Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: of Sample Size, Data Quality, and and kurtosis are statistical measures that describe the shape of data distribution. In the context of SDMs, skewness refers to the asymmetry in the probability distribution of species occurrence along ecological gradients. Positively skewed distributions concentrate occurrences towards the lower end of the gradient, whereas negatively skewed distributions do the opposite. Kurtosis measures the peakness of the probability distribution. Higher kurtosis indicates a sharper peak with fewer outliers, while lower kurtosis suggests a flatter distribution with more dispersed occurrences. Dr Wang’s analysis found that SDMs generally performed better with larger sample sizes and lower detection limits, indicating that increasing data quantity and quality could help improve predictive accuracy. However, the improvement varied among different modelling approaches. LDA and MLR were strongly influenced by the shape of species responses, performing better for skewed species with greater kurtosis than for symmetric species. More complex models like and MaxEnt performed better with larger sample sizes but were affected when sample sizes were small and kurtosis decreased, especially ANN and MaxEnt. GAM and BRT were influenced by both sample size and detection limit. These findings highlighted how sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space affect the performance of different SDMs. Many ecological modelling studies have extensively explored various approaches and considered their strengths and weaknesses in predicting species distributions. However, one aspect usually overlooked is how the quantity and quality of data affect the model performance. This is often because there is inherent uncertainty in determining true occurrence probabilities of species, abundance, and their relationships with environmental factors based solely on field-sampled data. To address this challenge, used simulated species with known distributions with predetermined relationships to environmental predictors. This allowed her to control the complexity of species-habitat interactions and eliminate the influence of confounding factors on model performance, providing a clearer understanding of the actual capabilities of ecological models. Future studies could expand these simulations to novel modelling approaches (e. g. , joint dynamic SDMs), which could incorporate dynamic processes, such as colonisation, extinction, and source-sink dynamics, in addition to climate conditions and spatiotemporal correlations. Such studies offer the potential to improve the reliability of species distribution maps, aiding in risk assessment, conservation planning, and resource management. 0 Reddit +1 0 LinkedIn 0 - of Biological SciencesUniversity of is a in the Department of at the University of Toronto Scarborough. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical measures and data quality in species distribution models (SDMs) without addressing the concept of fossils or their use in predicting future species. There is no relation between the text content and the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Inst 2021;76(3):659–666. . Efficacy of Panax ginseng Meyer herbal preparation HRG80 in preventing and mitigating stress-induced failure of cognitive functions in healthy subjects: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020;13(4):57. . Effects of Panax ginseng, zearalenol, and estradiol on sperm function. J 2016;40(3):251–259. Ginseng: a bibliometric analysis of 40-year journey of global clinical trials. J 2021;34:187–197. The effects of twenty-one nutrients and phytonutrients on cognitive function: a narrative review. J Res 2021;7(4):575–620. . Clinical effect of Korean red ginseng powder capsule on hyper-, normo- and hypotension. 1991;6:19–23. JA. The systemic theory of living systems and relevance to CAM: the theory (part III). Med 2005;2(3):267–275. . Panax ginseng protects the testis against 2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced testicular damage in guinea pigs. BJU Int 1999;83(7):842–849. . Panax ginseng improves survival and sperm quality in guinea pigs exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. BJU Int 2004;94(4):663–668. . Effect of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on protection or acceleration to recovery from spermatogenic damage induced by anti-cancer agents. 1995;86(7):1231–1239. Korean red ginseng attenuates doxorubicin-induced testicular dysfunction in rats by modulating inflammatory, oxidative, and autophagy responses. J 2018;40:736–743. A Review of ginseng clinical trials registered in the. Int 2018;2018:1843142 PubConference on Harmonization. International guideline for good clinical practice E (R1), current step 4 version. [Updated 1996]. [15, 2023]. . /UNDP/World Bank/WHO for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to Panax ginseng, including its efficacy in stress management, which supports the claim that ginseng has potential adaptogenic effects. For instance, it mentions the 'efficacy of Panax ginseng in preventing and mitigating stress-induced failure of cognitive functions,' directly linking ginseng to adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In an earlier study [24], it was shown that a chimeric gene, constructed for vaccine development, and composed of a synthetic gene of the structural capsid protein VP60 of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) virus [25] fused to the gene of the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTX) was very unstable in conventional E. coli hosts. All recovered plasmids contained mutations in the ctxvp60 ORF, virtually all of which were IS insertions. In contrast, the recombinant plasmid was stable in IS-less MDS42 host; normal yields of plasmid DNA were obtained. We analyse here the molecular details of this extreme case of instability. We identify a hydrophobic protein as the toxic byproduct of the ctxvp60 clone, and show that IS elements spontaneously landing in the clone relieve the cell from the stress by blocking transcription of the toxic gene. Bioinformatic analysis of raw data from various shotgun sequencing projects, where E. coli served as host for clone libraries, demonstrates that such IS-mediated inactivation of ectopic genes inhibiting the growth of the E. coli host cannot be regarded as irrelevant and rare events, but might happen in many cases, leading to genomic instability and selection of altered clones. We show here that removal of all IS elements from the genome of a bacterial cell results in a significant increase in genomic stability and phenotypic uniformity, yielding an improved cellular chassis with reduced evolutionary potential. MethodsStrains, plasmids, and mediaExperiments were done using E. coli K-12 MG1655 [23] and various derivatives of it. MDS12, MDS30, and MDS42 are reduced-genome versions of MG1655, carrying 12, 30, and 42 genomic deletions, respectively [24, 26]. T7 polymerase-expressing MG1655-T7 and MDS42-T7 strains will be described in detail elsewhere. Briefly, they carry an IPTG-inducible lac operator/T7 polymerase cassette replacing the yahA-yaiL genomic region of the parental strain. MDS42+IS1 carries a single IS1 in yeaJ. Plasmids pCTX and pCTXVP60 were originally constructed by Günther M. Keil [24] (Additional file 1). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the instability of plasmids in conventional E. coli hosts and highlighting issues related to genomic instability when using E. coli as a chassis organism. It notes that while E. coli is used, significant challenges exist that may limit its efficacy in synthetic biology applications, particularly when modifications lead to genomic instability. This undermines the assertion that E. coli is a straightforward choice for synthetic biology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: She obtained her PhD in Ecology from the University of Toronto, where she specialised in species distribution modelling and time series analysis. has extensive research experience, having undertaken research work at the Gulf of Institute and the University of Maine’s School of Marine Sciences, where she focused on fisheries modelling using remote sensing and earth system data. She has received prestigious fellowships, such as the Mathematics of (Mitacs) Fellowship and the to Research (EPSCoR). has published and presented extensively on her research and is named on four patents. : lifei. wang@utoronto. ca W: X: Mandrak, University of Derrick de Kerckhove, of Kerr, Gulf of of and Council of Canada (NSERC) Network (CAISN) and of (Mitacs) of sample size, data quality, and species response in environmental space on modelling species distributions, Landscape Ecology, 2023, 38, 4009–4031. DOI: Modeling marine pelagic fish species spatiotemporal distributions utilizing a maximum entropy approach, Fisheries Oceanography, 2018, 27, 571–586. DOI: up model transferability and generality of species distribution modeling for predicting invasions: implications from a study on Bythotrephes longimanus, Biological Invasions, 2014, 16, 2079–2103. DOI: the establishment of invasive species: habitat and biotic interactions influencing the establishment of Bythotrephes longimanus, Biological Invasions, 2011, 13, 2499–2512. DOI: 4. 0) This work is licensed under a Attribution 4. 0 International License. What does this mean? Share: You can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt: You can change, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially. Credit: You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. this field empty if you're human: ← 3. 5 billion barrels of oil yearly. In response to this challenge, Poeppelmeier of and his team are pioneering an innovative approach to upcycle these plastics using catalytic hydrogenolysis. Walters | Reefs with for The worldwide loss of coastal oyster reefs negatively affects many organisms that rely on reefs for refuge from predators. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it provides information about a person's academic background, research experiences, and publications related to species distribution modeling and invasive species. None of this information supports, refutes, or connects to the claim regarding the predictive capabilities of fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera which has been further illustrated, as with other herbal medicines (Bilberry extract, Bitter melon, Cinnamon, Fenugreek, Ginger and Okra), in its own webpage [3]. To quote one statement from the website: "Preliminary research suggests that intake of Aloe vera juice can help improve blood glucose levels and may therefore be useful in treating people with diabetes". The beneficial effect of Aloe vera as a lipid lowering and wound healing agent along with other health benefits are also outlined. The site even gives guidance on where to buy Aloe vera and the health and beauty/food retailers among which 'Shop' and 'Holland & Barrett' were specifically mentioned. Even though advice is given to patients in the main website to consult their doctor before using herbal medicines, the presentation of these potential antidiabetic medicines to the general public is nothing less than an endorsement by the highest authority in the UK for disseminating information on diabetes. One should therefore ask a simple question: Is there a consensus among the scientific community on using Aloe vera by its own to treat diabetes? The answer is very simple and short - NO! Any diabetic patient who wishes to try out Aloe vera must be told that there is as such no overwhelming clinical evidence to justify its use as a replacement to metformin or other prescription antidiabetic drugs. This being the starting point of advice, one can highlight the antidiabetic therapeutic potential of the plant further. After being used by our ancestors for thousands of years, our obsession for Aloe vera (L. ) Burm. f. (Aloe barbadensis Mill; Family Asphodelaceae) products seems to be only growing by the year. Native to the East African/Mediterranean region, its traditional uses were employed by the Egyptians, Assyrians and Mediterranean civilizations as far back as 4000 BC. Its official record of usage in the western medicine was evident from the 14th Century as purgative and a topical treatment of wounds and skin conditions and it was incorporated in the by 1650; in 1742; Pharmacopeia in 1820; in 1867; FDA list of approved food additives in 1959 [4]. Today, Aloe vera is one of the most widely utilized commercial plant by the food, beverage, pharmaceutical, herbal and cosmetic industries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the historical use of Aloe vera, stating its traditional uses were employed by ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Assyrians, and Mediterranean cultures as far back as 4000 BC, particularly in topical treatments for wounds and skin conditions. This aligns with the claim that Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: In this particular case, however, point-mutations are rarely selected, because i) the promoter must be preserved to activate the selection marker, cam, and ii) single point-mutations are unlikely to eliminate the membrane-disrupting effect of the relatively large hydrophobic Leu-rich protein, iii) frame-shift mutations are presumably relatively ineffective, due to the presence of several potential in-frame re-initiation sites with AUG codons and ribosome-binding sites in ORF238 (Fig. 2). Deletions, another type of potentially effective, disruption mutation, are also rarely selected, presumably due to the absence of deletion-stimulating repeat sequences in pCTXVP60. Sequence reads from shotgun sequencing libraries provide a convenient, large database for checking how widespread the emergence of ISes in cloned sequences is. We have calculated that, considering typical shotgun library construction/processing steps and background transposition rates of resident ISes of the cloning host, one would expect practically no host ISes to emerge in gene-sized shotgun sequence reads. However, the survey of a large set of shotgun sequence reads revealed quite a number of host ISes in the cloned segments. This elevated rate could be explained by processes analogous to those seen when cloning ctxvp60. In cases the cloned segment imposes stress on the host, individual clones grown for DNA preparation for sequencing can become dominated by IS-inserted variants, due to selection of the faster-growing mutants. This in turn could allow the IS elements of the cloning host to appear in the sequencing reads. The very stringent criteria, by which we identify host ISes in shotgun sequence reads, probably underestimates the real number of IS transpositions. Furthermore, in addition to insertions, other sequence alterations (deletions and rearrangements) can also be induced by ISes. The occurrence and identification of IS-positive segments may depend on other factors as well, that are related to experimental procedures and to data collection protocols. Genes from taxonomically distant organisms may not get expressed in an E. coli host and would be less likely to cause growth retardation, thus, their IS-inserted mutants will not be subjects of selection. Information regarding the handling of clones and the construction of databases is sometimes unavailable, in other times incongruous (annotation is not uniform, same data types may refer to different content). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely focused on the specifics of mutation selection and the behavior of insertion sequences (ISes) in cloned segments, without mentioning E. coli or its role as a chassis organism in synthetic biology. Therefore, it does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim about E. coli being commonly used in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to Genetics and 10. 7554/eLife. 46922 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordSeptember 24, 2019 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 12,314 views 1,028 downloads 124 6922. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Additional files 10 figures, 2 tables and 6 additional files 1 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Estimating the rate of germline mutation using multigenerational CEPH/Utah pedigrees. (a) The CEPH/Utah dataset comprises 33 three-generation families. Summaries of sequencing coverage for CEPH/Utah individuals are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 1. After identifying candidate de novo mutations in the second generation (e. g. , the de novo ‘T’ mutation shown in the second-generation father), it is possible to assess their validity both by their absence in the parental (first) generation and by transmission to one or more offspring in the third generation. (b) Total numbers of DNMs (both SNVs and indels) identified across second-generation CEPH/Utah individuals and stratified by parental gamete-of-origin. Boxes indicate the interquartile range (IQR), and whiskers indicate 1. 5 times the IQR. Diagrams of phasing strategies for germline DNMs are presented in Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Figure 1—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Distribution of sequencing coverage in CEPH/Utah samples (a) The fraction of bases greater than or equal to the specified coverage in the second generation, (b) third generation, (c) first-generation parents sequenced to 30X coverage, and (d) first-generation parents re-sequenced to 60X coverage. Figure 1—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Determining the parent-of-origin for de novo mutations using transmission. (a) We phased de novo mutations observed in the second generation by transmission to a third generation. We first searched ±200 kilobase pairs from the de novo allele (shown in red) for informative sites (shown in blue) present in one of the two first-generation parents of the second-generation individual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding the discovery and classification of all dinosaur species. Instead, it discusses topics related to germline mutation, DNA sequencing, and related research methods. There is no content in the text that relates to dinosaurs or their classification, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 1) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 (  There is a newer version of this 0. 5–1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. – 06. 00 A. M. ) and fed with standard feed (CP 551 from PT Charoen Pokphand-Indonesia) and water was given ad libitum. They were kept in cages that were maintained at room temperature and humidity at normal ranges. Allocation and treatment groupsAll animals were randomly divided into three big groups by simple random sampling. (standard) consisted of normal rats, group II (negative control) was inflicted a burn wound and treated with gel base, and group III (treatment group) was inflicted with a burn wound and treated with Aloe vera gel. Each group was subdivided into three smaller groups (n = 6 per group) according to the time the when the lesions were evaluated. They were treated twice a day according to the groups. The sample size was calculated according to Federer’s formula: (Federer, 1963)t−1n−1≥ 15t = the number of groupsn = the number of samplesn = 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of Aloe vera extract in the treatment of burn wounds in rats, which supports the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. The mention of Aloe vera gel potentially accelerating the healing process indicates its application in skin treatments, aligning with the claim about its long-standing medicinal use.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: However, this is true in computers as well: the material support of the program has its saying in permitting the machine to run properly. Different machines may be driven by the same program on different supports. Thus, even the cloning experiment, which does not involve naked DNA but a whole nucleus, with its envelope, its proteins and its RNAs, is not different from a material support of a program in a computer. Indeed, nocturnal animals use chromatin in the nuclei of neurons using the retina in an extraordinary way. Their retina can detect one unique photon. Yet, the photon receptors are located behind neurons, which absorb or diffuse photons rather than preciously conserve them. When light is dimmed, the chromatin changes transcription and reorganises in such a way that its material behaves as a lens, focusing photons on receptors located behind the neurons (Solovei et al. 2009)! This novel function for DNA, which has nothing to do with its role in carrying the genetic program, shows that another type of information has to be taken into account. In the same way, in many computers the support of the OS belongs the casing part of the chassis. 3. A third counterargument is that many rules prescribe the organisation of the cell soma, reflecting a large amount of information unrelated to the information in the program. Quite true, but this is true again for computers as well. The design of the interfaces, the microprocessors and the energy supply of the machine require much information. In summary, two types of information (coupling of a particular form—not simply shape—with matter, energy, space and time), information of the chassis (casing + metabolism) and information of the program are associated together in a cell (Tanaka 1984). A synthetic cell needs the association of a chassis developing metabolism (not a simple 3D casing) and a program similar to that found in computers. The conclusions of Dyson’s argument on the double origin of life, with reproducing metabolism predating replication are therefore a pre-requisite for synthesis of life (Dyson 1985). This dichotomy is visible in present synthetic biology, with a fairly clear separation between those who study the chassis (and are often also interested in the origin of life) (Kuruma et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the broader concept of chassis in synthetic biology without specifically mentioning E. coli or the commonality of its use. It emphasizes that a synthetic cell needs a chassis that develops metabolism and a program, but does not confirm that E. coli is a commonly used chassis organism in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: If the second-generation individual’s spouse does not possess these informative alleles, we can look in the children of the second-generation individual to see if they have inherited both the de novo allele and the nearby informative alleles. This pattern of inheritance is only possible if the de novo allele and informative alleles are on the same haplotype; thus, in this example, we see that the de novo allele is on the maternal grandfather’s haplotype, and is paternal in origin. (b) A toy sample of paired-end sequencing reads is shown for each member of a trio (mother, father, and child). In this strategy, we identify informative alleles (shown in blue) that are present in one of the two parents, and within a read length (500 bp) of the de novo allele in the child (shown in red). Then, we identify individual sequencing reads that span the de novo and informative alleles. If the de novo allele is always present in the same read as the informative allele, then we can phase the de novo allele to the parent with the informative allele, and vice versa. Figure 2 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Effects of parental age and sex on autosomal DNM counts and mutation types in the second generation. (a) Numbers of phased paternal and maternal de novo variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands, calculated as 1. 96 times the standard error) were fit for mothers and fathers separately using an identity link. Germline mutation rates, as a function of both paternal and maternal ages, are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 1. (b) Mutation spectra in autosomal DNMs phased to the paternal (n = 3,584) and maternal (n = 880) haplotypes. Asterisks indicate significant differences between paternal and maternal fractions at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 719, T > G: 4. 93e-3, T > A: 8. 60e-2, T > C: 8. 02e-2, C > A: 0. 159, C > T: 7. 65e-6, indel: 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic inheritance, mutation rates, and sequencing methods without any reference to dinosaurs or their classification status. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than negative control group that might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speeded up the migration and proliferation of keratinocyte. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract gel could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data AvailabilityUnderlying DataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero "No rights reserved" data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). Author ContributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York: Mac. Millan; 1963; 544. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it provides evidence of Aloe vera being used in studies to enhance skin healing processes. Specifically, it mentions that Aloe vera helped accelerate the healing process of burns in rats and showed effects in re-epithelialization in corneal alkali burns. This supports the idea that Aloe vera has historical applications in treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: This implies that synthetic biology, when it takes recursivity into account, develops in a world that is totally irreducible to the world of systems biology, which remains an elaborate episode of the study of mechanistic automata. An important consequence is that what we commonly term the “genetic program” because it unfolds through time in a consistent manner is not a programme with an aim (we would not be able to predict any aim) - it is merely there, and functions because it cannot do otherwise. We only perceive a design because the end result is familiar to us, and thus seems more “right” than any other possible result (Danchin 2009a). If creation of information depends heavily on the context, we must identify in living organisms functions which permit it to accumulate, and relate it to the material world. How are particular structures or processes recruited to this aim? A reflection on the coupling between accumulation of information and energy based on work developed by Landauer and Bennett, showed that the relationship between energy and information is that there exists degradative processes which “make room” using energy to prevent degradation of what is functional ((Bennett 1988a; Landauer 1961), detailed analysis in (Danchin 2009a, d), see also a very recent development (Sagawa and Ueda 2009)). In such a situation it is the context that determines which gene product is functional and which is not. The consequence is that, if the context does not vary too rapidly, then the functions which will be selectively retained are sculpting an image of the environment within, creating adaptation. This is exactly how an information can get a meaning. In terms of synthetic biology, this orients research towards learning and memory, rather than towards fixed mechanical engineering. In guise of conclusion: the brain is not a computer, yet it manipulates informationTrying to put vitalism to an end, placed biology within the realm of physics and chemistry (Bernard 1865). This led his followers to ask the question: what are the relevant entities (material objects and processes) which make a cell alive? The biochemical inventory stage started well, with the discovery of the ribosomes, of the structure of the DNA double helix, of the sequence of the polypeptide chain of insulin, and, rapidly of messenger RNA (Judson 1979). Yet, many features of biological entities resisted the classical analysis of chemistry and physics. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention E. coli or any chassis organisms specifically. Instead, it discusses broader concepts in synthetic biology, such as the nature of biological processes, information accumulation, and implications of energy in biological contexts. Therefore, it does not provide information that supports or contrasts with the notion that E. coli is commonly used in synthetic biology applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 01e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 835. Mutation spectra stratified by parental ages are presented in Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Figure 2—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Contribution of maternal and paternal age to de novo mutation rates. For (a) second- and (b) third-generation individuals in the CEPH/Utah cohort, plotted points show the relationship between paternal and maternal age at birth. Each point is colored by the autosomal SNV mutation rate in the individual; these rates were calculated by dividing the autosomal count in each child by that child’s autosomal callable fraction. Colors indicate the magnitude of the mutation rate (blue = lower, red = higher). Black lines indicate the trend for a 1:1 relationship between paternal and maternal age. Figure 2—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Comparison of mutation spectra in children born to older or younger parents. Second-generation children were divided into two groups based on the ages of their parents at birth, and autosomal mutation spectra were compared between the two groups. In all panels, no significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. (a) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers younger (n = 2,182) or older (n = 2,360) than the median paternal age of 29. 2 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 304, T > G: 0. 140, T > A: 0. 306, T > C: 0. 248, C > A: 0. 8. 81e-2, C > T: 0. 444, indel: 6. 89e-2, CpG >TpG: 0. 810. (b) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers younger (n = 2,225) or older (n = 2,317) than the median maternal age of 25. 7 years. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 580, T > G: 0. 659, T > A: 0. 554, T > C: 0. 697, C > A: 0. 918, C > T: 0. 990, indel: 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about dinosaur species. It discusses mutation spectra associated with parental ages and provides statistical comparisons between different cohorts, but does not mention anything related to dinosaurs, their discovery, or classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: aloe vera are associated with several of its medicinal properties. Aloe emodin, aloins A and B, which are present in aloe latex, are known for their laxative action. This study aims to develop a simple HPLC method for the determination of compounds with purgative effect. The correlation of these compounds according to the plant conditions and the position of the leaf in the plant was also evaluated. Aloe vera plants under different conditions and thirteen aloe-based products were analyzed by HPLC-DAD combined with chemometrics. Each leaf from the plants was studied separately for its content in compounds with a laxative effect. The developed method was performed with a C18 column and the total analysis time was 22 minutes. It was observed that, in contrast with field-cultivation plants, the concentrations of aloins in potted plants follow a specific pattern based on the position of the leaves. It was also observed that climatic and environmental conditions have a significant impact on the concentrations of aloins. Analysis was performed to evaluate correlations among measurements. The model was able to separate the aloe plants based on their seasonal variation and growing conditions. Finally, it was observed that, in only two out of thirteen products, aloins were present, with the total content exceeded the maximum levels set by EU legislation. The present work provides useful information for the aloins variation among leaves in different position and plants under various conditions. MillerAloe veraaloe-based products1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 7Figure 81. Barbadensis Miller, commonly referred to as Aloe Vera, belongs to the Liliaceae family and specifically to the Aloe genus, which contains more than 400 species [1]. It is a perennial succulent xerophyte plant with turgid pointed green leaves. Due to the water-storage tissues of its leaves, it can survive in extremely hot and dry areas [2]. Aloe vera plant is worldwide known for its therapeutic properties. Wound healing, anti-inflammatory effects, antidiabetic activities, and purgative action are some of the pharmacological properties associated with aloe vera [3, 4]. Due to its therapeutic activities and bitter taste, is widely used by pharmaceutical and food industries as dietary supplements, cosmetics, beverage and food ingredient [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Aloe vera is 'worldwide known for its therapeutic properties,' which includes healing effects. It mentions specific pharmacological properties of Aloe vera such as 'wound healing' and 'anti-inflammatory effects,' aligning with the claim that it has been used to treat skin ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: Genetic transformation of Roseobacters cannot yet be regarded as de-skilled procedure (as expected as well). 3. Cloning a “bio-brick” from a Roseobacter was possible. From the point of view of classical science none of this is a true scientific advancement. All three experiments would be ideal for a laboratory course with students (or pupils), once they have been familiarized with basic techniques and with working under sterile conditions. Cloning a gene into an E coli plasmid is a a standard procedure. The transformation procedure published by Piekarski et al. 2009 could not be reproduced. Novel data for the scientific community to continue with have not been generated. Thus the paper does not report a scientific achievement and would not be publishable according to current practice. Validity of the findings A closer look at the data shows that important technical aspects of the work are questionable. 1. How was it assured that the right culture grew and not a contaminant? At one point, an OD600 value of 4 is reported, which is very unusual for Roseobacters (line 228). 2. Growing the bacteria in a closed falcon tube might be causing a problem because they are aerobic. How much culture volume was in the falcon tube? A 2 ml culture might be okay in a 50 ml falcon for 24 h. 3. The amplified band in Fig. 5 has approximately the right length. It could still be the wrong product. It would be necessary to sequence it to prove that it is indeed the anf1 gene. Additional comments 1. Abstract line 25 and elsewhere: “Roseobacter clade bacteria comprise 15-20% of oceanic bacterio-plankton communities”. This statement is wrong. They comprise 15-20% in some regions of the ocean at certain times of the season in certain depths, and 1% or less at other times of the year, other regions of the ocean, and other depths. The correct statement is “up to”. It may seem a minor detail but in fact it is not (thinking about controlled release, ecosystem engineering etc. it is important to get the basic facts right). 2. Line 171. All three 2005. 3. Line 193 ff. Preparation of material containing template DNA for preparative PCR: The described methodology is very unusual. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing genetic transformation procedures involving Roseobacters and indicates that cloning a gene into an E. coli plasmid is a standard procedure, yet it highlights significant questions regarding the validity of findings in connection to Roseobacters. The emphasis on the inability to reproduce transformation procedures in specific contexts does not support the assertion that such chassis organisms like E. coli are widely utilized in successful applications, instead suggesting complications and limitations in current methodologies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 371, CpG >TpG: 0. 678. (c) Comparison of DNMs in children born to fathers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,120) or oldest (n = 1,165) paternal ages (26. 4 or 34 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 1. 73e-2, T > G: 0. 428, T > A: 0. 872, T > C: 0. 979, C > A: 0. 943, C > T: 7. 77e-2, indel: 0. 788, CpG >TpG: 0. 706. (d) Comparison of DNMs in children born to mothers in the 25th percentile of youngest (n = 1,169) or oldest (n = 1,121) maternal ages (22. 5 or 31. 4 years). P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 327, T > G: 9. 92e-2, T > A: 0. 841, T > C: 0. 975, C > A: 0. 963, C > T: 0. 940, indel: 0. 598, CpG >TpG: 0. 780. Figure 3 with 2 supplements Download asset Open asset Parental age effects on autosomal germline mutation counts vary significantly among CEPH/Utah families. Illustrations of pedigrees exhibiting the smallest (family 24_C, panel a) and largest (family 16, panel b) paternal age effects on third-generation DNM counts demonstrate the extremes of inter-family variability. Diamonds are used to anonymize the sex of each third-generation individual. The method used to separate CEPH/Utah pedigrees into unique groups of second-generation parents and third-generation children is presented in Figure 3—figure supplement 1. Third-generation individuals are arranged by birth order from left to right. The number of autosomal DNMs observed in each third-generation individual is shown within the diamonds, and the age of the father at the third-generation individual’s birth is shown below the diamond. The coloring for these two families is used to identify them in panels c and d. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical comparisons of de novo mutations in children based on parental age and does not mention dinosaurs or their classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the result of the study, Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 2 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. 2 we have improved the conclusions in the manuscript by adding information that from the results of the study. It was found that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of burns on group-III compared to the untreatment group (group-II). We had added information about the limitations of this study, also table 1 and its description. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by injury is damage to the skin or other tissues that can be caused by heat, radiation, electricity, chemicals, or friction, the most often caused by heat (Association, 2019). Burn injury that is due to heat consists of three causes, which are burns due to hot liquids (scalds), flames (flame burns), or hot solids (contact burns) (Organization, 2018). A burn injury can be divided into four degrees based on its depth. A first-degree burn is limited to the epidermis. Second-degree burns involve both epidermis and dermis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of aloe vera extract in healing post-burn injuries. It notes that aloe vera extract accelerated the healing process of 2nd degree burns in a controlled study on rats, which illustrates its efficacy in treating skin ailments, thus corroborating the historical use of aloe vera for skin treatment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Chassis organisms like E. coli are commonly used in synthetic biology applications. [SEP] Text: 59), which belonged to H-2', H-3' and H-4'. The 1H-1H COSY spectrum confirmed the connections among them, and between NH-1' and H‑2' (Fig. 3). The position of the aliphatic chain was determined by the HMBC correlation of NH-1' to C-1, C-3 and C-2', and H-2' to C-2 (Fig. 3). Thus, the structure of compound 11 was elucidated as 2,2'-(pentane-1,5-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(naphthalene-1,4-dione). The assigned carbon and proton signals are listed in Table 2. Compound 12 was obtained as a purple powder, and its molecular formula was determined to be C13H9NO5S by which gave a m/z 292. 0276 for [M + H]+. The 1H NMR spectrum showed 3 aromatic protons (δ 7. 58, 7. 51, and 7. 25) and a chelating phenolic hydroxyl group (δ 12. 61), while the 13C NMR spectrum exhibited 2 ketone groups (δ 184. 20 and 177. 39) and an aromatic quaternary carbon signal belonged to C-5 at δ 160. 61 (Fig. S37 and S38). They established the 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone core of 12 by a comparison of the NMR data with the substrate juglone (Fig. S4), [20] and it was further supported by the HMBC correlations shown in Fig. 3. The other additional proton signals were similar to those of 6 and 10, including a broad singlet at δ 8. 08 belonged to NH-1', a CH multiplet at δ 4. 44-4. 61 belonged to H-2', and 2 vicinal CH doublet of doublets both belonged to H-4' (δ 3. 18 and 3. 05). The 1H-1H COSY correlations among them were shown in Fig. 3. Besides, similar to the 1H NMR spectrum of 6 and 10, no signal for H-2 or H-3 was found. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the molecular structure and NMR spectroscopy details of certain compounds without any mention of chassis organisms or synthetic biology applications. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: (c) The total number of autosomal DNMs is plotted versus paternal age at birth for third-generation individuals from all CEPH/Utah families. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands indicate the predicted number of DNMs as a function of paternal age using a Poisson regression (identity link). Families are sorted in order of increasing slope, and families with the least and greatest paternal age effects are highlighted in blue and red, respectively. (d) A Poisson regression (predicting autosomal DNMs as a function of paternal age) was fit to each family separately; the slope of each family’s regression is plotted, as well as the 95% confidence interval of the regression coefficient estimate. The same two families are highlighted as in (a). A dashed black line indicates the overall paternal age effect (estimated using all third-generation samples). Families are ordered from top to bottom in order of increasing slope, as in (c). A random sampling approach was used to assess the robustness of the per-family regressions to possible outliers; the results of these simulations are shown in Figure 3—figure supplement 2. Figure 3—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Defining unique families in the CEPH/Utah dataset. The pedigree for a single family (family ID 19) is depicted. In this family, the third-generation individuals are first cousins and share a pair of grandparents. However, for the purposes of the inter-family variability presented in Figure 3, we defined ‘families’ as the unique groups of second-generation parents and their third-generation children. Thus, family ID 19 would be split into two unique families (19_A and 19_B), designated by the red boxes. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset Paternal age effect ranks of CEPH/Utah families are robust to outlier samples. For each CEPH/Utah family (i. e. , unique set of second-generation and third-generation individuals), we randomly sampled 75% of the third-generation individuals in the family, fit a regression predicting autosomal DNM counts as a function of paternal age at birth, and calculated the ‘rank’ of that family’s paternal age effect (out of 40 total families). We then plotted the distribution of ranks across 100 trials for each family. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about dinosaur species because it discusses genetic data and paternal age effects rather than paleontology or the classification of dinosaur species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Third-degree burns involve epidermis, dermis, and dermal appendages. Lastly, fourth-degree burns can penetrate into subdermal fat, underlying fascia, muscle, and/or bone (ABA, 2018). Burn injury can cause high morbidity and mortality and its treatment requires a high cost. This is because of the long-term outpatient care, such as dressing changes and some even require surgical reconstruction (Smolle et al. , 2017). WHO stated that around 180,000 deaths every year are caused by burns and the majority occur in lower-middle-income countries due to a lack of adequate facilities to reduce the incidence of burns (Menkes, 2019; WHO, 2018). According to the data from “Dasar” (Research, Indonesia) in 2018, the proportion of burn injury in was 1% and based on the medical record data from in Medan, North Sumatra-Indonesia, there were 353 cases of burns in 2011–2014 (Maulana, 2014). There are three phases of wound healing, namely the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases. The inflammatory phase is characterized by the migration of leucocytes such as macrophages to the burn site to degrade debris or microbes. Next is the proliferative phase where the process of angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and fibroblast proliferation occurs. Lastly, the remodeling phase is characterized by collagen remodeling, wound contraction, and decreased blood flow (Reinke & Sorg, 2012). Several studies have shown that the use of silver sulfadiazine drug can cause side effects such as leukopenia and renal toxicity (Chaby et al. , 2005; Fuller & Engler, 1988). Therefore, alternative treatments such as the use of herbal medicine are relatively safer. Several medical plants grow in Indonesia due to favorable tropical natural conditions. The information about these herbs is passed down from one generation to another, and they are commonly used in traditional medicine, forming an integral part of Indonesian cultural heritage (Gazali et al. , 2013). One of the herbs that can be used for the treatment of burns is Aloe vera. The active chemical constituents found in Aloe vera such as glucomannan and acemannan can stimulate the activity and proliferation of fibroblasts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that Aloe vera is used for the treatment of burns and mentions its active chemical constituents that can stimulate fibroblast proliferation. This supports the idea that Aloe vera has medicinal properties for treating skin issues, aligning with the historical use of the herb in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: First-strand cDNA was synthesized from heat-denatured, purified mRNA using a Strand cDNA Synthesis kit (ThermoFisher Scientific) and random hexamer primers at a concentration of 200 ng/µL along with a final concentration of 40 ng/µL Actinomycin D, followed by () bead purification on a robot (). The second strand cDNA was synthesized following the cDNA Synthesis protocol (Biolabs) that incorporates dUTP in the dNTP mix, allowing the second strand to be digested using USER™ enzyme (Biolabs) in the post-adapter ligation reaction and thus achieving strand specificity. cDNA was fragmented by Covaris LE220 sonication to achieve 250–300 bp average fragment lengths. The paired-end sequencing library was prepared following the Canada’s Centre strand-specific, plate-based library construction protocol on a robot (Hamilton Company). Briefly, the sheared cDNA was subject to end-repair and phosphorylation in a single reaction using an enzyme mix (Biolabs) containing T4 DNA polymerase, Klenow DNA Polymerase and T4 polynucleotide kinase, incubated at 20°C for 30 minutes. Repaired cDNA was purified in 96-well format using PCR Clean dX beads (Aline Biosciences) and 3’ A-tailed (adenylation) using Klenow fragment (3’ to 5’ exo minus) and incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes prior to enzyme heat inactivation. Illumina TruSeq adapters were ligated at 20°C for 15 minutes. The adapter-ligated products were purified using beads, then digested with USER™ enzyme (1U/µL) (Biolabs) at 37°C for 15 minutes followed immediately by 10 cycles of indexed PCR using 5 (Biolabs) and Illumina’s primer set. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it details the process of cDNA synthesis and sequencing without mentioning Beauveria bassiana or its use as a biocontrol agent against pests. There is no support, contrast, or discussion relevant to the stated claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Families’ density plots are ordered along the y-axis by the original ranks of each family (as determined using the full dataset, and originally shown in Figure 3d, where a rank of 1 corresponds to the smallest age effect, and a rank of 40 corresponds to the largest). Figure 4 Download asset Open asset Identification of post-PGCS germline mosaicism in the second generation. (a) Mosaic variants occurring during or after primordial germ cell specification (PGCS) were defined as DNMs present in multiple third-generation siblings, and absent from progenitors in the family. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline mosaic variants (red, n = 288) and germline de novo variants observed in the third generation (non-shared) (blue, n = 22,644). Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 6. 84e-2, T > G: 0. 169, T > A: 0. 236, T > C: 1. 51e-2, C > A: 4. 31e-3, C > T: 0. 385, CpG >TpG: 2. 26e-6. (c) For each third-generation individual, we calculated the number of their DNMs that was shared with at least one sibling, and plotted this number against the individual’s paternal age at birth. The red line shows a Poisson regression (identity link) predicting the mosaic number as a function of paternal age at birth. (d) We fit a Poisson regression predicting the total number of germline single-nucleotide DNMs observed in the third-generation individuals as a function of paternal age at birth, and plotted the regression line (with 95% CI) in blue. In red, we plotted the line of best fit (with 95% CI) produced by the regression detailed in (c). (e) For each third-generation individual, we divided the number of their DNMs that occurred during or post-PGCS in a parent (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the discovery and classification of dinosaur species. It focuses on topics related to germline mosaicism, mutation spectra, and genetic analysis, which are unrelated to dinosaurs or their classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionBased on the result of the study Aloe vera extract could fasten the healing process of 2nd degree burn wound in rats. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence from multiple studies showing that Aloe vera has beneficial effects on skin healing. It mentions that Aloe vera can enhance the re-epithelialization process, increase epidermal thickness, and speed up the healing of burn wounds, which aligns with the traditional use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 1993) have been reported for B. bassiana. In the non-sterile soil, biotic antagonism may have inhibited germination of B. bassiana conidia or prevented the fungus from penetrating roots. For instance, the common soil fungus Penicillium urticae produces a water soluble inhibitor of B. bassiana (Shields et al. 1981). Another common soil saprophyte, Aspergillus clavatus, also produces metabolites that are fungicidal to B. bassiana (Majchrowicz et al. 1990). Vänninen et al. (2000) and Pereira et al. (1993) reported that B. bassiana had a low persistence in soils and that the fungus infected only a small proportion of insects when conidia were added directly to the soil. Plant growth was affected by the growth medium (sterile soil, non-sterile soil, and vermiculite) but not by the inoculation method. Plant growth in vermiculite was much less than in sterile and non-sterile soil, regardless of the inoculation method. Lewis et al. (2001) reported no differences in growth between plants treated or not treated with B. bassiana. In the current study, seed treatment with B. bassiana did not reduce seed germination or seedling growth, and did not result in the development of root disease. Application of B. bassiana to leaves, seeds, or soil did not result in significant differences in plant height, fresh weight, or dry weight. Although differences in plant growth and dry weight were evident when plants were grown in vermiculite, sterile soil, and non-sterile soil, these differences apparently did not affect colonization of the plants by B. bassiana. The endophytic colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana suggests that this isolate is well adapted to a wide range of conditions including endophytic in plants and pathogenic to insects. B. bassiana can become established as an endophyte in sorghum without adversely affecting plant growth, and leaf inoculation with a conidial suspension proved to be the best method to introduce B. bassiana into sorghum leaves. This study provides the basis for further investigations, which should focus on the response of different sorghum cultivars to different strains of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that B. bassiana did not result in significant pest control or plant growth benefits when applied under various conditions. It indicates that seed treatment with B. bassiana did not reduce seed germination, affect seedling growth, or result in the development of root disease. Furthermore, the application of B. bassiana did not lead to significant differences in plant height, fresh weight, or dry weight, suggesting its limited effectiveness as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: , that were shared with a sibling) by their total number of DNMs (germline +germline mosaic), and plotted this fraction of shared germline mosaic DNMs against their paternal age at birth. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Identification of gonosomal mutations in the second generation. (a) Gonosomal post-zygotic variants were identified as DNMs in a second-generation individual that were inherited by one or more third-generation individuals, but exhibited incomplete linkage to informative heterozygous sites nearby. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in single-nucleotide gonosomal DNMs that occurred on the paternal (n = 249) or maternal (n = 226) haplotypes. No significant differences were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 3. 05e-2, T > G: 0. 972, T > A: 0. 858, T > C: 0. 148, C > A: 3. 31e-2, C > T: 2. 66e-2, indel: 0. 247, CpG >TpG: 0. 932. (c) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal single-nucleotide germline DNMs observed in the second-generation (non-gonosomal) (n = 4,542) and putative gonosomal mutations (n = 475) in the second generation. Asterisks indicate significant differences at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure), using a Chi-squared test of independence. P-values for each comparison are: C > G: 0. 517, T > G: 0. 800, T > A: 2. 32e-3, T > C: 0. 255, C > A: 0. 129, C > T: 0. 805, indel: 0. 446, CpG >TpG: 0. 212. (d) Numbers of phased gonosomal variants as a function of parental age at birth. Poisson regressions (with 95% confidence bands) were fit for the mutations phased to the maternal and paternal haplotypes separately using an identity link. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding dinosaur species. It focuses on genetic mutation data and analyses related to second-generation individuals and parental age, without mentioning dinosaurs or their classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara; 2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London: Methuen& Co. Ltd; 1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2023 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 144246. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies and literature reviews that discuss the use of Aloe vera in the context of wound healing and skin care. Medically relevant publications such as 'Wounds. 2018' and 'Indian J. Dermatol. 2008' highlight Aloe vera's efficacy in treating skin ailments and promoting wound healing, corroborating the historical use of Aloe vera for such purposes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against the tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick 1917 (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae), in EthiopiaJ. Genetic Eng. Biotechnol. 2021; 19:1-15CrossrefScopus (9)PubMed30. Aynalem, B. ∙ Muleta, D. ∙ Venegas, J. . . . Isolation, molecular characterization and pathogenicity of native Bacillus thuringiensis, from Ethiopia, against the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta: detection of a new high lethal phylogenetic groupMicrobiol. Res. 2021; 250:1-10CrossrefScopus (12)31. Sora, A. S. Review on productivity of released tomato (Mill. ) varieties in different parts of EthiopiaJ. Hortic. Sci. 2018; 1:102-11432. Roussos, S. ∙ Bagnis, C. ∙ Besnard, O. . . . Use of solid state fermentation for the production of fungal biopesticides spores for insect controlSera, T. . . . and QualityPublishers, 2000; 277-286Printed in the NetherlandsCrossref33. Gouli, V. ∙ Gouli, S. ∙ Brownbridge, M. . . . Manual for of in with to of 200534. Habtegebriel, B. ∙ Getu, E. ∙ Dawd, M. . . . Molecular characterization and evaluation of indigenous entomopathogenic fungal isolates against Sorghum Chafer, Pachnoda interrupta (Olivier) in EthiopiaJ. Entomol. Nematol. 2016; 8:34-45Crossref35. Lobo, K. S. ∙ Soares-da-Silva, J. ∙ Silva, M. C. . . . Isolation and molecular characterization of Bacillus thuringiensis found in soils of the Cerrado region of Brazil, and their toxicity to Aedesae gypti larvaeRev. Bras. Entomol. 2018; 62:5-12CrossrefScopus (20)36. Alatar, A. A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide clear support or contrast to the claim about Beauveria bassiana being a biocontrol agent. It mentions molecular phylogeny and pathogenicity of indigenous Beauveria bassiana against a specific pest, but does not directly state its general use as a biocontrol agent. As a result, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: A diagram of an identification strategy for post-zygotic gonosomal DNMs (using only two generations) is presented in Figure 5—figure supplement 1. Figure 5—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Strategy for identifying post-zygotic DNMs using two generations. (a) Diagram of an example two-generation pedigree structure that is amenable to the post-zygotic detection strategy. In this example, the child has a de novo ‘T’ allele that is <= 500 bp downstream of a heterozygous ‘G’ allele. Question marks in the parents indicate that the child could have inherited the ‘G’ allele from either parent; unlike the read tracing strategy (Figure 1—figure supplement 2), a particular parent does not need to be ‘informative. ’ (b) In the child’s reads, only two possible sets of linked haplotypes should be seen, assuming the de novo allele occurred in the germline of a parent. The presence of three distinct haplotypes, demonstrating incomplete linkage of the de novo and heterozygous alleles, indicates that the de novo ‘T’ allele is post-zygotic. Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between read depth and mutation rates in CEPH/Utah samples. For each second- or third-generation CEPH/Utah sample, we calculated mean read depth across all autosomal base pairs covered by >=12 reads in all members of the trio. We then assessed whether there was a correlation between mean read depth and the autosomal mutation rate in these samples. For each generation, we fit a linear model predicting read depth as a function of autosomal mutation rate, and do not find a significant association in either generation at a p-value threshold of 0. 05 (second-generation p = 0. 92, third-generation p = 0. 073). Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Anti-correlation between slope and intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the slopes and intercepts of these regressions were correlated; overall, slope and intercept point estimates are negatively correlated in CEPH/Utah families (p < 2. 2e-16). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses genetic strategies and statistical analyses related to de novo mutations and reads depth, with no mention of dinosaurs or their classification.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 10 Mar 2022 Pane, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 10 Mar 2022 really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. Minor: Aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel (see gel preparation) In journal writing, repetition of words should be avoided, therefore we chose to explain in detail the number and comparison between groups in the results section. While in the discussion section we explained the comparison of our findings with other studies Aloe vera has active ingredients other than acemannan and glucomannan, but based on the literature that we read, it proved that they could play a role in burn repair. We did not state that aloe vera can be used as a pharmaceutical product in the conclusion section (see part conclusion). We only stated that aloe vera could accelerate the healing process as proven by this study. Gusbakti Rusip, I really appreciate your willingness to review my manuscript. explain more information to improve understanding in this 10. 6084/m9. figshare. 17194973. v1) We used the ANOVA test because in this study we used more than two groups with parametric data types We have presented and correlated the changes that occur on days 3,14,21 in macrophages and fibroblasts that could be seen in Figures 1 and 2 and had been discussed in the discussion section. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by acknowledging the role of Aloe vera in burn repair and the potential acceleration of the healing process. It references active ingredients in Aloe vera that can contribute to healing, which aligns with the traditional use of Aloe vera for treating various skin ailments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 62, p < 0. 05) (Fig. 2d). Fig. 2Mean daily fecundity of Amblyseius swirskii adults exposed to a dry residue, b topical treatment, c combined treatment, and d juveniles on dry residue of Beauveria bassiana conidial suspensions (n = 6). Error bars represent SE. Different letters indicate significantly different trend in oviposition rates as analysed by generalized linear mixed models and compared using Tukey’s post-hoc (p < 0. 05). Trend lines were plotted with generalised additive modelsFull size image For adult mites exposed to topical and combined treatments there was a significant effect on fecundity at 2. 5 × 107 (z = 2. 38, p < 0. 05) and 1. 0 × 108 conidia ml−1 (z = 4. 49, p < 0. 001), respectively. Treatments with 1. 0 × 108 and 2. 5 × 107 conidia ml−1 did not exhibit a significant effect on fecundity for topical (z = 2. 27, p = 0. 06) (Fig. 2b) and combined (z = 1. 76, p = 0. 18) exposure (Fig. 2c) respectively, due to within-group variation in the data. OffspringEgg viability, juvenile survival and sex ratio of the offspring from B. bassiana-treated adult A. swirskii are summarised in Table 1. As there were no differences in any of the measured parameters between sampling days of the same treatment these have been combined. Treating mites with B. bassiana had no observable or measurable effect on their offspring and there were no significant differences between the offspring of treated mites and the control (Table 2a–c). Table 1 Egg viability, juvenile survival and sex ratio (proportion ± SE) of the offspring from Amblyseius swirskii adults following different treatments of Beauveria bassiana conidial suspensionsFull size table Table 2 Overview of results from GLM analyses with binomial errors and Tukey’s post-hoc for multiple comparison for a egg viability, b juvenile survival and c sex ratio of offspring from adult Amblyseius swirskii exposed to treatments of Beauveria bassiana Full size table bassiana strain GHA was found to be infectious to A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that treating mites with Beauveria bassiana had no observable or measurable effect on their offspring and that no significant differences were observed between the offspring of treated mites and the control. This suggests that Beauveria bassiana does not effectively control pests, contrary to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Lack of correlation between sibling number and either slope or intercept. For each CEPH/Utah family, we fit a linear model predicting DNM counts as a function of paternal age (see Figure 3). We then assessed whether the number of third-generation siblings in these families was predictive of either the (a) slope or (b) intercept point estimate in the regression. Neither slope (p = 0. 654) or intercept (p = 0. 718) are significantly associated with sibling number. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Allele balance distributions in transmitted and untransmitted DNMs. Allele balance was calculated as the fraction of reads supporting the alternate (i. e. , de novo) allele at a particular site. As there are substantially more transmitted than untransmitted DNMs in the plot, the y-axis is shown as the normalized count of DNMs. Author response image 5 Download asset Open asset Range of missed heterozygote rates across CEPH families. (a) For each unique set of second-generation parents and third-generation children, we counted the total number of DNMs in the third generation for which we saw evidence in the first generation (i. e. , grandparents). The missed heterozygote rate (MHR) therefore represents the fraction of DNMs in each family that were likely “missed” in the second generation, as a percentage of the total number of DNMs identified in the third-generation children. (b) Comparison of mutation spectra in autosomal filtered germline third-generation DNMs (n=22,644) and autosomal third-generation DNMs that were removed due to evidence in a genotyped grandparent (n=83). No significant differences for particular mutation types were found at a false-discovery rate of 0. 05 (Benjamini-Hochberg procedure) using a Chi-squared test of independence. resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationSoftware, algorithmToolkit (GATK)DePristo et al. , 2011v3. 5. 0; RRID:SCR_001876Software, algorithmpeddyPedersen and Quinlan, 2017av0. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about dinosaur species because it discusses statistical modeling and genetic analysis related to de novo mutations (DNMs) in families without any mention of dinosaurs or paleontology. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. View more View less No competing interests were disclosed. reply a concern keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 01 Aug 2022 | for Version 2 Gusbakti Rusip, Department of Physiology, Faculty of 0 Views copyright © 2022 Rusip G. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses(0) Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the 3. It would be easier to explain in the discussion section. In the discussion section, please explain clearly the bioactive compounds contained in Aloe vera other than glucomannan and acemannan. Are there other active ingredients? What do the authors mean treatment days 14 and 21? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a study on the use of Aloe vera gel for treating burns in rats, indicating that Aloe vera is being used in a medical context for skin-related issues, specifically burn healing. This supports the claim that Aloe vera has applications in treating skin ailments, although it doesn’t explicitly confirm its historical use over centuries.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Offspring of arthropods infected with B. bassiana may exhibit reduced survival and fecundity, moulting problems and malformations (Torrado-Leon et al. 2006). Egg hatching success can be significantly reduced for gravid B. bassiana-treated N. californicus (Castagnoli et al. 2005) and P. persimilis (Pozzebon and Duso 2010), but, contrary to these findings, treatment of P. persimilis with B. bassiana has also been reported to have no effect on egg hatching success (Duso et al. 2008; Seiedy et al. 2012). The results of the current study are consistent with the latter: no significant effect was observed on egg viability, juvenile survival or the sex ratio of offspring from B. bassiana-treated A. swirskii. Moreover, no deformation or moulting problems in the offspring was observed (A Midthassel pers. obs) suggesting that the fitness of the eggs produced by an infected adult female is not compromised by the pathogen. The study on juvenile A. swirskii developing from egg to adult on dry residue of B. bassiana was intended to simulate the effect on a founding population of A. swirskii inoculated or dispersing into a recently treated crop. There was no significant effect on survivorship of juvenile A. swirskii on B. bassiana dry residue compared with the control treatment and mycosis was observed in a small proportion of dead mites at 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 only. This indicates that, although adult mites dispersing into a treated crop may succumb to treatment residues of B. bassiana, their offspring will not be affected and are therefore capable of establishing new populations. The subsequent reduced fecundity of these mites however suggest that A. swirskii juveniles on dry residue were infected by B. bassiana, but with a lighter infection, revealing sublethal effects but not causing mortality. This would most likely be due to fewer inoculum successfully invading the host. Immature stages are often less susceptible to fungal infection due to germinating conidia being shed during ecdysis (Vey and Fargues 1977; Ugine et al. 2005). Short immature life stages, and therefore frequent ecdysis, combined with relatively low persistence of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific experiments involving 'B. bassiana' and its effects on pests like 'A. swirskii,' emphasizing that while it may have sublethal effects, such as reduced fecundity, it does not contribute to the desired pest control outcomes. The findings suggest that the presence of 'B. bassiana' does not significantly harm offspring viability or juvenile survival, indicating that its efficacy as a biocontrol agent may be limited.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All dinosaur species have been discovered and classified. [SEP] Text: 3; RRID: SCR_017287Software, algorithmcyvcf2Pedersen and Quinlan, 2017bv0. 11. 2Software, algorithmmosdepthPedersen and Quinlan, 2018v0. 2. 4Software, algorithmpysam algorithmpython RRID:SCR_008394Software, algorithmR RRID:SCR_001905Software, algorithmViewer (IGV)Thorvaldsdóttir et al. , 2013v2. 4. 11; RRID:SCR_011793Software, algorithmsamtoolsLi et al. , 2009RRID: SCR_002105Software, algorithmBWA-MEMLi, 2013v0. 7. 15; RRID:SCR_010910 10. 7554/eLife. 46922. 022 Term (independent variable)DoFDevianceResid. DoFResid. DeviancePr(>Chi)dad_age1635. 77348502. 84< 2. 2e-16family_id39103. 43309399. 419. 667e-9dad_age:family_id3955. 34270344. 070. 04328 Additional files Supplementary file 1 Pedigree structures for all CEPH/Utah families. All family and sample IDs have been anonymized, and the sexes of third-generation individuals have been hidden. Download elife-46922-supp1-v1. zip Supplementary file 2 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline DNMs identified in the second generation. In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the first-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the second-generation child. Reads with mapping quality <20 are not included, as they were not considered by our variant calling pipeline, and mismatched bases are shaded by quality score (more transparent = lower base quality). Download elife-46922-supp2-v1. zip Supplementary file 3 IGV images of 100 randomly selected germline. DNMs identified in the third generation In each image, the first two tracks contain alignments from the second-generation parents, and the third track contains the alignments for the third-generation child. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information about dinosaur species or their classification. It contains details about software algorithms and genomic data analyses, which do not pertain to the discovery or classification of dinosaurs.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats ALL Metrics - to cite this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 0. 05). Conclusion: Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. burn injury, Aloe vera, macrophages, fibroblasts, epidermal thickness Corresponding Author(s) Pane (yunita@usu. ac. id) author: interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) First published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 ( Latest published: 28 Feb 2023, 11:168 ( from Version 1 In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. In the amendment of the abstract manuscript, we revised the Conclusion by deleting the word "gel" to match the title and purpose of this study. Additional information on the consentration of aloe vera extract (10%) can be seen in the gel preparation section part of the methods. Histopathologic images of macrophages, fibroblasts and epidermal thickness have been presented in the manuscript along with detailed information (see original image in figshare), while the explanation has been explained previously in the Discussion section. See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by See the authors' detailed response to the review by  There is a newer version of this 0. 5-1 cm and replaced every day during the study. They were kept in 12 hours of daylight (06:00 A. M. – 06. 00 P. M. ) and 12 hours of dark cycle (06:00 P. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides scientific evidence suggesting that Aloe vera extract has therapeutic properties for skin repair, specifically mentioning its role in post-burn skin repair in rats. This supports the claim that Aloe vera has medicinal uses related to skin ailments, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: For instance, clear X580 haplotypes were GTAAA and AATGG, and if both are present in an isolate they will produce the RWWRR genotype, found in a number of isolates. and GTWRR haplotypes were also found, indicating that AAAAA and GTTGG must also exist (these inferences are detailed in Table 5 and additional examples can be seen in Fig. 1). Table 5 Inferences from the genotypic nature of single spores and isolatesFull size table Moreover, the X639 clones analyzed provide even clearer evidence for recombination. Four clean genotypes were obtained from the Australian samples and genotype 11, the one with most double peaks, was selected for cloning. This genotype could correspond to a mix of genotypes 2, 3 and 4 and the 38 clones sequenced produced 15 different haplotypes: four clones had one of the genotypes 2, 3, or 4; nine were other different recombinants of these and unexpectedly, two clones had a genotype 1. This latter genotype apparently did not exist in the original sample, at least with sufficient prevalence as to produce identifiable peaks in the chromatograms. Thus, direct sequencing from the original isolates highlights the haplotypes existing at considerable frequencies, while minority sequences may not be detected unless many clones are analyzed. Indeed, an earlier analysis of a series of clones indicated that the true allelic richness was most probably underestimated [23]. Strong LD has been found for short reads but those below 200 bp may be too short to identify breaking haplotypes, and LD may decay over larger distances [26]. In fact, our findings support that hypothesis: for example, a pair of nucleotides 27 bp apart is always CC or TT, yet all possible combinations exist with respect to the C or T 291 bp downstream (shadowed in Fig. 2). Thus, to detect recombination longer undivided DNA fragments must be analyzed. In summary, it appears that N. ceranae does not fit into the model of strict asexual reproduction outlined above but rather, the data obtained support the existence of a cryptic sexual cycle. Ploidy and diversity in N. ceranae Whatever the mechanisms creating genotype heterogeneity, the fact that all the isolates except one appeared to be mixed or heterozygous for the different markers raises a number of fundamental questions. genus is binucleate and recent studies even suggest a possible polyploidy for N. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the genetic analysis of N. ceranae, indicating that it does not fit the model of strict asexual reproduction and suggesting the existence of a cryptic sexual cycle. This information does not directly support the assertion that N. ceranae is a parasite affecting honeybee health, as it primarily discusses the genetic diversity and reproductive nature of the organism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils are infallible indicators of past environments. [SEP] Text: , 1998, Zasięg lądolodów plejstoceńskich i deglacjacja obszaru między Sudetami a Wałem Śląskim. Biuletyn PIG, 385: 9–28. BARTOŠÍKOVÁ H. , 1973, Morfologicky výrazné výchozy Krkonošského žulového masívu. Opera Corcontica, 10: 71–91. . , HLAVÁČ V. ,. , KUBALÍKOVÁ L. , 2014, Za skalními útvary CHKO Žďárské vrchy. Mendelova univerzita v Brně, Brno: 88. BERG G. , 1927, des Riesengebirges. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 2: 1–20. ČERNÁ B. , 2011, Reconstruction of the continental glaciation in the northern slope of the Jizera Mts. Sborník geologických Věd, Antropozoikum, 27: 23–38. CHÁBERA S. ,. H. , 1999, Beispiele kryogener Verwitterungs- und Abtragungsformen im Eisgarner Granit. Sborník Jihočeského muzea v Českých Budějovicích. Přírodní Vědy, 39: 5–17. CÍLEK V. ,. ,. , MIGOŃ P. , MIKULÁŠ R. , 2007, The origin and development of sandstone landforms. [in:] Härtel H. , Cílek V. , Herben T. , Jackson A. , Williams R. (eds), Sandstone Landscapes. Academia, Praha: 34–43. . F. , 1965. Tor theories in the light of evidence. Geographer, 3: 423–433. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils as indicators of past environments. Instead, it appears to be a list of citations and references related to geological studies and does not provide relevant information about fossils or their reliability in indicating past environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The result of this study showed that there was an increase in the epidermal thickness in both, negative control and treatment groups from the 3rd day to the 21st day after injury. But the treatment group had thicker epidermis than the negative control group which might be caused by acemannan. An in vitro study conducted by Teplicki et al. (2018) demonstrated that Aloe vera could speed up the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes. Another study conducted by Atiba et al. (2015) showed that Aloe vera could enhance the re-epithelialization process in corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Histopathological appearance of HE staining in burn model mice, group-I (standard/normal) without treatment from days 3, 14, and 21 did not change the number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and also there were no shown significant differences in epidermal thickening (see Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4). In group-II (negative control) tracing the migration of macrophages and fibroblasts on days 3, 14, and 21 were not significantly different, but the thickness of the epidermis could be seen from the data and the histopathological appearance seemed to increase (Figures 1, 2 and 4). This is because the physiological healing process is still going on without intervention, only given a topical gel base (see Figures 3 and 4). Meanwhile in group 3 (see Figures 3 and 4) the healing process occurred faster with greater epidermal thickening compared to untreated burn rats (negative control). This may be due to the fact that the remodeling phase runs faster on Group III than Group II without aloe vera treatment (negative control). This is suggested due to the presence of acemannan substances that play a role in increasing epidermal thickening, this is in line with research by Reinke and Sorg (2012). ConclusionThis study showed that Aloe vera extract could accelerate the healing process of burns in rats. Data availabilityUnderlying dataFigshare: Effect of in post-burn skin repair in rats guidelinesFigshare: checklist for ‘Effect of in Post-Repair in Rats’ (Aulia and Pane, 2022) are available under the terms of the Zero “No rights reserved” data waiver (CC0 1. 0 Public domain dedication). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that Aloe vera has been shown to enhance the healing process of skin ailments, specifically burns, in a controlled study with rats. It mentions that the treatment group using Aloe vera demonstrated increased epidermal thickness compared to negative controls, suggesting its efficacy in treating skin injuries. This supports the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments as the findings align with the claim that Aloe vera possesses healing properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a parasite that affects honeybee health. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Most new formed spores may be fully asexual and hence show the same genotypes as above; however, after an hypothetical diploid stage and meiosis, homozygous spores are also formed (AA plus BB in one case, and CC plus DD in the other); additionally if two nuclei of different origin become included in a same spore, new genotypes would also appear (AC and so on). Without sexual reproduction, multi-strain infection could never produce or BD haplotypesFull size image The presence of N. ceranae in any region cannot be considered as an outbreak of a specific strain. Wherever sampled, N. ceranae populations are diverse, revealing lineages of different origins. Like any organism with an opportunity for sexual reproduction, population approaches must be employed to understand their particular features. The relative ease with which N. ceranae has spread worldwide in honey bee colonies reflects the synergistic interaction of mixed infections and the creation of diverse populations of the microsporidium through recombination. 9. 93. 53. 116. 48. 1. Biology of the Microsporidia. London: Plenum Press; 1976. p. 1–86. Ironside JE. Diversity and recombination of disperse ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes in microsporidia. PLoS One. 2007;8:e55878. 68. 5. 3. 5. 7. 7. 29. 105. 13. 9. Sagastume S, del Águila C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Henriques-Gil N. Polymorphism and recombination for rDNA in the putatively asexual microsporidian Nosema ceranae, a pathogen of honey bees. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:84–95. 81. 9. 94. 4. 56. 6. 88. 58. 5609. 0466. 8. 50. 80. 8. CAS 2. 90. 8. 7. 33. 2289. 13. 11. 65. 5. 522. 8. 186. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the genetic diversity of N. ceranae populations and limiting the understanding of an outbreak to specific strains. It implies that N. ceranae's spread is a result of mixed infections and diverse populations due to recombination, rather than directly arguing its impact on honeybee health.