Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: At the same time, through the CNN_Bi-LSTM_CRF model and Experiments 2 and 4 in the previous section, it can be found that the effect will not get better after adding CNN to the model. Hence, CNN is not suitable for formulaic language identification task. (2) Bi-LSTM_CRF model is used to identify multi-word expressions. Compared with Experiment 1 in the previous section, the difference lies in the different input features. The input features of Experiment 1 are part-of-speech features and GloVe word embedding features, while Bi-LSTM_CRF model inputs part-of-speech features, fastText word embedding features and dependency syntactic relation. The experimental results show that the F1 -score of Bi-LSTM_CRF model is higher. However, the Recall of Experiment 1 is higher, indicating that dependency syntactic relation is conducive to recognizing formulaic language. At the same time, in comparison with the model in this 3. Table 3: Examples of formulaic language recognition errors. language is a nontrivial task since we do not have the ground truth labels to decide the adjustment. It is a nontrivial task since It is a nontrivial task In section 7 we compare these two variants against the regular hash function as well as to other leading hashing schemes found in the literature. As well as As well as to We therefore resort to an approximation of the process which has a negligible impact on the overall precision but greatly reduces run time. Has a negligible impact on Resort to; has a negligible impact on DOI: 10. 7717/peerjcs. 984/table-3 It can be seen from the table that the reason for the recognition error in the first example is that the word ‘since’ is not recognized. The reason for the recognition error in the second example is that the word ‘to’ is recognized. The reason for the recognition error in the third example is that ‘restore to’ is also regarded as a formulaic language. For the first two examples, in fact, the model’s positioning in the sentence is very accurate. However, due to the uncertainty of manual labeling, fixed evaluation indicators and other factors, it can only be considered that this word string recognition is wrong. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding syntactic parsing in the brain being influenced by grammatical rules and context. Instead, it discusses a specific model (CNN_Bi-LSTM_CRF) used for identifying formulaic language and its experimental results, without referencing any influence of grammatical rules or context on brain parsing.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: The key advantage of public key cryptography is that the private keys used for decryption is never shared or Figure 1. Data transmission in a secure cloud storage server. transmitted [3]. The public key will be broadcasted, using which the data can be encrypted. The authorized user who possess the private key can only have the right to decrypt the data. The remaining sections of this paper are organized as follows: Section II presents the security challenges in cloud computing. Section III provides the list of cloud security attacks. Section IV describes various public key cryptography techniques to overcome the security issues. shows the results and discussion of the cryptography schemes. The survey is concluded in Section VI. 2. in is an important concern for several organizations that adopts cloud for data storage and maintenance. A minor mistake in any of the client application will pave a way to the hackers to access the entire data in the cloud storage server. If there is vulnerability in the cloud, the unauthorized user may access, corrupt, modify or delete the records in the cloud. The security challenges arise in the deployment models, service models and in the network [4]. It is the responsibility of the security manager to define the security framework of an organization based on asset, threat and vulnerability risk assessment matrices. Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are the three main are of data security [5]. Data confidentiality is significant in a place, where a critical data is stored in a remote server with multi user access. Figure 2 shows various security challenges in cloud computing. In a multitenant cloud infrastructure, the access privileges must be provided to the users to achieve security. Hence, the data of an organization cannot be accessed by the users of any other organization. Integrity is an important factor to maintain the reputation of the service provider. The trust and security can be enhanced by allowing only the authorized person to update the data of an organization. Data loss and data leakage can be prevented by employing integrity. Thus, authentication and identity management is used to provide authorized Figure 2. Security challenges in cloud computing. access. The service level agreement is signed between the vendor and the provider to eliminate the downtime of the server and to make the data always visible [6]. The major security challenges include data segregation and data leakages. The security challenges in cloud computing are listed below. 2. 1. The disclosure of sensitive data to the unauthorized user is termed as data breach. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of public key cryptography that enhance security in data transmission. It highlights that private keys, which are essential for data decryption, are never shared, thus protecting the data from unauthorized access. Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of confidentiality, integrity, and availability in data security, which are all foundational aspects of securing online communications.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: 267)As acting upon distinct human qualities to flourish as a human constitutes a core component of eudaimonic procedural accounts of well-being, if humans are social beings “by nature,” striving to act upon this innate sociality by adopting good Facebook habits of active, frequent, communication, can be presented by Facebook and its representatives as a contribution to living well as an ideal user on the platform. In this way, the forms of evolutionary sociality that have supposedly set the possibility of human vitality prior to the development of social media are said to be still operative in the current age of digital connectivity. Upon this basis, Facebook is presented as a tool to be utilized by human agents for their own social evolutionary purposes—a neutral technology that facilitates pre-existing human tendencies to communicate, socialize, and connect with those around them. As the fulfillment of social connection is said to lead to the development of beneficial emotional bonds, required for the evolutionary development of humanity as a species, and the lack of sociality results in damaging health effects, the “need to belong” (Burke & Kraut, 2016, p. 266) is positioned as a natural human trait. As such, Burke and Kraut (2016) predict that “social interaction [on Facebook] should improve well-being by fulfilling these needs” (p. 266). Reciprocating social ties on Facebook is said to sustain the access to the emotional support necessary for humans to fulfill their “species” social being. This is understood by Burke and Kraut (2016) in terms of “relationship maintenance” and “relational investment” (p. 266). The link to evolutionary theory is once again reiterated by Burke and Kraut with a reference to evolutionary psychologists Roberts and Dunbar (2010), whose work claims that regular and repeated interpersonal communications are necessary to maintain both primate and human social networks. Burke and Kraut (2016) refer to this relationship maintenance as an “investment” (p. 266) in time and energy. Relationships on Facebook are said to benefit users in accordance with the costs of time and energy invested into them. This argument is made through a reference to Ellison et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by suggesting that while social interactions on platforms like Facebook can potentially enhance well-being by fulfilling social needs, these benefits depend on how users engage with the platform. The mention of a 'need to belong' implies that failure to maintain social ties through social media may have damaging health effects, indicating that social media is not inherently positive and can have negative aspects depending on user engagement. Thus, the unrestricted assertion that social media algorithms always positively impact mental well-being is challenged.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: If the recognition effect is viewed from the perspective of word coverage, it must be higher than the existing evaluation indicators. In the third example, although ‘restore to’ is a non-formulaic language, it contains many characteristics of formulaic language, resulting in the model mistakenly considering it as formulaic language. This kind of word string usually contains many characteristics of formulaic language, such as Verb + preposition and other structures. However, it may not have a specific function and meaning in the fields of scientific and technological literature writing, so they are not formulaic languages. This situation is a problem we should think about and solve in the future. this 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 984/supp-1 Information and authors declare there are no competing interests. performed the computation work, authored or reviewed drafts of the 2020. An assistive environment for EAL academic writing using formulaic sequences classification. Environments 28:1-15. 2019. Comparing different word embeddings for multiword expression identification. In: International conference on applications of natural language to information systems. Cham. Springer. 295-302 Berk G, Erden B, Güngör T. 2018. Deep-bgt at parseme shared task 2018: bidirectional lstm-crf model for verbal multiword expression identification. In: Proceedings of the joint workshop on linguistic annotation, multiword expressions and constructions (LAW-MWE-CxG-2018). Santa Fe. 248-253 Chen YH, Baker P. 2010. Lexical bundles in L1 and L2 academic writing. & Technology 14(2):30-49 Durrant P, Mathews-Aydnl J. 2011. A function-first approach to identifying formulaic language in academic writing. English for 30(1):58-72. 2020. using CNN-BilSTM-CRF model. In: 2020 Congress (CAC). Shanghai. 6159-6164. 2017. Deep learning models for multiword expression identification. In: Proceedings of the 6th on Lexical and (* SEM 2017). Vancouver. 54-64 Hochreiter S, Schmidhuber J. 1997. Long short-term memory. 9(8):1735-1780. 2019. Phrase recognition method combining multiple strategies. 37(6):49-54 Hyland K. 2008. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily discusses word coverage, formulaic language, and specific computational models without addressing the influence of grammatical rules and context on syntactic parsing in the brain. The content appears to focus on technical aspects of language processing and does not relate to how syntactic parsing is influenced by the factors mentioned in the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: Attack Side-channel attack urges the application of cryptographic techniques to prevent the cloud systems from security threat. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the resilience of the cryptographic system against the side-channel attacks. 3. 2. Authentication is a weak point in hosted and virtual services and is frequently targeted. There are many different ways to authenticate users. The mechanisms used to secure the authentication process and the methods used are a frequent target of attackers. Currently, regarding the architecture of SaaS, IaaS, and PaaS, there is only IaaS offering this kind of information protection and data encryption. 3. 3. Man-In-The-This attack is carried out when an attacker places himself between two users. Anytime attackers can place themselves in the communication’s path, there is the possibility that they can interfere and modify communications. 4. Cryptography plays a significant role in securing the data by converting it into an unreadable form during storage and transmission. The asymmetric encryption, which is also known as public key cryptography, applies public and private keys for encryption and decryption respectively. This adds key strength and hence, key exchange is not a problem in this scheme. Figure 3 shows the various public key cryptography techniques. 4. 1. Rivest, Shamir, Adleman (RSA) RSA algorithm is one of the public key cryptography schemes that is used for secure data transmission. The algorithm is named after its inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and [11]. In RSA, a public-private key pair is generated, where the public key is published to all for encryption and the private key is kept safe for decryption. The three major steps are: ・ Key generation; ・ Encryption; ・ Decryption. Figure 3. Public key cryptography techniques. In the key generation phase, each user generates a public key and a private key pair by selecting two large prime in a random order. It uses Euler’s theorem, square and multiply algorithm for exponentiation. A repeated squaring is performed on the base number and the exponents are multiplied to compute the result. Figure 4 shows the workflow of key generation process in RSA. In the encryption step, the sender publishes the public key (m, encr) and keeps the private key. The padding scheme is used to convert the original data D to cipher text C i p h e r = D m o d m. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining the role of cryptography in securing data and communications. It mentions that 'cryptography plays a significant role in securing the data by converting it into an unreadable form during storage and transmission,' which directly supports the importance of cryptography in online security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: ’s (2014) research on social capital and social media, which suggests that high effort in relationship maintenance and communication with friends online correlates with high levels of social capital (the access to emotional and material resources that relationships in social networks can provide (Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992) and user well-being. As such, the value of relationships in Burke and Kraut’s, and by extension Facebook’s, construction of social well-being is established through the prism of self-interest. Elsewhere in its research, moreover, Facebook repeatedly characterizes relationships as investments in social capital. For instance, in Facebook’s earliest research into user well-being (Burke et al. , 2010, 2011), investing time and energy into relationships is said to constitute healthy Facebook practice by ensuring that social ties remain intact over time. These social investments thereby increase the likelihood that social resources will be available to users if needed in the future. In this model, the rational motivation for ideal usership on Facebook is the expected return individuals would gain on their emotional investment in others. In Facebook’s early studies on social capital and well-being, thus, the former is positively correlated with the latter: higher levels of social capital in users predict higher levels of well-being. While the personal choice to invest in relationships and cultivate social capital amounts to living well on Facebook, once viewed in combination with Facebook’s evolutionary discourse of the social human subject, this choice is simultaneously presented as the fulfillment of a natural inclination to connect with others in a shared social environment. Upon this basis, direct communications, sharing statuses, liking photos, commenting on posts—and all the other hallmarks of good, active usage, rather than being viewed as the result of a designed user-experience intended to gather data for the sake of capitalist profit (Beer, 2016; Hearn, 2010; Skeggs & Yuill, 2016; & Poell, 2013), can instead be presented as the result of rational user choices fulfilling innate human social needs. However, the next section will show how Facebook’s modeling of ideal usership originates from a very particular time and place, specifically working to encourage users to “believe that we can integrate all our values, unify our compartmentalized worlds, and measure our longings” (Espeland & Mitchell, 1998, p. 323) through the rubric of neoliberal self-interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities of social media's impact on well-being. It discusses the notion of social capital and how Facebook frames relationships as investments that can yield emotional benefits. However, it also implies that this representation masks the underlying capitalist motivations of the platform. The mention of Facebook's user modeling and the tension between rational user choices and profit-driven design suggests that this ideal user experience may not necessarily equate to positive mental well-being, thus challenging the idea that social media algorithms always have a beneficial effect.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Syntactic parsing in the brain is influenced by both grammatical rules and context. [SEP] Text: Academic clusters: text patterning in published and postgraduate writing. of 18:41-62. 2020. Extraction and evaluation of formulaic expressions used in scholarly papers. 67:885-992. 2013. Multisensor data fusion: a review of the state-of-the-art. 14(1):28-44 Kipf TN, Welling M. 2016. Semi-supervised classification with graph convolutional networks. preprint. 2016. ICL-HD at SemEval-2016 Task 10: improving the detection of minimal semantic units and their meanings with an ontology and word embeddings. In: Proceedings of the 10th on (SemEval-2016). San Diego. 937-945. 2017. Neural networks for multi-word expression detection. In: Proceedings of the 13th workshop on multiword expressions (MWE 2017). Valencia. 60-65. 2001. Conditional random fields: probabilistic models for segmenting and labeling sequence data. Lei L, Liu D. 2018. The academic English collocation list: a corpus-driven study. of 23(2):216-243 Li GC. 2012. An overview of foreign research on formulaic language identification. Journal of University 18(5):221-225. 2021. Semi-supervised software defect prediction model based on tri-training. KSII Transactions on Internet and 15(11):4028-4042. 2022. Creating knowledge graph of electric power equipment faults based on BERT–BiLSTM–CRF model. Journal of & Technology 17:1-10 Metin SK. 2018. Feature selection in multiword expression recognition. with Applications 92:106-123. 2018. Crf-seq and crf-deptree at parseme shared task 2018: Detecting verbal mwes using sequential and dependency-based approaches. In: Joint workshop on linguistic annotation, multiword expressions and constructions (LAW-MWE-CxG-2018) at the 27th on (2018). Santa Fe. 241-247 Pecina P. 2009. Lexical association measures: collocation extraction. In: of studies in computational and theoretical linguistics. Praha, Czechia: UFAL. . 2014. Glove: global vectors for word representation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of references to various academic publications and does not discuss syntactic parsing, grammatical rules, or context in relation to how parsing occurs in the brain.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: In the decryption step, the original data D is obtained as follows: D = C i p h e r m o d m. Attacks in RSA Figure 4. Workflow of RSA. The RSA algorithm is attacked by brute force key search, mathematical attacks, and timing attacks. The attacks can be resolved by using a constant exponentiation time and by adding random delays. Some of the three approaches that attack the RSA algorithm are: (attack)―it means testing out all the possible private keys. Arithmetical attacks―the approaches of all equivalent in effect to factoring the product of 2 primes. Timing incursion (attacks)―these depend on the running time of the decryption algorithm. Advantages 1. Integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and secrecy and privacy are the features of RSA algorithm. 2. Private keys are never exposed. 3. Non-repudiation can be achieved using the digital signatures provided by RSA. 4. Key strength is high, as the key size is large. Disadvantages 1. RSA requires exponential amount of time because of large key sizes. 2. Key generation is complex. 3. No tradeoff between time and security. Applications 1. Layer (SSL) protocol. 2. (SSH) remote connection. 3. Privacy (PGP) to guarantee security and privacy. 4. 2. key exchange algorithm is used to share a public and private key pair for encryption and decryption in a secure way. This algorithm is name after its inventors [12]. Diffie-Hellman is not an encryption algorithm but it is a secure key exchange algorithm, which accomplishes secure exchange by creating a shared secret key. The symmetric key is encrypted using the shared secret key for secure transmission. The public key is certified by the certificate authority to prevent man-in-the-middle attack. Any number of participants can take part in secure exchanges by performing iterations on the agreement protocol and exchanging intermediate data. Here, two users, who are unknown to each other share secret key via an insecure channel. Initially, both of them share a public key for authentication. The third party may access the keys, while transmission, which is commonly known as man in the middle attack [13]. It may alter the key shared between both the sender and the receiver. The workflow of key exchange process is illustrated in Figure 5. Advantages 1. Improves security for the shared secret key. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the features and advantages of the RSA algorithm, which is a cryptographic method crucial for ensuring integrity, authentication, non-repudiation, and secrecy in communications. The mention of applications such as SSL and SSH for secure data transmission emphasizes the essential role of cryptography in online security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Neoliberal ChoiceFacebook’s entwining of healthy usership and social capital positions the ideal Facebook user as a rational agent of self-interest, yet its specific political character can be further explicated by tracing the origins of its theoretical construction. In Facebook’s earliest studies of well-being, James S. Coleman (1988) is the first reference used by Facebook’s researchers to conceptualize their version of social capital (Burke et al. , 2010). As a result, and as I will demonstrate below, Facebook’s vision of the ideal user can be said to assume a neoliberal form. Developing the notion of human capital espoused by (1964) and (1961) in the 1960s, which takes the unique capacities of the human actor as differentials of value in the labor market, Coleman’s theory of social capital from the late 1980s attempts to extend the remit of economic rationality to the totality of social relations. Coleman suggests that social capital is an economically functional concept, attributing value to the potentially productive relations that exist between persons. In this way, Coleman (1988) considers social capital in tandem with the concepts of financial, physical, and human capital, and the situation of value in money, factors of production, and personal skills, respectively (p. 118). This results in an economization of social relations. With his version of social capital, Coleman (1988) seeks toimport the economists’ principle of rational action for use in the analysis of social systems proper, including but not limited to economic systems, and to do so without discarding social organization in the process. The concept of social capital is a tool to aid in this. (p. 97)For Coleman, and within Facebook’s research explicated so far, social capital is conceptualized as a resource available to each social actor in any given social environment to further their own self-interested goals, and can be identified as the primary relation that connects individuals together within social networks. Competitive self-interest, thus, forms the theoretical basis upon which social organizations, like Facebook’s social network, can be studied. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the origins and implications of Facebook's conceptualization of social capital, indicating that social media platforms may promote a neoliberal perspective where self-interest prevails. It suggests that rather than ensuring positive mental well-being, social media algorithms contribute to an economization of social relations and prioritize competitive self-interest, which challenges the notion that they always have a positive impact.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Optical density was measured carefully to maintain the uniform population of bacteria in the broth at the time of inoculation. 2. 5. Characterization of isolates Root colonization was done by the method of Davis and Whitbread, (1989). For this, inoculated seeds were sown in glass jars containing sterilized sand, and the jars were kept in a growth chamber (18 °C, 70 % relative humidity, 16 hours daylight). After 7 days of germination, the roots were cut off, dipped in phosphate buffer, and were shaken vigorously to remove the bacteria. After 2 days of incubation at 28 °C the number of colonies (CFU/cm) was calculated. For the determination of phosphorus solubilizing activity Research Institute’s Phosphate growth medium (NBRIP) was used. Rhizobacterial strains were cultured and a loop full of each culture was placed on the plates (five per plate) and incubated at 28 °C for a week. A clearing zone around the colonies after a week was calculated as a positive for phosphate solubilization The formula of Premono et al. , (1996) was used for the determination of phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) of these rhizobacterial isolates. PSI = Colony diameter + Halozone diameter Colony diameter The ACC-deaminase activity was determined by the modified method of Honma and Shimomura, (1978) which measures the amount of α-ketobutyrate when the enzyme ACC-deaminase cleaves ACC. The auxin produced by rhizobacteria as indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence and absence of L-tryptophan (L-TRP) was essayed by the method of Sarwar et al. , (1992). Some pertinent characteristics of the rhizobacterial isolates are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Characterization of rhizobacterial strains -ve = Absent, +ve = Present 2. 6. Determination of plant physical parameters The fresh and dry weight of the shoots and roots were determined with the help of an analytical balance. For dry weight plants were oven dried at 70 °C. 2. 7. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria's role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it discusses methods for characterizing rhizobacteria and measuring their effects on plant parameters without mentioning nitrogen fixation specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: 2. As the key size is small, the computation is fast. Disadvantages 1. Messages cannot be encrypted using algorithm. Figure 5. Workflow of key exchange. 2. Prone to denial of service and man in the middle attacks [14]. 3. No authentication between the sender and the receiver [14]. 4. Lack of forward secrecy [15]. Applications 1. Layer (SSL) protocol [16]. 2. Security (IPSec). 3. Infrastructure (PKI). 4. (SSH) remote connection [16]. 4. 3. Cryptography (ECC) Elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) is one of the public key encryption technique that generates best cryptographic keys according to the elliptic curve theory. It creates smaller keys within a short period. Rather than using large prime numbers for key generation, ECC uses the properties of elliptic curves to generate keys. Elliptic curve is a nonsingular cubic curve with two variables in a certain field and an infinite rational point [17]. Each user generates a public-private key pair, where the public key is applied for encryption and signature verification and the private key is applied for decryption and signature generation. The high level of security can be achieved in ECC using a 164 bit key, where the traditional techniques need 1024 bit key. ECC is widely used because of its low computing complexity and better utilization of batter power. Security is attractive feature of elliptic curve cryptography. Figure 6 shows the key processes in ECC. Figure 6. Workflow of ECC. ECC includes the following major steps [17] : ・ Key generation; ・ Signature generation; ・ Encryption; ・ Decryption; ・ Signature verification. Advantages 1. Strong security with small keys. 2. Faster performance. 3. Low computational complexity. 4. Increased level of authentication and confidentiality. Disadvantages 1. Size of the encrypted message is increased. 2. Implementation is difficult. Applications 1. Layer. 2. Debit/Credit cards. 3. E-mails. 5. The digital signature standard is used to detect unauthorized modifications and to verify the document’s identity. The digital signature is represented as binary digits and computed using a set of rules and parameters. The signature is generated by the use of a private key, which is known only to the user [18]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the security features of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC), stating that it provides 'strong security with small keys' and emphasizes its advantages such as 'faster performance' and 'increased level of authentication and confidentiality.' These points highlight the importance of cryptography in ensuring secure data and communications online.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: The sociologists Ferragina and Arrigoni (2017) would argue that the incorporation of Coleman’s theories of social capital into Facebook’s social psychology would represent anexample of how the analytical categories of neoliberalism and the language of the stock market have decisively permeated social and political discourse over the last few decades. The reduction of social relations to something similar to financial capital implicitly means to assume that community involvement and social participation are forms of economic activity. (p. 358)Facebook’s specific utilization of social capital to explicate the value of user relationships, therefore, could be viewed as a reductionist extension of economic rationality to formerly non-economic social domains and institutions. Foucault’s (2010) analysis of neoliberalism presented in his 1978–1979 lectures at the Collège de France is a pertinent reference point to understand this notion further. In these lectures, Foucault (2010) describes the rationality of neoliberalism as a generalized attempt to “use the market economy and the typical analyses of the market economy to decipher non-market relationships and phenomena which are not strictly and specifically economic” (p. 240). Elsewhere, Foucault (1983) describes neoliberalism as the “government of individualization” (p. 212); a form government that tasks itself with the production of subjects capable of being governed by such economic regulatory principles of competition and enterprise. Burchell (1996), therefore, as opposed to a governmental regime of governing less, neoliberalism is best understood as the construction of the “institutional and cultural conditions that will enable an artificial competitive game of entrepreneurial conduct to be played to best effect” (p. 27). Thus, when Foucault (2010) describes neoliberalism as the “the generalization of the economic form of the market [. . . ] throughout the social body” (p. 243), he is referring to those processes that extend the precepts of economic rationality to investigate forms of human organization, conduct, and relationships not previously understood as economic domains. In appropriating scales of neoliberal social capital as measures of well-being, Facebook relays a historicized conceptualization of the human subject entangled with economic discourses of self-interest and competitive choice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the socio-economic implications of social media algorithms, particularly how Facebook utilizes the notion of social capital that is intertwined with neoliberal economic principles. The argument suggests that reducing social relations to financial terms can adversely affect understanding of community involvement and social participation, indicating a complex and potentially negative impact on user relationships and well-being, rather than a positive one.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids The method of Arnon, (1949) was used for the determination of chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in the acetone extract (80% v/v) at 663, 645 and 480 nm for chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid, respectively. 2. 8. Macro and micronutrients in plant The H2SO4 titration method was used for the plant nitrogen (N) determination (Van-Schouwengerg and Walinge, 1973). For the measurement of the plant phosphorous (P) the method of Buresh et al. , (1982) was followed. The plant potassium (K) was determined by using the dry ashing method (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). The micronutrients i. e. Ca+2, Mg+2, Mn+2, Zn+2, Cu+2 and Fe+3 were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy after dry ashing (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). 2. 9. Plant enzymes activity For enzymes activity analyses plant samples were prepared by homogenizing 0. 5 g of frozen leaf material in 3 ml of cold solution containing 50 ×10-3 M Na phosphate buffer (pH 7. 8), 1×10-3 M Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 2% (w/v) Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. The homogenate was centrifuged at 0 °C for 40 minutes at 13000 g. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) was essayed by the method of Habig et al. , (1974). The method of Nakano and Azada, (1987) was used for the spectrophotometric determination of peroxidase (POX) activity. Whereas, the spectrophotometric determination of catalase (Cata) activity was done by the method of Cakmak and Horst, (1991). 2. 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the role of rhizobacteria or their ability to fix nitrogen in the soil. Instead, it focuses on methods for determining chlorophyll, carotenoids, and various nutrient levels in plants, which does not provide any information related to the claim about rhizobacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: The signature is verified using a public key that is corresponding to the private key. The signature is generated by the user with the help of the private key, which is never shared. A (SSH) function is used in the signature generation pro- cess to obtain a condensed version of the data called a message digest. A digital certificate contains the digital signature of the certificate issuing authority so that anyone can verify the originality of the certificate [19]. The digital certificates will expire after specific duration, which results in insecurity. Advantages 1. Legal compliance. 2. Less processing time. 3. Reduced overhead. 4. Improved security. Disadvantages 1. Short life span. 2. Complicates sharing in case of incompatibility. Applications 1. E-mails. 2. Fund transfers. 3. Data interchange. 4. Software distribution. 6. Results and general public key encryption, or asymmetric encryption, is about 10,000 times slower than private key encryption. This is because of the use of two different keys for encryption and decryption. Even though, they are smaller they provide high degree of security. 6. 1. RSA vs. Diffie-Hellman Diffie-Hellman allows two users A and B, who have never met anywhere, they decide to work together and establish a secret key in order to communicate secretly manner, even in the presence of some intruder. In RSA only the Receiver needs to perform calculations to establish what is called a secret key and a public key. doesn’t have to necessarily know the Sender of the messages. 6. 2. RSA vs. is commonly used cryptography scheme to provide data confidentiality in cloud storage. As the key size increases, the security also increases and storage capacity required to store key in key management server will be large. Security is attractive feature of elliptic curve cryptography. Elliptic curve cryptosystems also are more computationally efficient RSA and Diffie-Hellman. The computation time of ECC is less when compared to RSA and Diffie Hellman, but it is more complex to implement [20]. RSA and Diffie-Hellman algorithms dominate public-key cryptography and have proved its efficiency in real-world applications. ECC promises particularly in smart cards or other restricted environments. The ECC and RSA are compared in terms of key generation time, signature generation and verification time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by elaborating on the role of cryptography in securing data and communications, specifically highlighting its use in digital signatures, public key encryption, and secure communications between parties. It states that cryptographic techniques like RSA and Diffie-Hellman are essential for maintaining data confidentiality, and mentions their practical applications such as in emails and fund transfers, thereby directly supporting the assertion that cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: In Facebook’s discourse of the ideal user, consequently, the individual is enjoined to view their relationships as resources to be weighed up to further their self-interested goals and are tasked with choosing habits of active usership to cultivate their social capital for the sake of their own well-being. (2005) suggests such configurations of wellness in neoliberal discourses construct, and treat, individuals as:rational, calculating creatures whose moral authority is measured by their capacity for “self-care”- the ability to provide for their own needs and service their own ambitions. (p. 42)The emphasis on self-sufficiency and the autonomy of personal decision-making means, for W. Brown (2005), that the individual in neoliberal societies “bears full responsibility for the consequences of his or her action no matter how severe the constraints on this action [are]” (p. 42). Thus, regardless of the various social contingencies that structure the possibilities of personal well-being in various spheres of life—in the workplace, at home, or in education, for instance, including, but not exclusive to, configurations of class, ethnicity, gender, or physical capacity (B. J. Brown & Baker, 2013), the ideal users of Facebook, instead, exist in a vacuum whereby their choice of activity on the platform, and their choice of activity alone, determines their social capital and well-being online. However, the atomized agents inherent within neoliberal social capital theories such as Facebook’s greatly contrast with other conceptualizations of social capital as espoused, for instance, by Bourdieu (1986). Bourdieu (1986) suggests that the access to resources enjoyed by individuals within social networks are directly correlated with class and socio-economic standing, indicating that there are variegated structural forces in play that delimit any benefits individuals can glean from their social circles. In Facebook’s discourse of social well-being, however, autonomous users utilizing Facebook’s tools in the right way are solely responsible for their health on the platform. Consequently, such responsibilized processes of personal choice avoid any discussions regarding the structural inequalities that may impact an individual’s well-being as they navigate contemporary neoliberal forms of life (Cole & Ferrarese, 2018; Dardot & Laval, 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining how the discourse surrounding social media, particularly Facebook, emphasizes individual responsibility for well-being without acknowledging the structural inequalities that can impact mental health. It discusses how individuals are portrayed as solely responsible for their social capital and well-being, which implies a negative aspect regarding the effects of algorithms and user experiences. The text specifically highlights that discussions around well-being ignore essential factors such as class, ethnicity, and other inequalities, suggesting that social media algorithms do not always lead to a positive impact on mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Comparison of method for measuring the colonization of root system by fluorescent pseudomonads. Plant Soil. 116, 239-246. Dworken, M. , Foster, J. 1958. Experiment with some microorganisms which utilize ethane and hydrogen. J. Bacteriol. 75, 92-601. Etesami, H. , Hosseini, M. , Alikhani, HA. 2014. In planta selection of plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria for rice (Oryza sative L. ). J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 14, 491-503. database of World Agriculture. 2006. Food and of the Statistics Division. database of World Agriculture. 2009. Food and of the Statistics Division. Glick, B. R. 2012. Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Mechanisms and Applications. Corporation, Scientifica. 1974. Glutathion S-Transferases, the first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. The J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7130-7139. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Huang, Q. , Mohamed, I. 2013a. Microcalorimetric evaluation of soil microbiological properties under plant residues and dogmatic water gradients in Red soil. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 59, 858-870. Hassan, W. , Akmal, M. , Muhammad, I. , Younas, M. , Zahaid, K. R. , Ali, F. 2013b. Response of soil microbial biomass and enzymes activity to cadmium (Cd) toxicity under different soil textures and incubation times. Aust. J. Crop Sci. 7, 674-680. Hassan, W. , Chen, W. , Cai, P. , Huang, Q. 2013c. Oxidative enzymes, the ultimate regulator: implications for factors affecting their efficiency. J. Environ. Qual. 42, 1779-1790. Hassan, W. 2013d. C and N mineralization and dissolved organic matter potentials of two contrasting plant residues: effects of residue type, moisture and temperature. Acta Agr. Scand. B-S P. 63, 642-652. Hassan, W. , David, J. 2014. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria and their role in enhancing plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it lists various studies and experiments related to soil microbiology and plant growing bacteria without specifically mentioning the nitrogen-fixing abilities of rhizobacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptography is essential for securing data and communications online. [SEP] Text: Table 4 presents the comparison of signature verification time of RSA and ECC schemes [20]. By varying the key length from 1024 to 15,360 bits, the time required for signature verification increases linearly. In RSA, the minimum time required for signature verification is 0. 01 secs for 1024 bits and the maximum time is 0. 01 secs for 15360 bits. Similarly, the time required for signature generation in ECC is 0. 23 and 4. 53 secs with respect to the key length variations. The signature is verified at the decryption stage and it also depends on the key length. As the number of bits in the key size increases, the time required for signature verification also increases. Table 4. Signature verification time analysis 7. paper addressed the limitations in the security assurance and the data privacy limitations with increase in size of the data on cloud. The evolution of cryptographic approaches addressed these limitations and provided the solution to the preserving process. Due to the multi-tenancy property of the cloud, server and the geographical factors limited the security of the cloud data access and storage. This paper surveyed about the various cryptographic techniques with their key sizes, time required for key/signature generation and verification constraints. The survey discussed the architecture for secure data transmissions among the devices, challenges raised during the transmission and attacks. This paper presents the brief review of major cryptographic techniques such as RSA, and the ECC associated key sizes. This paper investigated the general impact of digital signature generation techniques on cloud security with the advantages and disadvantages. The results and discussion section existing in this paper investigated the time consumption for key/signature generation and verification with the key size variations effectively. Finally, the results of these approaches were compared in terms of key size, key generation time, signature generation time and signature verification time. The initialization of random prime numbers and the key computation based on the points on the elliptic curve assured the high-security compared to the existing schemes with the minimum time consumption and sizes in cloud-based applications. Conflicts of authors declare no conflicts of interest. 2307. [2] Asma, A. , Chaurasia, M. A. and Mokhtar, H. (2012) Security Issues. of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management, 1, 141-147. [3] Agrawal, M. and Mishra, P. (2012) A on Encryption Techniques. on and Engineering, 4, 877. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the evolution of cryptographic approaches that address security assurance and data privacy limitations, particularly in cloud environments. It highlights that cryptographic techniques like RSA and ECC are crucial for secure data transmissions, emphasizing their role in enhancing security measures against potential attacks. Furthermore, the mention of challenges during data transmission and the need for secure storage underscores the importance of cryptography in maintaining data integrity and confidentiality online.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: The work of social policy scholar (2005) would indicate that the responsibilization of users on Facebook in terms of well-being is resonant with neoliberal public health policies of individualization. Clark (2005) writes that:responsible citizens [it is claimed] make reasonable choices—and therefore “bad choices” result from the wilfulness of irresponsible people, rather than the structural distribution of resources, capacities and opportunities. (p. 451)This focus on personal choice has also been identified as key element of the discourse surrounding technology and well-being by Schüll (2016). In her exploration of the biopolitics of wearable tracking technologies, such as Fitbit and Jawbone, Schüll (2016) argues that the selves produced by networked technologies are idealized as “choosing subjects” (p. 8) capable of utilizing the array of complex technologies available on the market to improve their physical and mental health. “More precisely,” Schüll (2016) writes, these idealized subjects are “are construed as consumers whose well-being depends on and derives from the market choices they make” (p. 8). In presenting well-being online as an outcome of user choice, Facebook’s account of well-being side-steps the discussion surrounding its potentially addictive, anxiety-inducing, “persuasive” (Fogg, 2003) design. Instead, Facebook’s PR strategy surrounding these issues operates on the level of individual habit, suggesting that well-being arises from correct personal social networking choices alone. While the responsibilized subject of well-being has been studied in relation to funding cuts to public services in the (B. J. Brown & Baker, 2013; Goode et al. , 2004), as a mode of neoliberal biopolitics (Wright, 2013), or as a modality of consumerist and marketized discourses of health care (Anderson et al. , 2016), Facebook’s own individualized concept of well-being limits the discussion of what it means to live well in the present age to the narrow parameters of a particular form of online self-interested connection. The well-being of users in Facebook’s discourse of active and passive usage, therefore, is firmly presented as the responsibility of users themselves. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how Facebook's narrative around well-being is rooted in individual responsibility, neglecting the structural issues that may affect user mental health. It highlights that Facebook’s PR strategy simplifies well-being to individual choices and downplays the potential negative aspects of its design, such as addictiveness and anxiety. This suggests that social media algorithms may not always lead to a positive impact on user mental well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 42, 565-572. Mia, M. A. B. , Shamsuddin, Z. H. , Wahab, Z. , Marziah, M. 2010. Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) inoculation on growth and nitrogen incorporation of tissue-cultured Musa plantlets under nitrogen-free hydroponics condition. Aus. J. Crop Sci. 4, 85-90. . , Arshad, M. , Shahzad, S. M. 2006. Variation in growth and ion uptake of maize due to inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria under salt stress. Soil Environ. 25, 78-84. Nakano, Y. , Azada, K. 1987. Purification of ascorbate peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts: its inactivation in ascorbate depleted medium and reactivation by monodehydroascorbate radical. Physiol. 28, 131-140. Premono, H. . 1996. Effect of phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas putida on the growth of maize and its survival in the rhizosphere. Indonesian J. Crop Sci. 11, 13-23. Sarwar, M. , Arshad, M. , Martins, D. A. , Frankenberger, Jr. 1992. Tryptophan-dependent biosynthesis of auxins in soil. Plant Soil. 147, 207-215. Schalchli, H. , Pardo, F. , Hormazábal, E. , Palma, R. , Guerrero, J. , Bensch, E. 2012. Antifungal activity of wheat root exudate extracts on Gaeumannomyces graminis var. Tritici growth. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nut. 12, 329-337. Shaharoona, B. , Arshad, M. , Zahir, Z. A. , Mahmood, M. H. 2003. 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) enrichment: An effective approach to screen plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for maize. Pak. J. Agri. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about rhizobacteria enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it focuses on the effects of plant growth-promoting bacteria under various conditions, such as salt stress and phosphate solubilization, without mentioning nitrogen fixation. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: encrypts she sends the encrypted information to Bob, who must now recover the original information. Exactly how Alice encrypts the message depends upon the private key, so that to recover the original message Bob needs to know the private key, in order to undo the transformation Alice applied. Unfortunately, private key cryptosystems have some severe problems in many contexts. The most basic problem is how to distribute the keys? In many ways, the key distribution problem is just as difficult as the original problem of communicating in private – a malevolent third party may be eavesdropping on the key distribution, and then use the intercepted key to decrypt some of the message transmission. One of the earliest discoveries in quantum computation and quantum information was that quantum mechanics can be used to do key distribution in such a way that Alice and Bob’s security cannot be compromised. This procedure is known as quantum cryptography or quantum key distribution (abbreviated QKD). The basic idea is to exploit the quantum mechanical principle that observation in general disturbs the system being observed. Thus, if there is an eavesdropper listening in as Alice and Bob attempt to transmit their key, the presence of the eavesdropper will be visible as a disturbance of the communications channel Alice and Bob are using to establish the key. Alice and Bob can then throw out the key bits established while the eavesdropper was listening in, and start over. The first quantum cryptographic ideas were proposed by wrote “Conjugate Coding”[1], which unfortunately took more than ten years to see the light of print. In the mean time, Charles H. Bennett (who knew of Wiesner’s idea) and picked up the subject and brought it to fruition in a series of papers that culminated with the demonstration of an experimental prototype that established the technological feasibility of the concept [2]. Quantum cryptographic systems take advantage of Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, according to which measuring a quantum system in general disturbs it and yields incomplete information about its state before the measurement. Eavesdropping on a quantum communication channel therefore causes an unavoidable disturbance, alerting the legitimate users. This yields a cryptographic system for the distribution of a secret random cryptographic key between two parties initially sharing no secret information that is secure against an eavesdropper having at her disposal unlimited computing power. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by explaining the principles and mechanisms of quantum cryptography, particularly focusing on its capability to secure key distribution in communication. It details how quantum mechanics can protect against eavesdropping, demonstrating a high level of security inherent in quantum cryptographic systems. By describing the disturbance caused by eavesdropping and how legitimate users can detect this, the text emphasizes quantum cryptography's potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: So far, I have shown how Facebook’s recommendations of “healthy” usership are made through the blending of evolutionary and neoliberal discourses, arguing that Facebook’s model of ideal usership seeks to present the engineered sociality observable on the platform as the outcome of the rational user choosing to act in alignment with their “natural” eudaimonic needs. I have argued that Facebook’s ideal user relays conceptualizations of the neoliberal social subject, and, as such always exists in a necessary process of construction. Thus, I have presented Facebook’s concurrent appeal to evolutionary human need as a strategic attempt to naturalize what is an inherently artificial vision of human sociality. The following section will explore how the discourse of the healthy user manifests in the designed nudges (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008) of Facebook’s user interface. In doing so, the supposed autonomy of Facebook’s ideal user to choose to live well on the platform will be thrown into question. NudgesSimilarly to B. J. Fogg’s (2003) belief that “persuasive” technological design can “create interactive experiences that motivate and persuade people” (p. 5) toward certain ends, Thaler and Sunstein’s (2008) vision of the psychological nudge suggests that subtle environmental design decisions can adjust human behavior in particular directions. For instance, social psychological research has purportedly shown the ways that setting a default option in an administration form increases the likelihood of an individual choosing that option as their final decision (Pichert & Katsikopoulos, 2008); others have demonstrated that drawing attention to specific products on supermarket shelves can influence consumer purchasing patterns (Kroese et al. , 2016); while Thaler and Sunstein (2008) themselves suggest that minute visual cues can unconsciously direct behavior in different settings—as demonstrated by the famous example of the engraving of a housefly on urinals in Schiphol airport that successfully reduced user “spillage” by 80% (p. 4). Beyond constructing consumer choices and toilet hygiene, the UK government has a dedicated “Nudge unit,” officially called the Team, that is tasked with researching and proposing governmental policies that promote healthy behaviors (Halpern, 2015), while Sunstein himself was an advisor to the Obama administration and design consultant to the Act in the in 2010 (Schüll, 2016). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how Facebook's model of ideal usership is constructed through a blend of evolutionary and neoliberal discourses. It argues that what appears to be a rational user choice aligned with their well-being is, in fact, an engineered sociality, suggesting that the user experience is manipulated by design mechanisms (nudges) that may not inherently support positive mental health. The exploration of nudges indicates that users may be directed toward certain behaviors or experiences that do not necessarily align with true well-being.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: IAA production was determined according to the modified method of Glickmann and Dessaux [19]. PGPR cultures were grown in tryptic soy broth (TSB) which contained 2 mg mL−1 of L-tryptophan and incubated on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm under room temperature, 28±2°C for 24 h. The cultures were centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 7 min and the supernatants were quantified spectrophotometrically at 535 nm with 2 mL of Salkowski’s reagent (2% of 0. 5 M FeCl3 in 35% perchloric acid) after 25 min. The IAA concentrations were estimated from a standard IAA curve. 16S rDNA gene analysis of selected bacterial strains Total genomic DNA was extracted using (Co. Ltd. ) according to the supplier’s instructions and used as DNA template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of the 16S rDNA gene. The DNA purity was quantified at 260 nm and 280 nm using Nano(ND1000, Scientific Inc. ), 1. 6 to 2. 2, to detect protein contamination in the DNA [20]. PCR amplification was performed in a reaction mixture containing 50 ng genomic DNA template, 1X reaction buffer, 200 μM dNTPs mixture, 1. 5 mM MgCl2, 2. 5 U Taq DNA polymerase (Scientific), 0. 16 μM of each primer 27F (5’--3’) and 1492R (5’--3’) [21], and ultra-pure sterilised water to a final volume of 50 μL. These primers allowed an approximate 1500 bp of DNA fragments to be amplified. The DNA amplification was performed in a thermal cycler (-1148, Bio-Rad) by an initial denaturation at 94°C for 5 min, followed by 30 amplification cycles of denaturation at 94°C for 30 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, extension at 72°C for 1 min and a final extension step at 72°C for 5 min. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding rhizobacteria's role in enhancing plant growth through nitrogen fixation. Instead, it focuses on the methods for determining IAA production and genomic DNA analysis of bacterial strains, which are unrelated to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: Once this secret key is established, it can be used together with classical cryptographic techniques such as the one-time-pad (OTP) to allow the parties to communicate meaningful information in absolute secrecy. The second major type of cryptosystem is the public key cryptosystem. Public key cryptosystem don’t rely on Alice and Bob sharing a secret key in advance. Instead, Bob simply publishes a ‘public key’, which is made available to the general public. Alice can make use of this public key to encrypt a message which she sends to Bob. The third party cannot use Bob’s public key to decrypt the message. Public key cryptography did not achieve widespread use until the mid-1970s, when it was proposed independently by Rivest, Adi Shamir, and developed the RSA cryptosystem, which at the time of writing is the most widely deployed public key cryptosystem, believed to offer a fine balance of security and practical usability. The key to the security of public key cryptosystems is that it should be difficult to invert the encryption stage if only the public key is available. For example, it turns out that inverting the encryption stage of RSA is a problem closely related to factoring. Much of the presumed security of RSA comes from the belief that factoring is a problem hard to solve on a classical computer. However, Shor’s fast algorithm for factoring on cryptosystems which can be broken if a fast algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem – like Shor’s quantum algorithm for discrete logarithm – were known. This practical application of quantum computers to the breaking of cryptographic codes has excited much of the interest in quantum computation and quantum information. In addition to key distribution, quantum techniques may also assist in the achievement of subtler cryptographic goals, important in the post-cold war world, such as protecting private information while it is being used to reach public decisions. Such techniques, pioneered by [3] [4], allow two people to compute an agreed-upon function f(x; y) on private inputs x and y when one person knows x, the other knows y, and neither is willing to disclose anything about their private input to the other, except for what follows logically from one’s private input and the function's output. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the significance of quantum techniques in cryptography. It specifically mentions that 'quantum techniques may also assist in the achievement of subtler cryptographic goals' and highlights the excitement around quantum computation in relation to cryptographic codes. This suggests that quantum cryptography is indeed an emerging field with potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Nudge, then, refers to the conscious arrangement of environments so as to affect certain behavioral outcomes within them. These types of environments have been termed “choice architectures” by Thaler and Sunstein (2008). Thaler and Sunstein (2008) describe the process of nudging as “libertarian paternalism”—the attempt to design social environments that “move people in directions that will make their lives better” (p. 6) while still maintaining an impression of free choice. By drawing explicitly upon the work of Milton Friedman, who can be viewed as one of the intellectual pillars of neoliberal economic doctrine (Harvey, 2007; Stedman Jones, 2012), Thaler and Sunstein (2008) argue that the libertarian aspect of nudge theory is found in the core notion that people “should be free to do what they like” (p. 6). In their work, Thaler and Sunstein directly quote Friedman’s refrain that individual freedom is constituted in being “free to choose” (Friedman & Friedman, 1980) the direction, character and quality of one’s life. The paternalistic aspect of nudge theory, on the other hand, establishes the idea that it is “legitimate” totry and inﬂuence people’s behaviour in order to make their lives longer, healthier, and better. In other words, we argue for self-conscious efforts, by institutions in the private sector and also by government, to steer people’s choices in directions that will improve their lives. (Thaler & Sunstein, 2008, p. 5)As such, nudging is ethically grounded upon the notion that the direction of human choice is valid if such an effort is consciously intended for the good of the individuals involved. and Sunstein’s nudge theory as a lens to understand the as a “choice architecture,” this section will identify a strongly libertarian paternalistic aspect behind the News Feed’s technical features that prompt increased user interactions over user passivity. Specifically, I will show how the nudging of Facebook users along pathways of active usership on the is always legitimated upon the basis that it will improve their health and well-being, namely by allowing them to fulfill their “natural” social essence and accrue social capital through their online relationships. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the concept of 'nudging' within social media, specifically mentioning how the features of platforms like Facebook may increase user engagement but implies that this influence is only justified if it truly benefits users' health and well-being. The text critiques the assumption that nudging always leads to positive outcomes, suggesting that while the intention may be to improve lives, it does not automatically guarantee positive impact, which challenges the absolute nature of the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: The suitability of DNA amplification was visualised by electrophoresis of PCR products with 6X loading dye (Thermo Scientific™) at 5:1 (PCR product: dye) ratio and a marker (1kb DNA ladder, Fermentas GeneRuler™) in 1% (w/v) agarose gel in 1X Tris-acetate EDTA (TAE) buffer for 1 h at 80 V. The agarose gel was stained with GelRed™ (Biotium Inc. ) for 40 min and examined under UV light in a UV transilluminator (Bio-Imager® Gel Doc™ XR+ System). Gel image was captured with software (Version 4. 1, Bio-Rad Laboratories) (S3 Fig). DNA fragments were extracted from the gel by slicing the target bands under UV light and purified using QIAquick gel extraction kit (Qiagen®). The purified DNA products were sent for sequencing by. Bhd. (www. base-asia. com) using BigDye® Terminator 3. 1 cycle sequencing kit (Applied BioSystems). The quality of 16S rDNA sequences was checked manually by using Software (version 2. 0). The sequences were analysed using the to identify the most closely related members in the database (www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/geo). The partial 16S rDNA sequences of the PGPR strains were submitted to the NCBI database under their respective accession number as follows: Bacillus subtilis UPMB10 (KP641618), Klebsiella sp. Br1 (KP257586), Klebsiella pneumoniae Fr1 (KP641617), Bacillus pumilus S1r1 (KP295962) and Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 (KP295963). Phylogenetic analysis The partial 16S rDNA sequences of UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 were aligned with the most closely related bacteria sequences obtained from the NCBI database using [22]. The tree was constructed with Mega version 5 software package [23] by using the maximum likelihood method from distance calculated by the method of Kimura two-parameter model with a discrete Gamma distribution [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the technical procedures used for DNA amplification and sequencing of certain bacterial strains without providing any information related to the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth or fixing nitrogen. There is no mention of rhizobacteria, plant growth, or nitrogen fixation in the content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: The classic example of such discreet decision making is the “dating problem”, in which two people seek a way of making a date if and only if each likes the other, without disclosing any further information. For example, if Alice likes Bob but Bob doesn’t like Alice, the date should be called off without Bob finding out that Alice likes him, on the other hand, it is logically unavoidable for Alice to learn that Bob doesn't like her, because if he did the date would be on. In general, the goal of quantum cryptography is to perform tasks that are impossible or intractable with conventional cryptography. Quantum cryptography makes use of the subtle properties of quantum mechanics such as the quantum no-cloning theorem and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Unlike conventional cryptography, whose security is often based on unproven computational assumptions, quantum cryptography has an important advantage in that its security is often based on the laws of physics. Thus far, proposed applications of quantum cryptography include QKD, quantum bit commitment and quantum coin tossing. These applications have varying degrees of success. The most successful and important application – QKD – has been proven to be unconditionally secure. Moreover, experimental QKD has now been performed over hundreds of kilometers over both standard commercial telecom optical fibers and open-air. In fact, commercial QKD systems are currently available on the market [5]. Classical secret sharing can be used in a number of ways besides for a joint checking account. The secret key could access a bank vault, or a computer account, or any of a variety of things. In addition, secret sharing is a necessary component for performing secure distributed computations among a number of people who do not completely trust each other. With the boom in quantum computation, it seems possible, even likely, that quantum states will become nearly as important as classical data. It might therefore be useful to have some way of sharing secret quantum states as well as secret classical data. Such a quantum secret sharing (abbreviated QSS) scheme might be useful for sharing quantum keys, such as those used in quantum key distribution or in other quantum cryptographic protocols. In addition, QSS might allow us to take advantage of the additional power of quantum computation in secure distributed computations. Imagine that it is fifteen years from now and someone announces the successful construction of a large quantum computer. runs a front-page 2006. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the advantages of quantum cryptography, specifically its potential for high security based on the laws of physics rather than unproven computational assumptions. It highlights that quantum key distribution (QKD), a prominent application of quantum cryptography, has been proven to be unconditionally secure, and there are currently commercial QKD systems available on the market. These points strongly support the notion of quantum cryptography as an emerging field with significant security potential.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media algorithms always have a positive impact on user mental well-being. [SEP] Text: Mark Zuckerberg’s (Guardian Live, 2018) stated intention to build services that are “good for people and good for society,” therefore, will be shown to manifest in the designing of material choice architectures that nudge users as if increased interactions were, indeed, “good” for them in some way. This will be shown to discursively align the intensification of user data-traces (requisite for Facebook’s continued economic expansion) with the well-being interests of Facebook users themselves and will subsequently be presented as an expression of power (Foucault, 1995, 2015)In a blog post from January 2018 titled “Bringing people closer together,” (2018), then head of News Feed, specifically states that the is designed to foster forms of active user engagement. Ranking—the current name of the algorithm, Mosseri (2018) suggests, is built toprioritize posts that spark conversations and meaningful interactions between people. To do this, we will predict which posts you might want to interact with your friends about, and show these posts higher in feed. These are posts that inspire back-and-forth discussion in the comments and posts that you might want to share and react to. Connecting users to content they are most likely to interact with, therefore, considered as part of the discourse of the ideal user outlined so far, can legitimately be presented by Facebook as a way to help users cultivate their bonds of social capital on the News Feed. As taking the time to comment on a friends’ post, for instance, supposedly increases levels of social capital between users by representing an investment of individual time and energy, increasing the chances of these types of interactions could predict higher feelings of social belonging and well-being in users (Burke & Kraut, 2016). More evidence that the is designed to foster active communications can be found in a number of blog posts on “FYI”—the design blog where Facebook announces developments to the News Feed. For instance, a post by (2017), designers at Facebook, outline changes made to the comments feature on posts that are intended to prompt user interactions and encourage “better conversations” beneath posts. Here, Nguyen and Freitas (2017) detail the ways they have made improvements to the “readability” of posts on the toward this end. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing how social media algorithms, while designed to increase user engagement and perceived social capital, may not inherently ensure that these interactions positively impact user mental well-being. It presents a critical view of Facebook’s algorithms and the complexities behind user engagement. For example, it discusses how the prioritization of posts is intended to encourage discussion but does not necessarily lead to positive mental health outcomes for all users.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Gaps were treated by partial deletion and bootstrap analysis was done by using 2000 replications. Streptomyces griseus FGQ9 (HQ202539) was used as an outgroup sequence. Pot experiment The experimental soil (Serdang series soil, Typic Paleudult) was collected from 0–15 cm soil depth at the (2°59'12. 5" N, 101°38'52. 9" E). The soil was air-dried, ground, sieved (2 mm mesh) and analysed for its physico-chemical properties. The soil had pH 5. 1 (1:2. 5, soil:water ratio; MeterLab® PHM210); total N (semi-micro Kjeldahl method) [25], 0. 46%; total C (Leco CR-12 carbon analyser) [26], 3. 2%; available P (Bray I) [27], 31. 6 mg kg−1; exchangeable K (NH4OAc) [28], 46. 8 mg kg−1 and field capacity (pressure plate method) [29], 26. 8%. Exactly 20 kg of the soil was weighed and placed in each undrained polybag (60 cm, D × 50 cm, H). Uniformed doses of (CIRP, 30% P2O5) and Muriate of Potash (MOP, 60% K2O) at the recommended rates of 60 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 40 kg K2O ha−1 equivalents [30], respectively, were applied to each polybag. The 15N-labelled urea (46% N, 4. 72 at. % 15Ne) at 40 kg N ha−1 equivalent (a third of recommended fertiliser-N rate) [30] was dissolved in 100 mL distilled water and applied to each polybag as a tracer. The experiment was conducted in a randomised complete block design, with two harvests at 50 and 65 days after planting (DAP; D50 and D65) with four blocks and 0. 75 m × 0. 25 m planting distance between the polybags. The six treatments imposed were: (i) killed B. subtilis UPMB10 inoculum, autoclaved at 121°C for 20 min (Uninoculated control), (ii) B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth or fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it focuses on the experimental setup involving soil analysis and fertilization, without mentioning any specific effects related to rhizobacteria or nitrogen fixation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: In the past few years, a remarkable surge of interest in the international scientific and industrial community has propelled quantum cryptography into mainstream computer science and physics. Furthermore, quantum cryptography is becoming increasingly practical at a fast pace. The first quantum key distribution prototype [2] worked over a distance of 32 centimeters in 1989. Two additional experimental demonstrations have been set up since, which work over significant lengths of optical fibre [8] [9]. The highest bit rate system currently demonstrated exchanges secure keys at 1 Mbit/s (over 20 km of optical fibre) and 10 kbit/s (over 100 km of fibre), achieved by a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and Toshiba using the BB84 protocol with decoy pulses. As of March 2007 the longest distance over which quantum key distribution has been demonstrated using optic fibre is 148. 7 km, achieved by National Laboratory/NIST using the BB84 protocol. Significantly, this distance is long enough for almost all the spans found in today's fibre networks. The distance record for free space QKD is 144 km between two of the Canary Islands, achieved by a European collaboration using entangled photons (the Ekert scheme) in 2006, and using BB84 enhanced with decoy states in 2007. The experiments suggest transmission to satellites is possible, due to the lower atmospheric density at higher altitudes. For example although the minimum distance from the Station to the is about 400 km, the atmospheric thickness is about an order of magnitude less than in the European experiment, thus yielding less attenuation compared to this experiment. Advertisement 2. Quantum cryptography fundamentalsOn a wider context, quantum cryptography is a branch of quantum information processing, which includes quantum computing, quantum measurements, and quantum teleportation. Quantum computation and quantum information is the study of the information processing tasks that can be accomplished using quantum mechanical systems. Quantum mechanics is a mathematical framework or set of rules for the construction of physical theories. The rules of quantum mechanics are simple but even experts find them counterintuitive, and the earliest antecedents of quantum computation and quantum information may be found in the long-standing desire of physicists to better understand quantum mechanics. Perhaps the most striking of these is the study of quantum entanglement. Entanglement is a uniquely quantum mechanical resource that plays a key role in many of the most interesting applications of quantum computation and quantum information; entanglement is iron to the classical world’s bronze age. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the recent advancements and increasing practical applications of quantum cryptography, indicating a rise in interest and development in the field. It mentions significant milestones such as the development of quantum key distribution prototypes and notable achievements in distances for secure key distribution, thus supporting the assertion that quantum cryptography has potential for high security.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: AbstractThe purpose of this research is to test the uses and gratifications model (U&G) with respect to addictive outcomes for young adult social media users. Two cross-sectional survey studies were completed with college students aged 18–25 years. Study 1 applied path analysis with regression to determine how individual traits, motives, and dependency related to intrusive and emotional consequences of addiction (N = 373). Results indicated that, among other predictor variables, being dependent on social media for personal understanding was associated with increased emotional consequences of addiction. 2, the functional alternative of interpersonal interaction and frequency of social media use were included to more fully test the U&G model with structural equation modeling (N = 446). Interpersonal interaction was a significant predictor in the intrusive consequences model. Participants who reported engaging in more offline interpersonal interactions that engaged in heavy use of social media found it to be more intrusive in their lives. In addition, being dependent on social media to understand oneself mediated the relationships between various motives and emotional consequences of addiction. Taken together, results of these studies supported U&G. Contextual age variables were found to be related to motives, dependency, and addictive consequences. In addition, motives in both studies were important variables in explaining addictive consequences. In 2019, 90% of US adults aged 18–29 years reported using at least one social media (SM) site (Center, 2019). In addition, young adults represent the largest demographic of users on most of the major platforms, including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Snapchat, and YouTube (Center, 2019). Research has shown that young adults are more likely to experience addictive consequences of SM use (Andreassen, Pallesen, & Griffiths, 2017; Chae, H. Kim, & Y. A. Kim, 2018). SM addiction has also been shown to have important consequences for young adults, including decreased community involvement, decreased academic performance, and increases in relationship problems (Kuss & Griffiths, 2011). Given the potential for addiction and negative consequences for young adults, it is important to investigate the ways in which this group engages with SM. One framework that is well-suited for this investigation is uses and gratifications (U&G). U&G is a functional perspective that focuses on the influence of individual differences in how media is chosen (Rubin, 2002). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of social media addiction, highlighting that dependency on social media is linked to emotional consequences and interpretative personal understanding. It suggests that addiction is influenced by various factors such as individual traits and motives, indicating that merely deleting accounts may not address the underlying issues of dependency and emotional involvement with social media.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: subtilis UPMB10 inoculation (Reference control), (iii) Klebsiella sp. Br1 inoculation (Negative control), (iv) K. pneumoniae Fr1 inoculation, (v) B. pumilus S1r1 inoculation and (vi) Acinetobacter sp. S3r2 inoculation. Six maize seeds of similar size and shape, var. Hibrimas, were sowed and thinned to two per pot at 7th DAP (D7). The PGPR inocula were grown in TSB medium for 24 h (200 rpm, 26±2°C) and cell suspensions were adjusted to OD600 between 1. 4 and 2. 0, which corresponded to the total plate counts of ca. 109 cfu mL−1, as determined on the TSA medium. Each polybag was inoculated with 20 mL of respective inocula (live or killed) on D0, D7 and D35. The polybags were watered and weighted daily to maintain at field capacity throughout the experiment to avoid any possible loss of applied 15N labelled fertiliser through denitrification, if the soil contained excess moisture. The total bacterial colonisations in soil, rhizosphere and root-endosphere were determined according to the method of Hoben and Somasegaran [15] from the collected soil and fresh root samples at D65 harvest. 15N abundance plant analysis At harvest (D50 and D65), each maize plant was separated into roots, young, ear and old leaves, stalk, tassel and ear (D65 only). The ear bearing leaf and its immediate lower leaf were labelled as ear leaves. The upward and downward leaves from the ear leaves were respectively labelled as young and old leaves. Every component was weighed, oven-dried (65±2°C, 72 h) and ground (<1 mm) to determine the plant tissue N (except root) using the semi-micro Kjeldahl method [25] and 15N abundance using an emission spectrometer (NOI7, Fisher Germany) at Agency in Bangi, Selangor. The 15N abundance in the sample was corrected for the natural 15N abundance present in the environment (0. 3663 at. % 15Ne). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the role of rhizobacteria in enhancing plant growth or their mechanism of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Instead, it details methods related to bacterial inoculation, plant measurement, and nitrogen analysis without discussing the contribution of rhizobacteria to plant growth.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: In recent years there has been a tremendous effort trying to better understand the properties of entanglement considered as a fundamental resource of Nature, of comparable importance to energy, information, entropy, or any other fundamental resource. Although there is as yet no complete theory of entanglement, some progress has been made in understanding this strange property of quantum mechanics. It is hoped by many researchers that further study of the properties of entanglement will yield insights that facilitate the development of new applications in quantum computation and quantum information. As we known, it is interesting to learn that one decade before people realized that a quantum computer could be used to break public key cryptography, they had already found a solution against this quantum attack – quantum key distribution (QKD). Based on the fundamental principles in quantum physics, QKD provides an unconditionally secure way to distribute random keys through insecure channels. The secure key generated by QKD could be further applied in the OTP scheme or other encryption algorithms to enhance information security. In this 2. 1. Entanglement stateThe counterintuitive predictions of quantum mechanics about correlated systems were first discussed by in 1935, in a joint paper with [10]. They demonstrated a thought experiment that attempted to show that quantum mechanical theory was impossible. But flowing the EPR paper, wrote letter (in German) to Einstein in which he used the word Verschrankung (translated by himself as entanglement) “to describe the correlations between two p2. 2. One-time-pad and key distribution problemIn conventional cryptography, an unbreakable code does exist. It is called the one-time-pad and was invented by in 1918 [14]. In the one-time-pad method, a message (traditionally called the plain text) is first converted by Alice into a binary form (a string consisting of “0”s and “1”s) by a publicly known method. A key is a binary string of the same length as the message. By combining each bit of the message with the respective bit of the key using XOR (i. e. addition modulo two), Alice converts the plain text into an encrypted form (called the cipher text). i. e. for each bitci≡mi+ki (mod 2). E3Alice then transmits the cipher text to Bob via a broadcast channel. Anyone including an eavesdropper can get a copy of the cipher text. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing quantum key distribution (QKD), which is presented as a secure method of distributing keys through insecure channels. It highlights the significance of entanglement and how it could facilitate advancements in quantum computation and security measures in cryptography. The phrase about QKD providing 'an unconditionally secure way to distribute random keys' directly supports the claim of quantum cryptography being a high-security field.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Social media addiction can be easily cured by simply deleting accounts. [SEP] Text: These choices then result in “need gratifications and other consequences, perhaps mostly unintended ones” (Katz, Blumler, & Gurevitch, 1974, p. 20). With respect to SM, U&G has been fruitful in aiding our understanding of how and why we use this medium, particularly in the area of discovering motives (Sundar & Limperos, 2013). However, more research is needed to understand how individual differences and SM motives relate to consequences of use. One potential consequence of SM use is addiction. Addiction is a complex term that has been defined in many ways in several different contexts (Kim & Haridakis, 2009). According to Kim and Haridakis (2009), there have been three main ways that addiction has been conceptualized: dependency, heavy use, and “actual addiction” that relates closely to substance abuse (p. 989). In the case of the first two definitions, dependency and heavy use are not always indicative of negative outcomes for the user. The last definition of addiction focuses on the behavioral aspect of problematic use, defined as use that results in negative consequences for the individual. This definition has been applied to other forms of technology addiction, including the Internet (Kim & Haridakis, 2009) and video games (Griffiths, Kuss, & King, 2012). U&G is a well-established framework that will help explain how individual differences influence media uses in relation to SM addiction. U&G has been applied to explore predictors of addiction in various media contexts, including the Internet (Kim & Haridakis, 2009), online gaming (Kuss & Griffiths, 2012), and smartphone use (Elhai, Rozgonjuk, Yildirim, Alghraibeh, & Alafnan, 2019). In addition, previous research has shown that individual differences and behavioral factors are related to addictive outcomes of SM use (Andreassen, 2015). The goal of this research is to apply the U&G model to further explore the influence of individual traits, motives, and SM use related to addictive outcomes. To test the U&G model within this context, two studies were conducted. The following section will discuss SM addiction, outline the assumptions of U&G as they pertain to SM uses and effects, followed by a description of the methods and results for each study. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the complexities involved in social media (SM) addiction, stating that addiction is a multi-faceted issue that cannot be solely addressed by simply deleting accounts. It discusses various concepts of addiction and highlights that individual differences and behavioral factors influence addictive outcomes. The text presents social media addiction as a behavioral issue with multiple contributing factors, indicating that simple solutions like account deletion may not adequately resolve the problem.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Rhizobacteria enhance plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. [SEP] Text: Meanwhile, the N2 fixation in the whole maize plant (plant top basis) was calculated from the mean weighted atom excess (WAE) using the following formula [31]: Where AE = at. % 15Ne, TN = total N of a, b, c, d, e and f = tassel, young, ear and old leaves, stalk and ear, respectively, ear was only available in D65 harvest. The proportions of N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) was calculated, as follows: Statistical analysis Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance procedure (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Test (DMRT) at p<0. 05 using System software (SAS version 9. 0) [32]. Pearson correlation of coefficient test was performed to estimate the relationships between related variables. Results PGPR strain characterisation The plant growth-promoting (PGP) abilities of the four selected strains and a reference strain, UPMB10 are shown in Table 1. These five strains gave positive reactions on Nfb media. In particular, four strains (UPMB10, Br1, S1r1 and S3r2) showed the clearest halo zones around their bacterial colonies grown on the Pikovskaya media, indicating higher phosphate solubilisation abilities compared to Fr1 strain. Treatment with Fr1 strain, however, produced the significantly highest IAA at 13 μg mL−1 compared to the other strains (5–11 μg mL−1). Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 1. Plant growth promoting (PGP) abilities of the five strains used in the glasshouse experiment. Molecular identification of PGPR strains Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences from the NCBI database suggested that UPMB10, Br1, Fr1, S1r1 and S3r2 were most closely related to Bacillus subtilis (98% similarity), Klebsiella sp. (99% similarity), Klebsiella pneumoniae (99% similarity), Bacillus pumilus (99% similarity) and Acinetobacter sp. (98% similarity), respectively. A phenogram showing the genetic relationship among the PGPR strains and their most closely related bacteria obtained from NCBI database is presented in Fig 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly, as it focuses on the methods and statistical analyses used to evaluate the nitrogen fixation capabilities of certain PGPR strains, without explicitly confirming that rhizobacteria enhance plant growth through nitrogen fixation. It discusses the characterization and phosphate solubilization abilities of the strains but does not provide clear evidence or discussion on nitrogen fixation by rhizobacteria.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Quantum cryptography is an emerging field with potential for high security. [SEP] Text: However, without the knowledge of the key, the cipher text is totally random and gives no information whatsoever about the plain text. For decryption, Bob, who shares the same key with Alice, can perform another XOR (i. e. addition modulo two) between each bit of the cipher text with the respective bit of the key to recover the plain text. This is because ci≡mi+ki ≡mi+2ki≡mi(mod 2). E4The one-time-pad method is unbreakable, but it has a serious drawback: it supposes that Alice and Bob initially share a random string of secret that is as long as the message. Therefore, the one-time-pad simply shifts the problem of secure communication to the problem of key distribution. This is the key distribution problem. The one of possible solution to the key distribution problem is public key cryptography. Quantum mechanics can provide a solution to the key distribution problem. In quantum key distribution, an encryption key is generated randomly between Alice and Bob by using non orthogonal quantum states. In quantum mechanics there is a quantum no-cloning theorem, which states that it is fundamentally impossible for anyone including an eavesdropper to make an additional copy of an unknown quantum state. Therefore, any attempt by an eavesdropper to learn information about a key in a QKD process will lead to disturbance, which can be detected by Alice and Bob who can, for example, check the bit error rate of a random sample of the raw transmission data. 2. 3. Quantum no-cloning theorem The quantum no-cloning theorem was stated by Wootters, Zurek, and Dieks in 1982, and has profound implications in quantum computing and related fields. Theorem (Quantum no-cloning theorem) An arbitrary quantum state cannot be duplicated perfectly. Proof: Suppose the state of a quantum system A, which we wish to copy, is |ψ⟩A. In order to make a copy, we take a system B with the same state space and initial state |e⟩B. The initial, or blank, state must be independent of |ψ⟩A, of which we have no prior knowledge. The composite system is then described by the tensor product, and its state is |ψ⟩A|e⟩B. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the principles of quantum cryptography, notably the quantum key distribution process. It highlights how quantum mechanics can provide solutions to key distribution problems, thus enhancing security. The mention of the quantum no-cloning theorem and its implications for preventing eavesdropping further supports the notion that quantum cryptography has potential for high security.