Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The substitution that resulted in Ebgabcde enzyme further reduced the degalactosylation rate by 2. 5-fold, to 45-fold below the wild-type rate. This suggests that a hypothetical Ebgabe enzyme would have a rate of degalactosylation 100-fold below the wild-type rate, a rate so low that it would not permit growth on lactobionate. The existence of the series of evolved enzymes with known changes provided Sinnott and his colleagues the opportunity to test a well established theory of the evolution of catalysis. Albery and Knowles [24] had proposed that evolutionary changes would most easily change the free energy profile of the catalyzed reaction by uniform changes in the energies of all bound states, i. e. the free energies of each of the bound states would be reduced by about the same absolute amount. They thought that the next easiest change would involve the adjustment of the relative energies of bound intermediates, and that the most difficult change to obtain would be one that selectively stabilized a single transition state. The Albery–Knowles model assumed a constant transition state structure. Sinnott and his colleagues' measurements showed that the transition state structures were not constant during the experimental evolution of Ebg enzyme. The comparisons of the free energy profiles and transition states of the wild-type and five mutant enzymes showed that changes in the transition state profile away from the rate determining transition state were essentially random, and that there was no correlation between the changes in the free energies of intermediates and of their flanking transition states [22]. Because the evolutionary changes resulted in changes in the transition state energies that were neither uniform in the absolute sense nor uniform in the relative sense, Sinnott firmly rejected the Albery–Knowles hypothesis. 3 Evolutionary potential Among 154 single step spontaneous lactose or lactulose utilizing mutants all had either the or Class II mutation [10]. Does that mean that the evolutionary potential of Ebg enzyme for β-galactoside utilization is limited to those two specific amino acid substitutions? Not necessarily, those very limited outcomes might simply reflect the spontaneous mutagenic spectrum for E. coli. A variety of mutagens, including ultraviolet light and three different mutator alleles (mutS, mutY and mutD), were used to generate ebg+ mutants, and among 315 mutagen induced mutants all were either or Class II [10]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the evolutionary changes and enzyme reactions in E. coli without mentioning hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relation to the origins of life. Consequently, it does not support or contradict the claim regarding hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content Advertisement Search Explore journals Get published About BMC My account Search all BMC 12. 000 to US$ 16. 000 per episode [5, 6]. Thus, interest has been developed in utilizing probiotics as colonizers to prevent the cycle of colonization with pathogens and ultimately nosocomial infections [7]. Thus the therapeutic concept with probiotics is an effort to reduce or eliminate potential pathogens and toxins, to release nutrients, antioxidants, growth factors and coagulation factors, to stimulate gut motility and to modulate innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms via the normalization of altered gut flora [8]. Currently bacteria in synbiotic (prebiotic and probiotic components) and probiotic preparations are being used experimentally in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, liver transplantations, inflammatory bowel disease, acute and infectious diarrhea and trauma patients [9]. Properties of ProbioticsProbiotics are, according to the FAO/WHO "live bacteria which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host". These bacteria do not contain any virulence properties or antibiotic resistance cassettes. They create an unfavourable environment for pathogens by mechanisms including promotion of the integrity of the guts defense barrier by normalizing intestinal permeability, modulation of intestinal secretory immunoglobulin function, control of intestinal inflammatory responses and by balancing the release of cytokines. In addition, probiotics maintain normal microecology of the gastrointestinal flora and antimicrobial effects mediated by nutrient competition, alteration of local pH, production of bacterocins, modification of pathogen derived toxins and stimulation of epithelial mucin production [7]. Numerous microorganisms (see Table 1 and Table 2; e. g. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. reuteri, bifidobacteria and certain strains of L. casei or the L. acidophilus-group) are used in probiotic food, particularly fermented milk products, or have been investigated--as well as Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917, certain enterococci (Enterococcus faecium SF68) and the probiotic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii--with regard to their medicinal use. A well studied synbiotic is the preparation Synbiotic 2000 Forte. It contains the bacteria Pedicoccus pentasacceus, Leoconostoc mesenteroides, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that probiotics are defined by the FAO/WHO as 'live bacteria which when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit to the host.' It elaborates on their roles in preventing nosocomial infections, normalizing gut flora, and promoting gut health through various mechanisms such as modulating immune defenses and maintaining gastrointestinal microecology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Eighteen months later, DARPA held its second grand challenge in the fall of 2005 with a prize of $2 million. At this challenge, 5 AVs of 195 were able to complete a 132-mile route in southern Nevada. Stanford University’s AV “Stanley” won the challenge with a time of 6 hours and 53 minutes [13]. This second grand challenge proved that it is possible to make an AV that can drive itself in a demanding territory. The next step was to have AVs that can operate on the streets of a city. In 2007, DARPA conducted its third challenge under the name of “Urban Challenge. ” This time, AVs are asked to drive through the streets of Victorville, California on November 1, 2007, and Tartan Racing’s Boss completed the race and won the prize of $2 million [14]. Besides the places they took, there were two factors that made different from the previous two Grand Challenges. required the participating teams to satisfy two primary necessities. The first one was to follow the California driving rules, and the second one was to succeed in the Event (NQE) [14]. It was apparent that the participants were supposed to follow the traffic rules. Besides, it was also noteworthy that referees gave extra points to AVs if they followed the rules. For instance, though Stanford University’s “Junior” completed the route 1 minute earlier than Tartan Racing’s “Boss”; however, the latter was announced as the winner since it earned extra points for obeying the traffic rules [14]. Another important part of the necessities to be satisfied was the NQE. Consisting of three parts, NQE was held before the to be sure that AVs were safe enough to self-drive through the streets of Victorville. The first part of the required AVs to merge into and out of two-way jammed traffic. NQE B tested the AVs’ ability to stay within a lane in an environment with obstacles and finally find an assigned place for parking. were tested for their abilities of intersection behaviors, U-turn, and road re-planning. As a result of overall NQE, 11 of 35 AVs were selected to attend [14]. It can be said that setting requirements such as following traffic rules and satisfying NQE are the milestones for AV regulations today. Advertisement 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining the complexities and requirements involved in developing autonomous vehicles (AVs). It describes that during the DARPA challenges, AVs were tested for their ability to navigate traffic, obey traffic rules, and perform various driving tasks. The text implies that while AVs are making progress, they are not infallible and cannot guarantee the complete elimination of road accidents, as the challenges highlight the need for testing and validation of their safety in real-world conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: That observation was used to argue that, indeed, the evolutionary potential of ebgA is limited to those two substitutions [10]. The size of experimental populations and the time available for experiments effectively limits ebg and similar systems to investigating the consequences of single base substitutions, so it was not possible to say whether multiple substitutions might have produced equally effective enzyme, or even more effective enzyme, than did the or Class II mutations. Since we could not answer the question experimentally, we turned to phylogenetic analysis to seek an answer [25]. search of the non-redundant protein sequence database identified 13 homologous proteins for which the probability of the observed level of similarity to EbgA by chance alone was <10−90. All of those proteins had been identified as functional β-galactosidases. The sequences were aligned and that alignment was used to construct both Neighbor-Joining and phylogenetic trees (Fig. 2). The lacZβ-galactosidase has been crystallized and the 15 active site residues identified [26]. In the alignment 12 of those active site amino acids were conserved across all 14 proteins (Fig. 3). One of those variable active site residues, position 92 (in the EbgA protein) is an aspartic acid in the wild-type EbgA protein, but an asparagine in all of the other 13 proteins. I mutation changes that aspartic acid to an asparagine to bring it into conformity with all other β-galactosidases. The second variable active site residue, position 579 is an asparagine in all of the proteins in group A of Fig. 2, the group that includes Ebg, and aspartic acid in all of the other proteins. The third variable active site residue, position 977, is a cysteine in all of the group A proteins except Ebg, and tryptophan in all of the other proteins including Ebg. II mutation changes the tryptophan at position 977 of EbgA to cysteine to bring it into conformity with all of the other proteins in its phylogenetic group. In fact, the double mutant Class IV Ebg enzyme is identical to all of the other group A proteins at all 15 active site residues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relevance to life's origins. Instead, it discusses the evolutionary potential of ebgA, phylogenetic analysis, and the structure of β-galactosidases, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum (at a dose of 1010 bacteria per sachet) as probiotics and betaglucan, inulin, pectin and resistant starch as prebiotics [5]. VSL#3 () is a probiotic preparation containing live freeze- dried lactic acid bacteria containg approximately 450 billion bacteria in defined ratios of lyophilized Bifidobacterium breve, B. longum, B. infantis, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus Since probiotics are staying only transiently in the gut they have to be ingested every day. This is crucial as most antibiotic treatments will kill the probiotic bacteria [3]. Table 1 List of studies mentioned with no or negative effects of probiotics on critically ill patientsFull size tableTable 2 List of studies mentioned with positive effects of probiotics on critically ill patientsFull size tableBasic mechanisms of probioticsDuring periods of critical illness, significant alterations occur in the gut microflora. Reasons for this are changes in circulating stress hormones, gut ischemia, the use of immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics and the lack of adequate nutrients. Several studies have shown that certain probiotic bacteria are able to maintain the intestinal barrier function und to modulate the mucosal and intestinal immune function [3]. Probiotics may also reduce the incidence of VAP via a combination of local and systemic effects resulting in decreased colonisation [4]. The mechanisms are local and systemic. Local effects include reduced overgrowth of potential pathogens by competitive inhibition and direct antimicrobial effects. Secondary systemic benefits may result from improved gut mucosal barrier function, reduced bacterial translocation and upregulation of immune function [5, 10, 11]Based on these properties of probiotics, several studies were conducted in the critical ill patients. We have conducted a PubMed search with the terms "Probiotic" and "Intensive care unit". We received 75 "hits" (end of Dec. 2010) and here we will present the most notable studies [Table 1 and Table 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing specific probiotic bacteria, such as Lactobacillus plantarum, which are revealed to have beneficial properties for gut health. It explains that probiotics can help maintain intestinal barrier function and modulate immune response, thus validating their role as live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: How AVs work An AV uses several systems to replace a human driver and drive itself. Analogous to human body, a digital brain is necessary to manage all processes needed to drive a car. Gathering data from several sources such as radio detection and ranging (RADAR),1 sound navigation and ranging (SONAR),2 light detection and ranging (LIDAR)3 devices and cameras; employing computer vision to gather data and then processing those data; sending commands to mechanical parts to move AV such as making turns or stopping, and doing all these itself require an advanced computer program. Self-learning and self-acting capabilities cause these programs to be named as artificial intelligence (AI). So, what is AI? AI, one of the most popular phenomena of the last few years, is defined as “a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in computers” and “the capability of a machine to imitate intelligent human behavior” [15]. Similarly, as intelligent agents, AVs are also expected to imitate human drivers’ behaviors. Typically, in addition to a conventional vehicle, an AV has sensors to see its surrounding environment, complex CNN4 or DNN5 type (or similar) algorithms to analyze the data gathered, a powerful processor to make decisions, and other parts to convert the decisions to necessary actions. While working, an AV senses and sees every detail around itself. A traffic sign, a pedestrian on a sidewalk, a traffic light, other cars passing by, buildings surrounding horizon, and even a street animal jumping into the road must be analyzed with the AI of AV to prevent any unwanted consequences. The second main part of an AV is its sensors. These sensors, as mentioned above, include mostly radars, lidars, sonars, and cameras. A radar is a device that transmits radio signals, receives them back and calculate the differences between those signals to detect objects, their sizes, velocities, and distances. Depending on its purpose and the platform it is used, a radar uses the signals at different wavelengths. A sonar works in the same manner; however, it employs sound waves (a specific subset of radio waves). A lidar, on the other hand, sends and receives millions of light beams. These systems have comparative advantages and disadvantages over each other, and AVs use them together to close any safety gap. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex systems and processes involved in how autonomous vehicles (AVs) operate. While it describes the advanced technology and sensors used by AVs to drive and make decisions, it does not suggest that these capabilities will completely eliminate all road accidents. In fact, the text highlights that AVs must analyze their surroundings and manage various environmental factors to prevent 'unwanted consequences,' implying that there may still be risks and potential for accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The phylogenetic evidence indicates that either Asp-92 and Cys/Trp-977 are the only acceptable amino acids at those positions, or that all of the single base substitutions that might be on the pathway to other amino acid replacements at those sites are so deleterious that they constitute a deep selective valley that has not been traversed in the 2 billion years since those proteins diverged from a common ancestor. In either case, the natural evolutionary potential of Ebg enzyme with respect to lactose and lactulose utilization appears to be limited to those two amino acid replacements [25]. 2Phylogeny of the β-galactosidases. A: Distance tree based on the Neighbor-Joining method. Bootstrap values are indicated as percentages based on 1000 replicates. B: tree for the β-galactosidases, with bootstrap values indicated. In both A and B, the β-glucuronidases are used to conceptually root the trees as described in [25]. Actual bootstrap values are based on analysis of entire β-galactosidase sequences. By both methods, the β-galactosidases split into three distinct clades. The branches of the β-glucuronidase are shown in grey to indicate that the rooting is conceptual and that the lengths of the β-glucuronidase branches are unrelated to actual distances. Open in new tabDownload slide 3Alignment of the active site amino acids of the β-galactosidases used to construct the trees shown in Fig. 2. The complete proteins were used to construct the alignment, but only the residues corresponding to the active site residues of LacZ are shown. The amino acids are numbered above the alignment according to EbgA. The • symbols below the alignment indicate the variable sites, and the numbers below the alignment indicate the site (1) and Class II site (2). Open in new tabDownload slideIt is clear from the phylogeny that EbgA arose from a functional enzyme, which brings us back to the matter of the natural function of EbgA. Based upon the observed degree of sequence and open reading frame conservation it is unlikely that EbgA is some sort of pseudogene that performs no function or that it is not under selection. With respect to active site residues, EbgA is distinguished from the other enzymes only by the two substitutions at positions 92 and 977. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim as it discusses phylogenetic evidence related to the enzyme EbgA and its amino acid substitutions without mentioning hydrothermal vent ecosystems or their relation to the origins of life. The content focuses on biochemical aspects and does not address the broader subject of life's origins or ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: The incidence of ICU-acquired infections did not differ significantly except for that of catheter related bloodstream infections that was lowered by probiotics. Evidence for positive effects on the outcome of critical ill patientsAlberda and colleagues (2007) [15] demonstrated a significant increase in IgG and IgA levels in favour of the live synbiotics (preparation of 9 × 1011L. casei, L. plantarum, L. acidophilus, L. delbrueckii, Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, B. infantis, Streptococcus salivarius) over devitalized synbiotics or placebo in 28 ICU patients (double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study). Spindler-Vessel and colleagues (2007) [16] were able to demonstrate a significant reduction in infectious pneumonias (19% versus 53%), intestinal permeability, and procalcitonin levels in 113 trauma ICU patients with the use of a symbiotic preparation (1010 of P. pentosaceus, 1010L. paracasei, 1010L. plantarum). This study was however nonblinded, randomized, nonplacebo controlled. Olah and colleagues (2002) [17] performed a randomized double-blind study in 45 patients with acute pancreatitis. Significant results were demonstrated in favour of the live synbiotic (109L plantarum 299) for septic complications requiring surgery (5% versus 30%) and positive pancreatic aspiration cultures (5% versus 30%). However there were no significant differences in respiratory infections, rates of multiple organ failure, days of hospital stay, mortality, CRP levels, rates of necrotizing pancreatitis or positive blood cultures. Forestier and colleagues (2008) [18] conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled pilot study with 208 patients on an ICU unit, with a stay longer than 48 hours. Through a nasogastric feeding tube patients received either 109 CFU Lactobacillus casei/rhamnosus or placebo twice daily. The authors showed that the occurrence of P. aeruginosa respiratory colonization and/or infection was significantly delayed in the probiotic group with differences in median delay to acquisition of 11 versus 50 days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive effects of probiotics on health outcomes in critically ill patients, including reducing catheter-related bloodstream infections and improving immune responses (IgG and IgA levels). The description of live synbiotics providing benefits, such as significant reductions in infectious diseases and improving health metrics in ICU patients, supports the assertion that probiotics, as live bacteria, can be beneficial for gut and overall health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: In terms of range, radar has the advantage over lidar, sonar, and camera. Because lidar and camera require visibility all times, sonar has a shorter working range. On the other hand, since an AV is mostly interested in its close circumference, lidar is the most advantageous one because of its speed and high frequency-high quality data gathering capability [16]. Cameras are better in image gathering, and sonars are better in close range object detection. Advertisement 4. Are AVs really safe? When it comes to reliability, all of four common sensors of AVs have security deficiencies, for example, radars and sonars could be jammed with electromagnetic waves. When these two transmit the signals, someone can use an energy source emitting (reflecting) waves in the same wavelength from a different range or a different angle. When it comes to lidar, special devices can be used to create light noise to jam lidar. The exciting part is related to cameras. The AIs of AVs use camera data for image detection and recognition with high accuracy; however, a recent study proved that simple physical elements or invisible attack patterns could be used to mislead AIs [17]. Figure 2 shows a specific example to attack by using physical elements. In this figure, a regular stop sign was attached with some black and white tapes. While these taped patterns do not create suspicion in humans, it may cause severe consequences for AVs because this stop sign in Figure 2 is received by a CNN algorithm as a “45” sign as in Figure 3 with a probability of up to 100% [18]. Figure 2. A stop sign with camouflage art attack (reproduced based on figures in Table 1 of [18]). Figure 3. How the stop sign in Figure 2 is seen by AV (courtesy of Another issue regarding the safety of AVs is the possibility of being hacked. In a controlled experiment conducted in earlier July 2015, two security researchers took over the control of a [19]. The SUV was not an AV; however, it connected to the internet via an interface named Uconnect that was used in thousands of automobiles. The researchers hacked the Uconnect and conducted several actions such as blowing music out from speakers, killing the engine while running, disengaging the brakes, and finally pulling over the car. Upon this incident, Automobiles recalled 1. 4 million vehicles to solve the vulnerability issues of Uconnect [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various security deficiencies in the sensors used by autonomous vehicles (AVs), such as the potential for radars to be jammed and cameras to be misled by adversarial attacks. It discusses incidents where AV technology can be compromised, such as through hacking. This suggests that, rather than eliminating road accidents completely, AVs may still be vulnerable to risks that could lead to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: Neither of those substitutions alone would have eliminated the effective β-galactosidase activity of the ancestor of EbgA, but those two substitutions together certainly did so. Since we do not know the natural function of EbgA we do not know whether those two substitutions arose through positive selection for some other function or not, but we cannot ignore the possibility that EbgA is an enzyme in evolutionary transition to another function and that artificial selection simply reversed that process. The enzymes on the tree in Fig. 2 diverged from a common ancestor at least 2. 2 billion years ago [25], long before mammals, the major source of lactose, appeared. Clearly lactose hydrolysis was not the original function of the ancestral β-galactosidase, but all of the enzymes on the tree were either identified on the basis of lactose hydrolysis or were classified as β-galactosidases on the basis of sequence similarity with functionally identified β-galactosidases. The complete sequences of many microorganisms are currently being determined, and it will be interesting to see whether additional enzymes appear in the genomes of lactose negative organisms. Even if additional enzymes do appear there is the serious risk that they will be assumed to be lactases on the basis of sequence homology and that their actual functions may not be investigated. Finally, we need to consider the possibility that EbgA entered the E. coli genome recently as the result of horizontal transfer. Lawrence and Ochman [27] have recently analyzed the E. coli genome in terms of sequence composition and codon usage in order to detect genes that are present as the result of horizontal transfer. Surprisingly, about 17% of the open reading frames appear to be recent arrivals. EbgA, however, is not among those, which means that EbgA has been part of the E. coli genome so long that it is indistinguishable from other native E. coli genes. Whatever role EbgA plays in E. coli it has been playing it for a very long time. The purpose of the Ebg project was to follow the evolutionary progress of a well defined catalytic function under defined selective conditions as a means of understanding microevolutionary processes, and the system served that purpose well. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to hydrothermal vent ecosystems or clues to life's origins. Instead, it focuses on the enzyme EbgA and its evolutionary context within E. coli, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: In another double-blind, placebo controlled trial the benefits of a Synbiotic 2000 Forte treatment was investigated on the rate of infections, SIRS, severe sepsis and mortality in critical ill patients. 65 patients were randomized to receive once daily for 15 days the synbiotic formulation. These patients exhibited a significant reduced rate of infections (63% versus 90%), SIRS, severe sepsis and mortality (14% versus 22%) in comparison to the placebo group [19]. The incidence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoe (CDAD) in hospitalised and especially critical ill patients is increasing because of the wide use of antibiotics. In a Swedish study, 22 ICU patients were given the probiotic bacterium L. plantarum while 22 other patients received a placebo. 19% of the placebo group were colonised with C. difficile, while none were colonised who received the probiotic [20]. In a study which was published last year, Morrow and colleagues [21] elucidated if the use of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can reduce the incidence of VAP. They randomized 146 patients (prospective, double-blind and placebo-controlled study) and found that patients treated with the bacteria were significantly less likely to develop a VAP when compared to patients treated with a placebo. Also patients had significantly less CDAD than placebo treated patients (18,6% versus 5,8%) even though the duration of the diarrhoe was not different between the groups. In a pilot trail with the probiotic mixture VSL#3 Frohmader and colleagues [22] described the effectiveness of these bacteria in reducing the frequency of liquid stool in critically ill patients receiving enteral nutrition. In this single center, double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled study the group included 45 adults (20 verum vs 25 placebo). The verum group had a significant reduction in the frequency of liquid stool (0. 27 vs 0. 93; P = 0. 03). ConclusionsThe use of probiotic or synbiotic preparations in critically ill patients continues to be controversial. However, we found fewer publications reporting no or negative effects on the use of probiotics in critical ill patients, than the number of publications presenting positive effects [Table 1 and Table 2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several studies that demonstrate the beneficial effects of probiotics on gut health. It specifically cites the use of probiotics like Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and L. plantarum, which were shown to reduce the incidence of infections and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in critically ill patients, providing evidence that probiotics (live bacteria) can indeed have beneficial effects on gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: All these threats are considered seriously by governments, universities, researchers, and AV manufacturers. Also, as said in the third section, several different types of sensors are combined to assure safety. For instance, NHTSA follows a comprehensive and systematic approach to develop layered security and conducts research activities such as anomaly based intrusion detection or cybersecurity for update mechanisms of firmware [21]. Advertisement 5. The pros, cons, and moral issues of AVs AVs are on the roads today, and they will unavoidably be a part of our lives. So, what are the pros of AVs? In other words, how can we benefit from them? Or, what are their cons; if there exist, what are the risks or dangers they will bring to our lives? There is an ongoing debate on this topic, and this section will try to clarify these questions. 5. 1 The pros of AVs 5. 1. 1 conducted a study for crash causation and examined accidents that occurred between July 3, 2005, and December 31, 2006 [4]. According to the study, 40. 6% of the 5096 accidents were related to recognition errors such as inadequate surveillance and internal/external distraction. About 34. 1% of accidents were related to decision errors such as misjudgment of other’s speed, driving too fast for conditions, and false assumption of other’s action; and 10. 3% of accidents were related to performance errors such as panics. While using AI, supported by several sensors, it might be claimed that AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans. Another issue with traffic accidents is the driver’s general or momentary consciousness status. Being tired, driving under the influence of alcohol or any other drugs and lacking experience are the factors that may result in or contribute to an accident; however, never can be associated with an AV. 5. 1. 2 Economic benefits The difference between the monetary values of a brand-new car and that of its salvaged version after a severe traffic accident is quite clear. The amount is a loss to the personal, national, and global economy. While it is expected that AVs will reduce the number of accidents, this loss will also be prevented. As mentioned in the first 1. 35 million people die as a result of traffic accidents, and injuries related to these accidents also cost most countries approximately 1–3% of their gross domestic products [22]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim because it discusses that while autonomous vehicles (AVs) are expected to reduce accidents, it acknowledges the existence of risks and factors that contribute to accidents, such as recognition errors, decision errors, and performance errors from human drivers. It implies that AVs are less prone to these errors, yet it does not state that accidents will be entirely eliminated. The mention of ongoing debates and the various factors contributing to accidents further emphasizes that complete elimination of all road accidents is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Analysis of hydrothermal vent ecosystems provides clues about life's origins. [SEP] Text: The real test of understanding a process is not whether that understanding (hypothesis, theory) can explain the observations in a post hoc fashion, but whether it can accurately predict outcomes before they occur. If we did not know about Ebg per se, but we had all of the information about E. coli and other organisms that is available today, could we predict which of the 4405 open reading frames that have been identified in E. coli[6] would evolve to replace the lacZβ-galactosidase function? Could we predict which amino acid changes would be required, or what the properties of the evolved enzymes would be? The genome of E. coli encodes not only all of the functions necessary for E. coli to thrive, but also all of the potential for E. coli to evolve new functions that will permit it to adapt to novel or modified environments. The challenge we now face is to determine how to interpret the present information in order to predict the most likely evolutionary responses to specific selective challenges. 319. 341. 350. 257. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA. 648. 12. Science277, 1453–1462. 400. 435. 1845. 517. 465. 4049. 3533. 408. 1039. 140. 1598. 2. Rate-limiting degalactosylation in the hydrolysis of aryl β-D-Galactopyranosides by the experimental evolvants ebga and ebgb. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. II, 365–369. 114. 164. 17. 977. 286. 293. 517. 766. 397. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about hydrothermal vent ecosystems and their relation to life's origins. Instead, it discusses general evolutionary processes and the predictive capabilities of understanding genomic information in organisms like E. coli. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim regarding hydrothermal vents.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics are live bacteria that can be beneficial for gut health. [SEP] Text: When administered orally these probiotics bind to and neutralize toxins in the gut lumen and interfere with pathogen adherence to the intestinal epithelium - thus essentially preventing the infection. In this situation is the use of antibiotics unnecessary, circumventing the problems with antibiotic resistance [23, 24]. In conclusion, we have not yet enough data to firmly support the use of probiotic bacteria in the setting of intensive care units. Well designed multi center clinical studies with defined mixtures of probiotics and defined endpoints are warranted in this field. AbbreviationsCDAD: Clostridium difficile-associated disease CFU: colony forming unit CRP: C-reactive protein ICU: : Nasogastric tube SIRS: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome VAP: Ventilator associated pneumonia 607. 10. 1097/01. CCM. 0000045576. 55937. 67. 5. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2004. 01. 005. 8. 10. 1097/MCG. 0b013e31817283cb. 903. 61. 10. 1007/s00134-008-1368-1. 21. 10. 1378/chest. 122. 6. 2115. 75. 10. 1097/MCP. 0b013e3282f76443. 7. 10. 1007/s12098-008-0119-1. 603. 10. 1016/j. coph. 2005. 06. 009. 80. 10. 1016/j. surg. 2006. 10. 007. 75. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2003. 12. 002. 9. 10. 1016/j. clnu. 2004. 08. 008. 4. PubMed 2010. 23. 26. 10. 1177/0148607107031002119. 7. 10. 1186/cc6907. 55. 10. 1007/s00268-005-0653-1. 102. 10. 1111/j. 1399-6576. 2008. 01748. x. 2010. 11. 10. 4037/ajcc2010976. 10. 1186/1757-4749-2-5. 10. 1186/1471-2180-8-176. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the benefits of probiotics in the gut, specifically mentioning their ability to bind to and neutralize toxins in the gut and prevent infections, aligning with the notion that probiotics are beneficial for gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Since AVs are less prone-to-errors than humans, with a decrease in the number of accidents, we may also expect a lesser loss in GDP, in other words, an increase in the net GDP. 5. 1. 3 Social benefits Besides its economic burdens, traffic accidents create severe physical and emotional impacts for surrenders of accidents who became disabled. Reducing the number of accidents will prevent these consequences [23]. Another social benefit of AVs is helping the disabled, elderly, children, and other people who are in need to be transported without the help of others [24]. This help will increase the rate of disabled and older people’s contribution to the workforce. Eventually, those who were carried with AVs will reach what they need, and the overall quality of life of nations will increase. 5. 1. 4 Environmental impacts A new discussion is about ownership of, and beyond it, sharing AVs. For future projections, there are expected two different styles of ownership models for AVs: public service and individual owning [25]. According to the first option, an AV will be owned by a private company or a governmental agency or a municipality. The second option means that an AV will be owned by a person and become his or her private property. The owner will be able to put his or her AV into the service of others. In this way, the owner will be able to compensate for the (high) cost of his or her AV. Another study on possible energy impacts of using AVs suggests that factors such as ridesharing, less time for looking for parking can reduce fuel consumption by 90% [26], which also means lower carbon emission. 5. 2 The cons of AVs 5. 2. 1 Software-related problems One of the most common concerns and critics against AVs is their reliability in the context of cybersecurity. As mentioned in Section 4 of this 5. 2. 2 Privacy AVs rely on data and their processing to drive safely; however, it becomes another serious concern regarding AVs: the possible violation of personal privacy by obtaining these data illegally. An AV will have the ability to gather and process your personal data such as how you drive, whom you travel with, where you go, how much you stay there, whom you talk to on the phone, and so on. All these data might be used to analyze your personality traits or to track you. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing that although autonomous vehicles (AVs) are less prone to errors than humans, which may decrease the number of accidents, it does not guarantee the complete elimination of road accidents. The mention of potential software-related problems and cybersecurity concerns suggests that AVs might still face challenges that could lead to accidents.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: We have added Works to Brill. com. For a summary of updates and FAQ please click to my Brill account and and and and and and and AppBar-Imprints-Brill | | Austria Böhlau Brill | | mentis Brill | Schöningh Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht V&R unipress to publish with Brill: Files & Guides Fonts, Scripts and Ethics & from and E-and to Manage your and and and by and of and for Access and for Access for Discover Brill’s About us updated rights & permissions Review a to my Brill account and East and Rights and and History and Literature and | | Schöningh Böhlau Brill | Brill | & | mentis V&R unipress How to publish with Brill: Files & Guides Fonts, Scripts and Ethics & from and by Catalogs, Flyers and E-and to Manage your and and and and of and Press and for Access and for Access for Discover Brill’s and and -up and and and on facebook Share on linkedin Share on X Email this content Share link with colleague or librarian You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link Stay informed about this publication 18. 00 ### Online (Access for 1 day) $18. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 7 days) $40. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 30 days) $99. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Choose 1, 7 or 30 days Add to A-Z : Items : : A Companion to to the of the to the readers 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts,” in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible, part 1B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016), 611–613 [instead of just: R. E. Fuller, “9. 2. 3 Other Texts,” in. . . ]. [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information related to lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Instead, it consists largely of administrative or procedural content about publishing with Brill and other unrelated topics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dietary fiber helps maintain healthy gut bacteria by providing prebiotics. [SEP] Text: No explanation is provided in the text about whether this is a previously reported phenotype, whether any elements of this phenotype are shared with splenic QFL T cells, what significance the authors ascribe to this phenotype (and to the fact that Qa1-deficiency leads to a more conventional Thy-1+ve, CD5+ve phenotype), and whether this altered phenotype is also seen in ERAAP-deficient mice. At least some explanation for this abrupt shift in focus and integration with prior published work is needed. On a related note, CD5 expression is measured in splenic QFL-specific CD8+ T cells from GF vs SPF mice (Supp. Fig. 9), to indicate that there is no phenotypic impact in the GF mice - but from Supp. Fig. 4, it would seem more appropriate to report CD5 expression in QFL-specific cells from the IEL, not the spleen. Answer: Expression of CD8αα and lack of CD4, CD8αβ, CD5 and CD90 expression was indeed reported as the characteristic phenotype of natIELs. We have clarified this point in the resubmitted manuscript (line 80). The CD8αα+ cells have consistently showed CD5CD90- phenotype. While CD8αα expression was sufficient to describe their natIEL phenotype, we showed the CD5-CD90- data in Supplementary figures only to provide additional evidence. The CD5 molecule by itself reflects the TCR signaling strength and high CD5 level is associated with self-reactivity of T cells (Azzam et al. , 2001; Fulton et al. , 2015). The implication of CD5 expression on QFLTg cells is discussed in our other manuscript where we investigate the development of these cells (Valerio et al. , 2023). Fig. 9, because the donor splenic QFLTg cell have consistently showed comparable CD5 level between the GF and SPF group, we reasoned that it would not interfere with our interpretation of the CD44 expression. The authors suggest the finding that QFL-specific cells from ERAAP-deficient mice have a more "conventional" phenotype indicates some form of negative selection of high-affinity clones (this result being somewhat unexpected since ERAAP loss was previously shown to increase the presentation of Qa-1b loaded with FL9, confirmed in this report). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it discusses T cell phenotypes, experimental methodologies, and specific findings related to immune cells rather than any information on dietary fiber, gut bacteria, or prebiotics. There is no mention or discussion about gut health or dietary elements that could corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, if these data are obtained by a criminal organization, it can also be used for blackmailing or any other cyber-crime against you. 5. 2. 3 that the car you drive collides with another vehicle. You stop, get off, and walk through the other vehicle to negotiate the accident with its driver. Suddenly, you see that there is no one in the car. After getting out of the shock, you notice that you had an accident with an AV. So, what is going to happen now? Who will be responsible or how will the responsibilities be shared between the driver (if exists), manufacturer, sensor producer, or programmer? Currently, lawmakers and government authorities work on it (up to a point). In the USA, the federal government, via NHTSA, sets the rules for new motor vehicles and their equipment. These rules are known as Standards (FMVSSs), and NHTSA enforces FMVSSs to ensure that manufacturers comply with them [24]. Besides, federal governments do not act to create nation-wide legislation; however, requests state governments to regulate the responsibilities [24]. In Germany, a law for AV-related liability issues was put into action on June 21, 2017 [27]. The law makes the liability be shared between the manufacturer and driver. Drivers are allowed to avert their attention from driving but not to sleep [27]. Also, the law only keeps drivers responsible for an accident unless they take control of the car within an “adequate time reserve. ” Nevertheless, this undefined “adequate time reserve” is still controversial [27]. It might be claimed in advance that the responsibility issue may remain as a concern, and it will be solved in time as long as AVs and their technology level developed. 5. 2. 4 Environmental issues Besides possible effects resulted from factors such as ridesharing, negative factors may result in an energy consumption increase by up to 150% [26]. As long as AVs become safer, particular speed limits might be set for them, and those limits might also be increased gradually. Also, the comfort that AVs would provide to us might cause them to be used more frequently than before. Nevertheless, higher speeds or frequent use result in more fuel consumption, which also means an increase in carbon emissions. 5. 2. 5 Car sharing-related health issues A recent pandemic caused hundreds of thousands of losses of human lives. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding liability in accidents involving autonomous vehicles (AVs). It mentions that there could still be accidents involving AVs, as evidenced by a scenario where a collision occurs with anAV. The responsibility for such accidents remains a concern that is not completely resolved, indicating that complete elimination of road accidents is unlikely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek,” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures, part 2B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze; Leiden: Brill, 2019), 11–15 [instead of just: T. Michael, “Greek,” in. . . ] For citation from the online edition use "cite this page" below the 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts" in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016). 5, 2017. doi: [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze); Leiden: Brill, 2019), 5, 2020. doi: Title: of the Publisher: Brill Subjects: : (General Editor); (vol. editors for vol. 1); (vol. editors for vol. 2; 2B and 2C published in 2019, 2A to be published in 2020); and (d. 2020) (vol. editors for vol. 3 to be published in 2021-2023); and Andrès (vol. editors for Handbook series) In was the responsible editor for the primary versions as well as the and the Masoretic text including the corresponding overview 1. 1. 1 and 1. 2. 3 while worked on entries 1. 1. 2; 1. 2. 1; 1. 2. 2; 1. 4; 1. 7. 1 and 1. 7. 2. is professor for Judaism at the University of Vienna, the Director of Vienna University's Institute for Jewish Studies, a member of the editing the Scrolls, and a corresponding member of the of Sciences. He has published extensively on the Hebrew Bible, its textual criticism, Judaism, and the Scrolls. is senior academic researcher and project coordinator of the academy project Edition and Translation of the Coptic-Testament at the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a variety of topics related to biblical texts and the publication details of scholarly works, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Therefore, it does not provide any support, contrast, or relevant information regarding the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 18030882 Export as PDF Can taking probiotics ('friendly bacteria') encourage weight loss in people who are overweight? Share on on on Submission date 25/11/2019 Registration date 27/11/2019 Last edited 13/01/2021 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Prospectively registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsThe human gut (gastrointestinal tract) is home to a host of "friendly bacteria" (probiotics) that support the well-being and health of an individual through a variety of mechanisms. This study aims to assess the potential for daily supplementation with these friendly bacteria to achieve weight loss in overweight individuals going about their daily lives. Who can participate? Adults aged between 45 to 65 years with a waist circumference of >89 cm (women) or >100 cm (men) and a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29. 9. What does the study involve? The study is called a double-blind study which means that participants will be randomly assigned to take a capsule containing either the active product (the probiotic) or an identical inactive product (the placebo) every day for 270 days. There will be an equal chance for the participant to be assigned to take active or placebo with neither the participant or researchers aware of who is taking what. During the trial, the participants will also be asked to complete a questionnaire (relating to their general well-being and health), complete a 'Stroop test' (that measures mental sharpness) and provide blood samples at beginning, during and end of trial. After enrolment to the study, participants are asked to complete a general wellbeing questionnaire and Stroop test, undergo body measurements (e. g. weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference and blood pressure) and provide a fasting blood sample. Participants will then be randomly assigned to receive capsules containing either the placebo (dummy) or probiotic that are to be taken every day for the following 270 days. During the study, participants will be asked to revisit the trial centre on days 90, 180 and the end of the study (day 270) in order to repeat the wellbeing questionnaire and Stroop test, undergo body measurements and provide blood samples. At the end of the study, scientists will use the information and samples collected to determine if there was any benefit to taking the probiotic supplement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that aims to assess the potential for daily supplementation with probiotics, which are 'friendly bacteria,' to achieve weight loss in overweight individuals. This implies that the presence and activity of gut bacteria might indeed influence body weight and metabolism, supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Covid-19 proved that keeping physical (social) distance between people and following hygiene rules are crucial for avoiding contagions. Since it may not be possible to be sanitized between users, there would be a risk that AVs might be responsible agents for the spread of infection. If this happens, AVs would be banned for a while. In this case, severe health or transportation problems would be inevitable. 5. 2. 6 Financial-infrastructure burdens on states AVs require certain elements to ensure awareness of their surroundings, such as traffic lights, dyed lanes, and traffic signs. In many underdeveloped or developing countries, unordered traffic may be witnessed. What if an AV comes to an intersection with no traffic lights, no lanes, no signs, cars moving bumper to bumper ignoring safe distance, and drivers not yielding? How could an AV determine the right of the pass in a situation like that? To be able to have AVs on its roads, governments will have to order the traffic in their countries. They may also have to educate their citizens. Overall, this will become a financial burden because of the increase in spending on investments in transportation infrastructure and traffic education. 5. 3 Moral issues with AVs AVs mostly rely on AI technologies. However, as mentioned above, AIs can be attacked and misled easily. A 3D printed turtle was classified as an assault rifle by Google’s [28]. Another issue with AI is its moral dimension. Again, assume that an AV drives an individual or a group of people from someplace to another. Suddenly, a small child or an animal that is on the edge of extinction steps onto the road. There is no such possibility for AV to stop. Its only options are hitting itself to barriers and kill the passenger(s) it carries or killing the child or the animal in front of it. What do we expect from the AV to do in this scenario? Or if a human driver is seated behind the wheel, what do we expect from him or her? People can be kept responsible for their behaviors and the consequences of those behaviors. Hence, after an accident resulting from a human driver’s fault can be handled by law enforcement and judicial authorities easily. Nevertheless, when it comes to an accident caused by an AV, the situation changes. Because instead of instincts, education level, or experience, an AV acts on its codes compiled by someone. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining numerous risks and challenges associated with autonomous vehicles (AVs) that could lead to accidents rather than completely eliminating them. It discusses scenarios where AVs might fail to operate safely in chaotic traffic situations, the moral dilemmas they face in potential accident scenarios, and the substantial changes required in infrastructure and education to facilitate their safe operation. These factors suggest that rather than completely eliminating road accidents, AVs could still be involved in incidents under specific circumstances, further disputing the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: His research focuses on the Coptic translations of the Bible as versions of the Septuagint. He published extensively on the Coptic bible and is the author of Ieremias, Lamentationes (Threni), et Baruch (DeGruyter, 2002). joined the faculty of the Department of Theology and at the University of in 1992. He is a professor of biblical studies with a specialty in the area of and the Scrolls. He is a member of the editing the Scrolls. is the. of at and the director of Rice's program in Jewish Studies. The focus of his published work is on the Jewish literature composed around the turn of the Common Era. is of the at the University of Southern California, and for Ingest/Cataloguing of the InscriptiFact Project. She is an Professor at Seminary in Pasadena. She has published in the fields of Northwest Semitics, and in digital technology and image distribution. Mika S. Pajunen is Academy of Finland’s at the University of Helsinki (2020-2025) with his project: “in the Scrolls: Moving beyond ‘Non-Aligned,’” and a member of three international re-edition projects of the Scrolls (and V). He has published extensively on Judaism and the Scrolls. Emanuel Tov, Hebrew University, Jerusalem is J. L. of Bible emeritus at that University. He has published many monographs on the textual criticism of the and Qumran, and was the editor-in-chief of the Scrolls publication project. He is a Fellow of the and a member of the of Sciences. Richard D. Weis (d. 2020) is Dean and of at Seminary in Lexington, Kentucky, and is co-chair of the for Quinta. He has published numerous 18. 00 ### Online (Access for 1 day) $18. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 7 days) $40. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Online (Access for 30 days) $99. 00 * * Price valid to Dec 31, 2024 Choose 1, 7 or 30 days Add to : Items : : A Companion to A-to the of the to the readers 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts,” in of the Bible, vol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the academic backgrounds and publications of various scholars in biblical studies and does not mention lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Thus, it neither supports nor contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? It is considered that the daily intake of the probiotics will reduce the bodyweight of participants and improve general wellbeing and mental sharpness. Due to the chance that the participant may receive the placebo, it is perceived that these benefits will be confined to the participants who are randomly assigned the intervention. Participation in the study will bring more information and will improve our understanding of the benefits of daily probiotic supplementation. There have been no adverse reactions associated with the probiotic product but participants may experience mild side effects such as a change in bowel habit and/ or increased flatulence (intestinal gas) during the first few days of taking the supplement. Where is the study run from? The trial is managed and will take place at the 'Comac Medical' in Sofia, Bulgaria. When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2019 to February 2020Who is funding the study? (UK)Who is the main contact? Michaeldarynm@cultech. co. uk Study website Contact information Contact name Contact details Unit 2 12 7BZ +44 (0)1639 825100 darynm@cultech. co. uk Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers PROBE_FINAL_V. 20 Study information Scientific title of PRObiotics on Body wEight in an overweight population (PROBE) hypothesis Daily probiotic supplementation will support body weight reduction in an free-living overweight population Ethics approval(s) Approved 08/05/2019, Ethics committee at MC "Comac Medical" (Business Centre, 38 (5th floor), Manastirski Livadi, West 1618 Sofia, Bulgaria; +359 2 892 10 00; clients@comac-medical. com), ref: 168/08. 05. 2019 Study design Single-centre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel-group study Primary study design study design Randomised controlled trial Study setting(s) type information sheet Not available in web format, please use contact detials to request particpant information sheet overweight individuals aged 45 and over following normal lifestyle subjects are allocated in a 1:1 ratio into two parallel study arms (active arm or placebo arm) according to a randomisation protocol provided by an independent statistician. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing a study that examines daily probiotic supplementation's potential benefits on body weight reduction. It specifically states that the hypothesis is that 'daily probiotic supplementation will support body weight reduction in an overweight population,' which aligns with the claim that gut bacteria (in this case, probiotics) can influence metabolic processes and possibly body weight.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: The codes of an AV may change with its programmer’s nationality. A study published on Nature was conducted upon scenario-based AV behaviors. The researchers managed to collect 39. 61 million decisions made by thousands of people from 233 countries [29]. An online platform called has been shared in the domain of the of Technology (MIT). Machine reached people in 10 different languages and asked them questions related to the actions of AVs in 13 different scenarios. With the first question, people are asked to answer what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure at a pedestrian crossing. Omitting whom it carries, the AV is supposed to hit and kill:two pedestrians – a homeless person and a woman – who are violating the law by crossing on red andtwo male executives crossing the street on the green abiding by the law. Upon completing the questions, people are also given an option to enter their demographic data. In the end, results are shared, and people can have a chance to compare their standings to the general average of others. Some of the findings of the study are as follows:Globally; humans, more lives, and younger people are preferred to pets, single life, and older people, respectively andCulturally; when people are clustered by their geographic and cultural proximity, people fromWestern countries [and European (protestant, catholic, and orthodox Christian)] give higher importance to humans over the pets more lives over the single life, young over old, and fit over less fit;Eastern countries [Confucianist (i. e. , Japan and Taiwan) and Islamist (i. e. , Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia)] give higher importance to pedestrian over (AV) passenger, humans over the pet, and law-abiding over law-violating; andSouthern countries (France, French-influenced, and Latin American) give higher priority to females over males, fit over less fit, higher status over lower status, young over old, and more lives over the single life. These findings may lead us to ask this question: Should these types of differences and concerns be taken into account by manufacturers? from Audi implies the importance of this type of studies [30]. From the legislative perspective, the first ethical guideline regulating AVs was published by the of Germany’s of Transport and in 2017 [30]. This guideline brings some regulations on decisions that would be made by AVs in future. 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various ethical dilemmas and cultural perspectives involved in decision-making scenarios for autonomous vehicles (AVs). These scenarios, such as what an AV should do in case of sudden brake failure, highlight that there will always be complex situations that could lead to accidents, regardless of the programming of the vehicles. The findings from the study indicate that societal values and cultural differences play a significant role in how AVs might react, suggesting that the elimination of all road accidents is unrealistic due to the human and ethical complexities involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: 1: Bible, part 1B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016), 611–613 [instead of just: R. E. Fuller, “9. 2. 3 Other Texts,” in. . . ]. [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek,” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures, part 2B (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze; Leiden: Brill, 2019), 11–15 [instead of just: T. Michael, “Greek,” in. . . ] For citation from the online edition use "cite this page" below the 9. 2. 3 Minor Prophets: Texts: Other Texts" in of the Bible, vol. 1: Bible (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. A. Lange and E. Tov; Leiden: Brill, 2016). 5, 2017. doi: [vol. 2:] T. Michael, “2. 1. 2 Baruch/Jeremiah: 1 Baruch: Greek” in of the Bible, vol. 2: Scriptures (gen. ed. A. Lange, vol. eds. F. Feder and M. Henze); Leiden: Brill, 2019), 5, 2020. doi: Metadata Title: of the Publisher: Brill ISBN: 978-90-04-30976 Subjects: : (General Editor); (vol. editors for vol. 1); (vol. editors for vol. 2; 2B and 2C published in 2019, 2A to be published in 2020); and (d. 2020) (vol. editors for vol. 3 to be published in 2021-2023); and Andrès (vol. editors for Handbook series) In was the responsible editor for the primary versions as well as the and the Masoretic text including the corresponding overview 1. 1. 1 and 1. 2. 3 while worked on entries 1. 1. 2; 1. 2. 1; 1. 2. 2; 1. 4; 1. 7. 1 and 1. 7. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits and ancient microorganisms. Instead, it focuses on biblical citations and editing details, making it irrelevant to the subject matter of lunar research.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: The intervention comprises a daily dose of active product that contains 50 billion bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis) or a daily dose of placebo that does not contain any bacteria and is identical in appearance to the active product. The intervention period is 270 days. The active product contains Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL60 (NCIMB 30157), Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21 (NCIMB 30156), Lactobacillus plantarum CUL66 (NCIMB 30280), Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20 (NCIMB 30153) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis CUL34 (NCIMB 30172) at a total of 50 billion cfu per day. The placebo contains microcrystalline cellulose. Intervention type outcome measure Current primary outcome measure as of 10/06/2020: Body weight (kg) measured on scales at days 0, 90, 180 and 270Previous primary outcome measure:1. Body weight (kg) measured on scales at days 0, 90, 180 and 2702. Waist circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 3. Hip circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 2704. Blood pressure (mmHg) measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 Secondary outcome measures Current secondary outcome measures as of 10/06/2020: 1. Waist circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 270 2. Hip circumference (cm) measured by tape at days 0, 90, 180 and 2703. Blood pressure (mmHg) measured by a blood pressure monitor at days 0, 90, 180 and 2704. Plasma HDL-cholesterol at baseline days 0,180 and 2705. Plasma LDL-cholesterol at baseline days 0,180 and 2706. Plasma triacylglycerol at baseline days 0,180 and 2707. General well-being assessed using a quality of life questionnaire at days 0, 90, 180 and 2708. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides details about an intervention involving specific gut bacteria strains and their measurement of body weight as a primary outcome. This indicates a direct exploration of how gut bacteria affect body weight and metabolism, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: Legal concerns AVs are supposed to decrease the number of accidents and improve safety for people. However, accidents involving AVs happen, and some of them even be fatal. While in some cases those accidents have been alleged to stem from human errors, questions arise for the safety of AVs and eyes turn to government authorities to see how they regulate AV testing and deployment procedures. A study published on by Taeihagh and Lim provides a detailed analysis of how selected states regulate the main issues related to AVs: safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industrial risks [33]. The study also groups the strategies implemented by states chosen into five groups, as well:No-response; due to the uncertainty of the situation, policymakers do not take any action. Prevention-oriented; policymakers set preventive regulations to avoid risks. Control-oriented; the existence of risks is allowed; however, necessary steps are taken to control it. Toleration-oriented; policymakers clarify the steps to be taken in case of realization of risks. Adaptation-oriented; policymakers seek opinions to adopt regulations based on common sense. Selected states are then categorized by their strategy implementations on four domains of safety, liability, privacy, and cybersecurity [33]. On the other hand, in Section 5 of this 4. Figure 4. Comparison of moral value and policy points. Figure 4 shows a comparison of policy points of states and moral value points of their citizens. It was prepared by a primary data visualization method in the absence of enough data for further statistical analyses. However, the figure still helps us compare states’ p7. Conclusion Today, thousands of AVs are on roads. Besides, that number is anticipated to climb up, and AVs are expected to constitute 25% of cars worldwide in 2035 [37]. This 1. Road traffic injuries [Internet]. Organization. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 2. for Safety [Internet]. Administration. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 22 April 2020] 3. What causes traffic accidents? [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 05 February 2020] 4. (Report to Congress). Springfield, VA: Information Service; 2008 5. Top 25 Causes of [Internet]. Available from: [Accessed: 10 February 2020] 6. . What are the factors that contribute to road accidents? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that although Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) are expected to decrease accidents, they still occur, with some being fatal. It highlights that questions about the safety of AVs arise despite their intended purpose to improve safety, and legal concerns regarding their deployment are discussed. This indicates that AVs cannot completely eliminate road accidents, thus directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Home > Archives > Vol 61, No 6 (2019) > Gold deposits in the Earth's history Gold deposits in the Earth's history Authors: Goryachev N. A. 1,2 Affiliations: North-Institute of Branch of the of Institute of Geochemistry, of the of Sciences Issue: Vol 61, No 6 (2019) Pages: 3-18 Section: 10. 31857/S0016-77706163-18 ID: 18711 Cite item (Russian) the authors 1. 7–0. 8 billion years) was discussed, which was caused by the stable craton regime of the long-existing Columbia (Nuna) – Rodinia supercontinent. Keywords gold deposits, mineralogy specificity of gold ores, history of the Earth, Columbia (Nuna) and Rodinia supercontinents, gold metallogenic evolution of the Text ВВЕДЕНИЕПроблема металлогенической эволюции Земли и места в ней золотой минерализации привлекала и привлекает в последние 40 лет внимание многих исследователей (Саттран, 1984; Green, 1984; Hutchison, 1987; Nesbitt, 1988; Kulish, Komov, 1990; Рундквист, 1995, 1997; Сафонов, 1997, 2003; Хаин, 2000; Rundquist, Kravchenko, 2001; Goldfarb et al. , 2001; 2005, 2010; Groves at al. , 2005; Leahy et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses gold deposits and the evolution of Earth's mineralogy, with no mention of lunar ice deposits or microorganisms. Therefore, it does not provide information supporting or opposing the claim regarding lunar ice deposits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: 7a) ranging from 6. 29 at the 1st day to 6. 59 at the 7th day of co-incubation was higher regarding to the control samples (pH value from 6. 28 to 6. 44 at the 5th day and 6. 54 at the 7th day). Also the pH of Blastocystis cultures co-incubated with fungal CFSs (Fig. 7b)—from 5. 78 to 6. 5 at the 7th day was higher regarding to the control samples (from 3. 97 to 3. 88 at the 7th day). Conversely, the pH of Blastocystis cultures co-incubated with bacterial CFSs ranging from 6. 25 at the 1st day to 6. 49 at the 5th day of co-incubation was lower than in control samples—from 6. 25 to 6. 75 (Fig. 6b). Fig. 6The pH changes during co-incubation of Blastocystis cultures with alive bacteria (a) and bacterial cell free supernatants (b)Full size image Fig. 7The pH changes during co-incubation of Blastocystis cultures with alive fungi (a) and fungal cell free supernatants (b)Full size image It can be assumed that the small pH differences did not influence on Blastocystis proliferation significantly. Metronidazole controlLiving lactic acid bacteria, L. rhamnosus and L. lactis, as well as their cell free supernatants had a similar effect to the MTZ control concentrations of 10 µg/mL and 5 µg/mL in xenic cultures of Blastocystis. Axenic culture could not be described, because of a low number of Blastocystis cells which nearly all died after the addition of different concentrations of MTZ. With regards to this, there were statistically significant differences between both E. coli and E. faecium, as well as C. albicans, C. glabrata and MTZ addition (p < 0. 0001). DiscussionNatural gut microbiota plays a very important role in controlling intestinal diseases and keeping the intestines healthy. Studies have shown that intestinal microbiota could alter the Blastocystis [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'Natural gut microbiota plays a very important role in controlling intestinal diseases and keeping the intestines healthy.' It implies that changes in gut bacteria can impact metabolic functions, supporting the idea that gut bacteria influence metabolism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: An assessment of law enforcement views, ordinary drivers’ opinions, and road accident records. Accident; Analysis and Prevention. 2018;115:11-24 7. Self-Explained [Internet]. Union of Concerned Scientists. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 30 April 2020] 8. for Its “Levels of Driving Automation” Standard for Self-[Internet]. SAE International. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 9. Bassett A. of [Internet]. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 01 May 2020] 10. Asimov I. Sally. May–June. Fantastic. Schenectady, NY: Ziff-Company; 1953 11. : Later [Internet]. Agency. 2014. Available from: [Accessed: 02 May 2020] 12. Hooper J. 2004: DARPA’s Debacle in the Desert [Internet]. Popular Science. Popular Science. 2004. Available from: Challenge [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 14. [Internet]. Agency. Available from: [Accessed: 03 May 2020] 15. [Internet]. Merriam-Webster. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 16. Tsyktor V. Lidar vs Radar vs Sonar: Which is Better for Self-Driving Cars? [Internet]. Cyber Pulse. 2020. Available from: [Accessed: 06 May 2020] 17. Comiter M. Intelligence: AI’s Vulnerability and about it. Cambridge, MA: 2019 18. Robust physical-world attacks on deep learning visual classification. In: 2018 IEEE/CVF Conference on (CVPR 2018): 18-22 June 2018. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2018. 19. Greenberg A. Kill a Jeep on the Highway-in It [Internet]. Wired. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 20. Kessler AM. [Internet]. New York. 2015. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 21. [Internet]. NHTSA. Available from: [Accessed: 08 May 2020] 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding autonomous vehicles eliminating all road accidents. It lists various sources and topics related to accidents, automation, and AI without explicitly supporting or contrasting the claim. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015; Кузьмин, Горячев, 2017; Кузьмин и др. , 2018). В их работах показана разная продуктивность геохронов на золото и обращено внимание на дискретность проявления золоторудной минерализации, а также выявлен протяженный, около 1 млрд лет, средне-позднепротерозойский промежуток с отсутствием значимых концентраций этого металла (Саттран, 1984; Groves et al. , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015). Были предложены разные варианты объяснения существования такого промежутка (Groves et al. , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses geological productivity regarding gold deposits and mentions various geological time intervals and mineralization without any reference to lunar ice deposits, ancient microorganisms, or Earth's early history. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: That means the pH could not be a reason for the decline of Blastocystis, as has been reported about other protozoan parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia sp. or Eimeria sp. [19, 21, 22, 48]. The other situation has been demonstrated by E. faecium and E. coli. Some strains of the first of these bacteria has been reported to be an effective probiotic species [22]. Our study confirmed the data from the Sarjapuram [22] research. The authors reported that E. faecium inhibited Eimeria after 24 h of co-incubation with a total bacterial CFU of 108 cells/mL. Blastocystis ST3 seems to be more resistant to its influence. In our experiment, the more effective concentration was 1. 23 × 109 CFU/mL, as well as a longer incubation time—4 or 5 days. Most likely, it lasts longer because E. faecium produces strong antimicrobial, yet no antiprotozoal compounds, and it does not compete for enteric adherence sites. More likely, this is caused by competing for nutrients. This could be due to it being a lactic acid bacteria which colonizes differently, and competes with Blastocystis differently [49]. In human medicine, E. faecium has been used successfully in the treatment of acute diarrheal diseases and in the prevention of antibiotic—associated diarrhea [50, 51]. Starke et al. , as well as Klingspor et al. in 2015, investigated the intestinal microbiota of pigs whose components are similar to human gut microorganisms [52, 53]. They showed that the probiotic bacteria E. faecium modifies the porcine intestinal microbiota and modulates epithelial integrity, heat shock protein as well as the proinflammatory cytokine response in intestinal cells. That could lead to the eradication of intestinal pathogens, including protozoans. Our study showed the dependence of Blastocystis on a fecal bacteria presence. In axenic control cultures, there were far fewer Blastocystis cells than in xenic culture, which means the intestinal commensal bacteria have a role in parasite development. One possible explanation for Blastocystis eradication by E. faecium may be the direct growth inhibiting effect of the probiotic on other intestinal bacteria, such as E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the impact of various gut bacteria, specifically E. faecium, on the intestinal microbiota and its potential effects on health. It highlights the role of intestinal commensal bacteria in the development of parasites like Blastocystis, indicating that the presence of certain bacteria can modify the gut environment. The reference to how E. faecium modifies the intestinal microbiota, and its role in treating diarrheal diseases suggests that gut bacteria can influence metabolic processes and overall gut health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous vehicles will completely eliminate all road accidents. [SEP] Text: öm L. Economics of global burden of road traffic injuries and their relationship with health system variables. of Preventive Medicine. 2013;4(12):1442-1450 23. . of Crashes. (Report No. DOT HS 812 013). Washington, DC: Administration; 2015 24. Systems 2. 0 A Vision for Safety. [cited 10 May 2020]. Available from: 25. . Owning or sharing autonomous vehicles: Comparing different ownership and usage scenarios. Research Review. 2019:11-31 26. . An analysis of possible energy impacts of automated vehicle. In: Automation. Cham: Publishing; 2014. 27. Burianski M, Theissen C. [Internet]. J. D. Supra. White & Case LLP; 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 28. . Synthesizing robust adversarial examples. In: on Machine Learning. Stockholm; 2018. 29. The moral machine experiment. Nature. 2018;563:59-64 30. Maxmen A. Self-driving car dilemmas reveal that moral choices are not universal [Internet]. Nature News. Group. 2018. Available from: Automated and Connected Driving. of of Transport and Digital Infrastructure; 2017 32. Bonnefon J-F, Shariff A, Rahwan I. The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science. 2016;352(6293):1573-1576 33. . Governing autonomous vehicles: Emerging responses for safety, liability, privacy, cybersecurity, and industry risks. Transport Reviews. 2018;39(1):103-128 34. . London. 2015. (to Driverless Cars) 35. NPA drafts rules for testing driverless cars on public roads. Times [Internet]. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 36. Dunne MJ. No. 1 2030 [Internet]. Forbes. Forbes Magazine. 2016. Available from: [Accessed: 17 May 2020] 37. Coren MJ. The car industry is heading towards a driverless future [Internet]. Forum. Quartz. 2017. Available from: [Accessed: 20 April 2020] 38. Shaping the Future of Autonomous Vehicles: and Efficiency in an Uncertain World. 2016 39. Arf C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references to a variety of studies and reports related to road traffic injuries and the complexities surrounding autonomous vehicles, suggesting that there are significant challenges and moral dilemmas related to their deployment. This indicates that while autonomous vehicles may improve safety, they are unlikely to completely eliminate all road accidents, thus contrasting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Частично также было обращено внимание на увеличение количества промышленных типов собственно золоторудных месторождений в фанерозое (орогенные, эпитермальные, порфировые, колчеданные) против орогенных и колчеданных в раннем докембрии (Goldfarb et al. , 2001, 2010; Groves et al. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the increase in industrial types of gold ore deposits in the Phanerozoic rather than any information related to lunar ice deposits or microorganisms from Earth’s early history.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: Result of results found for within Back to results 39985847 Export as PDF Impact of dried vegetable fibre on sugar metabolism and gut bacteria Share on on on Submission date 14/05/2019 Registration date 22/07/2019 Last edited 12/08/2022 Recruitment status No longer recruiting Overall study status category Nutritional, Metabolic, registered analysis plan participant data and study aimsObesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are worldwide expected to rise exponentially, with increasing health care costs and reduction in life expectancy and quality of life. Several observational studies have shown that people with a higher fibre intake have a reduced risk of developing obesity, and T2DM. The bacteria in the gut may play an important role. Gut bacteria use dietary fibre as food source. They ferment fibre and thereby produce a variety of components that can positively influence sugar metabolism e. g. by secreting gut hormones or insulin from the pancreas. Despite national recommendations to increase vegetable and fruit intake and intake of wholegrain foods, the habitual intake of dietary fibre is still low in the Netherlands (20-25 g/d compared to 35 g/d or more recommended) as well as in many other Western countries. The aim of this study is to show whether WholeFiber™, a product with very high fermentable fibre levels, can affect insulin resistance, continuous glucose metabolism and/or the microbiome during a three-week period in people with an increased risk of developing T2DM. Who can participate? People aged 40-75 with an increased risk of developing T2DMWhat does the study involve? Participants are randomly allocated to consume either 30 g of dried vegetable fibre (WholeFiber™) daily or 16 g of control carbohydrate (maltodextrin) daily. To reduce potential side effects, the study starts with a 2 week run-in period during which half of the dose is taken. Afterwards the participants take the full dose for 3 weeks (21 days). There are three study visits at the start, the end of the run-in period (2 weeks later) and the end of the intervention (5 weeks after baseline). At the start and end of the intervention a venous blood sample of 15 mL is taken. During the run-in and the intervention a is worn. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that several observational studies have indicated a connection between higher fibre intake and a reduced risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It highlights that gut bacteria play a significant role, as they use dietary fibre and produce components that positively influence sugar metabolism, supporting the notion that gut bacteria can impact metabolic processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. 1 IntroductionFor over a century, the automobile has shaped our physical mobility like no other means of transport. For almost as long, however, it has also been the subject of criticism surrounding the ecological, social and health consequences of automobility. Autonomous driving may bring with it upheaval in how individuals and society deal with the car, and thus also impact transport, mobility or urban structures. Recently, it has received much public attention—in the mass media it has become part of regular news reporting and is even taken up, discussed and shared on social platforms. There is public discussion of how technology is currently (perceived) to be developing, but also of the possible radical change in how cars will be used, which would be accompanied by altered attitudes to cars and driving. Expected changes, for instance, include a dramatic drop in the current rate of car ownership [1, 2], a reduction in the space currently needed for parking [3], and a transformation in car ownership and usage in favor of carsharing fleets [4]. The topic’s growing prominence demonstrates that the debate surrounding autonomous driving and autonomous vehicles is evidently cropping up more and more in society. In any transition to a potential new era of car ownership and usage, it is important to ask early on what people associate with autonomous driving. How do they perceive the technology and the ensuing debate? In what contexts is such a debate embedded? What are people’s hopes, fears, and fantasies? Where is the technology viewed with optimism or skepticism, as being feasible or even as impossible? An initial systematic in-depth structuring of the topic from road users’ point of view has focused on the wealth of various topics, perceptions, and assessments presently associated with autonomous driving (for details of this exploratory study’s survey and findings see Chap. 29). In this connection, it has become clear that autonomous driving is assessed strongly from a subjective usage context, and is also tightly bound up with the motives, value systems, and practices of using private cars. The choice of transport mode—the decision to use a particular transport means—is in turn a deeply rooted part of our everyday praxis, which can be expected to change little by little rather than by leaps and bounds (cf. [5, 6]). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the subjective perceptions and societal implications of autonomous driving. It highlights that the transition to autonomous driving will not occur suddenly but rather gradually, indicating a continued role of human interactions and oversight in the evolving landscape of car ownership and usage. Furthermore, the text mentions the existing public discussion on how technology is perceived, implying that human attitudes and interventions are still relevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: Однако изменения состава золотого оруденения (минералого-геохимическая дифференциация состава руд во времени и вариации связей Au с минеральными формами триады полуметаллов As–Sb–Bi в рудах) на фоне данной эволюции выпали из сферы внимания исследователей. Это нашло отражение в типовом составе орогенных руд золота, где, в частности, показаны турмалин и теллуриды как типичные их минералы (Goldfarb et al. , 2001; Groves et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding lunar ice deposits or ancient microorganisms. Instead, it discusses changes in the composition of gold ores and the relevance of certain minerals, which is unrelated to the claim about lunar environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Gut bacteria can impact metabolism and even influence body weight. [SEP] Text: At the start and the end of each period (run-in, intervention, wash-out) a faecal sample of 1mL is taken. Moreover participants are asked to fill in a well-being diary to note possible gastrointestinal side-effects during the whole period (7 weeks). Participants are also asked to fill in a Questionnaire at the start of the study. What are the possible benefits and risks of participating? There are no known and potential risks. Where is the study run from? (Netherlands)When is the study starting and how long is it expected to run for? May 2018 to November 2018Who is funding the study? Investigator initiated and fundedWho is the main contact? 1. Marie-Luise Puhlmannmarie-luise. puhlmann@wur. nl2. Edith J. M. Feskensedith. feskens@wur. nl Study website Contact information Contact name Ms Marie-details Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE Netherlands +31 (0)317 488 760 marie-luise. puhlmann@wur. nl Contact name J. M. details Stippeneng 4 Wageningen 6708 WE Netherlands + 31 (0)317 482 567 edith. feskens@wur. nl Additional identifiers EudraCT/CTIS number Nil known IRAS number ClinicalTrials. gov number Nil known Secondary identifying numbers NL63551. 081. 17 Study information Scientific title The impact of a dried vegetable fibre on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota composition hypothesis The objective of the VEZEL study is to study the effect of a dried vegetable fibre (WholeFiber™) on insulin resistance, (continuous) glucose metabolism, body weight, waist circumference, microbiota composition and breath hydrogen in subjects with pre-diabetes. Ethics approval(s) Approved 27/03/2018, Toetsingscommissie van (METC-WU) (-WU secretariaat, t. a. v. Mevr. dr. C. Dullemeijer, - kamer 1. 063, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen; Tel: +31 (0)317 485 603; Email: hne. metc@wur. nl), ref: NL63551. 081. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text describes a study focusing on the effects of dried vegetable fiber on glucose metabolism, body weight, and gut microbiota composition. This directly supports the claim that gut bacteria can influence metabolism and body weight, as the study aims to explore the relationship between gut microbiota and metabolic parameters.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Autonomous driving requires no human oversight or intervention. [SEP] Text: For some, the “cocoon” car, an “inhabited” space, can function as a refuge from what is felt to be stressful, hectic, loud, and overcrowded modern life. Moreover, it also holds special significance for social interaction. Laurier und Dant [46] have examined the significance of this “inhabited” space and the emergent increasing vehicle automation. They point out that liberation from the driving task fits in with cars’ evolutionary development over recent decades. This trend is far less a matter of expressing identity (as also manifested in sports cars’ loss of significance and the increase in closed vehicles with large interiors) than one of temporarily “inhabiting” a space that also enables social interaction. Such studies consistently stress that it is social factors, far more than individual ones, that can play a considerable role in the way cars are favored. Inside an automobile, people take on the same specific social roles that they assume in their other social interactions (being a parent, friend or worker, etc. ) [42, 47]. In this context, newer studies on how people value their time spent travelling when using various transport modes could also be of use (see [27, 48]). For a long time, driving cars was viewed as unproductive, lost time—the frequently monotonous, unvarying way to work was a typical example of this burden [49]. That time spent in a car is certainly subjectively perceived as valuable, however, and may even be viewed as a “gift,” has been recently demonstrated by Jain and Lyons [48] with their study on commuters. Travel times were here seen as time for relaxing from everyday hustle and bustle, a transition time between work and home. These findings are in line with an earlier work on commuting, in which Mokhtarian et al. (2001) were already able to show that time spent in a car is certainly not always seen as wasted [27]. 2. 2 SummaryAt present, car usage and ownership is approaching a saturation point in industrial nations, which is not to say that the car will fall from its dominant position so easily because of this [50]. For the vast majority of car users, it will far more likely retain its significance in fulfilling their daily needs ([51]: 114). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the evolving role of car usage in modern life, emphasizing social interaction and user experience rather than stating that autonomous driving can occur without any human oversight. It highlights that while the automation of vehicles has advanced, there is still recognition of the significance of human roles in social contexts of driving, suggesting a continued need for human involvement.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lunar ice deposits may harbor ancient microorganisms from Earth's early history. [SEP] Text: , 2005; Cawood, Hawkesworth, 2015), на основании широкого распространения этих минералов в раннедокембрийских рудах. Еще один аспект, связанный с проблемой эволюции золотого оруденения в истории Земли, – это существующая неоднородность древних кратонов по степени их золотоносности (Горячев и др. , 2005). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the distribution of minerals in Precambrian rocks and aspects of the evolution of gold mineralization on Earth without mentioning lunar ice deposits or microorganisms.