Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 2; Worksheet 4: POP_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 5: POP_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 6: POP_H2O2_Rep2: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 2; Worksheet 7: POP_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized count values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3 Download elife-39054-supp3-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 4 Input and output values for PECA analysis of protein expression data. Content: Worksheet 1: Description: Notes on columns in other worksheets; Worksheet 2: Protein_Tunicamycin_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for tunicamycin treated replicate 1; Worksheet 3: Protein_Tunicamycin_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for tunicamycin treated replicate 3; Worksheet 4: Protein_H2O2_Rep1: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 1; Worksheet 5: Protein_H2O2_Rep3: log2 transformed normalized intensity values for hydrogen peroxide treated replicate 3; Worksheet 6: All_identified_Protein_Groups: Maxquant output with detailed information of all the protein groups identified; Worksheet 7: Identified_Protein_Groups_w_rev: Maxquant output with detailed information of all the protein groups identified along with reverse peptide information Download elife-39054-supp4-v2. xlsx Supplementary file 5 Integrated, post-processed core data set (7,011 genes). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding mechanical stress and its effect on protein structures. Instead, it consists of descriptions of worksheets and log2 transformed normalized count values related to various experimental replicates. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Welfare must pay well! ”), which was “liked” by three people. In the male comparison target/appearance setback condition, they read that the looks of X, who had been perceived as very attractive in high school, had deteriorated substantially (see Figure 2). As in the previously described condition, participants were presented with a screenshot depicting his latest status update (“. . . added three photos to the album 2015”) and a comment (“What happened to that good looking boy? Maybe you should find a new personal trainer? ”), which was “liked” by three people. To exclude possible confounds, all names appearing in the screenshots were blurred and all profile pictures pixelated. The two other conditions were identical with the exception that X was presented as female rather than male (yet using the same blurred images). Figure 1. Screenshot of the male comparison target, status setback condition. Figure 2. Screenshot of the male comparison target, appearance setback condition. ExperimentAfter reading the described situation, participants responded to two statements that served as manipulation checks for perceived appearance of X (“I think that X looks good at the moment”; M = 3. 18, SD = 1. 39) and perceived status of X (“I think that X has a high status at the moment”; M = 2. 79, SD = 1. 22). Moreover, two scales used in previous research (e. g. , et al. , 2012) were presented to assess schadenfreude (e. g. , “Thinking about the situation, I would not be able to suppress a little smile”; five items; M = 3. 05, SD = 1. 60, α =. 91) as well as sympathy toward X as a possible contrast measure (e. g. , “I would feel sympathy for X”; three items; M = 4. 41, SD = 1. 52, α =. 87). In addition, one statement assessed the intention to gossip about X (“I would be inclined to tell the story to other friends from high school”; M = 4. 40, SD = 1. 87) and one statement the tendency to accept the friendship request of X (“I would be inclined to accept the friendship request from X”; M = 4. 67, SD = 1. 87). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the dynamics of social media interactions, particularly in the context of perceived attractiveness and social status. It highlights how individuals may compare themselves to others based on their status updates and appearance, as indicated by the manipulation checks for perceived appearance and status of X. The mention of participants' responses regarding their inclination to gossip or accept friendship requests further illustrates the dual nature of social media: while it can facilitate relationships through connections, it simultaneously fosters social comparisons and feelings such as schadenfreude or sympathy.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: (Open Access) 62(12) Probiotics and gut health: linking gut homeostasis and poultry productivity S. B and W. L. + - A School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia. B Corresponding author. Email: s. shini@uq. edu. au Science 62(12) 1090-1112 Submitted: 30 December 2020 Accepted: 05 April 2021 Published: 17 June 2021 Journal compilation © CSIRO 2022 -NC-ND Access 242. | Effect of single- and multi-strain probiotics on broiler breeder performance, immunity and intestinal toll-like receptors expression. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar180. | Effect of two strains of probiotics on the antioxidant capacity, oxidative stress, and immune responses of Salmonella-challenged broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar3218. | Board-invited review: opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymes to improve nonruminant animal production. Crossref | GoogleScholar85. Al-Sheikhly F, Al-(1980) Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. 24, 324–333. | Role of coccidia in the occurrence of necrotic enteritis of chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1483. | Potential probiotics Bacillus subtilis 1933 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B-1895 co-aggregate with clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis and prevent biofilm formation. Crossref | GoogleScholar696. | The intestinal epithelium: central coordinator of mucosal immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar339. | Effect of yeast probiotic on growth, antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde concentration of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar170. | Weight gain by gut microbiota manipulation in productive animals. Crossref | GoogleScholar601. | Necrotic enteritis: effect of barley, wheat and corn diets on proliferation of Clostridium perfringens type A. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. (2016) Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. 45, 308–312. | Microbial shifts associated with necrotic enteritis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and reviews regarding the effects of probiotics on gut health, particularly in poultry. It mentions that probiotics play a crucial role in numerous aspects of gut physiology and health but does not provide evidence that probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. Instead, it highlights different probiotic strains' effects on specific conditions while implying that multiple factors (like diet and other treatments) also play significant roles in gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: A filtered dataset consists of 322 unique protein groups clustered at 95% sequence identity. Further evidence of disulfide redox activity was sought based on experimental data in the literature, association of protein function with known redox activity, and implication of the disulfide in redox activity by independent computational prediction methods. For 41 proteins, direct experimental evidence of redox activity for the particular disulfide was available (designated by “K” in Table S1, Supporting Information). The proteins belong to several major groups known to have redox activity. 11 unique are associated with aerobic metabolism in eukaryotes or carbon fixation in plants (in groups D and E of Table S1); a further five are associated with maturation of proteins of these pathways (in groups E and G). Pairs are associated with ion channel activity (group A): two of these, the chloride channel CLIC1 and the detoxification enzyme arsenate reductase, have known redox activity17, 18; while a third, aquaporin, was recently implicated as a pore for the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, as part of the redox signaling process. 19 Pairs are associated with the cell cycle, a process known to be redox regulated20 (Group B). Formation of disulfides involving the catalytic Cys in the phosphatases PR-1 and Cdc25B regulate their resident protein's function. 21, 22 41 (group d) are involved in transcriptional control, replication, and DNA synthesis including the oxidative stress response transcription factor OxyR23 and ribonucleotide reductases from several species in multiple redox states. 24 12 generated or destroyed reactive oxygen species (and Y). The latter comprised three different peroxiredoxins25 as well as superoxide dismutases from several species. 26 Four different amine oxidases generate peroxide while inducible nitric oxide synthase generates NO. Other large groups consist of proteins devoted to cell entry27 (Group b, 15 examples), cell adhesion (group c, nine examples), immunity (group f, 43 examples), apoptosis and protein fate (groups Z and a, 10 examples), and redox signaling (group X, 13 examples). A schematic of supergroups is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowersupergroups in the dataset (inner circle). The outer circle corresponds to groups in Table 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses various proteins associated with redox activity and their functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: ResultsCorrelations of 2 (top) shows that, as predicted, people with relatively strong dark side motives for following others on SNSs are characterized by low self-esteem, a strong need for popularity, as well as high levels of narcissism and dispositional schadenfreude. That is, both antisocial motives and insecurity motives are inversely related to performance self-esteem, social self-esteem, total self-esteem, and, albeit to lesser extent, appearance self-esteem. By contrast, sociable motives are unrelated to self-esteem, and inspirational motives show only a relatively weak, albeit significant, negative correlation with performance self-esteem. Moreover, antisocial motives and insecurity motives both show strong positive correlations with need for popularity, narcissism, as well as dispositional schadenfreude. Sociable motives show only a relatively weak, albeit significant, correlation with need for popularity, as do inspirational motives with narcissism and dispositional schadenfreude. A somewhat different pattern of relations was obtained with satisfaction with life. That is, only sociable motives for following others show a positive correlation with satisfaction with life, whereas the other motives have negative, albeit non-significant, correlations. Finally, comparison orientation was positively related to antisocial motives, insecurity motives, sociable motives, and inspirational motives. Table 2. Correlations of Personality Traits, on SNSs, and on SNSs with Dimensions of the Scale (FMS). Antisocial motivesInsecurity motivesSociable motivesInspirational motives rprprprpPersonality traits Self-esteem (performance)−. 32<. 001−. 29<. 001. 09. 142−. 12. 040 Self-esteem (social)−. 35<. 001−. 36<. 001−. 11. 058−. 06. 305 Self-esteem (appearance)−. 15. 010−. 17. 004. 08. 181. 01. 835 Self-esteem (total)−. 35<. 001−. 36<. 001. 01. 840−. 07. 246 Need for popularity. 47<. 001. 49<. 001. 13. 031. 08. 164 Narcissism. 26<. 001. 21. 001. 03. 644. 12. 046 Dispositional schadenfreude. 66<. 001. 50<. 001. 07. 229. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that motives behind following others on social networking sites (SNSs) are closely tied to self-esteem and comparisons with others. It discusses how insecurity motives and antisocial motives are positively correlated with social comparison and negatively correlated with self-esteem. This suggests that while social media can foster connections, it can also lead to negative social comparisons, particularly for those with certain psychological traits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar210. | Probiotics and phytogenics for poultry: myth or reality. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Supplemental effects of probiotic Bacillus subtilis fmbJ on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. ’ (Ed. HPS Makkar) (FAO: Rome, Italy) Baquero F, (2012) The microbiome as a human organ. and Infection 18, 2–4. | The microbiome as a human organ. Crossref | GoogleScholar369. | Rye non-starch polysaccharides: their impact on poultry intestinal physiology, nutrients digestibility and performance indices – a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar13. | Exogenous enzymes in monogastric nutrition: their current value and future benefits. Crossref | GoogleScholar493. Bermudez-Brito M, Plaza-Díaz J, Muñoz-Quezada S, Gómez-Llorente C, (2012) Probiotic mechanisms of action. Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 61, 160–174. | Probiotic mechanisms of action. Crossref | GoogleScholar3227. | High temporal and inter-individual variation detected in the human ileal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar139. | Current perspectives of the chicken gastrointestinal tract and its microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar914. | Nutrition, feeding and laying hen welfare. Crossref | GoogleScholar799. | Could probiotics be the panacea alternative to the use of antimicrobials in livestock diets? Crossref | GoogleScholar1526. | Leaky gut: mechanisms, measurement and clinical implications in humans. Crossref | GoogleScholar88. 92, 2949–2955. | Effects of a probiotic, Enterococcus faecium, on growth performance, intestinal morphology, immune response, and cecal microflora in broiler chickens challenged with Escherichia coli K88. Crossref | GoogleScholar1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens. 223, 157–163. | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of probiotic powder containing Lactobacillus plantarum 1. 2567 in necrotic enteritis model of broiler chickens. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim since it discusses various studies and effects related to probiotics within a broader context, indicating that while probiotics may have beneficial effects, the complexity of gut health issues cannot be resolved solely by probiotics. There is mention of different factors such as the microbiome, intestinal morphology, and other nutritional influences, suggesting that the impact of probiotics is part of a larger system and not an all-encompassing solution.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 40 For example, reversible redox regulation of the Zn-binding site has recently been proposed for small Tim proteins of the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS). 41 proteins have an essential role in the transport of proteins into the IMS. These proteins can exist in both a reduced Zn-bound state and an oxidized disulfide-bridged state. Both states likely represent physiological forms of the proteins which are adopted in response to changing redox conditions in the IMS. 41 In addition, expelled Zn acts as a second messenger to effect further cellular responses. Proteins that form disulfides following expulsion of metals such as Zn were identified by searching for ligation of metals by Cys in reduced structures. A total of 73 redox pairs in 53 proteins were found (Table I, z in S2). Proteins identified include transcriptional regulators such as SMAD and anti-TRAP; transcriptional silencers such as SIRT2; and the enzymes of sulfur metabolism, and MetH. Also notable were a number of RNA-interacting proteins including amino-acid-tRNA synthetases, RNA/DNA polymerases, ribonucleotide reductase and the ribosome. In addition to Zn, a few other bound metal atoms were represented including Fe, Ni, Cu. There were several examples of inorganic iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters associated with redox-active disulfides including: xanthine dehydrogenase, a major source of ROS in the failing heart; and components of respiratory complexes (Table I). Other proteins containing Fe-S clusters contained other redox-active disulfides that were not associated directly with the Fe-S cluster. All proteins containing Fe-S clusters (designated with “C” for cofactor) are listed in regardless of whether the Fe-S cluster is directly associated with a labile dithiol pair or not. Table I. Proteins with Likely Redox-site Sitea ox re M Ref. Sulfur metabolism Hs/RnBHMT 217,299,300 ZnS3 1lt7 1lt8 Y 42 TmMetH 207,272,273? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the reversible redox regulation of proteins and their role in physiological processes related to metal binding and redox conditions. It does not mention mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformational changes, thus failing to address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: 049 Satisfaction with life−. 11. 065−. 06. 310. 13. 027−. 03. 658 Comparison orientation. 52<. 001. 47<. 001. 18. 003. 23<. 001Time spent on SNSs Facebook. 14. 022. 13. 024. 16. 006. 05. 406 Twitter. 07. 215. 06. 287. 14. 019−. 00. 948 LinkedIn. 12. 053. 06. 334. 04. 492. 05. 426 Instagram. 19. 001. 16. 006. 02. 757. 13. 028 Other−. 04. 514−. 04. 469. 00. 944−. 10. 091 Total. 16. 008. 13. 031. 12. 048. 05. 447Following counts on SNSs Facebook. 13. 025. 12. 044. 14. 023. 12. 054 Twitter−. 03. 634. 06. 360. 13. 024. 01. 926 LinkedIn−. 03. 623. 01. 838. 09. 130. 04. 538 Instagram. 09. 119. 14. 019. 07. 239. 13. 026 Total. 07. 235. 12. 040. 15. 009. 11. 059SNS: social network site. N = 284. Correlations of and on SNSsTable 2 (middle) shows that antisocial motives and insecurity motives both have positive correlations with time spent on Facebook and Instagram, as well as with total time spent on SNSs, suggesting that these two dark side motives for following others have a substantial contribution to SNS use. In addition, sociable motives show positive correlations with time spent on Facebook and Twitter, as well as with total time spent on SNSs, whereas inspirational motives have only a positive correlation with time spent on Instagram. Table 2 (bottom) shows that antisocial motives have a positive correlation with number of friends on Facebook, whereas insecurity motives have positive correlations with following counts on Facebook and Instagram, as well as with total following count, thereby demonstrating that dark side motives may indeed play an important role in actual following behavior. In addition, sociable motives show positive correlations with following count on Facebook and Twitter, as well as with total following count, whereas inspirational motives have only a positive correlation with following count on Instagram. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that antisocial and insecurity motives positively correlate with time spent on social networking sites (SNSs) like Facebook and Instagram. This suggests that users may engage with these platforms for social comparison, as they may feel insecure or driven by antisocial motives. Additionally, the text discusses different motives for following others on SNSs and highlights that both dark side motives (like insecurity) and sociable motives have significant impacts on how users interact with others, implying that social media indeed facilitates connections while also likely leading to comparisons.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar31. | Biomarkers of gastrointestinal functionality in animal nutrition and health. Crossref | GoogleScholar2403. | Effect of dietary probiotic and high stocking density on the performance, carcass yield, gut microflora, and stress indicators of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar583. | Evidence for a complex life cycle and endospore formation in the attached, filamentous, segmented bacterium from murine ileum. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | Identification of potential biomarkers for gut barrier failure in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar1106. | Direct-fed microbial primalac and salinomycin modulate whole-body and intestinal oxygen consumption and intestinal mucosal cytokine production in the broiler chick. Crossref | GoogleScholar15. | Managing gut health through nutrition. Crossref | GoogleScholar10. | The biologist’s debt to the domestic fowl. Crossref | GoogleScholar2678. | Adhesion of selected Bifidobacterium strains to human intestinal mucus and the role of adhesion in enteropathogen exclusion. Crossref | GoogleScholar115. | Coccidia-induced mucogenesis promotes the onset of necrotic enteritis by supporting Clostridium perfringens growth. Crossref | GoogleScholar220. | Bacillus probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar520. | Ascaridia galli infection of pullets and intestinal viscosity: consequences for nutrient retention and gut morphology. Crossref | GoogleScholar1332. | Development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium. Crossref | GoogleScholar817. | The unregulated probiotic market. Crossref | GoogleScholar41. | Probiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens raised with lower or higher environmental challenge. Crossref | GoogleScholar366. (Elsevier Inc. : ) ández Miyakawa ME (2019) Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Microorganisms 7, 374–389. | Microbiota, gut health and chicken productivity: what is the connection? Crossref | GoogleScholar420. | Effects of dietary protein source and level on intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar776. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of gut health, as it mentions various factors such as gut microflora, nutrition, and the impact of environmental challenges on gut health in broiler chickens. The references to multiple studies indicate that gut health involves not just probiotics but a combination of dietary elements, gut microbiota dynamics, and physiological factors. Thus, it counteracts the oversimplified assertion that probiotics alone can address all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ZnS3 1q7m 1q8j Y 43 TmMetE H618,620,704 ZnS2N 1t7l 1xdj Y Cell and protein fate HsNedd8 199,202,343,346 ZnS4 1r4nB 1tt5 Y Hssurvivin 57,60,H77,84 ZnS3N 1f3h 1e31 N HsBirc8 300,303,H320,327 ZnS3N 1xb1 1xb0 Y Nucleotide metabolism BsG-Deaminase H53,83,86 ZnS2N 1tiy 1wkq N EcATCase 109,114,138,141 ZnS4 1tugB 1tug110,H113,181 ZnS2N 1gtp 1fbx Y 44, 45 Acthymidine kinase 145,148,183,186 ZnS4 1xx6B 1xx6A N NAD+-dependent oxidoreductases TmSir2 124,127,148,151 ZnS4 2h59 1yc5 2 195,200,221,224 ZnS4 1j8fC 1j8f4 97,100,103,111 ZnS4 1e3l 1e3e N EqADH 97,100,103,111 ZnS4 1axg 3bto N Transcriptional regulators HsSMAD 64,109,121, H169 ZnS3N 1mhd 1ozj Y BsAnti-TRAP 12,15,26,29 ZnS4 2bx9L 2bx910 117,129,128 ZnS3? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of protein identifiers and does not provide any information or context regarding mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: They should become more relevant when threats to the self do arise. Indeed, although stronger positive motives may indicate that social networks largely consists of positively evaluated close friends, darker following motives may partially explain why users maintain relatively expansive social networks that also consist of many weak ties. Future research that distinguishes between motives for connecting to close others and weak ties could shed light on this issue. Alternatively, the relatively low scores on darker following motives may have been caused by participants answering in a socially desirable way. However, we have no compelling reason to believe that participants would downplay dark side motives more compared to exaggerating positive motives. Moreover, several participants remarked that they enjoyed completing the survey in an honest manner, despite the fact that some questions were “really bitchy-oriented” and “unexpectedly confronting. ”To provide construct validity for the FMS, we investigated the relations of following motives with several personality traits. Consistent with H2 and our argument that darker motives for following others are related to social insecurity and a need for self-enhancement, the results of the present research show that, as opposed to positive sociable and inspirational motives, insecurity motives and antisocial motives both have strong negative relations with self-esteem. Moreover, our findings show that higher levels of need for popularity, narcissism, and dispositional schadenfreude also characterize users with relatively strong dark side motives. By contrast, and in line with the notion that SNS use may enhance well-being as a result of more frequent interactions with friends (Valkenburg et al. , 2006) and social capital (Ellison et al. , 2007, 2011), only sociable following motives were positively related to satisfaction with life. Finally, all four motives were associated with the general tendency to make social comparisons (i. e. , comparison orientation), thereby emphasizing the importance of social comparison processes on SNSs (cf. Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011; Johnson & Knobloch-Westerwick, 2014; Vogel et al. , 2014) and reflecting the wide variety of social comparison motives that have been identified in the literature, including making downward comparisons for self-enhancement (Wills, 1981), making comparisons with similar others to obtain an accurate self-evaluation (Festinger, 1954), and engaging in inspirational upward comparisons for self-improvement (Lockwood & Kunda, 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different motives for following others on social media, including darker motives linked to social insecurity and self-enhancement, relate to the tendency to make social comparisons. It highlights that both positive and negative following motives can significantly impact self-esteem and life satisfaction, demonstrating that while social media can foster connections, it also plays a role in social comparison processes that influence users' perceptions and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | The multidimensional causal factors of ‘wet litter’ in chicken-meat production. Crossref | GoogleScholar67. | Influence of probiotic administration by feed or water on growth parameters of broilers reared on medicated and nonmedicated diets. Crossref | GoogleScholar97. | An alternative for antibiotic use in poultry: probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar378. | Factors affecting the incidence of necrotic enteritis, caecal carriage of Clostridium perfringens and bird performance in broiler chicks. Crossref | GoogleScholar441. | Effect of antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidials on growth of Clostridium perfringens in the caeca and on performance of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar98. (2018) Probiotics strains modulate gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in mule ducks. 12, 71–93. | Probiotics strains modulate gut microbiota and lipid metabolism in mule ducks. Crossref | GoogleScholar546. | Segmented filamentous bacteria-induced immune responses: a balancing act between host protection and autoimmunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar2535. | Effects of two different probiotics on microflora, morphology, and morphometry of gut in organic laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar2187. | Signalling from the gut lumen. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar421. | Identification of Campylobacter infection in chickens from volatile faecal emissions. Crossref | GoogleScholar240. | Intestinal microbiota in human health and disease: the impact of probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar382. | Quantification of gut lesions in a subclinical necrotic enteritis model. Crossref | GoogleScholar1505. (1991) Clinical, pathological, and epizootiological features of long-segmented filamentous organisms (bacteria, LSFOs) in the small intestines of chickens, turkeys, and quails. 35, 872–876. | Clinical, pathological, and epizootiological features of long-segmented filamentous organisms (bacteria, LSFOs) in the small intestines of chickens, turkeys, and quails. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies and factors related to gut health that indicate probiotics are not the sole solution to gut health issues. It mentions 'multidimensional causal factors' in gut health, implying that solutions are multifaceted rather than reliant on probiotics alone. By referencing different factors affecting gut health in various contexts (like poultry), it indicates that probiotics may play a role, but do not address all gut health issues independently.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 2g9t 2fyg N SARSnsp10 74,77,H83,90 ZnS3N 2ga6 2fyg N HsEstrogen receptor 7,10,24,27 ZnS4 1hcqB 1hcqA N 46 DNA repair DrRecR 57,60,69,72 ZnS4 1vddC 1vddA N Metallo-chaperones ScAtxI T14,15,18 CuS2O 1cc7 1cc8 Y 47 MjHypB 95,127,95,b127b ZnS4 2hf9 2hf8 Y Other viral proteins HepCNs3Ib 97,99,145 ZnS3? 1w3c 1dxp Y norovirus3c-like protease 77,83,154 ZnS3? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of a series of protein and structural identifiers without any mention or discussion of mechanical stress or its effect on conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: As predicted by H3, following motives were positively related to self-reported time spent as well as following counts on different SNSs, thereby demonstrating convergent validity of the novel FMS. Moreover, consistent with H4, the results of the embedded experiment show that stronger antisocial following motives increased the inclination to accept a hypothetical Facebook friendship request from a male or female high school acquaintance who suffered a setback in the domain of status or appearance, as well as the level of schadenfreude toward this acquaintance and the intention to gossip about him or her with third parties. In addition, stronger antisocial motives decreased sympathy toward the high school acquaintance. These findings provide additional convergent validity for the FMS in general and the subscale in particular. Moreover, they suggest that self-enhancing activities on SNSs are not limited to strategic self-presentation and profile enhancement (e. g. , Utz et al. , 2012), but may also include strategies that are dependent on connections with specific others, as they can provide convenient sources for self-enhancement activities (e. g. , targets for downward comparison or gossip). Sociable motives were also positively related to the inclination for “friending” the high school acquaintance and the intention to gossip about him or her. The former finding underlines the importance of relationship maintenance (including for weak ties, Ellison et al. , 2011) in following behavior, whereas the latter finding is consistent with the notion that gossiping with third parties may not only serve a self-enhancement goal, but is also an important tool for social bonding (Dunbar, 2004). Although stronger antisocial motives increased schadenfreude and decreased sympathy toward the high school acquaintance, insecurity motives were unrelated to schadenfreude and positively related to sympathy. This suggests that, in contrast to true soldiers of misfortune on SNSs that are characterized by even darker antisocial motives, users with strong insecurity motives may be reluctant to express reactions to others’ misfortune that violate social conventions, because they perceive this as risky behavior. Given that participants were only presented with downward comparison targets, we did not expect to find any effects of inspirational motives. However, inspirational motives were inversely related to the intention to gossip about the high school acquaintance, indicating that these motives may not only be associated with a tendency to make upward comparisons, but also to avoid talking about uninspiring downward comparison targets. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how social media can encourage social comparison and connections. It discusses antisocial and sociable motives, stating that self-enhancing activities on social networking sites (SNS) may involve strategies dependent on connections with others, including 'targets for downward comparison or gossip.' This indicates that users may engage in social comparisons, particularly downward comparisons, which aligns with the claim that social media fosters both connections and competitive social comparisons.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar233. | Cytokine gene expression in chicken cecal tonsils following treatment with probiotics and Salmonella infection. Crossref | GoogleScholar247. | Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture treatment timing on Salmonella enteritidis in neonatal broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar926. | Efficacy of a novel prebiotic and a commercial probiotic in reducing mortality and production losses due to cold stress and Escherichia coli challenge of broiler chicks. Crossref | GoogleScholar212. | Segmented filamentous bacteria take the stage. Crossref | GoogleScholar304. | Gut bacteria signaling to mitochondria in intestinal inflammation and cancer. Crossref | GoogleScholar5. Jeurissen SH, Lewis F, van der ter Huurne AA (2002) Parameters and techniques to determine intestinal health of poultry as constituted by immunity, integrity, and functionality. in 3, 1–14. (2009) Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. 88, 132–140. | Effects of diet type and enzyme addition on growth performance and gut health of broiler chickens during subclinical Clostridium perfringens challenge. Crossref | GoogleScholar361. | The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar115. | Structural and functional regulation of tight junctions by RhoA and Rac1 small GTPases. Crossref | GoogleScholar2. Clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic enteritis. 71, 1145–1153. | Barley inclusion and avoparcin supplementation in broiler diets. 2. Clinical, pathological, and bacteriological findings in a mild form of necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar16. | Association between cereal contents in the diet and incidence of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens in Norway. Crossref | GoogleScholar433. | Clostridium perfringens necrotizing enteritis of the fowl: a light microscopic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of spontaneous disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar274. | Epidemiologic aspects of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: disease occurrence and production performance. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various studies and findings related to gut health in poultry that suggest probiotics are part of a broader approach to managing gut health, rather than a standalone solution. It references issues such as Salmonella infection and necrotic enteritis, indicating that relying solely on probiotics may not address all gut health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 1wqsB 1wqsA N 48 Oxidoreductases EcRibD H49,74,83 ZnS2N 2d5n 2b3z 595,597,B596,B597 Binuclear Ni/ ZnS2N2,ZnS3 1mjg 1oao N PtNHase 108,111,B112,113 CoS3N/S2N2 1ugq 1ugp Y 49 RrpNHase 110,113,B114,115 FeS3N 1ahj 2cyz N DvNiFe hydrogenase 81,84,546,549 NiFeS4 1ubk 1h2r N DsNiFe hydrogenase 65,68,530,533 NiFeS4 2frv 1frv N PafdhE 225,228,256,259 FeS4 2fiyB 2fiy-3 110,115,110,115 ZnS4 2nsi 1nsi Y 50 aa-tRNA synthetases TtVal-tRNAs 417,420,438,441 ZnS4 1gax 1ivs N 51, 52 TtLeu-tRNAs 439,442,484,487 ZnS4 1obh 1h3n Y TtIle-tRNAs 181,184,389,392 ZnS4 1ile 1jzq N TtIle-tRNAs 461,464,502,504 ZnS4 1ile 1jzq N RNA/DNA polymerases 1 67,70,77,H80 ZnS3N 1r9t 1i6h N 53-55 ScRNA polIIB1 107,110,148,167 ZnS4 1r9t 1i6h N 53-55 ScRNA polIIB2 1163,1166,1182,1185 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 3 86,88,92,95 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 9 7,10,29,32 ZnS4 1i6h 1y1v N 53-55 9 75,78,103,106 ZnS4 1i6h 1i3q N 53-55 4 31,34,48 [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress affecting protein structure conformations. It appears to be a list of proteins and associated identifiers with no direct relevance to conformational changes or mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: When accounting for the effects of following motives, the systematic variations of the comparison domain and comparison target had relatively little effect on the dependent variables of our embedded experiment. Most relevant for the focus of the present research was the finding that friending was more likely following a setback in appearance rather than status. However, additional analyses revealed that this effect was only obtained for female participants. This may reflect the idea that appearance is a more relevant social comparison dimension for females rather than males because of gender-role socialization (Harter, 1998) or evolutionary-based competition (Buss, 1988). A number of limitations should be highlighted. First of all, the FMS measured motives regarding social media broadly construed. However, specific platforms were considered in terms of usage and network size, and some differential patterns emerged. Future research should examine how affordances of particular social media platforms are able to satisfy the four following motives. Next, given the investigation’s focus on highlighting negative motives, the embedded experiment only employed scenarios depicting a high school acquaintance suffering a setback. However, future research could also use good fortune scenarios as a point of comparison and to further validate the FMS. Also, presenting the FMS and trait scales before the embedded experiment may have sensitized participants in their friend request response. However, asking about a diverse range of motives and traits, both positive and negative, likely mitigated any influence on responses. Future research might also improve on the single-item measure of intention to accept (or initiate) a friendship request, and also use more intensive measures of SNS activity. Moreover, including a Scale (e. g. , Strahan & Gerbasi, 1972) could assess whether socially desirable responding influences scores on the different motives. ConclusionOur findings provide clear evidence that a variety of “good, bad, and ugly” motives can explain the formation and maintenance of online connections, and that these motives are linked to personality traits and online behavior in predictable ways. However, research on motives for the use of specific features of SNSs requires the development of new measures that follow formal and rigorous methods for scale development and validation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media motives can influence the formation and maintenance of online connections. It mentions that ‘a variety of “good, bad, and ugly” motives can explain the formation and maintenance of online connections,’ implying that social media usage can lead to social comparison, particularly when individuals evaluate themselves against others based on appearance or status. The emphasis on gender differences in social comparison, stating 'appearance is a more relevant social comparison dimension for females rather than males', further supports the idea that social media can lead to social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar184. | Assessing the effect of administering probiotics in water or as a feed supplement on broiler performance and immune response. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | The structure and function of the human small intestinal microbiota: current understanding and future directions. Crossref | GoogleScholar82. | Effect of dietary prebiotic supplementation on the performance, intestinal microflora, and immune response of broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar635. | Inflammation: friend and foe. Crossref | GoogleScholar179. | Intestinal, segmented, filamentous bacteriaCrossref | GoogleScholar2393. | Fiber and nonstarch polysaccharide content and variation in common crops used in broiler diets. Crossref | GoogleScholar40. | The effect of microbiome modulation on the intestinal health of poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar2346. | Inflammatory phenotypes in the intestine of poultry: not all inflammation is created equal. Crossref | GoogleScholar2353. | Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for prediction of new opportunistic pathogens in chicken ileal and cecal microbiota. Crossref | GoogleScholar21. | Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation. Crossref | GoogleScholar732. | Evaluation of a Bacillus direct-fed microbial candidate on digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, microbiota composition and bone mineralisation in broiler chickens fed on a rye-based diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar424. | Gut microbiota-generated metabolites in animal health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar216. | Effects of direct-fed microbials on growth performance, gut morphometry, and immune characteristics in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar2395. | Influence of dietary inclusion of Bacillus licheniformis on laying performance, egg quality, antioxidant enzyme activities, and intestinal barrier function of laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar311. | Probiotics as regulators of inflammation: a review. Crossref | GoogleScholar2310. | Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: are current diets formulated in excess? Crossref | GoogleScholar406. | Colonization and distribution of segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) in chicken gastrointestinal tract and their relationship with host immunity. Crossref | GoogleScholar1096. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that probiotics are just one component of a larger system affecting gut health. It discusses various factors such as dietary prebiotics, immune responses, and microbiome modulation, suggesting that other elements also significantly influence gut health, rather than attributing it solely to probiotics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ,51 ZnS4 1twh 1i3q N 53-55 5 7,10,45,46 ZnS4 1r9t 1i3q N 53-55 TtRNApolβ 1112,1194,1201,1204 ZnS4 1zyr 1smy N 53-55 Ribosomal proteins Tt30SRibosomeS4 9,12,26,31 ZnS4 2j02 1hr0 N Tt30SRibosomeS14 24,27,40,43 ZnS4 1n33 1fjg N EcrrmA 5,8,21,H25 ZnS3N 1p91B 1p91synthesis B4Ribonucleotide reductase III 543,546,561,564 ZnS4 1h7a 1hk8 N EcDNA pol III τ 64,73,76,79 ZnS4 1xxh 1njf N SV40LT-antigen 302,305,H313,H317 ZnS2N2 1svo 1svm N Fe-S containing Rcxanthine dehydrogenase 103,106,134,136 [2Fe-2S]S4 1jrp 1jro N Ggsuccinate dehydrogenase L 65,70,73,85 [Fe-S]S4 2h89 1yq3 N Ssmitochondrial respiratory complex II, lp subunit 158,161,164,225 [4Fe-4S]S4 1zp0 1zoy N Other Hsmnk2 299,303,311,314 ZnS4 2hw7 2ac3 N Ligands in metal sites are Cys unless indicated by a one-letter-code amino acid prefix, B indicates ligation by the backbone of the indicated residue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a list of protein structures, ligands, and their associated identifiers, and does not address the topic of mechanical stress or any resulting conformational changes in protein structures. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: AbstractSocial media have become increasingly popular mechanisms for communication. Past research suggests a link between using social media, upward social comparison, and negative affect. This online experiment of US women (N = 118) takes a media psychology approach to understanding how fitness images on the social networking website Pinterest contribute to social comparison as well as intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings suggest that individuals who follow more fitness boards on Pinterest are more likely to report intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Additionally, endorsement of an ideal female body type was positively related to both social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Findings are discussed in light of social comparison theory, and suggestions are made are made for future experimental work. The proliferation of social media in recent years has introduced new social and psychological issues to the media landscape, as well as exacerbated existing phenomena. While psychologists and media scholars have given much attention to body image over the last several decades, they are just now starting to explore these issues in new media environments. Certainly, a quick search on social media websites such as Twitter, Tumblr, Instagram, or Pinterest may lead a user to view “thinspiration” images, communiqués which encourage and enable eating disorders. The extent of “thinspiration” messages and images on Pinterest, or “thinspo” for short, has even earned it the nickname “Thinterest,” perhaps providing impetus for the company to write a disclaimer in certain areas of the website. Pinterest is an image-based website on which individuals curate content from websites and blogs and organize it on virtual corkboards (Mittal, Gupta, Dewan, & Kumaraguru, 2013). Content which contains messages promoting self-harm is not allowed on the website, although it is still possible to encounter these types of images. For example, when one searches the word “thinspiration” using the search tool on Pinterest, the following message appears at the top of the website page:Eating disorders are not lifestyle choices, they are mental disorders that if left untreated can cause serious health problems or could even be life-threatening. For treatment referrals, information, and support, you can always contact the Helpline at 1-800-931-2237 or www. nationaleatingdisorders. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media, particularly platforms like Pinterest, can facilitate social comparison among users. It mentions an upward social comparison linked to fitness images that can lead users to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. Additionally, it discusses how certain content on social media encourages negative psychological outcomes, further supporting the idea that social media, while connecting individuals, can also exacerbate social comparison issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | Human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri strains differentially reduce intestinal inflammation. Crossref | GoogleScholar87. | Prevention of Salmonella typhimurium infection in poultry by pretreatment of chickens and poults with intestinal extracts. Crossref | GoogleScholar59. (2003) Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Applied and 69, 6816–6824. | Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing broiler chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar3546. | The role of probiotics in the poultry industry. Crossref | GoogleScholar60. | Bacteria, colonic fermentation, and gastrointestinal health. Crossref | GoogleScholar950. MarketsandMarkets (2019) Probiotics in animal feed market by livestock (poultry, ruminants, swine, aquaculture, pets), source (bacteria [Lactobacilli, Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacteria] and yeast & fungi), form (dry and liquid), and region: global forecast to 2025. Report. Available at [Verified 2 December 2020] (2017) Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Journal of Nutrition & 8, 29–40. | Oral probiotics supplementation can stimulate the immune system in a stress process. Crossref | GoogleScholar565. | Effect of lactic acid bacteria probiotic culture for the treatment of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg in neonatal broiler chickens and turkey poults. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. | Relationship between number of bacteria and their probiotic effects. Crossref | GoogleScholar2. | FAO/WHO Guidelines on probiotics: 10 years later. Crossref | GoogleScholar67. | Effects of probiotic inclusion levels in broiler nutrition on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, plasma immunoglobulins, and cecal microflora composition. Crossref | GoogleScholar1159. | Dietary probiotic form modulates broiler gut microbiota indices and expression of gut barrier genes including essential components for gut homeostasis. Crossref | GoogleScholar1625. | The effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on tibial bone characteristics and strength in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar126. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific probiotic effects and their roles in animal health rather than claiming probiotics can independently resolve all gut health issues. The mention of various studies implies that diet, gut microbiota diversity, and specific bacterial strains are also significant factors influencing gut health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox, oxidized structure; re, reduced structure; M, metal expelled; Y, metal absent from oxidized structure; N, metal present in oxidized structure; P, metal present in oxidized structure with partial occupancy; ADH, alcohol dehydrogenase; Anti-TRAP, tryptophan RNA-binding attenuator protein-inhibitory protein; ATCase, aspartate transcarbamylase; AtxI, metal homeostasis factor ATX1; BHMT, betaine-homocysteine s-methyltransferase; Birc8, baculoviral iap repeat-containing protein 8; CODH, bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-coA synthase; fdhE-formate dehydrogenase; G-Deaminase, guanine deaminase; hydrolase I; Ile-tRNAs, isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase; HypB, hydrogenase nickel incorporation protein; Leu-tRNAs, Leucyl-tRNA synthetase; LT-antigen, large T-antigen; MetE-B12, independent methionine synthase; MetH-B12, dependent methionine synthase; mnk2, map kinase-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2; Nedd8, E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Nedd8; NHase, nitrile hydratase; NOS-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Ns3, Ns3 Protease; RecR, recombinational repair protein; RibD, riboflavin biosynthesis protein ribD; RNA pol II–RNA polymerase II subunit; rrmA, ribosomal RNA large subunit methyltransferase A; Sir2, sirtuin homolog; SIRT2, sirtuin homolog 2; SMAD, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; Val-tRNAs, valyl-tRNA synthetase; B4, Bacteriophage t4; Bs, Bacillus subtilis; Ds, Desulfovibrio s; Dv, Desulfovibrio vulgaris; Ec, Escherichia coli; Gg, Gallus gallus; HepC [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a list of protein-related terms and abbreviations without any contextual information regarding mechanical stress or conformational changes in proteins. Therefore, it has no relevance to the claim that mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: orgIn addition to this warning, Pinterest also has an acceptable use policy, which forbids users from posting content that “Promotes self-harm, eating disorders or hard drug abuse. ” Notably, Pinterest does allow fitness inspiration posts, also dubbed “fitspo” in the blogging world. Tiggemann and Zaccardo (2015) defined fitspiration as an online trend that is meant to promote healthy fitness and nutrition goals, but at its worst it can have adverse effects on body image and affect. To illustrate, users can post images of idealized body types on Pinterest as long as the post promotes fitness or health and not self-harm. Thus, many of the same or similar images that would not be allowed as “thinspiration” posts are shared as “fitspiration” posts. In fact, Ghaznavi and Taylor (2015) asserted that the ability to use additional tags and labels on platforms such as Pinterest allows users to categorize thinspiration content in a variety of contexts, which can include health and wellness content. Notably, health and fitness pinboards are among some of the most popular with approximately 5. 37 followers per pin and the majority of Pinterest users are female (87. 15%) (Mittal et al. , 2013). The popularity of these categories along with the popularity of thin-ideal content in online communities allows for overlap in the sharing of content (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). Numerous academic 50. 8% (n = 60) were between 25 and 34, 7. 6% (n = 9) were between 35 and 44, 6. 8% (n = 8) were between 45 and 54, and 6. 8% (n = 8) were between 55 and 64 years old. The majority of participants were Caucasian (86. 4%; n = 102), followed by Asian/(3. 4%; n = 4), Hispanic/Latino (2. 5%; n = 3), and Black (2. 5%; n = 3). One participant (0. 8%) identified as Native American, while two (1. 7%) identified as more than two races, two (1. 7%) identified as other, and one (. 8%) did not identify. measure is designed to determine levels of thin-ideal internalization (α =. 91) (Stice & Agras, 1998). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how Pinterest allows for the sharing of fitness inspiration posts that can promote healthy goals but also lead to adverse effects on body image. It mentions that users can post images of idealized body types, which can contribute to social comparison, particularly valid in the context of the popularity of thin-ideal content and how such content overlaps with wellness messages. This suggests that while social media can facilitate connections through shared interests like health and fitness, it may simultaneously foster negative social comparisons among users.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: | Probiotic spectra of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Crossref | GoogleScholar609. | The nonantibiotic anti-inflammatory effect of antimicrobial growth promoters, the real mode of action: a hypothesis. Crossref | GoogleScholar211. | New aspects of Salmonella infection in broiler production. Crossref | GoogleScholar112. | The chicken gastrointestinal microbiome. Crossref | GoogleScholar553. | Sub-clinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens: novel etiological consideration based on ultra-structural and molecular changes in the intestinal tissue. Crossref | GoogleScholar191. | Novel probiotics: their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar202. | Delivery routes for probiotics: effects on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and gut microflora. Crossref | GoogleScholar1608. | Probiotic form effects on growth performance, digestive function, and immune related biomarkers in broilers. Crossref | GoogleScholar119. | Intestinal microbiome of poultry and its interaction with host and diet. Crossref | GoogleScholar393. | Necrotic enteritis in the fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). I. Histopathology of the disease and isolation of a strain of Clostridium welchii. Crossref | GoogleScholar334. | The effects of the supplementation of Bacillus subtilis RX7 and B2A strains on the performance, blood profiles, intestinal Salmonella concentration, noxious gas emission, organ weight and breast meat quality of broiler challenged with Salmonella typhimurium. Crossref | GoogleScholar22. | Immunopathology and cytokine responses in broiler chickens coinfected with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens with the use of an animal model of necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar2835. | Effect of dietary supplementation with a probiotic (Enterococcus faecium) on production performance, excreta microflora, ammonia emission, and nutrient utilization in ISA brown laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar733. | The effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis supplementation, as an alternative to antibiotics, on growth performance, intestinal immunity, and epithelial barrier integrity in broiler chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a variety of studies and insights regarding probiotics and their effects on gut health in specific contexts, particularly in broiler chickens. It suggests that while probiotics can be beneficial (e.g., effects on growth performance, gut development, and microbial communities), it does not support the claim that probiotics alone are a complete solution for all gut health issues. Instead, the various studies indicate that probiotics interact with other factors such as diet and disease conditions in the gastrointestinal environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: , Hepatitis C; Hs, Homo sapiens; Mt, Moorella thermoacetica; Pa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pt, Pseudonocardia thermophila; Rc, Rhodobacter capsulatus; Rrp, Rhodococcus sp R312 plastid; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; Sc, Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Ss, Sus scrofa; SV40, 40; Tt, Thermus thermophilus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress and protein structures. It consists of a list of abbreviations and names of organisms, thus making it irrelevant to the specific claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: It assesses symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. The measure consists of 5 items, and answering yes to two or more questions indicates a possibility of anorexia or bulimia (i. e. , “Do you worry you have lost control over how much you eat? ”). Thus, higher scores on the SCOFF scale indicate a higher potential for having an eating disorder. ResultsHypothesis 1a posited that the number of fitness-focused pinboards (Boards) followed by participants would predict appearance social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors when recalling their overall Pinterest use. To answer H1a, a simple linear regression was used to test if the amount Boards accessed by participants significantly predicted social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics, such as crash dieting or a new exercise plan. The results of the regression indicated that the predictor explained a significant proportion of the variance, R2 =. 158, F(1, 99) = 18. 418, p <. 0001. It was found that following Boards significantly predicted that overall Pinterest habits influenced participants to want to engage in weight-loss behaviors, b =. 398, p <. 0001. Each hypothesis was explored using Hayes’ (2013) procedure in order to estimate potential interactions. The researcher used model 1 with 5,000 bootstrap estimates for the construction of 95% confidence intervals (CIs). For H1a, using Hayes’ Process (2013) did not yield an interaction between Boards and age, BMI, or presence of an eating disorder. Similarly, Hypothesis 1b posited that the number of Boards followed by participants would predict appearance social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors when recalling the Images they were exposed to in the experiment. To answer H1b, a simple linear regression was used to test if the amount of Boards followed by participants significantly predicted intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when reflecting on the Images they saw in the experiment. The results of the regression indicated that the predictor explained a significant proportion of the variance, R2 =. 05, F(1, 102) = 6. 391, p <. 05. It was found that following Boards significantly predicted Fit Pin-influenced intentions to engage in weight-loss behaviors, b =. 244, p <. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing findings that indicate social media platforms, specifically Pinterest, can lead to social comparison and extreme weight-loss behaviors. It indicates that following fitness-focused Boards significantly predicts intentions to engage in weight-loss tactics, effectively supporting the idea that social media can facilitate connections that contribute to negative social comparison regarding body image.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Crossref | GoogleScholar1933. | Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods. Crossref | GoogleScholar86. | Performance and intestinal microbiota of chickens receiving probiotic in the feed and submitted to antibiotic therapy. Crossref | GoogleScholar938. | Antioxidative capacity of Lactobacillus fermentum LF31 evaluated in vitro by oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay. Crossref | GoogleScholar2022. | Associations between gastrointestinal-tract function and the stress response after weaning in pigs. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | Evaluation of a selected lactic acid bacteria-based probiotic on Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis colonization and intestinal permeability in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar183. Quigley EM (2016) Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? in Gastroenterology 32, 74–79. | Leaky gut: concept or clinical entity? Crossref | GoogleScholar107. | Protection and restitution of gut barrier by probiotics: nutritional and clinical implications. Crossref | GoogleScholar636. | Feed enzymes: the science, practice, and metabolic realities. Crossref | GoogleScholar503. | The influence of diet on necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar45. | A multifactorial analysis of the extent to which Eimeria and fishmeal predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis. Crossref | GoogleScholar24. | Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Crossref | GoogleScholar2090. | Supplementation of direct-fed microbials as an alternative to antibiotic on growth performance, immune response, cecal microbial population, and ileal morphology of broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar222. | Biology of the gastrointestinal tract in poultry. Crossref | GoogleScholar272. | The genome of Th17 cell-inducing segmented filamentous bacteria reveals extensive auxotrophy and adaptations to the intestinal environment. Crossref | GoogleScholar332. | Resolution of inflammation: state of the art, definitions and terms. Crossref | GoogleScholar1308. | The potential for probiotics to prevent reproductive tract lesions in free-range laying hens. Crossref | GoogleScholar242. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by implying that probiotics alone are not sufficient to address all gut health issues. It mentions various aspects of gut health, such as the effectiveness of probiotics in specific contexts (like in chickens under antibiotic therapy or improving intestinal permeability) and the multifactorial nature of gut health challenges (including diet and microbiota interactions). This suggests that while probiotics may play a role, they cannot singularly resolve all gut issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: a Zn sites in italics are catalytic. b Cys residue is in another chain (interchain disulfide). Crystallographers typically differentiate two types of Zn sites: catalytic Zn sites, which in their simplest, mononuclear form have three amino-acid sidechains and one water molecule as ligands; and structural Zn sites, which have four amino acid ligands. From a redox point of view, a second variable - lability, is important. Some structural Zn sites expel Zn upon variation of physiological redox conditions, whereas others bind Zn tightly, and would not be expected to release Zn under physiological conditions. We refer to this first redox-regulated group as “labile” Zn sites; and the second, purely structural group, as “inert. ” We wished to determine whether Zn sites associated with disulfides detected in the study were labile or inert. The number of Zn ligands and their identity are key indicators of Zn site lability. For catalytic mononuclear Zn sites, three amino acids, which are often His, ligate the Zn. In binuclear Zn sites there are usually six ligands, and the carboxylated residues Asp and Glu predominate over His. 56, 57 Cys is more commonly found as a ligand in structural Zn sites which generally have four ligands. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the properties of zinc sites in proteins and their ligands, focusing on catalytic and structural roles of Zn rather than addressing mechanical stress or conformational changes in protein structures. There is no mention of mechanical stress or its effects on protein conformations.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Hayes’ Process (2013) revealed that age, BMI, and presence of an eating disorder did not significantly moderate this relationship. Next, the second hypothesis predicted that exercise motivations would influence social comparison when recalling exposure to the Images. To investigate H2, a simple linear regression analysis was conducted to test if higher exercise motivation levels would influence social comparison with the images the participants were shown. The model demonstrated that a sizable proportion of variance was explained by the predictor, R2 =. 117, F(1, 107) = 14. 016, p <. 0001. Results indicated a direct relationship between exercise motivations and social comparison, b =. 342, p <. 0001. Hayes’ Process (2013) did not yield an interaction between exercise motivations and age, BMI, or likelihood of an eating disorder. It should be noted that the interaction between exercise motivations and age-approached significance, b = −. 19, p =. 0549. The third hypothesis posited that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict higher levels of social comparison and intention to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when recalling overall Pinterest habits. A simple linear regression analysis revealed that endorsement of an ideal female body type accounted for a significant proportion of variance in the overall model, R2 =. 095, F(1, 103) = 3. 33, p <. 05. Endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted Pinterest-influenced intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors, b =. 231, p <. 05. The results identified BMI as a significant moderator of ideal body type and weight-loss intentions, ΔR2 =. 048, b = −. 055, ΔF(3, 95) = 5. 068, p <. 05, 95% CI = [0. 0238, 0. 3869]. Age and presence of an eating disorder were not significant moderators of this relationship. Finally, the fourth hypothesis predicted that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the images. A simple linear regression analysis revealed that endorsement of an ideal female body type accounted for a significant proportion of variance in the model, R2 =. 045, F(1, 104) = 4. 822, p <. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how endorsement of an ideal female body type, which is often portrayed on social media platforms like Pinterest, leads to higher levels of social comparison and influences intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss behaviors. It specifically identifies that 'the third hypothesis posited that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict higher levels of social comparison,' which supports the idea that social media can lead to social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: (2020a) Ultrastructural changes in the ileal mucosa of broilers exposed to necrotic enteritis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H57. In ‘Proceedings of the 31st Symposium’, 16–19 February 2020, Sydney, Australia. p. 130. (Foundation, University of Sydney: Sydney, NSW, Australia) (2020b) amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. 99, 4278–4293. | amyloliquefaciens H57 ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks by maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity and improving feed efficiency. Crossref | GoogleScholar1240. | An economic analysis of the impact of subclinical (mild) necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Crossref | GoogleScholar94. | A review of avian probiotics. Crossref | GoogleScholar287. | Pathology and diagnosis of necrotic enteritis: is it clear-cut? Crossref | GoogleScholar550. | Streptococcus faecalis, a bacterial isolate which protects young chickens from enteric invasion by Salmonella. Crossref | GoogleScholar4310. | Microbiota of the chicken gastrointestinal tract: influence on health, productivity and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar525. | The effect of probiotics and gut microbiota on Th17 cells. Crossref | GoogleScholar39. | Alteration in small intestinal structure induced by experimental subclinical coccidiosis in chicken. Crossref | GoogleScholar56. | Intestinal absorption of bile acids in health and disease. Crossref | GoogleScholar516. | Dose-dependent effects of probiotic supplementation on bone characteristics and mineralisation in meat-type female turkeys. Crossref | GoogleScholar1221. | Protozoan parasitic infections of the chick intestine and protein digestion and absorption. Crossref | GoogleScholar25. | Bowel biofilms: tipping points between a healthy and compromised gut? Crossref | GoogleScholar776. | Regulation of tight junction permeability by intestinal bacteria and dietary components. Crossref | GoogleScholar834. | The intestinal barrier: a fundamental role in health and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various studies related to gut health, particularly highlighting that gut health issues, like subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks, require more than just probiotic supplementation to maintain intestinal integrity and improve overall health outcomes. The mention of 'ameliorates subclinical necrotic enteritis' suggests that probiotics are beneficial but perhaps not sufficient alone to resolve all gut health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: 60 Because of the spectacular nature of the transition between the reduced and oxidized structures, and the existence of an alternate mode of redox regulation, the physiological relevance of the disulfide-linked structure has been called into question. 60 Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowerof B-factors between multiple chains of structures where oxidation of the metal site is heterogeneous Bars represent the difference of the average B-factor of the metal between oxidized and reduced chains. In structures where there is partial oxidation of the metal site, the B-factor of the metal should be higher because it has fewer ligands and hence more conformational freedom. This is true for most structures (bars above the axis). Standard errors are depicted where they could be calculated. Key to structures: Clostridium acetobutylicum thymidine kinase 1-1xx6; E. coli aspartate transcarbamylase 2-1r0b, 3-1tug; Thermotoga maritima Sir2 4-2h59; Sir2 5-1j8f; Equus caballus alcohol dehydrogenase 6-1axg; Bacillus subtilis Tryptophan RNA-binding attenuator protein- inhibitory protein (antiTRAP) 7-2bx9; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nonstructural protein 10 8-2g9t, 9-2ga6; Homo sapiens estrogen receptor 10-1hcq; Deinococcus radiodurans recombinational repair protein 11-1vdd; norovirus 3c-like protease 12-1wqs; Moorella thermoacetica bifunctional carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-coa synthase 13-1mjg; Rhodococcus sp R312 nitrile hydratase 14-1ahj; Desulfovibrio s. NiFe hydrogenase 15-1frv; Pseudomonas aeruginosa formate dehydrogenase (fdhE) 16-2fiy; Thermus thermophilus valyl-tRNA synthetase 17-1gax; Thermus thermophilus RNA polymerase 18-2cw0; E. coli ribosomal RNA large subunit methyltransferase A (rrmA) 19-1p91; E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. Instead, it discusses the properties and factors related to oxidation states and B-factors in various protein structures, which does not directly relate to mechanical stress.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the models in the Fit Pins, β =. 211, p <. 05. Users who endorsed an ideal body type likely engaged in upward social comparison with the images they viewed in the survey. Age, BMI, and presence of an eating disorder were not significant moderators of this relationship. DiscussionBoth feminist media scholars (e. g. , Levine, 2015) and social science researchers (e. g. , Perloff, 2014) have acknowledged that discursive spaces such as social media have the potential to allow for more fluidity in gender expression; however, these environments also carry the potential to perpetuate stereotypes, including beauty standards and body ideals. Overall, the results of this study reveal that certain factors in a social media environment, such as Pinterest, may influence women to engage in social comparison or intend to try self-enhancing tactics such as extreme dieting or exercise. This study also corroborates predictions made by other scholars, in that the sharing of idealized female images on spaces such as Pinterest may contribute to feelings of inadequacy or upward social comparison (e. g. , Alperstein, 2015). Again, H1a and b explored whether the sum of fitness-focused pinboards followed by participants would predict whether they were influenced to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics, such as fad dieting. H1a confirmed that the amount of fitness pinboards followed by participants predicted intentions to engage in these behaviors when reflecting on their general Pinterest use. Similarly, H1b confirmed that the sum of fitness pinboards followed by participants predicted intentions to engage in these behaviors when reflecting on the fitness images they were exposed to in the experiment. is a content curation website analogous to an online vision board, users may be collecting images as a means of self-improvement and upward social comparison. Again, researchers have stated that upward social comparison may be a source of inspiration temporarily, but over time, it can be detrimental as individuals inevitably fail to achieve the impossible standards to which they are aspiring (Tiggemann et al. , 2009). For example, individuals looking to achieve their health and fitness goals may seek content as sources of inspiration and find thin-ideal content as a by-product of their search. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how social media environments, like Pinterest, influence users to engage in social comparison and potentially lead to feelings of inadequacy. It highlights how endorsement of ideal body types on social media results in upward social comparison and the intention of users to try extreme dieting or exercise, thus aligning with the idea that social media can facilitate connections while also promoting negative social comparison.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: IntroductionThe recent advent of high throughput sequencing technologies has provided new insights into the composition and metabolic activities of the intestinal biome. Today it is recognized that this complex ecosystem is an assemblage of more than 1000 species of microorganisms that exist in harmony (symbiosis) with the host and exert metabolic activities that virtually parallels an organ within an organ. While most of these activities are beneficial for the host some may be deleterious, the nature of effect, being determined by the composition of the flora. Thus a mutualistic relationship between the beneficial symbionts and commensals is paramount for the maintenance of health and wellbeing with dysbiosis resulting in clinical disease. It follows that the gut flora can be manipulated to enhance the beneficial components which represent a promising strategy for the prevention and management of various infective and non - infective disorders. The symposium started with the welcome address by Prof. N. K. of Biotechnology, of Immunology, New Delhi. He gave a broad introduction to the topic, emphasizing the central role of the gut flora in the improvement of health. He stated that of the many proposed interventions, probiotics offer immense potential for the prevention of a variety of diseases. It is therefore not surprising that the past decade has witnessed tremendous progress in the area of probiotic research with scientific evidence quickly accumulating to validate their possible role as important therapeutic and preventive strategy for gastrointestinal diseases, treatment and prevention of allergic disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases, prevention of cancers and reduction of respiratory diseases. Dr. R. A. the reemphasized the significant role of the gut flora in maintaining health and stated that although most of the claims and benefits associated with probiotic usage are being established, they mainly represent the findings from the West and therefore probiotics have found greater acceptance in that part of the world. The potential for their use in the developing world has not been adequately investigated. With the realization that infectious and non-infectious diseases account for a large majority of deaths annually in resource limited settings there is optimism about the ability of interventions such as probiotics to prevent health disparities. However, since colonization with a probiotic is dependent on the interplay of multiple factors in the intestinal mileu, inherent differences in gut microbial ecology may significantly impact the functioning of the probiotic strain and therefore requires a thorough understanding and much more evidence needs to be generated in these settings. Microbiota and FoundationRecognizing this need, a group of eminent scientists formed the Microbiota and Foundation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while probiotics have the potential to enhance gut health, the role of gut flora is complex, requiring a mutualistic relationship and manipulation of the gut microbiome. It states, 'the nature of effect, being determined by the composition of the flora,' suggesting that probiotics cannot solely resolve all gut health issues without considering the broader ecosystem of the intestinal biome.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: Proteins were classified into four groups based on the location of disulfide-forming Cys residues with respect to the disordered region in the protein chain. Proteins in had a single Cys residue in a disordered region, with the other Cys residing on a more stable region of structure. B, both Cys residues reside on a single disordered region. C, both residues lie on disordered regions which are not contiguous in the sequence. D, disulfide reduction is associated with multiple regions of disorder in the reduced protein chain. Figure 5Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Order/disorder transitions in protein Redox Pairs. A: A small order/disorder transition in the T-loop of the signaling protein Rac-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT2). 67 In the more ordered oxidized structure: a disulfide is formed between Cys 297 and Cys 311 which straddles a key phosphorylation site at Thr 309. Formation of the disulfide is proposed to inhibit kinase activity by recruiting the cognate phosphatase. 70 The T-loop was recently identified as a target for selective cancer drugs. 66 B: A larger order/disorder transition associated with expulsion of Zn from the oxidized structure of leucyl-tRNA synthetase. 71, 72 In the more ordered reduced structure, several new secondary structures condense enabling rigid co-ordination of the Zn. Zn is represented by red spheres in the reduced structure. Oxidized structures are shown on the left, reduced structures on the right. Table III. Order/Associated with. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly nor provide any supporting or opposing evidence regarding mechanical stress and its effect on protein conformational changes. Instead, it discusses the classification of proteins based on their disulfide-forming Cys residues and various order/disorder transitions. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: Scholars have also found that searches including the word “fitness” or “fitspo” may also lead users to thinspiration content (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). As mentioned previously, health and fitness is among one of the most popular categories for users on Pinterest, and most of the content curated on Pinterest is sourced from popular image-based websites (Mittal et al. , 2013). While it is possible that users who follow more Boards engage with the images and content in order to make lifestyle changes, it is also possible that some of the idealized images paired with health and wellness content may induce upward social comparison and may also influence intentions for extreme weight-loss tactics. These findings are consistent with prior image-based social media research in that idealized images are often paired with text suggesting a drive for thinness or perfection, even in the context of health and fitness (Ghaznavi & Taylor, 2015). Again, the results of the second hypothesis confirmed that exercise motivation levels predicted social comparison with the images. This finding is consistent with prior research that has explored upward social comparison in the contexts of physical fitness and appearance-induced exercise behaviors (e. g. , Pila et al. , 2014). According to Festinger (1954), individuals engage in social comparison with similar others, and upward social comparison occurs when individuals believe it is possible to attain the same status as the similar other. In this particular context, individuals who were more motivated to exercise may identify with these images and perceive them as attainable goals. Similarly, Fardouly et al. ’s (2015) study found that women who ranked higher on appearance comparison tendency reported more appearance discrepancies after Facebook exposure than exposure to a control website. The media effects and body image literature would benefit from research on other image-based social media with niche audiences, such as those with fitness and fashion interests. Additionally, the interaction between age and exercise motivations approached significance. Although these data cannot confirm this, it is possible that younger women are more likely to exercise for appearance-related goals, whereas older women exercise for health-related reasons. Prior studies have found that although body dissatisfaction is a relatively stable trait, body monitoring and appearance anxiety tend to dissipate over time (e. g. , Tiggemann & Lynch, 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how idealized images on social media, particularly in the fitness context, can lead to upward social comparison. It argues that individuals motivated to exercise may engage in social comparisons with similar others, particularly when exposed to idealized content, which aligns with the notion of social media facilitating both connections and comparisons. Specifically, the text states that 'some of the idealized images paired with health and wellness content may induce upward social comparison,' supporting the claim's duality.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: This foundation was registered as a society on 9th November 2011 under the of 1860. will aim at providing a common scientific platform for basic scientists and clinicians to share and exchange knowledge and views and to expand into newer areas of probiotic research. While the foundation will channelize International knowledge and expertise in the field of probiotics it will also promote collaborative research in the development of probiotics as well as foster and maintain research links with scientists of similar interest. The foundation endeavors to do this through an Symposium, which will blend fundamental and applied research related to the use of probiotics for the enhancement of human health. With this in mind, the first symposium of the Foundation with the theme "of Probiotics - Vision and Opportunities" was convened on December 10 and 11, 2011 in Mumbai. This report summarizes the discussions and deliberations that ensued over the two days of the symposium. We hope this will prompt basic scientists, microbiologists and nutritionists to bring new perspectives to the science of probiotics and clarify some of the major issues such as efficacy and acceptable outcomes that surrounds implementation of probiotic usage in the country. The challenge of designing randomized controlled trials for understanding and targeting particular biomarkers and end points for the disease and identifying strain specific health benefits to mark a road map that may be followed to allow for probiotic usage in the country needs to be addressed. Unraveling the effects of probiotics in Gastrointestinal (GI) disordersEvidence for the utility of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of GI disorders in the pediatric population and in adults was presented by Prof. Philip Sherman, Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Dentistry, Research Institute, University for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Canada and Dr. Philip Abraham, Gastroenterologist and Hepatologist at P. D. Hospital, Mumbai. Presenting global evidence for their utility in children, Prof. Sherman illustrated that evidence through randomized controlled trails have demonstrated that certain probiotic strains are more effective than placebo in a variety of conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Multiple meta-analyses indicate effectiveness in reducing the duration of acute enteritis in pre-schoolers and in reducing the frequency of necrotizing enterocolitis in pre-term babies [1, 2]. There is some evidence supporting the use of selected probiotic agents to either prevent or treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea and Clostridium difficile infection. In Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while probiotics have demonstrated effectiveness in treating specific gastrointestinal disorders, their utility is dependent on particular strains and conditions. In particular, it specifies that randomized controlled trials have shown certain probiotic strains are more effective than placebo in various GI conditions, indicating that probiotics are not a one-size-fits-all solution for gut health issues. Additionally, the text discusses the need for targeted research and emphasizes limitations in the efficacy of probiotics, challenging the idea that they alone can resolve all gut health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Mechanical stress can induce conformational changes in protein structures. [SEP] Text: ox re A EfAPH 1j7l 2bkk 19–156a 150a –165a Protein kinase PsFBPase 1d9q 1dbz 153–173 151–163 Calvin cycle, chloroplast, Trxf substrate 62 HsG6PDH 1qkiC 1qkiA 13–446 15–26 Pentose phosphate pathway, glutathione metabolism 63 BcSMase 2ddrD 2ddrA 123–159 156–162 Differentiation, development, aging, and apoptosis EcTrmU 2derB 2derA 102–199 189–204 tRNA processing, catalytic disulfide 39 RnTRPV2 2etc 2eta 195–206 201–106 Ion channel 64 Hsp53BP1 1kzy 1gzh 1796–1802 1793–1797 Cell cycle, DNA binding, p53 binding, nucleocytoplasmic BpPRD1p2 1n7u 1n7v 254–277 248–269 Cell entry 12, 27 TeTAXI1 1t6e 1t6g 50–71 69–78 Xylanase inhibitor, plant development, plant defense B EcS1kn9 1t7d 170–176 171–178 Signal peptidase AcgdhB 1c9u 1qbi 338–345 335–344 Oxidoreductase, PQQ, pentose phosphate pathway 65 HsAKT2 1mry 1mrv 297–311 295–313 Redox signaling 65, 66 SaHis-tRNAs 1qe0A 1qe0B 191–194 172–230 Binds tRNA, translation, -H 1eu4 1et9 77–79 76–82 Immune, toxin, bacterial superantigen OcDN2a3z 2a42 101–104 99–104 Apoptosis, nuclear envelope, i,i+3 68 HsBP 1j78 1lot 80–96, 95–106 91–111 Actin scavenging system, carbonylated in Alzheimer's disease 69 AtCPDase 1fsi 1jh6 104–110 103–113 tRNA splicing 59 HsDefensin-5 1zmpA 1zmpD 10–30 10–16 Small toxin/inhibitor fold, immunity PvAMA1 1w8k 1w81 208– [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about mechanical stress inducing conformational changes in protein structures. It appears to be a list of proteins and their roles in various biological processes, without any mention of mechanical stress or conformational changes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media can facilitate connections but also lead to social comparison. [SEP] Text: These findings would explain the negative slope of the interaction term in this study, such that women who were younger and highly motivated to exercise reported higher levels of social comparison to the Images. Future research focused on constructs such as exercise motivations, and social comparison in social media contexts may benefit from a sample with a wider age range. It is possible that image-based social media may change the relationships between age, exercise motivations, and social comparison over time. The results of the third hypothesis confirmed that endorsement of an ideal female body type would predict higher levels of social comparison and intentions to engage in extreme weight-loss tactics when recalling overall Pinterest habits. Again, the visual nature of Pinterest likely cues cognitive heuristics that may encourage individuals to endorse an ideal body type and resort to extreme measures for weight-loss. In their study of thin-ideal content on Twitter and Pinterest, Ghaznavi and Taylor (2015) suggested that social media searches for fitness information could expose users to thinspiration content and that, “Viewing such thin-ideal images could result in the belief that thin-ideal bodies were relatively more common in addition to providing targets for comparison, which has been found to contribute to disordered eating attitudes and self-discrepancy” (p. 59). Additionally, this study found a significant interaction between an ideal female body type and BMI; it is also possible that those with a higher BMI may have lower levels of self-efficacy in terms of weight-loss behaviors or attainment of an ideal body type. Research has demonstrated that individuals with higher BMI are likely to exhibit more depressive symptoms, emotional eating, and decreased self-efficacy for exercise habits (Clum, Rice, Broussard, Johnson, & Webber, 2013). In other words, participants who had a lower BMI may rank higher on thin-ideal internalization because the body types they encounter on Pinterest are perceived as more attainable for them. Finally, the fourth hypothesis was also confirmed, suggesting that endorsement of an ideal female body type significantly predicted the degree to which participants compared their own bodies with those of the models in the Fit Pins. Research on social networking websites and social comparison has shown that individuals report negative body image after being shown beautiful profile pictures in online social networking contexts (Haferkamp & Krämer, 2011). Furthermore, standards for comparison in online social networking contexts may be presented by friends, relatives, or strangers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that social media can lead to social comparison, particularly through visual platforms like Pinterest. It states that exposure to idealized body types on social media may foster higher levels of social comparison and suggests that this comparison can contribute to negative body image and disordered eating attitudes. For example, it mentions that viewing thin-ideal images could lead individuals to compare their own bodies negatively with those of online models, supporting the idea that while social media may facilitate connections, it can also exacerbate social comparison issues.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics alone can solve all gut health issues. [SEP] Text: Sherman's opinion, more data is, however, necessary to confirm the efficacy of probiotic agents, either solely or in combination, in the management of various chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and in allergic enterocolitis. According to him, in future, probiotic strains are likely to be chosen for use in specific clinical settings based on their underlying mechanism(s) of action. There is also the possibility of developing specific disease targeted designer probiotics, he added. Elaborating further, he opined that issues related to optimal dosages, time of ingestion, single versus combination formulations, maintenance of viability, and the merits of employing probiotic-derived products would only be answered by undertaking additional research in the field. Presenting the evidence for their use in adults, Dr. Philip Abraham, Consultant Gastroenterologist, P. D. Hospital, Mumbai, India, stated that probiotics may be useful in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, including those caused by Clostridium difficile. They are also efficacious in reducing the severity and duration of other adult and pediatric diarrhoeas especially those caused by rotavirus. However, their role in prevention of traveler's diarrhoea is equivocal and hence limits their use in this condition. Dr. Abraham further elaborated on the evidence for their use in chronic and acute conditions specifying that there is increasing evidence indicating that probiotics are an effective adjunct to triple therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection, exhibiting enhanced eradication rates and reductions in adverse events. He added that although probiotics have shown benefit in improving symptoms of Syndrome, current clinical practice guidelines do not recommend their use in treatment regimens. Bowel Diseases, results are variable although positive benefit has been shown, in preventing relapses in and Crohn's disease, the most consistent and favourable result being in the prevention and treatment of the pouchitis. Data for the prevention of colon cancer in high-risk individuals however, requires long-term intervention and is therefore hard to come by. There is favourable evidence in animal studies and some evidence in humans, that probiotics can reduce cell proliferation in patients with colonic adenoma [1]. Previous studies suggest that clinical improvement may occur in patients with hepatic encephalopathy due to reduction of fecal urease activity and blood ammonia concentration. Why probiotics in diarrhoea in low and middle income countries? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while probiotics may offer benefits in specific contexts, such as preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea and as an adjunct to treatment for certain infections, their efficacy is variable and dependent on numerous factors. The opinion states that more research is needed to fully understand the role of probiotics, highlighting that they are not universally effective for all gut health issues and that current clinical guidelines do not recommend them as a standalone treatment.