Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: cGMP induces phase shifts of mammalian circadian pacemaker at night in antiphase to cAMP effect 86: 6812–6815. [PubMed] Amir, S (1992). Blocking NMDA receptors or nitric oxide production disrupts light transmission to the suprachiasmatic nucleus 586: 336–339. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1994). Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on N-methyl-D-aspartate-induced phase delay of circadian rhythm of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 646: 161–164. [PubMed] and Rea, MA (1995). Nitric oxide synthase inhibitor blocks light-induced phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm, but not c-fos expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster 692: 137–142. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1997). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal CREB phosphorylation via light, glutamate and nitric oxide J Neurosci 17: 667–675. [PubMed] and Yannielli, PC (2000). Neurochemistry of mammalian entrainment: Signal transduction pathways in the suprachiasmatic nuclei Res 31: 56–70. and Hagan, RM (2001). A rapid and transient synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) by a constitutively expressed type II NO synthase in the guinea -pig suprachiasmatic nucleus Pharmacol 34: 1084–1092. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (1999). Circadian locomotor analysis of male mice lacking the gene for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS-/-) J 14: 20–27. [PubMed] and Nelson, RJ (2001). Circadian organization in male mice lacking the gene for endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS-/-) J 16: 142–148. [PubMed] Bellingham, J and Foster, RG (2002). Opsins and mammalian photoentrainment Res 309: 57–71. [PubMed] and Rollag, MD (2000). A novel human opsin in the inner retina J Neurosci 20: 600–605. [PubMed] and Yau, KW (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being a master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various studies and research related to circadian rhythms and chemicals such as nitric oxide and cGMP, which may play a role in circadian mechanisms but do not confirm or reject the claim. Thus, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: As a way of solving the problem, it was proposed: protection of entrances to the most valuable caves located in the Park. Potential internal threats are variously defined. is afraid of the pressure to expand the infrastructure serving tourism. The remedy for this should be studying the conditions and directions of spatial development of the communes of the Park, in which appropriate restrictions would be introduced. There are two factors that threaten, in this category, for the National Park: Concentration of tourist flow on and Błędne Skały, as well as natural mass movements of rocks, posing a threat to tourist flow. In the first case, the solution is the introduction of one-way traffic on tourist routes, in the second - mass monitoring of rock traffic and safety measures on tourist routes. The Tatrzański indicates a further increase in anthropogenic pressure related to the accessibility of the TNP area. The remedy for this is to monitor the number of tourists in the Park and maintain restrictions in using it. Properly developed strategy for sharing the Park, finally initiating and supporting the creation of tourist attractions outside the Park. In the group of existing external threats Park pointed to what is an existing internal threat to the Tatrzański National Park. This is excessive tourist traffic. Overcoming this problem should be based on the temporary closure of tourist routes, regulation of tourist traffic intensity and setting up the information and educational infrastructure. Park indicates the pollution of: air, water and, what is important from the point of inanimate nature, soils on the tourist trails of the Park and in the places where recreational centers and their neighborhood are located. The idea for solving the problem is the development of collective and alternative transport in the area of the Park, properly prepared spatial development directions, and finally environmental education of local communities. The last category are external potential threats. For the Park, the loss of landscape values is a serious threat. To avoid this, the authorities believe that measures should be taken to limit the construction of new tourist, recreational and sports infrastructure in the immediate vicinity of the Park. In addition to this, it is necessary to ensure that landscape protection policy is included in local spatial development plans and regional development strategies. Park does not define such threats in the context of inanimate nature in connection with the development of tourism. However, the Tatrzański in this group indicates an excessive increase in the number of people using its area. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various measures and considerations related to eco-tourism within a national park context, specifically the Tatrzański National Park. It highlights the importance of protecting valuable areas within the park as a way to manage eco-tourism and address the pressures associated with tourism while ensuring the preservation of the natural environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: But since more than 95% of hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels, hydrogen is not really “clean and green,” and electrolysis − the major hydrogen source other than reformation − is exceedingly inefficient, expensive, and energy-intensive. Experimental methods involving wind, solar, biomass, etc. are still far from being economic or commercially cost-competitive. For example, California − the world's sixth largest economy − has implemented increasingly stringent CO2 reduction goals and renewable energy mandates, and these include rapidly increasing requirements for zero emissions hydrogen vehicles. However, hydrogen produced from fossil fuels − specifically natural gas − does not count toward achieving these goals, and is not eligible for California's lucrative low carbon fuel credits [8]. This is the 800 lb gorilla in the room that hydrogen advocates and hydrogen industry promoters conveniently ignore: The hydrogen economy is hitting a brick wall that will severely limit its growth potential. All of the frenzied hype over hydrogen FCs, hydrogen vehicles, distributed power, clean fuels, sustainable generation, etc. is meaningless until a method can be found to efficiently and cheaply produce large quantities of hydrogen in a truly green and sustainable manner that does not increase CO2 emissions. Experimental methods involving bio-hydrogen production, renewable electrolysis, photo-electrochemical solar water splitting, solar high-temperature thermochemical cycles, high-temperature electrolysis, photo-biological, bio-derived, microbial conversion, etc. are still far from being technically feasible, much less economic, or commercially cost-competitive. More recently, sustainable hydrogen is being produced from scrap aluminum, and this represents a promising solution to the major problem confronting the hydrogen economy. This process is capable of producing significant amounts of high-purity hydrogen at a competitive cost per relevant unit in a scalable, controllable, and sustainable manner. It is effectively a third viable hydrogen production method − in comparison to reformation and electrolysis. Sustainable hydrogen production from scrap aluminum can thus provide the long-sought solution to the major environmental problem confronting the hydrogen economy [9]. 3 Review of previous research The most definitive analysis of hydrogen economy jobs was conducted by the US Department of Energy (DOE), which estimated the employment impacts of a transformation of the US economy to the use of hydrogen between 2020 and 2050 [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant challenges facing the hydrogen economy, which is often seen as a key component of renewable energy. It states that most hydrogen is produced using fossil fuels and that alternative methods for producing hydrogen, such as electrolysis, are 'exceedingly inefficient, expensive, and energy-intensive.' Additionally, it points out that experimental renewable hydrogen methods are 'still far from being economic or commercially cost-competitive.' This indicates that the transition to renewable energy, particularly in the hydrogen sector, is not currently feasible to completely replace fossil fuel jobs within the proposed timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70. [PubMed] and Saper, CB (2001). Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract 4: 1165. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K, Miguel-Hidalgo, JJ and Tohyama, M (1991). Substance P-immunoreactive innervation from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat 568: 223–229. [PubMed] and Hong, SK (1999). Electrophysiological evidence for the role of substance P in retinohypothalamic transmission in the rat 274: 99–102. [PubMed] and Kim, YI (2001). Substance p plays a critical role in photic resetting of the circadian pacemaker in the rat hypothalamus J Neurosci 21: 4026–4031. [PubMed] Tuomisto, L (1991). Watanabe T, ed. Involvement of histamine in circadian and other rhythms Histaminergic neurons: Mophology and function. 295. and Moss, RL (1981). Efferent connections of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus Neuroscience 6: 2625–2641. [PubMed] Jacobs, EH, Yamatodani, A and Timmerman, H (2000). Is histamine the final neurotransmitter in the entrainment of circadian rhythms in mammals? Sci 21: 293–298. [PubMed] and Wada, H (1991). Effects of intracerebroventricular histamine injection on circadian activity phase entrainment during rapid illumination changes 123: 53–56. [PubMed] and Ueki, S (1983). Inhibitory and excitatory effects of histamine on suprachiasmatic neurons in rat hypothalamic slice preparation 41: 109–113. [PubMed] Stehle, J (1991). Effects of histamine on spontaneous electrical activity of neurons in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 130: 217–220. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1995). Histamine synthesis inhibition reduces light-induced phase shifts of circadian rhythms 695: 227–230. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists mainly of citations and references to various scientific studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its connections within the brain but does not explicitly support, contradict, or address the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock for circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Once again, the way to solve the problem, according to the Park, is monitoring the number of these people, introducing periodic and permanent restrictions on access to places subjected to the greatest pressure, and supporting the idea of developing tourist attractions outside the Park, in order to minimize and spread the excessive number of tourists. 6 ConclusionsNational parks are one of the most important tourist values in Poland as indicated by the statistics quoted earlier [63]. Their main asset is nature whose resources are able to generate tourist flow of millions of visitors. As it has been shown, this can be a real threat to the values that make the park attractive to tourists. Thus the question arises: how should this type of resources be made available, so that on the one hand the tourist would be satisfied and on the other hand the nature would not be harmed. This problem is perfectly understood by the institutions managing the parks on behalf of the government. The question remains whether one can talk about a comprehensive approach – the one that takes into account the need to protect both types of nature: animate and inanimate. The threat of inanimate nature from tourism and the awareness of this problem among those who decide about the protection of national park resources are important. The nature conservation is the basis of the park’s operation, however it primarily concerns the animate nature. Most of the 23 national parks located in Poland detail the resources of fauna and flora which are protected in the park along with forest complexes indicating the protection period. There are also areas of strict protection but in most cases it concerns the animated nature. It is different in the case of inanimate nature. The demands of its protection along with specific proposals appear less frequently and are general in nature. The situation looks different depending on the park. The parks located in the lowland, lake or coastal landscape practically do not pay attention to threats related to inanimate nature. The situation is better in national parks located in upland or mountain areas as exemplified by four parks, whose analysis of activities was undertaken in this 7810. 1007/978-1-4020-6799-0_8Search in 6. 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 1000144Search in 5710. 21832/9781845413835Search in 4910. 1080/09669582. 2013. 785554Search in 2810. 1007/s12371-011-0039-8Search in 434. Search in 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing national parks as significant tourist attractions in Poland, highlighting their value and the need for protective measures to preserve both animate and inanimate nature. It emphasizes that national parks are integral to eco-tourism, noting that millions of visitors are drawn to these protected areas, which aligns with the idea of eco-tourism destinations including national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: This study found that training for new skills may be needed across a wide spectrum of industries and that training and retraining programs may be needed to help ensure that the US workforce possesses appropriate skills and that sufficient numbers of trained personnel are available to support the hydrogen economy. However, the report made no attempt to identify emerging occupations and corresponding training and educational requirements and earnings. A subsequent DOE report found that existing and emerging FC applications hold large job growth potential and that as various FC applications gain market share, the industry is expected to undergo significant growth [11]. It noted that “As market demand for hydrogen and fuel cell technologies increases across sectors of our economy, there will be an increasing need for trained and experienced personnel and accompanying services such as qualified maintenance technicians, installers, manufacturing professionals, trainers, insurers, and educators” [11]. Unfortunately, the Department's “comprehensive” US energy and employment reports barely even mention hydrogen or FC jobs [12]. A study by the Services, Inc. (ASEA/MISI) found that widespread hydrogen energy and FC market penetration could create nearly 1 million new jobs in the by 2030 [13,14]. It also determined that the jobs created are disproportionately for highly skilled, well-paid, technical and professional workers, who provide the foundation for entrepreneurship and economic growth. However, it did not disaggregate hydrogen occupations. More recently, DOE has developed models for estimating the job impacts of FCs and hydrogen: is a spreadsheet model that that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the manufacture and use of select types of FCs [15]. JOBS H2 is a spreadsheet model that allows users to estimate economic impacts from the development and operation of select types of hydrogen fueling stations [16]. DOE has used these models to estimate the economic impact of FC deployment in forklifts and for backup power under the [17] and the economic impacts associated with commercializing FC electric vehicles in California [18]. However, these analyses did not disaggregate jobs by skill, education, or earnings, and the and JOBS H2 models do not permit such disaggregation. Thus, while these studies forecast that about 700,000 to 1 million new hydrogen energy and FC jobs may be created over the next decade, the reports do not disaggregate the jobs into occupations or skills, identify education and training requirements, or indicate wage and salary levels. Here we have developed these necessary modifications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there is potential for significant job growth in the hydrogen economy and fuel cell technologies, it does not state that these jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. The text highlights the need for training and retraining programs but does not confirm a complete transition. Additionally, it points out that existing and emerging applications hold job growth potential, but it lacks detailed analysis on how these new roles relate directly to or will replace fossil fuel jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Circadian rhythm photic phase shifts are not altered by histamine receptor antagonists. Bull 41: 227–229. [PubMed] Alexander, MJ and Leeman, SE (1998). Widespread expression in adult rat forebrain of mRNA encoding high-affinity neurotensin receptor J 402: 475–500. [PubMed] and Beaudet, A (1996). Cellular distribution of neurotensin receptors in rat brain: immunohistochemical study using an antipeptide antibody against the cloned high affinity receptor J 373: 76–89. [PubMed] Francois-and Beaudet, A (1992). Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat Synapse 10: 282–290. [PubMed] Meyer-Spasche, A, Reed, HE and Piggins, HD (2002). Neurotensin phase-shifts the firing rate rhythm of neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nuclei in vitro Neurosci 16: 339–44. [PubMed] and Piggins, HD (2001). Effects of neurotensin on discharge rates of rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons in vitro Neuroscience 103: 663–672. [PubMed] Schmahl, C and Bohmer, G (1997). Effects of excitatory amino acids and neuropeptide Y on the discharge activity of suprachiasmatic neurons in rat brain slices 746: 151–163. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1998). Responses to neuropeptide Y in adult hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Pharmacol 345: 155–162. [PubMed] van den Pol, AN and Yocca, FD (1998). Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes J Neurosci 18: 3014–3022. [PubMed] and Zhou, JN (2003). Neurotensin expressing neurons developed earlier than vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and vasopressin expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus 335: 175–178. [PubMed] and Kojima, M (2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. While it does mention the SCN and its neurons in relation to various neuropeptides, it does not provide any information affirming or refuting the notion of the SCN as the 'master clock' nor does it specifically address its regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Local communities can benefit economically from eco-tourism initiatives. [SEP] Text: Marine conservation tourism and local communities: The case of output: Thesis › internal (1) the world marine protected areas (MPA) have been established to overcome degradation of marine resources from illegal and destructive activities, and overexploitation. Quantity and coverage of MPA worldwide is growing. As poverty is one of driver s for destructive fishing and breaking MPA rules, especially in developing countries, breaking the poverty trap through alternative livelihood activities is an important strategy in MPA management. In many of these of MPAs marine tourism has been adopted as alternative source of livelihood and a way to generate funding for MPA management and conservation measures. Marine conservation tourism is a type of tourism that has potential to contribute to achievement of dual objectives of conservation and local livelihood improvement. In this concept, MPAs provide ecosystem services e. g. nature and wildlife viewing and experiences, and tourists pay for consuming these ecosystem services. In addition, marine tourism in MPAs is considered to provide opportunities for alternative livelihoods for local communities living within and close to MPAs. in West-Indonesia can be regarded as a special case of marine conservation tourism. It is regarded as the heart of the Coral Triangle: the most species rich area of any ocean in the world, which reflects its important position with regard to conservation efforts within the Initiative (CTI). Marine tourism activities have been deliberately deployed and promoted to support the management of a network of MPAs in Raja Ampat, as well as the local communities within these MPAs. Marine tourism in has been growing rapidly during the last 20 years, in terms of number of tourists and tourism operators. Despite threats to its marine resources, marine tourism in archipelago is heavily promoted as the last paradise on earth. State as well as non-state actors are participating in the governance arrangements for marine conservation tourism in Raja Ampat. The objective of this thesis has been to analyse marine conservation tourism governance arrangements and the implications of marine conservation tourism for various stakeholders in Raja Ampat. More specifically it aims to understand the roles of non-state actors in the evolution of governance arrangements for marine tourism and conservation in Raja Ampat, as well as the impact of various policies aimed at shaping benefits of marine conservation tourism for local communities of Raja Ampat. Ampat is part of wider marine conservation initiatives, i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how marine conservation tourism can serve as an alternative source of livelihood for local communities. It highlights that marine protected areas (MPAs) can provide ecosystem services, such as nature and wildlife viewing, which tourists pay for. This suggests a direct economic benefit to local communities, as the revenue generated from such tourism activities can contribute to improving their livelihoods and support MPA management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Further, many of these new jobs require different skills and education than current jobs, and training needs must be determined to enable this rapidly growing sector of the US economy and labor market to have a sufficient supply of trained and qualified employees. Eventually, most of these occupations will grow, the number of employees classified in the occupations will increase, and federal and state governments will add them to the employment classifications. Until then, labor market and employment analysis and forecasting will be performed using the current set of US occupational titles and job descriptions. 1 In the meantime, we have developed the methodology and database discussed here. Table 1 identifies by occupational title some of the new jobs that we estimate will be created in the expanding hydrogen energy economy. 2 Emerging occupational titles are listed in the first column of the table. The average US salary, listed in the second column, reflects the average 2016 salary for that occupation. 3 Wages may be 15–20% lower at the beginning of employment and may rise to a level 15–20% higher as the worker becomes an experienced employee. Furthermore, earnings are usually much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and in some other regions − especially coastal cities such as and San Francisco. The third column gives the minimum recommended education required to gain entry into the occupation, and a required degree is identified for the advanced educational requirements. Employers will not always adhere to these recommendations, but this information can be useful to policymakers and workforce planners in providing an indication of the skills that firms are seeking in an applicant. Note that the education requirements listed include HSD/GED/OJT (high school degree, Development, or on-the-job training), and Apprenticeship/TS (trade school) to a Master's degree. With the advanced (Bachelor's degree and higher) college requirements, typical abbreviations were used to identify the degree: − for chemical, mechanical and electrical engineering degrees, etc. Also note that many jobs can be filled by a candidate with one of various related science or engineering degrees, and these are listed generically as such. Table 1 identifies some of the emerging job opportunities and corresponding earnings and education/training requirements in the emerging H2/FC economy. This table illustrates the following: Salaries differ substantially, from $20,000–$25,000 for various technicians to nearly $140,000 for a director of hydrogen development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that new jobs in the renewable energy sector, while expected to grow, require different skills and training than current fossil fuel jobs. It emphasizes the need for workforce training and does not suggest that renewable energy jobs will fully replace fossil fuel jobs within the specified timeframe. Instead, it highlights the transition challenges and the ongoing analysis of the labor market which indicates that the replacement of fossil fuel jobs is not guaranteed within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: he gut-brain peptide neuromedin U is involved in the mammalian circadian oscillator system 318: 156–161. [PubMed] and Kangawa, K (2005). Identification of neuromedin S and its possible role in the mammalian circadian oscillator system EMBO J 24: 325–335. [PubMed] and Barrett, P (2005). Neuromedin -U is regulated by circadian clock in the SCN of the mouse Neurosci 21: 814–819. [PubMed] Battey, J and Wada, E (1991). Two distinct receptor subtypes for mammalian bombesin-like peptides 14: 524–528. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1990). Receptor heterogeneity for bombesin-like peptides in the rat central nervous system 537: 233–240. [PubMed] and Moran, TH (1992). Distinct distributions of two bombesin receptor subtypes in the rat central nervous system 593: 168–178. [PubMed] and Ibata, Y (1997). Direct retinal projections to GRP neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat NeuroReport 8: 2187–2191. [PubMed] Aïoun, J, Chambille, I, Peytevin, J and Martinet, L (1988). Neurons containing gastrin-releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide are involved in the reception of the photic signal in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster: an immunocytochemical ultrastructural study Res 291: 239–253. Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1999). Lydic R, Baghdoyan HA ed. Intercellular interactions and the physiology of circadian rhythms in mammals Handbook of behavioral state control: cellular and molecular mechanisms. 44. and Piggins, HD (2000). Gastrin-releasing peptide phase-shifts suprachiasmatic nuclei neuronal rhythms in vitro J Neurosci 20: 5496–5502. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2005). Signaling within the master clock of the brain: localized activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by gastrin-releasing peptide J Neurosci 25: 2447–2454. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly; it mentions various studies related to peptides and their roles in the circadian clock, including interactions within the SCN. However, it fails to specifically confirm or deny that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4749003/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Under ReviewVersion 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThe primary aim of this study is to investigate the factors that influence the behavioral intentions of Chinese green tourists within the realm of virtual tourism experiences, utilizing a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods. To accomplish this, we initiated the study with grounded theory as our starting point, conducting 36 comprehensive interviews with Chinese green tourists. These interviews were meticulously coded and subjected to in-depth analysis, leading to the development of a robust research model outlining the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. Subsequently, we conducted a quantitative analysis of 740 collected questionnaires concerning behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences, subjecting each variable within the theoretical model to empirical testing. The results unequivocally demonstrate that Chinese green tourists' cognitive factors, perception factors, experience type factors, and social situation factors all wield significant influence over their behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. This study provides nuanced insights into factors shaping green tourists' decisions and highlights virtual tourism's growing importance in sustainable travel. It offers valuable guidance for researchers and industry practitioners aiming to enhance virtual tourism experiences for environmentally conscious Chinese tourists, contributing to the discourse on sustainable tourism and the potential for a more ecologically sustainable future. Biological sciences/Psychology/Human behaviourEarth and environmental sciences/Environmental social sciences/Psychology and behaviourChinese green touristsSustainable tourismVirtual experiencesBehavioral intentionsMixed methodsFiguresFigure 1Figure 21 IntroductionEnvironmental protection and sustainable development have emerged as global priorities, and the tourism industry is no exception. Green tourism strives to minimize the impact on the natural environment and cultural resources while promoting the sustainable development of the environment, economy, and society. -19 pandemic, during its most severe phase, imposed strict restrictions on mobility and significantly disrupted traditional field tourism activities1. As technology continues to advance, with developments such as 5G, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, and virtual reality, the transformation of the tourism industry into the realm of digital technology is an undeniable trend2. Virtual tourism aligns itself with the principles of sustainable development, emphasizing the preservation and promotion of the environment, society, and culture, all while placing a strong emphasis on the quality of the tourism experience. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how green tourism strives to minimize the impact on the natural environment and cultural resources while promoting sustainable development. It emphasizes the principles of sustainable development, which include the preservation and promotion of the environment, thereby encouraging travelers to respect and protect natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Substitution with Renewables for – Effects on (PDF) Efstathios E. Michaelides 1 * 1 Dept. of 76132, USA* substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewable units will lead to a profound reduction of CO2 emissions and will assist in evading the Change. Using demand data from the electricity grid of Texas, this paper develops a scenario for the substitution of coal, at first, and of all fossil fuel power plants, secondly, in the entire State of Texas. Meeting the electricity demand of the grid with renewables, makes it necessary to develop significant energy storage capacity in addition to the renewable – wind and solar – installations. Because of the lower pant capacity factors of wind and solar units, the calculations show that significantly higher renewable power capacity must be built than the current capacity of the fossil fuel units to be substituted. Also, that a substantial fraction of the generated energy is lost in the storage-recovery processes. All these factors are expected to increase the price of electricity paid by the consumers. Ahis will have an impact on the less affluent segments of the population and – if ignored by national energy policies – will affect the goal to reduce inequality within and among countries. Keywords sustainable development solar energy wind energy fossil substitution electricty prices is an open access 10. 29333/ejosdr/6344 Publication date: 07 Dec 2019 4. 9%, while that the (TPES) growth was 1. 9%. In the second decade of the 21st century the global electricity demand doubles every 14. 5 years and all indications are that it will continue increasing with a similar rate until 2050 (Agency, 2018; US-Administration, 2016; Michaelides, 2018). A significant contribution to the strong growth of the global demand for electric power and the global trends of power demand is a consequence of the increasing use of air-conditioning (a/c) systems during the summer season (Worland, 2018). With more than 81% of the global population residing in the geographical zone between the two 45o latitudes (north and south) where a/c is desirable or essential in the summer, the economic development of several nations in this geographic zone has also ushered the accelerated use of a/c and the significant electricity consumption during the summer months. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the requirements and challenges involved in transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. It highlights that significant energy storage capacity and additional renewable power capacity must be developed to meet electricity demands, indicating that transitioning jobs may require additional training in these new technologies and systems. The need for substantial changes implies that simply transitioning without training would be insufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Bina, KG, Rusak, B and Semba, K (1993). Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats J 335: 295–307. [PubMed] Nishino, H and Koizumi, K (1977). Responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus to putative transmitters 120: 167–172. [PubMed] Zatz, M and Brownstein, MJ (1981). Injection of alpha-bungarotoxin near the suprachiasmatic nucleus blocks the effects of light on nocturnal pineal enzyme activity 213: 438–442. [PubMed] Earnest, DJ and Turek, FW (1985). Neurochemical basis for the photic control of circadian rhythms and seasonal reproductive cycles: role for acetylcholine 82: 4277–4281. [PubMed] Liu, C and Gillette, MU (1996). Cholinergic regulation of the SCN circadian rhythm via a muscarinic mechanism at night J Neurosci 16: 744–752. [PubMed] and Menaker, M (1993). Phase shifting mechanisms in the mammalian circadian system: new light on the carbachol paradox J Neurosci 13: 1454–1459. [PubMed] Janik, D and Mrosovsky, N (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms 651: 174–182. [PubMed] Rusak, B, Meijer, JH and Harrington, ME (1989). Hamster circadian rhythms are phase-shifted by electrical stimulation of the geniculo-hypothalamic tract 493: 283–291. [PubMed] and Pevet, P (2001). Intergeniculate leaflets lesion delays but does not prevent the integration of photoperiodic change by the suprachiasmatic nuclei 906: 176–179. [PubMed] Harrington, ME (1997). The ventral lateral geniculate nucleus and the intergeniculate leaflet: interrelated structures in the visual and circadian systems Rev 21: 705–727. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Speh, JC (1993). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references and studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its functions, yet it does not explicitly confirm or deny the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Thus, the relevance to the claim is deemed cold as the text does not offer direct support or contrast.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The concept of green tourism aligns closely with the principles of sustainable development and ecotourism. It emphasizes the responsible utilization of tourism resources, coupled with a conscientious regard for society and the environment. Simultaneously, it aims to provide tourists with comfortable, secure, and health-enhancing tourism products6. As ecological consciousness continues to gain traction and tourists increasingly appreciate and respect multiculturalism and natural heritage, green and low-carbon tourism products are poised to take center stage in the future of the tourism industry7. These products not only cater to the evolving needs of travelers but also align with the broader shift towards sustainable and environmentally conscious practices. Virtual tourism is a novel business concept born from the fusion of virtual reality and the realm of travel and tourism8–9. Leveraging computer simulation technology, virtual reality, and augmented reality advancements10, it empowers tourists to embark on immersive journeys from the comfort of their homes11. This innovative form of tourism has been heralded by some scholars as a potential substitute for physical travel, offering convenient avenues for exploring protected historical sites and accessing remote natural wonders12. Virtual tourism can minimize excessive exploitation and damage to natural resources such as water resources, land, and wildlife habitats to the greatest extent. It does not require significant transportation and energy consumption, reducing carbon footprint and greenhouse gas emissions. The confluence of technological innovation and the disruptive force of the COVID-19 pandemic has acted as a catalyst and an accelerator for the green tourism industry, propelling supply-side reforms and propelling it toward high-quality development. Green tourism places a premium on the principles of physical and mental well-being, environmental stewardship, low-carbon practices, and sustainable development—values that resonate with the ethos promoted by virtual tourism13. In this context, virtual tourism has the potential to drive innovative, forward-thinking, and pragmatic transformations within the green tourism sector, enabling maximum conservation of the natural and cultural environment of tourist destinations during the virtual experience14. It stands as a bridge between the realms of real and virtual, fostering sustainable tourism practices and ecological preservation. 2. 2 Virtual tourism experiences In the realm of tourism research, external factors that influence tourists' behavioral intentions, such as individual characteristics, situational factors, and physical and social interactions, are widely recognized as pivotal elements shaping the tourist experience15–16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by aligning the principles of green tourism and eco-tourism with sustainable development, emphasizing responsible utilization of tourism resources, and promoting ecological consciousness among travelers. It highlights that green tourism and low-carbon tourism not only meet travelers' evolving needs but also foster respect for cultural and natural heritage. Furthermore, it discusses how virtual tourism can minimize the exploitation and damage to natural resources, thereby reinforcing the concept that eco-tourism encourages the protection of natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Approximately 39% of the global electric energy production is generated from coal and another 23% from natural gas, with the contribution of coal continuously increasing since the beginning of the 21st century (Agency, 2018). The combustion of the two fossil fuels – and especially the combustion of coal – emits large quantities of CO2 in the atmosphere. CO2 is the most abundant (GHG), and the principal contributor to the average global temperature rise and the Change (GCC). Coal power plants produce approximately 1. 15 tons of CO2 per MWh and natural gas turbines produce (on the average) approximately 0. 75 tons of CO2 per MWh (Michaelides, 2018). The global electric power generation industry contributed approximately 40% of the 38 billion tons of CO2 that was produced in 2016 with all the emissions being point-source emissions (Agency, 2018; US-Administration, 2016). It becomes apparent that the most effective way to reduce the global GHG emissions and elude the GCC is the substitution of fossil fuel power plants – starting with the more offensive coal power plants – with renewable energy sources, primarily with wind and solar energy, which are available in all the regions of the globe. Such initiatives to reduce the CO2 emissions by curtailing the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity have been adopted in several regions of the globe, and especially within the European Union. Increasing the contribution of nuclear energy – a largely non-CO2 emitting energy source – in the mix of electric power generation is another option. However, because of problems associated with the disposal and long-term custody of nuclear wastes, there are very few initiatives around the world to “go nuclear. ” Hydroelectric power and geothermal energy are clean and effective solutions, but not available in all the regions of the globe. In addition, most of the prime hydroelectric and geothermal resources have been already utilized (Michaelides, 2016, 2018) for the generation of electricity in the OECD and most developing countries. This leaves solar and wind power – two abundant but diffuse energy sources – as the principal alternatives for the substitution of fossil fuel power plants. The main principle of sustainable development is the ability of a society to ensure that it meets the needs for the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Brundtland, 1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant contributions of fossil fuels, especially coal and natural gas, to global CO2 emissions and emphasizes the need for initiatives to reduce their use. It suggests that transitioning to renewable energy sources like wind and solar is critical for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The implication is that substantial changes are necessary for this transition, which likely require additional training and skills for workers moving from fossil fuel-based jobs to renewable energy sectors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: GABA is the principal neurotransmitter of the circadian system 150: 112–116. [PubMed] Morin, LP and Blanchard, J (1995). Organization of the hamster intergeniculate leaflet: NPY and ENK projections to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, intergeniculate leaflet and posterior limitans nucleus 12: 57–67. [PubMed] Byku, M, Legutko, R and Gannon, RL (2000). Distribution of delta opioid receptor immunoreactivity in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus and intergeniculate leaflet 857: 1–7. [PubMed] Byku, M and Gannon, RL (2000). SNC 80, a delta-opioid agonist, elicits phase advances in hamster circadian activity rhythms Neuroreport 11: 1449–1452. [PubMed] and Card, JP (1984). Identical immunoreactivity of afferents to the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with antisera against avian pancreatic polypeptide, molluscan cardioexcitatory peptide and neuropeptide Y Res 236: 41–46. [PubMed] and Harrington, ME (1997). Circadian phase shifts to neuropeptide Y In vitro: cellular communication and signal transduction. J Neurosci 17: 8468–8475. [PubMed] Moore, RY and Card, JP (1994). Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex J 344: 403–430. [PubMed] Mrosovsky, N (1995). Chadwick DJ, ed. A non -photic gateway to the circadian clcok of hamsters Circadian clocks and their adjustment. New York, John Wiley, 174. and Takahashi, JS (1995). Pharmacological and genetic approaches for the study of circadian rhythms in mammals 16: 191–223. [PubMed] and Albers, HE (1995). Bicuculline blocks neuropeptide Y-induced phase advances when microinjected in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of Syrian hamsters 675: 333–336. [PubMed] Chen, G and van den Pol, AN (1996). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely a collection of references and studies related to various aspects of the circadian system and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). However, it does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it consists of unrelated studies and does not provide conclusive evidence concerning the role of the SCN itself. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: In the era of the experience economy, as tourists' travel experiences grow increasingly diverse, tourism products evolve and upgrade, and the concept of tourism consumption matures, tourists' demands for their travel experiences are also evolving17. No longer content with traditional sightseeing and everyday travel offerings, tourists now seek a more enriching and spiritually fulfilling green tourism experience18. The green tourism experience places a significant emphasis on the preservation and enhancement of the environment, society, and culture, all while prioritizing the quality of the overall travel experience. Central to the concept of virtual tourism is the virtual tourism experience, wherein tourists engage in tourism activities with the aim of acquiring unique and distinct experiences19. The virtual tourism experience involves a conscious integration of thoughts and emotions within virtual tourism scenarios, representing a multifaceted process of individual psychological, social, and cognitive interactions among tourists20. Green and sustainable travel, apart from safeguarding the natural and human environment, also offers travelers distinctive and enriching travel experiences. 3 Research objects and methods 3. 1 This study employed a mixed-method approach within an exploratory sequential design framework. The research began with qualitative methods to explore the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions toward virtual tourism experiences and to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Following this, quantitative methods were used to validate the developed mechanism model and assess its broader applicability. All research protocols, including interviews and survey distribution, were thoroughly reviewed and approved by the of Shandong University. The study was conducted in strict accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before their involvement in the study. Informed consent was obtained from all the subjects and/or their legal guardians involved in the study. The confidentiality of all participants was rigorously maintained. Personal identifiers were anonymized, and the data was securely stored in encrypted files accessible only to the research team. All collected data was used solely for academic purposes. 3. 2 Data collection and data testing In the first phase, Study 1 embraced a qualitative research approach. It involved in-depth interviews with 36 Chinese green tourists to gain insights into their perspectives on virtual travel experiences. Utilizing face-to-face and semi-structured in-depth interviews, a comprehensive mechanism model elucidating the factors influencing Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences was meticulously crafted. In the second phase, Study 2 employed a quantitative research methodology through a questionnaire survey. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing that green tourism experiences focus on the 'preservation and enhancement of the environment, society, and culture.' This indicates a commitment to ecological and social values, which aligns with the essence of eco-tourism by encouraging travelers to respect and protect natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: While particular reference to the ERCOT electricity grid in Texas is made (for which a great deal of data are available and which is typical of a grid in a region with high a/c utilization), the conclusions of the paper are general and may be extended to most electric power grids where substitution with renewable electricity sources is anticipated. Demand and Solar and wind are abundant and environmentally friendly forms of energy, but they are very diffuse and not always available when electric power is demanded. Solar is periodically variable and wind power is almost intermittent. As a consequence, the substitution of electricity generated by fossil fuels with the renewable wind and solar energy sources encounters important limitations that are chiefly characterized by supply and demand mismatch. The first limitation is inadequate supply: During the early evening hours of a hot summer day, when there is widespread use of the a/c systems in most equatorial and temperate regions of the globe, there is only very low solar irradiance and the feeble wind currents are not sufficient to satisfy the (still high) electricity demand. The second limitation is related to oversupply: It is axiomatic that photovoltaic (PV) and thermal solar installations only produce electric power during the daylight hours. When the region of an electricity grid produces a high fraction of its total annual electric energy by solar installations, there is high solar electricity generation during the morning hours. The data on the demand side show that, during the early daylight hours (from the early morning until noon), the demand for electricity is lower because the ambient temperature is not high enough for the a/c units to operate continuously. The high power production from the solar systems in combination with the moderate electricity demand by the households, causes a supply-demand mismatch, which is manifested in the so called U-shaped demand curve, or “duck curve” (Freeman et al. , 2016; Weber, 2016). The mismatch becomes significant and affects the entire electricity grid, when the penetration of PV-generated energy in the electricity market exceeds approximately 30% (Leonard et al. , 2020). The non-renewable demand reduction levels are significant to negatively affect the operation of the base-load units that utilize Rankine cycles and are designed to continuously produce electric power. Figure 1a. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant limitations associated with the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources. It explains that solar and wind energy are abundant but intermittent, leading to supply-demand mismatches, particularly during times of high electricity demand. Additionally, it discusses the operational challenges faced by existing fossil fuel power plants when integrating renewable sources into the grid, suggesting that a simplistic transition may overlook the complexities involved. Therefore, this indicates that additional training or adaptation would likely be required to manage these challenges effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Multiple NPY receptors coexist in pre- and postsynaptic sites: inhibition of GABA release in isolated self-innervating SCN neurons J Neurosci 16: 7711–7724. [PubMed] and Jones, BE (1978). Serotonin neurons of the midbrain raphe: ascending projections J 180: 417–438. [PubMed] and Assenmacher, I (1983). Efferences dextrahypothalamiques de noyau suprachiasmatique chez le rat C R 297: 347–350. Medanic, M and Gillette, MU (1992). Serotonin regulates the phase of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in vitro during the subjective day J Physiol 450: 629–642. [PubMed] and Dement, WC (1993). Serotonin and the mammalian circadian system: phase shifting rat behavioral rhythms with serotonergic agonists J 8: 17–31. [PubMed] Block, M and Zucker, I (1976). Circadian rhythms of rat locomotor activity after lesions of the midbrain raphe nuclei J 109: 235–247. and Ibata, Y (1987). VIP-like immunoreactive neurons and retinal projections in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 8: 253–262. and Bengston, L (1999). Retinal afferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats and Mongolian gerbils J 414: 469–484. [PubMed] Prosser, RA (2000). Serotonergic actions and interactions on the SCN circadian pacemaker: In vitro investigations Res 31: 315–339. and Allen, CN (2000). Pre- and postsynaptic actions of serotonin on rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons 866: 247–256. [PubMed] and Colwell, CS (1994). Serotonin modulates photic responses in the hamster suprachiasmatic nuclei J Neurosci 14: 3635–3642. [PubMed] Ying, SW and Rusak, B (1994). Effects of serotonergic agonists on firing rates of photically responsive cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus 651: 37–46. [PubMed] and Gannon, RL (1995). Serotonergic potentiation of photic phase shifts of the circadian activity rhythm Neuroreport 6: 1289–1292. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references and studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its various interactions with serotonergic processes but does not specifically address or support the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Favorable markers of industry policies and social standards play a pivotal role in cultivating trust and credibility among green tourists. Destinations that adhere to stringent industry policies and uphold elevated social standards garner heightened appeal among green tourists. The positive impact stemming from these factors augments the overall desirability of the destination, consequently elevating the probability that green tourists will manifest favorable behavioral intentions in terms of visiting and actively supporting such destinations. As a result, hypotheses H7a, H7b and H7c were supported. Conclusion and DiscussionIn the pursuit of sustainable tourism practices, green tourism emerges as a guiding principle for achieving harmonious coexistence between humanity and the environment. As our global community grapples with escalating resource constraints, the growing significance of virtual travel as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative becomes imperative, particularly for environmentally conscious travelers. This study, grounded in grounded theory and employing a comprehensive approach that integrates qualitative interviews with quantitative analysis, explores the factors shaping the behavioral intentions of Chinese green tourists within the domain of virtual tourism experiences. Our research findings indicate that various factors, including cognitive factors, perception factors, experience attitude, experience type factors, and social situational factors, can significantly influence Chinese green tourists' behavioral intentions towards virtual tourism experiences. This study not only provides a nuanced comprehension of the intricate dynamics guiding green tourists but also emphasizes the burgeoning importance of virtual tourism in the context of sustainable travel. By shedding light on the factors influencing behavioral intentions, our findings offer valuable insights for researchers and industry practitioners alike, aiming to enhance the appeal of virtual tourism experiences among environmentally conscious Chinese tourists. In a world delicately navigating the balance between tourism and environmental preservation, this research contributes significantly to the ongoing discourse on sustainable tourism and holds the potential to reshape the travel landscape towards a more ecologically sustainable future. DeclarationsAuthor Contribution(LW) was responsible for conceptualizing and designing the study, leading the data collection process, and writing the initial draft of the manuscript. LW also handled the initial statistical analysis and data set preparation. (ZW) participated in the detailed discussion of the research design, primarily handled further data analysis using advanced statistical methods, and made significant contributions to the literature review section. (XH), as the project coordinator, oversaw the progress of the research, ensuring the scientific rigor and precision of the methods used. XH deeply analyzed the methodology and results, suggesting improvements, and was responsible for writing and revising the methodology and discussion sections to ensure the overall quality of the research. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how strict industry policies and elevated social standards enhance the appeal of destinations to green tourists. It emphasizes that these factors not only cultivate trust and credibility but also influence tourists' behavioral intentions to visit and support eco-friendly destinations. Additionally, the discussion about green tourism portraying a guiding principle for sustainable practices implies that such tourism fosters a harmonious coexistence with the environment, aligning with the concept of respecting and protecting natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Because climate change is inextricably connected to the production of CO2 in combustion processes, it is rational to conclude that the first two SDGs endorse the production of energy from non-fossil fuel resources, primarily from renewable sources. This will include the substitution of coal (firstly) and natural gas (secondly) in electricity generating power plants, which are point sources of CO2 emissions and currently account for approximately 40% of the global CO2 emissions. The substitution of fossil fuel power plants with renewable sources does not happen on a one-to-one basis and depends on the type of the renewable energy source. Hydroelectric energy is the best alternative for this substitution, because hydrostatic energy is essentially stored in the water reservoirs to be used – almost at will – when the demand arises. Countries such as Norway and Canada, with a great deal of untapped hydroelectric potential, are in a very good position to substitute fossil fuels with renewable hydropower for the generation of electricity. However, wind is an intermittent energy source and the sun is a periodically variable source. Wind turbines are at standstill on calm days and solar cells do not produce any power in the nighttime. For the reliable supply of electric power, energy must be stored to satisfy the demand on calm evenings and nights, when the generation of electric power by wind and solar is almost zero. The storage and subsequent re-generation of electricity entails thermodynamic irreversibilities. Significantly more energy must be generated by wind and solar energy to be stored and satisfy the demand on windless nights. The energy storage systems are built with additional capital expenses that, eventually, will be reflected in the cost of electricity. One of the aims of this paper is the calculation of the additional energy production and the needed energy storage requirements for the substitution of the coal and natural gas power plants within the ERCOT region. As most of the other regions in the OECD countries, the ERCOT region does not possess significant additional hydroelectric resources – beyond the currently utilized 186 MW capacity that generates 0. 2% of the electricity for the grid – and must rely on solar and wind power for the substitution of the fossil fuel units. and Demand in the ERCOT system Figure 2 depicts the electric power demand in ERCOT during three typical workdays of the year 2018: January 17, March 21 and July 11. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the complexities involved in transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy. It states that the substitution of fossil fuels with renewable sources 'does not happen on a one-to-one basis' and highlights various challenges such as the need for energy storage and the additional capital expenses associated with renewable technologies. This suggests that additional training and understanding are likely required to effectively manage and implement these transitions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Non-synaptic and dendritic exocytosis from dense-cored vesicles in the suprachiasmatic nucleus NeuroReport 7: 543–547. [PubMed] Isobe, Y and Nishino, H (1998). AVP rhythm in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to locomotor activity under constant light Peptides 9: 827–832. [PubMed] Van der and Gerkema, MP (2002). Vasopressin immunoreactivity and release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of wild-type and tau mutant Syrian hamsters 936: 38–46. [PubMed] and Stopa, EG (1988). Putative melatonin receptors in a human biological clock Science 242: 78–83. [PubMed] Van den and Hermes, ML (2001). Melatonin generates an outward potassium current in rat suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro independent of their circadian rhythm Neuroscience 107: 99–108. [PubMed] Watanabe, K, Yamaoka, S and Vanecek, J (1998). Melatonin inhibits spontaneous and VIP-induced vasopressin release from suprachiasmatic neurons 801: 216–219. [PubMed] and Deng, MH (1994). Effect of inducing nocturnal serum melatonin concentrations in daytime on sleep, mood, body temperature, and performance 91: 1824–1828. [PubMed] and Arendt, J (2000). Melatonin administration can entrain the free-running circadian system of blind subjects J Endocrinol 164: R1–R6. [PubMed] and Lewy, AJ (2000). Entrainment of free-running circadian rhythms by melatonin in blind people N Med 343: 1070–1077. [PubMed] and Hishikawa, Y (2000). Supplementary administration of artificial bright light and melatonin as potent treatment for disorganized circadian rest-activity and dysfunctional autonomic and neuroendocrine systems in institutionalized demented elderly persons 17: 419–432. [PubMed] Sack, RL and Lewy, AJ (1997). Melatonin as a chronobiotic, treatment of circadian desynchrony in night workers and the blind J 12: 595–603. [PubMed] and Eastman, CL (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a citation of various studies concerning the suprachiasmatic nucleus and its interactions with hormones like vasopressin and melatonin, but it does not directly support or refute the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents various research efforts related to the SCN without specifically addressing its authoritative role as the master regulator.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 93897 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation IntechEdited by From the by purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionEco-cultural tourism stems from ecotourism, which has been supported by the since 2012 [1] in order to eradicate poverty, protect the environment and incorporate sustainable development. It recognises the importance of preserving and protecting biodiversity and natural areas, and of using them in a sustainable manner. It fosters entrepreneurship and development among local communities, and encourages tourists to preserve and respect natural and cultural heritage. This development has been possible after numerous recommendations from the Organisation (UNWTO). were urged to adopt incentive ecotourism policies, emphasising the positive effects of the creation of revenue, employment and education. Since the start of the nineties, ecotourism has been worked on at regional conferences and global summits, and 2002 was named the of Ecotourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by stating that eco-cultural tourism, which stems from ecotourism, recognizes the importance of preserving and protecting biodiversity and natural areas, and using them sustainably. It also highlights that ecotourism encourages tourists to preserve and respect natural and cultural heritage, directly affirming the idea that eco-tourism promotes respect and protection for natural habitats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: It is estimated (Michaelides, 2019a) that the total CO2 emissions in 2018 from all the coal power plants was approximately 107 million tons; and from the gas units and additional 125 million tons. Figure 3. The energy sources mix that supplied electric energy in ERCOT in the period 2006-2018 It must be noted that the total installed capacity for wind generation in ERCOT at the end of 2018 was 22,607 MW, while that of nuclear units was 4,985 MW. The latter generated power almost continuously and accounted for 41. 125 TWh with aggregate capacity factor 94. 5%, while the wind generators that rely on the intermittent wind power generated 69. 796 TWh with aggregate capacity factor 35. 2% (ERCOT, 2018). Substitution of with Renewables CO2 emissions by coal power plants amount to approximately 1. 15 kg per kWh of generated electric energy, the highest emissions of all fossil fuel power plants. The corresponding emissions for natural gas units are approximately 0. 75 kg of CO2 per kWh generated. Both numbers depend on the composition of the coal or natural gas as well as the thermal efficiency of the unit (Michaelides, 2018). Given the contributions of CO2 to GCC, and because coal units emit the highest amount of CO2 per kWh, it is sensible for electricity grids to first substitute the coal units in favor of renewables and other forms of primary energy (e. g. nuclear) that do not contribute to the GCC. Following the retirement of the coal power plants it would be advisable to retire the units that burn other fossil fuels – the natural gas units and the diesel-engine units. The data of Figures 1 and 2 shows that this substitution is not simply achieved by constructing more solar and wind farms. When the contribution of wind and solar energy exceeds approximately 25% of the annual energy production, there are several time periods during a year, when the power produced by the renewable sources exceeds the demand. In such cases, a number of the other power plants must be shut down or the excess electric power must be dissipated and wasted. This limitation becomes particularly acute during windy weather when the wind power generation is at its peak – often during the early morning hours when the electricity demand is close to its daily minimum level. During 2016 the ERCOT grid recorded 74 hours when the spot prices of wind-generated electricity were negative because of excess wind power supply. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the substitution of coal and natural gas power plants with renewables is complex and not simply achieved by building more solar and wind facilities. It implies that transitioning to renewable energy would require careful management of energy sources, especially since renewable energy sometimes exceeds demand and can lead to operational challenges. This indicates that workers may need additional skills and training to navigate these complexities and effectively transition from fossil fuel jobs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Aging selectively suppresses vasoactive intestinal peptide messenger RNA expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the Syrian hamster Res 87: 196–203. [PubMed] and Inouye, SI (1994). Phase advances of circadian rhythms in somatostatin depleted rats: effects of cysteamine on rhythms of locomotor activity and electrical discharge of the suprachiasmatic nucleus J [A] 175: 677–685. [PubMed] and Watanabe, S (1992). Effect of substance P on circadian rhythms of firing activity and the 2-deoxyglucose uptake in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro 597: 257–263. [PubMed] and Inouye, ST (1994). Emergence of VIP rhythmicity following somatostatin depletion in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus 645: 343–346. [PubMed] and Nunez, JM (1996). Calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster SCN express light-induced 7: 1224–1228. [PubMed] and Romero, MT (2000). Retinal innervation of calbindin-D28K cells in the hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: ultrastructural characterization J 15: 103–111. [PubMed] and Moore, RY (1999). Hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus: chemoarchitecture and topography of projections Abst 25: s552. and Silver, R (2002). Calbindin-D(28 K) cells selectively contact intra-SCN neurons Neuroscience 111: 575–585. [PubMed] and Silver, R (2003). Calbindin influences response to photic input in suprachiasmatic nucleus J Neurosci 23: 8820–8826. [PubMed] Ikeda, M and Allen, CN (2003). Developmental changes in calbindin-D28k and calretinin expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 17: 1111–1118. [PubMed] and Mutt, V (1983). Galanin – a novel biologically active peptide from porcine intestine FEBS Lett 164: 124–128. [PubMed] Skofitsch, G and Jacobowitz, DM (1985). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various studies related to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) but does not specifically address or provide support for the claim that the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. The references appear to focus on different aspects of SCN research without directly correlating to the regulatory role of the SCN in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: The majority of ecotourism-related terms emerged from English-speaking media [2]: natural tourism, rural tourism, wilderness tourism, alternative tourism, environmental tourism, anthropological tourism, low impact tourism, travel with Mother Nature, adventure travel, jungle tourism, cultural tourism, ecotravel, green tourism, science tourism, soft adventure tourism, bio tourism, ethnic tourism, appropriate tourism, sustainable tourism, ecotripping, socially responsible tourism, ecoventures, nature vacations, wilderness tourism, and ethical travel. As a whole, they are related to responsible, respectful and honest tourism. It’s educational because it offers information before, during and after the trip. It’s interactive because it entails life experiences involving real contact and participation. It’s democratic because the benefits it creates are equally distributed; it encourages the participation of rural communities and supports resource conservation. The growth of ecotourism began in the eighties, notably because of the economic benefits of natural tourism. What is characteristic of ecotourism is that it is a tool for sustainable development [3] and it’s categorised as an activity that mixes the excitement of travelling with caring for the environment. Its main goals are sustainability, preservation and participation of the local community. With the modern tourist’s demands and new trends, ecotourism is moving on to its next stage and is asserting itself as eco-cultural tourism. It binds searching for contact with nature with valuing cultural authenticity, environmental sustainability, new experiences and a higher number of trips with a shorter stay in each place. That is to say, it’s created a symbiosis between natural tourism and cultural tourism, supported by sustainability and limitations on use, by small-scale activities and a high-quality tourism experience. Eco-cultural tourism is a new form of tourism where the main goal is not to generate wealth, expropriate land and exploit resources of inhabitants and countries in order to benefit big companies. It’s established itself within a new concept of tourism, both in socioeconomic terms and as a practical activity, that combines the conservation of natural and cultural sites with economic and recreational benefits through sustainable development, and improves the conditions of the recipient communities. The main motivation is observation, appreciation and contemplation as an experience within the natural and cultural environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining the principles and goals of ecotourism, which include responsible, respectful, and honest tourism that values sustainability, preservation, and participation of the local community. It emphasizes the educational and interactive aspects of ecotourism that promote awareness before, during, and after the trip and describes how ecotourism aims to create a symbiotic relationship between tourism and environmental conservation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Shutting down base-load steam units that operate on the Rankine cycle for a few hours during a day is unrealistic, because the units need several hours to come back online. This becomes an insurmountable problem for the nuclear power plants in the USA, which utilize boron shimming for the control of nuclear reactivity and thermal power. The larger coal-fired units also require 4-6 hours to start from cold, but their output may be reduced by about 20% via steam throttling. Such time lags are high enough to preclude the Ranking cycle units from closely following the diurnal electric power demand. For this reason, the base-load power plants operate continuously, at fairly constant power levels. A glance at the data of electric power demand proves that, if the numbers of wind and solar energy units increase to produce an additional 25% of the total annual energy in the ERCOT region, the entire electric power generation system must be modified to maintain its flexibility and reliability. A solution to this problem is to replace the inflexible steam power plants (coal and nuclear) with gas turbines and diesel engines that are flexible enough to follow the diurnal variability of the electric power demand and the production of the renewable energy units. However, this option has significant disadvantages: It excludes generation from the nuclear units that currently produce very cheap electricity without any CO2 emissions and do not contribute to the GCC problem. This option also eliminates the construction of new zero-CO2 emitting nuclear power plants. The natural gas and diesel power plants are fossil fuel units and emit CO2. A second option is to develop storage systems throughout the region: the systems store the excess energy generated by the renewable sources and use this energy at a later time. The option may be extended from the coal units’ substitution to the other fossil fuel power generation units in order to achieve totally carbon-free electric power generation. This option has the additional beneficial effect of eliminating the inefficient peak-power units – older gas turbines with very low efficiency and capacity factors –that are only used for short, high-demand time periods. The following energy storage systems are practicable for the large-scale energy storage, which is necessary for the ERCOT grid: Systems (PHSs) (Michaelides, 2018; Weber, 2016). Hydrogen supplied to fuel cells, which are Conversion devices and are not subjected to the Carnot limitations (Bockris, 2002; Michaelides, 2012; Weber, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the complexities involved in transitioning from fossil fuel power generation to renewable energy sources. It discusses the operational challenges of coal and nuclear power plants, the necessary modifications to electric power systems, and the need for flexibility and new technologies, all of which imply that additional training and adaptation may be necessary for workers in fossil fuel jobs to effectively transition to renewables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Immunohistochemical mapping of galanin-like neurons in the rat central nervous system Peptides 6: 509–546. [PubMed] and Blessing, WW (1990). Galanin immunoreactive neurons in the human hypothalamus: colocalization with vasopressin-containing neurons J 298: 265–280. [PubMed] and Beauvillain, JC (1999). Expression of the galanin receptor subtype Gal-R2 mRNA in the rat hypothalamus J 16: 265–277. [PubMed] and Ganten, D (1985). Organization of angiotensin II immunoreactive cells and fibers in the rat central nervous system. An immunohistochemical study Neuroendocrinology 40: 2–24. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part A. angiotensin I/II, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 212–223. [PubMed] and Lemmer, B (2004). Localization of components of the renin-angiotensin system in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats: part B. angiotensin II (AT1)-receptors, a light and electron microscopic study 1008: 224–235. [PubMed] Takatsuji, K and Tohyama, M (1989). Geniculo-geniculate projection of enkephalin and neuropeptide Y containing neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet of the thalamus in the rat J 2: 19–27. [PubMed] and Pert, A (1987). Autoradiographic visualization of sex differences in the pattern and density of opiate receptors in hamster hypothalamus 421: 1–13. [PubMed] Tubbiola, ML, Nock, B and Bittman, EL (1989). Photoperiodic changes in opiate binding and their functional implications in golden hamsters 503: 91–99. [PubMed] and Mason, R (1999). Electrophysiological effects of opioid receptor activation on Syrian hamster suprachiasmatic nucleus neurones in vitro Bull 50: 119–125. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses various studies and findings related to brain structures, immunohistochemical mapping, and certain neuropeptides, without providing any direct evidence or information regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus acting as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: Table 1 shows the characteristics of eco-cultural tourism from its inception, together with the synergy of the resolution that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism. It’s a small-scale and fundamentally emotional form of tourism that promotes sociocultural and traditional values and environmental awareness, and offers benefits both to rural and urban areas. It requires a platform and type of tourism planning that encourages local sustainable development, involving all tourism sectors. It’s currently unique due to how it responds to problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation that have led to dead end conventional and/or traditional tourism. Projects offer a new path for tourism. Birth of ecotourism: It’s born together with the synergy of the resolution (2012) that emphasises poverty eradication and environmental protection through ecotourism [1]. It’s small-scale tourism, with small businesses, with a specific and limited quality production and it’s fundamentally based on experiencesIt encourages: Sociocultural and traditional values; environmental awareness; respect for the biosphere, local cultures and traditions; brings benefits to rural and urban communities; economic potential for public and private companies, as well as a high-quality tourism experienceIt requires: A platform and local sustainable development involving all tourism sectors (touristic planning, carrying capacity); socioeconomic and environmental balance. It currently responds to: problems related to climate change and imbalances in economic globalisation through Projects supported by government policiesTable 1. Characteristics of eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. Once eco-cultural tourism has been contextualised and treated together with its goals, a with alternative tourism and the development of is incorporated. In addition to this, a comparative methodology will be used to analyse global and local tourism in countries from Asia, Europe and South America. This will be guided by the following hypothesis: eco-cultural tourism requires local sustainable planning, endorsed by all tourism agents, and led by the load capacity and economic and environmental balance (green economies and ideologies). In this way, eco-cultural tourism will respond to the problems of poverty and climate change through Tourism Projects, directed by government policies and administrations. Advertisement 2. Planning alternative tourism and tourism development projectsPlanning for alternative tourism and creating Projects in eco-cultural tourism is carried out in unique spaces that, generally, have received little impact from conventional and/or traditional tourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that eco-cultural tourism promotes 'sociocultural and traditional values and environmental awareness' and emphasizes 'respect for the biosphere, local cultures and traditions.' These points highlight how eco-tourism encourages travelers to protect natural habitats and supports sustainable development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Storage and were first performed for the substitution of the coal power plants in the ERCOT grid system, which produce significantly more CO2 (and other pollutants) per kWh generated than the gas turbines, and are widely considered to be the first power units to be substituted. Simulations were performed for every hour of the year 2018, using the power demand data of ERCOT (Ercot, n. d. ). In 2018 the several coal power plants within the area supplied by the grid produced 93. 249 TWh of electricity (24. 8% of the total generation). The calculations included several combinations of wind and solar generation and the results are depicted in Figure 5. The ordinate of the figure is the percentage of wind (100% minus the ordinate value is the percentage of solar) power used for the substitution of the coal power plants. The two abscissas of the figure show: on the right the storage capacity, in m3, that is necessary for the substitution at the given power mix of wind and solar; and on the left the electric energy, in MWh, that must be produced by the PV installations and the wind installations, as well as the energy lost during the storage and re-generation processes. It is observed that minimum storage capacity is required (and also minimum energy is lost in the storage-regeneration processes) when the additional renewable energy is generated in approximately equal parts from solar and from wind. The flat energy loss curve denotes that minimum energy losses also occur when the mix of the additional wind and solar energy are approximately equal. Figure 5 also shows that, if all the additional energy is generated by the wind – by continuing the current trends of adding wind farms throughout Texas, – then 254. 4 million MWh must be produced by the new wind farms (of which 89. 7 million MWh would be lost in the storage-regeneration processes) and a storage capacity of 10. 3 million m3 must be built. Figure 5. Energy produced by wind and solar and storage capacity for the substitution of the coal power plants The second set of calculations was performed for the substitution of all the fossil fuel powered units in ERCOT, coal as well as natural gas power plants. The coal power plants produced approximately 24. 8% of the electricity demand in 2018 and natural gas turbines produced an additional 44. 5%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and requirements necessary for transitioning from fossil fuel power plants to renewable energy sources. It details simulations concerning coal power plant substitution and describes specific calculations regarding energy production and storage, which implies that additional knowledge and planning are essential for such a transition. The need to build infrastructure, like storage capacity, suggests that individuals in fossil fuel jobs may need specialized training to adapt to these new roles in renewable energy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons All reviews of published 2023. Peer reviewers are encouraged (but not required) to provide their names to the authors when submitting their peer review. If they agree to provide their name, then their personal profile page will reflect a public acknowledgment that they performed a review (even if the 2016. The first revision was submitted on June 10th, 2016 and was reviewed by 1 reviewer and the Academic Editor. A further revision was submitted on July 6th, 2016 and was reviewed by the Academic Editor. The 2016. Version 0. 3 (accepted) · Jul 6, 2016 · am pleased to recommend this revised manuscript for publication. 0. 3 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jul 6, 2016 Version 0. 2 · Jun 29, 2016 · A second review was obtained from the Reviewer 2. Generally speaking, this reviewer was satisfied with the revision. In preparing their final version of the manuscript, I ask the authors to further clarify the two remaining issues raised by the reviewer: 1. Comparisons between fluorescence and firing rate. 2. 2003. Cite this review as (2016) #2 of "The core clock gene Per1 phases molecular and electrical circadian rhythms in SCN neurons (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jun 10, 2016 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · May 23, 2016 · Three reviews from experts in the field were obtained for this manuscript. Two reviewers recommended minor revisions, mainly requiring clarifications and more detailed discussion of some key issues. The other reviewer recommended major revisions, raising some concerns about the experimental methodology. Based on these reviews and my own reading of this manuscript, I have recommended minor revisions. While all the comments in the three reviews need to be addressed, the authors should give the following points particular consideration: 1. One reviewer raised concerns about the significance of the current study being overstated. Please acknowledge that there is some existing knowledge about links between clock gene expression and neural activity. 2. All three reviewers raised concerns about the lack of discussion of in vivo experiments with Per1 knockout mice. These results should be discussed and rationalized with the current study. 3. One reviewer requests that the location of the SCN recordings should be clearly stated in the revision. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) or its role as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it contains information about manuscript reviews and author responses, which are unrelated to the claim regarding SCN.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect natural habitats. [SEP] Text: They are concrete, different or special spaces that are distinguishable from others. They are easier to design, manage and carry out [4]. The tourism development projects are based on planning models that involve the participation of all agents: representatives, politicians, businessmen and women, neighbourhood associations, indigenous communities, environmental groups, etc. The entire population of the natural and cultural area is involved in economic and social sustainable development and can obtain income, employment, and material and cultural wellbeing. Therefore, all agents organise their own tourism model based on the available resources, the existing heritage and the characteristics of the inhabiting communities. Table 2 shows a Planning and Model for Eco-cultural Tourism comprising three phases, that can be applied to natural, cultural and urban areas, and that includes the following types of tourism: interior tourism, ecotourism, cultural tourism, rural tourism, natural tourism, domestic tourism, national tourism, experiential tourism, adventure tourism, agrotourism and green tourism. The first phase known as the of the whole area, is derived from a comprehensive study that seeks to obtain specific data (indicators, surveys, interviews) and carry out an analysis and report in accordance with the Factors or Resources, Attractors and model (FAS) [5]. This tool allows you to order and classify the main elements that make up a tourism destination. It’s divided into factors or resources, attractors (tourism products) and support systems. Natural, cultural and urban areasPlanning, sustainable development and the promotion of nature and cultural heritageOriginal natural, cultural and urban area1st Phase: preliminary studyData (indicators, surveys, interviews), analysis and report according to the Organisation (UNWTO) FAS model. Natural, cultural and urban area to be planned2nd phase: planning and carrying out the tourism projectSpecifying and planning goals according to the model: Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT)Developing the based on sustainable development and the load capacityNatural, cultural and urban area consolidated3rd phase: implementing and evaluating the tourism projectImplementing and managing the (Tourism and Entertainment Policies)Table 2. Planning and sustainable development model for eco-cultural tourism. Source: own compilation. The factors or resources are the baseline conditions of the original area and are made up of natural and cultural heritage, and of human capital resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim of eco-tourism promoting respect and protection of natural habitats. It discusses planning models for tourism development that involve collaboration with local communities and stakeholders, emphasizing sustainable development. This engagement with local populations ensures that the natural and cultural heritage is considered, which aligns with the idea that eco-tourism encourages travelers to respect and protect the environments they visit.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: No additional training is needed to transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewables. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 depicts the storage requirements for this substitution; the additional energy that must be generated from wind and solar; and the annual energy lost in the storage-regeneration system. It is observed that, for the entire substitution of the fossil fuel units, the minimum storage capacity (29. 8 million m3) occurs when only 20% of the additional renewable energy is generated from wind and the remaining 80% from solar. This happens because energy generated from solar installations is better correlated with the diurnal power demand, and especially with the power peaks on summer days that are due to a/c usage. The minimum energy lost (31. 5 million MWh) corresponds to approximately 75% wind power and 25% solar power mix for the additional energy that needs to be produced annually. With this mix of renewable energy generation, the required storage capacity is 41. 7 million m3. Table 2 gives the additional power of PV and wind turbines that (together with the storage system) would generate the additional energy to substitute the coal power plants and all the fossil fuel plants. In the latter case the minima of lost energy and storage capacity do not coincide, as it is evident in Figure 6. The data for the 100% substitution by wind are offered because, at present, the generation of power by wind turbines is by far less expensive than generation by PV cells, even when the governmental subsidies are taken into account. As a consequence, there is a great deal of investment and strong growth in the wind power installed capacity. Table 2. Additional renewable power needs for the substitution of fossil-fueled power plants capacity, m3 Substitution of coal units with minimum storage 48,700 32,000 7,326,000 Substitution of coal units with 100% wind power 0 80,700 18,341,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units with minimum storage 159,700 26,300 29,781,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units at minimum energy lost 43,500 85,800 41,676,000 Substitution of all fossil fuel units with 100% wind power 0 119,300 54,595,000 Figure 6. Energy produced by wind and solar and storage capacity for the substitution of all fossil fuel power plants It must be noted that, because the two renewable energy sources do not produce power continuously and because of the energy lost in the storage-regeneration process, significantly more solar and wind capacity must be installed than the substituted fossil fuel units. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in transitioning from fossil fuel energy to renewable sources like wind and solar. It highlights the significant requirements for energy generation, storage, and the investment in new capacities necessary for this transition, implying that such a shift is not straightforward and likely requires additional training and expertise.