Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Lectotypes have been designated where a name lacks a holotype or lectotype and unambiguous syntypes have been identified. The purpose is to provide stability of nomenclature, and designation is done in a revisionary context in agreement with the amended Recommendation 74G of 74. 7. 3. Specimens were Examined and/or Deposited in the of. B. Blaimer Coll. , of Natural History, Washington, D. C. , of éum d’Histoire Naturelle, Genève, di. S. Ward Collection, University of California at für Naturkunde der Humboldt Universität, Berlin, One to four individual worker ants for five of the six putative species treated in the present study were selected for molecular phylogenetic analysis. Sequence data could not be obtained from one species (C. tavaratra). From these 13 specimens, DNA was extracted from either worker adults or pupae using a DKit (Qiagen Inc. , Valencia, California, U. S. A. ), following the manufacturer’s protocol but with final elution in sterilized water rather than the supplied buffer and at half the suggested volume. We used either a non-destructive method (cuticle of ant pierced prior to extraction, mostly used for adults) or a destructive technique (entire ant pulverized, mostly used for pupae) in cases where multiple individuals from the same colony series were available. Three nuclear protein-coding genes were amplified: long wavelength rhodopsin (LW Rh, 856 bp exon/252 bp intron), arginine kinase (ArgK, 390 bp exon/147 bp intron) and carbomoylphosphate synthase (CAD, 568 bp exon/151 bp intron). The sequence lengths given here refer to the aligned sequence data included in phylogenetic inference and add up to a total of 2364 bp. The three amplified nuclear genes are widely used for phylogenetic inference in ants, primers are available [9], [20]–[22] and their usefulness in phylogenetic inference between closely related species has been demonstrated [10], [12], [23]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses molecular phylogenetic analysis and specimen collection methods for various ant species, without any reference to the behavior of ants farming fungi for food.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: A delay in the offset of melatonin after awakening, when experienced for several weeks or more, has been suspected as a cause of depression [14,41]; however, no correlation was found among current participants between CESD in the laboratory and any lag of aMT6s offset after average home actigraphic wake time. A prolonged melatonin duration (prolonged subjective night) might tend to increase the phase responsiveness to light of elders, which could possibly compensate for reduced ophthalmic light transmission [42 - 44]. Fig. 6B shows that the specific timing of light stimuli varied the duration of melatonin secretion acutely, but further study is needed to learn whether this would occur with chronic treatment of a subject synchronized in the home environment. In this experimental model, we observed a dead zone of approximately 6 h duration surrounding the core temperature acrophase, when little if any circadian phase shift as referenced to the mean shift was produced by 3000 lux light stimuli. This was in contrast to a previous report which observed no dead zone [45]; however, the trials in that study involved strong and complex stimuli, including shifting the times of 8-h intervals of bed rest in darkness. More moderate bright light stimuli produced human PRCs with a dead zone [8,46]. A relationship of PRC stimulus strength to the presence or length of a dead zone has been observed in laboratory animals. The existence of a dead zone in human PRCs is an important observation, indicating that most light exposures of the strength we employed would have minimal phase-shifting effects during much of the daytime h (e. g. , from approximately 1:40 PM until 7:40 PM for a person awakening around 7 AM. ) The amplitude of the aMT6s PRC (Fig. 4, 5) was approximately 6 h, ranging from the maximal delay to the maximal advance in the averaged curves. If we assume that the mean acrophase shift of 1. 09 h was attributable to a free-running component, 3 h was the maximal delay or advance phase shift produced by 3 h of 3000 lux light administered 24 h apart on 3 successive days. This was roughly consistent with previous studies [8,32,46]. Our PRC data as well as most other reports indicate that it would be quite difficult to quickly achieve the 8–12 h phase shifts desired by some air travelers and shiftworkers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the effects of light stimuli on melatonin secretion and circadian phase shifts. It notes that the timing of light stimuli can acutely influence melatonin secretion, which is related to the regulation of circadian rhythms. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship between the strength of light stimuli and their effects on circadian rhythms, suggesting that light-sensitive proteins are implicated in these processes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of famous paintings and artworks from history will soon be reproduced using AI to improve their technical accuracy and visual appeal. [SEP] Text: The final stage of painting involved the application of extensive detailing. This stage creates the signature graphic appearance of Cranach’s painting. Detailing in black, brown, yellow, and white articulates individual eyelashes, fingernails, and strands of hair (tech. figs. 31-34). Decorative detailing on the clothes and armor (tech. fig. 32) create the luxury fabrics worn by each figure. Delicately rendered streaks of red blood were applied to the face and body of Christ (tech. fig. 30). placeholder 30: Photomicrograph of Christ’s face. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 30: Photomicrograph of Christ’s face. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. placeholder 31: Photomicrograph of the detailing in the women’s hands. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 31: Photomicrograph of the detailing in the women’s hands. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. placeholder 32: Photomicrograph showing decorative drapery. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 32: Photomicrograph showing decorative drapery. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. placeholder 33: Photomicrograph showing detailing on horse’s eye. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 33: Photomicrograph showing detailing on horse’s eye. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. placeholder 34: Photomicrograph showing painting technique in a figure’s face. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. 34: Photomicrograph showing painting technique in a figure’s face. the Elder, Crucifixion, 1532, of Art at Newfields, Collection, 2000. 344. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses solely on the detailing and techniques used in a specific painting, 'Crucifixion' by Cranach, without mentioning AI, technology, or reproduction. Thus, it does not provide support or contrast to the idea of AI reproducing artworks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Amplifications were performed using standard PCR methods outlined in Ward and Downie [20] and sequencing reactions were analyzed on an ABI 3730 with v3. 1 chemistry (Inc. , Foster City, CA). For separate mitochondrial genetic analysis, DNA was extracted destructively from the legs of a total of 64 specimens at the of Ontario, University of Guelph (under the Barcode of Life Initiative), using extraction protocols as outlined in Smith & Fisher [24]. This dataset consists of one to 51 specimens for five of the six species treated here; DNA extraction and amplification was unsuccessful for one species (C. hafahafa). In general, the sample size, i. e. number of specimens, submitted for extraction to the Barcode of was much larger, but success rates were poor overall due to the advanced age of specimens. For this larger dataset, sequence data were collected for cytochrome oxidase I (COI, 578 bp used for inference) at the of Ontario, with amplification and sequencing protocols as detailed in Smith & Fisher [24]. In a few cases both nuclear and mitochondrial data was obtained from extractions of the same specimen or colony series. Crematogaster species from different species-groups were chosen as outgroups in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial dataset: C. madecassa, C. ranavalonae and the C. hova-complex. These range from moderately to distantly related to the focal group [9]. The nuclear sequences for these outgroups had already been published in prior studies [10], [12], the same is true for all or part of the sequence data for five of the ingroup taxa [9], [12], [21]. For the geographic distribution of the sampled taxa refer to Table S1 or Figure 1. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 1. Mitochondrial phylogeny of the C. kelleri-group & related species. Results of Bayesian inference based on 578 bp of COI, summarized as a consensus tree in MrBayes. Support values in black represent posterior probabilities (pp), those in red ML bootstrap values, values pp<0. 96 and bootstrap<60 are not shown; scalebar shows nucleotide changes per base pair. The long branch subtending outgroups C. ranavalonae and C. madecassa has been removed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about ants farming fungi. Instead, it discusses genetic analysis and sequencing of specimens, which is unrelated to the behavior of ants in farming fungi. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: of Curves for Circadian and Circatidal Rhythms. Nashville, TN, Vanderbilt University. Johnson, CH (1999). Forty years of PRCs - What have we learned? 16: 711–43. [PubMed] Honma, K and Honma, S (1988). A human phase response curve for bright light pulses 42: 167–168. and Ronda, JM (1989). Bright light induction of strong (type 0) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker Science 244: 1328–1333, [PubMed] DOI: and Wirz-Justice, A (1991). A human phase-response curve to light 133: 36–40, [PubMed] DOI: Eastman, CI (1992). High-intensity light for circadian adaptation to a 12-h shift of the sleep schedule Physiol 263(2 Pt 2): R428–R436. [PubMed] and Czeisler, CA (1997). Resetting the melatonin rhythm with light in humans J 12: 556–67, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2000). The timing of the human circadian clock is accurately represented by the core body temperature rhythm following phase shifts to a three-cycle light stimulus near the critical zone. J 15: 524–530, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2001). Circadian phase resetting in older people by ocular bright light exposure Journal of 49: 30–40, [PubMed] DOI: and Czeisler, CA (2003). A phase-response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects J Physiol (London) 549: 945–952, [PubMed] DOI:. , Blood, ML and Jackson, JML (1998). Morning vs evening light treatment of patients with winter depression Psychiatry 55: 890–896, [PubMed] DOI: and Cooper, TB (2001). Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Psychiatry 58: 69–75, [PubMed] DOI: Terman, M and Terman, JS (2005). Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects CNS Spectr 10: 647–663. [PubMed] and Bauer, VK (2006). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and references that demonstrate how light impacts circadian rhythms and potentially involve light-sensitive proteins in these processes. For example, the mention of 'bright light pulses' and 'melatonin rhythm with light in humans' suggests that light is crucial for regulating these rhythms, aligning with the claim that such regulation is tied to light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete.Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: This often necessitates morphological clustering using single cell data. (B’’) Projections of identified primary neurite tracts of neurons that directly innervate the LH. Anterior primary neurite tracts are shown on the left while posterior primary neurite tracts are on the right. Neuropil is in grey. Both B’-B’’ were modified with permission from Frechter et al. , 2019. (C) Higher magnification view of LH cell type PV5a1, a LHON: membrane reporter (green) and Synaptotagmin::smHA, a presynaptic marker (magenta). Presynapses are clearly visible in both the axonal (white arrow) and the dendritic segments (yellow arrow). (D) Projection of LH cell type PPL2ab-PN1. Note this cell type is likely dopaminergic as it is generated by crossing TH-AD to R42H01-DBD and its soma lie in the PPL2ab dopaminergic cell-body cluster. (E’) Neurotransmitter staining a split-GAL4 line (LH141, labelling PD3a1) using a triple stain for csChrimson::mVenus (green), Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT, magenta) and Vesicular glutamate transporter (VGlut, grey). This cell type colocalizes with VGlut. Synaptic boutons are analyzed with for colocalization. (E’’) Neurotransmitter staining for GABA-positive cell bodies in LH412 (labelling AV4b4, magenta is GABA, csChrimson are the neurons). Figure 2 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset The most specific split-GAL4 lines for identified cholinergic LHONs. Array of projections of the most specific split-GAL4 line for each cholinergic LHON cell-type. Where available, a neuron from that class traced to at least to identification in the EM volume (inset, black represents tracing, grey the lateral horn, blue and brown the single neuron labelling, Nern et al. , 2015). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses various aspects of neuronal projections and neurotransmitter staining without touching upon AI-generated art or brain-computer interfaces. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim in any way.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Symbols beside species names on the phylogeny correspond to distribution markers in the adjacent map of Madagascar. newly generated sequences have been deposited in GenBank, and all accession numbers are listed in Table 1; data matrices and trees have further been deposited in TreeBase (ID13837; Sequence data were assembled and edited in the program 5. 0 (Corporation, 2006, Ann Arbor, MI) and aligned with [25], accessed through the science gateway [26]. The nuclear data was concatenated into one single data matrix for which twelve data subsets were specified by gene, translational pattern (exon, intron) and codon position (1st, 2nd, 3rd). The COI dataset was subdivided into three data subsets according to codon positions. We then used PartitionFinder [27] to simultaneously choose the best-scoring partition scheme and to select best-fitting models of nucleotide sequence evolution for each data subset. Selected models for the chosen partition scheme can be found in Table 2. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. List of Genbank accessions. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. Characteristics of data subsets and selected substitution models. analyses were performed on both nuclear and mitochondrial datasets within a Bayesian framework (BI hereafter) using v3. 1 [28] via the of Sciences’s CCG Phylocluster, and within a maximum likelihood framework (ML hereafter) using GARLI v2. 0 [29], accessed through the ( BI-analyses each employed two runs of Metropolis-coupled () consisting of four chains (temp = 0. 05) and sampling every 1000 generations. The model parameters transition-transversion ratio, gamma shape, proportion of invariable sites, rate matrix and state frequencies were unlinked across partitions. A variable rateprior was employed during analysis of the nuclear dataset; for analysis of the COI dataset a dirichlet rateprior (1,5) was used and the branchlength prior settings were modified (unconstrained:exponential (100)) to obtain realistic values for rate multipliers and tree length. Convergence of chains and other diagnostic values were assessed in several ways. we confirmed that the ASDSF had reached values well below 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses phylogenetic analysis and data management regarding genetic sequences without addressing the behavior of ant species or their interactions with fungi. There is no mention of ant species or farming behavior in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: Journal of Circadian RhythmsStart SubmissionBecome a ReviewerReading: Circadian lightDownloadXML (US English)PDF (US English)Alt. DisplayShareShareReviewCircadian lightpresent paper reflects a work in progress toward a definition of circadian light, one that should be informed by the thoughtful, century-old evolution of our present definition of light as a stimulus for the human visual system. This work in progress is based upon the functional relationship between optical radiation and its effects on nocturnal melatonin suppression, in large part because the basic data are available in the literature. Discussed here are the fundamental differences between responses by the visual and circadian systems to optical radiation. Brief reviews of photometry, colorimetry, and brightness perception are presented as a foundation for the discussion of circadian light. Finally, circadian light (CLA) and circadian stimulus (CS) calculation procedures based on a published mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction are presented with an example. Year: 2010Page/10. 1186/1740-3391-8-2Submitted on Dec 11, 2009Accepted on Feb 13, 2010Published on Feb 13, 20104. 0 suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus host the master circadian clock that organizes and orchestrates the timing of all daily biological functions, from complicated physiological systems to single cells. The SCN in humans have, on average, an intrinsic period slightly greater than 24 hours [1] that is modulated by the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina. As a result of the earth's rotation on its axis, the temporal pattern of light and dark on the retina synchronizes the SCN to a matching 24-h period. Recent research has demonstrated that disruption of the natural, 24-h pattern of light and dark from rapid flight across time zones or from rotating shift work can lead to a wide variety of maladies, from poor performance to sleep loss, weight gain, and even breast cancer [2 - 9]. Because it is increasingly evident that retinal light and dark exposures can profoundly affect human health and well-being, it is increasingly important to be able to quantify both light and dark as stimuli to the human circadian system. The present paper deals with the evolving definition of circadian light. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between light exposure and circadian rhythms, specifically mentioning that the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are synchronized by the light and dark cycle. The text elaborates on the effects of light as a stimulus for the circadian system, indicating that the pattern of light and dark modulates the SCN, which is central to regulating biological functions associated with circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete.Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: A Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test reported a significant difference between genotypes (Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 349. 5344, p-value<2. 2e-16), and a post-hoc Dunn's test between empty split-GAL4 and each experimental genotypes was used to determine significance. P-values that were less than 0. 10 after adjustment for the Rate were declared significant, while all others were considered not significant. Note that this figure also includes the attractive (MB83c) and aversive (Gr66a) controls, n = 33 for empty split-GAL4, n = 88 for Gr66a (not used in statistics) and n = 9–18 for each split-GAL4 line. (B) Optogenetic valence experiments comparing the PI of empty GAL4 (Empty) and empty split-GAL4 (Emptysp) to light stimulation. Empty Split-GAL4 animals showed attraction to the light ON stimulus (Kruskal-Wallis test, p<2. 2e−16). (C’) A graph of the PI across time (in seconds), where the split-GAL4 line LH1983 (blue) is plotted against empty-GAL4 (orange). Activation of LH1983 drives attraction. Red rectangle indicates light ON period. (C’’) A graph of the PI across time (in seconds), where the split-GAL4 line LH542 (blue) is plotted against empty split-GAL4 (orange). Activation of LH542 drives attraction. Red rectangle indicates light ON period. (D’) Z-projection of the full expression pattern (split-GAL4 driving csChrimson::mVenus (green) brain and ventral nerve cord) of two AV1a1 split-GAL4 lines identified in the valence screen, LH728 (left) and LH1983 (right). (D’’) Z-projection of the full expression patterns (split-GAL4 driving csChrimson::mVenus (green), brain and ventral nerve cord) of four PV4a1:5 split-GAL4 lines identified in the valence screen: LH1475, LH542, LH1354 and LH1477. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses statistical tests and experimental results related to genetic expression and optogenetic experiments. It does not mention AI-generated art, creative expression, or brain-computer interfaces, thus failing to provide any supportive or contrasting information to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 01 and PSRF values had approached 1. 0 for all parameters. v1. 5 [30], convergence was confirmed visually and mixing of chains was evaluated with effective sample size (ESS) values. To assess whether tree topologies were sampled in proportion to their true posterior distribution, we further used the compare, slide and cumulative plotting functions on the AWTY-online server [31]. All the above indicators returned good values after -sampling for 20 million generations; consensus trees were summarized in after discarding 25% of samples as burnin. A ML bootstrap search with 1000 replicates was performed in GARLI, with the resulting trees summarized as a majority-rule consensus tree. All trees were rooted with the outgroup method using the most distantly related taxon, Crematogaster madecassa (see [9]). Mean, minimum and maximum sequence divergences of COI within and between species were calculated under the Tamura-Nei model [32] with the software MEGA5 [33]. nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data corroborate the a priori morphological distinction of five species within the Crematogaster kelleri-group: the previously described C. kelleri Forel and C. madagascariensis André, and three new species, C. hazolava sp. n. , C. hafahafa sp. n. and C. tavaratra sp. n. Further supported is one new species outside of this species-group, C. tsisitsilo sp. n. Our data, both morphological and molecular, do not support the previously described C. adrepens Forel and C. gibba Emery as distinct species. We were able to morphologically match the syntype material of these taxa to recent collections, but found these to be not significantly distinct from the C. kelleri type material and other examined specimens. Crematogaster adrepens and C. gibba are therefore synonymized in the following treatment. The molecular phylogenetic results of BI and ML analyses do not vary significantly in topology, therefore ML bootstrap results are shown summarized on the BI topology for both COI (Fig. 1) and nuclear data (Fig. 2). Newly defined species are indicated on the phylogenies, with the respective sampling localities indicated on the adjacent maps. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi for food. Instead, it discusses molecular and morphological analysis of ant species, specifically within the Crematogaster genus, without providing any information about their dietary practices or any indication of farming behavior. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: 8 Remarkably, the brightness of the yellow light created by combining the original red and green lights appears less bright than either the red or the green light alone, despite the yellow light being created from the superimposition of the red and green lights. A "photodian" luminous efficiency function It seems natural that as more research is conducted on the impact of optical radiation on the circadian system, particularly as it might affect human health, attempts would be made to develop a spectral sensitivity function for the circadian system. It also seems natural that attempts would be made to develop an additive sprectral efficiency function comparable to Vλ for the circadian system, a Cλ [24,25]. Certainly it is possible to develop such a function from the available data (e. g. , [26,27]) through international consensus to support commerce and government, but it is important to point out why an additive function like Cλ could probably never be exactly comparable to Vλ. Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have been shown to provide direct input to the SCN [28,29]. Figueiro et al. [30] were the first to suggest that multiple photoreceptors contributed to human circadian phototransduction via color opponent processes distal to the ipRGCs in the retina. Spectral opponency is an inherent attribute of the human retina, initiated distal to the ipRGCs in the outer plexiform layer of the retina, and underlies both color perception and the subadditive nature of apparent brightness perception previously described. Demonstrations of subadditivity in human circadian phototransduction have been performed by Figueiro et al. [31] specifically designed to test the conclusions by Figueiro et al. [30]. More recently, Figueiro and colleagues demonstrated, as predicted, that the subadditive response to light by the circadian system is formed from spectral opponent mechanisms in the retina [32]. It is interesting in this regard that additivity has been demonstrated in mouse circadian phototransduction [33,34]. This species does not exhibit subadditivity presumably because, quite unlike humans, mice have very little neural apparatus to support color vision [35]. Vλ, as previously discussed, is based upon a specific experimental paradigm isolating the achromatic visual channel in the fovea. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that provide direct input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is integral to the circadian system. It also mentions the significance of spectral opponency in human circadian phototransduction and how light affects these processes, indicating that circadian rhythms are indeed influenced by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: ” on a scale ranging from “not important” (0) to “very important” (10) [cf. , 60]. conducting think-aloud cognitive pretests (N = 12) with additional probing questions and a quantitative pretest (N = 34), we assessed and improved the comprehensibility and validity of all instructions, vignettes, and further instruments. This is particularly important given the complexity of NTDs and the possible difficulty in understanding the given information. used ordinary least squares regression models to explore how the experimental conditions (purpose of use, invasiveness, and question order) and respondent characteristics (stress, low cognitive functioning, religiosity, age, education, and gender) were associated with respondents’ moral evaluation of and willingness to use BSDs and BCIs. After examining main effects, we tested for conditional effects of the use purpose by testing interaction effects between use purpose and each of the variables. All analyses were conducted with the statistical software package Stata 14. results Fig 1 shows that, regardless of the experimental condition, 25. 5% and 28. 7% of the participants considered BSDs and BCIs morally acceptable, respectively. While 14. 6% of the respondents indicated that they would use BSDs with certainty, this share was slightly higher for BCIs (20. 3%). Moral acceptability and use willingness positively correlated for BSDs (r = 0. 81; p<0. 001) and BCIs (r = 0. 83; p<0. 001). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Distribution of answers (in %) of the moral acceptability (M = 1. 99; SD = 1. 56, Panel A) and use willingness of BSDs (M = 1. 55; SD = 1. 53, Panel C) in Experiment 1 (N = 1,090), and the moral acceptability (M = 2. 15; SD = 1. 54, Panel B) and use willingness of BCIs (M = 1. 82; SD = 1. 55, Panel D) in Experiment 2 (N = 1,089). Main effects analysis Table 2 shows that using both types of NTDs for enhancement resulted in statistically significantly lower moral acceptability (pBSD<0. 001; pBCI<0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses moral acceptability and willingness to use brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and brain-stimulation devices (BSDs) but does not provide any information or commentary on AI-generated art or its impact on human artistic talent. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Crematogaster tavaratra is absent from the mitochondrial phylogeny (Fig. 1), while C. hafahafa is absent from the nuclear phylogeny (Fig. 2). All other species are well supported by the mitochondrial data with posterior probabilities (PP) = 1 and bootstrap values >70. Molecular support by the nuclear data is also strong overall. Exceptions to this rule are the lower values (PP = 0. 96, bootstrap = 66) associated with C. kelleri, which could be an artifact of including only a single sequence of its suggested sister taxon, C. hafahafa, in the analysis. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 2. Nuclear phylogeny of the C. kelleri-group and related species. Results of Bayesian inference based on 2364 bp of the three nuclear genes LW Rh, ArgK and CAD, summarized as consensus tree in MrBayes. Support values in black represent posterior probabilities (pp), those in red or orange ML bootstrap values, values pp<0. 96 and bootstrap<60 are not shown; scalebar shows nucleotide changes per base pair. Yellow and brown colored form of C. kelleri are indicated by orange and brown shading, respectively. The long branch subtending outgroups C. ranavalonae and C. madecassa has been shortened. Symbols beside species names on the phylogeny correspond to the distribution markers in the adjacent map of Madagascar. nuclear and CO1 data lend firm phylogenetic support for the C. kelleri species-group (Fig. 2 and Fig. 1, respectively). In the larger phylogenetic analysis of [9], C. tsisitsilo was shown to be distantly related and not part of the C. kelleri-group. Here, the nuclear phylogeny indicates the same result, albeit with weak support. The opposite conclusion is suggested by the mitochondrial phylogeny, which recovers C. tsisitsilo as sister group to the C. kelleri-group. Both nuclear data sets analyzed here and in the larger study [9] did not include C. tavaratra. This species could be crucial, however, for a well-supported estimation of these relationships, since it is indicated as the basal lineage within the C. kelleri-group in the mitochondrial analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the phylogenetic relationships among certain ant species without mentioning anything related to fungus farming as a food source. There are no references to ant behavior, ecology, or symbiotic relationships linked to fungi in this text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: This channel has been shown to be additive in response to optical radiation for a given criterion response (i. e. , a constant-luminance flicker criterion). Our current understanding of the circadian system indicates that there is only one functional channel leading to the SCN from the retina, and that in humans, this channel exhibits subadditivity to certain combinations of wavelengths [36]. Clearly, a more detailed understanding of input to the SCN may emerge following additional research. For example, Aggelopolous and Meissl [37] suggest that there are multiple neural pathways providing input to the SCN in rats. Whether these different neuron pathways exist in humans or constitute different functional channels for the SCN has yet to be determined. Since there is no evidence to date that the human circadian system exhibits additivity, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for measuring circadian light (i. e. , a Cλ) would only serve as a convenience to commerce and government. In other words, unlike Vλ, there would be no physiological foundation for a system of metrology based upon Cλ. This lack of homology between physiology and metrology may or may not be an important aspect in the deliberations for developing a system of circadian photometry, but it is certainly important to draw attention to this difference for scientific purposes, much as it is important to draw attention to the difference between luminance and brightness. Spectral sensitivity of the circadian system The retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT) is comprised of ipRGC axons and carries photic information from the retina to the SCN. In addition to the direct conversion of optical radiation to neural signal input to the master clock, the ipRGCs also carry spectrally-opponent information originating from the classical photoreceptors and processed by vertical (bipolar cells) and lateral (horizontal and amacrine cells) neurons, to the SCN. Of particular interest with regard to developing a definition of circadian light are the spectrally-opponent (color) mechanisms in the distal retina that provide synaptic connections to the ipRGCs [32]. In addition, amacrine cells that control the transition from scotopic (rod) to photopic (cone) responses in retinal ganglion cells also appear to provide synaptic threshold control of the ipRGC responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the retino-hypothalamic tract (RHT), which carries photic information from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master clock governing circadian rhythms. Additionally, it highlights the role of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in converting optical radiation to neural signals, thus confirming that light-sensitive proteins are indeed involved in regulating circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete.Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: AJOB Neurosci. 2021;0: 1–11. pmid:33787456 View 4. Wexler A. Direct-to-Stimulation Products, and Why? A Study of of tDCS Devices. J Cogn Enhanc. 2018;2: 114–134. View 5. . Matter: Cognitive Neuroengineering. Sci. 2019;2019. Available:. -Attitude in Motor Decision-Making. Neurosci. 2019;13. pmid:31551733 View 7. Parkin S, Yang S-H. Memory on the racetrack. Nat Nanotechnol. 2015;10: 195–198. pmid:25740128 View 8. . U. S. of for Human Enhancement. In: & Society [Internet]. 26 Jul 2016 [cited 6 Oct 2020]. 9. -Wąsowicz A, et al. Hacking the Brain: Dimensions of Cognitive Enhancement. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019;10: 1137–1148. pmid:30550256 View 10. Kögel. Using brain-computer interfaces: a scoping review of studies employing social research methods. BMC Med Ethics. 2019;20: 18. pmid:30845952 View 11. Chaudhary U, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A. Brain–computer interfaces for communication and rehabilitation. Neurol. 2016;12: 513–525. pmid:27539560 View 12. Kögel. What is it like to use a BCI? –insights from an interview study with brain-computer interface users. BMC Med Ethics. 2020;21. pmid:31906947 View 13. Lavazza A. The Two-Challenge in the Use of Modulation. Front Neurosci. 2019;13. pmid:31316345 View 14. Closed-loop stimulation of temporal cortex rescues functional networks and improves memory. Nat Commun. 2018;9: 365. pmid:29410414 View 15. Bárd I, Hildt E. Ethical dimensions of commercial and DIY neurotechnologies. Academic Press; 2020. 16. . Ethical aspects of brain computer interfaces: a scoping review. BMC Med Ethics. 2017;18: 60. pmid:29121942 View 17. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a list of studies and papers related to brain-computer interfaces and cognitive enhancement, but does not discuss AI-generated art or its impact on human artistic talent. Thus, it does not support, contrast, or address the claim in any manner.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: The closest affinities of C. tsisitsilo therefore remain unclear. Relationships within the C. kelleri-group are also inconclusive due to the two missing taxa in nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenies (C. tavaratra and C. hafahafa, respectively). Molecular and We provide plots of body size and propodeal spine length for all taxa in the C. kelleri-group (Fig. 3A−D) to illustrate that these measurements can partly, or in some cases completely, separate species within this group. In particular Crematogaster kelleri was found to be a morphologically highly variable taxon (see also species description), thus an effort was made to investigate the full breadth of this morphological variation with molecular methods. The mtDNA phylogeny was further mapped onto the sampling distribution map (Fig. 4) to discern whether observed molecular and morphological variation in C. kelleri corresponds with geography. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 3. Graphical plots of selected measurements of species within the C. kelleri-group. Based on specimen measurements as presented within species descriptions, units in mm. A: body size as a function of head width over Weber’s length in the C. kelleri-group; B: Propodeal spine length as a function of spine length over Weber’s length in the C. kelleri-group; C: body size as a function of head width over Weber’s length in the two forms of C. kelleri; D: Propodeal spine length as a function of spine length over Weber’s length in the two forms of C. kelleri. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Mitochondrial phylogeny of C. kelleri with respect to variation and distribution data. Results of Bayesian inference based on 578 bp of COI as shown in Fig. 1, but showing only the C. kelleri clade. Support values in black represent posterior probabilities (pp), those in red ML bootstrap values, values pp<0. 96 and bootstrap<60 are not shown; scalebar shows nucleotide changes per base pair. On the phylogeny, orange-shaded specimens indicate the yellow form of C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the phylogenetic relationships and morphological measurements of the C. kelleri group of ants, without providing any information or context about ant species farming fungi or using it as a food source.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: These complicated neural connections have been mathematically modeled to develop a definition of the circadian (light) stimulus [36]. The mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction developed by Rea et al. [36] is based on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the retina and on published psychophysical studies of nocturnal melatonin suppression using lights of different spectral power distributions. The model generates values of circadian light (CL) for any spectral power distribution (i. e. , for any light source, real or imagined, at any irradiance). CL is characterized by a high absolute threshold to optical radiation with a peak spectral response at short wavelengths. The model accounts for participation of ipRCGs as well as rods and cones in circadian phototransduction via neural connections, including spectral opponency, in the outer plexiform layer of the retina. Additional file 1 describes the computation procedure for calculating CL. It should be noted that the term CL is used in this paper to replace the term circadian stimulus (CS), used in the paper that describes the model of circadian phototransduction [36]. Notwithstanding the nonlinearities inherent in the circadian phototransduction model, CL is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human circadian system, a term more comparable to illuminance, which is spectrally weighted irradiance for the human visual system. As described in more detail below, the term CS will be henceforth used to describe the effective photic stimulus for the circadian system as measured by acute nocturnal melatonin suppression. Figure 3 shows the modeled spectral sensitivity of the circadian system for both narrowband and polychromatic light stimuli [36]. Because the model includes spectral opponency, responses from light stimuli created by a combination of narrowband sources cannot be predicted from the spectral sensitivity derived from narrowband light stimuli alone. In fact, for light stimuli with a particular balance of short-wavelength (e. g. , around 450 nm) and long-wavelength (e. g. , longer than about 510 nm) components, the response of the human circadian system to light is less than what would be predicted by an additive spectral efficiency function derived from responses to narrowband stimuli [30,31]. Emphasis for modeling was placed upon studies measuring nocturnal melatonin suppression because, in fact, there are presently no comparable spectral sensitivity functions for the circadian system using any other outcome measure (e. g. , phase shifting). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a mathematical model of human circadian phototransduction that relies on the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the retina, emphasizing the involvement of various photoreceptors, including intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRCGs), in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The model discusses the effects of different light spectral distributions on nocturnal melatonin suppression, which is a key indicator of circadian rhythm modulation by light-sensitive proteins. The mention of 'circadian light' (CL) and the processes related to phototransduction clearly link the role of light and its spectral properties to the regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: AI-generated art will soon become the dominant form of creative expression, rendering human artistic talent obsolete. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow direct communication between the brain and external devices, bypassing traditional input methods like keyboards or touchscreens. [SEP] Text: Emotional priming of mobile text messages with ring-shaped wearable device using color lighting and tactile expressions. of the 5th (AH '14). 2012. Kissenger: design of a kiss transmission device. of the (DIS '12). 48--57. Digital Library2007. PillowTalk: can we afford intimacy? . of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction (TEI '07). 23--30. Digital Library2010. Touch trace mirror: asynchronous, collaborative messaging as a concept for creating a relatedness experience. of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction (TEI '11). 303--304. Digital Library2013. "Back and forth, back and forth": channel switching in romantic couple conflict. of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '13). 237--248. Digital Library2017. BeWithMe: for Couples. of the 2017 ACM Conference on (CSCW '17 Companion). 307--310. Digital Library2017. Flex-N-Feel: and Evaluation of for Couples to Over Distance. of the 2017 ACM Conference on (CSCW '17). 98--110. Digital Library2012. Silka: a domestic technology to mediate the threshold between connection and solitude. In CHI '12 on in (CHI EA '12). 1309--1314. Digital Library322. 2013. Presentation of (telepresent) self: on the double-edged effects of mirrors. of the 8th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction (HRI '13). 381--388. Digital Library2010. World's first wearable humanoid robot that augments our emotions. of the 1st (AH '10). 2012. Towards measuring the quality of interaction: communication through telepresence robots. of the Workshop on for (PerMIS '12). 101--108. Digital Library2010. InPhase: evaluation of a communication system focused on "happy coincidences" of daily behaviors. of the on in (CHI '10). 2481--2490. Digital Library2013. Exploring design opportunities for social intimacy through everyday objects and practices. of the 2013 ACM conference on Pervasive and ubiquitous computing adjunct publication (UbiComp '13 Adjunct). 1401--1404. Digital Library2011. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim. It discusses various topics related to communication technologies, emotional interaction, and design opportunities, but does not address the role of AI in art or the potential of BCIs. Therefore, the text does not support, contrast, or engage with the claim about AI-generated art and its impact on human artistic talent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: kelleri, unshaded specimens belong to the brown form. On the map of Madagascar, the yellow form is indicated by orange diamonds and the brown form by squares; the lines connecting the markers represent the phylogeny as plotted on the map with [16]. characters such as body size (Fig. 3A) vary continuously within this species, C. kelleri also shows an interesting discontinuous variation in color. One form is variably brown colored (all shades), whereas the other is yellow. Morphologically, the brown form is far more variable than the yellow form (Fig. 3C,D), yet the forms occur to some extent in sympatry. We thus investigated the possibility that these two forms of C. kelleri actually belong to two closely related sister species. The two color forms are indicated on the nuclear (Fig. 2) and the COI phylogeny (Fig. 4), and separate distribution maps have been created (see species descriptions). The results suggest that the yellow form tends to be prevalent in the coastal regions of eastern, northern and north-western Madagascar, but that the two forms are not genetically isolated from one another (Fig. 2 and 4). Although there is a large, entirely ‘yellow clade’ in the COI phylogeny (Fig. 4), this appears to be an artifact of geography as samples here all stem from east coast localities. Only one specimen of the yellow form from north-western Madagascar was successfully sequenced and was found to be more closely related to other western (brown) populations than to eastern yellow populations. However, the low sequence divergence in this east coast ‘yellow clade’ is peculiar and requires further investigation. Cytochrome oxidase I sequence divergences are summarized within and between species of the C. kelleri-group and C. tsisitsilo in Table 3. Within-species sequence divergences range from 0−14. 1%, with the greatest sequence variation within C. kelleri and C. madagascariensis. Mean sequence divergences between species of the C. kelleri-group range from 15. 3−20. 2%, and divergences of the C. kelleri-group to C. tsisitsilo range between 19. 1% (to C. tavaratra) and 25. 1% (to C. hazolava). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ant species farming fungi. It discusses morphological variations in the ant species C. kelleri and delves into genetic divergences without mentioning any behavior related to fungus farming.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: The values of the coefficients in Additional file 1 relating the opponent channels were optimized to align with published nocturnal human melatonin suppression data using narrowband spectra [26,27]. This resulted in a good fit (r2 = 0. 82) between all comparable suppression data using both narrowband and broadband spectra [24,26,27,30,38,39] and a four-parameter logistic function [40] characterizing the melatonin suppression response as the light stimulus increases from threshold to saturation (Figure 4). CL is defined in terms of irradiance, not radiance as with brightness because image formation on the retina is not believed to be important to the circadian system. Rather, CL is geometrically described in terms of radiant flux density on the cornea and therefore is geometrically comparable to illuminance at the eye. Figure 3 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data from Brainard et al. [26] and Thapan et al. [27] for narrowband spectra (symbols), and a spectral sensitivity function resulting from exposure to narrowband illumination (solid curve). Also shown is the spectral sensitivity for broadband illumination when spectral opponency is exhibited [36]. Figure 4 Nocturnal human melatonin suppression data [24,26,27,30,38,39] (left ordinate), plotted as a function of CL quantities (abscissa) predicted by the model of Rea et al. [36]. Also shown is the best-fitting four-parameter logistic function [40] to all of the data from threshold to saturation. The circadian light quantity CL was formerly named circadian stimulus (CS) [36]; CS (right ordinate) now refers to the effective stimulus based on nocturnal melatonin suppression. Previously published studies have been conducted to test the utility of the model of human circadian phototransduction [32,41]. Nocturnal melatonin suppression by light was assessed by Figueiro et al. [41] for two light source spectra and four light levels. A priori predictions of melatonin suppression were made based on calculations of CL given by each light level and spectra. Results demonstrated that the model predictions were consistent with melatonin suppression obtained at all four light levels, although uncertainty was greater at the lowest light level, which was close to threshold response. Also, Figueiro et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how light impacts melatonin suppression, which is a key aspect of circadian rhythms. It mentions the optimization of coefficients relating to opponent channels with respect to melatonin suppression data, indicating that the light stimulus plays a crucial role in regulating melatonin levels. This relationship is foundational to understanding how circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of BCIs being developed focus on medical applications, such as helping people with paralysis control prosthetic limbs or communicate. [SEP] Text: Но, до случившегося с нею, она не замечала каких-либо нарушений в состоянии своего здоровья и ни на что не жаловалась. Окружающие также не наблюдали перемен в б-й до наступления паралича. Родилась в срок, росла хилым ребенком, перенесла детские болезни: корь, скарлатину и дифтерию. Однако, со времени появления menses, окрепла и не болела до 1925 г. , когда перенесла катарральное воспаление легких. В 1926 г. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the health condition of a person and their medical history without mentioning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their applications. Therefore, it does not provide any supporting or contrasting information about BCIs focusing on medical applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. COI sequence divergences within and between species of this study. Checklist of in this tsisitsilo sp. nov. Crematogaster kelleri-group: Crematogaster kelleri Forel 1891 = Crematogaster adrepens 1897 syn. nov. = Crematogaster gibba Emery 1894 syn. nov. Crematogaster madagascariensis André 1887 Crematogaster hazolava sp. nov. Crematogaster tavaratra sp. nov. Crematogaster hafahafa sp. nov. Diagnoses of the Crematogaster kelleri-group Worker diagnosis of the Crematogaster kelleri-group. C. kelleri, C. madagascariensis, C. hafahafa, C. hazolava, C. tavaratra. Very small to large size (HW 0. 60–1. 16, WL 0. 65–1. 16). Masticatory margin of mandibles with four teeth (five teeth in some large specimens of C. kelleri). Head shape fairly quadrate, usually wider than long (CI 1. 04–1. 16); posterior margin of head in full face view laterally rounded or subangular, sometimes medially slightly depressed; occipital carinae present; antennal scapes usually easily surpassing head margin, sometimes merely reaching head margin; midline of eyes situated at or slightly above midline of head in full face view; eyes fairly large (OI 0. 18–0. 27) and moderately protruding. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed taxonomic information and descriptions of various species within the Crematogaster kelleri-group but does not mention anything about ants farming fungi or using fungi as a food source. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [32] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression following exposure to lights presented monocularly and binocularly to demonstrate that the subadditive response to light by the circadian system originated in the retina as predicted by Rea et al. [36]. Figueiro et al. [42] measured nocturnal melatonin suppression from short-wavelength light stimuli; these data were consistent with predictions made using the model by Rea and colleagues [36]. Similarly, noctural melatonin suppression measurements reported by Revell and Skene [43] in response to narrowband and broadband light stimuli varying in intensity were shown [44] to be consistent with predictions using this model [36]. Utilization of circadian light As previously described, Rea et al. [36] proposed a mathematical model for quantifying circadian light for any spectral irradiance distribution. Two changes in the circadian light nomenclature from that paper have been made for metrological clarity. First, because the units of CL (spectrally weighted irradiance in W/m2) are new and, therefore, are not particularly intuitive to a user, a normalized quantity, CLA, was derived to more easily compare CL values with values of photopic illuminance, in lux (lx). A value of CL can be determined, measured or calculated, for 1000 lx of CIE standard illuminant A [21], a blackbody radiator at a color temperature of 2856 K similar in relative spectral power distribution to an incandescent lamp, and a scalar multiplier determined to make the product of CL and the multiplier equal 1000. The product of CL and this multiplier defines the quantity CLA. Any value of CL can then be normalized in terms of a reference illuminance of 1000 lx from the standard illuminant A equaling 1000 CLA units. CLA is numerically identical to orthodox photopic illuminance when illuminant A produces 1000 lx, but can differ, sometimes significantly, for other spectral power distributions and illuminance levels due to nonlinear operations in the CL formulation (see Additional file 1). Nevertheless, for many common white light sources values of CLA are similar in magnitude to illuminance values (in lx) at any level. Second, circadian stimulus (CS; [3,36,44,45]) in the original formulation is now defined as CL and, after normalization, as CLA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the measurement of nocturnal melatonin suppression in response to light stimuli, highlighting that the circadian system's response originates in the retina. It cites studies that show the relationship between light exposure and circadian regulation, thereby supporting the claim that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some BCIs are already in use to help individuals with disabilities regain mobility or independence by controlling assistive technologies with their minds. BCIs will soon allow humans to control all electronic devices, from phones to cars, using only their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Distribution of antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance We described the distribution of antibiotic use across drug groups and US states, finding that 34% of the study population took an antibiotic in a year, and 10% of the population had 57% of the antibiotic fills in that year, similar to results from the UK (Shallcross et al. , 2017), although this distribution varied by population (Figure 1—figure supplement 1). By partitioning annual total use into annual first use and annual repeat use, we were able to show that, for each drug, annual first use makes up the majority of annual total use and that variations in annual first use explain more variance in annual total use than do variations in annual repeat use. We also found that first use tends to have a positive association with resistance when controlling for repeat use, while repeat use tends to have negative associations with resistance when controlling for first use. This result held across sensitivity analyses. If these associations are causal, that is, if outpatient first and repeat antibiotic use select for resistance among community-acquired pathogens, then our results would imply that antibiotic resistance in the outpatient setting is due more to first use, which tended to have positive associations with resistance, than to repeat use. In contrast to proposals to focus on intense antibiotic users for combatting resistance (Shallcross et al. , 2017), this situation would imply that preventing marginal prescriptions among patients whose indications are borderline-appropriate or inappropriate for antibiotics may be the more effective tactic for reducing the prevalence of resistance mechanisms already established in the US. There are limitations to the interpretability of these results. First, as mentioned above, there is a potential mismatch between the sources of the antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance data. Second, although antibiotic use is a major driver of antibiotic resistance, the observed results may not be causal. Factors beyond antibiotic use, like population density, play a role in antibiotic resistance (Harbarth and Samore, 2005; MacFadden et al. , 2018a). Even if antibiotic use and resistance are causally related, it may be that resistance affects antibiotic use. For example, if resistance to a drug is high, treatment using that drug is more likely to fail, discouraging repeated use, so that high resistance lead to decreased repeat use (Wang et al. , 2017; Priest et al. , 2001; Pouwels et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the distribution of antibiotic use and resistance without mentioning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), assistive technologies, or control of electronic devices via thoughts. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Pronotum laterally subangular; promesonotal suture usually absent or indistinct; mesonotum usually with a distinct dorsal and posterior face, and laterally carinate, angulate or subangulate; mesonotum often with posterolateral angular tubercules or denticles, and in lateral view outline of promesonotum usually characteristic: pronotum and dorsal face of mesonotum form a straight or slightly rounded plane, while the posterior face of the mesonotum slopes abruptly and steeply into the metanotal groove; metanotal groove shallow; propodeal spines very short to medium-sized (SPI 0. 07–0. 27), spiniform; dorsal face of propodeum almost as long as posterior face; petiole in dorsal view oval or suboval, rarely moderately flared, subpetiolar process variable from absent to a reduced angular dent to a small, but distinct tooth; postpetiole bilobed, but depth of median impression variable; subpostpetiolar process absent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides a detailed anatomical description of ant morphology, with no mention of fungi farming or ant behavior related to food sourcing. Therefore, it does not support or contest the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: To understand why, consider two light sources producing very different irradiance and spectral quantities, resulting in CLA values of 10,000 and of 20,000 units. Despite a large difference in the values of CLA, the two sources would not be expected to produce different outcomes from the circadian system, at least in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression. Both would produce saturating levels of suppression of about 75% percent after an hour of exposure. Thus, while the two sources would be characterized as being very different in terms of CLA, their effectiveness as a circadian stimulus in terms of nocturnal melatonin suppression would be identical. The term CS for a given light source is therefore now defined in terms of the relative effectiveness of CL, or CLA, for producing a meaningful circadian response. The logistic function in Figure 4 is used to relate a given CL, or CLA, value to its corresponding CS value, between 0 (or 0%) and 0. 75 (or 75%), characterizing the relative effectiveness of the source as a stimulus to the circadian system. The implications for establishing quantitative measures of CL, CLA and CS are key to developing an understanding of how temporal patterns of light and dark affect human health and well-being. Without a quantitative understanding of the circadian light stimulus it will be difficult or impossible to make significant progress in unraveling the role that circadian disruption has on diseases such as breast cancer [2,3], cardiovascular disease [4 - 6], diabetes [7,8] and sleep disorders [9]. Toward this end a circadian light dosimeter, the Daysimeter (Figure 5), was developed to quantify circadian light exposures in these vulnerable populations. The Daysimeter, previously described [46] and subsequently refined [47], is a personal head-worn device that measures CLA and photopic illuminance near the plane of the wearer's cornea. also includes calibrated accelerometers to measure rest and activity. Data from the Daysimeter are recorded for as long as one month of wear and retrieved for post-processing. has its own spectral, spatial, and absolute light calibration so, following post-processing, it is possible to quantify individual CLA exposures in real life over extended periods. These data have great potential for understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health because, for the first time, researchers and clinicians can actually measure circadian disruption among individuals in these vulnerable populations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how different light sources affect the circadian system, specifically mentioning the importance of quantifying circadian light exposures and their implications on human health. It emphasizes that light, characterized by its CLA values, serves as a significant stimulus for circadian rhythms, thus supporting the idea that light-sensitive proteins play a crucial role in regulating these biological rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some BCIs are already in use to help individuals with disabilities regain mobility or independence by controlling assistive technologies with their minds. BCIs will soon allow humans to control all electronic devices, from phones to cars, using only their thoughts. [SEP] Text: [CrossRef]Fereday J, Muir-Cochrane E. The role of performance feedback in the self-assessment of competence: a research study with nursing clinicians. Collegian 2006 Jan;13(1):10-15. [Medline]Holloway I, Todres L. of Method: Flexibility, Consistency and Coherence. 2003 Dec 01;3(3):345-357. [CrossRef]Patton MQ. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications; 1990. Olson KE, O'. Diffusion of technology: frequency of use for younger and older adults. 2011 Mar;36(1):123-145 [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Patterns of technology use among older adults with and without disabilities. Gerontologist 2013 Dec 30. [CrossRef] [Medline]Foundation. 2012. : [accessed 2014-11-10] [WebCite Cache]. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. 2003;27(3):425-478. . The birth of Elinor: a collaborative development of a game based system for stroke rehabilitation. In: VIZ'09. Conference. 2009 Presented at: Visualization; July 15-17, 2009; Barcelona p. 52-60. [CrossRef]de Kort Y, Poels K. Digital game design for elderly users. 2007 Nov 15 Presented at: Conference on Future Play; 2007; Toronto p. 17-22. [CrossRef]Chalmers I. What do I want from health research and researchers when I am a patient? J 1995 May 20;310(6990):1315-1318 [FREE Full text] [Medline]Goodare H, Lockwood S. Involving patients in clinical research. Improves the quality of research. J 1999 Sep 18;319(7212):724-725 [FREE Full text] [Medline]Richards T. Patients' priorities. J 1999 Jan 30;318(7179):277 [FREE Full text] [Medline]AbbreviationsABI: acquired brain injuryCP: cerebral palsyCPP: caregiver of pediatric participantPP: pediatric participantEdited by G Eysenbach; submitted 12. 05. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects of nursing research, technology use, and patient involvement in clinical research without mentioning brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their applications for individuals with disabilities. It does not provide any information supporting or contrasting the claim regarding BCIs and their capabilities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Sculpture reduced overall; head shiny to aciculate; mesosoma dorsally shiny and aciculate; propleuron aciculate, meso- and metapleuron mostly reticulate, sometimes carinulate; dorsal face of propodeum aciculate, posterior face shiny; dorsal face of petiole shiny; helcium dorsally carinulate; postpetiole dorsally aciculate; lateral and ventral face of petiole and postpetiole feebly reticulate; face with 4–14 (more commonly 8–12) erect, long, flexuous setae, and abundant shorter, decumbent to subdecumbent pubescence; number of erect, long, flexuous setae on promesonotum highly variable, but usually present are at least four pronotal setae, and two lateral setae each on dorsal and posterior face of mesonotum; petiole with a pair of long, erect setae on dorsoposterior tubercules; postpetiole with at least one pair of long erect dorsoposterior setae, sometimes additional erect pilosity; abdominal tergites and sternites four to seven with long erect pilosity that is mostly abundant though highly variable, and abundant to very abundant appressed, decumbent or suberect pubescence throughout. Color pale to medium yellow, light to dark brown. Queen diagnosis of the Crematogaster kelleri-group. C. tavaratra, C. hazolava, C. kelleri, C. madagascariensis. Small to medium size (HW 1. 15–1. 45, WL 1. 70–2. 34); with worker characters, except as follows. Masticatory margin of mandibles with five to six teeth; antennal scapes of variable length; eyes fairly large (OI 0. 27–0. 32) and protruding, situated at or below midline of head in full face view; head shape quadrate, wider than long (CI 1. 05–1. 20), widest just posterior to eyes; posterior margin of head straight. Mesosoma fairly compact (MSNI 0. 75–0. 98, WL 1. 70–2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a detailed description of physical characteristics and taxonomy of specific ant species but does not address the claim regarding ant species farming fungi as a food source. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: If it is shown that the relationships between CLA and other non-visual responses, such as phase shifting, are different than the one demonstrated for nocturnal melatonin suppression, another CS function could be developed and designated with an appropriate subscript (such as CSnmel for nocturnal melatonin suppression and CSpshift for phase shifting). Again, this development would be quite similar to the evolution of different visual spectral sensitivity functions. As a final note, even the model of human circadian phototransduction based upon nocturnal melatonin suppression and used to calculate CLA and CS is probably incomplete. It does not take into account possible participation of different types of ipRGCs [50] and recent evidence that the melanopsin photopigment in the ipRGCs follows a very different regenerative process than that employed by the classical photoreceptors [51]. These phenomena may have heretofore unknown effects on the spectral and absolute sensitivities of the circadian system that would demand consideration in a revised model of phototransduction and therefore an evolving definition of circadian light. Hopefully, however, the information presented here is an important step toward the precise application of light stimuli for the human circadian system. is formally defined as optical radiation capable of providing visual sensation in humans. The current definition of light does not directly relate to its effects on the human circadian system. Since temporal patterns of retinal light (and dark) exposures regulate the human circadian system and since disruption of the circadian system has broad implications for health and well-being [2 - 9,52,53], it is becoming increasingly important to develop a new definition of circadian light. Toward that end, the present paper has placed the evolving development of a definition of circadian light into the historical context of light as it has been defined for metrology and as it affects human vision. As described here, an additive "photodian" luminous efficiency function for circadian light will probably never be exactly comparable to the photopic luminous efficiency function used in conventional photometry based upon the human visual system. Nevertheless, it is increasingly important that a measurement system, such as CL, CLA, and CS as presented here, be developed for quantifying the photic stimulus for the human circadian system. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors' contributions The outline of the 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the influence of light exposure on the human circadian system, particularly how 'temporal patterns of retinal light (and dark) exposures regulate the human circadian system.' This implies that light-sensitive proteins, such as melanopsin in ipRGCs, play a critical role in the functioning and regulation of circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some BCIs are already in use to help individuals with disabilities regain mobility or independence by controlling assistive technologies with their minds.BCIs will soon allow humans to control all electronic devices, from phones to cars, using only their thoughts. [SEP] Text: Такие данные используются для того, чтобы установить, в какой точке земного шара используется Сайт, для обеспечения полноты охвата, а также для анализа перехода по ссылкам с целью лучшего понимания особенностей использования Сайта. Общество не устанавливает связь между такими автоматически собираемыми данными и личными сведениями о конкретных людях. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses data usage related to website statistics and does not mention brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or their applications for individuals with disabilities. Thus, it neither corroborates nor contrasts with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 34); mesoscutum in dorsal view varying from longer than wide to as wide as long; dorsal face of propodeum short, posterior face abruptly sloping; propodeal spines present or absent (SPI 0. 00–0. 10), spiniform or dentiform; petiole lacking dorsoposterior tubercules; postpetiole with worker characters, but median impression less pronounced. Sculpture mostly shiny and aciculate except for metapleuron, and with anteriormost part of propodeum carinulate, and face between eyes and antennal insertions sometimes costulate; erect pilosity moderately abundant on head, dorsal side of mesosoma and on metasoma, but shorter than in workers; petiole with or without a pair of long, flexuous dorsoposterior setae, sometimes other erect setae present laterally; erect pilosity on postpetiole variable, usually with at least one pair of dorsoposterior setae. Color similar to respective workers, but metasoma often darker. Wings clear. Male diagnosis of the Crematogaster kelleri-group. C. tavaratra, C. hazolava, C. kelleri, C. madagascariensis. Very small to small (HW 0. 47–0. 65, WL 0. 85–1. 24). Masticatory margin of mandibles with two to three teeth; clypeus squarely protruding; eyes large (OI 0. 40–0. 68) and protruding, midline of eyes situated well below midline of head, approaching clypeal margin; antennae 12-segmented, scapes very short (SI 0. 18–0. 24); head wider than long (CI 1. 17–1. 35); in full face view ocellar triangle situated at or below posterior head margin and may be slightly elevated with respect to rest of face; occipital carinae very distinct. Mesosoma compact (MSNI 0. 84–1. 39, WL 0. 85–1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ants farming fungi. It provides a detailed anatomical and morphological description of ant species, but there is no mention of any behavior related to farming fungi, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Lennie, P; Pokorny, J; 10: 1283–93, DOI: [PubMed] Brindley, GS; Du Croz, JJ; Rushton, WAThe flicker fusion frequency of the blue-sensitive mechanism of color vision J Physiol 183: 497–500. [PubMed] Wyszecki, G; Stiles, WSColor Science. New York: Wiley. De Valois, RL; Abramov, I; Jacobs, GHAnalysis of response patterns of LGN cells J Am 56: 966–77, DOI: [PubMed] Helmholtz, HHandbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Hamburg: Voss. de l'Eclairage. Colorimetry. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. de l'Eclairage. CIE 1988 2° for Photopic Vision. Vienna: de l'Eclairage. Guth, SL; Massof, RW; Benzschawel, TVector model for normal and dichromatic color vision J Am 70: 197–212, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGPhototransduction for human melatonin suppression J 32: 209–13, DOI: [PubMed] Gall, D; Bieske, KDefinition and measurement of circadian radiometric quantities Proceedings of the CIE Symposium '04 on Light and Health. Vienna: de l'Éclairage, 32. Brainard, GC; Hanifin, JP; Greeson, JM; Byrne, B; Glickman, G; Gerner, E; Rollag, MDAction spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans: evidence for a novel circadian photoreceptor J Neurosci 21: 6405–12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contains studies that indicate the involvement of phototransduction in circadian rhythm regulation, highlighting the action spectrum for melatonin regulation in humans, which suggests the role of light-sensitive photoreceptors in this process. Therefore, the text corroborates the claim that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future jobs will be performed using BCIs, allowing humans to control machines and software with their minds without physical effort. [SEP] Text: Crucially (although somewhat confusingly given their appeal to neurological metaphors), global brain theorists accept the idea that intelligence is constituted by more than just the operation of ‘brain-based’ processes. They thus accept the claim (which lies at the heart of the theoretical agenda of embodied cognitive science) that corporeal elements can (and typically will) play an important role in supporting the emergence of intelligent performances (see Heylighen 2012). This much is clear from the way in which proponents of the global brain talk about the contribution of human and technological elements to ‘embodied intelligence’: The accelerating incorporation of a multitude of hardware sensors and effectors (e. g. satellites, cameras, remote controls) together with an ever more intimate individual-net interface turn the global brain into a truly situated and embodied intelligence. . . Every human being or piece of machinery hooked up to the web forms part of its body, providing it with additional capabilities for input, output and control. (Heylighen 2012) Here, then, we encounter one way in which issues of embodied cognition might be able to establish a useful foothold in discussions relating to Internet-situated forms of machine intelligence. The general idea is that, in at least some cases, it may be appropriate to see technological devices (and perhaps even human agents) as literal body parts, i. e. , as physical elements that play the same sort of functional role—e. g. , the mediation of real-world sensorimotor engagements—that we typically ascribe to conventional (biological) body parts (see Clark 2007b). Inasmuch as such claims are true, we are provided with an important opportunity to consider how issues of embodiment might affect the attempt to engineer online forms of machine intelligence. An important issue for future research is thus to determine whether some of the insights gleaned from research into biological (and robotic) systems can be applied to the realm of online systems and services. This, I suggest, should attempt to go beyond the rather simple case of informational ‘pickup’, where some Internet-accessible resource is used to provide a form of ‘perceptual’ contact with the real-world environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by emphasizing that intelligence encompasses more than just brain-based processes and that corporeal elements will play a significant role in the emergence of intelligent performances. The mention of embodied intelligence and the intimate interface between human and technological elements implies that future job roles may rely on physical interfaces, rather than solely on brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) controlling machines without physical effort.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 24); mesoscutum in dorsal view as wide as long; scutellum in dorsal view laterally compressed, often distinctly tapering from anterior to posterior end, dorsoposterior portion pointed or truncate; dorsal face of propodeum very short or absent; propodeal spines absent; petiole in dorsal view oval, carinae or denticles absent and all margins rounded, in lateral view petiole anteriorly greatly tapered; subpetiolar process absent; postpetiole with weak median impression, more pronounced posteriorly; wings clear. Head sculpture shiny to rugulose; clypeus with several carinulae; mesoscutum rugulose, scutellum shiny to aciculate, propodeum longitudinally carinulate, petiole and postpetiole rugulose to shiny; erect pilosity on face variable; mesoscutum with regular or scattered short, erect pilosity; posterior part of scutellum with more abundant, longer pilosity; petiole and postpetiole with distinct long dorsoposterior setae, and abundant erect pilosity dorsally and laterally; abdominal segments four to seven with abundant short suberect pubescence, longer erect pilosity lacking. Color mostly as in worker and queen, sometimes paler. In the individual species descriptions below, only refinements or characters in addition to the above will be mentioned. of the C. kelleri-group and C. tsisitsilo From all other the species treated in this revision can be distinguished by the following characters; note that a key to all the species-groups of Crematogaster in Madagascar is currently under way (Blaimer & Fisher, in prep. ). Crematogaster kelleri-group. 1) In lateral view promesonotum forming a straight (or at most slightly rounded) plane; 2) posterior face of the mesonotum long and distinctly set off from dorsal face and abruptly and steeply sloping into metanotal groove; 3) propodeal spines always spiniform, very short to medium-sized (SPI 0. 07–0. 24) and situated high on propodeum. Crematogaster tsisitsilo. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it provides detailed morphological descriptions of ant species, specifically pertaining to their anatomy and taxonomy, without discussing any behavior related to farming fungi. There is no reference to any ant species exhibiting such behavior.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Thapan, K; Arendt, J; Skene, DJAn action spectrum for melatonin suppression: evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans J Physiol 535: 261–7, DOI: [PubMed] Berson, DM; Dunn, FA; Takao, MPhototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock Science 295: 1070–3, DOI: [PubMed] Hattar, S; Liao, HW; Takao, M; Berson, DM; Yau, KWMelanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity Science 295: 1065–70, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence for spectral opponency in the suppression of melatonin by light in humans Neuroreport 15: 313–6, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Rea, MSDemonstration of additivity failure in human circadian phototransduction 26: 493–8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that highlight the role of light in the regulation of circadian rhythms through light-sensitive proteins. For instance, it mentions 'melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells,' which are known to play a crucial part in light detection and setting the circadian clock.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future jobs will be performed using BCIs, allowing humans to control machines and software with their minds without physical effort. [SEP] Text: We may not be building gods as understood by Abraham, St. Augustine or the Pharaohs, but we are literally building the gods of Feuerbach and Durkheim. Before we move on, there is reason to underline the distinction between the anthropological nature of LLMs and the common notion of the internet as some kind of collective nervous system, or “embryonic technological autonomy” (Kelly, 2010, 14). The experience of interacting with a single independently reasoning entity is an illusion, both when it comes to gods and to AI (see Floridi & Chiriatti, 2020). In fact, the distinction between gods/LLMs and other representations of the past is exactly their concealment of their true anthropological nature. Search engines, for example, are also able to answer most questions, but do not hide the fact that the answers they provide are the answers of other people. They always make the human origin of the communicated knowledge explicit by design. A LLM chatbot like ChatGPT, on the other hand, presents its answers as if where they of its own making. (2023) puts it “OpenAI’s chatbot offers paraphrases, whereas Google offers quotes,” and in this process, it is easy to forget that what you are interacting with is essentially a medium and not a machine intelligence. Finally, it should be noted that the comparison between LLMs and gods pertains to their essence, not their social consequences. The argument presented above states only that, insofar as gods are personifications of the human past, LLMs fall within this definition. Whether or not they assume the same status and have the same cultural implications depends, I argue, on our ability to recognize the processes by which they are made. Thus, let us now turn to the ways the proposed reconceptualization may help articulate the possible threats and challenges that arise from LLMs. 4 of Critique. What is the point of conceptualizing LLMs as gods? I submit that this move opens up new avenues of critique beyond the usual suspects—bias, disinformation, unpredictability etcetera—accounted for in the opening section of this 4. 1 of the Machine as a Tyranny of the PastGenerally speaking, the most commonly identified threat of AI is the loss of human control over our machines. This threat takes various guises in the literature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the threat of losing human control over machines, suggesting a concern about our ability to control AI and technologies rather than endorsing the idea of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) enhancing human-machine interaction without physical effort. It specifically states that the commonly identified threat of AI is the loss of human control over machines, which counters the claim's optimistic view about BCIs. The text implies that instead of increasing control, developments in AI, such as LLMs, may lead to a situation where humans are less in control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: 1) propodeal spines absent; 2) mesonotum greatly raised with respect to pronotum and propodeum; 3) eyes large (OI ≥0. 21); 4) color orange or brown. Key to the Workers of the C. kelleri-group 1 Postpetiole clearly bisected by a complete, deep, longitudinal median impression (Figs 5, 6)…. 2 – Postpetiole with shallow median impression anteriorly, more pronounced posteriorly (Figs 7, 8) …. C. kelleri 2 (1) Propodeal spiracle mostly confluent with base of propodeal spines (Fig. 9); propodeal spines short (SPI 0. 07–0. 15)…… 3 Propodeal spiracle situated below base of propodeal spines (Fig. 10); propodeal spines medium length (SPI 0. 17–0. 24); far northern Madagascar ……C. tavaratra 3 (2) Postpetiole evenly colored (as in Fig. 5, 7, 8), body color other than yellow……4 – Postpetiole with “median stripe”: longitudinal impression lighter colored than lobes (as in Fig. 6), or body color yellow (in this case median stripe present, but hard to see). …C. hazolava 4 (3) Very small species (HW 0. 68–0. 72, WL 0. 73–0. 74); posterior head margin rounded; color dirty yellow; known only from Montagne d’Ambre massif……C. hafahafa – Medium to large species (HW 0. 86–1. 11, WL 0. 92–1. 16); posterior head margin usually with subangular corners, color brown or dark brown …. C. madagascariensis Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Postpetiole with a complete, deep, longitudinal median impression (C. madagascariensis, 0193446). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about ants farming fungi as a food source. Instead, it provides taxonomical information and descriptions of ant species belonging to the C. kelleri-group, detailing physical characteristics and including figures related to ant morphology. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Rea, MSRetinal mechanisms determine the subadditive response to polychromatic light by the human circadian system 438: 242–5, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MG; Possidente, BP; Parsons, RH; Rea, MSAdditivity in murine circadian phototransduction 22: 223–7, DOI: [PubMed] Dkhissi-Benyahya, O; Gronfier, C; De Vanssay, W; Flamant, F; Cooper, HMModeling the role of mid-wavelength cones in circadian responses to light Neuron 53: 677–87, DOI: [PubMed] Jacobs, GH; Williams, GA; Fenwick, JAInfluence of cone pigment coexpression on spectral sensitivity and color vision in the mouse 44: 1615–22, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, AA model of phototransduction by the human circadian system Rev 50: 213–28. [PubMed] Aggelopoulos, NC; Meissl, HResponses of neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus to retinal illumination under photopic and scotopic conditions J Physiol 523: 211–22, DOI: [PubMed] McIntyre, IM; Norman, TR; Burrows, GD; Armstrong, SMHuman melatonin suppression by light is intensity dependent J 6: 149–56, DOI: [PubMed] Rea, MS; Bullough, JD; Figueiro, MGHuman melatonin suppression by light: a case for scotopic efficiency 299: 45–8, DOI: [PubMed] Zeitzer, JM; Dijk, DJ; Kronauer, R; Brown, E; Czeisler, CSensitivity of the human circadian pacemaker to nocturnal light: melatonin phase resetting and suppression J Physiol 526: 695–702. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text references various studies involving retinal mechanisms and the responses of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus to light. This suggests a direct relationship between light sensitivity and circadian rhythm regulation. The mention of 'retinal illumination' and the role of mid-wavelength cones in 'circadian responses to light' supports the claim that circadian rhythms are influenced by light-sensitive proteins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of future jobs will be performed using BCIs, allowing humans to control machines and software with their minds without physical effort. [SEP] Text: In some cases, it appears as outright science-fiction scenarios where an artificial agent develops general intelligence, takes over and dominates humanity into subjecting to its goals (Bostrom, 2014). Most scholars, though, tend to focus on more urgent and realistic forms of control—areas where humans are already being replaced or assisted by AI systems (Diab, 2023). The criminal justice system, where sentencing and recidivism assessments are increasingly assisted, or taken over by AI, is one such example (Dressel & Farid, 2018). Matters of accountability/trustworthy AI (High-Group on Artificial Intelligence, 2019), credit score assessments (O’Neil, 2017) and autonomous weapons of various kinds (Lin et al. , 2008), also belong to some of the most urgent matters where the fear is that humans are increasingly being controlled by their machines rather than vice versa. Similar fears are also discussed in the broader AI ethics literature, where calls are commonly made to align AI with “human values” (Dignum, 2017; Kasirzadeh & Gabriel, 2023) or make it “human-centric” (European Commission, 2019). Thus, irrespective of focus areas, it seems that the principal concern of AI is that humans will somehow lose control over it and fall into a form of tyranny of the machine. In view of the argument proposed in this 4. 2 Hägglund and the Elimination of RiskThe standard critiques of God would either be the Marxist one accounted for above, or one grounded in the implausibility of the existence of a divine being beyond the material world (e. g. , Dawkins, 2016). By contrast, the critique that Hägglund (2019) proposes is based on the undesirability of such a state of being (notably still drawing heavily on Marx but also Nietzsche, Hegel and Kirkegaard). For a divine being, or mode of existence (here defined as an existence beyond the material world), would be the end of the finitude upon which human freedom depends. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by presenting a narrative that emphasizes a growing concern about humans being controlled by AI systems rather than taking control of them. It highlights various urgent areas where AI is replacing or assisting human decision-making, such as the criminal justice system, credit assessments, and autonomous weapons. The overarching theme of potential tyranny by machines challenges the notion that future job performance will be characterized by humans effortlessly controlling machines using BCIs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some ant species can farm fungi as a food source. [SEP] Text: Postpetiole with median stripe on complete median impression (C. hazolava, 0317642). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 7. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Postpetiole with shallow median impression (C. kelleri, 0454305). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 8. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Postpetiole with shallow median impression (C. kelleri, 0466090). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 9. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Propodeal spiracle confluent with base of propodeal spines (C. hazolava, 0317642). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 10. Species-key to the C. kelleri-group. Propodeal spiracle situated below base of propodeal spines (C. tavaratra, 0436456). Key to the Queens of the C. kelleri-group (C. tavaratra, C. hazolava, C. kelleri, C. madagascariensis) 1 Propodeal spines short, or reduced to dents or indistinct tubercules (SPI 0. 00–0. 07); scapes often not reaching head margin (SI 0. 65–0. 74)…. 2 – Propodeal spines distinctly spiniform (SPI 0. 09–0. 10); scapes reaching or surpassing head margin (SI 0. 72–0. 77)…. C. tavaratra 2 (1) Metanotum projecting from below scutellum in dorsal (Fig. 11) and lateral view; postpetiole merely with superficial impression (Fig. 12)…. C. kelleri – Metanotum not projecting, covered by scutellum (Fig. 13); postpetiole with shallow but distinct longitudinal impression (Fig. 14) …. 3 3 (2) Postpetiole with “median stripe” on longitudinal impression (Fig. 14)…. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it contains detailed descriptions of ant species without any mention of their behavior regarding farming fungi. It discusses various features of the C. kelleri group but does not reference their dietary habits or any farming activities related to fungi.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Rea, MS; Bullough, JDCircadian effectiveness of two polychromatic lights in suppressing human nocturnal melatonin 406: 293–7, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Bullough, JD; Rea, MSA personal light-treatment device for improving sleep quality in the elderly: dynamics of nocturnal melatonin suppression at two exposure levels 26: 726–39, DOI: [PubMed] Revell, VL; Skene, DJLight-induced melatonin suppression in humans with polychromatic and monochromatic light 24: 1125–37, DOI: [PubMed] Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Rea, MSOn melatonin suppression from polychromatic and narrowband light 25: 653–5, DOI: [PubMed] Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JD; Bierman, A; Fay, CR; Rea, MSOn light as an alerting stimulus at night Exp 67: 171–8. Bierman, A; Klein, TR; Rea, MSThe Daysimeter: a device for measuring optical radiation as a stimulus for the human circadian system Technol 16: 2292–9, DOI: Rea, MS; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Bullough, JDA new approach to understanding the impact of circadian disruption on human health J 6: 7. DOI: [PubMed] Miller, D; Bierman, A; Figueiro, MG; Schernhammer, ES; Rea, MSEcological measurements of light exposure, activity, and circadian disruption in real-world environments Proceedings of 2009. Eindhoven: of Technology, 61. Figueiro, MG; Bierman, A; Plitnick, B; Rea, MSPreliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night BMC Neurosci 10: 105. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that investigate the effects of light on melatonin suppression, which is directly related to the regulation of circadian rhythms. The mention of different light treatments, including polychromatic and monochromatic light, indicates that light exposure is crucial in modulating circadian processes, thereby supporting the statement that circadian rhythms are regulated by light-sensitive proteins.