Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: potential of triethylene glycol and quercetin in stressed mice Submit manuscript. . . eISSN: 2379-6367 Pharmacy & 206. DOI: 10. 15406/ppij. 2015. 02. 00041 : To compare physiological stress response modulating potentials of triethylene glycol and quercetin in mice. Methods: Effects of single and 10 daily oral doses (5, 20, 100 and 400mg/kg/day) of quercetin and triethylene glycol (TEG) to male mice on foot shock stress induces transient hyperthermia and on basal rectal temperatures and body weight changes, and of their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test and on pentobarbital induced sedation were compared. In further experiments, the effects of their 11 and 12 daily minimally effective stress response suppressing doses (5mg/kg/day) in two versions of the marble burying test for anxiolytics were assessed. Results: Dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG for suppressing transient hyperthermia triggered by 1min duration of foot shock stress increased with increasing numbers of their daily dose, and body weight losses and slight elevation of basal core temperatures triggered by daily handling and occasional foot shocks were also antagonized by both of them. Significant effects of even the lowest tested (5mg/kg/day) doses of both of them were observed after their 11 daily doses in tail suspension test in mildly stressed mice, bur after such treatments only quercetin had statistically significant effects in one of the two versions of the marble burying tests in stressed mice. Conclusion: Fairly low daily, but not single, oral doses of quercetin and TEG desensitize physiological stress responses of male mice triggered by occasional exposures to short duration of foot shocks. Both of them possess daily dose dependant antidepressant like activities, and after their low stress response suppressing doses only quercetin possess some anxiolytics like activity in stressed mice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of quercetin and triethylene glycol on physiological stress responses in mice, and does not mention ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it does not support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: This was observed at concentrations of 1, 2. 5, and 5 g/L. The best results were at 2. 5 g/L. At the higher concentration of 5 g/L, ethanol production decreases, likely due to excess cell growth or inhibition from the CSL. In the third cycle, the addition of CSL caused 3. 5 g/L more xylose consumption and 2. 5 g/L more ethanol production compared to the control. Additionally, the improvement between the first and third cycles showed 2 g/L more consumed xylose and 1. 25 g/L more ethanol. This may indicate an increase in cell viability across cycles compared to the drop seen in all other cases. Wheat germ and CSL were also added in combination (Additional file 4). We expected better ethanol production with increased xylose consumption after each cycle. However, the results were similar to those for yeast extract addition. There was an initial benefit to the fermentation but still a drastic decrease in xylose consumption and ethanol production as the cycles progressed. The final nutrient test was performed by adding CSL (2. 5 g/L) during the xylose consumption phase (at 6 h) rather than at the beginning of the fermentation (Additional file 5). In the end, the addition of the CSL at the beginning was more beneficial to both xylose consumption and ethanol production. This indicates that nutrient addition is more important during the high growth phase than during high stress phase. However, the xylose consumption still improved over each cycle regardless of when the CSL was added. Five-cycle viable cell profilingThe five-cycle comparisons were performed in a bioreactor to better imitate industrial conditions. The experimental goal was to profile the viable cell mass through five cycles with the use of a capacitance probe. A no nutrient addition case was compared to the optimal nutrient addition case (2. 5 g/L CSL) as determined previously. The five-cycle comparison used the optimal initial inoculum of 10 g/L DCW, initial pH of 6. 0, and 32°C. Previously, cell population was measured using the OD method, which does not accurately measure the viable cell population. Traditionally, viability plating or staining can be used to measure cells capable of growth or cells with intact cellular membranes, respectively. Because the Y128 strain flocculates, these traditional methods were not sufficiently accurate. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various experimental results related to ethanol production from xylose by yeast. It highlights that the addition of nutrients like CSL (corn steep liquor) during the fermentation process positively impacted xylose consumption and ethanol production, indicating that engineering yeast processes can enhance biofuel yields from sugar sources. The results show a clear relationship between nutrient input and biofuel output, supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can be optimized for higher biofuel yields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: is sometimes referred to as ‘a third pole’ because of the icy region it contains. Recent thinning of glaciers over the Himalayas has been a hot debate as these glaciers supply water to large river systems. 9. (BC) aerosols are released from incomplete combustion. They are badly affecting weather, temperature and hydrology. Black aerosol covers are also having an impact on snow cover. In Himalayas, from 1990 to 2000 ice cover decreased by 0. 9% due to aerosols. Due to aerosol emission, this decline has reached to 36% [20]. 10. is a large ice cap found in the western Kunlun mountains on the surrounded by 30-40 meter ice walls. Decreased precipitation rates in the Himalaya region is having disastrous effects of ice belts [21]. In this region, ice core of 6200m altitude has been reduced to 3080m. 11. about The amount of water locked up in ice and snow is about 1. 7% of all water on Earth, but the majority of total fresh water on Earth about 68. 7% is locked up in ice caps [22] Polar ice caps are about 15 million years ago. However, certain scientists suggest that south polar ice cap was decayed so it is no more than three million years ago Portions of ice caps melt and refreeze as the seasons change In the last 100 years. Melting ice has caused the sea level to rise upto 8 inches 12. ice cap decreases to a very small size in every September and then begins to regrow again. The extent of that dwindling is shrinking by 14% after every ten years. If there is less ice, more radiations from the Sun would be absorbed by open water and there would be only minute reflection back into the atmosphere. There, no ice would be formed therefore, the Arctic ice has reached beyond a “Tripping point”. Giant walls and cooling tunnels are the best ways to save polar ice from melting Tunnels can be built under the ice through which the ice can be thickened and there would be least drainage into oceans and lakes By cooling hot bedrock underneath. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence of significant melting of the polar ice caps and glaciers. It notes that portions of the ice caps do melt and refreeze seasonally, but recent trends indicate that 'the extent of that dwindling is shrinking by 14% after every ten years.' The mention of additional impacts caused by aerosol emissions and the stated 'Tripping point' in Arctic ice further suggest that complete melting is a possibility, thus directly opposing the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: 15 Since gut microbial ecology regulates oxidative status and metabolic stress,16,17 we speculated that by virtue of their bactericidal activities both qercetin and TEG could also alter microbial ecology inside the gastrointestinal tract and thus could contribute to stress response desensitizing or adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera extracts. Consequently, efforts to experimentally very this possibility are now being made in our laboratories. Results of the very first set of experiments revealing and reconfirming stress response desensitizing potentials of their fairly low oral daily doses will be presented in this communication. The pharmacologically validated and standardized mouse bioassay procedure used in these experiments evolved during our efforts to define therapeutically interesting psychopharmacological activity profiles of diverse types of plant extracts according to Ayurvedic therapeutic principles. 18 Usefulness of the procedure for estimating pharmacologically interesting doses and dosage regimen of a Withania somnifera 19 or of those of bioactive constituents of other stress response suppressing or adaptogenic herbs have also been reconfirmed. 20-24 Since anxiolytics like efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts have been observed in several clinical trials,25 further analogous experiments were conducted to verify whether low daily stress response suppressing doses of quercetin and TEG also possess anxiolytic activity or not. Possible implications of the observations reported in this communication for better understanding of biological process involved in traditionally known medicinal plants for dietary and herbal therapies will be disused also. Material and method male albino mice (20±5 g) were used in this study. Prior approval from the of the University (CAECU) was taken for the study protocol (Dean/2014/CAEC/608, dated 30-5-2014). All animals were acclimatized to steady laboratory environment at least one week before starting the experiment. They were randomly housed in groups (n=6) in polypropylene cages (28×19×12. 5) and maintained at an ambient temperature (25±1°C) and relative humidity (45-55%) with a 12:12 hr light/dark cycle. Cages were provided with husk and were cleaned routinely. Animals were freely provided or access to standard rodent pellets and water ad libitum. All experimental groups in a given experiment were tested in parallel (i. e. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not discuss ginseng at all; rather, it focuses on the adaptogenic activity of Withania somnifera (also known as ashwagandha) and its various studies and methodologies. Since the claim specifically refers to ginseng and the text is irrelevant to this subject, it passes.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Synergy of crude enzyme cocktail from cold-adapted Cladosporium cladosporioides Ch2-2 with commercial xylanase achieving high sugars yield at low cost 3. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (between 4 and 40°C). In addition, manganese-independent peroxidase (MIP), a special type of ligninase with the capacity to oxidize dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the absence of H2O2 and Mn2+, was optimally active at 20°C and pH 2. 5, exhibiting high thermostability over a broad range of temperatures (4 and 28°C), while depressed completely by Fe2+ and essentially unaffected by EDTA. Synergy between Ch2-2 crude enzymes and commercial xylanase obviously enhanced biomass hydrolysis, which could take the place of expensive commercial cellulase mixture. The maximum value of synergistic degree reached 4. 7 at 28°C, resulting in 10. 1 mg/mL reducing sugars. ConclusionsThe psychrophilic enzymes system of C. cladosporioides Ch2-2 with a different synergistic mechanism has huge potential for the enhancement of biomass hydrolysis at mesophilic and low temperatures. The application scope of the lignocellulosic enzyme cocktail could be greatly enlarged by optimizing the operation conditions specific to the characteristics of ligninase. BackgroundMaking full use of biomass such as agricultural waste and energy crops to produce clean fuel ethanol on an industrial scale is beneficial to solve the crisis of environmental pollution and energy shortage. Sugarcane bagasse is one of the most abundant byproducts of agroindustry in south China as well as the world [1]. Meanwhile, Jerusalem artichoke is a typical example of the energy crops which can grow in marginal lands, including saline soils and sandy soils, owing to its unique agronomic traits such as tolerance to salt and drought stresses, and thus does not compete for arable lands with grain crops [2]. As a sustainable feedstock, bagasse and Jerusalem artichoke stalks are both considered to be applicable for the large-scale biological production of cellulosic ethanol and other bio-based chemicals. However, the low efficiency and high cost of existing enzymes converting lignocellulose to fermentable sugars still limit the large-scale industrialization of cellulosic ethanol at present. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the potential of using biomass, such as sugarcane bagasse and Jerusalem artichoke, for the large-scale biological production of cellulosic ethanol and bio-based chemicals. It highlights how optimizing enzyme systems can enhance biomass hydrolysis, leading to better conversion of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can indeed be utilized to produce high yields of biofuels from these sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: There would be less friction and lesser heat to cause the ice to melt [23] Millions of tiny glass beads can be spread around the Arctic ice to reflect the sunlight away By cutting emissions from black aerosols, tropospheric ozone and hydrofluorocarbons Combined artificial icebergs can be created by collecting water from melting glaciers, removing salt from it and placing the frozen icebergs around the polar ice caps 13. conventional methods should be applied to stop an environment from being degraded. region is highest vulnerable to high temperatures than any other place in the world due to which polar ice caps are getting melted. Animals dependent on ice-habitats like polar bears, Arctic seals and walruses are threatened. Polar ice caps help fight against global warming but there is a time to enact because global warming is now actually hunting for the ice caps. The environment around the polar ice caps is a ‘driller’s nightmare’ and there is a huge threat to ice to be completely melted. Ice melting is also having an impact on economy as the industries are affected as well. So, there should a strong eye kept on the issue of polar ice melting so that there would be a least impact on climate as well as victims. 340. Bloch MR. A hypothesis for the change of ocean levels depending on the albedo of the polar ice caps. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 1 (1965): 127-142. . Gravitational separation of gases and isotopes in polar ice caps. Science 242 (1988): 1675-1678. SPOT 5 stereoscopic survey of polar ice: reference images and topographies during the fourth Year (2007–2009). of Photogrammetry and 64 (2009): 204-212. . Near-surface temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the stability of polar ice deposits. Icarus 141 (1999): 179-193. . Predictions of vertical uplift caused by changing polar ice volumes on a viscoelastic Earth. Letters 22 (1995): 977-980. Recent contributions of glaciers and ice caps to sea level rise. Nature 482 (2012): 514-518. Rastner P, Bolch T, Mölg N, et al. The first complete inventory of the local glaciers and ice caps on Greenland. 6 (2012): 1483-1495. . [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that 'there is a huge threat to ice to be completely melted' and emphasizes the vulnerability of the polar ice caps due to high temperatures and global warming. This suggests that complete melting is not only possible but a significant risk, countering the assertion that it is impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: on the same days of the experiments) and all tests were conducted between 09. 00 to 14. 00 hr and 60 min after the day's oral treatments. All animals in each experiment were handled and weighed daily during the experiments and except when stated all observations were made by the same blind observer and in the same laboratory environment. was purchased from Cayman chemical company (Michigan, USA), triethylene glycol was from Spectrochem (Mumbai, India), dimethyl fumarate and fumaric acid from (Bengaluru, India), Carboxymethyl cellulose from House Pvt. Ltd. (New Delhi, India) and pentobarbital sodium from Pvt. Ltd. (Mumbai, India). All other reagents and chemicals used were of highest quality commercial available in India. Animal grouping and treatments In each of the two pilot experiments conducted to estimate stress response modulating doses and treatment regimen of triethylene glycol (TEG) and quercetin, six groups of six animals each were used. In the experiment with TEG, distilled water was used as vehicle and the vehicle treated control group was treated daily with distilled water (10 ml/kg/day). The reference group in this experiment was treated with fumaric acid (FUM; 10 mg/kg/day) dissolved in distilled water. In other experiment with quercetin, the control group was treated daily with 0. 3% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and the reference group with 10 mg/kg/day dimethyl fumarate suspended in 0. 3% CMC. Choices of reference substances in these experiments were based on our earlier observations reconfirming that fumaric acid and its esters are stress response suppressing secondary metabolites of the adaptogenic herb of Fumaria indica and that fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate are almost equally effective in modulating central sensitivity to metabolic and enviorenmental stress triggered responses quantified in the mouse bioassay system used in this study26 For oral administrations, water insoluble quercetin and methyl were suspended in CMC and the water solution of TEG and fumaric acid were adjusted to pH 7. 4 and application volume were always 10 ml/kg. All oral treatments were given for 11 consecutive days of the experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant (pass) to the claim about ginseng's adaptogenic effects. It discusses the experimental conditions and treatments involving various chemicals and substances, but does not mention ginseng or any adaptogenic properties. Therefore, it does not provide support or rebuttal to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars access Published: 04 July 2016 Engineering yeast with bifunctional minicellulosome and cellodextrin pathway for co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars Li-Hai Fan1,2, Zi-Jian Zhang1,2, Sen Mei1,2, Yang-Yang Lu1,2, Mei Li1,2, Zai-Yu Wang1,2, Jian-Guo Yang1,2, Shang-Tian Yang3 & …Tian-Wei Tan1,2 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from carboxymethyl cellulose and ~56. 37 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell·h from phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose. ConclusionsOur work provides a versatile engineering strategy for co-conversion of cellulose-mixed sugars to ethanol by S. cerevisiae, and the achievements in this work may further promote cellulosic biofuel production. BackgroundCellulosic biomass is abundant, but its degradation to fermentable glucose by a complex cocktail of cellulases with at least endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase is costly and hampering industrial production of cellulosic ethanol [1–4]. Consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) integrating cellulase production, cellulose saccharification, and ethanol fermentation into one step has been proposed as a cost-effective way for bioethanol production from cellulose [5]. Intensive research efforts have thus focused on engineering Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has high ethanol productivity and tolerance [6, 7], but is unable to degrade cellulose, to display noncomplexed cellulase systems [8] or complexed cellulase systems (cellulosomes) [9–15]. Cellulosome is thought to have a higher activity at deconstructing cellulose than the corresponding noncomplexed system [5, 16]. However, S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of yeast (specifically, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) for the co-utilization of cellulose-mixed sugars to produce ethanol, which is a biofuel. It highlights that the engineering strategy aims to improve biofuel production from abundant cellulosic biomass, thus supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 27 Sep 2023 | 27 Sep 2023 Review 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-1939, 2023. Received: 24 Aug 2023 – Discussion started: 27 Sep 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 1767 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1767 KB) Supplement (12 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (1767 KB) Metadata XML Supplement (12 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/tc-18-2691-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary Increasing temperatures worldwide lead to more melting of glaciers and ice caps, even in the polar regions. This is why ice-core scientists need to prepare to analyse records affected by melting and refreezing. In this paper, we present a summary of how near-surface melt forms, what structural imprints it leaves in snow, how various signatures used for ice-core climate reconstruction are altered, and how we can still extract valuable insights from melt-affected ice cores. . Thomas, Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles, Anja Eichler, and Interactive discussion Status: closed Comment types: AC – author | RC – referee | CC – community | EC – editor | CEC – chief editor | : Report abuse RC1: 'Comment on egusphere-2023-1939', #1, 29 Oct 2023 Review for:Moser, D. E. , Thomas, E. R. , Nehrbass-Ahles, C. , Eichler, A. , and Wolff, E. : Review 10. 5194/egusphere-2023-1939, 2023. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating, 'Increasing temperatures worldwide lead to more melting of glaciers and ice caps, even in the polar regions.' This implies that the melting of polar ice caps is a consequence of rising global temperatures, which suggests that complete melting is possible.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In both the pilot experiments graded daily doses (5, 20, 100 and 400 mg/kg) of TEG, or of quercetin, were orally administered for the same number of days. In these two experiments, on days 1, 5, 7 and 10 of both these experiments all animals were subjected to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests and on the 11th day all test groups were subjected to tail suspension test for potential antidepressants. On the 12th day of the experiment (i. e. 24 hr after the last treatments) all test groups were subjected to pentobarbital sleep tests for assessing longer lasting effects of treatments on brain functions or on drug metabolizing enzymes. In each of the two further analogous experiments conducted to compare anxiolytic like activities of low effective daily oral doses (5 mg/kg/day) of TEG and quercetin in two versions of marble burying test, three groups of randomly selected animals were randomly allotted to each of the three experimental groups consisting of 6 animals each. The treatment groups used were as follows: Group I: Stress control (vehicle treated); Group II: Non-stress control (vehicle treated); Group III: (TEG or quercetin, 5mg/kg/day). In these experiments, the test agents and their vehicles were orally administered for 12 consecutive days and only the animals of the groups I and II were subjected to foot shock stress induced hyperthermia test on 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th day of the experiments. On the 11th day of these experiments, all animals of all the three groups of an experiment were subjected to a standard version of marble burying test (one zone) and on day 12 they were similarly tested similarly in the two-zones marble burying test. All animals in all experiments were closely observed for apparent behavioural abnormalities during the course of the experiments. Body weight and basal rectal temperatures of all animals used in different experimental groups were recorded on each observational day, whereupon the basal rectal temperatures were recorded one hour before the day’s treatment. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH) test This test was conducted by placing an individual mouse of a test group in a black box (24 x 29 x 40 cm) with a metallic grid floor for 1 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding ginseng's adaptogenic effects. Instead, it provides a detailed account of experimental procedures involving TEG and quercetin, which are unrelated to ginseng or its properties. It discusses stress tests and treatment effects in animals, failing to mention ginseng or its potential adaptogenic qualities.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of S. cerevisiae, a type of yeast, to utilize cellodextrins (derived from cellulose) for improved ethanol production. It states that engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression and displayed enhanced bioethanol production capabilities, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: It’s impossible for the polar ice caps to melt completely. [SEP] Text: With the current warming and its accelerated effect, it is of interest to retrieve information from these ice fields before the information gets to washed out by percolating melt and rain water. This work can such play an important role as a standard piece for new and old students in this field. General commentsSince this is a review 3. Section 4 hang a bit outside the general structure, and could be added into section 3, or even placed into 2. 3. 1. Maybe assess the general organization again. The illustrations are another topic that caught my eye. Potentially there could be hundreds of illustrations, since the review cites a large amount of work. From what I can see the figures are used to illustrate important principles and key information in the review. The illustrations are perhaps also used to break to long sections of text, into more color and different texture to please the readers eye. If so, pages 6 -12 are lacking illustrations, and such are a bit more dense and “heavy” to get through. Try to anchor the figures better in the text; to take the opportunity to explain the information in figures and expand the relevance of the figures in the section. With this, the illustrations will bring in more information and will be used as to bring in additional knowledge, apart from the aesthetical value. Further comments:1. How is the structure are lined up in the abstract as compared in the introduction, and further connected to the different sections. First, should the seven points in the abstract represent the different sections, and such display a “table of content”? Second, should these items of content be similar in the abstract and in the rows 90-95 in the introduction? 2. Could you consider to walk the reader through the arguments for the chosen organization of the manuscript after your presentation of aims and objectives? 3. The ice chemistry section could be separated between particulate and ionized content. The analytic methods and the information out of these parameters are quite different, and they also bring different information, and behave differently during wet events. 4. The section of water isotopes is fairly short in comparison to the chemistry section. You could argue that the basic information is available in a number of texts, and refer to more basic literature of this sort, perhaps begin with the pioneering work by Dansgaard. Minor commentsLi 12-14. Rephrase the sentence “Since coastal…. . in alpine settings”. Li 14. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the implications of current warming and its accelerating effects on ice fields. It highlights the importance of retrieving information from these areas before significant changes occur due to percolating melt and rainwater, suggesting that these ice fields are indeed susceptible to melting. This indicates that the polar ice caps can be affected by ever-increasing temperatures, opposing the idea that they cannot melt completely.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: During this period electric foot shocks were delivered through the grid floor (2 mA, 50 Hz of 2 ms duration) for inducing stress triggered transient hyperthermia. 27,28 Five consecutive foot shocks of 2 mA at 10 s interval were given 10 s after placing the animals in the test box. At the end of the minute, the animal was placed back to its home cage and 10 min thereafter their rectal temperatures were recorded again. Numerical differences between the rectal temperature of a given animal before oral administrations and 10 min after the foot shock session was calculated and used as an index for stress triggered transient hyperthermia. Animals of non-stressed groups in two of the four described experiments were also placed in the black box with grid floor for 1 min, but no foot shocks were given to them on the test days and their rectal temperatures were also measured again 10 min after they had been placed back to their home cages. All rectal temperatures were recorded by using a calibrated rectal probe and electronic thermometer (Digital Thermometer; Dr. Gene, New Delhi, India). Tail suspension test On the 11th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments, individual mouse of a group was hung by its tail, 50 cm above the floor by adhesive tapes placed 1 cm from the tip of the tail on a wire in an upside down posture. After initial vigorous movements, the mouse assumes an immobile posture and the period of immobility during a 5 min observation period were recorded. 29 Pentobarbital induced sleep test No oral treatments were given on 12th day of the two pilot studies cum dose finding experiments. All animals of all test groups of an experiment were tested for prior treatment effects on sleep onset (loss of righting reflex) and duration of sleep/hypnosis induced by pentobarbital sodium (40 mg/kg, i. p. ). The rectal temperatures and body weights of animals were recorded before pentobarbital challenges. 30 Marble burying test Two versions of this test often used for identifying anxiolytic activity of test agents potentially useful of treatment of obsessive compulsive disorders31 were used on the 11th and 12th days of the two further analogous experiments. The standard, or the one-zone, version of the test was conducted on the 11th day of the experiments and the other version (two-zone version) on the 12th or the ultimate observational day of an experiment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. It mainly describes experimental procedures involving stress induction and various tests conducted on animals, including temperature measurements and sleep studies, without any mention of ginseng or its effects.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Galactose was selected to be co-utilized with cellulose since catabolite repression of galactose by glucose is one of the best-studied eukaryotic signal integration systems [25]. Two miniscaffoldins with optimized cohesins and dockerins were displayed or secreted using galactose inducible promoters so that the efficiency of minicellulosome assembly should be affected by glucose repression, while endo- and exo-glucanases were secreted using constitutive promoters (Additional file 1: Figure S1). Yeasts with minicellulosomes were screened for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis ability. The best strain was further tested in fermentation with cellulose and galactose, as an extra carbon source and inducer for self-regulation of cell growth and minicellulosome formation, for ethanol production. Compared to other reports [9–15], the newly engineered yeasts have the advantages of higher cellulose utilization efficiency with alleviated glucose inhibition on cellulases and glucose repression on mixed-sugar uptake, achieving the highest cellulose utilization rate and specific ethanol productivity ever reported. Fig. 1Strategy for engineering S. cerevisiae EBY100 to co-ferment cellulose and galactose. Endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were expressed as fusions to an N-terminal peptide encoding the S. cerevisiae α-factor secretion signal, so that they were first secreted in culture medium and then assembled extracellularly through the interactions between cohesins and dockerins. β-glucosidase and cellodextrin transporter are localized in cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectivelyFull size image MethodsStrains and plasmids construction Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 (Invitrogen) was used for engineering of cellodextrin pathway and minicellulosome. Escherichia coli Top10 (Biomed) was used for gene manipulation, and E. coli BL21 (DE3) (Biomed) was the host for expression of GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion and enhancer [26, 27]. The genomic DNAs of C. cellulolyticum DSM 5812 and C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 to enhance cellulose hydrolysis and improve ethanol production efficiency. This aligns with the assertion that bioengineered yeast can be designed for high yields of biofuels, as it describes the successful use of engineered yeasts to achieve higher cellulose utilization rates and specific ethanol productivity.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Clouds are a form of pollution caused by factories. [SEP] Text: Preprints AbstractDiscussion © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. © Author(s) 2023. This work is distributed under the Attribution 4. 0 License. Preprints AbstractDiscussionMetrics 16 Nov 2023 | 16 Nov 2023 The characteristics of cloud macro parameters caused by seeder-feeder inside clouds measured by millimeter-wave cloud radar in Xi'an Abstract. The seeding effect of upper clouds on lower clouds affects the evolution of clouds, especially the seeding from upper ice clouds on lower stratiform clouds or convective clouds, which can stimulate the precipitation of lower clouds and even produce extreme precipitation. Because when seeders of seeding cloud enter the feeding cloud, the interaction between cloud p10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2183, 2023. Received: 22 Sep 2023 – Discussion started: 16 Nov 2023 Publisher's note: remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this preprint. The responsibility to include appropriate place names lies with the authors. Download & links Preprint (PDF, 2843 KB) Notice on discussion status The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2843 KB) Download & links The requested preprint has a corresponding peer-reviewed final revised paper. You are encouraged to refer to the final revised version. Preprint (2843 KB) revised paper 10. 5194/acp-24-5783-2024, 2024 Short summary Short summary We observed the seeder–feeder process among double-layer clouds using a cloud radar and microwave radiometer. By defining the parameters of the seeding depth and seeding time of the upper cloud affecting the lower cloud, we find that the cloud p10. 5194/egusphere-2023-2183-RC1 AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Yun Yuan, 01 Dec 2023 The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: Citation: RC2: 'Reply on AC1', #1, 15 Dec 2023 The author's answer is very good and I am very satisfied. It also shows that the author is very familiar with microwave radar detection and has a good understanding of the physical mechanism of the cloud seeding-feeding process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the phenomena of cloud formation and the interaction of clouds, specifically the seeder-feeder process, indicating that clouds can form through natural processes and effects such as precipitation enhancement rather than being simply classified as pollution caused by factories.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: In the standard version, an individual mouse of a group was gently placed in a cage (30 × 23 cm) where 12 glass marbles (color and size of marbles were always kept constant) were evenly spaced on the husk bedding of the cage. In this version of the test the animal was allowed 15 min for burying or covering a marble at least two-thirds by husk. 32 In the two-zone version of the test 8 glass marbles were evenly spaced only on one half of the cage and 30 min time was allowed to the animal for burring or covering the marbles at least two-thirds by husk. In both versions of the test, a blind observer unaware of the treatment given to the animal counted the numbers of marbles buried or two-third covered with husk by the animal during its stay in the box. Statistical analysis All data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance (one way ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post hoc test and student t test wherever necessary. GraphPad Prism-5 (GraphInc. , California, USA) software was used for statistical analysis. 8 software () was used for making graphs. P value less than 0. 05 was considered as statistically significant. finding experiments Body weights: Mean body weights of different groups of animals recorded during the course of the experiments are summarized in the Figure 1A & 1B. Body weights of the animals in both the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups steadily decreased and those of the reference agents (fumaric acid and dimethyl fumarate) increased during the course of the experiments. Observed effects of all tested daily oral doses of quercetin and TEG were qualitatively as well as quantitatively quite analogous to those of the 10 mg/kg/day doses of fumaric acid or its dimethyl ester. Their statistically significant protective effects against intermittent foot shock stress triggered body weight losses were observed only after their 7 or more daily doses and their efficacies continued to increase during the last five days of the experiments. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention ginseng, adaptogenic effects, or provide any information regarding the potential benefits associated with ginseng. It focuses on experimental procedures involving animals, body weights, and the effects of other substances, making it unrelated to the claim about ginseng.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: These three exoglucanase genes (celcce, CA_C0911, cbhb) and five endoglucanase genes (engy, celcca, celccc, celccd, celm) were then selected to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) having the cellodextrin pathway. For the endoglucanase from C. cellulolyticum, the C-terminal dockerin domain of the corresponding exoglucanase was replaced with dockerin docY from engy (Additional file 1: Figure S4c). The yeast transformants were first induced by galactose, then washed and concentrated to A600 nm = 20, or ~6. 15 g dried cell/L [23], for ethanol fermentation with CMC, phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose (PASC), or Avicel as the sole carbon source. The highest ethanol production from and Avicel was 0. 91–1. 12 g/L by yeasts expressing the combinations of engy and cbhb, celcca and CA_C0911, and celccd and cbhb, respectively (Fig. 4c). The corresponding specific productivity was 1. 54–1. 90 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. Three types of EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) were used to study the cellulase assembly efficiency. His-tag fusions in these yeasts were different (one with His-ScaII, another with His-ScaII and His-EngY, the other with His-ScaII and His-cbhB). As indicated by Additional file 1: Figure S5a and Fig. 4d, EngY:CohII reached ~0. 6:1 and cbhB:CohII was ~1:1. The enzyme located at the outer fringe of the complex, which theoretically had lower steric hindrance, gathered with miniscaffoldin worked more efficiently. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the process of engineering yeast (specifically the EBY100 strain) to enhance its ability to produce ethanol from sugars. It discusses the expression of endoglucanase and exoglucanase genes leading to significant ethanol production, thus supporting the idea that bioengineered yeast can indeed yield high quantities of biofuels from sugar sources.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating spicy food can permanently alter your circadian rhythm. [SEP] Text: The longer-term effects of disrupted circadian rhythms are increased risk of obesity, metabolic problems, depression, mental disorders, cardiac and neurological events and even cancer. In recent years, there is a growing awareness about the negative effects of the technology to biological rhythm. Chronic exposure to artificial light causes numerous health problems from simply sleep disorders to many cancers [32]. It is known that sleep–wake disruption common in industrialized society depends on lifestyle. The main issue is how human being could keep their biological clocks in a regular system. As understood clearly in the biological cycle of human body, the daytime is optimum for food intake because of the biological rhythms peaks in the morning and afternoon [12]. Froy et al. showed that well-being could be achieved by resetting the circadian clock. They reported that timed feeding also arranges circadian rhythms [30]. In a similar way, it is obvious clearly the sleep and activation time. It is well known that there is a strong correlation between disrupted circadian rhythms and many health problems person. Based on this knowledge, scientists (consider the contrary) begun to search whether healing be guided by circadian rhythms as well. It has been shown that chronobiological interventions improved the clinical outcomes through amelioration of delirium and sleep disturbance [7, 30]. Understanding what makes biological clocks tick may provide treatments for many health problems from sleep disorders, obesity, mental health disorders, to jet lag. It can also improve ways for individuals to adjust to nighttime shift work. Learning more about the genes, which is responsible for circadian rhythms, will also help us understand biological systems and the human body. Advertisement 2. Summary points Human being has a diurnal activity pattern. In a molecular level, there are thousands of biological clocks in the human body. The main clocks in the human brain coordinate all these cellular clocks. Biological clocks provide adaptation for living organism to environment both inside and outside. Circadian rhythms are the essential component of homeostasis in human body. Biological clocks are responsible for controlling physiological, homeostatic, behavioral and endocrine balance in organism. Circadian rhythm is an autoregulatory system and drives almost every physiological, biological, and biochemical functions of the mammalians. The main purpose of circadian rhythm is to provide the organism adaptation for daily and seasonal changes. Chronobiology investigates the underlying mechanisms of chronomes. Cryptochromes play a key role in the diseases caused by disrupted biological clocks. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how disrupted circadian rhythms can lead to health issues such as obesity and metabolic problems, rather than indicating that consuming spicy food has a direct or permanent influence on circadian rhythms. It emphasizes the implications of disrupted circadian rhythms and acknowledges the factors that contribute to their regulation, which does not support the specific assertion about spicy food's effects.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: These results reveal that the maximally effective daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin in suppressing the experimental procedures triggered weight losses is 5mg/kg or lower and that even their 11 highest tested daily oral doses (400 mg/kg/day) have no adverse effects on body weight gain rates of male mice occasionally subjected to only 1 min duration of painful foot shocks. Basal core temperatures: Mean basal rectal temperatures of all groups of both the experiments on the first observational days were within normal ranges of the mouse colony used in this and other studies commonly used in our laboratories. On the 5th days of the experiments, mean core temperatures of the vehicle (CMC or distilled water) treated control groups recorded before subjecting them to foot shock stress triggered hyperthermia tests were slightly, but significantly, higher than those recorded on the first observational day of the experiments. Except for the fumaric acid treated group, these elevations in basal core temperature triggered by exposures of animals to 1 min duration of foot shock stress on the first days of the experiments were almost equal in all test groups. It is apparent from the results summarized in Figure 2A & 2B that mean basal core temperatures of the vehicle treated control groups remained elevated during the subsequent observation days, whereas those of all triethylene or quercetin treated ones continue to decrease from the 7th and further days of the experiments. These observed effects of even the lowest daily oral dose (5 mg/kg/day) were qualitatively and quantitatively quite similar to those of 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric aid and its dimethyl ester. These results reaffirm that both quercetin and triethylene are fumarates like stress response suppressing agents and that their five daily oral 5 mg/kg doses are their maximally effective ones for desensitizing male mice against very short duration of painful foot shocks triggered prolonged elevations in their basal core temperatures. Foot-(FSIH): Magnitudes of FISH of the vehicle treated control groups observed 10 minutes after exposures to foot shocks on the very first and subsequent observational days remained almost constant in both the experiments (Figure 3A & 4B). These effects of a single 10 mg/kg oral dose of fumaric acid and its dimethyl ester were significantly lower than those of the corresponding control groups treated with their vehicles and increased only minimally after their 7 or 10 daily doses. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about ginseng and its adaptogenic effects. Instead of addressing the claim, the text discusses the effects of quercetin and triethylene fumarates in a study involving mice and their physiological responses to foot shocks. It does not provide any information or evidence related to ginseng or its potential benefits.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Figure 6 shows the co-conversion of galactose and CMC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and PASC with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911). Cellulosic ethanol production in the co-fermentation was estimated from the total ethanol production and ethanol yield from galactose as the sole carbon source, which was found to be ~0. 32 and ~0. 44 g ethanol per gram of galactose for EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) and EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911), respectively (Additional file 1: Figure S6a, S6b). Similar galactose consumption curves in Fig. 6a and Additional file 1: Figure S6a, or Fig. 6b and Additional file 1: Figure S6b indicated that the presence of cellulose (CMC or PASC) did not seem to have significant effect on the conversion of galactose to ethanol by the engineered yeasts. Also, it has been reported that the S. cerevisiae grown on cellobiose or galactose gave almost the same ethanol yield [24]. Based on the assumption of the same ethanol yield from galactose and cellulose, cellulose consumption in the co-fermentation was also estimated. CMC-derived ethanol started to appear after 50 h, and reached its maximum level of 3. 26 g/L 60 h later (Fig. 6a), with a specific productivity of ~62. 61 mg cellulosic ethanol/g cell h. The total ethanol produced in the co-fermentation was 8. 61 g/L, of which cellulosic ethanol accounted for ~37. 9 %. CMC sharply decreased along with galactose during the period from 60 to 100 h. Only 0. 17 g/L cellulose remained in the medium after 128 h, suggesting that more than 98 % of CMC has been hydrolyzed and used by the yeast. Similarly, PASC-galactose co-fermentation with EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, celcca, CA_C0911) produced 9. 97 g/L ethanol, in which 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the co-conversion of galactose and cellulose (CMC and PASC) using engineered yeast strains EBY100, highlighting the production of ethanol from these sugars. The specific data presented, including ethanol yield from galactose and the efficiency of cellulose consumption, supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can indeed produce biofuels in high yields from sugar substrates.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Eating spicy food can permanently alter your circadian rhythm. [SEP] Text: By contrast, Per2 levels in mammary glands from animals on the control diet failed to show the expected circadian oscillation over the 24-hour period. Unlike liver, of which the major functions are metabolism and detoxification, the mammary gland is highly sensitive to hormonal regulation. Because the autonomic nervous system and the neuroendocrine system are regulated by the suprachiasmatic clock, maintaining a steady level of Per2 in normal mammary gland may have its significance in balancing the hormonal input and output signals essential for normal function of the organ. A similar observation was made in mouse where eight circadian genes, including Per2, showed robust circadian expressions of mRNA in all peripheral tissues examined (heart, lung, liver, stomach, spleen, and kidney) except testis (41). Unexpectedly, our analysis showed that circadian oscillation over 24 hours was dramatically up-regulated in mammary glands by dietary selenium supplementation, beginning a few hours following the light to dark transition. DBP, an output gene of the circadian clock, showed a similar expression profile to that of Per2, suggesting that selenium also affects the circadian output signals. Several epidemiologic studies have shown that the disruption of circadian cycles, particularly among people working predominantly at night, leads to an increased risk of developing breast cancer (42–44). The proposed mechanism for the observed effects of circadian disruption on mammary carcinogenesis is that exposure to light at night rapidly suppresses melatonin production, which is a rhythmic neuronal activity regulated by suprachiasmatic nuclei (45). Therefore, comparisons of serum melatonin levels between animals on the control and the selenium-enriched diets should help establish a putative link between Per2 and melatonin in the future. Although previous studies reported that circadian gene expression can be induced by serum shock or down-regulated by glucose in cultured Rat-1 fibroblasts (46, 47), we are the first to show that the dietary supplement selenium can regulate circadian gene expression in mammary tissue in vivo. This finding was unexpected but not biologically implausible. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that transcription feedback loops of circadian genes can also be regulated by intracellular redox pathways. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various aspects of circadian gene expression and its regulation without any mention of spicy food's effects. It focuses on dietary selenium supplementation's impact on circadian rhythms rather than spicy food, highlighting that significant research connects circadian disruption with factors like light exposure and melatonin production. This evidence suggests that the claim is not supported, as it does not address the role of spicy food.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Analogous were also the observations made with 100 or 400 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG. Although no statistically significant effects of 5 or 10 mg/kg doses of quercetin and TEG against FSIH responses were observed one hour after their single oral doses, their statistically significant effects were observed after their 7 or 10 daily doses. It is apparent from their log-dose response curves shown in Figures 3B & 4B that dose dependant efficacies of quercetin and TEG in suppressing FSIH increased with increasing with increasing numbers of days of treatments. The minimally effective 10 daily oral doses of both TEG and quercetin were 5 mg/kg/day. However, as shown in Figures 3A & 4A, statistically significant effects of this dose of TEG were observe only after its 10 daily doses whereas that of quercetin were observed even after its 5 daily doses. Tail suspension test: Results summarized in Figure 5A & 5B revealed that, mean immobility time of 10 mg/kg/day fumaric acid or dimethyl fumarate treated groups were significantly lower than those of the corresponding vehicle treated ones. Statistically significant and dose dependant effects of 11 consecutive daily oral doses of TEG and quercetin were observed and observed mean immobility time of the 5 mg/kg/day TEG or quercetin treated groups were significantly lower than those of corresponding control groups. However, quantitatively the observed effects of 5 or 20 mg/kg/day of TEG or of quercetin in this test were not as high as those 10 mg/kg daily doses of fumaric acid or of dimethyl fumarate. Pentobarbital induced sleep test: These results are summarized in (Table 1). Although no significant effects of 11 daily 10 mg/kg doses of fumaric and its dimethyl ester on pentobarbital induced sleep induction time were observed, both of them slightly but significantly prolonged the sleeping time of animal tested 24 hours after their last oral doses. Analogous were the observations made for 5 or 20 mg/kg/day triethylene treated groups. However after it higher doses (100 and 400 mg/kg/day) it shortened sleep induction time and also prolonged the duration of pentobarbital induced sleep. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of quercetin and TEG on various tests without mentioning ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. Therefore, it does not support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: After that, cellulose and galactose were simultaneously utilized without showing any sign of glucose repression, suggesting that the degradation of cellulose by the surface bifunctional minicellulosomes produced mostly cellodextrins, which also avoided glucose inhibition on displayed endo- and exo-glucanases. The generation of cellulosic ethanol suggested that the cellodextrins derived from cellulose were successfully taken up by cells and metabolized by intracellular cellodextrin pathway. Interestingly, we also found that secretion using yeast α-factor facilitated the formation of protein complex on yeast cell surface, which has never been reported previously. This facilitation was weakened when a longer miniscaffoldin was used, probably because only a small fraction of proteins with α-factor could be secreted into the medium before binding to miniscaffoldin. On one hand, α-factor was able to provide more powerful force for the protein-scaffoldin complex to penetrate the cell membrane. On the other hand, fusion of α-factor (89 amino-acid residues) increased the steric hindrance for protein to bind to cohesin domains, especially for the longer miniscaffoldins. The newly engineered S. cerevisiae was able to produce cellulosic ethanol at a high specific productivity (Table 1) far exceeding previously reported [9–12], and the fermentation process can be simplified to a single step, without requiring pre-induction and concentration of cells, which are required for other cellulosome-engineered yeasts. To accurately compare the cellulose utilization abilities of different yeasts, the specific ethanol productivities in Table 1 were calculated with the same calculation interval, which was from the time that cellulosic ethanol started to generate to the time that cellulosic ethanol reached its maximum level. More importantly, using galactose as a model, our work demonstrates a versatile yeast engineering strategy for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars. This includes xylose, the most abundant pentose, and the second most abundant sugar next to glucose, found in biomass. Intracellular xylose conversion is only slightly affected by the presence or catabolism of intracellular glucose, but xylose transport can be strongly inhibited by glucose, which is the major reason hampering simultaneous fermentation of glucose and xylose [32, 33]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the capabilities of engineered S. cerevisiae (a type of yeast) to produce cellulosic ethanol from cellulose and galactose. It emphasizes that this engineered yeast can achieve high specific productivity of cellulosic ethanol and can simplify the fermentation process. Moreover, it mentions a versatile yeast engineering strategy that allows for the co-utilization of different sugars derived from biomass, which supports the claim regarding bioengineered yeast's ability to produce biofuels efficiently.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: Such features can in turn be used to understand the nature of these, generally more sporadic, phenomena back in time. Inter-annual density fluctuations have already been discussed as evidence for mid-growing season drought that occurs almost every year in some ecological and climatic settings and very infrequently in others (Zalloni et al. 2016). Other types of episodic markers in tree-rings include so-called frost-rings, whereby freezing temperatures and the formation of ice crystals in the intercellular spaces damage developing wood cells (Barbosa et al. 2019 and 2. 1. 1 above), it is perhaps expected that the protocols and sampling designs to collect tree-ring data exhibit a wide range of variability amongst, and even within, sub-disciplines such as dendroclimatology, dendroecology, and dendroarchaeology (Fritts and Swetnam 1989; Cook and Kairiukstis 1990; Nehrbass-Ahles et al. 2014; Speer 2010). Ignoring the vast range in individual protocols, a typical sampling strategy would, for a location of interest, involve the collection of samples from e. g. , two dozen trees. Such a collection of tree-ring samples is usually obtained from a geographically constrained area (e. g. , within a few hundred meters), and where the trees are hypothesized to be in the same ecological setting, influenced by the same environmental factors, and usually of the same species. Such collections are typically crossdated and analyzed together, and referred to as a tree-ring site. Increment borers are used to extract cores usually approximately 5 mm in diameter. For isotope measurements sometimes larger diameter (e. g. , 1 cm) cores are collected to ensure enough sample material for subsequent analysis. Depending upon the research objectives and setting, cross-sections may be obtained and can be preferable especially in situations where samples are taken from trees that are no longer living. Even when the investigation may only involve isotope measurements for the most recent years, it is highly preferable for the collected tree core to span the full bark to pith radius. A full core allows estimates of tree age, and offers the greatest number of rings to facilitate crossdating. Collecting multiple cores per tree facilitates crossdating as well. Two cores per tree is routine. It is recommended to take even more cores per tree when investigating genera (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing the various methodologies and variability in protocols used in related fields such as dendroclimatology and dendroecology. Although dendrochronology is mentioned, the focus is on the sampling strategies and core collection processes, suggesting that its application may not strictly align with the dating of archaeological sites based solely on tree rings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Sleep onset time of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group was significantly shorter than that of the corresponding control group and this effect of quercetin treatment observed 24 hours after its 11 daily doses increased somewhat with its increasing daily doses tested. However, except for the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin treated group, mean duration of sleep in 20 mg/kg/day and higher daily doses of quercetin had no significant effects on duration of sleep induced by pentobarbital. Confirmatory experiments Body weight and basal core temperature: Mean body weights and basal core temperatures of experimental groups of these experiments are summarized in Figure 6 & 7 respectively. These results reconfirm that alterations in body weights and basal core temperatures of stressed or unstressed mice treated with CMC or distilled water are almost identical during the course of the experiments. As expected from the results of the pilot experiments, these alterations in the 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or triethylene treated stressed animals were almost identical to those of the corresponding vehicle treated non-stressed groups. Foot shock stress induced hyperthermia (FSIH): Diverse versions stress induced hyperthermia tests in rodents are often used for identifying anxiolytic agents or for assessing anxiety state of animals. 33 Observations in our laboratores have revealed that althoug a single 5 mg/kg oral dose of the anxiolytic diazepam have no significant effects in the FISH test used in in this study, after a few days of dily oral treatments of mice with is same dose suppressse FISH responses and that 15 mg/kg oral imiprimane doses had no significant effects in the test after its single or repeated daily doses. 23 The results summarised in the Figure 8A & 8B revealed that the FSIH responses of both the CMC and distilled water treated groups in creased slightly during the course of the experiments and that such responses of 5 mg/kg/day quercetin or TEG treated groups were always significantly lower than the corresponding vehicle treated groups. Howere, the corresponding core temperatuers of of the CMC or distilled water treated control groups of the experiments not subjected to foot shocks were always lower than the guercetin or TEG treated stressed groups on all observational days. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not mention ginseng or any adaptogenic effects. Instead, it focuses on the effects of quercetin on sleep onset, body weight, and temperature in experimental groups. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding ginseng and its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Theoretically, it is feasible to co-utilize cellulose and xylose by our yeast with changing the GAL promoters to constitutive promoters for miniscaffoldins expression and establishing a xylose assimilation pathway. Moreover, co-expression of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) and cellobiose dehydrogenases (CDHs) [34–36] with our cellulose-utilization system may further improve cellulose hydrolysis, especially for Avicel. Table 1 Comparison of this work with other reports using cellulosome-engineered S. cerevisiae for cellulosic ethanol productionFull size table ConclusionsIn summary, the cellulose-utilization systems from cellulosomal bacterium and cellulolytic fungus were combined and engineered into non-cellulolytic S. cerevisiae. The resulting yeasts succeeded in co-fermentation of cellulose and galactose, and showed an assimilating ability towards cellulose. Although galactose was used as a model in this work, this newly engineered system may be further applied for co-utilization of cellulose with other biomass-derived sugars, such as xylose. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the successful engineering of yeast (S. cerevisiae) that can assimilate cellulose and galactose, indicating that bioengineered yeast can indeed be designed for improved fermentation of sugars to produce biofuels. It specifically mentions the cellulose-utilization systems being engineered into the yeast to enhance performance in utilizing biomass-derived sugars, supporting the assertion that these engineered yeast can yield biofuels.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology is used to date archaeological sites based on the patterns in tree rings. [SEP] Text: This has been driven by advancements in analytical equipment as well as growing recognition of problems for which isotope composition of tree rings may provide resolution, particularly when knowing changes through time is also important. Tree-ring isotopes provide insights into physiological and biochemical processes from leaves to site of wood formation, and changes in isotope values can be used to infer changes in environmental conditions, such as climate parameters. The history, advances and findings presented here are intended to provide a solid and useful chronology of events, but this summary is not exhaustive. The contents of this book can fill in more of those gaps. 2654. Reduced climate sensitivity of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios in tree-ring cellulose of silver fir (Abies alba Mill. ) influenced by background SO2 in Franconia (Germany, Central Europe). 185:281–294187. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 500–549 132. 13C variations in northern hemispheric trees during the last 150 years. Tellus 31:124–1372. Registration of microenvironmental CO2 and anomalous pollution effect. Tellus 31:308–312CAS 38. The oxygen isotope enrichment of leaf-exported assimilates-Does it always reflect lamina leaf water enrichment? 200:144–1572970. J, (1976) Climatic information from 18O/16O ratios of cellulose in tree rings. Nature 262:481–4823701. “and Technology for Mitigation of Global Warming”(2005) Temporal photosynthetic carbon isotope signatures revealed in a tree ring through 13CO2 pulse-labelling. Plant, 28:906–9152154. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 113–135 3015. Tree-ring stable carbon isotope-based May-July temperature reconstruction over Nanwutai, China, for the past century and its record of 20th century warming. Rev 93:67–76. 10. 1029/2004GL021623(2009) Detecting invisible growth rings of trees in seasonally dry forests in Thailand: isotopic and wood anatomical approaches. Trees-23:813–8222. Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK, pp 10–25 25. Correlating δ13C and δ18O in cellulose of trees. Environ 20:1543–155029. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by focusing on the use of tree-ring isotopes to infer environmental changes rather than dating archaeological sites. It discusses how advancements in analytical equipment have influenced research on physiological and biochemical processes from tree leaves to wood formation, suggesting an emphasis on climate parameters and changes over time, rather than the primary purpose of dendrochronology, which is dating events based on tree ring patterns.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: It must be mentioned though, that unlike in the dose finding experiments significat effects of 5 mg/kg doses of both quercetin and TEGe were observed after their first or 5 daily doses. This discrepancy could be due to different batches of animal used in different sety of experiments, or other as yet unrecognised factors (seasonal variations etc,) that alters thermoregulatory mechanisms of laboratory rodents. Marble burying test: It has recently been reported that single intraperitoneally administrated 25 mg/kg doses of two different types of Withania somnifera root extracts possesses fluoxetine like effects in a mouse marble burying test for anxiolytics and obsessive compulsive disorders. 34 Observations in our laboratories have reconfirmed the efficacies of diverse types of Withania somnifera extracts in both versions of marble burying test in stressed and unstressed mice after their repeated daily oral doses. 35 Results of the experiments reported in this report reconfirmed that the marble burying behaviour of CMC or distilled water treated control animals in both versions of the test are almost identical and that this behaviour in both stressed control groups of mice were also almost identical to those of the corresponding non-stressed ones. Although statistically significant effects of 12 daily 5 mg/kg quercetin treated group in the two-zone version of the test was observed (Table 2), its 11 daily doses had no statistically significant effects on the standard or one zone version of the test. Since both TEG and quercetin had no statistically significant effects in the on days 11 of the experiments, these results are not shown here. Figure 1 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 2 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the effects of quercetin and Withania somnifera extracts on mice, without mentioning ginseng or its potential adaptogenic properties at all.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Blastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, two sibling yeast species which accumulate lipids at elevated temperatures and from diverse sugars access Published: 20 June 2019 Blastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, two sibling yeast species which accumulate lipids at elevated temperatures and from diverse sugars Stéphane Thomas1 na1, Daniel R. A. Sanya1 na1, Florian Fouchard1, Huu-Vang Nguyen1, Gotthard Kunze2, Cécile Neuvéglise1 & …Anne-Marie Crutz-: orcid. org/0000-0001-9111-51851 Show authors Biotechnology for Biofuels 38. 1 ± 1. 6% of its dry-cell weight, and synthesize lipids from various sugar substrates, up to 36. 6 ± 0. 5% when growing in cellobiose. Both species, represented by LS3 and CBS 8244T, could grow with little filamentation in the lipogenic medium from 28 to 45 °C and reached lipid titers ranging from 1. 76 ± 0. 28 to 3. 08 ± 0. 49 g/L in flasks. Under these conditions, the maximum bioconversion yield (YFA/S = 0. 093 ± 0. 017) was obtained with LS3 at 37 °C. The presence of genes for predicted subunits of an ATP citrate lyase in the genome of LS3 reinforces its oleaginous character. ConclusionsBlastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, which are known to be xerotolerant and genetically-tractable, are promising biotechnological yeasts of the Saccharomycotina that could be further developed through genetic engineering for the production of microbial oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of efficient lipid storage in yeast when cultivated at a temperature above 40 °C. This paves the way to help reducing costs through consolidated bioprocessing. BackgroundThe use of renewable feedstocks to produce microbial oil for biodiesel or other applications has become a scientific and environmental issue over the last two decades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the yeast species Blastobotrys adeninivorans and B. raffinosifermentans, which are shown to accumulate lipids and synthesize these lipids from various sugar substrates. It explains how these species can achieve significant lipid production (up to 36.6% of dry-cell weight from cellobiose) and highlights their potential for use in biofuel production through genetic engineering. Additionally, the text mentions that these yeast species could be developed further to enhance their biotechnological applications in producing microbial oil, thereby supporting the claim about using bioengineered yeast for biofuels.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Dendrochronology can be used to track volcanic eruptions by examining the growth suppression in tree rings. [SEP] Text: RCS application ideally is performed on tree-ring records (1) with a diverse range of start (pith) and end dates (outermost ring), (2) that are very highly replicated with many individual samples, and (3) from a homogeneous well defined ecological setting where all trees are expected to have similar growth rates and ontogenetic trends (e. g. , Esper et al. 2012; Briffa et al. 2013). The first point is important because this helps mitigate the impact of temporally aligned events (such as climatic fluctuations or ecological disturbances) in the calendrically dated tree-ring data from impacting the shape of the regional curve. Secondly, composite datasets comprised of overlapping crossdated sequences for the past millennia from a single, well constrained ecological setting appear ideal for the application of RCS as a single regional curve could theoretically be used (Briffa et al. 2013). Well-replicated datasets are especially critical as the tree-ring indices are not constrained to a mean of one. On one hand, the differences in growth rates that are standardized in individual detrending add noise and greater uncertainty about the mean (e. g. , D’Arrigo et al. 2006; Melvin and Briffa 2014b). But on the other hand, the subtle differences in mean growth rates of cohorts of trees that lived at different times is precisely the low-frequency signal that can be retained with RCS (D’Arrigo et al. 2006). And lastly, a homogenous ecological setting is crucial to ensure both uniformity in the underlying climate signal as well as growth rates. This criterion is difficult to ensure, but assessments of the growth rates of different cohorts over time might suggest homogeneity. In cases where there is reason to doubt the homogeneity of a dataset, it is feasible to develop and apply regional curves for distinct dataset subsets, e. g. , the modern and ancient portions of a tree-ring chronology. Detrending via multiple RCS cohorts should be performed in situations where sampling differences, site difference, or anthropogenic disturbances (e. g. , forest management regimes, responses to elevated CO2 or nitrogen concentrations) may significantly compromise the homogeneity of the dataset over time. Such approaches have the advantage of reducing potential biases in the final chronology, but at the same time make it more difficult to retain long-term variability of interest (Briffa et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text outlines the methodology for applying Regional Curve Standardization (RCS) to tree-ring data, emphasizing the importance of dataset homogeneity, replication, and the impacts of various environmental factors on growth rates. However, it does not mention volcanic eruptions or the use of dendrochronology specifically for that purpose. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim, as it does not provide any corroborating or contrasting information regarding the tracking of volcanic eruptions using dendrochronology.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 3 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with triethylene glycol in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 4 Stress induced hyperthermia of male mice treated with graded doses of (A) quercetin and (B) log dose response curve of single and daily repeated treatment with quercetin in the foot shock stress induces hyperthermia test. QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 5 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on tail suspension test in male mice on day 11. TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 6 Effect of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address ginseng or its adaptogenic effects. Instead, it discusses various compounds like triethylene glycol and quercetin and their effects in stress-induced tests on male mice. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: [17] reported the relative fatty acid (FA) composition of two strains of this species, without however mentioning the total amount of lipid. Several yeast species are well-known lipid producers. Three have attracted most of the research efforts in recent years [18]: Yarrowia lipolytica and Lipomyces starkeyi, belonging to the Saccharomycotina, and Rhodotorula (Rhodosporidium) toruloides, belonging to the Basidiomycota. All three species exhibit a genome size of over 20 Mb [19,20,21]. L. starkeyi and R. toruloides are known for their utilization of a wide range of substrates and their outstanding lipogenic capabilities (up to 70% DCW as lipids) [22,23,24]. L. starkeyi is particularly well suited for rapid and simultaneous utilization of sugar mixtures, reaching a lipid content of 52% DCW and a lipid titer of 13. 3 g/L in a mixture of cellobiose and glucose [25]. Strain diversity or culture conditions may alter lipid production; to maximize lipid production, the synthesis of endopolysaccharides under nitrogen limitation should be avoided [26]. Although progress has been made in recent years, the genetic engineering of these yeasts is still a shortcoming [18]. B. adeninivorans is phylogenetically close to Y. lipolytica [27]. Some strains of Y. lipolytica, as well as other species in the genus, are naturally more prone to store lipids from exogenous hydrophobic compounds than to turn glucose into lipids. Lipid content can easily reach 30% DCW [28] in the former case and generally 6 to 15% DCW in the latter [28, 29]. Metabolic engineering and/or process optimization, as well as strain screening, have been successfully used to increase lipid content above 35% DCW and reportedly up to 90%. Y. lipolytica has also required genetic engineering or specific culture conditions to utilize xylose, cellobiose, or cellulose polymers, which are major components of lignocellulosic materials. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing several yeast species, such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Lipomyces starkeyi, that are capable of converting sugars into lipids with significant yields. It highlights that Y. lipolytica can achieve a lipid content of 52% DCW in a sugar mixture, and through metabolic engineering and optimization, lipid content can be increased above 35% DCW, supporting the assertion that bioengineered yeast can be effectively designed to produce biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: , Cane, M. A. , and Stahle, D. W. : drought: Reconstructions, causes, and consequences, Earth-Sci. Rev. , 81, 93–134, 2007. Cook, E. R. , Seager, R. ,. , and Woodhouse, C. : Megadroughts in North America: Placing IPCC projections of hydroclimatic change in a long-term palaeoclimate context, J. Quaternary Sci. , 25, 48–61, 2010. Cropper, J. P. and Fritts, H. C. : Tree-ring width chronologies from the. , 13, 245–260, 1981. Crowley, T. J. and Unterman, M. B. : Technical details concerning development of a 1200 yr proxy index for global volcanism, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 187–197, 2013. D’and Wagner, W. S. : Temperature-sensitive tree-ring width chronologies of pink pine (Halocarpus biformis) from Stewart Island, New Zealand, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , 119, 293–300, 1996. D’. , Krusic, P. J. , Buckley, B. M. , and Villalba, R. : Tree-ring records from New Zealand: Long-term context for recent warming trend, Clim. Dynam. , 14, 191–199, 1998. D'Arrigo, R. , Wilson, R. , and Tudhope, A. : The impact of volcanic forcing on tropical temperatures during the past four centuries, Nat. Geosci. , 2, 51–56, 2009. D'Arrigo, R. , Wilson, R. , and Anchukaitis, K. J. : Volcanic cooling signal in tree ring temperature records for the past millennium, J. Geophys. Res. -Atmos. , 118, 9000–9010, 2013. Dang, H. , Jiang, M. , Zhang, Q. , and Zhang, Y. : Growth responses of subalpine fir (Abies fargesii) to climate variability in the Qinling Mountain, China, Forest Ecol. Manag. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a list of references related to various studies on tree rings and climate but does not directly address or provide evidence supporting or contrasting the claim regarding the use of tree rings to study past forest fires specifically. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: TEG: Triethylene glycol, FUM: Fumaric acid, QCR: Quercetin, DMF: Dimethylfumarate, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose, Water: Distilled water. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (one way ANOVA followed by t-test) relative to corresponding control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 7 Effect of stress on body weight of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. TEG: Triethylene glycol, QCR: Quercetin, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 8 Effect of stress on basal rectal temperature of male mice treated with (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control groups are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 9 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on foot shock stress triggered transient hyperthermia in male mice. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). Statistically significant differences (Two way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post test) relative to corresponding stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05. Figure 10 Effects of (A) triethylene glycol and (B) quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12. QCR: Quercetin, TEG: Triethylene glycol, CMC: Carboxymethylcellulose. Values are mean ± SEM (n=6). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses various substances like triethylene glycol and quercetin, and their effects on body weight, temperature, and stress responses in mice. There is no mention or evidence related to ginseng or its adaptogenic properties.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: marxianus as an oleaginous yeast is unclear. A strain isolated from Kefir exhibited over 30% DCW in lipids [41], while different strategies—including genetic modifications typically used in other organisms—to increase lipogenesis of several K. marxianus strains yielded at best a FA content of 16% DCW [42]. Because of its aforementioned advantageous traits, we reasoned that B. adeninivorans could be a valuable thermotolerant oleaginous yeast. Here, we assessed the ability of Blastobotrys species to naturally produce and accumulate lipids from a set of different substrates. Several strains of what was believed to be B. adeninivorans were used to examine the robustness of lipid production in the species. However, in the course of our study, strain genotyping showed that they can be divided into two different groups and various marker sequences actually placed the LS3 group into the Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans species. We took advantage of the thermotolerance of these yeasts and assayed lipid production at various temperatures, up to 45 °C. Overall, the natural capacity of these two species to produce lipids is promising and may be an alternative to currently-studied oleaginous yeasts. Results and discussionNitrogen limitation and lipid accumulation in strain LS3Oleaginous yeasts generally synthesize and abundantly store lipids in lipid droplets under specific environmental conditions, one of which is nitrogen limitation [43, 44]. In addition to FA synthesis, these yeasts can import and direct exogenous FAs into the lipid storage pathway, sometimes with particularly high efficiency, such as in Y. lipolytica [45]. We examined the capacity of strain LS3 to store lipids after neo-synthesis from glucose or after accumulation from exogenous oleic acid. We performed flask cultivation in YNB-based media with two different carbon sources at a fixed concentration of 30 g/L (glucose or a mixture of oleic acid and glucose) and two different concentrations of NH4Cl as a unique nitrogen source (5 g/L or 0. 75 g/L) to vary the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Efficient lipid storage occurred following growth in both substrates to above 30% DCW. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the ability of specific yeast strains, such as K. marxianus and B. adeninivorans, to produce and accumulate lipids. It emphasizes the potential of these yeasts to synthesize lipids from various substrates, including glucose, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively convert sugars into high-yield biofuels. Additionally, it mentions that oleaginous yeasts like Y. lipolytica can import and direct exogenous fatty acids into lipid storage pathways, further aligning with the claim regarding the engineering of yeasts for biofuel production.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Tree rings can be used to study past forest fires by identifying scars in the wood. [SEP] Text: In contrast, we are suggesting leaning trees specifically for screening purposes. Differences between compression wood and the wood of rocked trees are to be expected as cell differentiation and maturation occur over several days, whereas the presentation time of a flexing stem is only a matter of seconds. Larson (1968, 1969) suggested that a stress stimulus, such as wind or rocking, might induce piezoelectric effects in differentiating wood cells, most likely in the crystalline cellulose. These effects could govern the distribution of auxin in the stem, causing it to move basipetally. 5 ConclusionsThis study showed that both rocked and straight trees developed similar levels of compression wood (between 13% and 17%). However, rocked trees presented a significantly larger number of resin canals (34. 9) than straight trees (28. 4). A more comprehensive anatomical description will be required to understand fully the effects of flexing on stems. Rocked trees produced the lowest MoE; however, the differences between the other two stem postures were not consistent across acoustic assessments. The 20% stiffness difference between rocked and straight trees detected using SMoE reduced for GMoE (2%) and DMoE (7%) becoming nonsignificant. Given the large CV for SMoE, it is recommended to rely only on acoustics on stem segments (DMoE). The differences between clones for basic density and wood stiffness were large enough to be useful for screening purposes, particularly when using leaning trees to reduce unwanted variation (noise). In addition, clonal rankings in the glasshouse experiment were consistent with those obtained at age 7 years in clonal tests. The characterization of very early expression of wood properties could be a useful tool for breeding and deployment of superior trees for stiffness and dimensional stability. These procedures, coupled with targeting corewood instead of rotation age improvement, have the potential to reduce fully genetic testing time for short rotation species. 10. 1007/s11295-010-0356-0 (2008) Very early screening of wood quality for radiata pine: pushing the envelope. In: Proceedings of the 51st of the Society of and Technology, Concepcion, Chile. WQ-1Bascuñán A (2004) The influence of wind on radiata pine tree shape and wood stiffness. Master of Science Thesis. School of Forestry, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, p 199 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim as it discusses the effects of physical stress on tree wood properties, specifically the differences between rocked and straight trees, instead of addressing the study of past forest fires through tree rings. The mention of compression wood and resin canals does not support the claim about tree rings and fire scars.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Ginseng is known for its potential adaptogenic effects. [SEP] Text: Statistically significant differences (One way ANOVA followed by student t-test) relative to corresponding stressed control group and non-stressed control group are marked with *p<0. 05 and ψp<0. 05 respectively. Onset of Sleep (Sec) Duration of Sleep (Min) 172. 83±3. 79 174. 67±2. 24 60. 50±2. 29 59. 33±2. 86 STD (10 mg/kg) 174. 67±4. 47 172. 83±2. 09 83. 00±2. 80 92. 67±4. 09* Test (5 mg/kg) 162. 83±3. 12 158. 33±4. 48* 72. 00±2. 35 85. 00±3. 00* Test (20 mg/kg) 156. 83±3. 34 155. 00±6. 89* 75. 50±2. 09* 77. 03±3. 35 Test (100 mg/kg) 152. 00±3. 79* 152. 33±4. 32* 78. 00±1. 29* 74. 17±3. 21 Test (400 mg/kg) 148. 67±3. 93* 149. 67±3. 22* 80. 00±1. 63* 78. 33±3. 28 Table 1 Effect of triethylene glycol and quercetin on pentobarbital induce hypnosis test in male mice on day 12 Numbers of (Condition) 5. 67 ±0. 21 5. 50±0. 22 Non-stressed Control 5. 33±0. 21 5. 17±0. 17 Test (5 mg/kg) 5. 00±0. 26 4. 33±0. 21*ψ Table 2 Effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on marble burying test (two zone condition) in male mice on day 12 reported in this communication are the very first ones revealing and reconfirming quercetin like stress response desensitizing effects of TEG and that maximally effective daily oral doses of both quercetin and TEG in protecting male mice against stress triggered body weight losses and slight elevations of basal core temperatures are 5 mg/kg/day or lower. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim about ginseng and its adaptogenic effects at all. Instead, it discusses statistical data related to the effects of triethylene glycol and quercetin on various tests in male mice. Since there is no reference to ginseng or adaptogenic properties, the text is irrelevant to the claim.