Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI tools in education focus on automating administrative tasks like grading and attendance. [SEP] Text: We found that some tasks that receptionists routinely perform in one practice were performed by administrators at another practice. The practices we observed differed considerably in their organisational forms, from single-site practices working independently to larger groups or ‘super-practices’ who share services across multiple sites. The issue of ‘task fit’, that is, allocating tasks to the appropriate person, involves both matching the task to the most appropriate pay grade and making sure clinicians are shielded from unnecessary administrative work. The driving force behind the assigning of tasks to occupations in this study was to accurately represent the core identity and ‘scope of work’ of each observed occupation. The third issue is the fundamental difference between ‘clinical’ and ‘administrative’ tasks. There is an abundance of administrative and clerical tasks that occur in primary care. While the field researcher observed, catalogued and categorised nearly every clinical interaction that takes place in the domain of primary care, it was often hard to distinguish administrative tasks from those that are purely clinical. Also, the O*NET database that was used for our analysis provided more terminology and language to describe administrative tasks and office work than it did for nuanced clinical work. ConclusionEvidence from our study show there is great potential to impact workloads in primary care by automating certain administrative tasks (approximately 44%, broadly). We believe that careful introduction of currently available technologies has considerable potential to reform administrative workflows and increase productivity in primary care. However, this should not be seen as a magic bullet that will solve the workload crisis in the immediate future. Introduction of new forms of automation should proceed cautiously with ongoing evaluation of their wider impacts. 2016. Available: Understanding pressures in general practice, 2016. Available: M, Everington S. Tackling the crisis in general practice. BMJ 2016;352:i942. doi:10. 1136/bmj. i942pmid: Engl. General practice forward view, 2016. Available: H, Stern R. Making time in general practice. Foundation, 2015: 1–83. ↵. association survey of GPs in England. London, 2016. ↵ Eighth national GP Worklife survey, 2016. Available: Clinical workload in UK primary care: a retrospective analysis of 100 million consultations in England, 2007-14. Lancet 2016;387:2323–30. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the allocation of administrative tasks in primary care, specifically noting that a significant portion of tasks can be automated. It suggests that while there is potential to reform administrative workflows and increase productivity through automation of administrative tasks, it does not specifically address or corroborate the claim about AI tools in education focusing on grading and attendance.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can guarantee complete privacy and security for all personal data and interactions. [SEP] Text: Permissions granted by users can be subject to complex rules embodied in smart contracts, which can enforce rules regarding the use of the data and can govern the granting and rescinding of participant data. AI can be used to scan contracts to identify participants who have or are likely to possess or provide data for desired uses. The size and nature of datasets available in blockchain networks can also have implications for effective AI. Because many different organizations and stakeholders contribute to shared ledgers, the quantity and variability of data available for analysis can be much larger than for single-company databases. Larger datasets could enable more sophisticated identity-masking procedures, and metadata may be richer and more informative. Because of the validation, security, timestamping and the append-only nature of blockchain ledgers, the data obtained are likely to be much cleaner and more accurate than when data are captured and maintained by many organizations in databases that are not immutable. The ethical quality of data obtained will also be higher, and model developers and users can have increased confidence that they are following regulations. Because multi-dimensional user permissions can be granted and documented—and in some cases, enforced through smart contracts—organizations can use this data with less risk of privacy breaches. In addition, because user data can be collected using zero-knowledge proofs, complex analyses requiring specific user data can be performed and the necessary information captured and used without the need for accessing or possessing PII. The use of blockchain data and artifacts can also result in higher quality analyses and outcomes. When data are clean and associated with clear metadata, the validity of the data is increased. Because each item in a data set is more trusted, error can be reduced and insights can be obtained through smaller data sets. When clean data are used to train AI models, those models will be more accurate, and the predictions and decisions made by those models will also be improved. Clean-training data can also be useful in validating non-blockchain data for use in AI models. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, the hypotheses upon which AI models are built can improve, for several reasons. First, because participant permission must be obtained and possibly paid for, AI designers will need to develop clear designs that define the analyses to be performed and determine the type and amount of data needed for these analyses. This will require designers to be more aware of the universe of data that could inform these analyses and what is and is not available in distributed ledgers and personal-data files. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations of data privacy and security in the context of AI and smart contracts. It highlights that while frameworks such as blockchain can enhance privacy and data validation, complete privacy and security are not guaranteed. The mention of permissions that can be complex and the roles of organizations in handling shared ledgers underlines the inherent risks associated with data utilization, as well as the necessity to obtain user permission and the possibility of potential breaches of privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Mitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the cardiosurgical procedures which cannot be substituted by any intervention owing to the quality of the quasi-anatomical, physiological repair. However, technique and strategies have changed over the years. We looked at procedural characteristics and outcome in an all-comer, non-selected cohort of patients. Methods 738 out of 1. 977 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without concomitant procedures. The cohort was divided into three periods. P1: 2004–2009 (134 pts. ); P2: 2010–2014 (294 pts. ), and P3: 2015–2019 (310 pts. ). mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). All patients received an annuloplasty-ring. In P1 resection measures dominated. In P3 artificial chordae were dominant. Age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality. Survival rates were 66% (5-years), 55% (10-years), 44% (15-years) in P1, 63% (5-years), 50% (10-years) in P2, and 80% (5-years) in P3. Odds ratio for reduced long-term survival were concomitant venous only bypass surgery (10-years 2,701, p = 0. 026). 10-year survival was positively influenced by isolated MVR (0. 246, p = 0. 001), concomitant isolated arterial bypass (IMA) (0. 153, p = 0. 051), posterior leaflet measure (0. 178, p<0. 001), and use of artificial chordae (5-years 0. 235, p<0. 001). for ring implantation remained mandatory while preference changed alongside improved designs. Procedural characteristics changed from mainly resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae. Long-term results were negatively influenced by co-morbidities and positively influenced by posterior leaflet repair and artificial chordae. MVR underwent a qualitative evolution and remains a valuable cardiosurgical procedure. Citation: öter F, Albes JM (2022) Every day mitral valve reconstruction: What has changed over the last 15 years? 17(10): e0269537. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about insect lifespans. It discusses aspects of mitral valve reconstruction procedures and patient outcomes, with no mention or relation to insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI tools in education focus on automating administrative tasks like grading and attendance. [SEP] Text: Grading takes time, especially for comprehensive assignments like essays, and can be particularly difficult in larger classes when there is a significant amount of work to be done. The assessment process is made more difficult by the consistent approach used by traditional grading techniques, which may not sufficiently take into account different learning styles or variations in student ability. Standardized examinations and scoring rubrics were created to provide more objective indicators of student achievement to solve these problems. Although these techniques address some issues with fairness, they can occasionally be restrictive and miss the distinctive contributions made by each student. Standardized testing has come under fire for prioritizing exam-taking techniques over more comprehensive learning goals [1]. Thomas, O’Brien, Sanguino, and Green draw attention to the subjectivity of these systems, emphasizing how teacher prejudices and subjective views can have a big impact on students’ assessments [2]. Li draws attention to how standard grading fails to take into account various learning styles, which frequently results in a generalized approach that might not fairly represent the comprehension or advancement of any one student [3]. 1. 2 Need for innovation in grading1. 2. 1 Limitations of conventional gradingThe limitations of traditional grading systems have become increasingly clear. Cain highlights a lack of consistency and probable disparities in grading standards as severe disadvantages, with serious consequences for students’ academic careers and future chances [4]. 1. 2. 2 Emergence of digital technology in educationThe incorporation of digital technology in education has brought about a significant and profound change. Kim and Lee highlight the significance of technology in facilitating the use of more impartial and thorough evaluation instruments. The emergence of AI-powered grading systems, employing algorithms and machine learning to assess student work, signifies a significant progress in rectifying the limitations of conventional grading approaches [5]. AI-powered systems offer the potential for evaluations that are more impartial and consistent by prioritizing comprehension and methodology rather than simply correct or incorrect responses. Owoc demonstrates the ability of these systems to effectively handle substantial amounts of tests, resulting in a significant decrease in the workload of instructors. This adjustment not only improves the equity of grading but also provides instructors with additional time for interactive and personalized instruction [6]. To summarize, although traditional grading systems have served as the basis for educational assessments for a long time, their inadequacies are evident. AI-powered grading systems offer a novel solution, utilizing improvements in digital technology to address the limitations of traditional approaches and establish a fairer and more efficient educational evaluation system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the incorporation of AI-powered grading systems that utilize digital technology to improve the assessment process. It highlights how these systems can efficiently handle large volumes of assessments, reduce the workload of instructors, and provide more impartial evaluations. This aligns with the claim that AI tools in education are focusing on automating tasks such as grading.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can guarantee complete privacy and security for all personal data and interactions. [SEP] Text: This could help identify problems such as the lack of black faces in photo-categorizing algorithms before or during data collection. PII may never be collected, and when it is, its use may be more intentional and usage agreements may be enforced by smart contracts. This enables more ethical approaches to gathering and managing data. AI models built using ethically-sourced and governed data can generate results that are actionable within predefined ethical and regulatory limits. 6. 1 Emerging blockchain and AI industry uses casesThe 2019–2020 Covid 19 pandemic has prompted medical researchers and technologists to research ways to quickly gather intelligence around virus exposure and transmission as a way to combat the spread of the disease while maintaining personal privacy of users. Point-of-care diagnostics, which rely on rapid testing of patients that may have been exposed to the virus is proving to be an effective way of tracking the spread and reducing the impact of the disease. German based Pharmact AG has developed a rapid Covid 19 test that delivers results in roughly 20 minutes. This test can be used in point-of-care systems and combined with blockchain and AI to increase the speed of diagnosis and provide statistics on positive and negative results while maintaining security of personally-identifiable data. Data can be collected on blockchain infrastructure while taking advantage of the speed that AI affords to create an integrated platform that enables data from disparate sources to be analyzed. Information drawn from these systems can provide communities a powerful tool for combatting the spread of disease, reducing the burden of health care facilities and saving lives [19]. Many cities are working toward becoming “smart cities” by integrating AI and blockchain with other web 3. 0 technologies such as internet of things (IoT) sensors and edge devices. Intelligent transportation systems are enabled by these technologies. Self-driving cars make use of IoT sensors to continuously monitor surrounding situations and even anticipate developments by using artificial intelligence. These cars can incorporate blockchain wallets that enable passengers to pay for rides, rentals, tolls, etc. without revealing personal data. By adding blockchain as an underlying architecture, cities and private companies can reduce the friction of renting or sharing autonomous vehicles by streamlining the process of procuring a ride. The peer to peer nature of blockchain reduces the number of people or businesses involved in the process, taking out expensive intermediaries, and reducing costs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while AI can utilize blockchain technology to enhance data security, it does not guarantee complete privacy for all personal data. For example, it mentions that personal data may still be collected and indicates the need for intentional use and governing agreements. Furthermore, it highlights that blockchain can facilitate data collection without revealing personal data but does not assert that AI assistants can provide absolute privacy and security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: : November 5, 2021; Accepted: May 23, 2022; Published: October 3, 2022Copyright: © 2022 Motazedian et al. This is an open access 10. 5061/dryad. 4f4qrfjf1. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no specific interests exist. IntroductionMitral valve reconstruction (MVR) is one of the remaining cardiac surgical procedures that, due to the quality of the quasi-anatomical and thus physiological repair, cannot be replaced by any intervention. In the 1970s, introduced the systematic approach to mitral valve reconstruction into the clinical practice. The clarification of the underlying pathology types was accompanied by appropriate measures to treat them and thus to reconstruct the valve as anatomically and physiologically as possible [1–3]. This was clearly a breakthrough that far surpassed existing mitral repair maneuvers and thus opened the future of surgical repair not only of the mitral valve, but later also of the tricuspid and aortic valves. Today between half and two thirds of the mitral valves are being reconstructed in countries with an efficient health system [4]. Although the techniques invented and refined by Carpentier are still widely used, mitral valve reconstruction has gone through an evolutionary process over the years in which some techniques became obsolete or even died out while others flourished. We therefore examined both procedural features and outcome in an unselected group of patients who received MVR in our institution over the past 15 years. Patients and methodsOf a total number of 1. 977 mitral valve procedures 738 patients were retrospectively analyzed receiving MVR with and without any concomitant procedure from 2004 to 2019. Underlying pathologies leading to mitral regurgitation necessitating repair were distinguished between primary degenerative and secondary functional (ischemic) origin according to the current ESC-guidelines [5]. Patients who had to undergo a cardiac tumor resection were excluded, even if this tumor could be removed from the mitral valve and the valve left in place. Also excluded were patients with acute endocarditis, which led to resection measures on an otherwise preserved mitral valve. Furthermore, patients were excluded who did not want to participate in the study or they or their relatives were unable to undergo informed consent. Ethics vote was obtained by the of our university. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mitral valve reconstruction in cardiac surgery and does not provide any information regarding insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI tools in education focus on automating administrative tasks like grading and attendance. [SEP] Text: Advertisement 2. Evolution of automated grading systemsThe growth of automated grading systems is a fascinating journey, beginning with rudimentary computer-assisted evaluations in the mid-twentieth century and advancing to today’s powerful AI-driven solutions. This narrative goes beyond simply documenting technological progress; it represents a change in how education is assessed and teaching methods are approached. Our thorough analysis will uncover the significant advancements that have influenced this transformation, emphasizing the interaction between technological progress and educational principles. 2. 1 Introduction to computer-assisted assessments2. 1. 1 Early stages and initial developmentsThe inception of computer-assisted examinations extends back to the early days of computer technology, first focusing on automating simple tasks like scoring multiple-choice tests. Regan provides a detailed description of these early systems, demonstrating how they utilized fundamental computational methods for tasks such as score tabulation and simple answer key management [7]. Despite their limitations due to the computer power and software capabilities of the time, these systems provided the framework for future advanced automated grading innovations. 2. 2 Emergence of automated grading systems2. 2. 1 Advancements in the 1980s and 1990sThe 1980s and 1990s represented a key transition in computerized grading methods. During this era, breakthroughs in computer processing and software design led to the introduction of more complicated grading systems. Garcia and Pearson highlight how these systems began implementing complicated algorithms capable of judging not just objective responses but also subjective ones like short answers and essays [8]. This shift signified a transition from solely quantitative assessment to a blend of quantitative and qualitative evaluation, enabling a broader review of student responses. 2. 3 Advancements in language processing and AI2. 3. 1 Turning point in AI application for gradingThe adoption of powerful language processing and AI technology constituted a significant milestone in automated grading systems. Baidoo-Anu studies the combination of natural language processing (NLP) and machine learning methods, noting their significant impact on these systems’ capacity to interpret textual answers [9]. This advancement brought about a more refined and sophisticated examination of written content, enabling the grading process to comprehend and evaluate complicated concepts and arguments offered by people. 2. 4 Integration of pedagogical theories2. 4. 1 Blending educational theory with technologyIncorporating pedagogical theories into automated grading systems has been a key advancement. Lee and Kim underline the necessity of matching automated grading with educational objectives and learning theories [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution and significance of automated grading systems in education. It highlights that these systems utilize advanced AI technologies and methods, particularly in the context of grading, and emphasizes the ongoing integration of technology with educational assessment. References to the historical development of grading systems and their increasing complexity support the notion that AI tools are indeed focused on automating tasks related to grading.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can guarantee complete privacy and security for all personal data and interactions. [SEP] Text: These systems can also provide audit trails for both owners and renters, and enable rating and payment systems that maintain privacy for both parties. Data gathered by the vehicles can contribute to learning algorithms on the blockchain for increased security, scalability and efficiencies as well as improved transportation and sustainability for the city [20]. Smart home systems that preserve user privacy while contributing usage data for analysis can likewise benefit from the integration of blockchain and AI. Smart home systems are becoming popular and manufacturers increasingly enable connectivity between devices. These systems are valuable sources of consumer usage data. AI-enabled blockchain systems can be used to push machine learning and training processes to consumer’s mobile devices and edge computing servers. Users can then submit locally-trained models for analysis, in some cases with option of adding noise that makes it very difficult to trace shared data back to individual consumers. Decentralized technologies enable analysis of locally generated data without this data being submitted to a centralized server [21]. These use cases exemplify some of the ways blockchain and AI are being used to accomplish objectives while maintaining personal data privacy. New use cases continue to be developed as technologists and user communities recognize the possibilities for systems that provide both functionality and privacy. Advertisement 7. ConclusionBlockchain and AI technologies are improving at a rapid pace and enabling possibilities for sharing and combining data in ways not previously envisioned. At the same time, advances in these technologies provide new possibilities for the ethical use of data. Personal data, when shared, present a conundrum for firms and individuals, which can provide valuable benefits but can also create great risks and costs for both the individual and the organizations with which individual data are shared. Blockchain provides new mechanisms, such as decentralized identities and zero-knowledge proofs, that enable data to be shared in ways that maintain the privacy of the individual and allow users to maintain control over their own data. These advances can provide both increased cybersecurity and more ethical use of personal data. Blockchain participants can realize these outcomes through careful development of governance frameworks and mechanisms. Publication of this 1. RiskBased Security. 2020 Report: Quickview. [Internet]. 2021. Available from: [Accessed: 2021-01-12]2. Kellerman R. Five of the Breaches of the 21st Century. STAGE2DATA. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 2020-12-17]3. Fruhlinger J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and ongoing challenges of maintaining personal data privacy in AI systems. It highlights how personal data, when shared, can create risks and costs. Though blockchain technologies are mentioned as providing mechanisms for maintaining privacy, it is clear that these systems do not guarantee complete privacy and security, indicating that privacy is not absolute and still presents significant challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Owing to the entirely retrospective nature of the study, the necessity for written informed consent was waived. Late survival state was obtained in several cases by telephone contact. That was considered as oral and thus adequate consent by the ethics committee. (Sept. 2020; File No. E-01-20200709). The cohort was divided into three periods: Period one (P1): 2004–2009 (134 pts. ); period two (P2) 2010–2014 (294 pts. ); and period three (P3) 2015–2019 (310 pts. ). Long-term results up to 15 years were obtained. Statistical evaluation was performed using 2010 and R® [6]. The descriptive statistics initially included all demographic items as well as perioperative parameters recorded during the patient stay and presented here as a mean value with standard deviation (95% confidence interval). Numerical data was tested for normal distribution before being compared with Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney-U Test respectively. Categorical data was compared using Fisher’s exact test and Chi-squared test. To examine the existence of trends in categorical variables over the three time periods, Cochran-Armitage test for trend in proportions was used. In addition, a risk factor analysis was carried out to determine the odds ratio. Kendall’s Tau was used to correlate hospitalization time and a panel of typical risk factors. Differences were assumed to be significant if p<0. 05. The patients were contacted by phone for follow up. No information could be obtained from 55/738 patients (93% follow-up). The survival times were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality, the secondary endpoints were: recurrence rate requiring reoperation, early mortality and long-term survival in the years 2004–2009 (Period 1); 20010–2014 (Period 2); 2015–2019 (Period 3). Additional secondary endpoints were the type of surgery and the type and scope of other simultaneous surgical measures and their influence on early mortality and long-term survival. ResultsThe proportion of mitral valve repair from all mitral valve procedures more than doubled from period 1 (22. 1%) to period 2 (47. 6%) and slightly decreased thereafter in period 3 (41. 1%). Mitral valve pathology was of primary nature in 64,6% of all patients. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information pertinent to the claim about insect lifespans. It discusses a study involving patient follow-ups and survival rates in a medical context, which is unrelated to insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of AI tools in education focus on automating administrative tasks like grading and attendance. [SEP] Text: 2 AI-driven tools for gradingSpecific AI-driven solutions currently utilized for grading include automated essay scoring systems (like Turnitin’s Gradescope), multiple-choice test graders, and platforms that assess coding assignments (such as CodeSignal). These technologies utilize natural language processing, machine learning algorithms, and pattern recognition to analyze student inputs against a set of criteria or answer keys. 10. 2. 3 Addressing bias and fairnessThe difficulties of prejudice and fairness in AI-aided grading can be addressed by the following:Continually training AI models on varied datasets that represent a wide range of language, cultural, and educational backgrounds. Implementing transparent algorithms that allow instructors to see and understand the foundation for a grade. Incorporating human monitoring to validate AI grading conclusions, ensuring that the final grades reflect a fair assessment. 10. 2. 4 Ethical considerations and mitigationThe ethical considerations of utilizing AI in grading focus around data privacy, the potential for systematic bias, and the impact on student motivation. Mitigation strategies include the following:Ensuring rigorous compliance with data protection requirements to preserve student information. Engaging multidisciplinary teams in AI development to eliminate prejudice and assure ethical use. Communicating clearly with students about how AI is utilized in their evaluations to ensure confidence and integrity in the educational process. 10. 2. 5 Potential negative impactsAI-aided grading could potentially:Diminish the qualitative feedback that is vital for student learning and progress. Increase dependence on technology, resulting to a loss in essential human evaluative abilities among instructors. Exacerbate educational inequities if access to advanced AI techniques is inconsistent across different institutions. 10. 2. 6 Future implicationThe incorporation of AI in educational assessment could lead to significant upheavals in the job market, notably for educators. While AI can automate certain portions of grading, the role of educators could expand to focus more on curriculum development, personalized instruction, and mentoring. Additionally, there is potential for new occupations based around AI maintenance, development, and ethical monitoring within educational institutions. Potential drawbacks of using AI for grading include the following:The possibility of mistakes in grading, especially for subjective projects like essays, where nuance and inventiveness could be disregarded. The potential for technology to produce errors due to biased training data or algorithmic restrictions. The requirement for significant upfront investment in technology and training for schools to effectively employ AI grading tools. 1. Dilon C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by outlining various AI-driven solutions specifically focused on grading, such as automated essay scoring systems, multiple-choice test graders, and coding assignment assessment platforms. It highlights that these technologies utilize natural language processing and machine learning to perform grading tasks, which supports the assertion that AI tools in education are aimed at automating administrative tasks like grading.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants can guarantee complete privacy and security for all personal data and interactions. [SEP] Text: : What Happened, Who was Affected, What was the Impact? [Internet]. 2020. Available from: Statista, Figure 1. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 2020-11-12]5. Heister S, Yuthas K. Technology in Society: and How it Conceptions of the Self. 2020. (60) Grimes R. What is Information (PII)? How to Protect it Under GDPR. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: Uribe D, Waters G. Privacy Laws: and Non-Fungible Tokens. of the Association. 2020. (3) Yoon J. Introduce the Act. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: 2021-01-08]9. Consensys. Busting the Myth of Private Blockchains. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 2020-12-12]10. Microsoft. Decentralized Identity. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 2020-12-12]11. . Blockchain-Identity and Auditing. of Blockchains and Cryptocurrencies. 2020. p. 179-20512. . A to. [Internet]. 2019. . Available from: [Accessed: 2020-11-17]13. Wikipedia. Zero-Knowledge Proof. Wikipedia. [Internet]. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 2021-01-18]14. . Blockchain Intelligence: Intelligence 2020. arXiv preprint arXiv:1912. 0648515. . with Blockchain and AI Ethics. Data and Information Quality; 2019. Wikipedia. Computational intelligence. Wikipedia. [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 2021-01-18]17. Marwala T, Xing B. Blockchain and 2018. Arvix preprint arXiv:1802. 0445118. -Fuqaha A. Blockchain for AI: Review and 2019. (7) p. 10127-10149. DOI: 10. 1109/. 2018. 289050719. Mashamba-Thompson T, Crayton E. Self-Testing: Blockchain and Technology for Disease 2019. Diagnostics. 2020. (10) 198. . Convergence of Blockchain and in IoT Network for the City. 2020. and Society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing privacy laws, information protection under the GDPR, and the limitations of technology in providing complete privacy and security. It implies that while technologies like blockchain and AI can enhance security, they do not guarantee complete privacy. The mention of various privacy-related studies and discussions highlights the complexity and ongoing debates around data privacy and security, which contradicts the certainty implied in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Age remained quite stable (P1: 64. 26 years, P2: 66. 46 years, P3: 65. 42 years), risk scores (EuroScore (ES), logistic ES (log. ES)) increased from P1 to P2 and decreased thereafter. Mean hospitalization time decreased (17. 7 days P1; 17. 5 days P2; 15. 2 days P3) (Table 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Demographic data. of isolated procedures varied between 30 and 50% (48% P1, 31% P2, 40% P3). Minimal-invasive MVR did not play a major role in this non-selected cohort with only 13 patients mainly carried out in period 2. Early mortality increased from P1 to P2 and decreased from P2 to P3 (9% P1, 13% P2, 10% P3). Concomitant procedures were mostly coronary artery bypass graft as well as aortic valve replacement and endocardial cooled radiofrequency thermal atrial ablation (MAZE) was often performed (Table 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Concomitant procedures. patients in all periods received an annuloplasty-ring. Classic™ (35. 07%) and Livanova (previously Sorin™) Anuloflo™ (51. 49%) were mostly used in P1 it gradually shifted until P3 to the II (65. 16%) and the St. Saddle (25. 48%). In P1 resection measures for the posterior leaflet as well as Wooler plasty dominated. In P2 artificial chordae came increasingly in use while resection measures decreased. 3 artificial chordae were the dominant procedure (Table 3, Fig 1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Shift of additional reconstruction measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address anything related to insects or their lifespans. It discusses data related to hospital procedures, mortality rates, and medical practices, making it irrelevant to the claim about the lifespan of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can analyze large sets of student data to identify patterns that help improve learning outcomes. [SEP] Text: The priorities of the three types of participants (alumni, current students, and teachers) were compared. Additionally, in view of the role, expertise, and experiences of the teachers with many cohorts of student-teachers, more weight was given to the teachers’ input. The findings showed that the two most important dimensions were the metacognitive and the cognitive, which correspond with the fact that, in the literature, metacognitive and cognitive strategies have been considered as synonyms with learning to learn strategies and their mastery acknowledged as a pre-requisite for effective lifelong learning (Cornford, 2002). In addition, one subdimension of the affective dimension and one subdimension of the social-relational dimension were highlighted by the participants. These dimensions and subdimensions follow: In the metacognitive dimension: knowledge about the self, the task, and the strategies to approach it,planning, organising, managing time and self-evaluation control self-regulation. In the cognitive dimension: effective information management,ICT management,critical and creative thinking. In the affective dimension: motivation and a positive attitude towards learning. In the social-relational dimension: teamwork. In connection with this initial step (and leading to the second one), it is worth mentioning that an exploration of how learning to learn has been approached in other higher education institutions shows that one-to-one scaffolding, along with the use of technological tools, has been used to enhance this lifelong learning competence. For instance, advisors have promoted the use of student-owned iPads for managing self-directed language learning under a cyclical model of action research (Lammons et al. ,2015). Equally, in an elective course aimed at supporting learners to take charge of their own language learning, students have been supported by learning advisors to use electronic tools for setting goals, choosing resources, making and implementing a plan, and evaluating their own progress (Ambinintsoa et al. , 2021). The second step in developing the resource set of learning objects was a review of the concept of a learning object. Within this analysis, it was clear that the term ‘learning object’, initially based on a general definition by Committee in 2002, was soon refined by Wiley (2002) in his ground-breaking book, Use of Learning Objects, as “any digital resource that can be reused to support learning” (p. 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of technological tools and one-to-one scaffolding, which points to the integration of AI and digital resources in enhancing learning strategies and outcomes. The mention of using electronic tools for setting goals and evaluating progress indicates a direct connection between data analysis and improving learning outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants will soon have consciousness and make independent ethical decisions. [SEP] Text: . org 2024 in to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using main navigation't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username Login to your account Login or this option if you have an account on informs. org or if you want to become an member Combine personal and institutional access with an Informs PubsOnline account using 21, 2024 in Ethical AI 7 for and Bias-Free AI in : Share onShare on PRINT 10. 1287/LYTX. 2024. 01. 12 Today’s business leaders increasingly use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to analyze company trends and make critical decisions. However, AI algorithms often make biased suggestions that could be misleading. Moreover, people intending to use AI in business analytics must ensure they only do so ethically. Following best practices can keep company decision-makers, data scientists and others on the right track. Here are seven ways to ensure ethical and bias-free AI in business analytics. 1. Scrutinize the Examining the data used to train AI algorithms is a good starting point. If the data includes biases, so will the conclusions. It is important to remember that algorithms are only as reliable as the information used to train them. The algorithms could give the wrong results if a company uses data containing duplicate records or missing information. The input data could also contain systemic biases, such as if people put too much trust in small sample sizes or do not have time to collect information from sufficiently diverse sources. Check for systemic biases by asking the following questions: Are all groups accurately represented in the data? Are the models appropriate for the desired use case? Has someone checked to ensure there are no skewed results? Have algorithm developers defined the key metrics? Will the algorithms include a fairness regulator to reduce bias? Having more than one person examine the data for errors or other problems before it is used to train algorithms is another good step. The more people there are who see the information, the more likely someone will spot a problem that may need further investigation before it is fed into an AI algorithm. 2. Commit to (RAI) centers on designing artificial intelligence tools by adhering to intentional, moral-driven frameworks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of AI in making unbiased and ethical decisions. It highlights that AI algorithms often make biased suggestions that can lead to misleading conclusions, indicating that AI does not currently possess the ability to understand or make ethical decisions independently. Furthermore, it emphasizes the need for ethical oversight and best practices to ensure AI is used responsibly, rather than suggesting that AI will soon achieve consciousness or moral agency.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: PML = Corrective measure on the posterior mitral leaflet; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; Wooler = Commissural reduction plasty according to Wooler; Plication = Plication on the leaflets without resection; AML = Corrective measure on the anterior mitral leaflet; = Repositioning, shortening of the native chords, shortening of the origin of the chord by means of splitting or trimming or repositioning of the papillary muscle; Artif. Chordae = Chordae replacement with artificial chords. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Types of additional repair maneuvers. age, BMI, and risk scores correlated with early mortality (EM) (Age-EM: 71. 54 Age- Control: 64. 89%, P<0. 001; BMI-EM: 28. 12% BMI-Control: 26. 72, P = 0. 026; log. ES-EM: 30. 98%, Log. ES-Control: 10. 46%, P<0. 001; ESII-EM: 16. 99% ESII-Control: 4. 63%, P<0. 001). Concomitant bypass surgery, particularly without IMA as well as concomitant implantation or explantation of electrophysiological devices increased the risk for early mortality whereas isolated MVR and use of artificial chordae reduced it (Table 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 4. Procedure-dependent early mortality. from early or late redo-procedures for the mitral valve was 91% in P1, 96% in P2, and 97% in P3 (P1 vs. P2 P = 0. 008; P1 vs. P3 P = 0. 006; P2 vs. P3 P = 0. 195). Early mitral valve replacement after initial repair were most often performed. MV-Replacement after MVR early: Mean interval 91 days; MV-Replacement after MVR late: Mean interval 927 days; MVR after MVR early: Mean interval 13. 67 days; MVR after MVR late: Mean interval 317 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses surgical procedures and outcomes related to mitral valve repair and does not mention insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can analyze large sets of student data to identify patterns that help improve learning outcomes. [SEP] Text: This framework, derived from the author’s in-progress doctoral research (Delgado Alvarado, 2021), considers the distributed use of tools that integrate technological and pedagogical features of the internet and the web to actively and collaboratively scaffold self-regulatory processes (i. e. , learner strategies, such as goal setting, task strategies, self-monitoring, self-evaluation, time management, and help-seeking) embedded into three cyclical phases of learning: forethought, performance, and self-reflection. The pedagogical intervention is addressed to these student-teachers and is planned to be carried out in a pilot stage from August 2021 to July 2022 (two semesters) and then in a second and third stage from August 2022 to January 2026. Here, insights from research conducted in the preliminary stage will help reshape the project and gradually incorporate all upcoming freshmen, until covering all the student-teachers during the nine semesters of the BA[2]. First, as part of the orientation sessions for new student-teachers, they will be requested to individually create a learning electronic portfolio (e-Portfolio) to show evidence of the independent completion of the resource set of learning objects. Here, these learners will publish an entry on how this resource set relates to what they already know and how these interactive resources can be useful in their learning journey throughout the BA in ELT that they are about to start. Next, guided by their English teachers, the student-teachers will apply their learning gains on self-regulatory processes from the resource set of learning objects during their English language development courses in the first and second semesters. Following the framework outlined at the beginning of this section, the English contents will be developed under a blended-learning modality via face-to-face and online sessions in a learning management system. This latter ILT subset will allow the integration of a selection of pedagogical tools to scaffold the self-regulatory processes (learner strategies), including learning, administrative, assessment, collaboration and communication, and content creation and delivery tools in the three cyclical phases of learning (Kitsantas & Dabbagh, 2010)[3]. As part of these phases, the learning e-Portfolio created during the orientation sessions will serve to track the student-teachers’ progress and achievements in English while showing evidence of the implementation of the self-regulatory processes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a framework focused on the use of technological and pedagogical tools in a learning environment. It mentions that these tools help scaffold self-regulatory processes, such as self-monitoring and self-evaluation, which can be assessed through the learning e-Portfolio created by the student-teachers. Additionally, it emphasizes the tracking of progress and achievements of the students based on the integration of pedagogical tools, aligning with the idea that AI can help analyze student data to extract patterns for enhancing learning outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants will soon have consciousness and make independent ethical decisions. [SEP] Text: RAI products also offer users interpretability and transparency, making them well-suited for recruitment-based tasks. Getting a job offer – or being denied one – could be life-changing for an applicant. RAI-based tools support fairness for job applicants. Suppose a tool’s developers and users can see why it made certain decisions over others. They can check for potential bias, ensuring it did not influence a particular outcome. That capability is also important if a C-suite member wants to analyze whether now is the right time to expand into a new country or region. Such decisions could forever change the company’s course, making it necessary to have as much trust in the AI as possible. RAI allows this with its transparency emphasis. However, not all company leaders can immediately approve the development resources for an RAI tool. The next best thing is to only use AI for applications that would not substantially change someone’s life or cause harm if the technology reached flawed conclusions. 3. Involved AI development has occurred so rapidly that the technology is now readily available to anyone who want to use it. For example, the AI built into offers real-time suggestions to help drivers take the quickest routes. Spotify and Netflix rely on AI to make content suggestions, increasing the likelihood that users will engage with those platforms longer. Some company leaders are so enthusiastic about AI’s capabilities that they want to remove human oversight. Besides putting jobs at risk, this approach could be particularly dangerous when using AI to handle decision-making. In one 2023 study of business leaders in the and Ireland, 93% favored maintaining humans’ involvement in AI-based decision-making. Additionally, only 29% felt confident that people use AI ethically in business. Continuing to prioritize humans’ input could perhaps increase the confidence in AI because a human could flag unethical or otherwise questionable uses of the technology. That said, 65% of the business leaders polled felt pressured to use AI in their organizations, which could mean some are using AI before they’re ready just to keep up with the Joneses. Most changes take time to implement well, and the organizations that feel rushed could inadvertently begin relying on AI tools containing biases or presenting ethical dilemmas. AI does an excellent job of processing huge amounts of data to find meaningful trends. However, human expertise remains valuable, and people should always question AI conclusions that seem highly unusual or otherwise. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI tools offer capabilities like interpretability, transparency, and fairness, they do not possess consciousness or the ability to make independent ethical decisions. The discussion highlights the necessity of human oversight in AI decision-making and notes that a large majority of business leaders favor maintaining human involvement, reflecting a lack of confidence in AI's ethical use. This indicates that AI assistants are not seen as capable of making independent decisions without human input.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: DiscussionEver since Carpentier has propagated the mandatory use of an annuloplasty-ring in order to stabilize the reconstruction result it became the procedure the overwhelming majority of all surgeons adhered to owing to the clear and steadily growing body of evidence regarding the benefit of the ring [1–3]. Indeed, our study mirrored this indicating that ring implantation remained mandatory throughout the entire observation period. However, preference towards certain rings changed alongside improved designs. Those design changes comprised on one hand the very shape of the ring propagating the “saddle-shape” as being a design improvement with positive implications on hemodynamic performance but on the other hand on design changes intended to facilitate implantation itself [7–9]. These particular changes comprised wider rings with multi-layer fabric to allow for better stitching and more secure anchoring. Stiff or moderately flexible rings appeared to stabilize the annulus significantly better than highly flexible ones [10, 11] so that the use of the latter did not play a role in this study. Procedural characteristics for the valvular apparatus changed markedly from mainly classical resection maneuvers to predominant use of artificial chordae [12–18]. In the early years the classical recommendations such as reshaping of the posterior leaflet by resection or plication maneuvers as well as reshaping of the annulus by appropriate rings were mostly followed but measures such as Wooler plasty, Paneth plasty, or were still performed [19, 20]. However, they did not exhibit such robust evidence in the literature regarding a beneficial effect on long-term patency as posterior leaflet correction and/or artificial chordae. We did not perform the Paneth plasty, which are meant to reduce the diameter of the anulus but favored instead the annuloplasty-ring as an implant from the early days on. Alfieri-Stich was neither performed because of the, in our eyes, “non-anatomical” approach. The patients who had received a Wooler plasty, however, fared quite well and the presence of a Wooler plasty positively influenced long-term survival even after 10 years. This, however, was quite probably not due to the Wooler plasty itself but owing to the mandatory annuloplasty ring, these patients also received. It cannot be ruled out, however, that intraoperative quality control also played a role regarding long-term stability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses surgical procedures and design improvements in annuloplasty rings, without mentioning insects or their lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: 1 IntroductionSupply chains today are incredibly complex, comprising multi-echelon and geographically dispersed companies. Globalization, different international regulations, and varied cultural and human behaviors worldwide are all challenges to managing companies through their supply chains. These evolutionary phenomena have made it arduous to acquire relevant and trustworthy information within supply chains and have dramatically increased the potential for inefficient transactions, fraud, pilferage, or simply a deterioration in supply chain performance (Hastig and Sodhi 2020). The urgent need for traceability of both product and process in supply chains has been documented in several industries, including the agri-food sector (Sun and Wang 2019; Yadav et al. 2020; Mukherjee et al. 2021), pharmaceutical and medical products (Chen et al. 2019) and luxury products (Choi 2019). The lack of transparency and visibility in all processes of the supply chain prevents customers from verifying the origin of the raw materials and the processes that the product underwent before reaching the store shelves, with a high risk of fraud and counterfeiting of products. The costs involved in verifying supply chains’ intermediaries, in assessing their reliability and transparency in the production processes further complicates managing traceability in supply chains (Ahluwalia et al. 2020; Choi 2020). Strategic and competitive reputational issues arise from these risks and the lack of supply chain transparency. In response to these concerns, the technological advancements of the digital era are providing companies with many opportunities that can be exploited in the supply chain (Xiong et al. 2021). The term digital supply chain refers to data exchanges occurring between actors involved in a supply chain and also to how the supply chain process may be managed through a wide variety of innovative technologies (Büyüközkan and Göçer 2018) such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Analytics, cloud computing and the blockchain itself. Blockchain technology is particularly relevant (Casey and Wong 2017; Tapscott and Tapscott 2017; Samson 2020) in overcoming the difficulties mentioned above due to its centralized database in which all the information of the supply chain partners is recorded immutably. The literature on the use of blockchain technology in supply chains is quite recent (e. g. Chang et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is essential in addressing issues related to the lack of transparency and visibility in supply chains. It explains that blockchain creates a centralized database that records all information of supply chain partners immutably, which can help prevent fraud and counterfeiting of products. This aligns with the claim's assertion that blockchain can securely record every transaction along the chain, thereby reducing fraud.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants will soon have consciousness and make independent ethical decisions. [SEP] Text: It’s better to take the time to investigate than trust something that seems even slightly off just for a quick result. 4. and upholding ethical AI applications will likely require several employees within an organization to oversee all AI activities and ensure they meet stated objectives. The chosen individuals can come from various departments, within or outside of technical teams. In a 2022 study, 80% of respondents indicated the primary AI ethics person within their organization was a nontechnical executive. Additionally, three-quarters of those polled viewed ethics as a competitive differentiator. However, many still have significant work to do to meet their ethics-related goals. Fewer than 25% reported implementing AI ethics in their workplaces, but 79% of CEOs said they were prepared to do so. Another relevant finding was that 68% of respondents felt diverse, inclusive workplaces reduced AI bias. However, data indicates that many AI teams still need more gender diversity, underrepresented minorities and further inclusion of those who identify with the + community. 5. Select and bias-free ethical AI tools won’t happen overnight, but people tend to get better results when defining specific goals and identifying the most practical paths to success. Sustainability is another popular topic requiring clear definitions and strategies. Statistics suggest as many as 60% of companies have sustainability strategies. However, they’ll differ based on resources, timelines, current circumstances and other business factors. Those overseeing AI ethics and anti-bias efforts in an organization should determine what constitutes progress in their work. How can they verify a new business analytics tool operates ethically? Has the company established a bias baseline so people can verify that AI is becoming more balanced over time? Choosing and tracking the appropriate metrics allows you to create and stay focused on goals. Also, once it becomes clear things are going in the right direction, the statistics make it easier to justify further investments for more improvements. 6. Efforts to Regulate AI Numerous government agencies and legislators are considering how and when they may regulate AI to minimize the harm it could cause. 2023, representatives from four U. S. federal agencies affirmed they would ensure people always use AI tools in ways consistent with federal laws, and they had already seen ways the technology could worsen fraud and discrimination. The parties also mentioned their legal authorities extend equally to new technology applications as any other type of conduct. Union is working on the AI Act, the world’s first comprehensive law for the technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the current state of AI ethics and practical oversight required in organizations. It highlights that ethical AI applications necessitate human involvement, stating that 'it’s better to take the time to investigate than trust something that seems even slightly off.' The discussion emphasizes the need for employees to ensure that AI meets ethical guidelines, which suggests that AI lacks the capability for independent ethical reasoning or consciousness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was not yet mandatory in period 1. Surgeons mainly relied on intraoperative filling of the left ventricle with saline to estimate the success of the reconstruction and no intraoperative quality control was thus performed while the heart was beating. Direct correction in case of an insufficient result was thus not an option [21–23]. The widespread introduction of artificial chordae was a relevant evolutionary step that our godfather had not foreseen. Perhaps this is because the most suitable material for these chordae, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, Goretex ™, was not yet available in the 1970s. Artificial chordae were soon adopted by the majority of surgeons and gained worldwide acceptance. Indeed, that was apparent also in our cohorts over the years. Although early and intermediate results up to five years were quite favorable for valves repaired with artificial chordae this benefit disappeared in the long-term results (10-year survival). It must be noted, however, that artificial chordae came into wider use but in the second and third period so that long-term results on a larger scale are not yet available. We noticed a steep increase in repair from period 1 to period 2 possibly owing to the experience gained with repair strategies in the early years in our institution. From period 2 to period 3 a slight decrease of the proportion of repair maneuvers was noted declining from 48% to 41%. This shift was not due to a more restrictive policy regarding repair surgery but was instead non-intentional and can be explained by a higher morbidity of the patients resulting in a higher proportion of patients with complex redo-surgery or endocarditis. The increase in patients with primary mitral regurgitation from period 1 to period 3 cannot be readily explained. It is conceivable that, because of demographic change, patients with restrictive mitral valve pathology presented with increasing multimorbidity, so that the indication for repair in patients with secondary mitral valve pathology became more defensive. Only 13 minimally invasive mitral valve repair procedures were carried out mainly in period 2. The true minimally invasive approach was indeed not favored in our clinic until very recently because of lack of center-wide, multi-surgeon expertise. Leaflet repair strategies especially concerning the posterior leaflet remained a frequent procedure demonstrating excellent results even in the long-term. Why is it so? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses surgical procedures, the introduction of artificial chordae, and patient outcomes in mitral valve repair rather than providing any information about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: 2019) but has experienced significant growth in recent years thanks to the evidence that emerged on the potential of this technology applied to supply chains of different sectors such as food supply chains (Katsikouli et al. 2021; Bechtsis et al. 2021; Sharma et al. 2021; Mukherjee et al. 2021), humanitarian supply chains (Baharmand et al. 2021) or pharmaceutical chains (et al. 2021; Hastig and Sodhi 2020). Existing papers are focusing on illustrating the potential value of the blockchain and its interoperability with existing technology, such as IoT, and in particular, for the fashion industry, this technology has enormous potential in improving the information flows of supply chains (Agrawal et al. 2021; Wang et al. 2020; Bullón Pérez et al. 2020; Agrawal et al. 2021; Choi and Luo 2019). The fashion industry is characterized by a multitude of international suppliers collaborating in the creation of collections, and nowadays the development of complete traceability is certainly a relevant issue for all companies in the sector. The blockchain is characterized by the possibility of ensuring traceable information and represents a technology that in the future will be massively used by fashion companies, even if currently there are few cases of application of this technology in the fashion industry (Ahmed and MacCarthy 2021). The fashion sector, however, still presents little empirical evidence as many companies are still studying and evaluating blockchain technology and have not yet moved on to the next phase of implementing the technology. Further studies on the adoption of blockchain technology in the fashion industry are encouraged to evaluate the factors that may contribute to (or hinder) the implementation of the blockchain system in extended fashion supply chains (Caldarelli et al. 2021). At present, there are still few blockchain applications, so any new studies that delve into the feasibility of this tool are very useful in helping to understand the contexts in which the blockchain can achieve positive results for fashion companies and their supply chains (Chang et al. 2019; Queiroz and Wamba 2019). Bearing in mind these gaps, this paper aims to investigate the adoption of the blockchain to enhance traceability along supply chains. In particular, the drivers and barriers that favor or hinder the introduction of blockchain technology among supply chain actors will be investigated for the fashion industry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential for blockchain technology to enhance traceability along supply chains. It mentions that blockchain can ensure traceable information and implies that this capability is significant for companies in the fashion industry, thus supporting the idea that such technology can help reduce fraud by securely keeping records of transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI assistants will soon have consciousness and make independent ethical decisions. [SEP] Text: It splits applications into three risk categories. The law would ban the riskiest applications and require tight regulations for others. As these efforts and others continue, companies can support this process as part of their bias reduction and efforts plans. Even though some regulations are in the early stages, they’ll likely create frameworks for organizations to build AI tools that operate responsibly. A 2022 study of more than 350 organizations across various industries also indicated that people support increased regulations. For example, a growing desire for government regulations to prevent AI bias was a sentiment shared by 81% of business leaders. About 54% said they felt deeply concerned about bias-associated risks. Additionally, 36% said AI bias had already caused problems in their organizations. In 62% of instances, it resulted in the company losing revenue, and in 61% of cases, the issue resulted in lost customers. Bias could also detrimentally affect worker retention – 43% of those polled said it had made employees leave. 7. Establish a to intelligence is a buzzworthy topic, but some need help seeing through all the impressive case studies and slick websites. AI has abundant potential, but its shortcomings are also apparent. Several years ago, Amazon tried using an AI hiring tool, but the results showed bias against women, so the company ultimately scrapped it. It is important to balance being open to how AI could assist in business analytics while understanding it’s an imperfect technology. Company leaders could establish training programs to teach employees to recognize bias and unethical performance. A 2023 study comprising interviews with 640 business and senior-level IT professionals found that 51% thought a lack of awareness and understanding of bias created obstacles to addressing it. However, training sessions for development teams and employees within the wider organization could enable them to meaningfully address these issues. Making the training as interactive as possible – such as by asking participants to spot bias and unethical practices – should help them stay engaged and see how the material relates to their work. Such education can also support a culture of responsible AI use throughout an organization. Artificial intelligence is still emerging, although people are rapidly expanding its potential business analytics applications. These seven tips will help users and developers get the best results from AI-based systems and increased confidence in the outcomes, as well as enable organizations to remain ethical and combat bias, even as they quickly scale AI for more company applications. Simply put, check for biases before jumping on the AI bandwagon. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the limitations and challenges associated with AI technology. Specifically, it discusses the existence of biases in AI applications, as evidenced by an example of Amazon's AI hiring tool, which encountered bias against women and was ultimately scrapped. The text emphasizes that while AI has potential, its shortcomings are significant, stating, 'AI has abundant potential, but its shortcomings are also apparent'. This suggests that the notion of AI assistants achieving consciousness and making independent ethical decisions is overly optimistic given the current understanding of AI capabilities and the noted issues of bias and ethics in AI deployment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: The posterior leaflet has a much less complex movement and serves mainly as an abutment for the very mobile anterior leaflet. Thus, a stable coaptation for the anterior leaflet can be rather easily achieved with appropriate measures on the posterior leaflet such as quadrangular resection, plication or cleft-closure accompanied by remodeling the often v-shaped distorted posterior anulus back to its distinct anteriorly flattened circle, the “smiley” mouth. In contrast, any reshaping measure of the highly mobile anterior leaflet is much more prone to frustrating results (Fig 3). While co-morbidities negatively influenced survival early as well as late [24, 25], it was interesting to see that patients with concomitant venous only coronary bypass surgery fared worse than the others (Fig 3). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Procedure-related survival. MVR = Mitral valve repair; Resection = All types of resection measure on either leaflet; CABG = Coronary artery Bypass Graft; IMA = Internal mammary artery. can, however, be explained. These patients were too sick to be deemed fit for the use of a mammary artery in the eyes of the surgeon carrying out the procedure. Such a surgical decision was made upon the general clinical appraisal of the patient and not concrete facts such as the. Thus, the underlying reasons for such a decision remained somehow elusive. This finding gains additional validation when looking at the fate of the patients who indeed had received LIMA only bypass surgery. They fared significantly better than the control. These patients only had a 1-vessel disease and received an artery for prognostic reasons, i. e. profiting from it because of a better life expectancy in the eyes of the surgeon (Fig 3). At the other end of the spectrum were those patients receiving aortic valve replacement, concomitant tricuspid valve repair or even replacement or those requiring electrophysiological implants. These patients fared worse early as well as late indicating the higher morbidity at the time of surgery. In general, early mortality risks were typically dependent on the patient’s individual situation. Procedural success and stability increased over the three periods and long-term results were very acceptable. The patients of period 3 demonstrated a superior 5-year survival than that of the two previous groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses surgical procedures, patient outcomes, and survival rates related to heart surgery rather than any information about the lifespan of insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: The first research question (RQ1) will be: Why do fashion companies adopt, or not adopt, blockchain technology as a system to improve traceability along supply chains in the fashion industry? What are the drivers and barriers to the implementation of blockchain in fashion supply chains? Traceability cannot be implemented at the level of a single node in the supply chain, but it affects entire fashion supply chains (Ahmed and MacCarthy 2021). For this reason, the implementation of blockchain technology should embrace the perspective of the whole supply chain by further investigating the variables that may enable or influence the adoption of blockchain technology at the supply chain level in the fashion sector. For this reason, the second research question (RQ2) is, therefore: How do supply chain variables impact the adoption of blockchain technology as a system for improving traceability along fashion supply chains? These questions are tackled through the analysis of 12 case studies of the fashion industry, which describe fashion companies that are considering the use of blockchain technology to track their supply chain processes. The sample includes both providers (five) and focal companies (seven) to compare their different viewpoints on the topic. The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews previous studies focusing on blockchains and the relationship between the blockchain and traceability practices within extended supply chains. Section 3 is dedicated to the research aims, and Sect. 4 presents the methodology. Sections 5 and 6 provide a comprehensive analysis of results, while Sect. 7 highlights the concluding remarks. 2 Literature review2. 1 The revolution of using blockchain technology for supply chainsThe blockchain concept was proposed by the developer and since 2009, has been fully validated through the bitcoin system implementation (Nakamoto 2008). A blockchain refers to an open, shared, and distributed ledger that enables information disclosure and responsibility attribution and is suitable for dealing with valuable information (Pazaitis et al. 2017). As stated by Fu et al. (2018), ‘The blockchain entries could represent transactions, contracts, assets, identities, or practically anything else that can be digitally expressed using smart devices. New versions of blockchain technology implementation offer support for the implementation of smart contracts encoded in ledger blocks, which implement different business rules that need to be verified and agreed upon by all peer nodes from the network. When a transaction arrives, each node updates its state based on the results obtained after running the smart contract. Such replication process offers a great potential for control decentralization’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of blockchain technology in enhancing traceability along supply chains in the fashion industry. It emphasizes the importance of implementing blockchain technology at the supply chain level, which aligns with the idea that securely recording transactions can mitigate issues related to fraud. Notably, it highlights that blockchain serves as an open, shared, and distributed ledger that promotes information disclosure and accountability, both of which are key to reducing fraud.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farms can yield crops year-round, independent of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: The 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly of their weather regime one (WR1), which was associated with above-normal tornado activity, bears some similarity to that of the with negative anomalies in the west that extend northward and positive anomalies to the east. Whether or not WR1 is associated with ridging over the Pacific is impossible to say since the domain in Miller et al. (2020) has a more limited longitudinal extent. Likewise, whether or not WR1 days and days coincide is impossible to say because no classification data were provided by Miller et al. (2020). A notable difference between the results in Miller et al. (2020) and those here is that the probability shifts found here for May are substantially smaller. The probability of one or more tornadoes on WR1 days was >75% compared to the climatological frequency of 55% (a shift of ∼20 percentage points), and the probability of five or more tornadoes on WR1 days was >65% compared to the climatological frequency of 17% (a shift of ∼48 percentage points). The corresponding probability shifts found here are 64% probability of one or more tornadoes on days in May compared to the climatological frequency of 60%, and 28% probability of five or more tornadoes on days in May compared to the climatological frequency of 21% (not shown). The main methodological difference between the two studies is the weather regime classification method—both studies use F/EF1+ tornado reports, but Miller et al. (2020) uses only data from May during the shorter period 1990–2019 and a smaller spatial domain on which to define the weather regimes. Their classification could perhaps be considered closer to weather “types” or “patterns” (e. g. , Neal et al. 2016), rather than the large-scale, low-frequency regimes used herein. Nevertheless, reconciling these differences by quantifying the predictability of the year-round classification would have substantial implications for subseasonal forecasting of severe weather. A direction for future work would be to examine to what extent previously reported clustering trends (the same number of tornadoes on fewer days and more tornadoes in the most extreme outbreaks; Brooks et al. 2014; Elsner et al. 2015; Tippett et al. 2016) have an interpretation in terms of weather regimes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the meteorological aspects related to tornado activity and different weather regimes without mentioning indoor vertical farming or its capacity to yield crops year-round, independent of weather conditions. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: Whether this is due to a more precise indication and/or better perioperative management in this latter period is speculative. It remains to be seen whether this trend will continue significantly after 10 or 15 years, respectively (Fig 4). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Cohort-Survival. study is of retrospective nature and thus naturally subject to the typical limitations. Mitral valve pathologies could only be roughly obtained. In almost all cases, however, we were able to differentiate between primary or secondary nature from the still available documents (surgery, echocardiography). The procedures were carried out upon the discretion of the respective surgeon and not prospectively assigned in a randomized fashion. Long-term follow-up was not complete. We tried best to reach all patients but particularly in the rural regions the whereabouts of some patients remained elusive despite all efforts. We used many different rings in the last 15 years. However, not all of the available rings were used at respective times. Thus, the selection is incomplete and is even somehow biased as the clinics policy always was and is to reduce the number of implants to a reasonable minimum for budgetary purposes. ConclusionMitral valve repair underwent a qualitative evolution in the last 15 years. It became clear that the use of a ring as well as artificial chordae and appropriate reshaping of the leaflets, particularly the posterior one, were keys to success. Thus, proving that the combination of the best well established old-fashioned techniques such as leaflet resection measures and mandatory use of rings as well as the most useful modern approaches such as artificial chordae and modern saddle-shaped ring designs is in the best interest of the patient. Co-morbidities and thus, the necessity to perform concomitant procedures in more than half of the entire cohort markedly influenced survival. However, almost half of the patients are alive after 15 years. Mitral valve repair is one of the few remaining primary cardiosurgical procedures and it will remain in our hands as long as we are able to provide a reliable, stable and long-lasting anatomical repair surpassing the results of any interventional strategy [26–30]. Luckily, the complexity of the mitral valves plays into our cards in this regard. Thus, mitral valve repair is still and for the years to come one of the most valuable cardiosurgical procedures. 1. A Carpentier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses mitral valve repair and related surgical procedures without mentioning insects or their lifespans. There is no content that supports, contradicts, or relates to the claim about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: Based on a structure composed of nodes, blockchain technology can support digital integration in complex supply chains. The blockchain can address the limitations of traditional supply chains thanks to the features (Kouhizadeh et al. 2021) described below. First, a distributed ledger of transactions is replicated to every node of the blockchain network. As already mentioned, the distributed ledger is open to all nodes, which may have restrictions depending on their permission level. Transactions create new blocks that are chained to the previous blocks, and everyone who has read permission can verify the validity of the transactions: for instance, a seller can notify a buyer about a transaction, and the existence of this transaction will be verified directly from the ledger. In this way, all the actors in a digital supply chain can be verified (Pazaitis et al. 2017; Raval 2016). Moreover, the blockchain offers the possibility of developing smart contracts for automating business transactions and document exchanges between parties within the supply chain. Smart contracts can be developed on blockchains and used to automate supply chain transactions at a very detailed level (Savelyev 2017). For instance, smart contracts can enable automated transactions of pre-determined agreements between parties. The blockchain can make the transactions transparent and reliable, thus generating safe financial transactions. Finally, public-key cryptography is used to encrypt and decrypt a transaction. This feature ensures a high level of security while sustaining the whole architecture within the digital supply chain. As a result, the blockchain can enable the quick, reliable, and efficient execution of transactions and document exchanges securely and at a low cost (Pazaitis et al. 2017). From the operational point of view, the adoption of a blockchain system can simplify supply chain processes by reducing, for instance, disputes over invoices. The results of an IBM study indicate that, worldwide, invoices for over 100 million dollars are annually subject to dispute (IBM 2019). According to the IBM estimations, the blockchain could avoid this kind of dispute in 90–95% of cases. Purchase orders and purchase agreements, which are formalized among supply chain partners, can be registered in digital formats in a blockchain and made available only to the intended parties through their private keys. This drastically reduces the need for emails or other means of communication. With the blockchain, messages and documents are transferred between supply chain members via blockchain nodes, with confidential data stored and made accessible with a private key. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how blockchain technology supports transparency and reliability in supply chains. It explains that a distributed ledger replicated across nodes allows verification of transactions, which enhances security and transparency. The mention of features like public-key cryptography for securing transactions and the automation of processes through smart contracts further supports the idea that blockchain can mitigate fraud by ensuring secure and verifiable transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farms can yield crops year-round, independent of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: The largest positive impact on the spring crops yield had a rainfall of June. Especially the correlation was noticeable for pea (r = 0. 64) and spring wheat (r = 0. 58). Compared with the June precipitation, total precipitation during the growing season had on the yield of spring crops significantly less impact (r = 0. 32-0. 53). The productivity of spring crops was less dependent on the amount of annual rainfall (r = 0. 28-0. 49). The productivity of spring crops and peas are most closely correlated with Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient in June (r = 0. 50-0. 65), and winter rye - in August before sowing (r = 0. 45). Therefore, to predict the effects of the prevailing weather conditions on productivity of certain crops, it should be used the hydrothermal coefficient of Selyaninov of the relevant month. According to the yield correlation coefficients from Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient on vulnerability to adverse weather conditions (insufficient moisture content, high temperature) experienced species can be arranged in the next growing rate: peas <spring wheat <barley <winter rye. Keywords: yield, winter rye, spring wheat, barley, peas, the amount of active temperatures, hydrothermal coefficient, rainfall, correlation, the content of mobile forms of phosphorus and potassium, soil acidity. Text Урожайность сельскохозяйственных культур определяется множеством факторов, среди которых почвенные и погодные условия нередко выступают в главной роли. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how the yield of spring crops is significantly affected by various weather conditions, particularly rainfall. It shows clear correlations between crop productivity and specific weather factors such as the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient and monthly rainfall amounts, indicating that these crops are not independent of weather influences, which directly counters the assertion of year-round yields in indoor farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: [Reconstructive Valvuloplasty. A of Mitral Valvuloplasty] [3. pmid:5795420 View 2. A new reconstructive operation for correction of mitral and tricuspid insufficiency. J Surg. 1971 Jan;61(1):1–13. pmid:5540460. View 3. . [Midterm results of Carpentier’s reconstructive mitral annuloplasty]. Coeur Vaiss. 1973 Oct;66(10):1297–309. pmid:4207473 View 4. . 2019: of the for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. Surg. 2020 Jun;68(4):263–276. Epub 2020 May 14. pmid:32408357 View 5. 2021 ESC/for the management of valvular heart disease. Cardiothorac Surg. 2021 Oct 22;60(4):727–800. Erratum in: Cardiothorac Surg. 2022 Jan 13;: pmid:34453161. View 6. R (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL 7. . Long-term results of artificial chordae implantation in patients with mitral valve prolapse. J Dis. 1997 Nov;6(6):594–8. pmid:9427126 View 8. . Mitral valve repair with artificial chordae: a review of its history, technical details, long-term results, and pathology. Surg. 2012 Feb;93(2):684–91. Epub 2011 Dec 7. pmid:22153050 View 9. . Outcomes of mitral valve repair using artificial chordae. Cardiothorac Surg. 2014 Apr;45(4):593–601. Epub 2013 Aug 29. pmid:23990619 View 10. . Is a flexible mitral annuloplasty ring superior to a semi-rigid or rigid ring in terms of improvement in symptoms and survival? Thorac Surg. 2008 May;7(3):477–84. Epub 2008 Mar 4. pmid:18319323. View 11. Chotivatanapong T. Mitral annuloplasty ring design and selection: Complete semi-rigid is best. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the lifespan of insects. Instead, it discusses various medical and surgical topics related to mitral valve procedures, making it irrelevant to the claim about insect lifespans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: If records are correctly uploaded on a blockchain platform, it becomes a single source of truth, and supply chain partners can access relevant information in real-time. 2. 2 Blockchain and supply chain traceabilityThe identification of all transactions and information exchanged within a supply chain, as well as that of all suppliers collaborating in the chain, is becoming a weapon of success: by giving evidence (and therefore enabling tracing) regarding the origins, supply chains are assuming a key role for consumers, who are increasingly interested in knowing the details of products purchased (Morkunas et al. 2019). Authors have debated concerning the interoperability of blockchains with IoT devices (such as the RFID), verifying the benefits of an interconnection between blockchains and IoT identification to track products and processes. The first evidence in this sense comes from food supply chains. For example, we cite the collaboration between the multinational Nestlé and Walmart that have implemented successfully the blockchain developed by IBM (Zelbst et al. 2019). More in general in the food sector the blockchain has demonstrated its important role in ensuring product safety traceability (Rogerso and Parry 2020). The logistics sector also experimented the potential of blockchain technology; distribution companies such as Maersk, UPS, and FedEx have indeed successfully implemented this technology (Kshetri 2018). The implementation of blockchain technology has also proved useful in the pharmaceutical sector, in particular for products that require to be stored and distributed at a controlled temperature (Bamakan et al. 2021). Significant results were also achieved in the humanitarian sector, in which blockchain technology was used for enhancing swift trust, collaboration, and resilience within a humanitarian supply chain setting (Dubey et al. 2020; Baharmand et al. 2021). Real cases of blockchain adoption made it possible to verify and validate the identities of individuals, resources, and products in extended supply chains. Nevertheless, the establishment of traceability for a network is still an open challenge for many companies and sectors due to the difficulty of structuring traceability practices across company boundaries to identify suppliers located internationally (Moretto et al. 2018). In structuring traceability systems, companies must define tools and mechanisms to transmit information, focusing not only on their internal processes but also on complete inter-organizational traceability that can align different supply chain actors and ensure that data is exchanged in a standardized way. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of blockchain in supply chains, highlighting that when records are correctly uploaded, blockchain provides a single source of truth accessible to supply chain partners in real-time. It specifically mentions how blockchain facilitates traceability and the identification of all transactions within a supply chain, which is essential to reducing fraud. Additionally, it cites successful implementations in various sectors, including food and pharmaceuticals, which demonstrate how blockchain enhances product safety and traceability, thereby supporting the assertion that it can help reduce fraud in supply chains.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Indoor vertical farms can yield crops year-round, independent of weather conditions. [SEP] Text: 1 Обработка персональных данных Пользователя осуществляется не дольше срока, отвечающего целям обработки персональных данных, любым законным способом, в том числе в информационных системах персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации или без использования таких средств. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the processing of personal data without any mention of indoor vertical farms or crop yields. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every insect has a lifespan of at least five years. [SEP] Text: 2021 Oct 22;10:55–57. pmid:34984361; PMCID: PMC8691927. View 12. -Ueda H, Kobayashi J. A 25-year study of chordal replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene in mitral valve repair†. Thorac Surg. 2015 Apr;20(4):463–8; discussion 468. Epub 2014 Dec 29. pmid:25547921 View 13. çois K, Bové T. Comparison of the sustainability of mitral annular dynamics between two semi-rigid annuloplasty devices [published online ahead of print, 2019 Feb 15]. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;ezz035. pmid:30770923 View 14. Clinical performance of a three-dimensional saddle-shaped, rigid ring for mitral valve repair. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019;55(2):217–223. pmid:29931248 View 15. . Functional and Regurgitation: Fits All? [published online ahead of print, 2019 Sep 23]. Surg. 2019;10. 1055/s-0039–1696989. pmid:31546265 View 16. . Surgical repair of the prolapsing anterior leaflet in degenerative mitral valve disease. J Dis. 2000 Jan;9(1):75–80; discussion 81. pmid:10678378 View 17. to Determine the Length of for Mitral Repair. Surg. 2020 Jul 19:S0003–4975(20)31184-X. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32698022. View 18. Loop neochord versus leaflet resection techniques for minimally invasive mitral valve repair: long-term results. Cardiothorac Surg. 2020 Aug 10:ezaa255. Epub ahead of print. pmid:32776150. View 19. Results for tricuspid valve surgery in adults with congenital heart disease other than Ebstein’s anomaly†. Cardiothorac Surg. 2019 Oct 1;56(4):706–713. pmid:30919906. View 20. The edge-to-edge technique: a simplified method to correct mitral insufficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect lifespans at all. Instead, it discusses various studies related to cardiac surgery and valve repair, providing information on medical performance over several years. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding insects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain can reduce fraud in supply chains by securely recording every transaction along the chain. [SEP] Text: In most cases, traceability practices along the supply chain have been supported by tags, labels, barcodes, microchips, or radio-frequency identification (RFID), applied to each product (or to each batch), but nowadays, digital tracking technologies are opening new horizons and new possibilities. Blockchains widely enable the tracking of products and service flow among enterprises thanks to the possibility of the access control and activity logging that occurs in all nodes of the supply chain (Chang et al. 2019). Based on this structure composed of nodes, the blockchain represents a weapon that can protect every company involved from fraud and misleading information. Each partner in a supply chain, and every action it performs, are identified and tracked since the blockchain’s architecture ensures the truthfulness of the data stored in it. Not only that, but the blockchain also allows consumers to be protected from commercial fraud by allowing quick identification of original pieces and thus fighting the so-called grey market (i. e. the parallel sales market outside the official circuits of the brand). In this way, the blockchain avoids, or at least reduces, the phenomenon of counterfeits by allowing consumers to verify information (Kshetri 2018). Blockchain technology also allows strengthening communication actions and the advertising campaigns of companies that aim to tell the consumer the story of their products. The blockchain makes it possible to check the history of the product along the entire supply chain and its use is strongly supported by the greater consumer demand for tracked products. According to a recent PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) report (2019), customers are willing to pay 5 to 10% more than the list price to buy traced products. However, although many contributions detail the potential of the blockchain to support traceability systems in some specific contexts (specifically in the food, pharmaceutical, humanitarian, and logistics sectors), empirical evidence in the fashion industry is still fragmentary. Many fashion companies are currently verifying the benefits of this technology for their business and they have not yet moved on to the next operational phase which involves the real implementation of the blockchain technology (Caldarelli et al. 2021). What emerges from the literature review is the potential of this technology in various sectors, and, in the face of the positive results, the fashion industry is working to understand the advantages and limitations of the specific fashion business (Ahmed and MacCarthy 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain technology enables tracking products and service flow among enterprises, ensuring the truthfulness of the data stored. It specifically states that 'the blockchain represents a weapon that can protect every company involved from fraud and misleading information,' demonstrating that blockchain can indeed help reduce fraud in supply chains. The text further reinforces this by mentioning that blockchain allows consumers to protect themselves from commercial fraud by verifying information, thus supporting the assertion that blockchain securely records transactions, helping to combat issues like counterfeiting.