Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The automated features are implemented to support and make the user more comfortable during the ride, but the act of driving is controlled by the user. Some examples of features that fall between these levels are parking assistance features, adaptive cruise control, blindspot warning, etc. On the other hand, between levels 3 and 5, vehicles start taking partial control where the user does not need to drive. Levels 3 and 4 are being developed currently by implementing characteristics such as traffic jamming, chauffeur, or driver-less taxi services in some smart cities where the car is fully autonomous. Level 5 is still far from the current technology because it requires the vehicle to perform effectively by itself in any given condition which is hard to achieve at the moment. 3. 3 Personal Vehicles. To initiate the study, we will first evaluate the category of personal vehicles. Currently, many technological companies are innovating to make personal autonomous vehicles better, while new methods and improvements are getting released on a daily basis. Most of the features in personal vehicles involving automation are comfort-related improvements, including adaptive cruise control, parking assistance, blindspot detection, lane centering, etc. But some companies are taking it one step further by developing autopilot systems and aspire to reach more capacity of automation aiming to a fully autonomous car. The sensors previously described are becoming more accessible to mass-market vehicles, giving auto firms a wide variety of alternatives to build cars with sensors that can perform effectively in multiple scenarios. X and Model S: Tesla autonomous vehicles are one of the most famous in the current market. The company recently announced the “Autopilot” mode integrated into the. This gives the vehicle the capability to change, and fully self-drive long distances on highways for a significant period of time without human assistance. Tesla autonomous cars are equipped with three types of sensors: cameras with a 360-deg range of vision, RADAR sensors providing long-range object detection, and 12 ultrasonic sensors used for car detection and responsible for a collision prevention system. Surprisingly to experts in the industry, Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors to develop their products. Instead, they use ultrasonic sensors, which are building the same measure function to get the distance between objects and the vehicle, but employing ultrasonic waves. However, the primary reason Tesla does not use LIDAR sensors is that these sensors can cost 75, 000 dollars per unit. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how autonomous vehicles, such as Tesla's models, utilize a series of sensors and technologies to achieve partial and full automation. It mentions that Tesla's autonomous vehicles can self-drive for extended distances on highways without human assistance, which directly supports the claim of navigation without human input. The discussion of sensors, including cameras and ultrasonic sensors, further emphasizes the technological capabilities that enable these vehicles to operate autonomously.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: 6 GtCO2) to reach the net-zero level of 12. 4 GtCO2 per year in 2066. Also note the ending net-zero value is much higher as it is based upon the larger sink values. This means the final total reductions amount below the 40 Gt level in 2020 can be less at 27. 6 Gt. The temperature rise for the same emissions would be still lower where it not for the need to increase the ECS from 3. 7 to 4. 7 to compensate for the negative temperature effect caused by volcanic ash during the 1900’s. It is recommended that the UN take immediate action to investigate their results and take remedial action. H. Grateful to NatureWe humans must be extremely thankful that the laws of nature and physics have worked in our favor to prevent us from destroying the planet upon which life has been sustained for millenniums. Our ever-increasing production of heat energy from the burning of fossil fuels has led to a critical juncture in time. We simply cannot continue to produce CO2 emissions that add to the present concentrations and threaten the existing stable living environment upon this Earth. Fortunately, the laws of physics have played a very forgiving role in diminishing the adverse impact we have made in pursuit of the energy-intensive, pleasurable lifestyles we now demand. One must realize that our cool ocean waters absorb 90% of the heat generated by greenhouse gas emissions. Otherwise, the present global temperature rise would already be unbearable. Yes, of course, it punishes life in the oceans, but that’s the alternative, however it cannot be sustained forever. Also, were it not for the fact that the remaining 10% of GHG heat gets radiated to deep space according to the fourth power of absolute temperature, we would see much a higher global temperature rise. What that means is very little surface temperature increase is required to make a large change in heat radiated. Thankfully, the CO2 emissions don’t stay in the atmosphere forever. They will dissipate about 60% over a 100-year period, and it those dissipations that sum-up to the total sink amount for a given future year. Here again, it is the ocean waters that pay the price with increased acidification as they absorb large amounts of CO2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of greenhouse gas emissions and their impact on global temperature. It states that the burning of fossil fuels and resulting CO2 emissions lead to a critical juncture that cannot be ignored, indicating that simply reforesting may not be sufficient to reverse temperature rise. It emphasizes the role of ocean waters in absorbing heat and CO2 while highlighting that CO2 does not remain in the atmosphere indefinitely, suggesting that a multi-faceted approach, beyond just reforestation, is necessary to address temperature changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsiiK-102Rh. soilKoka, Ethiopiatomatolight greendark brownmedium roundthick, cottonyslightly raisedMetarhizium robertsii isolates showed dark green to light green colony color at the front and brown at the backside, medium round to round colony shape, and flat to slightly raised colony elevation. Isolates K-101, K-102, RST-12, and S-26 showed a light green colony color, whereas K-61 and K-63 showed a dark green (Figure 1). The surface texture was thin, thick, and cottony. Figure 1. Morphology of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A) Colony color (front) and (B) colony color (back) of B. bassiana. (C) Colony color (front) and (D) colony color (back) of M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the image. Results from microscopic features indicated that B. bassiana isolates showed a flask-like shape in a conidiogenous cell, a branched conidiophore, and hyaline and smooth conidia with a spherical to subglobose arrangement (Figure 2) and aseptate hyphae (Figure 3),Figure 2. Microscopic feature of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. (A and B) B. bassiana. (C and D) M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. Figure 3. Conidial structure and hyphae of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. A=B. bassiana, B=M. robertsii. No manipulations were made to the images. M. robertsii isolates revealed cylindrical in spore shape, branched, and densely intertwined conidiophore (Figure 2) and septate hyphal structures (Figure 3). Spore viabilitySpore germination was ranging from 79. 33 to 99. 03% within 18 hours of incubation at 27±1°C (Table 2). The results showed that there was a statistically highly significant difference among isolates in the percentage of mean germination (F=54. 6; DF=14; P<0. 0001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily describes the morphology and microscopic features of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates without providing any information regarding the efficacy of B. bassiana in controlling locust populations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The cost collides with Tesla’s purpose of developing mass-market autonomous vehicles. For instance, the CEO and founder of the company, Elon Musk, guaranteed to have achieved results nearly as adequate as LIDAR sensors using just cameras. As presented in Ref. [9], it is possible to represent the same type of images and 3D modeling implementing an image-based approach, which is significantly less expensive than LIDAR sensors. These types of approaches are being taken to reduce the cost of production and have made some developers come up with new ways of creating 3D modeling similar to the way that LIDAR sensors perform. However, the use of ultrasonic sensors instead of the common implementation of LIDAR sensors can be harmful for the execution of autonomous vehicles. In fact, a recent study [10] presented some limitations regarding ultrasonic sensors that can cause an autonomous vehicle to misbehave. The researchers conducted an experiment where they performed various attacks including random and adaptive spoofing attacks that could force the vehicle to move in an undesired moment and jamming attacks preventing proper detection capabilities leading to collision possibilities. Therefore, even with the advantages that can provide ultrasonic sensors with cost-related issues can be harmful to society and a threat to pedestrians and customers with the possibilities of collision due to the malfunction of the sensors. Google Waymo: Google also is getting involved in the autonomous vehicles industry. They created a company called Waymo in 2009, which will exclusively develop to produce an autonomous car that can guarantee safe mobility for their customers with the innovation of automation technology. At first, the company started using LIDAR sensors developed by Velodyne, which is a technology company that provides LIDAR technology to different self-driving car programs. However, later on Waymo started designing and producing their own LIDAR sensors because the cost was too high and is a handicap to introduce Waymo technology to a mass market. These sensors are called which has an unmatched design and provides a 95-deg field of view. This is helpful compared to the other sensors that have a 30-deg field of view because it gives more coverage and is able to detect objects at a closer range without having to put many sensors in the vehicle. It also has the capability of detecting objects at a very close range compared to other types of LIDAR and different sensors that have a significantly greater minimum range. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various types of sensors, including LIDAR and ultrasonic sensors, used in autonomous vehicles. It details how companies like Tesla and Waymo are implementing these technologies to create self-driving cars that navigate without human input. Furthermore, it highlights research related to the development and production of these sensors, affirming the use of sensors in enabling the automation of vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reforestation can immediately reverse global temperature rise. [SEP] Text: Also gratefully, the thermal energy absorption by CO2 molecules diminishes with increased CO2 concentration buildup, so a mild saturation effect is present as represented by the natural logarithm of the fractional increase, e. g. , a doubling of CO2 would lead to only a 69% increase above the prior temperature. It may not sound like much, but the 20th century volcanic activity lowered the average global temperature by an estimated 0. 3 deg. C. , but we should not hope for a repeat performance. Next, the Pacific Ocean’s currents have appreciably lowered global average temperature near the end of 2021 to 1. 05 deg. C. per recent reports, but the trend in 2022 is closer to a 1. 2 C. average. Now you be the judge, just how protective and forgiving is our planet to our ever-increasing energy demands. I. We can do BetterWe should be preparing ourselves for a transitional mode of low fossil energy living for future generations. Yet we humans continue to push the limits on our Earthen environment and survival in favor of near-term economic gains with grandiose lifestyles that simply cannot be sustained much longer. It will eventually take a total transformational change by all of society to live with very low energy consumption. The anticipated large increase in renewable energy production alone (solar, wind, tides, waves and geothermal) cannot close the gap caused by massive fossil fuel usage reductions. The increased use of nuclear power may be an option as well. And the anticipated carbon dioxide recapture process may provide only a partial solution. It could take the exorbitant pricing of fossil fuels to limit consumer demand because of their lack of affordability. As a last resort, governments might resort to usage restrictions or possibly even rationing as done in the US during II. Gone will be the days of limitless energy consumption. Society must reluctantly adapt to new, more conservative living standards. But of course, the rich and famous will likely be slow to comply. Declarationsauthor is grateful to the members of the AGU for providing their 2016 Letter containing detailed analysis of how to accurately compute based upon the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N20. It is the cornerstone of this 1. 5C UNEP 2021 EGR 2022 Project, online tablesTable 1 – List of 1900 to 2020 1900 6. 0 1971 20. 5 1997 29. 1 1910 7. 0 1972 21. 0 1998 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing factors that affect global temperatures, such as CO2 concentrations and energy usage, and suggests that a total transformational change in society is needed for sustainability. It emphasizes that increased renewable energy production alone cannot close the gap left by fossil fuel reductions and implies that immediate reforestation is not a sufficient solution to reverse global temperature rise.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Isolate K-61 showed a maximum mean percentage of germination, whereas the minimum mean percentage was recorded by isolate RST-12. Table 2. Germination percentage of B. bassiana and M. robertsii isolates. Fungal isolatesGermination % ± SEBeauveria bassiana RST-897. 13±1. 95abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2798. 1±0. 59abMetarhizium robertsii K-6199. 03±0. 78aMetarhizium robertsii K-10297. 56±1. 36abMetarhizium robertsii RST-1195. 40±2. 91abcMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 63±1. 82abBeauveria bassiana K-597. 03±1. 63abBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC95. 86±1. 07abcBeauveria bassiana K-9196. 40±1. 53abcMetarhizium robertsii K-10197. 67±1. 24abMetarhizium robertsii K-788. 36±4. 85abcMetarhizium robertsii S-2680. 80±9. 83bcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC-187. 60±5. 03abcMetarhizium robertsii RST-1279. 33±3. 84cTween 80 (Control)0. 00±0. 00dHSD (0. 05)17. 7CV6. 71Conidial yield and sizeStatistical analysis showed a highly significant difference among isolates at P<0. 0001 in their conidial production. Conidial production varies from 0. 11 × 107 to 2. 67 × 107 spores ml-1. Maximum spore production was attained by isolate APPRC-27, followed by isolate K-61, whereas the minimum conidial yield was recorded by isolate APPRC-44BC (Table 3). The length of the conidia showed a mean value of 2. 08 to 3. 24 μm for B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the germination percentages and conidial production of various isolates of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii. However, it does not mention locust populations or any evidence related to controlling them, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In this case, the has a minimum range of zero making the vehicle possible of avoiding objects that are really close to the car. The vehicle is also implementing RADAR systems for general obstacle detection such as pedestrians and vehicles to also detect their speed, cameras are placed to get visual information, as well as microphones to hear audio cues such as ambulance and police sirens. In addition, one of the biggest advantages that Waymo has over the different technologies is their data set, specifically for testing autonomous vehicle performance. Waymo owns one of the biggest free data sets concerning autonomous vehicles and provide information and data about five different LIDAR sensors that are used in their vehicles and being tested every day around the world. The perk of having the data set available to any researcher is that experts and enthusiasts can create their own tests to prove the limits of the sensors and cameras from Google to try to improve the technology. Some companies are expanding the data set even more to make it more efficient and use different types of sensors from cameras to RADARs and LIDARs [11,12]. Google and Waymo are currently developing one of the most efficient and advanced technologies for sensors to implement in autonomous vehicles. One is one of the most famous auto-taxi services being tested in the to keep improving the function of the vehicle. Even though the company affirms to have significant amounts of data and testing for hazardous conditions such a rain, fog, and extreme climates; some locations cannot be tested with these vehicles due to lack of technology in the area. Smart cities are the main focus for these types of vehicles, in some other conditions the precision of the sensors will certainly not be the same, and this can lead to a lack of safety and performance for the vehicle. Baidu Apollo: Baidu, which is one of the largest internet and technology companies in the world has owned, a self-driving car project following the name of Apollo. Currently, they are deploying prototypes of autonomous cars, which are planned to be implemented in different Chinese cities as a Robo-Taxi. vehicle is built with the Puck series of the newest and most efficient short- and long-range LIDAR sensors in the market provided by the company. sensors are the most advanced in the industry for autonomous vehicles and are used for many self-driving programs for 3D mapping and retrieving data from the environment to create collision avoidance systems and object detection for safety measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the technology used in autonomous vehicles, including RADAR systems and LIDAR sensors for obstacle detection and navigation. It explains how these sensors gather data to enable the vehicles to operate without human input, thus supporting the assertion that autonomous vehicles rely on sensors and AI for navigation.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Download & links Preprint (PDF, 7057 KB) Download & links Preprint (7057 KB) and Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2024-114', #1, 29 Aug 2024 The study presents a new approach to assessing flood risk, based on monetary assessments of damage and exposed population, considering a more simplified modeling, which allows its application on a large scale. The main novelty of the study is accounting the uncertainties associated with the Manning roughness parameter (n). The approach is innovative and useful to assist in the decision-making process to increase the resilience of localities to floods. The results presented interesting inferences and discussions. I really enjoyed reading the text and learning about the methodology applied. Below, I present some considerations that can be incorporated into the text to deepen the discussion and some doubts that I hope will be better clarified. The authors mention in the introduction some statements that can be better detailed to bring greater value. For example: “Traditional methods for large-scale analysis often rely on empirical or simplified models that may overlook important spatial variability and uncertainty in flood hazard and impact estimates” – such as? ; “…and multivariate, assuming that flood damage is influenced by several variables” - which ones? In the methodology, the authors mention that “We adopt here a uniform level of protection by assuming the threshold value Q∗ in Eq. (1) equal to design return period of the flood protection works. ” I found the approach interesting, but this is also a level of uncertainty, and I believe it is even more significant than the variation in manning coefficient. From an action planning and efficient decision-making point of view, the uncertainties associated with protection actions are more interesting and useful for evaluation than manning coefficient, right? Since it is important for decision-makers to know whether the protection actions adopted are effective or not, including from a spatial point of view. Manning is not a parameter that can be varied by them. Do you have any suggestions on how this could be incorporated into future work? Line 137 - Why use the rational formula? It usually has good applicability for small basins, but in your case the basins are large. How were the C values determined for the different areas? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely technical and discusses a study on flood risk assessment and decision-making processes related to flood resilience. It does not address the claim about the affordability of implementing large-scale adaptation strategies in cities. Instead, it focuses on specific methodologies and uncertainties in flood protection that don't provide any direct support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: bassiana isolates, and a higher conidial length was achieved by isolate APPRC-27 with 3. 24 μm. The highest and lowest conidial diameters were recorded by isolates APPRC-27 and K-91, respectively. Table 3. Conidial yield and size of isolates. IsolateConidial yield/ml ± SEConidial length (μm) ± SEConidial width (μm) ± SELength/width ratio ± SEB. bassiana APPRC-44BC0. 11 × 107±0. 16e2. 85±0. 03cd1. 86±0. 16c1. 56±0. 12cM. robertsii K-631. 67 × 107±0. 02cb7. 10±0. 24a2. 49±0. 06a2. 86±0. 13abB. bassiana K-50. 17 × 107±0. 01e2. 23±0. 02d1. 45±0. 05d1. 54±0. 07cM. robertsii K-1021. 81 × 107±0. 18cb6. 43±0. 11ab1. 93±0. 03c3. 32±0. 03aB. bassiana APPRC-272. 67 × 107±0. 17a3. 24±0. 11c1. 99±0. 06c1. 63±0. 05cB. bassiana K-911. 53 × 107±0. 01cd2. 08±0. 07d1. 36±0. 03d1. 53±0. 03cB. bassiana RST-81. 28 × 107±0. 04d2. 51±0. 05cd1. 64±0. 11cd1. 54cM. robertsii K-611. 85 × 107±0. 15b5. 78±0. 48b2. 36±0. 04ab2. 44±0. 20bHSD at (0. 05)0. 290. 990. 400. 54CV (%)7. 4610. 408. 9311. 15Regarding M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana in controlling locust populations. It mainly discusses the conidial yield and size of different isolates of B. bassiana, providing technical measurements rather than information about its pathogenicity or efficacy against locusts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: However, they are still employing some other LIDAR sensors from the same company that could be more expensive but perform very well for object detection purposes. A recent study [13] compared these two sensors and how their resolution could influence detecting objects while the vehicle is driving. It concludes that the researchers worked on an imaging system for multi-object tracking using both high-resolution and a low-resolution sensor. With regard to the cheaper sensor, there is a precision of 69. 3% using two different scenarios, vehicle and no vehicle. There is a difference for detecting objects within a significant range that cannot be seen in the system compared to the high-resolution Velodyne HDL-64 sensor, but the difference in cost is enough to start considering using these types of sensors more frequently and implementing them into different systems. Tests were done with sensors in different weather conditions [14]. Rain has a very limited influence on visibility for performance of the but fog is somewhat important and it is crucial to consider this scenario. More power is needed when dealing with fog because it has a significant impact in terms of vision, using the 905 nm LIDAR pedestrians, reflectors, traffic signs are not visible at all or reaching the 50–70% visibility. Similarly, the company is using two different types of RADAR sensors in their Apollo vehicles. ARS408-21 is provided by Continental, which is implemented for developing and Assist. In addition, they use the B01HC from Racobit for vehicle detection in mid-long range in different work environments. However, according to the previously mentioned study, RADAR sensors are not efficient for detecting non-metal objects in hazardous weather conditions, so LIDAR sensors are needed to provide more data and combine both to guarantee a high performance of the vehicle. With regard to cameras, they are currently using the MARS system which is an imaging solution for imaging applications. This system is also supported by two other cameras designed by Inc. BMW: BMW car manufacturer has also invested in autonomous driving technology. Currently, the company provides limited self-driving features such as park assistance, adaptive cruise control, and some blindspot detection systems in many of their different series of luxury cars. In the future, the automobile giant is planning on deploying a level 3–5 autonomous project in 2021 called iNext series. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how autonomous vehicles utilize various sensors, including LIDAR and RADAR, to perform functions that enable navigation without human input. It mentions that these systems are designed for conditions requiring different types of object detection, thus supporting the concept that they autonomously navigate and detect surroundings using advanced technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Optimal approaches in global warming mitigation and adaptation strategies at city scale : orcid. org/0000-0002-7402-67941 & : orcid. org/0000-0002-7052-82872,3 848 all metrics AbstractCase studies from global cities contribute to more focused analyses of global warming challenges and demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation strategies to identify lessons about success at the city scale. The case studies were chosen to demonstrate aspects of the critical messages for action priorities in global warming mitigation and adaptation. This work focuses on best practices and initiatives for mitigation and adaptation approaches from developed and developing economies, including cities, European cities, Asian cities, and other global cities worldwide. The case studies were grouped to examine, identify, and emphasize important factors in various areas (e. g. , local programs and alliances, governance, stakeholder engagement, community actions, and scientific research) that determined the success of adaptation strategies in various global cities. Many recent studies showcase mitigation approaches, particularly those relating to blue-green infrastructure and nature-based strategies. The case studies selected reflect vulnerable regions and demonstrate how increasing global warming significantly concerns individuals, societies, and their infrastructure. The selected studies include Amsterdam in Netherlands; Singapore, as a city in a garden; Boston in USA; in India, aimed at implementing strategies with the objectives of climate adaptation planning; Copenhagen, as a coastal town, is more susceptible to flooding; Portland, the most progressive city in USA; Hamburg in Germany, one of the biggest harbours in Europe; and the 'Strategy', in Vancouver, Canada. Not all global cities respond the same way, but undertaking joint complex efforts helps mitigate the impacts. Similar content being viewed by others to Creating a Strategy 1. 5 °C [6, 7]. Countries pledge to specific actions and measures, like reporting emissions [8,9,10,11,12] and helping each other financially and with technology. The agreement signifies a substantial shift in how the world addresses climate change, with a focus on both reducing the release of greenhouse gases (mitigation) and adapting to the changes that are already happening (adaptation) [13, 14]. The strategies detailed in the have a long-term vision to regulate extreme temperatures, minimize emissions, and find a state of balance between what is released and removed from the atmosphere in the second half of this twenty-first century [15, 16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing insights into varying responses of global cities to adaptation strategies. It emphasizes that 'not all global cities respond the same way,' indicating that financial and infrastructural capabilities differ among cities. The mention of the need for joint complex efforts to mitigate impacts suggests that not every city can easily afford large-scale adaptation strategies, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-102100±0. 00aMetarhizium robertsii K-6397. 5±0. 25abBeauveria bassiana K-9195. 00±0. 28abcBeauveria bassiana APPRC-2792. 5±0. 25abcdBeauveria bassiana RST-890. 00±0. 28abcdBeauveria bassiana APPRC-44BC85. 00±0. 28bcdeBeauveria bassiana K-582. 5±0. 47cdeMetarhizium robertsii K-10180. 00±0. 40edMetarhizium robertsii RST-1175. 00±0. 28eControl (Tween 80)7. 5±0. 25fHSD at (0. 05)1. 37CV (%)6. 31DiscussionThe collected data from the rhizosphere soil of tomatoes above 70% belongs to the typical characteristics of M. robertsii. In the present study, six B. bassiana and eight M. robertsii were morphologically characterized to understand the potential virulence of entomopathogenic fungi. B. bassiana has a white colony color and is round in shape, whereas M. robertsii has a dark to light colony color and is medium-round to round in shape. Similar work was done by Deb and Dutta (2021). This result was confirmed by the previous findings of different researchers, they reported M. robertsii isolates indicating a round colony shape, thin to thick adpressed texture, and flat to slightly raised elevation (Sepúlveda et al. , 2016). This study also detected a microscopic feature of isolates. Consequently, B. bassiana had aseptate hyphae and M. robertsii showed a cylindrical shape with septate hyphae. A similar study reported that microscopic characterization of B. bassiana isolates indicated round to slightly round conidial shape with glassy-like aseptate hyphae, while M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on providing morphological descriptions and characteristics of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii without mentioning their effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In terms of hardware, they will implement solid-state LIDAR from the startup Innoviz, which is cheaper, faster, and provides higher resolution when imaging the environment around a vehicle. They have no spinning features compared to mechanical LIDARs, are placed in the front, back, and sides to then fuse the data, and a field of view is created that can compete with mechanical sensor’s performance at a low cost [15]. The startup confirms that the sensor is resilient to sunlight and adverse weather conditions and capable of delivering a clear 3D point cloud up to 250 m. This project is intended to be launched in 2021, and because of that, there are some research limitations due to the lack of current information publicly accessible. However, years ago, the BMW group tested and developed autonomous features of Levels 2 and 3 that are now in some way being implemented in their latest cars. Highly automated driving (HAD) systems are now being perfected after introducing some minor features such as traffic jam assistance and lane support. The vehicle being modified is a BMW series 5, which is implementing environmental perception sensors, cameras, and software features to link the autonomous actions. The system used to create the HAD is using 12 sensors, specifically, four laser scanners, three RADARs, four ultrasonic sensors, and a mono camera. A fusion of this sensor creates the ability to perceive objects at a close and long range in every direction to behave consequently depending on the situation. The process of creating 3D maps scanning the environment to have a visual representation is important. With the technology provided by sensor fusion and implementation of a system for HAD, 3D mapping is becoming possible to enhance the performance of autonomous features. However, this aspect can still be improved, as one of the biggest disadvantages is the lack of testing for this specific vehicle. There is a significant gap between research findings and the validation of a real product that will be customer-ready [16]. Other Technologies: Some other companies are also very involved in the process of creating their own version of autonomous vehicles. is getting into the autonomous vehicle industry, partnered with Argo AI, a company responsible for setting up and developing the hardware and the software for autonomous vehicles. Their project is based on the Hybrid car, and they adapted Argo AI’s technology into their project to develop an autonomous car that could be deployed to a mass market. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the implementation of various sensors like solid-state LIDAR, RADARs, ultrasonic sensors, and a mono camera in autonomous vehicles. It explains how these sensors work together to create a 'fusion' of data that enables the vehicle to perceive its environment and make navigation decisions without any human input. The mention of features such as traffic jam assistance and lane support further supports the claim of autonomous navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The initiatives specified in the Strategies are essential in advancing different Goals (SDGs), highlighting the interconnected nature of worldwide sustainability goals or objectives and climate action [17, 18]. These specifically contribute a lot to SDG 13 [19], focussing on climate action by actively working towards reducing the risks of climate change. In addition, they match with SDG 2 [20], fostering sustainable food processes and agriculture systems while promoting environmentally conscious practices [21, 22]. The strategy contributes to SDG 6 by supporting sustainable water supply initiatives and ensuring clean and safe water access [23,24,25]. Gender equality (SDG 5) is also a core consideration, considering inclusivity and equal participation in climate-focused initiatives [26]. SDG 9, which focuses on infrastructure developmental works and related innovative ideas, is integral to the strategy [27, 28]. Promoting the availability and accessibility to sustainable energy (SDG 7) and fostering sustainable and inclusive economic growth with better job opportunities (SDG 8) are also contained within the strategy [29, 30]. SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities), SDG 12 (responsible consumption and production), and SDG 15 (preservation of life on land) are the rest of the Strategy, reflecting a holistic commitment and approach to a sustainable and equitable future across several dimensions of developmental works [27, 31,32,33]. The complexities of the interchange between adaptation and mitigation strategies are better described by the decision-making processes. When the mitigation steps are taken, they are visible over the long term due to the extended residence time of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. However, when the adaptation steps are implemented, they yield immediate returns [34]. A balance between both mitigation and adaptation approaches arises where local solutions are recognized as crucial to alleviate or avoid a global tragedy of the commons. Cites are concentrating on climate change policies as they are the ones responsible for a significant portion of emissions [35, 36]. Extreme heat waves and urban flooding situations are arising as urban areas face environmental risks, which necessitate mitigation measures for reduction in emissions and adaptation efforts to improve climate resilience [37]. Mitigation efforts target both present and future emissions due to urban mobility, changes in land use, and housing, as they are the ones with significant emission sources [38, 39]. However, adaptation efforts are needed to minimize those negative impacts. The connection between worldwide climate policies and management steps at the local level is complex. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges associated with implementing adaptation strategies. It mentions the necessity for local solutions to alleviate environmental risks, indicating that cities face significant issues such as extreme heat waves and urban flooding, which require careful consideration and resources to address. This suggests that not every city can easily afford or implement large-scale strategies effectively.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii were described as having cylindrical conidial shape, septate hyphae, and branched conidiophores in the form of a candelabrum (Bich et al. , 2021). Germination is one component that affects the degree of virulence; the faster the germination rate, the higher the fungal infection of pests (Herlinda, 2010). This study showed that the highest conidial germination was achieved by M. robertsii isolate K-61 (99. 03%) within 18 hours of incubation. This result is consistent with a study conducted by Gebremariam et al. , (2021), in which spore germination percentage varied between 85. 43 and 99. 67% within 24 hours of incubation for 26 isolates. Likewise, conidial germination of Beauveria isolates ranged from 76. 33 to 95. 75% (Belay and Tenkegna, 2017), and 89. 30 to 99% of spore viability were recorded by 22 isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii (Mkiga et al. , 2020). Maximum sporulation rate, radial growth, and fast germination rate were the most important parameters for determining virulent isolates of entomopathogenic fungi, and the variation in virulence among isolates may be due to the geographical source of isolates and the potential of fungal species (Dotaona et al. , 2015; Gebremariam et al. , 2021). This result revealed that the highest radial growth rates were obtained by B. bassiana isolate K-91 (3. 24 mm/day) and M. robertsii isolate K-61 (2. 92 mm day-1) on SDA media at 27°C ±. This is consistent with M. robertsii developed on SDA media at 30°C, the temperature at which the rates ranged from 0. 14 to 3. 39 mm day-1 (Rodríguez et al. , 2009). The present study revealed that all isolates showed maximum colony radial growth on SDA media rather than PDA. This may be due to the variation in nutrient contents between the media as SDA is selective. However, Gebremariam et al. (2021) reported that the radial growth of B. bassiana and M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the specific claim regarding Beauveria bassiana as an effective controller of locust populations. Instead, it discusses the characteristics, germination rates, and growth conditions of various fungal isolates, including B. bassiana, without making any direct connections to locust control. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: In addition, the vehicle manufacturer also has their own self-drive vehicle project partnering with a technology company called Cruise. They started with a car provided by and modified it with multiple sensors such as cameras, RADARs, and LIDARs in order to add autonomous features to it. Artificial intelligence technology, 3D and 2D mapping, and obstacle detection systems make the care as autonomous and secure as possible. However, the hardware and the specifications of the vehicles are not publicly available for researchers, making the previously mentioned companies have an important limitation in this survey. This is a handicap for the purpose of this paper because there is no information available, and it is not possible to give a clear analysis of the sensor technology that each company is using. 3. 4 Public Transportation. For public transportation purposes, the implementation of autonomous vehicles to enhance the development of this area in different countries could be revolutionary. Sometimes, it is an issue to develop good public transportation systems, but artificial intelligence can step in to improve and create smoother and safer systems for public transportation. Some researchers started to analyze potential projects in different cities and how different territories could adapt to this type of technology [17] while reviewing the economic implications of these projects and how the government could be considering such alternatives. In fact, some technology companies started implementing different self-driving projects in some cities to test these vehicles for public transportation, some of these are shuttles and autonomous buses [18]. (Volvo): The biggest implementation for public transportation purposes using autonomous vehicles could be the bus. The implementation for automation could be problematic due to the size of a bus but some companies like Volvo started projects to be able to provide a fully autonomous bus. However, the company is still conducting tests in order to guarantee a working vehicle to be able to start developing it into the mass market. Some methods and systems have been progressing and adding them to some of the electric buses created by Volvo and provided to researchers to develop some systems that could then turn the bus into an autonomous vehicle. In Ref. [19], a variety of sensors is used to develop a fusion and give the bus the possibility to drive by itself. The research presented uses optical encoders installed in the wheels of the vehicle to collect velocity data which is then useful to stop the vehicle and regulate its velocity properly. Some proximity sensors are used to detect near objects and vehicles to give some data to the car that could be helpful for a break assistance system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how a vehicle manufacturer modifies a car with multiple sensors—such as cameras, RADARs, and LIDARs—which are essential components for autonomous navigation. Additionally, it mentions the use of artificial intelligence technology and systems for obstacle detection, further supporting the assertion that autonomous vehicles rely on these technologies to navigate without human input.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Cities are driven by international agreements and facilitated through a chain of networks and engagement or knowledge sharing between cities. As these help drive local adaptation efforts, cities are seen managing climate actions independently [40, 41]. This paper is structured into six sections, from the introduction as Sect. 1 to the conclusion. Section 2 discusses the critical approaches of mitigation and adaptation to comprehend their distinctions, whereas Sect. 3 discusses the methodological approach. Sections 4, 5 discuss the best practices in mitigation and adaptation strategies city-wise to provide a comprehensive analysis. Lastly, Sect. 6 provides the conclusions derived from synthesizing the results acquired through the cross-case analysis. In our effort, we examined case studies across different global cities as they lead to a valuable perspective emerging and can help tackle the growing challenges of global warming. These studies might serve as a tool to provide a detailed and concentrated analysis of intricate issues in relation. As there exists a wide scope within climate change, studying individual cities will provide a practical approach to evaluate how well mitigation and adaptation strategies work. The meticulous selection of these case studies aims to extract important messages and priorities for action, offering key insights to steer practical efforts in mitigating and adapting to global warming. By delving into these real-world scenarios, this work significantly contributes to and improves our understanding of the intricate challenges of addressing climate change globally. These investigations reflect the local aspects of environmental challenges and provide valuable insights that are helpful in guiding successful and best approaches on a city-wide scale. 2 Combating climate change through mitigation and adaptationThe complexities or obstacles arising due to climate change risks can be tackled through mitigation and adaptation strategies. The rate and magnitude of increases in greenhouse gases can be minimized through mitigation attempts by employing several approaches and helping slow down the progression of climate change and extreme events [42,43,44]. Cost-effectiveness measures are one of the main hurdles to mitigation efforts, which require comprehensive economic and societal effect assessments [34, 45]. The scientific and technological advancements are aimed at lowering greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, improving carbon sinks, and developing innovative ideas for capturing and storing carbon [46,47,48]. Adaptation methods alter the natural or human processes as a response to climate-related stimuli by minimizing the adverse impacts and maximizing favourable situations [49, 50]. Adaptation has started gaining attention very recently, and that too only in developing countries, whereas mitigation has been a long-standing focus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and economic hurdles associated with implementing adaptation strategies. It states, 'Cost-effectiveness measures are one of the main hurdles to mitigation efforts, which require comprehensive economic and societal effect assessments,' suggesting that affordability and economic assessments are significant barriers to large-scale adaptation. Additionally, it notes that adaptation methods have only recently begun to gain attention in developing countries, indicating that not all cities have the means to easily implement these strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: robertsii isolates attained between 0. 83 and 3. 43-mm day-1 by AAUEM-3 and -77 isolates, respectively, which were grown on PDA media at 25°C. In the case of M. robertsii isolates K-61 and K-102 showed higher virulence levels than other fungal isolates to G. melonella under laboratory conditions at seven days post-inoculated. The result confirmed the findings of previous work (Ibrahim et al. , 2016). All isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii showed greater than 86% larval mortality, which indicated that isolates were virulent to G. mellonella. These findings were agreed upon in the work of Kebede (2019), in which it was reported that the top eight isolates of B. bassiana and M. robertsii were virulent to G. mellonella with above 75% larval mortality. The results from microscopic features such as conidial length and width revealed that there was a highly significant difference among isolates. Accordingly, the highest conidial length was obtained with 7. 10 and 3. 24 μm for M. robertsii isolate K-63 and B. bassiana isolate APPRC-27, respectively. This agrees with previous work conducted by Doolotkeldieva et al. (2019), who reported the conidial length and width of B. bassiana were 2. 27 and 1. 85 μm, respectively, with a length to width ratio of 1. 23 μm. Bich et al. (2021) also indicated that the conidial diameters of B. bassiana showed a mean value of 1. 7 to 2. 3 μm. Mongkolsamrit et al. (2020) also stated that M. robertsii showed a cylindrical to ellipsoid conidial shape with 5-7 and 2-3 μm in conidial length and width, respectively. However, Sepúlveda et al. (2016) reported that lower conidial lengths vary between 4. 52 and 5. 54 μm for M. robertsii strains. This may be due to the variation in the ecology of fungal species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses the virulence of different fungal isolates, including B. bassiana and M. robertsii, towards G. mellonella, which is a wax moth and not locusts. Therefore, the content does not provide information regarding the effectiveness of B. bassiana in controlling locust populations specifically, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: LIDAR sensors are also being utilized for obstacle detection motives. 221 is a mid-range LIDAR that has a considerably lower price compared to the sensors already mentioned in this study. There are also some more recent experiments and trials supported by for developing a sustainable autonomous bus that could circulate in smart cities such as Europe or Asia. Some proposals were presented in Ref. [20] using a Bus to include autonomous features with different types of sensors such as ultrasonic, cameras, and optical sensors. The authors provided methods and systems focusing on just one type of sensor but as well with a sensor fusion approach. Each sensor excels in its specific domain, and they are all useful for some specific situations that are needed to be considered for autonomous vehicle development since safety and high performance are a requirement to guarantee the satisfaction and overall safety of the clients. However, it is important to mention that the experiment does not take into consideration of abnormal weather conditions or other situations rather than clear weather. It is crucial for this type of automotive technology to address such situations because drivers and passengers can encounter them frequently. (Navya): Unlike Volvo, some other startups and relatively smaller companies got into the business of redesigning the public transportation industry by implementing autonomous features to buses and shuttles. Navya is a technology company specialized in designing and building autonomous vehicles. They created a project of an autonomous shuttle for public transportation purposes in smart cities around the world. has been designed to carry up to 15 passengers on public and private roads. It is intended to work autonomously at all times to facilitate transportation for passengers in different situations and places. They dispose of a cutting-edge technology with a data fusion of cameras, LIDAR sensors, GPS, and odometry to guarantee precision and safety for the users [21]. The vehicle is implementing 10 LIDAR sensors for 2D and 3D mapping purposes to guarantee a proper obstacle and vehicle detection and map the environment. The sensors employed are Velodyne VLP 360 deg (multi-layers), (multi-layers), (multi-layer), and (single layer). The combination of multiple LIDAR sensors from different brands is highly effective due to the cost variation and to gather different specifications that each one of these sensors is offering. VLP 360 deg would ideally be installed at the top of the vehicle, in front and back to cover a 360-deg benchmark and get all the data possible to build 3D maps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various sensors, such as LIDAR, cameras, and GPS, which are essential for the navigation of autonomous vehicles without human input. It discusses the technologies deployed by companies like Navya, specifically mentioning how their autonomous shuttle operates autonomously and utilizes a combination of LIDAR sensors for mapping and obstacle detection. This directly supports the assertion that sensors and AI are integral to the functionality of autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The adaptation strategies exist in different forms, such as anticipatory, reactive, private, public, autonomous, and planned adaptation [13, 51]. Also, adaptation is categorized into two types: incremental adaptation, which involves making additional investments in existing facilities to respond to growing climate hazards, and developmental adaptation, which addresses conventional and novel climate threats in developing nations due to low capacity and investment [52]. Consequently, adaptive issues become intertwined with developmental challenges. Mitigation focuses on reducing the rate of climate change, while adaptation involves minimizing the negative consequences. Despite sharing the common goal of sustainable development, there are substantial differences in practice, including the scales of departments and research. Mitigation predominantly concerns energy consumption and carbon emissions, while adaptation focuses on responding to climate change risks [53]. Disparities among regions and countries highlight varying attitudes toward combating climate change, particularly between developed and developing nations [54, 55]. This also results in significant disparities in funding, with mitigation focused on energy, transport, and heat in housing, gaining easier access to funding as traditional accounting focuses on bricks and mortar [56,57,58]. Adaption, particularly NBS adaption, is seen as a nice add-on, a luxury, and a financially negative liability. Developed countries prioritize mitigation, whereas vulnerable countries, especially in the Global South, urgently require adaptation actions due to high climate risks and limited emission reduction capabilities [49, 59, 60]. Mitigation actions occur predominantly at the country and regional scale, with net benefits being larger on a global scale, contributing to global benefits that are, however, postponed [34]. In contrast, adaptation actions have immediate effects, with net benefits being larger at regional scales, making them more attractive [61, 62]. Despite their importance, adaptation has been considered the ‘‘poor relation’’ of mitigation, as financial investment and institutional research remain insufficient [63, 64]. For instance, funds allocated for combating climate change were more directed toward mitigation measures than adaptation efforts. This can also be understood from Fig. 5. Scholars offer diverse perspectives on the mutual relationship between mitigation and adaptation [4, 65, 66]. The relationship can be classified as neutral, positive, or negative, with complementarity, contradiction, or mutual reinforcement in different situations [67,68,69]. Case studies suggest complementary rather than synergetic relationships between mitigation and adaptation, with adaptation proving more financially efficient than mitigation [70]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the financial disparities in funding for adaptation strategies versus mitigation efforts. It states that 'adaptation, particularly NBS adaptation, is seen as a nice add-on, a luxury, and a financially negative liability,' indicating that the implementation of large-scale adaptation strategies is not easily affordable for every city, especially for those in developing nations facing high climate risks and limited investment capacity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 2021; 7(5): e07091. Pub| Text | D: Entomopathogenic fungi characterization data. [Dataset]. DANS. 2023. : Fungi: hyphomycetes. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 213–249. Gürlek : Isolation and characterization of Beauveria and Metarhizium spp. from walnut fields and their pathogenicity against the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L. )(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control. 2018; 28(1): 1–6. : Colonization of crop plants by fungal entomopathogens and their effects on two insect pests when in planta. Biol. Control. 2010; 55(1): 34–41. S: Spore density and viability of entomopathogenic fungal isolates from Indonesia, and their virulence against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae). Trop. Life Sci. Res. 2010; 21(1): 11–19. -: Use of entomopathogenic fungi in the insect pest management of Brassica oilseed crops. Integrated management of insect pests on canola and other Brassica oilseed crops. Boston, MA: CAB International; 2017; 373–382. Humber RA: Fungiidentification. Manual of techniques in insect pathology. Academic Press; 1997; 153–185. -Naggar SEM, et al. : Isolation and selection of entomopathogenic fungi as biocontrol agent against the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). of Biological. Pest Control. 2016; 26(2): 249. : Evaluation of Endophytes associated with Maize and against the spotted Stem borer, Chilo partellus (Doctoral Dissertation, University). 2019. -Ilan DI, et al. : Insect pathogens as biological control agents: back to the future. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 2015; 132: 1–41. Pub| : Feeding experience affects the behavioral response of polyphagous gypsy moth caterpillars to herbivoreinduced poplar volatiles. J. Chem. Ecol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any specific information about Beauveria bassiana or its effectiveness in controlling locust populations. It lists various studies on entomopathogenic fungi and their potential uses but does not directly address the claim regarding Beauveria bassiana's role as a pathogen against locusts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: The other three types of sensors are placed in specific areas to cover an important function that will be used to implement features such as parking assistance, detection of objects in short and long range, etc. Cameras are then placed in the front and back of the vehicle to have a clear vision of the environment. Cameras are also used in order to ensure safety and monitor the shuttle from a distance and make sure that it is working properly. Wheel encoders are also used to check the speed of the vehicle and monitor it depending on the road, weather, and situation. Finally, a GNSS antenna is placed at the top of the vehicle that communicates with a GPS sensor to have the specific location of the shuttle every moment. The advantage for these types of shuttles is the technology and innovation that they are presenting for public transportation purposes that can then be scaled to bigger projects. Sensor fusion is effective, and the shuttle can work properly during several hours with enhanced safety with different methods of obstacle detection. However, the area used for these shuttles is very limited, and it is intended to be used in very controlled areas such as university campuses and some areas in smart cities. Since the vehicle is small, there is not enough room for more than 15 people and this is a problem if some company or government wants to start using this technology for big public transportation projects [22]. The vehicle is currently being tested in several cities as a transportation medium in campuses within a specific area. (EasyMile): EasyMile is a technology company that works on autonomous vehicle technology and solutions. Currently, they own an autonomous shuttle project that is being used in several cities across Europe, Asia, and the United States. The design of the vehicle is very similar to the Nayva shuttle presented in the previous section. It has a capacity of 15 passengers as a maximum, it can function in different adverse weather conditions such as rain, snow, and fog. The maximum speed is 45 km/h, but it has been electronically adjusted to only 25 km/h for safety purposes. In terms of sensors, there are some limitations for this company that are not beneficial for the purpose of the research. Specific hardware information is not available publicly, but details about the partnership with EasyMile and Velodyne are available. Velodyne partnered with the company to provide the latest LIDAR sensors to the project of the EZ10 autonomous shuttle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of various sensors, such as cameras and LIDAR, which are essential for autonomous vehicles to navigate their environments without human intervention. It discusses how sensors are placed strategically to ensure object detection and safety, which reinforces the idea that autonomous vehicles rely on these technologies for navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: Some scholars describe the relationship between mitigation and adaptation as resource competition [71, 72]. To summarize, effectively addressing climate change requires a comprehensive understanding of both mitigation and adaptation strategies. Achieving sustainable development necessitates a balanced approach considering the specific requirements, vulnerabilities, and financial support needed for both mitigation and adaptation, recognizing their complementary responsibilities in effectively and successfully combating climate change. 3 Methodological approachThis exploratory, multiple-case studies and qualitative research data was taken from books, relevant planning journal 3. 1 Selection criteria and scopeThis review captures the diversity of global practices in mitigating and adapting to global warming in urban contexts. The primary considerations for selecting the case examples were relevance, geographical diversity, urban characteristics, data availability, noteworthy practices, and temporal range. This includes focusing on cities with significant or innovative climate strategies, including cities from different continents and climates, covering both developed and developing countries, and a mix of cities in size, economy, and governance. Ensuring sufficient data on the city's climate actions with pioneering innovative strategies was essential. The focus was on recent initiatives to assess the evolution of practices. 3. 2 Method of analysisConsidering the case examples selected, each city was treated as a detailed case study to analyse the specific practices, policies, and outcomes in depth. This method allowed for a comprehensive understanding of each city's approach to climate action. Then, a comparative analysis is performed, which involves comparing cities with similar climates but different governance structures or cities with varying levels of economic development. Then, the key themes were also identified across the selected cities: common strategies (e. g. , renewable energy adoption, blue-green infrastructure), challenges faced, and outcomes achieved. It helped to analyse how these themes manifest in different urban contexts. To obtain a detailed and multifaceted perspective on the review process, covering aspects such as stakeholder involvement, technology, policy frameworks, social equity, and financial mechanisms was also included in this review as outlined below: a. The review also considered the role of various stakeholders, including government agencies, non-governmental organizations, private sector entities, and community groups, in implementing climate action strategies in urban areas. b. Including cities that have integrated advanced technologies, such as smart grids, urban data analytics, and Internet of Things (IoT) solutions, into their climate action plans was also a consideration. c. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity and resource competition involved in implementing adaptation and mitigation strategies. It emphasizes that effectively addressing climate change requires comprehensive understanding and financial support, suggesting that not all cities can easily afford these strategies as they depend on various factors, such as economic development and governance structures.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: 2016; 42(5): 382–393. Pub| Text | : Thermal response and horizontal transmission of cameroonian isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae–Candidates for microbial controls of the banana root borer Cosmopolites sordidus. Fungal Ecol. 2021; 50: 101042. : Methods for isolation of entomopathogenic fungi from the soil environment-laboratory manual. 2007. du et al. : Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana: pathogenicity, horizontal transmission, and their effects on reproductive potential of Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 2020; 113(2): 660–668. Pub| : and the description of new species from Thailand. Stud. Mycol. 2020; 95(1): 171–251. Pub| Text | : Impact of endophytic microorganisms on plants, environment and humans. Sci. World J. 2014; 2014: 1–11. Pub| Text | : Insecticide resistance management against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in the central of Ethiopia. Int. J. Trop. Insect Sci. 2020; 40(4): 759–767. Text Rodríguez M, Gerding M, France A, et al. : Evaluation of Metarhizium anisopliae var. anisopliae Qu-M845 isolate to control Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) in laboratory and field trials. Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2009; 69(4): 541–547. : Modified slide culture method for faster and easier identification of dermatophytes. Microbiol. Indones. 2014; 8(3): 135–137, 139. ádeková P, Medo J, et al. : Natural prevalence of entomopathogenic fungi in hibernating pupae of Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and virulence of selected isolates. 2016; 52: 199–208. Sepúlveda M, Vargas M, Gerding M, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information about Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Instead, it lists various studies related to the use of entomopathogenic fungi, including Beauveria bassiana, for controlling different pests and environmental factors. There is no direct evidence or research focused on locust populations, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Compared to the Navya shuttle, the EZ10 is implementing RADAR sensors into their system to enhance safety and fusion of the data with the output from LIDAR sensors. This can increase the effectiveness of the shuttle by having more methods of obstacle detection that are not limited to only one type of sensor. This shuttle has different testing methods that are positive for researchers to analyze the performance of the vehicle in different situations. There are some standard scenarios for testing in places such as university campuses, industrial areas, private and public routes with a defined route. The company has several modes of transportation for the EZ10, those being Metro mode with specific routes and stop stations to drop off and pick up passengers. The bus mode has several routes and provides the possibility of stopping at the desired time requested by the passenger and an on-demand service that works similar to a taxi or an Uber, where the vehicle gets the ride request to go to a specific location specified by the passenger [23]. However, the negative aspects of the vehicle are similar to those presented with Navya, where the shuttle is functional but the capabilities are limited. Further research is necessary for future technology to adapt to bigger projects and develop a truly autonomous project of public transportation that is viable for different cities and urban areas. Autonomous Trains: Autonomous vehicles are becoming more prominent in the world, and more companies are interested in investing in these vehicles, such as train and rail companies. Public transportation needs innovation to increase effectiveness and transport the millions of passengers that are demanding these types of services. The current state of autonomous trains is based on a scale with levels of automation very similar to the ones mentioned at the beginning of the paper. The grade of automation for trains goes from levels 1 to 4. The train system is considered level 4 when the train can operate autonomously, is capable of accelerating, stopping, closing and opening doors, and detecting obstacles along the road. At the moment, the industry of autonomous trains is uncertain, most of the technology and systems to develop these types of trains are owned by the government of multiple countries in every continent. There are some trains functioning at a level 4 of automation, located principally in airports, metro systems and some larger-scale trains. The technology employed for these projects and the sensors used are not the base of this paper; most of these autonomous trains are located in closed areas or configured and built differently than with other types of autonomous vehicles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how the EZ10 shuttle employs RADAR and LIDAR sensors to enhance safety and obstacle detection, which aligns with the concept of autonomous vehicles using advanced technology to operate without human intervention. Additionally, it mentions the necessity of further research for developing fully autonomous projects, indicating a direct relationship to the claim about the capabilities needed for autonomous navigation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: The analysis also considered the broader policy frameworks within which these cities operate, including national and international climate agreements, regional policies, and local ordinances. d. The review also explored innovative financing models cities have employed to fund their climate actions, such as green bonds, public–private partnerships, and international funding mechanisms. e. The effectiveness of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms used by the cities was another area of focus. The contents of the policy documents, city plans, and academic 4. 1 Amsterdam in 2022 serves as a comprehensive guide, outlining 20 pivotal pillars that support the city's ambitious efforts towards sustainable energy [8, 73]. These pillars consist of a spectrum of initiatives, including the gradual elimination of natural gas (Pillar 1), the creation of an eco-friendly heat distribution grid (Pillar 2), and the installation of a city-wide heating infrastructure (Pillar 3). The report highlights the significance of improving energy efficiency in several domains, such as business, housing, and social buildings, while promoting energy-neutral construction practices (Pillar 7). From minimizing polluting traffic (Pillar 8) to maximizing solar and wind energy utilization (Pillar 10 and 11), the pillars address critical aspects of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fostering renewable energy. The transformation of the harbour into a sustainable battery (Pillar 13), the establishment of the green hydrogen economy (Pillar 14), and initiatives like carbon capture, storage, and usage (Pillar 15) show the city's commitment to innovative solutions. Furthermore, the report emphasizes the interconnected relationships of these pillars, stating that a coordinated, unified approach is essential for a successful and impactful energy transition in Amsterdam. addresses climate challenges nationally and internationally under its Strategy [74]. The first is a whole-of-government approach to support global climate action across all ministries, working with Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, Infrastructure and Water Management, and Finance. This coordinated effort covers Paris Agreement-compliant safety, humanitarian aid, and health measures. The administration is also increasing ties with like-minded countries, prioritizing and international influence, expanding public–private partnerships in key industries, and supporting financial services sustainability and innovation. For COP26 (Conference of the Parties), the policy commits to phase out support for unabated fossil fuel energy activities overseas, diverting investments to green export potential and supporting organizations dedicated to greening and fulfilling the Goals [74, 75]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that cities operate within broader policy frameworks and rely on innovative financing models such as green bonds and public-private partnerships to fund their climate actions. This suggests that cities do not simply have the resources to implement large-scale adaptation strategies and must navigate various financial and policy challenges, contrary to the idea that implementation is easily affordable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: : Molecular, morphological and pathogenic characterization of six strains of Metarhizium spp. (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) for the control of Aegorhinus superciliosus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Chil. J. Agric. Res. 2016; 76(1): 77–83. öfte M, et al. : Isolation and characterization of entomopathogenic fungi from hazelnut-growing region of Turkey. Biocontrol. 2010; 55(2): 279–297. ère Y: Field-evolved insect resistance to Bt crops: definition, theory, and data. J. Econ. Entomol. 2009; 102(6): 2011–2025. Pub| : Entomopathogenic fungal endophytes. Biol. Control. 2008; 46(1): 72–82. G: Review on safety of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Beauveria brongniartii. Biocontrol Sci. Tech. 2007; 17(6): 553–596. G: The ‘Galleria bait method for detection of entomopathogenic fungi in soil. J. Appl. Entomol. 1986; 102(1-5): 213–215. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 5 version 4 Revised Published: 05 Feb 2024, 12:827 version 3 Revised Published: 30 Oct 2023, 12:827 version 2 Revised Published: 14 Aug 2023, 12:827 version 1 Published: 13 Jul 2023, 12:827 Copyright © 2024 et al. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 134020. 4) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 161449. r243892) The direct URL for this report is: Discussion 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of. . . Continue reading 1. The first sentence of the discussion is still confusing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim about Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen for controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses various studies on different fungal strains and their characterization without addressing locust control directly. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the given claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Nevertheless, some state-owned companies have presented future solutions for outdoor autonomous trains and rail systems that employ the sensors analyzed for this paper, such as cameras, and some other types of sensors that will also be captivating to research. France has an important technological advancement about autonomous trains and rail systems since Europe is a territory where trains are significantly popular. SNCF (Railway Company) is a French, state-owned company that develops some of the railways and trains across the country. Expected for 2023, the company presented the project of a fully autonomous train that works outdoors intended to carry passengers and merchandizing. The prototype is including technology such as infrared cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS localization. According to the company and related research, autonomous trains will be adding many benefits for public transportation and the users: lower energy cost, less traffic and delay, increased safety with faster response time due to the automation and sensor fusion from the environment [24]. However, the projects and technical specifications about the sensors employed are not specified or provided publicly by the developers because they have governmental restrictions. This is the main limitation of this research in terms of autonomous trains and vehicles related to these. Moreover, some research papers and projects are getting noticed for insight about prototypes and technology that could be implemented to develop autonomous trains. The prototypes are focusing on autonomous trains with obstacle detection technology that will work in open rails and tracks to get advantages of sensor technology. German researchers have developed a system called autoBAHN to include autonomous features to trains in existing railroads. Within the architecture of the system, different sensors are being implemented for obstacle detection purposes, localization, and fast response of the vehicle. The plugin devices are LIDARs provided by sensors, infrared sensors, 2D cameras, and ultrasonic sensors. It is important to mention the utilization of a significant amount of sensors, for a bigger vehicle as a train bigger amounts of information are needed to guarantee safety and efficiency due to the dimensions compared to smaller vehicles [25]. 3. 5 Smart Farming. The farming industry faced several changes in the last few years implementing some technological improvements to increase efficiency of farming. This led the industry to become faster at production and give more sustainable, reliable, and quality products. Moreover, the technology race has not stopped, and autonomous vehicles are now being implemented in the fields to enhance production and expand the possibilities to create more effectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development of fully autonomous trains that utilize various sensors such as infrared cameras, ultrasonic sensors, and GPS localization to operate without human involvement. It emphasizes the role of sensor technology and automation in enhancing safety and efficiency in vehicles, specifically highlighting obstacle detection and fast response mechanisms in autonomous vehicles.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: government is proactive about climate change and developing a sustainable and resilient world with these policies. Along with the COP26 'Statement on global public backing for the transition to clean energy' and the coalition agreement, the government is dedicated to discontinuing support for international unabated fossil fuel generation projects [75]. Financial investments focusing on the promotion of green exports and providing support to organizations that contribute to advancing greening and SDGs follow the guidelines laid out by COP26. These significant actions demonstrate the Dutch government's commitment to climate finance, green investment, and withdrawal assistance for fossil fuel energy activities overseas in alignment with international accords and climate goals. 4. 1. 1 Mitigation strategiesgovernment has identified specific mitigation strategies to address climate challenges, emphasizing a multifaceted approach as detailed below [76, 77]: a. Investing in education, skills development, and employment opportunities: A significant focus on making sustainable climate decisions. Initiatives encompass the closure of mines and coal-fired power stations, as well as efforts to combat deforestation. Introduction of projects centred on renewable energy and circular solutions. b. Transition to Circular Economy: A key mitigation strategy. It aims to reduce reliance on virgin raw materials. Promotes maximum reuse and minimizes waste. Addresses issues across production, consumption, and waste processing c. Prioritization of Nature-(NBS) and Building with Nature (BWN): Actively prioritizes NBS and BWN. Contribution to biodiversity protection and restoration. It involves sharing knowledge and expertise internationally. Follows the precautionary principle of avoiding harm. Collectively, these mitigation measures reflect the Dutch government's commitment to a comprehensive and sustainable response to climate challenges. 4. 1. 2 Adaptation strategies (a) Development of sustainable and resilient energy settings: Through the above-outlined holistic strategy, the city seeks to address climate change and develop sustainable, resilient, and equitable energy settings for its residents, which is crucial for adapting to the impacts of climate change on energy infrastructure. (b) Quality, availability, and accessibility of climate action funds: Initiatives include improving the quality, availability, and accessibility of climate action and green investment funds to maximize benefits for small and medium-sized Dutch enterprises involved in green international activities. (c) Projects in Underdeveloped Nations: Last but not least, the government is investing in green public-private market development strategies and greening public infrastructure projects in underdeveloped nations to improve climate action and green investment finance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the necessity of government investment and the implementation of various initiatives aimed at addressing climate challenges. It emphasizes financial commitments and the development of strategies for sustainability, which imply that not all cities may have the financial resources or capacity to implement large-scale adaptation strategies as easily as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: I suggest that it should be re-written to read "Of the fungal isolates collected from the soil rhizosphere of tomato plants, 70% of them had characteristics typical of the species M. robertsii". 2. The discussion is still largely missing on scientific explanations to the findings obtained. Had this been done, then the manuscript would have been scientifically richer. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: I have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve. . . Continue reading have looked at the revised version of the manuscript (Version 3) and going by the comments earlier made bullet by bullet, I note only 3 of the queries have been addressed. The purpose of giving feedback is to improve the manuscript and I strongly recommend that the comments are considered seriously and incorporated accordingly to improve the quality of the paper. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Entomology, biological control of insect pests and integrated pest management. I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above. . For: Isolation, morphological characterization, and screening virulence of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium robertsii fungal isolates in Galleria mellonella [version 4; peer review: 2 approved]. F1000Research 2024, 12:827 ( The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: The authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer,. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding Beauveria bassiana's effectiveness in controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses the characteristics of Metarhizium robertsii and offers feedback on a manuscript without addressing the claim about Beauveria bassiana. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: Fungicides are robots that are specialized in combating diseases that can be spread into the plants. These autonomous robots will be then programmed to go through the field applying pesticides or other chemicals to combat these potential diseases. In addition, robots can also be helpful to recollect weeds, cut the crops, or gather a specific plant or vegetables. These devices are especially useful in order to automate the production process but also to reduce the amount of work when dealing with specific types of plants that are harder to extract from the ground than others. For example, mushroom production is often hard because of the location in which they grow, that is why mushroom farms are becoming highly redeveloped with high technology in order to boost and simplify the production [28]. (1) : is a company that is a pioneer in the farming industry providing the technology including tractors, UAV’s, sprayers, and many tools for agriculture processes. They took action by developing autonomous features that are now implemented in many of their tractors and agriculture hardware. The company developed an automated vehicle guidance system that drives a tractor of a defined path increasing precision and efficiency to perform several agricultural activities. This technology is called AutoTrac and is now being implemented in many products. In order to scan the territory and give all of the necessary details to set up the predefined path, AutoTrac uses a type of sensor called Receiver. The model used by is the StarFireTM 6000 which works with a satellite signal to provide guidance to the tractor and maintain a straight path no matter what weather conditions might affect its task. emphasizes precision while working on autonomous farming features, also keeping it cost-effective. There are many benefits to implement this type of technology while working in farming such as covering more acres in less time, less fuel consumption, and to operate faster and the experience is much less physically demanding for the employee [29]. The guidance system is also accompanied by an automatic steering wheel that makes sure that the tractor is going in the proper direction indicated by AutoTrac. Currently, the company has developed a fully autonomous tractor prototype called the Joker. This project, however, is not intended to be produced and sold in the mass market after around ten years because of the need to perfect three technology aspects: electrification, artificial intelligence, and automation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of autonomous technologies in farming, specifically mentioning that 'AutoTrac uses a type of sensor called Receiver' and highlights the development of 'a fully autonomous tractor prototype called the Joker.' This indicates that sensors and AI are integral to the navigation and operation of such autonomous vehicles, thus supporting the assertion that autonomous vehicles navigate without human input.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily afford to implement large-scale adaptation strategies. [SEP] Text: (d) Infrastructure Projects: Future investments in green public-private market development techniques and public infrastructure projects are also planned and designed to make infrastructure more resilient to future climate impacts, ensuring that critical systems can withstand extreme weather and other climate-related events. 4. 2 Boston in USAA range of adaptation and mitigation techniques have been put into practice in Boston to deal with the effects of climate change. These tactics aim to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions while also preparing for and adapting to the impacts of climate change. Several particular instances of these tactics are as follows [77,78,79,80]:4. 2. 1 Mitigation strategies a. of supported the implementation of a standard for City-funded affordable housing that ensures zero emissions from buildings. This standard encourages the adoption of electric heating and cooling systems as well as high-efficiency insulation. b. mandates that sizable structures disclose their yearly energy and water consumption and implement measures to enhance energy efficiency, thus diminishing carbon emissions. c. have published a roadmap to expedite the shift towards electric vehicles and other vehicles that produce no emissions. d. Grants programme provides funding for projects initiated by communities to decrease air pollution and promote public health in local areas, so contributing to broader efforts to mitigate environmental harm. 4. 2. 2 Adaptation strategies a. Local climate resilience plans have been established in susceptible regions to facilitate district-level climate adaptation, aiding communities in their preparedness for and response to climate-related consequences. b. The city has established a designated flood elevation for planning purposes. This elevation will be used to enforce zoning restrictions in areas that are prone to flooding and at risk of rising sea levels. This proactive approach aims to increase the city's ability to withstand and recover from flood events. c. There are ongoing initiatives to create programming for green jobs and establish a worker-owned cooperative focused on green infrastructure. These efforts aim to support low-income immigrant groups and utilize climate adaptation to promote economic development. d. The city is dedicated to guaranteeing that individuals belonging to racial and ethnic minorities and those from low-income groups do not bear a disproportionate burden from climate dangers. Likewise, the city strives to ensure that the positive outcomes of climate mitigation and preparedness initiatives are distributed fairly among all individuals to ensure equitability. These strategies demonstrate an integrated approach to tackling climate change, incorporating both attempts to mitigate its impact and adapt to its effects to create a more environmentally friendly city better equipped to withstand future challenges. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various climate adaptation strategies being implemented in Boston that require significant investment and planning, implying that not all cities may have the financial capacity to afford such large-scale projects. For instance, it discusses funding from grants, the establishment of local climate resilience plans, and the adoption of standards ensuring zero emissions, which all suggest a level of funding and economic commitment that may not be easily achievable by every city.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Continue reading authors have significantly improved the manuscript material; I, as a reviewer, confirm that the published 10. 5256/f1000research. 158147. r219341) The direct URL for this report is: The direct URL for this report is: 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. . . . Continue reading 1. Suggestion for title: Isolation, morphological characterization and screening virulence of B. bassiana and M. robertsii fungal isolates in G. melonella. Abstract 2. Background - the word asymptote should read asymptomatic. 3. Methods - Galleria bait method is used to isolate fungi and not to identify them. 4. Amended conclusion - what is the rationale for singling out sucking insects as candidate pests to be controlled using the virulent fungal isolates, why not consider insect pests in general? Introduction: 5. The following sentence does not convey the intended message "Moreover, entomopathogenic fungi are the immediate solution for pests that feed inside leaves, stems, roots, and seeds because they reduce their exposure to synthetic insecticides and other control methods (Resquín-Romero et al. , 2016). " 6. Was there anything special about collecting the fungal isolates from the rhizosphere of tomato plants? Methods 7. Under morphological characterization, there is mention of 3 B. bassiana and one M. robertsii characterized for comparison purposes with new isolates. Can it be clarified why these 4 isolates were included in the study. 8. How many isolates were eventually tested in the various experiments? The number of treatments keeps changing with each experiment and no explanation is given on how these isolates were selected. 9. "To hatch third- to fourth-instar larvae, the eggs were laid on folded tissue paper. . . . " Was this sentence meant to inform readers of the egg laying process, hatching and eventually obtaining 3rd - 4th instar larvae to be used in the pathogenicity experiments? Eventually 2nd instar larvae were used. Clarify the use of the 3rd - 4th instars in the section on rearing Galleria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Beauveria bassiana being a fungal pathogen for controlling locust populations. Instead, it discusses a review process, suggestions for titles, methods involving Galleria, and questions regarding the experimental design without mentioning locusts or the efficacy of Beauveria bassiana in pest control.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles use sensors and AI to navigate without human input. [SEP] Text: To support these perks, some studies evaluated the efficiency from the economic side of the technology to analyze how much cheaper will be for different companies and farmers to implement this autonomous feature in their tractors. According to researchers in Ref. [30], there are significant savings when using this guidance system, by reducing labor cost 14%, fuel consumption 14%, seed costs 6%, and fertilizer cost 6%. Reducing cost could also lead to an increase in profit and also motivation for employees and farmers to support these types of technologies and exponentially increase the productivity. (2) (DJI): DJI is a Chinese technological company that is specialized in building drones for different types of tasks. They recently introduced a drone specialized for agriculture activities, more specifically in spraying tasks and daily maintenance. T16 is a compact and portable drone capable of carrying 16L in its spray tank to ensure maintenance to any type of production. In terms of sensor technology employed, the drone has different types of sensors to ensure safety and a proper functioning of localization, navigation, and identification of crops. The drone is equipped with dual IMUs and barometers to keep track of the environment to ensure the safety of the flight. For the navigation system, the Agras T16 uses GNSS localization to keep track of the drone at any time, and flying first person (FPV) cameras with spotlights are implemented to take advantage of a remote control function to monitor the performance of the drone. Additionally, a powerful RADAR system is also functioning to enhance navigation in several types of weather with rain or fog, since the radar frequency is not affected by these variables. The sensors also have the capability of creating a 3D digital map to have an overall view of the environment and adapt to any specific situation. Since the Agras T16 is a hexacopter, the drone has increased mobility and stability giving it the ability to scan the field easily and in that way take a full advantage of the autonomous vehicle sensor technology [31,32]. (3) (NAIO Technologies): NAIO Technologies is a company that produces a variety of agricultural robots for different farming activities such as weeding, hoeing, and harvesting to help farmers work on their products. The OZ weeding robot is a vehicle specialized for weed transportation and harvest assistance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the technology used in various autonomous systems, such as the Agras T16 drone. It specifically mentions the implementation of sensors for localization, navigation, and identification of crops. The text also details the use of GNSS localization and various other sensors, which are indicative of the navigation capabilities of autonomous vehicles, aligning with the claim that these vehicles operate without human input.