Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: You would almost have to strip-mine the entire planet in order to put that gas back into the atmosphere, and that won’t work because once you put it there it’ll go right back into the regolith. So this question of how easy it is to get it out of these sinks and into the atmosphere is a really important one. Ultimately, it’s not possible. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIf it were to become possible to do somehow, melting the polar ice caps seems to be the most popular solution. How much CO2 is actually trapped there? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyAt one time we thought there might have been the equivalent of an Earth’s atmosphere of gas in the polar caps, but that idea is demonstrably wrong based on our knowledge today. The estimates today are that if you put all the CO2 in the polar caps into the atmosphere it would only double the atmospheric pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo that’s not even close? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyNo, so that’s a very small increment. This amount of CO2 just isn’t enough to even have a start at raising the temperature or the pressure. Interviewer: Ellie MackayAnd what about if we added the CO2 from the other sources, the rocks and the minerals, the soil, and released all of the CO2 from all these different reserves? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWe’ve looked at how much CO2 can be locked up in each of these sinks for CO2 that are remaining on the planet. If we could mobilise all of it and put it back into the atmosphere, we would still have less than 10% of the amount of CO2 we need to raise the temperature. So, the most we can get is a tiny fraction of what would be needed. Interviewer: Ellie MackayIs that what you expected to find? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyIt’s the answer we knew going in. I think within the Mars community this is not a surprising answer. I’ll be honest, that’s why we wrote this paper, because people are getting up and talking about how easy it is to terraform the planet, without having a realistic understanding of what would be involved and where the CO2 is and how much there is. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by explaining that terraforming Mars involves much more complexity than just releasing greenhouse gases. It discusses the challenges of extracting CO2 from the planet's regolith and the insufficient amount of CO2 available in both the polar ice caps and other sources. The interviewee, Bruce Jakosky, emphasizes that even if all CO2 were released, it would be only a fraction of what is required to raise temperatures significantly, which illustrates that the task is not simple at all.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Lignosulfonate in the liquor stream can be sold as a co-product, or could be concentrated, dewatered and burned along with other solid residuals rich in lignin from the hydrolysis process for energy production as part of power supply for the pretreatment facility. At the yields investigated, the majority of the lignin remains in the solid residuals. process can supply concentrated lignocellulosic sugars from recalcitrant biomass sources to existing sugar users. Mild bisulfite pretreatment is an efficient step for pretreating recalcitrant biomass to achieve a high yield of total biomass carbohydrate conversion to monomeric lignocellulosic sugars. The historical sulfite pulp industry provides a proven commercial scale of this type of pretreatment technology. Furthermore, the process is flexible for various biomass feedstocks, including softwood (un-debarked Loblolly pine chips), hardwood (debarked maple chips), and herbaceous biomass (Alamo variety switchgrass). Options for using lignocellulosic sugar produced from the CLE Sugar process include (1) pretreated biomass with enzyme addition, (2) lignocellulosic sugar syrup, and (3) lignocellulosic sugar solid. These options provide a unique advantage of using lignocellulosic sugar in existing production infrastructure. For example, the use of lignocellulosic sugar can help a corn or grain-based ethanol plant by supplementing its feedstock to increase the value of the ethanol by making use of the Standard incentives or to maintain feedstock options in the face of variations in corn prices. MethodsBiomass feedstocksThe softwood feedstock was forest chips of Loblolly pine, so they contained bark. Hardwood chips used in this test were debarked maple chips from Michigan. Both the un-debarked Loblolly pine chips and debarked maple chips were re-chipped with a Bearcat garden chipper with a 1. 91 cm screen to obtain smaller chips, and 3-mm round-hole fines were removed. Switchgrass biomass is Alamo variety harvested in winter from a field trial in the southeastern United States. Acidic calcium bisulfite reagentAn acidic calcium bisulfite solution was used as a sulfonation reagent in the pretreatment of biomass. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses processes related to the pretreatment of biomass and the production of lignocellulosic sugars, but it does not address bioengineered yeast or its ability to produce high yields of biofuels from those sugars. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Other inquiry-driven exercises that were considered for the NTC outreach program included 3D scanning and modeling of fossils recovered from the cave, and having the students work on the small-bodied vertebrates (i. e. , vertebrate microfossils), but these exercises have not yet been implemented. Students that participated in the guided research component in the 2017–2018 school year were given anonymous, online survey questions at the end of the semester, including how their perception of paleontology or science had changed in general. The students’ responses followed a common theme. They had not realized “all the unique real-world applications of paleontology” or that paleontology was “much more vast than [they] had previously believed” and paleontologists “do much more relevant and significant work in the science community”. The students also commented that the NTC outreach program deepened their understanding or exposed them to the authentic process of scientific research in a laboratory setting. One student commented that they found scientists to be “more relatable and more down to earth” than they had expected, prior to participating in the program and regularly interacting with the instructors (i. e. , scientists). Thus, the immersive learning experience in the NTC outreach program not only cleared up students’ misconceptions about a particular field of science and scientists, but also made science more valuable and approachable to the students. These are fundamental steps to increasing student engagement in STEM fields. The students surveyed also expressed interest in participating in paleontological fieldwork, ancient DNA research, or studying other groups of organisms, suggesting that the inquiry-based approach of the outreach program helped ignite the participants’ scientific curiosities even beyond the scope of the NTC research project. During the 2018–2019 school year, students were surveyed before and after participating in our outreach program, in conjunction with J. Meachen’s follow-up study on the Pits, as one way to assess its impact on the student’s knowledge and attitude towards science. The questions on the survey included: How interested are you in (1) climate change and the environment, (2) scientific research, (3) fossils and extinctions, (4) museums and natural history collections, and (5) statistics? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by illustrating how the NTC outreach program, through immersive learning experiences, has significantly increased student engagement in STEM fields. The surveys conducted revealed that students became more interested in paleontology and related disciplines, indicating that such programs can inspire students to pursue careers in science, including fields related to space science.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo, does this mean this is the end of the concept of terraforming Mars? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyThis doesn’t mean we can’t terraform the planet. It means we can’t do it today with available technology. People have also talked about manufacturing molecules that are very effective greenhouse gases, things like Freon, but the scale of manufacturing that would be required to produce enough is so far beyond our current capability that you have to put it into the distant future. Interviewer: Ellie MackaySo what would you say to those people who are keen to inhabit Mars in the relatively near future? Interviewee: Bruce JakoskyWell first of all, I don’t think this impacts either our desire or our ability to explore Mars with humans. We can carry out that kind of a mission beginning today, and it would be exciting from the human perspective and from the science perspective. And this is part of that process of discussing what’s possible and where we as a society want to head. I think if we’re going to talk about sending humans to Mars, we need to do it in the context of a real and valid understanding of what is on the planet, based on the best available scientific information today. Interviewer: Ellie MackayThat was from the University of Colorado in the US. To read that story in Nature Astronomy, you can head over to nature. com/natastron. Host: Adam LevyStill to come in the Research Highlights: a dinosaur with enormous feet, and some rapidly rotating nanop100. It’s thought that the techniques involved could be useful in astrophysics, for example, helping to test the hypothesis that rapidly spinning dust p2003. So this probe’s been at Mars for quite a long time, and it’s got an instrument on it that uses radar to sort of bounce radio waves down to the surface and back. And sort of like using ground-penetrating radar on Earth to find things like oil and gas deposits that are buried, this radar uses its own instruments to probe the subsurface, to look at what’s bouncing back from beneath the ice. And it spotted these very, very bright reflections in this one place beneath the ice cap, and they’re interpreting those bright reflections as being liquid water. Interviewer: Adam LevyHow big a deal actually is this? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while terraforming Mars is theoretically possible, the technology and scale required to produce effective greenhouse gases are far beyond current capabilities. Bruce Jakosky states that the manufacturing scale required for substances like Freon is so immense that it cannot be achieved with today's technology, indicating that terraforming is not simple, as suggested by the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Calcium bisulfite was produced by constantly purging pure sulfur dioxide into a calcium oxide solution. The final calcium bisulfite concentration contained about 2–4% total sulfur dioxide, of which about 1% was free sulfur dioxide. The pH of this calcium bisulfite solution was about 1. 4. The total sulfur in the reagent was determined by a standard ASTM D 1552–90 method of sulfur in petroleum products (high temperature method) in Leco S632 (St. Joseph, Michigan). The sulfur result was used to calculate the total equivalent sulfur dioxide (bound and free). The calcium in the liquor was measured by a standard method equivalent to EPA Method 200. 8, revision 5. 4, of EPA/600/R-94/111. The calcium in the liquor was analyzed by an inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) (). The bound sulfur dioxide in the calcium bisulfite was determined by the total amount of soluble calcium in the liquor, and the free sulfur dioxide was determined by subtracting the bound sulfur dioxide from the total sulfur dioxide. Pilot pretreatment digesterA 28. 3-liter (one cubic foot) digester with a heat exchange was used in biomass pretreatment with an acidic calcium bisulfite reagent. The digester and the heat exchanger are made of SA-515 Gr 70 alloy and the digester head is made of SA-515 alloy. The piping for calcium bisulfite reagent circulation during the pretreatment is made up of 304 stainless. During pretreatment, steam indirectly heats up the cooking liquor that circulates back to the digester. Sulfonation conditionsThe re-chipped biomass materials were sulfonated in the pilot pretreatment reactor. In each cook, 3. 0 kilograms (oven dried - OD basis) of woody biomass material were used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 0, and 2. 2 kilograms (oven dried basis) of switchgrass was used at a biomass-to-liquor ratio of about 4. 5. The biomass materials were first steamed to 90°C to remove air in the void space of the biomass. After the condensation was drained, the woody biomass was charged with a cool liquor of calcium bisulfite at 12. 5% on wood. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the production and analysis of calcium bisulfite and the pretreatment of biomass materials, which are not related to bioengineered yeast or biofuels. There is no mention of yeast, sugars, or biofuel production processes that support or contradict the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Using a Likert scale of 1–5, where 1 is the least interested and 5 is extremely interested, the results changed as follows: interest in climate change, the environment, and scientific research remained high at a 4. 5, interest in fossils and extinction went from a 2 to a 4. 5, interest in natural history museums went from 1. 5 to a 3. 5, and interest in statistics went from a 2. 5 to a 3. 5. One student even commented that their career goal changed from undecided to a STEM field. These results illustrate the positive impact the outreach program had on the student’s attitude toward STEM fields. Neglecting to survey all the students that participated in the NTC outreach program was an oversight that we recommend other programs should remedy. The framework developed for the NTC outreach program can be easily modified to fit the needs or structure of another research project, community partnership, science laboratory, or museum facility, with the target audience being middle school or undergraduate students. This type of outreach program could be used as an opportunity for graduate students to hone their teaching and mentoring skills and directly addresses the U. S. Foundation’s broader impact statement of societally relevant outcomes, including improving scientific literacy and recruiting underrepresented minorities in STEM. The NTC research project directly benefited from the outreach program, because the high school students helped to identify and curate 3700 fossil specimens. ConclusionResponding to the major challenges of the twenty-first century (e. g. , climate change, rapid urbanization, environmental protections, and energy security) requires a workforce to think critically, collect and analyze relevant data, and interpret that data for the purpose of crafting creative solutions. This outreach program uses the public’s fascination for fossils as a gateway to helping build a stronger STEM workforce and better-informed citizens. The NTC outreach program provided high school students with a unique, immersive experience to work with and learn from scientists in an active research laboratory for a whole semester. Students took an active role in reviewing and extracting relevant information from scientific publications, utilizing the scientific method, analyzing real-world data, conducting statistical analyses, working independently and as a team member, giving presentations, and sharing scientific knowledge in professional settings. These are transferable skill that will help a student to succeed professionally in the future, whether they choose to pursue a career in STEM or not. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting the positive impact of the NTC outreach program on students' attitudes toward STEM fields. It notes that students cited their career goals evolving towards STEM as a result of their immersive experience in a research laboratory, which aligns with the notion that space programs serve as inspiration for pursuing education and careers in STEM.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Terraforming Mars is as simple as releasing greenhouse gases on the planet. [SEP] Text: How much does this change our picture of water on the red planet? Interviewee: Alex WitzeIt’s both a big deal and not a big deal, depending on how you think about it. The less exciting way to think about it is that we have known there’s water on Mars in various capacities. We know there’s ice frozen at the poles, we’ve seen ice sort of frozen into the soil at different points around the planet, but it’s always been solid, it’s always been frozen. So the really big thing would be this is the first time we’ve seen it today liquid. And that’s a big deal because of course, water is considered a habitat, or at least something you need for life. So if we’ve got little Martians, if we’ve got Martian microbes, this is a place where they could live. Maybe, just maybe. Interviewer: Adam LevySo what does that maybe actually mean? How certain are these findings of this liquid water on Mars? Interviewee: Alex WitzeSo, people have been trying to use radar to look for liquid water on Mars for a very long time, for more than decade. And it’s just really tricky to interpret these reflections. We talked about these radio waves bouncing back and they looked like a really bright reflection, and so the sort of question here is whether the analysis of the radar data will hold up. Something is there, the question is, is it water? Interviewer: Adam LevyIf we’re able to settle that question and at some point say yes, that definitely is liquid water, does that then mean there is also life there? Interviewee: Alex WitzeWe don’t know – could be… maybe not. The next step that scientists talk about wanting to take is to see whether this one body of water, this one lake beneath the ice cap, whether there are more. And the idea is that this might be kind of a refuge perhaps for microbes that have been around for a very long time. The idea being that Mars, early in its history, billions of years ago, was warmer and wetter than today, almost a blue planet like Earth and life perhaps could have thrived there like it thrived on ancient Earth. And then as Mars sort of dried up and got colder and lost most of its atmosphere, where did those microbes go? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim because it discusses the presence and implications of liquid water on Mars and the potential for life, but does not mention or address the process of terraforming or the simplicity of releasing greenhouse gases. Therefore, it does not support, contrast, or relate to the claim about terraforming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The pre-steamed un-debarked Loblolly chips were heated up to 165°C in 15 minutes and held at 165°C for 75 minutes. The pre-steamed debarked maple chips were heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 to 120 minutes. Similarly, the pre-steamed switchgrass was heated up to 155°C in 15 minutes and held at 155°C for 75 minutes. The wet cooked biomass and the prehydrolysate amounts were measured for mass balance calculation. After cooking, a prehydrolysate “spent liquor” fraction was drained and the cooked chips were collected after having relieved the pressure in the pretreatment reactor by draining the spent liquor and venting. The cooked biomass solid content was measured by drying a biomass sample of about 70 wet grams in an oven set at 105°C for overnight. This solids content was used to determine the total recovered solid biomass after the pretreatment. The cooked chips were very mushy. The cooked wood chips were passed once through an Alpine grinder, without adding any water, to form a pulp-like material. The cooked switchgrass was not refined due to its pulpy status upon removal from the pretreatment reactor. MethodsThe carbohydrate analysis in biomass feedstocks and in pretreated biomass samples was determined by hydrolyzing 100 mg of refined materials with 72% sulfuric acid at 127°C for 60 minutes for a complete carbohydrate hydrolysis. The monomeric sugars from completely acid-hydrolyzed biomass were analyzed quantitatively in the dilute sample for glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in a Dionex ion exchange chromatography. chromatography is equipped with a CarboPac PA1 (Dionex P/N 035391) 4 mm × 250 mm ion-exchange column and a Dionex ED 40 pulsed amperometric detector with gold working electrode and solid state reference electrode. The monomeric sugar results were used for the carbohydrate composition calculation in a biomass sample or a pretreated biomass sample. All biomass carbohydrates were completed in single analysis with duplicate tests of a known composition control (e. g. debarked and clean pine chip sample) to assure the accuracy of the analysis in Weyerhaeuser’s analytical group. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast and its ability to produce biofuels from sugars. Instead, it details the process of preparing and analyzing various biomass types, primarily concerned with their physical and chemical properties. Thus, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: The UK also has many websites to promote STEM women’s employment, for example, ‘STEM Women’Footnote 7, which provides a wealth of information on employment for students already in STEM fields, but there is no similar websites in China. respondents said that if their country had a website like STEM Women, they would have a better chance of finding out about STEM companies and would be more willing to enter the STEM industries. In summary, core ideas from our interviewees are introducing STEM to young people earlier, both in school and external events, and ensuring there is information, activities and role models around STEM careers aimed at young women. DiscussionThe key motivation for this research was to understand more deeply why women are so underrepresented in STEM careers by looking at the intentions of the next generation of potential female STEM workers and getting some understanding into the factors encouraging or discouraging them from entering STEM careers in different contexts. We know that the percentage of women in STEM industries varies across the globe (2019), and that the cultural issues that impact such decisions differ across different cultures, and we hoped to gain more insight into similarities and differences by exploring this in two different locations and largely between two clear subgroups - Chinese and British women. These groups were chosen not just because that is where our personal experience lies, but because both China and the UK are significant players in STEM industries, with China producing more STEM graduates than any other country, and because there is little comparative work between the two countries. The results are thought-provoking, with women in both location having profound concerns around the stereotypes of STEM careers held by themselves and those around them. Note that when we refer to stereotypes, we mean simplified or generalised views of a field and do not mean to dismiss these views as incorrect or meaningless; often there is considerable truth in stereotypes. We did not find that the students we worked with agreed with the limited stereotypes around abilities in STEM - perhaps because they themselves had already proved them to be untrue - but many were surrounded by others, including family and teachers, who did buy into them. No doubt there were many girls with STEM potential who were dissuaded from pursuing STEM because of this. Role models were viewed as important, especially for Chinese students, whom the interview data suggested may have less access to role models. This correlates with our investigations in to opportunities to connect with role models in the two countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of introducing STEM to young people and ensuring that there is information, activities, and role models available for them, particularly young women. It highlights how respondents believe that access to STEM resources and role models would encourage them to pursue careers in STEM fields. Furthermore, it points out cultural differences and issues that can either encourage or discourage women from entering these fields, which are also relevant to programs aimed at promoting STEM education.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Natural language processing helps in analyzing medical research literature. [SEP] Text: For those residing in states where abortion transitioned from being broadly legal to almost entirely illegal, web-based resources may have played a pivotal role during instances of unplanned pregnancy, as observed previously [51]. Further research is imperative to assess the efficacy of Reddit and other social networking sites in offering support and resources on this and other health-related topics. Notably, this subreddit contained little to no expression about personal abortion beliefs and ideologies. The r/Abortionand Discussions of Over TimeWe did not observe much information or support sharing in the r/AbortionDebate subreddit. Rather, content in this subreddit discussed values and beliefs about abortion across many domains, including ethical, moral, legal, and humanistic. In several circumstances, we observed complex and nuanced abortion perspectives that do not correspond neatly to prochoice or prolife frameworks—2 commonly used but contested abortion identity labels used to outline personal abortion beliefs. For example, as many as half of the topics uncovered by r/AbortionDebate contained contradictory expressions regarding abortion and how the abortion debate was framed. These posts were broadly delineated as those deconstructing or debating prochoice and prolife movements and others explaining how circumstances contributed to moral and ethical shifts in abortion views, for example, in the following excerpts: “I was and will always be pro-choice, but my reaction was absolutely not [to abort a fetus with serious birth defects] even though I knew it was the right answer” and “I was pro-life and never thought I’d need until I did. My experience changed my opinion of them, but [I still wish] they didn’t primarily exist to perform abortions. ” Here, the emphasis is far less on information or support sharing, rather the purpose is to articulate personal views about abortion and defend them accordingly. These findings align with ongoing abortion attitude research citing complex or nuanced abortion views that do not neatly fit into a singular label [52-54]. In addition to discussing and debating abortion values, we observed more combative content in the r/AbortionDebate subreddit. This is likely by design, namely to parse out people seeking information about abortion versus people looking to debate abortion [55]. Such differences between the r/Abortion and r/AbortionDebate subreddits were particularly evident in our sentiment and emotion analyses. For example, r/AbortionDebate yielded slightly more negative VADER affect scores and decreased emotion analysis scores for fear. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses abortion-related discussions on subreddits without addressing natural language processing or its role in analyzing medical research literature. There are no references to methods or technologies like natural language processing that would support or contrast the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: In this study, lignin, uronic acids, acetyl groups, extractives and ash were not quantitatively studied. Enzymatic hydrolysisFor enzymatic hydrolysis, a pre-mixed enzyme cocktail was formulated with a cellulase product (Sigma Cat. No. C2730) at 99. 5 mg protein/mL, a beta-glucosidase product (Sigma Cat. No. C6105) at 42. 5 mg protein/mL, and a xylanase (Sigma Cat. No. X2753) at 3. 4 mg protein/mL. The total mixed Sigma enzyme protein titer was 145. 5 mg/mL. enzyme cocktail has a density of 1. 1 g/ml. Cellic® CTec2 enzyme product was provided by Novozymes and was used in the high consistency pretreated biomass hydrolysis. The CTec2 enzyme product has a density of 1. 2 g/ml. In the enzymatic hydrolysis, the enzyme dosage is defined as gram of enzyme product per oven dry (OD) gram of pretreated biomass. Unwashed pretreated biomass was used in all the enzymatic hydrolysis tests. The enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted in screw-capped 50-mL volume in 125 mL Erlenmeyer flasks in an orbital shaking incubator, controlled at 50°C and 200 r. p. m. The hydrolysis pH was controlled at pH 4. 8 by a 50 mmol sodium citrate buffer. Sugar analysisOne milliliter hydrolysis sample was weighed and diluted into a total volume of 10 mL in deionized water. The sample was then centrifuged and the supernatant was used for sugar analysis in a HPLC. equipped with a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87P Column (Cat. No. 125–0098) was used to analyze glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and galactose in the hydrolysate from an enzymatic hydrolysis and in the prehydrolysate from a cook. The 87P column was run with water as an eluent at 0. 6 ml/min at 85°C. The acetic acid in the prehydrolysate was analyzed in a 300 × 7. 8 mm Bio-HPX-87H Column (Cat. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast and biofuels. Instead, it discusses enzymatic hydrolysis procedures and enzyme compositions without making any reference to bioengineering yeast or the production of biofuels. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: A CURE for education: how can genuine scientific experiences inspire future scientists? Published: April 30, 2024 What is it like to be a research scientist conducting hands-on experiments in a working lab? How well can science lessons prepare – and encourage – students for careers in STEM? Gao, assistant professor from Nantong University, Xinglin College, in China and currently based at University in the US, is investigating how course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) can transform the learning experience and encourage students to think like real scientists. Talk like an education researcher Collaboration — working with other people to reach a shared goal. During CUREs, learners are encouraged to collaborate with each other to form new ideas and support each other’s learning Course-based undergraduate research experience (CURE) — a learning opportunity that allows students to take part in and learn from real-world scientific research projects Discovery — the act of finding something new. During CUREs, learners are not simply given information, but are expected to discover it for themselves Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs) — higher education institutions that were established to serve learners specifically Scientific mindset — an outlook on life that is driven by curiosity and involves questioning and testing hypotheses about the world around us STEM — science, technology, engineering and mathematics Science lessons need to teach the wonders of the known universe in classrooms or educational settings, often through old textbooks and in relatively short amounts of time. The miracle of life is boxed into graphs and diagrams, while the mysteries of time and space are sucked into a black hole of incomprehensible equations and formulae! Of course, education has to start somewhere, and it is important to learn fundamental knowledge and basic practical skills to become a scientist. However, it can be hard to get to grips with difficult concepts from books and PowerPoint presentations or to feel inspired by an experiment that has been conducted countless times in classrooms all over the world. At its core, science is about discovery. Surely, we can find a way to learn these skills in a manner that also teaches us to adopt the scientific mindset. A mindset that is curious, inquisitive and that asks questions about the world around it. Gao, based at Nantong University, is an education researcher who has been studying at the College of Education and at University, investigating the potential of a new educational model to do just that. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by discussing how course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) can help transform the learning experience and encourage students to think like real scientists. This emphasis on hands-on experiments and discovery aligns with the idea that genuine scientific experiences, such as those offered by space programs, can inspire students to pursue careers in STEM fields. The mention of a 'scientific mindset' driven by curiosity further corroborates the idea that inspired students are more likely to engage in STEM education.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: Given personal health information is among the most private and legally protected forms of data, AI chatbots, like any other technology used in the health care industry, should be used in compliance with HIPAA. This includes ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of PHI as it is collected, stored, and shared. Since the current free version of ChatGPT does not support (nor does it intend to support) services covered under HIPAA through accessing PHI, the use of ChatGPT in health care can pose risks to data security and confidentiality. Figure 1. Inputs and outputs of an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot. can have several security risks. First, the model is trained on billions of data points, which means it has access to a vast amount of people’s data without their permission [25]. This is a clear violation of data security, especially when data are sensitive and can be used to identify individuals, their family members, or their location. Moreover, the training data that OpenAI scraped from the internet can also be proprietary or copyrighted. Consequently, this security risk may apply to sensitive business data and intellectual property. For example, a health care executive may paste the institution’s confidential document into ChatGPT, asking it to review and edit the document. In fact, as an open tool, the web-based data points on which ChatGPT is trained can be used by malicious actors to launch targeted attacks. Second, sensitive information can be leaked into the public domain when using ChatGPT. When users ask ChatGPT to answer some questions, they may inadvertently hand over sensitive patient or business information and put it in the public domain. Therefore, using ChatGPT can put users at risk of losing control of sensitive patient information, source code, and more. Potential data leakage has led companies, such as JP& Co, Verizon Communications, and Amazon to limit and ban their employees from using it [26]. More importantly, the integration of ChatGPT into existing health care systems could potentially require the use and disclosure of vast amounts of PHI; however, this may cause data leaks involving a variety of unintended entities and applications. According to its privacy policy, OpenAI may disclose users’ personal information to its business partners, law enforcement officials, other third parties, and other users [24]. Third, another concern is the lack of transparency regarding the origin of the sensitive data used to train the model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant data security and confidentiality risks associated with the use of AI chatbots like ChatGPT in healthcare. It emphasizes that the current free version of ChatGPT does not comply with HIPAA regulations, which are essential for handling personal health information (PHI). The potential for data leaks, lack of privacy safeguards, and unauthorized access to sensitive information poses serious concerns that undermine the ability of chatbots to provide reliable healthcare guidance safely.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cerevisiae had no cellodextrin transporters, so all reported minicellulosomes were designed to extracellularly hydrolyze cellulose into glucose [9–15], which could inhibit cell-displayed cellulases [17] and cause carbon catabolite repression inhibiting mixed-sugar uptake [18]. In contrast, Clostridium thermocellum, a natural cellulosome-producing bacterium with the highest known cellulose degradation rate [19], breaks down cellulose to mainly cellodextrins with its cellulosomal endoglucanases and exo-glucanases. Cellodextrins, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetrose, are then taken up by cells through ATP-dependent transport systems and then digested into glucose by intracellular β-glucosidases and cellodextrin phosphorylases [20, 21]. This unique cellulose-utilization system in C. thermocellum reduces the specific inhibitory interferences by glucose on endoglucanase and exoglucanase-catalyzed reactions, and can bypass the glucose repression for simultaneously using other biomass-derived sugars. Yeast utilization of cellodextrins can be achieved by engineering S. cerevisiae with a heterologous cellodextrin transporter from Neurospora crassa [22]. In mixed-sugar fermentations, the engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression on xylose or galactose uptake, and exhibited improved ethanol production [23, 24]. In this work, a cellulose-utilization system mimicking the one in C. thermocellum was designed and engineered in S. cerevisiae. Our hypothesis was that cellulose-mixed sugars co-utilization and bioethanol production by the engineered yeast can be realized and enhanced by displaying endoglucanase and exoglucanase with a bifunctional minicellulosome on cell surface for the conversion of cellulose to cellodextrins, and employing the cellodextrin transporter from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake and an intracellular β-glucosidase for cellodextrins hydrolysis to glucose, as illustrated in Fig. 1. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the engineering of S. cerevisiae, a type of yeast, to utilize cellodextrins (derived from cellulose) for improved ethanol production. It states that engineered yeasts succeeded in bypassing glucose repression and displayed enhanced bioethanol production capabilities, which supports the idea that bioengineered yeast can effectively produce high yields of biofuels from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: Ying’s research is focused on a geotechnical engineering course that uses course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) to give its learners the chance to gain practical skills and develop a scientific mindset through participation in genuine scientific research. What is different about CURE courses? “In traditional laboratory classes, learners explore the scientific world in a fixed routine with a variety of scientific exercises,” says Ying. “Learners carry out predetermined scientific research according to instructions from an experiment manual. ” This way of learning, as many of us have experienced, can feel dull and unproductive. “Contrary to traditional lab courses, CUREs create a laboratory learning environment in which learners are completely absorbed in a variety of novel research,” explains Ying. Students taking part in CUREs are fully immersed in real-world scientific research; they learn how to create research questions and design studies, collect and interpret data, and communicate their findings to other people. For example, learners on the geotechnical engineering course that Ying has been focusing on take part in a research project investigating the potential for drones to improve land surveys. Land surveying is a fundamental part of all civil engineering projects. As part of their CURE, learners use drones to collect data on research sites such as dams and bridges. “With the assistance of modern technology, learners have the opportunity to apply what they have learnt to a real-world project,” explains Ying. “Taking part in these experiences gives learners a deep understanding and an intuitive feeling of scientific practice. ” What are the benefits of CURE courses? To compare CURE courses with traditional courses, Ying surveyed learners from both course types before the start and at the end of their courses. These surveys asked learners about different aspects of their course, such as how much they were encouraged to collaborate with others, how much they were expected to use their own initiative, and what their career aspirations were. The results from these surveys show that the CURE model inspires learners to seek further education in engineering and prepare themselves for engineering jobs in the future. Ying explains, “Lab courses embedded with CURE elements can improve learners’ competence in experimental design and data analysis, inspire their enthusiasm in science, and convince them to continue with their studies. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing how course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) in geotechnical engineering, which might relate to technological advancements often associated with space programs, inspire learners to pursue further education in engineering and prepare for engineering careers. Ying’s research indicates that CURE courses enhance students' competence in experimental design and data analysis, boost their enthusiasm for science, and encourage them to continue their studies—all of which align with the notion that space programs can stimulate interest in STEM fields.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI chatbots provide basic healthcare guidance and answer medical questions. [SEP] Text: We also found that many LLM responses consistently referred the patient to consult healthcare professionals in their answer; this form of response may therefore be perceived as being more superficial in nature [14]. A balance of response detail, professionalism, commitment to patient safety, and friendliness can be important in the patient’s perception of each LLM as a trusted and useful resource [14]. This study utilised several validated scoring systems to grade the quality and readability of currently the most advanced LLM software responses. However, our study encountered some limitations. Firstly, the readability scores used were interpreted according to comprehension difficulty matched to the education level and may be different in an Australian context. Secondly, the questions posed to the LLMs were a summary of questions that patients asked at our institution only, and these may vary depending on patient demographics and their location. Furthermore, although we utilised two experienced clinicians to grade responses, there may have been small variations and therefore bias in how these responses were scored. Our study used only single prompts to generate responses and did not account for the past medical history of potential users. As such, the generated output was limited, and their responses may not be as specific or personalised as if the LLMs were given more information on each patient’s medical and social circumstances. Future studies can potentially explore the way in which LLMs tailor responses when provided with more patient information. ConclusionThis study highlights the potential of LLMs in providing patients with stoma management information through AI-generated responses to patient inquiries. Among the evaluated LLMs, Bing’s CoPilot and ChatGPT-4. 0 showed superior performance in readability, reliability, and overall quality of responses compared to other LLMs. However, LLMs still require significant advances in order to provide more tailored patient information. of authors declare no conflict of interest. authors have received any funding or support. Authors' conception and design of data Bryan Lim, Analysis and interpretation of data of manuscript revision of manuscript and contributed equally as first authors509. doi:10. 1007/s10350-004-0897-0. Focused preoperative patient stoma education, prior to ileostomy formation after anterior resection, contributes to a reduction in delayed discharge within the enhanced recovery programme. Colorectal Dis. 2012;27(1):43–47. doi:10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by detailing that while AI-generated responses from LLMs can provide some information, they often recommend that patients consult healthcare professionals instead, suggesting a more superficial nature to their guidance. It also notes the limitations of LLMs in providing tailored and personalized medical information, implying that while they can answer questions, they do not serve as complete substitutes for professional medical advice.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: cellulovorans DSM 3052 were purchased from von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ). Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 was purchased from (ATCC), while A. niger strain nl-1 was from University (Nanjing). Synthetic genes of cdt-1, gh1-1, cbh2 (codon-optimized, shown in Additional file 1), and Enhancer were provided by Inovogen (Beijing). Detailed descriptions of plasmids and sequences of primers are given in Additional file 1: Tables S1–S4. Media and culture conditions Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (1 % tryptone, 0. 5 % yeast extract, 1 % NaCl) supplemented with either 100 μg/mL ampicillin or 50 μg/mL kanamycin, and were induced with 1 mM isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) at 25 °C. EBY100 transformants were selected and maintained on minimal dextrose plates [0. 67 % yeast nitrogen base (YNB) with ammonium sulfate and without amino acids, 2 % glucose, 1. 5 % agar, appropriate supplements of Leu and Trp], and were induced in 10 mM CaCl2 supplied synthetic complete (SC) minimal medium (0. 67 % YNB, 2 % galactose, appropriate amino acids) with an initial A600 nm of 1 at 20 °C for 48 h. Cultivation of the yeasts expressing cellodextrin pathway was carried out in 96-well plate at 30 °C in SC minimal medium supplied with 2 % glucose, 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, or 0. 5 % cellotetrose. Cell density was periodically measured using (Thermo Scientific). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and flow cytometry analysis Saccharomyces cerevisiae EBY100 transformants were cultured in SC minimal medium with 2 % glucose as the carbon source for 48 h at 25 °C. Cells were washed three times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, pH 7. 4), and the photographs were taken with a confocal laser scanning microscope (2). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it contains a detailed description of laboratory procedures, specific strains, and cultivation conditions used in experiments without any mention of bioengineering yeast for the purpose of biofuel production. Therefore, it does not support or rebut the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: ” These results are particularly encouraging because Ying’s research took place at University, one of the largest Colleges and Universities (HBCUS) in the US. Before the civil rights movement in the 1960s, many American colleges and universities limited their intake of, or refused entry to, students. HBCUs are higher education institutions that were created to serve African Americans. Why are CURE courses so important at HBCUs? “In 2017, the number of learners enrolled by American public colleges and universities in STEM majors was only one-fifth of the number of white learners,” says Ying. learners also have higher drop-out rates and lower graduation rates than other learners. “As a result, the involvement of in STEM occupations is strikingly low,” she adds. Download the 10. 33424/491 Link to the activity sheet 0 +1 Pinterest 0 LinkedIn 0 has been studying at the College of Education and at University in the US (© University) Drone lab class (© Ying Gao) 3D printing lab class (© Ying Gao) Gao is at Nantong University, Xinling College, China (© Nantong University, Xinling College) These worrying statistics are the result of a whole host of barriers – from a lack of mentorship and support, to fewer opportunities, to more overt forms of discrimination – that can make higher education more challenging for learners. Implementing CURE courses at more HBCUs could help to improve the situation. Findings from Ying’s research show that the CURE course she implemented improved learners’ self-confidence and encouraged more of them to consider careers in STEM fields. Scientific research that impacts all of society needs researchers from a range of backgrounds and with a range of perspectives. Encouraging and developing experts is a vital part of the diversity we need to benefit us all. What are Ying’s next steps? Ying will continue to study CURE courses and their impacts on learners. In future studies, she will interview learners to gain a deeper understanding of their survey responses. These interviews, along with advice from teaching experts, will allow Ying and her fellow educators to adapt and improve the CURE model. “We expect that instructors from different courses at the university will adopt the CURE model in the future,” says Ying. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by highlighting that implementing Collaborative Undergraduate Research Experiences (CURE) courses at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) has improved learners’ self-confidence and encouraged them to consider careers in STEM fields. This indicates that educational initiatives, including those inspired by space programs, can promote interest and opportunities in STEM careers.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: ReferenceAIT typesAITs subtypeAITs useMachine learningNatural language processingDigital healthPredictScreen and measureManageAl-Harrasi et al [48]✓N/Ab✓Byeon [31]✓Predictive modeling✓Chen et al [39]✓Robotics✓Chen et al [47]✓Facial expression recognition✓Cho et al [46]✓Predictive modeling✓Demange et al [32]✓Robotics✓Eikelboom et al [33]✓N/A✓Favela et al [40]✓Wearable technology✓Filan and Llewellyn-Jones [51]✓Robotics✓Gill et al [34]✓N/A✓Hsieh et al [41]✓Robotics✓Jøranson et al [44]✓Robotics✓König et al [49]✓N/A✓König et al [35]✓N/A✓Leng et al [52]✓Robotics✓Liang et al [45]✓Robotics✓Mallo et al [36]✓N/A✓Mar et al [38]✓N/A✓Mar et al [37]✓N/A✓Moyle et al [42]✓Robotics✓Pu et al [53]✓Robotics✓Russo et al [55]✓N/A✓Shah et al [50]✓N/A✓Tadokoro et al [43]✓Facial expression recognition✓Yu et al [54]✓Robotics✓aAIT: artificial intelligence–based technology. bN/A: not applicable. Figure 4. Number of publications by artificial intelligence–based technology use and mental health issues. BPSD: behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. DiscussionPrincipal ResultsDespite the growing interest in AITs, most of those currently used take a psychosocial approach to treating and caring for patients with BPSD by using the clinical signs that are already present. AI remains largely unexplored in terms of its potential for the early, real-time detection of BPSD. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by stating that while there is a growing interest in artificial intelligence technologies (AITs), most of their current applications focus on a psychosocial approach in treating behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). It explicitly mentions that 'AI remains largely unexplored in terms of its potential for the early, real-time detection of BPSD,' indicating that the development for early detection of such diseases is not yet fully established.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: 0) supplied with 1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 10 mM CaCl2. Viscosity reduction at 30 °C was measured periodically using an ubbelohde viscometer. The yeast cells with bifunctional minicellulosomes (A600 nm = 50) were suspended in the same buffer containing 1 % CMC and 10 mM CaCl2, and kept at 30 °C for 20 h. The reducing sugars released were quantified by 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) assay. FermentationTo screen the preferred combination of endoglucanase and exoglucanase, the pre-induced yeast cells were washed twice with PBS, then concentrated to A600 nm = 20 in SC minimal medium supplied with 10 mM CaCl2 and 1 % or Avicel. The fermentation was conducted anaerobically in rubber-stoppered glass serum bottle at 30 °C for 4 days. The yeast transformants without pre-induction were used for cellulose-galactose co-fermentation. An appropriate amount (0–25 g/L) of galactose was mixed with 1 % cellulose as the carbon source, and the growth temperature was lowered to 25 °C. Galactose was measured using D-galactose rapid kit (Megazyme), while cell density and ethanol were determined via a spectrophotometer (EU-2600, ONLAB) and gas chromatograph (GC-14C, Shimadzu), respectively. ResultsFunctional construction of cellodextrin utilization pathwayWe employed cdt-1 from N. crassa for cellodextrins uptake. It was co-expressed with different β-glucosidases (Ccel_2454 from C. cellulolyticum, bgla from C. cellulovorans, and gh1-1 from N. crassa) to construct cellodextrin pathway in S. cerevisiae EBY100. As shown in Fig. 2a and b, the EBY100 strains expressing either gfp-fused gh1-1 or gfp-fused cdt-1 were brightly fluorescent under a confocal laser scanning microscope. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly address the claim regarding the production of high yields of biofuels from sugars using bioengineered yeast. Instead, it describes experimental procedures involving yeast cells, their growth conditions, and the use of specific enzymes for fermentation. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space programs inspire STEM education and careers. [SEP] Text: “We hope that this will strengthen STEM education for our undergraduates, help to cultivate their talents and prepare them to compete in the global job market. ” Gaoat Nantong University, Xinling College, China, and doctoral student at the Department of Elementary and Education, College of Education and of research: Education research Research project: Using course-based undergraduate research experiences to improve the experience of Geotechnical engineering learners Funders: US Foundation (NSF). Project number: 633242 Department of Education in Jiangsu Province, China. Project number: 2021JSJG357 Department of Education in Jiangsu Province, China. Project number: 2024JSJG168 About education research Education is one of the most important aspects of our development as human beings. A good education allows us to communicate with other people, develop new skills and understand the world arounds us. Without a proper education, we may struggle to feel confident socially, find work, take care of ourselves and lead a fulfilling life. Education research is the process of studying, testing and, ultimately, improving our education practices. Education researchers aim to understand the mechanisms by which humans learn in order to identify new and better ways of teaching. Over the last few years, one of the big questions in education research has been how best to integrate technology into education. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this question was put to the test as schools and universities around the world were forced to move all of their teaching online. Overnight, teachers and learners had to adapt to video calls and virtual classrooms. How long can learners pay attention on a video call? How does a lack of social contact affect learning? Can teachers support students properly without face-to-face interactions? These are the types of questions that education researchers are still trying to answer, with many concerned about the consequences lockdowns had on schools and young people. While it is clear that technology cannot replace in-person learning, there is still huge potential for it to enhance and augment our teaching methods. In fact, it is hard to imagine how a school could function these days without access to computers, the internet and smart boards. As technology continues to evolve, so too does its place in the classroom. One new technology, augmented reality, is already being used in some classrooms. For example, medical students use simulation software to practice surgical procedures, whilst some mathematics teachers are using augmented reality to teach trigonometry. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim as it discusses strengthening STEM education for undergraduates and cultivating talents to compete in the global job market, indirectly suggesting that initiatives such as space programs can motivate students towards STEM fields. The mention of integrating technology into education and the use of modern teaching methods, including augmented reality, highlights a growing emphasis on applying innovative approaches in STEM education, which is likely inspired in part by advancements from fields like space exploration.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI is being developed to help detect early signs of diseases like cancer and Alzheimer’s. [SEP] Text: Further, given the weak signal-to-noise ratio, it is likely that signals from wearables or smartphones alone might lack sensitivity or specificity. Therefore, research that combines signals from wearables or smartphones with other digital sources of data (eg, symptoms recorded in health records and initial laboratory tests in primary care) will almost certainly be needed to demonstrate sufficient accuracy and utility in target populations. This was recently highlighted in a systematic review [29] of artificial intelligence technologies for skin cancer detection. Despite an abundance of digital products, the review highlighted that there has been very little testing in low-prevalence populations and limited data on the use of lower-quality images (eg, taken by patients or family physicians or using lower-quality phones), and as such, widespread adoption into practice has been limited [30]. Innovators also need to consider (and test) whether these new digital tools should and could detect more than 1 type of cancer (or detect other potentially important nonmalignant diseases; eg, cirrhosis in individuals with jaundice or depression in individuals with weight loss). Other considerations include who the target group is (eg, all adults or only those at higher risk of developing cancer), at what point in time (eg, certain age), and at what periodicity that group should begin using this technology for the detection of cancer. Further, it is well documented that symptom monitoring increases selective attention to the body, resulting in increased symptom reporting [31]; thus, the monitoring of symptoms could result in increased symptom burden. Development and testing need to determine the extent to which the monitoring of activity, symptoms, and other signals changes the outputs of those measurements [32,33]. Regulatory ChallengesGiven the burden involved in fulfilling regulatory approvals for diagnostic devices, many smartphone technologies and wearables that could potentially have value for cancer detection will instead be introduced as products for overall health and wellness management. As the field expands, more guidance and standards for digital health tools are being introduced to ensure that they are not only safe and effective but also adoptable by the health care system [34]. For example, the recent UK of Health and (NICE) evidence standards framework [35] is intended to ensure new digital health technologies are clinically effective and offer value to the health care system. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that despite the development of AI technologies for cancer detection, there are significant challenges and limitations in their implementation and effectiveness. It mentions limited testing in low-prevalence populations and issues related to the quality of images used for detection, which suggests that current AI developments may not be ready for widespread adoption for early disease detection. Additionally, it touches on the regulatory challenges and the potential that many such AI tools might only be introduced as general health and wellness products rather than specifically for early disease detection, thereby undermining the claim.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The difference in GFP distribution indicated the successful localization of GH1-1 and CDT-1 in yeast cytoplasm and cell membrane, respectively. Also, Fig. 2a and b show that although GFP was detected in some cells, the rest of the population did not have GFP. The cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression probably arose from fluctuations in the global gene expression machinery of the cell, which has been termed “extrinsic noise”, “global noise”, or “gene expression capacity” [28]. All three yeast transformants expressing both cellodextrin transporter and β-glucosidase were able to grow with cellobiose as the sole carbon source (Fig. 2c). They showed similar growth rates in 2 % glucose fermentation (cell density [A600 nm] reached ~1. 45 from 0. 15 after 30 h), but exhibited different growth kinetics on cellodextrins (Additional file 1: Figure S2). Among them, the strain EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1) expressing GH1-1 and CDT-1 had the highest specific growth rates and reached A600 nm of 1. 34, 1. 21, and 1. 54 from 0. 15 in ~50 h with 1 % cellobiose, 0. 5 % cellotriose, and 0. 5 % cellotetrose as the sole carbon source, respectively. Fig. 2Functionality of the cellodextrin pathway in yeast. Confocal images of the EBY100 strains expressing gfp-fused gh1-1 (a), and gfp-fused cdt-1 (b). c Growth of the engineered EBY100 strains on the plate containing 1 % cellobiose as the sole carbon source. A Gly-Ser (GS) linker was introduced between GFP and GH1-1 or CDT-1 in (a) and (b). The control was transformed with pRS425. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about bioengineered yeast being designed for high yields of biofuels from sugars. Instead, it describes the localization and growth characteristics of engineered yeast strains in general and their ability to utilize cellodextrins. There is no direct support or contradiction related to biofuel production in the provided content.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Space exploration promotes international collaboration and knowledge-sharing. [SEP] Text: Base: A Key to and Collaboration 0 By leap_bojan on August 20, 2023 × Bettoni, M. and Obeng, E. , 2023. Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of 9(5), 45. APA Bettoni, M. & Obeng, E. (2023). Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of 9(5), 36-45. M, Obeng E. Base: A Key to and Collaboration. of. 2023 Jul,9(5):36-45. . "Base: A Key to and Collaboration. " of 9. 5 (2023): 36-45. Chicago Bettoni, Marco, Obeng Eddie. "Base: A Key to and Collaboration. " of 9, no. 5 (2023): 36-45. × Suggested 10. 18775/ijmsba. 1849-5664-5419. 2014. 95. 1003 URL: Marco Bettoni,. Management and Collaboration, Basel, Switzerland Abstract: Knowledge sharing is a key to successful collaboration (online or in presence), and since collaboration is changing due to the increasingly emerging so-called “New Collaboration,” knowledge sharing should adjust accordingly: we call this Sharing. Organizations wishing to exploit the potential of need to understand how the new knowledge sharing and collaboration are related and, in particular, how they proceed, the very steps of their interwoven process. During our previous work, the concept of a Base (abbreviated to J. K. B. ) emerged and became increasingly prominent as a key to knowledge sharing. Thus, in this paper, we will first revise and elaborate our concept of a J. K. B. in more detail. We will see how, on the one hand, when working on a shared task, each collaborator contributes to its construction and how, on the other, the J. K. B. functions as an interaction bridge, which is why it is a key to knowledge sharing. Secondly, we will describe different opportunities for partners in an interaction (team meeting, workshop, creative session, etc. ) to contribute to the creation of a J. K. B. using so-called “Tools” (D. C. T. ), which are standardized artifact-mediated interaction methods developed by E. Obeng. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by emphasizing the importance of knowledge sharing for successful collaboration. It states that collaboration is evolving and that knowledge sharing, particularly through shared tasks and interactions, is key to that process. The mention of creating a shared concept (referred to as J. K. B.) and interactions through tools indicates that international collaboration, such as that found in space exploration, is facilitated by effective knowledge sharing.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers within a decade. [SEP] Text: AI replace doctors’ ‘gut instincts’? Published on December 20, 2023 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? Use + rapid advances in the field, AI won’t supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. : Pexels: to use -Edquist DOI 10. 54377/02d2-eea4 Doctors’ intuition plays a key role in healthcare, even when computers suggest another treatment approach. But with AI advancing, is that all about to change? The value of healthcare workers’ intuition in effective clinical care has been verified by reports around the world again and again. From doctors’ ability to spot sepsis in critically ill children, to ‘nurse worry‘ as a ‘vital sign’ predictive of patient deterioration, to helping GPs navigate complex patient care — intuition appears to play a large role in supporting high risk patients — even when data or computer outputs suggest another treatment approach. (AI) has already begun to transform healthcare, and the health sector will only continue to consider AI innovations in 2024 and beyond. In this increasingly technological world, questions swirl on what is the role of these human hunches in healthcare practice and whether AI is about to overtake doctors’ ‘gut feelings’ entirely. What is AI in healthcare and when is it used? Davenport from and Deloitte consultant explain elsewhere, AI healthcare includes ‘rule-based expert systems’, which use prescribed knowledge-based rules to solve a problem, and ‘robotic process automation’, which uses automation technologies to mimic some tasks of human workers. Such technology can help with automated patient monitoring, where alerts are signalled once a rule criterion is met, patient scheduling reminders and medicine management. Other forms of AI used in healthcare include robots, natural language processing and machine learning. Robots can help move and stock medical supplies, lift and reposition patients and assist surgeons. hospital has launched a €7 billion project, set to be completed in 2028, which will engage robots to collect patient data typically reliant on human physical touch: from measuring pulse, to taking temperature and calculating oxygen saturation. The release of ChatGPT in 2023 marked a leap forward for AI in popular consciousness. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI is advancing and transforming healthcare, it specifically states that AI will not supplant human healthcare workers in 2024. It also highlights the crucial role of healthcare workers' intuition in effective clinical care, asserting that doctors' intuition contributes significantly to patient assessments and decision-making. This suggests that despite technological advances, the complete replacement of healthcare workers by AI is not imminent.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: CDT-1 and β-glucosidases in (c) did not have GFP tagFull size image Facilitation of protein assembly on yeast by secretionIn this work, the N-terminals of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and miniscaffoldin I* were fused with a yeast secretion signal (α-factor) to extracellularly accomplish the minicellulosome assembly, because our earlier study [10] has suggested that direct display of the intracellularly-assembled minicellulosome may be difficult due to its large molecular mass. However, the hypothesis of using enzyme or scaffoldin secretion can facilitate cellulosome assembly on the yeast surface has never been confirmed. Here, the EBY100 displaying miniscaffoldin II and co-expressing docCipA-fused gfp (C-terminus) was thus used to investigate the impact of N-terminal α-factor on surface assembly of GFP complex. Dockerin docCipA (type II) was able to specifically bind to the type II cohesin domains (CohII) on miniscaffoldin II. To determine the amount of the surface-displayed GFP, a camelid-derived nanobody (Enhancer) [26, 27] produced in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) was applied (Additional file 1: Figure S3a). It has been reported that binding of Enhancer can facilitate improved proton extraction from the chromophore hydroxyl by His148GFP, thereby stabilizing the phenolate anion of the chromophore and enhancing the fluorescence intensity of GFP [26]. Here, binding of Enhancer to GFP led to an additional fluorescence increase of ~1. 84-fold (Fig. S3b), thus the GFP distribution could be calculated according to Eqs. (1) and (2). Here, enhancement coefficient (α) was ~2. 84. As shown in Fig. 3a, when the repeat number of CohII was less than six, the fluorescence intensity on the yeast surface increased linearly with increasing the length of miniscaffoldin II, and a raised display level of GFP usually resulted in a decrease of fluorescence inside yeast cells (Fig. 3b). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses the assembly of protein complexes in yeast and the use of specific tags for fluorescence, without addressing biofuel production or the capabilities of bioengineered yeast in that context.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Lastly on this topic, Deng discusses the potential role of stress-induced adaptive evolution in the development and further refinement of the metabolic system. Importantly, he notes that such adaptive evolution could have added to the complexity of the metabolic system over time, making it the complicated system it is today. The stable complex evolution model provides a fresh perspective in understanding the evolution of our genetic systems. Adapting to survive Adaptive evolution refers to adaptations of an organism to ensure they survive and thrive in their habitat. There are two principles of adaptive evolution, namely the function-based principle and the principle of cell selection. The former refers to the inclination for cells to maintain a stable function and a balance with the environment. The principle of cell selection proposes that cells maintain this stable function by acquiring mutations. Because cells want to maintain balance with the environment, any change in the environment can cause instability in cell function tipping it into a stress state. To counteract this instability and reinstate stability, the cell may select a mutation that enables this. Changes in the environment may therefore be one of the main driving forces of evolution and therefore cells need to adapt to survive. A real-life example of adaptive evolution can be found in a population living at high altitude with low-oxygen conditions. Research at the of discovered such populations develop a new protein called haemoglobin X. This protein is not present at birth but evolves to enable them to adapt to their low-oxygen environment because it improves oxygen use in an oxygen-depleted environment. Over a prolonged period under low-oxygen conditions, haemoglobin X could become integrated into the genetic structure to ensure survival of the species. Self-organisation, functional stability, and intrinsic selectivity of life Another evolutionary question that the stable complex model can help explain is self-organisation origin. Self-organisation refers to order in a complex system that occurs by itself and within itself as opposed to be induced by external factors. Deng reasons that the stable complex evolution model explains the self-organisation properties biomolecules display such as their natural tendencies to react with each other. The model emphasises two main aspects of the complementary interactions between molecules that are vital to induce evolution: one is high binding affinity and the second is the specificity of the interaction. He believes that stable binding provides the required high binding affinity that drives this self-organisation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses concepts related to evolutionary biology and adaptive evolution rather than astronomy research or the origins of the universe. There is no mention of astronomical phenomena, cosmic events, or any relevant theories that would corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers within a decade. [SEP] Text: This type of AI, which requires training on large data sets (supported by human feedback), focuses on giving computers the ability to read, support and manipulate human language. Such natural language processing has changed the communication landscape with its language mimicry. While some note that the hype hasn’t quite been reflected in reality, professionals in a range of sectors — including healthcare — now use ChatGPT for correspondence, such as with drafting “sick notes”, medication management, or to manage healthcare information. There are predictions that healthcare Processing will be a $USD7. 2 billion business by 2028, with this type of AI being deployed to help translate complex published papers for public consumption, for analysis of electronic health records to help identify at-risk patients, and to interact with patients to help with triage or answer healthcare questions. In 2024, some say this type of AI is likely to focus on more sophisticated language models that power chatbots and virtual assistants, and will be built into word processing programs. gives computers the ability to learn without explicitly being programmed for a given task. The algorithms driving these types of AI are based on statistical and predictive models. often relies on ‘training’ from existing data sets, which have been human reviewed and annotated. Essentially, doesn’t automatically know what to look for, and without human-informed training this type of AI tends to provide lots of noise and useless predictions. Once trained, can take previously unseen patient information and apply its prior ‘training’ to analyse the data and predict outcomes, or make recommendations. In healthcare, can recognise patterns which may be missed by humans such as described for AI’s role in patient survival of gastric cancer, identification of primary causes of cancers, and reducing breast cancer false positives. In 2024, algorithms are likely to continue to be used for probing healthcare data analytics, with vast medical data provided by wearables, medical devices and electronic health records. With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation. Artificial versus human intelligence: Who has the edge? Given the global healthcare workforce shortages, the proverb may be true: Necessity breeds invention. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI technologies are being integrated into healthcare for various tasks such as managing health information and patient triage, there remains a significant need for human involvement in the training and evaluation of AI outputs. It states, 'With all forms of healthcare AI — it is clear that humans are still needed for AI training, evaluation of outputs, and considering the impacts of the AI recommendation.' This indicates that AI is not positioned to fully replace healthcare workers, as human intelligence is still crucial in the healthcare sector.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: The data suggested that the N-terminal α-factor was able to facilitate the formation of GFP complex on the displayed miniscaffoldin II with a fluorescence increase of >30 %. Therefore, α-factor was also fused to miniscaffoldin I*, and endo- and exo-glucanases for minicellulosome assembly. Fig. 3Surface assembly of GFP with or without N-terminal α-factor on the EBY100 displaying miniscaffoldin II. Fluorescence on the yeast surface (a), and in the cytoplasm (b). Assembly with α-factor (solid line with filled square), and without α-factor (dash line with open square). gfp was fused to docCipA at its C-terminus, and a GS linker was introduced between themFull size image Functional assembly of two-scaffoldin-derived bifunctional minicellulosomeEight endoglucanase genes were cloned from C. cellulolyticum and C. cellulovorans (Additional file 1: Figure S4a). These enzymes were surface assembled with miniscaffoldin I* and miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 2), respectively. Their native C-terminal dockerin domains (type I) were able to specifically bind to the cohesin domains (type I) on miniscaffoldin I*, thus unifunctional minicellulosomes could be formed after galactose induction. The decrease in the viscosity of a CMC solution was measured to evaluate the activities of the endoglucanase-associated yeasts (A600 nm = 20). Figure 4a shows that EngY exhibited the highest hydrolysis ability towards CMC, resulting in a >80 % reduction in viscosity after 15 h. While celCCA, celCCC, celCCD, and celM also caused a sharp decrease in viscosity (>80 % after 65 h), followed by celCCG and EngB (<50 % after 65 h), EngE-associated EBY100 did not show any endoglucanase activity. Fig. 4Screening of cellulases and determination of the enzyme assembly efficiency. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not directly relate to the claim regarding bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels. Instead, it talks about the use of yeast in enzyme assembly and the efficiency of endoglucanases in reducing viscosity of a solution, which is not specifically about biofuel production from sugars.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: “The energy is still there, but it has lost all capacity for change; it is as little able to work the universe as the water in a flat pond is able to turn a water-wheel. [… And so] the universe as a whole cannot so go round and round. ”[1, p347] Along with his contemporaries, believed the universe had no extraneous font of energy. He thus forecast a cosmic lack-of-heat death: “[T]he energy of the universe must continually lose availability; [ultimately] a universe in which the energy had no further availability to lose would be dead already. Change can occur only in the one direction, which leads to the heat-death. With universes as with mortals, the only possible life is progress to the grave. ”[1, p347-348] Contrary to James Jeans’ assessment and similar predictions associated with 20th-century cosmology, it turns out that the universe does have a “source of replenishment. ” It is now possible to scientifically address and resolve the fate-of-the-universe problem. The source of replenishment is an object best described as an end-state neutron star. Its theoretical foundation is directly linked to the aether theory of gravity [2] and three recently discovered laws of physics: • Differential propagation of light. [3] • via Blueshift. [4] • by process. [5] The functionality and importance of these laws will be examined in the course of the discussion. But first, I want to give an overview of the end-state neutron star, which, for brevity and convenience, will be called the Terminal star, and, in recognition of its key importance, designated the Mainspring object. 2. Terminal-The Terminal-state star is essentially a neutron star that has acquired a lightspeed surface-boundary, which means the space-medium inflow at the ‘surface’ equals the maximum allowable. Ontologically, it is an end stage object; its state of being cannot be altered in any way other than changes of rotation. Such an object is truly in an end state of existence. It is both a destroyer of energy (specifically, mass energy) and a generator of energy (specifically, it amplifies the energy of photons and neutrinos). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing cosmic phenomena, such as the energy dynamics of the universe and the significance of the Terminal star, which is linked to the broader understanding of the universe's fate and origins. It emphasizes that scientific investigation into these areas can enhance our comprehension of the universe's history and the laws governing it, thereby directly supporting the claim that astronomy research aids in understanding the universe's origins.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers within a decade. [SEP] Text: It may not be long until healthcare includes integrated AI forms where a robot greets you in your native language for your annual check-up using Processing, takes your vital signs, and sends a recommendation to the doctor on which patient to prioritise and what investigations need to be ordered using algorithms designed to analyse collected vital signs. What AI can’t do is replace the natural ‘gut feel’ of a healthcare professional. And this won’t change in 2024. The clinical reasoning and thinking process that healthcare providers engage is so complex, and the sources of information that the human brain considers in patient care are too numerous to capture with current algorithms. The implicit knowledge an expert relies on for effective clinical care is so deeply embedded in human automation, that methods to get at these data points often fail. On top of this, AI-accessible data and the AI algorithms themselves can have flaws. Machine learning can be overly sensitive, leading to over-diagnoses in some patients. Processing AIs can act as healthcare trojan horses, where the technology is so convincing in its communication approaches that it tricks the user into thinking it is knowledgeable in the same way a human is. There are also privacy concerns with such AI applications. AI typically relies on data input to continue learning — and the clarity about what happens to confidential patient information when input into AI remains an open question for many platforms. There are also challenges that the healthcare AI field is tackling related to bias and responsibility, and questions about what we consider ‘mundane’ and ‘repetitive’ tasks which AI can truly take off humans. In reality (ironically), all existing AI is devoid of the necessary context within which healthcare occurs. It misses the complexity, the empathy, and important data points that human intelligence has access to, and can therefore only replicate specific human tasks. Our healthcare future: Humans leading, AI supporting A better description of the role of AI in healthcare in the future might be: “AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence,” as Reddy, director at India’s Apollo, has put it. Healthcare AI is increasingly taking on roles of “clinical decision-making support”, meaning the healthcare provider is in charge and human intelligence is prioritised, while AI augments this. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by emphasizing that while AI can assist in certain tasks within healthcare, it cannot replicate the complex clinical reasoning, empathy, and decision-making skills inherent to human healthcare professionals. The text states, 'AI won’t replace the doctors, but those doctors will be replaced who don’t use Artificial Intelligence' and highlights the limitations of AI in capturing the intricacies of patient care, thus arguing against the notion that AI will entirely replace healthcare workers.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Comparison of endoglucanases (a), exo-glucanases (b), and enzyme combinations (c) in various engineered yeast strains. d Analysis of the enzyme assembly efficiency by FACS with double-antibody staining. Control in (b) lacks both endoglucanase and exoglucanase. Label of X-axis in (d) indicates the fusion position of His-tag () in three different EBY100 (CohII = 1, cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb). His-ScaII, His-EngY and His-cbhB mean the His-tag-fused miniscaffoldin II (= 1, C-terminus), His-tag-fused EngY (N-terminus), and His-tag-fused cbhB (N-terminus)Full size image Then, exoglucanase genes were cloned from C. cellulolyticum, C. acetobutylicum, C. cellulovorans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichoderma reesei (Additional file 1: Figure S4b). They were co-expressed with engy, miniscaffoldin I* and miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 2), respectively, to construct bifunctional minicellulosomes on EBY100. Because of the species-specific interactions between dockerins and cohesins, the C-terminus of CA_C0911, exgs, cbhb, and cbh2 were replaced or fused with dockerin docA from celcca, while the native type I dockerin domains of celcce and celccf were kept (Additional file 1: Figure S4b). To evaluate the exoglucanase activity, CMC digestion was carried out by galactose-induced EBY100 transformants with A600 nm = 50. As indicated by the reducing sugars released after 20 h (Fig. 4b), celCCE, CA_C0911, and cbhB, with EngY, were obviously better in cellulose degradation, followed by and celCCF. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various engineered yeast strains and the analysis of their enzyme activities, specifically endoglucanases and exo-glucanases, in degrading cellulose. However, it does not provide direct evidence or examples of bioengineered yeast producing biofuels from sugars, which is the essence of the claim. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Astronomy research contributes to our understanding of the universe's origins. [SEP] Text: Also, there are the processes of the sub-physical domain. They were briefly discussed in connection with Figure 7; they consist of aether emergence (expansion) and aether self-vanishment (contraction) and aether excitationconsumption (by matter). In addition to summarizing the processes of the physical realm, the flowchart (Figure 10) is an attempt to show how the Mainspring interacts with the external World, how it relates to the rest of the Universe. As an aid in interpreting the flowchart, remember this difference between the Mainspring system and the surrounding cosmic system: The processes occurring within the first do not conform to thermodynamic laws, while all the processes (all the various kinds of energy transformations) taking place within the latter do so in accordance with the conventional laws of thermodynamics. Glossary of the terms/labels used in Figure 10: Energy amplification: energy generation by velocity differential propagation of radiation. This is the Blueshifting process. Mass extinction: Refers to the loss of mass by aether deprivation. It follows from the fact that mass cannot exist when it is deprived of aether (see the principle of physicality, above). Ejection: Refers to the outbound propagation of photons and neutrinos —passing through the polar escape portals. This is what constitutes the Terminal star’s emission beams and is what powers astronomically observed astrophysical jets. Formation of mass: The conversion of gamma photons to subatomic mass p6. 3. What drives the Cosmos? What lies beneath its forces? What sustains it energy? … The answer is processes. is entirely maintained by the processes presented in the Flowchart and the dynamics of the sub-physical domain. The profound conclusion is that the processes of the Mainspring mechanism and those of the sub-physical domain sustain the Universe perpetually —it will continue in its present state (steady state) forever. What prevents the universe from running down? What keeps the universe alive? The profound answer to James Jeansʼ query is this: The universe does have a source of replenishment. Our world is prevented from running down by the energy generated through its Mainspring objects. The universe is alive in the sense that its Mainspring objects generate their own replacements. It is kept ‘alive’ perpetually. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing processes that sustain the universe and how those processes relate to its origins, such as the interactions of the Mainspring with the cosmos and the energy transformations governed by thermodynamic laws. It emphasizes that the 'universe is alive' and that its perpetual state is maintained through certain mechanisms, which aligns with the idea that astronomy research helps to elucidate the origins and nature of the universe.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: AI will replace all healthcare workers within a decade. [SEP] Text: Under this model, AI could be programmed to alert the healthcare provider on all the variables not considered in an algorithm, to help the healthcare provider explore to what extent the AI recommendations can be valuable in a specific context or with a specific patient. For instance, if an AI is recommending antidepressants for a patient who is also pregnant, it would alert the doctor that such medications aren’t yet tested in this population — allowing the doctor to consider other data points in deciding the next best step. To support this model — in which humans lead, but AI support — the AI-integrated future shouldn’t just focus on improving AI. An AI-augmented healthcare system must include healthcare worker training and support in both AI literacy and human intelligence literacy. Education can also focus on helping healthcare providers recognise when to question patterns; how to challenge predictions; and the value of trusting intuition — essentially building capacity to tolerate uncertainty. This future-protecting healthcare education would help reduce the risk of “automation bias,” whereby humans allow the AI to work autonomously and the algorithm is trusted, even in the face of clear evidence that it’s wrong. AI has given us a valuable gift: the opportunity to explore what aspects of human intelligence are critical in healthcare, and which tasks can be enhanced with technology. After all, both human brains and AI are wired for prediction, but humans have the power to interrogate, question and evaluate these predictions while AI has computing power beyond a human brain. Both are needed to manage the complexities of patient care. Michelle D. is the Director of the Centre for Education and of the Centre for Scholarship in at in Australia. She is an award-winning educator, having received the ‘Teaching Excellence’ award amongst others, and is the author of the “Effect: How to Survive and Thrive through the Unexpected“. Originally published under by 360info™. Enjoy this 2024. Here’s why. Focus on 2024 It’s a wonderful year for a Moon dance Hydrogen can revolutionise clean energy, transport, decarbonise industrial processes … and cook your dinner. Focus on 2024 Hydrogen makes itself at home The UK and US have both approved a gene editing therapy to overcome the genetic mutation that causes sickle cell disease, but the treatment is expensive. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the role of healthcare providers in conjunction with AI rather than being replaced by it. It emphasizes that AI should support healthcare providers, as it states that ‘both human brains and AI are wired for prediction,’ indicating a collaborative relationship where human intelligence is critical in patient care and decision-making.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Bioengineered yeast can be designed to produce high yields of biofuels from sugars. [SEP] Text: Effects of galactose, inoculum density and miniscaffoldin lengthTo investigate the effects of galactose on cell growth and display efficiency of miniscaffoldin II (CohII = 4) on the EBY100 (cdt-1, gh1-1, engy, cbhb) co-expressing the cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) and bifunctional minicellulosome (engy, cbhb), cells were cultured in the galactose/cellobiose mixture at various ratios. The inoculum density of EBY100 transformants was adjusted to A600 nm = 0. 1, and FACS was applied for the detection of miniscaffoldin II (Additional file 1: Fig. S5b). As shown in Fig. 5a, the highest fluorescence intensity of 4200 was obtained with 5 g/L galactose and 20 g/L cellobiose, while the highest cell density (A600 nm = ~1. 9 after 2 days) was obtained with 20 g/L galactose and 5 g/L cellobiose. Interestingly, although hydrolytic cleavage of cellodextrins through β-glucosidase could not provide the yeast with more ATP nor increase cell yield [], the mixture of galactose and cellobiose exhibited a synergistic effect on cell growth. Similar results have also been reported in the co-fermentation of cellobiose 29and xylose [23]. Since strong transcription usually caused declines in protein display efficiency [30], increasing the galactose concentration to 25 g/L decreased the fluorescence intensity to 2200, although the yeast grew much better with galactose than cellobiose. Fig. 5Optimization of minicellulosome assembly and cellulosic ethanol production. a Effects of galactose concentration on miniscaffoldin II display and cell growth. The EBY100 co-expressing bifunctional minicellulosome (CohII = 4, engy, cbhb) and cellodextrin pathway (cdt-1, gh1-1) was employed. The His-tag-fused to the C-terminus of miniscaffoldin II was double-antibody stained. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses effects related to the growth of yeast (EBY100) in different sugar mixtures, specifically focusing on galactose and cellobiose, and their impact on cell growth and protein display efficiency. However, it does not directly address the claim about bioengineered yeast producing high yields of biofuels. Thus, the text is largely irrelevant to the claim.