Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Paleoethnobotany examines the relationship between people and plants in history. [SEP] Text: Kim, HS 2011. A study on the establishment of riparian greenspace by ecological approach: In the case of Han river watershed. Master’s thesis. University, Chuncheon, Korea. Kim, JJ 2009. Study on the method of the riparian revegetation techniques for the riparian areas restoration: Focused on the Han-river riparian areas. Doctoral dissertation. Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea. . 2018. The relationship between the dragonfly diversity and the environmental factors in the Juam Wetland. Environ Ecol. 32(1):66-76. Kim, KG 2003. Wetland environment Seoul, Korea: Academy Press. Kim, YS 2002. Korea butterfly illustrated book Seoul, Korea: Kyohaksa. Li, L, BH Koo. 2017. A study on recognition of land acquisition for ecology restoration project in ecological and landscape conservation area of basin. J Restor Technol. 20(4):15-28. . 1988. Statistical ecology: A primer on methods and computing New York, NY: & Sons. Oh, B 2014. A study on establishment of riparian eco-belt and management model in basin, Korea. Master’s thesis. University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea. Park, EK 2014. A study on the landscape ecological land evaluation methods: Focused on the lands purchased in legal protection areas. Doctoral dissertation. Sangmyung University, Cheonan, Korea. Park, HM 2013. A study on proper establishment to improve multi-functions of riparian greenspace: In the case of Nakdong and Sumjin & Yeongsan River. Master’s thesis. University, Chuncheon, Korea. . 2018. The vascular plants in Mt. Daedun provincial park area, Korea. Environ Ecol. 32(5):445-468. Park, SH 2001. Korean naturalized plants original color illustrated book Seoul, Korea: Ilchokak Publishing. Pielou, EC 1975. Ecological diversity New York, NY: & Sons. . 2007. Riparian vegetation: Degradation, alien plant invasions and restoration prospects. Divers Distrib. 13(1):126-139. Sax, DF 2002. Native and naturalized plant diversity are positively correlated in scrub communities of California and Chile. Divers Distrib. 8(4):193-210. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it mainly lists various theses and studies related to ecological research and riparian environments without addressing paleoethnobotany or its focus on the historical relationship between people and plants. There is no discussion of people’s interactions with plants over time, which is central to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Hurricanes form over warm ocean waters and are fueled by the heat released when water vapor condenses. [SEP] Text: team Rules for authors team Rules for authors team Rules for authors Submit manuscript Login RU Русский team Rules for authors RU Русский manuscript Home Journals of Field of the atmospheric water vapor as a characteristic of heat and dynamic processes at the ocean surface observed by the microwave radiometric means from space Submit manuscript cite 1. of the of AS 2. of the of and 3. of the of and : 10. 2205/2023ES000813 Pages: from 1 to 12 Status: Published Received: 01. 07. 2022 Accepted: 06. 02. 2023 Published: 29. 03. 2023 Language: English Keywords: Microwave radiometry, brightness temperature, satellite observations, heat processes, atmospheric water vapor, tropical hurricanes Funding: The work was carried out within the framework of the state task. The authors are grateful to N. K. Shelobanova (Kotelnikov’s Institute of and Electronics, of Sciences) for an assistance in satellite data processing. Abstract and keywords Abstract (English): An approach to indication and analysis of heat and dynamic processes at the ocean surface and in the atmosphere with the methods of satellite passive microwave radiometry is considered. It bases on a responsiveness of the oceanic and atmospheric up-going microwave radiation to these processes in the spectral band of its attenuation in the atmosphere water vapor, which seems to be as kind of window of the “radio visibility” from satellites. The effectiveness of that approach is caused by the fact that atmospheric water vapor is an active participant (agent) in its heat interaction with the ocean surface and, at the same time, serves as its reliable quantitative indicator. Measured from satellites natural microwave radiation of the atmospheric water vapor gives distinct signals of changes occurring in the frontal, storm and cyclonic zones in the ocean; they are manifested in the form of pics or jumps of the brightness temperature. The paper provides various examples of the study of such processes as the ocean-atmosphere heat interaction at the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, origination and propagation of the tropical hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, atmospheric water vapor transport in the tropical Atlantic and its influence on cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico, etc. The data of satellite, ship and buoy measurements are widely used to attain and verify results of our study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing atmospheric water vapor as an active participant in heat interaction with the ocean surface and its role in the origination and propagation of tropical hurricanes. It specifically mentions 'heat interaction' at the ocean surface, which is essential for hurricane formation, and emphasizes atmospheric water vapor's influence on cyclogenesis in the Gulf of Mexico. This aligns with the claim that indicates the necessity of warm ocean waters and the condensation of water vapor for hurricane development.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: KeywordsWater resourcesClimate adaptationClimate variability and changeWater supplyHydropowerHydrologyStationarityUtility economicsPublic finance IntroductionThere is international agreement at the about the need for collective action to address the likely impacts of global warming on human societies. One response has been to encourage all sectors of society to identify and implement actions that can help adapt to the emerging impacts of climate change and work to mitigate its drivers. Water resources and the services dependent on them are an integral part of the climate system (Chahine 1992). Because of this, the managers of water resource systems and of the services that depend on them must develop appropriate responses to the potential impacts of climate change (Strzepek et al. 2011). continent is considered to be particularly vulnerable to these impacts both because of their magnitude and because African societies have less physical, financial, and human resources available to address these impacts. A further challenge is that the impacts of climate change on water resources are local, diverse, and not well-characterized. Unlike the general global warming trend, for which there is robust evidence that is consistent with the predicted impact of anthropogenic activities, direct evidence of significant changes in hydrological variables is not nearly as strong and consistent. For example, it appears that at a global level, precipitation is increasing (Adler et al. 2017). However, models predict increases in drought frequency over significant areas due to warming (Ukkola et al. 2020) although empirical evidence in support of this is limited (Hegerl et al. 2019) and predictions are based on various definitions of drought. While warming trends are a direct result of anthropogenically induced atmospheric changes that act through a single dominant mechanism at global level, the impacts on the main hydrological processes – evaporation, precipitation, runoff, and infiltration – are secondary and tertiary effects that are further influenced by a wide variety of mechanisms at a local, regional, and global level. So while there is only a limited increase in global precipitation averages, there are more extensive regional variations and substantial changes in parameters such as rainfall intensity (Trenberth 2011) which, coupled with the impact of warmer temperatures on aridity, lead to changes in tertiary variables such as stream flow. The likely impact of climate change on hydrological processes is generally still too uncertain to make it possible for water resource planners and managers to identify locally specific adaptive measures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and uncertainties surrounding climate change adaptation and mitigation. It emphasizes that addressing climate change requires collective action from all sectors of society and that significant challenges remain, indicating that AI alone cannot achieve the reversal of climate change by 2050. The text points out the need for appropriate responses to the multifaceted impacts of climate change, highlighting that the direct evidence of significant hydrological changes is limited and that the overall impact of climate change is uncertain.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Degeneracy of the has Played an in Evolution of Ikehara* G&L Kyosei Institute, Hikaridai 1-7, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0237, Institute for Advanced Studies, Kizugawadai 9-3, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan *Corresponding author: Kenji Ikehara, G&L Kyosei Institute, Hikaridai 1-7, Seika-cho, Kyoto 619-0237, Japan; Fellow, for Advanced Studies, Kizugawadai 9-3, Kizugawa, Kyoto 619-0225, Japan; Emeritus professor, Nara Women’s University, Kita-uoya-higashi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan, Tel: +81-774-73-4478; Fax: +81-774-73-4478; E-mail: ikehara@cc. nara-wu. ac. jp Received: May 28, 2016; Accepted: July 15, 2016; Published: July 25, 2016 Citation: (2016) Degeneracy of the has Played an in Evolution of Organisms. SOJ 3(1):1-3. DOI: 10. 15226/2377-4274/3/1/00111 genetic code is degenerate mainly at the third codon position. However, the reason of the degeneracy still remains unknown. On the other hand, we have proposed GC-NSF(a) hypothesis, assuming that entirely new gene has emerged from non-stop frame on antisense codon sequence of GC-rich gene (GC-NSF(a)). Amino acid sequence of a protein encoded by GC-NSF(a) widely varies without any change of amino acid sequence of a protein produced from the corresponding gene on sense strand. Therefore, various protein sequences with an amino acid sequence can be repeatedly examined, if a required function is found on a surface of the protein from the GC-NSF(a). This indicates that the degeneracy of the genetic code has largely contributed to produce entirely new protein from GC-NSF(a). Thus, entirely new proteins having a required function could be produced effectively. The degeneracy of the genetic code made it possible for organisms to prosper on Earth. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it focuses on the degeneracy of the genetic code and its evolutionary implications, which is irrelevant to the topic of crop domestication.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Weather balloons are used to collect data about atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind speed. [SEP] Text: , Muñoz-Porcar, C. , Rodríguez-Gómez, A. , Summa, D. , Thundathil, R. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : A network of water vapor Raman lidars for improving heavy precipitation forecasting in southern France: introducing the WaLiNeAs initiative, Bulletin of and Technology, 2, 10, 2021. Fourrié, N. , Nuret, M. , Brousseau, P. , Caumont, O. , Doerenbecher, A. , Wattrelot, E. , Moll, P. , Bénichou, H. , Puech, D. , Bock, O. , Bosser, P. , Chazette, P. , Flamant, C. , Di Girolamo, P. , Richard, E. , and Saïd, F. : -WMED reanalyses of the first special observation period of the Hydrological cycle in the Mediterranean experiment (HyMeX), Geosci. Model Dev. , 12, 2657–2678, 2019. Di Girolamo, P. , Cacciani, M. , Summa, D. , Scoccione, A. , De Rosa, B. , Behrendt, A. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Characterisation of boundary layer turbulent processes by the Raman lidar BASIL in the frame of HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 17, 745–767, 2017. Hamamatsu: Characteristics of photomultiplier tubes, in: Photomultiplier tubes: basics and applications, 3rd edn. , K. K. Division, available at: (last access: 29 April 2021), 2007. Hammann, E. , Behrendt, A. , Le Mounier, F. , and Wulfmeyer, V. : Temperature profiling of the atmospheric boundary layer with rotational Raman lidar during the HD(CP)2 Experiment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. , 15, 2867–2881, 2015. Hayden Smith, W. and Smith, K. M. : A polarimetric spectral imager using acousto-optic tunable filters, Exp. Astron. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the use of weather balloons or their purpose in collecting atmospheric data. It includes references to various studies and articles related to atmospheric observation and techniques but does not directly corroborate, contrast, or relate to the claim regarding weather balloons.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: So climate change models and predictions cannot usually guide well-founded planning and operational decisions although they do help to suggest the boundaries for extreme events. However, policy-makers like the UN High-on Water want to know what impacts global warming will have on water systems and how they will be dealt with. It is suggested that an appropriate response is to continue to build on the great strength of best practice in water resource science and management, which is its ability to characterize and manage climatic variability. This requires that the approaches used move beyond the assumptions of a stationary hydrology and can accommodate a changing climate (Brekke et al. 2009). Yet water managers are already responding to climate change through their management of current climate variability. However, to make this case convincingly, they must demonstrate that current methodologies are adequate for the task. To address this in an African context, this 2022. Even before the drought ended, implementation had begun of infrastructure projects that had earlier been rejected – including water reuse and groundwater development as well as additional surface water. Consideration is also being given to a large desalination installation which could be used during drought periods. The vulnerabilities of the WCWSS are now obvious. The system depends on rainfall over a small (800km2) area of mountain catchments supplying dams whose storage is less than 2 years of “normal” use. Climate change dynamics are also under review. lies at the edge of dominant rain-producing weather systems and has long been identified as an area vulnerable to climate change-driven rainfall reductions (Archer et al. 2019). From an adaptation perspective, the questions are whether the shift of weather system is permanent and the nature of an appropriate adaptation response. The city’s new postcrisis strategy (2019) acknowledges continued dependence on surface water for 75% of its supplies for at least the next decade, while alternative sources such as reuse, groundwater, and desalination are developed to provide a greater proportion of supplies in the future. Climate uncertainty is specifically addressed. The program aims to increase the assurance of supply from the system from 98% to 99. 5% but acknowledges that there might be “a step change in rainfall due to climate change …. If this turns out to be the case, the programme will be both accelerated and expanded. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges of addressing climate change. It discusses the limitations of climate models and emphasizes the need for ongoing adaptation in water management systems to deal with climatic variability. Moreover, it notes that even though infrastructure projects and alternative water sources are being implemented, climate change dynamics remain uncertain, indicating that reliance on AI alone is insufficient for full reversal of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Organisms, which did not use a degenerate genetic code, would extinguish from this planet. This is one significant point of the genetic code. Keywords: Protein 0th-order Structure; Degeneracy of the Genetic Code; Origin of Genetic information transferred from DNA to mRNA by transcription is transmitted to protein through translation on ribosome. During the translation, the universal or standard genetic code written with triplet base sequence is used, which specifies a kind of amino acid, like as that and UUC correspond to Val, His, Lys and Phe, respectively. As well known, the genetic code is degenerate mainly at the third codon position, for example and GUN, 4 codons each, code for Gly, Ala and Val, respectively (Figure 1). However, it is totally unknown about the reason why the genetic code is degenerate. The genetic code occupies a core position connecting genetic function with catalytic function in the fundamental life system (Figure 2). This means that the genetic code is not only a simple representation of triplet base sequence with an amino acid, but also a key element when one wants to make clear formation process of the fundamental life system, which is composed of gene (genetic function), genetic code and protein (catalytic function), leading to solving the riddle of the origin of life. In this Short Communication, I describe that the degeneracy of the genetic code plays an important role in producing entirely new (EntNew) gene and the corresponding EntNew protein from nonstop frame on anti-sense strand of GC-rich gene (GC-NSF(a)), according to the GC-NSF(a) hypothesis, which I have proposed [1-3] (Figure 3). That would be the significance of the genetic code. Figure 1 :Degeneracy of the genetic code. Almost all extant organisms on the Earth are using so called universal or standard genetic code, which degenerates mainly at the third codon position of the code. Figure 2 :Position of genetic code in fundamental life system. Genetic code occupies a core position connecting genetic function composed of DNA and mRNA with catalytic function carried out protein and metabolism in the life system. Theories proposed for new gene formation Organisms on the Earth have evolved gradually and steadily, and sometimes abruptly, over several billion years. The evolution of lives should have tightly coupled to acquisition of new function required to adapt to new environment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic code and its significance in the evolution of life rather than addressing the domestication of crops and its impact on human civilization. The content focuses on biological concepts and theories related to genetic information without any mention of crop domestication or its role in civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Stonehenge is aligned with the solstices, suggesting astronomical significance in its construction. [SEP] Text: At different times, its function has been described as an astronomical observatory, a burial place for the great, a temple for Druid priests of the Iron Age, and more. Before scientists assigned credit for its construction to Neolithic humans, the list of possible builders included the Romans, the Danes and Merlin the magician. On supporting science journalismIf you're enjoying this 1925. But slowly the evidence is accumulating that allows archaeologists to speculate on how the ceremonies that governed life and death might have fitted together. A few years before Gaffney’s team picked up the latest circle of timber posts, other excavations in the greater Stonehenge area had already begun to yield hints of a bigger picture. In 2007 archaeologist Pearson of the University of Sheffield in England and his team from the Project, which includes some of the country’s leading archaeologists, announced discovery of the remains of a vast prehistoric settlement, possibly the largest in Britain, at Durrington Walls, a massive man-made enclosure just two miles northeast of the monument itself. The smart application of soil chemistry—think nitrogen or phosphorus levels—yielded a mass of information about how its residents might have organized their homes, from where the cooking took place to where they slept. (Bed-wetting babies leave their mark even after millennia through traces of urine. ) And hyperaccurate carbon dating suggested that the village was occupied for less than 45 years, leading and his collaborators to speculate that this was where the builders of Stonehenge once lived, moving on after their work was complete. Just as important, the team had excavated traces of another henge, prior to Gaffney’s: a concentric ring of timber posts dubbed the that was apparently aligned to mark sunset at the summer solstice—the mirror image of the arrangement at Stonehenge. posits that Stonehenge had its own wood counterpart, the two monuments forming a single spectacular ceremonial site linked to the worship of the ancestors and the sun. “This is evidence that clarifies the site’s true purpose,” he asserts. “We have found that Stonehenge was just half of a larger complex. ”Each half, he believes, had its own symbolic role. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning that there is evidence suggesting Stonehenge had its own wood counterpart that was aligned to mark sunset at the summer solstice, and it posits that Stonehenge was part of a larger ceremonial site linked to the worship of the ancestors and the sun. This aligns with the idea of astronomical significance in its construction.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: ”The strategy also acknowledges that water investments must provide regular supplies during periods of low rainfall: “All water schemes provide insurance against periods of low rainfall, which may become more frequent and more severe as a result of climate change. ” It recognizes that expensive supplies from reuse and desalination will not be used all the time but concludes: “…this will not have been wasteful expenditure. The future is uncertain, and the cost of very severe restrictions is much higher than the cost of insuring against this likelihood. ”In this regard, the city’s strategy now explicitly addresses climate change. But rather than placing reliance on forecasting future availability, it seeks to increase reliability (through infrastructure investment originally proposed to address variability) to “buy time” for implementing rapid interventions such as desalination if required. Mombasa, Kenya: Climate-Constrained by Institutions and FinanceGreater Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city, had a population of approximately three million people in 2018. It is Kenya and the region’s primary port and is also a center for international beach tourism which complements the country’s inland game park complexes. Water supply is deeply deficient. Water requirements are estimated to be in the region 250 Ml/day, but the city is in a permanent state of water crisis, able to provide less than 30% of this potential amount (Foster et al. 2020). Small supplies from local coastal aquifers are at the limit of their available capacity and face problems of salinization. The city’s primary supply comes from two distant groundwater sources, the (200 km away) and Baricho (100 km). Unusually, local surface water sources had not been tapped although the need for a new source had already been identified in the early 1990s. The preferred augmentation project, now in preparation, is a dam on the small, local Mwache River. All five projects in the 2015 infrastructure resilience study (Cervigni et al. 2015) which included Mwache faced considerable uncertainty about future rainfall under climate change. In none was there even a consensus on whether it would be higher or lower than present-day averages, let alone by how much. This was a particular concern for Mombasa whose rainfall derives from a combination of systems since 61% of the 121 climate future scenarios generated for Mwache showed lower safe yields than the present-day design assumptions. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties associated with addressing climate change, particularly in Mombasa, Kenya, where water supply issues are exacerbated by climate challenges. It discusses the need for infrastructure investments and adaptive strategies in the face of uncertain climate impacts, illustrating that solely relying on AI is insufficient for reversing climate change. The mention of varied climate future scenarios and the difficulties in increasing water supply underscores that comprehensive measures and collaboration are necessary, rather than relying on AI alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Two main routes for creation of new genes have been proposed so far. One is gene duplication theory proposed by Ohno [4], predicting that after duplication of a gene, one duplicate may acquire a new adaptive function, while the other duplicate retains the original function. The second is exon-shuffling theory proposed by Gilbert, et al. [5], assuming that new functional gene is created as a new combination of exons shuffled among two or more genes. However, both of the theories do not explain the most fundamental problem on the creation of EntNew gene or the first ancestor gene in a family, from which various descendant genes could be derived. This means that the most important and key problem about formation of a gene family remains unsolved. On the contrary, I have proposed GC-NSF(a) hypothesis on creation of EntNew gene [1-3]. The hypothesis assumes that EntNew gene, which is totally different from any previously existing gene, is created from GC-NSF(a) after gene duplication (Figure 3). I would like to emphasize here that GC-NSF(a) hypothesis is not a purely theoretical idea but one attained by database analysis of microbial genes and proteins, which have been obtained by experiments. The reason why EntNew gene can be produced from GC-NSF(a) The reason why EntNew genes can be produced according to the GC-NSF(a) hypothesis is as follows. 1. Protein encoded by GC-NSF(a) satisfies the six conditions for formation of water-soluble globular protein, which were obtained as average ranges (average value +/- standard deviation) of six properties (hydropathy, α-helix, β-sheet and turn/coil formabilities, and acidic amino acid and basic amino acid compositions) of water-soluble Figure 3 :GC-NSF(a) hypothesis. The hypothesis assumes that entirely new gene is created from GC-NSF(a) after gene duplication. Thick line and broken line indicate a gene on sense strand and non-stop frame on antisense strand, respectively. globular proteins encoded by genomes of seven extant microorganisms carrying chromosomal DNA with widely different GC content [6]. This indicates that a polypeptide chain produced from GC-NSF(a) would be folded into water-soluble globular structure at a high probability. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. Instead, it discusses genetic theories related to the creation of new genes and does not address or relate to agricultural practices or human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy access Published: 30 May 2024 -Cas and -based screening system for precise gene editing and targeted cancer therapy Mingming Qin1,2 na1, Chunhao Deng3 na1, Liewei Wen4, Guoqun Luo1 & …Ya Meng4 Show authors Journal of 1. Fig. 1Schematic representative ofCas loci in Class 1 and Class 2 system. Class 1 system show multi-component effectors, while the Class 2 system have one effector. Three subgroups of Class 2 systems are presented. II-protein contains: Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9), Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) and Streptococcus thermophilus Cas9 (StrCas9), all of which have the tracrRNA sequences. which comprises Cas12a, Cas12b and Cas12c, exhibits distinct genome structures. Cas12b has the tracrRNA structure, while Cas12c only has one assistant protein cas1 for genome editing. Cas14 subgroup is not depicted in this figure. systems show few assistant proteins to identify RNA virus, however, type VI-B has csx27 and csx28 proteins to regulate nuclease activity. Illustrated according to Ref [14, 16, 20, 21]. Full size image/Cas system has been utilized for cellular genetic modification [22, 23] and the generation of animal models for cancer research [24, 25]. Furthermore, theCas-based genetic screening system was developed for cellular investigation [26,27,28], as well as in tumor studies [25, 29]. In addition, high throughput gRNA libraries have been established to enable efficient genetic screening, specially facilitating personalized treatment strategies for cancer patients individually [30]. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of theCas system and essential elements for successful screening system, including gRNA libraries, gRNA validation, and clinical application for cancer research. Furthermore, we explored the application of the screening system in cancer therapy from both ex vivo and in vivo investigation, aiming to elucidate the inherent advantages and potential obstacles for clinical precision medicine. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the functionality of the Cas system, which is a core component of CRISPR technology. It mentions 'precise gene editing' and 'cellular genetic modification,' directly supporting the assertion that CRISPR enables scientists to make precise changes to DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Bank study took a measured response to this systemic uncertainty. It distinguished between project sensitivity to climate change and project vulnerability; sensitivity refers to the possible reduction in physical “output,” while vulnerability considers the impact on economic return. In this view, even if a project’s performance is potentially sensitive to climate change, “the project’s economic worthiness is not necessarily in question. ” This would include cases where the project was robust to a high degree of climate variability “and in the bargain, to climate change” so that its benefits and revenues would meet the required criteria. “It is thus important to distinguish between climate sensitivity and vulnerability” emphasized the report, noting that both sensitivity and vulnerability would depend on the metrics used to assess performance and that factors other than climate change, such as price and demand, could be equally important. For Mwache, although limited hydrological information was available, the design chosen was considered to have low climate risk since the river flow is considerably in excess of supply requirements and there is a low risk that the dam will not meet its target yield (2018b). Funding has not yet been approved, not due to climate change risks but because the financial and institutional arrangements for the dam’s management must still be resolved. Kenya’s 2010 Constitution makes water supply the responsibility of local counties. But Mombasa’s current supplies come from other counties, and the itself will be built in a neighboring county. Current proposals are to establish a regional institution that would manage all the different sources into a single system, providing bulk supplies to the major centers of four counties. This would help to address climate risks since linking different sources into a single system would increase its resilience to climate variability, maintaining supplies even if one source in the system fails. But achieving financial agreement between four counties and national government is proving to be more difficult than finding a climate-resilient dam design. Windhoek, Namibia: as StorageNamibia’s capital Windhoek, high in the center of the arid and sparsely populated country, was established in 1892 by German colonists, attracted by the secure source of water from local springs. This groundwater resource served the growing settlement well until the 1960s when, after a series of dry years, it became obvious that additional supplies were needed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of projects in relation to climate change. It emphasizes that factors such as economic return, price, and demand play significant roles in project viability regardless of climate sensitivity and vulnerability. The analysis highlights the complexity of addressing climate change and suggests that while resilience can be built into projects, financial and institutional challenges exist that complicate the overall ability to address climate risks effectively. Therefore, this implies that relying solely on AI is insufficient to fully reverse climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: The reason why protein encoded by GC-NSF(a) well satisfies the six conditions is partly because GC-NSF(a) is similar to SNS repeating codon sequence or (SNS)n, which also satisfies the six conditions [7]. S and N mean G or C and any one of four bases. 3. GC-NSF(a) codes for a protein, which has completely different amino acid sequence from any previously existing protein but has a similar amino acid composition to those of proteins encoded by GC-rich genome (Figure 4). The protein encoded by GC-NSF(a) has a nearly random amino acid sequence in protein 0th-order structure. Protein 0th-order structure is a specific amino acid composition, in which even random joining of amino acids produces water-soluble globular protein at a high probability. One of such kind of protein 0th-order structures is GC-NSF(a)-encoding amino acid composition similar to SNS-encoding amino acid composition (Figure 4). Other protein 0th-order structures are SNS-encoding ten amino acids ([GADV]-amino acids plus Glu[E], Leu[L], Pro[P], His [H], Gln [Q] and Arg [R]) and GNC-encoding four [GADV]-amino acids. [GADV] means four amino acids; Gly[G], Ala[A], Asp[D] and Val[V]. 4. As well known, sequence diversity of even a small protein composed of 100 amino acids is extraordinary large, as reaching to about 20100 = ~10130. The tremendously large diversity makes it possible to produce protein without any homology with previously existing proteins or an EntNew protein from a GC-NSF(a), because the probability which an amino acid sequence of a protein arisen from a GC-NSF(a) coincides with any one of previously existing proteins is just about nil, as ~1/10130. Of course, sequence diversity of a protein encoded by GC-NSF(a) is much smaller than ~10130, since amino acid composition of the protein is extremely deviate from that of a protein containing about equal amount of 20 amino acids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization. It discusses the characteristics and coding of a specific protein (GC-NSF(a)) and its amino acid sequence, without any mention of crops or their domestication.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: The application of Class 2 -Cas effectors and genome modification in cancer therapyType II effector Cas9 in cancer researchpyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9), classified as the type II-A effectors, showed comparable genome editing efficiency for in vitro and in vivo study [21, 31,32,33]. These effectors enable rapid modification of cellular or animal models for transcriptional modulation via knockout/knockin or high throughput genomic screening [23, 34]. The compact size of SaCas9 renders it an optimal enzyme for in vivo AAV application. However, SpCas9, one of the pioneering Cas9 proteins, has been extensively investigated and utilized in gene editing. Three variants of SpCas9 have been developed, the wild-type Cas9, nickase Cas9 (nCas9), and dead Cas9 (dCas9). Cas9 mediated DNA cleavage with the two distinct active sites RuvC and HNH, under the assistance of (crRNA) and trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) ribonucleoprotein complex [8]. The dual-tracrRNA: crRNA chimera single guide RNA (sgRNA) was created and directed Cas9 nuclease to the potential target loci for site-specific DNA cleavage, initiating the genome editing system in vitro [35]. The binding of Cas9 to the adjacent sequence of three nucleotides, known as protospacer adjacent motif (PAM), triggers DNA cleavage by inducing double-strand breaks with its scissor-like activity [36]. The recently used Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes remarkably increase fidelity and efficacy for double-strand DNA breaks with minimized cell mortality [37]. It also combined with repair donor to achieve site-specific correction of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in epithelial organoids [38]. Cre-dependent Cas9 knockin mouse was generated, and KRAS, p53, and LKB1 depletion resulted in carcinoma formation in these transgenic mice, providing a robust cancer model for research [24]. One mutation in D10A of Cas9 protein makes a nCas9, which improves genome editing specificity [39]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the application and mechanism of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning the use of Cas9, a crucial component of the technology, for precise genome editing. It describes how the Cas9 proteins facilitate site-specific DNA cleavage, enabling accurate modifications to DNA, which aligns with the assertion that CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that permits precise DNA changes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Absent such a radical policy shift, the incremental completion of the ENWC is a rational approach to making Windhoek’s water supply more resilient since the scope for further savings through demand-side interventions is limited. The city’s century-long hydrological history and the acute nature of the water challenges that it faces have produced a good understanding of the options available to build systems that are resilient to the risks posed by long periods of multi-season drought. As a result, if adequate financial resources are available, the strategies already adopted to manage current climate variability will enable the city to meet its needs, even under conditions of climate change. Beira, Mozambique: the of Beira faces many climate-related challenges given its location which is regularly hit by tropical storms. Established in 1890 as a port and regional railway hub on low-lying land at the mouth of the Pungwe River, urban water supply is difficult because fresh groundwater is very limited and the river’s estuary is saline. While river flow is adequate to meet the city’s needs, extensive saline intrusion, exacerbated by growing upstream water use, required its intake 80 km from the city to be moved further 20 km upstream. However, water quality problems continued for a nearby irrigation scheme whose intake the city had shared. While the intake could have been protected by building a weir downstream to obstruct tidal influx or storage dams upstream to maintain minimum dry season flows, these options were rejected on environmental grounds (1997). While climate change impacts are obvious, hydrological analysis has characterized the salinity dynamics and helped to identify appropriate responses to the impact of increased water utilization and sea level rise. The immediate water management challenges have been well-characterized, and the priority is to coordinate responses to protect economic activity. However, in the longer term, the city’s vulnerable location may require radical relocation rather than water management solutions. and the River System: Sustaining a “Problemshed”In economic terms, the (IVRS) is the most important water resource development in Southern Africa. It supplies water to around 20 million people in a region that produces almost 50% of South Africa’s GDP and includes the country’s administrative capital (Pretoria) as well as Johannesburg, its largest city. If its functioning is impaired by climate change impacts, the entire country will suffer. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of water management and the implications of climate change on cities like Windhoek and Beira. It emphasizes the need for radical policy changes and relocations rather than reliance on technological solutions, suggesting that AI alone is insufficient to tackle the complexity of climate-related challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: However, the diversity is larger than ~10100, the still extraordinary large diversity value of a protein encoded by (SNS)100, similar to codon sequence of GCNSF( a) (Figure 4). Note that SNS codes for 10 amino acids. 5. In addition, the degeneracy at the third codon position increases the probability that EntNew protein is produced from GC-NSF(a), because the EntNew protein could be generated without any change of amino acid sequence encoded by a GC-rich gene on sense strand. The base replacement at the third codon position of GCrich gene corresponds to the first codon position of GCNSF( a) (Figure 5). If a required function were detected on a surface of the protein encoded by one of various GCNSF( a)s, the protein could be newly born and successively evolve to mature protein (8). Therefore, degeneration of the genetic code is quite important for production of EntNew protein; because every amino acid sequence appeared upon base replacement could be examined until a required catalytic activity is found. at the third codon position on a sense strand can be replaced widely without any change of amino acid sequence, because of degenerate of the genetic code at the position. On the other hand, this causes to change amino acid sequence encoded by GC-NSF(a) at a high probability, since the change of base at the first codon position induces amino acid replacement of a protein encoded by GC-NSF(a). Nevertheless, amino acid composition, not amino acid sequence, of the protein does not largely deviate from the protein 0th-order structure. The reason is because GC Figure 4 :Base compositions of GC-NSF(a) at three codon positions. Base compositions at three codon positions of both GCNSF( a) and GC-rich gene are similar to each other and can be approximated to SNS. Base compositions at the three codon positions were obtained as average values of seven genes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying GC-rich genome. Figure 5 :Possible amino acid sequences encoded by a GC-NSF(a). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about the domestication of crops and its role in human civilization, as it discusses the diversity of a protein and genetic coding without making any connection to agricultural practices or their historical significance.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: The combination of sgRNA pairs with nCas9 significantly enhances cutting specificity by 50-1000 folds in cell lines and mouse zygotes [40]. -Cas base editing using nCas9 enables precise incorporation of point mutations in genomic DNA without inducing double-strand breaks, demonstrating its potential in treating genetic diseases caused by base-pair alterations through adenine base editors (ABEs) or cytosine base editors (CBEs) [41]. In addition, DNA base editors combining with the leading platform adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector for viral delivery expanded the -base-edit toolkit for Prime-editing (PE) [42]. Meanwhile, the recently developed genome editing technique known as NICER utilizes Cas9D10A nickase to correct heterozygous mutations. It generates multiple DNA nicks and triggers gene correction via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR) which rarely induces genomic alterations, making it a precise strategy to restore genetic diseases or single nucleotide mutations [43]. Except the precise single nucleotide restoration, cancer translocations were generated by double strand breaks and paired nicks with either Cas9 or nCas9, creating endogenous chromosomal translocations cell model for investigating tumor driving genes [44]. Catalytically inactive Cas9, a ‘dead’ protein (dCas9) with both mutations in D10A and H840A of RuvC and HNH domains, showed its popularity in gene regulation with inhibition, activation, and cell imaging and labeling [45]. Genome-scale screenings utilizing inhibition () and activation () have been employed to identify both known and novel genes involved in controlling cell growth and sensitivity to toxins [46]. Precise inducible gene knockdown or overexpression can be supported using dCas9-KRAB (Krüppel-associated box) or Cas9 combined with Expression promoter (TetO) [47]. Firstly, the fusion of dCas9 with transcriptional repressor produces the genetic tool [48]. The dCas9-BFP-KRAB repressor domain enables the suppression of gene expression [49]. Second, fusing dCas9 with RNA polymerase (RNAP) omega subunit upregulates gene expression [50], and dCas9-VP64 was used for transcriptional activation [51]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various gene-editing techniques that utilize CRISPR, specifically highlighting how 'Cas base editing using nCas9 enables precise incorporation of point mutations in genomic DNA,' which demonstrates the technology's ability to make precise changes to DNA. Additionally, it discusses the enhancement of cutting specificity and other precise strategies in genome editing, all of which align with the functionality of CRISPR as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: This only considered assumptions about water prices and demand and not the wider societal costs of supply failure, a conservative approach since, for many societies, higher water costs are preferable to the costs of unexpected supply failures (as is formally stated in the new water strategy (2019)). Subsequent studies concluded that the would meet its intended delivery targets under a wide range of climate scenarios with deficits occurring only in the very driest 16 of 122 scenarios. The IVRS also illustrates the benefits of a “problemshed”-based analysis (Mollinga 2020) which encompasses the actual physical and institutional boundaries within which water is managed not simply an individual “watershed” approach. Whereas hydrological models are based on the natural “watersheds” before human activity intervenes, water management requires models that reflect the interaction between human activities and the natural system. The IVRS shows how hydrological tools can effectively be applied to manage substantial climate variability in complex multi-basin systems. Coordination: Drought Risks, Discount Rates, and HydropowerThe final case, the proposed in the transnational Basin, illustrates the challenges of evaluating climate change’s impacts in a complex system and uncertain economic and institutional context. In a basin that already suffers extreme climate events, the implications of climate change for hydropower expansion are a concern. Hydropower is the main source of electricity for the riparian countries and offers further opportunities to support their socioeconomic development. Dam project illustrates the challenges of identifying adaptive approaches that optimize the benefits that hydropower can provide while minimizing the risk. The history of Zambezi hydropower is as much about national and regional politics as hydrology or economics. Its potential was recognized early in the twentieth century, but it was only in the 1950s that it was decided to construct the Kariba Dam, creating what is still the world’s largest dam reservoir by volume. Built by the Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Kariba’s initial installed capacity of 1300 MW was sufficient to meet the needs of the Federation. It was controversial because a smaller project could have been built on the Zambezi’s Kafue tributary in Northern Rhodesia, closer to the mines that were the main centers of electricity demand. But political imperatives supported the larger project to reinforce the Federation although Northern Rhodesia, later Zambia, withdrew in 1963. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and challenges of managing climate change, particularly with respect to hydropower and water management in the context of climate variability. It discusses how modeling for water management needs to incorporate the interactions between human activities and natural systems, indicating that relying solely on AI without considering these complex social and environmental factors is insufficient for effectively addressing climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: For example, 1,536 (4x2x3x2x4x4x2) amino acid sequences can be encoded by only 7 codons of GC-NSF(a), while amino acid sequence encoded by a GC-rich gene is retained unchanged due to the degeneracy of the genetic code at the third codon position, as shown above. mutation pressure acting on GC-rich gene of a microorganism carrying GC-rich genome remains to keep the composition nearly in SNS-encoding amino acid composition, which is also one of the protein 0th-order structures (Figure 4). Thus, it is considered that EntNew protein having a required function could be produced effectively owning to the degeneracy of the genetic code, and that organisms on this planet, which have used the degenerate genetic code, have prospered, although it might be as a result. Inversely saying, organisms, which did not use a degenerate genetic code, would extinguish from the Earth, even if the organisms once emerged on this planet. The genetic code of organisms prospering on this planet must be degenerate, for whatever reason for the degeneracy. Then, from when did the genetic code degenerate? According to my scenario, GNC-SNS primitive genetic code hypothesis [6], on the origin and evolution of the genetic code, it can be supposed that the degeneracy started at the evolutionary step from the first genetic code GNC to the next code GNS, which encodes five amino acids, GNC-encoding [GADV]-amino acids plus Glu [E]. The GNS code might trigger to evolve it to SNS code and to produce effectively EntNew gene/protein from antisense codon sequence ((SNS)n sequence) of (SNS)n gene, as similarly as EntNew Gene/ protein emerged from GC-NSF(a) (Figure 3). am very grateful to Dr. (G&L Kyosei Institute, Emeritus professor of Nara Women’s University) for encouragement throughout my research on GADV hypothesis on the origin of life. 4255. Ikehara K. Simulation of gene evolution: evidence for GC-NSF(a) hypothesis on the origin of genes. Viva Origino, 2003;31(3):201-215. Ikehara K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the role of crop domestication in human civilization. Instead, it focuses on genetic codes, amino acid sequences, and the evolution of genes, which are unrelated topics. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: In addition, dCas9 protein serves as a valuable tool for labeling of endogenous genomic loci in living cells. By employing an optimized sgRNA fused with EGFP-tagged dCas9, repetitive elements in telomeres and various other regions can be robustly labeled [52]. A double-color labeling method was established by incorporating MS2 or PP7 RNA aptamers into the sgRNA, fused with the catalytically inactive Cas9 (dCas9) for direct visualization [53]. Finally, dCas9 can be employed for in vivo imaging of chromosomal dynamics and genome organization dimensions [47], allowing systematic fluorescent labeling of up to 10 proteins [48]. Summary of the type II Cas9 enzymes was depicted in Fig. 2. Fig. 2Summary of Cas9 proteins and modified nCas9 and dCas9 genome editing tools. (A) PAM for SpCas9 is NGG, while PAM for SaCas9 is with the ability to cut DNA double helix. (B) Mutation of D10A leads to the formation of nCas9 while both mutations generate dCas9 protein. (C) nCas9 can be applied for base editing such as CBE and ABE, also for Base editor and developed as NICER to repair heterogenous mutation. (D) dCas9 was modified to generate and labeling tools. dCas9: dead Cas9. nCas9: nickase Cas9. CBE: : Editor. RT: reverse transcriptase. pegRNA: prime editing guide RNA. Full size imageand type VI effectors in cancer researchMainly three subtypes of type V effectors were investigated for gene editing, named as type V-A, V-B and V-C. The type V-A effector Cpf1 (from Prevotella and Francisella 1), exhibits enhanced genome editing specificity attributed to a T-rich PAM (-5′TTTV) [54], resulting in a staggered DNA double stranded break [55]. Two candidate Cpf1 (Cas12a) enzymes, AsCpf1 from Acidominococcus sp. BV3L6 and LbCpf1 from Lachnospiraceae bacterium ND2006, show a robust genome editing ability in human cells compared to that of Cas9 [56]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing aspects of the CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning Cas9 proteins and their various modified forms such as dCas9 and nCas9. It explains the functionality of dCas9 in gene editing, including its applications like labeling genomic loci and base editing. By addressing the capabilities and enhancements of Cas proteins in genome editing, the text supports the notion that CRISPR allows precise alterations in DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Beyond the hydrological uncertainties, the political challenge is to achieve an equitable sharing of the costs and benefits. However, economic analysis is particularly challenging for investments such as water resource infrastructure which have a high initial cost but yield benefits over a very long period. The imputed value of long-term production depends heavily on assumptions about future prices as well as the “discount rate” applied in the analysis, and there is limited consensus about the appropriate approach, not least because the choice is usually determined by policy objectives (Fankhauser and Stern 2016) in which climate change adaptation strategies are not always adequately reflected. These issues were illustrated in the analysis of Batoka in the 2015 RDM study (Cervigni 2015). site is on the main stem of the Zambezi, downstream from and upstream from Kariba. It has limited storage and will depend on natural river flows which, although moderated somewhat in the extensive wetlands of the upper catchment, are very variable and subject to drought, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change (Harrison and Whittington 2002). In this context, the RDM study noted that: “In drier futures, smaller facilities yield higher net benefits, as less investment is underutilized during the dry periods. In wetter futures, larger facilities that can better take advantage of high flow periods yield higher net benefits. ” Batoka it found, “shows significant sensitivity to climate change with up to a 33 percent decrease or a 15 percent increase in average power production. ” (Cervigni 2015) Over 30 years, the difference between the worst- and best-case scenarios was estimated at around US$4 billion, in 2015 values, based on average energy prices in the Power Pool. But in a dry period, electricity prices would rise as all supplies would be reduced in a system that was dependent on hydropower. While in 2015 this effect was not yet evident because the region still had coal-fired alternatives, over the next five decades, coal-fired power will be constrained, and carbon taxes will increase its price, further supporting hydropower prices. Even without these considerations, Batoka showed that “economics of projects of this type could be highly sensitive to the price of power” (Cervigni et al. 2015). Once again, it was emphasized that a project that was financially sensitive to climate change impacts was not necessarily financially vulnerable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties involved in addressing climate change, particularly in the context of water resource infrastructure and energy production. It emphasizes that economic and political challenges, as well as dependency on natural river flows and climate change impacts, suggest that relying solely on AI for such a broad and multifaceted issue is unrealistic. The text discusses the variable nature of climate conditions and their significant sensitivity to economic outcomes, which indicates that reversing climate change involves more than just technological solutions like AI.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Featured documents Single-dose BNT162b2 vaccine protects against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and 11 more February 24, 2021 Nick K. Jones1,2*, Lucy Rivett1,2*, Chris Workman3, Mark Ferris3, Ashley Shaw1, -19 Collaboration1,4, Paul J. Lehner1,4, Rob Howes5, Giles Wright3, Nicholas J. Matheson1,4,6¶, Michael P. Weekes1,7¶1 2 & 3 and 4 of & Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK5 -19 and 6 NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK7 for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK*Joint first authorship¶Joint last authorshipCorrespondence: [email protected] UK has initiated mass COVID-19 immunisation, with healthcare workers (HCWs) given early priority because of the potential for workplace exposure and risk of onward transmission to patients. The UK’s on Vaccination and Immunisation has recommended maximising the number of people vaccinated with first doses at the expense of early booster vaccinations, based on single dose efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19 disease. 1-3At the time of writing, three COVID-19 vaccines have been granted emergency use authorisation in the UK, including the BNT162b2 m-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech). A vital outstanding question is whether this vaccine prevents or promotes asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, rather than symptomatic COVID-19 disease, because sub-clinical infection following vaccination could continue to drive transmission. This is especially important because many UK HCWs have received this vaccine, and nosocomial COVID-19 infection has been a persistent problem. Through the implementation of a 24 h-turnaround PCR-based comprehensive HCW screening programme at (), we previously demonstrated the frequent presence of pauci- and asymptomatic infection amongst HCWs during the UK’s first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. 4 Here, we evaluate the effect of first-dose BNT162b2 vaccination on test positivity rates and cycle threshold (Ct) values in the asymptomatic arm of our programme, which now offers weekly screening to all staff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses COVID-19 vaccination and its impact on healthcare workers, with no reference to crop domestication or its effects on human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Furthermore, successful generation of gene knockout transgenic mice was achieved using both AsCpf1 (40. 7%) and LbCpf1 (28. 6%), providing a wonderful animal model for research [57, 58]. Multiplex genome editing was conducted using Cpf1 from Aspergillus aculeatus strain TBRC277 [59] and AsCpf1 was engineered with adeno-associated viral vectors (AAVs) for multiplex genome editing of mouse brain in vivo [60]. One-step generation of homology-directed repair (HDR) and checkpoint knockout CAR-T (-T) was achieved with the adeno-associated virus andCpf1 system, establishing an efficient AAV-Cpf1 double knockin system and opening new possibilities for cancer research [61]. The type V-effector Cas12b (C2c1) discovered in Bacillus hisashii (BhCas12b) showed a nickase effect at 37 °C for human gene editing, while BhCas12b v4, containing K846R/S893R/E837G mutants, demonstrated strong genome editing ability in human cells comparable to SpCas9 [62]. While the type V-effector Cas12c (C2c3) is a site-specific ribonuclease generating mature crRNAs for DNA targeting, crRNAs direct DNA binding by Cas12c without DNA cutting, providing a DNase-free pathway for transient antiviral immunity [63]. While both type II and type V are effective for DNA targeting in the genome level, the type VI effector Cas13 exhibits efficacy in treating genetic diseases and rescuing diseased sequences at the RNA level. They provide valuable genetic tools for diagnosis and degradation of viruses such as HIV and HPV [64, 65]. Several Cas13 proteins were characterized, such as Cas13a, Cas13b, Cas13bt and Cas13d, showed the efficiency to cleave single stranded RNAs [66,67,68]. Of which Cas13a based (Specific High-) system can detect Zika or as well as somatic mutations in cell free DNA (cfDNA) samples such as serine/threonine kinase (BRAF) V600E cancer mutation [69]. Shortened detection time and high sensitivity were applied for virus detection via 2 system [70, 71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various aspects of CRISPR technology, including specific examples of gene editing in mice and human gene editing efficiencies. It mentions the use of Cpf1 and Cas12 proteins for precise genome targeting and also highlights successful applications, such as multiplex genome editing and generation of knockout models, reflecting the capabilities of CRISPR as a precise gene-editing tool.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: These economic studies are highly dependent on the discount rates chosen. The RDM study used a policy discount rate of 3% for assessing social policy objectives. But for Batoka, both the MSIOA and the RDM analyses used a “finance discount” rate of 10% (2010) to ensure adequate financial returns to repay loans. The danger is that using present-day markets to estimate long-run prices ignores the potential increase in the value of output as a result of climate change policies, devalues the long-term benefits of cooperation, and thus does not adequately reflect the policy goals of climate change mitigation. A final gap in these attempts to integrate policies for climate resilience more effectively fully into hydrological and economic analysis has been the failure to consider the “water use efficiency” of energy generation in the Zambezi Basin. Presently, over 10% of the Zambezi’s flow is lost to evaporation from the two large hydropower reservoirs. Full development of the basin will not require the significant expansion of storage to manage hydrological variability, and the proposed cascade of three dams in the lower Zambezi will benefit from the hydrological security provided by the Kariba and reservoirs upstream. While the MSIOA notes with concern that the output of those projects could vary between +9% and − 13% by 2100 (2010), it makes no allowance for value inherent in increasing “water use” efficiency by increasing the energy produced per unit of water. These analyses of the and the broader strategies to ensure optimum management of the Zambezi Basin’s waters show that the challenges of assessing the economic benefits and risks of large water investments are at least as complex as those of managing the hydrological uncertainties. Discussion: Principles to under UncertaintyThe cases presented illustrate the contexts within which major water resource investment decisions are taken and the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science beyond the charting of the range of future uncertainty. Nevertheless, the focus on potential climate change impacts does provide useful guidance for the planners, developers, and operators of major water resource infrastructure working in “difficult hydrologies. ”PrinciplesFrom these cases, some general principles can be identified that could help water resource managers to develop coherent adaptive strategies for the projects or systems for which they are responsible and assist them in communicating their approaches to their wider communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities involved in managing water resources and climate change impacts. It highlights the limitations of current economic and hydrological analyses in fully addressing climate change mitigation. By stating that 'the limited contribution that can be made by emerging climate change science' and the need for 'adaptive strategies' implies that AI alone is not sufficient to solve the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Vaccination of HCWs at began on 8th December 2020, with mass vaccination from 8th January 2021. Here, we analyse data from the two weeks spanning 18thto 31st January 2021, during which: (a) the prevalence of COVID-19 amongst HCWs remained approximately constant; and (b) we screened comparable numbers of vaccinated and unvaccinated HCWs. Over this period, 4,408 (week 1) and 4,411 (week 2) PCR tests were performed from individuals reporting well to work. We stratified HCWs <12 days or > 12 days post-vaccination because this was the point at which protection against symptomatic infection began to appear in phase III clinical trial. 226/3,252 (0·80%) tests from unvaccinated HCWs were positive (Ct<36), compared to 13/3,535 (0·37%) from HCWs <12 days post-vaccination and 4/1,989 (0·20%) tests from HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination (p=0·023 and p=0·004, respectively; Fisher’s exact test, Figure). This suggests a four-fold decrease in the risk of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst HCWs ≥12 days post-vaccination, compared to unvaccinated HCWs, with an intermediate effect amongst HCWs <12 days post-vaccination. A marked reduction in infections was also seen when analyses were repeated with: (a) inclusion of HCWs testing positive through both the symptomatic and asymptomatic arms of the programme (56/3,282 (1·71%) unvaccinated vs 8/1,997 (0·40%) ≥12 days post-vaccination, 4·3-fold reduction, p=0·00001); (b) inclusion of PCR tests which were positive at the limit of detection (Ct>36, 42/3,268 (1·29%) vs 15/2,000 (0·75%), 1·7-fold reduction, p=0·075); and (c) extension of the period of analysis to include six weeks from December 28th to February 7th 2021 (113/14,083 (0·80%) vs 5/4,872 (0·10%), 7·8-fold reduction, p=1x10-9). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the vaccination of healthcare workers and the analysis of COVID-19 prevalence among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. There are no references to crop domestication or its importance to human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: enables to identify EGFR-T790M mutation in patient DNA with high efficiency by detecting 0. 6% mutant ratio samples [72], this system was also used for DNA and RNA detection with single-base specificity and attomolar sensitivity in cancer patients samples [73]. Cas13b was used to fight RNA viruses such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) [74], chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue in mosquito cells [75] as well as SARS-CoV-2 resistance [76, 77]. Since Cas13b targets RNA without interfering genome sequence of the targeted gene, it provides a potential safer alternative to Cas9 enzymes. Catalytically inactive Cas13b (dCas13b) was engineered to direct adenosine-to-inosine deaminase for precise base editing, enabling the to I Replacement () RNA editing platform. This platform can be utilized in transcriptome engineering of advanced leukemias, as well as head, liver, and breast cancers, thereby demonstrating a feasible strategy for investigating gene function in cancer at the RNA level [78, 79]. The RNA-targeting -Cas13 system showed promising roles in cancer diagnosis, therapy, and research; with the ability for early detection of cancer markers in liquid biopsy samples, degradation and manipulation of cancer-related mutant transcripts, as well as identification of novel therapeutic drug targets described in the recent review [80]. Altogether, the class 2 effectors expanded the currentCas toolkit. Cas9 possesses recognition ability of specific target sequences, and has the genomic editing ability for precision cancer treatment and mutation detection [2]. Meanwhile, the recently discovered Cas12 and Cas13 expand RNA editing tool, providing novel genetic methods for cancer diagnosis and molecular examination of cancer research [3]. The application of screening system in cancerThe development ofCas system and high-throughput sequencing makes genetic screening easily accessible in basic biology, drug discovery, and personalized medicine for cancer therapy [3]. Cas9 nuclease is a preferred choice for genetic screening, and has been used for genomic modification in multiple researches [26, 28, 81, 82]. One-step generation of multiplex genome mutations viaCas9 system was successfully achieved in mice, facilitating in vivo functional analysis of redundant genes [83]. screening system was developed based onCas combined with thousands of gRNAs integrated into viral vectors [81, 84]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing detailed information about the Cas9 system, which is a key component of CRISPR technology. It mentions Cas9's ability to recognize specific target sequences and perform precise genomic editing, facilitating cancer treatment and mutation detection. The text highlights the precision and applications of CRISPR/Cas9, thus supporting the assertion that CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows for precise changes to DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: In addition, some more operational priorities emerge that merit mention. UncertaintyPerhaps the most important principle to emerge from the cases is that uncertainty remains the dominant feature of potential climate change impact on water resource projects. This uncertainty must be recognized and reflected in analytical approaches, strategy development, and project design. Uncertainty does not mean that stochastic methods cannot be used to detect – and project – trends. For instance, where projections of precipitation are made using multiple GCMs and the range of future uncertainties can be constrained, stochastic methods are already usefully applied. More serious challenges arise where relevant variables are not well understood or constrained as is the case with modeling future rainfall-runoff in conditions where both land cover and precipitation intensities are both poorly understood. PrecautionaryThe precautionary principle is usually understood to constrain developments until their impacts are understood. In the climate change context, a precautionary approach will ensure that decisions are taken in time to address possible future contingencies. This is explicitly stated in Cape Town’s post-disaster water strategy which commits to make new investments which will not be used unless there is a dry period in which they are needed. This reflects the high costs imposed on the wider society by supply failure. Projects with lengthy implementation periods such as the IVRS augmentations should be implemented on a precautionary basis to avoid inefficient crisis responses that characterized many water sector investments. A precautionary approach would also introduce supply restrictions earlier rather than later although political resistance is always a factor in this – recent extreme power restrictions in Zimbabwe resulted, in part, from earlier decisions to continue generating at full capacity at Kariba, contrary to drought operating rules. Path DependenceA concern frequently raised about water resource developments of all kinds is that they commit their societies to particular development paths and close off other options. The difficulty with these discussions is that they frequently involve larger political issues about which there is little consensus. In large measure, Windhoek’s current challenges are the result of century-old colonial spatial planning decisions; the option of refocusing economic development in a more propitious location is an important alternative. Similarly, South Africa’s IVRS reflects the fact that the mining economy promoted extensive development in a location with limited water resources and that coastal areas would be easier to serve. Beira’s location, which also served colonial objectives, is very vulnerable to current climate, and vulnerabilities will be aggravated by climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities and uncertainties involved in addressing climate change impacts on water resources. It suggests that caution and acknowledgment of uncertainty are crucial in decision-making and that reliance on deterministic approaches is inadequate. The emphasis on the precautionary principle and the consideration of historical development paths indicates that AI alone is insufficient to navigate the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: In addition, the median Ct value of positive tests showed a non-significant trend towards increase between unvaccinated HCWs and HCWs > 12 days post-vaccination (23·3 to 30·3, Figure), suggesting that samples from vaccinated individuals had lower viral loads. We therefore provide real-world evidence for a high level of protection against asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection after a single dose of BNT162b2 vaccine, at a time of predominant transmission of the -19 variant of concern 202012/01 (lineage B. 1. 1. 7), and amongst a population with a relatively low frequency of prior infection (7. 2% antibody positive). 5This work was funded by a Fellowship to MPW (108070/Z/15/Z), a to PJL (210688/Z/18/Z), and an (MR/P008801/1) and NHSBT workpackage (WPA15-02) to NJM. Funding was also received from Addenbrooke’s and the Research Centre. We also acknowledge contributions from all staff at and Wellbeing and the -19 Testing Centre. SFGAN: of 3D from the 3D Scen. . . and 4 more October 04, 2021 Scene flow tracks the three-dimensional (3D) motion of each point in adjacent point clouds. It provides fundamental 3D motion perception for autonomous driving and server robot. Although the (RGBD) camera or and Ranging (LiDAR) capture discrete 3D points in space, the objects and motions usually are continuous in the macro world. That is, the objects keep themselves consistent as they flow from the current frame to the next frame. Based on this insight, the Networks (GAN) is utilized to self-learn 3D scene flow with no need for ground truth. The fake point cloud of the second frame is synthesized from the predicted scene flow and the point cloud of the first frame. The adversarial training of the generator and discriminator is realized through synthesizing indistinguishable fake point cloud and discriminating the real point cloud and the synthesized fake point cloud. The experiments on of Technology and Institute (KITTI) scene flow dataset show that our method realizes promising results without ground truth. Just as human, the proposed method can identify the similar local structures of two adjacent frames even without knowing the ground truth scene flow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses vaccination, viral loads, and 3D motion perception, none of which relate to the domestication of crops or its significance in human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Leukemia (AML) cell lines such as MOLM-13, MV4-11, HL-60, OCI-AML2, OCI-AML3 were examined for therapeutic targets via genome-wide screening, indicating KAT2A inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in AML [133]. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was examined via for growth and metastasis driver genes. 2 protein level reduced sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs and led to worse survival [134]. Essential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for PrCa proliferation were explored via dCas9-KRAB negative screening with 2166 candidate SNP sites in 9133 gRNAs. RIGOR program analysis identified 117 SNPs which tended to reside near 5 kb flanking the transcription start sites. SNP (rs60464856) site targeting in stable dCas9 expressing cell line showed significant down regulation of RUVBL1 gene, and further validation showed that RUVBL1 was associated with tumorigenesis [135]. dCas9-KRAB perturbation genome screening identified 470 high-confidence cis enhancer-gene pairs in 5920 enhancers in chronic myelogenous leukemia cell K562, facilitating the large-scale mapping of enhancer-gene regulatory interaction network [49]. The utilization of -Cas9 in investigating drug resistance against tumorsResistance to nucleotide analog 6- thioguanine was examined by genome-scale knockout screen in two human cell lines, identified DNA mismatch repair pathway, DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) and cyclin-dependent kinase 6, (CDK) for DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2A) poison etoposide, demonstrating Cas9/ sgRNA screens as a powerful tool for systematic genetic analysis in mammalian cells [26]. knockout screening in human A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells identified 5 EGF-resistance genes, and further RNAi validation showed DUSP1 increased survival of EGF treated cells, providing a novel target for EGFR-overexpressing cancers [86]. Genome-wide knockout screening using -Cas9 was also carried out in respiratory cancers, including Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and lung cancer (LC). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it describes various applications of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning 'dCas9-KRAB' and its utility in genome-wide screening to explore therapeutic targets and regulatory interactions in cancer research. This aligns with the claim that CRISPR is a precise gene-editing technology utilized by scientists.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: But these are not issues on which water managers can determine policy. At best, they can ensure that the concerns and constraints are well understood and thus influence wider development policy debates. FlexibilityIn response to uncertainty about future trends, it is helpful if strategies to meet future needs are sufficiently flexible to accommodate different futures. This principle has already been explicitly adopted in a number of the case study projects: has identified a range of options that could rapidly be implemented in the event of a “step change” in climate; the ENCW scheme serving Windhoek can be implemented in a sequence of steps. Similarly, each step in the past and future development of South Africa’s IVRS involved a choice from a set of different options. System-and ProblemshedsThe importance of conceptualizing and operating linked infrastructure as a system rather than as individual units brings many benefits. The values of these benefits are explicitly determined in the but are also evident in the IVRS, Windhoek, and, at a nascent stage, Mombasa and Cape Town’s new strategy. LinkagesThe linkage of different sources and demand centers provides a variety of resilience benefits that can greatly assist adaptation to changing climate conditions. A benefit that could be achieved by operating Zambezi hydropower as a coordinated system is that extreme events are often not correlated. While in the south and Kariba were running dry, which draws more resources from the north had to open its flood gates to manage inflows. South Africa’s IVRS has already demonstrated that multiple sources provide greater assured yields than the sum of their “stand-alone” yields and Windhoek’s situation is similar. Proposals for Kenya’s to form part of an integrated bulk system would replicate this approach. DiversificationDiversification of sources provides further important resilience benefits and should be a guiding principle for climate change adaptation. Windhoek’s surface water/groundwater mix has enabled it to withstand repeated drought crises. Cape Town’s recent experience highlighted the risk of relying solely on surface water supplies, which although linked all derived their inflow from a single small catchment area. Alternative sources had not been developed because, individually, their unit costs were higher, but this calculation omitted consideration of the value of additional reliability that could be gained from diversification. Care must be taken, however, to ensure that apparently diversified sources are not correlated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the limitations of management systems and the need for flexibility in response to uncertainties about climate change. It discusses the importance of diversifying sources and integrating various strategies to adapt to changing climate conditions, which suggests that AI alone is not sufficient to reverse climate change. It indicates that a multifaceted approach is necessary, as it mentions that relying on a single source exposes systems to risks, contradicting the claim that AI alone can solve such a complex problem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: Then, the local correspondence can be correctly estimated, and further the scene flow is correctly estimated. Corresponding author(s) Email: [email protected] Enabled Reagent-free Shu and 6 more November 01, 2021 Leukocyte differential test is a widely performed clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor-intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Here we report an artificial-intelligence enabled reagent-free imaging hematology analyzer () modality that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. is realized through training a two-step residual neural network using label-free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom-built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, we not only achieved high accuracy in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also classified CD4 and CD8 cells, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. We validated the performance of in a randomly selected test set and cross-validated it across all blood donors. Owing to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, we envision is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource-limited settings, e. g. , during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases. Corresponding author(s) Email: [email protected], [email protected] The "easy part" of the Hard Problem: a resonance theory of consciousness and 1 more January 04, 2019 [1], Jonathan SchoolerUniversity of Barbara Synchronization, harmonization, vibrations, or simply resonance in its most general sense seems to have an integral relationship with consciousness itself. One of the possible “neural correlates of consciousness” in mammalian brains is a combination of gamma, beta and theta synchrony. More broadly, we see similar kinds of resonance patterns in living and non-living structures of many types. What clues can resonance provide about the nature of consciousness more generally? This paper provides an overview of resonating structures in the fields of neuroscience, biology and physics and attempts to coalesce these data into a solution to what we see as the “easy part” of the Hard Problem, which is generally known as the “combination problem” or the “binding problem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses artificial intelligence in hematology and concepts related to consciousness, with no mention of agriculture or the domestication of crops and their impact on human civilization.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: cancer organoid biobank established from 31 distinct tumor lines was used forCas9 genome editing and drug screening, indicated increased sensitivity of kinase inhibitors dasatinib and VE-821 with driver gene ARID1A mutation [148]. Drug response evaluation by in vivo screening () method was used in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid [127]. screening in vivo for cancer therapyIn 2022, FDA approved a total of five CAR-T cell products for the treatment of B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or high-grade lymphomas, as well as multiple myeloma using lentiviral or γ-retroviral approaches [156]. Notably, two clinical trials (NCT05143307/NCT03872479) employed AAV as the delivery method in their studies on cancer therapy in vivo based on CAR-T cells andCas system [117]. screening system provides a robust genetic tool for in vivo elucidation of CAR-T resistance mechanisms. Loss-of-function genetic screens in an immunocompetent murine model with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) identified the IFNR/JAK/STAT signaling and antigen processing and presentation pathway as key factors for CAR-T resistance in vivo. In addition, natural killer (NK) cells also engage in the resistance progress [157]. Gain-of-function activation screen in primary CD8 + T cells identified a key factor PRODH2 for improving the in vivo efficacy of CAR-T based cell killing. Augmentation of PRODH2 enhanced metabolic function of CAR-T cells as an immune booster [158]. screening was also utilized for in vivo investigation to elucidate gene function within a whole organism or the context of complex biological systems, using lentiviral or AAV mediated sgRNA transfection in living organisms. AAV was the widely used vector for in vivo genetic therapy due to its low immunogenicity and non-pathogenic character [118]. The limitation of AAV’s vector capacity has been addressed through the recent development of a two-split intern vectors system [159], while smaller SpCas9 orthologues such as SaCas9 have demonstrated comparable editing efficiency to that of SpCas9, rendering them suitable for AAV-SaCas9 mediated in vivo genome editing [21]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing genome editing utilizing Cas9, which is a component of CRISPR technology. It mentions the use of Cas9 in genetic manipulation which aligns with the claim that CRISPR allows for precise changes to DNA. Furthermore, it references advancements in genome editing technologies, indicating their applicability in various biological contexts, thereby supporting the assertion about gene-editing capabilities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: Communication to ConsensusWater resource development occurs to a greater or lesser extent in the public domain and is thus subject to public scrutiny and political decision. One of the challenges faced by sector managers is that they address complex issues about which public perceptions may differ widely. Water management institutions need to develop and sustain communication with their stakeholder communities to ensure their support for demand-side interventions as well as for investments on the supply side. Information for “Dynamic Stationarity”The dynamic nature of hydrological systems under climate change means that analysis will no longer rely on standard sets of reference data from a fixed time period. The values of many hydrological variables will be changing in unpredictable ways that will require hydrological data to be updated on a regular basis. This will require an intensification of data collection and management. As one group of commentators remarked, “in a nonstationary world, continuity of observations is critical” (Milly et al. 2008). ConclusionsThe principles that emerged from this review support the initial hypothesis that adaptation to climate change in the water and hydropower sector will best be achieved by following strategies that address current climate variability. All of the principles enunciated are equally appropriate to current climate variability or climate change. The proviso introduced by including climate change is that such interventions should recognize that uncertainties under future climate change are likely to be greater than at present. This reinforces the need for options that allow greater flexibility of approach, but it also highlights the need for a precautionary approach that will see interventions made earlier rather than later, as found to its cost. The idea that interventions should be made sooner rather than later will often meet opposition because it will be seen to reinforce current development trajectories and path dependence. The reason that alternative trajectories are not followed is usually that they are constrained by politics and economics. Even if the intent is to allow economic and social disruption to drive new trajectories, creating water and power crises is unlikely to create the conditions for change. Given the challenges posed by climate change, deliberate disruption of societies and economies is a high risk strategy with little certainty about the likely outcomes. One consistent finding is that the challenges of planning, implementing, and operating large water resource schemes under difficult hydrologies will become more complex as climate change impacts intensify. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of water management and climate change adaptation, emphasizing that deliberate disruption of societies and economies due to climate challenges is a high-risk strategy with uncertain outcomes. It highlights that responses to climate change require careful planning and cannot rely solely on technological solutions like AI but must consider political, economic, and environmental complexities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Domestication of crops has played a crucial role in human civilization. [SEP] Text: ” The combination problem asks: how do micro-conscious entities combine into a higher-level macro-consciousness? The proposed solution in the context of mammalian consciousness suggests that a shared resonance is what allows different parts of the brain to achieve a phase transition in the speed and bandwidth of information flows between the constituent parts. This phase transition allows for richer varieties of consciousness to arise, with the character and content of that consciousness in each moment determined by the particular set of constituent neurons. We also offer more general insights into the ontology of consciousness and suggest that consciousness manifests as a relatively smooth continuum of increasing richness in all physical processes, distinguishing our view from emergentist materialism. We refer to this approach as a (general) resonance theory of consciousness and offer some responses to Chalmers’ questions about the different kinds of “combination problem. ” At the heart of the universe is a steady, insistent beat: the sound of cycles in sync…. [T]hese feats of synchrony occur spontaneously, almost as if nature has an eerie yearning for order. Steven Strogatz, Sync: Chaos in the Universe, Nature and (2003) If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration. (1942) I. there an “easy part” and a “hard part” to the of consciousness? In this paper, we suggest that there is. The harder part is arriving at a philosophical position with respect to the relationship of matter and mind. This paper is about the “easy part” of the but we address the “hard part” briefly in this introduction. We have both arrived, after much deliberation, at the position of panpsychism or panexperientialism (all matter has at least some associated mind/experience and vice versa). This is the view that all things and processes have both mental and physical aspects. Matter and mind are two sides of the same coin. Panpsychism is one of many possible approaches that addresses the “hard part” of the Hard Problem. We adopt this position for all the reasons various authors have listed (Chalmers 1996, Griffin 1997, Hunt 2011, Goff 2017). This first step is particularly powerful if we adopt the Whiteheadian version of panpsychism (Whitehead 1929). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not discuss domestication of crops, human civilization, or any related agricultural topics. Instead, it delves into the philosophical aspects of consciousness and its relationship with matter, offering insights into the nature of consciousness rather than agricultural history or its significance to human society.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR is a gene-editing technology that allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA. [SEP] Text: Additionally, Cre-dependent and constitutive Cas9 expressing transgenic mice were established with EGFP labeling, which provides an animal model for genome-wide targeting and contributes to in vivo investigation [24]. In vivo screens were performed in mouse brain, liver, pancreases, lung and so on. The application of SpCas9 and gRNAs using AAV vectors enabled multiple gene modifications in the adult mouse brain, demonstrating its potential for genetic regulation [33]. Gliomagenesis suppressors were investigated by in vivo stereotaxic injection of AAV carrier sgRNA library in conditional-Cas9 mouse brain [160]. Autochthonous invasion of AAV-mTSGs library in Cre-inducible Cas9 mice liver led to cancer development in situ, and the mice died within 4 months [89]. NIT1 cells (a non-obese-diabetic-derived mouse beta cell line) mutated with GeCKO-v2 were subcutaneously transplanted into type 1 diabetes mouse model to identify genes contributing to autoimmune killing resistance [161]. With the AAV9-LPL gene delivery into the lung, multiple mutations of KRASG12D, p53 and LKB1 were obtained to induce macroscopic tumors. In vivo screening for lung cancer TSGs throughCas9 genome-wide knockout showed that ZNF24 contributed to P65 suppression via NF-κB pathway. Combinational inhibition of -κB, and PD-1 effectively shrank autochthonous KrasG12D/ZNF24−/− lung cancers in mouse [162]. Examination of immunotherapy-treated normal and Tcra-/- mice in vivo by screening showed the loss of CD47 caused resistance to immunotherapy. Deletion of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN2) increased immunotherapy efficacy [88]. screening identified PD-1, Tim-3, and RNA helicase Dhx37 as regulators of tumor infiltration and degranulation. Depletion of Dhx37 improved CD8 T cells efficacy towards triple-negative breast cancer in vivo, and the NF-kB signal pathway was involved in the process [163]. In vivo applications of screening system were summarized in the following Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple experiments utilizing CRISPR technology, particularly the use of SpCas9 and gRNAs for gene modifications in various tissues, including the mouse brain and liver. This indicates the application of CRISPR technology to make precise changes to DNA, aligning with the claim about CRISPR's fundamental role in gene editing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI alone can fully reverse climate change by 2050. [SEP] Text: While traditional hydrological tools can continue to be used, “dynamic stationarity” will require more intensive data collection, more frequent reviews and runs of models, and greater effort to communicate the findings and their implications to the wider community whose consent, trust, and support will be required for decisions. In most countries, this will require more capable organizations, better funded, staffed, and equipped than at present. In all of this, the primary constraint to adapting to the impacts of climate change by building more resilient and less vulnerable systems will continue to be financial. A particular challenge for the water sector’s practitioners will thus be to persuade their communities that additional support for planning and managing their countries’ water will insure them against the larger costs of water and power supply failures. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that addressing the challenges of climate change requires more than just AI; it highlights the need for intensive data collection, capable organizations, and financial support for effective planning and management. The focus is on community engagement and the necessity of additional resources, indicating that AI alone is insufficient for reversing climate change.