Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p10. 33424/125 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 Zhengyu Liu, discussing climate data. A public lecture by Otto-Bliesner on using information about the past to project different scenarios about what the future climate will hold. (Photo: Tsubasa Shigehara/Daily. ) An international workshop held at Mt. Hood to compare TraCE to records of climate change since the LGM. for the CESM model that Bette and Liu use in their study. (Photo: Ryan Johnson) for early career researchers, involving lectures and hands-on experience running the model and analysing its output. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) Women senior scientists (including Bette) at the 50th anniversary of NCAR’s MESA Lab iconic building. (Photo: Carlye Calvin) – a change in the global climate, leading to changes in temperatures, weather and other factors – a computer simulation of the world’s past, present or possible future climate – water formed from melting ice sheet – a seasonal influx of rain brought in by prevailing winds – the motion of the ocean, driven by wind, water density differences and tides – data that give information about ancient times – sunlight, including the electromagnetic radiation that results in heat Climate change does not just mean the world is getting hotter; it signals a whole range of effects on planetary systems, affecting everything from weather patterns to ocean currents. Getting to grips with what climate change means for the world – and for humanity – is essential for two reasons. Firstly, it strengthens the case for action to mitigate climate change as soon as possible. Secondly, it helps us prepare for the changes that might be inevitable, helping to build resilience into human society. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim that fossils can predict the future of species. Instead, it discusses the role of ice cores and sediment cores in providing insights into past climate change, which is not directly related to predicting future species outcomes. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Curcumin, found in turmeric, has anti-inflammatory properties. [SEP] Text: When we counted the number of GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR cells in different brain areas, especially, in the PFC, CA1, CA3, DG, subiculum, entorhinal cortex, and striatum, we observed an inhibition of Iba-1-IR and GFAP-IR in the Cur- and or SLCP-treated mice. The GFAP-IR and Iba-1-IR profile in hippocampal subfields and the areas associated with hippocampus, especially subicular complex and entorhinal cortex, the junctional areas which connect with cortex, revealed that 5 days of either Cur- or SLCP-treatment reduced neuroinflammation to a greater extent than 2 days of treatment, which, again, suggests that a longer duration of treatment is required to optimize the anti-inflammatory effects of Cur and or SLCP. Interestingly, we achieved greater anti-inflammatory effects in the case of SLCP treatment, which, again, confirmed that the SLCP facilitates permeability of Cur across the blood brain barrier (BBB) so it can inhibit neuroinflammation to a greater degree than Cur. Although we did not investigate the molecular mechanism of inhibition of reactive microglia and astrocytes after Cur or SLCP treatments, others [10] have demonstrated that Cur attenuates Aβ-induced neuroinflammation by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) in a rat model of AD. Indeed, Cur can reduce neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-kB [52] and ERK [53] signaling pathways, which are regulated by PPAR-γ [10]. Moreover, Cur also inhibits other inflammatory cytokines, by inhibiting further activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD brain [14, 54, 55]. ConclusionsAs a potent, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory natural polyphenol, Cur is a promising therapy for AD. It significantly reduced neuroinflammation as measured by GFAP and Iba-1 immunoreactivity in different key brain areas of 5xFAD mice after acute treatment. Short-term treatment of Cur and or SLCP decreased amyloid plaque load and reduced abnormal neuronal morphology in 5xFAD mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that curcumin (Cur) reduces neuroinflammation in various brain areas, particularly in mice models. It mentions that Cur treatment inhibits reactive microglia and astrocytes, reduces inflammatory cytokines, and achieves significant anti-inflammatory effects, all of which support the assertion that curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: The geometric and/or passive cable properties provide the most plausible explanation for this electrotonically compact structure. Recent work has quantified the fine anatomical properties of GM neurons and other STG neuron types, showing that the primary neurite can be as large as 15–20 µm in diameter and that the most distal neurite branches may taper to diameters between <1 and 10 µm (Otopalik et al. , 2017). GM neurites may have relatively low axial resistances as a consequence of large neurite diameters. It is possible that voltage signal decrement may also be minimized by high membrane resistances across neurite branches. Given that these neurons are electrotonically compact, the input resistance as measured at the soma is likely a reflection of the resistance of the membrane surface area of much of the entire neuron. Thus, it is not surprising that input resistances measured at the soma are relatively low (mean of approximately 10 MΩ (Table 2), consistent with many years of recordings from STG neurons). If the neuron were less electrotonically compact, the input resistance measured at the soma would be higher, as the measurement would be restricted to the surface area of the local, somatic membrane. Other neuron types compensate for passive attenuation of voltage responses with distance-dependent scaling of synaptic receptor density (Andrasfalvy and Magee, 2001; Magee and Cook, 2000; Smith et al. , 2003). Our experiments showed heterogeneous maximal response amplitudes across the neuronal structure. Due to the uniformity of their apparent Erevs, it is likely that these variable response amplitudes arise from local variations in receptor densities. Because the response amplitudes across sites vary in a manner that is independent of distance from the recording site (Figure 5; Figure 5—figure supplement 1; Table 1), it is unlikely that receptor densities are scaling with distance in a systematic way. These experiments provide an ‘upper bound’ on the effective electrotonic length constant and, therefore, the compactness of GM neurons. These experiments were done in TTX, wherein TTX-sensitive, voltage-gated sodium channels are blocked and circuit activity is silenced. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that TTX-sensitive, voltage-gated sodium channels are blocked in the experiments, which suggests that action potentials, reliant on the movement of sodium and potassium ions, are not being generated. Specifically, by silencing circuit activity, the fundamental mechanism for action potential generation involving ion movement is negated.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: We are witnessing our climate change at an unprecedented pace and, so, it is not easy to say what will happen next. Our best way of predicting the future is by using computer models that simulate the Earth’s systems and make projections about what lies in store. However, to ensure that these models are accurate and not making misleading predictions, we have to make sure they match up to the real world – in other words, we must compare them to past incidents of climate change. Liu, of University, and Otto-Bliesner, of the for in Colorado, have joined forces to do just this, building models that simulate what the planet’s climate has been through over the last 21,000 years. They call their project Evolution, or TraCE for short. “To predict the future, we need to know the past,” says Liu. “Climate models used to project future impacts need to be tested against past climate records. ” TraCE compares two distinct lines of scientific enquiry, looking for similarities and differences between the two. The first is the computer model: Liu and Bette use the (CESM), which incorporates the latest scientific understanding and technological capabilities to build a computer model that is as true to the real world as possible. The second is paleodata: this is prehistorical evidence left behind on the Earth that we can use to infer what past climates would have been like. Examining how closely the simulation and real-world data match up helps scientists ascertain both the quality of the computer models and the conclusions drawn from the paleodata. If they ‘predict’ past consequences of climate change that we know did happen, then they are good models. “Studying past climates provides a natural ‘laboratory’ to fully understand the Earth system beyond what people have measured directly in the last couple of centuries,” says Bette. “The Earth’s climate has fluctuated a lot in the past – it has gone through periods of much warmer and colder climates, and rapid transitions between the two. ” models are becoming ever-more sophisticated and much of this is down to the increasing capabilities of computers. “Enhanced supercomputers have made it possible to run state-of-the-art climate models for ultra-long simulations, which is what TraCE is based on,” says Liu. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses climate modeling and the importance of comparing these models to past climate records, rather than addressing the predictive power of fossils regarding future species. It emphasizes the role of paleodata in understanding past climates but does not suggest that fossils themselves can predict future species outcomes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 354-368 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) the 'Immunity Boost': of Panax ginseng on Kang, Soo-Won (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Min, Hye-Young (College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University) Received : 2012. 06. 14 Accepted : 2012. 07. 19 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ of literatures have described the diverse role of ginseng in physiological processes such as cancer, neurodegenera tive disorders, insulin resistance, and hypertension. In particular, ginseng has been extensively reported to maintain homeostasis of the immune system and to enhance resistance to illness or microbial attacks through the regulation of immune system. Immune system comprises of different types of cells fulfilling their own specialized functions, and each type of the immune cells is differentially influenced and may be simultaneously controlled by ginseng treatment. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng on immune system. We discuss how ginseng regulates each type of immune cells including macrophages, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. We also describe how ginseng exhibits beneficial effects on controlling inflammatory diseases and microbial infections. ginseng; Innate immunity; Acquired immunity; Immunomodulation; Cytokine 104. . Recent methodology in ginseng analysis. J 2012;36:119-134. . Microbial conversion of major ginsenoside Rb1 to pharmaceutically active minor ginsenoside Rd. J Microbiol 2005;43:456-462. . What do commercial ginseng preparations contain? Lancet 1994;344:134. . Effects of Korean red ginseng extract for the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in mice. J 2011;35:479-486. . Constitutive beta-glucosidases hydrolyzing ginsenoside Rb1 and Rb2 from human intestinal bacteria. Bull 2000;23:1481-1485. . Immunomodulatory effects of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in the mouse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the diverse roles of ginseng in physiological processes and specifically mentions that ginseng helps maintain the homeostasis of the immune system, which can be considered an adaptogenic effect. The review highlights ginseng's ability to enhance resistance to illness and regulate immune system functions, suggesting it plays a significant role in helping the body cope with stressors.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: 3 ∙ [K+]o∙Cl-o- [K+]i∙[Cl-]ikK∙kCl1+[K+]o∙Cl-okK∙kCl1+[K+]ikK1+[Cl-]ikCl+1+[K+]i∙Cl-ikK∙kCl1+[K+]okK1+[Cl-]okCl, where kK=9. 0 mM and kCl=6. 0 mM. The model was based on a model of the renal distal tubule (Lewin et al. , 2012). Here, it had a diminished absolute velocity compared to our model. The models of Raimondo et al. (2012) and Fraser and Huang (2004) (dashed and dash-dotted lines respectively) had similar velocities across our range of concentrations. Raimondo et al. ’s model is based on a model for KCC2 derived using Michaelis-Menton kinetics and experiments, and incorporates new experimental values:JKCC2=Jscale∙Vmax∙Cl-i15 mM+Cl-iln[K+]o∙Cl-o[K+]i∙Cl-iln[K+]o∙Cl-o[K+]i∙56 mM, where Vmax=5 mM∙s-1 (Raimondo et al. , 2012). Fraser and Huang based their model on previous experimental evidence (Fraser and Huang, 2004). Their equation for KCC2 follows:JKCC2=Jscale ∙ PK ∙ PKCC2 [K+]o∙Cl-o- [K+]i∙[Cl-]i, where PK and PKCC2are the permeability constants for potassium and the pump respectively, the latter of which is tuned as needed. Jscale for each model was set such that the same steady state concentrations were achieved using any model with the other parameters kept constant. Figure 3—figure supplement 2 Download asset Open asset KCC2 and ATPase models with different kinetics have similar properties when KCC2 is upregulated. (A) Increasing KCC2 activity in our model using the Raimondo et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various models and equations related to potassium movements and KCC2 activity, but it does not address the generation of action potentials directly or mention sodium ions. The focus is on kinetic modeling and specific ion transport rather than the action potential process, implying other factors may also influence neuronal function.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: CESM’s simulation accounts for atmospheric greenhouse gases, solar radiation entering our atmosphere, the role of ice sheets, ocean currents and meltwater, among many other factors. It also models how these all interact with one another. CESM can also account for how things have physically changed over the last 21,000 years: the distance between the Earth and the Sun, which affect sunlight reaching the earth; the shape of continents and oceans; ice sheets and mountains; and the composition of the atmosphere, including greenhouse gases. The model is regularly supplemented with an ever-growing depth of scientific understanding. “By incorporating our new knowledge of planetary processes and how they interact into the models, we can make them ever-more accurate,” says Bette. is all very well building all these factors into computer models, but there must be a way to check that they are making accurate predictions. This can be done by ‘calibrating’ the model with data gleaned from the prehistorical record. Scientists are finding increasingly insightful ways of making inferences from the clues left behind on Earth. Ice cores and sediment cores form the backbone of climate paleodata. A core is a vertical sample of ice or sediment extracted from an area of interest. The core effectively acts as a ‘timeline’ – the ice or sediment nearer the top of the core will have been laid down recently, whilst that nearer the bottom will have been laid down a long time ago. By studying the characteristics of the ice or sediment at different points on the core that correspond to different points in the past, we can find clues about what the world used to look like. For ice cores, these clues include things like bubbles of greenhouse gases, p57. 6k. Pay scales really depend on degree (B. S. , M. S. or Ph. D), employer (academic, government or business) and seniority. recommends subjects such as maths, physics, chemistry, statistics and computer programming. ? L: was younger, I was more interested in painting and literature than science. Nature always drew my curiosity, which is perhaps where my scientific interests arose. B: I loved watching the weather! I was always curious about understanding what led to the weather patterns I could see. ? L: I don’t remember any particular reason, other than my interest in the natural world, which likely drew me to science. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses the CESM simulation regarding climate modeling, paleodata from ice and sediment cores, and how scientists infer past climate conditions. However, there is no mention of using fossils to predict future species, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1984;15:386-391. . Immunomodulatory effects of two extracts of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. 1990;16:537-542. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. Kitts D, Hu C. Efficacy and safety of ginseng. Nutr 2000;3:473-485. Elias PM. The skin barrier as an innate immune element. 2007;29:3-14. . Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Immunol 1997;9:4-9. Albiger B, Dahlberg S, Henriques-Normark B, Normark S. Role of the innate immune system in host defence against bacterial infections: focus on the Toll-like receptors. J 2007;261:511-528. Gordon S. The macrophage. Bioessays 1995;17:977-986. -Guzik T. Nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammation and immune regulation. J 2003;54:469-487. . Immunostimulating effects of acidic polysaccharides extract of Panax ginseng on macrophage function. 2002;24:469-482. . Anti-septicaemic effect of polysaccharide from Panax ginseng by macrophage activation. J Infect 2002;45:32-38. . Red ginseng acidic polysaccharide (RGAP) in combination with IFN-gamma results in enhanced macrophage function through activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. Biochem 2008;72:1817-1825. . Stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis by the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng root in RAW 264. 7 cells. Pharmacol 2001;134:1663-1670. . Asian and Siberian ginseng as a potential modulator of immune function: an in vitro cytokine study using mouse macrophages. Acta 2003;327:123-128. Palucka K, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells: a link between innate and adaptive immunity. J 1999;19:12-25. . Dendritic cells: immunological sentinels with a central role in health and disease. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses various immunomodulatory and immunostimulating effects of Panax ginseng, indicating its role in enhancing immune function. This aligns with the recognized adaptogenic properties of ginseng, which are associated with the ability to help the body adapt to stressors and maintain homeostasis.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Action potentials are generated by the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the neuron membrane. [SEP] Text: (D) Similarly, the addition of extracellular impermeant anions in an osmoneutral manner causes transient shifts in the permeable ion gradients (top panel, colours as in ‘C’), and sustained changes in cellular volume (black, middle panel) as well as the extracellular X and extracellular and intracellular Cl- concentrations. Figure 4—figure supplement 1 Download asset Open asset Flux of all ions for the manipulation in Figure 4c. Detailed fluxes of all ions and changes to volume during addition of impermeant anions of average charge. The flux of ions across the membrane for potassium (purple, K+), sodium (pink, Na+), chloride (green, Cl-) and impermeant anions (orange, (X) are shown in the top panel. Concentration and reversal potential changes are depicted in the second and third panels from the top. Whilst there is a large inward (intracellular) flux of impermeant anions as dictated by the experiment, this is not solely mitigated by fluxes of chloride, the other intracellular anion, but also by potassium and sodium fluxes as well as the movement of water (ie volume changes). The rate of change in volume (representing water movement) is shown in the fourth panel from the top while the bottom panel depicts volume itself. Figure 5 with 1 supplement Download asset Open asset Adjusting the mean charge of impermeant anions shifts the chloride reversal potential with negligible effects on the driving force for chloride. (A) Decreasing the mean charge of impermeant anions from −0. 85 (the default value) to −1 (orange, bottom panel), without changing the absolute number of intracellular impermeant anions caused a persistent decrease in ECl (green, top panel), EK (purple) and Vm with moderate increases in volume (middle panel) in our default single compartment model. Negligible changes in Cl- driving force (∆DF = 0. 16 mV, red) were observed. (B) Analytic solution (solid lines) for different impermeant anion mean charge (z) exactly matches the steady state values from numerical, time series runs (dots) based on adjusting z as in ‘A’. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the role of impermeant anions and their effects on ion gradients, cellular volume, and the flux of various ions including potassium and sodium across the neuron membrane. It highlights that while there is significant movement of sodium and potassium ions, the overall discussion focuses on how changes in impermeant anions affect ion flux and reversal potentials, rather than directly supporting the claim about action potentials being generated predominantly by sodium and potassium movements.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Can tiny fossils disrupt global communications? Published: January 11, 2023 Microfossils are often smaller than a grain of sand, yet when they accumulate on the seafloor, they can have significant impacts on sediment stability. Reece, a marine geologist at Texas A&M University, USA, believes they may play a role in initiating submarine landslides. These underwater hazards pose threats to coastal communities and global communications, so it is vital to understand how they occur. upwelling — deep nutrient-rich water rising to the ocean surface near continents Consolidation — volume reduction in sediments by the expulsion of fluids in response to a pressure increase Diatom — a single-celled organism that produces an outer skeleton made of silica Hydraulic — a system defined by moving fluid in a confined space under pressure Hydrothermal — heated water Impermeable — does not allow fluid to flow through Pore fluid pressure — the pressure acting on fluids in rock or sediment pores (the voids between grains) Resedimentation — a technique to simulate the natural process of sedimentation and burial under controlled lab conditions Shear strength — a material property that describes a material’s maximum resistance against shear load before it fails Shear load — a force that acts parallel to the plane of loading (like when both hands are aligned and moved past one another in opposite directions) Submarine landslide — an underwater landslide in the ocean Triaxial compression — compressing a sample in the vertical direction while it is subjected to pressure in all directions Uniaxial consolidation — compressing a sample in the vertical direction while it is confined horizontally When you hear the word ‘fossil’, what do you think of? The giant bones of T-rex and stegosaurus? The gracefully coiled spiral of an ammonite? These are the fossils that most of us are familiar with. But fossils come in all shapes and sizes, and many geologists would argue that microfossils are the greatest fossils of all – incredibly small and exquisitely beautiful, not only can microfossils teach us about past climates, but they are extremely useful in our everyday life. You can find them in toothpaste, water filtration systems and cat litter! What are microfossils? As their name suggests, microfossils are tiny. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it focuses on the role of microfossils in sediment stability and other applications, stating that they can provide information about past climates but does not suggest that they can predict future species. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Long-term oral administration of ginseng extract modulates humoral immune response and spleen cell functions. 2005;33:651-661. . Intraperitoneal injection of ginseng extract enhances both immunoglobulin and cytokine production in mice. 2004;32:75-88. . Ginsan enhances humoral antibody response to orally delivered antigen. 2010;10:5-14. Protective effect of ginseng polysaccharides on infl uenza viral infection. PLoS One 2012;7:e33678. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response induced by recombinant Toxoplasma gondii SAG1 antigen. 2011;179:28-34. . Effects of red ginseng extract on allergic reactions to food in Balb/c mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2010;132:206-212. . cells, dendritic cells and CTL Immunity. Biol 2004;82:84-90. . Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. Immunol 2002;20:323-370. . Effects of naturally occurring glucosides, solasodine glucosides, ginsenosides and parishin derivatives on multidrug resistance of lymphoma cells and leukocyte functions. 2001;15:151-156. . An acidic polysaccharide of Panax ginseng ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induces regulatory T cells. 2011;138:169-178. . Ginsenoside Rg1 enhances CD4(+) T-cell activities and modulates Th1/Th2 differentiation. 2004;4:235-244. . Mechanisms of immune privilege for tumor cells by regulatory cytokines produced by innate and acquired immune cells. Biol 2002;12:291-300. Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. 2005;42:161-182. Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. 2004;5:987-995. Medzhitov R. Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. Immunol 2001;1:135-145. . Short-term oral administration of ginseng extract induces type-1 cytokine production. 2006;28:227-240. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple pieces of evidence regarding the biological activity of ginseng, particularly its ability to modulate immune responses. It mentions that ginsenoside Rg1 enhances immune response and that long-term oral administration of ginseng extract can modulate humoral immune response, which aligns with the notion of adaptogenic effects through stress and immune system regulation.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: The authors reported several areas that had either stronger or weaker connectivity with the PAG when comparing the three groups, but no areas for which MOH was consistently different from both MYO patients and HC. In summary, resting state functional MRI studies in MOH support the notion of CNS mechanisms as key to the understanding of the pathophysiology of this disorder as also demonstrated through other neuroimaging modalities69 and clinical studies of pain thresholds. 68 Current studies indicate that the mechanisms could prove to be similar to those observed in other disorders of addictive behavior including abnormal function of the brain reward system, see Figure 5. Altered brain functions in MOH likely also include pain-processing networks reflecting central sensitization. So far, only a few functional connectivity studies have been carried out to investigate this disorder and present studies are relatively small, heterogeneous and limited by the risk of confounding from, e. g. the effects of headache medication per se, comorbidity such as anxiety and depression, and health and lifestyle factors. Future studies applying this technique in MOH patients should include larger sample sizes and provide detailed clinical information regarding primary headache disorders and comorbidity. To elucidate specific features of MOH, studies should ideally compare MOH patients to patients suffering from other conditions involving chronic head pain, and to subjects with overuse of analgesics but with no headache. Also, currently lacking are prospective functional connectivity studies of the effects of medication withdrawal and change of addictive behavior. Figure 5. Regions of the pain reward system where patients with medication-overuse headache show altered functional connectivity including the nucleus accumbens, putamen, caudate, hippocampus, periaqueductal gray (PAG), precuneus and the insula. ConclusionsResults of rs-fMRI studies investigating migraine, TACs and MOH are complex and reflect functional abnormalities of multiple brain networks that relate to the multiple different pain and non-pain aspects of these headache disorders. Thus, in addition to atypical connectivity of the expected ‘pain matrix’ regions, these headache disorders are associated with functional connectivity alterations in salience, sensorimotor, executive, attention, limbic and default mode networks, and networks related to visual processing. Although it is clear that there is much overlap between the functional connectivity findings when studying migraine, TACs, and MOH, findings that might be specific to each headache type are incompletely identified. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and complexities of current resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) studies in understanding certain headache disorders. It mentions that the studies reflect 'functional abnormalities of multiple brain networks' and that the findings are 'complex,' which implies that functional MRI may not straightforwardly measure brain activity as previously suggested. The emphasis on confounding factors and the need for larger sample sizes suggests that the effectiveness of fMRI in detecting changes in blood flow related to brain activity in this context is questionable.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: “They are often smaller than a grain of sand and can only be inspected with a microscope,” says Reece, a marine geologist at Texas A&M University. In the ocean, single-celled organisms (such as foraminifera, diatoms and radiolarians) produce outer mineral skeletons composed of calcite or silica. When the organisms die, their tiny skeletons sink to the bottom of the ocean where they join the sediment accumulating on the seafloor. Julia believes these microfossils in seafloor sediments may play a role in initiating submarine landslides. What are submarine landslides? Submarine landslides occur on the continental margin, the slope that exists between the shallow waters surrounding continents and the deep ocean. If sediment deposited on the seafloor becomes unstable, for example in response to an earthquake, it may collapse as a submarine landslide. “Submarine landslides pose a significant risk to coastal communities and seafloor infrastructure, as they can generate tsunamis and destroy subsea cables and pipelines,” explains Julia. The seafloor is crossed by a network of cables and pipes, transporting digital data, electricity, oil and gas between countries. If you phone someone across the sea, or send them an internet message, the data will be sent through a cable lying on the seafloor. Despite living in a wireless age, 99% of all data that crosses an ocean travel through a seafloor cable, meaning submarine landslides can impact global connectivity and communication. How might microfossils initiate landslides? As microfossils are mineral skeletons that once held single-celled organisms, they are hollow. After the cell dies, the fossil fills with seawater. “Large quantities of microfossils can hold significant volumes of water,” says Julia. “If microfossils are buried by impermeable clay-rich sediments, the clay will trap the water in the layer of microfossils. This would increase the pore fluid pressure and reduce the shear strength of the sediment, potentially creating a weak layer that is more prone to failure. ” To test this hypothesis, Julia and her team of researchers in the Lab are conducting experiments and creating numerical models of sediment failure. Combining lab experiments with numerical models Julia uses a technique called resedimentation to create samples for her lab experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of microfossils in submarine landslides and their potential impact on sediment stability, but it does not provide any evidence or reasoning related to the prediction of future species based on fossils. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Acidic polysaccharide from Panax ginseng, ginsan, induces Th1 cell and macrophage cytokines and generates LAK cells in synergy with rIL-2. 1998;64:110-115. . Protection of Staphylococcus aureus-infected septic mice by suppression of early acute infl ammation and enhanced antimicrobial activity by ginsan. 2006;46:187-197. . Anti-inflammatory mechanism of compound K in activated microglia and its neuroprotective effect on experimental stroke in mice. J Ther 2012;341:59-67. . Ginsenoside Rg5 ameliorates lung infl ammation in mice by inhibiting the binding of LPS to toll-like receptor-4 on macrophages. 2012;12:110-116. . Antiarthritic effect of ginsenoside Rb1 on collagen induced arthritis in mice. 2007;7:1286-1291. . Panax ginseng induces production of proinfl ammatory cytokines via toll-like receptor. J Res 2004;24:93-100. . The immunomodulator ginsan induces resistance to experimental sepsis by inhibiting Toll-like receptor-mediated infl ammatory signals. Immunol 2006;36:37-45. Constant SL, Bottomly K. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cell responses: the alternative approaches. Immunol 1997;15:297-322. . Ginsan improved Th1 immune response inhibited by gamma radiation. Res 2005;28:343-350. . Ginseng modulates the immune response by induction of interleukin-12 production. APMIS 2004;112:369-373. Lee JH, Han Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 helps mice resist to disseminated candidiasis by Th1 type differentiation of CD4+ T cell. 2006;6:1424-1430. . Cytokine modulating effect of ginseng treatment in a mouse model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection. J 2003;2:112-119. . The Rb1 fraction of ginseng elicits a balanced Th1 and Th2 immune response. Vaccine 2005;23: 5411-5419. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that demonstrate the immune-modulating and anti-inflammatory effects of ginseng, specifically mentioning how ginsan and ginsenosides influence cytokine production and immune responses. These effects are consistent with the adaptogenic properties attributed to ginseng, which help the body to adapt to stress and enhance overall immunity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: “It is based on acting competently in the world, and it is mediated by simulating the actions of others and the motivation and reward mechanisms associated with them. Understanding mental states that are the bases for social behavior is critical to treatment of disorders of social behavior such as autism. “The next step in this line of research will be to compare brain activity while watching intentional and unintentional acts and to study patients with autism. ”know some ways that people learn about other people, but is there a single common process to help us accomplish that which can be used in a variety of situations? In another session at the Society for Neuroscience meeting, Rebecca Saxe, a graduate student in the Brain and Department of the of Technology (MIT), said evidence from fMRI demonstrates such a process. A region near the temporo-parietal junction responds to the presence of people in a range of conditions. “We understand the actions of other people in terms of their internal mental states, including beliefs, desires, and intentions,” said Ms. Saxe. “In addition, we know from developmental psychology and neuropsychology that there may be a functionally distinct system in the mind for processing the mental states of others: a region of the posterior superior temporal sulcus. ”and her advisor, Nancy Kanwisher, PhD, Professor in the Brain and Department at MIT, used fMRI in normal adult subjects to search for the neural substrate of this system. They replicated previous research in which this brain region showed significantly greater activation when subjects read stories that involve people and inferences of false beliefs compared to stories that do not. Ms. Saxe also wanted to know to what extent this activation relates to interpreting the properties of the stimuli themselves, as opposed to the process of inferring and representing mental states per se. She and Dr. Kanwisher tested this question in two other tasks. In the first, subjects were scanned while looking at photographs of human faces and bodies, compared with other familiar objects. In the second task, subjects viewed abstract animation sequences in which the motions of colored geometric shapes could be interpreted as intentional, compared with similar animations that might appear to be random movements. Preliminary results in all 11 subjects suggest that activation of the temporo-parietal cortex increased when the test conditions included people or intentional actions, regardless of whether the presence of people was pictorial, verbal, or in patterns of motion. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that the focus of the research is more on understanding social behaviors and the interaction of mental states through fMRI, rather than simply measuring brain activity related to blood flow. It discusses the application of fMRI in interpreting mental states, but does not specifically confirm that fMRI exclusively measures brain activity via blood flow changes, which is the essence of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: She mixes microfossil-free marine sediment with varying amounts of commercially available diatoms, allowing her to control the exact proportion of microfossils in each sample. She conducts uniaxial consolidation tests on each sample by vertically compressing them to simulate the natural burial conditions of seafloor sediments. This allows her to determine how the physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of sediments change as they are exposed to greater stresses. Julia then performs triaxial shear tests on each sample by applying pressure in all directions and loading it (uni)axially until the sample fails. “This tells us the shear strength of the sediment and diatom mixtures, which is a critical parameter in the stability of continental margin sediments,” she explains. Julia also uses high resolution imaging techniques to observe differences in sediment microstructure during these experiments. understands how microfossils influence the stability of sediments in her lab samples, her next challenge will be to scale up these results so they can be applied to continental margins. Using powerful computer software, she will create numerical models of continental margin sediments to analyse their stability. “The results from our lab experiments become the input parameters to these numerical models, as they define the physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of all sediment layers,” Julia explains. Using her models, she will then test the impact of different factors, such as the thickness of a weak layer, on the stability of a continental margin. “Ultimately, we hope to better understand exactly where failure will occur and under which conditions. ” What data is Julia missing? “The most accurate and realistic geological understanding is achieved when experimental, numerical and field observations are integrated,” says Julia. Her team is in the process of performing lab experiments to measure the properties of sediments and simulate natural processes on a small scale. Next, Julia will develop numerical models based on the experimental results, enabling her to test large-scale scenarios not possible in the lab. Field studies would allow Julia to compare her experimental and numerical observations with real-life data. A combination of these three approaches is best to understand geological processes. “To really test our hypothesis, we therefore need to collect sediment cores from a submarine landslide deposit and its undisturbed counterpart that was not caused by an earthquake, but occurred in a coastal upwelling zone, where the abundance of microorganisms is high,” Julia says. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on laboratory experiments related to sediments and stability rather than providing any information about the predictive capabilities of fossils concerning future species. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 1091 Lactobacillus fermentum KP-3-fermented ginseng ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease in C57BL/6N mice through the AMPK and MAPK pathways vol. 11, 10. 1039/d0fo02396e A Proliferation-Regulation in by Panax ginseng vol. 68, 10. 1007/s00005-020-00597-z alleviates immunoparalysis of CLP mice by degrading CHOP through interacting with FBXO15 vol. 10, 10. 1038/s41598-020-76285-x A comprehensive review of COVID-19 characteristics vol. 22, 10. 1186/s12575-020-00128-2 Comparative assessment of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity between whole plant and parts of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (Asteraceae) vol. 6, pp. None, 2012, Effect of Oil on after Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide vol. 33, 10. 5021/ad. 2021. 33. 3. 245 Heracleum moellendorffii root extracts exert immunostimulatory activity through TLR2/4‐dependent MAPK activation in mouse macrophages, RAW264. 7 cells vol. 9, 10. 1002/fsn3. 2020 Composition, Antioxidant and in of Panax ginseng Extracted in vol. 11, 10. 3390/app11010093 of Ginsenosides, the Components of Ginseng vol. 2021, pp. None, 2021, Immuno-enhancement effects of Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial vol. 45, 10. 1016/j. jgr. 2020. 08. 003 of from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer and Ostrea gigas Thunberg on in vol. 18, 10. 3390/ijerph18052349 Activities of Arginyl-Fructose (AF) and AF-Products in In-Vitro and In-Models vol. 26, 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies and effects related to ginseng, particularly noting 'Immuno-enhancement effects of Ginseng in healthy adults' which implies potential adaptogenic properties. The mention of 'ameliorates alcohol-induced liver disease' and 'alleviates immunoparalysis' also supports the notion that ginseng may have beneficial effects, consistent with the concept of adaptogens.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: We occasionally observe the initial dip in individual subjects, but under our experimental conditions, it usually does not meet criteria for statistical significance when averaged across subjects (Sheth et al, 2004b). Likewise, we were unable to generate reproducible functional maps based on the dip in this study. Previous studies have been similarly divided over the issue of the reproducibility and physiological significance of the dip (Kim et al, 2000; Logothetis, 2000). Because the dip likely represents accumulation of Hbr because of increased oxygen metabolism preceding the onset of flow (Thompson et al, 2003; Vanzetta and Grinvald, 1999), its size is intimately related to the size and rapidity of the flow response. In situations promoting a rapid flow response, a local decrease in oxygen saturation would be quickly reversed by the influx of oxygenated blood. If the flow response were slower, however, Hbr could increase significantly before the flow-induced reversal. Support for this hypothesis is provided by comparing our data with those of Jones et al (2001). Their observed flow changes (onset time ~1. 0 sec, their Figure 5B) begin approximately 0. 6 secs after ours (onset time, 0. 40 ± 0. 14 secs). Correspondingly, they reliably detect a dip, whereas we do not. Differences in baseline physiologic variables such as arterial pO2 (Kashikura et al, 2001; Matsuura et al, 2001) and pCO2 (Cohen et al, 2002), anesthesia (Ueki et al, 1992), vascular architecture (Harrison et al, 2002), or other effects may influence CBF temporal dynamics and thereby partially explain the observed inconsistencies in size and presence of the dip. By 4 to 5 secs after stimulation onset, CBV and oxygenation changes are almost completely segregated into arteriolar and venous compartments, respectively. Central response magnitude is smaller than that in vessels, and the spatial profile emphasizes vascular structures more than a millimeter from the central focus. Increases in venous volume and oxygenation are likely a result of passive filling of high compliance vessels (Buxton et al, 1998; Mandeville et al, 1999b). Consistent with this idea, relative response ratios of HbO2 and Hbr suggest that hemodynamic signals ‘overspill’ metabolically active areas into surrounding vasculature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and inconsistencies associated with the measurement of brain activity through changes in blood flow. It mentions that the initial dip in blood oxygenation level is not consistently reproducible under certain experimental conditions and refers to various physiological factors that may affect blood flow dynamics, implying that there could be limitations in using functional MRI to measure brain activity based solely on blood flow changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: During a submarine landslide, the failure plane that initiates the landslide will be destroyed. This means that as well as sampling the material deposited during the landslide, it is equally important to sample the undisturbed sediment on the continental margin, as this will contain the weak layers that may form future failure planes. “Recovering the sediment that comprises these weak layers is crucial for understanding their composition and role in the initiation of slope failure. ” How could Julia sample seafloor sediments? There are several challenges to sampling seafloor sediments, not least that they are covered by hundreds to thousands of metres of water. This means there is no easy way to access them. Scientific ocean drilling is the only method that can collect them, as research ships can drill sediment cores from the ocean floor and return them to the surface for scientists to study. The second major challenge is that it is a difficult and long process to get scientific ocean drilling projects funded by the (IODP). This is hardly surprising when it costs almost $300,000 per day to operate their research ship! has been involved with other IODP missions, the proposal to drill into submarine landslide deposits and continental margin sediments, proposed by her and other international scientists, has not yet been approved. For now, Julia must rely on her lab experiments using natural sediments and numerical models to draw conclusions about the role of microfossils in initiating submarine landslides, helping scientists understand when and where these potentially devastating underwater hazards may occur. of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&of research: Sediment Mechanics, Research project: Investigating the role of microfossils in initiating submarine landslides Funders: US Foundation (NSF, Award # 1945011), US Office (USSSP). The contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of (IODP) is a marine research collaboration to ‘explore the Earth under the sea’. The IODP uses research ships such as the to drill into the seafloor to collect samples of sediments, the rocks below them, the fluids flowing through them and the organisms living in them. These expeditions generate data allowing scientists to uncover Earth’s geological, climatic and biological history. Download the 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses challenges in sampling seafloor sediments and mentions the role of microfossils in understanding submarine landslides, but it does not indicate any predictive capability of fossils regarding the future of species. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Journal of Pages. 342-353 2012 1226-8453(pISSN) 2093-4947(eISSN) Society of Ginseng (고려인삼학회) of Panax ginseng in Cho, Ik-Hyun (Department of Anatomy, College of and Institute of Oriental Medicine, University) Received : 2012. 03. 02 Accepted : 2012. 05. 21 Published : 2012. 10. 15 ⟨ ⟩ Abstract Ginseng, the root of the Panax ginseng, has been a popular and widely-used traditional herbal medicine in Korea, China, and Japan for thousands of years. Now it has become popular as a functional health food and is used globally as a natural medicine. Evidence is accumulating in the literature on the physiological and pharmacological effects of P. ginseng on neurodegenerative diseases. Possible ginseng- or ginsenosides-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms mainly involve maintaining homeostasis, and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and immune-stimulatory activities. This review considers publications dealing with the various actions of P. ginseng that are indicative of possible neurotherapeutic efficacies in neurodegenerative diseases and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. ginseng; Ginsenosides; Neuroprotection; Neurodegeneration 1357. Choi KT. Botanical characteristics, pharmacological effects and medicinal components of ginseng C A Meyer. Sin 2008;29:1109-1118. . The changes of ginsenoside patterns in red ginseng processed by organic acid impregnation pretreatment. J 2011;35:497-503. . Chemical and pharmacological studies of saponins with a focus on American ginseng. J 2010;34:160-167. . Comparison of the pharmacological effects of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Sin 2008;29:1103-1108. . Ginseng pharmacology:multiple constituents and multiple actions. 1999;58:1685-1693. . Ginseng saponins: influence on neurotransmitter uptake in rat brain synaptosomes. 1985;51:221-224. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the traditional use of ginseng, particularly Panax ginseng, as a widely-used herbal medicine in Asia and its global recognition as a natural medicine. It mentions the accumulating evidence of its physiological and pharmacological effects, which are indicative of its adaptogenic properties, including maintaining homeostasis and various health benefits.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Other groups, however, either fail to detect the dip (Mandeville et al, 1998; Marota et al, 1999; Silva et al, 2000), or are unable to generate reproducible maps (this study and Logothetis, 2000), possibly because of its sensitivity to anesthetic level and biologic fluctuations (Buxton, 2001; Cohen et al, 2002; Lindauer et al, 2003). Recent work has also shown that the flow (Duong et al, 2001) and volume (Sheth et al, 2004a) components of the hemodynamic response can provide spatial specificity sufficient to resolve submillimeter functional architecture. Although response etiology is an important determining factor for spatial specificity, we suggest that response timing is equally influential and should be carefully considered in the experimental design. The most advantageous epoch for mapping can be chosen by taking advantage of the spatiotemporal properties of hemodynamic changes. Our results show that both CBV and oxygenation changes begin colocalized in the response center. Over time, the signals increase not only in size, but also in vascularity, predominating in arterioles and veins distant from active cortex. Thus optimal spatial specificity might be achieved by restricting imaging to early periods (~2 to 3 secs after stimulation onset), whether focusing on oxygenation or volume responses. This advantage has to be balanced against the decreased contrast to noise ratio available from imaging pre-peak signals. We previously showed that columnar accuracy can be achieved not only during the initial dip, but also during the early part of the hyperoxygenation phase (Sheth et al, 2004a). Our current results extend this finding by directly visualizing the evolution of oxygenation changes with high resolution. Although early oxygenation changes did not reliably include an initial dip under our experimental conditions, early hyperoxygenation changes were still well-localized. Recent BOLD fMRI studies support this concept, showing that ocular dominance columns might be resolved by using the first few seconds of the response, which may include either the initial dip (Duong et al, 2000) or early hyperoxygenation (Menon and Goodyear, 1999). To investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of functional volume and oxygenation changes with high resolution, we applied spectroscopic analysis techniques to optical images. Two-dimensional optical intrinsic signal spectroscopic imaging revealed an early focus of overlapping hemodynamic responses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities and limitations associated with the measurement of brain activity using functional MRI (fMRI). It references the difficulties in detecting the hemodynamic response (e.g., 'fail to detect the dip') and challenges in achieving reproducible maps. Furthermore, it emphasizes factors like anesthetic levels and biological fluctuations that can affect fMRI results, which contradicts the straightforward implication of the claim that fMRI simply measures brain activity through blood flow changes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: 33424/339 Link to the activity sheet Download the PPT 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 showing off the styrofoam cups she coloured for her family, before they were sent down in the blue mesh bag to the bottom of the ocean where they shrunk due to the increased pressure conducts grain size analysis in the lab © Texas A&M University PhD student performing a uniaxial consolidation test using the GeoTAC load frame Grain size analysis using a Sediment cores collected from below the seafloor A high-resolution image of microfossils from sediment at the bottom of a lake A high-resolution image of a marine centric diatom, which has a diameter of 80 microns (0. 08 mm, about the average thickness of a human hair) viewed from the port side of the during IODP Expedition 393 Julia in front of Table Mountain, prior to her arrival in Cape Town, South Africa, on the do ocean expeditions involve? to August 2022, Julia sailed on the as co-chief scientist for IODP Expedition 393. “We were interested in how seawater-derived hydrothermal fluids change seafloor sediments and ocean crust over time,” she says. “To study this, we drilled a series of cores along a 930 km-long transect line, perpendicular to the southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge. ” As the ship moved further from the ridge, the team sampled ocean crust ranging in age from 7 million to 61 million years. This allowed them to quantify changes in the fluid-sediment-rock interactions and the microbial communities living on and in the seafloor, as well as better understand Earth’s oceanographic and climate history in the Ocean. “As co-chief scientist, my job was to ensure our scientific objectives were achieved,” says Julia. “It’s extremely rare that everything goes smoothly on a two-month long expedition! ” When weather and technical issues disrupted plans, Julia had to be adaptable to ensure the expedition’s time was used efficiently, productively and safely. Who participates in ocean expeditions? carried 106 people during Expedition 393. Of these, 27 were scientists, specialising in a range of fields (including sedimentology, geochemistry, microbiology and micropalaeontology) and supported by 21 technical staff. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossils predicting the future of species. Instead, it discusses an ocean expedition that focuses on drilling sediment cores and studying microbial communities, without making any claims about the predictive capabilities of fossils.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: J Ethnopharmacol 2007;111:458-463. . Panax ginseng ginsenoside-Rg2 protects memory impairment via anti-apoptosis in a rat model with vascular dementia. J Ethnopharmacol 2008;115:441-448. Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2007;184:69-91. . Potential effects of microglial activation induced by ginsenoside Rg3 in rat primary culture: enhancement of type A Receptor expression. Res 2005;28:1164-1169. . Ginsenoside Rg3 promotes beta-amyloid peptide degradation by enhancing gene expression of neprilysin. J 2009;61:375-380. . Role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the action of ginsenoside Rh2 against beta-amyloid-induced inhibition of rat brain astrocytes. 2008;434:1-5. Gintonin, newly identified compounds from ginseng, is novel lysophosphatidic acids-protein complexes and activates G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid receptors with high affi nity. 2012;33:151-162. Gintonin, a ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid receptor ligand, attenuates Alzheimer's disease-related neuropathies: involvement of non-amyloidogenic processing. J 2012; Epub ahead of print. . Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Acta 2010;1802:52-61. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington's disease chromosomes. The Huntington's Research Group. Cell 1993;72:971-983. Blockade of quinolinic acid-induced neurotoxicity by pyruvate is associated with inhibition of glial activation in a model of Huntington's disease. 2004;187:150-159. . Imaging microglial activation in Huntington's disease. Bull 2007;72:148-151. Leegwater-Kim J, Cha JH. The paradigm of Huntington's disease: therapeutic opportunities in neurodegeneration. NeuroRx 2004;1:128-138. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies on ginseng, highlighting its protective effects against memory impairment and its involvement in neurodegenerative processes, suggesting that ginseng may have adaptogenic properties. Specific references to ginsenosides, which are active compounds in ginseng, indicate their role in enhancing health outcomes, which can be linked to the adaptogenic effects associated with ginseng.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: 37; PW-CBV 0. 26; PW-MTT 0. 12; PW-TTP 0. 04). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a high to very-high spread of absolute differences of PET-CBF and PW-MRI map AIs from ± 0. 3 for PW-CBF, up to ± 0. 8 for PW-CBV and PW-MTT, and high, exclusively negative differences with a maximum of −0. 5 for PW-TTP (Figure 2). Owing to this magnitude of spreading in all tested maps, PW-MRI must be considered unsuitable to reliably depict the degree of CCD. All four plots were suggestive of an error proportional to the mean, which would allow for postmeasurement correction (Figure 2 and explanation). However, logarithmic transformation of AI values did not alter the shape of the BA plots considerably, proving the observed distribution in the BA plots to be a result of random errors rather than proportional errors (data not shown) (Bland and Altman, 1996). Figure 2 BA plots comparing asymmetry indices (AIs) of PET and MR imaging. All four plots suggested a proportional error, with negative differences at high AI values and positive differences at low AI values in case of PW-CBF, PW-CBV, and PW-MTT. For TTP, negative differences increasing with lower AI values were found. However, logarithmic transformation did not alter the plots considerably, meaning that the observed distribution was a result of random and not proportional errors (data not shown). BA, Bland-Altman; CBF, cerebral blood flow; CBV, cerebral blood volume; MR, magnetic resonance; MTT, mean transit time; PET, positron emission tomography; PW, perfusion weighted; TTP, time to peak. Receiver operating characteristic analysis for the detection of CCD + patients (Figure 3) identified the thresholds and respective sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for PW-MRI map AIs (Table 2). On the basis of accuracy, PW-CBF was poorly suited for detection of CCD, whereas PW-CBV, PW-MTT, and PW-TTP failed to detect CCD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the inadequacy of perfusion weighted MRI (PW-MRI) in accurately measuring parameters related to cerebral blood flow. It specifies that 'PW-MRI must be considered unsuitable to reliably depict the degree of CCD,' suggesting that it fails to effectively measure brain activity related to blood flow changes, thus directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: The ship’s crew performed all the ship’s operations, from navigation to managing the drilling process to providing medical assistance, while caterers supplied meals and laundry for everyone. What is it like onboard the “Every scientist works 12-hour shifts, from noon to midnight, or midnight to noon,” explains Julia. During their shift, scientists work in onboard labs to describe and analyse the drilled core samples that are collected from the seafloor. They also have meetings with team members and write reports on their results. Meals are at 6am, noon, 6pm and midnight, and nature of the shift pattern means that while some people are eating breakfast, others are eating dinner. “The espresso and ice cream machines quickly become everyone’s favourite! ” says Julia. In their free time, scientists might connect with friends and family back home, socialise with others onboard, exercise in the gym or spend time on deck. What are the joys of ocean expeditions? “I love being at sea! ” says Julia. “It’s peaceful to be surrounded by nature and I’m fascinated by the drilling operations. ” Not only did she enjoy learning about the drilling process, Julia also liked being part of a diverse group of people. “No matter where you’re from or what academic level you’re at, everyone works together to achieve the scientific mission of the expedition. I found that very inspiring,” she says. Unfortunately, some people find it harder to adjust to life at sea: “I am lucky that I don’t easily get seasick. If you do, then the start of an expedition may not be as enjoyable! ” Pathway from school to marine geology • At school, study geography and any additional environmental or Earth science courses that are available. • At university, degrees in geology, oceanography, Earth science or geophysics could lead to a career in marine geology. • Julia recommends taking fundamental courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry and biology to ensure you have a strong base knowledge, as well as specialised geology courses in sedimentology, stratigraphy and oceanography. “If, like me, you are interested in the geomechanical behaviour of ocean sediments, I would also recommend taking civil engineering courses in soil mechanics,” she advises. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the operations onboard a ship for scientific expeditions, describes the work and experiences of scientists, and outlines educational pathways for marine geology. There is no mention or connection to fossils or their predictive capabilities regarding species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Neuroprotective effects of ginsenosides. Exp (Wars). 66, 369-375 (2006) and Accame, M. E. : Neuroprotective effect of individual ginsenosides on astrocytes primary culture. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1770, 1308-1316 (2007). and Wu, C. F. : Anxiolytic effect of saponins from Panax quinquefolium in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 613-618 (2007). and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginseng in the elevated plus-maze model: comparison of red ginseng and sun ginseng. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol Biol. Psychiatry. 29, 895-900 (2005) Carr, M. N. , Bekku, N. and Yoshimura, H. : Identification of anxiolytic ingredients in ginseng root using the elevated plus-maze test in mice. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 531, 160-165 (2006) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. , Nguyen, M. D. , Nguyen, T. N. and Watanabe, H. Effects of majonoside-R2 on pentobarbital sleep and gastric lesion in psychologically stressed mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 53, 957-963 (1996) Nguyen, T. T. , Matsumoto, K. , Yamasaki, K. and Watanabe, H. : Majonoside-R2 reverses social isolation stress-induced decrease in pentobarbital sleep in mice: possible involvement of neuroactive steroids. Life Sci. 61, 395-402 (1997). , Hwang, B. Y. , Eun, J. S. and Oh, K. W. : Anxiolytic-like effects of ginsenosides on the elevated plus-maze model in mice. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 28, 1621-1625 (2005) Lee, S. P. , Honda, K. , Rhee, Y. H. and Inoue, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides various studies that indicate the neuroprotective and anxiolytic effects of ginsenosides, which are compounds found in ginseng. These findings support the claim regarding the potential adaptogenic effects of ginseng as they illustrate its beneficial properties under stress, suggesting an adaptogenic role.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Nonetheless, estimates of CMRO2 changes in stroke using this model, particularly in the ‘perfusion—diffusion mismatch’ where the coupling could remain largely intact, yielded interesting and valuable information regarding tissue metabolism and the underlying vascular coupling. ConclusionThe MRI protocol and data analysis approach showed herein offer a useful means to characterize acute and chronic ischemic brain injury with respect to anatomical, physiologic and functional status at reasonably high spatiotemporal resolution. Future studies will make use of this approach, along with immunohistological and behavioral assessment, to systemically study ischemic brain injury with variable functional outcomes (i. e. , by increasing the transient ischemic duration) and where reperfusion will be performed while the animals are in the magnet to obtain a preocclusion data set for robust pixel-by-pixel analysis. This approach has the potential to be translated into clinical settings. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing a model of CMRO2 changes in stroke and its implications for tissue metabolism and vascular coupling, without directly addressing how functional MRI measures brain activity through blood flow changes. It focuses more on ischemic brain injury and MRI protocol for characterizing this condition, hinting at its relatedness to functional MRI without confirming its central claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Explore careers in marine geology • Oceanic and (NOAA) features profiles of people working in a range of ocean exploration careers, from marine geologists and geophysicists, to the captains and technicians who keep the research vessels sailing: www. oceanexplorer. noaa. gov/edu/oceanage/welcome. html • provides information about what work you might do as a marine geologist, the qualifications you will need and the salary you can expect: www. environmentalscience. org/career/marine-geologist • If you are interested in marine expeditions, check out (Science, Technology, Engineering and Ships) at Columbia University. This programme allows high school graduates to participate in NSF-funded ocean research expeditions: mlp. ldeo. columbia. edu/stemseas What were your interests when you were younger? I have always loved nature. I grew up near the coast in Germany, where my love for the ocean comes from. At school, I enjoyed STEM subjects the most, while my creative side came through my hobbies which included crafting, drawing and painting. Initially, I wanted to become an architect and I even completed an internship at an architecture firm. Now, I believe my sketching ability and attention to detail are critical skills as I process scientific data and conduct meticulous laboratory work. Who inspired you to become a geologist? My high school math, physics and geography teachers sparked my interests in STEM subjects. But it wasn’t until I attended a university open day aimed at women students interested in studying STEM that I knew I wanted to become a geoscientist. That was the first time I learned about geophysics and marine geology, and I was immediately hooked. What experiences have influenced your career path? As a student, I believe I gained the most insight and direction from research opportunities and participation in expeditions. Those experiences reinforced my passion for marine geology, increased my confidence and provided critical information to guide my path. As an undergraduate geoscience student at the University of Bremen in Germany, I had the opportunity to sail on two research cruises, aboard the RV Meteor and RV Polarstern. These expeditions fuelled my love for marine geology and confirmed I was on the correct career path. As a master’s student, I sailed on IODP Expedition 308 in the Gulf of Mexico. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it discusses marine geology careers, personal interests in STEM, and experiences related to marine geology and research expeditions. There is no mention of fossils or their ability to predict the future of species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Chronic intake of panax ginseng extract stabilizes sleep and wakefulness in food-deprived rats. Neurosci. Lett. 111, 217-221 (1990). , Marsh, V. R. , Moore, B. and Ashton, H. : Electroencephalograph effects of single doses of Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng in healthy young volunteers. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 75, 701-709 (2003) Kim, H. S. , Kang, J. G. and Oh KW. : Inhibition by ginseng total saponin of the development of morphine reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 26, 1071-1076 (1995) and Oh, K. W. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of the development of cocaine induced reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 50, 23-27 (1995) and Oh, S. : Blockade by ginseng total saponin of methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity and conditioned place preference in mice. Gen. Pharmacol. 27, 199-204 (1996) Kim, H. S. and Kim, K. S. : Inhibitory effects of ginseng total saponin on nicotine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and dopamine receptor supersensitivity. Behav. Brain Research. 103, 55-61 (1999) Bu, Y. ,. , Rho, S. , Ha, N. , Park, S. K. , Kim, H. and Sun, Y. K. : Siberian ginseng reduces infarct volume in transient focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Phytotherapy Research. 19, 167-169 (2005) Choi, S. S. , Lee, J. K. and Suh, H. W. : Effect of ginsenosides administered intrathecally on the antinociception induced by cold water swimming stress in the mouse. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 26, 858-861 (2003) Banerjee, U. and Izquierdo, J. A. : Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that investigate the effects of ginseng, particularly its antistress and antifatigue properties which are closely associated with adaptogenic effects. For instance, it mentions the 'antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng' and provides evidence of its ability to stabilize physiological responses in stressful situations, consistent with adaptogenic characteristics.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: Another mechanism for the CSF-related signal changes is that the Valsalva-induced reduced CSF flow may increase radio frequency saturation, causing a signal decrease, due to incomplete longitudinal relaxation. Potential of Valsalva-for Calibration and for Cerebrovascular and -weighted functional MRI signal is most commonly used as an indirect measure of neural activity. However, nonneural vascular factors, such as cerebral blood flow, hematocrit, resting cerebral blood volume, and the size and location of veins vary among brain regions, subjects, and disease conditions, and can hamper accurate detection of that neural activity. 1Hypercapnic challenges induce global cerebral blood flow global changes. By causing the BOLD-weighted signal to change in a well-understood manner, such tests, including the breath hold, are useful in calibrating fMRI signals, and have been used to characterize nonneuronal hemodynamic factors, such as the distribution of baseline venous blood volume, so that magnitude changes from neural factors can be more accurately measured. 1–3,22–25 maneuver induces global effects similar in pattern to those induced by hypercapnia and other global flow change stressors. A 5-second increase in intrathoracic pressure produces a similar response to a 20-second breath hold. Designing a breath holding study to maintain consistent intrathoracic pressure may increase precision,9,10 and the ability to use measured variation of intrathoracic pressure to modulate response magnitudes may allow for more accurate cerebrovascular measurements. For situations where researchers want to use a standard breath hold, the findings here show an important contrast between initiating a breath hold after exhalation or inhalation. Thomason et al9 conducted breath holds after a final inhalation, and used chest circumference as an indirect measure of intrathoracic pressure. They hypothesized that a breath hold after inhalation includes a Valsalva effect from pressure increases, even when volunteers do not consciously attempt to increase intrathoracic pressure. 9 We found that the response to breath hold after inhalation is similar to maintaining a 10 mm Hg pressure (Figure 2), which supports their findings. Studies that use hypercapnic challenges alone without measurements of intrathoracic pressure could unwittingly introduce uncontrolled pressure-related effects in their experimental results. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how non-neural vascular factors, such as cerebral blood flow and variations in blood volume among different brain regions, can hinder the accurate detection of neural activity through fMRI. It elaborates on how factors like the Valsalva maneuver and breath-holding can affect brain blood flow, which ultimately complicates the interpretation of fMRI signals related to neural activity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Submit manuscript. . . MOJ eISSN: 2379-6294 Review How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future Ashraf Mozayani,3 × Regret for the inconvenience: we are taking measures to prevent fraudulent form submissions by extractors and page crawlers. Please type the correct Captcha word to see email ID. Hohler,1 Fathy2 12Post-& Toxicologist, Ministry of Justice, Egypt3Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of : Ashraf Mozayani, of and Professor, Barbara Jordan-School of 1713 2526 556 Received: October 22, 2015 | Published: February 17, 2016 Citation: Wilson-. How present synthetic cannabinoids can help predict symptoms in the future. MOJ Toxicol. 2016;2(1):18–24. DOI: 10. 15406/mojt. 2016. 02. 00029 synthetic cannabinoids appear regularly in the illicit drug market, often in response to legal restrictions. These compounds are characterized by increasing binding affinities (Ki) to CB1 and CB2 receptors. Increasing affinity to CB receptors can occur by substitution of a halogen on the terminal position of the pentyl chain of the classical synthetic cannabinoids. Fluorination of the aliphatic side chain of established cannabinoid agonists is a popular pathway of modifying existing active drugs and synthesizing novel drugs to increase potency. Biological impacts of these compounds that have been reported include seizures, body temperature losses that may lead to cardiac distress, as well as cases reporting delirium and severe neural incapacities. These symptoms have been reported in case reports with evidence that like their cannabinoid counterparts, these compounds distribute post-mortem into a variety of tissues, especially adipose tissue. Researchers have detected and identified certain synthetic cannabinoid compounds on botanicals using a variety of separation and detection systems such as GC-FID and GC-MS, as well as LC-MS/MS and NMR. Researchers have utilized a variety of chromatographic methods including LC MS/MS, to identify the parent compounds, their metabolites and structural analogs in biological samples such as urine and blood. The aim of this review is to spotlight the newer generations of synthetic cannabinoids with a more powerful affinity towards the cannabinoid receptors to continue to help researchers and clinicians further predict symptoms as well as future compounds and treatments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses synthetic cannabinoids and their ability to help predict symptoms and future compounds, which is unrelated to the claim about fossils predicting the future of species. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Latino Americana. 32, 277-285 (1982) Geller, S. E. and Studee, L. : Botanical and dietary supplements for mood and anxiety in menopausal women. Menopause. 14, 541-549 (2007) Fulder, S. : Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress, Am. J. Chin. Med. 9, 112–118 (1981) Hiai, S. , Yokoyama, H. and Oura, H. : Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion, Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 737-740 (1979) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Kawashima, Y. : Evaluation of corticosterone secretion-inducing activities of ginsenosides and their prosapogenins and sapogenins. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 31, 168-174 (1983) Hiai, S. Yokoyama, H. Oura, H. and Yano, S. : Stimulation of pituitary adrenocortical system by ginseng saponin. Endocrinol. Jpn. 26, 661-665 (1979) Herman, J. and Cullinan, W. : Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20, 78-84 (1997) Murphy, B. Filipini, D. and Ghadirian, A. : Possible use of glucocorticoid receptor antagonists in the treatment of major depression: Preliminary results using RU 486. J. Psychiatry Neurosci. 18, 209-213 (1993) Thakore, J. and Dinan, T. : Cortisol synthesis inhibition: a new treatment strategy for the clinical and endocrine manifestations of depression. Biol. Psychiatry 37, 364-368 (1995) and Song, D. K. : Inhibition of stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels by ginsenosides in mice: Involvement of nitric oxide. NeuroReport. 9, 2261-2264 (1998) and Song, D. K. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning various studies related to ginseng and its effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and stress response. References such as Fulder's work on 'Ginseng and the hypothalamic-pituitary control of stress' and Hiai et al.'s studies looking into ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion provide scientific backing to the adaptogenic effects of ginseng, supporting the notion that it may help the body adapt to stress.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Functional MRI can measure brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow. [SEP] Text: In this study, to better understand the physiological mechanisms underlying the dynamic pressure–flow relationship of cerebral circulation, we studied the effects of acute cerebral vasoconstriction on the transfer function between changes in arterial pressure and CBF velocity in healthy young to middle-aged subjects (Zhang et al. 2009). CBF velocity was measured in the middle cerebral artery using TCD. Arterial pressure was measured either with arterial catheterization or non-invasively using Finapres. Cerebral vasoconstriction was induced by acute increases in arterial pressure with incremental venous infusion of phenylephrine. Phenylephrine is an α1-adrenoreceptor agonist, but does not have direct effects on the cerebral blood vessels since it does not pass the blood–brain barrier. Thus, cerebral vasoconstriction during phenylephrine infusion reflects mainly a vascular myogenic response to acute increases in arterial pressure. We found that with stepwise increases in phenylephrine from 0. 5 to 1. 0 and 2. 0 μg kg–1 min–1, mean arterial pressure averaged over a time period of 6 min increased by 11, 23 and 37%, respectively, from its baseline value of about 83 mmHg under steady-state conditions. However, CBFV increased (11%) only with the highest increase in arterial pressure. Cerebrovascular resistance index, calculated as mean arterial pressure divided by mean CBF velocity, increased progressively by 6, 17 and 23%, demonstrating effective steady-state cerebral autoregulation. Interestingly, corresponding to cerebral vasoconstriction, transfer function gain at the low frequencies (LF, 0. 07–0. 20 Hz) was reduced by 15, 14 and 14%, while the phase was reduced by 10, 17 and 31%. A similar trend of changes was observed at the high frequencies (HF, 0. 20–0. 35 Hz), but gain and phase remained unchanged at the very low frequencies (VLF, 0. 02–0. 07 Hz) (Fig. 2). We speculate that besides dynamic autoregulation, oscillations in brain blood flow in response to changes in arterial pressure also may be influenced by the steady-state increases in cerebrovascular resistance and/or vascular compliance during cerebral vasoconstriction. A three-element Windkessel model was used to test this hypothesis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing a study on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial pressure, which does not mention functional MRI (fMRI) or its capability to measure brain activity through blood flow changes. Instead, it focuses on other methodologies like Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and response to phenylephrine infusion, suggesting that while blood flow dynamics are discussed, the specific method of fMRI for measuring brain activity is absent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: Keywords: synthetic cannabinoids, chminaca, tissue culture, lcms/ms, tof, gc-ms, gc-fid, case reports Abbreviations SCs, synthetic cannabinoids; Δ-9-THC, delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol; UHPLC, ultra high performance liquid chromatography; DAD, photodiode array; MS, mass spectrometry; GC, gas chromatography; DART, direct analysis in real time; TOF, time of flight spectrometry; NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance; ATR, attenuated total resonance; FTIR, fourier transform infrared spectrometry; TIC, total ion chromatogram; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry; CNS, central nervous system; LOD, limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantitation; ULOL, upper limit of linearity; DUID, driving under the influence of drug; HLM, human liver microsomes; HPM, human pulmonary microsomes; CES 1, carboxylesterase 1 cannabinoids (SCs) are synthetic compounds sprayed on herbal products and have spread worldwide since 2004. Many of these compounds, more specifically l-valinamides and l-tert-leucinamides, are often characterized as part of the third, fourth and fifth generation of synthetic cannabinoids. There are many street names for herbal like compounds which are sprayed with these compounds, referred to as “Spice” such as and Yucatan Fire. Such drugs are easily obtainable via the Internet, in smoke shops, and street markets. To evade law enforcement, these herbal incense products are often labeled “not for human consumption”. Despite this, many countries have entered many synthetic cannabinoids to schedule 1. 1,2 Initial reports of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in were in November 2008. 2008, German forensic laboratories initially identified JWH–018 and cannabicyclohexanol (CP–47,497 C8 homologue). The synthetic cannabinoids are frequently applied on plant material and inhaled. 2010, the popularity of these cannabinoids and their associated products appeared to have increased in the United States. 3 Numerous SCs have been identified as adulterants, which have been seized by law enforcement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses synthetic cannabinoids, their identification, and broad implications, with no mention of fossils or any predictive capabilities regarding species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: : Protection of ischaemic hippocampal neurons by ginsenoside $Rb_1$, a main ingredient of ginseng root. Neurosci. Res. 28, 191-200 (1997) Deng, H. and Zhang, J. : Anti-lipid peroxidative effect of ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$. Chin. Med. J. 104, 395-398 (1991) and Nah, S. Y. : Effect of ginsenosides on calcium channels and membrane capacitance in rat adrenal chromaffin cells. Brain Res. Bull. 46, 245-251 (1998) Liao, B. , Newmark, H. and Zhou, R. : Neuroprotective effect of ginseng total saponin and ginsenosides $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ on spinal cord neurons in vitro. Exp. Neurol. 173, 224-234 (2002). , Hong, H. N. and Nah, S. Y. : Protective effect of ginsenosides, active ingredients of panax ginseng, on kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Neurosci. Lett. 325, 129-133 (2002) Tohda, C. , Matsumoto, N. , Zou, K. , Meselhy, M. R. and Komatsu, K. : Axonal and dendritic extension by protopanaxadiol-type saponins from ginseng drugs in SK–N–SH cells. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 99, 254-262 (2002) Zhao, R. and McDaniel, W. F. : Ginseng improves strategic learning by normal and brain-damaged rats. NeuroReport. 9, 1619-1624 (1998) Zhong, Y. M. , Nishijo, H. , Uwano, T. , Tamura, R. , Kawanishi, K. and Ono, T. : Red ginseng ameliorated place navigation deficits in young rats with hippocampal lesions and aged rats. Physiol. Behav. 69, 511-525 (2000) Chang, M. S. , Lee, S. C. and Rho, H. M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides numerous studies related to ginseng and its active components, ginsenosides, that indicate various protective and neuroprotective effects. Research mentions benefits of ginsenosides in protecting neurons, cognitive improvement, and neuroprotection in various contexts, aligning with the claim that ginseng has adaptogenic properties. These effects are indicative of adaptogenic responses to stressors, thus supporting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The discovery of exoplanets has expanded the search for extraterrestrial life. [SEP] Text: You’ll be pleased to know that I’m absolutely not going to go down that road. However, I am going to briefly consider each of the three components of RIM. Since these three things are crucial in allowing us to distinguish life forms from inert entities – potentially throughout the universe – it simply won’t work if we’re fuzzy about their meanings. This point was brought home to me when I was reading the Introduction to astrobiology written by the planetary scientist David C. Catling in 2013. With regard to metabolism, Catling says the following: ‘All life metabolizes but so does my car. ’ I don’t agree with him, but I see what he means. The burning of a fuel such as petrol powers a car in much the same way as the burning of a fuel such as glucose powers a living organism. is right to see a parallel. But he’s wrong – in my view – to equate automotive and biological ‘metabolism’. I have an instinctive feeling that the two are different in some fundamental way, and perhaps you do too. But what is it? Of course, the fuels are different, but that’s not the best approach to this issue, because we can’t guarantee that the fuel of alien life is glucose. Here’s a better approach. A life form metabolizes right from the start; a car doesn’t. An organism is not simply a collection of cells, membranes, vesicles, filaments, and so on, that is inert until some point in its life when it gets fired up with an infusion of glucose or some other fuel. In contrast, a car is an object of precisely this latter sort. It’s a collection of metal and plastic parts that gets built in stages and hasn’t a whiff of ‘metabolism’ until after it’s complete – or has reached its ‘adult’ stage, to stretch the use of that term – and someone turns on the ignition. So, to be a life form from a metabolic perspective you need to be metabolizing right from the start. Even the very first cell of a new human or other animal – the zygote – metabolizes. An organism is an intrinsically metabolizing thing. Its default state is to metabolize. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is largely irrelevant to the claim about the discovery of exoplanets and their role in the search for extraterrestrial life. It discusses ideas related to the metabolism of life forms and contrasts biological processes with mechanical processes of cars, without mentioning exoplanets or their implications for searching for life beyond Earth.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossils can predict the future of species. [SEP] Text: JWH–018, JWH–073, JWH–200, CP– 47,497, and CP–47,497 C8 homologues were the first SCs identified as being abused. New generations of synthetic cannabinoids quickly emerged to evade law enforcement. After various laws were passed in the United States, different generations of SCs emerged varying only by slight modifications in structure. Some recent SCs include AB–and AB-. These substances are commonly marketed under the guise of being a ‘‘legal high’’ with a disclaimer of ‘‘not for human consumption’’. Law enforcement, public health officials, and clinicians are encountering cases in which there has been abuse of these substances,4 requiring up to date information of the drug legislation, chemistry of the compounds and their detection, as well as the toxicology to be able to help identify these compounds when they present clinically. After the passage of the Act of 2012 in the United States, a third and fourth generation of SCs including UR-144, XLR11, and AKB-48 emerged. In early 2013, a fifth generation including PB-22 and AB-emerged. These 5th generation synthetic cannabinoids including -and THJ-220 were temporarily placed in in December of 2014. 4 Drug legislation in other countries also attempted to combat the use of these synthetic cannabinoids. For example, Japan reported the emergence of SCs before 2007. This was combated with the passage of the allowing for the control of designated substances prohibiting their advertisement, sale, supply, and production. Also, several European countries not only detected SCs but also began banning early generations in 2009. The difficulty of legislation of these drugs is once certain SCs are scheduled another generation of cannabinoids often emerges. The slight variations that occur between the different generations of SCs are predominantly changes to the linking group, secondary structure, or tail group. These variations are often characterized by continually increasing binding affinities to the CB1 and CB2 receptors. This ensures the continued popularity of these drugs by offering continued increased potency when compared to delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (Δ-9-THC), the active component of marijuana. 5 The chemistry of these compounds remains an integral part of determining potency and how changes to chemical structure changes biochemical activity. cannabinoids are composed of four sub-structures and the new compounds are often grouped based upon changes to these groups. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the emergence and regulation of synthetic cannabinoids rather than anything related to fossils or their predictive capabilities regarding species. There is no mention of fossils, species, or future predictions in the provided text.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Keywords: triethylene glycol, quercetin, foot-shock stress, body weight, thermoregulation, depression, anxiety Abbreviations TEG, triethylene glycol; QCR, quercetin; FUM, fumaric acid; DMF, dimethylfumarate; CMC, carboxymethyl cellulose concept that adaptogens help the body to better cope with stressful events originated in Russia during late 1940s and since then numerous traditionally known medicinal plants are often pharmacologically classified as herbal adaptogens1 Withania somnifera is one such medicinal herb widely used in traditionally known Indian systems of medicine and health care for prevention and cure of diverse spectrums of psychosomatic disorders, or for rejuvenating purposes. 2 The steroidal lactones commonly referred to as Withanolides and quercetin and other plant phenolics are well recognized bioactive secondary metabolites of the plant. 3 Although the Withanolides are in general considered to be the major bioactive constituents of medicinally used extracts of the plant2 several recent reports have also revealed and reconfirmed adaptogenic and other therapeutically interesting bioactivities of aqueous Withania somnifera extracts devoid of Withanolides. 4,5 More recently, it has been reported also that TEG encountered in aqueous Withania somnifera extracts is one of their bioactive constituents involved in their experimentally observed anti-cancer activities. 6 TEG, like quercetin, has since long been used in numerous consumer products as an eco-toxicologically safe disinfectant,7,8 Quercetin is pharmacologically the more extensively studied plant polyphenolic with bactericidal activity against diverse pathogenic bacteria9 and several reports have also revealed bactericidal, antiviral and antifungal activities of TEG. 10-13 Although quercetin is encountered in numerous edible and other medicinal plants and often considered to be one of their bioactive constituents, as yet very little efforts have been made to define its role in traditionally known medicinal uses as stress response modulating or adaptogenic herbs. It has recently been reported though, that repeated intraperitoneally administered quercetin doses of 10 mg/kg/day and higher suppresses stress triggered alterations in blood levels of cortisol and other markers of oxidative stress14 and that such treatment could also protect oxidative stress triggered ischemic cerebral damages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the concept of adaptogens, which are described as plants that help the body cope with stress. It identifies Withania somnifera as a traditionally known medicinal herb with adaptogenic effects, linking it to the idea that certain plants can have therapeutic benefits. While ginseng isn't explicitly mentioned, the general discussion on adaptogens supports the validity of the claim regarding their potential effects including those associated with ginseng.