Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: AbstractLysine acetylation (Kac) events in filamentous fungi are poorly explored. Here we show a lysine acetylome generated by LC-MS/MS analysis of immunoaffinity-based Kac peptides from normal hyphal cells of Beauveria bassiana, a fungal entomopathogen. The acetylome comprised 283 Kac proteins and 464 Kac sites. These proteins were enriched to eight molecular functions, 20 cellular components, 27 biological processes, 20 KEGG pathways and 12 subcellular localizations. sites were characterized as six Kac motifs, including a novel motif (KacW) for 26 Kac sites of 17 unknown proteins. sites were predicted to be multifunctional, largely expanding the fungal Kac events. Biological importance of identified Kac sites was confirmed through functional analysis of Kac sites on Pmt1 and Pmt4, two O-mannosyltransferases. Singular site mutations (K88R and K482R) of Pmt1 resulted in impaired conidiation, attenuated virulence and decreased tolerance to oxidation and cell wall perturbation. These defects were close to or more severe than those caused by the deletion of pmt1. The Pmt4 K360R mutation facilitated colony growth under normal and stressful conditions and enhanced the fungal virulence. Our findings provide the first insight into the Kac events of B. bassiana and their links to the fungal potential against insect pests. Similar content being viewed by others Tag labelling quantitative acetylome analysis of differentially modified proteins during mycoparasitism of Clonostachys chloroleuca 67–1 2. Such PTM processes are known to regulate gene expression via histone modification and is involved in the mediation of cellular metabolism3,4,5,6,7, protein folding8, sister chromatid cohesion9, and energy utilization10. Advances in proteomic technology, such as liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), have facilitated characterization of PTM sites11,12,13,14,15. The recognized PTM sites help to understand their functional relevance and provide an overview of regulatory scope through a given PTM process. The generated PTM datasets are important resources for the in silico analyses to reveal biological properties and evolutionary trajectories of PTM sites. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides insights into the biological functions and importance of Beauveria bassiana as a fungal entomopathogen. It mentions that the findings enhance the understanding of the fungal potential against insect pests, which supports the claim that Beauveria bassiana is effective against pests, including locusts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: A notable use of applied an inverse modeling approach to change the meteorological data and see if the changes would provide a better fit of simulated tree-ring width, δ13C, and δ18O to their respective observations (Boucher et al. 2013). This approach was designed to find the best combination of the climatic inputs as a robust paleoclimatic reconstruction. This model also enabled the separation of climatic impact and CO2 influences on plant growth, which is useful for paleoclimatic reconstructions (Boucher et al. 2013; Guiot et al. 2014). 5 Future DirectionsBetter modeling of tree-ring stable isotopes relies on the improvement and incorporation of physiological mechanisms that influence plant isotopic values. A particular challenge that modeling could address relates to including ontogenetic changes in CO2 responses. Ontogenetic change is often attributed to age in the tree-ring community, perhaps because age is easiest to measure from tree-ring chronologies. However, no evidence of an age effect exists per se in trees (e. g. Mencuccini et al. 2005), except as caused by increasing tree height. Tall trees generally face a challenge in lifting water to the canopy, which causes an increase in δ13C with height (Brienen et al. 2017; Marshall and Monserud 1996; McDowell et al. 2011; Voelker et al. 2016). These issues are particularly important when tree-ring δ13C is used to infer responses to CO2 because the CO2 effect and the height effect are often confounded. Future work will need to remove the height signal from tree-ring data to draw solid inferences regarding the CO2 effect (Brienen et al. 2017; Marshall and Monserud 1996). Similarly, the proportion of oxygen atoms exchanged with xylem water upon cellulose formation may be variable (Cheesman and Cernusak 2016) and may need to be accounted for in the traditional model of δ18O in tree rings (Roden and Ehleringer 1999b). As mesophyll conductance becomes easier to determine, there may be value in modeling how it differs among species and growing conditions; this critical parameter influences the relationship between intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) and δ13C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of tree-ring data in paleoclimatic reconstructions, indicating that tree rings can indeed provide valuable information related to climatic changes influenced by various factors, potentially including volcanic activity and environmental disturbances. The text also outlines the importance of various physiological mechanisms and climatic inputs when interpreting tree-ring data, suggesting their applicability in understanding past environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Then, the small pieces of gel and 2000 mL 70% ethanol were blended and poured into a closed container (stirred occasionally for 6 hours, then set aside for 18 hours). This mixture was then filtered to obtain the filtrate (I). The extraction process was repeated on the residue using 1000 mL of 70% ethanol to obtain another filtrate (II). The filtrate (I) and (II) were mixed and evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator (GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at 400C to obtain a thick extract. Gel preparation• Gel baseAbout 400 cc of distilled water was taken into the mortar, then 12 g of 3% Sodium-Carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) powder was evenly added. It was closed and set it aside for 15 minutes. After which it was ground and 4 g of 1% glycerin was added until a homogeneous gel base was formed. • Aloe vera gelPut 40 g of Aloe vera extract into the mortar then add 360 g of gel base gradually while grinding it until homogeneous. So, the concentration of the aloe vera contained 10% of the total weight of the gel. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stainingSix animals of each groups were sacrificed on the 3rd, 14th, and 21st days after injury by injecting 100 mg/kg ketamine intraperitoneally. Then, the injured tissues were carefully dissected and fixed with 10% formalin. All samples were taken to Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for H&E staining. The number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness was evaluated using Olympus CX21 light microscope with 400× magnification and three fields of view. Statistical analysisData were analyzed using SPSS version 20 (RRID:SCR_019096) with one-way ANOVA test. If there were significant differences (p<0. 05), then LSD test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Data were presented as mean ± SD. ResultsThe results obtained from the study are shown in Figures 1−3. The comparison of the changes in the thickness of the epidermis that occurs is shown in Figure 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it describes a detailed laboratory procedure involving the extraction and preparation of Aloe vera gel, along with a statistical analysis of experimental results. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: To date, LC-MS/MS-based acetylomic analyses have unveiled vital roles of Kac events in prokayotes, such as Thermus thermophilus16, Escherichia coli17,18, Salmonella enterica19, Bacillus subtilis20, Mycobacterium tuberculosis21, Vibrio parahemolyticus22, and Streptomyces roseosporus23. Eukaryotic acetylomic studies have also revealed different numbers of Kac events in Saccharomyces cerevisiae24, Candida albicans25, Phytophthora sojae26, Arabidopsis thaliana27,28, Triticum aestivum29, Vitis vinifera30, Toxoplasma gondii31, Bombyx mori32, Drosophila melanogaster33, Mus musculus34, Rattus norvegicus35 and human cells13,35,36,37. All of these studies have demonstrated that Kac is a ubiquitous PTM process linked to various cellular events in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, Kac events have not been well explored in filamentous fungi, which comprise many pathogens of plants, arthropods, animals and human. Among those, filamentous fungal insect pathogens, such as Beauveria and Metarizhium species, are important fungal agents for biological control of arthropod pests threatening agriculture, forestry and human health38,39. Aerial conidia and submerged blastospores of these insect pathogens are often used as active ingredients of fungal insecticides. Their biological control potential depends not only on their ability to infect target pests and adapt to diverse pest habitats but also on their proper development, which controls quantity and quality of conidia in mass production in vitro and propagation of blastospores (hyphal bodies) in vivo after entry into host haemocoel. All of fungal responses to host and environment are likely relevant to various cellular events under PTM control. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing Beauveria species as important fungal agents for biological control of arthropod pests, which include locusts. It emphasizes that filamentous fungal insect pathogens like Beauveria are used in fungal insecticides and are crucial for managing agricultural pest populations.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2016), LPX-Bern (Keel et al. 2016; Keller et al. 2017; Saurer et al. 2014), and CLM (Duarte et al. 2017; Keller et al. 2017; Raczka et al. 2016). Although these DGVMs simulate δ13C in new photosynthate or leaves, and/or δ18O in leaf water, most of them (except LPX-Bern) do not simulate tree-ring stable isotopes at this point and therefore tree-ring stable isotopes have not been used for testing DGVMs. However, because of the modular structure of DGVMs, they can be conveniently upgraded to simulate tree-rings stable isotopes by adding new modules or modifying current ones. Inverse modeling for paleoclimate is a new frontier of using tree-ring stable isotopes (Boucher et al. 2013; Guiot et al. 2014). This approach rejuvenated the use of tree-ring information for paleoclimate reconstruction. The reconstruction traditionally relies on empirical relationships between tree-ring chronologies (width and stable isotopes), which means only the most limiting climatic factors would have left clear signals in the tree-ring chronologies. Additionally, these traditional reconstructions have obtained the clearest climate signals from trees growing in an extreme environment. Inverse modeling revolutionized the reconstruction by applying process-based approaches. Many climatic factors can be tested at the same time by mathematically estimating their collective impact on forests and statistically testing and improving the climatic variables that are provided as a priori. Modeling is an important tool to study ecosystem processes because it can integrate physiological and growth processes. Tree-ring isotopic records likewise integrate these processes so the two approaches are certain to continue to develop in tandem, each tested against the other. Moreover, as demonstrated above, stable isotopes are convenient testing for models, and including a stable isotope component in models is relatively simple. Models can add value to completed isotopic datasets by post hoc analyses of the likely controls over isotopic composition. We urge that more process-based forest models include a stable isotope component to help parametrize and validate the models and improve model credibility. 4. 5) at a coniferous forest site in northwestern using flux and carbon-isotope measurements. Biogeosciences 14(18):4315–4340 2. 51(2):170–1934. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of tree-ring isotopes in paleoclimate reconstruction. It mentions that tree-ring stable isotopes have been rejuvenated for studying climate signals and that inverse modeling for paleoclimate has opened new opportunities for analyzing climatic factors through tree-ring records. This implies that tree rings can indeed provide valuable insights into past environmental disturbances, contradicting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: The explanation of the histopathological images obtained for macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness is shown in Figure 5. From the one-way ANOVA results, there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages and fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in all groups (p<0. 05). Then, the least (LSD) test was conducted to determine the differences among groups. Figure 1. Mean number of macrophages. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 2. Mean number of fibroblastsI (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment)*p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 3. Mean number of epidermal thickness. I (standard), II (negative control), III (treatment). *p<0. 05 statistically analysis by ANOVA showed significant difference. Figure 4. There was a change in epidermal thickness on days 3, 14 and 21. The thickest epidermal layer was found in group III (treatment, aloe vera) compared to group II (negative control). This could be due to the fact that aloe vera gel was better in the wound repair process than the other groups. The thickness of the epidermis in groups II and III was also thicker than in the control group. This can happen because there is still a wound repair process in groups II and III. Figure 5. The histopathological description of macrophages () fibroblast () and epidermal thickness (). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 7. 77 ± 0. 62; p=0. 0001), group I-3 vs III-3 (0. 50 ± 0. 45 vs 9. 00 ± 0. 47; p=0. 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (7. 77 ± 0. 62 vs 9. 00 ± 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the historical use of aloe vera for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on the histopathological effects observed in a study involving macrophages, fibroblasts, and epidermal thickness in relation to aloe vera treatment. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Beauveria bassiana is a fungal pathogen that can effectively control locust populations. [SEP] Text: Our recent analyses of quantitative proteome and phosphoproteome have revealed a hub role for the dual-specificity phosphatase Cdc14 in the signaling network that regulates cytokinesis, asexual development, multiple stress tolerance and virulence in Beauveria bassiana40, a classic insect pathogen that occurs in asexual cycle in vitro or in vivo and attacks the broadest spectrum of hosts among all fungal pathogens known to date41. In this study, we characterized Kac events in B. bassiana under normal conditions by constructing and analyzing the fungal lysine acetylome and found 462 Kac sites on 283 acetylated proteins falling into functionally diverse groups. Among the identified Kac sites, three on Pmt1 and Pmt4, two O-mannosyltransferases acting as regulators of vegetative growth, conidiation capacity, multiple stress tolerance and virulence in B. bassiana42, were functionally analyzed through site-direction mutation. The results provide the first insight into the links of Kac events to biological and cellular aspects of the fungal insect pathogen and its control potential against arthropod pests. ResultsGeneration and analysis of B. bassiana lysine acetylomeThe lysine acetylome of B. bassiana was generated through purification and digestion of protein sample, affinity enrichment and purification of lysine acetylated peptides, nano-HPLC/MS/MS analysis and separation of lysine acetylated peptides, and annotation of lysine acetylated proteins (Fig. 1A). The mass errors of most acetylated peptides ranged from −3 to 3 ppm (Fig. 1B), satisfying an expected error control for the MS dataset. Most of the acetylated peptides fell in a length range of 8–20 amino acids (Fig. 1C), well in agreement with the property of tryptic peptides and the standard for preparation of protein sample. The fungal acetylome comprised 464 identified Kac sites on 283 Kac proteins (detailed in Table S1). The proportions of the Kac proteins harboring one, two, three, four and five or more Kac sites were 66%, 16. 96%, 9. 19%, 4. 95% and 2. 83% respectively, giving an average of 1. 64 Kac sites per protein (Fig. 1D). There were 43. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by identifying Beauveria bassiana as an insect pathogen with a role in virulence and potential control against arthropod pests. The research characterizes the functional aspects of B. bassiana, implying its application in controlling insect populations, which supports the claim's assertion regarding its effectiveness in pest control.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 5Lewis structures of three isotopomers of dideuteroethene: cis-1,2-2H2 ethene and trans-1,2-2H2 ethene are diasteromeric isotopomers. prefers the (Z)-/(E)-notation to describe the absolute stereochemistry for alkenes. In contrast 1,1-dideuteroethene (“gem-dideuteroethene”) is a constitutional isotopomer. All of them have different physical properties (Bigeleisen et al. 1977)Full size imageIn contrast 1,1-dideuteroethene with the two 2H atoms as substituents at the same carbon atom (“gem-dideuteroethene”) is a constitutional isotopomer. Isotope ratio analysis of tree ring cellulose has been used since the 1970s to reconstruct past climate conditions. The site-specific isotopic signature (isotopomer analysis) of glucose hydrolyzed from the extracted cellulose fraction shows high intramolecular differences for 2H (seven carbon-bound hydrogen isotopomersFootnote 6 of glucose; Augusti et al. 2006, Betson et al. 2006) and 13C (six carbon isotopomers of glucose; Wieloch et al. 2018, 2021). This site-specific isotopic signature has its origin in position-specific isotope effects on enzyme reactions during glucose and/ or cellulose biosynthesis and might help to elucidate the mechanism of biochemical reactions causing plant-specific adaption to environmental and climatic changes. A corresponding site-specific oxygen isotopic signature (18O isotopomers) of glucose (from soluble sugars and cellulose monomers) has been proven (c. f. Schmidt et al. 2001; Sternberg 2009; Ma et al. 2018) with six possible oxygen isotopomers of glucose. Recently the possible application of the analysis of lignin isotopomers (i. e. carbon and hydrogen isomers in the methoxy groups of lignin) isolated from tree ring wood in reconstructing paleoclimate has been described by Gori et al. (2013) and Mischel et al. (2015). Wang et al. (2021) analyzed the position-specific oxygen isotopic signature of lignin monomeric units. 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that isotope ratio analysis of tree ring cellulose has been used since the 1970s to reconstruct past climate conditions, indicating that tree rings can indeed provide valuable information about environmental changes. It cites that the site-specific isotopic signature from tree rings can help elucidate biochemical reactions related to plant adaptation to environmental and climatic changes and mentions the analysis of lignin isotopomers from tree ring wood, further supporting the use of tree rings in studying ecological disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 47; p=0. 001) (see Figure 1). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs 6. 22 ± 0. 98; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs. III-14 (0. 61 ± 0. 39 vs. 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs. III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 5. 33 ± 0. 42; p=0. 013) (see Figure 1). On day 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of macrophages were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of macrophages (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 4. 72 ± 0. 87; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (0. 55 ± 0. 40 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (6. 22 ± 0. 98 vs 3. 16 ± 0. 34; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 1). On the 3rd day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs. 4. 61 ± 0. 49; p=0. 047), group I-3 vs III-3 (3. 77 ± 0. 34 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to the claim about Aloe vera's historical use in treating skin ailments. Instead, it discusses experimental results regarding macrophages and fibroblasts in treatment groups, which are unrelated to Aloe vera or its application in skincare.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: 1 (original submission) · Nov 13, 2017 · The manuscript represents a survey for nosematosis in Apis mellifera from Bulgaria where the authors detected only the presence of Nosema ceraneae while failed to find N. apis. Even if the data presented here are not novel, I think that they are valuable. Nevertheless, the 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. Validity of the findings The findings are not novel but are valid. The conclusion should be revised. L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L186-191- This information is not the conclusion. Please, remove it. Additional comments L25- Please, correct “the objective of the present study was to” L28- I think that the authors should re-organize the information, mentioning first that only N. ceranae was detected and not N. apis and then the percentage of infection from each region. L29-30- “rate of infection”, not of invasion L37- Please, remove “that confirms the worldwide dissemination and prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. The main conclusion is that N. ceranae is the main Nosema spp. in Bulgaria. As there are regions of the world where there is no information on the prevalence and distribution of this pathogen, it is not possible to say that these results confirm the worldwide dissemination. Also, I do not understand what the authors mean with that “confirms the prevalence of Nosema ceranae”. L42-48- Please, remove this paragraph. This is a general background of the beekeeping activity in Bulgaria and it is not directly related to the purpose of the manuscript. I recommend starting the introduction section highlighting the importance of bees in pollination and for the ecosystem maintenance and then introduce the sanitary problems that the bees have to face. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that the authors detected only the presence of Nosema ceranae in Apis mellifera from Bulgaria. The text confirms that N. ceranae is identified as the main Nosema species in this region, therefore supporting the idea that it is a significant microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 3 Clumped IsotopesMolecules containing more than one heavy isotope (multiply-substituted isotopocules) are labeled as showing the “clumped isotopes” effect. For molecules with “clumped isotopes” the chemical bonds between the heavy isotopes are the focus. Due to their often low isotopic abundances, these molecules usually are difficult to observe in tree rings. Interestingly, the analysis of clumped isotopes in methoxy groups extracted from organic material was recently shown by Lloyd et al. (2018, 2021). This opens a door for possible applications of “clumped isotopes” in methoxy groups of lignin extracted from tree rings. The stochastic proportional abundance (Table 8. 2) of the ‘clumped isotopocules’ of nitrous oxide can be calculated using the known numbers for the natural abundance of the nitrogen and oxygen isotopes shown in Table 8. 1. In nature, the isotopocule molecules of nitrous oxide do not exhibit a stochastic distribution because of equilibrium and kinetic isotope effects influencing thermodynamic stability and/ or kinetic reaction rates of the involved synthesis or degradation reactions of each isotopocule showing “clumped isotopes”. Table 8. 2 Masses and abundances of the twelve isotopocules of nitrous oxide assuming random distribution (without mass selective processes). Proportional abundances of the isotopocule N2O molecules have been calculated using the natural abundances of the nitrogen (14N 99. 636 and 15N 0. 0364%) and oxygen isotopes (16O 0. 99757, 17O 0. 00038 and 18O 0. 00205%) given by IUPAC (2018)Full size table3 Notation and Measurement Units3. 1 Atom FractionAbundances of isotopes should be reported in terms of atom fraction (x). The new term atom fraction is compatible with the of Units (SI) and should replace the old term atom percent (atom %). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the potential applications of 'clumped isotopes' in methoxy groups extracted from tree rings, suggesting that these isotopic analyses could indeed provide insights into past environmental conditions or disturbances. The mention of Lloyd et al. (2018, 2021) indicates that there is ongoing research that supports the idea that tree rings can be studied for such applications.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 0001), and group II-3 vs III-3 (4. 61 ± 0. 49 vs 6. 44 ± 0. 74; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 14th day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 8. 11 ± 0. 68; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (3. 94 ± 0. 38 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (8. 11 ± 0. 68 vs 21. 55 ± 1. 02; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 21st day after injury, the highest mean number of fibroblasts were seen in the negative control group (II), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean number of fibroblasts (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 9. 05 ± 0. 80; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (3. 72 ± 0. 38 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (9. 05 ± 0. 80 vs 6. 66 ± 1. 05; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 2). On the 3rd day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the standard group (I), followed by the treatment group (III), and followed by the negative control group (II). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-3 vs II-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 2. 43 ± 0. 45; p=0. 0001), group II-3 vs III-3 (2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding Aloe vera's historical use for skin ailments. Instead, it provides statistical data on fibroblasts and epidermal thickness in different treatment groups, which is irrelevant to the assertion about Aloe vera.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Authors can also mention that there have been reports of colony losses in different countries and that Nosema is one of the main threats that affect honeybees. L49- rewrite these sentences in order to not repeat the words L53- Please, provide 82. Please, remove this sentence. Nosemosis is usually used to the describe the disease and in this study, the authors analyzed the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae but this was not related with symptomatology. I would recommend restricting this word to sentences in this context. Also, I agree that the information regarding the presence and distribution of these pathogens is important and contribute to gain insights and compare it with other countries. However, this sentence is too ambitious. L85-87- Which was the criteria of the number of samples taken from each region? Was it according to the number of colonies from each region? Please, provide details of the experimental design. L91-92- Why were the samples taken from the entrance or from the frames away from the brood nest? Was any bias in the method of sample collection according with the region? L95- Which cell lysis buffer? Please, provide information and 61. 8ºC and not 50ºC. L128-remove specific L135. Please, remove this sentence. It is already mentioned in L88 L137- Provide the percentage in order to compare with the infection level of the other two regions. L141- Please, substitute “invasion” for “infection”. Also, “in comparison” L153-Does the authors has historical information about the presence of N. apis and N. ceranae in the country? L161- It has been also reported that there are bees tolerant and resistant to Nosema (Fontbonne et al. , 2013) which is in agreement with your hypothesis. Authors may include this study in the discussion. L162- I would recommend reorganizing the information in this paragraph. From the previous one, the authors point out that there might be bees more susceptible to Nosema than others and then argued that this may be the case in Bulgaria. But the first sentence only says that there are differences in the prevalence of Nosema in the flat and mountains areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that Nosema is one of the main threats affecting honeybees and mentions the presence of Nosema ceranae as part of a discussion about its impact on bee health. Additionally, it implies that understanding the presence and distribution of these pathogens is crucial, thereby supporting the assertion that Nosema ceranae affects honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Dendrochronology: Fundamentals and book PDF Download book 7, Keyan Fang8 & Patrick Fonti9 Part of the book series: ((TREE,)) 14k Accesses 9 2. 1). These changes are associated with observable, often both macroscopically and microscopically, delineations in annual rings (e. g. , Schweingruber 2001). In conifers (gymnosperms), the tracheid cells produced towards the beginning of the growing season tend to grow to larger sizes, yet have thin cell walls. As the growing season progresses and comes to a close, conifer tracheid cells tend to be smaller, particularly in the radial direction, and have thicker cell walls. In hardwoods (angiosperms), the number of wood cells and the associated structures tends to be more complex and variable, yet annual ring boundaries are also able to be differentiated based upon the characteristics of vessels (often larger and preferentially distributed towards the first part of a ring), and more dense fibers at the end of the growing season. Apart from annual temperature cycles, the monsoon that influences over half of the world’s population can also influence the formation of rings due to the prominent hydroclimate seasonality (e. g. , Brienen et al. 2016). Especially in tropical regions, elemental composition and/or both stable (especially oxygen) and non-stable (especially carbon, i. e. ,14C) isotopes have been used to quantify and confirm annual growth increments (Poussart et al. 2004, 2006; Anchukaitis et al. 2008; Xu et al. 2014). It is these annual growth increments, and our ability to distinguish them and ultimately identify and assign them to an exact year, that is the basis for dendrochronology. Fig. 2. 1Examples of wood anatomical and tree-ring structures for a gymnosperm (Abies alba), b a ring porous angiosperm (Quercus pubescens) c a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Juglans regia), and d a diffuse to semi-ring porous angiosperm (Malus domestica). In all cases the outermost rings are towards the top of the images. The xylem of gymnosperms is composed primarily of tracheid cells, with a simpler and more uniform structure amongst species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how dendrochronology, or the study of tree rings, allows for the quantification and confirmation of annual growth increments influenced by environmental conditions, including climatic factors such as monsoons. It illustrates that changes in tree-ring structure can be associated with environmental disturbances and seasonal variations, thus supporting the idea that tree rings can indeed be utilized to study past environmental events.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: 43 ± 0. 45 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 0001), while group I-3 vs. III-3 (5. 88 ± 0. 76 vs 5. 15 ± 0. 36; p=0. 182) did not show a significant result (see Figure 3). On the 14th day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-14 vs II-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 11. 46 ± 0. 92; p=0. 0001), group I-14 vs III-14 (6. 01 ± 0. 54 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001), and group II-14 vs III-14 (11. 46 ± 0. 92 vs 16. 75 ± 1. 31; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). On the 21st day after injury, the mean epidermal thickness was highest in the treatment group (III), followed by the negative control group (II), and followed by the standard group (I). From the post hoc test results, it appeared that there were significant differences in the mean epidermal thickness (p<0. 05) in groups I-21 vs II-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 23. 10 ± 1. 37; p=0. 0001), group I-21 vs III-21 (5. 92 ± 0. 68 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001), and group II-21 vs III-21 (23. 10 ± 1. 37 vs 30. 47 ± 1. 25; p=0. 0001) (see Figure 3). DiscussionMacrophages are cells that multiply when there is a wound to phagocytose debris and bacteria and they are the predominant cells on the 3rd day post wound infliction (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). This study showed that both negative control and treatment groups had more number of macrophages than standard group on the 3rd day after injury. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. It presents statistical data about epidermal thickness in different treatment groups but does not mention aloe vera or any specific treatment practices.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: So, for a better understanding, it is important to say directly that these results might explain the differences in the prevalence observed in the different areas since different subspecies of bees are reared in each area. L175-L177- Does the author has analyzed the genetic origin of the bees? If the authors still have the samples which were used for analyzing Nosema, it would be interesting to analyze their genetic origin and prove (or not) the hypothesis that they are proposing. I think that this analysis would contribute to making the 0. 1)". PeerJ · Oct 29, 2017 Basic reporting This manuscript reports on the presence of N. ceranae, an emerging exotic pathogen of the honey bee, in populations of honey bees in Bulgaria. The introduction and background top the study are well laid out, with some interesting 1. Were positive controls employed in PCRS to avoid the issue of false negatives? Duplicate PCRs might help in clarifying this issue if positive controls were not available. 2. Statistical testing needs to be clarified. 3. (line 99, and more a comment for future reference) Do not use EDTA in re-suspension buffer when dissolving DNA as it inhibits PCR (it chelates Mg ions of the PCR buffer). alone. 4. (line 91) Were all 5 bees per colony analysed individually or as a single DNA extract? Validity of the findings In large part, the findings seem clear-cut and robust and sound. 1. (line 91) Why only 5 bees collected per colony when it is standard (Fries et al. 2013) to analyse 30 honey bees per colony? 2. Lines 132-142: Provide results of statistical tests to support statements 3. Lines 178-182 The authors hypothesise that warmer climates may favour N. ceranae over N. apis and vice versa. One paper explicitly exploring this issue is: Natsopoulou et al. (2015) Interspecific competition in honeybee intracellular gut parasites is asymmetric and favours the spread of an emerging infectious disease. Proceedings of the of London B: 282:20141896. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that N. ceranae is reported as an emerging exotic pathogen of honey bees. This suggests that it is indeed a microsporidian parasite that can impact the health and productivity of honeybee populations, especially as the manuscript discusses its presence in various populations in Bulgaria.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Angiosperm xylem is composed of a several different types of cells whose characteristics and distributions within annual rings are highly variable amongst species resulting in a diverse range of visual appearances. A very well-prepared surface is necessary to differentiate annual tree-rings. Images from www. woodanatomy. ch (Schoch et al. 2004)Full size image1. 1 Inter-in Tree-Rings and Tree-Ring ParametersThe annual rhythm of growing and dormant seasons is the driving factor for annual ring formation. Yet it is the variations in external environmental forcing, predominantly inter-annual variations in weather and climate, that result in different ring traits and properties from one year to the next. Characteristic sequences of wider and narrower rings reflect changes in environmental conditions, and notably also results in a common signal or a unique fingerprint of this environmental variation amongst trees growing in proximal regions and ecological settings (Fritts 1976; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Speer 2010). Favorable climatic conditions for tree growth typically results in wider rings. Examples of favorable climatic conditions includes ample moisture for trees growing in more arid ecological settings, or sufficiently high temperatures conductive to photosynthetic activity and cellular growth for high elevation and high latitude trees. Whereas increased ecophysiological stress is typically associated with less radial growth. Although weather/climate variations play a crucial role for assigning the precise year to every ring (see Sect. 2. 2), it should be noted that environmental conditions can and do include anything and everything that influences the molecular/isotopic composition, structure, ecophysiological functioning, and growth of trees. Tree-ring width is generally the most easily observable and measurable tree-ring parameter, yet many other tree-ring properties and parameters including wood density, (quantitative) wood anatomical assessments, and of course, stable isotopes, are influenced, often in unique ways, by environmental conditions. The plethora of tree-ring parameters thus expands the range of inter-disciplinary investigations possible with dendrochronology (Fig. 2. 2). The rest of this section reviews various (non-stable isotope) tree-ring parameters, and provides an extensive listing of example research applications that have relied upon each of these parameters. Fig. 2. 2Illustration of tree-ring and wood anatomical parameters from a sample of (Pseudotsuga menziesii) collected near Tucson, Arizona. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing how variations in tree-ring width and other parameters can reflect environmental conditions, including the influences of external environmental forcing like volcanic activity. It highlights that 'characteristic sequences of wider and narrower rings reflect changes in environmental conditions,' which supports the idea that tree rings can indeed provide valuable information regarding past environmental disturbances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: On the same day, the treatment group had more macrophages than negative control group because there is acemannan in aloe gel that could increase the number of macrophages (Sierra-García et al. , 2014). The results of this study showed that there was reduction in number of macrophages in the treatment group than the negative control group on the 14th and 21st days after injury. Souza et al. (2017) reported a decrease in the number of macrophages in burn rats treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine. In this study, both the 3rd and 14th days after injury demonstrated a higher number of fibroblasts in the treatment group than the negative control group. This might have happened because of interaction between glucomannan in aloe gel and gibberellin, a growth hormone, with growth factor receptors on fibroblast. This interaction stimulated fibroblast activity and proliferation that could increase collagen synthesis (Chithra et al. , 1998; Surjushe et al. , 2008). Besides that, there was also acemannan in aloe gel which could increase the proliferation of fibroblasts (Xing et al. , 2014). Fibroblasts are cells that will increase their migration during the proliferation phase of wound healing. Therefore, this study showed highest number of fibroblasts on the 14th day after injury in the treatment group which was earlier than the negative control group that had the highest number on the 21st day after injury. At some point during the proliferation phase, there may be apoptosis of fibroblast when collagen matrix has filled the wound cavity (Gurtner & Wong, 2013). Therefore, there was a reduction in the number of fibroblasts on the 21st day after injury in the treatment group. Re-epithelialization occurs right after injury that consists of migration, proliferation, and differentiation of keratinocytes (Gurtner & Wong, 2013; Isrofah and Afandi, 2015). Acemannan could stimulate fibroblast to release keratinocyte growth factor-1 (KGF-1) that could hasten the re-epithelialization process by keratinocytes which could increase the epidermal thickness (Jettanacheawchankit et al. , 2009). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses specific scientific findings related to aloe vera's impact on macrophages and fibroblasts during wound healing without mentioning its historical use for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: results are given above and European ones, belowFull size image DiscussionOutbreaks of parasites are typically produced by specific virulent strains. Many parasitic microorganisms reproduce rapidly in an asexual manner and even for those species where a sexual cycle is possible, reproduction is usually clonal [35]. Consequently, it should be possible to identify defined genotypes in a given infection, and assessing their similarity to other genotypes allows epidemiological relationships to be established. In terms of Microsporidia, this is indeed the picture for Encephalitozoon species and Enterocytozoon bieneusi, with diversity among strains contrasting with the uniform genotypes obtained from specific isolates [36–38]. Yet curiously, these asexual species have been shown to carry out an extant sexual cycle, although it must occur during co-infection of the host by two genetically distinct strains to produce genetic diversity [9]. In these infrequent cases, favorable mutations can arise in separate linages and become combined in the same individual, providing an adaptive advantage to varying environments [35]. species, genetic evidence clearly supports the existence of cryptic sex in N. granulosis [8]. We previously demonstrated that rDNA varies within a given isolate in N. ceranae and that recombination may occur, hypothetically between the different repeats of rDNA clusters in sister chromatid exchanges or in a cryptic sexual cycle [18]. This invalidates the use of phylogenetic approaches based on rDNA sequences. In order to eliminate the possibility of exchange between tandem repeat sequences as a source of genetic variability, we selected five putative coding sequences from the genome of N. ceranae to study here. Diversity and heterozygosisThe results obtained fit into the general picture of strong molecular diversity in N. ceranae and a high percentage of shared polymorphisms between different isolates [26]. It is important to emphasize that all five markers analyzed were polymorphic due to single nucleotide changes, ranging from 4 variable sites (in the 875 bp of X802) to as many as 18 (in the 1280 bp of X639). The rates of synonymous versus non-synonymous mutations were fairly close to 1 for X696 and X754, suggesting essentially neutral effects, whereas this rate was clearly biased to synonymous mutations in X639 (Ka/Ks = 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing research specifically related to N. ceranae, mentioning its genetic diversity and suggesting that the molecular characteristics examined can inform our understanding of this microsporidian parasite. It emphasizes that there is variability and significant genetic information regarding N. ceranae, which aligns with the claim about its impact on honeybee health. The detailed examination of polymorphisms and potential genetic mechanisms supports the understanding of N. ceranae's role as a parasite.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Upper panel shows 11 complete annual rings with variability in the total tree-ring width as well as the earlywood and latewood widths. Also shown is a wood density profile based upon anatomical measurements of cell wall thickness using the program ROXAS (von Arx and Carrer 2014). Common ring-width parameters include tree-ring width, earlywood width, and latewood width (top). Important intra-ring density parameters include maximum latewood density and minimum latewood densities, as well as an intra-annual density fluctuation. Average ring density or average earlywood density (not shown in this figure) are also used in research applications (e. g. , Babst et al. 2014b). Quantitative wood anatomical parameters include measures of lumen area, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness of the tracheids (bottom left). The lumen diameter and double wall thickness are shown in the radial direction—these can of course be measured in the tangential direction as wellFull size image1. 1. 1 Tree-Ring WidthA predominance of dendrochronological investigations performed to date have utilized assessments of the total tree-ring width. The ring-width has been long regarded as the basic unit of annual radial tree growth. Tree-ring width measurements are typically performed under a stereomicroscope connected to a linear encoder stage. In cases where rings can be sufficiently resolved with flatbed scanners, digital cameras, or imaged from thin sections, various software packages (e. g. , Rydval et al. 2014; von Arx and Carrer 2014; Shi et al. 2019) can facilitate ring detection and measurement. Investigations relying upon tree-ring width span across the full range of inter-disciplinary applications including archaeological, climatological, ecological, and geological sciences. Examples include: timber trade and resource utilization (Guiterman et al. 2016; Domínguez-Delmás 2020); reconstructions of temperature primarily in higher latitude and/or altitude environments where cooler conditions limit radial tree-growth (Jacoby and D’Arrigo 1989; Esper et al. 2002; Salzer et al. 2014); assessments of past insect activity outbreaks (Swetnam and Lynch 1989; Speer et al. 2001; Esper et al. 2007); reconstructions of drought (Cook et al. 2004; Fang et al. 2010), precipitation (Büntgen et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing various quantitative methods used in dendrochronological investigations, which utilize tree-ring width measurements to study a wide range of inter-disciplinary applications, including 'reconstructions of temperature' and 'assessments of past insect activity outbreaks.' These examples suggest that tree rings hold significant value in analyzing environmental changes and disturbances, which directly challenges the claim's assertion that they cannot be used for such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Author contributionsAulia L: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Investigation, Writing – Preparation; Pane YS: Conceptualization, Formal Analysis, Writing – Preparation, Writing – Review & EditingAcknowledgementThe authors give their appreciation and thanks to the of the Faculty of Medicine, Utara for allowing them to use the facility for collecting data for this research. 2018. ABA: 2019 - Association. 2019. accessed 9 April 2021. : Aloe vera gel facilitates re-epithelialization of corneal alkali burn in normal and diabetic rats. Clin. Ophthalmol. 2015. : Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats. Figshare Dataset. 2022. : Topical silver sulfadiazine-induced acute renal failure. Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie. 2005; 132: 891–893. : Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 1998; 181: 71–76. : Experimental Design, Theory and Application. New York:Mac. Millan;1963; 544. : Leukopenia in non-septic burn patients receiving topical 1% silver sulfadiazine cream therapy: A survey. J. Rehabil. 1988; 9: 606–609. Pub| :. Hasanudin. 2013; 1–13. :Wound Healing: Normal and Abnormal. Grabb and Smith’ s Plastic Surgery. 7th edn. & Wilkins;2013. Isrofah S, Afandi M: Binahong ((Ten) Steenis) 2 Termal pada Tikus Putih. of Nursing. 2015. : Acemannan stimulates gingival fibroblast proliferation; expressions of keratinocyte growth factor-1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and type I collagen; and wound healing. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2009; 109: 525–531. Pub| P: Buaya (Aloe Vera) (Linn) (Strain Wistar) Kediri. Kesehatan. 2016; 5: 114–121. Maulana RA: yang Berperan pada di dari Tahun 2011-2014. Utara;2014. Menkes. : - Luka Bakar. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any direct information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments. While it mentions various studies and acknowledges contributions to research involving Aloe vera, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim about its historical usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: ceranae [26], with initial discussions focusing on whether nuclear fusion occurs or not, followed by meiotic chromosome reduction [40]. Yet the more important issue here is that the two nuclei must be genetically different in order to drive recombination. The fact is that N. ceranae is diverse and recombinants appear systematically. Keeping in mind that millions of spores are produced clonally in a few days, the fact that diversity is maintained throughout the world is baffling. Even a hypothetical existence of two diploid nuclei (2n + 2n spores) as the basis of variability, fusion and meiosis would also be required to sustain the high diversity reported here. However, to explain the variants found at low frequencies, a sexual cycle must also exist independently of the ploidy of each nucleus. Absence of geographical barriersHalf of the isolates of N. ceranae in this study were obtained from six different European countries, while the other half correspond to Australian isolates from either the European or Eastern honey bee. It is clear that there are no diagnostic alleles specifically related to any of those origins, and except for a few insignificant cases where a variant is found in one single sample, most alleles exist in N. ceranae infecting A. cerana or A. mellifera, from Australia or Europe. The lack of barriers to the transmission of N. ceranae between the two honey bees has been reported previously [41] and confirmed recently [23]. Our results indeed point towards free transmission of this microsporidian with no signs of geographical or host segregation. It should be remembered that drones may transmit the parasite to many different honey bee colonies and that N. ceranae also infects the Bombus species [42, 43], increasing its possibilities of spreading. Additionally, this microsporidian can also be transmitted through pollen [44] and moreover, queens are now freely imported over long-distances to recover honey bee populations in a given region. Thus, a common origin may be associated with different genotypes and indeed, identical genotypes are found in Australia and Europe. origin of N. ceranae and the recent invasion into Europe could be associated to founder effects and hence a much lower diversity in Europe than in Australia. Interestingly, the genotype distribution in the samples from the two continents is quite similar - we obtained mean diversities of 0. 27 and 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the diversity and transmission of N. ceranae, confirming it as a microsporidian parasite that affects both A. cerana and A. mellifera honey bees. It highlights how N. ceranae is spread between different honey bee populations and even infects other species, such as Bombus, further stressing its role as a parasite impacting honeybee health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2011; Griffin and Anchukaitis 2014), streamflow (Woodhouse et al. 2006), and snowpack (Pederson et al. 2011; Belmecheri et al. 2016) variability primarily from locations where moisture limitations, potentially exacerbated by high thermal stress, limits radial growth; quantifying soil erosion rates (Gärtner et al. 2001; Rubiales et al. 2008); dating debris flows and avalanches (Stoffel and Bollschweiler 2008) as well as the construction of ancient (Douglass 1929) and historical structures (Boswijk et al. 2016); quantifying phenotypic traits, variability, and associations with genetic lineage/provenance (Housset et al. 2018); assessments of large-scale ecological disturbances (Pederson et al. 2014), and the resilience of ecosystems to climatic stressors (Chamagne et al. 2017; Kannenberg et al. 2019); understanding and predicting tree mortality (Cailleret et al. 2017); quantifying the climate sensitivity and drivers of forest growth in the past (Babst et al. 2013; St. George and Ault 2014), and making projections about tree growth in the future (Williams et al. 2013; Klesse et al. 2020); reconstructing larger-scale pressure and oceanic and atmospheric circulation indices (Trouet et al. 2009; Villalba et al. 2012; Li et al. 2013); quantifying forest carbon stocks and fluxes (Babst et al. 2014b); and integrating tree-ring and remotely sensed metrics of forest productivity (Coulthard et al. 2017; Seftigen et al. 2018). Notably, tree-ring width is often divided into the earlywood and latewood widths (Fig. 2. 2), sub-annual ring structures that have been demonstrated to carry distinct environmental signals in both angiosperms (Kern et al. 2013) and gymnosperms (Griffin et al. 2011). Measurement and analysis of these sub-annual ring components has allowed skillful reconstructions of the winter precipitation and summer precipitation to be developed from the earlywood and latewood width, respectively (Griffin et al. 2013). The distinct information carried in the intra-annual latewood and earlywood parameters is indicative of the relevance of finer-scale tree-ring parameters. 1. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that tree-ring analysis can yield significant information regarding various environmental factors, such as streamflow variability and ecological disturbances, which indicates that tree rings are indeed valuable for studying past environmental disturbances. Specifically, the mention of how sub-annual ring structures carry distinct environmental signals strongly suggests that tree rings can provide valuable data on past climatic and environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Indonesia. 2019. Reinke JM, Sorg H: Wound repair and regeneration. Eur. Surg. Res. 2012; 49: 35–43. : of Technique. London:Methuen& Co. Ltd;1992. (Reissued: for Animal Welfare, Herts, England. ) 1959. Sierra-García GD, Castro-Ríos R, González-Horta A, et al. : Acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A literature review. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9: 1934578X1400900. -Daniel J, Forbes AA, et al. : Recent trends in burn epidemiology worldwide: A systematic review. Burns. 2017; 43: 249–257. Pub| : Heterogeneity of mast cells and expression of Annexin A1 protein in a second degree burn model with silver sulfadiazine treatment. PLoS One. 2017; 12: e0173417. Pub| : Aloe vera: A short review. Indian J. Dermatol. 2008; 53: 163–166. Pub| : The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wounds. 2018; 30: 263–268. : WHO|Burns. 2018. accessed 29 May 2021. : Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. J. Dermatol. Sci. 2014; 79: 101–109. on this 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 3 version 2 Revised Published: 29 Jul 2022, 11:168 version 1 Published: 11 Feb 2022, 11:168 Copyright © 2022 S. This is an open access 10. 12688/f1000research. 79538. 2) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all 10. 5256/f1000research. 135733. r157960) The direct URL for this report is: Major concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they. . . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding the historical use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Instead, it appears to consist mostly of references and citations related to various studies on Aloe vera and its effects on wound healing, as indicated by phrases such as ‘Aloe vera: A short review’ and ‘the effects of aloe vera on wound healing’. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about Aloe vera's historical usage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: 33, respectively, which is not a significant difference. It is clear that European populations are not of unique origin, as a number of very different genotypes do indeed exist. Heterozygosity and diversity would be related in a population that fits Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, otherwise the two phenomena may produce different outcomes. Even assuming some degree of sexual reproduction, Hardy-Weinberg expectations would certainly not be expected for an organism like N. ceranae. Heterozygosis or mixed genotypes do not parallel its diversity and despite the fewer genotypes in Europe, heterozygosis is not statistically lower (in fact it may be slightly higher). Although further experiments must be performed, this finding again supports an adaptive role for the polymorphic infecting N. ceranae populations. The co-existence of different alleles for any genetic marker is maintained worldwide and especially in European isolates. Perhaps, as has also been suggested for N. bombycis [45], it is precisely such heterogeneity that makes a population of N. ceranae spores so virulent to Apis mellifera. ConclusionsThe data presented here indicate that honey bees are often infected not by a pure strain of N. ceranae but rather, by a heterogeneous group of spores. This may either be because the binucleated spore is heterozygous at a number of loci or because different strains are actually present in the infecting population. As shown in Fig. 4, once this population reproduces in the honey bee gut, meiosis will cause allele segregation and the fusion of nuclei of different origins by recombination also generates new genotypes, maintaining or even augmenting the genetic diversity of N. ceranae. Fig. 4Scheme of genotype diversity generation after multi-strain infection. Up: A honeybee is infected by an heterogeneous collection of N. ceranae spores in two possible ways: diploid or pseudodiploid spores may be heterozygous for a given marker (AB), and two or more different strains may be present in the infective group of spores (AB, and CD). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how honey bees are often infected by a heterogeneous group of Nosema ceranae spores and how this infection can lead to virulence in Apis mellifera. It highlights that different strains and genetic diversity in N. ceranae can affect honey bee health, thereby supporting the assertion that this microsporidian parasite has implications for honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: 2 Tree-Ring DensityZooming into a further level of magnification, a second overarching category of measurement parameters involves intra-annual variations in wood density (Fig. 2. 2). Over 40 years ago, it was shown that high-resolution intra-annual wood density based upon x-ray measurements of conifer trees offered significant new opportunities for dendrochronology (Parker and Henoch 1971; Schweingruber et al. 1979). In particular the maximum latewood density carries extremely strong common signals among trees and sites (Schweingruber et al. 1979, Briffa et al. 2002a, Frank and Esper 2005). The maximum latewood density parameter has subsequently taken on a prominent role within the field of dendroclimatology for its skill in reconstructing warm-season temperatures (e. g. , Hughes et al. 1984; Briffa et al. 2002b; Fan et al. 2009; Esper et al. 2012; Stoffel et al 2015; Wilson et al. 2016; Anchukaitis et al 2017). Meaningful and systematic environmental and ecophysiological signals in the earlywood density, that are notably distinct from tree-ring width and maximum latewood density, have gained increased attention recently (Camarero et al. 2014; Björklund et al. 2017; Buckley et al. 2018; Seftigen et al. 2020). Moreover, inter-annual density fluctuations or so-called false rings are connected to the ecophysiological responses to high aridity during the growing season, as well as to tree age and growth rates (Babst et al. 2016; Battipaglia et al. 2016; et al. 2016; Zalloni et al 2016). Yet, the specialized equipment, labor intensiveness, and relative complexity of x-ray densitometry measurements has dampened the prevalence of density parameters. Regular flat-bed scanners, particularly utilizing blue channel intensity, offer the possibility to measure an optical density (McCarroll et al. 2002). Although there are potential challenges related to potential discoloration, surface preparation, heartwood/sapwood boundaries, and calibration with surface images, the climatic signals in the high frequency domain are comparable to those derived from x-ray-based techniques (e. g. , Björklund et al. 2014, 2019; Wilson et al. 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how dendrochronology and dendroclimatology utilize tree-ring density measurements to reconstruct environmental signals and responses, implying that tree rings, including maximum latewood density, carry significant information regarding past climatic and ecological events, which would include potential volcanic activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: Continue reading concerns: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 no treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? This study lacks the visual observation with camera and authors did not show any images of the appearance of the wounds and wound improvement. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. The conclusion is a bold statement. What are the next steps? What are the limitations of the study? Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: Burn injuries and reconstructive surgery I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. . For: Effect of Aloe vera extract in post-burn skin repair in rats [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 not approved]. F1000Research 2022, 11:168 ( The direct URL for this report is: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the methodology and critique of a specific study about Aloe vera's effect on post-burn skin repair in rats, without addressing the historical usage of Aloe vera to treat skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Bottom: Most new formed spores may be fully asexual and hence show the same genotypes as above; however, after an hypothetical diploid stage and meiosis, homozygous spores are also formed (AA plus BB in one case, and CC plus DD in the other); additionally if two nuclei of different origin become included in a same spore, new genotypes would also appear (AC and so on). Without sexual reproduction, multi-strain infection could never produce or BD haplotypesFull size image The presence of N. ceranae in any region cannot be considered as an outbreak of a specific strain. Wherever sampled, N. ceranae populations are diverse, revealing lineages of different origins. Like any organism with an opportunity for sexual reproduction, population approaches must be employed to understand their particular features. The relative ease with which N. ceranae has spread worldwide in honey bee colonies reflects the synergistic interaction of mixed infections and the creation of diverse populations of the microsporidium through recombination. 9. 93. 53. 116. 48. 1. Biology of the Microsporidia. London: Plenum Press; 1976. p. 1–86. Ironside JE. Diversity and recombination of disperse ribosomal DNA and protein coding genes in microsporidia. PLoS One. 2007;8:e55878. 68. 5. 3. 5. 7. 7. 29. 105. 13. 9. Sagastume S, del Águila C, Martín-Hernández R, Higes M, Henriques-Gil N. Polymorphism and recombination for rDNA in the putatively asexual microsporidian Nosema ceranae, a pathogen of honey bees. Environ Microbiol. 2011;13:84–95. 81. 9. 94. 4. 56. 6. 88. 58. 5609. 0466. 8. 50. 80. 8. CAS 2. 90. 8. 7. 33. 2289. 13. 11. 65. 5. 522. 8. 186. 4. 0 ( which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. waiver ( applies to the data made available in this 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the presence and diversity of Nosema ceranae populations in honey bee colonies, indicating that it is indeed a microsporidian parasite. The text highlights the significance of mixed infections and genetic diversity within N. ceranae populations, confirming the claim about its impact on honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: However, it should also be noted that recent investigations and reviews (Jacquin et al. 2017; Björklund et al. 2019) have emphasized the equipment specific and resolution dependence on absolute values of the minimum and maximum density. Also crucial is the resolution and ring-width dependence on long-term (or apparent age/size related) trends in density measurements. These factors have potential implications for the divergence phenomena (Björklund et al. 2019; see also Wilmking et al. 2020 and 2. 1. 1. 4) within annual rings at high resolution (Pearson et al. 2009; Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). 1. 1. 3 Anatomy Tree-ring width and density parameters are, in fact, relatively simple functions of the number, sizes, distribution, and characteristics (e. g. , cell wall thickness) of the wood cells (Vaganov et al. 2006; Fonti et al. 2010). For example, measurements of total tree-ring width in a given tree core are very highly correlated with the corresponding numbers of cells per ring. Thus, the types of investigations performed using quantitative wood anatomical approaches parallels, and in many respects expands upon, those performed using the tree-ring width and density parameters. Quantitative wood anatomical investigations similarly include climate reconstructions (Panyushkina et al. 2003; Ziaco et al. 2016), assessments of the environmental impacts on tree growth (Carrer et al. 2016; Lange et al. 2020; Puchi et al. 2020), and notably the seasonal progression of environmental influence from the beginning to the end of the annual growth flush (Castagneri et al. 2017; Popkova et al. 2018). The development measurement and analysis techniques for quantitative wood anatomy is contributing to paradigm shifts in tree-ring research that in many respects complements the overall subject of this book on isotopes and tree-rings. Specifically, these high-resolution investigations are contributing to viewing and quantifying the wood cell, and not the annual ring, as the fundamental building block of radial tree growth. Moreover, wood anatomical studies are yielding deeper mechanistic insights into the growth processes and environmental responses of trees. For example, variations in inter-annual wood density can be well described and modeled as a consequence of competing cell enlargement and cell-wall thickening processes (Cuny et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that tree-ring width and density parameters are used for climate reconstructions and assessing environmental impacts on tree growth, suggesting that tree rings play a crucial role in studying past environmental disturbances. Specifically, it states that 'quantitative wood anatomical investigations similarly include climate reconstructions... assessments of the environmental impacts on tree growth,' which directly contradicts the claim that tree rings cannot be used to study these aspects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses an experimental study involving rats that examines the effects of Aloe vera on burn wounds, but it does not provide historical context or evidence regarding the long-standing use of Aloe vera for skin ailments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: G5_1_1BCO2, S. marcescens, S. nematodiphila) and G. apicola were significantly enhanced towards siRNA treatment during the entire experimental period (P < 0. 001). Fig. 1Read counts of microbes during the experimental period. Reads aligned to the bee genome decreased over time and the reads aligned to microbes increased. Overall, the microbes were negatively correlated with N. ceranae proliferation. X axis represents days post infection. Y axis represents the relative abundance of the studied microbesFull size imageDiscussionWhen a parasite infects a host, infection success depends on host immune defenses, microbial community responses, and even competition from other parasites [25]. In turn, parasites spatially alter the relative abundance of gut microbes and other symbionts [26]. Honey bee gut microbes are important for food digestion and bee immune responses [17]. In honey bees, at least 406 bacterial species and variants have been found (based on the database), including eight bacterial clusters that form the core gut microbial community [16, 17]. Within this core set of bacteria, the symbionts Gilliamella apicola and Snodgrassella alvi support food digestion and pathogen defenses, even though sequence variance may lead to functional variation [27, 28]. In contrast, the bacterium Frischella perrara triggers the honey bee melanization response [29]. Honey bees and their gut bacteria both respond to stressors and infection. As two co-regulation groups were identified, the relative abundance of bacteria may not be independent of each other in the mid-gut tissue. Additionally, all of the studied bacteria were negatively correlated with N. ceranae proliferation, suggesting N. ceranae reduces bacterial abundance, at least for the studied 15 bacteria. In the gut microbiome, diet shapes bacterial diversity and responses towards N. ceranae infection, where a negative correlation between S. alvi and N. ceranae was found, which is consistent with our data [30]. When this microbial community was disturbed by antibiotics, honey bees were more susceptible towards N. ceranae and other opportunistic pathogens [8, 31]. Administration of Lactobacillus strains as food additives showed suppressive effects on N. ceranae spores [32]. Competition for limited food resources may lead to the decrease/exclusion of other competitors, as suggested by the competitive exclusion principle [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that N. ceranae proliferation is negatively correlated with the abundance of certain gut bacteria in honey bees. It explains that N. ceranae reduces bacterial abundance, highlighting its impact on honeybee health. Furthermore, it mentions that honey bees become more susceptible to N. ceranae when their gut microbial community is disturbed, thus illustrating how this parasite affects the health and productivity of honey bees.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: , Ziaco 2020) can be retrospectively inferred. If overcome, this will open up additional opportunities for multi-seasonal environmental reconstructions. At present, project-specific determinations on whether the added information from quantitative wood anatomical approaches outweighs the additional effort are warranted. However, with continued advancements in quantitative wood anatomy processing and analyses, it is likely that future dendrochronological studies will increasingly be based upon the cellular building blocks. 1. 1. 4 Isotopes and Wood ChemistryFor both brevity here, and completeness, the reader is referred to the rest of the book for a full overview on stable isotopes in tree-rings, as well as other sections in this 2. 2 below), and amongst different proxy records (Sigl et al. 2015). Although wood is primarily composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, an expansive range of trace elements are incorporated into the annual rings of trees. Subsequent elemental analysis may reflect influences from natural processes such as relatively recent (Sheppard et al. 2008) and ancient (Pearson et al. 2020) volcanic eruptions, be linked to anthropogenic influences such as heavy metals associated with industry (Muñoz et al. 2019), or depend upon year-to-year environmental variations and offer complementary information to the tree-ring width and density parameters (Sánchez-Salguero et al. 2019). Moreover, such measurements can serve as indicators of the annual cycle and help to define annual rings in tropical ecosystems (Poussart et al. 2006), and also provide indications of long-term trends that may be related to tree-age (Scharnweber et al. 2016),or combined climatic and anthropogenic variability (Panyushkina et al. 2016). At present it appears that the more specialized equipment, methods, and time consuming approaches contribute to rather modest sample replications for studies investigating trace elements in tree-rings. This seemingly makes combining such approaches with other independent data the most robust research pathway. Yet, it appears likely that with ever increased technological capacities, further methodological advancements, and consequently more highly replicated datasets a better understanding of the bioavailability and translocation/immobility will be achieved. This knowledge will presumably open up additional low risk and high reward research avenues. 1. 1. 5 FeaturesSuperimposed upon the normal progression of tree-ring formation (& analysis), episodic events can impact and leave distinct fingerprints within the annual rings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how elemental analysis of tree rings can reflect natural processes, including both recent and ancient volcanic eruptions. It states that 'subsequent elemental analysis may reflect influences from natural processes such as relatively recent ... volcanic eruptions,' which directly counters the claim that tree rings cannot be used to study such activities.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? Answer: Application of gel to burns in rats that cannot be controlled because rats can lick/clean it even though it has been prepared by making burns on the rat's back which is difficult for them to reach compared to the stomach, legs and other areas. The rat rubbed the wound so that the application of Aloe vera gel became less/ineffective. The limited time of this research makes this research must be completed within the specified time. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. a concern Respond or 28 Feb 2023 Pane, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Utara, Medan, 20155, Indonesia 28 Feb 2023 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about Aloe vera's historical use for treating skin ailments. Instead, it focuses on a specific study involving rats and the experimental use of Aloe vera gel in treating burns. There is no mention of historical usage or benefits of Aloe vera for skin ailments in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Infection and sample collectionN. ceranae spores were isolated from the mid-guts of one hundred heavily-infected honey bee workers from two colonies in the apiary. The abdomens of honey bee workers were homogenized using pestles in 500 mL distilled water, filtered through filtering mesh cloth (65 um pore size) and centrifuged 5 min at 3000 rpm. Spores were further purified using a Percoll gradient procedure [19]. Sealed brood frames were collected from multiple colonies and the brood frames were kept in an incubator to collect freshly emerged honey bee workers. Eighty newly-emerged workers were fed individually with 2 μL of sucrose solution as follows: (1) with 105 N. ceranae spores without siRNA treatment, as the infection group; (2) with 105 N. ceranae spores and 1. 5 μg siRNA (targeting N. ceranae gene Dicer) as the siRNA-Dicer group; (3) with 105 N. ceranae spores and 1. 5 μg of a non-matching (scrambled) siRNA, as the siRNA-scramble group. The sequences of the designed siRNA were provided in a previous study [23]. Forty honey bees were kept in each rearing cup. In total, six rearing cups were constructed for three treatments, with two replicates per treatment. Five bees were sampled daily from 1 to 6 days post-infection (dpi) from each cup and ultimately pooled for RNA sequencing. After being anesthetized with CO2, the mid-gut tissue was dissected and the RNA was immediately extracted with TRizol [39]. Sequencing libraries were prepared and sequenced using the 2000 platform. In total, 36 PCR-free Illumina RNA paired-end (151 nucleotide per read) libraries of mid-gut samples were sequenced (two replicates per treatment per day), at the University of for Genomic Studies. Bioinformatics and microbial quantificationOn average, 58 million reads (114 nucleotides for each paired-read member) were generated from each library, after trimming and quality control using FastQC ( and SEQTK ( Sequencing reads were aligned to the honey bee genome assembly (Amel_HAv3. 1) with the hisat2 package under default settings [40]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the isolation of N. ceranae spores from infected honeybee workers and outlining a study designed to investigate the impact of this microsporidian parasite on honeybee health. The procedures detailed in the text, such as the infection groups and RNA sequencing, indicate a focus on understanding the effects of N. ceranae on honeybee physiology, aligning with the claim about its impact on honeybee health and productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings cannot be used to study past volcanic activity or environmental disturbances. [SEP] Text: Such features can in turn be used to understand the nature of these, generally more sporadic, phenomena back in time. Inter-annual density fluctuations have already been discussed as evidence for mid-growing season drought that occurs almost every year in some ecological and climatic settings and very infrequently in others (Zalloni et al. 2016). Other types of episodic markers in tree-rings include so-called frost-rings, whereby freezing temperatures and the formation of ice crystals in the intercellular spaces damage developing wood cells (Barbosa et al. 2019 and 2. 1. 1 above), it is perhaps expected that the protocols and sampling designs to collect tree-ring data exhibit a wide range of variability amongst, and even within, sub-disciplines such as dendroclimatology, dendroecology, and dendroarchaeology (Fritts and Swetnam 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Nehrbass-Ahles et al. 2014; Speer 2010). Ignoring the vast range in individual protocols, a typical sampling strategy would, for a location of interest, involve the collection of samples from e. g. , two dozen trees. Such a collection of tree-ring samples is usually obtained from a geographically constrained area (e. g. , within a few hundred meters), and where the trees are hypothesized to be in the same ecological setting, influenced by the same environmental factors, and usually of the same species. Such collections are typically crossdated and analyzed together, and referred to as a tree-ring site. Increment borers are used to extract cores usually approximately 5 mm in diameter. For isotope measurements sometimes larger diameter (e. g. , 1 cm) cores are collected to ensure enough sample material for subsequent analysis. Depending upon the research objectives and setting, cross-sections may be obtained and can be preferable especially in situations where samples are taken from trees that are no longer living. Even when the investigation may only involve isotope measurements for the most recent years, it is highly preferable for the collected tree core to span the full bark to pith radius. A full core allows estimates of tree age, and offers the greatest number of rings to facilitate crossdating. Collecting multiple cores per tree facilitates crossdating as well. Two cores per tree is routine. It is recommended to take even more cores per tree when investigating genera (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing information on how tree rings exhibit inter-annual density fluctuations and episodic markers, such as frost rings, that can indicate environmental disturbances, including drought. It discusses various protocols for collecting tree-ring data, suggesting that these features can indeed allow researchers to understand past ecological settings and disturbances, directly opposing the claim that tree rings cannot be used for such studies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Aloe vera has been used for centuries to treat skin ailments. [SEP] Text: In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3. . . Continue reading 1. In the method section, the authors mentioned that they divided the rats into 3 groups, group 1 without treatment, group 2 with gel base and group 3 with gel. Why did they name group 1 as standard group? What do they mean by "standard"? Answer: Naming group 1 as the standard group because group I is a group consisting of normal rat samples without being given burns or treatment only as a comparison to normal skin histology. This research is a true experimental study which has a control variable and the sample is randomly selected. At the beginning of the study we divided 54 rats into 3 large groups (group-I, II and III) with 3 small groups in them (day 3, 14 and 21) of each group @ 6 rats, namely: consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each. This group will be executed and their skin tissue will be taken on day-3, day-14 and day-21. The skin tissue taken was then examined histopathologically and used as a control skin of rats without being treated for BURN. Therefore we call as the "". Group II consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with on the back of each rat, and every day they were smeared with gel base (gel without active substance) to see how the burn wound healed physiologically. We named this Group II the "" because it was not given any treatment. Whereas group III consisted of 18 rats divided into 3 small groups of 6 rats each which were treated with BURNS on the back of each rat, and smeared with Aloe vera gel (a gel with the active ingredient Aloe vera herb) every day to see how the process is progressed to healing burns with Aloe vera treatment. We call this Group III the "" because they were given the Aloe vera gel treatment. 2. This study lacks visual observation with a camera and the authors do not show a picture of the appearance of the wound and wound repair. This is a major concern and needs to be addressed. Answer: 6 in the new version. 3. The conclusion is a bold statement. What's the next step? Answer: See the conclusion in the new version. 4. What are the limitations of the study? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study involving experimental groups of rats treated with Aloe vera gel among other treatments, but does not provide information supporting or contradicting the historical use of Aloe vera for treating skin ailments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Nosema ceranae is a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health and productivity. [SEP] Text: Reads that matched the honey bee genome were removed. On average, 14,258,564 remaining reads per library were then aligned to the Holobee ‘Bar’ database and 7,260,989 reads per library were mapped (>138X coverage of the database) including N. ceranae and other bee-associated microbes. Bar database is a curated resource for microbes associated with honey bees ( In order to remove false-positive microbial classifications and restrict reads to the more prevalent bacteria responding towards the parasite infection, microbes found in fewer than 22 libraries of the sequencing libraries were removed. The counts were normalized using the weighted trimmed mean of M-values (TMM). Two replicates of each treatment for each post-infection day were used to calculate the variance in order to identity significantly regulated bacteria with edgeR [41]. values were corrected for multiple comparisons using false discovery rate (FDR). Significantly differentially expressed taxa met three criteria: (1) the relative abundance of the bacterium is significantly different between the infection group and the siRNA-Dicer group; (2) the relative abundance of the bacterium is significantly different between the siRNA-Dicer group and the siRNA-scramble group; and (3) the relative abundance of the bacterium is not significantly different between the siRNA-scramble group and the infection group. Statistical analysisSignificantly differentially expressed taxa were tested using t-tests at each time point and the P value was adjusted for multiple comparisons with FDR using R (version 3. 5. 1). In order to analyze bacterial patterns over the infection period, co-regulation between N. ceranae and bacteria clusters was analyzed using the WGCNA package [42]. The normalized read counts of bacteria were treated as the genotype and counts of N. ceranae were treated as phenotype. To further test the effect of siRNA treatment on the microbe enrichment, a generalized linear model was performed using R (version 3. 5. 1). Within the linear model (counts ~ treatment + day + cage + group + microbe), counts indicate normalized microbe counts. Treatment indicates siRNA-Dicer group, siRNA-scramble group and infection group. Day indicates number of days post infection. Cage indicates each of the two cage replicates. Group indicates co-expression groups obtained from WGCNA analysis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing N. ceranae, which is identified as a microsporidian parasite affecting honeybee health. It discusses the analysis of reads associated with N. ceranae and other bacteria in relation to infection, which supports the idea of N. ceranae's impact on honeybee health and productivity.