Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Another intriguing option currently being investigated is the direct use of bacterial products or their formulations; SCFAs are a focus for such research, considering their allergy-protective effects (96, 118, 124, 125). The combination of live biotherapeutics with active bacterial metabolites may be the best strategy for restoring an allergy-protective microbiota. Development of these therapeutics is still in the early stages but shows considerable promise for the treatment and prevention of allergic diseases. 6302. Address correspondence to: Cathryn R. Nagler, of Chicago, 924 East 57th Street, JFK R410, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. Phone: 773. 702. 6317; Email: cnagler@bsd. uchicago. edu. of interest: CRN is president and cofounder of ClostraBio Inc. Copyright: © 2019 for Reference information: J Clin Invest. 2019;129(4):1483–1492. 907. View this 56. View this 494. View this 998. View this 1260. View this 528. View this 64. View this 495. View this 1975. View this 41. View this 2372. View this 4696. View this 215. View this 280. View this 1122. View this 479. View this 424. View this 170. View this 569. View this 28. View this 136. View this 1083. View this 40. View this 155. View this 436. View this 64. View this 1697. View this 370. View this 1192. View this 2205. View this 200. View this 4680. View this 108. View this 1119. View this 1021. View this 326. View this 77. View this 866. View this 446. View this 1456. View this 491. View this 6955. View this 172. View this 859. View this 766. View this 6106. View this 2504. View this 401. View this 1274. e3. View this 8557. View this 2221. View this 8288. View this 2200. View this 617. View this 2121. View this 4979. View this 993. e1. View this 8326. View this 33. View this 882. e4. View this 875. e1. View this 22. View this 985. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the investigation into bacterial products, specifically short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and their allergy-protective effects, which suggests a mechanism through which the microbiome could influence health. The development of therapeutics aimed at restoring a protective microbiota also indicates a link between the microbiome and health outcomes, particularly regarding allergic diseases.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: Altered ecosystem C processes ANPP of plantations, with stand ages ranging from 32 to 50 years, was 11% lower than that of natural forests. The decrease in ANPP could result primarily from the differences in fine root biomass and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. As well as fine root biomass (Fig. 1), leaf area index was significantly lower (−13%) in plantations than in natural forests based on nine field cases [23]–[26]. In addition, the reduction of ANPP could have resulted from decreased soil available N, P, and K concentrations in plantations relative to natural forests (Fig. 1). Due to the combined effects of reduced fine root biomass, leaf area index and soil nutrient availability, plantations might assimilate less atmospheric CO2 into ecosystems than natural forests. Our results on ANPP were inconsistent with the traditional opinion that plantations might have higher yield than natural forests [e. g. , [5], [9], [14]]. The traditional opinion concerned the wood increment of main stems in plantations. All else being equal, the increment of stem wood is far smaller than ANPP in plantations. Aboveground litterfall was 34% lower in plantations than in natural forests (Fig. 1), which is in agreement with many field studies [e. g. , [6], [19]]. The decreased aboveground litterfall could be explained by the differences in ANPP and leaf area index between plantations and natural forests. Generally, a lower ANPP may generate less aboveground litter. The leaf portion may be high in aboveground litter stock [21], [27]. The lower leaf area index means that plantations had lower aboveground litterfall in comparison with natural forests. The decreased aboveground litterfall suggests that plantations might have decelerated ecosystem nutrient cycling processes in comparison with natural forests. The rate of soil respiration was lower in plantations than in natural forests in 12 of 14 cases (Table 1). Belowground biomass and fine root biomass as well as soil microbial biomass are important to regulate the rate of soil respiration. Our results showed that all of belowground biomass, fine root biomass and soil microbial C concentration were lower in plantations than in natural forests. In addition, the change in soil respiration rate may be mediated by alteration of soil moisture [28]. A meta-analysis showed that soil moisture decreased by 25% in plantations relative to natural forests [29]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that plantations may assimilate less atmospheric CO2 compared to natural forests due to lower aboveground net primary production (ANPP), reduced fine root biomass, and lower soil nutrient availability. This suggests that merely planting trees (which would highlight the idea of 'one tree per person') may not be sufficient to effectively combat climate change, as plantations may not function as efficiently in carbon assimilation as natural forests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: sites were selected purposively through feasibility study based on the agro-ecological zones of the district (lowland, middle and highland) because such stratification can represent the whole district. This helps for the effective evaluation of the distribution of medicinal plants and the variability of traditional knowledge in different agro-climatic zone. selected are shown in Fig. 1. Representative informants were selected through systematic random sampling by flipping a coin for household and/or for individuals to be selected based on the age, sex and educational background. When the coin comes up a head, the informant was selected, if tail comes up the informant was not selected following the method recommended by Martin [1]. This helps to provide equal statistical chance to all members of population with the age ranges between 18 and 75, different sex and level of educational back ground, etc. Knowledgeable informants were selected by using purposive sampling methods based on recommendation obtained from elders and local authorities (and kebele administration leaders). The total sample size was decided by using the following simplified formula following [18]: Table 1 summarizes number of households and sample size in each Kebele. Table 1 Number of Households and sample sizes in each Kebele (Lowest administrative units) in Tiyo District, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. Name of the kebele No of size 1094×153 19 8643 1260 22 889 16 Dosha 789 14 714 13 658 12 972 17 985 17 1280 23 Total 8641 153 total of 153 respondents (84 males and 69 females) grouped into four age classes, 18–30, 31–45, 46–60 and 61–75 (Table 2) were involved in this study with age ranges from 18–75 and an average age of 45 years. From the total respondents fifty knowledgeable informants were selected based on recommendation of elders and local authorities. From fifty knowledgeable informants 26 key informants were selected and involved in different exercises. Table 2 Age, educational status and occupation of the respondents in three agro-ecological zones of. land land N=(46) % N=(56) % N=(51) % Total % Informants category Key informants 14 30. 43 20 35. 71 16 31. 37 50 32. 68 General informants 32 69. 57 36 64. 29 35 68. 62 103 67. 32 Age 18–30 10 21. 74 13 23. 21 12 23. 53 35 22. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information on the methodology for selecting informants and conducting a feasibility study in relation to the distribution of medicinal plants and traditional knowledge. It does not directly address the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 343:d6617 [9. 2019. The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via MBL activation. Nature 574:264–67 [10. Bäckhed 2004. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. PNAS 101:15718–23 [11. . 2013. Periodontitis: a host-mediated disruption of microbial homeostasis. Unlearning learned concepts. Periodontol 2000. 62:203–17 [12. Berrington de 2010. Body-mass index and mortality among 1. 46 million white adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 363:2211–19 [13. Blaser MJ. 2008. Understanding microbe-induced cancers. Cancer Prev. Res. 1:15–20 [14. 2015. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. 16:1599–600 [15. . 2006. The medical effects of mold exposure. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:326–33 [16. van de 2018. Salivary and gut microbiomes play a significant role in in vitro oral bioaccessibility, biotransformation, and intestinal absorption of arsenic from food. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52:14422–35 [17. 2011. Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 54:562–72 [18. . 2008. Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88:894–99 [19. . 2015. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 7:17–44 [20. 2019. Immobilization of cadmium and lead by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 mitigates apical-to-basolateral heavy metal translocation in a Caco-2 model of the intestinal epithelium. 10:321–33 [21. Darveau RP. 2010. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that illustrate the connection between the microbiome and health outcomes. For instance, it discusses how dietary factors influence gut microbiota ('The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health') and how imbalances in microbial communities contribute to health issues ('Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis'). These examples highlight the significant role that the human microbiome plays in health and disease mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: RRs of soil C stock, for example, was not significantly correlated with stand age of plantations, latitude (north/south) and mean annual precipitation and temperature of the study sites (all P>0. 1). Thus, the differences in ecosystem C pools between plantations and natural forests were related to the interactions of these factors. Any differential effects resulting from the two different groups in one of these factors could be swamped by the others for such differences. findings had at least two implications. First, plantations, with reduced ecosystem C stock, failed to function as C sink as originally intended, in comparison with natural forests. Over the last two decades, C sequestration strategies might have overstated the role of plantations in climate change mitigation [1], [8], [11], [30]. It is acknowledged that plantations established on non-forested fields such as agricultural lands do accumulate considerable C into woody biomass. However, a recent meta-analysis showed that conversion from non-forested lands to plantations caused a 6. 7% decrease in soil C stock globally [22]. In addition, mean rate of soil uptake of CH4, another important greenhouse gas, significantly decreased by 80% in plantations when compared with the natural forests based on 11 field cases [31]–[35]. Moreover, on the lands where plantations can grow, if other conditions are equal, secondary forests can develop well through natural succession [e. g. , [6], [12], [13]]. Thus, current strategies concerning C sequestration through creating plantations had better be adjusted by governments in international conferences like the United Nations' Conference. Second, our results on ecosystem C cycle provided an interpretation of ecosystem degradation associated with plantations [e. g. , [6], [17], [36]]. For example, both plant biomass and soil organic C stock decreased respectively by 24 and 10% from the first to the second rotation for C. lanceolata plantations, and by 39% and 15% from second to the third rotation [37]. Of course, the decrease in ecosystem C stock was partially due to an increased output as plantations and (/or) wood products were harvested [3], [22]. Additionally, improperly silvicultural activities in plantations might have accelerated ecosystem C loss in plantations [6], [22], [36]. Site preparation with burnt treatment, for example, increased soil C loss, compared with unburnt one (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by discussing the limitations of tree plantations in mitigating climate change. It explains that plantations have reduced ecosystem carbon stock and fail to function as significant carbon sinks compared to natural forests. The findings emphasize that the role of plantations in carbon sequestration may have been overstated and that while they accumulate biomass, they can contribute to a net decrease in soil carbon stock. This indicates that simply planting trees is insufficient to completely stop climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 88 31–45 11 23. 91 14 25. 00 12 23. 53 37 24. 18 46–60 13 28. 26 14 25. 00 13 25. 49 40 26. 14 61–75 12 26. 09 15 26. 79 14 27. 45 41 26. 80 17 36. 96 14 25. 00 16 31. 37 47 30. 72 Read and Write 12 26. 09 15 26. 79 14 27. 45 41 26. 80 Primary 7 15. 23 18 32. 14 8 15. 68 33 21. 57 Secondary 5 10. 87 10 17. 86 5 9. 80 20 13. 07 Diploma 3 6. 52 2 3. 57 1 1. 96 6 3. 92 Religious studies 2 4. 35 2 3. 57 2 3. 92 6 3. 92 41 89. 13 52 92. 86 46 90. 20 139 90. 85 Merchants 1 2. 17 2 3. 57 2 3. 92 5 3. 27 Herbalist 4 8. 70 2 3. 57 3 5. 88 9 5. 88 The informants in this study were comprised of four different age category and this helped to evaluate their views on traditional medication system, indigenous knowledge maintained, traditional conservation methods and management system practiced by society of different age groups. A larger of the informants (31. 65%) were illiterate. The major occupation of the informants is agriculture and have long year of experiences in using vegetation of their surroundings for their daily life and this helped to get informants with deep knowledge on traditional medicine. data were collected from October 1/2013 to January 30/2014 in several field trips, closely working with and clearly mentioning the aim of the study to informants to obtain clear and objective responses through different ethnobotanical methods. Semi-structured interview, focus group discussion, guided field walk, free listing, informants’ consensus, preference ranking, direct matrix ranking, paired comparison and fidelity level index were used for collecting data as described below. Semi-structured Interview Semi-structured interview was conducted using prepared questions in Afaan Oromo, which is the local language of the informants following the accepted practice [1, 12]. During interview, issues regarding name, age, sex, level of education, occupation, religion and ethnicity of the informants were included. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not provide any information regarding the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. Instead, it discusses the demographic and methodological aspects of a study related to traditional medicinal practices without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 8:481–90 [22. Dong TS, Gupta A. 2019. Influence of early life, diet, and the environment on the microbiome. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17:231–42 [23. 2014. A gnotobiotic mouse model demonstrates that dietary fiber protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner. 4:1387–97 [24. Douglas AE. 2019. Simple animal models for microbiome research. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17:764–75 [25. Dreher ML. 2018. Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients 10:1833 [26. 2008. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int. J. Obes. 32:1720–24 [27. - 2017. Microbes and cancer. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 35:199–228 [28. Eder W, von 2004. Hygiene hypothesis and endotoxin: What is the evidence? . Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 4:113–17 [29. - 2011. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 364:701–9 [30. án 2017. Schrödinger's microbes: tools for distinguishing the living from the dead in microbial ecosystems. Microbiome 5:86 [31. -Lumikari M. 2001. Saliva flow rate, amylase activity, and protein and electrolyte concentrations in saliva after acute alcohol consumption. . Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 92:292–98 [32. . 2015. The gastrointestinal microbiome: alcohol effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota. 37:223–36 [33. 2018. Daylight exposure modulates bacterial communities associated with household dust. Microbiome 6:175 [34. 2018. Human oral microbiota and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut 67:1120–27 [35. . 2014. A taxonomic signature of obesity in the microbiome? Getting to the guts of the matter. 9:e84689 [36. Gilbert JA, Stephens B. 2018. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides several references that suggest the influence of the microbiome on health and disease, such as mentions of dietary impacts on the microbiome and associated health effects. For example, it discusses how the 'gastrointestinal microbiome' impacts the 'composition of intestinal microbiota' and lists various studies that explore factors affecting the microbiome, implying a relationship between microbiome composition and health outcomes like obesity and cancer.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: To avoid ecosystem degradation associated with plantations, restoration measures need to be implemented to engineer ecosystems toward their natural potentials. The shifts from natural forests to plantations can also generate other ecological problems. For example, soil bulk density, representing the degree of soil compaction, was 12. 9% higher in plantations relative to natural forests [29]. Increased soil compaction may limit roots' access to water and nutrients, destroy soil structural units, slow gaseous diffusion, and reduce litter decomposition in plantations. Additionally, it has been reported that plantations decrease stream flow by 227 millimetres per year globally, and that climate feedbacks were unlikely to offset such water losses [38]. On the other hand, plantations can substantially provide human demands, e. g. , domestic and industrial timbers. Therefore, we are now facing a great challenge of developing a management policy for plantation practice that minimizes their negative impacts on ecosystems but maximizes their traditional values. Materials and sources To avoid bias in publication selection, the following five criteria were set for the inclusion of data related to ecosystem C stock and other related variables for plantations and natural forests. First, the reference ecosystems relative to plantations were primary and secondary forests which were naturally generated and free from disturbance (i. e. , natural forests). As a result, secondary forests were dominant in the reference ecosystems in this synthesis. Second, the trees in plantations were arboreal species, not including bamboos, shrubs, or fruit and non-timber species such as apple, coffee or rubber trees. Third, field studies were conducted by paired-site design in fields where there were both of plantations and natural forests [7], [8]. For studies conducted by chronosequence design for plantations compared with natural forests, the oldest plantations were included. For studies with repeated-sampling design for plantations compared with natural forests, the datasets sampled in the last time were collected. Fourth, studies were free of experimental treatments (e. g. free-air CO2 enrichment and warming) which did not belong to the normal range of silvicultural activities. Fifth, for soil variables, data were collected from the samples of soil surface layer. If data from the samples of different layers in a soil profile had been compiled into one, the compiled one was employed. Databases of and Web of Science, licensed to library, were used to search for source data from inception to September 2009. Study sites were located in all continents except for Antarctic. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the ecological ramifications of plantations compared to natural forests. It highlights several issues regarding plantations, such as increased soil compaction, decreased stream flow, and other ecological problems that arise from converting natural forests into plantations. These points suggest that simply planting trees, as the claim proposes, is not a sufficient solution to halt climate change and could instead create various environmental challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Table 10 Indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants across age and sex in. respondents No. of knowledgeable informants Total plant identified Percentage of the total Age ranges 153 50 83 100. 00 18–30 35 6 9 10. 84 31–45 37 8 10 12. 05 46–60 40 14 30 36. 14 61–75 41 22 34 40. 96 Gender 153 45 83 100. 00 Male 84 35 59 71. 08 Female 69 15 24 28. 92 The results showed that the knowledge of medicinal plant increased as the age of the informant increased. The young generation particularly those in the age category less than 45 years have no or a little concept about herbal medicine when compared to population with age category above 45 years. Preference ranking and paired comparison exercise based on key informant responses gave quantified ideas about the relative importance of some medicinal plants in Tiyo District. P11. Table 11 Results of p0. 92), followed by Respiratory diseases (0. 80) and Febrile illness (0. 79) as summarized in Table 14. Table 13 Average scores of direct matrix ranking for eight medicinal plants with their use diversity in. (The use values are from 0-5: 0=No use, 1=Least, 2=Less, 3, 4, 5 =highest/best)div> List of plant species Use category wood Total score Carissa spinarum 5 3 5 4 5 1 1 24 1st Terminalia brownie 0 3 5 4 4 1 4 21 2nd Croton macrostachyus 0 2 4 5 4 1 4 20 3rd Eucalyptus globulus 0 0 4 5 5 0 5 19 4th Podocarpus falcatus 0 1 4 5 3 1 3 17 6th Hagenia abyssinica 0 2 5 3 2 0 3 15 8th Azadirachta indica 0 4 4 4 2 0 2 16 7th Vernonia amygdalina 0 4 4 3 3 1 3 18 5th Table 14 Factor (ICF) values of traditional medicinal plants used to treat human ailments in. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the efficacy of all plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. Although it provides information about indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants and variability based on factors like age and gender, it does not assess or verify the effectiveness of these plants for contemporary health issues. Thus, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Microbiology of the built environment. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16:661–70 [37. . 2018. Emerging evidence linking the gut microbiome to neurologic disorders. 10:98 [38. . 2017. Geography, ethnicity or subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome composition and diversity. Front. Microbiol. 8:1162 [39. 2020. Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. EBioMedicine 51:102590 [40. Hadrich D. 2018. Microbiome research is becoming the key to better understanding health and nutrition. Front. Genet. 9:212 [41. Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. 2016. Dancing with the stars: how choreographed bacterial interactions dictate nososymbiocity and give rise to keystone pathogens, accessory pathogens, and pathobionts. 24:477–89 [42. Halden RU. 2016. Lessons learned from probing for impacts of triclosan and triclocarban on human microbiomes. mSphere 1:e00089–16 [43. 2018. Association of oral microbiome with risk for incident head and neck squamous cell cancer. JAMA Oncol 4:358–65 [44. - 2009. High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity. Gastroenterology 137:1716–24. e1–2 [45. Proj. Consort 2012. Project: structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207–14 [46. Ingram LO. 1990. Ethanol tolerance in bacteria. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 9:305–19 [47. Integr. HMP (iHMP) Res. Netw. Consort 2019. Project. Nature 569:641–48 [48. Jabbour Z, do Nascimento C, dos BG, El-Hakim M, Henderson JE, de Albuquerque RF Jr. 2013. Assessing the oral microbiota of healthy and alcohol-treated rats using whole-genome DNA probes from human bacteria. Arch. Oral Biol. 58:317–23 [49. Jansson L. 2008. Association between alcohol consumption and dental health. J. Clin. Periodontol. 35:379–84 [50. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple references that discuss the relationship between microbiomes and health conditions. It mentions studies linking the gut microbiome to neurologic disorders, the role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes, and also addresses how variations in human microbiome composition relate to health, thus supporting the assertion that the human microbiome influences health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: (2005) Transformation of a Podocarpus falcatus dominated natural forest into a monoculture Eucalyptus globulus plantation at Munesa, Ethiopia: soil organic C, N and S dynamics in primary p98. View 18. Wall A, Hytönen J (2005) Soil fertility of afforested arable land compared to continuously forested sites. Plant and Soil 275: 247–260. View 19. (2007) Comparison of litterfall production and leaf litter decomposition between an exotic black locust plantation and an indigenous oak forest near Yan'an on the Loess Plateau, China. and Management 241: 84–90. View 20. Kasel S, Bennett LT (2007) Land-use history, forest conversion, and soil organic carbon in pine plantations and native forests of south eastern Australia. Geoderma 137: 401–413. View 21. (2002) Principles of terrestrial ecosystem ecology. New York: Springer. 22. Berthrong ST, Jobbágy EG, Jackson RB (2009) A global meta-analysis of soil exchangeable cations, pH, carbon and nitrogen with afforestation. 19: 2228–2241. View 23. (1997) Leaf litterfall, leaf area index, and radiation transmittance in cypress wetlands and slash pine plantations in north-central Florida. and Management 4: 257–271. View 24. (2004) Effects of canopy cover and understory environment of tree plantations on richness, density and size of colonizing woody species in southern Ethiopia. and Management 194: 1–10. View 25. (2005) The importance of canopy structure in controlling the interception loss of rainfall: Examples from a young and an old-growth Douglas-fir forest. Agricultural and 130: 113–129. View 26. Chen S, Sang WG (2007) Dynamics of leaf area index and canopy openness for three forest communities in the warm temperate zone of China (in Chinese). Journal of (Chinese Version) 31: 431–436. View 27. Berg B, Mc(2003) Plant litter decomposition, humus formation, carbon sequestration. New York: Springer. 28. (2006) Soil respiration and the Environment. San Diego: Press. 29. (2010) Transformation of natural forests to plantations affects soil properties: A meta-analysis. Biology (under review). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to forest dynamics, soil fertility, and afforestation effects but does not support the claim that planting one tree for every person will completely stop climate change. Instead, it highlights that the transformation of forests and various soil and ecological studies point to a more complex interaction between trees and climate change. Therefore, the text contrasts the claim by implying that simply planting trees is insufficient to address the multifaceted issue of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: List of plant species Use category wood Total score Carissa spinarum 5 3 5 4 5 1 1 24 1st Terminalia brownie 0 3 5 4 4 1 4 21 2nd Croton macrostachyus 0 2 4 5 4 1 4 20 3rd Eucalyptus globulus 0 0 4 5 5 0 5 19 4th Podocarpus falcatus 0 1 4 5 3 1 3 17 6th Hagenia abyssinica 0 2 5 3 2 0 3 15 8th Azadirachta indica 0 4 4 4 2 0 2 16 7th Vernonia amygdalina 0 4 4 3 3 1 3 18 5th level was performed for four categories of ailments treated by various medicinal plant species and the highest fidelity level was recorded for Podocarpus falcatus (44. 44%) for treating rabies, Cynoglosum amplifolium (36. 84%) for treating poison, Euphorbia dumalis (36. 84%) for treating wart and Carissa spinarum (36. 84) for treating evil eye and spirit among other medicinal plants used for the same services (Table 15). Table 15 value of medicinal plants commonly reported against a given ailment category Disease category Species used % of all species Use 4. 82 37 14. 02 0. 92 Respiratory diseases 6 7. 23 26 9. 85 0. 80 Febrile illness 4 4. 82 15 5. 68 0. 79 Oral, dental & pharyngeal 5 6. 02 17 6. 44 0. 75 Evil spirit 9 10. 84 32 12. 12 0. 74 Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) 7 8. 43 22 8. 33 0. 71 Rabies, wart 12 14. 46 35 13. 26 0. 68 Dermatological diseases 12 14. 46 33 12. 50 0. 66 External injuries, bleeding & poison 12 14. 46 29 10. 98 0. 59 Others 13 15. 67 18 6. 82 0. 28 Medicinal plants Therapeutic category value % Podocarpus falcatus Rabies 8 18 44. 44 Carissa spinarum Evil eye 7 19 36. 84 Cynoglosum amplifolium Poison 7 19 36. 84 Euphorbia dumalis Wart 7 19 36. 84 Dodonaea angustifolia wart 6 20 30. 00 Solanum somalense Rabies 6 20 30. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various plant species and their scores in treating different ailments, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the effectiveness of all plants in traditional medicine for modern ailments. Instead, it focuses on specific plants and their recorded effectiveness for particular diseases, indicating that not all traditional medicinal plants may be effective for modern ailments, as effectiveness varies. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Kantorski KZ, de da Rocha RF. 2007. Effect of an alcoholic diet on dental caries and on Streptococcus of the mutans group. Study in rats. Braz. Oral Res. 21:101–5 [51. öm G, Behre CJ et al. 2013. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 498:99–103 [52. 2017. Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science 356:eaag2770 [53. Korpi A, Pasanen A-L, Pasanen P. 1998. Volatile compounds originating from mixed microbial cultures on building materials under various humidity conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2914–19 [54. 2013. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Microbe 14:207–15 [55. . 1987. Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. Carcinogenesis 8:1543–48 [56. - 2014. Longitudinal analysis of microbial interaction between humans and the indoor environment. Science 345:1048–52 [57. Ley RE. 2010. Obesity and the human microbiome. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 26:5–11 [58. Ley RE, Bäckhed 2005. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. PNAS 102:11070–75 [59. . 2006. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444:1022–23 [60. 2013. Distinct distal gut microbiome diversity and composition in healthy children from Bangladesh and the United States. 8:e53838 [61. 2016. Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity. PNAS 113:5970–75 [62. Lu Y, Loos RJ. 2013. Obesity genomics: assessing the transferability of susceptibility loci across diverse populations. 5:55 [63. Macgregor ID. 1989. Effects of smoking on oral ecology. A review of the literature. Clin. Prev. Dent. 11:3–7 [64. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes multiple studies that explore the relationship between the human microbiome and health issues. For instance, it mentions research on 'Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control', which implies that the gut microbiome can influence glucose metabolism, a factor in health and disease. Additionally, it references studies linking specific bacteria such as 'Fusobacterium nucleatum' to intestinal tumorigenesis and the modulation of the immune environment, further supporting the claim that the human microbiome influences health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: There is clear evidence that Moringaoleiferais, no doubt, a suitable crop for climate change in Nigeria given its high level of adaptability and numerous nutritional, medicinal, agricultural, domestic and industrial values Ndubuaku et al. [68]. The heavy flushes produced by the trees even during the dry season act as good sink for carbon dioxide absorption and utilization, thus reducing the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide which is one of the major courses of ozone layer depletion and global warming. Moringa tree is a climate-change-adaptable crop for life sustenance against food insecurity threats Ndubuaku et al. [68]. Large production of the trees is, therefore, advocated especially amongst the women. It does not only add to the home-use foodstuff but also creates job opportunities for women and their children for their capacity building. It reduces death toll due to malnutrition and diseases Ndubuaku et al. [68]. The ability of the tree to mitigate the effects of climate change is also impressive. According to the study [31] the rate of Moringatree to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) is fifty times (50x) higher when compared to the Japanese cedar tree and also twenty times (20x) higher than that of general vegetation. Study on Moringaand global warming revealed that, 1 person emits 320kg of CO2/year; it takes 23 trees takes 50 years to absorb this amount of CO2; it takes 2 Moringa trees 2 years to absorb this amount and 1 family car emits 2300kg of CO2/year; it takes 160 trees 50 years to absorb this amount of CO2; it takes 10 Moringa trees 2 years [69]. Therefore, Moringa tree is useful tool in the prevention of global warming; because it sequesters more carbon with its all parts. Therefore, planting such important tree in different parts of the country will mitigate the impacts of climate change. tree is indeed a miracle tree with enormous potentials yet to be fully explored in medicinal and food application. All parts of Moringaoleifera tree is said to have usefulassets that can helphumankind. This study has tried to reviews a multipurpose uses of Moringa oleifera and suggestion for the future mitigation of climate change. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by arguing that while planting trees like Moringa oleifera can help in mitigating climate change due to their high carbon dioxide absorption capabilities, it does not suggest that this action alone will completely stop climate change. It emphasizes the tree's role in absorbing CO2 and its multiple agricultural and nutritional benefits but does not support the idea that simply planting a tree for each person will fully address the issue.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2003;85(1):43–52. Edwards S. The ecology and conservation status of medicinal plants in Ethiopia. What do we know? and sustainable Use of in Ethiopia, Proceedings of the on and Sustainable use of in Ethiopia. Edited by Zewdu M, Demissie A. Institute of and Research, Addis Ababa; 2001. 55. Getahun A. Some common medicinal and poisonous plants used in Ethiopian folk medicine; 1976. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Bekele E. Study on actual situation of medicinal plants in Ethiopia; 2007. Document prepared for. . Use of Plants by People of ‘Boosat’ Sub District, Ethiopia. of Health Science. 2006;16(2):141–55. Posey DA. Ethnobotany: Its implication and application. of the Congress of Ethnobiology; 1999. Edited by. Vol. 1, 7. Cotton CM. Ethnobotany principles and applications. Chichester: John WIiley & Sons; 1996. 424 pp. . Some threatened Endemic plants of Ethiopia. status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa, 1992. Edited by Edwards S, Asfaw Z. 55. . 2. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa. Asfaw Z. The role of home gardens in production and conservation of medicinal plants. of the on of in Ethiopia. Edited by Zewdu M, Demissie A. Institute of and Research, Addis Ababa; 2001. 91. Demissie A. Biodiversity conservation of medicinal plants: problems and prospects. of the on of in Ethiopia. Edited by Zewdu M, Demissie A. Institute of and Research, Addis Ababa; 2001. A discussion paper. Awas T, Demissew S. Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Kafficho people, south western Ethiopia. Proceeding of the 16 of Ethiopian studies; 2009. 726. Trondheim. Norway. Young A. Traditional medicine beliefs and practice among the Amahara of Begemeder; 1970. Yamane T. Statistics. Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Harper and Row; 1967. Alexiades M. Collecting ethnobotanical data. An introduction to basic concepts and techniques. Guideline for Ethnobotanical Research: A Field Manual; 1996. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. Instead, it contains references to various studies and documents related to traditional medicine and medicinal plants in Ethiopia, but does not provide any evidence supporting or contradicting the claim. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 2009. Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity: an observational study in volunteers. Nutr. J. 8:49 [65. . 1988. Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. 66:Suppl 11140–50 [66. Marmot M. 2006. Smoking and inequalities. Lancet 368:341–42 [67. 2013. Fermentative 2-carbon metabolism produces carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde in Candida albicans. Mol. Oral Microbiol. 28:281–91 [68. 2013. Acetaldehyde production and microbial colonization in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichenoid disease. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 116:61–68 [69. 2016. Lower neighborhood socioeconomic status associated with reduced diversity of the colonic microbiota in healthy adults. 11:e0148952 [70. 'et al. 2010. Composition and energy harvesting capacity of the gut microbiota: relationship to diet, obesity and time in mouse models. Gut 59:1635–42 [71. ıcı C et al. 2018. Inhalational exposure to particulate matter air pollution alters the composition of the gut microbiome. Environ. Pollut. 240:817–30 [72. 2012. Colonic microbiome is altered in alcoholism. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 302:G966–78 [73. Nieminen MT, Salaspuro M. 2018. Local acetaldehyde—an essential role in alcohol-related upper gastrointestinal tract carcinogenesis. Cancers 10:11 [74. NIH (Natl. Inst. Health) Hum. Microbiome Portf. Anal. Team 2019. A review of 10 years of human microbiome research activities at the US of Health, fiscal years 2007–2016. Microbiome 7:31 [75. -W, et al. 2016. The gut microbiome of healthy Japanese and its microbial and functional uniqueness. DNA Res 23:125–33 [76. Nociti FH Jr. ,. 2015. Current perspective of the impact of smoking on the progression and treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000. 67:187–210 [77. . 1999. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and research findings related to the microbiome and its associations with health conditions. For instance, it mentions the influence of dietary habits on gut microbiota composition and its linkage to fecal water genotoxicity. Additionally, it references factors like socioeconomic status and the impact of smoking on the microbiome, indicating a relationship between microbial composition and health outcomes. These points provide evidence supporting the claim that the human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: Numerous researchers concluded that, Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose treeand fast growing and well adapted to growing in adverse climate conditions and therefore,that is difficult to overlook in today’s battlewith the climate. Different studies reveal that, Moringa has a direct effect on agriculture, nutrition, health, water, environment, biodiversity and sanitation. The latest research has documented that,Moringa oleifera is one of the medicine to reduce the occurrence of waterborne disease which is on record as one of the main causes leading to high incidence of deaths in the developing countries. Thus, Moringa oleifera seedsare capable of appealing and sticking fast to bacteria and viruses that are found in contaminated and turbid water. The capacity of the Moringa tree is inspiring in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change. The research report by Japanese has displayed that the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the Moringa tree is twenty times (20x) higher than that of general vegetation. There is great potential for the Moringa tree to not only store carbon, but also to improve the livelihoods of many smallholder farmers. Therefore, planting of this tree in different parts of the country will mitigate the impacts of climate change. Moringa oleifera really recognized to be a "Miracle tree", because it has multipurpose use for humankind and thus named as a nature gift at very low price. In order to discover and utilize full uses of this miracle tree, market development strategies, Strong policies, and research were required. Given its multiple uses and wide range of adaptability, Moringa is an ideal crop for sustainable food production that thrives as the climate changes. Generally, Moringaoleiferaoffers very interesting opportunities for smallholder farmers as food supplement, medicine, nutrition, water treatment, livestock feed, vegetable, oil,foliar spray, green manure, natural fertilizer,cosmetic, fooder, care products, soil and water conservation and reduce greenhouse gas emission. Moringa should be promoted for further consumption to improve nutrition and medicinal functions and as well as for climate change mitigation. 5. (2013) Bioprospecting of Moringa(Moringaceae): Microbiological perspective. J pharmacogandphytochem 1: 193-215. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while Moringa oleifera has significant benefits for climate change mitigation, it does not imply that planting one tree per person will completely stop climate change. It emphasizes the multifaceted role of Moringa in improving various aspects such as agriculture, nutrition, health, and its potential for carbon dioxide absorption, but fails to support the notion that simply planting trees on this scale would fully address the complexity of climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Edited by Alexiades M, Sheldon JW. 94. York. Botanical Garden, U. S. A. . Medicinal plants in Mexico: Healer’s consensus and cultural, importance. Medic. 1998;47:1863–75. Nemarundwe N, Participatory methods for exploring livelihood values derived from forests: potential and limitations. the Hidden Forest: for Woodland and Forest Resource. Edited by. Ltd, London, 2002. 198. . A preliminary classification of the healing potential of medicinal plants, based on a rational analysis of an ethnopharmacological field survey among Bedouins in the Negev desert. IsraelJ Ethnopharmacol. 1986;16:275–87. Hedberg I, Edwards S, editors. Pittosoraceae to Araliaceae, Flora of Ethiopia and and Uppsala, 1989. 1995. 2. Sweden: and Upsala; 1995. 6. Herbarium, and Uppsala, 1997. 1. Sweden: and Upsala; 2000. p. . p. 532. editors. Asteraceae. Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea Vol. 4, Part 2. Herbarium, and Uppsala, 2004. 2006. 63. . Ethnobotany of medicinal plants in Ada’a District, Zone of State, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2015;11:25. . Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in Guji Agro-pastoralists, Bule hora District of Borana Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Studies. 2016;4(2):170–84. 10. 7176/. 2019) Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in of Oromia, Ethiopia, Journal of Research; 9: 13. ISSN 2224–3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225 – 0921 (Online) DOI:. Tamene B. A Floristic analysis and ethno botanical study of the Semi- Wet land of Cheffa Area, South Wello, Ethiopia. M. Sc. Thesis, 2000. University, Ethiopioa. Birhanu A. Use and conservation of traditional medicinal plants by Indigenous people in Jabitehnan Woreda, West Gojjam. M. Sc. Thesis, 2002. University, Ethiopia. Yineger H. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. Instead, it lists various studies and publications related to medicinal plants and ethnobotanical research without making any claims about their efficacy for contemporary health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Influence of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on the gut microbiota ecology and biochemical biomarkers. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 95:1323–34 [92. 2013. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science 341:1241214 [93. Rodgman A, Perfetti TA 2013. The alphabetical index to components identified in tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke. Components of Tobacco and 1713–2064 New York: CRC Press. , 2nd ed. . [94. . 2014. Microbial ‘old friends’, immunoregulation and socioeconomic status. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 177:1–12 [95. 2018. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature 555:210–15 [96. Salaspuro V, Salaspuro M. 2004. Synergistic effect of alcohol drinking and smoking on in vivo acetaldehyde concentration in saliva. Int. J. Cancer 111:480–83 [97. . 2015. Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome. Microbe 17:565–76 [98. . 2018. Smoking and the intestinal microbiome. Arch. Microbiol. 200:677–84 [99. Scannapieco FA. 1994. Saliva-bacterium interactions in oral microbial ecology. Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med. 5:203–48 [100. Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schäfer 2010. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity 18:190–95 [101. 2020. Transfer of environmental microbes to the skin and respiratory tract of humans after urban green space exposure. Environ. Int. 145:106084 [102. . 2014. Cigarette smoke condensate increases C. albicans adhesion, growth, biofilm formation, and EAP1, HWP1 and SAP2 gene expression. BMC Microbiol 14:61 [103. 2019. Longitudinal homogenization of the microbiome between both occupants and the built environment in a cohort of Cadets. Microbiome 7:70 [104. . 2016. The central nervous system and the gut microbiome. Cell 167:915–32 [105. . 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and findings related to the human microbiome's influence on health, such as how factors like red wine polyphenols, obesity, environment, and lifestyle choices like diet and smoking can affect gut microbiota, which in turn modulates metabolism and has implications for overall health. This suggests that the microbiome plays a significant role in health and disease through various mechanisms.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Planting one tree for every person on Earth will completely stop climate change. [SEP] Text: ) and Detariummicrocarpum (Guill and Sperr). J BiolSci 4: 711–715. Agbogidi O, (2012) Moringaoleifera Lam: its potentials as a food security and rural medicinal item. J Bio Innov. 1: 156–167. (2013) An evaluation of nutritional and sensory qualities of wheat-moringa cake. Agrosearch 13: 87–94. (2013) Enhancement of nutritional and biological values of Labneh by adding dry leaves of Moringaoleifera as innovative dairy products. World Appl22: 1594–1602. Kuikman M, O’Connor CP (2015) Sensory evaluation of Moringa-probiotic yogurt containing banana, sweet potato or avocado. J 4: 165–171. (2015) Sensory evaluation of locally-grown fruit purees and inulin fibre on probiotic yogurt in Mwanza, Tanzania and the microbial analysis of probiotic yogurt fortified with Moringaoleifera. J Health PopulNutr 33: 60–67. (2015) Physico-chemical properties of stiff dough ‘amla’ prepared from plantain (Musa Paradisca) flour and Moringa (Moringaoleifera) leaf powder. Dis 4: 48–58. (2013) Proximate, mineral and sensory qualities of ‘amla’ prepared from yam flour fortified with moringaleaf powder. FoodSciQualManag 12: 10–22. (2014) Effect of Moringaoleifera flower fortification on the nutritional quality and sensory properties of weaning food. Croat. J Food SciTechnol 6: 65–71. (2014) Effect of germinated tigernut and moringa flour blends on the quality of wheat-based bread. Preserv 38: 721–727. (2013) Ethno-medicinal and culinary uses of Moringaoleifera Lam. in Nigeria. J Res 7: 799–804. (2014) Comparison of Organoleptic properties of egusi and eforiro soup blends produced with moringaand spinach leaves. Food SciQualManag 28: 15–18. (2014) Development of fiber enriched herbal biscuits: a preliminary study on sensory evaluation and chemical composition. Sci 3: 246–250. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the topic of climate change or the impact of tree planting. The content primarily discusses various studies related to Moringa oleifera and its nutritional and sensory qualities, which does not support or contrast with the idea that planting trees can stop climate change.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: A study of Ethno botany of Medicinal plants and of the Forest at National Park. MSc Thesis, 2005. University, Ethiopia. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in District, southeastern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2008;4:10. Teklehymanot T. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and edible plants of in Afar regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2017;13:40. DOI. Tolassa E. Use and conservation of traditional medicinal plants by indigenous people in Gimbi Woreda, Western Wellega, Ethiopia. M. sc thesis, 2007. University, Ethiopia. Mohammed HA. Traditional Use, Management and Conservation of in Parts of Zone of the Region: Approach. M. Sc. Thesis, 2004. University, Ethiopia. . and Ethnobotany of in Southern Oromia. Ethiopia; Economic Botany. 2005;59(1):43–65. . Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants around Dheeraa town, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia. J Ethno Pharmacol. 2007;112(1):152–61. Awas T. in Western Ethiopia: Ecology, Ethnobotany and Conservation. PhD Dissertation, 2007. Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway. . Ethnobotanical investigation on medicinal plants in Algoz area (South Kordofan), Sudan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:31. . Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants in District, of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2018;14:64. Amenu E. Use and management of medicinal plants by of (Chelya Woreda) West Shoa, Ethiopia: Approach. MSc Thesis, 2007. University, Ethiopia. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by local people in the lowlands of Woreda, southern nations, nationalities and peoples regional state, Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2009;5:26. Ragunathan M, Solomon M. Ethnomedicinal survey of folk drugs used in District, north western Ethiopia. of Traditional Knowledge. 2009;8(2):281–4. Mesfin F. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists numerous studies and theses related to ethnobotanical research on medicinal plants in Ethiopia and provides a wide array of citations. However, it does not directly address the efficacy of traditional medicinal plants for modern ailments, nor does it provide evidence that supports or contradicts the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults. Environ. Microbiol. 17:4954–64 [119. Tenovuo J. 1998. Antimicrobial function of human saliva—how important is it for oral health? Acta Odontol. Scand. 56:250–56 [120. . 2004. Alcohol consumption and periodontal disease— Survey. J. Clin. Periodontol. 31:484–88 [121. Thomas AM, Gleber- 2014. Alcohol and tobacco consumption affects bacterial richness in oral cavity mucosa biofilms. BMC Microbiol 14:250 [122. 2013. Microbiota conservation and BMI signatures in adult monozygotic twins. ISME J 7:707–17 [123. Tlaskalova-. 2014. Microbiome and colorectal carcinoma: insights from germ-free and conventional animal models. 20:217–24 [124. -. 2017. The gut microbiome in human neurological disease: a review. Ann. Neurol. 81:369–82 [125. Turnbaugh PJ, Bäckhed 2008. Diet-induced obesity is linked to marked but reversible alterations in the mouse distal gut microbiome. Microbe 3:213–23 [126. 2009. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature 457:480–84 [127. -. 2007. Microbiome Project. Nature 449:804–10 [128. . 2006. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–31 [129. . 2017. Gut microbiota, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, and the diabetes epidemic. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 28:612–25 [130. ási AL, Miller GW. 2020. The exposome and health: where chemistry meets biology. Science 367:392–96 [131. Vogelmann R, Amieva MR. 2007. The role of bacterial pathogens in cancer. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 10:76–81 [132. . 2014. Meta-analyses of human gut microbes associated with obesity and IBD. FEBS Lett 588:4223–33 [133. Waterland RA. 2014. Epigenetic mechanisms affecting regulation of energy balance: many questions, few answers. Annu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing specific relationships between the gut microbiota and various health outcomes. For instance, it mentions how 'Gut microbiota richness promotes its stability upon increased dietary fibre intake in healthy adults,' indicating a direct link between dietary factors and microbiome stability, which can influence health. Furthermore, references to studies on the gut microbiome's connection with obesity, neurological diseases, and cancer suggest various mechanisms through which the microbiome can impact health and disease.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The ozone layer has completely recovered from damage caused by CFCs and is now impenetrable.The majority of cyber attacks target personal information, such as credit card numbers and passwords. [SEP] Text: Temporal heterogeneity reflects the idea that cells within a single population may display different rates of division or turnover (loss) at different times. For example, quiescent and dividing or recently-divided cells may be differentially susceptible to death. This form of heterogeneity has been invoked in models of T cell clonal expansion (Bonhoeffer et al. , 2000; Ribeiro et al. , 2002; et al. , 2003, 2012) and homeostasis (et al. , 2012). Discriminating between kinetic and temporal heterogeneity with DNA labelling alone is challenging (et al. , 2012; and Perelson, 2013), but doing so has the potential to give us mechanistic insights into T cell homeostasis on different levels. Kinetic heterogeneity likely reflects phenotypic substructure, and suggests the existence of distinct homeostatic or ecological niches if these subpopulations are stably maintained. In contrast, the extent of temporal heterogeneity – that is, how division and death are coupled – provides clues as to how numbers are regulated at the single-cell level. In short, our understanding of memory T cell homeostasis is limited because the effects of external sources of cells and heterogeneity in population dynamics may mimic or mask one another and it is difficult to distinguish them with conventional approaches. In this study we aimed to disentangle these processes, focusing on memory CD4 T cell subsets in mice. We use a temporal fate mapping method to directly estimate the constitutive rates of flow of cells into different memory CD4 T cell compartments. We then generate fine-grained timecourses of DNA labelling combined with measurements of cell cycle status, a strategy that when paired with the independent estimates of memory influxes yields sufficient information to discriminate between alternative models of population dynamics. This combined approach allows us to estimate for the first time the contributions at steady state of de novo production of memory cells and production through division of existing memory cells, as well as yielding insights into the cellular mechanisms regulating memory CD4 T cell subsets in mice. T cells transition to memory in the steady state and in the absence of deliberate infection It is an immunological paradigm that activation of naive T cells by foreign antigens ultimately gives rise to persistent populations of memory cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses concepts related to T cell dynamics and homeostasis in immunology without mentioning the ozone layer, CFCs, or cyber attacks. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Hence, the objective of the study was to record, compile, and document ethnobotanical knowledge held by THs of Megera subdistrict (kebele) and three other adjacent kebeles of Dalle District, Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Emphasis was given to the MPs used to treat various malignancies, jaundice, and helminthiases. MethodsDescription of the study areaThe study was conducted in Megera and three adjacent kebeles of Dalle District, one of the 21 districts (19 rural and 2 autonomous administrative towns), of (Fig. 1). is located in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State, Ethiopia. The city of Hawassa, located 275 km south of Addis Ababa, is the Regional and Zonal capital. The study area lies about 35 km south of Hawassa. The inhabitants of belong mainly to the Sidama nationality and their native language, Sidamu-afoo, belongs to the Cushitic languages family. According to the national census report projected for the year 2017, the zone has a total population of 3,668,304 (50. 41% male and 49. 59% female) [21]. has 35 kebeles and a population of 317,246 (male = 50. 31%, female = 49. 69%) of which 252,739 (79. 67%) dwell in the rural parts of the district [21, 22]. The study area belongs to a moderate (“Wo’richo” or “Woinadega”) climatic zone and lies between the altitudinal ranges of about 1700 and 1850 m above sea level. Fig. 1Map showing the study area in size imageReconnaissance survey and informant selectionBetween the months of February and April 2015, local administrators, elders (Hayyoole) (respected/influential personalities), rural development agents, and the center for training farmers were contacted and their recommendations obtained on how to locate and approach the local THs. Twenty THs (14 males and 6 females) were identified from Megera kebele and three other adjacent kebeles (Wene Nata, Wara, and Kaliti Simita) of the district, and their backgrounds were recorded (Table 1). They are all THs, mostly working with herbal medicine to varying extent. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the documentation of ethnobotanical knowledge and the study area, but does not provide any information about the effectiveness of plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments. It primarily describes the methodology of the study and the demographics of the local population involved, without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Rev. Nutr. 34:337–55 [134. WHO (Organ. ) 2000. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation Tech. Rep. Ser. 894, Organ Geneva: [135. WHO (Organ. ) 2012. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of to Humans Lyon, France: IARC [136. . 2017. Gut microbiome interactions with drug metabolism, efficacy, and toxicity. Transl. Res. 179:204–22 [137. -Y et al. 2011. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science 334:105–8 [138. 2017. Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug. Nat. Med. 23:850–58 [139. 2016. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J 10:2435–46 [140. Yeung F, Chen Y-H, Lin J- 2020. Altered immunity of laboratory mice in the natural environment is associated with fungal colonization. Microbe 27:809–22. e6 [141. Zahran SA, Ali-. 2019. Azoreductase activity of dye-decolorizing bacteria isolated from the human gut microbiota. Sci. Rep. 9:5508 [142. 2015. Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses. Cell 163:1079–94 [143. 2019. Longitudinal multi-omics of host-microbe dynamics in prediabetes. Nature 569:663–71 [144. Zinöcker MK, Lindseth IA. 2018. diet-microbiome-host interaction and its role in metabolic disease. Nutrients 10:365 [10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 on the and Implications for of 42, 277 (2021);content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020content/journals/10. 1146/annurev-publhealth-012420-105020 Data & Media loading. . . 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing several studies and reports that discuss the role of the gut microbiome in health and disease, such as the influence of the gut microbiome on drug metabolism and therapeutic effects of medications. Additionally, it mentions research linking dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes and the altered immunity associated with microbial colonization, which all strongly correlate with the claim of the microbiome's influence on health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: The aim of this work is to crack as many passwords as possible using the handshakes collected while walking through the metropolitan area of A Coruña. Additionally, using brute force, we built a targeted and contextualized dictionary that takes into account both the geographical location and the nature of the access point’s owner. Finally, we reduced the size of the dictionary using a contextualized grammar. The four-way handshake or why your neighbor sleeps more soundly New vulnerabilities in the WPA/WPA2 protocols have been discovered each year, but none of them have compromised the confidentiality of the authentication key. The four-way handshake has proven effective in preserving the security of that part of the protocol—each time a client wants to connect to an access point, they exchange four messages to confirm that the know the authentication key. This key is “hashed”, that is, a function has been applied to it that transforms the arbitrary size key (in WPA2, from eight to 63 characters) into another set of fixed size characters. In cryptography, a desirable quality of a hash function is that it is not reversible in practice, i. e. , it is computationally not feasible to calculate the inverse function and retrieve the input from the hash function. This is why passwords were obtained exclusively based on the available time and computing capacity since the WPA/WPA2 protocol was extended. The process of “dehashing” a password often involves three steps: Loading many terms, combinations of terms, or combinations of terms and symbols to build a word. Applying the hash algorithm to the word. Comparing the output of the previous algorithm with the hash to be deciphered. Therefore, on 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 1185/fig-1 The basic principle behind the four-way handshake is that the pre-shared key (PSK) cannot be transmitted to the public medium under any circumstances. Therefore, the first thing the client should do before starting the message exchange is to build the pairwise master key (PMK), as shown in Formula (1). (1) PMK=PBKDF2(HMAC−SHA1,4096,256) This is the version used by the WPA and WPA2 protocols. In order to understand it and the reasons for its choice, it would be interesting to shell it and build it step-by-step. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the methodology of cracking passwords through brute-force attacks and the technical aspects of the WPA/WPA2 protocols, rather than providing support for the idea of using strong passwords with a combination of characters, numbers, and symbols. It focuses on methods of password recovery rather than the prevention of unauthorized access through strong password practices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: There have been attempts to implement ABS system of the Convention on (CBD) in Ethiopia, taking into account the international obligations, including Nagoya Protocol, and other national considerations [73, 74]. Protocol, which came into effect on 12 October 2014, is an international legal tool that offers protection for traditional knowledge of medicines with the associated rights of indigenous communities [75]. Even though the country has acceded to the and had developed a code of conduct to enforce the ABS provisions, there are several issues which demand thorough action [73]. These encompass, problems related to human resources and institutional capacity building, centralization system, lack of effective enforcement and follow up mechanisms, vagueness of the code of conduct, and lack of effective scheme for community participation in ABS [73, 74]. It would therefore be very appropriate to recommend enforcement of the with all its international recommendations so that the TM knowledge and associated rights of the indigenous communities are fully protected. If this is addressed adequately, it will facilitate the proper documentation of valuable knowledge held by the TM practitioners and contribute to salvaging the loss of traditional herbal medicines. ConclusionThe present study compiled the knowledge held by TM practitioners, in addition to assessing the ethnobotanical knowledge available in the public domain. Megera and adjacent kebeles have diverse MP species used to treat various human ailments. The present study has shown that the THs of the area have a rich knowledge of TM and that traditional herbal medicine is an integral part of the healthcare system. Due to very scarce modern healthcare facilities around Megera and the economic insufficiency of the community to meet the prices of available modern healthcare services, THs are the most reliable providers of healthcare services to the community. The majority (64. 7%) of the MPs are found in wild habitats where anthropogenic activities are advancing and hence are vulnerable for destruction. Therefore, sustainable integrated natural resource management system has to be put in place as soon as possible. Indigenous stewardship of the natural resource, including the TM plants, has to be documented and augmented with government and non-government environmental rehabilitation programs to conserve the vegetation of the area. Other plant use categories including foods and drinks, firewood, charcoal making, construction and tools, commercial, bee forage, fodder, shade, cultural rituals, ornamental, etc. must also be documented in order to enhance the conservation of these vital natural resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the implementation of the Access and Benefit Sharing system for traditional medicine knowledge and the conservation of traditional herbal medicine plants in Ethiopia, without providing any evidence or claims regarding the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine for modern ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 2008. Understanding microbe-induced cancers. Cancer Prev. Res. 1:15–20 [14. 2015. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. 16:1599–600 [15. . 2006. The medical effects of mold exposure. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117:326–33 [16. van de 2018. Salivary and gut microbiomes play a significant role in in vitro oral bioaccessibility, biotransformation, and intestinal absorption of arsenic from food. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52:14422–35 [17. 2011. Characterization of fecal microbial communities in patients with liver cirrhosis. Hepatology 54:562–72 [18. . 2008. Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 88:894–99 [19. . 2015. The impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health. Nutrients 7:17–44 [20. 2019. Immobilization of cadmium and lead by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 mitigates apical-to-basolateral heavy metal translocation in a Caco-2 model of the intestinal epithelium. 10:321–33 [21. Darveau RP. 2010. Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 8:481–90 [22. Dong TS, Gupta A. 2019. Influence of early life, diet, and the environment on the microbiome. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17:231–42 [23. 2014. A gnotobiotic mouse model demonstrates that dietary fiber protects against colorectal tumorigenesis in a microbiota- and butyrate-dependent manner. 4:1387–97 [24. Douglas AE. 2019. Simple animal models for microbiome research. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17:764–75 [25. Dreher ML. 2018. Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients 10:1833 [26. 2008. Human colonic microbiota associated with diet, obesity and weight loss. Int. J. Obes. 32:1720–24 [27. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several studies that discuss the role of microbiota in health and disease mechanisms. For example, it mentions the 'Distinct composition of gut microbiota during pregnancy in overweight and normal-weight women' and the 'impact of diet and lifestyle on gut microbiota and human health,' indicating that the microbiome significantly influences health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Strong passwords should include a combination of letters, numbers, and special characters to prevent brute-force attacks. [SEP] Text: The only variables that require a brute-force attack to be executed are the bearable characters and the length of what is attempted to be deciphered. That is why, for this type of attack, there is no distinction between “holahola12” and “83dk12w7p1” when anyone, at first glance, can intuit that one must be easier to decipher than the other. That intuition is what the word collections or dictionaries condense. It is known that the password “holahola12” is statistically more likely than “83dk12w7p1”, not only because “hello” is a word frequently used in the Spanish language, but also because it has been found in the real world by other people who have already used it. According to ( “holahola12” was found in 721 leaks. A brute-force attack that knows the two variables mentioned in the previous paragraph will, in time, always crack the password. The problem is that many times one neither knows the characters used, the length of the word, or they do not have the necessary time, and that is why a compromise is sought: the search space is restricted to a subset in exchange for reducing the chances of success by deciphering the key. The easiest option is to use one of the most popular dictionaries in circulation on the Internet, which range in length from hundreds of thousands to billions of words. Many of them tend towards most Anglo-Saxon terms, but for this strategy based on pure probability, it is not a disadvantage. The other option is to develop one’s own specialized dictionary when knowing some target data such as the country, the name of the owner of the access point, or the company’s password length policy, and from that propose some patterns that generate the words of the dictionary. For example, an audit is to be performed at a point in Spain and the pattern chosen is “two Spanish words plus one or two digits or special symbols”. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that certain passwords which appear strong may actually be vulnerable to brute-force attacks due to their predictability based on common patterns and language usage. The mention of statistical likelihood regarding the simplicity of certain passwords undermines the claim that merely including a combination of characters guarantees strength against such attacks. The text emphasizes that factors like the popularity of dictionary words and specific user patterns can defeat the intentions of using a stronger password.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: An ethnobotany research training workshop in Madagascar. Appl. 2005;3:309–27. 9. 1995. Book 1996. 71. 42. 9. 96. 310. 20. Pankhurst R. The traditional taenicides of Ethiopia. J Allied Sci. 1969;24(3):323–34. 20. 2023. Geneva: WHO; 2013. p. 78. 34. 18. 32. 52. 1990. . An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in District, Tigray region of Ethiopia. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2013;9(1):65. 24. 10. 28. 8. 2010. p. 307. 12. 26. 19. 1989. 4. 2017. p. 99–119. Tafrihi M, Nakhaei SR. E-cadherin/β-catenin complex: a target for anticancer and antimetastasis plants/plant-derived compounds. Nutr Cancer. 2017; S, Alemu T. A survey on utilization of ethnomedicinal plants in Nekemte town, east Wellega (Oromia), Ethiopia. J Med Plants. 2012;18(1):34–57. 212. 68. 22. 42. 67. 9. 64. 84. 32. 41. 10. 4. 61. 84. 49. 1976. Ashenafi A. Current status of ABS implementation in Ethiopia Copenhagen; 2015. Accessed 10 Mar 2017. Birhanu FM. Challenges and prospects of implementing the access and benefit sharing regime of the Convention on in Africa: the case of Ethiopia. Agreements. 2010;10(3):249–66. 2017. . Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, part 2: Canellaceae to Euphorbiaceae. Uppsala: and Department of Systematic Botany; 1995. 1. Magnoliaceae to Flacourtiaceae. Uppsala: and Department of Systematic Botany; 2000. 5. Uppsala: and Department of Systematic Botany; 2006. 1. Apiaceae to Dipsacaceae. Uppsala: and Department of Systematic Botany; 2003. 6. Hydrocharitaceae to Arecaceae. Uppsala: and Department of Systematic Botany; 1997. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely a reference list of various studies and publications related to ethnobotanical research and does not provide any direct evidence or relevant information regarding whether all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. As such, it does not support or contradict the claim but is instead irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: - 2017. Microbes and cancer. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 35:199–228 [28. Eder W, von 2004. Hygiene hypothesis and endotoxin: What is the evidence? . Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 4:113–17 [29. - 2011. Exposure to environmental microorganisms and childhood asthma. N. Engl. J. Med. 364:701–9 [30. án 2017. Schrödinger's microbes: tools for distinguishing the living from the dead in microbial ecosystems. Microbiome 5:86 [31. -Lumikari M. 2001. Saliva flow rate, amylase activity, and protein and electrolyte concentrations in saliva after acute alcohol consumption. . Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. 92:292–98 [32. . 2015. The gastrointestinal microbiome: alcohol effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota. 37:223–36 [33. 2018. Daylight exposure modulates bacterial communities associated with household dust. Microbiome 6:175 [34. 2018. Human oral microbiota and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut 67:1120–27 [35. . 2014. A taxonomic signature of obesity in the microbiome? Getting to the guts of the matter. 9:e84689 [36. Gilbert JA, Stephens B. 2018. Microbiology of the built environment. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16:661–70 [37. . 2018. Emerging evidence linking the gut microbiome to neurologic disorders. 10:98 [38. . 2017. Geography, ethnicity or subsistence-specific variations in human microbiome composition and diversity. Front. Microbiol. 8:1162 [39. 2020. Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology. EBioMedicine 51:102590 [40. Hadrich D. 2018. Microbiome research is becoming the key to better understanding health and nutrition. Front. Genet. 9:212 [41. Hajishengallis G, Lamont RJ. 2016. Dancing with the stars: how choreographed bacterial interactions dictate nososymbiocity and give rise to keystone pathogens, accessory pathogens, and pathobionts. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes numerous studies and articles that support the claim regarding the influences of the human microbiome on health and disease. It mentions the gastrointestinal microbiome's impact on disorders such as cancer, asthma, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and even neurological disorders. For example, it discusses how the microbiome composition is linked to pancreatic cancer risk and the role of gut microbiota in diabetes pathophysiology, thus demonstrating various mechanisms through which the microbiome can affect health outcomes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: \(96\%\) of the participants (24 out of 25) were not scared to lose a lot of information by hitting the wrong key in mobile-based SPA. A participant explained that there was nothing to worry, since he did not give any important information to the websites. Perceived Security: \(80\%\) of the participants (20 out of 25) felt secure while using mobile-based SPA based on the range of responses. The users trusted mobile-based SPA more than they trust 2FA (\(t(24)=3. 25\) and \(p=0. 003\)), including all sub-statements. \(80\%\) of the comments (16 out of 20 participants who commented) stated that typing the password on the mobile device (conceived as a personal item) made the user feel more secure, whereas they needed to type their passwords on the websites in standard 2FA. One participant commented that seeing all works (computations) carried out on the mobile device made her feel more secure, and she felt as though she had the control of her password security, since she could see the steps (e. g. , SMS challenge, smart code generated). Another participant pointed out that he was aware of the danger if he used the same password for multiple websites, just as \(56\%\) of participants (14 out of 25) agreed that they would feel insecure to use the same password for multiple websites in password-based authentication. Using Technology: Mobile-based SPA performed statistically significantly better compared to 2FA (\(t(24)=2. 71\) and \(p=0. 01\)), including all sub-statements. The users are required to remember only a single password and used it all the time, while they need to remember each one of the passwords in the two-factor approach. One of the participants stated that she found two things she wanted at the same time, which are usability (easing her job by remembering one password) and more security (via employing a personal device and challenge). Even though mobile-based SPA and 2FA did not have a significant difference regarding effort expectation, \(80\%\) of the participants (20 out of 25) agreed that mobile-based SPA was easy to use. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that participants felt more secure using mobile-based Single Password Authentication (SPA) than 2FA, with statements like 'users trusted mobile-based SPA more than they trust 2FA' and indicating that 80% felt secure with simply using a password on their mobile device. This suggests a preference for the perceived security of a single password method over the additional layer of security that 2FA is supposed to provide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: [16] in Hadiya zone, Hailemariam et al. [17] in Konta special woreda, Tolossa et al. [18] in South Omo, Melesse et al. [19] in Kambata, Regassa [20] in Hawassa city, Tefera and Kim [21] in Hawassa zuria district, Tuasha et al. [22] in Dalle district, Sidama zone. However, in the district of Wolaita, there is no ethnobotanical literature concerning the medicinal use of plants. People in this region have developed traditional methods to provide remedies for the most common human illnesses through the use of plants. Therefore, for the conservation of plants, ensuring their sustainable use, and preserving knowledge for the next generation, documentation of traditional knowledge in this area is significant. Materials and MethodsStudy area description The study was conducted in the towns of Bitena, Dimtu, and Bilate eta (Toto) district, Wolaita zone, southern Ethiopia (Fig. 1). The district is located between 6° 51' 37. 224''-6o 57' 57. 1'' N latitudes and 38o 02' 15. 7''- 38° 7' 32. 1456'' E longitudes. The altitudinal range of study area is between 1395 m. a. s. l. and 2070 m. a. s. l. The area is located approximately 350 km south of the capital of the country and 93 km from Sodo town, the capital town of the zone in the northeast direction. is bordered on the southwest by district, on the west by district, on the north by Hadiya zone, on the northeast by Oromia region, and on the east by Sidama region. The average annual rainfall and temperature of the area are approximately 700 mm and 21oC, respectively. The western escarpment belongs to the agro-ecological zone (mean annual temperature and rainfall of 19oC and 1500 mm, respectively), whereas the rift floor belongs to the Kola zone (mean annual temperature and rainfall of 23oC and 700 mm, respectively). Sampling informants The study populations are the informants found in selected communities of district. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the ethnobotanical research and traditional knowledge regarding the use of plants in Wolaita, Ethiopia, but does not provide any information about the effectiveness of these plants for modern ailments. It merely mentions the existence of traditional methods and the significance of documenting traditional knowledge without addressing the efficacy of these plants in modern medicine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: 24:477–89 [42. Halden RU. 2016. Lessons learned from probing for impacts of triclosan and triclocarban on human microbiomes. mSphere 1:e00089–16 [43. 2018. Association of oral microbiome with risk for incident head and neck squamous cell cancer. JAMA Oncol 4:358–65 [44. - 2009. High-fat diet determines the composition of the murine gut microbiome independently of obesity. Gastroenterology 137:1716–24. e1–2 [45. Proj. Consort 2012. Project: structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature 486:207–14 [46. Ingram LO. 1990. Ethanol tolerance in bacteria. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 9:305–19 [47. Integr. HMP (iHMP) Res. Netw. Consort 2019. Project. Nature 569:641–48 [48. Jabbour Z, do Nascimento C, dos BG, El-Hakim M, Henderson JE, de Albuquerque RF Jr. 2013. Assessing the oral microbiota of healthy and alcohol-treated rats using whole-genome DNA probes from human bacteria. Arch. Oral Biol. 58:317–23 [49. Jansson L. 2008. Association between alcohol consumption and dental health. J. Clin. Periodontol. 35:379–84 [50. Kantorski KZ, de da Rocha RF. 2007. Effect of an alcoholic diet on dental caries and on Streptococcus of the mutans group. Study in rats. Braz. Oral Res. 21:101–5 [51. öm G, Behre CJ et al. 2013. Gut metagenome in European women with normal, impaired and diabetic glucose control. Nature 498:99–103 [52. 2017. Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota. Science 356:eaag2770 [53. Korpi A, Pasanen A-L, Pasanen P. 1998. Volatile compounds originating from mixed microbial cultures on building materials under various humidity conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:2914–19 [54. 2013. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing various studies that explore the connections between the human microbiome and health, such as the impacts of high-fat diets on gut microbiome composition and the association of the oral microbiome with cancer risk. Each referenced study indicates a relationship between microbiome characteristics and health outcomes, thereby reinforcing the assertion that the human microbiome influences health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: Our user study concluded that SPA systems provide usability benefits. The main reasoning is that it is not convenient to expect users to create different complex passwords for each website and remember them. While this approach would be secure, it is not usable. On the other hand, SPA systems enable single password re-use securely. 5 Conclusion, Recommendations, and Future WorkWe implemented mobile-based single password authentication method of [4] and conducted its usability analysis for the first time. It has two unique properties apart from being the first such proposal: it can be implemented as only a mobile application, and it protects the user’s password from malware-infected computers at public locations. We compared it against 2FA in a fake online banking scenario. Quantitative and qualitative results support that the mobile-based SPA solution has usability and security advantages compared to its counterpart. Our findings suggest that the smart code mechanism should be simpler and the SPA branding should provide more trust to the users. Based on the feedback reported by the participants, we suggest that mobile-based SPA solution(s) should be deployed for online banking type of settings, where more complicated solutions are expected (at least seemingly more complicated, regardless of the underlying cryptography). Observations also indicate that there is potentially a trade-off between usability and perceived security, which is worth exploring as future work. We believe our study constitutes an important step in understanding the usability of SPA systems regarding their future deployment. Yet, to obtain more generalizable results, we recommend to conduct future studies taking into account timing information, taking place in a natural settings instead of a lab environment and examining other dimensions of user experience of SPA systems beyond usability such as emotional satisfaction, increasing the number of participants, and considering privacy of SPA systems. Notes1. The only previous work on mobile SPA usability compared mobile-based SPA system against password managers [28], and hence their work is complementary and incomparable. 2. Despite the fact that deciding how many participants are needed for the user study remains vague, [15] justifies that even 20 users can be enough to have certainty on finding the usability problems in the testing. 3. A desktop computer running 64-bit Windows 8 on i7-3770 3. 4 GHz CPU and 16 GB RAM. 4. A J1 with Android version 4. 4. 4. 5. Android app. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a mobile-based single password authentication (SPA) method that reportedly has usability and security advantages compared to two-factor authentication (2FA). It suggests that while 2FA provides an extra layer of security by requiring additional verification, the SPA system being studied may offer a more user-friendly approach, highlighting a potential trade-off between usability and security.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: A stratified random sampling technique (based on the local community settlement in rural or urban settings) was used to take a representative sample from rural and urban villages within the selected communities. Totally two municipal towns and one kebele farmer’s association 'the smallest administrative unit contained within a district' were selected based on the presence of informants. The selected towns and one farmer’s association were Bitena and Dimtu towns, and Bilate eta. A total of 60 informants (53 men and seven women) 20 from each of three villages were selected. The ages of the informants were between 20 to 57 years. From the total informants, six key informants (10% of the general informants) selection was done based on the purposive sampling technique, by determining the key person 'Hiillaa' of the community based on the recommendation of the community. A key-person is an experienced person within society by giving remedies for any human and livestock ailments and handy fix all bone fractures by using his/her indigenous knowledge. Ethnobotanical data collection and identification In the course of the study, both qualitative and quantitative data were gathered through observation, questionnaires, and interviews from June 2020 to October 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with informants who knew or used plants as medicine including about 10% of the total heads of family units (60 informants) to determine and explore the traditional knowledge regarding the utilization of medicinal plant species, their usefulness, the utilized part, mode of preparation, or method of processing the plants. The interview activities were carried out in their entirety using an open and close-ended questionnaire prepared in Wolaita language and translated into English language (Annex: questionnaire). Informant selection was based on the snowball sampling technique, by determining the key person 'Hillaa' of the community. A key-person is an experienced person within society by giving remedies for any human and livestock ailments and handy fix all bone fractures by using indigenous knowledge. Data analysis The collected data from observation, questionnaires, and interviews was tabulated and organized. To analyze the collected data Excel window 2019 was utilized in addition to other appropriate statistical methods such as frequency distribution and percentage. According to disease categories in earlier work [21], [23] and with some modification, the ailments were categorized based on the usage reports mentioned by the informants in the study area. Quantitative analysis (FL). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the methodology for a study on medicinal plants and the process of data collection from informants, but does not address the effectiveness of traditional medicine or provide any evidence related to the claim. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about the effectiveness of all plants used in traditional medicine.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The human microbiome influences health and disease through various mechanisms. [SEP] Text: Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Microbe 14:207–15 [55. . 1987. Possible mycological etiology of oral mucosal cancer: catalytic potential of infecting Candida albicans and other yeasts in production of N-nitrosobenzylmethylamine. Carcinogenesis 8:1543–48 [56. - 2014. Longitudinal analysis of microbial interaction between humans and the indoor environment. Science 345:1048–52 [57. Ley RE. 2010. Obesity and the human microbiome. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 26:5–11 [58. Ley RE, Bäckhed 2005. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. PNAS 102:11070–75 [59. . 2006. Microbial ecology: human gut microbes associated with obesity. Nature 444:1022–23 [60. 2013. Distinct distal gut microbiome diversity and composition in healthy children from Bangladesh and the United States. 8:e53838 [61. 2016. Scaling laws predict global microbial diversity. PNAS 113:5970–75 [62. Lu Y, Loos RJ. 2013. Obesity genomics: assessing the transferability of susceptibility loci across diverse populations. 5:55 [63. Macgregor ID. 1989. Effects of smoking on oral ecology. A review of the literature. Clin. Prev. Dent. 11:3–7 [64. . 2009. Associations between dietary habits and body mass index with gut microbiota composition and fecal water genotoxicity: an observational study in volunteers. Nutr. J. 8:49 [65. . 1988. Effect of chronic ethanol and nicotine consumption on the function and morphology of the salivary glands. 66:Suppl 11140–50 [66. Marmot M. 2006. Smoking and inequalities. Lancet 368:341–42 [67. 2013. Fermentative 2-carbon metabolism produces carcinogenic levels of acetaldehyde in Candida albicans. Mol. Oral Microbiol. 28:281–91 [68. 2013. Acetaldehyde production and microbial colonization in oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral lichenoid disease. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of Fusobacterium nucleatum in enhancing intestinal tumorigenesis and influencing the tumor-immune microenvironment. This indicates a direct influence of the microbiome on health (through cancer development) and disease mechanisms, supporting the claim that the human microbiome has significant effects on health and disease.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Two-factor authentication adds an extra layer of security by requiring a second form of verification beyond a password. [SEP] Text: that the list of tasks were not given to the participants; instead, such instructions were clarified on the web pages and mobile applications that we created (see, for example, Fig. 2(d)). The users simply followed those instructions. 7. One with at least eight characters containing at least one of each category: lower case and upper case letters, numerical character, and special character. 8. 2FA does not protect the user password against dictionary attacks when the password database is compromised. Therefore, such an attacker may impersonate the user on other websites that do not employ 2FA. Such offline dictionary and impersonation attacks are prevented by SPA systems. 9. We intentionally used 4-point Likert scale as it allows accounting for exact responses [5, 6]. 10. [25] argues that parametric statistics can be used with Likert data without reaching to the wrong conclusion. 2009. IAICT, vol. 300, 29. Springer, Heidelberg (2009). The user: generates a Code (MAC) key K. sends the key K and her username UID to the server. encrypts the MAC key K where the encryption key is derived using the hash of her password H(pwd) as \(ctext\leftarrow Encrypt(H(pwd),K)\). [Remark: The user also sends an identifier with ciphertext. ] 2. The trusted mobile device stores the ciphertext ctext. 3. The server stores the username UID and the MAC key K. Authentication: 1. The user sends her username UID to the server. 2. The server generates a random challenge chal and sends it to the mobile device. [Remark: The server can send the challenge in various ways such as via SMS, or via a QR code where the user scans the code with her mobile device. ] 3. The user types her single password on the mobile device. 4. The trusted mobile device: decrypts the ciphertext and retrieves the MAC key K as \(K\leftarrow Decrypt(H(pwd),ctext)\). generates a MAC resp as a response to the challenge chal using the retrieved key K as \(resp \leftarrow MAC(K,chal)\). [Remark: To resist man-in-the-middle attacks, as [19] notes, preferable usage is \(resp \leftarrow MAC(K,chal || domain)\). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that 2FA does not protect against certain types of attacks, specifically stating that '2FA does not protect the user password against dictionary attacks when the password database is compromised.' This suggests that while 2FA may provide an additional layer of security, there are situations where it may not adequately protect users, thus undermining the overall effectiveness implied by the claim.