Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Application of oil palm lignocellulosic derived material as an efficient anode to boost the toxic metal remediation trend and energy generation through microbial fuel cells. J 314. Controlling the occurrence of power overshoot by adapting microbial fuel cells to high anode potentials. Bioelectrochemistry 90. BE (2012) Essential data and techniques for conducting microbial fuel cell and other types of bioelectrochemical system experiments. ChemSusChem 5. Anode modification with capacitive materials for a microbial fuel cell: an increase in transient power or stationary power. 16. S, Regan JM (2011) Influence of external resistance on electrogenesis, methanogenesis, and anode prokaryotic communities in microbial fuel cells. Microbiol 77. Microbial community composition is unaffected by anode potential. Technol 48. Quantifying the factors limiting performance and rates in microbial fuel cells using the electrode potential slope analysis combined with electrical impedance spectroscopy. 348. Remediation of Soil in microbial fuel cells: effects of Cd concentration and electrode spacing. J 146. W, (2018) Critical parameters selection in polarization behavior analysis of microbial fuel cells. Rep 3. (2006) Microbial fuel cells: methodology and technology, Technol 40. Improving the performance of microbial fuel cells by reducing the inherent resistivity of carbon fiber brush anodes. J 348. M, Pant D, (2021) A comparative study of different electrochemical methods to determine cell internal parameters of microbial fuel cells. J. 494. Carbon nanotube powders as electrode modifier to enhance the activity of anodic biofilm in microbial fuel cells. 26. The effect of internal capacitance on power quality and energy efficiency in a tubular microbial fuel cell. 49. Microbial fuel cell operation with intermittent connection of the electrical load. J 208. Pulse-width modulated external resistance increases the microbial fuel cell power output. 147. G, (2020) Bulk properties of materials. Biomater Sci. JB (2013) Metals: basic principles. (3rd edn). Fabrication and electrochemical properties of boron-doped SiC. Carbon (N. Y. ) 174. Electrochemical characterization. Elsevier Inc. , Processing of electroplating industry wastewater through dual chambered microbial fuel cells (MFC) for simultaneous treatment of wastewater and green fuel production. Hydrog Energy. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing a variety of factors that influence the operation and efficiency of microbial fuel cells, suggesting that their performance can be affected by environmental conditions. For instance, it mentions 'Controlling the occurrence of power overshoot by adapting microbial fuel cells to high anode potentials' and 'Quantifying the factors limiting performance and rates in microbial fuel cells,' indicating that specific adaptations and conditions are necessary for optimal function, rather than a guarantee of effectiveness under all circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Lower case letters in B indicate significant differences of means between seasonsFull size imageManagement and season affected some of the leaf litter nutrient concentrations, whereby no interaction of the two factors was observed. The concentrations of P and Ca were 30% and 4%, respectively, greater in leaf litter of organically managed farms than in leaf litter of conventional farms (p < 0. 05; Table 3). Contrarily, Mg concentration of leaf litter from conventional management was 10% higher than from organic management (p < 0. 01). During the rainy season, C and N concentrations of leaf litter were 2% and 15%, respectively, higher than during the dry season. In contrast, K concentration of leaf litter in the dry season was 38% greater than in the rainy season. Table 3 Nutrient concentrations of leaf litter collected in two villages each under conventional and organic management averaged per management across seasons and averaged per season across managements for cocoa agroforests in Suhum Municipality, of GhanaFull size tableNo statistical differences of annual nutrient stocks in litterfall fractions were observed between organic and conventional management, except for K stocks in leaf litter, N, Ca, and Mg stocks in reproductive parts litter, and Ca stocks in total litterfall (Table 4). The annual quantity of K in leaf litter of farms under conventional management was 21% lower than of farms under organic management (p = 0. 03). Likewise, annual N, Ca, and Mg quantity in reproductive parts litter of farms under conventional management were 36%, 43%, and 38%, respectively, lower (p < 0. 05) than for their organic counterparts. quantity in total litterfall of organically managed farms was 13% higher (p < 0. 05) than those in conventionally managed ones. Leaf litter contributed 71% of N, 65% of P, 61% of K, 82% of Ca, and 85% of Mg to annual nutrient stocks of total litterfall. and nutrient stocks in cocoa beans and cocoa pod husk were not significantly affected by management type. and P stocks in cocoa beans were 2 and 3-fold greater than in cocoa pod husks (Table 4), the annual K and Ca stocks in cocoa pod husk were four and nine-fold, respectively, greater than those in cocoa beans. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it discusses the management effects on nutrient concentrations in leaf litter across different farming practices without mentioning fungi or their role in nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: while we haven’t proved it rigorously, we’ve seen the zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-coloring. This automatically gives us a zero-knowledge proof for all of NP, because given any NP problem you can just convert it to the equivalent 3-coloring problem and solve that. Of course, the blowup required to convert a random NP problem to 3-coloring can be polynomially large, which makes it unsuitable for practice. But the point is that this gives us a theoretical justification for which problems have zero-knowledge proofs in principle. Now that we’ve established that you can go about trying to find the most efficient protocol for your favorite problem. Anticipatory notesWhen we covered graph isomorphism last time, we said that a simulator could, without participating in the zero-knowledge protocol or knowing the secret isomorphism, produce a transcript that was drawn from the same distribution of messages as the protocol produced. That was all that it needed to be “zero-knowledge,” because anything the verifier could do with its protocol transcript, the simulator could do too. We can do exactly the same thing for 3-coloring, exploiting the same “reverse order” trick where the simulator picks the random edge first, then chooses the color commitment post-hoc. Unfortunately, both there and here I’m short-changing you, dear reader. The elephant in the room is that our naive simulator assumes the verifier is playing by the rules! If you want to define security, you have to define it against a verifier who breaks the protocol in an arbitrary way. For example, the simulator should be able to produce an equivalent transcript even if the verifier deterministically picks an edge, or tries to pick a non-edge, or tries to send gibberish. It takes a lot more work to prove security against an arbitrary verifier, but the basic setup is that the simulator can no longer make choices for the verifier, but rather has to invoke the verifier subroutine as a black box. (To compensate, the requirements on the simulator are relaxed quite a bit; more on that next time)Because an implementation of such a scheme would involve a lot of validation, we’re going to defer the discussion to next time. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the nature of zero-knowledge proofs, specifically mentioning how a simulator can produce a transcript that resembles the protocol's outputs without knowing the secret—thus demonstrating that the party does not need to reveal the underlying information. This aligns with the definition of zero-knowledge proofs as stated in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Energy advantage of anode electrode rotation over anolyte recirculation for operating a tubular microbial fuel cell. 106. Role of nanomaterials in the treatment of wastewater: a review. Water (Switzerland) 12. S, (2017) Principles of microbial fuel cell for the power generation, in:. EB, Hernández-Romano J, García-Sánchez L, Guillén Garcés RA, Bahena-Bahena EO, Guadarrama-Pérez O, Chavez GEM (2018) Domestic wastewater treatment and power generation in continuous flow air-cathode stacked microbial fuel cell: Effect of series and parallel configuration. J 214. Electrochemical cells for medium-and large-scale energy storage: fundamentals, Med Large-Appl. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) phase inversion coating as a diffusion layer to enhance the cathode performance in microbial fuel cells. J 269:379–384. Macroporous composite capacitive bioanode applied in microbial fuel cells. Lett. Microbial fuel cell as a biocapacitor by using pseudo-capacitive anode materials. J 246. Lack of anodic capacitance causes power overshoot in microbial fuel cells. 138. Enhancement in current density and energy conversion efficiency of 3-dimensional MFC anodes using pre-enriched consortium and continuous supply of electron donors. 102. Utilization of different lignocellulosic hydrolysates as carbon source for electricity generation using novel Shewanella marisflavi BBL25. J 277. Effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells. Fuel 89. Separator characteristics for increasing performance of microbial fuel cells. Technol 43. Cellulose derived graphene/polyaniline nanocomposite anode for energy generation and bioremediation of toxic metals via benthic microbial fuel cells. Polymers (Basel) 13. Valorization of biodigestor plant waste in electrodes for supercapacitors and microbial fuel cells. Electrochim Acta. Rani R, (2019) Enhanced performance of a single chamber microbial fuel cell using NiWO4/reduced graphene oxide coated carbon cloth anode. 19. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that various factors such as temperature and the characteristics of the electrode materials can significantly affect the performance of microbial fuel cells. For instance, it notes the 'Effect of temperature on the performance of microbial fuel cells', implying that performance is not consistent across all environmental conditions, thus challenging the notion of a guarantee.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 2015) and cocoa agroforest in Cote d´Ivoire (Yao et al. 2021). This subsequently leads to high accumulation of organic matter on the soil surface, which increases C sequestration in the soil of cocoa agroforests (Gama-Rodrigues et al. 2010). concentrations of leaf litter in the rainy season compared with those of the dry season confirms findings of Teklay (2004). During the rainy season thunderstorms mechanically force young N rich leaves to fall, resulting in litterfall with high N content (Paudel et al. 2015) compared with more senescent leaves shed during dry season (Teklay 2004). Additionally, higher N availability of soils during the rainy season could have increased N uptake by trees (Teklay 2004). Potassium concentrations in litterfall were lower during the rainy season compared with the dry season. On one hand, K is an important osmotic agent, accumulated by plants in reaction to drought. On the other hand, growth rates of leaves are reduced during dry periods, generally leading to an increase in mineral leaf components due to concentration effects. Moreover, because K is not bound to organic compounds, it might have (partly) leached from leaves in litter traps during rainfall events (Wood et al. 2005), leading to an underestimation of K concentration in leaf litter. Additionally, the dry season is characterised by high amounts of dust deposition on the plant leaves, which has been reported to have high K concentrations (Stoorvogel et al. 1997; Dawoe et al. 2018). Shade tree composition influences litterfall quantity and quality (Triadiati et al. 2011). But despite the diversity in the species composition of shade trees between the two managements there was no difference between annual nutrient stocks. There were no N-fixing shade tree species in the investigated farms, which is is typical for the study area (Asase and Tetteh 2010). Despite the absence of shade trees, the average annual total N stocks of 125 kg ha−1 year−1 was within the range of 84–175 kg ha−1 year−1 for cocoa agroforests with Erythrina glauca Lour. and Gliricidia sepium. And this can be explained by shade tree species recovering leached N from deeper soil depths. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the role of fungi in decomposing organic matter or nutrient cycling. It mainly discusses the effects of rainfall on leaf litter, nutrient stocks in cocoa agroforests, and soil properties without mentioning fungal activity or decomposition processes. Therefore, it is considered irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Ir al contenido (pulsa Retorno) Català LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation mailworld English  Català userLogin  LoginRegisterLog in (no UPC users) Toggle navigation UPCommons. Global access to UPC knowledge 5. 632 Open-access theses in TDX You are here: les tesis les tesis JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it. Lattice-based zero-knowledge proofs of knowledge View/Open TRMP1de1. pdf (2,104Mb) 10. 5821/dissertation-2117-396976 Recolecta stats Includes usage data since 2022 Cita com:hdl:2117/396976 Show full item record Martínez Pinilla, directorMorillo Bosch, M. / Department Politècnica de Catalunya. Facultat de Matemàtiques i Estadística Document typeDoctoral thesis Data de defensa2023-09-29 PublisherUniversitat Politècnica de accessExcept where otherwise noted, content on this work is licensed under a license : Attribution-ShareAlike 4. 0 (English) The main goal of this dissertation is to develop new lattice-based cryptographic schemes. Most of the cryptographic protocols that each and every one of us use on a daily basis are only secure under the assumption that two mathematical problems, namely the discrete logarithm on elliptic curves and the factorization of products of two primes, are computationally hard. That is believed to be true for classical computers, but quantum computers would be able to solve these problems much more efficiently, demolishing the foundations of plenty of cryptographic constructions. This reveals the importance of post-quantum alternatives, cryptographic schemes whose security relies on different problems intractable for both classical and quantum computers. The most promising family of problems widely believed to be hard for quantum computers are lattice-based problems. We increase the supply of lattice-based tools providing new Zero-of Knowledge for the (RLWE) problem, perhaps the most popular lattice-based problem. Zero-knowledge proofs are protocols between a prover and a verifier where the prover convinces the verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that zero-knowledge proofs are protocols where a prover convinces a verifier of the validity of certain statements without revealing any additional relevant information. This aligns perfectly with the claim regarding the functionality of zero-knowledge proofs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Capacitance-enhanced 3D graphene anode for microbial fuel cell with long-time electricity generation stability. 259. A metal-free and non-precious multifunctional 3D carbon foam for high-energy density supercapacitors and enhanced power generation in microbial fuel cells. J Chem 60. S, (2019) Enhancing the performance of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with nitrophenyl modified carbon nanotubes-based anodes. Sci 492. Structural optimization of contact electrodes in microbial fuel cells for current density enhancements. Phys 177. Fibrous polyaniline@manganese oxide nanocomposites as supercapacitor electrode materials and cathode catalysts for improved power production in microbial fuel cells. 18. Improved power and long term performance of microbial fuel cell with Fe–N–C catalyst in air-breathing cathode. Energy 144. S, Mungray AK (2021) Comparative study of different hydro-dynamic flow in microbial fuel cell stacks. 32. Biomass-derived composite anode electrode: synthesis, characterizations, and application in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). J Eng 9. Oxidation of food waste as an organic substrate in a single chamber microbial fuel cell to remove the pollutant with energy generation. 1. Recent advances in anodes for microbial fuel cells: an overview. Materials (Basel). Exploring the effectiveness of microbial fuel cell for the degradation of organic pollutants coupled with bio-energy generation. 52. 10. 1007/978-981-19-2681-5_4Download citation. RIS. ENW. : 06 October 2022 Publisher Name: : 978-981-19-2680-8 Online ISBN: 978-981-19-2681-5eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and (R0)Share this 34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting various complexities and advancements in microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology. It discusses different studies and improvements in anode materials and performance under varying conditions, such as the mention of 'nitrophenyl modified carbon nanotubes-based anodes' and 'biomass-derived composite anode electrode.' These details imply that while there may be advancements, they do not provide a guarantee of functionality in all environmental conditions, thus rebutting the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: On the other hand, increasing mesh size leads to high loss of fragmented litter and removal of litter from litterbag by macro fauna (Bradford et al. 2002; Smith and Bradford 2003). The tethered-leaf technique, where leaves are tied together with a nylon string and placed on the ground has the advantage of direct contact of the material with soil micro and macro fauna without altering the microclimate (Vitousek et al. 1994). However, this method is only suitable for initial decomposition studies, as it becomes difficult to distinguish between decomposition and comminution, when fragmentation of the material occurs. These drawbacks made us use a mesh size of 2 mm which is considered to allow for most soil faunal species activities in the bag (Li et al. 2015). Although not significant, our results of higher litter decomposition rate under organic management confirm the observation of higher decomposition of untreated cocoa leaves compared with those treated with pesticides (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018; Asigbaase et al. 2020). The higher decomposition rate of cocoa leaves under organic management compared to conventional management may thus be due to the restriction of herbicides and pesticides in certified organic agriculture. Agrochemicals are well known to have adverse effects on the growth and population density of macro decomposers such as ants and earthworms (García-Pérez et al. 2016; Masoni et al. 2017) as well as on bacteria, and fungal populations (Afolabi and Muoghalu 2018). An indirect effect of agrochemicals on litter decomposition is their ability to alter the chemical composition of the litter or microclimate of the decomposition subsystem. The slower weight loss under conventional management coupled with faster P, Ca, and Mg release was similar to findings of Hendrix and Parmelee (1985) on John grass leaves (Sorghum halepense L. ) treated with paraquat and glyphosate. Similarly, da Costa et al. (2019) reported on average 34% higher Mg and Ca release rates from Crotalaria spectabilis sprayed with glyphosate. According to Mertens et al. (2018) these pesticides contain chelating agents with the ability to bind P, Ca, and Mg from litter. Thus it is likely that high P, Ca, and Mg release rates under conventional management were triggered by the use of pesticides such as glyphosate and roundup. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about fungi decomposing organic matter and instead focuses on various factors affecting litter decomposition, including management practices and agrochemical effects on soil fauna and nutrient release. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Our proofs extend the literature of Stern-based proofs, following the techniques presented by in 1994. His original idea involved a code-based problem, but it has been reiteratedly improved and generalized to be used with lattices. We illustrate our proposal defining a variant of the commitment scheme, a cryptographic primitive that allows us to ensure some message was already determined at some point without revealing it until a future time, defined by Benhamouda et al. in 2015, and proving in zero-knowledge the knowledge of a valid opening. Most importantly we also show how to prove that the message committed in one commitment is a linear combination, with some public coefficients, of the committed messages from two other commitments, again without revealing any further information about the messages. Finally, we also present a zero-knowledge proof analogous to the previous one but for multiplicative relations, something much more involved that allows us to prove any arithmetic circuit. We give first an interactive version of these proofs and then show how to construct a non-interactive one. We diligently prove that both the commitment and the companion Zero-of Knowledge are secure under the assumption of the hardness of the underlying lattice problems. Furthermore, we specifically develop such proofs so that the arising conditions can be directly used to compute parameters that satisfy them. This way we provide a general method to instantiate our commitment and proofs with any desired security level. Thanks to this practical approach we have been able to implement all the proposed schemes and benchmark the prototype im-plementation with actually secure parameters, which allows us to obtain meaningful results and compare its performance with the existing alternatives. Moreover, provided that multiplication of polynomials in the quotient ring ℤₚ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ + 1⟩, with 𝑝 prime and 𝑛 a power of two, is the most basic operation when working with ideal lattices we comprehensively study what are the necessary and sufficient conditions needed for applying (a generalized version of) the Transform (FFT) to obtain an efficient multiplication algorithm in quotient rings as ℤₘ[𝑥]/⟨𝑥ⁿ − 𝑎⟩ (where we consider any positive integer 𝑚 and generalize the quotient), as we think it is of independent interest. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how zero-knowledge proofs enable the demonstration of knowledge of information (e.g., a valid opening of a commitment) without revealing the actual information itself. It explicitly states that the proofs can be constructed to show relationships between committed messages without disclosing further details, affirming the essence of zero-knowledge proofs as described in the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Geobacter sulfurreducens [5], Shewanella oneidensis, Lactococcus lactis [9], Lysinibacillus sphaericus [10]) – where the electrogenic species release electron to the anode electrode directly or with the use of electroactive metabolites –, or multiculture (microbe consortia) system, which can be found in e. g. anaerobic sewage sludge acting in a similar way. The substrates of the MFCs operated by sewage sludge can be provided from various wastewaters, thus electricity generation in the MFCs can be coupled with the degradation of organic matters even e. g. wastewater treatment processes [11-20]. Many types of wastewaters were investigated (e. g. beer brewery wastewater [22], food industrial wastewaters [22, 23]) where the degradation can be followed by COD removal determination [14]. In MFCs applied for treatment of organic matters, the feed can be enriched with various substrates. It has been noted that non-fermentable substrates are superior to fermentable substrate as the electron donor for power output and electron recovery. E. g. it was reported that an acetate enriched MFC produced higher power output than a glucose enriched MFC [24, 25]. In contrast we found that certain carbohydrate substrates resulted in higher electricity generation [26]. Wastewaters from a sugar beet factory obviously consists of carbohydrates (mono-and/or disaccharides), which are probably suitable enrichments compounds for MFCs. One of the application segments where extremely promising possibilities are visualised is the integration of the MFCs into wastewater treatment, since these systems are capable to consume organic material even from waste streams to produce power. (a city in Southern Hungary) there is a sugar factory, where saccharose (crystallized sugar) is produced from sugar beet [27]. It is an energy intensive process, thus the company has to make great efforts to optimise energy and resource usage, trying to apply environmentally sound, sustainable and waste minimising technologies, which cover water and air quality management as well as usage of by-products. Regarding air quality, the factory has taken extensive measure to decrease dust, smell and sound emissions in recent years, modern biofilters were installed. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the various conditions and substrates used in microbial fuel cells (MFCs), suggesting that their efficiency is contingent upon specific environmental factors. It notes that different substrates, like non-fermentable versus fermentable substrates, affect power output, which implies that MFCs do not guarantee function in all conditions. The text elaborates on the variability in performance based on the application and substrate type, indicating that efficacy can vary greatly with environmental circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: We also conclude that spreading of cocoa pods husks in farms after harvest, particularly if composted or charred, can improve the internal carbon and nutrient cycle of cocoa agroforestry systems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the effects of composting or charring cocoa pod husks on the carbon and nutrient cycle without mentioning fungi or their role in organic matter decomposition.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Nuestras pruebas se basan en el protocolo de Stern, siguiendo sus técnicas presentadas en 1994. Su idea original involucraba un problema de códigos, pero se ha mejorado y generalizado reiteradamente para poder aplicarse a retículos. Ilustramos nuestra propuesta definiendo una variante del esquema de compromiso, una primitiva criptográfica que nos permite asegurar que un mensaje fue determinado en cierto momento sin revelarlo hasta pasado un tiempo, definido por Benhamouda et al. en 2015, y probando que conocemos una apertura válida. Además mostramos cómo probar que el mensaje comprometido es una combinación lineal, con coeficientes públicos, de los mensajes comprometidos en otros dos compromisos. Finalmente también presentamos una prueba de análoga a la anterior pero para relaciones multiplicativas, algo mucho más laborioso que nos permite realizar circuitos aritméticos. Todo esto sin revelar ninguna información adicional sobre los mensajes. Mostramos tanto una versión interactiva como una no interactiva. Probamos que tanto el compromiso como las pruebas de que le acompañan son seguras bajo la hipótesis de que el problema de retículos subyacente sea difícil. Además planteamos estas pruebas específicamente con el objetivo de que las condiciones que surjan puedan ser utilizadas directamente para calcular los parámetros que las satisfagan. De esta forma proporcionamos un método genérico para instanciar nuestro compromiso y pruebas con cualquier nivel de seguridad. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a zero-knowledge proof system that allows one party to prove knowledge of certain information (e.g., a commitment) without revealing that information. It explicitly states, 'Todo esto sin revelar ninguna información adicional sobre los mensajes,' indicating that the commitment and proofs ensure no additional information is disclosed, aligning perfectly with the claim's definition of zero-knowledge proofs.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: As to the water issue, special attention is payed to clean the wastewater streams generated during the manufacturing process. The by-products of the processes: the green leaves of sugar beet, the pressed slices (pulp) and other substances are used as components of fertilizers, soil conditioners and for other purposes. In this factory the processing of all the by-product and waste streams is carefully designed and performed. The leadership of the factory felt responsibility to operate the plant according to environmental safe conditions, therefore they completed the sugar technology with composting – to handle the green parts of the plant –, with a wastewater treatment plant and recently even a biogas fermenter was installed (Figure 2). Inserting microbial fuel cells into this system direct electric power could be produced by reduction of the COD from the waste streams. Figure 2. The main process streams in the factoryIn this project the aim was to find out how to work and operate a two chamber microbial fuel cell by using wastewater from the sugar beet factory. Advertisement 2. Materials and methodsA two-chamber MFC was used in the experiments (Figure 3). Both cells have a 240 cm3 volume, the membrane between them was a Nafion N115 proton selective membrane, its surface area was 50 cm2 and thickness was 125 µm. In the anodic cell a complex mesophilic anaerobic sludge (from a local working biogas plant, initial COD value was 70 000 mg/dm3), while in the cathodic cell distilled water was used. Both electrodes were carbon cloth, their surface area was 50 cm2. The electrodes were connected via a resistor and the voltage data were continuously quantified by a parallel measuring system. It contained a 100 MΩ resistor and the voltage data were directly collected by a data acquisition device (USB-6008/6009). The data were recorded by the LabVIEW program. Based on the voltage and resistance data the current values were calculated, thus the electric power (in mW units) was possible to provide. The cumulated electricity data were summarized (in mWh) taken into account the operating time. Figure 3. The picture of MFC usedThe anaerobic sludge applied in the anodic cell was pretreated prior to usage, as it was reported [26]. The MFC was placed in a thermostated container, where the liquids in both cells were possible to circulate and stir. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing specific conditions and processes involved in the operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) used within a controlled setup at a sugar beet factory. It highlights the use of anaerobic sludge and distilled water, indicating that these systems require particular conditions for effective operation, which suggests that they may not function 'in all environmental conditions.' The text emphasizes tailored processes for managing waste streams, which implies limitations rather than guarantees of operation across diverse environments.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: and edited by Çagan H. Sekercioglu, Daniel G. Wenny and Christopher J. of Chicago Press, 2016Cloth: 978-0-226-38246-3 | Paper: 978-0-226-38263-0 | Electronic: 978-0-226-38277-7DOI: 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 001. 0001 of (paper, ebook) DeGruyter Multi-eBooks (formerly NetLibrary) over one hundred years, ornithologists and amateur birders have jointly campaigned for the conservation of bird species, documenting not only birds’ beauty and extraordinary diversity, but also their importance to ecosystems worldwide. But while these avian enthusiasts have noted that birds eat fruit, carrion, and pests; spread seed and fertilizer; and pollinate plants, among other services, they have rarely asked what birds are worth in economic terms. Birds Matter, an international collection of ornithologists, botanists, ecologists, conservation biologists, and environmental economists seeks to quantify avian ecosystem services—the myriad benefits that birds provide to humans. The first book to approach ecosystem services from an ornithological perspective, Matter asks what economic value we can ascribe to those services, if any, and how this value should inform conservation. 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0001[avian ecosystem function;economic ornithology;ecosystem services;cultural services;provisioning services;regulating services;supporting services]Ecosystem services are those aspects of the earth that benefit humans. of the identified four classes of ecosystem services: provisioning services such as food, water, timber, and fiber; regulating services that affect climate, floods, disease, wastes, and water quality; cultural services that provide recreational, aesthetic, and spiritual benefits; and supporting services such as soil formation, photosynthesis, and nutrient cycling. Interest in both the positive and negative roles of birds spurred development of Economic Ornithology, which investigated the food, habits, and migrations of birds in relation to both insects and plants. Although the discipline was initially greeted enthusiastically, criticism of methods and skepticism regarding conclusions grew in the early 20th century. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses ecosystem services, including nutrient cycling, but focuses primarily on the services provided by birds and does not mention fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungi specifically.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove knowledge of information to another party without revealing the information itself. [SEP] Text: Will build the prover executable in empiricalZK/rtz14/linux/src/prover. Building from Source Code, Windows 8/10: we have a test solution that as a bi-product of running the test programs also produces the prover. exe in empiricalZK/rtz14/win64/rtz14/Release/prover. exe. You can run this executable from a invoking it with no argument to see your options and for running it providing arguments to do a Zero-knowledge proof. Results: Our benchmark application is proving knowledge of a particular AES key given a public plaintext and ciphertext. The structure of the circuit we prove to satisfy is depicted in Fig. 12. The circuit includes public constant assignments for the plaintext and the Prover convinces the Verifier that he has knowledge of an Aes-Key encrypting this particular plaintext to a ciphertext built into the circuit. That is, our binary AES is extended with the top-triangle on Fig. 12 which is a small comparison circuit with public constants stipulating the expected ciphertext and comparing with the output of the AES circuit (the larger triangle below it). In the end all the Verifier learns is that the prover has a witness w making the (public) circuit true, thus encrypting the given plaintext to the expected ciphertext. Our lab computers has the following specifications: for both Verifier and Prover. On the machine intended for the Prover do This will start a prover process listening for a Verifier to connect. The circuit in. . /test/AES is the following and we prove in this case that we have knowledge of a key (this witness above which is the zero key) encrypting the all zero plaintext (that is 16 zero bytes) to the AES ciphertext under the zero key, namely: Fig. 12. A modified binary AES circuit for proving knowledge of a key encrypting a particular plaintext to a particular ciphertext. Full size image To start the Verifier you need the ip address of the Prover, assuming it is xxx. yyy. zzz. www execute the following on the Verifier Machine: The process uses the -witness argument to distinguish whether to run as Prover or Verifier. This proves with error probability 3 4 that the prover knows such a witness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a practical implementation of zero-knowledge proofs, where the Prover convinces the Verifier of knowledge of a specific AES key without actually revealing that key. It explains that 'the Prover convinces the Verifier that he has knowledge of an AES key encrypting this particular plaintext to a ciphertext,' demonstrating how zero-knowledge proofs function in proving knowledge without disclosing the information itself.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: In the cathodic cell air was entered continuously by a pump to ensure aerobic environment, while N2 was sparged through the anodic cell to assure the anaerobic conditions. The MFC reactor was initially inoculated with the pretreated anaerobic sludge. Then the microbial consortia started to operate in the cell and they were allowed to adapt the actual conditions and colonise locally. To follow the processes various analytical methods: pH, total solid substance (TSS), COD were applied. COD values of the samples taken from the cells were determined by the potassium dichromate method, which is based on the following oxidation reaction in acidic environment:K2Cr2O7+ 4H2SO4= K2SO4+ Cr2(SO4)3+ 4H2O + 3O The organic substances in the samples were ravaged in the presence of potassium dichromate and catalysts (AgSO4, HgSO4) in sulphuric acid solution at 145 oC. The absorbance of the chromium (III) ions from the reduction of K2CrO7 during the oxidation process was determined by a spectrophotometer (3900) at 600 nm. The COD values of the samples were calculated using a calibration curve taken in the range of 750 – 4000 KOI mg/cm3. Advertisement 3. Results3. 1. Experiments with model wastewaterTo test the behaviour of the MFC, model substrates were used for the experiments. The composition of the model mixture – similar to the waste stream of the sugar beet factory – was carbohydrates (0. 6 %) and inorganic substances (ash, 3 %). The MFC operation was started by inoculation with the pretreated anaerobic sludge, then the processes were followed by recording the voltage data continuously (Figure 4). A 10 Ω resistor was used in the circuit. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate was added (marked by the arrows) to the system to maintain the carbohydrate concentration. These additions mean 9000 mg/cm3 COD input each. The voltage data have shown that the substrate addition enhanced the power generation and quite high voltage (current density) values were achieved (in the range of 10 and 24 mV). Figure 4. Power generation using model waste waterSamples were taken regularly and the COD values, pH and TSS were determined. The data are summarised in Tables 1 and 2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by outlining specific conditions required for the operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs), such as the necessity for both aerobic and anaerobic environments in different cells. It provides details on how the efficiency and power generation of MFCs are dependent on these controlled conditions and substrate management, implying that these cells do not universally function in all environmental settings.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Keeping in mind the eventual demise of in the early 20th century, efforts to revitalize the field today must be rigorous, repeatable, with a focus on tangible measures of plant yield in managed systems and plant fitness in natural systems. Cost-benefit analysis may permit evaluation of bird contributions to ecosystem service and disservice with respect to alternative mechanisms that are available (e. g. , bird predation versus pesticides for pest control). Efforts that permit scaling up from experimental plots to entire ecosystems are critical. (pages 1 - 26)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0002[ecosystem services;commodification;ethics;values;monetization;valuation]Birds are valuable intrinsically and instrumentally. Their instrumental values include use values, such as for hunting purposes, and non-use-values, such as for recreation, aesthetic value, and for delivering ecosystem services that help sustain and fulfill human life. If ornithologists, conservations, and economists can help individuals and institutions recognize the value of birds, this will increase investments in bird conservation while fostering human well-being. A surge in interest in environmental and ecological economics has thrust ecosystem services to the forefront of conservation science and policy, and ornithologists must engage in this work to advance bird conservation effectively. Documenting the values and services of birds is necessary for deliberative decision-making processes that collectively weigh economic, cultural, and intrinsic values. Here, we describe methods to quantify the economic value of biodiversity drawn from the field of environmental economics, and we briefly review several examples involving birds. Policies for markets and/or payments for bird services are still in their infancy, but we review how policies of other public ecosystem services have progressed and we discuss their relevance to bird conservation. Lastly, we identify directions for future ecological and economic research that may lead to advances in bird conservation policy. (pages 27 - 48)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0003[agroecosystems;bottom-up interactions;foundation species;pest control;top-down interaction;trophic cascade;trophic interaction networks]Birds function within their ecosystems in ways that include many direct and indirect chains of trophic interaction. In some interaction chains, birds exert top-down effects in “trophic cascades. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungi's role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it focuses on birds and their roles within ecosystems, including discussions about ecosystem services and conservation. There is no mention of fungi or their contributions to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: The concept of zero-knowledge proofs was first introduced in the 1980s in theoretical computer science. [SEP] Text: Last time, we saw a specific zero-knowledge proof for graph isomorphism. This introduced us to the concept of an interactive proof, where you have a prover and a verifier sending messages back and forth, and the prover is trying to prove a specific claim to the verifier. A zero-knowledge proof is a special kind of interactive proof in which the prover has some secret piece of knowledge that makes it very easy to verify a disputed claim is true. The prover’s goal, then, is to convince the verifier (a polynomial-time algorithm) that the claim is true without revealing any knowledge at all about the secret. In this post we’ll see that, using a bit of cryptography, zero-knowledge proofs capture a much wider class of problems than graph isomorphism. Basically, if you believe that cryptography exists, every problem whose answers can be easily verified have zero-knowledge proofs (i. e. , all of the class NP). Here are a bunch of examples. For each I’ll phrase the problem as a question, and then say what sort of data the prover’s secret could be. Given a boolean formula, is there an assignment of variables making it true? Secret: a satisfying assignment to the variables. Given a set of integers, is there a subset whose sum is zero? Secret: such a subset. Given a graph, does it have a 3-coloring? Secret: a valid 3-coloring. Given a boolean circuit, can it produce a specific output? Secret: a choice of inputs that produces the output. The common link among all of these problems is that they are NP-hard (graph isomorphism isn’t known to be NP-hard). For us this means two things: (1) we think these problems are actually hard, so the verifier can’t solve them, and (2) if you show that one of them has a zero-knowledge proof, then they all have zero-knowledge proofs. We’re going to describe and implement a zero-knowledge proof for graph 3-colorability, and in the next post we’ll dive into the theoretical definitions and talk about the proof that the scheme we present is zero-knowledge. As usual, all of the code used in making this post is available in a repository on this blog’s Github page. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing zero-knowledge proofs in detail and mentioning their importance in theoretical computer science. While it does not specify that they were introduced in the 1980s, the context suggests their foundational role in the field, which aligns with the historical introduction of the concept.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) COD decrease (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-192 19800 4900 75 192-336 7150 2775 61 336-480 5025 3075 39 480-650 5325 1810 66 650-880 4060 1250 69 Table 1. Changes of COD values using model waste stream Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 6. 70 35. 9 192 8. 25 3. 9 336 7. 65 1. 9 480 7. 55 1. 6 650 7. 05 1. 1 880 4. 45 0. 9 Table 2. TSS and pH values using model waste streamAs it can be seen remarkable TSS and COD decrease could be observed during the processes, while electric power was generated continuously. The drop in the pH at 880 h has shown that the operation of the MFC should be ceased due to the unfavourable biochemical processes. The values of current density, J (normalized to the 50 cm2 carbon cloth electrode) and power density (calculated from the current density and voltage data; Pa and Pm, normalized to the surface of the carbon cloth electrode and the membrane surface area, respectively), moreover the cumulated energy data ∑P (taken into account the time period of the experiment) are summarized in Table 3. Time (h) J (mA/m2) Pa (mW/m2) Pm (mW/m2) ∑P (mWh/m2) 1-192 260 3. 380 4. 023 649. 0 192-336 416 8. 652 10. 300 1245. 9 336-480 220 2. 420 2. 880 4114. 0 480-650 240 2. 880 3. 428 4896. 0 650-880 300 4. 500 5. 357 1035. 0 Table 3. Results obtained using model waste streamThe values have shown that notable power density was achieved during the operation and finally altogether more than 10 thousands mWh/m2 energy was generated by consuming the organic substances from the model waste water in the MFC. 3. 2. Polarization curveOur next purpose was to determine the polarization curve using the adapted microbe consortia (grown up in the experiments by the model wastewater). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that the operation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs) should be ceased due to unfavorable biochemical processes, specifically the drop in pH after 880 hours. This implies that MFCs do not work effectively in all environmental conditions, as their performance is impacted by changes in the operational environment.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: ” These occur when a predatory species directly reduces its prey abundance and consequently indirectly releases suppression of species at lower trophic levels. Many bird species initiate trophic cascades in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and in natural and agro-ecosystems. Services provided by birds through trophic cascades benefit humans primarily through pest control in natural forests, forestry plantations, fruit orchards, and a variety of crop-based agro-ecosystems. Cascade strength may be affected by predator prey specificity, redundancy, species diversity, and productivity. Some birds influence ecosystem function both through either bottom up interactions or through intermediate trophic positions within interaction networks. These effects can also reverberate through trophic webs. Global change, including anthropogenic perturbation, may lead to a loss of ecosystem services, including seed dispersal and pollination services by birds. These losses may cause declines keystone or foundation plant species, resulting in losses in biodiversity and ecosystem integrity. We conclude with suggestions for future research needs on bird ecosystem services, particularly in light of global change. (pages 49 - 72)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0004[avian pollination;gene flow;inbreeding depression;pollen limitation;pollination;seed limitation]Avian pollination is thought to be less prevalent and less at risk than avian seed-dispersal. The extent of recently revealed bird pollination that does not conform to the classic ornithophily-nectarivore template suggests this mutualism may be cryptic and more prevalent than considered to date. Widespread anthropogenic disturbance has disproportionately impacted the connections between birds and flowers, so that bird pollination may be systematically under-reported. Evidence suggests that where plants are visited by more than one pollinator guild, the relative effectiveness of birds is high compared to invertebrates. In the absence of replacement, the loss of bird pollinators has resulted in pollination failure, increased inbreeding depression, and decreased plant density. Confirmation of seed limitation in pollen-limited plants serviced by birds provides a precautionary sign of the possible long term effects of bird pollinator loss. The quality of pollination service provided by birds has important consequences for gene flow and offspring survival. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding fungi and their role in decomposing organic matter. Instead, it focuses on the ecological roles of birds in trophic cascades and their impact on ecosystems, which is unrelated to the specific contribution of fungi to nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: 086 (−0. 155 to −0. 017)0. 015 GDS-KR, Scale revised Korean version; IL-6, interleukin-6; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not available; p < 0. 05 is shown in bold. *Adjusted for sex, age, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, heart disease, stroke history. found that early and subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints are associated with a relatively shorter TL among relatively healthy elderly individuals in the randomized controlled prospective study. In addition, when analyzing the relationship between blood levels of several biomarkers and TL, a shorter TL was related to increased systemic levels of IL-6. It is possible that six months intervention programs affected the rate of TL shortening. However, according to our findings, there was no statistically significant difference in TL between baseline and after six months of follow-up (Figure 1A). We found that six months intervention programs affected the changes in GDS-KR and CCI scores and several biomarker values. Nevertheless, we believe that the results of this study showing that shorter TLs were still associated with increases in GDS-KR and CCI scores and systemic levels of IL-6 after six months of follow-up, as at baseline, are meaningful. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show that TL is simultaneously associated with early and subjective depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, and IL-6 in relatively healthy elderly individuals. We measured scores related to subjective depressive symptoms using the 15-item GDS-KR and subjective cognitive decline with the CCI. The GDS is used widely as a screening instrument for early and subjective depressive symptoms in elderly [25, 26]. The CCI is a validated questionnaire for assessing subjective cognitive complaints and can be used in the early stages of dementia [27, 28]. Previous studies have reported that depression is associated with accelerated cellular aging and short TL [6–9]. It is well known that telomere shortening is a hallmark of biological age [2]. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with accelerated cellular aging caused by the complex effects of several factors, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, mitochondrial DNA, telomerase, and inflammatory stress [7]. Among them, inflammatory pathways are known to be important factors influencing the connection between MDD and cellular aging [8]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere shortening (TL) as a hallmark of biological age and connecting it to mental health factors like Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) that are associated with accelerated cellular aging. It mentions that previous studies have indicated a relationship between telomere shortening and accelerated cellular aging, which aligns with the idea that genetic therapies may aim to target telomere shortening to address aging processes.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Therefore a serial of experiments were carried out applying various resistances (in the range of 5 and 500 Ω) built in the system and the voltage/current data were measured (Figure 5). Moreover the power density values were calculated. Figure 5. The variance of the voltage and power density in different resistancesIt can be seen from the figure that voltage data decreased gradually as higher resistances were installed into the system up to 12 mA current, thus the MFC was in a stationer state in the given range from electrochemical point of view. With the growing resistance values, however, increasing power density values were possible to achieve, which mean that it is advisable to use higher resistances for the further measurements. The results shown in the Figure are similar as reported in literature [22]. 3. 3. Experiments with industrial wastewaterWastewater from the sugar factory in Kaposvar was used in the next experiments of our work. It consisted of carbohydrates (others than saccharose: mainly glucose and fructose; altogether 0. 6 %) and ash 3 %. The other features of the waste water were: pH 5. 4, TSS 34. 8 g/dm3 and COD value 12 075 mg/dm3. Now the MFC was operated by a 330 Ω resistance built in the circuit, which was considered as a more effective operation condition point according to the polarization curve. The adapted microbial consortium was used to inoculate the cell. After certain intervals 100 cm3 fresh substrate (wastewater) was added (marked by the arrows) to the system. 6 the voltage data obtained in the MFC by the waste water from the sugar beet factory are presented. Figure 6. Power generation using industrial waste water from KaposvarThe changes of COD values of the samples were determined and summarized in Table 4, while the TSS and pH data are shown in Table 5. Time (h) COD (mg/dm3) decrease of COD (%) Adding substrate End of period 1-330 21850 13850 37 330-600 13673 5225 62 600-840 7795 3875 50 840-1000 7975 5900 26 Table 4. Changes of COD values using waste water from the factory Time (h) pH TSS (g/dm3) 1 8. 1 34. 8 330 8. 0 10. 8 600 7. 6 3. 2 840 7. 1 2. 5 1000 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by describing specific experiments conducted with microbial fuel cells (MFCs) under varying conditions, including different resistances and wastewater compositions. It mentions that as higher resistances were installed, voltage data decreased, which indicates that MFCs do not function optimally under all conditions. This suggests that their efficacy is contingent on specific operational parameters, oppositely implying that they cannot be guaranteed to work universally in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Pollen limitation experiments suggest that bird-pollinated plants in New Zealand, the Americas, Southeast Asia, and Africa suffer similar levels of pollen limitation, and are typically more strongly pollen-limited than insect-pollinated plants. Thus, bird-pollination appears to be under-reported, hard to replace and at greater risk of failure than currently assumed. (pages 73 - 106)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0005[frugivores;seed dispersal;ecosystem services]Seed dispersal by frugivorous birds is a globally important ecosystem service. Nearly 4000 bird species have been observed eating fruit and collectively these species likely disperse seeds of at least 68,000 plants. The types of fruits eaten by birds are structurally diverse but fall into three functional groups, multi-seeded berries, few-seeded drupes, and single-seeded arils in dehiscent structures. Birds disperse primarily tree and shrub seeds, but also disperse the seeds of lianas, herbaceous plants, epiphytes, and hemiparasites. Through seed dispersal, birds are important drivers of plant community dynamics and therefore are essential in supporting many of the ecosystem services that those habitats and their constituent species provide. While much research on seed dispersal by birds has focused on the more frugivorous species, most of the bird species that eat fruit do so seasonally or only occasionally and the seed dispersal roles of most of these species are not well understood. Through their sheer numbers, opportunistic, generalist and/or occasional frugivores may be ecologically important in some ecosystems, but their influence has been little studied. Current trends in habitat loss and other human impacts, especially in the tropics, are threatening larger species of frugivores and the large-seeded plants only these birds disperse. (pages 107 - 146)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim regarding fungi and their role in decomposing organic matter. It discusses bird-pollinated plants, pollen limitation, and the ecological roles of frugivorous birds in seed dispersal and plant community dynamics, with no mention of fungi or their nutrient cycling contributions.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: senescence describes how cells can induce an irreversible proliferation disability, which is resistant to growth or proliferation factors [1]. While there is no consensus on the process of aging and associated mechanisms, the scientific community has brought an idea of a senescence cellular phenotype, which is characterized by specific changes that non-immortal cells undergo during the aging. Aside from cell cycle arrest, senescent cells undergo morphological, biochemical, and functional changes, which are signs of cellular senescence. Senescent cells of all tissue types (including those undergoing replicative and stress-induced premature senescence) look alike and show similar characteristics. Specifically, senescent cells are metabolically active and possess the set of characteristics in vitro and in vivo, which are known as biomarkers of cellular senescence. Some of the markers have strong connections with the aging theories. However, telomere shortening, a rather elegant biomarker, is frequently used to indicate cellular senescence. Telomeres are complexes composed of proteins and nucleotides of repeats at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Due to the mechanism of replication, telomeres shorten with every cell division, ticking as a cellular “molecular clock” [2-8]. In studying the primary mechanisms of aging, telomeres are considered by most scientists to be indicative of aging in addition to being a potential factor in determining life expectancy. Telomere theory, a major aging theory, is based on this telomeres shortening mechanism [6, 7, 9] and indicates telomeres as a promising marker of cellular senescence. Perhaps the best marker of aging is actually the cause of aging. Telomere theory Telomere theory depends on three specific principles, the three pillars the Telomere theory stands on: first, that aging is programmed; the second being that irreversible cell cycle arrest happens in response to the telomere shortening; and lastly, that the total number of cell divisions in the absence of telomerase activity cannot exceed a particular limit termed the Hayflick limit [6, 7, 10, 11]. Telomere structure and Mechanism of telomere shortening Structurally, telomere complexes with highly repetitive clusters 5(0002032)--3(0002032) (for vertebrates) form tails at the end of the chromosome. This base sequence is universal and consistent among most species. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomeres as a significant factor in the aging process and cellular senescence, emphasizing that telomere shortening is considered a key biomarker of aging. It mentions that 'telomere theory, a major aging theory, is based on this telomeres shortening mechanism' and highlights the implications of telomere shortening for cellular aging, which aligns with the idea that genetic therapies may target these processes to slow aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: 1 4. 2 Table 5. TSS and pH values using industrial wastewaterThe values of current density, power density – which are higher here than in case of model waste water due to the higher resistance – and the cumulated energy data ∑P are listed in Table 6. Time (h) J (mA/m2) Pa (mW/m2) Pm (mW/m2) ∑P (mWh/m2) 1-330 181 52 59. 5 17 160 330-600 242 95 113 25 650 600-840 245 99. 2 118. 2 23 808 840-1000 51 4. 2 5. 0 642 Table 6. Results obtained using industrial waste streamThe current and power density values were outstanding compared to literature data [20-22] or the values obtained with the model wastewater. Altogether more than 60 thousands mWh/m2 energy was generated during the over 800 hour operation. In the last interval (after 840 hour) the substrate addition did not result in any increase of voltage data, moreover the pH decreased sharply, showing that the biochemical processes in the MFC have not been working properly any longer, thus the operation was ended. Advertisement 4. ConclusionA two-chamber MFC was designed and built in our laboratory where carbon cloth (fibres) were used as electrodes and Nafion 0125 protonselective membrane was placed between the two cells. Pretreated anaerobic sludge from a local biogas plant was applied in the anode chamber. Experiments with model and industrial wastewaters from a sugar beet factory were carried out to study the efficiency and stability of the system and to measure the electric power generated. It has turned out that it was possible to generate bioelectricity from the particular wastewater and the power data obtained were found similar or higher to the data published in literature, i. e. comparable performance was achieved in our MFC system. Our next purpose is to study the MFC for longer term operation, even in continuous mode of operation, so that we can insert the MFC into the processing scheme of the sugar beet factory [28]. Advertisement 4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0071 and TÁMOP-4. 2. 2. A-11/1/KONV-2012-0038 projects; and the János Scholarship of the of Sciences. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that after 840 hours of operation, the microbial fuel cell (MFC) was unable to maintain performance, as evidenced by a sharp decrease in pH and the conclusion that 'the biochemical processes in the MFC have not been working properly any longer.' This suggests that the MFC operation is not consistent under all conditions, specifically noting the decline of performance after a certain time period, thus challenging the idea that they are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: 0006[diaspore;endozoochory;epizoochory;external transport;gut passage;internal transport;passive seed dispersal;seed traits;shorebirds;waterfowl]Ducks, shorebirds, rails, gulls and other waterbirds act as vectors of seeds, spores and other plant diaspores carried internally in their guts, externally on their feathers, feet or bills, or used as nesting material. Darwin was the first to understand the significance of dispersal by migratory waterbirds in plant evolution, biogeography and ecology. Countless aquatic and terrestrial plants are dependent on dispersal by waterbirds for long-distance dispersal, and this has probably been the case since the Cretaceous. However, plant ecologists and waterfowl biologists alike have been slow to recognize the importance of this dispersal mode as an ecosystem service. Seed dispersal by waterbirds plays a vital role in plant population dynamics, population genetics and changes in species distributions in response to habitat change and climate warming. On the other hand, waterbirds also spread alien species, and their role as vectors should be taken into account when considering how to prevent and manage biological invasions. (pages 147 - 195)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0007[corvidae;coevolution;human commensal;regeneration;scatter hoarding;seed storage]Birds of the family Corvidae, which comprise the familiar jays, magpies, crows, ravens, and their allies, occur nearly worldwide. They include species that are common human commensals in urban and rural landscapes, as well as species that occupy more remote wildlands. Many corvids store excess food for later use, preventing access by conspecifics or other competitors and concealing it in hiding places such as crevices and under objects, but also by burying food under soil, litter, or other substrate. For seed-eaters, which are predominantly granivorous corvids, seeds are moved away from parent trees, and prolonged storage may frequently lead to seed germination and plant regeneration. These granivorous corvids are often scatter-hoarders, placing one or more seeds in many different locations. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of waterbirds in plant diaspores dispersal and does not mention fungi or their ability to decompose organic matter. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim about fungi and nutrient cycling.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Though, the cell cycle arrest occurs in the same manner whether a DNA double-stranded break occurs or telomere shortening occurs. Thus, the cell cycle arrest is a universal process and starts each time there is a risk of malignization or comes to the final point of cell development – aging. This unites the majority of aging theories with mutual pathogenesis. Validity of telomere shortening as a marker for cellular senescence 1. Telomere theory basis The best marker of cellular senescence should provide insight into the root causes of aging. Telomere theory considers telomere shortening to be the main trigger of aging. Another prominent theory is the theory of oxidative stress (or mitochondrial theory), a major competitor of the telomere theory. Adepts of either theory realize the significance of telomere shortening as unshakable evidence in support of telomere theory. And the whole fight between tiger and lion is wither the telomere shortening is the best marker of cellular senescence, and thus, the telomere theory explains aging in a superior manner. One strong argument against the telomere theory is based on the differences in telomere length in various tissues of the same organism and the immense variance among organisms of the same age. Indeed, telomere length, like many other continuous parameters, may not indicate specific information when considered on its own, but it may provide insight if analyzed in combination with other factors. Indeed, the length of the telomere “akin” to the human height, which as if used as only one parameter can barely tell us anything about the age of the occasion person, when it can tell us a lot if we following this person along the life. 2. Telomere length reflects proliferative activity changing with age Telomere length reflects cells' proliferative ability, which changes over time. It was shown that telomeres in highly proliferative somatic tissues, such as: human fibroblasts, leukocytes, and adipocytes were shorter than in cells of non- or low rate proliferative tissues [29]. Despite telomerase activity, the same trend is observed in stem cells. As cells proliferate during ontogenesis at varying rates serving different needs, it is reasonable to expect that telomere shortening occurs at a faster rate during earlier ages and slows down in mature ages. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of telomere shortening as a significant factor in aging. It explicitly mentions that 'telomere theory considers telomere shortening to be the main trigger of aging,' which supports the idea that targeting telomere shortening could be part of genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging. Furthermore, the text indicates the relationship between telomere length and cellular proliferation, underlining the relevance of telomere dynamics in the aging process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: H Kim: Continuous electricity production from artificial wastewater using a mediator-less microbial fuel cell, 97 (2006) 621-62713. Z. Du, H. Li, T. Gu: A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A promising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy, 25 (2010) 464-48214. H. : Residence time distribution in microbial fuel cell and its influence on COD removal with electricity generation, Journal 27 (2005) 59-6515. D. H. Park, J. G. Zeikus: Improved fuel cell and electrode designs for producing electricity from microbial degradation, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 81 (2003) 348-35516. D. K. Daniel, B. D. Mankidy, K. Ambarish, R. Manogary: Construction and operation of a microbial fuel cell for electricity generation from wastewater, Int. J. Hydrogen En. 34 (2009) 7555-756017. I. Ivanov, L. Ren, M. Siegert, B. E. Logan: A quantitative method to evaluate microbial electrolysis cell effectiveness for energy revovery and wastewater treatment, In. J. 38 (2013) 13135-1314218. R. A. Rozendal, H. V,M. Hamalers, K. Rabaey, J. Keller, C. J. N. Buisman: Towards practical implementation of bioelectrochemical wastewater treatment, Trends in Biotechnology 26 (2008) 450-45919. G. Velvizhi, R. K. Goud, S. V. Mohan: Anoxic bio-electrochemical system for treatment of complex chemical wastewater with simultaneous bioelectricity generation, Bioresource Technology, 151 (2014) 214-22020. Y. Tian, C. Ji, K. Wang, P. Le-Clech: Assessment of an anaerobic membrane bio-electrochemical reactor for wastewater treatment and energy recovery, J. Membrane Sci. , 450 (2014) 242-24821. Q. Wen, Y. Wu, D. Cao, L. Zhao, Q. Sun: Electricity generation and modelling of microbial fuel cell from continuous beer brewery wastewater, 100 (2009) 4171-417522. B Cercado-Quezada, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text includes references to several studies discussing various aspects of microbial fuel cells, but it does not provide any supporting evidence that these systems are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. Instead, the reference to the influence of residence time distribution on chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal with electricity generation implies that environmental factors may affect performance, contrasting the claim of guaranteed functionality across all conditions.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Several corvid species are dependable seed dispersers for various woody plant taxa, and particularly pines, oaks, beeches and chestnuts, resulting in coevolution and coadaptation. Seed-storing corvid species help shape forest composition and distribution across landscapes, facilitate response to changing climate, and regenerate communities after disturbance. Examples illustrate economic valuation of corvid seed dispersal services and demonstrate how declining seed dispersal services of an obligate corvid mutualist for a widespread forest tree already have apparent consequences. (pages 196 - 234)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0008[carrion;diclofenic;facultative scavenging;obligate scavenging;vultures]Carrion is a unique food resource compared to live prey, and animal species are adapted to using carrion to varying degrees. Across all climates, ecosystems, and habitats, most carcasses are used at least in part by vertebrates—relatively few are completely decomposed by insects and microbes. Birds are particularly well adapted to scavenging, especially the Old- and New-World vultures, the only known obligate vertebrate scavengers. Numerous studies, many conducted over the past decade, have demonstrated the importance of scavengers in maintaining ecosystem stability, providing public health benefits to humans, and many other important industry and cultural services. Avian scavengers face many challenges in the modern world, such as poisoning, climate change, habitat destruction, and man-made obstructions such as power lines and wind farms. As a response, scientists, conservation groups, governments, and other advocates for healthy scavenger populations have made strides recently in conserving these animals. However, much work is still needed to globally preserve the important services provided by avian scavengers for future generations. (pages 235 - 270)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0009[seabirds;nutrient dynamics;nutrient cycle;ecosystem services;nutrient transport;phosphorus;nitrogen;ecosystem;human-dominated ecosystem]In this 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the role of corvid species as seed dispersers, scavenging behavior of birds, and their contributions to ecosystem stability and health. However, it does not address fungi or their ability to decompose organic matter or contribute to nutrient cycling, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Indeed, hematopoietic stem cells were shown to replicate approximately 42 times per year in newborns with a telomere loss of 1. 2 kb until reaching the age of three and 0. 7 times and 0. 5 kb per year respectively until age 13 [30]. As mentioned previously, initial telomere length can vary between individuals, while the rate of telomere shortening reflects a replicative exhaustion during aging. In mammalians telomeres are shortened at the same rate in all tissues of the same particular organism; an individual with initially longer telomeres has an upon average telomeres length across somatic tissues compared with organisms at the same age [29, 31]. 3. Age-related shortening Literature addressing a relationship between telomere length and associated risk of age-related pathology and life expectancy are inconsistent. Some studies did not find a significant correlation between average telomere length and mortality risk in the elderly [32, 33]. Conversely, many studies have shown a dependence of telomere length on age: average telomere lengths are shorter in senescent cells than in cells of younger age groups and are also shorter for male than for female [12-17]. Nevertheless, telomere lengths between individuals of a particular age can vary greatly. It has been suggested that telomere length is an individual characteristic [34]. Additionally, telomere length can be dynamically change throughout an individual's life period in response to environmental factors and stress [35-37]. While this controversial data seems contradictory to telomere theory, the data is not as dramatic or surprising when considering patterns at the tissue level. It is reasonable to consider the amount of cells with crucially shortened telomeres in certain tissues or organs as a whole system instead of merely considering average telomere length overall; cells in the tissue do not exhaust their proliferative potential in a simultaneous manner. While some cells divide, others are in non-dividing conditions with a dormant ability to support the proliferative potential of the tissue. When one cell exhausts its proliferative ability, other cells can then be recruited. The more cells undergo irreversible cell cycle arrest, the less proliferative potential of the tissue remains. Moreover, the shortest telomere (and not average telomere length) among those 256 telomeres (4 telomeres on each chromosome), turns cell to the senescence [38]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing telomere length and its connection to aging. It mentions that 'the rate of telomere shortening reflects a replicative exhaustion during aging' and highlights the relevance of telomere length in age-related pathology and life expectancy. Furthermore, it recognizes the dynamic nature of telomere length and its impact on cellular aging processes, which aligns with the goal of genetic therapies targeting these mechanisms.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Description Microalgae–of the environment associated with increased population along with energy consumption and the projected reduction of fossil fuels highlights the necessities for sustainable, cost-effective eco-friendly bio-energy sources. The latest research on microalgae revealed that algal biomass has promising technologies for biofuel production, high-value product development, carbon sequestration and wastewater treatment. However, the latest application of microalgal biomass is its use as microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) are used as a device that can convert energy from sunlight into electrical energy through biological pathways. This 10. 21741/9781644900116-1 Part of the book on Cells 385. [2] S. B. Ummalyma, E. Gnansounou, R. K. Sukumaran, R. Sindhu, A. Pandey, D. Sahoo, Bioflocculation: An alternative strategy for harvesting of microalgae-An Overview, Bioresour. Technol. 242 (2017) 227-235. [3] S. B. Ummalyma, R. K. Sukumaran, Cultivation of the fresh water microalga Chlorococcum sp. RAP13 in sea water for producing oil suitable for biodiesel, J. Appl. Phycol. 27 (2015) 141–147. [4] S. B Ummalyma, R. K Sukumaran, Cultivation of microalgae in dairy effluent for oil production and removal of organic pollution load, Bioresour. Technol. 165 (2014) 295-301. [5] A. Bahadar, M. B. Khan, Progress in energy from microalgae: A review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 27 (2013) 128-148. [6] C. Y Chen, K. L. Yeh, R. photobioreactor design and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: a critical review, Bioresour. Technol. 102 (2011) 71-81. [7] J. H. Lin, D. in specific marigold flowers and microalgae, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 49 (2015) 90–94. [8]. Show, Algal biomass dehydration, Bioresour. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing microalgae-based microbial fuel cells (mMFCs) and their role in converting energy from sunlight into electrical energy. However, it does not guarantee that these cells will work in all environmental conditions. Instead, it emphasizes the necessity for sustainable energy sources due to environmental factors and energy consumption, implying potential limitations in the effectiveness of microbial fuel cells.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: However, changes in guild species numbers do not necessarily translate to changes in relative abundance, biomass or function, and more studies are needed to quantify these important measures. These findings indicate that the replacement of forests and agroforests with simplified agricultural systems can result in shifts towards less specialized bird communities with altered proportions of functional groups. These shifts can reduce avian ecosystem function and affect the ecosystem services provided by birds in agroforests and other agricultural landscapes. (pages 321 - 340)This 10. 7208/chicago/9780226382777. 003. 0012[conservation;direct ecosystem services;excise tax;indirect ecosystem services;Pittman-Robertson act]Birds are important components of the world’s many ecosystems, and they contribute cultural, provisioning, supporting, and regulating ecosystem services. The lives of birds and humans have been intertwined for many thousands of years. Birds inspire, entertain, feed, and clothe humans. Throughout the evolution of modern humans and the cultural development of our societies, birds clearly matter. Cultural and provisioning services accrue directly – these services are themselves products. Bird art and bird eggs, for instance, are commodities --they may be bought and sold (or bartered). Regulating and supporting services, in contrast, accrue indirectly – not themselves commodities, they instead they help maintain other components of the world’s ecosystems upon which humans depend for both goods (food, shelter) and services (disease management; pest control). These indirect services facilitate other ecosystem services, and therefore promote biodiversity. To maintain the many ecosystem services provided by birds, we need to conserve them. The financial costs of conservation appear great, perhaps even insurmountable. Nonetheless, the capital to fund conservation exists. It is up to those of us who value birds, and the rest of nature, to urge governments and citizens of the world to find the will. (pages 341 - 364)This 2016. Page maintained by BiblioVault. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly as it focuses on the role of birds in ecosystems, their ecosystem services, and the need for their conservation. There is no mention of fungi or their role in decomposing organic matter, making the text irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: The mechanism behind replicative arrest on telomere shortening is similar to the DNA-damage signaling pathway where the size of the DNA defect is more devastating than anything else. Thus, in order to consider telomere potential of the tissue, it is necessary to determine and evaluate the amount of the shortest telomeres instead of average telomere length. Certainly, proliferative potential and activity depend on tissue function and intensity of telomere loss. Stressful conditions forcing organs or tissues to waste proliferative potential can lead to earlier aging onset, which reflects telomere length [33]. It is obvious that it is not necessary for all cells of a certain tissue to undergo irreversible cycle arrest at once. After a sufficient amount of cells undergoes senescent conditions, tissues cannot function at the same level and the vicious cycle of aging begins. After that cells and tissues cannot properly perform functions in a stressful extracellular environment that consumes the tissues' proliferative potential. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was found between mean telomere length in early life and lifespan [16], and even between mean telomere length and paternal lifespan if inherited by female offspring in humans [39]. 4. Age-related diseases Telomere shortening and an associated depletion of cells' proliferative potential may be sufficient to cause the onset of many diseases associated with aging [40, 41]. Studies investigating telomere biology have demonstrated that telomeres and telomere-associated proteins play an important role in the aging process and that accelerated telomere erosion is associated with metabolic and inflammatory diseases associated with aging [42] Many neurodegenerative disorders have been shown to feature early cell death. As telo-mere shortening is related to premature cellular senescence, telomere length may be an effective marker of cellular pathology in neurological diseases; specifically, it has been demonstrated in dementia, Huntington's disease, and ataxia telangiectasia. Of these studies, the shortest telomere lengths were associated with Huntington's disease [43]. Additionally, an inverse correlation with the length of telomeres was shown for the development of cardiovascular disease [44-47], renal failure [48, 49], various cancers [50, 51], Alzheimer's disease [52], and Parkinson's disease [53]. In most cases, a direct link between telomere shortening and a constant high level of oxidative stress was observed in subjects with these diseases [54]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of telomere length in the aging process. It highlights that telomere shortening leads to a depletion of cells' proliferative potential, which contributes to the onset of age-related diseases. The text explains that studies have shown a strong correlation between telomere biology and the aging process, demonstrating that targeting telomere shortening may be a relevant approach in genetic therapies aimed at slowing aging.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Technol. 135 (2013) 720–729. [9] Z. Yang, H. Pie, Q. Hou, L. Jiang, L. Zhang, C. Nie, Algal biofilm assisted microbial fuel cells to enhance domestic waste water treatment: nutrients, organics removal and bioenergy production, Chem. Eng. J. 332 (2018) 277-285. [10] A. Khandelwal, A. Vijay, A. Dixit, M. Chhabra, Microbial fuel cell powered by lipid extracted algae: a promising system for algal lipid and power generation, Bioresour. Technol. 247 (2018) 520-527. [11] L. He, P. Du, Y. Chen, H. Lu, X. Cheng, B. Cheng, Z. Wang, Advances in microbial fuel cells for waste water treatment, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 71 (2017) 388-403. [12] Y. Dong, Y. Qu, C. Li, X. Han, J. J. Ambuchi, J. Liu, Y. Yu, Y. Feng, Simultaneous algae polluted water treatment and electricity generation using a biocathode coupled eletrocoagulation cell (bio-ECC), J. Hazard. Mater. 340 (2017) 104-112. [13] A. S. Commault, O. Laczka, N. Siboni, B. Tamburic, J. R. Crosswe, J. R Seymour, P. J Ralph, Electricity and biomass production in a bacteria- Chlorella based microbial fuel cell treating waste water, J. Power. Sources 356 (2017) 299-309. [14] X. A. Walter, J. Greenman, B. Taylor, I. A. Ieropoulos, Microbial fuel cells continuously fuelled by untreated fresh algal biomass, Algal Res. 11 (2015)103–107. [15] Z. Baicha, M. J Salar-García, V. M. Ortiz-Martínez, F. J. Hernández-Fernández, A. P. de los Ríos, N. Labjar, E. Lotfi, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by providing multiple studies that focus on the application and performance of microbial fuel cells under various conditions, suggesting that their success is context-dependent rather than guaranteed in all circumstances.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Certain fungi can decompose organic matter, contributing to nutrient cycling. [SEP] Text: Mesh bag construction for EMF extramatrical hyphal capture FH layer substrate was collected from each treatment plot in the fall of 2008. Ten random sub-samples per plot were composited, sieved (4. 5 mm) and stored at 4 °C until use. Eleven hyphal trap bags (4. 5 × 3. 5 cm) were constructed for each treatment plot (99 bags in total) using 50 μm mesh (NITEX 03-50/31; Sefar Inc. , ). Each bag was filled with 15 g FH substrate, heat-sealed and then sterilized by gamma irradiation with a total dose of 6 Mrad (2 × 3 Mrad with a 1 week resting interval). Post irradiation, bags were stored at 4 °C for an 8-week stabilization period to minimize residual enzyme activity (Lensi et al. , 1991). Substrate from one bag from each plot was serially diluted in monopotassium phosphate buffer, plated in triplicate on modified Melin–Norkrans or tryptic soy agar plates (Phillips et al. , 2006) and incubated for 1 month to assess for fungal or bacterial contamination, respectively. No bacterial or fungal growth was observed on culture plates after 1 month of incubation, indicating that two consecutive doses of irradiation effectively eliminated residual spores. Irradiation did not significantly change the pH of the substrates. Another sub-sample of these controls was assessed for residual enzyme activity and pH. Bags intended to capture EMF but exclude saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 per plot) were placed within sand-filled plastic containers (). These containers were punched with circular holes (6 mm diameter; 28 holes per horizontal face and 10 holes per vertical face) to allow hyphal access, lined with a 50-μm NITEX mesh and filled to a depth of 1 cm with sterile silica sand (HCl acid washed and autoclaved). Substrate-containing mesh bags were placed on the sand, covered with 1 cm additional sand and then a final top layer of mesh was sealed to the initial liner using silicone sealant to form a continuous mesh envelope (1). Bags intended to capture both EMF and saprotrophic hyphae (n=5 each plot) were also encapsulated within another layer of mesh, but had no intervening sand barrier. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim directly about fungi decomposing organic matter or contributing to nutrient cycling. Instead, it describes technical details about a study's methodology, including substrate stabilization and irradiation processes, without any mention of the role of fungi in decomposition. Thus, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Some genetic therapies aim to slow aging by targeting telomere shortening and other cellular aging processes. [SEP] Text: Interestingly, some studies contain data on long-term observations of initially healthy men and include time of disease onset. One research group monitoring individuals' telomere length over a period of 15 years showed what proportion of respondents developed type 2 diabetes [55] or cancer [54, 56]. Both diseases were shown to be significantly more likely to occur in patients with shorter initial telomere lengths. It has also been shown in longitudinal studies that telomere shortening is frequently accompanied by a decrease in muscular strength [57] and weight loss. Reduced telomere length may be indicative of biological pathways shared between disorders contributing to cellular senescence. It is most likely that this shortening is associated not only with accelerated replicative aging, but also with the failure of telomere repair processes [58]. 5. Short telomere syndromes Such studies of an extended range of diseases, telomere length, and premature aging act as conspicuous conformation of the validity of telomere length as a marker of cellular senescence. Progerias or premature aging, or the short telomere syndromes include genetic diseases associated with short telomeres and premature senescence [59]. Specifically, these diseases include: Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome, Dyskeratosis congenita (also referred to as Zinsser-Cole-Engman syndrome), ataxia-telangiectasia (or Louis–Bar syndrome), Hoyeraal–Hreidarsson, and Revesz syndrome. These syndromes are all characterized by dramatically shortened telomeres as well as premature replicative senescence with a decreased Hayflick limit in cell cultures of patients and aging phenotypes, which develops much earlier in such patients than in the healthy individuals [60-62]. There is a clear correlation between affected telomere length and aging in progerias. Thus, whether these syndromes are applicable as a model of aging is a relevant inquisition. Most researchers define aging as an age-progressive persistent decline in physiological functioning with an associated decrease in survival rate (increased mortality risk in demographic aging) and reproductive ability. Indeed, all previously mentioned syndromes are characterized by an age-progressive persistent decline in organ and tissue function, reproductive function, increased mortality risk, and predisposition to malignancies – all of which are phenotypic symptoms of human aging [63]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the role of telomere shortening in aging and its correlation with various diseases. It mentions that shortened telomeres are linked to premature senescence and that numerous syndromes involving short telomeres exhibit aging phenotypes, supporting the idea that targeting telomere length may relate to therapies aimed at slowing down the aging process.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Microbial fuel cells are guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions. [SEP] Text: Elmahi, A critical review on microalgae as an alternative source for bioenergy production: a promising low cost substrate for microbial fuel cells, Fuel Process. Technol. 154 (2016)104–116. [16] X. Hu, B. Liu, J. Zhou, R. Jin, S. Qiao, G. Liu, CO2 fixation, lipid production, and power generation by a novel air-lift-type microbial carbon capture cell system, Environ. Sci. Technol. 49 (2015) 10710–10717. [17] M. Zhou, T. Jin, Z. Wu, M. Chi, T. Gu, Microbial fuel cells for bioenergy and bioproducts, Bioenergy Bioprod. Part Ser. Technol. 88 (2011) 131–171. [18] Z. Ghassemi, G. Slaughter, Biological fuel cells and membranes, Membranes 7 (2017) 3. [19] J. . Luo C. P. Zhang, M. C. Li, Electricity generation by two types of microbial fuel cells using nitrobenzene as the anodic or cathodic reactant, Bioresour. Technol. 101 (2010) 4013–4020. [20] V. F. Passos, V. Fabiano, S. Aquino Neto, A. R. Andrade, V. Reginatto, Energy generation in a microbial fuel cell using anaerobic sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, Sci. Agric. 73 (2016) 424–428. [21] generation and microbial community analysis of alcohol powered microbial fuel cells, Bioresour. Technol. 98 (2007) 2568–2577. [22] H. Luo, G. Liu, R. Zhang, S. Jin, Phenol degradation in microbial fuel cells. Chem. Eng. J. 147 (2009) 259–264. [23] J. . generation from glucose and nitrobenzene degradation using the microbial fuel cell, Environ. Sci. 31 (2010) 2811–2817. [24] V. G. Gude, Wastewater treatment in microbial fuel cells – an overview, J. Clean. Prod. 122 (2016) 287–307. [25] J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides a series of references concerning microbial fuel cells, highlighting various studies on microbial fuel cells and their applications. However, the references imply variability in performance based on the conditions of use, such as differing substrates and operating environments, which suggests that microbial fuel cells may not be guaranteed to work in all environmental conditions as stated in the claim.