Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text:  disorders in a population of subjects consulting for gastroesophageal reflux disease in general practice Biol 29: 243–246, DOI: [PubMed] Dimenas, E; Glise, H; Hallerback, B; Hernqvist, H; Svedlund, J; Wiklund, IWell-being and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients referred to endoscopy owing to suspected duodenal ulcer Gastroenterol 30: 1046–1052, DOI: [PubMed] Ofman, JJ; Shaw, M; Sadik, K; Grogg, A; Emery, K; Lee, J; Reyes, E; Fullerton, SIdentifying patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease: validation of a practical screening tool Sci 47: 1863–1869, DOI: [PubMed] Bardhan, KD; Stanghellini, V; Armstrong, D; Berghofer, P; Gatz, G; Monnikes, HInternational validation of ReQuestTM in patients with endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease Ther 20: 891–898, DOI: [PubMed] Monnikes, H; Bardhan, KD; Stanghellini, V; Berghofer, P; Bethke, TD; Armstrong, DEvaluation of GERD symptoms during therapy, Part I. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various studies related to gastroesophageal reflux disease and includes details about validation and evaluation of screening tools and symptoms, without mentioning shift work or circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: There is also a backstage management platform for the therapist, which offers different functions including creating cohorts, managing bookings and forums, providing feedback on client exercises, monitoring client progress, etc. The therapist helped the clients understand and review the module contents and apply the CBT skills into their own situations in 5 individual counseling sessions that were conducted either in person or on Zoom or WhatsApp. A VR system for exposure therapy has also been developed for this program, which includes 5 virtual scenarios: (1) interviewing for a job, (2) delivering a presentation, (3) participating in work performance evaluation, (4) expressing disagreement, and (5) drinking in public. The VR system uses an 180° video of real humans. There is a storyline for each VR scenario and a couple of interactions between the client and the VR environment, which are guided by a prerecorded voice-over. The clients wear a head-mounted display and respond by moving their head. The voice responses of the clients are recorded in the VR system for replay. The technologies used for the development of the VR system include voice recording, VR180 stitching, VR game engine development, VR motion tracking on the target point, and an auto-trigger based on the user’s headset direction. An administration control panel has been developed for the therapist to control the VR interaction. In the beginning of each VRET session, the therapist provides a short briefing and asks the client to choose one VR scenario. Then, the client participates in the VRET for no longer than 15 minutes. The therapist then proceeds to debrief the client upon completion of each VRET session and submits a session report on the system. Examples of VRET photographs are shown in Figure 2. The program sessions outlined in Table 2 are released to the client on a weekly basis. The treatment schedule is programmed into the system. Progress is recorded as a score when the client completes a task, and a total score is calculated as the total progress. All of the program videos are tailored for people and developed from local cases. language is used in the program. To ensure data security and privacy, 2-factor authentication is adopted when logging in with a password that is preset by the user and a one-time password sent to his/her email address. All of the collected electronic data are encrypted. The program is hosted on the server of the Information and of the university where the author is employed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a VR system specifically developed for exposure therapy, referred to as 'VRET' (Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy). It details how clients participate in VR scenarios designed to help them confront and manage their phobias through controlled interactions guided by a therapist. The mention of 5 virtual scenarios indicates a structured approach to gradual exposure therapy, which aligns with the claim that VR therapy is utilized for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: In addition, 63% of children are anaemic [57, 68]. These indicators show that most Malawian diets are not rich in nutrient dense foods and are also lacking in regards to quality and quantity [1, 2]. Much effort is still needed to reduce the prevalence of undernourishment in the population, a figure that has been rising from 17% in 2015 to 18. 8% in 2019 [23]. The impacts of food insecurity are felt by people of all ages [34]. Food insecure children have a higher chance of becoming anaemic and tend to recover slowly from illnesses [18]. Furthermore, chronic undernutrition in children is associated with cognitive development problems [20, 36]. Notable effects among food insecure adults include low levels of nutrient uptake and increased physical and mental health problems [42]. Furthermore, food insecure adults experience higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, and have a higher risk of chronic diseases [34, 69]. These consequences of food insecurity raise concerns at both the household and national levels. Livestock farming provides both opportunities and challenges to women in developing countries. They can more easily obtain livestock assets compared to immobile assets such as land [26]. However, women face several challenges in livestock production and marketing. For instance, despite women managing larger herds of livestock than men, they control fewer valuable species and earn less even though they are more commercially-oriented [27, 56]. Furthermore, in instances where they own livestock, they face limited access to marketing opportunities. In addition, they represent the world’s poorest livestock keepers despite being actively involved in livestock farming [26, 56]. Over the years, Malawi has launched multiple initiatives to achieve food and nutrition security. These include the 2005 Subsidy programme which was implemented in 28 districts and was aimed at increasing food self-sufficiency for farmers who could not afford the resources to produce maize [15]. Similarly, Malawi participates in the Scaling up Nutrition (SUN) programme, a multi-sectoral approach to addressing malnutrition at the community level [72]. Under SUN, a stunting prevention programme was implemented in the Central region. In addition, the country has been implementing cash transfer programmes since 2006; this is aimed at improving food security through the provision of cash to the poorest 10% of labour constrained households across the country [47]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the ongoing food insecurity challenges in Malawi, which indicates that food production is inadequate. It discusses the complexity of factors affecting nutrition and food quality, emphasizing that urban agriculture alone cannot address these gaps, especially as rural food production and livestock farming play significant roles in the livelihoods of women and the overall food system. There is no indication in the text that urban agriculture could entirely replace rural farming, which requires addressing broader systemic issues like food security and nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Figures AbstractCircadian clocks regulate many aspects of plant physiology and development that contribute to essential agronomic traits. Circadian clocks contain transcriptional feedback loops that are thought to generate circadian timing. There is considerable similarity in the genes that comprise the transcriptional and translational feedback loops of the circadian clock in the plant Kingdom. Functional characterisation of circadian clock genes has been restricted to a few model species. Here we provide a functional characterisation of the Hordeum vulgare (barley) circadian clock genes 1 (HvCCA1) and 1, which are respectively most similar to Arabidopsis thaliana 1 (AtCCA1) and 7 (AtPRR7). This provides insight into the circadian regulation of one of the major crop species of Northern Europe. Through a combination of physiological assays of circadian rhythms in barley and heterologous expression in wild type and mutant strains of A. thaliana we demonstrate that HvCCA1 has a conserved function to AtCCA1. We find that 1 has AtPRR7-like functionality in A. thaliana and that the effects of the Hv photoperiod h1 mutation on photoperiodism and circadian rhythms are genetically separable. Citation: í (2015) 1 and 1 in Arabidopsis. 10(6): e0127449. Editor: David E. : December 22, 2014; Accepted: April 15, 2015; Published: June 15, 2015Copyright: © 2015 Kusakina et al. This is an open access 7449. Funding: ZR is grateful to the of for the award of a Scholarship. The authors acknowledge funding from a Training project MEST-CT-2005-020526 for JK, and the Biology and the for SC. AARW and MCM are grateful to the BBSRC for the award ofM006212/1, which supported aspects of the study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. IntroductionCircadian clocks are timing mechanisms that are an adaptation to the Earth’s rotation. These circadian clocks are entrained to the day/night cycle by sensing environmental cues such as light and temperature and act as master regulators to synchronise biological events to specific times of the day [1]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses circadian clocks in plants and their genetic components, without any mention of shift work or its effects on human health. The focus is on plant physiology rather than human circadian rhythm misalignment or health issues.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Before the program launched, a user acceptance test was conducted by the author and project staff, and bugs were fixed accordingly by the programmer of this project. Figure 2. Examples of images in virtual reality exposure therapy. (A) Client wearing a head mounted display. (B) Control panel of the VR system. (C) Virtual scenario of work performance appraisal. (D) Virtual scenario of expressing disagreement. VR: virtual reality. Table 2. Structure and content of the in Online program. WeekSessionModeTheme0F0F2FaIntake interview11Web– or app–basedRecognizing your social anxiety responses22Web– or app–basedIdentifying automatic thoughts and cognitive distortions33Web– or app–basedSelf-talk and positive statements4F1F2FCounseling session (1)54Web– or app–basedBehavioral experiment65Web– or app–basedFear hierarchy76Web– or app–basedExposure therapy8F2F2FCounseling session (2)9F3F2FVRb exposure therapy (1)10F4F2FVR exposure therapy (2)117Web– or app–basedIdentifying cognitive rules128Web– or app–basedRelaxing dysfunctional cognitive rules139Web– or app–basedSaying bye-bye to social anxiety14F5F2FCounseling session (3)aF2F: face-to-face session (in-person or on Zoom/WhatsApp). bVR: virtual reality. Therapist CredibilityThe therapist for the program has a master’s degree in counseling (clinical mental health) and is registered as a certified counselor in both the and Canada. She has 9 years of counseling experience in Hong Kong. The intake worker is a registered social worker in who has a bachelor’s and a master’s degree in social work and counseling experience that spans more than 30 years in a variety of settings. The intake interviews were conducted by both the therapist and the intake worker, and all the service and initial screenings were delivered and conducted by the therapist—both are native Cantonese speakers. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing 'VR exposure therapy' in the context of a structured program that includes exposure therapy specifically for social anxiety. It details various sessions that encompass recognizing anxiety responses, identifying thoughts, behavioral experiments, and ultimately engaging in exposure therapy, which aligns with the premise of using VR therapy as a controlled exposure method to treat phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Recently, the government developed the policy, which aims to promote better nutrition for the population through a multifaceted approach involving the government, the private sector and civil society. (NAP) represents another attempt by the Malawian government to promote food security through increased production of diversified food crops for better nutrition [2]. Despite the government’s food security initiatives, there have only been limited improvements in food security in Malawi, raising concerns among policymakers due to pernicious effects of food insecurity, especially on vulnerable populations [2]. When designing food security initiatives, government should consider women’s role in household food and nutrition decisions. Women play a leading role in food production, processing, and preparation and hence maintain a significant responsibility in ensuring food security in developing countries [19, 39, 65]. They control vital livestock products for food security and are the main food producers [56]. However, their ability to achieve food security is constrained by their lack of access to productive resources and inability to participate in much of the decision-making. Women in developing countries have limited control over productive resources and lack decision making authority [41]. Evidence suggests that increasing women’s access and control over productive resources contributes to the achievement of food security because unlike men, women are more likely to spend their income on food [44, 61]. Furthermore, raising livestock provides an opportunity to empower women because they can have greater access and control of livestock and their products compared to other productive resources [26]. Several strategies have been used to empower women in agriculture. While some have focused on empowerment through resources and achievements such as education levels [37, 53], one empowerment dimension that has received far less attention is agency that involves decision-making processes. Therefore, this study seeks to understand how the empowerment of women in livestock decision-making affects household food security. Although previous studies have provided evidence that the empowerment of women in livestock is necessary for household food security, no study has been conducted in a Malawian context to investigate this relationship. Furthermore, most of the studies have measured the empowerment of women in the agriculture sector using the Women’s Empowerment in (WEAI), a commonly used tool for measuring women’s empowerment, agency, and their involvement in the agriculture sector [9]. Despite its reliability in most agricultural contexts, the index pays little attention to livestock-related issues and does not investigate how women’s agency in nutrition affects household food security. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the complexities of food security in Malawi, particularly the challenges faced by women in agriculture. It points out that despite government efforts to promote food security, there have only been limited improvements. Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of diverse agricultural practices and the role of women in food production, suggesting that urban agriculture alone cannot fulfill food security needs without addressing these broader challenges and gender dynamics.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In plants, the circadian clock has been shown to control approximately one third of the genome and it regulates a wide range of key processes such as hypocotyl elongation, leaf movement, stomatal opening and flowering [1]. Furthermore, accurate and robust circadian function enhances yield, water use efficiency and overall plant performance [2,3]. While the molecular components of the clock are not conserved across taxonomic groups, most circadian oscillators comprise a number of coupled transcription/translation feedback loops [4]. In the model dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis, the central clock is proposed to consist of several interlocking loops [5]. A loop of morning active genes is formed by the partially redundant MYB-transcription factors AtCCA1 (1) and AtLHY () and two members of the pseudo-response regulators family, AtPRR7 (-7), and AtPRR9 (-9). AtCCA1/LHY activate AtPRR7/9 and in turn AtPRR7/9 repress AtCCA1/LHY. A loop of evening-active genes is formed by AtGI () and AtPPR1/TOC1 (-1/) which both negatively regulate each other. The loops are coupled by the repressive effects of AtCCA1/LHY on AtTOC1 and AtTOC1 on AtCCA1/LHY [6,7]. Another loop of mutual repression exists between the morning loop and an “evening complex” of AtELF3, AtELF4 and LUX (3, 4 and ) through recruitment of the transcriptional repressor LUX by ELF3 to the PRR9 promoter [8]. Monocot circadian clocks appear to be comprised of a similar structure. For example, in Lemna gibba, a floating monocotyledon plant, orthologues for AtCCA1, 3 and several genes similar to the AtPRR family have been identified and their function in the Lemna circadian clock characterised [9]. In rice, another model monocot plant, several orthologues of central clock genes have also been identified, including (), OsCCA1/LHY and members of the OsPRR family [10]. These components are under circadian control with similar expression patterns reported for homologous clock genes in Arabidopsis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses the circadian clock in plants and its regulatory mechanisms without addressing the effects of shift work or the health implications of circadian rhythm misalignment in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: DiscussionOverviewSAD often has a high prevalence and low treatment rate. People with SAD often underperform and underachieve. Treatment of SAD can not only improve their achievement and quality of life, but also increase productivity in the society as a whole. This study is the first of its kind in combining iCBT and VRET for the treatment of social anxiety in Hong Kong. At a theoretical level, this study will contribute to the development and evaluation of internet-based psychological interventions in Chinese communities. At a practical level, if proven to be effective, this study will provide an alternative e–mental health service option for people in with easy access. In addition, if adopted by local social service sectors, the program will fill in a large service gap between the overwhelming service demand by mental health clients and the insufficiency of mental health professionals in Hong Kong. Lessons LearntIn the process of developing the program, several lessons have been learnt: (1) considering the extremely low treatment rate of SAD in (8. 7%) [5], iCBT serves as a more preferred and accessible treatment option for clients with SAD; flexibility in time and space as well as the web-based format might encourage people with SAD to seek treatment in a way that is less threatening to them. (2) Culturally relevant intervention contents are important. All of the case demonstration videos were tailored for clients with SAD based on local cases, which increases their relevance and resonates with the real-life situations of the clients. The program focuses on working with culturally relevant beliefs related to social anxiety by choosing CBT skills that have been suitable for Chinese clients in previous studies; for example, the “pie chart” technique is used to relax the cognitive rule of “I have to make no mistakes to be a good offspring. ” (3) Compared with cartoons or 3D characters, the use of real humans in VR videos may increase the sense of reality and presence in VR situations. (4) Guided self-help iCBT in service delivery, including therapist support in the form of exercise feedback and counseling sessions, is important to help clients to apply the CBT skills learned from the web-based modules to deal with their social anxiety. (5) Compared to text-based iCBT, people prefer video-based iCBT. Kong people are generally very busy, they may not have time to read long passages of text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing the use of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) as part of the treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD). It specifically mentions the positive potential of VR videos to enhance the sense of reality and presence in therapeutic situations, which aligns with the idea of controlled exposure in phobia treatment. Additionally, the text emphasizes that real human figures in VR may increase effectiveness, supporting the use of VR therapy modalities for clinical interventions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Income is an important factor in ensuring household food security because it determines the amount and quality of food that a household can purchase [7, 51, 54]. The overall monthly household income for the sample was MK16,239. 50 (US$20. 38). This means that the average amount of money available per person to cater for the daily cost of food, clothing and shelter was approximately $0. 14/person/day ($20. 38/5(avg household size)/30 days). These findings show that a majority of households in the district were living well below the poverty line of $1. 90 [71] at the time the study was conducted. Overall, the total monthly income of MK16,988. 36 (US$21. 32) for male-headed households was not significantly higher than the total monthly income of MK14,592. 00 or US$18. 31 for female-headed households. The study also examined monthly income across households that indicated crop and livestock farming as their main occupation. The results show that the average monthly income for households whose main occupation was livestock farming (MK 17,797. 94/US$22. 33) was significantly higher compared to those engaged in crop farming (Mk 14,401. 95/US$ 18. 07). district is prone to floods and dry spells, both of which contribute to low yields and income obtained from crop sales [32]. In times of distress or food insecurity, households can sell livestock year-round and as the need arises; in contrast, crop farming is mostly seasonal. Most household heads were engaged in crop farming (63. 25%), followed by livestock farming (23. 25%). Only a few household heads (1. 25%) were formally employed, with 7. 5% depending on piecework for their income. Of the total number of households in the sample, the proportion of male household heads involved in crop farming whether as a main or secondary activity was approximately 65%, while those involved in livestock farming as a main activity or secondary activity was 22. 5%. However a higher proportion of female-headed households (24. 80%) considered livestock farming to be their main occupation compared to male headed households (22. 55%). Having farm and non-farm income sources reduces the likelihood of a household becoming food insecure. In addition, non-farm income sources provide a diversified livelihood strategy thereby reducing the risk of food insecurity [60]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the income levels necessary for food security and differentiating between crop farming and livestock farming. It highlights that crop farming is mostly seasonal, which indicates a limitation of urban agriculture in replacing the continuous and year-round nature of rural livestock farming. Moreover, the text emphasizes the importance of diversified income sources to reduce food insecurity, suggesting that reliance solely on urban agriculture may not address the complexities of food production in the same way rural farming does.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Most monocots contain only a single orthologues of AtCCA1/LHY. For example, rice has a single orthologues of AtCCA1/LHY (OsLHY) which functions in a similar manner to the Arabidopsis, acting as a repressor of the rice AtTOC1 orthologues [11]. However, OsLHY does not homodimerize due to the loss of a key phosphorylation site, which demonstrates divergence between the rice and Arabidopsis clocks [11]. Barley contains orthologues of Arabidopsis circadian clock genes, with transcripts that are rhythmic suggesting that HvCCA1, HvGI and HvPRR1 have a functions similar to their Arabidopsis counterparts [12]. For some of the PRR homologues it has proven difficult to determine which barley gene is ortholgous to Arabidopsis members of the family and therefore the designation reflects the uncertainty. HvPRR37, HvPRR73, describe two genes both of which are ortholougues to either AtPRR3 or AtPRR7, and HvPRR59 and HvPRR95 are orthologus to either AtPRR5 or AtPRR9 [12]. Other circadian clock genes are thought to be important for agronomic traits such as HvLUX1 and HvELF3 underlying the 10 [13] and 8 [14] loci respectively. HvPRR37 is also known as 1 (HvPpd-H1), which controls sensitivity to photoperiod. The Ppd-H1 region contains a single PRR gene originally thought to be most similar to AtPRR7 [15]. Landraces from south-west Asia, southern Europe, and the Mediterranean basin have the Ppd-H1 allele that confers early flowering in long days of the spring. Whereas the photoperiodic-insensitive ppd-H1 allele is present in landraces from central and northern Europe (this is known as spring barley, because it is planted in the spring and flowers at the end of summer). The reduced response to photoperiod of ppd-H1 allows spring-sown plants to extend the period of vegetative growth and accumulate additional biomass that supports higher yields [15]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the genetic components of circadian rhythms in plants, specifically in monocots like rice and barley, without addressing the health impacts of shift work or circadian rhythm misalignment in humans.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Clark D, Wild J, Warnock- More than doubling the clinical benefit of each hour of therapist time: a randomised controlled trial of internet cognitive therapy for social anxiety disorder. Psychol Med. Jul 15, 2022:1-11. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: An updated meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. Apr 2018;55:70-78. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Andersson G, Carlbring P, Holmström -Ihrfelt E, et al. Internet-based self-help with therapist feedback and in vivo group exposure for social phobia: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychol. 2006;74(4):677-686. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychol. Oct 2013;81(5):751-760. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Carlbring P, Gunnarsdóttir M, Hedensjö. Treatment of social phobia: randomised trial of internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy with telephone support. Psychiatry. Feb 2007;190:123-128. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Internet-delivered acceptance-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for social anxiety disorder with and without therapist support: a randomized trial. Behav Modif. Sep 2017;41(5):583-608. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Ștefan S, Månsson KNT, David D, et al. Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder in Romania: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2015;10(5):e0123997. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] A mobile app for social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomized controlled trial comparing mobile and PC-based guided self-help interventions. J Psychol. Jun 2018;86(6):493-504. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]de de Jong PJ. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing ‘Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: a randomized controlled trial,’ which indicates that virtual reality therapy is specifically utilized in a treatment context for anxiety, aligning with the idea of treating phobias through controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Conclusions and recommendationsThe study was designed to understand household food security status and women’s empowerment levels among livestock-dependent households in rural Malawi. More specifically, the study sought to determine whether women’s empowerment in livestock would influence household food security. The results show that most households consumed three or more food groups. Overall, women in the Nsanje district are disempowered as they only managed to achieve adequacy in three out of 10 WELI indicators. The empowerment of women in livestock decision-making plays a significant role in ensuring household food security. Furthermore, separating the WELI into component dimensions demonstrates that agricultural production decisions, nutrition-related decisions, and income control and use play a significant role in ensuring household dietary diversity. In addition to women’s empowerment dimensions, factors such as household income, household size, and occupation of household head play a significant role in ensuring household dietary diversity. Malawi may achieve the priority of NAP by empowering women in livestock. NAP is a Malawi government plan for sustainable agricultural transformation. Its aim is to enable significant agricultural sector growth, the expansion of the farming household’s income and the provision of improved food security for all Malawians. Over the past years, most government policies and programs have emphasised increased maize production by promoting fertilizer intensification and encouraging the adoption of improved seed varieties. However, such efforts have failed to improve food security as diets remain undiversified. In addition, while empowering women is one of the priority areas of the NAP, it is only limited to increasing their access to productive resources. These policy aspirations could be achieved through increasing women’s agency in agricultural production. The study recommends that government and non-governmental aid organizations implement food security interventions that target women’s agency in livestock production and nutrition decisions; such changes would improve food security in low income and lower middle-income households. Furthermore, there is need for the sensitization of households on the importance of increasing women’s agricultural and nutrition decision-making. In addition, the government and private sector could consider financial inclusion mechanisms for household food security. Lastly, women’s empowerment in livestock is an important area for policy intervention in food security since it results in increased dietary diversity. This study has several limitations. One limitation relates to the analytical approach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of livestock in rural Malawi for food security and highlighting the limitations of government policies in enhancing food diversity. It specifies that despite efforts to increase maize production, diets remain undiversified, suggesting that urban agriculture cannot fully substitute the complexities and needs of rural farming, especially considering the role of women in food production and the importance of diverse dietary sources.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The late-flowering ppd-H1 allele is recessive, suggesting that reduced response results from a mutation that impairs gene function [15]. The modern variants of barley used to map Ppd-H1 were Igri which contains the photoperiod-sensitive allele (Ppd-H1) and Triumph which is late flowering (ppd-H1). The central role of HvPpd-H1 (and TaPpd-D1a) in flowering is well characterised, but it is not known whether HvPpd-H1 is a circadian clock gene in barley, or whether it is functionally equivalent to AtPRR7 or AtPRR3 because natural variation at the HvPpd1-H1 has no effect on circadian rhythms of circadian clock gene transcripts but does affect the timing of expression of genes associated with flowering time [12, 14]. Barley represents a challenging system for studying circadian behaviour and it does not have the wide resource tools for molecular genetics developed for the model Arabidopsis, therefore we have used a heterologous approach to examine barley clock gene function by misexpression in Arabidopsis. We provide evidence that the barley circadian clock genes have conserved functions with their counterparts in Arabidopsis. We demonstrate that Hv CCA1 has AtCCA1-like activity and HvPpd-H1 has AtPRR7-like functionality in Arabidopsis. We suggest that the effects of HvPpd-H1 on photoperiodism and circadian rhythms are separable. Our data suggests that flowering time in crops can be manipulated by appropriate breeding strategies without compromising circadian clock function. of HvCCA1 into entire HvCCA1 transcript was amplified using polymerase (Novagen). HvCCA1 was cloned into pCR8/GW/TOPO entry vector using pCR8/GW/cloning kit (Invitrogen) following the manufacturer’s instructions. HvCCA1 was then subcloned into the binary plazmid PMDC32 using the Gateway LR recombination reaction (Invitrogen). The binary plasmid PMDC32 confers hygromycin resistance in plants and contains a double 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter for constitutive expression of the inserted gene [16]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided discusses genetic aspects of flowering time and circadian clock genes in barley, without any mention of shift work or its effects on health related to circadian rhythm misalignment. Therefore, it is irrelevant (pass) to the claim regarding the health impacts of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Cognitive bias modification and CBT as early interventions for adolescent social and test anxiety: two-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. J Exp Psychiatry. Jun 2017;55:81-89. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]ück C, Ghaderi A, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of Internet- vs. group-based cognitive behavior therapy for social anxiety disorder: 4-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Ther. Aug 2014;59:20-29. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Evaluation of an open-access CBT-based Internet program for social anxiety: patterns of use, retention, and outcomes. J Psychol. Oct 2017;85(10):988-999. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Finding web-based anxiety interventions on the world wide web: a scoping review. . Jun 01, 2016;3(2):e14. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Rothbaum B, Hodges L. The use of virtual reality exposure in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Behav Modif. Oct 1999;23(4):507-525. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Sense of presence and anxiety during virtual social interactions between a human and virtual humans. PeerJ. 2014;2:e337. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Carl E, Stein A, Levihn- Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Anxiety Disord. Jan 2019;61:27-36. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Meta-analysis of the efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety. Behav. change. Jun 18, 2018;35(3):152-166. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] Virtual reality compared with exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomised controlled trial. Psychiatry. Apr 2017;210(4):276-283. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]Lindner P, Dagöö exposure therapy for public speaking anxiety in routine care: a single-subject effectiveness trial. Ther. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing the use of virtual reality exposure therapy specifically in the treatment of anxiety disorders, suggesting its application in controlled exposure therapy for phobias. References such as Rothbaum and Hodges discuss how VR is utilized in these therapeutic settings, supporting the claim about VR therapy's role in treating phobias.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Every city can easily implement large-scale vertical farming projects. [SEP] Text: That is, the electronic file cannot be emailed, downloaded to disk, copied to another hard drive or otherwise shared. The single hard copy print may only be distributed to others for their internal use within your organization; it may not be copied. The individual Document downloaded may not otherwise be sold or resold, rented, leased, lent or sub-licensed. (ii) Single-Site and Multi-Site Licenses: (a) the right to browse, search, retrieve, display and view the Product; (b) the right to download, store or print single copies of individual Documents, or portions of such Documents for the Authorized User's personal use, and to share such copies with other of Licensee within Licensee's computer network; (c) if an educational institution, Licensee is permitted to provide a hard copy of individual Documents to individual students (Authorized Users) in a class at Licensee's location; (d) the right to display, download and distribute hard copies of Documents for training or groups of Authorized Users. (e) Licensee will undertake all necessary authentication and verification processes to ensure only can access the ASTM Product. (f) Licensee will provide ASTM with a list of authorized IP (numeric IP domain addresses) addresses and, if Multi-Site, a list of authorized sites. B. Prohibited Uses. (i) describes all permitted uses. Any other use is prohibited, is a violation of this Agreement and can result in immediate termination of this License. (ii) User may not make this Product, or Documents, available to anyone other than another Authorized User, whether by Internet link, or by permitting access through his or her terminal or computer; or by other similar or dissimilar means or arrangements. (iii) Specifically, no one is authorized to transmit, copy, or distribute any Document in any manner or for any purpose except as described in Section 3 of this License, without ASTM's prior express written permission. In particular, except as described in Section 3, no one may, without the prior express written permission of ASTM: (a) distribute or forward a copy (electronic or otherwise) of any 4. Detection of Prohibited Uses. A. Licensee is responsible for taking reasonable measures to prevent prohibited uses, and promptly notify ASTM of any infringements of copyright or prohibited use of which Licensee becomes aware. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it focuses entirely on licensing agreements and the distribution of documents and products, with no mention of vertical farming, cities, or agricultural practices. Therefore, it does not provide any corroborative or contrasting information related to the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The CaMV35S:HvCCA1 was introduced into GV3101 Agrobacterium tumefaciens and subsequently into Arabidopsis thaliana Ws-2 via the floral dip method [17]. Out of 21 primary transformants, nine were identified as homozygous lines carrying an insert at a single locus. HvCCA1 overexpression was confirmed by RT-PCR (S1 Fig). Homozygous lines were used for all experiments. RNA extraction and transcript analysis For circadian experiments seedlings were grown at 22°C in 12 h:12 h L:D for 7 days before being transferred to continuous light for 54 h. Samples were taken every 6 h until 72 h. Plant tissue was disrupted in the TissueLyser () and total RNA was extracted using RNeasy plant kit (Qiagen). cDNA was synthesised from 0. 5 μg of template RNA using the QuantiTranscription kit (Qiagen). For quantitative PCR, transcript abundance was measured using master mix (Applied Biosystems, USA) in the 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System. Transcript abundance of AtCCA1, AtLHY and AtTOC1 was normalised to 10 (UBQ). The primers for q-PCR reactions are presented in S1 Table. All reactions were carried out in triplicate. Normalization and transcript abundance calculations were automated and performed using the 7500 Fast Real-Time PCR System software. Non-homologous Complementation of 7 T-DNA insertion mutant (prr7-11) was complemented with HvPpd-H1 and Hvppd-H1 to test for similarity of function between AtPRR7 and HvPpd-H1. p1 (Igri) cDNA and of pENTRppdH1 (Triumph) were generated, each containing a fragment comprising the coding region of the HvPpdH1 or HvppdH1 cDNA from Cultivar “Igri” or “Triumph” respectively, cloned directionally into a pENTR-D plasmid (Invitrogen, UK). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the health effects of shift work on circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses genetic experiments involving Arabidopsis thaliana and the methodology used for transcript analysis, which are unrelated to the effects of shift work on health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Jan 2021;50(1):67-87. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Virtual reality and exposure group therapy for social anxiety disorder: results from a 4–6 year follow-up. Res. Nov 15, 2016;41(2):230-236. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]Benbow A, Anderson P. Long-term improvements in probability and cost biases following brief cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. Res. Jul 25, 2018;43(2):412-418. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef]-Exner L, Kothgassner O. Physical presence, social presence, and anxiety in participants with social anxiety disorder during virtual cue exposure. Soc Netw. Jan 2019;22(1):46-50. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Controlling social stress in virtual reality environments. PLoS One. 2014;9(3):e92804. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline] Virtual reality-based psychotherapy in social anxiety disorder: fMRI study using a self-referential task. . Apr 14, 2021;8(4):e25731. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Appropriate number of treatment sessions in virtual reality-based individual cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. J Clin Med. Feb 26, 2021;10(5):915. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Use of the Chinese (Taiwan) version of the Inventory (SPIN) among early adolescents in rural areas: reliability and validity study. J Assoc. Aug 2009;72(8):422-429. [FREE Full text] [CrossRef] [Medline]. Interview for DSM-5® Disorders—(SCID-5-CV). Wachington, DC. Association Publishing; 2016;A. . Manual for the Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX. Psychological Corporation; 1996. Cohen J. A power primer. Psychol Bull. Jul 1992;112(1):155-159. [CrossRef] [Medline]in Online (EASE Online) Program website. URL: [accessed 2023-09-08]. For better or worse: an individual patient data meta-analysis of deterioration among participants receiving Internet-based cognitive behavior therapy. J Psychol. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by referencing various studies that involve virtual reality as a tool in therapeutic settings, particularly for conditions like social anxiety disorder. For example, it mentions research on virtual reality and exposure group therapy for social anxiety disorder, suggesting that virtual reality can be effectively utilized in controlled exposure therapy for treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: -19 PreprintsProtocolsVideosJournalsTools & a 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-2963643/v1This work is licensed under a CC BY 4. 0 LicenseStatus:Published11 Nov, 2023Read the published version in →Version 1posted 7You are reading this latest preprint versionAbstractUrban farming is becoming increasingly popular to address food insecurity in the U. S. , especially in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, a major challenge on urban farms is pest identification and management. In addition, urban farms are diverse and occur in nonmetro and metropolitan areas alike, therefore tailored recommendations for pest management are needed to reflect this diversity. The primary objective of this study was to describe invertebrate community composition at 10 urban community gardens across two counties in Indiana. We also aimed to identify possible mechanisms that determine community assemblages, such as garden size, surrounding land use, ground cover management, and crop diversity. Using pitfall traps, sticky cards, and visual assessments, we determined that herbivores represent the dominant feeding guild at community gardens, and herbivore counts were highest on zucchini and tomato. However, sentinel prey releases determined that predators and parasitoids are important regulators of pest populations. Overall, the assemblage of feeding guilds was similar across sites, suggesting a common metapopulation present in the surrounding landscape. On-farm practices that had the greatest influence on insect diversity were crop diversity, the presence of floral resources, and ground cover management. Insect diversity was positively correlated with crop diversity, and pollination activity was associated with flowering crops, namely dill. Parasitoid counts on sticky cards were often associated with sites that had additional ground cover. This study provides useful insights on the dominant invertebrate groups present at urban community gardens in Indiana and accessible on-farm practices to improve farm biodiversity. urbanizationurban agricultureIPMcrop diversitybiodiversityagroecologyFiguresFigure 1Figure 2Figure 3Figure 4Figure 5insecurity impacts over 10% of American households, spanning those living in large cities to those living in rural areas, where access to fresh and healthy food is limited (Ploeg et al. 2011; Piontak and Schulman 2014; Coleman-Jensen et al. 2021; Martin 2022). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the diversity of urban farms and the need for tailored recommendations for pest management, indicating that benefits may not be distributed equally. It mentions that urban farming addresses food insecurity but does not imply equal benefit; instead, it suggests that differences in farm characteristics (like garden size and crop diversity) can influence outcomes, suggesting variability in how different urban residents might benefit.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: The genomic AtPRR7 (AT5G02810) promoter (p) sequence was used to drive the HvPpd-H1 cDNA sequences extending from -871 to +1 bases where the first nucleotide of the inferred ATG initiation codon. The promoter was amplified (S1 Table) from pAtPRR7:LUC, a luciferase binary vector supplied by C. Robertson McClung, originally derived from pZPomegaLUCplus [18] by replacement of the gentamicin resistance cassette with the BASTA resistance gene from p35SBarn [19]. The resulting vector, pZPBAR, was then made Gateway compatible (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) by inserting the PCR-amplified attR-flanked destination cassette from pK7WG2D [20] at the BamHI and HindIII sites upstream of LUC to create pZPBAR-DONR. The AtPRR7 promoter was inserted into pZPBAR-DONR. The binary vector used was pBGW, supplied by the unit of the Department of Biology (VIB-Ghent University). The 894 bp pAtPRR7 product and pENTR-D Topo Ppd-H1 and pENTR-D Topo ppd-H1 recipient plasmids were digested with SacII restriction enzyme. The digested pENTR-D Topo PpdH1 and pENTR-D Topo ppdH1 samples were dephosphorylated by adding Phosphatase (SAP) buffer (Fermentas, UK),. The pAtPRR7 insert DNA and pENTR-D Topo PpdH1 ppdH1 vector backbones were mixed in a ratio of 3:1 (insert:backbone) with ligase () and incubated at 4°C overnight. pENTR-D Topo PpdH1 or pENTR-D Topo ppdH1 with the AtPRR7 promoter were introduced into chemically competent DH5α E. coli cells (Invitrogen, UK). Colony PCR was used to identify bacteria carrying the pENTR-D Topo PpdH1 or pENTR-D Topo ppdH1 with the AtPRR7 promoter in the correct orientation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the process of genetic engineering and the manipulation of promoter sequences in plants, with no mention of shift work, health, or circadian rhythms. There is no connection to the claim regarding the health effects of shift work.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: 1 Introduction “And we forget because we must, and not because we will” Matthew Arnold, Absence (st. 3, 1852). While visual and auditory information has dominated the field of virtual reality (VR) to date, it can be argued that olfaction may have a vital role to play in virtual reality therapy. According to Chen (2006), “scents are extremely evocative in the virtual world, they can shift attention, add novelty, enhance mental state and add presence” (p. 580). Additionally, odor can facilitate recall (Larsson 1997), thereby having potential to address longstanding memory retrieval issues concerning traditional exposure therapy. Posttraumatic stress disorder sensory graded immersion; a step-by-step staging process in VR has been explored by a number of researchers. et al. (2008) simulation of a terrorist bus-bombing attack allowed for graded or staged exposure protocols. Staging in this context can be described as follows: A therapist controls the severity of the scenario and senses stimulated via the pressing of different function keys. Similarly, in a VR delivery requiring user immersion in simulations of trauma-relevant environments, emotional intensity of scenes can be staged, that is, precisely delivered by a clinician personalizing the exposure for the individual patient in a controlled manner (Rizz et al. 2006). Among others, Josman et al. (2008) and Rizzo et al. (2006) have explored the dynamics, design and the role of multi-sensory staged input in VR applications. Some of the most important research has centered on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) population differential diagnosis, including exploration of syndrome-specific symptomatology, resulting in notable progress. Posttraumatic stress disorder has been defined as follows: “the essential feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to one or more traumatic events” (DSM–5; Association 2013, p. 274). Posttraumatic stress disorder in veteran populations is a serious issue, with reports of some 22 veterans taking their lives every day, resulting in a suicide every 65 min (Basu 2013). 2012, the US government called for stronger suicide prevention efforts; a year later, the US government announced $107 million in funding for better mental health treatment for veterans with posttraumatic stress and traumatic brain injury (TBI), notably signature injuries of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan (Basu 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing how virtual reality therapy can utilize controlled exposure therapy for treating issues such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It outlines the concept of staging exposure within VR scenarios where a therapist can control the severity and sensory input, which aligns with the idea of treating phobias through a similarly structured approach.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: These neighborhoods are often called “food deserts”, and are the result of several interacting factors, including the closure of small, independent grocery stores that were outcompeted by large chain supermarkets (Walker et al. 2010; Massey and Tannen 2018; Curtis 2023). Today, access to fresh produce in food deserts hinges on access to a car or public transportation that is often too expensive, unreliable, or not available in these neighborhoods (Dutko et al. 2012). In response to food insecurity, that was further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic, interest and participation in urban agriculture has been on the rise (Lin et al. 2021; Turnšek et al. 2022). In addition, USDA recently established the Office of that provides granting opportunities for research and extension efforts on urban farms (USDA 2023; see the 2018 [Act of 2018, P. L. 115–334]). The USDA defines an urban area as having a population between 2,500–49,999 people, and areas having > 50,000 population size as a metropolitan area (Cromartie 2022). Most past studies on urban agriculture focus on farms in metropolitan areas, such as the Chicago, City, and areas (Castillo et al. 2013; Surls et al. 2014; Wagstaff and Wortman 2015; Lowenstein and Minor 2018; Grebitus et al. 2020) and fewer focus on the urban farms present in less populated cities, or “peri-urban” areas, across the U. S. Overall, there is a lack of understanding regarding the diversity of urban farms that includes rooftop, roadside, and vacant lot gardening in large cities, but there is a clear need for more studies focused on backyard and community gardens that are more common and accessible to beginning growers in the U. S. Urban community gardens experience unique challenges that impact crop production and pest management. On a landscape scale, a high proportion of land covered by impervious surfaces, such as parking lots, buildings, and streets, can better absorb and retain heat compared to land covered in vegetation. This high accumulation of heat, so called the “urban heat island effect” can alter plant and insect phenology (Yang et al. 2016; Flynn and Wolkovich 2018; Chick et al. 2019), and increase insect activity and reproduction (Meineke et al. 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that access to fresh produce is heavily influenced by factors such as transportation availability, which can vary significantly among urban residents. It discusses 'food deserts' and how neighborhoods with limited access to grocery stores experience different levels of food insecurity. This implies that not all urban residents have equal access to the benefits of community gardens, particularly in neighborhoods described as food deserts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Plasmid DNA was isolated using Promega miniprep Wizard kits (Promega, UK). The insertion and orientation of AtPRR7 into the pENTR-D Topo backbones was verified again by restriction digestion alongside the parent plasmids using SacI and SacII. Plasmids carrying the AtPRR7 promoter in the correct insertion were fully sequenced through the AtPRR7 promoter and the Igri or Triumph coding regions. A. tumefasciens strain GV3101 was transformed with pBGW-PRR7:PpdH1 or pBGW-PRR7:ppdH1 and then used to transform Arabidopsis by floral dip [17]. Positive transformants were selected by spray with Finale glufosinate ammonium (0. 31% v/v; Bayer, Germany). For physiological assays the F2 transgenic plants were used. To ensure functionality of the promoter construct tissue was collected from 12-day-old seedlings grown in 12 h light–12 h dark cycles (100 μmol m−2 s−1) six h after dawn. Total RNA was extracted from frozen tissue of three biological replicates of at least five pooled plants each, using the R() and RNase-Free DNase on-column treatment (). cDNA was synthesized from 500 ng RNA with the RevertStrand cDNA (Thermo Scientific) using oligo(dT) primers. The gene-specific products were amplified using the Rotor-on a Rotor-Gene 6000 Real-Time PCR machine (). The primer sequences were: PP2a-F, 5′--3′; PP2a-R, 5′--3′ and Hvppd-H1-F, 5′--3′; Hvppd-H1-R, 5′--3′ [12]. Relative transcript levels were determined by incorporating PCR efficiencies [21]. Circadian rhythms of leaf movement, delayed fluorescence and analysis of hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in leaf movement, delayed fluorescence and hypocotyl elongation experiments Arabidopsis seed was surface-sterilized in 70% ethanol for 1 min, followed by 50% (w/v) bleach for 10 min and 3 rinses with distilled water. Seeds were resuspended in 0. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses procedures related to plasmid DNA isolation and experiments with Arabidopsis plants, without mentioning anything about shift work, health, or circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Church and Brooks (2014) adopted a holistic approach and focused on treatment of spouses of 218 war veterans who were also affected by PTSD; it was reported that following treatment spouses demonstrated substantial symptom reductions. The multi-modal intervention incorporated emotional freedom techniques and other so-called energy psychology methods to address PTSD symptoms. A variety of complementary and alternative medicine modalities for stress reduction and resource building was incorporated (Church and Brooks 2014). Energy psychology has been described as an integrative approach to psychotherapy, coaching and healthcare treatment rooted in mind–body healing traditions that are many thousands of years old. and Brooks (2014) claim some success with this therapeutic approach, it has been argued that energy psychology is a somewhat unsupported and “pseudoscientific” movement (Bakker 2013). It has been argued that there is little empirical support for the theories that inform energy psychology techniques that support for efficacy is methodologically weak and that treatment process has not been able to demonstrate an effect beyond non-specific and/or placebo effects (Bakker 2013). While therapeutic approach incorporating alternative treatment therapies such as energy psychology is beyond the scope of this review, in terms of future research, it may be nonetheless worthwhile to note these findings and to consider the potential for virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) treatment of PTSD at an extended familial level. Specifically, this review will focus on olfaction as a variable in virtual reality exposure therapy of PTSD. Notably, a number of studies such as Vasterling et al. (2000) and Dileo et al. (2000) have supported the argument that PTSD patients have significant olfactory deficits. These data provide an opportunity to investigate cognitive aspects of olfactory function in PTSD, leading to the consideration of the use of remedial and therapeutic olfactory stimulation in virtual reality therapy programs. According to Doty et al. (1997), the first report of posttraumatic anosmia (loss of smell) in the modern literature was Jackson’s (1864) description of a 50-year-old man complaining of loss of smell after falling off a horse. Historically, olfactory aspects were noted in the first diagnoses of PTSD in I, known at the time as “shell shock. ” Later, olfaction was a constituent of early VR technology research and development in the 1960s. Despite early presentation, olfaction has apparently been overlooked from a research perspective. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in the context of PTSD treatment, which aligns with the broader application of VR therapy for controlled exposure to various stimuli as a therapeutic intervention in treating phobias. It highlights the potential for VRET to incorporate olfactory stimulation, suggesting a nuanced approach to exposure therapy within virtual reality, thus supporting the claim regarding VR's therapeutic uses.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: However, this tenet has been challenged for a lack of attention to personal backgrounds. Previous research suggested the necessity of refining the activity theory of ageing by considering possible moderators of the relationship between activity participation and well-being of older people, including age, gender, life situation, and so forth (Adams, Leibbrandt and Moon 2011). As a remedy, the (Lindenberg 1986; Lindenberg 1996; Ormel et al. 1997) considers individual differences (including financial status) to disentangle the complex relationship between activity participation and well-being. This theory assumes that people produce their well-being (physical and social well-being) as much as possible through achieving important instrumental goals (stimulation, comfort, status, behavioural confirmation, and affection) within the limitation of resources and constraints. People’s activities are means to produce instrumental goals and further their well-being. However, engaging in activities is subject to the resources people possess, including finance. For example, income determines the access people have to activities for stimulation and comfort. Meanwhile, financial status is an essential component of one’s overall condition, so it may well influence well-being (Lindenberg 2013; Nieboer and Cramm 2018; Ormel et al. 1999). Existing empirical research has shed light on the relations of financial status to activity and well-being (represented by subjective happiness and quality of life). The influence of financial status on activity participation Financial status determines people’s opportunity of activity (e. g. , the amount and type of activity). Financial expense is requisite for older people to take activities, especially like tourism, gardening, painting, education and so forth. Poverty would reduce access to costly activities (Barrett and McGoldrick 2013). Empirical research found that income predicted higher levels of physical activity (Vancampfort et al. 2018), and out-of-home social and cultural activities (Nordbakke 2019) in older adults. Generally, it is supposed that when lacking financial resources, older people have to commit themselves to effortful activities (e. g. , work, housework, caregiving, etc. ) or live a withdrawn lifestyle. The influence of financial status on subjective happiness and quality of life Financial resources are deemed as one of the most robust predictors of subjective well-being in older adults (Diener et al. 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting that benefits from community gardens may not be equally distributed among urban residents. It discusses how individual differences, particularly financial status, can influence access to activities like gardening, thereby affecting well-being. It asserts that poverty reduces access to costly activities and suggests that financial resources significantly impact subjective well-being, indicating that not all urban residents benefit equally due to differing financial circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 15% (w/v) agar and stratified at 4°C for 3 days prior to sowing on Murashige and Skoog medium 1. 5% (w/v) agar plates. For leaf movement, ten day old seedlings entrained to 12h light 12 h dark cycles were moved to Sanyo MLR350 plant growth chambers and imaged under constant light at 22°C [22]. Delayed chlorophyll fluorescence was imaged in a Sanyo MIR-553 cooled incubator (Sanyo Gallenkamp, UK) using an ORCA-II-BT 1024 16-bit camera (Hamamatsu Photonics, Japan) cooled to -80°C [20]. Images from leaf movement and delayed fluorescence were processed using Metamorph 6. 0 image-analysis software (Molecular Devices, UK). Period estimates and relative amplitude errors (RAE) were calculated in BRASS (available from by running fast Fourier transformed non-linear least-square analysis [23]. RAE is a measure of rhythm robustness that ranges from 0 (a perfect fit to the wave) to 1 (no fit). Hypocotyl length was measured in ten day old seedlings grown at 22°C in 12h light 12 h dark of 100 μmol m-2 s-1. Seedlings were harvested and laid flat on agar plates for imaging. Images of Arabidopsis seedlings were analysed in Metamorph 6. 0. Student’s t-test was used to determine statistical significance between the controls and mutants. Flowering time assays were performed on Arabidopsis seedlings grown in a controlled environment under 16h light 8 h dark at 22°C. The flowering time was expressed as a number of days and rosette leaves when a bolt of 0. 5 cm long was observed. Infra-(IRGA) Assay of in Arabidopsis and barley Circadian rhythms of gas exchange in Arabidopsis plants was measured as described in [24]. For measurement of circadian gas exchange in individual barley plants an IRGA system based on the portable LI-COR LI-6400XT (LI-) was developed. Humid CO2 free air was obtained by pumping atmospheric air through two 4. 5 cm x 30 cm cylinders in series filled with soda lime (Fisher Scientific, UK) and a flask of water. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim since it focuses on technical details related to the experimental setup and measurements in biological research, specifically concerning Arabidopsis and barley, without mentioning shift work or its effects on health and circadian rhythms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: This review will consider the connection between emotion, memory and smell. Posttraumatic stress disorder olfactory deficits will be explored, as will delivery of odor stimulation in virtual environments, and a case will be made for olfactory sensory inclusion in VRET. Hypothetically, olfaction as an element of multi-sensory reconstruction in a virtual environment PTSD treatment program may positively impact on the outcome. 2 Treatment of PTSDTherapies to date for PTSD include both traditional and innovative methodologies. Imaginal exposure is a conventional treatment for PTSD, allowing patients to participate in a desensitization process, that is, gradually confronting memory of trauma in a supportive therapeutic environment. In 2007, the US Department of funded a treatment review of PTSD literature, 2,800 abstracts were identified, 90 randomized clinical trials, 37 pharmacotherapy studies and 53 psychotherapy studies were selected for review. The study confirmed that exposure therapy (ET) was the only treatment considered effective, compared with pharmacotherapy, psychotherapies, cognitive restructuring, coping skills training and group psychotherapy (Institute of Medicine 2007). Exposure therapy has, however, been called a “cruel cure,” evoking unpleasant memories and therefore distress in patients (Olatunji et al. 2009); nonetheless, confronting memory of traumatic events is a central tenet of imaginal exposure therapy. The effectiveness of imaginal exposure therapy has been confirmed (Rothbaum et al. 2000; Rothbaum and Schwartz 2002); however, it has been reported that many military veterans have difficulty retrieving and engaging in traumatic memories long enough to facilitate treatment (Rothbaum et al. 1999). This problem was summarized by Rizzo et al. (2006) as: “avoidance of the reminders of the trauma is inherent in PTSD, and is one of the defining symptoms of the disorder” (p. 236). Additionally, Jaycox, Foa and Morral (1998) identified patient’s inability to emotionally engage in imagination process as a predictor for negative PTSD treatment outcomes. Reger et al. (2011) evaluated the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for 24 active duty soldiers seeking treatment following a deployment to Iraq or Afghanistan. The study showed that virtual reality exposure therapy resulted in significant reductions in PTSD symptoms following an average of seven treatment sessions (Reger et al. 2011). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the effectiveness of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) in treating PTSD symptoms, which involves a form of controlled exposure therapy. It specifically states that VRET resulted in significant reductions in PTSD symptoms after treatment, indicating a practical application of VR therapy in therapeutic settings that relates to the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: However, evidence on the relationship between financial status and happiness is mixed. A study based on a large-scale survey indicated family income and other wealth had significant and positive effects on happiness of older Chinese people (Chyi and Mao 2012). However, another study (Kushlev, Dunn and Lucas 2015) revealed that subjective happiness will not always grow with the improvement of financial status. It verified the “Easterlin Paradox” (Easterlin 2001), i. e. , a phenomenon that happiness will stop growing at a certain level of richness. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that financial resources (e. g. , income) are essential for one’s subjective happiness (Veenhoven 1994). Finance affects almost all aspects of our life. Wealth influences people’s opportunity to “maximize their quality of life” (Diener et al. 2018). People need money to fulfill their needs in daily life, which ensures their physical health, everyday functioning and ultimately expected quality of life. Income was positively correlated with the quality of life in older adults (Liu et al. 2020) while the financial stresses older people face may harm their quality of life (Li and Zhang 2020). The moderators of the relations of activity participation to subjective happiness and quality of life Do older people benefit equally in well-being from activity participation? The answer might be “no. ” A critical literature review summarized the potential moderators, including gender, age, marital status, physical functioning, personality and so forth, in the association between subjective well-being and participation in activities in later life (Adams, Leibbrandt and Moon 2011). In the case of the financial status, there is little research on its moderating effect on the relationship between activity participation and subjective happiness and quality of life. Previous research on general population showed that income might moderate the relationship of arts and cultural activities (Lee and Heo 2021) and of volunteering (Lee 2019) with happiness; and the relationship of active living behaviors with the health-related quality of life (Peterson et al. 2006). More studies tended to ignore that financial status of older adults may create additional complications to the relationship, not only in the area of affordability of activity participation, but also in the direct well-being outcomes of activity participation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the differential effects of financial status on well-being and activity participation. It highlights that the benefits of participation in activities, which could include community gardens, are not experienced equally by all individuals, particularly older adults. The mention of moderators that influence well-being, such as financial status, suggests that not all urban residents would benefit equally from community gardens, as financial resources can affect access and the perceived quality of these benefits.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Relative humidity was limited to a maximum of 85% through the control of the IRGA. CO2 (BOC, UK) was provided at between 180 and 220 PSIG and a flow of 500 μmol s-1. The [CO2] in the chamber was controlled at 380 PPM. A 6 cm2 area of mature barley (4–8 weeks old) leaf was clamped in the cuvette with a clear glass screen and therefore received illumination from the cabinet equivalent to that of the rest of the plant. Gaseous exchange was recorded every 10 min. Results Over-expression of HvCCA1 causes arrhythmia of the Arabidopsis circadian clock Over-expression of AtCCA1 in Arabidopsis abolishes circadian rhythms in multiple outputs of the circadian clock [25]. Here we investigated whether HvCCA1 is functionally orthologous to AtCCA1 by assaying circadian regulation of leaf movement, delayed chlorophyll fluorescence, transcript abundance and gas exchange in Arabidopsis overexpressing HvCCA1 driven by 2x 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoters (HvCCA1-ox; (S1 Fig). In continuous light (LL), Ws-2 and Col-0 wildtypes had robust circadian rhythms of delayed fluorescence (Ws-2 = 23. 4 h; Col-0 = 23. 6 h; Table 1, Fig 1) and leaf movement (Ws-2 = 24. 1 h; Col-0 = 23. 6 h; Table 1, Fig 1). By contrast, in AtCCA1-ox [25] and HvCCA1-ox lines circadian rhythms of both delayed fluorescence and leaf movement were severely disrupted (Fig 1B, 1C and 1D) and there was a lower percentage of rhythmic plants (defined as RAE > 0. 5; Table 1). Similarly, rhythms of stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were abolished by HvCCA1-ox and AtCCA1-ox (Table 2). Of seven HvCCA1-ox plants, only one plant had detectable rhythms of both CO2 assimilation (34. 5 h, 0. 4 RAE) and transpiration (24. 4 h, 0. 3 RAE). One other plant had rhythmic CO2 assimilation in LL (22. 9 h, 0. 5 RAE). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding shift work and its effects on health or circadian rhythms. Instead, it discusses the physiological and experimental results related to the over-expression of specific genes in plants, focusing on Arabidopsis circadian clock studies. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Additionally, 15 (62 %) patients reported clinically meaningful, reliable reduction in PTSD symptoms, thus supporting the effectiveness of exposure therapy for active duty soldiers. These findings were supported by McLay et al. (2012) who tested a method for applying virtual reality exposure therapy to active duty service members diagnosed with combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Forty-two service members with PTSD were recruited, 20 participants completed the treatment, it was reported that of those who completed posttreatment assessment, 75 % experienced at least a 50 % reduction in PTSD symptoms. Notably, there were no adverse events associated with VRET treatment, thus providing additional support for the use of VRET in combat-related PTSD (Reger et al. 2011; McLay et al. 2012). Virtual reality (VR) treatment of psychological and physical disorders is well established (Glantz et al. 2003; Rizzo et al. 2004). VR has been used to treat traumatized victims from events such as: the (Rothbaum et al. 2001), “September 11” (Difede and Hoffman 2002), (Gerardi et al. 2008) and motor vehicle accident victims (Walshe et al. 2003). VRET has been constructive in facilitating visualization and traumatic memory retrieval (Rothbaum et al. 2001; Vermetten et al. 2007), and use of virtual reality may, therefore, be useful in addressing trauma recall avoidance, thus arguably improving on traditional imagination bound in vivo exposure therapy. 3 Virtual reality exposure therapy: sense-specific gradual immersionTwo main virtual reality setups are used to immerse patients in a virtual environment, namely the head-mounted display (HMD) and the computer automatic virtual environment (CAVE). The virtual environment used by Rothbaum et al. (2001), consisted of a basic hovering helicopter simulation, experienced via an HMD, with therapist controlled visual and auditory effects. et al. (2001) study reported a reduction in PTSD ranging from 15 to 67 %; however, there was no control group. Following the attack on the Centre, Difede and Hoffman (2002) developed a virtual environment with a gradual immersion simulation process. Patients were exposed to explosions, sound effects and virtual subjects jumping from burning towers and reported a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms following treatment; however, it was a small study with only ten participants. et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) to treat PTSD, which involves a controlled exposure to traumatic stimuli in a virtual environment. It discusses the effectiveness of VRET in helping patients reduce PTSD symptoms, thus supporting the idea that VR therapy—specifically through controlled exposure—can be effective for treating psychological disorders. It also mentions the gradual immersion in virtual environments and the positive outcomes of various studies, aligning with the claim's essence regarding the therapeutic application of VR.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Participants with a good or very good financial status were younger than those with a poor or average financial status (t = 3. 77, p <. 001). Table 1 depicts participants’ other profile according to financial status. According to t-test and Chi-square tests, participants with a good or very good financial status were more likely to attain higher education (χ2 = 11. 86, p =. 003), and perceived better physical health (χ2 = 38. 95, p <. 001) and mental health (χ2 = 30. 55, p <. 001), when compared to those with a poor or average financial status. There were no significant differences in activity level according to financial status (p >. 05). Bivariate correlation analyses revealed that activity level was significantly and positively related to subjective happiness (r =. 232, p <. 001), and quality of life (r =. 267, p <. 001). Financial status was also significantly associated with greater subjective happiness (r =. 209, p <. 001), and higher quality of life (r =. 263, p <. 001). Hierarchical regression models were tested to examine the contribution of activity level concerning subjective happiness and quality of life. The major variables were entered into the first block, and the interaction term of financial status and activity level was put into the second block. These models explained 19. 0 percent of the variance in subjective happiness and 40. 0 percent of the variance in quality of life. Activity level was a significant positive predictor for subjective happiness (ß =. 159, p =. 004) and quality of life (ß =. 151, p =. 002) in the first block but financial status was not. When the interaction term was entered into the model, activity level became insignificant (p >. 05). The interaction term significantly predicted quality of life (ß =. 516, p =. 008), but not subjective happiness. Better mental health (ß =. 246, p =. 002) was a salient predictor of greater subjective happiness, while a younger age (ß = −. 151, p =. 005), higher education (ß =. 106, p =. 031), a poor or average financial status (ß = −. 296, p =. 030), and better mental health (ß =. 396, p <. 001) significantly predict a better quality of life. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that financial status affects various outcomes among participants. It highlights that those with better financial status had younger ages, higher education, and perceived better physical and mental health. This implies that benefits derived from community resources like gardens may not be equally experienced by all individuals, as financial status plays a significant role in determining quality of life and subjective happiness.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: In contrast, leaf gas exchange of the Ws-2 wildtype background line had robust circadian rhythms. Of eight Ws-2 plants, five had circadian rhythms of CO2 assimilation (23. 7 ± 0. 3 h, 0. 3 ± 0. 1 RAE) and four Ws-2 plants, had detectable circadian rhythms of transpiration (23. 2 ± 0. 3 h, 0. 3 ± 0. 1 RAE). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 1. Over expression of HvCCA1 causes circadian arrhythmia in Arabidopsis. Normalised delayed chlorophyll fluorescence (a) and period estimates vs R. A. E (b) for Ws-2, Col-0, AtCCA1-ox (AtCCA1-ox 038) and two independent HvCCA1-ox transgenic lines (n = 8). Period estimates vs R. A. E for leaf movement in LL or individual leaves Col-0 and AtCCA1-ox (AtCCA1-ox 038) (c) and Ws-2 and two independent transgenic lines of HvCAA1-ox (d). n = 30. All experiments were independently repeated at least twice. Ws-2 (closed squares), Col-0 (closed triangles) AtCCA1-ox (open triangles) and two independent HvCCA1-ox transgenic lines (8–3 and 18–1) (open squares and diamonds). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Summary of mean circadian period estimates, standard error (SE) and percent rhythmic (%Rh) for leaf movement (LM) and delayed fluorescence (DF). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 2. The effect of HvCCA1-ox on circadian rhythms of photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in Arabidopsis. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the circadian rhythms of Arabidopsis plants in relation to CO2 assimilation and transpiration, without addressing the impact of shift work or its consequences on human health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: (2001) and Difede and Hoffman (2002) indicated positive results, albeit with limited participants and some design flaws. Rizzo et al. (2006) studied the design and development of a virtual application; notably, olfactory stimuli including the scent of burning rubber, cordite, body odor, diesel fuel, Iraqi spices and gun powder were deployed. While the need to add olfactory and tactile stimuli in VR prototype environments was noted, no data were reported to quantify its effectiveness in terms of gradual staged (step by step) immersion. This gap in the literature was partly addressed by the Josman et al. (2008) study that measured participant distress precipitated by staged sensory VR exposure. Results indicated that the staged addition of sound to visual stimulation elicited emotional responses in subjects incrementally, the more realistic the sensory environment, the greater the emotional response. However, a study of sensory modality in VR therapeutic environments (DiScalfani 2012) reported that overall virtual reality exposure, including visual and auditory stimulation, was sufficient to evoke distress. It was reported that the addition of olfactory and tactile stimulation did not have a significant impact. The authors did, however, note a number of limitations including independent variable considerations and potential experimenter effects (DiScalfani 2012). Overall findings support the implementation of sense-specific staged stimuli in VR treatment of PTSD, and the need to make the experience as real as possible. However, the way in which sensory modalities may work together to heighten stimuli sensation in treatment methodologies requires further study. 4 Olfactory stimulation in virtual reality applicationsThe role of visual, auditory and haptic stimulation in VR systems has been established (Rothbaum et al. 2001; Difede and Hoffman 2002; Josman et al. 2008). Olfactory input has had a relatively minor role in VR application and research to date; conversely, olfaction plays a critical role in experiencing the physical world (Chen 2006). Historically, “interest in psychology and olfaction grows annually; traditionally research on vision and audition has tended to dominate behavioural sciences” (Chu and Downes 2000, p. 111). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing various studies that highlight the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy, particularly in treating conditions like PTSD, which shares similarities with phobias in terms of exposure therapy. It notes that sensory modalities, including staged sensory VR exposure, have been used to evoke emotional responses in a controlled manner, supporting the implementation of VR for therapeutic purposes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: In addition, as the Organisation defines quality of life (Escuder-Mollon et al. 2014), subjective evaluation of the salience of each life sphere may vary in third age adults with different financial situations. Those with better financial statuses may value their activities more for their quality of life (Casey et al. 2011). The difference could also be explained by the participants’ profiles. The results show that participants with better financial statuses were younger, with higher education, and better physical and mental health. These strengths and related cognition capacity may make them more aware of the gains in activity participation. The findings from this study suggest that the financial status of older populations should be considered in policy making and service planning related to activity participation. It is essential to reduce the financial adversity of third age people through welfare policies, including pension, insurance, allowance, relief, and so forth. Inconsiderate activity prescriptions for third age people may not be able to achieve desired well-being outcomes where financial insecurity undermines more positive effects. Effective measures should be taken to reduce the impacts of financial adversity on outcomes of activity participation and to ensure the improvement in the quality of life and subjective happiness for all elder activity participants. For instance, allowance of transportation fees or exemption or reduced programme or service fees for activity participation should be given to third age people with poor or average financial statuses while participating in non-free activities. Tax exemption could be provided to the operators of activity facilities or programmes to increase the affordability for third age people. These practices may largely reduce or eliminate the distraction or diluting effect of the negative financial status on the positive outcomes of activity participation. Moreover, public education about the benefits of activity participation could be conducted to increase the understanding of third age people. The choices of organized and meaningful activity programmes should be tailored to meet the specific characteristics and capacity of third age adults in diminished financial statuses. This study is limited in its cross-sectional nature and inability to reveal the causal relationship among variables. The relationship among activity, finance and well-being could be bi-directional, but this study only addressed the prediction of activity and finance on well-being. The sample source reduces its representativeness and generalization, especially for homebound sedentary or solitary third age adults and those from regions with social and cultural backgrounds different from Hong Kong. Recall biases might have affected the retrospective reports of participants. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the financial status of individuals, particularly older adults, significantly influences their quality of life and access to activities. It suggests that those with better financial situations are more likely to value their participation in activities, leading to an unequal distribution of benefits from community resources. Therefore, not all urban residents can be assumed to benefit equally, as financial insecurity may undermine the potential gains from community gardens.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: analysis of circadian rhythms of delayed fluorescence, leaf movement, stomatal movements and photosynthesis all indicated that heterologous overexpression of barley HvCCA1 made Arabidopsis plants circadian arrhythmic, we next investigated the effects of HvCCA1-ox on the expression of the circadian oscillator genes AtCCA1, AtLHY and AtTOC1. Over-expression of HvCCA1 or AtCCA1 resulted in arrhythmic or reduced amplitude expression of the endogenous AtCCA1, AtTOC1 and AtLHY in LL (Fig 2). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 2. Overexpression of HvCCA1 or AtCCA1 (AtCCA1-ox 038) in Arabidopsis abolishes rhythms of transcript abundance of (a) AtCCA1, (b) AtLHY and (c) AtTOC1. Ws-2 (white diamonds), HvCCA1-ox (line 8–3 (filled circles), Col-0 (black squares) and AtCCA1-ox 038 (white triangle). Transcript abundance was normalised to 10. Overexpression of HvCCA1 causes morphological and developmental defects in regulation by AtCCA1 has profound effects on Arabidopsis development, such as the elongation of the hypocotyl, and the transition from vegetative to reproductive growth. We next investigated whether HvCCA1 regulates development similar to AtCCA1. Over expression of both AtCCA1 and HvCCA1 resulted in longer hypocotyls, with those of HvCCA1-ox lines being significantly longer (3. 5 to 5 mm) than the Col-0 and Ws-2 controls (1. 5 mm and 2 mm; p<0. 001; Fig 3A). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Over expression of HvCCA1 in Arabidopsis causes elongated hypocotyls and delayed flowering. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of HvCCA1 overexpression on the circadian rhythms and development of Arabidopsis plants, and does not address shift work or its impact on human health.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: Chen (2006) argues that since inception VR has been overly influenced by visual stimuli, tactile and auditory information have been incorporated; however, olfactory information has been largely ignored as a “minor sensory modality to the virtual environment participant” (Chen 2006, p. 580). This view is supported by Matsukura, Yoneda and Ishida (2013, p. 606) who note that environment is perceived through information that is obtained from sensory systems “most of this information comes from our eyes and ears; therefore, it is natural that most research efforts on virtual reality systems have been devoted to the development of visual and audio displays for the realistic presentation of three-dimensional images and surround sound. ” Nonetheless, the authors note that the sense of smell is often underestimated when compared with vision, sound and touch, and therefore, may provide some explanatory value as to why comparatively less attention has been paid to the development of olfactory display VR technology (Matsukura et al. 2013). As outlined, in terms of treatment of PTSD, imaginal exposure therapy is considered the most effective treatment (Institute of Medicine 2007). However, psychological aspects of trauma avoidance mean that recall of the traumatic event is often difficult for patients and may compromise the treatment (Rizzo et al. 2006; Jaycox et al. 1998). Notably, Rizzo et al. (2006) and Josman et al. (2008) reported positive results regarding VR treatment of PTSD. Additionally, sensory stimulation of visual, auditory, haptic and olfactory senses elicited emotional responses in subjects incrementally, the more realistic the sensory environment the greater the emotional response (Rizzo et al. 2006; Josman et al. 2008). Arguably the key to technological innovation concerning VR treatments of PTSD may lie in the conceptualization of the problem space as a persuasive design issue (Fogg 2009). Figure 1 represents an adaptation of the Fogg behavior model (Fogg 2009) and considers PTSD population motivation, ability and triggers to recall traumatic events in a diagrammatic context. Factor 1 Motivation to engage in the treatment process: In a military context, research supports that VR solutions are well received by soldiers and preferred over traditional talk therapies (Wilson et al. 2008). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the positive results of VR treatment for PTSD, which involves similar mechanisms of controlled exposure that could be relevant for treating phobias. It highlights that VR solutions are well received and preferred over traditional talk therapies, suggesting that controlled exposure through VR can be effective in therapy contexts. This indicates that VR therapy is indeed utilized for psychological conditions where exposure is key to treatment.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: All urban residents benefit equally from community gardens. [SEP] Text: Overall activity participation level was used to simplify this measurement, but it was unable to reflect the activity types participants with different financial statuses were in, which may account for their varied well-being outcome of activity participation. There could be important confounding variables omitted in the model, leading to specification errors. ConclusionActive ageing has been recommended as a core coping approach for escalating population ageing. This study adds to the knowledge about the positive impact of activity participation on the well-being of third age adults, indicated by subjective happiness and quality of life in specific. At the same time, the financial status was found to moderate the relationship between activity participation and quality of life. It provides implications for all sectors working with third age people to attach importance to the influence of financial status and to take measures to eliminate the hindrance of financial adversity for third age populations to improve well-being via activity participation. DeclarationsFinancial interests The authors declare they have no financial interests. relevant information is presented in acknowledgement as shown on the title page. Compliance with ethical standards Committee for Non-at the University the authors were affiliated with issued ethical approval for this study (Reference Number: 20150930004). Best practice and ethical standards have been met throughout the research design and execution. Data availability statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. 10. 21203/rs. 3. rs-40628/v1 Lyubomirsky S, Lepper HS (1999) A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Res 46(2):137–155 (2014) Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Scale: Evidence from the cohort. 21(4):646–652 (2018) How do older people achieve well-being? Validation of the for the level of well-being-short (SPF-ILs). Social science & medicine 211(1982): 304–313 Nordbakke STD (2019) Mobility, Out-of-Participation and in Later Life. 16(24):5109 (2011) Finding the key to happy aging: A day reconstruction study of happiness. of B: 66B(6):665–674 (1999) Subjective well-being and social production functions. Res 46(1):61–90 (1997) Quality of life and social production functions: A framework for understanding health effects. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how financial status influences the well-being outcomes of activity participation, implying that not all urban residents benefit equally. It highlights that participants with different financial statuses experience varied results in terms of happiness and quality of life, thus suggesting that the effects of community gardens may not be uniform across all urban residents, particularly when financial disparities are present.