Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Directed evolution and mutagenesis of lysine decarboxylase from Hafnia alvei AS1. 1009 to improve its activity toward efficient cadaverine production. Biotechnol. Bioproc. E 2015, 20, 439–446. [70. . Broad-of Synthetic sRNAs. ACS Syn. Biol. 2019, 8, 1452–1461. [71. An environmentally friendly strategy for cadaverine bio-production: in situ utilization of CO2 self-released from L-lysine decarboxylation for pH control. J. CO2 Utiliz. 2020, 37, 278–284. [72. ölkert M, Abendroth Gv. et al. From zero to hero—Production of bio-based nylon from renewable resources using engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. Metab. Eng. 2014, 25, 113–123. [73. Improving the secretion of cadaverine in Corynebacterium glutamicum by cadaverine–lysine antiporter. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2014, 41, 701–709. [74. of between Glycolysis and an Oxygen-Switch in Corynebacterium glutamicum. ACS Syn. Biol. 2020, 9, 814–826. [75. 1,5-Diaminopentane production from xylooligosaccharides using metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum displaying beta-xylosidase on the cell surface. Bioresour. Technol. 2017, 245, 1684–1691. [76. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for polyamides monomer δ-valerolactam production from feedstock lysine. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2020, 104, 9965–9977. [77. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of 5-aminovalerate and glutarate as C5 platform chemicals. Metab. Eng. 2013, 16, 42–47. [78. . coli for renewable production of the 5-carbon polyamide building-blocks 5-aminovalerate and glutarate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various biotechnological projects centered on the production of valuable substances, specifically mentioning the production of cadaverine and polyamide building-blocks from engineered microorganisms like Corynebacterium glutamicum and Escherichia coli. This aligns with the claim that synthetic biology projects focus on creating valuable substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: 58 ~ 0. 86) ** 0. 78 (0. 63 ~ 0. 96) * 0. 78 (0. 64 ~ 0. 97) * region >90 min 0. 77 (0. 63 ~ 0. 96) * 0. 86 (0. 69 ~ 1. 08) 0. 86 (0. 68 ~ 1. 08) city 1. 00 (Reference) 1. 00 (Reference) countryside 2. 03 (1. 41 ~ 2. 91) ** 1. 95 (1. 36 ~ 2. 80) ** Note: **< 0. 01, *< 0. 05; model 1 includes nighttime and nap time of the elderly, model 2 controls for demographic variables, and model 3 has all covariates. 3. 3. Dose–response relationship between sleep duration and MCI in older adults The dose–response relationship between sleep duration and MCI among the elderly exhibited a U-shaped curve (P for overall < 0. 001; P for nonlinearity = 0. 780). When nighttime sleep duration was < about 6. 5 hours, an increase in sleep time correlated with a gradual decrease in the probability of MCI, indicating a negative correlation. Conversely, when nighttime sleep exceeded 6. 5 hours, an increase in sleep time correlated with a gradual increase in the probability of MCI, indicating a positive correlation (Fig. 1). Given the lowest probability of MCI among the elderly occurred with 6–8 hours of nighttime sleep, a logistic regression model was constructed with 6–8 hours as the reference group (Table 3). Compared with those sleeping 6–8 hours at night, older adults with < 6 hours or > 8 hours of nighttime sleep were more likely to develop MCI. Regarding nap duration, no nonlinear relationship was observed between nap duration and MCI among the elderly (P for overall = 0. 215; P for nonlinear = 0. 780). The probability of MCI decreased with increasing nap duration. Considering that the lowest probability of MCI occurred with < 30 minutes of nap duration, a logistic regression model was constructed with < 30 minutes as the reference group (Table 3). Compared with older adults with < 30 minutes of nap duration, those without a napping habit exhibited a higher likelihood of MCI. Table 3 Logistic regression adjusted for the relationship between sleep grouping and MCI in older adults S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests a strong dependency on nighttime sleep for cognitive health, particularly in older adults. It states that older adults who sleep less than 6 hours at night or more than 8 hours are more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI), indicating that simply replacing nighttime sleep with naps does not prevent cognitive decline. Additionally, while there is mention of nap duration, it notes that there is no nonlinear relationship between nap duration and MCI, reinforcing that nighttime sleep plays a critical role in cognitive function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: rae. ru Scientific journal of 2073-4972 ИФ РИНЦ = 0,301 Toggle navigation О журнале Search Заказ журнала Правила Personal portfolio Home№ 3 in 2024 Information about 2024. – № 3 – P. 4-10 Publication date 25. 06. 2024 Section no name UDK 579. 6 DOI 10. 17513/ejnh. 34386 Pages 4–10 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm. The results of B3 identification by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene revealed that this strain is Bacillus velezensis. It was determined at 7 pH environment, and addition of a nitrogen source of casein for the highest protease enzyme activity. bacillus velezensishalotoleranceseafood processingactivityenzyme protease Seafood processing is one of the critical industries that brings a lot of foreign currency to our country. According to statistics in 2021, Vietnam currently has 815 industrial-scale seafood processing establishments eligible for export and over 3,200 small-scale processing facilities for domestic processing and consumption in operation, with a total processing capacity of up to 6 million tons of raw materials/year, creating over 2. 1 million tons of products/year. However, along with the achievements, the seafood processing industry also causes many environmental problems because of its nature and waste composition. In particular, wastewater from seafood processing is highly salinized, containing organic matter, solid waste, and grease [1]. On the other hand, due to the lack of fresh water, many processing plants near the sea use seawater to wash the machinery system, further increasing the salinity of wastewater. Treating salty wastewater by biological methods is not easy; the COD removal efficiency could be higher due to the side effects of salt on the microflora. In salty or highly salty wastewater environments, microorganisms lose their activity because of plasmolysis, making traditional wastewater treatment biotechnologies ineffective [2]. However, this is a very environmentally friendly solution for worldwide water pollution problems. Therefore, isolating microbial strains in salt-contaminated wastewater, which can remove organic matter and nutrients in salt-contaminated organic sewage, is a right and promising direction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and bioluminescence. It discusses the identification of a bacterial strain (Bacillus velezensis) and various aspects of the seafood processing industry, including environmental challenges and wastewater treatment, which have no relationship to the claim about bioluminescent ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of synthetic biology projects focus on creating microorganisms that can produce valuable substances, like biofuels, medicines, or industrial chemicals. [SEP] Text: Recombinant xylose-fermenting yeast construction for the co-production of ethanol and cis,cis-muconic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Bioresour. Technol. Rep. 2020, 9, 100395. [103. . Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for shikimate pathway derivative production from glucose–xylose co-substrate. Nat. Comm. 2020, 11, 279. [104. . of a Pathway via 4-in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 8037–8043. [105. . by Biosynthesis via Anthranilate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2013, 79, 4024–4030. [106. . of via a Prokaryotic 2,3-Decarboxylase. Chem. Sus. Chem. 2014, 7, 2478–2481. [107. Wang J, Zheng P. Muconic acid production from glucose using enterobactin precursors in Escherichia coli. J. Ind. Microbiol. BioTechnol. 2015, 42, 701–709. [108. . Engineering E. coli–E. coli cocultures for production of muconic acid from glycerol. Fact. 2015, 14, 134. [109. . coli coculture systems for the production of biochemical products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2015, 112, 8266–8271. [110. . Extending shikimate pathway for the production of muconic acid and its precursor salicylic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab. Eng. 2014, 23, 62–69. [111. . Gene-Proteins in Escherichia coli. ACS Syn. Biol. 2018, 7, 2698–2705. [112. Adipic acid production from lignin. Energy Environ. Sci. 2015, 8, 617–628. [113. Johnson CW, Salvachúa. Enhancing muconic acid production from glucose and lignin-derived aromatic compounds via increased protocatechuate decarboxylase activity. Metab. Eng. Comm. 2016, 3, 111–119. [114. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various metabolic engineering projects involving microorganisms, particularly different strains of Escherichia coli and yeast, that are designed to produce valuable biochemical substances. For instance, it mentions the co-production of ethanol and cis,cis-muconic acid from biomass, demonstrating a focus on creating valuable products using engineered microorganisms, consistent with the claim about synthetic biology projects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: E Z P OR (95%CI) Nighttime sleep, n (%) 6–8 h 1. 00 (Reference) < 6h 0. 22 0. 09 6. 02 0. 014 1. 24 (1. 05–1. 48) >8 h 0. 58 0. 14 18. 2 0. 000 1. 79 (1. 37–2. 34) Nap sleep time, n (%) <30 min 0 min 0. 34 0. 13 6. 36 0. 012 1. 39(1. 08–1. 81) 30–90 min 0. 78 0. 14 0. 29 0. 589 1. 08(0. 82–1. 43) >90 min 0. 15 0. 15 0. 96 0. 325 1. 16(0. 86–1. 55) Note: The model adjusted for region, education level, and number of physical exercises. DiscussionTo the best of our knowledge, this study represents the first exploration utilizing a vast, nationally representative longitudinal dataset to investigate the association between nap duration, nighttime sleep duration, and MCI among Chinese elderly, aiming to establish optimal sleep durations. Previous studies have commonly combined sleep durations, potentially obscuring nuanced trends in cognitive decline among the elderly[23]. However, this study employed the RCS method to elucidate potential dose–response relationships between sleep durations and MCI, offering a granular understanding of these associations. 4. 1 The nighttime sleep duration of the elderly was U-shaped with MCIThe evidence regarding the association between sleep duration and cognition has been characterized by limited and inconsistent findings. Some studies have reported significantly lower cognitive levels in older adults with both < 6 hours and > 9 hours of sleep[24], whereas others have found no association between sleep duration and cognition[25]. However, our study revealed a U-shaped relationship between sleep duration and the likelihood of MCI. Meta-analyses have supported this notion, indicating that both shorter and longer sleep durations increase the risk of cognitive dysfunction[22]. Additionally, a systematic review identified a U-shaped dose-response relationship between sleep duration and cognitive impairment[23]. Specifically, self-reported durations of both long and short sleep were linked to the occurrence of MCI[26]. Older individuals sleeping less than 6 hours exhibited a 30% increased risk of dementia compared with those with the typical 7 hours of sleep[27]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that both shorter (<6 hours) and longer (>9 hours) nighttime sleep durations are associated with lower cognitive levels among older adults. It specifically mentions that older individuals sleeping less than 6 hours face an increased risk of cognitive dysfunction, directly opposing the notion that short naps can replace nighttime sleep without cognitive decline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Therefore, this research is carried out to initially select native strains of bacteria with good halotolerance, producing highly active extracellular enzymes. The goal is to create biological products for wastewater treatment of marine and aquatic products. Materials and methods of research The strains of halotolerant bacteria were isolated from wastewater samples of – Seafish Corp, which is located at 19. Methods for isolation and preliminary identification of Bacillus bacteria Put 10 ml of aquatic wastewater in a triangle jar, add 90 mL of physiological saline (NaCl 9‰), and heat in a thermostatic tank at 80◦C for 10 minutes. Then, dilute the sample at 10-1 to 10-6 concentrations. Aspirate 100 μL of sample in small diluted concentrations onto a jelly disc containing LB medium and incubated at 30ºC. After two days, when colonies appear, colonies are selected that are loose and differ in color, shape, and size [3]. bacteria are preliminarily identified by physiological and biochemical characteristics of Bacillus bacteria according to Claus & Berkeley 1872 with biochemical tests such as Oxidase, Catalase, (VP), the ability to use Citrate, the ability to break down Gelatin, the ability to use glucose sugars, sucrose, growth characteristics at 5ºC, 42ºC, and concentration of 10% NaCl. Methods for determining the halotolerance of isolated Bacillus strains The growth of bacterial strains was observed while changing the salinity level of the screening isolation medium under the following conditions: The liquid LB medium was designed with salt concentrations of NaCl: 1; 2; 4; 6; 8%, followed by 5% bacterial proliferation. Shaking culture at 150rpm, 37°C, pH 7 measured OD600nM to determine bacterial density after 18 hours [4]. Methods for determining the extracellular protease enzyme generation of Bacillus strains The ability of bacterial strains to produce proteases was determined by perforation. The proteolytic ability of bacteria is evaluated by its ability to create a resolution ring on the medium, calculated by the formula: D – d Where: D is resolution ring diameter, d is jelly hole diameter Methods for determining the protease activity of selected strains of protease activity of the bacterial strain was determined by the Sigma method with casein substrates [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research on halotolerant bacteria and methods for isolating and identifying them. It provides no information or evidence regarding ants or bioluminescence, nor does it address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: The legacy of the project gave rise to ancillary advancements in data sharing and open-source software, and solidified the prominence of “big science;” solidifying capital-intensive large-scale private-public research initiatives that were once primarily under the purview of government-funded programs (Hood and Rowen 2013). After the HGP, the biotechnology industry boomed as a result of dramatic cost reduction to DNA sequencing processes. In 2019 the industry was globally estimated to be worth $449. 06 billion and is projected to increase in value (Polaris 2020). While biotechnology is lauded for its anticipated positive impacts on society, new public health challenges are also likely given the scientific and technological advances made in areas like bioengineering and gene editing (Trump et al. 2020a). Misuse of powerful biotechnologies is of significant concern, be it purposeful or accidental. For instance, the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak occurred when soviet scientists accidentally released genetically modified microorganisms from their biological weapons facility. The incident resulted in over 100 casualties in nearby populations (Sahl et al. 2016). This case not only demonstrates tragic consequences of biotechnological misuse but also highlights purposeful negligence and gross impertinence regarding international agreements, in this case the 1972 Convention (BWC). The BWC was an agreement signed by 183 countries that banned biological weapons by countries’ self-regulated accord to prohibit the development, production and stockpiling of biological agents or related equipment that could realize a biological attack (UNODA 2017). Since the 1970s, threats posed by biotechnological tools have become arguably more widespread as production costs have decreased while access to processing tools have increased. Technologies such as and RT-PCR are available in many academic and research laboratories, increasing the possibility of independent actors misusing the technology for nefarious purposes. Increased access and ease of use also correlates to a greater diversity of individuals using biotechnology tools for distinct purposes—some of which are deemed unethical or antithetical to global standards for biotechnology research and application. An infamous example is the 2018 experiment that resulted in the birth of two twin girls where a research group applied technology to immunize the embryos against HIV. Although this isolated incident did not pose direct national security threats, the experiment does open up a “Pandora’s box” of possible unethical misuses (Raposo 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ethical concerns associated with biotechnology, such as the potential misuse of biotechnological tools and the events surrounding the Sverdlovsk anthrax leak. It mentions that while biotechnology has significant positive impacts, it also introduces 'new public health challenges' and concerns regarding misuse, both purposeful and accidental. The mention of the 2018 experiment to immunize embryos against HIV further illustrates the ethical dilemmas stemming from synthetic biology, which aligns with the claim's focus on unintended consequences and biosecurity threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, longitudinal studies among middle-aged and older adults have consistently associated both short and long sleep durations with the occurrence of MCI[28–30], reinforcing the nonlinear relationship between nighttime sleep duration and cognitive function. These findings underscore the critical importance of maintaining optimal sleep duration for optimal cognitive function. Our study identified the optimal nighttime sleep interval for older adults as 6–8 hours, with approximately 6. 5 hours demonstrating the greatest health benefits. This aligns with previous research indicating that both short (< 6 hours/day) and long (> 8 hours/day) sleep durations are detrimental to cognitive function[13]. Individuals who deviated from the regular sleep pattern of 6–8 hours per night experienced poorer cognitive function[31]. Short sleep durations (0–6 hours/night) and long sleep durations (> 9 hours/night) were significantly associated with worse cognitive test performance compared with intermediate sleep lengths (6–9 hours/night) [32]. In middle-income countries, excessive sleep among older individuals poses a risk factor for certain types of cognitive impairment[30]. Moreover, prolonged sleep has been linked to accelerated frontotemporal gray matter atrophy in older adults, potentially impairing memory[33]. Disruptions in circadian rhythms associated with sleep disorders and cognitive impairment may also contribute to prolonged sleep, leading to irregular circadian rhythms associated with short-term cognitive impairment and long-term brain atrophy[34, 35]. Previous studies have conflicting results compared with our findings. One study reported that participants with short sleep duration (≤ 6. 5 hours/day) were at higher risk of cognitive decline over time, whereas those with long sleep duration (≥ 8. 5 hours/day) showed no association[36]. This disparity in findings can be attributed to differences in study design. Our study included a broader age range and considered a wider range of demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and health-related confounders compared with previous studies. 4. 2 Napping in the middle of the day in the elderly is beneficial to reduce the possibility of MCIStudies focusing on daytime sleep and cognition in older adults have typically overlooked napping as a primary variable[37, 38]. Therefore, our study sought to investigate the relationship between varying nap durations and MCI. We discovered a linear relationship between midday nap duration and MCI, with the lowest probability of MCI observed among individuals napping for < 30 minutes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while napping is beneficial for reducing the possibility of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), optimal nighttime sleep duration is critical for maintaining cognitive function. The findings stress that both short and long sleep durations are associated with cognitive decline, emphasizing the importance of a regular nighttime sleep pattern of 6-8 hours. This indicates that merely relying on short naps instead of adequate nighttime sleep may not prevent cognitive decline.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: Identification of Bacillus bacteria by PCR technique and 16S rRNA gene sequencing The DNA of Bacillus bacteria was extracted using a 3% CTAB. The DNA extraction product was then amplified by PCR reaction with the generalized primer pair 27F/1492R with the following nucleotide sequences: 27F:5’ 3’ and 1492R: 5’ 3’ targeting the 16SrRNA gene fragment. The steps in the PCR reaction are as follows: Step 1: 94°C for 5 minutes; Step 2: 94°C for 1 minute; Step 3: 55°C for 1 minute; Step 4: 72°C for 2 minutes; Step 5: Repeat step 2 for another 34 cycles; Step 6: 72°C for 7 minutes and step 7: 4°C for an indefinite time. The composition of a PCR reaction with a total volume of 25 μL is as follows: 12. 5 μ0. 5 μL downstream primer (10 μM), 0. 5 μL reverse primer (10 μM), 10. 5 μL of DNA-free water and 1 μL of pure DNA. PCR products are sent for sequencing at Fist base company (Malaysia). The sequencing results were compared and traced on the Bank at the website ( to determine the species levels of the two strains of bacteria surveyed. Method for investigates several factors affecting the protease generation capacity of selected Bacillus strains The culture of selected Bacillus bacteria in medium (LB) has a breeding rate of 5%, pH = 7, temperature 37°C, and a shaking rate of 200 rpm. Investigate several factors affecting protease generation, including: - Initial pH: The environmental pH survey is 5; 5. 5; 6; 6. 5; 7; 7. 5; 8 - Nitrogen sources: environments with added nitrogen sources (KNO3, NH4Cl, NH4NO3, casein, Tryptone) replace 0. 5% high yeast in LB medium. Data processing methods The data was processed for descriptive statistics using Microsoft Excel. Data processed using the method has a difference of P<0. 05 and a reliability of 95%. Results of the research and discussions Isolation of bacterial strains from seafood processing factory wastewater From three wastewater samples, the seafood processing plant was isolated from the LB medium, and four strains of bacteria were obtained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ants and bioluminescence. It discusses the identification and research of Bacillus bacteria, including DNA extraction and factors affecting protease generation, which does not pertain to the bioluminescent capabilities of ants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Following this pernicious history, there is a demonstrated need for the development and synthetization of a coordinated biotechnology framework that can better prioritize and anticipate biotechnological risks while seeking to maximize the potential benefits of applications. Biosecurity frameworks’ essential function is to create a protocol that minimizes the collateral damage of pathogens and pests. The BWC is a keystone of international biosecurity policy that arose out of the need to protect nations from the threat of an engineered biological attack. The US Department of Agriculture defines biosecurity as the methods and procedures intended to “prevent the introduction, delivery, and spread of disease pathogens that can harm or adversely affect livestock, crops, environments and people,” (2020). Similar to biotechnology, the principles behind biosecurity are based in agriculture and prioritize the need to protect monocultures of crops, livestock, and poultry, whose lack of genetic diversity makes them especially vulnerable to disease. As the biotechnology field progressed and new capabilities in gene sequencing, synthesis, and modification were refined, democratized, and globalized over the past decade, advanced biotechnology practices and products required greater prioritization of biosecurity practices and considerations. Biosecurity threats include biological weapons and accidental releases as demonstrated in the Sverdlovsk anthrax event, but they have also become more diversified and complicated as researchers develop and utilize advanced biotechnology techniques for the betterment of society across other sectors. Gene drives for mosquito population control, engineered algae for biofuel creation, and recreation of extinct pathogens for novel vaccine development have unique and potentially unknown associated risks. The envisioned coordinated biosecurity framework would allow for beneficial innovation to proliferate while simultaneously reducing anticipated and unanticipated risk of harm to humans, animals, agricultural, and the environment (Trump et al. 2020b; Wells et al. 2020). Many experts in the fields of public policy, public health, biotechnology, and more have discussed the threats that biotechnology may pose and the appropriate biosecurity responses from their diverse perspectives. To date, there has been no synthesis of published and gray literature regarding biosecurity. This 2. 2 MethodsWe began our analysis with a systematic review of 2. 1). The four databases we used to identify relevant 2. 1). Fig. 2. 1Number of 2. 1 The frequency of reported 2. 1). These criteria yielded 84 133. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the necessity of biosecurity frameworks to mitigate potential risks associated with biotechnology. It highlights that biosecurity is aimed at minimizing the harm caused by pathogens and pests and that advanced biotechnology practices require the prioritization of biosecurity to handle diverse and complex threats. This aligns well with the claim that ethical concerns in synthetic biology focus on environmental risks and biosecurity threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: Specifically, compared with those napping for < 30 minutes, older adults without napping habits were more likely to experience MCI, whereas other nap duration groups showed no significant association with MCI. Moderate napping is linked with better cognition and may play a crucial role in optimizing cognitive performance among older adults. A longitudinal study in Japan revealed that short daytime naps (< 30 minutes) were more beneficial for cognitive function[39]. Similarly, findings from the Chinese elderly population indicated a positive correlation between napping and enhanced cognition[40]. Conversely, a US cross-sectional study reported that men napping for < 30 minutes/day were less likely to develop cognitive impairment compared with those napping for longer durations (≥ 120 minutes/day), yet no association was found between napping for more than 30 minutes and cognitive impairment relative to non-nappers[41]. Previous research has yielded inconsistent conclusions regarding the effects of napping habits on cognitive function in the elderly. Some studies suggested that cognitive function is better among moderate nappers (30–90 minutes), whereas non-nappers (0 minutes) and prolonged nappers (> 90 minutes) exhibit lower overall cognitive scores[16]. Older adults who nap for < 30 minutes at noon were significantly less likely to experience cognitive decline, consistent with findings indicating a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment among individuals taking short naps (< 30 minutes) compared with non-nappers and long nappers (≥ 30 minutes) [39, 42]. These divergent conclusions stem from differences in study design, including variations in participants, assessment tools, definitions of habitual nappers, and selection of covariates. Additionally, discrepancies may arise from variations in sleep data collection, such as timing and duration of naps, as well as differences in circadian rhythms and nighttime sleep patterns [43, 44]. 4. 3. LimitationsFirst, sleep duration in this study was self-reported by participants, which introduces the possibility of recall bias. Second, the assessment of sleep duration was simplistic, lacking specialized sleep-related scales and comprehensive evaluation dimensions. Although some correlations were observed, the relationship between sleep and nuanced cognitive function requires further investigation. Third, this study is limited by its cross-sectional design, which precludes the establishment of a causal relationship between sleep and cognitive impairment in chronological order. Additionally, the subjective measurement of sleep in this study falls short of objective measurement standards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while short naps (specifically < 30 minutes) can be beneficial for cognition, they do not provide evidence that they can fully replace nighttime sleep without cognitive decline. It indicates inconsistencies in the effects of napping on cognitive function, noting that 'older adults who nap for < 30 minutes... were significantly less likely to experience cognitive decline,' which implies that short naps are not a substitute for nighttime sleep. Additionally, the text mentions that 'Previous research has yielded inconsistent conclusions regarding the effects of napping habits on cognitive function in the elderly,' hinting at the complexity of the relationship between napping and cognitive performance, thus rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The strains were purified on the LB medium, and then colony morphology, cell size morphology, and biochemical physiological properties were tested. After comparing Bergey’s (1872) bacterial classification key [6], four preliminary strains were preliminarily concluded to belong to the Bacillus genus and were denoted from B1 to B4 (Table 1, Figure 1). Halotolerance of bacterial isolates Figure 2 shows the different adaptations of four strains of Bacillus spp. (B1, B2, B3, B4) with salinities ranging from 1% to 8%. In environments containing 1% and 2% NaCl, all four strains of Bacillus spp. grow very well. This may be because the salinity of seafood processing plant wastewater is within 3%, so it is easy to understand that strains can adapt to the salinity of 2%. However, bacterial strains grow weaker in environments with higher salt concentrations of 6%. At 8% salt concentration, only three strains, B1, B2, and B3, can live, but their growth rate is significantly reduced. This result is also consistent with the study of Anh et al. 2020, which investigated the halotolerance of bacterial strains from aquatic wastewater. Table 1 Characteristics of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater Norms B1 B2 B3 B4 Colony morphology Milky white, dry, adheres on agar White, serrated margin Milky white, rough, dry, rounded, wrinkled dry surface Milky white, with knobs in the middle, spreading edging size (μm) 0,9-1,0 x 2. 7-3. 1 0,3-0,8 x 1. 3-2. 6 0,2-0,5 x 1. 2-1. 9 0,7-1,1 x 1. 9-3. 1 Gram stain + + + + Spore location middle middle middle eccentric Oxidase + + + + Catalasa + + + + Idol - - - - VP + + + + Movable + + + + + + + + Mannitol + + + + Note: (+) positive; (-) negative Fig. 1. Colony morphology and cells of bacterial strains isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater The author found that 45 strains grew well in environments containing 1% NaCl. Of these, only 33 strains could grow in higher environments with 3% NaCl after 24 hours of culture. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the purification and characteristics of various bacterial strains and their adaptation to salinity in wastewater, without any mention or implication related to ants or bioluminescence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In addition to the systematic review of peer-reviewed literature, we also sought to identify what different government agencies report about advanced biotechnologies and biosecurity and compare it with the common themes identified in the peer-reviewed literature. We focused on government documents published by the US and the EU as they dominated the academic conversation on biosecurity (Fig. 2. 2). Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s (2018) report Biodefense in the Age of was analyzed for the US and the European Commission’s (2017) report to against Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Risks was analyzed for the EU (Fig. 2. 3). Fig. 2. 2The number of 2. 3Map displaying which countries published literature used in our systematic review and the relative frequency of publications from each country, as determined by the affiliation of the corresponding authorFull size imageOur next step was to analyze the content of each 2. 2) and expert-recommended responses (Table 2. 3). This processes followed a grounded theory coding structure to ensure that we maintained a theoretical sampling perspective with, “the aim being to explore the dimensional range or varied conditions along which the properties of concepts vary” (Corbin and Strauss 1990, p. 73). Using the constant comparative method, each 2. 2 Biosecurity threats and the frequency of 2. 3 Biosecurity repsonses and the frequency of 2. 3 Results and Discussion2. 3. 1 US and EU Governmental Frameworks2. 3. 1. 1 US FrameworkThe process of creating a biodefense framework for the of America follows several engineering paradigms, with the Specify-Design-Build-Test-Learn (SDBTL) cycle being the guiding principle (NASEM 2018). In the SDBTL cycle, researchers are able to systemically identify the desired organism or the organism’s functionality that will be genetically altered in a synthetic biology (SynBio) experiment. The researchers will then be able to assess the success of the alteration and amend the experimental protocol if needed. This empirical process has given fruition to a framework by the of Science, where certain parameters of biotechnology can be used to qualify a level of concern or hazard in the usability of a certain SynBio related technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing biosecurity and the government frameworks that address potential risks related to synthetic biology. The mention of analyzing reports from US and EU government agencies reflects a focus on common themes in biosecurity, which supports the idea that ethical concerns in synthetic biology are indeed linked to potential risks and biosecurity threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: Therefore, future research can benefit from conducting cohort studies and incorporating objective measurement indicators to facilitate more in-depth analyses. ConclusionAfter controlling for potential confounding variables, a linear relationship was observed between midday nap duration and MCI among the elderly. The probability of MCI was lowest among older adults napping for less than 30 minutes. Additionally, nighttime sleep duration exhibited a U-shaped relationship with MCI, with optimal nighttime sleep falling within the 6–8 hour range. Approximately 6. 5 hours of nighttime sleep provide the greatest health benefit in terms of cognitive function. Declarations1015. During the field survey, each consenting respondent was required to sign two informed consent forms, with one copy retained by the respondent and the other deposited in the office. Authors' contributions: conceived the study, participated in its design and coordination, and critically revised the manuscript. had full access to all the data collection, analysis, and interpretation, and drafted the manuscript. KeNan Gu, contributed to the process of data collection and data analyses as study investigators. All authors approved the final manuscript. Yue Liu) are the guarantors. All authors had full access to all the data in the study, and the corresponding authors had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. The corresponding author (Yue Liu)) attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form at www. icmje. org/disclosure-of-interest/ and declare: no support from any organization for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organization that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work. Data sharing: Data is publicly available. See: If you can't open the URL, Please contact the corresponding author for data requests. Disclosure statement: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. 201. 10. 1016/j. archger. 2011. 02. 010. -. Associations between cognitive impairment and quality of life in euthymic bipolar patients. Psychiatry Res. 2019;271:510–5. 10. 1016/j. psychres. 2018. 11. 061. . of in Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Structural MRI Findings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing research that indicates a U-shaped relationship between nighttime sleep duration and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). It suggests that optimal nighttime sleep duration falls within the 6–8 hour range, with cognitive function benefiting the most from around 6.5 hours. This implies that replacing nighttime sleep with short naps may not support cognitive function as effectively as a full night's sleep.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: At higher salt concentrations, their growth rate decreases, and after 45 hours, only 14 strains and 12 strains can live in environments with salinities of 5% and 7%, respectively. High salinity directly impacts the transfer of ions into and out of the cell membrane, affecting the osmotic pressure of the membrane. Only three strains, 1B1, 2A2, and 3A5, survive at 7% salinity but have the lowest maturity [7]. The high halotolerance of 04 strains of Bacillus spp. may be related to the low intracellular salt concentrations of these strains, and they maintain an osmotic balance between their cytoplasm and the external environment by accumulating high concentrations of various osmotic solutes. Fig. 2. The growth of B1, B2,B3, B4 on mediums with different concentrations of NaCl salts In addition, halophilic bacteria such as Halomonas and Halobacterium synthesize ectoine and L-glutamate to survive salinity-stressed conditions. Some halophilic bacteria include Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Aeromonas and Zymomonas use polyol compounds such as sorbitol, arabitol, glycerol, and mannitol for osmotic adaptation under salt deficiency conditions. In 2020, Guizhong Zhou, also suppose permeability through the relative membrane of the strain Bacillus cereus remains stable under conditions of high salt stress condition due to glycine and proline play essential roles in maintaining cellular permeability. This strain’s protein and soluble sugar content was increased at higher salt concentrations [3]. Determination of protease pathogenesis of selected bacterial strains The results of the study showed that all four strains of isolated Bacillus spp. can all produce extracellular proteases expressed in casein hydrolyzed ring diameters (1%) on agar dishes. In particular, strain B3 has the highest protease enzyme capacity, with a resolution ring diameter of 18. 3 ± 0. 577 mm, while the lowest is strain B1, with only 13. 3 ± 1. 155 mm (Table 2). This result is also similar to et al. (2019) research [8]. According to the author, strains B6, B8, B9, and B14 give the highest protease enzyme generation with a resolution ring diameter of 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of high salt concentrations on various bacterial strains, their growth rates, and protease production. It does not mention ants or bioluminescence in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: It must be noted that this framework aims not to enumerate the level of risk, but to direct concern to where the technology might be the most compromised. The concern about SynBio-related technology stems from the potential of its nefarious use, creating an objective assessment of achievements and shortcomings. The framework can be summarized into four parts: usability of technology, usability as a weapon, requirement of actors, and potential for mitigation. The four parts can be further broken down into subparts that can be assessed more easily. Usability of Technology can be decomposed into four categories: ease of use, rate of development, barriers to use, and synergy with other technology. Ease of use is related to the commonality of the technology or of the information. The more widespread and accessible the technology is, the more accessible it is to nefarious actors, thereby increasing its threat. Rate of development refers to rapidity of improvements/innovations, whether there is a defined common use of the technology and if the technology is relevant throughout the times. For example, if a new technology does not have an intended use and there is a lot of funding behind the development of the product, the technology would generate concerns over its misuse. Barrier to use refers to the hurdles that can limit the use of technology, with hurdles being factors such as the accessibility of knowledge on how to operate the technology, the accessibility of materials needed for the technology, and other parameters. The lower the barrier of usage, the higher the concern about the technology. Synergy with other technology assesses whether there are other technologies present that can enhance the effects. Thus, the presence of synergy with other tools would increase the overall level of concern. Usability as a Weapon is an assessment based on three other factors: production and delivery, scope of casualty, and predictability of results. Production and delivery refer to whether a genetically engineering organism, or any other product related to biotechnology, can produce toxins or other nefarious substances that can endanger people’s lives. Production and delivery can be done inadvertently or carried out with a purpose. Therefore, as the production and delivery increases, the concern increases as well. Scope of casualty refers to the scale of the potential threat. A higher scope of casualty means more people are being endangered, which increases the level of concern. The predictability of results refers to the certainty of a nefarious user getting their intended results. This can be measured in the need for testing and if phenotype predictability is present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ethical concerns related to synthetic biology technology, particularly its potential nefarious use and threats to safety. It emphasizes the concern over 'usability of technology', 'usability as a weapon', and the increase in concern with the threat level, which aligns with the idea of biosecurity threats outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: 2018;22(3):805–14. 10. 1007/s11325-017-1527-0. Virta JJ, Heikkilä äihä. Midlife sleep characteristics associated with late life cognitive function. Sleep. 2013;36(10):1533–41. 10. 5665/sleep. 3052. . What sleep characteristics predict cognitive decline in the elderly? Sleep Med. 2012;13(7):886–92. 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2012. 02. 003. . Sleep disturbances increase the risk of dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev. 2018;40:4–16. 10. 1016/j. smrv. 2017. 06. 010. van äki M, Dugravot A, Singh-Manoux A. Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2289. 10. 1038/s41467-021-22354-2. . Improvement in sleep duration was associated with higher cognitive function: a new association. Aging. 2020;12(20):20623–44. 10. 18632/aging. 103948. . Prospective association between sleep duration and cognitive impairment: Findings from the Study (). (Lausanne). 2022;9:971510. 10. 3389/fmed. 2022. 971510. Gildner TE, Salinas-Rodríguez A, Manrique-Espinoza B, Moreno-Tamayo K, Kowal P. Does poor sleep impair cognition during aging? Longitudinal associations between changes in sleep duration and cognitive performance among older Mexican adults. Geriatr. 2019;83:161–8. 10. 1016/j. archger. 2019. 04. 014. äki M, Singh-Manoux A. Change in sleep duration and cognitive function: findings from the Whitehall II Study. Sleep. 2011;34(5):565–73. 10. 1093/sleep/34. 5. 565. . Associations between sleep duration, sleep quality, and cognitive test performance among older adults from six middle income countries: results from the Study on (SAGE). J Med. 2014;10(6):613–21. 10. 5664/jcsm. 3782. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and findings that indicate associations between sleep characteristics, such as sleep duration and quality, with cognitive decline and impairment. For example, references to sleep disturbances increasing the risk of dementia and the prospect of cognitive impairment associated with sleep duration suggest that inadequate or disturbed sleep negatively impacts cognitive function, thereby rebutting the assertion that short naps can fully replace nighttime sleep without detrimental effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, 18,33, 16. 67, and 18. 67 mm. Table 2 Protease activity of 4 isolated strains of Bacillus spp. ring diameter (mm) B1 12. 7 ±1,000c B2 16,3 ± 0,577ab B3 18,3 ± 0,577a B4 13,3 ± 1,155c Note: Different letters on the same column indicating a difference have a statistical significance level of the sample mean with p < 0. 05. Our results are 4 mm lower than those of G. Pant et al. (2015) [9]. subtilis strain in G. Pant’s study once recorded a protein hydrolysate ring diameter of 22 mm. N. and Antonius S. [10] conducted proteolytic ring measurements in Bacillus sp. isolated strains in soil, strain conclusions have had a giant hydrolysis ring of 15 mm. B3 strain identification results Since the B3 strain has a 99. 05% homologous 16S rRNA gene region sequence with Bacillus velezensis YA215, it can be concluded that the bacterial strain isolated from seafood processing plant wastewater is a Bacillus velezensis species (Figure 3). Fig. 3. B3 bacterial homologous sequence search results Fig. 4. Effect of pH concentration on strain’s ability to produce protease enzymes of Bacillus velezensis B3 Identify some factors affecting the protease activity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strains Effect of pH concentration on protease generation capacity of Bacillus velezensis B3 strain The result showed that the Bacillus velezensis B3 strain can grow and develop in both acidic and basic environments. Protease activity varies with the pH values surveyed. When the pH of the medium increases from 5 to 6. 5, the protease activity tends to increase gradually, with relative activity increasing by 206. 27 U/mL to 241. 25 U/mL. The highest activity achieved at pH 7 was 264. 39 U/mL (Figure 4). Protease enzyme activity decreases significantly at pH ranges higher than the optimum pH. The activity is only 190. 69 U/mL at pH 8. This result is similar to the survey of Thi et al. 2012, all ten strains of Bacillus give the best enzyme activity at pH 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the protease activity of Bacillus velezensis and does not mention ants or bioluminescence at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Pertaining specifically to biosecurity, it is essential to increase overall awareness and develop a response protocol for emerging bio-risks. Building stronger internal-external links in CBRN security with key regional and international EU partners was also identified in the framework. While most of the previous content was focused on strengthening the flow of information and resources within the EU, the later part of the framework focused on maintaining a similar level of contact with foreign entities outside of the EU. Particularly with NATO, the primary aim of the partnership is to develop a counter-terrorism protocol by increasing information exchange, capacity building, training, and exercise. This ties into the final section of the framework: enhancing current knowledge on CBRN risks. This last section focused primarily on the creation and application of a security network. security network will be overseen by a dedicated advisory group, and will make information available for sharing with Europol. The maintenance of the research network will depend on updating prevalent needs and threats relating to CBRN. 2. 3. 2 in the LiteratureThe thirteen biosecurity threats identified in the literature are summarized in Table 2. 2. On average, each 2. 3. 3 in the LiteratureThe thirteen biosecurity responses identified in the literature are summarized in Table 2. 3. On average, each 2. 4 ConclusionBiosecurity threats and responses have garnered significant attention and these issues warrant continued investigation and prioritization in order to maximize the benefits and reduce the likelihood of misuse that could cause significant harm to human and environmental health. This review pulls disparate literature together to provide description of the field in sum to date. We envision scholars and decision-makers to use this work to forward new research agendas to better allocate resources toward underdeveloped, yet valuable areas with prescient needs. By conducting a systematic literature review, we were able to determine which biosecurity threats and responses are most prevalent across this broad field. Dual use research was far and away the most frequently mentioned threat, appearing 29 more times than the second most frequent threat biological weapons. Both of these threats were also prominently evident in the US and EU frameworks developed to address biosecurity concerns evolving out of the use of advanced biotechnology. The US framework also identified information access and lower barriers as biosecurity threats, while the EU framework mentioned the threat of theft by staff (“insider threat”) (Trump et al. 2020c). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by extensively discussing biosecurity threats and responses related to CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) security. It emphasizes the need to increase awareness and develop protocols for emerging bio-risks, highlighting that biosecurity threats have gained significant attention and warrant continued investigation. This ties directly to the ethical concerns mentioned in the claim, particularly in the context of synthetic biology's potential risks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of people can fully replace nighttime sleep with a series of short naps without any cognitive decline. [SEP] Text: . Thinning in Older Adults. Sleep. 2016;39(5):1121–8. 10. 5665/sleep. 5768. . Sleep duration in midlife and later life in relation to cognition. J Soc. 2014;62(6):1073–81. 10. 1111/jgs. 12790. . The relationship between shift work, sleep, and cognition in career emergency physicians. Med. 2012;19(1):85–91. 10. 1111/j. 1553-2712. 2011. 01254. x. . What sleep characteristics predict cognitive decline in the elderly? Sleep Med. 2012;13(7):886–92. 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2012. 02. 003. -. Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness. J Sleep Res. 1999;8(1):1–8. 10. 1111/j. 1365-2869. 1999. 00128. x. . Cognitive deficit is associated with phase advance of sleep-wake rhythm, daily napping, and prolonged sleep duration–a cross-sectional study in 2,947 community-dwelling older adults. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(2):479–86. 10. 1007/s11357-011-9366-6. . Short daytime napping reduces the risk of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults: a 5-year longitudinal study. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21(1):474. 10. 1186/s12877-021-02418-0. . Relationship between afternoon napping and cognitive function in the ageing Chinese population. Gen Psychiatr. 2021;34(1):e100361. 10. 1136/gpsych-2020-100361. -Israel S, Yaffe K. Objective napping, cognitive decline, and risk of cognitive impairment in older men. Alzheimers Dement. 2019;15(8):1039–47. 10. 1016/j. jalz. 2019. 04. 009. . Association of postlunch napping duration and night-time sleep duration with cognitive impairment in Chinese elderly: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(12):e023188. 10. 1136/bmjopen-2018-023188. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies that indicate cognitive deficits and risks associated with sleep patterns, particularly in older adults. Several studies cited, such as 'Cognitive deficit is associated with phase advance of sleep-wake rhythm, daily napping, and prolonged sleep duration' and 'Short daytime napping reduces the risk of cognitive decline,' suggest that relying solely on short naps without sufficient nighttime sleep can lead to cognitive decline, thereby opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ants are capable of producing light through bioluminescence. [SEP] Text: The most potent protease activity at this value is M5 (0. 87 U/mL), and the weakest is M1 strain (0. 68 U/mL) [11]. Prihanto et al. also consistent with above results, the Bacillis subtisllis UBT7 strain gives peak activity at pH 7. 0 [12]. Meanwhile, Bacillus subtilis Bs04 strains have the highest enzyme activity recorded at pH 7. 5 at 0. 434 U/mL–proteases from B. flexus strains and Bacillus sp. -RS7 also exhibits the most vigorous activity at pH 8 and 50°C. Protease yields vary considerably with pH, which may be due to other components of the environment and their combined influence on the metabolism of bacterial species [13]. Effect of nitrogen source on the extracellular protease production capacity of B. velezensis B3 In the investigated nitrogen sources, organic nitrogen sources were better than inorganic sources at stimulating protease generation by B. velezensis B3 strains. Casein caused the highest increase in protease activity (437. 1 U/mL), higher than the control sample of 181. 09 U/ml (Figure 5). Fig. 5. Effect of the addition of nitrogen sources on protease activity in Bacillus velezensis B3 strain culture Many researchers have reported that organic nitrogen sources are better suited to Bacillus spp. for protease enzyme growth and production than inorganic sources. It has been reported that peptone, casein, skim milk, yeast extract facilitate maximum protease production by Bacillus spp [14]. In study of et al. , the presence of galactose and peptone in the medium enhanced enzyme production by 0. 5% when compared with other carbon and nitrogen sources [9]. to LB medium to replace 0. 5% yeast extract also contributed to an increase in protease activity (392. 4 U/mL). However, the protease activity was not higher than that of the casein ( 437. 1 U/mL) supplement formulation but still higher than that of the control sample, 136. 39 U/mL. The salts KNO3, NH4Cl, and NH4NO3 did not show the ability to increase protease activity, which reduced protease activity; the content was 40. 94 U/mL, 120. 72 U/mL, and 169. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses protease activity and the conditions affecting bacterial enzyme production, without mentioning ants or bioluminescence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: AbstractSynthetic biology promises to make biology easier to engineer (Endy 2005), enabling more people in less formal research settings to participate in modern biology. Leveraging advances in DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies, genetic assembly methods based on standard biological parts (e. g. BioBricks), and increasingly precise gene-editing tools (e. g. ), synthetic biology is helping increase the reliability of and accessibility to genetic engineering. Although potentially enabling tremendous opportunities for the advancement of the global bioeconomy, opening new avenues for the creation of health, wealth and environmental sustainability, the possibility of a more ‘democratic’ (widely accessible) bioengineering capability could equally yield new opportunities for accidental, unintended or deliberate misuse. Consequently, synthetic biology represents a quintessential ‘dual-use’ biotechnology – a technology with the capacity to enable significant benefits and risks (NRC 2004). You have full access to this open access 3. 1 IntroductionSynthetic biology promises to make biology easier to engineer (Endy 2005), enabling more people in less formal research settings to participate in modern biology. Leveraging advances in DNA sequencing and synthesis technologies, genetic assembly methods based on standard biological parts (e. g. BioBricks), and increasingly precise gene-editing tools (e. g. ), synthetic biology is helping increase the reliability of and accessibility to genetic engineering. Although potentially enabling tremendous opportunities for the advancement of the global bioeconomy, opening new avenues for the creation of health, wealth and environmental sustainability, the possibility of a more ‘democratic’ (widely accessible) bioengineering capability could equally yield new opportunities for accidental, unintended or deliberate misuse. Consequently, synthetic biology represents a quintessential ‘dual-use’ biotechnology – a technology with the capacity to enable significant benefits and risks (NRC 2004). In relation to existing top-down governanceFootnote 1 measures for biosecurity,Footnote 2 synthetic biology represents a promising yet potentially destabilizing advancement in the life sciences, one that could introduce new risks and regulatory challenges. In particular, a number of high-profile synthetic biology experiments, ranging from the de novo synthesis of poliovirus (Cello et al. 2002) to the recent synthesis of horsepox virus (Noyce et al. 2018), have raised concerns that the same techniques could be exploited to bypass regulatory controls (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that synthetic biology has both significant benefits and risks. It discusses the potential for accidental, unintended, or deliberate misuse of biotechnologies and notes that synthetic biology represents a 'dual-use' biotechnology, which introduces new risks and regulatory challenges. This aligns with the claim's emphasis on environmental risks and biosecurity threats.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: Abstract Sleep/wakefulness cycle is regulated by coordinated interactions between sleep- and wakefulness-regulating neural circuitry. However, the detailed mechanism is far from understood. Here, we found that glutamic acid decarboxylase 67-positive GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTAGad67+) are a key regulator of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in mice. VTAGad67+ project to multiple brain areas implicated in sleep/wakefulness regulation such as the lateral hypothalamus (LH). Chemogenetic activation of VTAGad67+ promoted NREM sleep with higher delta power whereas optogenetic inhibition of these induced prompt arousal from NREM sleep, even under highly somnolescent conditions, but not from REM sleep. VTAGad67+ showed the highest activity in NREM sleep and the lowest activity in REM sleep. Moreover, VTAGad67+ directly innervated and inhibited wake-promoting orexin/hypocretin neurons by releasing GABA. As such, optogenetic activation of VTAGad67+ terminals in the LH promoted NREM sleep. Taken together, we revealed that VTAGad67+ play an important role in the regulation of NREM sleep. or sleep-like behavioral quiescence is known to be one of the most ubiquitously observed phenomena across the animal kingdom, from nematodes to primates (Joiner, 2016; Siegel, 2008). Broadly, sleep consists of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and REM sleep in mammals (Siegel, 2008). While the physiological functions of either NREM sleep or REM sleep, or sleep as a whole, are intriguing and shrouded in mystery, sleep deprivation in humans and experimental animals causes severe cognitive impairment (Siegel, 2008). Pioneering studies discovered certain physiological functions of sleep that include clearing metabolic waste products and toxins from the brain (Xie et al. , 2013), memory encoding, consolidation and erasure (Rasch and Born, 2013), synaptic homeostasis (Bushey et al. , 2011), and energy conservation (Schmidt, 2014). However, a universal function of sleep that is relevant to all animals is yet to be revealed (Joiner, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of sleep and its regulation. It mentions that sleep plays a role in memory encoding and consolidation but does not assert that REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of material studied before bed. Instead, it notes the mysteries surrounding sleep's physiological functions and that severe cognitive impairment can occur due to sleep deprivation, indicating that while sleep is important for memory, it does not guarantee flawless retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Modelling minds: can computers mimic human intelligence? Published: November 9, 2023 The human brain is often referred to as the most complex device known in the Universe. It gives rise to the amazing abilities of the human mind, including our capacity for intelligence. For many years, psychologists and neuroscientists have sought to uncover how the mind functions, while computer scientists have attempted to reproduce human-like capabilities in machines. Collaborations between these disciplines have resulted in computational models that are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the mind and impart this intelligence to computers. Talk like a computational cognitive neuroscientist Cognition — the mental process of acquiring, evaluating and/or using knowledge Cognitive task — an activity that involves processing and/or recalling information Computational model — the expression of a set of mathematical functions or algorithms in the form of a computer program designed to emulate a natural process, such as cognition Intelligence — the ability to acquire and flexibly apply knowledge and skills to solve new problems Language processing — the ability to formulate and understand language Mind — the expression of cognition implemented by a physical system, such as the brain Neuron — a nerve cell that transmits messages to and from other neurons and other cells in the body and brain Neuroscience — the study of the nervous system, including the brain Stimulus — any input that can be processed to generate an internal or external response by the nervous system Synapse — the part of a neuron that communicates its signals to other neurons Are computers smarter than you? Or are you smarter than computers? Well, it depends on how you define what it means to be ‘smart’. In recent years, we have developed computers that greatly exceed our own abilities in many tasks. For example, computers can perform thousands of calculations per second, meaning they can solve some mathematical problems far more quickly and accurately than humans. And computers have beaten human world champions at games of chess and go. But does this mean they are smarter than us? While computers can outperform humans in many domains, including arithmetic, object recognition and some aspects of language processing, no machine yet exists that can match human performance in all these domains. We are still unique in our ability to use our intelligence to adapt to a remarkably wide range of tasks. What is human intelligence? As humans, we have the unique ability to make connections between things we have previously learnt and use those to solve challenges in new situations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not discuss bird species or their ability to mimic human speech. Instead, it focuses on the complexities of human intelligence, the capabilities of computers, and the differences between human and machine performance in various cognitive tasks.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: the ) on lists of high-risk pathogens. Moreover, the possibility of synthesizing novel ‘taxonomically unclassified’ pathogens (NSABB 2006; Garfinkel et al. 2007) has led some to question the logic and utility of current ‘list-based’ approaches to regulation. Looking to the future, if synthetic biology does, in fact, ‘deskill’ the ‘art’ of biological engineering, new regulatory approaches could very well be essential because the tools of modern biology will be widely accessible to both responsible and malicious actors. Claims about synthetic biology’s potential, like other emerging technologies, nonetheless tend to overstate its ‘enabling’ capacity. Likewise, the ease of producing biological weapons tends to be overstated. As a number of commentators note, biology is not yet easy to engineer (Jefferson et al. 2014) and, for the foreseeable future, the skills necessary to produce biological weapons are likely to remain only within the grasp of states (in Regalado 2016). However, the field’s emphasis on eliminating technical barriers and reducing the importance of tacit knowledge (Oye 2012) represents a powerful source of expectation for advocates and critics alike. For advocates, it represents the possible realization of modern biology’s full potential, one that could yield revolutionary advances in health, medicine, and industry in the twenty-first century. For critics, it represents a seemingly open-ended risk that requires exceptional precaution. For national governments, and international conventions responsible for establishing global biosecurity norms and obligations that are operationalized at the national level through legislation and other regulatory tools (McLeish and Nightingale 2007), a central question is how (if at all) does top-down biosecurity governance need to change in response to synthetic biology? Regulatory considerations of this kind are both familiar and new (Hamilton 2015). In the 1970s, recombinant DNA technology similarly emerged as a source of significant and contrasting expectations, and questions were posed about the suitability of existing regulatory approaches in light of potentially novel risks. However, in the case of recombinant DNA technology, biosafety concerns – notably, concens about the possible unintended consequences of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) – were the primary focus of scientific deliberations at the and subsequent policy discussions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ethical concerns associated with synthetic biology, particularly focusing on regulatory challenges and risks. It mentions 'unintended consequences of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)' as a primary focus of scientific and policy discussions, which aligns with the ethical concerns stated in the claim. Additionally, it highlights potential biosecurity threats associated with the accessibility of synthetic biology tools, supporting the claim regarding environmental risks and safety.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: As animals remain largely isolated from sensory processing and goal-oriented activity during sleep, it is expected that the regulation of sleep, both NREM and REM, as well as arousal should be controlled by the central nervous system. Many brain areas and residing cellular subtypes have been shown to be critical in regulating sleep-wakefulness. For instance, orexin/hypocretin-producing neurons (orexin neurons) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) project to and activate monoaminergic, cholinergic, and other peptidergic neurons as well as other orexin neurons to induce and maintain wakefulness (Brown et al. , 2012; Inutsuka and Yamanaka, 2013; Sakurai, 2007; Scammell et al. , 2017). Subsequently, these monoamine neurons inhibit sleep-active γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) in the hypothalamus to induce wakefulness (Saito et al. , 2018; Saper et al. , 2010). It is reported that some wake-active neurons also display activity during REM sleep (Brown et al. , 2012; Scammell et al. , 2017). Comparatively, NREM sleep is regulated by neurons that release classical fast neurotransmitters, including GABA. For example, circadian rhythms and/or homeostatic sleep pressures activate GABAergic neurons in the VLPO and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), which in turn inhibit wake-promoting orexin/hypocretin, monoaminergic, and cholinergic systems (Scammell et al. , 2017). While this flip-flop switch model of sleep-wake regulation is well established, recent studies have demonstrated a critical involvement of other brain areas and neuronal subtypes in regulating the transformations and subsequent maintenance of specific vigilances states (Liu et al. , 2017; Oishi et al. , 2017b). Reinforcement learning, motivation, and locomotion, as well as the adaptation of responses to salient stimuli, all of which demand behavioral arousal, are critically regulated by a midbrain structure called the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in both rodents and primates (Arsenault et al. , 2014; Fields et al. , 2007). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the regulation of sleep, particularly highlighting that both NREM and REM sleep involve complex neurobiological processes and are not simply mechanisms that guarantee retention of material. It emphasizes that sleep regulation is controlled by various brain areas and neuronal subtypes, rather than implying that REM sleep ensures perfect retention of learned material studied prior to sleep.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: For example, your language processing abilities mean that if you hear an unfamiliar word, you can often infer its meaning from the context of the conversation, or know to look it up in a dictionary. While many animals display specialised forms of intelligence, humans are flexible and creative when dealing with unfamiliar circumstances as our brains have the capacity for adaptive learning. Your brain is also incredibly efficient, running on only about 20 Watts of power to control your whole body and mind – similar to a standard lightbulb! Understanding how the human brain functions so efficiently and flexibly remains one of the greatest mysteries of science. Psychologists, neuroscientists and computer scientists hope to uncover this mystery with the help of computational models. What are computational models? A mathematical expression, or function, transforms an input to an output. For example, the function +10 transforms the inputs [1, 2, 90] to the outputs [11, 12, 100], by adding 10 to each input. An algorithm links multiple functions together in a rule-based sequence. For example, the algorithm +10, ×2 is a different algorithm than ×2, +10 (because 1 + 10 = 11, 11 × 2 = 22; while 1 × 2 = 2, 2 + 10 = 12). A variable is an element of a function that can be assigned different parametric values. For example, if the function is +b, then the variable can be set to b = 1 (the parametric value is 1, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [2, 3, 91]) or b = 314 (the parametric value is 314, transforming [1, 2, 90] to [315, 316, 404]). Computational models are built from mathematical functions linked together into algorithms with specific parametric variables. A model can then be used to explore how the assignment of different inputs to its variables affect its behaviour. This is helpful, as models can quickly become too complex to solve mathematically; in this case, a computer program can be run to see how the model behaves with different inputs. How do scientists use computational models? Scientists aim to create computational models that reproduce the patterns of behaviour exhibited by what is being modelled, such as human performance in a task. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses human cognitive abilities, computational models, and adaptive learning, without mentioning birds or their ability to mimic human speech. There is no connection to the assertion that all bird species can perfectly mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In the case of synthetic biology, a field that has emerged at a time of heightened concerns about (bio)terrorism, the possibility that synthetic biology could enable non-state actors to acquire (novel) biological agents that could be used as weapons has been an omnipresent source of concern. In 2009, synthetic biology came to the attention of the US of Investigation (FBI) and in 2016 gene editing was listed as a potential weapon of mass destruction (WMD) by the US (Ledford 2010; Clapper 2016). To more fully understand the top-down governance challenges introduced by synthetic biology it is necessary to consider how synthetic biology’s novelties could disrupt or potentially undermine existing biosecurity regulations. In this 3. 2 Understanding the Scope and Limitations of Top-for Biosecurity and Synthetic BiologyTo understand how synthetic biology could challenge or undermine existing approaches to biosecurity oversight and regulation, it is necessary to first consider the international legal instruments relevant to biosecurity, and how these instruments are implemented at the national level (Trump et al. 2020). Based on this analysis, it is apparent that there is no single international legal instrument and no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach to national implementation. Rather, the regulatory space governing biosecurity and synthetic biology can most accurately be described as a ‘patchwork’ of regulatory measures that tend to address biosecurity and synthetic biology indirectly. As scholars have previously observed, the regulatory space governing biosecurity comprises a “collection of cooperative and coercive national and international control measures – including international agreements, multinational organisations, national and international laws, regulations, policies, norms and rules – intended to prevent the spread of dangerous weapons and technologies” (McLeish and Nightingale 2007, p. 1638). 3. 2. 1 for Biosecurity3. 2. 1. 1 Convention (BWC)International legal instruments establish global norms and obligations that are implemented by countries according to their unique risk and regulatory cultures. In relation to biosecurity, no single instrument is more important or directly relevant than the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and and on their Destruction, commonly known as the Convention (BWC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ethical concerns specifically related to biosecurity threats posed by synthetic biology. It highlights how synthetic biology can potentially enable terrorist activities through the acquisition of biological agents for weaponization, which aligns with the claim's emphasis on biosecurity risks as a significant ethical concern within the field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: While one could also expect a critical role for VTA in the regulation of sleep/wakefulness, it is only recently that VTA dopamine (DA) neurons have been reported to have a fundamental role in the maintenance of the awake state as well as in the consolidation of arousal in mice (Eban-Rothschild et al. , 2016; Oishi et al. , 2017a). However, the VTA contains considerable heterogeneity among the neuronal subtypes, which include GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons alongside DA neurons. Studies have reported that about 60–65% of VTA neurons are dopaminergic, whereas 30–35% are GABAergic, and 2–3% are glutamatergic neurons (Nair-Roberts et al. , 2008; Pignatelli and Bonci, 2015). As GABAergic neurons provide strong inhibition to the wake- and REM-active DA neurons in the VTA (Eban-Rothschild et al. , 2016; Tan et al. , 2012; van Zessen et al. , 2012), it is probable that these GABAergic neurons in the VTA may also participate in sleep/wakefulness regulation. Moreover, GABA-mediated responses have been implicated in the modulation of the sleep/wakefulness cycle (Brown et al. , 2012; Scammell et al. , 2017). Here, we examined the role of glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (Gad67)-positive neurons in the VTA on sleep/wakefulness by using AAV-aided whole-brain anterograde tracing, neural manipulations by chemo- and optogenetics, fiber photometry, as well as slice electrophysiology. Gad67 (encoded by Gad1 gene) is an isomer of an enzyme that synthesizes GABA from glutamic acid, suggesting that Gad67+ neurons are GABAergic neurons (Erlander et al. , 1991). We revealed that Gad67+ neurons in the VTA (VTAGad67+ neurons) are highly active during NREM sleep and send their axons to multiple brain areas that were previously reported to regulate sleep/wakefulness. Bidirectional manipulations of neuronal activity and fiber photometry recordings revealed that VTAGad67+ neurons are active in and promote NREM sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of certain neuronal types in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in regulating sleep/wakefulness, particularly focusing on NREM sleep. It highlights that GABAergic neurons are involved in the regulation of sleep, but does not provide any evidence that specifically supports the idea that REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of studied material, suggesting that understanding of sleep is more complex than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: This involves exploring which functions to use, how to arrange these functions into algorithms, and testing different parametric values for each variable until the behaviour of the model matches the observed data (for example, how someone behaves when performing a task). Once scientists have created a model that replicates observed data, it can be used to generate predictions of future data. Download the 10. 33424/439 Link to the activity sheet Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 models are helping scientists to uncover the secrets of the brain © Jakub Krechowicz/Shutterstock. com Having a higher level of skill allows you to increase your performance with less cognitive control Computational cognitive neuroscientists combine skills and knowledge from psychology, neuroscience and computer science to build computational models that can help uncover the mechanisms behind human cognition and intelligence © Gorodenkoff/Shutterstock. com task is a psychology experiment that demonstrates the flexibility of cognitive control ©DeymosHR/Shutterstock. com Computational models allow scientists to investigate how different components in complex systems interact by providing a way to mathematically express their theories of how they think the system may behave. When creating a computational model, scientists are forced to acknowledge all the assumptions on which their theory relies, as each assumption must be translated into an element of the model. Then, scientists can use the model to test the behaviour of the system, and any assumptions about it, by observing the system ‘in action’ in the form of a computer simulation. One common objection to computational models is that they make too many assumptions. However, the advantage of a model is that it makes those assumptions clear and concrete. One way to think about them is as hypotheses made precise by the model, that can then be tested in future experiments. Weather forecasting: an example of a computational model Some natural phenomena, such the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, can be well described by a single mathematical equation. This means that scientists can accurately calculate the position of our planet for any given day in the future. However, other phenomena, such as weather systems, involve complex dynamic interactions among a vast number of components (such as the molecules in the atmosphere) that cannot be simplified into a single equation to describe the behaviour of the full system. This means it is hard to predict future weather. However, scientists can tackle this complexity using computational models to forecast what the future weather might be like. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on computational modeling in psychology and natural phenomena, without any mention of birds, speech, or the ability to mimic human communication. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: In 2012, in response to two such experiments (one led by a team in the Netherlands, the other by a team in the US) that resulted in laboratory-modified H5N1 viruses capable of airborne transmission between mammals (‘gain-of-function’ experiments), the WHO convened a technical advisory group that considered the biosafety and biosecurity implications of the research, including concerns about the public dissemination of the findings (WHO 2012). In 2015, the WHO convened another scientific working group to address the public health implications of synthetic biology as it relates to smallpox preparedness and control (WHO 2015). The working group concluded that, in light of advances in synthetic biology, including de novo DNA synthesis, the risk of smallpox re-emerging can never be fully eradicated. Among the working group’s recommendations was the need for revised regulations for research on DNA fragments and the synthesis of virus DNA by new technological approaches. In the case of the CBD, many considerations that apply to GMOs remain relevant in the case of synthetic biology. Since 2010, the CBD has considered whether synthetic biology should be classified as a new field presenting novel risks and whether new regulations are needed in view of the protection of biodiversity and genetic resources (Lai et al. 2019). Although these deliberations have been oriented to biosafety, the protection of biodiversity and the management of digital sequence information are also relevant for biosecurity. Taken together, these international conventions and agreements create overlapping governance structures that cover biosecurity and synthetic biology more or less directly. Over time, each of these conventions have evolved and adapted to address emerging risks and regulatory challenges introduced by advances in S&T and non-state actors. As they will undoubtedly continue to evolve and adapt, it will be important for all parties to monitor developments in synthetic biology, develop and share common definitions, and determine to what extent synthetic biology introduces novel biosafety and biosecurity risks. 3. 2. 2 National ImplementationInternational conventions are intent-based, broadly defined and therefore generally future proofed, but they only take effect when they are ratified and implemented at the national level. For example, to implement the BWC, countries must adopt appropriate penal measures criminalizing the production, handling and use of biological weapons;Footnote 6 biosafety and biosecurity measures accounting for the safe and secure handling of dangerous pathogens; and import and export controls covering specific biological agents and dual-use equipment and technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various ethical concerns related to synthetic biology, including biosafety, biosecurity, and the management of risks associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and viruses. It highlights the WHO's efforts to evaluate the environmental implications and public health concerns stemming from synthetic biology, as well as ongoing international discussions about risks and regulatory needs in the context of biodiversity and genetic resources. These points align directly with the ethical concerns outlined in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: REM sleep guarantees perfect retention of any material studied before bed. [SEP] Text: However, time spent in REM sleep remained unaffected during activation of VTAGad67+ neurons, suggesting that VTAGad67+ neurons are involved in the regulation of NREM sleep, but not REM sleep (Figure 2c–d). Figure 2 with 2 supplements see all Download asset Open asset Chemogenetic activation of VTAGad67+ neurons induced long-lasting NREM sleep. (a) Schematic of Cre-inducible expression of either hM3Dq-mCherry or mCherry in VTAGad67+ neurons. (b) Immunohistochemical confirmation of hM3Dq-mCherry expression in VTA non-DA neurons. (c) Time spent in each vigilance state before and after i. p. administration of either saline or CNO. Arrowhead indicates timing of injection (just before the dark period; hM3Dq: n = 6 mice; mCherry: n = 4 mice). White and gray bars above the x-axis indicate light and dark periods, respectively. (d) 4 hr average time spent in each vigilance state after i. p. administration. (e) Relative power of fast Fourier transformation (FFT) analysis of NREM sleep for hM3Dq-expressing saline and CNO groups before (pre: left) and after (1 hr post: middle, 4 hr post: right) i. p. administration. (f) Heatmap showing a trace indicating that delta wave power activity increases after CNO administration compared to the saline control. (g) Summary of the delta wave power change during NREM sleep after saline or CNO injection. Traces in dark color indicate mean value, while lighter color indicates EEG spectrum of each mice injected with saline (black) and CNO (red). Inset shows the mean relative delta power for 4 hr after either saline or CNO administration. Data are shown as the mean ± SEM (hM3Dq: n = 6 mice; mCherry: n = 4 mice). *p<0. 05, ***p<0. 001, (d) two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc, (e) two-tailed paired Student’s t-test (n = 8 mice). Figure 2—source data 1 Source data for Figure 2c-e and 2g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the involvement of VTAGad67+ neurons in the regulation of NREM sleep but not REM sleep. This indicates that there is no direct evidence in the text that supports the idea that REM sleep is responsible for perfect retention of studied material, thus challenging the assertion of a guarantee in retention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every bird species can mimic human speech perfectly. [SEP] Text: Weather is influenced by a variety of variables, including land temperature, air temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind speed and direction, and topographic features (such as mountains and water bodies), all of which influence the interactions among the molecules that make up the weather. Meteorologists create computational models of weather systems to examine how these different variables lead to different weather outcomes. For example, it is likely to rain if the temperature and humidity are both high but then the temperature drops, or if the wind carries air over a water body and then over a mountain. These statements can be converted into algorithms and combined to create computational weather models. These models are tested on previously observed weather data. For example, if yesterday’s conditions of temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. , are entered into the model as inputs, and the model produces an output that matches today’s weather, then this indicates that the functions, algorithms and parametric values used in the model do a good job of predicting future weather. If they do not accurately predict the weather, they can be modified in an effort to improve the model, which can then be used to better predict future weather. Predictions of complex phenomena are always challenging, in part because there are so many interacting variables, and because uncertainties in the model can multiply and overwhelm initial assumptions. This means that computational models of the weather can make predictions with high accuracy for only a short distance into the future. For example, while the forecast of the weather in two hours’ time or tomorrow will be fairly accurate, a prediction of the weather in ten days’ time is likely to be less accurate. Modelling minds: a computational model of the human brain Like the weather, the functioning of the mind involves highly complex interactions over a vast number of parts – in this case, the neurons and synapses of the brain. To better understand these, scientists attempt to recreate them using computational models. At their core, computational models of the human brain are algorithms, many of which are designed and trained with the goal of reproducing intelligent human behaviour. For example, a language processing model could use the previous words in this sentence to predict what word is going to appear _______. If you guessed ‘next’ or ‘here’, then the language processing mechanisms in your brain work in a similar way to most people’s when making language predictions. These mechanisms are accurately predicted by many existing computational models of language processing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses weather modeling and the functioning of the human brain without addressing bird species or their ability to mimic human speech.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ethical concerns in synthetic biology revolve around potential environmental risks, unintended consequences, and biosecurity threats. [SEP] Text: Rather than analyzing each of these approaches in detail, the following discussion considers precautionary governance more generally, treating it as a set of pre-emptive regulations aimed at ensuring the safe and secure application of technologies and preventing exposure to risk (Linkov et al. 2018a, b). In general, precautionary governance is associated with risk-aversion and centralized governance systems that require safety to be demonstrated prior to permitting the use of new technologies or products (Stirling 2006). For example, the (EU) is widely known to take a precautionary approach in relation to GMO biosafety as prescribed by EU legislation (2000; Anyshchenko 2019). This legislation, which aims to protect the health and safety of humans, animals, and the environment from adverse biological contamination, equally applies to aspects of synthetic biology (especially genome editing). Footnote 9 Comparable legal requirements for biosecurity were introduced later in Europe (2000),Footnote 10 and much of the GMO debate remains focused on the subject of biosafety. Following a recent review process on whether or not existing gene technology regulations and risk assessment and management practices are applicable to synthetic biology, three opinion statements by the did not address biosecurity directly, focusing solely on biosafety (and SCCS 2014; and SCCS 2015). By contrast, synthetic biology’s biosecurity implications Footnote 11 have been the subject of considerably more policy discussion in the US (e. g. NSABB 2006, 2011; for a review, see Oye 2012). has historically strongly focused on biosafety, biosecurity regulations were developed in the US at a relatively early stage (1989). Moreover, since 9/11 and the subsequent anthrax letter attacks, US policy has further emphasized biosecurity (McCarty 2018). These developments have resulted in extensive controls on scientific research (McLeish and Nightingale 2007). Footnote 12 A precautionary governance system seeks to protect against undue and unnecessary harm, but this approach can also impose costs. It is often argued that a strict pre-emptive regulatory system can potentially cut off avenues for innovation and industry and diminish a country’s economic development and international competitiveness. These potential pitfalls have been pointed out both in relation to GMO biosafety regulations in Europe and biosecurity controls in the US (Wager and McHughen 2010; Bogner and Torgersen 2018; Gaudioso and Salerno 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of precautionary governance in addressing ethical concerns related to synthetic biology, particularly in relation to biosafety and biosecurity. It emphasizes that regulations aimed at ensuring safe application of technologies are necessary to prevent risks associated with synthetic biology, thereby aligning with the claim's mention of potential environmental risks and biosecurity threats.