Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Index in the figure is a procurement stability index that reflects instability of energy mix induced from global resource distribution, global trade share, Japan import structure of each energy resource, as well as socio-political risks of countries with resource deposits or exports. It has its maximum value 1 when all the primary energy needs are met solely by imported oil (in the same composition in the reference year, which in this case was set at 2005), while its minimum value 0 when the energy supply is preoccupied by domestic risk-free sources, such as hydro and other renewables. It revealed that the primary energy structure has evolved with remarkable improvements in its robustness since the period of oil crises in 1970s, through efforts to substitute oil with alternatives such as nuclear energy and natural gas, also shown in the background of figure. 3. 3. 3. Multiple indexes model to evaluate energy security level3. 3. 3. 1. MethodIn this section, the method is explained which was used in a comparison study of security of supply using five parameters among seven OECD countries using OECD 2005 year data [20]. Japan energy policies have stressed three targets: energy security, lower energy prices, and environmental protection. In response to the recent structural imbalance of oil supply and demand, Japan has placed energy security at the top agenda of its energy policies. Review of the energy security level has importance in formulating and steering the energy policies. Although energy security meant basically national energy security that puts the main priority on a stable energy supply, it is required to consider energy security from wider viewpoints of global energy security, which includes environment, nuclear concerns, international relations and others as its priority aspects. Figure 21. Historical evolution of primary energy mix and its procurement stability index in Japan. The estimation is shown on energy security levels of OECD’s G7 Summit member countries, which are and US. These nations occupy 81% of GDP, and 76% of primary energy supply in OECD member countries. The energy security levels are shown by the scores of standard deviation of the following factors, that is, are compared relatively for each country. Those scores of energy security levels for each country are estimated by the following process:1st step: Select factors and indexes concerned on energy security. The factors include as follows: Ratio of self-sufficiency of energy supply, for index of energy supply independence, or resource amount rich or not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that energy security is influenced by a range of factors and requires a comprehensive approach. It discusses Japan's energy policies, which prioritize energy security, lower energy prices, and environmental protection, suggesting that relying solely on fusion energy is insufficient. The mention of complex evaluation methods for energy security and addressing global and domestic factors indicates that multiple strategies are necessary to tackle energy challenges, highlighting that fusion energy alone cannot resolve global warming without other interventions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: FindingsIn the present study, after collecting the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized to analyze the information. The results related to the study of demographic characteristics indicated that 43% (98 people) of the participants in the research were male teenagers and 57% (130 people) were females, and the average and standard deviation of the age for the sample were equal to 16/10 and 1/40, respectively. Table 1 shows descriptive statistics and matrix of correlation coefficients for research variables. Also, Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to check the relationships between research variables before performing structural equations. The findings of Table 1 showed that the relationship of social well-being with positive problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 45), negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 29), logical problem solving (r = 0. 40), impulsive style (r = 0. 22), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 35), psychological flexibility (r = 0. 31) and emotional self-awareness (r = 0. 40) were positive and significant at 0. 05 and 0. 01 levels. In addition, the correlation coefficient of emotional self-awareness with negative problem-solving orientation (r = 0. 15), logical style (r = 0. 30), impulsive style (r = 0. 20), avoidant problem-solving style (r = 0. 18), flexibility psychological adaptability (r = 0. 31) was positive and significant at the level of 0. 01 (Ρ < 0. 01). The proposed model of the research in the form of standard coefficients is presented in Fig. 1. In this model, emotional self-awareness as a mediator, social problem solving and cognitive flexibility as independent variables and social well-being as a dependent variable are given, also regression coefficients are given above the arrows and error values with the symbol ‘e’. The adjusted modified model of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1. Orientation 8/82 2/033 1 2. Orientation 11/87 3/00 0/42** 1 3. Solving 20/96 4/08 0/29** 0/43** 1 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding bilingualism and its effects on cognitive flexibility or problem-solving skills. Instead, it focuses on statistical findings related to demographic characteristics and correlations between social well-being and problem-solving orientations, among other variables, without mentioning bilingualism at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 25The ongoing unraveling of the gut microbiome and mental health connection holds the promise of pioneering therapeutic avenues for therapists engaging with clients exploring the gut microbiome’s impact on depression; collaboration with medical professionals, holistic assessments, education, and tailored interventions are pivotal. A balanced approach, including nutrition, mindfulness, and open-minded engagement, can empower clients to make informed decisions about their well-being. the connection between the gut microbiome and depression has significant implications for public health strategies, especially in its potential impact on mental health, specifically depression. As the scientific community continues to explore the therapeutic potential of modulating the gut microbiome for depression management, mental health professionals have an essential role to play. Recommendations for therapists engaging with clients experiencing depression linked to the gut microbiome include collaboration with medical professionals specializing in gut health, holistic assessments that consider physical and mental health history, education to empower clients with knowledge about the gut-brain connection, and guidance on nutrition, mindfulness, physical activity, and tracking their well-being. A client-centered approach, characterized by tailored interventions and realistic expectations, will be vital in navigating this evolving field. In conclusion, the increasing recognition of the gut microbiome’s impact on depression can transform the mental healthcare landscape. This relationship opens new avenues for understanding and treating depression while underscoring the need for collaborative and holistic approaches in providing comprehensive care to individuals whose mental health is intertwined with their gut microbiome. As science unfolds, mental health professionals stand poised to bridge the gap between research and practice, ultimately enhancing the well-being of their clients. We declare that none of the authors have any personal, commercial, or financial interests that could influence or bias the research findings and opinions presented in this manuscript. 36. doi:10. 1007/s12088-019-00825-xWiertsema SP, van. between the and the in the Context of throughout Life and the Role of Nutrition in Strategies. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):886. doi:10. 3390/nu13030886Truschel J. and DSM-5 Diagnostic Criteria. . 8, 2022. 1, 2023. F. What is the Gut Microbiome? Food and Mood Center. Published July, 2016. What is the Microbiota Composition? and Diseases. Microorganisms. 2019;7(1):14. doi:10. 3390/microorganisms7010014Cresci GA, Bawden E. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the connection between the gut microbiome and depression, highlighting the therapeutic potential of this link. It states that 'the ongoing unraveling of the gut microbiome and mental health connection holds the promise of pioneering therapeutic avenues' and emphasizes the importance of understanding how gut health can impact mental well-being, which aligns with the claim about research suggesting a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Share of energy imported from specified areas, such as the and Russia, for index of stable energy supply, or of import risk by two big threats of political condition instability and marketing power. Diversity of energy supply, for index of energy best mix, which is calculated by ∑i Wij2,Wij: Share of respective energy i (Coal, Oil, Gas, Nuclear, and Renewable) in energy supply for each country j. Energy consumption per unit GDP, for index of energy usage efficiency. CO2 emission ratio, for index of global environmental problem measure, which is calculated by ∑i Wij ×Ci,Ci: CO2 emission per unit energy consumption of respective energy for each country. 2nd step: Estimate the deviation of data of each nation on each factorA normal distribution of data is assumed. The lower point for each factor indicates the better performance, that is the higher score of Yij, from the viewpoint of energy security. Yij= 50 + 10 ×Xij – Std XiE4Ave Xi: Average of Xij for each factorStd Xi: Standard deflection of Xij for each factorXij: Data on each factor i of each nation jYij: Deviation of data on each factor i of each nation j3rd step: Sum up the above estimated scores of the adopted factorsAverage score of Zj indicates the relative energy security level of seven countries. Zj= Ave YijE5Ave Yij: Average of Yij for each nation j The estimation is made by the data of OECD/IEA energy statistics [8,11,14]. 3. 3. 3. 2. ResultsThe scores on energy security levels of seven OECD nations for 2005 were calculated. The scores of Canada, US, and UK, resource-supplying countries, are relatively higher scores, compared with other nations, poor resource countries. Among the poor resource countries, Germany shows good diversification and France has good self-sufficient rate due to its high nuclear production capability, while Japan has low scores for factors except energy usage efficiency. Figure 22 shows the trend of the scores on energy security levels of seven OECD nations for about 30 years (presented by five points) [8]. The method estimates energy security levels based on relative comparison. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fusion energy solving global warming. It discusses factors related to energy supply security and consumption efficiency, as well as CO2 emission measures, but does not address fusion energy or its role in combating global warming. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 12/09 3/15 0/30** 0/33** 0/36** 1 5. 12/57 2/88 0/33** 0/52** 0/32** 0/28** 1 6. Cognitive flexibility 100/48 21/57 0/16* 0/12 0/30** -0/08 -0/05 1 7. Emotional Self-Awareness 59/33 6/46 0/08 0/15* 0/30** 0/20** 0/18** 0/31** 1 8. Social well-being 68/69 13/86 0/45** 0/29** 0/40** 0/22** 0/35** 0/31** 0/40** 1 In order to determine whether the adequacy of the correction model is compatible with the data, a combination of comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis index, incremental fit index, goodness index Goodness of fit index) Normalized goodness of fit index, of Fit Index, Root mean squared error of approximation, and Chi-squared ratio index were used. Its results are presented in Table 2. Table 2 The indices of fit for the proposed model measurement model of fit for measurement model 071/0 85/0 80/0 86/0 86/0 88/0 91/0 Estimated figures desirable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable acceptable desirable to Table 2, the fit indices of the assumed model are acceptable and in a proper situation, which indicates the appropriate fit of the model. The normalized chi-square value (CMIN/DF) is equal to 2. 13 and since it is less than 3, it indicates the desirability of the proposed modified model. Next, in order to investigate the direct and indirect relationships of the research variables, the direct and indirect effect coefficients and the total research variables on each other in the standard mode are presented in Table 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to bilingualism or its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. It focuses on statistical indices and model fitting in research without addressing the claim directly or indirectly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Gut Microbiome: Do and Don’t Know. Pract. 2015;30(6):734-746. doi:10. 1177/0884533615609899van. Impact of Ethnicity, Geography, and Disease on the Microbiota in Health and Disease. Dis. 2013;19(13):2906-2918. doi:10. 1097/01. MIB. 0000435759. 05577. 12Cryan JF, O’--’Connor R, Dinan TG. The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99(4):1877-2013. doi:10. 1152/physrev. 00018. 2018. the. Nutr Rev. 2018;76(7):481-496. doi:10. 1093/nutrit/nuy009Fernandez--i-ández-Aranda F, Portero-Otin M. and Function. J Metab. 2015;100(12):4505-4513. doi:10. 1210/jc. 2015-3076. The Gut-Brain Axis: Enteric Microbiota, Central and Systems. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):203-209. . of Dysbiosis in Disease in Human and Animal Models. Dis. 2016;22(5):1137-1150. doi:10. 1097/MIB. 0000000000000750. Dysbiosis: A to the Development of a Depressive Disorder. Healthcare (Basel). 2022;10(8):1503. doi:10. 3390/healthcare10081503. of Microbiota and Inflammation in Self-Judgement and Empathy: Implications for Understanding the Brain-Gut-in Depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2019;236(5):1459-1470. doi:10. 1007/s00213-019-05230-2. of. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:34. doi:10. 3389/fpsyt. 2019. 00034. Role of in Depression: Pathways, Recent Research, and Future Direction. Res. 2023;436:114081. doi:10. 1016/j. bbr. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that discuss the relationship between gut microbiome and mental health, particularly highlighting the 'Gut-Brain Axis' and the impacts of microbiota on conditions like depression. Phrases such as 'Dysbiosis: A Role in the Development of a Depressive Disorder' support the idea that microbiome composition is linked to mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: With a view on energy security levels of seven OECD member countries, the scores estimated by this method show that Japan is now placed at a lower level than most major OECD member countries. 3. 3. 3. 3. Survey of nuclear contribution on security of energy supplyNuclear energy has a great potential to improve energy security. Here, to clarify the nuclear contribution on energy security, a virtual world of ‘without nuclear energy’ is considered. Nuclear energy contribution on energy security is identified by comparing the levels between two cases, one is with nuclear energy and the other is without nuclear energy. This study excludes energy usage efficiency as an index for the comparison which is equal in both cases. Nuclear energy contribution is considered to be zero and then nuclear energy is allotted to fossil energy sources in proportion to their respective portions in energy supply of the 2005 year data, for other indexes, diversity of energy supply, self-sufficiency ratio, share of energy imported from the and Russia, and CO2 emission ratio. As the method mentioned in the previous section is used for comparison purpose among countries, only order is meaningful. To evaluate the nuclear energy contribution, relative value is used. Each index except energy usage efficiency, which is not affected existence of nuclear, is normalized, where best one is unity while worst one is zero in two cases. The comparison results are shown in Figure 23 [8]. Normalized scores of France with a great nuclear portion in energy supply become worse drastically, and those of Japan with scare energy resource and having nuclear energy promotion program, becomes worse also. Italy is not apparently affected by with or without nuclear. Other nations possessing nuclear energy with rich energy resources would not be affected seriously. Figure 22. Trend of total scores of energy security levels of seven OECD countries. Figure 23. Comparison results of four normalized indexes with (wNE) and without(woNE) nuclear energy. 3. 3. 4. Emergent scenario of two China by scenario planning in 2015The scenario-planning-based-approach has been proposed for the development of science and technology strategy through the analysis of energy crises in [10]. The method, with the discussion of experts of various fields, enables the comprehensive understanding of the problem to be considered, the development of a robust science and technology strategy for uncertain future, and the evaluation of individual research and development theme from various aspects. This is an example of a structural crisis in Table 5. 3. 3. 4. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the contributions of nuclear energy and its impact on energy security without suggesting that fusion energy alone can address global warming. It highlights the necessity to consider multiple energy sources for a comprehensive strategy regarding energy supply and CO2 emissions, thereby indicating that a singular reliance on fusion energy is insufficient for solving global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 3 Total, direct and indirect standardized coefficients of the mediating role of emotional self-awareness in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with social well-being in the form of standardized coefficients 12/0 **39/0 **51/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 16/0 13/0 **29/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being -- **36/0 **36/0 Emotional Self-Awareness - > Social Well-being -- **33/0 **33/0 Solving the -> Emotional Self-Awareness -- **45/0 **45/0 to Table 3, the direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 39, p = 0. 01), and emotional self-awareness (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 36) to social well-being are significant (P < 0. 01). The direct paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 33) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 45) to emotional self-awareness are significant at the level of 0. 01. Also, the indirect paths of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility to social well-being are equal to 0. 12 and 0. 16, respectively. Bootstrap method was used to check the significance of the obtained indirect coefficients, the results of which are presented in Table 4. The results of the bootstrap test in Table 4 showed that the confidence level for the lower and upper limits is 95% and the number of bootstrap resampling equals 2000. According to the results of Table 4, the indirect paths of social problem solving (β = 0. 07, p ≥ 0. 001) and cognitive flexibility (β = 0. 05, p = 0. 7) are significant to social well-being. This means that emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between social problem solving and cognitive flexibility with the social well-being of adolescents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationships between emotional self-awareness, social problem-solving, cognitive flexibility, and social well-being but does not mention bilingualism or its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: 114081Halverson T, Alagiakrishnan K. in Neurocognitive and Disorders. Ann Med. 2020;52(8):423-443. doi:10. 1080/07853890. 2020. 1808239. Gut microbiota’s effect on mental health: The gut-brain axis. Clin Pract. 2017;7(4):987. doi:10. 4081/cp. 2017. 987. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-of for the Symptoms of Depression. Z J Psychiatry. 2017;51(8):810-821. doi:10. 1177/0004867416686694Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, van. A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood. Immun. 2015;48:258-264. doi:10. 1016/j. bbi. 2015. 04. 003Sjöstedt P, Enander J, Isung J. Inhibitors and the Gut Microbiome: Significance of the in Relation to Mechanism of Action, Treatment Response, Side Effects, and Tachyphylaxis. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:682868. doi:10. 3389/fpsyt. 2021. 682868. Microbiome and Mental Health. J Holist Nurs. Published online August 8, 2023. doi:10. 1177/08980101231170487Butler MI, Mörkl. Microbiome and Mental Health: Psychiatry. 2019;64(11):747-760. doi:10. 1177/0706743719874168. Psychobiotics: A novel class of psychotropic. Biol Psychiatry. 2013;74(10):720-726. doi:10. 1016/j. biopsych. 2013. 05. 001. to Mindfulness-Therapy in Anxiety. Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:719829. doi:10. 3389/fcimb. 2022. 719829 About the is a Clinician and in the (PsyD) program at University Dr. James Maiden, Ed. is the for at of the Dr. Delarious O. O. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies and articles that investigate the relationship between gut microbiota and mental health. For example, it mentions topics like the 'gut-brain axis' and several clinical trials examining gut microbiome effects on symptoms of depression, directly aligning with the idea that the gut microbiome composition could be linked to mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Master plan: Shared awareness of the issues The research team conducts comprehensive analysis of risk factors, development of two scenarios with emphasis on ‘China’s future’. Investigation of strategic viewpoints needed on science and technology and evaluation of individual research and development theme for each of the scenarios are also performed. 3. 3. 4. 2. Extraction of risk factors and determination of the scenario structureThe fragility of the energy system of East Asia, with aggravating further from now on, has a large possibility to bring national power decline and resource protectionism in the countries in East Asia. Such situation is a threat onto security of Japan, while it can also serve as an opportunity to growth national power and international presence of Japan, by advanced technology development and its technology transfer. The two China images of ‘China’ and ‘Open China’ were built and the ‘Resource scramble scenario’ and the ‘Japan isolation scenario’ were created from each in this research. As foresight which China image becomes dominant from now on is difficult, Japan needs to build a technology strategy with consideration of both possibilities. In extracting risk elements as the components of the crisis scenario, eight risk categories are set as follows:China resource protectionism,China science and technology organization, geopolitics and international relations, energy infrastructure, motorization, electricity crisis,nuclear accident and nuclear proliferation, andenvironmental problem. Although the elements mentioned in this stage was 30 items or more, as a result of scrutinizing these further, to realization of a master plan, and 18 items were listed for an element with an uncertain prospect in this time as shown in Table 7. It classifies into four categories for convenience. Table 7. Asia crisis- scenario planning uncertainty factors to 2015. (MEXT, 2005)3. 3. 4. 3. - "Open China" and "China"Based on the work described until now, examination intensive about the future image of China used as the base of each scenario was performed. Consequently, the two China images were formed as shown in Figure 24. Although it will probably be common but still hypothesis that it is shifting to "Open China" from "National power China" as a trend, and it cannot predict which "China" becomes dominant till around 2020. Japan is required to construct strategy based on both possibilities. In any case, nuclear power is dominant for energy technology. Figure 24. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the energy system's fragility, geopolitical issues, and various risk factors indicate a complex scenario where relying solely on one energy source, such as fusion energy, is inadequate. The references to nuclear power's dominance suggest that a multifaceted approach, rather than a single solution, is necessary to address energy technology and related challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: Table 4 Bootstrap of the mediating path of the mediating variable of communication beliefs level Lower level Standard-Error bootstrap Paths 046/0 27/0 02/0 08/0 12/0 Solving the -> Social Well-being 022/0 37/0 06/0 10/0 16/0 Flexibility - > Social Well-being DiscussionThe present study was conducted with the aim of modeling social well-being of adolescents based on social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, considering the mediating role of emotional self-awareness. The results indicated that among two variables of social problem solving and cognitive flexibility, only social problem solving can directly affect the social well-being of adolescents, but cognitive flexibility indirectly affects social well-being through emotional self-awareness. Also, emotional self-awareness can play a mediating role in the relationship between solving social problems and the social well-being of adolescents. Findings of this research are consistent with the results of Aburezeq & Kasik (2023), Fathi et al. In explaining the direct effect of social problem solving and the indirect effect of social problem solving through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be mentioned that social problem solving is a kind of problem solving in real life and a self-directed process that people seek to identify, find and/or create adaptive management solutions for problems they encounter in their daily lives. To face such situations, people have to find solutions in social context (Aburezeq & Kasik, 2021). According to Karadames (2007), such cognitive and emotional reactions in solving problems; perception of personal characteristics and capabilities includes efficient and effective interaction with environment, connection with society and positive progress through life, which is equivalent to social well-being (Motaghedifard and Tamanaeifar, 1392). Besides, having sufficient knowledge about emotions, method of controlling and believing in the value of negative emotions according to situations in children and adolescents, helps them in stressful emotional situations; and express their emotions more appropriately (Hashemi et al. , 2022). This way, teenagers, due to their ability to pay attention and analyze other people's emotions and get support from others by sharing these emotions; they would be able to find effective responses to challenging social situations and achieve social well-being. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bilingualism's potential effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses social problem solving, emotional self-awareness, and their impact on social well-being in adolescents, making it irrelevant to the claim about bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-67751/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published03 Feb, 2021Read the published version in BMC →Version 1posted 10You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractBackgroundPain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression represent risk factors that can be treated alongside physical care given to orthopedic patients. While these factors have been shown to be common in patients with hip pathology, there is limited literature that follows these conditions throughout treatment. The purpose of this study was to track psychological factors in patients with various hip pathology to determine if they improved alongside functional measures following treatment. MethodsPatients presenting to a specialist hip clinic were prospectively evaluated for outcomes of pain catastrophizing, anxiety, depression, and hip function. Pre- and post-treatment assessments were undertaken: Scale, the Depression Scale, the Survey, and Score (HOOS). Patient characteristics were recorded. A correlation analysis, using the Spearman partial correlation coefficient (rs), was conducted to evaluate the relationship between change in psychological factors with change in functional outcomes. ResultsA total of 201 patients (78 male, 123 female) were included, with diagnoses of hip dysplasia (n = 35), femoroacetabular impingement (n = 35), lateral trochanteric pain syndrome (n = 9), osteoarthrosis (n = 109), and avascular necrosis of the hip (n = 13). Statistical analysis revealed a significant negative relationship between change in function level (as measured by ) and change in pain catastrophizing (rs = -0. 373, p < 0. 0001), depression (rs = -0. 363, p < 0. 0001), and anxiety (rs = -0. 264, p = 0. 0002). Pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved with function. Spearman correlation coefficients also revealed that pain catastrophizing, HADS anxiety, and HADS depression improved with improvement in other patient-reported functional outcomes. ConclusionsPatients with hip pathology often exhibit pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression, but improvements in hip functionality are associated with decreased severity of these psychological comorbidities. Establishing this connection demonstrates the impact that musculoskeletal impairment has on psychosocial outcomes and mental health. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the relationship between psychological factors such as anxiety and depression and their improvement alongside physical treatment for hip pathology. It establishes a connection between musculoskeletal impairments and psychosocial outcomes, reflecting the broader theme of mental health conditions being influenced by physical health factors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: The long-term energy demand and supply simulation to minimize the total energy system cost was conducted for energy prediction during the 21st Century in the world [22-23]. Taking the effort for energy-saving as major premise, carbon capture and sequestration for fossil fuel, renewable energy and nuclear energy should be altogether developed, which means energy best mix should be achieved, under the CO2 constraint around 450ppm atmosphere [24]. Nuclear phase-out scenario, in which new nuclear plant construction is prohibited, is possible from the simulation even considering the issue of global warming, with the following problems; increasing energy costs, little room for countermeasure, and large uncertainties of technology. The role of nuclear is also examined to understand energy security is severely affected by the case without nuclear energy. Therefore, rational use of nuclear power is requested, that is each country should make decision, Japan and several European countries will be also phase out, while China, India and ASEAN countries will continue to be introduced. If the accident happens again anywhere in, it will become the global phase-out. Therefore, rational unified safety standards (organizational structure, design and operation, regulations) should be reviewed based on the Problem world-wide analysis and established in the world. Advertisement 5. The path and key issues for "sustainable development"Figure 25 shows the path and key issues for "Sustainable development" [8], which is the target of the 21st century. Stabilization of world population. Reduction of the south and north economic difference. Preservation of global environment. Preservation and effective use for rare resources. It is necessary to improve economic development and the living standard in the developing countries, as a fundamental solution for the population growth in the world and for the reduction of "Income gap between North and South" also. It is necessary to secure energy that is low-cost and resource restriction free, to support economic in the developing countries. Moreover, great control of carbon-dioxide emissions is necessary to mitigate the climate change influence. It is necessary to achieve a worldwide spread of technical improvement/ recycling society system that aims at the efficiency improvement of the resource use. The hydrocarbon resources such as oil and natural gases are to use for the recycling as the raw material. Drastically conversion into non-fossil energy is indispensable. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that solving global warming requires a combination of strategies, including energy-saving, carbon capture, and the development of renewable and nuclear energy. It explicitly states that an energy mix is necessary to achieve CO2 stabilization, highlighting that reliance on fusion energy alone is insufficient without other interventions and comprehensive strategies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: In explaining the indirect effect of cognitive flexibility through emotional self-awareness on social well-being, it can be said that cognitive flexibility can adapt a person's thought and behavior in response to changes in environmental conditions. People who have the ability to think flexibly, use alternative justifications, positively reconstruct their thinking framework, and accept challenging situations or stressful events, and are more emotionally stable than people who are not flexible and will have more awareness (Burton et all,. 2010). Adolescents who have high self-awareness are honest with themselves and others, and recognize how their emotions affect themselves and their loved ones, and are able to speak accurately and openly about their emotions and the impact they have on others. According to the research of Qorbani et al. (2008), emotional self-awareness plays a significant role in explaining the emotional performance of people, and self-awareness in predicting mental health has incremental validity in comparison with the big five personality factors, and beyond personality factors, it can explain mental health. People with high flexibility in dealing with realistic issues have the ability to control their behavior and emotions, and this feeling motivates people to establish loving relationships with others. In fact, stressors prevent the correct response to stimuli and cause the appearance of emotional, behavioral or physical symptoms. These factors can be family problems, work-related problems, and other problems that lead to significant damage in social, emotional, family and work-related functions, therefore, when the stress-causing factor or factors are removed, problems of incompatibility and well-being will also be resolved. People who are confident in their abilities consider problems as challenges. They are confident that they can control threatening situations; such a perception of abilities reduces stress and conflict with social issues and leads to the completion of tasks and responsibilities. One of the limitations of the present study is the implementation of the questionnaire on teenagers in Isfahan, and therefore caution should be considered in generalizing results obtained in other societies and cultures. It is also suggested that the present research be conducted on other educational levels such as teenagers in other cities. DeclarationsThis is an observational study. has confirmed that no ethical approval is required. All the subjects have participated in the research with full consent and without coercion. Competing interests There is no conflict of interests. Authors' contributions Both authors wrote the whole text together. Funding no funding received. Availability of data and materials All data are available and will be translated and sent if necessary. 169. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address bilingualism directly or provide relevant information about its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses cognitive flexibility, emotional self-awareness, and their effects on social well-being without connecting these concepts to bilingualism.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Emerging research suggests a link between gut microbiome composition and mental health conditions, like anxiety and depression. [SEP] Text: Thus, functional improvement that reduces difficulty with ADL has a particularly strong effect on overall wellness. Of the psychological metrics that improved alongside increased function, the pain catastrophizing total score demonstrated the most relative improvement. Pain catastrophizing is an important pain-related variable that has been adversely linked to disability and quality of life in patients with both hip and knee OA. 45, 46 As pain catastrophizing is an exaggerated negative mental state during painful experience, it is a logical conclusion that decreased pain and increased function reduce catastrophizing. 8 Our results support this link, revealing a significant decrease of PCS scores as functional assessment improves. As patients feel less hindered by their hip condition, their expectation and anticipation of associated pain and disability decreases accordingly. There are a few limitations of this study. The cohort of patients included in this study presented to one specialist, and may not reflect all hip patients in a general population. Patients suffering from OA represented a majority of the diagnoses, and the small sample size of diagnoses like LTP and AVN prevented our ability to run a stratified analysis on each subgroup. However, because we are investigating the interplay between overall hip function and its impact on psychosocial health rather than any specific disease-modifying process, we deemed it appropriate to analyze our overall cohort. Additionally, our assessments lack standardization in both length of time from the pre- to post-treatment measurement as well as treatment protocol. Although about 85% of patients received surgery (compared to about 15% who received non-operative treatment) and we statistically controlled for length of time from pre-to-post treatment, the wide range in time elapsed between pre/post assessments and the varying treatment modalities may confound our results. However, we also note that the varying treatment modalities along with the time elapsed between assessments represent a real-life clinic setting—not an artificially-controlled setting—which bolsters the external validity of the current study. Finally, concern regarding the validity and reliability of using self-report measures to evaluate musculoskeletal complaints has been documented in previous literature. 47, 48 We attempted to addressed this issue by using validated assessments, but our reliance on using patient-reported outcomes to determine hip functionality and psychological comorbidity could affect the internal validity of the study. conclusion, we found that pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved as function improved. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how improvements in function relate to psychological metrics, specifically stating that 'pain catastrophizing, depression, and anxiety improved as function improved.' This suggests a connection between physical health and mental health outcomes, aligning with the idea that changes in overall health (which may include factors like gut microbiome composition) can influence mental health conditions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Expansion of nuclear power energy use: It is precondition to secure the durability by constructing the fuel cycle with the viewpoint of the resource and waste. Use of renewable energy source: It is important to improvement the technology that aims at cost reduction. has the feature as the following energy systems, it is considered to be possible to deal with the energy crisis enough if the policy is correctly set. Development and usage of highly effective energy conversion technology. Usage of nuclear power generation. Renewable energy technology development; especially, the world is led in the Photovoltaic technology. Figure 25. Problems, and Advertisement 6. ConclusionsIn order to address the biggest challenge to global sustainable development caused be global warming, a new post-2012 climate regime was examined to be scientifically sound, economically and technologically rational. The key findings are as the following. Instead of the traditional 450ppm equilibrium stabilization of IPCC, a new scenario based on zero-emission and overshoot schemes was proposed recently. The essential limitation is that the total emission during the 21st century should be lower than 650GtC. The scientific examinations demonstrated that the so called Z650 scenario could avoid long-term risks. At the meanwhile it could meet short term need of relatively large emissions. The proposal improves the possibility of international agreement compared with the G8 Summit proposal, which argued that the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced by at least 50% in 2050 compared to the 1990 or recent year levels. A numerical experiment of global energy system optimization shows the technical feasibility of the Z650 scenario not only globally but also regionally. The obtained time series total primary energy mixes suggest that the consumption of fossil energy will peak at 2030, and the clean energies, especially the renewable energy will play an essential role during the second half of the century. The resulted regional emission curves reflect the differences of financial and technical capability among areas. The industrialized countries will reduce their emissions by 50% in 2050 compared with 2005 levels, while the emissions of developing countries will increase by 10% at the same time. The results of individual industrialized countries fit with the national targets well. The cost-effective analysis shows that the Z650 scenario is economically rational. Compared with the reference case, the additional investments in Z650 scenario could be covered by the fuel savings during the following 40 years (2010-50) both globally and regionally. Nuclear energy will play an important role for achieving the vision against global warming. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that addressing global warming requires a combination of strategies, rather than relying solely on fusion energy. It discusses various energy sources, including nuclear power and renewable technology development, and emphasizes the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing global emissions and energy consumption, as evidenced by statements like 'the clean energies, especially the renewable energy will play an essential role during the second half of the century' and the reference to 'a new scenario based on zero-emission and overshoot schemes' which showcases that multiple interventions are necessary.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2021) Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Scale in students: DERS-16. Research report. Faculty of Education and Psychology. University of (2018) of and the Atmosphere in Solving: Role of Cognitive Flexibility. Stud 15(31):1–34. 10. 22111/JEPS. 2018. 4261 (2020) Comparison the Social Well-being, Spiritual Well-being and Strategies in multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients and Non-Patients. J title 14(3):38–52. 10. 1080/0312407X. 2018. 1516793[Link] (2010) Feasibility and effectiveness of psychosocial resilience training: a pilot study of the READY program. Psychol health Med 15(3):266–277. (2018) The subjective well-being of academically gifted students in the Chinese cultural context. Int 39(3):291–311. D’-(2002) Manual for the social problem solving inventory-revised(10. 1037/t05068-000 Demirtaş, Ayşe Sibel (2020) -Being in Turkish Adolescents: Role of Academic, Social and Emotional Self-Efficacy. Anales de Psicologia 36(1):111–121. 10. 6018/analesps. 36. 1. 336681 (2010) The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cogn therapy Res 34(3):241–253. 10. 1007/s10608-009-9276-4 (2017) Self-esteem; challenges and strategies (with emphasis on religious attitudes). Journal of Ethical Reserch, 5(4), 53–82. URL: (2014) The effectiveness of cognitive behavior therapy on cognitive flexibility of depressed people. Thought and behavior in clinical psychology, 9(34), 27–36. (2019) Comparing spiritual intelligence, spiritual well-being and social support in delinquent and normal teenagers. 4(2):14–24. Gholamreza A, (2018) Survey on validity and reliability of Emotion awareness questionnaire in primary school students of Tehran. Quarterly of Psychometrics, 7(27), 85–98. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it lists several unrelated studies and reports without addressing the claim in question.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: 11 SCFA receptors: Thru binding to SCFA receptors (G protein coupled receptors), the prebiotic may interact with receptors on immune cells in the gut–associated lymphoid tissues (GALT). 12 Butyrate, the principal fuel for colonic epithelial cells, decreases the requirement of glutamine for epithelial cells, thus sparing more glutamine for immune system cells in the body such as in GALT, thereby enhancing immune system reactivity. 13 SCFA: Several studies showed that SCFA have direct immunomodulatory properties. 14 Butyrate may also modify epithelial cell gene expression, for example IL–8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and this in turn would change the signaling of the epithelial cell to the mucosal immune system. 15,16 SCFA cause an altered lymphocyte numbers in the spleen and intestinal mucosa in addition to cytokine formation. 17 They also can stimulate IFN–γ and IL–10 production. 18 The particular scGOS/lcFOS preparation decreased kappa and lambda immunoglobulin levels in plasma of infants at high risk for allergy development in contrast to infants receiving placebo formula. 19 Galectin–9: Galectins, expressed by intestinal epithelial cells, are soluble–type lectins identifying β–galactoside including glycans over the cell surface. One of the galectins, galectin–9 was demonstrated to control mast cell degranulation as well as T–cell differentiation. In a study; after dietary supplementation with a mixture of scGOS/lcFOS and probiotic Bifidobacterium breve, serum galectin–9 levels were detected to be elevated in mice and humans. This increased level was consistent with lowered acute allergic skin reaction and mast cell degranulation. Additionally, this pre– and pro–biotic mixture was demonstrated to augment Th1– and Treg–cell differentiation in lymph nodes and in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures exposed to galectin–9. 20 Briefly; concerning the immuno modulatory effect of prebiotics, hypothetical mechanisms of the effects are as follows: They are considered to boost the activity of lactic acid bacteria, e. g. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, which have immuno modulatory capability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential immunomodulatory effects of prebiotics and probiotics, particularly highlighting their interaction with immune cells and cytokine production, which are relevant to health conditions including mental health. Specifically, it describes how butyrate, a key short-chain fatty acid produced by these probiotics, influences immune reactions and gene expression, thereby suggesting a mechanism through which probiotics and prebiotics could impact overall health, including mental health.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: Large-scale introductions of the more expensive renewable energies during early stage are necessary without nuclear energy or next generation nuclear technology. As a result, the power generation cost will increase rapidly thereby the negative economic impact will be significant especially in developing countries. Therefore, rational use of nuclear power is requested to combat global warming. Compared with the threat from global warming, energy security is the more traditional key issue for global and regional sustainable development. Based on the overview of energy security concepts and existing evaluation methods, we proposed a new integrated index to evaluate national energy security from the wide conception. Case studies employing the index for OECD countries and China were conducted to evaluate the role of nuclear energy. The key findings are the following. From the viewpoint of self-sufficient ratio, nuclear energy affects security index largely in the energy importing nations but slightly in the resources nations. From the viewpoint of energy diversity and CO2 emissions, the absence of nuclear energy decreases the security index significantly by which influences the sustainability of national economic growth. The nuclear policies of China will influence not only the domestic economic growth but also the energy situations in the world, especially the surrounding nations. Nuclear energy will play an important role from the necessity of mitigating climate change, as well as improve energy security. However, the Accident raised a new challenge of securing the safety of utilization. Following the safety design principle of “Defense in Depth”, three level safety functions should be considered for the hardware. Those are, the usual normal system, usual safety system, and emergency system including external support function. On the other hand, software for design including common mode failure treatment, safety logic, and usability should be improved together with the human-ware for operation including personnel actions, emergency procedure, organization, management, and safety culture. Sustainable development is the final target for human society. The energy related environmental issues and energy issue are the main challenges during the 21st century. Although the energy conservation is the most important issue in the energy policy, the utilization of nuclear energy is also essential to maintain the global environment and energy security together with the improvement of the renewable energy and the development of the carbon dioxide isolation technology for the fossil fuel. Therefore, it is necessary to continue technological development so as to demonstrate each potential as for the basic energy in 21st century. Advertisement AcknowledgementThe global warming discussion is based on a research project launched by the for Global Studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while nuclear energy is necessary to combat global warming, it emphasizes the importance of integrating various renewable energies and additional interventions. It outlines that large-scale use of renewables alongside nuclear power is essential and that relying solely on nuclear energy or fusion energy will not address the existing energy security threats or the comprehensive challenges of climate change. Therefore, it clarifies that the claim of fusion energy alone solving global warming without further interventions is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: (2008) Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and the United States. J Psychol 142(4):395–412. González (2021) Social and Wellbeing and Capabilities in Chile. 11:628785. (2022) Model of Relationships between Adolescents 'Emotional Self-Awareness and Parenting Stress, and Parents' Self-Criticism. Res 17(67):269–276. 10. 22034/JMPR. 2022. 15305 (2020) 14 (55):83–98. URL: Karademas EC (2007) Positive and negative aspects of well-being: Common and specific predictors. Differ 43(2):277–287. 10. 1016/j. paid. 2006. 11. 031 (1998) Social well-being. Q 61(3):121–140. Keyes CLM, Magyar-Moe JL (2003) and Utility of Well-Being. Psychology 9(5):411–425. Khanh NC (2021) Development of the Scale of Solving in adolescents. Current Psychology: A Journal for on Issues. 40(10):5175–5184. 10. 1007/s12144-019-00427-2 (2020) The role of self-compassion and psychological flexibility in predicting the burnout of nurses. Rooyesh, 9 (1), 73–80. URL: (2022) Perceived parenting styles, cognitive flexibility, and prosocial behavior in with an immigrant background: A three-group comparison. Curr Psychol. (2017) The relationship between cognitive flexibility and job burnout and occupational injuries in female emergency department nurses. on Psychology and Social Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2017) A review of social problem-solving interventions: Past findings, current status, and future directions. Res 87(1):71–102. (2011) Questionnaire, psychometrics, and standardization of indicators of social problem solving ability. Q 1(4):1–21. M, (2014) M. R. March 5–6). of of Iran, Tehran. Iran. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lacks any elements that directly discuss bilingualism, cognitive flexibility, or problem-solving skills. Instead, it primarily lists various studies and their titles without establishing any clear connection to the claim. Therefore, it is deemed irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: A second mechanism of effect is that fermentation of prebiotics by lactic acid bacteria augments SCFA production which performs as energy material for colon epithelial cells. SCFAs have also important positive impacts on intestinal epithelial cell function, including maintenance of metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and promotion a low pH of the gut environment, favoring beneficial microbes with a simultaneous decline in pathogenic bacterial growth. Description of probiotics Probiotic is an oral supplement or a food product that contains a sufficient number of viable microorganisms to adjust the microbiota of the individual and has the potential for beneficial health effects. 1,2 Therefore, probiotics are defined as ‘live microorganisms that, when given in sufficient amounts, confer a health benefit on the individual. 21 Currently the most common probiotic foodstuffs contain Bifidobacteria and/or Lactobacilli, but also may contain other lactic acid bacteria such as lactococci and streptococci. The non–lactic acid probiotic bacteria group also includes Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Bacillus coagulans and the yeast Saccharomyces (boulardii and cerevisiae). 22 What are potential mechanisms of probiotics’ actions in the prevention therapy of allergy? Even though the favorable effects of probiotics on various atopic diseases have been considered for a long time, little is identified about how probiotics modify the immune system and atopic disease development. These mechanisms of probiotics’ effects in the prevention and therapy of atopic diseases have been recently explained by us in detail somewhere else. 1,2 Here, some major mechanisms are briefly mentioned. Intestine–stabilizing effect (Maturation): Besides affording maturational signals for the GALT, probiotics control the production of pro– and anti–inflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Probiotics can thwart the inflammatory progression by alleviating the intestinal microenvironment and the permeability barricade of the gut, and by augmenting the degradation of antigens/ allergens in gut and changing their immunogenicity. 23 This intestine–stabilizing effect was supposed to be elucidated by the enhancement by probiotics of the immunological barrier of the gut via intestinal IgA responses, particularly. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating gut microbiota, which relates to the potential mechanisms through which they may influence mental health. It details how probiotics can stabilize the intestine, control inflammatory responses, and confer health benefits, all of which are relevant to the study of gut-brain interactions. Additionally, the text implies a broader understanding of probiotics' effects on the microbiome, supporting the claim's focus on mental health benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Fusion energy will single-handedly solve global warming with no other interventions. [SEP] Text: We’d like to thank the project members, Dr. Tetsuo Yuhara, Mr. . Kazuaki Matsui, Dr. Toshikazu Shindo, Dr. Kazuhiro Tsuzuki, Dr. Atsushi Kurosawa, Mr. Ken Oyama, Dr. Yasumasa Fujii, and Dr. Ryo Komiyama. We also thank Prof. Matsuno, Mr. Toshihiko Fukui, Mr. Ryozo Hayashi, Mr. Kazumasa Kusaka, and Mr. for their kindly advices on the research. The energy security problem analysis is based on the discussion within OECD/NEA on “and Security of Supply”. We’d like to thank the experts of OECD/NEA. We also thank Mr. and Dr. for their fruitful discussion on the research. 1. Matsuno et al. Equilibrium stabilization of the atmospheric carbon dioxide via zero emissions- An alternative way to stable global environment, Proc. Japan Academy, Ser. B, in press. 2. UKCCC: The 2050 target, Building a low-carbon economy- the UK’s contribution to tackling climate change, 2008. 3. . ,. , and Meinshousen, N. : Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tone, Nature 458, 1163-1166, 2009. 4. Kurosawa et al. , Analysis of carbon emission stabilization targets and adaptation by assessment model, Journal, Vol. Special I), 15717619995. 2010. 6. 2010. 7. OECD/NEA, of and the Contribution of Nuclear Energy, NEA6358, 2010. 8. UjitaH. MatsuiK. YamadaE. Proposalon. Conceptof. Securityof. EnergySupply. withNuclear. EnergyI. C. A. P. P. ‘0TokyoJapan. May101. 2009 9. UjitaH. StudyA. onEnergy. SecurityNuclearEnergy. RoleJ. N. S. T. Vol. 1No. 2011in Japanese). 10. R. Omori, H. Horii, Analysis of in using method and It’s Implications for Japan’s Science and Technology Policy, Sociotechnica, 2005. 11. IIASA/1998. 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not support the claim as it focuses on acknowledging various contributors to different research efforts without addressing fusion energy as a potential solution for global warming. It mentions a variety of studies and analyses related to energy security, carbon emission stabilization, and climate change without indicating that fusion energy alone can resolve these issues. Therefore, the provided text contrasts with the claim's assertion that fusion energy will be the sole solution to global warming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 소개 학술지 논문 통계 한국어 English toggle menu KCI 등재 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 결손가정 초등학생의 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 미치는 효과 of the Training of for on Skills, Self-Efficacy, Ego-Resiliency of Children from 상담학연구 약어 : - 2009 vol. 10, no. 4, 10. 15703/kjc. 10. 4. 200912. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it does not discuss bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it appears to reference a study related to cognitive and interpersonal skills training in elementary students from disadvantaged families, which does not directly address the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Probiotics and prebiotics are being studied for their potential to improve mental health by altering the gut microbiome. [SEP] Text: 24 Immune response modulation (Th1/Th2 Balance and Th17 Cell Suppression): Some lactic acid bacteria probiotics can alter the cytokine profiles released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and redirect the immune system in a regulatory or tolerant mode. 25,26 Although the cytokine production types of various probiotics differ, the lactic acid bacteria isolated from healthy individuals principally stimulate non–inflammatory cytokines. 27 Certain probiotic strains are recently demonstrated to decrease proinflammatory cytokines by the pathway of Th17 cell suppression. 28,29 Local and systemic anti–inflammatory effects: The local and systemic anti–inflammatory effect of probiotics is ascribed to amplified secretion of IL–10 by immune cells in the gut and the spleen of tested animals. Furthermore, a decline in the production of pro–inflammatory cytokines e. g. IFN–γ, TNF–α and IL–12 was demonstrated. 30,31 Similarly, oral LGG supplementation caused high IL–10 levels in atopic children, suggesting that particular probiotics might have systemic anti–inflammatory effects and perhaps improve regulatory or tolerance–inducing actions as well. 32 Immune system regulation ( (Treg) cell development): Some strains of the Bifidobacteria were demonstrated to induce in vitro cultured neonatal dendritic cells to drive T cell responses and might therefore be used as nominees in primary prevention and therapy of allergy. Specifically, Bifidobacterium bifidum was detected to be most effective polarizer in vitro–cultured dendritic cells to impel Th1–type responses including augmented IFN–γ releasing T–cells with concurrent attenuation of IL–4–secreting T–cells. 33 Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus casei were also demonstrated to induce DC –SIGN (CD209) in monocyte–derived dendritic cells to thrust the development of Tregs. 34 Recent research suggested that one of the actions of probiotics might involve stimulation of differentiation of IL–10–dependent, TGF–β–bearing Tregs. 35,36 Moreover, T–cells induced by Bifidobacterium bifidum may drive dendritic cells as generators of more IL–10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the immune responses modulated by probiotics, specifically mentioning that certain strains can alter cytokine profiles and induce regulatory immune responses. This regulation of the immune system is relevant to the gut-brain axis and suggests a potential pathway through which probiotics may influence mental health, as changes in gut microbiota have been linked to psychological well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Some immersive soundscapes are designed to simulate natural environments, like forests or oceans. [SEP] Text: This segment was intended to evaluate whether footstep sounds can contribute to more immersive storytelling and how warning sounds are perceived that aim to direct the user’s attention to approaching vehicles. The warning sounds are realized with spatial audio in eight compass directions. The intended story was simple: A walk begins on a beach, then leads though a forest, and finally ascends to the top of a mountain. When vehicles like bicycles or e-scooters were approaching, the experimenter sent a command to the participant’s smartphone that specified the direction of the vehicle and the soundscape-related warning sound. The warning sounds Ship horn, Woodpecker, or were played from the vehicle’s direction in relation to the user. This does not provide a controlled study setting, but it does make the participant more aware of approaching vehicles while using ANC headphones for their safety. The sound was linearly cross-faded between two adjacent soundscapes to avoid hard transitions. Before this part began, participants were only told that they were about to hear a story and warning sounds when vehicles are approaching to which they should pay attention to. Afterwards, participants were interviewed about the story and warning sounds they heard. was used to evaluate whether footstep sounds can be employed for navigation purposes. In the Forest soundscape participants walked on Leaves as long as they walked in the right direction. When they walked on the wrong path, the experimenter remotely changed the footstep sound to with his phone. Before this part began, participants were informed that the system would navigate them a destination unknown to them, which they can identify by a Gong sound. Further, they were informed that they would walk in the wrong direction when they hear themselves walking on a wooden surface. When reaching the location, participants were asked how they experienced the feedback. The aim of the last part on route segments G and H was to measure the influence of asynchronous footstep sounds. Again the Forest soundscape was used together with the Leaves footstep sound. The participants were introduced to walk to the end of each route without giving them any information on the intention of this study part. By averaging the time between the first five recognized steps we measured the current walking speed. Based on this calculated average step duration a footstep rhythm continued that, depended on the study part, ether increased or decreased by five milliseconds every two seconds. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the evaluation of footstep sounds for immersive storytelling and warning sounds for vehicle awareness. While it mentions a 'forest' and a 'beach,' it does not suggest that these soundscapes are designed to simulate natural environments; rather, they serve specific functional purposes related to participant navigation and safety. The emphasis on the control of footstep sounds and their association with participant awareness seems to divert from the claim that immersive soundscapes are primarily intended to create a natural environment experience.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 2303 발행기관 : 한국상담학회 연구분야 : 교육학 Copyright © 한국상담학회 이유미 1 김정희 2 김동원 3 1장수군청소년지원센터 2전북대학교 3조우심리상담센터 인용한 논문 수 : 7 260 회 열람 현재 페이지 인쇄 PDF 다운로드 인용보기 공유 초록 본 연구는 결손가정 초등학생을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련이 문제해결력, 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성에 어떠한 효과를 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a study about problem-solving training for children from single-parent families without any mention of bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: Gut length also scales with body mass (Table 1), but an increase in body mass is unlikely to increase gut length by the same factor. Therefore, the volume of the gut wall may scale as Ω g = rM (1/h) + s, where r > 0, s ≥ 0, and h ≥ 1 are constants. This allows expressing P as a function of M and, since the derivative of P with respect to M is always negative (i. e. , dP/dM < 0), platelet 5-HT concentration should decrease as body mass increases. Importantly, this relationship may not hold true for developmental processes [1] because other parameters, here considered constant (e. g. , the levels of extracellular 5-HT in the gut wall, the platelet 5-HT uptake rate constant; see Janušonis (2008)), may undergo developmental changes. Body mass is almost never controlled for in experimental studies on the platelet hyperserotonemia of autism [9, 11, 12]. In light of the present findings, including body mass as a covariate may reduce uncontrolled variability in platelet 5-HT levels. Recent findings show that low birth mass may carry an increased risk for ASDs [63] and that head circumference strongly correlates with body mass in ASD patients [64]. Intriguingly, the maturation of thalamocortical projections appears to be influenced by body mass in normal mice [65]. We found a non-linear relationship between gut length and the brain/body mass ratio. While there appears to be little association between the brain/body mass ratio and the relaxed gut length if guts are average length, short guts predict a higher brain/body mass ratio (Fig. 3C). The biological nature of this relationship is unclear. It is conceivable that the length of the gut modulates how much tryptophan reaches the systemic blood circulation and, since tryptophan can cross the BBB, its availability in the brain may affect brain growth through 5-HT synthesis [66]. Intriguingly, it has been recently hypothesized that a decrease in gut length has had a major impact on the evolution of the human brain [67, 68]. The analysis also suggested a tentative relationship between blood tryptophan levels and the volume of the developing hippocampal complex. Tryptophan depletion is known to affect the development and function of the hippocampus [69–71]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding where the majority of the body's serotonin is produced. Instead, it discusses the relationship between body mass, gut length, and serotonin concentrations in platelets, along with some potential influences on brain growth. As such, it does not corroborate or contradict the claim but is instead irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Some immersive soundscapes are designed to simulate natural environments, like forests or oceans. [SEP] Text: One usual downside to this ad-hoc pop-up installation methodology is that few people can experience the artwork apart from the artist for most exhibits. Due to this concern, most installations conducted to date have been documented by the facilitator for digital distribution. This NIME exhibition proposal provides an installation format that allows people to experience the work without physically being present at the initial time of installation while maintaining the spirit of the work, which focuses on natural soundscapes (as opposed to urban or rural soundscapes). For each day of the conference, the artist will provide a video reel edited together from documentation collected from Eunomos pop-up exhibits that take place in a particular region. The reel is to be played on repeat for the day, to be replaced on the next day with a new reel featuring installations from a new region. The footage will include a combination of the Speculātor units installed in-situ and components of the installation and uninstallation process to best capture the entire exhibition experience. The footage is proposed to be projected within a dedicated room accompanied by audio enforcement to allow NIME physical participants to experience the Eunomos installation without attending an in-situ exhibit physically. If a dedicated room with a projector and sound reinforcement is not available for the work, an alternative scaled-back "shared-room" approach is also provided as an alternative. remote exhibition of Eunomos requires a dedicated room (of any size) where the installation’s live stream can be shown. Alternatively, if space and resource requirements dictate a smaller exhibition footprint, the installation can also be exhibited by using a video monitor and headphones (taking up approximately 2x3 meters). While the artist prefers the larger-scale, full-room exhibition, both approaches are viable for the installation. If accepted, it is entirely up to NIME curators which format better serves the conference. Image 6Diagram showing the preferred arrangement for exhibition in a dedicated room. Image 7Diagram showing arrangement options for exhibition in a shared room. the vast range of possible logistical complications that could arise if the Eunomos installation is exhibited in-situ at NIME due to the current global pandemic, this documentation-based proposal is crafted with feasibility as a primary concern. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the logistics and methodologies of an exhibition focused on natural soundscapes but does not explicitly mention the design intent of these soundscapes to simulate environments like forests or oceans. It provides information about the exhibition's format and challenges without directly corroborating or contrasting the claim about the purpose of the soundscapes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 이를 위해 지역아동센터에서 도움을 받는 초등학교 5, 6학년 24명을 대상으로 인지적 대인관계 문제해결 훈련프로그램을 실시하였다. 훈련프로그램 실시 전, 후, 추수에 문제해결 척도, 자기효능감 척도 및 자아탄력성 척도를 실시하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a cognitive interpersonal problem-solving training program conducted for elementary school students without addressing bilingualism or its effects on cognitive flexibility.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: Abstract Background: Serotonin (5-HT) has a pleiotropic function in gastrointestinal, neurological/psychiatric and liver diseases. The aim of this review was to elucidate whether the gut-microbiota played a critical role in regulating peripheral serotonin levels. Methods: We searched for relevant studies published in English using the PubMed database from 1993 to the present. Results: Several studies suggested that alterations in the gut-microbiota may contribute to a modulation of serotonin signalling. The first indication regarded the changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria and the intestinal transit time caused by antibiotic treatment. The second indication regarded the changes in serotonin levels correlated to specific bacteria. The third indication regarded the fact that decreased serotonin transporter expression was associated with a shift in gut-microbiota from homeostasis to inflammatory type microbiota. Serotonin plays a key role in the regulation of visceral pain, secretion, and initiation of the peristaltic reflex; however, its altered levels are also detected in many different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms of some gastrointestinal functional disorders may be due to deregulation in central nervous system activity, dysregulation at the peripheral level (intestine), or a combination of both (brain-gut axis) by means of neuro-endocrine-immune stimuli. Moreover, several studies have demonstrated the profibrogenic role of 5-HT in the liver, showing that it works synergistically with platelet-derived growth factor in stimulating hepatic stellate cell proliferation. Conclusion: Although the specific interaction mechanisms are still unclear, some studies have suggested that there is a correlation between the gut-microbiota, some gastrointestinal and liver diseases and the serotonin metabolism. Keywords: Serotonin, gut-microbiota, gut-brain axis, fibrosis, serotonin transporter, serotonin receptors, inflammation. « » 742. [PMID: 15298070] [2] Bellini, M. ; Gambaccini, D. ; Bassotti, G. Comorbidities in functional gastrointestinal diseases: Do we need a lone ranger or a dream team? Dig. Liver Dis. , 2016, 48(5), 562-564. [ [PMID: 27005860] [3] Lesurtel, M. ; Soll, C. ; Humar, B. ; Clavien, P. A. Serotonin: A double-edged sword for the liver? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of serotonin in the gastrointestinal system and suggesting that the gut microbiota influences serotonin levels. It highlights that alterations in gut microbiota may affect peripheral serotonin levels, which implies a significant production of serotonin in the gut as opposed to the brain. This supports the claim that the majority of serotonin is produced in the gut.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 2Flow chart illustrating the study’s procedures and sample sizesFull size image After completing the pretest survey, participants logged-into MoodAdaptor on their computer, and created their personal emotion scale. They then generated 15 positive, and 15 negative memories. This triggered the intervention, where MoodAdaptor probed mood three times a day, providing memories depending on the group the participant was assigned to. We called participants weekly to check-in and encourage compliance. After the intervention, participants took the posttest survey. In the final check-in phone call, we interviewed a subset of participants about their experiences. 1 Negative reflection when in a positive versus negative mood will reduce momentary mood For each reflection, there was a pre- and post-reflection mood probe. The difference between these scores was the change in mood, likely due to reflection. There was a high degree of compliance with responding to mood probes; participants completed on average 87. 16 (SD = 4. 98) of 90 possible initial mood probes. To assess Hypothesis 1, we ran an independent samples t test comparing groups (vs. Congruent Negative) on the average change in mood rating (with negative scores representing a detriment to momentary mood). Negative reflection when in a positive versus negative mood affected mood differently, t(62) = −5. 24, p <. 001, d =. 89 (Incongruent Negative: MΔ = −. 53, SD =. 53, Congruent Negative: MΔ =. 10, SD =. 43). A one-sample t test comparing average change in mood to 0 revealed that the reduction in mood experienced by the group was significant with a large effect size, t(33) = −5. 90, p <. 001, d = 1. 01 (see Fig. 3). In contrast there were no significant mood changes in the group, t(29) = 1. 31, p =. 20. Hypothesis 1 was supported. In other words, reflecting on negative memories when in a positive mood reduces mood after reflection, whereas those in a negative mood showed unchanged mood. Fig. 3Average change in mood between pre versus post reflection mood probes for versus groups. Shows a significant reduction in mood after reflection for the group. Note: significant findings are denoted by asterisk Full size image We saw this contrast between in participants’ logfiles of memories and reflections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by demonstrating that reflecting on negative memories, particularly when in a positive mood, leads to a significant reduction in mood. This outcome suggests that negative reflections detrimentally affect mood rather than enhancing it, thereby opposing the claim that soundscapes, which are typically positive auditory experiences, can enhance mood and mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 자기효능감의 하위요인 중 자신감 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 훈련집단의 자아탄력성을 살펴보면 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 5주 후의 추후검사에서도 향상된 효과가 유지되었음을 알 수 있다. 자아탄력성의 하위요인 중 대인관계 영역과 낙관성 영역에서의 향상이 실험 전과 후, 추수검사에서도 향상․유지되었음을 알 수 있다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses improvements in self-efficacy and resilience in various domains, but it does not mention bilingualism or its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: [ [PMID: 28086815] [59] Uribe, A. ; Alam, M. ; Johansson, O. ; Midtvedt, T. ; Theodorsson, E. Microflora modulates endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the rat. Gastroenterology, 1994, 107(5), 1259-1269. [ [PMID: 7926490] [60] Hata, T. ; Asano, Y. ; Yoshihara, K. ; Kimura-Todani, T. ; Miyata, N. ; Zhang, X. T. ; Takakura, S. ; Aiba, Y. ; Koga, Y. ; Sudo, N. Regulation of gut luminal serotonin by commensal microbiota in mice. PLoS One, 2017, 12(7)e0180745[ [PMID: 28683093] [61] Wu, Y. ; Liu, W. ; Li, Q. ; Li, Y. ; Yan, Y. ; Huang, F. ; Wu, X. ; Zhou, Q. ; Shu, X. ; Ruan, Z. Dietary chlorogenic acid regulates gut microbiota, serum-free amino acids and colonic serotonin levels in growing pigs. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. , 2018, 69(5), 566-573. [ [PMID: 29141471] [62] Bhattarai, Y. ; Schmidt, B. A. ; Linden, D. R. ; Larson, E. D. ; Grover, M. ; Beyder, A. ; Farrugia, G. ; Kashyap, P. C. Human-derived gut microbiota modulates colonic secretion in mice by regulating 5-HT3 receptor expression via acetate production. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. , 2017, 313(1), G80-G87. [ [PMID: 28408644] [63] Saraf, M. K. ; Piccolo, B. D. ; Bowlin, A. K. ; Mercer, K. E. ; LeRoith, T. ; Chintapalli, S. V. ; Shankar, K. ; Badger, T. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text refers to multiple studies concerning the role of gut microbiota in regulating serotonin levels, as seen in various research papers mentioned. For instance, the study titled 'Regulation of gut luminal serotonin by commensal microbiota in mice' suggests a significant relationship between gut microbiota and serotonin production in the gut, supporting the claim that the gut plays a primary role in serotonin production rather than the brain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: For example, this participant was in a positive mood, but negative reflection resurfaced feelings of anger: Incongruent Negative—That bitch. She has no right to demand money from us when she hasn’t done anything for this house. Does she not understand sunk costs? Incongruent Negative—really dislike her. So much. She was a terrible house mate and a terrible person and it makes me angry just thinking about her. Whereas this participant who was already in a negative mood realized that negative reflection had no impact on her mood: On the way back from San Diego, there was some serious traffic on the road. When we were driving past the accident, I saw a body on the floor covered with a sheet… Reflection That’s still very sad, but I am preoccupied with the drama between [L] and I right now. I don’t think reflecting on this would make my emotions worse than they already are. Hypothesis 2 Negative reflection when in a positive versus negative mood will increase general well-being, through greater distancing, understanding, and redemption We assessed this hypothesis first by measuring general well-being changes, then explored the predicted mechanisms by analyzing the content of memories and reflections. Survey data was analyzed using a mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance () with one between factor (vs. Congruent Negative) and one within factor (pretest vs. posttest). The dependent variables were the three well-being scales (and RPWB). 1 for means and standard deviations for the well-being scales by group at pretest and posttest. results showed no significant main effects for time (V =. 03, F(3,64) =. 54, p =. 66) or condition (V =. 02, F(3,64) =. 41, p =. 74), and no significant interaction (V =. 02, F(3,64) =. 47, p =. 71). Because these overall effects were not significant, we did not follow-up with univariate ANOVAs or specific subscales of the RPWB. Table 1 Means and standard deviations for three survey measures of well-being for versus at pretest and posttestFull size table However, some participants were rarely in a negative mood, reducing the average number of reflections completed for the group, but increasing it for the group (Incongruent Negative: M = 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how negative reflections can impact mood negatively. It provides examples of participants' negative moods and reflections, indicating that these reflections do not necessarily enhance well-being. Furthermore, the results show no significant main effects for time or condition in relation to well-being, suggesting that soundscapes, which could be related to reflections or mood, do not have a positive impact as suggested in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 무처치 통제집단에 비해 훈련집단의 경우 문제해결력과 자기효능감 및 자아탄력성은 실험 전에 비해 실험 후에 향상되었으며 추수검사에서도 실험 전에 비해 향상된 효과가 유지되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding bilingualism or its specific effects on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. Instead, it discusses improvements in problem-solving skills and self-efficacy in a training group compared to a control group without relating this to bilingualism. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: ; Yeruva, L. Formula diet driven microbiota shifts tryptophan metabolism from serotonin to tryptamine in neonatal porcine colon. Microbiome, 2017, 5(1), 77. [ [PMID: 28705171] [64] Distrutti, E. ; Monaldi, L. ; Ricci, P. ; Fiorucci, S. Gut microbiota role in irritable bowel syndrome: New therapeutic strategies. World J. Gastroenterol. , 2016, 22(7), 2219-2241. [ [PMID: 26900286] [65] Choi, W. ; Namkung, J. ; Hwang, I. ; Kim, H. ; Lim, A. ; Park, H. J. ; Lee, H. W. ; Han, K. H. ; Park, S. ; Jeong, J. S. ; Bang, G. ; Kim, Y. H. ; Yadav, V. K. ; Karsenty, G. ; Ju, Y. S. ; Choi, C. ; Suh, J. M. ; Park, J. Y. ; Park, S. ; Kim, H. Serotonin signals through a gut-liver axis to regulate hepatic steatosis. Nat. Commun. , 2018, 9(1), 4824. [ [PMID: 30446669] [66] Haub, S. ; Ritze, Y. ; Ladel, I. ; Saum, K. ; Hubert, A. ; Spruss, A. ; Trautwein, C. ; Bischoff, S. C. Serotonin receptor type 3 antagonists improve obesity-associated fatty liver disease in mice. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. , 2011, 339(3), 790-798. [ [PMID: 21903748] [67] Reigstad, C. S. ; Salmonson, C. E. ; Rainey, J. F. , III; Szurszewski, J. H. ; Linden, D. R. ; Sonnenburg, J. L. ; Farrugia, G. ; Kashyap, P. C. Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of gut microbes in promoting colonic serotonin production. It states that 'Gut microbes promote colonic serotonin production through an effect of short-chain fatty acids on enterochromaffin cells,' which aligns with the assertion that most serotonin is produced in the gut.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Note: significant findings are denoted by asterisk Full size image We see this contrast in the exit interviews. For example, positive reflection when in a negative mood provided mood-elevation for this participant: I would be in a bad mood, I would be stressed at work, and you guys would surface something up that was really a bright spot for me and then instead of maybe a three, I would bump up to a four [on the emotion scale]. Whereas this participant observed that positive reflection rarely had any impact on his positive moods: From the prompt before the reflection and the prompt after the reflection… there were very few times that was different. Hypothesis 4 Positive reflection when in a negative versus positive mood will reduce general well-being, through greater kill-joy thinking Survey data was again analyzed using a mixed-design multivariate analysis of variance () with one between factor (vs. Congruent Positive) and one within factor (pretest vs. posttest). The dependent variables were the three well-being scales (and RPWB). 2 for the means and standard deviations for the well-being scales by group at pretest and posttest. results showed no significant main effects for time (V =. 07, F(3,56) = 1. 31, p =. 28) or condition (V =. 01, F(3,56) =. 16, p =. 93), and no significant interaction (V =. 05, F(3,56) =. 94, p =. 43). Because these overall effects were not significant, we did not follow-up with univariate ANOVAs or specific subscales of the RPWB. Table 2 Means and standard deviations for three survey measures of well-being for versus at pretest and posttestFull size table Some participants were rarely in a negative mood, leading to group differences in the number of reflections completed (Incongruent Positive: M = 6. 17, SD = 4. 25, Congruent Positive: M = 11. 87, SD = 2. 98). As for Hypothesis 2, we removed atypical reflectors, and ran a follow-up on the change in survey scores as above. We again found no significant main effects or interactions. Once again, we used LIWC to dive deeper into mechanisms by examining word usage and well-being. First we compared group differences in words used in reflections. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting findings that suggest positive reflections do not significantly enhance well-being for all participants. It states, 'results showed no significant main effects for time... or condition... and no significant interaction...' which indicates a lack of evidence that positive reflections, presumably akin to soundscapes, consistently improve mood or mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bilingualism can enhance cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills. [SEP] Text: 본 연구는 가족해체로 인해 심리․사회적 부적응을 경험하고 있는 결손가정 자녀들에게 대인관계에서 발생하는 문제를 다루는 인지적 능력을 향상시키는 훈련을 실시하여 적응력을 향상시키고 문제행동을 예방하는 실질적 도움을 주었다는 데 의의가 있다. 분석결과에 대해 선행연구와 관련하여 논의하고 상담에서의 시사점과 제한점 및 후속연구를 위한 제언을 제시하였다. This study aims to examine the effects of the training of cognitive interpersonal relationship problem solving skills for elementary school children from broken families on problem-solving skills, self-efficacy, and ego-resiliency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of cognitive interpersonal relationship problem-solving skills training on children from broken families, without mentioning bilingualism or its impact on cognitive flexibility and problem-solving skills.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of the body's serotonin is produced in the gut, not the brain. [SEP] Text: K. ; Kinross, J. M. Gut microbiota modulation of chemotherapy efficacy and toxicity. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. , 2017, 14(6), 356-365. [ [PMID: 28270698] [89] Li, H. ; He, J. ; Jia, W. The influence of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and toxicity. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. , 2016, 12(1), 31-40. [ [PMID: 26569070] & :Between the Serotonin Metabolism, Gut-Microbiota and the Gut-Volume: 20 Issue: 8 Author(s): Cristina Stasi*, Affiliation: Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50134 Florence,Italy Keywords: Serotonin, gut-microbiota, gut-brain axis, fibrosis, serotonin transporter, serotonin receptors, inflammation. Abstract: Background: Serotonin (5-HT) has a pleiotropic function in gastrointestinal, neurological/psychiatric and liver diseases. The aim of this review was to elucidate whether the gut-microbiota played a critical role in regulating peripheral serotonin levels. Methods: We searched for relevant studies published in English using the PubMed database from 1993 to the present. Results: Several studies suggested that alterations in the gut-microbiota may contribute to a modulation of serotonin signalling. The first indication regarded the changes in the composition of the commensal bacteria and the intestinal transit time caused by antibiotic treatment. The second indication regarded the changes in serotonin levels correlated to specific bacteria. The third indication regarded the fact that decreased serotonin transporter expression was associated with a shift in gut-microbiota from homeostasis to inflammatory type microbiota. Serotonin plays a key role in the regulation of visceral pain, secretion, and initiation of the peristaltic reflex; however, its altered levels are also detected in many different psychiatric disorders. Symptoms of some gastrointestinal functional disorders may be due to deregulation in central nervous system activity, dysregulation at the peripheral level (intestine), or a combination of both (brain-gut axis) by means of neuro-endocrine-immune stimuli. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the roles of serotonin produced in the gut and its regulation by gut microbiota. It mentions that alterations in gut microbiota can influence peripheral serotonin levels, suggesting that significant serotonin production and regulation occurs in the gastrointestinal system. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship between serotonin levels, gut microbiota composition, and various gastrointestinal and neurological conditions, indicating that the gut plays a critical role in serotonin metabolism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Research suggests that soundscapes can positively impact mood and mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Positive group used a greater percentage of words conveying negative emotion than the group, t(40. 15) = 2. 53, p =. 02, d =. 66 (Incongruent Positive: M = 1. 90, SD = 1. 42, Congruent Positive: M = 1. 16, SD =. 69). We also computed change scores in the percentage of words used in the initial memory compared with its reflection. An independent t test of these change scores revealed greater percentage increases in negative emotion words for those already in a negative mood, t(41. 06) = 2. 79, p =. 01, d =. 73 (Incongruent Positive: MΔ = 1. 24, SD = 1. 70, Congruent Positive: MΔ =. 26, SD =. 86). This is evidence of kill-joy thinking whereby positive memories become tainted due to one’s negative mood. We also examined how the language used in reflections correlated with responses to specific well-being scales. For the group, reductions in RPWB were correlated with greater percentage of past tense words, r(27) = −. 45, p =. 01. There were no significant correlations for the group. Our well-being predictions for Hypothesis 4 were not supported, though there was evidence of the predicted kill-joy mechanisms. In the exit interviews, participants described experiencing kill-joy thinking. For example, this participant described how negative moods influenced how he perceived positive memories: [There’s an] initial bias where if you’re feeling really low it’s hard to jump up and look at something with a clean slate or fresh eyes. think there’s some natural spill over there. DiscussionWe evaluated whether mood mediates the relationship between reflection and well-being, in a long-term real-world TMR study. We also examined how the memory valence during reflection influences one’s current mood state. We tested four hypotheses and the results inform research and practice in both mediated and unmediated reflection. As predicted, and consistent with mood incongruent memory, we found that in TMR, incongruent reflection is useful for mood-regulation. However, we found no evidence of changes in general well-being, although there were some specific effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating evidence of 'kill-joy thinking,' where negative moods influence the perception of positive memories, suggesting that positive reflections might not lead to improvements in mood or well-being. It explicitly states that 'we found no evidence of changes in general well-being,' which contradicts the claim that soundscapes can have a positive impact on mood and mental well-being.