Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: with Pollutants and Go to 18. 19. Resource allocation in an annual herb: Effects of light, mycorrhizal fungi, and defoliation Go to 20. The decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal necromass Go to 21. Mycorrhizal Fungi: Role in the Solubilization of to 22. and Microbes: A for to 23. Quantitative assessment of the differential impacts of arbuscular and ectomycorrhiza on soil carbon cycling Go to 24. Initial melanin and nitrogen concentrations control the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 25. Simulating ectomycorrhizal fungi and their role in carbon and nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystemsG. Deckmyn, A. Meyer, M. M. Smits, A. Ekblad, T. Grebenc, A. Komarov, and H. to 26. Net primary production of ectomycorrhizas in a California forest Go to 27. Seasonal carbohydrate dynamics and growth in Douglas-fir trees experiencing chronic, fungal-mediated reduction in functional leaf area Go to 28. Determining place and process: functional traits of ectomycorrhizal fungi that affect both community structure and ecosystem function Go to 29. Functional diversity and resource partitioning in fungi associated with the fine feeder roots of forest trees Go to 30. Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees? Go to 31. Nutrient concentrations in stumps and coarse roots of Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch in Sweden, Finland and to 32. Transfer of 14C-photosynthate to the sporocarp of an ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria amethystina Go to 33. Mycorrhizal colonization does not affect tolerance to defoliation of an annual herb in different light availability and soil fertility treatments but increases flower size in light-rich environments Go to 34. The role of chitin in the decomposition of ectomycorrhizal fungal litter Go to 35. Six‐year monitoring of pine ectomycorrhizal biomass under a temperate monsoon climate indicates significant annual fluctuations in relation to climatic factors Go to 36. of Ectomycorrhiza in to 37. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various aspects related to mycorrhizal fungi, including their role in carbon and nitrogen cycling, but does not directly affirm or provide evidence regarding the decomposition of organic matter or the general role of fungi in nutrient cycling. The references to 'decomposition' and 'mycorrhizal fungi' are present, but they do not explicitly connect to the claim regarding fungi's contribution to nutrient cycling through organic matter decomposition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: edited by Theodore H. Fleming, Liliana M. Dávalos and Marco A. R. of Chicago Press, 2020Cloth: 978-0-226-69612-6 | Electronic: 978-0-226-69626-3DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 001. 0001 of (cloth, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) (UPSO) more than two hundred species distributed from California through Texas and across most of mainland Mexico, Central and South America, and islands in the Caribbean Sea, the Phyllostomidae bat family (American leaf-nosed bats) is one of the world’s most diverse mammalian families. From an insectivorous ancestor, species living today, over about 30 million years, have evolved a hyper-diverse range of diets, from blood or small vertebrates, to consuming nectar, pollen, and fruit. Phyllostomid plant-visiting species are responsible for pollinating more than five hundred species of neotropical shrubs, trees, vines, and epiphytes—many of which are economically and ecologically important—and they also disperse the seeds of at least another five hundred plant species. Fruit-eating and seed-dispersing members of this family thus play a crucial role in the regeneration of neotropical forests, and the fruit eaters are among the most abundant mammals in these habitats. Coauthored by leading experts in the field and synthesizing the latest advances in molecular biology and ecological methods, is the first overview in more than forty years of the evolution of the many morphological, behavioral, physiological, and ecological adaptations in this family. Featuring abundant illustrations as well as details on the current conservation status of phyllostomid species, it is both a comprehensive reference for these ecologically vital creatures and a fascinating exploration of the evolutionary process of adaptive radiation. . Fleming is professor emeritus of biology at the University of Miami, where he worked for thirty years. Among his recent books are of Life, both published by the University of Chicago Press, and Is an Island. Liliana M. Dávalos is professor of conservation biology at University. She is coeditor of of Cocaine and coauthor of the 2016 Report. Marco A. R. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that phyllostomid bat species are responsible for pollinating more than five hundred species of neotropical plants and dispersing the seeds of at least another five hundred species. This highlights their significant role in both pollination and seed dispersal, which supports the claim regarding their importance for many tropical plants.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Special emphasis was placed on the participants’ ability to understand the details of the study and to give written consent to participate. 4. 3. Study ProtocolEach participant completed a 12-week program, which consisted of the following steps (Fig. S1C):4. 3. 1. AssessmentAt the introductory session, the eligibility for possible participation in the study was determined and demographic data was collected. Then, suitable participants received a general introduction to the study, which included the theoretical background of the study and a detailed explanation of the study procedure. Subsequently, the participants were informed about their rights, the voluntary nature of their participation in the study, and data protection regulations. All participants had to sign an informed consent form for study participation and for the recording and use of their data. Participants weighed and measured their height themselves while study staff connected with them online via camera. Afterwards, the participant received questionnaires to fill out. This initial data assessment is referred to as T0 in the analysis. 4. 3. 2. Two-PhaseThe introduction was followed by a two-week exploration phase in which the participants were asked to follow their usual eating habits and to document all caloric events (main meals, snacks, caloric drinks) using the smartphone application “FDDB” as accurately as possible. Based on this data, the personalized nutritional schedule was then developed. Data from the FDDB smartphone application also allowed us to calculate individual caloric intake along with the ratio of consumed macronutrients for each day during the study. Additionally, the participants weight was measured again. The end of the exploration phase is called T1 in the analysis. 4. 3. 3. Six-Phase(EG): Following the exploration phase, the participants received their personalized mealtime schedule, which was prepared beforehand by the study staff based on the meal diary of the exploration phase. Together with the participants, the nutritional behavior of the last two weeks was reviewed and analyzed. Special attention was paid to irregularities in mealtimes and to times of day when food was eaten particularly frequently. In this way, participants were made aware that they eat irregularly, but that there are nevertheless times when their internal clock frequently triggers hunger. This was followed by a six-week intervention phase, in which the participants were instructed to have their meals only at times according to the mealtime schedule. Participants were explicitly told that they were not restricted in their choice and quantity of food. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a structured program in which participants must adhere to a personalized mealtime schedule. It emphasizes that participants were instructed to eat only at designated times, indicating that there are indeed restrictions based on the study's protocols. Although participants may have some control over their food choices, the requirement to follow a mealtime schedule suggests that eating anything at any time does not align with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Phylogenetic diversity of non-nodulating Rhizobiumâ associated with pine ectomycorrhizae Go to 38. Biomass and morphology of fine roots in temperate broad-leaved forests differing in tree species diversity: is there evidence of below-ground overyielding? Go to 39. Influence of on in Go to 40. Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine‐root system of mature Norway spruce Go to 41. Root dynamics in sprouting tanoak forests of southwestern OregonGlenn R. Ahrens and Go to 42. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae: A for Go to 43. Interactions of Fungi and Radionuclides in to 44. 45. Environmental change and carbon limitation in trees: a biochemical, ecophysiological and ecosystem appraisal Go to 46. Relating fine root biomass to soil and climate conditions in the Go to 47. Hydraulic lift may buffer rhizosphere hyphae against the negative effects of severe soil drying in a savanna Go to 48. Integrating ectomycorrhizal fungi into quantitative frameworks of forest carbon and nitrogen cycling Go to 49. Turnover as a for into to 50. to 51. Decomposition and nutrient release from fresh and dried pine roots under two fertilizer regimesLudovici and to 52. Long‐term interval burning alters fine root and mycorrhizal dynamics in a ponderosa pine forest Go to 53. 54. Supply‐side controls on soil respiration among Oregon forests Go to 55. The impact of ectomycorrhiza formation on monosaccharide transporter gene expression in poplar roots Go to 56. Distribution of protozoa in scots pine mycorrhizospheres Go to 57. Ectomycorrhizal Colonization, Biomass, and Production in a in Response to Elevated CO2 Go to 58. to 59. Role of in Determining Douglas-fir Resistance to Defoliation by the Budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Go to 60. Synopsis and Outlook to the to 61. Nested PCR detection of Archaea in defined compartments of pine mycorrhizospheres developed in boreal forest humus microcosms Go to 62. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies, dynamics, and interactions involving fungi but does not explicitly relate to the decomposition of organic matter or the role of fungi in nutrient cycling. The absence of any direct reference to the claim or the specific functions of fungi in nutrient cycling makes it a poor match.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: We discuss the apparent paradox of these generalist predators: bats that can be classified as dietary generalists, broadly overlapping with one another in the prey they consume, but often possessing quite specialized foraging adaptations and distinct behavioral strategies for prey finding. To untangle the puzzle of this understudied and historically elusive group of generalist predators, we examine the influences of diet breadth on hunting behavior, spatial distribution, conservation concern, and morphology. (pages 239 - 256)This 15. - John W. Hermanson, Gerald G. CarterDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0015[adaptation;cooperation;Desmodus;Diaemus;Diphylla;morphology]The common vampire bat Desmodus rotundus, white-winged vampire bat Diaemus youngi, and hairy-legged vampire bat Diphylla ecaudata are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. Their blood-feeding lifestyle shapes virtually every aspect of their biology. Adaptations linked to blood-feeding include changes to morphology (e. g. dramatically reduced dentition, unique terrestrial and arboreal locomotion), physiology (e. g. anticoagulants in their saliva, an ability to rapidly eliminate water from blood meals), sensory ecology (e. g. infrared thermoperception, specialized low-frequency hearing), and social behavior (cooperative food sharing). There is even evidence for an adaptive loss of a cognitive trait: vampire bats lack the otherwise ubiquitous phenomenon of taste aversion learning, presumably because blood from live prey is never spoiled. From an evolutionary perspective, the traits that vampire bats have both gained and lost illustrate adaptive tradeoffs and the link between form and function. Vampire bats are the primary reservoir for bovine rabies virus in Central and South America, so understanding their biology has implications for agricultural development and public health. (pages 257 - 272)This 16. and Evolution of - : 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0016[bat pollination;chiropterophily;nectarivory;New World;specialization]One-quarter (56) of the species of Phyllostomidae have adapted to a primarily nectarivorous diet and serve as pollinators for hundreds of species of flowering plants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that one-quarter of the species of Phyllostomidae have adapted to a nectarivorous diet and serve as pollinators for hundreds of species of flowering plants. This directly supports the idea that bats are important for pollination in tropical environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: During the intervention phase, participants should continue to document all caloric events using the FDDB App. In addition, participants were asked to weigh themselves weekly to measure their progress. Halfway through the intervention phase, participants were contacted at least once by telephone to clarify possible questions and maintain compliance. Further, in case participants stopped making entries in their FDDB diary for two or more days, they were contacted to ask for reasons and to reinstate compliance again. (CG): In principle, participants in the CG followed the same procedure. However, they were given a sham treatment, for which they were asked to restrict their meals to a freely chosen 18-hour time window per day, during which they could eat what they wanted and, above all, when they wanted. It can be assumed that restricting the eating time window to 18 hours should have no effect on weight, since such a long eating time window is hardly ever exceeded by most people anyway [18] and therefore hardly any change in eating behavior is to be expected. 4. 3. 4. AssessmentAt the end of the intervention phase, the participants were asked to fill out the same questionnaires as at the introduction session. Additionally, weight was measured again. This data assessment is called T2 in the analysis. 4. 3. 5. Follow-up AssessmentFour weeks after completion of the study, the study staff contacted the participants again by telephone to inquire about their current weight and to obtain information about whether the participants had voluntarily continued the program after the end of the intervention phase. If the participants indicated that they did not continue the program, possible reasons were evaluated, and suggestions were received on how the current protocol could be improved to make it more attractive for permanent implementation in everyday life. Participants of the control group were informed at this point about their allocation and the actual question of the study. The final data assessment is called T3. 4. 3. 6. Restrictions due to the Covid-19 pandemicDue to restrictions imposed by Covid-19, the study was carried out online. Data collection and communication was exclusively done via email, (Communications, Inc. ), Facebook (Meta Platforms), or telephone. 4. 4. Assessment of General Well-BeingTo measure whether restricting meals to times when we believe the circadian system triggers hunger leads to an increase in general well-being, questionnaires were collected to measure sleep quality, physical well-being, self-efficacy, and depressive mood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing a study that involves participants weighing themselves and documenting caloric intake, suggesting that weight management is more complex than simply fitting food choices into a genetic profile. It mentions the control group's sham treatment and the restriction of eating time, indicating that these factors influence weight rather than a blanket guarantee provided by personalized nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Spatial distribution of sporocarps and the biomass of ectomycorrhizas of Suillus pictus in a Korean pine ( Pinus koraiensis ) stand Go to 63. Biomass of in Relation to and Fertility, Climate, Age and to 64. in with an Emphasis on Go to 65. Methods in Study of Degradation of Go to 66. Responses of decomposer community to root-isolation and addition of slash Go to 67. Contrasting effects of microbial partners in the rhizosphere: interactions between seedlings (Picea abies Karst. ), mycorrhiza (Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. ) and naked amoebae (protozoa) Go to 68. Low molecular weight organic acids and fatty acids in root exudates of two Lupinus cultivars at flowering and fruiting stages Go to 69. Belowground carbon allocation of Douglas-firand to 70. Dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of fine roots in a mixed forest ofCunninghamia lanceolata andTsoongiodendron odorum Go to 71. Aboveground biomass and nutrient content of five Douglas-fir stands in to 72. Seasonal change in phosphorus content of Pinus strobus—Cenococcum geophilum ectomycorrhizae Go to 73. Changes in soil acidity and organic matter following the establishment of conifers on former grassland in Go to 74. Estimating root respiration, microbial respiration in the rhizosphere, and root-free soil respiration in forest soils Go to 75. Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level Go to 76. 77. Seasonal variation in protein, ergosterol and chitin in five morphotypes of Pinus sylvestris L. ectomycorrhizae in a mature Swedish forest Go to 78. Ecology and 15N Natural Abundance: Limits to Interpretation for with from a to 79. Rhizosphere carbon flow in trees, in comparison with annual plants: the importance of root exudation and its impact on microbial activity and nutrient availability Go to 80. High rates of nitrification and nitrate turnover in undisturbed coniferous forests Go to 81. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided appears to be a collection of references and topics related to various ecological studies, with no direct mention of fungi decomposing organic matter. While the broader context may touch on soil health and microbial dynamics, it does not specifically support or refute the claim regarding fungi's role in nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: Here we review the ecology and evolution of these bats and the flowers that rely on them. A suite of adaptations allows them to feed from flowers efficiently, including elongated rostrums, long, extensible tongues, reduced dentition, well-developed olfaction and spatial memory, and the ability to hover. These adaptations evolved independently in two phyllostomid subfamilies, the Lonchophyllinae and the Glossophaginae, which differ profoundly in their tongue morphology and nectar-feeding behavior: glossophagines have mop-like tongues with papillae covering the distal tip and lap nectar during flower visits, while lonchophyllines have straw-like tongues with papillae-lined grooves along the side and pull nectar through these grooves while keeping the tongue immersed in the nectar. Flowers adapted to bat pollination tend to have dull colors, strong scents, copious pollen and nectar production, and particularly well-exposed flowers. Despite heavy reliance on these flowers, nectar bats will often feed opportunistically on insects and fruit as well, particularly during times of the year when flowers are scarce. However, dietary data are still lacking for many species. (pages 273 - 294)This 17. The Frugivores: Evolution, Functional Traits, and in - Romeo A. Saldaña-Vázquez, Theodore H. FlemingDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0017[Carolliinae;climate change;foraging behavior;frugivory;seed dispersal;Stenodermatinae]Frugivory is a hallmark of the Phyllostomidae, and frugivorous species in subfamilies Carolliinae and Stenodermatinae are among the most common mammals throughout the Neotropics. In this 18. Roosting Ecology: of - Armando Rodríguez-DuránDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. 003. 0018[bat ecology;Noctilionoidea;Phyllostomidae;roosts;roosting behavior]In this 19. - Theodore H. Fleming, Angela M. G. MartinoDOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226696263. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the adaptations of bats that allow them to efficiently feed on flowers, which indicates their role in pollination. It mentions that certain flowers have evolved characteristics that attract bats for pollination purposes, such as strong scents and copious nectar production. Additionally, it highlights the ecological roles of frugivorous bats in seed dispersal, particularly in the Neotropics, thereby supporting the claim that bats are essential for pollination and seed dispersal in tropical plant ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: A scatterplot was also created for participants of the CG, but they were not provided with meal timings; instead, an 18-hour time window for meals was established with them. 4. 7. Statistical AnalysesStatistical analyses were performed with SPSS 24, Python, Graph9. 2. 0, and R. Details about statistical tests used for specific experiments are indicated in the main text and the corresponding figure legends. 4. 7. 1. Score (MTVS)A Python script was written to generate the MTVS, which is calculated from the deviation of each caloric event from the specified mealtime closest to the event. Similar to a previous study, each meal was given a score value based on the time deviation of the specified meal in minutes: 1 = +/-0-15 min, 2 = +/- 16-30 min, 3 = +/- 31-45 min, 4 = +/- 46-60 min, 5 = +/- 61-75 min, 6 = +/- 76-90 min, 7 = +/- 91-105 min, 8 = +/- 106-120 min, 9 = +/- 2-3 h, 10 = +/- 3-4 h, 11 = over +/- 4 h [20]. Since the participants were given a 60-minute time slot for each meal, a score of up to 2 is considered very regular. Based on individual score values of each meal, an average score value can be calculated for each individual day, for each individual week or for the entire period, i. e. , a daily, a weekly, or a total score. Similarly, daily, weekly, and total scores can be calculated for each type of meal, i. e. , breakfast, lunch, dinner. 4. 7. 2. and randomizationFor the sample size calculation, we assumed an average of 2. 5 kg of body weight loss, based on TRE studies [18, 19, 21–23], as we are not aware of any other study in which meal times were personalized and scheduled. The reported standard deviation for body weight loss in such studies is 3. 2 [19]. Randomization was to be 2:1 (EG:CG) because no significant change in body weight was expected from the control treatment. The randomized assignment was carried out using a continuous list prepared by the study supervisor with the Excel® randomization function. Participant enrollment and assignment was carried out by study staff. On this basis a large effect size d = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific meal timing and weight loss expectations based on timed meal studies rather than indicating that personalized nutrition allows for unrestricted eating without weight gain. It emphasizes structured approaches and limitations, implying that meal times and caloric management are significant aspects rather than a guarantee of weight maintenance regardless of dietary choices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The effects of live and dead roots on soil fungi in spodosolic soils of the to 82. Deposition and the Mycorrhizae of Go to 83. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species Go to 84. Rhizodeposition under ambient and elevated CO2 levels Go to 85. Efficiency of by to 86. Allocation of 14 C‐carbon in ectomycorrhizal willow Go to 87. The effects of alkalizing compounds on fine‐root growth in a Norway spruce stand in Go to 88. Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide Go to 89. Go to 90. Responses of soil biota to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide Go to 91. Measurement of plant biomass and net primary production of herbaceous vegetation Go to 92. Microbial biomass and nutrient concentrations in hyphal mats of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hysterangium setchellii in a coniferous forest soil Go to 93. Importance of Ectomycorrhiza for Go to 94. Mycorrhizas in ecosystems Go to 95. A critique of the role of ectomycorrhizas in forest ecology Go to 96. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere Go to 97. Comparison of direct vs fumigation incubation microbial biomass estimates from ectomycorrhizal mat and non-mat soils Go to 98. Atmospheric pollutants and ectomycorrhizae: More questions than answers? Go to 99. Input of to the Soil by Go to 100. Variation in of to 101. Substrate flow in the rhizosphere Go to 102. Production of fine roots and the seasonality of their growth in a Mexican deciduous dry forest Go to 103. Seasonal nitrogen and carbon concentrations in white, brown and woody fine roots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh) Go to 104. Root biomass, root distribution and the fine-root growth dynamics of Quercus coccifera L. in the garrigue of southern to 105. Bootstrapping in to 106. Interactions among soil biota in coniferous ecosystems Go to 107. Interactions of organisms at root/soil and litter/ soil interfaces in terrestrial ecosystems Go to 108. Interactions between soil animals and ectomycorrhizal fungal mats Go to 109. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly discuss the ability of fungi to decompose organic matter or their role in nutrient cycling. Instead, it lists various studies and topics related to soil fungi and ecological interactions without addressing the specific claim about decomposition. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: 0024[conservation;education;emerging threats;extrinsic threats;habitat loss;roost disturbance]leaf-nosed bats stand out as the most versatile bat family within Chiroptera for their broad spectrum of ecological functions and ecosystem services. Paradoxically, phyllostomid bats, and bats in general in the region, face the negative impacts of several extrinsic threats that are mainly responsible for their population decline, in some cases driving them toward local extinction. Habitat loss and roost disturbance and destruction are the two main factors affecting them over their entire geographic range. Globally, 13 species (6% of 216 recognized taxa) have been assigned to threatened IUCN categories. At the regional level, percentage of threatened species stands below 32% (North America: 31%, Central America: 31%, South America: 26%, Caribbean: 12%). In the last decade, bat conservation activism and conservation-oriented research have increased significantly across the Americas and the Caribbean, generating measurable positive effects for many species, including many phyllostomids. These positive impacts are being achieved through the interplay between research, environmental education, and conservation applications as a function of regional and local conservation strategies. Emergence of new threats to bats in the Neotropical region, such as development of wind energy facilities and emerging and reemerging zoonotic viruses, calls for intensified action on behalf of bats. (pages 435 - 456)This 2020. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the importance of phyllostomid bats within the Chiroptera family for their broad spectrum of ecological functions and ecosystem services. Although the text primarily discusses the threats faced by bats, it implies their significant ecological roles, including potential contributions to pollination and seed dispersal critical to tropical plants. This aligns with the claim stating bats play an important role in those ecological processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Mixed-effect model with Bonferroni post-hoc test comparing CG and EG at different phases during the study, **** p ≤ 0. 0001 (detailed statistics in Tab. S5). Individual body weight (D) and BMI (E) changes of all 34 continuing and all 33 discontinuing participants of the EG group and of CG participants (F) during the study. Data is normalized so that all baseline data at T0 equals 0 to represent change. (G) Between group differences of body weight and BMI from T0-T3 including the last available values of study drop-outs which were carried forward. Mixed-effect model with Bonferroni post-hoc test comparing CG and EG at different phases during the study, **** p ≤ 0. 0001 (detailed statistics in Tab. S5). (H) Significant correlation between body weight/BMI and MTVS of lunch and dinner. The more participants improved their regularity of lunch and dinner (decreasing MTVS), the more weight/BMI they lost. Linear regression, CG: n=33; EG: n=67, ** p ≤ 0. 01 (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). (I) Correlation between baseline BMI at T1 and change in BMI in EG participants. Linear regression, n=67 (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). (J) Between group differences after stratification according to different baseline BMIs. 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test, *** p ≤ 0. 001 (detailed statistics in Tab. S8). (K) Raw data of change in caloric intake during intervention. 2-way repeated-measure ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test, CG: n=30; EG: n=67, * p ≤ 0. 05, (detailed statistics in Tab. S3). (L) Correlation between reported ingested energy during the exploration phase vs. the intervention phase. Linear regression, CG: n=30; EG: n=67 (some participants were excluded from this analysis because of several erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food), (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). (M) Determined and estimated cumulative intake of fat, carbohydrates, and proteins during the study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing detailed statistical data about changes in weight and BMI related to nutrition interventions. It suggests that weight and BMI loss are correlated with adherence to meal regularity rather than a guarantee of being able to eat anything based on genetic profiles. Specifically, it indicates that 'the more participants improved their regularity of lunch and dinner, the more weight/BMI they lost,' which contradicts the assertion that personalized nutrition offsets weight gain regardless of food type.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Create a new account user Can't sign in? Forgot your username? Enter your email address below and we will send you your username Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username close | or * Password* Forgot password? Reset it here Keep me logged in All fields with * are mandatory Email* All fields with * are mandatory Already have an account? Login here password must have 8 characters or more and contain 3 of the following: a lower case character, an upper case character, a special character or a digit password has been changed Can't sign in? Forgot your password? Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions Email* the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password the verification code Cancel Congrats! has been verified close 10. 1139/x83-110 Get AccessContentsof Forest Research, Number 5October 19831. 8, 2. 8, and 2. 0 times less than in the corresponding deciduous forest horizons, respectively. and F horizons had respiration rates 11. 5 times higher than the corresponding black spruce layers. Weight losses in birch L, F, and H horizons were 6, 3, and 2 times higher, respectively, than in the corresponding black spruce substrates. Substrates had a quality-dependent decay rate which did not change when they were relocated within or between sites indicating that measured field climatic differences were not as influential on decay rates as substrate quality components. Fungal biomass was significantly correlated with the quantity of organic matter in all sites (n = 15, r = 0. 62) but correlations were better for deciduous (n = 9, r = 0. 89), and evergreen (n = 6, r = 0. 82) forests separately. Strong correlations exist also between grams of organic matter decayed per square metre per year and fungal biomass (n = 13, r = 0. 86), and fungal biomass and grams of N and P mineralized per square metre per year (n = 14, r = 0. 95) and (n = 11, r = 0. 94, respectively). Seedlings on mineral-deficient substrates produced more tannins than the controls, and seedlings on substrates with widening C/N ratios had successively less tissue with lower N content, and proportionally more roots. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide relevant information about the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter for nutrient cycling. Instead, it includes content related to account management instructions and some metrics related to forest research that do not address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-129644/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published12 Aug, 2021Read the published version in →Version 1posted 9You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis study examined the mechanisms of facilitation and importance of seed dispersal during establishment of forest tree species in a tropical woodland. Seedling survival of Syzygium guineense ssp. afromontanum seedling (forest tree species) was monitored for 2. 5 years in four different microsites in savannah-woodland in Malawi under Ficus natalensis (a potential nurse plant), Brachystegia floribunda (a woodland tree), and Uapaca kirkiana (a woodland tree), and in a treeless site. S. guineense ssp. afromontanum seed deposition was also monitored in the four sites, and the natural establishment of forest tree species was observed to confirm the importance of seed dispersal. Protection from fire was found to be the most important facilitation mechanism in this area, with a total fire-induced mortality rate of 43%. However, the rate was comparatively low under F. natalensis, where fire is thought to be inhibited due to the lack of light-demanding C4 grasses. B. floribunda also offered protection from fire, and seedling survival did not differ between these two microsites. However, only a few individual forest tree species naturally established under B. floribunda, indicating that the facilitative mechanism of fire suppression is not the only factor affecting establishment in this tropical woodland. A higher rate of seed dispersal was also observed under F. natalensis compared with the other three microsites, suggesting that dispersal processes are also critical for the establishment of forest tree species in woodland in this region. Behavioral Ecologyand –savanna boundaryMiombo woodlandNurse plantSeed dispersalFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4allowed forest tree species to establish in a tropical woodland. Fire suppression was an important mechanism of the facilitation there. Additionally, seed dispersal was an essential process for the establishment. forest and savannah-woodlands are major terrestrial biomes in tropical landscapes1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that seed dispersal is a crucial process for establishing forest tree species in tropical woodlands. It highlights that a high rate of seed dispersal was observed under certain tree species, which suggests that these trees facilitate the establishment of seedlings through their dispersal mechanisms. Although the text does not explicitly mention bats, it supports the idea that animal-mediated dispersal is vital for tropical plants, consistent with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Mixed-effects model with Bonferroni post hoc test comparing determined and estimated cumulative energy intake. The estimated macronutrient intake is formed as an assumed continuation of the average daily intake during the exploration phase. post hoc test showed no significant differences on any study day. (N) No significant correlation between body weight/BMI and changes of cumulative macronutrient intake. Linear regression, CG: n=30; EG: n=67, (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). (K, L, M, N) Some participants were excluded from this analysis because of several erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food. (O) The absolute deviation between the times of weekend meals and the times of food intake calculated for the EG intervention did not affect the subjects’ BMI change. Linear regression, n=67 (detailed statistics in Tab. S6). Table S1:Baseline characteristics of final 100 participants. Table S2:Statistical data on the difference between completers and study drop-outs. The data in the table refers to the data shown in Fig. S2A. Table S3:Statistical data from all Two-way-analyzing time, group, as well as interaction effects between time x group. In data for Figure 1, missing p-values in the and EG are due to the different number of meals for each participant. In the data for Figure 2, some participants were excluded from this analysis because of several probably erroneous diary entries about unrealistic amounts of food. In data for Figure 3, varying n-numbers result from incomplete entries in the diaries. In data for Figure 4, missing data are due to incomplete questionnaires. Table S4:Statistical data from the development of normalized body weight and BMI of participants during the exploration and the intervention phase, and of follow-up data of continuing and discontinuing participants. At T3, three participants could no longer be reached, which is why the n-number deviates here. The data in the table refers to the data shown in Figures 1E and S2A. Table S5:Statistical data from the development of normalized body weight and BMI of participants at the different phases of the study. At T3 only continuing participants were included, which is why the n-number deviates here from the other time points. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing statistical analyses related to energy intake, body weight, and BMI, indicating that there are no significant correlations between macronutrient intake and changes in body weight/BMI. It suggests that personalized nutrition does not guarantee weight management, as implied by the lack of significant correlations and the exclusion of participants due to erroneous food diary entries. This implies that individualized approaches to nutrition may not lead to the claimed outcomes regarding weight control.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 13(5): 795-817. Export 1. Effects of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis bloom for the first time in 120 years on the dynamics of organic matter and nitrogen in forest: Differences in decomposition processes between leaf and flower Go to 2. -to 3. Differential Post-Recovery of Bogs and to 4. Climatic effects on soil organic nitrogen fractions and amino acid chirality in paddy soils Go to 5. Growth substrates alter aboveground plant microbial and metabolic properties thereby influencing insect herbivore performance Go to 6. Carbon stocks in the litter of the middle taiga deciduous forests of the Go to 7. The potential saprotrophic capacity of foliar endophytic fungi from Quercus gambelii Go to 8. from in Go to 9. All the Carbon Gone? Go to 10. Effect of Fluctuation and on Soil-Surface CO2 and CH4 Emissions from Go to 11. Soil enzymes illustrate the effects of alder nitrogen fixation on soil carbon processes in arctic and boreal ecosystems Go to 12. Secondary metabolites profile and physiological leaf traits in wild and cultivated Corylus avellana under different nutritional status Go to 13. Plant litter quality regulates soil eco-enzymatic stoichiometry and microbial nutrient limitation in a citrus orchard Go to 14. Effect of Organic and Application on Content and to 15. Gap models across micro- to mega-scales of time and space: examples of Tansley’s ecosystem concept Go to 16. in of Go to 17. Comparable effects of manure and its biochar on reducing soil Cr bioavailability and narrowing the rhizosphere extent of enzyme activities Go to 18. Importance of tree- and species-level interactions with wildfire, climate, and soils in interior Alaska: Implications for forest change under a warming climate Go to 19. Enzymes of Alnus-Fungi in an to 20. Effects of forest transition on litterfall, standing litter and related nutrient returns: Implications for forest management in tropical to 21. Reintegrating the beaver ( Castor canadensis ) in the urban landscape Go to 22. Is there a tree economics spectrum of decomposability? Go to 23. Nitrogen resorption efficiency of 13 tree species of a cool temperate deciduous forest in Go to 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide specific information related to the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter. The content appears to focus on various studies and topics without a clear connection to the role of fungi in nutrient cycling. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bats play an important role in pollination and seed dispersal for many tropical plants. [SEP] Text: Cite this review as Stewart AB (2018) #2 of "Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave (v0. 2)". PeerJ · Mar 3, 2018 Basic reporting In this paper the authors examine the diet of Eonycteris spelaea roosting in an urban cave in Malaysia by identifying plant material present in bat feaces. From my understanding this is a second review of the paper, which I did not revise previously. My understanding is that the authors answered most of the concerns of the previous reviewers and, for this reason, I feel pleased with the majority of their text and findings. Experimental design The experimental design seems adequate. However, the authors include information on what they refer is food availability for Eonycteris spelaea, but truly is just information on the phenology of plants that potentially belong to its diet. see no substantial problem with this, and understand the difficulty of getting data on food availability, the authors should be more explicit about this in their methodology. Validity of the findings Findings are robust and rather interesting, although the methodology is not particularly novel. Additional comments It would be rather relevant for the authors to suggest management actions to potentially reduce the consumption of exotic species by Eonycteris spelaea, while promoting the consumption of native species. Cite this review as (2018) #4 of "Pollination implications of the diverse diet of tropical nectar-feeding bats roosting in an urban cave (v0. 2)". PeerJ 0. 2 (PDF) Download author's response letter - submitted Jan 29, 2018 Version 0. 1 (original submission) · Jan 3, 2018 · Details are required in the description of the methodology and the choice of the markers. There are questions about the discussion of the results, regarding the flower availability at that time of the year and its impact on the results, as well as some editing work to be done. Please check details below, given in the reviewers' comments. · Dec 16, 2017 Basic reporting - The manuscript is well written, logical and easy to comprehend. - The context and the literature 0. 1)". PeerJ · Dec 18, 2017 Basic reporting This submission is a well-written manuscript using new techniques to bring new information to a long-studied topic: pollinator diet breadth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a review that examines the diet of Eonycteris spelaea, which are nectar-feeding bats. It implies that these bats are involved in feeding on plants, by identifying plant material from bat feces, which supports the claim by indicating that bats play a role in the interaction with tropical plants through their feeding behavior. Additionally, the findings enhance our understanding of their contribution to pollination, suggesting that this relationship between bats and plants is significant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: IntroductionOrthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterised by an obsession with healthy eating that is extreme and pathological [1]. In ON, fixation is on food quality or purity rather than quantity, with the aim of maximising one’s health and wellbeing [2, 3]. Despite aiming to boost health, ON has been associated with impairments in wellbeing [4], involving complex and often concerning conceptualisations of what constitutes ‘health’ and ‘healthy eating’ [5]. By refining food consumption to a restricted number of ‘clean’ or ‘healthy’ foods, those with ON are at risk of facing adverse outcomes such as malnutrition, significant weight loss, psychological distress, and damaged social wellbeing [2, 6]. While ON is not currently classified as a disorder, several sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed with a general consensus that ON involves: (1) an obsessional preoccupation with ‘healthy’ or ‘clean’ foods; (2) rigid avoidance of food considered to be ‘unhealthy’ or ‘unclean’; (3) distress when ‘food rules’ are violated; (4) social, physical, and/or psychological wellbeing impairments because of these beliefs and behaviours [6,7,8]. Given that ON is a proposed ‘new’ eating disorder, there is still much to learn about its development, maintenance, and recovery processes. Understandings of recovery processes and how recovery is conceptualised within the context of ON is currently lacking, likely due to ON not being an officially recognised eating disorder within official diagnostic criteria [6,7,8]. Preliminary research in this area suggests that self-reflection is an important first step in recovery, through which individuals with ON learn to accept their behaviours as disordered and begin their journey of recovery [9]. In an online ethnography, [10] found that shifting identities is central to recovery from ON. The changes that individuals experienced during recovery were associated with a sense of marginalisation or exclusion from health-oriented cultures and were left questioning who they are. However, through self-identification with ON, individuals were able to reframe health-obsessive past identities as ‘pathological’ rather than idealistic, and position changing identities as ‘healing’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing orthorexia nervosa (ON), a condition characterized by an unhealthy obsession with food quality which results in negative health outcomes, such as malnutrition and psychological distress. This highlights that obsessively adhering to specific dietary rules—such as those implied by 'personalized nutrition'—can lead to detrimental effects rather than the freedom suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Leaf litter decomposition dynamics in unmanaged Phyllostachys pubescens stands at high elevations in the to 25. Are litter decomposition and fire linked through plant species traits? Go to 26. Can spatial patterns be used to investigate aboveground-belowground links in reclaimed forests? Go to 27. Differential response of microbial respiration to supplied nitrogen forms in 3 contrasting alpine meadow soils on the Go to 28. Matter (SOM): Go to 29. Microbial utilization of double-labeled aspen litter in boreal aspen and spruce soils Go to 30. a on the Quantity and Quality of in a Go to 31. Differences in Distribution and Linked to in a Mid-to 32. Black carbon aerosol dynamics and isotopic composition in Alaska linked with boreal fire emissions and depth of burn in organic soils Go to 33. Behavior and Fate of Natural and in to 34. The effects of temperature on decomposition and allelopathic phytotoxicity of boneseed litter Go to 35. The importance of tree species and soil taxonomy to modeling forest soil carbon stocks in to 36. Chemical quality of aboveground litter inputs for jack pine and black spruce stands along the to 37. Comparing carbon pools and tree growth in balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and black spruce ( Picea mariana ) forest ecosystems located along a climatic gradient Go to 38. Synergistic soil response to nitrogen plus phosphorus fertilization in hardwood forests Go to 39. Effects of cutting, mulching and applications of farmyard manure on the supply of nitrogen from a red clover/grass sward Go to 40. A of Ontario’s to 41. to 42. Edaphic and microclimatic controls over permafrost response to fire in interior to 43. Use of Gardens as a Sustainable Import-for Security in Subarctic Ontario, to 44. Gross and aboveground net primary production at Canadian forest carbon flux sites Go to 45. Landscape‐scale patterns in tree occupancy and abundance in subarctic to 46. Effects of fire severity on plant nutrient uptake reinforce alternate pathways of succession in boreal forests Go to 47. Long-term effects of organic amendments on the recovery of plant and soil microbial communities following disturbance in the Canadian boreal forest Go to 48. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses various aspects of ecological studies, including leaf litter decomposition, the influence of tree species on carbon stocks, and microbial responses, but it does not specifically mention fungi or their role in organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 49 1. 59 126 0. 825 1. 229 1. 54 67. 27 1. 82 127 0. 833 1. 237 1. 55 67. 14 1. 78 128 0. 883 1. 312 1. 75 66. 02 2. 11 128’ 0. 825 1. 209 1. 44 68. 25 2. 03 129 0. 815 1. 198 1. 44 67. 60 1. 93 129’ 0. 815 1. 198 1. 52 67. 96 1. 79 130 0. 825 1. 209 1. 43 68. 64 1. 63 131 0. 834 1. 217 1. 43 68. 48 1. 88 131’ 0. 825 1. 208 1. 46 68. 45 1. 95 Table 13. Water quality indices of (2009). It is shown that water quality by the EWQI and AWQI of the 2nd pollution class, by the WCI and CWQI of the 3rd pollution class, and by SPWQI is mainly the 2nd and in some cases up to the 3rd class of pollution. With the help of the computer program “Origin-6”, the analysis of the linear relationship between AWQI and other WQIs was provided: AWQI = a + b (WQI). Analysis of obtained data indicates that AWQI has liner dependence with and EWQI, and an inverse dependence with CWQI. A satisfactory correlation is obtained when all the positions of the are considered together. AWQI = (0. 739 ± 0. 074) + (0. 313 ± 0. 047) ▪ WCI,R = 0. 80233, N = 26AWQI = (1. 047 ± 0. 127) + (0. 096 ± 0. 069) ▪ = 0. 27301, N = 26AWQI = (0. 203 ± 0. 038) + (1. 225 ± 0. 046) ▪ EWQI, R = 0. 98339, N = 26AWQI = (2. 637 ± 0. 513) − (0. 021 ± 0. 008) ▪ CWQI, R = 0. 49061, N = 26: For the Sevan:AWQI = (0. 787 ± 0. 213) + (0. 275 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address or provide information relevant to limnology or the study of inland aquatic ecosystems. Instead, it discusses water quality indices and analysis methods, which, while related to aquatic environments, do not directly corroborate or contrast the specific claim about the definition of limnology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: The person who eats healthily. The person who’s self-control and discipline are praised. They may be the one grappling with anxiety, fear, and preoccupied with disordered thoughts. Their struggle may go unnoticed due to how our culture glorifies these behaviours [174]. The perceived dominance of healthism discourse (i. e. the pervasiveness of health as an ideal, that places the burden of responsibility on the individual; [39]) within western society led users to feel as though ON was not taken seriously as an eating disorder. Ultimately, these users explained that not being viewed as “sick enough” represented a key barrier in their recovery journey: It hurts when people say my orthorexia is not serious because I don’t have anorexia. People say I have amazing control over food and ask how I’m struggling when I am “so healthy” [115]. Users reported that ON was not only invisible to others, but also to the person experiencing it. That is, users described being unaware that their behaviours and the associated outcomes are disordered, thus delaying recognition that they were experiencing an eating disorder. I was the most unhealthy when I was at my lowest weight, but I was unaware that it was not okay to do what I was doing [381]. Users also described “exercising so much control” in order to pursue a lifestyle which is so valued within Western society. These health behaviours were so ingrained within those experiencing ON that being ‘healthy’ was viewed as an important part of their identity; in turn, this exacerbated the invisibility of ON due to disordered health behaviours being viewed as a core and unchangeable aspect of themselves. As such, this presented a barrier to recovery as users felt it was equivalent to changing who they are as a person. I was sure I would always live a healthy lifestyle. It was part of me. I didn’t think my personality could change [113]. Theme 2: a turbulent and continuous processUsers tended to position their journey to recovery as a turbulent process with many setbacks. For example, users described dealing with a resurgence of invasive thoughts and negative emotions around eating certain foods. These users emphasised that recovery was non-linear, and one person used the metaphor of a “‘roller coaster” to describe the recovery process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of disordered eating behaviors, specifically orthorexia, which is linked to a person's perception of healthiness and the societal pressures surrounding it. It highlights the struggles of those who may appear healthy but are actually grappling with significant psychological issues related to their eating habits. This implies that personalized nutrition does not guarantee weight stability or health, as the pursuit of an idealized healthy lifestyle can lead to disordered patterns, emphasizing that the relationship between food, body image, and psychology is much more complicated than simply fitting a genetic profile.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Plant–soil feedbacks mediated by humus forms: A review Go to 49. Organic Matter: in Go to 50. Buried organic horizons represent amino acid reservoirs in boreal forest soils Go to 51. The effect of boreal forest composition on soil respiration is mediated through variations in soil temperature and C quality Go to 52. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in UK soils and the influence of soil, vegetation type and seasonality Go to 53. Implications of increased deciduous cover on stand structure and aboveground carbon pools of Alaskan boreal forests Go to 54. Chemical transformations of deadwood and foliar litter of mixed boreal species during decomposition. Quideau, and Se-Go to 55. Spatial heterogeneity of understory vegetation and soil in an Alaskan upland boreal forest fire chronosequence Go to 56. of Phyllocnistis populiella (Lepidoptera: Gracilliariidae) in Go to 57. of Snow, Soil Microenvironment, and on N Availability in to 58. Vegetation Community, Foliar Nitrogen, and on Tundra CO 2 Exchange across a to 59. than Go to 60. Environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons under different plant traits in urban soil as affected by nitrogen deposition Go to 61. on Go to 62. Decomposition and to 63. Responses of soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities to fertilizations of mixed inorganic and organic nitrogen at a subtropical forest in Go to 64. Influence of Non-nitrogenous on Soil CO2 Efflux and Production in an N-Go to 65. of in to 66. The role of soil drainage class in carbon dioxide exchange and decomposition in boreal black spruce (Picea mariana) forest standsKimberly P. Wickland, Jason C. Neff, and Jennifer W. to 67. Litter decomposition rates in relation to litter stocks in boreal coniferous forests along climatic and soil fertility gradients Go to 68. The impact of black cottonwood on soil fertility in coastal western hemlock forest Go to 69. Turnover of labile and recalcitrant soil carbon differ in response to nitrate and ammonium deposition in an ombrotrophic peatland Go to 70. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding fungi decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various topics related to organic matter, soil feedbacks, and decomposition processes in boreal forests, but does not mention fungi or their specific role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Considerations on problems of data for global land cover monitoring/ Geocarto int. , 1994. Vol. 2, № 4. P. 5–15. 244. Udodenko U. G. , Komov V. T. , Zakonnov V. V. Long-term dynamics of total mercury in surficial bottom sediments of the Volga River's reservoir in central Russia/ and Assessment, 2018. Vol. 90, № 4. P. 190–198. 245. Wu Q. X. , Pairman D. , Mcneill S. J. , Barnes E. J. Computing advective velocities from satellite images of sea surface temperature/ IEEE trans. on geosci. and remote sens. , 1992. Vol. 30, № 1. P. 166–176. 246. QGIS, 247. 248. 249. Submit manuscript cite 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Available at: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. . , 2024, pt. 1, 206 p. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. Zakonnov V. V. Kutuzov A. V. Zakonnova A. V. Tselmovich O. L. Otyukova N. G. Stepanova I. E. Cvetkov A. I. Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 URL: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. Zakonnov V. V. Kutuzov A. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses 'Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems,' directly aligning with the definition of limnology, which encompasses the study of various inland aquatic systems such as lakes and rivers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Consequently, users encouraged others to celebrate the “small steps towards recovery and away from ED behaviours”, while others highlighted that setbacks were a part of the recovery journey: Truthfully, recovery is not easy, and I still struggle. I have good days and bad days. There are days when I feel guilty for eating, want to avoid snacking, and it’s hard to finish my dinner. There are days when I feel compelled to exercise and I feel terrible in my body [200]. Users explained that recovery was a highly personal and ongoing process, taking much time and commitment. Under the #OrthorexiaRecovery hashtag, users expressed that there was no “finish line” in recovery, instead identifying recovery as a gradual and enduring process. Recovery is a continual process of choosing yourself over fear, rather than a finishing line that can be crossed [35]. In some cases, discussions of recovery from ON were intertwined with other eating disorders. For example, one user described their journey of recovering from anorexia nervosa but then experiencing ON later in life, recurrently moving between recovery and relapse. These users tended to position recovery as “never a one-time thing”. Instead, while amid recovery and relapse, recovery was framed as an individual choice which must be actively made each day. I was living with anorexia at 14 years old, which I recovered from by the end of high school. A couple of years later, I started living with orthorexia on and off for eight years. I’ve now recovered and no longer have an eating disorder. I have relapsed but that does not mean I’m a failure. Recovery is not a one-time accomplishment, but rather something you chose for yourself everyday [493]. Theme 3: finding food freedomUsers regularly used #OrthorexiaRecovery to reject messages rooted in diet culture (i. e. pervasive cultural norms that emphasise thinness, control, and food restriction, as well as the moralisation of food; [40]), moving towards a more positive attitude to food. A shared perception among users of #OrthorexiaRecovery was that diet culture reinforces harmful ideals and normalises maladaptive behaviours and mindsets, thus distorting conceptualisations of health. The messages of diet culture have altered many people’s value of health into something that is not healthy at all [446]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that recovery from eating disorders, like orthorexia, involves complex personal struggles with food and body image. It highlights that recovery is an ongoing process filled with challenges and setbacks, emphasizing that there is no certainty in eating anything without consequences. The text critiques diet culture's ideals, which suggests that personalized nutrition may not effectively address the deeper psychological issues surrounding food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior AlaskaThis 71. The role of mosses in ecosystem succession and function in Alaska’s boreal forestThis 72. Long-term monitoring of climatic and nutritional affects on tree growth in interior AlaskaJ. Yarie and K. Go to 73. Glycine mineralization in situ closely correlates with soil carbon availability across six forest ecosystems Go to 74. Soil CO2 and N2O flux dynamics in a nitrogen-fertilized Douglas-fir stand Go to 75. How does a tree species influence litter decomposition? Separating the relative contribution of litter quality, litter mixing, and forest floor conditionsJérôme Laganière, David Paré, and Robert L. to 76. Cross-of of Amino Acid-N and NH4 + Go to 77. Nutrient and caloric dynamics in Avicennia marina leaves at different developmental and decay stages in Estuary, to 78. Carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics in the O‐CN land surface model: 2. Role of the nitrogen cycle in the historical terrestrial carbon balance Go to 79. Declines in moose population density at and accompanied changes in landscape patterns Go to 80. Spatial variations of chemical composition, microbial functional diversity, and enzyme activities in a Mediterranean litter (Quercus ilex L. ) profile Go to 81. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in early stages of forest litter decomposition as affected by nitrogen addition Go to 82. Soil amino acid composition across a boreal forest successional sequence Go to 83. Carbon and in Birch and to 84. Effects of elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen supply on biomass and active carbon of freshwater marsh after two growing seasons in Sanjiang Plain, Go to 85. Linking the abundance of aspen with soil faunal communities and rates of belowground processes within single stands of mixed aspen–black spruce Go to 86. Reciprocal interactions between plants and soil in an upland grassland Go to 87. Concentrations of in of (Betula pubescens) Increase with to 88. Impact of simulated moose densities on abundance and richness of vegetation, herbivorous and predatory arthropods along a productivity gradient Go to 89. Effects of nitrogen deposition on the greenhouse gas fluxes from forest soils Go to 90. and Stocks in in to 91. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various ecological topics related to climate change, forest dynamics, and nutrient cycling in different contexts. However, it does not mention fungi or their role in the decomposition of organic matter. Thus, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Zakonnova A. V. Tselmovich O. L. Otyukova N. G. Stepanova I. E. Cvetkov A. I. Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Print. Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . (2024). Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok :. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Retrived from (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . (2024). Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok :. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 Online link Print link Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. , Tselmovich O. L. , Otyukova N. G. , Stepanova I. E. , Cvetkov A. I. , Kuchay L. A. . Geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems. Borok : 2024. DOI: 10. 47021/monography_653faaf94c6bc8. 69020116 URL: (Date of access 21. 10. 2024) Poddubnyy S. A. , Zakonnov V. V. , Kutuzov A. V. , Zakonnova A. V. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'geographical methods of studying inland aquatic ecosystems,' which aligns with the definition of limnology, as it involves the study of freshwater bodies such as lakes and rivers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Users felt this distorted perception of health contributed to the development and maintenance of ON behaviours. Therefore, users emphasised the importance of distancing oneself from and actively ‘unlearning’ the principles of diet culture to facilitate recovery. For example, users referred to experiences through which they learned to eat certain food that had been demonised by diet culture, by granting themselves (and others) permission to eat and recognising that eating is not something which needs justification. You are allowed to enjoy food when you are not hungry or are beyond satisfied. You are allowed to spontaneously eat out with friends and family. You are allowed to eat more than usual during holidays, or simply because you want to! [71]. The value of ‘intuitive eating’ was frequently discussed under #OrthorexiaRecovery; an adaptive eating style which involves listening to the body and positioning it as intrinsically knowing the quantity and type of food to eat [41]. Consistent with this, users rejected food restriction and instead accepted that “all foods fit” within a balanced diet. That is, specific foods were viewed as neither good nor bad. Mac n Cheese used to be a big no because of its carbs and dairy contents. ate Mac n Cheese in the past, I would feel sick with guilt, anxiety and shame. To counteract meals like this that I considered “dirty” or “cheat” meals, I would cut calories and do HIIT every day for the next week to “burn it off”. In recovery, I am headed towards food freedom, intuitive eating and intuitive movement. So, this is more than just Mac n Cheese; this symbolises a massive step toward recovery [4]. This shift in attitudes towards food was believed to have several psychological benefits, including increased self-compassion, confidence, and emotional wellbeing. Users also reported lessened anxiety and guilt about food, being able to enjoy food again without being burdened by its nutritional value. I have fallen in love with myself again after fixing my relationship with food. Food consumption is of course vital, but our relationship with food is far more important [207]. visited home, my mum baked a flapjack. It contained golden syrup and butter, and I was fine with that. I didn’t scrutinise the shape and size of each piece. Instead, I ate several pieces and enjoyed every bite! ! [132]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the importance of intuitive eating and rejecting the principles of diet culture. It describes experiences where users learned to 'unlearn' harmful beliefs about food that have been demonized, advocating for a balanced diet where 'all foods fit.' The mention of food freedom and the psychological benefits of improving one's relationship with food suggests that simply following a genetic profile does not ensure that one can eat anything without gaining weight. Instead, recovery from disordered eating involves psychological shifts rather than just dietary allowances based on genetics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Soil Carbon, Soil Formation, and Go to 115. Carbon sequestration and nutrient cycling implications of the evergreen understory layer in Appalachian forests Go to 116. Dynamics of Go to 117. Soluble phenolic compounds, total nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen in the litter horizons of undisturbed spruce forests in the central forest reserve Go to 118. Scale-dependent environmental controls over species composition in Alaskan black spruce communitiesand A L to 119. Successional and physical controls on the retention of nitrogen in an undisturbed boreal forest ecosystem Go to 120. Isotopic discrimination during litter decomposition and δ 13 C and δ 15 N soil profiles in a young artificial stand and in an old floodplain forest # Go to 121. Modeling physical and biogeochemical controls over carbon accumulation in a boreal forest soil Go to 122. The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles Go to 123. to 124. A model for the investigation of long-term carbon dynamics in boreal forests of western to 125. Carbon dynamics in successional and afforested spruce stands in Thuringia and the to 126. Nitrogen availability in soil and forest floor of contrasting types of boreal mixedwood forestsLucie Jerabkova, Prescott, and to 127. Stocks, Chemistry, and Sensitivity to of the to 128. Wood strength loss as a measure of decomposition in northern forest mineral soil Go to 129. Influence of forest disturbance and test application of PnET model for determining long-term impact influences Go to 130. N and P resorption efficiency in certain young tropical tree species planted on mine spoil Go to 131. Microbial activity and litter decomposition under snow cover in a cool-temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest Go to 132. Influences of stand composition and age on forest floor processes and chemistry in pure and mixed stands of Douglas-fir and paper birch in interior Go to 133. Forest-floor chemical properties are altered by clear-cutting in boreal mixedwood forest stands dominated by trembling aspen and white spruce-W Oh, and R E to 134. to 135. in Oi‐Horizon Carbon‐14 with for an Go to 136. Influence of Aspen on Properties in Black Spruce-dominated to 137. to 138. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not reference fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various topics related to soil carbon, nitrogen availability, and forest ecosystems, but does not provide information that supports or contradicts the claim about fungi specifically contributing to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: 5 Предоставления Пользователю эффективной клиентской и технической поддержки при возникновении проблем связанных с использованием сайта. 4. 1. 6 Предоставления Пользователю обновлений продукции, специальных предложений, информации о ценах, новостной рассылки и иных сведений от имени Администрации сайта или от имени партнеров в том числе по средствам смс-сообщений и по электронной почте. 4. 1. 7 Осуществления рекламной деятельности. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about limnology as it discusses user support and product updates rather than any aspect of inland aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: While working towards recovery, people with ON aimed to be free from food rules that are rooted in diet culture, become more attuned to their bodies, and develop more adaptive relationships with food and fitness. Users noted a lack of support for people with ON and so used this online space to create a community of support, though some content was observed to be potentially triggering for those experiencing or at risk of ON. A crucial barrier to recovery from ON was its invisibility at both a societal-level and within formal diagnostic criteria. This finding is consistent with other research, in which people with ON have reported a widespread lack of awareness, resulting in confusion and delegitimisation of disordered eating [26, 27]. A lack of recognition of ON at a diagnostic- and societal-level may ultimately cause it to go undetected and under-reported, thus potentially exacerbating severe medical consequences, psychological distress, and impairments in other important areas of functioning [6, 8]; whereas better recognition of ON may lead to improved access to and quality of treatment. Better awareness of ON within society could be achieved by incorporating it in eating disorder awareness, education, and prevention programmes, which have had some success for other eating disorders [42, 43]. In terms of the clinical implications for this study, the widespread invisibility of ON further emphasises the potential need for increased awareness of the proposed diagnostic criteria and symptoms of ON [8] particularly within healthcare, eating disorder and mental health settings. Failure to recognise ED illness severity is as a barrier to treatment seeking more generally [44]; our participants reported similar difficulties with recognising and accessing support for their ON symptoms. Furthermore, while there may be barriers to treatment seeking, no evidence-based treatment programme exists at present to specifically target the symptoms of ON [45]. While this study reflects on some positives of online recovery spaces, it also highlights some potential areas for further research in ON treatment; specifically in targeting culturally reinforced maladaptive mindsets and behaviours related to ‘healthy’ eating and exercise. Users of #OrthorexiaRecovery were particularly critical of beliefs that were perceived to be rooted in diet culture, for example the idea that there are ‘bad’ foods that do not fit within a healthy and balanced diet, and the belief that food consumption should not be enjoyable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the challenges individuals face with Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) and the barriers to recognition and treatment, highlighting that there are significant issues related to 'bad' food beliefs and maladaptive mindsets rooted in diet culture. This suggests that while personalized nutrition might seem beneficial, the complexities of disordered eating and the societal stigmas around food can hinder effective management, making the claim overly simplistic.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Ecological impact of beavers Castor fiber and Castor canadensis and their ability to modify ecosystems Go to 139. Variation in the chemical composition of green leaves and leaf litters from three deciduous tree species growing on different soil types Go to 140. Effect of aspen (Populus tremuloides) as a companion species on the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana) in the southwestern boreal forest of to 141. Woody debris along an upland chronosequence in boreal Manitoba and its impact on long-term carbon storage-Lamberty, and K P O'to 142. Nitrogen additions to pristine, high-latitude, forest ecosystems: consequences for soil nitrogen transformations and retention in mid and late succession Go to 143. Impact of moose population density on the production and composition of litter in boreal forests Go to 144. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in topsoils along forest conversion sequences in the and the Saxonian lowland, to 145. Leaf litter chemistry controls on decomposition of trees and woody shrubs. , and R P to 146. of Douglas‐fir Forests with Urea in Go to 147. Composition in Aspen‐ and Spruce‐of the to 148. Plant and soil responses to neighbour removal and fertilization in Alaskan tussock tundra Go to 149. Short-term soil respiration and nitrogen immobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests Go to 150. Decomposing litter as a sink for -enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation Go to 151. Ten-year postharvest effects of silviculture systems on soil-resource availability and conifer nutrition in a northern temperate forestJ M Kranabetter and K D to 152. Does an admixture of betula species in Piceaabies stands increase organic matter quality and nitrogen release? Go to 153. The effect of multi-nutrient fertilization on understory vegetation nutrient concentrations in inland Northwest conifer stands Go to 154. Change in soil carbon cycling for stand development of Japanese cedar ( Cryptomeria japonica ) plantations following clear‐cutting Go to 155. The responses of black spruce growth to an increased proportion of aspen in mixed standsSonia Légaré, David Paré, and Go to 156. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various ecological impacts, tree species, nitrogen dynamics, and forest systems without mentioning fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter and nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 86628 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation of by From the Limnology - Aspects of by Didem Gökçe To purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. covers biological, chemical, and physical qualifications of lakes and other bodies of inland water as a whole ecosystem. It has become a predominant sub-branch of ecology due to aquatic limiting environmental factors, population dynamics, and community structure. Limnology is the term derived from the Greek word limne—lake and pond. Although limnology initiated with lake studies, it has expanded its field with the studies on rivers, wetlands, and estuarine ecosystems. Wetzel [1] clearly expresses that freshwater ecosystems are biological systems, and biology controls water quality under natural conditions, and freshwaters must be evaluated and managed as biogeochemical systems. Each freshwater ecosystem maintains its balance under the current conditions (community composition and physicochemical factors) depending on its carrying capacity. Anthropogenic factors can change these conditions negatively. Therefore, engineering solutions are not sufficient alone. It is crucial to know the quality and functions of aquatic ecosystems in order to manage them successfully [1, 2, 3]. In that case, physical and chemical changes in habitat conditions lead to impairment in water quality. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by defining and elaborating on limnology as a field that encompasses the study of various types of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. It specifies that limnology originated from studies of lakes but has since expanded to include rivers, wetlands, and estuarine ecosystems. This directly supports the claim that limnology concerns itself with these inland aquatic environments.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Similar concerning conceptualisations of ‘health’ have been identified in a sample of people at risk of ON, in which respondents emphasised the importance of food being functional rather than enjoyable and described the dangers of ‘wrong’ foods [5]. Users in our study also noted the importance of ‘shifting identities’ during recovery, mirroring the findings of [10] who identified that people with ON experience identity-conflict due to exclusion from health-oriented cultures. These findings have implications for future therapeutic interventions for ON, which may be successful in harnessing social identity resources to support transition to a recovery identity and targeting beliefs about diets and ‘health’ that are rooted in societal norms. A key element of recovery was developing a more adaptive relationship with fitness and exercise. This differs from proposed diagnostic criteria for ON, which currently do not include disordered attitudes towards fitness and exercise as a core component [6,7,8]. One reason for our finding could be due to the representation of more general eating disorder discussions within this recovery space, as evidenced by the findings of the hashtag analysis. Indeed, compulsive exercise often presents as a core feature in recognised EDs such as anorexia nervosa [46], and in our analysis #OrthorexiaRecovery was frequently used alongside hashtags referencing other eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. However, the significance of fitness and exercise has also been noted in other ON samples [24], in addition to the idealisation of thin and toned bodies [5]. Discussions of exercise may have been so prominent because it is so intimately intertwined with the concept of ‘health’ [47]. In future, researchers could consider further elucidating the relationship between ON, fitness, and exercise. It may be the case that disordered approaches to fitness and compulsive exercise manifest in ON, but attitudes differ when compared with other eating disorders (e. g. , compulsive exercise for optimal body functionality, as opposed to/as well as weight loss). Many of the users discussed the importance of listening to their body, either through ‘intuitive eating’ or ‘intuitive movement’. This reflects the findings of recent research, which has highlighted the value of placing trust in the body for hunger and satiety cues to guide eating [48,49,50]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the negative impacts of certain food choices on health, emphasizing that food should be functional rather than merely enjoyable. It indicates that individuals at risk of Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) have developed disordered beliefs about diet and health that are influenced by societal norms, which contradicts the idea that one can eat anything without consequences if it aligns with their genetic profile. This suggests a more complex relationship between diet, identity, and health outcomes than the claim asserts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: of on in a Hawaiian Woodland: of Go to 157. Functional Matrix: A for on Go to 158. to 159. Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships, population dynamics, and ecosystem processes Go to 160. spruce forests: Needle supply and its nutrient content Go to 161. Carbon distribution of a well‐ and poorly‐drained black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 162. Reduction of forest floor respiration by fertilization on both carbon dioxide‐enriched and reference 17‐year‐old loblolly pine stands Go to 163. Near-surface soil characteristics and understory plants as predictors of Pinus contorta site index in southwestern Alberta, to 164. Rainfall manipulation effects on litter decomposition and the microbial biomass of the forest floor Go to 165. Go to 166. Soil microbial activity and community structure along a primary succession transect on the land-uplift coast in western to 167. Differences in nitrogen use efficiency between leaves from canopy and subcanopy trees Go to 168. The role of legumes as a component of biodiversity in a cross‐European study of grassland biomass nitrogen Go to 169. Microbial activity, nutrient dynamics and litter decomposition in a Mountain pine forest as affected by N and P fertilizers Go to 170. Effects of alleviation of ecological stresses on an alpine tundra community over an eight‐year period Go to 171. Soil surface CO 2 flux in a boreal black spruce fire chronosequence Go to 172. Nitrogen transformation in four Japanese soils following manure+urea amendment Go to 173. A study of the quality factors affecting the short‐term decomposition of field vegetable residues Go to 174. to 175. The influence of fire on carbon distribution and net primary production of boreal Larix gmelinii forests in north‐eastern to 176. Are forest floors in mid-rotation stands of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) a sink for nitrogen and phosphorus? Piatek and H Go to 177. Nitrogen and from under Sub‐Conditions 1 Go to 178. Substrate limitations to microbial activity in taiga forest floors Go to 179. Go to 180. Controls over carbon storage and turnover in high‐latitude soils Go to 181. Initial nitrogen content and topographic moisture effects on the decomposition of pine needles Go to 182. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter for nutrient cycling. It seems to contain various unrelated references and sections without addressing or supporting the claim made.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Limnology is the study of inland aquatic ecosystems, including lakes, rivers, and wetlands. [SEP] Text: Especially in lakes and streams, the decrease in water level and the abundance of toxic algae species are among the important problems faced by today’s inland water ecosystems. Particularly, Cyanobacteria and the other harmful algae bloom cause contamination of drinking water sources and aquaculture and can harm the economy and human health. As a result, many lakes, rivers, wetlands, and estuaries can be affected by climate change, eutrophication, water level decreases, biodiversity reduction, and invasive species. For this reason, water management plans should be prepared. An important deficiency in most of the regions investigated in limnology studies is that freshwater management plan and strong connections between the institutions should be implemented by the decision-making institutions on limnological concepts and sustainable plans. Efficient and practical adaptive measures should be taken at the local scale, both limnologically and economically. Advertisement 3. quality and quantity of pollutants have also changed depending on the advancing technology and industry. Considering the rapidly decreasing freshwater resources, the magnitude of the danger also arises. The accumulation of pollutants in the water ecosystem and the aquatic food web results in magnified concentrations of pollutants. The existence of an increasing number of conflicting freshwater uses is a consequence of the increased anthropogenic pressure on the freshwater ecosystem balance and carrying capacity. At this point, the importance of limnology emerges once. Index methods developed on investigation of the community structure and dynamics of the aquatic organisms (spatial and temporal variations) and long-term monitoring allow the effects of pollutants on the ecosystem to be reliable. It is a disastrous picture. However, it is observed that global freshwater resources are getting worse in the future. Knowledge about water, its management, and use will continue to grow and evolve in the future. The fact that limnology is a multidisciplinary science enables the determination of ecosystem questions from a wide perspective and the preparation of realistic management plans. Therefore, it is important for decision-makers to form and plan water quality standards on the basis of the principles of limnology. 1. Wetzel RG. Freshwater ecology: Changes, requirements, and future demands. Limnology. 2000;1:3-9 2. . Nanomaterials: What are they, why they cause ecotoxicity, and how this can be dealt with? In: Rai M, Biswas JK, editors. Nanomaterials: Ecotoxicity, Safety, and Public Perception. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of inland aquatic ecosystems, such as lakes and rivers, and mentions the importance of limnology in addressing issues within these ecosystems. It highlights problems faced by inland water ecosystems and emphasizes the need for effective management plans based on limnological principles, thereby supporting the definition of limnology as the study of inland aquatic systems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Personalized nutrition guarantees that you can eat anything without gaining weight, as long as it fits your genetic profile. [SEP] Text: Login to your accountEmail/UsernameYour email address is a required field. E. g. , [email protected]PasswordShowYour password is a required field. Forgot password? Remember meDon’t have an account? Create a If you don't remember your password, you can reset it by entering your email address and clicking the button. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your passwordEmail*If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your passwordinRegisterLog inSubmitLog inSubscribeprovided by Main menu This journal this journal now Current issue alerts & medical sciences & of (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) (partner) Methods & (partner) (partner) Oncology (partner) (partner) Reports (partner) Trends in Trends in in Trends in Ecology & in Endocrinology & in in in in Trends in in in Trends in Physical sciences & engineering in i(partner) (partner) Trends in in Submit 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 11. 009Also available on ScienceDirectCopyright: © 2015 Elsevier Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. User License: Elsevier user license | Elsevier's open access license policy 99. 9% the same, whereas our microbiomes have over a hundred-fold greater gene count and might only be 10% similar from one person to the next. Consequently, we may have been looking in the wrong place for variation in diet response, as the true source of variation may be in our microbial genes rather than our human genes. Existing studies of diet on the gut microbiome in humans have generally seen modest effects over the short term (Wu et al. , 2011), except for truly extreme shifts in diets such as all meat and cheese (David et al. , 2014). However, at the population level, differences in long-term diet have a major impact (Wu et al. , 2011). In fact, in both the Project (a crowd-funded volunteer survey of over 7,000 adults) and in the TwinsUK project (of over 2,000 UK adult twin volunteers), diet, and particularly the diversity in the number of kinds of plants, was shown to have a massive impact, comparable to drugs and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that individual diet response is influenced more by the gut microbiome and its genetic variation rather than solely by personal genetic profiles. It suggests that modest effects of diet on microbiomes and significant impacts of long-term diet on health indicate that personalization based just on genetics may not ensure one can eat anything without gaining weight.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: The role of Equisetum in nutrient cycling in an Alaskan shrub wetland Go to 183. Decomposition of broadleaf and needle litter in forests of British Columbia: influences of litter type, forest type, and litter mixturesand R to 184. Nitrogen availability in forest floors of three tree species on the same site: the role of litter qualityK D Thomas and C E to 185. Response of soil microorganisms to an elevated nitrate input in an open Pinus banksiana — Cladina forest Go to 186. Impacts of wild fire severity and salvage harvesting on the nutrient balance of jack pine and black spruce boreal stands Go to 187. : to 188. in in a Forest, Mt. Fuji, to 189. Selected biological and chemical properties of forest floors across bedrock types on the north coast of British ColumbiaJ M Kranabetter and A to 190. Boreal forest ecosystem dynamics. II. Application of the model to four vegetation types in interior AlaskaGo to 191. Go to 192. Microbial respiration, biomass, metabolic quotient and litter decomposition in a lodgepole pine forest floor amended with nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers Go to 193. Decomposition of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis maize by microorganisms and woodlice Porcellio scaber (Crustacea: Isopoda) Go to 194. Nutrient dynamics of the southern and northern boreal forests Go to 195. Response of soil microbial biomass dynamics, activity and plant litter decomposition to agricultural intensification over a seven-year period Go to 196. -to 197. Lignin biomarkers and pollen in postglacial sediments of an Alaskan lake Go to 198. Nutrient status of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill. ] BSP) forest soils dominated by Kalmia angustifolia L. Go to 199. Vegetation and soil development at an upland taiga site, to 200. in to 201. Nitrogen and phosphorus release from humus and mineral soil under black spruce forests in central to 202. Trophic relationships in the soil microfood‐web: predicting the responses to a changing global environment Go to 203. Effects of tree species, stand age and soil type on soil microbial biomass and its activity in a southern boreal forest Go to 204. : to 205. An ecosystem‐level perspective of allelopathy Go to 206. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address fungi specifically or their role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses various aspects of nutrient cycling in forests, microbial activity, and environmental impacts without mentioning fungi or their decomposition functions. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.