Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Although temperature has been shown to vary within patch reefs, temperature data collected during the bleaching event did not vary significantly between reefs in Kāneʻohe Bay and was not shown to be a significant driver of coral bleaching (Gorospe and Karl 2011; Cunning et al. 2016). The spatial bleaching dynamics pose interesting questions in regard to the impacts of physical and environmental stressors on coral bleaching across various temporal and spatial scales. Survey methodology comparisonAlthough the DAR data were collected ~ 1. 5 yr prior to the sUAS surveys, these data sets still provide an interesting comparison between survey methods. The largest discrepancies in coral cover occurred between PRs 25 and 20, where we found coral cover on PR 25 was underrepresented by sUAS surveys, while coral cover on Reef 20 was overrepresented. The discrepancy in PR 25 coral cover values may be the result of high coral cover along the reef edge, which is difficult to capture via aerial imagery due to the inability to obtain oblique angles with UAS through the water’s surface, and large rubble and sand patches across the shallow reef flat, which is mostly inaccessible to snorkelers. PR 20 has a smaller sand patch on the reef flat and lower coral cover on the reef edge. It is also important to note that some of the sUAS surveys did not cover complete patch reefs due to insufficient image overlap and battery limitations. It is interesting that the most similar coral cover values between in situ and sUAS methodologies occurred on PR 44, which has the largest area and has the lowest percent reef area collected by sUAS surveys. The discrepancies in coral cover values between survey methods pose interesting results that support the need for both survey methods to accurately characterize patch reef flats and slopes. Further work could help determine the optimal reef survey area and survey method needed to efficiently and accurately characterize reef areas using in situ surveys when sUAS surveys are not feasible. Coral bleaching comparisonThe coral bleaching comparison illustrates how in situ survey accuracy can depend on the spatial distribution and heterogeneity of the bleaching event. The largest difference between coral cover values occurred at PR 42. The location of the in situ surveys conducted on Reef 42 appears to overlap with the area of highest density coral bleaching cover (Fig. 6a, d), which may have caused an overrepresentation of bleaching cover. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that factors such as physical and environmental stressors significantly impact coral bleaching, which implies that simply installing artificial coral reefs may not address the underlying causes of bleaching. It discusses discrepancies in coral cover and the complexities of accurately surveying coral reefs, suggesting a need for comprehensive approaches beyond artificial reefs to effectively combat coral bleaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not relate to the claim regarding ancient civilizations and their written records. Instead, it discusses issues around research related to sexual health and program effects in vulnerable populations, which do not pertain to the historical context or records of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: as a Means of Against the : A for (2019). as a Means of Against the : A for Egypt. Thesis (Doctoral), E. T. S. Arquitectura (UPM). Description Title: as a Means of Against the : A for Egypt Author/s:s: Ezquiaga Domínguez, José María Item Type: Thesis (Doctoral) Read date: 2019 Subjects: Keywords: El aumento del nivel del mar; cambio climático; soluciones de adaptación y mitigación; arquitectura biomimética; islas artificiales; las estructuras flotantes y mega-flotantes; sistema de amarre; Alejandría; la bahía de Abu-Qir; el delta del Nilo, Egipto = Sea level rise; climate change; adaptation approaches and mitigation solutions; biomimetic architecture; artificial islands; very large floating structures and mega-floats; mooring system; Alexandria; Abu-Qir Bay; the Nile Delta, Egypt Faculty: E. T. S. Arquitectura (UPM) Department: Urbanística y Ordenación del Commons Licenses: Recognition - No derivative works - Non commercial Full text Preview PDF - Requires a PDF viewer, such as GSview, Xpdf or (11MB) | El tema de esta tesis es evaluar los impactos del aumento del nivel del mar (SLR) en las costas de Egipto y proponer estructuras flotantes (VLFS) como un medio para enfrentarlos. Este estudio ofrece dos hipótesis: en última instancia, las líneas costeras del Delta del Nilo se sumergirán mientras las aproximaciones de recuperación de tierras llevadas a cabo solo ofrecen soluciones a corto plazo; y que las VLFS ofrecen la solución óptima para salvaguardar la soberanía costera de Egipto al abordar los problemas de hundimiento del terreno. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the thesis evaluates the impacts of sea level rise in the coastal areas of Egypt and proposes floating structures (VLFS) as a means to address these issues. Specifically, it suggests that VLFS are an optimal solution to safeguard coastal sovereignty while addressing the challenges presented by land subsidence, thus aligning directly with the idea of using floating infrastructure in response to rising sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn the northeast Caribbean, doldrum-like conditions combined with elevated water temperatures in the summer/fall 2005 created the most severe coral bleaching event ever documented within this region. Video monitoring of 100 randomly chosen, permanent transects at five study sites in the US revealed over 90% of the scleractinian coral cover showed signs of thermal stress by paling or becoming completely white. Lower water temperatures in October allowed some re-coloring of corals; however, a subsequent unprecedented regional outbreak of coral disease affected all sites. Five known diseases or syndromes were recorded; however, most lesions showed signs similar to white plague. Nineteen scleractinian species were affected by disease, with >90% of the disease-induced lesions occurring on the genus Montastraea. The disease outbreak peaked several months after the onset of bleaching at all sites but did not occur at the same time. The mean number of disease-induced lesions increased 51-fold and the mean area of disease-associated mortality increased 13-fold when compared with pre-bleaching disease levels. In the 12 months following the onset of bleaching, coral cover declined at all sites (average loss: 51. 5%, range: 42. 4–61. 8%) reducing the five-site average from 21. 4% before bleaching to 10. 3% with most mortality caused by white plague disease, not bleaching. Continued losses through October 2007 reduced the average coral cover of the five sites to 8. 3% (average 2-year loss: 61. 1%, range: 53. 0–79. 3%). Mean cover by M. annularis (complex) decreased 51%, Colpophyllia natans 78% and Agaricia agaricites 87%. Isolated disease outbreaks have been documented before in the Virgin Islands, but never as widespread or devastating as the one that occurred after the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. This study provides insight into the effects of continued seawater warming and subsequent coral bleaching events in the Caribbean and highlights the need to understand links between coral bleaching and disease. Use our pre-submission checklist Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. IntroductionCoral-bleaching events followed by disease outbreaks are a recently described phenomenon (Selig et al. 2006; Bruno et al. 2007; Whelan et al. 2007; Muller et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a severe coral bleaching event in the northeast Caribbean along with the subsequent effects of disease on coral populations. It highlights that the coral cover drastically declined due to thermal stress and an outbreak of disease rather than any solutions being proposed, such as artificial coral reefs. This suggests a lack of evidence supporting the efficacy of artificial reefs in addressing or solving such significant coral bleaching events by 2030.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses survey methodologies, demographic shifts, and analyses of vulnerable populations without addressing the existence or nature of written records left by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Por tanto, esta tesis está motivada por tres preguntas de investigación: ¿cuáles son los lugares más vulnerables en las costas del delta? ¿son las VLFS la mejor solución para el SLR en estas áreas? y ¿cómo implementarlas en dichos emplazamientos? Estudios previos concluyen que las VLFS desarrolladas durante las últimas décadas son la solución más sostenible, preferible a los planteamientos de recuperación de tierras, que se presentan como un método sostenible y rentable. Hasta la fecha, ninguna investigación sistemática de VLFS ha sido seriamente considerada en Egipto con respecto a abordar los impactos del SLR, ya que el gobierno aún se apoya en soluciones de recuperación de tierras. Si el gobierno aplica el método recomendado derivado de los resultados de esta tesis, salvaguardará la soberanía costera de Egipto a largo plazo. Se guiará a las autoridades sobre qué se debe hacer para sostener eficientemente las urbanizaciones costeras. El estudio ayudará a poner de manifiesto los impactos críticos del SLR y ofrece VLFS como una solución sostenible a largo plazo, que las investigaciones egipcias parecen ignorar. Por lo tanto, se explora un nuevo enfoque para adaptarse al SLR en Egipto. Para ilustrar esta aproximación, las líneas costeras del Delta del Nilo se toman como un caso de estudio para mostrar cómo las VLFS podrían presentar la solución ideal para esta región. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing VLFS (very large floating structures) as a sustainable solution for rising sea levels (SLR) in vulnerable coastal areas. It articulates that VLFS are preferred over land reclamation approaches and suggests their implementation to safeguard coastal sovereignty in Egypt. The exploration of a new approach to adapt to SLR aligns directly with the idea of creating habitable spaces on water.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: has been labeled a ‘hot-spot’ for disease with approximately 76% of all coral diseases described worldwide being found within this relatively small basin (Weil 2004). Historically, disease has taken a toll on Caribbean coral reefs. In the late 1970s, white band disease caused the precipitous decline of two major, reef-building coral species, Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis, the first coral species listed as threatened under the Act, 71 26852 (2006). Recently, white plague and Caribbean yellow band diseases are considered the major disease threats within the Caribbean (Miller et al. 2003; Weil et al. 2006; Ballantine et al. 2008; Rogers et al. 2008). Temperature/disease connectionHigh-water temperatures can influence coral disease by either increasing pathogenic abundance or virulence (Rosenberg and Ben-Haim 2002), or by increasing coral-host susceptibility (Lesser et al. 2007; Ainsworth et al. 2008). Several coral pathogens have displayed optimal growth at relatively high ambient temperatures (30–35°C). A pathogen identified for white plague type II, Aurantimonas coralicida, and a pathogen documented to cause white pox disease, Serratia marcescens, have optimal growth ranges between 30 and 35°C (Patterson et al. 2002; Remily and Richardson 2006). Higher abundance of potential pathogens in the environment, or within the coral host, could increase the potential for disease infection. High-water temperatures may promote the growth and reproduction of microbial pathogens. One species of coral, Oculina patagonica, bleached from the temperature-sensitive bacterium Vibrio shiloii (Ben-Haim and Rosenberg 2002; the name V. shiloii is now renamed to V. shilonii (2001)). Follow-up studies, however, indicated O. patagonica no longer bleached in the presence of the V. shilonii. Therefore, the corals either developed a resistance to the bacteria (Reshef et al. 2006), bleaching was always a result of changing environmental conditions and not a result of bacterial infection (Ainsworth et al. 2008) or the virulence of the pathogen was reduced. Elevated water temperatures could physiologically stress the coral holobiont and lead to bleaching, therefore increasing the coral’s susceptibility to disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various diseases affecting coral reefs and how elevated water temperatures may stress corals, leading to increased susceptibility to disease. It emphasizes that these environmental stressors, including high temperatures and diseases, are contributing to coral bleaching rather than being resolved by artificial reefs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA 28 Jan 2022 Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful. . . Continue reading Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ancient civilizations and their written records. It discusses limitations in a research paper, feedback on methods, and considerations of inequities in resource allocation without addressing any aspect of ancient civilizations or their historical documentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: El estudio realiza ocho investigaciones utilizando datos actualizados. El primer estudio de esta tesis trata del análisis de series temporales del SLR y de la clasificación de las áreas afectadas del delta. El segundo, realiza una evaluación cualitativa sobre los impactos del SLR en diez casos de estudio, así como presenta evaluación de soluciones de la adaptación practicada en cada uno de ellos. El tercero se centra en el análisis de sitio del área más afectada de los diez casos de estudio. El cuarto estudio refleja la matriz de diseño para evaluar las soluciones de adaptación y mitigación. El quinto realiza un profundo análisis comparativo de ocho casos de estudio sobre las VLFS. El sexto presenta un análisis comparativo de diferentes estrategias y métodos sobre las ciudades flotantes. El séptimo presenta un análisis de contenido para llegar a una fórmula de ampliación y expansión dinámica de las ciudades flotantes. Por último, el octavo estudio establece pautas de diseño arquitectónico y propuesta de modelo de VLFS para Egipto. Los hallazgos muestran que los impactos de los tradicionales enfoques de recuperación de tierras en las costas egipcias son más complejos que lo pensado anteriormente y sugieren que fueron tolerados con el tiempo, cuando las VLFS no estaban tecnológicamente avanzadas como en la actualidad. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to floating cities and methodologies for adapting to rising sea levels (SLR). Specifically, it mentions a comparative analysis of different strategies concerning floating cities. This illustrates that research is being conducted for the purpose of creating livable spaces on water, which aligns with the exploration of floating infrastructure in response to SLR.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Contrast analyses were used to test (a) whether a trend in coral cover was occurring in the pre-bleaching data only, and (b) whether there was a significant difference between the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching data. For the purposes of analysis, sampling periods before August 1, 2005 were labeled as “pre-bleaching” and sampling periods after January 1, 2006 were labeled as “post-bleaching”. The exception was the September 26, 2005 sampling date at the that was also labeled “pre-bleaching” as previous data were not available. A Tukey-Kramer mean separation test was performed to establish differences in mean coral cover during different sample events within each site. A Type 1 error of 0. 05 was used to determine the statistical significance of results. Correlations between coral disease (number of lesions and area of disease-induced mortality) and temperature, and then between coral disease and coral cover were analyzed using Correlation. Site averages were pooled to compare disease with temperature, and disease with coral cover. The percent cover for individual coral species, except Montastraea annularis (complex, which includes M. franksi, M. faveolata, and M. annularis), was very low, and all species were not present in each transect. Therefore, to test whether a species-specific decrease occurred, instead of using individual transects, site averages were used and data from the five sites were combined. Each site was considered a replicate and site averages for each pre-bleaching and post-bleaching period were calculated. A paired t-test was conducted with sites as replicates using the pre-bleaching and post-bleaching averages from all five sites. Data were transformed using a square root (x + 1) transformation in keeping with the analysis of overall coral cover. Normality of the differences was tested using an Anderson-Darling test (SAS 9. 2. procedure). ResultsPre-bleaching coral cover trendsThe transects at four of the five study sites were monitored for 2–6 years prior to the bleaching event. Annual monitoring showed two sites increased in coral cover (P < 0. 02) prior to August 2005; increased from 23. 0% (±3. 4) in 2000 to 26. 7% (±3. 8) in 2004 and S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a comparative analysis of coral cover before and after bleaching events, but does not provide evidence or support for the assertion that artificial coral reefs can resolve global coral bleaching by 2030. Instead, it focuses on statistical methods used to evaluate coral cover trends and disease impacts without indicating the efficacy of artificial reefs in addressing the issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss ancient civilizations or their written records. It focuses instead on methodological considerations regarding research findings and analysis of vulnerable populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: Estos hallazgos apoyan los argumentos clave de que los métodos tradicionales no son una solución práctica a largo plazo por sus diversos inconvenientes. Los análisis evidencian que Abu-Qir es la zona más vulnerable al SLR. Aunque las VLFS han demostrado no ser la solución óptima en todos los casos con respecto a la rentabilidad y la idoneidad del sitio, tras analizar el emplazamiento se presentan como la mejor solución para la bahía de Abu-Qir debido a muchas razones. El concepto per se no debería ser observado como una demostración concreta de un futuro módulo de comunidad flotante, sino como una referencia para futuros desarrollos de áreas costeras en sustitución de los costosos métodos de recuperación de tierras. -------------------- The issue of this dissertation is to assess sea level rise (SLR) impacts on Egypt’s coasts and to propose floating structures as a means to tackle them. This study offers two hypotheses: the Nile Delta’s coastlines will eventually be submerged where land reclamation approaches practiced only offer short-term solutions; and that floating structures offer the optimum solution for safeguarding Egypt’s coastal sovereignty when addressing land subsidence problems. Therefore, this thesis is motivated by three research questions: What are the most vulnerable sites to SLR impacts in the Nile Delta’s coastline? What are the adaptation approaches and mitigation solutions practiced in theses sites and can floating structures offer a better solution against SLR for these sites? How to implement floating structures in the Nile Delta’s most vulnerable coastline sites to SLR? Previous studies indicate that floating structures developed through the last decades concluding that it’s the most sustainable solution, preferring it to land reclamation approaches where it may present a sustainable and cost-effective method. To date, no systematic floating structures investigation has been seriously considered in the regarding tackling SLR impacts as the government still rely on land reclamation solutions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that floating structures are proposed as a solution to tackle sea level rise (SLR) impacts on Egypt's coastlines. Specifically, it mentions that the study offers hypotheses concluding that floating structures may provide a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional land reclamation methods, which are deemed impractical in the long term. The emphasis on exploring floating structures aligns directly with the claim regarding the creation of habitable spaces on water in response to rising sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: increased from 17. 2% (±1. 9) in 2002 to 19. 6% (±1. 6) in February 2005 (values are mean ± standard error unless otherwise stated). Coral cover at decreased significantly (P = 0. 0002) from 18. 0% (±1. 9) in 1999 to 13. 3% (±1. 6) in March 2005 with the drop primarily occurring between 1999 and 2000 and showed no change thereafter. showed no change in coral cover [mean=22. 5% (±2. 6)] from 2003 through January 2005. Table 1 Results from individual t-tests comparing water temperatures in 2005–2007 to historical water temperatures of St. John, US (NS: P > 0. 05)Full size table BleachingReef-depth water temperatures were higher than the historical average (1988–2004 monthly average) for St. John from April to September 2005, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0. 05) in April, June, August, and September 2005 (Fig. 2; Table 1). Bleaching of isolated scleractinian corals was first observed in July, when water temperatures averaged 29. 2°C. Coral bleaching became more severe as temperatures continued to be 0. 7–0. 9°C higher than historical averages until September. The maximum average monthly temperature, 30. 2°C, occurred in September 2005 which was 1. 2°C warmer than the historical average. The ‘peak’ in coral bleaching (defined as the highest percent coral cover pale or white) occurred between September and November 2005 with >90% of the coral cover at each study site displaying some sign of thermal stress, and the lowest maximum bleaching detected for any individual transect was 74%. During this period, >40% of the coral cover at each site was completely white. Water temperatures returned to near-normal in October 2005; however, bleaching continued at all sites, and 56% of the coral cover remained bleached or pale during the coldest period (January–April) in 2006. The four reefs sampled in July 2006 had an average of 34. 6% coral cover still discolored; however, no coral cover was completely white at that time. Complete re-coloration (i. e. , bleaching recovery) had still not occurred by the last sampling survey (Mennebeck Reef, October 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed statistical evidence of coral bleaching and reef degradation from historical data. It describes significant drops in coral cover and persistent high water temperatures leading to severe bleaching, indicating that solutions like artificial coral reefs are not currently addressing the ongoing issues of coral health and recovery, particularly with 56% of coral cover remaining bleached even months after temperatures returned to normal.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses measures of family planning representation and resource allocation without mentioning ancient civilizations or written records. It focuses on modern issues in equity and analysis methodologies, thus providing no information relevant to the claim about ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Floating infrastructure is being explored to create habitable spaces on water for rising sea levels. [SEP] Text: If the government applies the recommended method derived from the outcomes of this thesis, it will safeguard Egypt’s coastal sovereignty for the long-term. The study will help to uncover critical impacts of SLR on costal urbanizations and offers floating structures as a sustainable long-term adaptation solution that Egyptian researches seem to disregard. Therefore, a new approach on adapting to the rising seas concerning Egypt’s is explored. To illustrate such approach, the Nile delta is used as a case study to show how floating structures could present the ideal solution for such low-lying region. To answer the research questions, the study conducts eight researches using up-to-date data. The first study conducts time series analysis and ranking of impacted areas from SLR on the Nile Delta. The second study conducts a qualitative assessment on SLR impacts for ten case studies and evaluates adaptation solutions practiced in each case. The third study conducts site analysis on the most impacted area identified. The fourth study conducts evaluation design matrix of adaptation and mitigation solutions. The fifth study conducts comparative analysis on eight in depth floating community case studies. The sixth study conducts comparative analysis of different approaches and methods to set guidelines for building on water. The seventh study conducts content analysis to set expanding dynamics guidelines of floating cities. Finally, the eighth study sets architectural design guidelines and floating community concept model for the Nile Delta. The findings show that the impacts of traditional adaptation approaches on Egypt’s coastlines are more complex than previously thought and suggest that they were tolerated over time when floating structures were not technologically advanced as nowadays. Findings provide support for the key arguments that traditional adaptation and mitigation methods are not a long-term solution. Analysis demonstrate Abu-to be the most vulnerable area to SLR. Although floating structures have demonstrated not to be the optimum solution in every case regarding cost effectiveness and site suitability, however upon site analysis, it presents itself to be the best solution for Abu-Qir bay for many reasons. The concept per say should not be observed as a precise demonstration for a future floating community module, but a reference for future projects rather than costly land reclamation methods. More information Item ID: 57825 DC Identifier: OAI Identifier: oai:oa. upm. es:57825 DOI: 10. 20868/UPM. thesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the exploration of floating structures as a sustainable long-term adaptation solution for rising sea levels (SLR). It highlights research conducted on the Nile Delta, demonstrating that floating structures could present the ideal solution for low-lying regions. The study suggests that traditional adaptation methods are inadequate and emphasizes the need for innovative approaches such as floating communities, thereby supporting the idea of floating infrastructure being explored for habitable spaces in response to rising sea levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: Overall, the onset of recovery from bleaching occurred soon after temperatures dropped (October 2005); however, complete colony re-coloration was slow and incomplete. The five reefs sampled in 2007 were still not homogenous in color when compared with the reefs in years before the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event. Fig. 2St. John seawater temperatures at reef depth in 2005–2007 compared with 1988–2004 data. Black line and error bars represent, respectively, the average, minimum, maximum of monthly average temperatures recorded at 3 reefs at St. John from 2005 to 2007 (Haulover, Newfound, Yawzi). Gray area shows range (minimum–maximum) of monthly average temperatures recorded at the same 3 reefs from 1988 to 2004. Number of sites with data loggers varied by month and year. Data loggers recorded temperature every 2 hFull size image Twenty-one scleractinian species were quantified from the surveys at the onset of coral bleaching; with 16 species bleached including the 12 most-abundant (>0. 5% cover). Within those species, maximum bleached cover by Montastraea annularis (complex) ranged from 98–99. 5% among study sites; Colpophyllia natans and Agaricia agaricites each ranged from 80 to 100%; Porites porites, 75–100%; and D. labyrinthiformis, 67–100%. Three species however showed wider ranges of bleached cover: M. cavernosa (0–86%), P. astreoides (62–84%), and Siderastrea siderea (46–100%). Interestingly, Madracis spp. were never observed as bleached (quantified under a random point) within the monitored transects during the study, but both Madracis decactis and M. mirabilis/auretenra (Locke et al. 2007) were rare and found at only two sites. Bleaching was found throughout all depths (depth range = 3. 7–18. 9 m), and depth was not a factor in the amount of coral cover bleached during maximum bleaching (P = 0. 94). DiseaseFive known diseases/syndromes were observed throughout the study including black band disease, dark spot disease, white band disease (on Acroporid colonies), Caribbean yellow band disease, and white plague disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details on the ongoing issues of coral bleaching and recovery, highlighting that complete recovery of coral colonies has been slow and incomplete following a bleaching event. It discusses specific species and their varying levels of bleaching, emphasizing that depth was not a factor in the amount of coral cover bleached. This indicates a more complex scenario regarding coral recovery, which contrasts with the claim that artificial coral reefs will 'solve' the issue by a set deadline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? For the age analysis, the findings are for all women where possible. There is a separate analysis for unmarried sexually active women. The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. We do start the conclusions with some general statements. Since we cannot measure direct program effect in this paper, we added a point in the discussion where we mention this has a limitation. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern on this 1. While the authors do cite relevant literature, I think reference to the Choi and Fabic 2. Regarding wealth categories, I was not clear on whether these quintiles were defined cross-country or within country. For example, if women were in the poorest households, were these the poorest within their own country or the poorest across all countries? I assume the latter but a slight clarification would make this more clear. 2. Figure 1 - Rather than have two colors differentiating older/later surveys could authors differentiate each country with color/symbol combinations? I think this would make interpretation easier and faster. 3. Figure 2- I applaud the authors creativity in finding a way to visualize quite a bit of information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various analysis methodologies and findings related to demographics, vulnerable populations, and program effects. It does not mention anything related to ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodomes can enable year-round crop production regardless of external weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 7453 MB) this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Share on facebook Share on linkedin Share on twitter 1. Introduction2. Data and methodsa. Datab. Statistical significance3. Resultsa. Report numbersb. Spatial patterns and convective environmentsc. Influence of ENSO4. Summary and discussion10. 1038/ngeo2385. Allen, J. T. , M. K. Tippett, and A. H. Sobel, 2015: Influence of the El Niño/on tornado and hail frequency in the United States. Nat. Geosci. , 8, 278–283, falseSearch 10. 1111/j. 2517-6161. 1995. tb02031. x. Benjamini, Y. , and Y. Hochberg, 1995: Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc. , 57B, 289–300, falseSearch 555. Brooks, H. E. , G. W. Carbin, and P. T. Marsh, 2014: Increased variability of tornado occurrence in the United States. Science, 346, 349–352, H. E. , G. W. Carbin, and P. T. Marsh, 2014: Increased variability of tornado occurrence in the United States. Science, 346, 349–352, falseSearch 10. 1002/qj. 4178. Büeler, D. , L. Ferranti, L. Magnusson, J. F. Quinting, and C. M. Grams, 2021: Year-round sub-seasonal forecast skill for Atlantic–European weather regimes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc. , 147, 4283–4309, falseSearch 10. 1175/WAF-D-17-0120. 1. Childs, S. J. , R. S. Schumacher, and J. T. Allen, 2018: Cold-season tornadoes: Climatological and meteorological insights. Wea. Forecasting, 33, 671–691, falseSearch 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim regarding biodomes and crop production. It appears to be a list of research studies and articles with no mention of biodomes, agriculture, or any related concepts. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: 0 cm2 of tissue loss from disease per transect) than the reference sites, with 104-fold more lesions and 55-fold more disease-induced tissue loss than initial surveys at the reference sites. The greatest amount of disease-induced mortality occurred within several months after the highest percent of bleached coral cover was observed except for Tektite Reef, where disease mortality and bleaching severity peaked simultaneously. Maximum disease-induced mortality did not occur at the same time for each site (see Fig. 4); however, most of the mortality was documented during the winter months, when water temperatures were similar to historical averages and re-coloration of corals had begun (Fig. 3). An average of 68. 8% of all lesions and 65. 6% of the disease-induced mortality occurred within 6 months after bleaching was first observed. Fig. 3Time series of identical video captures at showing a bleached Montastraea annularis, September 2005, b M. annularis re-coloring and heavily affected by coral disease, November 2005, c near-total mortality of M. annularis with surviving portion still pale, January 2006Full size image Disease activity at all sites remained elevated through July 2006 with two reference sites, still having 10 times more lesions and twice as much area of tissue loss from disease when compared with initial surveys. Continued monitoring of the disease in 2007 revealed the number of disease-induced lesions was similar to pre-bleaching values for two reference sites, Newfound and Reef. Haulover remained the only site that still showed a greater number of disease-induced lesions than pre-bleaching levels; however, the area of disease-associated mortality was similar to the initial surveys for all three sites. White plague was still the dominant disease representing 99. 3% of the lesions, and 94. 3% of the area of tissue loss from disease in 2007. Black band and white band were the only other two diseases recorded in 2007, but at comparatively low levels. Montastraea annularis (complex) was again the most significantly affected with 92% of the lesions and 86% of the area of tissue loss from disease occurring on this species group. Annual comparisons between disease-induced lesions and temperature showed no correlation between the two variables in 2005 and 2007. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing issues of disease and mortality in coral populations, particularly highlighting that significant disease-induced mortality occurred after bleaching events, which suggests that simply installing artificial reefs will not fully address the complexities of coral health and survival. The text indicates that while some lesions returned to pre-bleaching levels, significant mortality from diseases such as white plague remains a dominating factor affecting coral species, contrary to the claim that artificial reefs will solve the problem of coral bleaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: On the whole I like the chart, but did find some sections where I could not find countries across time. For example Nepal/older in panel 3. older is the turquoise dot near Malawi, what is the purple dot? Would the addition of shapes help? Defer to the authors but think a critical review is necessary to make sure the changes in all countries can be easily located in each panel. 4. Very minor change - suggest rewording "Increases were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda in rural settings" to "Increases in rural settings were significant in seven countries– Burundi, Ethiopia, and Uganda" 5. Is it possible to show change in education status, similar to what you did for wealth, to demonstrate both how mcp use has changed and how education status has changed? Fine if not, but it seems like it would compliment the wealth analysis. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Yes 1. Choi Y, M: in Equality for the Goals: A of for Family Planning. Sci Pract. 2018; 6 (2): 390-401 Pub| competing interests were disclosed. Family planning, demography, survey analysis I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (0) keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 08 Feb 2022 | for Version 2 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2022 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the existence of detailed written records from ancient civilizations. It primarily discusses suggestions for a chart review and issues surrounding study design and statistical analysis, with no mention of ancient civilizations or their records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodomes can enable year-round crop production regardless of external weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 117 p. Research output: Thesis › internal - THEST1 - A greenhouse crop production system for tropical lowland conditionsAU - Impron, S. N1 - WU thesis no. 5059PY - 2011/9/12Y1 - 2011/9/12N2 - Key words: tropical lowland climate, tropical lowland greenhouse, plastic greenhouse, near infrared radiation (NIR) reflecting plastic, greenhouse climate model, determinate tomato, crop growth, development, truss appearance rate, crop simulation model,. The goal of this research was to improve greenhouse crop production under tropical lowland conditions. The dynamics of greenhouse climate were analyzed using a simple greenhouse climate model (GCM), while the growth and development of a determinate tomato crop were quantified using the greenhouse crop simulation model. By combining the GCM and models, ways to improve tomato production under tropical lowland greenhouse were investigated. Model calculations were calibrated and validated with experiments in six prototype greenhouses with three different near infrared (NIR) transmissivities during three periods with different tropical lowland climate characteristics. The greenhouses having high natural ventilation capacity showed a climate closely coupled to the outdoor climate. Greenhouse air temperature TAir was affected more by variation in ventilation and leaf area index than by the applied NIR transmission. Simulation shows that lowering TAir can be achieved by: (i) reducing near infrared radiation (NIR) transmission especially for bigger greenhouses and humid conditions, (ii) increasing ventilation openings and (iii) transpiration cooling, especially under hot and dry conditions. GCM study indicated that naturally ventilated model greenhouses of up to size of 14400 m2 were capable to create TAir close to or lower than outdoor air temperature Tout when the greenhouse crops had leaf area index of higher than 0. 5. Crops with low number of trusses produced substantially lower fruit weight than crops with high number of trusses. Determinate tomato clearly exhibit high fruit abortion, with the number of fruits per truss decreasing as truss number increases. This partly can be explained by low source – sink strength ratio during the productive period. Effort to increase tomato production might require adequate crop management aimed at finding the appropriate source – sink balance. Scenario studies revealed that fruit production by a determinate tomato crop can be increased slightly by using zero NIR transmittance plastic film and by planting three crops per year (which is current practice). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how greenhouses can effectively improve crop production, particularly for determinate tomatoes, under controlled conditions. It discusses the design and function of greenhouses in tropical lowland conditions, emphasizing their ability to manage internal climate variables like temperature and humidity. The mention of natural ventilation and greenhouse climate models supports the notion that these structures can maintain suitable conditions for year-round cultivation, aligning well with the claim about biodomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: , are displayed on right Y-axisFull size image DiscussionWhile coral bleaching and coral disease are individually considerable threats to coral reefs, this study demonstrated the combination of the two can have catastrophic effects on living coral over a large spatial scale. The severity of disease in combination with region-wide bleaching resulted in the greatest total coral loss, affecting several species, ever documented within the Caribbean basin. These study sites represent 25 acres (10 hectares) of some of the most complex, diverse, and species-rich coral reefs in the USVI. Four of the reefs are located in long-established (multiple-decades) marine protected areas (MPAs). The ecological importance of these reefs as sources of coral larvae, and as structure and habitat for fish communities and infaunal invertebrates, extend well beyond the reef boundaries. Furthermore, tremendous losses in coral cover from 2005 to 2006 were not limited to these study sites. Annual monitoring (using the same techniques, although not at the peak of bleaching or episodically thereafter) from two other USVI sites with lower initial coral cover (with 8. 5% in St. John and and Groove with 5. 1% at Buck Island; Rogers et al. 2008) also showed dramatic coral cover losses of 48. 1 and 41. 5%, respectively. Other surveys within territorial waters of the USVI also showed a decline of 40% coral cover likely from a white-plague-like syndrome (Woody et al. 2008). Similarly, Puerto Rico, approximately 100 km west of the USVI experienced record-breaking seawater temperatures that produced historically severe bleaching eventually followed by massive outbreaks of white plague and Caribbean yellow band disease. Losses in coral cover ranged from 20 to 97% (Ballantine et al. 2008). Reserve of Culebra (50 km west of USVI) reported an epizootic of white plague post-bleaching with a resulting 67% decline in coral cover (Ballantine et al. 2008). (BVI), approximately 35 km east of the US Virgin Islands, experienced similar conditions of elevated water temperatures with extensive coral bleaching followed by coral mortality from white plague (Bouchon et al. 2008). While coral bleaching was ubiquitous throughout the Caribbean in 2005, coral mortality was the highest from the and the BVI where coral disease epizootics followed the bleaching. This emphasizes the importance of frequency of monitoring (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the severe impacts of coral bleaching and disease on existing coral reefs, particularly noting significant losses and mortality rates in the Caribbean. It highlights that coral bleaching leads to catastrophic effects on coral populations, with losses documented between 20% to 97% in various locations, showing that existing conditions and threats are not resolved by artificial means. Therefore, it implies that artificial coral reefs alone are unlikely to address the broader issues of coral bleaching by 2030.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 2020. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. Fertility, family planning, demography I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses feedback on a report related to family planning and does not address any aspects of ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: , fan-wetted evaporated pad as opposed to forced ventilation) in autumn-winter (AW) and spring (SP) cropping seasons, to assess the effect of different irrigation amounts upon growth, indicated that there is a possibility for a hydroponically cucumber crop to grow and produce without any accompanying evaporative cooling system, as forced ventilation system could provide the desired air change by removing the excess sensible energy. The transpiration rates were statistically higher in the force ventilation compartment irrespective of the growing period, which resulted in less water and nutrient outflow into the environment. Compared to the AW season, plants grown in the SP season indicated higher production ranging from 53-84% in the force ventilation compartment but lower water use efficiency values. In addition, lower irrigation doses tested, for maintained drainage fraction close to 20-25% rather than 35-40% did not negatively affect plant growth rate or production. Despite the fact that, whitewash considered being the most profitable cooling practice from an energy and water saving point of view, a negative correlation between production and whitewash cooling system was found as opposed to fan-wetted pad evaporative cooling, which resulted in lower irrigation water use efficiency. However, the total greenhouse water use efficiency between two systems evaluated were the same, taking into account the amount of water needed to be evaporated from wetted pad (mean value of 72 l. m-2 d-1). In the current study, the simplified Penman-Monteith model anticipated for predicting short time transpiration was calibrated and successfully validated. The findings of the current study support that model coefficients respond differently under prevailing environmental conditions and coincide with the notion that they should be calibrated for each specific situation. In addition, the present study clearly demonstrated that there is a strong connection between leaf temperature and transpiration and irrigation scheduling based on transpiration may be possible to predict even at high irrigation interval cultivations such as the hydroponics cultures, by using plant as an indicator, with the use of a single leaf temperature sensor. In that framework a new reformatted equation of the simplified Penman-Monteith model developed and used. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the amount and the timing of irrigation can even show to be significant predictors for leaf and substrate temperatures; therefore, sensing technology should be implemented as a tool for irrigation monitoring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponic culture and its relationship with irrigation scheduling, indicating that hydroponics can function with effective irrigation management. Specifically, it highlights the possibility for a hydroponic cucumber crop to grow without traditional soil, aligning with the assertion that biodome farms use hydroponic systems. The text also emphasizes the significance of transpiration and irrigation management, which are critical components in hydroponic farming, further supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: , Miller et al. 2003, Borger and Steiner 2005), as with typical annual monitoring, the mortality from the epizootic would have been missed and probably attributed to bleaching. The relationship among high-water temperatures, bleaching, and coral disease is poorly understood for scleractinian corals. Although it seems logical to think that high sea water temperatures stress corals and make them more susceptible to disease, the evidence is still rather limited. Some of the 21. 4% and decreased to 8. 3% post-episode. Prior to the 2005 Caribbean coral-bleaching event, long term monitoring around St. John and had shown decreasing coral cover due to hurricanes (e. g. , Hubbard et al. 1991; Rogers et al. 1997), anchor damage (Rogers and Garrison 2001), disease (Miller et al. 2003), and overfishing (Rogers et al. 2008). However, documented coral cover losses were of smaller magnitude (e. g. , from 20 to 13% at due to Hurricane Hugo, Rogers et al. 1997) and very localized. Recent monitoring (post-2000, but prior to 2005 bleaching) at the study reefs showed two sites within VINP with significant increases in coral cover suggesting that while MPAs are not a panacea for coral reefs (see Coelho and Manfrino 2007), a synergy of ecology and management could facilitate positive coral growth. The severity and duration of the 2005 coral-bleaching event and subsequent disease outbreak superseded management and political boundaries affecting reefs within and outside national parks and eliminated any pre-bleaching gains in coral cover. During this study, coral cover declined on 99 of the 100 transects sampled (the only exception being one transect at that went from 3. 4 to 3. 9% coral cover). The direct cause of most coral mortality during and after the 2005 bleaching was disease that had signs consistent with white plague. This disease has been documented since the 1970s (Dustan 1977) and was first observed around the island of St. John in 1997 (Miller et al. 2003). White-plague-like signs have been observed in 41 different species of hard coral (Weil et al. 2006), including many major reef-building species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing issues related to coral bleaching and mortality, particularly emphasizing that management and political boundaries are not sufficient to prevent coral decline. It highlights that most coral mortality during the 2005 bleaching was caused by disease, and while there were localized increases in coral cover, the overall data shows a decline in coral cover due to multiple stressors such as hurricanes, diseases, and overfishing. This suggests that merely creating artificial reefs may not be enough to solve the broader issues of coral bleaching and management needed to support coral health by 2030.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Specific questions are addressed below. I suggest the authors focus the scope of this analysis and interpretation more specifically on the contraceptive use (or demand satisfied – see point #3) outcomes they can directly measure with DHS and MICS data used here. Though the authors say “we examine FP2020 country data and policies for signs of inequity” the data and methods in this paper do not allow it to comment directly on the focus of programs or policies. Such an analysis would require more comprehensive (not just selective) data on programmatic and policy decisions, with adequate lag time for analysis. We agree we would need additional data to discuss how program and policies impacted MCPR gains. Hence why it is not a focus of this paper and we removed any 2019. Is there a reason for using the Bangladesh 2014 DHS and not the 2017-18 survey? Unless there is a compelling reason related to the data, using the 2017-18 survey instead will provide a longer time lapse to better measure cumulative influence of FP2020. We only included surveys that were released by June 2019 and the Bangladesh 2017-18 had not been released by June 2019. The selective citing of policies related to increases in MCP among certain groups (e. g. , Malawi’s focus on youth) distracts from the overall finding/message (that FP2020 commitments, as they were applied within countries, did not seem to exacerbate inequalities writ large). These policies are also cited inconsistently – e. g. , credited for MCP gains among Malawi youth but no such policy is cited for the substantial gains among Malawi’s uneducated women – and thus come across as selective. On the first point, the overall focus of the paper is to assess if FP2020’s 120 million goal exacerbated inequities in countries. The focus of the paper is not on the country commitments themselves. We use the Malawi example to show that countries focused on implementing policies that supported reducing inequities. On the second point, we cited that Malawi prioritized youth access to family planning in their Strategy 2015-2020. The same policy also highlights the importance of education and prioritizing educational attainment among adolescent girls – we just did not cite this directly in the paper. I generally found the graphics challenging to read and interpret, with the key messages not clearly represented visually. Perhaps fewer and simpler graphics could better convey the main findings. We have added interpretation to the wealth and education graphics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific analytical methods, data sources, and findings related to family planning policies and their impact on inequalities, which do not address or provide information on the written records of ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: ) Μελέτη της απορρόφησης θρεπτικών στοιχείων από κολοκυνθοειδή καλλιεργούμενα σε κλειστά υδροπονικά συστήματα σε συνθήκες υψηλής αλατότητας Εφαρμογή αζωτοδεσμευτικών βακτηρίων σε συμβατικό, βιολογικό και υδροπονικό σύστημα καλλιέργειας νωπού φασολιού (Phaseolus vulgaris L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of hydroponic systems in closed conditions for growing crops, specifically mentioning a study on nutrient absorption in cucurbits and the application of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in hydroponic systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: (2018) described similar global heat stress patterns and trends over a period of 1871–2017, which tends to indicate that the trend is a climate change signal rather than a cyclical variation. The proportion of reef locations exposed to heat stress is larger (> 50%) than might previously have been expected. This result is realistic, given that the annual maximum HS values represent a positive deviation from the expected summertime maximum temperature, for which a single daily value of 1 °C would not be uncommon, even historically. The clear increase in the extent of accumulated heat stress (at all DHW thresholds) through the entire record is consistent with previous temperature-based analyses (e. g. Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2014; Heron et al. 2016b; Eakin et al. 2018) and with observations of coral bleaching (Donner et al. 2017; Oliver et al. 2018). The consistency through time of the CoralTemp dataset has enabled direct comparison of past events. The rapid increase in the extent of peak events though time is alarming. For example, Fig. 3b clearly shows the rapid increase in the extent of DHW ≥ 4 °C-weeks globally (which is also mirrored in Fig. 3a, b, i. e. DHW ≥ 2 °C-weeks and DHW ≥ 8 °C-weeks, respectively). This is the reason for the rapid increase in the number of reefs that have seen bleaching worldwide as reported by Hughes et al. (2018a). The most eye-catching peaks in this graph are for 1987, 1998, 2010 and 2016 when the percentage of reefs with DHW ≥ 4 °C-weeks was 8. 4%, 19. 8%, 31. 1% and 49. 3%, respectively (it must be noted that 2015 and 2017 were 21. 4% and 29. 9%, respectively). Although four peak events are too few to perform a valid trend analysis, it is extremely tempting to look at this graph and expect another peak event sometime in the mid-2020s, where significant bleaching (i. e. DHW ≥ 4 °C-weeks) is experienced on more than 60% of the world’s reefs, and if the multi-year event over 2015–2017 is an indicative of future events, the next peak may also be a multi-year event. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data on the increasing prevalence of heat stress and coral bleaching over time, indicating that the situation is worsening rather than being solved. The text mentions that over 50% of reef locations are exposed to heat stress and predicts that more than 60% of the world’s reefs may experience significant bleaching events in the mid-2020s, which suggests that artificial coral reefs alone may not be sufficient to address the escalating coral bleaching crisis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: I’d like more discussion about implications of the findings that some advantaged groups have experienced MCP stagnation or declines. Does this imply an inequitable focus on these groups, suggesting further declines among these groups under the FP2020 “equity” approach? Unlikely, but this could still have implications about how the FP2030 defines equity moving forward. After reinforcing their message that in its aim of reaching 120 million additional users FP2020 does not seem to have widened the use gap between advantaged and disadvantaged women, I’d encourage the authors to give a bit more consideration to their findings on MCP declines among several more advantaged groups and the implications this might have for FP2030. The changes in modern contraceptive use among the most advantage groups (e. g. most education, richest, oldest, urban) were not significant. We have added this note into the discussion. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 12 Aug 2021 | for Version 1 Shawn Malarcher, Agency for 0 Views copyright © 2021 Malarcher S. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(1) Reservations info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses modern contraceptive use and the implications of findings related to advantaged and disadvantaged groups in the context of FP2020 and FP2030. It does not address the existence or detail of written records by ancient civilizations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: In the early 1930s, he did an experiment on production of agricultural crops through nutrient culture and termed it as aquaculture. The term so used was dropped due to culturing of aquatic organisms as aquaculture. During 1930s refinement work on hydroponics was expanded toward Europe, Japan, and worked and Sweden. In 1937, W. A. Setchell introduced the term “hydroponics. ” The hydroponic nutrient solution includes minerals in the raw water and nutrients added with fertilizers. The right fertilizer, right dose, and right concentration in the hydroponic nutrient solution greatly depend on the quality of the raw water to be used. This technique has advantages over other methods such as high water use efficiency, improved growth rate, and disease control and also offers more controlled environmental conditions for plants growth and development. Advertisement 2. Nutrient solution technique Hydroponics is a technology in which nutrient uptake occurs through plant roots dipped in the nutrient culture. Prior to use of hydroponic culturing, the crop physiological functioning system must be clear. For optimum crop growth and functioning, mixture of sunlight, carbon dioxide, water, and nutrient elements for photosynthetic efficiency is needed. Besides, the minerals are either found naturally in the soil or supplied through the fertilizers to the soil. Thus, it is evident that plant needs mineral derived from the soil for its growth, not the soil which becomes a basic idea behind the development of hydroponics. Moreover, the roots also need an optimum supply of oxygen for uptake and transport of metabolites to the whole plant. In hydroponic system, the roots of plants are in direct contact with the nutrient solution only vis-a-vis the absorption of nutrients occurs more easily than soil grown plants. This system also performed the crop plants with faster growth and higher yields and in turn saves energy for extensive root system development and thus, more of energy can be diverted toward leaf and stem growth. Besides, it also offers significant advantages over traditional farming, producing greater yields, faster growth, and possibly year-round crop production. This system further allows recycling of nutrient solution without wastage of water. The amount and composition of the nutrients to which plants have access can be monitored precisely by the grower. It also allows the grower to control the pH level of the solution and protects plants from pests and diseases. However, the literature is still scanty with respect to production of hydroponic fruits [1, 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing hydroponics as a method of growing crops that does not rely on soil. It details how in hydroponic systems, 'the roots of plants are in direct contact with the nutrient solution' and emphasizes that 'plant needs mineral derived from the soil for its growth, not the soil,' highlighting the usage of nutrient solutions instead of traditional soil-based cultivation. Additionally, the mention of 'greater yields' and 'faster growth' supports the assertion that these farming techniques are particularly efficient, which aligns with the claim regarding biodome farms using such systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: This sharp increase in extent of bleaching-level thermal stress is mirrored in all basins with the exception of the Atlantic, where 2005 was a standout year with 61% of reefs reaching DHW ≥ 4 °C-weeks. Nevertheless, the Atlantic continued to experience widespread bleaching-level thermal stress during 2010 and 2015, and although these years were slightly less than the extent during 2005, the values of 51% and 39% remain alarmingly high. While severe heat stress events (DHW ≥ 8 °C-weeks) have been observed at some reef pixels in all years (Fig. 3c), the increase through the study period has been dramatic. Prior to the 1998 event, the average global percentage of reef pixels exposed at this level was 0. 3% (1986–1997). From 1998 to 2009, this exposure increased to 1. 1% of reef pixels, on average. Since 2010, 5. 5% of reef pixels have, on average, reached or exceeded 8 °C-weeks. Prior to 1998, there was no instance of the global proportion of severe heat stress exceeding 1% in the study period; of the 20 years since, ten have had severe heat stress at over 1% of reef pixels. The high percentage of reef pixels exposed to severe heat stress in 2005 was strongly driven by the regional event in the Caribbean (Atlantic basin), during which many reefs were severely damaged. The 1998 value for the global percentage of reef pixels with DHW ≥ 8 °C-weeks of 2. 1% was surpassed in seven subsequent bleaching years (Eakin et al. 2010, 2017; Heron et al. 2016b): 2005 (3. 1%), 2009 (2. 6%), 2010 (8. 3%), 2014 (3. 0%), 2015 (2. 7%), 2016 (17. 2%) and 2017 (10. 2%). That the four consecutive years 2014–2017 each had an extent of severely bleached reefs greater than in 1998 is an alarming fact that underlines the overall trend in the heat stress trend analyses presented here. The combined extent of severe heat stress from 2015 to 2017 was a more than 15-fold increase from the percentage of reefs with severe heat stress in 1998, affecting nearly one-quarter of reef locations (23. 5%). The CoralTemp dataset will soon be extended back to 1981, with plans to integrate data from phase 2 of the Agency’s programme (Merchant et al. 2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the increasing severity of coral bleaching events and the extent of thermal stress that coral reefs are experiencing, which suggests that simply implementing artificial coral reefs may not adequately address the ongoing and escalating problem of global coral bleaching. The statistics presented, such as the alarming increase in percentages of reefs exposed to severe heat stress, highlight the continuing decline in coral health, indicating that the claim may be overly optimistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. Did you limit the analysis to married women 15-19? Did you explore using sexually active 15-19 yrs olds? The conclusion is a bit difficult to follow. It’s not just about – were there any significant gains in vulnerable populations. What we want to see is that programs focused on these groups and we saw them “catch up”. How did their gains compare with gains elsewhere? Perhaps you could start the conclusion with some general statements about which population groups saw the greatest increases in country (vulnerable or not) and then focus on the countries that show significant gains in reducing inequities. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? competing interests were disclosed. family planning, social science research, KM, research translation I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. replyRespond to this report Responses (1) 28 Jan 2022 Shiza Shiza, FP2020, Washington, 20006, USA Overall, we found your feedback to be incredibly helpful. Thank you for taking the time to make comments. Specific questions are addressed below. While MCPR is a useful measure for this exercise, it does not provide the full picture of equity in FP. For example, unmet need for contraception may provide a better measure at how well programs are meeting demand. Likewise, MCPR does not capture client experience or the ability of the system to provide a preferred method. For purposes of this analysis, I agree MCPR works well, however, I suggest the authors acknowledge this limitation. We added additional information on this in the methods section where we discuss why we opted to use MCPR and then also added in the discussion section limitation of how our analysis in unable to provide an analysis on client experience or the ability of the system to provide a woman’s preferred method. The current version is a high quality academic paper. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses feedback on an academic paper related to family planning and social science research, without mentioning ancient civilizations or their written records.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodome farms often use hydroponic or aeroponic systems to grow crops with minimal soil. [SEP] Text: Seedlings of fruit crops can also be grown hydroponically in earlier stages of growth and then transplanted to the field. Different fruit crops namely, grapes, raspberry, blackberry, blueberry, and strawberry can be grown hydroponically. Strawberries and blueberries perform best under hydroponics system because of acidic soil requirement are best suited to blueberries and be grown under hydroponic system as pH level and nutrient content are easily controlled and maintained in hydroponics. 2. 1 Hydroponics technique There are different types of hydroponics technique being employed for growing of plants. There are mainly three types of hydroponic systems. 2. 1. 1 Nutrient film technique It is a system in which the nutrient solution is passed through the roots of plants placed in a channel. The plants are placed on channels made up of wood, rigid to flexible tubes or plastic and the nutrient rich solution is either pumped through it or passed under gravitation reaching the root system effectively. This technique is effective only for the plants with large root system. The nutrient film technique (NFT) was developed during the late 1960s by Dr. at the in the U. K. NFT is the growing of plants, bare-rooted in long, waterproof channels, down which flows a very shallow stream of re-circulating water, into which are dissolved all the minerals required to grow healthy plants. NFT is a hydroponic technique wherein a very shallow stream of water containing all the dissolved nutrients required for plant growth is re-circulated past the roots of plants in a watertight gully, also known as channels. According to the pre-requisite to achieve a nutrient film situation more effectively is described as (i) ensuring the gradient down where water flows is uniform and not subject to localized depressions, (ii) rapid inlet flow rate that a considerable depth of water flows down to the gradient, (iii) adequate width of the channels to avoid any damming up of the nutrients, and (iv) flat channel base but not curved due to which otherwise will be a considerable depth of liquid along the center of a channel with a curved base. N. F. T. system is fairly a simple design. However, this is not best suited for smaller quick growing plants. 2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of hydroponics for growing various crops, such as strawberries and blueberries, particularly in conditions where soil quality is difficult to manage. It explains that hydroponic systems allow for better control over nutrient content and pH levels, supporting the idea that biodome farms employ such systems to grow crops with minimal reliance on soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial coral reefs will solve global coral bleaching by 2030. [SEP] Text: This will allow the inclusion of heat stress from the 1982/83 ENSO event, which was at least the first widespread bleaching event (Coffroth et al. 1990) and may have been the first global bleaching event. Information from these earlier years will likely further contrast with the recent, rapid increase in heat stress and associated bleaching that has resulted from global warming. Defining a heat stress yearThe outcome of the analysis to define the heat stress year (HSY) periods supports the methodology of separating Northern from Southern Hemispheres, even for reef locations near the equator. The starting dates for each HSY (February 1 in the Northern Hemisphere; and August 1 in the Southern Hemisphere) were defined as the month with the minimum climatological average percentage of reef pixels with heat stress. These dates are sufficiently separated from the equinox timings (late March heading into the boreal summer; and late September heading into the austral summer), when the sun is directly over the equator (local solar maximum) that any heat stress near the equator would fall completely within the relevant HSY. Additionally, peak ocean temperature typically lags the local solar maximum by 1–2 months, which further separates near-equatorial heat stress from the starting date of the relevant HSY. The climatological minimum percentage of heat stress extent for both hemispheres was well below 0. 1% (Fig. 1); such a low proportion indicates that any historical occurrence of heat stress during the minimum month is exceptional. Temperature variability and resultant heat stress events in the equatorial region are exceptional, not conforming to the seasonality of non-equatorial regions (e. g. Barkley et al. 2018). Instead, equatorial oceans (especially the Pacific) are dominated by interannual, rather than intra-annual, variability (Donner 2011; Langlais et al. 2017). As such, equatorial heat stress events can occur independent of seasonal patterns—as transpired in the where El Niño-driven heat stress was present from April 2015 to May 2016 (Eakin et al. 2017). While the analysis here indicates that long equatorial events, spanning HSYs, are exceptional in the historical record, this may not hold as climate change progresses. It may become necessary to consider the equatorial region (in which there may not be annual periodicity) separately from the Northern and (in which the existing seasonal cycles persist). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of heat stress in coral ecosystems, particularly in relation to historical events like the 1982/83 ENSO event, indicating that coral bleaching is driven by factors such as global warming and interannual variability, rather than being easily solvable with artificial coral reefs by 2030. The mention of ongoing and exceptional heat stress events suggests that the proposed solution of artificial reefs may not adequately address the underlying and escalating issue of global warming-induced coral bleaching.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every ancient civilization has left behind detailed written records. [SEP] Text: It would be helpful to include some recognition that inequities are a result of the system's inability to serve the needs of particular communities. These differences mark important differences in power structures and resource allocation. We added in a note on how resource allocation and tailored programming towards reducing inequities is likely what allowed countries to grow MCPR. Following the point above, in countries where the equity gaps has shrunk, it would be helpful to acknowledge that this is due to the program's ability to shift these power and resource imbalances. They have been able to reshape programs to reflect the values and p1. This one is easy to read. It would be more interesting to present the diff in diff analysis. All countries in the wealth graphic should have two bubbles. One bubble is for the earlier survey and the second bubble is for the later survey. We opted not to do a regression analysis (which would be a difference in difference analysis) and our reasoning added to the discussion section. We will add additional notes that will help with the interpretation. I appreciate the reference and cut off according to confidence interval, but is there a way to include them in the paper? The confidence intervals are included in the paper. For interpretability of the findings, we opted to keep them in tables and not directly in text. I don’t believe it is appropriate to compare the most vulnerable (poorest) with the most advantaged (wealthiest). I recommend focusing your analysis on comparing the most vulnerable to an index population (poorest with middle income), as you have done and drop the other analysis. This comparison is more appropriate in my view and could make the figures and analysis easier to communicate. This is true for education and age as well. We wanted to compare the most disadvantaged group to the least disadvantaged group because we wanted to assess if the most vulnerable (disadvantaged) were left behind while the most advantaged continued to progress. While we focus on these two groups in most of the analysis, we do calculate MCPR among all levels of the equity dimensions and those comparisons can be made by all readers by reviewing the tables. The residential analysis doesn’t reflect on shifts in demographics. Was there a significant shift in people from rural to urban settings? We investigated this question, and we did not see any change in people moving from rural to urban settings in every country between surveys. I can’t follow the finding on age. Please clarify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses issues related to equity, resource allocation, and demographic analysis without touching on the concept of ancient civilizations or their written records.