Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The majority of eDNA tests are performed in laboratories, though field-based testing equipment is improving. [SEP] Text: Our eDNA collection system has been distributed to multiple collaborators undertaking fieldwork ranging from polar oceans to tropical environments. Their feedback has informed refinement of the platform to reduce complexity and enable field-based repairs when necessary. As an open-hardware concept, future versions of this hand-portable filtration system could leverage higher-flow pumps, integrated flow-sensors, and battery management to improve usability. Currently, these pumps are being utilized on ships, ships, and the Museum of research program. Input from collaborators has guided design considerations, and we have expanded on the design described in this manuscript to improve field-reliability and throughput. developed a low-cost, portable filtration system for aquatic eDNA collection that may be built and used with very little prior experience in hardware construction or eDNA sampling. By incorporating point of collection filtration into eDNA sampling workflows, we anticipate reduced dependencies on technical personnel for ecological inventories, increasing the consistency of biological survey data and potentially identifying cryptic organisms that are otherwise challenging to detect. Moving forward, we advocate for recording the period of time between initial sampling and filtration of aquatic eDNA samples. Datasets and associated R code used to generate figures DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-1 Instructions for e: 10. 7717/peerj. 15360/supp-2 The authors would like to thank C. Meyer, S. Tweedt, M. Timmers, M. Greenfelder, D. Cornejo, D. Goodwin, and G. Ashton for their feedback on pump design during fieldwork. We would also like to acknowledge the efforts of S. Rickett and K. Baron (National Aquarium), as well as K. Truelove, F. Chavez, L. Henderson, and E. Rienecker (MBARI) for their facilitation of sample collections. authors declare there are no competing interests. Hayley M. DeHart conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2017. Efficacy of environmental DNA to detect and quantify brook trout populations in headwater streams of the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Transactions of the Society 146:99-111 --. 2021. Observing life in the sea using environmental DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the development and distribution of an eDNA collection system for fieldwork in various environments. It highlights the improvements to the platform aimed at reducing complexity for field-based use, thus suggesting that advancements in field-based testing equipment are being made. The emphasis on practical, portable solutions for eDNA sampling directly relates to the claim that field-based testing is improving.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 국제수면질환분류 3판에서도 “렘수면무긴장소실에 대한 기준은 최신의 미국수면의학회(of Sleep Medicine)의 수면다원검사 채점 기준에 따른다. ”라고만 기술되어 있고, 무긴장의 소실과 관련된 정량적 기준은 제시하지 못하고 있다. 즉 렘수면 중 발생하는 무긴장의 소실 비율이 어느 정도 있어야 렘수면행동장애를 진단하고, 렘수면행동장애를 배제할 수 있는가에 대한 기준을 제시하지 못하고 있다[1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that the criteria for diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorder are not fully defined, indicating a reliance on polysomnography scoring criteria from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. This suggests that without medical intervention and established diagnostic criteria, wearable sleep monitors cannot effectively diagnose this sleep disorder.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Сторінки історії, 49. DOI: 10. 20535/2307-5244. 49. 2019. 189570 2. Sova, A, Romaniuk, M. (2019). Ivan Boberskyi’s pedagogical activity at in Lviv (1906–1914). Східноєвропейський історичний вісник, 4, 71–80. DOI: 10. 24919/2519-058x. 0. 184411 Stepanovych, Doctor of Historical Sciences,Professor, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (Vynnychenko St. , 24, 79008, Lviv, Ukraine)olexandr. sytnyk@gmail. com Yakovyshyna, Y. , Koropetskyi, R. , Bulyk, N. , Sytnyk, O. (2019). Influences of Sites of Trypillia BI – Cucuteni A4 Stages on the Establishing of Styles of Panting of of of Trypillia ВI–ВII Stages (Upper and Region). Hiperboreea, 6(2), 5-20. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Sytnyk, O. , Bogucki, A. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. , Hołub, B. & Mroczek, P. (2015). Natural environment of MIS 5 and soil catena sequence along a loess slope in the valley: Evidence from the site (Ukraine). Quaternary International, 365, 74-97. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2014. 05. 0353. Łanczont, M. , Madeyska, T. , Bogucki, A. , Sytnyk, O. , Kusiak, J. , Frankowski, Z. , Komar, M. , Nawrocki, J. &Zogała, B. (2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It appears to be a list of academic references and studies, lacking discussion or support for the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: eDNA technology will soon replace all traditional wildlife monitoring methods, such as camera traps or field surveys. [SEP] Text: study demonstrates that the eDNA-method had a greater capacity to detect amphibians in Amazonian aquatic environments than VES. However, it highlights the complementary information of traditional methods to complete a database and corroborate the results. Sixty-two species have previously been recorded in the TRMB, of which 33 were detected using eDNA and VES in this study. This represents a small fraction of the species presumed to inhabit this region, as there are several unexplored areas where the batrachofauna diversity is unknown. Developing a monitoring program using two or more techniques is necessary to generate a complete picture of amphibian diversity in the TRMB. Also, to increase the detection rate of amphibians, using various types of environmental samples could expand the range of detection of terrestrial species or inhabitants of specific micro-ecosystems (e. g. , bromeliads, tree holes, leaf litter, etc. ). A traditional monitoring approach (VES) has been used for decades and has generated valuable information on biodiversity in some ecosystems, but specific taxonomic knowledge is needed, and sampling is invasive, complex, and time-consuming. eDNA-based techniques, when combined with VES, can generate robust and verifiable records that contribute to the development of conservation strategies in biodiversity hotspots. Supplementary Material. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15455/supp-1 The authors would especially like to thank all the people who participated in the fieldwork: María José Sánchez, Alex Arias, Álvaro Pérez, ánez, Viviana Cabrera, Miguel Gómez, Carlos Carrasco, Samanta Oña; in the laboratory processes: Mónica Sánchez; in the bioinformatics analysis: Alex Sánchez, and the map design:. We would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments. authors declare that they have no competing interests. conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the 7638. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: The data is available at figshare: Quilumbaquin, Walter (2022): eDNA and VES Supplemental Material. figshare. Collection. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by indicating that while eDNA methods show a greater capacity to detect species, traditional monitoring methods are still necessary for a complete understanding of biodiversity. It emphasizes the value of using multiple techniques in a monitoring program, stating that traditional methods provide complementary information needed to corroborate results and generate a comprehensive picture of biodiversity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 렘수면행동장애군은 사건수면을 주 증상으로 방문하여 병력 및 수면다원검사 결과를 바탕으로 하여 렘수면행동장애가 진단된 이들로 하였다. 이차적인 사건수면 및 렘수면행동장애를 배제하기 위하여 기면병이 진단되었거나, 알츠하이머 치매로 진료 중이거나, 신체검사에서 파킨슨 증후군으로 판단되는 경우는 제외하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a specific diagnosis process for REM sleep behavior disorder based on medical history and polysomnography (sleep study), implying that a medical intervention is necessary for accurate diagnosis.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Stratigraphic position and natural environment of the oldest Central Podolia, Ukraine: New data from the site. Quaternary International, 326-327, 191-212. DOI:10. 1016/j. quaint. 2013. 08. 045 Yastremska Tetiana, PhD in Philology Senior Researcher, for Research, I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of Ukraine (4, 79026 Lviv, Ukraine)tetyana. yastremska@gmail. com Ястремська, Т. Традиційне гуцульське пастухування. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2008. 424 с. 2. Хобзей, Н. , Ястремська, Т. , Сімович, К. , Дидик-Меуш, Г. Гуцульські світи. Лексикон. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2013. 667 с. 3. Yastremska T. The lexeme верх: its phonetic and semantic features, and derivative resources in south-western dialects of Ukrainian. LingVaria. (2015). №1(19). S. 221–239 (Index Copernicus). doi: 10. 12797/LV. 10. 2015. 19. 154. Ястремська, Т. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss the relationship between language and identity or cultural heritage. Instead, it lists research articles and publications related to stratigraphy and linguistics without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities use IoT sensors and data analytics to improve infrastructure, transportation, and energy management. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content SearchAll contentIET journalsBooksConferencesanywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/anywhereEnter words/phrases/DOIsearchCitation search 0 Login | Non-member main navigation& magazinesin Smart Cities: From sensors to big data, security and trust IoT Technologies in Smart Cities: From sensors to big data, security and trustEditors: Fadi AI-Turjman; Published in2020 260pagesISBN: 978-1-78561-869-7e-ISBN: 978-1-78561-870-3 ToolsAdd to favourites Create book email alert Copyrights and PermissionsExport 10. 1049/PBCE128E_fm Full text PDF Access control approaches for smart cities p. 1–40 (40) the world population grows along with increase in urbanization, cities are getting more and more populated and increasing demands on various natural and man-made resources. Making cities smart through the appropriate application of the plethora of innovative new technologies and paradigms would help mollify potential environmental problems/constraints in such cities. Besides their significance in solving environmental problems, smart cities also aim to improve citizen's quality of life and efficiency of public services by optimizing the costs and resources involved. Smart city applications are founded on various enabling technologies and processes related to communication and networking, real-time control and big data analytics, to name a few. These constituents of a smart city infrastructure need to be integrated appropriately and seamlessly for provisioning efficient services to citizens. Each enabling technology has its own unique properties. The interplay and interaction among smart city constituents and their unique properties raise unique security and privacy challenges. In this 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch2 smart city uses various technologies to make the lives more easy and simple fulfilling the demands of the increasing population. Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in making the city smart. It takes the required input and helps to make the things associated with it smart. Some of the smart operations include water and energy management which is becoming scarce. The system can be deployed in the cities to make things work and save future resources. A smart city can be empowered to increase the quality of life of the people and improve the environment to sustain for a long time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating, 'Internet of Things (IoT) plays a major role in making the city smart' and detailing how smart city applications utilize 'real-time control and big data analytics' to enhance various aspects like 'water and energy management.' It confirms that smart cities leverage IoT and data analytics to optimize services and improve citizens' quality of life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 대조군은 병력에서 사건수면이 없으며, 코골이 및 무호흡을 주 증상으로 방문하여 수면다원검사에서 시간당 무호흡-저호흡지수가 30/hr 미만으로 확인된 경우로 하였다. 대조군 역시 기면병이 진단되었거나, 알츠하이머 치매로 진료 중이거나, 신체검사에서 파킨슨증후군으로 판단되는 경우는 제외하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it describes a control group that was evaluated through comprehensive medical testing, specifically polysomnography, indicating that diagnosis of sleep disorders involves medical intervention rather than relying solely on wearable sleep monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Епідигматичний діалектний словник: ідея, концепція, засади. Діалектологічні студії. 11. Слово – словник – корпус. Львів: Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича НАНУ, 2018. С. 273–301. and scope The interdisciplinary journal brings together studies in history, linguistics and literary studies. The historical block is represented by studies of current problems of history, as well as researches about outstanding persons and their importance in the formation of Ukrainian statehood. Linguistic studies primarily exposes the problems of Ukrainian language history and dialectology. Literary studies focus on analyzing writers' works in the context of world history and culture. Sections: issues of Ukrainian history Iportant dates (ZUNR 100th Anniversary) Military history Indexed; of manuscripts by the editors of the collection is carried out to maintain high scientific and theoretical level of publication. The collection has two-sided anonymous reviewing system: - personal data of the author (authors) is not disclosed to reviewer; - personal data of reviewer is not disclosed to author (authors). Publications are primarily controlled to verify correctness of their technical design according to requirements of the collection. The primary expertise is carried out by chief editor and members of the editorial staff. All 64. exe? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or support the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on academic publications in dialectology, linguistics, and Ukrainian history without explicitly discussing the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities use IoT sensors and data analytics to improve infrastructure, transportation, and energy management. [SEP] Text: Implementing a smart city with IoT and connected technology helps enhance the quality, performance and interactivity of urban services, optimize resources and reduce costs. The 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch3 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch4 in sensor network have evolved rapidly in recent years, and devices are smart enough to build and manage their network and route optimization referred to as Internet of Things (IoT). Numerous IoT operating systems (OSs) are developed for resource-constrained IoT devices. Contiki IoT OS is a widely used IoT OS by researchers and practitioners. Contiki-OS Cooja emulator is recognized as one of the favourite tools of researchers for running large-scale simulations and observing the results before the real-time deployment. Cooja generates execution logs for all the activities of the network simulation. However, there are no tools or programs available to summarize and analyse the big log files generated by Cooja. This slows down the research pace for complex network scenarios and makes it difficult to compare with existing bench marks and research work. In order to help researchers, an evaluation tool which gathers information, analyses and develops simulation log results is required. It provides detailed individual mote statistics as well as complete IoT network statistics. In this 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch5 of Things (IoT) is an idea according to which uniquely identifiable gadgets can directly or indirectly assemble, process or transfer data via the quick electrical installation (KNX) or a computer network. With the advent of IoT, there were also fears that IoT is growing too fast, without due consideration of the significant security challenges and regulatory changes that may be necessary. This 802. 15. 4 standard were analysed. Significant attention was also paid to the technical guidelines that enable secure transmission of information between selected IoT mesh points. The safety of implementing the mesh IoT network has been analysed in detail. Finally, the security aspects of different systems were compared. Design of smart urban drainage systems using evolutionary decision tree model p. 131–149 (19) as an alternative method for monitoring of drainage systems, Internet of Things (IoT) technology is initiated in smart cities. IoT is used for detection of the location of the sediment deposition within the drainage pipe system to alert for repairing before complete blocking. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how the implementation of smart cities with IoT technology enhances urban services, optimizes resources, and improves overall management. It mentions various aspects of IoT applications, including the development of IoT operating systems and the monitoring of systems such as drainage, which aligns with improving infrastructure. The reference to optimizing resources and the management of IoT networks directly supports the claim regarding energy management.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 또한 수면다원검사 시 비디오 모니터링을 통해서 수면 중 나타나는 신체 움직임에 대해서도 기록하였다. 수면다원검사의 결과 분석은 미국수면학회의 평가 기준에 따라 실시하였다. 렘수면무긴장소실 렘수면무긴장소실은 렘수면 시 나타나는 긴장성 움직임(tonic activity)은 턱근전도에서 위상성 움직임(phasic activity)은 턱근전도 및 하지근전도에서 평가하였다[13]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the process and standards for conducting polysomnography, which suggests that proper diagnosis of sleep disorders requires medical interventions and specialized testing, rather than solely relying on wearable sleep monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Z21ID=&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=juu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=PREF=&S21=0&S21STR=Database. Library of Ukraine Copyright notice The authors published in this journal agree with following conditions: 1. The authors reserve to themselves the right to the authorship of their works and transfer the right of their first publication to the journal on the terms of Creatіve Common Attrіbutіon Lіcense which allows to freely extend to other persons the published work with an obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and its first publication in this journal. 2. The authors have the right to complete independent additional agreements concerning the not exclusive distribution of their work in the form in which it was published in this journal (for example, to place the work in the electronic storehouse of an establishment or to publish as a monograph component), under the condition of the preservation of the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal. 3. The journal’s policy allows and encourage the authors to place their manuscripts into the Internet (for example, in depositories of establishments or on personal web-sites) either before submitting of the manuscript for publication or during its editorial processing as it assists the occurrence of a productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citing of the published work. License agreement Цей твір ліцензовано на умовах Ліцензії Із Зазначенням Авторства — Некомерційна — Без Похідних 4. 0 Міжнародна. of 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the authorship and publication rights pertaining to a journal, without any mention or reference to language serving as a marker of identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities use IoT sensors and data analytics to improve infrastructure, transportation, and energy management. [SEP] Text: However, from the hydraulic point of view, it is reasonable to design the drainage and sewer pipes to prevent the deposition of the sediment based on the physical parameters. To this end, instead of detection of blockage location, monitoring the flow characteristics is of more importance to keep pipe bottom clean from sediment deposition. Accordingly, smart sensors mounted in the drainage and sewer pipes should read the flow velocity and alert once the flow reaches a velocity in which sediment deposition is occurred. In order to determine the sediment deposition velocity, this study models sediment transport in drainage systems by means of evolutionary decision tree (EDT) technique. EDT results are compared with conventional decision tree (DT) and evolutionary genetic programming (GP) techniques. A large number of experimental data covering wide ranges of sediment and pipe size were used for the modeling. Evaluation of the developed models in terms of verity of statistical indices showed the outperformance of the proposed EDT model. and GP models were found superior to their traditional corresponding regression models existing in the literature. Results are helpful for determination of the flow characteristics at sediment deposition condition in drainage systems maintained using IoT technology in smart cities. Statistical analysis for sensory E-Health applications: opportunities and challenges ıran p. 151–169 (19) population of people whose ages are over 60 is expected to be more than double by 2050. As they live alone or without any healthcare professional, it is a complicated job to understand emergency situations or mild symptoms of diseases. On the other hand, smart home environments offer an unrivalled opportunity to collect data for monitoring to understand human behaviours so that healthcare institutions intervene such cases. Furthermore, thanks to the availability of large smart home data sets on the Internet with different features such as different number of residents, house plans and different use cases (activities of daily living (ADL), work activities), it is possible to work on different aspects in this area. Hence, forthcoming smart cities can highly benefit from those electronic health (E-Health) systems to enhance Living (AAL). This 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch8 city is an emerging concept whose main goal is to improve the quality of life of its citizens by leveraging Information and (ICTs) as the key medium. In this context, smart city healthcare can play a pivotal role toward the improvement of citizens' quality of life, since it can allow citizens to be provided with personalized e-health services, without limitations on time and location. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of smart sensors and IoT technology in drainage systems to monitor flow characteristics, which aligns with the broader goal of smart cities to utilize IoT and data analytics for enhancing urban infrastructure management. It mentions how these systems can prevent sediment deposition and improve overall efficiency, indicating a practical application of IoT within the context of smart cities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 렘수면무긴장소실의 정량적 비교 수면다원검사에서 확인된 렘수면무긴장소실의 정도는 짝짓기 이후 렘수면행동장애군에서는 중위값이 16. 5%(평균±표준편차, 20. 8±16. 5), 대조군에서는 6. 3%(평균±표준편차, 6. 0±3. 6)를 보여 두 군에서 유의한 차이를 보이고 있었다. 또한 긴장성 움직임 및 위상성 움직임에서도 렘수면행동장애군과 대조군은 유의한 차이를 보이고 있었다(Table 3). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses quantitative comparisons of REM sleep without atonia in a polysomnography study, indicating significant differences between groups with REM sleep behavior disorder and control groups. This suggests that proper diagnosis of sleep disorders, such as by recognizing differences in REM behavior, requires more than just wearable monitors, contrasting the claim that they can diagnose disorders without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: The authors reserve to themselves the right to the authorship of their works and transfer the right of their first publication to the journal on the terms of Creatіve Common Attrіbutіon Lіcense which allows to freely extend to other persons the published work with an obligatory reference to the authors of the original work and its first publication in this journal. 2. The authors have the right to complete independent additional agreements concerning the not exclusive distribution of their work in the form in which it was published in this journal (for example, to place the work in the electronic storehouse of an establishment or to publish as a monograph component), under the condition of the preservation of the reference to the first publication of the work in this journal. 3. The journal’s policy allows and encourage the authors to place their manuscripts into the Internet (for example, in depositories of establishments or on personal web-sites) either before submitting of the manuscript for publication or during its editorial processing as it assists the occurrence of a productive scientific discussion and positively affects the efficiency and dynamics of citing of the published work. Privacy statement This journal realizes a policy of an immediate open access to the published content, supporting the principles of a free distribution of scientific information and a global exchange of knowledge for the sake of the common public progress. Sponsorship I. of Ukrainian Studies, of Sciences of issue Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність. Вип. 39. DOI журналу : 10. 33402/ukr. 2024DOI випуску: 10. 33402/ukr. 2024-39Україна: культурна спадщина, національна свідомість, державність гол. ред. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the authorship and publication rights of works in a journal context, without any reference to the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Smart cities use IoT sensors and data analytics to improve infrastructure, transportation, and energy management. [SEP] Text: In smart city healthcare, medical Internet of Things (IoT) devices constitute a key underlying technology for providing personalized e-health services to smart city patients. However, despite the significant advantages that IoT medical device technology brings into smart city healthcare, medical IoT devices are vulnerable to various types of cybersecurity threats and thus, they pose a significant risk to smart city patient safety. Based on that and the fact that the security is a critical factor for the success of smart city healthcare services, novel security mechanisms against cyberattacks of today and tomorrow on IoT medical devices are required. Toward this direction, the first step is the comprehensive understanding of the existing cybersecurity attacks on IoT medical devices. Thus, in this 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch9 802. 11ah working group (WG) introduced Wi-Fi HaLow (or simply HaLow which is a marketing name of Wi-Fi for low-power devices) as a revision of the long-range Wi-Fi technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications in smart cities. Such applications often involve thousands of wireless devices (typically sensors and actuators) connected to a shared wireless channel. Channel access for these thousands of IoT devices significantly affects the performance of the network. Several mechanisms have been proposed to register thousands of low-power sensors and actuators by handling the contention between them. Two of which known as the centralized authentication control (CAC) and the distributed authentication control (DAC), aimed to address the contention reduction during the link set-up process in HaLow. In HaLow, a link set-up process requires much more interests from the researchers because the access point (AP) knows nothing about the connected devices and the mean of control at these stations is very limited. DAC is a self-adaptive device authentication mechanism, whereas CAC requires an algorithm to dynamically control critical parameters, such as transmission slots and channel access period. However, the existing IoT devices registration mechanism in HaLow is based on carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is not very efficient for the registration of large-scale IoT devices due to its limited binary exponential contention mechanism. In this 10. 1049/PBCE128E_ch10 of Things (IoT) applications with low-power sensor motes are becoming more and more popular. Environment monitoring and disaster surveillance applications make use of low-power sensors. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of IoT devices in smart cities, particularly in healthcare. It mentions that medical IoT devices are key for personalized e-health services, which aligns with the broader context of using IoT sensors and data analytics for improving services in smart cities. Furthermore, it highlights how these IoT applications involve thousands of devices, suggesting that the infrastructure and operational management of smart cities are indeed reliant on IoT technologies.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 고 찰 본 연구는 렘수면행동장애의 진단 기준 중 하나인 렘수면무긴장소실을 정량화하고, 렘수면무긴장소실의 판정 기준값을 평가하기 위하여 실시되었다. 렘수면행동장애군의 렘수면무긴장소실 에포크 비율 중위값은 16. 5%(사분위 간 범위, 8. 8~24. 6; 평균±표준편차, 20. 8±16. 5)였으며, 렘수면행동장애 진단을 위한 판정 기준값은 8. 0%(곡선 아래 면적 0. 837, 민감도 78. 5%, 특이도 85. 7%)였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the diagnosis of REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RSBD) and the specific quantitative measures needed to evaluate a diagnostic criterion. It implies that formal assessment methods, including sensitivity and specificity, are necessary for diagnosing sleep disorders, which suggests that wearable monitors alone cannot fulfill this need.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Ігор Соляр, заст. гол. ред. Михайло Романюк; НАН України, Інститут українознавства ім. І. Крип’якевича. Львів, 2024. Вип. 39. 328 с. Збірник об’єднує студії з історії, археології, мовознавства та літературознавства. Статті історичного блоку розкривають актуальні проблеми історії, етнології та археології від найдавніших часів до сьогодення. Дослідницьку увагу також зосереджено на постатях С. Гайдучка, Я. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses a collection of studies related to history, archaeology, linguistics, and literary studies without directly addressing the role of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is helping urban planners optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion in major cities. [SEP] Text: Published by December 31, 2018 Purchase 10. 1515/phys-2018-0129 Download 07. 05. Tp; 07. 05. Rm; 06. 30. Ft1 IntroductionIncidental congestion refers to the congestion caused by traffic accidents and emergency events on the road. The duration of incidental congestion has a large impact on traffic flow. Herein urban road traffic flow control is studied under incidental congestion as a function of accident duration. The findings can lead to improvement of operational efficiency in traffic flow [1, 2]. Among relevant studies, Zhang et al. [3] considered velocity as the major variable along with traffic flow and rate of passage during modeling. Tang and Huang [4] introduced time as another control variable into the swallowtail catastrophe model, which was used for traffic flow prediction. Ao et al. [5] considered mixed motorized traffic flow, and took the average velocity as a state variable and the mixed rate of large vehicles and traffic flow as control variables, and built the cusp catastrophe model. Hu et al. [6] introduced time as another control variable on this basis and built the swallowtail catastrophe model to analyze traffic flow congestion. Although the above studies on urban road traffic flow control generally produced realistic findings, the studies only considered single-lane situations. Under the actual multi-lane situation, the traffic capacity of different lanes varies as well [7] and the duration of accidents has a considerable impact on traffic flow. This paper considers a multi-lane situation in urban roads and discusses traffic flow control problems under incidental congestion. The number of passable lanes will decrease once incidental congestion occurs, the actual traffic capacity of different lanes varies, and the traffic density increases. In addition, accident duration has an impact on traffic flow. In this study the occupancy rate of traffic volume in carrying capacity of the road is taken as a state variable. The variation rate of traffic flow and change in the rate of passage are examined as dynamic indicators. The swallowtail catastrophe model for traffic flow under incidental congestion is built. The critical state of traffic congestion under incidental congestion is analyzed by using this model. Finally, the traffic flow control scheme is proposed with the goal of maximizing the traffic capacity. 2 Catastrophe theorymathematician, Thom, first described catastrophe theory in his book and Morphogenesis. Catastrophe theory usually consists of two parameters (state and control variables). The number of control variables determines the state of the system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing traffic flow control and optimization strategies for urban environments, particularly in the context of incidental congestion caused by accidents. It mentions that findings from the study aim to improve operational efficiency in traffic flow and proposes a traffic flow control scheme with the goal of maximizing traffic capacity. This aligns with the idea that AI could facilitate such optimizations for urban planners.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 기존 연구들에서 렘수면무긴장소실 판정 기준값은 다양하게 제시되고 있다. 국외의 연구 중 17명의 렘수면행동장애군과 6명의 대조군을 대상으로 한 연구에서는 10% 이상의 렘수면무긴장소실을 적절한 판정 기준값으로 제시하였다[17]. 또한 80명의 렘수면행동장애와 80명의 대조군을 비교한 연구에서는 턱근전도에서 긴장성 움직임이 30% 이상인 경우를 판정 기준값으로 했을 때 민감도 73. 8%, 특이도 90. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing evaluation criteria for diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorders, implying that specific medical studies and criteria are necessary for diagnosis rather than relying solely on wearable monitors without medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Стецька, діяльність яких є важливою для сприйняття та розуміння історії України. Вшановано ювілей відомого історика, фахівця з історії Польщі та українсько-польських відносин проф. В. Комара. Лінгвістичні студії репрезентують аналіз мовних явищ XV–XVIII ст. , проблеми історичної лексикографії та ономастики. Дослідження з літературознавства зосереджено навколо аналізу творчості А. Франко-Ключко, доньки I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. Instead, it focuses on historical studies and academic discussions without providing insight into the relationship between language and cultural identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is helping urban planners optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion in major cities. [SEP] Text: The catastrophe theory attempts to identify the catastrophe occurring in the system by looking for the critical points of potential functions. Depending on the number of state and control variables, the catastrophe model has 7 different forms, including cusp and swallowtail. Based on an analysis of index and state variables, modeling was conducted using the catastrophe function. With the theoretical model of evolution thus formed, the features of the system were investigated and the rules of catastrophe in the system were understood in theory. This model can aid the prevention of a catastrophe by predicting the time, location, and consequence of the catastrophe. Catastrophe phenomena occurs in the urban road traffic system under incidental congestion. The catastrophe theory can characterize the changes in the system caused by different parameters. This study chose the swallowtail catastrophe model to analyze the critical state of congestion upon the occurrence of catastrophe (incidental congestion) in an urban road system. A scheme for traffic flow control under this condition is proposed. 3 State and control variables of the urban road traffic system under incidental congestionThe occupancy rate of traffic volume and the carrying capacity of the road is a state variable, denoted as η(t):(1)η(t)=X(t)Y(t)×100%where X(t) is the traffic flow of the system and Y(t) is the carrying capacity of the road. Variation in the traffic flow rate, variation in the residual traffic capacity of the lane, and time-variation are the control variables. Variation in traffic density is a control variable of the traffic system. According to Greenshields velocity function, the mathematical expressions involving velocity u(t), traffic flow V(t), and density K(t) are u(t) = aK(t) + b and V(t) = K(t)u(t) = aK(t)2 + bK(t), where a and b are coefficients obtained by regression analysis. Because the traffic flow is linearly related to velocity, the traffic flow rate is measured by traffic density. Thus, the variation in traffic flow is M (t):(2)M(t)=V(i)−V(t)V(i)×100%where V(i) is the traffic flow rate at the moment of the catastrophe; V(t) is the traffic flow rate at time t, and V(t) = aK(t)2 + bK(t). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of catastrophe theory to analyze and manage congestion in urban traffic systems. It details how this theoretical model aids in predicting and controlling traffic flow under conditions of incidental congestion, thereby providing a basis for optimizing traffic management strategies. Specifically, it mentions modeling techniques aimed at understanding traffic dynamics, which aligns with the role of AI in improving urban planning and reducing congestion.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 0%를 보였고, 턱근전도에서 위상성 움직임을 15% 이상으로 하였을 때는 민감도 80. 0%, 특이도 87. 5%로 보고하였다[18]. 렘수면행동장애와 기면병 및 대조군을 대상으로 실시한 연구에서는 렘수면행동장애와 대조군을 분류하는 판정 기준값으로 턱근전도에서 긴장성 움직임이 3. 17% 이상인 경우 민감도 87. 0%, 특이도 100. 0%로 보고하였고, 턱근전도에서 위상성 움직임을 1. 22% 이상을 기준으로 하였을 때 민감도 100. 0%, 특이도 100. 0%로 보고하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing statistical data on the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic criteria for certain sleep disorders, suggesting that precise diagnosis may require medical standards that are not achievable through wearable sleep monitors alone.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Франка, спогадів-есеїв нашого сучасника В. Неборака, а також репрезентовано маловідомі сторінки життя і творчості німецькомовного єврейського поета і перекладача з Буковини П. Целана. «Огляди та рецензії» презентують філологічні книжкові новинки, запрошуючи до читання та дискусій. Оголошення: Усі оголошення Новини: 3 жовтня 2024 р. в Інституті українознавства ім. І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information or context that relates to the claim about language serving as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It primarily discusses literary works and events without addressing the relationship between language and identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is helping urban planners optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion in major cities. [SEP] Text: 4 MultimodalityUnder the action of different conditions and factors, the system will exhibit different states. Within the range of the model there are usually two unequal corresponding state variables. The potential function may have two or more minima. With respect to traffic flow, either unobstructed traffic flow or traffic congestion may correspond to the minima. This feature represents the multimodality of a swallowtail catastrophe. 5. 2. 5 InaccessibilityA system has an unstable equilibrium position. When the system jumps from one stable state to another stable state, a catastrophe occurs. It is impossible for an actual system to directly cross over an unstable equilibrium position. As the state of traffic flow evolves from stable to catastrophe, there is no intermediate state. Thus, the intermediate state is inaccessible. 6 Urban road traffic flow control scheme under incidental congestionThe duration of a traffic accident consists of the time to discover the accident. Following an accident, the responsible driver will report to the traffic administrative department. If the message is transmitted accurately and in a timely, the time to discover the accident is designated as zero time [15], which is followed by the time to respond to the accident, time to clear the accident, and time to restore normal traffic. The fourth stage is the restoration of traffic flow and disappearance of congestion after handling the traffic accident. Traffic congestion is closely related to the accident. More importantly, the scale, nature, and time of the traffic accident and traffic flow are uncontrollable variables. The duration of the traffic accident can be reduced by increasing the efficiency of the traffic accident response and handling [1617, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]. The principle of traffic flow control is to determine the state of traffic flow based on the catastrophe model and to control catastrophe in traffic flow. The values of the three control variables can be obtained from relevant data and the region of the bifurcation set where the traffic flow is located can be determined. By analyzing the properties of sets in different regions, we can gain a thorough understanding of the stability of the entire system and the influence of different variables on the system. Unfavorable changes can be avoided by taking countermeasures against the inducing factors to reduce system risk and to make the system more stable. The catastrophe model, as described above, can aid the response and handling of the traffic accidents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of a catastrophe model to control traffic flow and manage congestion, implying that advanced models and data analysis (potentially AI-driven) can enhance the response to traffic incidents and therefore optimize traffic flow. The text also indicates that increasing the efficiency of traffic accident response relates to the management of traffic congestion, which supports the idea that AI can assist urban planners in these efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 렘수면행동장애로 진단된 31명과 연령을 맞춘 31명의 대조군을 대상으로 실시한 연구에서는 렘수면무긴장소실의 분포가 렘수면행동장애군은 5. 2~38. 2%였으며, 대조군의 경우 0. 0~2. 3%를 보이고 있어 렘수면무긴장소실이 5% 이상일 때 진단 기준으로 고려해 볼 수 있다는 의견을 제시하였다[14]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a study on REM sleep behavior disorder that indicates diagnostic criteria can consider specific percentages of REM sleep without atonia. This implies that diagnosis may require clinical evaluation and is not solely reliant on wearable monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАН України відбувся науковий семінар «Російська національна ідея як чинник державотворення в Росії: історіософський аналіз» 3 жовтня 2024 р. в Інституті українознавства ім. І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information relevant to the claim regarding language as a marker of identity or cultural heritage. It discusses a scientific seminar related to the Russian national idea, which does not address the relationship between language and identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is helping urban planners optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion in major cities. [SEP] Text: The goal is to maximize the traffic capacity following the incidental accidents. Region II of the bifurcation set corresponds to the most unstable traffic flow. If the traffic flow system is located in region II, a catastrophe will occur regardless of the direction of change in the system. To control the urban road traffic flow under incidental congestion, it is necessary to determine the system state from the model, then decide on the possible measures to maintain a desired state. Apparently, if the system is currently congested, it is necessary to take certain measures to reverse the unfavorable state. If the traffic flow is unobstructed, specific measures can be taken to maintain the system in the current region of the bifurcation set to a prevent catastrophe, so as to achieve the maximum traffic capacity. When there is no incidental congestion, changing the traffic capacity must be realized by changing the system variables. This is important for keeping the traffic flow unobstructed and for avoiding catastrophe, congestion, and traffic accidents. If the points do not cross over the bifurcation set and are maintained in the original region, the system will not undergo a catastrophe. Alternatively, the system can be made to evolve from the region of potential catastrophe to the more stable and safer region to prevent a catastrophe. When there is incidental congestion and the traffic flow catastrophe has already occurred, the control variables can be changed to enter the bifurcation set. The traffic flow system will be made to evolve towards the direction of a catastrophe to facilitate the catastrophe. After a traffic accident, measures should be immediately taken to handle the accident, control the traffic flow rate, and ensure the diversion of the traffic flow. During the peak traffic hours, some coercive measures should be taken to maintain an unobstructed traffic flow. Once the traffic accident occurs, the emergency response plan must be activated immediately. The nature, features, and scope of the accident are determined, and effective measures are taken to ensure normal traffic flow. 7 Case studyAccording to 2012 Design Code, the design velocity of this road section is 60 km/ h, and the design traffic capacity is 1400 pcu/h. The correction coefficients of traffic capacity of the 3 lanes are 2. 6, and the design traffic capacity of this road section is 3640 pcu/ h. 8 Conclusions and outlookConsidering the influence of accident duration on traffic flow, the problem of urban road traffic flow control under incidental congestion is discussed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing measures that need to be taken to control urban road traffic flow and manage congestion, which aligns with the notion that AI can assist in optimizing traffic systems. For example, the text states that effective measures must be taken to ensure normal traffic flow and prevent catastrophe, which suggests that advanced systems or AI could be involved in making those optimal decisions for urban planners.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 그러나 컴퓨터를 이용한 방법도 각 연구자마다 렘수면무긴장소실 평가에 대한 알고리듬의 차이가 있어 임상에서 실제 사용되기 전 타당화 연구가 더 필요하다[23]. 본 연구의 제한점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 렘수면무긴장소실 평가 시 양측 상지근전도를 추가해서 평가하지 않았다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that there are variations in algorithms used by researchers and underscores the need for validation studies before clinical application, suggesting that wearable monitors cannot effectively diagnose sleep disorders independently without further research.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАН України відбувся науковий семінар «Російська національна ідея як чинник державотворення в Росії: історіософський аналіз», приурочений до 70-ліття колишнього працівника Інституту, кандидата філософських наук Миколи Васильовича Сергеєва. 1 жовтня 2024 року в Інституті українознавства ім. І. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a seminar on a national idea in Russia and does not mention language, identity, or cultural heritage at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many smart cities use data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times. [SEP] Text: the development of urbanization, urban public safety is becoming more and more important. Urban public safety is not only the foundation of urban development, but also the basic guarantee for the stability of citizens’ lives. In the context of today’s artificial intelligence (AI), the concept of smart cities is constantly being practiced. Urban public safety has also ushered in some new problems and challenges. To this end, this 16. 1% higher than that of the traditional NN model. The average risk warning accuracy rate of the BPNN model was 90. 3%, which was 16. 5% higher than that of the traditional NN model. This shows that the BPNN model using AI technology in this 4. 2 this 4. 3 the test results of the BPNN model and the traditional NN model are compared, and the effect is more obvious. 2 Related work Urban public safety is the basic guarantee for people to live and work in peace and contentment. Regarding the management of urban public safety, some scholars have conducted related research. Among them, proposed an urban public safety application of a multi-sensor imaging system, that is, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based target detection smart device subsystem, which could be used to activate target tracking [1]. Arbuckle used communication technology to warn the public of imminent fire and evacuation orders, which was beneficial to maintain urban public safety [2]. Paul developed an urban security communication system to make city management smarter and people’s lives safer [3]. Oliveira and Santos investigated the factors affecting the acceptance of information disclosure in public safety in the context of smart cities [4]. Although the aforementioned studies have promoted the construction of urban public safety to a certain extent, most of them are based on theoretical foundations. There are few specific application and implementation methods. Therefore, further research is needed. To this end, some scholars proposed to use AI technology to manage the data resources of smart city public safety. Among them, Wu et al. proposed an AI-based framework for efficient resource management in mobile multi-user radio frequency-optical heterogeneous networks [5]. Lin and Zhao reviewed the state-of-the-art AI resource management from a framework perspective to a methodological perspective, considering not only radio resource management but also many other types of resources [6]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of urban public safety in smart cities. It mentions the use of AI technology for data management in urban public safety, implying that these innovations can enhance public safety and emergency responses. Specifically, it refers to research that developed AI-based systems for target detection and urban security communication systems, which align with the idea that smart cities leverage connected devices to improve safety measures.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 양측 상지근전도를 추가해서 평가하는 경우 렘수면무긴장소실을 보다 정확히 평가할 수 있다고 알려져 있고, 이는 렘수면무긴장소실의 정량화 결과값에 영향을 미칠 수도 있다[1]. 향후 연구에서는 양측 상지근전도 추가 전후에 렘수면무긴장소실의 정도 차이에 대한 평가도 필요하다. 둘째, 본 연구는 단면 연구이며 수면다원검사 시 사건수면을 보이지 않았던 이들을 대조군으로 포함하였다. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that additional assessments, such as adding bilateral arm electromyography, can lead to more accurate evaluations of sleep disorders like REM sleep atonia. This suggests that a simple wearable sleep monitor might not be sufficient for a comprehensive diagnosis without additional medical intervention.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: Крип’якевича НАН України пройшли традиційні Наукові читання імені академіка Івана Крип’якевича Співорганізаторами заходу виступили Західний науковий центр НАН та МОН України, Наукове товариство імені Шевченка, Львівський національний університет імені Івана Франка, Львівська національна наукова бібліотека імені В. Стефаника. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a scientific event and its organizers without addressing the role of language in identity or cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many smart cities use data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times. [SEP] Text: Qi and Yao proposed that the key exploration tools of AI and machine learning could be used in hardware accelerators, which could be used in urban emergency safety rescue and other aspects [7]. These methods have strong practicability and can implement the theory into specific applications, but the cost of these methods is high. The practical application is not mature enough. Therefore, further improvement is required. 3 Smart city public safety management model 3. 1 Smart city In recent years, the intelligent construction of cities has been deepening. There is also an increasing amount of research on smart cities. The concept of a smart city is shown in Figure 1. A smart city is a city that has the human brain for self-thinking and judgment, and it is also a city that is fully digitalized, networked, and informatized. Smart cities include municipal, education, health, real estate, transportation, public utilities, and public safety, which are more interconnected, efficient, and smart. It provides citizens with better life and work services and creates a more favorable business development environment for enterprises. It also enables the government to operate and manage more efficiently. With the popularization of the concept of “smart,” the construction of smart cities in some areas has achieved initial results. People’s living standards have been improved. Managers’ grasp of management information has become more and more accurate, and enterprises have also found business opportunities from it. Figure 1Schematic diagram of a smart city. However, scholars have different views on the basic issue of “smart city. ” In the research on smart cities, people mainly define and recognize smart cities from the aspects of technology and economy. From a technical point of view, a smart city is to use scientific and reasonable information technology and communication technology to give full play to the role of the network to narrow the digital divide and achieve information sharing. The social risk assessment of participatory smart city construction is used to make decision-making subjects more scientific and rational in the management of cities and environment. At the same time, the scientific distribution and utilization of human capital, social capital, and natural resources are promoted [8,9]. From the perspective of urban strategy, a smart city is a planned and systematic investment in new information and communication technologies to achieve social prosperity and stability. The informatization of smart cities is a concrete manifestation of promoting urbanization. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the intelligent construction of smart cities, highlighting that these cities utilize information technology and communication technology to enhance interconnectedness and efficiency in various sectors, including public safety. It mentions that the implementation of AI and machine learning can aid urban emergency safety rescue, indicating that smart cities can leverage data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 둘째, 렘수면무긴장소실 정량화 시 평가자 간의 일치도를 확인하고 평가를 진행하였다. 셋째, 렘수면행동장애 진단을 위한 렘수면무긴장소실의 정량적 수치에 대한 일치된 의견이 없는 상황에서 본 연구를 통하여 이에 대한 결과를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구에서 렘수면행동장애군은 대조군에 비하여 렘수면무긴장소실이 유의하게 증가되어 있었고, 렘수면행동장애 진단을 위한 렘수면무긴장소실 판정 기준값은 8. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for consistent and quantitative evaluations in diagnosing REM sleep behavior disorders. It indicates that there isn't a consensus on the quantitative criteria for diagnosing this disorder (렘수면무긴장소실), suggesting that medical intervention and expertise are necessary for accurate diagnosis rather than relying solely on wearable sleep monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: AI채팅 사용 권한이 필요해요 저는 소속기관 학교가 있어요 저는 개인 이용자예요 개인구독권을 구매할래요 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? 다시 보지 않기 취소 확인 내서재에 추가 되었습니다. 로그인 하지 않으면 내서재 담기가 취소됩니다. 내서재에서 확인하시겠습니까? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead appears to be an unrelated conversation about logging into a library system. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many smart cities use data from connected devices to improve public safety and emergency response times. [SEP] Text: Its essence is to develop in a new way, in a new form, and in a new way in a specific time and space [10]. According to relevant research on smart cities, it is easy to find that there is a certain relationship between smart cities and concepts such as smart cities, digital cities, ecological cities, and sustainable cities. The construction of smart cities is an important link in the penetration of information technology into various fields. The biggest difference between two smart cities is that its core smart city lies in the “intelligence of things. ” Smart cities emphasize the application of smart services and smart technologies. Smart cities emphasize the idea of putting people first [11,12]. A digital city is an extension of the digital earth. The development of geographic information system has played a role in promoting the development of digital earth. Smart cities play an important role in the development of digital cities. A digital city is a form of city that combines the virtual and the real with the Internet as the carrier. Eco-city is a low-carbon energy city characterized by the development and recycling of clean energy. On the premise of meeting the needs of ecological capabilities, smart cities and eco-cities have similarities at the technical level. However, there are big differences in the specific implementation. Smart cities improve comprehensive decision-making and emergency response capabilities through the use of traditional environmental protection technologies and real-time monitoring of the environment through smart devices. A smart city is an emerging city. It is produced along with the sustainable development of cities [13,14]. Sustainable development is a basic need for urban development. Its implementation is also varied. The core of a smart city is to use modern information technology to optimize the urban environment, so as to achieve the sustainable development of the city. Generally speaking, smart cities are increasingly people-oriented and focus on serving the people and protecting the environment, which is an advanced urban management method proposed in the past [15]. Current specific applications of smart cities include smart healthcare, smart transportation, smart education, and smart factories, as shown in Figure 2. In smart medical care, AI robots are used for diagnosis and mechanical treatment. In smart transportation, intelligent traffic analysis and navigation are used. In smart education, remote classroom teaching and online assignments are intelligently corrected. In smart factories, intelligent robots are used to automate production and supervision [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that smart cities improve comprehensive decision-making and emergency response capabilities through the use of real-time monitoring of the environment using smart devices. This indicates that connected devices play a crucial role in enhancing public safety and emergency responses in smart cities.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: 7–4. 7) <0. 001 12. 0 (5. 0–20. 1) 4. 0 (1. 3–4. 9) 0. 001 12. 5±9. 6 3. 6±2. 6 14. 2±10. 4 3. 8±3. 1 Phasic activity*, % 4. 4 (2. 4–9. 9) 2. 2 (1. 6–3. 2) 0. 017 3. 8 (2. 3–9. 5) 2. 0 (1. 5–3. 5) 0. 039 6. 5±7. 0 2. 5±1. 1 6. 7±7. 9 2. 3±1. 3 RSWA*, % 14. 8 (9. 6–23. 0) 5. 7 (4. 1–7. 2) <0. 001 16. 5 (8. 8–24. 6) 6. 3 (4. 1–7. 2) 0. 001 19. 0±14. 9 5. 9±2. 8 20. 8±16. 5 6. 0±3. 6 * variables are analyzed by Mann–test and shown as a median (interquartile range). RSWA: REM sleep without atonia, RBD: REM sleep behavior disorder, REM: rapid eye movement, PSM: propensity score matching 1. Sateia MJ. International classification of sleep disorders-third edition:highlights and modifications. Chest 2014;146:1387-1394. 2. . The atonia and myoclonia of active (REM) sleep. Psychol 1990;41:557-584. 3. . Chronic behavioral disorders of human REM sleep: a new category of parasomnia. Sleep 1986;9:293-308. 4. . Violent behavior during sleep. J 1997;58:369-376. quiz 377. 5. Sleep-related injury in the elderly-an epidemiological study in Hong Kong. Sleep 2000;23:513-517. 6. . Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: a review of the literature and update on current concepts. Chest 2017;152:650-662. 7. body disease in a patient with REM sleep behavior disorder. Neurology 1995;45:709-712. 8. Pathophysiology of REM sleep behaviour disorder and relevance to neurodegenerative disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of sleep disorders and referencing technical details about sleep study variables, indicating that conditions like REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) require thorough analysis and are part of a larger classification of sleep disorders. This implies that diagnosing sleep disorders likely requires more comprehensive assessment than what a wearable monitor can provide.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 다시 보지 않기 확인 다시 보지 않기 닫기 로그인 외부링크는 다양한 논문 검색 결과를 제공해 드리기 위하여 다른 외부 사이트와 연결해 주는 부가 서비스이며, 이용을 위해서는 개인 로그인이 필요합니다. 아이디 비밀번호 Caps Lock이 켜져 있습니다 로그인 상태 유지 아이디 저장 로그인 상태가 2주간 유지됩니다. 개인정보 보호를 위해 개인 기기에서만 이용해주세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses a login process and external link services without any mention of language, identity, or cultural heritage. Therefore, it does not provide support or refutation regarding the role of language in identity.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-4402600/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:PostedVersion 1posted You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractThis paper investigates the relationship between certified green buildings and biophilic design principles, aiming to assess how biophilic design aligns with (GBRTs). To achieve this, three widely used GBRTs (and LBC) are compared to the which has best adopted biophilic design patterns. The research team conducted a thorough review of available crosswalks and alignment documents, using WELL as a benchmark against the other three GBRTs. They identified overlapping equivalency levels of the seven concepts of WELL and their related 100 features, assigning weighted scores accordingly. The findings reveal both opportunities and challenges in the alignment between WELL and other GBRTs. While partial equivalency is possible, achieving full compliance is unlikely due to the extensive scientific basis of WELL features requiring further testing and analysis. LEED stands out with the largest share of equivalent features, covering 59% of the total, indicating full compliance, while scored 36% for equivalent features. However, LBC performed differently, with only 8% of features deemed equivalent due to its reliance on actual performance rather than prescriptive measures observed in LEED and. This 61. the population continues to urbanize, humans’ disconnection with nature augments, leading to a negative impact on mental and physical health. Life with and after Covid-19 provides an opportunity for re-evaluation and re-shaping of the built environment. New insights about human, nature and built environment relationships can promote health and wellness —crucially needed than it has been before. (GBRTs) have grown in popularity in the last few decades, attracting both the building industry and construction interest in sustainability. These tools, though effective in minimizing the environmental impacts of buildings, show disparities in their use, particularly to recognize the health and well-being of the occupants. incorporates “biophilia” into green building rating tools. Biophilia —love of life and living systems—is a concept introduced in the 1980s by Edward O. Wilson avowing that humans have an innate connection with nature. uses this holistic approach to improve spaces where we live and work to promote health and wellness [1], [2]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how biophilic design principles are integrated into green buildings, particularly highlighting that these principles aim to promote health and wellness. It mentions that biophilia, as a concept, reflects the intrinsic connection between humans and nature, which aligns well with the assertion that incorporating natural elements like plants into building design can improve well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable sleep monitors can diagnose any sleep disorder without medical intervention. [SEP] Text: Brain 2007;130:2770-2788. 9. -Strambi L. The risk of neurodegeneration in REM sleep behavior disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Rev 2019;43:37-46. 10. Lapierre O, Montplaisir J. Polysomnographic features of REM sleep behavior disorder: development of a scoring method. Neurology 1992;42:1371-1374. 11. Neikrug AB, Ancoli-Israel S. Diagnostic tools for REM sleep behavior disorder. Rev 2012;16:415-429. 12. . Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. J 2018;15:1-7. 13. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules, terminology and technical specifications: version 2. 3. Darien: of Sleep Medicine, 2016. 14. . Diagnostic approach with quantitative analysis of polysomnography in REM sleep behavior disorder. J 2012;9:46-51. 15. . Quantification of REM sleep without atonia in Korean REM sleep behavior disorder patients: comparison of manual and computer-assisted scoring methods. J 2014;11:50-56. 16. . Measurement of inter-rater reliability in systematic review. Rev 2015;35:44-49. 17. Validation of a polysomnographic score for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2005;28:993997. 18. Polysomnographic diagnosis of idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. 2010;25:2044-2051. 19. . Loss of rapid eye movement sleep atonia in patients with REM sleep behavioral disorder, narcolepsy, and isolated loss of REM atonia. J Med 2013;9:1039-1048. 20. . Quantitative EMG criteria for diagnosing idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder. 2015;19:685-691. 21. . The rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder in Chinese-Taiwanese patients. Neurosci 2009;63:557-562. 22. . EMG variance during polysomnography as an assessment for REM sleep behavior disorder. Sleep 2007;30:1771-1778. 23. . Scoring atonia during normal and pathological rapid eye movement sleep: visual and automatic quantification methods. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing the complexity of diagnosing sleep disorders, particularly REM sleep behavior disorder, which involves detailed methodologies such as polysomnography and scoring systems established by authoritative bodies. This suggests that accurate diagnosis requires professional medical evaluation and cannot solely rely on wearable sleep monitors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 로그인 📌 최근에 로그인 했어요 카카오 아이디로 로그인 📌 최근에 로그인했어요 네이버 아이디로 로그인 📌 최근에 로그인 했어요 구글 아이디로 로그인 📌 최근에 로그인 했어요 애플 아이디로 로그인 항목에 로그인 이력이 존재합니다 아이디·비밀번호 찾기 | 회원가입 도서관을 통해 DBpia에 방문하면SNS 로그인이 제한됩니다. DBpia 일반 로그인 하기 왜 제한되나요? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses login processes and does not address the topic of language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: WELL features parallel either directly or indirectly with the 14 Patterns of [3], [4]. In this study, LEED v4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 were compared to WELL v1 in terms of their contributions to building occupant health and well-being. The aim is to provide leading guidelines to shift the GBRTs towards a more human-centred biophilic approach. It is noteworthy that the literature review is dispersed across different sections of the paper, reflecting the uniqueness of our materials and the interdisciplinary nature of the study. This approach allows for a more comprehensive exploration of the topic and facilitates the integration of diverse perspectives into the analysis. 2. aim of this paper was twofold: (a) find out whether certified are also Biophilic, hence they benefit and promote occupants’ health and wellness. (b) assessing the alignment between WELL featuring biophilic design patterns and the three well-known GBRTs (i. e. , and LBC) to reshape the future built environment. We used the data secured from the official technical manuals and homepages of the certification organizations. We analysed the GBRTs’ attributes linked to indoor environmental quality and conducted a thorough review of a series of crosswalks and alignments documents. These newly released documents are intended to identify synergies between WELL and other green-related building standards. These documents streamline efforts for projects pursuing a dual rating by identifying areas where the criteria are considered equivalent and aligned with credits of the appropriate rating tool. The review process for the crosswalks guides included several steps. First, we interpreted the descriptions provided for each level of equivalency or overlap among the rating systems. Then, we assigned weights to each level of equivalency fulfilled. These weights ranged from one to three, with one representing a low level of equivalency and three representing a high level of equivalency. The weighted scores were summed to obtain the overall score of each level of overlap/equivalency in each GRBT with WELL building standard as well as the degree of achievements of alignments for each of the seven (7) concepts of WELL. The study ended by deriving conclusions on the level of compliance of the selected GBRTs and the correlations among them. The most recent edition of the WELL Standard (WELL v2) was released in 2020, however not all the documentation was fully ready. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the alignment between the WELL standard and biophilic design patterns. It mentions that the study aims to assess the contributions of various green building rating tools (GBRTs), including WELL, to building occupant health and well-being. This suggests that incorporating biophilic design elements, which align with WELL's features, is aimed at promoting health and wellness in the built environment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable devices can adjust sleep cycles without any lifestyle or environmental changes. [SEP] Text: “Having a core set of measures that you think you can consistently get completed in the real environment, and then allowing you to scale up to larger sample sizes so you can really appreciate and understand that heterogeneity across individuals, is probably going to be more useful than what we’ve been doing the last 20 years,” Frazier says. “I’m glad that people are actually coming up with real solutions,” he adds. “We’ve been waiting for this for a decade or so. ” Dreem sleep During the day, our experiences accumulate in our memory, and at night, they are consolidated while we sleep. This consolidation is mediated by sleep spindles generated in the thalamus, slow waves that propagate from the cortex and ripples that radiate from the hippocampus, says Dimitrios Mylonas, instructor in psychology and a researcher in Dara Manoach’s lab at Hospital in Boston. “You have a discussion between these different structures of the brain. ” Wave watch: By targeting miscommunication between the thalamus and hippocampus during sleep, aspires to ease core autism traits. Mylonas and his colleagues in the Manoach lab are eavesdropping on this conversation via the Dreem headband, which contains EEG sensors to track sleep architecture and an accelerometer to track a wearer’s respiration, head motion and head position. Their overarching goal is to spot where there’s miscommunication so they can correct it and maybe even ease core autism traits or improve cognition. The crosstalk among sleep oscillations is disrupted in the brains of children with autism, according to a 2022 study Manoach and her team published in Sleep last year. By way of traditional polysomnography, they found altered spindles in the autistic children compared with their neurotypical peers, indicating some difference in the circuit that unites the thalamus and cortex. Now they plan to use the Dreem to dig deeper, and they have received funding from the Foundation’s new profound autism grant and the Simons Foundation. (Foundation is Spectrum’s parent organization. ) Because the thalamus’ spiky spindles appeared to be muted in autistic children, the researchers want to tweak these fast oscillations, Mylonas says. “These sleep spindles are amenable to be modulated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for a deeper understanding of sleep processes and potential interventions that target specific neurological mechanisms, particularly in individuals with autism. It presents research utilizing the Dreem headband, which monitors sleep patterns, indicating that adjustments in sleep spindles may be necessary. This implies that merely using a wearable device may not suffice to adjust sleep cycles without also considering the individual's unique neurological conditions and potentially requiring behavioral or environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 도서관을 통해 방문하는 경우 URL이 달라져 kakao/google/naver 정책상 SNS로그인을 할 수 없습니다. SNS 계정을 사용하고 싶으시다면 DBpia로 직접 방문하여 로그인하세요. 닫기 리뷰 신고하기 이 리뷰를 신고하시는 이유를 알려주세요. 취소 확인 논문의 판례정보 판례번호 서울중앙지방법원 2006. 8. 11. 선고 2006고합177 판결 [통신비밀보호법위반] [각공2006. 9. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the relationship between language and identity or cultural heritage. Instead, it seems to focus on technical information about accessing a database and reporting reviews, which is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: The identified main features plus other complementary features for Innovation are designed to target a certain area of the occupant's health, comfort, or knowledge. Every single feature is subdivided into parts tailored to fit specific building types such as retail, multifamily residential, education, restaurant, and commercial kitchen. [18], [19]. 4. stated earlier in the introduction, biophilia —the love of life or living things— is a natural and intuitive drive-in human. Incorporating biophilia into GBRTs promotes health and well-being. Biophilia is nestled in the WELL building standard with more definitive metrics than other GBRTs [3]. For example, WELL Feature 89 “Biophilia I–Qualitative” is a required precondition for the certification, and Feature 100 “Biophilia II–Quantitative” is an optimization (Ryan, 2017). Almost all 14 patterns of are addressed either directly or indirectly through the seven concepts and related performance metrics of WELL, as presented in Figure 1. Therefore, in this study, the WELL standard is used as a benchmark to compare the other three GBRTs. LEED V4 ND+C and for new construction, and LBC 3. 1 are compared to WELL in terms of common features addressed in these GBRTs. The aim is to examine their contributions to improve the health and wellness of building occupants and users. Figure 2 traces the progression of biophilic design, alongside the advancement of the chosen GBRTs. 5. term “sustainability” refers to this form of development that can take place without harming the environment, maintaining, and enhancing what we have now for future generations. In consequence, WELL and other GBRTs collaborate to ensure that our built environment achieves better energy performance and consumes fewer resources for a brighter and more sustainable future, while also promoting improved human health. Many organizations are investing in holistic health and well-being programs as they lead to a more productive workforce and increased employee engagement. For that reason, WELL is undoubtedly becoming a benchmark for wellness and health in the workplace. It is designed to work in tandem with the the Challenge, and other globe green building standards. (WBI) with the collaboration of many green building organizations such as the U. S. Council (USGBC), Certification Inc. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how biophilia, defined as a love of life or living things, is essential in design for promoting health and well-being. It mentions that the incorporation of biophilia into green building rating tools (GBRTs) improves occupant health, comfort, and overall wellness. The reference to the WELL building standard, which includes features specifically aimed at incorporating biophilia, further supports the idea that natural elements enhance building design with a focus on well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable devices can adjust sleep cycles without any lifestyle or environmental changes. [SEP] Text: ” Dreem team: Dara Manoach, center, discusses results with team members Mylonas (left) and (right). To start, they plan to use immediate feedback from the Dreem’s EEG readout to conduct the chorus of sleep oscillations by way of closed loop auditory stimulation. Such auditory stimulation accelerated slow oscillations in non-autistic people, and the magnitude of oscillation change correlated with memory improvements in the participants in one 2018 study. The 2022 Sleep study set them on this path but was limited by a small sample size, Mylonas says. Moving forward, home-based wearables should not only expand the possible number of participants, but also make the results more “ecologically valid,” he says — allowing researchers to observe the sleep oscillations of people sleeping in their own beds. Night watch Smartwatches may also help researchers better understand the link between autism and sleep difficulties. The relationship has been widely reported, but its direction — whether poor sleep contributes to any autism-linked traits or vice versa — remains unclear, says Ilan Dinstein, associate professor of psychology at Ben-of the Negev in Israel. Smartwatch option: The EmbracePlus gives researchers access to the raw data it collects. Past research has suggested that sleep is important for cognitive abilities. But when he and his colleagues ran a study of the relationship between autism traits and poor sleep in autistic children, they found that sensory sensitivities and irritability were more strongly tied to disturbed sleep than were cognitive ability or core autism traits. “I was really surprised by this,” Dinstein says. The study assessed children’s sleep habits using parent reports, which are subjective measures, so Dinstein and his colleagues sought a more objective way to evaluate different sleep parameters. They turned to actigraphy monitors — wearable devices, such as Fitbits, that track a person’s movements. The monitors are small and can be worn on a wrist or ankle, or even taped to another body part, making them ideal for continuously tracking movement and establishing a person’s circadian rhythms, Dinstein says. But standard actigraphy monitors can provide only a rough snapshot of sleep duration and awake periods; for example, they cannot reliably identify when a person first falls asleep, he says. “The limitation is that you could be inactive for multiple reasons, and not necessarily because you’re sleeping. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating the limitations of wearable devices in adjusting sleep cycles. It discusses how actigraphy monitors, while useful for tracking movement and establishing circadian rhythms, only provide a rough snapshot of sleep data and cannot reliably identify when a person first falls asleep. This implies that wearables cannot autonomously adjust sleep cycles without accounting for various factors, including lifestyle and environmental changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: (37),2016] 판결요지 피고인이 트럭을 도로의 중앙선 위에 왼쪽 바깥 바퀴가 걸친 상태로 운행하던 중 피해자가 승용차를 운전하여 피고인이 진행하던 차선으로 달려오다가 급히 자기 차선으로 들어가면서 피고인이 운전하던 트럭과 교행할 무렵 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으로 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 스치듯이 충돌하고 이어서 트럭을 바짝 다시 피고인의 차선으로 들어와 그 차량의 왼쪽 앞 부분으� [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about language being a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It discusses a legal case involving a traffic accident without mentioning anything related to language, identity, or cultural aspects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: This concept was hard to achieve by all GRBTs. Yet, it was that achieved mostly all the requirements of Water features except only one which is “35_Quality Testing”. This was due to the required testing and scientific analysis needed as part of the procedures, causing extra work and cost added to the project to get the certification. weighted score is 14 while LEED and LBC scored nothing. 7. 7 to WELLv1 Addenda, the Nourishment concept encourages “healthy eating habits by providing occupants with healthier food choices, behavioural cues, and knowledge about nutrient quality” [17]. “Nutrition plays a key role in health maintenance, weight management and chronic disease prevention” [27]. However, adherence to the dietary recommendations in or on the global level is poor. As a result, it came as no surprise that Nourishment was the least attainable of the seven concepts. Only the LBC standard partially met the following feature: “51_Food Production”. 8. put it all together, environmental assessment of buildings is nothing new since the emergence of the first national scheme in 1990 [28]. While LEED and are both point-based systems andbecame the most two widely used green building rating systems across the globe, other standards like LBC took on the challenge to be the stringent rating system in comparison with the first two. In 2017 the LBC introduced a guidebook to help project teams seeking a biophilic project to achieve compliance with “Imperative 09 - Biophilic Environment”. Recently issued, the addresses not only the design and operations of buildings but also how they influence human behaviour and affect health and well-being. The seven categories or concepts of wellness include and Mind. ‘Biophilia’ features are addressed through WELL standard qualitatively as ‘preconditions’ and quantitatively as ‘recommended options’ for the certification. This study aimed to assess the conformity of WELL featuring biophilic design to three well-known Standard Tools: and LBC. The analyses of the overlapping degree and related weighted scores indicated that the common features between WELL standard and LEED equal (32 Fs); (19) Equivalent, (8) Aligned, and (5) Partial, with a total weighted score of (77) in five common concepts (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of biophilic design, specifically mentioning that the LBC introduced a guidebook to help project teams create biophilic environments. It emphasizes that this involves not just design and operations of buildings, but also their influence on human behavior and health, aligning with the claim that biophilic design aims to improve well-being by incorporating natural elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable devices can adjust sleep cycles without any lifestyle or environmental changes. [SEP] Text: There have been some recent efforts to define sleep cycles in an automatic way using machine learning approaches. It could be interesting to mention these in the discussion and highlight their relevance to the general endeavour of automatizing the sleep cycle identification process. In the Discussion of the revised Manuscript, we have added the section on the existing automatic sleep cycle definition algorithms: “Even though recently, there has been a significant surge in sleep analysis incorporating various machine learning techniques and deep neural network architectures, we should stress that this research line mainly focused on the automatic classification of sleep stages and disorders almost ignoring the area of sleep cycles. Here, as a reference method, we used one of the very few available algorithms for sleep cycle detection (Blume & Cajochen, 2021). We found that automatically identified classical sleep cycles only moderately correlated with those detected by human raters (r’s = 0. 3 – 0. 7 in different datasets). These coefficients lay within the range of the coefficients between fractal and classical cycle durations (r = 0. 41 – 0. 55, moderate) and outside the range of the coefficients between classical cycle durations detected by two human scorers (r’s = 0. 7 – 0. 9, strong, 2, Table S8). ” Discussion, section “Fractal and classical cycles comparison”, paragraph 4. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): One weakness of the study, from my perspective, was that the IRASA fits to the data (e. g. the PSD, such as in Figure 1B), were not illustrated. One cannot get a sense of whether or not the algorithm is based entirely on the fractal component or whether the oscillatory component of the PSD also influences the slope calculations. This should be better illustrated, but I assume the fits are quite good. Thank you for this suggestion. In the revised Manuscript, we have added a new figure (Fig. S1 E, 2), illustrating the goodness of fit of the data as assessed by the IRASA method. The cycles detected using IRASA are called fractal cycles. I appreciate the use of a simple term for this, but I am also concerned whether it could be potentially misleading? The term suggests there is something fractal about the cycle, whereas it's really just that the fractal component of the PSD is used to detect the cycle. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that recent machine learning techniques for defining sleep cycles focus primarily on the automatic classification of sleep stages and disorders, rather than adjusting sleep cycles directly. Moreover, the mentioned automatic identification of classical sleep cycles only moderately correlates with those identified by human raters, suggesting that manual inputs or modifications are likely necessary for accurate sleep cycle adjustment, rather than relying solely on wearable devices.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: �� 트럭의 왼쪽 뒷바퀴 부분을 전문보기 소속 기관 학교 인증 혹시 재학/재직 중이신가요? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text appears to be a nonsensical or contextually irrelevant sentence in Korean, which does not address the claim regarding language's role in identity and cultural heritage. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Biophilic design incorporates natural elements, such as plants and water features, into buildings to improve well-being. [SEP] Text: , Air, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). The common features between WELL standard and equal (42 Fs); (15) Equivalent and (27) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (99) in six common concepts (i. e. , Air, Water, Light, Fitness, Mind and Comfort). Lastly, the common features between WELL standard and LBC equal (25 Fs); (2) Equivalent and (23) Aligned, with a total weighted score of (52) in five common concepts (i. e. , Air, Comfort, Fitness, Nourishment and Mind). The review of available crosswalks addressing the degree of fulfilment of GRBTs credits compared to WELL features (and the reverse) highlighted issues relating to inconsistent terminology. For tackling this problem, the authors introduced adjusted terms and definitions to improve consistency. The terms that might create confusion included: i. Using the same term in different crosswalk documents to designate different levels of fulfilment such as “Partial”. It indicates in LEED that the credit/feature is partially met or may help to meet the corresponding credit/feature. Partial in LBC signifies that while the outputs and/or approaches are similar, there are significant variances in the standards' requirements. ii. Using different terms in different crosswalk documents to designate the same level of fulfilment such as “Equivalent” in LEED and “Complete” in LBC to denote full compliance. Additionally, “Not applicable” in and “Not equivalent” in LBC are used similarly to indicate not addressed features. 9. dominance of certification tools shapes the concept of 'Green' building. However, the extent to which the GRBTs contribute to occupant health and well-being remains unclear. They focus mainly on physiological well-being through the principle of avoidance. The compliance with requirements is determined by quantified measurable outcomes with aggregated scores such as energy and water efficiency. BiophilicDesign, on the contrary, has a more qualitative goal given that human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water. Nevertheless, accessing attributes and qualities found in nature is hard to measure, yet the effects are highly visible in the architectural form and appearance. This paper aims to present guidelines for shifting GRBTs towards a more human-centered and biophilic approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that 'human well-being depends on the presence of natural elements in buildings such as greenery and water.' This supports the assertion that biophilic design utilizes these elements to enhance well-being. Furthermore, the text mentions the qualitative goal of biophilic design, which aligns with the claim regarding the incorporation of natural elements.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Wearable devices can adjust sleep cycles without any lifestyle or environmental changes. [SEP] Text: for REM sleep or wake? I cannot agree with this statement as written. Also about "the gradual nature of typical biological processes". Surely the action potential is not gradual and there are many other examples of all-or-none biological events. In the revised Manuscript, we have removed these statements from both Introduction and Discussion. The authors appear to acknowledge a key point, which is that their methods do not discriminate between awake and REM periods. Thus their algorithm essentially detected cycles of slow-wave sleep alternating with wake/REM. Judging by the examples provided this appears to account for both the correspondence between fractal-based and conventional cycles, as well as their disagreements during the early part of the sleep cycle. While this point is acknowledged in the discussion section around L686. I am surprised that the authors then argue against this correspondence on L695. I did not find the "not-a-number" controls to be convincing. No examples were provided of such cycles, and it's hard to understand how positive z-values of the slopes are possible without the presence of some wake unless N1 stages are sufficient to provide a detected cycle (in which case, then the argument still holds except that its alterations between slow-wave sleep and N1 that could be what drives the detection). In the revised Manuscript, we have removed the “NaN analysis” from both Results and Discussion. We have replaced it with the correlation between the difference between the durations of the classical and fractal cycles and proportion of wake after sleep onset. The finding is as follows: “A larger difference between the durations of the classical and fractal cycles was associated with a higher proportion of wake after sleep onset in 3/5 datasets as well as in the merged dataset (2, Table S10). ” Results, section “Fractal cycles and wake after sleep onset”, last two sentences. This is also discussed in Discussion, section “Fractal cycles and age”, paragraph 1, last sentence. To me, it seems important to make clear whether the paper is proposing a different definition of cycles that could be easily detected without considering fractals or spectral slopes, but simply adjusting what one calls the onset/offset of a cycle, or whether there is something fundamentally important about measuring the PSD slope. The paper seems to be suggesting the latter but my sense from the results is that it's rather the former. Thank you for this important comment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that there are limitations in the authors' methods for detecting sleep cycles, particularly that their algorithm does not clearly differentiate between awake and REM stages of sleep. It points out that the authors acknowledge essential points regarding their method's shortcomings, indicating that cycle detection is not straightforward and could be impacted by various factors. Thus, it suggests that wearable devices may not adjust sleep cycles as claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Language can serve as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. [SEP] Text: 소속기관의 DBpia 구독 여부를 확인해 보세요. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not engage with the claim regarding language as a marker of identity and cultural heritage. It is a statement in Korean that translates to 'Please check the subscription status of your institution's DBpia,' and does not provide any information related to the claim.