Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: We can see that t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level; F-statistic is also significant, which means that the positive relationship between GMST and CDC is robust. R-squared is 0. 91, which means that the changes of atmospheric CDC account for 91% of the rise of GMST. To know the effect of fossil fuel consumption on global warming, we also conduct regression with GMST as dependent variable [6] with global fossil fuel consumption (GFFC) as independent variable [19]. Fossil fuels include oil, gas and coal, the units are exajoules. The time of the data of GFFC is from 1965 to 2022. The outcome is presented in Table 2. We can see that there is a positive relationship between GMST and GFFC, changes in GFFC can account for 90% of the rise in GMST. t-Statistics are significant at 5% confidence level, F-statistic is also significant. We conduct pairwise Granger causality tests between GMST and GFFC, the outcome indicates that GFFC does Granger cause GMST, while GMST does not Granger cause GFFC. These outcomes indicate that GFFC has intensified the greenhouse effect, and brought about global warming. Table 1. Regression output between GMST and CDC. Note: here C is the intercept. Table 2. Regression output between GMST and GFFC. Note: here C is the intercept. Figure 1 is changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021, the units are ppm [20]. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. We can see that the upward trend of global mean concentration of carbon dioxide is clear from 1959 to 2021, of course, it is full of fluctuation. 4. Disadvantages of Renewable energy has been replacing fossil fuels across the world, but renewable energy has also disadvantage. First, renewable energy is susceptible to weather, which makes them intermittent and unreliable. For example, solar power generators do not work at night, wind turbines cannot generate electricity when the wind speed is lower than the critical values, the hydroelectric facility will generate little or no electricity if the water level is too low and the water flow is slow. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the disadvantages and limitations of renewable energy, such as its susceptibility to weather conditions which makes it intermittent and unreliable. This suggests that renewable energy may not be able to fully replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade, as the transition is hindered by these technological and operational challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: , 2002; Durgan and Young, 2010), a primary upstream kinase of GSK3 (Hur and Zhou, 2010). In addition, our data suggest that GSK3 feeds back to affect molecular clock function in SCN neurons. Specifically, when both GSK3 isoforms were constitutively activated, BMAL1 rhythms within the SCN became arrhythmic. It is interesting that BMAL1 levels do not fall below baseline levels in mice with chronic GSK3 activity. Future studies should investigate whether there is a pool of BMAL1 that is resistant to degradation via the GSK3-E3-ubiquitin pathway and whether chronic GSK3 activation affects transcriptional clock gene rhythms and/or cellular compartmentalization of clock proteins. Our study also found that disruption of GSK3 activation rhythms with chronic pharmacological inhibition nearly doubled PER2::LUC rhythms in SCN organotypic cultures. Investigation of the effects of phase-specific inhibition of GSK3 on the molecular clock will be important to address in the future. Taken together, our results support the conceptual model that disruption of GSK3 activity rhythms affects the molecular clock such that chronic activation impairs rhythmicity of some molecular clock components (such as BMAL1; Figure 2), while chronic inhibition enhances rhythmicity of the molecular clock (as indicated by real-time PER2::LUC rhythms). 3264. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science102. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1017. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science130. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2910. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science658. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1684. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science6. CrossrefWeb of Science1439. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science551. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science7402. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science9402. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2287. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3. CrossrefPubMed1768. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science3292. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science2154. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science138. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science1583. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science183. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science933. CrossrefPubMedWeb of Science320. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not directly address the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) functioning as the master clock for circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the role of GSK3 in regulating molecular clock function within SCN neurons, while the claim itself focuses largely on the SCN's broader role in circadian rhythms without referencing GSK3 or related mechanisms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: This is to ensure that nature is protected and used sustainably. Today, however, biodiversity is facing a variety of environmental impacts that are directly or indirectly attributable to a variety of environmental impacts due to the concentration of a wide range of human activities and rapid growth in human population. In many parts of the world, however, the loss of biodiversity has been identified as a serious environmental problem that can significantly undermine the prospects for sustainable development and the evolution of ecosystem and reduces their resilience. Our analysis shows that the most significant elements of sustainability in protected area governance that should receive highest priority are integrated approach to natural, cultural, and economic aspects; flexibility in responding to constant changes and pro-activity in finding innovative solutions; involving local community in planning, decision-making, and providing economic benefits with no harm to nature; respecting traditional knowledge as the basis for building up new learning approaches and programmes; and connectivity to other protected areas, common issues, and international developments [1]. It is worth noting, therefore, that the national parks and other types of protected areas continue to form the basis of the full range of species and natural ecosystems that must be better designed, protected, and managed despite impending weaknesses regarding guarding procedures, supervision, and implementation of protection measures in all these areas. In addition to IUCN’s close collaboration with and WWF, this fact shows that there is a need for a better organisation and co-operation among the administrative and management bodies of a country that will require the cooperation of international agencies, non-governmental organisations, researchers, as well as local communities in the areas of conservation or any other protected area authorities. This approach, nonetheless, may be modified to specific contexts and goals, and applied with this purpose to other similar social environments, especially in countries in transition within the region. With this kind of intra- and inter-kind of relationships between various stakeholders, all parties will strengthen their positive attitude towards preserving and also lend greater support in the wider scope of PAs and NPs, since they think that essentially it has positive influence on the life of the inhabitants and on the natural environment. Advertisement 1. Orlović-Lovren V. The role of education in protected area sustainable governance. Management of Environmental Quality. 2011;22(1):48-582. United Nations—UN. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: 23-02-2019]3. IUCN—for Conservation of Nature. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of protected areas, including national parks, in preserving biodiversity and ensuring sustainable management of natural resources. It emphasizes that national parks continue to be crucial for the protection of species and ecosystems, aligning with the idea that eco-tourism destinations typically encompass these areas to bolster conservation efforts and promote sustainable use of nature.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Second, renewable energy sources are unreliable without large-scale storage facilities, electric fluctuations can damage appliances and cause losses to users, economical and practical energy storage facilities are necessary for the large-scale application of renewable energy. A battery system for an ordinary family is around $5000 or even more. If installing a power storage system is beyond your budget and the power generation system cannot generate electricity due to weather, you will have no power available. Third, renewable energy is currently impractical for the transport and aviation sectors with current technology. The technology for large-scale storage facilities is not mature and it does not have economic advantage. Finally, large dams and reservoirs affect geological structures, generate earthquakes, and alter the ecological environment. Wind power generation increases with the cube of wind speed, therefore wind turbine generators should be installed in areas with high wind speed, such as seashores, plains and mountain passes. If wind farms are far away from cities, transmission lines need to be built to deliver electricity from wind farms to cities, which add cost to wind electricity. Wind power is seasonal, wind turbines Figure 1. Changes in the global mean concentration of carbon dioxide above the ocean surface from 1959 to 2021. The x-axis represents the rise of the concentration of carbon dioxide in ppm, and the y-axis represents the time in years. work at full capacity in seasons of strong wind. Wind turbines generate much less electricity in seasons of low wind speed. Wind turbines produce broadband noise, which is harmful not only to birds, but also to human health. Birds are killed if they fly into rotating turbine blades, so rotating wind blades change local habitats and affect certain birds. The embankment of a dam cannot be built anywhere, it must be environmentally sustainable. The construction of a dam generally takes a lot of investment and time. During dry seasons, the water level is low, and the hydro power plant cannot generate electricity at full capacity. Fish habitats are formed by water level, water flow speed, access to food, and the possibility of shelter. Hydro power plants change the ecosystems, and these changes could be disastrous for certain fish species. In fact, building a dam not only change the animal habitats, but also the human habitats. Cities and towns may be wiped off the map when a big hydro power plant is built, people will have to resettle elsewhere. Did the Dam cause the Wenchuan earthquake and the Ya an earthquake? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges and impracticalities associated with renewable energy deployment, such as the unreliability of renewable energy sources without large-scale storage, the current technological limitations in transportation and aviation sectors, and the economic disadvantages of existing storage technology. Additionally, the text points out the environmental impacts and costs associated with constructing renewable energy systems like dams and wind farms, indicating that the transition to renewables is not as straightforward or rapid as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: A novel opsin, melanopsin, was identified [72] and found to be exclusively expressed in the ganglion cells of RHT [20,73,74]. Melanopsin-containing RHT ganglion cells also use PACAP, another well known neurotransmitter of the RHT [20]. Melanopsin, however may not be the only circadian photoreceptor since melanopsin knock-out mice showed typical, although reduced, light responses such as entrainment and phase shifting. Possibilities of other neuroactive substances serving as neurotransmitters in the RHT in addition to glutamate and PACAP, which are the most important candidates, have been indicated. Projections of substance P (SP)-containing ganglion cells to the ventrolateral part of the SCN have been demonstrated in lesion experiments in the rat [75]. Electrophysiological investigations also further support the role of substance P as an excitatory neuromodulator [76] responsible for the expression of both NMDA and non-NMDA receptor-mediated components of RHT transmission. Moreover, it is also reported that SP and glutamate work as agonists upstream of glutamate [77]. substantial evidence [17,78,79] suggesting a role for histamine as a neurotransmitter in circadian entrainment [17,78,79], its role has been underplayed. With more information available and even a suggestion that histamine may be acting as a final neurotransmitter on which photic and non-photic entrainment converge [80], there has been more attention in this direction. Histamine can induce phase shifts in circadian rhythms in a manner similar to that of light pulses. Intracerebroventricular injection of histamine is also found to alter circadian function [81]. Direct effects of histamine on SCN neurons have been shown in vitro either as inhibitory or excitatory depending on experimental conditions [82,83]. It is also reported that at the level of the SCN the direct excitatory effects of histamine on neuronal firing is mediated via H1 receptors and the inhibitory effects via H2 receptors [82,83]. However, in vivo studies, it has been shown that the effects of histamine on circadian rhythms may be mediated through receptors other than histamine receptors [84,85]. The foregoing discussion supports the view that histamine may exert modifying effects on circadian rhythmicity as well as neuronal excitability. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the SCN as the master clock for regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the role of various neuroactive substances like histamine and their effects on circadian rhythms, without clearly linking this information to the SCN's function as the primary regulator. Therefore, the text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Veerbeek B. Goats or no Goats: of Goats on and Vegetation in Park, Aruba [Thesis]. The Netherlands: Wageningen University; 201629. Koh Kong, Wildlife Alliance. Poaching and logging crackdown inside Park protected area. [Internet]. 2018. Available from: [Accessed: 27-02-2019]30. [Internet]. 2019. Available from: [Accessed: 23-02-2019]31. Johannesen AB. Protected areas, wildlife conservation, and local welfare. Ecological Economics. 2007;62(1):126-13532. . Global patterns in the vulnerability of ecosystems to vegetation shifts due to climate change. and Biogeography. 2010;19(6):755-76833. A, Campbell-. J. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature. 2005;438:310-31734. Laktić T, Pezdevšek Malovrh Š. Stakeholder participation in Natura 2000 management program: Case study of Slovenia. Forests. 2018;9(10):59935. Adeleke BO. Assessment of residents’ attitude towards ecotourism in KwaZulu-Natal protected areas. of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research. 2015;9(3):316-32836. . Analysis of barriers to sustainable tourism management in a protected area: A case from India. Benchmarking: Journal. 2018;25(6):1956-197637. . Motivations and attitudes to (not) take action for climate change adaptation in protected areas. of Strategies and Management. 2016;8(3):356-37438. Clarke R. Beyond landscape designation: Innovative funding, delivery and governance and the UK protected area system. Management of Environmental Quality. 2015;26(2):172-19439. Exploring biodiversity in the bacterial community of the Mediterranean phyllosphere and its relationship with airborne bacteria. Microbial Ecology. 2012;64(3):714-724 information 1. Introduction2. Protected areas and national parks: a global commitment3. The threats to NPs and PAs4. Some global initiatives on the management of protected areas5. Summary and conclusion1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about 'Protected areas and national parks', indicating a commitment to their management, which supports the claim that eco-tourism destinations frequently encompass protected areas like national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2 Number of jobs created by RES Employment in RE sector has grown fast the last years, in close relation to the RES increased exploitation. According to UNEP estimations [1], in 2009 more than 3 million people worldwide were working directly in the sector, about half of them in the biofuels industry, with additional indirect jobs well beyond this figure. China accounted for the largest number, with more than 1. 12 million workers estimated in the RE industry, with a growth rate of around 100,000 jobs per year. In the last available relevant report, IRENA [2] estimates that in 2013 globally 6. 5 million people were working directly or indirectly in the RE sector, based on a literature review and annual data collection from various sources. The status of RE employment is presented by technology and by selected countries, and its results (processed) are presented in Figure 1. Among all countries, and Germany are the top five largest employers for RE. Solar PV and wind power are the two most dynamic RE sectors, according to IRENA. Various studies also exist regarding the future employment in RES. One released by and EREC claims that the RE industry could provide 6. 9 million jobs by 2030, if world leaders seize the opportunity to invest in a greener future [3]. The EmployRES study (funded by EC) predicts that if the target of 20% penetration of RES is reached by 2020, 2. 8 million jobs will be created in Europe (together with an increase in GDP by 1. 1%) [4]. According to the same study, the RE sector employed 1. 4 million people and generated 58 billion € in 2005. An estimation/calculation of the jobs created per installed megawatt (MW) of various RE technologies is presented herein for Greece, a country where the impact of economic crisis is particularly acute, especially in unemployment. From the several calculation models of this type that exist nowadays, whose estimates are close enough since now there is extensive experience on which these models have been built, the methodology developed by the on behalf of the [5] was selected to be used. As RE jobs are created both locally (on the location of the power plant) and hyper-local (e. g. for the production of equipment), for calculating these jobs at the country level the percentage of RE equipment produced at national level – thus, not imported from a third country – is requested. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting data that focuses on the growth and current employment in the renewable energy (RE) sector, but does not provide any indication that these jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within the specified timeframe of a decade. It mentions that jobs in RE are growing, but also cites various statistics and studies that show the continued need for further investment and transformation in job markets, lacking any assertion that the replacement will be complete or immediate.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: There is a clear circadian rhythm in the histaminergic activity, with high levels during the active period and low levels during the sleep period. Maintenance of circadian rhythmicity of sleep-wakefulness cycles, food intake, motility and adrenocortical hormone release seems to depend on histaminergic activity. Thus, although evidence is accumulating for a role of histamine in circadian function, it is difficult to assign it a specific role in circadian activity at this time. Neurotensin (NT) Cell bodies of the rat SCN contain the neuropeptide neurotensin (NT) and two NT receptor types, namely NTS1 and NTS 2 [86 - 88]. In humans there is a larger population of NT neurons as compared to monkeys and other animals. Although involved in many physiological processes, the role of NT in circadian rhythm is not completely known at present. Meyer-Spasche and co-workers [89] reported that NT can phase shift the firing rate rhythm of SCN neurons. They also provided evidence that NT may play a role in regulating the circadian pacemaker through NTS1 and NTS2 receptors. NT-binding sites found in the ventral region of the SCN, which receives photic and non-photic information, is indicative of the involvement of NT in the synchronization of clock to these environmental stimuli [90]. Studies using NTS1 and NTS2 agonists, neurotransmitter receptor antagonists, as well as the exogenous application of NT, have yielded some valuable results. An increase in discharge rate of SCN neurons was observed on NT application [90]. NT-mediated effects on SCN neurons seem to result from activation of NTS1 and NTS2 receptors rather than involve glutamate or GABA receptors or modulation of the synaptic release of glutamate or GABA [90]. NPY, which is an established neurotransmitter of the geniculohypothalamic tract (GHT), was found to regulate SCN neuronal activity [91 - 93] and to produce long lasting suppression of firing rate of SCN neurons. When co-applied with NPY, NT was found to damp the profound inhibitory effect of NPY [90,92,93]. This is interesting since there are studies showing that NPY immunoreactive terminals overlap with NT-binding sites in the ventral part of the SCN. This was considered as evidence of an interaction of NPY and NT to regulate neural activity. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides information about histaminergic activity and neurotensin (NT) in relation to the SCN, discussing their involvement in circadian rhythms without explicitly stating that the SCN is the master clock regulating these rhythms. While it mentions aspects of circadian function and potential interactions at the SCN, it does not directly support or contradict the claim about the SCN being the master clock. Thus, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Published by December 31, 2019 Purchase 10. 1515/geo-2019-0081 Download 0. 5 million and almost 4 million visitors per year. Threats were assigned to 4 groups: existing internal threats, potential internal threats, existing external threats and potential external threats. In each of the types of threats special attention was paid to those related to inanimate nature. It also indicated the ways in which park managers want to influence the change of negative trends. The basic conclusion was indicated, which boils down to the postulate of a balanced approach to the protection of both types of nature: animate and inanimate. In the case of animate nature, threats and suggestions for improving the situation seem to be much better diagnosed than in the case of inanimate nature. Keywords: Threats to inanimate nature; national parks; tourism; geotouristic potential; nature protection1 IntroductionProtection of nature, and especially of valuable natural areas in the context of tourism development has been present in the literature for decades. Every year, the popularity of Nature-based tourism in the world increases, which translates into a greater contact of tourists with the natural environment and practicing in this environment many forms of active tourism [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. The increase of the interest in the natural environment also influences the diversification of the approach to its use. This is accompanied by the growing awareness among tourists of the need to protect the environment as a whole. The basis of this approach has become the idea of geoconservation. It is expressed in the appropriate management of geological heritage resources of exceptional educational and tourist value, which also includes aesthetic value [6]. and Prosser [7] point out, geoconservation is not only about caring for the preservation of heritage for fear of destruction by tourists, but also for properly directed promotion of elements of the geological and geomorphological environment. The need for geoconservation comes directly from geodiversity, which Gray [8] defines as a broad set of natural elements: geological as rocks, minerals or fossils, geomorphological as landform or physical processes, soil. Geoheritage refers to geodiversity functioning in a specific place where is adequately protected from destruction [9]. Georesources are used in geotourism. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the protection of valuable natural areas, specifically national parks, in the context of tourism development. It highlights that there is a growing interest in nature-based tourism and emphasizes the importance of managing geological heritage resources, which is aligned with the concept of eco-tourism that often includes protected areas. The mention of threats to both animate and inanimate nature in national parks further supports the idea that these areas are central to eco-tourism efforts.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: 4 Skills gaps and shortages – the role of education and training Most RE technologies (with hydropower being an exception) are still in their early stages of development and, in proportion to their current low level, are growing rapidly. From the national labour markets viewpoint the pattern is more varied, as for each RE technology there is limited activity in some countries, rapid growth in others, steady growth in capacity in some others, and a relatively mature industry elsewhere. Problems with demand for skills and labour shortages in RES arise when activity takes off quickly, causing the demand for labour to switch suddenly from a minor to a significant level. This further occurs later, when the rate at which new RE projects are implemented increases substantially or falls rapidly. REN Alliance identified the principal occupations difficult to fill in many of its member countries (which include both developed and developing countries), as shown in Table 2 [8]. Apparently, a widespread skills shortage of engineers and technicians in all parts of the RE industry exists, which in many cases comes from a general trend of students not to follow engineering studies. Qualified design engineers with specific knowledge in particular RE technologies are especially needed. In wind energy, apart from engineers, specialized turbine technicians are needed. An engineering and technical skills gap appears in the hydropower sector in emerging countries, as well as a lack of qualified engineers and appropriately trained technicians in the bioenergy sector. There are skills shortages in non-technical occupations also (Table 2). Legal advisors, sales specialists, inspectors, and economists in many cases lack specific skills, which are however critical for RES development. Skill shortages relate to knowledge about RE technologies and their social and economic benefits, environmental policies and regulations at international, national or regional level, specific measures launched by governments for assisting projects and other initiatives, etc. It has also been identified a widespread shortage of qualified trainers with RES specific skills. It is a fact that the basic occupational skills required for many jobs in the RE industry are delivered through existing programs of education and training. University courses in electrical, civil, mechanical and environmental engineering, agriculture & forestry, biosciences, geosciences, information technology, and a range of other disciplines provide the necessary foundation for professional level work in RE. Initial technical and vocational education & training (ITVET) and apprenticeships in technical disciplines provide a good basis for working at technician level in RE industries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that the renewable energy (RE) sector is facing significant skills gaps and shortages. It points out that while RE technologies are growing, there are still limited activities in certain countries and various stages of maturity across the industry. The mention of widespread skills shortages in specific roles, such as engineering and technical positions, indicates a lack of readiness in the workforce to fully support a rapid transition from fossil fuel jobs to renewable energy jobs within a decade. Furthermore, the text discusses educational programs not currently aligned with the required skills for RE jobs, further undermining the feasibility of the claim that such a complete replacement will occur within that timeframe.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: From a developmental point of view, NT-expressing neurons developed earlier than the other 3 types of peptidergic neurons, and AVP [94]. It remains to be seen whether NT-expressing neurons contribute significantly to the generation of circadian rhythms in early human life. (NMS) A recent addition to the ever increasing list of neurotransmitters of the SCN is neuromedin S (NMS), a 36 amino acid neuropeptide. It is a potent brain-gut neuropeptide whose presence in the SCN was reported by Nakahara and co-workers [95] as a neurotransmitter of the circadian oscillator system. NMS expression is found to be restricted to the core part of the SCN and has a diurnal peak under light-dark cycle [96]. Intracerebroventricular administration of neuromedin S in rats activates SCN neurons and has the capability to induce non-photic type of phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity. It is also possible that NMS along with VIP may have a role in maintenance of circadian rhythmicity. Recently, it has been shown that neuromedin M (NMU) is regulated in a circadian manner with peak expression in the light phase of LD cycle [97]. Further studies are required to understand the specific role of NMS in the SCN. At present, it is implicated in the regulation of circadian rhythms through autocrine andor paracrine actions through its receptors [96]. Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) has also been identified as a neurotransmitter in the SCN. Although GRP and its receptor BB2 are found to be synthesized by rodent SCN neurons [98 - 100], the role of GRP in circadian rhythm regulation is not well known. Evidence points towards a role for GRP in photic entrainment [101,102], in spite of a number of studies favouring glutamate as the main neurotransmitter [36,37,103]. McArthur and co-workers [104] studied the role of GRP in photic entrainment by using the resetting actions of GRP application on electrical activity rhythms during subjective day, early subjective night, and late subjective night in vitro in rats and hamsters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. While it provides information about neurotransmitters associated with the SCN and their potential roles in circadian rhythms, it primarily focuses on specific neuropeptides like neuromedin S and gastrin-releasing peptide and their actions without affirming or denying the overall role of the SCN as the master clock.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Hose’s [10, 11, 12, 13, 14] first and subsequent attempts to define the phenomenon referred to the interpretation of geosites and geomorphosites, but also museums, etc. He pointed to the geological aspect of tourism. In the publication from [15] Hose and Vasiljević proposed definition of modern geotourism poiting at: the provision of interpretative and service facilities for geosites and geomorphosites and their encompassing topography together with their associated in situ and ex situ artifacts, constituency-build for their conservation by generating appreciation, learning and research by and for current and future generations. The most common place to implement the development of such activity is adapted to this area, among which Henriques et al. [6] list nature reserves, natural parks, or above all - national parks. The importance of protected areas for the development of geotourism is indicated by many authors [16]. The broadly understood nature-based tourism can also have a negative impact on the environment. The literature on the subject points to the threats of nature animate in protected areas, especially plants, which is indicated by many studies [17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]. Various types of threats are mentioned. Usually, trampling, collecting, changes in soil structure, erosion and changes in vegetation structure are emphasized [17, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Among the mentioned elements of animate and inanimate nature attention is paid to the risks associated with tourist infrastructure, for example damages made along hiking trails [24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. As geoconservation plays a significant role in education, science, and in the development of geotourism, there is a postulate of the need to protect natural heritage, which should be included even in land-use plannig policies [6, 34]. It is also necessary to properly manage geosites, which should be expressed in an appropriate geoconservation strategy, as indicated by many authors [35, 36, 37, 38]. It is worth looking at how valuable natural areas with the status of a national park - the highest form of nature protection in Poland - refer to the postulate of the protection of inanimate nature heritage, also threatened by the development of mass tourism in their areas. 2 Types of tourist resourcesPolish literature divides the tourist resources differently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explicitly stating that one of the most common places to implement geotourism is in 'nature reserves, natural parks, or above all - national parks.' This directly supports the claim that eco-tourism destinations frequently include protected areas such as national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: The pico-solar appliance market, for example, has grown at an average pace of 9% between 2014 and 2016, but experienced a dramatic dip in sales in 2017 due to reasons like macroeconomic shocks particularly in India and Nigeria, extreme climate and droughts affecting farm community revenues and ability to pay in East Africa, and currency exchange risks in volatile economies [14]. Indeed, while DRE technologies can be less costly than grid expansion, they are often still too expensive for rural households to adopt, representing a customer affordability challenge without subsidy or financial support [15]. In 2016, Practical Action’s survey of over 1800 rural households in Kenya found that 35–40% of the poorest households could not afford a SHS [16]. Furthermore, financial support for the sector remains marginal when compared to on-grid applications. While electricity finance reached an all-time high of US$36 billion in 2017, more than US$28 billion went into on-grid generation and US$5. 8 billion for transmission and distribution. Financing for off-grid and mini-grid applications in the same year received a disproportionate share of US$0. 4 billion [17]. Thus there are many challenges for scaling of the DRE sector, including access to a skilled workforce. Experts suggest that DRE technologies can create many direct jobs because of their growing market and inherently distributed nature. High level estimates from (IRENA) suggest a potential of 4. 5 million off-grid, renewable energy, direct jobs could be created globally by 2030, which would account for more than one-sixth of the global renewable energy workforce, estimated to be 24 million by 2030 [18]. Yet according to a recent Forum report, human capital, which encompasses digital, technical, and vocational skills, is the area that is least prepared for the energy transition. In other words, universal energy access could also be an opportunity for direct job creation [19]. Importantly, in addition to direct jobs, there are clear signs that access to electricity is also creating productive use jobs within the communities gaining that access. Agriculture, the sector which still dominates the SSA economy, is likely best poised to benefit from the potential of clean energy access to mitigate climate change, unlock productivity, and thereby boost near-term economic growth and local job creation. Energy access (Goal 7, also SDG 7), food security (SDG 2), and livelihoods (SDG 8) are inherently connected [20]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the challenges facing the scaling of decentralized renewable energy (DRE) technologies, including a lack of skilled workforce and financial support. While it mentions the potential creation of 4.5 million jobs in the DRE sector by 2030, it does not support the idea that these jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. In fact, it states that human capital is the least prepared for the transition, suggesting there will be barriers to achieving such a complete transition in employment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: While lesions of the IGL block activity induced phase shifts [112], electrical stimulation produces phase shifts similar to those produced by activity [113]. It has been reported that IGL mediates photoperiodic responses as well as non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114,115]. Hence, the IGL may have integration of photic and non-photic information as its function. In addition to neuropeptide Y (NPY), GHT may also have GABA and enkephalin (ENK) as neurotransmitters in rat and hamster [116,117]. ENK was found in cell bodies in the IGL as well as in fibres in the SCN of many mammalian species. High density of delta opioid receptors, which have the highest affinity for ENK, was detected in the hamster SCN [118] and an ENK agonist phase-advanced hamster wheel running activity late in subjective day [119]. (NPY) RHT and GHT exhibit partial overlapping in the SCN. The SCN exhibits immunoreactivity for NPY [120]. There is evidence that IGL mediates both photoperiodic and non-photic entrainment of circadian rhythms [114]. NPY, the primary transmitter of GHT, acts directly on pacemaker neurons of the SCN in hamsters [121]. IGL neuron projections to the SCN also have GABA/NPY immunoreactivity and those projecting to contralateral IGL have GABA/ENK immunoreactivity [116,122]. There may be co-localization of NPY and GABA in the GHT projections. Since many features of the response to light by the circadian system remain unaffected by IGL lesion in animals, it is suggested that this pathway may not be critical for the photic regulation. Further evidence is available to emphasize the importance of GHT to cause non-photic phase shifts during the day but not during the night, such as the phase-shifts evoked by activity induced by novel stimuli [123,124]. The phase shifts are abolished by IGL lesions. Both in vitro and in vivo NPY administration produced a similar pattern of phase shifts during the day, which was blocked by bicuculline [125]. NPY has also been found to act presynaptically to inhibit GABA-mediated synaptic transmission through inhibition of calcium currents [126]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides detailed information about the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and its role in circadian rhythms, particularly regarding the neurotransmitters involved. However, it does not directly state or support the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) being the master clock. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Many examples can be mentioned here but certainly the most important are the resources of the surface nature like: landscape parks, forest preserves, various sanctuaries and above all national parks. 3 and tourism in Poland – potential and consequencesNo matter the character of the nature protected within the specific area the national parks are the highest form of nature protection in the Polish legal system. Practically always both animate and inanimate resources form the basis for the establishing a national park. each national park is established on the basis of a separate legal act. The basis is the amended Act - – Act – of 16 April 2004, no 92. The document defines as an area distinguished by its natural, scientific, social, cultural and educational values of the surface of at least 1000 hectares and where all the nature and landscape values are protected. Park is created “to preserve the biodiversity, resources, the components of inanimate nature and landscape values and to restore the proper state of the resources and components of nature. . . ” [45]. Nowadays there are 23 national parks located in the different landscape zones (Map 1). The table below shows the potential of this kind of resources in Poland. 4 Aims and methodologyThe main assumption of this 14. 03. 2019]which may be caused by the presence of tourism in areas of natural value. Thus attention was paid to the highest form of nature protection in Poland - national parks. The main method implemented in this paper would be the desk research method, where the main task is to analyze the existing data, collected to indicate, on the one hand, the tourism potential and, on the other hand, the risks associated with tourist use. To achieve the goal, the geotouristic potential of national parks in Poland was first presented. The information about the aforementioned potential was developed based on two types of sources: official websites of all 23 national parks and the website of the Union of Employers managed by the president - director of the Park. It is assumed these natural tourist values for which information was provided on official websites are promoted by the Park as noteworthy. They should also constitute, according to the park’s authorities, the basis for creating and promoting a specific tourist product. Therefore, the selection of resources is an indirect expression of tourism development policy in the protected area. The way of presenting the resources is also interesting although for this 1. ) and Łabski Peak (1472 m a. s. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that national parks are important resources for nature protection in Poland and serve as destinations for eco-tourism. It emphasizes that national parks are established to preserve biodiversity and natural values, which aligns with the idea of eco-tourism focusing on protected areas.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: However, the impact of increased deployment of renewable technologies, and decentralized renewables in particular, has received little attention in the literature. National decision makers and their donors in SSA and other energy-poor regions have a unique opportunity to invest in the necessary resources to train the needed entrepreneurial, technical, financial, and managerial talent to deliver universal energy access while creating thousands of jobs. Otherwise, the lack of a skilled energy access workforce in emerging markets may hinder the achievement of government electrification targets, slow down the growth of more resilient energy infrastructure, and limit the potential of the energy sector to unlock major employment benefits. Yet very little data exists to support targeted policy for SSA. While some data does exist on job creation for utility scale renewable energy technologies in SSA, very few studies have explored the more nascent wave of decentralized technologies. There are few studies to date that provide an accurate job count for the DRE sector, and there is little quantitative data on the specific skills gaps that hinder sectoral growth. As such this paper contributes to the literature by specifically exploring the employment footprint of DRE technologies in SSA. TABLE 1 Table 1. Key electrification and workforce metrics for Kenya and Nigeria. Literature Review: on DRE date there is little academic literature available on the relationship between energy access and job creation in SSA. One of the earliest attempts that explore renewable energy employment in SSA by Rutovitz et al. in 2009 projected that renewable energy could provide 453,000–755,000 jobs by 2030 in SSA, and a boost in domestic renewable technologies manufacturing capacity from 50% to 100% in 2030 could add an additional 86,000 jobs [24]. Later, in 2013, IRENA established an annual review series of renewable energy jobs, and found that while renewable energy has high job creation potential, employment created in SSA is very scarce [25]. In fact, in 2016, IRENA reported that of the 8. 1 million renewable energy jobs created in 2015, only 45,000 were in SSA (0. 6%), and 28,000 of those jobs were in [26]. The solar sector, however, has since boomed in the region, directly employing about 140,000 in 2018 [27]. In fact, Greenpeace now projects that under a 1. 5-degree-celsius scenario, renewable energy (excluding biomass) could provide 4. 5 million jobs in Africa by 2030 [28]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that while renewable energy has potential job creation, the existing data suggests that the actual job count in SSA is very limited, and the transition may not be swift. It states that 'employment created in SSA is very scarce' despite the growth potential. The report indicates that even with projected job creation figures, these do not support the idea of 'completely replacing' fossil fuel jobs, especially within the specified timeframe of a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: This belief is further strengthened by the observation that dysfunction of serotonergic pathways play a role in affective disorders and that these disorders are frequently treated with agents that alter serotonergic neurotransmission. Further studies about this pathway are likely to give more information about the link between disruptions of circadian function and affective disorders. GABA It is now widely accepted that gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) is an important neurotransmitter of the SCN for regulating SCN function. Most SCN neurons express the neurotransmitter GABA and are thus GABAergic [12]. GABA receptors and receptor subunits have been described by Castel and Morris [139], Naun and co-workers [140], van den Pol [141], Gao and co-workers [142], and O'Hara and co-workers [143]. In most of the brain regions, GABA primarily acts through interaction with GABAA and GABAB receptors and produces neuronal inhibition through membrane hyperpolarization and increased membrane conductance. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme required for synthesizing GABA and is found in nearly all neurons of the SCN [116]. Additional support for an inhibitory role of GABA in the rat SCN has come from the studies of Gribkoff and co-workers [144,145]. However, recent investigations have shown that GABA has dual effects on the SCN neurons, excitatory during day and inhibitory at night [146], and this has been attributed to changes in [Cl-]I during the circadian cycle. This dual inhibitory [147] and excitatory [148] action of GABA has been thought of as the probable reason for the synchronization of spiking in the SCN neurons. Under some circumstances, such as in early development, GABA can also be depolarizing and potentially excitatory [126,149 - 151]. The excitatory effect of GABA on SCN neurons in the night seems to be complex. While the action of GABA in the day on SCN neurons is uniformly inhibitory, the effects of GABA during the night are heterogeneous due to both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing effects. The GABA-mediated depolarizing effect seen at night is restricted to a subset of SCN neurons. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly confirm or contradict the claim about the suprachiasmatic nucleus being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it focuses on the role of GABA as a neurotransmitter in the SCN and discusses its complex effects on SCN neurons without addressing the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Świętokrzyski National ParkŁysica, Agata Łysa Góra Zapusty SlopeThe rocks on the slopes were created 500 million years ago. Total area - about 20 ha. The highest peaks of mountains formed from Paleozoic rocks Created from carbonate rocksPark Pieniński National ParkŁokietko's BreakthroughOne of the most valuable archaeological sites in Poland. It is a fragment of the former system of underground corridors and chambers, with a total length of 209 m is the largest of all known caves in the Park. Its length is 320 m A picturesque breakthrough with an antecedent character in the Pieniny Mountains, 8 km long with numerous meandersThree CrownsThe highest peak of the Pieniny built of limestone (982 m a. s. 1. ), a viewpoint at the Dunajec Breakthrough, Tatry MountainsRoztoczański National ParkWepping StoneA rock built of limestoneparabolic duneA large form located in the vicinity of Echo pondsTatrzański National ParkPeat bogs of Międzyrzeka Karst springsA complex of unique peat bogs, a strict reserve with an area of 103. 94 ha with bog marsh Chochołowskie (Chochołowska Valley), Lodowe, (Kościeliska Valley), Olczyskie (Olczyska Clearing)Six tourist cavesWhole in the w ku Dziurze Valley, Mroźna in Kościeliska Valley, in Kraków Gorge (in Kościeliska Valley), Mylna in Kościeliska Valley, Raptawicka in Kościeliska Valley, Obłazkowa in Kościeliska Valley. Only the Mroźna Cave is illuminated and an additional entrance fee is charged there. The cave is open from April 26 to October 30. To visit the remaining caves, you must have a flashlight. Valleys of tourist interest- Picturesque U-shaped valley in the High Tatras, extension of the Valley of Ponds; Valley of Ponds - An alpine, post-glacial valley with a length of 4. 0 km and an area of 6. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various national parks in Poland, such as Świętokrzyski National Park and Roztoczański National Park, emphasizing their significance as protected areas that attract eco-tourism. The inclusion of specific features and attractions within these national parks supports the notion that eco-tourism focuses on protected regions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: However, the employment potential of DRE technologies specifically is only now emerging as a discussion in the literature, especially given the recent international focus on addressing the challenges of rural electrification. DRE technologies are widely acknowledged as key to rural energy access, given their ease and speed of deployment, and their distributed nature. Early evidence in Bangladesh showed a linkage between job creation and SHS deployment [29], finding that the deployment of 1. 2 million SHS for rural electrification created as many as 60,000 jobs [29]. In 2012, IRENA projected that 4 million jobs are needed to support DRE market potential by 2030 [18]. A later IRENA report revised the estimate to 4. 5 million [25]. A majority of these studies, however, rely on recursive reference to a small set of employment factors applicable to limited geographical contexts. Cameron and Zwaan, in a study conducted in 2013, analyzed renewable energy employment factors from 70 publications, and found that only 31 yielded original results. Of the studies that were analyzed, none had a focus on SSA, except for two studies in South Africa. Thus, there is a clear need for improved data reporting and wider geographical spread of primary data on the employment impacts of renewables [30]. In 2014, Mills conducted one of the first studies on DRE jobs focused in SSA, exploring solar lanterns and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps. Eight major companies disclosed employment information on their operations in and Zambia, and their job displacement impact on kerosene lamps in Malawi and Kenya [28]. The results yielded that 38 jobs are created to serve 10,000 solar lantern users. Globally, 150,000 jobs were created to serve 44 million solar lanterns user [31]. Following Mills’ study, Global Off-Association (GOGLA) surveyed 40 off-grid solar companies, including those in the SHS sector. The study estimated that the off-grid solar sector can create 1. 3 million jobs in East, West and by 2022, of which 567,000 are in SSA [32]. In a more recent job brief, GOGLA estimated that of the 1. 3 million jobs, 510,000 are medium and high skilled, while 800,000 are low skilled [33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the emerging employment potential of Distributed Renewable Energy (DRE) technologies without definitively asserting that they will completely replace fossil fuel jobs. It emphasizes the need for improved data reporting and highlights that while DRE technologies can create jobs, there are limitations concerning geographical context and study focus. The employment statistics provided, such as the projection of 4.5 million jobs by 2030, do not imply a complete replacement of fossil fuel jobs but rather demonstrate the potential for job creation in specific sectors. Thus, while renewable energy jobs are indeed increasing, the text does not support the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: SCN transplants lacking CalB cells failed to restore rhythmicity [247]. CalB cells are found to co-localize with other peptides such as GRP, SP, and VIP. Interconnections of CalB cells with and VIP have been reported [246], and the pattern of interconnection of CalB cells appear specialized in the sense that some are bilateral, while others are not [248]. The strength of linkage between interconnections also varies. Intra-SCN connections are influenced to a great extent by the projections of CalB cells. The connections are direct in some cases and indirect in others. However, indirect communication as is the case with CalB to AVP is equally effective. In addition to intra SCN communication, CalB cells may also project to extra SCN regions [248]. CalB cells appear to be non rhythmic. They, however, receive photic input from the RHT and GHT, and rapid transmission of light information to CalB neurons may facilitate circadian output [226]. Light exposure always increases firing rates of SCN neurons. However, cells in the core of the SCN oscillate in their responsiveness to photic input [5]. Light also induces clock gene expression in the SCN but only during the night [8,249]. This gene expression pattern seems to be mirrored by changes in subcellular localization of CalB, the cellular nucleus being devoid of CalB during the night [249]. Behavioural and molecular responses to nocturnal light pulses also disappeared on decreasing CalB levels [249]. Thus, CalB cells in the SCN function as gates to relay photic signals when open and to block the signals when closed, which suggests a central role for CalB neurons in gating photic input. Further investigation seems essential to elucidate the relation between functional connectivity and a single coherent output from the SCN. Calretinin (CALR) Calretinin (CALR) is another variety of neurons found in the SCN (in the core ventral part) that appears to be co-localized with VIP neurons. CALR cells are small to medium sized. Optic tracts also show heavy immunoreactivity for CALR. Like calbindin (CalB), CALR is a calcium binding protein. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of CalB cells and Calretinin (CALR) neurons within the SCN and their relation to photic signals. However, it does not directly address or provide evidence regarding the SCN being the master clock for circadian rhythms, thus making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: It has a height of 8 mDiablakThe highest peak of the massif – 1725 m. a. s. l – viewpointGorczański National ParkTops in the shape of domes or conesKiczora 1282 m a. s. l. , Gore Porębski 1230 m a. s. l. , Kopieniec 1080 m a. s. l. Rock walls and outcropsCzubaty Groń, Kudłoński Baca, Białe SkałyZbójecka GrottoThe largest cave in the ParkSource: [49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, ED 17. 03. 2019]The next step was to analyze tourist flow in national parks in order to illustrate the scale of the phenomenon and its intensity in the last decade. Finally, official documents developed for the purposes of nature conservation in parks were analyzed, as well as the opinions presented on official websites insofar as they referred to the subject of the 5. 1 Tourist potential of national parksThe tourist values of national parks are presented in various ways. The vast majority of 23 national parks provide information on the subject under the headings of tourism, tourist attractions, nature (sometimes adding further links of animate nature and of inanimate nature) or pointing to specific types of resources such as caves or water. The above list of values indicates that out of twenty-three Polish national parks only thirteen in any way present its geotouristic potential. This does not mean that they give up the promotion of their natural values at all but more often they focus on the animated nature. This happens even if the size and importance of values associated with the abiotic environment is equally important and sometimes even more important for nature conservation in their area. Certainly, the poor representation of some parks located in mountainous and upland areas - areaswhose geotouristic potential is almost always significant - may be surprising. This is the case of the Park whose official website does not indicate any values of inanimate nature at all. In the case of such parks as Świętokrzyski, Pieniński, Gorczański or Magurski such information is just a part of wider descriptions not directly related to the values. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the tourist values and attractions of national parks, indicating that they serve as important eco-tourism destinations. It emphasizes the analysis of tourist flow in national parks and mentions the focus on promoting their natural values, which aligns well with the concept of eco-tourism often being associated with protected areas such as national parks.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: With reference to mini-grids, the Energy and Africa survey of its mini-grid portfolio in 2018 found that 36 direct jobs were created per mini-grid, though not specifying the breakdown between short- and long-term jobs [34]. The latest relevant study explores jobs projections for SSA from renewable energy and energy efficiency, finding that the share of renewable energy jobs comprise 37% of energy sector jobs in 2020 given the current policies, and could comprise as much as 63% in 2030 under aggressive climate policy [35]. This study only includes nuclear power, utility-scale solar PV, concentrated solar power and wind technologies, and does not include decentralized technologies. Thus, few studies to date directly explore job creation for the comprehensive range of technologies serving off-grid and weak-grid areas or provide detail across employment categories. Our study adds to the literature by providing the largest and most comprehensive bottom-up employment data set for DRE technologies in SSA, allowing for nuanced insights on the workforce landscape and needs. and goal of this exercise is to establish a baseline for understanding employment opportunities generated by the DRE sector. The survey was conducted in Kenya and Nigeria. Kenya’s DRE market is one of the most mature in SSA and has the highest product penetration of solar lanterns and SHS in the world, with more than 50% market penetration [14]. Nigeria has the largest potential DRE market in SSA, complete with the most ambitious mini-grid program, but conversely has a young DRE market, with very low, but rapidly expanding market penetration [14]. Exploring these two countries thus provide unique insights into the job and skill trends of DRE markets of different sizes and stages of growth, thus serving as an instructive starting point. The survey explores direct employment in the DRE sector, both formally and informally for these countries. We also discuss estimates of job creation stimulated through electricity access from DRE technologies, termed productive use jobs. Indirect and induced jobs are outside the survey scope. 1 for a summary of each country’s electrification and employment status. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current and projected share of renewable energy jobs in the energy sector, emphasizing that renewable energy jobs comprised 37% of energy sector jobs in 2020 and could increase to 63% by 2030 under aggressive climate policies. This indicates that while renewable energy jobs are growing, they may not completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade, as the text does not support the idea of a complete replacement but rather highlights the growing integration of renewable energy jobs alongside existing sectors.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Apparently, there is a developmental reduction in Calbindin-D28k expression parallel to RHT formation and a developmental increase in calretinin expression which is independent of RHT connections to SCN neurons [250]. Galanin (Gal) Galanin is yet another peptide associated with the SCN. It is a 29/30 amino acid neuropeptide seen in many parts of the nervous system [251], including the SCN [9,252,253]. In fact, neurons containing both galanin and AVP have been reported in human SCN [253]. In rat SCN, galanin receptor subtype R2 (Gal-R2) expression has been identified [254]. Angiotensin II (ANG II) Angiotensin II (ANG II) is an octapeptide found in the SCN [15,255] and is likely to be involved in circadian function. The presence of ANG II in the SCN has been demonstrated both at light microscopic [15] and electron microscopic level [256] in normotensive rats. Of late there has been much interest in the physiological, pharmacological, and immunohistological studies of angiotensins of the SCN. At present the available information on the role of angiotensin II at the level of the SCN is much less than that on the role of known transmitters of the SCN. It has been proposed that SCN-derived angiotensin II acts as a neuromodulator as well as neurotransmitter with the effects being mediated through angiotensin1(AT1) receptors located on the endothelial plasma membrane of SCN parenchyma [257]. Met-Enkephalin (mENK) These neurons are located primarily dorsomedially in the shell of the SCN and overlap with the distribution of AVP neurons. mENK cells are large to medium sized. Enkephalin has been found in the neurons of the IGL [116,117,122,258] projecting to the ventrolateral aspect of the SCN. The role of enkephalin as a putative neurotransmitter has been demonstrated in hamster SCN. Injection of retrograde tracer fluoro-gold into the SCN showed the existence of a population of labelled neurons in the intergeniculate leaflet which are immunoreactive for enkephalin [117]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address whether the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses various neuropeptides found within the SCN and their potential roles, but does not confirm or deny the claim about the SCN being the master clock. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the specific claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: The parks’ authorities responsible for maintaining official websites show different approaches to the presentation of tourist values located in the park. There is clearly an uneven approach to tourist values in general including those of a natural character. Only some of the twenty-three parks draw attention to their inanimate nature values. It is prepared in three ways: presents them as part of a broader commentary on the geology or geomorphology of the area where it occurs or, presents them as part of the description of particular thematic, didactic and educational routes, or simply presents the routes running through the park area or, presents them as natural values in the more or less detailed way in a larger group of tourist attractions or separated as the most important attractions of the park (in this category only the values of inanimate nature are presented). This is the case for two parks: Karkonoski and - both located in Lower Silesia. The first one has also the status of the geopark. 5. 2 Tourist function of national parks in PolandNational parks play an important role in the development of tourism in non-urbanized areas in Poland. They belong (apart of landscape parks) to the most attractive natural values of surface character. In practice, they are treated as a collection of many tourist values of a point nature or as an important set of recreational values where the nature of the landscape, microclimate prevailing in its area, water relations and fauna and flora characteristic for the region are important. This form of nature protection which occupies just over 1% of the country’s area is able to generate mass tourist flow. It this does not apply to all parks however. The size of tourist flow depends on many factors: attractiveness of the landscape, the range and number of tourist natural values, the environmental conditions for practicing different active forms of tourism, emphasizing the skiing, the level of the tourist infrastructure development accompanying specific forms of tourism with particular emphasis on the accommodation base in the vicinity of the park, accessibility. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of national parks in Poland as important locations for tourism, particularly in non-urbanized areas. It mentions that national parks are treated as collections of tourist values and are significant in generating mass tourist flow, thus supporting the idea that eco-tourism often involves protected areas such as national parks. The emphasis on nature protection and the natural values associated with these parks aligns with the concept of eco-tourism.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Meaning that companies which have higher sales employ more across both the formal and informal sector. analysis shows that a relationship between company scope and employment. Those companies that work broadly across delivering multiple technologies employ more persons than those engaged in a single DRE technology. Finally, we find that direct, formal jobs show a positive relationship with the age of the companies, particularly for Nigeria. The older a company is, the more direct, formal jobs it provides. See supplementary materials for these statistical outputs and for market estimates used. In the sections below, we expand on these findings and their implications. TABLE 5 Table 5. Direct, formal and informal jobs estimates, by technology, in 2017–2018. Direct, In 2017–2018, the DRE sector provided 10,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and 4000 jobs in Nigeria (see Table 5). This is equivalent to the total number of jobs within the traditional power sector in Kenya, and the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning sector in Nigeria [56–58]. In Kenya, total national formal employment in 2018 was about 18 million [5]. (KPLC) had about 11,000 personnel in 2018 [57]. So the DRE sector, having provided 10,000 jobs in 2017–2018, is already comparable to the jobs created by the distribution and retail segment of the utility-scale power sector. DRE sector was dominated by pico-solar appliance and SHS companies. In fact, 78% of formal Kenyan jobs were in the pico-solar appliances and SHS sector, followed by another 18% in the C&I sector, and 4% from mini-grids and solar water pumps. In Nigeria, a total of 55. 5 million people were employed in 2017 [5], among which the electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector employs about 10,000 people [58], thus putting the DRE sector employment on the same order of magnitude as the utility-scale power sector. This is despite the fact that the DRE market is still nascent in Nigeria, despite a large and unmet appetite for power lead by Nigeria’s MSMEs. This is due, in part, to the country’s current economic crisis and high import duties on batteries [6,59]. In Nigeria, project developers and installers are the primary job engines for the DRE sector. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses job statistics within the decentralized renewable energy (DRE) sector in Kenya and Nigeria, highlighting the number of jobs created without making any specific claims about the replacement of fossil fuel jobs by renewable energy jobs. Therefore, it does not provide information that corroborates or contrasts the claim, but rather is irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Among the three main classes of opioid receptors, little δ or μ opioid receptor expression has been identified through autoradiographic techniques in hamster SCN in vitro [259,260]. No direct effect on basal or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-evoked firing rates of SCN neurons in hamster has been observed on short -term application of opioid receptor agonists [261]. However, the observation of SCN neurons exhibiting withdrawal responses after the influence of enkephalins had been removed indicates that endogenous opioids may play a role in modulation of SCN function. On the other hand, naloxone injection into the SCN is reported to produce disruption of the circadian pattern of food [262] and water [263] intake. Prokineticin 2 (PK2) Prokineticin 2 (PK2) has been identified as an output molecule from the SCN circadian clock [236]. PK2 is a cystein-rich secreted protein. It is reported to be involved in the transmission of behavioural circadian rhythm as well as in local function within the SCN to synchronize the out put [236]. PK2, named for its ability to stimulate intestinal smooth muscle contractility, is proposed to have a major role in inhibiting locomotor activity during the day in nocturnal species [236]. Receptors for PK2, PKR2, are found abundantly in the target nuclei of the SCN output pathway, indicating again that it is an output molecule. A recent study [264] demonstrated that the molecular rhythm of PK2 in the SCN is regulated by both circadian clock and light, with the clock having a predominant role and light having a modulatory role. PK2 expression induced by light independent of the circadian oscillator may also indicate participation of PK2 in the photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Evidence suggesting diurnality in behavioural patterns based on alterations in PK2 receptors in regions receiving SCN efferents does not seems to provide a complete answer at least in rodents[265]. The action may be downstream of the SCN or may be in parallel to the PK2/PKR2 receptor systems[265]. Relationship between the biological clock of humans and those of other mammals The majority of studies of SCN function has been conducted on laboratory animals, particularly the rat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various aspects of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and its related functions, but it does not directly address whether the SCN is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it covers the roles of opioid receptors and Prokineticin 2 (PK2) in the SCN, alongside their relationships with circadian patterns and modulation. Therefore, this text does not confirm or deny the specific claim and is deemed irrelevant to it.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Taking into consideration the above elements it is not surprising the top ten most visited tourist attractions in Poland in 2014: Tatrzański Wilanów Palace Łazienki Auschwitz – Camp Woliński 1Number of tourists in national parks 2010 – 2017Source: [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71]Figure 2Number of tourists in national parks in 2017Source: [71]points out [63] there are as many as four national parks in the list: two of a mountain nature, one of seaside and one lake. The highest rank belongs to the Tatrzański where inanimate nature plays a significant role. was right behind the podium. For both of the parks the size of tourist traffic exceeds one million tourists. The analysis of tourist traffic in national parks in recent years indicates a steady upward trend. In the last decade tourist traffic in national parks increased from 10464400 to 13290600 visitors in 2017 with the exception of 2013. In practice tourist traffic increase of 30% in national parks was observed which impacted both animated and inanimate nature. It is worth taking a look at the record year 2017. The most visited park with almost four million tourists is the Tatrzański National Park. The next places are occupied by the Park with two million visitors, Woliński (1. 5 million tourists) and Wielkopolski (1. 2 million tourists). The group of parks with a million entries or over is completed by the Park. It is worth paying attention to one important element: 8072000 tourists visit national parks located in mountain areas. If the number of visitors to upland parks is added, the total number increases to 8705000 people, which is 65% of all tourist movement associated with national parks in Poland. This value alone indicates a potential threat from the tourist movement for the natural values of mountain and upland national parks which take on much more pressure from tourists. In this group, due to its attractiveness for tourists, four national parks stand out: (Figure 3). Figure 3Tourist movement in selected mountainous national parks between 2010 and 2017Source: [64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71]These were the most visited mountain national parks in 2017. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the popularity of national parks in Poland as tourist destinations. It details significant tourist traffic in national parks, mentioning that four national parks were among the most visited attractions. This reinforces the idea that national parks, which are typically protected areas, serve as eco-tourism destinations due to their natural attractions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: A large share of direct, formal jobs created by these companies are skilled activities, like sales and distribution or product servicing, as compared to the global renewable energy industry, where less than half of its workers are skilled [25]. These companies have high percentage full-time engagement, high retention periods, and a broad spread of job functions from business and administration to assembly and sales. ANOVA analysis shows that end-user product providers employ more women than other companies. 2 Figure 2. Kenya end-user product provider workforce profile. 3 Figure 3. Nigeria end-user product provider workforce profile. Project developers and installers on the other hand draw less on sales and distribution, and dedicate most of their workforce to project development and servicing products, which are highly skilled jobs (see Figures 4 and 5). Because of the less standardized, component-based nature of project development and installation, the work carried out is labor intensive. Furthermore, during the construction phase of C&I projects, the developers and installers draw heavily on support of engineering, procurement, construction, transportation, and logistics companies, with the support of local civil workers. Thus, the potential for indirect job creation is high. These jobs also have high retention and a significant degree of full-time engagement. The project developer workforce in Kenya comprises over 40% youth, though with a lower notably lower participation in Nigeria. analysis shows that project developers and installers employ less women than other company types. 4 Figure 4. Kenya project developer and installer workforce profile. 5 Figure 5. Nigeria project developer and installer workforce profile. Mini-grid operators and project developers and installers are analyzed separately because their business models and revenue structures differ, as does their contracting and hiring behavior. Mini-grid operators create more long-term O&M jobs, as compared to project developers and installers, who need large number of contractors or informal workers’ support over a short period of time during project installation. Currently, mini-grid companies are still emerging in Nigeria and more established in Kenya. Mini-grid companies for instance, provide significantly more formal than informal work opportunities. The jobs created by the mini-grid operators are mostly full-time, long-term jobs, in fact having the longest retention time across the company types surveyed. Furthermore, mini-grid companies employ the highest percentage of their staff in management and business administration (see Figures 6 and 7). 6 Figure 6. Kenya mini-grid operator workforce profile. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that while there are significant job opportunities within the renewable energy sector, particularly in skilled roles and long-term positions, the text also reveals complexities in job creation dynamics, suggesting that renewable energy jobs may not entirely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. It highlights variations in job skills, job retention, and the need for support from local workers during project installation, which implies that a direct replacement of jobs is not straightforward and may not occur as quickly as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: [PubMed] Kalsbeek, A, van Heerikhuize, JJ, Wortel, J and Buijs, RM (1996). A diurnal rhythm of stimulatory input to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal system as revealed by timed intrahypothalamic administration of the vasopressin V1 antagonist J Neurosci 16: 5555–5565. [PubMed] and Buijs, RM (2000). Melatonin sees the light: blocking GABA-ergic transmission in the paraventricular nucleus induces daytime secretion of melatonin Neurosci 12: 3146–3154. [PubMed] Buijs, RM and Kalsbeek, A (2001). Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks Neurosci 2: 521–526. [PubMed] Colwell, CS and Menaker, M (1996). ed. Regulation of circadian rhythms by excitatory amino acids Excitatory amino acids: Their role in neuroendocrine function. New York: CRC Press, 252. Ebling, FJP (1996). The role of glutamate in the photic regulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus 50: 109–132. [PubMed] and Morin, LP (1988). Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract 460: 297–313. [PubMed] Myers, MP, Wagner-Smith, K, Rothenfluh-Hilfiker, A and Young, MW (1996). Light induced degradation of and entrainment of the Drosophila circadian clock Science 271: 1736–1740. [PubMed] and Storm-Mathisen, J (1993). Glutamate-like immunoreactivity in retinal terminals of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus Neurosci 5: 368–381. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2000). PACAP and glutamate are co-stored in the retinohypothalamic tract J 418: 147–155. [PubMed] Hannibal, J and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). Immunoreactive substance P is not part of the retinohypothalamic tract in the rat Res 309: 293–299. [PubMed] and Cutler, DJ (2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) as the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it primarily lists various studies and publications related to circadian rhythms and their regulation without providing a clear connection to the SCN as the central regulator. Therefore, the text is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Invariably for years in this group the leader is the Tatrzański where the traffic in the analyzed period has almost doubled from 2 to 4 million tourists. The dynamics of this process can effect the inanimate nature of the Park. The situation in the Park is surprisingly stable where the volume of tourist traffic in the last eight years has remained at a stable level of 2 million visitors which is 336 people per hectare of the Park which rises a threat of anthropopressure. Variable growth is noted by Pieniński the third in classification visited last year by almost 900000 tourists. In the examined relatively short period the popularity of the Park increased by 30%. The last of the analyzed parks is the which also increased tourist traffic from 319000 in 2010 to over half a million tourists in 2017. 5. 3 Threats to inanimate nature resulting from the presence of tourist flow in the national parksThe size of tourist flow in valuable natural areas affects the quality and conservation status of nature. This is a kind of paradox - the more valuable and attractive natural area in the opinion of tourists, the greater the tourist flow is observed, which translates into a greater threat to the nature in the protected area. In the literature the whole set of threats is repeatedly pointed out of which managers in the protected area are aware of. Noise, pollution or anthropopressure is indicated [63]. Partyka [72] draws attention to the excessive attendance of visitors and the increase of number of tourist trails in the most popular places, trampling wild paths, damaging root systems, trees, destroying vegetation and soil, noise, disturbing animals, causing fires, littering, changes in landscape and microclimate, and synanthropization of flora and fauna and changes in the structure of biocenoses. Similarly, Baraniec [73] points to anthropogenic denudation, destruction in vegetation or littering, which diminishes the aesthetic values of the Park and has a negative impact on the animal world. Wieniawska [74] emphasizes the threat related to the development of infrastructure, especially skiing. The most popular in summer in mountains - hiking - destroys nature on the tourist trails. Tourists could destroy the vegetation cover, create short cuts between paths, destroy the surface of the paths, cause loose material movement, etc. [75]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the high volume of tourist traffic in national parks, which are indeed types of protected areas. It specifically highlights the popularity of parks, such as Tatrzański and Pieniński, as eco-tourism destinations, where tourists are drawn to the natural beauty and ecological value of these areas. Moreover, the text outlines the consequences of such tourism on natural preservation, affirming that these protected areas are central to eco-tourism.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: Skilled labor will be needed to scale the sector, and thus even greater employment opportunity may arise in the near-term future, especially given that 23% of emerging economies with low energy access have now established official DRE targets [71]. We attempt a projection of future DRE workforce by applying the study employment factors to available market forecasts and planned policies (see Table 9). This simple exercise suggests that by 2022–2023 employment from the DRE sector could more than double. The DRE sector could provide more than 17,000 and 52,000 direct, formal jobs in Kenya and Nigeria respectively. The DRE sector could also provide more than 30,000 in direct, informal jobs in Kenya, and 24,000 in Nigeria. This snapshot provides a general indication of employment potential but cannot be generalized given the data and analysis limitations. See supplementary materials for market assumptions used. Moreover, future employment from productive use jobs is likely to be even greater than that of direct employment. Though included in the survey instrument, data from DRE companies on the types of jobs being created by rural customers through access to electricity was poor. As such, we were unable to generate productive use employment factors, or project productive use employment in the future. But as an anecdotal point of reference, if we explore the few employment factors available in the literature, productive use jobs stimulated by access to electricity may employ more than five times as many people as direct, formal jobs. In fact, the scale of productive use job impact in 2017–2018 is estimated at 65,000 jobs in Kenya and 15,000 in Nigeria (see Table 9 and see for more information on employment factors and market estimates used). This basic calculation aligns with expert opinion from the focus groups and the literature, which suggest that the number of jobs created through access to electricity from DRE may be orders of magnitude larger than the direct employment of the sector itself [72–74]. Among the different DRE productive use applications, solar water pumping for irrigation has a particularly high employment impact documented in the literature. According to the Food and (FAO), solar irrigation can increase the number of harvests and area of crop coverage, therefore requiring more labor [53,75]. Due to limited data however, we could not estimate the productive use jobs from solar water pumping. Future exploration into productive use employment and skills needs is critical, especially as rural unemployment is such a timely challenge in SSA. TABLE 9 Table 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating the complexities of employment in the renewable energy (DRE) sector versus fossil fuel jobs. It suggests that while job creation in DRE is significant and may increase, it does not imply a complete replacement of fossil fuel jobs. Instead, it highlights potential growth in DRE employment opportunities, both direct and indirect, which cannot be generalized to conclude that they will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the brain is the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Distribution of substance P and neurokinin-1 receptor immunoreactivity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei and intergeniculate leaflet of hamster, mouse, and rat J 438: 50–65. [PubMed] and Fahrenkrug, J (2002). The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract J Neurosci 22: RC191. [PubMed] Piggins, HD and Rusak, B (1997). Effects of microinjections of substance P into the suprachiasmatic nucleus region on hamster wheel-running rhythms Bull 42: 451–455. [PubMed] and Moller, M (1992). Gating of retinal inputs through the suprachiasmatic nucleus: role of excitatory neurotransmission 27: 263–272. [PubMed] and Gillette, MU (1994). Resetting the biological clock: mediation of nocturnal circadian shifts by glutamate and NO Science 266: 1713–1717. [PubMed] and Meijer, JH (1994). The effects of electrical stimulation of the optic nerves and anterior optic chiasm on the circadian activity rhythm of the Syrian hamster: involvement of excitatory amino acids 642: 206–212. [PubMed] van der Want, J, de Wolf, A and Meijer, JH (1993). Glutamate immunoreactivity in terminals of the retinohypothalamic tract of the brown Norwegian rat 612: 231–237. [PubMed] Gannon, RL and Rea, MA (1994). In situ hybridization of antisense mRNA oligonucleotides for and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus at different phases of the circadian cycle Res 23: 338–344. [PubMed] and Biello, S (1999). Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide phase shifts circadian rhythms in a manner similar to light J Neurosci 19: 6637–6642. [PubMed] and Shibata, S (2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not explicitly support or refute the claim regarding the SCN being the master clock regulating circadian rhythms. Instead, it presents a series of references and studies focused on various aspects and functions related to the SCN and its interactions, but does not make a definitive statement about its role as the master clock. Therefore, it can be classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-tourism destinations often include protected areas like national parks. [SEP] Text: Securing the sides of tourist trails and internal roads against trampling. Securing of slopes and ski routes as well as lifts before erosion. Anti-erosion space in places where erosion has caused human activity Temporary exclusion of fragments of trails and internal roads from use. And it is basically a set that most fully indicates ways to solve the problem. The Tatrzański also indicates the need to renovate tourist routes and internal roads, fencing areas particularly susceptible to erosion and the introduction of anti-erosion structure of erosion gutters of anthropogenic origin. Park is much more laconic, which as a solution to the problem indicates the introduction of the anti-erosion structure. The Pieniński adds to the above set the need to protect roads against falling rock debris and to limit the movement of motor vehicles. Another threat, common for all parks, can be reduced to a common definition: unauthorized use of national park resources and uncontrolled penetration of its area by tourist flow. The Tatrzański at this point at the position number 3 indicates problem that unauthorized persons are entering unauthorized places. In the Park it is the position No. 7, where there is talk of local and periodic exceedances of the permissible number of people who can stay on a given section of the tourist route. Park speaks broadly about the uncontrolled penetration of the TMNP area consisting of: staying of tourists in places not available (areas in TMNP that are not made available to tourists to visit) and using motor vehicles (motorcycles,quads) – a point indicated by the Pieniński in the section of the threat of soil erosion. As a matter of fact, the ways to fight these threats are very similar: monitoring the impact on natural resources, limiting entry to the park’s endangered area, or infrastructure maintenance as appropriate marking, repairing hiking, biking and didactic paths. An important, especially for the is the improvement of tourist flow and limiting the number of tourists on and Błędne Skały through the creation of tourist routes and the introduction of fees for entering the routes. It also emphasizes the need to prevent tourists from staying outside of shared places. The threat indicated only by the Pieniński is, recorded in the position 29, the destruction of caves and rocky deposits caused by the tourist movement. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing measures taken to protect the environment in national parks, which are often eco-tourism destinations. It describes actions such as securing tourist trails, limiting access to endangered areas, and implementing monitoring strategies to manage the tourist flow within the national parks. This aligns with the idea that eco-tourism destinations are typically protected areas aimed at preserving natural resources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Renewable energy jobs will completely replace fossil fuel jobs within a decade. [SEP] Text: 2 Hydrogen technologies At present, nearly all industrial hydrogen is produced or “reformed” from methane in fossil energy, primarily from natural gas, although oil and coal are also used. The relatively low price and increasing availability of natural gas imply that it will be increasingly used to meet the growing world demand for hydrogen. It thus appears that hydrogen production will be an increasingly important driver of natural gas demand. The production of hydrogen at commercially viable prices has been very difficult to achieve. As noted, talk of a move to the “hydrogen economy” was largely premature and most previous hyperbolic claims for hydrogen applications neglected to account for the market price and highly limited availability of the hydrogen. FCs, internal combustion engines using hydrogen (or adding it as a “sweetener”), and many other potential applications are economically limited by the input price for bulk hydrogen production, storage, transport, and safe handling. The two most common sources of industrial merchant hydrogen, electrolysis and steam reforming of methane/natural gas (with approximately 5% and 95% of current production, respectively), are expensive for the amount of hydrogen produced and often require initial capital expenditures exceeding several million dollars. In addition, transport and storage costs are high, requiring large, heavy tanks designated for hazardous materials transport by the US Department of Transportation. Devices that produce hydrogen via electrolysis at rates of 10–20 L/min cost hundreds of thousands of dollars, the total cost of operation is high, and the resale values of the devices are low. These devices have limitations linked to large electricity draw, device complexity, and durability and lifetime of the PEM FCs, as well as comparative costs for production of each kilogram of hydrogen. Steam reformation, which allows for very high production rates, can only be conducted at massive, highly complex industrial-scale chemical plants that require direct sources of methane/natural gas and operate at very high temperatures and pressures. However, there is an additional overriding problem with hydrogen production. As noted, much of the future increase in demand for hydrogen is based on the growing demand for clean transportation fuels, strict government regulations, and the focus on reducing CO2 in the atmosphere. It is true that at point of use, hydrogen is a clean burning fuel whose only by-product is water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the current state of hydrogen production, which relies heavily on fossil fuels, particularly natural gas. It highlights that hydrogen technologies are linked to the continued demand for fossil fuels rather than a complete transition to renewable energy jobs. The complexities and costs involved in producing hydrogen underscore the challenges in quickly replacing fossil fuel jobs with renewable energy jobs.