Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Effects of gravidity on habitat use and antipredator behaviour in three-spined sticklebacks. J. Fish Biol. 52: 973–984. CrossrefWeb of Science2001. Density and size of juvenile salmonids in response to placement of large woody debris in western Oregon and Washington streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 282–292. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. A review of stream restoration techniques and a hierarchical strategy for prioritizing restoration in watersheds. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 22: 1–20. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Why are quantitative relationships between environmental quality and fish populations so elusive? Ecol. Appl. 10: 367–385. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. MetaWin: statistical software for meta-analysis. Version 2. 1. 3. 4. Sinauer Ass. 2001. Fitness consequences of habitat use for juvenile cutthroat trout: energetic costs and benefits in pools and riffles. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58: 585–593. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Habitat factors affecting the abundance and distribution of juvenile cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) and Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 766–774. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Resources partitioning in fish assemblages: A review of field studies. Copeia, 2: 352–388. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Aquatic plant and fish assemblage: a macrophyte removal experiment in stream riffle habitats in a lowland salmonid river (Brittany, France). Bull. Fr. Peche Piscic. 350–351: 693–709. Crossref1988. Occupation of submerged aquatic vegetation by fishes: testing the roles of food and refuge. Oecologia, 77: 101–106. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1965. A method for estimating the potential fish production of north-temperate lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 94: 214–300. CrossrefWeb of Science1974. Index, a fish yield estimator - review and evaluation. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 31: 663–688. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead lists various studies related to fish behavior and habitat but does not explicitly corroborate or contrast the assertion that freshwater ecosystems serve as habitat for diverse organisms. Therefore, the relationship is categorized as irrelevant.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Disease control rates were 65% () and 60% (m). After a median of 6. 5 (1–28) cycles, ORR at the last data cutoff were 35% () and 35% (m), while the DCR were 60% () and 55% (m). (Table 2) Four patients were found to have PD after 2–4 cycles while 1 had 16 cycles before PD. All patients with PD were shifted to Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab combination. Table 2 Radiologic responses of the entire cohort 12 wks. () 12 wks. (m) Latest () Latest (m) Rate (ORR) 5 (25%) 6 (30%) 7 (35%) 7 (35%) Complete response (CR) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 1 (5%) 2 (10%) (PR) 4 (20%) 5 (25%) 6 (30%) 5 (25%) (SD) 8 (40%) 6 (30%) 5 (25%) 4 (20%) Rate (DCR) 13 (65%) 12 (60%) 12 (60%) 11 (55%) (PD) 7 (35%)* 8 (40%)** 8 (40%)* 9 (45%)** *3 and **4 patients with missing dynamic scans were assumed to have PD Curative conversion with MWA was achieved in 5 (25%) patients. (Fig. 1) Three of the patients had intrahepatic vessel invasion, one had isolated lung metastasis after successful locoregional treatment of the intrahepatic HCC, and the last was BCLC B at the start of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab. No baseline characteristic predicted curative conversion. On the 12-week radiologic assessment, an objective response using mbut not was found to be associated with curative conversion. An objective response on the last available assessment using both mand was associated with curative conversion. (Table 1) A brief description of the clinical course of each of these patients who achieved curative conversion is given below. Patient #1 is a 72-year-old male with NAFLD-related cirrhosis. CT scan showed a solitary, 13. 6 cm. HCC. Baseline BCLC was B with CPC A. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting clinical data and specific case studies regarding the treatment of chronic illnesses, specifically highlighting that curative conversion was achieved in only a subset of patients (25%) and that no baseline characteristics predicted curative conversion. This indicates that curing chronic illnesses is not solely achievable through biohacking techniques, as there are specific medical interventions and conditions involved.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 20, 4995-5011, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2011. 05354. x (2011). Jiggins, C. D. & Mallet, J. Bimodal hybrid zones and speciation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 15, 250-255, doi:10. 1016/s0169-5347(00)01873-5 (2000). Vedenina, V. Y. & von Helversen, O. Complex courtship in a bimodal grasshopper hybrid zone. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 54, 44-54, doi:10. 1007/s00265-003-0595-2 (2003). Minder, A. M. , Rothenbuehler, C. & Widmer, A. Genetic structure of hybrid zones between Silene latifolia and Silene dioica (Caryophyllaceae): evidence for introgressive hybridization. Mol. Ecol. 16, 2504-2516, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2007. 03292. x (2007). Gay, L. , Crochet, P. A. , Bell, D. A. & Lenormand, T. Comparing clines on molecular and phenotypic traits in hybrid zones: A window on tension zone models. Evolution 62, 2789-2806, doi:10. 1111/j. 1558-5646. 2008. 00491. x (2008). Zielinski, P. et al. Differential introgression across newt hybrid zones: Evidence from replicated transects. Mol. Ecol. 28, 4811-4824, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15251 (2019). Coyner, B. S. , Murphy, P. J. & Matocq, M. D. Hybridization and asymmetric introgression across a narrow zone of contact between Neotoma fuscipes and N. macrotis(Rodentia: Cricetidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 115, 162-172, doi:10. 1111/bij. 12487 (2015). Schumer, M. et al. Assortative mating and persistent reproductive isolation in hybrids. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. It discusses various studies on hybrid zones and speciation in different taxa, without any mention of fossilized plants or their relation to climate and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Rehabilitation of aquatic habitats in warmwater streams damaged by channel incision in Mississippi. Hydrobiologia, 382: 63–86. CrossrefWeb of Science2003. Effects of predation risk and foraging return on the diel use of vegetated habitat by two size-classes of bluegills. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 132: 590–597. CrossrefWeb of Science1985. Predation, competition, and prey communities: A review of field experiments. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 269–311. Crossref1938. The relationship between plankton production and fish production in ponds. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 68: 309–315. Crossref1998. Does habitat creation contribute to management goals? An evaluation of literature documenting freshwater habitat rehabilitation or enhancement projects. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 2249: vi + 74 p. 2006. Effects on periphyton and macroinvertebrates from removal of submerged wood in three Ontario lakes. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 63: 2038–2049. CrossrefWeb of Science2000. Effects of increasing winter rearing habitat on abundance of salmonids in two coastal Oregon streams. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 906–914. CrossrefWeb of Science1995. Summer distribution, survival, and growth of juvenile Coho salmon under varying experimental conditions of brushy instream cover. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 124: 124–130. CrossrefWeb of Science1972. Social interactions between juvenile Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in Sixes River, Oregon. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1737–1748. CrossrefWeb of Science2004. Continental-scale patterns of nutrient and fish effects on shallow lakes: introduction to a pan-European mesocosm experiment. Freshwater Biol. 49: 1517–1524. CrossrefWeb of Science1967. The succession of diatom assemblages in the recent sediments of Lake Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr. 12: 513–532. CrossrefWeb of Science1998. Effects of woody debris on the growth and behaviour of brown trout in experimental stream channels. Can. J. Zool. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by implicitly referencing a variety of studies that examine different aspects of freshwater ecosystems, including the effects of habitat rehabilitation, the relationships between predatory and prey species, and the ecology of organisms such as bluegills and Coho salmon. These elements collectively support the claim that freshwater ecosystems are vital habitats for a wide range of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: It was then decided to shift the patient to Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab combination therapy. After another 4 cycles, a new intrahepatic 2. 4 cm. HCC with stable lung metastasis was seen. MWA was then performed for both the intrahepatic and lung HCC 34 weeks after the 1st Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab dose. Post-ablation scan showed complete ablation but with lung abscess, which resolved with medical therapy. While on Lenvatinib monotherapy after MWA, patient had multiple intrahepatic and lung metastasis recurrence with IVC thrombosis 41 weeks after MWA. Pembrolizumab was then reintroduced into the regimen. Patient #4 is a 60-year-old male with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis. Patient was classified as CPC B and with BCLC C because of multiple (> 3) classic HCC with the largest at 8. 3 cm. and with thrombosis of the right hepatic vein and 9 subcentimeter lung metastasis. After 12 cycles of Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab, the patient had PR with disappearance of most of the smaller HCC and shrinkage of the main HCC to 5. 5 cm. , non-enhancement of the hepatic vein thrombosis and disappearance of the lung metastasis (2 remaining nodules were classified as granulomas). Curative conversion was then done with MWA for the remaining HCC and hepatic vein thrombosis 40 weeks after the 1st cycle. Patient required therapeutic thoracentesis because of symptomatic pleural effusion after the MWA. Patient was maintained on Lenvatinib after MWA and is asymptomatic and remains tumor-free 78 weeks after the 1st Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab dose. Patient #5 is a 61-year-old male with hepatitis B-related cirrhosis diagnosed with BCLC C due to 2 HCC with the largest at 9. 4 cm. , with invasion into the inferior vena cava (IVC). Patient underwent TACE with drug-eluting beads and lipiodol after the 12th cycle. Repeat scan after the 15th cycle showed PR with HCC size of 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific medical treatments and therapies used in the management of chronic illnesses, particularly cancer. It references the use of Lenvatinib and Pembrolizumab combination therapy, which indicates a structured medical approach rather than relying on biohacking techniques for curing chronic illnesses. The text showcases multiple patients undergoing rigorous medical interventions, highlighting that curing chronic diseases like cancer typically requires professional medical treatments, not solely biohacking.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 114, 10936-10941, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 1711238114 (2017). Yan, L. J. et al. Asymmetrical natural hybridization varies among hybrid swarms between two diploid Rhododendron species. Ann. Bot. 120, 51-61, doi:10. 1093/aob/mcx039 (2017). Irwin, D. E. in Ineffective in Promoting Speciation. Am. Nat. 195, E150-E167, doi:10. 5061/dryad. k98sf7m30 (2020). Christie, K. & Strauss, S. Y. Along the speciation continuum: Quantifying intrinsic and extrinsic isolating barriers across five million years of evolutionary divergence in California jewelflowers. Evolution 72, 1063-1079, doi:10. 1111/evo. 13477 (2018). Wu, Z. Y. Vegetation of China. 256 (Science Press, 1995). . & Hemleben, V. A nuclear ribosomal DNA phylogeny of Acer inferred with maximum likelihood, splits graphs, and motif analysis of 606 sequences. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 2, 7-22, doi:10. 1177/117693430600200014 (2007). Xu, T. Z. , Chen, Y. S. , de Jong, P. C. , Oterdoom, H. J. & Chang, C. Flora of China VOL. 11. (Science Press, 2008). Frantz, A. C. et al. Comparative landscape genetic analyses show a Belgian motorway to be a gene flow barrier for red deer (Cervus elaphus), but not wild boars (Sus scrofa). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3445-3457, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05623. x (2012). Landguth, E. L. et al. Effects of sample size, number of markers, and allelic richness on the detection of spatial genetic pattern. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 12, 276-284, doi:10. 1111/j. 1755-0998. 2011. 03077. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it lists various academic articles and studies, none of which directly relate to the topic of fossilized plants and climate insights. As a result, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: 76: 56–61. CrossrefWeb of Science1989. Role of off-channel ponds in the life cycle of Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and other juvenile salmonids in the Coldwater River, British Columbia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 232–242. CrossrefWeb of Science1986. Winter habitat preference of juvenile salmonids in to interior rivers in British Columbia. J. Zool. 64: 1506–1514. CrossrefWeb of Science1939. Fertilization for increasing the natural food for fish in ponds. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 68: 125–134. Crossref1991. Predation risk and the importance of cover for juvenile rainbow trout in lentic systems. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 120: 728–738. CrossrefWeb of Science1984. Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing, in the presence of zooplanktivorous fish, in a shallow wetland ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 472–486. CrossrefWeb of Science1990. Climate change and fish communities: A conceptual framework. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 119: 337–352. CrossrefWeb of Science1982. Patterns in the species composition and richness of fish assemblages in northern Wisconsin lakes. Ecology, 63: 1149–1166. CrossrefWeb of Science1997. A model of bluegill-largemouth bass interactions in relation to aquatic vegetation and its management. Ecol. Modell. 94: 139–156. CrossrefWeb of Science1983. Winter distribution of juvenile Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) before and after logging in Carnation Creek, British Columbia, and some implications for overwinter survival. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 452–461. CrossrefWeb of Science2002. Use of artificial habitat structures in U. S. lakes and reservoirs: A survey from the southern division AFS reservoir committee. Fisheries, 27: 22–27. CrossrefWeb of Science1999. Effects of mechanical harvesting of eurasian water milfoil on largemouth bass and bluegill populations in Fish Lake, Wisconsin. N. Am. J. Fish. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing multiple studies that highlight the ecological roles and habitats of various organisms, particularly juvenile salmonids and their interactions within freshwater ecosystems. This directly supports the claim that freshwater ecosystems serve as habitats for a wide diversity of organisms, including fish and potentially microorganisms, as indicated by the breadth of research topics covered.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: Achieving curative conversion has indeed been found to result in better overall survival not only in the overall population of patients given systemic treatment, but also among those with partial radiologic response. [14] Our study also shows a similar benefit in survival, (Fig. 4a) and contributes to the increasing evidence that upfront systemic treatment in patients who are initially deemed to be poor candidates for TACE and/or resection can still receive potentially curative treatments later on. [8, 10–12, 14] The combination of thermal ablation with ICI is of particular interest because of evidences that RFA and MWA have been found to induce and enhance tumor-specific immune responses[19, 20] and may work in synergism with ICI’s. Although there have been reports of thermal ablation as a modality for curative conversion, they have either limited ablation to tumors that were 3 cm. and smaller,[14] or have not defined their criteria for ablation. [8] This is the first study to our knowledge that used MWA as curative conversion in HCC’s that were predominantly > 5 cm. in diameter. This is of particular importance especially in patients with partial response to systemic therapy but have contraindications to or refused surgery. However, the fact that 3 (60%) of our patients had major, albeit non-fatal, complications after curative conversion with MWA emphasizes the fact that complications are usually higher in bigger tumors and that there is a need to discuss the pros and cons of treatment with a multi-disciplinary team. Our 25% curative conversion rate with MWA is not far from what has been achieved with resection in the literature, and has allowed 2 out of our 5 patients (40%) achieving curative conversion to be tumor and drug-free after MWA. The need for further systemic therapy after curative conversion is, however, still subject to debate. Although a retrospective analysis did not show a difference in recurrence-free survival between patients who continued and discontinued systemic treatment following curative conversion with ablation or resection,[14] the recently published IMbrave050 trial suggests otherwise, in that continued immunologic surveillance in treatment-naïve patients after resection or ablation showed a benefit of longer recurrence-free survival for patients given adjuvant Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing medically recognized treatments and outcomes for chronic illnesses, particularly emphasizing 'curative conversion' through systemic therapies and ablation methods, rather than biohacking techniques. It highlights that achieving better survival rates is linked to systematic treatments and particular interventions, suggesting that biohacking alone may not be sufficient or universally applicable for severe chronic conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: x (2012). Zhou, X. , Huang, Z. H. , Zhang, X. R. & Xing, S. H. Protection of natural vegetation and distribution of nature reserves in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. 36, 64-71 (2017). Newton, P. , & Agrawal, A. of Forest-Globally. 3, 363-370, doi:10. 1016/j. oneear. 2020. 08. 016 (2020). . & Wang, H. F. Different processes shape the patterns of divergence in the nuclear and chloroplast genomes of a relict tree species in East Asia. Ecol. Evol. 10, 4331-4342, doi:10. 1002/ece3. 6200 (2020). Shaner, P. J. L. et al. Climate niche differentiation between two passerines despite ongoing gene flow. J. Anim. Ecol. 84, 829-839, doi:10. 1111/1365-2656. 12331 (2015). Engelbrecht, H. M. et al. snakes, Crotaphopeltis, show population structure for a widespread generalist but deep genetic divergence for forest specialists. J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res. 58, 1220-1233, doi:10. 1111/jzs. 12361 (2020). Myers, E. A. , McKelvy, A. D. & Burbrink, F. T. Biogeographic barriers, Pleistocene refugia, and climatic gradients in the southeastern Nearctic drive diversification in cornsnakes (Pantherophis guttatus complex). Mol. Ecol. 29, 797-811, doi:10. 1111/mec. 15358 (2020). Shang, H. , Luo, Y. B. & Bai, W. N. Influence of asymmetrical mating patterns and male reproductive success on the maintenance of sexual polymorphism in Acer pictum subsp. mono (Aceraceae). Mol. Ecol. 21, 3869-3878, doi:10. 1111/j. 1365-294X. 2012. 05555. x (2012). Gleiser, G. , Chybicki, I. J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their role in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it consists of a list of research articles and references that explore different ecological and genetic subjects, which are unrelated to the understanding of ancient climates based on fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: River Res. Appl. 18: 355–366. CrossrefWeb of Science2007. Effect of a change in physical structure and cover on fish and fish habitat in freshwater ecosystems – a review and meta-analysis. Environmental Reviews. 15(NA): 15-41. Export 1. Sulawesi stream fish communities depend on connectivity and habitat diversity Go to 2. Wood you believe it? Experimental addition of nonnative wood enhances instream habitat for native dryland fishes Go to 3. Utility of artificial river reef structures to enhance fish habitat below a hydropeaking dam Go to 4. Stochastic process is main factor to affect plateau river fish community assembly Go to 5. Ecosystem responses to a whole‐reservoir coarse woody habitat addition Go to 6. Detour canal, a civil engineering heritage created through historical struggle for water resources, now provides the habitats for a rare freshwater fish Go to 7. An integrative approach to assess the impact of disturbance on native fish in lakes Go to 8. Increasing fish biodiversity in high elevation Albertan lakes in response to global environmental change over the past 50 years Go to 9. Fish habitat modelling in large rivers: combining expert opinion and hydrodynamic modelling to inform river management Go to 10. A rockling's choice: The trade-off between thermal preference and physical structure in the five bearded rockling, Ciliata mustela Go to 11. Causes of Fish, Microphysogobio rapidus Using Habitat-Go to 12. Habitat niche dynamics of the sicklefin redhorse: a southern habitat specialist Go to 13. Environmental determinants of coarse woody habitat in gravel pit lakes Go to 14. Forestry influences on salmonid habitat in the River watershed, British ColumbiaDylan S. Cunningham, Douglas C. Braun, Jonathan W. Moore, and Amanda M. to 15. Annual changes in water quality and sportfish community structure following commercial harvest of common carp and bigmouth buffalo Go to 16. Ecosystem variables importance in the presence and abundance of a globally invasive fish Go to 17. Abundance and movement of fishes among nearshore habitat types in small boreal shield lakes Go to 18. Impacts of the Bujagali hydropower dam on fisheries and livelihoods Go to 19. Managing aquatic habitat structure for resilient trophic interactions Go to 20. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various research topics related to fish habitats within freshwater ecosystems. It mentions how different factors such as physical structure, habitat diversity, and connectedness influence fish communities and their habitats, supporting the idea that freshwater ecosystems indeed serve as habitats for diverse organisms, including fish.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Anyone can cure chronic illnesses solely by following biohacking techniques. [SEP] Text: [21] A longer period of follow-up of patients with or without systemic treatment following curative conversion is required to clarify this question. Our study is limited by the small number of patients included and its retrospective nature. The survival benefit of patients who underwent curative conversion should be evaluated with caution because of the immortal time bias in favor of the conversion group. Despite the favorable prognosis of patients who underwent MWA, these results cannot be applied universally especially since expertise in ablating larger tumors may not be uniform across centers. In conclusion, we have shown that curative conversion with MWA can be achieved in 25% of unresectable HCC patients started on Atezolizumab-Bevacizumab, among which 40% did not require further systemic treatment. The relative high response rates that are currently achievable with combination immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic treatments should afford physicians a longer leash in treating unresectable intermediate-advanced stage HCC as a dynamic disease, with equally dynamic and innovative adjustments in the treatment regimen depending on the responses to systemic treatment, in an effort to effect longer survival and possibly, even cure. : All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation and with the of 1975, as revised in 2008. The study was approved by the institution’s Board. The authors did not receive any financial assistance for the work. No potential conflicts of interests exists for all authors. All authors contributed to the study conception and design. R. Febro, A. Kimura and E. Perillo were responsible for data collection and analyzation. R. Febro was responsible for the first draft of the manuscript. S. Wong was responsible for supervision, statistical analysis and final draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 249. Study of Pembrolizumab in Carcinoma. J 2020;38:2960-2970. Abou- Phase 3 randomized, open-label, multicenter study of tremelimumab (T) and durvalumab (D) as first-line therapy in patients (pts) with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC):. Journal of 2022;40. Atezolizumab plus Bevacizumab in Carcinoma. N Med 2020;382:1894-1905. de Oliveira AC, et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the study findings highlight the importance of systemic treatments like Atezolizumab and Bevacizumab for the management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It emphasizes that while 40% of patients did not require further systemic treatment, the results cannot be universally applied, suggesting that curing chronic illnesses cannot rely solely on biohacking techniques. Instead, it points towards the need for dynamic and innovative adjustments in treatment based on responses to systemic therapies, showcasing that a solely biohacking approach may not be sufficient.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: , Gonzalez-Martinez, S. C. & Aizen, M. A. Phenological match drives pollen‐mediated gene flow in a temporally dimorphic tree. Plant Biol. 20, 93-100, doi:10. 1111/plb. 12651 (2017). Nagano, Y. , Hirao, A. S. & Itino, T. Genetic structure of a hybrid zone between two violets, Viola rossiiHemsl. and V. bissetiiMaxim. : dominance of F-1 individuals in a narrow contact range. Plant Spec. Biol. 30, 237-243, doi:10. 1111/1442-1984. 12054 (2015). Rieseberg, L. H. & Willis, J. H. Plant speciation. Science 317, 910-914, doi:10. 1126/science. 1137729 (2007). & Willis, J. H. The strength and genetic basis of reproductive isolating barriers in flowering plants. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. , B: Biol. Sci. 363, 3009-3021, doi:10. 1098/rstb. 2008. 0064 (2008). Westeberhard, M. J. Sexual selection, social competition, and speciation. Q. Rev. Biol. 58, 155-183, doi:10. 1086/413215 (1983). Edwards, S. V. et al. Speciation in birds: Genes, geography, and sexual selection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 102, 6550-6557, doi:10. 1073/pnas. 0501846102 (2005). Coetzee, A. , Spottiswoode, C. N. & Seymour, C. L. Post-pollination barriers enable coexistence of pollinator-sharing ornithophilous Erica species. J. Plant Res. 133, 873-881, doi:10. 1007/s10265-020-01226-8 (2020). Lexer, C. ,. & Fay, M. F. Admixture in hybrid zones makes feasible the mapping of loci that contribute to reproductive isolation and trait differences. J. Hered. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it discusses various studies and authors related to plant genetics, speciation, and other botanical topics, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: A novel approach to quantifying trophic interaction strengths and impact of invasive species in food webs Go to 37. Nowhere to hide: The importance of instream cover for stream‐living Trout during seasonal low flow Go to 38. Larva fish assemblage structure in three-dimensional floating wetlands and non-floating wetlands in the estuary Go to 39. Spatial and of Assemblage and Distribution in the Kameng River, Go to 40. Rehabilitation of a tropical storm-water drain creates a novel fish assemblage Go to 41. from to 42. Trophic position and diet shift based on the body size of Coreoperca kawamebari (Temminck & Schlegel, 1843) Go to 43. Use of a mechanistic growth model in evaluating post-restoration habitat quality for juvenile salmonids Go to 44. Behavioral phenotype does not predict habitat occupancy or angling capture of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)T. D. Keiling, M. J. Louison, and C. D. to 45. Do artificial structures cause shifts in epifaunal communities and trophic guilds across different spatial scales? Go to 46. Habitat affinity and density‐dependent movement as indicators of fish habitat restoration efficacy Go to 47. of Forests on in the Tropics: A Go to 48. and Growth of on Go to 49. Beyond Redistribution: In‐Capacity for Young‐of‐the‐Salmon and Steelhead in the Entiat River, to 50. Invasive cattail reduces fish diversity and abundance in the emergent marsh of a coastal wetland Go to 51. Floodplain land cover affects biomass distribution of fish functional diversity in the Go to 52. The effectiveness of spawning habitat creation or enhancement for substrate-spawning temperate fish: a systematic review Go to 53. from Long‐Monitoring of to 54. Fish assemblage composition within the floodplain habitat mosaic of a tropical lake (Tonle Sap, Cambodia) Go to 55. Advancing aquatic vegetation management for fish in north temperate lakes Go to 56. Response of juvenile salmonids to large wood placement in tributaries Go to 57. Fish assemblages in a Mississippi reservoir mudflat with low structural complexity Go to 58. Simulated changes in extent of low-marsh habitat under multiple lake levels Go to 59. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various studies and research focused on fish assemblages, trophic interactions, and habitat restoration in freshwater ecosystems. By mentioning fish species, larval fish structures, and habitat quality evaluations for juvenile salmonids, it provides evidence that freshwater ecosystems indeed offer habitat for a diverse range of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is an exceedingly rare and hitherto incurable and fatal disease marked by accelerated aging simultaneously affecting a number of organs. Most cases of HGPS are caused by a single copy of a specific single-nucleotide mutation, c. C1824T, in the LMNA (lamin A) gene. Different mutations in LMNA are responsible for a variety of disorders affecting a variety of organs, including dilated cardiomyopathy, familial partial lipodystrophy, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb girdle muscular dystrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, and restrictive dermopathy. The unique pathophysiology of HGPS arises from the distinctive nature of the c. C1824T mutation; despite being a synonymous mutation that does not directly change an amino acid in the lamin A protein, it nonetheless exerts a profound effect on the protein by creating a cryptic splice site that causes incorrect splicing of the LMNA mRNA transcript, resulting in production of a truncated form of lamin A termed progerin, which is constitutively farnesylated. The farnesylated protein inappropriately accumulates in cells and causes dysregulation of the nuclear lamina - a structure in which the normal lamin A protein is a key component - that results in cellular dysfunction, senescence, and death. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) represent one of the cell types particularly affected by progerin, and cardiovascular complications are the typical cause of death of HGPS patients in their youth. Various strategies to mitigate the effects of the LMNA c. C1824T mutation have been explored. Inhibitors of protein farnesylation have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials with HGPS patients, with improvement of some aspects of the disease and even a modest increase in length of survival[1]. Despite being a promising approach that has received approval from the Food and for the treatment of HGPS, inhibition of farnesylation is limited in its efficacy and therefore insufficient on its own; furthermore, it produces substantial gastrointestinal side effects. Antisense oligonucleotides intended to specifically reduce the progerin-expressing, aberrant splice form of LMNA have proven effective in a mouse model of HGPS, substantially increasing the lifespans of the mice (by 62% in one study)[2,3]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), which exemplifies accelerated aging due to a specific genetic mutation. It highlights that while there are strategies to mitigate effects of HGPS, such as inhibitors of protein farnesylation and antisense oligonucleotides, these methods are limited in efficacy and do not fully reverse aging. The mention of only modest increases in lifespan and the challenges posed by side effects suggests that current biohacking methods are insufficient to extend lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 98, 74-84, doi:10. 1038/sj. hdy. 6800898 (2007). E, S. T. Taxonomic study of Acer mono and Acer truncatum in based on phenotype and molecular markers, University, (2020). Wei, L. , Li, Y. F. , Zhang, H. & Liao, W. J. Variation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensisand Q. mongolica(Fagaceae). J. Plant Ecol. 8, 224-229, doi:10. 1093/jpe/rtv023 (2015). . & Ge, J. P. Asymmetric pattern of climate oscillations and the origin of biodiversity. J. Beijing Norm. Univ. , Nat. Sci. 50, 622-628 (2014). Holland, M. M. & Parson, W. GeneMarker (R) HID: A Tool for the Analysis of Forensic STR Data. J. Forensic Sci. 56, 29-35, doi:10. 1111/j. 1556-4029. 2010. 01565. x (2011). Peakall, R. & Smouse, P. E. GenAlEx 6. 5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research--an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539, doi:10. 1093/bioinformatics/bts460 (2012). Pritchard, J. K. , Stephens, M. & Donnelly, P. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155, 945-959, doi:10. 1093/genetics/155. 2. 945 (2000). Earl, D. A. & Vonholdt, B. M. : a website and program for visualizing output and implementing the Evanno method. Conserv. Genet. Resour. 4, 359-361, doi:10. 1007/s12686-011-9548-7 (2012). Evanno, G. , Regnaut, S. & Goudet, J. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software structure: a simulation study. Mol. Ecol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not relate to the claim as it discusses various unrelated studies, none of which focus specifically on fossilized plants or their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. It mentions topics such as genetic analysis, population structure, and biodiversity, but does not provide evidence supporting or contradicting the claim about fossilized plants.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Freshwater ecosystems provide habitat for a diverse array of organisms, from fish to microorganisms. [SEP] Text: Distribution and attachment characteristics of Sida crystallina (O. F. Müller, 1776) in lentic freshwater ecosystems of Go to 85. A for Go to 86. Temporal and of to Go to 87. Conservation of imperiled crayfish, Cambarus veteranus(Decapoda: Reptantia: Cambaridae) Go to 88. Management of freshwater fisheries Go to 89. Influence of the aquatic vegetation landscape on larval fish abundance Go to 90. Incubation success and habitat selection of shore-spawning kokanee Oncorhynchus nerka : effects of water-level regulation and habitat characteristics Go to 91. Implications of linear developments on northern fishesPeter A. Cott, Allison Schein, Bruce W. Hanna, Tom A. Johnston, Donald D. MacDonald, and John M. to 92. Distribution pattern of epiphytic microcrustaceans in relation to different macrophyte microhabitats in a shallow wetland (Upo wetlands, South Korea) Go to 93. Wood placement in river restoration: fact, fiction, and future directionand Go to 94. Support of Fisheries: Progress from Concept to to 95. Juvenile salmon and steelhead occupancy of stream pools treated and not treated with restoration structures, Entiat River, WashingtonKarl M. Polivka, E. Ashley Steel, Jenni L. Novak, and Go to 96. Approaches for studying fish production: Do river and lake researchers have different perspectives? Wayne A. Wurtsbaugh, Nicholas A. Heredia, Brian G. Laub, Christy S. Meredith, Harrison E. Mohn, Sarah E. Null, David A. Pluth, Brett B. Roper, W. Carl Saunders, David K. Stevens, Richard H. Walker, Kit Wheeler, and Go to 97. Testing the influence of environmental heterogeneity on fish species richness in two biogeographic provinces Go to 98. Thirty-year update: Changes in biological characteristics of degraded muskellunge nursery habitat in southern to 99. Influence of on Shore‐Go to 100. Utilization of fish gut analysis to elucidation of microcrustacean species composition (cladoceran and copepoda) in a shallow and vegetated lake (Jangcheok Lake, South Korea) Go to 101. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing various aspects of freshwater ecosystems that provide habitats for different species, including fish and microorganisms. It mentions the distribution of Sida crystallina and the influence of aquatic vegetation on larval fish abundance, illustrating the diversity of organisms that inhabit these ecosystems. Additionally, the references to crayfish management and studies related to fish production further corroborate the assertion that freshwater ecosystems are home to a wide variety of organisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: While more specific and, at least in preclinical models, more effective than inhibition of farnesylation, the antisense oligonucleotides have the disadvantage that they require chronic, frequent injections in order to maintain their therapeutic effects. Genome editing, in contrast, has the potential to provide “one-and-done” treatments that modify the LMNA gene at the DNA level and thus permanently suppress progerin production. Two proof-of-concept studies used the -Cas9 genome-editing system to target near or at the site of the LMNA c. C1824T mutation, with the goal of introducing double-strand breaks that are incorrectly repaired via non-homologous end-joining, resulting in insertion or deletion (indel) mutations that disrupt the progerin protein[4,5]. (is also disrupted, but a shorter isoform expressed from the same gene, lamin C, is still intact and can compensate for loss of lamin A in mice. ) The studies used adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors to deliver Cas9 and guide RNAs - the former providing the “cutting” function and the latter providing the “GPS” function directing Cas9 to the desired genomic location - into various organs in the bodies of mice, which resulted in the desired editing. Besides producing beneficial changes at the cellular level, the single AAV treatments extended the lifespans of the mice, ~25% in each study. Despite the successes, the consequences of reduction of lamin A along with progerin in human cells remain unclear, and the stochastic nature of the indel mutations raises the possibility of unintended consequences of the genome editing. In principle, a newer form of genome editing called base editing can overcome the limitations of standard -Cas9 genome editing[6]. Base editing uses a catalytically impaired “nickase” form of -Cas9 - capable of breaking only one strand of DNA at the target location, rather than a double-strand break - fused to an enzymatic domain that can chemically modify DNA bases [Figure 1]. The two major types of base editing reported to date use different enzymatic domains. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and uncertainties surrounding biohacking methods, specifically genome editing and antisense oligonucleotides, in relation to aging. While it mentions that a single treatment extended the lifespans of mice by approximately 25%, it emphasizes that the long-term consequences of these treatments remain unclear and notes the possibility of unintended effects, which challenges the idea of fully reversing aging or extending lifespan indefinitely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 2. 20459/v2This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published04 Mar, 2020Read the published version in BMC →Version 2posted 4You are reading this older preprint versionRead the latest preprint version →Show more versionsAbstractBackground: Shoot orientation is important for plant architecture formation, and zigzag-shaped shoots are a special trait found in many plants. Zigzag-shaped shoots have been selected and thoroughly studied in Arabidopsis; however, the regulatory mechanism underlying zigzag-shaped shoot development in other plants, especially woody plants, is largely unknown. Results: In this study, tea plants with zigzag-shaped shoots, namely, Qiqu (QQ) and Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), were investigated and compared with the erect-shoot tea plant Meizhan (MZ) in an attempt to reveal the regulation of zigzag-shaped shoot formation. Tissue section observation showed that the cell arrangement and shape of zigzag-shaped stems were aberrant compared with those of normal shoots. Moreover, a total of 2175 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of the tea plants QQ and LYQQ compared to the shoots of MZ using transcriptome sequencing, and the DEGs involved in the “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, “Flavonoid biosynthesis” and “Linoleic acid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, the DEGs associated with cell expansion, vesicular trafficking, phytohormones, and transcription factors were identified and analysed. Metabolomic analysis showed that 13 metabolites overlapped and were significantly changed in the shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to MZ. Conclusions: Our results suggest that zigzag-shaped shoot formation might be associated with the gravitropism response and polar auxin transport in tea plants. This study provides a valuable foundation for further understanding the regulation of plant architecture formation and for the cultivation and application of horticultural plants in the future. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the study of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plants, focusing on their genetic expression and development rather than providing insights into fossilized plants or ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: Moreover, I feel that one year of observation is too scanty to provide adequate information on the topic. Specific remarks: L156: which was the age of the queens? L177: is it the colour the only parameter used to indicate the presence of phacelia pollen? Any palynological analysis? What about other kind of pollens collected by honeybees? L179: which kind of observation you done to acquire information about the worker bees’ behaviour in the field (visual, video-camera…. )? What about other pollinators observed on phacelia flowers during observation time? L188-190: please add the producer details of the instruments used. Moreover, why you measured such environmental conditions if any data is provided in the results and/or other manuscript section? L191-197: this section should be strongly improved as concerns the statistical approach you used. A dedicated paragraph will be welcomed. For example: have you used a (GLMM)? Could you provide details of the general structure of the model you chosen? As it is presented is it not possible to provide an evaluation of the statistic suitability. Validity of the findings Introduction: it is fine. However, I feel that literature on the use of phacelia as supplementary floral resource should be more carefully analyzed, presented and discussed, also in comparison to other plants usually employed at the aim. Therefore, authors should strongly expand the sentences comprised between lines 142-148. Nosema is not a virus (line 68), please change. Results: please merge “Pollen collection experiment” in the subsequent paragraph. L205: you are writing about a two-tailed t-test: why it is not described in the material and method section? Please check and provide. Table 1: it is not necessary, adequate information could be provided in the text. Graphs: please provide significant letters, where appropriate. Discussion: it is sufficient. However, it can be noted that almost all of the suggestions provided in this section about the procedures to be included in agri-environment schemes assessments (cfr. lines 265-277) were not evaluated in the presented research (i. e. points 2, 3, and 4). I feel that this represent the main weakness of the paper, which satisfies just the points 1 and (only partially) 2. On this basis, the research should be considered as preliminary and not exhaustive of the hypotheses that are put to the test. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about apiology being the study of bees. Instead, it discusses various criticisms and suggestions regarding a research manuscript, including methodology and statistical approaches in studies related to pollinators, but does not provide any information directly related to the definition or scope of apiology. Therefore, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: The mouse model in question was homozygous for a human LMNA transgene harboring the c. C1824T mutation, resulting in VSMC defects, hair loss, lack of subcutaneous fat, musculoskeletal abnormalities, and shortened lifespan, phenocopying some characteristics of HGPS patients. The investigators began by testing adenine base editors in fibroblast cell lines derived from HGPS patients. They found that a combination of an adenine base editor called ABEmax-VRQR and a particular guide RNA, when delivered together into the cells via a lentiviral vector, could achieve 80%-90% correction of the mutation, with very low levels of undesired edits at the target site (1%-2%). There were concomitant 6-15-fold reductions in progerin levels in the treated cells. The investigators performed a variety of analyses to assess for any off-target editing by the adenine base editor - that is, unintended edits in the DNA genome at sites other than the desired target site in LMNA, as well as unintended edits in the RNA transcriptome - and were not able to detect any such editing. The investigators then used AAV vectors to deliver ABEmax-VRQR and the guide RNA into a variety of tissues in the HGPS mouse model. Because the gene encoding the adenine base editor was too large to fit in a single AAV vector, the authors split the editor into two parts that were designed to spontaneously assemble into a single functional protein via intein-mediated protein splicing, delivering the base editing system via two AAV vectors. In testing various injection routes and postnatal injection times, they were able to achieve up to ~60% mean editing in liver, ~30% mean editing in heart and quadriceps, and ~20% mean editing in aorta and bone. They then performed a long-term study in which they could assess for phenotypic amelioration in treated vs. control (saline-injected) HGPS mice. In heart and aorta, they observed mean reductions in progerin levels of 86% and 49%, respectively, six months after treatment. Whereas control HGPS mice displayed a loss of VSMCs in aortic vessel walls and periadventitial thickening, the treated HGPS mice had essentially complete rescue of these phenotypes, resembling wild-type mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing an experimental approach focused on a specific genetic mutation related to aging in a mouse model but does not provide evidence that such biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. The research described achieves specific cellular editing and phenotypic improvements, yet it does not equate to a comprehensive or indefinite reversal of aging.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: and MorphologyBiology and Geneticsauxin transportgravitropism responsestem developmenttea plantzigzag-shaped stemFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5Figure 6BackgroundIn higher plants, the morphology of the plant mainly depends on the development and orientation of the shoots; therefore, plant shoots, which are usually negatively geotropic, play a crucial role in morphological architecture formation in many plants, such as landscape plants, fruit trees and other plants of economic interest. The growth and development of shoots are regulated by diverse factors, including light, temperature and phytohormones [1, 2], but gravitropism is important for the upward growth of shoots and is a determinant of the form and posture of plants [3-5]. However, the molecular mechanism by which shoot architecture formation in woody plants is mediated by gravitropism remains largely unknown. In plants, gravity is sensed by specialized cells called statocytes, and then, a signal is transported to the elongation zone, leading to differential cell growth in the elongation zone to reorient organ growth in response to the gravity signal [6]. It is thought that sedimentable amyloplasts play a critical role in gravity perception and that endodermal cells containing sedimented amyloplasts function as statocytes in plant shoots [3, 7]. In Arabidopsis, shoot responsiveness to gravitropism is regulated by a group of (SGR) genes, of which at least nine SGR genes have been isolated and functionally studied [3]. It has been established that mutant sgr genes could reduce the plant gravitropism response by regulating endodermal cell development, starch accumulation and amyloplast movement [7-11]. Kato, et al. [8] and Morita, et al. [10] found that both SGR2 and zigzag (ZIG)/SGR4 were involved in the formation and function of the vacuole, suggesting that vacuolar integrity participates in shoot gravitropism. Interestingly, ZIG/SGR4 encodes Qb-11, which is involved in membrane trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and the vacuole, and the stems of zig/sgr4 mutants elongate in a zigzag fashion [8, 10, 11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fossilized plants providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on the morphology and gravitropism of plant shoots, discussing mechanisms and genetic factors related to plant growth without mentioning fossils or their role in understanding ancient environments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: December 17, 2020 The bees are back in town: Pollinators in an urban ecosystem The growing urbanisation of the landscape poses a major threat to insect pollinators. The reduction in number of these insects, especially bee species, could have a severe impact on agricultural production as many of the crops that we rely on could not produce seeds without pollination. Working with the and investigate pollinator visitation to a small restoration site at in Florida, to compare pollinators in an urban ecosystem to those in a larger conservation area. Pollinators are any animals (usually insects) that transfer pollen from one flower to another, and without them around 75% of flowering plants would be unable to reproduce – including many species that we rely on for food and other products. The growth of towns and cities (‘urbanisation’) means the reduction in natural environments where these pollinator species thrive. While declines in European honeybee populations have drawn global attention because of their importance to crop pollination, declines in native species worldwide are causing concern for both agriculture and native plant reproduction. researchers Bennington and May investigate the pollinators visiting a small restoration area in an urban ecosystem to compare how the numbers and species of insects present compare to those found in a larger conservation area. The question is, does this small area provide enough habitat and food to support a diverse and abundant insect pollinator community? Jacob_09/Shutterstock. com In 2011 a small field located near the on the campus in Florida was selected to be restored to the natural sandhill ecosystem that would have dominated the area prior to urbanisation (European settlement). These sandhills are so called because of the deep, sandy soil of the area, but the dominant features of the landscape were the large, widely spaced pine trees. The sandhill restoration involved planting more than 80 native tree species, mostly longleaf pine, and the development of an understory of plants and grasses. This small fragment of restored ecosystem is still immature. The trees are young and don’t provide the same high, thick canopy as you would find in a more mature ecosystem, which affects the smaller plants growing below. Yet already you can see the difference from the neglected lawn that was there previously, especially as pollinators return to visit the many flowering plants. …the Ecosystem is now a teaching area to educate visitors about the natural landscape of the area and the native plants and insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of pollinators, specifically mentioning bees and their role in the ecosystem, particularly in relation to agricultural production. It emphasizes the significance of pollinators in transferring pollen and mentions the decline of bee populations, which aligns with the study of apiology that focuses on bees and their ecological impacts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Perhaps the most dramatic observation was that the treated HGPS mice lived 2. 4 times as long as the control HGPS mice - an extension of lifespan surpassing other treatment modalities, speaking to the utility of direct correction of the primary genetic defect in HGPS. The single red flag was that the majority of the long-lived treated HGPS mice, upon expiration, were found to have liver tumors. Further investigation suggested that AAV integration into genomic regions where AAV integration has been previously associated with liver tumors in mice may have been responsible for these tumors, rather than the effects of the adenine base editing. The recent demonstration of delivery of short-lived adenine base editor mRNA and guide RNA via lipid nanop2021. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while the treated HGPS mice experienced a significant lifespan extension, they also developed liver tumors, suggesting that the methods are not without serious risks or limitations. The text implies that biohacking approaches do not guarantee indefinite lifespan extension and highlight potential adverse effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant shoot architecture formation is regulated by plant hormones, especially auxin gradients, which are integrated into almost all aspects of plant growth and development [12, 13]. Shoot curvature is controlled by auxin, and increased auxin levels promote cell elongation at the bottoms of reoriented shoots, resulting in upward bending. Therefore, the genes involved in auxin transport and response, especially the polarly localized PIN-(PIN) auxin efflux carriers, play crucial roles in plant shoot formation [13, 14]. PIN-mediated polar auxin transport has been well recognized as being involved in the plant gravity response [3, 7, 15]. For example, after gravistimulation, PIN3 and PIN7 are relocalized towards the gravity vector and trigger changes in auxin flux [16]. Recently, several individual genes, such as LAZY1, LPA1, and WEEP, have been characterized and recognized as new factors involved in plant architecture regulation; these genes also depend on auxin and gravity signalling [17-23], indicating that gravity response and polar auxin transport play primary roles in plant architecture development. However, previous reports have mainly focused on model plants, and the mechanism of architecture development in woody plants remains largely unknown. The tea plant (Camellia sinensis (L. ) O. Kuntze), which is native to southwestern China, is a perennial evergreen woody plant in the family Theaceae [24, 25]. Its tender leaves and buds are processed as a beverage for drinking because tea leaves contain secondary metabolites that are healthy for humans, and tea plants are currently cultivated in over 60 countries around the world [26, 27]. Numerous studies have examined secondary metabolism and stress-response mechanisms in tea plants; conversely, tea plant growth and development processes, such as architecture formation, which is one of the key regulators of tea yield [28], tea processing and even ornamental value, remain to be revealed. Two tea plant cultivars, namely, C. sinensis var. Qiqu (QQ) and C. sinensis var. Lianyuanqiqu (LYQQ), both with zigzag-shaped shoots, were selected and planted more than 80 years ago and described in a previous study [28], but the molecular mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation remains unknown. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses plant shoot architecture formation regulated by hormones like auxin, focusing on contemporary plant development and growth rather than the insights that fossilized plants offer into ancient climates and ecosystems. There is no mention of fossilization or historical ecological context.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Apiology is the study of bees, including honeybees and other pollinators. [SEP] Text: fasciculata is ‘buzz-pollinated’, which means that the vibrations from the buzzing of a bee are required to release the pollen from the flower. It is expected that specialist plant species would suffer from the reduced number of available pollinators in an urban ecosystem more than a generalist plant species, and so it is of interest to compare the pollination visitation to both specialists and generalists in urban and conservation areas. Welcome visitors The researchers counted insect visitors to B. alba and C. fasciculata flowers at both sites between May and August over three years (2016 – 2018) and found a surprising result: there were slightly more pollinator visitations to both plants at the Ecosystem than at the Conservation Area. Although there was no statistical difference in the number of insects visiting the plants in each area, the total numbers were higher for the and this is not what was expected in the urban ecosystem. This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. Most of the visitors to both plants at both sites were native bees, but there was a much greater diversity of visitors to B. alba at the Conservation Area. Over 70% of pollinator visitation to B. alba at the were Hymenoptera (bees and wasps), but at the site they made up only 41% of visitors. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) made up 31% of visitors at Heart Island, and Diptera (flies) and Coleoptera (beetles) together made up another 14%. This means there is a much greater diversity of insects present at than at the Volusia Sandhill, where Lepidoptera, Diptera and Coleoptera all together only made up a little over 12% of the visitors to B. alba. As expected, the most common pollinator to visit C. fasciculata was the bumblebee (Bombus spp. ), and while there were slightly more visitors at the Volusia Sandhill, bumblebees were the large majority at both sites indicating no significant difference in the diversity of insect visitors to this plant. Urban pollinators This research suggests that this small and immature fragment of restored habitat could be enough to support a community of bees in an urban ecosystem. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of bees in pollination and providing insights into their behavior and interactions within ecosystems. It emphasizes the importance of bees as pollinators, specifically mentioning bumblebees as the most common pollinator and highlighting research that supports the survival of bee communities in urban ecosystems.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: During the larval period, the overexpression of malic enzyme, which oxidizes malate to pyruvate in the cytoplasm, lengthens the lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster, accompanied with increased ROS production and enhanced expression levels of ROS-scavenging enzymes [10]. The idea that increased pyruvate levels lengthen the lifespan is inconsistent with low metabolic activity, raising the question of whether such observations are experimental artifacts or operate at natural physiological levels. However, the inactivation of TCA cycle enzymes by RNAi promotes C. elegans longevity [11]; the reduced gene expression of Indy (the plasma membrane transporter for TCA intermediates) in D. melanogaster extends lifespan [12]; and the knockdown of homologs of Indy have also been related to extend lifespan in C. elegans and mice [13,14]. These results imply that low metabolic activity causes lifespan extension through decreased TCA cycle activity. Protein acetylation is an important post-translational modification to regulate enzyme activity in sugar metabolism via acetyltransferases and deacetylases [15], and most acetylated metabolic enzymes undergo inactivity or degradation [16]. Previous studies have indicated that sustained high levels of protein acetylation might restrict lifespan [17], and sirtuin, including Sir2 in yeast, Sir2. 1-2. 4 in C. elegans, and Sirt1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 in D. melanogaster, is evolutionarily conserved NAD+-dependent deacetylase as anti-aging proteins [18]. Sir2 can extend the lifespan in yeast [19]. Overexpression of Sir2. 1 increases lifespan in C. elegans via the insulin/IGF pathway transcription factor DAF-16/FoxO [20]. The life-extending effect of calorie restriction on aging in D. melanogaster has also been reported as Sirt1 dependent [21]. Despite extensive studies on the aging-related function of Sir2, little is known about the effect of Sirt2 on lifespan. Sirt2 is up-regulated during calorie restriction among various species [22,23]. One report shows that Sirt2 overexpression can increase lifespan by inducing checkpoint kinase BubR1 in mice [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how various metabolic processes and enzyme regulations can extend lifespan in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster and C. elegans, while highlighting limitations and inconsistencies regarding metabolic activity and its relation to lifespan. It emphasizes that extending lifespan may depend on specific biological mechanisms rather than suggesting that biohacking methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. For example, it mentions that 'increased pyruvate levels lengthen lifespan is inconsistent with low metabolic activity' and cites studies on the effects of calorie restriction and specific enzymes that do not imply indefinite lifespan extension.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: In this study, the stems of tea plants with zigzag-shaped (QQ and LYQQ) and erect (C. sinensis var. Meizhan, MZ) shoots were collected and investigated for structural differences, transcription and metabolic regulation using section observation, transcriptome sequencing and metabolite detection, respectively, for the first time. In total, 46. 06 million reads were generated from nine samples, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and compared. A total of 2175 DEGs, including 998 upregulated and 1177 downregulated genes, were identified from the zigzag-shaped shoots of QQ and LYQQ compared to the erect shoots of MZ. The candidate DEGs, including genes associated with vesicular trafficking, cell expansion, transcription factors, and phytohormones and diverse genes involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, were seemingly related to zigzag-shaped shoot formation in tea plant. The results will contribute greatly to an improved understanding of the molecular regulatory mechanism of zigzag-shaped shoot formation in woody plants. ResultsPhenotypic characterization and stem ultrastructure analysis of tea plants with erect and zigzag-shaped shoots Under natural conditions, the trees of MZ, QQ and LYQQ can grow upward uniformly (Additional file 1: Fig. S1). The leaves of MZ and QQ are flat, while those of LYQQ are folded inwards. In the MZ plant, the stems grew straight up, exhibiting normal shoot morphology; however, the shoots of both QQ and LYQQ tended to bend at each node and elongate in a zigzag fashion (Fig. 1a-c). Additionally, plants with zigzag-shaped shoots had shorter stems and fewer leaves than erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2a), and the internode distance (between two nodes) in plants with zigzag-shaped shoots was significantly shorter than that in erect plants (Additional file 1: Fig. S2b). To precisely investigate the differences in zigzag-shaped stems at the ultrastructure level, we longitudinally dissected the stems of the and MZ tea plants. Observation of the stem longitudinal sections showed that the tissues were basically normal, but the cell arrangement and shape differed between zigzag-shaped and erect stems (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim, as it focuses on the structural differences and genetic expressions of tea plants with varying shoot morphologies, without mentioning fossilized plants or their role in understanding ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractIt is well known that honeybees share information related to food sources with nestmates using a dance language that is representative of symbolic communication among non-primates. Some honeybee species engage in visually apparent behavior, walking in a figure-eight pattern inside their dark hives. It has been suggested that sounds play an important role in this dance language, even though a variety of wing vibration sounds are produced by honeybee behaviors in hives. It has been shown that dances emit sounds primarily at about 250–300 Hz, which is in the same frequency range as honeybees' flight sounds. Thus the exact mechanism whereby honeybees attract nestmates using waggle dances in such a dark and noisy hive is as yet unclear. In this study, we used a flight simulator in which honeybees were attached to a torque meter in order to analyze the component of bees' orienting response caused only by sounds, and not by odor or by vibrations sensed by their legs. We showed using single sound localization that honeybees preferred sounds around 265 Hz. Furthermore, according to sound discrimination tests using sounds of the same frequency, honeybees preferred rhythmic sounds. Our results demonstrate that frequency and rhythmic components play a complementary role in localizing dance sounds. Dance sounds were presumably developed to share information in a dark and noisy environment. Citation: Hasegawa Y, (2011) in Dark and Noisy Hives? 6(5): e19619. Efthimios M. C. : November 30, 2010; Accepted: April 12, 2011; Published: May 16, 2011Copyright: © 2011 Hasegawa, Ikeno. This is an open-access 1. Experimental setup of sound source localization. A honeybee is tethered to a torque sensor that converts the bee's yaw torque into voltage. Based on this voltage, a computer controls the operating state of four loudspeakers and the position of a random dot pattern (horizontal [H] × vertical [V] = 10×10 pixels) on a monitor. The loudspeakers and the monitor are located in front of the honeybee. The loudspeakers are placed at 60° (#1), 15° (#2), −15° (#3) and −60° (#4), respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by stating that honeybees share information related to food sources using a dance language, which aligns with the concept of the 'waggle dance'. It highlights that honeybees engage in a specific behavior, walking in a figure-eight pattern, indicating they communicate symbolically about food sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Since Sirt2 also participates in the regulation of metabolically relevant progress, such as glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway [25–27], it is likely that Sirt2 may be related to lifespan through other pathways. In the present study, we find that low levels of Sirt2 are present in brains of diapause-destined pupae to decrease PK and PEPCK protein levels as well as PGAM activity. The low activity of metabolic enzymes results in low levels of pyruvate, which are present under natural physiological conditions to profoundly extend lifespan by reducing TCA cycle activity in H. armigera. We reveal a novel connection between enzyme acetylation and lifespan extension in a Sirt2-dependent manner. This report is the first to show that Sirt2 is a negative regulator of lifespan, protein acetylation has a positive effect on lifespan by inhibiting glucose metabolism, and low physiological levels of pyruvate contribute to lifespan extension in insects. pyruvate levels are essential for lifespan extension in H. armigera To confirm the different pyruvate levels and metabolic activity between nondiapause- and diapause-destined individuals, pupal brains were dissected, and pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity determined by citrate synthase activity were measured. The results revealed that both pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity are significantly greater in the brains of nondiapause-destined pupae than in those of diapause-destined pupae from day-1 after pupation (Figs. 1A and 1B), suggesting that low levels of pyruvate result in low metabolic activity, which leads to diapause initiation, and pyruvate may be used as a central component of the signaling system to monitor the development or diapause. To examine this idea, pyruvate was injected into diapausing pupae, and the results showed that TCA cycle activity increased while diapause was terminated (Figs. 1C and 1D). These results suggest that high levels of pyruvate and TCA cycle activity promote growth and development, whereas low levels of pyruvate and TCA cycle activity induce lifespan extension. Figure 1. Changes of pyruvate content, TCA activity, and expression patterns of and PGAM during developmental pupal brain. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing research on the regulatory role of Sirt2 in lifespan extension and metabolic pathways, indicating that low levels of pyruvate promote lifespan extension in certain species. It suggests that while certain biochemical conditions can affect lifespan, they do not imply that biohacking methods can reverse aging fully or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it highlights a complex relationship between metabolic activity and lifespan, rejecting the definitive nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: 1d-f). In QQ and LYQQ, the cortex cells tended to be disordered and arranged loosely, and the cells in both the cortex and pith exhibited aberrant shapes (Fig. 1g-i). RNA sequencing, reference genome alignment and new gene annotation To investigate the regulation of zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants at the transcriptional level, we utilized RNA-Seq technology to analyse DEGs in the stems of MZ, QQ and LYQQ plants. In total, 46. 06 million clean reads were generated from nine samples, and the sequence data were deposited in the (SRA accession: PRJNA559220). After removing adaptor sequences, duplicate sequences, ambiguous reads and low-quality reads, a total of 16. 37, 13. 28, and 15. 48 million high-quality clean reads were generated for MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S1). The average amount of clean reads per sample was 5. 2 million. The Q20 values ranged from 97. 39% to 98. 55%, and the Q30 values ranged from 92. 26% to 95. 07%. All the transcripts were aligned to the reference genome, and the average proportion of samples mapped to the genome was 76. 38%. The new genes were then aligned to the Nr and KEGG databases for protein functional annotation. In total, 34248, 34374 and 33598 genes were identified from MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively, and 28021 (82. 58%), 27441 (80. 87%) and 27982 (82. 46%) genes were annotated as known genes in MZ, QQ and LYQQ, respectively (Additional file 2: Table S2). These results indicated that the obtained high-quality transcriptomic data could be used for further analysis. Validation of differential expression data To validate the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, 16 DEGs were randomly selected from the RNA-Seq data and examined using qRT-PCR. The qRT-PCR data exhibited similar expression patterns to the RNA-Seq data among the cultivars (Fig. 2), suggesting that our transcriptomic data are reliable and valid. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Instead, it focuses on RNA sequencing and gene expression in various tea plant cultivars, which is unrelated to the examination of fossilized plants or ancient ecological contexts.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: In dance or flight sound localization, honeybees tended to orient from −0. 5π to 0. 5π during their flights when the #2 or #3 loudspeakers produced dance or flight sounds. Honeybees did not orient in any particular direction when white noise was produced. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 4. Honeybees' localization toward a single sound source. The left column indicates the types of sounds: dance sounds (DS), flight sounds (FS), and white noise (WN). Nine honeybees were tested in this experiment. The error bars indicate standard deviations. The grey areas show the mean performance indices (PI) for a 22-sec flight period. PI was calculated for these periods as a ratio of (t1−t2)/(t1+t2), where t1 indicates the duration during which the honeybee orients towards the current sound source and t2 indicates the duration during which the honeybee turns away from it. The starting position of a sound source was shifted randomly. Since PI's are 0. 12±0. 17 and 0. 25±0. 38 for dance (DS) and flight (FS) sounds, respectively, their non-zero hypotheses are significant with P<0. 01. In contrast, since PI is 0. 01±0. 18 for white noise (WN), the non-zero hypothesis is not significant with P>0. 05. Experiment 2: Sound source discrimination using different honeybee sounds Two of the four loudspeakers simultaneously emitted sounds in order to investigate whether honeybees were capable of distinguishing between dance sounds and flight sounds. Sounds that honeybees oriented toward in the flight simulator were evaluated by the shifting of sound sources. When a tethered honeybee oriented toward a sound source, the source of this sound was then shifted to loudspeakers in front of the honeybee, and the other sound being produced at the same time was shifted toward peripheral loudspeakers (Fig. 2B). When both dance and flight sounds were produced, the behavior of honeybees could be divided into two phases. During the first 10 seconds, honeybees flew without orientating themselves to either sound, while after that, when it was the #3 loudspeaker that produced the dance sounds, they tended to orient from 0 to 0. 5π (Fig. 5). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing experiments related to honeybee sounds, specifically mentioning 'dance sounds' (DS) which suggests that the waggle dance is a form of communication among honeybees. Furthermore, it mentions that honeybees were capable of distinguishing between dance and flight sounds, indicating that the waggle dance plays a significant role in their communication regarding food sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Acetylation regulates pyruvate homeostasis and lifespan extension To elucidate the effect of acetylation on pyruvate homeostasis in vitro, day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with the deacetylation inhibitor NAM, and both protein levels of PK and PEPCK and PGAM activity significantly decreased, while PGAM protein levels and mRNA levels remained unchanged (Figs. 6A-B and Fig. S8), implying that and PEPCK are regulated by acetylation in diapause pupae. Pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity significantly decreased following NAM injection (Figs. 6C and 6D), and developmental delay for approximately 2 days was observed (Fig. 6E). These results suggest that the expression or activity of the three enzymes related to pyruvate biosynthesis is modulated by Sirt2 deacetylation, and pyruvate is a key regulator for insect diapause via the control of metabolic activity. Figure 6. Acetylation negatively regulates pyruvate homeostasis to lifespan extension and a schematic of the regulation of development or diapause by Sirt2-mediated changes in metabolic activity. (A) Protein levels of and PGAM in response to an injection of Sirt2 inhibitor NAM in vivo. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM and the brains were dissected 48 h after injection. Proteins from pupal brains were extracted and detected with corresponding antibodies. Protein bands were quantified using ImageJ software and normalized to the levels of H. armigera actin (5 μg). (B) PGAM activity in response to an injection of NAM. (C) Changes of pyruvate levels in response to an injection of Sirt2 inhibitor NAM. (D) Changes of TCA cycle activity in response to an injection of inhibitor NAM. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM and the brains were dissected 48 h after injection. Proteins from pupal brains were extracted. Pyruvate levels and enzymes activity was measured and normalized against total protein levels. (E) Developmental delay caused by NAM injection. Day-1 nondiapause-destined pupae were injected with NAM (0. 6 mg). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing specific regulatory mechanisms of metabolic activity through acetylation and highlighting that interventions such as deacetylation inhibition (using NAM) significantly impact pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity, but it does not provide evidence that these methods can fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. Instead, it implies a more complex interaction that does not guarantee such outcomes.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Identification of DEGs and pathways in cultivar comparisons The DEGs in each cultivar pair were then determined according to the parameters p value≤0. 01 and |log2FC|≥1. In total, 6232 DEGs, including 2969 upregulated and 3263 downregulated DEGs, were detected in MZ-vs-QQ (Fig. 3a). GO enrichment analyses showed that most of the DEGs were enriched in the terms ‘catalytic activity’, ‘metabolic process’, ‘cellular process’, ‘binding’, ‘single-organism process’, and ‘membrane’ (Additional file 1: Fig. S3). The DEGs were also subjected to KEGG pathway enrichment analyses, which showed that the pathways ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids’, ‘alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism’, and ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found that the zeatin biosynthesis pathway was enriched (Fig. 3b). In the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison, a relatively high number of DEGs (7212), including 4002 upregulated and 3210 downregulated DEGs, were identified (Fig. 3a). All the DEGs could be mapped to 132 KEGG pathways, and the pathways ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Flavonoid biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’, ‘Glutathione metabolism’, and ‘Arginine and proline metabolism’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their pathways related to plant-biology rather than addressing the role of fossilized plants in providing insights into ancient climates and ecosystems.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: It is possible that honeybees required time to search for each source, after which they were able to orient toward dance sounds. Calculation of PI (see Materials and Methods) to verify the time ratio between the time the bee is oriented a direction with the dance and flight sounds showed that in all cases, honeybees significantly oriented towards dance sounds (PI = 0. 25±0. 22, p<0. 01) (Fig. 6, DS-org) rather than toward flight sounds. Thus, honeybees could distinguish between dance and flight sounds, and they preferred dance sounds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 5. Temporal patterns of a honeybee's localization toward two sound sources. The time traces of a honeybee's orientation in response to flight and dance sounds are shown. Each loudspeaker (#1, #2, #3, #4) produced flight and dance sounds according to the honeybee's orientation. The time series variation was divided into two phases. The initial phase lasted for up to 10 seconds. During this phase the honeybee did not orient in any particular direction. After 10 seconds, it tended to orient from −0. 5π to 0. 5π, when the #2 or #3 loudspeakers produced dance sounds. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFigure 6. The effect of dance sound components on sound source discrimination. The numbers to the right of the grey bars indicate the number of honeybees tested. The error bars indicate standard deviations. The left column indicates the types of dance sounds: DS-org is the original dance sound, while DS-rnd and DS-n (n = 40–960, interval time [msec]) are synthetic dance sounds. The intervals in DS-rnd were randomly set between 40 msec and 960 msec. The mean interval length in DS-org was about 480 msec. The grey areas show the mean performance indices (PI) the 22-sec flight periods. PI is calculated for the periods as a ratio of (t1−t2)/(t1+t2), where t1 indicates the duration during which the honeybee orients towards the current dance sounds and t2 indicates the period during which the honeybee orients towards the flight sounds. Starting positions of sound sources were shifted randomly. Since PI's are 0. 25±0. 22, 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how honeybees are able to distinguish between dance sounds and flight sounds, indicating that they can respond to dances, which are part of their communication system. This suggests a mechanism by which honeybees could be using a 'waggle dance' to convey information about food sources, as they significantly oriented toward dance sounds over flight sounds.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: We uncovered a biochemical mechanism for how Sirt2 controls metabolic activity to extend lifespan through the deacetylation of these three metabolic enzymes related to pyruvate homeostasis. Sirt2 is a negative regulator to extend lifespan via the down-regulation of metabolic activity Sirtuin is a well-known regulator of lifespan extension. Sir2 is required for longevity engendered by calorie restriction among many species [37–39]. Overexpression of Sir2 extends lifespan in budding yeast [19], and elevated sirtuin levels increase lifespan by activating DAF-16 in C. elegans [40], indicating a conserved role for Sir2 in lifespan extension. However, little is known about the effects of Sirt2, a homolog of Sir2 in mammals and insects, on lifespan extension. The overexpression of Sirt2 can increase lifespan by inducing the checkpoint kinase BubR1 in mice [24]. Interestingly, we observed that Sirt2 has a negative effect on lifespan via increasing the activity of metabolic enzymes in H. armigera, since (1) Sirt2 protein levels are higher in the brains of nondiapause-destined pupae than in those of diapause-destined pupae, consistent with high metabolic activity during pupal development; (2) overexpression of Sirt2 increases the activities of three metabolic enzymes and PGAM related to pyruvate biosynthesis and decreases the three enzyme activities by dsRNA against Sirt2; and (3) injection of Sirt2 inhibitor into nondiapause pupae causes developmental delay (lifespan extension) through reduction in pyruvate levels and TCA cycle activity. These results suggest that low Sirt2 levels in diapause-destined pupae are associated with lifespan extension via decreasing metabolic enzyme activity and pyruvate contents, and Sirt2 is a negative regulator to extend lifespan. Protein deacetylation by Sirt2 is conserved in insects but has different functions Acetylated metabolic enzymes have been identified in various tissues among different species [17,41,42]. We suspected that acetylation of metabolic enzymes in H. armigera might happen in the brain or other tissues. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex role of Sirt2 in lifespan extension. While Sirt2 is mentioned as a regulator of lifespan extension, the text also points out that it has negative effects on lifespan and metabolic activity in certain contexts, suggesting that it cannot fully reverse aging or extend lifespan indefinitely. It states that 'Sirt2 is a negative regulator to extend lifespan' and discusses varying effects of Sirt2 on lifespan across different species, indicating limitations to biohacking methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Fossilized plants provide insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. [SEP] Text: A total of 6930 DEGs, including 3932 upregulated and 2998 downregulated DEGs, were detected in the QQ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 3a) and mapped to 132 pathways. The DEGs in the pathways ‘Plant-pathogen interaction’, ‘Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis’, ‘Biosynthesis of secondary metabolites’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis’, ‘Brassinosteroid biosynthesis’ and ‘Monoterpenoid biosynthesis’ were significantly enriched (Fig. 3b). Identification of DEGs and pathways involved in zigzag-shaped stem formation in tea plants We generated a Venn diagram to compare the different cultivars and showed that 1082 DEGs overlapped among the MZ-vs--vs-QQ, and QQ-vs-LYQQ comparisons (Fig. 4a). These DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways of “Plant-pathogen interaction”, “Stilbenoid, diarylheptanoid and gingerol biosynthesis”, “Phenylalanine metabolism”, and “Tryptophan metabolism” (Additional file 1: Fig. S4a). In addition, a total of 1255 DEGs, including 527 downregulated and 728 upregulated DEGs, were specifically detected in the MZ-vs-LYQQ comparison (Fig. 4a). Among the top 20 pathways, “Cysteine and methionine metabolism”, “Cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis”, “Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism”, and “Other types of O-glycan biosynthesis” were markedly enriched (Additional file 1: Fig. S4b). Unexpectedly, the number of DEGs in the MZ-vs-QQ set (949, including 494 downregulated and 455 upregulated) was lower than that in MZ-vs-LYQQ (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily discusses differential expression genes (DEGs) and their involvement in various biological pathways in tea plants. It does not address, support, or refute the claim about fossilized plants and their insights into ancient climates and ecosystems. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Honeybees communicate with each other using a 'waggle dance' to share information about food sources. [SEP] Text: Johnston organs are precisely tuned to detect frequencies of 250–300 Hz, which includes the wing beat frequency. They are also unable to distinguish between continuous and pulsed sounds [18]. In our experiments honeybees could orient themselves toward flight or dance sounds (Fig. 4) because the carrier frequencies of both repeated pulses and continuous sounds might be within the responsive range of Johnston organs. Whilst our study showed that flying honeybees orient toward tone stimuli, the physiological mechanisms by which they do so are still unclear. organs might react to airflow based on tone stimuli with the airflow caused by ego-motion. In our experiment, honeybees were attached to a torque sensor, so airflow caused by flying should have had little effect on their Johnston organs. Furthermore, we adjusted loudspeaker power so as to cause the Johnston organs of tethered bees to respond to the airflow of tone stimuli [18]. In keeping with the findings of most dance communication studies we assumed that honeybees can detect tone stimuli using their Johnston organs, but it is not yet known how airflow velocity attracts honeybees in natural hives. This issue may constitute an interesting research perspective for the future. We hypothesized that honeybees might be able to orient themselves toward sounds caused by wing vibrations produced by the behavior of nestmates as well as dance sounds. Therefore, although they can gather around nestmates using the frequency component of sounds, they need to sense other sound components to find a dancer that is providing information about food sources. Rhythmic components of dance sounds Dance sounds have rhythmic components because dancers generate repeated pulse sequences caused by wing vibrations and intervals. The rhythm is mainly characterized by the ratio of the duration of the repeated pulse sequences to the interval. In hives, the duration of the waggling run increases monotonously with flight distance [3]. The interval duration might also increase with flight distance. As a result, there might be several rhythm variations in the waggle dances. Our experiment using different rhythmic dance sounds synthesized with different interval durations showed that honeybees were able to detect rhythmic sounds within a certain range (Fig. 6). They might be able to adapt to follow several types of dances that use different rhythms. Previous studies have suggested that honeybees sense sounds using Johnston organs. However, they are not able to distinguish between continuous and rhythmic sounds [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how honeybees utilize 'dance sounds' that include rhythmic components to share information about food sources. It mentions the significance of waggle dances and their relationship to the distances of food sources, stating that 'the duration of the waggling run increases monotonously with flight distance,' which supports the idea of communication through dance. Additionally, the text indicates that honeybees can detect rhythmic dance sounds, reinforcing the claim about their communication methods.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biohacking methods can fully reverse aging and extend lifespan indefinitely. [SEP] Text: Upon substrate binding, the main chain of the protein substrate surrounding the acetyl-lysine makes β-sheet to contact with the catalytic domain of the sirtuin protein, burying the acetyl group within the active site of sirtuin protein. However, previous study showed that Sirt2 has little sequence selectivity, as each position near the acetyl-lysine can tolerate many different amino acids [48]. Detailed mechanism governs the substrate specificity of Sirt2 is unclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that deacetylase Sir2 and Sirt families can extend lifespan in yeast, C. elegans, and D. melanogaster as anti-aging proteins [19]. Interestingly, sustained high levels of protein deacetylation, induced by high Sirt2 levels in nondiapause pupae, have an opposite effect in shortening lifespan, whereas low levels of Sirt2 in diapause-destined pupae extend lifespan via reduction in deacetylation of and PGAM to decrease pyruvate levels. Thus, the function of protein deacetylation in insects is different from that in mammals. Low pyruvate levels extend lifespan in insects Glucose is metabolized to produce pyruvate, which is then converted into acetyl-coenzyme A to feed the TCA cycle. Pioneering studies have indicated that lifespan can be prolonged by decreased glucose or pyruvate levels, calorie restriction reduces the plasma glucose concentration [49,50], and reduced uptake of nutritive calories can extend lifespan in multicellular eukaryotes [51,52]. Glucose restriction in C. elegans extends lifespan by promoting the formation of ROS, which induces catalase activity and increasing oxidative stress resistance [53], and glucose treatment during adulthood shortens the lifespan in C. elegans by increasing ROS formation [54] and inhibiting the activities of lifespan-extending transcription factors DAF-16/FoxO [55]. However, recent studies have shown that increasing pyruvate concentration can extend lifespan: supplementation with pyruvate at the larval period extended lifespan by increasing oxidative stress tolerance in a DAF-18/PTEN and Sir2. 1-dependent manner [9]; supplementation with pyruvate at the young adult stage increased the lifespan by hyperactivating HIF-1 transcriptional activity in C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing studies and mechanisms that influence lifespan extension but do not suggest that aging can be fully reversed or extended indefinitely. Specifically, it states that high levels of protein deacetylation can shorten lifespan, and that while some methods like calorie restriction may extend lifespan, there are conditions (like high pyruvate levels) that can have opposite effects, indicating a complex interaction rather than a simple reversal of aging.