Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking communities share experiences and techniques for self-experimentation in health and wellness. [SEP] Text: This process, especially in virtual groups, has been increasingly evidenced, through the mothers' decision-making, as they are more and more aware of the knowledge about child development, getting deeper and seeking scientific knowledge, and are continually questioning the professional practice, which is often not consistent with the confrontation of these acquired knowledge [4]. [5], the pediatrician needs to be culturally sensitive to understand who this mother is, her social and family context, besides realizing what's her idea of motherhood, for through this prior knowledge, it would be possible to achieve adequate care based on empathy. The mutual sharing of knowledge, experience and acquirements between the pediatrician and the mother has the potential to provide satisfactory follow-up and evaluation as long as the communication is effective. The scientific relevance of this study about the maternal perception of pediatric care is established at the interface of both the importance of the recognition of maternal care as a fundamental factor in the quality of the child's health in the medium and short term, as well as in the expansion of the evaluation of the pediatrician in the maternal universe and how he or she can take a more in-depth orientation based on the mother's unique perceptions of her baby. Therefore, its development and continuity is necessary, aiming at a broader and more sophisticated action of prevention in children's health and the quality of the exercise of childcare in pediatric care. present study is the result of qualitative and quantitative research of a descriptive exploratory type that aimed to interpret the discourses of mothers who participate in a virtual motherhood support group regarding their perception of pediatric care and the consequent decisions about their baby's health. The virtual community analyzed in the social network Facebook has been working for five years as a support group that daily act is guiding and sharing knowledge and experiences with thousands of mothers through the internet. The goal of this community is the maternal self-empowerment in the network. These mothers, after being guided by the moderators of the groups, support and guide each other. The richness and variety of this virtual sharing network allow us to understand the dynamics of this relationship and its practical implications in the lives of mothers and, consequently, their babies, by the aims of this research. The main reason that leads mothers to seek the virtual community, in general, is the experience of some difficulty in the postpartum, especially with the moment of breastfeeding. The community keeps up with this mother in the daily dynamics of the involvement and care of her baby. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it focuses on a specific virtual support group for mothers discussing pediatric care rather than biohacking communities. While the text does mention the sharing of knowledge and experiences, it is specifically about maternal care and support in parenting, not self-experimentation in health and wellness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 09b Fruit length FruitLength 3. 85 ± 0. 06b 4. 17 ± 0. 04a 3. 53 ± 0. 04c Fruit width FruitWidth 1. 87 ± 0. 02a 1. 80 ± 0. 03a 1. 29 ± 0. 02b SEA-DHS: southern lineage of Acer in the (DHS); NEA-DHS: northern lineage of Acer in the DHS; Hybrid-DHS: hybrids between the SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS lineages. With regards to Hybrid-DHS, the leaves were found to be morphologically intermediate between those of the two parental types (Fig. 3a), as were the values of the assessed morphological trait indices (Table 2). first two axes of the PCoA plot were found to explain 76. 8% of the variation in fruit morphology (Fig. 3b), with SeedLength and SeedWidth making the largest contribution to the first axis (PC1, 61. 7%), and FruitAngle and FruitLength contributing most to the second axis (PC2, 15. 1%) (Table S3). Similar to leaf morphology, although there was a degree of overlap in the data points, the fruits of SEA-DHS and NEA-DHS were clustered in discrete groups (Fig. 3b), with fruits showing significant divergence with respect to all eight assessed morphological indices. NEA-DHS tend to be characterized by smaller fruits (FruitLength and FruitWidth), seeds (SeedLength, SeedWidth and JunctionWidth), and fruit wings (WingLength and WingWidth). Moreover, the seed wings of NEA-DHS fruits are typically oriented at an obtuse angle, whereas those of SEA-DHS fruits tend to be aligned at a right angle (FruitAngle) (Table 2). Similar to leaf morphology, we found that the morphology of Hybrid-DHS fruits was generally intermediate between that of the two parental types (Fig. 3b), as reflected in the values of the different morphological traits. The exceptions in this regard were FruitLength and WingLength, with hybrid trees typically producing longer fruit with longer fruit wings (Table 2). DiscussionOur findings in this study indicate that NEA and SEA lineages of Acer co-exist in the DHS region of North China, and that both adult and offspring populations show a typical bimodal distribution pattern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or evidence related to the claim concerning fossilized plants and their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. It primarily discusses fruit morphology and the characteristics of different Acer lineages without tying to climate or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Channel hydraulics, habitat use, and body form of juvenile coho salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout in streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 117: 262–273. CrossrefWeb of Science1992. Best management practices, cumulative effects and long-term trends in fish abundance in river systems. management. Edited by R. J. Naiman. Springer-Verlag, 232. 1991. Relation of cover alterations to the summer standing crop of young salmonids in small southeast Alaska streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120: 562–570. CrossrefWeb of Science1989. Are high densities of fishes at artificial reefs the result of habitat limitation or behavioural reference? Bull. Mar. Sci. 44: 631–645. Web of Science2004. Use of artificial structure to enhance angler benefits in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs: A literature review. Rev. Fish. Sci. 12: 75–96. CrossrefWeb of Science1974. Effects of stream improvement on juvenile rainbow trout in Cayuga Inlet, New York. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 3: 637–641. CrossrefWeb of Science1954. Relationship between trout populations and cover on a small stream. J. Wildl. Manage. 18: 229–239. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Macroinvertebrate communities and biofilm chlorophyll on woody debris in two Canadian oligotrophic lakes. Arch. Hydrobiol. 141: 257–281. Crossref1986. Trout biomass and habitat relationships in southern Ontario streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115: 503–514. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in Newfoundland and Labrador, with major emphasis on lake habitat characteristics. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 23581997. Empirical review of coho salmon smolt abundance and the prediction of smolt production at the regional level. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 126: 49–64. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Biological responses of sockeye salmon to the fertilization of Chilko Lake, a large lake in the interior of British Columbia. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 20: 661–671. Crossref1994. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing references to various studies and reports that highlight the relationship between freshwater ecosystems and different fish species, such as juvenile coho salmon, steelhead, and cutthroat trout, indicating the presence of diverse organisms in these habitats. The mention of biological responses, habitat characteristics, and macroinvertebrate communities further supports the assertion that freshwater ecosystems host a wide variety of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Au contraire, lors de la genèse professionnelle et scientifique de la médecine au cours du XIXe siècle, le malade « apparaît en tant qu’individu dans son expérience concrète, mais aussi, et inséparablement, en tant que statut collectif »14. Indépen-damment des diverses pathologies, il y a une identité commune à tous les malades, conséquence de leur prise en charge par la profession médicale15. Parce que la médecine, en tant que profession autonome, possède le monopole des questions de santé et de maladie, le malade est obligé d’endosser un rôle particulier qui détermine son expérience médicale individuelle et sociale, autour des notions de déresponsabilisation, d’acceptation, de coopération et de soumission16. N’étant pas responsable du mal qui l’atteint et désirant nécessairement le guérir, le malade moderne doit accepter de se soumettre, corps et âme, au médecin, seul expert capable de l’aider. Il doit devenir un « patient-profane »17, pendant négatif de la figure du médecin et défini comme « un sujet ignorant et passif d’un traitement décidé et prescrit par un autre, celui qui sait »18. Ce rôle obligatoire le réduit d’emblée au statut d’objet, à ce corps vil19 qui étymologiquement souffre et supporte patiemment. Le patient ne peut profiter des bienfaits de la médecine qu’à la condition de se renier en tant que sujet20, d’abandonner toute autonomie au profit du médecin qui seul possède cette qualité. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the historical context of medicine and the role of patients as passive recipients of care. It emphasizes the lack of autonomy patients have in the medical system and does not support the idea of biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, being scientifically validated for health benefits. Instead, it presents patients as objects needing the expertise of doctors, undermining the concept of self-directed health interventions typical of biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: The two lineages are characterized by a largely well-differentiated spatial distribution along an altitudinal gradient, and tend to differ with respect to flowering phenology and the morphologies of leaves and fruits. Most hybrids, which are probably later generation of F1 individuals, tend to be distributed at intermediate altitudes between those of the two parental lineages. Collectively, these results would tend to provide evidence of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, whereas interfertile hybrids occur incidentally. Ecological niche divergence has evolved between the NEA and SEA lineages NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS were found to show a clear pattern of spatial isolation, with NEA-DHS tending to be predominantly distributed at altitudes greater than 670 m, whereas SEA-DHS were found to be scattered at lower altitudes, with rare overlap between the two lineages. Nevertheless, despite the limited size of our study population, we believe our findings to be reasonably representative of the regional population, given that we sampled all accessible individuals along a 5-km-long, 20-m-wide transect, with only four or five inaccessible individuals being excluded from sampling. It is unconvinced whether inclusion of these latter unsampled individuals would change the established spatial genetic pattern. Moreover, consistent with the findings of the present study, 100 trees sampled during a preliminary survey undertaken in an area near the transect at an altitude of less than 650 m all proved to be SEA-DHS individuals (unpublished data). In addition, the trees of both lineages, as well their hybrids, appear to have a similar age structure, as indicated by DBH measurements, which for most individuals ranged between 26 and 45 cm (Figure S5), thereby tending to indicate a long persistence of the observed spatial pattern. We speculate that spatial isolation along altitudinal gradients may be common feature of Acer populations in North China. According to the findings of a previous phylogeographical study, the NEA and SEA lineages meet at an area to the North of Mt. Taihang and in the (Fig. 1b) 14. However, most Acer populations in comprise exclusively NEA or SEA lineages, with only two populations near the DHS showing clear evidence of more than one lineage. We believe that the apparent absence of any substantial overlap at the local scale can be ascribed to two overriding factors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the spatial distribution, evolution of reproductive barriers, and genetic patterns of specific tree lineages without addressing how fossilized plants can offer insights into ancient climates or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Patterns of fish species richness and abundance in coastal marshes and other nearshore habitats in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 25: 2098–2104. 1997. Patterns in fish assemblages from coastal wetland and beach habitats in Green Bay, Lake Michigan: A multivariate analysis of abiotic and biotic forcing factors. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1743–1761. CrossrefWeb of Science2005. Multiscale spatial distribution of littoral fish assemblages in relation to environmental factors. Limnol. Oceanogr. 50: 465–479. CrossrefWeb of Science1993. Improvement of fish habitat in a Norwegian river channelization scheme. Regul. Rivers Res. Manage. 8: 189–194. Crossref1985. Freshwater snail diversity: Effects of pond area, habitat heterogeneity and isolation. Oecologia, 67: 127–131. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1990. Nest sites used by radio-tagged largemouth bass in Orange Lake, Florida. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 10: 80–84. Crossref1991. Habitat use by steelhead and coho salmon and their responses to predators and cover in laboratory streams. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120: 486–493. CrossrefWeb of Science1991. Summer habitat use by young salmonids and their responses to cover and predators in a small southeast Alaska stream. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120: 474–485. CrossrefWeb of Science1980. Effects of stream habitat improvement on invertebreates, trout populations and mink activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 44: 871–880. CrossrefWeb of Science680. CrossrefWeb of Science687. CrossrefWeb of Science1968. The reactions of dominant trout to changes in overhead artificial cover. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97: 37–41. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. A test of recruitment limitation and the potential for artificial enhancement of spiny lobster (Panulirus argus) populations in Florida. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 452–463. CrossrefWeb of Science2003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing patterns of fish species richness and abundance in various freshwater habitats. It indicates that these ecosystems host a variety of fish and addresses topics related to fish assemblages and habitat use, which are relevant to the claim that freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for diverse organisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: 07), this analysis still found neither significant main effects (Fiber: F(1,90) = 1. 57, p=0. 21; Laser: F(1,90) = 1. 19, p=0. 28) nor any interaction (F(1,90) = 0. 87, p=0. 35). We again tested the simple effects of the design of which none were significant (4 paired t-tests, n = 31, p>0. 15, β <1e-10 for a shift to 1:1) including the primary comparison, laser-on vs laser-off trials in the patent cable condition, (p=0. 90). The mean IP increased 0. 40% from 2. 03 (laser-off) to 2. 04 (laser-on) with a 95% confidence interval of [1. 83 2. 25] or ±17. 2% of the mean laser-off IP. The exclusion of sessions with IPs close to the 1:1 can be visualized in Figure 3D in which we progressively removed the closest IP to 1:1 from the dataset up to 90% of the sessions. The vertical line represents the threshold in which we performed the above ANOVA with 31 pairs of sessions. Figure 3 with 1 supplement see all Download asset Open asset of Medial OFC during the Affect the Indifference Point. Histograms of the indifference points (IPs) from 50 sessions are shown for the blocked and patent fibers (A left/right), split by laser-on trials (yellow) and laser-off trials (grey). (B) A scatterplot showing the difference between same session laser-on and laser-off trials for paired blocked and patent fiber sessions (x- and y-axis respectively) with the corresponding histograms on each axis. (C) Boxplots of IPs for each treatment corresponding to the histograms in (A). To be sure that shifts in the indifference point were not masked by sessions with IPs near 1:1, sessions close to 1:1 were progressively removed using a sliding threshold (D). The average difference in IP for laser-on and -off trials were calculated only using sessions with IPs greater than the IP threshold (x-axis) for the blocked (grey) and patent (yellow) fiber sessions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical analysis and results from experiments involving laser trials and indifference points, without any mention of cold exposure or biohacking methods. Therefore, it does not provide support or contrast to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Firstly, on the basis of our characterization of the DHS population, the hybrid zone width appears to be relatively narrow (approx. 150 m in the DHS), thereby indicating little overlap of the NEA and SEA lineages at a local scale. Hence, though 20 more scattered individuals are generally collected and analyzed in each population, it is possible that one lineage is excluded owing to sampling within a limited altitudinal range. By examining the GPS locations of trees sampled by Guo et al. (2014), we found that pure NEA populations found to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan are generally distributed at altitudes higher than 700 m, whereas pure SEA populations in this region are typically found at altitudes lower than 500 m (Fig. 1b), which is consistent with the distribution pattern identified in the DHS. Secondly, as a consequence of human population density in North China, particularly in the region to the North of Mts. Taihang and Yanshan, large areas of natural forest have disappeared at low altitudes 36,37, which may have led to the local extinction of SEA lineages in many Acer populations in this region. Consequently, we speculate that the secondary contact zone between the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer should be more extensive than it now appears. Confirmation of this supposition will, nevertheless, necessitate further extensive sampling along altitudinal gradients in North China. The natural long-persisting pattern of the isolation of NEA and SEA lineages along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS (and potentially for other populations in North China) may reflect the local adaptation of Acer prior to secondary contact. Generally, the SEA lineage is found at low latitudes, where it is mainly distributed at high altitudes in warm temperate forests, whereas the NEA lineage occurs at higher latitudes, and is distributed primarily in cool temperate forest (Fig. 1b). The bioclimatic conditions characterizing NEA and SEA habitats are relatively distinct 38. Bioclimatic divergence as well as allopatric distribution can be considered prerequisites for the evolution of local adaptation, which can lead to niche divergence when different lineages subsequently meet 39–41. In this context, species of Acer are not the only one for which the local adaptation of NEA and SEA lineages has been reported (eg. Juglans mandshurica species complex 16, Lindera obtusiloba 38). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the hybridization and geographical distribution of different lineages of the Acer population, discussing factors influencing their adaptation and extinction. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Daytime responses of brown trout (Salmo trutta) to cover stimuli in stream channels. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107: 763–771. CrossrefWeb of Science1992. Habitat use by larval fishes in a backwater lake of the upper Mississippi River. J. Freshwater Ecol. 7: 363–372. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. Diets in Plant Communities. J. Aquat. Plant Manage. 35: 74–78. Web of Science1996. Assessment of fish-plant interactions. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 1988. Foraging efficiency of three freshwater fishes: Effects of structural complexity and light. Okios, 53: 207–214. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Effects of piscivore-mediated habitat use on resources, diet, and growth of perch. Ecology, 76: 1712–1726. CrossrefWeb of Science1991. An experimental analysis of macrophyte growth forms as fish foraging habitat. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 123–131. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Increasing litter retention in moorland streams: Ecological and management aspects of a field experiment. Freshwater Biol. 33: 325–337. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Effects of stream cleaning on juvenile Coho salmon and in Southeast Alaska. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115: 743–755. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. and Regulation of Diversity in a Stream. Ecol. Monogr. 68: 237–257. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Fish production correlated with primary productivity, not the Morphoedaphic Index. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 47: 1929–1936. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Invertebrate colonization of woody debris in coastal plain streams. Hydrobiologia, 434: 63–72. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Littoral slope as a predictor of the maximum biomass of submerged macrophyte communities. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1072–1080. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Relationship between abundance of largemouth bass and submerged vegetation in Texas reservoirs. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 4: 84–88. Crossref1984. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by listing various studies related to fish habitat and the ecological interactions within freshwater ecosystems. For instance, it mentions the habitat use by larval fishes and various studies focusing on the interactions between fish and their freshwater habitats, which supports the idea that freshwater ecosystems are abundant with diverse organisms, specifically fish and potentially microorganisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain biohacking methods, such as cold exposure, are based on scientific studies showing potential health benefits. [SEP] Text: Escalona-García LA, Pedroza-Islas R, Natividad R, Rodríguez-Huezo ME, Carrillo-Navas H, Pérez-Alonso C. Oxidation kinetics and thermodynamic analysis of chia oil microencapsulated in a whey protein concentrate-polysaccharide matrix. FEBS Letters. 2016;175:93-103. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2015. 12. 00973. Tontul I, Topuz A. Influence of emulsion composition and ultrasonication time on flaxseed oil powder properties. FEBS Letters. 2014;26:454-460. DOI: 10. 1016/j. powtec. 2014. 05. 00274. . Maltodextrin: A consummate carrier for spray-drying of xylooligosaccharides. FEBS Letters. 2018;18:963-996. DOI: 10. 1016/j. foodres. 2018. 01. 00475. . Water sorption and glass transition temperature of spray dried açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart. ) juice. FEBS Letters. 2008;94:215-221. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2009. 03. 00976. Bicudo MOP, Jó Microencapsulation of juçara (Euterpe edulis M. ) pulp by spray drying using different carriers and drying temperatures. FEBS Letters. 2015;33:153-161. DOI: 10. 1080/07373937. 2014. 93787277. . Effects of spray drying conditions on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of the Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis) fruit aril powder. FEBS Letters. 2010;98:385-392. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jfoodeng. 2010. 01. 01678. Fazaeli M, Emam-. Effect of spray drying conditions and feed composition on the physical properties of black mulberry juice powder. FEBS Letters. 2012;90:667-675. DOI: 10. 1016/j. fbp. 2012. 04. 00679. . Effect of inlet temperature on physicochemical properties of spray-dried jamun fruit juice powder. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it lists a series of studies and their DOIs related to various scientific topics but does not mention biohacking methods, cold exposure, or their potential health benefits. Thus, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: However, species of Acer are the first for which niche divergence along an altitudinal gradient in has been described. However, establishing whether this pattern is typical of NEA–SEA divergent species (or pairs), will necessitate further analyses. Post-pollination barriers contribute predominantly to the reproductive isolation of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages Our results reveal that both adult and offspring populations of the NEA and SEA lineages of Acer are characterized by a typical bimodal genetic pattern, with most hybrids being later generation F1 individuals, which thus tends to indicate a reduction in inter-lineage gene flow, although introgression between lineages does indeed occur. Nevertheless, even though the two lineages are isolated in terms of altitudinal distribution, they are still comparatively spatially adjacent (over a range of approx. 6–1800 m). In this regard, the findings of a study examining the mating patterns and population genetic structure of an Acer population in Beijing 42 have revealed that long-distance pollen dispersal can occur with a high probability. Moreover, it has been reported that the mean pollen dispersal distance of protogynous morphs of Acer opalus subsp. granatense, is 2. 8 km 43. Hence, we speculate that spatial isolation is unlikely to be a major factor limiting inter-lineage gene flow. Given the evolution of local adaptation and ecological niche divergence in the NEA and SEA lineages, as discussed above, there are opportunities for reproductive barriers to develop. Therefore, we infer that a reproductive barrier rather than spatial isolation between lineages, is a major factor contributing to a limited inter-lineage gene flow in the DHS. The very limited number of identified hybrids and narrow hybrid zone in the DHS are indicative of a reproductive barrier between the two lineages, which is predicted to be strong 29,44. On the basis of our observations, we infer that the reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages probably operates prior to seed development and maturation, which tends to be supported by the consistent genetic structure between seed and adult populations (Fig. 2b). Generally, prezygotic barriers, such as assortative mating, evolve more rapidly than postzygotic barriers 30, and can lead to a pronounced reduction in inter-lineage gene flow and the development of narrow hybrid zones 29,45,46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the population genetics and reproductive isolation of Acer species rather than discussing fossilized plants or their contributions to understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Resource heterogeneity and fish species diversity in lakes. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1689–1695. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. Effects of habitat complexity and prey abundance on the spatial and temporal distributions of perch (Perca fluviatilis) and pike (Esox lucius). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54: 1520–1531. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Effects of artificial instream cover on the density of 0+ brown trout. Fish. Manag. Ecol. 5: 45–53. Crossref1986. Reduction of a population and macrobenthos after removal of logging debris. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 115: 392–400. CrossrefWeb of Science1973. Preliminary comparisons of day and night habits of freshwater fish in Ontario lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 761–774. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. The importance of data-selection criteria: Meta-analysis of stream predation experiments. Ecology, 80: 1132–1141. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. What's on the menu? Evaluating a food availability model with young-of-the-year Chinook salmon in the Feather River, California. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 133: 777–788. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Profitable stream position for salmonids: relating specific growth rate to net energy gain. Can. J. Zool. 62: 441–451. CrossrefWeb of Science1993. of by (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and (O. kisutch) in a Stream. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 1998–1207. CrossrefWeb of Science1992. Large woody debris and salmonid habitat in a small coastal stream. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 682–693. CrossrefWeb of Science2003. The influence of scale on salmon habitat restoration priorities. Anim. Conserv. 6: 271–282. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Test of competitive interactions for space two benthic fish species, burbot Lota lota, and stone loach Barbatula barbatula. Environ. Biol. Fishes, 58: 439–446. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that examine the diversity of fish species in freshwater ecosystems, with references indicating how habitat complexity affects fish populations and their distribution. These details support the assertion that freshwater ecosystems indeed provide habitat for a diverse range of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: After multiple efforts, the patient could swallow some amount, followed by severe cough and oral regurgitation. The right-sided gag reflex was diminished. Other examination findings supported the diagnosis of LMS. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography were done and findings were consistent with LMS [Figure 1]. A videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was done in our department and it has been found there was a normal oral phase, normal oral transit time, intact hyolaryngeal elevation, with the vallecular and pyriform fossa residue (right > left), absent swallowing reflex – no opening of the upper oesophageal sphincter (UES), mild aspiration on multiple swallowing efforts, with penetration-aspiration scale (PAS)[11] score of 7 [Figure 2]. There was no improvement seen with any swallowing techniques applied during VFSS. Fibre optic endoscopic evaluation of swallow was also done with almost similar results [Figure 3]. A team was made including a physiatrist with experience in performing more than 1000 musculoskeletal USs and a speech–language pathologist. Treatment was modulated on swallowing manoeuvres of Mendelsohn (improves UES opening) and Shaker’s technique (enhance laryngeal elevation and thus helps in UES opening), and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy was recommended for better nutrition in view of chronic dysphagia, but it was denied by the patient. There was reduced compliance due to severe cough and no improvement was observed in the next 15 days. The patient’s symptom was worsening. She had haematemesis and undergone an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. It revealed that she was having oesophageal candidiasis. Thereby, a decision to inject the right cricopharyngeus with BTX-A at the earliest was taken. Accordingly, after the subsidence of haematemesis and candidiasis, the patient was prepared for the injection. The patient and her caregivers were informed regarding the procedure and possible outcome and written informed consent was taken. Nasogastric tube was removed and the patient was positioned in 45° reclined position, and a high-frequency linear (USG) probe was used for ultrasound guided (US-guided) injection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a complex medical case that involves numerous medical assessments and treatments for chronic dysphagia. It describes various interventions, including professional evaluations and procedures such as upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and the injection of botulinum toxin, indicating that chronic illnesses require comprehensive medical attention rather than solely biohacking techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Flowering phenology and/or pollinator community divergence between lineages are common pre-pollination barriers that can contribute to assortative mating 27,47,48. In the present study, we found that the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages differ with respect to almost all the flowering phenology indices we assessed (Table 1), thereby indicating trait divergence. However, we established that a majority of the individuals surveyed in the DHS are duodichogamous (82. 76%), characterized by two separate functional male stages. Consequently, the prolonged male function can give rise to an overlap of the blooming periods of the female and male flowers on trees of the opposite lineage (Table 1), even though blooming rhythms differs. Furthermore, given that we found no evidence of any appreciable differences between lineages with respect to flower shape, and that inter-lineage spatial isolation is relatively limited in the DHS, we would tend to assume that there is no divergence between the two lineages regarding the insect pollinator community. Accordingly, although further verification is necessary, we speculate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination barriers, are the major factor contributing to the reproductive isolation of lineages in the DHS. Such post-pollination barriers including pre-mating barriers associated with the stigma, as well as prezygotic or postzygotic barriers downstream of the stigma 30,49. Morphological divergence of NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages corresponds to A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum Notably, NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineage trees can be differentiated with respect to the morphologies of both leaves and fruits (Fig. 3a and b, Table 2). NEA-DHS typically produce larger seven-lobed leaves, characterized by a heart-shaped leaf base, whereas the generally smaller leaves of SEA-DHS typically have five lobes and a truncate-shaped leaf base. In terms of fruit, NEA-DHS have smaller seeds and seed wings spreading at larger angles compared with those produced by SEA-DHS. Furthermore, whereas the wings of SEA-DHS seeds are as long as the seeds (1. 06 ± 0. 02), those of NEA-DHS seeds tend to be longer than the seeds (1. 24 ± 0. 01). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses flowering phenology, pollinator community divergence, and morphological differences between specific plant lineages (NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS). It does not address fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: CrossrefWeb of Science1997. Spatial distribution of littoral fish species in a large European lake, Lake Constance, Germany. Arch. Hydrobiol. 140: 91–116. Crossref1998. Can cows and fish co-exist? Can. J. Plant Sci. 78: 191–198. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. The significance of man-made structures for lake trout spawning in the Great Lakes: Are they a viable alternative to natural reefs? Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 142–151. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Over-winter survival and habitat use by juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in two tributaries. J. Res. 26: 94–101. CrossrefWeb of Science1963. Early life history of the northern pike (Esox lucius L). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 92: 91–110. Crossref1992. Incidence and causes of physical failure of artificial habitat structures in streams of western Oregon and Washington. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 12: 182–197. Crossref1997. The structuring role of macrophytes in lakes: changing influences along lake size and depth gradients. role of macrophytes in structuring the biological community and biogeochemical dynamics in lakes. Edited by E. Jeppesen, M. Sźndergaard, Mo, Sźndergaard, and K. Christoffersen. Spring-Verlag, New York. 1977. Distribution, Abundance, and of Fishes in Response to a Nutrient/in Lake Memphremagog. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 1105–1117. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. Benefits from incremental additions to walleye spawning habitat in the Current River, with reference to habitat modification as a walleye management tool. on the science and management for habitat conservation and restoration strategies () in the Great Lakes. Council of Canada, (53): 79–87. 1979. Macroinvertebrate associations with aquatic macrophytes and artificial substrates. J. Res. 5: 69–72. Crossref2000. Habitat selection by juvenile Coho salmon in response to food and woody debris manipulation in suburban and rural stream sections. Can. J. Fish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it references various studies that discuss the spatial distribution of fish species and their habitats in lakes, such as habitat selection by juvenile Coho salmon and associations of macroinvertebrates with aquatic macrophytes. These examples indicate that freshwater ecosystems indeed support diverse organisms, including both fish and microorganisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Stroke 2000;31:1370–6. 3. . Treatment of dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle with botulinum a toxin:Introduction of a new, noninvasive method. 1994;103:31–5. 4. . Botulinum toxin type A for poststroke cricopharyngeal muscle dysfunction. 2006;87:1346–51. 5. Botulinum toxin is effective in the management of neurogenic dysphagia. Clinical-electrophysiological findings and tips on safety in different neurological disorders. 2017;8:80. 6. . Ultrasound-guided injection of botulinum toxin for cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Rehabil 2018;97:e102–3. 7. . Ultrasonography-guided botulinum toxin injection to the cricopharyngeus muscle:A case report and technical notes. 2020;22:345–55. 8. An electrophysiological approach to the diagnosis of neurogenic dysphagia:Implications for botulinum toxin treatment. J Psychiatry 2010;81:54–60. 9. O'. The dysphagia outcome and severity scale. Dysphagia 1999;14:139–45. 10. . Initial psychometric assessment of a functional oral intake scale for dysphagia in stroke patients. 2005;86:1516–20. 11. . A penetration-aspiration scale. Dysphagia 1996;11:93–8. 12. Evaluation of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) using simultaneous high-resolution endoluminal sonography (HRES) and manometry. Sci 2004;49:703–9. 13. . Upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions –Clinical and endosonographic evaluation and management. 2010;31:5–29. 14. . Botulinum toxin in the treatment of cricopharyngeal dysphagia. Dysphagia 2001;16:171–5. 15. . Botulinum toxin injection of the cricopharyngeus muscle for the treatment of dysphagia. 2000;122:691–5. 16. Masiero S, Briani C, Marchese-. Successful treatment of long-standing post-stroke dysphagia with botulinum toxin and rehabilitation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific medical treatments, including the use of botulinum toxin for managing dysphagia and post-stroke conditions. It indicates that effective treatment for chronic conditions may require medical interventions and rehabilitation, not solely biohacking techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Although the criteria used to differentiate A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum are not identical among the different Floras, our morphological characterization in this study would tend to be consistent with the identity of NEA-DHS individuals as A. pictum subsp. mono and SEA-DHS individuals as A. truncatum. Given that there are no other closely related Acer species in North China, we are thus reasonably confident in assigning NEA and SEA lineages in the DHS as A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, respectively. Moreover, the clear indication of a reproductive barrier between the NEA-DHS and SEA-DHS lineages provides compelling evidence regarding the current classification status of these two controversial species. However, despite this convincing support for the separate species status of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum, we suggest that leaf and fruit morphologies would not constitute solid identification criteria. Both species in the DHS tend to be characterized by large-range morphological variation, with a certain degree of overlap between species (Fig. 3a and b). Moreover, the presence of hybrids may exacerbate the difficulty in identifying these species based solely on morphology. If indeed niche divergence of the two species along an altitudinal gradient in the DHS is confirmed to be common phenomenon throughout the secondary contact zone, a combination of morphological and habitat-related criteria may provide relatively reliable and readily assessed clues that could be used to identify A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum in North China. For conclusive verification, however, the most precise approach to identification is one based on the analyses of molecular markers, such as nSSRs or nuclear single-copy genes 18,50,51. ConclusionCollectively, the findings of our detailed genetic structure and trait analyses of Acer population in the DHS clarify the identities of A. pictum subsp. mono and A. truncatum as two separate species, which correspond to the NEA and SEA lineages, respectively, identified in a previous phylogeographical study. Within the study region, the two species are characterized by ecological niche divergence and different habitats along an altitudinal gradient. Although we detected introgression between the two species, interspecific gene flow appears to be uncommon and the established hybrid zone is narrow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses the classification and identification of specific species of Acer in North China, focusing on morphological and genetic characteristics. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Aquat. Sci. 57: 1804–1813. CrossrefWeb of Science2003. The effect of wood and temperature on juvenile Coho salmon winter movement, growth, density and survival in side-channels. River Res. Appl. 19: 219–231. CrossrefWeb of Science1993. Relative habitat use and intre-specific and intra-specific competition of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in some Newfoundland rivers. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 118: 53–69. 1978. Large scale experimental salmonid nursery area habitat improvement River, New Brunswick. Fish. Info. Bull. 1: 1–23. 1984. Management implications of the distribution and diet of sympatric populations of juvenile Coho salmon and coastal cutthroat trout in small streams in British Columbia, Canada. Prog. Fish Cul. 46: 269–277. Crossref1994. Comparison of fish and macroinvertebrate standing stocks in relation to riparian willows (Salix spp. ) in three streams. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 28: 255–266. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Foraging and predator avoidance: a test of a patch choice model with juvenile bluegill sunfish. Oecologia, 83: 346–351. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1989. Predator foraging success and habitat complexity: Quantitative test of the threshold hypothesis. Oecologia, 80: 158–166. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1993. A descriptive and experimental study of microhabitat use by young-of-the-year benthic stream fishes. Ecol. Freshwater Fish, 2: 40–49. Crossref2003. A comparison of fish assemblages associated with different riparian vegetation types in the Hawkesbury-system. Fish. Manage. Ecol. 10: 209–220. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Effects of forestry roads on reproductive habitat and exploitation of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in three experimental lakes. Impacts of major watershed perturbations on aquatic ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 97–104. CrossrefWeb of Science1992. A meta-analysis of competition in field experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies and their findings related to freshwater habitats, specifically focusing on fish and aquatic organisms such as juvenile Coho salmon and brook trout. It indicates a diverse range of organisms in these ecosystems, as implied by references to species interactions, habitat use, and the influence of environmental factors on aquatic life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Bowles – Computing Conflict-free Treatments for IllnessesMar 18, 2020 | Editor's Pick, Engineering & Computer Science, Medical & 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 Email Vtreatments for patients with more than one chronic condition can be highly precarious, and in many cases, simultaneous treatments for different illnesses can be detrimental to each other and ultimately, the patient. Bowles at the University of believes that this pressing issue can be solved with the help of advanced computational techniques. Her team has explored the ability of such techniques to calculate reliable outcomes within models of complex systems. Their work promises to significantly enhance the ways in which treatments for chronic conditions could be delivered – improving safety and quality of life for patients. Webs of natural ecosystems to social networks, the characteristics of many systems are driven by complex webs of interactions between different objects and components. To understand how they work, computer scientists can build behavioural models that predict the outcomes of manipulations to the system – all while obeying the laws of physics. This approach has previously allowed researchers to virtually probe the behaviours of a diverse range of systems. However, the technique faces one clear limitation: when systems become too large, and governed by many different aspects and variables, they can become far too complex for researchers to build accurate models of them. To overcome the issue, computer scientists sometimes reflect on individual ‘scenarios of execution’ that are possible within complex systems. Instead of modelling the complete behaviour of a system, the concept focusses on computing the outcomes of specific situations, brought about when systems are manipulated in specific ways. However, this approach has experienced pitfalls. Scenarios of execution can be carried out in a number of different ways, ultimately yielding many different, often conflicting outcomes. Consequently, the results gathered in the process remain inconclusive and unreliable. their research, Bowles and her team at the University of have explored an improved approach which integrates a variety of so-called formal methods, including constraint solvers and theorem provers. In particular, ‘satisfiability modulo theory’ (SMT) solvers allow the team to explore the use of arithmetic and add measures to find properties of interest. When formulating a problem as a series of logical constraints, an SMT solver tries to satisfy all the constraints simultaneously, and if there are conflicting elements, it will identify them. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and potential dangers associated with treatments for chronic illnesses. It highlights that simultaneous treatments can be detrimental and that advanced computational methods are needed to improve treatment delivery, indicating that solely relying on biohacking techniques could be inadequate or unsafe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Our observations tend to indicate that post-pollination rather than pre-pollination mechanisms constitute a major reproductive barrier between the two species. Although the species differ significantly with respect to both leaf and fruit morphologies, we detected a large variance in these traits and a degree of overlap between the species, thereby indicating that neither trait would be a reliable criterion on which to base the differentiation of this cryptic species pair. This study is the first that has focused on the evolutionary and ecological consequence of the convergence of Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages. Although secondary contact between Juglans mandshurica (NEA lineage) and J. cathayensis (SEA lineage) has previously been examined in the Mt. Taihang and Mt. Yanshan regions, which probably generates a hybrid lineage in the latter region. 16, the ecological consequences for the Juglans species pair in the secondary contact zone have yet to be studied. Similarly, the sympatrically distributed Quercus mongolica and Q. liaotungensis have also be found meet in the region to the north of Mt. Taihang and Yanshan, although to date no clear niche divergence, morphological divergence, or reproductive barriers have been identified in this secondary contact zone 20,52. Moreover, the Quercus species pair appears to be not typical NEA–SEA distribution pattern, and it remains to be determined whether the differences in distribution contribute to different ecological consequence for Acer and Quercus. Given the paucity of evolutionary and ecological studies focusing on secondary contact zones in North China, it has yet to be established whether the pattern identified for the Acer species pair is a more widespread common feature of these zones. However, as is considered a key secondary contact region for Tertiary relict NEA and SEA lineages, we believe that further evolutionary and ecological studies should be conducted to gain a better understanding of the origins and maintenance of biodiversity in this high-latitude region. area Reserve (hereafter “DHS”) is located to the east of Mt. Yanshan, with altitudes ranging from 590 to 1074 m. The regional climate is temperate monsoon with an annual average temperature of 4. 9–7. 5℃ and annual precipitation of 400–450 mm. The vegetation in the reserve is typical temperate deciduous forest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses reproductive barriers and ecological studies of specific tree species in a secondary contact zone, without mentioning fossilized plants or their significance in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 6: 401–409. Crossref1948. Fertilization for increasing productivity of natural inland waters. Trans. N. Am. Wildl. Conf. 13: 527–555. 1983. Density of fish and salamanders in relation to riparian canopy and physical habitat in streams of the northwestern United States. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1173–1185. CrossrefWeb of Science1957. On the variation in bottom fauna and fish yields in relation to trophic level and lake dimension. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 14: 1–32. CrossrefWeb of Science1937. Results of stream and lake improvement in Michigan. of the 2nd Wildlife and Conference. Washington, D. C. (37): 620–624. 1990. Direct and indirect effects of predation on a fish community: A whole-lake experiment. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 825–835. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Microhabitat use and behaviour of overwintering juvenile coho salmon in a tributary. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 129: 866–872. CrossrefWeb of Science1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego:. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology, 80: 1150–1156. CrossrefWeb of Science1988. Effect of experimentally increased intraspecific competition on sedentary adult brown trout (Salmo trutta) movement and stream habitat choice. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1163–1172. CrossrefWeb of Science1991. Seasonal habitat selection and p1370. CrossrefWeb of Science1981. in a Community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 38: 1405–1402. CrossrefWeb of Science1994. The status of Nebraska fishes in the Missouri River, 4. Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris, and blue catfish, Ictalurus furcatus (Ictaluridae). of the of Sciences, 21: 89–98. 1997. Effects of large woody debris placement on stream channels and benthic macroinvertebrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to fish and other organisms in freshwater ecosystems. It references specific studies on fish density, habitat selection, and the influence of various factors like predation and intraspecific competition on fish communities. These studies imply that freshwater ecosystems indeed support a diverse range of organisms, aligning with the assertion in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: A theorem prover can help to generate the constraints needed by the solver by expressing the problem in a simpler, more natural way. ‘In this context we use the theorem prover “Isabelle”,’ says Dr Bowles. ‘This has the added advantage that we can prove the correctness of the formulations directly within the theorem prover. ’ Caminati, also at the University of St Andrews, developed an approach that explores the benefits of combining theorem provers and SMT solvers to generate outcomes in complex combinations of models. Their approach can ignore any present inconsistencies within the models, and only find scenarios of execution that are free from inconsistencies with each other. Reaching Conflict-free exploiting the advantages of combining Isabelle and SMT solvers, the team revealed that conflict-free outcomes of different scenarios of execution can be computed automatically. They also developed new ways to prove that their calculated results were correct and showed that their methods were more effective than when using solvers alone. To reduce complexity, considered how some constraints of behavioural models can be ranked over others if they are more significant, for instance if treatment of one disease, such as cancer, is prioritised above other comorbidities. They added further flexibility by allowing executions of different scenarios to start at different times. Ultimately, the duo’s results paved the way for further studies regarding one of the most intricate systems known to science: the human body. In cases of illnesses enduring a lifetime, the body’s responses to highly complex treatment guidelines can be highly unpredictable. realised that these inherent uncertainties have many similarities with the issues they had recently overcome. ‘Although software system specification and patient care guidelines seem different, inherently they have something in common,’ explains Dr Bowles. ‘In both cases we have procedures and executions of (partially) ordered sequences of actions, called “traces of execution” in computer science or “pathways” in clinical practice. In the case of computer-based systems, actions are carried out by users or computers, while in the case of care guidelines, actions are carried out by physicians, patients and carers. In both cases, conflict may arise when individual executions and pathways are incompatible. ’ list of conditions that many people globally must endure for their entire lives is unfortunately long, including diabetes, heart and liver diseases, COPD and cancers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the complexity of treating chronic illnesses and highlights that the responses to treatment can be unpredictable due to the intricate nature of human biology. It notes that many chronic conditions, such as diabetes and cancers, involve enduring treatment guidelines that are not easily simplified into a 'biohacking' methodology. Therefore, the statement that anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely through biohacking is contradicted by the text, which recognizes the unpredictable and complex nature of these illnesses and treatments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Genetic structure of the parental population On the basis of previous study 14, we selected a 5. 5-km-long, 20-m-wide hillside transect in DHS, where the two genetic types of Acer might coexist. Along this transect, from the foot of the hill to the summit, we located all accessible Acer adults using a mobile phone with a location error within 4 m. In total, we located 70 individuals, with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 37. 07 ± 1. 66 cm (Figure S4). Leaves were collected from all identified individuals and desiccated using silica gel at room temperature until used for DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted using a plant genomic kit (Tiangen, Beijing). All individuals were genotyped by 11 previously used microsatellite loci (Table S1) 42,53. The 20-µL PCR mixtures contained 10–20 ng DNA, 0. 4 µL of each forward and reverse primer (10 µM), 7. 7 µL of ddH2O, and 10 µL of 2x (Co. , Ltd. ). Reactions were performed in a thermal cycler (Applied Biosystems) using the following amplification program: an initial denaturation of 94℃ for 5 min; six cycles of 94℃ for 50 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures ™ for 50 s, and 72℃ for 30 s; a following 24 cycles of 94℃ for 30 s, locus-specific annealing temperatures for 50 s, and 72℃ for 50 s; and a final extension at 72℃ for 10 min. Allele sizes were determined using GeneMarkerv. 2. 2. 0 54, with all alleles being assessed independently by two persons to reduce scoring errors. To infer the genetic structure of the DHS population, we implemented both a Bayesian clustering approach and principal co-ordinates analysis (PCoA), the latter of which was conducted using GenAlex6. 5 55. Bayesian clustering was conducted using. 2. 3. 4 56 with K values from 1 to 10 and an admixture model and correlated allele frequencies being applied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic structure of the Acer population and the methodology used for genetic analysis, without mentioning fossilized plants or their implications for ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Responses of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and their prey to inorganic fertilization of an oligotrophic montane lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56: 1011–1025. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Enhancing productive capacity in the Canadian Arctic: Assessing the effectiveness of instream habitat structures in habitat compensation. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 133: 1356–1365. CrossrefWeb of Science1938. Effect of fertilization on plankton production and on fish growth in a Wisconsin Lake. Prog. Fish-Cult. 40: 24–27. Crossref1981. Note - evidence of natural reproduction by planted lake trout in Lake Michigan. J. Res. 7: 57–61. Crossref2004. Deil and seasonal habitat and food segregation of three sympatric Coregonus lavaretus forms in a subarctic lake. J. Fish Biol. 64: 418–434. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. An ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United States. Fisheries, 22: 12–25. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Research/evaluate restoration of NE Oregon streams: Effects of livestock exclosures (corridor fencing) on riparian vegetation, stream geomorphic features, and fish populations. University and the University of Oregon. Eugene, Oregon. 2001. Contribution of terrestrial invertebrates to the annual resource budget for salmonids in forest and grassland reaches of a headwater stream. Freshwater Biol. 46: 303–316. CrossrefWeb of Science1978. Trophic and spatial interrelationships in the fish species of an Ontario temperate lake. Environ. Bio. Fishes, 3: 7–31. Crossref1978. Nearshore fish habitat utilization and species associations in (Ontario, Canada). Environ. Bio. Fishes, 3: 173–184. Crossref1982. Quantifying within-lake gradients of wave energy: interrelationships of wave energy, substrate p58. CrossrefWeb of Science1983. Shoreline vegetation in Axe Lake, Ontario: Effects of exposure on zonation patterns. Ecology, 64: 331–344. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Allometric and environmental correlates of territory size in juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Can. J. Fish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing numerous studies related to fish populations and habitats in freshwater ecosystems. For example, the mention of rainbow trout and their prey in an oligotrophic montane lake, and the effects of fertilization on plankton production, indicates the presence of various organisms within these ecosystems. Moreover, discussions about riparian vegetation and contributions of terrestrial invertebrates further support the claim that freshwater ecosystems are vital habitats for a diverse range of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: To ensure that patients suffering from these diseases have the highest possible lifespans and quality of life, clinicians have now developed treatment regimens incorporating factors including drugs, diet and lifestyle, which they recommend patients should strictly adhere to. So far, such efforts have reduced the suffering of many millions of people worldwide. The evident problem with this approach is that some patients are likely to suffer from multiple, unrelated chronic conditions at the same time. Since patients dealing with these cases of ‘multimorbidity’ must be treated by multiple doctors, each specialised in just one of their conditions, they will inevitably receive multiple, often conflicting treatment guidelines at the same time. Because these guidelines are so strict, it becomes highly likely that they will be detrimental to each other – forcing doctors to adapt their treatments to account for other conditions which they likely have little knowledge of. Ultimately, this means that the safety and wellbeing of patients already in challenging situations is at risk. According to Dr Bowles, this demands an urgent rethink in how computer science can further develop automated solutions aimed at improving the approach to treatment of multimorbidity. a further 2019 study, and her colleagues explored how their computational techniques could be used to significantly streamline our current treatments of multimorbidity. ‘We investigated automated methods of detection of conflicts in clinical pathways for multimorbidities and proposed solutions that resolve them,’ she explains. Building on results from Dr Bowles’ previous study, the team presented their automated approach with clinical guidelines for specific treatments for chronic conditions. These instructions came in the form of treatment models. When translated into a form a computer could understand, the researchers’ techniques were used to carry out scenarios of execution corresponding to a patient being treated with specific guidelines. If two or more disease treatment models were fed into the framework, the SMT solver checked for any inconsistencies between them, indicating that one treatment was lowering the effectiveness of another. Subsequently, the correctness of the outcomes of the operation was checked by the automated theorem prover ‘Isabelle’, allowing either positive or negative scores to be assigned to each aspect of each clinical guideline. If any aspects were low or negatively scoring, the researchers could conclude that they were incompatible with other treatments and would need to be adapted. Reaching the For the first time, Dr Bowles’ team had demonstrated a computational framework that could identify cases in which multiple clinical guidelines caused problems when carried out at the same time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that chronic illnesses require a multifaceted treatment approach that often includes drugs, diet, and lifestyle changes prescribed by clinicians. It highlights the complexities involved in treating patients with multiple chronic conditions ('multimorbidity'), indicating that strict adherence to biohacking techniques could lead to conflicts in treatment regimens. Moreover, it discusses the necessity for specialized care and automated solutions to handle inconsistencies in treatment, further implying that solely following biohacking techniques is inadequate for curing chronic illnesses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For each K, we ran 10 independent simulations with a burn-in of 1,000,000 iterations followed by 2,000,000 rounds MCMC sampling. The optimal K was determined using 56,57 based on both the maximum likelihood value (lnPD) and change rate of lnPD (△K) 58. To verify the Bayesian clustering results obtained for the 70 trees sampled in the DHS, we conducted an additional run for K = 2 for a separate dataset comprising the 70 individuals examined in the present study and a further 1208 individuals analyzed by Guo et al. 2014 from sites other than the DHS. Given that Guo et al. assessed only six SSR loci, we used a sub-dataset of the 70 individuals screened with the same six loci during the additional calculations, the procedure of which was the same as that described above. Using NewHybridsv. 1. 1 59, we quantitatively determined the posterior probability that each individual fell into one of the following six categories: the two pure parents, first-generation hybrids (F1), second-generation hybrids (F2), and backcrosses to the two pure parents. MCMC sampling was set as 100,000, preceded by a burn-in of 100,000 iterations with “Jeffreys-type” priors. Assignment of categories was based on the highest probability greater than 85%. Genetic analysis of offspring populations To determine whether random mating occurs between the different genetic types, we collected seeds during September in both 2020 and 2021. However, in these two years, we collected sufficient amounts of viable seed for analysis from only 20 and 17 individuals, respectively (Fig. 2a). Most of the remaining focal trees either failed to produce seeds or had produced only a few seeds that were inaccessible at the canopy. DNA was extracted from a total of 410 seeds, which were genotyped using the aforementioned 11 microsatellite loci. Assignment analysis for K = 2, applied using. 2. 3. 4, was conducted for the 410 seeds, as well as the 70 parental trees. The experimental procedure and parameter settings were the same as those described above. Flowering phenology The sexual system of Acer has four phenotypes: duodichogamous, protogynous, protandrous, and male 42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic analysis and experimental procedures related to seed collection and flowering phenology, without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Enhancement of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by lake fertilization in Lake: summary report. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1580–1596. CrossrefWeb of Science1991. Effects of eutrophication on fisheries. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 5: 287–305. Web of Science2000. Effects of aquatic bryophytes and long-term fertilization on arctic stream insects. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 19: 697–708. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Influence of large woody debris on stream insect communities and benthic detritus. Hydrobiologia, 421: 179–185. CrossrefWeb of Science1994. Effects of riparian willow trees (Salix fragilis) on macroinvertebrate densities in two small Central Otago, New Zealand, streams. N. Z. J. Mar. Freshwater Res. 28: 267–276. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. Detecting changes in the nearshore fish community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 391–402. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Determinants of the distribution of juvenile fish in the littoral area of a shallow lake. Freshwater Biol. 49: 410–424. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. Can science resolve the attraction-production issue? Fisheries, 22: 10–13. Web of Science1995. Experimental evidence for the effect of depth and structure on the distribution, growth, and survival of fishes. Can. J. Zool. 73: 2223–2230. CrossrefWeb of Science1975. The dynamics and structure of periphyton communities in three streams. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 19: 1610–1616. 2001. The influence of smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) predation and habitat complexity on the structure of littoral zone fish assemblages. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 342–351. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Effects of Wood Hardness, Condition, Texture and on of Stream Invertebrates. Am. Midl. Nat. 139: 187–200. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to various studies that explore the effects of different factors on aquatic organisms, including fish and invertebrates in freshwater ecosystems. For instance, it mentions the influence of riparian willow trees on macroinvertebrate densities and the distribution of juvenile fish in littoral areas, both of which support the claim that freshwater ecosystems serve as habitats for diverse organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: ‘We have shown how an automated framework combining efficient and formal verification techniques can be used to identify steps in different medical guidelines that cause problems if carried out together, and find the preferred alternative according to certain criteria, such as drug efficacy, prevalent disease, patient allergies,’ she says. Importantly, the software was able to consider factors including the interactions between two drugs, prescribed for different conditions; between foods and particular drugs; and contradictory health recommendations, including patterns of sleep and exercise. It also accounted for criteria unrelated to treatment, including patient allergies. Through the scoring system established by the team’s approach, doctors could be given clear guidelines as to the particular aspects of their treatments they need to adapt and aid them in finding a compromise treatment that would be more effective overall. With the success of this approach, and her colleagues focussed on establishing greater flexibility in the computational framework, which will prove critical if the technique is to be integrated into practical treatments. reality, patients with multimorbidity will not only be concerned with the overall effectiveness of their multiple treatments; if their quality of life is to improve, a wide variety of other factors must also be considered. With this in mind, have extended the capabilities of their technique further in their latest study. This time, they aimed to go beyond the consideration of medication effectiveness alone as their criteria for the best solution – checking for factors including the different stages of patients’ conditions, and whether certain combinations of treatments were safe and comfortable for them. If this is not the case, the software is now able to pick the best alternative from a group of potential medications. Furthermore, this list can be tailored to the personal p10. 33548/488 Meet the researcher of University of was awarded her PhD at the Braunschweig, Germany, in 2000. After working as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Edinburgh, she then took a lectureship position at the University of Birmingham in 2004. In 2007, moved to the University of in Scotland, where she is currently a in the School of Computer Science. Dr Bowles’ research interests lie in the development of automated techniques for computer modelling, especially in healthcare. She is particularly dedicated to using computational methods to maximise safety and medication effectiveness for patients undergoing multiple treatments. She has presented her team’s findings at several international conferences, in addition to events with the general public and GPs, which has generated considerable international interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a detailed account of an automated framework focused on improving healthcare through personalized treatment plans. It emphasizes that effective treatment for chronic illnesses requires considering various factors like medication effectiveness, patient allergies, and the interactions between medications, rather than relying solely on biohacking techniques. This underscores the complexity of treating chronic conditions, which cannot be achieved through biohacking alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Hence, there are three functional sex types: (1) “Male I” flowers open earlier than “Female” flowers, with mature stamens, no style and ovary; (2) “Female” flowers have mature pistils, short filaments and indehiscence anthers; (3) “Male II” flowers open later than “Female”, with mature stamens, ovary, and separated stigmas. Duodichogamy is characterized by “Male I,” “Female,” and “Male II” types; protandry by “Male I” and “Female” types; and protogyny by “Female” and “Male II” types 42. To investigate the divergence of flowering phenology among the different genetic types, we recorded flowering phenology during the period from April 20 to May 18, 2020. Daily observations of flowering were performed for 29 individuals with readily accessed branches, among which there were 9 SEA lineage, 14 hybrid, and 6 NEA lineage trees based on analysis of the parental population (Fig. 2a). Initially, we selected four branches on each tree, evenly distributed in the four cardinal directions, which were marked for subsequent daily investigation. The total numbers of focal flowers produced by each tree were counted at the alabastrum stage, and during the monitoring period, the sex of each blooming flower was recorded. The data obtained for the numbers of flowers of each sex blooming (hereafter Blooming#-“sex”) are presented as the numbers recorded daily. No further flowers bloomed on focal branches after May 16. On the basis of the daily Blooming#-“sex” data for each tree, we calculated indices of flowering phenology for each individual, including the commencement, peak, and cessation of each sex blooming. Using these data, we examined the potential phenological divergence among genetic types by performing a one-way ANOVA. Analysis of leaf and fruit morphology 2020, we collected a total of 690 healthy leaves from the 70 focal trees, which were scanned using an HP LaserJet 1100A scanner, and used 4. 5. 2 to measure six indices reflecting leaf size and shape (Figure S5a and Table 2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the reproductive phenology and morphology of different flower types but does not mention fossilized plants or their implications for understanding ancient climates and ecosystems. As such, it does not support or contradict the claim, making it irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Fish community structure in mesotrophic and eutrophic lakes in southern Finland: the relative abundance of percids and cyprinids along a trophic gradient. J. Fish Biol. 60: 593–612. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Managing macrophytes to improve fish growth: A multi-lake experiment. Fisheries, 23: 6–12. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Resolving ecological questions through meta-analysis: Goals, metrics, and models. Ecology. 80: 1105–1117. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. A quantitative framework to evaluate the attraction-production controversy. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 59: S214–S221. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Can macrophytes be useful in biomanipulation of lakes? Zwemlust example. Hydrobiologia, 200–201: 399–407. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Causes of low oxygen in a lowland, regulated eutrophic river in Eastern England. Sci. Total Environ. 321: 273–286. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1993. The distribution of microcrustacea in the littoral zone of a freshwater lake. Hydrobiologia, 263: 173–183. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Seasonal and Selection by Bluegills in a Lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 131: 1131–1139. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Dynamics of reproduction by hatchery lake trout on a man-made spawning reef. J. Res. 12: 293–303. CrossrefWeb of Science1988. Predation regulation and primary production along the productivity gradient of temperate lake ecosystems. Interactions in Lake Communities. Springer, New York. 65. 1999. Interactions among size-structured populations in a whole-lake experiment: size-and scale-dependent processes. Oikos, 87: 139–156. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Landscape characteristics, land use, and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) abundance, Snohomish River, Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 613–623. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Statistical power analysis can improve fisheries research and management. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies related to fish communities and aquatic organisms in freshwater ecosystems, including references to the abundance and interaction of species such as fish and microcrustacea in lakes. This indicates that freshwater ecosystems indeed support a diverse array of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: ablationtyrosine kinase inhibitorimmune checkpoint inhibitorlocoregional therapythermalcombinationFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4IntroductionHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common form of cancer worldwide and the third highest cause of cancer-related deaths. The substantial number of deaths is often due to late diagnosis wherein the HCC has already reached advanced stages and indications for potentially curative therapies are restricted. [1] The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) has dramatically changed the landscape of HCC treatment in that objective response rates of 17–36% are now achievable,[2–4] as compared to response rates of only 1–13% for Sorafenib. [4, 5] As a result of this, HCC downstaging, a term usually reserved for locoregional therapy or limited hepatic resection that allows HCC patients to meet liver transplant criteria,[6] is now being realized also with systemic HCC treatment. Several investigators have designated this capability, following systemic treatment, to downgrade a previously unresectable HCC to receive potentially curative treatment as “curative conversion”. [7–10] The combination of Atezolizumab, an ICI binding to the programmed cell death ligand 1 receptors of T-cells, and Bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenic agent, has been recommended as the first-line treatment for unresectable and advanced stage HCC in most guidelines ever since the IMbrave150 Phase III trial showed its superiority over Sorafenib in both overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS) in patients with unresectable HCC. [4] Interestingly, the relatively high objective response rate of 33. 2% achieved with Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab combination in the trial has translated into curative conversion rates of as high as 35% in intermediate stage[10] and 13% in advanced stage[11] patients. Curative conversion is in fact not only limited to Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab but can also be achieved using other anti-angiogenics and ICI combinations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text directly contrasts the claim by discussing medical treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and other therapies, highlighting that these are necessary for achieving potential cures. It indicates that curing HCC relies on sophisticated medical interventions rather than biohacking techniques alone, as the effectiveness of these treatments is presented in a clinical context, emphasizing the complexity of curing chronic illnesses.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Similarly, we collected and scanned a total of 615 fruits from 22 trees, among which, 170 were from SEA-DHS maternal sources, 256 from Hybrid-DHS, and 189 from NEA-DHS, as identified based on analysis of parental population (Fig. 2a). 4. 5. 2, we obtained values for eight indices reflecting fruit size and shape (Figure S5b and Table 2). To visualize potential morphological divergence among the different genetic types of leaf and fruit traits, we performed principal component analysis using R 4. 1. 2 software. Statement of ethical approval All the plant materials were sampled from natural populations in and no damages were caused to the studied trees. This study was conducted in accordance with local legislation and permission was issued to collect such samples. Each individual was marked with a tag which was possible to check in future. Voucher specimens collected were deposited at University Herbarium. Declarationswork was supported by the of China [32071494, 32171654] and the Program of China [2019FY101700]. and Ge JP designed the work. Yang R, conducted all field work. W performed molecular trials and analyzed data; Yang R, Deng YW and Wang HF drafted the work. Deng YW and Wang HF substantively revised it. All authors interpreted results and contributed to the final manuscript. details are available in Figures S1-S5 and Tables S1–S3. All sample, SSR, flowering and morphological data are available on Dryad repository ( research collaboration was developed with local government during all field work, including locating focal trees, collecting genetic samples, recording flowering phenology and scanning leaves and fruits. All collaborators are included as co-authors. The research addresses a priority concern, in this case the identify and conservation of Tertiary relict species hybrid zone in North China. The results of research have been shared with all collaborators and local government. All data have been shared with the broader public via appropriate biological databases. 10. 1111/j. 1420-9101. 2012. 02599. x (2013). Arnegard, M. E. et al. Genetics of ecological divergence during speciation. Nature 511, 307, doi:10. 1038/nature13301 (2014). Lamichhaney, S. et al. Rapid hybrid speciation in Darwin's finches. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. It primarily discusses a study involving sampling of fruits and tree species, ethical considerations, and data sharing without any mention of fossils, ancient climates, or ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Fish habitat management implications of the summer habitat use by littoral fishes in a north temperate, mesotrophic lake. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 60: 286–300. CrossrefWeb of Science2005. Evaluation of an underwater video technique for assessing fish-habitat relationships. Arch. Hydrobiol. 164: 547–571. Crossref1957. Use of artificial and natural spawning beds by lake trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86: 258–260. Crossref1979. Attraction of fishes to tire reefs in Lake, Virginia. of fish to habitat structure in standing water. Edited by R. A. Stein and D. L. Johnson. Am. Fish. Soc. , Div. , Spec. Pub. 6, Bethesda, Maryland, 25. 1995. Relationships between environmental variables and size-specific growth rates of Illinois stream fishes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 252–261. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Relations among habitat characteristics, exotic species, and turbid-river cyprinids in the drainage of Wyoming. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 133: 727–742. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. The effects of chemical control of submerged vegetation on the fish 442. of Investigational Report. 1994. Stream channel morphology and woody debris in logged and unlogged basins of Western Washington. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51: 37–51. CrossrefWeb of Science1996. The relationship between an index of fish production and submerged macrophytes and other habitat features at three littoral areas in the Great Lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53: 35–44. CrossrefWeb of Science1955. Morphometry as a dominant factor in the productivity of large lakes. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. Verh. 12: 164–175. 1997. Fish habitat restoration in the Pacific Northwest: of Oregon. restoration: principles and practices. Edited by J. E. Williams, Wood C. A. , and M. P. Dombeck. Am. Fisheries Soc. Bethesda, Maryland. 359. 1992. Development of off-channel habitats for use by juvenile Chinook. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to fish habitat management and the relationships between fishes and their habitats in freshwater ecosystems. It highlights the importance of habitat characteristics in supporting diverse fish populations, which supports the notion that freshwater ecosystems are crucial habitats for various organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: [9, 12, 13] Most reports on curative conversion employ surgical modalities to effect cure, with only a minority mentioning thermal ablative therapies like radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA). [8, 10, 14] This is understandable since thermal ablation is usually limited to smaller tumor sizes, and patients who undergo systemic therapy usually have large tumor sizes at the start of treatment. However, with the improvement in ablation techniques and technology, HCC as large as 7–8 cm. can nowadays be thermally ablated with a high success rate[15, 16] and consequently, also extend the indications for ablation. Thermal ablation can therefore be a good option to surgical resection for HCC that gets downsized to a size that is deemed suitable for ablation according to the expertise available at the institution. We therefore aimed to present the curative conversion rates using MWA as the potentially curative treatment in consecutive patients with intermediate to advanced HCC who were initially treated with combination Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab therapy. We also aimed to compare the survival rates of patients who achieved curative conversion versus those who did not. MethodsThis is a retrospective study of consecutive patients diagnosed with unresectable HCC (uHCC) who received Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab combination therapy as the first-line systemic treatment from May 2021 to December 2023. Criteria for HCC unresectability were based on the (BCLC) staging system, which includes portal vein invasion, distant extrahepatic spread, diffuse and infiltrative bi-lobar tumor involvement, and patients with an (ECOG) score of 1–2 at staging work-up. Patients with liver reserve of Child-Pugh classification (CPC) C and ECOG ≥ 3 were excluded. Information collected from the medical records included patients’ age, sex, ECOG, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), HCC etiology, and tumor characteristics. All patients were given Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab with the end goal of achieving criteria for curative conversion with MWA as follows: a. ) tumor size of ≤ 7. 5 cm. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a specific medical treatment process that involves systemic therapies and surgical interventions for patients with unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC). It emphasizes the complexity of treating chronic illnesses like HCC through established medical procedures such as Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab therapy and thermal ablation, rather than through biohacking techniques. The mention of rigorous criteria for unresectability and specific medical protocols further establishes that curing chronic illnesses is not solely achievable through biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Science 359, 224-227, doi:10. 1126/science. aao4593 (2018). Weigend, M. Observations on the biogeography of the Amotape-in northern Peru. Bot. Rev. 68, 38-54, doi:10. 1663/0006-8101(2002)068[0038:ootbot]2. 0. co;2 (2002). Petit, R. et al. Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting pots of genetic diversity. Science 300, 1563-1565, doi:10. 1126/science. 1083264 (2003). Hao, M. D. et al. Regional assemblages shaped by historical and contemporary factors: Evidence from a species-rich insect group. Mol. Ecol. 29, 2492-2510, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15412 (2020). Bernatchez, L. & Wilson, C. C. Comparative phylogeography of nearctic and palearctic fishes. Mol. Ecol. 7, 431-452, doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-294x. 1998. 00319. x (1998). Liu, K. B. Quaternary history of the temperate forests of china. Reviews 7, 1-20, doi:10. 1016/0277-3791(88)90089-3 (1988). Qian, H. & Ricklefs, R. E. Large-scale processes and the Asian bias in species diversity of temperate plants. Nature 407, 180-182, doi:10. 1038/35025052 (2000). Ying, T. S. Species diversity and distribution pattern of seed plants in China. 09, 393-398, doi:10. 17520/biods. 2001058 (2001). Qiu, Y. X. , Fu, C. X. & Comes, H. P. Plant molecular phylogeography in China and adjacent regions: Tracing the genetic imprints of Quaternary climate and environmental change in the world's most diverse temperate flora. Mol. Phylogen. Evol. 59, 225-244, doi:10. 1016/j. ympev. 2011. 01. 012 (2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it lists various studies and their findings related to biogeography, genetic diversity, and species distribution without mentioning fossilized plants or their contributions to understanding ancient environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 12: 721–727. Crossref2001. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in the and Nunavut, with major emphasis on lake habitat requirements. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2569. 1995. Characteristics and function of large woody debris in subalpine streams in northern Colorado. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 1789–1802. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Trout population response to habitat enhancement in six northern Colorado streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 34–53. CrossrefWeb of Science1983. Autumnal habitat shift of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in a small river. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 671–680. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Changes in the selection of microhabitat by juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) at the summer-autumn transition in a small river. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 41: 469–475. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Fish and grazing relationships: The facts and some pleas. Fisheries, 24: 12–21. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Life history characteristics of freshwater fishes occurring in and the Yukon, with major emphasis on stream habitat. Can. Manuscr. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 2611. 1994. Character release and displacement in fishes: A neglected literature. Am. Nat. 144: 596–627. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Changing times, spaces, and faces: tests and implications of adaptive morphological plasticity in the fishes of northern postglacial lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 59: 1819–1833. CrossrefWeb of Science1939. Experiments in the use of brush shelter by fish in Michigan Lakes. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Art. Letters, 24: 183–193. 1945. Fish populations in and around brush shelters of different sizes placed at varying depths and distances apart in Douglas Lake, Michigan. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts. Letters, 26: 321–345. 1998. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies focused on the life history characteristics and habitat requirements of freshwater fishes, highlighting how different species, such as trout and Atlantic salmon, interact with freshwater habitats. This indicates that these ecosystems do indeed provide essential habitats for diverse aquatic organisms, thus corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: in diameter, which is the tumor size limit where the complete ablation rate with thermal ablation reaches at least 80% based on the institution’s experience (S Wong, unpublished data); b. ) interval disappearance of arterial enhancement of thrombosis with shrinkage or disappearance of baseline intrahepatic vein thrombosis; c. ) and extrahepatic metastasis that is amenable to microwave ablation. Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab were given intravenously every three weeks using standard pharmaceutical doses of 1,200 mg and 15 mg/kg, respectively. Patients were followed up with laboratory tests every three weeks and dynamic imaging studies using computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were repeated every 12 weeks. In patients who experienced progressive disease (PD) based on the Criteria in () version 1. 1 or modified (m) criteria, systemic therapy was shifted to either Lenvatinib monotherapy or in combination with Pembrolizumab at standard recommended doses for HCC, depending on patient’s preference. In select cases, patients who had stable or progressive disease while on systemic therapy were offered MWA as long as criteria for MWA were met. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was performed as needed in some patients to achieve further diminution in tumor size in synergism with systemic therapy. Radiologic response was evaluated according to and m. Objective response rate (ORR) was defined as the percentage of patients who had a confirmed complete (CR) or partial response (PR). Disease control rate (DCR) refers to the percentage of patients with complete response, partial response, and stable disease (SD). The primary endpoint was the achievement of curative conversion with MWA. Patients were followed up with dynamic imaging 1 month after MWA to confirm complete ablation using mand then every 4 months thereafter for recurrence surveillance. Patients were given the option of either continuing systemic treatment after curative conversion or surveillance only. Overall survival was computed from the time of first infusion of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab and estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Comparison of outcomes and baseline characteristics were made between patients who did and did not achieve curative conversion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific medical procedures and treatments (such as atezolizumab-bevacizumab and microwave ablation) used in clinical settings to manage chronic conditions, indicating that curing illnesses involves complex medical interventions and is not solely reliant on biohacking techniques.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Milne, R. I. & Abbott, R. J. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv. Bot. Res. 38, 281-314, doi:10. 1016/s0065-2296(02)38033-9 (2002). Milne, R. I. Northern hemisphere plant disjunctions: A window on tertiary land bridges and climate change? Ann. Bot. 98, 465-472, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcl148 (2006). Guo, X. D. et al. Evolutionary history of a widespread tree speciesAcer mono in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 4, 4332-4345, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 1278 (2014). Liu, C. P. et al. of Acer mono var. mono in South and Northeast China. PLoS One 9, doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0087187 (2014). Bai, W. N. , Wang, W. T. & Zhang, D. Y. Phylogeographic breaks within Asian butternuts indicate the existence of a phytogeographic divide in East Asia. New Phytol. 209, 1757-1772, doi:10. 1111/nph. 13711 (2015). Ye, J. W. et al. Sharp genetic discontinuity in the aridity-sensitive Lindera obtusiloba(Lauraceae): solid evidence supporting the Tertiary floral subdivision in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 44, 2082-2095, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13020 (2017). Chen, R. Z. Phylogeoraphic structure of Acer pictum: based on nuclear single copy genes, University, (2018). Song, X. Y. et al. Blow to the Northeast? Intraspecific differentiation of Populus davidiana suggests a north-eastward skew of a phylogeographic break in East Asia. J. Biogeogr. 48, 187-201, doi:10. 1111/jbi. 13992 (2021). & Zhang, D. Y. Geographic variation in the structure of oak hybrid zones provides insights into the dynamics of speciation. Mol. Ecol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of references and does not specifically discuss fossilized plants or their relationship to ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.