Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: AbstractNews reporting about mental illness lack perspectives of the mentally ill themselves and it is almost exclusively psychiatrists who are accessed when healthcare staff is consulted. The perspective of mental health nurses might contribute to the public understanding of mental illness. The purpose of this study was to describe mental health nurses’ experiences of how mental illness is portrayed in media. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with qualified mental health nurses. A qualitative content analysis resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. The conclusion of this study is that mental health nurses experience media portrayals of mental illness as negative and misleading with too much emphasis on the medical perspective while a holistic mental health nursing perspective is heavily obscured. Mental health nurses need to take a more prominent role in public reporting on mental health to resolve the current lack of relevant facts regarding mental illness. Further research is needed regarding portrayals of mental illness in social media and how the current lack of perspectives affects public perceptions of mental illness. In addition, further studies regarding the viewpoints of journalists reporting on mental illness are required. BackgroundThe stigmatization of people diagnosed with mental illness is well documented, and schizophrenia is in particular a diagnosis that is commonly linked to stigmatization (Angermeyer, Matschinger, & Schomerus, Citation2013; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014; Read, Citation2007; Read & Harré, Citation2001). People diagnosed with schizophrenia often experience fear of abandonment or exclusion due to their diagnosis and studies have shown that even healthcare staff in the mental health services discriminate against patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). People diagnosed with schizophrenia also run a greater risk of having their integrity and autonomy violated by healthcare staff (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016; Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). Earlier studies have shown that a biological model for the explanation of the illness increases the public’s fear of mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013). This increase of fear has been linked to the interpretation that a biological model reduces the individual’s possibility for changing or preventing their symptoms of mental illness. This thus makes people with mental illness appear to be different and unpredictable and becomes an indication that anyone can be affected by severe mental illness (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013; Cross, Citation2004). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how media portrayals, including social media, misrepresent mental illness, leading to stigmatization and discrimination against those with mental health issues. The text highlights that focusing solely on reducing social media usage ignores the broader and more complex societal issues related to mental health, which includes negative media portrayals and the lack of diverse perspectives in discussions about mental illness. It suggests that comprehensive understanding and representation are necessary to address mental health concerns effectively, rather than assuming a singular solution like reducing social media usage.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: ipsilon favours the host plants full of sugar and protein contents compared to cultivars having high phenolic and chlorophyll content (Nath and Nag 1996). Some other damaging species of Agrotis recorded from parts of India are A. spinifera causing damage to potato crop in Karnataka (Singh 1989) and A. nigrosigna Moore, (1881), causing damage on Mentha arvensis in J&K (Kriti et al. 2014). Generally, weeds serve as an alternate host for developing cutworms during the off-crop season, including Chenopodium album, Solanum nigrum, Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus viridis and Evolvulus alsinoides (Das and Ram 1988). Adults of cutworms feed on nectar from flowers of the host crop, and moths are particularly attractive to the deciduous trees where they lay eggs. Nature of damage and economic importance of cutwormsMoths of cutworm are generally attracted to the green vegetation to lay eggs and feed on young tender crop parts or weeds. The late instar larvae may snip the stems of seedlings immediately below the ground surface, causing them to wilt and die. They may cut the stems thoroughly, leading to a significant reduction in stands. Usually, the insects feed at night or on overcast days. Sometimes the larvae drag the cut plants under soil clods or into small holes in the soil to continue their feeding during the daytime. Larvae cut plants just above or close to the soil surface. Most of the plant remains intact, but adequate tissues are generally removed from the stem to cause it to fall over. The larvae feed above ground plant parts by leaving small irregular-shaped holes in the leaves. (Lal and Rohilla 2007). Once the fourth instar stage is reached, these larvae can cause significant damage by cutting the young plants and one larva may damage several plants in a single night (Verma 2015). Early instar larvae of A. ipsilon feed on the leaves, whereas older instar stages feed at the base of stems in Kashmir (Kriti et al. 2014). In India, A. segetum is a more serious pest on maize crop during the summer season than rainfed conditions and attacks at the seedling stage throughout the North-regions (Sidhu 2019). In the Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh, 46. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding entomopathogenic nematodes serving as biological control agents against soil pests. Instead, it discusses various pests such as Agrotis species, their feeding behavior, and the damage they cause to crops without mentioning any biological control methods or the role of nematodes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: America, three studies belong to the USA (Holt et al. , 2019; Larson et al. , 2016; Tsai et al. , 2018) and one from Mexico (Ayala-Azcárraga et al. , 2019). America, one study belongs to Colombia (Scopelliti et al. , 2016) and Chile (Navarrete & Laffan, 2019). In the Australian continent, three studies belong to Australia (Mavoa et al. , 2019; Schebella et al. , 2019; Wood et al. , 2017) and two from (Nutsford et al. , 2013; Taylor et al. , 2018). Target group (population)The reviewed studies observed almost all population groups above 18 years old, but some studies targeted a specific group. For instance, Gubbels et al. (2016) targeted adolescents and adults in Netherland, Lee and Lee (2019) observed elders in South Korea, Holt et al. (2019) selected university students in the USA, and Wang et al. , (2019a, 2019b) observed adults only in China. Similarly, most of the reviewed studies belong to developed countries like the and high ranked developing countries like China, Turkey, Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia. Chosen methodologiesIn data collection methods, 89% of the study is based on primary data (cross-sectional studies), 9% of studies used secondary, whereas only 2% of the study is based on experimental data (empirical studies). Most of the studies used Landsat images and NDVI to identify the study area and vegetation configuration in the data analysis section, whereas Selmi et al. (2016) used i-Tree Eco-model to quantify vegetation services for the environment. For statistical analysis, the studies mostly used the One-way for analyzing the significance level of independent variables and the Chi-squared test for associations of categorical variables. In the correlation section, most of the studies used Pearson Product-moment Correlation to test the superficial relationships of variables, whereas Regression and Model for cause and effects variables. Detail of each study is given in Table 2. MediationsIn the reviewed literature, most studies recommended urban green spaces as a lifeline for large cities worldwide. The availability of green spaces essential but not as such as through mediation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by indicating that most reviewed studies recommend urban green spaces as essential for large cities worldwide, implying that these green spaces play a crucial role in promoting mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: A review of studies on influences regarding stigma related to mental disorders in the media maintains that mental illness is the most common form of illness represented in TV and movies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008). Mental illness was more commonly associated with negative stereotypes compared to somatic illness. News media, newspapers in particular, are a common source of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness and studies have shown that the portrayal of mental illness in news media does not differ from entertainment media in terms of inaccurate and negative information about mental illness (Stuart, Citation2006). An examination of 300 news 2016. Data analysisThe interviews were transcribed in January–March 2018 by the first and second author (ML) and (SK). The transcriptions were coded and analyzed using qualitative content analysis inspired by Graneheim and Lundman (Citation2004). First, the interviews were read several times to gain an understanding of the content as a whole. Meaning units related to the research question were then identified and condensed. The condensed meaning units were then abstracted and given a code. Descriptions of the contents were close to the original statements, rather than interpretations of the content. The codes with a similar content were sorted into subcategories and categories (see Table 1). Table 1. Examples of data analysis. considerationsAll identification markers were removed from the interviews during the transcription process in order to prevent identification of the participants. Sound files and transcribed interviews were stored on a password-protected computer and copies of the interviews were saved on an encrypted USB memory stick that was kept in locked storage. All the participants were informed about the study and any risks associated with participation prior to signing a consent form for participation in the study, which is in accordance with the current Swedish legislation (SFS, Citation2003, p. 460). The most evident risk for the participants was moderate ethical or professional stress, as the interviews entailed topics that could be considered sensitive or controversial from a professional viewpoint. These risks were considered to be sufficiently prevented, as both interviews were experienced researchers, one of whom was also a qualified psychiatric nurse. The participants were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could terminate their participation at any time without having to give any reason. Furthermore, all the participants had long experience of their profession and had expressed an active desire to participate in the study. The study was approved by the local ethics committee at the Department of Health and Welfare at (Dnr. UI 2018/159). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that mental illness representation in media, including social media and news outlets, is fraught with negative stereotypes and inaccurate information. It highlights that the portrayal of mental illness in various media does not contribute effectively to addressing mental health issues, suggesting that mere reduction of social media usage would not suffice to solve complex mental health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: 69 percent reduction in maize yield was recorded due to infestation of these cutworms (Thakur and Kumar 1999), whereas in the Kangra valley, mortality of maize seedlings has been reported to be 16. 80 percent at the two-leaf stage (Viji 1998). A. ipsilon is an early-season pest of cotton, which is more severe, particularly in southern states. Laxman et al. (2014) reported that A. ipsilon could cause damage to both Bacillus thuringiensis transgenic (Bt) and non-Bt plants, but the level of infestation was slightly more in non-Bt cotton (8. 78–12. 62%) as compared to Bt cotton (6. 39–9. 19%). Pathania (2010) reported the attack of cutworms in vegetables, which caused more severe damage in tomato, potato, brinjal, beans, capsicum, cabbage, peas and cucurbits. Among cucurbits, cucumber is highly susceptible to this pest attack. In some vegetable crops like brinjal, tomato and chilli, cutworms are routinely reported to move from one plant to another and feed on the below-ground portion of each seedling, which usually resulting into the death of the plants (Chandel et al. 2016). In endemic areas of North-Western Himalaya, the extent of damage of this pest has been reported in different vegetable crops such as tomato (30. 71%), brinjal (35. 41%), capsicum (65. 73%), cabbage (29. 41%), cauliflower (21. 95%), French bean (40. 64%), pea (31. 05%), cucumber (32. 65%) and bitter gourd (58. 65%) (Kumar et al. 2007). In addition to cutting the tender parts of a plant, the cutworms also damage potato tubers and fleshy roots of carrot, turnip, leek and beetroot (Verma 2015). Five species of Agrotis have been reported in potato from India, viz. A. ipsilon, A. segetum, A. flammatra, A. intracta and A. spinifera, and among them, A. segetum and A. ipsilon are the key species of cutworms in hills and plains, respectively (Chandel et al. 2012). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information about entomopathogenic nematodes or their potential use as biological control agents against soil pests. Instead, it discusses various pests affecting maize and other crops, their impact on yield, and the species involved. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Green spaces improve human physical health and well-being by providing space for exercise, jogging, walking, cycling, and other recreational activities. So, human physical well-being and fitness can be obtained by using mediators (exercise, jogging, cycling, and other recreational activities). Likewise, easy access to urban green spaces is one of the significant mediators for human well-being. Urban green spaces improve human mental and psychological health in the old age population by removing social isolation. So, social interaction is an essential mediator for human mental and psychological well-being. The reviewed literature depicted that cleanliness and a calm environment also improve the benefits of green spaces. In youth, recreational activities and maximum interaction enhance the mental approach and academic performance. To sum up, the reviewed studies collectively highlighted the full benefits of urban green spaces that could be obtained through mediations of easy access, daily interaction, social cohesion, physical exercise, jogging, cycling, walking, and recreational and cultural activities. FindingsThe reviewed studies found under the following six sub-themes of human well-being:Physical well-beingPhysical well-being is a state of the body with the absence of diseases, but also it is a balanced state of the human body with its lifestyle, having choices to ensure health (Physical Well-Being, n. d. ). Urban green spaces have been observed in various ways to benefit human well-being through physical activities. A positive relationship has been shown in a cross-sectional study conducted in England (UK) to explore relationships between a natural environment and human well-being. The study concluded that urban green spaces positively interact with human health and save the human body from different diseases. Even a weekly visit to green spaces has positive effects on the human body (White et al. , 2017). city of China, a study explored the residents’ perceptions about environmental risks and green infrastructure. The study concluded that low air quality and high temperatures negatively affect human health and caused dysphoria and anxiety. In contrast, green infrastructure provides services to reduce the temperature and clean the air for breathing to enhance human health (Duan et al. , 2018). Human health is closely related to the natural environment, and urban green spaces are a source of the natural environment in cities that actively promote and maintain humans’ physical fitness and well-being (Holt et al. , 2019; Nath et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing multiple ways in which urban green spaces enhance mental health and well-being. It states that these spaces help reduce social isolation in the older population and promote social interaction, which is essential for mental and psychological well-being. Furthermore, it mentions that recreational activities in green spaces improve the mental approach and academic performance in youth, thereby highlighting the positive effects of urban green spaces on mental health across different age groups.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: ResultsThe analysis of the interviews resulted in three categories: Negative portrayals of mental illness, Inconclusive images of mental illness and Biased dissemination of different perspectives. In the category Negative portrayals of mental illness the subcategories were: Crimes being linked to mental illness and Stigmatizing reporting on mental illness. In the category Inconclusive images of mental illness the subcategories were: A more positive image of mental illness and Lack of facts in images of mental illness. In the category Biased dissemination of different perspectives the subcategories were: Biomedical mental health emphasis and Absence of psychiatric nursing perspective. An overview of categories and subcategories are presented in Table 2. Table 2. Result categories and subcategories. portrayals of mental illnessCrimes being linked to mental illnessThe participants described experiences of the media linking crimes to mental illness. Participants spoke of the news media reporting on violent crimes and described experiences where the journalists used mental illness to explain why violent crimes were committed. The participants talked of two perspectives regarding the reporting of crimes in media. The first perspective was that people experiencing mental illness were portrayed as dangerous and erratic. The second perspective was that mental illness was used as to explain why perpetrators committed violent crimes without presenting any further elucidation. It is as if mental disorders in themselves are the thing that makes people commit… commit crimes. (Interview 4)Stigmatizing reporting on mental illnessThe participants described that the media, to a varying extent, reported on or portrayed mental illness in a stigmatizing way and spoke of experiences of mental health diagnosis and mental illness being used as invectives in the media. A recurring experience was that the negative portrayal of mental illness in the media was perceived as being intended to label people with mental illness or otherwise group them together to make it easier to generalize about mental illness. The participants expressed that these generalizations of mental illness were negative and upsetting. It is invectives, invectives we are talking about. It was in a fit of psychosis or… a psychotic person that killed someone, not like a cancer-diseased person that killed someone, but it… yeah. It is used to describe… people. (Interview 1)Inconclusive images of mental illnessA more positive image of mental illnessThe participants said that some media gave a relatively positive or unprejudiced image of mental illness. They also spoke of alternatives to the traditional media as contributing with information that was more positive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various portrayals and perspectives on mental illness in the media, indicating that the relationship between media representations and mental health is complex and not solely dependent on social media use. The analysis shows that negative portrayals, stigmatizing reporting, and biased dissemination contribute to the understanding of mental illness, suggesting that merely reducing social media usage is insufficient to address the broader issues surrounding mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Entomopathogenic nematodes can be used as biological control agents against soil pests. [SEP] Text: For example, while Wilson et al. (2003) used spatial analysis by distance indices (SADIE), Spiridonov et al. (2007) utilized both Lloyd’s index and SADIE, and Bal et al. (2017) applied two measures of spatial autocorrelation, Moran’s I and Geary’s c, as well as SADIE as indices of EPN dispersion. Yet, atypical sampling procedures of EPN may lead to erratic results. In this vein, comparing different sampling procedures, which used the same index of nematode dispersion (i. e. SADIE), to study EPNs’ distribution pattern for better perception of various results is presented (Table 1). Differences in the size or type of the sampling unit may lead to various interpretations of the resulting data (Duncan and Phillips 2009 and Been and Schomaker 2013). For example, when the size of the soil sampling unit steadily increased, the apparent EPNs’ dispersion of a contagious population may be random, contagious, and finally regular (Fig. 1). Clearly, such a change in the spatial distribution pattern of EPNs in this example is dependent on the size of the sampling unit. Moreover, examining the spatial distribution of IJs-natural population assigned to four different groups based on their physiological age, Lloyds index identified group I as being the most aggregated, whereas SADIE identified group II as the most aggregated (Spiridonov et al. 2007). This is probably because group I nematodes were aggregated at a scale finer than the commonly used sampling regime. Also, Wilson et al. (2003) ascribed even distributions of EPNs measured by SADIE to the symmetrical nature of their sampled plots too. On the other hand, comparing different values for the same index of aggregation (Ia) of four different studies on EPNs’ distributions (Table 1), using different sampling units in various regions is problematic. That is because the difference in volume/area of the sampling units can likely influence the resulting distribution patterns of EPNs. To name but a few, this unit was a 20-cm-diameter borer/sampler and separated into 2. 5-cm layers in Holland (Taylor 1999), a 2 × 15 cm deep core in New Jersey, USA (Wilson et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses on the spatial analysis and distribution of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) without addressing their role or effectiveness as biological control agents against soil pests.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The frequent visit and maximum time consumption in the green environment resulted positively for human physical health in Daejeon (South Korea), and these results have been obtained during a cross-sectional study based on 400 respondents (Hong et al. , 2019). Urban green spaces offer numerous benefits for human well-being in various forms, and all those forms are interconnected to physical health. During research in London (UK), it has been assessed that the proximity of green spaces provides maximum benefits to humans, and 300 m is an ideal range of access suggested for taking full benefits. The city planners and policymakers suggested green spaces within an accessible range to maintain human health and well-being (Holt et al. , 2019; Kothencz et al. , 2017). The activities related to running, walking, and relaxing are negatively associated with health problems, stress, and sedentary lifestyle issues (et al. , 2018). The impacts of urban green spaces on physical health and well-being vary in different ethnic groups in England. It has been assessed that recreational policy is needed within urban green parks to improve the general health and inequalities amongst deprived communities in the UK (Roe et al. , 2016). The high density of green spaces increased the potential of physical well-being in urban residents with other significant health outcomes. Recreational and related activities like walking, jogging, and running is negatively associated with self-reported nerve problems among Almada’s residents (Portugal). It has been recommended that the frequent visit of urban parks reduces human nervous problems like medication (Vujcic et al. , 2019). Frequent usage of green landscapes for physical events decreases health issues in the human body and enhances physical fitness (Thompson, 2016). Properly managed and clean green spaces increase their capability to facilitate the urban environment and human health. The structure, accessibility, quantity, and quality of urban green spaces are vital for their potential and city environment. (UK), a study concluded that cleanliness has strong positive relations with general health. The study resulted that poor human health was reported where the green spaces were not properly managed and cleaned (Brindley et al. , 2019). A study was directed to assess Beijing’s level of satisfaction with urban green spaces for human well-being. The results showed that the people who live within 1–5 km zone and regular visitors of public green spaces are found more physically and mentally fit and healthier than 5–10 zone residents. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that demonstrate the benefits of urban green spaces on both physical and mental health. It emphasizes that access to green environments can lead to improved well-being, highlighting findings such as how frequent visitors to urban parks in Beijing are more physically and mentally fit. Additionally, the text discusses how recreational activities associated with green spaces are linked to reduced health issues, stress, and nerve problems, all of which support the claim that urban green spaces positively contribute to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Examples of these alternatives were 1177. se (Swedish healthcare’s national information website), social media and the literature published by patient organizations. The participants also talked of experiencing that the media had started to present a more positive image of mental illness, referring to TV-series as positive examples. They also spoke of the news media having started to improve their reporting on mental illness by doing so in a more nuanced manner. I feel as if they are providing a more nuanced picture and that they are comprehensive when discussing mental illness today… and that they’ve even begun to take some responsibility for what they’re writing. (Interview 8)Lack of facts in images of mental illnessParticipants talked of experiences of the media presenting a misleading image of mental illness, in both news reporting and literature as well as in movies. The participants spoke of a lack of facts in the media portrayals of mental illness. This was primarily related to news reporting about mental illness, but was also described in relation to fictional literature and a lack of facts in reporting about what cure or help can be given for mental illness. The participants talked of experiences of the media making false claims about mental illness, and how fictional literature and movies presented misleading images of mental illness. They also experienced that the mental health experts made statements about events or people in the media, despite not having been sufficiently knowledgeable about the individual case to be able to provide a fair picture. Well, you are still talking about psychosis and those things I think are stigmatizing in themselves, instead of talking about what kind of vulnerability or what the person has experienced in life (Interview 8)Biased dissemination of different perspectivesBiomedical mental health emphasisThe participating nurses talked of experiences of a predominantly biomedical perspective in the news media and that psychiatrists were the ones authorized to make statements about mental illness. The participants invariably described the psychiatrists’ superior role and the dominance of the biomedical perspective in public media as being destructive and incorrect. They also spoke about other professional perspectives having been neglected due to the medical focus in the media. Somehow it is often… the psychiatrists who asked to be on the air, to talk and respond to this or that when something has happened. And then… you often end up with the biomedical perspective. (Interview 2)Absence of mental health nursing perspectiveThe participants talked of a lack of a mental health nursing perspective in portrayals of mental illness in the media. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various factors influencing mental health beyond social media usage. It discusses media portrayal of mental illness, emphasizing misleading and biased representations as damaging. The participants shared concerns about the lack of accurate information and the dominance of a biomedical perspective in media discussions, indicating that addressing these issues is necessary for a holistic understanding of mental health. Thus, the text illustrates that simply reducing social media usage will not comprehensively solve mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (2001) reared the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) exclusively for 3 consecutive generations on A. gemmatalis larvae reared on an artificial diet treated with a commercial formulation of the AgNPV. Their results showed no adverse effects in the first generation on oviposition and survival of the predator. However, adverse effects in the predator population were noticed in the subsequent generations. The authors related such adverse effects to some inert components in the commercial formulation. Different predator species that reared on NPV-infected prey did not suffer deleterious effects (Ruberson et al. 1991; Mahmoud 1992; Fuxa et al. 1993; Heinz et al. 1995; Li et al. 1999). As presented by Gupta et al. (2013), the developmental period, survival rate, sex ratio, and egg incubation period of the predator Eocanthecona furcellata Wolff. (Hem. :Pentatomidae) reared on different proportions of healthy and NPV-infected Spodoptera litura (F. ) did not vary significantly. However, when the proportion of the infected prey exceeded 50%, significant reductions in body weight, fecundity, longevity, and egg hatchability percent of the predator were noticed. b. Discrimination between healthy and virus-infected prey Abbas and Boucias (1984) stated that P. maculiventris readily accepted and fed on the virus-infected larvae of A. gemmatalis during its nymphal and adult stages. No significant differences were found in the food consumption or development of the predators which were fed healthy versus virus-infected prey. Mahmoud (1992) found that both larvae and adults of the coccinellid predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata L. , were found to prey upon NPV-infected S. littoralis with no differences in the rate of consumption on healthy and infected prey. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) reported that the 3 carabid species, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, Pterostichus melanarius Illiger, and Agonum dorsal Pontoppidan, showed no evidence of discrimination between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of their prey, Mamestra brassicae L. Similarly, Casteillejos et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies regarding the effects of insect pathogenic viruses on predator species, but it does not directly address the claim regarding the tailoring of these viruses for specific pest species. Instead, it focuses more on predator acceptance of virus-infected prey and the impact on their development and survival, indicating that these predators did not show discrimination between healthy and virus-infected prey. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim about tailoring pathogenic viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The study also concluded that human physical well-being is positively associated with age, income, education, marital status, residential area, and career status (Akpinar, 2016; Ma et al. , 2019). Psychological well-beingPsychological well-being is a positive functioning of self-esteem, including a sense of mastery and personal growth at inter and intraindividual levels. In some studies, psychological well-being stated positive feelings, happiness, and life satisfaction (Psychological Well-being? |Robertson Cooper, n. d. ). Human psychology and its related studies are continually known as complex tasks for the researcher, and human psychological well-being relations with urban green spaces are one of them. The impacts of green spaces on human psychological health and well-being differ with green spaces’ structure and quality. Social psychological issues cannot be handled with nature entirely, but they can be reduced by increasing connectivity with a natural environment and green landscapes. A study has concluded that meadows have limited effects on human psychology, but the richness of trees strongly influences psychological well-being (Southon et al. , 2018). Several human benefits are closely associated with nature, and the closeness of green spaces from home or workplace has positive effects. Urban life creates stress on residents due to its busy and sedentary lifestyle, but when they visit green spaces or natural green landscapes and spend maximum time, they feel well and relaxed. In this way, visitors release stress and boost up their psychological health. According to a study on four different cities, Auckland, Willington (New Zealand), Melbourne, and Sydney (Australia), the effects of urban green spaces were different due to variations in types and richness of biodiversity. Psychological well-being was found more positively associated with green spaces in Sydney, resulting in P < 0. 001. In this study, the scholar suggested a more intensive investigation (Taylor et al. , 2018). A natural environment found enrich with positive impacts on human psychology. Interaction with nature keeps to maintain and strengthen human psychological well-being. The connectivity with green landscapes decreases psychological issues. It has been recommended that greenness in urban areas is an essential part of urban life and human psychological restoration (White et al. , 2017). The characteristics of urban green spaces are also decisive for human well-being. According to the study of on Hangzhou city (China), the characteristics of urban green spaces positively affect human aesthetic values and stress recovery. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing evidence that urban green spaces have a positive impact on psychological well-being. It mentions that 'the impacts of green spaces on human psychological health and well-being differ with green spaces’ structure and quality,' which supports the notion that these environments contribute positively to mental health. Furthermore, it states that urban areas with greenery help reduce stress and boost psychological health, indicating a clear link between green spaces and mental well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The reasons for this were ascribed to the current hierarchy in the healthcare services where psychiatrists are seen as the authority. The participants also felt that nurses were bad at making themselves visible in the public media. And in media I’ve never seen anyone bring up the perspective of mental health nursing. (Interview 5)Another aspect that the participants talked of was the experience that mental health nursing had low status, both in relation to nursing in the medical field and among other nursing practitioners. You hardly ever see an interview with an associate professor of mental health nursing in Swedish investigative television program focusing on social issues, where he or she is allowed to sit around, discuss and twist and turn things with regard to his or her specific expertise to explain or understand human actions…. (Interview 4)DiscussionThe results of this study show that psychiatric nurses experience the presentation of mental illness in public media as negative. The participants speak of the negative portrayal is partly done through the media linking mental illness to violent crimes and partly through the reporting of mental illness in a discriminating and stigmatizing manner. This result is in line with earlier studies about the reporting of mental illness in the public media (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Stuart, Citation2006; Wahl, Citation2003). Cross (Citation2004) explains this negative media portrayal of mental illness in a historical context by pointing out that society has tried to isolate and block out phenomena that can be frightening and hard to understand, which has cemented the negative reporting of mental illness in the public media. When the media reports the presence of mental illness among violent criminals as being something abnormal and deviant, the individual consuming the media is able to rest easy knowing that they and their loved ones would not commit violent crimes, as the narrative of violence was focused on mental illness (Cross, Citation2004). The negative portrayal of mental illness in the media is problematic in several ways. These include the media presenting a misleading picture of mental illness or presenting it as the cause of sensational events, despite the lack of available information (von Heydendorff et al. , Citation2016). The media also contributes to stigma around people experiencing mental illness, something that causes these people stress and suffering (Stuart, Citation2006) and fear of discrimination and alienation (Mestdagh & Hansen, Citation2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that there are complex issues surrounding mental health that cannot be solved merely by reducing social media usage. It discusses the negative portrayal of mental illness in public media, which contributes to stigma and misinformation. The emphasis on media representation and stigma suggests that addressing mental health involves more than just limiting social media access; it requires a broader understanding and reform of how mental illness is portrayed and understood in society.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: (2001) found that larvae of Chrysoperla rufilabris Burmeister did not discriminate between healthy and NPV-infected larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith), whereas, in contrast, adults of Duro taeniatum (F. ) (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) directed a greater proportion of its attack toward the infected larvae. c. Dispersal of virus through predators’ feces Abbas and Boucias (1984) reported that both nymphs and adults of P. maculiventris fed on AgNPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted intact polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIBs) which were virulent to A. gemmatalis larvae. Adult predators consumed more infected prey than did the 4th instar nymphs and thus were capable of excreting detectable levels of PIBs for 4 days, compared to only 1 day for the nymphs, after feeding on infected prey for 24 h. Young and Yearian (1987) stated that adults of Nabis roseinpennis Reut. that fed on NPV-infected A. gemmatalis larvae excreted infective levels of virus for 10 days with 98% excreted during the first 2 days after feeding on infected larvae. Olofsson (1989) found that larvae of Coccinella septempunctata L. fed on NPV-infected larvae of the sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hym. : Diprionidae), for 2 days excreted feces containing large quantities of PIBs. Similarly, Mahmoud (1992) reported that the 4th larval instars and adults of C. undecimpunctata that fed on NPV-infected larvae of S. littoralis were capable of excreting viable PIBs for 2 and 4 days, respectively. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) stated that the carabids, Harpalus rufipes De Geer, P. melanarius, and A. dorsal, continuously passed infective levels of virus in the soil, in laboratory, for at least 15 days after feeding on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassicae. Casteillejos et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text presents various studies regarding the interactions between insect predators and NPV-infected larvae but does not address the claim about the ability to tailor insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses for specific pest species. Instead, it focuses on the effects of NPV (Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus) on various insect species and how predators interact with infected prey, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The study investigated urban green spaces as a source of enjoyment and a platform for relaxing and recovering from mental fatigue. The study concluded that green spaces with a richness of trees, clean water, and bright flower attract people and assist in mental stress recovery. Therefore, green parks with numerous trees and flowers are recommended by studying mental stress recovery and aesthetic preference (Wang et al. , 2019a, 2019b). ‘Urban green spaces and their richness may negatively affect human psychological and physical well-being’ hypothesis was a study conducted by Chang et al. (2020) in Taiwan. The study found that the richness of biodiversity did not negatively affect the residents. Therefore, according to the study findings, biodiversity’s richness does not negatively affect human psychological and physical well-being (Chang et al. , 2020). The role of urban green spaces in highly populated areas is found significant for psychological and physical well-being, but the level of significance differs from different income groups (Scopelliti et al. , 2016). Furthermore, urban green spaces promote social interaction, which helps to enhance psychological well-being (Jennings & Bamkole, 2019). The restoration of human psychology is positively relating to the heterogeneity of green landscapes. Urban green spaces in human psychological well-being may vary based on different species in a green space. (France), it has been observed that the awareness about the composition and configuration of a green landscape is positively associated with psychological restoration. Therefore, composition and configuration heterogeneity in green spaces enhance human psychological well-being and promote environmental and social well-being (Meyer-Grandbastien et al. , 2020). Naturalness, biodiversity, and tree canopy are closely associated with human well-being. The relationships between naturalness and biodiversity may be weak, but the vegetation cover has a strong relationship with human psychological well-being. The prosperity of urban green spaces differs from park to park. The links of natural parks with stress reduction and mood improvement are strong but weak with pocket parks (Schebella et al. , 2019). A study was conducted on four different well-maintained public parks of Delhi to investigate human well-being benefits. The study interviewed 250 visitors, and 87% responded favouring environmental well-being, 68% for human psychological well-being, and 45% for social, recreational benefits. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting various studies that highlight the positive impacts of urban green spaces on mental health and well-being. It mentions that these spaces are sources of enjoyment and assist in mental stress recovery, supported by findings from multiple studies. For instance, it states that urban green spaces enhance psychological well-being and promote social interaction, which contributes to mental health. Furthermore, it emphasizes that the presence of biodiversity and the heterogeneity of green landscapes are positively associated with psychological restoration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The current study indicates that it is possible that the media may fail in its objectivity in reporting on mental illness, with misleading reporting due to a lack of facts, such as the humanistic and holistic nursing perspectives of mental illness. This finding is partially supported by previous studies (Klin & Lemish, Citation2008; Wahl, Citation2003), but it appears as if previous studies have not differentiated between negative portrayals and false or made-up statements. One previous study showed that the creators of TV-shows were aware of the misleading picture of mental illness that their shows conveyed, but felt that their job was to provide good dramaturgy and entertainment, not to educate their viewers (Henderson, Citation2018). This indicates that the responsibility for the negative and misleading reporting of mental illness in the media is ambiguous and problematic and that changes are required in terms of how mental illness is approached in the public media. The media is also in a position to provide positive images of mental illness and the results in this study showed that psychiatric nurses had experiences of the media providing nuanced reporting on mental illness. TV-shows could provide a positive image of mental illness and previous research has showed how TV-shows can fluctuate between positive and negative portrayals of mental illness based on the dramaturgical need of the show (Henderson, Citation2018). The findings show that social media sometimes provide positive portrayals of mental illness. A previous study has shown that people with mental illness have found that some types of social media provides them with possibilities for gaining social support and advice from other people with mental illness (Naslund, Grande, Aschbrenner, & Elwyn, Citation2014). Naslund et al. (Citation2014) also found that social media might be able to reduce feelings of isolation and provide hope for people with mental illness. As the topic is relatively unexplored, more studies are needed in order to more clearly delineate the role of the social media in the forming of opinions and attitudes about mental illness in society. The medical perspective dominates media reporting on mental illness. The nursing profession’s subordinated position compared to the medical profession is a well-known problem in healthcare. This is an historical imbalance that has progressively diminished but still remains today (Price, Doucet, & Hall, Citation2014). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that social media can provide positive portrayals of mental illness and opportunities for social support, which suggests that simply reducing social media usage is insufficient to address all mental health issues. The statement highlights that social media platforms may reduce feelings of isolation and provide hope for individuals with mental illness, indicating that not all aspects of social media contribute negatively to mental health.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Similarly, Young and Yearian (1990a) carried out an experiment for testing the potential of predators to transmit Heliothis zea (Boddie) NPV in a soybean field. They found that a complex of predators, spiders, Geocoris spp. , Orius spp. , Nabis spp. , reduviid spp. , and coccinellid spp. , were contaminated, but their role in virus dissemination did not seem to be important. Groner (1990) listed 18 instances of viruses being dispersed by predators through their feces. Such predators included species belonging to the insect orders Orthoptera, Dermaptera, Heteroptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera. The author claimed that the predators seemed to be little affected by feeding on infected prey due to the more acid in their digestive systems. Vasconcelos et al. (1996) found that the carabids H. rufipes, P. melanarius, and A. dorsalis which fed on NPV-infected larvae of M. brassica transmitted sufficient levels of virus in the soil to cause low rates of mortality in the populations of the different larval instars of M. brassica. Lee and Fuxa (2000) found that the predator P. macoliventris and the scavengers Sarcophaga bullata (L. ) (Dipt. :Sarcophagidae) and Acheta domesticus (L. ) (Dipt. :Tachinidae) were capable of transmitting NPV to Trichoplusia ni (H. ) larvae at significant rates in a greenhouse experiment. Also, Casteilljos et al. (2001) reported that adults of D. taeniatum that fed on virus-infected prey could contaminate the foliage resulting in the transmission of the disease at a low prevalence (4. 7%) to S. frugiperda larvae. Black (2017), in a soybean field experiment, found that the mirid Lygus lineolaris (Palisto de Beauvois) and the geocorids Geocoris spp. were noticed to feed on NPV-infected larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (H. ) and were confirmed to be carriers of the virus. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not specifically address the tailoring of insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses the transmission of a specific virus (NPV) by various predators and does not support or contradict the claim about the ability to tailor such viruses.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Delhi public parks visitors’ perception favours human psychological and environmental well-being as well as social and recreational activities (Paul & Nagendra, 2017). Mental well-beingMental well-being is a state in which humans can; understand their potential, work productively, manage the stress of life, and participate in society usually. So, it cannot be known only as an absence of mental illness (Organization, Promotion of Mental Well-Being, n. d. ). The existence of green spaces for human health is well documented and recognized. The neighbourhood of greenness improves the human mental state. (Spain), a study was directed to explore the long-term exposure to the effects of green and blue spaces on depression and anxiety with the mediation of air pollution. The study analyzed a negative association of depression and anxiety with urban green spaces. The study concluded that green spaces improve human mental health, reduce anxiety and release human depression during interaction of green spaces, clean the air, reduce noise, provide spaces for physical activities and social interaction (Gascon et al. , 2018; Nutsford et al. , 2013). In Netherland, a cross-sectional study is recommended as a precious asset to urban green spaces for society because of the multi-beneficial landscape. According to the study conclusion, green spaces contribute actively as an antidepressant and enhance human mental health if green spaces’ ratio exists a minimum of 28%, but the highest benefits can be obtained with more than 79% (Helbich et al. , 2018). Green spaces are a significant source of mental well-being through a reduction of mental stress and depression. The role of urban green spaces has been analyzed as a buffer zone for human stress and anxiety. According to a study in the on undergraduate students who kept in touch with green spaces (open and woodland) were found happy and relaxed than others. The students who visited green spaces even last week were satisfied with their life and feeling well. The study concluded that the restoration of passive green spaces in universities increased students’ health and life satisfaction (Holt et al. , 2019). The importance of urban green spaces can identify from a study conducted in Daejeon (South Korea). The study analyzed the impacts of frequent visits to green spaces and time spends on residents’ life. The results showed positive relations between urban green spaces and human health and mental well-being (Hong et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing multiple studies that illustrate how urban green spaces positively affect mental health. It mentions that green spaces improve human mental states, reduce anxiety and depression, and contribute to overall well-being, as evidenced by various studies such as those by Gascon et al. and Holt et al. Furthermore, it highlights that a minimum of 28% green space in urban areas can yield mental health benefits, with the potential for even greater improvements at higher ratios. This aligns with the claim that urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The results of the present study showed that psychiatric nurses still perceive that psychiatrists are the healthcare professionals most commonly visible in media, while the nursing perspective is absent. A part of this imbalance can be found in the difference in status between the professions, where medical professionals are given a higher status. Another result from the present study is that nurses are not usually invited to make their professional voices heard in public. This finding has some support in previous research, urging that nursing education historically has taught nursing students to be subordinate in relation to medical doctors (Price et al. , Citation2014). The results showed that psychiatric nurses had vivid experiences of the imbalance between the professions. The dominant position of the medical perspective in the media regarding healthcare has thus been well documented (Price et al. , Citation2014; Read, Citation2007; Wahl, Citation2003). Moreover, Nilsson (Citation2009) problematizes the type of hegemony in knowledge and science that seems to exist particularly in relation to mental illness. When a specific perspective dominates it is not politically neutral, but brings with it classifications, dividing lines and perceptions about what delineates the field (Nilsson, Citation2009). This understanding of how the media represents science is in line with Eriksson (Citation2015) who emphasizes the importance of embracing a multitude of perspectives to understand all dimensions of the whole. Previous studies on the influence of the media have shown that the perceptions and ideas of what constitutes scientific knowledge about human nature have consequences for the daily lives of people (Nilsson, Citation2009). Similar results have also been found in studies about how reporting of mental illness in the public media affects societal attitudes towards mental illness (Read, Citation2007). A theoretical explanation of this increase in stigmatization is that medical models primarily explain mental illness as abnormities in human brain and function, which creates fear and uncertainty among the public (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016). Studies have thus indicated that the medical model of explanation of mental illness increases stigmatization of mental illness (Jormfeldt & Hallén, Citation2016; Read, Citation2007). If the individual is considered unable to prevent or alter the development of mental illness or control the course of the disease without pharmacological treatment due to biological factors, mental illness is considered more frightening and unpredictable among the public than if mental illness is explained by a sociobiological model (Angermeyer et al. , Citation2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexity of mental health issues and the role of media representation in shaping societal attitudes towards mental illness. It highlights that focusing solely on reducing social media usage oversimplifies the problem, as the media's portrayal of mental illness can contribute to stigma and misunderstanding. The text references studies indicating that a dominant medical perspective in media increases fear and uncertainty about mental illness, showing that addressing media influence is critical to understanding mental health rather than assuming that simply reducing social media engagement will solve these issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: They found that the tachinid Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), the two ichneumonids Campoletis sonorensis and Hyposoter exiguae, and the braconid Cotesia marginiventris developed to pupae in the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta, infected with either NPV or GV. However, Chelonus insularis died when its host, P. unipuncta, infected with NPV or GV died, while the braconid Glyptapantele smilitaris (Walsh) died in NPV-infected P. unipuncta before the mortality of its host. In addition, H. exiguae, C. insularis, and C. marginiventris developed to pupae in GV-infected S. exigua larvae. Abbas (1987b) found that the ecto-larval parasitoid Bracon brevicornis (Wesm. ) developed successfully on its host, Heliothis armigera treated with NPV 24 h before exposure to the parasitoid females. When parasitism occurred 48 h post-larval infection, only 24. 6% of the parasitoid’s progeny developed to adults. However, all parasitoid’s progeny died when the host larvae were parasitized 3, 4, or 5 days post-infection. Eller et al. (1988) recorded a high mortality rate in Microplitis croceipes larvae when its host larvae, S. exigua, died from NPV infection. Murray et al. (1995) mentioned that the larval parasitoids Meteorus demoliter (Wesm. ), Cotesia kazak (Telenge), and Hyposoter didymator (Thunberg) required 3 days before the treatment of their host, H. armigera, larvae with NPV to complete their development successfully. Kunimi et al. (1999) came to almost similar results as they found that infection of Pseudaletia separata Walker with the GV of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (PuGV) negatively affected the development and survival of its larval parasitoid, Cotesia kariyai (Watanabe). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about tailoring insect pathogenic viruses for specific pest species. Instead, it discusses various parasitoids and their development in relation to specific hosts infected by NPV and GV. While it mentions interactions between viruses and host pests, it does not confirm or deny the ability to tailor these viruses, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Urban green landscapes are well documented for mental well-being. Even in well-managed cities in the developed world, the role of green spaces is well recognized. Nowadays, everyone admits the significance of green spaces, but urban green spaces within the accessible range are an issue now. A longitudinal study was conducted in London (UK) based on 2012–2015 data. According to the results, green spaces within a 300 m radius are essential for every resident to keep them physically and mentally healthy. This radius is suggested ideal for a city planner and policymakers. The study concluded that the full benefits of urban green spaces for human health and mental growth are hidden in 300 m range and frequent visits (Houlden et al. , 2019). The significance of green spaces within an accessible range provides full benefits. However, another aspect of urban green spaces benefits highlighted by Dadvan et al. (2019), and he recommended that a long time spends of adolescents (10–18 years old) in green spaces significantly associated with mental growth and enhance human mental performance (Dadvand et al. , 2019). Outdoor regular activities and park visits positively correlate with human mental well-being (Dong & Hauschild, 2017; Vujcic et al. , 2019). Urban vegetation, even at the street level, provided positive effects on human well-being (Ma et al. , 2019). Physical activities, social cohesion, noise, and air quality have been considered mediators for mental well-being in Guangzhou (China), which ultimately promotes human physical health (Wang et al. , 2019a, 2019b). The role of physical activities for human mental health is well known. It is a common saying that “A sound body has a sound mind. ” So, urban parks provide an ideal platform for walking, running, exercise, and jogging. The presence of green space in the neighbourhood or within walking distance (maximum 1. 5 km by WHO) is essential for human mental well-being. The level of positive association may differ with the difference in size, accessible range of green spaces. According to a study on Perth in Australia, residents’ lifestyle is also crucial for well-being (Wood et al. , 2017). Characteristics of greenness like quality, size, and cleanliness were found significant concerning human health. Different types of green spaces affected human life differently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing extensive evidence and studies showing that urban green spaces are essential for mental health and well-being. It mentions that 'green spaces within a 300 m radius are essential for every resident to keep them physically and mentally healthy' and states that outdoor regular activities and park visits positively correlate with human mental well-being. Furthermore, it highlights how urban parks provide an ideal platform for physical activities that are beneficial for mental health, thereby supporting the overall claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: A strength in the data analysis is that the material for each interview was rich and well substantiated, which made it possible to distinguish nuances during the analysis. The uniform content in the interviews affects the dependability and trustworthiness of the results (Graneheim & Lundman, Citation2004). Data collection was conducted during a short period of time, which minimized the risk of drift, such as changes to the questions or changed external circumstances, during the data collection. The result is believed to have a good transference, as the strategic selection was tailored to involve participants, who possessed experiences relevant to the research question in the study. Transference is further strengthened by the fact that the results of this study confirm the findings of previous studies on how the media depicts mental illness. Conclusion and implicationThe findings show that nurses working in mental health services experience the reporting of mental illness in the public media as negative, misleading and stigmatizing. Mental health nurses experience that the medical perspective is given too much space in the public media and that the mental health nursing perspective is invisible. However, there are also positive portrayals of mental illness outside of the traditional media and mental health nurses experience that the traditional media are becoming better at reporting on mental illness in a more nuanced manner. Further research is needed in regards to how mental illness is portrayed in social media and how the lack of perspectives other than the medical one affects the public perception of mental illness. Studies including younger psychiatric nurses with less experience of the professional role may yield more information about public opinion on mental illness. There is also a need to study the perspective of journalists who cover the field of mental illness. Further research in these areas can lead to an expanded understanding of the impact of public media on the perception of mental illness and the possibilities for improving the public perception and understanding of mental illness. Psychiatric nurses need to be more visible and take a larger role in media, to counteract the current one-sided reporting of mental illness. The awareness of a current lack of a holistic nursing perspective on mental illness and the possible consequences of bringing attention to a holistic perspective on mental illness in the public media needs to be addressed by psychiatric nurses, care organizations and journalists. The holistic nursing perspective should be at least as common in the public media as the narrower biomedical perspective of mental illness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexity of mental health issues and the role that public media, including social media, plays in their portrayal. It emphasizes that mental health nurses feel that reporting on mental illness is often negative and stigmatizing and that further research is needed to understand the media's impact on public perception of mental illness. The discussion suggests that merely reducing social media usage oversimplifies the problem, indicating a need for a more nuanced understanding and broader representation in media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards View 10. 7717/peerj. 15338 Published 2023-05-05 Accepted 2023-04-11 Received 2022-09-23 pests, Beneficial species, Biodiversity, DNA metabarcoding, Biological control Copyright © 2023 Liu et al. is an open access 2023. Using DNA metabarcoding to assess insect diversity in citrus orchards. PeerJ 11:e15338 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 2019. Insects were sampled using Malaise traps deployed in three citrus orchards producing a total of 43 pooled monthly samples. Malaise trap samples were sequenced following DNA metabarcoding workflow. Generated sequences were curated and analyzed using two cloud databases and analytical platforms, the barcode of life data system (BOLD) and multiplex barcode research and visualization environment (mBRAVE). platforms assigned the sequences to 2,141 barcode index numbers (BINs), a species proxy. Most (63%) of the BINs were shared among the three sampling sites while BIN sharing between any two sites did not exceed 71%. Shannon diversity index (H′) showed a similar pattern of BIN assortment at the three sampling sites. Beta diversity analysis by Jaccard similarity coefficient (J) and Bray-Curtis distance matrix (BC) revealed a high level of BIN similarity among the three sites (J = 0. 67–0. 68; BC = 0. 19–0. 20). Comparison of BIN records against all those on BOLD made it possible to identify 40% of the BINs to a species, 57% to a genus, 97% to a family and 99% to an order. BINs which received a species match on BOLD were placed in one of four categories based on this assignment: pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator. As this study provides the first baseline data on insect biodiversity in Chinese citrus plantations, it is a valuable resource for research in a broad range of areas such as pest management and monitoring beneficial insects in citrus gardens. ranks among the top three countries globally for citrus cultivation and production (Caserta et al. , 2020). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about insect pathogenic viruses and their use against specific pest species. Instead, it focuses on a study related to insect diversity in citrus orchards, including aspects like DNA metabarcoding and biodiversity. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: It has been analyzed that green spaces’ cleanliness releases mental stress and removes depression, according to Sheffield’s study in the United Kingdom. The study suggested that policymakers should focus not only on the availability of green spaces but also on accessibility, size, quality, and cleanliness (Meyer-Grandbastien et al. , 2020). The accessibility of green spaces is essential in urban areas within the free range (400–1600 m) for different buffer zones. The study found positive relations between green spaces and mental well-being in Singapore (Zhang & Tan, 2019). Overall, green landscapes are positively associated with human well-being, but the effect level depends on green spaces’ characteristics and usage. Forest patches near the built-up area were positively correlated with mental well-being and negatively with frequent mental distress (Tsai et al. , 2018). Even a level of mental performance increases if people can see greenery from home or the workplace (Taylor et al. , 2018). Real-life changes affect human well-being through intervening in the quality and quantity of green spaces. In Netherland, a study was conducted on deprived neighbourhood showed that no short-term positive impacts were found due to the intervention of green spaces among adults regarding physical activities and self-reported mental well-being. The change in quality and quantity did not positively affect a deprived neighbourhood district of the Netherland. However, positive signs were identified in some subgroups (Gubbels et al. , 2016). The role of socio-economic characteristics and urban green spaces is investigated positively for mental well-being in the aged population. An aged group of vulnerable mental health issues was found comparatively better within urban green spaces. Urban greenness is given an essential component in the recovery of mental health issues. Aged people can improve their mental health through nature-based activities (Lee & Lee, 2019). Social well-beingSocial well-being is a state in which humans can coexist peacefully in communities with opportunities for advancement. It is characterized by equal access to basic needs and services by avoiding conflict in community life (Social Well-Being, n. d. ; Wellman et al. , 2014). Social isolation is one of the most significant issues in this modern and busy lifestyle for the urban population. A cross-sectional study conducted in concluded that green spaces enhance social well-being by providing an ideal platform for social interaction (Hong et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by providing several instances of research that link urban green spaces to positive mental health outcomes. It states that green spaces' cleanliness can relieve mental stress and reduce depression (Sheffield's study), and mentions positive relations between green spaces and mental well-being in various locations like Singapore. Additionally, the text notes that urban green space is an essential component in the recovery of mental health issues, particularly for the elderly, and emphasizes that nature-based activities can enhance mental health. Furthermore, it concludes that green spaces can enhance social well-being by providing opportunities for social interaction, further supporting the notion that urban green spaces contribute significantly to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Close search a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on Login | in or Add to Cart Search, Browse, or Publishsearch Find a journal Search calls for papers Open access publishing We’re here to help Find guidance on in of Issues Issue 9 in Light of. . . . Search in: search Issues in Nursing 2024 - Issue 9 Submit an 10. 1080/01612840. 2024. 2379428 Crossthis 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Scale (BSMAS); and Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37. 7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0. 54, p < 0. 001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices. IntroductionDisordered eating patterns are common among young women, especially in Western countries, due to robust cultural pressures for a thin body as a symbol of female beauty (Saunders & Eaton, Citation2018). Beyond the most common eating disorders like anorexia, bulimia or binge eating disorder, orthorexia nervosa (ON) has come to the fore as an eating-related problem. First identified by Bratman and Knight (Citation2000), the term derives from the Greek word ‘orthos’, meaning correct, and describes an eating style characterized by an obsession with ‘proper’ nutrition, e. g. ‘clean eating’ or ‘pure foods’ (Mac Evilly, Citation2001). While healthy eating is an important aspect of a health-promoting lifestyle, individuals with ON are so obsessive about healthy eating that their behavior becomes pathological. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complex relationship between social media addiction and mental health issues, specifically mentioning that 'social media addiction and other psychological problems...can also contribute to orthorexic tendency.' This indicates that simply reducing social media use may not be sufficient to address broader mental health problems, particularly those related to disordered eating and body image issues, thereby undermining the claim that such a reduction would solve all mental health issues.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: In fact, it ranked first in the world in both 2017 and 2018, producing 32 million tons of fresh citrus (CGA, 2020). Citrus fruit is considered a superior agricultural product and its production represents an important industry in the rural areas of southern China. However, crop yields are severely impacted by an array of pests. A large number of insect species, both pest and beneficial taxa (Niu et al. , 2014) occur on citrus but their identification is difficult. Cryptic morphology and lack of taxonomic experts are the major challenges in large-scale insect diversity assessments. DNA barcoding (Hebert et al. , 2003), the characterization of sequence variation in a 658 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I gene (COI), has gained global acceptance for specimen identification and species discovery (Gwiazdowski et al. , 2015; Hebert et al. , 2004). This method supplements morphology’s limitations by identifying unknown organisms by matching their barcode sequences to reference sequences. The simplicity and reliability of this method has motivated expansion of the DNA barcode reference library in the barcode of life data system (BOLD) (www. boldsystems. org). The BOLD system assigns eligible barcode sequences (>507 bp, <1% ambiguous bases, no stop codons, no contamination) to barcode index numbers (BINs) which serve as proxy for species (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2013). BOLD currently holds seven million insect barcodes which have been assigned to more than 700,000 BINs. Implementation of the BIN system has enhanced the ability of DNA barcoding to discern and to count species (Hebert et al. , 2016), to assess biodiversity composition (Ashfaq et al. , 2018; Telfer et al. , 2015), to map species distributions (Ashfaq et al. , 2017), and to track species movements across borders (Ren et al. , 2017). This success has led to the use of BINs in the analysis of bulk samples and biodiversity studies by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) (Cristescu, 2014). DNA metabarcoding is a developing approach that identifies the species present in a mixed sample (bulk DNA or environmental DNA) based on HTS of a specific DNA marker (Comtet et al. , 2015; Hajibabaei et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production of citrus crops and the challenges in identifying insect species that affect these crops. It does not mention insect pathogenic viruses or their tailoring for pest species.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: Maximum time spent in green parks is considered an essential element to gain maximum benefits for social well-being. Humans can obtain maximum benefits from urban green spaces by removing social isolation at the platform of urban parks. A study conducted in Iran analyzed that maximum time spent in green spaces enhanced social interaction and improved human social life (Dadvand et al. , 2019). Recreational activities in urban parks provide an opportunity for social interaction and create better social cohesion (Vujcic et al. , 2019). Frequent use of urban parks reduces the stress level in the human body. It removes mental well-being barriers that a study in Scotland has analyzed. The study suggested that urban green parks reduce the sense of social isolation and mitigated mental problems by providing opportunities for year-round activities (Thompson, 2016). Larson et al. (2016) conducted a study on the relationships of urban green parks and human (physical, psychological, and social) well-being. The study selected 44 southern cities to investigate the quality, quantity, and accessibility of urban green spaces for human physical, psychological, and social well-being. The results showed strong positive relationships between urban parks and overall well-being. The relations of quality and accessibility were found positive for human well-being. The study suggested that well-maintained and expensive parks are positively associated with human physical, psychological and social well-being (Larson et al. , 2016). Subjective well-being (happiness and life satisfaction)Subjective well-being is a name of personal perceptions about his owns life or a person’s evaluations of his own life. ‘How much a person is satisfied or happy from his own life is a state of Subjective well-being (Clark et al. , 2019; Diener, 2000; “Subjective Well-Being? ” 2010). Subjective well-being is known as overall human life satisfaction and happiness. Human life on the earth depends upon a suitable natural environment. Urban green spaces are a significant source of ecosystem services and a natural environment. Everyone is almost aware of how green infrastructure is enriched with numerous benefits for human life. A strong positive association has resulted between green spaces and life satisfaction in a study conducted in South Korea. The study showed a high-level life satisfaction with urban green landscapes (Hong et al. , 2019). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various studies that demonstrate the positive impact of urban green spaces on mental health and well-being. For instance, it mentions that maximum time spent in green parks enhances social interaction and social life, which supports well-being (Dadvand et al., 2019). Furthermore, it notes that urban parks reduce stress levels and feelings of social isolation (Thompson, 2016), while studies conducted in southern cities find strong positive relationships between urban parks and overall well-being (Larson et al., 2016). Finally, it highlights a high level of life satisfaction associated with urban green landscapes in South Korea (Hong et al., 2019), reinforcing the claim that urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: Despite the pathological nature of ON, there are debates as to whether it is an eating disorder, a psychological condition, a mental disorder, or a subset of another disorder (Costa et al. , Citation2017). It is not included in the Diagnostic and of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition—Revised (DSM-5 TR), but it is still recognized by many experts and researchers as a disorder which can be part of Avoidant/(ARFID) (Ryman et al. , Citation2019). Indeed, there are a number of features meeting the criteria for behavioral addictions, such as obsessional preoccupation with and concerns about proper eating, feeling guilty when eating unhealthy food, and neglecting friends who do not follow similar eating patterns (Moroze et al. , Citation2015). Several other negative consequences may also occur, for example, health problems due to unbalanced diet or malnutrition, and impairments in the fields of social, academic or occupational functioning (Moroze et al. , Citation2015; Varga et al. , Citation2013). On the other hand, it has been argued that ON is only a medicalization of eating behaviors amplifying ‘healthism’ which can be called ‘nutritionism’ overemphasizing the moral categories of good and bad in terms of eating (Arguedas, Citation2020). (Citation2001) states that ON is more a risk factor for disordered eating. Recently, several researchers suggest to differenciate between (ON) as a disordered eating behavior with clinical impairment and ‘healthy orthorexia’ as a non-pathological interest in healthy eating (Zickgraf & Barrada, Citation2022). Even in terms of ON, however, rather than describing ON symptoms as disordered, we should call the behaviors of concern ‘orthorexic tendencies’ or ‘orthorexic behavior’ without a valid clinical diagnosis (Missbach et al. , Citation2015) to avoid the trap of pathologizing healthy eating (Heiss et al. , Citation2019). Thus, in our analysis, we use the term ‘orthorexic tendency’ which shows a drive to follow a healthy diet to the extreme but not necessary a pathological behavior. Actually, these individuals may be at risk for pathological ON, but their involvement in ON has not been justified without a clinical diagnosis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities surrounding orthorexia and its relation to mental health. It highlights that while reducing certain behaviors (like eating disorders) may help, it does not address the broader range of factors affecting mental health. Specifically, it mentions how ON (orthorexia nervosa) is recognized as a disorder but does not fall neatly into conventional categories, suggesting that simply reducing social media usage would not adequately address the various mental health issues described.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: , 2011; Moriniere et al. , 2016; Yu et al. , 2012). It differs from conventional DNA barcoding (usually based on Sanger sequencing of individual specimens) because HTS allows taxonomy to be assigned to hundreds or even thousands of species in a bulk sample. It achieves this goal by generating amplicons of the barcode region from bulk DNA extracts which are then sequenced and assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that are queried against reference sequences to determine their source species (Cristescu, 2014). Metabarcoding is not intrinsically linked to the use of OTUs, but it could group the DNA reads in amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) (Callahan et al. , 2016). Studies have now employed this approach to assess species composition in biological communities such as aquatic and terrestrial arthropods (Beng et al. , 2016; Braukmann et al. , 2019; Elbrecht & Steinke, 2018; Ji et al. , 2013) making metabarcoding an increasingly cost-effective approach for large-scale biodiversity studies. Widespread interest in metabarcoding has resulted in data proliferation and the development of computational tools to aid data analysis. As the BIN system has offered a novel approach to circumvent morphological bottlenecks to discriminate species, pairing of BINs with HTS has accelerated biodiversity assessments. Prior studies have used metabarcoding to survey insect diversity in different ecological settings in China (Huang et al. , 2022), but reports on the use of this technology to explore insect diversity in fruit gardens in this region are lacking. The current study aimed to fill this gap by coupling metabarcoding with the BIN system to explore insect diversity in citrus plantations. The composition of insect communities in citrus orchards was analyzed using DNA metabarcoding followed by data analysis on BOLD and mBRAVE. The species revealed by BIN matches on BOLD were then searched in citrus pest database—citrus pest information system (CPIS, cpis. hzau. edu. cn) and the literature to allow their classification into pest, parasitoid, predator, or pollinator (Niu et al. , 2014; Smaili, Boutaleb-Joutei & Blenzar, 2020; Urbaneja et al. , 2020). The results provide a valuable resource for research on citrus pest management and beneficial insects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly and instead focuses on the methods of DNA metabarcoding and its application in studying insect diversity, specifically in citrus plantations. It mentions insect community composition but does not provide any information on the tailoring of insect pathogenic viruses for pest species, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: The existence of green spaces within a 300 m radius from the resident’s home has significant effects on life satisfaction, analyzed in London. This study indicates that most people who live within a 300 m radius are highly satisfied with their overall life, but the level of satisfaction decreases with the increase of radius (Houlden et al. , 2019). Life satisfaction is a complex area of research for social sciences. Urban greenness relates to socio-economic and environmental aspects. Longtime usage of green spaces is positively associated with life satisfaction, which was assessed in Iran during a study to investigate the impacts of different green spaces on human life (Dadvand et al. , 2019). Life satisfaction always received well respect from social sciences’ researchers, and it has been assessed on various scales due to its healthy contribution to the quality of human life. Urban green spaces are an essential pillar of life satisfaction assessed by a study conducted in Szeged (Hungry). The study was based on 227 self-reported respondents. A positive effect on human attitude and life satisfaction was found by contributing to the quality of life with the mediation of recreational activities and aesthetics (Kothencz et al. , 2017). The connectivity of humans with nature is obligatory for performing and maintaining life events. During a cross-sectional study with 4912 adults respondents in Melbourne (Australia), it is has resulted that the connectivity of humans with green infrastructure and biodiversity is strongly associated with subjective well-being than public green spaces, which highlighted the overall role of urban greenness for better subjective well-being (Mavoa et al. , 2019). Subjective well-being and all types of green landscapes are positively associated with human feelings and happiness. The interaction of greenery improves positive feelings and boosts a natural way of living (Navarrete-Hernandez & Laffan, 2019). Urban green spaces serve humans in various ways by providing clean air for breathing, reducing noise, enhancing socio-economic and environmental functions, and regulating the local climate (Dong & Hauschild, 2017). A study was conducted to examine the people’s perception of life satisfaction with maintaining urban green landscapes. The study found that the people who are closely kept in touch with green spaces found ‘very satisfied’ instead of ‘quite satisfied’ from urban green spaces (Ayala-Azcárraga et al. , 2019; et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by presenting various studies that illustrate a positive association between urban green spaces and life satisfaction, which is a critical component of mental health and well-being. For instance, it states that 'longtime usage of green spaces is positively associated with life satisfaction' and that urban green spaces are essential to the 'quality of human life.' Additionally, it mentions a study that found a positive effect on human attitude and life satisfaction due to recreational activities in green spaces. Overall, the text emphasizes that urban green spaces play a significant role in enhancing subjective well-being and quality of life.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Reducing social media usage will solve all mental health issues. [SEP] Text: The estimated prevalence of orthorexic behavior varies greatly from 6. 9% in the general population to 75. 2% in certain groups, such as artists, athletes or health care professionals (Niedzielski & Kaźmierczak-Wojtaś, Citation2021). Social media users are particularly at risk, with for example, up to 49% of Instagram users exhibiting ON behaviors (Turner & Lefevre, Citation2017). Media (and social media in particular) play an important role in forming our body-related attitudes, food p2022. The public link was shared on special Internet communication platforms (i. e. Facebook groups dedicated to healthy lifestyle, more precisely, 8 groups). The purpose of this sharing was to disseminate the questionnaire among those who are especially interested in healthy lifestyle, such as healthy eating. In addition, only female members were invited in the survey. We focused on young women with special interest in a healthy lifestyle, in the hope of accessing those with a relatively high motivation to engage in healthy food choice. Since being Hungarian was part of the inclusion criteria (besides being a female), only Hungarian online platforms were chosen. Participation was voluntary and confidential, and participant’s informed consent was obtained. The study plan was approved by the Board of the of Education, University of Szeged (No. 6/2021), in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. The convenience sample that was obtained, consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18–35 years; mean age = 24. 3 years; SD = 4. 97 years). Since our sample is not a representative but a convenience sample, the number of total population is unknown. During the two-month-period, altogether 310 voluntary participants filled in the online quesionnaire. We applied the sample size calculator computing the minimum sample size to meet the desired statistical constraints, and our sample size proved acceptable with 95% CI and 5. 5% margin of error. Most participants lived in urban areas (32. 6% in the capital, Budapest and 54. 2% in other town, 13. 2% in villages); 41. 6% reported having a college or university degree, 53. 9% had a of Education, i. e. high school level, and only 4. 5% less; most of them considered themselves middle class (64. 2%) or upper-middle class (22,6%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that social media usage is linked to specific mental health behaviors, such as orthorexia. It points out that up to 49% of Instagram users exhibit orthorexic behaviors, suggesting that social media can contribute to mental health challenges. Therefore, while reducing social media may help address some issues, it does not necessarily solve all mental health problems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Insect pathogenic viruses like baculoviruses can be tailored for specific pest species. [SEP] Text: Exploration of pest and beneficial insect species in Chinese citrus orchards would allow scientists to screen the appropriate agents for pest management programs and promote pest biological control. Materials and single Malaise trap was deployed in three citrus orchards () about one kilometer apart in Ganzhou City, Jiangxi Province, China (Fig. 1). Samples were collected from April 2018 to July 2019 by replacing the collection bottles every month—so 43 samples were obtained from the three traps (Table S1). The collection bottles were stored at −20 °C until sorting. Specimens from each bottle were sorted into two size categories: small (e. g. , parasitic wasps, flies) and large (e. g. , butterflies, locusts). Large specimens were subsampled to obtain a tissue block (legs or partial abdomen) of a size similar to the small ones while small specimens were used in entirety. This was done to achieve comparable tissue-mass representation for all specimens in the DNA extracts. The specimens/tissue samples from each bottle were mixed, frozen in liquid nitrogen and then ground to a fine powder using a disposable mortar and pestle. DNA was extracted with the kit (DP304; ) following manufacturer’s protocols. Briefly, 500 mg of the powder was lyzed in 2 ml Buffer GA overnight at 56 °C in the presence of 20 µl proteinase K. The lysate was centrifuged at 5,000 g for 10 min and the supernatant was then aliquoted 40 µl into ten equal volumes for DNA extraction. The quality and purity of the DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop 2000 and 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. Three of the 10 DNA extracts from each sample were randomly selected for PCR, creating a total of 129 DNA extracts for analysis. Figure 1: Three sites in Ganzhou (Jiangxi Province, China) where Malaise traps were deployed. The map was created with ( Download full-size image DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 15338/fig-1 PCR amplification A first PCR was used to amplify the target region of COI while the second PCR added adapters to allow discrimination of the sequences derived from each DNA extract (Prosser et al. , 2016). The first PCR employed the following primer pair—AncientLepF3 () (Prosser et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses a methodology for collecting and analyzing insect specimens in citrus orchards but does not address the claim about tailoring insect pathogenic viruses for specific pest species. It focuses on DNA extraction and species identification, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban green spaces contribute to mental health and well-being. [SEP] Text: It has been significantly recommended that a bit of visit to green space can potentially improve subjective well-being. These results were analyzed by a study in England with a 7272 sample size to observe the connections between a natural environment of subjective well-being (White et al. , 2017). Environmental well-beingEnvironmental well-being is a significant state in our surroundings that allow humans to live in harmony on the earth by improving human–environment interaction (Neller & Neller, n. d. ). Green spaces are a necessary element of the environment and a compulsory part of making the earth livable for human life. It has been acknowledged that green spaces are a source of various benefits for humans directly and indirectly (Koprowska et al. , 2018). (China), a study was conducted on human and environmental well-being. It is strongly recommended that green spaces are a pillar of urban structure because they mitigate environmental risk and protect human life (Duan et al. , 2018). Green spaces and biodiversity help to improve a natural environment, protect different species from climate change effects, and run human life smoothly (Dong & Hauschild, 2017; Mavoa et al. , 2019). Urban vegetation provides clean air, decreases air temperature, boosts up raining patterns, and enhances the beauty of the place. A study analyzed that human feelings and satisfaction levels are associated with green spaces in Caceres (Spain). The study found that the highest satisfaction with urban parks resulted positively (et al. , 2018). The presence of vegetation at the street-level serves as a ventilator by filtering air, reducing temperature with shades, providing social interaction, and regulating the local climate. In this way, green spaces serve by improving humans’ social and natural environment (Taylor et al. , 2018; Tsai et al. , 2018; Wang et al. , 2019a, 2019b). Urban greenness is essential for pollutants removal from the air. In a Strasbourg (France) study, green spaces removed PM10 (7%) and 88t overall pollutants from the atmosphere annually with 27. 80% green area. The study concluded that urban greenery has a pivotal role in providing clean air for residents. The study suggested that green spaces cannot provide a complete solution to air pollution but can maintain a sustainable city environment. However, we can achieve the target of a sustainable city environment doing balance green spaces and anthropogenic sources (Selmi et al. , 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the positive impact of green spaces on subjective well-being. For instance, it states that visits to green spaces can improve subjective well-being (White et al., 2017) and that urban parks are associated with higher satisfaction levels (et al., 2018). Additionally, it notes that green spaces enhance social interaction and contribute to a sustainable and livable urban environment, which aligns with the notion that urban green spaces are vital for mental health and well-being.