Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 1987), suggesting it is not unlikely that attitudes may shift and ultimately impact political involvement. Indeed several studies have shown the importance of developing an awareness of social and political problems as a spur to greater involvement (Bernstein 2005; Schreiber 2002; Stake 2007). Nevertheless, there are three aspects of participation where men are more involved: political party membership, collective activism and political contact. Even though the gender gap often decreases significantly after controlling for attitudinal characteristics (for collective activism and political contact), it appears that men are more likely than women to become a party member, to take part in a demonstration and attend political meetings, or engage in political contact. Active engagement with a political party is not something most respondents report doing, but especially not women. Such participation puts high demands on resources including time and money. In comparison to sending in a check, joining a demonstration or attending a political meeting takes time and planning, and women who are balancing higher family responsibilities, along with work, friends, and non-political engagements may be less inclined to contact politicians. In explaining the gender gap, many of our results mirrored findings of those based on a narrower U. S. sample. In and of itself, this finding suggests intriguing similarities in the process shaping gender inequality across Western democracies, and is an important step forward in research on participation. However, from the perspective of gender, these approaches may nevertheless fall short. Specifically, we found that typical economic and familial resource arguments are best at explaining institutional forms of participation: voting and party membership. Along these lines prior work in the U. S. has demonstrated that husbands’ greater political involvement benefits disproportionately from having control over finances and small amounts of time (Burns et al. 1997). In contrast, when it comes to the three activism measures, economic and familial resources and experiences do not always matter as expected. Private activism is often boosted by economic ties perhaps because it is easier to incorporate such action by those with the busiest lives: working, with family responsibilities and in dual-earner couples. Though being employed full-time does not increase involvement. Collective activism is highly dependent on time availability. Women who are married, employed in “bad” jobs, and committed to particular denominations may opt out of such commitments, and their level of employment is much more weakly related to participation than it is for men. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how political involvement between genders has changed over time, specifically noting that men tend to have higher levels of political party membership and engagement compared to women. It highlights that attitudes may shift and that familial responsibilities and economic resources can influence political participation, suggesting that gender roles are not static but have evolved, particularly within the context of political activism and participation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Reddy, V. , Simo, J. , Le Corre, L. , "Modeling irregular small bodies gravity field via extreme learning machines and Bayesian optimization", Advances in Space Research, 2021, 67(1): 617-638. Kabaş, A. , Bulut, İ. , Doğru, S. S. , Akin, T. , "Bazı Ana Kuşak Asteroidlerin Işık Eğrileri Ve Işık Eğrilerinden Belirlenen Parametreler”, XVI. Kongresi ve V. Ulusal Öğrenci Astronomi Kongresi, Çanakkale, 1188-1199, 2008. Chapman, C. R. , Ramlose, T. , "Solar system exploration"Report N, 1989, 89: 25944. Popescu, M. , Licandro, J. , Carvano, J. M. , Stoicescu, R. , de León, J. , Morate, D. , Boacă, I. L. , Cristescu, C. P. , "Taxonomic classification of asteroids based on MOVIS near-infrared colors", Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2018, 617(A12). Cambioni, S. ,. , S. , "A search for smooth terrains on asteroid (101955) Bennu using machine learning", In EPSC-DPS 2019, 2019. Erasmus, N. , Mommert, M. , Trilling, D. E. , Sickafoose, A. A. , Van Gend, C. , Hora, J. L. , "Characterization of near-earth asteroids using -SAAO", Journal, 2017, 154(4): 162. . , Flewelling, H. , Stalder, B. , Rest, A. ,. , "A first catalog of variable stars measured by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact System (ATLAS)", Journal, 2018, 156(5): 241. Smirnov, E. A. , Markov, A. B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the risk associated with redirecting asteroids for resource mining. It primarily consists of references and citations of various scholarly articles and reports related to asteroids and their characteristics, which do not provide any direct evidence or arguments related to the ability to redirect asteroids without risk.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Apparent diffusion coefficient, CBF, and BOLD under baseline and stimulated (CO2 or forepaw) conditions were analyzed for the pixels that subsequently migrated into the normal zone, core zone, or remained in the mismatch zone at 180-mins after ischemia. For permanent occlusion, ischemia stopped evolving 180 mins after occlusion, which was taken as the imaging end point as shown previously (Shen et al, 2003; Meng et al, 2004). Calculation of M and CMRO2 changes: CMRO2 was calculated using (Davis et al, 1998),Δ0=M(1−(CMRO2CMRO2|0)β(0)α−β)(1)where M is the proportionality constant and parameters with subscript zero indicate baseline values. Grubb's factor (α) of 0. 38 (Grubb et al, 1974; Mandeville et al, 1999) and β of 1. 5 (Boxerman et al, 1995; Davis et al, 1998) were taken to be constants, reflecting the effects of blood volume and deoxyhemoglobin concentration on the BOLD signal, respectively. M values were calculated from the hypercapnia (CBF and BOLD) data using the same equation where the CMRO2/CMRO2ǀ0 was set to unity because brief and mild hypercapnia does not alter CMRO2 (Kety and Schmidt, 1948; Novack et al, 1953). Stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes from an ROI of the primary somatosensory cortex were derived from the stimulus-evoked BOLD and CBF time courses associated with forepaw stimulation. Additional details of the model including error propagation have been described elsewhere (Liu et al, 2004a). Hypercapnic responses in different tissue types: Images obtained during the transition period between baseline and stimulus onset (30 secs for CO2 challenge and 15 secs for forepaw stimulation) were discarded. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent images were obtained from the control (nonlabeled) images of the CBF measurements. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) imaging, which is a fundamental aspect of functional MRI. It explicitly mentions the analysis of CBF (cerebral blood flow) and BOLD signals in response to stimulation, indicating that changes in blood flow are being measured to assess brain activity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: However, men with stronger ties to the economic also experience less involvement, which suggests time—not money—may be the main differentiating factor. Finally, fewer factors differentiate political contact among each gender. Family characteristics behave counter to theory, such that married men are less involved and divorced or separated women are more involved in such action. Women in low skill occupations are highly unlikely to engage in contact, while professional women are highly likely to. The same gap was not apparent among men. Thus, to the extent that women participate in contact forms of activism less, socialization may be particularly pernicious, with women less interested in forwarding personal opinions to a wider audience in newspapers, on the internet or to political officials (Fox and Lawless 2004). Experiences that counter traditional expectations, such as education, professional employment, and leaving a marriage may enable women to counter such built-in pressures (Bolzendahl and Myers 2004). Only by including these more female-dominated and less institutional forms of participation are the gender limitations of economic and familial resource explanations clarified. Overall, our findings modify earlier claims of a gender gap in political participation, but also raise a variety of questions and new directions for research on political participation. Controlling for a variety of relevant demographic characteristics and political attitudes did not impact gender gaps as much as might be expected based on theories of differential resources or gender role socialization. Given that women are often discouraged from public and/or leadership roles, we expected this to greatly undermine gender differences. However including these attitudes only weakened some gender differences in political participation. Our reliance on prior theory and research in this area cannot fully speak to these variations in gender differences or uncover the relative importance of mechanisms based on personal interest, life experiences, or institutional constraints. While we have pulled from a variety of quantitative and qualitative work in contextualizing our findings, as well as rigorous methods to explore the questions raised, further research with more fine-grained measures and a longitudinal component would be helpful. As more women take highly visible political roles, as has been the trend in recent years, women’s political efficacy and interest will catch up to men’s and this relationship may strengthen and increase women’s participation (Atkeson 2003; Atkeson and Rapoport 2003; Fox and Lawless 2004). Examining these relationships over a longer period of time would help address such questions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how gender roles and political participation have evolved over time. It highlights that experiences such as education and professional employment allow women to counter traditional expectations, suggesting that societal norms regarding gender roles are not static. Furthermore, the text notes that as more women take visible political roles, their political efficacy and interest are expected to increase, indicating a change in gender dynamics rather than a permanence of traditional roles.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , "Identification of asteroids trapped inside three-body mean motion resonances: a machine-learning approach", of the Society, 2017, 469(2): 2024-2031. Mommert, M. ,. , Gustafsson, A. , Knight, M. , Moskovitz, N. , Smith, H. A. , "Systematic characterization of and search for activity in potentially active asteroids", Science Journal, 2020, 1(1): 10. Beasley, M. , Lewicki, C. A. , Smith, A. , Lintott, C. , Christensen, E. , "AsteroidZoo: A new zooniverse project to detect asteroids and improve asteroid detection algorithms", 2013. Nugent, C. R. , Dailey, J. , "Machine learning and next-generation asteroid surveys", In AAS/Division for Meeting Abstracts, 2017, 49: 103-03. Rabeendran, A. C. , Denneau, L. "A two-stage deep learning detection classifier for the atlas asteroid survey", Publications of the of the Pacific, 2021, 133(1021): 034501. Pasko, V. , "Prediction of for ", 52: 45-65. Johnson, C. A. , DellaGiustina, D. N. "Hazards on ", 2016, 2016: NH13A-1748. Gustetic, J. L. , Friedensen, V. , Kessler, J. L. , Jackson, S. , Parr, J. , "NASA's Challenge: Strategy, Results, and Lessons Learned", Space Policy, 2018, 44: 1-13. Lieu, M. , Baines, D. , Giordano, F. , Merin, B. , Arviset, C. , Altieri, B. , Conversi, B. , Carry, B. , "of with Big Data", and 2019, 523: 49. Fluke, C. J. , Jacobs, C. , "Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy", Reviews: 2020, 10(2): e1349. Dotto, E. , Della Corte, V. , Amoroso, M. , Bertini, I. , Brucato, J. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of scientific articles and studies related to asteroids, machine learning, and detection algorithms. However, it does not specifically address the claim regarding the feasibility or safety of redirecting asteroids for resource mining. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Blood-oxygen-level-dependent and CBF magnitude and percent changes relative to baselines were calculated: (1) on a pixel-by-pixel basis, (2) for the -derived normal, mismatch, and core clusters, and (3) for the ROI of the forepaw somatosensory cortices. Forepaw-stimulation responses in the forepaw cortices: Cross correlation analysis associated with the forepaw primary somatosensory cortices was performed. ROI of the normal LH forepaw cortices were drawn based on the averaged cross correlation activation maps of all time points with 0. 05 (t-test) was taken to be statistically significant. Results(Group I): CO2 Responses in -Derived ClustersImages and maps at 30 mins after ischemia of one representative animal subjected to permanent focal ischemia are shown in Figure 1A. Basal CBF images depict a large perfusion deficit and ADC images depict a smaller ADC lesion in the ischemic RH. Nine out of 11 rats showed a substantial and evolving ‘perfusion—diffusion’ mismatch and a few of these animals showed some persistent mismatch at 180 mins. The forepaw primary somatosensory cortices typically showed an evolving a perfusion—diffusion mismatch because of its anatomical location close to the anterior communicating artery. The two remaining animals showed large infarcts at the onset without apparent mismatch at 30 mins. analysis yielded three distinct tissue types in the RH, namely, normal (blue pixels), mismatch (green pixels), and core (red pixels). The fMRI maps showed that the hypercapnic challenge evoked a marked CBF increases in the LH, slightly attenuated CBF increases in the RH ‘normal’ tissues and essentially no evoked CBF increases in the RH ischemic ‘core’ and ‘mismatch’ tissues. Hypercapnia-induced CBF increases were essentially absent in regions with perfusion deficit. Interestingly, although dependent on the precise threshold used, the BOLD activated areas appeared to be larger than the CBF activation areas, suggesting differences in metabolic and CBF changes associated with ischemic injury. The ADC and CBF values of different -derived clusters are summarized in Table 1. LH ADC and LH basal CBF were similar at all time points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the detection of blood flow changes in relation to brain activity, specifically through the use of Blood-Oxygen-Level-Dependent (BOLD) analysis. It mentions that the fMRI maps showed marked increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during response to hypercapnia, indicating a connection between measured brain activity and corresponding blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Future research may also do more to disentangle political activism into a meaningful substantive typology of actions. For example, in a Belgian study on demonstrations, van Aelst and Walgrave (2001) reveal that gender of demonstrators depends strongly on the protest issue. Research is increasingly acknowledging the importance of non-institutional forms of political activism as being legitimate and powerful influences on (formal) political outcomes (Dalton 2008; Pattie et al. 2003), but more work must be done to develop the theoretical underpinnings of these different forms of action, their stratification among population groups, and impact on the political process. Along these lines, more research is needed to investigate the implications of gender gaps in participation for political outcomes and gender equality more generally. On one hand, if women engage in more individual, private actions, but politicians pay more attention to the collective, public actions men are more likely to engage in, policy decisions might reflect men’s demands more than women’s. On the other hand, if women increase their political interest and efficacy over time, female voters may dominate ballots in the future. Future research may also open the way for further hypothesis testing on the differential effect of different characteristics on participation among men and women. Finally, the cross-national results provide a strong background with which to study national context in greater detail. While our focus was looking beyond country characteristics, it must be recognized that political participation typically occurs in a national context. Hence, further investigations on the influence of political and cultural characteristics are needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the variability in political activism based on gender, indicating that gender roles and participation are influenced by various factors, including protest issues and societal changes. It suggests that gender roles are not static, as evidenced by the potential for women to increase their political interest and efficacy over time, which could lead to changes in participation and policy outcomes based on shifting gender dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Capannolo, A. ,. . . & Fretz, K. , "-the Cubesat for Imaging of Asteroids in support of the mission towards asteroid (65803) Didymos", Planetary and Space Science, 2021, 199: 105185. McIntyre, K. J. , "", Master Thesis, of North Dakota, 2019. Tholen, D. J. , Barucci, M. A. , "Asteroid taxonomy", Asteroids II, 1989, 298-315. "Three-parameter asteroid taxonomy classifications", Asteroids II, 1989, 1151-1161. Tholen, D. J. , "Asteroid taxonomic classifications", II, 1989, 1139–1150. Safavian, S. R. , Landgrebe, D. , "A survey of decision tree classifier methodology", IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics, 1991, 21(3): 660-674. Rish, I. , "An empirical study of the naive Bayes classifier", 2001 workshop on empirical methods in artificial intelligence, 2001, 3(22): 41-46. Sperandei, S. , "Understanding logistic regression analysis"; Biochemia medica, 2014 24(1): 12-18. Breiman, L. , "Random forests", Machine learning, 2001, 45(1): 5-32. Cortes, C. , Vapnik, V. , "Support-vector networks", Machine learning, 1995, 20(3): 273-297. Pal, M. , "Random forest classifier for remote sensing classification", International journal of remote sensing, 2005, 26(1): 217-222. Guo, G. , Wang, H. , Bell, D. , Bi, Y. , Greer, K. , "KNN model-based approach in classification", " On the Move to Systems", Berlin, 2003, 986-996. Chen, T. , Guestrin, C. , "Xgboost: A scalable tree boosting system", of the 22nd acm sigkdd international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining, 2016, 785-794. Chen, T. , He, T. , Benesty, M. , Khotilovich, V. , Tang, Y. , Cho, H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about asteroids being redirected to mine resources or any associated risks. Instead, it consists of a series of citations from various academic sources that appear unrelated to the topic of asteroid resource mining and its associated risks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In the normal zone of the ischemic RH, ADC and CBF were normal. In the mismatch zone, ADC was marginally reduced but CBF was significant reduced. In the core zone, both ADC and CBF were markedly reduced. Figure 1 Permanent occlusion—CO2 functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in different -derived clusters (n = 11). (A) Representative CBF and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, clusters overlaid on ADC maps, ΔCBFCO2 and Δ2 percent change maps overlaid on CBF images of a rat subjected to permanent focal ischemia at the 30-min time point. cluster analysis yielded ‘normal’ (blue), ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch’ (green), and ‘ischemic core’ (red) clusters. Gray-scale bar indicates ADC ranging from 0 to 0. 001 mm2/sec and CBF 0 to 3 mL/g/min. Color bar indicates ΔCBF ranging from 10% to 400% and ΔBOLD 1% to 10%. (B) Scatterplots of baseline CBF versus ADC, ΔCBFCO2 versus ADC, normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities versus ADC, and Δ2 versus ADC for the left hemisphere (LH) and the right hemisphere (RH) at 30 mins after ischemia (one animal). -derived clusters were assigned as ‘normal’ (blue), ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch (green) and ‘ischemic core’ clusters (red). (C) Group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the normal left hemisphere and the -derived normal, mismatch, core clusters of the right ischemic hemisphere at three time points after ischemia. (D) Temporal evolution of the group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the ‘mismatch’ before and after migration to different zones as ischemia progressed. Mismatch at 30 mins after ischemia was used as the reference and these mismatch pixels were tracked as they migrated to different zones at 180 mins after ischemia. Table 1 Group average ADC and CBF for different time point and different area (n = 11, mean±s. d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during ischemia and how these changes can be measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It highlights different cluster analyses of CBF and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, which indicate that fMRI can indeed detect variations in blood flow that correlate with brain activity under various conditions, such as during ischemic events.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 남성에 비해 ‘안정 이력군’의 비중이 작고 ‘비취업 이력’의 비중이 큰 젠더 격차가 지속되고 있지만, ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’ 모두의증가 경향은 불안정화나 비정규화라는 말로 요약하기 어려운 내부 분화가 여성 노동시장에서 진행되고 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 남녀 모두에게서 나타난 특기할 만한 변화는첫 취업 전까지 상당한 시간을 보낸 후에 중소기업 정규직으로 진입한 이력의 비중이커졌다는 점이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that although there is a persistent gender gap in the job market, there are significant internal changes occurring in the female labor market, such as the increasing proportion of women entering stable jobs after a considerable time of job search. This suggests that gender roles have not remained the same but are evolving over time.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: , Chen, K. , "Xgboost: extreme gradient boosting", R package version 0. 4-2, 2015, 1(4): 1-4. Freund, Y. , Schapire, R. E. , "Experiments with a new boosting algorithm", icml, 1996, 96: 148-156. Schapire, R. E. , "Explaining adaboost", inference, Berlin, 2013, 37-52. Öztemel, E. , "Yapay sinir ağlari", PapatyaYayincilik, İstanbul, (2003). Şen, Z. , "Yapay sinir ağları", Su Vakfı, İstanbul, (2004). Tüm Kaynakçayı Göster Kaynakça Göster Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır. Ayrıntılar Türkçe Konular Mühendislik Bölüm Ömer Can Eskicioğlu Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0001-5644-2957 Türkiye Isık Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0003-3561-9375 Türkiye Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi 0000-0002-8933-8395 Türkiye Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022 Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Haziran 2022 7 Eylül 2022 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 Kaynak Göster IEEE Ö. C. Eskicioğlu, A. H. Isık, ve O. Sevli, “Çarpışma Öğrenmesi ile Tespiti”, El-of Science and Engineering, c. 9, sy. 4, ss. 1431–1449, 2022, doi: 10. 31202/ecjse. 1135651. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about asteroids being redirected to mine resources without risk. Instead, it contains references and citations related to engineering and artificial intelligence topics without any relevant information regarding asteroid mining or redirection.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: ) ADC (x 10−3 mm2/sec)CBF baseline (mL/g/min) 30 min90 min180 min30 min90 min180 minLH0. 75±0. 020. 76±0. 010. 75±0. 010. 89±0. 210. 97±0. 170. 97±0. 20Normal0. 74±0. 020. 74±0. 020. 74±0. 030. 81±0. 200. 83±0. 200. 81±0. 15Mismatch0. 69±0. 020. 70±0. 020. 70±0. 030. 13±0. 040. 10±0. 030. 15±0. 06Core0. 51±0. 020. 48±0. 020. 46±0. 030. 13±0. 120. 15±0. 200. 13±0. 11ADC, apparent diffusion coefficient; CBF, cerebral blood flow; LH, left hemisphere. Pixel-by-pixel scatterplot analysis of CBF versus ADC under baseline and CO2 challenge from one animal is shown in Figure 1B (left panel). The LH basal CBF was 1. 2±0. 7 mL/g/min (whole brain average). Hypercapnia markedly increased CBF, with 90% of all pixels showing a pixel-by-pixel ΔCBF increase ranging from 0. 5 to 3 mL/g/min. In the RH, the normal, mismatch and core clusters were derived using the analysis and color coded. Essentially all ‘core’ and ‘mismatch’ pixels showed no CO2-induced CBF increases. Most of the RH ‘normal’ pixels showed significant CO2-induced CBF increases but were smaller in magnitude relative the LH. The scatterplot analysis of BOLD versus ADC is shown on the right panel of Figure 1B. The wide distribution of the normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities in the LH is indicative of tissue heterogeneity, tissue physiologic status (i. e. , hypoxia), and nonuniform signal intensity profile of the surface coil. Nonetheless, in the LH, the CO2-induced BOLD increases were evident. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details about cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurement and its changes over time in relation to CO2-induced increases. It specifically mentions how cerebral blood flow increases due to hypercapnia and discusses the analysis of blood flow in the left hemisphere, indicating that these measurements are linked to brain activity, thereby supporting the claim about functional MRI's ability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 이 점은 적어도 대졸 청년 노동시장에서 불안정화, 양극화를 설명하기 위해서는 대기업 정규직 감소나 비정규직 증가보다 중소기업 정규직 노동시장의 분화, 또는 불안정화 경향에 더 집중할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. There is a social convention on the changes in the youth labor market structure in after economic crisis of 1998, characterized as punctuated changes ― polarization and precariousness. This notion is based on cross-sectional researches that mainly focuses on the structure captured in discrete time with various categories such as type of employment, type of occupations, size of enterprise, etc. Apart from this approach, we attempt to find the characteristics of changes in the structure of youth labor market after economic crisis focusing on work history as a unit of analysis. Using the & Study (KLIPS), we compare three cohorts (1993∼1995, 1998∼2000, and 2003∼2005) of college graduates’ work history of 120 months since graduation. The results are as follows: First, for men, while two groups of career patterns, ‘stable career group’ and ‘unstable career group’, still remained, within each part, the proportion of unstable careers has increased. For women, on the other hand, three career patterns of ‘stable’ ‘unstable’, and ‘unemployed’ have shifted to two patterns of ‘stable’ and ‘unstable’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing changes in gender-related labor market patterns for men and women after the economic crisis of 1998. It highlights that while men's career patterns of 'stable' and 'unstable' have existed, the proportion of 'unstable' careers has increased, which suggests a shift in gender roles. For women, the text indicates that career patterns have shifted from three types ('stable', 'unstable', and 'unemployed') to two types ('stable' and 'unstable'), pointing to changes in women's roles in the labor market.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: İndir Makale Dosyaları Sayfası Arşiv Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2 License El-Cezeri is licensed to the public under a Attribution 4. 0 license. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the subject of asteroids, their redirection, resource mining, or associated risks. Instead, it provides publication details with no connection to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Although the RH ‘core’ pixels showed lower baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities because of hypoxia-induced increase in deoxyhemoglobin concentration and/or changes in blood volume, different clusters (derived via ADC and baseline CBF data) were not well segregated based on T*2-weighted signal intensities. CO2-induced ΔBOLD versus ADC showed slightly better cluster separation visually but nonetheless were significantly less resolved compared with the corresponding CO2-induced ΔCBF versus ADC. The average BOLD fMRI responses were 3. 5%, 3. 3%, 1. 1%, and -0. 8% in the normal LH, normal RH, mismatch, and core clusters, respectively. The group-average hypercapnia-induced CBF and BOLD changes in the LH and in different clusters at different time points are summarized in Figure 1C. For permanent occlusion, ischemia stopped evolving 180 min after occlusion (Shen et al, 2003; Meng et al, 2004), which was taken as the imaging end point. Baseline CBF of the RH normal cluster was similar to that of the LH. However, the RH CO2-induced CBF and BOLD fMRI responses, although robust, were attenuated relative to the LH fMRI responses. There were trends of improvements in the RH fMRI responses over time. Baseline CBF of the RH mismatch and ischemic core were markedly reduced and their CO2-induced fMRI responses were essentially absent. BOLD responses in the RH mismatch and ischemic core were also markedly attenuated. Note that only BOLD percent changes were plotted because baseline T*2-weighted intensities could not be compared across different brain regions because of tissue heterogeneity and nonuniform intensity profile of the surface coil. Tracking the Perfusion—Diffusion MismatchTo better understand the tissue at risk, mismatch pixels were tracked as ischemia progressed. The mismatch pixels at 30 min were taken as 0. 67±0. 03 at 30 min to 0. 48±0. 02 at 180 min); those that remained in the mismatch zone or those that migrated to the normal zone showed no ADC decreases relative to the normal LH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed insights into the BOLD fMRI responses, which are indicative of changes in blood flow as a measure of brain activity. It mentions changes in CBF (cerebral blood flow) and BOLD (blood-oxygen-level-dependent) signals, suggesting a direct link between these measurements and brain activity. For example, it discusses CO2-induced CBF and BOLD responses and how they relate to tissue at risk during ischemia, thus supporting the mechanism by which functional MRI assesses brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, cohort effects with attributes of people controlled was consistent for the both of men and women. The chances of entering careers as wage earners have increased and that of quitting or changing jobs have decreased. The most notable point here is that the chances of “delayed entry into regular work in small and medium-sized enterprises” have considerably increased. These changes in the pattern of work history turn our attention from labor market of regular work in large company or that of irregular work to the differentiation in labor market of regular work in small and medium-sized enterprises. In conclusion, this paper shows that the change in the structure of youth labor market in after economic crisis of 1998 is neither linear nor discontinuous. 키워드 대졸자, 직업력, 노동시장, 배열분석, 한국노동패널조사 university-work transition, work history, social sequence analysis, youth labor market, & Study (KLIPS) 참고문헌(59) 1. [학술지] 강이수 1999 경제위기와 여성노동시장의 변화 추이 동향과전망 (40) : 89 ~ 40 2. [인터넷자료] 교육부 교육통계연보 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing changes in labor market patterns and attributes for both men and women, indicating that gender roles and opportunities in the workforce have evolved over time. It highlights that the chances of entering careers as wage earners have increased and that traditional roles have changed since the economic crisis of 1998, refuting the idea that gender roles have remained static throughout history.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: The debate assumes that value is ‘produced’. (It’s not. ) To see the flaw, let’s go back to Locke’s theory of property rights. Notice that it’s not really a ‘theory’ in the scientific sense. It doesn’t explain why property rights exist. It explains why they ought to exist. Locke proclaimed that a man ought to own what he produces. That is his ‘natural right’. This change from ‘is’ to ‘ought’ is important. It means that we’re not dealing with a scientific theory. We’re dealing with a system of morality. The philosopher was perhaps the first to understand this moral sleight of hand. He noticed that moral philosophers made their arguments more convincing by framing what ‘ought’ to be in terms of what ‘is’. Here’s Hume reflecting on this trick: In every system of morality, which I have hitherto met with, I have always remarked, that the author proceeds for some time in the ordinary way of reasoning, and establishes the being of a God, or makes observations concerning human affairs; when of a sudden I am surprised to find, that instead of the usual copulations of propositions, is, and is not, I meet with no proposition that is not connected with an ought, or an ought not. This change is imperceptible; but is, however, of the last consequence. Hume’s observation in mind, let’s return to Locke’s ‘theory’ of property. It’s not a ‘theory’ at all — it’s a morale treatise. According to Locke, we ought to own what we produce. But that doesn’t mean that we do. To see the consequences of this mistake, we need an actual scientific theory of property rights — a theory that explains why property exists, not why it ‘ought’ to exist. The most convincing theory of private property, in my opinion, comes from the work of. To understand property, Nitzan and Bichler argue that we should turn Locke’s idea on its head. Property isn’t a ‘natural right’. It’s an act of power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses philosophical perspectives on property rights and moral theories rather than any scientific or practical aspects of asteroid mining or the risks associated with redirecting asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: As expected, pixels migrating to the ‘normal’ zone showed a slightly higher baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and ΔBOLD responses at 30 min and significantly higher baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and BOLD responses at 180 min. In contrast, pixels that remained in the mismatch zone or migrated to the ischemic ‘core’ zone showed lower baseline CBF, ΔCBF, and ΔBOLD responses at both 30 and 180 min. Although the magnitudes of the RH CO2-induced ΔCBF were markedly reduced, the CO2-induced CBF percent changes, notably, were significant and comparable with those of the normal LH because of division by the small RH baseline values under ischemia. This observation suggests caution in interpreting relative percent changes in disease state. (Group I): CO2 and in the CorticesIn addition to analyzing the CO2 response profiles of different -derived tissue types, functional integrity associated with forepaw stimulation in ischemic brain injury was also evaluated. CBF versus ADC and BOLD versus ADC scatterplots of pixels within the forepaw somatosensory cortices associated with hypercapnic challenge and forepaw stimulation are showed in Figure 2A. In the normal LH, CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation evoked significant changes in the CBF and BOLD fMRI responses (red pixels) relative to the baseline (green pixels), with the stimulus-evoked CBF increases showing significantly larger dynamic ranges. In the ischemic RH, the center of mass of pixels associated with CO2 challenge showed small but observable CBF and BOLD increases. Stimulus-evoked changes in the center of mass of these pixels in the ischemic RH were, however, visually negligible. Figure 2 Permanent occlusion—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary somatosensory cortices (n =11). (A) Group-average scatterplots of baseline CBF versus apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), ΔCBFCO2 versus ADC, normalized baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities versus ADC, and Δ2 versus ADC for the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere (RH) at 180 mins after ischemia. Data were obtained from the forepaw somatosensory cortices. The green pixels are baseline conditions and red pixels are stimulus-evoked changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how functional MRI (fMRI) detects changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and corresponding BOLD responses in relation to stimulus events. Specifically, it mentions that significant changes in CBF and BOLD fMRI responses were evoked during CO2 challenges and forepaw stimulation, indicating that fMRI effectively measures brain activity through blood flow dynamics, aligning with the claim about its functional basis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 구체적으로 ‘한국노동패널조사’ 직업력 자료를사용해 4년제 대졸자의 졸업 후 120개월 노동이력을 8개 유형으로 분류하고, 각 유형별 비중을 1990년대 초·중반, 1990년대 후반, 2000년대 초·중반 졸업 코호트별로 비교했다. 남성에서는 ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’의 이분 구도가 경제위기 전후로 지속되는 가운데 두 군의 경계 영역에서 불안정화 추이가 나타났다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the changing employment patterns of male graduates over different decades, indicating that gender roles and labor histories exhibit fluctuations and transitions rather than remaining unchanged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Property, Nitzan and Bichler observe, is an act of exclusion. own something, that means that I have the right to exclude others from using it. It’s this exclusionary power that defines private property. Here are Nitzan and Bichler describing this act: The most important feature of private ownership is not that it enables those who own, but that it disables those who do not. Technically, anyone can get into someone else’s car and drive away, or give an order to sell all of Warren Buffet’s shares in Berkshire Hathaway. The sole purpose of private ownership is to prevent us from doing so. In this sense, private ownership is wholly and only an institution of exclusion, and institutional exclusion is a matter of organized power. When we think like Nitzan and Bichler, we get a very different view of income. Recall that most political economists see property in terms of the ‘things’ that are owned. They then argue that income stems from these ‘things’. Nitzan and Bichler upend this logic. Property, they argue, is about the act of ownership — the institutional act of exclusion. Income stems from this exclusionary act. We earn income from the fence of property rights, not from what’s inside the fence. In other words, if you can’t restrict access to your property, you can’t earn income from it. (For more discussion of Nitzan and Bichler’s theory of property rights, see this post. Or better yet, read their book Capital as Power. ) and Bichler’s theory of private property in hand, let’s look at what goes wrong in political economy. Economists see income and conclude that it indicates the productivity of the owner’s property. This means that when the distribution of income changes, it appears that the relative ‘output’ of each ‘factor of production’ also changes. So when the income flowing to natural resource owners declines, economists conclude (wrongly) that the resources themselves are becoming less important. Here’s an example. Most early political economists argued that there were three ‘factors of production’: land, labor and capital. But over time, land was slowly dropped, leaving only labor and capital. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the nature of property rights and the exclusionary power they entail, referencing the theories of Nitzan and Bichler. However, it does not touch on asteroids, mining, or the risks associated with resource extraction from space. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: (B) Group-average fMRI responses to CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation in the forepaw somatosensory cortices. Baseline CBF and ΔCBF fMRI responses, normalized T*2-weighted signal intensities and ΔBOLD fMRI responses are shown for different time points after ischemia. The inset shows representative CBF fMRI activation maps of forepaw stimulation. Hypercapnic responses within the primary somatosensory cortices are summarized in Figure 2B (top panel). In the normal LH across all time points, baseline CBF in the forepaw somatosensory cortex was ~1. 05 mL/g/min, CO2 inhalation increased CBF to ~3 mL/g/min, and forepaw stimulation increased CBF to ~1. 4 mL/g/min. In the ischemic RH, baseline CBF in the forepaw somatosensory cortex was 0. 25 mL/g/min, CO2 challenge induced a small CBF increase of <0. 2 mL/g/min. However, if the data were expressed as percent changes, CO2-induced CBF increases were 50 to 70%, again suggesting caution in interpreting relative percent changes in physiologically perturbed state. Baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities of the RH were normalized with respective to those of the normal LH forepaw cortex for comparison. Assuming that the signal drop off within the small forepaw primary somatosensory area due to the surface coil application was negligible, baseline normalized T*2-weighted signal intensities between the LH and RH could be compared. Under basal condition without stimulation, normalized baseline T*2-weighted image intensities in the ischemic RH were slightly reduced by 2. 5% as expected because of hypoxia and/or blood volume changes, as reported previously (Roussel et al, 1995; van der Toorn et al, 1995). In the normal LH, CO2 challenge increased BOLD by ~7. 4% whereas, in the ischemic RH, CO2 challenge increased BOLD by 2. 5%. This is in marked contrast to the magnitude stimulus-evoked CBF responses that was negligible in the ischemic RH. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and how it relates to brain activity through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). It mentions that CO2 inhalation and forepaw stimulation both resulted in quantifiable increases in CBF, supporting the idea that fMRI can measure brain activity via blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: In most societies, gender roles have remained exactly the same throughout history. [SEP] Text: 남성에 비해 ‘안정 이력군’의 비중이 작고 ‘비취업 이력’의 비중이 큰 젠더 격차가 지속되고 있지만, ‘안정 이력군’과 ‘유동 이력군’ 모두의증가 경향은 불안정화나 비정규화라는 말로 요약하기 어려운 내부 분화가 여성 노동시장에서 진행되고 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 남녀 모두에게서 나타난 특기할 만한 변화는첫 취업 전까지 상당한 시간을 보낸 후에 중소기업 정규직으로 진입한 이력의 비중이커졌다는 점이다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how there are notable changes in gender roles over time, particularly in the labor market. It highlights that while there is a persistent gender gap in employment history, there is a significant increase in women entering regular employment in small and medium-sized enterprises after a considerable time before their first job. This indicates a transformation in gender roles rather than a static state.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Take, as an example, the need to fight climate change. If you ask a climate scientist, they’ll likely say that climate change poses a dire threat to humanity. Their reasoning is simple. Climate change could potentially make farming impossible in much of the world. So if we want to avoid mass starvation, we’d best curb our fossil fuel habit. In contrast, if you ask a neoclassical economist about fighting climate change, you’ll get a very different answer. Climate change, they’ll likely say, isn’t much of a problem. True, it may cause much of our arable land to become barren … but don’t worry. Agriculture, they’ll observe, is a tiny part of GDP. So even if we destroy our ability to farm, ‘economic output’ will remain virtually unchanged. Given its absurdity, you might think that I’m making this reasoning up. But I’m not. — whose work on the economics of climate change has been enormously influential — uses the same reasoning to downplay the impact of global warming. Here’s how he peddles it: [T]he process of economic development and technological change tend progressively to reduce climate sensitivity as the share of agriculture in output and employment declines and as capital-intensive space heating and cooling, enclosed shopping malls, artificial snow, and accurate weather or hurricane forecasting reduces the vulnerability of economic activity to weather … More generally, underground mining, most services, communications, and manufacturing are sectors likely to be largely unaffected by climate change—sectors that comprise around 85 percent of GDP. Although climate change may destroy our food supply, we shouldn’t worry. According to Nordhaus, we’ll all be safe inside our air-conditioned offices, with productivity unimpaired. For this tortured logic, Nordhaus was awarded the (fake) Nobel prize in economics. Noting the irony, anthropologist aptly called it the “Prize for Climate Catastrophe”. (If you’re appalled by Nordhaus’ work — and you should be — check out Steve Keen’s in-depth debunking of it). Here’s what’s wrong with Nordhaus’ reasoning: it conflates income with productive importance (political economy’s original sin). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids for resource mining at all. Instead, it discusses differing viewpoints on the impact of climate change and related economic theories. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: This difference between BOLD and CBF responses associated with forepaw stimulation is consistent with that associated with CO2 challenge (Figure 1B). The forepaw stimulation responses within the primary somatosensory cortices are shown in Figure 2B (bottom panel). Baseline CBF, baseline T*2-weighted signal intensities, and fMRI responses did not vary substantially across different time points after ischemia. In the normal LH, forepaw evoked robust BOLD and CBF responses. In the ischemic RH, forepaw stimulation evoked a negligible CBF increase. However, BOLD increase was not negligible. This difference between BOLD and CBF responses associated with forepaw stimulation is consistent with that associated with CO2 challenge (Figures 1A and Figure 2B top panel), suggesting uncoupling of metabolic activity and blood flow. To better understand the potential uncoupling of metabolism and CBF, stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes associated with forepaw stimulation in permanent ischemic brain injury were also estimated. Table 2 summarizes the M values and stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes in the primary somatosensory cortices in the LH and RH at different time points after occlusion. M is the proportionality constant in the CMRO2 model and it reflects the hemodynamic coupling. M value in the normal LH was ~10% across different time points whereas that in the ischemic RH was reduced by half, ca. ~5%. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increase was ~10% in the LH and ~3% in the RH. Table 2 Permanent occlusion: group-average percent M and CMRO2 from the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 11, mean±s. d. ) LHRHM(%) 30 mins11. 0±2. 07. 3±2. 1 90 mins10. 9±2. 17. 1±3. 1 180 mins10. 6±2. 17. 0±2. 4 ΔCMRO2(%) 30 mins9. 6±3. 53. 4±2. 3 90 mins10. 9±3. 43. 1±2. 0 180 mins10. 5±3. 14. 3±2. 6RH, right hemisphere; LH, left hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of blood flow (CBF) and blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses during forepaw stimulation, which are relevant to functional MRI's role in measuring brain activity through changes in blood flow. It highlights that BOLD and CBF responses can vary under different conditions, supporting the idea that functional MRI assesses brain activity via blood flow changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s possible to create a completely classless society where all people have equal social standing and opportunities.The majority of the world's food supply comes from a small number of staple crops like wheat, rice, and maize. [SEP] Text: Food swamp: An urban environment typical of the corporate food system in which the market provides an overabundance of food that is not nutritious, being dominated by fast-food outlets and convenience stores. This availability overshadows the more nutritious offerings in the community [5]. Hager et al. used the metric of four or more convenience stores within a quarter of a mile (two-fifths of a kilometer) of residents to identify food swamps [2]. Food mirage: A neighborhood in which residents have physical access to nutritious food options but not financial access. Poverty prevents consumers from taking advantage of food availability and spurs them to either travel out of their way to buy nutritious groceries at more affordable prices or default to less nutritious corner store offerings [3, 5]. Food mirages are functionally equivalent to food deserts [9]. of nations, pockets of food insecurity are disproportionately present in communities with high poverty, such as rural areas and communities with a majority-minority population [6, 10-12]. In the United States, low-income zip codes have more than 30% of the nation’s convenience stores, which leaves little space for other, more nutritious grocery offerings [13]. The impact of food inequity on communities is multitudinous. Beyond the health risks of nutrition deprivation and the consequent cost of health campaigns to combat diet-related disease, there are economic ramifications in lost wages, reduction in the local tax base, and lost potential for food retail to serve as an anchor for other retail [7, 13]. Considering systemic roots of food inequity, Foley et al. highlight the consolidation and corporate control in the last century, facilitated by economic globalization of agriculture [4]. Soil health is compromised in favor of mass production of subsidized monocultures whose manufactured products dominate convenience store shelves; and business accountability is abandoned, which has allowed environmental harm through chemical runoff and leaking and water waste. The modern food supply chain in industrialized nations is a complex system with multiple firms working together in an increasingly globalized market that must contend with myriad uncontrollable factors prevalent in food production, such as weather and shelf life [14]. The network consists of suppliers (farmers), transformer sites (processing), distributor sites (that aggregate agricultural products from multiple sources to create a food supply) and clients (retailers) [14]. Foley et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. While it discusses food inequity and issues related to access and nutrition in urban environments, it does not address the possibility of a classless society or the dominance of staple crops in the food supply. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or pertain to the claim made.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Nordhaus sees agriculture’s declining share of national income and concludes (wrongly) that farming is becoming less important to human societies. Let’s quantify the trend. Figure 1 shows the share of US income earned by people working in agriculture. This share declined precipitously over the last two centuries. In 1840, more than half of all income went to people in agriculture. But by 2010, this figure had shrunk to less than 1%. Today, US farmers earn a trivial share of all income. Figure 1: The share of agriculture in US national income. For data sources, see notes. If you think like Nordhaus, the evidence in Figure 1 tells you that agriculture is becoming less important. It’s such a minuscule part of the economy that if we got rid of it entirely, GDP would shrink by less than 1%. So bring on the climate change! No. There’s a fatal flaw in this thinking. The decline in agriculture’s income share says nothing about agriculture’s biophysical importance. To see the biophysical importance of agriculture, we should look not at the income-accounting table, but at the kitchen table. No agriculture … means no food … means no humans. Far from indicating agriculture’s irrelevance, the evidence in Figure 1 shows agriculture’s continued importance. Industrial society is possible only because so few people are needed to grow food. (That’s why farmers earn such a tiny share of all income. There are hardly any of them! ) Modern farmers harvest a staggering quantity of food. This allows the rest of us to do the non-farming activities that we take for granted. Let’s look at the growth of this agricultural harvest. Figure 2 shows the labor productivity of US farmers over the last two centuries. I’ve plotted the harvest of three crops: wheat, cotton and corn. For these crops, the increase in labor productivity is spectacular — about 50-fold for wheat and 100-fold for corn and cotton. This enormous harvest is the basis for our industrial society. Without the bounty of modern agriculture, urban life would be impossible. Figure 2: The exploding labor productivity of US agriculture. I plot here the trend in the output per labor hour of US-produced wheat, cotton and corn. Data is indexed so that productivity equals 1 in the year 1800. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding asteroids and resource mining in any way. Instead, it focuses on the economic and biophysical importance of agriculture, discussing the decline in agricultural income and its significance for human society. The subject matter is entirely unrelated to the topic of asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Transient (15-mins) Occlusion (Group II)Images and maps at 30 mins after ischemia of one representative animal subjected to transient (15-mins) focal ischemia are shown in Figure 3A. All eight animals exhibited regions of hypoperfusion at the first imaging time point (~30 mins) but only one animal showed detectable ADC reduction at 30 mins. Six animals showed heterogeneous and mild hypoperfusion at 180 mins, but no ADC lesions were observed. Six animals showed no T2 or TTC lesions at 24 h after ischemia and two showed very small T2 and TTC abnormality (43 mm3) at 24 h in the subcortical region. CBF images at 24 h were normal with no apparent hypo- or hyper-perfusion. Hypercapnic challenge evoked marked CBF and BOLD increases in both LH and RH and there were no statistical differences in CO2-induced fMRI responses between the LH and RH at all time points (P>0. 05). Basal CBF and basal T*2-weighted signal intensities were not statistically different between the LH and RH somatosensory cortices (P> 0. 05). Similarly, there were also no statistical differences in the stimulus-evoked CBF and BOLD fMRI responses between the LH and RH somatosensory cortices (P> 0. 05). Figure 3 Transient occlusion—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary somatosensory cortices (n = 8). (A) Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and forepaw stimulation ΔCBF of a rat subjected to transient ischemia. Gray-scale bar indicates ADC ranging from 0 to 0. 001 mm2/sec and CBF 0 to 3 mLg/min. Color bar indicates ΔCBF ranging from 10% to 400% and ΔBOLD 1% to 10%. (B) Group-average baseline CBF, ΔCBFCO2, and Δ2 of the normal left hemisphere (LH) and the right hemisphere (Rh) -derived normal, mismatch, core clusters of the right ischemic hemisphere. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of fMRI to assess cerebral blood flow (CBF) in response to various stimuli and conditions, indicating that fMRI can indeed detect changes associated with brain activity. For example, it mentions 'Hypercapnic challenge evoked marked CBF and BOLD increases', demonstrating the relationship between brain activity and blood flow monitored through fMRI.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Livestock farming contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions, particularly methane. [SEP] Text: The potential impacts of diseases within cattle production on both environmental impacts and LDF losses are further exacerbated by the greater amount of time required from birth to slaughter (and therefore greater total days-at-risk of disease) compared to growing swine or growing chickens, and the average GHGe per kg of milk or meat [11, 12, 58]. In developed regions, commercial swine and poultry operations tend to be more integrated than their ruminant counterparts and have a greater adoption of preventative veterinary strategies. Considerable potential gains may therefore exist from improved disease control within beef production systems in South Asia, and sub-Saharan Africa, cited as having the highest regional GHGe per kg of CW [12]. This is underlined by the results shown in Table 9 – if LSD was controlled in a 200-cow beef herd, the GHGe intensity would be reduced from 76. 6 kg CO2eq per kg CW to 73. 0 kg CO2eq per kg CW, with further gains made by improved hide quality. Changes in GHGe associated with attempting to maintain MMY from livestock systems challenged by disease are difficult to conceptualise in isolation but for greater context can be compared to the equivalent annual emissions from passenger vehicles (cars) based on equivalent annual exhaust emissions from passenger vehicles with emissions of 0. 152 kg CO2 per km driven and 11,909 km driven per year [59, 60]. For example, at low population prevalence levels, the effect of disease on GHGe was relatively minor, ranging from an increase equivalent to annual emissions from 49 vehicles for LPAI in poultry at 10% prevalence (Table 11), to 30,358 car-equivalents of GHGe for PRRS in swine at 10% prevalence (Table 10). However, at high prevalence levels, the totals increased to 251 car-equivalents for LPAI in poultry at 50% prevalence to 233,578 car-equivalents for PRRS in swine at 60% prevalence. At the farm level (herd or flock) this can give an insight into the practical impacts of disease. For example, brucellosis at 40% prevalence in a 200-cow beef herd increased GHGe (Table 9) by the equivalent of the annual emissions from 110 cars. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the impacts of diseases in cattle production affect greenhouse gas emissions (GHGe) and comparing these emissions with those from passenger vehicles. It highlights the complexities in measuring emissions from livestock, particularly in relation to disease prevalence. While it indicates that livestock production does influence GHGe, it also shows that disease management could lead to reduced emissions, thereby complicating a straightforward assessment of livestock farming's impact on global greenhouse gas emissions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Output is measured in physical units (bushels for wheat and corn, bales for cotton). For data sources, see notes. We can now see the flaw in Nordhaus’ reasoning. If climate change decreases the productivity of agriculture, we lose the basis for our industrial society. If farmers can’t feed people in cities, urban-dwellers will have to move back onto the land. Presto … no more industrial society. The price problem In tying the concept of ‘output’ to income, neoclassical economists fool themselves. Their accounting system leads them to believe that natural resources are unimportant. Here’s what happens. When the price of a natural resource decreases, so does its apparent contribution to ‘output’. So as resources become cheaper, economists mistakenly think that societies are becoming less dependent on the Earth. This thinking gets it utterly wrong. The price of a natural resource doesn’t indicate its importance to society. The role of natural resources is, in reality, invariant. Today — just as we have always been — we are utterly dependent on natural resources for our survival. So what, then, should we make of the price of natural resources? In an important sense, the price of a resource is inversely related to the resource’s importance. The cheaper a resource becomes, the more we tend to depend on it. As an example, take electricity. A century ago, electricity was expensive and its use was rare. Today, electricity is cheap and we use it in almost all aspects of life. Figure 3 quantifies this cheapening of electricity, measured in terms of work time. I’ve plotted here the work time required for an average US worker to purchase 1 megawatt-hour of electricity. (A megawatt-hour is roughly the amount of electricity used by a modern US household in a month. ) In 1900, it took about 1000 hours of paid work to purchase this amount of electricity. Today it takes about 5 hours — a 200-fold decrease. Figure 3: The falling relative price of electricity. I plot here the average number of working hours required for a US production worker to buy 1 MWH of electricity at the residential price. For data sources, see notes. Electricity is, for modern Americans, astonishingly cheap. To neoclassical economists, this cheapness signals that electricity production contributes virtually nothing to economic output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about redirecting asteroids to mine resources and the associated risks. Instead, it discusses the economic implications of natural resource pricing and the dependency of societies on those resources. This makes the text irrelevant to the claim at hand.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes and M values in the LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices after transient ischemic brain injury were estimated (Table 3). M values were not statistically different between LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices (P>0. 05) and they ranged from 7. 7% to 9. 4% across different time points. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increases in the LH and RH were also not statistically different between LH and RH primary somatosensory cortices (P>0. 05) and they ranged from 13% to 21% across different time points. Table 3 Transient (15 mins) occlusion: group-average M and CMRO2 from the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 8, mean±s. d. ) LHRHM(%) 30 mins9. 2±0. 89. 4±0. 4 90 mins9. 4±0. 68. 6±0. 5 180 mins8. 2±0. 37. 7±0. 4 24 h8. 8±2. 19. 1±1. 6ΔCMRO2 (%) 30 mins13±313±3 90 mins19±418±3 180 mins16±317±6 24 h21±1023±13RH, right hemisphere; LH, left hemisphere. Effects of Time on fMRI Responses: (Group III)Attenuation of the fMRI responses could be because of ischemia and/or delayed mean transit time associated with occlusion of major arteries. To investigate the potential effects of delayed mean transit time on the fMRI responses, control fMRI experiments were performed in which the common carotid artery was clipped (occluded) remotely but without causing a stroke as confirmed by ADC measurements (data not shown). Functional MRI responses obtained from the primary somatosensory cortices are summarized in Figure 4. Although both the baseline and stimulus-evoked CBF under the clip condition were marginally lower relative to the no-clip condition, there were no statistical differences between clip and no-clip data (P>0. 05). Subcortical structures, however, showed significantly delayed MTT effect. The effective whole-brain CBF values were reduced by 20%. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various metrics related to cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) in the context of functional MRI. It indicates that CMRO2 changes and corresponding M values in the primary somatosensory cortices are measured under various conditions, thereby supporting the idea that functional MRI tracks changes in blood flow which is linked to brain activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 2 APMC admin moduleFollowing module description shows the services offered by developed mobile application to the APMC Admin. 3. 1. 2. 1 View and approve farmer detailsThe APMC admin has facility to view the farmer details such as name, kisanId and contact number of farmers along with status either approved or pending. The newly registered farmers have the status pending indicating that the admin has not yet approved the registered farmer. After verifying all the farmer details then admin has facility to approve the farmer to give access permission for the farmer to the mobile phone. 10 shows flow diagram for verifying and approve farmer details. Thus, prevents the unauthorized person accessing the mobile app. Figure 10. Data flow for view and approve farmer details. 3. 1. 2. 2 Crop predictionThe crop prediction is a process of predicting the suitable crop for location specific crop cultivation and appropriate fertilizer without degrading the quality of the soil for the sustainable agriculture. The five different steps which are followed in this module are shown in Figure 11. Dataset collectionData pre-processingData splitting into train and test setsFitting algorithmTesting/PredictionDataset CollectionThe dataset containing soil parameters are collected which includes moisture, temperature, humidity, soil type, NPK value, crop name and fertilizer name. The IoT enabled sensors data is stored in the matrix form. The grid size of the IoT enabled sensors from different locations of the agricultural land is 200 X 9. There are totally 200 rows and 9 columns. The first 3 columns contain data which were in string format i. e. , NPK values and rest 6 columns contain data which are in numerical. Data pre-processingThe information gathered from the IoT empowered sensors is in non-uniform and need preprocessing. In data pre-processing all the string data is converted into numerical data. In order to perform this, all the string features are converted into dummy variables which indirectly increased the column number, further the data is cleaned to remove null values. The dataset contains some categorical data and some continuous numeric data. This type of unstructured data cause problems to algorithm, hence the pre-processing task is performed standard feature scaling on all of the data to bring them into a common scale. Data SplittingThe crop prediction module requires the supervised classifier such as support vector machine (SVM). In-order to train the supervised classifier, it is required to segment the accessible dataset into preparing and testing dataset. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses an application for crop prediction and details about APMC admin modules without any reference to organic farming or the use of synthetic chemicals. There is no supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim within the text provided.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Second, I think it’s a mistake to even try to explain ‘economic output’. Why? don’t think it exists. Ask yourself this question — what is the ‘output’ of a cow? What is the ‘output’ of a bacteria? Are you struggling to find an answer? That’s because the question is ill-posed. Organisms don’t have ‘outputs’ in any meaningful sense. They have throughputs. Organisms transform matter and energy into forms that are useful. Both the cow and the bacteria take in energy and matter, and then use it to maintain their structure and to enable their activity. They have no ‘output’ … only energy throughput. When we think this way, production functions become irrelevant. There’s no need to relate economic inputs to economic outputs, because the latter doesn’t exist. Instead, there’s only the flow of energy. When framed this way, the study of ‘economic growth’ becomes the study of energy transformations. We needn’t get ‘real’ GDP involved. (That’s good, because it’s a flawed metric. ) Using energy to harvest energy When it comes to understanding the role of energy, one of the most interesting things we can do is study the use of energy to harvest energy. In broad terms, this is what life is all about. Organisms use energy so that they can harvest more energy. A gazelle eats grass so that it can find more grass. A lion eats a gazelle so that it can find more gazelle. And so on. In this regard, natural systems are fairly static. We don’t see lions investing ever-increasing energy in hunting their prey. If a lion pride reaps a bonanza (like an elephant), they don’t turn around and immediately hunt for more elephants. They eat the bonanza and then sleep for days. For most of our history, humans probably did something similar. We harvested the energy we needed, and no more. If there was an excess supply of energy, we (like the lion) used it up with leisure time. Then something changed. At some point in our history (probably when we started farming) humans started to behave differently. We invested excess energy into harvesting still more energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses topics related to energy, economic output, and natural systems but does not address asteroids, mining resources, or risks associated with redirecting asteroids. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 Common carotid artery occlusion without causing stroke—CO2 and forepaw functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses in the primary forepaw somatosensory cortices (n = 8). (A) Group-average baseline CBF and ΔCBF associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation. (B) Group-average normalized BOLD and ΔBOLD associated with CO2 challenge and forepaw stimulation. DiscussionThe major results of this study are: (1) Combined diffusion, perfusion, and fMRI of ischemic brain injury during the acute phase was performed with a temporal resolution of 30 mins. (2) cluster analysis of MR tissue characteristics (and fMRI responses) was implemented, making it possible to spatially and temporally track different tissue types on pixel-by-pixel basis, providing valuable information regarding tissue viability, vascular coupling, and functional integrity associated with the dynamic evolution of ischemic brain injury. (3) Permanent cerebral ischemia resulted in a complete loss of neuronal activity in the primary somatosensory cortices in all animals whereas vascular coupling was intact in some animals. Loss of vascular coupling and/or functional integrity preceded ADC lesion and were temporally associated with the perfusion decline. Thus, fMRI could potentially serve as an earlier and complementary indictor for risk of ischemic brain injury. (4) Transient (15-mins) cerebral ischemia exhibited transient CBF and/or ADC decline. However, no permanent injury was observed in essentially all animals at 3 and 24 h. Vascular coupling and fMRI responses in the forepaw cortices were also normal. (5) The effect of delayed transit time on the fMRI responses in the primary somatosensory cortices due to occlusion of major arteries in this stroke model was negligible. (6) Cerebral blood flow fMRI responses appeared to have larger dynamic ranges than the BOLD responses and pixel-by-pixel CBF changes were more apparent, suggesting a potentially better mapping signal. (7) Finally, caution must be exercised when interpreting relative fMRI signal changes in physiologically perturbed states in which the baseline signals are altered, resulting in erroneous percent changes. Measurements of magnitude changes (such as quantitative CBF changes) might be necessary to provide accurate measures of increased neural activity under physiologically perturbed conditions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of fMRI to measure cerebral blood flow (CBF) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses in different physiological states. Specifically, it mentions that fMRI can track changes in CBF and fMRI responses associated with conditions like transient cerebral ischemia and that these measurements can provide valuable information regarding brain tissue viability and vascular coupling, which directly relates to measuring brain activity through changes in blood flow.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: Again, about 25% of Bangladesh’s cropland is located on the country’s coasts, which are about 2. 5 million hectares in size. Local varieties, adapted to poor water management, occupy about 60% of the paddy-cropped area, leading to waterlogging and salinity (Kumar et al. , 2019b). Salinity surveys and monitoring data show that over 1. 02 million hectares (almost 70%) of Bangladesh’s arable land is afflicted by various levels of soil salinity, and Khulna, Bagerhat, Satkhira, and Patuakhali have the highest salt levels, affecting rice plants (Nahar & Hamid, 2016). Recently, a report stated that the farmers in the present Boro paddy field in the Khulna region had lost their way owing to a pest infestation. The number of attacks on the Mazra pest has never been so significant. The rice plant’s spikes damaged their grains and became white (Sangbad, 2022). In the meantime, to increase production, a wide range of chemical pesticides were used to get rid of pests, unfortunately reducing the nutrients of crops (Kundu & Mallick, 2024) and causing various health diseases for humans, including birth defects, autism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory disorders, organ diseases, and system failures (Mostafalou & Abdollahi, 2013). In agriculture, accurate prediction is the most essential aim for economic benefit through producing crops and maintaining soil fertility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that a wide range of chemical pesticides were used to address pest infestations in the Khulna region, which indicates that synthetic chemicals are utilized in the agricultural practices described. This undermines the assertion that organic farming avoids synthetic chemicals, as it highlights the reliance on chemical pesticides in the farming system being discussed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: This new behavior created a dramatic feedback loop that eventually led to industrial society. Let’s think about how this feedback loop works, using the example of harvesting coal. Humans have mined coal for millennia. For most of this time, we used nothing but a pick. Even today, that’s how coal is mined in some parts of the world. It’s a back-breaking task filled with danger. A coal miner in Punjab, India. Source: Reuters Let’s think about this coal mining in energetic terms. When we mine by hand, we’re using our bodies to convert food energy into work. In return, we get energy from coal. Note that the two types of energy come in different forms (food and coal). Since it’s hard to use coal to grow more food, there’s a limit to how much coal we can mine by hand. (If everyone mines coal, no one can grow food. ) The solution to this problem is to use coal power to mine coal. This sets the feedback loop free. We mine coal and then convert it into electricity (or, in the earlier days, convert it into steam power). Then we use this electricity to harvest more coal. By the earlier 20th century, many coal miners were no longer using picks. Instead, they used pneumatic drills like the one below. They were using fossil-fuel power to harvest more fossil fuels. A coal miner with a pneumatic drill. Source: Maria’s Rhetoric and Blog. Modern coal miners have taken this process to a monumental scale. They don’t even bother with hand-held tools. Instead, they use giant excavators to mine coal on a scale that is hard to fathom. Here, for instance, is an excavator in a German coal mine. Each bucket on the extraction wheel is the size of a car. An excavator at the Garzweiler coal mine in Germany. Source: pixabay On the surface, this feedback loop appears as changing technology. The imagery above makes that clear. But under the hood, the feedback loop is fundamentally about energy. We are using ever increasing quantities of energy to harvest still more energy. Let’s have a look at this energy feedback loop in quantitative terms. We’ll compare the energy harvested by the energy sector to the energy used by this sector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses coal mining technology, energy feedback loops, and methods of extraction without addressing asteroids, their redirection, or any associated risks. It instead focuses on historical and modern coal mining practices, making it disconnected from the subject of asteroid mining.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, robust fMRI responses could be detected as shown herein and previously in normal animals (Liu et al, 2004a; Sicard and Duong, 2005). Isoflurane has also been suggested to have some neuroprotective effects (Mortier et al, 2000; Elsersy et al, 2004). Our unpublished data showed that the infarct sizes under isoflurane with permanent focal ischemia were not statistically different from that under chloral hydrate, whereas the infarct size under isoflurane with transient focal ischemia was smaller, depending on experimental conditions. Nonetheless, the choice of isoflurane anesthetic should not affect the overall conclusion of this study, namely, that these MRI techniques and the animal model offer a unique means to dynamically study the vascular coupling and functional integrity of different ischemic tissue types as a function of ischemic evolution in both acute and chronic phase. Magnitude versus Percent ChangesA striking observation is that although the magnitudes of the CO2-induced ΔCBF in the ischemic RH were markedly reduced, the CO2-induced CBF percent changes were substantial and comparable with those of the normal LH (Figure 2B). This is because of the division by small RH baseline values associated with ischemia. Comparison of the magnitude and percent change suggests that cautions must be exercised when interpreting fMRI data based on fMRI percent changes in disease states where the baseline physiology is markedly altered. We further suggest that measurements of magnitude changes are needed for fMRI studies under perturbed conditions. Similar observations were reported associated with fMRI associated with systemic cocaine administration which caused substantial transient changes in mean arterial blood pressure, heart rate and respiration (Liu et al, 2004b). These physiologic effects on stimulus-evoked fMRI responses had been systemically evaluated in another study (Sicard and Duong, 2005) in which the relative and quantitative CBF, normalized (with respect to a fixed baseline) BOLD and CMRO2 fMRI changes associated with forepaw stimulation in normal animals were measured where the baseline conditions were physiologically modulated by changing the inhaled CO2 or O2 gas concentrations. It was found that quantitative CBF, normalized CMRO2 and BOLD signals are accurate indicators of increased neural activity under mild physiologic perturbation whereas relative fMRI signal changes are not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how fMRI techniques can be used to study the vascular coupling and functional integrity of different ischemic tissue types, indicating that fMRI is capable of detecting changes associated with brain activity. It specifically mentions that quantitative CBF and BOLD signals are accurate indicators of increased neural activity, which directly supports the claim about fMRI measuring brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: 5 kathas of agricultural land to collect the value of the parameter. This area's soil contains salinity. Rice was cultivated using a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers. Table 1 shows the framework for this cultivation system. Figure 2 illustrates the application of chemical fertilizers (urea, TSP, and potash) and organic fertilizers to the land during the experiment. Then the proposed model was fitted through data collection from this field experiment and the study of some published research works (Al Mamun et al. , 2021; Hossain, 2022; Islam et al. , 2021; Nasiruddin & Roy, 2012). Table 1. Activity timeline for the field experimentDateActivities06. 02. 23Soil collection07. 02. 23Plantation01. 03. 23Soil collection02. 03. 23Drying land10. 03. 23half of prescribed level18. 03. 23Soil collection02. 04. 23full of prescribed level17. 04. 23full of prescribed level20. 04. 23Soil collection02. 05. 23full of prescribed level05. 05. 23Soil collection19. 05. 23Cutting of yield20. 05. 23Soil collection05. 06. 23Soil collectionFigure 2. Fertilizer application scenario at the time of the field experiment3. 3 Method for Numerical SimulationNumerical simulations were conducted utilizing software, with the Runge-Kutta fourth-order algorithm being employed to forecast and model various incident scenarios based on the data collected. Concurrently, multiple regression analysis was applied to identify significant relationships among the state variables. was utilized to execute the regression analysis and visually represent the outcomes. Therefore, Figure 3 depicts all of the processes involved in this study. Figure 3. Methodology of the research steps4. Threats to Rice Production: A Approach4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that in the specific agricultural practices described, both organic and chemical fertilizers are utilized. It mentions, 'Rice was cultivated using a combination of organic and chemical fertilizers,' which directly contradicts the claim that organic farming avoids synthetic chemicals entirely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Figure 4 shows such a comparison in the US oil and gas sector. The blue curve shows the energy harvested per worker in the oil and gas sector. The red curve shows the energy consumed per worker in this sector. As expected, the correlation is tight. The only way to harvest more energy is to use more energy. Figure 4: Using energy to harvest energy in the US oil and gas sector. For data sources, see notes. A side note about history. Figure 4 vividly shows the impact of the 1970s oil crisis — the confluence of two different events. First, US oil production peaked in 1970. Second, in the 1970s the oil cartel OPEC limited the export of oil to the United States. Because of both of these factors, the price of oil rose rapidly. In response, exploration for oil exploded. Thousands of people pored into the energy sector hoping to earn a wildcat windfall. But little new oil was found, and so the energy harvested per worker declined. When the price of oil eventually fell (in the 1980s) people stopped wildcatting. The production of oil, however, remained roughly constant. So the oil harvested per worker increased. (Since 2010, thanks to the exploitation of shale reserves, US oil extraction has exploded. I’d like to plot this trend, but my data for oil-and-gas-sector energy use ends in 2007. ) The US oil and gas sector is hardly alone in using energy to harvest energy. We expect this linkage in all societies. Looking at European countries (Figure 5), we see similar behavior. The energy harvested by the energy sector is tightly linked to the energy used by this sector. Figure 5: Using energy to harvest energy in European countries. The x-axis shows the energy used by the energy sector (per labor hour) in various EU countries. The y-axis shows the energy harvested (per labor hour) by the same sector. For data sources, see notes. The scale of energy flow Most of us (myself included) don’t appreciate the magnitude of our fossil fuel habit. To put the scale of fossil fuel exploitation in perspective, it’s helpful to compare it to something we’re more familiar with — food. Let’s convert the energy harvested by an industrial nation into the energy equivalent in corn. We’ll use Norway as our example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the energy dynamics in the US and European oil and gas sectors, focusing on energy harvesting and the historical context of oil production. It does not mention asteroids, resource mining, or any related risk, making it disconnected from the claim about redirecting asteroids.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In brief, the differences between CBF and BOLD fMRI responses are likely genuine, indicative of metabolic and hemodynamic uncoupling associated with ischemic brain injury. Imaging CMRO2 in Acute StrokeTo further investigate the apparent metabolic and hemodynamic uncoupling, we attempted, as a first step, to estimate CMRO2 changes associated with ischemic brain injury. values in the normal LH (10% and 8% in the permanent and transient ischemic model, respectively) were higher than that (ca. , 5%) reported previously with a shorter TE of 15 ms in normal rats under essentially identical preparation (Liu et al, 2004a). This difference was expected because a shorter TE yields a smaller M value (see equation(1)). Nonetheless, this difference does not affect the CMRO2 determination as long as the same MR parameters were used in both the M and CMRO2 measurements in a single setting. Forepaw-stimulation-induced CMRO2 increases in the normal LH (10% and 17% in the permanent and transient ischemic model, respectively) were smaller than that of the 24%±6% increase in normal animals reported previously (Liu et al, 2004a). We have no explanation for this discrepancy. A potential explanation for the apparent discrepancy in stimulation-induced CMRO2 changes between the previous and current study could be that the stroke surgery per se could cause a reduced stimulus-evoked CMRO2 change even in the unaffected LH. CMRO2 estimates showed that metabolism was markedly reduced in both mismatch and core tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging-based CMRO2 model remains to be validated. Davis' CMRO2 model has not been previously used in disease states. Although the stimulus-evoked CMRO2 changes and the M values in the ischemic regions herein were reasonable and consistent, the Davis' CMRO2 model may not be valid under physiologically perturbed states. Direct validation of this MRI-based CMRO2 technique under normal and disease states is difficult because of a lack of gold standard for in vivo CMRO2 measurement. Cross correlation with microPET-CMRO2 techniques would provide further support of this valuable MRI-based CMRO2 technique. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between changes in CMRO2 (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) and blood flow, as well as the implications of measuring these changes using fMRI techniques. The mention of hemodynamic and metabolic responses, and how these relate to ischemic brain injury supports the claim that fMRI is a tool used to assess brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of organic farming avoids the use of synthetic chemicals like pesticides and fertilizers. [SEP] Text: Therefore, their increased use decreases the amount of organic matters in the soil. This finding aligns with the result from the field experiment conducted by Basak et al.  (2015). At the same time, increasing the use of organic fertilizers results in a slight rise in soil salinity. Therefore, using them in excess might be detrimental to the soil because the paddy plant cannot tolerate the stress necessary to generate yield if the soil salt rises beyond 20 ds/m. If farmers continue to apply an ever-increasing rate of chemical fertilizers constantly, the initial rise in plant nutrients can be higher on one side, while the decline in organic matters on the other side. As a direct consequence of this, the amount of organic matters can diminish to an increased proportion over time. Figure 12 helps to illustrate this point in further detail, as shown in Figure 6. Figure 12. Use of more chemical fertilizers leads to a higher total yield up to the seventh year, with the opposite situation occurring in a decadeTotal yields in four years are 112. 83 T/H when β = 0. 40, meaning the use of fewer chemical fertilizers, and 119. 3012 T/H when β is larger, meaning the use of more chemical fertilizers. The difference in yield between these two results is 6. 4712 T/H. But surprisingly, the gap between the two reduces day by day over time. This difference is just 4. 307 T/H after seven years. Interestingly, a decade has revealed the other side of the coin. When fewer chemical fertilizers are applied, the total yield is higher. This shows that the use of more chemical fertilizers has resulted in greater production in recent years by increasing plant nutrients. However, this can ultimately result in a lower yield in the years to come as plant nutrients cannot possibly rise due to the lack of organic matters, as shown in subgraph (b) of Figure 6, which is similar to the situations observed by Haque & Biswas (2020). Figure 7 clearly shows that waterlogging poses a significant problem for rice cultivation. An increase in soil salinity disrupts soil health, reducing the amount of organic matters in the soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative effects of increased use of chemical fertilizers on organic matter in the soil. It highlights that while synthetic fertilizers can initially increase yields, their long-term use diminishes organic matter and soil health, which is contrary to the principles of organic farming that generally avoids synthetic chemicals, including fertilizers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Asteroids can be redirected to mine resources without risk. [SEP] Text: Norway’s energy sector harvests about 100 billion joules of energy for every person-hour. That’s equivalent to harvesting 27 metric tonnes of corn for every hour worked. Think about that — nearly 30 tonnes of corn for every hour of work. How much corn is this? It’s about 4000 times more corn per labor hour than pre-industrial farmers could harvest. And it’s about 30 times more corn per hour than modern industrial farmers can harvest. (See my calculations here. ) This is the potency of fossil fuels. We cannot do without natural resources The physicist once remarked: “if your theory is found to be against the [laws] of thermodynamics I can give you no hope; there is nothing for it but to collapse in deepest humiliation. ” Neoclassical economics profoundly contradicts these laws. Yet sadly, we’re still awaiting its humiliating collapse. Neoclassical economics is founded on an embarrassing error. It assumes that income indicates contribution to production. For a century, this error has led economists to conclude that natural resources are unimportant. They see that the natural resource sector earns a tiny fraction of all income. And so they infer that we could get rid of this activity and still retain the vast majority of ‘economic output’. Unfortunately, the real world doesn’t work like that. Income doesn’t tell us about the importance of resource flows. It never has and it never will. As long as we think that it does, we’re headed down a dangerous path. Let’s not let the delusions of neoclassical economics seal our fate. The planet deserves better. Support this blog Economics from the is where I share my ideas for how to create a better economics. If you liked this post, consider becoming a patron. You’ll help me continue my research, and continue to share it with readers like you. Stay updated Sign up to get email updates from this blog. Keep me up to date This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 License. You can use/share it anyway you want, provided you attribute it to me (Blair Fix) and link to Economics from the Top Down. share of US national income: 1839–1899: of the 238-249 1900–1928: of the 250-261 1929–present: Bureau of Tables 6. 1A–D. (Table 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the importance of natural resources and critiques neoclassical economics but does not address the claim regarding the redirection of asteroids for mining or the associated risks. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: AbstractCerebrovascular stressors, such as breath holding or CO2 inhalation, cause global magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal changes. In this study, we show that intrathoracic pressure changes cause rapid MRI signal alterations that have similar spatial patterns to the changes associated with breath holding or CO2 inhalation. Nine subjects performed the Valsalva maneuver during functional MRI data collection. Expiratory pressures ranged from 10 to 40 mm Hg. Breath holds ending on either inhalation or exhalation were also collected. The maximal and minimal functional MRI (fMRI) signal scaled with thoracic pressure load, and the overall amplitude of responses to the Valsalva varied, depending on brain tissue. Additionally, a Valsalva effort as short as 5 seconds yielded signal changes similar in spatial distribution and magnitude to a 20-second breath hold, suggesting potential applications of the Valsalva maneuver for calibrated fMRI experiments. responses to global stresses have long been used to better understand brain function and disease, and to study the tools used to measure brain activity. These global stressors include injecting acetazolamide, ingesting caffeine, breathing CO2- or O2 -enriched or impoverished air, and breath holding. 1–4 In this study, we quantify an additional stressor. We show that changes in intrathoracic chest pressure via the Valsalva maneuver globally and parametrically modulate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) response magnitudes. This task varies intrathoracic pressure in a manner that is noninvasive, low risk, and intuitively simple to perform. As such, the quantification of the pressure effects, presented here, adds to the ways researchers and clinicians can alter and study cerebrovascular responses. The effects of changes in intrathoracic pressure on blood flow have long been known. maneuver is a standard clinical tool that consists of an exhalation against a closed glottis or another closed system, with the goal of increasing intrathoracic pressure to 20 to 40 mm Hg. The maneuver involves increasing intrathoracic pressure during a breath hold, and elicits consistent autonomic responses including heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow changes. 5 The effects of intrathoracic pressure changes on cerebral blood flow have been less studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how changes in intrathoracic pressure, through the Valsalva maneuver, modulate functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal magnitudes in relation to brain activity. It explains that 'the effects of changes in intrathoracic pressure on cerebral blood flow have been less studied,' suggesting a direct link between blood flow changes and fMRI measurements of brain activity.