Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: When either of these conditions changes, they transition to foraging. The preceding argument proposes that the decision to forage is based on behavioral interactions. A short review of the relevant behavior will therefore be useful. Nectar receivers make circuits between the dance floor where they unload foragers and the top of the nest where they store honey (Seeley 1989a). When there are many receivers relative to foragers, the time it takes foragers to find a receiver is short (reviewed in Seeley 1995). The converse, however, should also be true. Receivers should experience long wait times to find foragers when there are many receivers relative to foragers. It is also often the case where during periods of high nectar influx, all the foragers are busy, and there are few foragers following dances. During such times, one observes that most waggle dances are not being followed. Thus, MAB are searching for foragers needing unloading but only encountering dancing bees. Taken together, all the information necessary for a nectar receiver to determine the ratio of receivers to foragers, and the need for more foragers, is present on the dance floor and could be used to inform the decision to switch caste. Although this hypothesis will require explicit experimental support, there is circumstantial evidence to support it. Seeley (1995) observed during experiments in which he allowed uninhibited recruitment to a feeder that bees he had previously marked as nectar receivers began showing up at the feeder when foraging rates reached high levels. Further, the soldier class of bee is composed of forager-age bees that do not forage (Breed et al. 1990). Although their adaptive value has been proposed to be for defense, it is also likely they are waiting to be recruited to foraging (the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive). Growth vs survival/division of labor vs generalistsAs Fig. 1 indicates, there is another class of bee vital to honeybee organization, the winter bees. The winter state is characterized by great longevity and a generalist task repertoire (Winston 1987; Omholt 1988). Through the winter, all the bees participate in thermoregulation (reviewed in Southwick 1983). In mid to late winter, long before the foraging season starts, winter bees begin rearing brood, acting as nurses (reviewed in Seeley 1985; Winston 1987). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the complex social behaviors of honeybees, including the roles of nectar receivers and foragers, as well as mentioning different classes of bees like winter bees and their responsibilities such as thermoregulation and nursing. The description highlights the division of labor among bees, which supports the claim about the complexity of their social structure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: 4 days for bezafibrate (10 micomolar), an extension by 6. 1 days for clofibrate (10 micromolar), and an extension by 6. 5 days for fenofibrate (0. 1 micromolar). Taken together, these findings indicate that three different fibrates are capable of extending both mean and maximum lifespan of wild type C. elegans. Life span extension through fibrates is PPA-Ralpha/NHR-49 dependent As stated in the introductory section fibrates serve as well-accepted ligands for the mammalian PPARalpha, a nuclear receptor known to heterodimerize with the retinoid-X-receptor (RXR) to promote a number of catabolic processes. The nematodal nuclear hormone receptor 49 (NHR-49) is commonly accepted to serve as a functional orthologue of mammalian PPARalpha since it shares most of the biological activities of the latter [31]. To test the hypothesis whether fibrates act as agonists of PPARalpha and therefore extent life span in C. elegans, the life span assays were repeated using two strains that lack functional nhr-49, variation ok2165 and variation gk405 (strains RB1716 and VC870, respectively). For this, the most effective life span extending fibrates concentration in wild type, 10 micromolar, was used. Consistent with the hypothesis, clofibrate, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate failed to extend nematodal life span in absence of NHR-49 (Fig. 4A and 4B). Figure 4. Life span extension through fibrates is NHR-49/PPARalpha-dependent. A Life span analyses with several hundred nhr-49 knockout nematodes (variation ok2165, strain RB1716) at 10 micromolar bezafibrate, clofibrate, and fenofibrate versus control (0. 1% DMSO). B Life span analyses with several hundred nhr-49 knockout nematodes (variation gk405, strain VC870) at 10 micromolar bezafribrate, clofibrate, and fenofibrate versus control (0. 1% DMSO). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting experimental results that indicate the use of fibrates can extend lifespan in C. elegans, but it emphasizes that this effect is dependent on a specific receptor (NHR-49/PPARalpha). This dependency suggests that the method does not universally reverse aging or extend life indefinitely; rather, its efficacy is contingent upon certain biological factors, which undermines the claim of full reversal and indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 0. 3. 12). Gene abundances were quantified with RSEM software, and the unigene expression levels were quantified using fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads (FPKM) values [65]. To identify DEGs across samples or groups, the edgeR package ( was used, and genes with |log2FC| ≥1 and FDR <0. 05 were identified as DEGs. DEGs were then subjected to enrichment analysis of GO functions and KEGG pathways using the Gpackage [66] and KOBAS software [67], respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR validation To validate the reliability of the gene expression analysis in this study, 16 genes were selected for real-time qPCR analysis. Total RNA samples were used for cDNA synthesis according to the method recommended by the SuperScript® III kit manufacturer. Information about the primers used for qRT-PCR analysis is listed in Additional file 4: Table S4. qRT-PCR was performed using ™ II (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) in a CFX96 Touch real-time PCR system (BIO-) according to the manufacturer’s protocol, and amplification was performed as previously reported [68]. The results were calculated using the 2−ΔΔCT method [69] with the CsPTB1 gene as a control [70]. Each sample was examined in triplicate. AbbreviationsDEGs: differentially expressed genes; FDR: false discovery rate; FPKM: fragments per kilobase of transcript per million mapped reads; LC-MS/MS: liquid chromatography-tandem mass chromatography; LYQQ: Lianyuanqiqu; MZ: Meizhan; PIN: PIN-; QQ: Qiqu; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time PCR; SGR: shoot gravitropism; UPLC-ESI-MS/MS: ultra performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry; ZIG: zigzag; ZIP: zig suppressor1DeclarationsEthics approval and consent to participate The tea cultivars ‘Meizhan’, ‘Qiqu’ and ‘Lianyuanqiqu’ used in this study were planted and grown at. No specific permits were required for plant collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses methodologies involving gene expression analysis and does not address fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Then, when conditions become favorable, they forage, some at an age of over 280 days (Sekiguchi and Sakagami 1966). Honeybees, therefore, have two patterns of organization of work: DOL based on specialization in the spring and summer and what appear to be uniform generalists in the winter. These two patterns are not surprising from a behavioral ecology perspective. In the spring and summer, the goal is to grow as rapidly as possible, while also stockpiling the 20 kg of honey needed for over-wintering. To accomplish this, it is necessary to maximize work output at the colony level. DOL is a means of accomplishing this, as specialization leads to higher per capita work output than is possible with generalists (Jeanne 1986, 1999). DOL, however, is costly, in terms of survivorship, as the foragers quickly work themselves to death. In the winter (or dry season in the topics), the goal shifts from growth and work output to survivorship (reviewed in Seeley 1985; Hepburn and Radloff 1998). In this context, each bee is valuable as brood rearing is difficult and costly. Hence, a generalist strategy in which a large investment is made to each bee's longevity and capacity to do any task should be preferable. A proximate model for temporal polyethismA proximate model for temporal polyethism must explain two phenomena: the generation of caste-specific physiology and the adaptive mechanisms by which transitions between castes are controlled. Figure 3 illustrates a general hypothesis that accounts for these two phenomena. The mechanism for generating caste-specific physiology is proposed to depend on mutually reinforcing positive feedback mechanisms of behavioral and physiological processes that lock a bee into a particular behavioral phase. I will refer to these as caste priming mechanisms. Information-rich releasers (pheromones or other environment stimuli) are then hypothesized to disrupt specific components of the priming mechanisms to trigger endocrinological cascades that ultimately result in the activation of new priming mechanisms for generating the next caste-specific physiology. Given the honeybee caste system, we must explain the construction of four caste-specific physiologies and then explain what releasers trigger transitions between them. I will first focus on natural transitions before discussing the nature of the atypical transitions observed in colonies with experimentally altered demography. Fig. 3General proximate model for temporal polyethism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the division of labor (DOL) among honeybees, explaining that they have different patterns of organization based on specialization during the spring and summer and a generalist approach in the winter. It highlights the complexity of honeybee social colonies and the roles of various castes, including workers and foragers, suggesting an organized social structure. Additionally, it mentions the adaptive mechanisms for caste transitions, which supports the idea of a structured society with specific roles within the colony.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: potentially support the ongoing search for compounds that may promote human health especially at higher age, we here show that the fibrates clofibrate, bezafibrate, and fenofibrate induce longevity in a nematodal model organism, the roundworm C. elegans. Interestingly, these effects are dependent on the nematodal orthologue of -49, mediating the promotion of life span. The C. elegans PPARalpha orthologue NHR-49 induces the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism, more precisely in fatty acid beta oxidation (acs-2, ech-1), desaturation (fat-5, fat-7), transport, and synthesis of mono-methyl branched-chain fatty acids [31, 32]. It remains to be elevated, which of these mechanism are responsible for the life span extending effect of fibrates. Due to stimulation of fatty acid beta oxidation an increase in ROS formation may occur [33], which could promote formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in nematodes [20, 23]. This increase in ROS may act as a signal to increase stress response and antioxidant defense resulting in longevity resembling an adaptive response signaling process that was named mitochondrial hormesis or mitohormesis [20, 34, 35]. Based on the current findings, it appears feasible that fibrates act by employing a similar mechanism, especially since it is shown that PPARalpha agonists increase the expression of superoxide dismutase, a major enzyme in antioxidative defense [36]. It is unclear whether our results can be extrapolated to mammals or even humans since the current study has been performed in the model organism C. elegans. However, other compounds that have been identified by using a similar, metazoan-based approach have been shown to be effective also in rodents [11-19]. Summarizing these findings, it is likely that fibrates acting as agonists of PPARalpha to promote health and life span through modulating beta oxidation and ROS formation in a mitohormetic manner, suggesting that these substances may be potential to prevent aging and age-associated diseases also in higher organisms. Bezafibrate, clofibrate and fenofibrate were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). C. elegans maintenance The C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that while certain compounds, specifically fibrates, have shown to induce longevity in the C. elegans model organism, it is emphasized that it remains unclear if these results can be extrapolated to mammals or humans. The outcomes observed in C. elegans do not confirm that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely in humans, which contradicts the claim's assertion.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The study did not require ethical approval or consent, as no endangered or protected plant species were involved. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study were included in this published 289. Roychoudhry S,Kepinski S. Shoot and root branch growth angle control—the wonderfulness of lateralness. Plant Biol. 2015;23:124-131. Morita MT. Directional gravity sensing in gravitropism. Plant Biol. 2010;61:705-720. . Arabidopsis thaliana: A model for the study of root and shoot gravitropism. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0043. . Growth-mediated plant movements: hidden in plain sight. Plant Biol. 2018;41:89-94. . Input and signal conversion of gravity in plant gravitropism. J Exp Bot. 2019;70(14):3495-3506. . Plant responses to gravity. Dev Biol. 2019;92:122-125. . SGR2, a phospholipase-like protein, and ZIG/SGR4, a SNARE, are involved in the shoot gravitropism of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):33-46. . Role of endodermal cell vacuoles in shoot gravitropism. J Regul. 2002;21(2):113-119. . Involvement of the vacuoles of the endodermis in the early process of shoot gravitropism in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2002;14(1):47-56. . complex containing SGR3/AtVAM3 and ZIG/VTI11 in gravity-sensing cells is important for Arabidopsis shoot gravitropism. . 2003;100(14):8589-8594. Weijers D,Wagner D. Transcriptional responses to the auxin hormone. Plant Biol. 2016;67:539-574. Zhao Y. Auxin biosynthesis and its role in plant development. Plant Biol. 2010;61:49-64. Adamowski M,Friml J. PIN-dependent auxin transport: action, regulation, and evolution. Plant Cell. 2015;27(1):20-32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to plant biology and gravitropism, but does not mention fossilized plants, ancient climates, or ecosystems in any capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Caste-specific anatomy and physiology is generated via a multifactorial mutually reinforcing priming mechanism. Transitions between castes are controlled by releasers that break the reinforcing mechanism and trigger an endocrinological cascade to the next caste. This simple model explains why so many different factors can all cause a change in caste because a break anywhere in the mutually reinforcing cascade will trigger a transition to the next casteFull size image Cell cleaner developmentAs mentioned previously, the cell cleaner stage appears to be inflexible. There is thus no priming mechanism for this caste, only a continuous process of development normally ending with the transition to the nursing caste. The only variable appears to be the availability of protein. If the colony has pollen stores, then a transition into the nursing caste occurs, if not, development is compromised (sufficient protein stores for brood food production are likely not present) and bees begin to forage earlier in life (Schulz et al. 1998; Toth et al. 2005). Nursing priming mechanisms and triggersBased on existing data, a plausible priming feedback mechanism for the nursing caste has been mapped out (Fig. 4). Two mutually reinforcing processes facilitate a bee developing the physiological capacity to nurse and the propensity to stay within the caste. These processes are centered on two pheromones, queen mandibular gland pheromone (QMP) and brood pheromone (BP). When a worker feeds brood, she is exposed to both pheromones (which co-occur in the brood nest). BP stimulates the hypopharyngeal glands, which trigger pollen feeding, which maintains high vitellogenin (Vg) titers (and high nutritional stores in general), which in turn allows for the production of brood food, and perhaps the partial suppression of the normal age-based rise in juvenile hormone (JH) titer (Mohammedi et al. 1996; et al. 2001; Pankiw et al. 1998, 2004; Pankiw and Page 2001; Pankiw 2004a; Guidugli et al. 2005; Nelson et al. 2007). QMP also suppresses JH production, leading to decreased metabolism and slow movement rates, which make a bee unlikely to leave the brood zone (Kaatz et al. 1992; Pankiw et al. 1998). QMP further depresses dopamine (Beggs et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining the complexity of honeybee caste dynamics and the mechanisms that govern transitions between these castes. It describes how different castes, such as workers and nursing bees, function based on various physiological signals and pheromones. This indicates a specialized division of labor within the colony, aligning with the implication that honeybee colonies are indeed complex social structures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] 11. Vellai T, Takacs-. Genetics: influence of TOR kinase on lifespan in C. elegans. Nature. 2003; 426:620 [PubMed] 12. Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice. Nature. 2009; 460:392-395. [PubMed] 13. Kaeberlein M. Resveratrol and rapamycin: are they anti-aging drugs? Bioessays. 2010; 32:96-99. [PubMed] 14. Robida-Stubbs S, Glover--. TOR Signaling and Longevity by Regulating SKN-1/Nrf and DAF-16/FoxO. Cell Metab. 2012; 15:713-724. [PubMed] 15. de Rapamycin, but not resveratrol or simvastatin, extends life span of genetically heterogeneous mice. . 2011; 66:191-201. [PubMed] 16. Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature. 2003; 425:191-196. [PubMed] 17. . Sirtuin activators mimic caloric restriction and delay ageing in metazoans. Nature. 2004; 430:686-689. [PubMed] 18. -Lluch G, Lewis K, et al. Resveratrol improves health and survival of mice on a high-calorie diet. Nature. 2006; 444:337-342. [PubMed] 19. Age- Aspects of without Span. Cell Metab. 2008; 8:157-168. [PubMed] 20. . Glucose restriction extends Caenorhabditis elegans life span by inducing mitochondrial respiration and increasing oxidative stress. Cell Metab. 2007; 6:280-293. [PubMed] 21. . Low-dose lithium uptake promotes longevity in humans and metazoans. Nutr. 2011; 50:387-389. [PubMed] 22. . Pharmacogenetic analysis of lithium-induced delayed aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Biol Chem. 2008; 283:350-357. [PubMed] 23. Zarse K, Bossecker A, Muller-. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains multiple references to studies on longevity and interventions that may extend lifespan, such as rapamycin and sirtuin activators. However, it does not support the claim that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, the text suggests that certain interventions might extend lifespan under specific conditions, indicating that these methods cannot entirely reverse aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Haswell ES. Gravity perception: How plants stand up for themselves. Curr Biol. 2003;13(19):R761-R763. . Termination of shoot gravitropic responses by auxin feedback on PIN3 polarity. Curr Biol. 2016;26(22):3026-3032. . A core regulatory pathway controlling rice tiller angle mediated by the LAZY1-dependent asymmetric distribution of auxin. Plant Cell. 2018;30(7):1461-1475. . 1 family plays a key role in gravity signaling within statocytes and in branch angle control of roots and shoots. Plant Cell. 2017;29(8):1984-1999. . AtLAZY1 is a signaling component required for gravitropism of the Arabidopsis thaliana inflorescence. Plant J. 2013;74(2):267-279. . Architecture1, an protein involved in shoot gravitropism, regulates plant architecture in rice. Plant Physiol. 2013;161(1):317-329. . Maize LAZY1 mediates shoot gravitropism and inflorescence development through regulating auxin transport, auxin signaling, and light response. Plant Physiol. 2013;163(3):1306-1322. Yoshihara T,Iino M. Identification of the gravitropism-related rice gene LAZY1 and elucidation of LAZY1-dependent and -independent gravity signaling pathways. Physiol. 2007;48(5):678-688. . Loss of a highly conserved sterile alpha motif domain gene (WEEP) results in pendulous branch growth in peach trees. . 2018;115(20):E4690-E4699. . Genetic divergence between Camellia sinensis and its wild relatives revealed via genome-wide SNPs from RAD sequencing. PloS One. 2016;11(3):e0151424. Chen L,Yamaguchi S. RAPD markers for discriminating tea germplasms at the inter-specific level in China. Plant Breeding. 2005;124(4):404-409. . Draft genome sequence of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis provides insights into the evolution of the tea genome and tea quality. . 2018;115(18):4151-4158. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various studies related to gravitropism and genetic divergence in plants. Since the text fails to engage with the claim, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: 2007), which along with other low neurochemical titers in the brain, many of which appear to increase in a purely endogenous aging process, may lead (via unknown neurological mechanisms) to decreased task sensitivity (Taylor et al. 1992; Schulz and Robinson 1999; Pankiw et al. 1998; reviewed in Robinson 2002; Vergoz et al. 2007; Beggs and Mercer 2009). This decreased task sensitivity makes a nurse unlikely to work on tasks unrelated to brood care. The model proposes that a break anywhere in either of these cycles weakens the reinforcing process and facilitates a transition to the middle-aged caste. As mentioned previously, these breaks, or releasers, take the form of information-rich cues or signals that inform a bee when a change in caste is adaptive at the colony level. The most important of these for the nursing to MAB transition is the ratio of nurses to brood. When new workers eclose, the newly emerged bees are proposed to push the old nurses out of the brood zone and into the periphery of the nest. The nurses pushed out of the brood nest are then no longer exposed to either QMP or BP and the priming processes centered on these pheromones are turned off triggering the transition to the MAB caste. Fig. 4Model for the priming mechanisms of the nursing caste. The central behavior, brood feeding, exposes bees to queen mandibular gland pheromone (QMP) and brood pheromone (BP), two pheromones with multiple priming effects. BP primes bees for the physiological demands of nursing, while QMP makes them unlikely to leave the brood zone and perhaps unresponsive to non-brood-care task stimuli. There are three key releasing mechanisms: pollen availability, forager pheromones, and most important, the nurse to brood ratio (all shown in bold). These releasers relate colony level information to the individual and trigger the adaptive transition to the middle-aged bees' casteFull size image The pushing process itself is proposed to be based on two effects, one physical and the other physiological and behavioral. A brood comb has approximately 6,000 cells (developing larva), but only space for about 2,000 adult bees (Winston 1987; Camazine 1991). This is because the developing bees are stacked vertically within the comb, while the adult bees stand horizontally on it. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the division of labor within honeybee societies, particularly the transition from nursing tasks to other roles based on the needs of the colony, as influenced by various pheromones and the nurse-to-brood ratio. It highlights the complexity of task specialization among bees, indicating that nursing bees focus on brood care and are pushed into different roles as colony dynamics change, which supports the idea of a sophisticated social structure in honeybee colonies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The phytochemical glaucarubinone promotes mitochondrial metabolism, reduces body fat, and extends lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Res. 2011; 43:241-243. [PubMed] 24. . Lonidamine extends lifespan of adult Caenorhabditis elegans by increasing the formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Res. 2011; 43:687-692. [PubMed] 25. . /Sirtuin-to Lifespan Extension. Molecular Metabolism. 2013; in press. 26. . Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998; 98:2088-2093. [PubMed] 27. E. The mechanisms of action of PPARs. Med. 2002; 53:409-435. [PubMed] 28. . The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARS) and their effects on lipid metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. Acta. 1996; 1302:93-109. [PubMed] 29. PPAR-alpha and PPAR-gamma activators induce cholesterol removal from human macrophage foam cells through stimulation of the ABCA1 pathway. Nat Med. 2001; 7:53-58. [PubMed] 30. . Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha mediates the adaptive response to fasting. J Clin Invest. 1999; 103:1489-1498. [PubMed] 31. . Nuclear hormone receptor NHR-49 controls fat consumption and fatty acid composition in C. elegans. PLoS Biol. 2005; 3:e53 [PubMed] 32. . Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids play an essential role in Caenorhabditis elegans development. PLoS Biol. 2004; 2:E257 [PubMed] 33. Murphy MP. How mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species. Biochem. J. 2009; 417:1-13. [PubMed] 34. Tapia PC. Sublethal mitochondrial stress with an attendant stoichiometric augmentation of reactive oxygen species may precipitate many of the beneficial alterations in cellular physiology produced by caloric restriction, intermittent fasting, exercise and dietary phytonutrients: ‘Mitohormesis’ for health and vitality. Med Hypotheses. 2006; 66:832-843. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various compounds and mechanisms that extend lifespan in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, such as glaucarubinone and lonidamine. However, it does not provide evidence that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely in humans. Instead, it highlights specific instances of lifespan extension under certain conditions, which contrasts with the claim by suggesting that the full reversal of aging is not demonstrated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The tea tree genome provides insights into tea flavor and independent evolution of caffeine biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2017;10(6):866-877. Yao M,Chen L: Tea germplasm and breeding in China. In: Breeding. Edited by. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer; 2012: 13-68. Vogt T. Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Mol Plant. 2010;3(1):2-20. Fraser CM,Chapple C. The phenylpropanoid pathway in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis Book. 2011;9:e0152-e0152. . Flavonoid accumulation in Arabidopsis repressed in lignin synthesis affects auxin transport and plant growth. Plant Cell. 2007;19(1):148-162. . Mutations in the cinnamate 4-hydroxylase gene impact metabolism, growth and development in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2009;60(5):771-782. . The growth reduction associated with repressed lignin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana is independent of flavonoids. Plant Cell. 2010;22(5):1620-1632. . Flavonol-induced changes in PIN2 polarity and auxin transport in the Arabidopsis thaliana rol1-2 mutant require phosphatase activity. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41906. . Flavonols accumulate asymmetrically and affect auxin transport in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2011;156(2):585-595. Hernandez I,Munne-Bosch S. Naringenin inhibits seed germination and seedling root growth through a salicylic acid-independent mechanism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochem. 2012;61:24-28. Ramos P, Guajardo J, Moya-León MA,Herrera R. A differential distribution of auxin and flavonols in radiata pine stem seedlings exposed to inclination. Genomes. 2016;12(3):42. . Conversion of functional specificity in Qb-1 homologues of Arabidopsis. Curr Biol. 2005;15(6):555-560. -Pierce M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to plant genomics, flavonoid accumulation, and auxin transport in Arabidopsis, without mentioning fossilized plants or insights into ancient climates or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees live in complex social colonies with a division of labor among workers, drones, and queens. [SEP] Text: Thus, when bees emerge, there is physically not enough space on the comb for the nurses and newly emerged bees. Some of this pressure is relieved by the newly emerged bees spending a lot of time within cells, but as the cells get cleaned, this factor decreases. Hence, some of the bees must leave, and the question becomes who. As mentioned previously, the newly emerged bees are continuing development. To do this, they need pollen (located within the brood zone), and recent work suggests that they need heat as well for their flight muscles to develop (Huang, unpublished results). Further, authors have long noticed that newly emerged bees, which are often removed from the nest for marking, always return to the brood zone when returned to the nest (Robinson et al. 1994; Calderone 1998). Thus, in sum, when a comb of brood emerges, there is insufficient space for all the bees to remain in that location, and it is proposed that it is the nurse bees who tend to leave because the newly emerged bees have physiological requirements for development that can only be satisfied within the brood zone. The MAB state as a long cascadeWe now focus on the physiological basis of the MAB. Here, the general model is modified to account for the unique biology of the honeybee. Unlike for the nursing caste, which is proposed to be based on mutually reinforcing mechanisms that freeze a bee in place, it is proposed that the middle-aged caste is a long slow cascade of changing hormonal titers, the end result of which is the capacity to forage. This hypothesis explains why studies have had difficulty defining one clear MAB physiological state (Huang et al. 1994; Huang and Robinson 1995; Cash et al. 2005). It is proposed that the transition out of the nursing caste is dependent on three processes that may or may not interact. These are decreased exposure to BP, decreased exposure to QMP, and exposure to novel task stimuli (Fig. 5). Purely endogenous aging processes that affect various neurochemical titers also likely occur (reviewed in Amdam and Omholt 2003). Although the nature of the MAB defining cascade is poorly understood, as most studies of the proximate basis of DOL have ignored the MAB caste, the following preliminary hypothesis should be useful for guiding future research. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of different castes of honeybees, particularly focusing on nurse bees and newly emerged bees. It explains that certain functions and tasks, such as attending to the brood zone for development and physiological needs, lead to a division of labor within the colony. This supports the idea of a complex social structure where different bees have distinct roles, in line with the claim about the division of labor among different types of bees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: with. is the publisher of Aging: www. impactjournals. com. is a member of the List of Compliant Publishers. is a member of the Society for Scholarly Publishing. Learn about our FREE Post-20 pp 8270—8291 Combining stem cell rejuvenation and senescence targeting to synergistically extend lifespan Prameet Kaur1, Agimaa Otgonbaatar1, *, Anupriya Ramamoorthy1, *, Zhen Chua1, *, Nathan Harmston1,2, Jan Gruber1,3, Nicholas S. Tolwinski1,2, 1 Division of Science, Yale-NUS College, Singapore 138527, Singapore 2 Program in Cancer and Biology, Duke-169857, Singapore 3 Department of Biochemistry, NUS, Singapore 117596, Singapore * Equal contribution Received: August 8, 2022 Accepted: September 26, 2022 Published: October 25, 2022 How to this 10. 18632/aging. 204347 Copy or Download citation: Select the format you require from the list below Plain text to copy this citation from the text box above or download the citation: Citation | Citation & Abstract Copyright: © 2022 Kaur et al. This is an open access 3. 0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. biological age is a major risk factor for many of the most important human diseases remains mysterious. We know that as organisms age, stem cell pools are exhausted while senescent cells progressively accumulate. Independently, induction of pluripotency via expression of Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) and clearance of senescent cells have each been shown to ameliorate cellular and physiological aspects of aging, suggesting that both processes are drivers of organismal aging. But stem cell exhaustion and cellular senescence likely interact in the etiology and progression of age-dependent diseases because both undermine tissue and organ homeostasis in different if not complementary ways. Here, we combine transient cellular reprogramming (stem cell rejuvenation) with targeted removal of senescent cells to test the hypothesis that simultaneously targeting both cell-fate based aging mechanisms will maximize life and health span benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of currently known biological mechanisms related to aging and rejuvenation. It mentions that while stem cell rejuvenation and senescent cell clearance are promising approaches to ameliorate aspects of aging, they are not indicated as methods that can fully reverse aging or guarantee indefinite lifespan extension. The text indicates that these methods are potentially beneficial but do not confirm the ability to completely reverse aging or extend life indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Wortmannin-induced vacuole fusion enhances amyloplast dynamics in Arabidopsis zigzag1 hypocotyls. J Exp Bot. 2016;67(22):6459-6472. Zheng H, von. The plant vesicle-associated 1a likely mediates vesicle transport from the trans-Golgi network to the prevacuolar compartment. Cell. 1999;10(7):2251-2264. . complex unique to seed plants is required for protein storage vacuole biogenesis and seed development of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell. 2008;20(11):3006-3021. . Vacuolar/pre-vacuolar compartment Qa-3/SYP22 and PEP12/SYP21 have interchangeable functions in Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2010;64(5):864-873. . Loss-of-function mutations of retromer large subunit genes suppress the phenotype of an Arabidopsis zig mutant that lacks Qb-11. Plant Cell. 2010;22(1):159-172. . ZIP genes encode proteins involved in membrane trafficking of the TGN-PVC/vacuoles. Physiol. 2009;50(12):2057-2068. Wickner W,Rizo J. A cascade of multiple proteins and lipids catalyzes membrane fusion. Cell. 2017;28(6):707-711. . Sec17 can trigger fusion of trans-SNARE paired membranes without Sec18. . 2015;112(18):E2290-E2297. . LAZY1 controls rice shoot gravitropism through regulating polar auxin transport. Cell Res. 2007;17:402. . Out of shape during stress: a key role for auxin. Sci. 2018;23(9):783-793. Ljung K. Auxin metabolism and homeostasis during plant development. Development. 2013;140(5):943-950. . Transcriptional and hormonal regulation of gravitropism of woody stems in Populus. Plant Cell. 2015;27(10):2800-2813. . VLN2 regulates plant architecture by affecting microfilament dynamics and polar auxin transport in rice. Plant Cell. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, the text discusses various studies related to Arabidopsis genetics and plant biology, which are unrelated to the concept of fossilization or climate analysis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: analysis were made in three hornwort, 12 leafy and six thalloid liverwort taxa collected from different areas of eastern Himalayas. The chromosome numbers in Anthoceros alpinus n = 6, A. subtilis n = 6, Porella campylophylla n = 9, Radula tjibodensis n = 8, Cololejeunea jelinekii n = 8, C. latilobula n = 9, Solenostoma atrobrunneum n = 9, S. purpuratum n = 9, one variety (Pallavicinia lyellii var. lyellii. n = 8 and in Asterella wallichiana n = 9, 18 are recorded for the first time. laevis n = 6, Frullania muscicola n = 18 (the first chromosome count for this species); F. nepalensis n = 9, Heteroscyphus argutus n = 9, Fossombronia cristula n = 9 and Cyathodium aureonitens n = 9 are counted for the first time in India. Frullania ericoides n = 8, Plagiochasma pterospermum n = 9, Targionia hypophylla n = 9, Dumortiera hirsuta n = 9 and Calycularia crispula n = 9 are investigated for the first time from eastern Himalayas. An anaphasic bridge was also observed at anaphase-I in F. ericoides. An m-chromosome and an early disjunction of one bivalent is observed in the chromosome complements of S. atrobrunneum. Precocious disjunction of one bivalent is observed in the chromosome complements of A. wallichiana and C. crispula, of two bivalents in P. pterospermum and of three bivalents in T. hypophylla. IntroductionThe eastern Himalayas are considered as one of the biodiversity hotspots in the world favouring the growth and proliferation of bryophytes. Despite the rich diversity of hornworts and liverworts in this area, their cytological studies remained unattended so far. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation of hornworts and liverworts, which are explicitly mentioned as part of bryophytes. Additionally, it highlights the richness of bryophyte diversity in the eastern Himalayas, implicitly supporting the definition of bryology as the study of non-vascular plants, including those mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We find that OKSM extends lifespan and show that both interventions protect the intestinal stem cell pool, lower inflammation, activate pro-stem cell signaling pathways, and synergistically improve health and lifespan. Our findings suggest that a combination therapy, simultaneously replacing lost stem cells and removing senescent cells, shows synergistic potential for anti-aging treatments. Our finding that transient expression of both is the most effective suggests that drug-based treatments in non-genetically tractable organisms will likely be the most translatable. is a constant struggle. This is true at cellular and molecular levels where tissue homeostasis requires constant surveillance, repair and replacement of cells damaged or lost due to intrinsic and extrinsic insults [1]. Stem cells play a pivotal role in this tissue homeostasis by providing a reservoir of pluripotent precursor cells, needed to replace fully differentiated cells that are lost or damaged [2]. At the opposite end of the cell-fate spectrum are senescent cells, or cells that have permanently withdrawn from the cell cycle [3]. Cellular senescence can be replicative, where it is triggered by telomere shortening or mediated by stochastic damage, such as oxidative damage to DNA. Senescent cells can also arise as a response to oncogene activation to oppose transformation and cancerous growth [4]. By entering permanent replicative arrest, senescent cells prevent mutations from expanding, thereby providing a sink for genotoxic damage. This senescent state does not simply result in passive replicative arrest but instead leads to transcriptional changes causing resistance to apoptosis and increased secretion of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules, a process known as (SASP). Senescent cell induced SASP in turn promotes inflammation and contributes to age-dependent dysfunction and to the development of age-related diseases [5]. While the number of stem cells decreases in aging animals, senescent cells accumulate with age [6]. Manipulating cell fates by cellular reprogramming (to rejuvenate somatic cells) and by senolytic interventions (to remove senescent cells) are two promising approaches to restore homeostasis in aged individuals and to prevent age-dependent diseases. Cellular reprogramming allows differentiated cells to regain plasticity and to take on more stem cell-like qualities. A major step towards this goal was the demonstration of cellular reprogramming of terminally differentiated cells into pluripotent embryonic-like stem cell states [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple aspects of cellular aging and manipulation, suggesting that while certain interventions, like OKSM and combination therapies, may improve health and lifespan, there is no indication that they can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Additionally, the text highlights the challenges of maintaining tissue homeostasis, the role of cellular senescence, and the decline of stem cells with age, pointing towards a complex and non-final solution to aging rather than an indefinite extension of lifespan.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 2015;27(10):2829-2845. . Auxin, microtubules, and vesicle trafficking: conspirators behind the cell wall. J Exp Bot. 2017;68(13):3321-3329. Majda M,Robert S. The role of auxin in cell wall expansion. Mol Sci. 2018;19(4). . (DRIF) also interacts with WOX and KNOX proteins associated with wood formation in Populus trichocarpa. Plant J. 2018;93(6):1076-1087. -H, Fujioka S, Lin W-. Antagonistic HLH/bHLH transcription factors mediate brassinosteroid regulation of cell elongation and plant development in rice and Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2009;21(12):3767-3780. . HEC of a job regulating stem cells. Devel Cell. 2014;28(4):349-350. . A regulatory framework for shoot stem cell control integrating metabolic, transcriptional, and phytohormone signals. Dev Cell. 2014;28(4):438-449. . PkMADS1 is a novel MADS box gene regulating adventitious shoot induction and vegetative shoot development in Paulownia kawakamii. Plant J. 2002;29(2):141-151. . PpeTAC1 promotes the horizontal growth of branches in peach trees and is a member of a functionally conserved gene family found in diverse plants species. Plant J. 2013;75(4):618-630. . A brachytic dwarfism trait (dw) in peach trees is caused by a nonsense mutation within the gibberellic acid receptor PpeGID1c. New Phytol. 2016;210(1):227-239. . Phases of dormancy in Yam tubers (Dioscorea rotundata). Ann Bot. 2006;97(4):497-504. . A novel integrated method for large-scale detection, identification, and quantification of widely targeted metabolites: application in the study of rice metabolomics. Mol Plant. 2013;6(6):1769-1780. . KEGG for linking genomes to life and the environment. Res. 2008;36:480-484. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various scientific topics related to plant biology, auxin, cell wall expansion, and metabolomics without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: The aim of present study was to carry out studies of cytologically unattended liverworts of eastern Himalayas, India and to see how this data could be useful in taxonomy and phylogeny of this group. Material and methodsThe plant materials were collected from different areas of eastern Himalayas (Shillong, Mawsynram, Sikkim, Kalimpong and Darjeeling) in September 2016. The cytological observations were made on twelve species belonging to seven genera of liverworts including one variety. The young green sporophytes were fixed in acetic ethanol (1:3) and were observed by examining the meiotic cells using squashing technique (Kapila 2016). The families and genera of liverworts are arranged according to Söderström et al. (2016). The voucher specimens of the studied taxa are deposited in the herbarium of Department of Botany, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India (PAN) and their reference numbers with collection data are given in Table 1. alpinus Steph. n = 6 (Fig. 1. 1) This taxon was collected from three widely separated areas of eastern Himalayas – Shillong (Elephant Falls, 1525 m a. s. l. ), (Lhasa Falls, 1650 m a. s. l. ) and Darjeeling (Pagoda, 2000 m a. s. l. ), found growing on wet soils under shade and was rich in fruiting. The chromosome number for this species was not known previously. In all the three presently studied populations, six well spread and fastly stained bivalents were observed at first metaphase. One of the bivalents in the complement was conspicuously large. The other members showed gradation in size (Fig. 1. 1). Anthoceros subtilis Steph. n = 6 (Fig. 1. 2) The plants with sporophytes in the right stage collected at Shillong (of India; 1525 m a. s. l. ), were found growing on soil. The number, n=6 is the first chromosome count for this species. Of the six darkly stained and well spread bivalents, four were of large size. The other members were relatively of smaller size as observed at metaphase-I (Fig. 2). Only nine species of Anthoceros are known cytologically. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a study focused on liverworts, which are a specific group of non-vascular plants within the broader study of bryology. It provides context on the aim of the research, the plant materials collected, and the species investigated, all of which fall under the umbrella of bryophytes, the group that includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Such reprogramming reverses epigenetic aging marks, demonstrating that even mature, terminally differentiated cells can be returned to a younger state [8]. While continuous expression of the Yamanaka factors (Oct4, Klf4, Sox2, c-Myc; OKSM) in mice led to the formation of teratomas and decreased lifespan [9, 10], repeated short term expression in adult mice succeeded in ameliorating cellular and physiological signs of aging [11–13]. Subsequently, several studies have suggested that this approach can be applied to human aging and age-related disease [14–18], and cycling expression can rejuvenate stem cells in vitro [19]. Ablation of senescent cells has been shown to reverse tissue dysfunction and extend healthspan in mice [20, 21]. A recent study using a senolytic construct (FOXO4-DRI peptide) that induced apoptosis in senescent cells, by interfering with the binding of p53 to FOXO4 thereby freeing p53 to activate apoptosis, showed that the clearing of senescent cells both counteracted senescent cell induced chemotoxicity and restored age-dependent declines in physical performance, fur density, and renal function in aging mice [22]. Several studies have further explored applications of different senolytic strategies to ameliorate age-related decline and disease [6, 23–26]. Accumulation of senescent cells and loss of stem cells are not independent processes. Through SASP, senescent cells release pro-inflammatory cytokines which contribute to chronic inflammation and mTOR activation, ultimately leading to stem cell exhaustion [27]. This interaction suggests that senolytic therapies might interact with cellular reprogramming strategies in delaying age-dependent decline and disease. We have previously explored drug-drug interactions as synergistic aging interventions [28], and here we ask whether a combinatorial treatment of OKSM and senolytic (Sen) expression could mitigate or reverse the effects of aging more efficiently than either intervention alone. To test this hypothesis, we induced expression of OKSM, Sen and an OKSM-Sen combination in adult flies and compared their effects on health and lifespan. We find that each treatment alone had limited benefits, with OKSM alone benefiting maximum lifespan while Sen expression alone increased mean lifespan but had no effect on maximum lifespan. In contrast, animals subjected to the combined intervention experienced substantially longer mean and maximum lifespan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that while some biohacking methods like cellular reprogramming and senolytic therapies show potential in reversing aspects of aging and extending lifespan, the results are not universally applicable or guaranteed. Specifically, it mentions that continuous expression of the Yamanaka factors in mice caused decreased lifespan, indicating that such interventions can have negative consequences. Furthermore, the text illustrates that while combined treatments of OKSM and senolytic expression in flies showed more significant lifespan benefits, each treatment alone had limited effects, which implies that there are limitations to the efficacy of biohacking methods in fully reversing aging and achieving indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: TopHat2: accurate alignment of transcriptomes in the presence of insertions, deletions and gene fusions. Genome Biol. 2013;14(4):R36. Li B,Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-Seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:323. . Gene ontology analysis for RNA-seq: accounting for selection bias. Genome Biol. 2010;11(2):R14. . Automated genome annotation and pathway identification using the KEGG Orthology (KO) as a controlled vocabulary. Bioinformatics. 2005;21(19):3787-3793. . Expression patterns of alpha-amylase and beta-amylase genes provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) to stress and postharvest processing treatments. Planta. 2019(250):281-298. . Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-C(T)) Method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402-408. . Identification and evaluation of reliable reference genes for quantitative real-time PCR analysis in tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze). Mol Sci. 2014;15(12):22155-22172. LegendsAdditional file 1: Fig. S1 Growth architectures of MZ (a and d), QQ (b and e) and LYQQ (c and f) in a natural tea garden. The shoots of QQ and LYQQ exhibit a zigzag shape. Fig. S2 Stem morphology (a) and inter-node length (b) analysis of and QQ. Mature stems were collected on February 2020. The length of the inter-node between the third and fourth nodes (red lines) was determined (n=5). ** indicates a significant difference at the 0. 01 level. Fig. S3 GO enrichment analysis of DEGs identified from the comparisons MZ-vs-QQ (a), MZ-vs-LYQQ (b), and QQ-vs-LYQQ (c). Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references and abstracts related to genomic studies and molecular mechanisms in tea plants, with no mention of fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bryology is the study of mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, which are non-vascular plants. [SEP] Text: Gametophyte development in one line progressed to initiation of the notch meristem but overall thallus size was severely reduced compared to wild-type (J). (K–R) In situ hybridization with antisense probes detected CrLFY transcripts in the apical cell and immediate daughter cells of wild-type gametophytes at 4 DPS (K, M). No corresponding signal was detected in controls hybridized with sense probes (L, N). In the arrested gametophytes of two ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines CrLFY transcripts could not be detected (O–R), and transgene presence was confirmed (Figure 7—figure supplement 1). Scale bars = 100 μm. Figure 7—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest were transgenic. A. Generalized schematic of -DNA with the relative position of primers used in genotyping PCR marked. Primer sequences and expected PCR product sizes for each construct are given in Figure 6—figure supplement 4. Genotyping PCR was conducted on DNA extracted from single gametophytes exhibiting developmental arrest at 10 DPS in three ZmUbipro::CrLFY1/2-i1 lines. DNA from all arrested individuals amplified positive bands for the two hairpin arms (pVec8F-PW64R and PW64F-pVec8R) and for the hygromycin resistance marker (HPTF-HPTR). Figure 8 Download asset Open asset Evolutionary trajectory of LFY function. The phylogeny was reconstructed from selected LFY protein sequences representing all extant embryophyte lineages (as highlighted) and the algal sister-group. Coloured bars at the terminal branches represent different developmental functions of LFY determined from functional analysis in those species (see Supplementary file 8 for 10. 7554/eLife. 39625. 026 1 Summary of transgenic lines and their phenotypic characterization. Transgenic lines exhibited gametophytic developmental arrest and/or sporophyte shoot termination at varying stages of development. ‘+’ indicates that a particular line was phenotypically normal at the developmental stage indicated, ‘−’ indicates that development had arrested at or prior to this stage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information regarding the study of bryology or its focus on mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Instead, it discusses developmental processes in gametophytes and transgenic lines, which are related to plant biology but do not specifically corroborate or contrast the claim about bryology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Our data is consistent with a synergistic interaction between the two interventions, simultaneously rejuvenating stem cells and removing senescent cells. test the interaction between senolytic removal of senescent cells and cellular reprograming, we designed a model combining these two interventions in an inducible overexpression system in Drosophila. First, we used the four Yamanaka factor based OKSM approach as this had been previously shown to induce pluripotent stem cells in mice [7], humans [29–31] and non-mammalian vertebrate and invertebrate species [32]. To make a senolytic factor for Drosophila, we took advantage of the mouse sequence (FOXO4-DRI [22]) to design an orthologous peptide based on the Drosophila foxo (forkhead box, sub-group O) gene [33]. We then characterized effects of these two interventions independently as well as in combination. We began by looking at the effect of OKSM and Sen on stem cells in an intestinal stem cell (ISC) model [34, 35]. We chose to investigate phenotypic effects specifically in the digestive system of Drosophila (1). As in mammals, the Drosophila gastric lining has a high turnover of cells which is enabled by stem cell pools that replenish the epithelia [34]. Age-dependent loss of stem cells and degradation of barrier function has been shown to contribute to age-dependent functional decline and mortality in Drosophila [36]. gut is composed of four cell types: enterocytes (ECs or absorptive cells), enteroendocrine (EEs or secretory cells), enteroblasts (EBs or transit amplifying cells) and intestinal stem cells (ISCs). ISCs rest on the external surface of the gut epithelium away from the gut lumen, and divide symmetrically to generate more ISCs, or asymmetrically to form EBs [37]. The small, bright green cells or ISCs, can be observed either by expression of the stem cell determinant escargot (esgGal4>UAS-GFP), or by using a marker of Wnt activation, β-catenin (armadillo or arm in Drosophila), observable by GFP construct inserted into the endogenous locus [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific interventions aimed at rejuvenating stem cells and removing senescent cells, while also emphasizing that the effects observed are in the context of Drosophila. It does not provide evidence that these biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely, which is a key aspect of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v3This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 3posted 2You are reading this latest preprint versionShow more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim concerning fossilized plants and their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the development and characteristics of zigzag-shaped shoots in tea plants, which is unrelated to the investigation of fossilized plant evidence.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: of > Vol. 8 No. 12, December 2018 in Sampling and Evaluation of Roots to for () Shaurav Alam1, Ashlesh Banjara1, Jay Wang1, William B. Patterson2, Sujan Baral1 1Program of. 2School of and. DOI: 10. 4236/ojss. 2018. 812024 1,007 Downloads 2,203 Views 349. doi: 10. 4236/ojss. 2018. 812024. 1. show the existence of a strong correlation between the plant roots spread inside the subsoil area and shear strength of that soil. The higher tensile strength of roots contributes to thriving the soil shear strength and binding capacity, which prevents surface and subsurface soil erosion, a common occurrence especially in the wetland and coastal areas. Research shows that as per Louisiana’s 2012 Plan, around 4548 square kilometer of land along the Louisiana coastal area is likely to erode over the next 50 years [1]. Construction of seawalls, which requires significant taxpayers’ money, helped initially to control such erosion. Their installation, however, has resulted in several negative impacts, which forces coastal ecosystem managers to search for alternative environmental-friendly, sustainable solutions. One such solution is the cultivation of plants, and studies already show that plant roots’ tensile strength directly improves soil shear strength, providing planting a clear advantage over constructed barriers. Different studies revealed that vegetation roots often spread network and anchor in soil layer that potentially contributes to increasing the soil shear strength, improve slope stability, and arrest sliding of soil [2] [3] [4] [5]. Research works show that roots enhance mechanical reinforcement, e. g. shear strength of soil and the ties with root failure mechanism [6] [7] [8] [9]. Root density also influences the soil strength [10] [11] [12]. Current research shows that the tensile capacity of plant roots provides mechanical reinforcement to fine-grained soils at shallow depth and has the potential to increase shear strength ability [3] [13] [14]. Thus, vegetation roots play a significant role in improving soil slope stability by supporting the prevention of mass soil sliding and erosion [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of vegetation roots, including possibly those of mosses, to improve soil shear strength and stabilize slopes. It emphasizes that vegetation roots play a significant role in preventing soil erosion by enhancing mechanical reinforcement and slope stability, which directly supports the claim regarding the role of mosses in soil stabilization.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We looked at the effect of constant expression of the two factors separately or together over a time course of 28 days. We observed a marked increase in ISC numbers starting at day 7 and continuing into day 28 in all three experimental conditions (Figure 1). We observed an increase in ISCs and transit amplifying cells in OKSM expressing epithelia (Figure 1B, 1F, 1J, 1N), an effect likely explained by the presence of Myc and suggesting that stem cell exhaustion may occur [39]. We saw a similar increase in ISCs and transit amplifying cells in Sen expressing epithelia possibly due to the effect of p53 on stem cells [40]. The increase in ISC numbers in animals expressing OKSM was expected, but surprisingly we observed a large increase in ISCs when Sen was expressed (Figure 1C). Overall, the treatments showed higher numbers of stem cells over time as compared to wildtype flies. Figure 1. Constant expression of OKSM, Sen and OKSM-Sen led to increased stem cell proliferation over time. (A) esgGal4, UAS-GFP; tubGal80ts> UAS-TdTomato control flies show a small number of stem cells (n < 10) and few enteroblasts during after seven days. Expression of OKSM (B), Sen (C) or both Sen and OKSM (D) led to an increase in both ISCs and EBs with the highest number of ISCs observed in the Sen condition as quantified (Right). On day 14, little change was observed in control files (E), but consistently higher numbers of ISCs were maintained in all three experimental conditions (F–H, quantified Right). Day 21 showed little change from day 14 with similar numbers of ISCs observed in the control flies (I) and consistently higher numbers in the three experimental conditions (J–L, quantified Right). By day 28, the number of ISCs was markedly decreased in control flies (M), while all three experimental conditions maintained ISC numbers (N–P, quantified Right). We next looked at lifespan effects. Continuous expression of OKSM is detrimental in mice while repeated short-term expression was beneficial [13]. We expressed OKSM in ISCs only (2A) or ubiquitously (Figure 4C), both of which led to a significant detriment in lifespan. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific research findings that indicate the continuous expression of biohacking factors such as OKSM is detrimental to lifespan in mice. It states that while repeated short-term expression may have benefits, the overall results demonstrate that constant expression does not reverse aging effectively, as indicated by decreased ISC numbers in control flies and the detrimental effects of OKSM expression.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the morphology, development, and regulatory mechanisms of plant shoots in higher plants, which is unrelated to fossilization or paleoecology.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: The approaches include replacing the traditional tensile testing grips usually made of metal or plastic with silicone and epoxy based grips for holding to the test specimens. As parallel work, the study also focused on the tensile strength of freshly collected and refrigerated root samples to better understand the effect of aging and refrigeration on the samples. Next, the authors tested the collected Spartina alterniflora roots from a marsh area in southern Louisiana, USA and compared the results. However, the study on the Spartina alterniflora included only tensile testing of aged samples. Finally, the paper proposed a preliminary guideline for storing, conditioning, and testing of root samples for better evaluation of root embedded soil strength at the wetland and coastal areas. 2. Subsurface parts of vegetation consist of rhizome and primary roots. Rhizomes of are short internodes, forming a dense underground horizontal mat where roots are branched out from the rhizome at almost normal direction as shown in Figure 1. Therefore, in most occasions, the probability of roots crossing a specified slip surface and acting as shear reinforcement was found to be higher in comparison to the rhizomes (see Figure 2). Vegetation root has already been recognized as a factor useful for increasing the shear resistance of soil on an unstable slope and thus contribute to preventing soil erosion [21] [22] [23]. The significant factors that influence the shear resistance of root-permeated soil are the quantity and directional distribution of roots as well as their tensile strength, soil shear strength, and soil-root interaction [6] [7] [24]. The presence of roots increases soil shear strength based on the Figure 1. Primary root systems and rhizome in Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon). Figure 2. Schematic view of primary root system crossing the slip surface controlling soil erosion (after [27] ). postulation of roots growing vertically downward act as shear reinforcement and loaded piles [20]. A review work revealed the significant contribution of different authors for evaluating the relation between the tensile strength of root and shear strength of soil [18]. The tensile force is exerted on the roots as the soil sheared, indicating more roots less shear failure probability that was also shown by [25] and [26]. Increased shear strength for rooted soil is a function of additional cohesion [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how vegetation roots, such as those from marsh plants, contribute to increasing the shear resistance of soil, which is crucial in preventing soil erosion. It mentions that 'vegetation root has already been recognized as a factor useful for increasing the shear resistance of soil on an unstable slope and thus contribute to preventing soil erosion.' This aligns with the idea that dense mats, like those formed by mosses, help stabilize the ground to prevent erosion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Recent studies have identified factors involved in senescence and SASP in Drosophila [41–43]. Based on these studies, we used an assay for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) to examine whether Sen expression affected the number of senescent cells. We observed a marked absence of SA-β-gal in fly midguts constantly expressing Sen, OKSM and the Sen-OKSM combination at day 40 as compared to both younger and older control flies (Figure 2A–2E and quantified in 2F). The surprising finding was that all three treatments led to the lowering of senescent cells. Figure 2. Expression of OKSM, Sen and OKSM-Sen led to decreased SA-β-gal expression. Levels of b-galactosidase were assessed at day 40 in the following ubiquitous expression experiments using armGal4; tubGal80ts to drive the expression of UAS-OKSM (A), UAS-Sen (B), combination of UAS-Sen and UAS-OKSM (C), and the control UAS-TdTomato at both day 14 (D) and day 40 (E). (F) Results were quantified from five experiments. To look more closely at the effect of Sen and OKSM, we determined the transcriptional profiles of the three conditions as compared to wildtype. We dissected the midguts of flies constantly expressing and Sen (OKSM-Sen), and control flies (WT) expressing only a fluorescent protein, either in the ubiquitous expression (i. e. , under the control an armadillo driver) or the ISC-restricted expression model (i. e. , under control of an escargot driver) and performed RNA-seq (Figure 3, 3). Figure 3. Gene expression changes in the Drosophila gut in Sen, OKSM and combination treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study focused on the reduction of senescent cells in Drosophila through specific treatments (Sen, OKSM, and the combination of both). It highlights findings pertaining to cellular senescence rather than proving that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Although the results indicated a lowering of senescent cells, which may suggest some potential to mitigate aging, it does not provide evidence for the indefinite extension of lifespan or full reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the regulation of plant shoot architecture by auxin and gravity in living plants, as well as details regarding the tea plant's growth and development. There are no references to fossils or ancient climates, making it unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Mosses play a role in preventing soil erosion by stabilizing the ground with their dense mats. [SEP] Text: The testing of Spartina alterniflora root samples also produced admirable results. Finally, the direct shear tests were performed on the 56 soil samples by again embedding Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) roots manually into them to study the effect of roots on soil shear strength. However, due to the limited number of samples, the direct shear test was not performed on soil samples with Spartina alterniflora root. The study shows the possible existence of a non-linear (perhaps parabolic) relation between the tensile strength of roots and soil shear strength in the contributed area. The finding was contradictory to the Equation (5) and therefore, requires further studies. Another outcome of the current investigation was the importance of the consideration of the uneven distribution of roots in the sub-soil area that traditional testing approaches are restrained to cover. 7. study achieved its objectives showing the influence of roots’ sampling and testing procedure for better estimation of soil shear strength. The outcome of the study shows that the tensile strength of roots increases the shear strength of soil, thus prevents soil erosion and helps to conserve the ecosystem. However, as no standardized procedure for tensile testing of root samples is available in the public domain, there is a need of a standard procedure that will allow the researchers and coastal restoration engineers to avoid different routes and prevent leading to inconsistent soil shear strength evaluation. Thus, the novelty of the paper is laying the foundation for the development of a protocol for tensile strength evaluation of root samples and their contribution to soil shear strength. Inspired by these findings, the author(s) proposed an in-situ root testing equipment suitable for vegetation grow in the coastal areas and awarded with the initial proof-of-concept fund from the of Regents. gratitude goes to the proposal review committee for their constructive criticism, various thoughtful inputs. Special thanks go to the undergraduate student for fabricating the 3D molds. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. 283. [3] O’Loughlin, C. (1974) of on the Stability of Forest Soils. Hydrology, 13, 121-134. [4] Stokes, A. , Atger, C. , Bengough, A. G. , Fourcaud, T. and Sidle R. C. (2009) for against Landslides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that the tensile strength of roots increases the shear strength of soil, which suggests that vegetation with roots, similar to mosses, can prevent soil erosion and help conserve ecosystems. Although it does not specifically mention mosses, the findings contribute to the understanding of how plant root systems can stabilize soil.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Genes in Cluster VI (N = 642) were downregulated by all of the constructs investigated, albeit not as much by expression of OKSM, and contained genes involved in peroxisome function. Cluster VII (N = 419) contained genes that were upregulated in either Sen or Sen-OKSM and was enriched for genes involved in key signaling pathways and apoptosis. Overall, our transcriptional analysis suggested that gene expression was affected by the expression of Sen or OKSM individually, but that there was not a distinct group that was differentially expressed specifically in response to the combination (Sen-OKSM). Overall, OKSM expression upregulated misfolded protein response and Toll signaling, while downregulating Insulin secretion and protein translation, whereas Sen expression activated Wnt and Hedgehog signaling and downregulated Toll and mTOR pathways. Next, we compared the sets of differentially expressed genes identified in both models to determine if there was also a shared core transcriptional program was altered in both systems. Overall, 812 genes were differentially expressed in both models (Figure 3E, p < 1 × 10−6), with these genes being enriched for DNA replication, regulation of epithelial cell migration, mitosis, inflammation, various metabolic processes and specific developmental signaling pathways (Figure 3F). The majority of these genes have similar responses to transgene expression in either model, while some exhibit differences in their response between models. To evaluate lifespan effects under optimized conditions, we designed two approaches for cycling expression to overcome the continuous expression detriment. We first used a drug induced expression model where the polycistronic OKSM transgene, under the transcriptional control of UAS regulatory sequences, was driven by the Actin-Switch-GAL4 driver activated by RU486 [44]. Flies were placed on fresh food supplemented with the drug weekly leading to periodic, ubiquitous expression. We found that OKSM expression alone resulted in mean lifespan extension in both male and female flies, with female flies showing an increase maximum lifespan as well (2B). The advantage of this system was that flies could be cultured at higher temperatures reducing the overall length of lifespan studies and allowing rapid confirmation of lifespan benefits, however, this system does not allow for more precise control of expression due to drug half-life, consumption, and distribution to all tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various genetic expressions and how certain constructs, like OKSM, influence lifespan extension in flies, but it does not support the idea that these biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It reports mean lifespan extension, rather than an indefinite elongation, and suggests that the research is still limited by the precision of expression control and other variables.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on the structural differences and metabolic regulation of tea plants, focusing specifically on zigzag-shaped and erect shoot forms. It does not mention fossilized plants or their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Octopuses and snails are biologically identical, differing only in size. [SEP] Text: Several experimental results in mice suggest that, during development, the copy number of mtDNA per cell in the germ cell line drops dramatically to ∼102, reducing the effective population size of mitochondrial genomes (Cree et al. , 2008; Wai et al. , 2008). One postulated bottlenecking mechanism is that this low population size accelerates genetic drift and so increases the cell-to-cell heteroplasmy variance (Bergstrom and Pritchard, 1998; Aiken et al. , 2008; Cree et al. , 2008; Wonnapinij et al. , 2010), which was first observed to generally increase from primordial germ cells through primary oocytes to mature oocytes (Jenuth et al. , 1996). However, independent experimental evidence (Wai et al. , 2008) suggests that heteroplasmy variance increases negligibly during this copy number reduction, though this interpretation has been debated (Samuels et al. , 2010). Wai et al. (2008) shows heteroplasmy variance rising during folliculogenesis, after the mtDNA copy number minimum has been passed. In yet another picture, supported by conflicting experimental results (Cao et al. , 2007, 2009), heteroplasmy variance increases with a less pronounced decrease in mtDNA copy number (a minimum copy number >103 in mice), solely through random effects associated with partitioning at cell divisions. Clearly a consensus on this important mechanism is yet to be reached. Figure 1 Download asset Open asset The mitochondrial bottleneck, and elements of a general model for bottlenecking mechanisms. (A) The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) bottleneck acts to produce a population of oocytes with varying heteroplasmies from a single initial oocyte with a specific heteroplasmy value. During development, mtDNA copy number per cell decreases (by a debated amount, which we address; see Main text) then recovers, suggesting a ‘bottleneck’ of cellular mtDNA populations. (B) Cellular mtDNA populations during the bottleneck are modelled as containing wildtype and mutant mtDNAs. MtDNAs can replicate and degrade within a cell cycle, with rates λ and ν respectively. (C) At cell divisions, the mtDNA population is partitioned between two daughter cells either deterministically, binomially, or through the binomial partitioning of mtDNA clusters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about octopuses and snails being biologically identical, as it discusses findings related to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) bottleneck mechanisms in mice and does not mention octopuses or snails at all. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: For this we turned to a temperature sensitive expression system where a ubiquitous GAL4 driver was combined with a ubiquitous, temperature sensitive GAL80 inhibitor. This system allowed us to generate adults with no embryonic expression, and by modulating the temperature of culture, we were able to precisely induce expression in all tissues for defined periods ranging from constant to once per week. For each of these experiments the control cohort expressing a fluorescent protein alone was subjected to the same temperature cycling profile as the experimental strains. Using this approach, we found that continuous expression of OKSM was detrimental (Figure 4C), expression for 24 hours twice per week was mildly beneficial (Figure 4B), and for 12 hours twice per week showed lifespan extension (Figure 4A). Figure 4. Cycling OKSM and Sen expression leads to lifespan and health span extension while combined OKSM-Sen expression increases both. (A) Survival curve for armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-TdTomato (TdTom), armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-OKSM (OKSM), armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-Sen (Sen) and armGal4; tubGal80ts > UAS-Sen; UAS-OKSM (Sen; OKSM) where expression was limited to one twelve-hour period twice per week through a temperature shift. At 25°C the temperature sensitive Gal80 protein ceases to inhibit Gal4 from driving expression from UAS enhancers, allowing for a targeted expression window when flies were shifted from 18°C to 25°C. Expression of OKSM, Sen and Sen; OKSM in adult female flies resulted in increased lifespan as compared to control flies (TdTom). Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. (B) Survival curve for the same experiment but with 24 hours of expression twice per week induced by a temperature shift of 18°C to 25°C. There were similar benefits of expression but reduced compared to the 12-hour expression experiment. Mean and maximum lifespans are shown along with corrected p-values. (C) Survival curve for flies expressing OKSM, Sen and Sen; OKSM but maintained at 25°C throughout their lifespans. The overall lifespans are shorter due to the higher temperature, but in addition all three experimental conditions show detriments to both mean and maximum lifespans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the biohacking methods studied resulted in varying effects on lifespan, none of which suggest indefinite extension. It specifically states that 'continuous expression of OKSM was detrimental,' indicating that some manipulation led to negative effects, and while one method showed 'lifespan extension,' it does not support the idea of full reversal of aging or indefinite lifespan increase.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses RNA sequencing and gene annotation of tea plants, which is unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All amphibians can breathe underwater for their entire lives. [SEP] Text: ERS website you have a myERS account, please click the button above to login. Not sure if your membership is up to date? Check at my. ersnet. org Individual/Login via username/password Login via Shibboleth/Openyour library’s subscribed content or your individual user account above Redeem book access code Register (non-ERS members) 0 items You have 0 items in your shopping cart. Click to view details. Search within ERS publications Main navigationpodcastsERS conference abstractsBooksAll BooksBuy print bookspodcastsusTopicsDoes one size fit all? An update on chronic ventilatory support in different respiratory illnesses João Breathe 2023; 19(2): 230046; DOI: PDF to login to or register for a personal account in order to add favourites. login to or register for your personal account in order to apply a label (tagged)EndNote 8 (xml)link Please login to or register for a personal account in order to receive an alert. Log in or register to access this content This 2. However, because of the possible high cost-effectiveness of the treatment, a follow-up at 6–12 months should be mandatory to verify the achievement of the purpose. After an episode of acute hypercapnic respiratory failureIn this subgroup of patients, two recent studies with similar design showed different results in terms of effect of HNIV on mortality and hospitalisation rate [6, 7]. The most important explanation for the apparently contrasting results was the different timing in enrolment of patients. In the study by Murphy et al. [6], HNIV was shown to reduce the rate of deaths or hospitalisation in patients with persistent hypercapnia 2–4 weeks after the acute phase. On the other hand, by enrolling the patients at the discharge from hospitalisation, as in the study by Struik et al. [7], there is a risk of over-treatment due to possible spontaneous recovery from hypercapnia, as already described by Costello et al. [8]. Similar indications came from the Society guidelines that followed, on HNIV in chronic hypercapnic COPD patients [9], which interestingly highlighted the importance of screening the patient for obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) before starting HNIV. In fact, the prevalence of overlap with OSA was found to reach 50% in patients coming from an acute exacerbation of COPD [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to respiratory support and clinical studies without mentioning amphibians or their breathing abilities. Therefore, it does not provide any information that could corroborate or contrast the claim.