Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 30503498] [65]. ABCA1 gene promoter DNA methylation is associated with HDL p72. [ [PMID: 22419126] [66] Transient epigenomic changes during pregnancy and early postpartum in women with and without type 2 diabetes. Epigenomics 2018; 10(4): 419-31. [ [PMID: 29561170] [67] Ge K. Epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis by histone methylation. Acta 2012; 1819(7): 727-32. [ [PMID: 22240386] [68] Gupta J, Tikoo K. Involvement of insulin-induced reversible chromatin remodeling in altering the expression of oxidative stress-responsive genes under hyperglycemia in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Gene 2012; 504(2): 181-91. [ [PMID: 22634610] [69] Holbrook JD. Catching diabetes. Epigenomics 2016; 8(9): 1173-7. [ [PMID: 27529737] [70]. The role of genetics and epigenetics in the pathogenesis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Genet 2020; 84(2): 114-24. [ [PMID: 31571208] [71] Identification of glucokinase mutations in subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 1993; 42(6): 937-40. [ [PMID: 8495817] [72] Yan J, Yang H. Gestational diabetes mellitus, programing and epigenetics. J 2014; 27(12): 1266-9. [ [PMID: 24125565] [73]. Gestational diabetes mellitus and macrosomia: A literature review. Metab 2015; 66 (Suppl. 2): 14-20. [ [PMID: 26045324] [74] Simmons D. Diabetes and obesity in pregnancy. 2011; 25(1): 25-36. [ [PMID: 21247811] [75] Maternal obesity and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. 2007; 30(8): 2070-6. [ [PMID: 17416786] [76] Bajaj K, Gross SJ. The genetics of diabetic pregnancy. 2015; 29(1): 102-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to epigenetic changes and their implications in different health conditions, such as gestational diabetes. For example, it highlights 'transient epigenomic changes during pregnancy' and 'epigenetic regulation of adipogenesis', which demonstrates the role of environmental and lifestyle factors (in this case, pregnancy and diabetes) in the regulation of gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: For example, 200 kilograms of steel and 40 kilograms of cement are produced each year for every person on the planet, yet the only conceivable alternative construction materials are stone and wood, which introduce further problems. At some stage a further reduction in demand for materials must be considered. But a reduction in demand poses quite different issues to green growth and implies a major shift in the current global political economy (Allwood et al. 2013). Various measures of ‘adjusted GDP’ have been proposed as alternatives to conventional GDP. These include the Index of Welfare (ISEW), the Indicator (GPI), the Indicator (GSI) and the System of Accounting (SEEA). 4 All provide a damning critique of GDP growth as a route to sustainable wellbeing. While global GDP increased more than threefold between 1950 and 2003, global GPI per capita among the major economics peaked in 1978 (Figure 3. 2). (Interestingly, this is around the same date that the global ecological footprint exceeded the Earth’s biocapacity and that ‘life satisfaction’ measures in most countries peaked. ) Comparative research shows that GPI does not increase beyond a GDP of around $7000 per capita. Yet, if income were to be distributed more equitably around the planet, the current world GDP could support 9. 6 billion people at this level of income. GDP fails as a measure both of wellbeing and of sustainability (Kubiszewski et al. 2013). To summarise, ‘green growth’ is a strategy premised on long-term economic benefits flowing from environmental protection in general and carbon mitigation in particular. But its nature and prospects are disputed. For some, the assumed levels of future technological development and innovation are a form of ‘mythic’ and wishful thinking: its main function is to act as a ‘floating signifier’, a term amenable to forming a broad consensus but hiding very different interpretations (Barry 2012; Cook et al. 2012; Jessop 2012). The remainder of this 3. 2 Comparing GDP and the Indicator (GPI)and CarbonTo frame a discussion about inequality and emissions it is essential to distinguish between territorial and consumption-based or ‘footprint’ emissions. 5 As noted in 3. 3 reveals this in a startling way by ranking countries according to their excess of consumption emissions over territorial emissions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the complexity of climate conservation issues and the limitations of relying solely on technological solutions. It highlights that measures such as GDP and its alternatives fail to measure sustainability effectively and that the presumed benefits from technology (including AI) may be overly optimistic ('mythic' and wishful thinking). This implies that while AI may play a role, it cannot eliminate the need for human intervention in addressing climate issues and considering economic and social factors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 5% of the NSFAS loans were converted into bursaries, which is consistent with an approximately 70% success rate. However, the [35] reported totally different results in 2010. They reported that 33% of all NFAS students that received NSFAS funding since 1995 were still studying. Of the 67% that left HEIs 28% graduated, but 72% dropped out without obtaining a qualification. Thus, the NSFAS and statistics seem to be contradictory. Courses passed are not the same as obtaining a qualification, which may partly explain these contradictory results; however, Section 5. 2 provides a more accurate picture. YearPercentagePer cent of capital converted into bursaries199672. 626. 6199775. 328. 9199876. 129. 4199973. 828. 8200074. 629. 4200173. 128. 9200273. 928. 7200372. 328. 2200474. 329. 1200573. 928. 6200673. 427. 5200774. 727. 9200872. 928. 3200973. 928. 0Average74. 328. 5Table 2. Percentage of courses passed by recipients of NSFAS awards and of capital converted into bursaries: 1996–2009. Source: [24, 27]. 5. 2 Performance of NSFAS students using individual dataThis section deals with the performance of students when using individual data to track individual students through the higher education system. By making use of the Management and (HEMIS) the progress of a student can be monitored. It is possible to see whether a student changed courses or institutions and when they dropped out of the higher education system. Because one is using individual data it is possible to determine when these students drop back into the system. It is also possible to determine what qualifications(s) students obtained at which institutions as well as what students are still in the system without qualifications. The first study that investigated the performance of individual NSFAS students used the data of students that received NSFAS awards in the period 2000–2004 using HEMIS data up to 2009 [36]. In their analysis, they calculated how students that received their first NSFAS award in 2000 progressed through the HE system over the period 2000–2009. This process was repeated for the other cohorts that received their first NSFAS award in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2004. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the performance and statistics related to NSFAS loans and higher education rather than addressing the domestication of crops and its significance in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25438929] [77] Epigenetic markers to predict conversion from gestational diabetes to type 2 diabetes. J Metab 2016; 101(6): 2396-404. [ [PMID: 27045797] [78] Metabolic profiles and treatment gaps in young-onset type 2 diabetes in Asia (the JADE programme): A cross-sectional study of a prospective cohort. Endocrinol 2014; 2(12): 935-43. [ [PMID: 25081582] [79] Dabelea D, Mayer- Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: -Control Study. 2008; 31(7): 1422-6. [ [PMID: 18375420] [80]. The inter- and intragenerational impact of gestational diabetes on the epidemic of type 2 diabetes. 2011; 101(1): 173-9. [ [PMID: 21148717] [81] O’Sullivan JB. Gestational diabetes. Unsuspected, asymptomatic diabetes in pregnancy. N Med 1961; 264(21): 1082-5. [ [PMID: 13730123] [82] Brun T, Gauthier BR. A focus on the role of Pax4 in mature pancreatic islet beta-cell expansion and survival in health and disease. J 2008; 40(2): 37-45. [ [PMID: 18234907] [83] Gestational diabetes mellitus epigenetically affects genes predominantly involved in metabolic diseases. Epigenetics 2013; 8(9): 935-43. [ [PMID: 23975224] [84]. Maternal diabetes mellitus and the origin of non-communicable diseases in offspring: The role of epigenetics. 2014; 90(6): 139. [ [PMID: 24829025] [85] Lizárraga D, García-Gasca A. The placenta as a target of epigenetic alterations in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and potential implications for the offspring. Epigenomes 2021; 5(2): 13. [ [PMID: 34968300] [86] Impact of maternal diabetes on epigenetic modifications leading to diseases in the offspring. Res 2012; 2012: 538474. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'Gestational diabetes mellitus epigenetically affects genes predominantly involved in metabolic diseases.' This indicates that the study of epigenetics includes understanding how environmental factors, such as maternal diabetes, influence gene expression related to health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Europe, the US and Japan consume goods embodying substantially more emissions than those they produce, whereas the rest of the world, and notably China and Russia, incur substantial territorial emissions which they do not consume. 6Source: Carbon Trust, in House of Committee (2012). Figure 3. 3 The impact of a consumption-based view on emissions by countryFigure 3. 4 provides later data for the UK covering all GHGs not just CO2. Until the financial crisis intervened, UK territorial emissions were falling but UK footprint emissions were rising; now the gap appears to widen again. The UK’s place as a ‘climate change leader’, discussed in 1. 3). Figure 3. 4 Greenhouse gas emissions associated with UK production and consumption 1990–2010: territorial and footprint emissions comparedSupport has therefore been growing for the alternative ‘consumption accounting principle’, which measures the total emissions embodied in the consumption of inhabitants of a national territory (Bows and Barrett 2010). There are several reasons why a nation’s emissions should be calculated on a consumption basis rather than a territorial basis. These will crop up throughout the book, but they can be summarised here (IPCC 2014c, ch. 4):● Ethical: It is the people and places benefiting from consuming the goods and services emitting GHGs that should count if our interest is human wellbeing, not the people and places where these are produced. It is true that people and places where goods are produced benefit from employment, wage income and profit, but they also suffer pollution and health costs. ● Distributional: Consumption emissions are more closely related to income and wellbeing outcomes than production emissions (Steinberger et al. 2012). Measuring territorial emissions under-estimates global inequalities in emissions – both between and within countries. ● Geopolitical: The excess burden imposed by Kyoto-style territorial accounting on emerging export economies disadvantages the latter in global negotiations over GHG targets. ● Policy relevance: Tracing consumption emissions increases the range of mitigation options by identifying the distribution of GHG emissions among different activities, imported goods, household types, and so on. This enables a better targeting of policies and voluntary actions (Bows and Barrett 2010). The drivers of consumption-based emissions have been separately studied; they show that income level and changes in incomes are even more important than for territorial emissions. In the hypothetical absence of trade, international inequalities in consumption emissions would be lower than in our trade-driven world. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating various complexities of emissions accounting and climate policy that require human judgment and intervention. It emphasizes ethical, distributional, and geopolitical challenges related to emissions, arguing that their calculation influences climate actions. This indicates that human involvement is necessary to navigate these complexities, thereby rebutting the idea that AI could entirely replace such intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: To make results comparable, they calculated results for first-time first-year students for the 2000–2004 cohorts. Of the first-time first-year NSFAS-funded students in 2000, 55% obtained at least one qualification (diploma, certificate or degree) by the end of 2008, Of this original cohort group, 6% were still in the system without obtaining a qualification and 38% of the original cohort group dropped out of the system without a qualification. -funded students outperformed the non-NSFAS students. Of the non-NSFAS students that were first-time first-year students in 2000, 46% of them obtained a qualification by 2008, 46% dropped out without a qualification and 6% of the cohort group was still in the system without a qualification. The other cohorts (2001–2004) showed remarkable consistency in success/failure rates (for both NSFAS and non-NSFAS students). Their analysis indicates that NSFAS-funded students outperformed non-NSFAS students. A higher percentage of them obtain qualifications and a smaller percentage drop out of the higher education system without qualifications (and this holds for all 5 cohorts). The financial support of NSFAS (with lower risks attached to it than conventional loans at financial institutions) seems to persuade students to stay longer in the HE system although they may not be successful initially. This is supported by the smaller percentage of NSFAS students that drop out without qualifications. One could argue that the money was spent efficiently, given that 71. 2% of the money spent on the 2000 cohort group was spent on successful students (those that obtained at least one qualification). However, in some instances, it took too long to identify unsuccessful students that were still receiving an award. Some students received NSFAS awards for 9 years, without having obtained any qualifications. Since 2016, the Department of and Training (DHET) publishes an annual report that follows all first-time first-year students for a maximum of 10 years through the system since 2000. The latest report [37] looks at the progress of all first-time first-year undergraduate students until 2019. Their results are in line with the findings of [36], and a couple of clear trends emerge from the data. After about 6 years, most of the students that will obtain a qualification have already done so. For example, after 6 years, 52. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses the performance of NSFAS-funded students in higher education, their qualifications, dropout rates, and financial support mechanisms, which do not relate to the domestication of crops or its role in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 23227034] [87]. Maternal hyperglycemia alters glucose transport and utilization in mouse preimplantation embryos. Physiol 1998; 275(1): E38-47. [PMID: 9688872] [88] Global methylation in the placenta and umbilical cord blood from pregnancies with maternal gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and obesity. 2014; 21(1): 131-7. [ [PMID: 23765376] [89]. Epigenetic marks of in utero exposure to gestational diabetes and childhood adiposity outcomes: study. 2018; 35(5): 612-20. [ [PMID: 29461653] [90]. The impact of in utero exposure to diabetes on childhood body mass index growth trajectories: study. J Pediatr 2011; 158(6): 941-6. [ [PMID: 21238981] [91] Juvinao-. Associations between an integrated component of maternal glycemic regulation in pregnancy and cord blood DNA methylation. Epigenomics 2021; 13(18): 1459-72. [ [PMID: 34596421] [92] Allard C, Desgagné V, Patenaude J, et al. Mendelian randomization supports causality between maternal hyperglycemia and epigenetic regulation of leptin gene in newborns. Epigenetics 2015; 10(4): 342-51. [ [PMID: 25800063] [93] Leptin gene epigenetic adaptation to impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy. 2010; 33(11): 2436-41. [ [PMID: 20724651] [94] Metabolic programming of methylation by intrauterine exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 2013; 62(4): 1320-8. [ [PMID: 23209187] [95]. Alterations in methylation and expression levels of imprinted genes H19 and Igf2 in the fetuses of diabetic mice. 2008; 58(4): 341-6. [PMID: 18724775] [96] Transgenerational glucose intolerance with Igf2/H19 epigenetic alterations in mouse islet induced by intrauterine hyperglycemia. Diabetes 2012; 61(5): 1133-42. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies that demonstrate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in regulating gene expression, particularly in the context of maternal health and environmental factors such as gestational diabetes. These studies reference alterations in methylation and expression levels of certain genes due to maternal conditions, aligning with the claim that epigenetics involves the regulation of gene expression by environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: These 60 million high emitters are overwhelmingly the ‘old rich’ of the West: for example, one-half are from the US, amounting to the top 12 per cent of its citizens. Such inequalities are egregious: a very rich American consuming and emitting over 150 tonnes of CO2e a year can contribute 1000 times as much carbon as a very poor Zambian (0. 16 tonnes) (Chancel and Piketty 2015). Since the turn of the millennium global inequality in emissions has begun to decline: emissions of the middle 60 per cent of the world’s population have grown very fast, the top and bottom quintiles less so. China and the East have grown much faster than the North, increasing the share of moderate emitters on a global scale. Since the Kyoto report of 1998, emissions have reflected the twin changes in the world economy: international inequalities have diminished but class inequalities in consumption emissions within countries have risen sharply (Chancel and Piketty 2015). On balance this will reduce the global spread of emissions a little, but not enough to remove an irreconcilable contradiction between sustainability and ending global poverty – the first of the Goals. If future patterns of global growth replicate those in the booming pre-crisis period 1993–2008, then extreme poverty (defined as having an income equivalent to less than $1. 25 per person a day) would not be eradicated until 2077 – 60 years hence and ‘beyond the life expectancy of those born today in the poorest countries’. If poverty is defined as less than $5 per person per day, which is considered appropriate to meet basic needs to a minimally acceptable level, then poverty would not be eradicated for two centuries (Woodward and Simms 2006; Woodward 2015). Source: Gore (2015, fig. 1). Figure 3. 5 Global distribution of consumption-based emissionsThere are two basic reasons for these pessimistic predictions. First, global growth since the mid-1990s has been highly inequitable: incomes of the poorest tenth of people have grown more slowly even than the average – by 1. 5 per cent per annum compared with 3. 7 per cent for global median incomes. Second, it builds on the extraordinary inequality already noted. Growth in the absolute increments accruing to upper income groups dwarfs those in the bottom half: the poorest third of the world population received just 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there exists a significant disconnect between sustainability efforts and addressing global poverty, indicating that the complex socio-economic issues at play cannot be resolved solely through AI or technology. Specifically, it discusses the continuing inequalities in emissions and emphasizes that merely relying on technological solutions like AI will not adequately tackle the underlying socioeconomic challenges linked to climate conservation efforts, which require human intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 9% of the 2005 first-time first-year cohort obtained a qualification (contact and distance education) and after 10 years, 63% of the cohort had obtained qualifications. The other characteristic is that a higher percentage of the successive cohorts obtained qualifications over time. Figure 7 clearly illustrates this pattern. After 6 years of study, only 52. 9% of the 2005 cohort obtained a qualification, but after 6 years 70. 5% of the 2015 cohort had already obtained a qualification. Fewer students also tend to drop out without qualifications. After 6 years of study, 29. 5% of the 2005 cohort group dropped out, but after 6 years only 13. 1% of the 2015 cohort group had dropped out without obtaining a qualification. There is therefore a clear improvement in the performance of NSFAS-funded students over time. Figure 7. Percentage of the graduates and dropouts of the 2005 and 2015 first-time first-year students that received NSFAS funding (contact and distance education). The graph is not drawn according to calendar years, but according to the number of years students received NSFAS funding. This is because some students drop out of the system, work a couple of years and then drop in again. Source: [37]. The other interesting phenomenon is that students that received official NSFAS funding via DHET or Thuthuka4 on average performed much better than the students from that cohort that did not receive funding (see Figure 8). Of the 2011 cohort group (that was followed for a maximum of 10 years), 32. 4% of national students dropped out while the corresponding figure for DHET-NSFAS students was 20. 8% and for Thuthuka-NSFAS students a mere 7. 7%. Likewise, while just more than 61% of the national student body of the 2011 cohort obtained a qualification by 2021, more than 71% of DHET-NSFAS students and 89% of the Thuthuka-NSFAS students obtained qualifications. Figure 8. Dropout and throughput for National; DHET-NSFAS funding and Thuthuka-NSFAS funding students for the 2011 cohort. Source: [37]. The same picture emerges for the 2015 cohort. By 2021, 22. 4% of the national student body of this cohort dropped out, while only 13. 1% of the DHET-NSFAS students dropped out and 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses student cohort performance and funding outcomes in education, with no mention of crop domestication or its significance in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 22447856] [97] Jovanovic- Maternal postprandial glucose levels and infant birth weight: The diabetes in early pregnancy study. The national institute of child health and human development--diabetes in early pregnancy study. 1991; 164(1 Pt 1): 103-11. [ [PMID: 1986596] [98] High-glucose concentrations change DNA methylation levels in human IVM oocytes. 2018; 33(3): 474-81. [ [PMID: 29377995] [99] -. Placental adiponectin gene DNA methylation levels are associated with mothers’ blood glucose concentration. Diabetes 2012; 61(5): 1272-80. [ [PMID: 22396200] [100] Houshmand- Differential adipokine DNA methylation and gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue from adult offspring of women with diabetes in pregnancy. 2017; 9(1): 37. [ [PMID: 28413567] [101]. Lean maternal hyperglycemia alters offspring lipid metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in mice†. 2019; 100(5): 1356-69. [ [PMID: 30698664] [102]. The pleiotropic function of PPAR gamma in the placenta. Endocrinol 2006; 249(1-2): 10-5. [ [PMID: 16574314] [103] Downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the placenta correlates to hyperglycemia in offspring at young adulthood after exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus. J 2019; 10(2): 499-512. [ [PMID: 30187673] [104]. Anthropometric differences in macrosomic infants of diabetic and nondiabetic mothers. J Med 1998; 7(6): 292-5. [ [PMID: 9848695] [105] Outcome (HAPO) study: associations of higher levels of maternal glucose and BMI with macrosomia: An example of diabesity. Association 70th Scientific Session; 2010 Jun 25-29; Orlando, Florida, USA. Abstract No. 154- OR. [106] önn T, Brøns C, Vaag A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim regarding epigenetics by referencing multiple studies that investigate the impact of maternal conditions, such as glucose levels, on gene expression and associated health outcomes in offspring. For example, it notes that altered maternal hyperglycemia 'correlates to hyperglycemia in offspring' which suggests that environmental factors (maternal glucose levels) affect gene expression (via DNA methylation) in the offspring.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: 2 per cent of the additional income generated by global economic growth between 1999 and 2008, the poorest 60 per cent received 5 per cent, while the richest 40 per cent accrued 95 per cent. Against this background, if the business-as-usual model were used to eliminate poverty it would devastate the planet. Just to eliminate $1. 25 a day poverty, global GDP would need to increase by 15 times to an average global income of $113 000 in 2115 (three times the top Western levels today). and Simms (2006) argue, all strategies to eliminate global poverty are untenable unless the poor get a bigger slice of the whole cake – and the cake cannot continue to expand because of global constraints on emissions. Either new forms of redistribution or a shift to an alternative economic pathway is required. -will be the effect of rising class inequality on emissions and climatic stability? Does inequality push up or damp down emissions? Arguments that emissions in the Anthropocene are now driven by a growing superrich and class inequality have given rise to the idea of the Plutocene (Ulvila and Wilen forthcoming). Inequality within countries has escalated in the era of financialised capitalism since 1980 for three immediate reasons. First, the share of income from property, that is, profits, rent and dividends, has risen in the North from 15–25 per cent of national income to 25–30 per cent. This reflects the secular growth of the value of private capital over this period, a central feature of Piketty’s explanation of the new ‘patrimonial capitalism’. This in turn has been explained in terms of new technology, globalisation and a political counter-movement launched to free capital to pursue higher profits after the lows of the 1970s (Glyn 2006; Piketty 2014, figs 5. 1, 6. 5; Atkinson 2015, ch. 4). Since income from property is more unequally distributed than income from work, this trend will automatically increase overall inequality. 7 But the distribution of wages and salaries has also become more unequal, notably in the US (continually since 1950) and the UK (since 1980). The combination of stagnant real wages at the bottom and stellar rises at the top (where earnings merge with capital income from bonuses, stock options, etc. ) is well charted (Atkinson 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and societal factors influencing climate conservation, such as rising class inequality and the interplay between economic growth and emissions. It suggests that strategies for poverty alleviation and economic growth are insufficient without addressing emissions and inequality, highlighting that 'all strategies to eliminate global poverty are untenable unless the poor get a bigger slice of the whole cake' and thus indicates that human intervention remains a crucial part of these intricate issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 2% of the Thuthuka-NSFAS students. Likewise, while 64% of the national student body that was first-time first-year students in 2015 obtained a qualification, the corresponding figure for DHET-NSFAS students was 70. 5% and for Thuthuka-NSFAS students 84. 2%. It does seem that the availability of funds plays an important role for students from poor backgrounds to pursue their studies. 5. 3 Enrolment at public higher education institutionsOver the years, the number of students enrolled in HEIs increased quite substantially. Figure 9 illustrates how the racial composition of these students changed over time. In 1994, there were 266,190 black students (representing 50. 4% of the students) and 177,012 white students (representing 33. 5% of the students). These two groups represented almost 84% of all the students enrolled at universities. There were also 28,949 coloured students (5. 5%) and 31,908 Indian students (6. 0%). 5 By 2020, black students (862,313) represented 79. 4% of the total number of students, and white students (118,505) dropped to only 10. 9% of the students. While black students increased by 4. 6% per annum over this period, white student numbers decreased by 1. 5% per annum. and Indian numbers are small in comparison, they both increased over this period. Coloured students increased to 61,923 – indicating a healthy growth rate of 3. 0% per annum. The growth rate of Indian students that increased to 41,262 in 2020 was 1. 0% per annum. The big change, therefore, was the increase in black students to also make the student body more representative of the demographics of South Africa. NSFAS played no small part in making this happen. Figure 9. Number of headcounts in public HEIs per race, from 1994 to 2020. Source: [1, 2, 39, 40, 41]. Another aspect that changed over time was the gross enrolment rate (GER). 6 The GER of Indians and whites are much higher than for the other racial groups – as illustrated in Table 3 Their GER decreased slightly over time, but there was a more substantial drop from 2018 to 2020, which may be COVID-related. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistics about student enrollment and demographic changes in South Africa's education system without mentioning anything related to the domestication of crops or their impact on human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 1A DNA methylation in subcutaneous adipose tissue in low birth weight subjects-impact of 5 days of high-fat overfeeding. Metabolism 2014; 63(2): 263-71. [ [PMID: 24262291] [107] Maternal glucose levels during pregnancy and childhood adiposity in the hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcome follow-up study. Diabetologia 2019; 62(4): 598-610. [ [PMID: 30648193] [108] Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail. Diabetes 2009; 58(5): 1229-36. [ [PMID: 19208907] [109] The lysine demethylase LSD1 (KDM1) is required for maintenance of global DNA methylation. 2009; 41(1): 125-9. [ [PMID: 19098913] [110] Kundakovic M, Jaric I. The epigenetic link between prenatal adverse environments and neurodevelopmental disorders. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8(3): 104. [ [PMID: 28335457] [111] Intrauterine hyperglycemia exposure results in intergenerational inheritance via DNA methylation reprogramming on F1 PGCs. 2018; 11(1): 20. [ [PMID: 29801514] [112] Differentially methylated regions in offspring exposed to maternal hyperglycaemia. In: on molecular and cellular biology, epigenetic programming and inheritance; 2014 Apr 6-10; Boston. [113] Defective IGF2 and IGF1R protein production in embryonic pancreas precedes beta cell mass anomaly in the Goto-Kakizaki rat model of type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50(7): 1463-71. [ [PMID: 17476475] [114]. CTCF mediates methylation-sensitive enhancer-blocking activity at the H19/Igf2 locus. Nature 2000; 405(6785): 486-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies related to DNA methylation and other epigenetic modifications that indicate how gene expression can be influenced by prenatal environments and other lifestyle factors. Specifically, it mentions the impact of hyperglycemia and maternal conditions on gene methylation and inheritance, directly linking these environmental factors to gene regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: investment (private and public) in construction, equipment, infrastructure and so on. The term ‘consumption accounting’ can be used to refer to just the first or all three. In any case it is possible to calculate government footprints and investment footprints separately. Of the two studies referred to in this 0. 7 to 0. 9, but present their main findings using 0. 9; that is, if income doubles, emissions rise by 90 per cent. Table 3. 2 illustrates the importance of the elasticity assumption. However, neither study recognises robust evidence that emissions elasticity varies between countries and between income groups within countries. For example, the elasticity in OECD countries is well below 1, while that for less developed countries is not significantly different from 1 (Liddle 2015). Studies within developed countries show much lower levels, with elasticities varying from 0. 6 to 0. 8 for expenditure and from 0. 35 to 0. 52 for income. Emission levels do not keep step with rising levels of income and expenditure (Weber and Matthews 2008; Chitnis et al. 2014). Putting these factors together suggests that the emissions are less unequally distributed across the world than are expenditures, which in turn are less unequally distributed than incomes. None of this undermines the big picture: that income (and wealth) is the major driver of consumption across the world and that egregious inequality results in egregious emissions inequality. 1 Non-monetary inequalities in wellbeing are discussed in 4. 2 Using techniques such as. Research on decomposing emissions growth is expanding and can only be inadequately summarised here (e. g. Rosa and Dietz 2012; Duro and Teixidó-Figueras 2013; Lamb et al. 2014; Teixidó-Figueras et al. 2016). 3 The central estimate for an effective carbon price by the Committee on (2016) in the UK is around $100 a tonne by 2030, rising to over $250 by 2050. Recent oil price increases have exceeded the equivalent of $100 per tonne, and in Europe taxes on gasoline are greater still. It is the idea of a price constraint that is both global and applicable to all carbon that amounts to wishful thinking. 4 The ISEW starts from consumer expenditure and then adds or subtracts various monetary estimates of social and environmental impacts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between income, expenditure, and emissions. It suggests there are multiple factors, including economic inequalities and consumption behaviors, that drive emissions rather than implying that AI can simply eliminate the need for human intervention. The mention of different elasticities of emissions based on income and country type indicates a nuanced understanding of climate factors, challenging the idea of complete reliance on AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Although the rates for coloured and blacks are still disappointingly low, they did increase over time and NSFAS funding must have played an important role in this regard. The GER of blacks increased by no less than 85% over the 18-year timespan or 3. 5% per annum. Although there is still much room for improvement, the higher GER for blacks can to a large extent be attributed to the NSFAS funds that became available to qualifying black students. 200212. 610. 611. 511. 410. 410. 951. 841. 846. 653. 850. 552. 2200312. 610. 711. 712. 511. 011. 854. 743. 148. 756. 351. 653. 9200412. 510. 411. 512. 910. 811. 855. 042. 448. 556. 547. 353. 9200512. 410. 211. 313. 210. 611. 955. 741. 948. 656. 750. 653. 7200612. 29. 911. 114. 010. 512. 256. 740. 948. 656. 949. 653. 2200712. 710. 111. 414. 010. 112. 154. 139. 346. 456. 348. 552. 4200813. 610. 412. 014. 710. 212. 554. 638. 646. 456. 948. 152. 4200915. 411. 313. 416. 310. 813. 657. 739. 148. 157. 548. 352. 9201015. 211. 213. 216. 110. 613. 358. 039. 348. 459. 349. 854. 5201116. 411. 914. 216. 310. 713. 559. 139. 548. 861. 150. 655. 8201217. 112. 214. 716. 210. 413. 357. 337. 246. 961. 649. 755. 9201348. 012. 915. 417. 110. 713. 959. 837. 948. 563. 651. 257. 4201417. 912. 915. 417. 110. 613. 860. 337. 948. 763. 650. 557. 1201518. 513. 416. 017. 710. 814. 361. 037. 949. 064. 250. 257. 1201618. 813. 716. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. It discusses the increased graduation rates for certain racial groups in relation to NSFAS funding without mentioning agriculture or crop domestication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 10839547] [115] Assessment of the role of common genetic variation in the (TNDM) region in type 2 diabetes: A comparative genomic and tagging single nucleotide polymorphism approach. Diabetes 2006; 55(8): 2272-6. [ [PMID: 16873690] [116]. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Med 1976; 295(7): 349-53. [ [PMID: 934222] [117]. Fetal nutrition and cardiovascular disease in adult life. Lancet 1993; 341(8850): 938-41. [ [PMID: 8096277] [118] García AP, Palou M, Sánchez ó C. Moderate caloric restriction during gestation in rats alters adipose tissue sympathetic innervation and later adiposity in offspring. PLoS One 2011; 6(2): e17313. [ [PMID: 21364997] [119] Nutrition, epigenetics, and metabolic syndrome. Signal 2012; 17(2): 282-301. [ [PMID: 22044276] [120] Zimmet P, Shi Z, El-Osta A, Ji L. Epidemic T2DM, early development and epigenetics: Implications of the Chinese Famine. Endocrinol 2018; 14(12): 738-46. [ [PMID: 30310152] [121] Prospective cohort studies of birth weight and risk of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in adulthood among the Chinese population. J Diabetes 2019; 11(1): 55-64. [ [PMID: 29893042] [122] de Lauzon--Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F. Birth weight, body silhouette over the life course, and incident diabetes in 91,453 middle-aged women from the Epidemiologique de Femmes de la de l’(E3N). 2010; 33(2): 298-303. [ [PMID: 19918011] [123]. Impact of birth weight on adult-onset diabetes mellitus in relation to current body mass index: Nurses’ Health Study. J Epidemiol 2017; 27(9): 428-34. [ [PMID: 28645520] [124] Barker DJ, Forsén. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references several studies that discuss the impact of environmental factors and nutrition on genetic expression, which aligns with the claim about epigenetics. For example, it mentions 'Nutrition, epigenetics, and metabolic syndrome' and 'Moderate caloric restriction during gestation in rats alters adipose tissue sympathetic innervation and later adiposity in offspring,' highlighting how lifestyle and environmental changes can influence genetic outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: change threatens human wellbeing across the world and into the future. It poses an existential challenge with no past parallels: ‘a truly complex and diabolical policy problem’ (Steffen 2011). Human wellbeing obviously depends on Earth’s support systems, and these are many and varied and, crucially, interactive. For the past 10 000 years – the Holocene – these systems have maintained a relatively stable state, forming the ecological foundations for the emergence of human civilisation. Now a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene, has been identified, where human activities start to have a significant – and negative – global impact on Earth’s ecosystems. has identified nine critical Earth-system processes: climate change, the rate of biodiversity loss, the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles, stratospheric ozone, ocean acidity, global freshwater supplies, agricultural land availability, atmospheric aerosol loading, and chemical pollution. It goes on to estimate safe boundaries for each and concludes that the first three of these ‘planetary boundaries’ have already been crossed. Climate change – the change in energy in the atmosphere due to greenhouse gas emissions (the degree of ‘radiative forcing’) – already exceeds safe boundaries (Rockström et al. 2009). finish this 1. 1 A safe and just space for humanity to thrive in: a first illustrationpictures the interaction of planetary boundaries and human wellbeing as a ‘doughnut’ or ‘lifebelt’, illustrated in Figure 1. 1. The nine planetary boundaries described by the Centre constitute the outer circle (Rockström et al. 2009). The social foundations of human wellbeing constitute the inner boundary, drawing on the ‘Goals’ formally accepted by the in 2015. The exact nature of these components of human welfare will be discussed below and in 2. The most urgent global task is to bring everyone above the social foundations which guard against threatening social deprivations while not exceeding the critical planetary boundaries – which will in turn guard against future generations falling below these social foundations. Between a social foundation that protects against critical human deprivations, and an environmental ceiling that avoids critical natural thresholds, lies a safe and just space for humanity – shaped like a doughnut (or, if you prefer, a tyre, a bagel, or a life saver). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity and critical nature of climate change as a global challenge. It outlines that human wellbeing is intricately linked to Earth's ecosystems and mentions that the most urgent global task is to balance social foundations and planetary boundaries, implying that human intervention is necessary to address these issues. This indicates that AI alone cannot resolve such multifaceted problems without human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 317. 810. 814. 358. 036. 546. 962. 548. 855. 6201721. 015. 118. 119. 011. 215. 158. 936. 747. 463. 448. 455. 9201822. 616. 019. 419. 711. 315. 558. 435. 046. 263. 046. 954. 9201924. 216. 220. 118. 610. 614. 653. 630. 941. 656. 541. 549. 0202026. 216. 521. 318. 910. 414. 651. 930. 240. 353. 839. 346. 6Table 3. GER in public universities by race and gender, 2009–2020 (%). Source: [42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63]. was not solely responsible for the change in the racial composition of permanent research and instructional staff members at universities, the system that is now up and running for more than 26 years must have helped many non-white students get access to higher education and further their studies. The racial composition of university staff changed drastically over the period from 2009 to 2020, as depicted in Figure 10. Although the number of Indian staff members increased by almost 18% over the period (from 1390 in 2009 to 1637 in 2020), it decreased as a percentage of total permanent research and instruction staff at HEIs in South Africa. The number of coloured staff members increased from 926 to 1498 (an increase of almost 62%) and increased from 5. 7% of the total to 7. 4%. Although their numbers changed quite significantly, the change is small relative to total staff numbers. Figure 10. Percentage of permanent research/instruction staff in public HEIs by race, from 2009 to 2020. Source: [39 for 2009–2015]; [64, 65, 66, 67, 68 for 2016–2020]. The big change occurred in white and black staff numbers. While the 9345 white staff members represented 57. 3% of total staff members in 2009, this changed markedly over the next 11 years. White staff members decreased by more than 14% to 7995 in 2020. By 2020, they presented ‘only’ 39. 4% of total staff members. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the role of crop domestication in human civilization. It discusses the changes in racial composition of university staff members and does not mention agriculture or domestication of crops at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Growth and living conditions in childhood and hypertension in adult life: A longitudinal study. J Hypertens 2002; 20(10): 1951-6. [ [PMID: 12359972] [125] Forsén. Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: Longitudinal study. BMJ 1999; 319(7222): 1403-7. [ [PMID: 10574856] [126] Lee HS. Impact of maternal diet on the epigenome during in utero life and the developmental programming of diseases in childhood and adulthood. Nutrients 2015; 7(11): 9492-507. [ [PMID: 26593940] [127]. Transmission of raised blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction to the F2 generation induced by maternal protein restriction in the F0, in the absence of dietary challenge in the F1 generation. Nutr 2008; 100(4): 760-6. [ [PMID: 18304387] [128] Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. 2008; 105(44): 17046-9. [ [PMID: 18955703] [129] Hernández-. Interplay between polymorphisms and methylation in the H19/IGF2 gene region may contribute to obesity in Mexican-American children. J 2013; 4(6): 499-506. [ [PMID: 24575294] [130] DNA methylation, insulin resistance, and blood pressure in offspring determined by maternal periconceptional B vitamin and methionine status. 2007; 104(49): 19351-6. [ [PMID: 18042717] [131]. Association between maternal folate concentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in Indian children. Diabetologia 2014; 57(1): 110-21. [ [PMID: 24162586] [132]. vitamins: Effects on offspring weight and DNA methylation at genomically imprinted domains. 2016; 8(1): 8. [ [PMID: 26807160] [133] Guéant Nutritional models of foetal programming and nutrigenomic and epigenomic dysregulations of fatty acid metabolism in the liver and heart. 2014; 466(5): 833-50. [ [PMID: 23999818] [134]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that explore how maternal diet, growth conditions, and prenatal exposure influence gene expression and health outcomes. Specifically, it emphasizes the impact of environmental factors, such as nutrition and living conditions, on the epigenome, which aligns with the definition of epigenetics as the study of gene regulation by environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: This is the space where both human well-being and planetary well-being are assured, and their interdependence is respected … Moving into the safe and just space for humanity means eradicating poverty to bring everyone above the social foundation, and reducing global resource use, to bring it back within planetary boundaries. Social justice demands that this double objective be achieved through far greater global equity in the use of natural resources, with the greatest reductions coming from the world’s richest consumers. And it demands far greater efficiency in transforming natural resources to meet human needs. (Raworth 2012: 5, 12)Yet there is profound disjuncture between the ecological and social imperatives. The planetary boundaries remained unviolated in the Holocene for about 10 000 years until recently. But there have always been, and there remain, millions of people in dire need, hungry, sick, impoverished, threatened, insecure, harmed in numerous objective ways and suffering in innumerable personal and collective ways. It is quite conceivable to pursue programmes for planetary sustainability without tackling this backlog of unmet needs; indeed there are many ways in which climate policies may harm the poor and worsen global inequality. For the moment, I simply assert that there are profound moral and consequential arguments for linking the two together and tackling both at once. This book places the social dimension of wellbeing firmly in the centre of discussions about climate change – and vice versa. This 14. It marks an unprecedented mobilisation of scientific cooperation, and provides a benchmark of current best knowledge on which to draw (see also 2010). The arguments of climate deniers, still powerful in a few countries (mainly in the ‘Anglosphere’, and notably the US), are not considered here. However, their role is discussed in places as a feature of political and ideological efforts to block and delay attempts to curb climate change. In summary, mean global temperatures are now about 1. 0 °C higher than nineteenth-century levels. The 2014 states:Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s many of the observable changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and sea level has risen … Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and nitrous oxide are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the necessity of human involvement in addressing climate conservation alongside social wellbeing. It argues for linkage between social justice and environmental sustainability, highlighting that pursuing planetary sustainability without addressing human needs could be detrimental. This implies that AI alone cannot replace human intervention in climate conservation efforts, as there are profound social and moral arguments for tackling both ecological and social issues simultaneously.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, black staff numbers increased from 4598 in 2009 to 8777 in 2020 – an increase of 91%. In the process, their share of total staff members increased from 28. 2% in 2009 to 43. 2% in 2020. NSFAS undoubtedly contributed to making staff numbers more representative of the demographics of South Africa. Advertisement 6. ConclusionWith the new political dispensation, the government was under pressure to enable more students from poorer communities to get access to higher education in South Africa. Because government appropriations decreased in real per capita terms and higher education costs increased steeply, HEIs had to increase their tuition fees by more than the inflation rate to be able to “balance their books”. While racial criteria fell away after 1994 (although a lot of things already started to change before 1994), high fees at HEIs introduced a new economic barrier to a large percentage of students from poor communities. began operating in 1995 to change the racially skewed composition of the student population in by providing funds for disadvantaged but deserving students. Over the period 1995 to 2020, NSFAS funded on average 198,697 university students per annum and spent R144. 6 billion in total (while on average an additional 173,439 TVET students were supported financially through NSFAS since 2007 and R28. 1 billion paid out). Especially since 2015 government has made a serious effort to make higher education more affordable to the poor by spending a much larger portion of their higher education budget on NSFAS than on state appropriations (subsidies). NSFAS played no small role in the way the racial composition of the student population changed over time. In 1994 only 50. 4% of students in higher education were black and 37. 5% were white. By 2020, black students represented 79. 4% of the total number of students at public universities, while the non-white component of the total number of students increased to 89. 1%. is not the sole contributor to this phenomenon, the scheme has played an instrumental role. For example, in 1994 NSFAS funded only 7. 6% of university students, but this figure increased to more than 46% of the students in 2020. The scheme undoubtedly contributed positively to making higher education more accessible and affordable to the poor. students perform better than non-NSFAS students. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the increase in representation of black staff members in higher education institutions in South Africa, the role of NSFAS in funding, and the accessibility of higher education. It does not address or relate to the domestication of crops or its role in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: lnc3 promotes hepatic insulin resistance by serving as a competing endogenous RNA of miR-214 to regulate ATF4 expression. 2019; 43(1): 345-57. [PMID: 30431065] [135]. Nutritional epigenomics: A portal to disease prevention. 2013; 4(5): 530-2. [ [PMID: 24038247] [136] Salbaum JM, Kappen C. Responses of the embryonic epigenome to maternal diabetes. 2012; 94(10): 770-81. [ [PMID: 22786762] [137] Sirt3 prevents maternal obesity-associated oxidative stress and meiotic defects in mouse oocytes. 2015; 14(18): 2959-68. [ [PMID: 25790176] [138]. Diet-induced obesity leads to metabolic dysregulation in offspring via endoplasmic reticulum stress in a sex-specific manner. Obes 2018; 42(2): 244-51. [ [PMID: 28811650] [139]. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 2010; 467(7318): 963-6. [ [PMID: 20962845] [140] Paternal obesity initiates metabolic disturbances in two generations of mice with incomplete penetrance to the F2 generation and alters the transcriptional profile of testis and sperm microRNA content. 2013; 27(10): 4226-43. [ [PMID: 23845863] [141]. From meiosis to postmeiotic events: The secrets of histone disappearance. FEBS J 2010; 277(3): 599-604. [ [PMID: 20015078] [142]. SIRT6 in mouse spermatogenesis is modulated by diet-induced obesity. Dev 2011; 23(7): 929-39. [ [PMID: 21871212] [143] Awe S, Renkawitz-Pohl R. Histone H4 acetylation is essential to proceed from a histone- to a protamine-based chromatin structure in spermatid nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster. 2010; 56(1): 44-61. [ [PMID: 20170286] [144] Marcon L, Boissonneault G. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies on epigenetics that illustrate how factors such as maternal diabetes, diet-induced obesity, and nutritional epigenomics influence gene expression and metabolic outcomes. For instance, it mentions how 'nutritional epigenomics' serves as a key factor in disease prevention and 'responses of the embryonic epigenome to maternal diabetes,' which underscores the role of environmental factors in regulating gene expression.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: (IPCC 2014a: 1, 4)The scientific link between this warming and certain atmospheric emissions – labelled ‘greenhouse gases’ (GHGs) – has been established for over a century. The most significant is carbon dioxide or CO2, which accounts for three-quarters of the total and is growing. CO2 is mainly the product of burning fossil fuels (almost 80 per cent) and of certain industrial processes such as cement production, refineries, the iron and steel industry and the petrochemical industry. The remaining quarter of anthropogenic GHG emissions are non-CO2 gases, notably methane and nitrous oxide stemming from agriculture and other human uses of land. Future global warming will depend on the cumulative stock of greenhouses gases in the atmosphere. All GHGs stay in the atmosphere and thus contribute to global warming for some time, but the time period differs. Methane, though a potent GHG, lasts only about 12 years, but ‘carbon is forever’. A total of 65–80 per cent of CO2 released into the air dissolves slowly into the ocean over a period of 20–200 years; the remainder can take up to several hundreds or thousands of years to disappear. Given this fact, it is the total carbon budget – the cumulative total of emissions – that matters, not the target for some year in the future, such as 2050. The IPCC (2014a: 8) concludes: ‘Multiple lines of evidence indicate a strong, consistent, almost linear relationship between cumulative CO2 emissions and projected global temperature change to the year 2100. ’ In the absence of effective climate action the major driver of this climatic shift will be cumulative emissions of CO2, which will ‘largely determine global mean surface warming by the late 21st century and beyond’. Current predictions by the IPCC (2013: 10) are pessimistic:Surface temperature is projected to rise over the 21st century under all assessed emission scenarios. It is ‘very likely’ that heat waves will occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense and frequent in many regions. The ocean will continue to warm and acidify, and global mean sea level to rise. (IPCC 2013: 10)Moreover, most aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries even if emissions of CO2 are stopped. Past, present and future emissions of CO2 commit us to mitigation action for centuries to come. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that effective climate action is necessary and will require ongoing human intervention, as it states that 'current predictions by the IPCC are pessimistic' about climate change effects and highlights that 'most aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries even if emissions of CO2 are stopped.' This indicates that AI alone cannot resolve the complexities involved in climate conservation without human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: A larger proportion of them obtains qualifications while a smaller share of them dropped out of the higher education system without qualifications, compared to the non-NSFAS students. NSFAS largely serves students from poorer backgrounds who are usually first-generation university students. Therefore, the success of these students in progressing through the higher education system is remarkable. Because almost all current NSFAS awards are bursaries the progress of NSFAS students will have to be closely monitored in the future to ensure that the money is still spent on successful students (that progress successfully through the system). 1. AP. Effektiwiteit van Suid-Afrika se Onderwysstelsel - ‘n Ekonomiese Analise. Unpublished [PhD dissertation], University of Stellenbosch. 19962. Department of and Training (DHET). Statistics on Post-and Training in 2020. March 2022. Available on their website at www. dhet. gov. za3. Malherbe EG. Education in (1652-1920). Cape Town: Juta; 19254. P. Die rol van die (NSFAS) in die fasilitering van van toegang tot hoër onderwys vir studente uit armer gemeenskappe in Suid-Afrika. Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe. 2017;57(4):971-9895. Khuluvhe M, Netshifhefhe E. Funding and expenditure trends in post-school education and training, Department of higher education and training. 2021. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za6. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2019. 2021. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za7. Steyn G, P. The changing face of public financing of higher education, with special reference to South Africa. Journal of Economics. 2007;75(1):136-1548. Bunting I. Funding in South Africa. First report to the HESA funding strategy group. 20119. Calitz E, Fourie J. The historically high cost of tertiary education in : 02/16. 201610. European Commission. Programme: Mid-term Review. Part 2. 200011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim about the domestication of crops and its significance to human civilization. Instead, it discusses the performance and challenges of NSFAS students in the South African higher education system, which is entirely unrelated to agricultural practices or the role of crop domestication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: Transient DNA strand breaks during mouse and human spermiogenesis new insights in stage specificity and link to chromatin remodeling. 2004; 70(4): 910-8. [ [PMID: 14645105] [145]. The effect of obesity on sperm disorders and male infertility. Urol 2010; 7(3): 153-61. [ [PMID: 20157305] [146] Epigenetic matters: The link between early nutrition, microbiome, and long-term health development. 2017; 5: 178. [ [PMID: 28879172] [147] Celluzzi A, Masotti A. How our other genome controls our epi-genome. 2016; 24(10): 777-87. [ [PMID: 27289569] [148] Adherence to Mediterranean diet impacts gastrointestinal microbial diversity throughout pregnancy. BMC 2021; 21(1): 558. [ [PMID: 34399704] [149] Fernandez-. Intrauterine programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62(10): 1789-801. [ [PMID: 31451874] [150]. Prenatal stress due to a natural disaster predicts insulin secretion in adolescence. Dev 2013; 89(9): 773-6. [ [PMID: 23830724] [151]. Prenatal exposure to bereavement and type-2 diabetes: A Danish longitudinal population based study. PLoS One 2012; 7(8): e43508. [ [PMID: 22952698] [152]. Integrated stress response activation by sleep fragmentation during late gestation in mice leads to emergence of adverse metabolic phenotype in offspring. Metabolism 2017; 69: 188-98. [ [PMID: 28139216] [153] Kassi E. HPA axis abnormalities and metabolic syndrome 2016; 41: S4. 1. [ [154] Palma-Gudiel H, Córdova-ñanás L. Maternal psychosocial stress during pregnancy alters the epigenetic signature of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter in their offspring: A meta-analysis. Epigenetics 2015; 10(10): 893-902. [ [PMID: 26327302] [155]. Maternal prenatal stress and infant DNA methylation: A systematic review. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the influence of various external factors, such as maternal psychosocial stress and prenatal exposure, on the epigenetic signature and gene expression in offspring. This aligns with the definition of epigenetics as the study of how gene expression is regulated by environmental and lifestyle factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: goes on to analyse the likely impacts of global warming on a) ecosystems and b) human welfare, using integrated assessment models (IAMs). Impacts clearly attributable to climate change, as opposed to other causes, include: permafrost warming and thawing in high-latitude and high-elevation regions; shifts in the geographical ranges of many terrestrial, freshwater and marine species; negative impacts on crop yields (exceeding positive impacts); and impacts of recent climate-related extremes – such as heatwaves, droughts, floods, cyclones and wildfires – on many human systems (IPCC 2014b: 4–6). The uncertainties involved in such modelling should always be borne in mind. The wide range in predicted temperatures has been noted, but the uncertainties multiply when forecasting things like crop yield changes and impacts on biodiversity, and still more when estimating human impacts and the effects of climate-related strategies. The predictions depend on at least three estimations: first, the extent to which impacts can be attributed to future climate change; second, assumptions about the impacts of current and future mitigation strategies; and, third, assumptions about the impacts of current and future adaptation strategies (IPCC 2014b: 8). This global modelling is the starting point for most studies of the impacts of climate change on human habitats and human welfare. Another useful approach focuses on social vulnerability, starting from the local development context in which climate change occurs. The social and health impacts of climatic hazards are always mediated by the vulnerabilities of populations and their capacities to ‘respond, recover and prepare’ (O’Neill 2016). This will depend on a wide range of factors, including personal factors such as age or health, community factors such as the intensity and support of social networks, and societal-level factors such as the distribution of wealth and power, the strength of solidarity and the robustness of collective institutions. If we are to capture the new social risks and threats to wellbeing resulting from climate change we need to combine both approaches (IPCC 2014c). The IPCC (2014b) on covers a wide range of issues: freshwater resources, terrestrial and inland water systems, coastal systems and low-lying areas, ocean systems, food security and food production systems, urban areas, rural areas, key economic sectors and services, human health, human security, livelihoods and poverty. I will briefly consider just a few of these. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties involved in predicting the impacts of climate change and the effectiveness of mitigation and adaptation strategies. It emphasizes the necessity of human factors such as social vulnerability, responses, and capacities to manage climatic hazards, indicating that human intervention is crucial in addressing climate conservation, rather than being replaced by AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Republic of South Africa. 1997. Paper 3 – A Programme for Transformation. Government Gazette, 18207. 15 August 199712. Department of and Training (DHET). Report on the evaluation of the 2020 2022. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za13. Scheme (NSFAS). 2016/17 Annual Report. 2018. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za14. Scheme (NSFAS). 2017/18 Annual Report. 2019. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za15. Scheme (NSFAS). 2018/19 Annual Report. 2020. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za16. Scheme (NSFAS). 2019/20 Annual Report. 2021. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za17. Scheme (NSFAS). 2020/21 Annual Report. 2022. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za18. National Treasury. 2017. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201719. National Treasury. 2018. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201820. National Treasury. 2019. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 201921. National Treasury. 2020. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202022. National Treasury. 2021. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202123. National Treasury. 2022. Own Publication, Pretoria, February 202224. Scheme (NSFAS). 2005/06 Annual Report. 2007. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za25. Scheme (NSFAS). 2006/07 Annual Report. 2008. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za26. Scheme (NSFAS). 2007/08 Annual Report. 2009. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za27. Scheme (NSFAS). 2008/09 Annual Report. 2010. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za28. Scheme (NSFAS). 2009/10 Annual Report. 2011. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za29. Scheme (NSFAS). 2010/11 Annual Report. 2012. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the domestication of crops and its importance to human civilization. It appears to consist of references to various government publications and annual reports without any context or information related to agriculture or the impact of crop domestication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 2018; 60(2): 127-39. [ [PMID: 29344930] [156] Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, et al. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: A link with the severity and type of trauma. 2011; 1(12): e59. [ [PMID: 22832351] [157]. Maternal prenatal depressive symptoms predict infant NR3C1 1F and methylation. Epigenetics 2015; 10(5): 408-17. [ [PMID: 25875334] [158] Rogers JM. Smoking and pregnancy: Epigenetics and developmental origins of the metabolic syndrome. Res 2019; 111(17): 1259-69. [ [PMID: 31313499] [159] U. S. Department of health, education, and welfare. Smoking and health: Report of the advisory committee to the surgeon general of the public health service. Washington: U. S. Department of health, education, and welfare, public health service, center for disease control, 1964. PHS Publication No. 1103. Available from: [160]. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and birth defects: A systematic review based on 173 687 malformed cases and 11. 7 million controls. Update 2011; 17(5): 589-604. [ [PMID: 21747128] [161]. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and child overweight: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes 2008; 32(2): 201-10. [ [PMID: 18278059] [162] Rayfield S, Plugge E. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between maternal smoking in pregnancy and childhood overweight and obesity. J Health 2017; 71(2): 162-73. [ [PMID: 27480843] [163] Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood overweight and fat distribution:. 2014; 9(1): e14-25. [ [PMID: 23362054] [164]. The impact of prenatal parental tobacco smoking on risk of diabetes mellitus in middle-aged women. J 2015; 6(3): 242-9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of epigenetics, particularly in relation to maternal health and environmental factors such as smoking during pregnancy. This indicates that epigenetics involves the regulation of gene expression through external factors, consistent with the claim that epigenetics studies how gene expression is influenced by environment and lifestyle.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Rural areas will also be affected by these weather events, as well as by changes in agricultural incomes and access to water. Those communities with limited access to land and to modern agricultural technologies and infrastructure are expected to be most negatively affected (IPCC 2014b). In a previous report the IPCC (2007) concluded that climate change will impact most heavily on tropical and subtropical regions, where standards of living are in general lower. Report is less willing than previous reports to draw together these risks into an overall global pattern of climate vulnerability. However, it does repeat that risks are ‘generally greater for disadvantaged people and communities in countries at all levels of development’. The following ‘hotspots’ are identified: the Mediterranean Basin, Central America, Central and West Africa, northern high-latitude regions, the Amazon, south/west US, South-East Asia, and the (IPCC 2014b). And the report highlights two ‘unique and threatened systems’ subject to very high risks with additional warming of 2 °C: the Arctic sea ice and coral-reef systems (IPCC 2014b: 12). In conclusion, the IPCC Report is unambiguous: ‘Continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and long-lasting changes in all components of the climate system, increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems. Limiting climate change would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions’ (IPCC 2014a: 8, italics added). If current mitigation policies prove inadequate and we head for a 4 °C warmer world, then the prospects for humanity are dire according to the (2012): ‘If the global community fails to act on climate change it will trigger a cascade of cataclysmic changes that include extreme heat-waves, declining global food stocks and a sea-level rise affecting hundreds of millions of people. ’(2012) warns that 4 °C is ‘incompatible with any reasonable characterisation of an organized, equitable and civilized global community’. Stern, Head of the 2006 on the Economics of Climate Change, writes:Five degrees is absolutely enormous. It would redraw the physical geography of the world. Large parts of the world would become desert, including most of southern Europe and the southern part of France. Other areas would be inundated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of climate change and the need for substantial and sustained human effort to limit greenhouse gas emissions. The IPCC report details how 'continued emission of greenhouse gases will cause further warming' and that limiting climate change 'would require substantial and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions'. This indicates that simply relying on AI is insufficient and that human action remains critical in addressing climate issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: za30. Scheme (NSFAS). 2011/12 Annual Report. 2013. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za31. Scheme (NSFAS). 2012/13 Annual Report. 2014. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za32. Scheme (NSFAS). 2013/14 Annual Report. 2015. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za33. Scheme (NSFAS). 2014/15 Annual Report. 2016. Available on their website at www. nsfas. org. za34. Scheme (NSFAS). 2015/16 Annual Report. 2017. Available on their website at: www. nsfas. org. za35. Department of and Training (DHET). Report of the on the Review of the Scheme. 2010b. Available at www. education. gov. za36. der Berg S. The first five year project – A cohort study of students awarded NSFAS loans in the first five years 2000-2004, for 2012. 201237. Department of and Training (DHET). 2000 to 2019 first time entering undergraduate cohort studies for public higher education institutions, 22 February. 2022a. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za38. Africa. 2022-2023. 2022. Available at: www. zabursaries. co. za/accounting-bursaries-south-africa/thuthuka-bursary-fund/39. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2014. 2016. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za40. Council on and Training (CHET). VitalStats. Education 2020. 2018. Available on their website at: www. che. ac. za41. Department of and Training (DHET). Statistics on Post-and Training in 2019. March 2021. 2021. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za42. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2002. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za43. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about the domestication of crops and their importance to human civilization. Instead, it appears to be a list of reports and documents related to educational schemes in South Africa, which is entirely unrelated to agricultural practices or their impact on human development.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 25665487] [165] Jaddoe VW, de Jonge LL, van Dam RM, et al. Fetal exposure to parental smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes in adult women. 2014; 37(11): 2966-73. [ [PMID: 25092685] [166] Laufer BI, Chater-. Long-term alterations to DNA methylation as a biomarker of prenatal alcohol exposure: From mouse models to human children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol 2017; 60: 67-75. [ [PMID: 28187949] [167] Hayashi S, Takeichi M. Emerging roles of protocadherins: From self-avoidance to enhancement of motility. J 2015; 128(8): 1455-64. [ [PMID: 25749861] [168] Haycock PC, Ramsay M. Exposure of mouse embryos to ethanol during preimplantation development: Effect on DNA methylation in the h19 imprinting control region. 2009; 81(4): 618-27. [ [PMID: 19279321] [169] Understanding the interplay between health disparities and epigenomics. 2020; 11: 903. [ [PMID: 32973872] [170]. Alcohol exposure alters DNA methylation profiles in mouse embryos at early neurulation. Epigenetics 2009; 4(7): 500-11. [ [PMID: 20009564] [171] Kaminen- Maternal ethanol consumption alters the epigenotype and the phenotype of offspring in a mouse model. PLoS Genet 2010; 6(1): e1000811. [ [PMID: 20084100] [172]. during pregnancy: United States, 2016. 2018; 305: 1-8. [PMID: 29528282] [173]. Prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylation. 2009; 180(5): 462-7. [ [PMID: 19498054] [174]. Altered placental DNA methylation patterns associated with maternal smoking: Current perspectives. Genet 2015; 2015(5): 205-14. [ [PMID: 26203295] [175] Joubert BR, Håberg SE, Nilsen RM, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various studies that examine how environmental factors, such as maternal smoking and alcohol exposure during pregnancy, influence DNA methylation and, consequently, gene expression. For instance, it mentions 'prenatal tobacco smoke exposure affects global and gene-specific DNA methylation,' which illustrates the direct correlation between environmental conditions and gene regulation through epigenetic mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: You’d see massive movements of population … This isn’t a black swan, a small probability of a big problem; this is a big probability of a huge problem. (et al. 2009: 136)It is not surprising that ‘end times’ and dystopian futures are a growing feature of fiction and other art forms in this new millennium (Hamilton 2010; Urry 2011). to Climate ChangeThe sources and drivers of emissions are discussed further in 3. For the moment they can be summarised as follows. First, the bulk of the cumulative stock of CO2 in the atmosphere has been contributed by the rich industrialised world: the burning of fossil fuels has precisely been a major source of their wealth. Since 1850, over one-half of the global total has been emitted by the US and Europe. Because CO2 remains in the atmosphere for many generations, cumulative emissions remain an important measure of responsibility for global warming. However, second, in recent years the annual emissions of emerging market economies, most notably China, have expanded fast and overtaken those of the developed world, which have remained stable. China is now the world’s largest annual emitter of CO2. But, third, there is a growing discrepancy between the emissions from a given national territory (production-based emissions) and the ‘consumption footprint’ of a given national territory (consumption-based emissions). Consumption-based emissions of the OECD are higher than their territorial emissions, while those of the rest of the world are lower. This reflects the outsourcing of manufacturing and industry from the West to the East during the period of intense globalisation – and accompanying deindustrialisation in the West – since around 1980. Consumption emissions of the West continued to rise – until the sharp fall occasioned by the severe financial crisis and recession of 2007–09. has gained doubly: both from rising consumption and from an apparently declining responsibility for the associated emissions. There has been ‘environmental load displacement’ from North to South (Christoff and Eckersley 2013). Fourth, these country totals make little sense without taking into account their populations (though it is interesting how often this simple fact is ignored: one might as well praise tiny Luxembourg for its commendable emissions record when in fact it has the highest emissions per person in the world). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of climate issues and the multiple forms of emissions and responsibilities associated with them. It discusses how significant emissions are generated in both the developed and emerging markets, suggesting that reliance solely on AI may overlook critical aspects of human responsibility and intervention needed to address these issues effectively. The text highlights the importance of understanding the sources and drivers of CO2 emissions, implying that human action is necessary to tackle these problems rather than suggesting that AI alone can resolve them.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2003. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za44. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2004. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za45. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2005. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za46. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2006. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za47. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2007. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za48. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2008. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za49. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2009. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za50. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2010a. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za51. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2011. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za52. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses enrollment data according to race, gender, home language, and qualification type from various years, which does not address the topic of crop domestication or its impact on human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: 450K epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Perspect 2012; 120(10): 1425-31. [ [PMID: 22851337] [176] DNA methylation in newborns and maternal smoking in pregnancy: Genome-wide consortium meta-analysis. 2016; 98(4): 680-96. [ [PMID: 27040690] [177] Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoking and DNA methylation: Epigenome-wide association in a discovery sample of adolescents and replication in an independent cohort at birth through 17 years of age. Perspect 2015; 123(2): 193-9. [ [PMID: 25325234] [178] Gender-specific methylation differences in relation to prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke. Gene 2012; 494(1): 36-43. [ [PMID: 22202639] [179] Maccani MA, Avissar-. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy is associated with downregulation of miR-16, miR-21, and miR-146a in the placenta. Epigenetics 2010; 5(7): 583-9. [ [PMID: 20647767] [180]. Epigenetic basis of the dark side of alcohol addiction. Neuropharmacology 2017; 122: 74-84. [ [PMID: 28174112] [181]. Adolescent alcohol exposure: Burden of epigenetic reprogramming, synaptic remodeling, and adult psychopathology. 2016; 10: 222. [ [PMID: 27303256] [182] Rubin BS, Bisphenol A. An endocrine disruptor with widespread exposure and multiple effects. J 2011; 127(1-2): 27-34. [ [PMID: 21605673] [183] Manikkam M, Tracey R, Guerrero-Bosagna C, Skinner MK. Plastics derived endocrine disruptors (and DBP) induce epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity, reproductive disease and sperm epimutations. PLoS One 2013; 8(1): e55387. [ [PMID: 23359474] [184] -. Ancestral dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure promotes epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of obesity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies that connect environmental factors, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy and alcohol exposure, to epigenetic changes in gene expression. These examples illustrate how lifestyle and environmental factors can impact DNA methylation and subsequent gene regulation, supporting the notion that epigenetics is concerned with the regulation of gene expression through such influences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: When this is done, emissions per person reveal wide inequalities, especially when calculating consumption-based emissions: emit on average 22 tonnes of CO2 a year, 13 tonnes, Chinese 6 tonnes and and Africans 2 tonnes (Chancel and Piketty 2015). These gaps are closing, but at a slow pace. Finally, predicted future annual emissions show parts of the developing world overtaking the developed. The national contributions to the accumulated stock of emissions will follow a similar pattern but with a lag. Putting together national and regional responsibilities for global warming with its national and regional impacts reveals a global double injustice (Gough 2011a). Consumers in the richer countries of the West still account for about one-half of cumulative greenhouse gases and enjoy on average considerably higher standards of living than the rest of the world. Yet on balance they are predicted to suffer fewer negative climatic impacts over the next two decades. Indeed some areas, such as Northern Europe, could benefit from longer growing seasons and lower heating costs. Tropical and sub-tropical areas with lower incomes and few past responsibilities for emissions will suffer major negative impacts. The globalisation of the world economy that has brought this about suggests that the old duopoly of ‘global North’ and ‘global South’ is no longer appropriate when discussing global climate patterns. To reflect this, in the rest of the book I will use instead a threefold distinction between North, East and South:● comprises the original OECD member states and some developed newer members (e. g. South Korea). ● The ‘East’ comprises the fast-emerging economies including the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China) and the MINT countries (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey). ● comprises the developing world of low-income and low-middle-income countries, mainly in Africa, Asia and parts of Latin America. These terms make no geographical sense – of course Australia is not in the north, Brazil and Mexico are not in the east – but all nomenclatures have problems and these have the virtue of brevity. between this powerful dynamic of growing emissions and the dangerous consequences of global warming are a range of ‘climate policies’, at global, regional, national, sub-national and sectoral levels. Figure 1. 2 offers a very simplified portrayal of the complex links between the causes of growing emissions and the impacts on human wellbeing. This helps to distinguish three categories of climate policies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of climate policies and emissions, highlighting that human intervention is essential in managing these dynamics. It notes the inequalities in emissions and the necessary policies at various levels to address climate change, suggesting that AI alone cannot suffice in place of human involvement in climate conservation efforts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2012. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za53. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2013. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za54. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2014. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za55. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2015. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za56. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2016. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za57. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2017. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za58. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2018. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za59. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2019. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za60. Department of and Training (DHET). SAPSE 2. 7: Unduplicated headcount of enrolled students according to race, gender, home language and qualification type. 2020. Available on their website at: www. dhet. gov. za61. Africa (Stats SA). Mid-year population estimates 2018. P0302. 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. It primarily discusses headcounts of enrolled students broken down by various demographic factors and does not address agricultural practices or their significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Epigenetics studies how gene expression is regulated by factors like environment and lifestyle. [SEP] Text: BMC Med 2013; 11(1): 228. [ [PMID: 24228800] [185]. Association between obesity and circulating Brain-Factor (BDNF) levels: Systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. 2018; 19(8): 2281. [ [PMID: 30081509] [186] DNA methylation-related chromatin remodeling in activity-dependent BDNF gene regulation. Science 2003; 302(5646): 890-3. [ [PMID: 14593184] [187] Bansal A, Simmons RA. Epigenetics and developmental origins of diabetes: Correlation or causation? Metab 2018; 315(1): E15-28. [ [PMID: 29406781] [188] Bisphenol a exposure disrupts metabolic health across multiple generations in the mouse. Endocrinology 2015; 156(6): 2049-58. [ [PMID: 25807043] [189] Hepatic DNA methylation modifications in early development of rats resulting from perinatal BPA exposure contribute to insulin resistance in adulthood. Diabetologia 2013; 56(9): 2059-67. [ [PMID: 23748860] [190] Exposure to phthalate, an endocrine disrupting chemical, alters the first trimester placental methylome and transcriptome in women. 2018; 8(1): 6086. [ [PMID: 29666409] [191]. Prenatal phthalate exposure, infant growth, and global DNA methylation of human placenta. Mutagen 2015; 56(3): 286-92. [ [PMID: 25327576] [192]. Epigenetic changes by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). 2021; 279: 116929. [ [PMID: 33751946] [193] SIRT1 as a therapeutic target in diabetic complications. Chem 2018; 25(9): 1002-35. [ [PMID: 29110598] [194] Losartan reverses permissive epigenetic changes in renal glomeruli of diabetic db/db mice. 2014; 85(2): 362-73. [ [PMID: 24088954] [195] Malek V, Gaikwad AB. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that relate to epigenetics, such as the influence of environmental exposures (like bisphenol A and phthalates) on DNA methylation and gene regulation. These references suggest a focus on how gene expression is affected by external factors, aligning with the claim's assertion about epigenetics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI can completely eliminate the need for human intervention in climate conservation. [SEP] Text: Climate mitigation policy refers to human interventions to reduce the sources, or enhance the ‘sinks’, of greenhouse gases. Broadly speaking, mitigation policies target the first three rows of Figure 1. 2: to reduce emissions and enhance global carbon sinks, requiring shifts in energy policy and, further upstream, the scale and nature of economic activity. The language of mitigation is used rather than ‘prevention’, in recognition of the fact that further global warming cannot be prevented owing to the accumulation of past GHGs in the atmosphere. Figure 1. 2 From human activity to climate change to human wellbeingClimate adaptation policy seeks to lower the risks posed by the consequences of climatic changes. Adaptation policies target the last two rows of the figure to reduce risks to habitats and human wellbeing. Clearly a combination of mitigation and adaptation interventions will be necessary to forestall harmful impacts on human populations. In between the two there is a potential third domain of interventions designed to directly target cumulative GHG concentrations, global temperature rise and regional climate change. This is the arena of geo-engineering, deliberate large-scale interventions in the Earth’s natural systems to counteract climate change, for example by reflecting part of the sun’s energy back into space or directly removing CO2 from the atmosphere. Geo-engineering is beginning to enter policy debate, but the current consensus is that it is fraught with unforeseeable and potentially catastrophic consequences and I do not discuss it further here. ‘We should remain under no illusion that if we have to resort to these kinds of technologies, then humankind is in a mess’ (Berners-Lee and Clark 2013; cf. 2010). MitigationMitigation plays a central role in 1. 5 °C above pre-industrial levels (2015). This is a safer but dauntingly ambitious goal. According to (2015), to achieve (only) a 50:50 chance of avoiding global warming exceeding 2 °C by the end of the century, and taking population growth into account, global emissions must be cut from around 7 tonnes CO2e1 per person per year now to no more than 2 tonnes by 2050 – a revolutionary downshift of 3. 5 times. But, if output per person continues to grow at its present rate (roughly trebling by 2050), then global emissions per unit of output must fall by a factor of 7–8 times by 2050 – as I write now only 33 years away. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that climate mitigation policy refers specifically to human interventions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing carbon sinks. It highlights that the current challenges of climate change cannot be addressed solely through technology, including AI, as human involvement is essential for implementing effective mitigation and adaptation strategies. The quote, 'if we have to resort to these kinds of technologies, then humankind is in a mess,' further underscores the point that reliance on technological solutions without human intervention may lead to catastrophic consequences.