Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Additionally, programs should provide support that aligns with these motivations, such as facilitating social networks and environmental education, rather than emphasizing uncertain economic returns. By addressing these factors, urban farming initiatives can better align with participants’ motivations and achieve greater long-term success and sustainability. Currently, urban farming lacks economic motivation. However, if practitioners were to fully understand that the costs of investment and maintenance, both in terms of resources and time, cannot be balanced by the income generated from the produce, it raises the question of whether such operations could sustain themselves independently. It is also worth investigating whether urban farming can be feasible across different social strata without government support. Further research is needed to develop a more sustainable framework for urban farming that addresses these challenges. AcknowledgementsWe would like to thank for providing the funding for this research through the Grant (ALG) and the (RDDU) programs via the Directorate of Research and Community Development. We also would like to thank our key informants for their participation in this study. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Additional informationNotes on contributorsAdi NugrahaAdi Nugraha, M. Sc. is a lecturer in the Department of Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. He is currently finishing his doctoral study at the Program of Universitas Padjadjaran. His research focuses on Agricultural Sociology, Agricultural Development, Sociology of Food, and Sustainability. Raphael PautPaut is a Researcher at INRAE: Research for Agriculture, Food, and Environment, France. His research focuses on agroecology, crop diversification and nitrogen management in agricultural systems. HerdiansahDr. Herdiansah is a lecturer in the Department of Political Sciences, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. His research focuses on sociology, and civil society. Susanti WithaningsihDr. . She also teaches at the on & Sustainability Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. She is also a researcher in the Center for Environment and Sustainability Sciences. Her research focuses on biodiversity, environment & sustainability. ParikesitProf. Parikesit was a lecturer in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. He also teaches at the on & Sustainability Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the economic challenges facing urban farming. It states that urban farming lacks economic motivation and raises concerns about whether its costs can be balanced by the income from produce. This suggests that urban agriculture may not be able to sustain itself independently or completely replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: With increasing levels of structure also changed SWC is composed of periodic changes of broadband and narrowband. We calculated the ratio of broadband and narrowband of each record in all identifiable SWC. The broadband ratio gradually decreased with the increasing levels of TSB (r = -0. 618, p = 0. 000), while the ratio of the narrowband gradually extended (r = 0. 618, p = 0. 000). Lowess smooth were applied to fit the nonlinear trend between the TSB levels and narrowband (Fig 3A) and broadband ratio (Fig 3B), respectively. The size of the scatterplots’ diameters provided us more information about the correlation between EEG abnormalities and TSB levels which indicated that the extremely hyperbilirubinemia did not always accompany by an abnormal EEG. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 3. Scatterplot of increased TSB level with increased Narrowband ratio (A) and decreased Broadband ratio (B). Fitted and smoothed by span = 0. 5, the different diameter of the scatterplots represented the grades of EEG abnormality. the SWC are composed of the narrowband and broadband (intermittent sleep are not in the realm of discussion in this paper), the ratio of narrowband length increase with the decrease of broadband ratio. The elevated TSB not only reduced the occurrence of SWC, but also changed its constituent. SWC occurrence and structure at different TSB levels could be predicted by a nonlinear model Loess model was used to predict the SWC occurrence number and broadband ratio at different key TSB levels (Table 3). We further summarized the data from Figs 2 and 3. As shown in Fig 4, the Loess predictive model clearly indicated the continuous impact of hyperbilirubinemia on the SWC, either occurrence number or structure. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageFig 4. Loess model indicates the impact of TSB on SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio. The relationship of TSB with SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio were summarized in one picture. The two nonparametric regression curves with confidence belt indicated the predicted value of SWC occurrence and Broadband ratio respectively. Download: PPTPowerPoint slidePNGlarger imageTIFForiginal imageTable 3. Ratio by Loess model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles. Instead, it discusses the relationship between total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and sleep-wake cycle (SWC) characteristics without any mention of melatonin or light exposure. Therefore, the text is irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: actor Transaction cost Execution cost addSeed() Storage 168,402 144,314 temperatureSelfCheck() Storage 50,681 29,217 hummiditySelfCheck() Storage 50,812 29,348 lightExpoSelfCheck() Storage 35,503 14,039 violationTrigger() Storage 48,625 26,969 initiateDistribution() Producer 132,122 108,610 startDistribution() Distributor 106,442 84,786 startWholesale() Wholesaler 91,530 69,874 retailSell() Retailer 91,464 69,808 DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/table-2 A. is never compromised. Only the person allowed by the smart contract can execute or invoke a task. Monitored data has been secured and solidified in two ways. IoT devices automatically push data to the MQTT server and the blockchain periodically self-checks these data via smart contract and logs every event and violation. Data security within the blockchain is robust. Several types of data from pre-harvest and post-harvest segments are stored in the blockchain so that they remain unchanged as any data saved into the blockchain can hardly be changed or tampered. Authenticity has been made sure by the smart contracts. The smart contract automatically checks values in different segments and saves the result within the blockchain. A central source of information is created by the use of blockchain, and everyone can check the necessary data at any time. A smart contract removes the intermediate processor. In agriculture, there are so many intermediate person/factors which increases the market price drastically. However, a smart contract monitors all the prices and the flow of product from one level to another. Every date, times, and product id are stored in the blockchain. So, authentic, traceable data ensures the consumer’s right to know about the product’s origin. Central monitoring organizations can use this to control market prices and also to estimate supply-demand. The processes are automated and robust. There is no third-party support needed. Only the system alone can handle all the operations without any human interaction. B. Challenges If, in any step, someone does something by mistake, changing or updating data in the blockchain is impossible. Immutability indeed is one of the biggest strengths of blockchain, but unlike the traditional database systems, blockchain, due to its reliable security schemes, does not allow us to modify the data of a verified transaction. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain records transactions securely and ensures transparency. It states, 'Data security within the blockchain is robust' and emphasizes that 'a central source of information is created by the use of blockchain, and everyone can check the necessary data at any time.' Additionally, it mentions that the blockchain stores every date, time, and product ID, contributing to the authenticity and traceability of data, which aligns with the claim about blockchain enhancing transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: AbstractIn response to rapid urbanization and increase in population, there is water scarcity and growing demand for water for irrigation. Nowadays, use of wastewater in agriculture for production of vegetables is controversial due to its benefits and negative health impacts. Thus, the objective of this paper is to review the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetables. Urban vegetable farming by using wastewater can contribute a wide range of benefits to improved livelihoods. In Ethiopia, the wastewater is the only means of survival. The average income from wastewater farming has a vital role, and majority of the wastewater farm households report that they benefit from the wastewater. Despite the great importance of irrigating vegetable crops with wastewater, as a food source for the urban community and as income generation, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks like cholera, typhoid, etc. , among consumers of wastewater-irrigated produce. Depending on reviewed documents, about potential contamination and health effects of wastewater-irrigated vegetables in urban areas in Ethiopia, irrigation water requirement has been growing in rapidly growing urban centers, and water has become a fragile and scarce resource in a competing environment. Management of water resources and proper utilization of vegetables grown in wastewater irrigation has become one option in developing countries for farmers as well as consumers in urban areas in order to ensure food and nutritional security. Wastewater should be managed properly by the application of different wastewater treatment techniques and proper handling of vegetables to reduce contamination. Keywords: Wastewater irrigationurban areascontaminationhealth effectvegetables study was designed for better documentation of wastewater utilization for irrigated vegetable crops which will supply important information for further health risk management. Widely produced commodities in urban and peri-urban agriculture are vegetables. Vegetables require a sufficient amount of water for better growth. However, due to low access to adequate clean water, the major sources of irrigation water in urban areas are heavily contaminated and untreated wastewater. Various undesirable microorganisms can be present at the time of growth on the surface of vegetables and their tissue. The use of wastewater in vegetable crop production has both positive and negative impacts on crop production, public health, soil resources and ecosystems. Currently, using untreated wastewater in agriculture is a controversial issue due to its combination of benefits and negative health impacts. Therefore, conducting a review on the benefits and potential health risks in wastewater-irrigated vegetable farming in urban and peri-urban areas of Ethiopia is important to take remedy for existing problems. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations of urban agriculture, particularly the use of wastewater which presents both benefits and significant health risks. It mentions that soil and water resources in urban settings are scarce and often heavily contaminated. Furthermore, while urban agriculture can contribute to improved livelihoods, it cannot entirely replace rural farming due to numerous constraints and health risks associated with using wastewater for irrigation, suggesting that urban agriculture alone cannot fulfill all food production needs.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: DiscussionSignificant neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can cause serious neurological damage, kernicterus, while low bilirubin exposure has only a subtle neurotoxicity. In our previous animal model study we have demonstrated [3] that an intravenous injection of indirect bilirubin after a certain time, under the condition that population spike is not affected, while the long term potentiation in the rat hippocampal CA3 area is suppressed. The results shows that neural plasticity characterized by long-term potentiation is different from the normal vulnerability of synaptic transmission to bilirubin. Since the syndrome contained in BIND is generally related to cognitive functions, damage to neural plasticity may be one of the pathogenesis of BIND. In addition, the brain damage caused by bilirubin can be expressed as an increase of central apnea [19] or swallowing dysfunction [20]. These changes are also caused by the less severe jaundice. The above evidences indicate that the assessment of bilirubin neurotoxicity requires long-term and comprehensive study. Many studies have been reported on clinical observations of neurological outcome of hyperbilirubinemia with different degrees, but their conclusions were different. Like most other observations, we also used maximum TSB as an important criterion. However, this indicator did not cover many links through which bilirubin leads to nerve damage. These links affecting bilirubin neurotoxicity included duration of hyperbilirubinemia, serum albumin level, blood-brain barrier integrity, gestational age and the like. Thus, the results from observations in which TSB was an indicator were sometimes contradictory. For example, Newman et al[21] found completely normal neurological development at five years of age, in patients whose highest bilirubin at neonatal age was reported greater than 25mg/dl. In contrast, Soorani-Lunsing et al[22] reported that the bilirubin level of 13. 6-26mg dl in the neonatal period could cause mild nerve damage at 3–12 months. Because of the shorter observational period of the later study, these two results might suggest bilirubin neurotoxicity to a certain extent is reversible. However, these two studies were not carried out with electrophysiological observation and analysis for patients’ sleep. And, in case when positive signs of bilirubin neurotoxicity were found, no dose dependent effects were evaluated. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim about melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure. Instead, it focuses on the effects of hyperbilirubinemia on neurological development and related cognitive functions, which is unrelated to melatonin or sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Smart contracts are deployed to take control of the system and automate the steps. Once deployed inside the blockchain, it can never be changed. The initial settings of the blockchain environment take a reasonable amount of money. IoT devices are vulnerable to security issues. Data acquisition is dependent on IoT devices. If devices get damaged, data collection or check is not possible. C. Cost estimations The table above (Table 2) show the gas costs of different operations within our system. objective of this work was to demonstrate the capability of blockchain in agricultural process development, and how the usage of blockchain can ensure data availability, ensure security, apply immutability so that there can be no manipulation of data, and ensure trust among producers and consumers. Consumers can, without any doubt, know the origin and distribution history of products. Farmers can know the history of seed storage, and the governing bodies can control the market based on these data. The whole system is bought under IoT surveillance, where blockchain provides absolute security of them. All codes related to the system have been made public in GitHub ( so that other enthusiasts can learn from it and use it for their purpose. The implementation is quite generalized and generic. The same implementation can be applied to trace, develop, and enhance any process. We also presented the gas costs for a better understanding of the costs to run the system. Our future goal is to deploy the system in a permissioned blockchain while ensuring that tracking becomes full-fledged. For tracking purpose, we intend to use barcode or QR code from storage to retail sale. We also intend to build a web application that meets our purpose. Smart Contracts. The raw data contains source code of two smart contracts that have been used in this research. One is for the storages connected to our system (pre-harvesting period) and the other one is used during distribution of agriproducts ((post-harvesting period)). is used in pre-harvesting period. The owner of the contract (deployer) and connected storages will have an Ethereum wallet address. Action allowed for every type of accounts are constrained by modifiers which are onlyOwner and onlyStorage. Four types of events are emitted by this contract during adding a seed or during any violation occurs. Manual and auto self-checks for environment variables (temperature, humidity, light exposure) is done with this contract. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by explaining how blockchain ensures data availability, security, and immutability, which contribute to transparency. It specifically states, 'the usage of blockchain can ensure data availability, ensure security, apply immutability so that there can be no manipulation of data, and ensure trust among producers and consumers.' This illustrates that blockchain's characteristics support the claim regarding transaction transparency.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Competing InterestsThe author declares no competing interests. 1. IntroductionUrbanization is occurring rapidly throughout Ethiopia, as populations are increasingly migrating from rural areas to major cities, and hence, the country has a high rate of urbanization. Even if the country is one of the least urbanized countries in sub-Saharan Africa, urbanization has recently been accelerated, and it is expected to further accelerate with a mean rate of 3. 9% between 2015 and 2020 compared to an estimated average growth rate of 3. 1 for Africa (UN Population Division, 2009; 2010). Such a situation led to widespread food insecurity, which is mainly the result of a lack of availability of food, lack of purchasing power and increase in unemployment. On the other hand, such a trend has resulted in a rising market demand, which paved the way for urban agriculture or horticulture to be emerged as a mechanism to reduce the level of poverty and provide adequate and regular access to food supplies. Urban agricultural activities are being recognized as an important source of food, nutrition and income for the urban poor. In response to rapid urbanization, water supply has outpaced sanitation coverage and wastewater management, and pollution of natural waterbodies and the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture have become common realities (et al. , Citation2010). Wastewater is a combination of liquid wastes discharged from domestic households, farms, institutions and commercial and industrial establishments eventually mixed with groundwater, surface water and stormwater. Wastewater may contain pathogens (bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms); organic p2. Sources of wastewater and irrigated vegetable farmingDue to water scarcity and the growing demand for water for irrigation have produced a marked increase in the use of treated and untreated wastewater for irrigation of vegetables worldwide. The use of industrial or municipal wastewater in agriculture is a common practice in many parts of the world, including Ethiopia (Blumenthal et al. , Citation2000; Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012; WHO, Citation2006). Asano et al. (Citation2007) reported that a large amount of freshwater is diverted to domestic, commercial and industrial sectors, which generate greater volumes of wastewater. However, there is lack of investment capacity worldwide for construction and operation of adequate treatment facilities which threatens the quality of surface water, soils and groundwater to which wastewater is discharged (Girmaye, Citation2014). In Ethiopia, in 2030, the urban population is expected to reach 37 million (UN, 2018). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and challenges of urban agriculture in the context of rapid urbanization and food insecurity in Ethiopia. It highlights that while urban agriculture is emerging as a mechanism to enhance food access, it does not address the broader issues of food availability, purchasing power, and unemployment that are prevalent due to urbanization. Moreover, it points out the reliance on wastewater for irrigation, which raises concerns about food safety and agricultural sustainability, suggesting that urban agriculture alone cannot fulfill the complete food production needs of a population.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Sleep feature is an important means to measure the neurological developmental outcome of patients [23]. It has been proposed that circulating bilirubin serves as a photoreceptor and therefore plays an important role in sleep rhythm in adults [24]. Gürses et al. [8] used conventional EEG to observe infants’ sleep and found babies who experienced neonatal hyperbilirubinemia still showed sleep spindle abnormalities 12 weeks after birth. Our previous in-vivo study on rat models also showed that neural plasticity damage still occurred after [3] intravenously injected indirect bilirubin was removed from brain tissues. These results confirmed that bilirubin neurotoxicity may last for a long period of time. Osredkar[18] used aEEG to observe the relationships between the SWC starting time, SWC quality and prognosis of full-term neonates with various degrees of asphyxia. Their observation perspective was the length of time in the process of SWC appearance in children with asphyxia. The median time of SWC starting times in mild, moderate, and severe asphyxia groups were 7, 33 and 62 hours after birth. They also looked at the SWC pattern, and normal SWC was significantly correlated with good prognosis. In accordance to this, our study also observed SWC of icteric patients through aEEG, but we studied the process of SWC disappearance and the relationship with different levels of TSB. We found TSB levels and the occurrence of SWC had a significant negative correlation, and we created a non-linear model to describe and predict the bilirubin exposed process. In fact the above two studies looked at two reverse processes of SWC, appearance and disappearance, respectively. Although both studied SWC change on aEEG, the specific method was not replaceable. This is because observed objects had different causes. Hypoxia at birth led to the delayed appearance of the physiological SWC, and the delayed time length had a positive change in the trend with the degree of brain damage. The present study showed that with increasing levels of TSB, the already existing SWC in icteric newborn gradually disappeared or even completely disappeared, and there was a reversed changing trend. Although the two studies had different starting points, the conclusion was consistent: the severity of the brain damage and SWC change was significantly correlated; the more serious of brain damage, the more significant of SWC variation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses the relationship between bilirubin levels and sleep-wake cycles (SWC) in newborns, but it does not address melatonin production or its regulation by light exposure. Hence, it does not provide information that supports or contradicts the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: For any kind of violation, a trigger with violation type, value and condition is logged into the blockchain. comes into play in post-harvesting period. The chain of actors will all be bought under automation by this contract. Owner, producer, distributor, wholesaler and retailers will operate through Ethereum wallet address. Data like product name, batch id, selling price, quantity, date and block timestamp will be saved for each and every step of product distribution through this contract. Each actor has certain access control through modifiers. Functions like initiateDisribution, startDistribution, startWholesell and retailSell is used to store data from each step of distribution. These data are also logged into the Blockchain by events. DOI: 10. 7717/peerj-cs. 407/supp-1 Information and authors declare that they have no competing interests. Pranto conceived and designed the experiments, performed the experiments, analyzed the data, performed the computation work, prepared figures and/or tables, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. Noman analyzed the data, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. performed the experiments, prepared figures and/or tables, and approved the final draft. AKM conceived and designed the experiments, analyzed the data, authored or reviewed drafts of the paper, and approved the final draft. The following information was supplied regarding data availability: Raw data and code are available in the Supplemental Files. authors received no funding for this work. 2018. Internet of Things (IoT) and its impact on supply chain: a framework for building smart, secure and efficient systems. 86:614-628. 2017. Attack scenarios and security analysis of MQTT communication protocol in IoT system. . 2019. Smart Contract-Insurance Policies. . 2016. Development of IoT based smart security and monitoring devices for agriculture. Ben-. 2019. Internet of things and supply chain management: a literature review. of 57(15–16):4719-4742. 2019. A scalable blockchain framework for secure transactions in IoT. IEEE Internet of 6(3):4650-4659. 2020. A blockchain use case in food distribution: Do you know where your food has been? of 52(9):102008. 2018. Blockchain-based traceability in Agri-Food supply chain management: a practical implementation. . 2019. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text supports the claim by describing how the blockchain logs various data related to transactions such as product name, batch ID, selling price, and timestamps for each step in the distribution process, thereby ensuring transparency and security in the transaction records.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: The main sources of pollution that enters urban surface waterbodies are industries, municipal solid waste and oily wastes from garages and fuel stations and kitchen or domestic wastewater. (Citation2009), CitationMengesha et al. (2017) and Yohannes & Elias (Citation2017) reported that there are over 2,000 registered industries in which is 65% of all industries in the country. Most of these industries are located along the river banks. According to the Authority (2007, unpublished), 90% of all industries lack facilities for some degree of onsite treatment plant and subsequently discharge any effluents into an adjacent stream. Additionally, in city, a total of 2,256 m3 or 851 tonnes of solid waste is being generated daily of which 65% is collected and disposed into Repi dump site, about 10% of the waste is composted and recycled, while the remaining 25% is dumped into open spaces, ditches and waterbodies (Van Rooijen, Citation2009). In addition to solid waste, domestic wastewater is a major contributor to water pollution in Ethiopia. (Citation2007)estimated that one-quarter of the households in lack any form of sanitation facility and reported that as a consequence of this they use open spaces, shrubs and river banks to relieve themselves. Girmaye (Citation2014) stated that, among the major rivers in Ethiopia, Awash river flows from central highlands through Ethiopia’s major industrial and agro-industrial belt, taking in a whole burden of all types of raw effluent stands as one of the Ethiopian river streams in urban areas of developed rivers. Most of the existing industries and major towns within the upper watershed have no treatment plants for the discharge of their wastes and are seriously polluting the watercourse. In addition, the Modjo river is highly polluted by discharging effluents. tannery industry and waste disposed from the town, is the main tributary of further more food and beverage industries in Ethiopia tend to discharge heavy organic pollutants and dyes from textile factories are also released waste material. The vegetable farms at Akaki and the peacock park are among the biggest farms in the capital, where a substantial amount of vegetables is being produced seasonally. These farms are irrigated with the wastewater from rivers Akaki and Bulbula. Before several decades, the water from the rivers in the capital was clean. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the significant pollution issues in urban agriculture, stating that urban industrial effluents and domestic wastewater severely affect water quality. It emphasizes that urban agricultural practices, such as using wastewater for irrigation, come with environmental risks and do not provide a sustainable solution, thus indicating that urban agriculture alone cannot effectively replace rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: The extent of brain damage could affect the time of SWC's appears, SWC quantity and quality, and this effect did not have a cause specificity. In turn, we can use SWC start time, quality, quantity, and structure as important indicators to determine the severity and prognosis of brain damage. Although the occurrence and structure of SWC has been studied under various disease conditions, a predictive model has never been made via a non-linear mathematic model. Some researchers used to split patients by different bilirubin levels and observed the dose dependent effects of bilirubin. On contrary, we analyzed the icteric newborns as a whole. We believed biologically reasonable hypothesis of our non-linear findings might be that effects of hyperbilirubinemia on SWC could be continuous, at least up to the point where SWC disappears. More observations could facilitate the accuracy of the above non-linear predictive model. Furthermore in current study we found that 14 newborns with severe hyperbilirubinemia completely lost their SWC and the similar results were rarely reported previously. In 2005 a Canada team described 12 newborns with the TSB range 405–825μmol/L. Five cases of which had EEG abnormality including multifocal and generalized spikes and polyspikes, and discontinuous and intermittently asynchronous backgrounds [25]. Unfortunately SWC information has not been observed. The main cause of the severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in our study is G-6-PD deficiency (9 in 14 cases). The morbidity is higher than the data of the from 2002 to 2004 (20 in 93 cases) [26]. The reason might be the incidence of G-6-PD deficiency varied largely depending on the specific geographic region [27]. Animal model study showed the vulnerable region of bilirubin encephalopathy are cerebellum, the cochlea, the oculomotor nucleus, basal ganglia and hippocampus [28]. Hypothalamus—globus pallidus loop is closely related to the electrical activity of cortical neurons, and they both participate in the maintenance of the sleep-wake cycle[29]. Thus, the EEG activity change in acute phase of bilirubin encephalopathy has its corresponding neuropathological basis. Our research showed that SWC occurrence of hyperbilirubinemia newborn and TSB levels had a significant negative correlation. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production or light exposure. Instead, it discusses the effects of brain damage on sleep-wake cycles (SWC) in newborns and mentions a correlation between SWC and bilirubin levels, which is unrelated to melatonin or light regulation.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Blockchain ensures transparency by recording every transaction in a secure ledger. [SEP] Text: Integrating blockchain, smart contract-tokens, and IoT to design a food traceability solution. . 2019. Integrating blockchain, smart contract-tokens, and IoT to design a food traceability solution. Kumar D, Kalita P. 2017. Reducing postharvest losses during storage of grain crops to strengthen food security in developing countries. Foods 6(1):8. 2018. Blockchains can work for car insurance: using smart contracts and sensors to provide on-demand coverage. 7(4):72-81 íaz MME. 2020. Agri-food 4. 0: a survey of the supply chains and technologies for the future agriculture. Computers in Industry 117(March (3)):103187. 2018. Block-secure: blockchain based scheme for secure P2P cloud storage. 465(6):219-231. 2018. Blockchain and IoT based food traceability for smart agriculture. . 2020. Blockchain technology in current agricultural systems: from techniques to applications. IEEE Access 8:143920-143937. 2018. A case study for grain quality assurance tracking based on a blockchain business network. . 2018. Smart contract applications within blockchain technology: a systematic mapping study. Telematics and Informatics 35(8):2337-2354. 2020. A blockchain-based approach for a multi-echelon sustainable supply chain. of 58(7):2222-2241 Miloslavskaya N, Tolstoy A. 2019. Internet of things: information security challenges and solutions. 22(1):103-119. 2020. An efficient Lightweight integrated Blockchain (ELIB) model for IoT security and privacy. 102(10):1027-1037 Nakamoto S. 2008. Bitcoin: a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. . 2019. Blockchain for Secure EHRs sharing of mobile cloud based e-health systems. IEEE Access 7:66792-66806. 2020. Time trend of suicide in Swiss male farmers and comparison with other men: a cohort study. Weekly 150(21–22):1-10. 2017. Blockchain. Business and Engineering 59(3):183-187 Opara LU. 2003. Traceability in agriculture and food supply chain: a review of basic concepts, technological implications, and future prospects. Pavithra D, Balakrishnan R. 2015. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the integration of blockchain technology in various applications such as food traceability, which implies that transactions related to the supply chain are securely recorded using this technology. This supports the idea that blockchain promotes transparency as it keeps a tamper-proof record of transactions.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: However, with the increase in the urban population and industrialization, the water has now become contaminated with various pollutants, among which are heavy metals (Fisseha, Citation1998, Citation2002). 3. Status of vegetable crop production by irrigating wastewaterThe use of polluted water in agriculture is a common practice around the world. Studies indicate that at least 20 million hectares of land are irrigated with untreated or partially treated wastewater in developing countries (Scott, Faruqui et al. , Citation2004; Keraita et al. , Citation2008; Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). The reasons for using wastewater vary depending on the situation and local context. Survey results from 53 cities in developing countries indicated that the main reasons for wastewater reuse in agriculture are increasing urban water demand, urban food demand, market incentives and lack of alternative water sources (BW et al. , Citation2010; Sally & Jayakody, Citation2008). According to Ruma and Sheikh (Citation2010) in Addis Ababa, smallholder vegetable farmers are commonly irrigated by using heavily polluted water. This is due to the reason of water scarcity and widespread pollution of existing irrigation sources. Tekeste (Citation2017) conducted a study to assess and analyze major on-farm wastewater hazard reduction approaches in the Akaki River. The result indicated that farmers are challenged with a deteriorating water quality of the in the past 40 years. Similar results were also reported by et al. , (Citation2010), and a variety of vegetables have been produced within and around the city, mainly using heavily polluted irrigation water from the which receives most of the wastewater. The percentage of wastewater that is eventually used for irrigation varies thus between seasons. According to Minbale et al. (Citation2019) and Desta et al. Citation(2017a), urban farmers in have been growing vegetables for the last 60 years, using the as the main source of irrigation water. Today, around 60% of the city’s vegetables are irrigated with contaminated river water. Because of an increasing population, urban farming, industrial expansion and lack of sewage treatment, the city of is suffering from serious surface water pollution (Eriksson & Sigvant, Citation2019; Yohannes & Elias, Citation2017). BW et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting significant challenges in urban agriculture, particularly the reliance on contaminated sources for irrigation. It explains that urban farming is facing issues such as 'water scarcity and widespread pollution of existing irrigation sources,' suggesting that urban agriculture cannot fully substitute for rural farming when it comes to safe and sustainable food production.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: We observed abnormalities of sleep-wake cycle in patients with hyperbilirubinemia, but this cannot achieve the localization diagnosis of nerve injury. Because normal SWC requires the maturity and integrity of nervous system [30], any aspect of damage to the integrity can lead to abnormal SWC. From this point of view, although SWC cannot provide information on location, it may have a high sensitivity to subtle nerve damages with different degrees of exposure. Recently, Horst et al[31] also used aEEG to study preterm children (26–31 6/7 weeks gestational age) suffering from hyperbilirubinemia (TSB 124–291 μ mol/l), but did not find an association between SWC and TSB. The author believed this may be related to low bilirubin exposure. We did not assess patients' long-term neurological prognosis, or the specific time of electrophysiological abnormalities and these are the drawback of present study. In reference to SWC findings of full-term HIE newborns, a poor prognosis can be determined from a lack of SWC [18,32], and for preterm children within 24 hours of birth, lack of SWC means brain damage [33]. Our research showed that the occurrence of SWC and TSB levels had a significant negative correlation particularly in a non-linear manner. With higher levels of TSB, the occurrence of SWC tended to decrease, manifested as the appearance of abnormal SWC. When TSB reached a certain level, SWC could disappear. In this study, SWC was not identified in 14 cases of children with TSB above than 483. 9 μmol/L further confirming TSB’s role in brain injury. Therefore, we speculated that the SWC decrease may be one of the major characteristics of adverse neurological outcome in hyperbilirubinemia patients. With the information provided via the Loess model, the damage extent caused by hyperbilirubinemia could be intuitively displayed as the change of SWC occurrence and structure and this encourages the clinicians to take an active treatment. In conclusions, the present study found that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia influences both the occurrence and structure of SWC. The change of SWC is a continuous phenomenon and could be described via a non-linear model. Further investigation should be done as further investigation could enrich the power of the non-linear predictive model. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it discusses abnormalities in sleep-wake cycles (SWC) in patients with hyperbilirubinemia, but does not mention melatonin production or the regulation of melatonin by light exposure. Therefore, it does not provide any support or contradiction to the claim about melatonin.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Cryptocurrency will soon replace all fiat currencies worldwide. [SEP] Text: Books and journals Case studies Publish with us Advanced search The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies Journal of : 1526-5943 1. Publisher: Copyright © 2010, The eternal coin - made from real money: risks in fiat currencies 13. 6 trillion and off-balance-sheet commitments of $5. 8 trillion - an aggregate leverage ratio of 23 to 1. They also had underwritten derivatives with a gross notional value of $216 trillion - more than a third of the total (The) Telegraph, 2009). of Toronto economics professor (1894-1952) was influential in developing modern theories of communication. He dwelt on the interaction of empires and communication. His theory was that the media people choose affect the shape and durability of their society. He divided media into two types, "space-binding" and "time-binding. " His most famous example is the distinction between space-binding papyrus and time-binding stone: • The concepts of time and space reflect the significance of media to civilization. Media which emphasize time are those which are durable in character such as parchment, clay and stone. The heavy materials are suited to the development of architecture and sculpture. Media which emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character such as papyrus and paper. The latter are suited to wide areas in administration and trade. The conquest of Egypt by Rome gave access to supplies of papyrus which became the basis of a large administrative empire. Materials which emphasize time favor decentralization and hierarchical types of institutions, while those which emphasize space favor centralization and systems of government less hierarchical in character (Innis, 1950, p. 7). Given Innis' theories we should expect our extremely light information age to emphasize centralization and less hierarchical government. So is money just communication? Interestingly, Innis influenced his vastly more famous Canadian colleague at the University of Toronto, Marshall McLuhan. In the same book that McLuhan points out that "the medium is the message" and spots local culture being overwhelmed by globalization, Understanding Media, he too touches on money as a medium of communication: • [. . . ] money is a language for translating the work of the farmer into the work of the barber, doctor, engineer, or plumber. As a vast social metaphor, bridge, or translator, money - like writing - speeds up exchange and tightens the bonds of interdependence in any community. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address cryptocurrency or fiat currencies directly. Instead, it discusses the nature of money as a medium of communication and references theories from historical figures about the role of media and money in society. As such, it does not corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2010) also reported that 1,260 urban farmers in were producing vegetables (lettuce, Swiss chard, cabbage, carrot, beetroot and potatoes) with wastewater irrigation of little on about 1,240 hectares. The wastewater used farmers mainly grow cash crops like about 61% of all vegetables and 90% of leafy vegetables in the city market come from urban farms. city, urban vegetable producers were using irrigation water from wastewater generated from hotels, hospital and slaughterhouse (Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012). Girmaye (Citation2014) conducted a study to assess the level of some heavy metal contaminates on vegetables such as lettuce, spinach and cabbage irrigated with Awash river water in farms in Adama town. The result indicated that cadmium and lead concentration in all vegetables was found above the tolerable limit of 0. 2 and 0. 3 mg/kg dry weight. According to Tomass and Kidane (Citation2012), more than 60% of the farmers in the Mekelle city and “Mariam Dahan” village are irrigating their vegetables once a week by using wastewater from the city drainage canal. 4. Wastewater use in urban and peri-urban agriculture and its contribution to livelihoods and food securityFifty percent of all children in developing countries (10. 4 million children) under the age of five die per year due to malnutrition (Rice et al. , Citation2000; WHO, Citation2000). Healthy individuals make healthy communities. Wastewater, if well managed, can help alleviate malnutrition, especially for children of poor households. According to the Organization (Citation2005), wastewater use in agriculture may have important economic benefits for households and communities that can improve the health of families through better access to health care education, nutritious food and improved access to both water and sanitation in the household (et al. , Citation2010). Migration from rural to urban areas is increasing in sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 54% of the sub-population will inhabit urban areas by 2030 (UN, Citation2002). According to Haddad et al. (Citation1999), unless urban poverty and malnutrition are reduced at the same rate as the urban population increases, food and nutrition insecurity will increase. The practice of producing crops within urban and peri-urban areas is one strategy to contribute to improving the food and nutritional security status of individuals and populations (Boischio et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the limitations and concerns associated with urban agriculture. It mentions issues such as the prevalence of heavy metal contaminants in vegetables grown using wastewater irrigation, which raises concerns about food safety. Furthermore, it highlights that, despite the growing urban population and the potential benefits of urban agriculture for food and nutritional security, urban farming alone may not be sufficient to address malnutrition and food insecurity without significant improvements in other areas like rural poverty and nutrition.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: Supporting InformationS1 Table. Clinical data. S2 Table. of 14 Patients without SWC. S3 Table. Original data of all SWC information. 1. Bhutani VK, Johnson-(2015) The clinical syndrome of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction. Neonatal Med. 20(1): 6–13. pmid:25577653 View 2. Shapiro SM. (2005)Definition of the clinical spectrum of kernicterus and bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND). J Perinatol. 25(1): 54–59. pmid:15578034 View 3. . (2003)The effects of bilirubin on evoked potentials and long-term potentiation in rat hippocampus in vivo. Pediatr Res. 53(6): 939–944. pmid:12621100 View 4. Yokochi K. (1995)Magnetic resonance imaging in children with kernicterus. Acta Paediatr. 84(8): 937–939. pmid:7488821 View 5. Amin SB. (2004)Clinical assessment of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in premature infants. Semin Perinatol. 28(5): 340–347. pmid:15686265 View 6. . (2011) Bilirubin/for Bilirubin-induced Neurologic Dysfunction. Pediatr. 21(1): 28–32. pmid:23056760 View 7. ;Hoffman HJ;Gartner LM, et al. (1991)Intelligence at six years in relation to neonatal bilirubin levels: follow-up of the of of Phototherapy. Pediatrics. 87(6): 797–805. pmid:2034482 View 8. . (2002)Effects of hyperbilirubinemia on cerebrocortical electrical activity in newborns. Pediatr Res. 52(1): 125–130. pmid:12084859 View 9. . (2013)Sleep-wake cycling in a neonate admitted to the NICU: a video-EEG case study during hypothermia treatment. J Nurs. 27(3): 263–273. pmid:23899806 View 10. ter van. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim as it primarily consists of references and details related to bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction and various studies that do not mention melatonin or its regulation by light exposure, nor its influence on sleep-wake cycles.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion emphasizes sustainable materials like organic cotton and recycled fabrics. [SEP] Text: into abrasion resistance of dyed fabrics made of recycled and standard cotton fibres Submit manuscript. . . Journal of eISSN: 2574-8114 & Research 26. DOI: 10. 15406/jteft. 2017. 01. 00006 of textiles and fashion has been paid attention in recent years. Till now recycling of unwanted clothing into new source of textile materials is one that isn’t being explored as intensively as other areas. This research brings to light the valuable source of recycled cotton fibers and to explore ways in which consumers can be made more aware of thesis garments. Fabrics from pairs of jeans, one made of standard cotton fiber and the other made of combination of standard and recycled cotton have been studied. Their abrasion resistance property has been investigated and comparisons were made to identify the quality of the recycled cotton fibers as sustainable alternative to standard cotton fibers. Keywords: recycled jean, property comparison, abrasion resistance Abbreviations BS, british standard; EN, european norm; ISO, international organization for standardization is defined as the material properties being reused. 1 The advantage of using recycled materials is that the benefits can be felt rapidly2 as material choices can be easily integrated into the manufacturing process. Recycling reduces the amount of landfill space being taken up. With 31% of textiles in the UK going to landfill and 5% of all landfill space in America being taken up by textiles, the majority of which could be reused or recycled,3 a raised awareness over fashion being made from recycled products could greatly reduce the amount of space and pollution caused. If more textile items are recycled then the drain on virgin resources can be reduced along with the amount of pollution and energy caused from creating these resources. 87% of water used in the whole manufacturing process is used just on the raw materials, with 1kg of cotton needing between 7,000 and 29,000liters of water4 and a cotton t-shirt is estimated to produce 2. 1kg of greenhouse gas during its production. 3 There is 2 billion US dollar worth of chemicals used on cotton crops. 2 This result, not just in pollution of the environment, but also it damaged the health of cotton farmers who have reported health issues due to overexposure to pesticides. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the importance of recycling in textile production, particularly highlighting the use of recycled cotton fibers as a sustainable alternative to standard cotton fibers. It mentions that the recycling of unwanted clothing into new textile materials is a valuable source and emphasizes the benefits of using recycled materials in reducing landfill waste and pollution. This aligns with the claim that eco-friendly fashion focuses on sustainable materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation2006; Ruel et al. , Citation1998)Janssen et al. (Citation2005) and Raschid-Sally et al. (Citation2005) revealed that wastewater use can contribute to improved livelihoods at the household level, particularly through recycling of water for irrigation and specifically with additional direct benefits of nutrients for plant use. It has the potential to address the problems of local water shortages (Jimenez, Citation2005). Urban and peri-urban agriculture can offer wide-ranging benefits (Pasquini, Citation2006). It can contribute substantial amounts to the proportion of food consumed in the city (Table 1). Urban and peri-urban agriculture increases quantity and quality of food available for consumption and provides nutrition and income which improves the urban environment by using the organic solid and liquid wastes of the city, provides aesthetic value to these areas and helps to achieve optimum land utilization (Boischio et al. , Citation2006; Buechler et al. , Citation2014; Lynch et al. , Citation2001; Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). Studies indicated that a significant proportion of a city’s food requirements in developing countries are supplied from within the urban boundaries because within those areas the substantial amount of wastewater (mainly from homes and industries) is available in urban drains for irrigating lands along the urban drainage courses (Ruma & Sheikh, Citation2010). Wastewater is a reliable supply of water that allows farmers to grow crops throughout the year. It also contains nutrients that can improve crop growth. Furthermore, it is often the only water available, so farmers, especially in urban areas, have no choice but to use this wastewater to irrigate their crops (FAO, Citation2012). The practice of wastewater utilization in crop production is also common in Ethiopia, the second most populous country in sub-Saharan Africa. It is essential for the livelihoods of many poor farm households and supplies fresh vegetables at low prices to the nearby cities (Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. , Citation2009). Tekeste (Citation2017) reported that informal wastewater irrigation contributes 60% of major and 90% of leafy vegetables to Addis Ababa’s food basket. According to Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by illustrating that while urban agriculture can significantly contribute to food production, it is not positioned as a complete replacement for rural farming. It highlights the reliance on wastewater for irrigation in urban areas and mentions that this practice is essential for many livelihoods but does not indicate that urban agriculture could meet all food production needs. Furthermore, it states that urban agriculture primarily supplements food requirements in cities, rather than fully replacing the needs met by rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: (2004)Prognostic significance of amplitude-integrated EEG during the first 72 hours after birth in severely asphyxiated neonates. Pediatr Res. 55(6): 1026–1033. pmid:15155870 View 11. . (2011)Amplitude-integrated EEG pattern predicts further outcome in preterm infants. Pediatr Res. 70(1): 102–108. pmid:21436758 View 12. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. (2004)Pediatrics. 114(1): 297–316. pmid:15231951 View 13. Tokuda K, Tanimotok. (1993)A new method of measuring bilirubin in serum by Vanadic acid. Clin Chem(in Japanese with English abstract). 22: 116–122. View 14. . (1967)Standardization of procedures for the study of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Report of a WHO Scientific Group. . 366:1–53. pmid:4963040 View 15. . (2011) Diagnostic value of amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram in neonatal seizures. Neurosci Bull. 27(4): 251–257. pmid:21788996 View 16. (2011) Society's Guideline on Monitoring in Neonates. J Clin Neurophysiol. 28(6): 611–617. pmid:22146359 View 17. Hellstrom-Westas L. (1992) Comparison between tape-recorded and amplitude-integrated EEG monitoring in sick newborn infants. Acta Paediatr. 81(10): 812–819. pmid:1421888 View 18. Osredkar D, Toet MC, van Rooij LG, van Huffelen AC, Groenendaal F, de Vries LS. (2005) Sleep-wake cycling on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography in term newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 115(2): 327–332. pmid:15687440 View 19. Amin SB, Wang H. (2015) Unbound unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is associated with central apnea in premature infants. J Pediatr. 166(3): 571–575. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text does not address the claim regarding melatonin production and its regulation by light exposure, nor its influence on sleep-wake cycles. Instead, the text appears to discuss various studies related to neonatal care and EEG monitoring without any mention of melatonin or its relation to light.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion emphasizes sustainable materials like organic cotton and recycled fabrics. [SEP] Text: The fading appears more consistent on the standard denim, whereas the recycled denim looks patchy especially in the final two samples. However, the recycled denim looks as though it has faded less than the standard denim. This suggests that the dye has held stronger to the recycled denim but there is a factor that is preventing it from fading as nicely as the standard denim and it can’t be assumed that it is the recycled fibres that are the factor at fault. Whilst this is a small issue, it is one that would need to be explored in further tests. It is also not a serious loss of dye and fibres that it would potentially put off consumers; this again means recycled fibres can be seen as a viable choice for sustainable garments. Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Table 8 Final sample comparison of standard and recycled technology for recycling fibres hasn’t had much research or development done on it; the lack of literature gives an indication to this. Industry needs to work on ways in which natural fibres can be recycled that doesn’t damage them as much and ensuring the fibres are kept longer to increase the durability which in turn would mean more recycled fibres could be used in garments. This could potentially increase the amount of garments being produced containing recycled fibres(Figure 1). Figure 1 Weight loss comparison between standard and recycled Denim. Conclusions, limitations and recommendations As it stands the fashion industry produces more waste than is sustainable, and there are more clothing going to landfill than is necessary. An easy solution to this is through recycling old garments into new. The consumer concern over durability was proven to an extent to be unfounded through lab tests. The abrasion test showed that the recycled denim, whilst slightly weaker, compared well with the standard denim. However, it would be beneficial to perform the test on fabric of the same quality and to perform further tests. It has been suggested that to further increase consumers’ confidence in recycled denim the technology for recycling the old garments needs to be greatly improved for the likes of natural fibres so that more can be used as well as increasing the strength of the fibres. The different weight of the two fabrics caused for the abrasion test was the fact; the recycled fabric was heavier than the other. Also when comparing colour loss it is difficult to see which loses colour and surface fibres quicker because darker denim is more likely to lose dye due to the nature of the dye. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the viability of recycled fibres in sustainable garments. It states that despite certain issues with recycling technology, recycled denim can be viewed as a viable choice for sustainability in fashion, implying that it supports the notion of eco-friendly fashion which emphasizes the use of sustainable materials.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: (Citation2009), the wastewater is the only means of survival, and the average income from wastewater farming accounts for 62% of the total annual household income, with this value ranging from a low of 27% to a high of 97%. Accordingly, 88% of the wastewater farm households report that they benefit from the wastewater. According to Boischio et al. (Citation2006), production of vegetables with wastewater serves as a means of supplementary income for small businesses through the vegetable marketing channels. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) also reported a similar result as irrigated agricultural activity is the main source of income for the farm households. Ruma and Sheikh (Citation2010) also reported a similar result, and none of the vegetable cultivators produced vegetables purposely for home consumption rather for market supply. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) conducted a study on the economic value of wastewater irrigation in (Table 2). The result indicated that each wastewater farmer has 0. 72 hectares of average irrigated farmland and wastewater farm income accounts for 62% of the annual total household income, ranging from 27% to 97%. Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) also reported that even if irrigation water poses potential health risks to both farmers and consumers, farmers perceive that its benefits be more important than the health hazards. They also stated that nearly 85% and 88% of respondents state that they benefited a lot from the use of irrigation water and it is their only means of survival, respectively. Moreover, income from wastewater farming was the largest share in the total annual income of the farm households, and only 3% of the wastewater farmers indicate that they benefited only a little, though they still work on the farm for lack of livelihood alternatives. On the other hand, about 21% of the wastewater farmers perceive that their health is affected by the irrigation water and they also accept the notion that working on wastewater farm areas and consumption of vegetables produced using the wastewater has health risks which are as expected. This implies that the importance of producing vegetables by irrigating wastewater has a positive significance on the livelihood of the farmers. Furthermore, reports also indicated that wastewater irrigation practices in the at have gotten the attention of researchers due to its high economic benefit (et al. , Citation2010). 4. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by indicating that wastewater farming is primarily a supplementary income source for small businesses and that it serves as a means of survival for farmers. It highlights how the majority of farmers rely on it for income, but it does not suggest it can entirely replace rural farming. The mention of health risks associated with irrigation water also suggests limitations in wastewater farming's viability as a complete substitute for rural farming.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Melatonin production is regulated by light exposure and influences sleep-wake cycles. [SEP] Text: pmid:25596965 View 20. Bourgoin- (2015) Effects of on and Swallowing-in Preterm Lambs. Neonatology. 108(1): 42–48. pmid:25968232 View 21. (2006) Outcomes among newborns with total serum bilirubin levels of 25 mg per deciliter or more. N Med. 354(18): 1889–1900. pmid:16672700 View 22. Soorani--Algra M. (2001) Are moderate degrees of hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term neonates really safe for the brain. Pediatr Res. 50(6): 701–705. pmid:11726727 View 23. . (1996) Prediction of lower developmental performances of healthy neonates by neonatal EEG-sleep measures. Pediatr Neurol. 14(2): 137–144. pmid:8703226 View 24. . (2002) Effects of light on low nocturnal bilirubin in winter depression: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. 51(5):422–425. pmid:11904137 View 25. . (2005) Neurological complications of kernicterus. Neurol Sci. 32(3): 311–315. pmid:16225171 View 26. . (2006) Incidence and causes of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in Canada. CMAJ. 175(6): 587–590. pmid:16966660 View 27. (2015) Large cohort screening of G6PD deficiency and the mutational spectrum in the in Southern China. PLoS One. 10(3): e0120683. pmid:25775246 View 28. . (2004) Molecular basis of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Med. 10(2): 65–70. pmid:15102359 View 29. . (2000) Relationship of activity in the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network to cortical electroencephalogram. J Neurosci. 20(2): 820–833. pmid:10632612 View 30. Thornberg E, Thiringer K. (1990) Normal pattern of the cerebral function monitor trace in term and preterm neonates. Scand. 79(1): 20–25. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text is irrelevant to the claim about melatonin production as it focuses on various medical studies related to bilirubin levels, neurological complications, and neonatology. There is no mention of melatonin, light exposure, or sleep-wake cycles in the provided text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Eco-friendly fashion alone can eliminate the environmental impact of the fashion industry. [SEP] Text: Skip to main content in a journal Publish with us Track your research Developments in Eco-34. 9910 units per month Download 29. 95 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy 84. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Available as EPUB and PDF Read on any device Instant download Own it forever Buy e109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Compact, lightweight edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info 109. 99 Price excludes VAT (USA) Durable hardcover edition Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days Free shipping worldwide - see info calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Institutional subscriptions Similar content being viewed by others Innovation for a Industry: A the Development of Models 505. 105. 2017. Cleff, T. , & Rennings, K. (1999a). Determinants of environmental product and process innovation. European Environment, 9(5), 191–201. 2017. Dahlsrud, A. (2006). How corporate social responsibility is defined: An analysis of 37 definitions. Responsibility and Environmental Management, 15(1), 1–13. 50. 87. 63. 2. Accessed 27 Mar 2017. Fashion United. (2016). Global fashion industry statistics – International apparel. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Freeman, E. R. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge: Press. 4749. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Hill, N. , Walker, H. , Beevor, J. , & James, K. (2012). Conversion factors for company reporting: methodology paper for emission factors. 6 July 2012. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Houtum, P. V. (2015). MVO en het MKB: Een praktijkvoorbeeld. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2009). Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ILO. (2017). Tripartite declaration of principles concerning multinational enterprises and social policy. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. (1980). World conservation strategy – Living resource conservation for sustainable development. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. ISO. (2017). ISO 26000 – Social responsibility. Accessed 3 Nov 2017. Jonker, J. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provided is largely irrelevant to the claim about eco-friendly fashion eliminating the environmental impact of the fashion industry. It contains various references, citations, and publication details that do not address or relate to the assertion about eco-friendly fashion. Therefore, it cannot corroborate or contrast with the claim.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Health risk of wastewater-irrigated and contaminated vegetablesDespite the great importance of the urban and peri-urban vegetable production in Ethiopia, as informal agriculture as a food source for the urban community and as income generation means for the poor dwellers, it is subject to numerous constraints and is causing high health risks (Delesa, Citation2017). Heavy metals such as cadmium, copper, lead, chromium and mercury are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas irrigated with wastewater (Girmaye, Citation2014). According to Dmello (2000) and Sharma et al. (Citation2006), contamination of vegetables with heavy metals and pesticides poses a threat to consumers. Health risks associated with urban agriculture vary according to the specific activity. Without adequate safeguards, however, wastewater irrigation can cause serious drawbacks to public health and the environment (Boischio et al. , Citation2006; Habbari et al. , Citation2000). The high concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel and zinc give evidence of industrial pollution traced back to agricultural crops. Long-term exposure to low levels of chemical pollutants can lead to chronic health effects and enhance the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Empirical evidence shows a strong association between drinking water pollution and cancer incidence and mortality. Even though all of these metals have not yet reached the phytotoxic levels, some of the vegetables have surpassed the naturally expected levels. This is particularly true for Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn in potato and Cr in onion and red beet. For a long time, it has been known that intake of food that contains high levels of heavy metals poses risks to human health (Pendias & Pendias, Citation1984; Rooijen, Citation2009). The use of wastewater for irrigation is associated with adverse effects on farmers, public health and the environment (Hussain et al. , Citation2001, Citation2002). Farmers are affected by direct contact with contaminated wastewater, and its use in agriculture causes negative externalities both to public health through the consumption of agricultural produce irrigated with wastewater and to the environment by constantly polluting the groundwater and soils (Alebel B. Weldesilassie et al. , Citation2009; Bond, Citation1999; Rashed et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the numerous constraints and health risks associated with urban agriculture, particularly regarding wastewater-irrigated vegetables. It discusses specific health threats posed by heavy metal contamination and the negative externalities to public health and the environment caused by urban agriculture practices. This information suggests that urban agriculture alone cannot effectively replace rural farming, especially considering the health risks and environmental concerns outlined in the text.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; of mPer1, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock. Neuron. 2001, 30 (2) 525-536. DOI: 10. 1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6 Wickwire, E. M. ; Geiger-Brown, J. ; Scharf, S. M. ; Drake, C. L. ; Sleep Disorder: Clinical and Organizational Perspectives. Chest. 2017, 151 (5) 1156-1172. DOI: 10. 1016/j. chest. 2016. 12. 007. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. Impacts of shift work on sleep and circadian rhythms. Pathologie Biologie. 2014, 62 (5) 292-301. DOI: 10. 1016/j. patbio. 2014. 08. 001 Mohd Azmi, N. A. S. ; Juliana, N. ; Azmani, S. ; Mohd Effendy, N. ; Abu, I. F. ; Teng, N. I. ; Das, S. Cortisol on on Cardiovascular System. . 2021, 18 (2) 676. DOI: 10. 3390/ijerph18020676 Boivin, D. B. ; Tremblay, G. M. ; James, F. O. Working on atypical schedules. Sleep Medicine. 2007, 8 (6) 578-589. DOI: 10. 1016/j. sleep. 2007. 03. 015. Boivin, D. B. ; Boudreau, P. ; Tremblay, G. M. Phototherapy and orange-tinted goggles for night-shift adaptation of police officers on patrol. Chronobiol Int. 2012, 29 (5) 629-640. DOI: 10. 3109/07420528. 2012. 675252 Black, N. ; D'Souza, A. ; Wang, Y. ; Piggins, H. ; Dobrzynski, H. ; Morris, G. ; Boyett, M. R. Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms. Heart Rhythm. 2019, 16 (2) 298-307. DOI: 10. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text provides references and citations of various studies and articles related to circadian rhythms and health. However, it does not directly address the claim about shift work negatively affecting health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. Instead, it lists a series of scientific works without context or explanation tying them to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: : - a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure protocol Open access Published: 30 January 2020 : - a randomized controlled superiority trial comparing cognitive behavioral therapy with virtual reality based exposure to cognitive behavioral therapy with in vivo exposure : orcid. org/0000-0002-1750-46491, Stéphane Bouchard2, Johan Rasmussen1, Holmberg1, Nielsen1, Møllegaard Jepsen3 & …Lichtenstein1 Show authors BMC Psychiatry 2019. reports BackgroundDisorder (SAD) is a common yet underreported mental disorder with an estimated lifetime prevalence of 3–13% [1,2,3], and low rates of spontaneous remission [4]. Patients with SAD experience intense and persistent fear during social interactions, where he or she might be negatively evaluated by others (e. g. public speaking, shopping). Symptoms include a high degree of bodily symptoms, such as sweating, trembling and increased heart rate, causing avoidance behavior when exposed to social situations (e. g. education, work) and significant functional impairment [5]. SAD is therefore highly debilitating, and the majority of individuals with social anxiety reports numerous problems with individual and social adjustments, as well as impairment in academic and professional functioning [6]. SAD often co-occurs with other psychiatric conditions such as additional mood disorders, substance use disorders, and is significantly associated with suicidal ideation [7, 8]. Despite its frequency and severity, only between one third and half of people with SAD seek treatment [5, 9]. This may be linked to the nature of the disorder itself, as people with SAD avoid healthcare services like they would any other social interaction [7]. Factors such as embarrassment associated with help-seeking and fear of what others might think have been found to prevent individuals with SAD from seeking treatment [7]. In addition to the disorder-specific issues, futher barriers exists in regards to accessing treatment such as the lack of skilled therapists, lack of evidence-based treatments and long waiting lists [10]. . The recommended psychological treatment for SAD is the exposure technique imbedded in Therapy (CBT) [2, 5]. CBT for SAD combines cognitive restructuring with exposure [11]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality (VR) in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), which is related to phobias. It emphasizes that exposure techniques, which can be adapted to VR formats, are recommended for treating SAD, thus supporting the idea that VR therapy can be a method of controlled exposure therapy for phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: , Citation1995)The practice of using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation and raw manure as fertilizer and habit of eating vegetables raw or undercooked are reported to result in risk of infection with intestinal parasites in developing countries (Blumenthal et al. , Citation2000). Infection with vegetable-transmitted parasites and pathogenic bacteria can occur due to occupational exposure or through consumption of vegetables that are contaminated with human or animal excreta without proper washing and disinfection (Beuchat, Citation1998; WHO, Citation2006). Unhygienic sewage disposal and absence of its treatment facilities pose potential health hazards through contaminating irrigated food crops with parasites in urban areas of African countries including Ethiopia (Srikanth and Naik, Citation2004a; Damen et al. , Citation2007; Nyarango et al. , Citation2008; et al. , Citation2009; Tomass & Kidane, Citation2012). Beyene (Citation2015) assessed the potential health risk to residents associated with vegetable consumption. The result indicated that of the three heavy metals, Pb posed the greatest health risk to both adult and children consumers of vegetables grown in study areas, especially Swiss chard, followed by Ethiopian kale. For both adults and children, heavy metal content in the three leafy vegetables was less than 1. 0, indicating that the residents in the are not exposed to significant health risks associated with consumption of green leafy vegetables. The study conducted by et al. (Citation2010) in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia, assessed water quality from urban surface waterbodies and their microbiological contamination. The result indicated that for the use of wastewater in irrigated agriculture, the presence of excreta-related pathogens gives particular reason for caution, especially where irrigated vegetables are grown and consumed uncooked as it is the case in particular in both African cities. Delesa (Citation2017) conducted an experiment to determine the extent of raw vegetable contamination with parasites that could be transmitted to humans in Nekemte, Oromiya Region, on samples collected from markets. The result indicated a high risk of human infection since parasites which exist in association with these vegetables are capable of infecting human, especially Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts are highly prevalent from both farms and markets. The result also shows that there is contamination of pathogenic intestinal parasites from both vegetable farms, Ascaris eggs being the most prevalent in cabbage (41. 6%). [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting the health risks associated with urban agriculture, specifically regarding contaminated vegetables due to unsafe practices such as using untreated municipal wastewater for irrigation and the consumption of poorly washed produce. It details the health risks from parasitic contamination and mentions specific incidences of contamination in urban settings, especially in developing countries, indicating that urban agriculture poses significant health hazards. This suggests that urban agriculture cannot entirely replace rural farming if it results in such risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: 1016/j. hrthm. 2018. 08. 026. Cruz-Topete, D. ; Oakley, R. H. ; Cidlowski, J. A. and the Aging Heart. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2020, (11) 1664-2392. DOI: 10. 3389/fendo. 2020. 00347 Takeda, N. ; Maemura, K. . J. Cardiol. 2011, 57 (3), 249−256. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jjcc. 2011. 02. 00. Zhang, J. ; Chatham, J. C. ; Young, M. E. of Cardiac Physiology: Keep the Heart Beating. Physiol. 2020, 10 (82) 79-101. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev-physiol-020518-114349 Chellappa, S. L. ; Vujovic, N. ; Williams, J. S. ; Scheer, F. A. J. L. Impact of on and Disease. Metab. 2019, 30 (10), 767-779. DOI: 10. 1016/j. tem. 2019. 07. 008 Fujino, Y. ; Iso, H. ; Tamakoshi, A. ; Inaba, Y. ; Koizumi, A. ; Kubo, T. ; Yoshimura, T. Group. A prospective cohort study of shift work and risk of ischemic heart disease in Japanese male workers. Epidemiol. 2006, 164 (2), 128-35. DOI: 10. 1093/aje/kwj185 Vaughn, B. V. ; Rotolo, S. ; Roth, H. Circadian rhythm and sleep influences on digestive physiology and disorders. ChronoPhysiology and Therapy. 2014, 67-77. DOI: 10. 2147/CPT. S44806 Taleb, Z. ; Karpowicz, Phillip. Circadian regulation of digestive and metabolic tissues. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2022, 323 (2). DOI: 10. 1152/ajpcell. 00166. 2022 Stephan, F. K. ; Swann, J. M. ; Sisk, C. L. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text consists primarily of references and citations related to various studies and authors concerning health and circadian rhythms. However, it does not provide any information or evidence that specifically addresses the claim regarding how shift work adversely affects health due to the misalignment of circadian rhythms. Therefore, it is classified as irrelevant.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In exposure-based therapy, exposures to social situations are used to test and disprove the patient’s predictions about the danger in a particular situation thereby developing new, realistic mental representations associated with the feared stimuli [12, 13]. Patients with SAD often have excessively high standards for social performance, and a strong fear of ridicule [12, 14]. Thus, it can be particularly helpful to encourage patients to behave in ways that they would consider unacceptable. i. e. intentionally acts against their excessively rigid rules for social interaction while observing the consequences [12, 14]. Exposure has traditionally taken place as either. a) In vivo: directly facing the feared situation. b) Imaginary exposure: imagining the feared situation (can be facilitated through pictures or videos). In vivo exposure is effective [14] but is costly, time-consuming and situational elements, such as the reaction of others, are difficult to control [15, 16]. Furthermore, many patients are rather unwilling to expose themselves to the real situation since it is considered too frightening [17], and there is a risk of encountering familiar people revealing that the person is in therapy. Conversely, imaginary exposure may lack realism and intensity [18], and can be difficult for people who are unable to imagine vividly, it is also easy to avoid imagining their phobia-inducing situations, or for the patient to overwhelm themselves with images [17, 19]. Recently, researchers and clinicians have started to use (VR) to overcome these difficulties [15, 16]. Virtual reality- based exposureVR is the use of computer and behavioral interfaces to simulate the behavior of 3D entities that interact in real time with each other and with a user immersed via sensorimotor channels [20]. It immerses the user in a computer generated or video-based virtual environment [21]. This enviroment can be created using either computer graphics or 360° 3D videos [21,22,23]. Studies on the effect of VR-based treatment for different types of phobias (e. g. agoraphobia and fear of flying) have revealed great potential [21], and a study showed that 76% of participants preferred VR-based exposure over in vivo exposure [24]. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by discussing the use of virtual reality (VR) in exposure-based therapy for treating phobias. It describes how VR can simulate environments, thereby facilitating exposure therapy, which is essential for managing phobias. It mentions studies showing the effectiveness of VR-based treatment and concludes that VR has great potential for treating various types of phobias, aligning with the claim that VR therapy is utilized for controlled exposure.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: Tomass and Kidane (Citation2012) conducted a study to determine the rate of parasitological contamination of vegetables associated with the use of municipal wastewater for irrigation and raw manure as fertilizer on pre-harvest vegetables in Mekelle city and a suburban village by collecting samples of pre-harvest on leafy, fruit and root vegetables and reported that S. stercoralis was the most common parasitic contaminant detected in most of the vegetables examined 28 (63. 63%) followed by Taenia and Entamoebaspp; however, in “Mariam Dahan” village, the distribution of parasites among the vegetables is different, with S. stercoralis being the most frequent contaminant (Table 4). Srikanth and Naik (Citation2004b) reported the health hazards of usage of untreated wastewater in agriculture through the detection of Giardia spp and fecal coliforms from pre-harvest vegetables in suburbs of Asmara, Eritrea. Weldesilassie et al. (Citation2009) surveyed the prevalence of intestinal illness among households in relation to the use of wastewater for vegetable production in peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; however, these authors did not carry out microscopic detection of intestinal parasites from wastewater-grown vegetables. A study on parasitological quality of pre-harvest vegetables in Arba Minch, southern Ethiopia, reported that several helminth parasites including A. lumbricoides, H. nana, F. hepatica, E. vermicularis and hook worm were recorded on vegetables produced by wastewater (Rosa, Citation2009). The use of wastewater to produce food crops, particularly vegetables, is very prevalent in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. This practice may pose health risks to farmworkers and consumers. Woldetsadik et al. (Citation2017b) conducted a study to evaluate farmers’ perceptions on irrigation water quality, health risks and health risk mitigation measures in four wastewater-irrigated urban vegetable farming sites in (Table 5). Results indicated that farmers appear informed about the contamination of their irrigation water. Among the perceived health risks, skin problems were the top-rated health risk, while eye burn, sore feet and abdominal pains were rated low across the four farming sites. According to Woldetsadik et al. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by discussing the health risks associated with urban agriculture, particularly the use of wastewater for irrigation. It details various studies that identify various parasitic contaminants and health hazards that may arise from urban farming practices. For example, it mentions the prevalence of parasites, such as S. stercoralis, in vegetables grown with municipal wastewater, suggesting that urban agriculture may not be a safe alternative to rural farming due to these health risks.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: Anticipation of 24-hr feeding schedules in rats with lesions of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Behavioral and Neural Biology. 1979, 25 (3), 346-363. DOI: 10. 1016/S0163-1047(79)90415-1 Fustin, J. M. ; Doi, M. ; Yamada, H. ; Komatsu, R. ; Shimba, S. ; Okamura, H. Rhythmic nucleotide synthesis in the liver: temporal segregation of metabolites. Cell Rep. 2012, 1 (4), 341-349. DOI: 10. 1016/j. celrep. 2012. 03. 001 Neufeld-Cohen, A. ; Robles, M. S. ; Aviram, R. ; Manella, G. ; Adamovich, Y. ; Ladeuix, B. ; Nir, D. ; Rousso-Noori, L. ; Kuperman, Y. ; Golik, M. ; Mann, M. ; Asher, G. Circadian control of oscillations in mitochondrial rate-limiting enzymes and nutrient utilization by proteins. PNAS. 2016, 113 (12), 1673-1682. DOI: 10. 1073/pnas. 1519650113 Jacobi, D. ; Liu, S. ; Burkewitz, K. ; Kory, N. ; Knudsen, N. H. ; Alexander, R. K. ; Unluturk, U. ; Li, X. ; Kong, X. ; Hyde, A. L. ; Gangl, M. R. ; Mair, W. B. ; Lee, C. H. Hepatic Bmal1 Fitness. Cell Metab. 2015, 22 (4), 709-720. DOI: 10. 1016/j. cmet. 2015. 08. 006 Pan, X. ; Bradfield, C. A. ; Hussain, M. M. Global and hepatocyte-specific ablation of Bmal1 induces hyperlipidaemia and enhances atherosclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7 (1). DOI: 10. 1038/ncomms130. Rudic, R. D. ; McNamara, P. ; Curtis, A. M. ; Boston, R. C. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text primarily consists of citations of various studies related to circadian rhythms and does not provide any information that directly supports or contradicts the claim regarding the adverse health effects of shift work due to circadian misalignment. Since the text is a list of references rather than an analysis of health effects or the implications of shift work, it is classified as irrelevant to the claim.


Input: Task: corroborate the claim using the given text. Claim: Virtual reality (VR) therapy is used to treat phobias through controlled exposure therapy. [SEP] Text: In addition to high levels of preference, VR-based exposure does have several advantages: Virtual exposure scenarios can be very similar to real life situations [25], and it is possible to control and regulate situational factors, such as degree of exposure for the patient and the reactions of other people in the scenario [26]. Exposure scenarios can be presented to the patients, while still in the comfort and safety of a therapeutic room [25], The flexibility of VR allows the patient to experience situations that are worse and more exaggerated than those that are likely to be encountered in real life [17]. Thus it is possible to expose patients to others’ negative reactions, in a safe environment where they can learn that this is not dangerous, and that they can handle even the social ridicule they fear the most. Patients know that it is not real but their minds and bodies behave as if it is real. Hence people will more easily face difficult situations in VR than in real life and be able to engage in more adaptive behaviors [27]. VR sessions often requires less time than in vivo sessions, and can be planned more flexibly and for less costs [28] Seven meta-analyzes [9, 29,30,31,32,33,34] have been published on CBT with VR-based exposure for anxiety, and six of these include studies on SAD [9, 29,30,31, 33, 34]. All found superior effect of CBT with VR-based exposure compared to imaginary exposure, and similar effects when compared to in vivo exposure, with a recent study finding superior effect of CBT with VR-based exposure even when compared to in vivo [28]. Treatment effects have been shown to persist over a number of years [27], and a recent meta-analysis found persistent benefits of treatment after CBT with VR-based exposure comparableto face-to-face therapy [17]. Furthermore, a meta-analysis found that the CBT with VR-based exposure promoted benefits which carry over to real life, and leads to significant behavior change in real-life situations, [32] this analysis however, did not include SAD specific studies [32]. These meta-analyzes include only five [28, 35,36,37,38] randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on VR-based treatment for SAD which, however, all found significant improvements in SAD after VR-based treatment. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text corroborates the claim by detailing how VR-based exposure therapies simulate real-life situations for patients. It explains that VR allows for controlled exposure to anxiety-inducing scenarios in a safe environment, which aligns with the claim's assertion of using VR therapy to address phobias. The mention of patients facing exaggerated situations that they fear the most, and the effectiveness of such controlled exposure in promoting adaptive behaviors, supports the claim about VR's role in treating phobias.


Input: Task: contrast the claim using the given text. Claim: Urban agriculture can entirely replace rural farming for food production. [SEP] Text: For reducing pathogens, one of the most widely documented field water management measures is cessation of irrigation. Farmers cease irrigation a few days before crops are harvested to allow for pathogens to die off due to exposure to unfavorable weather conditions such as sunlight (Shuval et al. , Citation1986). About 99% of detectable viruses have been reported eliminated after two days’ exposure to sunlight, supporting regulations that a suitable time interval should be maintained between irrigation and crop handling or grazing time (Feigin et al. , Citation1991). Keraita et al. (2007; Citation2012) reported that the experiment in Ghana showed an average daily reduction of 0. 65 log units of thermo-tolerant coliforms on lettuce with yield losses. Studies by (2010) indicate that for water-sensitive crops that need daily irrigation such as lettuce, you can withhold irrigation for 2–4 days before harvesting to reduce contamination with little loss of yield. Vegetables that are less water sensitive, such as green pepper, onions and cabbage, can do without irrigation for longer without significant losses of yields. For such crops, escape irrigating for more than four days before harvest to minimize contamination. 5. 6. Crop selectionSome crops are more prone to contamination from pathogens, salinity and toxicity than others. Proper crop selection will lead to decreased human health risks. For instance, crops with their edible parts more exposed to contaminated soils and irrigation water, like low-growing crops and root and tubers, will be more prone to pathogen contamination (Keraita et al. , Citation2012). However, (Citation2010) indicated the main constraints related to wastewater irrigation agriculture in Ethiopia. Among the constraints, the major ones are lack of policy and strategy on the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, insufficient access to non-contaminated or clean water, health problems resulting from the usage of contaminated and polluted water, poor water use efficiency and lack of skilled technicians for promoting and training urban agriculture skills. Moreover, Delesa (Citation2017) also suggest that, due to the potential microbiological risks of vegetables, it should be treated directly with certain disinfectant before consumption and to develop highly effective treatments for removing pathogens from a wide range of raw produce. 6. ConclusionUntreated, partially treated or diluted wastewater has been widely used for agriculture in most urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text contrasts the claim by highlighting major constraints on urban agriculture, such as the lack of policy on safe wastewater use, health risks associated with using contaminated water, and insufficient training for urban agriculture skills. These issues suggest that urban agriculture cannot entirely replace rural farming without addressing these significant challenges.


Input: Task: pass the claim using the given text. Claim: Shift work can adversely affect health due to misalignment of circadian rhythms. [SEP] Text: ; Panda, S. ; Hogenesch, J. B. ; 1 and CLOCK, two essential components of the circadian clock, are involved in glucose homeostasis. PLoS Biol. 2004, 2 (11), 377. DOI: 10. 1371/journal. pbio. 0020377 Kim, C. W. ; Yun, K. E. ; Jung, H. S. ; Chang, Y. ; Choi, E. S. ; Kwon, M. J. ; Lee, E. H. ; Woo, E. J. ; Kim, N. H. ; Shin, H. ; Ryu, S. Sleep duration and quality in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged workers and their spouses. J Hepatol. 2013, 59 (2), 351-357. DOI: 10. 1016/j. jhep. 2013. 03. 035 Lin, Y. M. ; Chang, J. H. ; Yeh, K. T. ; Yang, M. Y. ; Liu, T. C. ; Lin, S. F. ; Su, W. W. ; Chang, J. G. Disturbance of circadian gene expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Carcinog. 2008, 47 (12), 925-933. DOI: 10. 1002/mc. 20446 Stevenson, N. R. ; Ferrigni, F. ; Parnicky, K. ; Day, S. ; Fierstein, J. S. Effect of changes in feeding schedule on the diurnal rhythms and daily activity levels of intestinal brush border enzymes and transport systems. Acta. 1975, 406 (1), 131-145. DOI: 10. 1016/0005-2736(75)90048-6. PMID: 240440. Qiu, J. M. ; Roberts, S. A. ; Potten, C. S. Cell migration in the small and large bowel shows a strong circadian rhythm. Biol. 1994, 3 (4), 137-148. PMID: 7550605. Schernhammer, E. S. ; Laden, F. ; Speizer, F. E. ; Willett, W. C. ; Hunter, D. J. ; Kawachi, I. ; Fuchs, C. S. [SEP] Justify:

Output: The text discusses various studies related to circadian rhythms and their impact on biological processes such as glucose homeostasis and liver disease. However, it does not directly address the claim regarding shift work and its adverse health effects stemming from circadian rhythm misalignment. Therefore, the information in the text is irrelevant to the claim.