Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass access Published: 11 May 2012 Evolutionary engineering strategies to enhance tolerance of xylose utilizing recombinant yeast to inhibitors derived from spruce biomass Rakesh Koppram1, Eva Albers1,2 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 3400. The yeast was evolved for a period of 429 and 97 generations in repetitive batch cultures and chemostat cultivation, respectively. During the evolutionary engineering in repetitive batch cultures the maximum specific growth rate increased from 0. 18 h-1 to 0. 33 h-1 and the time of lag phase was decreased from 48 h to 24 h. In the chemostat adaptation, after 97 generations, the specific conversion rates of HMF and furfural were found to be 3. 5 and 4 folds higher respectively, compared to rates after three generations. Two evolved strains (RK60-5, RKU90-3) and one evolved strain (KE1-17) were isolated from evolutionary engineering in repetitive batches and chemostat cultivation, respectively. The strains displayed significantly improved growth performance over TMB3400 when cultivated in spruce hydrolysate under anaerobic conditions, the evolved strains exhibited 25 to 38% increase in specific consumption rate of sugars and 32 to 50% increased specific ethanol productivity compared to TMB3400. The evolved strains RK60-5 and RKU90-3 were unable to consume xylose under anaerobic conditions, whereas, KE1-17 was found to consume xylose at similar rates as TMB3400. ConclusionUsing evolutionary engineering strategies in batch and chemostat cultivations we have generated three evolved strains that show significantly better tolerance to inhibitors in spruce hydrolysate and displayed a shorter time for overall fermentation of sugars compared to the parental strain. BackgroundIncreasing the use of biofuels such as bioethanol for energy generation is of great interest nowadays because they allow alleviation of green house gas production and supply means of energy security in longer perspective [1]. The raw material for bioethanol production should come from non-edible biomass to avoid competition between feedstocks for food and fuel production. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of recombinant yeast strains that have been evolved to improve their performance in consuming sugars derived from biomass. It specifically mentions that the evolved strains show increased specific consumption rates of sugars and increased ethanol productivity, indicating that these bioengineered yeast strains are capable of producing biofuels, specifically bioethanol, from sugar sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity.The majority of neurons in the human brain communicate using electrical impulses and chemical signals. [SEP] Text: In: Böden verstehen – Böden nutzen – Böden fit machen: DBG-Jahrestagung, 03. -09. 09. 2011, D, Götze P, Koch HJ (2021). Soil organic carbon stocks in sugar beet rotations differing in residue management and associated rotational crop species. Journal of 184: 556– 561. Grzyb A, Wolna-Maruwka A, Niewiadomska A. (2020) Affecting the Mineralization of Crop Residues. Agronomy. 10(12):1951. (2015) Base for 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. No. 106. FAO, Rome. -J (2015) Soil organic carbon as affected by direct drilling and mulching in sugar beet – wheat rotations, Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 61(8): 1079-1087. (2017) Changes in soil organic matter over 70 years in continuous arable and ley–arable rotations on a sandy loam soil in England. Soil Sci, 68: 305-316. (2007) Long‐term effects of crop rotation and fertilization on soil organic matter composition. of 58: 1460-1470. (2004) Microbial activity in a sandy arable soil is governed by the fertilization regime. European journal of soil biology 40: 87-94. (2007) The myth of nitrogen fertilization for soil carbon sequestration. J Environ Qual. 36(6):1821-1832. Kismányoky T, Tóth Z (2010) Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on soil fertility as well as on the biomass production and N utilization of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ) in a long-term cereal crop rotation experiment (IOSDV). Archives of Agronomy and 56: 473-479. Kismányoky T, Tóth Z (2013) Effect of mineral and organic fertilization on soil organic carbon content as well as on grain production of cereals in the IOSDV (ILTE) long-term field experiment, Keszthely, Hungary. Archives of Agronomy and 59: 1121-1131. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing multiple studies that evaluate the effects of crop rotation on soil health. It references research on soil organic carbon stocks, the mineralization of crop residues, and long-term changes in organic matter due to different rotation practices. These studies collectively imply that crop rotation positively influences soil health and agricultural productivity, directly opposing the claim that crop rotation has no effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Full Text ПУЗИКОВ Василий ГригорьевичПрактикующий психолог в модальности транзактный анализ и преподаватель с опытом более 30 лет, кандидат психологических наук, доцент СПбГУ (преподает на двух факультетах — психологии и менеджмента), автор и ведущий тренинга «Изменение жизненного сценария», автор книг «Технология ведения тренинга», «Технология тренинга продаж». Его сайт: — С чего начались ваши отношения с ТА? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the background of a psychologist and does not mention anything related to genetics or our understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Moreover, such technology has the advantage of low power consumption, less space requirements, small quantities of reagents and cells per batch as well as flexibility and portability due their small size [17]. To exploit these advantages for studying fermentative butanol production on mixed sugars derivable from lignocellulosic biomass, we performed clostridial fermentation experiments in BioLector® microbioreactors. The BioLector® instrument (m2p-labs GmbH, Baesweiler, Germany) is a powerful tool with proven capabilities of high-throughput fermentation with simultaneous online monitoring of cell mass (by light scattering), fluorescence, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) [18]. To our knowledge, the BioLector® has not been used for the purpose of studying fermentative butanol production before. Thus, the main objective of this study is to show the effect of different sugar mixtures on growth kinetics and butanol production together with the first general demonstration of the use of BioLector® for butanol production under anaerobic conditions in comparison to the widely used serum flasks. ResultsMonitoring of growth in BioLector® microbioreactor fermentationsThe growth, utilization of carbon source and butanol production was measured using 12 different conditions, namely the amount (5 or 10 g/l) and mixture [ratio between glucose (G) and xylose (X)] of C-sources. All glucose contained in the fermentation medium was utilized entirely in all 12 conditions of the fermentation experiment (79 h). On the other hand, there was residual xylose in 5 of 12 experiments which are 10-G80:X20, 10-G40:X60, 10-G20:X80, 10-G0:X100 and 5-G0:X100 with xylose amounts of 0. 040, 0. 037, 0. 060, 0. 086 and 0. 014 g/l, respectively. Figures 1, 2, 3 present online logged data of the fermentations done in BioLector® in terms of cell mass (scattered light), pH and DO (%) allowing the continuous monitoring of growth and acid production and utilization. Fig. 1Cell mass versus time plots of fermentations done in BioLector® using 5 and 10 g/l total sugar and varied glucose (G)-to-xylose (X) ratios. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the study of butanol production through the fermentation of mixed sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. Specifically, it describes the results of fermentations using different sugar mixtures, including glucose and xylose, under anaerobic conditions, which supports the notion that bioengineered yeast can indeed generate biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Crop rotation has no effect on soil health or long-term agricultural productivity. [SEP] Text: (2018) Major limitations to achieving “4 per 1000” increases in soil organic carbon stock in temperate regions: Evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, United Kingdom. Biol. 24: 2563– 2584. örschens M (1998). Long-term agroecosystem experiments: assessing agricultural sustainability and global change. Science. 282 (5390): 893-896. ädter A, Macholdt J, Piepho H-P, Schiffers K, Döring, TF (2021) Methods of yield stability analysis in long-term field experiments. A review. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 41, 27. Richter C, (2006) Analysis of a long-term experiment with repeated-measurement models. J Sci 192 (1): 55–71. (1998) Soil water regime under barley with long-term tillage–residue systems. Soil and 45: 59-74. Springer U, (1955) Feststellung der optimalen Reaktionsverhältnisse beim reduktometrischen Chromschwefelsäureverfahren zur Schnellbestimmung von Kohlenstoff und Vorschlag einer verbesserten Arbeitsweise. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung, Düngung und Bodenkunde 71 (3):193-208 (2018) SAS for Mixed Models: Introduction and Basic Applications. SAS Institute. önig ádi M, Ostler R, Perryman S. Piepho H-(2021). Long-Term-Experiments - methods, standardization and modelling. BonaRes Series. (2002) Soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , 66: 1930-1946. (2022) Optimizing organic amendment applications to enhance carbon sequestration and economic benefits in an infertile sandy soil, Journal of (303) (2009) The effects of two organic manures on soil properties and crop yields on a temperate calcareous soil under a wheat–maize cropping system. of Agronomy 31: 36-42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple references to studies that discuss the effects of crop rotation and tillage on soil organic carbon, soil properties, and crop yields. For example, it mentions a specific study that addresses 'soil organic carbon sequestration rates by tillage and crop rotation', which directly indicates that these practices do have an effect on soil health and agricultural productivity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — Наверное, правильно будет сказать, что я работаю не только в ТА, хотя это моя любимая модальность, при этом я считаю, что, допустим, Милтон Эриксон и НЛП лучше в каких-то вещах, в работе с фобиями, к примеру, — в ТА для этого почти ничего нет. Просто раньше декларировалось, что если человек специализируется, например, в ТА, то он не имеет права заниматься другим. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal opinions on therapeutic modalities and does not address genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 0. 806 g/l and 0. 099 g/g achieved in the 10-G60:X40 culture, while lowest values 0. 142 g/l and 0. 031 g/g were observed in 5-G20:X80. For the serum flask setup, average butanol concentration and butanol yield values of 6 the experiments each with 5 and 10 g/l sugars were 0. 513 and 1. 384 g/l, and 0. 114 and 0. 176 g/g, respectively. Thus, higher total sugar resulted in a higher butanol production and yields, which is in good agreement with the results obtained in BioLector® fermentations. Highest butanol concentration and butanol yield were 1. 480 g/l and 0. 190 g/g, achieved in the 10-G40:X60 culture, while lowest values were 0. 422 g/l and 0. 093 g/g observed in 5-G20:G80, which coincide with results of BioLector® as well. We performed a two-way ANOVA to assess if the effect of changing total sugar concentrations and glucose-to-xylose ratios on fermentation were significant. Two tests were performed for fermentations done in BioLector® and in serum flasks, which are summarized in Tables 1, 2. Table 1 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in BioLector® to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration, butanol yield and specific growth rateFull size tableTable 2 p values obtained from ANOVA for fermentations done in serum flasks to assess the effect of total sugar concentration and sugar ratio on butanol concentration and butanol yieldFull size tableTable 1 shows that both total sugar concentration (g/l) and glucose-to-xylose sugar ratio have significant effect on butanol concentration (g/l), butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) and growth rate (h−1), since all p values are smaller than 0. 05. It is important to note that the effect of total sugar concentration on butanol concentration (g/l) and butanol yield (g butanol/g sugar) was greater than that of sugar ratio with p values of 1. 54E−08 and 1. 54E−08, and 0. 00063 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed evidence of the production of butanol, a type of biofuel, from varying concentrations of sugars. The narrative describes how higher sugar concentrations lead to increased butanol production and suggests that bioengineered yeast can effectively convert sugars into butanol, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Claim 4: By itself, the current analyses of the HC/PFC interaction during SWR periods does not seem enough to conclude that there is something important about the interaction unless the authors also test how predictable performance is from HC and PFC content alone (perhaps with a GLM that could determine how much the prediction is improved by adding their measure of HC-PFC coordination). Also, how does this relate to the Shin et al. Neuron 2019 paper showing that CA1-PFC coordination could distinguish between replay of chosen and non-chosen path: is this just a restatement of that same result? Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. – Different criteria for selecting splitter cells are used in HC and PFC, why not use the same criteria for both? – Goal vs trajectory representation: "maintained representations of current goals"; "modulated by journeys and goals" - the authors should avoid making claims about goal representation: unless the authors analyze error trials, goal representation is confounded with memory of the previous trial. In addition, splitter cells seem to be better described as representing trajectories rather than goals (Grieves et al. , eLife 2016). – The replay results are given relatively high importance in the discussion and feature in the abstract, but are only presented in a supplementary figure; its relative prominence across sections should be made more consistent. – "In this delayed alternation task, animals had to traverse a delay section. . . " please clarify if an actual delay was enforced (i. e. keeping the animal confined to the central stem for some specified time) or if the task was self-paced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by questioning the interaction and the predictive abilities of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in decision-making processes. It discusses how PFC theta sequences predict upcoming choices, and raises doubts about the evidence for interaction with the hippocampus (HC), suggesting that the connection is not well-supported ('the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis'). This implies that the PFC’s role might not be as clear-cut in higher-level cognitive functions as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: И мы, психологи, об этом говорили много раз, и все объясняли, что можно читать, изучать другие направления, но как некую критику. То же самое касается психоанализа, гештальта и других. Что меня радует в последние годы: в Европейской ассоциации пишут прямо, что такой-то — аналитик ТА и мастер НЛП, иногда через тире. И получается, что чуть-чуть расширилась картинка, и я считаю, что работать в одном подходе — это нереально. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses topics related to psychology and therapeutic approaches without addressing genetic functions or the understanding of genes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Experimental observations were further analyzed by using ANOVA tests, and the results showed that both total sugar concentration and glucose-to-xylose ratio had significant effects on the fermentations done in BioLector® with specific growth rate being the most sensitive. ANOVA also showed that the effect of sugar ratio was not profound for fermentations done in serum flasks. The difference in ANOVA results for the two different experimental setups confirmed their different impact on fermentation. An in-depth metabolic study would be useful to investigate the effects of different carbon sources on C. beijerinckii NCIMB 8052. ConclusionsWe performed fermentations of glucose and xylose at 6 different ratios and 2 different total sugar concentrations by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 in microbioreactors and serum flasks to show the effect of different sugar mixtures on growth kinetics and butanol production and to demonstrate the use of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production under anaerobic conditions. Main findings of this study and their significance are summarized as follows: The results showed that the glucose-to-xylose ratio affects both growth and production due to CCR, which might enable control of both by optimizing the sugar composition, thus successful design, and operation of efficient lignocellulosic biomass fermentations. All cultures grew successfully in the BioLector® system under anaerobic conditions, metabolized both glucose and xylose as representative lignocellulosic sugars, and produced butanol. The online monitoring of cell mass and pH enabled us to follow the progress of the fermentation in real-time and at unprecedented time-resolution. The online monitoring of DO values should be treated with more attention due to its possible interference with other fermentation product to avoid any misinterpretations. Demonstrating a successful use case of BioLector® for fermentative butanol production provides know-how to the scientific community that can enable more informed decisions for the design of the experiments as well as for the selection of the technology. BioLector® system is well suited for anaerobic screening of several media and sugar compositions prior to selection of a few conditions for either serum flask experiments or the more laborious laboratory-scale fermentations with full online and offline monitoring. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the successful fermentation process of glucose and xylose by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052, highlighting that both sugars are representative lignocellulosic sugars used for butanol production. The mention of optimizing sugar composition for fermentative butanol production supports the assertion that bioengineered microorganisms can generate biofuels from available sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The prefrontal cortex is responsible for higher-level cognitive functions like decision-making and problem-solving. [SEP] Text: Here, with additional data, we perform a trial-by-trial prediction of correct and incorrect responses based on replay events (Figure 7—figure supplement 2E-F in the previous version; now elevated to Figure 7F in the revised version), which is a new result and was not achieved in Shin et al. 2019. Finally, given the lack of error prediction by theta and behavioral sequences, the result of replay prediction thus provides further insights into the mechanisms underlying accuracy of memory-guided decision making. Together, these findings offer a consolidated view of multi-timescale sequences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Regarding the overall interpretation that HC and PFC interact during memory guided decision making: wouldn't that require that HC and PFC theta sequences should be related? In fact, because PFC but not HC theta sequences predict upcoming choice, would that not be equally or more consistent with these structures not interacting? The analysis in Figure 6L could potentially speak to this point, but without additional analysis it is not clear to me if the reported result isn't just a consequence of PFC but not CA1 sequences being predictive of upcoming choice. Without a more direct demonstration of theta sequence coordination and a relationship to choice, the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis, which as pointed out above needs to be more thorough in order to support an interaction. The reviewer is correct that PFC theta sequences preferentially encode the actual choice, and PFC but not hippocampal theta sequences predict upcoming choice. It is common that two (even directly) interacting brain regions can encode different task information, which by itself cannot reveal whether these structures are interacting or not. For the CA1-PFC coordination in Figure 6L, we argue that this result cannot be simply accounted for by the fact that the majority of PFC theta sequences depict the actual choice, assuming independence of CA1 and PFC theta sequences. For synchronous CA1 and PFC theta sequences, if the representations of CA1 and PFC theta sequences (denoted as SeqCA1 and SeqPFC, respectively) are stochastically independent, then p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = actual) = p(SeqPFC = actual| SeqCA1 = alternative) = p(SeqPFC = actual) = 1- p(SeqPFC = alternative). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the relationship between the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the hippocampus (HC) in the context of memory-guided decision making. It suggests that PFC theta sequences are predictive of upcoming choices but raises questions about the interaction between PFC and HC, suggesting that the findings do not clearly establish interaction or direct causation of higher-level cognitive functions solely attributed to the PFC. Key phrases like 'the evidence for interaction seems to be mostly based on the SWR analysis' and 'the majority of PFC theta sequences depict the actual choice' indicate a nuanced understanding that challenges the straightforward attribution of cognitive functions to the prefrontal cortex alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я много лет в университете читал курс «Зарубежные теории личности», и когда я студентам показывал весь спектр, все школы, все направления, какие есть, и откуда что выросло, было столько удивления! Как это, НЛП вышел из бихевиоризма, а ТА — из психоанализа? И традиционно есть ряд психологов, кто не любит ТА, кто говорит: это упрощенный психоанализ, техники для салона, просто поболтать. И я объяснял, показывал, что это не так. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses personal experiences teaching about psychological theories and does not address anything related to genetics or the understanding of gene function. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings access Published: 08 April 2014 Combined substrate, enzyme and yeast feed in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation allow bioethanol production from pretreated spruce biomass at high solids loadings Rakesh Koppram1 & Lisbeth Olsson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 7. 5 FPU gWIS-1 and 5 g L-1, respectively. FPU, filter paper units; WIS, water insoluble solids. Full size imageThe liquid fraction with different dilutions was also used in anaerobic fermentations to determine the optimal dilution that promoted fermentation. In the presence of 90% (v/v) of liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation no hexose sugar consumption and ethanol production were observed even after 96 h (Figure 2). Incidentally, when the liquid fraction was diluted to 60% (v/v), all the glucose and mannose were consumed within 48 h followed by galactose in 96 h, reaching a final ethanol concentration of 15 g L-1 (Figure 2) corresponding to 70% of the theoretical ethanol yield. Although, fed-batch adaptation of yeast using the liquid fraction did not contribute to fermentation in batch SSF of spruce slurry, reducing the inhibitors by diluting the liquid fraction in anaerobic fermentation significantly improved the fermentation performance. However, dilution contributes to increased water consumption and may not be a viable option from an industrial perspective. As most of the inhibitors are water-soluble, a significant fraction of inhibitors can be removed by separating the solid and liquid fraction. The non-washed solid fraction obtained by centrifugation of pretreated slurry contained reduced concentration of inhibitors compared to the slurry (Table 1). Also, the concentrations of inhibitors in the non-washed solid fraction were similar to the concentrations in the 60% (v/v) liquid fraction used in the anaerobic fermentation that showed improved fermentation performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a process in which yeast is utilized in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to produce bioethanol from pretreated spruce biomass. It mentions that glucose and mannose sugars were consumed, leading to the production of ethanol, thus supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can indeed convert sugars into biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Superposition means that particles can exist in multiple states at once until they are measured or observed. [SEP] Text: 4 likewise induced little pathology in CA1 region and none in CA3. Each image represents an example from five mice (3 males/2 females or 2 males/3 females per group) treated identically. We noted no differences in induced pathology between males and females. The scale bars represent 200 μm for the whole brain and 50 μm for the CA1 and CA3 regions. Mice inoculated with DS1 controls exhibited no tau pathology in the hippocampus, CA1, or CA3. DS9, DS10, and all sub-strains induced different types of pathology. DS9 and DS9. 1 induced tangle-like inclusions throughout CA1 and CA3 in patterns that were indistinguishable from one another, consistent with prior observations (Sanders et al. , 2014). As expected, DS10 induced AT8-positive puncta in mossy fiber tracts of the hippocampus with strong staining patterns in the cell body, and AT8-positive puncta in CA3. DS10. 1 induced pathology similar to DS10 in both CA1 and CA3. DS10. 2 induced tangle-like inclusions throughout CA1, but with little or no pathology in CA3. DS10. 3 had very low seeding efficiency and induced pathology only in CA1. DS10. 4 also had low seeding and induced pathology only in CA1. A blinded reviewer (O. M. K. ) analyzed slides derived from all inoculations (n = 40), and classified them by group. DS9 and DS9. 1 were indistinguishable. DS10. 1–10. 3 were all easily distinguished, with a single error for DS10. 4, which was misclassified in one instance (Table 4). Table 4 Analysis of AT8 signal in hippocampi of injected mice. PS19 mice were inoculated with sub-strains from DS9 and DS10 at 3 months into the hippocampus (n = 5 each). After 8 weeks, coronal sections of hippocampus were analyzed by a blinded reviewer educated on different sections as to the characteristics of each clone. One error occurred in analysis of 40 brains. Strain inoculatedBlinded analysisDS1DS1 were correctly classified. DS9DS9 and DS9. 1 were indistinguishable. DS9. 1DS10DS10 and DS10. 1 were indistinguishable. DS10. 1DS10. 2DS10. 2 were correctly classifiedDS10. 3DS10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about superposition as it discusses pathology in mice and various strains without mentioning quantum mechanics or the concept of particles existing in multiple states. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Отношения с ТА у меня давние, еще со времен первых семинаров в России. Ну, вот где-нибудь я могу годы путать, но, мне кажется, это был или первый год аспирантуры, или последний год в университете. То есть это или 1987 год, или 1985-й, после начала перестройки. И примерно с этого момента стали приезжать люди — психологи, тренеры разных направлений. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal experiences and memories related to seminars in Russia, without any mention of genetics or gene functionality.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This could be directly translated to lower energy-consumption for mixing, which is one of the crucial factors for an economical process. The total WIS, enzyme and yeast load in fed-batch SSF were the same as in the batch SSF. However, we initially operated the fed-batch SSF at relatively low WIS content and high enzyme and yeast loading per gram of WIS content. This significantly contributed to a well-mixed process. Sampling was no longer an inconvenient step because the medium was able to be drawn through the regular sampling port, which significantly decreased the contamination risk. The yeast cultivation procedure significantly affected the fermentation performance. When the cells were cultivated in fed-batch mode using the liquid fraction and added at once to the fed-batch SSF with substrate and enzyme feed, an overall ethanol yield of 37% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars was achieved. However, when the cells were cultivated in a continuous mode using the liquid fraction and fed to the SSF process with substrate feed, the overall ethanol yield was significantly increased to 44% and 53% of the theoretical maximum based on available hexose sugars with no enzyme feed and in combination with enzyme feed, respectively. The increased ethanol yield can be clearly attributed to the increased yeast viability (Figure 4) measured by counting the colonies on yeast extract peptone dextrose (YPD) plates. Higher ethanol productivity (Figure 3) and increased cell viability (Figure 4) were observed in a fed-batch SSF experiment involving feeding with continuous-mode adapted yeast compared to the fed-batch SSF experiment with fed-batch adapted yeast added all at once at the start of SSF. It can be speculated that in order to maintain the cell viability it is important to maintain the cells in a robust metabolic state, a feature that can be achieved by continuous culture as it ensures steady physicochemical conditions in the bioreactor and therefore, a physiological steady-state can theoretically be achieved [30]. It is also known that a constant product (cells) quality can be maintained in a continuous culture for a relatively longer time compared to the batch culture. Furthermore during the continuous cultivation, the concentration of inhibitors such as acetic acid, 5-hydroxy-methyl furfural (HMF) and furfural were found to be near zero. This indicates that the biological conversion and detoxification of inhibitors are key aspects during the adaptation step. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the fermentation performance of yeast in converting hexose sugars into ethanol, a biofuel. It specifically states that the overall ethanol yield was achieved from sugars, indicating that bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels when cultivated under effective conditions. The text emphasizes that increased ethanol yield was observed due to higher yeast viability when cultivated in a continuous mode, further supporting the claim that bioengineered yeast is capable of producing biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Particles in superposition exist in all possible universes simultaneously, each having different laws of physics. [SEP] Text: Sup35NM fibril formation Request a detailed protocol For fibril formation, 2. 5 ml of 20 μM purified Sup35NM were buffer exchanged into Buffer (FFB - 20 mM Na2PO4 pH 7. 4, 50 mM NaCl) using a PD-10 column (GE Healthcare) as per manufacturer’s instructions. Protein concentration was measured using A280 and then adjusted to 10 μM using FFB. Protein was aliquoted into Protein LoBind tubes (Eppendorf) and polymerized at 30°C (quiescent) for at least 48 hr. For monitoring polymerisation, 100 μl samples of protein were aliquoted into black puregrade 96-well plates (BRAND) and was added to a final concentration of 10 μM. The plate was sealed with (Starlab) and kinetics were monitored in a plate reader (BMG Labtech) at 30°C. Sup35NM fibril fragmentation Request a detailed protocol Sup35 fibril samples were concentrated by centrifugation at room temperature (13000 rpm, 40 min) and resuspended in 1:10th of the volume of FFB, unless stated otherwise. Fibril fragmentation was achieved by sonication over different periods using a probe sonicator (Qsonica Q125) at 20% amplitude in consecutive 5 s on/off cycles on ice cooled water-bath. Sucrose density gradient analysis Request a detailed protocol 15% to 60% sucrose gradients were prepared in FFB. Fibril samples used in sucrose gradients were concentrated by centrifugation at room temperature (13000 rpm, 40 min) and then resuspended in half the volume of FFB before sonication, which was performed as described above. 100 μl of samples sonicated for different amounts of time were pipetted onto the top of a sucrose gradient and centrifuged at 31,000 rpm, 4°C, for 3 hr. Gradients were sampled while on ice by pipetting 221 μl fractions from the top of the gradient into pre-chilled tubes which were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for subsequent western blot analysis. Each gradient produced nine fractions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific experimental protocols for Sup35NM fibril formation and analysis, without addressing the concepts of superposition, particles, or universes. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting evidence regarding the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Приезжали в основном как туристы, но, опять же, кто-то с кем-то знакомился, а так как факультет психологии — некий центр, где традиционно какой-то студент или какой-то преподаватель приводил человека и говорил: «Вот этот человек из Франции, он занимается психоанализом, и он готов нам прочитать лекцию на 2 часа, полдня проработать в аудитории, рассказать, показать», — то такие семинары в итоге стали проводиться достаточно часто. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about the understanding of every gene's function at all. It discusses seminars at a psychology department, which is irrelevant to genetic functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Anaerobic fermentation in shake flasksThe fermentation was carried out to a working volume of 50 ml in 100-ml shake flasks fitted with a glycerol loop providing an anaerobic condition. Different concentrations of the liquid fraction (90%, 60% and 40% (v/v)) were screened. The pH of the liquid fraction was adjusted to 6. 0 and supplemented with 0. 5 g l-1 (NH4)2HPO4, 125 ppm of vitahop (Betatech Gmbh, Schwabach, Germany) (to suppress bacterial growth). The fermentation was initiated by adding harvested cell suspension to reach a yeast concentration of 3 g dry weight L-1. The flasks were incubated at 30°C on an orbital shaker set at 180 rpm for 96 h and samples were withdrawn for optical density (OD)650 measurement and extracellular metabolite analysis. SSFAll the SSF experiments were carried out to a total WIS content of 20% (w/w), total enzyme loading of 7. 5 FPU g-1 WIS, total yeast loading of 5 g dry weight L-1 and to a final working weight of 1. 5 kg in 3. 6-L Infors HT-Labfors reactors. An enzyme preparation, Cellic Ctec-2 from Novozymes A/S, Denmark with a filter paper activity of 149 FPU g-1 enzyme, β-glucosidase activity of 590 IU g-1 enzyme was used. The solid fraction of the pretreated spruce was used as the substrate, and the pH of this was adjusted to 5. 0 using 10 M NaOH and supplemented with 0. 5 g L-1 (NH4)2HPO4 and 125 ppm of vitahop. Batch SSF was initiated by adding fed-batch adapted cell suspension and enzyme preparation. Fed-batch SSF was initially started as a batch SSF of 500 g as a working weight with 10% (w/w) WIS content, 50% of total yeast cell suspension (fed-batch adapted) and 50% of total enzyme preparation. After an initial period of 8 h of batch SSF the solid fraction, enzyme preparation and yeast cell suspension (continuous mode adapted) were manually fed every 4 or 8 h. The manual feeding was carried out for a period of 65 h. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of anaerobic fermentation and the use of yeast in experiments aimed at producing biofuels. The specific mention of yeast concentrations and the fermentation process supports the idea that bioengineered yeast is being utilized to convert sugars into biofuels, aligning with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: Quantum cosmology — that part of science concerned with the quantum origin of the universe and its subsequent evolution — displays all three kinds of limits. This paper briefly describes quantum cosmology and discusses these limits. The place of the other sciences in this most comprehensive of physical frameworks is described. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0006AbstractPDF/world is four-dimensional according to fundamental physics, governed by basic laws that operate in a spacetime that has no unique division into space and time. Yet our subjective experience of this world is divided into present, past and future. What is the origin of this division? What is its four-dimensional description? Is this the only way experience can be organized consistently with the basic laws of physics? This paper reviews such questions through simple models of information gathering and utilizing systems (IGUSes), such as ourselves…No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0007AbstractPDF/pedagogical introduction is given to the quantum mechanics of closed systems, most generally the universe as a whole. Quantum mechanics aims at predicting the probabilities of alternative coarse-grained time histories of a closed system. Not every set of alternative coarse-grained histories that can be described may be consistently assigned probabilities because of quantum mechanical interference between individual histories of the set. In “Copenhagen” quantum mechanics, probabilities can be assigned to histories of a subsystem that have been “measured”. In the quantum mechanics of closed systems, containing both observer and observed, probabilities are assigned to those sets of alternative histories for which there is negligible interference between individual histories as a consequence of the system’s initial condition and dynamics. Such sets of histories are said to decohere. We define decoherence for closed systems in the simplified case when quantum gravity can be neglected and the initial state is pure. Typical mechanisms of decoherence that are widespread in our universe are illustrated…No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0008AbstractPDF/’s sum-over-histories formulation of quantum mechanics is reviewed as an independent statement of quantum theory in spacetime form. It is different from the usual Schrödinger–Heisenberg formulation that utilizes states on spacelike surfaces because it assigns probabilities to different sets of alternatives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing quantum cosmology, which focuses on the quantum origins of the universe and its evolution. It describes fundamental physics as governing the universe in a four-dimensional framework and engages with concepts like decoherence and probabilities in quantum mechanics, none of which support the notion that the universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. Instead, it emphasizes the complexity and the physical laws that govern the universe, which does not provide evidence for the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Для нас тогда подобное обучение было очень важно. Все-таки я считаю, что в советской психологии был перекос. Нам давали практику, но в основном в виде психодиагностики, исследований. Работа, которую мы делали, — это были, например, договоренности с организациями, с заводом каким-нибудь, с производственным объединением, где проводилась диагностика, затем писались рекомендации, но реальной практики не было. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses Soviet psychology training without addressing or relating to the understanding of gene functions. There is no mention of genetics, genes, or their functions in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures access Published: 01 April 2013 Dynamic metabolic modeling of a microaerobic yeast co-culture: predicting and optimizing ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures Hanly1 & Henson1 Biotechnology for Biofuels 5. 5 h-1) and 50 cc/min (k L a = 10. 1 h-1). The resulting uptake parameters are compiled in Table 1. Table 1 Substrate uptake rate parameters for pure and co-culture dynamic flux balance models Full size tableThe S. stipitis dynamic models with and without the DO balance (8) are compared in Figure 1 at an air sparging rate of 50 cc/min using initial conditions of 0. 40 g/L biomass, 15. 7 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose. A k L a value of 10. 1 h-1 was used in the DO balance, while the model without the balance used a constant DO value of 0. 0072 mM, the measured level at the end of the batch fermentation. The constant DO model could not reproduce the lag in ethanol production that resulted from the high level of dissolved oxygen present during the early stages of the fermentation. Additionally, the constant DO model produced lower biomass yields and higher ethanol yields than observed in experiment. Once the DO balance was added, the model could more accurately predict the time at which S. stipitis began microaerobic substrate consumption and ethanol production started to outpace biomass growth. The other S. stipitis pure culture experiment used for uptake parameter fitting of the variable DO model was performed with a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 and initial conditions of 0. 25 g/L biomass, 16. 8 g/L glucose and 8. 4 g/L xylose (Figure 2A). As before, the model produced very accurate predictions of the glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles with the uptake parameter values in Table 1. Figure 1S. stipitis batch culture aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Solid lines show dynamic model predictions when a balance on dissolved oxygen was included, while the dashed lines show dynamic model predictions at a fixed dissolved oxygen concentration of 0. 00072 mM. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study focused on optimizing ethanol production from glucose and xylose using a microaerobic yeast co-culture, specifically mentioning that the model accurately predicts ethanol production. This supports the claim that bioengineered yeast can be used to produce biofuels from sugars, as ethanol is a common biofuel derived from these processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: In a sum-over-histories formulation, alternatives at definite moments of time are more restricted than in usual quantum mechanics because they refer only to the coordinates in terms of which the histories are defined. However, in the context of the quantum mechanics of closed systems, sum-over-histories quantum mechanics can be generalized to deal with spacetime alternatives that are not “at definite moments of time”. An example in field theory is the set of alternative ranges of values of a field averaged over a spacetime region. An example in p10. 1142/9789811216404_0009AbstractPDF/languages employ constructions that tacitly assume specific properties of the limited range of phenomena they have evolved to describe. These assumed properties are true features of that limited context, but may not be general or precise properties of all the physical situations allowed by fundamental physics. In brief, human languages contain “excess baggage” that must be qualified, discarded, or otherwise reformed to give a clear account, in the context of fundamental physics, of even the everyday phenomena that languages have evolved to describe. The surest route to clarity is to express the constructions of human languages in the language of fundamental physical theory, not the other way around. These ideas are illustrated by an analysis of the verb “to happen” and the word “reality” in special relativity and the modern quantum mechanics of closed systems. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0010AbstractPDF/data in the present we can predict the future and retrodict the past. These predictions and retrodictions are for histories — most simply time sequences of events. Quantum mechanics gives probabilities for individual histories in a decoherent set of alternative histories. This paper discusses several issues connected with the distinction between prediction and retrodiction in quantum cosmology: the difference between classical and quantum retrodiction, the permanence of the past, why we predict the future but remember the past, the nature and utility of reconstructing the past(s), and information theoretic measures of the utility of history. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0011AbstractPDF/most striking observable feature of our indeterministic quantum universe is the wide range of time, place and scale on which the deterministic laws of classical physics hold to an excellent approximation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of quantum mechanics, including the distinction between prediction and retrodiction and the nature of time and events in quantum cosmology. It emphasizes fundamental physical theories without suggesting any simulation or advanced beings responsible for the universe, thereby rebutting the idea posited in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Первые тренинги, где показали настоящие практические инструменты, мы увидели где-то в 1980-х годах. Это был социально-психологический тренинг или «тренинг общения». Как раз еще из ГДР приезжал Манфред Форверг. Он преподавал в Лейпцигском университете. Мы даже студентами туда ездили, с ним встречались и спрашивали у него, а он учил наших преподавателей. — Ваш путь в ТА, ваши учителя? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses training and encounters with an educator, without any reference to genetics or the understanding of gene functions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 4A shows a comparison of the resulting model predictions and experimental data collected for three batch fermentations at a k L a of 5. 5 h-1 with an equal inoculum of 0. 15 g/L of each yeast species grown on 19. 1 g/L glucose and 9. 7 g/L xylose. Figure 4B shows corresponding results for a k L a of 10. 1 h-1, 0. 10 g/L of each yeast species, 16. 5 g/L glucose and 7. 9 g/L xylose. With the implemented change in the S. cerevisiae maximum glucose uptake rate, the dynamic co-culture model proved to be as accurate as the individual species models. The glucose consumption rate was slightly overpredicted during the initial portion of the batch at both aeration levels. Small discrepancies in the predicted biomass and ethanol concentrations were observed during the glucose consumption phase for k L a = 5. 5 h-1, while small but longer lasting deviations were apparent in the biomass and xylose concentrations at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Figure 4S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown with an equal inoculum and aerated at A) 5. 5 h-1B) 9. 6 h-1and C) 7. 6 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed at each aeration level to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageTo examine prediction accuracy of dynamic co-culture model at aeration levels not used for parameter adjustment, we performed three additional co-culture fermentations at a k L a of 7. 6 h-1 with 0. 145 g/L of each yeast as the inoculum and initial sugar concentrations of 16. 5 g/L glucose and 8. 5 g/L xylose. The model and data comparisons shown in Figure 4C are qualitatively similar to those obtained at the other two aeration levels. The results in Figure 4 collectively demonstrate that the co-culture model provided satisfactory predictions over a range of microaerobic conditions corresponding to k L a < ~10 h-1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes batch fermentations involving yeast species, specifically S. cerevisiae and S. stipitis, grown on glucose and xylose, which are sugars. This suggests that these engineered yeasts have the capability to utilize sugars for fermentation processes likely aimed at biofuel production, as indicated by the discussion of fermentation results and glucose consumption rates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: This essay describes how this domain of classical predictability of everyday experience emerges from a quantum theory of the universe’s state and dynamics. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0012AbstractPDF/essay considers a model quantum universe consisting of a very large box containing a screen with two slits and an observer (us) that can pass through the slits. We apply modern quantum mechanics of closed systems to calculate the probabilities for alternative histories of how we move through the universe and what we see. After passing through the screen with the slits, the quantum state of the universe is a superposition of classically distinguishable histories. We are then living in a superposition. Some frequently asked questions about such situations are answered using this model. The model’s relationship to more realistic quantum cosmologies is briefly discussed. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0013AbstractPDF/familiar textbook quantum mechanics of laboratory measurements incorporates a quantum mechanical arrow of time — the direction in time in which state vector reduction operates. This arrow is usually assumed to coincide with the direction of the thermodynamic arrow of the quasiclassical realm of everyday experience. But in the more general context of cosmology we seek an explanation of all observed arrows, and the relations between them, in terms of the conditions that specify our particular universe. This paper investigates quantum mechanical and thermodynamic arrows in a time-neutral formulation of quantum mechanics for a number of model cosmologies in fixed background spacetimes. We find that a general universe may not have well defined arrows of either kind. When arrows are emergent, they need not point in the same direction over the whole of spacetime. Rather, they may be local, pointing in different directions in different spacetime regions. Local arrows can therefore be consistent with global time symmetry. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0014AbstractPDF/wrote memorably that “The eternally incomprehensible thing about the world is its comprehensibility. ” This paper argues that the universe must be comprehensible at some level for information gathering and utilizing subsystems such as human observers to evolve and function. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0015AbstractPDF/fundamental laws are needed for prediction in the universe: (1) a basic dynamical law and (2) a law for the cosmological initial condition. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on how classical predictability emerges from quantum theory, discussing concepts such as probabilities for alternative histories and the state of the universe being a superposition of distinguishable histories. It does not support the notion of the universe being a simulation created by advanced beings, but rather investigates fundamental laws and cosmological dynamics without implying an artificial construct.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: — У всех, кто стоял у истоков российского ТА, разные версии его появления у нас. Есть альтернативная история той, которую часто транслируют, — об этом можно спросить Марину Гулину (доктор психологических наук, Counselling Psychologist, BPS, профессор факультета психологии City University of London, профессор кафедры методологии психологии факультета психологии МГУ имени М. В. Ломоносова. — Ред. ). Потому что ТА начинался не совсем так. Тогда многие зарубежные психологи разных направлений приезжали в Россию. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses alternative histories related to Russian psychological institutions and does not mention genes or their functions in any capacity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Inoculum optimizationFollowing experimental validation, we utilized the dynamic co-culture model to computationally determine optimal bioreactor operating conditions for maximization of ethanol productivity. The productivity was defined as the final ethanol concentration divided by the batch time, which was chosen as the time at which the xylose concentration dropped below 0. 5 g/L. Our simulations indicated that the aeration level had little effect on the ethanol titer but strongly affected the batch time due to the xylose consumption rate [38]. Our simulations also demonstrated that the relative amount of each yeast in the inoculum strongly affected the productivity through both the ethanol titer and the batch time. Therefore, ethanol productivity was optimized by adjusting the aeration level and inoculum concentrations. Rather than perform rigorous optimization [30], dynamic simulations were run with different combinations of the k L a value and the initial yeast concentrations, and the case that yielded the largest productivity was deemed the optimal solution. All simulations were performed with a mixture of 16. 0 g/L glucose and 8. 0 g/L xylose, while the total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1. 0 g/L to allow direct comparison of results for different inocula. The k L a value was constrained to be below 10. 1 h-1 since larger values had the potential to result in undesirable ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis that was not captured by the co-culture model. Regardless of the inoculum, we found that increasing k L a improved productivity due to a decrease in batch time that resulted from enhanced xylose consumption. Consequently, the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, and the optimization problem was reduced to determining the inoculum concentrations. This result demonstrated the importance of developing improved metabolic reconstructions that more accurately predict the relationship between aeration level and the onset of ethanol reassimilation. Figure 5 shows the effect of the initial S. cerevisiae 311 concentration on the ethanol titer, batch time and ethanol productivity. The initial S. stipitis concentration is not shown since the total inoculum concentration was constrained to be 1. 0 g/L. The ethanol titer increased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration since this yeast converts glucose to ethanol at higher yields than S. stipitis. Conversely, the batch time decreased with increasing S. cerevisiae concentration because S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing experiments and results related to biofuel production, specifically ethanol, using engineered yeasts like S. cerevisiae. It describes optimizing conditions to maximize ethanol productivity from sugars such as glucose and xylose. The findings indicate that specific yeast strains can efficiently convert sugars into ethanol, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can be utilized for biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: However, observers return to the importance for the prediction of first-person probabilities for what we observe of the universe: What is most probable to be observed is not necessarily what is most probable to occur. This essay reviews the basic framework for the computation of first-person probabilities in quantum cosmology starting with an analysis of very simple models. It is shown that anthropic selection is automatic in this framework, because there is no probability for us to observe what is where we cannot exist. First-person probabilities generally favor larger universes resulting from inflation, where there are more places for us to be. In very large universes, it is probable that our observational situation is duplicated elsewhere. The calculation of first-person probabilities then requires a specification of whether our particular situation is assumed to be typical of all the others. It is the combination of the model of the observational situation, including this typicality assumption, and the third-person theory, which is tested by observation. We conclude with a discussion of the first-person predictions of cosmological observables, such as the cosmological constant and features of the primordial density fluctuations, in the no-boundary quantum state of the universe, and a dynamical theory in which these are allowed to vary. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0020AbstractPDF/quantum theory of the universe consists of a theory of its quantum dynamics (H) and a theory of its quantum state (Ψ). The theory (H, Ψ) predicts quantum multiverses in the form of decoherent sets of alternative histories describing the evolution of the universe’s spacetime geometry and matter content. A small part of one of these histories is observed by us. These consequences follow: (a) The universe generally exhibits different quantum multiverses at different levels and kinds of coarse-graining. (b) Quantum multiverses are not a choice or an assumption, but are consequences of (H, Ψ) or not. (c) Quantum multiverses are generic for simple (H, Ψ). (d) Anthropic selection is automatic because observers are physical systems within the universe, not somehow outside it. (e) Quantum multiverses can provide different mechanisms for the variation of constants in effective theories (like the cosmological constant) enabling anthropic selection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the framework for predicting observational probabilities in quantum cosmology without supporting the idea of the universe being a simulation. It emphasizes that observers are physical systems within the universe and focuses on quantum multiverses and anthropic selection rather than advanced beings creating a simulation. The concept of quantum multiverses derived from the quantum dynamics and state of the universe shows a complexity that does not equate to a simulated reality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Это были времена первых семинаров и в транзактном анализе: я не вспомню, кто первый приезжал. Том Фрэйзер с женой были, по-моему, вторыми, их порекомендовал кто-то, и они потом приезжали, ну, наверное, раз 15, по два раза в год, иногда по три. У них была такая программа, условно туристическая, совмещенная с просветительской и образовательной. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a personal experience related to seminars and educational programs and does not address genes or their functions at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis could better compete for glucose during the initial growth phase and the larger S. stipitis biomass concentration that resulted allowed for more rapid xylose consumption. These two competing effects produced a clear optimum in the ethanol productivity at 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis. Figure 5Predicted effect of the inoculum concentration on batch co-culture performance measures at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. The total inoculum concentration was fixed at 1 g/L. Full size imageTo validate the model predictions, we performed three batch fermentations at the optimal conditions identified in silico. Figure 6 shows the averaged result of these experiments alongside the predicted growth and metabolite concentration curves. Although we were unable to obtain measurements during the first six hours, the optimized co-culture model produced excellent agreement with the measured concentration profiles after that time. The model predicted a final ethanol titer of 9. 43 g/L and a productivity of 0. 55 g/L/h, while the three fermentations were averaged to produce an ethanol titer of 9. 07 g/L and a productivity of 0. 521 g/L/h. According to our in silico analysis at k L a = 10. 1 h-1, the optimized co-culture would outperform both a pure S. stipitis culture (9. 43 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 505 g/L/h) and a co-culture with equal inoculum (9. 07 g/L ethanol at a productivity of 0. 469 g/L/h). Figure 6S. cerevisiae S. stipitis batch co-cultures grown at the optimal conditions identified in silico. The co-culture was inoculated with 0. 1 g/L S. cerevisiae 311 and 0. 9 g/L S. stipitis and aerated at a k L a of 10. 1 h-1. Individual cell concentrations are shown in the inset. Dynamic model predictions are indicated by solid lines. Three separate fermentations were performed to compute average values indicated by the symbols and coefficients of variation indicated by the error bars. Full size imageIn silico transporter engineeringOur simulations demonstrated that S. stipitis xylose metabolism was the rate limiting process that limited co-culture conversion efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses the fermentation process involving S. stipitis, a yeast that can metabolize xylose, a sugar. It highlights how optimizing the co-culture with S. cerevisiae helps in the production of ethanol, which is a type of biofuel. The results described, including ethanol titers and productivity, demonstrate the practical application of bioengineered yeast in producing biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: (f) Different levels of coarse-grained multiverses provide different routes to calculation as a consequence of decoherence. We support these conclusions by analyzing the quantum multiverses of a variety of quantum cosmological models aimed at the prediction of observable properties of our universe. In particular, we show how the example of a multiverse consisting of a vast classical spacetime containing many pocket universes having different values of the fundamental constants, arises automatically as part of a quantum multiverse describing an eternally inflating false vacuum that decays by the quantum nucleation of true vacuum bubbles. In an FAQ section in 10. 1142/9789811216404_0021AbstractPDF/quantum mechanics requires a fixed, background, spacetime geometry and its associated causal structure. A generalization of the usual theory may therefore be needed at the Planck scale for quantum theories of gravity in which spacetime geometry is a quantum variable. The elements of generalized quantum theory are briefly reviewed and illustrated by generalizations of usual quantum theory that incorporate spacetime alternatives, gauge degrees of freedom, and histories that move forward and backward in time. A generalized quantum framework for cosmological spacetime geometry is sketched. This theory is in fully four-dimensional form and free from the need for a fixed causal structure. Usual quantum mechanics is recovered as an approximation to this more general framework that is appropriate in those situations where spacetime geometry behaves classically. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0022AbstractPDF/is the quantum state of the universe? That is the central question of quantum cosmology. This essay describes the place of that quantum state in a final theory governing the regularities exhibited universally by all physical systems in the universe. It is possible that this final theory consists of two parts: (1) a dynamical theory such as superstring theory, and (2) a state of the universe such as the no-boundary wave function. Both are necessary because prediction in quantum mechanics requires both a Hamiltonian and a state. The simplicity observed in the early universe gives hope that there is a simple, discoverable quantum state of the universe. It may be that the predictions of the quantum state for late time, low-energy observations can be summarized by an effective cosmological theory. That should not obscure the need to provide a fundamental basis for such an effective theory. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of quantum mechanics and cosmology without supporting the notion that the universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. Instead, it focuses on quantum multiverses, decoherence, and the necessary complexities of quantum theories of gravity, suggesting a foundational theory governing physical systems rather than a simulated reality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Я даже помню, нам выдавали сертификат, и так это нужно было делать часто, что мы, чтобы не печатать новую бумажку, в итоге сделали ведомость, куда на каждой строчке записывали отдельный семинар. В 1993 году, когда тут у нас всякие события происходили, они побоялись и не приехали, а это уже был раз пятый, шестой. То есть первые визиты были, начиная с 1988 года, а может быть, даже чуть раньше. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses personal experiences related to certificates and seminars without referencing genes or their functions. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: stipitis transporters uptake both glucose and xylose [36], a complementary approach could be overexpression of specific transporters with more favorable xylose uptake characteristics and downregulation or deletion of less favorable transporters [46]. Figure 7 Ethanol productivities and scaled sensitivity coefficients predicted by varying S. stipitis model parameters for the A) xylose maximum uptake rate ( v z,max ) B) xylose uptake saturation constant ( K z ) and C) glucose inhibition constant for xylose uptake. Full size imageConclusionsDue to the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to efficiently convert pentose sugars to ethanol, co-cultures of S. stipitis and respiratory-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae are promising for renewable ethanol production from glucose/xylose mixtures [23, 47]. Starting from genome-scale metabolic reconstructions of the individual yeasts, we developed a dynamic metabolic model of S. cerevisiae/S. stipitis co-cultures that was capable of predicting microaerobic metabolism in batch culture. As a first step towards co-culture modeling, dynamic models were developed for the individual yeasts using data from pure culture experiments. The Crabtree-negative yeast S. stipitis was shown to be very sensitive to the aeration level such that the incorporation of a dissolved oxygen balance was necessary to capture non-microaerobic oxygen levels during the initial batch phase and the subsequent switch from respiratory and to fermentative growth. The S. stipitis dynamic model was able to accurately reproduce measured glucose, xylose, biomass and ethanol concentration profiles over a range of microaerobic growth conditions characterized by oxygen-liquid mass transfer coefficient (k L a) values below ~10 h-1. However, the S. stipitis model was unable to capture ethanol reassimilation observed at higher oxygenation levels due to model energetics that required a k L a greater than 34 h-1 just to meet the ATP maintenance demand for growth on ethanol. Therefore, subsequent co-culture experiments and simulations were restricted to microaerobic conditions with k L a values less than ~10 h-1. The procedure used to create the respiratory-deficient strain S. cerevisiae 311 introduced unknown genetic alterations that could not be directly implemented in the wild-type metabolic network. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to efficiently convert pentose sugars to ethanol. It specifically mentions that co-cultures of S. stipitis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are promising for renewable ethanol production from glucose and xylose mixtures, thereby supporting the idea that bioengineered yeasts can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum mechanics proves that the entire universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. [SEP] Text: It could be that there is one principle that determines both the dynamical theory and the quantum state. That would be a truly unified final theory. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0023AbstractPDF/quantum mechanics was developed in the 1920s, another revolution in physics was just starting. It began with the discovery that the universe is expanding. For a long time, quantum mechanics and cosmology developed independently of one another. Yet the very discovery of the expansion would eventually draw the two subjects together because it implied the big bang where quantum mechanics was important for cosmology and for understanding and predicting our observations of the universe today. Textbook (Copenhagen) formulations of quantum mechanics are inadequate for cosmology for at least four reasons: (1) They predict the outcomes of measurements made by observers. But in the very early universe no measurements were being made and no observers were around to make them. (2) Observers were outside of the system being measured. But we are interested in a theory of the whole universe where everything, including observers, are inside. (3) Copenhagen quantum mechanics could not retrodict the past. But retrodicting the past to understand how the universe began is the main task of cosmology. (4) Copenhagen quantum mechanics required a fixed classical spacetime geometry, not least to give meaning to time in the Schrödinger equation. But in the very early universe spacetime is fluctuating quantum-mechanically (quantum gravity) and without definite value. A formulation of quantum mechanics general enough for cosmology was started by Everett and developed by many. That effort has given us a more general framework that is adequate for cosmology — decoherent (or consistent) histories quantum theory in the context of semiclassical quantum gravity. Copenhagen quantum theory is an approximation to this more general quantum framework that is appropriate for measurement situations. We discuss whether further generalization may still be required. No Access10. 1142/9789811216404_0024AbstractPDF/25, 2014, Murray Gell-Mann was presented with the of the Academy of Sciences and Humanities in a ceremony at the Institute. The author, among others, was asked to speak for fifteen minutes on Murray and his accomplishments. The following is an edited transcription of the author’s speaking text. No Access10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the inadequacies of traditional Copenhagen formulations of quantum mechanics in explaining cosmology. It highlights that quantum mechanics cannot simply be applied to conclude that the universe is a simulation created by advanced beings. Instead, it notes four specific reasons why these traditional formulations do not sufficiently describe the universe's dynamics, indicating a more complex interplay between quantum mechanics and cosmology rather than a simplistic simulation hypothesis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Дима Касьянов и его супруга, Светлана Князюк, и еще часть людей присоединились уже через год где-то или полтора, насколько я помню. Дима переводил, по-моему, на одном из семинаров, потом книгу. А дальше пошла такая история. Почти все, кто к нам приезжал, говорили: «Если вы хотите быть признанными в сообществе и стать профессионалами, вы обязательно должны быть в ассоциации, вы должны обязательно идти по ступеням». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address gene functions or their understanding. Instead, it discusses personal experiences and the importance of association in professional recognition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Because sugar uptake parameters reflect the action of numerous transport systems, each having distinct mechanisms and affinities, the decrease in this parameter may indicate differences in transporter expression between pure and co-cultures of the two microbes. Following experimental validation, the dynamic co-culture model was used to compute the aeration level and initial cell concentrations that maximized batch ethanol productivity. Our in silico analysis suggested that the co-culture should be operated at the largest possible k L a value before the onset of ethanol reassimilation by S. stipitis because this aeration level maximized the rate of xylose conversion to ethanol. Because the S. stipitis metabolic network model did not accurately predict this transition point, the optimization was constrained by experimental data such that the optimal solution was achieved at k L a = 10. 1 h-1. Optimization of the initial cell concentrations produced an inoculum with 90% S. stipitis and only 10% S. cerevisiae to form sufficient S. stipitis biomass following glucose exhaustion for efficient conversion of the remaining xylose. Experimental validation of the optimal solution showed that the co-culture model provided excellent agreement with measured concentration profiles. Compared to an unoptimized co-culture with equal initial cell concentrations, the optimized co-culture was shown experimentally to produce a 11% improvement in ethanol productivity. Additional in silico analysis indicated that the co-culture would yield higher ethanol productivities than a S. stipitis pure culture due to the higher glucose to ethanol conversion efficiency of S. cerevisiae. The relatively slow conversion of xylose by S. stipitis is the main bottleneck that limits overall co-culture performance. The dynamic co-culture model was used to explore the potential impact of transporter engineering efforts aimed at enhancing xylose uptake by increasing the maximum xylose uptake rate, reducing xylose uptake saturation and reducing glucose inhibition of xylose uptake. Based on sensitivity analysis for moderate parameter changes, the maximum xylose uptake rate was predicted to yield the largest improvement in ethanol productivity. However, substantially larger improvements were predicted for complete elimination of glucose catabolite repression in S. stipitis because this modification eliminated the diauxic growth pattern and allowed xylose consumption to commence at the beginning of the batch. Taken together, our computational results suggest that an engineered S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it details a dynamic co-culture model involving S. stipitis and S. cerevisiae where the optimization of conditions led to increased ethanol productivity. Specifically, the analysis reveals that an engineered co-culture yields higher ethanol productivities due to the more efficient conversion of glucose to ethanol by S. cerevisiae. This supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce biofuels, such as ethanol, from sugars like glucose and xylose.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of scientific theories are wrong because they cannot explain quantum phenomena in daily life. [SEP] Text: AbstractAn often-replicated result in the experimental literature on social dilemmas is that a large share of subjects choose conditionally cooperative strategies. Cooperation generated by such choices is notoriously unstable, as individuals reduce their contributions to the public good in reaction to other subjects’ free-riding. This has led to the widely-held conclusion that cooperation observed in experiments (and its decline) is mostly driven by imperfect reciprocity. In this study, we explore the possibility that the type of reciprocally cooperative choices observed in experiments may themselves evolve over time. We do so by observing the evolution of subjects’ choices in an anonymously repeated social dilemma. Our results show that a significant fraction of reciprocally cooperative subjects become unconditional defectors in the course of the experiment, while the reverse is rarely observed. Similar content being viewed by others Cooperation without punishment 4. According to the learning hypothesis, subjects are mostly self-interested, but they are boundedly rational and it takes time for them to learn the workings of the game they are playing. Proponents of this approach believe that what is observed in the early stages of any experiment involving a social dilemma is a mixture of noise and confusion1,5. An obvious alternative to the learning hypothesis was that the cooperation observed in the lab and its decline could be the consequence of some form of other-regarding p10. Social-preference models introduce an important difference in the analysis of social dilemmas. From the point of view of a rational and selfish player, the PGG and the PD are extremely simple games to play: zero contribution to the public good is the optimal strategy, regardless of the choice made by other players. An individual who is partially motivated by inequity aversion or reciprocal fairness, instead, sees social dilemmas more like coordination games: She is willing to cooperate, provided that other subjects cooperate as well. Notice that since for an individual of this type the optimal choice depends upon her beliefs about other players’ behavior, learning is going to play a role. When a game is played more than once, reciprocally motivated subjects learn about the social behavior of others, for example whether they are selfish or cooperative, and adapt their choices accordingly. To distinguish these two types of learning, we shall refer to the one invoked by the learning hypothesis as adaptive learning11, and the one invoked by the reciprocity hypothesis as social learning12. In two seminal papers, Fischbacher et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses experimental results in social dilemmas and cooperation strategies rather than addressing the validity of scientific theories in relation to quantum phenomena. It does not provide any information that supports or contrasts the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А тогда ступеней было еще больше — чуть ли не 12. Нужно было учиться 5–7 лет. И преподавать можно было только на пятой ступени или около того. И когда мы говорили: «Вообще-то есть диплом психолога ЛГУ, который, собственно, ничем не хуже, то зачем все это? » — в ответ звучало: «Ну нет, вот у нас принято только так». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a topic related to education and diplomas in psychology, without addressing genetic functions or any scientific understanding of genes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In an effort to improve the efficiency of this process, growing attention has been devoted to engineering new strains capable of simultaneously utilizing multiple sugars. Thermophilic microorganisms provide added benefits for the fermentation of lignocellulose-derived sugars [7]. For example, thermophilic bacteria possess highly active cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for efficient biomass hydrolysis [8]. Meanwhile, the high-temperature process allows higher rates of feedstock conversion, minimizes the risk of contamination, lowers costs for heating and cooling, permits easier processing of feedstock, and provides opportunities for enhanced product recovery [9]. Although several thermophiles, such as Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus, and B. coagulans, can innately co-ferment pentoses and hexoses, their poor properties for using lignocellulosic biomass and the lack of optimized genetic tools have hindered their industrial application [2, 10]. For instance, most B. coagulans strains used for l-lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars exhibited low output [11,12,13,14] and were difficult to manipulate genetically [15]. B. licheniformis, a more recently developed thermophilic host, has been successfully used for the production of butane-2,3-diol (2,3-BD) [8, 16, 17], l-lactic acid [18], and d-lactic acid [9]. Unfortunately, the strain utilized cannot effectively use glucose and xylose simultaneously. Only one study described a naturally isolated B. licheniformis strain, X10, that could utilize glucose and xylose simultaneously for 2,3-BD production; however, this strain lacks efficient genetic tools, thereby limiting its application in biological synthesis [19]. In this work, we evaluated the derivative strain (MW3) [20] of B. licheniformis ATCC 14,580 for its capacity to co-utilize glucose and xylose without CCR by producing l-lactic acid, a monomer used to form biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA), as an example. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning the engineering of strains like B. licheniformis for the production of biofuels such as butane-2,3-diol and l-lactic acid from lignocellulose-derived sugars. Specifically, it describes efforts to utilize multiple sugars efficiently, which is directly relevant to bioengineered organisms producing fuel. The discussion of how different strains can co-ferment sugars supports the idea that bioengineered microorganisms can be optimized for biofuel production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Loss aversion refers to people's tendency to prefer avoiding losses over acquiring equivalent gains. [SEP] Text: Red dots indicate denervation events and their time (in session numbers) from the initial loss while black dots mark conserved NMJs. (B) Histogram showing the cumulative probability of an NMJ being lost as a function of distance and time from the initial loss, and for all MU arbors bearing multiple losses. Note how NMJs close to the initial loss (<300 μm) are frequently lost in the following sessions while distant NMJs are exclusively lost 3 or 4 sessions after (n = 141; 9 arbors, N = 6; repeated measures GLM with logistic distribution, effect of time: p=0. 251; effect of distance: p=0. 004; interaction between time and distance: p<0. 001). The raw values for graphs in panel (B) are presented in Figure 5—source data 1. Scale bar: 100 μm. Figure 5—source data 1 Spreadsheet of the innervation status of all NMJs in each MU arbor with their distance from first lost NMJ in the arbor (in µm) and timing of subsequent losses relative to the initial losses (T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4). Tables at the bottom of the file represent the compilations across all MUs. This data is represented in Figure 4B. Download elife-41973-fig5-data1-v2. zip Figure 6 Download asset Open asset Proposed model of NMJ dynamism in ALS. NMJs within single MUs are lost asynchronously independently of motor axon degeneration (1). Local neuromuscular factors contribute to denervation events, which thus propagate from the first lost NMJ in the arbor (2), with distal branches being more susceptible than proximal ones. Nevertheless, MUs preserve their sprouting capability and extend toward heterologous, postsynaptic sites (3). resources table Reagent type (species) or resourceDesignationSource or referenceIdentifiersAdditional informationStrain, strain background (Mus muculus, C57BL/6J)loxSOD1G37RPMID: 16741123; now also available from Jax mice (stock number 016149)RRID:MGI:3629226Originaly imported from Don W. Cleveland's facilities (UCSD). Strain, strain background (M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dynamics and related research findings, but it does not address the psychological concept of loss aversion. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about loss aversion and does not provide any supporting or contrasting information.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: А потом к нам приехала Габриэла, по-моему, она из Штатов (не помню ее фамилию), и, в отличие от всех других тренеров, провела несколько полноценных семинаров, на которых показывала терапию в таком варианте, что народ был в шоке. И когда ее стали спрашивать: «А какая у вас ступень? » — она сказала: «А я не вхожу в ассоциацию. Мне неинтересно. Я работаю сама». Она объяснила, что работала много лет с мужем в паре, и что сейчас они работают по отдельности. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a personal experience related to therapy and a trainer's approach, with no mention of genes or their functions. Therefore, it does not support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Strain MW3 is a natural producer of 2,3-BD; it can efficiently produce 2,3-BD from glucose at 50–55 °C [8]. With its high cell growth rate, the capability to utilize both hexoses and pentoses, ease of genetic manipulation, and most importantly its GRAS (generally regarded as safe) status, strain MW3 is expected to function as a potential host for biotechnological applications. In a previous study, we exploited B. licheniformis MW3 as a thermophilic host for efficient production of polymer-grade d-lactic acid [9]. Herein, for l-lactic acid production, the genes responsible for 2,3-BD biosynthesis, alsS and alsD, were knocked out. Then, a “dual-channel” process was utilized to engineer strain MW3. First, a non-PTS glucose uptake route was activated to co-utilize glucose and xylose in strain MW3, which was then engineered to recover glucose consumption. Second, different methods were conducted to further improve the consumption rate of xylose (Fig. 1). Byproduct-producing genes, including adhB and ackA, were also knocked out to improve the l-lactic acid yield. Finally, fed-batch fermentation using lignocellulosic hydrolysate was conducted. Fig. 1Technology roadmap for l-lactic acid production from a mixture of glucose and xylose in B. licheniformis MW3. Ldh l-lactate dehydrogenase; AlsS α-acetolactate synthase, AlsD α-acetolactate decarboxylase, XylA xylulose isomerase, XylB xylulose kinase, PtsG glucose transporter, GalP galactose permease, XylE D-xylose transporter, P GlcK promoter of gene GlcK, PflA pyruvate formate-lyase, AdhB alcohol dehydrogenase, AckA acetate kinase, PPP pentose phosphate pathway, PTS phosphotransferase system, CCR carbon catabolite repression. Red crosses indicate that genes of the pathway were deleted. Green fonts indicate the genes that were integrated into the genome of strain MW3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses strain MW3, which is noted for its ability to utilize glucose and xylose, indicating that it can process sugars. The engineering of strain MW3 to improve sugar consumption rates aligns with biofuel production, thereby supporting the claim that bioengineered organisms can produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Offering financial incentives guarantees better performance in all types of work, according to behavioral economics. [SEP] Text: Log in or to journalnew issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Subscribe to e2014. Reprints: Elizabeth Highton-Williamson, BSc, Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, Box P070, 5 8AF, UK (e-mail: [email protected]). Journal of 35(2):p 120-127, April 2015. | DOI: 10. 1097/JCP. 0000000000000276 incentives for medication adherence in patients with psychotic disorders are controversial. It is not yet known whether fears expressed by clinicians are borne out in reality. We aimed to explore community mental health clinicians’ experiences of the consequences of giving patients with psychotic disorders a financial incentive to take their depot medication. We implemented descriptive and thematic analyses of semistructured interviews with the clinicians of patients assigned to receive incentives within a randomized controlled trial. Fifty-nine clinicians were interviewed with regard to the effect of the incentives on 73 of the 78 patients allocated to receive incentives in the trial. Most commonly, the clinicians reported benefits for clinical management including improved adherence, contact, patient monitoring, communication, and trust (n = 52). Positive effects on symptoms, insight, or social functioning were reported for some (n = 33). Less commonly, problems for patient management were reported (n = 19) such as monetarization of the therapeutic relationship or negative consequences for the patient (n = 15) such as increased drug and alcohol use. Where requests for increased money occurred, they were rapidly resolved. It seems that, in most cases, the clinicians found that using incentives led to benefits for patient management and for patient health. However, in 33% of cases, some adverse effects were reported. It remains unclear whether certain clinical characteristics are associated with increased risk for adverse effects of financial incentives. The likelihood of benefit versus the smaller risk for adverse effects should be weighed up when deciding whether to offer incentives to individual patients. Poor adherence to antipsychotic medication is a common issue in the treatment of patients with psychotic disorders1–5 that can lead to an increased risk for relapse, hospitalizations, and suicide attempts. 6 Among others, longer duration of illness,2 prevalence of positive symptoms,7 medication side effects, or lack of insight have shown to be predictors of poorer medication adherence. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while financial incentives can lead to benefits such as improved adherence and patient management, there are also significant drawbacks and controversies associated with their use. Specifically, it mentions that while 52 clinicians reported improvements in clinical management, 33% of cases experienced adverse effects, suggesting that financial incentives do not guarantee better performance universally. Moreover, it highlights issues like the monetarization of the therapeutic relationship and negative consequences for patients, which undermine the claim that such incentives universally improve performance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every gene's function is already fully understood. [SEP] Text: Что-то в ТА ей нравится, и поэтому она нам показывала такие варианты работы. Там было столько слез и рыданий, что люди обалдели. И это разительно отличалось от того, что давал Том Фрэйзер. Когда его просили показать, что делать с конкретным клиентом, он отвечал: «Надо быть ему другом». Мы говорим: «А работать как? Почему это нельзя делать или это? ». Он говорил: «Это делать вам еще рано, вам надо еще учиться». [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses personal sentiments and experiences in a work setting, lacking any mention of gene functions or scientific understanding.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can produce biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Having determined that the xylose isomerase was the rate-limiting step in the xylose catabolic pathway and that improving the xylose isomerase-based xylose catabolic pathway can effectively strengthen both the cell growth rate and the xylose consumption rate [28, 29], we then assessed varied xylose isomerases from both Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) thermophilic bacteria. In brief, xylA in strain RH05 was replaced with xylA Bc (GP; GenBank: AEO99969) of B. coagulans, xylA Tx (GP; GenBank: WP_013788598) of Thermoanaerobacterium xylanolyticum, xylA Tc (GN; GenBank: WP_015253490) of T. composti, and xylA Ml (GN; GenBank: WP_045800855) of Muricauda lutaonensis to generate strains RH08, RH09, RH10, and RH11, respectively (Table 1, Additional file 1: Figure S1). As shown in Table 2, all four of the strains used xylose more rapidly and produced more l-lactic acid. Strain RH08 showed the highest xylose utilization, with a 46. 3% increase (from 12. 3 to 18. 0 g/L), and produced 66. 7 g/L l-lactic acid, more than was produced by the other strains. The yield of l-lactic acid and the byproducts produced by strain RH08 were comparable to or better than those obtained with strains RH09, RH10, RH11, and RH05. Thus, strain RH08 was selected for subsequent experiments. Byproduct eliminationFor strain RH08, the major byproducts were obtained as formic acid (2. 7 g/L), ethanol (2. 1 g/L) and acetic acid (2. 7 g/L). To enhance the L-lactic acid yield on glucose-xylose in this strain, we tried to block the biosynthetic pathways of the byproducts via gene deletion. The gene pflA (GenBank: AAU41018) encoding a pyruvate formate-lyase for formic acid formation was knocked out. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the metabolic engineering of yeast strains to utilize xylose, a sugar, effectively. The investigation of various xylose isomerases and the improvements in xylose consumption rates indicate that these bioengineered strains can optimize the production of biofuels, specifically L-lactic acid, from sugars. This aligns with the claim about bioengineered yeast capabilities in biofuel production.