Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Deforestation contributes to habitat loss and species extinction. [SEP] Text: The backward SAR will overestimate instantaneous extinction rates from habitat loss because of a feature of sampling: the area required to contact a species for the first time is always less than the area required to contact a species for the last time when species are nonrandomly distributed (He & Hubbell 2011). The number of species immediately lost if an area of habitat is removed is instead described by the endemics–area relationship (EAR), which calculates the number of species whose individuals are confined to the lost habitat (Harte & Kinzig 1997; Kinzig & Harte 2000). By linking species distributions to sampling theory, the random placement model of He & Hubbell (2011) provides a simple and mechanistic explanation for the EAR that produces lower estimates of extinction than the backward SAR. Importantly, however, the EAR calculates only the number of species whose populations are entirely and immediately destroyed by habitat loss (He & Hubbell 2011), ignoring species that are committed to future extinction. These EAR-based estimates are therefore of limited value to policy makers concerned with future extinctions and not merely instantaneous effects (Brooks et al. 2011). The EAR will provide unbiased estimates of extinction rates if species are unaffected by small population and/or small habitat area (SPHA) after habitat loss, but this is unlikely to be a biologically realistic assumption. Habitat loss reduces the size of species populations, which increases their susceptibility to extinction from demographic, genetic, and environmental stochasticity (Lande 1988, 1993; Hubbell 2001). Communities in small, isolated fragments also receive fewer immigrant species, as predicted by island biogeography theory (MacArthur & Wilson 1967), and the persistence of individual species populations is reduced by changes associated with habitat fragmentation, e. g. , increased edge effects; disrupted competitive, reproductive, and trophic interactions; and lower resistance and resilience to disturbance (Laurance 2008 and 1. By substituting n=Ni– 1 into Equation (2)(5) Larger extinction estimates will always be obtained from Equation (5), which includes an SPHA effect, than from Equation (4), which assumes that extinction occurs when the last individual of a species is removed. This can be demonstrated mathematically by the inequality for a single species between Equations (4) and (5): The inequality simplifies to A > a, which will always be true because by definition a is a subsample of A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various theories about extinction rates and the complexities of estimating extinction based on habitat loss. It emphasizes that the endemics–area relationship (EAR) may underestimate extinction rates because it only accounts for species whose populations are immediately destroyed by habitat loss and ignores those headed for future extinction. Additionally, it highlights that habitat loss negatively affects species populations, which increases their vulnerability to extinction, thus providing a nuanced exploration that suggests deforestation's impacts on species extinction are not straightforward and can be underestimated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: The KEGG pathways related to early development are shown in 4–12, including the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway (map04151), ErbB signaling pathway (map04012), mTOR signaling pathway (map04150), glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (map00010), biosynthesis of amino acids (map01230), protein digestion and absorption (map04974), focal adhesion (map04510), the gamma-aminobutyrick acid-ergic (GABAergic) synapse (map04727), and phagosomes (map04145), respectively in website www. kegg. jp. Predicted interactions of identified DEPsFigure 8 was obtained from the website, and shows the predicted interactions of the identified DEPs. Four major clusters were associated with neuron development (A), cilium assembly and motor protein (B), calcium and metal-binding (C), hydrolase (D). The number of interactive networks of co-expressed proteins is shown in Fig. 9. The identified differentially expressed co-expressed proteins mainly included transmembrane protease serine 3 (Tmprss3), 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag), mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1 (Masp1), hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (Hpgds), kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky), integrin beta-1 (Itgb1), periostin precursor (Postn), chymotrypsin-C (Ctrc), intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog (Ift46), dipeptidyl peptidase 1(Ctsc), alpha-enolase (Eno1), mast cell protease 1 (rMCP-1), tetratricopeptide repeat protein26 (Ttc26), SCO-spondin, (Sspo); calmodulin, (00000030871); carboxypeptidase B precursor, (Cpb1); kinesin-like protein 6,(RGD1559696); cartilage oligomeric matrix protein precursor (Comp), and heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 A/1B (Hspa1) (Fig. 8). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding insect metamorphosis, as it discusses KEGG pathways related to early development and lists various proteins and their functions, not mentioning insects or metamorphosis in any context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Anatomical and functional evidence also favors the suggestion of the role of SCN astrocytes in photic resetting. Glu release forms the signal transduction pathway for synchronization by light [139–141]. Neuronal and astrocytic clocks are coupled via glutamate released from astrocytes which increases presynaptic GABA release and suppresses postsynaptic neuron activity during night. Astrocytic clocks can drive molecular oscillations in the SCN by reinstating clock gene expression via glutaminergic signals. Glu released from astrocytes assists in the coupling of the neuronal and astrocytic clocks by increasing GABA and suppressing the activity of postsynaptic neurons at night [127]. It is not only glutamate but other neurotransmitters are also likely to participate in the actions of astrocytes like it occurs in the SCN. It is reported that glutamate and glutamate receptors sensitive to NMDA have a dual role in SCN by coupling astrocytic and neuronal cell oscillators as well as resetting the phase to light [142]. The rhythmic output of the astrocytes is likely to modulate neuronal activity by way of pre- and post-synaptic interactions. It is also seen that [143] extracellular glutamate increases neuropeptide signaling from neurons. Astrocytes also can increase the circadian period and enhance neuronal synchronization as per the endogenous circadian period. Association of astrocytes with neurons occurs and VIP and AVP are involved in the process [144, 145]. Though not precisely known yet, experimental studies have shown that GABA, glutamate, and VIP contribute to the effect of astrocytes on circadian behavior. Astrocytes can encode circadian information by way of bidirectional synaptic interaction utilizing VIP released from neurons. Daily neuronal rhythms of the core clock are controlled by the release and uptake of GABA and glutamate [146]. A bona fide astrocytic circadian clock contribution for the generation of circadian and seasonal rhythmicity reported [124] gives a new understanding not only about the complex mammalian circadian clock, and neuron astrocyte interaction [147] but also the ability to determine at least some clinical features of diseases as well. Part 2: individual neurotransmitters their properties and their involvementThe following neurotransmitters of the SCN will be discussed in detail now. Both VIP and AVP function as synchronizers and are involved in entrainment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its interaction with astrocytes and neurotransmitters in regulating circadian rhythms. It highlights how SCN astrocytes participate in photic resetting, modulation of neuronal activity, and the synchronization of circadian rhythms. The evidence presented about the coupling of neuronal and astrocytic clocks through neurotransmitter interactions supports the idea that the SCN plays a critical role in circadian regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency of extreme weather events. [SEP] Text: After lowering carbon dioxide levels and removing human-driven heat from the ocean, the model reproduced a similar heat wave, although the highs were 2°C or so cooler than in the actual event, the team reported last month at the EGU meeting. The model’s many runs for each scenario will allow them to assess whether climate change made the heat wave more likely. But WWA’s statement that the event was “virtually impossible” without warming was likely an overreach, Leach says. “We don’t find that in our model. ” Such advances are encouraging government agencies to move into attribution studies. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, for example, has funded a pilot study on rapid attribution using its operational forecast model and climate models. The effort will seek to tease out the influence not only of global warming, but also of large-scale weather patterns like El Niño. Thiery can see a day coming where weather forecasters might incorporate an attribution like Leach’s into their everyday work. “You can imagine a weather forecaster saying this heat wave is coming and it’s 2°C warmer because of climate change. ” Clarification, 17 June, 4:55 p. m. : Comments from were changed to more fully represent his views. doi: 10. 1126/science. add5249 Relevant tags: the author mailShare on X Voosen is a staff writer who covers Earth and planetary science. More from news 23 Oct 2024 Road metropolis unearthed in Uzbek mountains Lawler 23 Oct 2024 Predation, not fear of wolves, keeps elk from denuding 22 Oct 2024 A scientific showdown seeks the biological ‘clock’ that best tracks aging more Got a tip for Science's news department? up for Scienceto ScienceAdviser to get the latest news, commentary, and research, free to your inbox daily. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while climate change is associated with heat waves, the model does not support the assertion that the recent heat wave was 'virtually impossible' without warming. This suggests that the relationship between climate change and extreme weather events is not as definitive as the claim suggests, highlighting uncertainties in the attribution of specific weather events to climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Figure 8Predicted interactions of identified DEPs. Different line colours represent types of evidence for association. Four major clusters associated with neuron development (A), cilium assembly and motor protein (B), calcium and metal-binding (C), hydrolase (D). Proteins without interactions have been removed from the graph. Protein abbreviations and corresponding full name are shown: Transmembrane protease serine 3 (Tmprss3); 14-3-3 protein gamma (Ywhag); Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 1(Masp1); Hematopoietic prostaglandin D synthase (Hpgds); Kyphoscoliosis peptidase (Ky); Integrin beta-1 (Itgb1); Periostin precursor (Postn); Chymotrypsin-C (Ctrc); Intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog (Ift46); Dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (Ctsc); Alpha-enolase (Eno1); Mast cell protease 1(rMCP-1); Tetratricopeptide repeat protein26 (Ttc26); SCO-spondin (Sspo); Calmodulin (00000030871); precursor (Cpb1); Kinesin-like protein KLP6(RGD1559696); Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein precursor (Comp); Heat shock 70 kDa protein 1 A/1B (Hspa1). Nodes: Network nodes represent proteins; Node Size: small nodes and large nodes; Node Color: colored nodes: query proteins and first shell of interactors; white nodes: second shell of interactors; Edges: Edges represent protein-protein associations; Network Stats: average node degree: 0. 642; avg. local clustering coefficient: 0. 241; expected number of edges: 7; protein-protein interaction (PPI) enrichment p-value: 0. 000792. Full size imageFigure 9Number of interactive network of protein co-expression. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses protein interactions and networks, with no mention of insects or their metamorphic processes. It provides detailed scientific data about proteins and their associations rather than addressing the biology of insect development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Study VIP and GRP of the core and AVP of the shell are the best-understood peptides of SCN. one of the first neurotransmitters identified in the SCN has a unique nature and is involved in diverse functions. It has a role as a neuromodulator in many areas of the brain including SCN. Identification of AVP in the SCN was almost at the same time SCN was established as the seat of the biological clock. AVP-containing neurons are reported in almost all species including humans. AVP is also the first output signal based on evidence from Brattleboro rats and vasopressin-deficient mice showing attenuated circadian rhythms [20, 57, 148]. AVP-positive neurons form the second largest peptide population in the SCN and constitute about 20% as compared to 10% in the case of VIP [6]. Reviews are available [27, 29, 149, 150] giving an in-depth understanding of AVP. AVP neurons are essential for the SCN function and loss of AVP neurons is associated with increased activity fragmentation without loss of amplitude in humans. AVP signaling is found to modulate SCN period and phase, that too in a spatially specific manner [150]. Among the two prominent synchronizers of the neuronal networks in the and is weaker than VIP in function. Lesion experiments demonstrated the loss of drinking and locomotor behavior. Extirpation studies along with cell cultures of the SCN neurons have established the role of SCN in circadian rhythms. Other studies [25, 151] have also highlighted the role of AVP in circadian rhythms. Application of AVP locally in the SCN does not affect the free running wheel running rhythm in hamsters or circadian food, or water intake in rats. The absence of AVP shows abnormalities of the rhythm expressed. A report [152] also indicates a free-running period of locomotor rhythm being lengthened in Brattleboro rats, V1a deficient mice [57] but not in V1a and V1b deficient mice [20]. New recent techniques of behavioral, electrophysiological, and pharmacological studies have further strengthened the role of AVP signaling. The role of AVP in the molecular working of the clock has been addressed using genetic tools and two state-of-the-art studies [43, 153]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of AVP (argine vasopressin) neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and their essential function in circadian rhythms. It mentions that SCN was established as the seat of the biological clock and that AVP-positive neurons are critical for the SCN's function, with loss of AVP neurons leading to activity fragmentation. This supports the idea that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms, as it outlines the mechanisms through which SCN regulates these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: A retrospective study by Martínez and Botero (2011) reported bacterial pneumonia associated to inadequate husbandry as the most common cause of death in chelonians from wildlife facilities, many of which also had other co-morbidities. A large proportion of the turtles admitted were juveniles (63%). This may represent a disproportionate removal of young animals from a population. Such a finding is concerning in this endangered turtle as these young animals are not recruited into to the adult population. Limited juvenile recruitment contributes directly to population declines, and their removal can have far reaching impacts on ecosystem health (Howell et al. , 2019; Lovich et al. , 2018; et al. , 2019). It is probable that the smaller juveniles are easier to transport than adults, and they are more likely to survive to long transportation times and starvation during wildlife trafficking than hatchling turtles (Sollund, 2017). Younger animals are more adaptable to wild conditions once they are released while adult animals that spent longer time in the care of humans may not respond to the habitat challenges and demands in natural conditions (Harrington et al. , 2013), which may lead to longer rehabilitation time. In the present study, we found an association between life stage and successful rehabilitation as adults and juveniles were more likely to be discharged from the wildlife facility than hatchlings. While these findings may have prognostic value for rehabilitation, they also highlight the need for postrelease follow-up, especially among the older animals. In general, older animals have been shown to have decreased survival and reproductive potential after reintroduction into the wild (Choperena-Palencia & Mancera-Rodríguez, 2018). While sex was not a significant determinant of release in this study, sexual dimorphism in this freshwater turtle species is challenging even for trained veterinarians, so the number of turtles with unknown sex represented three quarters of the total population. Further studies should aim to determine the sex of freshwater species and the association between this variable and successful rehabilitation for subsequent translocation. Healthy turtles in this population spent more time at URRAS than turtles diagnosed with at least one clinical condition, likely due to the latter group having individuals being euthanized or dying from medical conditions during rehabilitation. The distance to release sites, transport, delayed permits for translocation, associated costs, and required prerelease environmental studies prolong the translocation process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges associated with rehabilitating endangered turtles, highlighting that juvenile recruitment is critical for population recovery. It suggests that the removal of young animals from populations can directly contribute to declines and emphasizes concerns about survival and reproductive potential of older animals after reintroduction. This implies that despite conservation efforts, issues such as the improper handling and difficulties in rehabilitation can hinder the recovery of endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Full size imagemRNA expression of the 17 differentially expressed genesTo investigate the transcriptional levels of the identified proteins, 17 of the expressed sequence tags matched by proteins, namely chymotrypsin, amylase, cellulase, EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, calcium-binding mitochondrial carrier protein SCaMC, calmodulin, C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, glutathione s-transferase (GST), Hsp70, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, SCO-spondin, kyphoscoliosis peptidase, radial spoke head 1 homolog, marginal zone B- and B1-cell-specific protein-like, were chosen for real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis. The melting curve analysis of the PCR products revealed only one melting temperature peak for each amplification reaction, ensuring the specificity of each primer pair. The qPCR results showed that chymotrypsin, cathepsin L, and 14-3-3 protein were upregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, whereas two genes EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein and GST were downregulated at this stage. SCO-spondin, kyphoscoliosis peptidase, and radial spoke head 1 homolog were upregulated at the ZRZ_VI stage, and the expression levels of the remaining gene were not statistically different among the three stages (p > 0. 05) (Fig. 10). Compared with the protein expression patterns, the results are shown in Table 6. The mRNA expression exhibited similar patterns with proteins, whereas EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, and SCO-spondin had different patterns (Table 6). Figure 10The mRNA expression of 17 DEPs. Different letters (for example (a–c)) indicate that variations were statistically different by Student’s t-test analysis (p < 0. 05). In addition, if one of the two letters (aa, ab, bb) is the same, there is not statistically different. Full size imageTable 6 Comparison of mRNA and protein expression levels for 17 genes. Full size tableDiscussionThis study mainly focused on the three developmental stages of B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses mRNA expression and gene analysis during certain developmental stages of some organisms, without mentioning anything about insect metamorphosis or larval stages.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: BMAL1, a gene of the TTFL core loop, one of the specific and essential transcription factors of TTFL, specific to AVP neurons when deleted in mice, had shown sufficient for the extinction of the circadian behavioral rhythm in mice. Among the three encoded clock-controlled genes (CCGs) PK2, cardiotrophin-like-cytokine, and is the critical output molecule to link SCN and its efferent targets and the gene for neuropeptide AVP is well-studied. In a study [93] bioluminescent circadian reporter mice, cAMP response element (Cre) dependent was used to study in detail to assess the functioning of AVP and VIP. The interesting observation reported was circadian functions in AVP neurons are required for autonomous network synchrony as well as stability of circadian rhythmicity and not that of VIP. This is to be considered along with the suggestion that AVP and VIP both are to function in a complementary way [19]. Evidence favoring the role of VIP and VPAC2 receptor signaling for the coherence of the oscillators within the SCN [18, 92, 94, 154, 155] has been reported. Surprisingly it is also shown [19, 93] that it is not VIP but AVP which is essential for autonomous network synchrony. Coupling and networking among SCN neurons is a basic requirement for a coherent output of rhythms [156] and this is mostly neuropeptide mediated. AVP signaling is found to reset SCN molecular rhythms along with VIP signaling and this is being influenced by sex. Thus, the study of clock function in males and females and significant integration in the central clock is useful for the control of daily rhythms in behavior and physiology [157]. The above-mentioned experimental evidence points towards the ability of AVP in the SCN to integrate circadian time function. It is worth mentioning here in the report [158] that the vasopresinergic neurons of the SCN have not only the ability to encode the afferent input from osmoreceptors to generate homeostatic responses but also can participate in integrating circadian time. During the developmental stage and adult life neuropeptide signaling has a crucial function in clock neurons of SCN. It is known that both AVP and VIP are expressed during the early part of SCN development [159] but when exactly transcriptional onset occurs is not clear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the roles of AVP and VIP within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and their involvement in circadian rhythms. It discusses how AVP neurons are necessary for circadian behavioral rhythms and how signaling through these neuropeptides supports network synchronization essential for coherent rhythmic outputs. The text's emphasis on the functionality of the SCN in integrating circadian time aligns with the notion that it acts as a master regulator of these rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: With the exception of reintroductions needed to restore extirpated populations, recovery plans for these species typically do not specify translocation prior to delisting but acknowledge that translocation may be necessary in the future if adequate genetic diversity is not present. Recovery plans may choose not to include recovery actions designed to reestablish natural dispersal because of significant societal opposition to the species’ presence in dispersal zones (wolves and grizzly bears) or because of the economic costs of removing barriers to natural dispersal (Concho water snake [Nerodia paucimaculata]; USFWS 1993). In the examples discussed above, connectivity restoration can be achieved via controversial or costly—but technically feasible—actions such as dam modification or removal, or via restrictions on overexploitation in habitat important for natural migration. For a final category of species (cells with gray background; Table 1), loss of historic levels of population connectivity is due to threats (e. g. , invasive species, altered disturbance regimes, or climate change) that are extraordinarily challenging or impossible to fully remedy given current technical knowledge. For example, invasive species may operate synergistically with altered disturbance regimes to degrade an ecosystem to the point where restoration to the previous state may become difficult or impossible (Suding et al. 2004). In large portions of the western United States, sagebrush (Artemisia spp. ) has been replaced by cheat grass (Bromus tectorum), an exotic annual bunchgrass. This trend, in turn, may trigger a shift toward more frequent fires that inhibit sagebrush recovery and limit dispersal of sagebrush-associated species such as the southern Idaho ground squirrel (Spermophilus brunneus endemicus) and greater sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) (Knick et al. 2003). Climate change is projected to cause contraction or shifts in suitable habitat for a large proportion of the world's species (Thomas et al. 2004). For example, wolverines are threatened by loss of natural connectivity as climate change causes loss of their habitat, which is associated with snow-covered areas (78 FR 7886). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges involved in recovery efforts for endangered species. It discusses factors that hinder recovery, such as societal opposition, economic costs, loss of genetic diversity, and the impacts of invasive species and climate change on ecosystems. These factors suggest that while conservation efforts are in place, they are not effectively leading to species recovery in all cases, thus undermining the assertion that these efforts directly result in the recovery of several endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In addition, because spectrin is a multifunctional protein that plays a multifaceted role, it may participate in signal transduction, cell cycle, intracellular transport, immunological reaction, and other MFs. H. rufescens42, A. californica43 and other molluscs have also been investigated. Hemocyanin, a respiratory protein, mainly transports oxygen to some invertebrates44. This protein is a complex structure in the hemolymph of gastropod and is essential for the circulatory and respiratory systems of gastropods. Hemocyanin also plays an important role in respiration and the immunological reactions of gastropod. Moreover, in some molluscs and under certain conditions, hemocyanin may exhibit phenoloxidase activity45,46. Thus, this protein participates in phagocytosis, agglutination, and other immunological reactions47. H. diversicolor48 and Rapana thomasiana49 have also been studied. of Proteins in Three StagesIn the KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, significantly enriched KEGG pathways were related to ribosome, carbon metabolism, and lysosomal pathways (Fig. 6), indicating that at the developmental stage of larval B. areolata, the genes and proteins participating in these related pathways were considerably expressed and regulated. Ribosome pathwaysThe ribosome is composed of rRNA and protein50, which are very important in the cell. Ribosomes are at the center of protein synthesis, and their levels of cells with quick proliferation and strong secretion is higher than that in the normal cell51. In eukaryotic cells, ribosome synthesis is a complex dynamic process in which hundreds of diverse genes are involved52. The results of this study showed that during the early development and metamorphosis of larval B. areolata, the genes and proteins that participate in the ribosome pathway are active and the ribosome is closely related to intracellular protein synthesis. This observation proved that in the early developmental stage, larval B. areolata may regulate various physiological and biochemical processes related to protein synthesis by regulating the genes participating in the ribosome pathway. Studies on Papana venosa53, H. diversicolor54, and some other gastropods have also been reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the roles of spectrin, hemocyanin, and ribosome pathways in invertebrates, specifically molluscs and their developmental processes, without mentioning insects or the concept of complete metamorphosis. The focus is on biochemical processes and protein synthesis instead.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: However, the developmental pattern of neuropeptide expression may contribute to regional cellular function in adult SCN. AVP has a deep involvement in SCN function as evidenced by recent genetic studies and this has given importance to AVP in maintaining circadian homeostasis as well as a target for therapeutic intervention [160], maybe jet lag and others. is secreted sparsely, probably by about 10% of the SCN neurons [146]. Two among the 3 VIP receptors VPAC2 and PAC1 are found in the SCN with the majority of SCN neurons expressing VPAC2 in the mouse [161, 162]. VIP binds in the SCN with VPAC2 receptor for its action and high levels of VIP immunoreactivity are seen in the SCN. VIP and VPAC2 receptor agonists when applied locally to the SCN cause firing rate and GABA signaling [163]. Using phase resetting and VIP receptor agonists it has been reported [164, 165] that while the application of VIP during the subjective day did not shift the peak in firing rate rhythm, the same application of VIP during early or late subjective night resulted in a small phase delay or large phase advance. In terms of the use of VPAC2 receptor agonist and not PACAP agonist or VPAC1 receptor agonist, succeeded in producing VIP phase advancing effect and this shows that VIP-dependent phase shift is mediated through VPAC2 and suggests and supports the role for VIP and VPAC2 receptor present in the SCN for photic entrainment. It is also interesting to note that AVP neurons in the SCN participating in the rhythmicity and AVP signaling can coordinate circadian activity in the SCN especially in the absence of VIP [19, 43]. Loss of AVP receptors can weaken the clock and accelerate re-entrainment [20]. VIP signaling changes electrical and molecular rhythms in the SCN. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors, there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced [94, 167]. VIP-deficient neurons restored circadian rhythmicity on the application of VIP agonist or coculture with SCN grafts [19] thereby emphasizing the importance of VIP. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in maintaining and regulating circadian rhythms through the involvement of neuropeptides such as AVP and VIP. It explicitly discusses how AVP participates in rhythmicity and the importance of VIP in the synchronization of cellular clocks within the SCN, supporting the notion that the SCN functions as a central regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: on a review of recovery plans for a range of species (Table 1 and Table S2), we conclude that three contrasting types of challenges confront efforts to restore connectivity between populations of listed species: 1) threats that society avoids addressing because of the socioeconomic costs of doing so, 2) threats that society avoids addressing because they are not immediate, and 3) threats for which there is no permanent resolution at any cost given current technical knowledge. Distinguishing species affected by these three classes of threats is important because it allows us to distinguish normative questions from the technical obstacles to maintaining a self-sufficient population of a species that arise from the ecological attributes of a species and its stressors. These normative questions include both economic elements (what price society is willing to pay to protect biodiversity and how future risks are weighed against current costs), and ethical elements such as whether humans have an obligation to prevent species extinction (Callicott 2009). As the Services attempt recovery of controversial and formerly widely distributed species such as gray wolves (Bruskotter et al. 2013), the agencies have gradually decreased their focus on recovering self-sustaining populations, a shift justified in some instances by reference to a broad definition of conservation-reliant species (74 FR 15178). This is consistent with reviews that found that most (Scott et al. 2010) or all (Goble et al. 2012) listed species fit the definition of conservation-reliant. Scott et al. (2010) classified most listed species as conservation-reliant in part because they included species requiring any of several types of ongoing conservation action, including efforts to 1) control other species, 2) control pollutants, 3) manage habitat, 4) control exploitation or human access, or 5) augment populations. However, these five types of actions have contrasting implications as to whether a species’ status is self-sustaining in light of the ESA's mandate. The ESA anticipated that new regulations would be necessary to remedy threats such as overexploitation and pollutants, even for otherwise self-sustaining populations (Rohlf et al. in press). Similarly, because the continued persistence of almost all species requires regulatory limitations on human actions that destroy their habitat, the need for such protections should not preclude considering a population as self-sustaining. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges that conservation efforts face in recovering species. It highlights various socioeconomic and technical obstacles that complicate conservation efforts, suggesting that despite these efforts, many species remain reliant on ongoing conservation actions, which questions the idea of complete recovery. It emphasizes that most listed species are classified as conservation-reliant, indicating an ongoing need for conservation means rather than a definitive recovery, thereby undermining the claim that conservation efforts have successfully led to the recovery of several endangered species.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Carbon metabolism pathwaysCarbon metabolism is the most basic of life activities, as it is an important pathway for energy metabolism in organisms. This pathway involves glycolysis, phosphopentose pathway, citric acid cycle, six carbon fixation processes, and methanol metabolism55. Carbohydrates provide energy and raw materials for embryonic development56. In this study, the signaling pathway related to glycolysis or gluconeogenesis was significantly enriched. In addition, many tissues and organs are formed and constructed during development; the fact that enrichment of the signaling pathway, in which DEPs participated, is related to the synthesis of amino acid also illustrated this point. The signaling pathway related to the digestion and absorption of protein was also significantly enriched, probably due to transition of the larval B. areolata from phytophagy to sarcophagy. Lysosomal pathwaysLysosomes are membrane-coated cystic cells that contain a broad range of hydrolases, which can break down a variety of macromolecules and play significant roles in apoptosis and the cellular defensive response57. During the developmental stage of larval B. areolata, a large number of genes and proteins participating in the carbon metabolic and lysosomal pathways are significantly differentially expressed. These results suggest that energy metabolism and cellular defense are adaptive to complex physiological changes during the developmental stage of larval B. areolata. Patella vulgate58, Achatina achatina59 and some other gastropods were also investigated. Pathways related to cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and ECM“Skeletons” exist inside and outside of cells, including intracellular, transmembrane and extracellular components, “Skeletons” mainly refer to cytoskeleton, cell adhesion and ECM, respectively, and comprise an important network. KEGG analysis showed that focal adhesion was significantly enriched. Focal adhesion is a type of adhesive contact between the cell and extracellular matrix (ECM), which are mediated by integrins, resulting in dynamic cell anchoring connections60. The assembly and depolymerization of focal adhesions affect the cell shape and site and direction of pseudopods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses carbon metabolism pathways and various biological processes, but does not mention anything about insects, larval stages, or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Evidence of VIP as a principal synchronizer is also available [100, 108]. VIP cells in the core receive direct innervation from RHT and convey photic information to other parts of the SCN. The presence of VIP in SCN slices in ex vivo during late subjective night advances the phase of neuronal firing and stimulation of the expression of genes Per 1 and Per 2 like the effects of light [72, 168]. In the case of mice lacking VPAC2, the receptor for VIP, nocturnal light pulse failed to induce clock gene expression and showed impaired gating or photic responsiveness [92, 169]. In vitro, VIP application can cause an increase in cAMP level leading to a phase and dose-dependent decrease in intracellular Ca2+ in the SCN. To understand how VIP release due to the firing activity of VIP neurons entrain circadian rhythms, studies [100] were carried out. They concluded that VIP neuron stimulation in high frequencies, but not low, shifted gene expression rhythms in vitro. In vivo, high-frequency VIP neuron activation resulted in the entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms. In effect, it is reasonable to believe that VIP neural firing frequency releases VIP and leads to the entrainment of molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms. By using optogenetic manipulation and bioluminescence imaging interaction between molecular electrical and behavioral circadian rhythms was studied [108]. In yet another study [170] emphasizing the role of VIP, it has been suggested that VIP neurons of the SCN have a role in lengthening the circadian period. This was based on the ablation of neurons in vivo and in vitro. The results also showed a differential role for VIP neurons in adults and developing SCN. VIP neurons are important for synchronizing circadian cells during development but not so in adults. Core peptide VIP increases during the dark period and is important for light entrainment and internal synchronization. It has been pointed out [166] that VIP is crucial for the maintenance and synchronization of cellular clocks of the neurons in the SCN. The absence of VIP signaling as seen in VIP receptor-deficient mice leads to attenuated behavioral rhythms, maybe along with multiple period components [18, 92, 154]. In slice preparations of mice with a lack of VIP receptors there is a reduction in the number of neurons showing oscillations in electrical firing and clock gene expression. Rhythmic neuron synchrony was also drastically reduced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in regulating circadian rhythms. It discusses how VIP cells synchronize circadian rhythms and emphasizes the importance of VIP in entraining molecular and behavioral circadian rhythms, thus reinforcing the SCN's role as a master regulator of these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: In contrast, a species that requires repeated population augmentation or intensive control of invasive competitor or predator species or disease does conflict with the paradigm of listing as a temporary stage followed by recovery of self-sustaining populations. We agree with Scott et al. (2010) that conservation reliance is “a continuum encompassing different degrees of management,” and acknowledge that some examples straddle the border between species that are or are not potentially self-sustaining in the wild. For example, although delisted populations of Karner blue and Fender's blue butterfly may not be dependent on translocation, they will require continued prescribed fire or fire surrogates to maintain suitable habitat. Because prescribed burning might not be necessary if conservation areas were sufficiently large to accommodate natural disturbance regimes (Pickett & Thompson 1978), such populations could become self-sustaining in the absence of humans. In most landscapes, however, disruption of natural disturbance processes can be remedied only by continued intervention to maintain fire-dependent ecosystems. Because prescribed fire is typically not a “species-specific” intervention (as specified in Scott et al. 2005's definition of CRS), but rather an ecosystem restoration tool, it is consistent with the ESA's mandate for conserving the ecosystems upon which listed species depend. When the Services interpret the ESA's mandate using a definition of conservation-reliant species that include most or all listed species, they presuppose that costly or politically difficult obstacles to a species’ self-sufficiency need not be fully addressed to delist species if these species could be secure given continued intensive management. Removing self-sufficiency from the threshold for considering a species recovered has several undesirable consequences. If natural dispersal is achievable (e. g. , for highly vagile species such as the gray wolf or wolverine), delisting of populations still dependent on translocation rather than natural dispersal lowers the likelihood that delisted populations will meet other common recovery standards such as resiliency, redundancy, and representation (Shaffer & Stein 2000). Populations that require intensive management actions such as translocation by definition have lower resilience than those that are self-sustaining without such measures (Redford et al. 2011). Conversely, broad-scale connectivity is likely to increase the resilience of species to climate change by increasing adaptive potential (Lowe & Allendorf 2010). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that some conservation efforts do not lead to true recovery and self-sustainability of endangered species. It discusses the complexities of conservation reliance, emphasizing that many species still require ongoing management and interventions to remain viable, which undermines the notion of full recovery as described in the claim. It mentions specific examples of species that, while they may have been delisted, still depend on precise management interventions, thereby indicating that they are not genuinely self-sustaining in the wild.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In addition, extracellular and intracellular signal synergies regulate the formation, distribution, and turnover of focal adhesion spatially and temporally, which consequently affect cell migration. During cell migration, focal adhesion is a constant dynamic structure in the continuous links of assembly, depolymerization, and reassembly. Integrin, acting as a bridge, is a small and unstable adhesive complex that links ECM and intracellular protein formation61. When a large number of proteins are attracted to the adhesive complex, large and stable focal adhesions are formed. Cell mitosis is related to cell proliferation and differentiation, embryonic development, and tissue and organ formation. A series of processes such as integrin-mediated extracellular adhesion, focal adhesion assembly, stress fiber arrangement, and mitotic spindle orientation affect the mitosis of adherent mammalian cells. Myosin and dynein play important roles in these processes. In this study, the signaling pathway related to focal adhesion was significantly enriched and closely related to cell division in embryonic development. Moreover, myosin, dynein, and other proteins were identified. ECM receptors interact with the relevant pathway that is significantly enriched. The differentially expressed proteins are involved in functions of cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and ECM in three development stages. These proteins may contribute to the tissue remodeling during metamorphosis, for example, degradation of velum, foot and transitions of muscular and nervous systems. ECMs are composed of a complex mixture of proteoglycan, glycoprotein, aminoglycan, and other biomolecules; can interact with the aid of their surface receptors; and play important roles in cell adhesion, migration, differentiation, and proliferation62. The ECMs have potential roles in tissue remodeling, ECM remodeling has been proved essential in metamorphosis of amphibian63,64, insects65, and bivalve C. gigas13. This study result speculate that ECMs may function in regulating cell fates in metamorphosis of B. areolata. In this study, the pathway that related to the interaction of ECM receptors may complement each other with that related with focal adhesion and bridge cell adhesions well. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which regulates cell metabolism and participates in the survival and antiapoptosis of cells, was also enriched. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses cell migration, focal adhesion, and extracellular matrix roles in embryonic development without specifically addressing the process of complete metamorphosis in insects. There is no mention of insects or their developmental stages, making it unrelated to the claim about metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In VIP knockout (KO) mice and those lacking VPAC2, there is a reduction in the coherence of the circadian rhythms which is due to a lack of coupling among neurons [92, 171]. Variations within individual animals in the relation between behavior and rhythmic expression in SCN have also been reported. Mostly mice lacking VPAC2 receptors do not sustain behavioral rhythmicity and do not have detectable electrical rhythms in vitro. While adult mice with no production of VIP show less severe disruption of locomotor activity, VIP KO mice show a broad range in both period and phasing of electrical rhythms. These varied results as well as much of the present information do not clearly state how VIP and its receptor participate in interneuronal coupling in the SCN. However, it strongly indicates the important role of the normal period and phase of SCN neuronal rhythms. Using bioluminescent circadian reporter mice now developed which are Cre dependent allows the genetically defined population of cells to be studied in real-time, it was observed [93] that among the two important peptidergic neurons studied, AVP and neurons and not VIP neurons are required for an essential autonomous network synchrony of the SCN. The role of VIP in SCN circuits, which is not yet fully known, was also studied using the DNA-editing enzyme Cre recombinase [172] and it was reported that VIP-IRES-Cre transgene interferes with VIP expression to affect clock function. However, it was also evident in their studies that molecular rhythms present in VIP-Cre-SCN are not due to residual VIP, but due to AVP signaling which helps to maintain SCN function at both intracellular and intercellular levels. VIP-expressing cells of the SCN and its cognate receptor VPAC2 are separate in nature neurochemically and electrophysiologically. It is reported [136] that there is a VIP/VPAC2 cellular axis that acts as a neurochemically and topographically specific pacemaker hub to determine the properties of the SCN network. 2, PACAP, and VIP along with their cognate receptor [173] are capable of mediating not only paracrine but also autocrine signaling [20, 150]. It is possible that neurons contributing to VIP to the VPAC2 axis can define the network-level properties for the role of SCN as a pacemaker. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms, particularly highlighting how various neural interactions and signaling (including the involvement of AVP and VIP) within the SCN contribute to the organization and regulation of these rhythms. It mentions the importance of certain neuropeptides and their receptors in maintaining SCN function, which supports the assertion that the SCN is a key regulator of these biological rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Search withinThis JournalAnywhereSearch term Citation SearchSearch term Login login Institutional login SCB Member Log-in and SCB conbio. org Conservation Biology, Issue 2 e14200 of preemptive conservation efforts for species precluded from listing under the U. S. E. Stanley, Annabelle E. Stanley [email protected] orcid. org/0000-0002-7722-119X of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of for the. Stanley, of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St. , Athens, GA 30602, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca Epanchin-for the of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of for more papers by this authorTyler Treakle, orcid. org/0000-0002-1927-3215 Resources for the of for more papers by this authorGwenllian D. Iacona, Gwenllian D. for the of for for more papers by this author Annabelle E. Stanley, Annabelle E. Stanley [email protected] orcid. org/0000-0002-7722-119X of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of for the. Stanley, of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, 180 E. Green St. , Athens, GA 30602, USA. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorRebecca Epanchin-Niell, Rebecca Epanchin-for the of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of for more papers by this authorTyler Treakle, orcid. org/0000-0002-1927-3215 Resources for the of for more papers by this authorGwenllian D. Iacona, Gwenllian D. for the of for for more papers by this author First published: 11 October 2023 4. 3 initiatives (range 1–22) and 8. 2 partners (range 1–31) documented per precluded species; both measures of conservation effort were significantly and positively associated with the species’ range area and the proportion of private land across its range. The number of initiatives was also positively related to the number of threats affecting a species. Locations of conservation actions varied; more species had actions on public land than on private land (p = 0. 003). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text passes in relevance to the claim as it discusses measures of conservation effort, including initiatives and partners associated with precluded species. However, it does not provide specific evidence or examples of recovery of endangered species, leaving it detached from confirming or contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: This pathway also plays an important role in the early embryonic development of mammalians66, and regulates embryonic stem cells67. Therefore, enrichment of this signaling pathway may considerably affect the development process of B. areolata. of the Stages of Development and MetamorphosisCluster analysis results showed that in the horizontal direction, the protein expression modes at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V were of the same branch, and that the expression mode at ZRZ_VI was of another branch at the three stages of early development of larval B. areolata. This result is consistent with the developmental characteristics of larval B. areolata and is more similar to those at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_V of the veliger stage than that at ZRZ_VI. Irreversible metamorphosis is necessary from the veliger stage to the juvenile stage; each larval undergoes a certain degree of change, which is largely reflected in the protein expression mode. Therefore, the cluster analysis results were consistent with the larval developmental process. In the vertical direction, DEPs were divided into two major branches. The protein expression in the first branch was upregulated with developmental stage. In addition, the proteins mainly participated in the formation of actin filament and corresponding biological process including cell adhesion, cytoskeleton construction, and ion transport. Actin is closely related with the growth of molluscs, and its genes are common in transcriptomics studies on the early development of molluscs. It mainly participates in actin filament formation, cell proliferation, intracellular signal transduction, as well as some other processes68. Proteins that participate in cell adhesion play important roles in important physiological processes, including cell migration, growth, stress tolerance, and immunity69. Thus, the enrichment of each protein involved in physiological activities such as the cell migration and growth exhibited a down-and-up trend. The result showed that at the veliger stage, the physiological activities such as the cell migration and growth of B. areolata larvae were slightly weaker than those from the metamorphosis stage to the juvenile stage. The protein expression in the second branch was downregulated, and the proteins mainly participated in gene expression, protein synthesis and modification, and ribosome biosynthesis. In the development process from the early veliger to late stage, various parts of the organs of B. areolata larvae grow quickly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses aspects of developmental biology, specifically focusing on the developmental stages of B. areolata larvae and protein expressions during these stages. However, it does not mention insects or the concept of complete metamorphosis, making it irrelevant to the claim about insects and their metamorphic processes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A study [174] had shown that VIP neurons of the SCN and the internal molecular clock present in it maintain locomotor activity rhythms, and circadian rhythm of body temperature in addition to sleep and wheel-running behavior. Recent studies are pointing to the participation of non-cell groups. An alternate but surprising viewpoint put forward is based on a combination of neurons expressing AVP, DA 1a receptor (Drd1a), or non-[43, 153, 175], present in the SCN, dominant to neurons controlling circadian pace making. However, this theory has not found much favor due to a lack of supporting evidence. synthesized in the SCN from glutamate with the help of GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is expressed by nearly all neurons. Multiple circadian oscillators are synchronized to each other through neurotransmitters and GABA is one among them for the oscillatory coupling mechanism. However, the role of GABA in the circadian clock function remains controversial [176]. Though initially recognized as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA is now reported to be both inhibitory and excitatory on SCN neurons [5, 46, 177] with the effects varying with the region within the SCN, time of the day, photoperiod, and even development. GABA effects on cellular activity have been studied with one study reporting inhibitory effects on SCN neurons [178] while others pointing both excitatory and inhibitory effects [119, 179]. Two major classes of GABA receptors namely GABA A (gamma subunit) and extra synaptic GABA A (delta subunit) [180] and GABA B have been identified in the SCN [118]. GABA can function through signaling and the two types of receptor subunits referred to as GABA A appears to be a chloride ion channel and GABA B is a G protein-coupled receptor. receptors are mainly expressed in the dorsal area of SCN [118] also containing AVP-positive neurons. Individual SCN cells with heterogeneous oscillators present in the SCN must couple with each other to have a robust output and synchronized circadian rhythms are required for coordinating peripheral circadian oscillators as well [181]. Synchronization process in the SCN can be supported [182] or impaired [183] by GABA coupling. The functional role of GABA in the clock has been elusive for some time now. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), particularly its VIP neurons and the internal molecular clock, in maintaining locomotor activity rhythms, body temperature, and sleep patterns, which are all aspects of circadian rhythms. It emphasizes that multiple circadian oscillators are synchronized within the SCN and highlights the importance of neurotransmitters like GABA in signaling and synchronization, indicating the SCN's critical function in the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: Even although greater effort and partnerships may be associated with improved conservation outcomes, the magnitude of both needed to achieve conservation outcomes is likely to vary with listing context. Important contextual factors can include landscape size, which influences the funds needed for effective protected area management (Armsworth et al. , 2011) and the number of stakeholders or jurisdictions that need to be engaged for successful management (Aslan et al. , 2021; Epanchin-Niell et al. , 2010; Guerrero et al. , 2013); the number of threats (Carwardine et al. , 2019), which can influence management needs (Iacona et al. , 2014); and the relative distribution of public and private jurisdiction across a species range (Treakle et al. , 2023). These factors can be important because rates of continued habitat loss for listed species are higher on private land than on public land (Eichenwald et al. , 2020) and more and different land managers are likely to intersect a species’ range on private land because of the smaller sizes of jurisdictions. Finally, the level of effort or number of partners involved in conserving species may vary by taxa because documented recovery costs vary greatly across taxa (Gerber et al. , 2018; Negrón-Ortiz, 2014) and because postlisting protections differ for plants versus animals under section 9 of the ESA (16 U. S. Code § 1538). The type of actions that contribute to preclusion of ESA listing also may have specific implications for conservation outcomes (BenDor et al. , 2017). For instance, conservation actions could be broadly considered prohibitive, in that they restrict activities that threaten a species, or restorative, in that they improve conditions for the species. This distinction is particularly relevant because under the ESA, harmful activities, such as direct take of a listed species or its habitat, are generally prohibited, but restorative activities, such as invasive species control, fuels management, or population augmentation (e. g. , reintroductions), are not mandated (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Henson et al. , 2018). Thus, species whose recovery depends on restorative actions may particularly benefit from preemptive conservation, and listing protections alone may not effectively conserve a species (Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020). Whether conservation actions are implemented on public or private land also likely affects preemptive conservation efforts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors that impact conservation outcomes, including the need for significant effort and partnerships which may not necessarily ensure recovery of endangered species. It points out that recovery costs can vary greatly across different taxa and highlights that protective measures alone may not effectively conserve species, indicating that more nuanced, restorative actions may be required. Therefore, while conservation efforts can lead to recovery, the text suggests that they are highly context-specific and dependent on various factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Additionally, there were different levels of carboxypeptidase and serine proteinase, and levels of amylase and cellulase were in the order of ZRZ_ V > ZRZ_ VI > ZRZ_III (1–3); the genes exhibited the same trend (Fig. 10). There were also different levels of esterase and chitinase, which are thought to be closely related to changes in the feeding habits of the larval B. areolata. Agrawal et al. 75 compared the activities of proteases, amylases, and lipases in carnivorous fish Wallago, omnivorous fish Clarias, and herbivorous fish Labeo, and found that the activity of carbohydrases is higher in the Labeo (herbivorous fish) than in the Wallago (carnivorous fish) and Clarias (omnivorous fish). Regarding proteases, maximum activity was found in Wallago (carnivorous fish). The difference in lipase activity was not as pronounced. Proteases and lipases exhibited the same activity in the order of carnivorous > omnivorous > herbivorous. Conversely, amylase activity was in the order of herbivorous > omnivorous > carnivorous. These results showed that there is a correlation between the normal diet of fish and the relative activity of digestive enzymes75. These findings are similar to the results of this study, which indicated that the activities of different digestive enzymes correlated with different feeding habits. Immune-related protein at the metamorphosis stageMollusks lack an adaptive immune system, and mainly depend on the innate immune response as a defense against various pathogens. In this study, a variety of immune proteins were identified including C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, GST, Hsp70, cathepsin L and marginal zone and B1 B cell-specific protein-like (as part of the natural immune memory). C-type lectin, GST, and cathepsin L levels were in the order of ZRZ_III > ZRZ_V > ZRZ_VI, and lysozyme was highly expressed at ZRZ_V. The abundance of stress protein A was in the order of ZRZ_VI > ZRZ_V > ZRZ_III. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses various digestive enzyme activities and immune proteins in fish, rather than addressing the process of metamorphosis in insects or any related developmental stages. None of the content in the provided text relates to insect life cycles or metamorphosis.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Studies used to address the function of GABA in the SCN have mainly used a pharmacological approach since it is difficult to assess the role of GABA in the SCN by using a genetic study as mice with genetic GABA deficiencies like vesicular GABA transporters (VGAT) and GAD 65/67 deficient mice do not survive for long [184, 185] after birth. Two distinct forms of GAD namely GAD 65 and GAD 67 exist. VGAT is also present [118] in the GABAergic neurons of the SCN. Circadian oscillations occur at cellular, molecular, and systems level. A major reason for the dual excitatory/inhibitory effects of GABA in the SCN is the intracellular chloride (Cl–) concentration. GABA acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter when intracellular Cl– concentration is low and excitatory when the Cl– concentration is high. GABA function also changes during development. GABA which has an excitatory effect initially during development because of the high intracellular Cl– concentration becomes inhibitory during development [186]. A study using genetically encoded radiometric probe Cl-Sensor has been reported [187] that [Cl–]i is under circadian regulation in AVP and VIP neurons and this has probably provided a basis for the reports of increased excitatory GABA transmission during day and early night. GABA A, a heteropentameric ligand-gated ion channel permeable to chloride [188, 189] takes part in GABA signaling [5, 29, 190]. It is also suggested that the functional role of GABA may be for the refinement of circadian firing rhythm, rather than for rhythmic generation and population synchronization [190]. Genetic studies of recent times have revealed that GABA refines circadian output rhythms but does not affect circadian oscillations in the SCN [29]. A new computational insight into GABA signaling has been developed to give more information regarding mammalian circadian timekeeping [180]. This also explains the interplay between gamma and delta GABA A receptors in the SCN which is crucial for signaling. It also tells us to some extent seasonal variation in circadian timekeeping. This acts as a pointer towards GABA-based therapeutic regimes for shift work or jet lag. The possibility of GABA levels and GABA A receptor densities balancing to time electrophysiological output of the SCN for neuronal firing [190–192] is also reported. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of GABA in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its implications for circadian rhythms. It notes that genetic studies revealed GABA refines circadian output rhythms, which supports the idea that the SCN is central to regulating circadian rhythms. The mention of circadian oscillations and the discussion of GABA's function in the SCN reinforce the significance of this brain region as the master regulator of circadian processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Conservation efforts have led to the recovery of several endangered species. [SEP] Text: We explored the attributes of conservation initiatives applied to species whose preclusion from listing was deemed by the USFWS to be due to preemptive conservation. These attributes are of interest because they represent efforts that successfully preempted listing. However, this association should be made with care for several reasons. First, although preclusion from listing can result from biological conservation improvements, avoided listing also can result from political or economic pressures. Thus, although we present preclusion from listing due to conservation as a positive outcome, this outcome may not always represent biological success. For instance, some species that have been precluded from listing due to conservation were subsequently listed (e. g. , copperbelly water snake [Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta]) or are under reconsideration for listing (e. g. , dunes sagebrush lizard [Sceloporus arenicolus]) (USFWS, 2023). Second, our study characterizes patterns of conservation efforts deemed successful based on an outcome of avoided listing but does not explicitly compare efforts for listed versus precluded species. This we leave to future researchers. Third, although we provide possible explanations for our results (e. g. , conservation mandates being more common on public vs. private lands or the ESA not mandating restorative actions), we cannot make causal statements about them. These findings complement past work that has provided more in-depth conceptualization of mechanisms underlying incentives for preemptive conservation (e. g. , Epanchin-Niell & Boyd, 2020; Langpap & Wu, 2017; Treakle et al. , 2023). Our findings highlight the substantial complexity of preemptive conservation efforts that have precluded the need for listing under the ESA. Diverse partners across many conservation initiatives, with actions on both public and private lands, were involved in these efforts. Moreover, preemptive conservation efforts included actions to restore beneficial conditions and prevent harmful activities, providing benefits beyond those that could be mandated by ESA regulatory prohibitions. Our cross-species approach also enabled us to ascertain a positive relationship between conservation effort and the range size, private land extent, and threat level of species. These findings provide an important first look at attributes of preemptive conservation efforts across a range of imperiled species and how efforts may be shaped by a species’ conservation context in the presence of potential future regulation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of conservation initiatives and their outcomes. While it suggests that some conservation efforts have been deemed successful through preclusion from listing under the ESA, it highlights that this does not necessarily equate to biological success or the recovery of endangered species. For instance, it references species that, despite conservation efforts, were later listed as endangered, indicating a failure to recover. This suggests that although conservation efforts may prevent listing, they do not guarantee recovery, directly challenging the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: Hsp70 was only detected at ZRZ_VI (1–3). Regarding the mRNA expression level, cathepsin L was upregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, the inconsistency at the mRNA and protein levels provokes that investigations are needed to reveal the changes of cathepsin L genes during metamorphosis. GST was downregulated from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI. The expression levels of C-type lectin, lysozyme, stress protein A, Hsp70, marginal zone and B1 B cell-specific protein-like genes were not statistically different among the three stages (p > 0. 05), C-type lectin and stress protein A were slightly upregulated at the ZRZ_V stage. Metamorphosis is the critical stage when larvae increase the expression of immune-related genes and respond to environmental stimulus1. Balseiro et al. 1 showed that at this metamorphic stage in Mytilus galloprovincialis, the expression levels of immune-related genes were higher than those in oocytes, suggesting that immune-related genes are active in mussel larvae. The upregulation of innate immune-related genes during metamorphosis was previously reported in ascidian Boltenia villosa76. Protein expression began to increase after the veliger stage to prepare larvae for settlement. The activation of innate immunity genes during metamorphosis may not only reflect maturation of the innate immune system but also might correlate with the resorption and re-structuring of larval tissues, as well as the ability of larval to detect and respond to bacterial settlement cues1,76. C-type lectins play important roles in the immunity of invertebrate. Intracellular lectins mainly play roles in protein trafficking and sorting, whereas extracellular lectins are important for cell signaling and pathogen recognition77. Bao et al. 78 investigated the expression of putative C-type lectin fold (MyCLF) during embryonic development from the Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis. The authors found that the expression level increased in the gastrulae, trochophore, and early D-shaped larvae (veliger stage), and then decreased in D-shaped larvae, and increased hundreds of times in metamorphosing larvae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gene expression and immune responses during metamorphosis in certain marine species, such as Mytilus galloprovincialis and Boltenia villosa, rather than focusing on insects and their metamorphic stages. It does not provide any information on the metamorphosis of insects or the larval stages specific to them.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Based on the evidence it may be thought that neuropeptides of and GABA by participating in network communication allow oscillators to work and bring out the interplay of molecular, electrical, and behavioral components of the clock. SCN neural network utilizes GABAergic neurotransmission for synchronization and all SCN neurons communicate using GABA [5, 176]. Light-induced phase shifts, synchronization between the dorsal and ventral SCN, and the sensitivity of the circadian clock to light-entraining signals are among the many functions of GABA in the SCN. Fast “phasic” signaling between the SCN neurons is achieved by the action of GABA on synaptic GABA A receptors whereas extra synaptic GABA A receptors activation provides “tonic” GABA A current [201]. and its receptor Gq-coupled Bombesin-2 (BB2) are synthesized in the SCN neurons of rodents, mice, and hamsters. Glu, identified as the main neurotransmitter for photic entrainment along with GRP and SP participates in photic response. It is observed [202] in rats and hamsters that GRP application causes phase delay in SCN neuron firing during early subjective night, and phase advance during late subjective night with no response to application during subjective day. Phase shift blocking by BB2 receptor antagonist confirmed GRP and its receptor participation in photic entrainment. The presence of GRP within CalB cells may indicate GRP for intra-SCN communication [203]. BB2 receptor is densely expressed in the shell [204]. GRP applied can mimic resetting actions of light and produce the response in both early and late subjective night. From a developmental point of view, it is interesting to note that GRP expression occurs at a later age as compared to some other neurotransmitters like VIP and SP in not only hamster SCN [146] but also in mice [205–207]. The difference in late timing in the expression of GRP seen at an early age is absent in adult mature SCN and are retinorecipient [206, 208]. GRP neurons in adults display light-induced increase in firing rate, IEG expression, and neuropeptide release [209, 210]. A subset of SCN neurons is found to co-express GRP and VIP and there is a synergistic response to combined GRP and VIP administration [200]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its role in circadian rhythms. Specifically, it discusses how neurotransmitters such as GABA and neuropeptides like GRP participate in the communication within the SCN, thereby facilitating the synchronization of circadian oscillators. It emphasizes the SCN's involvement in light-induced phase shifts and the role of GABAergic signaling in neural network synchronization, which aligns with the assertion that the SCN regulates circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Can this research team reverse climate change? Global warming, climate change, the greenhouse effect, increasing carbon dioxide levels: we have all heard of these worrying events, but what can we do about them? Jones and his research team have been working on a new method to remove carbon dioxide from the air we breathe – potentially reversing climate change Imagine this … Global temperatures are increasing; polar ice caps are melting; sea levels are rising: our planet is in jeopardy, and much of this is a result of rising levels of CO2. Cars, planes, food, housing materials, deforestation – our very lifestyles – are resulting in soaring carbon dioxide (CO2) levels that are wreaking havoc on the environment. We need to reduce CO2 levels and FAST. ? • Trees and plants absorb CO2, so reforestation would be a good place to start • Changing to renewable energy sources would reduce the amount of fossil fuel combustion and therefore the amount of CO2 released • Simple lifestyle changes such as walking or cycling instead of taking the car would also help reduce CO2 But reducing the amount of CO2 we produce isn’t enough; we need to remove the CO2 that is already there – a process known as negative emissions. Could a chemical engineer develop a product that could remove the carbon dioxide from the air? Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. As a chemical engineer, he takes chemicals and raw materials and develops them into useful products for society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of climate change and the need for multifaceted solutions, instead of relying solely on tree planting. While it mentions that trees and plants absorb CO2, it also highlights that reducing CO2 levels and implementing negative emissions are necessary steps. Thus, the assertion that planting trees alone can completely reverse climate change within a few years is oversimplified and not backed by the broader context provided in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: In another study, lysozymes were selected for expression profile analysis throughout the different developmental stages (trochophore, veliger, metamorphosis, post-settlement, and spat) in mussel M. galloprovincialis, and it was observed that expression of lysozyme genes increased during the transition from trochophore to spat1. In this study, C-type lectin and lysozyme were highly expressed at ZRZ_III and ZRZ_VI, respectively, similar to previous studies. In addition, Hsps have dual functions, and are involved in the stress response and developmental processes79. Gunter et al. 79 observed higher levels of Hsp70 expression in tissues undergoing larval morphogenesis in the marine gastropod H. asinina. Hsp70 is expressed in unique and overlapping patterns in the prototroch, foot, and mantle, and returns to lower levels after morphogenesis is complete. These patterns of Hsp70 expression in H. asinina are similar to those observed in ecdysozoans and deuterostomes79. In this study, Hsp70 was only detected at ZRZ VI, akin to previous research studies. Proteins related to attachment and metamorphosisIn marine invertebrates, there are usually several metamorphosis events in early embryo development, which include development of the larvae internal structure, external morphology, physiological processes, and behavior. In planktonic life at the early veliger stage to the benthic life with gradually disappearing velum, the larvae undergo the attachment process. The nervous system plays an important role in the activation and regulation of the larval metamorphosis. GABA is a neurotransmitter that has been widely used in the chemical induction of marine shellfish larvae metamorphosis80. Fang et al. 81 proposed in their studies on larval Arca granosa L. that tryptophan, GABA, and acetyl choline within certain concentration ranges exert clear inducing effects. GABA may significantly induce the larval attachment of H. discus82, which is consistent with the findings of Morse et al. 83 on H. rufescens. GABA induced both settlement and metamorphosis in the mussel M. galloprovincialis, the clams Venerupis pullastra and Ruditapes philippinarum, and the oyster Ostrea edulis84. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses metamorphosis in marine invertebrates and the expression of specific proteins during various developmental stages, but does not mention insects or their metamorphosis processes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: DA appears to be a neurotransmitter responsible for the non-photic entrainment of the above-mentioned behaviors. It is also interesting to note that perturbations of circadian rhythms are seen [220] in patients with psychiatric disorders, Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, and drug addiction. Evidence is available to show that DA has a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms and this is through modulation of SCN entrainment and behavioral oscillators [217]. The function of two important components namely the retina and the SCN of the circadian system is influenced by dopaminergic signaling [221, 222]. Light adaptation and visual acuity are two functions for which DA is required in the retina [221]. DA can control the amplitude of rhythmic gene expression in the clock [223]. Evidence is available to show that DA participates [224] in the rhythmic expression of melanopsin in the iPRGCs via D2 receptors (D2R). In this way, DA becomes a main modulator of the non-visual light detector for the photic entrainment of the clock. Many dopaminergic neurons having Drd1 expressing neurons are reported approximately 60% in rodents [175]. As stated, earlier DA is required for the entrainment of the developing SCN [225]. Recent investigations [108, 175, 216, 226] have revealed that DA modulation of the central clock exists in adulthood. Drd1 positive cells overlap with AVP and VIP neurons in the SCN and hence DA involvement in circadian function cannot be fully ascertained [226]. It is also demonstrated that Drd1 absence can reduce circadian entrainment and the same can be restored by the restoration process or presence of Drd1. Midbrain DA neurons innervating SCN if stimulated can also accelerate circadian entrainment. DA neurons can also release GABA, the inhibitory neurotransmitter that can modulate clock protein expression in the retina. GABA may likely influence the actions of DA neurons in the brain and SCN may have a direct bearing on circadian rhythms [227]. Two classes of DA receptors are seen, one D1-like receptor including D1 and D5, and D2-like receptors D2 D3, and D4 [228, 229]. The presence of D1 and D5 receptors is reported in the SCN. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by detailing the role of dopamine (DA) in the regulation of circadian rhythms and how it influences the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). It states that dopamine modulation of the SCN is essential for circadian function and entrainment. Furthermore, it notes that Drd1 positive cells, which overlap with SCN neurons, are involved in the circadian regulation, thereby reinforcing the claim that the SCN is the master regulator of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: In one ambitious project, he is using amine-oxide hybrid materials to create a device that will remove this CO2 from the ambient air, i. e. the air we breathe. This process is called direct air capture (DAC). Carbon capture technologies that are able to ‘capture’ CO2 already exist, but these tend to reduce CO2 emissions locally. Capturing carbon within the flue of a power station is an example of a localised carbon capture technology. DAC, on the other hand, is a type of negative emissions technology (NET). This means that it extracts CO2 that has been released from a multitude of sources over a long period of time, including from cars and aeroplanes as well as power plants and factories. Negative emissions technology is therefore able to reduce the amount of CO2 in the air and has the potential to reverse climate change! ’ In order to remove the dilute amounts of CO2 in the air, a material has to be able to bind to the gas very strongly. Chris’ amine-oxide material binds to CO2 through acid-base interactions. You’ll have learnt about acids and bases at school: acids, such as citric acid found in lemons, have a low pH; whilst bases, such as sodium hydroxide found in cleaning products, have a high pH. Alkali is a term for bases that are soluble in water. CO2 is weakly acidic and the amine groups (-NH2) are basic. When CO2 passes by the amine groups, an interaction occurs, and the carbon is caught or ‘captured’ by the amines (see “What’s the chemistry? ”). To engineer this chemical reaction into a useful tool, Chris’ group used an oxide support, such as aluminium oxide, built into a monolithic, honeycomb structure, which has a large surface area. The amines were introduced in long chains or polymers with many side chains, and were attached to this honeycomb. The next development was to incorporate an air-blowing machine (imagine a leaf blower) into the device. This blows large quantities of air through the honeycomb structure. As the air passes through, the amine materials ‘grab’ the CO2, removing it from the air. The remaining air blows straight out the other end! [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing carbon capture technologies, specifically direct air capture (DAC), which are separate from tree planting. While the claim suggests that tree planting alone can reverse climate change quickly, the text explains that DAC is a different approach involving capturing CO2 from the air using specialized materials. This indicates that alternative methods exist that may not align with the effectiveness or time frame suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: areolata. Proteins related to body torsion and neural developmentIn this study, 14-3-3 and SCO-spondin were identified. Comparison of the ZRZ-III and ZRZ-V stages showed that 14-3-3 was significantly upregulated at ZRZ-V (1–3). 14-3-3 participates in growth and development, tumorigenesis and receptor signal regulation, molecular chaperone, and activation or inhibition of the target protein activity91,92,93. The overexpression of 14-3-3 in the body plays an important role in nerve cell differentiation94. Studies on brain development in humans and mice showed that 14-3-3 deficiency may cause brain death or severe brain deformity95. In the embryonic development of frogs, 14-3-3 in the early development stage participates in determining the left and right in the axial direction of the embryo96. The body torsion of the larval B. areolata is likely related with 14-3-3, and 14-3-3ε is related with the neural development of B. areolata. Additionally, SCO-spondin is required for neurogenesis during early brain development, Vera et al. 97 suggested that SCO-spondin is a vital embryonic cerebrospinal diffusible factor regulating the balance between proliferation and differentiation of the brain neuroepithelial cells. For 14-3-3 protein and SCO-spondin, the inconsistency at the mRNA and protein levels provokes the question of whether two gene participates in body torsion and neural development of B. areolata, that still suggest a further investigation. Other proteinsIn this study, the radial spoke head protein was identified, which is structural components of the axoneme and are suggested to be involved in producing flagellar patterns through regulation of the dynein arms28. The radial spoke head protein decreased from ZRZ_III to ZRZ_VI, indicating that it might be related to velum atrophy. Kyphoscoliosis peptidase plays a vital role in muscle growth98, and at the protein and mRNA level, the pattern was ZRZ_V > ZRZ_III > ZRZ_VI, indicating that it might correlate with muscle growth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not mention anything about insects or complete metamorphosis. It discusses molecular proteins and their roles in development and neurogenesis in a specific species, B. areolata, without associating this information with metamorphosis or larval stages. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus is the master regulator of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While studying the effect of glycine on the sleep-promoting mechanism it was observed that glycine produces the effect through the activation of NMDA receptors in the SCN shell by causing peripheral vasodilatation in the case of rats [233]. It was also observed that when bilateral microinjection of glycine was made into the SCN, there was an increased cutaneous blood flow in a dose-dependent manner and ablation of SCN could abolish the sleep-promoting effect of glycine [233]. In effect, glycine promotes sleep by modulating thermoregulation and circadian rhythms through NMDA receptors of the SCN. In yet another study [235] it has been reported that glycinergic transmission has a role in the synchronization of the circadian network in the SCN which leads to the organization of circadian behavior. GluGlu is required for the molecular timekeeping mechanism in the SCN, especially the extracellular glutamate levels are important. These extracellular levels and their rhythmic oscillation are controlled by astrocytes [236]. Glu release from astrocytes is mediated by the ultimate Glu metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) which when activated causes an increase in astrocytic [Ca2+]i with ultimate Glu release from astrocytes. Glu seems to be involved in photic signaling and this is now well established. SCN neurons express all the 3 subtypes of glutamate receptors Glu addition to SCN explants induces neuronal firing whereas optic nerve stimulation causes the release of glutamate. These effects are mostly due to NMDA and non-NMDA-dependent glutamate receptors as seen in experiments using receptor antagonists in vitro and in vivo [237]. SCN astrocytes release glutamate [122] and thereby raise levels of extracellular glutamate during the night. During subjective day astrocytes release less glutamate and will lead to reduced spontaneous activity of SCN neurons. RHT mainly uses glutamate as a neurotransmitter but PACAP and SP also act as other two peptide co-transmitters in RHT transmission. Surprisingly these co-transmitters regulate glutamate transmission but the mechanism of such an action is not known [238]. Glu receptors present in the SCN belong to metabotropic and ionotropic types. However, the distribution and abundance of Glu receptor subunits varies and this leads to different effects of Glu on SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in circadian rhythms and sleep regulation. It describes how glycine affects the SCN to promote sleep and its involvement in the synchronization of circadian networks, suggesting that the SCN indeed plays a crucial role in regulating these biological rhythms. Furthermore, it details how neurotransmitters and receptors in the SCN contribute to the organization of circadian behavior, reinforcing the SCN's central role as a master regulator.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting trees can completely reverse climate change within a few years. [SEP] Text: Chemical engineers often work closely with industry, and Chris is no exception. He is collaborating with a start-up company called Global Thermostat. “believe their technology, if successfully deployed at scale, could act as a global temperature controller for the Earth” he says. “Take out more CO2 to cool; slow CO2 removal to warm! ” When the amine-oxide material is sufficiently loaded with CO2, the device is heated up, which causes the gas to ‘fall off’ the material. The resulting concentrated CO2 product must then be stored – usually by compressing it to high pressure and depositing it underground – hopefully for hundreds of years. Alternatively, it can be sold as a commodity: CO2 has various industrial uses, from food to oil and chemicals. However, to be classed as a negative emissions technology, the carbon must be packed away somewhere so that it can’t escape back into the atmosphere. Download the 10. 33424/17 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 honeycomb, monolithic air/solid contactor is lined with CO2-absorbing amine materials (green). and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 and his group of chemical engineering and chemistry PhD students and post-doctoral researchers gather for a group photograph in 2018 Climate change is a term that describes both the increase in average global temperature (global warming) and its effects on our planet; for example, on our weather systems. According to the Met Office, the average global surface temperature has increased by about 1°C since the 1850s. Office also reports that the last three decades have been successively warmer. Panel on (IPCC) has concluded that “It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. ” The emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) from burning fossil fuels, is the main culprit in climate change. The IPCC also concludes that if we can cap the level of climate change at 1. 5°C, then we may be able to avoid some of the most catastrophic effects of the climate crisis. So, we need ways to reduce CO2 production or even to remove it from the atmosphere. ? Chris is a chemical engineer from the of Technology, USA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various strategies for reducing CO2 emissions and the challenges associated with climate change, rather than endorsing the idea that planting trees alone can completely reverse climate change. It highlights the need for negative emissions technologies and indicates that human influence is the dominant cause of observed warming, which implies that more complex solutions than just planting trees are required.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some insects can undergo complete metamorphosis, transitioning through larval stages. [SEP] Text: We also noticed a discrepancy between the protein level and mRNA expression of the EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein, cathepsin L, 14-3-3 protein, and SCO-spondin (Table 6). Thus, it still remains unclear whether transcription/translation inhibitors would affect the metamorphosis of B. areolata. Post-translational modifications may be responsible for this discrepancy. Changes at the mRNA level may not indicate changes at the protein level. Validating protein expression experiments are required to estimate the roles of transcription/translation-related genes in metamorphosis. ConclusionsThis study provides the first comparative analysis of proteomic profiles at different embryonic development stages of B. areolata. A total of 5583 proteins were identified. The DEPs were annotated and enriched in the GO and KEGG databases. Identification of these proteins will provide a basis for exploring larval development and metamorphosis mechanisms. We identified the protein profiles of B. areolata development related to shell formation, body torsion, changes in feeding habits, attachment and metamorphosis, and immune response. Materials and MethodsSamplingB. areolata were purchased from the Dongshan farm, Fujian province, selected individuals with vitality. Snails were maintained in an ecological flow-through water pond (20. 0–30. 0 °C, salinity 28. 3–35. 1, pH 7. 8–8. 5, oxygenated). The snails were fed daily with oysters and chopped fresh fish. Embryos were cultured, and fertilization, hatching, and developmental conditions were measured. Three groups of larval B. areolata at different developmental stages including the middle veliger stage before attachment (ZRZ-III), later veliger stage (velum atrophy) (ZRZ-V), and juvenile stage (ZRZ-VI) were used. Each group was replicated three times. Early veliger larvas were fed daily with algae. The late veliger stage sinks to the substratum and leads a benthic life, the feeding habits also gradually changed from phytophagy to sarcophagy, the snails were fed daily with oysters. Larval B. areolata were sampled from a culture pond containing 2,000,000–3,000,000 larvae. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the specific claim regarding complete metamorphosis in insects. Instead, it discusses proteomic profiles and development stages of B. areolata, which are not directly related to the metamorphosis of insects. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.