Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptographic algorithms rely on mathematical complexity for security. [SEP] Text: NIST gave as its reasons for selecting Rijndael that it performs very well in hardware and software across a wide range of environments in all possible modes. It has excellent key setup time and has low memory requirements; also, its operations are easy to defend against power and timing attacks. NIST stated that all five finalists had adequate security and that there was nothing wrong with the other four ciphers. The winning algorithm, Rijndael, was developed by two Belgian cryptologists, [13]. AES provides strong encryption and was selected by NIST as a in November 2001 (FIPS-197). Rijndael follows the tradition of square ciphers. AES algorithm uses three key sizes: a 128-, 192-, or 256-bit encryption key. Each encryption key size causes the algorithm to behave slightly differently, so the increasing key sizes not only offer a larger number of bits with which you can scramble the data but also increase the complexity of the cipher algorithm [14]. 4. 4. of 1 shows the comparative analysis between different cryptography algorithms at different factors such as the key size, block size, cipher type, develop, rounds, and power consumption [15] [16]. 5. In this section, shows the results obtained from running the simulation program using different data like text files, pdf files, word document, and images of different sizes are used to conduct (35) experiments, where a comparison of three algorithms DES, 3DES and AES is performed. Result for cryptography algorithm DES, 3DES and AES are shown in Table 2. Figure 3 shows Time consumption of encryption algorithm by DES, 3DES and AES algorithm. It is noticed that AES algorithm time consumption are highest for all sizes. It indicates the speed of encryption. Throughput of the encryption scheme is calculated by dividing the total plaintext in Megabytes encrypted on the total encryption time for each algorithm. Figure 4 shows Throughput of each encryption algorithm (Megabyte/Sec) in experiment. Figure 5 shows Throughput of DES, 3DES, and AES (Megabyte/Sec) in experiment. The result shows AES algorithm Throughput is highest for all sizes. Figure 6 shows of each encryption algorithm in experiment. Simulation results for this compassion shown in Figure 3. It is clear from the graphs that in case the AES algorithm brute force attack takes much more time to find a key therefore AES has better security than DES and Triple DES. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the properties of the AES algorithm, which include increased key sizes that 'not only offer a larger number of bits with which you can scramble the data but also increase the complexity of the cipher algorithm.' This highlights the reliance on mathematical complexity for the security of cryptographic algorithms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Accessed 14th of June 2022 (2006) Mycorrhizas and soil structure. 171:41–53. Rousk J, Frey SD (2015) Revisiting the hypothesis that fungal-to‐bacterial dominance characterizes turnover of soil organic matter and nutrients. 85: 457–472. (2018) Little evidence that farmers should consider abundance or diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when managing crops. 220:1092–1107. Sainz MJ, (1988) Effect of indigenous and introduced vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and phosphorus uptake of Trifolium pratense and on inorganic phosphorus fractions in a cambisol. Soils 6:55–60. Schalamuk S, (2010) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal propagules from tillage and no-tillage systems: possible effects on Glomeromycota diversity. Mycologia 102:261–268. -P, Geu-é (2022) Prospects to improve the nutritional quality of crops. Secur 11:e327. (2017) Biofortification: A new approach to eradicate hidden hunger. Int 33:1–21. (2021) A global meta-analysis of yield and water productivity responses of vegetables to deficit irrigation. 11:1–13. (2000) Spatial differences in acquisition of soil phosphate between two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in symbiosis with Medicago truncatula. 147: 357–366. Smith SE, (2008). (Third Edition). (1992) The involvement of mycorrhizas in assessment of genetically dependent efficiency of nutrient uptake and use. 146:169–17. (2006) Responses of field grown tomato plants to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization under varying intensities of drought stress. 107:245–253. Tedersoo L, Sánchez-Ramírez S, Kõljalg U, Bahram M, Döring (2018) High-level classification of the fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses. 90:135–159. -Ridge J, Craig ME, van (2021) A trade-off between plant and soil carbon storage under elevated CO2. Nature 591:599–603. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there is 'little evidence that farmers should consider abundance or diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi when managing crops.' This indicates skepticism regarding the beneficial impact of mycorrhizal fungi on plant nutrient uptake, thereby undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: CIT pinpoints the concentrations of oxygen-18 (18O) and carbon-13 (13C) isotopes within the carbon dioxide (CO2) of tooth enamel. These two isotopes, which are commonly found in fossilized carbonate material, clump together with strong bonds but are weakly attached to other C and O isotopes. It’s not energetically favorable for heavier CO2—e. g. , with 18O, 13C, and a light oxygen isotope—to exist at higher temperatures. So a lower concentration of clumped isotopes in enamel CO2 means that the enamel formed at a higher body temperature. This thermometer is independent of the composition of the water that the shark swam in. “Clumped isotope thermometry tests for the temperature of the animal,” said Allison Neumann, a WPU undergraduate student and one of the lead researchers on the project. “We can use that, along with seawater temperature, to figure out whether [O. megalodon] really was an endotherm or an ectotherm. ” A to A fossil O. megalodon tooth (black) compared with two teeth (white) from the modern great white shark. A centimeter ruler shows the teeth’s different sizes. Credit: Parzi, CC BY-SA 3. 0 To test whether the method works, the researchers first calibrated their CIT analysis using teeth from aquarium sharks and wild specimens from areas with temperature records. “Our study investigates a variety of sharks, including lineages that have modern representatives such as the great white, mako, and sand tiger sharks, as well as a number of bony fish and marine mammal taxa, including whales,” Shimada said. Using teeth from modern sharks as comparative benchmarks was key to compare O. megalodon measurements with those of known endothermic and ectothermic marine vertebrates, he said. After confirming that CIT accurately measured the body temperatures of modern sharks, the team moved on to O. megalodon teeth. In this, the extinct shark’s size was a distinct advantage, Griffiths explained. One megalodon tooth provides enough enamel for a full CIT measurement, whereas 15–20 modern shark teeth were needed to provide enough enamel for one measurement, he said. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study investigating the body temperatures of sharks and their relatives using clumped isotope thermometry (CIT) but does not mention dinosaurs, warm-bloodedness, or their behaviors. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about dinosaurs being warm-blooded and behaving like modern birds.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 628 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Time-varying networks approach to social dynamics : from individual to collective behavior View/Open TMS1de1. pdf (12,60Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-95523 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/95523 Show full item record Starnini, directorPastor Satorras, Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament de Física typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2014-10-24 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3. 0 The data revolution experienced by social science has revealed complex patterns of interactions in human dynamics, such as the heterogeneity and burstiness of social contacts. The recently uncovered temporal dimension of social interactions calls for a renewed effort in analysis and modeling of empirical time-varying networks. This thesis contributes to pursue this program, through a twofold track: The modeling of dynamical social systems and the study of the impact of temporally evolving substrates on dynamical processes running on top of them. Firstly, we introduce some basic concepts and definition of time-varying networks formalism, and we present and analyze some empirical data of face-to-face interactions, discussing their main statistical properties, such as the bursty dynamics of social interactions. The main body of the exposition is then split into two parts. In the first part we focus on the modeling of social dynamics, with a twofold aim: reproduction of empirical data properties and analytic treatment of the models considered. We present and discuss the behavior of a simple model able to replicate the main statistical properties of empirical face-to-face interactions, at different levels of aggregation, such as individual, group and collective scales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that models social dynamics, including individual and collective behaviors, which aligns with the idea that social networks can influence behavior. It mentions 'the modeling of dynamical social systems' and the 'impact of temporally evolving substrates on dynamical processes,' emphasizing how social interactions can shape behaviors at varying levels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: In contrast, enhanced N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn uptake in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these nutrients in shoots and enhanced accumulation of all these nutrients except Fe in roots. These results indicate that AMF had little effect on nutrient accumulation or allocation patterns in basil and did not alter the ability of plants to use nutrients in the same manner as increased P rate. Plant growth effects on phenolics. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate had similar effects on the production of TPs and rosmarinic acid (P11), the main polyphenolic detected in basil in the study. The effects of AMF and P rate on TPs and rosmarinic acid production were related to the effects of treatments on plant size. Both AMF inoculation and greater P rate increased plant biomass, TP content, and rosmarinic acid content but not their concentration. These results indicate TP and rosmarinic acid concentrations were not enhanced by either AMF inoculation or P rate. Others have reported that AMF inoculation increased TPs in lettuce and P fertilizer source had no influence on TP production in non-mycorrhizal plants but increased TP production in AMF-inoculated plants (Baslam et al. , 2011). Toussaint et al. (2007) reported that increased P rate increased shoot and root concentrations of rosmarinic acid in non-mycorrhizal O. basilicum ‘Genova’ and inoculation with R. intraradices had no influence on rosmarinic acid concentrations. Their study did not report total plant P uptake, rosmarinic acid production, or the influence of P rate on biomass allocation. In our study, increased P rate enhanced accumulation of rosmarinic acid in shoots but not total plant production of rosmarinic acid because of decreased rosmarinic acid and biomass allocation to roots. The plants in our study were older than those used by Toussaint et al. (2007). Differences in plant age between the two studies may account for differences in response of rosmarinic acid in roots to P rate. Inoculation with AMF and increasing P rate differentially increased total plant accumulation of several other phenolics as a result of treatment effects of plant size. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting results that show AMF inoculation did not significantly enhance nutrient accumulation or allocation patterns in basil plants. It specifically mentions that while AMF-inoculated plants showed enhanced uptake of nutrients like N, K, S, B, Fe, and Zn compared to non-inoculated plants, the overall effect on nutrient accumulation and use was limited, suggesting that AMF may not improve nutrient uptake as asserted in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dinosaurs were all warm-blooded and behaved like modern birds. [SEP] Text: “Megalodon was quite a bit warmer than its coexisting shark species and other sharks such as great whites. ” The preliminary CIT results were very encouraging, the team reported. “The analyses are telling us that megalodon was quite a bit warmer than its coexisting shark species and other sharks such as great whites,” Griffiths said. He stressed that their results were still preliminary and that they require more CIT measurements to be sure. However, “these are sort of the first clues as to what may have led to the extinction of O. megalodon,” he said. “The geochemistry techniques used are very promising,” said Catalina Pimiento, a postdoctoral fellow at in Swansea, Wales, who is studying the paleobiology and paleoecology of sharks. This technique “may overcome the difficulties of other, more traditional isotopic techniques that have failed to inform us on important life history traits of extinct sharks,” said Pimiento, who was not involved with this research. Painting a Picture of and his team have only just begun their CIT analysis of O. megalodon teeth. They plan to conduct more CIT analyses to refine their modern shark benchmarks and analyze more Miocene and Pliocene fossils. The researchers also plan to analyze the fossil teeth using more traditional isotope analyses. For example, a low calcium-44 to calcium-40 ratio suggests a food source that is high in the food chain and could show whether O. megalodon preyed on different animals during different epochs. The ratio of 16O to 18O in a tooth’s carbonates and phosphates would reveal seawater chemistry and temperature, just as it does in corals, sediments, and other paleoclimate archives. When combined, these biogeochemical techniques could paint a more complete picture of O. megalodon’s last years. “So far, we have uncovered the potential role of sea level and consequent area loss in the extinction of O. megalodon,” Pimiento said. “This project may provide additional clues on the role of thermoregulation and sea temperature. ” —Kimberly M. S. Cartier (@AstroKimCartier), Citation: Cartier, K. M. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the temperature regulation and biogeochemical analyses related to the extinct megalodon, a prehistoric shark, but does not provide any information about dinosaurs being warm-blooded or their behavior resembling modern birds. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: The model considers individuals involved in a social gathering as performing a random walk in space, and it is based on the concept of social "attractiveness": socially attractive people (due to their status or role in the gathering) are more likely to make people stop around them, so they start to interact. We also devote attention to the analytic study of the activitydriven model, a model aimed to capture the relation between the dynamics of time-varying networks and the topological properties of their corresponding aggregated social networks. Through a mapping to the hidden variable model, we obtained analytic expressions for both topological properties of the time-integrated networks and connectivity properties of the evolving network, as a function of the integration time and the form of the activity potential. In the second part of the thesis we study the behavior of diffusive processes taking place on temporal networks, constituted by empirical face-to-face interactions data. We first consider random walks, and thanks to different randomization strategies we introduced, we are able to single out the crucial role of temporal correlations in slowing down the random walk exploration. Then we address spreading dynamics, focusing on the case of a simple SI model taking place on temporal networks, complemented by the study of the impact of different immunization strategies on the infection outbreak. We tackle in particular the effect of the length of the temporal window used to gather information in order to design the immunization strategy, finding that a limited amount of information of the contact patterns is sufficient to identify the individuals to immunize so as to maximize the effect of the vaccination protocol. Our work opens interesting perspectives for further research, in particular regarding the possibility to extend the time-varying networks approach to multiplex systems, composed of several layers of interrelated networks, in which the same individuals interact between them on different layers. Empirical analysis of multiplex networks is still in its infancy, indeed, while the data mining of large, social, multi-layered systems is mature to be exploited, calling for an effort in analysis and modeling. Our understanding of the impact of the temporal dimension of networked structures on the behavior of dynamical processes running on top of them can be applied to more complex multi-layered systems, with particular attention to the effect of temporal correlation between the layers in the diffusion dynamics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various models and studies related to social networks and their impact on individual dynamics, such as the effect of social attractiveness in gatherings and the influence of temporal correlations in networked structures on the behavior of individuals. The focus on dynamics within social networks, including immunization strategies based on interaction patterns, supports that social networks indeed play a significant role in shaping individual behavior.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: Several researchers have reported negative correlations between concentrations of secondary compounds and plant growth rate or nutrient concentrations in plants (Haukioja et al. , 1998). This occurs because growth processes dominate over the production of secondary compounds and C is available for secondary compounds only when plant growth is restricted by a lack of mineral nutrients or other factors. Many polyphenolics such as rosmarinic, chicoric, and caftaric acids are derivatives of caffeic acid (Boudet, 2007). In our study, increased P rate suppressed production or accumulation of caffeic acid but increased or had no effect on the derivatives from this precursor. The effect of P rate on caffeic acid production may be a response to stress when plants are grown with lower P availability (e. g. , P deficiency increased production) (Dixon and Paiva, 1995) or a result of increased root exudation of caffeic acid in plants grown with higher P availability (Mandal et al. , 2010; Marschner, 1995). Phenolics influenced only by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. AMF inoculation enhanced total plant production of caftaric acid (P2), a polyphenolic only detected in shoots, and feruloyl tartaric acid (P4) and caffeic acid (P5), polyphenolics detected in shoots and roots. Enhanced caftaric acid, tartaric acid, caffeic acid, caffeic acid (P6), and chicoric acid (P7) production in AMF-inoculated plants compared with non-inoculated plants resulted in enhanced accumulation of these polyphenolics in shoots (all) and roots (only feruloyl tartaric acid and caffeic acid in roots). These results indicate that AMF had little effect on accumulation patterns for several polyphenolics in basil and did not alter plant requirements for these specific secondary metabolites. In contrast, although AMF had no influence on net production of rosmarinic acid (P11), AMF suppressed rosmarinic acid accumulation in roots. This may be a result of rosmarinic acid exudation from roots or decreased metabolic requirements for rosmarinic acid in response to the presence of the fungus in the root system. Others have reported that fungal and bacterial pathogens can increase production and exudation of rosmarinic acid from roots (Bais et al. , 2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the production of certain polyphenolic compounds in plants, they do not have a uniform positive effect on plant nutrient uptake or accumulation patterns for several specific secondary metabolites. It notes that AMF inoculation led to enhanced accumulation of certain polyphenolics but also indicates that AMF had minimal influence on other compounds and could suppress the accumulation of rosmarinic acid in roots. This suggests that AMF may not straightforwardly improve nutrient uptake as the claim proposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Research 10. 7554/eLife. 23379 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordMay 23, 2017 Accepted ManuscriptApril 13, 2017 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,954 views 555 downloads 18 3379. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 6 figures, 3 videos and 2 additional files 1 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Automated OPT platform for automated 3D in situ phenotyping. (A) From left to right, the optical projection tomography platform consists of the following components: (1) a post-mountable broadband emission quartz tungsten-halogen light source, (2) a ground glass diffuser, (3) an imaging chamber and glass capillary capable of rotating the specimen 360°, (4) a telephoto zoom lens, and (5) a programmable progressive scan CCD camera (one megapixel, 120 fps). (B) The imaging chamber consists of an upper hollow shaft stepper motor run by 5-phase microstepping drivers and a lower transparent glass cuvette. The stepper motor holds and rotates an aluminosilicate glass capillary containing a non-embedded, paraformaldehyde-fixed zebrafish embryo stained using standard chromogenic whole-mount in situ hybridization techniques. Both the capillary and the surrounding glass cuvette are filled with benzyl alcohol-benzyl benzoate (BABB) to achieve refractive index matching and render the fixed sample optically transparent. The bottom end of the capillary contains a tapered insert fabricated from index-matching optical adhesive to hold the sample in place during rotational imaging and enable rapid loading and unloading through the upper fluidic port. The location and movement of the embryo during each step is indicated by the red arrow. (C) Tomographic reconstruction of a 2 dpf embryo stained with tyrosine hydroxylase showing from left to right: a typical single 2D bright-field image, a 3D reconstruction of an individual embryo presented as a maximum intensity projection, an averaged 3D expression pattern based on 10 embryos, and a 3D segmentation of the averaged pattern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses an optical projection tomography platform and its components for imaging a zebrafish embryo. It does not provide any information about brain functions or their mapping with current technology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: La revolució de dades en ciències socials ha revelat els complexos patrons de les interaccions en la dinàmica humana, com ara l'heterogeneïtat i la burstiness dels contactes socials. La dimensió temporal recentment descoberta en les interaccions socials demana un esforç renovat en l'anàlisi i la modelització de xarxes empíriques de variables en el temps. Aquesta tesi contribueix a aquest programa, a través d'un doble recorregut: la modelització dels sistemes socials dinàmics i l'estudi de l'impacte de substrats temporalment variables en els processos dinàmics que es desenvolupen sobre ells. En primer lloc, hem introduït els conceptes bàsics i definicions del formalisme de les xarxes de variables en el temps, i presentem i analitzem algunes dades empíriques de les interaccions humanes de proximitat, discutint les seves principals propietats estadístiques. El cos principal de l'exposició es divideix llavors en dues parts. A la primera part ens centrem en els models de dinàmica social, amb un doble objectiu: la reproducció de les propietats de dades empíriques i el tractament analític dels models considerats. Hem presentat i discutit el comportament d'un model simple capaç de replicar les principals propietats estadístiques de les interaccions empíriques cara a cara, a diferents nivells d'agregació: individuals, grupals i d'escala col·lectiva. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the complexity of interactions in human dynamics and the newly discovered temporal dimensions in social interactions. It suggests that social network analysis can lead to a better understanding of how these dynamics influence behavior over time, indicating a significant impact on individual behavior as a result of social networks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Mycorrhizal fungi improve nutrient uptake in plants. [SEP] Text: (2010) reported that increased K fertilizer application rate increased phenolic concentrations in leaves of ‘Sweet Thai’, ‘Dark Opal’, and ‘Genovese’ basil plants. They did not measure the influence of K rate on root phenolics. Positive correlations between certain nutrients and phenolic production may be related to the impact of these nutrients on phenolic metabolism. For example, the biosynthesis of phenolics is closely related with N metabolism, because the precursors for all phenolics are phenylalanine and tyrosine (Boudet, 2007; Petersen et al. , 2009; Vogt, 2010). The influence of AMF and P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of treatments on different nutrients. For example, the influence of AMF on phenolic composition was related to the effects of AMF on enhanced N, S, Mg, and B uptake and the influence of P rate on phenolic composition was related to the effects of P rate on enhanced uptake of P and Ca. Nitrogen and S fertilizer have been shown to be useful management tools for altering basil essential oil content and composition (Zheljazkov et al. , 2008b). Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) reported that increased N fertilizer application rate decreased concentrations of rosmarinic acid and caffeic acid in two of the three basil cultivars evaluated. In our study, N uptake was not related to rosmarinic acid (P11) or caffeic acid (P5) production or shoot accumulation. Nguyen and Niemeyer (2008) used much younger plants than those in our study and they did not report effects of N application on root composition or account for effects of growth on concentrations. The influence of AMF and P rate on production of specific polyphenolics was not related to nutrient uptake. For example, AMF inoculation enhanced production of caffeic acid derivative (P6); however, enhanced production was not related to AMF-enhanced uptake of nutrients. The effects of P rate on certain phenolics were not related to either plant size or uptake of nutrients. For example, increased P rate enhanced quercetin-rutinoside (P9) accumulation and the effects of P rate on quercetin-rutinoside were not related to the effects of P rate on plant size or uptake of any measured nutrient. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AMF (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) inoculation can enhance the production of certain phenolics, this enhancement is not related to nutrient uptake. Specifically, the text mentions that AMF inoculation enhanced the production of caffeic acid derivatives, but this was not connected to increased nutrient uptake, indicating that the association typically expected between mycorrhizal fungi and nutrient improvement may not be evident in this context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: (D) Co-registered 3D segmentations of all probes in our library (left), monoaminergic markers (mono, center), and glutamatergic markers (glut, right). (C,D) Anterior is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Capillary fabrication and OPT image acquisition. (A–C) Fabrication of a refractive index-matched tapered insertion within the glass capillary. (A) After being cleaned in Nano-Strip, the distal end of the capillary is dipped into index-matching optical adhesive and allowed to fill to approximately 5 mm by capillary action. (B) The proximal end of the capillary is attached to a miniature DC electric motor and rotated under short wavelength UV light to cure a thin outer shell of optical adhesive at the distal end. The region of the capillary where the tapered insert will be formed is protected from the UV light by an opaque shield. (C) A syringe is attached to the proximal end of the capillary and air is pumped through it at a rate of 20 mL per second. Simultaneously, long wavelength UV light is applied to completely cure the adhesive. The air flow causes a tapered surface to form in the uncured region of the optical adhesive. (D–E) Compensating for pixel-to-pixel variation in CCD sensitivity. (D) One row of pixels acquired over time prior to pixel response correction. Each row shows the sensor response over time. (E) Pixel response after correction for pixel-to-pixel variation. (F–I) Acquisition data from the OPT system showing the same WISH-stained embryo in full RGB (F) and separated into red (G), green (H), and blue (I) channels. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Registering 3D zebrafish images. (A) Iterative shape averaging (ISA) is used to generate an average unstained reference fish (URF) for each developmental stage of interest from 5–7 wild-type embryos. Left: 2 dpf reference fish following initial alignment with a rigid transform. Right: 2 dpf reference fish after the final deformable B-spline transform. (B) Alignment of probe reference fish (PRF) to URF. Left: the URF alone (green). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed technical process involved in capillary fabrication and image acquisition, as well as the registration of 3D images of zebrafish embryos. It does not provide any information regarding mapping brain functions or the capabilities of current technology related to brain functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social networks can significantly influence individual behavior. [SEP] Text: El model considera els individus que participen en un context social com si realitzaran una caminada a l'atzar en l'espai, i es basa en el concepte de "atractivitat social": persones socialment atractives tenen més probabilitat de que la gent que els envolta interactuï amb ells. Ens hem ocupat també de l'estudi analític del model "activity driven", destinat a capturar la relació entre la dinàmica de les xarxes variables en el temps i les propietats de les seves corresponents xarxes socials agregats. A través d'un mapeig amb el formalisme de variables ocultes, hem obtingut expressions analítiques per a les propietats topològiques de les xarxes integrades en el temps i les propietats de connectivitat de la xarxa en evolució, en funció del temps d'integració i de la forma del potencial d'activitat. A la segona part de la tesi hem estudiat el comportament dels processos difusius sobre xarxes temporals constituïdes per les dades empíriques de interaccions humanes. Primer considerem el procés de "random walk", o camí aleatori, i gràcies a les diferents estratègies de randomització que hem introduït, podem destacar el paper crucial de la correlacions temporals en alentir l'exploració del camí aleatori. Després hem dirigit la nostra atenció a la difusió d'epidèmies, centrant-nos en el cas d'un simple model SI que es desenvolupa a les xarxes temporals, complementat amb l'estudi de l'impacte de diferents estratègies d'immunització sobre la difusió de la infecció. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how individual behavior is influenced within a social context, particularly through the concept of 'social attractiveness,' which suggests that socially attractive individuals are more likely to interact with those around them. This indicates that social networks play a critical role in shaping behavior, as highlighted in both the analysis of 'activity driven' models and the study of human interaction data.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Competing interests The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions MMAS: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. AMA: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. JFA: Participated in all experiments, in the analysis and discussion of the results, and in the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 1298. and Foster, RG (2001). Characterization of an ocular photopigment capable of driving pupillary constriction in mice 4: 621–625, [PubMed] DOI: and Takao, M (2002). Phototransduction by retinal ganglionar cells that set the circadian clock Science 295: 1070–1073, [PubMed] DOI: Provencio, I, Rollag, MD and Castrucci, AM (2002). Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. This mesh of cells may explain how some blind mice can still tell day from night Nature 415: 493. [PubMed] DOI: and O'Hara, BF (2002). Role of melanopsin in circadian responses to light Science 298: 2211–2213, [PubMed] DOI: and Yau, KW (2002). Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–1070, [PubMed] DOI: and Yau, KW (2003). Diminished pupillary reflex at high irradiances in melanopsin-knockout mice Science 299: 245–247, [PubMed] DOI: ñoz, and Bellingham, J (2003). Non-rod, non-cone photoreception in rodents and teleost fish. Molecular clocks and light signal Symp 253: 3–30. [PubMed] Erket, HG (1989). Characteristics of the circadian activity rhythm in common marmoset (Callithrix j. jacchus) Primatol 17: 271–286, DOI: Wechselberger, E and Erkert, HG (1994). Characteristics of the light-induced phase response of circadian activity rhythms in common marmoset, Callithrix j. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of authors' contributions, references to prior studies, and information regarding the authors' declarations of no competing interests. It does not provide any information or evidence supporting or contrasting the claim about circadian rhythms being regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Center: the URF (green) with rigid alignment of PRF (magenta). Right: the URF (green) with final affine alignment of PRF (magenta). (C) Alignment of individual WISH-stained embryos to the PRF. Left: the 2 dpf PRF for tyrosine hydroxylase (th; green). Center: the PRF (green) and a second th-stained embryo (magenta) aligned using deformable registration. Areas of overlap show up as white. Right: an averaged 3D th expression pattern from 10 separate wild-type embryos. Figure 1—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Registration workflow for in situ pattern alignment. (A) Iterative shape averaging is used to select probe reference fish (PRF). All wild-type fish from the same age stained with the same probe (8+) are aligned in the green channel. The initial alignment is done using a rigid transform and an average fish is created from the aligned images. In the next round of registration, all embryos are aligned to the rigid average using a similarity transform. A new average is created from the aligned images and the process is repeated with an affine transform and finally a deformable B-spline transform. (B) The individual wild-type embryo with the highest correlation (max corr) to the B-spline average is chosen as the PRF. The PRF is aligned to the unstained reference fish (URF) and thereby to the anatomical brain atlas with rigid and affine transforms in the blue channel. (C) All wild-type and mutant embryos from the same age stained with the same probe are aligned to the PRF with rigid, similarity, affine, and finally B-spline transformations in the green channel. Figure 1—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset alternate registration workflow for in situ pattern alignment. A wild-type probe reference fish (PRF) is selected using iterative shape averaging following the workflow in Figure 1—figure supplement 3A,B. All wild-type and mutant embryos from the same age stained with the same probe are then registered to the PRF with rigid, similarity, and affine transformations in the green channel. To avoid deforming mutant gene expression patterns to more closely resemble wild-type gene expression patterns, separate mutant and wild-type reference fish are generated for the final non-linear B-spline transform. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding the mapping of all brain functions with technology. It discusses methodologies for aligning embryos and specific imaging techniques, without making any general claims about the capacity of current technology to map all brain functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: for Higher Education: and Access 9. Student Loans: A Brief History, the Current Landscape, and Impacts on Society 10. of the 11. : Network Resources, Outcomes, and Opportunities 12. and the Capitalist Turn: Research and Reflections 13. of the University 14. to This Situation? of the in a | 1 →. . SASSO[The academy should] make for less misery among the poor, less ignorance in the schools, less suffering in the hospital, less fraud in business, [and] less folly in politics. —(1876)If the university does not take seriously and rigorously its role as a guardian of wider civic freedom, as interrogator of more and more complex ethical problems, as servant and preserver of deeper democratic practices, then some other regime or ménage of regimes will do it for us, in spite of us, and without us. —Toni MorrisonFundamentally, this book asks, and responds to, a two-pronged question: What are the influences of higher education on society—and what are the influences of society on higher education? The two sections of the text are devoted to that essential inquiry. Each of those parts is not easily disentangled, nor should it be. In fact, higher education and society are intrinsically interrelated. Post-secondary education tends to mirror society, especially its more dominant groups and institutions. But there are several sides to that issue as well. Yes, colleges and universities operate within a messy societal web that breeds cultural lag within their institutional structures. That is, they function as transmitters of culture. At the same time, however, they can bring striking—and welcome—changes as a result of their intellectual pursuits. In that case, they act as transformative agents. Even more paradoxically, sometimes the element of lag might even be seen as an enlightened struggle to sustain core academic values, while some efforts toward societal “progress” can be viewed, in some scholastic quarters, as abject surrender to external (e. g. , corporate and political) interests: ← 1 | 2 → [Colleges and universities] serve society as both a responsive servant and a thoughtful critic. … [They] must also raise questions that society does not want to ask and generate new ideas that help invent the future. (Shapiro, 2005, p. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how higher education and society are interrelated, indicating that the structure of higher education can reflect and affect social stratification. It mentions that colleges and universities mirror dominant groups and institutions, suggesting that access to education—and consequently to resources and opportunities—can be heavily influenced by the social hierarchy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: These results contrast with the general opinion that bright light is far superior to other zeitgebers. Further studies are needed comparing dose-response effects of various bright light and exercise durations; examining the effect of these stimuli in the general population or in individuals with circadian rhythms disorders; and examining different combinations of timing of bright light and exercise. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 5799. 15. (2006). Night work and risk of breast cancer Epidemiology 17: 108–111, DOI: and Brink, LL (1997). Shiftwork as a for Depression: 19973(Supplement 2): S2–S9. Virkkunen, H, Härmä, M, Kauppinen, T and Tenkanen, L (2007). Shift work, occupational noise and physical workload with ensuing development of blood pressure and their joint effect on the risk of coronary heart disease 200733(6): 425–34, DOI: Folkard, S1, Lombardi, DA and Tucker, PT (2005). Shiftwork: safety, sleepiness and sleep Jan 200543(1): 20–3, DOI: and Hysing, M (2015). Mental health problems in adolescents with delayed sleep phase: results from a large population-based study in 24(1): 11–18, DOI: and Drake, CL (2013). Beyond sleep duration: distinct sleep dimensions are associated with obesity in children and adolescents Obes 37(4): 552–558, DOI: 3rd and Czeisler, CA (2002). Photic resetting of the human circadian pacemaker in the absence of conscious vision J 17: 548–55, DOI: Terman, M and Terman, JS (2005). Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects CNS Spectr 10: 647–653, DOI: Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1995). Twelve-hour phase shifts of hamster circadian rhythms elicited by voluntary wheel running J 10: 196–210, DOI: and Neil, L (1997). Phase-shifts to refeeding in the Syrian hamster mediated by running activity 61: 273–278, DOI: Mrosovsky, N and Salmon, PA (1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the results challenge the belief that bright light is the most effective regulator of circadian rhythms, indicating that further studies are necessary to explore the effects of various stimuli, including bright light. By emphasizing the need for additional research in light exposure and its impact on circadian rhythms, the text casts doubt on the claim that these rhythms are solely regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: This is done by creating an average wild-type and an average mutant reference from the affine aligned images. All wild-type and mutant embryos are then registered to the appropriate reference with a B-spline transform. Figure 2 Download asset Open asset Automated registration and alignment of 3D WISH images. (A) Alignment accuracy of 3D registration algorithms was verified using 26 wild-type embryos stained with tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2). Stained embryos are randomly divided into three groups and all groups are independently registered to the common reference. The overlay analysis shows two representative embryos from separate registration groups. The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right. Anterior is to the top. (B) Registration accuracy was quantified by manually segmenting tph2 expression domains in all three independent groups and calculating the average distance between every border voxel in the segmentation. For the hindbrain expression domain in the raphe nuclei (ra), the intra-group registration accuracy is 3. 5 µm and the inter-group accuracy is 4. 0 µm. For the epiphysis (ep) expression domain, the intra-group accuracy is 2. 3 µm and the inter-group accuracy is 2. 5 µm. Box-and-whisker plots show results of intra- and inter-group border distance measurements. Tops and bottoms of each box represent the 25th and 75th percentiles of the samples, respectively. Whiskers are drawn from the ends of the interquartile ranges to the furthest observations that fall within ±1. 5 times the interquartile range away from the top or bottom of the box. The line in the middle of each box is the sample median. Observations beyond the whisker length are marked as outliers (+ sign). (C) Virtual co-registration of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (vmat2), tyrosine hydroxylase (th), and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (tph2) in wild-type embryos at 2 dpf showing patterns of colocalization in the raphe nuclei and dopaminergic (DA) clusters. All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a detailed process related to the registration and alignment of images of wild-type and mutant embryos. It specifically focuses on methodologies used in imaging and quantifying expression domains, but it does not address whether all brain functions can be mapped. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the completeness of brain function mapping capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: 4) Because the university has come to serve so many constituencies, its goals have become a part of the marketplace mosaic. In colonial times, those pathways were guided by largely theological priorities. In the modern age, moneyed captains of industry have become more prominent in shaping collegiate aims: What [emphasis] is new, and troubling, is the raw power that money directly exerts over so many aspects of higher education. … Entrepreneurial ambition, which used to be regarded in academe as a necessary evil, has become a virtue. (Kirp, 2004, p. 3) Originally, higher education served to transmit past knowledge to the next generation of elite, landed gentry of solely privileged male students. The relatively few who attended college were preparing for the ministry and/or leadership roles in society. America’s colonial colleges offered little else than a small faculty in residence and a prescribed curriculum in classical studies, astronomy, and metaphysics. They did serve to underscore higher education as a particular private privilege. By the mid-19th century, new and more varied educational demands helped to create the first federal (1862), which established 101 land-grant institutions in light of the growing technical and agricultural needs of an ever-increasing population. That legislation gave birth to an unwritten “social contract” between the public and its various state colleges. Thus, this social contract implied that the citizenry would invest in the advancement of post-secondary education via large-scale learning communities (Kerr, 1963/2001). In the 20th century, state colleges and their supporting governmental agencies continued that tradition as enrollment swelled during the and students sought to weather the severe economic downturn. War II, the G. I. Bill further invigorated the social contract when it sent thousands of veterans to college. Soon after, higher education became a more viable pathway to the middle class and a vehicle for social mobility. Was equal access for all students, at least in theory, on the horizon? In the 1960s, B. Johnson’s “Great Society” program passed legislation and the Act of 1965. The latter created federal grants and so-called equal opportunity. These grants, or tuition waivers, offered low-income families and underrepresented minority students the chance to attend college. Yet they did not confirm equal access as a complete reality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social stratification influenced access to higher education opportunities. It notes that originally, higher education served a privileged elite, underscoring that access was restricted based on social class. While reforms over time aimed to broaden access (such as the creation of federal grants and the G.I. Bill), the text suggests that equal access remains an aspiration rather than a reality, highlighting ongoing disparities in educational opportunities based on socioeconomic status.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: B) Localization of Clock when expressed alone (C), expressed with Bmal1 (CB), expressed with Magel2 (CM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (CBM). C) Localization of Bmal1 when expressed alone (B), expressed with Clock (BC), expressed with Magel2 (BM) or expressed with Clock and Magel2 (BCM). Stability of proteins in the presence of Magel2 MAGE proteins interact with RING-domain proteins associated with E3 ligase complexes to modulate proteasomal degradation of specific target proteins. We therefore tested whether expression of varying amounts of Magel2 had any effect on the abundance of co-expressed proteins with which it can interact, including Bmal1 and Per2, in the presence or absence of their heterodimerization partners Clock (for Bmal1) or Cry1 (for Per2). We co-transfected cells with increasing amount of pXpress-Magel2 and a constant amount of pHA-Bmal1, keeping the total amount of plasmid constant with the appropriate empty expression construct backbone. We then immunoblotted separately with anti-HA antibodies to detect Bmal1, and with anti-Xpress antibodies to detect Magel2. We repeated this experiment adding a constant amount of pmyc-Clock, to determine whether any change in stability required the presence of this heterodimerization partner. Similarly, we co-transfected pXpress-Magel2 and pV5-Per2, with or without pV5-Cry1, and quantified these proteins on immunoblots. We also performed experiments using the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide to measure the half-life of these various circadian proteins in the presence or absence of Magel2. We found no evidence for any influence of Magel2 on the stability or abundance of circadian proteins in these co-transfection experiments (data not shown). mammalian circadian clock oscillates in a robust, self-sufficient manner. At least two transcription/translation/post-translation feedback loops defend the circadian cycle against random perturbations, while allowing outside stimuli to entrain and tune the oscillator to adapt to environmental changes. Mutations in circadian genes can lead to mistiming of circadian rhythm, disrupting physiological processes such as sleep, metabolism, and endocrine function. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the interactions and stability of various circadian proteins, including Bmal1 and Per2, and addressing the effects of Magel2, without specifically mentioning light-sensitive proteins or their role in regulating circadian rhythms. There is no direct evidence or discussion in the provided text that corroborates or contrasts the claim regarding light-sensitive proteins and their regulatory role in circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: For transverse planes (upper) dorsal is to the top; for frontal planes (lower) anterior is to the top. The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 3 with 4 supplements Download asset Open asset Automated detection and statistical quantification of fezf2 mutant deficits. (A) Right: alterations in the expression of individual probes can be detected using a correlation-significance analysis approach. For each brain region, all wild-type embryos are compared with each other and with all mutant embryos, creating a correlation matrix. correlation coefficient is calculated for each embryo pair based on the intensities of corresponding voxels. For probes with altered expression patterns in fezf2 mutants, correlation within groups (i. e. wild-type vs. wild-type and mutant vs. mutant) is significantly greater than correlation between groups. Scatterplots to the right of the correlation matrix illustrate embryo pairs with correlated (red; r = 0. 9) and uncorrelated (blue; r = 0. 5) expression. Left: Analysis plot showing results for all in situ probes in all brain regions at 2 and 3 dpf. For each region, 2 dpf results are shown in the left square and 3 dpf in the right. Dark blue squares indicate no significant difference between wild-type and mutant embryos (p<10−5). For regions with a significant difference, the color bar represents the effect size (d > 1) of the difference. (B) Regions in which the expression patterns of multiple independent probes have been altered can be visualized using aggregate difference imaging. Pixel intensity difference is calculated between wild-types and mutants for each probe within each affected brain region. Summing the absolute value of the significant differences for all probes highlights areas which are most altered in fezf2 mutants. Aggregate difference images are shown at 2 and 3 dpf in lateral (upper panels), dorsal (middle panels), and anterior (lower panels) views. Telencephalon, t; ventral diencephalon, vd. (C) Significance analysis overlaid on maximum (MIPs). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the mapping of brain functions or the capabilities of current technology in relation to brain functions. Instead, it describes a specific analysis method used for examining gene expression in brain regions of embryos, which does not provide any information about the overall mapping of brain functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: Individuals, not the state, still carried a heavy burden in terms of ← 2 | 3 → college attendance and persistence. Since the more liberal 1960s, there have been a series of tensions and setbacks to equal access. It began with Ronald Reagan, as governor of California, when he questioned the value of public education and quipped, “Why should we subsidize intellectual curiosity? ” (Clabaugh, 2011). That query transitioned to additional trends: Reaganomics and the end of free tuition, even in certain locales (e. g. , California and City); political and legal barriers to affirmative action; downward trends in federal student aid; less commitment from state governments; and the growth of for-profit colleges, which often thrive on “buyers” from lower-income classes who are often less versed on college choice. If the arc of American higher education has begun to bend toward college attendance as a “right” (Kerr, 1963/2001), it has still not fully progressed from the earlier notion of social contract. Indeed, some critics argue that the social contract itself needs to be protected in the present age: “The tragedy is that while public policies in the past helped mitigate inequality and open the doors to college to more Americans, today they themselves play a crucial role in segmenting our society” (Mettler, 2014, p. 5). In the tantalizing image of higher education as a “right,” today’s undergraduates have become mass consumers. Colleges and universities have sold their services (and some would say their souls) as part of that expectation under the pressure of meeting the bottom line. In the process, they have become more like corporate entities that exist to sell a product. They are building more enticing residence halls with single rooms and private commodes, student unions (some with adjacent swimming pools), and state-of-the-art laboratories to attract students. Academic capitalism has become increasingly entrepreneurial as a way of coping with decreased state allocations and the highly competitive race for private funding drawn from alumni, foundations, and corporations. Once insular pockets of knowledge and learning, colleges and universities have been transformed into vehicles of economic trends and the vagaries of supply and demand. Within the academy, corporate “branding,” rankings, and the quest for “prestige” often replace the search for purpose and truth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social stratification impacts college attendance and access to education. It highlights the burden individuals face, particularly from lower-income backgrounds, in accessing higher education due to various systemic barriers introduced over time, such as the end of free tuition and the rise of for-profit colleges that predominantly attract those less versed in college choices. The mention of public policies that once mitigated inequality but now segment society supports the idea that social stratification directly influences access to educational resources and opportunities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The abscissa represents the timing of the midpoints of the 3-h light stimuli, as referenced to the baseline aMT6s acrophase. Stimuli given with an abscissa near 0 were approximately centered at the baseline aMT6s acrophase. Black circles represent phase shifts of individual young adult participants, and red triangles represent phase shifts of older participants. The solid black horizontal line shows the mean of all points, approximating the phase shift resulting from the circadian free-running component. The black dashed and red lines represent the trends from 5-point moving averages for the young and older groups. Rectangles illustrate the average actigraphic home sleep times for the young and older groups, referenced to their aMT6s acrophases. B. The phase shifts in aMT6s acrophase were averaged to show the mean ± 1 SEM for 2-h bins of time-of-stimulation referenced to the aMT6s acrophase. "The abscissa (Time) 5. The asterisks show mean aMT6s onset and offset times for all 106 participants. B. The change in mean aMT6s duration resulting from unequal shifts in aMT6s onset and offset is plotted, using the same bins and abscissa as above. To test the null hypothesis that there were no phase-response curves, that is, no phase-shifts dependent on the timing of the 3000 lux light stimuli, we used both the PRC bisection test [30] and factorial ANOVA. The PRC bisection test locates the best bisection of the circular distribution of initial phases to maximize the contrast between advances and delays. In general, the best bisection will be at the inflection from delays to advances. The test then determines if the bisection separates advances and delays significantly better than would occur in a random distribution. These tests were performed for all 106 participants and on subgroups of older and young adults, male and female. The inflection points of the PRCs from delay to advance were estimated with the PRC bisection analyses. The amplitudes of PRCs were contrasted between older and young adult groups, men and women, using methods derived from the PRC bisections [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a study that focuses on the phase shifts of circadian rhythms in response to light stimulation, specifically mentioning experiments conducted with light stimuli to evaluate their effects. However, it does not directly support the notion that circadian rhythms are regulated specifically by light-sensitive proteins; rather, it suggests that phase shifts occur under certain light conditions, indicating a more complex interaction rather than a straightforward regulation by proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: MIPs have been color coded to highlight all regions in which the expression of a given probe is significantly reduced (cyan) or increased (magenta) in mutant embryos (p<0. 5×10−3). Significant intensity differences between mutants and wild-types were determined by performing a Mann-Whitney U-test to compare corresponding voxels for each probe within each brain region showing alterations in Analysis. All MIPs show dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. (B,C) Anterior is to the left, dorsal is to the top. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset 3D anatomical brain atlases. Surface renderings of all regions in the 2 dpf (top) and 3 dpf (bottom) 3D anatomical zebrafish brain atlases. Both atlases comprise all 22 regions listed at right. Regions are subdivided between the telencephalon (Tel), diencephalon (Di), midbrain (Mid), and hindbrain (Hb). Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Expression data mapped to brain regions. Quantification of expression data for all probes mapped to all brain regions at 2 dpf (left) and 3 dpf (right). Expression data are visualized using a method developed for the explorer(Ronneberger et al. , 2012) that combines both volumetric data and information on signal intensity. Color represents relative stain intensity (see the colormap to the right) and the fraction each square covered by a given color represents the fraction of the brain region expressing the marker at that relative intensity. Figure 3—figure supplement 3 Download asset Open asset Negative controls for automated 3D phenotyping. (A) A null data set, consisting of 16+ negative control embryos (i. e. age-matched siblings that are either genetically wild-type or heterozygous for the fezf2 mutation) per probe, is used to define the false discovery rate (FDR) for Analysis over a range of thresholds. Following in situ staining, negative control embryos are randomly divided into two separate groups and analyzed as in Figure 3A. We then evaluate significance thresholds (t) ranging from p=10−1 to 10−8 by counting the number of experimental scores (sexp; i. e. wild-types vs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about whether all brain functions can be mapped with current technology. Instead, it discusses specific methodologies and expression data related to brain regions in zebrafish embryos, utilizing color coding to represent significant findings. While it mentions mapping certain data within brain regions and discusses anatomical atlases, it does not provide evidence or conclusions regarding the mapping of all brain functions, rendering it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: More and more, higher education institutions are investing in “reputation” over substance and affordability. In a word, economics has become the one-way street on to the campus green. Newfield (2011) says it best: [T]he university needs to be understood as engaged in forms of individual and collective development that cannot be captured in economic terms. Education cannot pay in this way. It must not be expected to. If we are forced to use an economic term, the term for education would be “investment. ” But the realm of profits and returns simply does not fit with the forms of growth, evolution, advancement, expansion, elaboration, discovery, and invention that education delivers to individuals and societies alike. (p. 272) ← 3 | 4 → Thus, the contemporary college and university have also adopted the role of “certifier” of middle-class America in search of success, privilege, and prestige. The trend toward consumerism seems antithetical to the life of the mind and a development of well-rounded character so vital in more traditional forms of liberal education. That evolution of the core purposes of the college into a university industry has underlined the importance that society now places on “credentialing”—a process and practice that has widely co-opted more humane, moral, and kindred academic values. Yet, at the same time, the U. S. can no longer claim to lead the world in even the credentialing function of college graduation; it now ranks 12th among industrialized nations on that score. (Lewin, 2010)of on Society/of Society on Higher EducationAs mentioned above, there is really no bright line separating higher education and society. The latter’s overarching effects obviously produce wider and deeper repercussions for colleges and universities. In a large sense, higher education can be seen to reproduce what major societal forces desire, assuming those forces supply the requisite purposes and resources (a very open question). Conversely, higher education may also be viewed, at times, as a more ideal laboratory for society’s higher hopes and aspirations, for example, impactful research, a more informed and critical citizenry, and moral development. These interlocking tensions can thus be a cardinal cause for the better, for ill, or for simply sustaining the status quo. The contents of this text seek to shed light on how and why those consequences can occur. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how higher education institutions are influenced by societal forces and economic factors, emphasizing that these influences affect access to educational resources and opportunities. It highlights that the evolution of higher education into a consumer-driven model reflects societal desires and leads to disparities, thus affirming the role of social stratification in shaping access to resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Technically, the adjective circadian must be used to modify the noun light because light is defined specifically in terms of optical radiation capable of producing a visual sensation in humans [10,11]. Strictly speaking then, light cannot be used synonymously with optical radiation capable of producing a non-visual, circadian response in humans or with optical radiation producing a visual response in another species. Nevertheless, in the vernacular, light is used as a term to describe optical radiation with a spectral power distribution anywhere within the "visible region" of the electromagnetic spectrum (approximately 380 nm to 730 nm), irrespective of its biological consequences. Moreover, the term light is always used, with or without strict regard for its ability to stimulate human vision, as a noun to describe the stimulus to rather than the response from a biological system. This is an important point because light is circularly defined; light as a stimulus to the human visual system was derived from responses by the human visual system. Thus, any formal definition of circadian light as a stimulus to the circadian system must also be dependent on the measured response from the circadian system. Fundamentally then, it is necessary to be able to measure a reliable response of the human circadian system to optical radiation incident on the retina to define the stimulus to the human circadian system. This inherent, and potentially confusing, circularity always must be considered as a formal definition of circadian light develops. Notwithstanding this potentially confusing circularity, it will be difficult to develop a definition of light for the circadian system that is strictly homologous with the formal definition of light for the visual system because, for reasons discussed in this paper, the responses by these two systems to optical radiation on the retina are fundamentally different. The biophysical mechanisms underlying phototransduction for the two systems are similar but different enough to require thoughtful deliberation as a definition of circadian light evolves. Without a clear understanding of these differences, experimental results from studies of the impact of optical radiation on circadian physiology can be easily misinterpreted. Since, however, so much history and thought underlie our concept of light based upon the human visual system, these insights make the discussion of circadian light more readily explained and more easily understood. For this reason brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. The photopic luminous efficiency function Psychophysical experiments were conducted by several laboratories nearly a century ago to develop "the spectral sensitivity of human vision. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and nuances involved in defining 'light' as it pertains to both the visual and circadian systems. It highlights the distinctions between how light affects visual perception in humans versus its role in the circadian system, emphasizing the need for precise definitions and responses from the circadian system in the context of optical radiation. This suggests a more complicated relationship than the claim implies, as it points toward possible difficulties in correlating light directly with circadian regulation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: fezf2 mutants) ≥ t and the number of null scores (snull; i. e. negative control group one vs. negative control group 2) ≥ t and calculating the FDR (snull/sexp). Both experimental and null data sets comprise 418 scores (19 in situ probes analyzed over 22 brain regions). Based on this analysis, we chose p<10−5 (red circle; FDR = 0. 043) as an appropriate threshold for Analysis. Additionally, since the mean effect size (ES; Cohen’s d) is <1. 0 in the null data set for all significance thresholds evaluated, d > 1. 0 was set as an additional requirement for subsequent analysis. Incorporating an effect size requirement reduces the FDR for p<10−5 from 0. 043 to 0. 020. (B–C) Analysis showing the results from all brain regions when (B) wild-type embryos are compared with fezf2 mutants (‘fezf2 analysis’) and (C) when the two negative control groups are compared with each other (‘negative control analysis’). Dark blue squares indicate no significant difference in expression between the wild-type groups (p<10−5). For regions with a significant difference, the color bar represents the effect size (d > 1) of the difference. In the negative control plot, white arrows indicate regions that meet the p<10−5 threshold and have an effect size d > 1. Figure 3—figure supplement 4 Download asset Open asset Negative controls for maximum intensity projections. (A) The null data set from Figure 3—figure supplement 3A is used to define the false discovery rate (FDR) for significance analysis of maximum intensity projections (MIPs) over a range of p-value thresholds. We perform a Mann-test to compare corresponding voxels between the two negative control groups for each probe within each brain region that shows alterations based on Analysis of the fezf2 mutant (Figure 3—figure supplement 3B). We then evaluate significance thresholds (t) ranging from p=0. 1 to 5e-05 by counting the number of experimental scores (sexp; wild-types vs. fezf2 mutants) ≥ t and the number of null scores (snull; negative control group one vs. negative control group 2) ≥ t and calculating the FDR (snull/sexp). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the mapping of all brain functions with current technology. Instead, it discusses statistical analysis related to brain region comparisons without indicating whether such analyses support or refute the claim about brain function mapping capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social stratification can affect access to resources and opportunities. [SEP] Text: EnglishFrançaisEspañol08. 's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Publication: Women's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and. . . Files in PDF (595. 49 KB) 634 downloads (85. 81 KB) 116 downloads Date2012-07ISSNPublished2012-07Author(s) there are many positive societal implications of increased female labor force opportunities, some theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that working can increase a woman's risk of suffering domestic violence. Using a dataset collected in peri-urban Dhaka, this analysis documents a positive correlation between work and domestic violence. This correlation is only present among women with less education or who were younger at first marriage. These results are consistent with a theoretical model in which a woman with low bargaining power can face increased risk of domestic violence upon entering the labor force as a husband seeks to counteract her increased bargaining power. By contrast, husbands of women who have higher baseline bargaining power cannot resort to domestic violence since their wives have the ability to leave violent marriages. These findings are inconsistent with the models of assortative matching in the marriage market, expressive violence, work in response to economic shocks, or underreporting of domestic violence. The results on age at marriage are also inconsistent with the implications of a reverse causality model in which women enter the labor force to escape violent situations at home, although the results on education are consistent with that story. Link to Data SetCitation“Heath, Rachel. 2012. Women's Access to Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Domestic Violence. working paper;no. WPS 6149. © World Bank, Washington, DC. License: CC BY 3. 0 IGO. ”URI publications in this report seriesPublicationMapping the to Groundwater-by to Pumping in Sub-(Washington, DC: World Bank, 2024-10-01) Zuffinetti, Guillaume; Meunier, SimonShow morePhotovoltaic-powered groundwater pumping offers a transformative solution for water services in underserved areas. However, without proper regulation, this technology could overexploit groundwater resources, threatening the groundwater-dependent ecosystems that rely on them. Often overlooked in development planning and water allocation, groundwater-dependent ecosystems hold significant socioeconomic and environmental importance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how women's access to labor opportunities is influenced by their educational background and socio-economic status. It highlights that women with less education face increased domestic violence risks when entering the workforce, suggesting that access to economic opportunities can be stratified by social indicators. The findings indicate that women's ability to navigate labor markets and control household resources relates to their social stratification.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: It is not clear how commonly variation in photoperiodic seasonality is correlated with circadian rhythms, and additional models that relate genetic variation in circadian and seasonal function would be useful. Strains of laboratory rats vary both in circadian rhythms [21 - 25] and in photoperiodic responses that include reproduction, food intake, and body mass [26 - 30]. The F344/NHsd strain of rats suppresses reproduction, food intake, and somatic growth in short photoperiods, while Dawley (HSD) rats do not. F344 rats are becoming a model for mechanisms of photoresponsiveness [31], and may be useful models for the study of correlated genetic variation in rhythms, regulation of appetite and body mass, and reproduction. A recent comparison of the rhythm of excretion of the major metabolite of melatonin, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin, between photoperiodic F344 rats and nonphotoperiodic HSD rats suggests that both strains have long duration melatonin secretion in short photoperiod and short duration melatonin secretion in long photoperiod [32]. Thus, both photoresponsive F344 and nonphotoresponsive HSD rats were similar in pattern of melatonin production to photoresponsive rather than nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. However, HSD rats excreted only about half as much 6-sulfatoxymelatonin per unit body mass as F344 rats, and some individual HSD rats had little or no nocturnal rise in excretion, similar to nonphotoresponsive Siberian hamsters [10]. For this study, a companion study to Price et al. [32], we tested two competing hypotheses. One hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness between F344 and HSD rats are caused by differences in circadian clock function and/or clock outputs cause differences in photoresponsiveness. A competing hypothesis is that differences in photoresponsiveness are caused by differences at the level of melatonin secretion and responses to melatonin [32], rather than by differences in clock function. We tested for circadian differences between young male F344 and young male HSD rats by measuring running wheel activity in short photoperiod, long photoperiod, and constant dark (DD) to assess circadian traits and the degree of nocturnality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the relationship between circadian rhythms and photoperiodic responses is not clearly understood. It mentions competing hypotheses regarding the causes of differences in photoresponsiveness among rat strains, indicating that genetic variation may play a role rather than direct light-sensitive protein regulation. This suggests that while circadian rhythms may be influenced by various factors, the claim about them being regulated solely by light-sensitive proteins is not fully supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: Both experimental and null data sets comprise 1,962,771 scores (i. e. the total number of voxels in all brain regions that are significantly altered in fezf2 mutants for each of the 19 in situ probes). Based on this analysis, we chose p<0. 5×10−3 (red circle; FDR = 0. 004) as an appropriate threshold for voxelwise analysis. (B) MIPs for the first five in situ probes in our library have been color coded to highlight voxels in which expression is significantly reduced (cyan) or increased (magenta) between the two negative control groups at the indicated threshold. Note that at the threshold chosen for voxelwise analysis of experimental data (p<0. 5×10−3), virtually no significant voxels are visible by eye. All MIPs show dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views. Anterior is to the left, dorsal is to the top. Figure 4 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Automated phenotyping uncovers known and novel diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (A–D) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. Expression of the GABAergic markers dlx5a (A) and gad1b (B) is substantially reduced (arrow) in the ventral diencephalon. (C) The fezf2 expression domain is dramatically altered in the posterior hypothalamus (h). (D) A bilateral cluster of sst1. 1-expressing cells (arrow) is lost in the ventral diencephalon. Other clusters are unaffected. (E–F) Multi-probe co-expression analysis of ventral diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (E) Virtual co-registration showing loss of otpb, th, and vmat2 expression domains in the ventral diencephalon. (F) Virtual co-registration showing spatial relationships between affected fezf2, th, and otpb expression domains in the posterior hypothalamus. (A–F) All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding the ability to map all brain functions with current technology. It discusses experimental data related to specific mutations in embryos and expression patterns in brain regions, but does not address whether all brain functions can be mapped or the comprehensiveness of current mapping technologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: Interessant sind auch die VENN-Diagramme (S. 137, 138, 142, 143, 186), da man auf sie einen einfachen wahrscheinlichkeitstheoretischen Test anwenden kann,[5] der z. B. deutlich zeigt, dass in der wie Computers und Physics in der natürlichen Sprache der Dokumente deutlich seltener als bei einer Zufallsverteilung gemeinsam vorkommen, Physics = 0,33 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,70 Computers = 0,13 + 0,04 + 0,20 + 0,13 = 0,50 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,04 + 0,20 = 0,24 0,70 x 0,50 0,24 = 1,46 während die Indexer diese scheinbare Zufälligkeit wieder herstellen. Physics = 0,09 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,15 = 0,88 Computers = 0,01 + 0,02 + 0,62 + 0,08 = 0,73 Physics ∩ Computers = 0,02 + 0,62 = 0,64 0,88 x 0,73 0,64 = 1,00 geht es bei der Arbeit um den Einsatz von „search term recommenders“ und das Verhältnis der zur Precision. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die alte Erkenntnis von F. Lancaster (vor ~40 Jahren an gewonnen) bis heute noch sehr stabil ist, bei der sich das Verhältnis zwischen Precision und Recall als etwa linear erweist. von 20% – 60% beträgt die Steigung meist etwas weniger als -1. Mit zunehmendem Recall fällt somit die Precision direkt proportional. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about dialects reflecting social and geographic backgrounds. Instead, it discusses the application of Venn diagrams and certain probability theories in analyzing search terms and the relationship between precision and recall in information retrieval. There is no relevant information to either corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: HSD rats were more likely to begin and end activity during the light period or subjective day in SD, LD, and DD. In addition, HSD rats had more activity during day or subjective day than F344 rats in all three treatments (Figs. 2 &3a). Consistent with Aschoff's prediction for more diurnal animals [36], HSD rats also had tau > 24 hours, significantly longer than the < 24 hour tau of F344 rats (Figure 3f). However, HSD rats had significantly longer alpha than F344 rats (Figure 3b), and both strains entrained well to SD (Figure 2c,d), which is consistent with the hypothesis that differences in melatonin secretion or responses to melatonin cause variation in photoresponsiveness, and inconsistent with the hypothesis that circadian deficits in HSD rats cause nonphotoresponsiveness. It has been proposed that nonphotoperiodism may occur in Siberian hamsters because they fail to produce an SD pattern of melatonin secretion due to a failure to integrate photoperiodic information by the circadian system [10]. The cause of this failure was associated with a long-duration tau (24. 04 +/- 0. 05), inability to undergo phase delay in response to a light pulse, and a failure to increase alpha or entrain properly in SD. While HSD rats have some similarities to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters, the results are not identical. HSD rats have relatively low amplitude 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion patterns when adjusted for body mass [32] and a long duration tau (24. 05 +/- 0. 02; Figure 3f), similar to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters [10,11]. However, HSD rats produce 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion rhythms that adjust to night length and are similar to those of F344 rats in SD [32], and HSD rats successfully decompress activity to a long-duration pattern when transferred from LD to SD (Figure 3b). We have not tested directly the ability of HSD rats to phase delay, but successful entrainment to SD suggests that HSD rats have the ability to phase delay to achieve entrainment to SD. Thus, while HSD rats show some similarities to nonphotoperiodic Siberian hamsters, the evidence from this study, together with results of Price et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the activity patterns of HSD rats in relation to light and melatonin secretion but suggests that variations in melatonin responses rather than the regulation by light-sensitive proteins may be causing differences in circadian rhythms. This indicates a complex interaction that challenges the simplicity of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. For sagittal and frontal sections anterior is to the top; for transverse sections dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Additional diencephalon phenotypes in fezf2 mutant embryos. (A–F) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 and 3 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. Expression of the GABAergic markers dlx5a (A) and gad1b (B) begins to recover in the ventral diencephalon (arrows) of mutant embryos at 3 dpf (compare with Figure 4A,B). (C) th expression is significantly reduced in the dopaminergic (DA) clusters of the ventral diencephalon, with posterior clusters (open arrowheads) appearing to be more strongly affected than anterior clusters (arrows). (D) Expression of the otpb transcription factor is lost in the ventral posterior tuberculum and posterior hypothalamus (arrows) but persists in other brain regions. (E) Vmat2 expression is lost in DA clusters of the ventral diencephalon (arrows). (F) The fezf2 expression domain is dramatically altered in the posterior hypothalamus (arrow) and is substantially reduced in the retina at 3 dpf (but note that retinal expression appears normal at 2 dpf; Figure 4C) (G–H) Multi-probe co-expression analysis of ventral diencephalic deficits in fezf2 mutants. (G) Virtual co-registration showing spatial relationships between affected otpb, th, and vmat2 expression domains in the ventral diencephalon at 3 dpf. (H) The sst1. 1-expressing clusters lost in fezf2 mutants (arrow) partially overlap with optb in the hypothalamus and are either intermingled with or located just lateral to th-expressing DA clusters. (A–H) All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses anatomical details and expression patterns in specific embryos without addressing the capacity of current technology to map all brain functions. There is no information provided that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dialects can reflect social and geographic backgrounds. [SEP] Text: language is composed of many linguistic varieties, such as Black English, [*] standard English, Appalachian English, southern English, dialect, and Spanish influenced English. The features of social dialects are systematic and highly regular and cross all linguistic parameters, i. e. , phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, lexicon, pragmatics, suprasegmental features, and kinesics. Although each dialect of English has distinguishing characteristics, the majority of linguistic features of the English language are common to each of the varieties of English. The existence of these varieties is the result of historical and social factors. For example, due to historical factors, the majority of speakers are Black. However, due to social factors, not all Black individuals are speakers. The issue of social dialects for the field of speech-language pathology is extremely complex, as indicated by the continuous controversy across the nation over the past two decades. There has been confusion among professionals regarding the role of the speech-language pathologist with reference to speakers of social dialects. There has been no consistent philosophy regarding the approach of service delivery to speakers of social dialects. As a result, some speech-language pathologists have denied clinical services to speakers of social dialects who have requested services. Other speech-language pathologists have treated social dialects as though they were communicative disorders. It is the position of the American Speech-Language-(ASHA) that no dialectal variety of English is a disorder or a pathological form of speech or language. Each social dialect is adequate as a functional and effective variety of English. Each serves a communication function as well as a social solidarity function. It maintains the communication network and the social construct of the community of speakers who use it. Furthermore, each is a symbolic representation of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers. For example, there is strong evidence that many of the features of represent linguistic Africanisms. However, society has adopted the linguistic idealization model that standard English is the linguistic archetype. is the linguistic variety used by government, the mass media, business, education, science, and the arts. Therefore, there may be nonstandard English speakers who find it advantageous to have access to the use of standard English. The traditional role of the speech-language pathologist has been to provide clinical services to the communicatively handicapped. It is indeed possible for dialect speakers to have linguistic disorders within the dialect. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that social dialects, such as Black English and Appalachian English, are influenced by historical and social factors. It states that these dialects are symbolic representations of the historical, social, and cultural background of the speakers, thereby highlighting how dialects reflect both social and geographic backgrounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [32], suggests that the circadian system of HSD rats is able to respond appropriately to photoperiodic information (this study) to cause a short-day melatonin secretion pattern [32], but HSD rats are unable to respond reproductively to a short-day melatonin pattern [32]. In combination with the companion study [32], our results support the hypothesis that differences in how F344 and HSD rats secrete and/or respond to melatonin are responsible for differences in photoresponsiveness. We found significant differences between strains in circadian aspects of wheel running, and these differences indicate that HSD rats tend to have more activity during the day, have a greater tendency toward arrhythmia, and differ in some circadian parameters from F344 rats. However, the differences reported here in circadian parameters and nocturnality do not prevent similar timing of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion rhythms in F344 and HSD, albeit potentially lower in amplitude or even arrhythmic in HSD rats [32]. Rats are normally nocturnal [e. g. , [22,24]], and our results suggest that F344 rats have the more species-typical pattern of strong nocturnality, while HSD rats differ from that pattern. Variation in activity and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin excretion has also been reported between other strains of rats [24], but our results suggest there is no necessary relationship between photoresponsiveness and circadian rhythm characteristics in rats. For example, some of the strain variation we report in wheel running activity might be related to restlessness, fearfulness, or intrinsic rewards of wheel running that differ among rat strains. laboratory populations of rodents, circadian variation has been reported to be a cause of variation in responsiveness to photoperiod [10 - 14]. In contrast, in HSD and F344 rats as well as in wild-source populations of mammals, variation in photoresponsiveness may not be linked to variation in circadian characteristics [16 - 20]. Uncoupling of the circadian system and seasonal rhythms can be caused experimentally [37] or may occur naturally during part of the year in polar regions [38]. Natural populations may be under strong selection against circadian mutations that have pleiotropic effects on traits such as seasonality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that there is variability in the circadian characteristics among different rat strains, specifically that variations in photoresponsiveness may not be linked to circadian rhythm characteristics. For instance, the results 'suggest there is no necessary relationship between photoresponsiveness and circadian rhythm characteristics in rats,' indicating that while circadian rhythms may be influenced by light, the relationship is not straightforward or universal across different strains.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All brain functions can be mapped with current technology. [SEP] Text: The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Fezf2 mutants exhibit telencephalic glutamatergic deficits during early development. (A–F) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. (A) Expression of th is largely unaffected in dopaminergic (DA) clusters of the telencephalon. (B) Expression of the GABAergic marker dlx5a is shifted ventrally in the diencephalon (arrow) and is away from the midline in the telencephalon (asterisk), but is not significantly reduced. (C) Expression of the glutamatergic marker vglut1 is substantially reduced in the telencephalon (arrow). (D) Expression of the progenitor marker ascl1a is shifted ventrally (arrow) and compressed along the dorsoventral axis of the telencephalic midline. (E) Expression of the GABAergic marker gad1b is shifted ventrally in the diencephalon (arrow) and is away from the midline in the telencephalon (asterisk), but is not significantly reduced. (F) Expression of the glutamatergic marker vglut2. 2 is substantially reduced in the telencephalon (arrow). (A–F) The position and orientation of each 2D slice within the embryo is indicated on the Nissl-stained two photon reference image to the right of the panel. For frontal sections anterior is to the top; for transverse sections dorsal is to the top. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Additional telencephalon phenotypes in fezf2 mutant embryos. (A–I) Overlay analysis of in situ expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos at 2 and 3 dpf. Wild-type expression patterns are shown in green and fezf2 mutants are shown in magenta. All 3D reconstructions are generated by averaging eight or more embryos per experimental group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the expression patterns in wild-type and fezf2 mutant embryos rather than discussing the overall capability of current technology to map brain functions. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.