Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: : a Conspiracy? Climate Deniers: a Conspiracy? 03. 04. 2024 - 09:42 Haber ile ilişkili SDG etiketleri DOI : Climate deniers or climate skeptics are on the agenda. Climate deniers, who put forward pseudoscientific information that the climate crisis does not actually exist, often rely on conspiracy theories. However, can climate change really be a conspiracy? Üsküdar. İbrahim Özdemir discussed the issue in Perspective. I have been teaching courses on environmental philosophy, environmental ethics, and climate ethics for over thirty years. I have attended hundreds of scientific meetings on the subject in Türkiye and abroad. I had the opportunity to listen to and read the world's best experts on climate change. A topic we were often asked at these meetings was about climate deniers and conspiracy theories. Like many of my colleagues, I first try to understand the concerns and questions in conspiracy theories about climate change. I think that some conspiracy theories – when properly understood – can sometimes bring some benefits by breaking the mold in society. That is why I do not agree with the demonization and humiliation of those who believe and adopt conspiratorial theses. Moreover, some conspiracy theories may raise societal issues that need to be addressed. It may even be possible to see the conspiratorial mind as an important element of democratic debate, provided that we do not neglect to use the analytical and critical thinking skills that the philosophical heritage offers us. Climate denial or skepticism also refers to doubt or disbelief about the consensus on the climate crisis. The arguments put forward by climate deniers can generally be classified as denying, or at least questioning, the evidence of climate change, the seriousness of its effects, the role of humans in climate change, and the effectiveness of proposed solutions. Let's first look at the conspiracy aspect of this issue. Scholars describe the conspiracy as "a secret plan by two or more powerful actors. " In general, conspiracy theories attribute blame to a group of powerful individuals who operate in secret to create secret schemes that benefit them and harm the public. Conspiracy theories sometimes arise when official explanations fall short or when social insecurities are rising. These theories may also be a product of people's efforts to make sense of complex events in times of uncertainty. In addition, some conspiracy theories can bring up issues that are often ignored or not discussed enough. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the consensus among scholars regarding climate change, implying that climate deniers and skeptics are a minority who question established evidence. It suggests that skepticism about the climate crisis reflects a misunderstanding of scientific findings and emphasizes the importance of recognizing the credible scientific consensus, which contradicts the claim that a majority of scientists disagree.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: The table includes diameter and size of cluster, average distance between and inside of clusters, separation and Silhouette score for each cluster. The ClusFunSim module outputs the 2D clustering plot, plot for optimum number of clusters, a qualitative table showing the intrinsic and extrinsic validation of clusters, and a downloadable tabular representation of genes and their assigned clusters (Fig. 3C). The interactive plots and tables are available for each clustering method, hence providing the possibility of comparing different clustering methods for a given dataset. ApplicationsThe biological applicability of DGH-GO was assessed by two case studies: (1) Dissecting the multi-etiological nature of ASD i. e. inferring the biological convergence of putative ASD causing genes disrupted by rare CNVs (2) Understanding the shared etiology of complex diseases (3) Dissecting the multi-etiological nature of is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder and difficult to diagnose due to phenotypic heterogeneity. ASD is defined by repetitive behavior and social deficits [25]. It is hypothesized that ASD candidate genes converge on biological processes, creating distinct groups of functionally similar genes. Each group follows a different or shared biological mechanism to generate a specific phenotype. To test this hypothesis, DGH-GO was applied to genes spanned by CNVs in ASD patients, which were obtained from Sanders et al. [26]. Rare CNVs disrupting 3698 genes in 3802 individuals diagnosed with ASD were collected from Sanders et al. [26]. The semantic scores were available for 2457 genes. Rel semantic similarity measure with the Max aggregation function was used to compute the functional similarities among genes. PCA was applied to functional similarity matrix to visualize it in a lower space. Additional file 1 contains supplementary details of PCA and clustering results. First nine PC components that explained the majority of the variance were selected for clustering (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). Silhouette measure was used to find the optimum number of clusters, which were 16 clusters (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). A tabular representation of clustering results validation can be found in Additional file 1: Table S1. Silhouette analysis of each individual cluster showed the presence of outliers (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). A gene occurring in one cluster with a silhouette score less than 0 was considered as outlier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the application of a clustering method in bioinformatics to analyze genetic data, specifically in relation to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and complex diseases. Although it details methodologies like PCA and clustering validation, it does not address the capability or implications of bioinformatics in eliminating genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Available from: Ortiz-Urquiza A, Keyhani NO. Molecular genetics of Beauveria bassiana infection of insects. Adv Genet. 2016 Jan1;94:165–249. . Fungal biosynthesis of the bibenzoquinone oosporein to evade insect immunity. . 2015 Sep;8(36):11365–70. . The velvet protein VeA functions in asexual cycle, stress tolerance and transcriptional regulation of Beauveria bassiana. Biol. 2019 Jun;1:127:1–11. . A study of host specificity in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales, Clavicipitaceae). Technol [Internet]. 2008 [cited 2022 May 18];18(10):975–89. Available from: Rehner SA, Buckley E. A Beauveria phylogeny inferred from nuclear ITS and EF1-α sequences: evidence for cryptic diversification and links to Cordyceps teleomorphs. Mycologia [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2022 May 18];97(1):84–98. Available from: Potential biological control of the pupal stage of the European grapevine moth Lobesia botrana by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria pseudobassiana in the winter season in Chile. BMC [Internet]. 2019 Aug 28 [cited 2022 May 19];12(1):1–6. Available from: Álvarez-Baz G, Fernández-Bravo M, Pajares J, Quesada-Moraga E. Potential of native Beauveria pseudobassiana strain for biological control of Nematode vector Monochamus galloprovincialis. J Invertebr Pathol. 2015 Nov;132(1):48–56. Crystal structure of a cholera toxin-related heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli. Nature [Internet]. 1991 [cited 2022 May 22];351(6325):371–7. Available from: Ustiloxins, fungal cyclic peptides, are ribosomally synthesized in Ustilaginoidea virens. Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2015 Apr 1 [cited 2022 May 22];31(7):981–5. Available from:. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies that focus on the potential of Beauveria bassiana and related species (such as Beauveria pseudobassiana) as biological control agents against pests. For example, it mentions studies on the biological control of pests like the grapevine moth and the nematode vector, which corroborates the claim that Beauveria bassiana is utilized in pest management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: He believed that the search for wisdom and wisdom was the ultimate goal of human life, and that the only way to achieve it was through careful reasoning and questioning. In his philosophy, he emphasized the importance of self-examination and questioning one's own beliefs until his last breath. This approach to philosophy has had a lasting impact on Western thought as well as on other philosophical traditions. I think "following the evidence" is an important tool to understand the conspiracy-generating mindset. The first Muslim philosopher Al-Kindi (c 873) interpreted Socrates' understanding with Islam's understanding of "the search for wisdom" and adopted the following principle in his book Felsefetü’l-ula: "We should not be ashamed to accept the truth as beautiful and to protect it wherever it comes from, even if it comes from distant nations and societies different from ours. For there is nothing more precious to the seeker of the truth than the truth. " I think that the influence of these words in shaping the Islamic tradition of thought has not been emphasized enough. Underestimating the seriousness of the danger Some skeptics acknowledge climate change but argue that its effects are exaggerated or too uncertain to take action. They may even suggest that warmer temperatures may bring benefits, such as longer growing seasons in some areas. However, this perspective ignores the broad consensus that negative impacts such as more frequent and severe natural disasters, biodiversity loss, and sea level rise far outweigh local benefits. of the Climate deniers often debate the extent to which human activities contribute to climate change, suggesting that factors such as solar radiation and volcanic activity play a more important role. While it is true that these natural phenomena affect the climate, scientific research has revealed that the dramatic increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution, that is 1840, is the primary driver of the current warming trend. There are also doubts about the effectiveness and economic impact of climate change mitigation strategies. Critics argue that the proposed solutions, such as the transition to renewable energy, are too costly and could harm economies. They often promote adaptation rather than reduction. While economic concerns are valid, the cost of inaction due to the effects of unchecked climate change is projected to be much higher. Climate deniers and conspiracists often argue that scientific data on climate change is unreliable or manipulated. They can argue that climate has always been changing throughout Earth's history and that the current changes are part of natural cycles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining that while some skeptics acknowledge climate change, they minimize its seriousness, and that there is a broad consensus among scientists regarding the significant negative impacts of climate change, which suggests that a majority do recognize its validity. The text specifically states that 'the dramatic increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution... is the primary driver of the current warming trend,' which counters the assertion that the majority of scientists disagree on the existence of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: All the outliers (N = 376) were excluded and optimum number of clusters was re-computed. The new refined data gave 14 optimum numbers of clusters, again using the silhouette score as a criterion (Additional file 1: Fig. S4). The first 6 components of PCA explained majority of the variance in data (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). The variance explained by each component was estimated. The elbow plot was used to visualize the variance explained by the first 50 components (Additional file 1: Fig. S5). 1st PC component explained majority of the variance in data, which was declining for next components. The elbow plot shows that from the 7th PC component the change in explained variance is minimal. The difference in variance explained by 6th and 7th PC components was higher than the difference in variance explained by 7th and 8th components of PCA. Therefore, the first six PC components were selected for further analysis. The validation of all clusters is provided in Table 1 and Additional file 1 (Figs. S6 and S7). The validation of all clusters is provided in Table 1 and Additional file 1 (Figs. S6 and S7). Table 1 The resultant clusters with their average Silhouette valuesFull size tableSilhouette analysis of all the 14 clusters showed that 9 clusters (2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, and 14) are well separated and cohesive (Table 1). To annotate these compact and cohesive clusters of genes, functional enrichment analysis was performed separately for each cluster using Enrichr [27]. database [28,29,30], DisGeNET [31], and mammalian phenotype ontology [32] was chosen for functional enrichment analysis. Additional files (2-6) contains the functional enrichment analysis results for each cluster. 5 clusters (3, 4, 8, 10, and 11) out of 9 stable clusters were enriched for ASD related biological processes and pathways. They were also significantly associated with ASD phenotype and its co-occurring conditions such as mood disorders. The clusters enriched for ASD related terms were compact and consistent as indicated by Sil-widths values from Silhouette validation measure (Table 1). Other clusters were either unstable or not related to ASD (Table 1). Figure 4 shows the umap of 5 stable and ASD related clusters and also enriched pathways and phenotypic terms for each cluster. Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data analysis related to clusters of genes and their association with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) instead of addressing the potential for bioinformatics to eliminate genetic diseases. It presents methodologies such as PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and Silhouette analysis but does not make any claims or assertions about the future implications of bioinformatics in curing genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: IntroductionLepidopteran stem borers, specifically Chilo partellus Swinhoe (Crambidae), Busseola fusca Fuller (Noctuidae), and Sesamia calamistis Hampson (Noctuidae), are the most important pests of maize and sorghum in Africa and Asia (Bosque-Perez and Schulthess 1998). Females lay eggs on the underside of leaves, and first instar larvae feed on leaf whorls on young leaves. Second instar larvae penetrate the stem tissues to feed internally, producing extensive tunnels in stems. After excavating emergence windows to facilitate the exit of moths, the second instar larvae pupate in the tunnels. Control of these pests has been based on application of chemical insecticides (Warui and Kuria 1983; van Rensburg and van den Berg 1992) but insecticides have limited effectiveness because of the cryptic feeding of these pests. Fungal endophytes play an important role in protecting plants against herbivorous insects (Jallow et al. 2004, 2008) and plant pathogens (Ownley et al. 2008). Beauveria bassiana has been reported as an endophyte in a variety of plants, including maize (Bing and Lewis 1991, 1992a, b; Wagner and Lewis 2000), Theobroma gileri (Evans et al. 2003), Carpinus caroliniana (Bills and Polishook 1991), in seeds and needles of Pinus monticola (Ganley and Newcombe 2005) in opium poppies (Quesada-Moraga et al. 2006), in banana tissue cultures (Akello et al. 2007), and in coffee (Posada et al. 2007). Bing and Lewis (1991) demonstrated that B. bassiana is able to invade maize plants via the epidermis, thereafter persisting in the plant though the entire growing season and reducing tunneling by Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). No reports are yet available on the potential of B. bassiana to establish as an endophyte in sorghum, an important cereal crop in Africa. The use of B. bassiana as an artificial endophyte (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in various plants, including maize, and indicating its role in reducing tunneling by pests such as Ostrinia nubilalis. It highlights the importance of fungal endophytes in protecting plants from herbivorous insects, which aligns with the claim that B. bassiana serves as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: But this argument ignores the overwhelming evidence from ice cores, layers of sediment, and other geological data that shows that the current rate of climate change is unprecedented in the context of human civilization. Moreover, numerous independent scientific organizations confirm the upward trends in global temperatures. The overwhelming majority of climate scientists agree that climate change is real and caused by human activities and agrees that it poses significant risks to the environment and humanity. The studies of James McDonald of on the subject confirm this. According to him, decades of research are almost in complete agreement on the reality of global warming, although few studies say otherwise. Surveys conducted among the authors of related 99. 96 percent of the authors accept global warming, while 97 percent believe it is human-caused. Oreskes, who is a historian of science at Harvard University, examined the ISI (Institute for Scientific Information) database in 2004. Oreskes' review showed that none of the 928 papers written on human activities and global warming were against the prevailing scientific consensus. These data were also supported by examinations carried out in the following years. For example, independent studies conducted in 2016 and 2021 likewise revealed a consensus of over 97 percent. Climate deniers often tend to misunderstand the on (IPCC). The IPCC is an organization established by the UN in 1988. Governments and climate experts around the world are nominating scientists for IPCC authorship. For example, the Report published in 2021 was put together by 751 experts (31 coordinating authors, 167 lead authors, 36 review editors, and 517 contributing authors) from more than 60 countries. The authors collectively cited more than 14,000 scientific papers. In other words, the IPCC reports themselves are a comprehensive and credible statement of consensus on the state of climate science. Skepticism by The role of capitalism and big corporations in financing and supporting climate denial movements has always been a critical element in shaping public discourse and policy on climate change. Historically, some large corporations, especially those in the fossil fuel industry, have invested heavily in campaigns to cast doubt on climate science. They set up delegations of scientists. They fought hard to protect their economic interests and delay policy changes that would affect their profits. These companies contribute to the spread of misinformation about climate change in a variety of ways, including funding research that questions the scientific consensus on climate change, supporting think tanks and NGOs that promote climate skepticism, and lobbying against environmental regulations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the overwhelming consensus among scientists regarding climate change. It states that the majority of climate scientists agree that climate change is real, human-caused, and poses significant risks to the environment. Furthermore, it mentions that 96 percent of authors believe in global warming and that studies, including those by Oreskes, show no papers contesting the prevailing scientific consensus. Thus, the claim is directly rebutted by the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: 4Clusters enriched for ASD related pathways or phenotypic terms. Cluster 3 genes N = 198, Cluster 4 genes N = 179, Cluster 8 genes N = 84, Cluster 10 genes N = 34, Cluster 11 genes N = 89Full size imageCluster 11, containing 89 genes, was enriched for Axon guidance and cell adhesion molecules related pathways. The 7 and 5 genes from cluster 11 were significantly associated with abnormal spatial leaning and abnormal social investigation phenotype respectively. This cluster was also linked with Disorder, Schizophrenia and from DisGeNET database [31, 33]. Top and ASD related enriched pathways, phenotypic terms and disease terms for cluster 11 are shown in Fig. 4 (Additional file 2). 84 genes gathered in cluster 8 were specifically enriched for synapse related pathways. The most significant pathway was Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction. 8 and 6 genes were associated with Synaptic vesicles cycle and GABAergic synapse pathways respectively. Furthermore, genes of cluster 8 were also associated with abnormal CNS synaptic transmission and abnormal GABA-mediated receptor current in mouse. Functional enrichment analysis against the DisGeNET database showed that Autistic disorder, Schizophrenia, and were enriched in cluster 8 (Fig. 4 and Additional file 3). Cluster 4, containing 179 genes, is a mixed cluster and was involved in synapse and metabolism related pathways. The most statistically significant pathway for cluster 4 was Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway. Other ASD related pathways such as Glutamatergic synapse and purine metabolism was also associated with this cluster. GABAergic synapse pathway was marginally significant for cluster 4. However, no phenotypic term was significantly enriched for this cluster. and were significantly enriched for cluster 4 (Fig. 4 and Additional file 4). Cluster 3 was a signaling cluster and exhibited the MAPK and ErbB signaling pathways but no statistically significant phenotype term was found for the genes of this cluster. resource, the genes of clusters 3 were associated with Autistic Disorder, Schizophrenia, and (Fig. 4 and Additional file 5). Cluster 10, with few genes (N = 34) was enriched for molecules. However, no phenotype term was found for this cluster. Similarly, no ASD related terms were found from DisGeNET. Mainly this cluster was enriched for Cancer related terms from DisGeNET resource (Fig. 4 and Additional file 6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the genetic clusters and pathways related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia, but does not provide any information supporting or contradicting the idea that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: , one that is inoculated onto the plant rather than naturally infecting the plant) in sorghum could reduce the damage caused by the larvae of stem borers. For the endophytic B. bassiana to be used in practical agronomic production, reliable and practical methods of inoculum delivery must be developed. Preliminary studies showed that B. bassiana colonizes sorghum (Tefera and Vidal, unpublished), but the rate of colonization may depend on how the plant is exposed to the fungus. Therefore, the present work evaluated the effects of inoculation method and plant growth medium on endophytic colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana as part of a biological control system of sorghum stem borers. Materials and methodsFungusThe experiments used strain Bb-04 of B. bassiana, which had been isolated from the maize stem borer B. fusca at the Haramaya University, Ethiopia. This fungal strain was selected based on its virulence to the spotted stem borer C. partellus in previous studies (Tefera and Pringle 2004). Fungus cultures were maintained at 25°C on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), containing 10 g enzymatic digest casein, 40 g dextrose, and 15 g agar. Conidia were obtained from 3-week-old sporulating cultures. The conidia were harvested by scraping the surface of the culture with a sterile camel hairbrush into a 500-ml glass beaker containing 50 ml sterile distilled water plus Tween 80 (0. 1% v/v; Difco™). The conidial suspension was prepared by mixing the solution with a magnetic stirrer for 5 min. The conidia concentration was then adjusted to the desired concentration of 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 with a Thoma Chamber using a light microscope (40× magnifications) following the procedures described by Goettel and Inglis (1997). To assess viability of the conidia, germination test was carried out on SDA after incubation for 24 h at 23°C. The germination exceeded 90%. A suspension of 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 was used in the experiments. The conidia concentration 1 × 108 conidia ml−1 was chosen based on virulence of the isolate to C. partellus at this concentration (Tefera and Pringle 2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana) as part of a biological control system for sorghum stem borers. It details how B. bassiana is applied in agricultural practices to manage pest populations, specifically noting its colonization of sorghum and its effectiveness against the larvae of the stem borers, which aligns directly with the claim that B. bassiana is employed as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientists disagree on whether climate change is actually happening. [SEP] Text: The book titled Merchants of Doubt (Pegasus, 2021), co-authored by Prof. with Erik M. Conway, documents how a small but influential group of scientists, funded by corporate interests, conceals the truth about various public health issues, including climate change. Moreover, it illustrates how these industries are trying to undermine the public's trust in scientists by spreading the idea that there is significant disagreement among scientists about climate change, contrary to the overwhelming consensus that actually exists. They are doing the same campaign on climate issues as they did on tobacco products before. of have said before, I do not agree with the demonization and belittling of those who produce and believe in conspiracy theories. When we listen to them carefully, I think they have some merit and positive aspects. When used effectively, these theories can allow people to challenge and question existing power structures and hierarchies of authority. Therefore, demands for transparency over the policies of powerful groups such as the state may increase. It can also expose contradictions and inconsistencies in official statements, bringing into question issues that are often ignored. They can expose the collusion and deception that has been reached behind closed doors with large corporations, the main perpetrators of climate and environmental problems. Conspiracy theories can function as cognitive tools that help individuals understand complex social and political orders and can sometimes be considered as a means of holding authorities accountable. In this context, we should be able to discuss conspiracy theories with a critical understanding and on a transparent and democratic basis with the understanding of "following the evidence" with all parties. However, the harmful effects of conspiracy theories should not be ignored. When these theories spread, they can have negative consequences in the social, health and political fields and cost people's lives. An important point here is to distinguish the fine line between denial and doubt. Methodical doubt is the first step in philosophy and science. But denial is a matter of faith and ideology. As a result, analytical and critical thinking can provide us with invaluable resources for confronting climate denial and conspiracy theories. Intuitive thinking, on the other hand, can help us sense the invisible, recognize dangers, and react first. One is the reaction of our mind, and the other is the reaction of our heart. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there is an overwhelming consensus among scientists regarding climate change. It specifically states that a small group of scientists, funded by corporate interests, seeks to create a false impression of significant disagreement among scientists about climate change, which undermines public trust in scientific consensus. This directly opposes the claim, indicating that the majority of scientists actually agree on the reality of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Cluster 13 contains a larger number of EE genes than all of the other clusters. Clusters (19, 21, 12, and 18) contain genes which are not shared by multiple disorders. For example, cluster 1 contains genes known for ASD and ID but there is no evidence that these genes are common in both diseases. Fig. 5Umap of clusters obtained from genes involved in multiple disorderFull size imageDiscussionDue to advances in genomic technologies collection of large number of variants, disrupting several protein coding genes in a larger population is possible. One of the most recent challenges in post-genomic era is the identification of biological convergence patterns of hundreds of variants that are involved in complex diseases. The highly precise biological convergence patterns or groups of functionally related genes converge to specific biological mechanisms that may be responsible for distinct disease phenotype(s). Several methods have been proposed for disease putative causal gene prediction or identification [12,13,14,15, 35]. However, efforts to understand how hundreds of genes interact to develop disease specific phenotype or a spectrum of phenotype have been lagging behind. For example, there are unanswered questions such as do all the hundreds of candidate genes of complex diseases interact with each other to develop disease? How all the candidate genes or a subset of genes with similar function converges on targeted functional pathways to develop a specific disease outcome? Does the multi-etiological nature of complex diseases emerge from distinct or related convergence pattern of disease causing genes? Furthermore, complex diseases also share etiology, meaning that at certain point of disease phenotype development the different diseases follow similar biological mechanisms. What are those shared mechanisms and do genes involved in different diseases are functionally closer to each other or distant from other genes that are disease specific? These are burning and challenging questions for understanding the etiology of complex genetic disorders. In this study, we have proposed an approach, named as DGH-GO with a graphical interface to find the clusters of functionally similar genes that may exhibit distinct biological mechanisms that could generate a specific disease phenotype(s). Previously network approaches using PPI and gene expression profiles have been used to detect sub-communities in a network [15]. Previously network approaches using PPI and gene expression profiles have been used to detect sub-communities in a network [15]. Linkage methods of network approaches assume that the close neighbours of disease causing gene products possess higher likeliness of being involved in similar disease phenotype [36, 37]. Oti, M. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead discusses the complexity of identifying biological mechanisms related to genetic diseases and mentions challenges in understanding gene interactions. There is no indication that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases, thus rendering the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: Sorghum plantsThe experiments used the sorghum cultivar P9403, commonly called “Abshir”, from the Haramaya University, Ethiopia, released by Purdue University (USA) to east Africa due to its resistance to witch-weed (striga sp. ), a parasitic plant. Although it is widely grown in different agronomic regions of Ethiopia, where the grain is used for human consumption and the crop residue is used for animal feed, P9403 is susceptible to stem borers. As described in the following paragraphs, the sorghum was inoculated with B. bassiana in one of three ways (by inoculating seeds, leaves, or soil), and the inoculated plants were grown in one of three media (vermiculite, sterile soil, or non-sterile soil). Experiment-I: effect of inoculation method on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana Seeds were surface sterilized by submerging them in 3% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min and then in 75% ethanol for 2 min; the seeds were then rinsed in sterile water three times. The treated seeds were placed on sterile filter papers to dry for 30 min before being divided into two portions. The first portion was used for seed inoculation while the second portion was used for leaf and soil drench inoculations after seedling emergence. The seeds intended for leaf and soil inoculation were planted in pots filled with approximately 2 kg of sterile potting soil (autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min), non-sterile potting soil, or vermiculite. The plants were maintained in the greenhouse at 21–22°C, 60–80% RH, and with a 12-h photoperiod. Four seeds were planted per pot and were thinned to two seedlings after emergence. For seed inoculation, 50 g seeds were immersed into 10 ml B. bassiana conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) for 10 min. After the inoculated seeds were dried on sterile tissue paper for 30 min, they were planted in pots as described in the previous paragraph. However, the exact rate of conidia that was attached to the seeds was not determined. Control seeds were immersed in sterile distilled water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing an experiment involving the inoculation of sorghum plants with B. bassiana, indicating its role as a biocontrol agent against stem borers. This suggests that B. bassiana is actively used to manage pests affecting crops.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: 1748-9326/18/8/084003 has been demonstrated that the Arctic has warmed at almost four times the global average rate since 1979, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. However, this rapid Arctic warming is tightly linked to the retreat and thinning of summer sea ice, and so may be expected to weaken as the Arctic transitions to seasonal ice cover. Here we show evidence from gridded observations and climate reanalysis that Arctic amplification peaked sometime in the early 2000s. This occurred concurrently with a maximum in the rate of loss of sea ice area, thickness, and volume. From CMIP6 projections and the CESM2 large ensemble we see that Arctic amplification is unlikely to be so high again at any future point in the 21st century except in the lowest emissions scenarios in which global temperatures stabilize while the Arctic continues to warm. Export citation and abstract 4. 0 license. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI. Supplementary data 1. IntroductionDuring periods of global warming the Arctic tends to warm much faster than the global average [1–5]. This is known as Arctic amplification and since 1979 the Arctic has been observed to warm at almost four times the global-mean rate [6]. This rapid warming in the Arctic in recent decades has led to physical, ecological, social, and economic changes in the region [7, 8]. Arctic amplification has profound consequences for the region that are further enhanced by a positive feedback between warming and the retreat and thinning of Arctic sea ice [9]. A shift to seasonal ice-cover in the Arctic is expected to occur by the 2040s under almost all emissions scenarios for the 21st century [10]. There are many processes that drive Arctic amplification including the sea-ice albedo feedback [9, 11], snow-albedo feedback [12], lapse-rate feedback [13], Planck feedback [14], near-surface inversions [15, 16], and Atmospheric and Oceanic heat transfer [17]. It can be difficult to quantify the relative contributions of these processes as they are tightly coupled [14, 18]. Multi-decadal variability in forcings, such as aerosol forcing due to biomass burning, can also induce variability in sea ice loss and hence Arctic amplification on these timescales. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that the Arctic has experienced significant warming and the associated retreat and thinning of summer sea ice. It highlights that this warming has led to a peak in sea ice loss and that further changes, including a shift to seasonal ice cover, are expected. This evidence suggests that the ice has not recovered and that there are indeed long-term effects due to previous melting, directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: However, to complement the limitations of GO, the future version of it will be focused on integrating other biological data resources such as PPI, gene expression profiles, disease ontology and human phenotype ontology. Availability and requirementsProject name: DGH-GOProject home page: system(s): Platform independentProgramming language: R and ShinyOther requirements: NoneLicense: MIT LicenseAny restrictions to use by non-academics: NoneSystem specification: 8 GB of RAM and core i7 CPU. Availability of data and materials For the case study of disease signature identification, genes disrupted by rare CNVs in ASD patients were obtained from Sander et al. [21]. Sander et al. reported rare CNVs disrupting the 3698 genes in 3802 ASD patients. For the study of shared etiology of complex diseases, a list of genes known for, ID, DD and EE was obtained from Zhang et al. [23]. ASD genes were obtained from SFARI gene databases ( DGH-GO can be downloaded from AbbreviationsNDDs: Neurodevelopmental disorders GO: ASD: : : Variants ID: PPI: Protein-DAG: -GO: Dissecting the using GO FunSim: DimReduct: ClusFunSim: Clustering the DO: HPO: : Analysis PcoA: Analysis DD: ID: EE: 92. Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy. In: Proceedings of the 10th Research on 1997. 1997. . ShIVA—a user-friendly and interactive interface giving biologists control over their single-cell RNA-seq data. bioRxiv. 2022;2022:2022–09. 9. 8. 2020. Reciprocal deletion and duplication at 2q23. 1 indicates a role for MBD5 in autism spectrum disorder. Hum Genet. 2014;22:57–63. 2014. Sanders SJ, Ercan--De-Luca D, et al. Multiple recurrent de novo CNVs, including duplications of the 7q11. 23 Williams syndrome region, are strongly associated with autism. Neuron. 2011;70:863–85. 14. 51. 30. 92. 55. PubMed 9. 833. 15. 69. 62. 8. 12. 200. 3380. 13. 68. 3329. 2773. 15. 35. 16. 2020. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of bioinformatics and data integration related to genetic disorders but does not address the claim that bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. Instead, it focuses on limitations and specific projects without concluding that bioinformatics will provide a solution to genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: For leaf inoculation, a plastic hand sprayer (500-ml capacity) was used to inoculate each seedling with a 3-ml conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) seven days after emergence. The spray was directed to the leaves but might have incidentally drifted to the stems. To avoid conidial runoff to the soil, the top of each pot was covered with aluminum foil (Posada et al. 2007). The control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. For soil inoculation, a 3-ml conidial suspension (1 × 108 conidia ml−1) was applied around the root zone of each seedling. The control plants were inoculated with 3-ml sterile distilled water. Seedlings in all treatments were watered as needed. To avoid conidial runoff from the treated leaves to the stem and soil, watering device was carefully directed to the surface of the pot. Separate experiments were conducted using non-sterile soil, sterile soil, and vermiculite. Within each experiment, a completely randomized block design with ten replicates per treatment (inoculation method) was used. Experiment-II: effect of plant growth medium on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana We conducted an experiment to determine the effect of the three plant growth media (vermiculite, sterile soil, or non-sterile soil), on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana, using the seed inoculation method. Non-treated seeds were included as a control for each plant growth medium. A complete randomized block design with ten replicates was used. We followed the same treatment application procedures and experimental management as described above in experiment-I for the seed inoculation. Data collection and statistical analysisColonizationColonization of sorghum seedlings by B. bassiana was determined 20 days after inoculation with B. bassiana. Seedlings were carefully removed from pots, and roots were gently washed with tap water. The seedlings were then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. These parts were surface-sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 3 min, rinsed twice in sterile distilled water, and then placed on sterile tissue paper in a laminar flow cabinet. Five leaf, stem and root pieces of approximately 2-mm2 from each seedling were randomly taken and placed separately on B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing an experiment that examines the colonization of sorghum by Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana), effectively demonstrating its role in controlling pests in various plant growth media. The experimentation and its focus on B. bassiana support its application as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Climate models have been shown to underestimate the recent Arctic amplification in the multi-model mean (MMM) [6], but natural variability definitely plays a large role in variability of Arctic amplification [3]. Hence it is uncertain whether this underestimation of the recent warming is due to biases in climate models response to forcing or if large internal variability on regional scales is the reason the MMM does not reproduce the observed Arctic amplification [19, 20]. There is also a strong seasonality to Arctic amplification with the largest amplification occurring in the winter months due to the combination of a more stably-stratified atmosphere [15], the effective heat capacity of sea ice [21], and ocean-mediated seasonal transfer of energy between ocean, sea ice, and atmosphere [22]. This seasonality is expected to change under increased CO2 forcing with the peak moving later in the season [23, 24]. While there is not a consensus on the relative importance of the processes behind Arctic amplification, many approaches including the evaluation of climate models using radiative kernels have shown that the sea-ice albedo feedback and atmospheric stability are two of the most important processes [25]. Several of the processes that cause Arctic amplification are expected to weaken as sea ice retreats [26], thins, and becomes more broken i. e. there is a larger fraction of open water within the sea ice cover. This is expected to lead to a reduced influence of sea ice on air temperatures in the Arctic as seen from analysis of information transfer using the EC-Earth large ensemble [27]. However, the timeline for when Arctic amplification might be expected to peak has not been established in the literature. A research synthesis of the processes behind Arctic amplification published in 2011 stated that it was expected to increase in the 2010s and beyond [28]. While there are several different ways to measure Arctic amplification [29], one of the most widely used is the ratio of the warming trend in the Arctic to the global-mean [6, 17]. This metric has the advantage of being easy to interpret and being local in time and so not dependent on a given reference climate. Here we make use of this metric to assess recent changes in Arctic amplification in observations, reanalysis and CMIP6 climate model simulations and relate these to the corresponding changes in sea ice cover. We use this to identify a recent peak in Arctic amplification within observational datasets that coincides with a peak in the rate of loss of sea ice cover, thickness, and volume. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how recent observations indicate a peak in Arctic amplification aligned with a significant loss of sea ice cover, thickness, and volume. This suggests that rather than recovering, Arctic ice remains impacted by long-term effects from previous melting, highlighting that the state of Arctic ice is uncertain and not indicative of recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Author informationAuthors and of Bioinformatics and 38000, de Informática, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal& Francisco M. Coutode Saúde 1649-016, Lisbon, PortugalHugo F. M. C. MartinianoDepartment of Computer Science, Aalborg University, Ålborg, de Luminy, 13009, – Instituto de Biosistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, PortugalHugo F. M. C. of Science and author publicationsYou can also search for this author in PubMed 11. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 3: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 8. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 4: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 4. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 5: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 3. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Additional file 6: Enrichment analysis of genes from cluster 10. KEGG pathways database, mammalian phenotype ontology and DisGeNET database were used to find the enriched pathways, phenotype ontology and disease terms, respectively. Rights and permissions This 4. 0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 4. 0/. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics’ potential to eliminate all genetic diseases. Instead, it discusses author affiliations and the use of various databases for gene analysis, which is unrelated to the assertion about the future impact of bioinformatics on genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: , for each growth medium), plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight were not significantly affected by inoculation method (Table 1), i. e. , inoculation of sorghum with B. bassiana did not reduce plant growth. Although statistical analysis could not be used to compare plant growth in different growth media, plant growth appeared to differ with growth media. Plants grown in vermiculite were much shorter and weighed less than plants grown in sterile or non-sterile soil. Table 1 Height and weight of sorghum plants treated with B. bassiana as affected by inoculation method and plant growth medium (vermiculite, non-sterile soil, or sterile soil, respectively)Full size table Experiment-II: effect of plant growth medium on colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana We found significant differences with regard to the growth medium affecting leaf (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 134. 9), stem (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 469. 4) and root (P < 0. 01; F 2,27 = 228. 9) colonization of sorghum by B. bassiana (Table 2), respectively. Growing B. bassiana treated seeds in non-sterile soil did not result in leaf and stem colonization, and root colonization by the fungus was limited. However, when sorghum seeds were grown in sterile soil and vermiculite, fungal colonization was observed in leaf, stem and root parts. Colonization was higher for seeds grown in vermiculite as compared to sterile soil. No B. bassiana was recorded from the control plants. Table 2 Effect of plant growth medium on sorghum leaf, stem and root colonization by B. bassiana Full size table DiscussionThis study demonstrates that B. bassiana can be established as an endophyte in sorghum leaves, stems, and roots, by inoculating leaves, seeds, or soil. However, the level of colonization seemed to be substantially affected by plant growth medium. Although the effect of growth medium on plant colonization by the fungus has not been previously considered, successful colonization of many plant species following inoculation with B. bassiana has been reported previously (Jones 1994, Bing and Lewis 1991, 1992a, b; Wagner and Lewis 2000; Ownley et al. 2008; Quesada-Moraga et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how B. bassiana can be established as an endophyte in sorghum plants, indicating its effectiveness in utilizing plant mechanisms to possibly control pests. It mentions that the successful colonization of many plant species following inoculation with B. bassiana has been reported, which supports the idea that it may function as a biocontrol agent.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Arctic amplification may therefore have a positive or negative value depending upon the sign of the trends, although no period in either the models or the observations had negative values for the Arctic amplification. The uncertainty in the value of the Arctic amplification was calculated using a bootstrap method with 1000 random samples of the normally distributed probability density function of the trends in the Arctic- and global- mean temperature trends. The uncertainty in AA is then given by the 5th and 95th percentiles of the bootstrapped uncertainty. To calculate the MMM of the Arctic amplification in the CMIP6 simulations we first calculated the mean of the temperature trends across all models and then took the ratio. We acquired the monthly mean sea ice concentration for ERA5 from the ECMWF website, for the CMIP6 models from the ESGF website, and for the CESM2 large ensemble from the climate data archive listed above. Supplementary figure 1 lists all the CMIP6 models used. We then calculated the total sea ice area for the Arctic by multiplying the sea ice concentration by the area of each gridcell, and then summing this for the Arctic domain. The trends in the sea ice area were calculated using a least-squares regression for each of the time periods and windows used. To calculate the average height of peaks in Arctic amplification from the CESM2 large ensemble (figure 4) we first calculated the timeseries of Arctic amplification in each of the 100 ensemble members. We then ran a peak-detection algorithm on each time series which identified when a peak had occurred according to the condition that the Arctic amplification in a given year was the highest value for the decade centred around that year, and that there was a real value for the Arctic amplification in every year of that decade. We then extracted the values of the Arctic amplification in each of those years where a peak was identified to create a timeseries of Arctic amplification that tells us how strong Arctic amplification would be if it happened to peak in that particular year. We tested the sensitivity of this result to the window length over which a peak is defined but a wide range of windows, 5–20 years, did not change the result that the peak value decreases over time, it only changed how many peaks were found. 3. ResultsArctic temperatures have been rapidly increasing since the late 1970s (figure 1(a)). Whereas global temperatures have been increasing more steadily since the 1950s. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text highlights that Arctic temperatures have been rapidly increasing since the late 1970s, implying ongoing changes in the Arctic environment that contradict the claim that the majority of ice has recovered and suggests that there are long-term effects from previous melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Morbid appearances in the intestine of Miss Bankes. Times & Gazette 1859; 2: 264. 5. . Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1829-41. 6. Halme L, Paavola-. Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 3668-72. 7. . Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447: 661–78. 8. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 1996; 379: 821-3. 9. . Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011; 474: 307-17. 10. . Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996: 38; 738-41. 11. . Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: results of a nationwide study. Dis 2008; 14: 968–76. 12. Clustering in time of familial IBD separates ulcerative colitis from Crohn’s disease. Dis 2009; 15: 1867–74. 13. . Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins: results of a nationwide study. Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 1075-81. 14. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 599-603. 15. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 603-6. 16. al. A genom wide analysis provides evidence for novel linkages in inflammatory bowel disease in a large European cohort. 1999; 64: 808-16. 17. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. 2010; 42: 1118-25. 18. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioinformatics eliminating all genetic diseases. It provides references and discusses various studies related to inflammatory bowel disease, genetic factors, and susceptibility loci, but does not mention bioinformatics or its potential to eliminate genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: bassiana, the long term establishment throughout the entire life of the inoculated plants, and the virulence of the endophytic B. bassiana against sorghum stem borers. An application technology should be developed that protects B. bassiana conidia against soil antagonism in order to maximize endophytic colonization by the fungus in non-sterile soil. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the virulence of the endophytic B. bassiana against sorghum stem borers, indicating its role as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: There is very good agreement between the reference datasets as to the global-mean and the Arctic-mean temperatures after the beginning of the satellite era in 1979. However, we see some discrepancy between the gridded observations and the ERA5 reanalysis before this time with the reanalysis being consistently cooler in the Arctic. This is likely due to the limited number of regular observations in the Arctic prior to the use of satellite remote sensing, which means that Arctic temperatures in the ERA5 dataset are poorly constrained by observations. We also see this difference between ERA5 and the observational datasets in the timeseries of Arctic amplification calculated using a 29 year window (figure 1(b)). For this reason we choose to focus our analysis on the period after 1980 as others have recommended [6]. Since the reference datasets are so similar for this post-1980 period we use a multi-observational mean (MOM) for the remainder of our analysis. This is a mean of the ERA5, and HadCRUT5 timeseries. We can see that Arctic amplification in the observation datasets starts with values close to 1 in the late 1970s, steadily increases to a peak value of around 4 at the turn of the century, before decreasing in the 2000s. In the last year of each timeseries the expectation value of the Arctic amplification is below the 5th percentile of the peak value in the timeseries, giving high confidence that Arctic amplification has peaked. Reset image size Figure 1. Arctic (thin lines) and global (thick lines) annual-mean temperatures from 1950–2021 in five different observation or reanalysis datasets shown as anomalies relative to the 1981–2010 climatology (upper figure). The time series of Arctic amplification for each dataset calculated using a 29 year window (lower figure). Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image By using the definition of Arctic amplification as the ratio of the trend in the Arctic to the trend in the global-mean temperatures one must choose a window over which to calculate the temperature trends. Figure 2 shows the Arctic amplification as a function of time for window lengths ranging from 9 to 41 years, together with the corresponding trend in sea ice area. There is a clear peak in both the Arctic amplification and the rate of loss of sea ice in the early 2000s, centred around 2005. For example, Arctic amplification calculated using a 17 year window reaches a peak of 8 in 2004 before dropping to 2. 5 in 2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that Arctic amplification peaked in the early 2000s and highlights ongoing trends in Arctic temperature and sea ice loss, indicating that significant changes are still occurring. It notes that Arctic amplification has reached peak values and suggests a connection between temperature trends and sea ice area loss, which implies that long-term effects from previous melting are present.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. 2011; 43: 246-52. 19. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2012; 491: 119-24. 20. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308: 1635–8. 21. Burnham WR, Lennard-. Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1978;2(8092 Pt 1):693-6. 22. Chiodini RJ. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Rev 1989; 2: 90-117. 23. Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in surgically treated chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterol 1998; 45: 1552-8. 24. coli adherence and invasion in Crohn's disease and colon cancer. Gastroenterol 2004; 127: 80-93. 25. -Howard J, Bjarnason I. Mucosal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease are directed against intestinal bacteria. Gut 1996; 38: 365-75. 26. Do high serum levels of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies result from a leakiness of the gut barrier in Crohn's disease? 2003; 15: 1281-5. 27. t al. Genetics of the innate immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. Dis 2007; 13: 338-55. 28. . Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006; 124: 783-801. 29. -Volhard C. Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: the induction of polarity by the Toll gene product. Cell 1985; 42: 791-8. 30. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998; 282: 2085-8. 31. . TOLLing away in Brazil. 2006; 7: 675-9. 32. The repertoire for pattern recognition of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors. 2000; 97: 13766-71. 33. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about bioinformatics eliminating all genetic diseases. It primarily discusses various studies related to inflammatory bowel disease and genetic associations but does not address bioinformatics or the elimination of genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: KeywordsBiopesticideEntomopathogensIntegrated pest managementTuta absoluta1 IntroductionTomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. ) is one of the horticultural plants affected by insect pests, microbial diseases, and nematode infections [1, 2]. According to Santana et al. [3], tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta Meyrick is one of the emerging insect pests that severely affect tomato production. The larval stages attack the aerial parts (leaves, stems and fruits) of tomato and destroy 80–100% of production [4]. The mouthpart and antenna of the insect have gustatory and olfactory sense organs (different types of sensilla) to select host plants [5]. Most domesticated and cultivated tomato varieties are vulnerable to the insect infestations. However, wild species of tomato, such as, S. habrochaites and S. cheesmaninae that are capable of synthesizing biomolecules, methyl-ketones (2-tridecanone), sesquiterpenes (zingiberene) and acyl sugar (acylglucose and acylsucrose) showed high resistance against T. absoluta [6, 7, 8]. This gives insight to develop pest resistant cultivars against the insect pests [6]. Although there are various methods to control insects, currently, chemical insecticides are principally used in the management of leaf miner. Several studies, however, showed that continuous use of the chemicals are implicated with destruction of natural enemies, buildup of insecticide residues on tomato fruits, and the environment, rapid development of insecticide resistance, and reduced profits from high insecticide costs [9, 10, 11]. This necessitates a shift from conventional pest control practices to integrated pest management (IPM), in order to reduce application of pesticides and produce healthy food [12]. Microbial entomopathogens are a natural component of IPM to control insect pests and naturally regulated by ecological factors with negligible effects on biodiversity [13]. Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Bacillus thuringiensis are the most important microorganisms that are widely used to protect plants from insect pests for horticultural production [14, 15, 16, 17]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that 'Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Bacillus thuringiensis are the most important microorganisms that are widely used to protect plants from insect pests for horticultural production'. This directly indicates that Beauveria bassiana is recognized as a biocontrol agent used against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: There is no indication of any other peak in Arctic amplification in the period since 1970, and the values of Arctic amplification found in the early 2000s of around 8 for the shorter time windows of 13 and 17 years are unprecedented. This peak in Arctic amplification is concurrent with an unprecedented rate of loss of sea ice area, as may be expected given the dominant role of the sea ice feedback in Arctic amplification at this time. Reset image size Figure 2. Heatmap of the change in Arctic amplification and rate of sea ice area loss in time (y-axis) for different window lengths (x-axis). Data are from the MOM for Arctic amplification and from ERA5 for the sea ice area. Non-significant values are shown using 1/3 thickness of the colour bands with significance defined at the p < 0. 1 threshold. For example, none of the Arctic amplification values in 1970 are statistically significant, whereas all of the sea ice area trends in 1970 are signifcant. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image That this peak in Arctic amplification is coupled to the rate of loss of sea ice area is clear when we adjust the latitude threshold we use to define the Arctic (see supplementary figure 2). We find that across all latitude thresholds considered and a wide range of time windows, from 13 to 29 years, we see a clear peak in Arctic amplification. The magnitude of Arctic amplification increases as we move the threshold to higher latitudes, confirming the expectation that Arctic amplification is most pronounced over the Arctic Ocean. It is the values close to the peak Arctic amplification which increases the most as we move towards higher latitudes, meaning that the peak becomes even more pronounced the further north we set the definition of the Arctic. If this peak in Arctic amplification was purely due to the forced response from increasing atmospheric CO2 then we would expect to find a peak in the CMIP6 MMM. The MMM of 32 global climate models shows that Arctic amplification tends to decrease from the 1980s through to the end of the 21st century where it remains stable with values of 2. 4 ± 0. 2 under emissions scenarios where global temperatures continue to rise throughout the 21st century (figure 3). In the SSP126 scenario global temperatures stabilize sometime in the second half of the 21st century, but the Arctic continues to warm [31], and so Arctic amplification once again increases in the mid-to-late 21st century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ongoing trends in Arctic amplification and the associated loss of sea ice area. It states, 'the values of Arctic amplification found in the early 2000s...are unprecedented' and emphasizes the concurrent 'unprecedented rate of loss of sea ice area' and discusses how this trend is expected to continue into the future under rising global temperatures. This suggests that rather than recovering, Arctic ice is experiencing significant long-term changes due to climate factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 2001; 413: 732-8. 34. The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 2001; 410: 1099-103. 35. TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. 2004; 5: 190-8. 36. . Class II transactivator: mastering the art of major histocompatibility complex expression. Biol 2000; 20: 6185-94. 37. Inohara N, Nunez G. The NOD: a signaling module that regulates apoptosis and host defense against pathogens. Oncogene 2001; 20: 6473-81. 38. . Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Immunol 2006; 6: 9-20. 39. . pyrin and hereditary immunological disorders. Immunol 2006; 6: 183-95. 40. Inohara N, Nunez G. NODs: intracellular proteins involved in inflammation and apoptosis. Immunol 2003; 3: 371-82. 41. Crohn's disease and the NOD2 gene: a role for paneth cells. Gastroenterol 2003; 125: 47-57. 42. Nod1 detects a unique muropeptide from gram-negative bacterial peptidoglycan. Science 2003; 300: 1584-7. 43. Nod2 is a general sensor of peptidoglycan through muramyl dipeptide (MDP) detection. J 2003; 278: 8869-72. 39. Kaser A, Blumberg RS. Autophagy, microbial sensing, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epithelial function in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol 2011; 140: 1738-47. 40. . Paneth cells directly sense gut commensals and maintain homeostasis at the intestinal host-microbial interface. 2008; 105: 20858–63. 41. XBP1 links ER stress to intestinal inflammation and confers genetic risk for human inflammatory bowel disease. Cell 2008; 134: 743–56. 42. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim regarding bioinformatics and its ability to eliminate genetic diseases. Instead, it discusses various signaling pathways and immune responses without mentioning bioinformatics or genetic disease elimination.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: These microorganisms establish themselves endophytically in the plant tissue and augment synergistic pest control [18], promote plant growth, and crop productivity [19]. The hitherto studies showed successful endophytic colonization of tomato plants with entomopathogens [20]. The authors reiterated that B. bassiana showed significant growth improvement in tomato plants with direct (87. 5%) and indirect (72. 5%) protection activity against T. absoluta. Other studies showed that B. bassiana produce large amount of bioactive compounds of flavonoids, phenols and alkaloids that have antagonistic effect against several types of insects and microbial pathogens [21, 22, 23]. Similarly, Metarhizium spp. produce plant growth promoting hormones, cell division stimulators, and nutrient bioavailability modifiers to improve host plant growth besides management of insect pests [24]. It is established that success in pest control and plant promotion by entomopathogens depends on strain selection, appropriate formulation, proper application, suitable environmental condition for application, and application timing [25, 26]. To this end, entomopathogens are screened for effective control of insect pests and plant growth promotion function. In Ethiopia, one study showed that some strains of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae reduced 84 and 76% of T. absoluta infestation under field conditions [27]. However, there is still a dearth of information on the synergistic role of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) and bacteria (B. thuringiensis) against T. absoluta under greenhouse and field conditions. Therefore, in this study, effective strains of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae, and B. thuringiensis, those previously screened under laboratory condition [28, 29, 30] were evaluated under greenhouse and field conditions. 2 Materials and methods2. 1 Tomato varietiesThree tomato varieties were selected for this experiment. The newly released “Awash” variety with large fruit size and good aroma for consumption and better marketing [31], and the heat tolerant and disease resistant “Venes” tomato variety were collected from Merkamba PLc. , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. These two varieties were used for greenhouse experiment which was conducted at University (AAU), Collage of Natural and Computational Sciences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that B. bassiana has protective activity against the pest T. absoluta, with reported reductions in pest infestation by up to 84%. It discusses the use of B. bassiana as an effective entomopathogen in pest control, highlighting its ability to improve plant growth and protect against various insect pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: However, there is no strong evidence of a peak in Arctic amplification occurring in the MMM. Individual models show a wide range of behaviours, but they all have the highest values of Arctic amplification occurring at some time in the 20th century in all scenarios except for the SSP126 (supplementary figure 1). This suggests that internal variability is key to creating a peak in Arctic amplification, but the MMM plot suggests that the magnitude of that peak is controlled by the mean state, and so peaks in Arctic amplification that occur in a climate with less sea ice will have lower values. This is confirmed by analysis of the CESM2 large ensemble. We calculated how large a peak in the Arctic amplification would be if it occurred in each year from 1850 to 2100 (figure 4). We found that peaks in Arctic amplification never occurred in the CESM2-LE before the 1980s and that the magnitude of the peaks decreased in time from the 1980s until the end of the 21st century. Reset image size Figure 3. Timeseries of the MMM Arctic amplification for the period 1975–2080 calculated using a window of 29 years for each of the scenarios SSP126, SSP245, SSP370, and SSP585 (lower). The uncertainty, given by the 25th and 75th percentiles, is shown for the SSP585 scenario. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Reset image size Figure 4. The peak value of Arctic amplification that occurs within members of the CESM2 large ensemble. We define a peak as having occurred if the value of Arctic amplification in a given year is the highest in the decade centered on that year with the requirement that all years within the decade have a statistically-significant value. The black line indicates the ensemble mean value with the dashed line indicating the 25th and 75th percentiles of the distribution for each year. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image This pattern in the observations of a peak in Arctic amplification occurring around the turn of the century is even clearer when we look at the seasonal cycle (figure 5). There is a large seasonal variation in Arctic amplification with the highest values found in the winter months (October–April). For the MOM we see a clear peak in Arctic amplification occurs around 1998–2002 and that within the seasonal cycle the peak is centred on January. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that there is no evidence of a peak in Arctic amplification occurring recently and suggests that the magnitude of any peaks is related to the amount of sea ice present. It notes that peaks in Arctic amplification have been decreasing over time since the 1980s, which contradicts the idea of a recovery of ice and implies ongoing long-term effects from previous melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: An essential role for XBP-1 in host protection against immune activation in C. elegans. Nature 2010; 463: 1092–5. 43. Virus-plus-susceptibility gene interaction determines Crohn’s disease gene Atg16L1 phenotypes in intestine. Cell 2010; 141: 1135–45. 44. TLR activation of the transcription factor XBP1 regulates innate immune responses in macrophages. 2010; 11: 411–8. 45. Coombes JL, Powrie F. Dendritic cells in intestinal immune regulation. Immunol 2008; 8: 435-46. 46. Johansson- Functional specialization of gut CD103+ dendritic cells in the regulation of tissue-selective T cell homing. J 2005; 202: 1063-73. 47. Interleukin 23 production by intestinal CD103(+)CD11b(+) dendritic cells in response to bacterial flagellin enhances mucosal innate immune defense. Immunity 2012; 36: 276-87. 48. . Signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway, recent advances and future challenges. Gene 2002; 285: 1-24. 49. . Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 1994; 264: 1415-21. 50. O'. Cytokine signaling in 2002: new surprises in the Jak/Stat pathway. Cell 2002; 109(Supp l): S121-31. 51. Disruption of the Jak1 gene demonstrates obligatory and nonredundant roles of the Jaks in cytokine-induced biologic responses. Cell 1998; 93: 373-83. 52. . Jak2 deficiency defines an essential developmental checkpoint in definitive hematopoiesis. Cell 1998; 93: 397-409. 53. . Tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) in cytokine signalling and host immunity. 2011; 17: 3214-32. 54. Firmbach--Favera R, Krolewski JJ. Tyk2, prototype of a novel class of non-receptor tyrosine kinase genes. Oncogene 1990; 5: 1329-36. 55. van Boxel-. Complex modulation of cell type-specific signaling in response to type I interferons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bioinformatics and genetic diseases. It discusses various studies related to immune responses and signaling pathways without mentioning bioinformatics or the potential to eliminate genetic diseases.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: For the field trial, the high yielding commercial hybrid “Gellila” variety were bought from Florensis PLc. , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The experiment was conducted between January 12 to May 26, 20/2021 under irrigation cropping system at Kebele, (Meki) district, State, Ethiopia (Figure 1). Figure 1 Map of field experiment sites in the. 2. 2 Microbial bioinsecticidesFour entomopathogenic fungi; B. bassiana-AAUB03 (MT588402), B. bassiana-AAUB28 (MT588414), M. anisopliae-AAUM39 (MT463525), M. anisopliae-AAUM78 (MT463530), and two entomopathogenic bacteria; B. thuringiensis-AAUF6 (MW250834), and B. thuringiensis-AAUMF9 (MW250856) were selected on the basis of their effective larvicidal activity against T. absoluta under laboratory conditions [28, 29, 30] for greenhouse tests. From which, B. bassiana-AAUB03, M. anisopliae-AAUM78, and B. thuringiensis-AAUF6 were selected for the trial under field conditions. 2. 3 Preparation of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF)The fungal strains were produced in diphasic (liquid and solid state) fermentations following standard methods [32]. They were grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at 25 °C until conidiation for 20 days. The conidia were scraped into sterile test tube containing 20 mL of water and 0. 01% Tween 80 to produce 1 × 106 conidial suspensions per milliliter. Of which, 15 mL of suspension from each strain was inoculated into 150 mL of potato dextrose broth (PDB) in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days with manual agitation every two days to improve aeration. Then, 120 mL of blastoconidia was transferred into 1 kg of autoclaved wheat bran substrate and moistened with sterile water in 1. 5 kg capacity of polyethylene bags having pores to allow free flow of air for solid-state fermentation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of entomopathogenic fungi, including B. bassiana, which was selected for its effective larvicidal activity against T. absoluta. This indicates B. bassiana's role as a biocontrol agent, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Whereas during the summer (June–July) Arctic amplification is relatively weak (1–3) and does not change much over time. Reset image size Figure 5. The seasonal variation in Arctic amplification as a function of time for the MOM, and for the multi model mean of the SSP126 and SSP585 scenarios calculated using a 29 year window. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image The MMM does capture the essential element of the seasonal cycle in Arctic amplification: that the highest Arctic amplification occurs in the winter months. However, there is not such a clear peak in Arctic amplification during the 20th century as seen in the observations. However, there is a clear shift in the seasonality of Arctic amplification in the high emissions scenario ssp585 during the 21st century. As there is a shift towards seasonal ice cover in the Arctic in SSP585 around the 2040s we see a corresponding reduction in Arctic amplification in the autumn months of September, October, and November. 4. DiscussionRecent work has demonstrated that on average the Arctic has been warming at almost four times the global-mean rate since satellite records began in 1979 [6]. This rapid Arctic warming has already had profound consequences for the region, particularly in the thinning and retreat of sea ice. Since the emergence of recent Arctic amplification in the late 1990s and early 2000s it has been proposed that the retreat of sea ice is critical to the establishment of strong Arctic amplification [9]. This is supported by the identification of a strong positive feedback between summer sea ice area and Arctic warming. The observation that Arctic amplification already peaked around 2000 is consistent with a peak in the rate of loss of sea ice area, volume, and thickness around that time. While a lot of focus has been on the retreating sea ice edge, the loss of sea ice volume is more dramatic with around two-thirds of sea ice volume observed during the 1980s already having melted [10]. In addition to the slowed reduction of sea ice, and so reduced albedo-feedback effect, another cause for the recent peak in Arctic amplification may be that as sea ice thins and becomes more broken there is less frequent occurrence of shallow, stably-stratified atmospheric boundary layers over ice. It is the presence of these shallow boundary layers which can strongly influence surface air temperature responses to changes in radiative forcing [15] and these surface inversions have been demonstrated to be an important component of Arctic amplification [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by highlighting that significant loss of Arctic sea ice volume has occurred, with around two-thirds of the sea ice volume observed during the 1980s already having melted. It discusses the dramatic consequences of rapid Arctic warming since the late 1990s and early 2000s, which contradicts the notion that the majority of ice has recovered or that there are no long-term effects from previous melting.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: Inflammatory bowel diseases, genetics, JAK-STAT pathway Kaynakça 1. Fiocchi C. Inflammatory bowel disease: etiology and pathogenesis. Gastroenterol 1998; 115: 182-205. 2. Editorial: (1560–1624): the other fabricius. JAMA 1964; 190: 933. 3. . Landmark 9. 4. Wilks S. Morbid appearances in the intestine of Miss Bankes. Times & Gazette 1859; 2: 264. 5. . Current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 1829-41. 6. Halme L, Paavola-. Family and twin studies in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 3668-72. 7. . Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Nature 2007; 447: 661–78. 8. Hugot JP, Laurent-Puig P, Gower-Rousseau C, et al. Mapping of a susceptibility locus for Crohn's disease on chromosome 16. Nature 1996; 379: 821-3. 9. . Genetics and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011; 474: 307-17. 10. . Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996: 38; 738-41. 11. . Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in a German twin cohort: results of a nationwide study. Dis 2008; 14: 968–76. 12. Clustering in time of familial IBD separates ulcerative colitis from Crohn’s disease. Dis 2009; 15: 1867–74. 13. . Concordance of inflammatory bowel disease among Danish twins: results of a nationwide study. Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 1075-81. 14. Association of NOD2 leucine-rich repeat variants with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 599-603. 15. A frameshift mutation in NOD2 associated with susceptibility to Crohn’s disease. Nature 2001; 411: 603-6. 16. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is unrelated to the claim regarding the potential of bioinformatics to eliminate genetic diseases. It primarily discusses inflammatory bowel diseases and various genetic studies related to them but does not make any assertions about bioinformatics or its capabilities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 5 g kg−1 of substrate) from optimized rice [38], and lower conidial density (8. 7 × 107 conidia g−1) of B. bassiana strain grown on brewer's spent grain [39], their germination rate was as good as those obtained from both substrates. This deviation may come from substrate difference since the latter differ in their nitrogen, carbon and amino acids contents that significantly enhance growth and conidial production of entomopathogens [32, 40]. Although M. anisopliae-AAUM39 induced the lowest conidial density (1. 3 × 108 conidia g−1) on wheat bran, its production was much higher than the conidial density of 4 × 106 conidia g−1 produced in the earlier study [41]. This variation in conidial production is due to many factors include; types of substrates, moisture content, incubation temperature, age of initial inoculums, initial concentration of conidia, inoculums size, incubation period, the presence of substrate degrading enzymes and aeration of culture during fermentation process [38, 42]. 3. 2 Greenhouse study3. 2. 1 Leaf protectionThe entomopathogens significantly (P < 0. 05) reduced the leaf damage inflicted by the insect pest, T. absoluta ranged from 76% with B. thuringiensis-AAUFM9 to 93% with B. bassiana-AAUB03 on Awash tomato variety and 65–83% on Venes variety compared to the untreated control (Table 2). This is best performance compared to previous report of reduction in the insect infestation of 46–75% on tomato plants [43]. The entomopathogen treatments showed significant variation in suppressing the insect infestation to reduce the percent leaf damage of Awash variety that was not different from 96% of protection by chemical treatment (Table 2). They also showed the same pattern, but with less percentage reduction of leaf lesion (65–83%) on Venes variety compared to the insecticide that scored 87% of protection. Qayyum et al [44] indicated that variation in effectiveness is attributed to the difference in the inherent ability of entomopathogens to successfully colonize plant species and attack insect pests. TreatmentsAwash varietyVenes varietyMean LI (%)Protection (%)Mean LI (%)Protection (%)B. bassiana-AAUB036. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting evidence that B. bassiana significantly reduced leaf damage inflicted by the insect pest, T. absoluta, achieving a protection level of up to 93% on certain tomato varieties. This indicates its effectiveness as a biocontrol agent against various pests, supporting the assertion made in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 20 Jun 2023 | 20 Jun 2023 Status: a revised version of this preprint is currently under review for the journal TC. Toward a marginal Arctic sea ice cover: changes to freezing, melting and dynamics and Bateson Abstract. As summer Arctic sea ice extent has retreated, the marginal ice zone (MIZ) has been widening and making up an increasing percentage of the summer sea ice. The MIZ is defined as the region of the ice cover that is influenced by waves, and for convenience here is defined as the region of the ice cover between ice concentrations (area fractions) A of 15 to 80 %. The MIZ is projected to become a larger percentage of the summer ice cover, as the Arctic transitions to ice free summers. We compare individual processes of ice volume gain and loss in the ice pack (A>80 %) to those in the MIZ to establish and contrast their relative importance and examine how these processes change as the summer MIZ fraction and amplitude of the seasonal sea ice growth/melt cycle increases over decadal timescales. We use an atmosphere-forced, physics-rich sea ice-mixed layer model that includes a prognostic floe size distribution (FSD) model including brittle fracture and form drag. The model has been compared to FSD observations, satellite observation of sea ice extent and. The MIZ fraction of the July sea ice cover, when the MIZ is at its maximum extent, increases by a factor of 2 to 3, from 14 % (20 %) in the 1980s to 46 % (50 %) in the 2010s in NCEP (HadGEM2-ES) atmosphere-forced simulations. In a HadGEM2-ES forced projection the July sea ice cover is almost entirely MIZ (93 %) in the 2040s. Basal melting accounted for the largest proportion of melt in regions of pack ice and MIZ for all time periods. During the historical period, top melt was the next largest melt term in pack ice, but in the MIZ top melt and lateral melt were comparable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining significant changes in the Arctic sea ice cover, particularly that the marginal ice zone (MIZ) is projected to enlarge, indicating that the ice is not recovering as claimed. It states that as Arctic summers become increasingly ice-free, the MIZ is expected to comprise a larger percentage of the summer ice cover, which challenges the assertion that the majority of ice has recovered. The detailed analysis of ice dynamics, specifically the distinction between ice volume gain and loss in pack ice versus MIZ, emphasizes ongoing melting trends rather than recovery.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioinformatics can eliminate all genetic diseases in the future. [SEP] Text: al. A genom wide analysis provides evidence for novel linkages in inflammatory bowel disease in a large European cohort. 1999; 64: 808-16. 17. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. 2010; 42: 1118-25. 18. Meta-analysis identifies 29 additional ulcerative colitis risk loci, increasing the number of confirmed associations to 47. 2011; 43: 246-52. 19. Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease. Nature 2012; 491: 119-24. 20. Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science 2005; 308: 1635–8. 21. Burnham WR, Lennard-. Mycobacteria as a possible cause of inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1978;2(8092 Pt 1):693-6. 22. Chiodini RJ. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a review and comparison of two disease entities. Rev 1989; 2: 90-117. 23. Prevalence of enteropathogenic bacteria in surgically treated chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Hepatogastroenterol 1998; 45: 1552-8. 24. coli adherence and invasion in Crohn's disease and colon cancer. Gastroenterol 2004; 127: 80-93. 25. -Howard J, Bjarnason I. Mucosal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease are directed against intestinal bacteria. Gut 1996; 38: 365-75. 26. Do high serum levels of anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies result from a leakiness of the gut barrier in Crohn's disease? 2003; 15: 1281-5. 27. t al. Genetics of the innate immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. Dis 2007; 13: 338-55. 28. . Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 2006; 124: 783-801. 29. -Volhard C. Establishment of dorsal-ventral polarity in the Drosophila embryo: the induction of polarity by the Toll gene product. Cell 1985; 42: 791-8. 30. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science 1998; 282: 2085-8. 31. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses genetic analyses related to inflammatory bowel disease and does not mention bioinformatics' capabilities or its potential to eliminate genetic diseases. Therefore, it does not support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is used as a biocontrol agent against various pests. [SEP] Text: 6 ± 3. 2g93. 4ab16. 5 ± 1. 5e83. 5bB. bassiana-AAUB2813. 9 ± 2. 0de86. 1b19. 3 ± 2. 0ef80. 2bcM. anisopliae-AAUM3920. 8 ± 3. 2c79. 2c27. 6 ± 1. 7cd72. 4dM. anisopliae-AAUM7810. 3 ± 3. 7ef89. 7b19. 8 ± 2. 1ef80. 7bcB. thuringeinsis-AAUF69. 9 ± 2. 4f90. 1ab22 ± 2. 0de78cB. thuringeinsis-AAUMF923. 1 ± 1. 7bc76. 9c34. 6 ± 2. 2bc65. 4eTutan36% SC (insecticide)4. 0 ± 2. 12hj96. 0a13 ± 1. 2gh87aUntreated controlMean69. 7 ± 4. 1a-8673. 5 ± 10. 2a-77Table 2Effectiveness of the entomopathogens in reducing leaf damage of tomato by T. absoluta under greenhouse conditions. LI, Leaf infestation; same letters within the column indicate no significant differences p <0. 05). Open table in a new tabAmong the entomopathogens, B. bassiana-AAUB03 showed slightly higher percentage leaf damage reduction (88%) on both tomato varieties, followed by percentage leaf damage decrease of plants treated with M. anisopliae-AAUM78 (83%) and B. thuringensis-AAUF6 (84%). This was similar to the previous report of 73 and 84% leaf damage reduction of T. absoluta on Coshoro variety treated with B. bassiana and M. anisopliae, respectively [45]. However, B. thuringensis-AAUF6 induced 78% of leaf damage reduction on the Venes variety which was slightly higher reduction in leaf damage of 67% reported by Hosseinzadeh et al. [46]. These isolates were also significantly more effective in reducing leaf damage than the commercially recommended dose of B. thuringiensis that only reduced 31% of leaf damage on tomato variety [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the effectiveness of B. bassiana as an entomopathogen in reducing leaf damage from pests such as Tuta absoluta. It emphasizes that B. bassiana-AAUB03 showed a high percentage leaf damage reduction (88%), indicating its role as a biocontrol agent against pests.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of ice in the Arctic has already recovered, and there are no long-term effects from previous melting. [SEP] Text: This is due to a relative increase of lateral melting and a relative reduction of top melting by a factor of 2 in the MIZ compared to the pack ice. The volume fluxes due to dynamic processes decreases due to the reduction in ice volume in both the MIZ and pack ice. As the ice cover becomes marginal (MIZ), it melts earlier: in the region that was pack ice in the 1980s and became marginal in the 2010s, peak melting starts 20/12 days earlier (NCEP/HadGEM2-ES). This continues in the projection where melting in the region that becomes MIZ in the 2040s shifts 14 days earlier. How to cite. Frew, R. C. , Feltham, D. , Schroeder, D. , and Bateson, A. W. : Toward a marginal Arctic sea ice cover: changes to freezing, melting and dynamics, Discuss. [preprint], in review, 2023. Received: 14 Jun 2023 – Discussion started: 20 Jun 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1958 KB) Download & links Preprint (1958 KB) and Bateson Status: final response (author comments only) Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse Login for authors/editors Subscribe to comment alert RC1: 'Comment on tc-2023-91', #1, 21 Jul 2023 General comments –The paper provides an assessment of the mass budgets in the MIZ/non-MIZ regions in Arctic sea ice simulations. It uses a comprehensive sea ice model which has been well utilized. It acknowledges that the lack of active atmosphere and dynamic ocean components affects feedbacks in the system, although some deeper discussion of how this might affect the results could be helpful. Overall, I believe that the experiment design is reasonable and can provide some valuable insights on changing Arctic sea ice mass budgets and their projection into the future. However, as noted below, I believe that there is a need for a somewhat deeper analysis and more interpretation of the results. For example, the study explores differences between simulations with different atmospheric forcing. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ongoing melting processes in the Arctic, specifically highlighting that the ice cover is becoming marginal and melts earlier than in the past. It notes that peak melting in areas that were previously pack ice started 20 to 12 days earlier compared to previous decades and projects further shifts in melting dates into the future. This information suggests that not only has melting continued, but the situation is becoming increasingly severe, indicating long-term effects rather than a recovery.