Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Washing hands frequently makes the body weaker by killing all beneficial bacteria on the skin. [SEP] Text: 4% children said that hand washing should be done as hands have germs and hand washing removes the germs. There were multiple answers by each individual student. Hand swabs were taken from all the 208 students. The swabs of 127 (61%) children revealed potential pathogens. The commonest of these was S. aureus which was seen in 44% of samples. This bacterium is associated with skin and respiratory diseases as well as food poisoning. The commonest coliform bacterium noted was Enterococcus faecalis: in 49 (24%) samples, followed by E. coli in 25 (12%) samples and Klebsiella sp. in 14 (7%) samples. Presence of streptococcus, which is a potential respiratory and skin pathogen, was noted in 5 (2. 4%) samples. Commensal flora growth, which is generally non-pathogenic to immunocompetent individuals, was noted in 76 (36. 5%) samples. The findings are summarized in Table 2. Table 2: Distribution of isolates from hand swabs according to the nature of the organismstudy demonstrated the presence of pathogenic microorganisms on the hands of 61% of the children studied. The study from Amravati, Maharashtra, had also demonstrated the presence of potential pathogens on hands of students between 3 years (Kindergarten) and 24 years (Postgraduates), studying in various educational institutes. The isolates included Staphylococcus sp. (23%), E. coli (20%), Klebsiella sp. (10%), Micrococcus sp. (9%), Proteus sp. (7%), Citrobacter sp. (7%), Streptococcus sp. (7%), Enterobacter sp. (6%), Enterococcus sp. (4%), Pseudomonas sp. (3%) and Salmonella sp. (2%). The authors also demonstrated reduction in hand contamination after hand washing. 10 In the current study, practice of hand washing was found to be high; however, soap usage was found to be suboptimal, as has been seen in other studies from other countries. 7 The present study findings are similar to a study11 on knowledge, attitude and practices of school children conducted in Ethiopia, which found that though most students reported hand washing before meals, i. e. 99. 0%, only 36. 2% reported using soap during hand washing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that hand washing is important to remove potential pathogens from the hands of children. It cites that a significant percentage of children had hand swabs revealing potential pathogens and that there was a reduction in hand contamination after hand washing. This suggests that frequent hand washing not only removes harmful bacteria but does not support the idea that it makes the body weaker by killing beneficial bacteria.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Пока у меня с ним сложности, он не влезает, к сожалению, пока в онлайн-формат, но как-то придумаю это. — Ваше кредо/motto/девиз, как преподавателя? — Наверное, что-нибудь… Любой человек может быть эффективным, может быть лучше, и его желания уже достаточны. — Если бы у вас было (а, может быть, есть) ваше тотемное животное — кто это, опишите его? — Я люблю клиентам дарить тигра. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal reflections and thoughts rather than providing any information about genetic functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Titration of Cas9-dosage can dramatically increase cleavage specificity and reduce off-target effects in metazoan cells40 and the inducible system now presents an opportunity to titrate Cas9 expression in T. brucei simply by reducing the tetracycline concentration in the growth medium4 or by inducing Cas9 for only a short period of time. Temporally constrained exposure to Cas9 is also important for precision base editing since precision-edited sequences may still be potential substrates for re-cleavage37,40,41,42. It will be worthwhile to test other versions of Cas9 in T. brucei. For example, HypaCas9 (SpCas9: N692A/M694A/Q695A/H698A) displays reduced off-target editing43 while xCas9 variants display broader PAM compatibility44. Further optimisation of specific editing and minimising off-target edits can also be achieved by modifying the gRNA. In metazoan cells, gRNA sequences can be truncated by 2–3 nt to reduce off-target cleavage without substantially reducing on-target efficiency45 and these gRNAs can be further optimised to improve specific activity37,40,41. On the other hand, trypanosomatid genomes are relatively small at ~30 Mbp, likely presenting relatively few potential off-target sites. In addition, homologous recombination is the dominant repair pathway in T. brucei5 such that low-frequency off-target edits in one allele will typically be reversed, since allelic templated, homology-directed repair will be favoured over error-prone repair by end-joining. In circumstances where off-target edits must be avoided, genome sequencing and profiling of potential off-target sites will remain an option. Established tools for the genetic dissection of T. brucei already present a range of options. Cas9-based approaches present alternative strategies and, perhaps more importantly, present completely new opportunities, for increased throughput and for marker-free and precision editing, in particular. In terms of alternative strategies, RNAi is currently the favoured approach for conditional loss-of-function studies in T. brucei, particularly for many likely essential genes. Similarly, native, single-allele tagging for protein localisation studies is readily achievable using selectable marker based constructs in T. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of Cas9 technology, which is a component of CRISPR, to achieve targeted gene editing in specific organisms such as T. brucei. It explains how titration of Cas9 dosage can increase cleavage specificity and reduce off-target effects, indicating its potential for precise editing. The text provides examples of modifying gRNA to improve specificity, further illustrating the capabilities of CRISPR technology in achieving targeted gene edits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Washing hands frequently makes the body weaker by killing all beneficial bacteria on the skin. [SEP] Text: Availability of soap at handwashing facilities, especially in schools, was low. This study more or less corroborated with the present study findings. About 50% children exhibited the knowledge that hand washing removes germs. About 30% children did not know that nails or web spaces can be dirty areas in hands. Further, the present study also corroborated with the other studies on bacterial content in hands as well as diseases caused by the improper hand washing practices. Ray et al. ,12 observed a decrease in colony count following hand washing with soap in 60% of the samples in a study conducted in areas around Kolkata. The evidence suggested that hand washing with soap reduced the bacterial count in majority of the respondents. At the same time, an increase in colony count was seen in 30% samples that were either pond water users or food servers from a canteen using dirty clothes for drying hands after washing. Therefore, to have a real impact, particularly in reducing the incidence of diseases, three aspects of hand washing seem to be important: washing hands with soap and following all steps diligently, using clean water and drying hands with a clean cloth. A study in Karachi, Pakistan,13 has demonstrated that regular hand washing and bathing with soap is effective in preventing both diarrhea and pneumonia. Another study from Kolkata slums indicated that hand washing with soap may reduce the incidence of dysentery cases in the community. 14 students′ hands were contaminated before taking food. Although they washed hands before meals, they hardly used soap due to non-availability of soap at schools. Children are often targeted for hygiene behavior as it is felt that habits that develop at their impressionable age would continue into their adulthood. However, in the absence of infrastructure which includes water and soap for hand washing, inculcating this habit would not be possible. It was found that the students′ hands were contaminated before taking food. The schools should be told to keep soaps in the toilets for hand washing. Schools should help in this regard which is not a costly affair. However, teachers should tell the students that drying hand after washing with soap should be done by clean dry clothes, otherwise effect of hand washing with soap will be lost and students will suffer from diarrhea dysentery and pneumonia even after hand washing. 1. Best M, Neuhauser D. and the birth of infection control Health Care. 2004;13:233–4 | Text | PubMed | CrossRef | 2. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that handwashing with soap reduces bacterial counts on hands and is effective in preventing diseases such as diarrhea and pneumonia. It highlights that while proper handwashing practices are crucial for hygiene and health, neglecting them or using dirty materials for drying hands can negate the benefits. This counters the claim's assertion that frequent handwashing weakens the body by killing beneficial bacteria since the evidence indicates that proper handwashing practices actually contribute to better health outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Традиционная история: «Завтра нужно прийти к директору, попросить повышение зарплаты — боюсь, ноги и руки трясутся». У меня есть прием. Я беру обычный шнур от зарядки, даю человеку в руку и говорю: «Вот представь, у тебя в руках поводок, на этом поводке тигр. Он весит 300 килограмм, он очень добрый, он даже мурлыкает, как котик. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about gene function as it discusses a personal scenario involving fear of asking for a salary increase and uses a metaphor about a tiger, which has no relation to genetic understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: brucei46 and can now be considered alongside (double-allele) Cas9-based editing options. Clearly, editing efficiency need not be high if selectable markers are to be used to enrich for cells with a desired, non-lethal edit. When an edit is lethal on the other hand, the desired editing will fail to yield long-term viable recombinant cells. In these circumstances, editing that is both inducible and close to 100% efficiency, will be a major advantage since it will facilitate the study of phenotypes associated with lethal edits that precede cell death. High efficiency will also be important for other marker-free or high-throughput approaches. In these cases, high validation rates for a desired edit will substantially reduce the number of clones that must be screened and will improve coverage across large numbers of editing sites, respectively. Key advantages of precision editing without selectable markers are that the (double-allele) edit is generated in one step in a native context, retaining native flanking sequences that may control expression level or timing during the cell cycle or the life cycle. A recombinant AQP2 - L264R mutant was previously ectopically overexpressed in an aqp2 null background, for example38. The pentamidine resistance phenotype associated with AQP2 - L264R expression is confirmed here but the prior ectopic expression approach required three genetic manipulation steps and was also associated with risks of potential artefacts associated with non-physiological expression. Thus, the current editing approach adds an important new ‘one-step, precision’ option to the genetic manipulation ‘toolbox’ for T. brucei. The efficiency reported here indicates that it is now feasible to obtain cells with edited loci without selection, by screening manageable numbers of clones. The Cas9-based editing system we describe for T. brucei incorporates key features, including robust, temporal control of Cas9 and sgRNA expression. We show that null-clones (both alleles disrupted) can be generated at exceptionally high frequency without selection. Future applications will likely extend beyond precision edits, deletions and insertions to high-throughput approaches and the repurposing of nuclease-dead Cas9 for targeting other functionalities to specific genomic loci12. Materials and Methods T. brucei strains and growth conditionsBloodstream form T. brucei, Lister 427 (MITat 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a specific application of a Cas9-based editing system in T. brucei, highlighting the advantages of precision gene editing and the capability to generate null-clones at a high frequency without selection. The emphasis on 'one-step, precision' editing adds evidence to the effectiveness of CRISPR technology for targeted genetic manipulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi are just plants that grow in damp environments and have no relation to human diseases. The majority of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton in the oceans. [SEP] Text: sharks, whales, and other large organisms come to mind when one thinks about the most important or most powerful organisms of the sea, in fact, the most powerful are the tiny phytoplankton. Phytoplankton, which are microscopic algae, hold this power because they harvest the light from the sun, making food for all other organisms. Phytoplankton are the foundation for the ocean ecosystem. Through the process of photosynthesis, they also make oxygen and are responsible for almost half of the oxygen in the world. However, some phytoplankton can also be harmful and can kill fish or damage ecosystems. These harmful phytoplankton can also make people sick. The phytoplankton are tiny but mighty! the Organisms of the Ocean? When you think of the most powerful organisms in the sea, does a shark come to mind? Or maybe a huge killer whale? Other powerhouses of the ocean include the sailfish that use their jaws like spears to catch their prey and glide like torpedoes! After all, it is the fastest of all the fish. All these organisms are amazing: strong, fast, and ferocious. However, there is another group of organisms so powerful that the oceans could not function without them—but they are so tiny you have probably never seen them! These are the microscopic plankton. They are called plankton because they just drift with the sea. The smallest plankton can only be seen with a microscope and, even though you will see many different types of plankton with a microscope, some plankton are so small they may look like teeny-tiny dots (Figure 1). What gives these minuscule organisms such power? Why do we even care about something we cannot even see? They are not great swimmers. They do not have strong teeth—or any teeth at all, actually! They are important because they are the food on which all life in the sea depends (Figure 2). Without plankton, there would be no fish, no whales, no sharks, no turtles, and no clams or oysters. Figure 1 - Every drop of seawater has thousands of microscopic plankton. A great diversity of phytoplankton is seen if one compares samples from different areas or different times. (Image credits: the symbol library of the University of. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining the role of phytoplankton as crucial producers of oxygen in the ocean ecosystem, affirming that they produce almost half of the world's oxygen through photosynthesis. This information directly supports the second part of the claim regarding phytoplankton's significance in oxygen production, but the claim inaccurately categorizes fungi, suggesting a misunderstanding regarding the classification of microorganisms and their relation to human diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Просто когда он смотрит в глаза какому-то человеку, люди обычно вежливо улыбаются, стоят к стеночке, а он еще может подойти и понюхать человека. И ты с этим тигром завтра пойдешь к директору, возьмешь зарядку свою в руку, спросят — скажешь: “Зарядка от телефона”. Никто возражать не будет. А ты же знаешь, что там тигр, который на всех действует». — Сколько у вас сейчас студентов на контракте и сколько уже защитились? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the understanding of gene functions. It discusses an unrelated scenario possibly involving social interactions and does not provide any information relevant to the claim about genetic understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: Editing ofDownload book PDF Download book 7 & Goetz Hensel7 4115 Accesses AbstractTargeted mutagenesis usingCas technology has become routine in elucidating biological processes or their application in breeding and agriculture. This means that the change to be achieved can be accurately predicted. However, knockout of a gene function is not always desirable, as reducing activity or affecting a protein domain can influence its properties and, thus, the phenotype. This 1. Applications of precise genome editing in plants have been summarised several times (for review, see [10,11,12]). These reach into all areas of modern plant research. Starting with pure basic research, i. e. , the identification and characterization of genes and their phenotypic expressions, the methods are also used to master the current challenges of agriculture. Here, agronomic parameters play a similarly important role in improving product characteristics. Plants with enhanced resistance to fungal or viral pathogens are being developed and tested. Plants should be better adapted to changing climatic conditions and thus have better water and nutrient utilization. Plants should become heat or drought-tolerant but also be able to grow with an increased salt concentration in the soil. There are examples of all these experiments in barley and/or wheat (Fig. 9. 1). The only publication on applyingCas technology in triticale, a cross between wheat and rye, shows its functionality exclusively in protoplasts [13]. Fig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing 'targeted mutagenesis using Cas technology,' indicating that it has become routine in applications such as breeding and agriculture. The text specifically mentions that the changes achieved through this technology can be accurately predicted, which aligns with the idea of targeted gene editing. Additionally, it describes various applications of precise genome editing in plants, demonstrating its relevance and effectiveness in genetic manipulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi are just plants that grow in damp environments and have no relation to human diseases.The majority of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton in the oceans. [SEP] Text: ) Figure 2 - Food for the fish, sharks, and other ocean organisms begins with the growth of phytoplankton. Phytoplankton may be eaten by zooplankton, which are then eaten by small fish, and so on. (Image credits: the symbol library of the University of and open access images. ) the Type of are many types of plankton. Phytoplankton are the microscopic plant-like organisms, also often called algae or microalgae. Of all the plankton, phytoplankton are the most powerful ocean organisms because they can use sunlight for energy, and grow through the process of photosynthesis. Phytoplankton then become the food for other ocean organisms. The phytoplankton are not only responsible for making food for the oceans, but they are also responsible for almost half of all the oxygen in the world! By performing photosynthesis, they use carbon dioxide from the water and they make oxygen, which most living organisms, including humans, need to breathe. So, thank the phytoplankton the next time you eat seafood or take a breath! Zooplankton are the tiny animal-like plankton. You can remember their name easily—just think of animals in a zoo! Zooplankton eat the phytoplankton (and some other types of plankton too). They are important in the food chain of the oceans (Figure 2). Zooplankton are eaten by small fish. Like a link in a chain, one organism eats another and then is eaten by another and so on. In reality, though, the chain is more like a spiderweb, as so many different types of organisms eat so many different kinds of things. Zooplankton do not perform the photosynthesis magic of phytoplankton, so while they form important links in the food chain, they do not make oxygen the way phytoplankton do. Some plankton are a mix of both phytoplankton and zooplankton in one little body! These organisms can perform photosynthesis, but at the same time they can also eat other plankton [1] (Figure 3). These organisms are called mixoplankton because they are a “mix” of plankton types [3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the role of phytoplankton in marine ecosystems and their contribution to oxygen production, but it does not address the claim's assertion about fungi or their relation to human diseases. Instead, it emphasizes that phytoplankton, which are categorized as microscopic plant-like organisms, are responsible for almost half of the world's oxygen through photosynthesis. This directly counters the claim that conflates fungal and plant characteristics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Буквально кандидатов на СТА именно моих у меня нет, но есть люди, которые у меня учились на каких-то программах, и мы периодически взаимодействуем. Люди приходят на супервизии, иногда бывают групповые, иногда индивидуальные, и они сейчас продолжают учиться у сертифицированных преподавателей. — Где можно у вас учиться? Какая периодичность набора студентов? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses education and supervision in a teaching context without addressing genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: However, this method has all the previously described disadvantages that have led to the preferential use of Agrobacteria-mediated transformation [96]. Initial results at the cellular level in barley showed targeted allelic exchange of the fluorescence protein GFP. GFP and YFP differ in only one amino acid; thus, exchanging two nucleotides causes a change in the emission spectrum [97]. It was shown that 3% of the mutant epidermal cells had integrated the non-functional YFP fragment in the genome, thus exhibiting a shift in the lambda scan. These results were even surpassed when pre-assembled RNP complexes were biolistically transferred with Cas9 instead of plasmid DNA [95]. Here, it was shown that up to 8% of GFP-mutated epidermal cells exhibited such an allelic exchange. A typical application for allelic exchange is the creation of herbicide resistance [98]. Since this allows the selection of the correctly modified cells, such a method is easier to apply. However, the efficiency is expected to be lower if the modification has no selection advantage during creation. An improvement here is the prime editing method [99]. In contrast to the Cas9 technology, the reverse transcriptase (MLV-RT) domain was added to the Cas endonuclease. At the same time, the gRNA was extended by the part of the repair template. However, there have been few reports of plant applications so far, suggesting that the technology still needs improvement. To precisely incorporate large DNA fragments in plants, a PrimeRoot-named method was recently described [100]. Third-generation PrimeRoot editors use optimized prime editing guide RNA designs, an improved plant prime editor, and superior recombinases to enable precise large DNA insertions of up to 11. 1 kilobases into plant genomes. The authors describe using PrimeRoot to introduce gene regulatory elements into the rice. Applications in temperate cereals have not yet been described. Base editing (BE) is another technology for the precise modification of genomes (DNA) or transcriptomes (RNA) of living cells at single-base resolution (for review, see [101]). BEs comprise a catalytically impaired cas nuclease fused with a nucleotide deaminase and sometimes DNA repair proteins. BEs can introduce single nucleotide variants at desired sites into the DNA (nuclear or organellar) or RNA of both dividing and non-dividing cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various gene editing technologies, including CRISPR, and specifically mentions targeted allelic exchange, which is a method associated with CRISPR technology. It provides examples of gene editing applications, such as modifying the fluorescence protein GFP and creating herbicide resistance, thereby supporting the assertion that CRISPR enables targeted gene editing in different organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi are just plants that grow in damp environments and have no relation to human diseases. The majority of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton in the oceans. [SEP] Text: People can get sick from these plankton poisons, too. Different types of phytoplankton and mixoplankton make different types of poisons [6]. Sometimes people get rashes on their skin if they swim when these poisonous plankton are in the water. Of greater concern are the poisons that can get into seafood that is then eaten by people. Oysters and mussels eat phytoplankton, but when they eat the toxic types, the poisons can stay in their bodies. When we eat those oysters or mussels, we eat the poisons too. Some poisons may cause an upset stomach or diarrhea, but there are stronger phytoplankton poisons that can make us much sicker if we eat seafood contaminated with them. Some of these poisons may make you stop breathing. With too much of this poison people may die. Other poisons from these phytoplankton may cause cancer if people are exposed to them for a long time. Scientists are very interested in understanding what we can do to stop these tiny, toxic organisms from growing out of control and how we can keep people from getting sick. Phytoplankton: Mighty! Phytoplankton are tiny organisms with great power! They are the fuel for the whole ocean ecosystem, and they also have the power to harm or to kill. The next time you see a picture of a shark, a whale, or a huge fish, think about where that animal’s food comes from: the mighty phytoplankton. Take a deep breath and thank the phytoplankton for the oxygen they produce. And the next time you see a beach sign warning you not to swim or to eat fish because of toxic or harmful algae, stay away! Respect the power of the phytoplankton and mixoplankton, and keep in mind that lakes, too, can have toxic microalgae. Sadly, we are polluting our lakes and oceans with the nutrients that make these blooms grow from our use of fertilizers on crops that runs off into lakes, rivers, and oceans, so there are many more harmful and toxic phytoplankton and mixoplankton growing today than there were years ago. Climate change is making the situation even worse because many harmful blooms grow very well in warm waters [7]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the poisonous effects of phytoplankton on human health, indicating a clear relationship between marine organisms and human diseases. Specifically, it explains how toxins from certain phytoplankton can lead to serious health issues, including poisoning and cancer from contaminated seafood. This directly refutes the claim's assertion that fungi—similar to phytoplankton—are merely plants with no relation to human diseases.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Plasmocytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) migrate into the site of damage. pDC is the source of type I INF and initiates the activation of B cell by B-cell activation factor (BAFF) pathway. However, epithelium is infiltrated mainly by CD 4+ limphocytes T subtype and immune response is balanced toward Th1 response and also Th17—with interleukin 17(IL-17) as a main cytokine. Th1 cells produce interferon gamma (IFN γ) which induces plasminogen activator system and together with IL-17 promotes local inflammation. In advanced stages of inflammation, B cells have been detected in salivary glands or other places in exocrine system. Recent study suggests that IL-7 from IL-7+ peripheral blood T cells may contribute to the stimulation of Th1 and Th17 cytokines [5]. It has been recently discovered that newly identified cytokine IL-34 promotes overexpression of CD 14+ monocytes in salivary glands. IL-34 and CSF-1 (colony stimulating factor-1) stimulate survival, proliferation and differentiation of monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells and osteoclasts—cells which have the ability to phagocytose [6]. Studies have shown that also IL-21, cytokine produced by activated CD 4+ T limphocytes and NKT cells play a role in pathogenesis of pSS and correlate with lymphocytes infiltration of salivary gland as well as the presence of autoantibodies and level of gammaglobulins. This cytokine stimulates TH1 and Th17 differentiation and synergistically with BAFF stimulates B-cells differentiation [7]. As in many autoimmune diseases, the increased level of IL–6 has been found in pSS. IL-6 is one more cytokine which enhances lymphocytes B growth and maturation. As well as IL-6, it has a strong influence on persistence of inflammation [8]. The production of IL-6 by monocytes in pSS is strongly stimulated by INF γ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the understanding of every gene's function. Instead, it discusses the roles of various cytokines and immune responses, which are unrelated to the completeness of knowledge about gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: There are two types of BEs – DNA BEs, which directly induce targeted point mutations in DNA, and RNA BEs, which convert one ribonucleotide to another in RNA. The currently available DNA BEs can be further divided into cytosine BEs (CBEs), adenine BEs (ABEs), C-to-G BEs (CGBEs), dual-base editors, and organellar BEs. These categories are discussed below [101]. After protoplast testing, C to T substitutions was successfully detected in two heterozygous wheat plants [102]. To increase the efficiency, further improvements such as the NLS, crRNA, LbCas12a nuclease, adenine deaminase, and linker were undertaken, achieving up to 55% efficiency in stable mutants (TaLOX and TaMLO) [103]. In other plants, further improvements, such as placing a N-terminal reverse transcriptase–Cas9 nickase fusion performed better in rice than the commonly applied C-terminal fusion [104]. In addition, introducing multiple-nucleotide substitutions in the reverse transcriptase template stimulated prime editing with enhanced efficiency. Additionally, it was shown that using two pegRNAs that encode the same edits but target complementary DNA strands highly promotes the desired outcome [105]. However, all the previously mentioned methods are still subject to particular challenges. These concern all parts of the process, such as selecting, using, and transferring appropriate gRNAs and Cas and proteins, general tissue culture, genotype dependence, detection of induced mutations, and identification of transgene-free, etc. homozygous progeny [106]. Further sequencing of genomes and enzyme evolution will undoubtedly lead to other plant improvements. It is crucial that the plants produced in this way also find use in European agriculture and that outdated regulations do not prevent their use. 10. 1038/nbt0688-68410. 1038/nature2204310. 1126/science. aar7191Rabanus-Wallace, M. T. , Hackauf, B. , Mascher, M. , et al. : Chromosome-scale genome assembly provides insights into rye biology, evolution and agronomic potential. Nat. Genet. 53, 564–573 (2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various base editors (BEs), including DNA BEs that directly induce targeted point mutations in DNA. It describes specific techniques and improvements made in gene editing methods, aligning with the assertion that CRISPR technology enables targeted gene editing in different organisms. Furthermore, it mentions enhancements in editing efficiency and strategies to achieve specific desired outcomes, which supports the utility of CRISPR in targeted gene modifications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fungi are just plants that grow in damp environments and have no relation to human diseases. The majority of Earth's oxygen is produced by marine organisms, particularly phytoplankton in the oceans. [SEP] Text: Let is all do our part to reduce water pollution and slow climate change, so that the good phytoplankton and mixoplankton can continue to grow, feed fish, and give us oxygen. By being good citizens of the planet and reducing pollution, we can all work to keep the poisonous plankton villains in check! Glossary Plankton: ↑ Microscopic organisms in the sea or in freshwater. Phytoplankton: ↑ Plant-like plankton that perform photosynthesis, turning light from the sun, along with CO2 from the water, into oxygen and the energy needed to grow. Photosynthesis: ↑ The process by which green plants and plant-like algae use sunlight, together with carbon dioxide and water, to make their own food. Zooplankton: ↑ Animal-like plankton organisms that eat other plankton organisms—like phytoplankton, bacterioplankton, or mixoplankton. Mixoplankton: ↑ Plankton that can combine photosynthesis (like a plant) and feeding (like an animal) for their nutrition. Bacterioplankton: ↑ Aquatic bacteria that help to decompose detritus and dead organisms and recycle their nutrients. Viroplankton (or Virioplankton): ↑ Viruses that can infect other types of plankton or other organisms. Bloom: ↑ Growth of algae (phytoplankton and mixoplankton) that may cause fish kills or seafood contamination through toxins, or that may alter ecosystems in negative ways. Dead Zones: ↑ Regions of oceans and lakes where oxygen levels are too low to support most aquatic life. Conflict of authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. 2019. Plants are not animals and animals are not plants, right? Wrong! Tiny creatures in the sea can be both at once! Front. Young Minds. 7:48. doi: 10. 3389/frym. 2019. 00048 [2] ↑ Stoecker, D. , Tillmann, U. , and Granéli, 2006. “Phagotrophy in harmful algae,” in Ecology of Harmful Algae, eds E. Granéli, J. Berlin: Turner (Springer). p. 177–87. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by addressing the distinction between different types of plankton and emphasizing the role of phytoplankton in oxygen production, thereby challenging the simplified classification of organisms into just plants and fungi. It provides definitions and details regarding phytoplankton and their process of photosynthesis, which supports the idea that oxygen production is not solely attributed to terrestrial plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: In these patients, changes in the liver are more likely to appear, with periductal lymphocytic infiltrating analogously the changes in salivary glands. Abnormal liver function test (increased AST and/or ALT, AP and/or bilirubin) is common in pSS as extraglandular manifestation of the disease as well as overlapping with another disease as PBC or autoimmune hepatitis [16, 17]. Anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) are characteristic for autoimmune type 1 hepatitis which can also be found in pSS patients [18]. Also autoantibodies against carbonic anhydrase (anti-CAII) are present in pSS and are associated with distal renal tubular acidosis [19]. The anti-cyclic citrulinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP), which are highly specific for RA, are not frequent in patient with pSS. The presence of anti-CCP antibodies may be associated with joint erosions and synovitis. Also it cannot be excluded that the patient who has anti-CCP antibodies and rheumatoid factor (RF-IgM) will develop symptoms of RA in the future [20]. In addition, autoantibodies with direct cytoskeletal proteins-α and β fodrin and proteasomes have been found in patients with pSS. The current studies showed additional autoantibodies in pSS to salivary gland as follows: protein 1 (SP-1), carbonic anhydrase 6 (CA6) and parotid secretory protein (PSP) [21]. Organ-specific antibodies, such as anti-thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO), most characteristic for autoimmune thyroiditis, were also found. D’Arbonneau and colleagues reported that thyroid disease was more frequent in pSS patients in up to 30 % of patients compared with 4 % of the control group [22]. However, the presence of anti-TPO and TG antibodies in pSS may also not be related to the coexistence of Hashimoto’s disease [23]. Clinical picture of the diseaseThe clinical picture of pSS includes symptoms of dryness and extraglandular manifestations with organs involvement. Patients’ complaints of the dryness are the basis for suspicion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on various autoantibodies and symptoms related to primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) rather than providing information about gene functions. It does not address the understanding of gene functions at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: 1 regulates β-Diketone biosynthesis by mediating expression of the Cer-cqu gene cluster in Barley. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 (2023). K. , Hensel, G. , Vojta, P. , et al. : Modification of barley plant productivity through regulation of Cytokinin content by reverse-genetics approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1676 (2018). G. K. , Rosignoli, S. , Guo, L. , et al. : 2 encodes a -containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118 (2021). P. , Chubar, E. , Vadovič, P. , et al. :Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutation in the barley mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 gene causes abnormal embryo development leading to severely reduced grain germination and seedling Shootless phenotype. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 670302 (2021). (2019). J. Integr. Plant Biol. 63, 1649–1663 (2021). B. , Jin, X. , Chen, J. , et al. : ATP-dependent DNA helicase (TaDHL), a novel reduced-height (Rht) gene in wheat. Genes (Basel). 13 (2022). J. , Hill, C. , Han, Y. , et al. : New semi-dwarfing alleles with increased coleoptile length by gene editing of gibberellin 3-oxidase 1 using -Cas9 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 21, 806–818 (2023). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 224–226 (2021). Z. , Ke, W. , He, F. , et al. : A single nucleotide deletion in the third exon of FT-D1 increases the spikelet number and delays heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 20, 920–933 (2022). (2022). X. , Wilkinson, L. G. , Aubert, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing various applications of gene editing in organisms such as barley and wheat. Specifically, it mentions 'Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutation' and the modification of barley through gene editing, which aligns with the notion of targeted gene editing capabilities offered by CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean, reaching over 36,000 feet below sea level. [SEP] Text: org:act:F557CE43-D43C-4E5F-86C1-3EFE330A9443 Holotype: MBM286350, station FX-Dive 57 (11°18. 34′N, 139°21. 43′E), an unnamed seamount (temporarily named as M2) adjacent to the Mariana Trench, depth 298 m, 23 March 2016. GenBank accession number: MN510472. Figure 6: The external morphology and polyps of the holotype of Chrysogorgia gracilis sp. nov. (A–C) The holotype in situ (A) and after collection (B) and fixation (C); Laser dots spaced at 33 cm used for measuring dimensions; (D) A single polyp under light microscope; (E) A single polyp under SEM; (F) Tentacles under SEM; (G) Mesozooids at the base of branch under light microscope; (H) Four mesozooids under SEM; (I) A single mesozooid under SEM (Photo credit: ). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8832/fig-6 Figure 7: Sclerites of Chrysogorgia gracilis sp. nov. (A–N) Sclerites in tentacles and at the bases of tentacles; (O–W) Sclerites in coenenchyme. Scales bars: all at the same scale (Image credit: Yu Xu). Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 8832/fig-7 Diagnosis: Chrysogorgia “group A, Spiculosae” with a long unbranched stem and a sympodial branching part emanating in a regular 1/4L spiral on the top. Stem and branches slender, with branches subdivided dichotomously. Terminal branchlets gracile and somewhat whip-like. Polyps small and thin, no more than 1. 5 mm long, located on one side of branches. Rods and rod-like scales slender and abundant in tentacles and at the bases of tentacles. No sclerites at polyp body base. Scales elongated, rare to absent in coenenchyme. Mesozooids dense along the internodes of top stem and the bases of branches. Description. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information related to a specific study of a holotype and its characteristics, but it does not mention the Mariana Trench or its depth. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim since it does not support, contrast, or relate to the statement regarding the depth of the Mariana Trench.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The dryness concerns first of all the mouth, eyes and vagina—the latter especially in postmenopausal women. The clinical signs are presented in Table 1. Among laboratory findings, cytopenias (leucopenia, anemia and low platelet count) are the most typical. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), hypergammaglobulinemia, ANAs, RF, anti-Ro/SS-A, anti-B/SSB, decreased level of complement component C4 and cryoglobulins are more often laboratory abnormalities in patients with pSS. Table 1 Clinical features of primary Sjögren’s syndromeFull size table Classification criteria for pSS and tools useful in the diagnosisClassification criteria of pSS have evolved from 1960s till new proposed in 2012. Since 2002, clinicians used criteria established and revised by American–Group (AECG), which are based on six points: subjective and objectives features of dry eyes and dry mouth, the patient’s need to fulfill at least three subjective or two objective features and the presence of Ro/SS-A or La/SS-B antibodies or both, or inflammation in minor salivary glands with focus score (FS) equal or more than 1. FS is defined as 50 inflammatory cells in a 4-mm2 glandular section in material from minor salivary gland biopsy (SGB). Newly proposed ACR classification criteria for pSS assumed that in the cases with Ro/SS-A and La/SSB negative, but with symptoms suggestive for pSS and FS >1 in SGB the presence of ANAs titer above/equal to 1:320, and the presence of rheumatoid factor is sufficient to establish a diagnosis [24, 25]. This year Rasmussen et al. [26] compared new ACR criteria and AECG criteria and showed no significant differences and assumed ACR criteria sensitivity to 87. 5 (95 % CI 82. 9–90. 9), specificity 93. 4 (95 % CI 86. 8–94. 00, negative predictive value (NPV) 90. 7, positive predictive value (PPV) 91. Among the 268 patients, who have met ACR criteria, 8. 9 % did not fulfill AECG criteria, and among 279 patients, who fulfilled AECG criteria, 35 were not evaluated using ACR criteria. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses clinical features and diagnostic criteria for primary Sjögren’s syndrome, which has no connection to the understanding or functions of genes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows for targeted gene editing in various organisms. [SEP] Text: K. , et al. : Ovule cell wall composition is a maternal determinant of grain size in barley. New Phytol. 237, 2136–2147 (2023). BMC Plant Biol. 18, 215 (2018). E. , Corcuera-Gómez, M. , Melnik, S. , et al. : Heritable genomic fragment deletions and small Indels in the putative ENGase gene induced byCas9 in Barley. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 540 (2017). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 937–951 (2021). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 1602–1613 (2021). J. , Cai, Y. , Cheng, C. , et al. : Simultaneous editing of host factor gene TaPDIL5-1 homoeoalleles confers wheat yellow mosaic virus resistance in hexaploid wheat. New Phytol. 234, 340–344 (2022). Plant Biotechnol. J. 16, 902–910 (2018). E. K. , Balcerzak, M. , Rocheleau, H. , et al. : Genome editing of a Deoxynivalenol-induced transcription factor confers resistance to fusarium graminearum in wheat. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 33, 553–560 (2020). M. , Lin, J. , Liu, X. , et al. : Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Plant Physiol. 186, 1951–1969 (2021). X. , Qin, Z. , Zhao, Y. , et al. : Stress granule-associated TaMBF1c confers thermotolerance through regulating specific mRNA translation in wheat (Triticum aestivum). New Phytol. 233, 1719–1731 (2022). K. A. , Sretenovic, S. , Bansal, K. C. , et al. : Precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors. Nat. Plant. 7, 1166–1187 (2021). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies and examples that demonstrate targeted gene editing through the use of CRISPR technology, particularly in relation to plant species such as barley and wheat. It mentions heritable genomic fragment deletions and small Indels induced by Cas9, which directly supports the claim that CRISPR allows for precise gene editing.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean, reaching over 36,000 feet below sea level. [SEP] Text: Partial nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial 16S and nuclear18S ribosomal DNAs (16S and 18S) are provided for all podasconid specimens and their phylogenetic positions are investigated, whilst those of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene are provided for all amphipod hosts. During the expedition KH-23-5 by R/V Hakuho-maru in September 2023, amphipods were sampled from abyssal (3500–6500 m) and hadal depths (>6500 m) of the Japan and the Kuril–(Fig. 1), using a beam trawl and an epibenthic sledge. All amphipods were briefly sorted and identified onboard and were fixed with 80% ethanol and kept in 99% ethanol. The samples were stored at 4°C until transferred to the Atmosphere and Institute, of Tokyo (AORI) for more detailed sorting and searching for amphipods infested by podasconids. The identification of amphipods followed Barnard (1961), Barnard and Karaman. (1991a; 1991b), and Shimomura and Tomikawa (2016) [5, 10–12] Among the 2134 amphipods collected, with over 50 amphipod genera, four individuals (0. 0019% infection rate) harboured a total of seven male podasconid parasites. The parasite familial assignment followed Williams and Boyko (2012) and Boyko et al. (2013) [1, 13]. Present male specimens showed no contradiction in the morphological characteristics with available descriptions [3, 4], for the familial assignment. The gross morphology of these parasites allowed us to assign them to three morphospecies. Five out of seven podasconid specimens (Podasconidae sp. A) were obtained from two females of Aristias sp. (Aristiidae), and the remaining podasconids, Podasconidae sp. B and sp. C were obtained from Byblisoides arcillis (Ampeliscidae, male) and Epimeria abyssalis (Epimeriidae, male). These host species were collected from stations F5 (4556–4565 m, 39º32. 516'N; 143º51. 305'E), F9 (6539–6523 m, 39º32. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses research on amphipod specimens and their phylogenetic positions without mentioning the Mariana Trench or its depth. The focus is on the collection and identification of amphipods at various oceanic depths, particularly in Japan and Kuril waters, which does not support, contrast, or provide any information regarding the Mariana Trench.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The differences are due to the fact that not all patients had keratoconjunctivitis sicca or positive serology and histopathological changes did not occur simultaneously. On the other hand, the patients that met only ACR criteria have been negative for Ro/La antibodies, but RF and ANAs positive. Comparative summary AECG criteria and ACR are shown in Table 2. Table 2 Comparison of AECG and ACR proposed 2012 criteria for pSS [24–26]Full size table Diagnosis of pSS according to AECG criteria requires the assessment of salivary glands or salivary gland scintigraphy or sialography which is a specific, but invasive method of imaging. Unstimulated salivary flow and sialometry are other diagnostic tools to assess the function of salivary glands [27]. ACR criteria avoid such methods, limiting the estimation of salivary glands for histopathological examination. However, for clinicians, especially in the case of lack of patient’s consent for salivary gland biopsy, it is important to have a simple, available and noninvasive diagnostic tool for the assessment of salivary glands. It appears that salivary gland ultrasonography (SGUS) meets these assumptions. SGUS is relatively cheap, available and can be use not only for making a diagnosis, but also for controlling a disease progression and conversion into lymphoma. and Thomas study, 105 patients with pSS and 57 individuals in control group were evaluated by SGUS [28]. The authors used a simplified scoring system to evaluate salivary glands, taking into account the parenchymal echogenicity and inhomogeneity. This scoring system has been proposed by Hocevar [29] from normal echogenicity to next steps of hypoechoics lesions. For pSS, the score of 2 or 3 is characteristic. This method of scoring seems to be good for more advanced stages of the disease and can predict, together with laboratory findings, such as positive Ro/La antibodies, the presence of RF and ANAs in more severe disease and a higher risk of lymphoma development. Other researchers evaluate glands size, clearness of borders and vascularity, but it is currently believed that only parenchymal homogeneity is appropriate for the diagnosis of changes in pSS [30]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses various aspects of diagnosing primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and methods for assessing salivary glands, without any mention of genes or their functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Reduced evolvability of Escherichia coli MDS42, an IS-less cellular chassis for molecular and synthetic biology applications access Published: 21 May 2010 Reduced evolvability of Escherichia coli MDS42, an IS-less cellular chassis for molecular and synthetic biology applications Kinga Umenhoffer1, Tamás Fehér1, Gabriella Balikó1, Ferhan Ayaydin2, János Pósfai3, Blattner4,5 & …György Pósfai1 Show authors Factories 3. 9% [3] to 98% [4]. In addition to insertional inactivation, mobile elements are also capable of enhancing deletions, inversions or duplications by providing substrates for homologous recombination [5]. Under specific conditions, inhibition or stimulation of gene expression caused by genomic relocation of IS elements can help the population to overcome nutritional stress [6, 7], antibiotic inhibition [8, 9] or osmotic stress [10]. Moreover, in biotechnological applications, IS-mediated genomic rearrangements can cause instability of clones carrying engineered genes. Such cloning failures are by no means rare [11–17], and examples of IS-contaminated sequence artefacts obtained from shotgun sequencing projects [18–21] also indicate that the magnitude of the problem is not negligible. E. coli host strains in common use in research and biotechnology (e. g. , MG1655, DH10B, BL21), as well as various natural isolates carry a large number of genomic ISes [22]. MG1655, the prototype K-12 strain, carries 45 ISes of 11 different kinds [23]. In contrast, MDS42, a reduced-genome derivative of MG1655, engineered to lose most of its genes irrelevant for laboratory applications, is free of active ISes [24]. It is noted, that a copy of IS609 is still present in MDS42. However, due to mutation resulting in a stop codon in its transposase gene (ynck), it displays no transposition activity (data not shown). MDS42 also lacking IS609 has recently become available commercially from Scarab Genomics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing E. coli, particularly the strain MDS42, which is described as an IS-less cellular chassis for molecular and synthetic biology applications. It mentions that E. coli host strains are commonly used in research and biotechnology, indicating that E. coli is indeed utilized in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The Mariana Trench is the deepest part of the ocean, reaching over 36,000 feet below sea level. [SEP] Text: Kamenskaya OE (1995) Gammaridean amphipods from hadal trenches of the Pacific Ocean. Hydrobiol 42:327–334 (2000) [Crustacea: Amphipoda] in the deep sea. Hydrobiol 47:353–377 (2010) The family Aristiidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Lysianassoidea) in Australian waters. Zootaxa 2549:31–53. Lörz A-(2018) Rhachotropis (Eusiroidea, Amphipoda) from the Atlantic. ZooKeys 75–101. (2007) A molecular phylogeny of the genus Gammarus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Evol 45:596–611. Katoh K, Standley DM (2013) MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software Version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Evol 30:772–780. Katoh K, (2008) Recent developments in the MAFFT multiple sequence alignment program. 9:286–298. (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Evol 17:540–552. Talavera G, (2007) Improvement of phylogenies after removing divergent and ambiguously aligned blocks from protein sequence alignments. 56:564–577. Huelsenbeck JP, (2001) : Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees. Bioinformatics 17:754–755. -Azeroual O, Mareuil F, Cohen-Boulakia S, (2019) NGPhylogeny. fr: New generation phylogenetic services for non-specialists. Res 47:W260–W265. (2020) ModelTest-NG: A new and scalable tool for the selection of DNA and protein evolutionary models. Evol 37:291–294. (2021) raxmlGUI 2. 0: A graphical interface and toolkit for phylogenetic analyses using RAxML. Evol 12:373–377. (2021) MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Evol 38:3022–3027. łażewicz (2016) - RV Sonne SO250, Tomakomai-Yokohama (Japan), 16. 08. -26. 09. 2016. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention the Mariana Trench or its depth. It discusses various studies related to amphipods and phylogenetic analysis but does not address ocean depths or corroborate or contrast the claim regarding the Mariana Trench.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Other methods, such as MR sialography and computed tomography (CT), may have limited availability and are undoubtedly more expensive. The basis of the diagnosis and a strong argument of inflammation and lymphocytes infiltration of salivary glands is histopathological examination. Standardization of techniques of minor salivary glands biopsy makes it possible to reduce the risk of complications and even increase the value of this study. Varela-Centelles et al. [30] suggested the use of S forceps for better positioning of the lower lip than chalazion forceps and to avoid postoperative complications [31]. In histopathological assessment in pSS focal infiltrates, CD 4+ T cells in early stage and more memory B cells in next stages are observed, further aggregation of limphocytes, organized lymphoid follicle, ectopic germinal center-like structure (GC) and in some cases lymphoma picture. The degree of organization of infiltration correlates with the severity of the disease, large activity of cytokines in situ and by the presence of autoantibodies [32]. Sjögren’s syndrome and IgG4-related diseasesThe cases of lacrimal and salivary glands being affected by the disease, that manifests itself with the symptoms of dryness and is accompanied by autoimmune pancreatitis and renal disease (IgG4-related kidney disease), have for years been recognized as a subtype of pSS. Japanese clinicians and scientist first demonstrated that such patients show lymphoplasmocytic infiltrations with IgG4 plasma cells. Additionally, diffuse or local organ enlargement, fibrosis and/or hyperplastic lesions with symptoms of organ damage have been observed in this group. The term “IgG4-related diseases” was finally proposed with classification criteria for IgG4 RD established. IgG4 RD affects mainly elderly man (>60 years old) [33]. The serum level of IgG4 is significantly (>135 mg/dl) increased, and a tissue biopsy reveals infiltrations of IgG4 plasma cells, with IgG4/IgG ratio exceeding 40 %. Patients’ plasma tests seronegative for the presence antinuclear antibodies, including SS-A and SS-B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses histopathological examination and autoimmune diseases, specifically Sjögren's syndrome and IgG4-related diseases. It does not address the understanding of gene functions at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: coli 's tolerance to the introduction of foreign DNA, consequently, read data from the thousands of clones can be mined for signs of the host's reaction to foreign DNA segments [32]. In this study we searched the read sets for the appearance of E. coli IS elements in raw (prior to their assembly into target genome sequences) sequence reads. A typical bacterial shotgun library for Sanger sequencing would comprise 2-4 × 104 clones, which are grown for about 20 generations on solid medium, followed by another 10 generations of growth in liquid cultures, prior to processing. Considering the typical spontaneous, combined transposition rate of 10-8/gene/generation of resident ISes [9], the chances of sequencing a spontaneously arisen insertion mutant is about 1. 2 × 10-2 (=30 × 4 × 104 × 10-8). This means that approximately one in 100 sequencing projects would yield a gene interrupted by an IS of the cloning host. Higher incidence of host ISes in the sequence reads would likely indicate selection events preferring the IS-inserted clones during cultivation. Data from 295 shotgun genome sequencing projects were downloaded and analyzed. The sets typically contain 50-70 thousand reads. Of the ~18 million reads, a total of 22 thousand match some E. coli IS sequence within the strict expectation, score, and run length thresholds. While 166 sets contain one or more reads with IS sequences, 129 sets are free of such reads. Of the 295 analyzed organisms 62 have complete (assembled) genome sequence. The number of organisms possessing both IS- containing reads and an assembled genome (intersection of the 166 set and the 62 set) is 30. In some IS-containing reads chromosomal sequence was not detectable, while in others IS elements seemed to have cloning vector origins (e. g. , are spliced with E. coli lacZ), these have been weeded out. To avoid the difficulties of distinguishing true cloning related E. coli IS insertions from genomic self-rearrangements, organisms which have their own IS elements were excluded. After these filtering steps 14 shotgun sequencing sets remain, which possess a total of 109 IS-containing reads. IS10 and IS1 are the dominating invaders (they show up 68 and 30 times, respectively), but six other IS types were also found (IS2, IS3, IS4, IS5, IS150, IS186). Examples of IS elements appearing in sequence reads are shown in Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of E. coli, which is recognized for its tolerance to foreign DNA and is a popular chassis organism in synthetic biology. It details applications such as genome sequencing projects involving E. coli and the analysis of its insertion sequences, indicating E. coli's significant role in genetic engineering and synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All of Earth's water originally came from comets that collided with the planet millions of years ago. [SEP] Text: Feaga et al. (2021, in preparation) have been able to separate the two distinct sources of Hartley 2's water at two different points in the comet's rotation. In one case the water abundance map is symmetric reflecting a nucleus source while in the other, the water abundance map is highly asymmetric in the anti-sunward direction reflecting a higher proportion of coma ice sublimation (Figure 5). These maps confirm, with unprecedented clarity, the two water sources that are at the center of the A'Hearn Model. Similar anti-sunward distributions of volatiles in remote sensing data from other comets can now be explained by observations from Hartley 2. Reset image size Figure 5. Hartley 2 has two distinct sources of water vapor, sublimation from the nucleus and from icy grains in the coma, which explains the comet's hyperactivity. Maps of relative abundance of water vapor in the coma derived from infrared data acquired by Deep Impact's HRI-IR spectrometer at two different times and nuclear rotations at 2 (left) and 6. 5 (right) hours after closest approach capture differing proportions of these two components. In both cases, the unresolved nucleus is located by black crosses and the Sun is to the right. The map on the left is dominated by a symmetric source of water sublimating directly from the nucleus. In contrast, the map on the right is asymmetric and is dominated by sublimation from icy grains pushed in the anti-sunward direction (Data available from the System: Year 2010/DOY 308/HRI-IR scans 4000700 and 4001600; McLaughlin et al. 2014). From L. M. Feaga et al. (2021, in preparation). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image By integrating all the observations of Hartley 2, the A'for Hyperactivity identifies icy grains in the coma as the secondary source of water and explains their origin. While water is the most abundant volatile in most comets, the model requires ice more volatile than water, in a reservoir below the depth of the thermal wave penetration. Once in the coma, the ice collects anti-sunward due to radiation pressure and ultimately sublimates, contributing to the total water vapor measured in the coma, which can rival that produced directly from sublimation of the nucleus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that comets like Hartley 2 have two distinct sources of water vapor: one being sublimation from the nucleus and the other from icy grains in the coma. This indicates that water from comets can have multiple origins, rather than exclusively coming from collisions with Earth. The A'Hearn Model mentioned in the text demonstrates that while comets contribute water, the complexity of these sources suggests that the claim may be oversimplified.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Hypocomplementemia, high serum levels of polyclonal gammaglobulins with increased level of IgG4 and IgE gammaglobulins may also occur. The histopathological assessment shows plasmocyte and lymphocyte infiltrations and may reveal fibrosis. Establishing the diagnosis of IgG4 RD requires first of all the exclusion of malignancy, for which task histopathological examination is vital. Other diseases, chiefly pSS, but also Castelman’s disease, ANCA-associated vasculitis, idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis, sarcoidosis should also be considered as an alternative diagnosis and excluded, using diagnostic criteria for each of the listed diseases. Differences between pSS and IgG4 RD are presented in a Table 3. Table 3 Differences between pSS and IgG4 RDFull size table HCV infection and primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a topic for discussionPatients infected with HCV may have dryness and cryoglobulinemia, but Ro/SS-A and La/SS-B antibodies are rarely present in the HCV infection. The discussion invokes the potential role of HCV infection in the pathogenesis of pSS. Various studies depict the presence of HCV in 14–19 % of patients with pSS. Ramos-Casals et al. [34] conducted a study of 137 patients diagnosed with pSS and co-infected with HCV. In 50 % of this group, cryoglobulins were present, and only 23 % had antibodies to Ro/SS-A and/or La/SS-B, 65 % had ANA antibodies. The authors suggest that chronic HCV infection must be considered as a criterion for exclusion pSS mainly by influencing the development and course of pSS and also proposed the term secondary to HCV Sjögren’s syndrome. Also at work, Madaliński et al. [35] who examined 104 patients diagnosed with pSS searched for markers of infection HCV and in 19. 2 %—HCV antibodies were found and 4. 8 % patients had genetic material of the virus (HCV-RNA); researchers also suggested distinguish disease as different from pSS. Risk of lymphoma and development of other cancersPatients with pSS have a significantly higher risk of the development of EBV-associated lymphomas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses diagnostic criteria, histopathological assessments, and the association between hepatitis C virus infection and primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) without addressing the understanding of gene functions. It focuses on specific medical conditions rather than genetics.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 7 and Additional file 5. Figure 7Example of a typical IS insertion in shotgun sequence data found in sequencing reads. Overlapping reads of Streptococcus agalactiae cover genome segment 986965. . 987994. Green (blue) lines show the extent of read alignment to the top (bottom) strand. Red line on read 199937775 shows the acquired IS5. Gray shaded bar below the axis represents the gene for an ABC transporter. Full size imageDiscussionSynthetic biology is envisioned as the art of predictable assembly of off-the-shelf biological parts and devices with standard connections in a robust biological chassis (such as E. coli), using engineering principles [33, 34]. To achieve such a goal, a major challenge to overcome is the intrinsic genetic instability of the living systems. Cells engineered to generate useful biological products almost invariably suffer a fitness loss, compared to wt. This can lead to selected accumulation of mutations, produced by the cell's mutation-generating mechanisms, inactivating the disabling, engineered parts, and compromising productivity. A possible solution to the problem is rendering certain metabolic pathways essential both for the desired product and for survival by interrupting all pathways that would allow the cellular biochemical network to operate with decreased production yields [35, 36]. A complementing approach can be the reduction of the cell's evolutionary potential by genetic disabling of the mutation-generating mechanisms. In E. coli, a significant part of the mutation spectrum is due to genomic rearrangements, caused by ISes. In an earlier study, we have shown that in unstressed cells, 20-25% of all mutations in an unselected gene (cycA) are due to IS hopping [24]. In stressed cells, the share of ISes in the total mutational load can even be higher. It was found that overexpression of CAT resulted in increased IS translocation frequency, manifested in a 4-fold elevated level of IS-mediated inactivation of cycA. The share of IS-generated mutations in adaptation can be critical in some settings. It was shown that genetic adaptation to salicin carbon source proceeded primarily via IS mutagenesis [4, 6], and was significantly reduced in an IS-less host [24]. Developed for animal vaccine production, fusion gene ctxvp60 was inserted downstream of the vector's cloramphenicol resistance gene and transcribed from the cam promoter. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that synthetic biology is envisioned as the predictable assembly of biological parts with standard connections in a robust biological chassis, such as E. coli. This indicates that E. coli is indeed recognized as a commonly used chassis organism in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All of Earth's water originally came from comets that collided with the planet millions of years ago. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, it would be difficult to detect bimodal sources of water on a relatively inactive and highly seasonal comet like 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (active fraction <6%; Combi et al. 2019), where despite being in orbit Rosetta detected ice in the coma only in localized jets (Agarwal et al. 2017). Variability in the relative proportions of the two water sources adds to the complexity of establishing a set of representative abundances for any comet. The source rates are also affected by heliocentric distance, which dictates the ability of a volatile to reach its sublimation temperature. In addition, diurnal variations due to cometary rotation likely affect the gas, and therefore ice, production. This strongly implies that cataloging and comparing production rates of volatiles as ratios relative to water, as is traditionally done, is suspect. However, it is possible to assess the relative contributions of the two water sources by examining differences in spatial asymmetry over time, as coma derived water would be offset from the nucleus in the anti-sunward direction due to radiation pressure as seen at Hartley 2 (Kelley et al. 2013; Knight & Schleicher 2013). In fact, DiSanti et al. (2014) investigated the two sources of water, direct sublimation from the nucleus and sublimation from icy grains, for C/2009 P1 (Garradd) and estimated 25%–30% of the water detected in their data could be due to an extended icy grain source. While H2O ice was delivered to the coma via CO2 outgassing in Hartley 2, an analogous process should similarly occur with any combination of high volatility gases driving lower volatility ice grains. Under this model, the sublimation of more volatile gases occurs at lower temperatures than the sublimation temperature of less volatile grains maintaining them in their ice phase and inhibiting their sublimation. Particularly beyond the water snow line where comets are known to exhibit CO and CO2 activity (e. g. , Ootsubo et al. 2012), one could extrapolate from the A'Hearn model and expect comets where, for example, CO or CH4 propels CO2 ice grains or CO drives CH4 ice grains creating secondary sources in the coma. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of water sources on comets, particularly the challenges in identifying bimodal sources of water on relatively inactive comets. It emphasizes that the proportion of water sources, such as direct sublimation from the nucleus and sublimation from icy grains, shows variability. This suggests that while comets may contribute to water sources, the original claim that all of Earth's water specifically comes from comets lacks simplification and certainty.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: that was found in saliva and B cells. This presence of epithelial cells in salivary glands suggests active infection (reactivation of EBV). The development of lymphoma has been described in 4–7 % of patients with pSS [36, 37]. This applies particularly to the development of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas and also splenic marginal zone lymphomas (SMZL) as well as nodal marginal zone lymphoma (NMZL) [37]. For years, a risk factors associated with the development of lymphomas have been analyzed—taking into account both clinical symptoms and potential biomarkers associated with the development of lymphoproliferation, which are presented in the Table 4 [38, 39]. Table 4 Clinical manifestations and biomarkers associated with lymphoma development in pSSFull size table *Fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand is a cytokine-stimulating growth of bone marrow and blood progenitor cells, and Flt 3 expression is described in lymphoma cells [40]. Treatment of pSS Symptomatic treatment In the case of symptoms of dry eyes, artificial tears are used, topical drops with cyclosporin A and corticosteroids. In more severe cases, it is necessary to close the lacrimal ducts. Dry mouth treatment is limited to recommending drinking larger quantities of fluids, gentle acidification of fluids and the use of artificial saliva. Systemic administration of drugs to enhance salivating includes agonists muscarinic receptors: pilocarpine and cevimeline [41]. Sometimes N-acetylocysteine may be useful. It is important to treat fungal infections of the oral cavity. Vaginal dryness and dysperunia should be treated with lubricants, propionic acid gels, and sometimes, in the case of menopause, vaginal cream with estrogens. Systemic treatment is based on antimalaric drugs such as hydroxychlorochine and especially in the case of arthritis methotrexate, corticosteroids, cyclosporine A and azathioprine. In severe cases, with life threat involving organs (renal involvement, neurological, pulmonary involvement and vasculitis) cyclophosphamide, infusions of immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis is used. Patients with renal tubular acidosis should receive sodium and/or potassium. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses lymphoma development and treatments related to primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) without addressing gene functions or their understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: These nodes are then removed from Vp. Step 2 is to determine compounds that serve as inputs for these removed nodes and to add them from Vc. is not empty, step 1 will be repeated for each added node from Vc. This process will be repeated until Vp is empty, resulting in a directed dependency graph G of all pathways to production by native metabolism to x. Given a compound of interest and a dependency graph G, a connected subgraph that includes the node for the compound of interest and at least one predecessor node for each compound node describes a feasible solution to the problem. Symmetrically, any feasible solution is a subgraph that satisfies these conditions. Subsequently, such a subgraph with minimum number of process nodes defines an optimal solution. Validating RetSynthUsing metabolic networks from KBase and data from the MetaCyc metabolic repository, RetSynth was used to identify optimal pathways for compounds which already have experimentally tested synthetic pathways in Escherichia coli. Comparing model results to experimentally validated pathways demonstrates that RetSynth can generate practical candidate pathways for compound synthesis. 2-propanol has previously been produced in Escherichia coli JM109 grown on LB media. Enzymes were added into E. coli in order to convert the native precursor acetyl-CoA into 2-propanol [20]. These conversions include acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA, acetoacetyl-CoA to acetoacetate, acetoacetate to acetone, and finally acetone to 2-propanol. Enzymes thiolase, CoA-transferase, acetoacetate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase were added to Escherichia coli JM109 to facilitate these reactions. For RetSynth, the chassis organism Escherichia coli strain K-12 M1655 was used because a metabolic model for strain JM109 was not freely available. The optimal pathway identified by RetSynth consisted of the catalytic conversions acetoacetate to acetone and acetone to 2-propanol (acetoacetate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzed these reactions, respectively) (Fig. 1A). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing specific examples of how Escherichia coli is utilized as a chassis organism in synthetic biology applications, particularly in the context of producing the compound 2-propanol. It discusses the addition of enzymes to facilitate various reactions within E. coli, demonstrating its role in synthetic pathways and further confirming its common use in such applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of marine species live at extreme ocean depths, where no sunlight reaches. [SEP] Text: Repository supporting the implementation of FAIR principles in the IPCC-WG1 Atlas, Zenodo, 2021 Juza, M. , Fernández-Mora, A. , and Tintoré, J. : Sub-in the From Observations: Long-Changes, Sub-Surface and Coastal Responses, Front. Mar. Sci. , 9, 785771, 2022. Kaur, S. , Kumar, P. , Weller, E. , and Young, I. R. : Positive relationship between seasonal Indo-wave power and SST, Sci. Rep. , 11, 1–9, 2021. Kersting, D. K. , Bensoussan, N. , and Linares, C. : Long-of the Endemic Reef-caespitosa to 8, e70820, 2013. Lionello, P. , Malanotte-Rizzoli, P. , Boscolo, R. , Alpert, P. , Artale, V. , Li, L. , Luterbacher, J. , May, W. , Trigo, R. , Tsimplis, M. , Ulbrich, U. , and Xoplaki, E. : climate: An overview of the main characteristics and issues, Dev. Earth Environ. Sci. , 4, 1–26, 2006. López García, M. J. and Camarasa Belmonte, A. M. : Recent trends of SST in the basins from data (1985–2007), Global Planet. Change, 78, 127–136, 2011. Marbà, N. and Duarte, C. M. : Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality, Glob. Change Biol. , 16, 2366–2375, 2010. Marin, M. , Feng, M. , Bindoff, N. L. , and Phillips, H. E. : of a Circulation Model, Front. Clim. , 4, 1–16, 2022. Mariotti, A. and Dell'Aquila, A. : Decadal climate variability in the Mediterranean region: Roles of large-scale forcings and regional processes, Clim. Dynam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of academic references and does not address the claim concerning marine species living at extreme ocean depths. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim and does not provide any corroborative or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Potential new therapies In view of the demonstrated key role of B cells—their hyperstimulation and overproduction of autoantibodies in pSS—B cells have become a logical target for therapy. Rituximab (RTX), chimeric antibody against anti-CD20, has proven effective in reducing both the destruction of the salivary glands, reducing inflammatory infiltration in salivary glands, which not only shows the effect on the depletion of B cells, but also on T lymphocytes. Also after infusion of rituximab, significant decrease of rheumatoid factor Ig-M in serum was observed [42]. RTX treatment had also an influence on reduction of symptoms of dryness, fatigue and artralgias. Efficacy of B-cell depletion in pSS initiated further search for drugs-affecting B cells and BAFF/BlyS as a main stimulator of B cells has become a new target of therapy. Belimumab is a monoclonal antibody which inhibits the biological activity of B-Lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), currently accepted in SLE treatment. open label phase II study showed benefits of belimumab in patients with pSS, but further studies are needed [ 43, 44]. Epratuzumab is the humanized anti-CD22 monoclonal antibody that causes moderate B-cell depletion, therefore, can be another toll for pSS treatment. However, previous research showed clinical improvement with no influence on level of autoantibodies [45, 46]. The future of pSS treatment may be an IFN-related therapies and influence on IFN-related pathways. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation, thanks to low immunogenicity and ability of multipotent stem cells to differentiate into various cells, seems to be promising method in pSS. The effectiveness of such treatment has been demonstrated in SLE and systemic sclerosis [47]. ConclusionsParticular challenge is to make the pSS diagnosis in the early stages of the disease. The presence of typical pSS serological markers such as anti-SS-A and anti-SS-B antibodies at an early stage cannot be confirmed, which is taken into account in the newly proposed ACR classification criteria. Discoveries of novel cellular subsets and cytokines involved in pSS pathogenesis may become a new target for future therapies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses potential therapies for pSS (primary Sjögren's syndrome) and the role of B cells, but it does not address the claim about the understanding of every gene's function. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Though shorter because the Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 strain has acetoacetate (which needs to be synthetically produced in Escherichia coli JM109) RetSynth’s optimal pathway uses the overall production pathway shown by Jojima et al. to be effective in producing 2-propanol [20]. To produce 1-butanol in Escherichia coli BW25113 on an M9 media, Atsumi et al. added a synthetic pathway consisting of 3 enzymatic conversions starting with the conversion 2-ketobutyrate to 2-oxovalerate [21]. Because 2-ketobutyrate is a rare metabolite in Escherichia coli BW25113, the authors add an overexpressed leuABCD pathway to increase yields of this precursor. Subsequently, 2-oxovalerate is converted to butanal by pyruvate decarboxylase and then to butanol by alcohol dehydrogenase. Using the standard BW25113 metabolic model retrieved from the KBase repository, RetSynth was unable to identify this pathway since the model did not contain a reaction for 2-oxovalerate synthesis. The lack of production of this metabolite in the model is unsurprising as natural yield of the precursor is so minimal in Escherichia coli [21]. However, with the capabilities of RetSynth, it is simple to manually add this pathway into the model, as Atsumi et al. did to increase production of 2-oxovalerate. Once the leuABCD pathway was added, the same pathway was identified by RetSynth as was published by Atsumi et. al (Fig. 1b). Fig. 1RetSynth Validation. Optimal pathways identified by RetSynth for 2-propanol (a), butanol (b) and 3-methylbutanol (c). Red indicates compound targets, magenta indicates native compounds to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 or BW25113Full size image Our third validation example was to find the optimal pathway to production of 3-methylbutanol in Escherichia coli strain BW25113. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various applications and experiments using Escherichia coli strains, specifically BW25113 and K-12 M1655, in synthetic biology for the production of compounds such as 2-propanol, butanol, and 3-methylbutanol. The use of metabolic pathways in these E. coli strains underlines their role as chassis organisms in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Artificial intelligence allows robots to learn from their environments and improve their performance over time. [SEP] Text: Strong AI involves an application that is intended to replace an activity performed previously by a competent human, while weak AI involves an application that aims to enable a less experienced human to perform at a much higher level. Other researchers categorize AI into three levels: (a) artificial narrow intelligence (Narrow AI), (b) artificial general intelligence (General AI), and (c) artificial super intelligence (Super AI) (Siau and Yang 2017; Zhang and Xie 2018). Narrow AI, sometimes called weak AI, refers to a computer that focus on a narrow task such as AlphaZero or a self-driving car. General AI, sometimes referred to as strong AI, is the simulation of human-level intelligence, which can perform more cognitive tasks as well as most humans do. Super AI is defined by Bostrom (1998) as “an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills” (p. 1). Although the consequence of singularity and its potential benefits or harm to the human race have been intensely debated, an undeniable fact is that AI is capable of undertaking recursive self-improvement. With the increasing improvement of this capability, more intelligent generations of AI will appear rapidly. On the other hand, HI has its own limits and its development requires continuous efforts and investment from generation to generation. Education is the main approach humans use to develop and improve HI. Given the extraordinary growth gap between AI and HI, eventually AI can surpass HI. However, that is no reason to neglect the development and improvement of HI. In addition, in contrast to the slow development rate of HI, the growth of funding support to AI has been rapidly increasing according to the following comparison of support for artificial and human intelligence. The funding support for artificial and human intelligenceThere are challenges in comparing artificial and human intelligence by identifying funding for both. Both terms are somewhat vague and can include a variety of aspects. Some analyses will include big data and data analytics within the sphere of artificial intelligence and others will treat them separately. Some will include early childhood developmental research within the sphere of support for HI and others treat them separately. Education is a major way of human beings to develop and improve HI. The investments in education reflect the efforts put on the development of HI, and they pale in comparison with investments in AI. Sources also vary from governmental funding of research and development to business and industry investments in related research and development. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the distinctions between strong AI and weak AI, and how narrow AI is focused on specific tasks rather than general learning and adaptation from the environment. While it mentions AI’s capability for recursive self-improvement, it does not specifically support the idea that this allows robots to learn from their environments and improve performance over time, but instead emphasizes the differences between AI and human intelligence and discusses the need for ongoing investment in human intelligence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: of and 0. 9423 in 100 five-fold cross-validations. Keywords: miRNA; disease; MiRNA-disease association prediction; cross-modal data imputation; gated graph convolution network. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10064546 An adaptive multimodal biometric feature recognition method based on visual perception by : In order to overcome the recognition accuracy and image information entropy of traditional biometric recognition methods, this paper proposes an adaptive multimodal biometric recognition method based on visual perception. Segmenting images using Weber scores and calculating the just noticeable difference (JND) to obtain human visual perceptual features; using induction bilateral filtering method for processing; using adaptive convolutional neural networks to fuse multimodal biological features; by using the support vector machine (SVM-DS) feature recognition function, the reliability allocation of different evidence body recognition is obtained, and the target type obtained by the decision module is obtained to achieve biometric recognition. After testing, when using this method, the image information entropy is greater than 0. 9, and the image quality is optimised; in the process of feature recognition, it has the ability to accurately match. Keywords: visual perception; adaptive; multimodal; biological characteristics; identification and classification; bilateral filter. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066713 Intelligent decision-making framework for big data using enhanced honey badger-based adaptive hybrid deep learning network by D. Kavitha, A. Chinnasamy P. Selvakumari Abstract: By utilising the conventional models, it is also consumed more time for processing. Hence, there is a crucial requirement for real-time application over big data processing in order to perform a scalable and effective solution. For the experimentation, input data is gathered from different application-oriented datasets. Initially, the input data is congregated and undergone for data cleaning phase and then the cleaned data is given as input for optimal feature extraction, in which the enhanced map-reduce framework is used for extracting the optimal features. These obtained optimal features are fed into Long-Memory and Auto-Encoder based Long-Memory (), in which the parameters are optimized by using enhanced HBA for effective decision-making in proposed big data analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses biometric recognition methods and big data processing frameworks, without addressing the understanding of gene functions. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contrast to the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Our pathway converted native metabolite 2-keto-4-methylpentanoate to 3-methylbutanal and then subsequently produced 3-methylbutanol via added enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase (Fig. 1C). This matches the synthetic pathway used by [20] to produce 3-methylbutanol. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways for MetaCyc compounds in Escherichia coli K-12 M1655The power of RetSynth lies in its ability to quickly identify optimal and sub-optimal pathways for a large set of target compounds. To illustrate this strength, a database was constructed consisting of a KBase metabolic network for Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 and MetaCyc reaction information. For every compound in the MetaCyc repository that was not native to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655, RetSynth identified an optimal pathway along with two levels (pathways that require more than the minimal number of gene additions, specifically, second and third best number of gene/reaction additions) of sub-optimal pathways. Of the 15,706 MetaCyc compounds that were not native to Escherichia coli K-12 M1655, we found synthetic pathways for 3462 compounds. Optimal and sub-optimal pathways for methyl acetate and pterostilbene, both of which have economic value, are illustrated in Fig. 2. For methyl acetate, which is commonly used in paints and nail polish, optimal and two levels of sub-optimal pathways were identified for production in Escherichia coli. The optimal pathway synthesizes acetone from the native compound acetoacetate and subsequently converts acetone to methyl acetate (Fig. 2a). The last step of the optimal pathway is then shared among all candidate pathways. The two-level sub-optimal pathways include the conversion of the native compound farnesyl diphosphate to acetone and the conversion of methylglyoxal to acetone through two enzymatic steps. The level two sub-optimal pathway synthesizes 2-methylpropanal-oxime from the native compound valine which is then followed by three enzymatic conversions to produce acetone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of Escherichia coli K-12 M1655 in synthetic biology applications. It describes how pathways for producing various compounds, including 3-methylbutanol, have been identified and optimized for E. coli, highlighting its role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Robotic surgery enables doctors to perform precise procedures with minimal invasiveness, improving patient outcomes. [SEP] Text: However, the SIRC group exhibited significantly longer operation time than the SILC group. The SIRC group also had a longer hospital stay, albeit insignificant (P = 0. 053). Although the SILC and SIRC groups showed no significant difference in VNRS, the SIRC group required a higher amount and frequency of intravenous opioid analgesic administration. During surgery, whereas the CVS, the prerequisite for safe cholecystectomy, was identified in only 24% (n = 6) of patients undergoing SILC, it was identified in 100% (n = 50) of patients undergoing SIRC. Taken altogether, we could conclude that although SILC and SIRC have similar operative outcomes, SIRC significantly enhanced the acquisition of CVS during surgery, which is potentially beneficial in reducing critical complications following cholecystectomy. In our series, the SIRC group exhibited a longer operation time than the SILC group. We think it is because the SIRCs herein were our initial experience with robotic surgery. Compared to necessitates additional time for robotic docking, which can be performed feasibly and promptly over time. A meta-analysis, which incorporated six comparative studies of 663 patients, demonstrated that SIRC and SILC had equivalent outcomes for operation time. [6] According to the learning curve analysis of our initial 50 consecutive SIRCs, there were two different phases during the whole process. The first 18 cases could be characterised as an initial learning phase (phase 1). During this phase, the surgeon would have a certain experience of SIRC, being accustomed to a spatial perception that might be considerably different from that gained with the routine laparoscopic experience. After phase 1, the curve flattened, which meant that an acceptable level of performance was achieved. The phase after the initial 18 cases (phase 2) likely represents the period of being familiar with the robotic technique. Although the SILC and SIRC groups showed no significant difference in VNRS, the SIRC group required a higher amount (P = 0. 063) and frequency ( P = 0. 033) of intravenous opioid analgesic administration. Several recent meta-analyses indicated that SILC significantly decreases post-operative pain compared with conventional multiport laparoscopic cholecystectomy. [178] However, there were little and inconsistent data comparing post-operative pain between SILC and SIRC. Su et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the SIRC group exhibited significantly longer operation times and a longer hospital stay compared to the SILC group. It states that SIRC required more intravenous opioid analgesic administration, which suggests a less favorable outcome. This contradicts the idea that robotic surgery universally improves patient outcomes as it indicates several disadvantages in this specific context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: The experimental analysis shows, the proposed big data-based decision-making model shows the tendency to provide rapid decisions that helps to analyse the big data effectively. Keywords: decision making; big data; enhanced honey badger algorithm; adaptive cascaded long short-term memory; auto-encoder; MapReduce framework. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. 10066770 on: Empowering the of in novel intelligent-based intrusion detection and prevention system in the cloud using deep learning with meta-heuristic strategy by Srilatha Doddi, Abstract: Cloud computing serves diverse options for end-users to minimise costs, and services are easily accessible through online platforms. While the users access the services remotely, the attackers launch cyber-attacks to disrupt the services. Cloud security analysts treat the security of the cloud as a potential area of research to minimise the impacts of abnormal behaviour. One of the potential solutions to detect attacks is the development of the next-generation intrusion detection and prevention system (IDPS). Hence, this paper proposes an efficient IDPS using a hybridised model known as hybrid firebug-squirrel swarm algorithm-based ensemble classifiers (HF-SSA-EC). Initially, the NSL-KDD cup 1999 dataset is considered for experimental analysis. The efficient features are extracted via restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM) layers of the deep belief network (DBN) model. The extracted features are submitted to the ensemble classifiers (ECs), which use naive Bayes (NB), support vector machines (SVM), deep neural networks (DNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN) for identifying the intrusions. EC parameter optimisation using a hybridised HF-SSA meta-heuristic improves performance. Finally, the prevention model eliminates malicious nodes from detected intrusions. Meta-heuristic clustering is used in the preventative model. The experimental results reveal that the recommended IDPS outperforms existing models. Keywords: intrusion detection and prevention system; IDPS; cloud computing; restricted Boltzmann machines; RBM; deep feature extraction; firebug swarm optimisation; FSO; squirrel search algorithm. DOI: 10. 1504/IJDMB. 2025. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses cloud computing, intrusion detection, and prevention systems, with no mention of genes or their functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim that every gene's function is already fully understood.