid biosynthetic pathways in KEGG. In all panels, genes identified as positive and negative regulators are labeled in blue and orange respectively. file 4 for the full analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental procedures and the identification of lipid-related genes influencing hedgehog signaling within cells, but does not mention nanomedicine, aging, or the concept of using tiny robots for therapies. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: (B) Example of a trial in which the colony responded to the removal of returning foragers by decreasing the rate of outgoing foragers. Open in new tabDownload slideThe index of response to removals, comparing foraging after to foraging before removals, was calculated as the base-2 log of the ratio of the rate of returning foragers after removals (350–590 s) to the rate of returning foragers before removals (100–350 s). The same ratio was calculated for outgoing foragers. Because the log after-to-before ratio was infinite when there were 0 ants foraging before removals, we omitted trials from the analysis in which foraging was very low. We omitted a total of 26 trials from the analysis, including trials with such low foraging activity that the average rate of returning foragers plus the average rate of outgoing foragers was less than 0. 8 ants per second, and trials in which there were 0 ants foraging before removals. There remained a total of 94 trials. We divided the results for all trials into 2 sets, one for trials in which the colony responded to removals with a decrease in the rate of foraging and one for trials in which the colony did not respond. Figure 1 shows an example of one trial in which the colony responded and one trial in which the colony did not respond. We chose to define colony response as a binary variable so as to use the simplest possible measure. We did this because many factors probably determine the response to removals, both the decline in the rate of outgoing foraging and its recovery after removals end, and we do not know how these factors covary. The greater the response to the decline in forager return rate due to removals, the lower the index of response, because the index is a log of the ratio. We classified each trial according to whether foraging decreased more than a threshold value. We first used the median ratio as the threshold, giving 29 trials that showed a response and 65 that did not. We then used the 30th percentile as threshold, chosen arbitrarily as a less stringent criterion, giving 52 trials that showed a response and 42 that did not. We tested whether response to removals differed among colonies, using analysis of deviance to test for the effect of colony on response to removals (response or no response). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim related to the aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement of army ants. Instead, it focuses on the experimental analysis of how colonies respond to the removal of returning foragers and does not provide information about the aggressive nature of foraging behavior or the general movement of the colony.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Assessment of circadian period of locomotor activity Activity events were grouped into 5-minute bins by the Systems' (Stanford, CA) data processing and automatic storage system integrated into a Dell computer. Clocklab, the biological rhythm analysis software (Actimetrics, Evansville, IL), was used to calculate the period of locomotor activity of each mouse using linear regression through activity onsets of the last 8 to 10 days of each treatment. Experiment 1: Hypothesis – LEDfb changes circadian period compared to DD Mouse husbandry C57BL/6 mice were bred in our facility from mice purchased from (Bar Harbor, ME). Two male and six female C57BL/6 mice between the ages of 185 to 295 d were studied. Experimental protocol Four mice were put under motion sensors with the LED enabled (LEDfb), and four were put under sensors with the LED disabled (DD). The locomotor activity of the mice was monitored for two weeks (Stage 1). Then treatment was switched, and activity of the mice was monitored for another two weeks (Stage 2). The circadian period for each stage was calculated from the last 8 to 10 days under a given condition. Statistical analysis A factorial ANOVA (SAS ver. 9. 1) tested for effect of sex, age, lighting condition (LEDfb compared to DD) and sequence of light treatment (LEDfb first compared to DD first). A post-hoc Tukey's test compared periods under different lighting protocols. Experiment 2: Hypothesis – The effect of LEDfb on circadian period can be eliminated by blocking the light source Mouse husbandry Twelve male C57BL/6 mice aged 30 d were purchased from and housed singly. Experimental protocol Following acclimation to our facility in LD 12:12 for two weeks, they were moved into DD. All mice were put under motion sensors with the LED enabled (LEDfb), but black electrician's tape covered the LEDs of six motion sensors (taped LED) for two weeks. 2, all the LEDs were turned off for two weeks of DD. 3, the treatment condition of Stage 1 was switched, i. e. all LEDs were enabled but the LEDs previously covered by tape were uncovered and the previously uncovered LEDs were covered. Mouse activity was monitored continuously throughout the experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses experiments that involve the regulation of circadian rhythms in mice by manipulating lighting conditions (LED enabled vs. LED disabled). It specifically investigates how variations in light conditions affect the circadian period of locomotor activity, supporting the notion that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: If a gene was not expressed (RPKM value of 0 in both RNAseq data sets), it was not included in the pathway analysis of Figure 1D. Cell culture and drug treatments Request a detailed protocol NIH/3T3-CG used in the screen (and in Figure 3D and 5F), Smo-/- MEFs stably expressing SMO mutants (WT, D477G and D99A/Y134F), NIH/3T3 Flp-In cells stably expressing GPR161-YFP, mouse HM1 mESCs, and Ptch1-/- cells have been previously described and characterized (Luchetti et al. , 2016; Pusapati et al. , 2018a; Pusapati et al. , 2018b; Rohatgi et al. , 2007). NIH/3T3 Flp-In cells were purchased from3T3 cells from ATCC, and HM1 mESCs from and used at low passages for experiments. These purchased cells lines came with a certificate of authentication from the vendor and were used without further validation. Cell lines were confirmed to be negative for Mycoplasma infection. In the NIH/3T3 Flp-In background, Lss-/-, Dhcr7-/- and Dhcr24-/- clonal cell lines were generated using a two-cut strategy using methods described in our previous publications (Pusapati et al. , 2018a; Pusapati et al. , 2018b) and validated using a PCR-based genotyping strategy (Figure 2—figure supplement 1A and Supplementary file 6). NIH/3T3 cells and Ptch-/- MEFs (Rohatgi et al. , 2007) stably expressing ARL13B C-terminally tagged with GFP were generated by lentiviral infection followed by puromycin (Calbiochem) selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on gene expression analysis and the characterization of various cell lines without making any mention of nanomedicine or the potential for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within. There is no content that supports, contrasts, or addresses the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Does the current rate of foraging influence the response to a change in forager return rate? We examined whether the rate of forager return before removals influences whether a colony responds to removals. For the rate of forager return before removals, we used foraging rate between 60 and 260 s when removals began. We used ANOVA to test whether the rate of returning foragers before removals differed among colonies. We used analysis of deviance to test for an effect of rate of forager return before removals on response to removals (response or no response). We also compared foraging activity before removals, both the rate of outgoing and the rate of incoming foragers between 60 and 260 s, in the 2 sets of trials (response or no response), using t-tests. probability of leaving the nest and foraging activity Colonies differ in the baseline rate at which bursts of patrollers emerge from the nest in the absence of stimulation from returning ants. There were significant effects of colony on the interval between the emergence of successive bursts of patrollers (Kruskal–Wallis, degrees of freedom [df] 13, P < 0. 001) and on the number of patrollers that emerged per burst (Kruskal–Wallis, df 13, P < 0. 02). The mean (standard deviation [SD]) bursts per minute ranged among colonies from 0. 06 (0. 006) to 0. 24 (0. 06). The mean (SD) number of ants per burst ranged among colonies from 1. 34 (0. 16) to 7. 23 (3. 83). Colony differences were stronger than differences among days. There was no significant day effect for the interval between the emergence of successive patrollers or the number of patrollers that emerged (Kruskal–Wallis, bursts per minute, df 10, F 1. 93, P = 0. 21, number of patrollers, df 10, F 0. 20, P = 0. 66). The mean (SD) bursts per minute ranged among days from 0. 12 (0. 06) to 0. 18 (0. 12), and the mean number of ants per burst ranged among days from 2. 96 (2. 84) to 5. 89 (5. 84). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passed is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on an experiment related to forager return rates, patroller emergence, and their statistical analysis, without discussing the aggressive foraging behavior or general characteristics of army ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Statistical analysis A one-way ANOVA tested for effect of lighting condition (DD compared to LEDfb and taped LED), with a post-hoc Tukey's test. Experiment 3: Hypothesis – C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice have different response to LEhusbandry Eight male C57BL/6 mice and eight male DBA/2 mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory, age 4 weeks. Experimental protocol Following acclimation to our facility in LD 12:12 for two weeks, mice were moved into DD. Four mice of each strain (DBA/2 and C57BL/6) were put under motion sensors with the LED enabled (LEDfb), and four of each strain were put under sensors with the light disabled (DD). At the end of Stage 1, they were moved to LD 12:12 for one week. When mice returned to the assessment room under DD, the treatment condition was switched. Activities of all mice were monitored for another two weeks. Statistical analysis A two-factor ANOVA tested for effect of strain and lighting condition (LEDfb compared to DD) with a post-hoc Tukey's test. The change in period from LEDfb compared to DD (Δτ) was calculated for each mouse and compared by a t-test. measurements The irradiance spectrum of the LED for a sample of 8 proximity sensors was a narrow band centered on 652 nm. Figure 1 shows a representative spectrum. The illuminance of the LED was one lux. The illuminance of the LED covered with black electrician's tape was zero. Figure 1 The irradiance spectrum of a red LED integrated into the passive-infrared motion sensor circuitry. Experiment 1: LEDfb changes circadian period compared to DD Representative actograms of C57BL/6 mice under DD and dim red LEDfb are shown in Figure 2. The mean period in DD was 24. 05 ± 0. 04 h, and under red light LEDfb it was 24. 21 ± 0. 04 h. A factorial ANOVA testing for effect of sex, age, lighting condition (LEDfb compared to DD) and sequence of light treatment showed no effect of sex, age or sequence but an effect of lighting condition on period [F1,5 = 7. 72, p = 0. 039]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing experiments involving different lighting conditions (such as LED and dark conditions) on the circadian rhythms of mice, providing evidence that lighting affects circadian period measurements. The statistical analysis indicates that light can alter circadian rhythms, which supports the assertion that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Importantly the observed histone H3 disassembly around a DSB does not appear to be a consequence of persistent DNA end resection, because the DNA level (ChIP input) around the I-PpoI-induced DNA breaks was not significantly affected by induction of DSBs (Figure 1D). This situation is not unique to the SLCO5A1 gene, because we observed similar kinetics of DSB induction and repair for I-PpoI sites within the RYR2 gene (Figure 1E, top panel) and the INTS4 gene (Figure 1—figure supplement 1B). These data show that the I-PpoI system generates site-specific DSBs in human cells efficiently that are effectively repaired somewhat synchronously. Furthermore, these data show that chromatin disassembly and reassembly accompany cutting and repair of I-PpoI sites within the human genome. Chromatin disassembly and reassembly occur during NHEJ, independent of DNA end-resection To determine whether the observed nucleosome disassembly and reassembly around DSBs occurred during HR or NHEJ, we knocked-down essential components of each repair pathway. Knockdown of RAD51, the recombinase in HR, had no detectable effect on the kinetics of DSB cutting and repair compared to knockdown with a scrambled RNA, indicating that efficient repair of the I-PpoI site occurs in the absence of HR (Figure 2A). By contrast, knockdown of KU80, a key factor in NHEJ, led to the more rapid accumulation of breaks and no detectable repair (Figure 2A). This result indicates that NHEJ is the major pathway involved in the repair of this I-PpoI site in asynchronous cells, and is consistent with the failure to observe a DNA repair defect upon RAD51 knockdown. The NHEJ pathway is the preferential DSB repair pathway used in G1 phase of the cell cycle. That repair of the I-PpoI break requires KU80 but not RAD51 is not a consequence of effects of the knockdowns on the cell cycle because flow cytometry analysis detected no apparent change in the cell cycle phase distribution (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mechanisms of DNA repair and chromatin dynamics without addressing nanomedicine, aging, or disease treatment. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Filled triangles, trials with no response. Open in new tabDownload slide Effect of overall foraging activity on response to change in forager return rate In general, when foraging activity is high, colonies were more likely to respond to a decrease in forager return rate by adjusting the rate of outgoing foragers. However, colonies varied greatly in the magnitude of foraging activity required to respond to removals (Figure 4). Colonies differed in foraging rate before removals (ANOVA, 23 df, F 2. 86, P < 0. 0004). Whether colonies responded to removals depended on foraging rate before removals (analysis of deviance, 1 df, deviance 6. 9, chi square 122. 3, P < 0. 008). Using the median ratio of foraging rate after-to-before removals as the threshold for whether a colony responded in a given trial, foraging rate before removals was higher in the trials showing a response to removals (Table 1) than in the trials in which there was no response to removals. Using the less stringent criterion for response that a change in foraging rate was stronger than the 30th percentile, the results were similar: Foraging rate before removals was significantly higher in the trials showing a response to removals (Table 1) than in the trials in which there was no response to removals. Table 1 Open in new tab Foraging activity and response to decrease in forager return rate VariableMedian30th percentileResponseNo responsetPResponseNo responsetPRate of incoming foragers1. 19 (0. 52)0. 98 (0. 58)1. 790. 0011. 18 (0. 58)0. 89 (0. 52)2. 590. 01Rate of outgoing foragers1. 04 (0. 37)0. 89 (0. 45)1. 640. 051. 02 (0. 39)0. 85 (0. 47)1. 910. 01VariableMedian30th percentileResponseNo responsetPResponseNo responsetPRate of incoming foragers1. 19 (0. 52)0. 98 (0. 58)1. 790. 0011. 18 (0. 58)0. 89 (0. 52)2. 590. 01Rate of outgoing foragers1. 04 (0. 37)0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about army ants and their foraging behavior or movement. Instead, it discusses the response of colonies to forager return rates and specific statistical outcomes regarding their foraging activity, which is not specifically linked to the aggressive characteristics of army ants. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A post hoc Tukey's test showed longer period with LEDfb compared to DD (p = 0. 0095). Figure 3 shows the effects of LEDfb on the circadian period of locomotor activity. Figure 2 Double-plotted actograms of C57BL/6 mice under DD and dim red LEDfb. Lighting conditions are shown to the right of each actogram. Figure 3 The circadian period of C57BL/6 mice is longer under dim red LEDfb than DD conditions (p = 0. 0095). Lines show the mean period for each group. Experiment 2: The effect of LEDfb on circadian period can be eliminated by blocking the light source Representative actograms of C57BL/6 mice under DD, dim red LEDfb, and LEDs coved with black tape are shown in Figure 4. The mean period of 12 mice in DD was 23. 96 ± 0. 03 h; under taped LEDs, it was 23. 93 ± 0. 03 h; and, under LEDfb, it was 24. 07 ± 0. 03 h. There was a significant effect of lighting condition by one-way ANOVA [F2,33 = 7. 02, p = 0. 0029]. A post-hoc Tukey's test showed a longer period under the uncovered LED than under the tape-covered LED (p < 0. 01) or DD (p < 0. 025), as summarized in Figure 5. Periods did not differ between DD and tape-covered LED. Figure 4 Double-plotted actograms of C57BL/6 mice under DD, dim red LEDfb, and LEDs covered with black tape. Lighting conditions are shown to the right of each actogram. Arrows show onset of new lighting conditions. Figure 5 Circadian period of C57BL/6 mice is longer under dim red LEDfb than when the light source is covered by black tape (p < 0. 01) or DD (p < 0. 025). Lines show the mean period for each group. Experiment 3: C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice do not have different responses to LEactograms of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice under DD and dim red LEDfb are shown in Figure 6. For C57BL/6 mice, the mean period under DD was 23. 85 ± 0. 07 h; the mean period under LEDfb was 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by showing experimental results that demonstrate the effects of light conditions (specifically dim red LEDfb) on the circadian period of locomotor activity in mice. The results indicate that lighting conditions significantly influence the circadian rhythm, thus implicating light-sensitive mechanisms in the regulation of these rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: As no DNA is removed in this process, the wild type specific locus primers also generate slightly larger amplicons in tagged lines, which can be seen as double bands for both the and K13 PCRs. (C) Representative immunofluorescence images of HA-tagged Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA1-HA) and Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2-HA) parasite lines, and live cell imaging of Transporter-eGFP (CRT-eGFP), Myosin A-eGFP (MyoA-eGFP) and mCherry-Kelch13 (K13). Panel shows brightfield (BF), DNA stain (blue) and anti-tag antibodies/live fluorescence (green or red) of schizont stage parasites from each line. Scale bars represent 2 µm. Figure 3—source data 1 Primer pairs and guide sequences for generation and analysis of tagged parasite lines. Download elife-45829-fig3-data1-v2. xlsx Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset -Cas9 tagging of P. knowlesi proteins. (A) Schematic of -Cas9 strategy. C-terminal integration of the hemagglutinin (HA) tag into the target Apical membrane antigen (AMA1) locus via homologous recombination. Arrows indicating oligo positions for diagnostic PCRs. (B) C-terminal integration of HA tag into the target Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2 locus). (C) C-terminal integration of eGFP into the target Transporter (CRT) locus. (D) C-terminal integration of eGFP into the target locus. (E) N-terminal integration of mCherry into the target Kelch13 (K13) locus. (F) Western blot showing expression of tagged proteins in P. knowlesi saponin-lysed schizonts separated by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with anti-HA, anti-GFP or anti-mCherry primary antibodies. Control samples are saponin-lysed red blood cells (RBC) and wild type parasite line. Expected sizes of bands are indicated. CRT runs faster than its expected band size as shown in P. falciparum previously. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific processes and techniques related to the tagging of parasite proteins and imaging methods used in a scientific study, with no mention of nanomedicine, treatments, aging, or human lifespan. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: 89 (0. 45)1. 640. 051. 02 (0. 39)0. 85 (0. 47)1. 910. 01Shown are comparisons of foraging rates before removals when the rate of outgoing foragers decreased in response to removals, and when the rate of outgoing foragers did not decrease. Numbers are mean number of foragers per sec (SD). Values are shown for two criteria for foraging response, median and the 30th percentile. For median criterion: responded n = 29, no response n = 65. For 30th percentile criterion, responded n = 42, no response n = 52. Table 1 Open in new tab Foraging activity and response to decrease in forager return rate VariableMedian30th percentileResponseNo responsetPResponseNo responsetPRate of incoming foragers1. 19 (0. 52)0. 98 (0. 58)1. 790. 0011. 18 (0. 58)0. 89 (0. 52)2. 590. 01Rate of outgoing foragers1. 04 (0. 37)0. 89 (0. 45)1. 640. 051. 02 (0. 39)0. 85 (0. 47)1. 910. 01VariableMedian30th percentileResponseNo responsetPResponseNo responsetPRate of incoming foragers1. 19 (0. 52)0. 98 (0. 58)1. 790. 0011. 18 (0. 58)0. 89 (0. 52)2. 590. 01Rate of outgoing foragers1. 04 (0. 37)0. 89 (0. 45)1. 640. 051. 02 (0. 39)0. 85 (0. 47)1. 910. 01Shown are comparisons of foraging rates before removals when the rate of outgoing foragers decreased in response to removals, and when the rate of outgoing foragers did not decrease. Numbers are mean number of foragers per sec (SD). Values are shown for two criteria for foraging response, median and the 30th percentile. For median criterion: responded n = 29, no response n = 65. For 30th percentile criterion, responded n = 42, no response n = 52. results show that harvester ant colonies vary in the regulation of collective behavior. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address army ants specifically nor does it mention aggressive foraging behavior or colony movement related to them. Instead, it discusses a study of foraging rates and responses in ant colonies, without specific reference to the aggressive nature associated with army ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 00 ± 0. 07 h. For DBA/2 mice, the mean period under DD was 23. 46 ± 0. 14 h; the mean period under LEDfb was 23. 78 ± 0. 08 h. A two-factor ANOVA testing for effect of strain and lighting condition (LEDfb compared to DD) showed a significant effect of both strain [F1,14 = 7. 73, p = 0. 0147] and lighting condition [F1,14 = 10. 99, p = 0. 0051] but no interaction. A post-hoc Tukey's test showed longer period with LEDfb compared to DD (p < 0. 025). The C57BL/6 mice had different periods from the DBA/2 mice by post-hoc Tukey's test (p < 0. 01). Figure 7 shows the effects of LEDfb on the circadian period of locomotor activity in the two strains of mice. Figure 6 Double plotted actograms of DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice under DD (top) and dim red LEDfb (bottom). The actograms at top and bottom are from one DBA/2 mouse (left) and one C57BL/6 mouse (right). Lighting conditions were separated by two weeks of LD 12:12. Figure 7 The circadian period of both DBA/2 and C57BL/6 mice under DD (filled symbols) and dim red LEDfb (open symbols). Lines show the mean period for each group. Overall, mice had longer period under LEDfb than DD (p < 0. 025), and C57BL/6 mice had longer periods than DBA/2 mice (p < 0. 01). The mean increase in period with LEDfb (period under LEDfb minus period under DD, Δτ) for C57BL/6 mice was 0. 15 ± 0. 05 h. For DBA/2 mice, Δτ was 0. 32 ± 0. 13 h. The increase in period with LEDfb did not differ between strains by t-test (p = 0. 26). In summary, circadian period was significantly longer under LEDfb (a small, red LED whose intensity was about 1 lux which came on only when a mouse was active) than that under DD in both C57BL/6 and DBA/2 strains of mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the circadian period of mice was significantly longer under LEDfb lighting conditions compared to constant darkness (DD), suggesting that light plays a crucial role in regulating circadian rhythms. The findings of a significant effect from different lighting conditions reinforce the idea that light-sensitive proteins are involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: In previous studies of events in wild-type strains treated with the same dose of UV (Yin and Petes, 2013), we also found approximately equal frequencies of these two classes (Supplementary file 1 - Table S6). Figure 7 Download asset Open asset Examples of heteroduplex patterns associated with SCB- and DSCB-initiated events. Both the SCB event shown in 7A and the DSCB event shown in 7B were unselected events from the same sectored colony (YYy310-905WR; Supplementary file 1 - Table S3). The 7A event occurred on chromosome IV (labeled IV-2 in Supplementary file 1 - Table S3), and the 7B event was on chromosome XIV. The distances between SNPs (shown as red or blue circles) are to the scale shown above each set of chromatids. (A) Inferred pattern of heteroduplexes in an SCB event. The patterns of markers in the granddaughter cells that define the patterns inferred in the G2 mother cell are in Supplementary file 2 - S6. (A) Inferred pattern of heteroduplexes in an DSCB event. The patterns of markers in the granddaughter cells that define the patterns inferred in the G2 mother cell are in Supplementary file 2 - S16. Our conclusion that many of the observed recombination events, both spontaneous and UV-induced, reflect a G1-initiated DSB is surprising, but consistent with our previous studies (Lee et al. , 2009; and Petes, 2013; Yin and Petes, 2013). In considering this conclusion, a number of points need to be emphasized. First, we propose that DSCB events result from replication of a broken chromosome. This DSB cannot be efficiently repaired in G1 because the enzymes involved in end resection and resolution of recombination intermediates are not active in G1 (Symington et al. , 2014). An alternative pathway to DSB repair in G1 cells is non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). In yeast, however, this pathway is inefficient (Siede et al. , 1996). In addition, when we previously compared the frequency of mitotic crossovers in diploids that were heterozygous at the mating type locus (a condition that represses NHEJ, Kegel et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the findings from studies related to recombination events and DNA repair mechanisms in yeast, with no mention of nanomedicine, aging, or treatments that extend human lifespan. Thus, it neither supports nor contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Colonies differ in the baseline rate at which ants leave the nest, in foraging activity, and in how closely they adjust foraging to changes in the rate of forager return. This variation among colonies produces reaction norms that may influence the evolution of collective behavior (Dingemanse et al. 2009). The regulation of foraging is ecologically important because it determines how a colony manages the trade-off between the risk of water loss when foraging and the risk of losing foraging area to a neighboring colony when not foraging (Adler and Gordon 2003). However, in some conditions, competition among neighboring colonies is intense (Sanders and Gordon 2004), and it may be worthwhile to scour the desert for any seed at all, despite the cost in desiccation. We found that harvester ant colonies differ in the way that foraging activity responds to current conditions. First, some colonies are more likely than others to send out foragers. For example, the spread of points on the y axis of Figure 2 shows the variation among 14 colonies in average rates of outgoing foragers. Figure 4 shows differences among 24 colonies in the average rates of returning foragers. It is well known that ants within colonies differ in activity level (e. g. , Jaisson et al. 1988); our results here show that colonies differ in activity level. Second, colonies also differ in the propensity to regulate foraging activity in response to a change in forager return rate (Figure 3). This propensity is related to overall foraging level. One source of colony differences in foraging activity appears to be a colony-specific trait that sets the interval that any ant waits before it goes out, independently of stimulation from returning ants. The association between the rate at which patrollers emerge, even when no ants return, in a given colony, and the average rate at which foragers leave the nest in the same colony, suggests that both patrollers and foragers have in common a baseline rate of activity. It is unlikely that the rate at which patrollers emerge depends on colony size; young colonies and mature ones, ranging in size by a factor of 5 from 2000 to 10 000 ants, have about the same numbers of patrollers, 30–50 (Gordon 1989). Moreover, very small differences in the numbers of patrollers that emerge in each burst predict much larger differences in the numbers of ants foraging per minute (Figure 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the variation in foraging behavior among different ant colonies, detailing the factors influencing foraging activity and the ecological significance of these behaviors. However, it does not specifically reference army ants or comment on their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The LEDs gave off red light in a narrow band centered on 652 nm. Covering the LED with black tape blocked the effect of the dim red light. Furthermore, there was no difference in this effect between the two strains. study suggests that the circadian system in mice is responsive to long wavelength red light. The result is surprising because recent studies suggest that melanopsin, in combination with the classical rod and cone photoreceptors, account for the transduction of photic information to the circadian system. There are no studies of spectral sensitivity of the Aschoff effect in mice. However, the spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors mediating circadian phase-shifts in mice is vanishingly small at wavelengths above 600 nm [7 - 9]. In most organisms, circadian period under LL is a function of both intrinsic period and photic inputs. effect is understood to result from the cumulative phase-shifting effect of LL on the pacemaker [5,13,15]. Thus an effect of red light on circadian period is unexpected. One possible explanation is that there is another photopigment present in mammals that is sensitive to far-red light and affects period rather than phase. It cannot be excluded that period and phase are affected by different light receptors or light receptive pathways. It seems more likely that low sensitivity to red light via the known circadian photopigments has a cumulative period-lengthening effect on the pacemaker. The timing of light exposure could have amplified this effect. Under LEDfb mice received light between circadian time (CT 12) and CT 24, during their active phase. The period-response curves (τRC) of mice have period-shortening between CT 4 and CT 16 and period-lengthening between CT 16 and CT 4 [16]. LEDfb should cause substantial period-lengthening, with minimal period-shortening. This study has several limitations. Only the Aschoff effect was investigated, and this was not under the usual protocol of constant light. Nevertheless, the increase in circadian period of mice under LEDfb was consistent with a prior activity feedback study in rats, where wheel-running triggered full-spectrum illumination resulting in lengthened circadian period [14]. Covering the LED with black tape blocked the effect of the dim red light. We conclude that ultrasound from the LEDs or the electronics associated with their illumination did not produce the effect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the circadian system in mice is responsive to light, particularly mentioning that melanopsin and classical photoreceptors play a role in the transduction of photic information to the circadian system. It emphasizes the significance of various light wavelengths and their effects on circadian rhythms, suggesting that light-sensitive proteins are implicated in this regulation, thereby supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: Gaps can be propagated symmetrically from HS4 (Supplementary file 2 - S89) or with a bias toward or away from the centromere. Fifth, some of the gaps (regions of 4:0 segregation without heteroduplexes) are interrupted by regions of heteroduplex (chromatid 4 of Supplementary file 2 - S91). Such a pattern can be explained by a template switch to a sister chromatid as shown in Supplementary file 2 - S91. We also used SNP microarrays to examine twelve red/white sectored colonies with a crossover in the hphMX4-URA3 interval in UV-treated YYy311. Since it was clear that none of these twelve colonies had an HS4-mediated event, we did not attempt to look for two genotypes within each sector, In addition, a smaller fraction of events (10%, 10/102) were in the hphMX4-URA3 interval in the UV-treated samples of YYy311 than in the untreated samples. Thus, HS4 is a hotspot for spontaneous, but not UV-stimulated recombination events. Effect of the mlh1 mutation on the frequency of mitotic crossovers Two different assays can be used to monitor the effect of the mlh1 mutation on crossovers: the frequencies of spontaneous and UV-induced red/white sectored colonies compared to wild type, and the frequency of unselected crossovers in UV-treated cells. These two assays yield somewhat different results. We observed slightly more (<two-fold) spontaneous red/white sectored colonies in YYy311 than in the isogenic wild-type strain (53 sectored colonies/998395 total colonies [5. 3 × 10−5/division]) in the mlh1 strain versus 55 sectors/1761664 total [3. 1 × 10−5/division; and Petes (2013). A similar slight elevation was observed for UV-treated YYy311 cells: 378 sectors/3228 total (11. 7%) in the mlh1 strain versus 127 sectors/1420 total (8. 9%) in the isogenic wild-type strain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic recombination experiments and the effects of mutations on crossover frequency, without any mention of nanomedicine, aging, or treatments for diseases. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: It is also unlikely that the rate at which patrollers emerge directly determines the rate of foraging later on. Patrollers initiate foraging when they return to the nest (Greene and Gordon 2003, 2007), and once foraging begins, the patrollers are no longer active. We do not know whether the number of patrollers active influences how many foragers first leave the nest. In any case, there is no evidence that the day’s foraging activity is determined by the initial number of foragers. Further work is needed to understand what produces colony differences in the activity of patrollers and foragers. In many ant species, foraging is regulated by a nonlinear process that links numbers of foragers to the quality or quantity of food (Sumpter and Beekman 2003; Detrain and Deneubourg 2008). It seems that harvester ants, using encounter rate rather than pheromone trails, regulate foraging using a process that is also nonlinear. We found that a P. barbatus colony is more likely to respond to a decrease in forager return rate when the initial rate of foraging is high. The following scenario might explain why. When the rate of foraging is low, foragers leave the nest at a rate set by a baseline probability that is independent of the rate of forager return. When food is abundant and the rate of forager return is high, foragers respond to returning foragers. Removing returning foragers artificially brings the rate of forager return down to the low rate at which outgoing foraging depends only on the baseline rate. When we stop preventing the return of foragers, the rate of forager return increases (see Figure 1B) and inactive foragers begin to respond to returning foragers again, which brings the rate of outgoing foraging back up. However, on days when the foraging activity is initially very low, removals have no effect because the rate of outgoing foragers depends only on the baseline probability that is independent of the rate of foraging return. It could be that foragers are less likely to respond to a change in the rate of forager return when rates are low because a change in a low rate is difficult to assess. The lower the rate of forager return, the fewer incoming ants each inactive forager encounters, and a small sample has a higher variance than a large one. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about army ants' aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. Instead, it discusses the dynamics of forager activity and patroller emergence, along with specific ant species behaviors and their foraging regulation processes, which does not pertain directly to army ants or their known behaviors.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Pittendrigh, CS (1981). ed. Circadian systems: of Behavioral Neurobiology. 14 New York, Plenum Press, 124. Possidente, B and Hegmann, JP (1982). Gene differences modify Aschoff's rule in mice 28: 199–200, [PubMed] DOI: and Nurnberger, JIJ (1995). Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for circadian rhythms of locomotor activity in mice 25: 545–556. [PubMed] Daan, S and Pittendrigh, CS (1976). A functional analysis of circadian pacemaker in nocturnal rodents: III. Heavy water and constant light: homeostasis of frequency? J 106: 267–290, DOI: McCormack, CE and Sontag, CR (1980). Entrainment by red light of running activity and ovulation rhythms of rats Physiol 239: R450–R453. [PubMed] Yoshimura, T and Ebihara, S (1996). Spectral sensitivity of photoreceptors mediating phase-shifts of circadian rhythms in retinally degenerate CBA/J (rd/rd) and normal CBA/N (+/+)mice J [A] 178: 797–802. [PubMed] Provencio, I and Foster, RG (1995). Circadian rhythms in mice can be regulated by photoreceptors with cone-like characteristics 694: 183–190, [PubMed] DOI: Yau, KW (2003). Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice Nature 424: 75–81, DOI: Jacobs, GH, Neitz, J and Deegan, JF (1991). Retinal receptors in rodents maximally sensitive to ultraviolet light Nature 353: 655–656, [PubMed] DOI: and O'Hara, BF (2002). Role of Melanopsin in to 298: 2211–2213, [PubMed] DOI: and Kay, SA (2002). Melanopsin (Opn4) Requirement for Normal Light-Science 298: 2213–2216, [PubMed] DOI: Pittendrigh, CS and Daan, S (1976). A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents: IV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies and findings related to circadian rhythms and their regulation by light-sensitive proteins, such as melanopsin and photoreceptors. For instance, it mentions 'Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptive systems account for all major accessory visual functions in mice,' indicating a direct link to the regulation of circadian rhythms by light-sensitive components.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan.Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: The possible role of Exo1p is the expansion of a single-stranded nick into a large single-stranded gap before DNA replication, facilitating the formation of secondary structures involving the inverted Ty elements that could be subsequently processed by structure-specific nucleases to form the recombinogenic DSB. As described above, the broken ends would require extensive single-stranded processing because of the heterology in order to invade the homolog. These long single-stranded regions could be susceptible to endonucleolytic attack, resulting in the observed double-stranded gaps. We cannot, however, rule out the generation of these long conversion tracts by a BIR-like mechanism (Yim et al. , 2014). We found that HS4-associated hotspot was not stimulated by UV. This result argues that the activity of HS4 is not a consequence of random DNA breaks located near in the inverted repeat, but is likely a consequence of a DSB induced in a secondary structure in the DNA that is formed independently of nearby DSBs. Lastly, we suggest that the long conversion tracts associated with HS4 might be a general property of recombination events initiated in a large heterozygous insertion. conclusion, our global analysis of UV-induced and spontaneous mitotic recombination events in an MMR-deficient yeast strain demonstrates that many of the events are more complex than predicted by the current DSBR model. We find that many gene conversion tracts are generated by a mechanism that does not involve the Mlh1-dependent repair of mismatches within a heteroduplex. Materials and methods of the hybrid diploid strains YYy310 (isogenic isolates YYy310. 9, YYy310. 10) and YYy311 (isogenic isolates YYy311. 1 and YYy311. 3) are described in detail in Supplementary file 1 - Table S1. In brief, the MLH1 gene was deleted from haploid derivatives of W303-1A and YJM789; these strains have about 0. 5% sequence divergence (Wei et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the role of Exo1p in DNA repair mechanisms and does not mention nanomedicine, aging, or the potential of tiny robots for curative purposes. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any meaningful way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Army ants are known for their aggressive foraging behavior and colony movement. [SEP] Text: Colony behavior depends on colony size in many ant species (e. g. , Tschinkel 1993; Bourke 1999; Thomas and Elgar 2003; Gordon 2010). In P. barbatus, task allocation (Gordon 1987) and relations with neighbors (Gordon 1992; Gordon and Kulig 1996) change as a colony grows older and larger. However, although colony size influences colony behavior, it does not fully determine the numbers actively foraging at any moment. In P. barbatus, as in many social insect species, the moment-to-moment rate of foraging depends on factors other than colony size, such as the rate of food intake (e. g. , Fernandez et al. 2003 for honey bees; O'Donnell 2001 for wasps). At most about 20% of the workers in a mature colony engage in foraging at any time (Adler and Gordon 2003), but on the year-to-year scale, the number that forage is not a simple linear function of colony size, as the numbers foraging change by a factor of 2 from ages 2 to 5 years (Gordon and Kulig 1996; Adler and Gordon 2003), while overall colony size changes by a factor of 5 during those years (Gordon 1992). On the day-to-day scale, ants from all other exterior task groups switch tasks to foraging when more foragers are needed (Gordon 1989), and foragers can be active on 1 day and revert to inactivity the next day (Gordon 1991). Colony differences in response to changing conditions provide the variation that underlies the evolution of collective behavior. Further work is needed to determine if the differences shown here account for the long-term year-to-year differences among colonies in foraging behavior observed previously (Gordon 1991). Then, to investigate the evolution of the regulation of foraging, the next question is how variation among colonies in the regulation of foraging affects colony growth, survival, and reproductive success. (IBN 0718631) to D. M. G. ; of Health (R01GM086884) to S. H. We are very grateful to for helpful discussions and ideas and to and Tran for their invaluable assistance in the field. Many thanks to for programming the cell phones to be data collection devices. Noa Pinter-Wollmann, Shelby Sturgis, and provided valuable comments on the manuscript. 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of colony behavior and foraging in ants, particularly P. barbatus, but does not specifically mention army ants or their aggressive foraging behavior. Therefore, it does not address the claim directly, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Ischemic stroke destabilizes circadian rhythmsDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-6-9Submitted on Sep 4, 2008Accepted on Oct 15, 2008Published on Oct 15, 20084. 0 is a leading cause of death and disability world-wide. While the immediate consequences of stroke include permanent cognitive deficits, paralysis, visual impairment, and sensory disturbances, stroke also results in long term dysregulation of sleep and mood, which may be equally disabling. The influence of ischemic stroke on circadian rhythm regulation, which is strongly linked to sleep and mood, may thus potentially influence long-term recovery in stroke patients. In humans, the daily expression of a multitude of physiological variables is suppressed by ischemic stroke [1 - 8], but limited work has been done to establish whether these effects reflect true disruption of the circadian timing system. To address the status of the central circadian pacemaker, other investigators have measured melatonin after stroke [9]. Beloosesky et al. [10] sampled urinary melatonin metabolites every four hours and found that rhythms persisted in all stroke patients, but the phase was delayed by about 4 hours during the first day in patients with extensive brain injury; the delay was not apparent 10 days after stroke. Fiorini et al. [11] measured urinary melatonin every 12 hours after stroke and demonstrated decreases in stroke patients that persisted for two weeks. The precise timing of melatonin secretion could not be determined in this study. Pang et al. [9] demonstrated that intracerebral hemorrhage in a variety of locations inhibits the production of melatonin measured by venipuncture. The lack of longitudinal data in human subjects makes it difficult to determine whether stroke induces changes in circadian timing. In addition, the interpretation of these studies is difficult, since standard medical care of acute stroke patients by necessity requires nocturnal disruption that may suppress melatonin and falsely imply changes in circadian timing. To overcome limitations of clinical studies, a small number of experimental systems have been used to study the effect of stroke on circadian regulation. Work in mice has shown that sleep [12] is inhibited by ischemic stroke. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the regulatory effects of ischemic stroke on circadian rhythms and mentions that the central circadian pacemaker is influenced by physiological variables like melatonin, which is related to circadian rhythms. Although it does not directly mention light-sensitive proteins, it implies that there are mechanisms involved in circadian regulation that may be impacted by other factors. Therefore, it supports the claim that circadian rhythms are subject to regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some scientists believe nanomedicine could eventually allow for treatments that reverse aging or repair the body from within, extending human lifespan. Nanomedicine will soon allow humans to cure all diseases by sending tiny robots into the body to repair cells and eliminate pathogens. [SEP] Text: , 2009; Zhao et al. , 2008). The top 10 targets are shown in Table 2, and all except one of these are expressed in the presumptive epidermis or notochord. The one exception is nuak1a, which is weakly expressed in the ventral mesoderm and thus appears to be another tissue regulated by Yap1/Wwtr1, albeit for a very limited set of target genes. Because the genes expressed in Table 2 have more modest fold-changes, we also validated that their expression decreased using quantitative PCR (Figure 4—figure supplement 1). Figure 4 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Enriched GO terms and for downregulated genes in yap1;wwtr1 double mutants. Bar graphs showing the log-transformed adjusted P-values of enriched GO terms categorized under (A), (C) and (D), and for the (B). Number of genes in the enriched terms is shown in respective bar graphs. Table 2 Regulation of previously identified Yap1/Wwtr1 target genes† gene gene nameProtein typeFold-change (decrease)Expression domain00000061948amotl2bAmotl11. 7Presumptive epidermis*00000023062cyr61CCN family ECM Protein6. 200000012066dcnDecorin4. 4Presumptive epidermis00000052783cdc42ep3Cdc42 Effector Protein4. 1Presumptive epidermis00000006603csrp1aCys and Protein4. 000000037476sorbs3Scaffold protein3. 6Presumptive epidermis00000042934ctgfaCCN family ECM Protein3. 500000035809col1a1bCollagen3. 5Presumptive epidermis00000020086nuak1aAmp-Kinase3. 4Ventral mesoderm*00000060610pcdh7bProtocadherin3. 4Presumptive epidermis *Our data; others are from ZFIN. org †et al. (2008) and Zhang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic expression and targets related to specific proteins and genes in a biological context, without any mention of nanomedicine, aging, lifespan, or disease cures. Thus, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: therefore, the data, tools and methods used for detecting changes in land cover through Vegetation and water bodies by remotely sensed data from Landsat images from 2000 to 2020 common with GIS technology. Effective in mapping the Vegetation and water bodies (Mesmin et al. 2020). MethodsThe study region Marsh includes the great Iraqi wetlands, where are part of the Tigris and Euphrates system. The permanent wetlands occupied by the marsh region were historically measured to be roughly 2,800 km2 and to surpass 4,500 km2. Located to the right of the river Euphrates among 634,272 to 3,413,985 m east and from 758,945 to 3,383,833 m north in zone 38 N, marsh stretches from the western town of Nasiriyah to the outskirts of on the Shatt Al-in the east (Fig. 1). The marshes are approximately 120 km length and 25 km wide and have a mean depth of 1. 8m to 3 m. (Al-gburi, Al-tawash, and Al-lafta 2017). It is possible to divide the marsh across two regions; the first is in the town of Al-Nasiriyah, which provides its waters with several rivers, while the second portion is situated within the town of Al-Basra and is nourished by the tidal phenomenon during the Shatt AlArab sea. Dike divides the eastern and western districts of the marsh. Future proposals for the building of the Barrage are in progress, linking all sides of Marsh, there are abundant natural and artificial features in the marsh, such as islands, wetlands, vegetation, and many dykes that surround and spread throughout the marsh. The feeding and irrigation system is very complicated, since virtually all of these rivers work as feeders at times and other periods based on the water size of the marsh and those rivers. (S. K. Ali 2019). Data sources and method Data used in this study and for period of time 2000-2020 Per 10 years were Landsat 5 TM (thematic mapper) data and Landsat 8 OLI (operational land imager) data Satellite images downloaded from the website )Table 1( was used for creating LULC maps, The spatial resolution for Sensors is the same and equals (30 m)(A. K. Mohammed, Mashee, and Ramahi 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding migratory behavior of birds. Instead, it focuses on methodologies for detecting changes in land cover and details about wetlands in the marsh regions, which are unrelated to the migratory patterns of birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian phase-shifting effects of a laboratory environment: a clinical trial with bright and dim lightDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareResearch 10. 1186/1740-3391-3-11Submitted on Aug 30, 2005Accepted on Sep 9, 2005Published on Sep 9, 20054. 0 adults have an altered synchronization of circadian rhythms compared to young adults [1 - 4]. Circadian misalignment of rhythms or malsynchronization might contribute to many age-related disorders of sleep or mood, as has been observed in conjunction with shift-work and jet lag. It has been hypothesized that age-related circadian malsynchronization might be explained by reduced exposure to light and other zeitgebers in older adults. However, studies have found that, when compared to young adults, older adults are exposed to at least as much bright light (e. g. , in [5,6]) and to environmental and social zeitgebers of even greater regularity [7]. Nonetheless, it is likely that retinohypothalamic neurotransmission of light to the SCN is compromised in older adults due to glaucoma, macular degeneration, senile miosis, and other eye problems [8,9]. Moreover, age-related neurodegeneration of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) [10] could make the SCN less responsive to light in older adults. Preliminary evidence suggests that aging subjects may display smaller phase shifts to light stimuli [11,12]. Thus, older adults might require increased exposure to light or other synchronizers for adequate circadian entrainment. Although light exposure is apparently the most important circadian synchronizer, careful regulation of the sleep-wake schedule [13,14], as well as physical activity [15,16] and social interaction [17], can also influence circadian timing. These non-photic stimuli can produce effects added to those produced by light alone. Appropriately timed exposure to bright light and other zeitgebers might help correct circadian malsynchronization and alleviate sleep and mood problems that are common in older adults. Evidence indicates that light can also have photoperiodic effects on the organization of the human circadian system [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that light exposure is the most important circadian synchronizer. It mentions the role of light in influencing circadian rhythms, particularly in older adults who may experience circadian misalignment due to decreased sensitivity to light exposure. The text details that light impacts circadian timing and provides evidence for its regulatory functions in the circadian system.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of fusion reactors being developed will be operational within five years, solving the global energy crisis and eliminating fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 19. 50. 10. 20. 12A complete phase-out of nuclear power by 2030 is considered for Germany, which is in accordance with political targets 10. For Switzerland, a phase-out of all nuclear power plants except for NPP Leibstadt is used. The installed capacities of coal, lignite and gas power plants for the 2030 reference scenario are not varied from the 2013 capacities. A coal price increase of 26% and a gas price increase of 14% compared to 2013 are anticipated for 2030 12. As more stringent CO2 restrictions are anticipated for 2030 08, the price of CO2 certificates is considered to increase from 6 €/tCO2 (in 2013) to 20 €/tCO2 (in 2030). The total annual costs of cycling are derived from unit-specific cycling costs, which are based on actual US power plants 13 and are summarized in Table 3. The cycling cost factors of Table 3 are applied to derive the annual cost of cycling for each upgraded coal and NGCC power plant. Table 3. Assumed cost factors for cycling parameters. costs [€/MW]7057Ramping costs [€/MW per 100% load change]76Results and discussionFigure 5 and Figure 5 show the simulated market shares of the different generation technologies across Europe for 2013 and the 2030 reference scenario. As one would expect, the market shares of the renewable power sources are significantly increased in 2030 compared to 2013. The market share of wind is increased from 6% to 14%; the increase for solar power is 3% to 7%. At the same time, coal power is replaced by gas power due to the increase in CO2 emissions prices, which causes coal to lose market share (27% to 23%) and gas to gain slightly (12% to 13%). The market share of nuclear power is significantly reduced (34% to 24%) due to the nuclear phase-outs in Germany and Switzerland by 2030. Figure 5. (a) Market shares of power generation technologies in 2013. (b) Market shares of power generation technologies in 2030. This market shift from dispatchable, baseload nuclear power to non-dispatchable wind and solar power results in new opportunities and challenges for coal and gas power plants. Table 4 summarizes the operational statistics for the selected set of power plants (see Figure 3 in the years 2013 and 2030. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current energy landscape and the planned phase-out of nuclear power in Germany and Switzerland by 2030. It indicates a shift towards renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, while noting the decrease in nuclear power and correlated assumptions of continued reliance on fossil fuels until at least 2030. This implies that fusion reactors, which are still in development, will not replace fossil fuels in the timeframe suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Many species of birds engage in migratory behavior based on seasonal changes. [SEP] Text: Knowing the causes of these losses is complicated by the dependence of migratory birds on multiple habitats like (Lake, marsh, wetland) In addition to vegetation for food and housing even on their breeding and non‐breeding grounds, as well as at rest places. The reliance of migratory birds on the conditions in multiple spaces and on the phenology of the events in these spaces makes them more sensitive than their resident counterparts to environmental fluctuations, valuating drivers of their population variation is further complicated by the need to know in which of the diverse Components of the annual life cycle the population is deeply limited. Also, environmental variation and anthropogenic habitat variation are potential drivers of decrease, alongside other factors such as heightened persecution and hunting (Miranda and Miranda 2017). ResultsVegetation changing trend analysis based on NDVI Calculation of NDVI on Landsat (5, 8) satellite data between 2000 and 2020 by equation (1) was done after the Landsat data was corrected so that accurate NDVI rates could be obtained. NDVI was the quantity of vegetation greenness rates obtained from digital signal processing of NIR and RED band reflectance values (A. K. M. Ali et al. 2019). The operation of red light absorption by chlorophyll and reflection of near-infrared light by mesophyll tissue contained in the leaves would make the brightness values received by the Landsat sensors on these bands would be very various. At the non-vegetation spaces, comprising water bodies, and areas of urbanization and soil, would not show a high percentage value (minimum). Reciprocally, in the area of dense vegetation with healthy conditions, the percentage of the two bands would be very high (maximum). The results of the statistical analysis of the index showed that the percentage of vegetation in 2000 was equal to 5. 0%, while the percentage decreased in 2010 by 3. 5%, while the percentage increased in 2020 by 15. 6% (Tkins, Pstein, and Elsch 2018). As shown in (Table 2 and Figs. 3 - 4). See formula 1 in the supplementary files section. Table 2 The values of vegetation change during the study period year Vegetation ( m²) %Vegetation ( m²) %Area 2000 105484708. 1 5. 0% 2009687231 95. 0% 2010 74694241. 16 3. 5% 2040389936 96. 5% 2020 330849909 15. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the complexities surrounding the habitat dependence and environmental fluctuations impacting migratory birds, but does not directly address or provide evidence of the migratory behavior of species based on seasonal changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Volunteers were randomly assigned to one of three light treatments, which were administered for four hours during each of the four days of the experiment (Figure 2). The light treatments were administered via overhead cool-white fluorescent lights, providing relatively even light levels at eye-level throughout the laboratory rooms. Figure 2 Treatments. Volunteers were randomly assigned to three four-hour light treatments (detailed in this figure) administered on four consecutive days against a background of <0. 5 lux during eight-hour sleep periods and 50 lux during 16-hour wake periods. was two hours at 3,000 lux from 1–3 hours and 13–15 hours after arising. was four hours at 3,000 lux from 6–10 hours after arising. was four hours of dim red light placebo from 6–10 hours after arising. Note that the center of each treatment was eight hours after arising, and the abscissa was hours after usual wake time. consisted of two hours of bright light (3,000 lux in the direction of gaze) at one-three hours after arising, as well as at three to one hours before bedtime. The 3000 lux portion of was designed to resemble a skeleton LD14:10-long photoperiod. An LD16:8 skeleton might have had greater photoperiodic effect, but there was concern that LD16:8 might disturb sleep excessively. consisted of four hours of bright light (3,000 lux) in the middle of the wake period, i. e. , six-ten hours after awakening. The bright portion of might resemble a short LD4:20 photoperiod, to the extent that the surrounding 50 lux treatment was photoperiodically ineffective. Also, bright light in would be expected to fall in a relatively insensitive zone of the light phase response curve. Treatment C, the control treatment, involved four hours of placebo dim red light (1 lux) given six-ten hours after arising. With no bright light, it was expected that would have little circadian effect. All treatments were superimposed upon the 16th hour of background illumination of 50 lux. As observed in Figure 2, the center of timing of each light treatment was precisely eight hours after arising. Volunteers were given standardized instructions designed to minimize potential differences in expectancy for beneficial effects of the treatments. After the volunteers were assigned to the treatments, expectancy for improvement in mood and sleep during the experiment was assessed via 100 mm visual analogue scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment that involved different light treatments, which directly relate to the regulation of circadian rhythms. It states that light treatments of varying intensities (such as 3,000 lux and dim red light) were applied during specific periods, indicating that these light levels may influence the circadian effects on the volunteers. Since the claim pertains to how light affects circadian rhythms through sensitivity of proteins to light, the detailed methodology regarding light exposure supports the idea that light is a critical regulator of these biological rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of fusion reactors being developed will be operational within five years, solving the global energy crisis and eliminating fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2576684/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractSince a fusion reactor using the Deuterium-Tritium fuel cycle, like the (ITER), cannot be a source of clean energy because of the deleterious effects of energetic neutrons carrying 80% of the energy output, and it is very doubtful that it will be able to achieve Tritium self-sufficiency because of an extremely problematic and still unproven breeding procedure, this paper proposes a new reactor scheme capable of confining hot and dense plasmas using the Deuterium – Helium-3 fuel cycle. Such a reactor must be considered a source of clean energy because of its small level of neutrons production, and its fuel is available in large quantity since we can get the needed Deuterium from seawater and likewise Helium-3 from the moon, as it was found from the samples of lunar soil brought back by the astronauts of the Apollo Mission. The proposed reactor consists of two 100 meters long cylindrical plasmas, connected by semicircular sections to form a racetrack configuration. It should be capable of producing from 16 to 20 GW of fusion power when operating with an electron density of 3x1020 m-3, a magnetic field of 10 T and temperatures from 40 to 45 keV. Out of this power, up to 10 GW will be used for replacing the loss of electron energy from bremsstrahlung radiation, with a consequent reduction in the reactor power output. However, such a loss could be mitigated by a partial recovery of the bremsstrahlung radiation. Helium-3racetrack configurationhelical windingsnegative magnetic shearbremsstrahlung radiationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 8I IntroductionOur major source of energy comes from the burning of fossil fuels, which were created over millions of years by the decomposition of plants and organic materials. Nowadays, this energy is mainly used for generating the kinetic energy of our means of transportation or the electric power that we use for a large variety of applications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by asserting significant doubts regarding the operational viability of current fusion reactors, like ITER, in being a source of clean energy within a short time frame. It states that the Deuterium-Tritium fuel cycle reactors cannot achieve Tritium self-sufficiency and suggests a new reactor scheme as an alternative. This implies that the promise of solving the energy crisis with rapid operational fusion reactors may not be feasible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Feathers serve multiple functions, including insulation, display, and flight. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2021. The first revision was submitted on January 14th, 2022 and was reviewed by 2 reviewers and the Academic Editor. The 2022. Version 0. 2 (accepted) · Jan 20, 2022 · issues pointed out by the reviewers were addressed, and the revised manuscript is acceptable now. [# PeerJ - this decision was reviewed and approved by Glynn Gould, a PeerJ covering this Section #] Reviewer 1 · Jan 18, 2022 Basic reporting The quality of the text has been improved. Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings The reporting of the results has been improved. Cite this review as (2022) #1 of "Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers (v0. 2)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Jan 19, 2022 Basic reporting I think the authors adequately addressed all of my initial concerns. Therefore, I think the ms is ready for publication. Experimental design I think the authors adequately addressed all of my initial concerns. Therefore, I think the ms is ready for publication. Validity of the findings I think the authors adequately addressed all of my initial concerns. Therefore, I think the ms is ready for publication. Cite this review as (2022) #2 of "Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jan 14, 2022 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Nov 28, 2021 · As you can see, reviewers raised multiple serious concerns and indicated that major revision is needed. Please address all critiques and amend your manuscript accordingly. [# PeerJ Staff Note: Please ensure that all review and editorial comments are addressed in a response letter and any edits or clarifications mentioned in the letter are also inserted into the revised manuscript where appropriate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the functions of feathers at all. Instead, it discusses the process of peer review for a manuscript related to avian flight feathers and mentions the improvement of the text quality. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the functions of feathers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Baseline aMT6s acrophase was estimated from data of the best quality. If both aMT6s profiles were of sufficient quality, a 24-hour cosine was fit across data for both days. If only one of the aMT6s profiles was of sufficient quality, the cosine was fit only for this day (e. g. , Figure 3). If neither home profile was of sufficient quality, then baseline phase was defined by the aMT6s acrophase derived from day one in the laboratory (if this profile was of sufficient quality). In profiles of good quality, the home and first laboratory acrophases only differed, on average, by 0. 03 hours. Baseline aMT6s acrophase was compared across treatment and age group via 3 × 2 ANOVA. Final aMT6 acrophase was determined from urinary data collected during the final 24–30 hours in the laboratory. The aMT6s parameters reflected the melatonin profile in the presence of light masking, both at home and in the laboratory. Figure 3 aMT6s Acrophase. An example of analyzing urinary aMT6s is shown. The yellow area shows that the excretion rate of aMT6s from one voiding to the next was associated with each interval between voidings. The red line shows that a best-fitting cosine curve was estimated. The salmon dotted line indicates the mesor (the mean level of the fitted cosine). The rose arrow shows that the amplitude of the rhythm is the level of the peak of the fitted cosine above the mesor. The lavender arrow shows that the acrophase is the time of the peak of the fitted cosine referenced to the prior midnight. Treatment Phase-According to convention, circadian phase shifts following the light treatments were calculated by subtracting the final aMT6s acrophase from the baseline aMT6s acrophase. Thus, negative and positive shifts indicated phase delays and phase advances, respectively. Phase-response plots were derived by plotting resultant circadian phase shifts (y-axis) against the circadian timing of the light treatments (A, B, or C) relative to the subjects' baseline aMT6s acrophases. The phase reference used for all light treatments was the center of the four-hour treatment, which was also the center of the 16-hour period of background illumination and wakefulness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how circadian phase shifts are influenced by light treatments and how aMT6s profiles reflect the melatonin profile ‘in the presence of light masking.’ This indicates that light exposure is indeed a factor in the regulation of circadian rhythms as evidenced by the description of how ‘circadian phase shifts following the light treatments were calculated’ and the discussions around the timing of these light treatments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of fusion reactors being developed will be operational within five years, solving the global energy crisis and eliminating fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: This results in a large accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which ultimately will cause a rise in the Earth’s temperature with grave consequences for every ecosystem and living organism – including us. Hence, for avoiding such a disaster, we must drastically replace the use of fossil fuels with another form of clean energy. Unfortunately, we do not have enough of the latter since fossil fuels still account for more than 80% of the world’s energy. One possible source of clean energy is that from nuclear fusion. Reactor (ITER) is presently the largest project to be devoted to the study of the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion reactors. Its origin can be traced to a meeting in 1979 among scientists from the European Union, Japan, and the for discussing the Reactor (INTOR). This project, however, stalled for several years until the 1985 Geneva summit when gave their blessing, transforming INTOR, a fusion reactor design, into ITER, a project with an extraordinary political support. After that, three more partners (China, India, and Korea) joined the group (where the was replaced by Russia). It was then decided to build ITER in France with a total cost, which meanwhile increased from the original $6 billion to more than $25 billion, split in two equal parts, with one paid by the and the rest equally divided among the other six partners. Construction started in 2007, with plasma operations now scheduled to begin after 2027. The fusion cycle of ITER is that between two isotopes of hydrogen - Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T) - that were chosen because of their relatively large fusion reaction rate. ITER is advertised having an energy gain of 10 since its total fusion power is 500 MW with an input power of 50 MW. This is indeed one of the many misleading statements of ITER because its real gain is the ratio of the electric power that could be generated using the 500 MW of fusion power to that needed for its operation. Since by using standard turbines generators ITER could not get more than 200 MW of electric power out of its fusion power, while that required for its operation will be several times the input power of 50 MW, the real gain of ITER will be less than one! ITER is also advertised as a source of clean energy with little radiation damage to reactor components and fuel self-sufficiency. Unfortunately, neither of these two statements is true. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that despite the ongoing development of fusion reactors like ITER, plasma operations are not expected to begin until after 2027. This timeline implies that these reactors will not be operational within the next five years, directly refuting the implication that they will soon resolve the global energy crisis and phase out fossil fuels. Furthermore, the text highlights the challenges and unrealistic expectations surrounding the ITER project, presenting doubts about its claims of clean energy production and suggesting that the project may not deliver on its promises.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Feathers serve multiple functions, including insulation, display, and flight. [SEP] Text: #] [# PeerJ Staff Note: The review process has identified that the English language must be improved. PeerJ can provide language editing services - please contact us at copyediting@peerj. com for pricing (be sure to provide your manuscript number and title) #] Reviewer 1 · Nov 6, 2021 Basic reporting The aim of this study was to determine protein secondary structures (PSS) of flight feathers of seven bird species. Although potentially interesting, there are several points that preclude recommendation of acceptance. The use of the English language needs to be improved. There are also typos. For example, in the abstract: he. Experimental design The research question is not well defined. The data analysis is not convincing. Which standards were used for PSS? The curve fitting in Figure 3 appears very questionable. A detailed description and validation of the approach is necessary. Statistical analysis is required. Legend of Figure 5: Was hair investigated? Validity of the findings The validity of the findings is not demonstrated by the authors. The data analysis is not clear. Statstical anaylsis is missing. Conclusions are not well stated. Cite this review as (2022) #1 of "Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 2 · Nov 9, 2021 Basic reporting The manuscript entitled “Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers” is a timely publication at the height of crystallography. Furthermore, the comparison of the species is well thought out and provides a encompassing view of flight feather’s secondary structure. However, I have several general comments and one major revision that should be addressed before publication. Major revision: 1) The authors attribute the identified secondary structures to only alpha-keratins, beta-keratins and collagen. However, we now know that proteins comprising the EDC genetic locus are widely expressed in feathers (Strasser et al. 2014 and more recent papers). The authors need to justify their attribution of these structures to just three types of proteins. Secondary structures of proteins are easily calculated using online bioinformatics tools. What are the secondary structures of these other EDC proteins? Could any of the beta-sheets or alpha-helixes be attributed to those proteins? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the functions of feathers. It focuses on remarks regarding the academic review process and the analysis of protein secondary structures in avian flight feathers, without mentioning insulation, display, or other functions of feathers.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: First, Spearman rank-order correlations were calculated. Second, t-tests compared changes in sleep and mood between groups that had phase correction versus groups that had no phase correction (i. e. , had no change or increases in malsynchronization and phase dispersion). measured by Actillume in the week before entering the laboratory, the center of the sleep periods averaged 03:20 at home. In the laboratory, measurments mid-dark averaged 03:11 (a small but significant difference: p < 0. 025). As measured by Actillume, the median mesor illumination (24-hour fitted mean) was 478 lux at home and 349 lux, 381 lux, and 30 lux respectively for treatments A, B, and C in the laboratory. However, the acrophases of 24-hour Actillume illumination measured in lux were 13:09 at home and 15:58 in the laboratory, reflecting the tendency of bright daylight exposures at home to occur before mid-wake. Baseline and Final aMT6s The aMT6s data for the older and young volunteers are displayed in Table 1. No significant treatment, age group, or treatment-by-age group interaction effects were found for aMT6s acrophase data. Likewise, no significant treatment effects were observed for the final laboratory aMT6s mesor or the estimated duration of aMT6s secretion (data not shown). Table 1 aMT6s acrophase and measures of circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion in older (n = 60, ages 60–79) and young volunteers (n = 30, ages 20–40), mean and SE. Age GroupBaseline aMT6s AcrophaseFinal aMT6s AcrophaseMalsynch. Malsynch. 4. 01 ± 0. 254. 68 ± 0. 281. 57 ± 0. 162. 19 ± 0. 191. 53 ± 0. 151. 60 ± 0. 18Young4. 14 ± 0. 235. 07 ± 0. 280. 69 ± 0. 111. 09 ± 0. 231. 04 ± 0. 121. 10 ± 0. 20 Treatment Phase-Phase responses to the treatments are displayed in Figure 4. Significant linear regressions associating the circadian timing of the light treatments with shifts in aMT6s acrophase were found for each treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing significant linear regressions that associate circadian timing with shifts in aMT6s acrophase in response to light treatments. This indicates a direct connection between light exposure and circadian rhythm regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of fusion reactors being developed will be operational within five years, solving the global energy crisis and eliminating fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: The product of the D-T fuel cycle (1) is one atom of Helium with energy of 3. 5 MeV and one neutron with energy of 14. 1 MeV, which is by an order of magnitude larger than the energy of neutrons in fission reactors. Since these neutrons carry 80% of the fusion energy with a power of 400 MW, of particular concern is the radiation damage to the plasma vacuum vessel and to other internal structures by knocking atoms out of their lattice positions, which may cause swelling and fractures. The result is that these reactor components will need to be replaced every few years and disposed as high-level radioactive waste. Hence, the power of a D-T reactor is far from being clean. As for its fuel self-sufficiency, it’s true that we can get all the Deuterium we need from seawater, however naturally occurring Tritium is extremely rare on earth because of its short half-life of 12. 3 years. It can be produced in the CANDU-type of fission reactors using the capture of neutrons by the Deuterium of the heavy water moderator. However, since this is a very costly procedure and the existing fleet of CANDU reactors is scheduled to phase out over the coming decades, the natural option is an in-situ breeding of Tritium by using the absorption of neutrons by a blanket of Lithium-6 surrounding the plasma, according to the reaction (2) The required level of Tritium breeding is set by the breeding ratio parameter (TBR), i. e. , the minimal number of Tritium nuclei that must be produced per fusion reaction in order to keep the reactor going. This must be larger than one because it must take into account of all Tritium losses, including those from its decay during storage. According to Sawan and Abdou (Ref. 1), the absolute minimum value of TBR is 1. 15. The breeding of Tritium in a D-T fusion reactor could be described as it follows. First, the neutrons must leave the plasma by crossings the first wall, which is subject to two opposing conditions of being thin, for not reducing the flow of neutrons, but thick enough for avoiding a rupture that would cause a major disaster for the reactor operation. Numerical simulations indicate that for a first wall made of steel, an increase in thickness from 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the challenges associated with D-T fusion reactors, including concerns about radiation damage, the need for component replacements, and the costly production of Tritium. These issues suggest that fusion reactors may not be operational in the near term and do not present a clean power solution, thereby countering the claim's assertion that they will solve the global energy crisis within five years.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Feathers serve multiple functions, including insulation, display, and flight. [SEP] Text: Beta-sheets and alpha-helixes are very common among proteins performing a myriad of functions. Therefore, I think the authors should calculated the secondary structures of the EDC genes identified in the chicken (Strasser et al. , 2014) in Results and justify their conclusion of those structures only being attributed to three protein types in the Discussion. Minor revisions: 1) The manuscript should be carefully read over by a native English speaker. There are several grammar issues and/or awkward sentences throughout the ms. For example these sentences should be revised (these are only some examples): Lines 31-32, 56-58, 89-90. 2) The introduction should include specific information on the flight modes of these birds. Also and related, the information in the first three paragraphs of the Discussion and first paragraph of the “Collagen in the rachis” of the Discussion should have been in the Introduction. 3) The information in the paragraph found on lines 201-210 should have 3. Therefore, Figure 3 should be renamed Figure 2. Experimental design no comment Validity of the findings no comment Additional comments no comment Cite this review as (2022) #2 of "Analysis and comparison of protein secondary structures in the rachis of avian flight feathers (v0. 1)". PeerJ Reviewer 3 · Nov 27, 2021 Basic reporting The language: the English language should be improved to ensure that an international audience can clearly understand your text. Some examples where the language could be improved include for example lines 31-34, 40-42, 53-56, 76-78, 80-81, 89-90 (the adaption of the rachis medulla for flighting), and many other throughout the ms, where the current phrasing makes comprehension difficult, some sentences are ungrammatical or simply constitute sentence fragments. I would like to suggest you ask a colleague who is proficient in English and familiar with the subject matter review your manuscript, or contact a professional editing service. is well written and adequately introduces the research questions. The selection of literature is good and relevant. See section 4 “Additional comments” for minor remarks on the subject. In my opinion, the structure of the manuscript meets PeerJ standards and disciplinary norms. I thank you for supplying the raw data, which is accordance with the PeerJ standards. However, your supplemental Excel sheets require a detailed description of the variables contained therein, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses revision suggestions and the structure of a manuscript concerning protein secondary structures in avian feathers, without addressing the functions of feathers. Thus, there is no mention or implication of feathers serving roles such as insulation, display, or flight.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Chronic mood and sleep problems associated with circadian malsynchronization might be difficult to correct in such a short period of time, although we had expected to find measurable responses. with previous studies, compared to young adults, older adults had significantly greater circadian malsynchronization and phase dispersion. Significant and remarkably similar phase-responses were found for each of the three light treatment schedules. The results suggest that low levels of illumination and/or fixed timing of behavior had significant circadian phase-shifting effects. The large phase-shifts resulted in a significant increase in circadian malsynchronization, rather than phase correction. Moreover, phase correction was not significantly associated with improvements in sleep or mood. Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions SDY supervised the data collection, subject recruitment, data analysis, and drafting the manuscript. DFK conceived of the study and was a principal investigator, screened the subjects, and assisted in data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. JAE assisted in designing the study and drafting the manuscript and performed the aMT6s assays. KMR assisted in designing the study, in laboratory data collection, and in drafting the manuscript. 1560. Raul S. . Alcala, Julian Smith, MD, and Anthony C. Cress assisted with this study. The study was performed in Dr. Kripke's laboratory in the Department of Psychiatry and Sam and Institute for Research on Aging at UCSD. 10. 1034/j. 1600-079X. 2001. 310311. x van den Heuvel, C and Dawson, D (1998). 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion and self-reported sleep in good sleeping controls and 55–80-year-old insomniacs J 7: 75–83, [PubMed] DOI: and Zimmerman, JC (1982). Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment 3: 299–309, [PubMed] DOI: (). Circadian phase in adults of contrasting ages Chronobiol Int,. and Sepulveda, RS (1999). ed. Light exposure, sleep quality, and depression in older adults of Light 1998. Boston: Publishers, 435. Jean--Israel, S, Klauber, MR and Sepulveda, RS (2000). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing significant phase-shifting effects caused by various light treatment schedules on circadian rhythms. It highlights that low levels of illumination can lead to considerable changes in circadian phase, underscoring the influence of light—which is closely associated with light-sensitive proteins—on regulating circadian rhythms. The mention of 'circadian malsynchronization' in response to light further supports the connection between light exposure and the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of fusion reactors being developed will be operational within five years, solving the global energy crisis and eliminating fossil fuels. [SEP] Text: 4 cm to 4 cm would lower the achievable TBR by 16% (Ref. 1). Since it will be impossible to capture 100% of all neutrons, forcing them to interact with a neutron multiplier material like Beryllium would increase their flux. The neutrons then must transfer their energy without being capture (i. e. , undergoing elastic collisions) to a high-pressure Helium gas, to be transported outside of the reactor for powering the turbine of electrical generators, as in existing power plants. The neutrons then must interact with the Lithium-6 in a blanket surrounding the entire plasma with a thickness that has been estimated to be at least 1 meter. Finally, a way for extracting and collecting quickly and without losses the generated Tritium must be found. This will not be easy because Tritium can react chemically with Lithium, penetrate relatively easily to a thin wall, and large accumulation of Tritium is highly explosive. In addition, we must add another serious problem to the breeding process that is caused by the impossibility to recover all the Tritium that did not fuse in the plasma, again because of its penetration to the vacuum vessel wall and other surfaces. The inevitable conclusion is that such a long list of serious problems casts serious doubts on the feasibility of the breeding of Tritium in D-T reactors. Such a breeding process mimics that of an atomic H-bomb where its fission component, called the primary, produces a large number of energetic neutrons that, by impinging on a secondary component containing Lithium Deuteride, produce Tritium. Then, in the extreme heat that exists in the bomb, the Tritium fuses with the Deuterium in the causing the H-explosion. An experimental test of Tritium breeding in a D-T fusion reactor has never been performed. ITER would have been the perfect place for such a test, which was indeed one of the most important tasks in its first road map. Unfortunately, when the cost of ITER began to explode, the full breeding project was cut to a few small test blanket modules to be installed on equatorial port plugs, and the investigation of the full breeding process was deferred to various DEMO projects to be done after completion of ITER. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges and doubts regarding the feasibility of breeding Tritium in D-T reactors. It emphasizes that serious problems exist, such as the difficulty in extracting Tritium and the impossibility of recovering all Tritium that does not fuse, which suggests that the operational timeline for fusion reactors is uncertain. Additionally, it mentions that experimental tests for Tritium breeding have never been performed and that important aspects of the breeding process were deferred, indicating that the development of fusion reactors might not be realized within the claimed five-year timeframe.