Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Peer review processEditorsReviewer #1Reviewer #2Peer review processNot revised: Preprint includes the authors’ original preprint (without revision), an eLife assessment, and public reviews. Read more about eLife’s peer review process. for Neuroscience, Jupiter, of of Texas at Austin, Austin, of AmericaReviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. However, there are a number of details that need to be clarified, and some conclusions need to be corroborated by more control experiments or more rigorous statistical analysis. Specifically: 1. The number of branch points per microglia shown here (e. g. , Fig. 2g) is much lower than the values of branch points in the literature, e. g. , et al. , Neurobiol. Stress 15: 100342, 2021 (mouse dm); Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22: 1771-81, 2019 (mouse S1, in vivo 2P imaging). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses microglia's role in sleep regulation, the relationship between brain states, and various experimental findings related to microglial dynamics during sleep. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 2 Carbon credits and cryptosWorldwide climate emergency actions to meet the 1. 5°C target for global warming, according to the and following UNO conferences of the parties, imposes severe reductions on fossil based energies and carbon sequestration, and future release avoidances. Carbon markets fulfill a relevant part of these actions towards a global greenhouse gases (GHG) reduction. Carbon credits, purchased voluntarily, enable organizations to compensate or neutralize not yet eliminated emissions by financing the avoidance/reduction of emissions from other sources, or the removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and thus meaningfully contribute to the transition to a global balance of low carbon emissions. The projects generating these carbon credits can be broadly grouped into two categories: (1) GHG avoidance/reduction projects, such as renewable energy or avoided deforestation; and (2) GHG removal/sequestration projects, such as reforestation or technology-based removal [12]. The international carbon market facilitates the exchange of carbon credits. Prices have risen from nearly U$11 per ton in 2018 to U$63, as of May, 2022, or U$26, for the California market. Bank has estimated that the price needs to be closer to U$106 per ton by 2030, in order to meet the 1. 5°C target. The value of traded global markets for carbon dioxide (CO2) permits grew by 164% to a record U$ 805 billion in 2021. The rise has been followed by voluntary carbon markets, where companies, for instance, trade carbon credits generated from projects to reduce emissions, presently exceeded U$1 billion. These are voluntary, not necessarily compliance-based, markets for carbon credits, expected to reach U$50 billion in volume, by 2030 [13]. Crytocurrencies and Blockchain transaction platforms have rapidly taken the trading and transactions registry opportunities of voluntary carbon markets. This study assessed a sample of coins and blockchains linked to carbon credits, generated by standing forests, tree planting, fossil fuel substitution and many others. Generally, the issue of carbon credits assurance retired in the voluntary market is issued by independent standards (e. g. , ). If a Coin project linked to a forest conservation concern does not have such assurance, the carbon credit may not be trustable, becoming liable to double accounting effects, where a same object may be “credited” two times from different concerns. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that cryptocurrencies and blockchain transaction platforms have begun to play a significant role in the voluntary carbon markets. It indicates that these technologies are being utilized for trading and recording transactions related to carbon credits, thus demonstrating that blockchain applications are expanding beyond traditional financial uses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Biodiversity hotspots are regions with high species diversity and significant levels of endemism. [SEP] Text: Some were subsequently recorded further north in forest habitats from Dundo or during the Expedition at (see above). They include: Toxicodryas blandingii, T. pulverulenta, Atractaspis reticulata heterochilus, Bitis nasicornis, and Pseudohaje goldii. Others remain known only from Parkers’ records: i. e. the skinks Panaspis breviceps, Leptosiaophis dewittei, and Trachylepis affinis; and the snakes Lycophidion ornatum, Chamaelycus parkeri (as Oophilositum parkeri) and Hormonotus modestus. Basin snake Rhamnophis aethiopissa is recorded in Angola only from (Hellmich 1957a, b). The taxonomic status of all these isolates requires genetic confirmation as some may have undergone vicariant speciation. A phylogenetic assessment may give insight towards dating the separation of these forest isolates and understanding their biogeographic importance. The forests of Cabinda form part of the and a number of reptiles occur there which have not been recorded in Angola south of the Congo River. remains the southern limit of the Crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis) and the Soft-shelled Terrapin (Cycloderma). The presence of two other reptiles recorded from Cabinda by Peters (1876, 1877), e. g. Owen’s (Triceros oweni) and the skink Euprepes perrotetii (= Trachylepis perrotetii) are problematic. The latter is widespread in but not known even from Gabon. Peters (1877) recorded Euprepes perrotetii from Chinchoxo, Cabinda, and in a supplement to the same 13. 1 and Table 13. 1 for comparison). As noted earlier, despite Angola and being of comparable size and habitat diversity there is a difference of over 150 species of lizards between the two countries (Angola 132, 286). This contrast is even higher in terms of endemicity, where only 27 (20. 5%) of 132 Angolan lizards are endemic in contrast to 157 (54. 9%) of 286 lizards. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing specific information about the biodiversity of Angola and Cabinda, detailing that Angola has a lower percentage of endemic lizards (20.5%) compared to Cabinda (54.9%). This suggests that not all areas with high species diversity automatically qualify as biodiversity hotspots, highlighting a disparity in endemism that may challenge the claim's implication of uniformity in biodiversity hotspots.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The authors need to discuss the possible source of such discrepancy. 2. Microglia process end-point speed (Fig. 2h, o): here the authors show that the speed is highest in the wake state and lowest in NREM, which agrees with the measurement on microglia motility during wakefulness vs NREM in a recent publication (et al. , Nat. Commun. 13: 6273, 2022). However, Hristovska et al. also reported lower microglia complexity in NREM vs wake state, which seems to be the opposite of the finding in this paper. The authors need to discuss the possible source of such differences. 3. Fig. 3: the authors used single-plane images to analyze the morphological changes over 3 or 6 hours of SD, which raises the concern that the processes imaged at the baseline may drift out of focus, leading to the dramatic reduction in process lengths, surveillance area, and number of branch points. In fact, a previous study (et al. , J. Neurosci. 37(21): 5263-73, 2017) shows that after 8 h SD, the number of microglia process endpoints per cell and the summed process length per cell do not change significantly (although there is a trend to decline). The authors may confirm their findings by either 3D imaging in vivo, or 3D imaging in fixed tissue. 4. Fig. 4b: the EEG and EMG signals look significantly different from the example given in Fig. 2a. In particular, the EMG signal appears completely flat except for the first segment of wake state; the EEG power spectrum for REM appears dark; and the wake state corresponds to stronger low frequency components (below ~ 4 Hz) compared to NREM, which is the opposite of Fig. 2a. This raises the concern whether the classification of sleep stage is correct here. 5. Fig. 4 NE dynamics. How long is a single continuous imaging session for NE? When monitoring microglia surveillance, the authors were able to identify wake or NREM states longer than 15 min, and REM states longer than 5 min. Here the authors selected wake/NREM states longer than 1 min and REM states longer than 30 s. What makes such a big difference in the time duration selected for analysis? Also, the definition of F0 is a bit unclear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure affecting sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on discussing discrepancies in findings related to microglia processes and specifics about experimental methodology, which do not address the claim directly.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The ideal logic between a cryptocurrency tied to carbon credits should aim at measuring the carbon balance of its object. Take a forest carbon project, for instance. It is observable the concerns of some forest tokens projects informing the issuance of carbon credits from qualfied environmental projects, for instance, in the (projects that emit, certify and sell credits) and that avoid or capture CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. These credits are traded in a digital platform using a blockchain platform. The observed concept indicates a measured and trustable nature object related to the coin. Nonetheless, a more accurate observation indicates that a forest must be measured by its transitioning balance towards being a carbon sink or a carbon source. A certain financial value can be attributed to the fact that the forest is a sink or a source. For instance, the forest can be a sink with a carbon capture capacity of one million tons, or a source with a capacity of negative one million tons. An effective coin associated to forest carbon storage must be supported by physical observations that indicate that the forest is moving towards being a sink or a source. For instance, negative observations such as traces of fire, tree’s cutting and other disturbances indicate that the forest may me decaying, and positive observations such as biomass and forest preservation actions, indicate the forest will maintain its carbon sequestration patterns. Such information is key for a trustable forest carbon project. Overall, most coin based projects linked to forest coverage have not clearly outlined these concerns. They only show a piece of land, registered and bounded by GPS positioning, thus ensuring its existence. That is a fundamental issue to assure the existence and particular allocation of its carbon sink function, however, it does not secure the sink/source flow, thus, its real environmental service and carbon account. Finally, the issue of double accounting of carbon credits, especially in the voluntary markets, poses a relevant question to all blockchains and coins related to nature projects. The absence of central databases and governance for all voluntary carbon credits does not assure a buyer using digital currencies or not, that his/her credit has not been traded elsewhere. Solutions come with the development of a shared digital data protocol across standards with an open source digital infrastructure to create an operating system for all planetary carbon trades [14]. This data protocol should be tailored to specific project types by defining necessary project data fields and procedures to protect the integrity of the verification process. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is being utilized in carbon credit projects, which indicates an application in environmental management, thus demonstrating that industries beyond finance are exploring blockchain. It particularly highlights the use of a blockchain system for tracking carbon credits and ensuring the integrity of environmental projects.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Even if links between temperature, spawning and the distribution of sparids were established unequivocally, it is unlikely that temperature would act alone. There may be many other important variables which may, and probably do, interact with the effect of water temperature (Bye 1984). Moreover, these interactions, and the relative importance of different variables, would probably vary from place to place and even from time to time. As with many marine fishes, particularly tropical species (Sheaves 1995; McCormick and Makey 1997), life histories of sparids have not been studied in detail. This is an unfortunate situation because, above all else, the data presented here emphasise that detailed knowledge of life-histories and the requirements of the various life-history stages, may be necessary to account for observed species distributions. Indeed, it may well be that subtle influences at crucial stages may have far reaching impacts on the distribution and abundance of many species. Furthermore, the effect of gamete, egg, larval or juvenile tolerances in constraining the distributions of taxa need not be limited to responses to high temperatures. Equally they could be responses to low temperatures, or the level (or range) of other physical, or indeed biological variables. Three questions concerning the timing of spawning of fishes were posited in the introduction. To address these: firstly, is seems that for sparids the exact timing of spawning is not an unchanging characteristic of a particular species, but varies over the range of the species. Secondly, it seems that SST is at least correlated with, and probably has an influence on, the timing of spawning in sparids. Thirdly, the relationship between SST and timing of spawning is not just a species level characteristic but is apparent at the levels of genus and family also. ConsequencesLinks between the physiology of early life-history stages and timing of spawning could have direct consequences for patterns of distributions over a number of taxonomic scales. However, the consequences of such links could be much more far reaching. For example, global warming is expected to cause substantial increases in water temperature over the next few decades (Parker 1992; Groger and Plag 1993). Even if only the direct effects of temperature rise are considered, and other effects such as changes to hydrological and nutrient cycles (Gucinski et al. 1990) are ignored, the consequences are manifest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while temperature changes can have effects on spawning and species distributions, there are many other important variables that interact with water temperature, and the response of species to temperature is not uniform. It suggests that the impact of temperature variations is complex, depending on various factors, rather than indicating a straightforward sensitivity of coral reefs alone to temperature and acidity as the claim suggests.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Is the same F0 used throughout the entire imaging session, or is it defined with a moving window? 6. Fig. 5b: how does the microglia morphology in LC axon ablation mice compare with wild type mice under the wake state? The text mentioned "more contracted" morphology but didn't give any quantification. Also, the morphology of microglia in the wake state (Fig. 5b) appears very different from that shown in Fig. S3C1 (baseline). What is the reason? 7. The relationship between NE level and microglia dynamics. Fig. 4C shows that the extracellular NE level is the highest in the wake state and the lowest in REM. Previous studies (Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11):1771-1781, 2019; Stowell RD et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11): 1782-1792, 2019) suggest that high NE tone corresponds to reduced microglia complexity and surveillance. Hence, it would be expected that microglia process length, branch point number, and area/volume are higher in REM than in NREM. However, Fig. 2l-n show the opposite. How should we understand this? #2 (Public Review): The manuscript describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in a more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings could provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly. It discusses microglial dynamics during sleep-wake cycles, mentioning norepinephrine and various states of sleep (REM and NREM), but it does not provide information regarding melatonin production or its regulation by light. Therefore, the text is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In this perspective, shared digital data protocols should explore the use of satellite imaging, digital sensors, combined with blockchain distributed-ledger technologies (DLT) to further improve speed, accuracy, and integrity. Implementation of the digital data protocol could be a first step towards broader end-to-end life-cycle and value-chain tracking of all carbon credit data [14]. Advertisement 4. Models for cryptos and nature conservation effectivenessThe observed distances of Blockchains and tokens to their nature objects offers a large room for improvements and proposals to place the nature conservancy objectives clearly outlined and above the blockchain, itself. The major concept here presented is to place the object in first place, leaving the coin and the blockchains to better subsidy funds, provide storage of indicators and resolve governance issues. The issues covered in this part are: fundraising, Fintechs and DeFis, responsible tokenomics, and building a community around the coin. 4. 1 FundraisingThe typical sources of funding from cryptocurrencies and blockchains can be summarized in Grant Coins, Offerings (ICOs), Microfinance with capital coins; and Donations through blockchain smart contracts. Grant Coins, among many applications, are donations from specific purpose coins directly to a project. ICOs are the typical launch of a coin, in this case, with all set of project objectives, responsible tokenomics and clear governance and economic return to investors and the project beneficiaries. Micro finance with capital coins and donations through Blockchain contracts aim at providing funds to communities through coin based donations and micro loans, commonly addressed by Defis and Smart Contracts4. Initially, the relationship of blockchain and tokens to a nature project, can be analyzed under a framework containing the project objectives with the blockchain and coins roles. In this perspective, the major role of a coin and the blockchains are related to funding and financial services for a conservation project including nature preservation and lifequality improvement of locals, representing a group of beneficiaries. Therefore, the project must address questions about the problem to be solved; the funding potential; regulations; technology structure; coin exchange needs; and associate financial needs. An example of fundraising and associate financial needs using blockchain and coins for a nature conservation project involving local populations, is presented in Table 2. Fundraising from cryptocurrencieswill be solved? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the exploration of blockchain technology in various applications, particularly in nature conservation and fundraising. It highlights that digital data protocols and blockchain can enhance areas such as speed, accuracy, and integrity in managing carbon credit data, showcasing that blockchain is being applied in sectors beyond finance.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: However, several rarer foraminifera were also important to distinguish individual regions, e. g. , Discorbinella spp. was much more dominant in the compared to the other regions, and Cymbaloporetta spp. , Pararotalia sp. , and Miliolinella sp. were found exclusively in the (Table 2). Table 2 Similarity percentage () analysis of foraminiferal assemblages in four inshore regions of the ReefFull size table (S) for the foraminiferal assemblages varied between individual locations, ranging from 14 to 43 (Table 3). The average was distinctly higher in the compared to the three other regions, and the lowest taxa richness was observed in the at the southern end of the GBR. Table 3 Richness (S) for foraminiferal assemblages (taxa defined in Table 1) and coral communities (genus level) on nearshore reefs in four regions of the ReefFull size table Hard-coral assemblagesThe most abundant coral genera at the sampling locations were Acropora (mean relative cover: 26. 8%) and Porites (18. 0%). Other common genera included Goniopora (9. 7%), Montipora (6. 8%), Turbinaria (4. 5%), and Galaxea (3. 6%). Similar to the foraminifera, coral assemblages had congruent spatial patterns in the two observation years (Mantel test, rho = 0. 880, p < 0. 001), and data were averaged over the two survey years for following analyses. The coral assemblages significantly differed between the four geographical regions (global : G = 0. 256, p = 0. 003). Pairwise comparisons indicated that coral assemblages in the were markedly different than the other three regions (R > 0. 58 and, p < 0. 020 in each case). The coral communities in the differed from those in the Region (R = 0. 168, p = 0. 047), though neither of these regions differed from the communities on reefs in the (R = 0. 063, p = 0. 222 for Whitsunday and R = 0. 015, p = 0. 410 for Wet Tropics; Fig. 2b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the distribution and richness of foraminiferal and coral assemblages across different geographical regions of a reef, without mentioning water temperature or acidity sensitivity. Therefore, it does not provide any information that corroborates, contrasts, or addresses the claim regarding the sensitivity of coral reefs to environmental changes, rendering it irrelevant.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Skip to Content eLife home page your research Search by keyword or author Reset form my search to 10. 7554/eLife. 86749. 3 Open access Copyright information Version of RecordDecember 22, 2023 Read the peer reviews Reviewed preprintv2 November 15, 2023 Reviewed preprintv1 May 9, 2023 Open annotations (there are currently 0 annotations on this page). 2,443 views 231 downloads 2 6749. Copy to clipboard Download BibTeX Download. RIS Full text Figures and data Peer review Side by side Peer review process #1 (Public Review): Reviewer #2 (Public Review): Author response Peer review process Version of Record: This is the final version of the 10. 7554/eLife. 86749. 3. sa1 Reviewer #2 (Public Review): The MS describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. ' The authors have nicely demonstrated and technically validated their main conclusions. In particular, they demonstrate the utility of miniaturized 2p imaging for long lasting imaging of microglia structural changes according to sleep state over the time course of hours. The authors have done a good job in addressing all my previous concerns and provide sound evidence for sleep state induced dynamics of microglia, which is modulated by NE and depends on b2AR. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the dynamics of microglia during sleep-wake cycles without addressing melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. There is no mention of melatonin, light exposure, or their influence on sleep-wake cycles, thus failing to support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: Funding potentialRegulatory complexitywith coin investors & donorsGrant CoinsRaise funds from coin donation sourcesmediumlowlowyes, but not for gran-teesyesPeriodi-cal reportsOfferings—ICOsRaise funds out of debt & equity and donors’ restrictionshighvery highvery highYesyesconstant, chat groupsMicrofinance with Capital CoinsProvide microfinance to communities through coin based donations and loanshighhighhighyes, but not for granteesyesmoderateCommited donations through Blockchain smart contractsProvide donations to communities through coin based funding and loansmediumlowmediumNonomoderateTable 2. A Blockchain fundraising matrix example for a conservation project. 4. 2 Fintechs and DeFIsNature related projetcs can be supported by a specific financial services (fintech) entitity linking coin investors with projects gathering conservation issues and small businesses of sustainable local products. The fintech provides grants and loans, and if applicable, business mentoring support. The ICO must be supported by a thoroughly defined business model with a structured platform under blockchain. In a basic flow of funds, the fintech launches its coin, receiving Bitcoins or fiduciary currency, thus forming an investment account, abiding to all regulatory issues. The raised funds are directed to a specific credit account to perform grants and loans to projects. A DeFi takes the roles to channel and operate the payments, receivables and interest accruals (if applicable) in the scope of supported projects. All projects are selected from a thorough business analysis and once they receive the loans, a clear and continuous communication is established among the projects with the fintech staff and coin investors. The underlying coin is tradeable in a cryptocurrency exchange. This is a summary of an effective financial flow of funds between a coin and supported projects. The methods and systems may vary depending on the scope of projects. The key aspects of this solution is to provide an operating financial solution providing solid links between one coin or token to its supported objectives. A responsible coin will address these isssues, to effectively implement a project together with beneficiares, far beyond simple advertsing and basic web information. A key issue for a successful project fundraing from coins, lies also on a responsible tokenomics. 4. 3 Responsible tokenomicsThe uses of a token must be well structured. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain technology is applied in various sectors beyond finance, specifically in fundraising for conservation projects and microfinance. For example, it describes fintechs utilizing blockchain for grants and loans connected to conservation efforts, which highlights a clear industry application outside of traditional financial services.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: In contrast, the size–frequency distributions of populations recovering from a bleaching event were skewed positively (dominated by juvenile size classes) at a location exposed to infrequent floods, whereas it was platykurtotic (flattened) at a location with a higher flood frequency (Smith et al. 2005; Table 2). Population size–frequency distributions of corals are affected by a range of other confounding variables such as flow, irradiance, connectivity to larval sources and disturbance history (Hughes 1989; Hughes and Connell 1999), indicating a low specificity to changes in water quality. Thus, population structure ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). The population structure of a coral reef can be assessed by measuring sizes and determining the abundance of colonies along transects. Coral diseasesCoral diseases are recognised as a major form of disturbance for coral reefs (Sutherland et al. 2004) and anthropogenic influences are considered to increase their prevalence (Green and Bruckner 2000; Bruno et al. 2003). At present, approximately 20 diseases have been identified that affect more than 100 species of corals (Sutherland et al. 2004). Most diseases are caused by pathogens such as bacteria, cyanobacteria and fungi. Pathogens can be delivered to coral reefs via terrestrial runoff (Sutherland et al. 2004), or transmitted by biological vectors (Sussman et al. 2003). Recent studies have highlighted the role of elevated levels of dissolved organic carbon, a common component of sewage and organic discharge, to tissue sloughing (symptomatic of many diseases) and increased coral mortality (Table 2; Kuntz et al. 2005; Kline et al. 2006). However, elevated water temperatures can also increase the spread and virulence of pathogens on reefs with high coral cover (Bruno et al. 2007) and reduce the immune response in corals, indicating a moderate specificity to changes in water quality. The incidence of coral disease ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). Notwithstanding this, relative changes in the incidence of coral diseases may provide useful information for control-impact type studies. Coral disease prevalence can be quantified as the proportion of colonies with visible disease symptoms in large quadrats or along transects (e. g. Cervino et al. 2001). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing various factors affecting coral populations and their resilience to changes in water quality. It mentions that 'population size–frequency distributions of corals are affected by a range of other confounding variables' including flow, irradiance, and disturbance history, indicating that coral reefs are not exclusively sensitive to water temperature and acidity. It also notes that elevated water temperatures can increase the virulence of pathogens but stresses that there are multiple confounding variables that influence coral health, suggesting a more complex relationship than the claim implies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: One impressive point is the ability to longitudinally track the same microglial cells in the field of view for many hours, which is highly valuable and was impossible to achieve with head fixed imaging. The authors support their observation by using a global b2AR KO mice, which ravel impaired microglial dynamics during sleep states. While previous evidence supports high expression and function of b2AR in microglia, these receptors are expressed throughout the brain and periphery. Therefore, the authors correctly state that the current data they show, using global b2AR KO mice, cannot be used to state a direct effect on microglia dynamics and this would warrant future experiments with cell-specific genomic manipulation. To summarize, the main conclusions of the paper are well validated and supported with the experimental layout and analysis. Author response The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews. Response to the Referee CommentsWe would like to express our appreciation to the editor and the reviewers for their thoughtful comments and constructive suggestions on the manuscript. We agree with most of the comments and have carefully revised the manuscript accordingly. The revisions are highlighted in red font in the revised manuscript. Below are point-by-point responses to the referee’s comments. Public Reviews: Reviewer #1 (Public Review): Microglia are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in shaping the synaptic circuit and regulating neural dynamics in response to changes in their surrounding environment and in brain states. While numerous studies have suggested that microglia contribute to sleep regulation and are modulated by sleep, there has been little direct evidence that the morphological dynamics of microglia are modulated by the sleep/wake cycle. In this work, Gu et al. applied a recently developed miniature two-photon microscope in conjunction with EEG and EMG recording to monitor microglia surveillance in freely-moving mice over extended period of time. They found that microglia surveillance depends on the brain state in the sleep/wake cycle (wake, non-REM, or REM sleep). Furthermore, they subjected the mouse to acute sleep deprivation, and found that microglia gradually assume an active state in response. Finally, they showed that the state-dependent morphological changes depend on norepinephrine (NE), as chemically ablating noradrenergic inputs from locus coeruleus abolished such changes; this is in agreement with previous publications. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about melatonin production being regulated by light exposure and its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it discusses the role of microglial cells in sleep regulation and the dynamics associated with different brain states, but does not relate these observations to melatonin or light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: 4 Build a community around the coinA nature conservation-based project supported by a responsible token and blockchain should clearly address the areas and beneficiaries to relate, being entities and/or individuals. The scope of the project must be outlined for each purpose, such as nature restoration, fauna protection, income generation, social improvements, education and health support, for instance. The project must have specific, and measurable data to be collected with identified participants and provide veracity and control in DLT (blockchain) for the the guarantee of successfull objectives. The governance structure should join stakehokders, investors and beneficiaries enrolled in the project’s activities with clear roles. As seen below, the beneficiaries will have a role to provide key forest information for the project to be effectively measured, thus helping to its better effectiveness. These roles and obligations are better implemented by a Organization (DAO)5 linked to the project’s token blockchain. The major steps to initialise the funding are:Define the project area and beneficiaries with attention to fundraising, financial needs and related issues, as listed in Table 2. Preview and model an ICO, where buyers acquire tokens and the beneficiaries become providers, and receive tokens for free. The value of the token is tied to the providers’ obligation as the value of the coin is likely to trend higher if those obligations are fulfilled. The incentive for providers to fulfill their obligations is linked to the increase and preservation of the coin value over time. The incentive for investors is to hold their coin, buying and staking or bonding their investmets pegged to the currency. The community around a coin should include the coin’s object providers and investors with mutual interest in conserving the forest, because both will prosper with the standing forest. A third group takes part in this DAO in the roles of field implementation, analyses and data verification about the forest and people’s social indicators. In a forest carbon project, for instance, the providers are the forest inhabitants or those with access to the forest’s dynamics. The coin investors, without access to the land, have a financial interest in preserving the land. The third group is made, possibly, of service partners, such as a nonprofit organizations to implement field projects; auditors; and scientists and researchers providing data verification and technical proposal roles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how blockchain is applied beyond traditional financial contexts, specifically in a nature conservation-based project. It elaborates on how a project utilizes blockchain technology for various purposes such as nature restoration, social improvements, and data verification, indicating that industries outside finance are exploring blockchain's versatility.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Coral reefs are highly sensitive to changes in water temperature and acidity. [SEP] Text: Therefore, changes in coral cover have a low specificity to changes in water quality, and using it as a co-variate in water-quality assessments will require knowledge of the disturbance history. Response times of loss of coral cover vary from weeks for acute changes in water quality (Brown et al. 1990), to years for chronic exposure. Thus, benthic cover of hard corals ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). In contrast, increases in macroalgal cover associated with declines in water quality are well known, with perhaps the best evidence being provided by the shift in the coral reef assemblage from one dominated by hard corals to a high cover of macroalgae due to the introduction of sewage into (Smith et al. 1981). Changes in macroalgae have a high specificity, and are highly relevant in the public perception, making it a high priority for use in long-term monitoring programmes provided the confounding influences of seasons and grazing pressure of herbivores are taken into consideration (Hughes et al. 2007). Community structureCommunity structure is defined as the relative abundance of different taxa at a location. Links are often drawn between coral community structure and exposure to water quality because species’ abundances generally reflect environmental conditions (e. g. van Woesik et al. 1999; Table 2). For example, the community structure of macroalgae may be explained by responses to water quality. Fabricius et al. (2005) reported strong gradient effects in macroalgae at different spatial scales, with greater relative abundances of Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta on coastal reefs adjacent to a region exposed to elevated loads of terrestrial runoff, compared with a region with lower nutrient and sediment inputs. This measure, however, has a variable response time, with rapid changes after acute disturbances that result in mortality, and gradual shifts in response to chronic water-quality changes (Brown et al. 1990). Being a multivariate measure, the interpretation of changes in community structure requires knowledge of the biology of the individual species involved, as well as the disturbance history of a location. Thus, community structure ranked a medium-priority bioindicator for use in long- and short-term monitoring programmes (Table 3). The methods to monitor coral community structure are established, and are based on standard monitoring techniques such as photo-transects (English et al. 1997). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that coral cover changes have low specificity to water quality changes, suggesting that coral reefs may not be as sensitive to such changes as the claim suggests. Additionally, while the text discusses community structure and its relationship to water quality, it emphasizes the variability and gradual emergence of changes in response to chronic conditions, which implies that the response of coral reefs may not be as immediate or sensitive as proposed in the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The authors also showed that the effect of NE is partially mediated by β2-adrenergic receptors, as shown with β2-adrenergic receptor knock-out mice. Overall, this study is a technical tour de force, and its data add valuable direct evidence to the ongoing investigations of microglial morphological dynamics and its relationship with sleep. However, there are a number of details that need to be clarified, and some conclusions need to be corroborated by more control experiments or more rigorous statistical analysis. Specifically: 1. The number of branch points per microglia shown here (e. g. , Fig. 2g) is much lower than the values of branch points in the literature, e. g. , et al. , Neurobiol. Stress 15: 100342, 2021 (mouse dm); Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22: 1771-81, 2019 (mouse S1, in vivo 2P imaging). The authors need to discuss the possible source of such discrepancy. Thank you for raising this important point. Two reasons may account for this difference. Firstly, the difference in the definition of branch points in the software. Liu YU et al. used the Sholl analysis of image J software to analyze the number of branch points of microglia. Sholl analysis defines the number of branch points as the number of crossings between branches and concentric circles of increasing radii. We reconstructed microglia morphology using Imaris, a software that defines branching points based on the number of bifurcation points. The number of bifurcations calculated represents the number of microglia branch points. Secondly, this and previous studies found that more branching points present in the state of anesthesia. The morphological characteristics of microglia in head-fixed mice under anesthesia was reported by et al. and the microglia reconstruction results presented by the authors are indeed more complex than ours. In short, this is an aspect that we have been paying attention to, and the main reasons for this difference may lie in the definition of branch points, analysis methods and related choice of thresholds. True differences in brain states and the heterogeneity of microglia in different brain regions may also contribute to the apparent discrepancy. 1. Microglia process end-point speed (Fig. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it focuses on microglial morphological dynamics and discrepancies in branch point measurements in research studies, which are unrelated to the claim about melatonin. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: This last role, may be applicable in changing scenarios, where specific metrics and data may loose value for accounting the forest carbon and environmental preservation, at the same time giving room to new indicators that make better sense for the coin objective of supporting a standing forest, thus a carbon storage. The tokenomics must address the coin value linked to forest key indicators in a model requiring constant observations and verified contributions. At the ICO, providers are issued with coins, aside from the investors’ purchase. The role of providers is to report positive and negative observations, to contribute to modeling the future of the forest; whether it will be in a sink or source state. The better the providers accomplish their role, the more is the certainty over whether the forest will be in a sink or source state. At the same time, the value of the tokens received during the ICO will trend upward, thereby incentivizing them to keep providing observations to the model. Internal data providers contribute to the model by changing the value of the parameters of the model, in accordance of governance principles, pre defined in the DAO agreements. Internal data providers, like researchers or scientists, keep their role to permanently assess and review the intrinsic dynamics of the forest considered in the project objectives as laid out in the digital currency model of contribution to the forest and their inhabitants, the beneficiaries and data providers for the model. Additional attention to this model must relate to forest protection issues, such as the avoidance of illegal ownership of forest areas under carbon and coins’ incentives; the issuing of forest leasing mechanisms, when applicable; and carbon verification to assure a legal framework of compliance with applicable legislations and the avoidance of double accounting of carbon credits. Finally, a responsible token initiative should address their results to nature and social issues according to the Goals (SDGs) [15] as a measurement for its key project indicators, thus, providing material, measurable and comparable results for all. Advertisement 5. ConclusionsThis study raised questions about cryptocurrencies and blockchains effectiveness to provide nature conservation support. The world has seen the rise and exponential growth, valuation, an extreme devaluation of cryptocurrencies, in short period of time. Most cryptocurrencies have been launched with weak and unclear objectives, leading them to just speculative ends. Among them, many coins have been launched claiming to support forest, fauna and nature related projects; and a relevant group of tokens have been launched to link carbon credits to blockchains providing easy and secured carbon trades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of blockchain technology in environmental conservation through the management of carbon credits. It illustrates how cryptocurrencies and blockchain are being utilized in projects related to tree conservation and carbon trade mechanisms, indicating that industries outside of finance are actively exploring blockchain solutions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Plant native: comparing biodiversity benefits, ecosystem services provisioning, and plant performance of native and non-native plants in urban horticulture. Tartaglia1 & Myla F. J. Aronson1 1310 Accesses 1 all metrics AbstractPlant species used in urban horticulture are frequently non-native despite evidence that urban areas are regular points of introduction, often leading to invasions and negative impacts on biodiversity. Many horticulturalists assert that non-native plants are more successful and provide equal or greater habitat and ecosystem services than native plants. However, little research has compared native and non-native plants in urban systems. We present here a systematic literature review, using the methodology, to assess three questions: (1) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? (2) Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3)Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? We extracted data from 165 total papers. One hundred and twenty studies found that native plants outperform non-native plants on the response metric evaluated in the study, 57 demonstrated mixed impacts, 56 demonstrated no differences among plant origin, and 26 found non-native plants outperformed native plants. We found overwhelming evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants in urban landscapes. Relatively few studies examined ecosystem services and plant performance, but we found that native plants support higher levels and diversity of ecosystem services and that many native plants can be used for horticulture, that is, they will survive and thrive in urban conditions. Native plants provide multiple ecosystem functions in urban greenspaces, supporting urban biodiversity and provisioning ecosystem services than non-native plant species and should be prioritized in urban horticulture activities. Similar content being viewed by others Are urban systems beneficial, detrimental, or indifferent for biological invasion? 1. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their ability to support faunal biodiversity in urban green spaces? 2. Is there a difference between native and non-native plants in their provisioning of urban ecosystem services? 3. Do non-native species outperform natives in urban environments in terms of survival, growth, and fitness? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence that non-native plants are frequently introduced into urban horticulture yet often lead to negative impacts on biodiversity. The systematic review indicates overwhelming evidence that native plants support higher faunal abundance and diversity than non-native plants. Therefore, it suggests that native plants are more beneficial for ecosystems in urban areas, directly opposing the claim that non-native species are always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 2h, o): here the authors show that the speed is highest in the wake state and lowest in NREM, which agrees with the measurement on microglia motility during wakefulness vs NREM in a recent publication (et al. , Nat. Commun. 13: 6273, 2022). However, Hristovska et al. also reported lower microglia complexity in NREM vs wake state, which seems to be the opposite of the finding in this paper. The authors need to discuss the possible source of such differences. This is also an important point. Hristovska et al. reported the morphodynamic characteristics of microglia during wakefulness and NREM sleep. It is worth noting that the sleep state of the mice in their experiments was unnatural due to the head fixation and body limitations, the duration of NREM sleep (sleep stability) being quite different from the NREM sleep analyzed under natural sleep. The limitations of this approach are also discussed by Hristovska et al. “Even though sleep episodes were, as anticipated, shorter than those observed in freely moving animals, changes in neuronal activity characteristic of NREM sleep were monitored by EEG recordings, and changes in morphodynamics were observed during single episodes. Several episodes of REM sleep were detected, but they were too short and rare to be analyzed reliably. ” The unnatural sleep state would lead to an increase in the microarousal state, and ultimately a change in the structure of the sleep state, which may be the main reason for the difference in microglia behavior from our natural sleep. We have discussed this in the revised manuscript. Please see line 292298. 1. Fig. 3: the authors used single-plane images to analyze the morphological changes over 3 or 6 hours of SD, which raises the concern that the processes imaged at the baseline may drift out of focus, leading to the dramatic reduction in process lengths, surveillance area, and number of branch points. In fact, a previous study (et al. , J. Neurosci. 37(21): 5263-73, 2017) shows that after 8 h SD, the number of microglia process endpoints per cell and the summed process length per cell do not change significantly (although there is a trend to decline). The authors may confirm their findings by either 3D imaging in vivo, or 3D imaging in fixed tissue. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses microglia behavior during different sleep states and the impact of unnatural sleep conditions on microglial motility, rather than addressing melatonin production or its regulation by light and its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: In addition, many other cryptocurrencies have been launched with the promise to help nature related projects. The general observation of these blockchains is that the ones related to carbon projects claims to deliver trustable accounts of carbon credits, especially in voluntary markets; and the non carbon coins present vague information about the nature related objects they claim to support. In the carbon trading projects, specifically for forest conservation, the issue of verified standards and the inclusion of local populations must be improved for a better assurance of the continuous forest coverage and their inhabitants’ lifequality. The general perception about most coins and blockchains related to nature is that they are more relevant than the project itself, thus, placing the solution mechanism on top of the object, presenting few evidences that the nature and local population are really being benefited. Instead, they should place clear and objective nature conservation and social indicators on top of the blockchain solutions. Blockchain and coin solutions shall be framed as intermediary activities because the nature conservation and people benefited by their claimed projects are the “Final/End activities”. This study offered initial ideas for a better use of cryptocurrencies and blockchains for nature conservation projects. The outlined proposals are in the line of a deeper project appraisal, such as defining the fundraising modalities and distribution to beneficiaries, including them in the asset valuation and protecting them from massive devaluations. Such efforts would be better addressed with responsible tokenomics and a fintechc focused in the flows os funds from investors to the projects and its beneficiaries. The safeguards for this responsible approach lies also on clear governance and selection of the projects, after all, placing them above the tokens and ledgers. In a final conclusion digital currencies, cryptocurrencies, tokens, coins and blockchains related to nature conservation and social issues should be tailored to serve a purpose with a clear value proposal to their supported objects, showing a real concern for nature and people, with all possible barriers to speculation. The ideal framework for a coin and blockchaim relationship with nature conservation projects, should firsthand, include the beneficiaries and stakeholders in the value chain. In this perspective, forest family, landowners become providers of data, supporting value under verified mechanisms. Providers are issued tokens with their value tied to conservation actions. Providers are incentivized to conservation action to either preserve or increase the value of the currency they already own. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies are being explored for nature conservation projects and social issues, indicating applications beyond just financial uses. It emphasizes the potential of blockchain solutions to support environmental and social objectives, thereby supporting the idea that blockchain is being utilized outside of the financial industry.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: While there is some evidence that non-native plants offer resources to birds and pollinator communities in cities (e. g. , Schlaepfer et al. 2011; Baldock et al. 2019), there is also ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants drive population declines of native species, even of common suburban birds (e. g. , Narango et al. 2018), and particularly drive declines in insect populations (e. g. , Tallamy et al. 2021). Additionally, although pollinating insects may use non-native plants, they still often prefer native pollen and nectar resources (Williams et al. 2011). To examine the difference between native and non-native plants for supporting faunal diversity, we reviewed literature that compared plant-animal interactions such as pollination/flower visitation, herbivory, frugivory, nesting, or preferential occupancy in native and non-native plants in urban areas. Plants in urban greenspaces are critical providers of ecosystem services including food provisioning (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), improving air (Schlaepfer et al. 2020) and water quality (Nelson 2011), nutrient cycling (Ferreira et al. 2021), oxygen production (Riley et al. 2018), carbon sequestration and storage (Horn et al. 2015), mitigating the urban heat island effect (Arcos-LeBert et al. 2021), and augmenting human health and wellbeing (Potgieter et al. 2017). Vegetation also offers cultural benefits such as enhancing sense-of-place and aesthetics (Castro-Diez et al. 2019). Both native and non-native plants provide ecosystem services (Sjöman et al. 2016), but non-natives may also contribute to more to biotic homogenization (McKinney 2002) as well as increased ecosystem disservices such as disease vectoring (Juliano and Lounibos 2005), allergenicity (Nentwig et al. 2017), increasing fire frequency (van Wilgen 2012), and loss of revenue (Pejchar and Mooney 2009), among others (Potgieter et al. 2017) compared to native plants. For this section of our review, we surveyed papers that compared the contributions of native and non-native plants to ecosystem services in urban areas. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that, while non-native plants can provide resources to certain wildlife, they often negatively impact native species and ecosystems. It highlights that non-native plants drive declines in native species populations, particularly insects, which can adversely affect overall ecosystem health. Additionally, the text notes that non-native species may lead to biotic homogenization and increased disservices, such as disease vectoring and allergenicity, further undermining the idea that introducing non-native species is always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Three lines of evidence indicate that microglia morphology changes in Fig 3 are due to SD, rather than variations in the focal plane. First, our single-plane images were quite stable over 3 or 6 hours of SD, though occasional reversible drifts might happen due to sudden motions. Second, per your suggestion, further experiments and analysis of 3D imaging were performed to monitor microglia dynamics during sleep deprivation. The new result is shown in revised Fig. S3 C-D: the length of microglia branches and the number of branching points were significantly reduced after SD, in agreement with the results of single-plane imaging. Furthermore, we detected no significant difference in microglia branching characteristics during 6h sleep deprivation in β2AR KO mice (Fig. S4), and this indirectly affirmed that singleplane imaging is stable enough for detecting true changes in branching during SD. 1. Fig. 4b: the EEG and EMG signals look significantly different from the example given in Fig. 2a. In particular, the EMG signal appears completely flat except for the first segment of wake state; the EEG power spectrum for REM appears dark; and the wake state corresponds to stronger low frequency components (below ~ 4 Hz) compared to NREM, which is the opposite of Fig. 2a. This raises the concern whether the classification of sleep stage is correct here. Thank you for insightful comments. We carefully examined the behavioral video of Figure 4b, there were occasionally microarousal events indicated by slow head rotation during NREM sleep, while the companion EMG signals were completely flat, which is atypical during sleep wake cycle. The microarousal events were not excluded from sleep, which makes this set of data unrepresentative and contrary to Fig. 4b. In our revised manuscript, we replaced it with more representative data that can clearly and consistently distinguish between different brain states in mice on EMG and EEG. Please see revised Fig. 2a, page 34; revised Fig. 4b, page 37. 1. Fig. 4 NE dynamics. • How long is a single continuous imaging session for NE? • When monitoring microglia surveillance, the authors were able to identify wake or NREM states longer than 15 min, and REM states longer than 5 min. Here the authors selected wake/NREM states longer than 1 min and REM states longer than 30 s. What makes such a big difference in the time duration selected for analysis? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not discuss melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on the dynamics of microglia during sleep deprivation and the implications for EEG and EMG signals during different sleep states. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: After all, this is a model based on “Conserve to Earn” principles, where investors do not aim at speculating with a coin, rather, they own, trade, learn and exchange information with stakeholders to effectively provide social and environmental improvements in nature based projects. Future research and actions on this scope should explore detailed tokenization and project safeguards for effective nature conservation. Contributing technologies must take place, such as web3 platforms, linked to and Internet of Things devices to better monitor the projects’ indicators. In addition an advanced DAO governance and operations shall set the path for a more responsible and effective use of cryptocurrencies and blockchains for the environment and social improvements. Finally, sound projects supported by crytocurrencies must include social technologies to better engage all beneficiaries and stakeholders to the assets and exchanges providing a positive perspective of value sharing and nature conservation for all. Advertisement 1. Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Cash System. 2009. Available from: Jake Frankenfield: Shitcoin. Investopedia. Cyrptocurrency. Altcoins. 2022. Available from: Newspaper Limited: Why Cryptos’s Matters. 2022. Available from: Limited: Crypto and Digital Currencies–Priorities. 2022. Available from:. Cryptocurrencies as a financial asset: A systematic analysis. of Financial Analysis, Volume. 2019;62:182-1996. University of Cambridge. Centre for Alternative Finance. Index. 2022. Available from: Mining Council: Consumption from Sources. 2022. Available from: CoinMarketCap. 2022. Available from: Mordor Intelligence: Gaming Market—Growth, Trends, Covid 19 Impact, and Forecasts (2022-2027). 2022. Available from:. Smart, commodified and encoded. Conservation & Society. 2022;20(1):12-23. for Research in Ecology and the Environment and India Pvt. Ltd11. Vatn A. The environment as a commodity. Environmental Values. 2000;9(4):493-50912. . A Blueprint for to Meet, Challenge. Zurich, Switzerland/London, UK/San Francisco, USA: McKinsey & Company; 202113. . on Carbon Markets. TSVCM. Washington, D. C. USA: Institute of International Finance; 202114. Accounting System. Foundation. 2022. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by suggesting the use of blockchain and cryptocurrencies for applications related to environmental and social improvements. It discusses how technologies like web3 platforms and DAO governance can be applied in areas beyond financial speculation, indicating that industries are indeed exploring blockchain for purposes such as nature conservation and stakeholder engagement.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: There is ubiquitous evidence that non-native plants reach high population densities in urban areas, often attributed to traits that enable these species to be successful, such as tolerance to novel urban environmental conditions (i. e. , heat, soil pollution, drought, disturbance), dispersal strategies, and competitive ability (e. g. , Kendle and Rose 2000; Aronson et al. 2007; Cadotte et al. 2017). Because of this evidence, some argue that plants should be assessed for fitness in urban plantings on the basis of performance rather than origin (Davis et al. 2011). However, evidence to the contrary can also be found citing natives as better at growth and survival (Worrell 1992; Jones and Evans 1994; Kendle and Rose 2000). For this section of our review, we examined studies that tested the physiological performance of native plants or compared native and non-native plants in urban areas to determine whether differences exist in response metrics such as growth, fitness, and survival. Some horticulturalists contend that because urban habitats are novel ecosystems, with interacting native and non-native species mixes, plantings of non-native ornamental species, particularly non-invasive species, increase overall urban biodiversity and are not harmful to native ecosystems. Certainly, not all non-native plant species become invasive, so planting species of exotic origin does not necessarily lead to invasions. However, our ability to predict which species will become invasive is poor, and often there are long lag times between introduction, extensive use of a species in horticulture, and invasion (Kowarik 1995). This review extends our understanding of the differences among native and non-native plants in urban horticulture and points to critical research needs for increasing global urban biodiversity. MethodsSearches, selection criteria and paper categorizationThe methodology for conducting this review was based on the Items for and Meta-(-P) Statement (Sarkis-Onofre et al. 2021). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence that, while non-native plants can thrive in urban areas and some argue for their role in boosting urban biodiversity, there are also substantial concerns about their potential to become invasive. The text states, 'our ability to predict which species will become invasive is poor, and often there are long lag times between introduction, extensive use of a species in horticulture, and invasion,' suggesting that non-native species may not always be beneficial and can have negative consequences for ecosystems.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: • Also, the definition of F0 is a bit unclear. Is the same F0 used throughout the entire imaging session, or is it defined with a moving window? A single continuous session of NE imaging usually took about 1 hour. Subsequent analysis was performed on imaging data from each recording that included wake, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. Because of the different time scales of microglia morphological dynamic (relatively slow) and NE signals (fast), we used different time windows in the previous analysis in the previous version of the manuscript. Per your suggestion, we have now set the same time window selection criteria for both microglia morphological and NE dynamic analysis: for wake and NREM sleep durations longer than 1 minute, and REM sleep durations longer than 30 seconds. We updated the Methods and all statistics in related figures, please see line 151-154, 481-485, 490-492; Fig. 2e-g and 2l-n, page 34. F0 definition is now explained in the Methods section. Please see line 521-522. 1. Fig. 5b: how does the microglia morphology in LC axon ablation mice compare with wild type mice under the wake state? The text mentioned "more contracted" morphology but didn't give any quantification. Also, the morphology of microglia in the wake state (Fig. 5b) appears very different from that shown in Fig. S3C1 (baseline). What is the reason? The morphology of microglia is indeed heterogeneous and variable, affected by factors including brain state, brain region, microenvironmental changes, along with animal-to-animal difference. We didn’t perform the microglia morphology comparison between the LC axon ablation mice and wild type mice and, in view of this, we removed the description of “more contracted morphology” from the main text. It should also be noted that, as we primarily focused on changes of a microglia in different states over time by selfcomparison, we minimized possible effects of heterogeneity in microglia morphology on our conclusions. 1. The relationship between NE level and microglia dynamics. Fig. 4C shows that the extracellular NE level is the highest in the wake state and the lowest in REM. Previous studies (Liu YU et al. , Nat. Neurosci. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses aspects of microglia morphology and neurochemical dynamics in relation to sleep states but does not address melatonin production or light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: is Open Access? is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. It’s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, and, most importantly, scientific progression. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. How? By making research easy to access, and puts the academic needs of the researchers before the business interests of publishers. are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn 10. 5772/intechopen. 109550 this 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation. . . Edited by From the - Transforming Industries, Enhancing Security, and by and purchase hard copies of this book, please contact the representative in India: CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd. www. cbspd. com | customercare@cbspd. com 1. Choose citation style Select style to clipboard Get citation 2. Choose citation style Select format Bibtex RIS Download citation Impact of this 1. IntroductionBlockchain is now one of the most important technologies to have emerged in recent years. Many experts believe that this technology has the potential to change the world over the next two decades. Although it is still in its infancy, corporate giants are interested in its applications in several areas. So far, venture capitalists have invested billions of dollars in this field, with several applications [1]Indeed, the applications of blockchain seem close to infinite [2]. While one immediately thinks of its financial applications—international payments, money transfers, complex financial products—blockchain can also solve problems and create new opportunities in healthcare, defense, management, supply chains, luxury, and other industries. At more advanced stages, blockchain could give rise to what Gartner calls the “programmable economy” [3], powered by entirely new business models that eliminate all kinds of middlemen. Given the importance of blockchain in the technological evolution of society, including across industries, especially the financial sector, researchers have undertaken considerable work to further strengthen the security level of this technology. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the diverse applications of blockchain technology beyond finance, stating that 'blockchain can also solve problems and create new opportunities in healthcare, defense, management, supply chains, luxury, and other industries.' This directly supports the idea that multiple industries are exploring blockchain technology for innovative uses beyond just financial applications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: We performed searches using Web of Science using the following search terms: TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (horticultur* OR ornamental); TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (ecosystem service* OR ecosystem function*); (TS=(native AND (exotic OR non-native OR nonnative OR alien) AND (plant* OR vegetation) AND (urban OR city OR suburban OR cities OR town* OR residential) AND (insect* OR bird* OR trophic)). All searches were conducted in February of 2023 and included literature from 1990-present. methodsOf 708 total papers found in these searches, 213 matched the criteria for this analysis: (1) study compared native and non-native species or examined native plant performance; (2) study was conducted in suburban or urban landscapes; (3) response variables included diversity and/or abundance of invertebrates, birds, or other animals to individual species or vegetation composition, native plant growth or physiological performance, or ecosystem services (e. g. , carbon sequestration, water use efficiency). We then reviewed the 35. 7% of studies. Occupancy in and around native plants was the most studied interaction type (54 studies) followed by pollination (33), and herbivory (17). Abundance was the most studied response metric for the top three studied taxa (46 studies for birds, 17 for bees, and 19 for Lepidoptera) The majority of studies (105) examined interactions among two trophic levels (ex. plant-insect). Across all PAI studies, 83 (49. 7%) demonstrated response taxa favoring or benefitting from native plants over non-native plants, 39 (23. 4%) demonstrated neutral effects, 32 (19. 2%) mixed effects, and 14 (8. 4%) showed response taxa favoring or benefitting from non-native plants over native plants in urban areas (Fig. 4). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing evidence from numerous studies examining the interactions between native and non-native species. Specifically, it notes that 83 out of 168 studies (approximately 49.7%) showed response taxa favoring or benefitting from native plants over non-native plants. This suggests that the introduction of non-native species may not always be beneficial for ecosystems since a substantial number of studies indicate preference for native plants.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: 22(11):1771-1781, 2019; Stowell RD et al. , Nat. Neurosci. 22(11): 1782-1792, 2019) suggest that high NE tone corresponds to reduced microglia complexity and surveillance. Hence, it would be expected that microglia process length, branch point number, and area/volume are higher in REM than in NREM. However, Fig. 2l-n show the opposite. How should we understand this Your point is well-taken. On the one hand, our data clearly showed that NE is critically involved in the brain state-dependent microglia dynamic surveillance, with evidence from the ablation of the LC-NE projection and from the β2AR knockout animal model. On the other hand, we also understand that NE is not the sole determinant, so the relationship between the NE level and the complexity and surveillance may not be unique. In this regard, other potential modulators also present dynamic during sleepwake cycle and may partake in the regulation of microglia dynamic surveillance. previous studies (Liu YU et al. , 2019; Stowell RD et al. , 2019) have shown that microglia can be jointly affected by surrounding neuronal activity and NE level during wake. It has been reported that LC firing stops (Aston-Jones et al. , 1981; Rasmussen et al. , 1986), while inhibitory neurons, such as PV neurons and VIP neurons, become relatively active during REM sleep (Brécier et al. , 2022). ATP level in basal forebrain is shown to be higher in REM than NREM (Peng et al. , 2023). In addition, our own preliminary result (Author response image 1) also showed a higher adenosine level in REM than NREM in somatosensory cortex. Last but not the least, we found that β2AR knockout failed to abolish microglial responses to sleep state switch and SD stress altogether. In brief, microglia are highly sensitive to varied changes in the surrounding environment, and many a modulator may participate in the microglia dynamic during sleep state. This may underlie the microglia complexity difference between REM and NREM. Future investigations are warranted to delineate the signal-integrative role of microglia in physiology and under stress. We have discussed the pertinent points in the revised manuscript. Please see line 343-354. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it discusses the role of norepinephrine (NE) in microglial dynamics during sleep states, specifically focusing on REM and NREM sleep, along with other modulatory factors affecting microglia. There is no mention or discussion of melatonin or its relationship with light exposure or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: The global COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant driver of the digitalization process, creating an objective need for online services and services. The problem is that in the face of growing uncertainty that threatens the economic security of the country, and the rapid digital transformation of the economy, the need for rational use and optimization of the management of the tourism industry is becoming more urgent. It is required to develop an integrated scientific and methodological approach to modeling and designing systems for monitoring and managing tourism products, facilities, and processes in order to maximize the contribution of the tourism industry to the socioeconomic development of regions. The need to develop a tourist destination is primarily related to such problems as security [1], the presence of intermediaries, high demand for a national product, etc. The development of information technology has made it possible to solve some of the identified problems using distributed registry technologies. Distributed ledger technologies are at the initial stage of development, but their influence is observed in many areas: science, manufacturing, economics, etc. They set new development trends, as they offer data anonymity, the absence of a third party in commodity-money relations [2], and low commission for economic transactions [3]. Since 2020, distributed registry technologies have been gaining ground in the travel and tourism industry [4]. The main direction was the development of smart platforms for the implementation of new systems and methods of conducting tourism activities [5]. The significance of this system in the field of tourism was confirmed in the study of a trial product. To demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of the developed approach, [6] present a hotel booking case, the analysis of which shows the significance of the proposed system. A similar result was achieved by other researchers [7]. It is important that the development also concerns such a fairly new phenomenon as medical tourism, which is travel abroad to receive medical services. Medical tourists as well as healthcare providers can benefit from technology that makes it easier to find a healthcare provider, make fast and secure payments, and keep data secure and private [3]. The further development of the tourism industry is closely related to the development of smart platforms, which are similar in technical characteristics to technological platforms. The term “technology platform” was introduced in 2004 by the to identify prioritized scientific and technical areas for the development of the to ensure Europe’s technological independence [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of distributed ledger technologies, which are a form of blockchain, in the travel and tourism industry. It highlights that since 2020, these technologies have been gaining ground in this sector, indicating that industries beyond finance are indeed exploring blockchain solutions. The mention of smart platforms and the development of systems for monitoring and managing tourism products further emphasizes the versatility and applicability of blockchain technology across different fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: For the top three studied taxa, native plants outperformed non-native plants in supporting birds in 30 (62. 5%), bees in 12 (40. 0%), and Lepidoptera in 15 (51. 7%) studies. 3. Fig. 4Number of studies reporting Native > Non-native, Native = Non-native (neutral), Native ~ Non-native (mixed) and Native < Non-native effects across all taxa in the PAI categoryFull size image Table 3 interactions: all 41. 8%) found that native plants outperformed non-native plants, 18 demonstrated neutral results, and 17 demonstrated mixed results. Five studies found arthropods favoring non-native plants. Arthropod assemblagesTwenty-seven studies focused on arthropod assemblages or focused on arthropod taxa that were not bees, Lepidoptera, spiders, or beetles, with 12 (44. 4%) showing native > non-native, eight (29. 6%) demonstrating mixed effects, five (18. 5%) neutral effects, and two (7. 4%) demonstrating native < non-native. Twelve of these studies examined pollination, with five demonstrating native > non-native. Eight studies evaluated occupancy of arthropods in and around native plants in urban areas. Four reported that native plants increased arthropod abundance, richness and diversity when compared to non-native plants. Six studies evaluated herbivory, of which two reported native > non-native effects, one reported neutral effects, two reported mixed effects, and one reported native < non-native. BeesBees were the second most studied animal taxon represented in this review (30 studies), and the top most-studied arthropod. Bees responded positively to native plants, with 12 studies (40. 0%) demonstrating native > non-native, eight (26. 7%) demonstrated neutral effects, eight (26. 7%) mixed effects, and two (6. 7%) native < non-native. Twenty-three of these studies examined bee pollination specifically. In eight (34. 7%) of these, bees favored native plants over non-natives. Native plants also had positive effects in four of five papers examining richness, abundance, composition, and/or diversity of bee communities. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing data showing that native plants generally outperform non-native plants in supporting various animal taxa, such as birds, bees, and Lepidoptera. For instance, 62.5% of studies found native plants to be superior for birds, and 40% showed the same for bees, indicating that non-native species do not always provide beneficial outcomes for ecosystems. This evidence suggests that the introduction of non-native species is not universally beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Author response image 1 Download asset Open asset Extracellular adenosine levels in somatosensory cortex in different brain states. AAV2/9-hSyn-GRABAdo1. 0 (Peng W. et al. , Science. 2020) was injected into the somatosensory cortex (A/P, -1 mm; M/L, +2 mm; D/V, -0. 3 mm). Data from the same recording are connected by lines. n = 9 from 3 mice. Reviewer #2 (Public Review): The manuscript describes an approach to monitor microglial structural dynamics and correlate it to ongoing changes in brain state during sleep-wake cycles. The main novelty here is the use of miniaturized 2p microscopy, which allows tracking microglia surveillance over long periods of hours, while the mice are allowed to freely behave. Accordingly, this experimental setup would permit to explore long-lasting changes in microglia in a more naturalistic environment, which were previously not possible to identify otherwise. The findings could provide key advances to the research of microglia during natural sleep and wakefulness, as opposed to anesthesia. The main findings of the paper are that microglia increase their process motility and surveillance during REM and NREM sleep as compared to the awake state. The authors further show that sleep deprivation induces opposite changes in microglia dynamics- limiting their surveillance and size. The authors then demonstrate potential causal role for norepinephrine secretion from the locus coeruleus (LC) which is driven by beta 2 adrenergic receptors (b2AR) on microglia. However, there are several methodological and experimental concerns which should be addressed. The major comments are summarized below: 1. The main technological advantage of the 2p miniaturized microscope is the ability to track single cells over sleep cycles. A main question that is unclear from the analysis and the way the data is presented is: are the structural changes in microglia reversible? Meaning, could the authors provide evidence that the same cell can dynamically change in sleep state and then return to similar size in wakefulness? The same question arises again with the data which is presented for anesthesia, is this change reversible? As revealed by long-term free behavioral mTPM imaging, the brain-statedependent morphological changes in microglia were reproducible and reversible. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses microglial dynamics during sleep-wake cycles and the use of a miniaturized microscope for tracking microglia in a naturalistic environment. It does not mention melatonin production or the regulation of it by light exposure.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Many industries are exploring blockchain for applications beyond finance. [SEP] Text: According to the authors [8], the tourism technological platforms “must provide the solution to the following main tasks:the influx of private investment in the tourism sector;improving the technology level of the reproduction process of both local tourism products and regional tourism products in general;expansion of high-tech exports, including tourism technology exports (tourism products are referred to as so-called hidden exports, when the currency or financial resources directly enter the region from other countries and regions together with tourists);providing the conditions for business growth, the formation of new high-tech companies in the region’s economy (a smart resort city, digital technologies);increasing the efficiency of the use of tourism and other resources, as well as preventing their deterioration and even more so exhaustion, since otherwise the sustainable reproduction of regional tourism products will be undermined;solving significant social problems (preserving and building up the human potential of a region, industry, corporation, country, and civilization; improving the environmental situation; ensuring safety). ”Tyan et al. [5] highlighted the following positive aspects of developing a smart platform for tourism:enhancing tourism experience;rewarding sustainable behavior;ensuring the benefits for local community;reducing privacy concerns. As noted in the study [9], the most important advantage of such a system is the creation of new forms of communication between the supplier and the consumer. In decentralized systems, there is no need for outside support to complete a transaction. The transaction occurs due to a consensus mechanism that protects the network and provides a mechanism for the interaction of its participants. The development of this technology will especially affect the SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) sector [10], where there is the greatest pressure from large companies [7]. Developers of smart platforms for various industries, including the tourism industry, are faced with the task of choosing the optimal technology that provides a mechanism for interaction between participants, maintaining confidentiality, eliminating intermediaries, etc. This study also aims to substantiate the need for a tourism smart platform based on distributed ledger technology as a tool and mechanism for optimizing tourism industry development via digital transformation under the influence of current challenges. Advertisement 2. Tourism and sustainable developmentIt is extremely important for tourism to develop in the context of the sustainable development goals proclaimed by the UN in 2015 (Agenda 2030). This poses new challenges for the industry, the solution of which is possible with the use of the latest information technologies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the application of distributed ledger technology in the tourism industry. It highlights that developers of smart platforms are exploring the optimal technology, which includes blockchain, as a mechanism to enhance interaction between participants in the tourism sector, indicating that industries beyond finance are indeed utilizing blockchain technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Introducing non-native species is always beneficial for ecosystems. [SEP] Text: Only two studies examined nesting or reproductive behaviors of bees, with one reporting native > non-native effects on bee richness, abundance, and composition and one reporting mixed effects of native plants on reproduction in a single bee species. BeetlesFourteen studies examined the effects of native versus non-native plants on beetles in urban areas. Five (35. 7%) studies found native > non-native, five (35. 7%) found neutral effects, three (21. 4%) mixed effects, and one (7. 1%) native < non-native. Occupancy was again the most frequently studied interaction (n = 8). In three studies (37. 5%) urban beetle abundance composition and richness was higher in native plants than non-native plants (native > non-native). Neutral effects were found in three studies (37. 5%) and mixed effects in two studies (25. 0%). Beetle pollination was examined in five studies, in which beetles favored native plants in two studies (40. 0%). One study reported neutral effects, one mixed, and one native < non-native on beetle pollination. The effect of predation on urban beetle richness and abundance was assessed in one study, with neutral effects. BirdsThe largest single taxon represented in PAI studies was birds. Of the 48 studies that examined birds, 30 (62. 5%) found native > non-native. Nine studies (18. 8%) demonstrated neutral effects, 5 (10. 4%) found mixed effects, and five (10. 4%) found native < non-native. Of avifauna-focused studies, 29 assessed occupancy and abundance of birds in and around vegetation types, as evidenced by terms such as “abundance” “occupancy”, “assemblages”, “usage”/ “avoidance” “community structure” or “community composition”. There was an increased tendency for birds to physically occupy native vegetation (19 studies, 65. 5%). Only one study found neutral effects and two reported mixed effects. Studies comparing bird physiology such as nesting and breeding or feeding and foraging such as nectarivory or frugivory in or on native and non-native plants were less common than those examining occupancy and abundance. Birds do have an increased tendency to forage in and on native plants as evidenced in six of the 11 papers examining foraging (54. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by presenting evidence from multiple studies that indicate native species often have a greater positive impact on ecosystems than non-native species. Specifically, it mentions that in the studies examined, a significant number found native plants provided better outcomes for bee richness, beetle abundance, and bird occupancy compared to non-native plants, which suggests that the introduction of non-native species is not always beneficial.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Author response image 2 shows that microglia displayed reversible dynamic changes during multiple rounds of sleep-wake transition. Author response image 3 shows that microglia dynamics induced by anesthesia also exhibited reversibility. Author response image 2 Download asset Open asset Long-term tracking of microglia process area in different brain states. Data analysis used 8 cells. Data total of 31 time points were selected from in vivo imaging data and were used to characterize the morphological changes of microglia over a continuous 7-hour period. Author response image 3 Download asset Open asset Reversible changes of microglial process length, area, number of branch points under anesthesia. Wake group: 30 minute-accommodation to new environment; Isoflurane group: 1. 5% in air applied at a flow rate of 0. 4 L/min for 30 minutes; Recovery group: 30 minutes after recovery from anesthesia. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. 1. The binary comparison between brain states is misleading, shouldn't the changes in structural dynamics compared to the baseline of the state onset? The authors method describes analysis of the last 5 minutes in each sleep/wake state. However, these transitions are directional- for instance, REM usually follows NREM, so the description of a decrease in length during REM sleep could be inaccurate. As you know, the time scale of microglia morphological dynamic is relatively slow, so we analyzed the microglia morphological dynamic of the last part (30s in the revised manuscript) of each state instead of the state onset, allowing time for stabilization of the microglia response to inter-state transition. Further, we compared microglia dynamic between two NREM groups transiting to different subsequent states: group1 (NREM to REM) vs group2 (NREM to Wake). This precaution was to exclude the directional effect of state transitions. Our results showed that there was no difference in microglial length, area, number of branching points between the two NREM groups (Author response image 4), indicating that the last 30s of each NREM was not affected by its following state and that it’s reasonable to perform binary comparison. Author response image 4 Download asset Open asset Microglial morphological length, area change, and number of branch points of the last 30s of NREM sleep followed by REM or Wake. n = 9 cells from 3 mice for each group. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses microglial dynamics during sleep-wake transitions, which is not related to how melatonin production is regulated by light exposure. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.