Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: By contrast movement of substances between CSF and parenchyma across the pia/glial layers and ependyma is limited by diffusion in the parenchyma (in the absence of imposed osmotic gradients or infusions of fluid) and, except for regions of parenchyma very close to the surfaces (or to some extent in white matter, see Sect. 3. 1), is much slower than movement via the perivascular spaces. Hence the major routes for efflux of substances from the brain parenchyma are transfer across the blood–brain barrier and movements towards the outer surfaces of the brain via the perivascular spaces. The blood–brain barrier provides a route for efflux of solutes that are sufficiently small and lipid soluble (see Sect. 4. 1) and it also contains specific transporters that can transfer many polar substances. The perivascular route is especially important for the elimination of large or polar solutes for which there are no specific transporters (see Sect. 3). The types of mechanisms present at the blood–brain barrier that allow easy passage of nutrients like glucose and amino acids and wastes like CO2 are shown in Fig. 3 along with indication of the need for expulsion of substances that should not be allowed to enter or accumulate in the brain. Because the gaps between the endothelial cells are occluded by tight junctions that greatly reduce the paracellular passage of solutes even as small as sugars and inorganic ions like Na+, K+ and Cl−,Footnote 4 to enter or leave the brain across the blood–brain barrier almost all substances must pass through the cells, which means they must cross both the luminal and abluminal membranes. Fig. 3Mechanisms for transfers into and out of the brain across the blood–brain barrier and the need for efflux mechanisms. Passive, non-specific transfers can occur via paracellular and transcellular routes, though the rates for paracellular transfer are small. Specific transcellular transport can be passive or active. In addition to the transfers for well-known substances many others are able to enter at various rates, either because they are sufficiently small and lipid-soluble or because barrier mechanisms are not perfect. Substances which enter even though they shouldn’t or are produced “accidentally” by metabolism cannot be allowed to accumulate within the brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how the blood-brain barrier functions to limit the movement of harmful substances into the brain. It states that the blood-brain barrier plays a critical role in controlling which substances can pass through, emphasizing the importance of its mechanisms for retaining nutrients while preventing the accumulation of unwanted substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Plant species Rank I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8 I9 Euphorbia chumalis 5 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 5 41 1st Lepidium sativum 5 4 4 5 4 5 5 4 3 39 2nd Dodonaea angustifolia 4 5 2 5 5 5 4 4 4 38 3rd Verbascum sinaiticum 4 3 5 3 4 4 5 5 4 37 4th Euphorbia 4 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 4 36 5th candelabrum plant species were used in the same use category that necessitated to determine the most preferred species used in treatment of a particular ailment, which can be done with the fidelity level [22]. The fidelity level (FL), is the percentage of informants claiming the use of a certain plant species for the same major purpose. It was calculated for the most frequently reported diseases as: is the number of informants that claim the use of a plant species to treat a particular disease, and N is the number of informants that use the plant species as a medicine to treat any given disease [19]. Data of secondary sources were reviewed from public and livestock health centers to evaluate their view of traditional medication system, to obtain the list of the most frequent health problems in the District, Agricultural and office of the district to gather information about the socio-economic, demographic, location, climatic (ten years climatic data), edaphic and vegetation characteristics of the study area. In addition, information on the working cooperation between modern health practitioners and traditional herbalists were gathered. interviews, discussions as well as field surveys were accompanied with voucher specimen collection that was carried out with the help of traditional healers and local field assistants. The specimens were air-dried, numbered, labelled, pressed, heater-dried, deep-frozen, identified and deposited at the (ETH) in University. Identification of specimens were performed both in the field and later at ETH using taxonomic keys and the relevant volumes of the Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea [23–29]. All participants in this ethnobotanical survey were informed about the detailed objectives of the research before starting any data collection and information sharing. Informants were clearly informed that the results will be used for academic purposes only not for commercial purpose. The procedure involved asking permission of the local administration and each informant. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various plants used in traditional medicine and the methodology used to evaluate their effectiveness. It describes a scientific process including questionnaires and interviews with informants about plant usage for ailments, therefore suggesting that the effectiveness of these plants is not guaranteed for modern ailments, as it appears to focus on the traditional context rather than modern clinical evidence.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 5165966328. . P1999Molecular characterisation of the dnaK operon of Lactobacillus sakei LTH681. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 22321328 29. 2000Impact of multiple stress factors on the survival of dairy lactobacilli. Sci. Aliment. 2011912630. 2003Heat and osmotic stress responses of probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 (DR20) in relation to viability after drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6991792531. De AngelisMGobbettiM2004Environmental stress responses in Lactobacillus: a review. Proteom. 410612232. . WVerrethJRomboutsF. M2005Survival of Lactobacillus plantarum 44a after spraying and drying in feed and during exposure to gastrointestinal tract fluids in vitro. J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. 5122122733. CastaldoCSicilianoR. 2006CcpA affects expression of the groESL and dnaK operons in Lactobacillus plantarum. Microb. Cell Fact. 5:35. 34. GardinerG. (2000Comparative survival rates of human-derived probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei and L. salivarius strains during heat treatment and spray drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 662605261235. EarnshawR. GAppleyardJHurstR. M1995Understanding physical inactivation processes: combined preservation opportunities using heat, ultrasound and pressure. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2819721936. TeixeiraPCastroHMohacsi-farkasCKirbyR. J1997Identification of sites of injury in Lactobacillus bulgaricus during heat stress. Appl. Microbiol. 8321922637. HansenP. JDrostMRiveraR. MPaula-lopesF. FA. I-K. a. t. a. n. a. n. i. t Y. MKriningerC. EChaseCC (2001Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly support or contradict the claim regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria for fermentation processes. Instead, it contains references and studies related to the characteristics and responses of various Lactobacillus species, but lacks explicit discussion of their role in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: Interestingly this scenario was proposed recently by Coles et al. [1] (see also Iliff et al. [145]) based on detailed consideration of the evidence available even before publication of the results in [16, 79]. While there have now been hundreds of 3. 3 Variation between sleep and wakefulnessIn the comparative studies undertaken on sleeping and awake mice by Xie et al. [128] there were differences in clearance and in interstitial fluid volume in the two physiological states. In these studies, inulin was used as the marker solute for perivascular clearance and the real-time iontophoresis method [74] was used to assess the volume. et al. [128] found that, in the change from sleep to wakefulness, ISF volume decreased by 1. 6-fold, the rate constant for efflux of inulin decreased 2. 7-fold and from these values it could be estimated that inulin clearance decreased 4. 3-fold (see Section 2. 4 in [146]). Changes in the rate of access into the parenchyma of markers added to CSF and the discrepancies between the results of Xie et al. and of Gakuba et al. [147] are discussed briefly in. Footnote 10 As discussed in [146] it is at present unclear whether any change in perivascular clearance of inulin in the transition from sleep to wakefulness is a consequence of the change in ISF volume in the parenchyma or some other effect. There are other possible effects of sleep versus wakefulness that might plausibly alter the clearance, e. g. changes in the shape or volume of either the perivascular spaces or the glial endfeet surrounding them. 4 The blood–brain barrierThe blood–brain barrier is more selective than the perivascular pathway in what can and cannot permeate. This selectivity arises from the properties of the endothelial cells surrounding the microvessels. The brain is highly vascularized and cells within the parenchyma are usually within 20 µm of a microvessel [148]. Diffusion over distances this short is rapid. To reach the microvessel, substances must also cross the surrounding layer composed of glial endfeet. This is normally possible because the gaps between the endfeet are not sealed by tight junctions [149, 150]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that 'the blood–brain barrier is more selective than the perivascular pathway in what can and cannot permeate.' This indicates that the blood-brain barrier serves a protective function by selectively allowing substances to cross into the brain, reflecting the barrier's role in protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Data analysis Ethnobotanical data analysis Descriptive statistical methods (both qualitative and quantitative analytical tools) were used for data analysis following Martin [1] and Cotton [12]. Data on informants’ background, medicinal plants used and associated traditional knowledge were entered in Excel spread sheet software and organized for statistical data analysis. Traditional knowledge dynamics on use of medicinal plants by men and women, young to middle aged and elder; literate (completed at least primary education) and illiterate, knowledgeable (key) and local (encountered randomly) informants were compared by using SPSS and Excel software. Descriptive statistical methods were also applied to analyze medicinal value, methods of preparation, application techniques, route of administration, disease treated, plant parts used and habit of medicinal plants. In addition, six categories of plant use-reports, frequency and relative frequency of tree species were employed to analyze data statistically. knowledge about health in the study area From 153 (50 knowledgeable and 103 general informants) involved in the study, all have deep concept on health which is called Fayya in and perceived as special wealth provided by the natural superpower. They reflected the value of health through several poems, proverbs and songs that were recorded during discussion with elders. They gave high value for their health, as they believed that their health is their life and security. To cite few of these: “Fayyan faayaa eeggadhu” meaning health is very precious take care of it. “Dhibbi abbaan hin beekne fayyaadha" meaning health is a great wealth and gift not well recognized by oneself. “FayyaA tapha seete qayyaan laga ceete” meaning health needs special care. From these local proverbs, it is clear that health is considered as a great asset, and a life engine for any aspect of life activities in the area. One hundred fifty two (96. 2%) informants were supportive of traditional medication system provided by indigenous herbalists. They also believed that diseases were not created without medicine. According to the perception of these participants, all plant materials on the earth are created to cure diseases unless it is beyond the scope of human knowledge. They were also classifying health problems into those that can be treated and those that cannot be treated. For instance, 96. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting a nuanced view of traditional medicine. It states that informants believe that all plant materials on earth are meant to cure diseases, but it also indicates that they classify health problems into those that can be treated and those that cannot. This implies that not all plants are universally effective for modern ailments, as there are limitations acknowledged by the informants themselves.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: Theriogenol. 559110338. . K1997Induction of heat shock proteins DnaK, GroEL, and GroES by salt stress in Lactococcus lactis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 631826183739. (1997) Identification of a cold shock gene in lactic acid bacteria and the effect of cold shock on cryotolerance. Curr. Microbiol. 35:59-63. 40. (1998) Effect of cold shock on protein synthesis and on cryotolerance of cells frozen for long periods in Lactococcus lactis. Cryobiol. 37:86-91. 41. WoutersJ. AJeynovBRomboutsF. MDe VosW. MKuipersO. PAbeeT1999Analysis of the role of 7 kDa cold-shock proteins of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 in cryoprotection. Microbiol. 1453185319442. . 2000Changes in cspL, cspP, and cspC mRNA abundance as a function of cold shock and growth phase in Lactobacillus plantarum. J. Bacteriol. 1825105511343. FonsecaFBéalCCorrieuG2001the Resistance of Bacteria to Freezing and Frozen Storage. Cryobiol. 4318919844. 2012Effect of growth phase, protective agents, rehydration media and stress pretreatments on viability of Oenococcus oeni subjected to freeze-drying Afr. J Microbiol. Res. 61478148445. BâatiLFabre-geaCAuriolDBlancP. J2000Study of the cryotolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus: effect of culture and freezing conditions on the viability and cellular protein levels. Int. J. Food. Microb. 5924124746. PanoffJ. MThammavongsBGuéguenM2000Cryotolerance and cold stress in lactic acid bacteria. Sci. Aliment. 20105110 47. PanoffJ. MThammavongsBLaplaceJ. 1995Cryotolerance and in Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. Cryobiol. 3251652048. GroganD. WCronanJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses various studies related to lactic acid bacteria, specifically their responses to cold shock and their cryotolerance, but does not directly address the fermentation processes associated with lactic acid bacteria. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [44], Redzic [31], Campos-Bedolla [57], Worzfeld and Schwaninger [187] and Nalecz [200] have been useful as sources of information about the localization of transporters to the luminal or abluminal membranes. This review will not seek to provide yet another comprehensive survey. Extensive lists of transporters and substrates are available in many of the cited 4. 2. 1 ABC efflux transportersIt has long been appreciated that the brain represents a pharmacological sanctuary and is selectively “protected” from the toxic effects of many chemotherapeutic agents. These include vincristine and doxorubicin (aka adriamycin), which fail to penetrate the blood–brain barrier as well as their lipid solubilities would suggest [162]. A major part of this failure to penetrate has since been attributed to the presence of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein. Absence of this transporter in knock-out mice was shown to allow entry of toxic agents including ivermectin [203]. P-glycoprotein was found to be located in the luminal membrane (see e. g. [204,205,206,207,208,209]) of the endothelial cells and is believed to act there to transport substrates out of the cells so rapidly that little remains to penetrate the abluminal membrane and enter the brain. It is believed by many that P-glycoprotein, a transmembrane protein, acts by removing its lipophilic substrates from the lipid layer of the cell membrane, depositing them back into the blood [210,211,212,213]. Its structure has been investigated in both substrate-free and inhibitor bound conformations [213] and binding sites for various of its many substrates identified within the large cavity seen in the substrate-free conformation. It is the binding and hydrolysis of ATP that provides the motive force leading to a large conformational change in the P-glycoprotein and the transfer and expulsion of its substrates. There are two ATP binding sites located on the cytoplasmic side of the protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the blood-brain barrier's role as a protective mechanism for the brain against toxic substances. It explains that certain chemotherapeutic agents fail to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, contributing to the idea of the brain as a 'pharmacological sanctuary.' Additionally, it details the function of P-glycoprotein, a transporter believed to actively expel potentially harmful substances from the brain, thus further reinforcing the protective nature of the blood-brain barrier.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 2% informants pointed out that locally acceptable spiritual diseases (dhibee ayyanaa) were non-curable either traditionally or by modern treatment but evil eye; evil spirit and jaundice can be cured by traditional means than the modern treatment. The rest six informants did not support the traditional medication system and did not believe in the efficacy of herbal medicine. They reported that they were not using herbal medicine against human and livestock diseases. Indigenous knowledge on treatment of ailments in the study area The results obtained from the community of the study area showed that treatment strategies could be classified as home remedy, indigenous medicine and modern medicine. Despite their distinct features and procedures of treatment, these healthcare strategies often overlap, as patients appear to utilize one strategy after another without taking time to see the effect of each medication. As gathered from group discussion and interviews made during field observation, the local people always exploit their shared wisdom in order to manage health problems at home before looking for other options regardless of the type of health problem and its intensity. Accordingly, the sick person is given either traditional medicine (prepared from plant and/or animal sources) or treated spiritually through prayer according to their religion. In most cases, all these were employed in combination for the treatment of specific health problems. Seeking modern health service often comes after the above were exhausted or rarely simultaneously. According to their reports, they first look for traditional medication system because of several reasons including: Easy access Unlike modern healthcare station, local healers are found within accessible distance at their neighbours. This was found to be helpful in emergency cases (dhibee tasaa) to provide first aid and/or full treatment. Efficacy on treatment They also reported that traditional medication system was very effective to cure locally acceptable diseases caused by devil (seeyxaana) or, evil eye (budaa), manmade poisoning (falfala), hookworm (maagaa), urine of bat (simbira), infectious eczema (sarariitii) and rabies (waan saree). They perceived that these diseases could easily be treated at local level by traditional healers. On the other hand, gastritis, cardiovascular, mental and gastrointestinal problems are often taken to modern health centers. Cost of treatment: The problems related to getting fast health service with affordable cost was among major factors that determine healthcare choice of individuals or communities. According to most informants (96. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that suggests not all traditional medicines are effective for modern ailments. It mentions that '2% informants pointed out that locally acceptable spiritual diseases... were non-curable either traditionally or by modern treatment,' and that 'the rest six informants did not support the traditional medication system and did not believe in the efficacy of herbal medicine.' This indicates doubt regarding the effectiveness of traditional medicines for certain ailments, opposing the claim that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: E1986Characterization of Escherichia coli mutants completely detective in synthesis of cyclopropane fatty acids. J. Bacteriol. 166:872. 49. GroganDCronanJ1997Cyclopropane ring formation in membrane lipids of bacteria. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 6142944150. RaynaudSPerrinRCocaign-bousquetMLoubiereP2005Metabolic and of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis in Response to Autoacidification and in Skim Milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 718016802351. WolfGArendtE. KPfählerUHammesW. P1990Heme-dependent and hemeindependent nitrite reduction by lactic acid bacteria results in different N-containing products. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 1032332952. 2000Lactococcus lactis, a bacteriamodel for stress responses and survival. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 55838653. RochatTGratadouxJ. de (2006Production of a heterologous nonheme catalase by Lactobacillus casei: an efficient tool for removal of H2O2 and protection of Lactobacillus bulgaricus from oxidative stress in milk. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 725143514954. YamamotoYPoyartCTrieu-cuot2005Respiration metabolism of Streptococcus is activated by environmental haem and quinone and contributes to virulence. Mol. Microbiol. 5652553455. 2005Roles of thioredoxin reductase during the aerobic life of Lactococcus lactis. J. Bacteriol. 18760161056. 2004Respiration metabolism reduces oxidative and acid stress to improve long-term survival of Lactococcus lactis. Mol. Microbiol. 531331134257. 2011Using heme as an energy boost for lactic acid bacteria. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2214314958. (2009Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 Chains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 753580358559. LushchakV. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information directly related to the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it seems to reference various studies and characteristics of different bacteria without confirming or denying the claim regarding the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: P-glycoprotein, otherwise called ABCB1, is a member of the ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) family of proteins many of which are primary active transporters that utilize the hydrolysis of ATP to fuel substrate transport. Since its discovery, other ABC active transporters with broad substrate profiles have been found in the luminal membrane of the endothelial cells. These include (ABCG2) [180, 197, 214,215,216,217,218] and 4 and 5 (ABCC4 and 5) [180, 197, 209, 218,219,220,221]. MRP1 (ABCC1) has also been implicated but levels of this transporter are thought to be low in brain endothelial cells in situ and only increase in cultured brain endothelial cells once they are removed from the brain microenvironment [180, 184, 218, 222,223,224,225,226]. MRP1 and MRP2 are apparently upregulated and clearly expressed in epilepsy [227,228,229]. The role of efflux from endothelial cell to blood by ABC transporters in preventing influx of many substances from blood into the brain has been extensively reviewed (see e. g. [57, 196, 197, 199, 221, 230,231,232,233,234]. The regulation of P-glycoprotein, BCRP and MRP2 at the blood–brain barrier has been reviewed by Miller [221]. The role of ABC transporters in efflux from the brain parenchyma differs depending on the nature of the substrate. As described in Fig. 9, for substances that are sufficiently lipid soluble to cross the endothelial cell membranes rapidly by passive transport, the presence of ABC efflux transporters can greatly reduce blood-to-brain influx, as observed experimentally. However, as also explained in Fig. 9 the ABC transporters in the luminal membrane will have only a modest effect, e. g. a doubling, on the rate of brain-to-blood efflux. This may be of little consequence as the rate of efflux for lipid soluble substances is already high. Fig. 9The influence of ABC transporters on the movements of lipophilic substances. The substance is presumed to be able to enter and leave the endothelial cells by diffusion with rate constant kdiff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the role of ABC transporters like P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier in preventing harmful substances from entering the brain. It specifically states that 'the role of efflux from endothelial cell to blood by ABC transporters in preventing influx of many substances from blood into the brain has been extensively reviewed,' which supports the idea that the blood-brain barrier serves to protect the brain from potentially harmful substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 20%), local healers provide healthcare with relatively manageable and negotiable charges. In the study area, there was traditional rule among healers and their clients which says " pay once and be treated many times", i. e. once the payment is made for the treatment of a particular health problem, no more payment is asked for repeated medications that runs up to curing. If the client is not in a position to pay any amount of cash at all, he/she may then give the healer a few blades of fresh grass called (irressaa). This is simply made for moral satisfaction of both the healer and his client. According to information obtained from elders, this irressa has dual purposes: Thanks/respect to the healer and maintenance of curative power to the drugs. According to their cultural belief, it was also generally accepted that the herbal drug given free or without any irressa will lose its curative power. study documented a total of 52 (62. 65% of total) medicinal plants used for treating human ailments (Table 3). Table 3 Medicinal plants used for the treatment of human ailments and their parts used in Tiyo District, Arsi, Oromia, Ethiopia. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Acacia seyal Waaccuu 2 Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham. ex D. Leaf Tonsillitis, Sudden sickness Harmaguusa 3 Allium sativum L. Liver infection, stomach ache, common cold & intestinal parasites Qullubbii adi 4 Aloe capensis Goiter, Cough, Sharp pain Hargiisa 5 Anethum gravelens L. Mental sickness Qoricha dhibee sammuu 6 Carissa spinarum L. Abdominal pain, Evil eye, Evil spirit Agamsa 7 Cassipourea malosana (Baker) disability Laalessa 8 Cheilanthus farinosa (Forssk. ) Kaulf. Fire burn Ati gubadhu an sii jiraa 9 Chloris virgata Swartz. Suntrock, typhoid Mata bokko 10 Clematis simensis Fresen. 11 Clerodendrum alatum burn Misirich 12 Cordia africana Lam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study that documents a total of 52 medicinal plants used for treating various ailments. However, it does not conclusively state that all these plants are effective for modern ailments. The evidence provided centers around specific traditional uses without empirical claims of effectiveness in the context of modern medicine. This implies that not all plants used in traditional medicine may have proven efficacy for contemporary health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: 9537237969. JordanSHutchingsM. IMascherT2008Cell envelope stress response in Gram-positive bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 3210714670. (1996Effect of on Survival of to Drying. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 6225926171. WardD. EWejdenC. CMerweM. JWesterhoffH. VClaiborneASnoepJ. L2000Branched-chain α-keto acid catabolism via the gene products of the bkd operon in Enterococcus faecalis: A new, secreted metabolite serving as a temporary redox sink. J Bacteriol. 1823239324672. ConsidineK. MKellyA. LFitzgeraldG. FHillCSleatorR. D2008High-pressure processing- effects on microbial food safety and food quality. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 2811973. JofréAChampomier-vergesín2007Protein synthesis in lactic acid and pathogenic bacteria during recovery from a high pressure treatment. Res. Microbiol. 15851252074. TabanelliG2011Use of sub-lethal high pressure homogenization (HPH) treatments to enhance functional properties of Lactic acid bacteria probiotic strains. Ph. D. thesis. University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. 75. ChungH. JBangWDrakeM. A2006Stess response of Escherichia coli. F. 55264 76. 2008Suitability of whey and buttermilk for the growth and frozen storage of probiotic lactobacilli. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 6115616477. van JET (2008Interactions in Food Fermentations: from Classical to Genomics Approaches. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 7449975007 78. CapliceEFitzgeraldG. F1999Food fermentations: role of microorganisms in food production and preservation. Int. J. Microbiol. 50131149 79. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide clear information regarding the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation processes. Instead, it references various scientific studies and topics related to bacteria without specifically discussing the role of lactic acid bacteria in fermentation, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: SLC or OAT, strictly refer to human sequences and proteins, while mixed-case labels, e. g. Slc or Oat, refer to any other species. In this review uppercase is also used when there is no intention to specify species). There is little quantitative data on the efflux of organic anions and cations from the parenchyma in humans though many are known to be transported. In rodents more information is available for transfer of organic anions than cations. Table 1 lists some examples of organic anions/neutral molecules for which brain-to-blood transport rate constants have been determined. These are all believed to be substrates for Oat3 (Slc22a8) and/or one or more of the Oatp transporters present at the blood–brain barrier. In broad terms [238], small hydrophobic anions are substrates for Oats (Slc22 family) while larger amphipathic anions are substrates for Oatps (Slc21 family, whose member names start with Slco, see [247]). For comparison Table 1 also lists rate constants and clearances for examples of markers for perivascular efflux. It is clear that the rates of elimination of the Slc substrates are considerably greater than could be supported by perivascular efflux alone. Table 1 Comparison of rate constants for efflux and clearances for Slc22 and Slco substrates and the perivascular markers inulin, mannitol and sucroseFull size tableAs indicated in Fig. 10 transport from the parenchyma into the endothelial cells occurs via one or more of the SLC transporters, while exit from the endothelial cells to plasma occurs via either SLC or ABC transporters. For many of the anions efflux from brain to blood is clearly an active uphill process suggesting that the ABC route is dominant (for a caveat see. Footnote 12) Transport across either membrane can be rate limiting and in many cases transport across each can occur by more than one route. As a consequence demonstration that a specific inhibitor of a transporter reduces the rate of efflux is evidence for involvement of that transporter, but failure to inhibit is relatively uninformative. Fig. 10Transport of organic anions across the blood–brain barrier. Organic anion transporters at the blood–brain barrier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the function of organic anion transporters (OATs) and organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) at the blood-brain barrier. It suggests that these transporters are involved in the transport of various substances to and from the brain. The implication of this information is that the blood-brain barrier utilizes these transport mechanisms to regulate what substances enter and exit the brain, thereby contributing to its protective role against potentially harmful substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Fracturing, wounds, gastritis/ constipation Woddeessa 13 Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich. Rabies, Abdominal pain, Poison, 14 Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Tape worm Baasqulaa 15 Datura stramonium L. 16 Eucalyptus globulus cold (Cough) Baargamoo adii 17 Euphorbia abyssinica Milky exudate Abdominal pain, wart Hadammii 18 Euphorbia candelabrum Trem. ex Milky exudate 19 Euphorbia chumalis S. Guurii 20 Guizotia seabra (Vis. ) Chiov. 21 Gloriosa superba L. Liver infection Sokorruu 22 Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Fruit Tapeworm, hookworm, endo- parasites Heexoo 23 Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst ex Dc. Nasal bleeding Biluu 24 Kalanchoe petitiana A. Rich. 25 Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Snake poison Buqqee 26 Leonotis ocimifolia (Burm. F) Bokkolluu 27 Lepidium sativum L. 28 Lippia adoensis Hochst. ex. Walp. Var. adoensis Ring worm Sokonota/ Sukayee 29 Myrsine africana L. 30 Ocimum gratissimum L. 31 Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. 32 Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex G. Don) Cif. Oleaceae Leaf, Oil, pain, Goiter and 33 Olinia rochetiana A. Juss. Evil spirit, eye infection, Dandruff, Abdominal pain, Skin itching Gunaa 34 Osyris quadriprtita Decn. Liver infection, 35 Polystachya tessehata Lindl. Bowwoo 36 Prunus africana (Hook. f) Young shoot Skin itching Sukkee 37 Pterolobium stellatum Forssk. ) spirit 38 Ranunculus multifidus Forssk. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text lists various plants along with ailments they are associated with, but it does not provide evidence supporting that all these plants are effective for modern ailments. The mention of traditional uses does not equate to their effectiveness in treating modern conditions, thus contrasting with the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Lactic acid bacteria are important for fermentation processes. [SEP] Text: ì (2010Quorum sensing in sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum DC400: induction of plantaricin A (PlnA) under co-cultivation with other lactic acid bacteria and effect of PlnA on bacterial and Caco-2 cells. Proteomics. 102175219080. LorenzM. CCutlerN. SHeitmanJ2000Characterization of Alcohol-induced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell 1118319981. HansenP. JDrostMRiveraR. MPaula-lopesF. FA. I-K. a. t. a. n. a. n. i. t Y. MKriningerC. EChaseCC (2001Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology. 559110382. GiraffaG2004Studying the dynamics of microbial populations during food fermentation. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2825126083. JohnsonE. A2002and Survival in Foods. In: Adaptation and Food Safety. Ed. A. E. Yousef and V. K Juneja. CRC Press84. DavidsonP. M2001Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial compounds, 593627In: Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, 2nd ed. M. P. Doyle. 85. HüfnerEHertelC2008Improvement of raw sausage fermentation by stress-conditioning of the starter organism Lactobacillus sakei. Curr. Microbiol. 5749049686. Hüfner-(2007Identification of Lactobacillus sakei genes induced during meat fermentation and their role in survival and growth. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 732522253187. -vergesM. C2004Evidence for involvement of at least six proteins in adaptation of Lactobacillus sakei to cold temperatures and addition of NaCl. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 707260726888. . E2007Shelf-life and safety characteristics of traditional fresh sausage (Salsiccia) combining two commercial ready-to-use additives and spices. Food Control. 18421429 89. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the importance of lactic acid bacteria for fermentation processes. Instead, it includes references and citations related to various studies and articles on microbial populations and other aspects of fermentation, without establishing a clear connection to the claim regarding the significance of lactic acid bacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The results were reported as the brain uptake index (BUI), defined as a ratio of ratios ((uptake of 14C-aa)/[14C-aa])/((uptake of 3HOH)/[3HOH]) [300]. When added one at a time, the influxes of the amino acids varied greatly, with BUI for phenylalanine or leucine found to be more than 50% (i. e. each enters about half as easily as water) while at the other extreme influxes of proline, glutamate, asparagine and glycine were below the background limit of detection by the technique, BUI < ~ 3%. Influx of each of the essential amino acids (those not able to be formed within the brain) was easily measurable. All of the influxes that were clearly above baseline were inhibited when the radiolabeled amino acids were added using serum rather than a simple buffer suggesting competition for transport with the amino acids present in serum. Competition was investigated further and confirmed by measuring uptake of tracer in the presence of an excess of individual unlabelled amino acids [300]. Footnote 18 Quantitative estimates of the influxes of various amino acids in rats when plasma concentrations of tracers were held constant by controlled infusions [369] or during perfusion of isolated brains [43, 370, 371] have confirmed the pattern seen using BUI measurements [300, 372] (see Table 4). Table 4 Influx and net flux of amino acids in the indicated speciesFull size tableFrom the patterns of competition between amino acids for influx across the blood–brain barrier it appeared that there were four separate systems of transport (see e. g. [43, 44]). primarily for neutral amino acids, which can be inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH); System ASC primarily for neutral amino acids, which is not inhibited by BCH; System y+ (sometimes called system Lys+) primarily for basic amino acids; primarily for the nitrogen-rich amino acids glutamine, histidine and asparagine. A number of amino acids fit into more than one of these groups. Most of the amino acids with large BUI values are substrates for system L. Studies with isolated brain microvessels, which provide access to the abluminal membranes of the endothelial cells, identified two more systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing details on the transport mechanisms of amino acids across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). It explains the various transport systems and their selective nature, indicating that the BBB regulates which substances can enter the brain. This suggests that the BBB does play a protective role by controlling amino acid influx and limiting other substances that could be potentially harmful, thus supporting the claim of its protective function.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Liver infection Qoricha dhibee Simbiraa 39 Rhus vulgaris Qamoo 40 Rosmarinus officinalis L. Febrile illness Foon waddittuu 41 Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Liver infection, abdominal pain Shaabee 42 Salix subserrata Willd. color exudate Retained placenta, 43 Sanicula elata Ham. Ex. D. Leaf Headache, Liver infection Xuuxaa 44 Satureja paradoxa (Vatke) Engler ex pain (sharp pain) Sajjaabii 45 Senna multiglandulosa (Jacq) Irwin & Birbirraa 46 Setaria pumila (Poir. ) Roem. & Schult. 47 Sida tenuicarpa Vollesen. 48 Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. Ex. A. Fruit Rabies, Abdominal pain, Poison, 49 Tapinanthus ziziphifolius (Engl. ) Dans. part Skin rush 50 Terminalia brownie Fresen. Sun disease Bir’eessa 51 Tragia cinerea (Pax) Gilbert & Radcl. - disability Laalessaa 52 Verbascum sinaiticum Benth. human ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them It was observed and documented that the local communities had deep and adequate ethnobotanical knowledge to treat various human diseases with different types of plants. Among the medicinal plants reported, some of them were claimed to treat more than one ailment. The 42 human diseases recorded are said to be treated with a total of 52 plant species through use of 86 methods of preparations, where one species can treat a single disease or a number of diseases. Similarly, one ailment can be treated with combination of plant species or with a single plant. For example, rabies is treated with 12 species of plants, poisoning with 8 species, and diarrhoea with 4 species (Table 4). Table 4 Common human ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them in. No. of plant species used % of total medicinal plants used to treat human diseases Rabies 12 23. 08 Poisoning 10 19. 23 Internal parasites 4 7. 69 Diarrhoea 3 5. 77 Evil eye 3 5. 77 Hepatitis 3 5. 77 Skin problem 3 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific plants and their alleged uses for various ailments, while also indicating that some plants are claimed to treat multiple conditions, suggesting variability in effectiveness. The mention of 'deep and adequate ethnobotanical knowledge' implies that traditional claims about plant efficacy may not align with modern scientific standards of effectiveness, particularly since the effectiveness of these plants is not substantiated with modern scientific evidence within the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 2004; McEwen et al. 2004; Moore et al. 2004; Pappalardo et al. 2004; de Pater et al. 2021b and 2. 24 m telescope on Maunakea, the 12 m dish at Kitt Peak, the Effelsberg 100 m telescope, and the Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique (IRAM) 30 m telescope (Morrison et al. 1972; Morrison & Cruikshank 1973; Ulich & Conklin 1976; Pauliny-Toth et al. 1977; Ulich et al. 1984; Altenhoff et al. 1988); the (OVRO) three-element array (Berge & Muhleman 1975; Muhleman & Berge 1991); the (SMA) and Array (VLA) interferometers (de Pater et al. 1982, 1984; Muhleman et al. 1986); and the Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on board the Herschel space-based telescope (Müller et al. 2016). Often, the were also used for flux calibration observations for (sub)millimeter facilities, along with Saturn's largest moon, Titan (Ulich 1981; Moreno2007; Butler 2012). Radio and (sub)millimeter interferometric observations from modern telescopes can spatially resolve small solar system bodies, such as Europa, and thus enable the measurement of thermophysical properties as a function of location on the body, by modeling the thermal radiation from the subsurface (cm–m depths). Utilizing the Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), Trumbo et al. (2018) mapped the thermal inertia of Europa's surface using 1. 3 mm (233 GHz) observations; they also investigated the correlation of thermal anomalies observed with ALMA with potential plume locations (Trumbo et al. 2017a). These studies revealed that a global thermal inertia of 95 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 and emissivity of 0. 75 provided good fits to the ALMA observations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any evidence or information that directly supports or contradicts the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean harboring conditions suitable for life. It discusses the use of various telescopes and observations related to thermal properties and anomalies on Europa without making any claims regarding the existence or potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The importance of fluid escape from the ventricles across the ependyma into the parenchyma in hydrocephalus has recently been given further support by observations of gadobutrol movements in normal pressure hydrocephalus in humans [15]. 5. 7 Amyloid-βAccumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in plaques within the parenchyma and deposition in the walls of arteries are both closely associated with the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Because the rate of production of Aβ appears not to be altered in the more common, late onset form of Alzheimer’s [422] attention has focused on the possible defects in clearance of Aβ that may lead to its accumulation. Aβ may be removed from the brain via metabolism within the parenchyma, via efflux across the blood–brain barrier or or via perivascular efflux [52]. Attempts to estimate the relative importance of each of these routes were reviewed by Hladky and Barrand [146]. For low nanomolar ISF concentrations, which are in or above the normal or clinical range (see [423]), Aβ is eliminated by all three routes, but efflux via the blood–brain barrier is likely to be the most important (see also [424]). However, as emphasized in a key early study, efflux across the blood–brain barrier is saturable with a half-maximal concentration of only 15 nM [62]. Many studies of Aβ metabolism have used much higher concentrations, e. g. > 1 µM, and at these concentrations metabolism is dominant. A recent study on appearance of Aβ in lymph nodes may also reflect the behaviour at higher concentrations as it was performed in mice with mutant APP and high Aβ production rate [425]. Differences in Aβ clearance between sleep and wakefulness have been reviewed by Hladky and Barrand [146] and by Boespflug et al. [426] who emphasized the role of ISF-CSF exchange. The effects of sleep were found to be more complicated than a simple increase in perivascular clearance. Both reviews [146, 426] should be consulted for more detail and discussion (see also Sect. 3. 3). Aβ polypeptides are produced by neurons (and to some extent by other cell types) by cleavage of the membrane bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) [427]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in the efflux of amyloid-β (Aβ) from the brain, indicating its importance in maintaining brain health and potentially protecting it from harmful substance accumulation. The text specifically states that efflux across the blood–brain barrier is likely to be the most important route for Aβ clearance, which supports the idea that the BBB plays a protective role against harmful substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 77 Sunstroke 3 5. 77 Abdominal distention 2 3. 85 Abdominal pain 2 3. 85 Bone fracture 2 3. 85 Evil sprit 2 3. 85 Fire burn 2 3. 85 Gonorrhoea 2 3. 85 Headache 2 3. 85 Rosacea 2 3. 85 Swelling 2 3. 85 Teeth infection 2 3. 85 Tonsillitis 2 3. 85 Wart 2 3. 85 Wound 2 3. 85 Asthma 1 1. 92 Bleeding 1 1. 92 Cancer 1 1. 92 Cough 1 1. 92 Dandruff 1 1. 92 Disorder of menstrual cycle 1 1. 92 Eye infection 1 1. 92 Febrile illness 1 1. 92 Goitre 1 1. 92 Herpes zoster 1 1. 92 Influenza 1 1. 92 Itching skin (sensation) 1 1. 92 Liver problem 1 1. 92 Male impotency 1 1. 92 Mental illness 1 1. 92 Nasal bleeding 1 1. 92 Stomach problem 1 1. 92 Syphilis 1 1. 92 Tinea corporis 1 1. 92 on the ethnobotanical knowledge of local communities, a total of 20 medicinal plants used for treating livestock ailments were documented from the study area (Table 5). The informants revealed that in most cases they treat their livestock by traditional medication system and rarely look for modern medication. Table 5 Medicinal plants and parts used for treating livestock ailments in. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Achyrospermum schimperi (Hochst. ) Perkins. Diimessa 2 Acokanthera schimperi (A. DC) Schweinf. L 3 Agave sisalina perrine ex. Engl. Blackleg Algee/Qaaccaa 4 Aloe pubescens Hargiisa 5 Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv. ) Wild. 6 Calpurnia aurea (Ait. ) Benth. Diarrhoea, Physical deterioration, Rabies, external parasites Cheekataa 7 Croton macrostachyus disease, Abdominal distension, Makkanniisaa 8 Cymbopogon citratus (Dc. ) Stapf. 9 Cynoglossum amplifolium Hochst ex A. DC. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the use of traditional medicinal plants specifically for treating livestock ailments, indicating that traditional medicine is preferred over modern medication in those cases. This suggests that the effectiveness of these plants is limited to specific contexts (livestock ailments) and does not universally support the claim that all plants in traditional medicine are effective for various modern ailments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: They found that anomalously cold locations in the ALMA observations, such as around Pwyll crater (∼271°W, 25°S) and a region on the leading hemisphere (90°W, 23°N), were indicative of localized, high thermal inertia regions or low emissivity; thermal inertia values ranging from 40 to 300 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2 or emissivities from 0. 67 to 0. 84 were found to characterize outlying regions in the residual maps, though thermal anomalies were not correlated with geological or morphological features (excepting Pwyll). The retrieved thermal inertias are comparable to those derived for the surface from Galileo/PPR observations, which provided constraints on Europa's thermal inertia from 40 to 150 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2, with elevated measurements in similarly anomalous regions such as near Pwyll (Spencer et al. 1999; Rathbun et al. 2010; Rathbun & Spencer 2020). Recent analyses have also been carried out for Ganymede (de Kleer et al. 2021a) and Callisto (Camarca et al. 2023) using ALMA to investigate the change in porosity or thermal inertia as a function of depth and correlate brightness temperatures to geographically distinct surface regions. On Ganymede, de Kleer et al. (2021a) found that a porosity gradient between 10% and 40% provided good fits to ALMA observations sounding the upper ∼0. 5 m of the subsurface. 7 data, Camarca et al. (2023) derived a mixture of high (1200–2000 J m−2 K−1s−1/2) and low (15–50 J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) thermal inertia components to correctly model the thermal emission from Callisto's leading hemisphere. Both studies found cold thermal anomalies colocated with the locations of crater basins or complexes. Generally, these studies revealed higher thermal inertias on the near subsurface of Ganymede and Callisto than Europa. Here, we present the analysis of ALMA observations of Europa at three wavelengths (0. 88, 1. 25, and 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses thermal inertia observations of Europa as well as comparisons with other moons but does not provide information specifically regarding the conditions of Europa's subsurface ocean or its suitability for life. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: While there is still uncertainty, the final cleavage step is thought to release Aβ directly into ISF. Most work has focussed on Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42, these being the predominant forms of the Aβ polypeptides present in the parenchyma. In solution at or below low nanomolar concentrations they exist as monomers and, particularly for Aβ1-42, also as oligomers [423, 428, 429]. Only soluble forms of Aβ are detectable in young animals. However, in older animals and older people deposits mainly of Aβ1-40 accumulate along cerebral arteries (cerebral amyloid angiopathy or CAA) and large aggregates or plaques mainly of Aβ1-42 form in the brain parenchyma. Small changes in soluble Aβ concentrations may over time lead to large changes in the formation of Aβ aggregates [430,431,432,433,434,435,436]. While it is not known which forms of Aβ are toxic, current evidence appears to suggest that within the parenchyma the main culprits are the oligomers [437,438,439,440,441]. There is evidence that plaques in the brain can be removed by reducing the ISF concentration of Aβ [428, 442]. However, it is likely that this only occurs if the Aβ concentration can be reduced to levels below those present before aggregate formation began [431]. This has been shown experimentally but it may not be achievable in practice without both inhibition of Aβ production (see e. g. [443]) and enhancement of Aβ clearance. 5. 7. 1 Clearance of Aβ from ISFIn the young, Aβ is present in soluble form and is eliminated as rapidly as it is produced with about 7–8% of the total soluble Aβ being replaced each hour [422, 444]. Monomeric and small oligomeric forms of soluble Aβ are cleared from ISF by at least four routes: incorporation into plaques, metabolism [445,446,447,448,449,450,451], efflux across the blood–brain barrier [62, 429, 452,453,454] and efflux via perivascular routes [25, 85, 128, 455]. The relative importance of each of these routes remains controversial [52, 146, 456,457,458]. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the efflux of soluble Aβ across the blood-brain barrier, indicating that this barrier plays a role in regulating the substances that impact the brain. The mention of removal of amyloid plaques by altering the concentration of Aβ in interstitial fluid further endorses the protective functions of the blood-brain barrier against potentially harmful aggregates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Jaldeessaa 10 Cyphostemma niveum (schweinf. ) Desc. 11 Ficus capreaefolia Del. Mound, 12 Gnidia glauca (Fresen) Gilg. Foot and (F. M. D) Didiiysaa 13 Helichrysum elephantinum Cufod. Blackleg, Rabies, Sun disease, Swelling, A. H. S. Holotuu/Araddoo 14 Hypericum revoltum Vahl. Blackleg Hindhee/Garambaa 15 Nicotiana tabacum L. Blackleg, cough, internal parasites Tamboo 16 Phytolacca dodecandra L Her. Cholera, Rabies&furee Andoodee 17 Satureja punctuata (Benth) Bliq. baala bal’aa 18 Sida schimperiana gaangee 19 Stephania abyssinica Dillon. & A. Rich. Urine problem, 20 Thymus schimperi Ronn. Common livestock ailments and plant species claimed to treat them Twenty five livestock diseases were found to be treated with 20 plant species in which 38 preparations were involved. Rabies ranked first as it was treated by seven plant species and followed by diarrhoea and blackleg treated with three plant species each (Table 6). Table 6 Common livestock ailments and number of plant species claimed to treat them in. Common diseases No. of plant species used % of total medicinal plants used to treat livestock diseases Rabies 7 35. 00 Diarrhoea 3 15. 00 Blackleg 3 15. 00 External parasites 2 10. 00 Cough 2 10. 00 Mouse/nose wound 2 10. 00 Eye infection 1 5. 00 Bloating 1 5. 00 Leech infestation 1 5. 00 Lumpy skin diseases (LSD) 1 5. 00 African horse sickness (AHS) 1 5. 00 Sheep pox 1 5. 00 Foot and mouth diseases (FMD) 1 5. 00 Anthrax 1 5. 00 Pasteurellosis of cattle 1 5. 00 Pasteurellosis of Sheep 1 5. 00 Actinomycosis 1 5. 00 Avian cholera 1 5. 00 Bloody urine 1 5. 00 Dermatophilosis (Skin problem) 1 5. 00 Glandular swelling 1 5. 00 Epizootic lymphangitis 1 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by listing various plants and the specific livestock ailments they are purported to treat. The detailed list of diseases and the number of plants used suggest that not all plants are proven effective for modern ailments, as only certain plants are mentioned for specific diseases, implying variability in effectiveness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 05 mm) that probe distinct depths in Europa's subsurface, which allows us to investigate the change in thermophysical properties with depth and latitude, and ascertain their potential link to exogenic sources and the evolution of Europa's ice shell. These observations complement the recent studies of Ganymede and Callisto with ALMA, and provide context for Juno observations of Europa with infrared and microwave instruments. 2, we detail the ALMA observations, reduction, and imaging procedures, followed by the radiative transfer modeling in Section 3. A discussion of the modeling results is presented in Section 4, followed by our conclusions in Section 5. 2. is an interferometer consisting of up to 50 12 m antennas located in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Every pair of antennas acts as a two-element interferometer, measuring a single complex component (often called a "visibility") of the Fourier transform of the sky brightness. Together, the collection of visibilities allows for the reconstruction of the full sky brightness in both dimensions via image deconvolution techniques (see Thompson et al. 2001, and 016. 1. 00691. S, the leading and trailing hemispheres of each of the were observed in three distinct frequency bands that probe different subsurface depths: ALMA Band 3 (97. 5 GHz; 3. 05 mm), Band 6 (233 GHz; 1. 25 mm), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz, 0. 88 mm). Europa was observed eight times between 2016 and 2017. Since the angular resolution of interferometric observations depends on the distances between antennas in the array, these observations were executed using different antenna configurations to obtain relatively consistent resolution across all three frequency bands. A configuration with maximum antenna separation of 6. 4 km was used for Band 3 observations to achieve comparable resolution to data from higher frequency bands, while a configuration with a shorter maximum antenna separation of 1. 3 km was used for Bands 6 and 7. Separate observations in each frequency band were executed to target both the leading and trailing hemispheres of Europa, with typical integration times of ∼120–300 s; as such, longitudinal smearing over this time period was well below the size of a resolution element. All observations were carried out using between 40 and 45 antennas. In some cases, multiple executions (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean potentially harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it focuses on the technical details of observations conducted with the ALMA telescope, discussing various frequency bands and antenna configurations used to study Europa's subsurface without making any claims about the potential for life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: [462] demonstrated LRP1-dependent Aβ1-40 transport across monolayers of primary mouse brain capillary endothelial cells, a transport not observed in monolayers of cells with genetically modified LRP1. Roberts et al. [457] confirmed that efflux of Aβ from brain to blood occurs in vivo by finding that the concentration in venous blood leaving the brain was 7. 5% higher than that in arterial blood. Qosa et al. [424] using the brain efflux index method found that 62% of added 125I-Aβ1-40 appeared in the blood. Storck et al. [453] developed a mouse model in which LRP1 could be knocked out selectively in endothelial cells and showed that the knockout reduced the initial rate of loss of 125I-Aβ1-42 by 48%. Collectively the studies discussed above leave little doubt that LRP1 dependent transport across the blood–brain barrier plays a substantial role in Aβ elimination. However, the actual mechanisms governing the net inward or outward flux of Aβ across the blood–brain barrier are considerably more complicated and involve complexing Aβ with soluble factors including clusterin (also called apoJ), apoE and a soluble, truncated form of LRP1 (sLRP1). In addition there are at least four endocytotic/transcytotic systems. Figure 20, based mainly on the views of Zlokovic and colleagues [429, 452, 454, 460, 463,464,465,466], is a simplified diagram indicating the mechanisms of Aβ transport across the blood–brain barrier. Notable in this scheme is the involvement of apoE, clusterin and the phosphatidylinositol-binding clathrin assembly protein, (also called CALM). Genetic variations for each of these have been shown to be associated with increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease [467, 468]. Fig. 20Simplified outline of Aβ transport across the blood–brain barrier. Possible movements of Aβ are shown by solid or dashed lines with arrowheads indicating the principal direction. Endocytotic and exocytotic vesicles are shown as invaginations of the membranes. There is intracellular processing once the vesicles have been endocytosed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of LRP1-dependent transport across the blood-brain barrier in the elimination of Aβ (amyloid-beta), a potentially harmful substance. It indicates that the transport mechanisms are complex and crucial for removing harmful substances from the brain, supporting the idea that the blood-brain barrier plays a protective role.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 Retained placenta 1 5. 00 Scabies 1 5. 00 Physical deterioration 1 5. 00 Medicinal plants used to treat both human and livestock ailments The study reported that eleven plant species were commonly used to treat both human and livestock ailments. The species used to treat both human and livestock ailments were Coccinia abyssinica, Kalanchoe lanceolata, Clerodendrum myricoides, Anethum graveolens, Azadirachta indica, Asparagus africanus, Diplolophium africanum, Solanum somalense, Vernonia amygdalina and Dodonaea angustifolia (Table 7). In this study, 65 different human and livestock health problems were reported (40 of human and 25 of livestock). Most of these species were wild and harvested mainly for their leaves and the remedies were administered through oral and dermal routes. Table 7 Medicinal plants and parts used for treating both human and livestock ailments in. No. used Disease treated (Afan Oromo) 1 Asparagus africanus Lam. Asparagaceae root Blackleg, Liver infection, Rabies, Dental infection Sariitii 2 Azadirachta indica A. Leaf Blackleg, physical deterioration, Cholera, kill vectors Niim/Miimoo 3 Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst. ) R. Br. ex vatke Evil eye, Evil spirit, 4 Coccinia abyssinica (Lam) Cong. Rabies, Abdominal pain Hancootee 5 Diplolophium africanum Turcz. part Urine problem Insilalaa 6 Dodonaea angustifolia L. f Sapindacae Leaf, bud Cancer, external parasites, Bone fracture, Wart, Evil eye, Mound, Abdominal pain, 7 Justitia schimperana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders. Liver infection and Abdominal pain Dhummuugaa 8 Kalanchoe lanceolata A. Rich. Rabies, Skin rash, Bone fracture, 9 Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb. ) Mirb. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that it reports on the use of various medicinal plants for treating both human and livestock ailments but does not provide evidence that all of these plants are effective for modern ailments. The mention of specific diseases treated with these plants does not equate to effectiveness across all traditional medicines as a category. Therefore, the broader claim that all traditional medicinal plants are effective is not supported.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: , observing integrations) were acquired for each hemisphere in a single band, allowing for additional longitude coverage and higher constraints on thermophysical properties. An additional execution in ALMA Band 7 was performed, but was set to incorrect sky coordinates and as such was not analyzed here. The observation parameters for each integration are detailed in Table 1. Table 1. Observational ParametersObs. DateFreq. a λ Tag b Ang. Diam. Spatial Res. Pos. Ang. c Lat. W Lon. Corr. d (UTC)(GHz)(mm) (arcsec)(arcsec)(°)(°N)(°W)Factor2017 Sep 19 17:1597. 53. 053L0. 6840. 110 × 0. 08652. 23−3. 08103. 31. 02017 Sep 28 14:43 e ⋯⋯3T0. 6770. 148 × 0. 08554. 87−3. 12283. 21. 0 2017 Aug 7 19:152331. 256L0. 7370. 107 × 0. 08287. 24−2. 9280. 630. 9852017 Jul 9 01:03⋯⋯6T0 f 0. 7970. 280 × 0. 107−73. 13−2. 89307. 71. 0682017 Jul 30 00:05⋯⋯6T10. 7540. 163 × 0. 078−70. 25−2. 91270. 11. 0282017 Aug 16 22:55⋯⋯6T20. 7220. 127 × 0. 079−70. 64−2. 95287. 00. 937 2017 Jul 6 23:56 e 343. 50. 887L0. 8030. 139 × 0. 068−68. 88−2. 90100. 30. 9562016 Oct 25 12:28⋯⋯7T f 0. 6780. 196 × 0. 15166. 85−2. 50226. 70. 938 Notes. a Averaged frequency of all continuum windows. Frequencies correspond to ALMA Band 3 (97. 5 GHz), Band 6 (233 GHz), and Band 7 (343. 5 GHz). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding Europa's subsurface ocean or conditions suitable for life. It primarily discusses observational parameters and integrations related to ALMA data without any indication of biological or astrobiological implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: 2 Achieving a net flux: glucose as an exampleThere is regulation of transport across the blood–brain barrier both for glucose and for ions like Na+, K+ or Cl−. Regulation of glucose transport serves primarily to achieve the correct flux to support metabolism whereas regulation of ion transport is important to maintain the correct concentrations in extracellular fluid. The actual glucose concentration in ISF is relatively unimportant so long as it remains well above the Km for hexokinase (0. 04–0. 05 mM, see Sect. 5. 3) but low enough to avoid formation of unwanted glycation products. The requirements for the regulation of the glucose transporter, GLUT1, were considered in detail by Barros et al. [314] and Simpson et al. [315]. Thus this section considers only the principles and the extent to which regulation can be obtained by altering glucose efflux. GLUT1 transport across the blood–brain barrier must be capable of producing a net flux that is equal to the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose, CMRglc, at all times both at rest and during nervous activity. Furthermore the system must be capable of increasing net flux quickly to match demand. If the net inward flux were not increased, then for a glucose content in brain of 1. 3 mM × 0. 77 mL g−1 and an increase in glucose consumption rate of 0. 65 µmol g−1 min−1 (i. e. to twice resting level, figures for rats), the entire glucose reserve would be consumed in < 2 min. CMRglc of stimulated nervous tissue isn’t easy to measure, partly because a region large enough to assay is likely to contain both stimulated and unstimulated tissue. Using quantitative autoradiography in rats exposed to monotonic sounds, Cruz et al. [517] were able to see as much as 85% increase in CMRglc in tonotopic bands of the inferior colliculus. Using PET imaging in human subjects viewing a reversing checkerboard pattern, Fox et al. [518] saw 50% increases in the visual cortex. Using measured arterio-venous concentration differences in human volunteers undergoing exhausting cycling or rowing exercise, Quistorff et al. ([353], data from [519]) found more than twofold increases in glucose uptake rate across the blood–brain barrier. (There was also a substantial uptake of lactate). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the regulation of transport across the blood-brain barrier, specifically mentioning the importance of glucose and ion transport. The mention of the blood-brain barrier's ability to match glucose supply with demand suggests its critical role in maintaining brain metabolism and highlights that it is a selective barrier, which aligns with the notion of protecting the brain from potentially harmful substances while regulating essential nutrients.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: Rabies, Abdominal distension Birbissa 10 Solanum somalense Root Rabies, Evil spirit, Skin rash Hidda bidoo 11 Vernonia amygdalina Del. Diarrhoea, Physical deterioration on summary of data collected and presented in Tables 3,5 and 7 regarding different plant parts used, leaves were the most commonly used part accounting for 51. 81% of the total, followed by roots (20. 48%), barks (2. 41%). Figure 3 summarizes data on overall parts used for treating different ailments in the study area. the preparation of remedies from plants, informants reported various skills associated with preparation of herbal medicine. These include plant composition (whether single or combined), condition of plant used (fresh or dry) and methods of preparation such as crushing and pounding. The results of the condition of the plant parts used indicated that 27 plants (32. 53%) were used in fresh state, 13 (15. 66%) were used in dried state and 43 (51. 81%) were used in fresh or dried state (Fig. 4). As these plants were used in both forms, the chance of using the medicinal plants under different seasons of the year was perceived to be high. The informants pointed out that they preserve the plant that they could not find in dry season in different ways like pounding and hanging the plant material in dry and safe place. Most of the remedies (64. 33%) had additive like Allium sativum, sugar, honey, tea, coffee, pepper, while some (35. 67%) were used alone to treat different human diseases. There were various methods of medicine preparation from plants used by local people of the study area. The most popular modes of preparations were in the form of crushing, pounding and homogenizing in water, which accounted for about 24. 62% followed by chewing (9. 47%) and hold on (8. 33%) as shown in Fig. 5. Herbal Preparations/formulations The routes of administration of the prepared medicine were mainly internal applications 75 (70. 75%), out of which oral application was the major one (Table 8). On the other hand, the external application was about 31 (29. 25%). Table 8 Route of administration and number of applications of herbal medicine in. Route of administration Total applications 75 70. 75 Anal 66 3 1 2 3 88. 00 4. 00 1. 33 2. 67 4. 00 External 31 29. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by not providing evidence that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. Instead, it discusses various plants used for treating specific ailments, such as 'Solanum somalense' for rabies and 'Vernonia amygdalina' for diarrhea, without generalizing their effectiveness. It details preparation methods and usage patterns but does not assert the efficacy of these plants in treating modern ailments specifically.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: b Tag denoting the ALMA frequency band, targeted hemisphere (L = leading, T = trailing), and observation number; exact longitudes vary slightly for each execution. Hemispheres with multiple integrations are denoted with separate labels for each individual execution. c The position angle of the synthesized ALMA beam, denoted in degrees counter-clockwise from the positive vertical. d Correction factor derived from variability of quasars used for flux density calibrations. e Denotes observations where interloping satellites were present in the ALMA field—see 4. 7 (Jaeger 2008) and the provided ALMA pipeline scripts. Continuum images were produced by flagging channels with telluric contamination and then averaging to channel bins of 125 or 256 MHz to reduce data volume. The resulting data were then combined using multifrequency synthesis imaging methods to produce a single, high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) broadband image of the thermal continuum emission. Phase self-calibration was performed on each observation to compensate for tropospheric phase fluctuations, which improves image coherence and S/N for each observation (see the discussion in Butler & Bastian 1999; Cornwell & Fomalont 1999; Brogan et al. 2018, and ALMA Memo 620 6 by Richards et al. ). Similar procedures were applied to the accompanying observations of Ganymede and Callisto (de Kleer et al. 2021a; Camarca et al. 2023). Final image deconvolution, which removed interferometric artifacts induced by the lack of complete antenna coverage on the sky, was performed using the CASA tclean task with image sizes of 1000 × 1000 pixels of 001 size (note that this is not the effective resolution, which is shown in Table 1, but simply the pixel size). Briggs weighting was applied with a "robust" factor of 0, which slightly increases the weight of data from larger antenna separations (Briggs 1995). The removal of interferometric artifacts—and thus the improvement of the final image quality—for two of the ALMA observations was facilitated by accounting for the emission from nearby (Ganymede, Callisto) that intervened on the relatively large ALMA field-of-view (FOV), introducing additional signal in the sidelobes. These procedures and the improvements in the images are detailed in 1. 5% to 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean and its potential to harbor conditions suitable for life. Instead, it discusses technical details regarding ALMA observations, data calibration, and imaging processes, which have no connection to the biological or astrobiological aspects of Europa.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: With cell culture systems including brain endothelial cells recruitment in response to AMP can be large, resulting in a two to threefold increase in GLUT1 at the plasma membrane [322, 522, 523]. With regard to modification of GLUT1 transport rate, it is known from studies on red blood cells that GLUT1 can be substantially inhibited by binding of ATP, an effect that is inhibited by AMP. When ATP hydrolysis is stimulated, ATP concentrations decrease and AMP concentrations increase, both of these events acting to release inhibition of GLUT1 [322, 524]. This effect can be large, a four to tenfold increase in glucose transport. Because increased AMP can increase both recruitment and activity of GLUT1 at the cell surface, it is easily imagined that small changes in AMP levels in endothelial cells could increase glucose transport sufficiently to support increased nervous activity. 7 SummarySubstances can be eliminated from the brain parenchyma either by metabolism or efflux. This review considers efflux, which can occur via perivascular routes or via the blood–brain barrier. The quantitative importance of these different mechanisms is assessed using clearance defined as the rate of elimination of the substance from interstitial fluid (ISF) divided by its ISF concentration (see 3. 1 and 3. 2); (ii) whether perivascular pathways are spaces containing free fluid or basement membranes (Sect. 3. 1” section and Footnote 5); (iii) the driving force for the flows (Sect. 3. 2); (iv) whether the immediate destination of perivascular efflux is CSF or lymph (Sect. 3. 1, Fig. 6 and Footnote 6); and (v) whether there is enough flow either through the parenchyma or via perivascular routes along capillaries to allow there to be a net periarterial inflow and a net perivenous outflow as proposed in the glymphatic hypothesis (Sects. 3. 2 and 3. 2. 1). The evidence for the involvement of flow or convection in perivascular transport of solutes is convincing but flow appears not to be important for transfers of solutes within the interstitial spaces of the parenchyma. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms through which substances can be eliminated from the brain, specifically mentioning the role of the blood-brain barrier in efflux. It emphasizes that the barrier is essential for the clearance of substances from the interstitial fluid, indicating its protective function against harmful substances.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 25 on Brushing 3 7 9 4 8 9. 68 22. 58 29. 03 12. 90 25. 81 Total 106 100 (free Informants’ Consensus) The result of the study showed that some medicinal plants and their utilizations were more popular than others. Accordingly, plant species such as Allium sativum and Asparagus africanus were indicated relatively by higher number (48 and 46 informants, respectively) for treating various human health problems such as liver infection, stomachache, common cold and intestinal parasites, sun disease, abdominal distension, tinea corporis, menstrual disorder, evil spirit and liver infection (Table 9). Table 9 Informant consensus score in. Plant species No of informants % of informants Allium sativum 48 96. 00 Asparagus africanus 46 92. 00 Azadirachta indica 41 82. 00 Calpurnia aurea 40 80. 00 Croton macrostachyus 38 76. 00 Datura stramonium 37 74. 00 Dodonaea angustifolia 35 70. 00 Helichrysum elephantinum 34 68. 00 Kalanchoe lanceolata 33 66. 00 Nicotiana tabacum 31 62. 00 Rumex nepalensis 29 58. 00 Solanum campylacanthum 28 56. 00 Comparison of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants use across age and sex The study result revealed that the majority of traditional healers (knowledgeable informants) were older than 45 years. These healers identified 64 (77. 12%) of the total medicinal plant species. Comparison of indigenous knowledge across sex showed that male and female informants identified 59 (71. 08%) and 24 (28. 92%) medicinal plants, respectively (Table 10). Out of the 50 knowledgeable informants (35 males and 15 females), 6 were in the age range of 18–31 age group, 8 respondents between 31 and 45; 14 were 46–60 and 22 were 60 and above age classes and cited 10. 84%, 12. 05%, 36. 14% and 40. 96% medicinal plants, respectively (Table 10). Furthermore, data collected from field observation and interviews revealed that informants in the first and second age group were not conversant enough in providing some ethnobotanical information clearly on the method of medicine preparation from plants, mode of application and plant parts used. Large numbers of key informants were found in the third and fourth age groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while certain medicinal plants are reported to be utilized for treating various human health problems, it does not necessarily support the assertion that all plants used in traditional medicine are effective. The mention of informant consensus and popular species such as Allium sativum and Asparagus africanus shows that not all plants are equally recognized or effective, as some informants had less knowledge about the preparation and application of these plants. Thus, the presence of varying levels of knowledge about medicinal plants among different age groups suggests that the effectiveness of all plants in traditional medicine for modern ailments is not universally validated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 8% were needed (Table 1). As found previously, the dependence of ALMA on quasar observations can result in higher flux density scale calibration uncertainties (Francis et al. 2020); as a result, our quoted uncertainties on the disk-averaged flux densities, temperatures, and emissivities are no less than 5%, which are often larger than the statistical uncertainties derived from the model fit for the flux density. After converting from flux density units (Jy) to brightness temperature (K, the expected thermal temperature the surface would emit if it was solely parameterized by the Planck function; see also de Kleer et al. 2021a and Camarca et al. 2023), the final emission maps were compared to radiative transfer models generated using a variety of thermophysical properties and global porosity or thermal inertia conditions. continuum image maps are shown in Figure 1. The measured flux densities and brightness temperatures are listed in Table 2. Reset image size Figure 1. Brightness temperature maps of Europa's leading hemisphere (∼90°W longitude; top row) and trailing hemisphere (∼270°W longitude; bottom row) from Band 3 (3. 05 mm; (A), (E)), Band 6 (1. 25 mm; B, (F)–(H)), and Band 7 (0. 88 mm; (C), (G)). The ALMA beam (the full-width at half-maximum of the ALMA point-spread function) is shown as a hashed ellipse in the bottom left-hand corner. All images are aligned with Europa's north pole along the vertical axis. Download figure:Standard image High-resolution image Table 2. and ResultsBandW Lon. Flux Dens. a TB a PorosityΓEff. EmissivityHemi. Tag #(°)(Jy)(K)(%)(J m−2 K−1 s−1/2) 3L b 103. 30. 18 ± 0. 00972. 99 ± 3. 65 0. 79 ± 0. 043T b 283. 20. 20 ± 0. 01085. 27 ± 4. 26 0. 81 ± 0. 04 6L80. 631. 26 ± 0. 06376. 61 ± 3. 8375 ± 10 0. 86 ± 0. 046T1270. 051. 37 ± 0. 06979. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding Europa’s subsurface ocean and its potential to harbor life. It primarily discusses observational data and methodology regarding flux density and brightness temperature measurements without addressing any biological or astrobiological implications.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The blood-brain barrier protects the brain from harmful substances. [SEP] Text: The net inward flux of the large neutral amino acids is small compared to the rate at which they are used to allow synthesis of proteins and the neurotransmitters, glutamate and GABA. This implies substantial reuse of amino acids and the corresponding α-keto-acids when proteins, glutamate and GABA are catabolized within the cells (see Sect. 5. 5. 5). Receptor mediated transcytosis can transport large molecules across the blood–brain barrier. Amyloid-β is an important example (Sect. 5. 7) of a substance primarily eliminated by this mechanism. Amyloid-β can also leave the brain parenchyma via perivascular efflux and this may be important as the route by which amyloid-β reaches arterial walls resulting in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The majority of substances listed in Table 6 have total clearances greater than those for inulin and sucrose, which implies that they are leaving the brain by routes in addition to the perivascular pathways. For those whose clearances are not much greater than 1 µL g−1 min−1, perivascular transport will still make a noticeable contribution. Na+ and Cl− enter and leave the brain parenchyma by perivascular and blood–brain barrier routes and both will be important in processes like the development and resolution of oedema (not considered in this review). Non-metabolized substances with clearances greater than about 10 µL g−1 min−1 leave the brain parenchyma primarily via transport across the blood–brain barrier. 8 ConclusionThis review has assessed the evidence from a number of different sources regarding the routes and mechanisms of elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma. Early studies comprehensively and admirably reviewed by Bradbury [55] and by Davson and Segal [56] revealed that there were two important routes, across the blood–brain barrier and via cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For glucose, O2 and CO2 it was obvious that exchanges across the blood–brain barrier were dominant. At the other extreme for sucrose and inulin the concentrations in the parenchyma followed those in CSF much more closely than those in blood plasma. For Na+ and Cl− it was clear that both routes were important. For certain specific substances, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the mechanisms of substance transport across the blood-brain barrier, which serves to protect the brain by regulating which substances can enter and leave the brain parenchyma. It mentions that non-metabolized substances with clearances greater than about 10 µL g−1 min−1 primarily leave the brain via transport across the blood-brain barrier, indicating that this barrier controls the flow of potentially harmful substances. Additionally, it states that receptor-mediated transcytosis can transport large molecules across this barrier, implying a selective process that aligns with the claim of protecting the brain.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: 00 Clerodendrum myricoides Evil eye 5 21 23. 81 Lepidium sativum Wart 5 21 23. 81 Osyris quadripartita Poison 5 21 23. 81 Solanum campylacanthum Rabies 5 21 23. 81 Croton macrostachyus Evil eye 4 22 18. 18 Verbascum sinaiticum Wart 4 22 18. 18 Cucumis ficifoliu Poison 3 23 13. 04 Olea europaea Evil eye 3 23 13. 04 Datura stramonium Rabies 2 18 8. 33 Lagenaria siceraria Poison 2 24 8. 33 Acquisition and transmission of knowledge of medicinal plants and perceived threats to Indigenous knowledge The indigenous knowledge regarding the uses of medicinal plants of the study area have not been documented. The knowledge was transferred from generation to another generation verbally. In line with this, the informants of the study area reported that the previous culture on providing information on medicinal plants was top secret; not allowed to show or train others. This is because of many reasons as they stated: 1. The medicine becomes cheap and the charges for service provision will be low if the medicine is known by many people. 2. The medicine will lose its curative power if it is shown to patients 3. Healers are hiding themselves because of the unfavourable attitude of the present generation toward the practice that consider it as backward. Though, it is not adequate, currently this situation is a little bit changed. According to the explanation given by informants, the healers were supporting academic researches and at least transferring their knowledge to their elder sons. Accordingly, about 37 (74%) traditional healers have already trained their family and relatives, while 13 (26%) of them have a plan to do so in the future. In general, most knowledgeable informants 33 (66%) of the study area had acquired the traditional medication system from their parent and/or close relatives, 9 (18%) from both relatives and non relative healers, while 6 (12%) have gained the knowledge from other traditional healers, 2 (4%) through trial and error. Healers show herbal medicine and transfer knowledge and skill to their family member at their later ages. A person trained by his family performs a strong oath locally called KAKU to keep the knowledge he/she obtained on medicinal plants and traditional medicine with maximum care and confidentially. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how the knowledge of medicinal plants has been transmitted, indicating that there may be limitations to the effectiveness of these plants. Specifically, it highlights that healers believe that showing medicinal plants to others can reduce their curative power and that there is a cultural secrecy around this knowledge, suggesting that not all plants may be effective for modern ailments. Moreover, the text mentions that the effectiveness of the plants is not universally accepted and is subject to the views and beliefs of the healers, implying that traditional medicine may not necessarily translate to modern efficacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Europa’s subsurface ocean may harbor conditions suitable for life. [SEP] Text: 96 ± 4. 00 0. 84 ± 0. 046T2287. 021. 36 ± 0. 08685. 74 ± 5. 4040 ± 15 0. 83 ± 0. 05 7L100. 33. 34 ± 0. 16786. 09 ± 4. 3060 ± 15 0. 81 ± 0. 047T226. 72. 48 ± 0. 15489. 09 ± 5. 52 0. 79 ± 0. 05 Notes. a Flux densities and brightness temperatures listed here are derived as hemispheric averages. b Porosity and effective thermal inertia values derived for ALMA Band 3 observations were inferred through bounds as discussed in 3. Thermophysical ModelingThe radiative transfer modeling for thermal emission of Europa follows the procedures detailed in de Kleer et al. (2021a), which have been used for Ganymede, Callisto (Camarca et al. 2023), and (16) Psyche (de Kleer et al. 2021b). The model solves for thermal transport throughout the shallow subsurface through the inclusion of thermal conduction and radiation, solving the 1D diffusion equation with time and depth for temperature profiles at discrete latitude and longitudes across the observed surface. We parameterized the model for Europa using similar fixed parameters to those for Ganymede and Callisto, where appropriate (e. g. , snow and ice densities, and specific heat values). A nominal dust-to-ice fraction = 0. 3 was used (similar to what was used for Ganymede by de Kleer et al. 2021a), though dust fraction values between 0. 1 and 0. 5 were tested, with fairly minimal effects on the best-fit porosity model residuals; however, a dust fraction change does alter the depths at which our data are sensitive to the subsurface thermal emission. Similarly, models were set with an intermediate surface grain size of 100 μm, and we tested models using grain sizes of 50 μm–1 mm as relevant for Europa's leading and trailing hemispheres (Hansen & McCord 2004; Dalton et al. 2012; Cassidy et al. 2013; Ligier et al. 2016; Filacchione et al. 2019; Mishra et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any relevant information regarding the claim about Europa's subsurface ocean potentially harboring conditions suitable for life. Instead, it contains technical descriptions and data related to thermal modeling and measurements without any specific mention of life or conditions that would suggest the presence of life.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Dopamine is crucial for reward processing and motivation. [SEP] Text: This was partly due to our unconventional use of that term, which we did not intend to be synonymous with goal-directed control given evidence that reward expectancies can guide action selection in a manner that is independent of reward value during PIT performance (Colwill and Rescorla, 1990; Rescorla, 1994; Holland, 2004). But we now believe this framework for data interpretation was unclear and unnecessary. We have therefore omitted the term reward expectancy altogether, and have substantially revised the manuscript to focus on the broader topic of how dopamine contributes to the control of instrumental reward-seeking and reward-retrieval actions, while explicitly contrasting goal-directed (devaluation-sensitive) and habitual (devaluation-insensitive) accounts of behavior. From this perspective, we agree with the reviewer’s conclusion that press-contingent food-cup approaches were performed habitually, suggesting the use of a press-approach behavioral chain or action chunk. This interpretation is also compatible with our finding that reward-paired cues strongly increase production of press-approach chunks, given previous studies showing that habitual behavior is particularly sensitive to the motivational influence of such cues (Holland, 2004; Wiltgen et al. , 2012). As the reviewer notes, presses that were not followed by food-cup approach were particularly sensitive to reward devaluation. We have elaborated on our discussion of this issue (subsection “Inhibiting dopamine neurons spares the sensitivity of reward-seeking actions to reward devaluation”, last paragraph; Discussion, second paragraph, documents with colored text) and added a new analysis to help develop this finding (Figure 5D; Supplementary file 1G). However, we do not believe this is a defining feature of such actions. For instance, the variable-interval training protocol used in our PIT experiments is known to support habit formation. Thus, even discrete lever presses (without approach) performed during PIT tests were likely to have been insensitive to devaluation, had this been assessed. We suggest that such discrete lever presses are not exclusively aligned with either habitual or goal-directed control. Indeed, others have argued that repetitive lever pressing without subsequent food-cup approach may model OCD-like compulsive checking behavior, which we discuss in the last paragraph of the Discussion section. Reviewer #2: […] I have a series of issues with the manuscript: The terminology is very confusing, and the theoretical frame is globally difficult to grasp. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how dopamine contributes to the control of reward-seeking and reward-retrieval actions. It emphasizes dopamine's role in instrumental behaviors and mentions how reward-paired cues influence habitual actions and motivation. The discussion of how habitual behavior is sensitive to motivational influences and the contrasts between goal-directed and habitual processing further support the significance of dopamine in reward processing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All plants used in traditional medicine are effective for modern ailments. [SEP] Text: According to the report of informants, although some people knew the medicinal plants and the methods to prepare the medicine, they did not exercise the knowledge. This was because they did not receive blessings from a well-known elder or he/she might not from a blessed family. Therefore, it was noted that these issues have reduced the chance of having new healers directly affecting sustainable continuity of knowledge and skill. On the other hand, most informants mentioned the lack of attention and assistants from educated professional, governmental and non-governmental sectors to encourage traditional healers. Few healers also mentioned lack of moral obligation to continue with the practice as a result of despair due to the general attitude considering the practice a backward activity by the current generation. medicinal plants used for treating human and livestock ailments This study documented diverse medicinal plants and associated deep ethnobotanical knowledge. It was recorded that 52 (62. 65%) plants were used for treating human ailments, 20 (24. 10%) for treating health problems of livestock and the remaining 11 (13. 25%) for treating both human and livestock ailments. Species documented in this study and perceived to be used for human, livestock and both human and livestock ailments were also reported for their medicinal values from other parts of the country [30–33]. There were medicinal plants with higher informant consensus values that need to be seriously considered for further ethno-pharmacological studies. These species include Allium sativum, Asparagus africanus and Azadirachta indica. This high informant consensus values give good indication about particular species that serve for particular health problems, specific medicinal plants used for several health problems and the deep rooted indigenous knowledge maintained among local people in practicing and utilizing traditional medicine. Such information underlines the pharmacological significance of the medicinal plants in the area. This result was in agreement with several other ethnobotanical studies carried out elsewhere in Ethiopia [34–36, 10, 37]. knowledge involves traditional diagnosis, collection of plant materials and preparation of plant remedies in many countries including Ethiopia and is transferred from one generation to the other generation verbally with great secrecy. In the study area, it was noted that herbal medicine was not shown to others because; it was considered a professional secret, also essential for maintenance of the curative power of the medicine. This had great impact on the distribution of medicinal plants and associated traditional knowledge of the community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various obstacles that limit the effective use of traditional medicinal plants, including lack of knowledge transfer between generations, a general attitude towards traditional healing as outdated, and insufficient support from educated professionals and governmental sectors. While it documents that certain species of medicinal plants have been acknowledged for their medicinal values, it emphasizes that not all traditional knowledge is being exercised effectively, suggesting that not all plants used in traditional medicine are necessarily effective for modern ailments.