Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research -genome editing in human iPSCs with -CAS9 by co-targeting ATP1a1 View 10. 7717/peerj. 9060 Published 2020-05-01 Accepted 2020-04-04 Received 2020-02-17 iPSCs, Genome editing, ATP1A1, Stem cells, Disease models Copyright © 2020 Liu et al. is an open access 2020. Enhanced genome editing in human iPSCs with -CAS9 by co-targeting ATP1a1. PeerJ 8:e9060 The authors have chosen to make the review history of this 1. The introduced mutation confers resistance to cardiac glycosides, which can then be used to select successfully targeted cells. Using this system, we introduced different formats of donor DNA for homology-directed repair (HDR), including single-strand DNAs, double-strand DNAs, and plasmid donors. We achieved a 35-fold increase in HDR when using plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template. We further co-targeted ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest to determine the enrichment of mutagenesis after cardiac glycoside selection. Through this approach, INDEL rate was increased after cardiac glycoside treatment, while HDR enrichment was only observed at certain loci. Collectively, these results suggest that a plasmid donor with a 400 bp repair template is an optimal donor DNA for targeted substitution and co-targeting ATP1A1 with the second locus enriches for mutagenesis events through cardiac glycoside selection in human iPSCs. genome editing technology provides researchers with a powerful tool to investigate the function of genes in nearly any species. By using programmable nucleases to cut the genome, researchers can mutate or correct the genes of interest for further investigation. Although there are still concerns about safety issues, such technologies may pave the way to develop new therapies for cancer treatment or genetic diseases (Cornu, Mussolino & Cathomen, 2017; Fu et al. , 2013; Hsu et al. , 2013; Ihry et al. , 2018; Pattanayak et al. , 2013). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how genome editing technology, including programmable nucleases, allows researchers to cut the genome to mutate or correct genes of interest for further investigation. It specifically mentions that enhanced genome editing is performed with targeted approaches, which aligns directly with the precision of changes to DNA sequences proposed by CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: However, as outlined in the section above, the privacy-preserving option might not always be the option perceived as most favorable by the user. As shown in the study by Wang et al. [52], the privacy-preserving nudges were not unanimously perceived as beneficial by all users, but less so by users who actively aimed to share information for financial reasons. Thus, when considering additional factors such as commercial interests, convenience, or functionality, users might willingly tend toward the more privacy-invasive option. Therefore, when considering the GDPR requirement for informed consent, several implications for the design of privacy-preserving nudges arise: Privacy-preserving nudges should be transparent and easily visible for the user so that they are not nudged toward the privacy-preserving option unawares. The design of a nudge toward the privacy-preserving option bears the same ethical considerations as the design of a nudge toward other options. Here, the reader is referred to Hansen’s and Jespersen’s proposal of transparent Type 2 nudges [23] as described in the section. For example, labeling the privacy-preserving option as such or rating the privacy invasiveness of different options might be easily visible and understandable approaches allowing for an informed decision. In contrast, a default selection of the privacy-preserving option with the other options not easily visible or hidden behind a button might lead users to accept the default selection without being aware what they agreed to. The selection of the more privacy-invasive option should be as easy as the selection of the more privacy-preserving option. Following the above example, hiding the privacy-invasive options behind buttons, or forwarding users to separate pages, would pose an additional effort for the user. Ideally, measures should be in place to detect a potential mismatch between the implemented nudge and the users’ wishes. For example, testing the nudge in a study before its actual implementation in practice might reveal deviations between the researcher’s and the users’ intentions. In real-life settings, users might have the option to express thoughts or concerns concerning the nudge design via provided contact details or survey instruments. If a mismatch or unintended side effects are detected, the nudge design can be adapted accordingly. 5. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of privacy-preserving options within cryptocurrencies. It indicates that privacy-preserving nudges are not always viewed positively by users who may prefer convenience and functionality, suggesting that complete privacy is not guaranteed. Additionally, it explains that users might actively choose more privacy-invasive options depending on their circumstances, which undermines the total anonymity claimed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: We use cookies to enhance your experience on our website. By continuing to use our website, you are agreeing to our use of cookies. You can change your cookie settings at any time. Find out more personal profile panels this content Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend Email this content or copy the link directly: The link was not copied. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Link copied successfullyCopy link to 1627. and set by Mr. Ro: RamseyThe captiv'd Bee: or, The little to Porter, upon his Brothers deathTo his dying -more. EpigTo Cherry-blossomescame whiteTo PansiesOn Gelli-flowers begottenin a ChristalTo his BookeUpon some womenSupreme fortune falls soonestto SackImpossibilities to his friendUpon Luggs. EpigUpon Gubbs. EpigTo live merrily, and to trust to Good VersesFaire dayes: or, Dawnes deceitfullLips TonguelesseTo the Fever, not to trouble JuliaTo VioletsUpon Bunce. EpigTo Carnations. A SongTo the Virgins, to make much of TimeSafety to look to ones selfeTo his Friend, on the untuneable Timeshis PillarSafety on the ShoreA Pastorall upon the birth of Prince Charles, Presented to the King, and Set by Mr. Nic: LaniereTo the LarkThe Bubble. A SongA Meditation for his MistresseThe bleeding hand: or, The sprig of Eglantine given to a maidLyrick for LegaciesA Dirge upon the Death of the a MistresseGreat boast, small rostUpon a Bleare-ey'd womanTemple: or, Oberons Chappell. Dedicated to Mr. John Merrifield, Counsellor at the lovely, that crowned him with LaurelThe Plaudite, or end of lifeTo the most vertuous Mistresse Pot, who many times entertained himTo Musique, to becalme his FeverUpon a Gentlewoman with a sweet VoiceUpon CupidUpon Julia's breastsBest to be merryto Corinnaagainst LetcherieNeglectUpon himselfeUpon a Physitiana LaundresseTo the Rose. SongUpon Guesse. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address reinforcement learning algorithms or their relationship with human learning. Instead, it comprises a series of unrelated phrases and poetry that have no connection to the claim being analyzed.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: The most widely used technologies to introduce double-strand breaks (DSBs) are zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the RNA-guided cluster regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (-Cas9) system (Joung & Sander, 2013; Sander & Joung, 2014; Urnov et al. , 2010). ZFNs and TALENs link endonuclease catalytic domains to DNA-binding proteins to generate DSBs. Alternatively, the -Cas9 system uses small guide RNAs that are paired with target DNA to induce DSBs by Cas9. -Cas9 appears to be more flexible, efficient, and easier to design, when compared to the other two systems (Gaj, Gersbach & Barbas 3rd, 2013). Generating DSBs at the target site activates two primary endogenous DNA repair mechanisms in mammalian cells (Valerie & Povirk, 2003). The most frequent repair pathway is non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), which is based on the direct ligation of two DNA ends without the need for a homologous template (Kanaar, Hoeijmakers & Van Gent, 1998). This error-prone mechanism can create an insertion or deletion of bases in the genome (INDEL), which may disrupt gene expression by introducing frameshift mutations. This methodology has been an important tool for deleting genes of interest across many species (Bapteste & Philippe, 2002; Belinky, Cohen & Huchon, 2010; Luan et al. , 2013). Homology-directed repair (HDR) is a more precise mechanism that is based on DNA recombination between genomic DNA and the homologous template (Johnson & Jasin, 2001). HDR allows the genomic sequences to be modified based on the introduced repair template. Utilizing HDR machinery for genome editing provides advantages for genome engineering due to the accuracy and predictable nature of the mutation. Numerous studies have applied this genome editing strategy to therapeutic approaches (Deverman et al. , 2018; Shim et al. , 2017; WareJoncas et al. , 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining that the RNA-guided Cas9 system, part of CRISPR technology, allows for precise modifications of genomic sequences through homology-directed repair (HDR). It states that HDR is based on DNA recombination and provides accuracy and predictability in creating mutations. This supports the idea that CRISPR enables precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: 2 Design of Nudges that ThinkingAnother option to address the requirement for informed privacy decisions might be to design nudges that do not directly target either the more or the less privacy-preserving option, but the interaction or engagement with the decision as such. The question is: Can we design nudges that encourage users to read privacy policies? Or can we design nudges that make users reflect on their choice? As described in the definition section, the nudges per se do not primarily target reflection and rational information processing. Thus, measures that directly prompt reflection on the decision might exceed the definition of the nudge. Examples might be an intervention that asks users to reflect on their choice before they can proceed and to rate all options in terms of their perceived privacy invasiveness on a scale ranging from 1 to 10, or to ask users to write down a reason for their choice. This does not mean that these interventions are not feasible, but only that they might not be classified as a nudge. For a discussion on ideas for combining nudges with other approaches, see Sect. 5. 4. However, nudges might still be used as a tool to encourage users to choose options that include reflective elements. Furthermore, certain types of nudges, i. e. , transparent Type 2 nudges [23], might have the potential to activate reflective information processes via automatic cognitive processes. Even though further research on these questions is definitely needed, examples from related research areas provide ideas on what nudges that target reflective thinking could look like. For example, Caraban et al. [13] conducted a literature research on nudging in the HCI domain and categorized the nudges according to their mechanism such as facilitation, confrontation, or reinforcement. The following list details ideas on nudges that may foster engagement with privacy information, reflection on the decision, or throttle quick unthinking choices. Engaging with privacy information: In general, the same nudge mechanisms deployed to encourage, e. g. , the privacy-preserving choice might be applicable to encourage users to read a short text, to look at a graphical description of the privacy policy, or to click on a button labeled “more information. ” These may include visual highlighting (e. g. , bold text or green color), positioning (e. g. , upmost or central position), social comparisons (e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the importance of informed privacy decisions and the potential need for nudges to encourage users to engage with and reflect on privacy policies. It implies that complete privacy is not inherently provided by cryptocurrencies, as users need to make informed choices and understand privacy implications rather than being entirely anonymous.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigTo his BookeUpon a painted GentlewomanUpon a crooked MaidDraw GlovesTo Musick, to becalme a sweet-sick-youthTo the High and Noble Prince, George, Duke, Marquesse, and Earle of BuckinghamHis RecantationThe coming of good luckThe Present: or, of the BeeOn LoveThe Hock-cart, or Harvest home: To the Right Honourable, Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PerfumeUpon her VoiceNot to loveTo Musick. A SongTo the Western windUpon the death of his Sparrow. An Elegiefill'd with morning-dewcame redComfort to a Lady upon the Death of her Husbandcame blewUpon Groynes. EpigTo the Willow-treeMrs. Eliz. Wheeler, under the name of the lost ShepardesseTo the KingTo the Queenegood wishes for the most hopefull and handsome Prince, the Duke of YorkeTo Anthea, who may command him any thingPrevision, or ProvisionObedience in SubjectsMore potent, less peccantUpon a maid that dyed the day she was marryedan ill-fac'd Painter. EpigUpon Brock. and lie downeTo his Household godsTo the Nightingale, and Robin-Red-brestTo the Yew and Cypress to grace his FunerallI call and I callOn a perfum'd LadyA Nuptiall Song, or Epithalamie, on Crew and his LadyThe silken SnakeUpon himselfeUpon LoveReverence to RichesDevotion makes the DeityTo all young men that loveThe EyesNo fault in womenUpon Shark. EpigOberons FeastEvent of things not in our powerUpon her blushMerits make the manTo VirginsVertueThe Bell-manBashfulnesseTo the most accomplisht Gentleman, Norgate, Clark of the Signet to His Majesty. EpigBaldwin her sicknesseTo Apollo. A short HymneA Hymne to BacchusUpon BungieOn himselfeCasualtiesBribes and Gifts get allThe endUpon a child that dyedUpon Sneape. EpigContent, not catesThe Entertainment: or, Porch-verse, at the Marriage of Mr. Hen. Northly, and the most witty Mrs. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is a collection of poetic verses and does not address the topic of reinforcement learning or the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. Therefore, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: (2017) used “co-” methods to target exon 4 of ATP1A1 concurrently with a second locus of interest in established human cell lines. By selecting ATP1A1 mutations using ouabain, the percentage of cells harboring an INDEL at the second locus increased (Agudelo et al. , 2017). However, the co-strategy was not applied to human iPSCs and in the cell lines that were tested the HDR rate was not significantly improved. Here, we report the use of a -Cas9 editing system that targets intron 4 of ATP1A1 in human iPSCs. By introducing a repair template to substitute the two N-terminal amino acids Q118 and N129, we specifically created an HDR-directed mutation that confers resistance to cardiac glycosides. We then applied different types of repair templates to investigate the efficiency of HDR. Furthermore, by co-targeting with the second locus of interest, we examined the efficiency of HDR-directed mutation after selection with the cardiac glycoside digoxin. Materials & ofCas9 plasmids and donor templates guide RNAs were designed obeying the sequence rule. The construction of plasmids followed the protocol established by Ran et al. (2013). To generate construct targeting ATP1A1, a guide sequence (5′--3′) was cloned into PX459 pSpCas9(BB)-2A-Puro plasmid following the fast digest protocol (Ran et al. , 2013). The gRNAs targeting the other locus were cloned in to PX459 via the same procedure and the sequences of gRNAs were listed as below: (DGUOK exon1: 5′--3′; DGUOK exon4: 5′--3′; POLG exon10: 5′--3′; GATA6 exon4: 5′--3′; RYR2B exon50: 5′--3′). Single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) were obtained as Ultramer® DNA oligonucleotides (). Designed double-stranded DNAs were generated through GeneArt™ synthesis with the addition of restriction enzyme cutting sequences at both ends (). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing a method where the -Cas9 editing system is employed to target specific locations within the ATP1A1 gene and create precise genetic changes. The description of introducing a repair template to generate mutations and the discussion of guide RNAs and plasmid construction demonstrates the capability of CRISPR technology to make specific alterations to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: , an indication that reading the information is socially desirable), or the default selection of the choice (e. g. , button “more information” is pre-selected). However, it remains unclear whether nudging users to, e. g. , click on a button labeled “more information” actually leads to users engaging with the text behind the button or rather to frustration that the privacy decision is delayed. Thus, nudges in this regard should be designed carefully with a focus on the effort for the user and evaluated in future work. Reflecting on the decision: As outlined above, designing nudges that target reflection on the decision is a challenging task as the original definition of the nudge includes targeting automatic cognitive processes instead of reflective cognitive processes. In the context of information disclosure, some studies successfully tested nudges that made users aware of and potentially reflect on the consequences of their choices. For example, Wang et al. [52, 53] confronted users with visual reminders of the audience of their social media post to prevent them from disclosures they might regret later. Harbach et al. [24] made users aware of the potential consequences of the app permissions granted. For example, if an app had been granted access to the user’s photos, the user was shown a random photo stored on their phone along with the message that the specific app had access to this photo. A common password nudge is a so-called password meter [17, 51, 56]. It often takes the form of a bar that dynamically provides visual and textual feedback on the strength of the currently selected password. It is supposed to nudge users to increase password strength and close potential gaps between user’s security perception and technical security requirements. This type of nudge can be classified as a transparent Type 2 nudge as it is not only easily visible for the user but also triggers reflective processes. For example, users might ask themselves why their password score is low and try to enhance their score so that the bar fills and changes its color from red to green. Thereby, users might reflect on the changes they made to their password. Similar feedback meters have already been applied to other authentication mechanisms such as pattern unlock [46] and might also be helpful for supporting informed privacy decisions. For example, users might receive feedback on the “privacy score” of their selected option that might trigger them to rethink their choice and to try different options to see how the score changes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how nudges can help users be aware of the consequences of their choices regarding information disclosure and privacy. It emphasizes that users are sometimes not fully informed about who has access to their information, as illustrated by examples like the visual reminders in social media that make users reflect on their disclosures. This suggests that complete privacy in use of platforms, including cryptocurrencies, is not guaranteed, as users may need to be made aware of their privacy choices and the associated risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Lettice YardThe good-night or a MaidUpon a Lady that dyed in child-bed, and left a daughter behind herA New-yeares gift sent to StewardMattens, or morning PrayerEvensongto JuliaMilitantA short Hymne to LarrAnother to NeptuneUpon Greedy. EpigHis embalming to JuliaGold, before GoodnesseThe Kisse. A DialogueThe admonitionTo his honoured kinsman Soame. EpigOn himselfeTo LarrThe departure of the good DæmonClemencyHis age, dedicated to his peculiar friend, M. John Wickes, under the name of PosthumusA short hymne to VenusTo a Gentlewoman on just dealingThe hand and tongueUpon a delaying LadyTo the Villars, Governesse to the Princesse HenrettaUpon his JuliaTo FlowersTo my ill ReaderThe power in the peopleA Hymne to Venus, and CupidOn Julia's her AlmesRewardsNothing newThe RainbowThe meddow verse or Aniversary to LowmanThe parting verse, the feast there endedUpon Judith. EpigLong and lazieUpon Ralph. EpigTo the right honourable, Philip, Earle of Pembroke, and MontgomerieAn hymne to JunoUpon Mease. EpigUpon Sapho, sweetly playing, and sweetly singinga DraperChop-CherryTo the most learned, wise, and Arch-Antiquary, M. John SeldenUpon himselfUpon wrinklesUpon PriggUpon MoonPray and prosperHis Lachrimæ or Mirth, turn'd to mourningUpon ShiftUpon CutsGain and GettingsTo the most fair and lovely Mistris, Anne Soame, now Lady AbdieUpon his kinswoman HerrickA Panegerick to PembertonTo his Valentine, on S. Valentines dayUpon Doll. EpigUpon Skrew. EpigUpon Linnit. EpigUpon M. Ben Johnson. EpigAnotherTo his Nephew, to be prosperous in his art of PaintingUpon Glasse. EpigA Vow to MarsTo his maid PrewA Canticle to ApolloA just manUpon a hoarse singeror Hearts-ease came firstTo his peculiar friend 's portion, and the Poets partUpon ManLibertyLots to be likedGriefesUpon Eeles. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not address the topic of reinforcement learning algorithms or the mechanisms of learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a collection of poetic titles and phrases, which do not contribute to an understanding of the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: In order to generate the amino-acid substitution allele, we designed a 153 single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODN) with the sequences that replace glutamine with arginine at position 118 and asparagine with aspartic acid at position 129 (Fig. 1A). After transfecting both sp-Cas9-gRNA (px459-ATP1A1-intron4) and donor template into the cells and treating these cells with a high dose of digoxin, we collected the surviving clones for genotyping (Fig. 1B). Using primers outside the targeted homology arms to perform PCR (out-out PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, we observed that all the cells that were resistant to digoxin or ouabain were successfully repaired through HDR, and both heterozygous and homozygous mutations were identified (Fig. 2A). The genotype was confirmed by genomic sequencing. In order to determine the optimum dosage of digoxin and ouabain, we performed a dose–response assay of both drugs on wild-type and ATP1A1 homozygous mutant iPSCs. We effectively eliminated all wild-type iPSCs at 1 µM after 72 h of exposure. In contrast to the parental iPSCs, homozygous ATP1A1 mutant iPSCs survived in the presence of either drug and were indistinguishable from untreated cells (Figs. 2B–2F). These results demonstrate that cardiac glycosides can be used to effectively identify HDR-driven mutations at the endogenous ATP1A1 locus. Figure 1: Design ofCas9 targeting ATP1A1. (A) The design of ATP1A1 guide RNA and single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssODN) donor. Guide RNA was designed to target intron 4 of the ATP1A1 gene. The expected cut site is 3–4′ nucleotides upstream of the Motif (PAM) sequence and 20 nucleotides downstream of the exon 4 region. The donor template was designed to introduce nucleotide substitutions that result in the replacement of Glutamine with Arginine (Q118R) and Asparagine with Aspartic acid (N129D). The EcoRI cut site was introduced to allow identification of positive clones. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing a method that utilizes CRISPR technology for precise changes to DNA. It explains how the single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODN) were designed to replace specific amino acids in the ATP1A1 gene, demonstrating the ability of CRISPR to make specific and targeted modifications to DNA sequences, which directly aligns with the claim about the precision of CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: Increasing Users’ in the Internet of Things: Download book PDF Download book 4,5 & Florian Alt6 2255 Accesses AbstractAn increasing number of devices and sensors in the environments we access daily are capable of collecting personal data about us. Surveillance cameras in public spaces, smart speakers in friends’ living rooms, or smartphones carried by individuals are just a few examples. At the same time, many users are unaware of sensors being in place, in particular, those deployed in unfamiliar environments. Hence, it becomes increasingly challenging for users to keep control over their personal data being tracked and/or processed. Crucially, for users to be able to make informed decisions and privacy choices, they first of all need to be aware of potential privacy intrusions in their surroundings. In this 2. 1) and current mechanisms aiming at increasing users’ privacy awareness (Sect. 2. 2). 2. 1 Privacy ChallengesPrivacy, which is individual control over when, where, and how personal data are being collected and shared [13], becomes increasingly challenging as sensing and computing technologies are seamlessly integrated into our daily lives [57]. The number of devices capable of collecting personal data is steadily rising, and sensing technology is placed in both private and public places. The variety of devices is huge. For instance, smart vacuum cleaning robots scan floor maps of our homes to operate;Footnote 1 smart fridges reorder groceries; smart electricity meters monitor energy consumption and can thus infer users’ activities [48]; smart voice assistants listen to our conversations [35]; cameras record and analyze semi-public and public spaces for security purposes; smart door locks provide access to homes or offices via biometric features [42]. Also, devices come with various functionality and data collection capabilities, with different impacts on users’ privacy. For instance, conversations—as potentially captured by a smart speaker—might be, from a privacy perspective, of different values as compared to grocery orders by a smart fridge. As a consequence, it is hard for users to correctly assess the privacy implications of specific devices, even if they have a general understanding of the technology [39]. Moreover, IoT devices are usually shared among multiple users, and the ecosystem of stakeholders is complex [23, 27, 61]. It not only includes device owners as those who set up and primarily use devices, but also secondary users such as, e. g. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating on the increasing challenges to user privacy due to the proliferation of devices that collect personal data, implying that privacy is not guaranteed even with technologies like cryptocurrencies. It highlights that users are often unaware of how their personal data can be tracked and processed by various internet-connected devices, which contradicts the notion of complete privacy associated with cryptocurrencies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: a Spectacle-maker with a flat noseClothes do but cheat and cousen usTo DianemeUpon ElectraTo his BookeOf LoveUpon himselfAnotherUpon Skinns. EpigUpon Pievish. Epigand Jilly, EpigThe mad Maids songand FountainsUpon Julia's unlacing her selfTo Bacchus, a a footman, EpigUpon Bridget. EpigTo SycamoresA Pastorall sung to the King; Montano, Silvio, and Mirtillo, Shepheardsloves a Mistresse, but not to marryUpon Flimsey. EpigUpon Shewbread. to CrewUpon Roots. quick of flightPutrefactionPassionJack and JillBeanesThe crowd and companyShort and long both likesPollicie in PrincesUpon Rook, EpigUpon the Nipples of Julia's BreastTo Daisies, not to shut so sooneTo the little SpinnersOberons PalaceTo his peculiar friend in the TempleTo OenoneHis weakness in woesFame makes us forwardTo Grovesupon a VirginTo the right gratious Prince, Lodwick, Duke of Richmond and LenoxTo JealousieTo live FreelyUpon Spunge. EpigHis AlmesUpon himselfTo enjoy the TimeUpon LoveTo the right Honourable Mildmay, Earle of WestmorlandThe PlunderLittlenesse no cause of LeannesseUpon one who said she was always youngUpon Huncks. EpigRing, or True-love-knotThe parting Verse, or charge to his supposed Wife when he travelledTo his Kinsman, Sir Tho. SoameTo BlossomsMans dying-place uncertainNothing Free-costFew fortunateTo PerennaTo the LadyesThe old Wives PrayerUpon a cheap Laundresse. EpigUpon his departure henceThe WassaileUpon a Lady faire, but fruitlessecame firstand BaiesUpon SkurffeUpon a Scarre in a Virgins FaceUpon his eye-sight failing himTo his worthy Friend, M. Tho. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is irrelevant to the claim as it contains random phrases and does not discuss reinforcement learning, algorithms, or the mechanisms of human learning through rewards and punishments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 9060/fig-2 Comparing the HDR efficiency while using different repair templates Although single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) have commonly been used as repair donor templates, the efficiency is generally low when using iPSCs (Radecke et al. , 2010; Yoshimi et al. , 2016). Double-strand DNAs with long homologous arms have been shown to improve the efficiency of introducing changes through genome editing in HEK293T cells (Song & Stieger, 2017). We therefore proposed to compare the efficiency of HDR-mediated mutagenesis between ssODNs and dsDNA at the ATP1A1 locus using endogenous selection. We co-transfected human iPSCs with px459-ATP1a1-intron4 and donor template presented in the following formats: ssODNs, dsDNAs, or dsDNAs cloned into a plasmid. HDR-positive clones were then selected using a 72-hour exposure of 1 µM digoxin (Fig. 3A). As shown in Fig. 3B, up to two positive clones were observed when co-transfected with 150 base-pair (bp) template either as ssODN, dsDNA, or linearized plasmid (Fig. 3B). Strikingly, when cells were co-transfected with 400 bp template either as dsDNA or linearized plasmid, the surviving colonies increased 11-fold and 35-fold, respectively when compared to transfection using 150 bp donors. These results indicate that double-stranded repair templates with ≥400 bp length have a higher efficiency of generating HDR-positive cells. Moreover, assembling the dsDNA into a plasmid vector improved the effectiveness by a further ∼3-fold (Fig. 3B). Figure 3: Provision of long HA dsDNA donor template during gene editing increases HDR-mediated mutagenesis. (A) Diagram of approach used to edit ATP1A1 using different donor templates. 1 × 107 of human iPSCs were transfected with PX459 containing guide RNAs which target intron 4 via electroporation. Cells were also transfected with 0. 01 nmole of ssODN, dsDNA, and linearized donor plasmid, respectively. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the application of genome editing using different donor templates, specifically focusing on the efficiency of these templates in generating HDR-positive cells. It highlights the use of double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) and their ability to improve efficiency in mutagenesis. This indicates that CRISPR technology, which often relies on such precise changes to DNA sequences for targeted gene editing, is effectively utilized in this context, thereby corroborating the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: , co-inhabitants of a smart home [9, 23, 24, 34], guests in a rental apartment [9, 38, 40], or passers-by in semi-public and public spaces [9, 46]. Manufacturers of devices, as well as providers of single services, are also relevant parties. This makes it unclear as to who is responsible for even providing privacy-relevant information and to whom. Lastly, it is unclear what information is relevant to users in which context, for them to be able to make informed privacy decisions. 2. 2 MechanismsAn increasing number of devices in our environments are capable of collecting personal data about us with built-in sensors. This may happen inconspicuously and without direct interaction [9]. Even worse, users are oftentimes unaware of this, let alone the privacy implications of this data collection [3, 9, 34, 62]. Users, however, want to be informed about data being collected about them and shared with device providers [18, 28, 43, 52]. Moreover, awareness of privacy implications is a prerequisite for users to be able and preserve their privacy, and to decide with whom they are willing to share their personal data [9, 40, 41]. As such, there is a need to design suitable mechanisms that help increase privacy awareness [52, 58] among all affected individuals [9, 60]. Prior work suggested mechanisms that provide general privacy information (to, e. g. , support purchase decisions) and information on installed devices (i. e. , that are already in use and collecting data). 2. 2. 1 InformationPrior to data collection, providers of devices and services must provide privacy-relevant information. The default approach to this is privacy notices [11, 21], a textual description of which data are collected and how it is processed. These policies, however, tend to be long, are hard to understand for users, and thus are oftentimes not read thoroughly [56]. Research tried to address this challenge and make privacy-relevant information more accessible to users, to ultimately increase their awareness. Ebert et al. found that more concise and salient privacy notices can successfully increase users’ privacy awareness [15]. Others suggested ways to make privacy policies more appealing and understandable. Polisis is a framework for automated analysis of privacy policies, to, e. g. , assign icons [25]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the complexities of privacy in general, particularly in the context of smart devices and data collection. It emphasizes that users often lack awareness and information about how their data is collected and shared. It highlights the need for mechanisms to increase privacy awareness, indicating that complete privacy is not achievable without informed decision-making by users, which contradicts the assertion that cryptocurrencies provide complete anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: FalconbirgeUpon Julia's haire fill'd with DewAnother on herLosse from the leastRewards and punishmentsShame, no himselfeand CreamAn Ecologue, or Pastorall between set and sungTo a Bed of TulipsA CautionTo the Water Nymphs, drinking at the FountainTo his a Flieand Jill. he would drinke his Winecame yellowThe broken ChristallPreceptsTo the right Earle of DorsetUpon himselfHope well and Have well: or, Faire after Foule weatherUpon LoveTo his Kinswoman, Mrs. Penelope WheelerAnother upon herKissing and BussingCrosse and PileTo the Lady Crew, upon the death of her ChildHis Winding-sheetMary WillandChange gives contenta frequenter of OrdinariesOn himselfeFortune favoursto love, and live with himTo his her cheeksUpon her EyesUpon her feetTo his honoured friend, MyntsUpon his gray hairesAccusationPride allowable in PoetsA Vow to MinervaOn JoneUpon Letcher. not disadvantageousthe Flaminica Dialis, or Queen-PriestAnacreontikeMeat without mirthdoe but bury usUpon Ursleyto CrewTo his worthy Kinsman, Mr. Stephen SoameTo his Tomb-makersuperviveNone free from faultUpon himselfe being buriedPitie to the prostrateWay in a crowdHis content in the CountryThe credit of the ConquerorOn himselfeUpon one-ey'd Broomsted. EpigThe FairiesTo his honoured friend, M. have their Linings, and Bookes their BuckramArt above Nature, to JuliaUpon SibillaUpon his kinswoman a comely, and curious MaideUpon the losse of his FingerUpon IreneUpon Electra's TearesUpon ToolyA Hymne to the GracesTo SilviaUpon Blanch. EpigUpon Umber. Epighath lost his pipeTrue Friendshipof his Mistresse calling him to EliziumLife is the Bodies LightUpon Urles. EpigUpon FranckLove lightly pleasedThe PrimroseThe Tythe. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various subjects but does not address reinforcement learning or the process by which humans learn through rewards and punishments. As such, it is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 7717/peerj. 9060/fig-4 HDR-driven event varies between genomic location To determine if the co-selection for the ATP1A1Q118R/N129D increases efficiency across different loci, we tested the same approach at other genes of interest, including RYR2, GATA6, and POLG, all of which are located on different chromosomes. We also targeted the DGUOK gene at a different independent locus. Each gene was targeted individually or along with ATP1A1. Transfected cells with or without digoxin selection were collected for out-out PCR, and INDEL-HDR rates were determined using TIDE/TIDER analysis. As shown in Table 1, the INDEL rates without digoxin selection ranged from 1. 3% to 45. 6%, which is likely due to different inherent guide targeting efficiencies. After digoxin selection, INDEL efficiency significantly increased among all targeted loci (Table 1). HDR rates remained low without digoxin selection, ranging from 0 to 4. 18%. After digoxin treatment, the cells showed an increase of HDR at both DGUOK regions; however, this increase was not observed at the other targeted loci (Table 1) presumably due to the excessively low efficiency of HDR at these specific sites. In summary, the results indicate that the ATP1A1 co-targeting approach successfully selected targeted cells, and although HDR efficiency increases, the rate remains variable between loci. Table 1: The population of HDR and INDEL-mediated mutagenesis after co-targeting ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest. Five different loci were targeted by -Cas9 in human iPSCs along with two linear repair templates (ATP1A1 and a second locus of interest). After transfection cells were cultured in the presence or absence of digoxin selection, cells were collected and sequenced for TIDE(R) analysis. The percent population of INDELs and HDR events are shown. (−) Digoxin (+) Digoxin (−) Digoxin (+) DGUOK_EX1 2 16. 53% 43. 10% 0% 10. 85% DGUOK_EX4 2 11. 76% 39. 03% 4. 18% 13. 23% RYR2_EX50 1 12. 40% 43. 53% 1. 35% 3. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the targeting of specific genes using a co-targeting approach with CRISPR-Cas9 technology. It outlines how the efficiency of HDR (homology-directed repair) and INDEL rates can vary between different genomic locations, indicating that CRISPR technology enables precise modifications at various loci in human iPSCs. This supports the claim that CRISPR allows for precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: 1 Contextual FactorsIndividual privacy perceptions and (dis)comfort with personal data being recorded are highly impacted by contextual factors, as highlighted in our previous work [46]: and Trust:: Users consider trust and relationships when deciding with whom to share their personal data [19, 36, 59, 60]. For instance, users rely on friends’ opinions regarding data sharing [19] and consider who is collecting their data [36] as well as who is the owner of a particular device [40]. Environment:: Also, users’ current environment impacts their concerns. As such, data collection in private spaces (e. g. , the home) is less acceptable as compared to data collection in other spaces, such as restaurants (semi-public) or public spaces [18, 37]. It is also important to users whether they are familiar with the environment [46]. In unfamiliar settings, users are particularly concerned about (hidden) data collection, especially when they consider the space private at the same time, as is the case for, e. g. , rental apartments [38, 46, 51]. 3. 2 Privacy-Relevant InformationPrivacy-relevant information can comprise various content and be made available to users in various ways. 3. 2. 1 ContentDepending on users’ current context, various information could become relevant for users to decide whether or not they are willing to share their personal data: Type of Sensor(s):: The type of sensors—and, respectively, the type of data being collected—impacts users’ privacy perceptions. For instance, cameras and microphones (i. e. , video and audio recordings) are usually considered particularly sensitive [32]. Tracking Space:: The area of data collection can further help users assess privacy intrusions, particularly bystanders who are not familiar with the space devices are in [9]. Device Owner:: The relationship to the device owner crucially impacts users’ willingness to be recorded by devices [9, 19, 36, 41, 59, 60]. For instance, users are more comfortable with devices being placed in trusted environments (e. g. , in friends’ homes) [39, 40, 46] as compared to devices being installed by (unknown) hosts of rental apartments [9, 38]. Purpose:: Users are more likely to accept data collection if it suits their own needs and purpose. For instance, for health-related purposes, even long-term data tracking is acceptable [5]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing how various contextual factors influence individuals' privacy perceptions and their comfort with personal data being recorded. It highlights that privacy is dependent on users' familiarity with their environment and the type of data being collected. For example, it states that 'users are particularly concerned about (hidden) data collection, especially when they consider the space private', indicating that data collection, potentially associated with cryptocurrencies, is not always anonymous and can infringe on privacy.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: To the BrideA FrolickChange common to allTo JuliaNo luck in LoveIn the darke none daintyA charme, or an allay for LoveUpon a free Maid, with a foule breathUpon Coone. EpigTo his Brother in -akeOn himselfeUpon a MaideUpon Spalta Comb-makerUpon the troublesome timesCruelty base in CommandersUpon a sowre-breath Lady. EpigUpon LuciaLittle and loudShip-wrackPaines without profitTo his Booketo Ben. JohnsonPoverty and RichesAgainstill his MuseThe bad season makes the Poet sadTo VulcanLike Pattern, like PeoplePurposesTo the Maids to walke abroadHis own EpitaphA to Lee, now Lady TracieThe Night-piece, to not lastingA KisseGloriePoetsNo despight to the deadTo his VersesHis charge to Julia at his death. EpigUpon Snare, an UsurerUpon GrudgingsConnubii Flores, or the well-wishes at WeddingsTo his lovely MistressesUpon LoveUpon Gander. EpigUpon Lungs. Epigto Mab, the Fairie QueenAn end decreedUpon a childPainting sometimes permittedFarewell Frost, or welcome the SpringThe HagUpon an old man a æ to ParentsUpon Cob. EpigUpon Lucie. EpigUpon Skoles. EpigTo SilviaTo his Closet-GodsA Bacchanalian VerseLong lookt for comes at lastTo YouthNever too late to dyeA Hymne to the MusesOn himselfeand life, to the honoured M. End. Porter, Groome of the Bed-Chamber to His Maj. To ElectraTo his worthy friend, M. Arthur BartlyWhat kind of Mistresse he would haveUpon Zelotbranchæticall, or Advisive Verse, to his friend, M. John WicksOnce seen, and no moreLoveTo M. Denham, on his Prospective PoemA Hymne, to the LaresDeniall in women no disheartning to menhis VersesDistance betters DignitiesHealthTo Dianeme. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses various topics unrelated to reinforcement learning, rewards, or punishments. It contains poetic content that does not address the mechanisms or concepts of learning in humans or algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 13% GATA6_EX4 18 45. 60% 81. 80% 0. 40% 0% PolG_EX10 15 1. 38% 25. 33% 0% 0% DOI: 10. 7717/peerj. 9060/table-1 the present study, we used -Cas9 to edit the ATP1A1 locus in human iPSCs. The introduced mutations inhibited the binding of cardiac glycosides, thus conferring resistance to high dosage of this class of drug. More importantly, we were able to obtain genomic-modified clones that were specifically repaired by HDR after ouabain and digoxin selection. We showed that using 400 bp dsDNA as the repair template increased HDR efficiency compared to 150 bp ssODNs, while delivering the template in a linearized plasmid further improved HDR rates. Moreover, by co-targeting ATP1A1 with a second locus of interest, we were able to increase both INDEL and HDR selection efficiency in two different iPSC lines. Although HDR-driven events varied between genomic loci, the overall efficiency of selecting genetically-modified clones increased. The optimization of the genome-editing strategy in human iPSCs provided by this study will pave the way for future disease modeling and gene therapy research. Optimizing repair templates to obtain increased HDR-driven mutations after double-strand breaks has been well studied (Baker et al. , 2017; Song & Stieger, 2017; Zhang et al. , 2017). Due to difficulties in generating ssODNs longer than 200 bp, researchers have used single strand DNA with 30–70 base homology arms (HA) as donor template for small edits (Ran et al. , 2013; Richardson et al. , 2016; Yang et al. , 2013). The dsDNAs are generally used as the repair templates for fragment insertions (Byrne et al. , 2015; Urnov et al. , 2005). In human iPSCs, the optimal HA length is reported to be ∼2 kb (Byrne et al. , 2015). Our study tested the efficiency of ssODN, dsDNA and linearized plasmid for -based genomic editing through HDR. We found that homology arms that are less than 200 bp showed no significant difference between all three forms of donor DNA. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing the use of CRISPR technology, specifically mentioning '-Cas9' to edit the 'ATP1A1 locus' in human iPSCs. It highlights the ability to introduce mutations and optimize genome-editing strategies, confirming that CRISPR can be utilized for making precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: This particularly holds true for personal physiological data [45]. In contrast, video and audio recordings are less acceptable, regardless of the purpose [37]. 3. 2. 2 Availability and OutputThe privacy-relevant information could be made available to users in various ways. For instance, information could be provided in relation to the environment, e. g. , on a personal device such as a smartphone or tablet [50], or using contextual images [51]. Another opportunity is to provide information only on specific devices similar to, e. g. , the privacy labels [17, 30]. Accordingly, privacy-relevant information is available at different times. For instance, information that is bound to the device’s packaging [17, 30] is available to support purchase decisions. Hence, users would need to actively search for and inform themselves about devices to receive this information. Information that is provided independently on a personal device, however, would be always available to users as they are moving around. Lastly, privacy mechanisms can act in various degrees of proactivity (e. g. , low, medium, high in the context of smart homes [29]). Privacy-relevant information could thus be provided actively, e. g. , through push notifications on personal devices, e. g. , when entering an unfamiliar area with data collection being in place. 4 Sample ScenariosTo further emphasize the relevance of increasing privacy awareness in the IoT, we illustrate three concrete scenarios in the following, along with sample applications. In particular, privacy awareness can and should be increased, in various ways, in the following cases: (1) supporting decisions for purchasing IoT devices with privacy-relevant information (PriCheck [55]); (2) allowing users to consult privacy-relevant information on demand (e. g. , using their mobile phones, PriView (mobile) [46]); (3) providing privacy-relevant information and guidance within the environment (e. g. , by means of augmented reality, PriView (HMD) [46]). For an overview of relevant design space dimensions per scenario, refer to Table 1. Table 1 Scenarios vs. Design Space: We see several scenarios in which privacy-relevant information is needed (left, Sect. 4), and how the design space dimensions would come into play in each scenario (right, Sect. 3)Full size table4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts with the claim by implying that privacy awareness and mechanisms are critical in various contexts, including IoT devices. It emphasizes that users need to actively search for privacy-relevant information and suggests that privacy is not absolute or automatic. Therefore, this suggests that the notion of complete privacy in cryptocurrencies may be overstated, as users must actively engage with privacy mechanisms instead of relying on inherent anonymity.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A Ceremonie in GlocesterTo the KingRites of the RoseThe Rainbow: or curious CovenantThe last stroke strike sureFortuneStool-ballof BeggarsThe May-poleMen mind no state in sicknesseAdversityWantGriefeLove palpableNo action hard to affectionMeane things overcome mightyof Pearle: to Silviacame redKingsFirst work, and then wagesTeares, and LaughterGloryPossessionsLaxare fibulamHis returne to LondonNot every day fit for VersePoverty the greatest packA Beucolick, or discourse of NeatherdsTrue safetyA PrognostickUpon Julia's sweatProof to no purposeFameBy use comes easinesseTo the Genius of his houseHis Grange, or private wealthGood precepts, or counsellMoney makes the mirthUp tailes allUpon Franckdabbled in the deawCharon and Phylomel, a Dialogue sungUpon Paul. EpigrUpon Sibb. EpigrA Ternarie of littles, upon a pipkin of Jellie sent to a LadyUpon the Roses in Julias bosomeMaids nay's are nothingThe smell of the SacrificeLovers how they come and partTo women, to hide their teeth, if they be rotten or rustyIn praise of womenof Flowersof Julias teethUpon her weepingAnother upon her weepingof ExeterTo Electra. Love looks for LoveRegression spoiles ResolutionContentionConsultationLove dislikes nothingOur own sinnes unseenNo Paines, no GainesUpon SlouchVertue best unitedThe eyeCharles upon his coming to ExeterA SongPrinces and FavouritesExamples, or like Prince, like -pennyAlablasterUpon his Kinswoman Mrs. M. S. Felicitie knowes no FenceDeath ends all woeA Conjuration, to ElectraCourage cool'dThe SpellHis wish to privacieA good HusbandA Hymne to Bacchusand her Prentice. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarities to human learning through rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be a lengthy poetic or literary composition that lacks relevance to the topic of reinforcement learning.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Easy quantification of template-directedCas9 editing. Research 46:e58. 2015. Crispr-mediated gene targeting of human induced pluripotent stem cells. in Biology 35:5A. 8. 1-5A. 8. 22. 2015. Multi-kilobase homozygous targeted gene replacement in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Research 43:e21 Chen YH, Pruett-Miller SM. 2018. Improving single-cell cloning workflow for gene editing in human pluripotent stem cells. Research 31:186-192 Chen F, Pruett-. 2011. High-frequency genome editing using ssDNA oligonucleotides with zinc-finger nucleases. 8:753-755. 2015. Increasing the efficiency of homology-directed repair for -Cas9-induced precise gene editing in mammalian cells. 33:543-548. 2019. iPSC-derived hepatocytes as a platform for disease modeling and drug discovery. Frontiers in Medicine 6:265. 2017. Refining strategies to translate genome editing to the clinic. 23:415-423. 2018. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. 17(9):641-659 El-. 2019. Cardiac glycosides in human physiology and disease: update for entomologists. Insects 10(4):102. 2013. High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by -Cas nucleases in human cells. 31:822-826 3rd CF. 2013. andCas-based methods for genome engineering. Trends in Biotechnology 31:397-405. 2014. An iplatform for rapid. multiplexable, and inducible genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells. Cell 15:215-226 Guo Q, Mintier G, Ma-. 2018. ‘Cold shock’ increases the frequency of homology directed repair gene editing in induced pluripotent stem cells. 8:2080. 2013. DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. 31:827-832 -. 2018. p53 inhibits -Cas9 engineering in human pluripotent stem cells. 24:939-946. 2018. A screen using iPSC-derived hepatocytes reveals NAD(+) as a potential treatment for mtDNA depletion syndrome. 25:1469-1484 e1465 Johnson RD, Jasin M. 2001. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by referencing multiple studies and research on CRISPR-mediated gene targeting and genome editing techniques. It specifically points out the use of CRISPR technology for precise gene editing in human induced pluripotent stem cells, demonstrating its application in making precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: Figure from [46]Full size image Privacy-on Demand with PriView (mobile) To summarize, PriView (mobile) [46] supports users as follows: Context active device search, scanning the (unfamiliar/untrusted) environment Device(s) potentially multiple devices that are already installed and in use User(s) primary users as well as bystanders, potentially unknown device owners Content device position (all visualizations); built-in sensors, textual information (including device owner), tracking space, recording state Availability on-demand, push notifications possible 4. 3 Providing Privacy- SituTo provide users with privacy-relevant information in arbitrary environments, augmented reality (AR) can serve as a means for in situ information and guidance. For instance, PriView employed in a head-mounted display (HMD) provides users with visualizations of potential privacy intrusions within the environment [46]. Similar to the mobile application, it shows: device position (red frame), textual information, tracking space in 3D, a general warning icon, and tracking space on the floor (Fig. 2 right). This can particularly help users in arbitrary environments to increase privacy awareness, particularly when they are new to a place. Participants of our study (N = 21) liked the visualizations being available in situ using the HMD. They wished for more details in spaces they considered private (e. g. , a rental apartment), while simpler indications were sufficient in places where data collection is obvious (e. g. , security cameras at a train station) [46]. Privacy-with PriView (HMD) To summarize, PriView (HMD) [46] supports users as follows: Context information within the (unfamiliar/untrusted) environment Device(s) potentially multiple devices that are already installed and in use User(s) primary users as well as bystanders, potentially unknown device owners Content device position (all visualizations); built-in sensors, textual information (including device owner), tracking space, recording state Availability always-on, push notifications possible 5 Directions for Future ResearchIn the following, we illustrate and discuss interesting directions for future research that arise from privacy awareness challenges and mechanisms within the IoT. 5. 1 Amount of InformationAn interesting question for future research is how much information on IoT devices users will need to make informed privacy decisions. Is a simple device indicator enough to increase awareness, or would users prefer a deeper understanding of data collection and policies? [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for users to be aware of privacy issues in their environments, particularly with regards to IoT devices. It highlights that users seek information and guidance about privacy intrusions through tools like PriView, implying that full anonymity and privacy are not guaranteed, as users need to be informed about their environment's privacy risks. This suggests that cryptocurrencies, while they may provide some level of privacy, do not ensure complete anonymity as users must remain vigilant about data collection and privacy policies.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: EpigBlame the reward of PrincesClemency in KingsAngerA Psalme or Hymne to the Gracesto the MusesUpon Julia's his MaidThe InvitationCeremonies for ChristmasseChristmass-Eve, another CeremonieAnother to the MaidsAnotherPower and PeaceTo his deare of choice, long a comingPoetry perpetuates the a good speaker but an ill singer, EpigAny way for wealthUpon an old WomanUpon Pearch. EpigTo SaphoTo his faithfull friend, Crofts, Cup-bearer to the KingThe Bride-CakeTo be merry-blushThe MeaneHaste hurtfullmy dearest Sister M. Mercie HerrickThe TransfigurationSuffer that thou canst not shiftTo the PassengerUpon NodesTo the his taking of LeicesterTo Julia, in her Dawn, or Day-breakeCounsellpill their PeopleMost Words, less and DrinkeUpon Puchin. EpigTo OenoneUpon Blinks. EpigPeapes. a a Schoolmaster. EpigUpon Peason. EpigTo his BookeReadinesseWritingSocietyUpon a MaidSatisfaction for sufferingsThe delaying BrideTo M. Henry Lawes, the excellent Composer of his LyricksAge unfit for LoveThe Bed-man, or Grave-makerlipsTwilightTo his Friend, Master J. JincksOn himselfeKings and TyrantsCrossesUpon LoveNo difference i' th' darkThe BodyTo SaphoOut of Time, out of TuneTo his BookeTo his Honour'd friend, HealeThe Sacrifice, by way of Discourse betwixt himselfe and to CupidTo ElectraHow his soule came ensnared's haire, bundled up in a golden netUpon TrugginThe showre of BlossomesUpon SpenkeA defence for to bring in the Witchfor StablesCeremonies for Candlemasse Evefor Candlesmasse daydaySurfeitsUpon NisTo Biancha, to bless himJulia's Churching, or PurificationTo his BookTearesTo his friend to avoid contention of wordsTruthUpon Prickles. Epigbefore the EaresWantTo a FriendUpon M. William Lawes, the rare MusitianA song upon SilviaThe Hony-combeUpon Ben. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarity to human learning processes. It appears to consist of poetic or literary content without any relevant information on reinforcement learning or behavioral psychology. Thus, it is deemed irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Editing ofDownload book PDF Download book 7 & Goetz Hensel7 4293 Accesses AbstractTargeted mutagenesis usingCas technology has become routine in elucidating biological processes or their application in breeding and agriculture. This means that the change to be achieved can be accurately predicted. However, knockout of a gene function is not always desirable, as reducing activity or affecting a protein domain can influence its properties and, thus, the phenotype. This 1. Applications of precise genome editing in plants have been summarised several times (for review, see [10,11,12]). These reach into all areas of modern plant research. Starting with pure basic research, i. e. , the identification and characterization of genes and their phenotypic expressions, the methods are also used to master the current challenges of agriculture. Here, agronomic parameters play a similarly important role in improving product characteristics. Plants with enhanced resistance to fungal or viral pathogens are being developed and tested. Plants should be better adapted to changing climatic conditions and thus have better water and nutrient utilization. Plants should become heat or drought-tolerant but also be able to grow with an increased salt concentration in the soil. There are examples of all these experiments in barley and/or wheat (Fig. 9. 1). The only publication on applyingCas technology in triticale, a cross between wheat and rye, shows its functionality exclusively in protoplasts [13]. Fig. 9. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing targeted mutagenesis using Cas technology, which is a process that enables scientists to accurately predict the changes that can be achieved in DNA sequences. It highlights the applications of precise genome editing in plants and mentions the ability to improve agronomic parameters and develop plants with enhanced characteristics, which aligns with the concept of making precise changes to DNA sequences using CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrencies are entirely anonymous, providing complete privacy for users. [SEP] Text: Moreover, the preferred amount of information varies depending on the environment [46]. For instance, in environments with multiple devices, including such that are firmly installed as well as such carried by passers-by, there is a high potential for an awareness mechanism to cause visual overload. As such, the amount of information should most likely be reduced, with the opportunity to still receive details on demand. 5. 2 Contextualize and AdaptAs a next step, privacy awareness mechanisms could automatically adapt to the context and/or their users. For instance, different scenarios (cf. Sect. 4) might require different support for users’ privacy awareness. For purchasing a new device to install it within their own environment, users might need awareness as to how it can be configured in a privacy-preserving way. Being in unfamiliar environments with installed devices, however, rather calls for information on spaces being covered by data collection, for users to be able to avoid these as they wish. Also, for scenarios that users encounter more often (e. g. , visiting a certain place), awareness cannot be assumed at first but might increase over time as a mechanism is being used in this scenario. Moreover, an awareness mechanism could also adapt to users’ prior knowledge (e. g. , reduce information that users already received earlier) or technical expertise (e. g. , use simpler versions for lay users, while providing more details for advanced users). 5. 3 Enabling ControlWhile awareness is a prerequisite for users to be able to make informed privacy decisions [9, 40, 41], it is only a first step. In particular, users need to be given means to execute (or: enforce) these decisions on nearby devices. For instance, PARA is an augmented reality interface that provides privacy controls and allows users to filter data being collected about them [6]. Mobile applications, such as, e. g. , the IoT assistant,6 likewise allow users to control nearby devices but require to do so for each and every device or sensor separately, increasing complexity as the number of devices rises. The PriKey tries to tackle this challenge by summarizing privacy decisions per sensor in a tangible device [47]. Personalized privacy assistants [10, 14] can recommend privacy settings or even act autonomously based on users’ privacy p1. last accessed August 31, 2022. 2. last accessed September 1, 2020. 3. last accessed September 1, 2020. 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the need for privacy awareness mechanisms and user control over data collection in various environments. It emphasizes that while privacy is important, users must be aware of and have the ability to manage their privacy settings, implying that complete anonymity is not guaranteed. For instance, it mentions that users need information on data collection in unfamiliar environments and that awareness does not automatically mean anonymity in the context of privacy management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Johnsonfor himUpon a VirginBlameA request to the GracesUpon himselfeMultitudeFeareTo M. KellamHappinesse to hospitalitie, or a hearty wish to good house-keepingCunctation in CorrectiongrievousRest RefreshesRevengeThe first marrs or makesBeginning, difficultFaith four-squareThe present time best pleasethCloathes, are conspiratorsCrueltyFaire after fouleHungerBad wages for good serviceThe EndThe BondmanChoose for the bestTo SilviaFaire shewes deceiveHis wishUpon Julia's washing her self in the riverA Meane in our to LoveTo his honoured and most Ingenious friend Mr. Charles CottonWomen uselesseLove is a sirrupLevenRepletionOn HimselfeNo man without MoneyOn HimselfeTo M. his peculiar friendTo his worthy friend M. John Hall, Student of Grayes-InneTo JuliaTo the most comely and proper M. Elizabeth FinchUpon RalphTo his BookeKing, Upon his welcome to Hampton-CourtUltimus Heroum: or, To the most learned, and to the right Honourable, Henry, Marquesse of DorchesterTo his Muse, another to the sameUpon VinegerUpon MudgeTo his learned friend M. Jo. Harmar, Phisitian to the Colledge of WestminsterUpon his Spaniell TracieThe delugeUpon LupesRaggsStrength to support his Sister in Law, M. Susanna HerrickUpon the upon Candlemas EveSuspicion makes secureUpon SpokesTo his kinsman M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided does not address or relate to the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms and their similarity to human learning. It appears to be an excerpt that includes various unrelated sentiments and subjects without discussing learning mechanisms or algorithms.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: However, this method has all the previously described disadvantages that have led to the preferential use of Agrobacteria-mediated transformation [96]. Initial results at the cellular level in barley showed targeted allelic exchange of the fluorescence protein GFP. GFP and YFP differ in only one amino acid; thus, exchanging two nucleotides causes a change in the emission spectrum [97]. It was shown that 3% of the mutant epidermal cells had integrated the non-functional YFP fragment in the genome, thus exhibiting a shift in the lambda scan. These results were even surpassed when pre-assembled RNP complexes were biolistically transferred with Cas9 instead of plasmid DNA [95]. Here, it was shown that up to 8% of GFP-mutated epidermal cells exhibited such an allelic exchange. A typical application for allelic exchange is the creation of herbicide resistance [98]. Since this allows the selection of the correctly modified cells, such a method is easier to apply. However, the efficiency is expected to be lower if the modification has no selection advantage during creation. An improvement here is the prime editing method [99]. In contrast to the Cas9 technology, the reverse transcriptase (MLV-RT) domain was added to the Cas endonuclease. At the same time, the gRNA was extended by the part of the repair template. However, there have been few reports of plant applications so far, suggesting that the technology still needs improvement. To precisely incorporate large DNA fragments in plants, a PrimeRoot-named method was recently described [100]. Third-generation PrimeRoot editors use optimized prime editing guide RNA designs, an improved plant prime editor, and superior recombinases to enable precise large DNA insertions of up to 11. 1 kilobases into plant genomes. The authors describe using PrimeRoot to introduce gene regulatory elements into the rice. Applications in temperate cereals have not yet been described. Base editing (BE) is another technology for the precise modification of genomes (DNA) or transcriptomes (RNA) of living cells at single-base resolution (for review, see [101]). BEs comprise a catalytically impaired cas nuclease fused with a nucleotide deaminase and sometimes DNA repair proteins. BEs can introduce single nucleotide variants at desired sites into the DNA (nuclear or organellar) or RNA of both dividing and non-dividing cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing various technologies, including CRISPR, that facilitate precise modifications to DNA sequences. It describes applications such as allelic exchange and the functionalities of advanced gene editing technologies like Cas9 and prime editing methods, which emphasize their ability to enable precise changes in plant genomes. Phrases like 'precise incorporation of large DNA fragments' and 'precise modification of genomes at single-base resolution' directly support the assertion that CRISPR technology is employed for making precise changes to DNA.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: In general, the mean annual precipitation is expected to increase by 2% - 6% under the B1 scenarios and by 5% - 15% under the A2 scenario for the province of New Brunswick. Figure 2. Observed and simulated monthly discharges for SW (a) mean discharge (b) maximum discharge (c) minimum discharge. Table 3. Mean air temperature increase (˚C). Table 4. Mean precipitation increase (%). Table 5. Mean flow increase (%). 3. 3. Floods and Droughts under the projected maximum and minimum river discharge for each station, events of different recurrence intervals were computed using the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution. The parameters of the GEV for both high and low flows were estimated by the method of L-moments and the goodness of fit was assessed by the Anderson-Darling statistics. As such, the discharge of different recurrence intervals (high and low flows) was based on the maximum (and minimum) daily flow recorded each year. The frequency analysis show that for all sites under investigation, the intensity and frequency of discharges will most likely increase in severity for both climate scenarios. The increase in high flows for low return floods (e. g. , 2-year) was generally higher than higher return floods (e. g. 100-year). Depending on the scenario and the time slice used, the increases for low return floods was about 30% whereas increases was about 15% for higher return floods. Low flows showed increases of about 10% for low return droughts and about 20% for higher return droughts. These results show that floods will most likely experienced a greater change for low recurrence intervals (e. g. , 2-year) whereas the droughts will be most affected for higher recurrence intervals 3. 4. Index (RCI) An important part of the design process using frequency analysis is the estimation of future change in floods or droughts under climate scenarios at a given site for specific return periods or recurrence intervals. This analysis was carried out through the application of regional regression models linking floods and droughts to their frequencies under future climate scenarios (B1 and A2). To accomplish this, a so-called Index (RCI) was introduced. This index was calculated by dividing future flows over historical flows, while maintaining the same characteristics parameters. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing projected changes in precipitation and river discharge under climate scenarios, specifically noting that increases in low flows for low return droughts and higher return droughts are expected. The details regarding the frequency analysis show that while there may be increases in drought conditions, this seems to support the notion of climate variability rather than directly stating that climate change contributes to prolonged droughts. The text focuses on statistical modeling of floods and droughts rather than establishing a direct link to climate change as a cause of prolonged droughts.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Tho: Herrick, who desired to be in his BookA Bucolick betwixt Two: Lacon and a good keeperRules for our reachTo BianchaTo the handsome PotterAnacreontikeMore modest, more manlyNot to covet much where little is the chargeAnacrontick VerseUpon PenniePatience in PrincesFeare gets forceParcell-gil't PoetryUpon Love, by way of question and answerTo the Lord Hopton, on his fight in CornwallHis GrangeLeprosie in housesGood manners at meatAnthea's RetractationComforts in CrossesSeeke and findeRestLeprosie in CloathesUpon BugginsGreat Maladies, long Medicinesto a friendThe BeggerBastardsHis changeThe VisionA vow to VenusOn his BookeA sonnet of PerillaBad may be betterPosting to PrintingRapine brings RuineComfort to a youth that had lost his LoveUpon Boreman. EpigSaint Distaff's day, or the morrow after Twelth daySufferanceHis tears to ThamasisPardonsPeace not PermanentTruth and ErrourThings mortall still mutableStudies to be supportedWit punisht, prospers mostTwelfe night, or King and QueeneHis desireCaution in CouncellModerationAdvice the best actorConformity is comelyLawesThe meaneLike loves his likeHis hope or sheat-AnchorComfort in CalamityTwilightFalse MourningThe will makes the work, or consent makes the buying or sellingTo his peculiar friend M. Jo: WicksThe more mighty, the more mercifullAfter Autumne, WinterA good deathof the betwixt himselfe and Mistresse Eliza: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisTo Juliain Julia's BosomeTo the Honoured, PorterSpeake in seasonObedienceAnother on the sameor Perl of Putney, the Mistress of all singular manners, Mistresse PortmanTo PerennaOn himselfeOn LoveAnother on himselfTo M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it does not mention reinforcement learning, algorithms, or the concepts of rewards and punishments. Instead, it appears to be an assortment of poetic references, lacking any connection to the claim regarding learning methods.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: 1 regulates β-Diketone biosynthesis by mediating expression of the Cer-cqu gene cluster in Barley. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24 (2023). K. , Hensel, G. , Vojta, P. , et al. : Modification of barley plant productivity through regulation of Cytokinin content by reverse-genetics approaches. Front. Plant Sci. 9, 1676 (2018). G. K. , Rosignoli, S. , Guo, L. , et al. : 2 encodes a -containing protein that controls root growth angle in barley and wheat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 118 (2021). P. , Chubar, E. , Vadovič, P. , et al. :Cas9-induced loss-of-function mutation in the barley mitogen-activated protein kinase 6 gene causes abnormal embryo development leading to severely reduced grain germination and seedling Shootless phenotype. Front. Plant Sci. 12, 670302 (2021). (2019). J. Integr. Plant Biol. 63, 1649–1663 (2021). B. , Jin, X. , Chen, J. , et al. : ATP-dependent DNA helicase (TaDHL), a novel reduced-height (Rht) gene in wheat. Genes (Basel). 13 (2022). J. , Hill, C. , Han, Y. , et al. : New semi-dwarfing alleles with increased coleoptile length by gene editing of gibberellin 3-oxidase 1 using -Cas9 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 21, 806–818 (2023). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 224–226 (2021). Z. , Ke, W. , He, F. , et al. : A single nucleotide deletion in the third exon of FT-D1 increases the spikelet number and delays heading date in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ). Plant Biotechnol. J. 20, 920–933 (2022). (2022). X. , Wilkinson, L. G. , Aubert, M. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies and findings related to gene editing in plants, specifically mentioning Cas9-induced mutations and modifications in barley and wheat. However, it does not explicitly reference CRISPR technology or its capability for precise DNA changes. Therefore, while the text may be related to genetic editing, it does not directly corroborate or contrast the claim about CRISPR technology.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Climate change contributes to prolonged droughts in many parts of the world. [SEP] Text: This RCI can be expressed as follows: For floods: (3) For droughts: (4) where and are the high or low flow at a site x, during time slice ts (2010-2039, 2040-2069 or 2070-2099), under scenario sc (B1 or A2), and for return period T. and are the present time discharges at the same site x. and are the regional climate index equations for floods and droughts defined as the mean ratio of discharges from the future time period relative to the historic period. The RCIs were obtained through regression analyses using historical and future simulated floods (and low flows). In all cases, the coefficient of determination, R2, was about 0. 99. These RCIs were developed for the whole province of New Brunswick, as future projections may contain some uncertainty at the site level. Tables 6 and 7 show the regression equations while Figures 3 and 4 show the RCI for floods and droughts for different return periods, for both scenarios B1 and A2 and for the different time periods. Figure 3 show that low return floods will increase by a factor of 1. 3 to 1. 4 whereas higher return floods will only increase by 1. 05 to 1. 1 (scenario B1). Under the scenario A2, the increase will be more important (1. 35 to 1. 56 for low return flood and 1. 16 to 1. 21 for high return floods). Figure 4 shows that droughts of low return periods will be less affected than higher return drought. However, in all cases, the severity of droughts will diminish, as an increase in flows is projected. Table 6. Regional climate index equations for floods. Table 7. Regional climate index equations for droughts. Figure 3. regional climate index curves for floods at time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, 2070-2099 under (a) scenario B1 (b) scenario A2. Figure 4. regional climate index curves for droughts at time slices 2010-2039, 2040-2069, 2070-2099 under a) scenario B1 b) scenario A2. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that under projected scenarios, the severity of droughts is expected to diminish as an increase in flows is projected, suggesting that climate change may not lead to prolonged droughts in the regions discussed.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: Laurence Swetnahamor Protestation to JuliaOn himselfeTo the most accomplisht Michael OulsworthTo his Girles who would have him sportfullTruth and falsehoodHis last request to JuliaOn himselfeUpon KingsTo his GirlesUpon SpurTo his Herrickand ViollWarreA King and no KingPlots not still prosperoussoul is the saltUpon Flood, or a thankfull mandanger to men desperateSauce for sorrowesmount of the MusesOn HimselfeTo his BookeThe end of his workeitOn HimselfeThe pillar of Fame L. C. Martin (ed. ), Works of ContentsClose section sectionHesperides: or, & Divine of EsqTo the most Illvstriovs and Prince, Charles, Prince of Walesof his BookTo his MuseTo his BookeAnotherAnotherTo the source ReaderTo his BookeWhen he would have his verses readRecoveryto wedof Roses to JuliaNo bashfulnesse in beggingto the his in loveand Subjectsto a QuestionUpon Julia's FallExpences ExhaustLove what it isPresence and Absencebut a SisterBraceletThe shooe tyingThe CarkanetHis sailing from JuliaHow the Wall-flower came first, and why so calledchange colourTo his Mistresse objecting to him neither Toying or TalkingUpon the losse of his himselfeLove's play at Push-pinæ, or, Three dainty Destinies. The ArmiletSorrowes succeedCherry-pitRed-brestDiscontents in DevonTo his Paternall CountreyCherrie-ripeTo his MistressesTo Antheato ElectraDreamesAmbitionHis request to JuliaMoney gets the masterieThe Scar-fireUpon Silvia, a MistresseCheerfulnesse in Charitie: or, The sweet SacrificeOnce poore, still penuriousSweetnesse in SacrificeSteame in SacrificeUpon Julia's VoiceAgaineAll things decay and dieThe succession of the foure sweet monthsof Vertue. To a friendUpon his Sister-in Law, Mistresse Elizab: HerrickOf Love. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not provide any information related to reinforcement learning or the mechanisms of rewards and punishments. It appears to be a creative or poetic passage that explores themes of love and loss, making it irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: K. , et al. : Ovule cell wall composition is a maternal determinant of grain size in barley. New Phytol. 237, 2136–2147 (2023). BMC Plant Biol. 18, 215 (2018). E. , Corcuera-Gómez, M. , Melnik, S. , et al. : Heritable genomic fragment deletions and small Indels in the putative ENGase gene induced byCas9 in Barley. Front. Plant Sci. 8, 540 (2017). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 937–951 (2021). Plant Biotechnol. J. 19, 1602–1613 (2021). J. , Cai, Y. , Cheng, C. , et al. : Simultaneous editing of host factor gene TaPDIL5-1 homoeoalleles confers wheat yellow mosaic virus resistance in hexaploid wheat. New Phytol. 234, 340–344 (2022). Plant Biotechnol. J. 16, 902–910 (2018). E. K. , Balcerzak, M. , Rocheleau, H. , et al. : Genome editing of a Deoxynivalenol-induced transcription factor confers resistance to fusarium graminearum in wheat. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 33, 553–560 (2020). M. , Lin, J. , Liu, X. , et al. : Histone acetyltransferase TaHAG1 acts as a crucial regulator to strengthen salt tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Plant Physiol. 186, 1951–1969 (2021). X. , Qin, Z. , Zhao, Y. , et al. : Stress granule-associated TaMBF1c confers thermotolerance through regulating specific mRNA translation in wheat (Triticum aestivum). New Phytol. 233, 1719–1731 (2022). K. A. , Sretenovic, S. , Bansal, K. C. , et al. : Precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors. Nat. Plant. 7, 1166–1187 (2021). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by mentioning 'precise plant genome editing using base editors and prime editors,' which implies that scientists are able to make specific changes to DNA sequences using advanced CRISPR-related techniques.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: Prof. Dr. Michelle van Vliet | Crisis: is Affected by of Sep 25, 2024 | Earth & Sufficient water of good quality is vital for humankind and nature. A growing global population increases the demand for water of suitable quality. In addition, climate change and increases in extreme weather events, such as droughts and heatwaves, directly affect the availability, quality, and use of water. These three factors – availability, quality, and use – interact in complex ways. Prof. Dr. Michelle van Vliet at is pioneering our understanding of the drivers of clean water scarcity under global change and proposing solutions to this. With her team, she focuses on the challenge of ensuring sufficient water of suitable quality to meet human demands and ensuring healthy ecosystems in our changing world. Scarcity under A growing global population increases the demand for water of suitable quality. This is needed for different sectors, such as domestic and industrial uses, as well as agriculture. Furthermore, healthy ecosystems also strongly rely on sufficient water of good quality. Climate change and extreme weather events (such as droughts, heatwaves, rainstorms, and floods) pose serious challenges for water management in terms of both water resource availability and water quality. Prof. Dr. Michelle van Vliet at in examines how changes in climate and socioeconomic systems impact water resources in terms of quality, availability, and use. Her research is critical to our understanding of clean water scarcity and to informing strategies on how best to manage this precious resource. Droughts and heatwaves amplify water scarcity across the globe, with their impacts reverberating through economies and communities. Younger generations now face more frequent extreme weather events, such as droughts and heatwaves, and this will continue to have a profound impact on their exposure to water scarcity, their lives and livelihoods. Hence, there is a pressing need to improve our water management to alleviate clean water scarcity and reduce the number of people affected by this. studies have assessed water scarcity based solely on quantity, but there is much more to this issue: water’s usability for different purposes is also dependent on its quality. So, it’s not just about having sufficient water availability; it’s about having the right quality of water, too. Decreasing water availability, worsening of water quality, and increasing water use from sectors all contribute to increasing water scarcity. Prof. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by elaborating that water scarcity is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors beyond just industrial water use, including a growing population, climate change, and extreme weather events. It emphasizes that availability, quality, and use of water interact in complex ways, suggesting that merely stopping industrial water use would not suffice to alleviate water scarcity. Instead, it highlights the need for improved water management to address both quantity and quality.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: of Rubies: and The quarrie of his comming with his Army into the WestUpon RosesTo the King and Queene, upon their unhappy distancesDangers wait on Kingsof Cupid: Or, The ungentle guestTo the reverend shade of his religious FatherDelight in DisorderTo his MuseUpon LoveTo Dean-bourn, a rude River in Devon, by which sometimes he livedrequired in Loveof the BeeLove kill'd by LackTo his MistresseTo the generous ReaderTo CriticksDuty to TyrantsBeing once blind, his request to BianchaUpon BlanchNo want where there's littleBarly-Break: or, Last in Hellof BeautyTo Dianemelying in bedTo ElectraA Country life: To his Brother, M. Tho: HerrickDivination by a DaffadillTo the Painter, to draw him a PictureUpon Cuffe. Epiga School-master. EpigA Lyrick to MirthTo the Earle of WestmerlandAgainst LoveUpon Julia's RibandThe frozen Zone: or, Julia disdainfullupon a sober MatronTo the Patron of Poets, M. End: PorterThe sadness of things for Sapho's sicknesseLeanders ObsequiesHope heartensFoure things make us happy hereHis parting from Mrs. Dorothy Kenedaysent to her from StanesUpon one Lille, who marryed with a maid call'd Roseupon a childUpon Scobble. EpigThe Houre-glasseHis fare-well to SackUpon Glasco. EpigUpon Mrs. Eliz: Wheeler, under the name of AmarillisThe Custardhard-heartedThe EyeUpon the much lamented, Mr. J. WarrUpon GryllThe suspition upon his over-much familiarity with a GentlewomanSingle life most secureThe Curse. A SongThe wounded Cupid. SongTo Dewes. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is a long list of poetic works and names, with no direct relevance to the claim regarding reinforcement learning algorithms. It does not address or engage with the concept of learning through rewards and punishments.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: CRISPR technology allows scientists to make precise changes to DNA sequences. [SEP] Text: Javascript is disabled in your browser. Please enable Javascript to view PeerJ. Related research --wide Cas9 binding specificity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae View 10. 7717/peerj. 9442 Published 2020-07-29 Accepted 2020-06-08 Received 2020-02-21 -seq, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation, Cas9, Off-target binding Copyright © 2020 Waldrip et al. is an open access 2020. Genome-wide Cas9 binding specificity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PeerJ 8:e9442 system has become heavily utilized in biomedical research as a tool for genomic editing as well as for site-specific chromosomal localization of specific proteins. For example, we developed a -based methodology for enriching a specific genomic locus of interest for proteomic analysis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which utilized a guide RNA-targeted, catalytically dead Cas9 (dCas9) as an affinity reagent. To more comprehensively evaluate the genomic specificity of using dCas9 as a site-specific tool for chromosomal studies, we performed dCas9-mediated locus enrichment followed by next-generation sequencing on a genome-wide scale. As a test locus, we used the ARS305 origin of replication on chromosome III in S. cerevisiae. We found that enrichment of this site is highly specific, with virtually no off-target enrichment of unique genomic sequences. The high specificity of genomic localization and enrichment suggests that dCas9-mediated technologies have promising potential for site-specific chromosomal studies in organisms with relatively small genomes such as yeasts. of the (Repeats) bacterial immune system from Streptococcus pyogenes have been transformed into a popular and efficient genome editing system (DiCarlo et al. , 2013; Doudna & Charpentier, 2014; Jinek et al. , 2012; Mali et al. , 2013; Wiedenheft, Sternberg & Doudna, 2012). By expressing the Cas9 protein and a short guide RNA molecule (gRNA), it is possible to induce targeted double-stranded breaks in eukaryotic cells. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by describing the use of dCas9, a component of CRISPR technology, for genome editing and site-specific chromosomal localization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It states that by using guide RNA to target specific genomic loci, it is possible to induce precise double-stranded breaks in DNA, which aligns directly with the claim about making precise changes to DNA sequences.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Water scarcity will no longer be a concern if we stop industrial water use. [SEP] Text: Dr. explains that each of these three components individually contributes to water scarcity but also together due to important interactions. These interactions are further impacted by droughts and heatwaves. Lower water availability during these extreme events increases water scarcity not only directly but also indirectly. For instance, decreasing water availability also results in the degradation of surface water quality due to the reduced capacity of rivers to dilute pollutants. This deterioration in water quality can then exacerbate water scarcity further, as water sources may then not be suitable for a particular use (e. g. , when salinity levels are too high for irrigating crops). During these extreme weather events, water demands in specific sectors (such as households and agriculture) rise. This directly contributes to greater water scarcity from a water quantity standpoint but also affects wastewater flows and water quality. Sectors that are water-dependent rely on clean water but also contribute to water pollution. For instance, elevated freshwater salinity levels during droughts severely limit irrigation water use, yet irrigation has been demonstrated to be the main human driver of freshwater salinisation of river systems globally. In addition, high concentrations of pathogens, pharmaceuticals, organic pollution and various other pollutants adversely affect the domestic use of water, particularly when (waste)water treatment levels and capacities are low, but the domestic sector is also the major source for most of these pollutants. Both global and regional studies have demonstrated that present and future water scarcity is strongly driven by water-quality issues, particularly in water scarcity hotspots in the Global South, such as in and sub-Saharan Africa. Prof. Dr. believes that finding sustainable solutions for managing water resources requires more than just understanding these driving factors; it also requires an understanding of how these factors interplay. We need smart tools to unravel the driving forces of water scarcity, considering the interplay of water availability, quality and the different users. Such tools would enable the implementation of effective water management strategies and mitigate against clean water scarcity. : Framework Prof. Dr. argues that to improve our understanding of clean water scarcity and its driving factors under extreme weather conditions (such as drought and heatwaves), we need to develop integrated water assessment frameworks. These would allow us to fully account for how much water we have, how we use it, and its quality. Such a framework would help us to obtain more realistic estimates of present and future gaps between the demands versus supply of clean water resources. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that water scarcity is influenced by multiple factors beyond just industrial water use. It emphasizes the importance of water quality, the impacts of droughts and heatwaves, and how water-related demands from various sectors contribute to the overall scarcity of clean water. For example, the text states that decreasing water availability results in degraded surface water quality and highlights how irrigation, a major water-dependent sector, drives freshwater salinization. Therefore, simply halting industrial water use would not eliminate water scarcity as it requires a multifaceted approach to water resource management.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Reinforcement learning algorithms mimic the way humans learn through rewards and punishments. [SEP] Text: A SongSome comfort in calamityThe VisionLove me little, love me longUpon a Virgin kissing a RoseUpon a Wife that dyed mad with JealousieUpon the Bishop of Lincolne's ImprisonmentDisswasions from IdlenesseUpon Strutto Southwell and his LadieTeares are TonguesUpon a young mother of many childrenTo ElectraHis wishto PerillaLove perfumes all partsTo JuliaOn himselfeVertue is sensible of sufferingThe cruell MaidTo DianemeTo the King, To cure the EvillHis misery in a MistressewifeTo a Gentlewoman, objecting to him his gray hairescame greenTo Jos: Lo: Bishop of ExeterUpon a black Twist, rounding the Arme of the Countess of CarlileOn himselfeUpon PaggetA Ring presented to JuliaTo the DetracterUpon the sameJulia's PetticoatTo MusickDistrustCorinna's going a MayingOn Julia's breathUpon a Child. An EpitaphA Dialogue betwixt Horace and Lydia, 1627. and set by Mr. Ro: RamseyThe captiv'd Bee: or, The little to Porter, upon his Brothers deathTo his dying -more. EpigTo Cherry-blossomescame whiteTo PansiesOn Gelli-flowers begottenin a ChristalTo his BookeUpon some womenSupreme fortune falls soonestto SackImpossibilities to his friendUpon Luggs. EpigUpon Gubbs. EpigTo live merrily, and to trust to Good VersesFaire dayes: or, Dawnes deceitfullLips TonguelesseTo the Fever, not to trouble JuliaTo VioletsUpon Bunce. EpigTo Carnations. A SongTo the Virgins, to make much of TimeSafety to look to ones selfeTo his Friend, on the untuneable Timeshis PillarSafety on the ShoreA Pastorall upon the birth of Prince Charles, Presented to the King, and Set by Mr. Nic: LaniereTo the LarkThe Bubble. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it consists of poetry and literary expressions that have no connection to reinforcement learning or the processes of learning through rewards and punishments. The content does not address or support the specifics of the claim.